ABAKAN (in 1925–31 - Khakassk), a city, the capital of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1675 as the Abakan prison. In 1782-96 - p. Ust-Abakan province of Tobolsk, in 1796-1822 - Tobolsk, from 1822 - Yenisei province. In 1930–91, it was the capital of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 149 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 188 Jews in 1970, and 146 Jews in 1979.
ABAKAN OSTROG, see Abakan.
ABASHA, city (since 1964), regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Senaki u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1939 there were 22 Jews living in Armenia, in 1959 - 7, in 1970 - 1, in 1979 - 8 Jews. M.A. Mostkov.
ABASOV, does not exist now. In the 19th century. - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan region Jewish community A. main. immigrants from Derbent in the middle. 17th century The Jews were engaged in agriculture, gardening, viticulture, and fishing. A. was the spiritual center of the nearby Jewish communities. In 1797 (according to another version - in 1799) Armenia was destroyed, 157 Jews were exterminated, approx. 150 were taken prisoner, the rest moved to Derbent. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Armenia; the oldest grave dates back to 1687. (At the beginning of the 19th century, the Jews of Derbent buried their dead in this cemetery.) The author of the piuts Elisha ben Shmuel and comp. Commentary on "Yad Ha-Hazak" by Maimonides Gershon Lala ben Moshe Nagdi.
ABASTUMANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Adigensky district (Georgia). At 17 - early. 19th century - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1868 25 families (smoke) lived in Armenia, in 1913 there were 26 Jews, in 1926 - 8, in 1939 - 23, in 1970 - 12, in 1979 - 6 Jews (all Ashkenazi ). 17th century Jews who fled from Kakheti settled in A. Main occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages and weaving. With the beginning of the Russian tour. During the war of 1828–29, the Jews of Armenia moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). After taking the last one grew. troops returned to Armenia. In the 1840s. because of the post. attacks by the Adjarians, 27 Jewish families again moved to Akhaltsyh. The resettlement of Jews from Armenia to other cities and villages of Georgia continued later. M.A.Kapelyushnikov.D.M.Khananashvili
ABATSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1964), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Abatskoe Ishimsky u. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia.
ABATISH, see Abatsky.
ABAZOVKA, now part of the village. Korytnoye in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk, from 1920 - Odessa province. in 1849 by immigrants from Podolsk and Kiev provinces. Initially, 90 families lived in Armenia, and 20 dessiatines were allocated to them. free state lands. Not having experience of working on the land and not receiving benefits from the treasury for the acquisition of agricultural. inventory and draft animals, the colonists did not cultivate their plots, but gave them for grazing. In 1859 - 70, the number of families in the colony decreased from 125 to 40, the inhabitants were poor, engaged in small trade, and harness. In 1872 the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving only 94 dess. for farmsteads and pastures for cattle (later 80 dess. pastures were plowed up for sowing grain and industrial crops). In 1893, the colony had 43 courtyards and 333 inhabitants; in 1898-99 - 280 inhabitants, in 1905 - 47 households and 324 inhabitants, there was a synagogue. As a result, Civil. war, pogroms, famine, and epidemics by 1922, Armenia ceased to exist.
ABCHUK Avrom (1897, Lutsk - 1937), prose writer, literary critic. In 1921 he settled in Kiev, worked as a Hebrew teacher. lang. in schools, then became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1926 he was published in Heb. g. "Prolit", "Di dig Velt", "Stern", "Farmest" and other ed. Mean. event in the present. Heb. the literature was his rum. "Gershl Shamai" - about Heb. workers and their new way of life. He also printed scientific research. works on the history of Heb. classic and modern lit-ry. Author of the book: "Mendele Moicher-Sforim: Zayn lebn un zane verk" ("Mendele Moicher-Sforim: His life and his works"), 1927; "Gershl Shamai un andere derceilungen" ("Gershl Shamai and other stories"), Kiev, 1929, "Wegn unzer prose" ("About our prose"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932; "Etuden un materiali zu der geshichte fun der geeshichte fun der Yidischer literary-bavegung in FSSR" ("Studies and materials for the history of the Jewish literary movement in the USSR"), Kharkov, 1934; "Baryshevs Brigade" ("Baryshev's Brigade"), Kiev, 1934, etc. Repressed.
ABDULINO, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1795. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orenburg u. 33 Jews (0.2%) lived in Armenia in 1926, and 35 Jews in 1939.
ABELEV Garry Izrailevich (b. 1928, Moscow), biochemist, immunologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987), acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Science (1992). At the end of biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1977 as part of the department. Virology and immunology of cancer transferred to Oncologic. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (head of laboratory of immunochemistry). Since 1964 - prof. Department of Virology Biol. Faculty of Moscow State University, where he teaches a course in immunochemistry. tr. on immunochemistry, tumor immunology, immunobiology, cell biochemistry. He discovered the production of an embryospecific protein - alpha-fetoprotein by malignant cells of the liver, testis and ovaries, which formed the basis for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of cancer. He proposed extremely sensitive methods for the determination of antigens, as well as a method for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of leukemia. h. Amer. associations of immunologists and Europe. Society of Oncologists, Chl. New York Academy of Sciences. State pr. USSR (1978), Gold Medal of the Institute of Cancer (1975, USA), Medal Between Nar. about-va of cancer-embryonic biology and medicine (1976), Abbotovskaya pr. (1991). Works: Virology and immunology of cancer. M., 1962 (with L.A. Zilber).
ABELEV Nosan Shneurovich (Naum Aleksandrovich) (b. 1901), process engineer, organizer of production. He graduated from Leningrad in 1927. technol. in-t. In 1925–41, working for Leningrad. metallic s-de, was engaged in the development and creation of large-caliber naval and coastal turret artillery. In 1942–44, Ch. engineer, then der. artillery plant. In 1944-57, the director. Taganrog Combine Plant. From 1957 to the beginning. Department of agricultural machines of the North Caucasus Economic Council. Linen. etc. (1964).
ABELEV Yuri Matveyevich (real name and surname - Lev Mordukhovich Yuda) (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1971, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from the Gomel city (1919) and the Moscow Higher Technical School (1929). From 1931 he worked at Vses. Institute of Foundations and Structures (since 1956 - Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures). One of the founders of a new direction in foundation engineering - construction on subsiding loess soils. The method and principles of construction on loess soils developed by A. in 1934–37 (with N.M. Gersevanov) were the basis of construction in the USSR and in pl. countries of the world. With the participation and consultations of A. on subsidence soils, many were erected. production - Bobrikovsky chemical plant, Zaporizhstal plants, Nikopol South-pipe plant, Volzhsky automobile plant in Togliatti, etc. Introduced creatures. contribution to the development of methods for the study of soils and construction on soft soils. Became. pr. (1948). Cit .: Practice of construction on loesslike soils according to the experience of Kuznetskstroy, M.-L., 1934; Course of foundations and foundations, M.-L., 1934 (jointly with Sh.Ts. Voin); Erection of buildings and structures on fill soils, M., 1962 (with V.I.Krutov); Building in the USSR: 1917-1967, M., 1967 (co-author); Fundamentals of design and construction on subsidence macroporous soils. 3rd ed., M., 1979 (with M.Yu. Abelev).
ABELI, see Obey.
ABEL Shloyme (1857 - 1886), rabbi and publicist. He taught at the yeshiva in Telšiai. Author of Art., Publ. in Heb. periodic. press directed against the socialist. and anarchist ideas. In the book. A. "Beis Shlomo" (Vilna, 1893) examines the issues of human relationships.
ABELMAN Ilya Solomonovich (1866, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1898, Vilna), astronomer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1891). Hands. the best private observatory of the Schwabe company. Then at the Pulkovo observatory. Among his scientific. works - "Collection of Algebraic Problems" (Riga, 1887) and "On Falling Stars"; the latter was adopted by Moscow. un-tom as a manual for young astronomers. The work "On the motion of meteor showers" was published in 1898 Imp. Russian astronomical. about-vom of St. Petersburg. A. is the author of pl. Art. on astronomy in rus. and it. lang.
ABELSON Avrom-Yoel (1841, Marijampole, Suvalki province - 1903, Odessa), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He was a rabbi in several cities of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1883-1903 he was a rabbi in Odessa. From 1893 he produced the rabbinical train. "Kneses hahamey Israel". He headed the Zionist organizations in Odessa. Published in Heb. periodic. ed.
ABEZGAUZ Evgeny Zalmanovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), painter. Studied in Leningrad at Electrotechnical. in-those communications them. MABonch-Bruevich (1957–62) and at the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. VI Mukhina (former Baron Stieglitz) (1968–72). In 1974, org. Leningrad. gr. Heb. thin Alef participated in her exhibitions in Moscow, Leningrad and abroad. Since 1977 - in Israel. Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. A.'s works are kept in museums and private collections. Russia (including the State Russian Museum), Israel, USA, Canada, etc.
ABIATAR (IV century, Georgia), legends. spiritual hand. Jews of Georgia. In the chronicle "Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("Life of Georgia") A. and his daughter Sidonia are named the first known. writers of Ancient Georgia. It is known that A., considering Christ as one of the teaches. Judaism, began to promote its spread in Georgia, which led to the split of Heb. communities. A. was subjected to persecution, an attempt was made to stone A. and his daughter, from which they were saved only by the intervention of the king.
ABINSK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. like the Abinsk fortification. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Abinskaya Temryuk dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia.
ABINSKAYA, see Abinsk.
ABIN FORTIFICATION, see Abinsk.
ABKIN Abram Davydovich (1903, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1959. In 1928 graduated from Kazan University. From 1928 he worked in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova in Moscow, head. laboratory basic scientific. tr. are devoted to the study of the mechanism of polymerization. processes. Developed quantities, the theory of copolymerization (1951), research. ionic radiation polymerization and the influence of nature, environment on the polymerization of water-soluble monomers. Created (1966–70) an original method for producing polyacrylamide. Carried out solid-phase polymerization of a number of monomers at a temperature of approx. 4 ° C. In 1980 he discovered a photosensitizer. polymerization taking place at a temperature of approx. 4 ° K with a high rate and almost complete monomer conversion. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1974). Linen. pr. (1980). Works: Radiation chemistry of polymers, Moscow, 1973 (with co-authors).
ABO, see Turku.
ABRAGAM Anatol (Anatoly Izrailevich) (b. 1914, Moscow), physicist. Lives in France since 1925. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1937). Since 1947 - at the Atomic Energy Commissariat. Since 1960 - prof. College de France. Member Parisian Academy of Sciences (1973), Brit. Royal Society and other scientific. org-tions. Main tr. in the field of magnetism and solid state physics, in particular, nuclear magnetism, hyperfine structure of a solid, the theory of spin temperature, polarization of nuclei, gamma-resonance spectroscopy of a solid. Works: Yaderny Magnetism, Moscow, 1963; Electronic paramagnetic resonance of transition ions (et al.), M., 1973 (translated from French); Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder (et al.), Vol. 1, 2, M., 1984; Backward Time, or Physicist, Physicist, Where Have You Been, M., 1991.
ABRAGAMSON Bernard Yakovlevich (1798, Lemberg - 1874, Odessa), doctor and society, activist. R. in the family of the master of surgery and obstetrics of the local un-that. Studied for honey. f-takh of Krakow and Berlin un-tov. Since 1824, Doctor of Medicine Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. From 1835 - to the state. service. In 1838-43 - military. doctor. In 1843 - 47 chap. doctor of the Kiev province. at the Cherkasy district administration. In 1847, he retired with the rank of court councilor. He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, was a che. scientist to-that Min-va state. property. The participant will enlighten the activities of the Maskilim. In the field of reform, Heb. education sotr. with M. Lilienthal and O. Rabinovich, becoming related with the latter (A.'s son is the husband of his daughter). Raised to the hereditary nobility of the Vladimir province. Author of the op .: "Odessa estuaries, their medicinal properties and use in various diseases" (Odessa, 1850).
ABRAKHAMOV Naftali (b. 1905, Bukhara), an entrepreneur in the region. tourism. From 1913 in E.-I. Graduated from Ped. seminary in Jerusalem. In 1928–37 he served in banks and in the Palestinian Authority, and later headed the Heb. schools in Iran and Afghanistan. The Creator will order. dir. tourist firms "Abrahamov Brothers" and "Abratur".
ABRAHAMS Israel (1903, Vilna - 1973, Cape Town, South Africa), rabbi, writer. Studied at the University of London, received a master's degree in the humanities. From 1928 to 1932 he was rabbi of the Shepherds Bush synagogue in London, and from 1933 to 1937 - the Great Synagogue in Manchester. Since 1937 - in South Africa, Ch. Rabbi of Cape Town. Since 1938 - prof. Hebrew (Cape Town University). Head of the Rabbinical Court (Beth Din) and dec. educational and societies, institutions. The author of the books: "Remember the past days" (1942), "War and Peace" (1943), "Tragedy and Hope" (1944), "Foundations of Judaism" (1945), "Essays on the History of the Jews Vost. provinces (Cape) from 1870 to 1902 "," The birth of a community "(1955).
ABRAMOV (real name Pasternak) Abram Matveyevich (| - |), opera singer (bass). He worked as a machinist at the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway. D., studied in Moscow. He made his opera debut in Kiev. In 1876–82 he was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater (he made his debut in the part of Susanin in A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka). From 1882 he was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater (he made his debut in the part of Ramses in Aida by G. Verdi). He toured the USA and Italy (1884), Mexico and Cuba (1886-87), Great Britain (1890). Among the parties: Demon ("The Demon" by A.G. Rubinstein), Eliakim and Holofernes ("Judith" by A.N.Serov), Cardinal ("The Jew" by F. Galevi).
ABRAMOV Lev Solomonovich (b. 1919, Dmitrov Moscow province), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1993). Graduated from geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1941. In 1942 52 served in the army. In 1952–60 scientific. ed. g. "Nature". Since 1960 he has been working at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Deputy ch. ed. g. "Izvestia RAN: Series of Geography". Tr. on the history of geogr. science in Russia, by physical. geography.
ABRAMOV Shetiel Semenovich (b. 1918, Derbent), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Studied at Grozny Oil. in-those. Since 1941 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Grozny military infantry. uch-shche. From May 1942 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion, captain A. rank Hero of the Sov. The Union was awarded for the liberation of Poznan. In 1949 he graduated from Grozny Oil. in-t. Cand. geological and mineralogical. sciences. Head Department of General Geology of Grozny Oil. in-that, dean of the geological-prospecting faculty.
ABRAMOV Solomon Abramovich (1884, Lipy, Mogilev Province - 1957, Moscow), publisher, editor, art critic and poet. Studied at Kazan University. In 1917 in Moscow he created a private publishing house "Tvorchestvo", a cut published by many. poetic collections (first publications) izv. later poets, literary-artistic. and children's almanacs "Creativity", art-publ. g. “Moscow” (No. 1-7, 1918-22), “Rus. art ”(No. 1–3, 1923–24), as well as ser. monographs about the masters of the "World of Art", "Union of Rus. thin. " and others. In the 1920s - early. 1930s was, along with I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon and S.L. Vinogradov, co-founder of the cooperative Moscow. thin publishing house that produced thin. and a suit-vedic literature. Under contracts with Izogiz, he produced high-quality. albums of reproductions ("Museum of New Western Art", "Koro in the Museums of the USSR", etc.), postcards. In recent years, he was engaged in the assembly of traveling exhibitions of reproductions.
ABRAMOV Zalman (b. 1908), polit. activist. From 1920 in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. Member central bodies of the General Zionists. Dep. Knesset 4-8 convocations: first from the General Zionists, and then from the Liberal Party. For many years he was before. Israel-USA Friendship Society. Author pl. articles on current topics in Israeli and foreign affairs. press.
ABRAMOVICH (real family member Rein) Raphael Abramovich (1880, Dinaburg - 1963, New York), politician, activist. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those; in 1901 he was expelled for participation in illegal activities. student circles. Completed his education in Liege (Belgium). From 1901 - member. Bund, was arrested, after his release he went abroad, worked in gr. assistance to the Bund. In 1903 he took part in the 5th Congress of the Bund, then returned illegally to Russia; worked in Bund organizations in Vilna and Warsaw. In 1904 he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the Bund. In the end. 1905 - member. Petersburg. Council of the slave. dep. In 1906 - cases. (with a deliberative voice) from the Bund at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee. In 1907 - cases. 5th Congress of the RSDLP, where he joined the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction, one of the leaders of the "liquidationist" trend. in the Central Committee of the Bund. In 1910 he was exiled to the Vologda province, from where he fled abroad. In 1912-14, while living in Vienna, he was a member. editions of the legal organs of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war stood on "centrist" (social-pacifist) positions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, re-entered the Central Committee of the Bund, and within the RSDLP joined gr. Menshevik internationalists. Dep. Petrogr. Council. Was a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In aug. participated in the work of the State. meetings. On Sept. participated in the work of Demokr. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). In the end. oct. - cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, called on cases. leave the congress in protest against the arms. performances of the Bolsheviks. 07/23/1918 arrested, released at the end. jan. 1919 at the request of the Western European s.-d. In the years of civil. war supported the tactics of "peace with the Bolsheviks." After the decision of the 12th Conf. Bund (April 1920) on the withdrawal from the RSDLP and on the recognition of the program of the RCP (b) one of the created. S.-d. Bund, who stood for the Menshevik. positions. In oct. 1920 went abroad, headed Zagran. delegation of the Central Committee of St. Bund, became part of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP; in 1921 he participated in the creation of the railway. "Socialist. messenger ", to-rogo entered the editorial office until his death. In May 1923 after the creation. Socialist. Workers' International - member. Bureau of his Executive Committee. From 1940 he lived in the United States, the author of the memoirs "Sov. revolution: 1917-1939. " (1962, in English).
ABRAMOVICH Abram Grigorievich (1910, Katerinka, Kherson province - 1937, Brunete, Spain), Hero of Owls. Union (1937). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. Com. tank. platoon. leit., participant citizen wars in Spain. Killed in battle.
ABRAMOVICH Alexander Vladimirovich (1900, Odessa - 1988, Chisinau), musicologist. Grandson of the Jewish writer Mendel Moicher-Sforim. Graduated from the Odessa Music Theater. in-t them. L. Beethoven in 1924, in 1926 - jurid. Faculty of Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1924-30, a teacher of music. literature and head. uch. part of the muses. courses. In 1929–41 he taught the history of music at the Odessa muses. technical school, at the same time. from 1930 he read the history of music in the Odessa State. cons. in 1933–41 deputy. dir. by scientific. and uch. work. In 1941–49 he taught at the Irkutsk muses. uch-shche and in the same place was ed. muses. broadcasting obl. radio-ta. In 1949–70 he headed the Department of Music History of the Chisinau State. cons. Articles published in Moscow. collection of books in 1955-73, devoted to the history of muses. culture of the Sov. Moldavia and other problems of mold. music. Member Union comp. Moldova since 1957. Awarded with medals and honors. diplomas. Daughter - Elena Aleksandrovna A. - musicologist and teacher of the history of music.
ABRAMOVICH Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1910, Kharkov), pianist-ensemble player. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930), where in 1931–32 he was an assistant in the opera class and the department of chamber singing; worked with K.N.Dorliak, Z.P.Lodiy, A.L.Dolivo and others. Since 1933, accompanist Mosk. Philharmonic. In 1934–40 he was an accompanist in the class of A.V. Nezhdanova at the Bolshoi Opera Studio, and was also Nezhdanova's accompanist. In 1941–43 he worked in the Leningrad city evacuated to Molotov (now Perm). Opera and Ballet Theater as an assistant to A.M. Pazovsky - Ch. conductor and thin. hands. t-ra. He performed in an ensemble with the largest owls. and foreign vocalists (including with D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, E. Bandrovskaya-Turskaya).
ABRAMOVICH David Iosifovich (1904, Yukseevo, Yenisei province - 1966, Novosibirsk region), geographer-hydrologist and climatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1947). Graduated in 1930 Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1930–36 he worked at Gidrologich. in-those and simultaneously. was an assistant at the Department of Hydrology of Moscow State University. In 1936–49 in Geogr. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Since 1949 in Zap.-Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the lab. hydrology Transport and energy in-that in Novosibirsk. Since 1964 - at the Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. In 1952-66 before. Novosibirsk branch Geogr. about-va USSR, scientific. hands. exp. research on the study of reservoirs of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric station, runoff in the Middle Ob. Osn. work related to the development of problems of water resources use in the bunkers. x-ve. In 1931–34 research. sediments of river Dagestan runoff for the construction of a number of hydroelectric power plants at pp. Sulak and Samur and published the country's first monograph on this issue. In 1960, for the first time, he gave a comprehensive coverage of the natural conditions of the Kulunda steppe, established the size of the static. and dynamic. sediments of groundwater on this territory. Completed a cycle of works on the use of water. resources in with. x-ve Zap. Siberia, works: Research. sediment load of the Sulak River, M.-L., 1935; The Pakhra River - as an example of small rivers Mosk. region, M.-L., 1946; Waters of the Kulundinskaya steppe, Novosibirsk, 1960.
ABRAMOVICH Dov-Menashe (1870, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1942, Siauliai), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. All R. 1890s - 1915 - Rabbi in Rossiens. In 1915 he was evacuated to Ukraine. Passed as an external student for the course of the city and graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University. Since 1920 - in Lithuania. He was one of the most famous lawyers in Lithuania. Prev Heb. communities of Siauliai. Member commission for assistance to refugees from Germany. One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Lithuania. 1941–42 - member. Judenrat in the Siauliai ghetto. Founded in the ghetto Heb. school.
ABRAMOVICH Emily (Emil) Abramovich (1864, Grodno - 1922, Saratov), ​​politician, activist, doctor. He graduated from the city of Grodno (1882). He studied at the Sorbonne (Paris), then honey. Faculty of Dorpat University (graduated in 1889). In student. years chl. Marxist, circle in Dorpat. In 1884–88, coming to Minsk for the summer, he led a roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers and artisans, joint. with L.E.Berkovich created a number of first workers' circles in the city, made up a program for classes in them (it was used until the second half of the 1890s). In 1886–87 he organized a study circle in Vilna, from which a number of prominent propagandists emerged. In 1889 he moved to Kiev, joint venture. with Berkovich created one of the first Social-Democrats. org-tions in southern Russia, organized a library, a mutual aid fund, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. Arrested in the same year. By imperial command, in 1890 he was imprisoned for 2 years in the Kresty prison (St. Petersburg), in 1892 he was exiled to Olekminsk, Yakutsk region, then to Nizhneudinsk, where he worked as a doctor. In 1896 he returned to Europe. Russia, settled in Smolensk. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s worked as a doctor for angry. mines in Siberia, then in Saratov, where he was a member of the local Social-Democratic Party. org-tion. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP - Menshevik. In the 2nd floor. 1900s lived and worked in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912 for the publication of Art. arrested on the occasion of the Lena execution and exiled to Siberia. In 1915-17 he worked as a doctor in the village. Kaptsevo, Yaroslavl province. After 1917 he returned to Saratov, was one of the hands. local organization RSDLP, was persecuted by the Sov. authorities. In the 1910s. in letters to friends, he was pessimistic about the prospects of growing up. Jewry.
ABRAMOVICH Genrikh Naumovich (b. 1911, Warsaw), scientist, specialist in the region. theoretical and applied gas. speakers. R. in the family of a mechanical engineer. Graduated from Moscow. engineering and construction. Institute (1932). In 1932–44 he worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) - Ing. (until 1938), deputy. early experiment. dep. (1938–42), early. aerodynamic. lab. (1942–44). In 1944–45 - deputy. early Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Aviation industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1939 he taught. work in Moscow. Aviation in-those (since 1945 prof., in 1962–82 - head of the department of theory of air-jet engines). Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1976). Doct. tech. Sciences (1939). work in the region. turbulent flows. One of the hands. projects of large wind tunnels (1934–39), proposed and substantiated projects of transonic and supersonic aerodynamics. pipes of high power with a closed working part and variable pressure (1936–40). Developed (since 1939) the basis for gas. dynamics of a ramjet engine at subsonic speeds. Created (1942) the theory of the centrifugal nozzle, which was used in the design and creation of jet engines. Author of the textbook “Applied Gas. dynamics ”(1951), which went through 5 editions. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). Became. pr. (1943) Cit .: Gaz. dynamics of jet engines, M., 1947; Foundations of theories of air-jet engines, M., 1947; The theory of turbulent jets, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1984 (in co-authorship); Applied gas. dynamics, parts 1–2, 5th ed., 1991.
ABRAMOVICH German (1880 - 1948), rabbi, society. activist in the field of social. provision. From 1890 to the USA. He was educated at New York College, becoming a bachelor in 1900. After graduating from Theological Seminary in 1902, he was elected Rabbi of the Shaar Gashomayim Congregation in Montreal (Canada), where he was actively involved in educational, educational and philanthropic activities. He was one of the main founders of the "Sinai" sanatorium for tuberculosis patients and a member. to-that on the organization of the Montreal Federation of Jews. philanthropic societies. In 1907 he was one of the first graduates of the Theological Seminary to receive a doctorate; in 1932 he was awarded another doctorate. In 1909, having created a whole network of Hebrews. schools in Canadian agriculture. colonies belonging to the Association of Heb. settlers, A. became the director. Department of Education. Thanks to his achievements in this area, he was invited to the Canadian committee and in 1913 was sent on his behalf to the conference. in Paris. Represented Canada at the Congress. Zionists, held in Vienna the same year. Former prez. United Synagogues of America (1926) A. remained a member of the executive. to-that of this organization. The director also worked. Federation of Heb. philanthropic societies in Montreal, was hand. Montreal Hospital and Poch. Vice President Zionist organization of Canada. Member first Heb. about-va of school workers at Quebec. During the 1st world. war served as a soldier. a rabbi in the Canadian army.
ABRAMOVICH Grigory (ps. Zevi Avraami, V. Farbman, Mikhail Farbman) (1880 - 1933), socialist Zionist, publicist, publisher, journalist. He studied in Munich and Zurich, where he became an active Zionist. Supported the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, wrote a number of articles on Zionism and the Ugandan problem (published in the Zionist newspaper "Evr. Zhizn", 1905). The author of Art. about Heb. emigration and economy. Moving away from societies. activity, created the publisher. the firm. From 1915 he lived in England, wrote Art. as an expert Sovietologist for English. and Amer. g. Among his book. - "After Lenin" (1924), "Five-Year Plan" (1931).
ABRAMOVICH Joseph Isaakovich (b. 1901), specialist in the region. lifting and transport equipment, prom organizer page-va. He graduated from the Kharkov building. in-t. From 1935 ch. engineer, then early. building of the Verkhne-Saldinsky plant. In 1936–39, associate professor of Moscow. in-that chem. machine. From 1940 ch. Defense Engineer Since 1942, he headed the construction of the aviation complex. s-dov near Kuibyshev, other industrial objects. production. In 1944 he directed the development of the project and methods of high-speed construction. After 1945 he headed the construction of a number of large industrial enterprises. objects. Author of Art., Uch. benefits. Became. pr. (1944). Works: Lifting machines, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1956 (jointly with L.G. Kifer); Atlas of drawings for lifting machines, Moscow, 1956 (with L.G. Kiefer).
ABRAMOVICH Mikhail (1860, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1940, Brussels), poet. Son of Mendele Moicher-Sforim. He spent his early years in Zhitomir. Graduated from the city. From a young age he joined the roar. movement, was a member. Zhytomyr circle of populists. In 1877 he was brought to trial, several. months was under house arrest. In the fall of 1878 he arrived in St. Petersburg to enter a medical surgeon. Academy, but was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. After his release in 1884, he lived for some time in Odessa, where he graduated as an external lawyer. f-t. Novoros. un-that. In the beginning. 1880s printed poetry in Russian. lang. in f. "Voskhod", and in 1889 released Sat. "Poems", in which biblical motives predominated, ist. themes and love lyrics. In 1891 he published in Zh. "Sunrise" per. several heads of pov. his father "Nag", which led to the suspension of the publication of g. After the revolution, he moved to Zap. Europe to the end. life lived in Brussels. Son - Vsevolod (1890-1913) - was one of the first Russian. aviators. For the first time in the history of aviation in 1912 he made a long flight Berlin-Petersburg, died in a plane crash.
ABRAMOVICH Mikhail Vladimirovich (1884, Baku - 1965, ibid.), Specialist in the region. geology of oil fields, acad. AN Azerb. SSR (1955). After graduating in 1910 Petersburg. mining institute worked in the oil industry of Azerbaijan (until 1930), then headed the department of geology of Azerb. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the study of oil fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, the productive strata were identified in its stratigraphic. section. He proved the possibility of dividing the oil strata into formations, the rhythm of the accumulation of oil sediments. Participated in the creation of a system for the rational placement of wells in the development of oil-bearing formations. He proposed the use of gas logging in the search for oil and gas. Developed a methodology for assessing oil and gas resources. Author of the first textbook in the USSR on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields. A submarine uplift in the Caspian Sea is named after A.
ABRAMOVICH Nikolay Yakovlevich (1881, Taganrog Region. Don Cossack - 1922, Moscow), writer. Published under ps. P.Kadmiya, Aratov. Graduated from grade 7. Taganrog city. From 15 years old publ. in the local press. From the beginning. 1900s - to petersburg. and sinks. ed. In 1909 he published the Social-Democrats. gas. "New Day", soon closed by the censors. How lit. the critic belonged to the modernists. He also wrote philosophy. work. In rum. "Woman on the Way" (M., 1917) and in issl. "Woman and the world of male culture" (M., 1913) expressed A.'s antifeminism. In the pamphlets "Russian word", "New time" and seduced babies " about-va under the pernicious influence of big newspapers. A. had an inherent feeling of disaster. development of Russia. Compiled by A. “History of Rus. poetry "was awarded in 1914 by the Scientist of the Min-va Nar. education. He died as a psychiatrist at the Kanatchikova Dacha hospital. Works: Man of the Future, St. Petersburg, 1908; In the autumn gardens. Lit-ra of today, M., 1909; The philosophy of murder, M., 1913; Demon of nakedness, M., 1916; Modern lyrics, M., 1921.
ABRAMOVICH Zeev (Zinovy ​​Khefets) (1891-1970), polit. activist. Before the 1st world. Poalei Zion was an active activist during the war. After the revolution - one of the leaders of this party in Russia. After the split of Poalei, Zion joined her lion. wing. From 1922 in E.-I. One of the leaders is a lion. labor movement in E.-I., its ideologist. Later - one of the leaders of the Mapam party.
ABRAMOVO, a village in the Kamenets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Avraamovo, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1872, 10 Jewish families lived in Armenia, in 1921 there were 97 Jews (100%), and in 1935 the Jewish population was 75%. In the beginning. jan. 1941 Jews of Azerbaijan were sent to the ghetto in Kamenets-Litovsk (present-day Kamenets). 9 nov. 1942 Jews gathered on the railway stations in Vysokoe were sent to Treblinka.
ABRAMS Charles (1901, Vilna - 1970, New York), lawyer and writer. In the USA since 1904.Since 1924 member. New York Bar Association. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the struggle for the preservation of Greenwich Village, its ist. streets and buildings. In 1934–37 in the mountains. council of New York, then in decomp. missions providing tech. assistance to developing countries. In 1936–60 he lectured on urbanization and economics at the New York School of Social. issl., in 1965 headed the faculty of mountains. planning price at Columbia Unt. Vice President liber. batch pcs. New York (1940), prev. commission pcs. New York Against Discrimination and Chl. Harriman's Cabinet (1955–59). The author of the book. and Art. on the mountains. planning and living. pages: "Revolution on the ground" (1937), "The future lived. p-va "(1946)," Forbidden Neighborhood "(1955)," Struggle for Shelter "(1964).
Abraham Yehezkel (1886, Dashkovichi, Grodno province - 1976, Jerusalem), rabbi, Talmudist, commentator on rabbinical sources. He studied at large Lithuanian yeshivas. In 1912-14, the rabbi in the Smolyany borough of Orshansky district. Mogilev province, in 1914–23 - in the m. Smolevichi, Minsk province, in 1923–30 - in Slutsk. In 1928, joint. with Sh.I. Zevin published a rabbinic journal. "Yagdil Toire", the only edition. of this kind in the USSR. In 1930 he was sentenced to 10 years for “counterrev. activity ". In 1931 he was released and left for England. He held the position of Dayan in London Religion. court. Since 1951 - in Israel. Pres. Associations of yeshivas. Member Council of Sages of the Torah - supreme. body of the party Agudat Yisrael. State pr. Israel (rabbinic literature, 1956) for research. work in the field of halakha.
ABRAMSKY Shmuel (b. 1913, Suwalki), ethnographer. In his youth - an active member. Communist Party of Poland. In 1930 he was arrested and spent a year in prison. In E.-I. since 1934. Studied at ped. seminary in Jerusalem, graduated from Heb. un-t in the same place. Was a lion activist. socialist movement. In 1938 he retired from watered, activities. Published articles and research, dedicated. ist. geography and archeology E.-I. Ed. "Encyclopedias of Biblical Geography".
ABRAMSON Manuil (Emmanuil) Moiseevich (ps. Mazurin) (1898, p. Privolnoye, Kherson province - 1941), orientalist-Sinologist. R. in the family of a farmer-colonist. In 1924 he graduated from the whale. Dipl. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (MIV), worked in China, from 1928 on scientific. work in the Communist. un-those workers of China and research institutes in China. Member of the Harbin and Vladivostok underground in civil. war; secretary-referent VK Blucher in the "Great campaign" 1925-27 in China, sotr. Comintern, Far East. Secretariat of the ECCI. In 1935-37 at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial board “Mat-fishing on the whale. question ". The author of the work "Polit. about-va and parties in China "(" New East ", 1922, No. 1), reference encyclopedic. materials, etc. Ed. A. published “Brief Kit.-Rus. dictionary "V.S.Kolokolov (sred. Hu Jia; M., 1935) and others. 1938 arrested.
ABRAMSON Shakhno Girshevich (Alexander Grigorievich) (1861 - 1907, Kovno), attorney at law. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Dep. 2nd State thoughts from the Kovno lips. He was a member of the cadet faction.
ABRAMSON Shraga (b. 1915, Tsekhanovets Grodno province), rabbi. In 1936 he was promoted to rabbi in omжеa and in the same year he moved to E.-J. In 1950 he graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. In 1952–58 - prof. Heb. theological. seminaries (New York), from 1958 - Heb. un-that. Member Academy of Hebrew, was its vice-president. and ed. g. Lachoneinu (1970-80). State pr. Israel (Judaism) in 1974 for the study of the rabbinical literature of the Talmud era and the period of the Gaons and their languages., Middle-century. biblical exegesis, poetry and prose of the Middle Ages in Hebrew, Wed-century. philology lang. Hebrew.
ABRAMZON Saul Mendelevich (b. 1905, Dmitrovsk, Orel province), ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1969). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from ethnography. department of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1926). In 1926–31 the first director. Museum of Local Lore in Frunze (Kyrgyzstan). Since 1931 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on ethnography and ethnicity. history of the Kyrgyz. In 1962 and 1973, A.'s works were sharply criticized, and A. himself was accused of “Kirg. nationalism ". Cit .: Essay on the culture of the Kyrgyz. people, Frunze, 1946; Kirghiz and their ethnogenetic. historical and cultural ties, L., 1971 (republished by Frunze, 1990).
ABRAS Yehoshua (1820, Brody, Austria - 1896, Odessa), cantor. From childhood he became famous for his singing. Studied with B. Schulzinger and Sulzer. He was a cantor in Tarnopol, Lvov and Odessa (from 1880). He had the best singers of his generation. data. Issued Sat. melodies and tunes to prayers (Vienna, 1874).
ABRENE, see Pytalovo.
ABRIKOSOV Alexey Alekseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1964), acad. (1987) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1948). In 1948–65 he worked at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965–88 the head. dep. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau. In 1988–91, the director. Institute of Physics of High Pressure of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 advisor at the directorate of this Institute. At the same time. since 1966 - prof. Moscow un-that, in 1976-91 - head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Since 1991 he has been working in the USA under a contract. interests - TV theory. bodies, quantum electrodynamics, physics of metals, theory of superconductivity, plasma physics. Calculated Green's functions and effective cross sections of different. processes at high energies in quantum electrodynamics (1954–56). He put forward the idea of ​​the existence of type II superconductors (1952). Built the theory of magn. properties of superconducting alloys, introducing the concept of two critical. fields and a "mixed" state with a vortex structure of currents ("vortices of Abrikosov", 1957). Joint. with LP Gorkov developed the theory of superconductors with magn. impurities and predicted the phenomenon of gapless superconductivity (1960). Research properties of highly compressed matter, gave the equation of state of hydrogen at ultrahigh pressures with the transition from the molecular to atomic phase (1954). He created a theory of semimetals like bismuth, predicted the appearance of a gapless state and excitonic phases in a strong magn. field, proposed the theory of gapless conductors (1970–74). Developed a general approach for studying the conductivity of quasi-one-dimensional systems and introduced the concept of the delocalization parameter (1976). Created the theory of spin glasses with short-range action (1978–80). Develops the theory of high-temperature superconductivity (crystalline excitonic phases with heavy holes). The author of St. 300 scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1966), State. pr. USSR (1982), Intern. etc. them. F. London (1972), Ave. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau, Works: Introduction to the theory of normal metals, Moscow, 1972 (English, 1972); The phenomenon of gapless superconductivity of metals, M., 1985; Foundations of the theory of metals, M., 1987; Methods of quantum field theory in statistical physics, M., 1962; 2nd ed., M., 1989 (jointly with L.P. Gorkov and I.E. Dzyaloshinsky).
ACHIR, a village in the Omsk district of the Omsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1929, the first in the West was created in the Achair region. Siberia Jewish s.-kh. the team "Equality" (300 people); wall gas came out. "The Voice of the Jewish Farmer".
ACHINSK, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. In 1782 - the district town of the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, from 1822 - in the Yenisei province. 161 Jews lived in Armenia in 1861, in 1888 - 308, in 1897 - 484, in 1904 - 572, in 1905 - 580, in 1910 - 565 (6.2%). in 1913 - 776, in 1917 - 1091 (7.5%), in 1920 - 1149, in 1926 - 1192 (6.7%), in 1939 - 675 Jews. 19th century Jewish exiles began to settle in A. In 1859–61 there was a wooden synagogue; in 1895, with the permission of the Minister of the Interior, another synagogue was opened. In 1910, there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia, and in 1913–14, a society of benefits for poor Jews. March-Apr. 1917 Jewish literature was formed in Armenia. on-in, there were Zionist groups and a branch of the Bund. From 1918 to 1919 a Zionist organization functioned in Armenia. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened. A Jewish school operated in 1920–25. In the 1930s. OK. A. there were 2 Jewish collective farms. In the 1990s. a Jewish community was created. M.A.Milshtein.I.V. Us
ACHKINAZI Veniamin Moiseevich (Boris Mikhailovich) (1927 - 1992, Simferopol), historian. Graduated from the Crimean state. un-t. Collector of materials on the language and folklore of the Krymchaks. The author of several. publications about the Krymchaks. First prev. Crimean cultural and educational. about-va "Krymchakhlar". Apologist for the theory of non-ethnicity of the Krymchaks. Jewry.
ADABASH, railway station in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Adabashevo Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in Armenia. In oct. 1941, 150 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in Armenia.
ADABASHEVO, see Adabash.
ADALBERG Shmuel (1868, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Lit. critic, folklorist. He studied in different Europe. capitals. The main tr. A. is a collection of Polish proverbs and sayings (1889–94), the largest in the world. For this work A. was awarded a membership in the Krakow Academy of Sciences. A. translated and annotated 580 Heb. proverbs from the collection of I. Bernstein. They were published in the Polish Ethnographic. g. "Vistula" (v. 4, 1890), and later dep. book From 1918 A. was an adviser on Hebrew. issues in the Polish Ministry of Education and Religion and did everything possible to promote the Heb. communities and institutions. When the Nazis occupied Warsaw, he committed suicide.
ADAM Baal-Shem-Tov, legendary figure of the 18th century According to legend, A. bequeathed his comments to the Kabbalah to Rabbi I. Baal Shem Tov. Some people believe that A. is Rabbi Dovid Moishe Avraham of Rohatyn, who is considered the teacher of the Baal Shem Tov.
ADAMOV, see Adamov.
ADAMUV, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Adamov Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 494 Jews (32.7%) lived in Armenia in 1897. The Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
ADASKINA Ginda Simkhovna (b. 1928, Moscow), trapeze trapeze artist. In 1949 she graduated from the State. school of circus arts. She performed in the program "Women - Masters of the Soviet Circus". After being injured in 1953, she worked as an assistant at E.T.Kio's illusion attraction. Since 1955 again an aerialist. In 1960 she prepared a complex innovative number on the air horizontal bar. From 1974 - stage director. The performances, staged by A., have repeatedly become laureates of competitions. Honored. art. RSFSR (1971).
ADEL (1725— |), the only and beloved daughter of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. She was very revered by the Hasidim and entered Hasidic folklore as the image of an ideal woman. She was educated by her father. Accompanied him during his trip to E.-I. A.'s grandson - Rabbi Nachman from Bratslav.
ADELBERG Avraham (1875, Vilna - 1936, New York), entrepreneur, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna and in the city of St. Petersburg. Since 1888 in the USA, where he created a network of sewing companies. In 1907 he helped a lot in the creation of Sidehurst Park on Long Island. Since 1910, members the first Board of Trustees of Sidehurst County, in 1920–24 - its treasurer, in 1926–27 the governor of the district; from 1928 to 1932 he was unanimously elected mayor of Sidehurst three times. Collaborated with decomp. philanthropic., societies. and patriotic. about-you, during the 1st world. war is one of the leaders of societies. movement for aid to soldiers, donated 100 thousand dollars for the construction of soldiers. club (later - the residence of the American Legion).
ADELHEIM, br. - Robert Lvovich (1860, Moscow - 1934, ibid.) And Rafail Lvovich (1861, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Actors. Robert graduated from technical. uch-shche, later studied singing and fencing in Italy, Raphael was educated at the conservatory in the class of php. In 1888 A. graduated from drama. branch of the Vienna Conservatory, several. years worked in t-ts Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In 1894 Raphael and then Robert (in 1895) returned to Russia. Raphael made his debut in Oryol as Lear (King Lear, W. Shakespeare), Robert - in Zhitomir as Uriel Acosta (play of the same name by K. Gutskov). Soon, the brothers teamed up and toured for about 40 years. cities of Russia, incl. in Moscow and Petrograd, only occasionally performing on stage post. t-ditch. The repertoire of the A. brothers was extensive, it included the best works of classical music. drama. Robert played Ch. arr. heroic. roles: Acosta (Uriel Acosta, Gutskova), Othello, Hamlet; Edgar ("King Lear"), in the tragedies of W. Shakespeare; Karl Moor ("The Robbers" by F. Schiller), Faust, Oedipus; Godda (Execution by G.G. Ge). Raphael played the character roles: Iago, Shylock, Richard III, Lear, Franz Moor; Mephistopheles ("Faust" by IV Goethe), Ben Akiba ("Uriel Acosta" by Gutskov) and others. Nar. artists of the RSFSR (1931).
ADELSON Osip Isaakovich (1800 - |), physician, graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in 1823, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From 1826 to 1848 A. - Senate physician and physician at the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg, state councilor.
ADELSON Wolf (| - 1866, Odessa), educator. A student of the rabbi-philosopher M. Ilier, in his youth he was a teacher in Brest-Litovsk, in 1833 he settled in Dubno, enjoyed great influence among the Jews. youth, was persecuted by the Hasidim for "freethinking". After long wanderings, he settled in Odessa, died in poverty, most of A.'s manuscripts perished. Among the students and followers of A. - the grammarist H. Ts. Lerner, rus. censor V. Fedorov (before baptism - Greenberg). In the circle "Maskilim" ser. 19th century A. is known under the nickname "Diogenes"; among the surviving op. A. - etude about the book. "Esther" and a number of essays on ancient Hebrews. lit-re.
ADIGENI, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center (Georgia). In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1959 - 17, and in 1970 - 14 Jews. According to information from some sources, Jews lived in Armenia already in the first half. 18th century, occupying a special quarter - rabat (settlement). In Armenia there was a synagogue where a Torah scroll received from Istanbul was kept. The local rabbi was at the same time. Khazan, Shokhet and Heder teacher. Main Jewish occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages, cattle breeding and weaving. In 1826 20 Jewish families moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), 2 families to Atskuri. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
ADINI Yaakov-Yosef (1898, Warsaw - 1969, Israel), translator, ed. He was an activist of the Ge-Halutz movement in Poland. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1923–24 he worked in Berlin, published books ser. "Et Lebanot". In 1924 he returned to E.-I. He was engaged in lit. activities. He studied in Jerusalem and England. Translated into Hebrew plural. books, among them the works of L. Feuchtwanger, G. Fast, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev and others. Was one of the editors. encyclopedias "Yzrael".
ADINKATA, see Lumpy.
ADIROVICH Emmanuil Ilyich (1915, Melitopol - 1973, Tashkent), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1962). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1940). In 1940–62 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he defended his doct. dis. under the hands. S.I. Vavilov (1949). Since 1962 hand. created by him. physics of semiconductors Phys.-tech. in-ta them. S.V. Starodubtseva of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in Tashkent. interests - physics tv. body and semiconductors. One of the founders of the band theory of luminescence of crystals, on the basis of which he first solved the problem of nonradiative electronic transitions in solids, predicted and discovered the phenomenon of "cold flash". He established the law of electronic polarization and depolarization of photoelectrets, calculated the distribution of heterocharge and field, developed a general theory of the photoelectret state and showed the principle, the possibility of creating a photoelectret without external. polarizing zero. He showed the possibility of the existence of excitons of a new type, which made it possible to reveal the mechanism of fast low-temperature polarization. He laid (jointly with others) the foundations of optoelectronics (developed the theory of optocouplers and optocouplers, discovered the effect of anomalously high photovoltages and photomagnetic voltages in semiconductor films; developed optoelectronic methods of correlation processing of large amounts of information). One of the founders of dielectric. electronics, decided a number of funds. tasks in this area, developed and researched. dielectric diode structures based on thin high-resistance monocrystalline. layers of silicon, gallium arsenide and silicon carbide. Created the Tashkent School of Physics and Electronics TV. Tel. The author of St. 200 scientific. works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of luminescence of crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1951; M., 1956; Double injection currents in semiconductors, M., 1978 (in co-authorship); Photovoltaic phenomena in semiconductors and optoelectronics, Tashkent, 1972 (in co-authorship).
ADIVI Rekhavya (1900, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1972, Ashkelon), engineer, public. activist. In E.-I. came as a child with his parents. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv. Received an engineering degree from Philadelphia University. An active member of the Union of Engineers and Architects of Israel. Since 1965 - Mayor of Ashkelon.
ADLER, now a district within the city of Sochi (Russian Federation). Until 1961, it was an urban-type settlement, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Armenia, and in 1939, 14 Jews.
ADLER German (b. 1899, Jablonec nad Nisou, Austria-Hungary - |), conductor. In 1924 he graduated from the German Music. academy in Prague. 1927–32 - conductor of opera ts in Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1932–35 - Ch. conductor symph. orchestra (Kharkov), in 1935–37 - ch. conductor orc. Ukr. radio (Kiev). Since 1939 in the USA.
ADLER Israel Yehuda (Ishai) (1870, Pinsk - 1948, Israel), teacher, society. activist, translator, ed. From 1886 he was engaged in ped. activities. From 1905 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers to teach in Hebrew. He founded the first newspaper for teachers in Hebrew "Ha-Khinuh". Founder of the publishing house at the teachers' union "Kagelet". One of the first residents of Tel Aviv. For many years he taught at a girls' school in Jaffa. Author pl. Art. on pedagogy, education and societies, problems, as well as textbooks. Compiled the Little Library for Children (1916–17). The settlement of Ramat Yishai in northern Israel is named after him.
ADLER Morris (1906, Slutsk - 1966, USA), rabbi, leader in the region. education. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1913 in the USA. Rabbi first in Buffalo, then from 1938 until the end of his life in Detroit. In 1943–46 - soldier. rabbi. In 1957–66 A. before. Board of the Union of Workers of the Automotive Industry, member. Michigan Election Commission and K-that for citizens. management. In 1963–66 A., member. Governments. commissions for higher. education.
ADLER Shaul (1895 - 1966, Jerusalem), parasitologist. In 1900 he moved with his parents to England. He studied medicine at the University of Leeds, majored in tropical. diseases in Liverpool. During the 1st world. War - physician and pathologist in the British Army. In 1921–24 he was engaged in scientific research. research in Sierra Leone. Since 1924 - in Heb. un-those. Headed by scientific. expeditions from the Royal Society of London to the Tikhoi Islands approx. Main works are devoted to the etiology, pathology and ways of spreading pathogenic parasites in humans and animals, tropical. diseases and their treatment. Got the world. the fame of his tr. on malaria, relapsing fever, leprosy, dysentery, and ch. arr. research leishmaniasis. In 1934 he was awarded evil. medal to them. Chalmers, awarded by Eng. Royal Society Tropical. diseases. He translated the work of Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species" into Hebrew. State Israel Ave (1957).
ADLER Yakov A. (1855, Odessa - 1926), actor, director. He performed in loves. performances. From 1879–83 in the troupe iz. playwright, director, theater. organizer A. Goldfaden. He left Russia after the ban on the activities of the Jews. troupes. He performed in London, then in Chicago, New York and other cities of the USA. Has toured in Warsaw, Lodz, Lvov. Back in New York, post. performances "Soldier Motele", "Siberia" (1891). These scenic production, especially the first, were a great success. Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare) stood out among the acting works that brought fame to A. also played Iago ("Othello" by W. Shakespeare). The play "Cafe Crown" told about the life path of A. He performed on the stages of "People-teetr", "Grand-teetre", where his children often played with him.
ADLER Yankel-Yaakov (1895, Lodz - 1949, London), artist. He studied in Bremen. Since 1911 - in Dusseldorf, prof. Academy of New Art (1930). In the 1920s. published in Poland. Jung Yiddish. Since 1935 - in France. After the start of the 2nd world. During the war, he joined the Polish army, served until 1943. From 1945 - in England. At the beginning, creative. activities joined him. Expressionist school, but his thin. the style has always been based on plank beds. Heb. traditions. Later he became an imagist. In the last years of his life he had a great influence on the development of modern. art-va in England.
ADLIVANKIN Samuil Yakovlevich (1897, Tatarsk, Mogilev province - 1966, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, film designer. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche (1912-17), then in the State. free thin workshops in Moscow (1918-19) with V.E. Tatlin. Worked for the publishing house "Young Guard" (1923-28), ill. g. "Lapot", "Atheist" and others, created by. polit. posters and cartoons (together with V.V. Mayakovsky). - one of the founders thin. association KNIFE (New Society of Painters, 1921–24), created. ex. graduates of VKHUTEMAS, opposition. attuned to non-objective art. Turning to subject painting, A. and other members. The KNIFE was used in the tradition of Nar. lubok and creatively processed hoods. methods of primitivism and expressionism ("Tram B", etc.). A. participated in the creation. f. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (A Cup of Tea, 1927). Member Society of Artists "Isobrigada" (1931–32), which put forward the slogans "polit, realism" and "class. orientation of creativity ". A.'s works are kept in the State Russian Museum and the State Tretyakov Gallery.
ADMON (Rappoport) Shmuel (1914 - 1972, Israel), military leader, one of the creators of the Israeli artillery. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya State University (Tel Aviv). Since 1938 - a member of the kibbutz Alonim. In 1940 he was mobilized into the British army, served in the artillery. He took part in battles in Italy. Demobilized in 1946 with the rank of captain. During the War of Independence, he commanded the Israeli artillery. Later it was the beginning. headquarters of the North. env.
ADMONI Vladimir Grigorievich (1909, Petersburg, - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic and philologist-Germanist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Son of the historian G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni. In 1941–42 he worked at the Leningrad Political Administration. fr. and prepared antifash. agitator. materials. He taught at the universities of Leningrad. Since 1960 in Leningrad. department of Ying-ta yaz-knowledge of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The section was headed by poet. translation leningr. writing organization. A. acted as a witness for the defense at the trial in the case of I.A. Brodsky. Works in the field of Germanic and Scandinavian studies; he was the first to single out a "system of construction", i.e. a set of interrelated formal language facilities that provide both the structural integrity of grammaticals. units, and their structural division. He owns the concept of the musical score organization of the speech chain; the doctrine of syntactic. form, word order and actual division of the sentence, text linguistics, poetry language and art. prose, factors and ways of language development. Göttingen Academy of Sciences; och. Doctor of Philosophy, Uppsala University (Sweden). Great gold medal to them. Goethe (1971), etc. Konrad Duden (1987) Works: Introduction to modern syntax. yaz., M., 1955; East syntax is it. yaz., M., 1963; Syntax modern. German lang .: System of relations and system of construction, M., 1973; The grammatical structure as a system of construction and the general theory of grammar, L., 1988.
ADUTISHKIS, a village in the Svenchen district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Vileika region. Byelorussian SSR, and in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. 570 Jews lived in Armenia in 1847, 387 Jews in 1863, and 1373 Jews (61.1%) in 1897. In 1863, Armenia had a synagogue. Since 1905, Abraham-Dovber Popel (1869–?) Was the rabbi in Armenia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in Armenia. t-in. A. genus. N.-Sh. Feigenson.
ADZHAMKA, a village in the Kirovograd district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson Gubernia. In 1910, 217 Jews (1.8%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue in Armenia. On May 18, 1919, a pogrom took place in Armenia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
ADJIASHVILI Jemal (Semyon) (b. 1941, Tskhakaya, Georgian SSR), translator, publicist, playwright. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies (department of Persian languages) Tbilisi. state un-that. In 1979 publ. Sat. per. “Wed-century. Heb. poetry "on the load. lang. Book. had a great resonance all over the world. His lane is also known in Georgia. Russian, English, Japanese. and other classics. In 1988 in Bat Yam (Israel) his play “Sing, Harp” about the life of the Jews of Georgia was staged. The play was written for one actor and in tech. several years old iz. the actor K. Makharadze. Several his lane. manuf. were marked by foreign. lit. pr. since 1991 Parliament of the Georgian Rep.
AJIASHVILI Itzhak (1929 (|), Kutaisi - 1993, Kiriyat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. Beginning religious educated by Rabbi M. Davarashvili in Kutaisi, higher. religious education in mosk. yeshiva "Kol Yaakov". His teachers were iz. rabbis Sh. Trebnik, Sh. Shlifer, I. Khanzin and others. After returning to Georgia he became one of the leading rabbis in Tbilisi. Since 1973 - with his family in Israel, settled in the city of Kiriyat-Ata. Here he served as cantor, shohet, moel. Actually became a spiritual hand. immigrants from Georgia in Kiriyat-Ata.
AFRICANDA, urban-type settlement (since 1955) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 2 Jews lived in Armenia.
AFTARAN-MAJI, see Muji-Gaftaran.
AGAFIEVKA, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Agafievka (other name. Kolendov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct.-Dec. 1941 during the deportation of Jews from Bessarabia to the territory. Agafiyevsky village council shot 180 weakened Jews and died of hunger and disease 200 Jews.
AGALYK, a village in the Samarkand region of the Samarkand region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, from 1887 - in the Samarkand district. Samarkand Region. In 1930, an incident related to the "blood libel" took place in Armenia.
AGARA, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 9 Jews living in Armenia, in 1939 - 9, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 1 Jew.
AGARON Shmuel ben Israel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), one of the largest rabbis of his time. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilna, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed and a unique library burned down. He fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. Author pl. religious essays.
AGARONI (Aronovich) Israel (1882, Vilno - 1946, Jerusalem), zoologist. He studied at un-those in Prague. From 1901 - in E.-I. He was a teacher, first in Rehovot, and then in Jerusalem. During World War I he served as a zoologist in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a zoological advisor to the British Credentials. Zool Creator. Museum, which later came under the jurisdiction of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, in which in 1930-46 the professor. zoology. He studied and searched for the animals mentioned in the Tanakh and Talmud. He was engaged in breeding wild animals in captivity, incl. the golden hamster is one of the most important labs. animals. Autobiographical author. book “Memoirs of Heb. zoologist ".
AGARONOVICH Yosef (1877 - 1937, Tel Aviv), polit. and societies. activist, publicist. In his youth there was a s.-kh. a worker, a watchman. From 1906 - in E.-I. Active member "Ha-Poel ra-Tsair", ed. of the same name. gas. (1906–22), one of the ideologists of the labor movement, delegate from the workers E.-I. at the Zionist congresses. During the 1st world. war was expelled from the country by the Turkish authorities, lived in Egypt, opposed the entry of volunteers in Heb. legion. He actively participated in the creation and activities of Histadrut and Mapai. One of the founders of Bank Ha-Poalim, headed it until the last days of his life. Was a member. City Council of Tel Aviv. The head of the Writers' Union E.-I. Moshav Beit Yosef in the Beit Sheana valley is named after him. Author pl. works on the theory and practice of the labor movement.
AGARYAN Yisroel-Moishe (1865, Alexandrovka Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1940, Cleveland, USA), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Since 1892 - in the USA. One of the pioneers of religious Zionism in the United States. I took an active part in helping the 1st world refugees. wars from Europe. Author of the book "Sulam Yisrael".
AGBULACH, see Tetri-Tskaro.
AGDAM, city (since 1828), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Main in 1741. From 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 it was the AzSSR. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 - 7 Jews.
AGDASH, city (since 1900), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1910, 38 Jews (0.7%) lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 there were 21 Jews.
AGDATI (Kaumansky) Baruch (1895, Bender - 1976, Israel), cultural figure. He studied ballet in Odessa. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Studied painting at the Bezalel Academy. With the beginning of the 1st world. the war grew up. the subject was exiled to Russia. Was the soloist of the ball. in the opera house of Odessa. In 1919 he returned to E.-I. on the ship "Ruslan". Organizer of Purim carnivals in Tel Aviv. One of the first choreographers in the nat. ball. Founder of nat. cinema. Creator of the first film studio and the first doc. films.
AGINSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1959), the center of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1811 as a village of the Nerchinsk voivodeship, from 1851 - the Nerchinsk environs. Transbaikal Oblast. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Armenia.
AGLOBI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Derbent province, from 1860 - in the Kurinsky environs. Dagestan Province. 35 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 55 Jews in 1875, 33 in 1886, 25 in 1900, and 165 Jews in 1926 (67%). Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 19th century Between 1860 and 1870, anti-Jewish demonstrations by local Muslims took place in Armenia. population. In the 1870s. a synagogue was built. Jews owned 25 dess. arable land. During the Civil. During the war, self-defense was organized in Armenia, and in 1918 most of the Jews left Armenia. During the period of collectivization, Jewish collective farms were created in Armenia. Lenin (19 x-c) and "Red Dagestan" (15 x-c). In the 1930s. Jews left A.
AGLONA, a village in Preili district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Aglon Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In July 1941, 56 Jews were killed in Armenia.
AGLON, see Aglona.
AGMON (Kuzminsky) Raphael (b. 1915, Mogilev), teacher, specialist in the region. s.-kh. production. From 1920 in E.-I. Studied at Ped. seminaries (Jerusalem), in s.-kh. school "Mikvah-Israel", un-those Nancy (France), at advanced training courses in the USA. In 1935–42 he taught. work. In 1942–44, dir. farms at Ying-those with. x-va (Magdiel). In 1944–48, he was an agricultural inspector of the Station. research in Galilee, at the same time. taught in S.-kh. school "Bet Shemen". The head of the department of agricultural. planning Min-va with. x-va of Israel; worked in Verkh. Volte (headed the demonstration center, was the head of projects for agricultural training). Member Center, to the Association of workers with. x-va. Comp. g. Gadassah, author of a number of brochures.
AGNYATSVET Eddie (real name and surname Edi Semyonovna Kagan) (b. 1916, Minsk), poetess. Lit. she began her activity in 1929. Writes for a Belarusian. lang. Graduated from Minsk ped. Institute (1936). Worked ed. children radio broadcasting (1934–38). Head of the department poetry in f. Polymya (1940–41), in 1945–46 revised. State Publishing House of the BSSR. The author is poetic. collection: "My Generation" (1935), "Poems" (1938), "Spring Morning" (1941), "The Road to the Future" (1949), "Belarusian Rowan" (1959), "Desire" (1971); book for children "Vasilki" (1947), "Your comrades" (1957), "Country of childhood" (1975), "We are serious, we are funny" (1976), etc. Translated into Belarusian, lang. manuf. Heb. poets and prose writers, French. (P.Zh.Beranger, P.Eluard), Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Latvian. poets. According to her libretto, op. for children "Janat" (1942, music by L. A. Schwartz) and "Marinka" (1955, music by G. K. Puksta). In 1976, Fav. manuf. " in 2 volumes.
AGOL Israel Iosifovich (1891, Bobruisk - 1936), geneticist and philosopher, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). Father V.I.Agol. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1923) and the Institute of Red Professors (1927) in Moscow. From 1926 he worked in Moscow. zootechnical in-those, from 1928 headed by Biologich. in-t them. K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931 he worked in the lab. G. J. Moeller in the USA. Since 1932 - in the All-Ukrainian. associations of Marxist-Leninist scholars Institute (in 1933–34 - vice-president), since 1934 - at the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Repressed. tr. on genetics and philosophy. questions of natural science. Research the influence of x-rays on the genetic. apparatus (for example, Drosophila). Studied dominance in the genetic process. changes. One of the authors. the theory of stepwise allelomorphism (gene divisibility). Developed organic problems. expediency. A number of works are devoted to the criticism of neovitalism and neo-Darwinism. D. h. Communist. academy (1929). Founder and 1st Responsible ed. g. "Success of the present. biology "(1932). Cit .: Dialectic. method and evolution. theory, M., 1930; Vitalism and Marxism, 3rd ed., M., 1932; The origin of animals and humans, Kiev, 1935; I want to live, M., 1936.
AGOL Vadim Izrailevich (b. 1929, Moscow), virologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of I. I. Agol. At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1951) worked in the Karaganda honey. in-those, since 1956 - in Ying-those of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1961 head of laboratory of biochemistry); in 1963 he participated in the organization of the Department of Virology at Biological. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1969 - prof.), in 1965 - Interfaculty Lab. bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University (since 1991, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology). Auth. OK. 200 scientific. works. Main tr. by pier biology of RNA-containing animal viruses. He made a significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of replication, translation, complementation and recombination of RNA-containing viruses. Member New York Academy (1983). Works: Molecular biology of viruses, M., 1971, (co-authors); Molecular biology: Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids, M., 1990 (co-authors).
AGRANOV Yakov Solomonovich (Saulovich) (real name and surname Sorendzon Yankel Shevelev-Shmaev) (1893, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1938), employee of state bodies. security. In 1912-14 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, from 1915 - RSDLP (b). In 1919 20 sec. SNK, at the same time. Special Representative at the Presidium of the Cheka. Since 1921 sotr. secret-polit. Department of Management of the Cheka-GPU. From Oct. 1922 early. special bureau of the GPU. Since 1923 deputy. early Secret department OG-PU, then deputy. early OGPU in Moscow and Mosk. region On Feb. 1933 - July 1934 deputy. prev. OGPU, in July 1934 - May 1937 first deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR, simultaneously. in dec. 1936 - Apr. 1937 early. Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR, in April-May 1937 - early. 4th department of this department. From May 1937 beginning. Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR in the Saratov region. Carried out "supervision of the investigation" (actually fabricated cases) on all the most important political processes of the 1920s and 1930s. (from the so-called case of the Industrial Party to the case of G.E. Zinoviev-LBKamenev), conducted an investigation into the case of the so-called. Labor cross. parties ("the case of A. Chayanov-N.D. Kondratyev"). A. was close to many. writers and poets, but actually supervised their polit. moods. Soon after his appointment to Saratov, A. was arrested, taken to Moscow and executed on 08/01/1938.
AGRANOVICH Leonid Danilovich (b. 1915, st. Zmievka, Oryol province), screenwriter, film director. In 1933–38 the actor Mosk. Modern t-ra, State. t-ra them. Sun Meyerhold, t-ditch of Tashkent, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. In 1941–43, actor and dir. Front t-ra, in 1943-46 Art. teacher of acting at VGIK. Since 1946 he has been engaged in literature activities, author of screenplays: "A man was born" (1956), "Life is in your hands" (1959, in co-authorship), "Heaven is subdued by them" (1963, in co-authorship); theater, plays: "Light is burning in the windows", "Pilots", "Devil's River" and others, as well as scripts of their films. He made his directing debut in 1963 f. “The Man Who Doubts” (with VG Semakov). He independently put f. "Case from the investigative practice" (1968), "Own" (1969), "In our factory" (1971), "City shield" (1979), "Statute of limitations" (1983). State pr. USSR (1971).
AGRANOVICH Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1946, Moscow), cameraman. In 1962–64, a developer at the laboratory for processing amateur photographs. Mosgorfabriki photoworks. In 1964-65, a mechanic for the maintenance of shooting equipment at the c / st. Mosfilm. In 1970 he graduated from the cinematography department of VGIK. Since 1970 - at Mosfilm (camera assistant, director of photography). 1st are independent. work - "Tryn-grass" (1976). Among other fictions: "Rudin" (1977), "Funny People" (1978), "Little Tragedies" (1980), "Three Years" (1981), "Look for a Woman" (1983), "Winning a Lonely Trader" (1984), "Repentance" (1986) and others.
AGRANOVSKY Anatoly Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Journalist. Son Izv. journalist A.D. Agranovsky (1896-1951). In 1943 he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. K. Liebknecht. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947–61 he worked at Lit. gas. ”, in 1961-84 - in gas. "News". Participated in writing the book. LI Brezhnev Brother A. - Valery (b. 1929, Moscow), playwright, critic. Author pl. book, naib. fame from which got the pov. "Stop Malakhov!" (M., 1976). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
AGRON (Agronsky) Gershon (1893, Ukraine - 1959, Jerusalem), journalist, society. activist. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion. After demobilization he moved to E.-I. Founder and first ed. gas. Palestine Post (later - Jerusalem Post). Mayor of Jerusalem (1955–59).
AGROSKIN Anatoly Abramovich (1908 - 1993, Moscow), geochemist, specialist in the region. chem. technologies and thermal physics of coal. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute. He worked in Donetsk coal chemistry. in-those, was one of the creatures. department of specialists-coke chemists in the Donetsk industrial in-those (dean of the coal chemistry department, headed the department), in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the energochemical laboratory). In 1941–45 he proposed and supervised the introduction of a method for increasing the bulk density of a charge for coking by wetting it with microadditives of hydrocarbon liquids. He made a significant contribution to the development of coke chemistry. Developed by scientific. basics of heating modern. coke ovens, hydraulics the theory of gas movement as applied to coke ovens. Author of scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Became. pr. (1946). Works: Sovr. coke ovens and heat engineering for their heating, Moscow, 1932 (with G.S. Halabuzarsm); Ways of expanding the coal base of coking, M., 1959; Chemistry and technology of coal, 2nd ed., M., 1969; Phys. properties of coal, M., 1961; Physics of coal, M., 1965; Brown coals as technological. raw materials, M., 1976 (jointly with I.E. Svyatets); Thermophysics of Solid Fuel, I M., 1980 (with V.B. Gleybman).
AGROSKIN Iosif Ilyich (1900, Khotimsk, Klimovsk u. Mogilev province. - 1968, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. hydraulic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938), professor. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the irrigation and drainage faculty of the Goretsky agricultural department. in-that and worked in-those until 1927. In 1927–39 in Omsk agricultural. in-those (assistant of the department of hydraulics, since 1933 dean of the irrigation and drainage faculty, since 1937 head of the department and director of the institute). At the same time. in 1927–33 chap. Ing. Zap.-Sib. Melivodstroy. From 1939 he was appointed deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher affairs. schools under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. At the same time. from 1940 head. Department of Hydraulics in Moscow. irrigation and drainage institute. Since 1948, dir. in-ta.Osn. tr. associated with the development of hydraulic methods. calculation of canals and open reservoirs. He proposed new methods for determining conjugation. and critical. depths, differentiation integration. equations of uneven motion in open channels. He proposed methods for calculating rapid currents of uneven width, surge tanks, interface structures. Completed a series of works on the study of kinematic. the structure of the channel flow when flowing around cylindrical. Tel. One of the main. experimental developers, lab. and field sprinklers "Aida". Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Honored. worker of science and technology (1966). Works: Canal hydraulics, M.-L., 1940; Hydraulics calculation of channels, M.-L., 1958; Hydraulics, 4th ed., M.-L., 1964 (in co-authorship).
AGRYZ, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sarapulsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in Armenia.
AGUDAS AHIM (Hebrew - the union of brothers), a former Jewish farmer. partnership to the Crimea. ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Gomel. In 1925, 124 people lived in AA.
AGUDZERA, a railway station in the Gulripsh district of Abkhazia (Georgia). In 1970, 31 Jews lived in Armenia.
AGURSKY Samuil Khaimovich (1884, Grodno - 1947, Pavlodar), part. and polit. activist, historian. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the age of 12 - a worker. Since 1902, members Bund. From 1905 - in the USA, worked as a tailor, sotr. in Heb. socialist ed. in Yiddish, one of the creators of the Chicago Heb. working institute where emigrants could get an education. In 1917, corr. one of the Amer. Heb. newspapers in Russia. In Jan. 1918 cum. with Amer. R. Williams, a journalist, formed one of the first internats. units Kr. Army. One of the creators and deputy. prev. Evsektsii, together with J.V. Stalin, signed a decree on the liquidation of the center. leadership Heb. religious communities. In the years of civil. War Commissioner for Heb. affairs of Vitebsk province, published by the Bolshevik. gas. Yiddish. In the beginning. 1920s repeatedly (including illegally) visited the United States, participated in the creation. Communist Party of the United States, raised funds to support the Sov. Russia (formally - to help starving people in the Volga region). Since 1930 deputy. dir. Institute of Party History at the MK VKP (b), since 1934 Dir. Ying-that history of the party of Belarus and Ying-that Evr. proletarian culture of Belarus. In 1938 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Hebrews. fasc. organization and sabotage in the Academy of Sciences, sentenced to 5 years of exile (served in Pavlodar). Son A. - Mikhail (Malib) (1933, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), specialist in the region. cybernetics, member of the human rights movement in the USSR. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). Since 1975 in Israel, he worked in the media, was engaged in history and political science. In 1983 he received an academic degree in Paris. Doctor's degree in reg. Slavic studies. Prof. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, chl. Central Committee of the Party of Labor. Author of the book: "Ideology of National Bolshevism" (1980), "Sov. Golem "(1982) and others.
AGUS (Agushevich) Irving A. (1910, Svisloch - 1984, New York), a leader in the field of Jewish education. Since 1927 - in the USA. Graduated from New York University (1932), Doctor of Philosophy (1937). Since 1951 he taught Hebrew. history at Yeshiva University. In 1939–51 hands. religious uch. establishments in America and Israel; 1939–45 - Baron Hirsch Society in Memphis; 1945–47 - Yeshivas in Long Island; 1947–49 - Harry Fishel Institute for research. Talmud (Jerusalem); 1949–51 - Ekib Academy in Philadelphia.
AK-MOSQUE, see Simferopol.
AKBULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1937), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Orenburg province. In 1939, 50 Jews lived in Armenia.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАД ГА-AM (наст. имя и фам. Ушер Исаевич (Ашер-Гирш) Гинцберг) (1856, Сквира Киевской губ. – 1927, Тель-Авив), писатель, публицист. Р. в богатой купеч. хасидской семье. Получил трад. евр. образование, самостоятельно осваивал естеств. науки, философию, иностр. яз. В 1882—84 слушал лекции в ун-тах Вены, Берлина и Бреславля. В 1884 поселился в Одессе, вошел в гр. «Ховевей Цион» (рук. Л.Пинскер). Впервые выступил в печати в 1889 в газ. «Га-Мелиц». В ст. кон. 1880-х – нач. 1890-х гг. доказывал необходимость длит. воспитат. работы в среде рос. еврейства, к-рая в конечном итоге приведет к более сознательной деятельности по заселению Э.-И. В 1889 А.г.-А. создал и возглавил орд. «Бней-Моше», объединивший его сторонников. Посетив в 1891 и 1893 Э.-И., А.Г.-А. в ряде ст. нач. 1890-х гг. дал критич. обзор экон., соц. и духовной жизни евр. поселений в стране, одноврем. выступил с резкой критикой ассимиляционных тенденций в зап.-европ. еврействе. В 1896 А.г.-А. возглавил изд-во «Агиасеф», в 1896–1902 редактировал ж. «Га-Шиллоах». После 1-го Всемирн. сионист. конгр. А.г.-А. в своих ст. подверг критике теорию полит, сионизма Т.Герцля, упрекал последнего в отказе от трад. ценностей евр. духовной культуры, выступал идеологом т.н. духовного сионизма, гл. цель к-рого – возрождение еврейства как нац.-культурной общности. В 1900 А.г.-А. вновь посетил Э.-И. В ст. нач. 1900-х гг. резко критиковал администрацию Э.Ротшильда в Э.-И., всю систему т.н. опеки, применявшуюся ею в отношении евр. поселений, а также деятельность евр. школ, созд. Всемирн. сионист. союзом в Э.-И. за их пренебрежение к нац. культурным и духовным ценностям. На съезде рос. сионистов в Минске (1902) А.г.-А. выступил с докладом «Духовное возрождение», посвященным практич. мерам подъема евр. нац. культуры. В 1903 А.г.-А. поступил на службу в чаеторг. фирму Высоцких, а фактически целиком отдался лит.-публицистич. деятельности. После Кишиневского погрома 1903 выступил за созд. евр. самообороны. Резко критиковал план евр. колонизации Уганды, считая его результатом забвения евр. духовных ценностей. В 1905–07 А.г.-А. участвовал в деятельности «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России». В 1908 А.г.-А. переехал в Лондон, где продолжал обществ, и публицистич. деятельность. В 1922 окончательно поселился в Э.-И.В своих публицистич. выступлениях А.г.-А. отказывался считать достижение гл. цели полит, сионизма (воссоздание евр. нац. независимости в Э.-И.) окончат. решением евр. вопроса. По его мнению, за мн. века рассеяния у евреев ослабло естеств. самовосприятие себя как частицы единой нации, отсюда тенденции к ассимилированию, отказ от собств. наследия. Этот процесс может быть остановлен только возрождением созидат. сил иудаизма. Воля нации к жизни, согласно А.г.-А., не только требует верности духовным ценностям, но непосредственно формирует их. Эта воля должна заставить сторонников традиции привести нац. духовно-культурные ценности в соответствие с условиями новой реальности, а сторонников ассимиляции – проникнуться чувством их сущностной связи с наследием народа, к к-рому они принадлежат. По убеждению А.г.-А., даже такие концепции иудаизма, как мессианизм или монотеизм, являются лишь функциями воли нации к жизни, и поэтому они должны получить перевыражение в формах и терминах, свойственных совр. европ. ментальности, что адаптирует их к существованию нации в настоящем и будущем. Высказывания А.г.-А. об «окаменелых» традициях евр. религии вызвали резкие отповеди со стороны раввинов, доброжелательно относившихся к движению «Ховевей Цион». Тогда А.г.-А. занялся проблемами нормативной части иудаизма, в надежде примирить религ. и светское направление в еврействе. Отвергая реформизм, полагая, что религия подлежит не реформе, а развитию, А.г.-А. видел это развитие во внесении изменений в Галаху в соответствии с требованиями жизни. Взгляды А.г.-А. оказали влияние на все направления в сионизме. Его произв. сыграли видную роль в становлении новой лит-ры на иврите, послужили одним из решающих факторов интеграции процессов возрождения нац. евр. культуры., pronunciation=АХАД ГА-AM (наст. имя и фам. Ушер Исаевич (Ашер-Гирш) Гинцберг) (1856, Сквира Киевской губ. – 1927, Тель-Авив), писатель, публицист. Р. в богатой купеч. хасидской семье. Получил трад. евр. образование, самостоятельно осваивал естеств. науки, философию, иностр. яз. В 1882—84 слушал лекции в ун-тах Вены, Берлина и Бреславля. В 1884 поселился в Одессе, вошел в гр. «Ховевей Цион» (рук. Л.Пинскер). Впервые выступил в печати в 1889 в газ. «Га-Мелиц». В ст. кон. 1880-х – нач. 1890-х гг. доказывал необходимость длит. воспитат. работы в среде рос. еврейства, к-рая в конечном итоге приведет к более сознательной деятельности по заселению Э.-И. В 1889 А.г.-А. создал и возглавил орд. «Бней-Моше», объединивший его сторонников. Посетив в 1891 и 1893 Э.-И., А.Г.-А. в ряде ст. нач. 1890-х гг. дал критич. обзор экон., соц. и духовной жизни евр. поселений в стране, одноврем. выступил с резкой критикой ассимиляционных тенденций в зап.-европ. еврействе. В 1896 А.г.-А. возглавил изд-во «Агиасеф», в 1896–1902 редактировал ж. «Га-Шиллоах». После 1-го Всемирн. сионист. конгр. А.г.-А. в своих ст. подверг критике теорию полит, сионизма Т.Герцля, упрекал последнего в отказе от трад. ценностей евр. духовной культуры, выступал идеологом т.н. духовного сионизма, гл. цель к-рого – возрождение еврейства как нац.-культурной общности. В 1900 А.г.-А. вновь посетил Э.-И. В ст. нач. 1900-х гг. резко критиковал администрацию Э.Ротшильда в Э.-И., всю систему т.н. опеки, применявшуюся ею в отношении евр. поселений, а также деятельность евр. школ, созд. Всемирн. сионист. союзом в Э.-И. за их пренебрежение к нац. культурным и духовным ценностям. На съезде рос. сионистов в Минске (1902) А.г.-А. выступил с докладом «Духовное возрождение», посвященным практич. мерам подъема евр. нац. культуры. В 1903 А.г.-А. поступил на службу в чаеторг. фирму Высоцких, а фактически целиком отдался лит.-публицистич. деятельности. После Кишиневского погрома 1903 выступил за созд. евр. самообороны. Резко критиковал план евр. колонизации Уганды, считая его результатом забвения евр. духовных ценностей. В 1905–07 А.г.-А. участвовал в деятельности «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России». В 1908 А.г.-А. переехал в Лондон, где продолжал обществ, и публицистич. деятельность. В 1922 окончательно поселился в Э.-И.В своих публицистич. выступлениях А.г.-А. отказывался считать достижение гл. цели полит, сионизма (воссоздание евр. нац. независимости в Э.-И.) окончат. решением евр. вопроса. По его мнению, за мн. века рассеяния у евреев ослабло естеств. самовосприятие себя как частицы единой нации, отсюда тенденции к ассимилированию, отказ от собств. наследия. Этот процесс может быть остановлен только возрождением созидат. сил иудаизма. Воля нации к жизни, согласно А.г.-А., не только требует верности духовным ценностям, но непосредственно формирует их. Эта воля должна заставить сторонников традиции привести нац. духовно-культурные ценности в соответствие с условиями новой реальности, а сторонников ассимиляции – проникнуться чувством их сущностной связи с наследием народа, к к-рому они принадлежат. По убеждению А.г.-А., даже такие концепции иудаизма, как мессианизм или монотеизм, являются лишь функциями воли нации к жизни, и поэтому они должны получить перевыражение в формах и терминах, свойственных совр. европ. ментальности, что адаптирует их к существованию нации в настоящем и будущем. Высказывания А.г.-А. об «окаменелых» традициях евр. религии вызвали резкие отповеди со стороны раввинов, доброжелательно относившихся к движению «Ховевей Цион». Тогда А.г.-А. занялся проблемами нормативной части иудаизма, в надежде примирить религ. и светское направление в еврействе. Отвергая реформизм, полагая, что религия подлежит не реформе, а развитию, А.г.-А. видел это развитие во внесении изменений в Галаху в соответствии с требованиями жизни. Взгляды А.г.-А. оказали влияние на все направления в сионизме. Его произв. сыграли видную роль в становлении новой лит-ры на иврите, послужили одним из решающих факторов интеграции процессов возрождения нац. евр. культуры., extra_data="{'translat...")
AKHALDABA, an urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Izv. from the 12th century In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian province., from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province., from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. The fact of residence of Jews was first documented in 1703. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Armenia was inhabited by Georgians and Jews, who were serfs of the Kartli queen and carried in her favor numerous. duty. Due to the constant raids of the Dagestanis, Persians and others. The number of the Jewish population in tech. 18th century decreased from 150 families (smoke) to 8 families in 1801. By the middle. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
AKHALGORI (1934-92 - Leningori), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Ksan kn-va as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Armenia. According to legend, A. founded. in 1 century. BC e., from the end. 16th century - the princely residence of the Ksan princes, then. bargain. Centre. Jews appeared in Armenia after the 1760s. and up to mid. 19th century made up means. part of the population. Later, the Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
AKHALI ATONI (1955-92 - New Athos), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Gudauta region of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Psirtskha of Sukhumsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a member of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 in A.A. there were 3 Jews, in 1939 - 55, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 7 Jews (all Ashkenazim). Jews lived in A.A. from 1921. In 1992, Jews left AA.
AKHALI GAVAZI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gavazi New Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904 there were 7 Jews living in AG, in 1926 - 24 Jews. Jews settled in AG in the beginning. 20th century
AKHALKALAKI, city, regional center (Georgia). Izv. from the 9th century. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi region, from 1867 in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1883, 27 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1887 - 53, in 1897 - 193 (5.5%), in 1910 - 69 (1.4%), in 1939 - 3 Jews . Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century after relocation several. Jewish families from Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe). There was a synagogue in 1883. The Jews lived separately in the Jewish quarter. In 1910 a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery existed in Armenia. In 1918-21, when Armenia was under Turkish rule, Jews moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh and Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). DMKhananashvili
AKHALSOPELI, a village in Lanchkhuti district (Georgia). Main in the 1850s. as the village of Lanchkhutsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1904 15 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 66, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1889, a Jewish merchant from Tskhinvali was killed in Armenia. (modern Tskhinvali) D. Davarashvili and Y. Davarashvili wounded. Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 20th century In 1928, in connection with the founding in the Lanchkhut region of the Jewish collective farm "Tsiteli Gora" some of the Jews of A. moved to the collective farm. In the 1940s. Jews left A.D.M. Khananashvili
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАЛЦИХЕ, город, районный центр (Грузия). Изв. с 12 в., в 12—16 вв. — центр ист. обл. Самцхе. С 1578 — под властью Османской империи, с 1628 — центр Ахалцыхского пашалыка. С 1828 — в составе Рос. империи, в Имеретинской обл., с 1840 — центр Ахалцыхского у. Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 — Кутаисской, с 1867 — Тифлисской губ. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1830 в А. проживало 117 еврейских семей (в т. ч. 327 мужчин), в 1835 — 623 еврея, в 1837 — 60 еврейских семей, в 1852 — 724 еврея (5,9%), в 1859 — 1364 (9,7%), в 1864 — 1852 (15,1%), в 1882 — 1972 (10,9%), в 1897 — 1533 (10%), в 1905 — 2322 (12%), в 1910 — 2610, в 1911 — 2934, в 1915 — 3248 (12,7%), в 1926 — 921 (в т. ч. 94 ашкеназа), в 1939 — 1007, в 1970 — 836, в 1979 — 337 евреев (в т. ч. 245 грузинских).Евреи в А. впервые упом. царевичем Вахушти Багратиони в 1745 (селились в особом квартале к З. от крепости, поблизости располагалось еврейское кладбище). В 1740-х гг. сооружена синагога. В ходе рус.-тур. войны (1828—29) община пострадала от нападений мусульман-аджарцев, учинявших грабежи и погромы. После присоединения А. к России евреи причислены к гос. крестьянам. В 1827—29 в А. переселились евреи из соседних сел (Абастумани, Ахалдаба, Двири, Дигвири). В нач. 1830-х гг. во время эпидемии холеры умерло 100 евреев. В 1837 вновь вспыхнула эпидемия холеры, в результате к-рой число еврейских семей сократилось до 60. Гл. занятие еврейского населения А. — торговля (с 1830-х гг. существовало «Торг. об-во Соломона», к-рое вело торговлю с Персией, Турцией, а также с внутр. губерниями России). В сер. 1860-х гг. построена 2-я синагога. В 1872 из 206 еврейских семей 16 были состоятельными, 103 — малоимущими. С постройкой ж.-д. Поти — Тифлис (1873) торговля в А. постепенно пришла в упадок, начался отток еврейского населения в др. крупные города края. Осн. занятием евреев А. стала мелочная разъездная торговля. В 1889 евреи А. едва не стали жертвами «кровавого навета». В кон. 19 в. численность населения А. (в т. ч. еврейского) начала увеличиваться за счет притока жителей из окрестных мест. В нач. 20 в. евреи, выходцы из А., владели в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси) 17 галантерейными магазинами из 23, принадлежавших евреям, на их средства в 1910 сооружена новая синагога, названная «Ахалцыхской».В 1910 в А. — 2 синагоги с хедерами при них и еврейское кладбище. В 1888, 1903 и 1912 община безуспешно ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении на открытие талмуд-торы. В жен. уч-ще в 1894 из 74 учениц 14 были еврейками (в 1901 — 10 из 110), в 1915 в местной прогимназии обучались 3 еврея (из 206 учеников).В 1880—90-х гг. раввином в А. был Иосиф Давиташвили (в 1910 выехал в Э.-И.), в 1910—28 — Элиягу-Шмуэль Коханов, в 1917—19 — Д.Баазов, в 1910-х гг. — Иехезкиэль Тетруашвили. В окт. 1917 Баазов избран членом гор. совета. На выборах делегатов на Всерос. еврейский конгресс (март 1918) сионисты во гл. с Баазовым получили 173 голоса, а представители движения «Агудат Исраэль» — 45.После оккупации А. тур. войсками (июнь 1918) мн. евреи покинули город. С установлением сов. власти (март 1921) ликвидирована частная торговля, мн. евреи оказались на грани нищеты. В 1923 власти закрыли обе синагоги (после долгих хлопот евреи в 1924 добились их открытия). В 1926 отмечен факт ритуального навета. В 1920-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из А. в др. города. В 1927 создан еврейский колхоз, к-рый объединял 23 еврейских семьи (127 чел. из 180 колхозников). К 1930 число еврейских семей в колхозе возросло до 34, в 1937 — до 65 (из 85). В колхозе были открыты еврейский дет. сад, школа, еврейский кружок самодеятельности, в 1928 — еврейская б-ка. В 1929 создан К-т бедных евреев (евкомбед), занимавшийся трудоустройством евреев (в т. ч. рабочими на пром. пр-тиях, созданных при его участии). К 1937 в еврейском квартале действовали дет. сад на 60 детей и школа на 220 учеников. После ликвидации Грузевкомбеда (1936) упразднены все еврейские пр-тия и артели, после закрытия ГрузОЗЕТа (1938) еврейский колхоз объединен с грузинским (евреи постепенно покидали его). В 1941—45 численность еврейского населения вновь сократилась за счет миграции в др. регионы. В 1947 одна из синагог, раввином в к-рой был Абрам Ихошвили (1888 — после 1965), превращена в спортзал. В 1950 за систематич. неуплату налога со строения закрыта 2-я синагога, в 1952 в ее здании разместились культурно-просветит. учреждения. В 1950-х гг. раввином в А. был Меир Филхазович Левиашвили (1880—?), шохетом — Б.М.Вилкин (1879—?). В результате массового выезда число еврейских семей в А. сократилось с 400 (1970-е гг.) до 20 (1999).В А. род. А.Ш.Батошвили, И.Давиташвили, Ш.Кобошвили.Д.М.Хананашвили, pronunciation=АХАЛЦИХЕ, город, районный центр (Грузия). Изв. с 12 в., в 12—16 вв. — центр ист. обл. Самцхе. С 1578 — под властью Османской империи, с 1628 — центр Ахалцыхского пашалыка. С 1828 — в составе Рос. империи, в Имеретинской обл., с 1840 — центр Ахалцыхского у. Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 — Кутаисской, с 1867 — Тифлисской губ. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1830 в А. проживало 117 еврейских семей (в т. ч. 327 мужчин), в 1835 — 623 еврея, в 1837 — 60 еврейских семей, в 1852 — 724 еврея (5,9%), в 1859 — 1364 (9,7%), в 1864 — 1852 (15,1%), в 1882 — 1972 (10,9%), в 1897 — 1533 (10%), в 1905 — 2322 (12%), в 1910 — 2610, в 1911 — 2934, в 1915 — 3248 (12,7%), в 1926 — 921 (в т. ч. 94 ашкеназа), в 1939 — 1007, в 1970 — 836, в 1979 — 337 евреев (в т. ч. 245 грузинских).Евреи в А. впервые упом. царевичем Вахушти Багратиони в 1745 (селились в особом квартале к З. от крепости, поблизости располагалось еврейское кладбище). В 1740-х гг. сооружена синагога. В ходе рус.-тур. войны (1828—29) община пострадала от нападений мусульман-аджарцев, учинявших грабежи и погромы. После присоединения А. к России евреи причислены к гос. крестьянам. В 1827—29 в А. переселились евреи из соседних сел (Абастумани, Ахалдаба, Двири, Дигвири). В нач. 1830-х гг. во время эпидемии холеры умерло 100 евреев. В 1837 вновь вспыхнула эпидемия холеры, в результате к-рой число еврейских семей сократилось до 60. Гл. занятие еврейского населения А. — торговля (с 1830-х гг. существовало «Торг. об-во Соломона», к-рое вело торговлю с Персией, Турцией, а также с внутр. губерниями России). В сер. 1860-х гг. построена 2-я синагога. В 1872 из 206 еврейских семей 16 были состоятельными, 103 — малоимущими. С постройкой ж.-д. Поти — Тифлис (1873) торговля в А. постепенно пришла в упадок, начался отток еврейского населения в др. крупные города края. Осн. занятием евреев А. стала мелочная разъездная торговля. В 1889 евреи А. едва не стали жертвами «кровавого навета». В кон. 19 в. численность населения А. (в т. ч. еврейского) начала увеличиваться за счет притока жителей из окрестных мест. В нач. 20 в. евреи, выходцы из А., владели в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси) 17 галантерейными магазинами из 23, принадлежавших евреям, на их средства в 1910 сооружена новая синагога, названная «Ахалцыхской».В 1910 в А. — 2 синагоги с хедерами при них и еврейское кладбище. В 1888, 1903 и 1912 община безуспешно ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении на открытие талмуд-торы. В жен. уч-ще в 1894 из 74 учениц 14 были еврейками (в 1901 — 10 из 110), в 1915 в местной прогимназии обучались 3 еврея (из 206 учеников).В 1880—90-х гг. раввином в А. был Иосиф Давиташвили (в 1910 выехал в Э.-И.), в 1910—28 — Элиягу-Шмуэль Коханов, в 1917—19 — Д.Баазов, в 1910-х гг. — Иехезкиэль Тетруашвили. В окт. 1917 Баазов избран членом гор. совета. На выборах делегатов на Всерос. еврейский конгресс (март 1918) сионисты во гл. с Баазовым получили 173 голоса, а представители движения «Агудат Исраэль» — 45.После оккупации А. тур. войсками (июнь 1918) мн. евреи покинули город. С установлением сов. власти (март 1921) ликвидирована частная торговля, мн. евреи оказались на грани нищеты. В 1923 власти закрыли обе синагоги (после долгих хлопот евреи в 1924 добились их открытия). В 1926 отмечен факт ритуального навета. В 1920-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из А. в др. города. В 1927 создан еврейский колхоз, к-рый объединял 23 еврейских семьи (127 чел. из 180 колхозников). К 1930 число еврейских семей в колхозе возросло до 34, в 1937 — до 65 (из 85). В колхозе были открыты еврейский дет. сад, школа, еврейский кружок самодеятельности, в 1928 — еврейская б-ка. В 1929 создан К-т бедных евреев (евкомбед), занимавшийся трудоустройством евреев (в т. ч. рабочими на пром. пр-тиях, созданных при его участии). К 1937 в еврейском квартале действовали дет. сад на 60 детей и школа на 220 учеников. После ликвидации Грузевкомбеда (1936) упразднены все еврейские пр-тия и артели, после закрытия ГрузОЗЕТа (1938) еврейский колхоз объединен с грузинским (евреи постепенно покидали его). В 1941—45 численность еврейского населения вновь сократилась за счет миграции в др. регионы. В 1947 одна из синагог, раввином в к-рой был Абрам Ихошвили (1888 — после 1965), превращена в спортзал. В 1950 за систематич. неуплату налога со строения закрыта 2-я синагога, в 1952 в ее здании разместились культурно-просветит. учреждения. В 1950-х гг. раввином в А. был Меир Филхазович Левиашвили (1880—?), шохетом — Б.М.Вилкин (1879—?). В результате массового выезда число еврейских семей в А. сократилось с 400 (1970-е гг.) до 20 (1999).В А. род. А.Ш.Батошвили, И.Давиташвили, Ш.Кобошвили.Д.М.Хананашвили, extra_data="{'translat...")
AKHALTSYKH, see Akhaltsikhe.
AHDUS, see Leninsky.
AKHIEZER Alexander Ilyich (1911, Cherikov, Mogilev province), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1964), Hon. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1986). Since 1934 he has been working at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology. Tr. in nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, elementary particle physics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, solid state theory, magnetism. Created a theoretical school. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.I. Mandelstam (1948). Works: Some questions of the theory of the nucleus (in co-authors), M.-L., 1948; 1950. Quantum electrodynamics (et al.), M., 1949; 1959; 1969; 1981. Biography of elementary particles (et al.), Kiev, 1983. Atomic physics: Reference book, Kiev, 1988.
AKHIEZER Alexander Samoilovich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, specialist in social philosophy and methodology of history. Sciences. Graduated from Moscow. state econom. Institute (1953), postgraduate studies at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the specialty "Planning bunks. x-va "(1964), graduate school at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va them. GV Plekhanov with a degree in Philosophy (1967). Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1969-91 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the workers' movement and compare, political science of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1991 leading scientist. sotr. Institute of International employment of RAS. A. develops reproduction. the concept of the about-va, anti-entropic understanding of the essence, genesis and essence of mass people. activities. In addition, in his tr. problems and topics are being developed: the inconsistency of modern. grew up. worker as a subject of reproduction about-va; mechanisms of cultural dynamics, their significance and place in activity; humanization ist. the process of human development; originality (specificity) ist. the paths of Russia. Cit .: Culture. Modality. Interpretation: Categories and concepts of the Marxist-Leninist theory of culture, M., 1985; Culture and social relations: Restructuring societies, relations and contradictions in culture, M., 1989; Russia: Critique of East. experience, t. 1-3, M., 1991; Social and cultural problems of the development of Russia: Philos. aspect, M., 1992.
AKHIEZER Naum Ilyich (1901, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1980, Kharkov), mathematician. Ch.-c. AN VOIN (1934). Graduated from Kievsk. Institute of Higher Education education (1924), graduate school - in the same place (1928). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1940). He worked in Kievsk. un-those, (1928–33), Kiev. Aviation in-those (1928–33), Kharkov. un-those (1933–41), Alma-Atinsk. Mining Institute (1941–43), Moscow. energetic in-those (1943–47), from 1947 - to Kharkov. un-those. results - in the theory of best approximations, where he developed the ideas of P.L. Chebyshev and S.N.Bernstein. Works on the theory of functions, funkts. analysis, theory integr. equations, approx. and num. methods, aerodynamics, history of mathematics. He introduced functions known as Akhiezer-Baker functions, which play an important role in the theory of nonlinear integrals. systems. The author of a number of ist.-mat. research Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.L. Chebyshev (1952). Works: Lectures on the theory of approximation, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1965; Theory of linear operators in a Hilbert space, M.-L., 1950, sovm. with I.M. Glazman.
AHIMEIR Abba (real name and surname - Abba Shaul Geisinovich) (1898, Dolgoe Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1962, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, publicist, writer, one of the leaders of the Zionist revisionists, the ideologist of the most radical revision wing. movement In 1912 he arrived at E.-I. In 1914 he returned to Russia, joined Ceirei Zion. After the 1st world. war studied history in high fur boots of Liege and Vienna. In 1924 he returned to E.-I., joined Ga Poel Ha-Tsair, and in 1928 joined the Zionist revisionists. A supporter of active resistance to the Britons, the mandate authorities, A. organized a series of protests against them, for which he was repeatedly arrested. In 1933 Brit. the authorities in the murder of Kh. Arlozorov, but was acquitted by the court. In 1935 he was arrested and imprisoned for illegal organization. "Union of rebels" ("Brit ha-birionim"). A.'s views have rendered meaning. influence on the formir. ideology of clandestine fighting organizations Etzel and Lehi. Author pl. ostropolich. publicistic. Art. (partly included in his "Selected works.", v. 1–2, 1966–68) and several. book
AKHMETA, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 15 Jews lived in Armenia. Jews lived in Armenia in the 1910s and 1930s.
AHRON Iosif Yulievich (1886, Lodz - 1943, Hollywood, USA), violinist, composer. He studied violin in Warsaw under I. Lotto, in 1899-1904 in St. Petersburg. cons. in the class of prof. L.S.Auer (preliminary training was given by the adjunct Auer I.R.Nalbandyan); he studied composition with A.K. Lyadov. He gave concerts in Russia and Europe. In 1913-16 he taught at the Kharkov muses. uch-shche. Member "Society of Hebrews. folk music ". In 1922 he left Russia for Europe, then in 1925 for the USA. In 1925, together with the world famous musicians - S.V. Rachmaninov, I. Hoffman, J. Kheifets, E. Tzimbalist - he took part in the celebrations, an anniversary concert in the Carnegie Hall, having eaten. 80th anniversary of Auer. Author of 3 concertos for violin and orc., 2 sonatas for violin and fp., 4 suites for violin and fp. and others. In his work he addressed the intonation of the Hebrews. muses. folklore: “Heb. melody "for violin and orc., suite" Golem "for chamber orc.," Heb. lullaby "for violin and fp. (as amended by Auer), suite "Stempenu" after Sholem Aleichem for violin and piano, piece for cello "Khazan".
AHRON Isidor Yulievich (1892, Warsaw - 1948, New York), pianist. Graduated in 1918 from St. Petersburg. cons., learned to play php. A.N. Dubasov and A.N. Esipova, compositions - from A.K. Lyadov. From 1918 he toured cities in Russia and Germany. From 1922 he lived in the USA. Debuting in New York, in 1922–33 he was the accompanist of J. Heifetz. He performed both as a soloist and in ans. with other musicians. From 1933 he toured the USA as a soloist with leading Amer. symph. orc. He performed with success in 1936 in The Hague and Amsterdam. Author of "Grotesque Suite" for orc. (performed in 1942) and fp. plays.
AKHSHARUMOVA Anna Markovna (b. 1957, Moscow), chess player; international grandmaster (1989). B.F. Gulko's wife. International Winner tournaments in Tbilisi (1975), Budapest and Timishiara (1978). USSR champion (1976 and 1984). Since 1986 - in the USA. USA Champion (1987). As part of the US team, a member of two Everyone. Olympiads (1988–90). Participant of the World Championship: Interzonal Tournament (Kuala Lumpur, 1990) - 5th-6th place.
AHSU, city (since 1967), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Shemakha province., from 1859 - Shemakha district. Baku lips. In 1918–20 - as part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - in the Azerbaijan SSR. 20th century The rabbis in Armenia were Rabbi Abraham, Rabbi Daniel, Rabbi Gershon, Rabbi Irliya, Rabbi Azaria, Rabbi Michael, and Rabbi Gershon-Shmuel.
AKHTIAR, see Sevastopol.
Akhty, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1840 - the city of the Cuban y. Caspian Region, from 1846 in Derbent Gubernia, from 1860 in Dagestan Region. 11 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. In 1734, the troops of the Persian military leader Nadir Shah captured Armenia and converted the entire surviving Jewish population to Islam. Jews who converted to Islam over time began to consider themselves Lezgins. The Lezgins living now in A. remember their Jewish origin. Back in the 1920s. In A. there were Lezgi women who lit Shabbat candles. On the wall of one of A.'s mosques there was an inscription in Hebrew indicating the date of construction.
Akhtyrka, city (since 1703), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1641. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1902, there were 30 Jewish families in Armenia, 161 Jews in 1910, 640 in 1920, 369 (1.4%) in 1926, and 277 Jews in 1939. the synagogue was opened. 1942 in A., apprx. 25 Jews.
AKILOV Yakhiel (1900, Samarkand - 1972, Tashkent), writer. One of the first Komsomol members of Turkestan. In 1920 he graduated from the teacher. courses. Then he begins to publish his poems in the local press. First. book "Dadi u" ("His father") in Bukhara-Heb. lang. came out in 1927. Delegate of the First All-Union Congress of Sov. writers.
AKIMOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 305 Jews did not live in the Akimovsky District, and in 1939 there were 44 Jews in Armenia. 1941 - early. 1942 in Armenia several were killed. remaining Jews.
AKIVIS Max Aizikovich (b. 1923, Novosibirsk), mathematician. Participant in the 1941–45 war: He studied at Moscow State University, was expelled from the 5th year in ideological studies. reasons. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1951. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). Prof. (1966). He worked in Tulsk. mechanical in-those (1956-60) and in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (since 1960). Author fuidam. results in multidimensional projective and conformal geometry, the theory of webs and the theory of differential-geometric. Structures, Works: Conformal Differential. geometry. On Sat. "Geometry. 1963 "(Results of Science), M., 1965, etc.
AKKERMAN, see Belgorod-Dnestrovsky.
ACCORD Elias (Ilya Samoilovich) (|, Mogilev - 1811), doctor. He studied medicine in Berlin, received a medical degree in St. Petersburg in 1788. From 1789 he served as a military man. doctor in Kiev and Vasilkov, and also had a private practice. In 1798 he was promoted to the courtyard. advisors. Later he was an obstetrician at the Kiev Medical Council. Interested in the reforms of the living conditions of Jews in Poland, trans. anonymous pamphlet "Jews, or Reforms in the life of the Jews of the Polish Rep." (1786) from Polish. lang. on it., in which immediate changes in the status of Polish Jews were required. Appreciating this work, A. opposed certain conclusions of the pamphleteer, in particular, denying the assertion that Jews are alien to enlightenment and explaining this by their exclusion from secular education. A.'s arguments reflected the views of the skylight. M. Mendelssohn's school and other scientists of Haskala.
AKMECHETSKIE RATES, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Akmechetsky Ananyevsky u. Kherson province. 1942 until March 1944 in AS there was a camp of Jews from Odessa, transferred from the camp in Domanevka. There were also Jews from Bessarabia in the camp, in particular from Chisinau, including 58 psychic. patients delivered in the summer of 1942. Approx. 3 thousand people, of which 150 survived.
AKMECHETSKY, see Akmechetskie Stavki.
AKMOLA, see Astana.
AKMOLINSK, see Astana.
AKMOLS, see Astana.
AKMYANE, city (since 1956), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Okmyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 677 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 543 (36%), in 1921 - 150, at the end. 1930s - OK. 100, in 1979 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in Armenia from the middle. 18th century Main occupations - trade, craft, villages. x-in. In 1867 there were three synagogues in Armenia. In the end. 19th century Rabbi A. was Aron-Eliyahu Kagana, from 1907 - Nokhum-Mordkhe Verbovskiy (1875-1941). During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of A. were evicted to the int. province of Russia. After 1920, some of them returned to A. 4-9 August. 1941 Jews of A. were shot. Through several. years at the place of execution a monument was erected. After 1944, several. Jewish families returned to A.V. the clan B.Kader.
AKNISTE, city (since 1991) in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20 c - the town of Oknista Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was in the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 194 Jews (75%) lived in Armenia, in 1930 - 176 Jews, in 1935 - 199 Jews (42%). in A. in the middle. 19th century In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues in Armenia, and there was a shohet. Library and drama worked. circle. Jews A. were shot in the 2nd half. July 1941 on the bank flowing approx. A. rivers. After 1945, a monument to the executed was erected at the Catholic cemetery of Armenia.
AKOSTA Yand (in Russian sources - Lacoste) (| - |), court jester of Peter I. R. in the family of Portuguese. Jews - Marrans who fled the country from the persecution of the Inquisition. In the beginning. 18th century maintained a brokerage office in Hamburg. OK. 1714 by invitation grew up. resident in Hamburg moved to Russia (according to another version, brought to the country by Peter I himself) and was appointed court jester. Thanks to his cheerful disposition, wit and resourcefulness, as well as the ability to speak almost all Europe. languages ​​A. won the favor of Peter 1; an expert on the Bible, A. often waged theological disputes with the tsar and was one of his favorite interlocutors. For his diligent service, Peter I bestowed on A. the clownish title of "Samoyed King" and presented him with the uninhabited Sommera Father in the Hall of Finland. In the 1730s. A. was still a jester at the court of the imp. Anna Ivanovna; his further fate is unknown. Numerous. "Anecdotes" attributed to A. were widely circulated in Russian. lubochny lit-re con. 18-19 centuries
AKSAY, a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. as the village of Ust-Aksayskaya, from 1791 - the village of Aksayskaya, Cherkassky, from 1805 - Novocherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia.
AKSAY, see Aksai, Rostov region.
AXELROD Albert Yulievich (1934, Voronezh - 1991, Moscow), resuscitator, dir. t-ra and TV. In 1958 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t them. I.M.Sechenov. In 1962–69 he worked in the lab. experimental physiology for the revitalization of organisms of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Org. and headed the first in the country C. outgoing reanimation. Since 1969 he worked at the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Created a department. neuroresuscitation in Moscow. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin, organized the country's first reanimation baro-center, developed the principles of using the hyperbaric method. oxygenation in intensive care. One of the main. resuscitation service in the USSR. Cand. honey. Sciences, Assoc. He hosted on TV a weekly program "You - 03" about the rules for providing first aid in extreme situations. He contributed to the development of growing up. culture. In 1957, together with IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, he organized the pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House". He was the initiator of the creation and presenter of the game television programs (with M. Yakovlev and S.A. Muratov) "BBB" ("Evening of cheerful questions", 1959) and "KVN" ("Club of the cheerful and resourceful", 1961). Op. : Problems of reanimatology, M., 1968 (et al.); Anesthesia and resuscitation for acute massive blood loss in obstetrics, M., 1971; Revival without sensations, M., 1988; Hyperbaric oxygenation - medical and business information, M., 1990 (et al.).
AXELROD Elena Meerovna (b. 1932, Minsk), poet. Daughter of M.M. Axelrod and writer R.R. Rubina. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature from MGPI. Author pl. book for children: "Vanka-Vstanka and Sanka-Spanka" (M., 1961), "The Blizzard Walked in Moscow" (M., 1965), etc., as well as poetry. collection of books "Window to the North" (Moscow, 1975), "Poems" (Jerusalem, 1992). Also known as the lane. poetry from different languages, incl. and from Yiddish. The Jewish theme in her work has long served as an obstacle to the publication of poems. A.'s work is distinguished by subtle lyricism, romanticism of the world view. Since 1992 - in Israel.
AXELROD Gleb Borisovich (b. 1923, Moscow), pianist. Studied under L.I. Roizman in music. school at Moscow. conservatory. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from G.R. Ginzburg (p.), in 1951 he also took a postgraduate course. Laureate of the International. piano competitions - them. B. Smetana (1st avenue, Prague, 1951), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (4th avenue, Paris, 1955), them. J. Viana da Mota (2nd Ave., Lisbon, 1957). Member jury of the 1964 pianist competition Viana da Mota in Lisbon. In 1951–56 he was a soloist of the Touring Bureau (since 1957, the All-Union Concert Touring Association). Since 1959 he has been teaching at Moscow. Conservatory, since 1967 - associate professor, since 1979 - prof. The repertoire includes ch. arr. PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin, D.B. Kabalevsky, as well as traditional pianists' op. D. Scarlatti, I. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Liszt (including the play "Memories of Russia"), C. Debussy. Includes rarely executed FPs in programs. pieces by B. Smetana, J. Sibelius, B. Bartok, Portuguese composers J. de Sousa Carvalho, J. Seixas. In a duet with O.G. Glebov, he performed all 4-hand php. manuf. Beethoven. Honored. art. RSFSR (1966).
AXELROD Lyubov Isakovna (ps. Orthodox) (1868, Dunilovichi, Vilna province - 1946), rev. activist, literary critic. The daughter of a rabbi. She broke up with her family and joined the Narodnaya Volya. circle in Poltava. She worked in the roar. org-tions of Kharkov and Melitopol. In the end. 1885 passed the examination for the title of house in St. Petersburg. teachers. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University in 1900. In 1887-1906 - in France and Switzerland. From 1892 - member. gr. “Union of Rus. social democrats abroad ", as well as gr. Emancipation of Labor. Follower of G.V. Plekhanov's ideas. In 1917 - member. Menshevik. Central Committee, then - member. Central Committee of the Plekhanov group "Unity". After 1917 she was engaged in scientific research. and ped. work. From 1917 to 1920 she lectured at the Tambov State. un-those, Nar. un-those, in 1920 - in the 1st Moscow. state un-those, in 1921-23 led a seminar on philosophy at the Ying-those red professors, later worked at Ying-those scientific. philosophy Ros. Association of Scientific Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the sociological dep. State academy thin. sciences. Main directions of philosophy. research: history of philosophy, ethics, social philosophy, ontology. A. is known as a participant in philosophy. discussions of the 1920s; was one of the leaders of the so-called. "Mechanists" and opposed the Deborin ("formalistic") interpretation of philosophy. She criticized the concept of class morality from the standpoint of the eternal principles of morality. The author of the book. “Philos. sketches ", M.-Pg., 1923 (2nd ed.); "Against idealism", M.-Pg., 1922; "Leo Tolstoy", M., 1922; “Morality and beauty in the production. Oscar Wilde ", Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1923; K. Marx as a Philosopher, Kharkov, 1924; “In defense of the dialectical. materialism: Against scholasticism ", M.-L., 1928; “Idealistic. Hegel's dialectics and materialist, Marx's dialectics ", M.-L., 1934, etc.
AKSELROD Meer Moiseevich (1902, Molodechno Vileisky district. Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), painter, theater, art. Brother of Z.M. Axelrod. Studied at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, P.Ya. Pavlinov and S.V. Gerasimov. Since 1926 - a member of the association "Four Arts", a supporter of drawing from life, portrait and landscape painter. The early impressions of the life of the poor Jews remained the breeding ground for A.'s creativity. small towns of Belarus, illustrated by Sholem Aleichem and I.E. Babel, in the 1930s. tried to reflect the originality of the life of Heb. collective farms of Belarus and Crimea. As a theater, the artist A. collaborated in Moscow, Belarus. and Ukr. GOSETS. The most famous was his design of "Jacquerie" by P. Merimee in the 1st Belarusian. t-re, as well as "Measure of Severity" D. Bergelson in Moscow. GOSET (1933), "The Strike of the Reapers" by Z. Lev in Belarus. GOSET (1935), "The Robber Boytre" M. Kulbak in the State Department of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Creating a pictorially plastic. decisions theater, space, A. acted as the author of costumes (each sketch is a portrait of a character with his lively character). During the war, he created a series of gouaches dedicated to the tragedy of the Jews in the 20th century, and in the middle. 1960s - a cycle of large compositions "Ghetto".
AXELROD Moisey Markovich (1897, Smolensk - 1940), orientalist. 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1923) and an Arab, branch of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1924). In 1924–27 sotr. owls. consulates in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). In 1927-29 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases, from 1929 in foreign. department of the OGPU (worked in Turkey, in 1934–37 in Italy). In 1929–30 he taught at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies and Moscow State University. In 1938 he was arrested and died in prison. The author of works on Arab countries. East, ed. "Arabic-Russian. dictionary "(Moscow, 1931).
AXELROD Nathan (1905, Mogilev - 1987, Bnei Brak, Israel), film producer. In his youth he was fond of cinema. Per. credits from rus. in Ukrainian lang. In 1926 he was sentenced to 3 years in exile for Zionist activities. After the hunger strike was declared, the link was replaced by expulsion from the USSR. From 1926 in E.-I. One of the creatures. Israeli cinema. In 1920-30, a cameraman and dir. first Heb. doc. f. in E.-I. Deer. "The film is moving" (from 1927), "Carmel the film" (from 1933). Then the producer pl. films.
AXELROD Pavel (Pinkus) Borisovich (1850, Chernigov province - 1928, Berlin), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. From the family of an innkeeper. He graduated from the government in Mogilev, studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum, where he met with the roar. lit-swarm. In the beginning. 1870s left the Lyceum and devoted himself to the roar. activities. From 1872 - in Kiev, created a roar. populist. circle, in 1873 - one of the founders of the Kiev branch of St. Petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky", participated in the preparation of "going to the people" in southern Russia. In 1874 he left for Berlin, became close to the Germans, Social-Democrats, and soon moved to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the growing circle. roar. emigrants - supporters of M.A. Bakunin, on their instructions went to Russia to establish contacts with local roar. circles. In the 1870s. put in gas. “Mogilev lips. Vedomosti "a number of articles on the position of Heb. the poor. In 1875 he returned to Switzerland, sotr. roar. g. "Worker", one of the editors. roar. g. "Community". From 1879 - in Russia, conducted propaganda in Odessa, in the fall of 1879 he joined the roar. org-tion "Black redistribution", was one of her hands. In the beginning. 1881 emigrated to Switzerland due to the threat of arrest. In 1883 - one of the founders of the first rose. Marxist, c. "Emancipation of Labor", translated into Russian. lang. a number of works by K. Marx and F. Engels, the author of a number of publications on the parliamentary activities of Western Europe. s.-d. parties. Comp. s.-d. g. "Worker" (1885), "Banner" (1889), one of the editions. g. "Socialist" (1889), "Social Democrat" (1888–92), "Worker" (1896), since 1900 - one of the founders and editors. gas. Iskra and Zh. "Zarya", one of the hands. “Zagran. league rus. roar. s.-d-tii ". Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), after which - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Supporter of cooperation of the Social-Democratic Party with Ros. liberals. At the 4th Congress of the RSDLP (1906), he spoke out for the participation of Social-Democrats. in the State. thought. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907); after the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07 - a supporter of a radical transformation of the party on the basis of legalization, in 1908-10 - one of the leaders of the "liquidators", sotr. gas. "Voice of a Social Democrat", w. "Luch" and others. Since 1912 - member. Org. to-ta (OK) Mensheviks, one of the editors. “Izvestia zagran. Secretariat of the OK ". Affairs. a number of Congresses of the 2nd International, since 1913 - a member. Inter-dunar. socialist the Bureau. Into the 1st world. war participant Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintalskaya (1916) international. socialist conferences. From May 1917 in Russia, he opposed the continuation of the war. In aug. went abroad to prepare a new international. socialist conferences. Oct the coup of 1917 was regarded as “military. conspiracy of the Bolsheviks. " In emigration - Member. Bureau of Socialist. working international, sotr. g. "Socialist. Bulletin "and other Social-Democrats. editions. Memoirs A. "Experienced and changed his mind" (Berlin, 1923) - a valuable source on the history of societies, movement in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Vol .: The Working Class and the Revolution. movement in Russia (Sat. Art. 1890-1904), St. Petersburg, 1907; Struggle for peace and restoration of the International, P., 1917; From the archive of P.B. Axelrod, Berlin, 1924; Letters from P.B. Ak-selrod and Yu.O. Martov, Berlin, 1924; Correspondence between G.V. Plekhanov and P.B.Akselrod, vols. 1–2, M., 1925; Group "Emancipation of Labor", "Chronicle of Marxism", 1928, No. 6.
AXELROD Zelik Moiseevich (1904, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Poet. At the age of 16, he made his debut verse. in Minsk Heb. gas. Der Veker. Studied in Moscow in Lit. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, then in Leningrad. After returning to Minsk in the middle. 20s actively participated in lit. life of Belarus. He published poems and reviews in f. "Stern", as well as in the period, ed. Moscow and Kharkov. In Heb. after having finished. poetry occupies a prominent place as a lyricist who knows how to subtly convey deep feelings. In 1939 he worked in the mountains. gas. in Bialystok. After returning to Minsk he was repressed. He died in a Minsk prison. Author of collection of poetry., Ed. in Minsk: "Tsapl" ("Trembling"), 1922; Leader (Poems), 1932; "Oig af oig" ("Eye to eye"), 1937, etc.
AXENFELD August (1825, Odessa - 1876, Paris), doctor. Graduated from honey. faculty in Paris, received scientific. Dr. med. Participated in the fight against cholera in Paris at the beginning. 1850s, for which he was awarded the French. pr-va, including a large gold medal. From 1853–58 A. taught at the Sorbonne, from 1857 - prof., In 1858–71 - Ch. doctor of the hospital "Bojan" in Paris.
AXENFELD Yisroel (1787, Nemirov, Podolsk province - 1866, Paris), prose writer, playwright. R. in a Hasidic family. All R. 20s 19th century moved to Odessa, took up self-education, worked as a notary. One of the first among the Hebrews. educators began to write in Yiddish. Author of over 20 plays, pov. and rom., to-rye spread in manuscripts for a long time. During his lifetime he managed to print only two works: the play "Der Ershter Yidischer Recruit" ("The First Jewish Recruit"), Leipzig, 1862 and p. "Dos sterntihl" ("Headdress"), ibid., 1861. Author: "Man un vibe, schwester un brooder" ("Husband and wife, sister and brother"), "Di gefkervelt" ("Deceiving world" ), "Kaptsn oysher spire" ("From wealth to poverty"), "Noh tsvei gozn" ("For two hares"), etc. He died in Paris, where he moved from Odessa to his son, A. Aksenfeld. Some of A.'s works were translated and published in French. the tongue of his son.
AKSENOV Vasily Pavlovich (b. 1932, Kazan), writer. Son of E.S. Ginzburg. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. First stories publ. in 1959. In 1960 in the railway. "Yunost" comes out pov. "Colleagues", and in 1961 rum. "Star ticket" - about the life of the present. youth, after the publication to-rogo A. becomes one of the recognized leaders of the so-called. youth confessional prose. In the 60s. in the same train. "Youth" are published and other works. A. - "Oranges from Morocco", "It's time, my friend, it's time", "Overstocked barrel", stories, some of them become the subject of fierce disputes. Was a member. editorial board "Youth", in 1969 excluded from it together with EA Evtushenko. In the 70s. published a little. One of the books. this period - p. about LB Krasin "Love for Electricity" (M., 1972) in the middle. "Ardent Revolutionaries". A. is one of the organizers and participants of the samizdat alm. "Metropol" (1979), which entailed repression against the department. its authors. In protest left the SI of the USSR (together with I.L. Lisnyanskaya and S.I. Lipkin). I ate, manuf. this period, publ. in the USSR, became a pov. "Search for a genre" ("New World", 1978). In the same year he leaves at the invitation abroad, and after a few. months comes out the decision of the Top. Council of the USSR on deprivation of A. owls. citizenship. 1979 in the USA. He worked at the University of Southern California, Kennon Institute, then prof. in un-those "George Mason" (Washington). Already in the US, they published. works written in the USSR: p. Our Golden Piece of Iron (1973), rom. "Burn" (1969-75), "Crimea Island" (1977-79), as well as new ones - rum. "Paper Landscape", "Say Raisins", collection of works. stories "The Right to the Island", Sat. plays "Aristophanic with frogs", book. about America "In Search of a Sad Baby" and others. lang. written rom. "Egg yolk". Realistic. in fact, A.'s prose is mixed with fantasy, parody, grotesque, irony and lyricism are fused in it. Mn. manuf. emphatically experimental. In naib, multi-faceted rum. A.'s "burn" concerns Hebrews. Topics. A. also owns scripts for t-ra and cinema, trans. from English lang. (E. Doctorow and others). Since 1987 manufactured. A. again begin to be published in Russia: "Burn", M., 1990; "Crimea Island", M., 1990; "The Right to the Island", M., 1991, etc. In Harbors (USA) published in 6 vols. collection op. AND.
AKSENOVO-ZILOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1930) in the Chernyshevsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Zilovo station, Nerchinsky environs. Transbaikal region. In 1939 in A.-Z. there were 38 Jews.
Aksha, a village, a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1897, 10 Jews (0.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 4 Jews.
ACTIN Ruth (b.1900), society. activist. Kibbutz activist. She took part in the activities of the Zionist socialists in Russia. She was arrested on charges of Zionist activities. Since 1924 - in E.I. Member parties Akhdut ha-Avoda and Mapai. Member reign "Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad". She was the ambassador of the kibbutz movement in Italy (1946). One of the leaders of the women's labor movement. Member Knesset from Akhdut ha-Avoda - Poalei Zion, member. c. Labor Party, member. c. "Naamat", part. Centre. control commission of Histadrut and Labor.
AKTSIN Binyamin (1904, Riga - 1985, Jerusalem), lawyer. Graduated from Vienna (1929, Doctor of Law) and Parisian (1929) high fur boots. In the 1930s and 40s. active member of the Zionist movement in the USA, revisionist. In 1941–46 he was an expert on international issues. rights at the B-ke of the Congress (Washington). In E.-I. - since 1949, since the same year prof. constitution. law and polit, sciences in Heb. University of Jerusalem (honored prof. from 1972). State pr. Israel (right) 1967 for tr. according to int. right.
AKTUBE, see Aktyubinsk.
AKTUBINSK (until 1891 - Aktobe), city, center of Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1869.Since 1891 - a district town of the Turgai region, from 1921 - a provincial town. Since 1932 it has been the center of the Aktobe Region. In 1910, 35 Jews (0.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 251, in 1959 - 902 (0.9%), in 1970 - 870 (0.6%), 1979 - 705 Jews (0.4%) In 1996 the Jewish cultural center "Shalom" and a Jewish Sunday school were opened in Armenia.
ALAGIR, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). Main all R. 19th century as a fortified settlement at z-de col. metals. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Alagirskoe Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Armenia.
ALAGIR, see Alagir.
ALANTA, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovanta Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 222 Jews (about 50%) lived in Armenia in 1923. Jews settled in Armenia in the 19th century; there was a synagogue. In 1878-83, the rabbi of A. was Benjamin Gitelzon, the author of the book. "Ha-Poteakh ve-ha-Hotem" (New York, 1898), from 1911 - Shmuel-Itskhok Cigar (1875—?), In the 1930s. - Zalman Dobchansky. In 1921 the council of the community was elected, a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1931 the Jews owned two grocery and one butcher shops, a pharmacy, a tannery, a tavern, a representative office of the Singer firm, a mill, and two wool spinning workshops. In the beginning. 1930 a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. The group "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" was active. In the spring of 1939, a pogrom took place in Austria, caused by the "blood libel." After the occupation of the Germans. the troops of the Jews of A. and neighboring towns were taken to the Antaksciai farm and on August 29. 1941 shot (only a few people survived, hidden by local peasants).
ALAPAEVSK, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1639 as the village of Alapaikha. From 1781 it was a district town, and from 1802 it was a provincial town in Perm province. In 1939, 47 Jews lived in Armenia.
ALAPAIKHA, see Alapaevsk.
ALATYR, city, regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1552. From 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the Simbirsk province. In 1920-25 it was a part of the Chuvash Autonomous Region, in 1925-90 it was the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910, 106 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1920 - 305 (1.6%), in 1925 - 265, in 1939 - 121 Jews. In 1910, Armenia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s. it was illegal. minyan. After its closure, the Torah scrolls were confiscated and transferred to the Cheboksary local history museum. Between 1941 and 1941 the number of the Jewish population of Albania grew at the expense of the evacuees. After 1945, most of the evacuees left A.D. M. Kostinskaya
ALBINA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). In 1941, after the occupation of the Roman-German. troops, in A. all Jews were shot.
ALCHEDAR, a village in the Soldanesht district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alchidari Orhei district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 174 Jews (10.4%) lived in Armenia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Albania were evacuated; those who remained through the transit camp were deported in the fall of 1941 to Transnistria.
ALCHEVSK (up to 1901 - Yuryevka, in 1931-61 - Voroshilovsk, in 1961-92 - Kommunarsk), a city (since 1932) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lugansk district. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia In 1920, there were 1,117 Jews living in Armenia, 781 in 1923, 856 in 1926, 1383 in 1939, 1165 (1.3%) in 1959, 1100 (0.9%) in 1970, 1979 - 900 Jews (0.8%) After the mass execution of the Jewish population on 24 Sept. 1942 approx. 100 Jews. In 1998, approx. 500 Jews.
ALCHIDARI, see Alchedar.
ALCHIN, see Muromka.
ALDAN (until 1941 - the settlement of Nezametny), a city (from 1939), a regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1775. At the end. 18th century - a district town of Irkutsk province., At 19 - beginning. 20th century - Yakutsk Region. In 1939 64 Jews lived in Armenia.
ALDANOV Mark (real name and surname. Mark Alexandrovich Landau) (1889, Kiev - 1957, Nice), writer. Graduated from law. and phys.-mat. f-you Kiev, un-that, School of societies. Sciences, in Paris. He left Russia in 1918. He lived in France. Years 2nd world. war spent in the United States, where joint. with M.O.Tsetlin founded "New Journal". He made his debut as a literary book. "Tolstoy and Rolland" (vol. 1, 1915). In 1918, in the pamphlet "Armageddon", he analyzed the lessons of Russian. rev-tion. In the first. years of emigration, Ch. arr. journalism, collaborated in the train. "Modern Notes" in Paris. The work of A.'s life was a cycle of 16 ist. rum., pov. and "Philosophy. fairy tales ”covering almost two hundred years of Russian. and peace. stories from the reign of Catherine II to the death of Stalin. Among the productions that make up the cycle, Vol. about fr. revolution and terror ("9 Thermidor", 1923), about the last days of Napoleon ("Saint Helena, a small island", 1923), about Russia during the rise of the roar. movement ("Origins", 1950). In the book. "Ulm Night" (New York, 1953) A. defines the meaning of ist. process as the eternal struggle of "goodness-beauty" with "gloomy phenomena of the kingdom of chance." Jews and Hebrews topic in the book. A. episodic, associated with the world. and, ch. arr., rus. culture and societies, life. In a number of books. A. there are positive Jewish characters ("Suicide", "Live as you want", "The Story of Death"). Anti-Semitism is strongly condemned and fears of the coming Holocaust are expressed in the essay "Hitler" (1936). Peru A. owns essays on polit. Jewish figures L. Blume, W. Rathenau. In his letters A. stressed that he had never been a Zionist, that he was a "liberal, European and Jewish." In addition to thin. Prod., A. is also the author of a number of experiments, works in chemistry.
ALEK S. (1888 - 1956, Odessa), prose writer, publicist. During civil. war in Ukraine was associated with anarchists. All R. 20s was ed. Heb. gas. in Berdichev, and in the middle. 30s gas. "Odesar Arbater". Being ed. gas. in Yiddish, A. tried to reform the language, introducing into it numerous. Slavicisms. During these years A. published several. book stories and essays: "Farmekte vegn" ("Crossed out roads"), Berdichev, 1932; "In ongli" ("In heat"), Kharkov, 1932; "Tempn" ("Tempos"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932 and others. 30s was repressed. All R. 50s returned to Odessa mentally ill and died in hospital.
ALEXANDERFELD, see Berezanka.
ALEXANDRAVELE, a village in the Rokiskis district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Aleksandrovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. On the eve of the Second World. War in A. lived apprx. 200 inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families. After the occupation of Austria by German. troops (June 1941), almost all Jews were killed in the fall of the same year.
ALEXANDRENES, see Aleksandren.
ALEXANDRIA, see Zemaichiu-Naumiestis.
ALEXANDRIYSKAYA, a village in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 55 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia. Lazar Moiseevich Dorokhov (1900-1964, Kishinev), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1961), from 1961 director. Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR.
ALEXANDRO-NEVSKAYA, see Alexander Nevsky.
ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1947), center of Novoderevensky district, Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Alexander Nevskaya Ranenburgsky u. Ryazan province. In 1939 in A.-N. 9 Jews lived.
ALEXANDRONEVSK, now part of the village. Cherry in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Grunau Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 90 Jews (13%) lived in Armenia.
ALEXANDROPOL, see Gyumri.
ALEXANDROV (real name Miller) Haim (1869, Petersburg - 1909, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a retired Nikolaev soldier. He wrote poetry in Russian. and Heb. lang. He studied at Vilen. teacher. in-those. Since 1898 in the USA. Collaborated with Heb. ed., published poems, stories, dramas, feuilletons, trans. His verse. "Breeder, world obn geshlosn ..." ("Brothers, we have concluded ...") in the years of the lane. Russian Revolution of 1905 became the anthem of the working youth. A. was a passionate language propagandist. Yiddish. Among his works. naib, known: "Biography of Leo Tolstoy", 1903; "Interview with M. Gorky", 1908. In 1906, his drama "Di ershte libe" ("First Love") was staged in New York. Translated into Yiddish. Gorky, G.A. Machteta and others. writers.
ALEXANDROV Alexander Petrovich (1900, Oryol - 1946, Tallinn), military leader, rear adm. (1944). Graduated from 6th grade. g-zii, Naval. academy (1927). In Kr. Army from 1918. In 1918–20 - in cavalry. brigade G. I. Kotovsky. From 1921 in the navy. In 1927-29 - pom. teams. battleship "Marat". In 1929–33 - com. cruiser "Aurora". In 1934–36 - early. department of strategic. and operational claim naval. academy. In 1936–40 - early. Naval. academy. Participant citizen wars in Spain. In 1940–41 - com. Novorossiysk navy. base. Since 1941 - teams. Azov military flotilla. At the end of 1941 - beginning. 1942 was under investigation on charges of leaving the fleet from the base in Mariupol. In 1942–44 - early. headquarters of the Ladoga military flotilla, com. Leningrad navy. base. 1945–46 - early. headquarters Balt. fleet. Killed in a plane crash. Awarded the 7th order.
ALEXANDROV Avraam Yakovlevich (1915, Zhitomir, Volyn province. - 1983, Novosibirsk), physicist, specialist in the region. rigid body mechanics and elasticity theory. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. from 1948. In 1939 he graduated from the Rostov Institute of Ing. railroad transport. In 1931–41 he worked in Rostov-on-Don, from 1941 - for the military. s-dakh of Novosibirsk. Since 1951 head. Department of Buildings, Mechanics of the Novosibirsk Institute of Engineering. railroad transport and in Siberian n.-i. Aviation in-those. Osn. research devoted to the calculations of three-layer structures with fillers, polarized-optical. methods and mechanics of solids (in particular, the method of photoelastic coatings) and spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity. Completed a series of works on axisymmetric problems of the theory of elasticity (B.G. Galerkin Ave., 1964). Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Structures with foam fillers, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Polarized-optical methods of mechanics of a deformable solid, Moscow, 1973 (with M.Kh. Akhmetzyanov); Spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity: application of methods of the theory of functions of a complex variable, Moscow, 1978 (with Yu.I. Solov'ev).
ALEXANDROV Moisey Alexandrovich (| - 1922, Moscow), polit. activist, engineer. While studying in Berlin (1903-1904), he joined the Social-Democrats. emigrant circles. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction "liquidator", participated in the publication of books by N. Cherevanin, V. Gorn and others. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the army. Feb the Revolution of 1917 met in Moscow, joined the Menshevik Party. He was a member of Ch. to-that of the Union of Cities (member of the Presidium from the Menshevik faction) and to Zemgor. Oct he did not accept the revolution, was led by an anti-Bolshevist. agitation and propaganda. In 1919–21 he worked as an engineer, as well as in the system of prof.-tech. education, was repeatedly arrested. 02/25/1921 during the mass arrests of the Social-Democratic menypeviks imprisoned in the Butyrka prison, after 2 months. transferred to Oryol Central, where he participated in an 8-day hunger strike watered. prisoners. After 9 months. delivered to Moscow at the disposal of the Cheka; he was in Lubyanka, in Taganskaya and Butyrskaya prisons. He contracted typhus, which caused brain inflammation and paralysis. 03.12.1921 released from Butyrok, a month and three days later he died. A.'s funeral turned into a demonstration (about 400 people) with the participation of representatives of the RSDLP and the Union of Engineers.
ALEXANDROV Shmuel (1865, Borisov, Minsk province - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. He independently studied secular sciences, incl. lang., philosophy, history. In the 1900s. joined the religious movement. Zionism and became an active promoter of its ideas, collaborating in Heb. press. Tr. A. influenced the decision of A.I. Cook to join the Mizrahi movement. From the beginning. 1920s - a rabbi in Bobruisk. In his last work (published in 1932 in Jerusalem) he contrasted Zionism with communism. He was shot together with other Jews of Bobruisk.
ALEXANDROV Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1906, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province), cytophysiologist, doctor of biological sciences. Sciences (1940), prof. In 1929 he graduated from the Leningrad State. un-t, in 1934 - graduate school of the State. to radiologists., radiological. and cancer in-that. In 1941 he volunteered for the front. Since 1945 head. lab. cytology Ying-that experiment. medicine. In 1950 he opposed the pseudoscientific theory of O.B. Lepeshinskaya and was fired. In 1952 the head. the lab organized by him. cytophysiology and cytoecology Botanich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - scientific consultant. Joint. with DN Nasonov, a protein theory of damage and irritation was developed, according to a cut, the primary target of damaging agents and irritants are proteins of the cytoplasm, which undergo structural changes of the denaturation type. A. identified sources of specific. and nonspecific. changes in cells and proteins under the action of external agents. A theory has been developed to explain the parallelism in the evolution of all organisms between the thermophilicity of a species and the heat resistance of cells and proteins (registered as a discovery in 1989). It has been proven that with nonspecific. increasing cell resistance in response to stress, stress proteins may not be responsible for increasing primary cell resistance, but some stress proteins may contribute to the repair of damaged cells. A. published ca. 200 works. Became. pr. (1943), gold medal named after II Mechnikov (1972). Works: The reaction of living matter to external influences, L., 1940 (jointly with DN Nasonov); Cells, macromolecules and temperature, L., 1975; Reactivity of cells and proteins, L., 1985; Difficult years of Soviet biology, St. Petersburg, 1992.
ALEXANDROVICH Mikhail Davidovich (b. 1914, Stock Exchange, Kovno province), singer, cantor. Since childhood, he had a beautiful, strong voice (high altitude). From the age of 9 he performed as a child prodigy in Riga and other cities of neighboring countries. He studied singing in Heb. bunk bed cons. in Riga with E. Weisbein and accompanist S. Zegor. Under their guidance he performed songs by him. romantics, opera arias, romances rus. comp., songs by E. Shklyar and other Heb. comp. and Heb. bunk bed songs (all in the original language). In 1925 he toured Poland and Germany. He made his debut as a cantor in the Riga Old-New Synagogue in 1933. In 1934–36 he was cantor at the Great Synagogue of Manchester (Great Britain), in 1936–40 - at the Kaunas Choral Synagogue, performed at an opera house (parts of Lensky and Count Almaviva: “ Eugene Onegin "by P. Tchaikovsky," The Barber of Seville "by G. Rossini); sometimes he performed secular melodies in the synagogue. Periodically improved with B. Gigli in Rome (mastered the bel canto style). In its art, it follows the traditions of Sh. Rozovsky (combination of Hebrew folk melodies and elements of national liturgical music with the achievements of European music culture). In the cantor's performance he combined synagogue singers. traditions with prof. wok. the bel canto school. From 1940 he lived in the USSR. He sang on the radio in Minsk (1940). Since 1941 artist of the All-Union. concert association; He toured a lot in the cities of Central Asia, in Baku. In 1941 he gave concerts with front-line brigades in the Caucasus, in 1942–43 - in Tbilisi. From 1944 he performed with great success in Moscow and other cities of the USSR. He gave concerts as a soloist with symphony. orc. and decomp. ensembles. Along with opera arias and Neapolitan songs, he performed romances and songs of Russian. and owls. comp., included in the programs rarely executed works. G.Persella, J.S.Bach, A.Vivaldi and others, sometimes accompanied by organ and harpsichord, strings, quartet (sang in the original language). At the end of the 60s. was persecuted by officials of the Ministry of Culture and the State. concert. From 1971 - in Israel, in 1975–79 - in Canada, in 1979–83 - in New York, in 1983–90 - in Hollywood, since 1990 - in Munich. Abroad released 7 LPs with Russian recordings. romances, opera arias, Heb. songs, cantor's psalms and hymns. Has performed in Tel Aviv, New York, Rio de Janeiro, Toronto, Sydney, Buenos Aires. Honored. art. RSFSR (1947). Became. etc. (1948).
ALEXANDROVKA, see Buzovarovo.
ALEXANDROVO, see Alexandravel.
ALEXANDROVO-TROYANOVO, see Alexandruv-Kujawski.
ALEXANDROVSK, see Zaporozhye.
ALEXANDROVSK-GRUSHEVSKY, see Mines.
ALEXANDROVSK-SAKHALINSKY (until 1926 - Aleksandrovsky), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1862 as Aleksandrovskaya settlement, from 1881 - Aleksandrovsky Post, from 1884 - the center of Fr. Sakhalin, isolated from the Primorsk region. in themselves. admin-terr. unit. In 1932-47 it was the center of the Sakhalin Region. In 1939 in A.-S. there were 180 Jews.
ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.
ALEXANDROVSKAYA DACHA, see Birofeld.
ALEXANDROVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Alexandrov.
ALEXANDROVSKY, see Novosibirsk.
ALEXANDROVSKY POST, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.
ALEXANDROVSKY, see Belogorsk, Amur Region.
ALEXANDRU CHEL BUN, a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). July to 19 Aug 1941 there was a camp in A. Ch. B., in which more than 2 thousand Jews were gathered. After its liquidation, the Jews were transferred to a camp in Vertyuzhany (present-day Pridnestrovskoe).
ALEXANDRUV, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - d. Aleksandrov Varshavsky u. 401 Jews (50%) lived in Armenia in 1897, and in the 1930s. - 1,300 Jews. The Jewish population of Albania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ALEXANDRUW-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1880) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a village, then the city of Aleksandrovo-Troyanovo Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1897 in A.-K. Inhabited by 286 Jews (11%), in 1921 - 977 (12%), in 1939 - 1200 Jews (10%). Jews settled in A.-K. at the end. 19th century A.-K. at that time it was a border point, which had a railway. station. At first, the Jews built their houses at a certain distance from A.-K., since they were forbidden to live near the station, which stood directly on the border. Over time, the Jewish settlement became part of A.-K. In the 1880s. in A.-K. a synagogue was built. There was a cheder, in 1910 it was opened early. Jewish school. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts, they owned textile, grocery, hardware and other shops. Among the Jews were tailors, shoemakers, hatters, some were involved in smuggling. In the 1920s. a philanthropist was opened. cash desk, in 1928 - a branch of the Cooperative Credit Bank. Rabbi A.-K. from 1906 he was Avrom-Yeoshua Gliksman (1860—?), from 1933 - Yaakov-Hirsch Galdzhaler. In the 1920s and 30s. in A.-K. there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, c. incl. Bunda, "Agudas Israel". After the beginning. 2nd world. wars in sept. 1939 A.-K. bombed; there were great casualties among the Jewish population. On Sept. and nov. 1939 some of the Jews were sent to Bergen-Belsen, the rest to the Warsaw ghetto.
ALEXANDROW-LUDZKI, a city (since 1822) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1818 on the site of the Bruzitsky glass factory in the ęczycki district of the Mazovian voivodeship, since 1867 - the Aleksandrov posad of the Lodz district. Petrokovskaya province. 1850s. in A.-L. lived approx. 1000 Jews, in 1897 - 1673 (27.9%), in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. In 1826 Jews were allowed to reside and acquire land for only a few. streets A.-L. In 1876 Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) founded in A.-L. Hasidic court. 1940 in A.-L. a ghetto was created, liquidated in June 1942.
ALEXEEV (real family. Lifshits) Alexey Grigorievich (1887, Petersburg - 1985, Moscow), entertainer, dir. As a high school student in Odessa, he participated in amateur performances. In 1905 he entered the law. Faculty of Odessa University. From 1909 he acted as an entertainer in the Bibabo cabaret and other theaters in Odessa. In the 1911/12 season, he worked at the Green Parrot Theater, then held a conference at the Kiev Bibabo; in the same place, in Kiev, he graduated from the university as an external student (1913). In the 1914/15 season, an entertainer and thin hand. Odessa "Maly Theater". A. belonged to the type of entertainer-improviser, not having, as a rule, a prepared text, he responded wittily and vividly to remarks from the audience, linking what was happening on stage with the everyday events of the surrounding life. From 1915 he appeared at the Liteiny Theater and at the Pavilion de Paris in Petrograd. His appearance was unchanged: a tailcoat and a monocle. In 1926, at the request of the public, who saw in this the attributes of an "alien element", A. parted with a monocle, and later with a tailcoat. In 1917–20 the actor and dir. t-ra "Grotesque" in Kiev. In 1921-24, thin. hands. sinks, t-ra "Jimmy's Curve". He attracted talented authors (N.R. Erdman, V.M. Inber), ballet masters (K.Ya. Goleizovsky) to work. In May 1924 the shopping mall was closed; Moscow began to work in its premises. t-r satire, from 1927 A. ch. dir. this mr. In 1927, together with V.E. Ardov, he wrote a post, here is a review "Aren't you a hooligan, citizen |", which entered the repertoire for a long time. A year later, A. left the t-ra and became the head of the Operetta Theater. Author of texts and director of the operetta "Louis ... the eleventh" (1928), music. comedy "The Singer from the Factory Committee" (1932). In 1933 A. was arrested and sent to a camp; in Karelia in Medvezhyegorsk hands. t-rum, to-rogo actors were also prisoners. Returning from exile in 1939, he staged concerts-performances by L.O. Utesov and V.N. Knushevitsky; from the autumn of the same year - ch. dir. Moscow operetta theater. During the 1941–45 war, Ch. dir. Irkutsk Operetta Theater, Leningrad Maly Opera House, evacuated to Chkalov. In 1944–46 hands. Moscow t-rum of miniatures; post, the play "Bronze Bust" by NA Aduev and IN Kovner, which caused severe criticism and was removed from the repertoire. Without leaving his profession as an entertainer, he performed at the studios, in clubs, conducted concerts in the Hall of Columns, in the Hall. P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1958 he said goodbye to the audience, playing VN Korostylev's vaudeville “The Disguised Groom” on the stage of the T-ravine, where, in addition to him, MV Mironova, AS Menaker, LB Mirov, MV .Novitsky and others. The author of the book. memories "Serious and Funny" (ed. 1967, 1972, 1984).
ALEKSEEV Alexander (until 1845 - Wulf Nakhlas) (1820, borough Nezarinets, Podolsk province - 1895), orthodox. missionary, publicist. As a boy, he was taken to the cantonists, in 1845 he was baptized, promoted the conversion of many to Orthodoxy. Jews-cantonists, for active missionary activity in 1848 promoted to non-commissioned officer. Soon he fell seriously ill (paralysis of the legs) and retired. In the 1850s. acted as an expert in the case against gr. Jews in ritual murder (the so-called "Saratov case"), convincingly proved the falsehood of the accusation. Later, while living in Novgorod, he collaborated in the Orthodox Church. periodic. editions "Spiritual conversation", "Church. chronicle ”,“ Wanderer ”, where he posted a number of articles with sharp attacks on Heb. everyday life, customs, religion. He argued that the conversion of the Cantonists to Orthodoxy was completely voluntary, argued with publicists who questioned the sincerity of Jews who converted to Christianity, and opposed the abolition of restrictions. laws on Jews, for the preservation of the Pale of Settlement. Book. A. “Worship, Holidays and Religious. rituals of today's Jews ”has withstood 3 editions (Novgorod, 1861, 1863 and 1865). To refute the "blood libel" he dedicated the brochure "Do Jews Use Christian Blood from Religion. purpose | " (Novgorod, 1886).
ALEKSEEV Georgy Alekseevich (1905, Montpellier, France - 1989, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. In 1912-13 he studied at the Paris Lyceum, after moving his parents to Russia - at the Feodosia gymnasium. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asia. University (Tashkent) in 1928. Medical. and scientific activity began in Tashkent as a resident at the Department of Therapy of the University. In 1936 he moved to Moscow and, at the invitation of I.A. Kassirsky, worked at the 3rd Department of Therapy Center, in-that improved. doctors, where he went from a resident to prof. From 1952 to 1960 - Ch. railway therapist transport of the USSR; from 1973 to 1986 - professor-consultant at the Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. In 1944 he defended his doctorate. dis. on the topic "Sternal puncture and its clinical significance." He made a significant contribution to the study of the pathology of red blood, developed a classification of anemias, highlighting the Addison-Birmer disease itself (pernicious anemia), helminthic pernicious anemia, and pernicious anemia of pregnant women. Described the clinical picture of these forms; studied changes in internal organs with anemia; specified the mechanisms of hematopoiesis disorders in Addison-Birmer disease. He developed a method for determining the bone marrow index and leukogram in case of abnormal changes in the nuclei of leukocytes. A. paid great attention to the problem of therapy of malignant anemia. Together with IA Kassirskiy, he developed an original method of treating the disease with a "campolon stroke", which normalizes bone marrow hematopoiesis in a patient. elected member. Right. Vseros. about-va therapists, chl. Int. about-va of hematologists, ch. about-va of hematologists of Germany. Works: Leukoses, M., 1950; Anemia, M., 1953; Multiple myeloma, M., 1960 (in co-authorship with Andreeva N.A.); Clinical Hematology, M, 1970 (in co-authorship with Kassirsky I.A.).
ALEXEEVKA, see Torez.
ALEXEEVO-DRUZHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alekseevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939 in A.-D. lived 29 Jews.
ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, see Alekseevo-Lozovskoye.
ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, a village in the Chertkovsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Alekseevo-Lozovsky, Donetsk env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 in A.-L. there were 8 Jews.
ALEXEEVSK, see Free.
ALEKSEEVSKOE, a village in Blagodarny district of Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Stavropol province. 24 Aug. 1942 26 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.
ALEXANDREN (up to 1991 - Alexandrens), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lip. In 1918-1940 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1190 Jews (95%) lived in Armenia, in 1907 - 1275, in 1919 - 350 Jewish families (90%), in 1930 - 1018 Jews (66.8%), in 1940 - 300 Jews. in 1836 on the initiative of the governor of Bessarabia with the aim of attracting Jews to agricultural. labor. The first Jews in Armenia were immigrants from the Podolsk province. Main occupation - the cultivation of corn, before the 1st world. war - growing tobacco. Husband. the population went to work in the cities. In the 1900s. the EKO school was opened in A., and there were 3 synagogues. Introduced in the 1920s. the monopoly on tobacco led to a sharp drop in purchasing prices. Jews began to grow Ch. arr. sunflower. In the 1930s. in Armenia there was a sharp deficit in agriculture. technology and tools. ORT organization opened a rental shop for agricultural products. technology. The head of the station was a representative of ORT, an agronomist student. In 1941–42, the Jews of Armenia were shot. The erection of a monument on the mass grave of the dead Jews, which began after 1945, was not completed due to the ban of the authorities.
ALEXIN, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 13th century From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 56 Jews (1.6%) in Armenia, in 1910 - 62, in 1926 - 68, in 1939 - 31 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery.
ALEKSIN Anatoly Georgievich (real fam. Goberman) (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, playwright, society. activist. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1982). R. in the family of desks. employee. As a schoolboy, he published the first. verse. into gas. "Pionerskaya Pravda" and Zh. "Pioneer". Subsequently, everything is verse. A. entered the joint venture. with S.A. Baruzdin sb. "Flag" (1951). The first prose writer. manuf. A .: stories, essays, journalism published in ser. 1940s In 1950 he graduated from the Indian Department. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. First. Sat. prose "Thirty-one days" was published. in 1954. Then the book was published. for children and youth: "The Unusual Adventures of Seva Kotlov" (1958); Sasha and Shura (1957); The Seventh Floor Says (1961); "Meanwhile, somewhere ..." (1967); “My brother plays the clarinet” (1968) and others. editorial board "Youth". For many years, being one of the secretaries. SP RSFSR, headed the section for children. and a young man. lit-ry. By production A. made films and television films. Plays A. were staged in many. t-tah countries and abroad. A. the author is numerous. public Art. in the period, print. In 1979–81, the collection was published. op. A. in 3 volumes. Since 1993 in Israel. Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1970), State. pr. RSFSR (1974); State etc. USSR (1978), etc.
ALEXINETS, see [[Old Aleksinets.
ALEXOT, see Alyaksotas within the city of Kaunas.
ALEXOTA, see Alyaxotas.
ALYOSHKI, see Tsyurupinsk.
ALESHKOVSKY Yaakov (1872, Moscow - 1946, Tel Aviv), one of the leaders of Ukrainian Jewry and the world. Mizrahi. On the maternal side - the grandson of Rabbi H. Berlin. Was brought up in the house of his grandfather. He studied in Volozhin. In 1894 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1903–04 he was a rabbi in the city of Alexandria (Kherson province). In 1904–20 - in Kiev. Was an inspector of schools belonging to the Kiev community. He studied law at Kiev un-those, received his doctorate (1917). Member "Zionist Center of Ukraine"; in 1917-19 - member. nat. Council of Ukraine, vice-president. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. In 1921 he moved to Warsaw, where he became one of the leaders of Mizrahi: he was elected to the central parties, organs in Poland, member. Directorate of the Joint. Sec. World Mizrachi in Europe. In 1925 he rejected an offer to become the rabbi of Helsinki. From 1925 - in E.-I. There was a deer. uch. establishments "Netzah Yisrael" in Petah Tikva. Since 1927 in Tel Aviv, founder (1930) and director. wives gymnasium "Talpiot", ped. seminary for girls "Talpiot". Founded the first religion. children garden in Tel Aviv. Was before. Mizrahi in E.-I. and a branch of the party in Tel Aviv.
Aleshkovsky Yuz (real name Iosif Efimovich), (b. 1929, Krasnoyarsk), writer. At the age of 19 he was tried for violation of military discipline and spent 4 years in prison. After his release, he worked as a digger and driver. He gained his first fame as a songwriter: "Soviet Easter" and "Songs about Stalin" - in the years when amateur and bardic songs, along with "samizdat", opposed official songwriting and literature. The publication of A.'s camp songs in the Metropol almanac (1979) led to emigration to the United States. Prose works previous years - p. "Nikolai Nikolaevich" (1970), rom. "Kangaroo" (1974-1975) and "Disguise" (1978) could not be published at that time in Russia because of the openly anti-Soviet orientation and because of the typical writing style for A. with a predominance of "profanity" vocabulary. In those years A. published only his stories and stories for children. He also wrote the story "Little Blue Modest Handkerchief" (1982), the novels "Hand" (1980; "Carousel" (1983). In the last novel, the story is told from the perspective of an elderly Jewish worker who, under pressure of circumstances, is forced to admit emigration from the USSR the only salvation from state anti-Semitism.
ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (b. 1930), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. From 1952 - in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe: scientific. sotr., head. sector, head. lab .; since 1987 - director. Prof. Since 1990 - Vice-President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. physics of semiconductors, semiconductor and quantum electronics. 1989-91 - bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. Ch. ed. g. "Physics and technology of semiconductors." Linen. pr. (1972), State. pr. USSR (1984), Int. avenue "Gallium arsenide". Foreign member Academy of Sciences of Germany, Poland, Nat. acad. USA.
ALI, a village in the Khashur region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. in the 12th century. as a city at the intersection of bargaining. ways between Vost. and Zap. Georgia. In the 13-14 centuries. gradually fell into decay, in the 18th century. revived and became one of the centers of the Kingdom of Kartli (had its own manager - Muravi). In the 2nd floor. 17th century part of the Jewish population from Vakhan, devastated by the Turks, took refuge in A. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), the majority of the inhabitants of Armenia were Jews and Armenians. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
ALIGER Margarita Iosifovna (1915, Odessa - 1992, Moscow), poet, prose writer, translator, playwright. She studied in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky (1934–37). First published in 1933. Attention to social issues, the spiritual world of the present. man, philos. comprehension of reality, heightened emotionality, lively conversational intonations - that's the main thing. features of poetry A. Collection of poems: "Year of birth" (1938), "Railroad" (1939), "Stones and herbs" (1940), "In memory of the brave" (1942), "First signs" (1948), Lyrics (1955), Several Steps (1962), Blue Hour (1970) and other poems This Winter's (1938), Zoya (1942, separate ed. 1943; Steel pr. . 1943), "Your Victory" (1945), one of the strongest chapters dedicated to Heb. to the people (in full, although with obvious distortions, went to the lists). Author of travel essays "Return to Chile: Two Journeys" (1966), "Meetings and Separations" (1981), book. "The path in the rye". About poetry and poets (1980), numerous. poetic. per., some of which are collected in the book. "Huge World" (1968). Cit .: Sobr. op. in 3 volumes. M., 1984–85.
ALITUS, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - West. part of Armenia was part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw, east. - in Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century A. is divided into two parts: the town of Olita Troksky u. Vilna lips. and the village of Kalvinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 360 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1234, in 1923 - c. 5000, in con. 1930s - OK. 4,000 Jews. The Jewish community of Armenia is one of the first in Lithuania, as evidenced by the preserved tombstones of the 17th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century - trade. Jews owned b. h. bargaining. houses, 30 crafts. workshops, small businesses (including 2 mills and 2 sawmills). Before the 1st world. war several. Jews were kr. landowners. In 1919, a community council was elected in Armenia, the first leader of which was Chaim Kretschmer, a representative of the Zionist socialists, founder and director. Jewish People's Bank. In the 1920s and 30s. A Jewish school of the Tarbut network, a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew, prof. ORT school, heders, yeshiva, library, Ge-Halutz branch, branches of Jewish parties and movements, a Zionist youth club, and other youth organizations. The rabbis in Armenia were: Nathan Levin (1825– 1898), Yosef-Yaakov Rosenberg (acting rabbi at 50), Reuven Levinbock, Ioel Zelkind, Nachman Kolyaditsky, Aron Milyavsky, Yehuda Yablonsky, Bezalel Levin (the last two died during the Holocaust). June 22, 1941 during the art ... shelling A. germ. troops of several. dozens of Jews died. In the end. June 1941 several. hundreds of Jews A. were sent to Suwalki and killed there. At the same time, a ghetto was created, in which Jews were forbidden to create self-government. 13 Aug 1941 in the Vidzgiris forest, near A., ​​717 Jews were shot, on August 31 - 233 Jews (including from nearby settlements), on September 9. - 1279 Jews A. The executions were carried out by the SS and the Lithuanian police. In 1959 a memorial sign was erected at the place of executions, in 1993 - a monument in the form of a broken six-pointed star with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. lang. Two old Jewish cemeteries have survived in the vicinity of Armenia. Genus: J. Glazman; I. Glazman (b. 1908), mathematician, in 1948-73 headed the department of app. mathematics at the Research Institute. H. Weizmann in Rehovot (Israel), State. Israel Ave (1980); Braha Habas (1900-1968, Haifa), writer, daughter of Israel H. (ed. Of the weekly "Ha-Yasod"), since 1907 - in E.-I., author of pl. books of prose, including for children.
ALBAK Hanoch (1890-1972), rabbi. Son of Sholem Albek (1858–1920), a Talmudist scholar who attempted to publish the Babylonian Talmud with modern commentaries. A. was educated at the Theological Seminary and Vienna University. In 1920–26 he was engaged in research. work in Berlin at the Akadsmi für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms and the Hochschule für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms. Since 1936 in E.-I., where he became prof. Talmud in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem), having worked there until 1956. A.'s works cover all regions. Talmudic knowledge. Its main. tr. - "Untersuhungen uber di editors der Mishna" (1923), "Ha-Drashot be-Israel" (1947), "Mavo la-Mishna" (1959).
ALBERTIN, now a district within the city of Slonim (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (less than 10%), in 1921 - 16 Jews. By the Law of December 9. In 1903 Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In July 1915, all Jews were evicted from Armenia.
ALBERTON Meer Iosifovich (1900, Bershad - 1947, Chkalov), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. He worked in metal. workshops in Odessa. After the Revolution, he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he worked at a factory, studied at the workers' faculty and at the mining institute. After graduation. studies worked as a mining engineer. Lit. activity began in 1926. He published stories in Heb. g. "Prolit", "Di rote velt" and other ed. Author doc. pov. Birobidzhan (1930), Shakhty (1931). A. first in Heb. after having finished. lit-re introduced productions. theme, showed the restructuring of Heb. vital. way of life, created vivid images of workers who came from Hebrews. townships for factories and plants. In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he was evacuated to the Urals, lived and worked in Chkalov, published essays in Russian. press, as well as in Heb. gas. "Einikite", organ of Heb. antifash. to-that. Having eaten the theme of war, it is not finished. rum. "Pa two banks", fragments from which were published. in 1947 in Moscow. Heb. alm. "Geimland".
ALBREKHT Vladimir Yanovich (b. 1933, Moscow), human rights activist. By education - a mathematician (graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin in the mid-1950s), taught mathematics at the correspondence institute. Father, a prominent figure Kom. Party of Poland, shot in 1937. In the beginning. 1970s A. gained fame as one of the organizers of the mater. assistance to the families of political prisoners. In 1973–75 A. organized numerous houses. concerts of A.A. Galich; part of the funds collected during these concerts went to help the families of the repressed. From the beginning. 1970s every Saturday at the Moscow building. synagogues gave free law. consultations, advice, provided practical. assistance in drawing up the official. documents to Jewish refuseniks. Supervised a special jurid. seminar. Accepted the act. participation in the preparation of the symposium “Heb. Culture in the USSR: State and Prospects ”, which was supposed to take place in 1976, but was thwarted by the authorities. A. is one of the initiators of the creation of two human rights defenders in Moscow. org-tions: "Group-73", one of the goals of the cut was the study of the problems of convicts, and then -nat. section Int. amnesty. After the arrest of A. Tverdokhlebov, he acted as secretary. Moscow gr. Int. amnesty (1975–78), and after the emigration of V. Turchin (1977) - duties of the head. owls. section of this org-tion, left the section in 1981. Signature A. stands under pl. open letters and appeals from dissidents, in particular - on amnesty for prisoners of conscience and on the abolition of the death penalty. The author of several. samizdat brochures related to the genre of legal enlightenment, begun in 1968 “Jurid. memo "A.S. Tverdokhlebov. In 1983 he was arrested and convicted of “slandering the Sov. build ”for 3 years of camps. In 1985, while serving his sentence, he was again convicted on charges of "malicious hooliganism" for 3.5 years. Released in 1987 during the Gorbachev amnesty. In 1988 he left the USSR.
ALBUM Simon Hirsch (1849, Tsitovyany, Kovno province - 1921, Chicago), rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Rabbi of a number of communities. Since 1891 in the USA, A. ch. a rabbi of the Orthodox community in Chicago. Author of comments on some Talmudic treatises.
ALBURT Lev Osipovich (b. 1946, Odessa), chess player; int. grandmaster (1977), chess. journalist and trainer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Odessa University (1968), theoretical physicist. Participant of five USSR championships (1967-1977); best result: 1974 - 5th. Since 1979 - in the USA; national champion (1984 and 1985). Participant of 2 interzonal tournaments (1985 and 1987) and as a member of the USA team of 2 Olympiads (1982 and 1984). Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Bucharest (1978), New York (1979 and 1984), Beer Sheva (1980) and Reykjavik (1982).
ALFES (Alfas) Benzion (1850, Vilna - 1940 Jerusalem), writer. In Vilna he worked as a proofreader and for many years. years. ran his wife's factory. A. devoted his life to religion. education and was one of the few writers of his time, to-rye could combine the secular aspirations of Haskala and her ideology with religion. lit. compositions in Hebrew and Yiddish. His reaction to the spread of secular rum. in the 19th century. was the book. "Maase Alfes" ("History of Alfes"), published in series since 1900 and was a collection of works. fairy tales on moral themes with elements of allegory and didactics, sustained in the epistolary genre. Book. withstood 12th ed. and gained great popularity. Since 1924 in E.-I. A. translated from Hebrew. in Yiddish a number of religious works, including the philosophical works of Maimonides, and also published various works. authors. At the age of 90 he wrote his biography "Toldot ve-Zichronot", publ. we sing, in 1941.
ALKISHKI, see Alkiskiai.
ALKISHKIAI, a village in the Akmene region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alkishki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. A Jewish cemetery has survived in Armenia.
ALMAN Shmuel (Samuel) (1877, Sobolevka Gaisinsky district of Podolsk province - 1947, London) comp. (composer of synagogue and secular music) and conductor. R. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the cheder. As a child, he sang in the synagogue choir. In 1895-1903 he studied at the Odessa and Kishinev cons. While in Chisinau, he came under the strong influence of the cantor Razumny. After the Kishinev pogroms of 1903, A. left Russia. He lived in Warsaw, then in London, where he graduated from the Royal Muses. college and wrote an opera based on biblical themes "King Ohaz" (post, in 1912 the first op. in Hebrew, based on the novel by A. Manu). was a choirmaster in decomp. London synagogues and choir. groups. The author of cantorial music. His style was closely related to the cantorial traditions of South Russia. A. solved the problem sovr. harmonization of their tools. production, developing the tradition of impressionistic. style of C. Debussy. A. kept melodic. features and deep emotional fullness of the chants of Eastern European Jews, often creating a mystical atmosphere. He translated the libretto op. "Rigoletto", "Cavaleria Rusticana", "Faust", "The Barber of Seville", to-rye were staged by many. Heb. t-rami of the world. Among his published works: "Shirey Beit-ha-Knesset" (vols. 1-2, 1925, 1938) for cantor and chorus; Psalm 15 (1915) for choir and organ and Psalm 133 (1934) for chorus and fp. Mi addir and Sheva Brakhot (1930) for cantor and organ; The Ethics of the Fathers (1928); arrangements of Heb. bunk bed songs, as well as songs to verses by H.-N. Bialik, S. Chernikhovsky, Z. Shneur, and compositions for strings. instr., incl. Quartet-suite "Ebraika" (1932). A. also published "Shirey Razumny" (1930) and an addition to the book. F. Cohen "Prayer Voice and Praise" (1933). The author of Art. about Heb. music.
ALMOG (Kopelovich) Yehuda (1896, ca. Vilna - 1972, Jerusalem), society. activist. From 1919 in E.-I., where he became the founder of Gdud ha-Avoda. Joint. with I. Trumpeldor created "Ge-Halutz". In 1923 he came to the Sov. Russia as an emissary of Ge-Halutz, then he was in Persia and other countries. Founder of kibbutz Ramat Rachel (near Jerusalem). From 1934 A. devoted himself to the development of settlements located in the Dead Sea zone. Author of Hevel Sdom (Sodom Region, 1945) and Hevel Yam Ha-Melach (Dead Sea Region, 1956).
ALMOGI (Krelenboim) Yosef Aharon (b. 1910, Grubeshov, Lublin province), polit. activist. From 1930 in E.-I., he worked on citrus plantations and on construction sites. During the 2nd world. war participated in the formation of Heb. brigade Brit. army. Once captured, he represented Heb. prisoners of war in negotiations with him. the authorities. After the war - secretary. Labor Council of Haifa, in 1948 created a special. brigade, edges of the city's needs after the evacuation of the British. Dep. Knesset of the 3rd convocation (1955) from the Mapai party, gen. sec. Mapai (1960-62), min. lived. building and development (1962-65), min. labor (1968). In 1966-68 a member. Rafi (before his merger with Mapai and Akhdut ha-Avoda).
ALPERN Daniil Evseevich (1894, Kharkov - 1968, ibid.), Pathophysiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1939). Graduated from Kharkov University (1917). From 1919 he worked in the Kharkov honey. in-those (since 1929 - head of the Department of Pathophysiology). At the same time. head dep. Ukrainian n.-i. psychoneurological. Institute (1923-54) and Ukrainian Institute of Experimental. medicine (1935–41). Sci. tr. are devoted to the issues of the body's reactivity and its regulation in pathology, the role of nervous and humoral factors in the pathogenesis of tissue metabolism, inflammation and allergies. reactions. Discovered the anti-inflammatory and desensitizing effect of extracts of the pituitary gland (suggested the medical drug mesophysin). He was the first to point out the role of acetylcholine, cholinesterase and adenine compounds as endogenous factors of inflammation. Established the importance of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of allergies. Honored. active Science of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Works: Vegetative nervous system and metabolism, Kharkov, 1931; Chem. the nature of nervous excitement in the human body, Kharkov, 1939; Inflammation: (Questions of pathogenesis). M., 1959; Cholinergic. processes in pathology, M., 1963; Pathological. physiology, 6th ed., M., 1965.
ALPEROVICH Evgeny Markovich (1888, Gomel province - 1938), participant of the roar. movement, engineer, organizer of prom. production. Member Communist. parties since 1914. Graduated from the Imp. Technical uch-shche in Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in Moscow. region Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), a participant in Oct. battles in Zamoskvorechye. Until 1920 he worked before the government department. metal VSNKh RSFSR, in 1921 23 master at Podolsk fur. and Podolsk steam locomotive repair plant, engaged in the reconstruction and establishment of the issue. products. Since 1923 - managing director of the joint stock company. about the rationalization of production in heavy. Prom-sti "Orgametall" (since 1929 - the same name. Trust), was engaged in the reconstruction of factories: Kharkov steam locomotive building., "Press" (Moscow), etc. Participated in the design of new factories: Lugansk steam engine building., Mosk. bicycle, Podolsk mechanic., Moscow. "Caliber", "Fraser", etc. Created as part of the trust special. office "Organization of production", developed and implemented the principles of scientific. org-tion of labor and production, ed. the first reference book on scientific. organization of production ("Orga-reference book on the organization and reorganization of the production of metal industry", v. 1-3, M., 1926-27), in which the system was generalized and systematized the latest achievements of scientific. org-tion of production of that time. Repressed.
ALPEROVICH Moisey Samuilovich (b. 1918, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1965). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–46 in Kr. Army, fought on the fronts, in 1945–46 he served in the Sov. occupier. troops in Germany. In 1946–49 he studied at the graduate school of Tychowk. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949–54 - Art. teacher of the Ryazan ped. in-that, since 1954 - in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1968 - senior, then leading scientific. sotr. Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author of works on the modern history of countries Lat. America, the historiography of these countries, Russian-Latin American. relations 2nd floor. 18th century A number of works have been translated into foreign languages. lang. Awarded by the Mexican hordes. Aztec eagle, hon. diploma Nat. to-that ist. Sciences of Mexico. Cit .: Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917. and US policy, M., 1958 (et al.); War of Independence of Mexico (1810-1824), M., 1964; Will liberate, the movement of the con. XVIII - early. XIX centuries. in Lat. America, M., 1966; Sov. historiography of countries Lat. America, M., 1968; New history of countries Lat. America, M., 1970 (et al.); Use America in the struggle for independence, M., 1971; Revolution and dictatorship in Paraguay (1810-1940), M., 1975; Birth of the Mexican state, M., 1979; History Lat. America: From ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1981 (2nd ed. - M., 1991) (in co-authorship); Francisco de Miranda in Russia, M., 1986; Russia and the New World: (The last third of the 18th century), M., 1993.
ALPERSON Mordkhe (1867, Lyantskorun, Podolsk province - 1947, Mauritsia, Argentina), prose writer, playwright. I tried different professions. In 1891 he emigrated with his family to Argentina, where he was one of the organizers and founders of the Hebrews. agriculture. colony of Maurizia. Here A. to a ripe old age was engaged in agriculture, published Art. about the organization with. x-va in Heb. colonies. Ch. tr. A. - three-volume op. "30 years in Argentina", written in the 1920s. Author of works: “On the Argentine Land” (1931), “Ruth” (1934), “Tales from the Field” (1943), “Golut” (1929), “Tenants of Culture” (1933), etc. One of A's granddaughters - Rebecca Maktas-Pollach became a Spanish-Jewish writer.
ALPERT Naum Pinkhosovich (1913, Slonim - |, USA), painter, graphic artist. Studied at Vilenskaya thin. school (1931–34), Yerevan art. school (1943–45) and Yerevan art. in-those (1945–47) at A.V. Bekaryan, Kh.A. Yesayan, E.A. Isabekyan. A.'s work can be divided into two periods: before and after 1960. The first period was spent in Yerevan and Rostov-on-Don, where he created a number of significant works ("Fishing Port", "Still Life", the series "Old Vilnius", etc.) ... The second period begins with a return to Vilnius, where A. works a lot in the technique of linoleum engraving and aqu., Giving preference to the portrait genre and landscape ("Portrait of Sholem Aleichem", middle "Don fishermen", middle "Vilnius", etc.) ... Since 1936 academic. in various exhibitions, incl. aqu. First personal exhibition in 1946 (Yerevan). Since the 1980s in the USA.
ALPIN Lev Moiseevich (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1986, Moscow), geophysicist, one of the founders of electrical prospecting in the USSR. Prof. (1948). In 1914 he began his labor activity as a worker. He graduated from general education in 1926. courses for workers and entered the Phys.-Math. dep. Moscow state university, graduated in 1930. From 1955 head. Department of Geophysics, Moscow. geological exploration. in-that. One of the founders of Russian scientific. schools of exploration geophysics (electrical exploration). research associated with the development of theoretical. foundations of exploration geophysics, electrical exploration and electric. logging. Author of fundamental publications and textbooks. Works: Theory of dipole soundings, M.-L., 1950; Field theory, M., 1966; Micro-logging using a flat field, M., 1979; The theory of fields used in exploration geophysics, M., 1985 (in co-authorship).
ALSEDZHYAY, a village in Plungė district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olsyady Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a volost center within the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 295 Jews (27%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 199 (19%), in 1940 - approx. 30 families. First mention. about Jews in Armenia belongs to 1662. In the beginning. 19th century Zvi Broyde was the rabbi in Armenia, and Avrom-Aba Zak (1858-1941) in 1890-1941. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and craft. In Armenia, the Jews owned a brick and hardware plant (owner Sondel Klein), 2 leathers. plant (one of them was owned by the Faktor brother), 2 mills, a plant for the production of wood. nails. Jews have been actively trading for 4 years. fairs in A. In the summer of 1920, almost all of A. burned down. Jewish homes and a synagogue were rebuilt with loans from the Joint and aid from abroad. In the 1920s and 30s. Talmud-Torah and a school of the Tarbut network operated in Armenia. Herm. troops entered Armenia on June 25, 1941. On July 5, 1941, a ghetto was created. Most of the Jews of A. were shot in July 1941. The ghetto was finally liquidated on December 24. 1941. The family of Yosef-Ber Faktor (one of the owners of the leather plant) managed to escape from Armenia and hid until the arrival of the owls. troops in Oct. 1944. Before his escape, Factor managed to save the Torah scrolls and several others from the synagogue. books and give them to the local priest Dambrauskas, who returned the relics after the war.
ALSHITS Daniil Natanovich (lit. ps. D. Al) (b. 1919, Petrograd), playwright and prose writer. Dr. East sciences. In 1937 he entered the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University, but graduated only in 1945, because in June 1941 he went to the Nar. militia of Leningrad. After the war he began to study Old Russian. handwritten book. Dec. 1949 was repressed. He served his term in Kargopollag (Arkhangelsk region). In the beginning. 1955 A. was rehabilitated and returned to his scientific work. In 1983 he defended his doctoral dissertation. "Oprichnina and the formation of the apparatus of power of the autocracy: Search and research. new ist. sources ". Author of 40 scientific researches. and 60 publ. thin manuf. in the genres of drama, prose and journalism. His scientific works, dedicated. ch. arr. history of Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, were highly appreciated growing up. and nick. scientists. Among his plays: "More Dangerous than the Enemy" 1962, (co-authored with L.L. Rakov), "Truth! Nothing but the Truth! ", 1976. Prose:" There was no order to die ", L., 1980," Stories from Old Russian Life: In collaboration with the great tragedian and equally great satirist - History "(in the almanac" White Nights ", L., 1989); “We had a good time: Memories of the times of Stalinism”, part 1 (journalist “Neva”, 1992, No. 8), etc.
ALSHITS Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1941, Barabinsk, Novosibirsk region), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1977), prof. (1993). After graduation. Moscow engineer-phys. Institute (1966) works at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1988 - head of the laboratory). scientific. tr. related to questions of the theory of dislocations, physics of strength and plasticity, crystal acoustics and ka. The author will follow. quantum mechanical the theory of phonon and electron drag of dislocations, which is important for understanding the processes accompanying plastic deformation. A.'s work began a new direction in crystal physics, associated with the study of acoustic. effects and phenomena entirely due to the anisotropy of crystals and having a resonant singular or "catastrophic" character. Opened (jointly) and experiment in detail. and theoretical. research magnetoplastic. the effect. The author of St. 130 scientific. publications, co-author of 8 monographs and 3 inventions.
ALSHVANG Arnold Alexandrovich (1898, Kiev - 1960, Moscow), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1944). In 1911 he entered the Kiev horse, studied at the performing and composing faculty. As a student cons. entered (1916) in a commercial institute. In 1920 he graduated from the horse, class fp. (studied under G.K. Khodorovsky and G.G. Neuhaus), in 1922 - composition (was a student of B.L. Yavorsky and R.M. Glier). activity as "politically unreliable" was exiled to Olonets province. In 1917 A. - a member. council of representatives of the Kiev cons. after 2 years - early. military muses. schools that trained the military. kapellmeister. In 1920 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. farms. Since 1923 prof. Kiev horse. He organized a musical and scientific faculty in it, and became its dean. Introduced new courses - “The structure of the muses. speech "and" Listening to music "in the Kiev Nar. horse. Since 1924 in Moscow (invited to teach at the Literary Institute named after V.Ya.Bryusov). He gave concerts as a solo pianist and lecturer-popularizer. He made his debut as a theater. composer. In 1928–32 - Doctor of State. Academy of Arts. sciences; in 1930–34 he taught at Moscow. cons. He accompanied his lectures, which enjoyed great success, with brilliant illustrations for php. For the first time in the program, he introduced the themes: opera and instru. music con. 19 - early. 20th century, music by I.F. Stravinsky, French. composers so-called "Sixes". A serious illness forced A. to focus on research work. Published many. articles, a number of scientific. works dedicated. Western-European and Russian. music, problems of muses. styles, performance, and popular brochures. Less known A. as a composer - the author of symphony. (1922), symph. poems in ukr. bunk bed theme (1927), fp. plays, choirs, romances. Major works: "C. Debussy: Life and work, worldview and creativity", M., 1935; "AN Skryabin: To the 25th anniversary of his death", M., 1940; "Beethoven", M., 1940; 3rd ed., Supplemented, 1963; "The experience of analyzing the work of PI Tchaikovsky (1864-1878)", M.-L., 1951; "PI Tchaikovsky", M., 1959; 3rd ed., 1970.
ALT-Auce, see Auce.
ALTER (ps. Ananiev) Lev Bentsianovich (1907, Ananyev, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), economist, Dr. Sciences (1959). Graduated from the Communist Academy. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya (1929). In 1933–68 he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1938 41 and in 1945–60 as amended. g. "Planned economy", since 1960 - deputy. dir. and head. sector for the study of nicks, econ. theories and programming of the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1933 at the same time. taught political economy and taught a course “criticism of the bourges. econom. theories ”at Moscow State University (including at the economics department, prof.) and at other car washes, universities. Participated in the development of a number of 5-year plans. Author of works on planning issues, econom. "Competition" of the two systems, the introduction of mathematics in the economy. research The critic of the bourges. econom. teachings, watered, economy. Ed. and with the participation of A. ed. Sat. “The growth of societies. production and proportions of bunks. x-va of the USSR "(1962) and other works. Works: React. character is mute. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1946; Bourges. US economists are in the service of the imperialist. reactions, M., 1948; The collapse of the theory of "planned capitalism", M., 1954; Criticism of the theory of "regulated capitalism", M., 1957; Bourges. polit. economy of the USA, M., 1961; Criticism of modern. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1972.
ALTER Victor (1890, Mlawa Plock province - 1941, Kuibyshev), polit. activist. R. in a Hasidic family. Ing. From 1912, an activist of the Bund in Warsaw, was arrested and exiled to Siberia, soon fled and emigrated. During the 1st world. war lived in Great Britain, was a worker, then Ing. After the war he returned to Poland, in 1919–39 a member. Central Committee of the Bund and one of the hands. Heb. trade unions. For almost 20 years he was a member. municipality of Warsaw, since 1936 also a member. Council of Heb. communities. After Poland's defeat in the 2nd world. war on sept. 1939 fled from Warsaw to the territory occupied by the Sov. troops. Soon he was arrested and in July 1941 sentenced to death. On Sept. 1941, together with H. Ehrlich, was released from prison (the Soviet authorities intended to appoint him as secretary general of the Hebrew anti-fascist committee), but on December 4, 1941, he was arrested again and soon shot together with Ehrlich. A. - the author of the works “To Heb. the Question in Poland ”(1937, in Yiddish) and“ Anti-Semitism in Figures ”(1937, in Polish).
ALTERMAN Grigory Yakovlevich (1888, Odessa - 1958, Moscow), sculptor, artist. In 1919 he graduated from thin. uch-shche in Odessa. Created posters for "YugROST Windows". In 1920 he left for Poland. Hood. continued his education in Paris (1921–25) and Berlin (1925–33), where he improved in the region. ceramic art. In 1933 he returned to Poland, where until 1936 he worked. picturesque and model workshops at the faience factory in Woclawek. From 1939 in the USSR, from 1941 he worked at the plant. MI Kalinin in Konakovo, in 1947–49 - Ch. thin h-yes. created forms and decor of serial dishes, improving the technique of iodoglaze painting, innovatively worked with color. glazes, revealing the great possibilities of watered earthenware (majolica). Author's works A. post. exhibited at the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions.
ALTERZON (Alterson) Grigory Petrovich (1857 - 1912, Moscow), humorist writer. In 1875 he tried to enter the Institute of Ing. ways of communication, but did not pass the exam. Lit. activity began in 1880, collaborated in humorous. g. "Splinter", "Observer", "Shards", "Entertainment", "Jester" and others. "Alarm Clock" performed with stories and one-act plays. After the publication of the story "From the memoirs of a hat" (1885), he was nicknamed Alter Pater. He is also known for his sharp, witty epigrams.
ALTMAN Arie (1902, Balta, Podolsk province - 1982), polit. activist. One of the leaders of the revisionist movement in Zionism. R. in the family of the teacher. Hebrew, local leader Zionists. Studied economics and jurisprudence at Novorossiysk University (Odessa), later specialized in sociology and political. sciences in the USA. Doctor of Sociology. Tseirei Zion activist in Odessa. After the establishment of owls. authorities were repressed and in 1924 was expelled from Russia. At the beginning of 1925 he arrived at E.-I. In 1928 he went to the United States to continue his studies and there he joined the Zionist revisionists. Thanks to his vigorous activity A. was elected before. revision. traffic in the USA. He returned to E.-I. in 1935 and began working in the publication of the revisionist movement "Ha-Yarden". In 1937 he was elected leader. revisionist movement in E.-I. In 1938 he was appointed personal representative. Z. Zhabotinsky in Poland. With the beginning of the 2nd world. During the war, he returned to E.-I., where he continued his social and political activities within the framework of the revisionist movement. One of the creatures. military. org. revisionists Etzel. Arrested by the British. Member Knesset from the Herut party (3-5 convocations). Poch. gr. Jerusalem.
ALTMAN Johann Lvovich (1900, Orheev, Bessarabian province - 1955, Moscow), literary and theater critic. Lit. He began his career in 1920. From 1921 he lived in Moscow. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, in 1932 - lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Since 1933 he has actively appeared in print with reviews of the performances of washes, t-ditch. His literary-Vedic works about the creativity of the present. owls. playwrights. A number of articles by A. were eaten, to the classics of Russian. lit-ry. The problems of theater criticism and drama were raised in his works "New Drama and the Problem of the Classics" (1935), "On the Tasks of Theater Criticism" (1935), "Problems of Sov. drama of the era Vel. Otech. War "(1946), and others. A. studied the theory of ancient drama -" The Dramatic Principles of Aristotle "(1936), studied the work of G. Lessing" Lessing and the Theory of Drama "(1936)," Lessing and Drama "(1939). Mn. Art. A. dedicated peripheral t-frames, t-frames of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. Author of a monograph about cargo, actor AA Khorava (1947) and others. In 1936–38 ed. gas. "Soviet art", in 1939 41 - f. "Theater". In 1947–48 (before the closure of the theater), the deputy. thin hands. according to the GOSET repertoire. In 1949, together with a group of theater critics, he was accused of anti-patriotic activities. In 1957 ed. Sat. "Fav. Art. "
ALTMAN Moisey Elevich (1890, Lipkany, Bessarabian province. - 1975, Chernivtsi), novelist, poet, publicist. He studied at the gymnasium. Debuted verse. and lit.-critical. Art. in 1920. Published in Heb. period. ed. Romania, Poland, USA. In 1930 he left for Argentina. Was the head. Heb. orphanage in Buenos Aires. In 1931 he returned to Romania, then to Bessarabia. In 1945, after returning from evacuation to Chernivtsi, he worked in Hebrew. theater. In 1949 he was repressed and exiled to Siberia. After his release he settled in Chernivtsi. In the 60s and 70s. was published in Polish-Heb. lit. weekly "Yiddish font", in f. "Sovetish gameland". Author of the book: "Blendenish" ("Mirage"), 1926; "Die viper carriage" ("Vienna carriage"), 1935; "Medrish Pinhas", 1936, etc. He was also engaged in per. in Yiddish.
ALTMAN Natan Isaevich (1889, Vinnitsa - 1970, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, sculptor. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1903–07) with K.K. Kostandi, L.D. Iorini, G.A. Ladyzhensky. In 1907, dissatisfied with the setting of teaching, he left for Vinnitsa, where he took up independently, the development of painting, problems, began to paint portraits ("Lady on the balcony", 1906, "Portrait of a grandmother", 1908). In 1910 he left for Paris, attended the "Free Russian. acad. " M. Vasilyeva (1910-11), created. his first painting "Jewish Funeral" (1910). In 1913 A. came to Gritsev, Volyn province, where he created a number of graphic works. Used ital. pencil, straightening my compositions. in gold, which gave them their distinctiveness. splendor, bringing them closer to the luxury of the East. lawsuit. Since 1914 in Petrograd. Lecturer in the studio of M.D. Bereshitein (1915–17), State. free thin workshops (1918–20). Uch. at the base of Heb. about-va promotion thin. In 1914 created. the famous "Landscape" and "Portrait of AA Akhmatova", which became a sensation at the exhibition. "Mira isk-va" in 1915. Gradually in the work of A. color problems are replaced by probl. volume. Hood. the construction of things interests. He begins to work as a sculptor, building his work on the same division of volume as in painting, combining various plastic materials - bronze, forged. copper, wood (The Head of a Young Jew, Self-Portrait, 1916). In 1920 A. ser. graphical portraits of V.I. Lenin. In 1922 the beginning. work in t-re, having designed the play "Gadi-Buk" by An-sky (directed by EB Vakhtangov) in the T-re-studio "Habima", becoming an event in Moscow. theater, life. In 1924-28 yavl. ch. thin Moscow state Heb. chamber t-ra (later GOSET), to the eye of the hands. A.M. Granovsky. A.'s best work in this t-re - "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov (1922). Among the means, theater, works A. also "Othello" (1944) and "Hamlet" (1954) in Lenipgr. t-re drama them. Pushkin. In 1920 he took up book graphics, created. covers for the book. I.G. Erenburg, Yu.K. Olesha, I.E. Babel and others, cycle ill. to the story "From the Fair" by Sholem Aleichem, etc. A. is a portrait artist, among his masterpieces is a portrait of S.M. Mikhoels (1929). In 1928–35 A. lived in Paris. Participant mi. exhibitions since 1906.
ALTMAN Peysy Izrailevich (1904, Ivangorod, Kiev province - 1941), prose writer, literary critic. From the age of 14 he worked for a shoemaker, then at a shoe factory in Uman. At the same time he studied at the evening school. After graduation. The Institute of the Red Professors in Kharkov was a secretary scientist. Inst ukr. literature VUAN. Before the war he worked as a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He wrote in Yiddish. Began to publish in the end. 20 - early. 30s in Heb. press. Published essays, stories. Author of the book: "Dos tsilbretl lakht" ("The target laughs"), Kharkov, 1931; Positions, ibid., 1933; Derceilungen (Stories), Kiev, 1936; "Yugnt" ("Youth"), in the same place, 1941, etc. In 1939, his monograph "TG Shevchenko" was awarded a repub. pr. as one of the best biographies of the writer. Killed at the front.
ALTOV Genrikh Saulovich (real family. Altshuller) (b. 1926, Baku), scientist, writer, engineer-inventor. In 1959 he graduated from the Baku Polytechnic. in-t. At the age of 16 he received the first. the author, a certificate for the invention of a diving apparatus, at the age of 17, built a boat with a carbide-powered rocket engine. In 1946 at the Naval. the Navy accepted his proposal for a new way to get out of a sunken submarine without scuba gear in tech. 15 minutes. In the same year A. was admitted to the service in the invention. dep. Caspian military. flotillas. Having studied the patent funds, A. formulated DOS. decision rules invented. tasks, to-rye formed the basis of his theory of the solution of invention. tasks (TRIZ). After addressing a letter to Stalin in 1948 about putting things in order in the invention. was arrested and sentenced to 25 years. Returning to Baku after Stalin's death, he continued to fight for the implementation of his theory of invention. creativity. From 1971 to 1975 A. taught at the Azerbaijani society. in-those Ing. creativity (AzOIIT). In 1956 in the railway station. "Questions of Psychology" was published by Art. A. and his constant. et al. and friend R. Shapiro “On the psychology of invention. creativity ". He wrote a number of essays on the fate of the scientific. foresight of J. Verne, H. Wells, A.R. Belyaev. Since 1957, his first science fiction stories have appeared in print under ps. G. Altov. Author of collection of books. stories and book., dedicated. heuristics: "Legends of Star Captains" (1961), "How to Learn to Invent" (1961), "Ballad of the Stars" (co-authored with V. Zhuravlsva, 1963), "Scorching Mind" (1968), "Made for the Storm "(1971)," The algorithm of invention "(1973)," Creativity as an exact science "(1979), etc.
ALTSHTEIN Anatoly Davidovich (b. 1935, Yalta), virologist. Ch.-c. RANS (1991). At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1957) - in the Institute of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1963–69 - in the State. Research Institute of Standardization and Control of Biol. and honey. drugs them. Latarasevich (head of laboratory. Entero- and adenoviral drugs), in 1969-81 - in the Institute of Virology named after. DI Ivanovsky, in 1982–90 - at the Institute of General Genetics. NI Vavilov of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1990 - in Ying-those Biol. gene of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory of genetics of viruses). Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1991). Osn. tr. oncogenic viruses, vaccines, incl. genetically engineered, genetic in origin. systems. Discovered a new class of adenovirus hybrids (1968). He proposed a leukemic cell system for the production of vaccines (1968). Developed the concept of the cellular origin of viral oncogenes (1972) and the origin of genetic. systems - the progen hypothesis (1987). Cit .: Ruk. on virology, M., 1982 (in co-authorship).
ALTSHULER Boris Lvovich (b. 1904, Moscow), film director. In 1924 he graduated from the State. in-t words. In cinema since 1925 - editor of the script department. Since 1926, a teacher at VGIK. Script writer f .: "Baba Ryazansky" (1927, jointly with O. Vishnevskaya), "Revenge" (1931, with MI Romm and NI Zhinkin), etc. Since 1932 in popular science and academic. cinema. He took off the f., Dedicated. decomp. problems of technology "Conveyor of houses" (1939), "Smart machines" (1948), "Story about a Soviet car" (1954), "Screen of life" (1955), "The future begins today" (1957), "Guarding life" (1959), “Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky” (1963), “Composer Kabalevsky” (1964), “We are Kurians” (1970, with GF Chertov) and others. manuals and articles. Honored. worker of culture of the RSFSR (1969). Cit .: Composition of the script of a popular scientific film, Moscow, 1958; Creative questions of educational cinema, M., 1976.
ALTSHULER Eliezer-Mordhe (1844, Marijampole, Suwalki province - 1921, Suwalki), society. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. One of the first supporters of the Palestinian movement Hovevey Zion. After the pogroms of 1881, he began work on organizing the "return movement" in E.-I. The organizer of the group "Isod ha-Maale", which aimed to purchase land in E.-I. The author of the book. "Parshes Mordkhe" (Warsaw, 1896), containing an analysis of the narrative part of the Talmud.
ALTSHULER Georgy Yakovlevich (b. 1918, Petrograd), electrical engineer, specialist in the region. equipment for submarines. Graduated from Leningrad in 1940. electrical engineering in-t. He worked in the design bureau, dealt with the design and implementation of electrical equipment for submarines. In 1964–84, Ch. designer for a complex of electrical equipment, then deputy. ch. designer Leningr. design and assembly bureau "Rubin". Linen. pr. (1957).
ALTSHULER Lev Vladimirovich (b. 1913, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1936). In 1934 he began to work in Moscow. evening mechanical engineering. in-those them. A.S. Bubnov, in 1940 he was transferred to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940–42 he served in the army. In 1947–69 head. lab. VNII experiment. physics (Arza-mas-16). In 1969–89 head. lab. All-Union. Research Institute of Optical Phys. measurements. Since 1989, Ch. scientific. sotr. n.-i. c. thermal impulse effects. scientific. tr. related to the physics of high pressures, shock waves, detonation phenomena, X-ray structural analysis. Developed methods for high-speed X-ray structural analysis. He studied the properties of metals and minerals at high and ultrahigh pressures (–10 Mbar) and discovered previously unknown changes in the electronic structure. Research certain minerals at megabar pressures, which made it possible to refine the model of the Earth's lower mantle and estimate its chemical. composition. Developed an experiment. methods and measured the detonation pressure of powerful explosives. Studied the extreme states of matter achieved in strong shock waves. Head of scientific. schools. Author approx. 80 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946, 1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1962). Etc. Amer. physical about-va (1991).
ALTSHULER Modest (Moisey) Isaakovich (1873, Mogilev - 1963, Los Angeles), cellist, conductor. In 1884-86 he studied cello with J. Gebelt in the Warsaw horse, then in Moscow. cons. in the class of V.V. Fitzenhagen (until 1890), then in the class of A.E. Glen (among his teachers are also A.S. Arensky, V.I.Safonov, S.I. Taneev). He began performing as a student. Graduated from cons. in 1894.3 Dec. 1892 took part (together with I.V. Grzhimali, B.F. Patseev, N.N.Sokolovsky, Ya.I. Altshulier and Glen) in Moscow. premiere of the sextet "Memories of Florence" by PI Tchaikovsky. One of the organizers (1892) and participant of Moscow. trio (together with pianist D.S. Shor, violinists D.S. Kerin). Joint. with Shor founded in Moscow "Historical Chamber Morning". Since 1895 - in the USA. In 1903 he organized in New York "Rus. symph. about-in "(the first concert took place on January 7, 1904), in the concerts of which S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Skryabin, S.S. Prokofiev, I. Levin, M. Elman performed. The programs included production. Russian classical composers and contemporaries A. Orchestra under exercise. A. for the first time in the United States performed all symphonies, symphonies. poems - "The Poem of Ecstasy" (world premiere), "Prometheus" by Scriabin, 2nd symph. Rachmaninov. The society existed until 1919. A. continued his conducting activity later. Written by orc. transcription fp. PI Tchaikovsky trio. A. own "Memories of Scriabin", memoirs (1956).
ALTSHULER Semyon Aleksandrovich (1911, Vitebsk - 1983, Kazan), experimental physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from Kazan University (1932) and postgraduate studies at FIAN (1934, student of I.E. Tamm). From 1934 he worked at Kazan University. In 1941 he volunteered for the front, served in the anti-tank. artillery. In 1946 he returned to Kazan University, from 1955 - prof. Member editorial board of "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical. physics ". The area of ​​scientific. interests - magnetic properties of matter, paramagnetic resonance and radiospectroscopy. In 1934 joint. with Tamm predicted the presence of a magnetic moment in the neutron and correctly estimated its magnitude and sign. 6 1948 (together with BM Kozyrev and SG Salikhov) discovered the influence of hyperfine magnetic interactions on the spectra of electron paramagnetic resonance. He predicted and built a theory of acoustic. paramagnetic resonance, which led to the creation of quantum acoustics. He proposed a new method for obtaining ultra-low temperatures, investigated the effect of a narrow background "throat" and a background "throat" in paramagnetic crystals. The author of several. tens of Art. and the monograph "Electronic paramagnetic resonance of compounds of elements of intermediate groups" (with BM Kozyrev), M., 2nd ed. - 1972 (also published in Poland, Germany, England and the USA).
ALTSHUL Joseph (known as Yoschke Slonimer) (1839, Vilna - 1908, Grodna), cantor and composer of synagogue hymns. He combined his studies at the yeshiva with studies at the local cantor. Later he trained with the famous cantor I. Blindman in Berdichev. A. first copied his style, then began to develop his own, being already a mountain. cantor in Slonim (1870–88). Having become popular, he attracted students from Lithuania and Poland. A. was also distinguished by his rabbinical. knowledge. From 1888 until his death A. served as a cantor in Grodno. Only 4 small works have survived, to-rye A. recorded for E. Birnbaum, and some of his compositions and improvisations. Some of them include masterfully written, very popular 6/8 melodies, representing the cantonal recitative characteristic of the Jews of Lithuania. In his synagogue melodies, the melodies of nar is clearly traced. songs.
ALTSHULLER Alexander Yakovlevich (1870, Polotsk, Vitebsk province - 1950, Moscow), singer, director, teacher. Hero of Labor (1923). In 1888–93 he studied at Moscow. music-dram. uch-shche. In 1893 he made his debut in Moscow. Ital. op. In 1894-1912 he sang on the op. scenes of Kazan, Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Perm, Saratov, in 1917–26 in Odessa, Baku, Kharkov and other cities. Best parts: Bes ("Cherevichki"), Pantoleone ("The Barber of Seville"), Benno ("Fra-Diavolo"). From 1898 he was engaged in directing. In 1920–24 ch. dir. Kharkov op. t-ra. He taught at the Kharkov Institute of Music. culture, in Moscow. muses. technical school them. M.P. Mussorgsky. In 1912-19 the members. Of the WTO Council. In 1928-30 - head. op. dep. Tsentromedrabisa. Since 1930 - prompter of the Big Theater. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1923) and RSFSR.
ALTSHULLER Boris Lvovich (b. 1926, Moscow), a famous architect-restorer, scientist, specialist in the restoration of monuments of ancient Russian architecture. In 1943 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Practical experience is summarized in the dis. "Pillarless temples of the 15-17 centuries." (1977). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1986). Main restoration. works: The Savior Cathedral of the Andronnikov Monastery, 14th century. (together with L.A. David, 1961), the Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Kashinsky, 16th century. (1975), architectural and archaeological reserves "Panticapaeum" in Kerch (1990) and "Chersonesos" in the Crimea (1991).
ALVITAS, a village in Vilkavishki district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - c. Olvita of the Avgustov province, from 1867 - Volkovyshsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, 12 Jews lived in Armenia, and in 1923 there were 31 Jews (10.9%). The Onia estate in the vicinity of A. belonged to a Jewish family; the Jews of A. were exterminated in 1941.
ALLAH-YUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1937) in the Ust-Maisky region in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Allah-Yunskaya Yakutsk district and region In 1939 in A.-Yu. there were 18 Jews.
ALLAH-YUNSKAYA, see Allah-Yun.
ALLON (Rogozitsky) Gdalia (1901, Kobrin - 1950, Jerusalem), historian. In E.-I. from 1924. Graduated from Heb. un-t (Jerusalem) in 1931, where he then taught the Talmud and Heb. history. State pr. Israel (Judaism) for issled. history of Jews E.-I. periods of the Second Temple and the creation of the Mishna and Talmud. Awarded posthumously in the year of the establishment of the State. Israel Ave (1953).
ALMA-ATA, see Almaty.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЛМАТЫ (в 1856—67 — Верное, в 1867— 1921 — Верный, в 1921—91 — Алма-Ата), город, областной центр (Республика Казахстан). Осн. в 1854 на месте казах. поселения как рус. воен. укрепление Заилийское, с 1867 — город, центр Семиреченской обл. в составе Туркестанского ген.-губернаторства. С 1918 — в составе Туркестанской АССР (с 1922 центр Джетысайской обл.), с 1924 — в Кирг. (с 1925 — Казах.) АССР (с 1929 ее столица), в 1936—90 — столица КазССР, в 1990—98 — столица Республики Казахстан.В 1897 в А. проживало 99 евреев, в 1910 — 206 (0,6%), в 1939 — 2228, в 1970 — 9051 (1,2%), в 1979 — 8592 (0,9%), в 1989 — 7636 (0,7%), в 1992 — 4626 евреев (0,4%).Первые евреи (бывш. николаевские солдаты, многие из к-рых были кантонистами) появились в А. после 1867. В 1879 была организована община. К сер. 1880-х гг. в А. проживало 30—45 еврейских семей (0,7%), гл. обр. торговцы и ремесленники. В 1882 в А. имелась синагога, вскоре возникло еврейское кладбище (существует и поныне). Первый раввин Шлойме Рейтборт прибыл в А. в нач. 1880-х гг. При его доме действовал хедер. В 1908 зарегистрировано Верненское еврейское молитвенное об-во (первый староста — Симха Абрамович Аронович), преобразованное после Февр. рев-ции 1917 в еврейскую религ. общину. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в городе существовали з-д безалкогольных напитков Гирша Гамбурга, мебельная мастерская Михи-Лейба Хаимовича Блёнда (ныне — АО «Мерей»), фотоателье Абрама Соломоновича Лейбина, евреям принадлежал ряд лавок, аптек, мастерских. Ок. 1917 в А. практиковал врач Александр (Израиль) Рязанский (?—1930), основавший больницу Красного Креста (ныне больница скорой помощи). В нач. 1930-х гг. сов. власти превратили старую синагогу в казарму. Для новой синагоги было выделено помещение в 20 кв.м.В 1920— 30-х гг. численность еврейского населения А. увеличилась за счет миграции из зап. р-нов СССР. Евреи внесли большой вклад в развитие нар. х-ва и культуры А. Так, одним из основоположников казах. проф. муз. иск-ва стал Е.Г.Брусиловский.В 1928 в А. был сослан Л.Д.Троцкий, там же расстрелян М.Либер, в ссылке умер Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона. Могила Л.-И.Шнеерсона на еврейском кладбище — место паломничества любавичских хасидов со всего мира.В 1941—44 в А. в эвакуации жили мн. видные деятели культуры и иск-ва, в т. ч. Д.Вертов, И.О.Дунаевский, С.Я.Маршак, Ю.Я.Райзман, Ф.Г.Раневская, М.И.Ромм, Г.Л.Рошаль, Л.З.Трауберг, Ф.М.Эрмлер, С.И.Юткевич и др. В 1944 Н.И.Сац создала в А. первый в Казахстане Т-р для детей и юношества. В послевоен. годы на к/ст «Казахфильм» работал реж. Е.Е.Арон, Алма-Атинский т-р рус. драмы в 1945—57 возглавлял Я.С.Штейн.На развитие культуры оказали существенное влияние евреи, переехавшие в А. из др. городов СССР в период «борьбы с космополитизмом» (в их числе И.А.Зак, Л.Я.Майзель и др.).В 1940—80-х гг. раввином А. был Гиллель Либеров (ок. 1889 — ок. 1983).Численность еврейского населения А. вновь возросла в 1950—60-х гг., во время освоения целинных земель и в связи со значит. пром. стр-вом.В нач. 1980-х гг. в А. действовала синагога, размещавшаяся в доме из двух комнат, владельцы к-рого выехали в США. В 1989 был создан еврейский культурный центр «Шалом» (в 1990 выходила одноим. газ.). В 1990-х гг. возник ряд еврейских обществ. орг-ций: Региональный центр Ваада СССР (с 1991 — Ваад Казахстана), Ассоциация еврейской молодежи Казахстана, Межреспубликанский фонд содействия изучению и развитию еврейской культуры «Дрор», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», молодежная религ. орг-ция «Бней-Акива», представительства Джойнта, Сохнута, Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций Казахстана «Мицва» и др.; открыты еврейский дет. сад, две воскресные школы. В 1994 гл. раввином Казахстана стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Иешая-Элиэзер Коэн (р. 1972, Иерусалим). С авг. 1997 в А. начал действовать Еврейский общинный центр, в к-ром разместились синагога, миква, уч. классы, б-ка и т. д.; созданы культурный центр «Бейт-Исраэль», Об-во дружбы Казахстан — Израиль, отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля (в 1993/94 уч. году в нем обучалось ок. 50 евреев А.). В 1999 в А. открыта еврейская школа. С 1999 начал издаваться еврейский информ.-культурный вестник «Давар».В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. мн. евреи А. выехали в Израиль ( в 1989 — 67 чел., в 1990 — 1335, в 1991 — 998, в 1992 — 486, в 1993 — 536, в 1994 — 689 чел.).Евреи А. принимают активное участие в полит. жизни: так, на 1-м съезде партии Нар. конгресс Казахстана в июне 1992 Ю.Е. Дуберман избран чл. Исполнит. к-та.Среди похороненных на еврейском кладбище А. — Д.Л.Шамис, художник и скульптор Исаак Яковлевич Иткинд (1883—1969).В А. род.: В.В.Жириновский; Вадим Алексеев (р. 1970), спортсмен (плавание), мастер спорта междунар. класса СССР, неоднокр. призер Кубка мира по плаванию, 3-кратный чемпион Европы по плаванию среди юниоров, 3-кратный победитель чемпионатов СССР, с 1992 — в Израиле, многокр. чемпион и рекордсмен Израиля.Ю.И.Каштелюк, pronunciation=АЛМАТЫ (в 1856—67 — Верное, в 1867— 1921 — Верный, в 1921—91 — Алма-Ата), город, областной центр (Республика Казахстан). Осн. в 1854 на месте казах. поселения как рус. воен. укрепление Заилийское, с 1867 — город, центр Семиреченской обл. в составе Туркестанского ген.-губернаторства. С 1918 — в составе Туркестанской АССР (с 1922 центр Джетысайской обл.), с 1924 — в Кирг. (с 1925 — Казах.) АССР (с 1929 ее столица), в 1936—90 — столица КазССР, в 1990—98 — столица Республики Казахстан.В 1897 в А. проживало 99 евреев, в 1910 — 206 (0,6%), в 1939 — 2228, в 1970 — 9051 (1,2%), в 1979 — 8592 (0,9%), в 1989 — 7636 (0,7%), в 1992 — 4626 евреев (0,4%).Первые евреи (бывш. николаевские солдаты, многие из к-рых были кантонистами) появились в А. после 1867. В 1879 была организована община. К сер. 1880-х гг. в А. проживало 30—45 еврейских семей (0,7%), гл. обр. торговцы и ремесленники. В 1882 в А. имелась синагога, вскоре возникло еврейское кладбище (существует и поныне). Первый раввин Шлойме Рейтборт прибыл в А. в нач. 1880-х гг. При его доме действовал хедер. В 1908 зарегистрировано Верненское еврейское молитвенное об-во (первый староста — Симха Абрамович Аронович), преобразованное после Февр. рев-ции 1917 в еврейскую религ. общину. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в городе существовали з-д безалкогольных напитков Гирша Гамбурга, мебельная мастерская Михи-Лейба Хаимовича Блёнда (ныне — АО «Мерей»), фотоателье Абрама Соломоновича Лейбина, евреям принадлежал ряд лавок, аптек, мастерских. Ок. 1917 в А. практиковал врач Александр (Израиль) Рязанский (?—1930), основавший больницу Красного Креста (ныне больница скорой помощи). В нач. 1930-х гг. сов. власти превратили старую синагогу в казарму. Для новой синагоги было выделено помещение в 20 кв.м.В 1920— 30-х гг. численность еврейского населения А. увеличилась за счет миграции из зап. р-нов СССР. Евреи внесли большой вклад в развитие нар. х-ва и культуры А. Так, одним из основоположников казах. проф. муз. иск-ва стал Е.Г.Брусиловский.В 1928 в А. был сослан Л.Д.Троцкий, там же расстрелян М.Либер, в ссылке умер Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона. Могила Л.-И.Шнеерсона на еврейском кладбище — место паломничества любавичских хасидов со всего мира.В 1941—44 в А. в эвакуации жили мн. видные деятели культуры и иск-ва, в т. ч. Д.Вертов, И.О.Дунаевский, С.Я.Маршак, Ю.Я.Райзман, Ф.Г.Раневская, М.И.Ромм, Г.Л.Рошаль, Л.З.Трауберг, Ф.М.Эрмлер, С.И.Юткевич и др. В 1944 Н.И.Сац создала в А. первый в Казахстане Т-р для детей и юношества. В послевоен. годы на к/ст «Казахфильм» работал реж. Е.Е.Арон, Алма-Атинский т-р рус. драмы в 1945—57 возглавлял Я.С.Штейн.На развитие культуры оказали существенное влияние евреи, переехавшие в А. из др. городов СССР в период «борьбы с космополитизмом» (в их числе И.А.Зак, Л.Я.Майзель и др.).В 1940—80-х гг. раввином А. был Гиллель Либеров (ок. 1889 — ок. 1983).Численность еврейского населения А. вновь возросла в 1950—60-х гг., во время освоения целинных земель и в связи со значит. пром. стр-вом.В нач. 1980-х гг. в А. действовала синагога, размещавшаяся в доме из двух комнат, владельцы к-рого выехали в США. В 1989 был создан еврейский культурный центр «Шалом» (в 1990 выходила одноим. газ.). В 1990-х гг. возник ряд еврейских обществ. орг-ций: Региональный центр Ваада СССР (с 1991 — Ваад Казахстана), Ассоциация еврейской молодежи Казахстана, Межреспубликанский фонд содействия изучению и развитию еврейской культуры «Дрор», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», молодежная религ. орг-ция «Бней-Акива», представительства Джойнта, Сохнута, Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций Казахстана «Мицва» и др.; открыты еврейский дет. сад, две воскресные школы. В 1994 гл. раввином Казахстана стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Иешая-Элиэзер Коэн (р. 1972, Иерусалим). С авг. 1997 в А. начал действовать Еврейский общинный центр, в к-ром разместились синагога, миква, уч. классы, б-ка и т. д.; созданы культурный центр «Бейт-Исраэль», Об-во дружбы Казахстан — Израиль, отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля (в 1993/94 уч. году в нем обучалось ок. 50 евреев А.). В 1999 в А. открыта еврейская школа. С 1999 начал издаваться еврейский информ.-культурный вестник «Давар».В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. мн. евреи А. выехали в Израиль ( в 1989 — 67 чел., в 1990 — 1335, в 1991 — 998, в 1992 — 486, в 1993 — 536, в 1994 — 689 чел.).Евреи А. принимают активное участие в полит. жизни: так, на 1-м съезде партии Нар. конгресс Казахстана в июне 1992 Ю.Е. Дуберман избран чл. Исполнит. к-та.Среди похороненных на еврейском кладбище А. — Д.Л.Шамис, художник и скульптор Исаак Яковлевич Иткинд (1883—1969).В А. род.: В.В.Жириновский; Вадим Алексеев (р. 1970), спортсмен (плавание), мастер спорта междунар. класса СССР, неоднокр. призер Кубка мира по плаванию, 3-кратный чемпион Европы по плаванию среди юниоров, 3-кратный победитель чемпионатов СССР, с 1992 — в Израиле, многокр. чемпион и рекордсмен Израиля.Ю.И.Каштелюк, extra_data="{'translat...")
DIAMOND, a city (since 1977) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 106 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 165 Jews in 1939.
ALMI E. (real name and surname Sheps Eliyahu-Chaim), (1892, Warsaw - 1963, Buenos Aires), poet, prose writer, publicist. He made his debut in 1907 in Warsaw weekly. "Roman-Zeitung". Was sotr. gas. Der Moment (1910-1915), published poetry, feuilletons, fairy tales in it. Since 1912 in the USA. Worked sotr. gas. Keneder Odler. In 1922 published in Canada Sat. "Epoch", to-ry gathered lit. the youth. Author pl. collection of verses. and stories, essays and essays. In 1948 A. published the book. rec. "Moment fun a lebn" ("Moments of one life").
ALOV (real name Lapsker) Alexander Alexandrovich (1923, Kharkov - 1983, Riga), film director, screenwriter. Member of the 2nd world. war. Graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1951–57 - dir. Kiev film station. He made his debut as an assistant dir. in f. "Taras Shevchenko" IASavchenko; after the death of the master, he completed an unfinished painting with V.N. Naumov. From 1957 - dir. movie theater Mosfilm. All f. fast. joint with V.N. Naumov. "Anxious Youth" (1954), "Pavel Korchagin" (1956), "Wind" (1958). In 1961 the post. anti-war f. "Peace to the incoming", which was subjected to fierce elaboration for "pacifism" ("Silver. Lion of St. Mark" and special jury prize of the International Film Festival in Venice, 1961); ave. Association ital. film critics for the best foreign. f. of the year); ave. "Femina Belge" for the best foreign f. years, Belgium, 1962). In 1966 the post. f. "A nasty anecdote" based on the novel by FM Dostoyevsky, criticized for "slandering the Russian people" and sent "to the shelf" until the end of the 80s. Among other ph. - "Running" based on the production. MA Bulgakov (1971), "The Legend of Thiel" based on the novel by Charles de Coster (1977), "Tehran-43" (1981), "Coast" (based on the novel by YV Bondarev, 1984). Author pl. scripts, also co-authored with V.N. Naumov. Nar. art. USSR (1983).
ALOVE, a village in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - D. Olav Troksky Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 78 Jews lived in Armenia. there was a Zionist organization. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of Armenia were exterminated.
ALTAUZEN Yakov (Jack) Moiseevich (1907, Bodaibo - 1942, near Kharkov), a poet who praised the romance of the roar. battles and the first five-year plans, the beginning of the social. building in the USSR. R. in the family of an exiled. At the age of 11 he left the family. He lived in Chita, Harbin, Vladivostok, Shanghai. The first verses publ. in Irkutsk in 1922. Comp. into gas. Siberia. Studied at Moscow State University. Member lit. gr. "Pass". Among his poems and a number of poems - "Mustache Enthusiast" (1928), "Lit. manifesto "(1930)," The first generation "(1934)," Awakening of the hero "(1940). Killed at the front.
ALTYNOVKA, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews (approx. 10%) First mention. about the Jews of Armenia dates back to 1735. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia.
ALUF Yehoshua (1900, Slonim - 1980, Israel), society. and sports, activist. In E.-I. from 1912. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Physics in Copenhagen. In 1938–65 he was a physical inspector in Israeli schools. Hands. dep. physical and sports Min-va image. Organizer of the first five Maccabiads. State pr. Israel 1974 (state and general. activity) for works on physical. education and organizational activities.
ALUKSNE, city (since 1920), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1285.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. In 1721-96 - the Marienburg Valksky district. Riga, from 1796 - Livonia province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 233 Jews (11%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 164 (5%), in 1930 - 184 (5%), in 1935 - 176 (4%), in 1940 - approx. 100 Jews (2%) Jews began settling in Armenia in the 1890s. Main occupation - small trade. In the 1920s and 30s. a Jewish library and a theater worked. circle, there was a branch "Ge-Haluts". In the 1930s. in A. there was a Jewish doctor. In the same years, a significant part of the Jews moved to Riga. Latvian culture exerted a significant influence on the Jews of Azerbaijan. Most of the Jewish children studied in a Latvian school, some in a cheder. In the 1930s. the first rabbi of A. was Yosef Kovnat. 12 Aug. 1941 in A. was shot apprx. 180 Jews.
ALUPKA, city (since 1938) of the Yalta City Council in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from the 10th century. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. Ukrainian SSR. In Jewish medieval monuments A. (Alubika) mention. as a city where Jews lived. In 1926 94 Jews lived in Armenia, including 12 Krymchaks, in 1939 - 142 Jews.
ALUSHTA, a city (since 1902) in the Simferopol region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 6th century. like the Byzantine fortress Aluston. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. In 1910, 544 Jews (13.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1914 - 569 Jews and 15 Karaites, in 1926 - 242 Jews (5.1%), in 1939 - 251, in the district - 277 Jews (1%). From the 10th century. A. (Alus) mentioned. as a place of residence for Jews. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In connection with the development of the resort, a Jewish community was formed in Armenia, which strengthened after 1902, when, with the granting of the status of a city, it entered the Pale of Settlement. The community consisted of Ashkenazi Jews and Krymchaks. Zionist organizations operated in Armenia, and a Jewish library existed. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 there was a Jewish charity society. Until 1915 the Teachers' Sanatorium operated. In the summer of 1916, a sanatorium for the treatment of refugees with tuberculosis, owned by the OZE, was opened in Armenia. In 1923 a synagogue was closed in Armenia, which was later rebuilt into a cinema. 24 Nov. 1941 in Armenia, 30 Jews were shot, on December 5. 1941 - 250 Jews. During the German period. occupation in the Alushta region, 500 Jews were not destroyed.
ALUSTON, see Alushta.
ALYAKSOTAS, does not exist since 1987. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Aleksota Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. From 1918 to 1940 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and from 1940 it was part of the Lithuanian SSR. 644 Jews (48%) lived in Armenia in 1897. In 1825, a synagogue was built in Armenia at the expense of a local landowner. In 1890 there was a Jewish school.
ALYANSKY Samuil Mironovich (1891, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), publ. activist. His father, Miron Isayevich Alyansky, was a well-known bookbinder in St. Petersburg. From 1903 to 1911 he studied at the city, at the same time he worked as a technician. assistant as amended. newspaper "Rech", in the library of LI Zheverzheev on the compilation of the catalog. In 1917 A. and V. Vasiliev opened a shop. In 1918 A. organized and headed the publishing house Alkonost. The first published book is AABlok's poem "The Nightingale Garden". In total, Alkonost A. published about 50 books, incl. works by Andrey Bely, Alexey Remizov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Anna Akhmatova, Fyodor Sologub, etc., almost all of Blok's works. In 1919, Alkonost published the first issue of the Zapiski drementeley magazine. A total of 6 issues of this magazine were published. In 1922 A. released the collection. The Serapion Brothers, reflecting the aesthetic views of the literary group of the same name. After the closure in 1923 of "Alkonost" A. worked in the publishing houses of the People's Commissariat for Education, in charge of bookstores in the publishing house "Kniga" and "International Book". In 1929 A. headed the Writers' Publishing House in Leningrad. He was the initiator of the release of the "Art Series" with works. modern foreign. writers and ser. "Masters of Contemporary Literature" dedicated to the Sov. writers. In 1938-1942 he headed the Leningrad publishing house. Union of Artists, known for its release in the years of the 2nd world. war of propaganda posters "Battle Pencil". Since 1943 - Member. editorial board and arts, editor J. "Murzilka" and publishing house "Detgiz", where until the end of his life he was a consultant on the design of a children's book.
ALYASHIKES, a village in Trakai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Oleshishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war, 3 Jewish families lived in Armenia.
AMAZAR, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Mogochinsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia.
AMBROLAURI, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Rachinsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939 10 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 14, in 1979 - 14 Jews. According to legend, the name. the village came from the name of a Jewish merchant, whose name was Ambrola, who owned a unity. a shop in the neighborhood.
AMIEL Moshe Avigdor (1882, Porozovo Grodno Gubernia - 1945, Tel Aviv), rabbi, public. activist, writer. He studied at the best Lithuanian yeshivas - in Belz, Brest-Litovsk, Vilna. At the age of 18 he received a rabbi diploma. In 1905–13, a rabbi in Sventsiany founded a yeshiva there. Member of the Mizrahi movement. Was engaged in organizer. active., published articles on the themes of Zionism and religion in the press of Mizrahi. He gained fame as an ideologue of religions. Zion. In 1920 he took part in the congresses of Mizrahi in Holland and Belgium. Ch. Rabbi of Antwerp. Participated in the Zionist congresses (from 13 to 19) and the world congresses of Mizrahi. In 1933 he visited E.-I. and in 1936 Ch. Rabbi of Tel Aviv. He expanded the "Tel Aviv yeshiva", founded by his predecessor Sh. Aronson, and introduced there together with the religion. disciplines teaching secular subjects in the volume of cf. schools. Yeshiva received the name "Yishuv hadash". She became a type of cf. Yeshiv "Bnei Akiva". Bibliography tr. A. contains 306 titles.
AMINOAKH Nehemya (Zvi) (1896, Zhitlin Grodn. Gubernia - 1966, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. One of the leaders of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. On the maternal side - a descendant of the Magid from Volozhin. Studied at decomp. "Lithuanian" yeshivas. During the 1st world. war - Russian soldier. army. Since 1920 - in E.-I. He was a worker in Rishon Lezion. Founder of the local ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. Since 1923 - in Kfar-Arya, secretary. and mukhtar settlements. In 1924 he was elected to the workers' council of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi and moved to Jerusalem. In 1925 he headed the group that led the party to a split and moved to Histadrut ha-Clalit. In 1928 he returned to ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. In 1929–32 - secretary. World Union ge-Halutz ha-Mizrahi, ed. school desks. printed organ "Netiva". Was a member. municipality of Petah-Tikva, one of the founders of the settlement of Kfar-Avraham. Delegate to the 20th and 22nd Zionist Congresses. For many years there was a secret. ed. gas. "Ha-Tsofe". One of the theorists is socialist. directions in religion. Zionism. In numerous works, he substantiated the unity of the socialist. ideas and Heb. traditions.
AMINOV Avraham (1854, Bukhara - 1939, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the Bukhara community. In E.-I. since 1892. Dedicated himself to the rallying of Bukharian Jews, founded the Bukhara quarter in Jerusalem. Repeatedly traveled to Bukhara and Turkestan as a messenger of the community, imported etrogs and lulavs there from E.-I. and collected donations for the needs of the community in Jerusalem. He founded the "Magen Avraham" yeshiva with a well-known library, which contains books from the personal library of Ch. the Sephardic rabbi Raphael Meir Panijil.
AMSTERDAM Abram Isaevich (Abram-Meer Izrailevich) (1872, Vitebsk - 1899, Shklov), Jewish activist. labor movement. Graduated from Aleksandrovskoe Heb. crafts. school in Moscow (1887), worked at the plant, member of the Moscow. circle of "Palestinophiles", led the cult.-skylight. work among the Hebrews. youth. After the eviction of the Heb. from Moscow (1891) lived in Vitebsk, organized a number of self-education circles ("Amsterdam circles") of student youth, workers, artisans, developed in his associates a sense of nat. self-awareness, interest in cultural and social. questions. In 1892 he was drafted into the military. service, but kept in touch with his circles. All R. 1890s became a Marxist. Having received sick leave in 1894, he traveled under the guise of a bookseller in the cities and metro North-West. edge, conducted propaganda among artisans and workers, studied the needs and views of Hebrews. population of the region. One of the founders of the Social-Democrats groups in Mogilev, led the roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers. From Sept. 1896 (iro departure of service) lived in Vilna, where he became one of the hands. Heb. labor movement, tried to harmonize the teaching of Marxism with Heb. nationalism. In Jan. 1897 Arrested in Vilna in the case of a local Social-Democratic Party. group, was involved in the investigation in the case of the Vitebsk Social-Democrats, was held in prisons in Vilna, Vileyki, Vitebsk. In 1899, due to illness, he was released pending a verdict under the special supervision of the police and was exiled to Shklov, Mogilev province, where he drowned while swimming in the Dnieper. Created by A. Heb. workers' circles became the nucleus of the Bund.
AMUR-NIZHNEDNEPROVSK, now a district within the city of Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 1235 Jews (20.4%) lived in Armenia, in 1910 - 3360 (9.2%), in 1920 - 2162, in 1923 - 1427 Jews. In 1890 the first synagogue was opened in Armenia. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1910 there were three synagogues in Armenia, a Talmud Torah, a society of benefits to the poor, and wives. classroom societies. uch-shche, Jewish societies. b-ka-reading room, two cemeteries; the sum of the box collection reached 2,500 rubles. In 1899, N.T.Berenstein (1873—?) was the rabbi in A., during the First World. war - N.-Sh. Sosonkin.
AMURZET, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). In 1939, 708 Jews lived in Armenia. In May 1928, KOMZET established a resettlement center in Armenia, and in the same year a Jewish resettlement collective farm was organized " Reuter Oktyabr "(" Red October ", now - the Amur state farm). By 1930, several were plowed. hundreds of hectares of virgin lands. In 1931, Armenia had 760 hectares of crops, 70 horses, 270 cows, 66 pigs, and an apiary for 180 hives; built 16 apartments, 2 dormitories, a technical school for social agriculture (30 students), a nursery, children. garden; organized by children. commune, a Jewish village council, a Jewish school, and a reading room were operating. The collective farm specialized in potato growing. In A. worked MTS (director - Yuri Meerovich Shpolyansky), edges were the forefront in the region. In 1934, the newspaper operating at the political department of the Amur MTS was transformed into a regional newspaper, with a circulation of 500 copies. In the 1930s. in Armenia, a canning plant (250 people) and a cheese-making plant functioned. By 1936, the Reuter Oktyabr collective farm had become the largest in the Stalin district of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1999, the Jewish Cultural Society and a charitable canteen were opened in Armenia. DI Vayserman
AMUSIN Joseph Davidovich (1910, Vitebsk - 1984, Leningrad), orientalist, historian, philologist, translator, Dr. Sciences (1965). From the family of an employee. Since 1924 in Leningrad, he worked as a loader, a laborer at a number of factories, at the same time. studied in economics. college, did a lot of self-education, promoted the ideals of humanism and justice. In 1926–33 he was imprisoned and exiled. In 1933-35 he worked as an accountant and accountant. In 1935–38 student of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University (studied under S.Ya. Lurie and V.V. Struve), in 1938 he was arrested again, in 1939 he was released. In 1941 he graduated from un-t, in 1941-45 at the front. In 1945-50 he taught at Leningrad State University and Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was forced to leave for Ulyanovsk, in 1950–54 he taught at a local pedagogue. in-those. In 1954 he returned to Leningrad, was a secretary. acad. A.I. Tyumenev, since 1955 scientific. sotr. Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1960 in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1961 senior researcher). 100 works on the history of Hellenic Egypt, Western Asia, papyrology. One of the most prominent specialists in the region. coumranology. The author of the book. Dead Sea Manuscripts, 1964, ed. 1965; Qumran Community, 1983; Sat. translations of A. from other Hebrew. and Aramaic, publ. in the book. "The Texts of Qumran", v. 1, 1971; Social problems structures of the ancient Bl. East (1st millennium BC) according to biblical sources, M., 1993. Mn. A.'s works have been translated into Polish, German, French, English. and other languages.
AMVROSIEVKA (until 1944 - Donetsk-Amvrosievka), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Taganrog u. Don Cossack regions. In 1939, 128 Jews lived in Armenia.
AN-SKY S. (nast, name and surname. Shloyme-Zainvl (Semyon Akimovich) Rappoport) (b. 1863, Chashniki, Vitebsk province - 1920, Warsaw), poet, prose writer, playwright, ethnographer. At the age of 17 he learned Russian. lang. He worked as a tailor, bookbinder, worker, teacher. He was fond of populism, wandered around the center, and south. Russia, he lived among the peasants and miners. Published in populist. g. "Russian wealth" and other period, ed. In the end. 1892 leaves Russia, lives in Germany and Switzerland. He worked in Paris as a secretary. from Izv. Russian revolutionary P.L. Lavrov, then secretary. Internats. schools in Paris, published Art. and stories from Russian. and Heb. life. Until 1904 he wrote, mainly in Russian, then in Yiddish. In 1905 he moved to St. Petersburg and was actively involved in the work of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). The anthem of the Bund, written by A. Di Shvue (Oath), became the Marseillaise of Heb. workers ". At the same time. studied Heb. ethnography. In 1911–14 A. organized a folklore expedition, which over the course of three years visited about 70 cities and m. Volyn and Podolia, collecting unique material. The bunks recorded by him. legends, Hasidic traditions, etc., as well as his own stories from the life of Heb. the poor brought a living folklore stream into the Yiddish literature, revealing a deep understanding of the spirit. values ​​of the common people. Coll. them folklore material formed the basis of the famous play by A. "Gadibuk", first staged in Yiddish by the Vilna theater, by the troupe in 1920. The play was translated into Hebrew by H.-Ya. Bialik and staged in "Habim" by EB Vakhtangov (1922) ... The play was performed on many stages in Europe and America. "Gadibuk" was filmed twice. During the 1st world. war A. worked on the organization to-to help Heb. refugees. In 1917 A. was elected affairs. from the Socialist-Revolutionaries to the Constituent Assembly, after the dispersal to-rogo fled to Vilna, then to Warsaw, where until the end of his life he continued to conduct intensive propaganda. or T. work, founded in 1919 Heb. ethnographic. about. In Warsaw, in 1920–29, a collection was published. op. A. in Yiddish in 15 volumes. In St. Petersburg in 1911-13, 5 volumes were issued. “Sobr. cit. " A. in rus. lang.
ANADYR, city (since 1965), the center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1649 as the Anadyr prison, in 1771 it was destroyed. At 19 - early. 20th century - post of Novo-Mariinsky Anadyr district. Kamchatka Oblast: 32 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, and 44 Jews in 1970.
ANADYR OSTROG, see Anadyr.
ANAN, see Ananiev.
ANANIEV, city (since 1834), regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1767 as an Anan settlement. Since 1792 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1834-1920 - the district town of Kherson, from 1920 - Odessa province. In 1924-40 it was a part of the Moldovan ASSR, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1856 532 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1860 - 1009, in 1864 - 992, in 1897 - 3257 (20%), in 1910 - 4817 (21.7%), in 1920 - 4135, in 1923 - 3673, in 1926 - 3516 (19.3%), in 1939 - 1779 Jews. the occupation of the Jewish population is the manufacture of clothing and trade. In the 1810s. there was a synagogue in A. In the beginning. 20th century - 5 synagogues, 2 Jewish cemeteries. Since 1837 the Khevra Kaddish functioned, since 1899 - the society of benefits to the poor, from 1893 - the Jewish state school and the private Jewish women's school, from 1906 - the Society for helping poor Jewish artisans, since 1903 - the Society for the aid students in need, since 1912 - Jewish loan-save. m.In the 1860s the rabbi in Armenia was Solomon Nukhimovich Chernetsky, in the district - Solomon Markovich Zgut and Felix Fantukh. Since 1908, the duties of rabbi in Armenia have been performed by Abram-Wolf Berenshtein (1872 -?). April 27. 1881 a pogrom took place in Armenia, as a result of which 175 houses were damaged. The pogrom of 1905 had less serious consequences. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom organized by parts of the Directory. In 1919 a Jewish agricultural was organized in Armenia. artel, later transformed. to the collective farm. In the beginning. In 1920, a Jewish self-defense detachment of 300 people was created, 220 of them died in a battle with Tyutyunnik's gang. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in Armenia. Until 1930, several functioned. synagogues. The Jewish school was closed in 1934. 28 Aug. 1941, 300 Jews were shot in Armenia. 1941 a ghetto is created, in October. 1941 the deportation of the Jews of A. to Transnistria began. 28 nov. 1941 145 Jews were shot. In total, during the occupation of 1941–44, approx. 3,700 Jews. In June 1995, a memorial sign was unveiled in Armenia in memory of the executed 1,340 Jews. In 1998, approx. 30 Jews. In A. genus: L.B. Alter, S.I. Volfkovich, I.M. Ilyin; Iosif Lvovich Litvak (1907-1987, Moscow), electrical engineer, in 1956-66 - Ch. engineer of the plant "Dynamo", in 1966-86 - deputy. dir. All-Union. e-tech. Institute E.S. Mosolova
ANANURI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). In 1801 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1776 two serfs from Kutaisi (present-day Kutaisi), Joseph and Yakov, lived in Armenia. 5 Jews lived in Armenia in 1906, and in 1926 - 1 Jew.
ANAPA, a city (since 1846), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). From 1829 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1866 - a resort on the Black Sea coast. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Temryuk dep. In 1897, 19 Jews lived in Armenia, 12 in 1910, 41 in 1926, and 59 in 1939. The law of 1846 allowed Jewish artisans to live in Armenia, but the organization of fasting was prohibited. settlements. In 1905-06 the chief of the Kuban region. filed a report on permission for sick Jews to receive treatment at the Anapa resort. In 1998, approx. 600 Jews.
ANASTASIEVSKAYA, a village in the Slavyansky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Temryuk dep. Kuban Region. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia.
ANCHIKRAK, see Tarutino.
ANDIZHAN, city, center of Andijan region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the 9th century. under the name Andukan. He was a member of the Kokand Khanate. Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, the county town of Fergana oblast. In 1897 721 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 1833 (2.5%), in 1939 - 1788, in 1970 - 4122 (5.4%), in 1979 - 4033 (1, 8%), in 1989 - 5360 Jews. - one of the traditional places of residence of Bukharian Jews. The Ashkenazi Jews who moved to Armenia after 1876 created their own community. In 1894 the authorities officially authorized the opening of the synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. Since the 1890s. in A. there was a purchase point bargaining. at home “Br. Schlosberg ", in 1917 bargaining. the house in A. owned a cotton-ginning plant. From the beginning. 20th century A. is one of the largest economies. and trade-prom. centers of Turkestan. Bukharian Jewess Ester Sholomonovna Davydbaeva owned two cotton ginning plants in A .; in the beginning. 20th century in A. a branch of the "Potelyhovsky trade and industrial company on shares" was opened, the board of which included E.Sh.Davydbaeva and R.Sh. Potelyakhov; the m-in had a steam flour-grinding mill. Means. some Bukharian Jews in Armenia were engaged in dyeing fabrics and in petty trade; among Ashkenazi Jews, craftsmen and representatives of the free professions - doctors, pharmacists, photographers, and others - predominated. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Armenia; there were cases of forced conversion to Islam. In 1926 in the Andijan env. was organized by the Jewish s.-kh. artel "Kzyl-Dekhkan" (122 people), in 1927 - 2 artels: "Nadezhda" (100 people) and "Madat" (23 families). In the end. 1920s in the Andijan env. there were 2 Jewish handicraft artels - "Buyakhchi", "Birgium"; 3 indigenous Jewish schools. In the 2nd half. 1920s - early. 1930s In A., there was a campaign to close synagogues. In 1945 by the Council for Religious Affairs. cults, the petition of believing Jews in A. to return to them the building of one of the two former synagogues was rejected. In 1946 the Jewish community of Armenia entered into a 10-year lease agreement for a private owner. houses. The rabbi of A. was Nisim Ravinovich Suleimanov (1905-1989), who also served as a shohet and moel. On weekdays, 80-100 people attended the synagogue, and more than 300 on holidays. The minyan met in the synagogue no more than three times a week. At the Jewish cemetery in the farewell hall there is a plaque with portraits of the former. community chairmen. The old Jewish quarter in Armenia has not survived. In May 1990, a Jewish pogrom took place in Armenia (13 houses were burned down or plundered, several women were subjected to violence). In 1989-94, 1,795 Jews left Armenia for Israel. I.N.Fridlyander.Yu.N. Grigorieva
ANDREAPOL, a city (since 1967), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the 16th century. - border post Dubno. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostashkovsky u. Tver Gubernia. 265 Jews (31.9%) lived in Armenia in 1923, 327 (28.7%) in 1926, and 133 Jews in 1939. Moisey Naumovich Chernomorsky (1913-1980, Moscow), Dr. sciences, specialist in the region. auxiliary ist. disciplines.
ANDREEV, see Endzheyuv.
ANDREEVA Natalia Evgenievna (b. 1933, Vitebsk), hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1981), prof. (1988). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1957). In 1957-60 she worked as a district doctor, head. therapeutic. dep. mountains. hospitals in Murmansk; in 1960-63 a graduate student at Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, in 1965 ml. scientific. sotr. in gr. I.A. Kassirsky in the same place. Since 1965 he has been working at the Department of Hematology and Intensive Care Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. scientific. tr. A. poev. decomp. problems of hematology and immunopathology: pathology of immunoglobulins (antibodies synthesized in blood serum and participating in the creation of immunity), incl. at diff. tumors; tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system (hemoblastosis); thrombocytopenic and immunodeficiency states, as well as methods of their treatment and prevention. Discovered the activity of the immunoglobulins synthesized in myeloma against antigens, to-ry the body is immunized. She proposed a treatment regimen for myeloma. State pr. USSR (1987). Cit .: Multiple myeloma, M., 1966 (et al.); Immunoglobulinopathies, M., 1985 (et al.).
ANDREEVKA, now a district within the city of Bashtanka (Ukraine). Vozn. as a settlement at the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural. school, main. in 1902 on the initiative of G.O. Gintsburg in the Kherson district. Kherson province. The construction, equipment and maintenance of the school was carried out at the expense of funds allocated by the EKO to Jewish farmers. colonies of Kherson province, and private donations. The school was designed for 60 students; boys aged 14 and over were accepted. The duration of the studies was 3 years, the third year was intended exclusively for practical training. work in the field and farms. For this, the pr-in allocated 300 dess., On which a model farm was created with crops of grain. and tech. crops, garden, vineyard, forest plantations; there was also a dairy farm and a stable for draft animals. The organizer and the first head of the school was the agronomist and scientist G.A. Lyubarsky. Near school fuss. also a settlement in which the attendants lived (in 1911 - 139 inhabitants). During the war, the school was ruined. In 1922-24 academic. building and household. the premises were restored, and the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural village was located there. technical school, in which 74 teenagers from old Jewish farmers studied in 1926-27. colonies and new settlers. villages. In an exemplary economy for 500 dess. highly productive varieties of wheat and other grains were grown. and tech. cultures. Much attention was paid to viticulture, for which 2 thousand phylloxera-resistant seedlings were purchased in 1926. The dairy farm kept a herd of tribes. cattle (30 cows and 40 heads of young animals), there was a tribal. cattery eng. pigs owned by Agrojoint. In 1928-30, the account was expanded. and households. base, technical school transformed into Jewish agricultural in-t with agronomical. and vet. f-tami. After the liquidation of the institute (1935), the students were transferred to the Odessa agricultural. in-t, in the premises of the institute there is a Novo-Poltava zootechnic. horse breeding technical school, transformed in 1944 into Zootechnical. vet. technical College. In 1972, special equipment was opened in Armenia. prof.-tech. uch-shche sat down. x-va. Uch. the building (1902, architect Kvint) is included in the Code of Monuments of Architecture and History of Ukraine.
ANDREEVO, a village in the Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Andreevskoe Khasavyurt env. Tersk Region. 157 Jews lived in Armenia in 1886, and 170 Jews in 1900. Jews settled in Armenia before the conquest of the Caucasus by Russia. In the 1830s. As a result of the persecution, the Jews of A. were forced to move to other us. points. Some of them returned to Armenia. In 1868 there was a rabbi in Armenia, there was a synagogue and a school.
ANDREEVO-IVANOVKA (in 1910-27 - Chernovo), a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Andreevo-Ivanovka (other name. Kulikovo Pole) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897 in A.-I. 546 Jews (37.5%) lived, in 1939 - 330 Jews. In 1873 in A.-I. there was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in in Jan. 1942 in A.-I. 7 Jews were killed.
ANDREEVSK, a village in the Bodaibinsky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Andreevsky mine of Kirensky u. Irkutsk province. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia.
ANDREEVSKY PRIISK, see Andreevsk.
ANDREEVSKOE, see Andreevo.
ANDRELISHKI, see Andryalishkes.
ANDROPOV, see Rybinsk.
ANDRUSHEVKA, city (since 1975), regional center in Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1683. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. In 1897, 430 Jews (16%) lived in Armenia, 388 in 1923, 658 (10%) in 1939, and 47 (0.4%) in 1989. After 1917, large production of food. prom-sti, sakh. and alcohol s-dy. This determined the migration to Armenia of Jews — specialists and workers from other cities and nearby districts. In 1925, immigrants from A. founded. in the Kherson env. three Jewish farmers. colonies: them. Chemerissky (26 people), "Jewish grain grower" (50 people), "Trud" (25 people). 1941 in the Andrushevsky district, 500 Jews were shot, in the fall of 1941 - 460, in April. 1942 - c. 700 Jews lived in Armenia in 1995. dozens of Jews. S. Ya. Elisavetsky
ANDRYALISHKES, a farm in the Vilnius region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Andrelishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 it was the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898 69 people lived in Armenia. 20th century - 37 people. 19th century the population of Armenia was engaged only in agriculture for 139 dess. state land. By the beginning. 20th century because of the crushing of the land, the inhabitants of Armenia went bankrupt.
ANDRZHEEV, see Andzheevo.
ANDUKAN, see Andijan.
ANDZHEEVO, see Endreyavas.
ANDZHEV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1805. Until 1807 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in ód district. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 99 Jews (17%) lived in Armenia. 20th century A. becomes a suburban suburb of Lodz. Until 1927, Rabbi A. was Moishe-Aron Toyerman, from 1927 - Moishe-Yehuda Kirschenboim. There were philanthropists in the community. organization and mutual aid fund. In 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, the Jews left A.
ANGAROVA (nee Shiser) Gilde Arnoldovna (b. 1908, Cottbus, Germany), translator. She studied arts, in-those in Berlin. In 1929 with her husband, prof. A.I.Angarov, came to the USSR. She worked in the publishing house of Inostr. lit-ry. Translated from Russian. On him. lang. St. 70 books, incl. works by FM Dostoevsky ("The Meek"), NS Leskov, NV Gogol, AP Chekhov; owls. writers I.G. Erenburg ("D.Ye. Trust"), V.P. Kataev ("The Grass of Oblivion", "The Horn of Obsron"), E.G. Kazakevich, D.A. Granin, L.M. Leonov , P.F.Nilin ("Cruelty"), Ch.Aitmatova ("Farewell, Gyulsary!"), V.A.Kaverina ("Two Captains"), V.F.Tendryakov ("The Court", "Spring Changes" ), V.L. Kondratyev ("Sashka"), M. Auezova ("Abai"), S.P. Zalygin, I.A.Efremov, A.T. Bitova, T.N. Tolstoy, V.I. Belova ("Habitual Business"), MI Tsvetaeva ("My Pushkin"). In the translation of the story by D. M. Kalinovskaya "Oh, Saturday!" recreated her special Heb. coloring. In 1941–45 she translated antifash. Produced by: "The Leningrad Story" by NS Tikhonov, "The People are Immortal" by VS Grossman (1943), his Stalingrad. essays and other Unities. original production A. - the story "Synagogue" (published in Israel in Zh. "Aufbau" in 1974) - peculiar. Fash resistance symbol. barbarism. Nat. pr. GDR in the region. arts and literature.
ANGARSK, a city (since 1951) in the Irkutsk Region (Russian Federation). Main In 1948, 1,470 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia in 1959, and 1,124 (0.6%) in 1970. In 1992, the Jewish community "Simkha" (previously E. Shogam) was established in Armenia. In 1999, approx. 200 Jews.
ANGOFF Charles (1902, Minsk - 1979, USA), writer, publisher. Since 1907 in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. Taught in decomp. educational institutions in the United States. A.'s writing career began in the 20s. He helped G. Mencken at the American Mercury Publishing House and in 1934 became his successor. First. book A. “Lit. history of Amer. people ”(2 volumes, 1931) traced the period from 1607 to 1815. Naib. A. brightly revealed his talent in his fantastic. Producer: Adventures in Heaven (1945), When I Was a Boy (1947), Something About My Father and Others (1956). Fame came to A. in the 50's, when he began the saga of the integration of Eastern Europe. Jewish immigrants to Amer. about-ve. A. belongs to ser. autobiographer, rom., in the center of which is his "alter ego", writer D. Polonsky: "Journey at Dawn" (1951), "Morning Light" (1952), "Sun at Noon" (1955), "Between Light and Darkness" (1959), "Early Spring" (1961), "Summer Storm" (1963), etc. In these rom. A. created a whole gallery of Hebrews. types: from Yiddish speaking poor immigrants early. centuries before their Americanized descendants of the period of the 50s. and those who survived the Holocaust. Author Sat. verse. The Bell of Time (1967) and Sat. essays "Tone of the Twenties" (1966). In 1957 A. became the publisher of J. "Literary Review". He wrote rec. about the teacher and colleague G. Mencken (1956). Since 1969 A. - prez. Union of American Poets.
ANIKSCHIAI, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilkomir district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Onikshty Vilkomirsky u. Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 390 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1556, in 1897 - 2754 (69.7%), in 1921 - 1800 (45%) , in 1940 - c. 2000, in 1959 - 9 (0.16%), in 1989 - 2 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 17th century. In the 18th century. Gershon Isserlis was the rabbi in Armenia; - Arye-Leib ben Nathan-Nota, Avrom Lichtenstein, Jacob ben Avrom from Emden, Eliyahu from Ragola, Moishe-Eliyahu, Moishe-Yoel Gurion, Shlomo Schlossberg, Avrom-Aron Burshtein (before 1899), in 1899-1905 - Shmuel- Avigdor Fayvelzon, then - Eliyahu-Yakov-Doiv Shur (? -1938, Jerusalem), a former rabbi in A. in tech. 30 years old, I. Zhuravin and at the same time. Avrom-Mordkhe Vesler (? -1941) and Kalman-Itskhok Kadishovich (? -1941). In 1910, Armenia had a Jewish beginning. uch-shche. In the 1910s. the Bund organization was active in Armenia. July 14, 1915 Russian soldiers. army, a pogrom was organized, during which a Jewish miller was killed, trying to protect his wife and daughter from rapists. During the 1st world. war A. was destroyed, the Jews fled to the internal. districts of Russia. After the war, some of the Jews returned, rebuilding their homes with the help of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia was craft and trade. In the 1920s. ORT organized a cooperative in A. for the production of boots, approx. 100 Jews were engaged in their production; 150 people worked at a shoe factory, 20 - in an agricultural workshop. technology. In 1931 Jews owned 26 out of 27 shops, 24 out of 30 workshops. In 1920 there was a foundation in Armenia. Jewish People's Bank. Several dozen Jews from Armenia left for the United States and South. Africa. To the end. 1930s in A. there were 6 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic, Talmud-Torah, several. heders, yeshiva, 3 Jewish schools of the Tarbut network (founder and first director I. Kalebson) and Yavne, the Kultur-League school with teaching in Yiddish, a Jewish kindergarten (30 children), 2 libraries , an amateur theater. In Armenia, there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, VITSO, youth organizations "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Maccabi", an underground Jewish communist. org-tion. On June 1941, the executions of Jews by the Lithuanian police began in Armenia. Several dozens of Jews were shot in the courtyard of one of the synagogues of A. in June-July 1941. 29 Aug. 1941 1,500 Jews were shot. A memorial sign was erected at the place of execution. In 1969, the remains of the victims were reburied at the Jewish cemetery in Vilnius. In the beginning. 1990 the place of execution was fenced off and a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected on it. Nearby there is a monument with the image of a six-pointed star and an inscription in lit. lang. "The grave of the Jews - victims of genocide." In the vicinity of Armenia, in Surdegis, a Jewish cemetery has been preserved. In A. genus: P.E. Kodess; Zeev-Wolf Shor (1839-1910), traveler, one of the first Hebrew writers in the United States, del. 5th Zionist Congress; Louis Epstein (1887-1949), rabbi, 1918-22 prez. Rabbinic Congress of America.
ANIKST Abram Moiseevich (1887, Chisinau - |), member of the roar. movement, part., prof. and households. worker. R. in the family of a bricklayer. He graduated from a 4-grade school. Into the roar. movement from 1904, in 1906–07 anarcho-communist, participated in the revolt. movement in the south of Russia. Since 1907 - in exile, worked as an electrician, participated in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in France and Switzerland. Member overseas groups rus. anarcho-syndicalists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, collaborated with the Bolsheviks, was before. Pavlograd District Council of Workers' Deputies (Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia) Participated in the struggle for the Sov. power. In 1918 he joined the RCP (b). In 1919-22, members. collegiums and deputy. People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR, in 1920 at the same time. served as deputy. prev. Ch. to-that on universal labor service. In 1922-23 - deputy. prev. Ural region economic council; in 1923–25 - People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine, employee of the Central Committee of the Union of Miners and the Central Committee of the Union of Builders. From the end. 1925 worked in the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, was a member. his presidium. Arrested in 1937. Mind. in custody. Father AA Anikst. Author of the book: "Organization of labor force", collection of articles. Art., M., 1920; "Labor force", M., 1929; “Stages of development of Nar. Commissariat of Labor ", M., 1923; "Rep. about VI Lenin ", M., 1933; "Cultural construction in the five-year plan", M., 1930.
ANIKST Alexander Abramovich (1910, Zurich - 1989, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Doctor of Art History (1963). Son of A.M. Anikst. In 1930-33 he studied at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1933–36 - in graduate school, defended by Cand. dis. based on the works of J. Milton (1940). In 1936–41 he taught English literature at Moscow. state pedagogical in-those foreign. languages. In 1941–44 he fought at the front. In 1944–49 - early. department of general nat. literature of the Military Institute of foreign lang., since 1946 - associate professor; in 1949–51 he taught at GITIS, taught a special course on W. Shakespeare; from 1955 until the end of his life - Art. scientific. employee of the Institute of History of Laws, doctoral dis. defended on the works of Shakespeare (1963). English history specialist and Amer. literature, theater. Participated in publications: “History of English. literature "(M.-L., 1943-1945)," History of Western-European. theater "(M., 1956-1957)," History of English. literature ”(1956). Ed. (jointly with A.A. Smirnov) 8-volume collection. op. Shakespeare (1957-60), author of articles for several volumes; the author will enter, Art. to the 6-volume collection. op. JB Shaw (1978–81). One of the initiators of the publication and ed. series "B-ka playwright". Author of 22 books, including: "Bernard Shaw" (1956), "Daniel Defoe" (1957), "Shakespeare" (1964, "ZhZL"), "Theater of Shakespeare's Era" (1965), "Shakespeare. The playwright's craft "(1974)," The first editions of Shakespeare "(1974)," Goethe and Faust: From conception to accomplishment "(1983)," Tv. the way of Goethe "(1986). Since the late 1960s. studied drama theory, published 5 volumes of "History of the doctrine of drama": "Drama theory from Aristotle to Lessing" (1967), "Drama theory in Russia from Pushkin to Chekhov" (1972), "Drama theory in the West in the 1st half ... XIX century. " (1980), "Theory of Drama from Hegel to Marx" (1983), "Theory of Drama in the West in the 2nd half. XIX century. " (1988) and others. The total number of published works is about 500. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1987).
ANINGOF, see Pichevka.
ANISFELD Boris (Ber) Izrailevich (1879, Balti - 1973, New York), painter, theater artist. He studied at the Odessa rice. school, in the Academy of Arts (1900–09) at D.N. Kardovsky. An active member of the Blue Rose association. He worked in drama, t-re VF Komissarzhevskaya with VE Meyerhold ("Zobeida's Wedding" and others). As an artistic-decorator, together with the masters of the World of Art, he designed performances-entreprise by S.P.Dyagilev (1911–13) (the ballet scene “Underwater Kingdom” to music from the opera “Sadko”, etc.), productions by M.M. .Fokin ("Islamey" and others), tour performances by A.P. Pavlova, V.F. Nizhinsky. Since 1918 in the USA, he taught, designed opera performances in the t-ts of Chicago and New York. Constantly study. in exhibitions in the USA, France, exhibited his works at exhibitions in Leningrad and Moscow (1920s).
ANISIMOV (real name Nisim-oglu) Ilya Sherbetovich (1862, Tarki Temir-Khan-Shurinsky district of Dagestan region - |), ethnographer. The son of a rabbi, the first Mountain Jew who studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. He graduated from the highland school and the city of Stavropol. From 1884 in Moscow, he studied at Moscow. tech. uch-shche, made essays on Mountain Jews, at the initiative of prof. Moscow University of V.F. Miller (to-rogo A. introduced him to his native Tatian language) began to study the ethnography of Mountain Jews. In 1886, on behalf of Moscow. archeol. about-va made a trip to the Caucasus to collect information about Mountain Jews. Based on the results of the trip, I compiled an ethnographic stat. research "Caucasian Jews-Highlanders" (published in "Collection of materials on ethnography", v. 3, Moscow, 1888 and separate prints), a cut for a long time there were unity. serious scientific. work about Mountain Jews. In the 1890-1910s. A. - unity. Mountain Jew with higher. education.
ANNENKOV Yuliy Lazarevich (real family member Soliterman) (b. 1919, Vinnitsa), prose writer, playwright. Graduated from MIFLI them. NG Chernyshevsky in 1941. Participant in the 1941-45 war. He began to publish in 1946. The author of the romanized biographies of F. Joliot-Curie ("Truth travels without visas", Moscow, 1954), Pablo Neruda ("Miner's Senator", 1962). Front-line experience captured in production. A. about the fleet and the formation of personality during the war (novel "Torpedo Boat Flag", Moscow, 1958; "Shturmanok Plots Course", 1972, etc.). A. own plays for muses. t-ra: "Sevastopol Waltz" (1961), "Polar Star" (1966), "Southern Cross" (1971), etc.
ANNENSKY Isidor Markovich (b. 1906, Olviopol, Kherson province - 1977, Moscow), film director. Studied in muses. school and lit. Faculty of Odessa University. He graduated from the theater school in Odessa (1922). He worked as an actor and dir. in theaters of Odessa, Arkhangelsk, Baku and other cities. Since 1931, actor and dir. Moscow Theater of the Revolution. In 1934 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS, in 1936 dir. Faculty of VGIK. From 1938 to various film stations. country. He made his debut in 1938 as a short. f. "Bear". Subsequently, he filmed the stories of A.P. Chekhov ("The Man in the Case", 1939, "Wedding", 1944, "Anna on the Neck", 1954. Prospect "Golden Olive Branch" International Film Festival in Bordighera, Italy). Filmed also production. M.Yu.Lermontov ("Princess Mary", 1955), M. Gorky ("Three", 1969), AN Ostrovsky ("Talents and admirers", 1973). Among other ph. - "Elusive Jan" (1942, jointly with V.M. Petrov), "Ekaterina Voronina" (1957), "Sailor from" Comet "(1958)," First trolleybus "(1963)," Tatiana's day "(1967 ). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1971).
ANNINSKY Lev Alexandrovich (nast, surname Ivanov-Anninsky) (b. 1934, Rostov-on-Don), critic. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1956. Since 1956 he regularly appears in print with articles, essays, essays, dedicated. Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, ethics and aesthetics of cinema. Art. A. are distinguished by polemicism, a wide range of the studied material and associations, emotional assessments, and relevance. He writes about the work of M.A.Bulgakov ("Banner", 1986, No. 5) and about the prose of S.E. Kaledin ("Friendship of Peoples", 1988, No. 5), about the problems of educating the young generation ("Lit. Gazeta" , 1985, no. 12) and about Anna Barkova's "Way of the Cross" ("Lit. Oz.", 1991, Mb 8). Author of the book: "The kernel of a nut: Critical essays" (Moscow, 1965), "" How the steel was tempered "by Nikolai Ostrovsky" (Moscow, 1971; caused controversy in the journal "Questions of Literature", 1973, Mb 6), " Thirties-seventies: Lit.-critical. Art. " (Moscow, 1977), "Leo Tolstoy and the cinema" (Moscow, 1982), "Leskov's necklace" (Moscow, 1982), "Three Heretics" (about A.F. Pisemsky, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky , NS Leskov) (M., 1988), "The Sixties and We: Cinematography, which has become and has not become history" (Moscow, 1991).
ANNOPOL (before 1761 - Glinniki), a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1602.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1923-30 - the regional center of the Shepetovsky environs. In 1784, 215 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1626, in 1897 - 1812 (82%), in 1923 - 1008, in 1926 - 1278 (67.4%), in 1931 - 1280 Jews. A. in the 18th century. Since the 1770s. A. played a significant role in the Hasidic movement. Doyv-Ber from Mezhirich and his son Avrom "Ha-Malakh" ("Angel") (1741-1776, Fastov), ​​who later became a tzaddik in Fastov, lived in Armenia. Schneer-Zalman from Lyad studied in A. After Doiv-Ber's death, his disciple and follower Meshulam-Zusya Annopolsky (? -1800) settled in Armenia, who did a lot to spread Hasidism in Volyn. The son of Meshulam-Zusi Tzvi-Menachem-Mendel (? -1814), after the death of his father, was a tzaddik in Armenia. the Jews of Armenia participated in the wholesale and intermediary trade of agricultural products. products, were engaged in crafts. In 1890, Armenia had synagogues and a Jewish almshouse. Between 1910 and 1916 a circle of Bundists and a Zionist group operated underground. 30 nov. 1917 The peasants who came to the fair in Armenia staged a pogrom. After the 1st world., Grazhd. wars and Oct. revolution, the number of the Jewish population of A. decreased. In 1920–34, Aron-Uri-Leib Klimnovich was the rabbi in Armenia. There were 5 synagogues, a four-year school teaching in Yiddish, in which children were not forced to write on Saturdays. In 1925 founded. Jewish Union of individual handicraftsmen. Among the Jews of A. in the middle. 1920s - 175 workers, 45 employees, 123 handicraftsmen, 232 - poor peasants, 458 - middle peasants, 3 wealthy, 22 representatives of the clergy. IN OZET - 110 members There was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1931 a Jewish national was created in Armenia. village council. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jews of Armenia suffered from famine. In 1941–42 the Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated. synagogue is located cf. school. The graves of Doiv-Bera and Meshulam-Zusi on the second world destroyed in the years. war Jewish cemetery - a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. Monuments on the graves were restored by the Moscow Lubavitch Hasidim in 1988. J.Lamden.I.B.Kraisman
ANTAZAVE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antuzovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 15 Jews (14.9%) lived in Armenia, and in 1939 - 3 Jews.
ANTIK Vladimir Moritsevich (1882, Konigsberg - 1972, Moscow), publisher. Born into the family of a bank employee. After graduating in 1901 in Ryazan, he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, having graduated with a diploma of 1 degree. In 1904–06 he worked at the publishing house of br. Pomegranate is the distribution agent for their publications. In 1906 he founded in Moscow an independent book publishing house "Polza" following the example of the publishing house "Cheap Library" A.S. Suvorin, starting the release of ser. "Universal Library", with produced, izv. Zap.-Heb. and Russian authors. In addition to thin. lit-ry, in ser. published memoirs, East. sketches, dictionaries, popular science literature. Also "Benefit" produced: in 1906 - mid. "Practical Encyclopedia", in 1907 - mid. "People's University", "Popular Science Library", "Pedagogical Academy in essays and monographs." After the revolution A. continued to lead the publishing house, where he released ser. "General Library", and in 1928 organized and headed the publishing house. ser. "Cheap Library" State Publishing House. In 1930, A. dealt with issues of book economics, submitted the idea of ​​creating "book building", paper and printing plants near sources of raw materials.
ANTIN Benjamin (1884 - |), lawyer. R. in Russia. He was educated in Law. School of New York. Was engaged in polit. activities. In 1920–22 he was a member. Legislation. Assembly pcs New York, in 1922-26 - the senator of this piece. A. owns important legislation concerning the education and protection of children, as well as numerous Art. on problems related to children and social. security. He wrote an autobiography under the title. The Gentleman of the 22nd (New York, 1927).
ANTOKOL, now part of the city of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Vilna. Since 1870 Benjamin Friedman was the rabbi in Armenia. By law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1916, a Jewish school was opened in Armenia.
ANTOKOLSKY Lev Moiseevich (1872, Vilna - 1942, Sterlitamak), painter. The nephew of M.M. Antokolsky. Studied at the Academy of Arts (1891, 1893-1900) under I.E. Repin. One of the founders of the Artel Rus. thin in Petersburg. (1901–03). Rice was in charge. cl. in Vilna (1905–12). Secretary of Vilensky art-prom. about-va in memory of M.M. Antokolsky. From 1912 he worked in Moscow, was engaged in monum.-decor, painting (c / t "Odeon", "Modern"). Participated in the execution of paintings for the All-Russian. agricultural. exhibition (1923). Participant of exhibitions in the halls of Imp. AH (1903-10); “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures. artist-Jews ", org. Heb. about-in the promotion of thin. in Petrograd (1916) and Moscow (1917; 1918); exhibitions of the Association (Society) art. them. IE Repin (Moscow, 1927–29), member. to-rogo first formulated the principle of "social. realism ”, based on a combination of realism and romanticism. Deputy ed. and thin. g. Painting (1930–32).
ANTOKOLSKY Mark Matveyevich (Mordukh Matysovich) (1843, Vilna - 1902, Bad Homburg vor der Hee, buried in St. Petersburg), sculptor. Prof. (1880), d.h. AH (1893). He painted since childhood, was apprenticed to a woodcarver. At the age of 17 he left the owner, independently studied history, literature, French. language. He entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1862–68), where he studied under N.S. Pimenov and II Reimers. He became close with I.E. Repin, later with I.N. Kramskoy and V.V. Stasov, who played an important role in the formation of the artist. The first independent works are devoted to Jewish life, childhood impressions. There are sketches for the Jewish types and scenes conceived by A., such as Moses, Samson, Deborah, Shylock, Jeremiah, Spinoza, and others. He lived in St. Petersburg, from 1871 - in Italy, at the end. 1877 settled in Paris. In 1875 he took part in a competition for memory. A.S. Pushkin. In 1893 A. organized his exhibition in St. Petersburg, which was a success among the intelligentsia, but was greeted with extreme hostility by the Black Hundred circles; the artist was offended by the attacks of anti-Semites, who believed that he had no right to portray the heroes of Russian history, Christian saints. A. wrote a lot, his articles on the issues of art are known in "St. Petersburg Vedomosti", "Week", f. “Art and thin. prom-st ", in the" Bulletin of Europe "in 1887 publ. his "Autobiography", shortly before his death, wrote the novel "Ben-Yzak" - a chronicle from Heb. life (manuscript in the State Public Library named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in St. Petersburg.), letters A., collected by V.V. Stasov, ed. Wolf in 1905. works: "The Jew-Tailor" (1864, village), "The Miser" (1868, bone, village), "Boy stealing apples" (1865, bone), "Dispute about the Talmud" (1868, wax, village. ), “Attack of the Inquisition on the Jews (1863–69, wax),“ Ivan the Terrible ”(1870–71, plaster of paris, lost; 1871 br .; 1875, mr., In 1871 received the title of academician for this sculpture),“ Death of Socrates "(1875, mr.), Grave memorial. book Obolenskaya (1876, Rome), high reliefs "The Last Breath" and "Irretrievable Loss" (both - 1876), a bas-relief portrait of Baron M. Gintsburg (1878), "Spinoza" (1882, mr.), "Yaroslav the Wise" (1889 , majolica), "Nestor the Chronicler" (1890, mr.), "Ermak" (1891, mr.), "Angel" (for Tereshchenko's tombstone, 1895), a statue of im. Alexander II (1896), statue of imp. Alexander III (for installation in the halls of the Museum of Emperor Alexander III), a monument to Emperor. Catherine II for Vilna (1897) and others. Great evil. medal and badge of the hordes. Legion of Honor (1878, World Exhibition in Paris); first angry. medal (1892, International Exhibition in Munich); angry. Medal and Commander's Cross of the Legion of Honor (1900, World Exhibition in Paris). Honorary member of the Paris, Berlin and Urbinsky A.Kh. Works are kept in the State Russian Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the Saratov art. Museum named after A.N. Radischeva, in private collection
ANTOKOLSKY Pavel Grigorievich (1896, Petersburg - 1978, Moscow), poet, translator, essayist. In his youth he worked dir. in the drama studio of E.B. Vakhtangov. First. collection of A. ("Poems", 1922; "West", 1926; "Third Book", 1927) bear the imprint of acmeism. schools. Center, place in TV-ve A. is occupied by Western-European. ist. themes (poems "Robespierre and the Gorgon", 1928; "Francois Villon", 1934, etc.). From the later works. naib. meaning poem "Son" (1943, Steel pr. 1946), collection "Eternal Memory" (1946) and "Workshop" (1958), "Time" (1973). Among the lane. A. naib. Izv. Sat. Civic Poetry of France (1955). The author of the book. "On Pushkin" (1960; poems and essays) and others.
ANTOLENT TAPES, see Antolepta.
ANTOLEPTE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antolenty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 474 Jews (85.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 367 (63%), in the end. 1930s - OK. 300 Jews. The financial situation of the Jews of Armenia was supported by the renting of housing to visitors to the Orthodox monastery and work on its maintenance. In the beginning. 20th century Zalman-Tuvya Markovich was the rabbi in Armenia. During the 1st world. war, many Jews left for the South. Africa, USA and Uruguay. After the 1st world. war DOS. the occupation of the Jews of A. was trade in the market and at annual fairs. In the end. 1930s there were 16 Jewish artisans in Armenia; several Jewish families were engaged in villages. x-vom. In 1937, a Hebrew school was opened. In A. there were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic, several. headers. Rabbi A. in the 1930s. was Yehuda Levin. Herm. troops occupied Armenia on June 26, 1941. the Jews of A., together with the Jews of the surrounding areas, were shot. In total, 2,569 Jews of A.V. of the genus were shot. K.M.Shuras.
ANTONINS (until the 1770s - Golodki), an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1939, 110 Jews lived in Armenia.
ANTONOVICHI, see Antonovka, Dobrushinsky district, Gomel region.
ANTONOVKA, see Fedorovka.
ANTONYUKI, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 19 Jews were killed in Armenia.
ANTOPOL, see Borovaya of the Republic of Latvia.
ANTORIA, village of Tkibulsky city council (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Kutaisi env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Kutaisi district. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. According to the testimony of Acad. Petersburg. AN IA Gildenstedt, to-ry in 1770-72 traveled to the North. Caucasus and Georgia, A. - a Jewish village, where 50 Jewish families (smoke) from our neighboring countries moved. points. A fair was held in the village every Friday. The further fate of the Jewish community of A. is unknown.
ANTHRACITE (in 1936-62 - Bokovo-Anthracite), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 19th century. as the Kraselshchik mine in the Miussky env. Don Army regions. From the beginning. 1920s - pos. Mines No. 13 118 Jews (0.9%) lived in Armenia in 1939. On July 19, 1942, Austria was occupied by the Germans. troops. In 1942 several were killed in Armenia. remaining Jews.
ANTSELOVICH Naum Markovich (1888, Petersburg - 1952, Moscow), state, part. and prof. activist, member Communist. party since 1905. R. in the family of a carpenter, electrician. In 1906 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. In 1907–08 he worked in the trade unions of tanners, plumbers and printers, took part in organizing demonstrations, transporting weapons, etc. In 1908 he was arrested again and exiled from St. Petersburg. In 1910, prof. work in Odessa, chl. Bureau of the RSDLP. In 1911 he was arrested in Crimea and exiled to the Vologda province, where he stayed until 1913. In 1915 he was again arrested for participating in a campaign against the military-industrial. to-to (until Feb. 1917 - in exile). After Feb. Revolutionary agitator Petersburg. to-that RSDLP (b), dep. Petrosovet, cases. 7th Apr. Vseros. conference RSDLP (b), participated in the organization of trade unions, hands. union of electricians. One of the organizers of Kr. Guards in Petrograd, an active participant in Oct. coup of 1917, part. Petrogr. VRK, commissar over the offices of the quartermaster. In 1918 - member. Petrosovet Executive Committee, member Bureau Petrograd. to-that party, one of the founders of Petrograd. Gubernia Trade Council, member. its Presidium (in 1918–21 it was before.). In 1919 the deputy. early defense of Petrograd. In Sept-Dec. 1919 deputy. early political department of the RVS. South front. In 1923–31 - before. Central Committee of the Union of agricultural and forest workers (Vserabotzemles), in 1931–32 sec. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions; in 1931–34 - deputy. People's Commissar of the RFL of the USSR; in 1934–38 - deputy. prev. Commissions of Sov. control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR; in 1938–40 the People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1941, 45 on polit. work in Kr. Army. Since 1945 - deputy. People's Commissar of Trade of the USSR, then Deer. moscow s-yes Glavmebelprom. Affairs. 9th, 12-18th Party Congresses, 1927-34 - Cand. in part. Central Committee, since 1938 - member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b); member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. The USSR Armed Forces since 1937, works: Tasks of the Union of Agricultural and forest workers of the USSR, M., 1926; After October: (From the memoir about V. I. Lenin), "Neva", 1957, no. 11.
ANTSILEVICH Shneur-Zalman (1861, Ostrovets, Vilna province - 1936, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. In 1897-1935 he served in Mozyr (Minsk province), from 1935 - in E.-I.
ANCISS Julius Isaakovich (1903, Krinki of Grodno district and province - 1972, Moscow), Arabic philologist, translator. R. in the family of a leatherworker. He graduated from an Arab. dep. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1927), later taught there, in 1936–43 at the same time. east. dep. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1928-29 he compiled (with S. S. Meisel) for students "Reader Arab. polit.-econ. literature "(with a dictionary). Since 1930 scientific. consultant and ed. per. tr. classics of Marxism-Leninism in Arab. lang. for ed.-ed. dep. Executive Committee of the Comintern, at the same time. sotr. in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and in N. - and. associations for the study of nat. and colonial problems under him, participated in the compilation of the Russian-Arab. dictionary of society.-polit. terminology for students from Arab countries. In 1943–47 he worked at TASS, in 1946–50 - scientific. ed. in the Publishing House of Literature on Foreign. lang. In the beginning. 1950s was persecuted in the course of the "fight against cosmopolitanism" campaign.
ANTUZOVO, see Antazave.
ANUCHINO, a village, a regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia.
ANGERO-SUDZHENSK, a city (since 1931) in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1897. In 1928 of us. A workers' settlement was formed at the Anzher and Sudzhen mines. In 1939, in A.-S. lived 120, in 1970 - 100 Jews (0.1%).
APATITY, a city (since 1966) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. In 1935, 6 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 197 in 1989, and 80 in 1998.
APE, a city (since 1928) in the Aluksne region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ope of the Livonian province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. 20th century in A. lived apprx. 200 Jews, in 1920 - 120 (16%), in 1925 - 99 (10%), in 1930 - 90 (9.5%), in 1935 - 82 Jews (8.9%). By the time Armenia was occupied by parts germ. army (July 5, 1941) only a few. Jews managed to evacuate to the east. regions of the USSR. All the remaining Jews of Albania were shot in the summer of 1941.
APOSTOLOVO (until 1923 - Pokrovskoe), a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinoslavsky u. In 1939, 81 Jews lived in Armenia.
APPEL Yehuda Leib (1857, Vekshni Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1934), leader of the Zionist movement, publisher. For 25 years he served as secretary of the department. "Hovevey Zion" in Vilna. There was also the secretary of the department. about-va "Bnei Moishe". In 1902 A. and S. Greber founded a publishing house that published Zionist periodicals and propaganda literature. From 1921 in E.-I., became the secretary of Isaac Leib Goldberg and the manager of his estate. The author of the memoirs on decomp. periods of the history of "Hibbat Zion" and Zionism in Russia, to-rye were publ. in the book. “B'tokh will decide ha-tkhiya” (“At the beginning of the revival”, 1936). He died in E.-I.
APRELEVKA, a city (since 1961) in the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. as a station settlement. 87 Jews (1.5%) lived in Armenia in 1939, 97 (0.5%) in 1970, and 79 Jews (0.4%) in 1989.
APRELSK (in 1932–38 - the April mine), a rural village in the Bodaibo district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - gold mine Nadezhdinsky Kirensky u. Irkutsk lips. From 1938 to 1970 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia.
APRILSKY PRIISK, see Aprilsk.
APRESYAN Yuri Derenikovich (b. 1930, Moscow), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1983), prof. (1991), acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from Moscow. state in-t foreign. languages ​​(1953) and postgraduate studies there (1956). In 1958-60 he worked as a teacher in Moscow. state in-those foreign. lang., in 1960-72 - in Ying-those rus. language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1972-85 Art. scientific. employee, then head. sector VNII "Informelectro". Since 1985 in the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ch. scientific. employee (1985–89), head. laboratory of computational linguistics (1989-94), since 1994 chap. scientific. employee. Since 1990, part-time in Ying-those rus. language of RAS, Ch. scientific. employee, since 1994 head. sector theoretical. semantics. research areas: semantics, syntax, theoretical. and practical. lexicography, formal language models and machine translation. Author of 6 monographs and approx. 200 articles. Took part in the work on dictionaries. Works: Experimental study of semantics rus. verb, M., 1967; Lexical semantics. Synonymous. means of language, M., 1974; English-Russian synonym. dictionary, M., 1972 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others, ed. 1977, 1979, 1987); New large English-Russian dictionary, v. 1–3, M., 1993–94 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others).
APRIL Aron (b. 1932, Vilkaviskis, Lithuania), painter, sculptor. In 1960 he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. V.I.Surikov. Formation of creative. worldview took place among the artists of the sixties every year. moscow youth. exhibitions. Since 1958 academic. mosk., all-union, rep. and nick. exhibitions. Since 1972 in Israel. Lives in Jerusalem. Taught painting, drawing, comp. at Haifa University, Heb. un-those in Jerusalem, the Academy of Arts and the House of Artists (ibid.). From 1991 to. board creative associations in the village. thin Sanur (Shomron). In painting A. strives to convey the essence of the phenomena of language. plastics and color movement. Over the years of their stay in Israel, the artist has changed. orientation A .: higher. he finds ethical and aesthetic criteria in TANAKH, based on which he creates a number of productions. ("Yaakov the Shepherd", "Yaakov, Leah and Rachel", "The Heir", "Yaakov's Old Age", etc.). Since 1972, a number of personal exhibitions in Israel, America, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, France.
APT Solomon Konstantinovich (b. 1921, Kharkov), literary critic, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Translated into Russian. lang. op. Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Euripides “Hippolytus”, Plato “The Feast”, Menander “The Grouch” (1950–70s). Cand. philol. Sciences (1950). History specialist him. literature, author of biography T. Mann (1972, "ZhZL") and Art. "Over the Pages of T. Mann" (1980), translated into Russian. lang. his novels (including the tetralogy "Joseph and His Brothers"), art., letters, a number of op. G. Hesse ("The Glass Bead Game", "Steppenwolf", stories and sketches), R. Muzil ("A Man without Properties", "Mental Troubles of Ter-Les' pupil"), 6 plays by B. Brecht, novels by L. Feuchtwanger , M. Frisch, E. Canetti, K. Jaspers "The question of guilt", as well as manuf. E.T.A. Hoffmann, G. Kleist, F. Hölderlin, V. Gauf. them. Hesse (Germany, 1982), Austr. state pr. (1986), A. - hon. Dr. of Cologne University (1989).
APTER Yakov Natanovich (1899, Shpola, Kiev province - 1941), graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (OXU) (1915–18) and VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1924–29) at KN Istomin and in the woodcut workshop of VA Favorsky. In the 30s. created a number of aqu., drawings, woodcuts and lithographs ("AM Gorky among collective farmers", "Seated woman", "Kremlin", "Portrait of the artist VA Favorsky", "Landscape", etc.). Collaborated in decomp. publishing house. Since 1932 constantly study. in sinks, and all. exhibitions of graphics, as well as exhibitions of owls. graphics abroad (London, Sofia, Nanjing, Brussels). Killed at the front during the defense of Moscow.
ARAD (Mine) Zvi (1909, Vilna), poet, writer, translator. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) G-zii Vilna. In E.-I. from 1931. Until 1958 members. kibbutz Ein Shemer. The author of several. poetic collection. and prose works. Collaborated merged. g. "Turim" and "Mahbarot Lesifruit". Izv. as a translator - from Russian, English, French, German, Polish. and Yiddish. Laureate of Sh.Chernikhovsky prospect (1981).
ARAK, a village in the Tabasaran region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Ashaga Arag, Derbent province, from 1860 - Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 439 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 480 in 1875, 428 (36.9%) in 1897, and 169 Jews in 1926. The first information about Jews in Armenia dates back to the beginning. 18th century Main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia is tobacco growing. In the 1820s and 40s. the rabbis in Albania were Yehezkel ben Nisu (? —1873) and Asaf ben Ihezkel Mizrahi. A synagogue was built in 1832. In 1886, Armenia had 2 melamed, teaching 30 children. In the 1860s. there was a shohet who served as a rabbi in the 1880s. - 2 shohets. Azaria ben Shlomo became Shohet in Armenia in 1899, and Chaim ben Emmanuel in 1906. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in A. was Ichil ben Shem Tov. Most of the Jews left Armenia during the Civil Period. war. After that, 40 Jewish farms remained in Armenia in 1925; handicraft and trade became occupation. In 1930, there were 20 Jewish farms in Armenia. In the 1920s and 30s. the departure of Jews to Derbent and other cities continued.
ARAMIL, a city (since 1966) in the Sysertsky district of the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1675. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARANOV (Aranovich) Shiko (Yeshayagu) Veniaminovich (1906, Tatarbunary Bessarabian province - 1969, Chisinau), composer, conductor. Studied at the Chisinau cons. by class French horns. In 1935 he graduated from the Bucharest Academician. muses. and dram. lawsuit according to cl. pipes and compositions. Since 1940 he organized a pop orc in Chisinau. at Mold. Philharmonic, directed it until 1945, in 1947-56 was a musician. hands. and conductor orc. Ensemble of plank beds. dance "Jock", in 1956-63 and 1967-69 thin. hands. jazz orchestra "Bucuria", in 1964-66 orchestra. Mold. state Committee on Radio and Television. All jazz orchestras in Armenia were typical big bands and were distinguished by good swing. A. played a significant role in the creation of mold. pop orc. music. Author of 12 fantasies for pop orc., Music for choreographic scenes, for mold. Ph.D. "Liana", "Moldavian tunes". Created many. treatments mold., rus., heb. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1953).
ARANOVICH Semyon Davidovich (b. 1934, Derazhnya Kamenets-Podolsk region), film director. He graduated from the navy. aviation mine and torpedo school (1955). In 1955-56 he served as a navigator in the sea. aviation. In 1965 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1964–70 dir. to / st. "Lenkinokhronika" and "Lennauchfilm". Author of Historical and Doc. ph .: "Friend of Gorky - Andreev" (1966, Grand Prix "Golden Dove" X ICF in Leipzig, 1967), "People of the Earth and Heaven" (1969, Ch. Prize "Silver Dove" XII ICF in Leipzig), " Dmitry Shostakovich "(1981)," I served in Stalin's apparatus "(1990)," The Great Concert of Nations, or the Breath of Cheyne-Stokes "(1991, about the" Doctors' Case "). Fast. thin f .: "The Red Diplomat" (1971, t / f), "Torpedo bombers" (1983), "Broken Horseshoe (1973)," ... And Other Officials "(1976)," Rafferty "(1980, t / f), "Opposition" (1985), "Big Game" (1988).
ARANOVICH Yuri Mikhailovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), conductor. In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. in conducting class of N.S. Rabinovich. He also studied with N.G. Rakhlin (who, according to A. himself, was for him the ideal conductor) and K. 3anderling. He worked in Petrozavodsk and Saratov, in 1956 headed the orc. Yaroslavl Philharmonic. Since 1964 in Moscow, artist. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. All-Union Radio and Television. A.'s repertoire includes all the symphonies by P.I. Tchaikovsky and L. van Beethoven. He performed several concert performances. operas, incl. op. "Iolanta" by Tchaikovsky, "Not only love" by RK Shchedrin, "Romeo, Juliet and darkness" by KV Molchanov (about a Jewish girl from the ghetto), etc. Since 1972 in Israel. Since 1975, Ch. conductor of the Stockholm Royal Symphony. orc. and symph. orc. Cologne. Chevalier of the Royal Swedish Order of the Pole Star (1987).
ARANOVSKY Mark Genrikhovich (b. 1928, Leningrad), musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1967). He graduated from Leningrad in 1952. horse, studied the history of music (under the direction of E.L. Fried), in 1966 - graduate school Leningrad. in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography (M.K. Mikhailov), where he worked as a senior scientific. employee (1967–80). Since 1980 - in the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute. Institute of Art Studies (now Russian Institute of Art Studies). Author of the book: "Melodica Prokofiev", L., 1969, "Symphonic searches", L., 1979, as well as many others. scientific. articles dedicated. questions of theory and aesthetics of music, muses. thinking, creative process. He wrote a number of works about Russian. and owls. composers (including about D.D. Shostakovich).
ARAZI Yehuda (1907, Lodz - 1959, Israel), politician. From 1923 in E.-I. While serving in the police from 1926–34, he passed information on to Gagana, helped arrested independence fighters, and smuggled weapons. In 1936–39 A. participated in a secret operation to purchase weapons from the Polish pr-va, and in the beginning. 2nd world. wars from the warehouses of the British army in the Middle East and North. Africa and smuggled it into E.-I. A.'s activities were disclosed by the British authorities. At the end of the war, he illegally left E.-I., arrived in Italy and headed a secret emigration activity. In 1946 he took part in the organization of the ferry from Italy to E.-I. two rescue ships with illegal refugees. In the summer of 1947, A. came to the United States and organized the purchase and smuggling into E.-I. light and heavy. weapons and aircraft for Gagana. Most of the equipment reached E.-I.
ARBATOV Georgy Arkadievich (b. 1923, Kherson), political scientist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974), Dr. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Moscow. state in-t international. relations (1949). In 1953 62 he worked as a scientific. editor of the publishing house "Foreign Literature", deputy. head Department "Questions of Philosophy", head. dep. g. "Novoye Vremya", editor-consultant Zh. "Communist" and deputy. head department and columnist. "Problems of Peace and Socialism". In 1962–64 - head. sector of the Institute of the world economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1964–67 - a consultant, then hands. group of consultants of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1967 - Director of the Institute of the USA and Canada of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was a deputy of the USSR Armed Forces of the 9th, 10th and 11th convocations, pl. Deputy of the USSR (1989–92), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (1981–90). Since 1992, member. Presidential Advisory Council. Scientific interests of A. - the world economy, int. and US foreign policy, foreign policy of the USSR. Works: Foundations of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow, 1958; Ideological struggle in the present. int. relations, M., 1970; Modern US foreign policy, M., 1983; Protracted recovery (1953-1985), M., 1991, etc.
ARBATOVA Maya (1911, Dribin, Mogilev province), ballerina, choreographer. She danced in the Riga op. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Together with her husband, Ios. Holland, founded the studio ball. and humor "Af-al-pi". She danced in the bunk. op. She founded the studio classic. ball. Raised several. generations of students.
ARBUZINKA (until 1946 - Garbuzinka), an urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 99 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARDAGAN, see Ardahan.
ARDAKHAN, a city in the Karsky vilayet (Republic of Turkey). In 1879-1918, part of Russia, the town of Ardahan in the Kara region. Since 1921 it has been a part of Turkey. 100 Jews lived in Armenia in 1897, 22 in 1904, 35 in 1909, and 40 in 1910 (1.1 percent).
ARDASHNIKOV Solomon Naumovich (1908, Buda-Koshelevo, Mogilev province. - 1963, Moscow), geneticist, radiobiologist. Honey. educated in Smolensk and 2nd Moscow. honey. in-takh (1924–31). Graduated from postgraduate studies at Medico-genetic. in-those (1935), in which he then worked until 1936; since 1937 in Vses. in-those experiment. Medicine (VIEM) in 1939–41 in Oncologich. in-those. During the war years 1941–45 he served as an assistant to the beginning. evacuation hospital in Tajikistan. In 1943 he was returned to Oncologich. Institute, since 1944 in Moscow. Research Institute of X-ray Radiology, Head. radiological department. In 1949 he was sent to Chelyabinsk - 40 hands. department of the plant "Mayak", but was soon relieved of his post (on denunciation of his studies in genetics), after which St. had no job for two years. Since 1951 - in physiotherapeutic. department, and then in a radiological. lab. Centre. in-that balneology and physiotherapy; in 1961 63 he worked in the department of radiobiology of the Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatov. Sci. research A. until 1939 dedicated. ch. arr. human genetics (papers on this topic have not been published). Later he was engaged in radiobiology (improvement of radiation sources and clinical dosimetry), studied the effect of radiation on the development of tumors (the so-called radiation oncogenesis), the role of viruses in oncogenesis after irradiation, biol. aspects of the action of alpha radiation. Cit .: Dosing of gamma radiation in curie therapy in X-rays, M., 1947 (with V.A. Kozlova); Protection against radioactive radiation, M., 1961.
ARDATOV, city, regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). In 1688 on the site of A. was founded. from. Novotroitskoe, since 1780 - a district town of the Simbirsk governorship, since 1797 - a provincial town, since 1802 - a district town of Simbirsk province. In 1910 there were 9 Jews in Armenia, in 1915 - 2 Jewish families, in 1926 - 1 Jew, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia.
ARDON, see Ardon.
ARDON, a village in the Klintsovsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Ardon Surazhsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 43 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 33 Jews in 1923, and 19 Jews in 1926. M.N. Plotkin.
ARDOV (real family member Zilberman) Viktor Efimovich (1900, Voronezh - 1976, Moscow), writer. Graduated from car wash. Institute of Nar. x-va. Lit. engaged in activities in 1921, from the same time periodically. his caricatures appear. In the future, more than once he designed collections of his stories. Collaborated with satirical. magazines "Red Pepper", "Crocodile", wrote for the stage. Mn. A.'s monologues and sketches were included in the repertoire of V.Ya. Khenkin, B.Ya. Petker, R. Zelena, A.I. Raikin. In 1924 Moscow. t-rum satire was staged the first play by A. "The Birthday Girl", written by him in collaboration with V.Ya.Mass. Together with LV Nikulin, A. writes the comedy "Article 114 of the Criminal Code" (1926), "Skloka" (1926), "Tarakanovshchina" (1929). Author of more than 40 collection of humorous books. stories, screenplays (including "The Light Path"), the comedy "Little Trumps" (1937), as well as a number of works on the theory and technique of the spoken genre of pop and circus. The published poem is of interest. book "Sketches for portraits" (M., 1983), where A. writes about V.V. Mayakovsky, M.A.Bulgakov, A.A. Akhmatova, M.M. Zoshchenko, I. Ilfa and E. Petrov, M A. Svetlove and others.
AREGA Leon (b. 1908, Prasnysh Plock Province), prose writer. Voluntarily joined the French. army at the beginning. 2nd world. war. He was taken prisoner and escaped three times. prisoner of war camps. After his release, he received a French. order for courage. He began to write soon after the war, having published several in France. rom .: "As if it ended" (1946), "Experience" (1951), "The same river" (1954), "Pseudonyms" (1957) and "Nobody's Trace" (1963). Rum. "Hand on Lips" was written by him et al. with T. Sandra. Production style A. is distinguished by musicality and rhythm. Their main. theme - failure due to unfortunate circumstances, to-rye the author considers universal. Only an autobiographer. rum. "As if it were over" this theme is colored by Heb. color. Here A. describes the fate of a Jew who lives in France and volunteered to serve in the French. army. Despite all his efforts, he cannot become his own for the French.
ARYOGALA, a city (since 1956) in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Eiragola, Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky district. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1237 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1541 (65%), in 1921 - 420, and in 1923 - 456 Jews (38%). Jews lived in A. from the middle. 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - craft and trade, including cattle, flax and timber. Jews owned several. mills, a workshop for the production of felt boots, a distillery plant. In A. weekly were held. and 2 years. fairs in the 19th century. The rabbis in Armenia were Avrom Ragoller, Avrom (brother of Eliyahu from Vilna), Eliyahu (Kalisher), Tzvi-Yehuda Rabinovich-Taumim, and Benzion Fridman. Treasury rabbi A. in the 1880s. was S.P. Yashunsky. In the end. 19th century in Armenia there were 4 synagogues, 6 heders, a Talmud-Torah, and a yeshiva. 19 - early. 20th century several dozens of Jewish families left for the USA, South. Africa, in E.-I. During the 1st world. A. war was destroyed. In 1915 all Jews were expelled from Armenia. In the 1920s and 1930s. the A. community was headed by a deer. Jewish People's Bank Zvi Ziv. Jews owned 65% of A.'s shops and workshops. 1930s in A. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew and a cheder; the detachments of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Maccabi" operated. In the spring of 1931, an incident involving a "blood libel" occurred in Armenia, which led to the death of a Jew who was accused of murder. In 1940–41 an amateur theater continued to operate in Armenia. Yiddish team at hand. Yosef Markovich, created. in the 1930s. In the end. 1940 was staged a performance based on P. Hirshbein's play "Der intellectual". On June 23, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot several. Jews A., including community leaders Ziva, Michael Kaganovich, Markovich. In June 1941, a ghetto was created in Armenia. Between 28 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1941 in the region of the mill, the Lithuanian police shot 662 Jews from Armenia and the surrounding towns. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected at the place of execution.
ARENSBURG, see Kuressaare.
ARGO (real family member Goldenberg) Abram Markovich (1897, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), playwright. Lit. started his activity in 1915 in Odessa. In 1917 he arrived in Moscow, was published in gas. "New life". The meeting with the poet N.A. Aduev marked the beginning of their joint work for many years. In 1919 A. head. lit. part of the grotesque t-ra in Kharkov, collaborated in the "Windows of Satire" UkROST. In 1920 he finally moved to Moscow. For theaters and collectives "Blue Blouse" wrote the propaganda buffonade "A fly on trial", satirical. scene "History of autocracy" for the cabaret "Neryday" and political outlook "The Journey of Bulbus 17-21" (with Aduev and DG Gutman) for T-ra rev. satire (Terevsat). In collaboration with Aduev, he created new texts for the operettas "Zhirofle-Zhiroflya" (Chamber Theater, 1924), "Beautiful Elena" (Bolshoi Theater, 1925), "Orpheus in Hell" (Moscow Theater of Musical Comedy , 1925). Published in f. Red Pepper (1923–24). In 1927 he staged (with Aduev) "Mendel Marantz" based on the stories of D. Fridman (staged in Rostov-on-Don). For Mosk. Dr. A. Satire, together with other authors, created a new playwright. forms - a comedy-review: "Oh, do not go, Gritsu, to the" Conspiracy of the Empress "" (jointly with R.G. Korf and E.B. Krasnyansky, 1925), "Europe that is needed" (jointly with Aduev and L.V. Nikulin), A. author of the libretto of one of the first Sov. operetta - "Polar Passions" (1931) In June 1941, A. wrote a one-act patriotic. the play "We Will Not Give Up", in 1941-42 he worked in the agit-re "Yastrebok", collaborated in the "Windows of Growth". A. is also known as the author of poignant epigrams, parodies, satirists. couplets, to-rye successfully performed V.Ya.Khenkin, B.S.Borisov], L.O.Utesov. A. translated into Russian. plays "Ruy Blaz" by V. Hugo, "Charles IX" by A. Chenier, verses by French. Poets Brothers A. - libretist Ya.M. Goldberg, wrote under the pseudo. Cuba Galitsky and film actor L.M. Goldberg, starred under the fam. L. Gransky. Op .: The word sounds, M., 1962; Delights and inspirations, M., 1967; With my own eyes, M., 1969.
ARGOV Nehemya (1914, Riga - 1957, Israel), state. and military. activist. From 1927 he took part in the “Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair” movement and soon became one of its activists in Latvia. From 1935 in E.-I., he was a builder, a worker. Since 1939, member. Gagans, adjutant of teams. Haifa district, later - adjutant of teams. Gagans Y. Dori, I. Sade and I. Galili. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), the military. D. Ben-Gurion's advisor (was the closest person to him). He committed suicide (for Ben-Gurion, who was then in the hospital, a special edition of the newspaper was published, in which there was no message about A.'s death).
ARGOV Sasha (Alexander Abramovich) (b.1914, Moscow), comp. Mother - Olga A. - a concert pianist. He has been writing music since he was 3 years old. One of his children's tunes became, 40 years later, the basis of the popular izr. songs. In 1932-34 - in Poland. Since 1934 - in E.-I. In 1934, 44 worked in a bank, at the same time. composed music. He wrote for kibbutz and army ans. The author is numerous. songs, pl. of which were the most popular songs of Israel in the 1940s – 1960s. He worked for t-ra and cinema. Has recorded 25 records of his music. The creator of the lyric and civic style of "Eretz Yisrael songs". In the end. 1950s inherited. shop in Tel Aviv rus. book "Boleslavsky", which became one of the centers of Russian. cultural life of the city, and owned it to the end. 80s
ARIARSKY Mark Arievich (b. 1928, Minsk), teacher. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. In 1948–79 he headed the movement for a qualitative renewal of the system of prof.-tech. education by integrating prof. and general cultural training of young workers. Since 1973 works in Leningrad. State Academy of Culture. He created a school of applied cultural studies. Author of more than 250 publications on the problems of cultural studies and education. Works: Organization of educational work in vocational schools, Moscow, 1965; Leisure Pedagogy, M., 1987; Fundamentals of Applied Culturology, M., 1993.
ARIEL Yosef (real fam. Fisher) (1893, Odessa - 1964, Israel), diplomat. From an early age he actively participated in the Zionist. movement, was a member. student Zionist. org-tion "ge-Haver", for which he was arrested by the tsarist authorities. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He worked in Heb. nat. foundation. He was sent to Paris, where he headed the department. Heb. nat. fund until 1950. In Paris he published and edited a gas. La Terre Retruve, published twice a week. After the occupation of France by the Nazis in 1940, he supported the underground Zionist. activities in Lyon. Was one of the active members. organization "Representative Council of the Jews of France" since its inception. In 1950 he returned to Israel and was sent as ambassador to Belgium (1952–57). As an ambassador, he organized the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Israel. In 1960–64 - at the Yad Vashem Institute he studied the history of the French. Jews of the Holocaust period. Author pl. Art. in periodicals and a number of books.
ARIEVICH Abram Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Dermatovenerologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1920). Until 1923 he worked as a doctor in the zemstvo hospital in the Klin district, until 1938 - in the Suschevskaya hospital, in the department. for patients with gonorrhea at the Botkin Hospital, Ch. doctor of the isolation ward for children with skin and venereal diseases. diseases in Moscow, simultaneously. (1925–35) headed the first dispensary in the country, which he created, and then the department. honey. mycology at the Center. dermatovenerologic. in-those (1938–67); 1967–70 scientific. hands. dep. deep mycoses and actinomycosis Ying-that honey. parasitology and tropical. medicine, since 1970 - head. mycological c. at Horus. dermatovenerologic. dispensary in Moscow. tr. A. dedicated ch. arr. fungal skin diseases - mycoses, incl. yeast lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. One of the first in the USSR to describe and research. mycosporia, mycoses caused by trichophyton, rubrophytosis, histoplasmosis, a number of candidiasis; proposed a classification of fungal skin diseases, as well as methods for the treatment of mycoses, incl. the method of detachment (method A.), the use of keratolytic agents, etc. Works: Atlas of fungal diseases, M., 1951 (et al.); Candidamycoses and other mycoses as a complication of antibiotic therapy, M., 1965 (et al.); Nail Pathologists, Tbilisi, 1976.
ARIKHA (Long) Yosef (1907, Olevsk - 1972, Tel Aviv), writer. He studied at secondary schools in Kovel and New York. From 1925 - in E.-I. Ed. youth railway La Kore ha-Tsair; member Center, to-that Association of Heb. writers. In rum. "Udmutsal" ("Rescued from the Fire", 1937) describes the pogroms in Ukraine in 1919. Historical. events of deep antiquity dedicated. his rum. “Sancheriv be-Yehuda” (“Sancheriv in Judea”, 1958) and “Sofer ha-melech” (“The Royal Scribe”, 1966) and the play “Mule Kherev” (“Before the Sword”, 1962). The author of the book. stories and novellas: "Lehem Ve-khazon", "Kanfey Kesef", "Be-Sunverim", "Marot be-Kahol", "Psak Din", "Yom ve-Laila". He also wrote for children. In the last. time was pre. out. PEN club. Laureate of several lit. etc.
ARIE-LEIB ben Eliyahu (1808, Satanov - 1888), rabbi. For some time he was engaged in trade, but by 1834 he headed the rabbinical court in Zaslav. This position A.-L. occupied until his death. Corresponded on halakha issues with leading authorities. His works: "Arugat ha-Bosem" (1869), commentary on the section "Yore Dea" of Shul-khan-Arukh, "Shem Arukh" (1874).
ARKADAK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nikolskoe (other name. Arkadak) Balashevsky u. Saratov Gubernia, since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARKANOV (real fam. Steinbock) Arkady Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Kiev), writer, playwright. In 1934, after the arrest of his father, he moved with his mother to Vyazma. After his release (1938), the family settled in Moscow. In 1957 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked as a district doctor. In 1957, student amateur activities brought him together with G.I. Gorin, and they became co-authors for almost 10 years. In addition to a number of variety productions. they wrote plays: "Wedding for all of Europe" (1966), "Banquet" (1969, both staged in the Moscow satire theater), "Staircase" (1967), "Was there a Dumas-father |" (1968), a number of one-act plays, later combined into one - "Little Comedies of the Big House" (1973, T-p satire). In 1962-66. works in train. "Youth", where his first story "Yellow Sand" (1963) is published. Author and one of the founders of the "12 Chairs Club" ("Lit. gas"). In 1966, A.'s stories are included in the collection. "Four under one cover", which also included the production. Gorin, F. Kamov and E. Uspensky. In 1979 he took part in the almanac "Metropol", after which on several. years lost the opportunity to publish. Participated in many. TV programs: "Artloto", "Around the laugh", "Blue light". Prod. A. entered the repertoire of many. Izv. variety performers. In 1980, especially for VN Vinokur, the play "I go out alone ..." was written. Author of collections: "Solo for a duet" (1975, jointly with G. Gorin), "Chin on the side" (1975), "There are many worlds in this world" (Moscow, 1984), "Everything" (Moscow, 1990), as well as published in Russian. lang. in the USA in the publishing house "Liberty" - "From Ilyich to the Bulb: A Textbook of the History of Soviet Power for Underdeveloped Children" (New York, 1993). Twice laureate of the Golden Calf Prize; laureate of the w. "Crocodile" (1993) and the "Aleko" prize (Bulgarian Union of Writers, 1993).
ARKATOV (real family member Mogilevsky) Alexander Arkadievich (dates and places of birth and death unknown), film director. He worked as a journalist and theater critic. In cinema since 1912. Post. OK. 35 lb at different movie sites. Russia, including: "God of Vengeance" (based on the play by Sh. Asha) and "Rachel" (both 1912), "The Mountain of Sarah" (1913), "I Want to Be a Rothschild" (based on the story of Sholem Aleichem) and " Judge, people ”(based on the story of I.-L. Peretz, both 1917). Filmed the stories and stories of N.S. Leskov ("Katerina the gas chamber" based on "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, 1915), N.V. Gogol (" Nevsky Prospect ", 1915), V.M. Garshin (" Signal "1917) ... One of the founders of owls. "Agitation" in 1918-1920. - “About the priest Pankrat, aunt Domna and the revealed icon in Kolomna”, “Parasite”, “Four months at Denikin's”, “Two worlds”, “May Day”. Since 1920 abroad.
ARKHANGELSK (until 1613 - Novokholmogory), city, center of the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1584. From 1702 - the center of the voivodeship, from 1708 - the center of the Arkhangelsk province, from 1780 - the Arkhangelsk region. Vologda governorship, from 1784 - Arkhangelsk governorship, from 1801 - Arkhangelsk province. Since 1929 - the center of the North. edge, from 1936 - North. region, since 1937 - Arkhangelsk region. In 1858 in Arkhangelsk region. 156 Jews lived. In 1879 102 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 248 (1.2%), in 1910 - 503 (1.5%), in 1923 - 850, in 1926 - 896, in 1939 - 1346, in 1970 - 773 (0.2%), in 1979 - 600 Jews (0.2%). The Jewish community in Armenia was founded. in 1828 by cantonists. In 1879, a request to open a Jewish school for boys was turned down. A synagogue was opened in 1893. In 1910 a Jewish cemetery operated in Armenia. In the 1920s. A. was a place of exile for dozens of arrested Zionists, in 1939 - 40 to the Arkhangelsk Region. Many Jews were exiled from the territories recently annexed to the USSR. Since 1997, the Society of Jewish Culture (headed by Elena Lyagina) began to function in Armenia. In 1994, several hundred Jews lived in Armenia. M.N. Kalik, S.I. Kondakova.
ARKHANGELSKAYA, a village in the Tikhoretsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 3 Jews lived in Armenia. 18 Sept. 1942 75 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.
ARKHANGELSKOE, a village in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1840. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.
ARKHARA, urban-type settlement (since 1950), a regional center in the Amur region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Amur Region. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARKHAYGOROD, see Novoarkhangelsk.
ARKHONSKAYA, a village in the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARKHYZ, an urban-type settlement (since 1972) in Zelenchuk district of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). In 1928–43, he was part of the Karachay Autonomous District. 1942 in gas. 20 Jewish children evacuated to A. were killed in the cell of the special vehicle.
ARKIN Arkady Efimovich (b. 1904, Dmitrov, Moscow province), architect, town planner. Son of E.A. Arkin. In the 1930s. studied at VKHUTEMAS under N.A. Ladovsky, in 1931 he graduated from Hud.-tech. Institute in Leningrad. He worked for I.V. Zholtovsky. Main works: in Moscow - the project of the Red Stadium on Vorobyovy Gory (1924, as part of the group of students of VKHUTEIN, in 1925 the project received the Grand Prix at the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts in Paris), the project of the T. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (1932), the project of the Institute of Oriental Studies (1934), the project for the development of the southwestern district of Moscow (1934), as well as the project of the House of Prospect in Simferopol (1934).
ARKIN David Efimovich (1899, Moscow - 1957, ibid.), Architect, scientist, historian of architecture, critic of architecture. Ch.-c. Academy of Architecture of the USSR. Son of E.A. Arkin. In 1922 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the 1920s. promoted productions, art-in, later established. paid attention to the analysis of the classic. lawsuit. Persecuted during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitans." Prof. Higher. art-prom. uch-schA (formerly Stroganovskoe). Main works: "Art of household items" (1932), "Images of architecture" (1941), "Monumental sculpture of Leningrad" (1944), "Rastrelli" (1954), "Images of sculpture" (1961).
ARKIN Efim Aronovich (1873, Pinsk - 1948, Moscow), doctor, psychologist. Acad. APN (1947). He graduated from the city with a gold medal and honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1898). He worked as a factory and zemstvo doctor in the Dmitrovsky district of Moscow. lips. In 1903 he trained as a pediatrician in Switzerland. During the Russian-Japanese War, he served as a military man. doctor in D. Vostok, was the chairman of societies, a committee for helping refugee children. From 1906 - in Moscow, worked as a doctor for internal and children's diseases. In the years of the 1st world. war - head. Moscow mountains. soldiers' infirmary; organized assistance to refugee children. After the October coup, which he accepted sympathetically, he taught a course in physiology and psychology of childhood in various pedagogues. educational institutions of Moscow. In 1924 A. organized and headed the country's first cafe. preschool pedagogy at the 2nd Moscow State University (now Moscow Pedagogical State University). In 1936, without the protection of the dis. A. was awarded the degree of Dr. pedagogical. the science. - the founder of the doctrine of drugs, pathology, for the first time in the world. Liter in 1901 described the signs of drugs, diseases and proposed this term to designate it as an independent nosological form. Developed questions fiziol., Pa-tol., Hygiene and psychology. preschool age, as well as theoretical. problems of raising children. One of the first to pay attention to the beneficial effect of mother's love on the psyche. the development of the child, substantiated the position that by the age of one year, the child is a person. Developed theoretical. the basics of raising children in preschool institutions. Cit .: To the doctrine of medicinal rashes, M., 1901; Brain and Soul. M., 1921; Personality and environment, M., 1924; Human physiology, M.-L., 1928; On some questions of raising children, 1935; Features of school age, M., 1947; Child in preschool years, M., 1948.
ARLOZOROV Haim (Victor) (1899, Romny, Poltava province - 1933, Tel Aviv), Zionist leader. labor movement. In 1905 (after the pogrom) he and his family moved to Germany. In 1918 he joined the ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, after its merger with the Gitagdut party (1920), one of the leaders of the new party. In 1924 he graduated from Berlin University, settled in E.-I. Since 1930 one of the leaders of the Israel Labor Party (Mapai). Since 1931, member. Zionist rule. org-tion and Heb. agency (headed by his polit, dep.). In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s began to doubt the reliability of the English. support for the idea of ​​creating Heb. state-va and in the ability to achieve mutual understanding with the Arabs. Confidential letter to H. Weizmann (June 1932, published in 1949) discussed the possibility of a transitional "rev." period, in tech. to-rogo Heb. the minority must create conditions in the country for the reception of as many immigrants as possible, otherwise the coming peace. war and an Arab, nationalism will make it impossible to achieve the goals of Zionism. In 1933, A. took an active part in organizing mass immigration from Nazi Germany. In 1933 he was killed while walking. The revisionist Zionists were charged with the murder. However, circles not connected with the labor movement argued that the trial of A.'s murder had been fabricated by forces hostile to the revisionists. A number of settlements in Israel are named after A. Coll. op. A. (v. 1-7) (Hebrew) publ. in 1934–35.
ARMAND David Lvovich (1905, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Geographer and soil scientist, popularizer of science. He spent his childhood abroad (in Switzerland, France, Italy), where his parents lived, exiled from Russia for participating in the events of 1905. In 1913 the family returned to Russia. He graduated from the Pushkin Experimental Colony School of the 2nd stage (1924), in the same year he entered Moscow. e-machine-build Institute, after graduation from 1927 he worked at Moscow. s-de "Dynamo" - first engineer, then art. designer, and from 1933 - head. workshop. In 1936 he decided to change his profession, entered the correspondence department of geography. Faculty of Leningrad State University, and from the 3rd year he transferred to Moscow State University. He graduated from it in 1940. Since that time - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1960–65 - head of the department of physical geography, in 1965–70 - scientific director of the Kursk forest-steppe station, since 1970 - scientific consultant). Vice President Moscow Branch Geographer, Society of the USSR (1958–63). In years. 2nd world. war participated in geological and geogr. servicing Kr. Army. active Science of the RSFSR (1973). In the 1940s, he was engaged in regional studies. In 1946–49 he developed physical and mathematical research. and experiment. methods geographer, research, as well as theoretical. physical problems geography, publishing ser. monographs on these problems. Since 1949, he began a cycle of studies aimed at diet, use of natural resources, the fight against soil erosion, the protection of the biosphere and the relationship between man and the environment, and the determination of the role of radiation. frontiers at a physicist-geographer. zoning. From 1967 he developed a new direction in landscape science - landscape physics. He wrote a number of popular scientific books for children and youth. Vol .: Terrible forces: Stories about the terrible phenomena of nature, M., 1945; Science of landscapes, M., 1975; Geographer, environment and diet, use of natural resources, M., 1983.
ARMAVIR, a city (since 1914) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1839 under the name. Armenian Aul, from 1848 - A. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Labinsky dep. Kuban Oblast In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 349 (0.5%), in 1939 - 323, in 1970 - 353 (0.2%), in 1998 - approx. 500 Jews.
ARMON Avraham (1887, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1960, Israel), teacher. Economist by education. Since 1913 - in E.-I. In 1928–31, dir. schools them. S Lemel in Jerusalem. From 1933 - school. inspector, and since 1948 Ch. school. Inspector of the Ministry of Education. Member collegiums of the Ministry of Education. The author of Art. and works on the problems of pedagogy. State pr. Israel for the teacher. activity (1960).
ARMYANSK (until 1921 - Armenian Bazaar), an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Krasnoperekopsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1880, 602 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 156 Jews and 32 Karaites, in 1939 - 107 Jews. 20th century in Armenia there was a synagogue, a talmud-torah, a society of benefits to poor Jews, and a Karaite philanthropist. about. In 1900-10 K. Magid was the rabbi of A.. 26 November. 1941 in Armenia, during the German period. occupation, 14 Jews were shot. Ilya Ilyich Kazas (1833-1912, Yevpatoria), actual state councilor, Karaite writer, poet, in 1895-1907 - inspector of the Alexandrov Karaite spiritual school in Yevpatoria.
ARMENIAN AUL, see Armavir.
ARMENIAN BAZAR, see Armyansk.
ARNOLD (real fam. Barsky) Arnold Grigorievich (1897, Kiev - 1969, Moscow), director. From 1907 he performed in the children's troupe of the entrepreneur Gorin, then played with NN Solovtsov in Kiev and in other drama. t-pah. From 1919 he worked on stage and in the circus. In 1922 he staged the pantomime "Marietta and the Clown Pipo" in the Kiev circus; in the 1920s. performed in the dance. number "Lucy and Arnold", as well as the quartet of the tap dancers "Foley". Since the 1930s. A. worked in music halls; in Leningrad. the music hall staged the reviews "City Fathers" by A.S. Bukhov and A.A. D'Aktil (1932), "Bride and Automatic" by M. Frolov and I. Efremov (1934), in Leningrad. circus - a new edition of the pantomime "Black Pirate" (with EP Gershuni, 1934), in Moscow. music hall - a program for Tea-jazz by L.O.Utesov "Music Store" by N.R. Erdman and V.Z.Mass (1938, jointly with Utesov), staged a number of numbers for E.T.Kio: "House on the outskirts of Paris ”,“ Head from Wall Street ”,“ Speech of the Warmonger, ”and others. In 1941, A. staged one of the best performances by AI Raikin -“ Don't Pass By! ” V.S. Polyakov. 1943–45 - A. Ch. dir. Moscow circus, in 1956-60 - arts, hands., then Ch. dir. Centre. circus studio. In the 1950s and 60s. A. dir. performances "Arena of Friendship" (with M.S.Mestechkin, 1955), ballet and circus performances on ice (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1959), "Mysterious Crystal" by I.V. Lukovsky (Swimming pool central stadium in Luzhniki, 1960), circus program with an illusion attraction by Z.A. Tarasova (Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky, 1963), "Circus on Ice" (premiere at the Tula Circus, 1964), etc. . Hon. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1963). Laureate of Vses. creative review of new works of circus art for the 50th anniversary of the Sov. circus (1969).
ARNOLDOV Arnold Isaevich (b. 1915, Moscow), culturologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Received higher education. philol. education, completed postgraduate studies in philosophy at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. As a military man. corr. The Sovinformburo took part in covering the Nuremberg trials. Hands. dep. science "Lit. newspapers "(1948–51), scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951–52), head. Department of History and Theory of Culture Mosk. state Institute of Culture (1962–82), head. sector of philosophy. problems of culture of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Honored. active science of the Russian Federation. Member Executive Committee of Europe. about-va culture. Research A. associated with the development of the theory of culture and cultural studies, humanistic. principles of cultural policy, with the rationale for decomp. types of cultural revolutions. Cit .: Culture and modernity, M., 1973; Lifestyle and culture, M., 1976; Ch. And the world of culture, M., 1992.
ARNOLDOVA Elena Arnoldovna (b. 1928, Moscow), actress. After graduating from the acting department of GITIS (1949) she worked in Moscow. dram, t-re oil workers, led by M.F. Astangov. Played here Agniya, Lyudmila ("Not everything for the cat is Shrovetide", 1950 and "Late Love", 1951, AN Ostrovsky), Dorina ("Tartuffe" by J.-B. Moliere, 1953), Eva Grand ("Mansion in a side street" bro. Tur, 1952), Slavka ("Earthly Paradise" by O. Vasilev, 1953), Kapu ("The Scarlet Flower" by ST Aksakov, 1954), etc. In 1957, director was invited. AG Vovsi in the pop performance "Husband, Wife and Entertainer" by S. Grodzenskaya as a partner of GM Dudnik for the role of wife. From that moment on, their pop duet took shape, finally taking shape in the season 1963–64 and existed on the stage of St. 2 decades.
ARNON Daniel Israel (b. 1910, Warsaw), biochemist and plant physiologist. Graduated from California University in Berkeley (1932). Since 1936 he has been working there (since 1950 - prof., Since 1961 - head of the Department of Cell Physiology). tr. on photosynthesis. He studied the photochemistry of chlorophyll in plants and in the cell-free system, the chemistry of the reduction of carbon dioxide by chloroplasts. Discovered the process of photosynthetic. phosphorylation (1954) and found that all enzymes necessary for photosynthesis are concentrated in chloroplasts. Research the role of ferredoxin in energetic. reactions of photosynthesis. He showed that molybdenum and vanadium are essential trace elements for the life of green plants. Pres. Amer. Society of Plant Physiologists (1952-53), member. Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences (1962). Member Nat. AN (USA, 1961).
ARNSHTAM Leo Oskarovich (1905, Ekaterinoslav - 1979, Moscow), film director, screenwriter, composer. Graduated from Leningrad. conservatory on class. piano (1923). He gave concerts. In 1924–27 the head. muses. part of the theater. Sun Meyerhold. Author of muses. design for a number of performances in the theaters of Leningrad. In 1929–42 he was a sound engineer and dir. movie theater "Lenfilm" and "Mosfilm". Film debut - 1931 (sound engineer and co-author of the script for the film "Golden Mountains"). Co-director, cum. with F.M. Ermler, f. "Counter" (1932). He independently put f. "Girlfriends" (1935), "Friends" (1938, jointly with V.V. Eisimont), "Zoya" (1944), "Glinka" (1946), "Romeo and Juliet" (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1954, ave. International Film Festival in Cannes, Durban, Rio de Janeiro), "History Lesson" (1956, jointly with Bulgaria), "Five days, five nights" (1960, jointly with the GDR), etc. . Nar. art. RSFSR (1969), Steel. pr. (1946, 1947).
ARNSTEIN (Orenshtein) Mark (1878, Warsaw - 1942 (43) |), playwright. He studied at a private gymnasium, worked for metal. factory, was engaged in self-education. From a young age he played on stage and tried his hand at drama. In 1900 he wrote the drama "Hasidim" in Polish, staged. in Polish. t-re. In 1901 he began to write and publish in Yiddish. A. fame brought a one-act play "Dos eibike lid" ("Eternal Song"), post, in Riga in 1905. He published stories, humoresques, poetry and theater, reviews in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Under ps. Andrzej Marek delivered the first Heb. ph .: "Hasid and the Apostate" (1911); Der Wilder Vater (The Sixth Father) (1911); Mirele Efros (1912). From 1914 he lived in the USA, where he staged his plays. In 1916 he returned to Russia. There was a deer. Russian t-ra in Vitebsk. Together with N. Tsemakh he was one of the founders of the "Habima" trade center in Moscow. Since 1919 A. again lives in America, where he continues to write and stage his plays. Among them - "A zun fun tsvey national" ("Son of two nations"), "Far der khasene" ("Before the wedding"), "Di hasidishe tochter" ("Hasidic daughter"), etc. In 1921 he became dir. to New York, Heb. thin t-re. In 1923 he created in Argentina Heb. r and traveled with him in Heb. colonies. In 1924 he visited Chile and Brazil, where he continued dir. activity. Then A. returned to Poland, where he staged the plays "Gadibuk" by S. An-sky and "Golem" by G. Leivik in his own. per. He staged performances in Krakow, Lodz and other cities. During the 2nd world. During the war, he staged plays in the Warsaw ghetto.
AROKH Arie (1908, Kharkov - 1974, Jerusalem), artist, diplomat. From 1924 in E.-I., he studied at the school of arts in "Bezalel" in Jerusalem and in the workshop of Collarossi in Paris. One of the founders of the group is thin. New Horizons (1948). Until the 1950s. creativity A. developed within the framework of expressionism, later he turned to themes and motives depicting folklore, developed a peculiar. style, characterized by the use of letters, graphic. signs and decoration. motives. In 1950–53 A. - 2nd, then 1st secretary. the Israeli embassy in Moscow, in 1956-59 the ambassador to Brazil, in 1959 62 - in Sweden. State Israel Ave (1970).
ARON-SHMUEL ben Yisroel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), rabbi. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B.M. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilno, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed, and the unique library was burned down. A. fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. One of the largest rabbis of his time. Author pl. religious books.
ARON SHMUEL ben Naftali Hertz ha-Cohen (1740 - 1814, Belaya Tserkov), rabbi. Comes from a well-known rabbinical family. He was a rabbi in Yampol and other cities. The author of comments to the "Midrash Raba", to the book. "Bereshit", and also Sat. sermons written in the form of a spiritual testament to sons.
ARONCHIK Aizik Borisovich (Itskhok-Aizik Berovich) (1858, Zhitomir | - 1889, Shlisselburg), a Narodnoye revolutionary. He graduated from the Kremenchug real school (1877) and supplemented. class of the Odessa real school (1878). In 1878 he entered the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg, became close to the populist. circles. In 1879 he left the Institute and devoted himself entirely to the roar. activities. Since May 1879, members. terrorist, Freedom or Death group. From the fall of 1879 - Agent Execute, the roar. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya", participated in the preparation of a number of attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested in St. Petersburg on the night of March 18, 1881. At the "trial of 20" (1882) he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. From March 1882 he was held in solitary confinement at the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In July 1883 he fell ill with a mental breakdown, complicated by paralysis of the legs. In aug. 1884 transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. A. until the end of his days remained in solitary confinement.
ARONIN Lev Solomonovich (1920, Samara - 1983, Moscow), chess player, international. master (1950), chess. theorist and journalist. Champion of Russia (1952) and Moscow (1965). Participant of 4 USSR championships; best result: 2nd-4th places (1950). As part of the USSR national team, the winner of the European Championship (1957). Member of the Moscow International tournaments (1959 and 1961). He contributed to the development of the theory of the Spanish game, the Sicilian and King's Indian Defense, and other openings.
ARONOV Alexander Borisovich (1921-1970, Moscow), director of the circus. In 1944 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. In 1945-51 - thin. hands. Kalinin circus, in 1951–70 - dir. Moscow circus, at the same time - in 1955–65 - dir. Moscow dram, t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky. Among the works in the circus are illusion attractions, buffoon-satirical. en-tre, clown revues, etc. In t-re post. performances: "On the Personal" by V. I. Pistolenko (1957), "The Opened Window" by E. V. Braginsky (1958), "The First Day of Freedom" by L. Kruchkovsky (1960), "The Life and Crime of Anton Shelestov" by G. A. . Medynsky and VN Tokarev (1961), "Salem Witches" by A. Miller (1963), etc.
ARONOV Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1934, Moscow), poet, journalist. The verse was known for a long time. "Lilac", publ. in the beginning. 60s in f. "Youth", as well as vivid performances on culture and gas literature. "Moskovsky Komsomolets", work as amended by to-rogo A. gave more than 30 years. The first collection of verses. A. appeared only in the era of "perestroika" ("Island of Security", M., 1987; "Texts", "First Life", both - M., 1989), having discovered the original poetry. world, in which Heb. is organically present. topic. Into verse. "Ghetto. 1943 "poetically interpreted one of the most tragic. pages of the Catastrophe - the attitude of the environment. peace to the death of the Jews.
ARONOV Arkady Girshevich (b. 1939), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1962 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. After graduating from in-that - in Ying-those of nuclear physics and Phys.-tech. in-those AN. Works in the field of TV theory. body, semiconductor theory, theory of disordered systems.
ARONSHTAM Lazar Naumovich (1896, Naumovka, Poltava province. - 1938, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, army commissar of the 2nd rank (1935), member. Communist. parties since 1915. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that (1 course). In civil war battalion commissar, military commissar of the regiment, art. division, brigade. Since 1921 the military commissar of the inspection of artillery and armored forces of the Red Army. He graduated from the 2nd course of the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924). In 1924-29 sec. Vitebsk district committee of the CP (b) of Belarus. In 1929–33 a member. Military. Council and early. political department of Belarus. VO, in 1933–36 held the same position in the Separate Krasnoznam. Dalnevost. Army, in 1936-37 - in Moscow. IN. In May 1937 he was appointed member. Military. Council of Privolzhsky VO. Repressed in 1937.
ARONSKY (real name. Zak) Moishe Aronovich (1896, Ovruch, Volyn province - 1944), prose writer. In 1916 he graduated from commercial. uch-shche. Studied in Kiev, un-those. He taught literature, history and mathematics in Hebrew. schools and orphanages in Gaisin and Berdichev. He made his debut as a story in 1926. He portrayed in his works. life and psychology of workers and intelligentsia. Mn. stories dedicated. civil events war in Ukraine. In June 1941 he volunteered for the fr. He died in battle in the region of Tara, near Budapest. The author of the book. "Nina and Majorchik", Kharkov, 1929; "In gli" ("In heat"), ibid, 1932; "Kemble un zine faint" ("Kemble and his enemies"), Kiev, 1939, etc.
ARONSON Boris (1898-1980), artist. t-ra, painter, sculptor. Son of Shlomo Aronson. He studied at the State. school of arts in Kiev, Berlin and Paris. Since the 1930s. - in USA. He worked successfully at Schwartz's Jewish Theater, Our Theater in the Bronx (New York), then on Broadway, where he created sets, in particular for plays in Hebrew. themes ("Anne Frank's Diary", "An Incident in Vichy", etc.). In the 1950s. becomes one of the most famous. theater, thin. America. In a number of his works he was close to surrealism. A. created the interior of the Washington synagogue. Organizer several personal exhibitions of manuf. painting and sculpture.
ARONSON Grigory Yakovlevich (1887, Petersburg - 1968, New York), writer. He participated in the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Was arrested, was in exile. In 1922–51, he was a member. Central Committee of the Bund, zarub, delegations of the Social Democratic. parties of Russia; in 1926–31 - gen. sec. Ort-Union in Berlin. Since 1940 in the USA. In 1944-57 he was a columnist for New York gas. “New Russian. word". Published during the period. ed .: "Zukunft", "Unzer Zeit", "Forward" "Frey Arbeiter Shtimme", "New Journal", "Russian Review". Was sred. "Socialist Courier"; "Stories of the Bund"; Against the Stream (1952-54); "Books about Russian Jewry" (part 1 - 1960; part 2 - 1968). The author of the book. Lyric Poems, 1915; Peace from Afar, 1923; Dawn of the Red Terror, 1929; “The problem of the Yiddish language in the Sov. Union ", 1944; “Jews in the Sov. Russia ", 1949; "The Truth About Vlasovites", 1949, etc.
ARONSON Naum Lvovich (1872, Kreslavka, Vitebsk province. - 1943, New York), sculptor. Initial thin Educated at the Vilna drawing school. From 1891 in Paris, he studied at the School of Decorative Arts and at the Collarossi workshop. Participant pl. exhibitions, incl. “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists” (1917, “Moscow). One of the founders of the Society of Friends of Evr. music in Paris. Donated in Heb. orphanages in Kreslavka and Dvinsk. Experienced a strong influence of O. Roden, expressed in the sculptural portrait of Leo Tolstoy, made in 1901 in Yasnaya Polyana. On the way from Russia to Holland he made a sculptor. busts of the heroes of the Boer War (kept in the Museum in Pretoria). In 1905 at the International conference. exhibition in Liege presented a bust of L. Beethoven, in 1922 he created a bust of L. Pasteur for the Pasteur Institute (m.). Chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Since 1941 - in the USA.
ARONSON Shlomo (1863, Krucha, Mogilev province - 1935, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi - A. Yaakov. Since 1887, a rabbi in Glukhov (Chernigov province), then in Nizhyn (Chernigov province), since 1906 - a rabbi of Kiev. From a young age he shared Palestinian views, was a participant in the Khivat Zion congresses. He defended Zionism on the pages of "ha-Melitz". He was a consultant on the part of the defense at the trial of M.M. Beilis. During the 1st world. war made a lot of efforts to help Heb. refugees from Galicia. In 1917 he headed the religion created on his initiative. party Ahdut Israel. From 1921 - in Berlin, where he was the rabbi of the community of immigrants from Russia. From 1923 in E.-I. Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Tel Aviv. There was also a member. the central committee of the Mizrahi movement.
ARONZON Boris (1898-1990), Brazilian businessman. R. in Ukraine. From 1931 he lived in Brazil. Founder and President Vaad ha-Hinukh. In 1935 he founded and until 1957 led the Hebrew. school. In 1958 59 - prez. "Gabonym". In 1955, 59 gene. secretary of the Zionist organization in Sao Paulo. The author of the articles published in f.
ARONZON Leonid Lvovich (1939 - 1970, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature Leningrad, ped. Institute (1963), taught in an evening school, wrote scripts for scientific-popul. f. During his lifetime he was not published. First. publications abroad and in "samizdat" in 1976. In 1985 in Jerusalem published "Selected", compiled. E.A. Schwartz. In 1990 in Leningrad came out Sat. "Poems". Starting from the poetics characteristic of the circle of "Akhmatov's orphans" (IA Brodsky, EB Rein, DV Bobyshev), to which he joined in the beginning. 60s, A. creates his own unique style, inheriting N.A. Zabolotsky of the period "Columns" (he was dedicated to A.'s thesis) and based on light semantic. shifts and syntax. deformations, a combination of elements of irony and parody with unchanging lyricism. dominant and existential motives. In a number of texts A. was one of the first to introduce into Russian. poetry, some ultra-avant-garde techniques (spatial organization of the text, tautology, etc.).
ARRAGO (real family. Levitin) Roman Semenovich (1893-1949), artist of the original genre. Studied on mat. f-those of the Sorbonne (Paris). In 1909 he performed with numbers of mnemonics in Brussels (t-r "Skalya"), then in plural. cities of Europe. Most of his life he worked in Russia. Instantly produced all kinds of arithmetic. actions on multi-digit numbers, solved problems of raising to a power and extracting a root from decimal numbers, answered questions from viewers about the exact dates of birth of famous people, about the dates of history. events.
Arshavsky Ilya Arkadievich (b. 1903, Ivanovka of the Slavyanoserbsky district of the Yekaterinoslav province), physiologist. Prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of North Caucasus un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1926), then postgraduate studies in physiology in Moscow; from 1929 he improved in Leningrad. un-those at hand. A.A. Ukhtomsky. In 1932–34, Assoc. Department of Physiology Biol. Faculty of Kazan University; from 1934 - in Vses. in-those experiment, medicine (VIEM), where in 1935 he organized and headed the lab. age physiology and pathology. In 1953 the laboratory was closed in connection with the "doctors' case" (restored in 1954). Since 1980, after the closure of the lab. - scientific. Consultant of the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. - one of the founders of age physiology. His tr. played an important role in the formation of the concept of individual development (ontogenesis) and aging (on the importance of motor activity for the development of the body - the so-called energy rule of skeletal muscles). To the lab. A. revealed the regularities of the functioning of the organism for dec. stages of individual development. He put forward the concept of the dominant of pregnancy: the appearance of a corresponding focus of excitation in the center, the nervous system after fertilization of the egg and its implantation into the uterine mucosa. Offered (1967) fiziol. classification of periods of the individual, human development - from embryonic to extreme old age. The data obtained in the lab. A., made it possible to make a number of valuable suggestions in the practice of children. health care, in particular the recommendation of early feeding of the child with mother's milk (1952), and also to evaluate newborns not by morfol., but by fiziol. indicators, i.e. according to the degree of their maturity. Methods of compensation fiziol were developed immaturity and its prevention. Sci. tr. lab. A. were an important contribution to evolutionary, ecological, gerontological, and agricultural physiology. Cit .: Physiology of blood circulation in the prenatal period, M., 1960; Essays on age physiology, M., 1967; Physiological mechanisms and patterns of individual development, M., 1982.Syn A. - Yuri Ilyich (b. 1929, Moscow), neurophysiologist. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952) and postgraduate studies in physiology (1958). Since 1958 he has been working at the Institute for Information and Computing, the Head of the USSR Academy of Sciences. lab. neurophysiology. In 1988–89 he lectured in high fur boots in the USA, where he has been conducting research since 1990. work. Sci. tr. dedicated neurophysiology of mammals, problems of direct and feedback between nerve centers, cellular structure of nerve ganglia, etc. Vnuk A. - Vadim Yurievich (b. 1958, Moscow), biochemist. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1981) and postgraduate studies there. He worked at the Institute of Biochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990 he has been working in a lab in the USA. biochemistry of Wisconsin University. Sci. tr. eating, neurobiochemistry, retinal biochemistry.
ARSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 13th century. Since 1781 - the district, since 1796 - the provincial town of the Kazan district. and lips. Since 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARTEM, a city (since 1938) in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main In 1924, 70 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. 1990s A community was created in Armenia, headed by Alexei Reichstadt. In 1999, approx. 50 Jews.
ARTEMOVKA, a village in the Pechenezhsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. and lips. 1942 local policemen shot one Jew in A.
ARTEMOVSK (until 1921 - Yekaterinovka), a city (since 1961) in the Perevalsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1911. At the beginning. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARTEMOVSKY, now a district within the city of Shakhty (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Vlasov farm, Cherkasy env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Armenia.
ARTSIZ, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1816.Since 1828 - in the Akkerman district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 842 Jews (28.5%) lived in Armenia. 95 families - immigrants from Prussia and Poland. Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century Main occupations - trade and crafts. In A. worked several. manufacturing factories belonging to Jews. In 1900, 35 families (170 people) suffering from hunger and drought received help from St. Petersburg and Odessa. Since the 1900s. There was a Zionist organization in Armenia. Relations between Jews and Germans in Armenia were always tense, especially after the Jews were equalized as citizens in 1917. rights. Despite the economical. crisis early. In the 1920s, the Jews of Armenia actively helped refugees from the Ukraine. school network "Tarbut", later - cf. school and children. garden; there were 2 Jewish libraries, an orchestra, an organization VITSO. In 1923, 1929, and 1936 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered greatly from the drought. To the end. 1930s anti-Semitism and persecution by the authorities and German neighbors intensified in Armenia. In 1939 room. the authorities closed the Jewish children. garden. In the end. 1930s several dozens of young Armenian Jews left for E. I. Most of the Jews of A. in June 1941 were exterminated. The rest were deported to Transnistria.
ARUIN Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1924, Moscow), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1983). R. in the family of a toxicologist, prof. (1940) Military Veterinary Academy of Joseph Solomonovich A. (1893-1946). In 1947 he graduated from the Naval Medical. acad., until 1960 served as a doctor in the Pacific and Baltic fleets. After demobilization, he worked in Moscow as a doctor in the mountains. hospital, head. pathologist. dep. 1st honey. in-that, since 1967 head. lab. Pathomorphology Research Institute of Gastroenterology. scientific. research dedicated clinics and functional morphology of the digestive system: establishing the role of violations of regenerative processes in the development of morphological. substrate of diseases of the stomach and intestines, pathomorphology of the stomach and intestines after resection, the peculiarities of the formation, chronicity and healing of ulcers, the importance of pyloric helicobacters in the origin of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Developed methods of differential diagnosis of chronic. liver diseases and described their morphological. features. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. I.V. Davydovsky (1983) and S.P. Botkin (1989). Deputy prev. Moscow about-va of pathologists, chl. reign of Vseros. about-va gastroenterologists. Cit .: General pathology h., M., 1st ed., 1982; 2nd ed., 1990 (et al); Structural Foundations of Adaptation and Compensation, M., 1987 (et al.); Peptic ulcer and pyloric Helicobacter. M., 1993 (et al.).
ARZAMAS, a city, a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1578, from 1719 - in Nizhny Novgorod province, from 1779 - a district town. In 1900 there were 103 Jews in Armenia, in 1910 - 140, in 1926 - 389 (2%), in 1939 - 271 Jews. In 1900, Jews of A . asked the governor to rank them among the Nizhny Novgorod rabbi and to allow them to have a prayer house. Min-in int. cases were resolved, but the house of prayer was refused. In 1910 a synagogue was opened in Armenia and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, the Jewish community of Albania accepted 600 Jewish refugees; there were 2 synagogues in the city; with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened. By 1917, ORT had organized a labor office in Armenia. In 1998, approx. 25 Jews.
ARZGIR, a village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1876. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsk, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. Stavropol province. In 1939, three Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 in Armenia, St. 150 evacuated Jews.
ARZHENKA, now in the city of Rasskazovo (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tambov u. In 1911, 71 subbotniks lived in Armenia.
ASAF (Osofsky) Simcha (1889, Luban, Minsk province - 1953, Jerusalem), rabbi, researcher in the field of Jewish philosophy. Since 1910 - a rabbi in Minsk. In 1914-1919 he taught the Talmud at the yeshiva in Odessa, founded by H. Chernovitz (in 1915-19 - director). In 1920–21 - in France and Germany, he was engaged in research. work. From 1921 in E.-J. taught at the Mizrahi Teachers' Seminary in Jerusalem. After creating. Heb. un-ta A. was invited to teach a course on the Jewish religion. lit-ry. Since 1936 - prof. He was a member of the working council of un-that, was the dean of the humanitarian faculty, headed the Institute of issl. Heb. culture. From 1949-50 the rector of the university. In 1931–43 - member. assembly of representatives of Jews in E.-I., member. National Council of Heb. communities, where he was headed by K-t by education. After the formation of the State of Israel, he was appointed a member. The Supreme Court. He took an active part in the activities of many. public and scientific. org-tions. Author pl. Art., book. in the region. Heb. literature and philosophy, incl. Art. in the "Encyclopedia of Judaica" (English), "Udeshes Lexicon" (German), "Encyclopedia of Hebrew" (Hebrew).
ASARE, a settlement in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Assern manor of Illukst u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925, there was one Jewish family (5 people) living in Armenia, and in 1930 there were 18 Jews.
ASBESTOS, a city (since 1933) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1889 as a settlement. Koudelka of Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in Armenia.
ASH Abraham Joseph (1821 - 1887, New York), rabbi. Since 1851 - in the USA. Participated in the creation. first Orthodox congregation rus. Jews in America ("Beth Midrash ha-Gadol"), where he was a rabbi from 1860 until his death. Having a stable material base, he rendered great financial support to the congregation. In 1880 he created the Kashrut society, and in 1884 - the Talmud Torah. Fierce opponent of reformist teaches. in Judaism.
ASH Nathan (b. 1902, Warsaw), writer. Since 1915 in the USA. He studied at high fur boots of Syracuse and Colombia. He wrote stories of Art. and book. reviews for publications: "New Yorker", "Yale Review", "Virginia Quartels Review", "Harpers Bazaar" and others; scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer and Paramount; and radio dramas for Radio Keith Orpheum. In 1942–45 he served in the US Army. Awarded the US Air Force Medal (1944) and the Bronze Star Medal (1945). Author of the book: "Office" (1925), "Love in Chartres" (1927), "Day of the Pay" (1930), "Valley" (1935), "The Road: In Search of America" ​​(1937).
ASH Sholom (1880, Kutno, Warsaw Province - 1957, London), prose writer, playwright. R. in an orthodox family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Suspected by his parents in disbelief, he was forced to leave his family, lived with relatives, teaching their children Heb. literacy and observing the life of the peasants. Then he moved to Wloclawek, where he made a living by writing letters for the illiterate. He debuted in literature in 1900 simultaneously. in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1902 his first was published. Sat. stories in Hebrew, in 1903 coll. Yiddish. In the same years was published. pov. A. "Moshele". The turning point in the life of A. was his meeting with the Polish-Hebrew. the writer M.M. Shapiro, whose daughter he later married. The financial support provided to him by M. Shapiro gave A. the opportunity to do only literature. During the 1st world. During the war he lived in the United States, then returned to Poland, and from there he left for France. After visiting for the first time E.-I. in 1908 published ser. travel sketches, as well as a number of works, in which the bibl. subject. In 1938 he settled again in the United States. Last years of his life he spent in Bat Yam (c. Tel Aviv), in a house, which after his death turned into a memorial museum of A. Mir. fame came to A. with the publication in 1904 pov. "Shtetl" ("Shtetl"), where for the first time in Heb. lit-re dark image of Heb. life gave way to an awareness of her warmth and cordiality. His first play "Mitn shtrom" ("Down the Stream", 1904) also enjoyed great success, followed by other dramatic plays. manuf., delivered in rus, gender. and it. scenes. The most famous of these was the drama Got fun nekome (Gd Revenge, 1907). In 1913 A. publishes his first. rum. "Maria" and its sequel "Der veg tsu zikh" ("The Way to Oneself"), which reflects the common problems of Jews around the world. In the 20s. his rum appears. from Amer. life "Mother", "Death Sentence", "The Return of Chaim Lederer", "The Witch of Castile". One of the naib. meaning manuf. A. - the trilogy Farn Mable (Before the Flood, 1929–31), which describes the life of the Jews in the first decades of the 20th century. in St. Petersburg ("Petersburg"), Warsaw ("Warsaw") and Moscow ("Moscow"), the events of the revolution and civil. war. In the end. 30 - early. 40s A. created a trilogy about the origin of Christ "Derman fun Neutseres" ("The Man from Nazareth", 1943), "The Apostle" (1949) and "Mary" (1949). Rum was devoted to topical issues. East River (1946), Der Brenendiker Dorn (Burning Bush, 1946), Moses (1951), and others. A. introduced the Hebrew for the first time. lit-ru in Yiddish in the context of Europ. and Amer. culture. Was honorary before. Union of Hebrews. writers (PEN Yiddish Writers' Club).
ASHA, a city (since 1933), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1898. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovskaya (other name. Asha) Ufa district and lips. In 1928–33, it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Armenia.
ASHAGA ARAG, see Arak.
ASHANSKY (Oshiansky) Abel-Aaron Itskovich (1825–1899), sergeant major, veteran of Her Majesty's Cavalry Regiment. A stove-maker by profession. In 1846 he was recruited, served in a military workers' company, in 1863 he was transferred to the Cavalry Regiment, in 1874 he reached the highest rank of sergeant major for a non-combatant command for a soldier, in 1881 he was transferred to the combatant, in 1890 due to his advanced age he was appointed as a warden of the sick. The 50th anniversary of A.'s service (1896) was celebrated by the entire regiment (the order specifically mentions A.'s devotion to his unit). Service A. in the guard. shelf - will be excluded. case in Russian. army, because usually Jews who did not accept Christ were not allowed to remain in the ranks beyond their obligation. term. After A.'s death, he was buried with honors in Hebrew. Transfiguration Cemetery. In Petersburg.
ASHENDORF Yisroel (b. 1909, Mill of Volyn province), prose writer, playwright. Grew up in Lviv, where he studied in the Nar. school and teacher. seminar. He made his debut in 1927 with a ballad, was published in different editions. Heb. periodic. ed. During the war he was in the USSR. In 1945 he returned to Poland. In 1948 he moved to Paris, and from 1963 to Argentina. Throughout many. years combined lit. activity with pedagogical. Author of the book: "Montik Inderfree" ("Monday morning"), 1937; Grusn in der white (Greetings into the distance), 1939; "Wei un wander" ("Pain and wandering"), 1950, etc.
ASHEROV Mashia (Misha) (b. 1924, Samarkand), actor, director. From 1934 in E.-I. He studied at the drama studio "Habima" (1945–48). From 1949 he worked in the "Habima" t-re, from 1961 a member. management of the t-ra (manager in 1957–61). Naib, major works: Greenwald ("The Rise of Cain"), Jimmy Porter ("Look Back in Anger" by J. Osborne), Mark Antony ("Julius Caesar" by W. Shakespeare). Fast. performance "Long, short and high" by V. Hall and others.
ASHGABAT (in 1881-1919 - Askhabad, in 1919-27 - Poltoratsk, 1927-91 - Ashgabat), a city, the capital of Turkmenistan. Main in 1881 as a military fortification. In 1881-1919 - adm. the center of the Transcaspian region. In 1919-24 - the region. center of the Turkestan ASSR. In 1924-91 it was the capital of the TurkSSR. In 1887 310 Jews (1.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 330, in 1910 - 505 (1.8%), in 1926 - 729 (1.8%). in 1939 - 711, in 1959 - 1276 (0.76%), in 1970 - 1246 (0.5%), in 1979 - 983 Jews (0.3%) .The community was founded by Jews from Europe. parts of Ros. empire. Jewish merchants from A. who bought up cotton and acted as representatives of the bargaining. Russian firms played an important role in the economy of the Turkestan Territory and the Bukhara Khanate. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. The rabbi was Abram Shaulovich Reznik (1867, Druya ​​Disnensky u. Vilna province -?). Between 1924 and 1925 dozens of illegal members were exiled to Armenia. Zionist organizations from Europe. parts of the USSR, Ch. arr. Zionist socialists. In the spring of 1928, they were allowed to leave the USSR for E.I. 1940s Jews played an important role in the formation of the industry, the creation of the modern. education systems, health care, cultural development (including Yu.I. Katsnelson, Yu.S. Meitus). 1980s Hebrew courses were opened in Armenia, and a representative office of the Sokhnut functioned. In the beginning. 1996 approx. 300 families of Ashkenazi and several. families of Bukharian and Iranian Jews. According to the Jewish Agency, in 1998 the Jewish population of the city was approx. 1.5 thousand people In A .: genus: M.I. Pevzner; Daniel Bar-Tal (b. 1946), Israeli psychologist, Ph.D. (1974), prof. (1989), since 1994 - vice-president. Int. about-va polit. psychology.
ASHINSKY Aharon Mordechai (1866, Raigrad of Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinsky province. - 1954), rabbi, leader of the religious Zionist movement. Since 1895 - in the United States, where he was a rabbi in dec. communities of Syracuse and Detroit. In 1898 he became a rabbi in Montreal and served as a military man. a rabbi in the Canadian Forces. Subsequently, he became the rabbi of the Bet ha-Midrash ha-Gadol community in Pittsburgh and remained so until the end of his life. He was engaged in organizing Heb. education and participated in the creation. religious schools. One of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in America and in tech. pl. years her vice-president. A. was also one of the creatures. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada.
ASHKENAZI Israel Markovich (b. 1917, Nizhny Novgorod), painter, muralist. Ml. brother thin. M.M. Ashkenazi. He studied at the 1st year of the Gorky thin. school (1937–38), will prepare. courses of Institute of painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. AH (1940), in the Kiev art. in-those (1951–57) in the workshop of A.A. Shovkunenko. 1941-1948 in the army. He worked in Odessa art. workshops (1948–51). In 1959 he made the first monument in Gorky, painting in the alfresco technique (c / t "Petrel"), and in the 1960s - 70s. a number of similar works for residential and societies, city buildings, in which A. goes to stylization and decor, the rhythm of the comp., subordinating the image. elements of the general architect-art. conception, brings in architect. decor, beginning and enriches it ("Girl and Sail", "Space Connection", "Sea Legends", etc.). A. also created a whole gal. manuf. easel painting (portraits, landscapes, genres), where color and plastic expressiveness of the means play an active role ("Self-portrait", "In the waiting room", 1950s, mid-landscapes "Hot Key", "Gurzuf", 1970- e and others). Since 1957 academic. in the region. exhibitions. First solo exhibition in 1979.
ASHKENAZI Meir (1890, Petrikov Mozyr district, Minsk province - 1954, USA), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Rabbi in Vladivostok (1914-18), Shanghai (in 1920-1940s) A.'s grandson - Mordechai (b. 1943), rabbi of Kfar-Chabad (since 1970).
ASHKENAZI Moisey Mordukhovich (1913, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1941, Kolpino, Leningrad Region), painter, graphic artist. Brother I. Ashkenazi. Studied at the Kazan United, artistic-theater. technical school, Nizhny Novgorod art studio under the hands. L.A. Khnygina (1929–33), then in the Saratov art. technical school (1935–37), at the Institute of Painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. Academy of Arts in Leningrad (windows 1940) .In the 1930s. A. created a number of aqu. ("Chess Players", "Memories of the Civil War", "A Girl in a Yellow Dress", "Spring", etc.), but DOS. creative searches thin. concentrated in painting ("Ronya: Girl with a Book", "Lisa: Study", "Self-portrait in a cold scale", etc.). Killed in battle during the defense of Leningrad.
ASHKENAZI Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1937, Gorky), pianist, conductor. His father is a well-known pop virtuoso pianist David A. (in particular, accompanist K.I.Shulzhenko). In 1960 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. L.N. Oborin. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. competition them. F. Chopin in Warsaw (1955), 1st avenue to the Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1956), 1st Ave. to Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). In 1963 he went abroad and settled in London. In the 70s. A. began performing as a conductor, since 1981 - permanent conductor of the King of London. Philharmonic Orc., since 1987 has headed it. A. also hands. orc. West Berlin Radio and Guest Conductor of the Cleveland Symphony. orc. (USA). From the very first performances, A. the pianist demonstrates phenomenal technique, his interpretations are distinguished by rare architectonicity, timbre variety, creating an impression of orchestral sound. He constantly gives concerts, made a huge number of recordings, constantly striving to create "complete collections of op." this or that composer. He recorded all concerts for the FP. with orc. S.V. Rachmaninov, S.S. Prokofiev, B. Bartok; A. recorded all the concerts of W.A. Mozart with an orc, which he directed himself. Among the solo recordings there are sonatas by L. van Beethoven, F. Schubert, A. N. Skryabin, practically all fp. Rachmaninoff's legacy. His conductor's interpretation of the classics is distinguished by innovation, unconventionality, which is especially evident in the performance of works. Russian composers, first of all PI Tchaikovsky. He pays close attention to A. and the music of 20th-century composers.
ASHKENAZI Eugene (1845, Odessa - 1903), botanist. Moved to Dresden. He specialized in botany at Heidelberg University, in 1872 he became a member of the department, in 1891 prof. Investigated chlorophyll and other plant pigments, the physiology of growth and flowering, physical. the forces involved in the rise of water along the stems of plants. Wrote "A Report on the Critical Treatment of Darwin's Theory" (1872).
ASHGABAT, see Ashgabat.
ASHKINAZI Vladimir Alexandrovich (1873, Kerch, Tauride province - not earlier than 1941, Paris |), writer, feuilletonist, translator. He wrote under the ps. V. Azov. R. in the family of a doctor. Studied the history of arts and law in high fur boots in Paris, Zurich, Bern. The first feuilleton publ. in 1895. In gas. "News of the day" under ps. Peck from 1896 chronicled lit. and theater, life. In 1906 he began to publish satirical. g. "Good mate", to-rye was closed after the first issue. Published in f. "Pencil", "Zarnitsy", "Spectator", "Dragonfly", "Alarm Clock" and others. Collaborated in gas. "Rech" (since 1912). In 1910 he published the almanac “Literary and artistic cabaret“ Black Cat ”(1910), in which Sasha Cherny, N.A. Teffi, T.L.Schepkina-Kupernik, and others participated. sotr. g. "Satyricon", since 1913 - "New Satyricon". In 1916 he received the title of hereditary honor. citizen. Since 1918 - translator at the publishing house "World Literature". Translated by O'Henry, J. Conrad, L. Carroll, H. Wells and others. Since 1926 in France. Works: Truly Russian folk tales, St. Petersburg, 1911; Colored glasses, St. Petersburg, 1911; Thorns without roses, P., 1916, etc.
ASHLAG Yehuda Leib (1886, Warsaw - 1954, Israel), rabbi. The largest kabbalist of the 20th century in Europe, per. in Hebrew book. "Zohar". Living in Poland, he combined entrepreneurial activity (he owned a factory for the production of soap) with teaching. From 1922 to E.-I. Since 1927 - Rabbi Givat Shaul. Founder of the Yeshiva Itur Rabanim. The founder of the Hasidic dynasty. His 21-volume work "Sulam" (trans. "Zohar" with commentary) became the basis for the study of Kabbalah in modern times. Israel.
ASINO (until 1930 - Ksenievskoe), a city (from 1952), a regional center in the Tomsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1896. At the beginning. 20th century - the village of Tomsk u. and lips. From 1949 it was a workers' settlement. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia.
ASKANIA-NOVA (until 1841 - Chapli), an urban-type settlement (from 1938) in the Chaplinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939 in A.-N. 22 Jews lived on 15 March 1942 in A.-N. 240 Jews were shot.
ASKENAZI Shimon (Simon) (1866, Zavikhost of Sandomierz district of Radom province - 1935, Warsaw), historian. Studied at Warsaw and Göttingen fur boots. In 1897-1914 he taught history at Krakow University (from 1902 prof.). Since 1910, members Krakow Academy of Sciences. During the 1st world. war member. Polish nat. council in Switzerland. In 1920–23 the representative of Poland in the League of Nations. Since 1927 prof. Warsaw University, brought up several. generations of Polish. historians. Author of works on the history of Poland, 2nd half. 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries, founded. paid attention to the era from the 1st section of the Commonwealth (1772) to the national liberation. uprising 1863-64. tr. (on the floor. lang.): “Prince Joseph Po-nyatovsky. 1763-1813 "(1904, translated into German and French, 2nd ed. - 1910)," Russia - Poland. 1815-1830 "(1907)," Lukasiński "(vols. 1-2, 1908, 2nd edition - 1929)," Napoleon and Poland "(vols. 1-3, 1918-19)," Gdansk and Poland "( 1919, translated into German, French and English) and other works: Kingdom of Poland. 1815-1830, M., 1915.
ASKHABAD, see Ashgabat.
ASKNAZI Abram Isaakovich (1887, Petersburg - 1937), meteorologist and forecaster. Son of I.L. Asknazia. Graduated in 1911 from St. Petersburg. un-t on the department of chemistry. During his studies, he began to conduct a synoptic. issl., worked in Ch. physical observatory. Since 1921 in Ch. military meteorological. management in Moscow, later in Moscow. region weather bureau. In 1929, on a business trip to Germany and Norway, he got acquainted with the work of the hack, weather forecasters. Upon his return, he headed the USSR Forecast Bureau (1930; later Center, Institute of Forecasts). Fact. scientific. hands. synoptic country service. The frontologist actively promoted. methods in the work of weather services. He put forward the idea of ​​a dynamic. climatology, studied the problem of air transformation. masses, discovered the existence of Eastern Europe. summer polar fr. and explained the reasons for its formation, proposed a method for generalizing synoptic. processes using average maps for the phases of processes, gave critical. analysis of the methodology of long-term forecasts by B.P. Multanovsky. Created scientific. school, preparing nauch. cadres of forecasters, which for many years determined the level of meteorology in the country. Brother A. - Samuel (1888, Petersburg - 1952), lawyer, specialist in the region. civil law, Dr. Sciences (1947), prof. department of civil. Leningrad rights. un-that since 1945.
ASKNAZI Isaak Lvovich (1856, Drissa Viteb. Gubernia - 1902, Moscow), painter. Volunteer of the Academy of Arts (1870–74), then became an academician (1874–79). In 1880 A. was sent to study abroad (1880–83), worked in Berlin, Dresden, and Rome (with G. Makart). In 1885 he received the title of Acad. ("Moses in the Wilderness", 1882). Since 1902, members St. Petersburg. about-va thin. Follower of Acad. schools. In the 1880s - 90s. created paintings on biblical themes ("The Coming of Saturday", "Parents of Moses", etc.), genre canvases ("For a favor", "Girlfriends", etc.), less often portraits ("The Cellist", "Coffee Shop", " and etc.). From 1881 academic. exhibitions of the Academy of Arts and St. Petersburg. about-va thin.
ASKOLDOV Alexander Yakovlevich (1932, Moscow), film director. In 1955 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1958 graduate school Lit. in-ta them. M. Gorky. In 1959-60 the inspector of the department. t-ditch of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. In 1960–64, Ch. ed. Production Department f. Ministry of Culture of the USSR, member. script ed. Collegiums of the Committee for Cinematography of the USSR. In 1966 he graduated from dir. dep. Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. In 1966–81, dir. to / st. them. Gorky. Dir. doc. f. "Comrade KamAZ" (1972), "My destiny KamAZ" (1975). In 1981–85, director, artist. hands. state cinema and concert hall "Russia". Post, your only f. "The Commissioner" in 1967. The film was banned by the censorship in large part because one of the center, the character. - Jewish tinsmith - one of the few Jews in the Sov. the screen of the 50-60s. The picture was released on the screen twenty years later, in 1987. Prize "Silver Bear", pr. FIPRESCI, prize Int. catholic jury, prize Int. evangelical. jury at 38 International, film fest. in West Berlin.
ASNIS Avram (Arkady) Efimovich (1908, Odessa - 1987, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. welding and structural strength. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962), prof. from 1968. Graduated in 1934 from Leningrad State University. in-t Ing. railroad transport. Since 1938 in Kiev in the Institute of Electric Welding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main tr. in the region. metal welding technologies structures, strength of welded structures. State pr. Ukrainian SSR. (1972, 1982). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1981). Works: Gas welding and cutting, Kiev-M., 1958; Strength increase of welded structures (et al.), 2nd ed., Kiev-M., 1985.
ASSERN, see Asare.
ASSINOVSKAYA, a village in the Sunzhensky district of the Ingush Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vladikavkaz env. Tersk Region In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Armenia.
ASTANA (in 1832-1961 - Akmolinsk, in 1961-1992 - Tselinograd, in 1992-98 - Akmola), city, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Main in 1830 as a fortress of Akmola. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Akmola oblast. In 1910, 154 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 155 (1.2%), in 1959 - 563 (0.6%), in 1970 - 798 (0, 5%), in 1979 - 637 (0.3%), in 1989 - 664 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1870s. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. In 1993, the Aleph Jewish cultural center was organized in Armenia. - Jewish Sunday school. A synagogue was opened in Armenia in 1999. B.G. Erzakovich.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АСТРАХАНЬ, город, центр Астраханской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 13 в. В 1459—1556 — столица Астраханского ханства. С 1556 — в составе России, с 1717 — губ. город. В 1928—34 — в составе Нижневолжского края, в 1934—43 —Сталинградского края (обл.), с 1943 — обл. центр.В 1864 в А. проживал 291 еврей, в 1873 — 751, в 1897 — 2164, в 1910 — 2793 (2%), в 1923 — 4023 (3%), в 1926 — 5904 (3,4%), в 1939 — 4077, в 1959 — 3800 (1,3%), в 1970 — 3500 (0,85%), в 1979 — 2757 (0,6%), в 1989 — 2137 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в А. относится к 1805. Первым евреем в А. был могилевский купец Лейб Янкелевич Давыдов с семьей. В 1825, по закону о высылке евреев — иностранных подданных, из А. были высланы 2 золотых дел мастера, подданных Австрии. В 1830-х гг. в А. появились евреи-военнослужащие. Существовала казенная молельня. «Солдатской» общиной руководил матрос Михель Алендухов. В кон. 1850-х гг. в А. начали селиться отставные николаевские солдаты. В 1857 имелась синагога. В 1860-х гг. в А. появились евреи — выходцы с Кавказа. В 1866 была образована ашкеназийская община. В 1869—81 раввином был Лейб Дейхес, поддерживавший тесные контакты с общинами геров и субботников в Астраханской губ. С 1873 существовала хевра кадиша. Земля под еврейское кладбище арендовалась у муж. монастыря. С 1879 существовала сефардская община под рук. Илии Крупинского, выделившего часть собств. дома под синагогу. В нач. 1880-х гг. раввином А. был Михайловский, в 1886—1906 — Сруль-Бер Шухер (с 1913 — духовный раввин ремесл. синагоги). Раввином ашкеназийской общины в 1880-х гг. был Арон Вихман.В 1902 была предпринята попытка создания уч-ща для еврейских мальчиков. В 1904 открыта ремесл. синагога. С 1907 работало муж. еврейское уч-ще. В нач. 20 в. раввином А. был Элиэзер Бойман. Поток беженцев в годы 1-й мир. войны увеличил еврейское население А. Был создан Еврейский временный к-т по оказанию помощи раненым и больным воинам и жертвам войны. В 1915 при к-те был открыт лазарет. В 1916 в А. зарегистрировано 1516 беженцев-евреев, был открыт очаг. Раввином Астраханской губ. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Й.Л.Каплан. В 1917 в А. было 4 синагоги, в т. ч. 2 сефардские. В 1919 в А. было образовано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. в 1925: Голдовский, Коган, Турчинский, Хейфиц, Шварц, в 1929: Гуревич, Рыжиков, Шварцбург, Г.А.Шофер).С 1921 в здании бывш. муж. еврейского уч-ща работали еврейская школа и еврейский дет. сад. В нач. 1920-х гг. в округе действовала еврейская с.-х. коммуна им. М.И.Калинина. В 1929 была закрыта хоральная синагога, ее здание было отдано под еврейский клуб им. М.И.Калинина. В 1937 была закрыта ремесл. синагога. Раввином А. в 1930-е гг. был Авром Пиндрус (?—1941), в 1945 — Самсон Борисович Дынкин. В 1945 синагогу в будни посещали 15—20 чел., в праздники — 120—150. В 1960 в А. был моэл Заславский.В 1991 в А. создан еврейский фольклорный ансамбль «Тхия» под рук. Аркадия Ароновича Остринского (р. 1924). В 1992 организовано об-во еврейской культуры «Тхия» (пред. Александр Матвеевич Цейтлин, р. 1938), начали действовать курсы по изучению иврита. В 1994 открылась еврейская воскресная школа. Действует синагога. В 1993 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено более 60 памятников. С 1997 при синагоге изд. газ. «Шалом».В 1999 в А. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В А. род.: З.В.Атлас, М.Я.Кац, Л.Н.Свердлин, М.А.Трилиссер, М.О.Фридланд; Иосиф Деникер (1852—1918, Париж), д-р ист. наук, автор трудов по антропологии и этнологии народов Азии, с 1888 рук. б-ки Нац. музея естеств. истории в Париже; Исай Юрьевич Рабинович (1894—1974, Ленинград), дивизионный комиссар.А.Р.Бимбад, pronunciation=АСТРАХАНЬ, город, центр Астраханской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 13 в. В 1459—1556 — столица Астраханского ханства. С 1556 — в составе России, с 1717 — губ. город. В 1928—34 — в составе Нижневолжского края, в 1934—43 —Сталинградского края (обл.), с 1943 — обл. центр.В 1864 в А. проживал 291 еврей, в 1873 — 751, в 1897 — 2164, в 1910 — 2793 (2%), в 1923 — 4023 (3%), в 1926 — 5904 (3,4%), в 1939 — 4077, в 1959 — 3800 (1,3%), в 1970 — 3500 (0,85%), в 1979 — 2757 (0,6%), в 1989 — 2137 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в А. относится к 1805. Первым евреем в А. был могилевский купец Лейб Янкелевич Давыдов с семьей. В 1825, по закону о высылке евреев — иностранных подданных, из А. были высланы 2 золотых дел мастера, подданных Австрии. В 1830-х гг. в А. появились евреи-военнослужащие. Существовала казенная молельня. «Солдатской» общиной руководил матрос Михель Алендухов. В кон. 1850-х гг. в А. начали селиться отставные николаевские солдаты. В 1857 имелась синагога. В 1860-х гг. в А. появились евреи — выходцы с Кавказа. В 1866 была образована ашкеназийская община. В 1869—81 раввином был Лейб Дейхес, поддерживавший тесные контакты с общинами геров и субботников в Астраханской губ. С 1873 существовала хевра кадиша. Земля под еврейское кладбище арендовалась у муж. монастыря. С 1879 существовала сефардская община под рук. Илии Крупинского, выделившего часть собств. дома под синагогу. В нач. 1880-х гг. раввином А. был Михайловский, в 1886—1906 — Сруль-Бер Шухер (с 1913 — духовный раввин ремесл. синагоги). Раввином ашкеназийской общины в 1880-х гг. был Арон Вихман.В 1902 была предпринята попытка создания уч-ща для еврейских мальчиков. В 1904 открыта ремесл. синагога. С 1907 работало муж. еврейское уч-ще. В нач. 20 в. раввином А. был Элиэзер Бойман. Поток беженцев в годы 1-й мир. войны увеличил еврейское население А. Был создан Еврейский временный к-т по оказанию помощи раненым и больным воинам и жертвам войны. В 1915 при к-те был открыт лазарет. В 1916 в А. зарегистрировано 1516 беженцев-евреев, был открыт очаг. Раввином Астраханской губ. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Й.Л.Каплан. В 1917 в А. было 4 синагоги, в т. ч. 2 сефардские. В 1919 в А. было образовано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. в 1925: Голдовский, Коган, Турчинский, Хейфиц, Шварц, в 1929: Гуревич, Рыжиков, Шварцбург, Г.А.Шофер).С 1921 в здании бывш. муж. еврейского уч-ща работали еврейская школа и еврейский дет. сад. В нач. 1920-х гг. в округе действовала еврейская с.-х. коммуна им. М.И.Калинина. В 1929 была закрыта хоральная синагога, ее здание было отдано под еврейский клуб им. М.И.Калинина. В 1937 была закрыта ремесл. синагога. Раввином А. в 1930-е гг. был Авром Пиндрус (?—1941), в 1945 — Самсон Борисович Дынкин. В 1945 синагогу в будни посещали 15—20 чел., в праздники — 120—150. В 1960 в А. был моэл Заславский.В 1991 в А. создан еврейский фольклорный ансамбль «Тхия» под рук. Аркадия Ароновича Остринского (р. 1924). В 1992 организовано об-во еврейской культуры «Тхия» (пред. Александр Матвеевич Цейтлин, р. 1938), начали действовать курсы по изучению иврита. В 1994 открылась еврейская воскресная школа. Действует синагога. В 1993 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено более 60 памятников. С 1997 при синагоге изд. газ. «Шалом».В 1999 в А. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В А. род.: З.В.Атлас, М.Я.Кац, Л.Н.Свердлин, М.А.Трилиссер, М.О.Фридланд; Иосиф Деникер (1852—1918, Париж), д-р ист. наук, автор трудов по антропологии и этнологии народов Азии, с 1888 рук. б-ки Нац. музея естеств. истории в Париже; Исай Юрьевич Рабинович (1894—1974, Ленинград), дивизионный комиссар.А.Р.Бимбад, extra_data="{'translat...")
ASTRAKHANKA, a village in the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Berdyansky settlement Tauride province. 1941 one Jew was killed in Armenia.
ASTROV (real fam. Poves) Isaak Sergeevich (1876, Odessa - 1922, Saratov), ​​polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement (first arrested at the age of 15). From 1900 he worked in insurance and co-op. org-tions, since 1902 - member. RSDLP, since 1903 - Menshevik. Party roar. events of 1905–07. In the years of reaction - "liquidator". From the end. 1910 - member. Petersburg. "Initiative group", sotr. gas. "Ray", w. “Nasha Zarya”, “Vozrozhdenie”, “Insurance of workers”. In 1912 he was arrested, exiled to Narym, in 1913 he emigrated. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Switzerland, from the end. 1914 - member. Overseas. secretariat organiz. to-that of the Mensheviks. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd. One of the leaders of the left wing of the Menshevik internationalists, member. to-that Petersburg. org-tion of the Mensheviks, dep. Petrogr. Council (headed by the labor department). Since June, member. Centre. Bureau of Menshevik Internationalists. In aug. - cases. Congress of the RSDLP; elected as Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RSDLP (ob) from the internationalists, Oct. did not accept the roar. In late November and early December - a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of the RSDLP (ob); was elected member. Central Committee with ser. 1918 - in Odessa, one of the leaders of the local Menshevik. org-tion and trade unions. After the establishment of the Sov. authorities (1919) was repeatedly arrested. In 1921 he was expelled to Kharkov, where he entered the Ch. Ukr. to-t RSDLP. In apr. 1922 exiled to Turkestan; died of typhus in the Saratov transit prison. Op .: “Rus. revolution in the struggle for peace ", P., 1917; "Why France is at war", P., 1917.
ASUNE, a village in Kraslava district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Osun Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1925–30, 25–30 Jews lived in Armenia. in the summer of 1941 all the Jews of Albania were exterminated.
ATTACK, see Otach.
ATAR (Apteker) Haim (1902, Zlatopol - 1953, Israel), painter. Since 1922 in E.-I., founding member of kibbutz Ein Harod, founder and director. Center of Arts in Ein Harod. The work of A. was influenced by Heb. thin the Parisian school. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait and still life. Created approx. 100 drawings, incl. ser. sketches of the fighters of Gagana.
ATENI, a village in the Gori region (Georgia). Main all R. 11th century Before joining Russia in 1801 - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli, from 1802 - in the Georgian province, from 1840 - in the Gori environs. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In the 13-18th centuries. A. is a major bargaining. and adm. Centre. In the 18th century. as a result of the raids of the Dagestanis he was ruined. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), in Armenia, along with Georgians and Armenians, there were Jews who had a synagogue. In connection with the decline of the city, the Jewish population left it. Separate Jewish families lived in Armenia until 1808, when the Jewish community ceased to exist. D.M. Khananashvili
ATKARSK, city, regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1781 as a district town of Saratov Gubernia. 89 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 47 Jews in 1926, and 42 Jews (0.2%) in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia.
ATLAS Eliezer (Lazar) (1851, Beysegole, Kovensky district and province - 1904, Bialystok), critic and publicist. He studied at the yeshiva in the m. Zhagory Shavelsky u. Covenskaya lips. In the beginning. In the 1870s, while living in the Novaya Zhagora metro station, he became close to the leaders of the "Haskala" movement, was engaged in self-education, from 1875 sotr. gas. "Ha-Carmel". In the 2nd half of the 1870s - the 1st half. 1880s in search of earnings wandered around the cities and m. Sev.-Zap. the edges. In 1884 he settled in Warsaw, was engaged in journalism, the author of Art. on the history of Jews in Russia and Poland, as well as on Hebrew literature. In 1888 he published the collection. "Ha-Kerem" attracted many others to participate in it. prominent Hebrews. writers and publicists, however, the intention to turn sat. in f. had no success. In 1898 A. published the collection. his lit.-critical. Art. Forward or backward. In the 1880s. A. is close to Palestinophilism, but already in the 1890s. walked away from him. In publicistic. Art. 1890s sharply opposed both the Palestinophiles and polit. Zionism T. Herzl and it grew. followers, became close to orthodox circles grew. Jewry, publ. a number of anti-Zionist, Art. in their organ "Ha-Peles", in 1900 issued a pamphlet against the Odessa Zionist. to-that. Feeling tragic. the gap between Heb. intelligentsia and the mass of Heb. people, A. tried to find a way out of this situation in the synthesis of the ideas of "Haskala" and trad. Heb. ideology. From 1902 A. worked as a home teacher in Moscow. In 1904, despite a serious illness, he was expelled from the city as having no right of residence in the capitals. Through several. days after the expulsion died.
ATLAS Iehezkel (1913, Rava Petrokovskaya province - 1942), doctor, one of the hands. partisas. movement on the territory. Poland. After the occupation of Poland by Germ. troops (1939) fled to Kozlovshchina, where his family was destroyed by the invaders, and A. himself was sent to work as a doctor in the village of Vylka-Volya. Organized and led the partisans. a detachment of young Jews (120 fighters), who managed to escape from the ghetto in Derechin on the day of its liquidation. Soon the detachment A. joined the Sov. partisas. connection operating in the Lipichansk forests. In aug. - Oct. 1942 the partisans of Afghanistan destroyed the Germans. garrisons in Derechin, Kozlovshchina, Rude-Yavorskaya, sabotage. group under com. A. blew up a train on the railway. Lida-Grodno line and a strategic bridge across the river. Neman. In the course of the September battles of 1942, the guerrillas of Armenia captured an enemy plane, which made an emergency landing in the area where the detachment was located. A. died in battle with the punishers.
ATLAS Mariam (Miriam) Semenovna (b. 1912), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1957). Z.V. Apglas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Kazan high fur boots (1931). From 1933 to scientific and teaching. work in Moscow (since 1958 prof.). Author and ed. a number of textbooks on political economy and economics, incl. textbook "Polit. economy of socialism "(1962), uch. manuals for universities "Fundamentals of the functioning of econ. systems "(1991) and others, ed. collection of articles "Questions of watered, economy" (1958, 1963), "Methods of teaching watered, economy in economics. universities "(1961)," The law of saving time ... "(1987, 1991) and others. Works: Nationalization of banks in the USSR, M., 1945 (2nd ed. M., 1948); Credit reform in the USSR, M., 1958; The development of banking systems in the socialist countries, M., 1967.
ATLAS Petr Matveyevich (b. 1926), mechanical engineer. He graduated in 1948 Moscow. engineering-physical in-t. In 1948–53 he worked as an art. Ing. in the system of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy of the Ministry of Defense. Since 1953 at the Tizpribor plant in Moscow, since 1962 ch. constructor. Cand. tech. Sciences (1974). tr. associated with development and research. system of means cyclical. pneumoautomatics for control of discrete processes in chem. production-wah and other branches of industry. Participated in the creation. and development in 1957 at the plant "Tizpribor" of the aggregate unified. systems of elements prom. pneumoautomatics - USEPP, which became the basis. element base of fatherlands, pneumatic. instrumentation. In the beginning. 1970s developed a new system "Start", covering a wide range of instruments assembled from standard USEPP elements. Author of printed scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1964). Cit .: Development of equipment and expansion of the capabilities of the system CYCL, Moscow, 1975 (in co-authors).
ATLAS Shmuel (1899, Komay Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1977, New York), teacher. In 1913-18 he studied at the Lithuanian yeshivas, then in 1921-28 he studied philosophy and jurisprudence in the high fur boots of Russia (Moscow University) and Germany (Berlin, Marburg, Giessen). He taught philosophy and the Talmud at the highest. uch. institutions in Poland and England: in 1929–34 - Heb. Institute in Warsaw, in 1935–39 - Cambridge University and Magdalena College in Oxford. Since 1942 in the USA. Prof. philosophy and the Talmud in the United Heb. College of Cincinnati and Heb. in-those religions in New York. Author of works on medieval Hebrews. philosophy.
ATLAS Zakhar (Zakhary) Veniaminovich (1903, Astrakhan - 1965, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1939). M.S. Atlas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Don State un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1924), worked in the econom. and finance. institutions. Since 1935 on scientific and teaching work at the econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1939 prof.), since 1963 - in Moscow. finance. in-those. Participated in the theoretical. substantiation, preparation and implementation of the 1947 monetary reform in the USSR. Member scientific and expert commission under the President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Specialist in money circulation and credit, author of works on the political economy of socialism, cost accounting, money circulation, finance, credit, pricing, currencies of foreign countries, countries, etc. One of the authors of the textbook for universities "Money circulation and credit in the USSR" (1957, repeatedly reprinted) Vol .: Money and credit under capitalism and in the USSR, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1930; Essays on the history of money circulation in the USSR, M., 1940; Household. calculation and its role in the conditions of Otech. war, M., 1944; Inflation and Currency Crisis in England after the 2nd World. war, M., 1949; Socialist. monetary system, M., 1969.
ATRAN Frank (1885, - 1952, USA), entrepreneur, philanthropist. After Oct. 1917 he emigrated to Belgium, was engaged in the production and sale of textiles. Subsequently, he transferred the company to France, then to the USA (New York), where it reached its peak. In the last years of his life he made kr. contributions to charity. goals and in favor of decomp. Heb. org-tions, especially in favor of Heb. labor to-that, to-ry opened the House of Heb. culture them. A. In 1950 he donated 1 million dollars to the construction of the lab. the building of the b-tsy on Mount Scopus (Israel). For several. month to death he founded the chair of Heb. lang., literature and culture at Columbia University (USA).
ATSARKIN Vadim Alexandrovich (b. 1936, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1971). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1959). Since 1959 he has been working at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - head. lab. Since 1990 simultaneously. prof. Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. interests - magn. radio spectroscopy tv. bodies, quantum electronics, superconductivity. Let's experiment. found the main. patterns of change in spin temperatures at magn. resonance in tv. bodies (1967–73), as well as the collective mechanism of dynamic. polarization of nuclei (dynamic cooling). Predicted and experiment. discovered the effect of a giant amplification of the longitudinal magn. susceptibility at paramagnetic resonance. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, Cit .: Dynamic. polarization of nuclei in tv. dielectrics, M., 1980.
ATSKURI, a village in the Akhaltsikhe region (Georgia). First mentioned. in the 11th century. From the 2nd floor. 16th century - the center of the Atskur sandjak of the Akhaltsykh pashalyk of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 - part of the Georgian SSR. 1870s In A. lived St. 100 Jews, in 1893 - 96, at the beginning. 20th century the number of the Jewish population reached 40-45 smoks (families). According to legend, Jews (5 smokes) settled in Armenia during the reign of Queen Tamar (1184-1213). In ist. the works of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), along with Meskhs (Georgians), Armenians and Tatars, mention. and Jewish merchants. In A., Jews lived in a separate block in the north of the city. In the 18th century. the Jewish population of Albania was 150 smokes. During the Russian tour. During the war (1828-1829), a plague epidemic destroyed almost the entire population of the city. After 1828 Jews from Dviri, Adigeni, and Abastumani moved to Armenia. Despite this, the size of the Jewish population in 1830 did not exceed 31 smoke. The Jews were engaged in small trade and crafts. In 1843 economical. the situation of the Jews deteriorated after the introduction of a new taxation per capita. The number of Jews in the 1860s did not exceed 20 smokes. In 1918, the Turks who seized Armenia accused the Jews of spying for Georgia. With the help of D. Baazov, the Jews of A. moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). D. M. Khananashvili
ATYRAU (until 1992 - Guryev), city, center of Atyrau region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1640.Since 1868 - the district town of the Ural region. Since 1938 it has been the center of the Guryev Region. In 1959, 362 Jews (0.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 216 (0.2%), in 1979 - 158 Jews (including 24 Bukhara).
AUER Leopold (Lev) Semenovich (1845, Vesprim, Austrian Empire - 1930, Lovshits, Germany), violinist, teacher, conductor. The founder of the Russian. (petersburg) violin school. R. in a poor family of artisans. Thanks to his wealthy patrons, he studied violin at the age of 8, first in Pest with R. Kon, then in 1857–58 in Vienna with J. Dont. With funds from concerts, he continued his studies in Hanover (1861–63) under J. Joachim, whose teaching principles later became the basis of his own. pedagogy. In 1863-67 he was a concertmaster in the orc. Dusseldorf and Hamburg; performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1868, having received an invitation to the post of prof. Petersburg. cons. came to Russia. A. spent half a century in St. Petersburg: he taught violin, quartet and chamber ensemble classes in the cons., Headed symph. collection and the famous quartet of Petersburg. branch of the RMO (Russian music society), was a soloist of the orc. imperial t-ditch, simultaneously toured (in Russia and in Europe). He has performed with major pianists - A.G. Rubinstein, T. Leshetitsky, A.N. Esipova, E. d'Albert, R. Punio, I. Hoffman. To study with A. in St. Petersburg (as well as in London, where he opened a studio school), violinists from many of them came. countries. A. dedicated their op. PI Tchaikovsky ("Melancholic Serenade"), AK Glazunov (concert for skr. With orc. 5th quartet), A.S. Arensky (concert for skr. With orc.), S.I. . Taneyev ("Concert Suite") and others. Since 1918 he lived in the USA. He taught at the New York Institute of Music. lawsuit, at Curtis-in-those in Philadelphia; wrote a number of methodological literature. tr., the main of which have been translated into Russian. lang .: "My school of playing the violin", L., 1929; "Among the musicians", M., 1927. Among the students of A. - Y. Kheifets, M.B. Polyakin, N.M. Milstein, M.S.Elman, E.A.Tsimbalist, L.M. Zeitlin, Yu.I. Eidlin, B.O.Sibor.A. - the author of violin pieces, transcriptions, cadenzas (in particular, to concerts by L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms); as well as editor pl. op. (including concerts by Tchaikovsky, Glazunov).
Auer Misha (nast, name and surname. Mikhail Simonovich Unskovsky) (1905, Petersburg - 1967, Rome), film actor. Since 1928 in the USA - together with his grandfather, the violinist L.S. Auer, he took on his fam. He worked at the Broadway t-ts in New York. In 1928, dir. F. Tuttle on ch. role in f. "Something always happens." Ch. arr. starring Indians, Mexicans, gypsies. In f. "My Man Godfrey" (1936) showed a bright comedic talent and became one of the most popular Amer. comedians of the 1930s. The greatest success was accompanied by A. in comedy films dir. F. Kapra - "You will not take anything with you to the grave" (1938), R. Claire "In the end, no one will be left" (1945), O. Wells "The Secret Dossier" (1955). After the 2nd world. war worked in Zap. Europe (France, Italy, Great Britain), starred in f. "Viva, Villa!" (1934), "Beauty from New Orleans", "Helzapoppin" (both 1941), "Natalie" (1957), "Goodbye, baby" (1966), etc.
Auerbach Avraham Dov-Ber (1761, Khmilniki - 1840, Safed), Hasidic rabbi. Head of the rabbi, court in Khmilnyky. Since 1785 - rabbi in Ovruch. Since 1824 (5 |) the head of the rabbi, the court in Zhitomir. From 1832 - in E.-I. in Safed, the rabbi of the Hasidic community. He headed the work to restore the Hebrews. quarter after the pogroms (1834; 1837) and the earthquake (1837).
AUERBAH Ephraim (1892, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1973, Petah Tikva), poet. In 1908 he began to publish stories in Russian. lang., and in 1909 he debuted a verse in Yiddish. In 1911 he came to Warsaw. Published periodically. ed. In 1912–15 in E.-I., he worked in kibbutzim. Since 1915 in the USA. Participated in the 1st world. war in the Heb. legion. After demobilization, he returned to the United States; was engaged in lit. active Since 1970 in Israel. Author of the book: "Oifn Shvel" ("On the Threshold"), 1915; "Caravans", 1918; Far Groys un Klein (For Big and Small), 1921; Dry Rizn (Three Bogatyrs), 1937; "Yankevs getselt" ("Tents of Jacob"), 1945, etc.
AUERBAKH Elizaveta Borisovna (b. 1912, Moscow), author-performer of stories. In 1935 she entered the directing department of the Theater College, after completing the 2nd year in 1937 she was accepted into the auxiliary. the composition of the Moscow Art Theater. In this t-re A. worked for a quarter of a century, played mainly secondary roles - the saleswoman of cigarettes ("Love Yarovaya" by K.A. Trenev), the Fifth Princess ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov), one of the lady's maids Tizl (“School of Scandal” by R. Sheridan) and others. In 1941–45 she gave concerts as part of front-line brigades. She began writing stories after the war. Performances with them in concerts were a success. In the late 50s - early. 60s A. left the theater, devoting herself entirely to the stage. Her early stories are mostly about front-line themes and theater. For the first time publ. in f. Theater (1956). And, she wrote and numerous. stories about children, the world to-rykh she understands and conveys. A. speaks in schools, arranging, as it were, a complementary lesson, in which she reads both classics to children and her own. stories, cit .: My stories, Moscow, 1959; Small ensemble, M., 1971.
AUERBACH Chaim ben Yitzchok (| - 1839), rabbi, writer. On the maternal side, he descended from I. Karo. A. held the post of rabbi in Lenchitsa, dealt with issues of rabbinical law. character, "Dibre Mishpat" (Kropotin, 1835), research. on questions stated. in dep. "Shoshen Mishpat" by I. Karo, published by A.'s son, Menachem, a rabbi in the Island, with additions.
AUKSHTADVARIS, a settlement in Trakai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vysoky Dvor Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 194 Jews (27.9%) lived in Armenia in 1888, 309 (43.5%) in 1897, and 272 in 1923 (33, 4%), in the 1930s. - 297, in 1941 - 230 Jews. The first Jews settled in Armenia in the 18th century. In the end. 1890s a Zionist organization was created in Armenia. Since 1900, Abram Dantskir (1863–?) And Reuven Braz (until 1932) have been rabbis in Armenia. There was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1930, the Yavne school was established. In the 1930s. branches of "Maccabi", "Gordonia", dec. Jewish org-tions. In 1932-35 Mordechai Rabinovich was the rabbi, in 1935-41 - Aron Elinovich (? -1941). 1941 approx. 200 Jews of A. were taken to Trakai and shot by the Lithuanian police. Eight Jews of A. hid in the woods for three years until liberation. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. language.
AUKSTOYI PANEMUNE, now a district within the city of Kaunas (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1559. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ponemon of Mariampolskiy u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1897, 775 Jews (49%) lived in AP. 19th century A.P. had a synagogue. In the 1880s. Rabbi A.P. was Avrom Lichtenstein, from 1890 - Benjamin Maisel, from 1926 - Efroim-Nison Mayofis, who died during the Holocaust. In 1931 Jews owned 13 out of 20 shops, factories for the production of effervescent waters, husband. hats, felt, 2 mills, bakery, sawmill. Jews of A.P. were destroyed during the Holocaust.
AULIE-ATA, see Zhambyl.
AUSLENDER Sergei Abramovich (1886, Petersburg - 1943), prose writer, playwright, critic. The son of the People's Will A.Ya. Auslender. Mother - from the nobility, sister of the poet M.A. Kuzmin. He graduated from the 7th city in St. Petersburg (1906). In 1906-10 he studied at the verbal department. ist.-philol. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In 1908 - a member of the Pushkin seminary of S.A. Vengerov. In 1906–08 he collaborated with VF Komissarzhevskaya. Began to publish in 1905 in g. "Bulletin Wed. institutions ”,“ Lights ”,“ Students ”,“ Spring ”. From 1910 he published critical. Art. into gas. "Speech". First Sat stories - "Golden Apples" (1908). In 1912 A. released the 2nd collection. - "Stories", in 1913 - rom. "The last satellite", in which he tried to convey the atmosphere of lit. and artist. Petersburg in the 1910s. From 1914 he acted as a playwright. From the end. 1915 printed correspondence from the front to Petrograd. editions, in 1916 ed. Sat. stories "Warrior's Heart", after eating, the events of the 1st world. war. In 1918 - in Moscow, collaborated in gas. "A life". From Jan. 1919 was published in Kolchak gas. "Sib. speech ". Publ. it contains the last rum. "Visions of Life" (about the time of the 1st World War). Since 1922 again in Moscow, broke with the former literature. environment, wrote Ch. arr. ist.-rev. stories and stories for youth. Coll. op. (v. 1–5, 7, M., 1928) consists only of children. novellas written after 1922. In 1937 he was repressed.
AUCE, a city (since 1925) in the Dobele region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 18th century as the primogeniture of Count von Medem. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alt-Auz Doblensky u. Kurland province. In 1918-25 - Veh-Auce, from 1925 - Auce as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 138 Jews (9%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 157 (6%), in 1930 - 151 (5%), in 1935 - 147 (4%) Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1880s. biennium Since 1887 LB Ovchinsky was the rabbi. In 1899 a synagogue building was built, in 1901 - a mikvah, founded. hevra kaddish. In 1905, fearing a pogrom, some of the Jews left Armenia for some time. Since 1920 the community of A. has been assisted by the Joint. The rabbi was Yoel Pisetsky. Two doctors and one in three dentists in A. were Jewish. Zionist org-tions worked actively. All the Jews of Armenia were shot in the end. Aug 1941.
AVDEEVKA, city (since 1956) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1884 as a settlement of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 46 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 38 Jews. In 1919 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 1942 in A. 9 Jews were shot, January 23. - 4 Jews, to the end. jan. 1942 - 27 Jews. LB Fabrikant.
AVDOTIEVKA, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avdot'evka (other name. Venediktovka) of the Alexandria district. Kherson province. 29 Apr. In 1942 a workers' camp was created in Armenia, where all able-bodied Jews from Kamenka were taken out. The prisoners were used on the construction of the Kryvyi Rih - Dnepropetrovsk highway.
AVERBAKH Ilya Alexandrovich (1934, Leningrad - 1986, ibid.), Film director and playwright. Graduated from the Leningrad Medical Institute, worked as a doctor. Graduated from the Higher. courses for directors and screenwriters at the Lenfilm studio. The author of scripts for popular science and game f. He made his directing debut in 1967. He staged fiction films. "Degree of risk" (1968, Grand Prix at the International Film Festival of the Red Cross in Varna, Bulgaria, 1969), "Monologue" (1972), "Letters from Others" (1975, special jury at the I IFF in Naples, Italy, 1976 ), "Declaration of love" (1977), "Voice" (1982) and others. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1976).
AVERBAKH Leopold Leonidovich (1903, Saratov - 1938), lit. critic, publicist, literary society. activist. R. in the merchant. family. He studied at the city. Member of the RKSM of the first composition. On instructions from the Comintern of Youth, he worked abroad. Ed. g. Young Guard (1922–24), then railway “On lit. post ”(1926–32) and gene. sec. The RAPP, which tried to turn the writers' organization into a "cell of the Central Committee with literature" and pursued a policy of ousting writers-"fellow travelers". Publicistic. and critical. A.'s works were distinguished by intolerance, class limitations, and vulgarization of the nature of the arts. creativity. After the liquidation of the RAPP, he took part in the preparation of the 1st All. Congress of Sov. writers and the implementation of a number of undertakings by M. Gorky (collection of articles about the White Sea-Baltic Canal, ser. book: "History of Factories and Plants", etc.). Auth. book “Cultural Revolution and Modern Issues. literature ", M.-L., 1928; “On the tasks of the flight. literature ”, ibid., 1928, etc., which today are of interest only as a document of the era. Repressed.
AVERBAKH Mikhail Iosifovich (1872, Mariupol - 1944, Moscow), ophthalmologist, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1895) and was left at the clinic of eye diseases. From 1900 he worked at the Ophthalmological Hospital. V.A. and A.A. Alekseevs (since 1903 chief doctor), on the basis of a cut in 1910 founded the Department of Eye Diseases Mosk. higher wives. courses. In 1931–44 he headed the founder. named after the Department of Eye Diseases Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, at the same time (1935–44) Dir. Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, in the organization to-rogo he took an active part. Prev Vses. and Mosk. about-in eye doctors. scientific. A.'s works are devoted to various refractions of the eyes (doct. dis., 1900), problems of trachoma, glaucoma, eye traumatism, blindness, pediatric ophthalmology, ophthalmosurgery (developed and introduced into practice a number of new operations), etc. A. - the creator of scientific. schools (M.L. Krasnov, P.E. Tikhomirov and others). Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR established the prize MI Averbakh, awarded for the best scientific. work in the field of ophthalmology. His name was given to the eye clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, children's eye hospital at the Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, on the territory. a bust of A. was installed in 1952; on the Golitsynsky building of the First city hospital - mem. plaque in honor of A. Zasl. Scientist of the RSFSR (1933). Became. pr. (1943). Works: Ophthalmological essays, M.-L., 1940; The main forms of changes in the optic nerve, M., 1944; Damage to the eyes and their surrounding parts, M.-L., 1945.
AVERBAKH Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), pathologist and immunomorphologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1964). Father - A. Mikhail Mikhailovich (1902-1955), obstetrician-gynecologist, associate professor, dean to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow honey. in-that; grandfather M.I. Averbakh. In 1949 he graduated to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, entered graduate school at the department of pathological. anatomy of the same inst. Since 1952 scientific. sotr., and then deputy. dir. by scientific. work Center. Institute of tuberculosis. scientific. works (St. 300, including 10 monographs) are devoted to the problems of pathogenesis, immunomorphology and immunogenetics of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. Honored. active sciences of the RSFSR. Cit .: Immunobiological bases of anti-tuberculosis vaccination, M., Medicine, 1970; Delayed type hypersensitivity and anti-tuberculosis immunity, M., Medicine, 1974; Immunology and immunopathology of tuberculosis, M., 1976; Immunological aspects of lung diseases, M., 1980; Immunogenetics of infectious diseases, M., 1985.
AVERBAKH Yuri Lvovich (b. 1922, Kaluga), chess player; int. grandmaster (1952), international. Arbitrator (1969). Member Executive Committee (1978–82) and the Central Committee (1974–82) of FIDE. Prev chess. Federation of the USSR (1972–77). Ch. ed. g. Chess in the USSR (1962–91) and Chess Bulletin (1991–93). Shahm. theoretician, historian and writer, Champion of Moscow (1949, 1950, 1962) and the USSR (1954). Participant in the Candidates Tournament (1953) and Interzonal Tournaments (1952 and 1958). Winner of the Intern. tournaments (including Dresden (1956), Vienna (1961), Moscow (1962), Rio de Janeiro (1956), Polyanica-Zdroj (1975)). A.'s research in the region. endgame and chess history received an international. recognition. Cit .: In search of truth: (Notes of a grandmaster), M., 1967 and 1993; Travel to chess. Kingdom, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (et al.); Shahm. graduation, M., 1980.
AVERBUKH Jacobo (1904, Kamenets - |), industrialist. Studied philosophy and societies. Sciences. There was a prez. youth organization "Kadima" in Kamenets; headed by Gehaluts (Bukovina, Romania). He worked in the electronic industry. Since 1940 Gen. Secretary of the Zionist Federation of Colombia. Founder of the Cultural Center for the Jews of Colombia, the first Hebrew. schools in Bogota. Published in Colombian periodicals. ed. and abroad.
AVERBUKH Rebekka Abramovna (1891, Kazan - 1978, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1938). Graduated from the Higher. wives courses at Kazan University, those taught history in Wed. school. From 1924 in Moscow, in 1924–27 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION in the seminars of prof. N.M. Lukina and acad. V.P. Volgin. In 1925–29 he was a scientific secretary. section on the history of the West in the Society of historians-Marxists under the Communist. Academy, read a course on general history in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskoy, after graduate school - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History Communist. Academy (from 1936 - Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1969 - Institute of General History). In 1944–58 - prof. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author of works on the history of modern and modern times (the history of Hungary, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the 19th and 20th centuries). She participated in the preparation of a number of calls. works, monographs, uch. manuals. Cit .: The Tsar's intervention in the fight against the Hungarian. the roar of 1848-1849, M., 1935; Italy in the first and second world. wars, M., 1946; Revolution and national liberation. wrestling in Hungary 1848-1849, M. 1965; Revolution in Austria (1848–1849!), M., 1970.
Averbukh Wolf (1890-1936 |), polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement. Under the influence of Art. brother Zvi (ps. - Alexander Khesin) joined Poalei Zion. During the 1st world. war, being a Russian soldier. army, got into Austr. captivity. After the revolution of 1917, a lion was at the head. Poaley Zion wing in Russia. From 1922 - in E.-I. Was engaged in illegal desks. activities. He was the first Heb. communist. a figure who established ties with the Arabs of Shechem and Nazareth. Collaborated in the communist. press. Articles were signed by ps. Abu Zion. In 1930 he was exiled to Russia, where the NKVD was arrested and, apparently, died in prison.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АВГУСТОВ, город (с 1561) в Сувалкском воеводстве (Республика Польша). В 16—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой, в 1795—1807 — Пруссии, в 1807—15 — Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1837—66 — центр Августовской, с 1867 — уездный город Сувалкской губ. В 1918—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в А. проживало 239 евреев, в 1800 — 462 (29%), в 1808 — 984 (28%), в 1820 — 1167, в 1827 — 1482 (41%), в 1857 — 3669 (46%), в 1897 — 3468 (36%), в 1921 — 2261 (24%), в 1931 — 2397 (26%), в 1939 — ок. 3000 евреев.Евреи поселились в А. с момента его основания. В 1578 евреи А. получили привилегии заниматься торговлей, ремеслом и продажей алкоголя; развивались торговля рыбой и извоз. Община существовала в А. со 2-й пол. 17 в. Первая синагога была построена в 1840-х гг. В 1897 имелось 5 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища. В нач. 1840-х гг. — 1854 раввином А. был Шмуэль-Авигдор Тосефталь, в 1854—70 — Исраэль-Иссер Шапиро, с 1870 — Мойше-Ицхок Галеви, затем его зять раби Катриэль-Натан. С 1870-х гг. до нач. 20 в. казенным раввином в А. служил писатель Зеев Шперлинг, получивший известность как переводчик на иврит книг Жюля Верна. В А. действовали хедеры и талмуд-тора. В 1827—62 евреям, не являвшимся пост. жителями А., было запрещено селиться в А. из-за его близости к границе с Пруссией.В кон. 19 в. евреи владели 3 мельницами, 2 лесопилками, каменоломней, мастерской по выделке кож (продукция продавалась по всей России), мастерской по произ-ву фарфоровых изделий. В этот же период мн. еврейские семьи пострадали от пожаров, в результате к-рых остались без крова. Благодаря финансовой поддержке со стороны Г.О.Гинцбурга и М.Монтефиоре им удалось поправить материальное положение. В А. начало развиваться текстильное произ-во, давшее источники заработка для мн. евреев. В это же время была осн. благотворит. орг-ция «Линат Цедек», оказывавшая помощь больным и бедным. Имелась небольшая хасидская община со своей синагогой. В 1885 возн. первая сионистская группа «Доршей Цион», деятельность к-рой проходила нелегально в рамках открытой тогда б-ки. В 1905 начала работать ячейка Бунда. В 1917 открылась нач. еврейская школа. Действовали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений, «Агудас Исроэль». В 1919 создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. При поддержке Джойнта в 1922 было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного кредитного банка, к-рый предоставил ссуды почти половине еврейского населения А. В 1927 была осн. школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Активно работало отд-ние Бунда. В 1922—25 раввином А. был Ицхок Косовский, в 1925—34 — Азриэл-Зелиг Кошелевский, в кон. 1930-х гг. — Гирш Лайгер, погибший в период Катастрофы.В сент. 1939 А. был занят частями РККА. В это же время в А. прибывали беженцы из зап. районов Польши, оккупированных герм. войсками. В 1940 сов. власти выселили всех беженцев за 100 км от новой границы; большинство из них поселились в Барановичах и Слониме.22 июня 1941 А. был занят герм. войсками. Расстрелы евреев начались сразу же. 3 июля 1941 в А. было расстреляно 316 чел., в основном евреев, в авг. 1941 — ок. 1500 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в А. было создано гетто, где находилось ок. 2 тыс. чел., в осн. женщин и детей из А., а также из окрестных местечек. 2 нояб. 1942 евреи были вывезены в транзитный лагерь в Богуше, а оттуда — в лагеря уничтожения Треблинка и Освенцим. После ликвидации гетто в А. продолжали жить неск. евреев-выкрестов с семьями. Они были убиты на еврейском кладбище летом 1943. В сер. мая 1943 в А. была привезена группа евреев, к-рые сожгли останки ок. 5 тыс. чел., расстрелянных в Клезицком и Шацевском лесах. На разрушенном еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак.В А. род. Р.Синай, Р.Х.П.Стоукс., pronunciation=АВГУСТОВ, город (с 1561) в Сувалкском воеводстве (Республика Польша). В 16—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой, в 1795—1807 — Пруссии, в 1807—15 — Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1837—66 — центр Августовской, с 1867 — уездный город Сувалкской губ. В 1918—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в А. проживало 239 евреев, в 1800 — 462 (29%), в 1808 — 984 (28%), в 1820 — 1167, в 1827 — 1482 (41%), в 1857 — 3669 (46%), в 1897 — 3468 (36%), в 1921 — 2261 (24%), в 1931 — 2397 (26%), в 1939 — ок. 3000 евреев.Евреи поселились в А. с момента его основания. В 1578 евреи А. получили привилегии заниматься торговлей, ремеслом и продажей алкоголя; развивались торговля рыбой и извоз. Община существовала в А. со 2-й пол. 17 в. Первая синагога была построена в 1840-х гг. В 1897 имелось 5 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища. В нач. 1840-х гг. — 1854 раввином А. был Шмуэль-Авигдор Тосефталь, в 1854—70 — Исраэль-Иссер Шапиро, с 1870 — Мойше-Ицхок Галеви, затем его зять раби Катриэль-Натан. С 1870-х гг. до нач. 20 в. казенным раввином в А. служил писатель Зеев Шперлинг, получивший известность как переводчик на иврит книг Жюля Верна. В А. действовали хедеры и талмуд-тора. В 1827—62 евреям, не являвшимся пост. жителями А., было запрещено селиться в А. из-за его близости к границе с Пруссией.В кон. 19 в. евреи владели 3 мельницами, 2 лесопилками, каменоломней, мастерской по выделке кож (продукция продавалась по всей России), мастерской по произ-ву фарфоровых изделий. В этот же период мн. еврейские семьи пострадали от пожаров, в результате к-рых остались без крова. Благодаря финансовой поддержке со стороны Г.О.Гинцбурга и М.Монтефиоре им удалось поправить материальное положение. В А. начало развиваться текстильное произ-во, давшее источники заработка для мн. евреев. В это же время была осн. благотворит. орг-ция «Линат Цедек», оказывавшая помощь больным и бедным. Имелась небольшая хасидская община со своей синагогой. В 1885 возн. первая сионистская группа «Доршей Цион», деятельность к-рой проходила нелегально в рамках открытой тогда б-ки. В 1905 начала работать ячейка Бунда. В 1917 открылась нач. еврейская школа. Действовали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений, «Агудас Исроэль». В 1919 создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. При поддержке Джойнта в 1922 было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного кредитного банка, к-рый предоставил ссуды почти половине еврейского населения А. В 1927 была осн. школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Активно работало отд-ние Бунда. В 1922—25 раввином А. был Ицхок Косовский, в 1925—34 — Азриэл-Зелиг Кошелевский, в кон. 1930-х гг. — Гирш Лайгер, погибший в период Катастрофы.В сент. 1939 А. был занят частями РККА. В это же время в А. прибывали беженцы из зап. районов Польши, оккупированных герм. войсками. В 1940 сов. власти выселили всех беженцев за 100 км от новой границы; большинство из них поселились в Барановичах и Слониме.22 июня 1941 А. был занят герм. войсками. Расстрелы евреев начались сразу же. 3 июля 1941 в А. было расстреляно 316 чел., в основном евреев, в авг. 1941 — ок. 1500 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в А. было создано гетто, где находилось ок. 2 тыс. чел., в осн. женщин и детей из А., а также из окрестных местечек. 2 нояб. 1942 евреи были вывезены в транзитный лагерь в Богуше, а оттуда — в лагеря уничтожения Треблинка и Освенцим. После ликвидации гетто в А. продолжали жить неск. евреев-выкрестов с семьями. Они были убиты на еврейском кладбище летом 1943. В сер. мая 1943 в А. была привезена группа евреев, к-рые сожгли останки ок. 5 тыс. чел., расстрелянных в Клезицком и Шацевском лесах. На разрушенном еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак.В А. род. Р.Синай, Р.Х.П.Стоукс., extra_data="{'translat...")
AVIDA (Zlotnik) Yehuda Leib (1887, Plock - 1962, Israel), rabbi, leader in the field of Hebrews. education, research. folklore, publicist. Educated at the Yeshiva Volozhin. Rabbi since 1910. In 1911-1919, a rabbi in Gombin in Poland. During the 1st world. war was taken hostage by a local Russian. command in connection with possible espionage activities of Chl. his communities. In 1917 he founded and up to 1920 gene. sec. org-tion Mizrahi in Poland. From 1920 - in Canada, where he successively held posts: director. Heb. nat. Foundation in Canada, Dir. Heb. schools in Montreal and a rabbi in Vancouver. Since 1938 in South Africa, where as director. South African Council for Heb. education gradually consolidated the structure of Heb. enlightenment: he founded a seminary for the training of teachers (edges were later named after him) and developed a model for a children's school and early. day schools. Since 1949 in Israel. The versatility of A.'s personality was reflected not only in his activity in the Zionist movement, education, and religion, but also in his fruitful activity as a publicist and philologist, who wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and English, as well as a folklorist and ethnologist. His first works in these regions. appeared in 1917, when he was still a rabbi in Gombina. He wrote under the ps. Yehuda Elzet (formed from the initial letters of his name Leib Zlotnik). Shortly before his death, he became prez. Israel Institute of Folklore and Ethnology. The author of fundamental philology. tr. in Yiddish "Wunder Oitser fun der Yidischer Sprah" (vols. 1-4, 1919-20) and the book. Koyheles der mentsch un dos bukh (1929).
AVIDA Mordechai (b. 1909, Plock), diplomat. Studied at McGill University (Montreal), Heb. un-those (Jerusalem). Since 1930 in E.-I. In 1943–48 ed. Heb. British programs radio broadcaster. service in E.-I. In 1948–49 - deputy. dir. dep. British Commonwealth Foreign Office; in 1949–52 - one of the founders and director. radio "Kol Zion la Gola" ("Voice of Zion for the Diaspora"). In 1953–56 he was the cultural attaché of the Israeli mission in Buenos Aires. In 1956–58 he was responsible for South Amer. inf. dep. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1958–61 - Counselor at the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, from 1961 - Director. Dept. on cultural relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
AVIDAR-CHERNOVITS Yamima (b. 1909), writer. From 1921 in E.-I. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv; high fur boots of Vienna and Berlin (she studied individual psychology with Alfred Adler). Published approx. 40 kn. for kids. State Israel Ave (1984).
AVIDAR Yosef (b. 1906, Kremenets, Volyn province), military man. activist and diplomat, brigadier general. From 1925 in E.-I., from 1927 a member. Gagany, in 1937–46 was a member of its higher. command. In 1946 the deputy. early Gene. headquarters of Gagana, in 1947–49 he headed the supply department. In 1950–55 teams. Center, and North. districts. In 1955–58 he was ambassador to the USSR. In 1958-60 gen. dir. Ministry of Labor. In 1960–68 he was ambassador to Argentina. 1968–71 finance. Inspector Histadrut.
AVIDOR (Burshtein) Moshe (b. 1906, Kiev), education worker, society. activist. From 1913 to E.-I. In 1931 he graduated from Columbia University. Doctor of Philosophy (1933). In 1933–42 he taught history at the Herzliya state institution (Tel Aviv). In 1942–48 - an inspector of the Hebrews. schools in E.-I. In 1948–52 - inspector for special affairs of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, in 1952–53 - his general. dir. He held the post before. Nat. Commission of UNESCO (since 1954), Societies. Broadcasting Council (since 1961). Member Execute. Committee of UNESCO (since 1962). Author of the book: "Self-government of Jews in E.-I." (1934), Education in Israel (1958). Published Art. on history and education in Heb. and English. g.
AVIDUV Yani (1891-1970, Israel), leader of the Zionist movement. In E.-I. since 1921. Member. party ha-Poel ha-Tsair. One of the organizers of illegal immigration through sowing. border, as well as from Greece and North. Africa. In the period preceding the creation of the state of Israel, he, together with Israel, managed to bring to E.-I. thousands of date palm seedlings, which served as the basis for date plantations in the Arava.
AVIGDOR Ben Shmuel (| - 1771, Vilna), rabbi. In 1719-1768 he served as a rabbi in Pruzhany, Pruzhany, Vilkavishki and Zelva. The author of responses. A.'s son - Shmuel, the rabbi of Vilna.
AVIGDORI (Vendorkhoys) Shneur Zalman (1891, Nikolaev - 1960, Israel), doctor, one of the first fighters against malaria and tuberculosis in E.-I. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. During the 1st world. war - military. doctor of the Russian army. In 1919 he arrived at E.-I. on the ship "Ruslan". He was a doctor in Galilee, and later in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. One of the founders of public medicine in Israel. Founder of the League Against Tuberculosis and the Doctors' Union.
AVINOSTO, see Avinyuosta.
AVINOVITSKY Yakov Lazarevich (1897–1938, Moscow), military leader, corps commissar (1935); Dr. ped. Sciences (1936). The son of a teacher. He graduated from the beginning. bunk bed uch-shche (1913), special. ped. courses (1916), worked as a teacher. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. Deputy prev. Cheka under the defense committee of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. republics. Then until Oct. 1920 - to the West. fr. In 1921 one of the hands. suppression of the so-called. Antonov rebellion in Tambov province., then Commissioner of chemical. advanced training courses for command personnel. He graduated from the same courses (1922), 2 courses of economics. f-that Ying-that them. K. Marx (1923). In 1932–34 the beginning. and the military commissar of the military. Academy of the Red Army, from 1934 - beginning. and military commissar. academy of chemical protection, one of the founders and organizers of chemical. service Kr. Army. Shot.
AVINYUOSTA, a village in the Zarasai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avinosto Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, Armenia had a Jewish population.
AVITSUR Shmuel (b. 1908, Baku), geographer, ethnographer. Studied at Baku University. In E.-I. - from 1931. In 1938 he founded the first in E.-I. Department of Regional Studies. In 1952 he founded the Institute of Local Lore. Haim Avshalom. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Etc. Israel Geography (1977). The author of works on geography, local history and archeology E.-I.
AVNER (Zelikovich) Elimelech (1897-1957, Israel), military. activist, general (1948). From 1917 in E.-I., mobilized for a tour. army, commanded a company in Macedonian fr., then in fr. Gases. In 1918 he volunteered for Heb. legion Brit. army, where he served for 2 years. In 1921 he participated in the development of the basic. plan of the teachings of Gagana, at the same time led the first in E.-I. training course for officers. Since 1931, he was a member of the high command of Gagana, was its commander in Tel Aviv, and later in Yuzh. Galilee.
AVNI (Kaminkovsky) Aron (1906, Yekaterinoslav - 1951, Israel), artist, architect, teacher. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) g-zii (Yekaterinoslav) and at the Academy of Arts (Moscow). Member of "Ge-Halutz". From 1925 in E.-I. Until 1928 he studied at the Bezalel Academy. Participated in exhibitions of the studio "Masad", which opposed the traditionalist style of "Bezalel" and followed the path of the "Parisian school". In 1930 - the first personal exhibition in Tel Aviv. In 1930–32 he studied in Paris. Upon returning to E.-I. worked as architect. at the City Hall of Jaffa. He taught architecture and mathematics. He founded a painting and sculpture studio. Participant pl. exhibitions in E.-I. and other countries. The Avni Institute is named after him.
AVNIEL Mordechai (1900, Pinsk - |), artist, lawyer. Hood. educated at the Higher School of Arts in Yekaterinburg. Delegate from "Tseirei Zion" Yekaterinburg at the Zionist congress in Moscow (1920). In E.-I. - from 1921. In 1923–28 - director. and teacher of the miniature department at the Bezalel Academy. In 1929–34 he collaborated in the revisionist press. In 1932 he graduated from law. school in Jerusalem and began to practice law. In 1948–65, he was a member. mountains. Haifa Council from Herut Party; was a member of the Supreme Court. As a landscape painter, he participated in art. exhibitions in Israel and other countries.
AVNIMELEKH Moshe (1899, Warsaw - 1971, Jerusalem), geologist, paleontologist. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw, Göttingen and Grenoble. An activist of "ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". In E.-I. from 1922. In 1925 he returned to Poland and taught at the Tarbut school. He returned to E.-I. in 1930, taught in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Since 1952 - prof.
AVNON Yaakov (b. 1919, Vilno), diplomat. Since 1937 in E.-I. Graduated from the Technion in Haifa. In 1940–46 he served in Britain. army, demobilized with the rank of major. From 1950 to a diploma. work: in 1952–55 1st sec. Embassy of Israel in Sweden, in 1955-61 gene. consul in Los Angeles, then ambassador to Sierra Leone.
AVODA (Hebrew - work), a former Jewish agricultural artel in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. ASSR. Main in 1923 by immigrants from the North. In 1923, 195 people lived in Armenia. at 1219 dec. land. The Joint provided great help to the settlers. In the 1920s. there was a synagogue in A. Financial aid for religion. The needs of the A. community were provided by J.-I. Schneerson. The Jewish population of A. was exterminated in the end. 1941.
AVRAAM-SIMKHA MSTISLAVSKY (early 19th century - 1864), tzadik. Son of Rabbi Pogostsky and nephew of H. Volozhinsky. Under the guidance of his uncle, Rabbi Chaim, he studied the Talmud and Kabbalah in Volozhin, and after the death of Rabbi Chaim he became a yeshiva teacher. About 1835 he took up the post of rabbi in Mstislavl, Mogilev province, where he was until 1864. The author of the correspondence with the present-day. rabbis for jurisprudence. The part of the book that remained after the fire was published after his death by his son Chaim-Joseph.
AVRAAMOVO, see Abramovo.
AVREKH Aron Yakovlevich (1915, Kirsanov, Tambov province - 1988, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940) and taught history at ped. in-those of Mr. Engels. Since Aug. 1941 at the front. After demobilization (1946) he taught history at the Arkhangelsk pedagogue. in-those, in 1947-50 he studied at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1950–54 he worked in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a consultant on problems of history, from 1954 at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 at the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Since 1954, deputy. responsible secretary, in 1958–61 responsible. sec. collection "East. notes ". Author of works on the history of the state. building, int. politics and societies.-polit, struggle in Russia at the beginning. 20th century Articles A. “On certain questions of the rev. situations ”(“ Questions of the history of the KPSS ”, 1966, No. 5) and“ Rus. absolutism and its role in the establishment of capitalism in Russia "(" History of the USSR ", 1968, No. 2) gave rise to a lively scientific. discussions. Participated in the preparation of a number of multivolume publications, incl. "History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day", vol. 6 (Moscow, 1968). Cit .: Tsarism and the third June system, Moscow, 1966; Stolypin and the Third Duma, M., 1968; Tsarism and the IV Duma. 1912-1914, M., 1981; The collapse of the third June system, M., 1985; Tsarism on the eve of the overthrow, M., 1989; Freemasons and Revolution, M., 1990; P.A. Stolypin and the fate of reforms in Russia, M., 1991.
AVROM-ABELE ben Avrom-Shloyme (1764 1836), rabbi. Known as Abele Posvoler. He was a student of Shloyme from Vilkomir. In his youth, he became a rabbi in Posvol (near Kovna), from 1802 - the head of the Vilna "beis-din", held this post in tech. 30 years. In 1835 he intervened in a discussion between ed. Talmud by the Romm family (Vilna) and the Shapiro (Slavuta) brothers. (Publishing house from Slavuta started work earlier and believed that the Romm family usurped their initiative). In 1822 Jews E.-I. financial difficulties arose, and A. called on the Jews of Poland and Lithuania to help them. A. failed to publish. his tr., but some of them have survived in the records of his contemporaries. A. approved "Teuda be-Israel" I.B. Levinzon, one of the leading grew. "Maskilim".
AVRUNIN Abraham (1869-1957), philologist and specialist in the region. Hebrew grammar. Rod. in Russia; joined the Hibbat Zion movement and became a staunch Zionist. In 1898 he taught Hebrew in Minsk and devoted himself to the study of Hebrew linguistics. From 1910 in E.-I., where he taught in Wed. schools in Tel Aviv and the College of Educators for Children. gardens, d. his student I. Galperin. A. fought for the use of pure and literate Hebrew. The author is etymological. and linguistic. works, Hebrew grammar (with A. Pepper, 1922), wrote poetry and epigrams, led a linguist's column in the gas. "Haaretz" and was co-editor of the periodical. ed. "Va'ad ha-Lashon", "Leshonenu la-Am". He wrote commentaries on the "Book of Job" (jointly with AZ Rabinovich, 1916); research "Medieval poetry in Hebrew" (1929); prepared by ed. books by Y. Al-Kharivi with a preface and commentary (1945).
AVRUSHCHENKO Vladimir Izrailevich (1908, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1941, approx. Pyryatin), poet. From 1918 to 1925 he lived in Poltava, where he graduated from high school. Here he began to write poetry. The first verse, published in the Kharkov Komsomol, Gaz. in 1925. In the same year he moved to Moscow, where he studied at the Higher. lit. courses and in Lit. in-those. His poems were published in the newspaper: "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Krestyanskaya Gazeta", in f. Ogonyok, Molodaya Gvardiya, Novy Mir, Oktyabr and others. Before the war of 1941–45, more than 100 verses were published, and more than 50 trans. in Russian lang. from Ukrainian, Belarusian, Ossetian. and other languages. In 1932, Sat. his poems "The Fourth Battalion", in 1935 in Poltava Sat. "Poltava", in 1937 in Kiev - Sat. "Gardens". In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he volunteered for the French, worked for the army gas. "Combat Campaign". He was wounded, captured and executed. In 1971, the book was published. his poems "The Oath".
AVRUTIK Avratam N. (1909, Kherson - 1982, USA), rabbi, religious activist. In 1921-29 he lived in Canada. Since 1929 - in the USA. Bachelor of Arts (1934). Rabbi since 1936 (after graduating from the Theological Seminary of Rabbi Isaac Elhanan). Since 1947 hand. decomp. religious associations: member. executive committee of the Union of Orthodox Jews. communities of America; in 1948-50, vice-president. Council of America's Rabbis, in 1950–56, founder and 1st Pres. Connecticut Rabbis Council, since 1962 - Pres. Council of America's Rabbis.
AVRUTIS Chaim Avraamovich (b. 1928, Baryshevka, Kiev region), painter, graphic artist. From a Hasidic family, but after the death of his father and grandfather, he lost contact with Heb. tradition. Since 1933 in Moscow. Studied in a private art. N.V. Sinitsyn's studio (1937–40), in the Moscow Art School (1940–47) in the class. V.V. Pochitalov, then at the Moscow Art Institute. VI Surikov (1947–53). In 1954–67 he lived in Novosibirsk, worked primarily. in the portrait genre (the Theorists series, etc.). At the turn of the 50-60s. joined the so-called. "Severe style", which is usually characterized by a dark color and expressive heavy brushstroke. At the same time. A. worked a lot in the region. book ill. for children, led by teach. and will enlighten. active Since 1971 he has been living and working in Troitsk Moscow. region He created a number of cycles (ch. Arr. Tempera), the best of which is the "Great French Revolution". Whole sir. works devoted to Heb. subject ("The scripture says ...", "Boy and the Talmudists", "Menorah: The Tree of Martyrs", etc.). In recent years. paints portraits and landscapes of the Moscow region. Participant of group and personal exhibitions.
AVRUTSKY Grigory Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). After graduating from Military med. Academy in Leningrad (1948) served as a military man. a psychiatrist. From 1953 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (his teachers were M.Ya. Sereisky, D.E. Melekhov, S.G. Zhislin). In 1961 he improved in England and France, incl. from the French. scientists J. Delei and P. Deniker - pioneers of psychopharmacotherapy. The formation and development of psychopharmacotherapy in the USSR is associated with the name of A. His scientific. tr. dedicated psychopharmacology, org-tion of community-acquired therapeutic. assistance to the mentally ill and other problems of psychiatry. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1987). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Treatment of the mentally ill, M., 1981 (et al.).
AVSHALOM (Fridman) Chaim (1890-1952, Israel), trade unionist. In his youth, he was an activist of the Ceireytsion. After the revolution in Russia, together with I. Trumpeldor, he created "Ge Halutz". From 1919 - in E.-I. He worked as a road worker, was a delegate to the founding congress of trade unions (1920). One of the founders of the union of working youth. Hereinafter - Member. Tel Aviv Workers Council, held leading positions in central prof. organs, mainly. related to culture and education. The "Avshalom Institute" at Tel-Aviv University, engaged in local history E.-I.
AVSHAULOV Khizgil Davidovich (b. 1913, Nyugdi village, Dagestan region), writer, folklorist. Writes in TAT and Russian. languages. A classic of Soviet literature of Mountain Jews. Member of the 2nd world. war. Until 1956 he was engaged in journalism. Collaborated in the yearbook "Council to Vatanimu", published in the Tatar language. The first story - "Lovers" was published in 1939. One of the first collectors and publishers of the folklore of Mountain Jews. In 1940 he published a collection of works. "Tatsky folklore". The author of the play "Love in Danger". Cit .: Meeting at the spring, M., 1960; Under plane trees, M., 1960; The interpreter of the imam, 1967; The Legend of Love, Makhachkala, 1972; Retribution, M., 1978.
AYALON (Leshchiner) Zvi (b. 1911), military. activist and diplomat, gen. Israel Defense Forces (1948). From 1923 in E.-I. He studied at the Ga-Reali state institution in Haifa and in s.-kh. school "Mikve-Israel". In 1927 he joined Gagana, worked his way up from ml. com. to the leading officer of her gen. headquarters. After the creation of the Israel Defense Forces (1948) - deputy. early Gene. headquarters. During the War of Independence, the Center commanded, fr. In 1952, he headed the quartermaster department of Gen. headquarters. In 1954 - teams. Center, neighborhood. In 1955–57 he trained in the USA, from 1957 the beginning. dep. building of the Ministry of Defense of Israel, since 1958 deputy. gene. dir. this min-va. In 1959 he headed a delegation of the Ministry of Defense in Great Britain. Since 1964 - Ambassador to Romania.
AYAN, village, center of Ayano-Maisky district of Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia.
EICHENWALD Alexander Yulievich (1904, Moscow - 1941, Oryol), economist, publicist. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald. In 1919–20 p. Krasnopresnenskiy RK and MGK RKP (b), instructor and agitprop party committee in Pyatigorsk. In 1920–21 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov in Moscow. In oct. 1924 - scientific. sotr. this un-that. In 1924–25 he was a propagandist in the town of Bezhitsa, Bryansk province. In 1925-28 he studied economics. department of the Institute of red professors in Moscow. In 1926-27 he was a member. edition w. "Communistich. International". In 1928-29 - prof. political economy in Tatar Communist. un-those in Kazan; author of the brochure "On the tactics of the Comintern in China" (1927), pl. articles on the theory of economics and world economy, in f. "Bolshevik", "Under the Banner of Marxism", "Communist. International "and others, monograph" Sov. economics: Economics and economics, politics of the USSR ". In 1930 he was expelled from the party for belonging to the "Right Opposition" and was soon reinstated. In 1933 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the "Antipart, a group of rightists ...", sentenced to 2 years in prison (he was kept in the Suzdal political isolator). In 1935 he was sentenced again to 2 years in prison, replaced by exile in the town of Berezov, where A. worked in the floating workshop of Berezovsky fish. s-yes (1935). In Jan. 1937 arrested again on charges of counterrevolution. activities; sentenced to 15 years in prison. He served his sentence in the Oryol prison. 09/11/1941 by the verdict of the Military. Colleges Top. USSR ships were shot.
EIKHENWALD Alexandra Yurievna (b. 1957, Moscow), linguist. Daughter of Y.A. Eichenwald. In 1979 she graduated from the department of structural and applied linguistics philol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1980–89 she worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cand. philol. Sciences (1989). Since 1989 - prof. Federal University of Santa Catarina State in Florianópolis in Brazil, since 1994 prof. University of Canberra (Australia). Author of many works on the Berber, Anatolian languages, languages ​​of the South Indians. America, according to the Baltic-Finnish mythology; Hebrew specialist, author of approx. 15 articles and monograph “Sovr. Hebrew ", M., 1990.
EIKHENWALD Boris Yulievich (1902, Moscow - 1938), literary critic. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald). Graduated from Philosophy. dep. ist.-philol. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1922–23 scientific. sotr. Inst. Scientific. philosophy. From 1923 he taught Russian. literature in schools and in training courses in higher education. uch. institutions. In Jan. 1926 in Lit. section of the State. acad. artist Sciences (GAKhN) read the report "Dostoevsky's willfulness", after which in March he became a freelance scientist. sotr. Philos. dep. Gakhn. In the Commission for the Compilation of the Dictionary of Aesthetic. A. terminology dealt with the concepts of "Art", "Art and Nature", "Normativeism". In Dept. General lawsuit worked on the study of aesthetics. views of NV Gogol, made reports "The structure of the verbal image", "The way of cinema", etc. Prepared by dis. "On the lyrics of Pushkin". The author of Art. about TV-ve MS Shaginyan "Method" Hydrocentral "(Zh." Krasnaya nov ", 1933, book 2). Together with A.I.Smirnitsky per. in Russian lang. op. Swede, poet I. Tegner (1935). In apr. 1937 arrested (during arrest, among other papers, A.'s work "The Philosophy of Betrayal" was seized), sentenced to 5 years in prison. He died in a camp in the Far East.
EIKHENVALD Lev Isaevich (1873, Balta, Podolsk province - 1954, Odessa), psychiatrist. Brother of Yu.I. Eichenwald. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Yuryevsky University, in 1899-1908 resident of the Odessa psychiatrist. b-tsy. In 1904–05 during the Russian-Japanese period. war was in the army. In 1908-14 - psychiatrist resident. b-tsy in Ufa, in 1913 conducted a census of the mentally ill in the Ufa province., participant of the 1st world. war (military doctor). From 1921 - Ch. doctor Odessa psychiatrist. hospitals. Member Board of the Odessa branch of the Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, the author of St. 50 scientific. works on clinical issues, court-psychiatric. examination and organization of psychiatrists. help (including the monograph "The Right of the Mentally Ill", 1925).
EICHENWALD Julius Isasvich (1872, Balta, Podolsk province - 1928, Berlin), lit. critic. The son of a rabbi. In 1894 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa with a gold medal for the work "Locke's empiricism and Leibniz's rationalism." From 1895 he taught in Moscow, was a secretary scientist. Moscow psychol. about-va, chl. Pushkin Commission of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Translated from him. lang. book K. Fischer "A. Schopenhauer" (M., 1895) and complete collection. op. A. Schopenhauer (vols. 1–4, Moscow, 1901–10). A. in pl. periodic. ed. published Art. on philosophy, ped. or T. Topics. Wrote Art. for encycl. dictionary Granat, for “History of Rus. literature "D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. A. lit. became famous. portraits, interpretation of the work of Rus. and Western European writers and books. “Silhouettes of Russian. writers "(vol. 1-3. Moscow, 1906-10)," Studies on Western Writers "(Moscow, 1910). A. is a representative of impressionistic, immanent criticism. This criticism contradicted Russian. democratic traditions, for to-rykh were important chap. arr. social problems and journalistic. focus. Believing that the critic has the right to interpret thin. manuf. subjectively, A. saw in the criticism a kind of priest - a mediator between the creator and the reader. In the discussion about the development of t-ra (1900–10) A. stated that t-r had outlived its usefulness, that the scene was depriving thin. the text of its inherent ambiguity. An essay on Belinsky, the inconsistency of which A. proved the inconsistency, caused controversy, after which A. published the book. "Dispute about Belinsky: Answer to the Critics" (Moscow, 1914). October. A. did not accept the Revolution of 1917. A number of Art. A. is dedicated to Heb. issue, the origins of anti-Semitism, whose roots in social and spirit. infringement of a person. In 1922, together with other intellectuals of A. was exiled abroad. Lived in Berlin, published in emigre. press, conducted literary critic. dep. into gas. "Rul" giving weekly. reviews of owls. and émigré literature, taught in Rus. scientific. in-those, was the soul of lit. about-va "Club of Writers", member. to-rogo was V.V. Nabokov, whose aesthetic. views A. had a significant impact. Killed by being hit by a tram.
EIKHENWALD Yuri Alexandrovich (ps: Y. Valich, Y. Sitnikov) (1928, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Poet, translator, member of the human rights movement, son of A.Yu. Eichenwald. After the arrest of his parents, he worked and went to school as a slave. youth. In 1947 he entered the lit. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin. In 1949 he was arrested and exiled to Karaganda for 10 years; in exile in 1951 he was arrested again, placed in Leningrad. prison psychiatrist. b-tsu. After rehabilitation (1955) he graduated from lit. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In 1957–68 he taught literature at school. Since 1957 he has published poetry, trans., Art. into gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets "," Teach. newspaper "," Lit. newspaper ", etc., in f. "Family and School", "New World", "Theater", "Art-in Cinema" and others. He wrote lyrics for the plays of the Moscow Art Theater, made an authorization. per. plays by O. Zagradnik "Solo for the striking clock" (Moscow Art Theater, 1973); per. and made a stage. edition of the comedy by E. Rostan "Cyrano de Bergerac" (premiere in the theater "Contemporary", 1964). In "Contemporary" in the lane. and scenic A.'s edition staged the plays "The Masters" by R. Stoyanov (1968) and "Lorenzaccio" by A. Musset (1979). Author of the text for the musical "The Man from La Mancha" (VV Mayakovsky Theater in Moscow) and a number of other plays, as well as monographs about the actors of the Small Theater: "Ostuzhev" (Moscow, 1977); "A.I.Sumbatov-Yuzhin" (M., 1987). Main themes of poetry A. - the importance of eternal human. values, a sense of history, the sin of oblivion, fidelity to love, etc. Poems and prose A. were distributed in samizdat, collection "On the edge of the sharp" (1972) and "Leap year" (1980), as well as ist. research Don Quixote on Russian soil (vols. 1–2, 1982–84) publ. in the West.
EINZAFT Samuil Semenovich (ps. Sh. Stulin) (1889, Zhitomir - 1929, Moscow), historian, participant of the revolutionary. movement. Carpenter-furniture maker by profession. In 1905, a member of the Hebrew. self-defense in Zhitomir, then joined the Socialist. Heb. working party (SERP). In 1908 he was arrested and exiled for 3 years to the Vologda province. Since 1914, member. Bund. In 1916 he was arrested and exiled to the Irkutsk province. After Feb. rev-tion - in Zhitomir, member. Pres. Volyn lips. Council of Trade Unions, then worked in the Yuzhprofburo (Kharkov). In the years of civil. During the war, he was repeatedly persecuted by the Petliurists and White Guards. In 1920 he left the Bund, soon moved to Moscow, studied at the Institute of the Red Professors. Author of works on the history of the labor movement in Russia. Member Ob-va of Marxist historians, one of the founders of the Istprof MGSPS, worked in the bureau of the section for the study of roar. movement among the Jews under Vses. about-ve of former political prisoners and exiled settlers, collaborated with Heb. scientific. ob-vom and Heb. Department of Ukr. AN Op .: Zubatovschina and Gaponovschina, M., 1922 (4th ed. M., 1925); Labor movement in Russia before 1905, M., 1924; The first stage of the trade union movement in Russia (1905-1907), c. 1–2, Gomel, 1924–25; The history of the worker prof. movement of woodworkers before the revolution of 1917, M., 1928.
EISBERG (Iceberg) Ilya Semenovich (Elya Samuilovich), (1868, Odessa - 1942, Tbilisi), composer. Graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in 1902 in the class of fp., in 1906 - in the composition class of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1906-17 - taught in the music. uch-shche Tiflis department Rus. muses. about-va. In 1917–23 and in 1934–42 - prof. horse, in Tiflis (Tbilisi). In 1923–34 - prof. (1923–28 - rector) Azerb. cons. in Baku. Author FP. op. Published by a musicologist. Art. in decomp. Russian gas. and f.
EISENBERG Grigory Zakharovich (1904, Timkovichi - 1994, Moscow), specialist in the region. theory and technology of antennas for radio communication and broadcasting. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946). After graduating from the Odessa Polytechnic in 1930. in-that worked in the Center. n.-i. in-those communications, where he headed the antenna department (since 1949 - the department of the Scientific Research Institute of Radio). From 1946 he taught at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications, head. department of technical. electrodynamics of antennas, prof. from 1946. Under the hands of. A. Practically all broadcast and communication antennas used in the country have been developed, including for MW, LW and HF bands, high-performance antennas for HF bands with changing direction of max. radiation. A. belongs to work on antenna-feeder devices for radio relay communication lines using arts, earth satellites. Author of 53 inventions, 60 publications, including 7 monographs, 3 of which have been translated abroad. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Became, etc. (1947). Linen. pr. (1957). State pr. USSR (1984). Cit .: Antennas for trunk short-wave radio communications, M., 1948; Ultrashort wave antennas. M., 1957; Shortwave antennas, M., 1962; Passive repeaters for radio relay lines, M., 1973; VHF antennas, parts 1-2, Moscow, 1977.
ISENBERG Isaak Petrovich (1902 - 1968, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1960). Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1929). From 1932 to teach. work in Moscow (since 1962 prof.). Author of works on monetary finance. relations under socialism. Cit .: Schemes of document formation for settlement operations of the State Bank, M., 1937; Questions of the exchange rate of the ruble, M., 1958; Fundamentals of the stability of money under socialism, M., 1964.
EISENBERG Mikhail Natanovich (b. 1948, Moscow), poet, critic. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1972), worked as an architect-restorer. Published abroad since 1974, in the USSR since 1989. Lyrics 1972–92 were included in the book. "Index of Names" (Moscow, 1993). Poetics A., directly inheriting the lyric. traditions of V.F. Khodasevich, is based on emphatically earthly and everyday images. A. acted as a theorist and popularizer of "new poetry", primarily Russian. postmodernism.
EISENBERG Nina Evseevna (1902, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Artistic director t-ra and cinema, easel graphic artist. She studied at the studio of F.I.Rerberg (1914), the school of I.I.Mashkov, then at the VKHUTEMAS (1918–24) in the class of I.I.Mashkov and A.A. Osmerkin. From 1924 she worked in the "Blue Blouse" trade center, where she created sketches of costumes, sets, "stage numbers". A.'s work was distinguished by laconicism and simplicity. Designed performances for a number of t-drov in Moscow and Leningrad ("Green Island", "Bourgeois in the nobility"). A. - participated in Moscow. Association of Artistic Decorators (MAHD) (1928–32), was a member. association "October" (1930–32), participated in the decoration of Moscow for the holidays (1930–41). After the war of 1941–45 she continued to work in the t-ts of Moscow ("The Gadfly", "Plyasunya", "Henry IV", etc.). She was the artistic director of the cartoon. "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" (1955). In recent years, she has been doing a lot of easel graphics.
EISENBERG Julian Borisovich (b. 1931, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. lighting devices. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. since 1988, ch. Academy of Electrical Engineering. Sciences (1993). At the end of Moscow. energetic in-that in 1954 worked in N. - and. lighting technology. in-those in Moscow (head of laboratory, head of the department of lighting devices and lighting for industrial and public buildings). scientific. tr. associated with the system development of lighting devices, the principles and methods of their classification, the calculation of the service life. Developed by scientific. terminology and designation system for light electrical engineering. products. Conducted a complex of studies. and the development of a number of non-traditional solutions for lighting devices (with pneumatic protection against pollution, with heat-reflecting screens, in a particularly vibration and shock-resistant design). He put forward a number of new ideas and developed principles for designing lighting, devices with long hollow fibers, as well as maintenance-free lighting devices. He supervised the development and introduction into serial production of more than 40 series of new mass lamps. Since 1957 scientific. ed., from 1969 ch. ed. scientific and technical g. "Lighting Engineering"; in 1993 he founded the international. scientific. g. on Lighting Engineering, published in New York. Is the vice-president. Lighting engineering. about-va of the CIS countries, before. Tech. to-that "Hollow light guides", Mezhdunar. lighting commissions. Honored. inventor (1992). Author of 300 scientific. works, monographs, 60 inventions, international patents. Cit .: Lighting devices with fluorescent lamps, Moscow, 1968; Lighting devices, M., 1980; Reference book. on lighting engineering, M., 1983; Basics of designing lighting devices, M., 1994.
AIZENMAN Alexey Semenovich (b. 1918, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, teacher. Studied at Moscow. thin uch-shche them. 1905 (1933–38) at dep. easel painting by N.P. Krymov. Since 1954 academic. in exhibitions. A.'s main works were created in the genre of urban landscape; moreover, most of them were painted in oil ("Gorky Street", "In the Moscow courtyard", "Zubovskaya square", "In Kirovsk", "Novorossiysk", etc.). The exceptions were the works of the 70s, created in tempera ("In the Arbat area", "On the Garden Ring", "At the Kirov Gate", etc.). A. is fluent in lighting effects and the development of light nuances. In recent years. writes ch. arr. invented landscapes. Since 1960 he has been teaching in the correspondence course. un-those claim-in on f-those fig. lawsuit.
EISENSTADT Benjemin (1838, Brestovichi, Vilna province - 1920, Uteny, Lithuania), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. 1868-1920 - Rabbi in Uteny. He was known for his sympathy for religions. Zionism.
AIZENSTADT Boris Abramovich (b. 1913, Slutsk, Minsk province), meteorologist and bioclimatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1974. Graduated in 1936 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Central Asian University in Tashkent. From 1936 he worked in the system of the Hydrometeorological Service, Art. scientific. sotr. (1950), head. lab. meteorology and climatology of the Central Asian Regional Research Institute of Hydrometeorology named after V.A. Bugaev of the State Committee for Hydromet. Completed priority scientific. work on the thermal balance of mountains, deserts, oases and on biometeorology of humans and animals. Developed recommendations for the quantitative account of the radiation-thermal effects of mountain elements. environment per person (1985). Author of printed scientific. works, monographs. Honored. Scientist of the Uzbek SSR. Works: Heat balance and microclimate of humid mountain valleys, Leningrad, 1967; Bioclimate and microclimate of Tashkent, L., 1982 (with L.P. Lukina); Climate of Namangan, L., 1984 (et al.).
ISENSTADT Isai Lvovich (party and literary ps. "I. Yudin", "Yu. Din" and others) (1866, Vilna - 1937, Paris), polit. activist. He graduated from the city of Vilna, studied at the Demidov law. lyceum in Yaroslavl. In the end. 1880s member Vilna circle of Narodnaya Volya, at the beginning. 1890s joined the Social-Democrats, one of the hands. Heb. labor movement in Vilna, founder of a number of workers' circles. In 1893–94 he lived in Germany, upon his return he took part in organizing the first mass strike of Jews. tobacco workers in Vilna, was arrested, a year later exiled for 5 years to Siberia. Upon his return from exile (1900), member. Central Committee of the Bund, cases. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, participated in the publishing house. and editing a number of periodic. ed. Bund in Kovno and Vilna, after the defeat of the revolution, led a polemic with the "liquidators". In 1912 he was arrested again and exiled to Siberia, upon his return he lived in Astrakhan, headed the consumer. cooperative. In 1917 he joined the Mensheviks, Oct. he met the coup with hostility. In 1921 owls were arrested. authorities and imprisoned, where he held a hunger strike in protest. In 1922 he was exiled to Germany. While living in Berlin, he participated in the creation of the railway. "Socialist. messenger ", was a member. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP (center of Menshevik emigration). After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933), he emigrated to France.
AIZENSTADT Liza Khaikelevna (b. 1924, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1949 she graduated from Leningrad. art-ped. uch-shche. Constantly works in the techniques of aqu., Etching, lithography, linocut. For creativity A. is characterized by free possession of a broad brushstroke, clear room. solution, purity and freshness of color (“At the Yacht Club”, 1956, “Olenka”, “Sails”, 1959, etc.). A. attracts the image of the city as independent. the new world, created by people, artistically reflects many of its guises (middle "Leningrad" and others). Uch. 1st (1965) and 3rd (1972) All. exhibitions of aqu.
EISENSTADT Mariam Solomonovna (lit. ps. Mirra Zheleznova.) (1909, Kiev - 1950), journalist, lit. critic. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Philosophy and Literature (1932). Since 1934 in Moscow. Before the war. years - corr. "Lit. newspapers ”, a columnist for“ Komsomolskaya Pravda ”. From the beginning. 1942 - sotr. Heb. antifash. to-ta (EAK), gas observer. Einikite. A. - the author of several. cycles of journalistic. essays about Jews - Heroes of the Sov. Union, partisans, concentration camp prisoners. A number of essays were intended for publication in the Black Book. The last work (in collaboration with S. Persov) was the book. essays, the heroes of which were Jewish engineers, representatives of technical. intelligentsia. The layout of the book was destroyed shortly after the defeat of the EAK. Repressed in 1950. Daughter - Zheleznova Nadezhda Leopoldovna (real fam. Bergelson; b. 1933), journalist, lit. critic. The author of the book. "B. Polevoy: Prose, journalism, memoirs" (M., 1985), "Returned Pages" (M., 1990) and others, as well as many others. lit.-critical. Art. in the period, ed.
EISENSTADT Moisey Grigorievich (1870 - 1943, Paris), rabbi, society. activist. Graduated from Giessen University in Germany (1894), receiving a Ph.D. In 1899 Heb. Petersburg community for three years as assistant rabbi, but was not approved by the authorities. In 1909 he was elected to the post of state rabbi of St. Petersburg, approved in 1910. A. created Evening courses in Hebrew. language and history at Hoz. the reign of the Choral Synagogue for higher education and cf. uch. establishments, a header behind the Narva outpost. Together with Z. Zhabotinsky, he headed the Society of Hebrew Lovers. lang., was a part of the Heb. lit.-scientific. about-va, about-va Jews. bunk bed music, Society for the upbringing and education of Jews, Society for promoting the education of children of poor Jews, participated in the Society's activities to spread education among Jews in Russia (OPE), member. Look after. to-that Heb. uch-uch and library commission OPE, K-ta for the improvement of muses. sides of synagogue services. During the 1st world. war A. participated in the organization of the Ob-in to help wounded soldiers-Jews, refugees from the front-line districts. After Oct. coup of 1917 elected to the Executive Committee of the Hebrew. community (Deputy Chairman of its Council, one of the leaders of the Religious Department), entered the Committee to assist Jewish artisans in distress. Affairs. from Petrograd at the congress of Heb. communities in Moscow (1918). Considering it impossible for himself to cooperate with the new authorities, he abandoned the rabbinic, but continued to work in the community, participated in the revival of a number of Hebrews. ob-in, taught in Petrograd. in-those higher Hebrews. knowledge (taught the course "History of the development of the oral teaching of the Talmud"), was persecuted by the authorities, in 1923 he was forced to emigrate.
EISENSTAT David (1890 - 1942, Warsaw), conductor of synagogue choirs. He studied in Russia, later - in Warsaw. In 1921–42 he conducted the Great Synagogue Choir in Warsaw. He wrote cantor music, songs, fp. and orc. manuf. He edited “People's muses. encyclopedia "in Yiddish. He died in the ghetto.
AIZENSTAT David Samoilovich (1880, Rybinsk - 1947), bibliophile, publisher and bookseller. R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. After graduating from the Rybinsk classical school he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that and graduated in 1910. Then he was engaged in advocacy. While still a student, he began to engage in literary work, collaborating in the newspapers "Rabocheye Slovo", "Rul". The first publishing experience dates back to 1906: together with the Pushkin collector L.S. Ginzburg they compiled and published a collection of works. publishing house "Nabat". In 1917, together with A.M. Kozhebatkin and L.S.Yakub, he organized a small publishing house "Wreath". In 1919–23, together with S.A. Yesenin, he was in charge of Prince. store Mosk. labor artel of artists of the word. In 1920-29 he was one of the initiators of the creation and the most active member. Russian Society of Friends of the Book. In 1931–37 - director. Moscow "Writers' Bookstore". From 1938 lit. work became the main one for A., ​​they published. more than 100 articles in decomp. gas.
AIZENSTEIN Semyon Moiseevich (1884, Kiev - 1962), engineer, specialist in the region. radio telegraphy, radio engineering organizer. prom-sti. Higher. educated at Kiev and Berlin high fur boots and Charlottenburg Polytechnic. in-those (near Berlin). In 1901, in Kiev, he demonstrated radio communication over short distances using a homemade radio transmitter and a coherent receiver. In 1904 he received the first patent for a wireless telegraph apparatus, organized a private laboratory. to fulfill orders of the military. departments, built an experiment. radio stations in Kiev and Zhmerinka (1906–07) and established radio communication Zhmerinka - Odessa - Sevastopol. In 1907 in St. Petersburg he founded and headed the Akts. Society of wireless telegraphs and telephones, where he developed projects for building radio stations in Moscow (Khodynskaya and Tverskaya, 1914) and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). In 1912-14 he published the first Russian. radio engineering. g. "Bulletin of telegraphy without wires." In 1915, he supervised the establishment of the first radio communication with submarines in a submerged position at long waves. In 1914-17 in the lab. The about-va created the first radio tubes and radio equipment in Russia. Dec. 1914 cum. with ND Papaleksi conducted the first experiments on radio telegraphy between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo. In 1917 the Society equipped the New Holland radio station with equipment. After 1917, he headed the radio section of the United State. e-tech. enterprises of weak current ", took part in the management of the construction of the radio station on Shabolovka in Moscow. In 1921, was made by the founder. initiator created Radio associations and became deputy. prev. moscow association groups. Since 1922 - in England in the firm "Marconi", hands. building radio engineering. s-dov in Poland (1922–35) and Czechoslovakia. In 1941–45 he worked in an electrovacuum lab. firm "Marconi". In 1947–55 - General. dir. English Electric Volve Company Ltd.
AIZENSTOK Jeremiah Yakovlevich (1900, Elisavetgrad - 1980, Leningrad), literary-led. In 1921 he graduated from Kharkov, in-t Nar. education. Participated in textual studies. preparation of Acad. ed. ukr. and Russian. classics, comm. to Op. T.G. Shevchenko in 12 volumes. (1925–31) and the first full. ed. of his "Diary" (1925), it means. contribution to Shevchenko studies. A. owned monographs about I.P. Kotlyarevsky, P.P. Gulak-Artemovsky, as well as the best textual scholar. and source study. commentary on "Taras Bulba" (NV Gogol, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2, 1937). With objectivity and tact A. comments on aspects related to the coverage of Hebrews. questions in Ukrainian. and Russian. lit.
AIZERMAN Mark Aronovich (b. 1913, Dvinsk), mathematician, specialist in control theory, honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Graduated from MVTU im. N.E.Bauman (1937). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947). Prof. (1955). Since 1939 he has been working in the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1953 - also in Moscow. physical and technical in-those. Main results in theory automatic. regulation and theory of differenti. equations. Linen. pr. (1964). Works: Lectures on the theory of automatic regulation, Moscow, 1956; Absolute stability of controlled systems, M., 1963, (with FR Gantmakher); Logics. Automatic machines. Algorithms, M., 1963, (with L.A. Gusev, L.I.Rozonoer, I.M.Smirnova, A.A. Tal).
AIZIKOVICH Samuil Yakovlevich (1882, Vilna - 1963, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of residential buildings. In 1910 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. engineers in St. Petersburg. From 1912 he lived and worked in Moscow. Participated in a number of competitions. Main works: residential building, cinema and school in Vilna (1910–12), prefabricated panel houses in Moscow (1915–17), reconstruction of the VSNKh building in Moscow (1919–24), typical residential buildings in Moscow (1924–30), project The Central Telegraph Office in Moscow (1925, with G.Ya. Volfenzon, E. Volkov), a commune house in Khavsko-Shabolovsky proezd in Moscow (1927–29, with Volfenzon, Volkov).
ISIKSON Yisroel (1851, Minsk province - 1923, New York), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. re-league, education. In tech. several years was a rabbi in the townships of Zap. the edges. Since 1907 - in the USA. Taught at the best yeshivas in New York. Secretary of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States.
AIZMAN David Yakovlevich (1869, Nikolaev - 1922, Detskoe Selo), prose writer. He studied at a real school, then graduated from Odessa. art school, studied painting in Paris. At the age of 20, he began to publish essays from Hebrews. life in Odessa. gas. In 1901, J. "Rus. wealth ”published A.'s first story in Hebrew. the topic "A little to the side". During the Revolution of 1905–07, it was adjacent to gr. writers, united around the collection of "Knowledge". On Sat. stories "Black Days" (St. Petersburg., 1904) and in the tragedy "Thorny Bush" (Berlin, 1907) depicted the life of the Hebrews. the poor, roar. activity of Heb. intelligentsia, the contradiction between the latter and a simple Russian. people. Since 1906, A.'s work has been marked by the influence of symbolism (Morning of an Angel, 1906; Bloody Spill, 1908). He wrote in Russian. lang., successfully transferring bunk. the speech of their Jewish heroes. He was friends with Sholem Aleichem, corresponded with him, helped him in editing and publishing his works, translated them into Russian. lang. In 1911 - 19 a meeting was published in St. Petersburg. op. A. in 8 volumes.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЙЗПУТЕ, город в Лиепайском р-не (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1248. С 1378 — центр окр. Пельтен в Курляндском герцогстве. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Газенпот Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1797 в А. проживало 209 евреев, в 1800 — 678 (46%), в 1863 — 1622 (52%), в 1897 — 1170 (35%), в 1920 — 586 (22%), в 1935 — 534 еврея (16,5%).Евреи поселились в А. в 16 в., с 1708 существовала синагога. В 1-й пол. 18 в. евреи А. облагались особым муниципальным налогом, в 1750 официально получили право проживать в А. В 1751 Сейм Речи Посполитой дал разрешение на постройку новой синагоги. В сер. 18 в. была создана еврейская община (первая в Курляндии), имевшая собств. раввинат, религ. суд и др.; ежегодно избирался совет общины, с 1763 велись общинные книги (на нем. яз. еврейскими буквами). Экономич. положение общины и влияние на нее нем. культуры привлекали интеллигенцию из мн. городов Европы. В разное время в А. жили и работали выходец из Амстердама автор религ. трудов Даниэль Клайф, Ицхок-Агарон Эйхель (пер. молитвенник на нем. яз.), автор мед. трудов д-р Давид Абрамсон из Данцига, д-р Аврагам Брандт, получивший впоследствии звание надворного советника.В 1783 все евреи-торговцы были записаны в купеч. гильдии (в 1796 — 33 чел., из них 8 — купцы 1-й гильдии). В 1835 в гильдейском купечестве числилось 180 евреев. В 1840 96 еврейских семей (618 чел.) переселились в земледельч. колонии Херсонской губ. В 1848 еврейское население А. пострадало от эпидемии холеры. В 1861 в А. имелись 3 синагоги. С 1867 действовала хевра кадиша.Раввинами в А. были: в 1760—71 — Арон Горвиц, с 1711 — Иосиф бен Менахем, затем до 1835 — Иехил-Михл бен Арье, в 1839—50 — Иегошуа-Зелиг Коэн, в 1852 — 76 — Ицхок-Зеев Аронович, в 1876—81 — Аврам Геллер, в 1882—1904 — Цви-Гирш Нурок (отец М.Нурока), в 1904—13 — Мойше Якобсон. К кон. 19 в. в А. действовали хедеры, талмуд-тора (под влиянием Якобсона в ней стали преподавать светские науки и иврит), два еврейских уч-ща для мальчиков (казенное и частное). В 1904 осн. Еврейское об-во для духовного призрения.Во время 1-й мир. войны жители А. проводили сбор средств в поселенч. фонд Э.-И., в 1917 была образована сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». После 1-й мир. войны в А. созданы касса взаимопомощи, орг-ция «Га-кнассат орхим», в 1920 — еврейская б-ка, в 1922 при помощи Джойнта открыто отд-ние кооп. банка, работала еврейская школа (с преподаванием на нем. яз.) на 100 уч-ся (в 1928 началось преподавание на иврите, в 1939 было введено преподавание религ. дисциплин). Евреи А. занимались гл. обр. торговлей и ремеслами. В 1935 евреям принадлежали ф-ка шипучих вод и 3 лесопилки; евреями были 4 врача из 7, все 3 дантиста, один адвокат из 3. В 1926 3 еврея были избраны членами муниципального совета. В А. действовали ячейки «Маккаби» (с 1924), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» (с 1928), Бейтара (с 1930), в 1930-х гг. — отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1933 в А. прошел съезд «Га-Поэль га-Цаир» Курляндии. К кон. 1930-х гг. активизировалась деятельность «Агудас Исроэль», в 1939 была создана ее женская ячейка «Батья».После присоединения Латвии к СССР (1940) все еврейские обществ., культурные и религ. орг-ции были ликвидированы. В июне 1941 и. о. мэра назначен Михаэль Блюм. К моменту оккупации А. герм. войсками лишь неск. еврейских семей сумели эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. 24 июля 1941 было расстреляно 29 евреев у кладбища Падуре, остальные евреи расстреляны 27 окт. 1941 в лесу близ ж.-д. ст. Калвене. Всего в А. было уничтожено 386 евреев. В 1973 на братской могиле установлен памятник., pronunciation=АЙЗПУТЕ, город в Лиепайском р-не (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1248. С 1378 — центр окр. Пельтен в Курляндском герцогстве. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Газенпот Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1797 в А. проживало 209 евреев, в 1800 — 678 (46%), в 1863 — 1622 (52%), в 1897 — 1170 (35%), в 1920 — 586 (22%), в 1935 — 534 еврея (16,5%).Евреи поселились в А. в 16 в., с 1708 существовала синагога. В 1-й пол. 18 в. евреи А. облагались особым муниципальным налогом, в 1750 официально получили право проживать в А. В 1751 Сейм Речи Посполитой дал разрешение на постройку новой синагоги. В сер. 18 в. была создана еврейская община (первая в Курляндии), имевшая собств. раввинат, религ. суд и др.; ежегодно избирался совет общины, с 1763 велись общинные книги (на нем. яз. еврейскими буквами). Экономич. положение общины и влияние на нее нем. культуры привлекали интеллигенцию из мн. городов Европы. В разное время в А. жили и работали выходец из Амстердама автор религ. трудов Даниэль Клайф, Ицхок-Агарон Эйхель (пер. молитвенник на нем. яз.), автор мед. трудов д-р Давид Абрамсон из Данцига, д-р Аврагам Брандт, получивший впоследствии звание надворного советника.В 1783 все евреи-торговцы были записаны в купеч. гильдии (в 1796 — 33 чел., из них 8 — купцы 1-й гильдии). В 1835 в гильдейском купечестве числилось 180 евреев. В 1840 96 еврейских семей (618 чел.) переселились в земледельч. колонии Херсонской губ. В 1848 еврейское население А. пострадало от эпидемии холеры. В 1861 в А. имелись 3 синагоги. С 1867 действовала хевра кадиша.Раввинами в А. были: в 1760—71 — Арон Горвиц, с 1711 — Иосиф бен Менахем, затем до 1835 — Иехил-Михл бен Арье, в 1839—50 — Иегошуа-Зелиг Коэн, в 1852 — 76 — Ицхок-Зеев Аронович, в 1876—81 — Аврам Геллер, в 1882—1904 — Цви-Гирш Нурок (отец М.Нурока), в 1904—13 — Мойше Якобсон. К кон. 19 в. в А. действовали хедеры, талмуд-тора (под влиянием Якобсона в ней стали преподавать светские науки и иврит), два еврейских уч-ща для мальчиков (казенное и частное). В 1904 осн. Еврейское об-во для духовного призрения.Во время 1-й мир. войны жители А. проводили сбор средств в поселенч. фонд Э.-И., в 1917 была образована сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». После 1-й мир. войны в А. созданы касса взаимопомощи, орг-ция «Га-кнассат орхим», в 1920 — еврейская б-ка, в 1922 при помощи Джойнта открыто отд-ние кооп. банка, работала еврейская школа (с преподаванием на нем. яз.) на 100 уч-ся (в 1928 началось преподавание на иврите, в 1939 было введено преподавание религ. дисциплин). Евреи А. занимались гл. обр. торговлей и ремеслами. В 1935 евреям принадлежали ф-ка шипучих вод и 3 лесопилки; евреями были 4 врача из 7, все 3 дантиста, один адвокат из 3. В 1926 3 еврея были избраны членами муниципального совета. В А. действовали ячейки «Маккаби» (с 1924), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» (с 1928), Бейтара (с 1930), в 1930-х гг. — отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1933 в А. прошел съезд «Га-Поэль га-Цаир» Курляндии. К кон. 1930-х гг. активизировалась деятельность «Агудас Исроэль», в 1939 была создана ее женская ячейка «Батья».После присоединения Латвии к СССР (1940) все еврейские обществ., культурные и религ. орг-ции были ликвидированы. В июне 1941 и. о. мэра назначен Михаэль Блюм. К моменту оккупации А. герм. войсками лишь неск. еврейских семей сумели эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. 24 июля 1941 было расстреляно 29 евреев у кладбища Падуре, остальные евреи расстреляны 27 окт. 1941 в лесу близ ж.-д. ст. Калвене. Всего в А. было уничтожено 386 евреев. В 1973 на братской могиле установлен памятник., extra_data="{'translat...")
AZADOVSKY Mark Konstantinovich (1888, Irkutsk - 1954, Leningrad), folklorist, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. In the city he participated in the roar. movement, was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries (his classmate and friend A.B. Elyashevich later became one of the leaders of this party). After the end of St. Petersburg. un-that (1913) taught in Tomsk, Chita, from 1923 - head. Department of Literature of Irkutsk University. In 1930 he moved to Leningrad, was the head. sector of folklore IRLI (Pushkin House) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the department of folklore Leningrad. un-that. He became a victim of the "campaign against cosmopolitanism", was subjected to gross insults at meetings in un-those, in the press, was dismissed from all posts and was deprived of the opportunity to publish. Therefore, a large number of his works, incl. most cap., publ. posthumously. began work in 1913. Publ. St. 350 art. and monographs on folklore, history of rus. literature and societies, 19th century thoughts, pl. engaged in the historiography of science, was an authoritative expert on the Decembrist literature, an expert on the history and culture of Siberia. Prepared texts, wrote to enter, Art. in the book: "Lena lamentations" (1922), "Tales of the Upper Lena Territory" (1925), "Rev. Bestuzhevs "(1931 and 1951)," Rus. tale: Fav. masters "(vols. 1-2, 1932)," Verkhnelenskie tales "(1938)," Rus. Crying in Karelia "(1940)," Tales of Magaya "(1940)," Front folklore "(1944)," Rus. Tales in Karelia "(1947), AA Shakhmatov" Folklore Records ... in the Onega Region "(1948)," The Decembrists: New Materials "(1955), published op. NM Yazykova, PP Ershova and others. Initiator of the creation of the folklore archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the records of Hebrews are also kept. folklore; at his suggestion, ed. g. "Siberian Living Starina", collection of works "Sov. folklore ". Cit .: Conversations of a collector, Irkutsk, 1924 and 1925; Literature and folklore, L., 1938; Essays on literature and culture in Siberia, v. 1, Irkutsk. 1947; V.K. Arseniev: Critical-biogr. sketch, M., 1956; History of Rus. folkloristics, t. 1–2, M., 1958–63; Art. and letters: Not published. and forgotten, Novosibirsk, 1978; Siberian Pages: Art., Reviews, letters, Irkutsk, 1988; Pages of the history of Decembrism, Vol. 1–2, Irkutsk, 1991–1992. Son A. - Konstantin (b. 1941, Leningrad), literary critic. The author of the book. "Nikolay Klyuev" (L., 1990) and others. In 1980, on the fabrications. KGB was arrested on charges of drug possession, spent 2 years in prison in the Magadan region. The real reason for the persecution was his human rights work.
AZAK, see Azov.
AZANIAKH (Eisenstein) Baruch (b. 1905, Pinsk, Minsk province), lawyer, public. activist, teacher. In 1926-27 he studied at Danzig and Berlin high fur boots, graduated from law. Faculty of Konigsberg University (1931). In 1931–33 he was a judge in Danzig and Berlin, at the same time. headed the organization Poaley Zion in Danzig, was also a vice-chairman, a local Zionist. org-tion, later - secretary. Heb. nat. fund in Konigsberg and secretary. org-tion Poaley Zion in Germany. From 1933 in E.-I., in 1934–35 he worked as a teacher. In 1935–37 the representative of Histadrut and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad in Germany. In 1945-51 he taught at Uchit. seminary (Givat ha-Shlosha), in 1948-50 - at the high school of Kfar Sava. In 1949-50 dir. B. Katsnelson's seminary (Kfar Sava) in 1949-50 - Tikhon Khadali high school (Tel Aviv). Dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. Delegate of the 16th, 17th, 20th and 22nd World Zionist. Congr.
AZARIN (real fam. Messerer) Azary Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1937, ibid.), Actor. Graduated from Moscow. commercial Institute (1919), entered the Studio. Eug. Vakhtangov. In the spring of 1920 he moved to the 2nd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, made his debut in the roles of Vyborny and the Beggar in the play "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" by A. K. Tolstoy (1920). The first means. work - the role of the father in "The Tale of Ivan the Fool" by Leo Tolstoy, staged by A.P. Chekhov, later played Kuligin ("The Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky) and Cosme ("The Invisible Lady" by P. Calderon) ... In the performances of the Moscow Art Theater, A. played the Cat ("The Blue Bird" by M. Meterlink), Bobchinsky ("The Inspector General" by NV Gogol) and Zagoretsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov). In 1925–30 A. worked at the Moscow Art Theater No. 2, where he played Lefty ("The Flea" after N.S. Leskov), Fraser ("The Flood" by Yu.H. Berger), Volgin ("Eccentric" by A. N. Afinogenov ), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare) and others. As a director A. staged at the Moscow Art Theater the 2nd "Good Life" by SI Amaglobeli (1934), in the theater them. MN Ermolova "Storm" VN Bill-Belotserkovsky (1936). In 1936 he moved to the Maly Theater, where he played Arkashka Schastlivtsev in the play "The Forest" by Ostrovsky. Honored. art. Republic (1935).
AZARKH Raisa Moiseevna (1897, Shcherbinovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1971, Moscow), doctor, writer. Member Communist. Party since 1917. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917). Participant Oct. battles of 1917 in Moscow. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In civil the beginning of the war. medical units of detachments, early. sanupra Ukr. front, early. sanitary services of the 5th Army, early. Chief Sanitary Inspection. Transbaikalia. Organizer of the fight against typhus epidemic in Siberia. One of the first women to be awarded the hordes. Cr. Banner (1928). Then to the desks. and prof. work in Rostov-on-Don and Tomsk. Ed. a number of magazines and newspapers, she studied lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Member of the RAPP. Since 1934, a member of the USSR. In 1936–37, she was a citizen. war in Spain, adviser to the Rep. Army and Ministry of Health. During the annexation of Vost. Poland (1939) and Soviet-Finl. war (1939–40) - in full. NPO of the USSR. 1941–44 - soldier. corr. Author of several books.
AZARKH Yulia Semenovna (b. 1929, Leningrad), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow. correspondence polygraph. Institute (1949) and philol. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1954. Scientific. sotr. Kazan Museum. A.M. Gorky (since 1954), Art. teacher of Yelabuga state ped. in-ta (since 1955), teacher cf. schools in Moscow, since 1974 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1987 leading scientific. sotr. IRYA RAN. scientific. tr. connected with issues of history and dialectology of Rus. lang., ist. morphology rus. lang., dialect and ist. word formation, with methods of areal studies, atlas of rus. bunk bed dialects, phonetics severnorus. dialects. Cit .: Word formation and form formation of nouns in the history of Russian. yaz., M., 1984; Rus. nominal dialect word formation in linguogeographic. aspect, Kemerevo, 1994.
Azarov Vsevolod Borisovich (1913, Odessa - 1990, Leningrad), poet, prose writer, translator, critic. Graduated from lit. Faculty of LIFLI (1934). Began to publish in 1929. In the 30s. worked on the radio. During the war years 1941–45 he served in gr. under the Political Administration of the Baltic Fleet, led by V.V. Vishnevsky. Together with Vishnevsky and A.A. Kron, he wrote the heroic. the comedy "The Sea Is Spread Wide", edges was staged in besieged Leningrad on the stage of the Theater of Muses. comedy. On texts A. created many. songs, cantata "The Last Night" (composer AA Petrov), two cantatas by VK Sorokin and others. He translated poets from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, German. poets, translated from Heb. cycle of poems by M. Gruvman. Creativity A. is fanned by the romance of the sea, naval service, roar. youth. Publ. about 30 sat. poems and trans., 10 prose. book One of them is "Alive, sing about us!" - dedicated tragic. an episode of the war: a distracting landing near Peterhof (1969). After the release of the 2nd ed. (1970) the book was banned, it could not even be mentioned.
AZBEL Mark Yakovlevich (b. 1932, Poltava), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). After graduation (1953) from Kharkov University, he worked at a school for working youth. In 1955–64 at the Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. from 1958-, prof. Kharkov University. In 1964–70 prof. geological Faculty of Moscow university and head. sector in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. LD Landau (1964–72). In 1972–77 prof. Moscow engineer-phys. in-that. Active human rights activist. Since 1977 in Israel, prof. Tel Aviv University (since 1973). research on the electronic theory of metals. Joint. with E.A. Kaner predicted cyclotron resonance in metals (1955, Azbel - Kaner resonance). Predicted a sharp change in the behavior of electrons in metals with a vanishingly small change in magn. fields (1964, the Azbel-Hofstadter problem). Discovered (with E.A. Kaner and V.F. Gantmakhsrom) anomalous penetration of high-frequency electromagnet into metal. fields. He predicted that Landau's diamagnetism leads to the emergence of spaces, superstructure. In works on superconductivity, he predicted the existence of quantum oscillations and resonances (resonances A.). Author approx. 200 scientific. articles, approx. 150 publicistic. Art. and book. “Refusenik in the Sov. trap ”(translated into plural, lit. ave. named after Christopher). In 1974 he headed the seminar of refusenik scientists and J. "Jews in the USSR". Member Amer. physical about-va.
AZEF Evno Fishelevich (1869, Lyskovo, Grodno province - 1918, Berlin), one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, provocateur, secret collaborator. Dep. the police. R. in the family of a tailor. In 1890 he graduated from the government in Rostov-na-Donu, participated in the work of the Narodnaya Volya. Cup. In 1892, to continue his education and to avoid arrest, he left for Germany, where he entered the Polytechnic. Institute in Karlsruhe. In the spring of 1893 on his own. the initiative offered its services to Dep. police as an informant. In 1894, at the direction of his superiors, he joined the Union of Rus. Socialist-Revolutionaries Abroad ”, where he acted as a staunch advocate of terror. In 1899, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, he returned to Russia, with the help of the police got a job in Moscow, where he established contact with the leadership of “Sev. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries ”. Having won his trust and at the same time putting him under the control of the secret police, he received the authority to represent the "Union" in the negotiations on the formation of a single party of socialist-revolutionaries (AKP). In the end. 1901 went abroad, where, together with G.A. Gershuni, M.R. Gotz and V.M. Chernov, played a decisive role in creating. AKP; in 1902-08 he was a member of its Central Committee. In 1902–03 he traveled across Russia, working on the creation. and the rallying of local parties, org-tions and placing them immediately under police surveillance. In 1903, after the arrest of Gershuni, he headed the Combat Organization (BO) of the AKP, which in 1904–05 held several. successful terrorists. acts (June 1904 the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Pleve, February 1905 - washers, general-governor Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and others). In the spring and summer of 1905, A. gave the secret police almost the entire staff of the BO, as well as the obl. Congress of the AKP in Nizhny Novgorod; in the fall of 1905, after being elected to the Battle Committee for training a thief. restore Petersburg, gave the police the plan of the revolt. In 1906 he prevented an attempt on the life of the BO on mines. int. cases of P.N. Durnovo, in 1907 - an attempt on the emperor. Nicholas II, in 1908 he handed over to the police a Combat Detachment at the Central Committee of the AKP (7 people were executed) and the Flying Combat Detachment of the North. The information about A.'s connections with the secret police came to the leadership of the AKP since 1902, but only in 1908 his provocation was proved by V.L. Burtsev and confirmed by the former. dir. Dep. police A.A. Lopukhin. Sentenced to death by the Central Committee of the AKP, A. managed to escape and from 1910 he settled in Berlin, where he lived on a passport issued by growing up. embassy, ​​led the life of a rentier, played on the stock exchange. After the start of the 1st world. war was under the supervision of germ. police, in June 1915 arrested as a "dangerous revolutionary" and until December. 1917 was in Moabit prison. In apr. 1918 died in a Berlin hospital.
AZGUR Zair Isaakovich (b. 1908, Molchany, Vitebsk province), sculptor, monumentalist and portrait painter. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1958), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1978). In 1920–25 he studied at the Vitebsk Art College under M.A. Kerzin, in 1925–28 at the VKHUTEIN in Leningrad under R.R.Bach, V.V. Lishev, M.G. Manizer, in 1928–29 at the Kiev Art School. ... in-those. He made a contribution to the development of Belarusian sculpture. Supervised the creative workshop of the USSR Academy of Arts in Minsk. Main works: portraits of the Heroes of the Sov. Union of M.F.Selnitsky, A.I. Rodimtsev and A.I. Molodchy (all - 1943, br.), F.E.Dzerzhinsky (1947, br.), Lu Sinya (1953-1954, mr.), R. Tagora (1957, br.), V. V. Talalikhin (1961, br., Gr.), E. V. Vuchetich (1976, br.), Monuments to V. I. Lenin in the village of Kashino Mosk. region (1957, br.), Yakub Kolas in Minsk (1972). Dep. The Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1947–67 and from 1971). Nar. thin USSR (1973). Became. pr. (1946, 1948), State. pr. USSR (1958). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Art Museum of Belarus.
AZUOLU-BUDA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth, in 1795-1807 - Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the village of Dembova-Buda of Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901 in A.-B. lived 35 Jews (9.74%), in 1914 - approx. 15 Jewish families. In 1899 in A.-B. the Zionist organization "Mokirei Zion" was created. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews left A.-B., the synagogue burned down. At the end of the war, the Jewish community was revived (main occupations - crafts, small trade, in the summer months - serving tourists). In 1931, among the Jews A.-B. were a bakery owner and a lumber merchant. Rabbi in A.-B. was not, by all questions of religions. Avrum-Eliyahu Steinfeld was in charge of life; children studied in cheder (they invited melamed from Kaunas), some - in high schools with teaching in Hebrew in Kaunas and Mariampol (modern Marijampol). In July 1941, all Jews A.-B. were destroyed.
AZIMOV Isaac (1920, Petrovichi Klimovitsky u. Mogilev province. - 1993, New York), writer, biochemist. Since 1923 together with his family in the USA. In 1939 he graduated from Columbia University, specializing in biochemist. He lectured in a number of high fur boots in the United States, taught in med. School of Boston University, where in 1955 he was promoted to prof. by the department. chemistry. For work in the region. biochem. research received stars. Doctor of Philosophy. Author pl. foundation, scientific tr., the textbook "Biochemistry and metabolism in humans" (1952), as well as popular scientific works: "Life and Energy" (1962) - an essay on bioenergetics; "Biographical. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology "(1964)," Sources of Life "(I960)," Human Body "(1963)," Brief History of Biology "(1965)," Universe "(1966), etc. A. owns a Bible guide for children. One of the largest science fiction writers of the 2nd floor. 20th century A. began to print science fiction. manuf. in the beginning. 50s The place of action of the manuf. A. other worlds become heroes - their inhabitants. In pl. manuf. A. popularizes the achievements of science and technology, scientific. hypotheses become artists in them. reality. In 1950 publ. Sat. stories "I, Robot" (Russian translation 1964), in 1955 - the philosopher who brought him wide popularity. the novel "The End of Eternity" (Russian translation, 1966).
AZOV, city, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1471 - Turkish fortress Azak. In 1696-1711 and from 1774 - part of Russia. In 1708-11 and in 1775-83 - the center of the Azov province, in 1783-1810 - a fortress, in 1810-88 - the settlement of Rostov u. Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya., In 1888 - 1920 - in the Rostov environs. Don Army regions. In 1920-24 - in the Don Region, in 1924-34 - in the North Caucasian Territory, in 1934-37 - in the Azov-Black Sea Territory, since 1937 - in the Rostov Region. In 1864 26 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1900 - 368 (1.4%), in 1910 - 341, in 1916 - 413 (1.3%), in 1920 - 144 (0.8%), in 1939 - 69, in 1959 - 101 (0.25% ), in 1970 - 104 (0.18%), in 1979 - 90 (0.12%), in 1989 - 65 Jews (0.08%). the inscriptions from 1274 and 1404, kept in the kinassa of Feodosia, testify. Information about the Jewish quarter is contained in the charters of the Golden Horde khans Uzbek (1321) and Janibek (1347). All R. 19th century A Jewish community of 300-400 people arose in Armenia. In the 1830s. Jews of A. were assigned to the Taganrog Jewish Prayer Society. In 1858 a synagogue was registered (since 1885 - in its own building at Glukhobazarnaya, now - 26 Gogolevskaya Street). In 1868 Khevra Kaddish was founded. The oldest inscriptions on the monuments of the Jewish cemetery belong to this date. By 1881, the synagogue had a private Jewish school of the third category, which was maintained in 1887-99 by David Markovich Zaplavsky (he also taught). Later the school was transformed into a paid school, first for men, then mixed. In 1896–99, the head of the Spiritual Board was Berko Abramovich Nakhafovsky. R.L.Samoilovich, O.V. Budnitsky, S.M. Markedonov, E.V. Movshovich
AZOVSKOE (until 1945 - Kolay), an urban-type settlement (from 1957) in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. 2 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 80 Jews in 1939.
BAAL-SHEM-TOV Israel (1700, Okup, Eastern Galicia - 1760, Medzhibozh), the founder of Hasidism. R. in a poor family. Orphaned early, he worked as a watchman in a synagogue, Melamed's assistant in a cheder, a shoyhet. All R. 1720s left the family and several. years spent in the Carpathian forests. In solitude, he formulated the foundations of a new teaching - Hasidism. OK. 1730 settled in Tlusta (Eastern Galicia), acquired the glory of a miracle worker. After about 10 years he moved to Medzhybizh (Podolia), to-ry became the center of attraction for followers of the new doctrine. A group of students, later preachers of Hasidism in Vostochny, formed around B. Europe. B. did not speak in public sermons, did not write himself and did not allow recording his conversations with his disciples. They were published for the first time 20 years after his death in the book. "Toldos I am kov-Yosef", written by one of B.'s students - Yakov-Yosef from Polonnoye. B.'s grave serves as a place of pilgrimage for followers of Hasidism. Tales about B. became the basis of Hasidic stories, a new genre of Hebrew. lit-ry.
BAAZOV David (1883, Tskhinval, Tiflis province - 1947, Tbilisi), rabbi, public. activist. R. in the family of a rabbi. At the age of 13, to improve the Heb. education went to Slutsk, then to Vilna. In 1903 he returned to Georgia, where he took up the post of rabbi in the city of Oni. In 1918 B. sovm. with Sh. Tsitsiashvili founded the newspaper of the Zionists of Georgia - gas. "The Voice of the Jew". After the Sovietization of Georgia (1921), B., together with N. Eliashvili and his eldest son G. Baazov, organized the Hebrew. schools (teaching Hebrew and the history of the Hebrew people), and in 1924 publishes Hebrew-Georgian. gas. "Makaveeli", which was soon closed by the authorities (only three issues were published). In 1925, B. obtained permission from the authorities to leave part of the cargo, Jews in E.-I. In the 2nd floor. 20s - 30s continued to maintain close contacts with legal, and then with the Zionist who went underground, org-tions and groups of the center of Russia. In the beginning. 1938, following the arrest of his eldest son, B. was arrested along with his second son Haim, accused of an underground Zionist activity and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to exile to Siberia. After returning to Georgia in 1945 and until the last days of his life, he was engaged in national education. activities.
BAAZOV Herzl (1904, Oni, Kutaisi province - 1938, Tbilisi), writer. Son of D. Baazov. Graduated from law. Faculty of Tiflis. un-that in 1927. First. verse. B. (under ps. Ger-Bi) were printed in Hebrew-cargo. gas. in 1918. In 1923 his trans. "Songs of Songs" for cargo, lang., Received high. assessment of contemporaries. In 1924 B. published poetry, ist. stories and art. in euro-cargo. gas. "Makaveeli". In 1925, the European cargo was created by B. drama, the troupe "Kadima" staged his tragedy "Secret Refuge", dedicated to the persecution of Jews in Spain in the 15th century. On the initiative of B. there is a semi-lie. youth. org-tion "Avoda", which preached the ideas of Halucianism. In the 1920s. were published. B.'s stories "Nikanor Nikanoritch", "The End of Gelatskaya Street" and "The Last Word of Shemaria", which brought him wide. fame in Georgia. In the 1930s. Izv. cargo. dir. K.A. Mardzhanishvili staged several. dram, manuf. B. - “The Dumb Talked” (1932; a play from the life of Georgian Jews), “In spite of the faces” (1934), “Itska Rizhinashvili” (1936; on the activities of the first cargo, a Jewish revolutionary, killed by gendarmes in 1905). In 1935 rum came out. B. "Pethain" (Russian translation - 1936) is the first part of a trilogy he conceived about cargo, Jewry. In 1935–38 B. before. dram, section of the JV of Georgia. In 1938 B. was arrested in Moscow while working with S.M. Mikhoels on staging his new play at the GOSET. Delivered to Tbilisi, B. was shot without trial (according to other sources, he died under torture). Unpublished B.'s manuscripts kept at his home were destroyed after their arrest. In 1964 Georgia celebrated the 60th anniversary of B., center. street of Oni was named after him, was reissued. part of his works, and a monograph about him was published.
BABAD Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1932, Kiev), architect, specialist in dwelling architecture. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main works - in Moscow: an experiment, a residential building with 100 apartments on Tula street. (1969), 14th floor. residential building on the street Krzhizhanovsky (1969), the Wedding Palace (1988), the building of the party archive at the Ilyich outpost (1989).
BABAEVO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Belozersky station Novgorod Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 22 Jews in 1939.
BABAI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1643. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Babai, Kharkovsky district 16 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the Jews of B. were evicted to the Kazan province.
BABALIKASHVILI Israel (1906, Kutais - 1971, Tbilisi), rabbi, society. activist. Beginning religious arr. received from Ch. Rabbis of Georgia R. Eluashvili and Sh. Levitin. Later he studied at the "Tomkhei tmimim" yeshiva (Rostov-on-Don). Upon completion of his studies, he returned to Tiflis, was a rabbi, khazan, melamed, butcher. In 1934 he was arrested for his associations, activities, spent six months in prison. After his release, he continued to travel to the cities and villages of Georgia, creating circles for the study of Hebrew and Torah (in Sachkher, Zugdidi, Borjomi, Sukhumi, Batumi, Tskhinvali, Gori, etc.), he taught in them. Among his students were students, university lecturers, engineers, pedagogues, etc. In 1953 he was arrested in connection with the “doctors' case”, for some time he was in prison. Later he was engaged in translations from Hebrew to cargo. lang. He left a diary - interesting sketches from the life of the cargo. Jews.
BABALIKASHVILI Nisan Izrailevich (1938, Tbilisi - 1986, ibid.), Semitologist, historian and linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1972). Son of I. Babalkashvili. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Tbilisi State. un-that (1964). Since 1967 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, simultaneously. worked in Tbilisi un-those, the first in Georgia began to teach students of the modern. Hebrew. Research Heb. epigraphic. monuments of Georgia, North. Caucasus and Crimea, per. for the cargo. lang. book Tanakh Eikha and Kogelet (published in the almanac "Armagani", 1977). Works: Heb. inscriptions in Georgia (XVIII-XIX centuries), Tb., 1971; About several Jewish-speaking Karaite epigraphs. monuments in Chufut-Kale, in the book: Semitologich. studies, v. 3, Tb., 1986.
BABANKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from the 2nd floor. 19th century - volost center of Umansky district Kiev province. In 1930-59 it was a regional center. In 1939, 103 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 19th century. - retail trade and crafts. All R. 19th century in B. there was a cantonist school. Between 1918 and 1921 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was repeatedly subjected to pogroms. All Jews of Byelorussia were shot by the spring of 1942. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
Babat Georgy Ilyich (1911, Zhitomir - 1960, Moscow), scientist, specialist in the region. radio engineering and power engineering. R. in the family pom. attorney at law, after Oct. rev-tion - prof. Kiev in-that nar. x-va. Received education at home. From 1928 he studied at the Kiev email. technical school and at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those, to-ry graduated in 1932. In 1932–42 he worked at the Svetlana electrovacuum plant in Leningrad (engineer, then head of the laboratory). At the same time in 1934–41 he taught at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics in Leningrad. polytechnics, in-those (from 1939 - Assoc.). In 1942 he was evacuated from Leningrad to Moscow, where he worked at defense enterprises. In 1943–46 he was scientific. sotr. Energetic. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946–49 head. lab. Sci. automotor institute (NAMI), which was forced to leave in connection with accusations of cosmopolitanism. At the same time. (1945–48) taught the course "Induction Heating" in Moscow. energetic in-those, since 1947 - prof. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrical Equipment Vses. extramural engineering and construction. in-ta.Osn. research in the region. high-frequency heating, creating edema. lamp generators and the use of high-frequency currents in transport. Since 1932, he completed a cycle of work on the circuits of post and AC converters. current using controlled valves (rectifiers, inverters, frequency converters). Pioneer in the region. prom. the use of e-thermal. methods in metal processing; the condenser electric spot welding invented by him has found (since 1934) application in vacuum technology. In 1936–39 he developed a method of induction heating of metal (high-frequency hardening) and proposed the first industrial. types of high-frequency quenching installations with lamp generators. The author of popular science and thin. books about science and technology. Became. pr. (1943). Etc. English. Institute of Electrical Engineers (1940) for work on steel hardening by high-frequency currents. Works: Induction heating of metals and its prom. application, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1965; Country PEEF, M., 1944; Stories about high-frequency currents, M.-L., 1948; Accelerators, M., 1957; Magnetron, M., 1957 (with A.L. Garf); Electricity Works, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1964.
Babai, see Babai.
BABCHE, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bogorodchansky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In May 1942, 13 Jews of Byelorussia were resettled to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankovsk), where they were subsequently exterminated.
Babchinets, see Babchintsy.
BABCHINTSY, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - c. Babchinets of Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 192 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the occupation of the Jewish population is the cultivation of tobacco plantations on rented land. The Jewish community flourished; there were synagogues and a public bath in Byelorussia. After the publication of the Provisional Rules in 1882, Jews lost the right to lease land for plantations; the financial situation of the community has deteriorated significantly. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. m-in "New Life" (53 people). 9 Aug. 1941, 94 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BABEL Isaak Emmanuilovich (1894, Odessa - 1940, Moscow), writer. Received a homemade tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from Odessa Commercial uch-shche, then Commercial. Institute in Kiev (1915). At the age of 15, he began to write stories in French. lang., but soon gave up. In 1915 he moved to St. Petersburg. In 1916 he made his debut with two stories in the railway station. "Chronicle" by M. Gorky. Collaborated in gas. "New Life", closed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks as an opposition publication. On the advice of Gorky, he left the literature for a while and from 1917 to 1924 changed many occupations: he was a soldier to Romanian, French, served in the Cheka, the People's Commissariat for Education, and worked as a printing employee. In 1920 he volunteered for the front, was a fighter in the 1st Cavalry Army, where he was considered Russian according to documents. In 1923 he published in Zh. "Lef" stories "Salt", "Letter", "Death of Dolgushov", "King", which immediately brought him fame. These and other stories made up two main cycles - "Cavalry" (1926) and "Odessa stories" (1931), where art. the world of B. appears in all its uniqueness. In the images of the cavalrymen, B. showed a contradictory fusion of selflessness and unbridled passions, anarchism and devotion to the roar. idea. With heavy feeling B. describes violence and senseless destruction, Heb. pogroms and dying culture. This gave rise to sharp criticism of the "Cavalry" by its former commander S.M. Budyonny. Gorky spoke in defense of B. In "Odessa stories" B. gave a colorful image of Hebrews. urban poor, vivid images of representatives of the underworld, partly romanticized. A master of a short story, B. strove for laconicism and accuracy, showing in his works. a complex fusion of naturalism, pathos, sorrow and irony. The metaphorically complicated style of early stories is gradually replaced by a strict and outwardly restrained narration. manner ("Awakening", "Karl-Yankel", "Dante Street", etc.) The first owls. Russian-Heb. writer, B. was also a prominent representative of the so-called. South Russian lit. schools (I. Ilf, E. Petrov, V.P. Kataev and others). In the 2nd floor. 20s - early. 30s traveled a lot around the country, was in France, Germany, Poland, but wrote little. B. also belongs to the plays "Sunset" (1928), "Maria" (1935), several. movie scripts. Repressed in 1939. Son - Ivanov Mikhail Vsevolodovich (b. 1927, Moscow), artist. Author of landscapes of old Moscow.
BABICH Boris Karlovich (1903, Ekaterinovka of the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Ekaterinoslav province - 1966, Kiev), orthopedist, traumatologist. Prof. (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1927). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. In 1947-52 Ch. orthopedist-traumatologist of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR; hands. clinic of traumatology of the Kiev Research Institute of Orthopedics (1960-66). Made a great contribution to the organization of orthopedic and traumatology. help in Ukraine. the work of B. poev, the problems of osteoarticular tuberculosis, the formation of post-amputation stumps, osteomyelitis gunshot, etc. Vol .: On the calcaneal spurs, K., 1941 (doct. dis); Traumatic dislocations, K., 1 ^ 51; Outpatient treatment of fractures, K., 1952; Fundamentals of complex functional therapy for osteoarticular tuberculosis, K., 1965; Traumatic dislocations and fractures, K., 1968.
BABICHI, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 30 Jews were driven away from Byelorussia and subsequently exterminated.
BABIN, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 112 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In July 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria. Lydia Yakovlevna Lipkovskaya (real fam. Marschner) (1882-1958, Beirut), singer (coloratura soprano).
BABIN Marat Ruvimovich (b. 1929, Moscow), sculptor. In 1948 he graduated from the department of training craftsmen at the Stroganov School, specializing in a chaser. Then pl. for years he worked as a metal chaser. From the beginning. 50s took up sculpture. He worked in the region. monumental and easel plastics. The creative face of the master was determined by the end. 60s Until mid. 80s was removed from participation in official exhibitions. He worked in figurative plastic, but especially many others. in abstraction. This made it difficult for the artist to reach the audience, prevented the embodiment of his ideas. Only with ser. 80s his decorative-monumental work begins to be successfully carried out. He makes the trademark of one of the Alushta sanatoriums in the form of a flying bird, creates an emblem for at. reactor, installed near Tomsk, performs an expressive series of monumental lamps. The sculptor works in strict material, ch. arr. in metal, occasionally in wood. Easel comp. B. is inherent in a monumental scope. His sculpture, be it an abstraction or a figurative composition, is designed for active interaction with the environment, for its transformation. How thin. abstract philosophy. thinking B. operates with plastic images for the expression of abstract categories, thinks in essences, not characters. From the 2nd floor. 80s B.'s work includes a biblical theme. In 1987 he creates the composition "Servant of Abraham", where the image of Eliezer is abstracted from the candidate. ist. and ethnogr. concreteness and turns into a plastic f-lu of the idea of ​​overcoming space. In The Flying Bird (1993) the same idea is solved in a different plastic way.
BABIN Victor (b. 1908, Moscow), pianist, composer. In 1928 he graduated from the Riga State. cons., in 1931 - the Higher School of Music in Berlin. In 1929 he made his debut as a pianist. From 1932 he gave concerts at the fp. duet with V. Vronsky. In the beginning. 1930s gave recitals and accompanied by symphons. orc., performed on radio in the Baltic countries, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, etc. In 1937 he made his debut in the USA, performed in New York at the fp. duet with his wife V. Vronsky. Since 1938 he has been living in the USA. In the end. 1940s toured a lot in the North. and Yuzh. America, Europe and Israel. The author of St. 50 works, publ. in Europe, Great Britain, USA; among them - concerts for piano, 2 piano, violin with orc., chamber instructor. ans, incl. strings .: quartet, fp. trio, sonata for cello and fp., cycle of songs for voice and fp. Beloved Stranger. B. owns an arrangement for 2 php. “6 Sonatas for Trio” by JS Bach; “Petrushka's Costume” by IF Stravinsky; romances by S.V. Rachmaninoff and others. Doctor of Fine Arts (un-t in Nyo-Mexico, Albuquerque, USA, 1961). Member festival quartet (since 1956); dir. Cleveland Muses. Institute in Ohio (since 1961) and the Ospensky muses. Institute in Colorado (1951-55).
BABINA BALKA, does not exist since 1964. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1940s and 60s. - the village of Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. 29 January. 1942 in B. B. Ukr. the police shot approx. 600 Jews from Odessa.
BABINO, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) .In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was transferred to the Sambor ghetto, and in April-June 1943 they were shot.
BABINOVICHI, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 16th century. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the district, from 1840 - the provincial town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. After 1917 - a village, in 1946-56 - in the Orekhovsky district of the Vitebsk region. In 1782 395 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1798 - 1754, in 1841 - 537, in 1846 - 639, in 1851 - 531, in 1854 - 512, in 1856 - 516, in 1859 - 799, in 1860 - 788, in 1869 - 526, in 1881 - 270 (28%), in 1897 - 552, in 1908 - 882, in 1910 - 906 (62.6% ), in 1923 - 410, in 1926 - 332 Jews (32.1%) In 1841 there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, 7 heders. In 1843-44 in the mountains. management included 2 Jews - Krapivner and Itkin. In 1856 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1859 there were 3 synagogues. From 1861 to 1865, Krapivner was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1869 there were 2 wooden synagogues. In 1910 - 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. Shmuel Halperin (? —1955), a Lubavitch Hasid, was a Shokhet in B. In March 1942, 16 Jews were shot in B. In B. Pechersky; Hayman Strunsky (1871-1942, New York), poet, publicist, wrote in Yiddish and English. V. N. Pervyshin
BABITSKY Konstantin Iosifovich (1929, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Linguist. In 1953 he graduated from the Institute of Communications, then several. years he lived in the Urals. Returning to Moscow, he enrolled in philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (graduated in 1960). Jr. worked. scientific. sotr. in the sector theor. and Applied Linguistics Ying-that Rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author and co-author of a number of scientific. works in the region. struct. and mate. linguistics. From ser. In the 1960s, he became close to the participants in the human rights defense that emerged in those years. movement, signed. several petitions of protest: in defense of A.D.Sinyavsky and YM Daniel, A.I. Ginzburg and Y.T. Galanskov. He was also known in Moscow as a performer of the "author's song"; naib. Izv. his songs to the verses of Daniel. Participant in the "demonstration of seven" - an act of protest on Red Square. in Moscow against the invasion of owls. troops to Czechoslovakia (08/25/1968). Arrested together with other participants of the demonstration; in oct. 1968 was found guilty by the Moscow City Court of “slander against the Sov. system "and" group actions, grossly violating society, order ", sentenced to 3 years in exile. Served a sentence in the Komi ASSR. After his release, he was completely deprived of the opportunity to work in his specialty. For some time he worked as a carpenter and handyman in the village. Shchelykovo, Kostroma region; also worked on the lane. room. poetry. In 1990 B. received honorary title. citizenship of the city of Prague.
BABRAY, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki province. 20th century in B. lived several. Jews.
BABSKY Evgeny Borisovich (1902, Geryusy Elisavetpolskaya province - 1973, Moscow), physiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1924). Then until 1929 he worked in the department of physiology Biol. in-ta them. KA Timiryazeva, in 1927–30 - at the Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. V.A. Obukha. In 1930–49 - head. Department of Physiology Moscow. ped. in-that. In 1941-43 pom. authorized GKO on the use of modern. scientific. advances in medicine and physiology for defense needs. In 1949–50 at Ying-those clinics. Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Since 1952 head. lab. clinics physiology in Ying-those thoracic surgery them. A. N. Bakuleva, in 1959–73 head. lab. general and clinical physiology Ying-that norms. and pathological. Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. for the study of chem. factors of nervous excitation, mechanisms of muscle contraction. Research the nature of cardiac automation and the mechanisms of its nervous and humoral regulation. Developed new models of pacemakers, proposed a number of research methods. cardiovascular (dynamocardiography, cardiocyclography) and digestion. (endoradiosonde) systems, as well as the musculoskeletal system (stabilography, etc.). Auth. swelling textbooks on the physiology of women and humans for students (1934–37, 1966, 1972). Prev To-that on a new honey. technique at the Ministry of Health of the USSR (1962–67). Works: Electrical stimulation of the heart, Moscow, 1961 (with L.S.Ulyaninsky); Dynamocardiography, M., 1963 (jointly with V.L. Karpman); Physiology, medicine and technical progress, M., 1965 (with V.V. Larin); The history of biology from ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1972; Fav. tr., Kiev, 1977.
BABTAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobty Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 125 Jews (19.1%) lived in Byelorussia; in 1913, approx. 900 (75%), in 1923 - 153 Jews (20%). B. had city rights. In the 19th century. - cr. bargain. a place on the Kovna-Riga highway; local Jews were engaged in the export of timber and agricultural. products to Prussia. In 1878-1914, Moishe-Eliyahu Burshtein was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. with the construction of the railway. e. economical B.'s value has fallen, pl. Jews left for the United States and decomp. In 1931 Jews owned 2 wool-combing workshops, a sewing machine shop, and a sewing workshop. In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, and a shoemaker. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Shloimo Pudlish. By the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, approx. 40 Jewish families. In the end. June 1941 B. occupied the Germans. troops. On July 17, 1941, the Lithuanian police killed 8 local communists (including 6 Jews), on August 31. 1941 Lithuanians shot 83 Jews. In the beginning. 1990s a monument was erected at the burial site in a forest 2 km from B.
BABUSHARA, a village in the Gulripshsky district of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Babusheri of the Sukhumi env. Kutaisi province. Between 1921 and 1991, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
GRANDMERS, see Babushara.
BABUSHKIN (until 1939 - Losinoostrovsk), a region (since 1960) within the city of Moscow. Main in 1897 as a summer cottage settlement in the Moscow district. and lips. Since 1925 - a city, since 1929 - in the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region. In 1926, 1684 Jews (10.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 4761 (6.7%), in 1959 - 5117 Jews (4, 2%) In the 1920s and 1930s. in B., the largest Jewish population was noted in Moscow province. (region). In the 1920s. the Jews of Byelorussia owned a large number of shops, including up to 50% of the shops selling clothes. In 1925, a synagogue was officially opened in Byelorussia (in 1925-27 it was located at the following address: Kominternovsky uch-k, dacha No. 94; from 1927 to the beginning of the 1930s, the 3rd Vatutinsky uch-k, dacha No. 17) ... In the end. 1920s a second synagogue functioned in B. (Ostashkovskoe shosse, dacha No. 60); prev. reign was M. Shapiro. In 1927 two minyans gathered in Byelorussia (Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 4; Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 16). In the beginning. 1930s both synagogues were closed, minyans continued to gather in the 1930s and 1950s. In the end. 1940s Jewish believers have repeatedly petitioned for the opening of a synagogue, but were refused. In the beginning. 1950s a minyan (30-50 people) gathered in B., whose organizers were Ya.M. Edelman and Sh.E. Drabkin (address: Ostashkovskoe highway, dacha No. 99). Yakov Mordukhovich Kimelveld (b. 1937), Doctor of Chem. Sciences (1986), since 1979 deputy. dir. Institute of spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of 80 scientific. tr. on the problems of spectroscopy. In the 1930s. in B. lived Sh.-J.-L. Medal. Y. A. Snopov
BABYAK, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. 192 Jews (35%) lived in Byelorussia in 1827, 240 (46%) in 1857, 221 (36%) in 1897, 237 (30%) in 1921, and 240 Jews in 1939. Jewish families were engaged with. x-th, petty trade and craft. In 1884 Abel Kon was the rabbi in B.. 2 October. 1940 all the Jews of Byelorussia were transferred to ghettos in neighboring villages, from where in the middle. jan. 1942 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp.
BACHELIS Tatiana Izrailevna (b. 1918, Kiev), theater critic, critic. Dr. lawsuit. Graduated from GITIS (1946). Since 1960 - Art. scientific. sotr. Grew up. in-that lawsuit (1985). The author of the book: "Daria Vasilievna Zerkalova" (Moscow, 1954), "Theater Abroad" (Moscow, 1961), "Fellini" (Moscow, 1972, an example of the deepest penetration into the secrets of the dir.), "Shakespeare and Craig "(M., 1983). B. publ. a number of Art. on questions of cinema and t-ra; special interests - in the field of Italian, French, English. Isk-va, also wrote about owls. masters of t-ra, including about V.E. Meyerhold, about S.M. Mikhoels in the role of King Lear, about A.G. Tyshler, about T. on Taganka (well. "Theater", etc. ). B. belongs to the cycle of Art. about fr. existentialist drama of the 1940s – 1950s. (about J.P. Sartre and others) in collections of the 1960s. "Modern. hack drama "and others.
BACHKI, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Vengrovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 150 Jews (17%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 133 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BACHOY, see BACHOY.
BADEEV (real family. Suslik) Joseph Isaakovich (1880, Orhei, Bessarabian province. - 1937), part. activist. Into the roar. movement since 1903. In the beginning. 1920s - one of the hands. Orhei underground communist. org-tion, delegate of the 4th congr. Comintern (1921). In 1924 - before. Mold. section of the Odessa Provincial Committee of the KP (b) U, secretary. desks, orgburo Mold. ASSR. Dec. 1924 - Dec. 1928 - secret. Mold. regional committee of KP (b) U. Member CC CP (b) U, CEC Mold. ASSR. In 1929–37 - at desks and households. work in Ukraine. Delegate to the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed.
BADRAZH OLD, see [[Badrazhiy Vek.
BAER Lev Abramovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), architect, specialist in the design of spectacular buildings. In 1951 he graduated from architect. Faculty Builds. in-that Mossovet. Member of the 1941–45 war. He constantly worked in the Institute Giproteatr. Main works: theater in Kineshma (1976), theater in Semipalatinsk (1982), cinema in Vladivostok (1989), children's theater in Saratov (1992). Etc. on Vses. competition for the design of the building of the Museum of Cosmonautics in Kaluga (1961).
BAEVO, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. From 1802 - in Kopysky, from 1861 - Goretsky district. Mogilev province. In 1922-24 - in the Smolensk province. RSFSR, since 1924 - in the Lyadnyansky district of the Orsha okr. Byelorussian SSR. 168 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1851, 238 in 1869, 697 in 1880, 505 (55.7%) in 1897, 645 in 1908, and 243 in 1923. In 1851 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. and the header. All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed. In 1928 Arie-Sholom Varshavsky was a shokhet in B. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of B. were shot. Samuil Matveevich Eidlin (1914-1986, Samara), poet (in Yiddish) .V.N. Pervyshin
BAEVSKY (Baklavsky) Arie (Gleb) (1889, Helsingfors - 1942), one of the pioneers of the Hebrew. pestilence fleet in E.-I. R. in the family of a Ukrainian nobleman. Studied at Mor. corps and Mor. academy in St. Petersburg. Fleet captain. During the revolution, he fled to Turkey. There he became close to a group of Zionists organized by I. Trumpeldor, and together with it he arrived in E.-I. Converted to Judaism. He was a military man. instructor "Gagana". He sharply opposed the British and became a member. revisionist movement. Was deputy. com. schools mor. officers in Italy, created by Beit-rum. After the start of the 2nd world. war volunteered in eng. fleet. He died of illness.
BAEVSKY David Anatolyevich (1898, Smolensk - 1979, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1948), prof. (1935). Son of a zemstvo doctor. At 16-17 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918-19 he worked in the department of bunks. education in Smolensk. In 1919–21 in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1923–25 he worked in the region. party school in Izhevsk. In 1925-29 he studied at the Ying-those red professors, at the same time. in 1926–29 he taught history at the Communist. un-those them. Sverdlov. In 1929–31 he worked at Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin in Moscow, member. editorial board "Proletarian revolution". In 1931–37 he lectured at the school. institutions of Bezhitsa, Smolensk and Gorky. In 1938–65 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965 he retired. Participated in the preparation of "Sketches on the history of Oct. rev-tion "(v. 1, M., 1927), collection" Against the historical concept of M.N. Pokrovsky "(part 1, M.-L., 1939), generalizing tr. "History of Moscow" (vol. 6, part 1, M., 1952), "History of civil. war in the USSR "(v. 5, M., I960), comp. “History of Kazakh. SSR from ancient times to the present day "(Alma-Ata, 1943) and others. Author of works on the economy of Russia and the situation of the working class during the civilian period. War, Cit .: No need for war! (Anti-war strike in 1916 in Bezhitsa), Smolensk, 1934; Essays on the history of households. construction period civil. war, M., 1957; The working class in the early years of the Sov. authorities (1917–21), M., 1974.
BAEVSKY Solomon Isaakovich (b. 1923 Mogilev), orientalist, specialist in Iran, philologist and translator. Cand. philol. Sciences (1954). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1946). Art. scientific. sotr. (1971). From 1956 to scientific. work in the LO IV of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. The author of several. dozens of scientific. tr. Translated from Persian. "A collection of rarities or four conversations" by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi (M., 1963, with 3. N. Vorozheikina). Op .: Description of the Tajik. and pers. manuscripts, v. 4, Pers. explanatory dictionaries (farhangs), M., 1962; Description of pers. and taj. manuscripts of the Institute of the Peoples of Asia, v. 5, Bilingual dictionaries, M., 1968; Early Pers. lexicography, XI-XV centuries, M., 1989.
BAEVSKY Vadim Solomonovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), philologist. Researcher of Russian history poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries, the theory of verse. Graduated from Kiev ped. Institute (1951). Dr. philol. Sciences (1975), prof. (1979), head. Department of Literature of the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. The author of the research. creativity DS Samoilov "David Samoilov: Poet and his generation" (1986), books "Verse. Russian Soviet poetry "(1972)," Through the magic crystal ": Poetics of" Eugene Onegin ", a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin" (1990). With comment. B. published a collection of poems and poems by B.L. Pasternak compiled by him (together with E.B. Pasternak) in the Big Series "Poet's Libraries" (1990).
BAGCHKA, see [[Great Bagachka.
BAGASLAVISKIS, a town in the Shirvint region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Boguslavishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. By the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, 50 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia (including several shopkeepers, small traders, a potter, a tailor, 2 shoemakers, and several cabbies). It took place annually. fair. In 1910-20, the relig. the needs of the community were provided by the "traveling" rabbi Avrom Peak. During the 1st world. During the war, approx. 500 Jewish families evicted from the districts of Kovna (modern Kaunas) and Vilkomir (modern Ukmerge) and soon deported to the interior of Russia. On May 27, 1915, in an atmosphere of general spy mania, 6 Jews were taken hostage in Byelorussia (including Rabbi Benjamin Izraelit), who were sent to the police department of Vilna (present-day Vilnius). On June 25, 1915, the hostages were released. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. young Jews left for the USA. In the 1930s. The rabbi of B. was Jerahmiel Yoshpe. In 1941, ten Jewish families lived in B.. Almost all of the Jews of B. were shot by the Lithuanian police on 5 Sept. 1941 In B. Avrom-Chaim Shas, in the middle. 19th century rabbi in pl. small towns of Lithuania.
BAGHDAD, see Baghdadi.
BAGDADI (in 1940-90 - Mayakovsky), city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Baghdad Kutaisi district and lips. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1939 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 40, in 1979 - 22 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the 1930s.
BAGDARIN, a village in the Bauntovsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky environs. Transbaikal region Between 1973 and 1990 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BAGEROVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Leninsky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Feodosia district. Tauride province. nov. 1941 in an anti-tank ditch approx. B. was shot apprx. 7 thousand Jews from Kerch.
BAGOTSKY Vladimir Sergeevich (b. 1920, Bern, Switzerland), electrochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1959). He graduated in 1944 chem. Faculty of Moscow un-that (in 1944-47 in graduate school). Disciple of Acad. A.N. Frumkina. In 1947-50 he was an assistant at the Department of Electrochemistry at the University. In 1950-65 in the Vses. Institute of current sources (head of laboratory, head of department). Since 1965 at the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department, since 1990 - head of scientific worker). scientific. tr. in the region. theoretical and applied electrochemistry. Investigated the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction, electrocatalytic. phenomena during the anodic oxidation of methanol, the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. One of the creatures. prom. silver-zinc batteries and mercury-zinc cells. He actively participated in the creation. environmentally friendly energy sources - hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Author approx. 400 scientific. works, 5 monographs (including transl. in English). Works: Khimich. current sources, M., 1981 (with A.M. Skundin); Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, M., 1988.
BAGRINOVKA, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Seretsky eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.
BAGRITSKY (real name Dzyubin) Eduard Georgievich (1895, Odessa - 1934, Moscow). Poet. He studied at a real school, on land surveying courses. From 1915 he was published in the Odessa almanacs. From 1925 he lived and worked in Moscow. Youthful freedom-loving poems about the sea, about birds, about smugglers in the con. 20s and early. 30s are replaced by verses about the "three-sided frankness of the bayonet", which demanded a blind and unconditional submission to time - the age of revolution: "... if he says:" Lie "- lie, / ... if he says:" Kill "- kill". The image of the commissioner of the food detachment Kogan ("Duma about Opanas"), who was killed by a bullet from the Makhnovist, is one of B.'s few appeals to Hebrews. realities - "the personification of social truth", according to the poet's own admission, who wants to die "by the same glorious death / Like Joseph Kogan." There is not a single living human trait, especially a Jewish one, in this image, except perhaps this: "Bollypavitsky conversation / The muzhiks are confused." Even about his origin, the poet writes with disdain: "rusty Jews", "Jewish sour cream", "a crutch of the father and mother's cap", etc. up to "Leave | / Leave! / So much the better! / Don't give a damn!" Such a position could not but affect creativity. Having broken with the world of his ancestors, the poet lost his life-giving bunks. sources, K.-L. references associated with Heb. the reality of Russia of those years, if he resorts to them, are deprived of any emotional and expressive coloring: "I passed through the Jewish houses", "Saturday in a purple wig, / Walking with a candle" ("The Last Night"), etc. D. B. pl. translated other poets, including P. Markish. Works: Yugo-Zapad, Moscow, 1928; Winners, M.-L., 1932; Last Night, M., 1932; Odnomnik, M., 1934; Coll. op. (under the editorship of I.P. Utkin), vol. 1, M.-L., 1938; Poems, L., 1956.
Vsevolod Eduardovich BAGRITSKY (1922, Odessa - 1942, Dubovik, Leningrad region), poet. Son of E.G. Bagritsky. While studying at school, he worked lit. consultant for Pionerskaya Pravda. In the winter of 1939–40 he entered the theater studio headed by A.N. Arbuzov and V.N. Pluchek. He took an active part in writing and staging the play "City at Dawn". From the first days of the war, he sought to be sent to the French, although he was removed from the military register due to severe myopia. From the end of 1941 - at the front. Died Feb. 1942. During his lifetime, his poems were almost never published. In 1958, Sat. verse of the deceased poets "Poems remain in the ranks", which included the production. B. In 1964, the book was published. “Diaries. Letters. Poems ", composed of manuscripts preserved by the poet's mother LG Bagritskaya, critic KL Zelinsky and other close people. In creation book E.G. Bonner, a school friend of B.
BAGVA, a village in Mankovsky district of Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umansky u. Kiev province. In the summer of 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, gathered from the surrounding area. points.
BAK Isai Solomonovich (1902 - 1962, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1928). Graduated from Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). Conducted by scientific-ped. work. Main research subject: history of economics. teachings and history of nar. x-va of the USSR. One of the authors of “History of Rus. econom. thoughts "(Moscow, 1926). In his work "Stock Exchange in the West and in the USSR" (Moscow, 1926), he first gave a detailed description of bargaining. and stock exchanges in the USSR at the early stage of the New Economic Policy (Econ. views of M.V. Lomonosov, M., 1946; Antifeudal econ. teachings in Russia in the second half of the 18th century, M., 1958.
BAK Israel (Israel) (1797, Berdichev, Volyn province - 1874, Jerusalem), book publisher. From the family of a typographer. In 1815 he opened a Heb. printing house, in a cut before its closure by the authorities (1821) printed approx. 30 kn. in Hebrew. From 1831 in E.-I., settled in Safed, opened the first Hebrew city in the city. typography. He also owned land. site on Mount Meron, where he created the first in E.-I. Heb. s.-kh. settlement (farm). In 1837–38, the printing house and farm of Byelorussia were destroyed by an earthquake and ruined in the course of the Druze uprising that soon followed. B. moved to Jerusalem, in 1841 reopened a printing house (the first in the city), in which he printed 130 kn. Beginning in 1863, B. published gas. "Ga-Khavacelet" (soon discontinued, was renewed by his stepson ID Frumkin in 1870). B. headed the Hasidic community of Jerusalem, was one of the initiators of the construction of the famous synagogue "Tifares Yisroel" (destroyed in 1948 during the War of Independence). B.'s son - Nisan (1815, Berdichev - 1889, Jerusalem), after his father's death, ran a printing house , sold it in 1883 and devoted himself entirely to the affairs of the Hasidic community of Jerusalem. The initiator of the construction of the Kiryat Naeman quarter (also called Batey Nisan Bak), the Yemeni quarter, etc.
BAK Julian Borisovich (1861, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1908, Petersburg), engineer, entrepreneur, society, activist. R. in the merchant. family. Graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg. He worked as a trainee at the Zakasp building. g. d., later led the construction of the railway. v. Perm-Kotlas, Vologda-Vyatka, Kiev-Kovel, Balashov-Kharkov. In 1904 he subsidized gas. "Novosti", founded gas in 1906. "Rech", conveyed it to the leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party. party. B. was the first to provide material support to the Ob-vu for scientific. Heb. publications, which organized the preparation and publication in 1908-13 of "Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang. In 1904, members. reign of Heb. community of St. Petersburg and the Choral synagogue, member. to-that Heb. colonialist. about-va. In 1908 he entered the Popechit. to-t on the organization of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, donated funds for their maintenance, was included in the committee for the construction of a new complex of buildings on Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery, paid great attention to the activities of the Society for the care of poor Jews in the capital and in the "Pale of Settlement", made large donations in its favor.
BAKALARZHEV, see Bakalazhev.
BAKALAZHEVO, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Bakalarzhev of Suvalki u. and lips. In 1918–39, it was part of Poland. In 1844, 590 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 728 (50%), in 1827 - 525 (56%), in 1857 - 740 (80%), in 1859 - 776. in 1897 - 970 (38%), in 1921 - 141 Jews (20%). Jewish families lived in B. already at the end. 17th century From 1823 to 1862 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. From the end. 19th century B., surrounded by a beautiful forest, became the zone of the dacha construction. Jews from neighboring cities built dachas in B. and rented them out in the summer months. Serving summer residents was an important source of income.In 1827 Eliyahu Bardin was the rabbi in Byelorussia, then Shlomo-Shmaryahu Margaliot, in 1904-14 - Yehuda Hashesman (1876 -?). During the 1st peace. During the war, most of the Jews left Bulgaria for good. After the war, the Jews who remained in Byelorussia continued to earn money by small trade and crafts. armies entered B. at the end. Sep 1939. Jews were deported to the region of the Lithuanian border. Nek-rym managed to cross the border to the territory. THE USSR. The rest were sent to Suwalki, and from there, together with local Jews, to decomp. small towns in the vicinity of Lublin. All Jews of B., with the exception of several. people died during the Holocaust.
BAKH Alexey Nikolaevich (Abram Litmanovich) (1857, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1946, Moscow), biochemist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1945). In 1875–78 he studied at the Kiev University. Excluded for participation in the rev.-studio. movement Exiled to Belozersk for three years. In 1881 he joined the People's Will organization. In 1883 he went illegal. position. In 1885-1917 - in exile. In 1890 he led scientific research. work at the College de France (Paris); 1891–92 - in the USA, introduced improved. fermentation methods for distillers. z-dakh; 1894-17 - in Geneva. In 1905-18 he joined the Esser. Founder of the Sov. schools of biochemistry. Research chemistry of photosynthesis and oxidize, processes in the cell. He found that breathing is based on a number of sequential. enzymatic oxidation-reduction, reactions. 1935–46 - prev. All-Union. chem. about-va them. D.I. Mendeleev. In 1928 he organized and until 1946 headed the All-Union. association of workers of science and technology. In 1935 he founded the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1944 bears the name of B.). In 1918, org. Center, chem. lab at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, trans. later in Phys.-Chem. in-t them. L.Ya. Karpova, director of which he was until 1946. He was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,
BAKH Lazar Isaakovich (ps. Yakov Yuzhin) (1903, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1938), polit. activist. In the 1920s. - member Communist Party of Latvia, later left for South. Africa, was one of the leaders of the CP South. Africa (1930s). In 1935 he was summoned to Moscow through the Comintern and was soon arrested (1937). He died in one of the Kolyma camps of Dalstroy.
BAKHAROV, see Lull.
BAKHCHISARAY, city, regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15th century In 1519-1736 - the capital of the Crimean Khanate. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784 - in the Tauride region, from 1797 - in the Novorossiysk, from 1802 - the provincial town of Simferopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-45 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1793, 1,162 Karaites (24.4%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1857 - 132 Jews, in 1864 - 100, in 1867 - 94 Jews and 489 Karaites, in 1889 - 207 Jews and 607 Karaites, in 1897 - 210 Jews (1.8%) and 967 Karaites (8.1%), in 1910 - 310 Jews (2%), in 1914 - 317 Jews and 216 Karaites, in 1926 - 275 Jews and 144 Karaite, in 1939 - 228 Jews. 17-18 centuries. all Jewish shopkeepers in Byelorussia lived in Chufut-Kale and Mangup. In the 1840s. the restoration of the khan's palace in Byelorussia on behalf of Nicholas I was directed by the Tauride and Odessa gakham Sima Solomonovich Babovich (“Hadji-Ata”, 1788-1855). A synagogue functioned since 1854, and a kinassa existed in 1863. In the 1870s. - 1893 Yufuda Solomonovich Uzun (1836-1893) served as B.'s senior gazan. In 1860-70 mountains. B.'s head was Babakai Ilyich Babovich (1828-1878). In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1915, Isaak Samuilovich Sapak was the gazan of Kinassa. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in B., a synagogue was built on the site of the destroyed Krymchak synagogue. In 1902 there was a Zionist circle, in 1908 a private beginning was opened. Jewish school, in the 1910s. was a Karaite amateur drama. circle. In 1914 there were Karaite ministerial husbands in Byelorussia. and wives. uch-schcha, one of the two pharmacies in B. belonged to L.M. Elson. In 1920 the Maccabi club operated. During the 2nd world. During the war in 1941, 40 Jewish families (about 90 people) remained in Byelorussia. One of the underground groups in Byelorussia in 1941–44 was led by A.M. Bolek (1896, Evpatoria - 1944, Bakhchisarai). Dec 13. 1941 90 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. On July 1-15, 1942, 1,047 Jews were killed (mostly prisoners of war), including 18 Krymchaks. In total in the Bakhchisarai region, approx. 5 thousand Jews. In Chufut-Kale there are the remains of houses in which the Karaites lived. Preserved ancient Karaite cemetery, main. in the 15-16 centuries. Some of the utensils and books from those liquidated in the 1920s. synagogues became part of the collection of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve. In B. genus: S.M. Shapshal; Tobiya Simovich Levi-Babovich (1879-1956, Cairo), since 1934 gakham of the Karaite ob-va Cairo, author of works on the history of the Karaites of Crimea.
BAHMACH, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1736, there was 1 Jewish family (5 people) in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 170 Jews (20.2%), in 1923 - 641, in 1926 - 612 (9.0%), in 1939 - 295 Yakov-Aron Gendelev (1857 -?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1898. 1918 Haidamaks rampaged in Byelorussia; were killed. Dec. 1918 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, perpetrated by the troops of the Directory. On Sept. The 1919 pogrom in Byelorussia was organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. In B., the mikvah was closed, the persecution of the Melamed people began. N.E. Trakhtenberg.
BAKHMAN Lev (Leib) Isaakovich (1830, Chisinau - 1896, Peterhof), architect, representative of the eclectic direction. The first Jew to graduate from St. Petersburg. AH (1861). Heavy. the illness did not allow him to receive titles that gave the right to live in the capital, he lived in the suburbs. From 1869 he collaborated with Heb. community of St. Petersburg. Main works: a project of a monument to A.S. Pushkin for Moscow (1860, not implemented), a project of a permanent Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg (1869-71), residential buildings in the vicinity of St. Petersburg.
BAKHMUT, see Artemovsk.
BAHRAKH Lev Davidovich (b. 1921, Rostov-on-Don), specialist in the region. radiophysics and radio engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. (1962). Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Graduated from Moscow State University (1941) and Military Air. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1945). In 1945–57 he worked at Research Institute-17, from 1957 - early. dep. N.-i. in-that instrument-making NPO "Vega" in Moscow. Osn. The work is related to the development of the theory and technology of antenna devices, in particular, the synthesis of antennas and the theory of mirror and multi-mirror antennas. Joint. with sotr. developed new methods of electric. swing beam in antenna systems (Pr. AN SSSR A.S. Popova, 1965), as well as antenna systems decomp. purpose. Became. pr. (1951). Linen. pr. (1961). Works: Synthesis of radiating systems: Theory and methods of calculation, Moscow, 1974 (with S.D. Kremenetsky); Holography in microwave technology, M., 1979 (with A.P. Kurochkin); Reflective scanning antennas: Theory and methods of calculation, M., 1981 (with G.K. Galimov); Problems of antenna technology, M., 1989 (in co-authorship).
BAKHTIN Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1923, Novgorod), literary critic, folklorist. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1950). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1953–62 he taught at the Karelian ped. in-those, Petrozavodsk un-those, polytechnic. in-those in Leningrad and LGPI. Since 1990 - scientific. hands. programs "Rus. diaspora "Intern. Foundation for the Development and Survival of Humanity. Folklore specialist S.-Z. Russia, folklore rus. ethnic groups abroad, modern, including mountains, folklore. The largest historian of literature in Leningrad. Comp. pl. folklore collection of collections, including collection of modern collections. polit. anecdotes.
BAKLAN, a village in the Pochep district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. 336 Jews (21.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Ichiel-Mikhl-Yehuda-Leib Zalmanov was the rabbi in B.
BAKLANOV (Fridman) Grigory Yakovlevich (b. 1923, Voronezh), writer, playwright. In 1941 from school he went to the front, was a platoon commander art. intelligence. In 1951 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. He began publishing in 1950. First. manuf. - pov. "In the Bullfinches" (1954), stories and essays are devoted to the post-war. colchus. village. B.'s fame was brought by the military pov. "South of the main blow" (1958), "A Span of the Earth" (1959), "The Dead Do Not Shame" (1961), realistically depicting front-line everyday life and complex human beings. fate. Intense drama, morality. conflicts, attention to crisis situations in production. B. became thin. way of deeper research. character of a person in war. In subsequent productions. B. - pov. Karpukhin (1965), rom. Friends, pov. "The Lesser Among Brothers" (1982), heroes, former front-line soldiers, undergo a life test for a sense of responsibility already in peacetime. However, B. does not leave the military theme either - Pov. "Forever - Nineteen Years" (1979, USSR State Ave., 1982), stories. In the period. press of recent years appear. B., written in artistic-doc. genre ("Fictional stories"). B. own the plays "How people live" (1978), "In the city of N." (1984) and others. In 1989-91, bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. In 1987–93 - Ch. ed. g. "Banner", one of the naib, interesting literary-artistic. g. liber.-demo. directions of the era of "perestroika". In 1980, Fav. cit. " B. in 4 vols.
BAKSAN, city (since 1967), a regional center in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Russian Federation). In the 19th - early 20th centuries. - pos. Baksan Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
Baksan, see Baksan.
BAKSHI Mikhail Markovich (1898-1937), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from 6 classes of the city. Since 1919 in Kr. Army, civil. war as a military commissar of a battalion, regiment, brigade, division. He graduated from the main (1926) and operational (1932) military departments. academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1924–32 the beginning. regiment headquarters, then pom. early headquarters Belarusian. IN. In 1932–34 - early. division headquarters, corps. In 1934-36 the beginning. auto-armored tank. troops Leningrad. IN. In 1936, com. and a military commissar. shooter. corps, in 1937 - com. and a military commissar of a heavy tank brigade. Load ord. Cr. Banner. Repressed.
BAKSHTY, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. 172 Jews (11.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. In 1882 Jews were prohibited from settling in Byelorussia, but in fact the number of the Jewish population was increasing. Since 1894 Shaya Katz (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The 1903 regulation in Bulgaria abolished the effect of the Provisional Rules of 1882.
BAKST (real family member Rosenberg) Lev Samoilovich (1866, Grodno - 1924, Paris), theater, artist, graphic artist, painter. In 1883–87 he was a volunteer at St. Petersburg. Academy of Arts in the class of P.P. Chistyakov and K. Venig. In 1893–96 he studied in Paris at the studio of J.L. Jerome, at the R. Julien Academy and at the Finnish artist A. Edelfelt, traveled to Europe and Africa. In 1893–1903 he was one of the organizers and leading members of the World of Art ". Influenced by the creativity of O. Beardsley and T. Steinlen, it was formed as a delicate, refined graphic. B. Drawings of the 1900s. for railway "World of Art", "Golden Fleece" and "Apollo" - a striking phenomenon of Europe. modern. Exhibited as a watercolorist and painter. The most famous are the portraits of A.N. Benois (1898), I.I. Levitan (1899), V.F. Nouvel (1895), V.V. Rozanov (1901), A. Bely (1906), S.P. Diaghilev (1906), and also W. Acosta (1892). B. made a significant contribution to the culture of publishing houses. deeds, in the formation of new arts, the appearance of the book. In 1905 B. collaborated in satirical poetry. g. "Bogey". In 1906–09 he taught at the E. N. Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting in St. Petersburg. From 1909 Ch. arr. in Paris, designed the performances “Rus. seasons "Diaghilev and Benoit. Especially interesting are the sketches of costumes for O. Wilde's drama "Salome" (1908), created in the style of Orientalism, for the ballet "Scheherazade" on muses. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. B. developed innovative principles of pictorial design of the performances "Rus. seasons ". B. turned to the antique theme when designing the ballets "Narcissus" by NN Cherepnin, "Daphnis and Chloe" by M. Ravel and "Afternoon of a Faun" by K. Debussy (on the latter he worked with VF Nizhinsky). In 1909-14 he designed 12 performances of the Diaghilev enterprise. Returning to Petersburg in 1914, B. as a Jew received an order to leave the city, and settled in France forever. In the last years of his life he worked as a fashion designer together with the French. artists R. Dufy and S. Delone, designed performances in the "Grand Opera" and in the troupe of I. Rubinstein. B.'s works are in the Hermitage (Petersburg), the State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), in the fatherland. and foreign private collections.
BAKST Nikolai Ignatievich (Hoax Isaakovich) (1842 or 1843, Mir Minsk province - 1904, Petersburg), physiologist, society. activist. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir and Petersburg. un-t (1862). He improved his education with G. Helmholtz in Germany. Since 1867, assistant professor of St. Petersburg. un-that. From 1881 he taught for wives. honey. courses. scientific. tr. - in the field of general physiology and neurology. He was the first to accurately measure (with Helmholtz) the speed of propagation of excitation along the motor nerves of a person (1867). He offered a simple way to register heartbeats. Investigated the processes of perception of light irritation by the retina. The outbreak of anti-Semitism in Germany and the pogroms in Russia in 1881 aroused B.'s interest in Hebrew. question. From 1883 to 1888, he was an expert on governments, a commission set up to revise laws on Jews. Author of articles in rus. and Heb. g. about the situation of Jews in Russia. He considered it necessary to strive to improve the conditions of their existence and complete equality. Cit .: On the importance of physiology in the study of medicine, St. Petersburg, 1881; Physiology of the sense organs. Lectures delivered in St. Petersburg. un-those, in. 1., SPb., 1886.
BAKST Osip Ignatievich (Isaakovich) (1834, Zhitomir - 1895, Petersburg), publisher, public. activist. R. in the family of a teacher of the Zhytomyr rabbinical school, graduated from the Faculty of East. languages ​​of Petersburg. un-that. He served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases for the Asian Department of Dragoman. In an effort to contribute to the enlightenment of Jews in Russia, he tried to get a job at the Ministry of the Nar. education, but the appointment did not take place. Since 1860 - the owner of a printing house and publishing house. The publishing program of B. included three areas: social sciences, literature and literary studies, and natural science. In 1862–63 he published 8 issues of "History of the XIX century from the time of the Vienna Congress" in German. historian G. Gervinus. In 1863 - “The General History of Literature” by I. Sherr. In 1865 joint. with PI Weinberg released the series "Classical foreign writers in Russian translation". Until 1875, the publishing house B. published Garnier-Paget's History of the 1848 Revolution, K. Neumann's History of the American United States, J. Draper's History of the Mental Development of Europe, and Sketch of the History of Hebrews. people ”E. Hecht and others. One of the last ed. B. - pr. GV Shtoll "The Great Roman Writers" (1889).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАКУ, город, столица Азербайджанской Республики. Изв. с 3 в. н. э. С 12 в. — центр гос-ва Ширван, позднее — в составе Персии, с 1747 — центр Бакинского ханства, в 1806 занят рус. войсками. С 1813 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1840 — уездный город Каспийской обл., с 1846 — Шемахинской губ., в 1859—1918 — центр Бакинской губ. В 1918—20 — столица Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920—91 — АзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживал 2341 еврей (в осн. горские евреи), в 1913 — 9690 (4,5%), в 1926 — 21 995 (из них 19 583 — ашкеназы, 1985 — горские, 427 — грузинские евреи), в 1939 — 31 050, в 1959 — 29 204 (3%), в 1970 — 29 716 (2,2%), в 1979 — 26 446 (1,7%), в 1989 — 22 826 евреев-ашкеназов и 8438 горских евреев.В 1990 в ходе археологич. раскопок под рук. Р.Геюшова обнаружены остатки еврейского квартала и Шабранской синагоги 7 в. Первые письменные упоминания о евреях в Б. датируются сер. 13 в. Существование еврейской общины в Б. отмечено в 18 в. В 1814 евреи Б. бежали в Кубу, спасаясь от погрома, спровоцированного «кровавым наветом». Позднее часть из них вернулась. Общину в эти годы возглавляли бр. Аврагам и Эфраим бен Йосеф. В доме одного из братьев была синагога. С 1810 в Б. начали селиться ашкеназы. Первая ашкеназийская синагога была открыта в 1832. С 1827 в Б. селились курдские евреи, с 1870-х гг. — грузинские евреи. В 1830-х гг. в Б. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1870-х гг. открыта синагога ремесленников.С 1870-х гг. в связи с ростом нефтедобычи возросла и численность еврейского населения Б. Пионерами пром. нефтедобычи в Б. были Г.А.Поляк (основатель фирмы «Поляк и сыновья»), А.Дембо и Х.Каган (создатели компании «Дембо и Каган»), Г.О.Гинцбург, А.Фейгель и др. евреи-предприниматели. Видную роль в развитии нефтедобычи сыграли Ротшильды (осн. ими «Касп.-Черномор. компания» к кон. 19 в. занимала ведущее положение в синдикате нефтепромышленников). В 1901 в администрации нефтяных компаний и об-в работали 64 еврея. 14 возглавляемых евреями компаний в 1913 производили 44% керосина в России. Значит. вклад в совершенствование технологии переработки бакинской нефти внес химик-технолог А.Бейлин.В 1888, на время проведения ярмарки, евреи по распоряжению властей были выселены из Б. В 1897 в Б. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища, вероятно, тогда же возникла хевра кадиша. В 1893 началась деятельность еврейского благотворит. об-ва (утверждено администрацией в 1905). В 1901 открыт «ашкеназский молитв. дом с хасидской молельней», в 1910 — Большая синагога. Проживавшие в Б. грузинские и горские евреи молились в своих, не зарегистрированных властями синагогах, кроме того, в кон. 19 в. в пригороде Б. — Сабунчи имелась синагога горских евреев, а в нач. 20 в. для них сооружена синагога в центре города. С 1905 раввином горско-еврейской общины был Эфраим Рабинович. В Б. были также синагоги курдских (закрыта в 1939) и грузинских евреев. Действовали хедеры, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, еврейско-татском и груз. яз. В 1896 открыта талмуд-тора, к-рую в 1913—20 возглавлял Ф.Л.Шапиро, в 1898 — муж., в 1901 — жен. субботние школы для взрослых (дир. последней — С.А.Бернштейн). В 1910-х гг. в Б. работали горско-еврейское отд-ние талмуд-торы (преподаватель М.Шейнерман), школа для грузинских евреев, еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. кружок, отд-ния ОПЕ и Об-во любителей еврейского языка; до 1920 существовала еврейская гимназия. В 1890-х гг. открыт еврейский дет. сад (один из первых в России; в 1914—15 в нем работала Х.Ровина). В кон. 1900-х гг. в Б. был организован лит.-драм. кружок им. Шолом-Алейхема (реж. И.Л.Пресман). В 1900—20 раввином Б. был Лев Моисеевич Бергер, в сер. 1900-х гг. — Цви-Гирш Цайман, в 1910-х гг. — Иегошуа Рубинштейн. В 1898 в связи с ритуальным наветом произошел погром, пострадало 20 еврейских домов.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из центров еврейского нац. движения: в 1891 образовано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» (с 1892 его возглавлял окружной врач Бакинского у. эпидемиолог Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель), в 1899 Элиягу Каплан создал первую сионистскую орг-цию, позднее возникла ячейка «Поалей Цион». В 1902 четыре представителя Б. участвовали в работе 2-й Всерос. сионистской конф. в Минске. Элиягу Эйзенбет был делегатом от Б. на 6-м Всемирн. сионистском конгр. в Базеле (1903). В нач. 20 в. в Б. было основано отд-ние ОПЕ, учредителем к-рого был Адольф Аркадьевич Гухман (1870—1914), зам. управляющего Бакинским отд-нием Каспийско-Черноморских нефтепромыслов, один из лидеров еврейской общины Б. В Б. действовал ряд сионистских орг-ций. Молодеж. орг-цию «Молодая Иудея» возглавлял сын Б.-З.Вайншеля — Авраам (1893—?). Мн. бакинские евреи активно участвовали в деятельности рос. политич. партий. Среди 26 бакинских комиссаров, расстрелянных в 1918, было 6 евреев (в т. ч. М.В.Басин и Я.Д.Зевин). Евреи входили в состав пр-ва Азерб. Республики 1918—20 (среди них мин. здравоохранения Е.Я.Гиндес).В 1918—19 в Б. наблюдался приток горских евреев, беженцев из деревень. Кроме того, прибывали беженцы из Персии.В 1919—34 действовала ширванская синагога. В 1917 в Б. выходил еженед. под ред. И.Глахенхауза «Кавказер вохенблат» (на идише), в 1917—20 (с перерывами, под ред. Б.-З.Вайншеля) — еженед. «Кавказский еврейский вестник» (с прилож. «Палестина»), в 1919—20 — двухнед. «Еврейская воля» (под ред. Уриэля Фридланда и Людвига Стерлинга), в 1919 — газ. «Тобуши сабхи» (на еврейско-татском яз.), в 1919 — журн. (под ред. М.Комаровского) «Га-Мевасер га-Кавкази» (на иврите). После установления сов. власти в Азербайджане (апр. 1920) все независимые еврейские издания были закрыты. В 1922 в Б. на еврейско-татском яз. выходила газ. «Корсох» (орган Кавк. к-та Еврейской ком. партии и ее молодеж. орг-ции). В нач. 1920-х гг. сов. власти препятствовали созданию в Б. орг-ции Бунда, однако тогда же в городе были созданы клубы горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1920 в Б. действовали 2 еврейские муж. студенч. корпорации «Хасмонея» и «Маккавея» и 2 жен. — «Суламита» и «Дебора». В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. издано неск. книг на еврейско-татском яз. В 1922 в Б. прошел судебный процесс над 16 раввинами и «крупными еврейскими спекулянтами» — попечителями тайного хедера и талмуд-торы. Раввином Б. в 1920-х гг. был Савгиль Рувинов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Э.-И. выехал раввин хасидской общины Меюхес. В 1923 была закрыта старая ашкеназийская синагога. До 1928 в Б. действовала нелег. сионистская орг-ция. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работали школы на идише и еврейско-татском яз. (к 1938 закрыты, лишь в школе № 23 татские классы просуществовали до 1948). В 1934—38 на еврейско-татарском яз. выходила газ. «Коммунист», работал горско-еврейский отд. Азерб. госиздата [рук. Яков Михайлович Агарунов (1907—1992) и Юно Семенов (1899—1961)]. В 1932—36 действовал Бакинский еврейский рабочий т-р (БЕРТ). В 1936—38 в здании закрытой в 1934 Большой синагоги выступал Бакинский гос. еврейский т-р (АзГОСЕТ, дир. Я.Фридман, худ. рук. В.Цейтлин).К сер. 1930-х гг. еврейская обществ. и культурная жизнь в Б. прекратилась. Ашкеназы молились в отд. комнате синагоги горских евреев. К 1940 закрыты все синагоги (в т. ч. ашкеназийская на ул. Димитрова, в нач. 1945 в этом здании открыта горская синагога). В 1939 были закрыты синагога крымчаков и кинасса, располагавшиеся в одном здании. В 1937—38 власти выслали из Б. курдских евреев, имевших иранское подданство (ок. 400 семей), оставшиеся — депортированы в 1951 в Казахстан. В 1952 была закрыта синагога курдских евреев (в наст. время в здании синагоги размещен дет. сад). Численность евреев Б. резко возросла в 1941—42 за счет эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР и др. городов. В 1940-х гг. раввином в Б. был Лейб-Арье Ленглебен. В 1945 в Б. открыта синагога (в обычные дни ее посещали 30—40 чел., в праздники — 400—450), раввин Самано Агаруевич Самамдуев (1893—?) выполнял также обязанности моэла и шохета. В 1947 в Б. были открыты грузинская и ашкеназийская синагоги, расположенные в одном здании.С 1969 в ашкеназийской синагоге на ул. Карганова стали выпекать мацу (ранее ее пекли в гос. пекарне). В 1966 в Б. умер раввин горских евреев раби Иегуда. В 1970 раввином синагоги горских евреев стал Г.И.Мизрахи, зам. пред. правления синагоги — Самуил Фридман (с 1971). В 1973 открыто новое еврейское кладбище в р-не Волчьих ворот (общее для горских, грузинских и ашкеназийских евреев). В нач. 1970-х гг. мука для выпечки мацы продавалась в гос. магазине, дир. к-рого был М.Д.Шахнович. В 1975 власти закрыли выпечку мацы ашкеназийскими евреями в Армянском квартале. В 1976 раввином горских евреев был раби Беньямин, к-рый одноврем. исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Раввинами были также раби Шилат и раби Било (р. 1914, потомств. раввин, занимался делами хевры кадиши, до кончины отца — раби Иегуды — работал почтальоном).В 1987 в Б. были открыты легальные курсы иврита (офиц. рук. Владимир (Зеев) Фарбер, с 1989 — в Израиле), в 1989 — клуб еврейской культуры «Алеф», начато издание малотиражного информац. бюллетеня «Шалом-Шолем-Шолуми». В 1990 учреждено Об-во дружбы и культурных связей «Азербайджан — Израиль» (с 1992 печ. орган — газ. «Азиз»). С 1991 в Б. открыты представительство Еврейского Агентства и посольство Гос-ва Израиль; учреждены жен. и молодеж. еврейские орг-ции, К-т евреев — ветеранов 2-й мир. войны, Ассоциация иудаики и еврейской культуры. Активное участие в жизни общины принимал педагог П.А.Калик (1923—1995).В 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать ашкеназийская и сефардская синагоги, в 1994 открыта иешива. В сер. 1990-х гг. иврит преподавался в ун-те и двух ср. школах, работали также курсы по изучению иврита.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 26 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: М.В.Абрамович, Ш.Авицур, М.Блэк, Л.М.Вайсенберг, Э.Г.Виторган, В.Я.Вульф, А.В.Гальперин, А.Л.Гальперин, М.А.Гейман, М.М.Гухман, М.А.Далин, Л.Г.Зорин, Т.С.Израилов, Б.З.Карпилова, Г.К.Каспаров, А.М.Кац, В.С.Клупт, В.Д.Конен, Л.Д.Ландау, С.С.Левин, И.Л.Лиснянская, Д.К.Мотольская, А.М.Некрич, О.И.Непорент, Б.В.Рабинович, В.А.Рохлин, А.И.Сальман, Б.М.Таль, Е.Л.Фейнберг, С.М.Фейнберг, Б.К.Финкельштейн, В.Е.Хаин, И.П.Цукерваник, Д.А.Черномордиков, Л.К.Шифрин, Г.Б.Эйдинов; Михаил Яковлевич Агарунов (р. 1936), ученый-нефтяник, проф. (1998), обществ. деятель, публицист, автор кн. по истории горских евреев, составитель татско-рус. словаря, сын Я.М.Агарунова; Маргарита Александровна Барская-Чардынина (1903—1939, Москва), актриса, кинорежиссер; Макс Блэк (р. 1909), амер. философ, с 1958 пред. Амер. филос. ассоциации; Евгений Львович Войскунский (р. 1922), писатель, автор повестей и романа, посв. морской тематике; Рахиль Соломоновна Гинзбург (р. 1920), актриса, засл. арт. АзССР (1964); Иосиф Евгеньевич Гриль (р. 1945), юрист, предприниматель, през. фонда «Эпос», пред. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Лев Лазаревич Грубер (р. 1923), актер, нар. арт. АзССР (1987), с 1989 — в Израиле; Григорий Ефимович Гурвич (1957—1999, Израиль), режиссер, основатель (в 1989) т-ра-кабаре «Летучая мышь», автор и ведущий передачи на телевидении «Старая квартира»; Александр Адольфович Гухман (1897—1991, Москва), теплофизик, проф. (1934), д-р матем. наук (1941), автор работ по теории подобия, сын А.А.Гухмана; Александр Валентинович Дадиани (р. 1958), предприниматель, чл. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Ефим Ильич Левит (1909—1991, Москва), педагог, полковник, в 1936—41 воен. рук. 2-й Артиллерийской школы Москвы, среди выпускников к-рой были В.Л.Говоров, С.А.Микоян, В.И.Сталин; Гасан Борисович Мирзоев (р. 1947), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., през. Гильдии рос. адвокатов, зав. кафедрой адвокатуры Моск. междунар. юрид. ин-та Минюста РФ, с 1999 — деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, чл. фракции Союза правых сил.; Натан Львович Фишман (1909—1987, Москва), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения (1968), автор работ о творчестве Л.Бетховена; Наум Шакбасов (р. 1899), амер. художник., pronunciation=БАКУ, город, столица Азербайджанской Республики. Изв. с 3 в. н. э. С 12 в. — центр гос-ва Ширван, позднее — в составе Персии, с 1747 — центр Бакинского ханства, в 1806 занят рус. войсками. С 1813 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1840 — уездный город Каспийской обл., с 1846 — Шемахинской губ., в 1859—1918 — центр Бакинской губ. В 1918—20 — столица Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920—91 — АзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживал 2341 еврей (в осн. горские евреи), в 1913 — 9690 (4,5%), в 1926 — 21 995 (из них 19 583 — ашкеназы, 1985 — горские, 427 — грузинские евреи), в 1939 — 31 050, в 1959 — 29 204 (3%), в 1970 — 29 716 (2,2%), в 1979 — 26 446 (1,7%), в 1989 — 22 826 евреев-ашкеназов и 8438 горских евреев.В 1990 в ходе археологич. раскопок под рук. Р.Геюшова обнаружены остатки еврейского квартала и Шабранской синагоги 7 в. Первые письменные упоминания о евреях в Б. датируются сер. 13 в. Существование еврейской общины в Б. отмечено в 18 в. В 1814 евреи Б. бежали в Кубу, спасаясь от погрома, спровоцированного «кровавым наветом». Позднее часть из них вернулась. Общину в эти годы возглавляли бр. Аврагам и Эфраим бен Йосеф. В доме одного из братьев была синагога. С 1810 в Б. начали селиться ашкеназы. Первая ашкеназийская синагога была открыта в 1832. С 1827 в Б. селились курдские евреи, с 1870-х гг. — грузинские евреи. В 1830-х гг. в Б. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1870-х гг. открыта синагога ремесленников.С 1870-х гг. в связи с ростом нефтедобычи возросла и численность еврейского населения Б. Пионерами пром. нефтедобычи в Б. были Г.А.Поляк (основатель фирмы «Поляк и сыновья»), А.Дембо и Х.Каган (создатели компании «Дембо и Каган»), Г.О.Гинцбург, А.Фейгель и др. евреи-предприниматели. Видную роль в развитии нефтедобычи сыграли Ротшильды (осн. ими «Касп.-Черномор. компания» к кон. 19 в. занимала ведущее положение в синдикате нефтепромышленников). В 1901 в администрации нефтяных компаний и об-в работали 64 еврея. 14 возглавляемых евреями компаний в 1913 производили 44% керосина в России. Значит. вклад в совершенствование технологии переработки бакинской нефти внес химик-технолог А.Бейлин.В 1888, на время проведения ярмарки, евреи по распоряжению властей были выселены из Б. В 1897 в Б. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища, вероятно, тогда же возникла хевра кадиша. В 1893 началась деятельность еврейского благотворит. об-ва (утверждено администрацией в 1905). В 1901 открыт «ашкеназский молитв. дом с хасидской молельней», в 1910 — Большая синагога. Проживавшие в Б. грузинские и горские евреи молились в своих, не зарегистрированных властями синагогах, кроме того, в кон. 19 в. в пригороде Б. — Сабунчи имелась синагога горских евреев, а в нач. 20 в. для них сооружена синагога в центре города. С 1905 раввином горско-еврейской общины был Эфраим Рабинович. В Б. были также синагоги курдских (закрыта в 1939) и грузинских евреев. Действовали хедеры, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, еврейско-татском и груз. яз. В 1896 открыта талмуд-тора, к-рую в 1913—20 возглавлял Ф.Л.Шапиро, в 1898 — муж., в 1901 — жен. субботние школы для взрослых (дир. последней — С.А.Бернштейн). В 1910-х гг. в Б. работали горско-еврейское отд-ние талмуд-торы (преподаватель М.Шейнерман), школа для грузинских евреев, еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. кружок, отд-ния ОПЕ и Об-во любителей еврейского языка; до 1920 существовала еврейская гимназия. В 1890-х гг. открыт еврейский дет. сад (один из первых в России; в 1914—15 в нем работала Х.Ровина). В кон. 1900-х гг. в Б. был организован лит.-драм. кружок им. Шолом-Алейхема (реж. И.Л.Пресман). В 1900—20 раввином Б. был Лев Моисеевич Бергер, в сер. 1900-х гг. — Цви-Гирш Цайман, в 1910-х гг. — Иегошуа Рубинштейн. В 1898 в связи с ритуальным наветом произошел погром, пострадало 20 еврейских домов.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из центров еврейского нац. движения: в 1891 образовано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» (с 1892 его возглавлял окружной врач Бакинского у. эпидемиолог Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель), в 1899 Элиягу Каплан создал первую сионистскую орг-цию, позднее возникла ячейка «Поалей Цион». В 1902 четыре представителя Б. участвовали в работе 2-й Всерос. сионистской конф. в Минске. Элиягу Эйзенбет был делегатом от Б. на 6-м Всемирн. сионистском конгр. в Базеле (1903). В нач. 20 в. в Б. было основано отд-ние ОПЕ, учредителем к-рого был Адольф Аркадьевич Гухман (1870—1914), зам. управляющего Бакинским отд-нием Каспийско-Черноморских нефтепромыслов, один из лидеров еврейской общины Б. В Б. действовал ряд сионистских орг-ций. Молодеж. орг-цию «Молодая Иудея» возглавлял сын Б.-З.Вайншеля — Авраам (1893—?). Мн. бакинские евреи активно участвовали в деятельности рос. политич. партий. Среди 26 бакинских комиссаров, расстрелянных в 1918, было 6 евреев (в т. ч. М.В.Басин и Я.Д.Зевин). Евреи входили в состав пр-ва Азерб. Республики 1918—20 (среди них мин. здравоохранения Е.Я.Гиндес).В 1918—19 в Б. наблюдался приток горских евреев, беженцев из деревень. Кроме того, прибывали беженцы из Персии.В 1919—34 действовала ширванская синагога. В 1917 в Б. выходил еженед. под ред. И.Глахенхауза «Кавказер вохенблат» (на идише), в 1917—20 (с перерывами, под ред. Б.-З.Вайншеля) — еженед. «Кавказский еврейский вестник» (с прилож. «Палестина»), в 1919—20 — двухнед. «Еврейская воля» (под ред. Уриэля Фридланда и Людвига Стерлинга), в 1919 — газ. «Тобуши сабхи» (на еврейско-татском яз.), в 1919 — журн. (под ред. М.Комаровского) «Га-Мевасер га-Кавкази» (на иврите). После установления сов. власти в Азербайджане (апр. 1920) все независимые еврейские издания были закрыты. В 1922 в Б. на еврейско-татском яз. выходила газ. «Корсох» (орган Кавк. к-та Еврейской ком. партии и ее молодеж. орг-ции). В нач. 1920-х гг. сов. власти препятствовали созданию в Б. орг-ции Бунда, однако тогда же в городе были созданы клубы горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1920 в Б. действовали 2 еврейские муж. студенч. корпорации «Хасмонея» и «Маккавея» и 2 жен. — «Суламита» и «Дебора». В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. издано неск. книг на еврейско-татском яз. В 1922 в Б. прошел судебный процесс над 16 раввинами и «крупными еврейскими спекулянтами» — попечителями тайного хедера и талмуд-торы. Раввином Б. в 1920-х гг. был Савгиль Рувинов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Э.-И. выехал раввин хасидской общины Меюхес. В 1923 была закрыта старая ашкеназийская синагога. До 1928 в Б. действовала нелег. сионистская орг-ция. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работали школы на идише и еврейско-татском яз. (к 1938 закрыты, лишь в школе № 23 татские классы просуществовали до 1948). В 1934—38 на еврейско-татарском яз. выходила газ. «Коммунист», работал горско-еврейский отд. Азерб. госиздата [рук. Яков Михайлович Агарунов (1907—1992) и Юно Семенов (1899—1961)]. В 1932—36 действовал Бакинский еврейский рабочий т-р (БЕРТ). В 1936—38 в здании закрытой в 1934 Большой синагоги выступал Бакинский гос. еврейский т-р (АзГОСЕТ, дир. Я.Фридман, худ. рук. В.Цейтлин).К сер. 1930-х гг. еврейская обществ. и культурная жизнь в Б. прекратилась. Ашкеназы молились в отд. комнате синагоги горских евреев. К 1940 закрыты все синагоги (в т. ч. ашкеназийская на ул. Димитрова, в нач. 1945 в этом здании открыта горская синагога). В 1939 были закрыты синагога крымчаков и кинасса, располагавшиеся в одном здании. В 1937—38 власти выслали из Б. курдских евреев, имевших иранское подданство (ок. 400 семей), оставшиеся — депортированы в 1951 в Казахстан. В 1952 была закрыта синагога курдских евреев (в наст. время в здании синагоги размещен дет. сад). Численность евреев Б. резко возросла в 1941—42 за счет эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР и др. городов. В 1940-х гг. раввином в Б. был Лейб-Арье Ленглебен. В 1945 в Б. открыта синагога (в обычные дни ее посещали 30—40 чел., в праздники — 400—450), раввин Самано Агаруевич Самамдуев (1893—?) выполнял также обязанности моэла и шохета. В 1947 в Б. были открыты грузинская и ашкеназийская синагоги, расположенные в одном здании.С 1969 в ашкеназийской синагоге на ул. Карганова стали выпекать мацу (ранее ее пекли в гос. пекарне). В 1966 в Б. умер раввин горских евреев раби Иегуда. В 1970 раввином синагоги горских евреев стал Г.И.Мизрахи, зам. пред. правления синагоги — Самуил Фридман (с 1971). В 1973 открыто новое еврейское кладбище в р-не Волчьих ворот (общее для горских, грузинских и ашкеназийских евреев). В нач. 1970-х гг. мука для выпечки мацы продавалась в гос. магазине, дир. к-рого был М.Д.Шахнович. В 1975 власти закрыли выпечку мацы ашкеназийскими евреями в Армянском квартале. В 1976 раввином горских евреев был раби Беньямин, к-рый одноврем. исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Раввинами были также раби Шилат и раби Било (р. 1914, потомств. раввин, занимался делами хевры кадиши, до кончины отца — раби Иегуды — работал почтальоном).В 1987 в Б. были открыты легальные курсы иврита (офиц. рук. Владимир (Зеев) Фарбер, с 1989 — в Израиле), в 1989 — клуб еврейской культуры «Алеф», начато издание малотиражного информац. бюллетеня «Шалом-Шолем-Шолуми». В 1990 учреждено Об-во дружбы и культурных связей «Азербайджан — Израиль» (с 1992 печ. орган — газ. «Азиз»). С 1991 в Б. открыты представительство Еврейского Агентства и посольство Гос-ва Израиль; учреждены жен. и молодеж. еврейские орг-ции, К-т евреев — ветеранов 2-й мир. войны, Ассоциация иудаики и еврейской культуры. Активное участие в жизни общины принимал педагог П.А.Калик (1923—1995).В 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать ашкеназийская и сефардская синагоги, в 1994 открыта иешива. В сер. 1990-х гг. иврит преподавался в ун-те и двух ср. школах, работали также курсы по изучению иврита.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 26 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: М.В.Абрамович, Ш.Авицур, М.Блэк, Л.М.Вайсенберг, Э.Г.Виторган, В.Я.Вульф, А.В.Гальперин, А.Л.Гальперин, М.А.Гейман, М.М.Гухман, М.А.Далин, Л.Г.Зорин, Т.С.Израилов, Б.З.Карпилова, Г.К.Каспаров, А.М.Кац, В.С.Клупт, В.Д.Конен, Л.Д.Ландау, С.С.Левин, И.Л.Лиснянская, Д.К.Мотольская, А.М.Некрич, О.И.Непорент, Б.В.Рабинович, В.А.Рохлин, А.И.Сальман, Б.М.Таль, Е.Л.Фейнберг, С.М.Фейнберг, Б.К.Финкельштейн, В.Е.Хаин, И.П.Цукерваник, Д.А.Черномордиков, Л.К.Шифрин, Г.Б.Эйдинов; Михаил Яковлевич Агарунов (р. 1936), ученый-нефтяник, проф. (1998), обществ. деятель, публицист, автор кн. по истории горских евреев, составитель татско-рус. словаря, сын Я.М.Агарунова; Маргарита Александровна Барская-Чардынина (1903—1939, Москва), актриса, кинорежиссер; Макс Блэк (р. 1909), амер. философ, с 1958 пред. Амер. филос. ассоциации; Евгений Львович Войскунский (р. 1922), писатель, автор повестей и романа, посв. морской тематике; Рахиль Соломоновна Гинзбург (р. 1920), актриса, засл. арт. АзССР (1964); Иосиф Евгеньевич Гриль (р. 1945), юрист, предприниматель, през. фонда «Эпос», пред. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Лев Лазаревич Грубер (р. 1923), актер, нар. арт. АзССР (1987), с 1989 — в Израиле; Григорий Ефимович Гурвич (1957—1999, Израиль), режиссер, основатель (в 1989) т-ра-кабаре «Летучая мышь», автор и ведущий передачи на телевидении «Старая квартира»; Александр Адольфович Гухман (1897—1991, Москва), теплофизик, проф. (1934), д-р матем. наук (1941), автор работ по теории подобия, сын А.А.Гухмана; Александр Валентинович Дадиани (р. 1958), предприниматель, чл. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Ефим Ильич Левит (1909—1991, Москва), педагог, полковник, в 1936—41 воен. рук. 2-й Артиллерийской школы Москвы, среди выпускников к-рой были В.Л.Говоров, С.А.Микоян, В.И.Сталин; Гасан Борисович Мирзоев (р. 1947), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., през. Гильдии рос. адвокатов, зав. кафедрой адвокатуры Моск. междунар. юрид. ин-та Минюста РФ, с 1999 — деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, чл. фракции Союза правых сил.; Натан Львович Фишман (1909—1987, Москва), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения (1968), автор работ о творчестве Л.Бетховена; Наум Шакбасов (р. 1899), амер. художник., extra_data="{'translat...")
BAKURIANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1970 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia. Jews settled in Byelorussia in the 1960s.
BAL-Makhshoves (real name and family name. Isidor-Israel Elyashev) (1893, Kovna - 1924, ibid.), Literary critic, translator. He graduated from a real school in Switzerland, studied at honey. f-takh high fur boots in Heidelberg and Berlin. In 1905 he passed the state. exam for the right to practice in Russia, worked as a doctor. During the 1st world. war was mobilized as a doctor in Russian. army. In 1921 he returned to Kovno. I started writing on it. and Russian. lang. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1897. He was published in Hebrew. weekly "Der Yud" and other periodicals. ed. B. is one of the first Hebrews. prof. lit. critics. In their lit.-Crete. research gave an assessment of the creativity of all iz. writers of their time. B. is the author of a number of Art. about rus. writers: A.P. Chekhove, L.N. Tolstom, V.G.Korolenko, L.N. Andreev and others. Lit. B.'s legacy as a critic and translator is enormous. First. collection his op. in 5 volumes. published in 1910 in Vilna. In 1922 his book was published in Berlin. “Southern Jewry and Heb. liter in the XIX century ", in 1927 collection of works. publicistic. manuf. "Unther Rod" ("Under the Wheel").
Balabanovka, does not exist since 1967. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhnedneprovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1950s and 60s. - a farm in Malchevsky, then Millerovsky district of Rostov region. On July 31, 1942, 101 Jews evacuated to B. were killed.
BALABINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Zaporozhye district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Petrovskoe (other name. Petrovka) Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BALABOVSCHINY, see [[Old Bolobovshchina.
BALAEV, see Petrovka, Odessa region.
BALAGANSK, urban-type settlement (since 1962), a regional center in the Irkutsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1654 as Bratsk Bulagat prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Nizhneudinsky u. Irkutsk lips. Since the 1920s. - rural settlement. In 1964, in connection with the construction of the Bratsk Reservoir. In 1863, 166 Jews and "Jews" lived in Byelorussia, in 1878 - 419 (17.8%), in 1897 - 1002 (13.3%), in 1910 - 38 Jews (2.0% ), in 1926 - 29 (2.5%), in 1939 - 19 Jews. 19th century B. is one of the centers of concentration of "Judaizers" in the province. Main occupation of Jews B. in the late. 19th century - trade, distilling, etc. One of the largest distilleries B. belonged to the br. Leibovich. In B. genus. A. Zayd.
BALAKHNA, city (from 1536), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1474. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 8 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1913 - one Jewish family, in 1926 - 6 Jews, in 1939 - 58 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. By oct. 1915, approx. 100 Jewish refugees.
BALAKLAV Leonid Fedorovich (b. 1956, Balti), painter. He studied at the Kiev art. school (1972–73). In 1974 he graduated from Odessa Art. in-t. Since 1987 he worked at the scientific studio. f. in Kiev. Since 1990 - in Israel. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait (ser. painting and graphic. self-portraits, "Portrait of Nurit", "Portrait of a Man", etc.) and lyric. landscape ("Jerusalem", "Jerusalem: Talpiot Mizrah", "Tel Aviv", etc.). Participant pl. Israeli and zarub. exhibitions. B.'s works are in museums and part, collection. Israel, USA, ex. THE USSR.
BALAKLAVA, a region within (since 1957) the city of Sevastopol in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, from 1784 - the district town of the Tauride region, in 1794-1802 - the Novorossiysk province, in 1802-1921 - the Tauride province, in 1921-45 - the regional center of the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - the Crimean region. RSFSR, since 1954 - Crimean region. In 1897, 20 Jews (1.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1904 - 90 (4%), in 1926 - 70 (3%), in 1939 - 104, in the Balaklava region - 142 Jews (0 , 6%) About the presence of Jews in Bulgaria in the 10th century. mention in sources on the history of the Khazars. Burma is an old Genoese colony that promoted the development of trade and the attraction of Jewish immigrants from the countries of the East and West. According to the testimony of Martin Bronevsky, who traveled around the Crimea in 1578, Jews in Byelorussia were engaged in handicrafts and trade, and owned orchards and vineyards. In 1867, a Karaite community existed in Byelorussia, headed by a ghazan. 1919 a meeting of Zionist organizations of the south of Russia was held in Byelorussia with the participation of M.Ya.Dizengoff. In 1941–42, 75 Jews were exterminated in the Balaklava region.
BALAKLEYA, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. In the 1920s. It was a regional center. In 1926, 150 Jews did not live in the Balakley region. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated to the east. The rest were killed in 1942.
BALAKOVO, a city (since 1913), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1762. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nikolaevsky u. Samara Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 13 in 1926, 17 in 1939, 140 (0.1%) in 1970, and more than 100 Jews in 1999. Mikhail Aronovich Gertsman (1888-1938, Moscow), state. and polit. activist, member. RSDLP from 1904, in 1920 before. Chelyabinsk Provincial Executive Committee, Resp. worker of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
BALANOVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Byelorussia. During the occupation of Byelorussia, a ghetto was created. On Sept. - Dec. 1943 in B. remained alive several. hundreds of Jews.
BALASHIKHA, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 259 (0.9%), in 1959 - 516, in 1970 - 843 (0.9%), in 1989 - 764 Jews (0.6 %).
BALASHOV (until 1780 - Balashovo), a city (from 1780), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 18th century Until 1780 - a palace village, then the county town of Saratov province. From 1954 to 1957 it was the center of the Balashov Region. In 1910, 176 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 142 Jews. In 1910, Byelorussia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1916 there were 2 heders in operation. In July 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in August. 1919 another pogrom was carried out; died approx. 35 Jews, many Jews left B.V.B. genus: G.A. Meerson, G. S. Pollyak; Joseph Grigorievich Bergelson (b. 1912), dv. D.R.Bergelson's grand-nephew, radio engineer, engineer-regiment. (1949), a leading developer of certain types of radio equipment, Len. etc. (1966).
Balashov, see Balashov.
BALATINA (until 1991 - Bolotino), a village in the Glodensky region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yassky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 131 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated; the rest in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
BALATSKOE, see Khristoforovka.
BALAYCHUK, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1920s. OZET as a Jewish settlement. On March 14, 1942, apprx. 1300 Jews from Odessa.
BALEI (up to 1938 - Novotroitsk Industrial), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. on the site of the mine settlement. Novotroitsk. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 41 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BALEZINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Glazovsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BALIN, a village in the Dunaevetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamyanets-Podolsk Podolsk province. In 1897, 357 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 19th century there was a synagogue in B. From 1865 Israel-Avrum Lerner (1840—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in 1896, Israel-Yehuda Gen (1867—?) Became the head of the rabbinical court. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population of Byelorussia is handicraft. By the beginning. 20th century from B. exported ropes and ropes for 10 thousand rubles. In 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in the Dunaevtsev ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated. On Sept. 1942 in B., apprx. 250 Jews artisans - moved to Kamyanets-Podolsk.
BALINKI Alexander (b. 1919, Odessa), economist. In the USA since 1929. Bachelor of Arts (Californian University, 1940); Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy (Harvard University, 1947). From 1947 he lectured on economics; from 1952 dir. and the owner of the radio program Communism under the Microscope. Prev programs grew. region (Rutgers University). The author of the book. Albert Gamatin: Financial Theories and Politics (1958), p. in acad. g.
BALINTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 12 Jews were resettled to Kolomyia, where they were subsequently exterminated.
BALBERISHKIS, a village in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the town of Balverzhishki in Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1861, 1,167 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 925 (45.3%), in 1921 - 560, at the end. 1930s - OK. 350 Jews. The Jewish settlement in Byelorussia was one of the first in Lithuania. In B. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries: an old one and a new one, opened in the beginning. 19th century In the end. 19th century B. became an important bargaining-prom. center. Trade was concentrated in the hands of the Jews; Tsirkovich owned a pharmacy in B. In 1907 in Byelorussia there was a private school of the third grade. (director L. Frenkel). In the end. Apr 1915 the Jewish population was evicted from B. With the end. 1920s economy began. recession, to-ry was the reason for the departure of Jews from B. In the 1920s. in B. there were 2 synagogues, a school of the "Tarbut" network for 100 students (director Aron-Itskhok Tesharni), a Jewish library, branches of various. Zionist parties. In 1929 the Jewish People's Bank operated in B. The rabbis in B. were: Tzvi-Girsh Kahane, Efraim Gabbai, Shmuel-Meir Esh (1819-1884), until 1894 - Moishe-Shmuel Gorwitz, up to the middle. 1890s - Abram Leiserson, with ser. 1890s - Boruch-Mendel Vdovinsky, Chaim-Yermiyahu Plansberg, Eliezer-Itskhok Algazi, Baruch Grosbard, Eliyahu Fink, Chaim Lev (1889-1941). 22 Aug. 1942 in B., St. 100 Jews. The rest were deported to the Marijampole ghetto and shot on 1 Sept. 1942.
BALNINKAI, a place in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the borough of Bolniki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 255 Jews (44%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 237 (39%), in 1933 - 142 (23%), in 1941 - 230 Jews. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century A synagogue was built in 1873. Since 1896 Chaim Rudne (1867—?) Was the rabbi of B. Main Jewish occupations - small trade, innkeeping, fishing, women knitted socks for sale. There was a shohet in B. there was no mikvah. Wealthy women traveled to the neighboring town to perform ritual ablution, women from poor families took bath in the lake (even in winter). In 1931 the Jews owned a fabric store, a kerosene shop, wool-beating and a bakery; in 1937 there were 4 butchers, 2 stove-makers, a baker, a tailor, a frame-worker, a tinsmith and a shoemaker. The children studied at the cheder, as well as at the Jewish schools in Ukmerge. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Peisakh Goldman. 1940 recorded cases of attacks on Jews. In the end. June 1941 several. the Jews of B. were killed by the Lithuanians. 5 Sep 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia were shot by Lithuanians in the forest near Ukmerge.
BALSIAI, a village in the Shilal region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bolshoy Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. in B. there was a significant Jewish community. The old Jewish cemetery has been preserved.
BALTSAN Iosif Lvovich (1932, Chisinau - 1975, ibid.), Poet, essayist, translator. Father - et al. a Hebrew-Yiddish-Romanian dictionary published in the 1930s. in Chisinau, Uncle Benzion is a writer. Graduated from the room. g-ziyu. After the war he returned to Chisinau. Graduated. Higher. lit. courses at the USSR SP (1956) and Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1958). He worked in the apparatus of the joint venture of Moldova, was deputy. ch. ed. g. Nistru, weekly "Culture of Moldovei". First. Sat. poems "La Guarda Vecius" ("Protecting Life") was published in 1949. The author of the book: "Trains" ("Poems", 1952), "Din yureshul anilor" ("Storm years", 1959), "Patru soute de privigetor "(" Four hundred nightingales ", 1963)," Nopts de vege "(" Night of the vigils ", 1971) and others. B. belong to the publicist. manuf. and essays. He translated Russian, Lithuanian, Polish and other poets. His best poetry. per. collected on Sat. Cher shiglie (Heaven and Earth, 1977). I also translated to the room. lang. rus, western europe. and Amer. prose.
BALTSAN Chaim (b. 1910, Chisinau), lexicographer, journalist. From 1935 in E.-I. Studied at Bucharest and Heb. un-takh (Jerusalem); bachelor of law. Co-founder and Ch. ed. dep. news "Ga-Boker" (1935–42), corr. gas. "Ha-Aretz" in Turkey, Vost. and Center. Europe. He served at the US Embassy (1942–43) and the British Embassy in Istanbul (1943–44). Deer. HIAS in Turkey (1944–45) and Czechoslovakia (1946–48). He took part in the salvation of the Jews of Europe during the years of the 2nd world. war. Head of the Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Defense (1949). He founded and headed the Faculty of Journalism at Tel Aviv Unt (1970-73). B. - will perform, director. and post. ch. ed. Israeli News Agency, Vice Pre. Tel Aviv Association of Journalists (1987–89). B. - co-founder of the "Movement for the Uniform Spelling in Hebrew" (1974–79); author of "Proposals for the Reform of the Hebrew Spelling"; Hebrew-English, and English-Hebrew. dictionaries (1989), Hebrew-Russian. dictionary (1991).
BALVERZHIKS, see Balberiskis.
BALKI, a village in the Vasilievsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926 66 Jews did not live in the Balkovsky district. 25 Oct. 1941 in Byelorussia one Jew was shot.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАЛТА, город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 16 в. С 1792 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1797 — уездный город Подольской губ. В 1921—24 — в Одесской губ. В 1924—40 — в составе Молдавской АССР, с 1940 — в Одесской обл.В 1856 в Б. проживало 7364 еврея, в 1860 — 7996, в 1862 — 8413, в 1897 — 13 235 (56,7%), в 1910 — 14 924 (54,3%), в 1920 — 8504, в 1923 — 8043, в 1926 — 9116 (39,5%), в 1939 — 4711, в 1959 — ок. 2000 (11,2%), в 1970 — ок. 1400 (6,9%), в 1979 — ок. 800 евреев (3,7%).Еврейское население имелось в Б. уже в нач. 16 в. В 1768 мн. евреи Б. и окрестностей погибли во время гайдамацких погромов. В 1855—56 в Б. было 13 синагог. С 1879 раввином в Б. после смерти Цви Даина стал его сын Ихиель Даин (1854—?), с 1886 — Сруль Земельман (1845—?), с 1894, после смерти Песаха Бурихсона, — его сын Пинхос Бурихсон (1869—?), с 1902 — Хаим-Шмуэль Фишман (1877—?). В 1901—06 казенным раввином в Б. был Менахем Шенкин.В кон. марта 1882 в Б. произошел погром. Попытка организации самообороны встретила противодействие со стороны полиции. Участие в грабежах приняли крестьяне из окрестных сел; пострадала богатая часть города, почти полностью разгромленная и опустошенная. Был убит 1 еврей, ранено ок. 40 чел., 125 еврейских домов и магазинов разрушено.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 19 в. в Б. — оптовая и розничная торговля зерном и табаком, мыловарение, дубление кож, мукомольное дело, винокурение, изготовление одежды. В 1887 в Б. имелось 17 синагог. В 1904 действовал кружок Бунда. Б. становилась одним из центров сионистского движения Юга России. В 1905 вновь произошел погром. В 1910 в Б. имелись 22 синагоги, 2 кладбища, Балтское об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам еврейского вероисповедания, жен. еврейское уч-ще Т.Э.Липецкер, казенное одноклассное нач. муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, обществ. муж. уч-ще, 3 частных муж. уч-ща, 2 смешанных уч-ща, талмуд-тора, в 1912 — еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916 возникла орг-ция «Гехавер», членами к-рой были учителя Балтского еврейского уч-ща.В 1915 евреи Б. были обвинены в шпионаже. Еврейская община серьезно пострадала во время Гражд. войны. В февр. 1919 войска Директории устроили погром, продолжавшийся 9 дней. В апр. 1919 погром повторился. В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. П.Бурихсон предпринимал попытки построить новую микву вместо 2 закрытых.5 авг. 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 8 авг. 1941 в Б. было убито ок. 200 евреев (ок. 60 местных, остальные — беженцы из Бессарабии). В сент. 1941 у с. Козацкое было расстреляно 80 евреев из Б. В дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось 3700—3800 чел., в т. ч. ок. 1500 местных евреев, ок. 1 тыс. евреев-беженцев и ок. 1500 евреев, переправленных из Бессарабии; в июле 1942 прибыло еще 200 чел. Из числа бессарабских евреев на 1 сент. 1943 в живых оставалось 866 чел., остальные умерли в гетто от голода и болезней. Ок. 1500 евреев в кон. 1941 были депортированы в Винницкую обл., ок. 500 из них вернулись, ок. 1 тыс. погибли в лагерях Ободовского и Тростянецкого р-нов. Неск. сотен евреев из Б. с дек. 1941 до авг. 1942 строили аэродром в с. Перелеты (ок. 70 чел. погибло). Весной 1943 работоспособных евреев из Б. отправили в р-н Николаева в распоряжение орг-ции «Тодт» (по дороге ок. 100 чел. погибло). В кон. 1943 выживших вернули в Б. В дек. 1943 в гетто было расстреляно 83 еврея, в марте 1944, во время герм. отступления, — 300 евреев; ок. 60 евреев было сожжено.В 1945 по просьбе верующих была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 10—12 чел., в праздники — ок. 100 чел. Раввин —Лейба Яковлевич Охштандт (1861—?), кантор — Борух Цыкович Канрок (1873—?).В Б. род.: Л.И.Айхенвальд, Ю.И.Айхенвальд, А.Альтман, Г.А.Баткис, Э.Бен-Горин, Я.Н.Бранденбургский, А.М.Веприк, Г.И.Дембо, И.Недава, А.С.Приблуда, И.Сосис, Ш.Шварц, И.С.Школьник; Моисей Самойлович Шварцман (1880—?), публицист, печатался в разл. еврейских изданиях на рус. яз.; Яков Штрайхер (1885—1957, Буэнос-Айрес), поэт (на идише).П.С.Вагнер, pronunciation=БАЛТА, город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 16 в. С 1792 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1797 — уездный город Подольской губ. В 1921—24 — в Одесской губ. В 1924—40 — в составе Молдавской АССР, с 1940 — в Одесской обл.В 1856 в Б. проживало 7364 еврея, в 1860 — 7996, в 1862 — 8413, в 1897 — 13 235 (56,7%), в 1910 — 14 924 (54,3%), в 1920 — 8504, в 1923 — 8043, в 1926 — 9116 (39,5%), в 1939 — 4711, в 1959 — ок. 2000 (11,2%), в 1970 — ок. 1400 (6,9%), в 1979 — ок. 800 евреев (3,7%).Еврейское население имелось в Б. уже в нач. 16 в. В 1768 мн. евреи Б. и окрестностей погибли во время гайдамацких погромов. В 1855—56 в Б. было 13 синагог. С 1879 раввином в Б. после смерти Цви Даина стал его сын Ихиель Даин (1854—?), с 1886 — Сруль Земельман (1845—?), с 1894, после смерти Песаха Бурихсона, — его сын Пинхос Бурихсон (1869—?), с 1902 — Хаим-Шмуэль Фишман (1877—?). В 1901—06 казенным раввином в Б. был Менахем Шенкин.В кон. марта 1882 в Б. произошел погром. Попытка организации самообороны встретила противодействие со стороны полиции. Участие в грабежах приняли крестьяне из окрестных сел; пострадала богатая часть города, почти полностью разгромленная и опустошенная. Был убит 1 еврей, ранено ок. 40 чел., 125 еврейских домов и магазинов разрушено.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 19 в. в Б. — оптовая и розничная торговля зерном и табаком, мыловарение, дубление кож, мукомольное дело, винокурение, изготовление одежды. В 1887 в Б. имелось 17 синагог. В 1904 действовал кружок Бунда. Б. становилась одним из центров сионистского движения Юга России. В 1905 вновь произошел погром. В 1910 в Б. имелись 22 синагоги, 2 кладбища, Балтское об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам еврейского вероисповедания, жен. еврейское уч-ще Т.Э.Липецкер, казенное одноклассное нач. муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, обществ. муж. уч-ще, 3 частных муж. уч-ща, 2 смешанных уч-ща, талмуд-тора, в 1912 — еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916 возникла орг-ция «Гехавер», членами к-рой были учителя Балтского еврейского уч-ща.В 1915 евреи Б. были обвинены в шпионаже. Еврейская община серьезно пострадала во время Гражд. войны. В февр. 1919 войска Директории устроили погром, продолжавшийся 9 дней. В апр. 1919 погром повторился. В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. П.Бурихсон предпринимал попытки построить новую микву вместо 2 закрытых.5 авг. 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 8 авг. 1941 в Б. было убито ок. 200 евреев (ок. 60 местных, остальные — беженцы из Бессарабии). В сент. 1941 у с. Козацкое было расстреляно 80 евреев из Б. В дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось 3700—3800 чел., в т. ч. ок. 1500 местных евреев, ок. 1 тыс. евреев-беженцев и ок. 1500 евреев, переправленных из Бессарабии; в июле 1942 прибыло еще 200 чел. Из числа бессарабских евреев на 1 сент. 1943 в живых оставалось 866 чел., остальные умерли в гетто от голода и болезней. Ок. 1500 евреев в кон. 1941 были депортированы в Винницкую обл., ок. 500 из них вернулись, ок. 1 тыс. погибли в лагерях Ободовского и Тростянецкого р-нов. Неск. сотен евреев из Б. с дек. 1941 до авг. 1942 строили аэродром в с. Перелеты (ок. 70 чел. погибло). Весной 1943 работоспособных евреев из Б. отправили в р-н Николаева в распоряжение орг-ции «Тодт» (по дороге ок. 100 чел. погибло). В кон. 1943 выживших вернули в Б. В дек. 1943 в гетто было расстреляно 83 еврея, в марте 1944, во время герм. отступления, — 300 евреев; ок. 60 евреев было сожжено.В 1945 по просьбе верующих была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 10—12 чел., в праздники — ок. 100 чел. Раввин —Лейба Яковлевич Охштандт (1861—?), кантор — Борух Цыкович Канрок (1873—?).В Б. род.: Л.И.Айхенвальд, Ю.И.Айхенвальд, А.Альтман, Г.А.Баткис, Э.Бен-Горин, Я.Н.Бранденбургский, А.М.Веприк, Г.И.Дембо, И.Недава, А.С.Приблуда, И.Сосис, Ш.Шварц, И.С.Школьник; Моисей Самойлович Шварцман (1880—?), публицист, печатался в разл. еврейских изданиях на рус. яз.; Яков Штрайхер (1885—1957, Буэнос-Айрес), поэт (на идише).П.С.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
BALTASHISHKE, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Baltoshishki Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war in B. lived several. Jews.
BALTER Alla Davidovna (b. 1939, Kiev), actress. Graduated from the Kiev Theater. uch-shche at T-re im. I. Franko and joined the Leningrad troupe. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. She gained fame by playing the roles of Zina Meshcherskaya (“I ask for words” by V.K.Ketlinskaya), Knipper (“My mocking happiness” by L.A. Malyugin), Anita (“West Side Story” by L. Bernstein). In 1971 she began to work in Moscow. dram, t-re im. K.S. Stanislavsky; the images created on his stage became a theater event. life of Moscow. These were: Anna (The first version of "Vassa Zheleznova" by M. Gorky), Roxanne ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan). Since 1984 - in the troupe of Moscow. t-ra them. Vladimir Mayakovsky. She was introduced to the roles of Mag and Mary in the plays "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" by T. Williams and "Long Live the Queen, Vivat!" R. Bolt. Then she played Cleopatra ("The Play of Shadows" by Y. F. Edlis), the Baroness ("The Hunchback" by S. Mrozhek) brightly and energetically. Honored. art. RSFSR (1990).
BALTER Boris Isaakovich (1919, Samarkand - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. B.'s father was a Knight of St. George. Children. and adolescent years of the writer passed in Samarkand and Evpatoria. He studied in the military. school, participant in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40 and the War of 1941-45. In 1953 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M.Gorky (seminar of K.G. Paustovsky). Began to publish in 1953. In 1961 in the alm. "Tarusa Pages" publ. first part of ch. manuf. writer - pov. "Goodbye boys!" about the pre-war generation of youth. All pov. appeared in f. "Youth" in 1962, was staged, became the basis for the same name. c / f. Peru B. also owns fragments of an unfinished auto-biogr. pov. "Samarkand", stories and art., Play "And in our yard ..." (1966). These products. for the first time publ. in the book. B. “Goodbye, boys!” In 1968 B. signed a collective letter against the trial of AI Ginzburg and Yu. T. Galanskov, and was expelled from the CPSU.
BALTINAVA, rural settlement in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Boltinovo, Lyutsinsky district Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91, it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 212 Jews (56%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 207 (43%), in 1935 - 164 Jews (34%). in B. existed from the end. 19th century (the main occupation of the inhabitants is trade). During the 1st world. war ca. half of the Jewish houses of B. were damaged by the fighting. In 1918, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were mobilized into the Latvian Liberation Army. In the beginning. 1920s a 6-member community council was elected, houses were repaired with the help of the Joint, and a mutual assistance fund was created. Jews owned two-thirds of the shops, almost every family had a house, an auxiliary farm and a vegetable garden; in the 1920s. For some time there was a Jewish 6-grade school, there was a Jewish cultural center and a library attached to it, the cells of Beitar and "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", an organization of socialist revisionists, worked. There was a synagogue and a shohet. After the German attack on the USSR, only four Jewish families were able to evacuate from B. In the beginning. July 1941 B. was occupied by Germans. troops; 20 Jews who collaborated with the Sov. authorities, shot by members of the Latvian paramilitary organization "Aizsargs" in the forest near Tilzha, later another 40 people. killed at the cemetery, the rest of the Jews of B., as well as Jews from the surrounding villages were destroyed on 11 August. 1941 in a forest 24 km from B.
BALTMISHKI, see Baltmiskis.
BALTMISKIS, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Baltmishki Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 45 Jews (about 50%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Jewish agriculturalist colony (137 dec.). During the 1st world. Jews left B.
BALTOSHISHKI, see Baltashishka.
BALTOJI-VOKE, a town in the Shalchininki district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. White Vaka Vilensky and lips. In 1920-39 - a part of Poland, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B.-V. occupation in B.-V. a ghetto was created. In the end. June - early. July 1941, part of the prisoners fled to the partisans, after the escape, most of the remaining Jews were killed.
BALTUSHAVA, a village in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Baltysh Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. The farm belonged to Itskhok Baltushover, the owner of a wool cleaning workshop that served the neighboring peasants. With the money donated by Baltushover, a synagogue was built in Skemonis.
BALTYSHA, see Baltushava.
BALVI, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Vozn. in the beginning. 20th century as with. Bolovsk, as a result of the merger of the villages of Verpelovo and Varkliany (present-day Varaklyany), was part of the Lyutsinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews, in 1920 - 441 (54%), in 1925 - 487 (49%), in 1930 - 386 (24%), in 1935 - 379 Jews (19%). where they settled, probably from the 18th century. In 1903 Bulgaria was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. After 1903, 15 Jewish families settled in neighboring Varklians. There was a synagogue in Byelorussia, since 1906 Dovid-Noah Kovnat (? —1941) was the rabbi. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish community of Byelorussia suffered greatly. Representative B. Yosef-Leib Gollandskiy was a delegate of the All-Russia. Zionist Congress 1917 (Petrograd). In 1919 B. months was under the rule of the Bolsheviks; Jewish youth fought against them as part of the Latvian partisans. detachment. After the Bolsheviks left, the Jews of Byelorussia made donations to the Latvian Liberation Army. 26 Jewish youths joined the detachment of Latgalian riflemen (Yakov Zilberband was awarded an officer rank). One of the Jews - residents of B. provided his house for a hospital; Jewish girls looked after the wounded. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was created, 40 houses of Jews were repaired. In 1926, out of 12 members of the municipality, 5 were Jews, several. years deputy. Mayor B. was a Jew Yakov Impudent. Mn. the Jews of Byelorussia were wholesalers of timber and flax; in 1935, half of the city's shops and workshops belonged to Jews. One of the two doctors in B. was Jewish. In the beginning. 1920s a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened (one of the best in Latvia), a Jewish library worked, a branch of the youth Zionist organization "Thia" was operating, at the end. 1920s branches of Beitar, "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" and others were opened (several dozen of their members left for EI in the 1930s.) After the German attack on the USSR, many others. B. Jewish youths were enrolled in the extermination. detachment. 4 July 1941 germ. troops entered the city, all Jews and refugees were gathered in the ghetto in the "gypsy quarter" and shot on 9 August. in a forest 6 km from B. (only one Jew survived, to-rogo hid by a local priest). Several dozens of Jews in Byelorussia fought in the Latvian corps of the Red Army. In 1946, 2 Jewish families returned from evacuation in Bashkortostan, and in the same year a monument was erected at the mass grave of the Jews of Bashkortostan (a memorial meeting is held annually on Aug. 9, around the memorial).
BALYASNAYA Riva Naumovna (1910, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1980, Kiev), poet. She was brought up in an orphanage. She graduated from a factory school in Kiev, from the age of 15 she worked at a shoe factory. She made her debut in literature in 1928. She published poetry in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Ukraine, Moscow, Minsk. B.'s love and landscape lyrics are colored with Ukrainian flavor. nature, at the same time in her work are clearly expressed nat. motives. She actively collaborated in the railway station. "Sovetish Gameland", where, in addition to poetry, published a fragment. unfinished. pov. "For the Firebird". The author of the book. In Iberuf (Roll Call), 1934; "Likhtike stitches" ("Light paths"), 1940; Goldener Bleterfall (Golden Leaf Fall), 1978.
BAMBERGER David Levy (| - |), factor (supplier) and "protected Jew" in Riga. During the Seven Years War of 1756-63 he was a factor of General-Field Marshal SF Apraksin, in the 1760s. the factor was growing. buildings in Courland. In 1764 he was secretly summoned among the three Mitava Jews to Petersburg to discuss the government. a project on organizing the resettlement of Jews to Novorossiya. In the same year he received the right of residence and trade in Riga outside the Hebrews. courtyards. He traded in old and new dresses, and enjoyed exclusive power in the local Hebrews. community. Sons B. - Moses (| - |), from 1788 - the headman, supervising the Jews who arrived in Riga, and Ezekiel (| - |), in 1797-1802 censor Heb. book at the Riga censorship committee.
BANCHIK Olga (1912, Chisinau - 1944, Stuttgart), a member of the resistance movement in France. From the age of 11, a student in a blanket sewing workshop. Since 1926 - a member of the labor movement in Chisinau and Bucharest. Member CP of Romania since 1932. For the rev. activities have been repeatedly arrested. She served her sentence in the Mislya women's prison. Since 1937 in France, she participated in the movement to help the rep. Spain. After the occupation of France, German. troops (1940) participated in the resistance movement, was a messenger in gr. M.Manushyan, was engaged in the manufacture of grenades and bombs. Arrested by the Nazis, in prison she showed courage and fortitude, reflected in a singing, a letter to her daughter. Sentenced to death, 05/10/1944 guillotined.
BANDMAN Mark Konstantinovich (b. 1924, Novosibirsk), economist and geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1982), prof. (1985). Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). Sci. sotr. Institute of Economics and Organization of Prom. production of SB RAS, prof. Novosib. un-that. Research problems of ter.-production. complexes, districts of new households. development in Siberia, regional policy. Works: Territorial production. complexes: Theory and practice of preplanned research, 1980; Interregional intersectoral complexes, 1983 (ed. Et al.).
BANDYSHEVKA, see Bandyshovka.
BANDYSHOVKA, a village in Mogilev-Podolsk district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bandyshevka Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Byelorussia. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 43 Jews in the camp.
BANDZA, a village in Martvilsky district (Georgia). Izv. from the 17th century, was a part of the Mingrelian Prince. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Senak u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1874 there were 88 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1886 - 135, in 1897 - 305 (11%), in 1905 - 205, in 1911 - 280 In 1939 - 648, in 1970 - 248, in 1979 - 20 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the 18th century. (immigrants from Lailashi), some of them to the end. 18th century moved to Sujuna. A Jewish quarter with a bazaar (called Uriakari - Jewish Gate) was formed in Byelorussia. Before the peasant reform of 1864 in Georgia, Jews were serfs of the princes of Pagava. To the end. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues (one called the synagogue of the Adzhiashvilevs, the second - the synagogue of the Sepiashvilevs - each of the 2 most common surnames in the village). In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jews of B. - production and trade, Ch. arr., raw silk and other agricultural products. products; the village has become. bargain. center Zap. Georgia, in the 1870s. Jews owned approx. 30 shops. 1870s. noted several. cases of robbery of synagogues and desecration of Torah scrolls, houses and dukhans belonging to Jews were plundered. Since 1879 Mordechai Dganashvili was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century a cheder is open in the village. In the 1910s. Zionist ideas spread among local Jews, facilitated by Rabbi David Ajiashvili. In the beginning. 1918 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, in the course of which shops belonging to Jews were plundered. In 1919, a Zionist organization was created in the village, a representative of a cut participated in the work of the Zionist Conf. Georgia (Aug 1919). In 1921, in connection with the approach of Kr. The armies of the wealthy Jews of B. left Georgia. In 1924, Rabbi David Adzhiashvili was arrested. In 1926, local Jews appealed to the Council of People's Commissars of the GSSR with a complaint about their plight. In 1929 a department was created in Byelorussia. Evcombed, in 1930 with the help of OZET a Jewish collective farm was formed (liquidated in 1938). In 1945 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia [rabbi - Daniel Shebetovich Adzhiashvili (1907–?), Shohet and moel - Israel Abulovich Nekhamkin (1897–1990)]; on ordinary days up to 80 people gathered for service, on holidays - up to 100 people. In 1947 a second synagogue functioned, where Joseph Tilkhazovich Shaleashvili (1881—?) Was the rabbi; on ordinary days, up to 40 people gathered for service, on holidays - up to 100 people. In the 1920s and 40s. Itzhak Itskhakovich Mardakhashvili (1882-1949) was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1940's and 1960's. - Beniamin Meirovich Dzhanashvili (1891-1966). In the 1970s. the departure of the Jews of B. led to a reduction in their number from 80 families (1972) to 5-7 families (1981). In 1998 two Jewish families lived in B. Mikhail Aronovich Sepiashvili (1903-1967, Tbilisi), pediatrician, honored. Doctor of the Georgian SSR.D.M. Khananashvili
BANEVUR (Bonivur) Vitaly Borisovich (1902-1922), participant of civil. wars in the Far East. R. in a family of politically motivated exiles (father - Boris Zalmanovich B., Social-Democratic, arrested in 1898 in Vilna and exiled to Eastern Siberia, where his wife followed him). In the years of civil. During the war the B. family ended up in Vladivostok. In 1921 B. was elected secretary. Vladivostok mountains. org-tion RKSM and Ph.D. in part. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RKSM. Affairs. 4th All-Russia. Congress of the RKSM. During the occupation of Vladivostok, the Japanese. troops engaged in the selection of youth for underground work and partisan detachments. In 1922 he was sent to a partisan base in the village. Kondratenkovo. 09/17/1922 in battle covered the retreat of comrades and was captured; delivered to the village. Half (now the village of Banevurovo, Ussuriysk district) and was tortured. There is a monument at the place of B.'s death. B. - the prototype of the hero of the novel by DD Nagishkin "Heart of Bonivur" (1947).
BANILA-ON-GRAY, see [[Banilov Podgorny.
BANILA MOLDAVSKA, see [[Banilov Podgorny.
BANILA RUSKA, see Banilov.
BANILOV, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Ruska in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1887, 818 Jews (19.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - approx. 1200, in 1930 - 517 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the second half. 19th century Main occupations - agriculture and animal husbandry. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Vizhnitsa Hasidim. in B. acted different. Jewish organizations. In June 1940, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Siberia. In July 1941, 263 Jews were shot in Byelorussia (they were buried in 2 mass graves). The rest of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria in the fall of 1941, where they perished. Among the dead are Rabbi B. Beirish Reiman and his family.
BANILOV PODGORNY, a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Moldavska Storozhinetsky head of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - Banila-na-Seret as part of Romania, in 1940-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 688 Jews lived in BP. In July 1941, 20 Jews were killed in BP, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
BANK Emmanuil Borisovich (1840, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1891), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1864 he served in the Ministry of Justice, then in the 4th department. Senate, introduced the practice of oral reports on pending cases. Since 1868 chief secretary, in this rank he twice served as comrade (deputy) before. Petersburg. commercial court. In 1870 he joined the estate of attorneys at law, was engaged in advocacy. Several years was a vowel of St. Petersburg. mountains. Duma, was twice elected for the presence in St. Petersburg. lips. zemstvo meeting. Several for decades was a member. to-ta Ob-va for the spread of education between the Jews of Russia and Vrem. to-that crafts. and agricultural. fund. In 1881, members. Heb. deputation, represented by the imp. Alexander III after his accession to the throne.
BANNOVSKY, see Slavyanogorsk.
BANU Cecilia Bentsianovna (b. 1911, Kiev), translator. Per. from Farsi pl. manuf. A. Lakhuti, as well as the poem "Shahnameh" Persian, and Taj. poet con. 10 - early. 11th century A. Firdousi (1957–83). Publ. 3 collection of anti-war. verse. (1942–44). Member Union of Writers of the USSR since its foundation. Honored. cultural worker of the Tajik SSR.
BAR (until 1537 - Moat), city (from 1938), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1452. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1793-96 - the district town of the Podolsk governorship, then - the provincial town of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1847 there were 4,442 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1856 - 2894, in 1860 - 4029, in 1897 - 5773 (58%), in 1910 - 10,450 (46%), in 1923 - 5054, in 1926 - 5720 (55%), in 1939 - 3869, in 1989 - 357, in 1993 - 199 Jews. about Jews in Byelorussia belongs to 1542, in the 16th century. in B. there was a Jewish street. In 1648 the community of Byelorussia consisted of 600 families. In 1648 more than 2 thousand Jews were killed in Byelorussia by the Cossacks under the leadership of an associate of BM Khmelnitsky ataman M. Krivonos. In 1651, Cossacks and Tatars burned and destroyed Bulgaria, staging Jewish and Polish pogroms. In 1661 there were 20 Jewish houses in Byelorussia. In the 18th century. the rabbi in B. was Avrum ben Boruch from Zamoć. In B. lived a disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, Rabbi Menachem-Mendel (? —1765) and a disciple of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich, Rabbi Zelig. Between 1856 and 1860, 6 synagogues and 3 Jewish schools operated in Byelorussia. From 1881 Sholem Muterperil was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there were 12 synagogues in Byelorussia and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jewish wives were opened. uch-shche. In the end. 19th century main Jewish occupations - crafts, tobacco growing. Three honey brewing plants belonged to Leizer Eisenberg, Levitov, Weinberg. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Directory, 20 Jews were killed. In 1921, a branch of the Evsektsiya was created in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. Zeidman was the rabbi in B. At the same time, the mikvah was closed. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. colony "Glachgait" (10 families). In 1941, after the occupation of Germany. and room. troops, B. became part of Transnistria. In B., which was under the control of the Germans. administration, the Jews expelled from Romania were exiled. Dec 20. 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on 19 August. 1942. In August. 1942 St. 3 thousand Jews, in Oct. 1942 - c. 2 thousand Jews. After the war, a monument was erected in Byelorussia at the expense of relatives. In 1947, the authorities rejected a request by Jews to open a synagogue. In B. clan: A. Baron, A. Chemerissky; Dmitry Afanasyevich Magazinnik (1896-1948), author and comp. Russian-tour. dictionaries, dictionary tour. neologisms.P.S. Wagner
BAR-JEHUDA (Idelson) Israel (1895, Yekaterinoslav - 1965, Yagur, Israel), polit. activist, one of the leaders of the workers' and kibbutz movement. I did not receive a Hebrew as a child. education, however, in his youth he became close to Tseirei Zion and after the revolution in Russia he became one of the activists of the movement. For his Zionist activities he was exiled to Siberia. After his release in 1922 he left the USSR. He lived in Berlin and worked in the center, the organs of the Zionist Socialist Party. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. of the Petach Tikva work council. Arrested as the organizer of workers' protests for “Heb. work". Since 1930 - a member of the kibbutz Yagur. An active member of the Mapai party and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad. Dep. The Knesset from the first convocation to the end of life. Min. int. cases (1955-59), min. transport (1962–65). Author of a large number of works and articles, dedicated. history of the Zionist movement.
BAR-ILAN (Berlin) Meer (1881, Volozhin of Shshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1949, Jerusalem), rabbi and polit. activist. Son of N.-Ts. -I. Berlin, brother of H. Berlin. He studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin, Brest-Litovsk and Novogrudok, then attended un-t in Berlin. In 1902 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1908-12 - ed. "Ga-ivri", weekly. Berlin ed. in Hebrew. In 1914–26 - in the USA. He led the Mizrahi movement in the United States. In 1916–20 - ed. amer. ed. "Ga-Ivri". During the 1st world. War - Vice President Amer. center, to-that assistance to the Jews of Europe, before. cultural commission of this organization, member. united distribution kit. Since 1926 - in E.-I. Member of the Board of Directors of Bank Mizrahi. In 1938–49 - Ch. ed. daily gas. "Ha-Tsofe". Organizer of the united front of relig. parties during the first elections to the Knesset. B.'s name is un-t in the city of Ramat Gan.
BARABASH, a village in the Khasansky district of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladivostok env. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BARABEYCHIK Leonid Alexandrovich (1889, Nizhny Novgorod - 1975, Moscow), pianist. Brother of I.A. Dobrovein. Graduated. Moscow cons. by class fp. K.N. Igumnov, then studied with L. Godovsky at the School of Higher Skills at the Academy of Music and stage performance. art-va in Vienna. He began his creative career as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1917–20 prof. cons. in Rostov-on-Don, in 1921–24 - Musical-drama. uch-schA Mosk. philharmonic. Society. From 1921 to 1960 he was a soloist orc. Big T-ra in Moscow.
BARABINSK, city (since 1917), regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century as the village of Kainsky u. Tomsk Gubernia. In 1926, 454 Jews (4.6%) lived in Byelorussia, and in the Barabinsk environs. - 2227, in 1939 in B. - 112 Jews. V. I. Alshits.
BARALETI, a village in Akhalkalaki region (Georgia). From the 15th century. - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Georgians (Meskhi), Armenians, and Jewish merchants, who had their own synagogue, lived in Byelorussia. In the 18th and 19th centuries. the number of the Jewish population of the post. shrank. To the end. 19th century Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
BARAM Moshe (b. 1911, Zdolbunovo, Ostrog u. Volyn province.), Polit. activist. One of the leaders of the labor movement in Jerusalem. One of the active members of the youth movement "Dror". From 1931 - in E.-I., in 1943–49 - secretary. Jerusalem branch of the Mapai party. An active figure in the Histadrut. In 1948-60 - secretary. Workers' Council of Jerusalem, member. working committee Histadrut, member. center, organs Mapai. In 1959–74 - dep. Knesset, before. Knesset Labor Commission, pre. coalition. 1974–77 - min. labor. Son - Uzi, Israeli polit. activist. Dep. Knesset, min.
BARAN, a city (since 1972) in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. In 1935-72 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1926, 43 Jews (5%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 there were 81 Jews. 1942 in B., St. 50 Jews.
BARANOV-ROSSINE Vladimir Davidovich (1888, Kherson - 1942, France), avant-garde painter, theorist of color-visual art. Studied in Odessa (1902–03), Petersburg. AH (1903–07). Participant of the exhibitions "Wreath" (1908, Moscow), "Link" (1908, Kiev). From 1910 in Paris, where he took a ps. "Daniel Rossinet" and, having returned to Russia, signed with a double surname. Exhibited at the "Salon of the Independent" in Paris. In 1915-17 in Norway, where in 1916 a personal exhibition took place. After Feb. 1917 returned to Russia. He worked in Hood. Bureau N.E. Dobychina, directed the studio in Svobodnykh hud. workshops in Petrograd. Participated in the exhibitions "The World of Art" (1918, Moscow and Petrograd), in the First State. free exhibition of manuf. art (1919, Petrograd), in the First Rus. thin exhibition (1922, Berlin). In 1923 he gave concerts of color music at the Bolshoi Theater and at the Meyerhold Theater. Died in it. concentration camp.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАРАНОВИЧИ, город (с 1919), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1706. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, с. Барановичи-Полесские (др. назв. Новые Барановичи) Новогрудского у. Гродненской, с 1842 — Минской губ. В 1920—39 — в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1939 в Б. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 841 (0,8%), в 1989 — 575 евреев (0,3%).Евреи жили в Б. с кон. 19 в. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Б. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1903 был отменен запрет на поселение евреев в Б. В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920 дел. от Б. участвовал в 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. После 1917 в Б. переселился духовный лидер слонимских хасидов Авром Вейнберг (1884—1933), к-рый в 1918 организовал в Б. иешиву «Торас Хесэд». После смерти А.Вейнберга слонимскую династию возглавил его сын Шлойме-Довид-Иегошуа (1913—1943). В 1921 Б. стали центром койдановских хасидов. Проживая в Б., духовный лидер койдановских хасидов Нехемия Перлов (?—1927) поддерживал тесную связь с хасидами в СССР. В 1927 место умершего отца занял Шойлом-Алтер (1904—1941, Вильнюс). В 1921—39 раввином в Б. был Э.Б.Вассерман.Летом 1940 сконцентрированные в Б. беженцы из Польши были вывезены в вост. р-ны СССР. 27 июня 1941 в Б. вошли герм. войска. Были созданы гетто и юденрат во главе с адвокатом Овсеем Гиршевичем Изыксоном. В гетто содержалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев из Б. и окрестных местечек. В нач. июля 1941 расстреляно 73 еврея, в кон. июля — 350. В авг. 1941 ок. 700 евреев, в т. ч. Ш.-Д.-И.Вейнберг, были отправлены в концлагерь Колдычева. 3 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 2300 евреев. Пытавшийся предотвратить массовые казни Изыксон был также расстрелян. Во главе юденрата был поставлен Шмуэль Янкелевич. После 3 марта 1942 в Б. были доставлены евреи из Ляхович, Клецка, Столбцов, Городища. Весной в гетто было организовано 3 подпольных группы во главе с Элиэзером Лидовским, Мойше Копелевичем и Зарицкевичем. В группе Лидовского состояли члены еврейской полиции. Вскоре группы объединились (200 чел. в возрасте 16—30 лет). Под рук. Абрама Яковлевича Абрамского была создана боевая дружина. 19 июня 1942 ок. 700 чел. были угнаны в Молодечно. 21 сент. 1942, накануне начала уничтожения гетто, группой еврейских партизан и членов боевой дружины было предпринято нападение на здание гебитскомиссариата. С 22 сент. по 2 окт. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев, 17 дек. 1942 расстреляно еще ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано. Ок. 700 евреев было отправлено на тяж. работы. При ликвидации гетто не менее 450 евреев бежали в леса. За период оккупации было уничтожено св. 35 тыс. евреев Б. и окрестных местечек. В освобождении Б. в июле 1944 принимал участие 129-й отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Леонида Моисеевича Радовского. После освобождения в Б. из лесов вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 1945 на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник, впоследствии разрушенный. На месте памятника построен обществ. туалет. В 1940—60 в Б. действовал нелег. миньян, к-рый собирался по праздникам. В 1959 здание бывш. Большой синагоги было занято КГБ; запрещен ритуал. убой скота.С 1990 начало действовать отд-ние «Хесэд Эзра». В 1992 создан клуб еврейской культуры «Шалом», открылась воскресная школа. Летом 1994 в Б. был установлен памятник евреям, погибшим в гетто. С 1996 в Б. существует религ. община.В 1994 в Открытом ун-те в Иерусалиме заочно учились 56 евреев Б. Израильский культурно-информац. центр в Минске открыл в Б. библиотеку.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: И.Е.Прусс, И.[[Фуксман, Ш.Фуксман; Лейб Талалай (1906—1943, фронт), поэт (на идише)., pronunciation=БАРАНОВИЧИ, город (с 1919), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1706. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, с. Барановичи-Полесские (др. назв. Новые Барановичи) Новогрудского у. Гродненской, с 1842 — Минской губ. В 1920—39 — в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1939 в Б. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 841 (0,8%), в 1989 — 575 евреев (0,3%).Евреи жили в Б. с кон. 19 в. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Б. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1903 был отменен запрет на поселение евреев в Б. В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920 дел. от Б. участвовал в 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. После 1917 в Б. переселился духовный лидер слонимских хасидов Авром Вейнберг (1884—1933), к-рый в 1918 организовал в Б. иешиву «Торас Хесэд». После смерти А.Вейнберга слонимскую династию возглавил его сын Шлойме-Довид-Иегошуа (1913—1943). В 1921 Б. стали центром койдановских хасидов. Проживая в Б., духовный лидер койдановских хасидов Нехемия Перлов (?—1927) поддерживал тесную связь с хасидами в СССР. В 1927 место умершего отца занял Шойлом-Алтер (1904—1941, Вильнюс). В 1921—39 раввином в Б. был Э.Б.Вассерман.Летом 1940 сконцентрированные в Б. беженцы из Польши были вывезены в вост. р-ны СССР. 27 июня 1941 в Б. вошли герм. войска. Были созданы гетто и юденрат во главе с адвокатом Овсеем Гиршевичем Изыксоном. В гетто содержалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев из Б. и окрестных местечек. В нач. июля 1941 расстреляно 73 еврея, в кон. июля — 350. В авг. 1941 ок. 700 евреев, в т. ч. Ш.-Д.-И.Вейнберг, были отправлены в концлагерь Колдычева. 3 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 2300 евреев. Пытавшийся предотвратить массовые казни Изыксон был также расстрелян. Во главе юденрата был поставлен Шмуэль Янкелевич. После 3 марта 1942 в Б. были доставлены евреи из Ляхович, Клецка, Столбцов, Городища. Весной в гетто было организовано 3 подпольных группы во главе с Элиэзером Лидовским, Мойше Копелевичем и Зарицкевичем. В группе Лидовского состояли члены еврейской полиции. Вскоре группы объединились (200 чел. в возрасте 16—30 лет). Под рук. Абрама Яковлевича Абрамского была создана боевая дружина. 19 июня 1942 ок. 700 чел. были угнаны в Молодечно. 21 сент. 1942, накануне начала уничтожения гетто, группой еврейских партизан и членов боевой дружины было предпринято нападение на здание гебитскомиссариата. С 22 сент. по 2 окт. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев, 17 дек. 1942 расстреляно еще ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано. Ок. 700 евреев было отправлено на тяж. работы. При ликвидации гетто не менее 450 евреев бежали в леса. За период оккупации было уничтожено св. 35 тыс. евреев Б. и окрестных местечек. В освобождении Б. в июле 1944 принимал участие 129-й отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Леонида Моисеевича Радовского. После освобождения в Б. из лесов вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 1945 на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник, впоследствии разрушенный. На месте памятника построен обществ. туалет. В 1940—60 в Б. действовал нелег. миньян, к-рый собирался по праздникам. В 1959 здание бывш. Большой синагоги было занято КГБ; запрещен ритуал. убой скота.С 1990 начало действовать отд-ние «Хесэд Эзра». В 1992 создан клуб еврейской культуры «Шалом», открылась воскресная школа. Летом 1994 в Б. был установлен памятник евреям, погибшим в гетто. С 1996 в Б. существует религ. община.В 1994 в Открытом ун-те в Иерусалиме заочно учились 56 евреев Б. Израильский культурно-информац. центр в Минске открыл в Б. библиотеку.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: И.Е.Прусс, И.[[Фуксман, Ш.Фуксман; Лейб Талалай (1906—1943, фронт), поэт (на идише)., extra_data="{'translat...")
BARANOVICHI-POLESSKIE, see Baranovichi.
BARANOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1565. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 893 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, in 1897 - 1990 (95%), in 1923 - 1100, in 1926 - 1602 (29.9%), 1939 - 1447 (23%), in 1989 - 44 Jews. In 1889 there was a Jewish hospital in Byelorussia. In the 1890s. Shmuel Margulion (1857—?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century B. had a husband. and wives. private schools. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In the end. Aug In 1920, detachments of the 1st Cavalry Army staged a pogrom in Byelorussia. On July 19, 1941, 74 Jews were shot in Byelorussia; on July 29, 100 Jews; 1941 - 180 Jews. In oct. 1941 a mass execution of Jews was carried out, in November. 1941 part of the Jews was gathered in a labor camp, January 6. In 1942, 594 Jews from neighboring villages were shot in B. In 1998, three Jewish families lived in B. I.I.Ravrebe, S.Ya. Elisavetsky
BARANUW, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Baranov Novoaleksandrovsky u. Lublin province. In 1897, 1,398 Jews (58.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - approx. 1,500 Jews. In 1848, 1861, and 1899 the Jewish community of B. was caused by fires. material damage. By 1882 a synagogue had been built in Byelorussia. In the 1900s. Noah Braver was the rabbi in B. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
BARASHI, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. In 1897, 338 Jews (15.6%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 320 Jews. In 1902–20, Aron-Leib Kalmanovich (1868–1948) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the pogroms of 1919–20. In 1941, 37 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BARATS German (Hirsch) Markovich (1835, Dubno, Volyn province - 1922), lawyer, historian. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir (1859) and law. Faculty of Kiev University (1869). In 1862 he was assigned to the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreigners. confessions, in 1863 he was appointed a "learned Jew" (a consultant on Jewish affairs) under the Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn governors general (from 1870 he was listed under the Ministry of Internal Affairs). From 1871 the censor of the Hebrews. books, retired from 1881, was engaged in advocacy, in 1893 was elected a member. the fifth rabbinical commission from Kiev province, Lit. activity began in the 1860s. In 1870 publ. into gas. The Day article "Materials for the history of the resettlement of Jews in Kiev." Author of works on the history of law and court proceedings in Dr. Rus (published in the journal "Vestnik Prava", "Kievskaya Starina", "Chronicles" of the Historical Philological Society at Novoros University, etc.), research. on the situation of the Jews in dr. Rus, about the influence of the Hebrews. culture in Old Rus. Literature and Law, Vol. Heb. elements in Old Russian. Chronicles, Berlin, 1924.
BARATS Yosef (1890, Kamenets-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1968, Israel), Zionist leader. labor movement, publicist. From 1906 in E.-I., he was a hired worker. In 1910, one of the founders of the first in E.-I. kibbutz Dganiya. Participated in the creation of the party "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" (later - the party Mapai), as its representative in 1918 visited the Sov. Russia. One of the initiators of the creation of the Histadrut, dep. it was founded by the Congress (1920). In 1922, on behalf of the working organizations of E.-I. traveled to the United States, later as a member. delegations Heb. nat. fund and other org-tions visited the USA and South. Africa. During the 2nd world. war organized aid to Heb. soldiers. During the War of Independence (1947–49), he headed the Committee for Assistance to Soldiers. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation. Poch. President of the 5th World Zionist, Congr. in Jerusalem (1960). The author of Art. in Yiddish and Hebrew on the problems of the labor movement, Vol. "With Our Soldiers" (1945) and "The Village on the Jordan: The History of Dgania" (1954, translated into 13 languages). The House of the Soldier (Beit ha-Khayal) in Tel Aviv is named after B.
BARAUKA, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Borovka, Ilukskiy u. Kurland Gubernia. In 1897, 285 Jews (23%) lived in Byelorussia.
BARBANEL Ruvim Isaevich (1909 - 1972, Moscow), metallurgist, metallurgical designer. equipment. From 1961 he worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Light Alloys, for a number of years he was deputy. early in-that. Main activities related to smelting and foundry, pressing and rolling production, as well as thermal. processing of light aviation. alloys. He took part in the creation of a progressive thermal. equipment, installations for continuous casting of ingots. In the end. 30s supervised the development of an electric furnace for aluminum production. alloys. Since 1953 joint. with S.A. Vigdorchik carried out experimental work on the creation of pressed blanks from aluminum. alloys. In 1958 he developed (in co-authorship) a flatbed method for producing sheets of aluminum clad with copper, used in the production of large-sized sheets of aluminum-copper. In the 60s and 70s. supervised the design of vacuum electric furnaces for heat treatment of semi-finished products and products from titanium alloys. In 1972 he developed a basic. principles of technology for continuous processing of strips from aluminum. alloys. Linen. etc.
BARBOVTSY, see Brusnitsa.
BARDACH Israel (real name and fam. Isaac ben Naum Moses) (lived in the late 18th - early 19th centuries), linguist. Lived in Lithuania, studied grammar. Known as the author of "Taamey Torah" (Vilna, 1822), publ. his brother Meir B. and representing the book. on the pronunciation (intonation) of the Torah. The second part of this book. contains a grammar textbook. In the introduction to the Taamey Torah, B. pointed out that he also wrote a commentary on the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds and on the Shulchan Aruch.
BARDAR, a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In July 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.
BARDICHEVER Zelik (1903, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1937, Iasi, Romania), poet, playwright. Rod. in a poor family. I was engaged in self-education. Follower of bunks. singers B. Broder, V. Zbarzher and E. Tsunzer. He composed poems and melodies to them. He worked as a teacher and in search of earnings wandered around the cities and towns. Was a member. Heb. creative org-tion "Kultur-League", wrote plays and staged them in self-play. circles. In 1939, Sat. verse. B. "Poems and Melodies" (1939), prepared by. literary critic G. Segal.
BARELI (Brodny) Itzhak-Aizik (1887, Smorgon - 1956, Tel Aviv), financier, public. actor. In his youth - one of the organizers of the society of Zionist students ha-Haver, as well as the founders and leaders of Tseirei Zion and the Zionist Socialist Party in Russia. Deer. Nar. Heb. bank in Kharkov. Since the beginning of the 20s. - in Lithuania. Since 1926 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of the left socialist. parties Akhdut ha-Avo-da, then - Mapai. Deer. Bank Ha-Poalim since 1929. Member. directorates dec. households institutions of the Histadrut. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. Son B. - Meir (1922, Kaunas), journalist, ed. "Eshnab" is an underground gas. Gagans during the mandate. Ed. daily gas. Omer (1968–80).
BARENBAUM Iosif Evseevich (b. 1921, Kanev, Kiev province), bibliologist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1954), Dr. sciences (1967), acad. RANS (1992). In 1938 he entered the philology department. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front, a participant in the defense of Leningrad. In 1942, after a serious injury, he was demobilized, in 1945 he graduated from Leningrad State University. From 1951 he taught at Leningrad. state library institute, since 1968 - prof., in 1977–88 head. Department of General Bibliography and Bibliology. Author of 300 works on the history of books and book business, problems of book science, the history of the reader, book connections; the author of biographies of figures grew up. and foreign books. On the initiative and under the hands. B. held Smirdin Readings, devoted to the study of the history of the book business of St. Petersburg, the history of the reader and book connections. - member Int. Parliament of the Confederate Knights (Sydney, 1988), hon. consultant Int. biographical. center (Cambridge, 1989) member Sections of the book and graphics of the House of Scientists RAS. Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1992). Works: N. Serno-Solovievich (1834–1866), M., 1961; Josaphat Ogryzko (1826–1890), M., 1964; History of the book: Ucheonik (jointly with T.E. Davydova), M., 1971, 2nd ed. - M., 1984; Book Petersburg, L., 1980; Navigators of the coming storm, M., 1987; Fundamentals of bibliology, M., 1988, etc.
BARENBLATT Grigory Isaakovich (b. 1927, Moscow), mechanic, mathematician. Grandson of the mathematician V.F. Kagan. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Prof. (1962), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). He worked at the Institute of Oil of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953–61), at Moscow State University (1961–92), at the Institute of Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1965), at the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1993 head. Taylor Department of Fluid Mechanics at Cambridge University (UK). Author of works on the theory of differential. Partial Differential Equations and Mechanics (in Russian: Similarity, Self-Similarity, Intermediate Asymptotics: Theory and Applications to Geophysical Hydrodynamics, Leningrad, 1982).
BARENBOYM Isaak Yulisovich (1910, Voznesensk, Elisavetgradsky u., Kherson province. - 1984, Kiev), bridge engineer, Cand. tech. sciences, general director. III rank. Hero of Soc. Labor (1943). During the war years 1941–45 he commanded a bridge-building detachment, restored bridges across the Dnieper, Don, Desna, North. Donets, South Bug, Prut and other rivers. Since 1948 - manager of the Mostostroitelny Trust of Glavmosstroy of the Ministry of Transport. Honored. builder of the Ukrainian SSR, honorary transport builder. Became. etc. (1947). Awarded 10 hordes.
BARENBOYM Lev Aronovich (1906, Odessa - 1985, Leningrad), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1957). In 1925 he graduated from the Odessa horse, class fp. G.M. Bieber, at the same time. studied composition in the class of V.A. Zolotarev. At the end of Leningrad. cons. continued his education in Moscow. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. F.M. Blumenfeld. In 1931–39 he taught there (associate professor of the physics class), also taught a course in teaching methods of physics. games; at the same time. scientific. sotr. N.-i. muses. in-that at Moscow. horse. In 1939–79 he worked in Leningrad. horse, (since 1958 prof.), taught courses in history and theory of pianism (since 1965 head of the department), teaching methods to play the piano. The most significant of its many. works: "Php. pedagogy "(part 1, M., 1937)," FP-ped. principles of Blumenfeld "(M., 1964)," A.G. Rubinstein ... "(v. 1–2, L., 1957–62)," N.G. Rubinstein "(M., 1982)," Questions php. performance and pedagogy "(L., 1968)," The way to making music "(L., 2nd ed., 1979) and others. articles, prefaces, comments to the book. (including to "Selected Letters" by A.G. Rubinstein, M., 1954), compiled by collection. and so on. Very popular in FP. ped. practice is used by those who have endured pl. ed. "Sat. plays, sketches and ensembles for beginners "(compiled by B. with S. Lyukhovitskaya).
BARENBOYM Petr Davidovich (b. 1948, Pyatigorsk), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1978). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1972). In 1973–75 he was a lawyer of the Stavropol regional collegium of lawyers, in 1975–78 he was a legal adviser of the Soyuztyazhekskavatsiya trust. In 1979 he was admitted to Moscow. mountains. the bar association. A specialist in the field of external economics. law, consultant zarub. and grew. firms in the field of legal. persons and conclusions of foreign trade. contracts.
BARER Simon (1896, Odessa - 1951, New York), pianist. At the age of 11 he entered Petersburg. horse, where his teachers were A.N.Esipova and F.M. Blumenfeld. Having conquered A.G. Rubinstein Ave., he began to give concerts in Russia, in the 20s. - in the cities of the USSR, then in Germany. From 1929 he lived in Berlin, then in Stockholm, from the end of the 30s. - in USA. In 1934 he performed for the first time in England. His American debut took place in 1936. Since then, many others. muses. critics began to consider him one of the top 10 virtuosos in the world. B.'s game combines phenomenal skill and delicate taste. He toured a lot in Western countries. Europe and the United States.
BARG Mikhail Abramovich (1915, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1991, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1959). Son of a lawyer. In 1932–34 he studied at the Kamenets-Podolsk Institute of Nar. education, in 1934–36 - for the social and economic. f-those of Kiev ped. in-that. In 1936–37 in Kr. Army. In 1937–39, the head teacher and director. schools in with. Draganovka, Khmelnytsky region Graduated from East. Faculty of Kharkov ped. Institute (1941). In 1942 the head. department of agitation and propaganda of the city party committee in Kharkov and Fergana, then taught at the Military. in-those foreign. languages. In 1943-51 Art. ed. Uchpedgiza, at the same time. in 1943-47 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the guidance of Acad. E.A. Kosminsky. In 1954-59 - Art. teacher Mosk. extramural ped. in-ta, since 1960 - prof. MGPI them. V.I. Lenin. Since 1967 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1969 - World History) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1986–91 - leading scientific. sotr. in the same place. Participant of symposia and international conf. on history and historiography in Budapest (1986), Berlin (1988), Madrid and Stockholm (1990), 9th Int. congress on econ. history in Bern (1986), scientific. hands. 1st Intern. conf. by compare history of civilization (1990). Member Royal East. about-va Great Britain. Author of 15 monographs and 230 articles on the history of Zap. Europe (mainly England) in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism, according to the methodology of ist. science (many works have been translated into foreign languages.) Works: Cromwell and his time, Moscow, 1952; Nar. lower classes in eng. the revolution of the 17th century, M., 1967; Social problems history, M., 1973; Shakespeare and History, M., 1976 (2nd ed., M., 1979); Categories and methods ist. science, M., 1984; Epochs and Ideas, M., 1987.
BARGUZIN, urban-type settlement (since 1973), a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Since 1856 - the center of the Barguzin environs. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1863, more than 100 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 454 (32.9%), in 1910 - 811 (34.9%), in 1926 - 32.3%, in 1939 - 256, in 1989 - 2 Jews. The first Jews in Byelorussia (early 19th century) were exiles. Means. part of the Jewish population were merchants (in the 1870s there were no merchants of other nationalities in Byelorussia). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century a community was formed in B., there was a Khevra Kaddish. In 1879 the Jews of Byelorussia petitioned for the opening of a synagogue. In the end. 1880s the synagogue building was built. In 1903, a delegate from Byelorussia took part in the congress of Siberian Zionist circles and organizations, which was held in Tomsk. In 1909, a Russian-Jewish school was opened in Byelorussia, and there was a school for the free education of poor Jewish children. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 Gliesburg was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1917, children worked at the school. garden. In 1919 the cheder was opened. There was a society to help poor students. In 1919 the community donated 3,792 rubles. victims of Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. Contact was established with representatives of the Zionist organization in Harbin. The Jews of Byelorussia provided assistance to Jewish prisoners of war, helped the sick and wounded soldiers, refugees, and sent money for cultural and educational purposes. ob-woo for opening Jewish ped. teacher training courses for Jewish schools in the Urals and Siberia. Representatives of the B. community took part in the work of the All-Siberian Congress of Jewish Communities. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened in Byelorussia. Until 1930 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. preserved Jewish cemetery, closed for burial. In 1998, the administration of the Barguzinsky district allocated funds for the restoration of the Jewish cemetery. M. Novomeisky, Y.D. Frizer.L.V. Kalmina, L.V. Kuras
BARISHAN Rafail-Mordechai (1866, Lipnishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1950, New York), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Vilna, Kovno and Bialystok. Since 1893, a rabbi in Gomel. Participated in the founding congress of the Mizrahi movement in 1902 in Vilna and was elected to its Central Committee. He founded the Mizrahi branch in Gomel. In 1914–17, Hebrew actively helped. refugees. After the revolution, he opposed the policy of Evsection, aimed at banning the Hebrews. religious life. In the spring of 1922 he was brought to an open demonstrative "trial of the hader." At the trial, which lasted five days, he made a speech in which he compared the antirelig. the policy of the communists with the anti-Semitism of tsarism. He was sentenced to 2 years in prison. Released after 7 months. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1926-29, the rabbi of Washington. Since 1929 - Rabbi in New York. Collaborated in the Yiddish press. He wrote about the problems of the Hebrews. life in CUJA, about Zionism and E.-I.
BARIT Yakov (also known under the name Yankele Kovensky) (1796, Simno, Suvalki province - 1883, Vilna), rabbi. Educated in Bet Midrash in Slobodka. Since 1822, while living in Vilna, he was carried away by the ideas of Haskala. In 1850 he became the head of the yeshiva founded by Rabbi H. Parnes to train rabbis. B.'s teaching activity lasted 25 years; many of his students later became famous rabbis and scholars. Montefiore, who visited Vilna in 1846, had lengthy conversations with V., with the participation of whom a petition was drawn up to Nicholas I to improve the situation of growing up. Jews. In the late 1940's, B. became a recognized representative of the Vilna Hebrews. communities. In 1852, B. was part of a delegation that went to Petersburg with a petition concerning the recruitment rules that were burdensome for Jews. Was before. and an active participant in the rabbinical commissions of 1856, 1862 and 1868.
BARKAGAN Zinovy ​​Solomonovich (b. 1925, Odessa), hematologist. Ch.-c. Grew up. AMN (1993). Graduated from Odessa honey. Institute (1946). In 1946–50, laboratory assistant and resident of the hospital therapy clinic in the same place; in 1950–56 assistant, associate professor, head. Department of Hospital Therapy Taj. honey. in-that; since 1956 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of Altai honey. Institute in Barnaul (since 1965 prof.) and at the same time (since 1988) scientific. hands. Altai regional hematology. center. research B. dedicated various problems of hematology, the development of methods for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood coagulation system. He proposed (1973) one of the most complete classifications of hemorrhagic diathesis-thrombocytopathies, based on the morphofunctional characteristics of platelets, as well as the classification of hematogenous thrombophilia; gave a taxonomy of types of bleeding, for the first time described secondary rheumatoid syndrome in hemophilia, developed a method of apparatus treatment for hemophilic arthropathies, proposed methods for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation, developed methods for diagnosing disorders of the blood coagulation system, developed methods for treating poisoning with snakes and arthropod venoms Wed. Asia. B.'s works contributed to the isolation of an independent section of hematology - coagulology, which studies biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of blood coagulation. B.'s monograph "Hemorrhagic Diseases and Syndromes" (1980, 2nd ed. 1988) was awarded by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. M.P. Konchalovsky (1983); State pr. USSR for the development of methods of intensive therapy for terminal conditions in hematology; USSR Academy of Sciences II Polzunov for inventive activity (1990). Member boards of Vseros. about-va therapists and about-va hematologists and transfusiologists; Vice President about-va herpetologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1982).
BARKAN Semyon Arkadyevich (b. 1916, Polotsk), director. Graduated from the directing department of GITIS (1944), a student of A.D. Popov. In 1942–43 he worked in the Krasnoyarsk Territory drama. t-re them. AS Pushkin, staged: "Restless old age" by LN Rakhmanov and "Zykov" by M. Gorky. In 1944-46 he worked at the Center, Dr. Kr. Army, In 1947–49 Ch. dir. 1st Moscow region t-ra and t-ditch in Orekhovo-Zuev and Stalinogorsk. In 1950–51 - dir. dramatic. t-ra Center. House of culture of railway workers. Staged: “Theft” by J. London, “London Slums” by J.B. Shaw, “The Lost House” by S.V. Mikhalkov. In 1951-63 the next and from 1957 Ch. dir. t-ra "Romen". In 1963–66, dir. Moscow drama, t-ra, where he staged "Mother" by K. Chapek, "Physics and Lyrics" by Ya.I. Volchek (with A.A. Goncharov), "Temporary Resident" by V.S.Polyakov. In 1966–77, Chap. dir. t-ra "Romen". He created a youth studio at t-re, educated a galaxy of actors, attracted new authors to work, staged performances: "About those who love" by A.A. Antokolsky (1954), "Gypsy Woman Aza" by M.P. Staritsky (1956), "Heart of a Gypsy" by Dumanoir and Denner (1957), "Gypsy" based on pov. A. V. Kalinin (1963), "Rum Baro" by I. A. Shvedov (1961), "Hello, Pushkin!" II Rom-Lebedev and AI Gessen (1973), "I was born in the camp" by YM Nagibin (1970), "For a friendly conversation" by IV Shtok (1970), "The Law of the Ancestors" Khrustalev (1975). From 1978 to ped. work in GITIS, since 1986 at the Higher. theater, school them. M.S. Schepkina (at the Small Theater). Since 1989 prof. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1970).
BARKAT (Burshtein) Reuven (1905, Taurogen, Kovno province. - 1972, Israel), polit. activist. One of the hands. Heb. student org-tions in Europe. He studied at the yeshiva (Ponevezh), then at the Sorbonne (Paris), Strasbourg and Heb. (Jerusalem) un-takh. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. settlement dep. s.-kh. center. In 1940–46 gen. sec. to-that assistance to Heb. soldiers; member working commission of the Histadrut, member. Central Committee of Histadrut, director. his watered. department, gene. sec. Mapai. Was before. directorate "Beit Berl" and General. dir. publishing house "Am oved" (one of the largest in Israel). 1960–61 - Israeli Ambassador to Norway. Member Bureau of Socialist. International. Dep. The Knesset, his before.
BARKHIN Boris Grigorievich (b. 1913, Irkutsk), architect and teacher, theoretician in the field of methodology of architect. creativity. Doctor of Architecture, prof. MARCHI. Brother of M.G. Barkhin. In 1936 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, where he studied with his father G.B. Barkhin, P.A. Golosov, L.V. Rudnev. N.Ya.Collie. He started working together. with Father. Main works: Center, Museum of Arms. forces in Moscow (1965), Museum of the History of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1968, State pr. RSFSR). The author of the repeatedly republished “Methods of architect. design "(last ed. 1992). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1984), hon. member MAA (1992).
BARKHIN Grigory Borisovich (1880, Perm - 1969, Moscow), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. The artist's son. He started as a self-taught draftsman, draftsman. The talented young man was sent by the Society of Siberians to the Odessa school (he graduated in 1897). In 1907 he graduated from St. Petersburg. AH, where he studied in the class of Acad. A.N. Pomerantseva. He worked as an assistant to Acad. RI Klein on the building of the Museum of Fine Arts and the Borodino Bridge in Moscow. From 1912 - Ch. arch. Irkutsk. Designed and built by the military. s-dy. In the years of the 1st world. war served in Ing. troops, led by Ing. and defended, works on the Caucasus. fr. From 1918 to Kr. Army. After demobilization in the 1920s. he designed and built a lot, successfully performed at architect. competitions, participated in the work of Moscow. architect. about-va (MAO). In 1925 he designed and then supervised the construction of the editorial and printing house building. Izvestia VTsIK in Moscow. He designed and built t-ry, palaces of labor, houses of culture, participated in design work for the reconstruction of Moscow (1933–38). Main buildings: Izvestia building (1925–27), sanatorium Saki (Crimea, 1928), uch. com-t for a car in Nizhny Novgorod (1929). The author of the book. "Working house and working village-garden", M., 1922; "Modern. workers' dwellings ", M., 1925; "Architecture of t-ra", M., 1947. B.'s daughter - Anna (b. 1911, Orekhov), architect, teacher. In 1934 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. She worked with her father on the project for the restoration of Sevastopol (1944–47). Mn. years she taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. The author of the building of the panorama "Defense of Sevastopol" (1946, jointly with GB and MG Barkhin). The author of the book. about the father (M., 1981).
BARKHIN Mikhail Grigorievich (1906, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1988, Moscow), architect, teacher, scientist-architect. Doctor of Architecture, prof. Son of G.B. Barkhin, brother of B.G. Barkhin. Studied at Moscow. in-those citizens. engineers from P.A. Golosov and L.A. Vesnin (graduated in 1929). He taught at Moscow. engineer-building uch-shche (1929–32), Military-Ing. acad. them. VV Kuibyshev (from 1932), Moscow Architectural Institute (1930–50). Member of the 1941–45 war, colonel. He worked with his father on many projects. Main architect. works: the project of the theater. Vs. Meyerhold (1931–32, jointly with S.E. Vakhtangov), factory in Klin (1930), textile factory in Nazili (1934) and bus garage in Ankara (1937), both in Turkey, detailed planning and development project for Sevastopol (1947), competitive projects for the Palace of Soviets in Moscow (1958 and 1959, et al.). Especially famous for its many. architectural studies. Works: Architecture and city, M., 1979; Architecture and people, M., 1980; The method of work of the architect, M., 1980.
BARKIYAGU (Vorokhov) Mordechai (1882 - 1959, Israel), one of the first and most famous doctors E.-I. Received a traditional Heb. education, studied at un-those in Switzerland, where he received a medical diploma. Since 1912 - in E.-I. Physician at the Herzliya state (1912-19). During the 1st world. war - military. doctor in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a doctor in the settlements of the Upper Galilee. Author pl. scientific. articles and books. Was printed in gas. “Ge-Halutz” and “Ha-Poel ha-Tsair”. Ed. g. "Spiritual Hygiene".
BARMAS Yeshayagu (Isai) (1872, Odessa - 1946), violinist. Studied at Moscow. cons. at I.V. Grzhimali and in Berlin at I. Joachim. In 1900 05 prof. cons. Stern, in 1905-29 cons. Klindworth-Scharvenki in Berlin. He gave concerts in European countries. Created a string quartet (1919, Berlin). He brought up a galaxy of great violinists. Author of violin arrangements, exercises, as well as methodical. labor for the violinist. performance (1913).
BARNAUL, city (since 1771), center of Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1730. From 1747 - the center of the Altai region, from 1783 - the center of the Kolyvan province, from 1822 - the env. the center of Tomsk province. 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1895, 25 (0.12%) in 1897, in the env. - 213 Jews, in 1904 in B. - 56, in 1910 - 38, in 1926 - 262, in 1939 - 722, in 1970 - 2174, in 1979 - 1,882 Jews (0.4%). In 1910 there were Jewish cemetery, in 1913 - a synagogue. In 1917 Magharik was the rabbi in B. After Feb. revolution in B. created a Zionist circle "Kadima", at the end. 1917 - children. circle "Young Kadim". In the 1920s and 30s. exiled from the center lived in B. and app. regions of the USSR, members of the Zionist parties. Between 1941 and 1945 the Jewish population in Byelorussia grew at the expense of the evacuees. At the same time, a mikvah was built in B. In 1945, a group of Jews from Byelorussia attempted to open a synagogue. the Jewish community of Altai was established. In 1990, the Altai Center for Jewish Culture was created in Byelorussia, and in 1992, a Sunday Jewish school. An ulpan, a Jewish youth club, and a library began to work. In 1999, according to Joint estimates, there lived approx. 2 thousand Jews in B. L. D. Belkind I. V. Us
BARNGOLTS Sarra Bentsianovna (b. 1908, Kiev), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1966). Graduated from Kiev Finance and Economics. Institute (1932). From 1939 to scientific-ped. work. In 1943–49 he worked in the Bureau of Experts of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Main directions of scientific. activities: econom. analysis of work prom. enterprises and their working capital. The author is numerous. textbooks and uch. manuals for the course "Analysis of households. activity ", according to the teaching method of this uch. disciplines in special econom. higher education. institutions of the USSR. Works: Analysis of finance. the activities of a fishing artel, Kiev, 1937; Econ. analysis of industrial work enterprises, M., 1954; Econ. analysis of the work of enterprises, parts 1–2, M., 1960–61 (et al.); Working capital of the USSR industry, M., 1965; Econ. analysis of households. activities to the present. stage of development, M., 1984.
BAROFF Abraham (1870, Nikolaev - 1932, Torrington, Connecticut, USA), leader of the Amer. labor movement. From 1890 in the USA, he worked in the sewing industry. Activist (since 1909) and hands. (since 1910) New York Garment Union. In 1909 he headed a garment workers' strike. From 1914 vice-president, from 1915 - treasurer of the International. garment workers union. Since 1920, the treasurer Amer. workers' union for trade with Russia. With the formation of Intern. prof. Bank (1924) elected as its first president. Author of short stories in Yiddish and Art. on trade issues.
BARON Akiva (1909, Bar Mogilvsky u. Podolsk province. - 1965, Tel Aviv), polit. and prof. activist. Graduated from law. f-t Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. He joined the Zionist revisionists, in the 1920s. one of the leaders of Betar org-tions and the Union of Zionists-Revisionists in Bessarabia. Since 1930 in E.-I., one of the founders of the Nat. Federation of workers (Histadrut ha-ovdim ha-leumim, 1934), its first gene. sec. (until 1939). In 1940 he joined the underground military organization Lehi, in 1946–48 its representative in France. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), he worked in the Tel Aviv municipality.
BARON Dvora (1887, Uzda of Igumensky u., Minsk Province - 1956, Tel Aviv), writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education, studied in Russian. g-zii. From 1911 in E.-I. She made her debut with stories in the workers' publishing house. "Ha-Melits" and "Ha-Shiloakh". In 1913 she became ed. lit. dep. "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair", daily. ed. Heb. workers. In 1915 she was expelled from E.-I. to Alexandria (Egypt). The author of two collections. stories: "Sipurim" ("Tales", Tel-Aviv, 1927) and "Ktanot" ("Little things", Tel-Aviv, 1933), for which the avenue H.-N. Bialik was awarded. In his stories, B. realistically and warmly depicts the dull and joyless life of a small Lithuanian town, recreates the atmosphere of Lithuanian legends. B. per. in Hebrew rum. G. Flaubert "Madame Bovary".
BARON Mikhail Arkadievich (1904, Yuriev - 1974, Moscow), histologist, ch.-k. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1927) and was left at the department of histology. In 1932–52 the head. Department of Histology and Embryology of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that, simultaneously. (1945-51) head. dep. histology and embryology Ying-that normal and patol. morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In connection with the campaign to "combat cosmopolitanism" in 1952 was dismissed from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that. Later he worked in the region. experiment, histology in Ying-those neurosurgery them. NN Burdenko (1954–74), was in charge of the department. morphology n.-i. laboratories at the mausoleum of VI Lenin (1946–74). tr. B. are devoted to mitogenetic radiation (ultraviolet radiation emitted by grows, and animal tissues; doctoral dissertation. 1934), morphology and histophysiology int. membranes of the body (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, cerebral, synovial and embryonic) and the cerebrospinal fluid system, the study of the pathways of metastasis of tumors in the body cavities and the mechanisms of absorption from the cavities of outflowing blood, microorganisms, etc. He developed the method of trahyscopy (1946), which makes it possible to study the relief of tissues and organs and obtain a volumetric image of the structure of organs. Cit .: Reactive structures of internal membranes, L., 1949.
BARON Yosef Luis (1894, Vilna - |), rabbi. Since 1907 in the USA. Educated in a yeshiva. After graduating in 1920 Heb. college - a rabbi. In 1920–26 he served as a rabbi in Davenport (Iowa), where he organized a system of societies and organizations, which included Hebrews. philanthropic societies, newspaper and Bnei Brit lodge. In 1923 he created the first reformist religion. brotherhood Tsedar Rapide. In 1926 he was sent to the Milwaukee community. B. contributed to the founding of the synagogue library of Judaica and the organization of reformist religions. communities in Madison, Waukesh, Janesville and other cities of Wisconsin. In 1940 he was professor of philosophy at Milwaukee ped. college and Ph. college of governors Heb. college. The author of the book. The Immigrant (1923); Clubs for Religious Education (1925); The Jewish Bible (1927); The Question of Death in Jewish Beliefs (1932) and In Search of Unity (1936).
BARONDES Yosef (1867, Kamyanets-Podolsky - 1928, New York), trade unionist and Zionist. movement. From 1888 in the USA, he worked as a tailor in New York, in the evenings he studied at the Law School of New York University. Soon he became an active trade unionist: he organized garment workers' trade unions, Heb. actors, Heb. printing trade union. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, a Zionist took part. movement, one of the founders of Amer. Heb. Congr., in. the quality of his affairs. participated in the peace negotiations at Versailles (1918), contributed to the inclusion in the text of the Versailles Peace Treaty of Art. on the rights of nat. minorities. In the course of the campaign against the restriction of immigration in the United States, he spoke on this issue in the commissions of the US Congress, helped to obtain consent from the Canadian government to accept Jews into the country. immigrants who were banned from entering the United States in accordance with the quota law. Since 1910, members Department of Nar. of the City of New York, led a campaign to lift the ban on married women from teaching at school. institutions. As President of the Bnei Zion Order, he chaired the board of directors of the Deborah Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Denver, was Deer. Heb. academies "Herzliya" and "Khias". In 1928 - vice-president. Amer. Zionist. org-tion. Translated into Yiddish by book. F. Kopli "Impeachment of the President of Israel" (New York, 1916), wrote a preface to it.
BARSHAI Rudolf Borisovich (b. 1924, Labinskaya, Krasnodar Okrug.), Violist, conductor. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class of V.V.Borisovsky. In 1956 he organized and headed the Moscow. chamber orc. (first in the country). Since 1976 in Israel, thin. hands. Israeli chamber orc. (Tel Aviv). As a guest conductor he tours to many European countries, the USA and Japan. In 1982 he was appointed Ch. conductor and thin. counselor symph. orc. Bournemouth (UK). The performance of the B. violist is distinguished by the accuracy of phrasing, the feeling of the ensemble, and the subtlest dynamic nuances.
BARSCH Mikhail Osipovich (1904, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Architect, teacher. In 1926 he graduated from architect. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS, began working for B.M. Iofan. In 1927, together with M.I. Sinyavsky, Sinyavsky won the competition for the project of a planetarium in Moscow, which is why in 1928 it was built on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street. He worked a lot in collaboration with prominent architects: M.Ya. Ginzburg, A.K. Burov, A.L. Pasternak and others. Constantly participated in architect. contests. Among the main. works: House of Industry in Sverdlovsk (1927–28), House of the former. political prisoners (1926-30, jointly with G.A. Zundblat), project-manifesto on the theme "House-commune" (1926-30, together with V.N. Vladimirov), pavilion "Mechanization" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow (1930 ), House of production of the Mordovian ASSR. From 1934 he worked in the workshop-school of I.V. Zholtovsky, to-ry had a great deal on him. influence. After the war of 1941–45 he worked on the restoration of Minsk, where he designed the layout and development of Sq. Victory, residential buildings, the entrance to the stadium "Dynamo", etc. (1949–55, State Ave. Byelorussian SSR, 1949). Designed monuments, incl. monument to K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1956, sculptor A.P. Faydysh-Krandievsky), an obelisk in honor of the launch of the first arts, an Earth satellite in Moscow (1964), led the team that erected a monument to commemorate the exploration of outer space in the park of the Palace nations in Geneva (1971, sculptor Y. G. Neroda). For many years he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute.
BARSHT Abrek Arkadievich (b. 1919, Staraya Zburyevka, Kherson province), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Since 1938 - in Kr. Army. In 1940 he graduated from the Bataysk military. Aviation school. During the war, com. squadrons are correct-reconnaissance. Aviation regiment, made 365 combat missions. In 1949 he graduated from the Military Air. academy. He served in the aviation of the Pacific Fleet. Colonel. Since 1965 - in Leningrad. hydrometeorological in-those.
BARSHTEIN (Barshtein-Boyarsky) Yuri Arkadievich (b. 1919, Kiev), pathologist. Prof. Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1941). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. After the war - ch. pathologist Belarusian. VO, early. pathologist. dep. military-mor. hospital in Kronstadt; in 1948–50 he was an adjunct at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Military-Mor. academies in Leningrad; in 1950–57 chap. a pathologist for one of the fleets. After demobilization (1957) hands. (since 1990 consultant) lab. pathomorphology in the Kiev Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. diseases. Sci. research dedicated pathology of combat trauma, a number of infectious diseases. diseases, etc. The author of the chapter, after eating, gunshot injury, in a multivolume collective tr. “Experience of the Sov. medicine in Vel. Otech. war 1941–45 ". Honored. Scientist of Ukraine (1993).
BARSKY Lev Abramovich (b. 1932, Moscow), specialist in the region. processing of mineral raw materials. Ch.-c. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Sciences (1991), Dr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1979. After graduation in 1956 Moscow. in-that non-ferrous metals and gold worked in the Institute of mining them. A.A. Skochinsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1977 - at the Institute of Problems of Complex Development of the Subsoil of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main works are related to the development of methods and systems for managing the processes of processing mineral raw materials, recycling production waste and cleaning industrial. drains. The author of St. 250 scientific. works, including books on the theory and technology of mineral separation. He is also known as the author of a number of popular science books (Princes and Beggars in the Kingdom of Minerals, Moscow, 1985; How Fossils Become Useful, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1985), an original book on the system analysis of anecdotes ( "It's just ridiculous: the mirror of a crooked kingdom", Moscow, 1992), scripts for skits performances in Moscow. House of Scientists. CM of the USSR (1983), State. etc. USSR (1990). Cit .: Cybernetic methods in mineral processing, M., 1970; Research of minerals for washability, M., 1973; System analysis in mineral processing, M., 1978; Fundamentals of Mineralurgy, M., 1984, etc.
BARSKY Lev Mironovich (1909, Kulnaya-Veke - 1977, Chisinau), prose writer, playwright. He studied in the villages. school. Graduated from ped. courses in Balta. He worked as a teacher in the village. school. Collaborated in gas. Mold. ASSR (1932–38). First stories publ. in the beginning. 1930s, first sat. stories "Spre vyatsa noe" ("To a new life") in 1933. In 1940 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow and was appointed responsible. sec. JV Mold. SSR. Member of the 1941–45 war. After the war he lived in Chisinau, wrote stories, essays, plays. Means a place in his post-war. creativity is occupied by. "La Florentine" ("In Florence", 1952) - from the life of mold. sat down. Problems of student youth, questions of culture, morality B. raised in "Facultatya noastre" ("Our faculty", 1959), "Se yntork ryndunelele" ("Swallows return", 1964), "La uncheputur" ("At the sources", 1972 ). He also owns several. collection of essays and stories. B. - the author of the plays "Stefan Bitke" (1940), "Ginerele" ("Son-in-law", 1956), "De ziua ta" ("Your birthday", 1960), as well as reps. about lit. life of Moldova. Vol .: In Florenakh, Chisinau, 1955; Our faculty, Chisinau, 1961; By the Roads of Life: Novel and Stories, Chisinau, 1963; At the origins: Roman, Chisinau, 1979.
BARSTICHIAI, a town in the Skuodas region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Borshitsy Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1921, 87 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jewish population - p. x-in. In 1922 the Jews of Byelorussia took an active part in helping refugees from Russia. Due to heavy economics. conditions pl. Jews left B., some left for E.-I. 9 Aug. 1941 in Mazeikiai, 13 Jewish families from B.
BARSUKI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. and lips. 22 Sept. 1941 all the remaining Jews - 8 people - were shot in Byelorussia.
BARTNIKI, see Bartninkai.
BARTNINKAI, a small town in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Bartniki Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1901, and 93 Jews (24.1%) in 1923. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BARTO Agniya Lvovna (1906, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Poet, society. activist. She began to write poetry while still a schoolgirl, she was preparing to become an actress, she studied at a choreographer. uch-shche. First book. poems for children - "Chinese Wang-Li", "Bear-thief" (1925), since then more than 100 books have been published. her poems for children, which have gained popularity, some poems reissued. St. 400 times (total circulation - over 20 million copies), trans. plural lang. B.'s verses, clear and aphoristic in form, combine satire and gentle humor, lyrics and calls for courage, for mutual understanding between adults and children of different countries. She also wrote plays and screenplays: The Foundling (1939), The Elephant and the Rope (1946), Alyosha Ptitsyn Develops Character (1953). She constantly participated in the activities of the Union of Sov. writers. In 1937 cases. Int. antifash. Congr. in defense of culture (Madrid). During the war of 1941–45 she worked on the radio, went to the front, and collaborated in gas. and f. In tech. several years she conducted the radio program "Find a Man", dedicated. searching and organizing meetings of children and parents who lost another friend during the war. About this - the book B. "Find a Man" (Moscow, 1969) and her screenplay "Looking for a Man". In 1978 publ. book "Notes of a children's poet", reflections, memories of colleagues. She performed with Art. about children. lit-re. Publ. book poems and stories "About big and about small" (Moscow, 1958). B. constantly helped young writers, was before. Associations of workers of literature and arts for children. Became. pr. (1950), Len. pr. (1972). Cit .: Brothers, M., 1928; Boy on the contrary, M., 1934; Toys, 1936; Bullfinch, M., 1939; There is a student, M., 1944; First grader, 1945; I live in Moscow, M., 1947; Zvenigorod, M., 1948; Poems for children, M., 1949; Your poems, M., 1960; Poems, M., 1961.
BARTONOV Yehoshua-Zeev (1879, Vilna - 1971, Tel Aviv), actor, director, one of the first prof. actors of "Habima". From 1902 he played in Vilna. Since 1911, the Hebrew actor. t-ditch, played plural. cities. In 1913 he performed before the Zionist Congress with Pinsky's play "The Eternal Jew". In 1918-19 - an actor of front-line t-ditch. In 1921 - in Moscow, in Heb. t-re them. Sholem Aleichem. From 1922 - in "Habim", came with the troupe of t-ra to E.-I. and played in it until his death. State Israel Ave (1959).
BARUKHOV Mashiyah (1875, Bukhara - 1946, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the community of Bukharian Jews in Jerusalem. From 1882 - in E.-I. He was engaged in trade. During the 1st world. war went to Egypt and returned to E.-I. in 1919. He opened an orphanage for Sephardic orphans and headed it from 1925. He was a member. to-that of the Sephardic communities of Jerusalem, member. to-that community of Bukharian Jews. In 1929, after anti-Jews. the riots organized by the Arabs, was appointed ch. Rabbinate Commission to monitor the Wailing Wall.
BARVENKOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Izyumsky u. Kharkov province. In 1910, 98 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1926, 186 Jews did not live in the Barvenkovo ​​district, in 1939 there were 75 Jews in B. In 1942 several were shot. Jews B.V.B. genus. Veniamin Lvovich Beilin (1904-1982, Moscow), major general (1943), warrant. 7 ord.
BARVINOVKA (until 1960 - Chernitsa), a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1941, 13 Jews were driven from B. to Novograd-Volynsky and shot there.
BARYSH, a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 66 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 174 (5.2%), in 1890 - 243 (6.2% ), in 1900 - 240 (5.4%), in 1910 - 196 (4%), in 1921 - 229 (4.8%), in 1931 - 339 Jews. The first Jews settled in Byelorussia in 1635. life by small trade, p. h-vom, inns were kept. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish community in B. In 1902 M. Biener was the rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. active Zionist activity was carried on in Byelorussia. In 1928 the Zionist organization "Ahva" was created. During the occupation of the Germans. By the army, the Jews of Byelorussia perished in Buchach together with the Jews from the surrounding towns and villages.
BARYSHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1603. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. From 1921 - in the Kiev province, in 1925-30 - the regional center of the Kiev district. In 1897, 462 Jews (25.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 320, in 1926 - 436 (16.4%) , in 1939 - 134 Jews (5.5%). From 1904 the rabbi of B. - Falk Shusterman (1876—?). All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed in B.. 21 Sept. 1941, 90 Jews were shot in B. In 1999, 15 Jews lived in B.. H.A. Avrutis.
BARYUNAI, a village in the Joniškis region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Baryuny Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. An old Jewish cemetery has been preserved in B.
Barany, see Baryunay.
BARZILAY (Eisenstadt) Yehoshua (1855, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1918, Lausanne, Switzerland), societies, activist, writer. In 1887 he first visited E.-I., in 1888 he returned to Russia, where he became one of the founders of the Bnei Moshe movement. In 1890 he again came to E.-I., became secretary. will execute. to-that movement Hovevei Zion in Jaffa. Published numerous. Art. and messages about the life of Heb. us. E.-I. in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Russia, in 1893-95 joint. with I. Gur published a bulletin about the life of Jews E.-I. "Letters from Eretz Yisrael" (in Hebrew). Opposed the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda. One of the founders of Heb. g-zii and Nar. houses (Bet-ha-am) in Jerusalem. In 1912 he released a collection. their op. In the beginning. 1st world. the war left for Europe.
BASARABYASKA (until 1991 - Bessarabka), urban-type settlement (since 1946), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bessarabka (other name. Romanovka) Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,142 Jews (68.7%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–1995 Jews (42.5%). ... in B. worked a school (director Aba Blank) and children. garden of the "Tarbut" network, there were different branches. Jewish parties and organizations. 22 Jews were killed in Byelorussia in July 1941. On Sept. 1941 Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria.
Bassein Leib (1879, Minsk - 1928, New York), novelist, publicist, translator. Joined the roar early. traffic. Since 1905 in the USA. Worked as a teacher. He made his debut in literature in 1925 with the story "Red Shirt", publ. in f. "Arbeiter". Published in pl. Heb. periodic. ed. The author of the book: "Di Yiddish Shprah" ("Jewish language") et al. with I. Entin, 1914; Barney der melamed, zain toire un zain milhome mit di kundeisim fun columbuses medice (Barney's teacher, his teachings and his war with the children of the Columbus state), 1914; Fun Yiddish Kwal (From a Jewish Source), 1916; "In Roitn Shine" ("In the Red Light"), 1919, etc. He was also engaged in trans. in Yiddish.
BASHANTA, see Gorodovikovsk.
BASHEVIS-ZINGER Yitzhak (1904, Radzymin, Warsaw Province - 1991, Los Angeles), prose writer, lit. critic, journalist. Brother of I.I. Zinger. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied secular sciences, was interested in Kabbalah. He wrote in Yiddish. He made his debut with the story "Ouf der Elter" ("In Old Age") in 1925 in the weekly. "Literary beter". Subscribed different. ps. (I. Varshavsky, D. Segal). Published articles, feuilletons, notes in Warsaw periodicals. ed. Since 1935 in the USA. Then publ. the first major production B. - pov. "Hundred in Gorai" ("Satan in Gorai"). In the first rum. B. "Di surname Mushkat" ("Mushkat Family"), published in 1950, depicts events from the life of Polish Jews in the period between the two wars. Fame came to B. in 1953 after the publication of the story "Fool Gimpel", translated into English. lang. amer. the writer S. Bellou. Certain productions B. first were publ. in English. lang. and only then in Yiddish. In the center is thin. creativity B. - int. the struggle of the individual between the desire for moral purity and earthly passions. Almost everyone is thin. manuf. B. grow out of the Hebrews' everyday life, familiar to him to the smallest detail. shtetl, from nat. folklore with its fantastic. characters from religious mystical. traditions. B. - the author of apprx. 30 kn., Among to-ryh rum. and pov. Der Goyf (The Estate), 1953-70; Der Kunzmacher fun Lublin (The Magician from Lublin), 1960; Der Knecht (Slave), 1962; "Shosha", 1978, in Russian. per. 1990; stories, some of which are collected in Sat. Gimple Tam un andere derceilungen (Gimple Tam et al. Stories, 1957). B. belong to the recollections, written in artistic-doc. genre, as well as manuf. for children and per. In 1978 for outstanding services in the region. literature awarded Nobel pr. In Russia per. in Russian lang. manuf. B. appeared in 1990; Cit .: Rab, Jerusalem, 1976; Dying Lights, Jerusalem, 1990; Shosha, M., 1991; Son from America, M., 1993.
BASHKEY, see Head.
BASHKICHETI, see Dmanisi.
BASHKIROV Dmitry Alexandrovich (b. 1931, Tiflis), pianist, teacher. Graduated from Tbilisi Music. a ten-year school in the class of A.D. Virsaladze, in 1954 - Moscow. cons. in the class of A.B. Goldenweiser, in 1957 - postgraduate study with him. Since the same year he has been teaching at Moscow. cons. since 1977 - prof. Since 1992 he has been teaching physical education. game in Spain. Among the students - D.K. Alekseev, S.A. Erokhin, A.Z. Bonduryanskiy and other B. He toured a lot in different countries (in the 80s he was not allowed to leave the country), gave concerts in the USSR. B.'s interpretations are ecstatic. agitation, impulsiveness, sometimes exaggeration of images, accuracy of skill; possesses a kind of carcass, thanks to which it reveals the smallest nuances of production. The repertoire includes production. W.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, I. Brahms, S. S. Prokofiev, R. K. Shchedrin. In the 90s. began to perform more op. F. Chopin. The most successful interpretations of the Concerto in F minor by J.S. Bach, sonatas by I. Haydn, fp. concerts of Mozart, 1st, 3rd and 5th concerts of Beethoven, he also performed as an ensemble player, including in fp. trio with I.S.Bezrodny and M.E. Khomitser (1965-1972). Honored. art. RSFSR (1968). Grand Prix for the International competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault in Paris (1955), pr. GDR im. R. Schumann for isp. op. this composer (1970).
BASHKOY, a village in the Tsalka district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Bashkoy Borchalinsky district Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BASHMET Yuri Abramovich (b. 1953, Rostov-on-Don), violist, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class (1976) and postgraduate studies with F.S. Druzhinin (earlier in 1971–72 he studied with V.V.Borisovsky). Since 1976 Lecturer Center, music. schools, since 1978 - Moscow. horse. Since 1986 the conductor is organized. named after the string ensemble "Soloists of Moscow", in 1992 he headed the chamber orc. students of Moscow. horse, (with the same name). Participates in the concerts "December Evenings" at the Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin, performs as a soloist, ensemble player (with major instrumental performers - S.T. Richter, V.V. Tretyakov, A.B. Lyubimov, N.G. Gutman) and conductor. B. was the first performer in the USSR of a number of op. for viola by W.A. Mozart, N. Paganini, composers of the 20th century (D. Millau, B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, D. D. Shostakovich). B. - the first performer dedicated. him a production. for viola, including concerts with orc. A.G. Schnittke (1985), A.V. Tchaikovsky, M.G. Ermolaeva (Kollontai) (1980), V. Barkauskas, Sonata Breve for viola and fp. (1979) I.A. Golovina et al. 2nd Ave. to Mezhdunar. competition in Budapest (1975), 1st ave. Intern. Musician Competition in Munich (1976). Tours with great success in different countries, performing with local orcs. as a soloist and conductor. B. - member. the jury grew. Prize "Triumph" (1993), awarded to figures of art and literature (established by Russian industrialists to encourage the achievements of representatives of Russian culture, including those living abroad). Nar. art. USSR (1991). State pr. USSR (1986). State pr. RF (1993).
BASHTANKA (until 1928 - Poltavka), a city (since 1987), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century as the village of Kherson u. In 1939 61 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BASIN Efim Vladimirovich (1940, Khislovichi, Tambov region), builder, dep. Armed Forces of Russia since 1990. Graduated from Belorus, in-t engineer. transport. Cand. econom. sciences. Since 1980 - at the building of BAM, deputy. and the first deputy. early Glavbamstroy. 1986–90 - deputy. min. transport building of the USSR. 1990–92 - before. Committee on Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communities. x-woo of the RF Armed Forces. From Dec. 1992 - prev. State Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Russian Federation. Hero of Soc. Labor (1990).
BASIN Lazar (Elisha) (mid-19th century, Surovich, Mogilev province - |, England), preacher-missionary. Since 1869 in Istanbul, where he converted to Christianity. After returning to Russia, he was drafted into the army. During the service he was intensively engaged in missionary activity, then left for London, from where the Scottish Missionary Society equipped him (1880) in Iasi as a missionary. Returning soon to England, B. made an attempt to found a society, which would take care of the resolution of Hebrews. question.
BASIN Meer Velkovich (1890, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1918), participant of the roar. movement, part. Communist. party since 1912. Graduated from crafts. uch-shche in Mogilev. Member board of the union of oil workers. prom-sti, one of the organizers of the strike in Baku in 1914. In 1917, member. Baku Council and mountains. to-that RSDLP (b), in the end. Sep early oct. one of the hands. general strike in Baku. From nov. 1917 sec. Presidium of the Executive Committee and the working section of the Baku Council. From Apr. 1918 head. by the working section of the Baku Council of People. x-va. After the fall of the Baku commune (Aug. 1918) he was arrested and held in a Baku prison. On Sept. 1918 released, c. owls. workers tried to evacuate to Astrakhan, but the ship with the refugees arrived in Krasnovodsk, where B. and other Bolsheviks were arrested by representatives of the English. occupier. authorities and Zakasp. time, pr-va. By their order on September 20, 1918, B., among the 26 Baku commissars, was shot at the 207th verst of Zakasp. railway
BASIN Moishe (1889, Gomel - 1963, New York), literary critic, poet. He studied at the cheder, then he was engaged in self-education. Was drafted into the army, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers. Since 1907 in the USA. He made his debut as a poet in 1908. Published in periodicals. ed., speaking with poetry, essays, fairy tales in poetry for children. His cycle of verse gained popularity. about the Baal Shem Tov. Ch. B.'s work is the anthology "500 Years of Jewish Poetry" (vols. 1–2, 1917–22). In 1940, B. published the anthology Amer. Heb. poetry".
BASKAL, a village in Ismayilli region (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Shemakha u. Baku province. By the beginning. 2nd floor 18th century B. was inhabited mainly by Jews who were engaged in the production of silk fabrics. Until the 1860s. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: Rabbi Nisan, Israel, Eliyahu, Moshe, Benyahu, Yohai, Raziel, Hanukkah, Mordechai.
BASKIN Vladimir Sergeevich (1855, Vilna - 1919, Petrograd), music. critic, journalist. He studied at the same time in law. f-those Petersburg. un-that (graduated in 1885) and in St. Petersburg. cons., where he studied music theory, also took violin lessons. Collaborated as a musician. criticism in plural newspapers and magazines (from 1884; in 1887-1917 the head of the musical department of the Petersburg (since 1914 Petrograd) newspaper. ”Essays by B., dedicated to the largest Russian composers, Among them - "A.G. Rubinstein" (M., 1886), "M.P. Mussorgsky" (M., 1886), "A.N.Serov" (1890), "P.I. Tchaikovsky "(St. Petersburg, 1895). Many articles by B. were directed against the" New Russian Musical School "(creative community of Russian composers, which arose at the turn of the 50s - 60s of the 19th century, known also under the title "The Mighty Handful"), including against VV Stasov.
BASNER Veniamin Efimovich (b. 1925, Yaroslavl), composer. The son of a shoemaker. He graduated in Yaroslavl muses. school in the violin class, in 1942 muses. uch-shche. Played in decomp. ensembles of Estonia, evacuees. to Yaroslavl during the 1941–45 war. In 1943 he was drafted into the army, enlisted as a cadet in the 3rd Leningrad Academy. art. uch-shche, then transferred to muses. platoon, where he learned to play almost all wind instruments. In 1944 he was enrolled as a volunteer in Leningrad. cons. to the orc. f-t, in 1949 he graduated from it in the violin class of M. Belyakov. In 1949–55 he worked at the Variety Orc. Radio committee. The main place in the work of B. is occupied by music to f. (St. 40), songs: of which they became widely known: "At an unnamed height" (from the f. "Silence", 1964), "Where does the Motherland begin |" ("Shield and Sword"). B.'s music brought success to such a great extent to such f Among other works: ball. "Three Musketeers" (1964), operettas "Pole Star" (1966), "A Heroine Wanted" (1968), "Southern Cross" (1971), "Real Men" (1983), oratorios, 2 symph. (1958, 1984), concerts for skr. (1966), for cello and orc. (1980), string quartets, romances, wok. cycle at st. AA Voznesensky "Parabola". Nar. art. RSFSR (1982). State pr. RSFSR (1980).
BASOV Veniamin (Veniamin) Matveyevich (b. 1913, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), graphic artist, painter. Studied at Vitebsk art. technical school (1930 33) by F. Fox, E. S. Minin and VKHUTEIN (1938–48) by S. V. Gerasimov, A. A. Osmerkin, G. M. Shegal. He also designed ill. book for Belgosizdat, Goslitizdat, among which are the stories of Sholem Aleichem, the stories of I.S.Turgenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, the stories of A.P. Chekhov and M.A.Sholokhov. Created a variety of machine tools. production, among to-rykh "Departure for work" (1950), "For a book" (1956) and others. In 1974–79 performed ser. "Moscow and Moscow Region" (bum., Car.). In recent years. worked in the village genre. landscape, striving to convey the color and light richness of nature in the ratio of black and white. B.'s works are kept in museums and gal. on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery). Repeated participant in all-Union, rep., And also zarub. exhibitions.
BASS Moisey Grigorievich (1908, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Primorsky Region - 1984, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from Moscow. Automobile and Road Institute (1933), worked there until 1935. In 1935-41 in the system of the Moscow City Council along the lines of embankments and bridges. In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army. From 1945 - early, then Ch. Ing. Office of the road-bridge building of Moscow. Participated in the decision of the cr. urban planning. tasks - high-speed reconstruction and improvement of the Luzhniki district and the creation of a sports complex, Center facilities, stadium named after V.I. Lenin. Linen. pr. (1959).
BASSEKHES Alfred Iosifovich (1900, Moscow - 1969, ibid.), Art critic, critic. In 1919, after the end of Wed. school entered Hood. working district studio. Soon B. became an apprentice sculptor at the Kharkov plant "Hood. industry ", where he took part in the creation of the time, the monument to VI Lenin at the station square. In 1921 he was sent to study at the Academy of Arts in Petrograd. Studied in the studio of A.T. Matveev. Then he returned to Kharkov, worked as a lecturer in the department. IZO of the People's Commissariat of Education of Ukraine, wrote for gas. Izvestia, corr. a swarm visited Berlin (1925). In the end. 20s B. returns to Moscow and devotes himself to the activities of an art critic and critic. Works in the railway station. "Art", "Rabis", "Brigade of Artists", which publishes analytical reviews of exhibitions, articles on the development of theatrical and decorative art: "B. Kustodiev's Posthumous Exhibition" (1926), "Surikov's Pictures" (1930), The Architecture of a Socialist City (1930), Frans Maserel (1930), Alexander Tyshler - Artist of T-ra (1932), and others. In 1932, B. headed the department. fig. art-va created by A.V. Lunacharsky gas. "Sov. lawsuit ", simultaneously. otv. sec. g. "Architecture of the USSR". During the war years B. - at the front, was wounded and in 1945 returned to the editor. gas. "Sov. claim "for the post of head. dep. architecture. B.'s article "Theatrical and decorative art 1934-1941." in the XII volume. "History of Rus. lawsuit "received hon. diploma of the Union of Artists. Work on the artists of the Moscow Art Theater was the result of B.'s work on many. Art. about owls. scenographers and on the ways of development of decorative art (1960). A number of Art. about the work of Rembrandt (1936, J. "Soviet Art"; 1940, "Lit. Gaz."; 1956, "Isk-vo", No. 6) were considered by the author himself as ch. future book.
BASSIN Philip Veniaminovich (1905, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow) neurophysiologist, psychologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1958), prof. (1960). After graduating in 1931 from Kharkov honey. in-that worked as a scientist. sotr. Vseukr. psychoneurological. academy. Since 1936 in Vses. in-those experimental medicine, and then in Ying-those neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where he headed the lab. neurophysiology and supervised by methodological. seminar. Author of over 160 scientific. works, including 3 monographs. The works touch on a wide range of problems related to the general theory of the brain, electroencephalography and electromyography, psychiatry and psychology, the analysis of electric oscillations. brain potentials in traumatic brain injury. Book. "The problem of the unconscious" (Moscow, 1968), where criticism of Freudianism and neo-Freudianism from Marxist positions is given, trans. on a number of foreign lang.
BASTOMSKY Aron (1907, Vilna - 1944), playwright, ethnographer. He joined Bund circles early. He wrote humoresques, Art. and feuilletons, was a passionate collector of Heb. folklore, for which he traveled around the cities and towns of Lithuania. In 1933, together with other enthusiasts, he founded the first Hebrew. dolls, t-r, which existed until 1941. For this, and other t-dv wrote plays, and also performed with art. on the theater, themes. Died in a concentration camp on the territory. Estonia.
BASTOMSKY Shloyme (1891, Vilna - 1941, ibid.), Publicist, folklorist. He became an orphan early. After graduation in 1912 ped. Institute in Vilna was a teacher, one of the organizers of schools with teaching in Yiddish. Printed poems and stories for children, Art. on ped. Topics. In 1916 he founded his own. publishing house "New Evr. bunk bed school ", a cut produced textbooks, anthologies, children. games, folklore collection, art. manuf. for schoolchildren. Among the books published by him. “Heb. bunk bed fairy tales and legends "," Sat. Heb. proverbs for family and school ”. Ed. B. came out popular. in due time children. g. "Grininke beymelekh" and "Der Haver", in which, along with the production. Heb. writers published folklore materials collected by him about Nar. sages Hershele Ostropolera, Motka Chabad, Iosele Kundes, etc.
BAT-MIRYAM Yocheved (Zheleznyak) (1901, Kempice - 1980, Israel), poet. She studied in high fur boots in Odessa and Moscow. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Published in f. "Ha-Tkufa", "Turim", "Mahbarot le-sifrut". Sat. poems: "Eretz Yisrael" (1937), "Raion" (1940), "Dmuet mi-ofek" (1942), "Mi-shirey Rusiya" (1942), "Shirim" (1963). Later, her lyric poetry was recognized. poems. State Israel Ave (1972).
BATAKIAI, a place in the Taurage region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Batok Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1923 - 88 Jews, in 1940 - approx. 10 Jewish families. Jews lived in B. from the end. 19th century On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia; from 1891 to 1899 Gershon Lipshits was a rabbi, and from 1907, Gershon-Sholom Kab (1878—?). Main the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia was trade with Germany. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of B. were accused of poisoning the well. In March 1915, all Jews in tech. for half an hour they were expelled from B., some returned after the war. Main occupations of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. - from. farming and small trade. 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia, as well as from neighboring settlements (about 1800 people in total) were shot by Lithuanian policemen under the command of Gestapo officers in the forest near Byelorussia on the river bank. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and Lithuanian was erected at the place of their execution. Then on the territory. the old Jewish cemetery has a memorial sign with inscriptions in Hebrew and Lithuanian.
BATAISK, a city (since 1938) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1779-80 as a settlement, from 1802 - in Rostov u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia, since 1888 - the Oblast of the Don Army. 36 Jews (0.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 24 (0.1%) in 1926, and 186 Jews in 1939.
BATIASHVILI Guram Abramovich (b. 1938, Tskhakaya, Georgia), writer, playwright. After graduating from the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Tbilisi University (1962), he studied trans. manuf. Turkish writers on the load, lang. Later he wrote the plays "Duty", "1832" and others, which were successfully performed in a number of t-dvs in Georgia. In the beginning. 1970s participated in the anti-Israel campaign, from the middle. 1980s writes in a pro-Israel spirit. His book. - travel notes about a trip to Israel - "The sun in the clouds" received the State. pr. Georgia. His rum was released in 1992. "If I forget you, Jerusalem." From the beginning. 1993 - ed. Heb. gas. "Menorah" overlooking the cargo. lang.
BATKIS Grigory Abramovich (1895, Balta, Podolsk province - 1960, Moscow), health care organizer, specialist in the region. social hygiene and dignity. statistics. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Honey. educated in Psychoneurological. in-those in Petrograd (1913–15) and at honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1915-19). From 1919 he served in Kr. Army deputy. military commissar of the brigade, took part in the fight against the typhus epidemic in Kiev. Since 1923 in Moscow, assistant of the departments of social. hygiene of the 2nd Moscow State University and the 1st Moscow State University (1925-30). From 1931 until the end of his life the head. department of social. hygiene and health organization of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that (since 1935 prof.) and simultaneously. (1944–48) head. Department of the History of Medicine. Along with ped. activities constantly worked by hand. dep. and a consultant in N.-I. in-takh and health authorities on social issues. hygiene and dignity. statistics. In 1944-50 the deputy. prev. (from 1958 before.) Center, sanitary-statistical. Commission of the USSR Ministry of Health. tr. B. dedicated to various aspects of the theory and organization of health care, a dignity. statistics and history of medicine. Developed a number of demographic methods. research, including so-called anamnestic method, methodological. basics of statistics of migratory masses, methods for determining hospital mortality; substantiated the principles of using the sampling method in the study of the incidence of the population; proposed a new system of active patronage of infants. Author of teaching programs and textbooks on social. hygiene and health care organization. Textbook "Theory and organization of Sov. Healthcare ”(M., 1961, jointly with LG Lekarev) was awarded the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences ave. N.A. Semashko (1963). Cit .: Social hygiene, M.-L., 1936 and 1940; Organization of health care, M., 1948; Questions of sanitary and demographic statistics, M., 1964; Social hygiene and health care organization, M., 1969 (with G.L. Lekarev).
BATOK, see Batakiai.
BATOSHANSKY Yakov (1895, Novo-Kiliya, Bessarabian province - 1964, South Africa), prose writer, playwright. He studied at yeshivas in Chisinau and Odessa. Debuted Ser. travel notes and stories in 1912 in Odessa gas. Since 1914 - in Romania. Traveled differently. countries, and in 1926 settled in Buenos Aires forever. Printed literary-critical. Art., gave lectures on literature. He died during a trip to Yuzh. Africa. Author of the book: "Noh der vorstelung" ("After the performance"), 1929; Fun beide zaytn yam (On Both Sides of the Sea), 1929; "Portraits fun Yiddish Schreiber" ("Portraits of Jewish Writers"), 1933; "Mir wiln lebn" ("We want to live"), 1948, etc.
BATOSHVILI Abrek Shabatovich (b. 1919, Akhaltsikhe), publicist, historian. During the 2nd world. war served in the military mission of the USSR in the Netherlands. In 1947–60 and 1960–65, he was imprisoned for anti-Sov. activity. In 1965–93 he worked as Art. editor of the Committee for cinematography Gruz. SSR. In 1991 in Tbilisi publ. book “History of Hebrews. people ”(in Georgian). Since 1993 in Israel.
BATOZH, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Yanovskiy u. Lublin province. In March 1941, 243 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In the fall of 1942, all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
BATUM, see Batumi.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАТУМИ, город(с 1878), столица Аджарской Автономной Республики (Грузия). Изв. с 11 в. как крепость. С 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1877 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1878 — центр Батумского окр., с 1883 — уездный город Батум Кутаисской губ. В 1878—86 порт Б. имел статус порто-франко. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1886 в Б. проживало 933 еврея (6,3%), в 1890 — 862 (4,8%), в 1897 — 1064 (3,6%), в 1903 — 842 (9,2%), в 1913 — 1068 (2,8%), в т. ч. 161 грузинский еврей, в 1922 — 3699, в 1923 — 3700, в 1926 — 1954 (4,5%), в т. ч. 1917 ашкеназов, в 1939 — 1778 (2,5%), в 1959 — 1139 (1,4%), в 1970 — 1334 (1,3%), в т. ч. 398 грузинских евреев, 16 крымчаков, 2 горских еврея, в 1979 — 917 (в т. ч. 77 грузинских евреев).В 1879 в Б. числилось 47 еврейских семей (дымов), позднее их численность значительно возросла в связи с постройкой ж. д. (1883), прокладкой нефтепровода из Баку (1897—1907) и превращением Б. в кр. торг. и пром. центр. В 1878 в Б. была открыта ашкеназийская синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1886 власти ввели ограничение на проживание евреев, однако их численность неуклонно росла: в 1889 официально проживала 31 семья евреев, фактически семей было не менее 100 (гл. обр. ремесленники и торговцы, в большинстве ашкеназы). В нач. 1880-х гг. в Б. две синагоги (грузинская и ашкеназийская), к-рые в 1890 были закрыты властями (вместо них в 1899 открыт молитв. дом, в 1900—04 сооружена новая синагога). С 1881 действовала талмуд-тора, в 1901 — нач. еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1898 возник сионистский кружок (рук. д-р Д.Кузятин, секр. Я.Лейхтер, к-рый в 1901 был дел. и секр. 1-го съезда кавк. сионистов в Тифлисе). Евреи играли видную роль в экономич., обществ. и культурной жизни Б. кон. 19 — нач. 20 в.: директорами банка взаимопомощи были П.Шполянский (1895—1911), затем А.Бертман, ред.-издателем газ. «Батумские вести» являлся Е.Герман (1909—17), пред. правления Батумского отд-ния Об-ва распространения грамотности был Е.Криницкий (инж. Батумской гор. управы). В 1917 создан к-т Сионистской нар. фракции «Цеирей Цион», пред. к-рого избран Моше Розенберг (в 1930-х гг. ком. Нац. воен. орг-ции в Э.-И.). Он же в 1919 возглавил Нац. еврейский совет, объединивший представителей всех еврейских партий и общин Б. При совете действовала нач. еврейская школа. В 1919 два представителя батумских евреев избраны членами муниципального совета Б. В 1920 в Б. создана Центр. палестинская комиссия под пред. Б.Певзнера (в ее состав вошел пред. Нац. еврейского совета В.Вольфензон). В 1920—21 местный сионистский к-т издавал газ. «Еврейский голос» и «Эхо Батума» (ред. Певзнер). Тогда же в Б. действовал к-т, оказывавший помощь беженцам-евреям, прибывавшим в Б. из др. р-нов Грузии и из России. Через порт Б. евреи уезжали в Э.-И.; в Б. была создана ферма «Ге-Халуц» для обучения будущих переселенцев земледельч. труду. После занятия Грузии частями Кр. Армии из Б. выехало пр-во страны, за к-рым последовало ок. 100 «младосионистов». В 1920-х гг. в Б. действовало сионистское подполье. В 1922 сов. власти закрыли синагогу. В 1924 по инициативе грузинских евреев была открыта синагога в купленном и отремонтированном ими здании (действует и ныне), в 1920—40-х гг. действовала нелег. иешива. Раввином Б. в 1922—28 был Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, в 1930-х гг. — Борух Левкиркер, И.Бабаликашвили, к-рый вел занятия по изучению иврита и Торы, а также М.Айвазошвили. В 1925—29 работала 4-годичная еврейская школа (в 1928 — 28 уч-ся). В 1950-х гг. в Б. имелась синагога; раввинами были Шабата Яковлевич Элигулашвили (1886—1980), Мишаэл Моисеевич Модзевришвили (1905—1960), Ицхак Абрамович Элигулашвили (1896—1970), Иона Моисеевич Наникашвили (1922—1995) и др. В обычные дни в ней собиралось до 35 чел., в праздничные — 50—60 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. по инициативе Эмиля Гершевича Крупника (р. 1936, Батуми) возрождены кружки по изучению иврита, в 1989 основано Батумское отд-ние об-ва респ. ассоциации грузино-еврейских взаимоотношений, в 1991 была открыта воскресная школа. В 1992 власти вернули общине старую синагогу (открыта в 1998 после ремонта). После 1989 из Б. выехало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В 1999 в Б. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Б. род.: В.Р.Лейкина-Свирская, А.Н.Стругацкий, Б.Н.Стругацкий, В.Е.Шапиро; Иосиф Юзефович Барданашвили (р. 1948), композитор, автор ряда опер, балетов и др. муз. произв., в т. ч. симфонии «Исход», с 1995 — в Израиле; Рива Гершевна Крупник (р. 1936), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов еврейской обществ. жизни в Грузии в 1980—90-х гг., сестра Э.Г.Крупника; Роберт Александрович Чернов (р. 1935), муз. деятель; Александр Яковлевич Юровский (1904—1986, Москва), инженер-контр-адмирал (1944), нагр. 5 орд.Д.М.Хананашвили, pronunciation=БАТУМИ, город(с 1878), столица Аджарской Автономной Республики (Грузия). Изв. с 11 в. как крепость. С 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1877 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1878 — центр Батумского окр., с 1883 — уездный город Батум Кутаисской губ. В 1878—86 порт Б. имел статус порто-франко. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1886 в Б. проживало 933 еврея (6,3%), в 1890 — 862 (4,8%), в 1897 — 1064 (3,6%), в 1903 — 842 (9,2%), в 1913 — 1068 (2,8%), в т. ч. 161 грузинский еврей, в 1922 — 3699, в 1923 — 3700, в 1926 — 1954 (4,5%), в т. ч. 1917 ашкеназов, в 1939 — 1778 (2,5%), в 1959 — 1139 (1,4%), в 1970 — 1334 (1,3%), в т. ч. 398 грузинских евреев, 16 крымчаков, 2 горских еврея, в 1979 — 917 (в т. ч. 77 грузинских евреев).В 1879 в Б. числилось 47 еврейских семей (дымов), позднее их численность значительно возросла в связи с постройкой ж. д. (1883), прокладкой нефтепровода из Баку (1897—1907) и превращением Б. в кр. торг. и пром. центр. В 1878 в Б. была открыта ашкеназийская синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1886 власти ввели ограничение на проживание евреев, однако их численность неуклонно росла: в 1889 официально проживала 31 семья евреев, фактически семей было не менее 100 (гл. обр. ремесленники и торговцы, в большинстве ашкеназы). В нач. 1880-х гг. в Б. две синагоги (грузинская и ашкеназийская), к-рые в 1890 были закрыты властями (вместо них в 1899 открыт молитв. дом, в 1900—04 сооружена новая синагога). С 1881 действовала талмуд-тора, в 1901 — нач. еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1898 возник сионистский кружок (рук. д-р Д.Кузятин, секр. Я.Лейхтер, к-рый в 1901 был дел. и секр. 1-го съезда кавк. сионистов в Тифлисе). Евреи играли видную роль в экономич., обществ. и культурной жизни Б. кон. 19 — нач. 20 в.: директорами банка взаимопомощи были П.Шполянский (1895—1911), затем А.Бертман, ред.-издателем газ. «Батумские вести» являлся Е.Герман (1909—17), пред. правления Батумского отд-ния Об-ва распространения грамотности был Е.Криницкий (инж. Батумской гор. управы). В 1917 создан к-т Сионистской нар. фракции «Цеирей Цион», пред. к-рого избран Моше Розенберг (в 1930-х гг. ком. Нац. воен. орг-ции в Э.-И.). Он же в 1919 возглавил Нац. еврейский совет, объединивший представителей всех еврейских партий и общин Б. При совете действовала нач. еврейская школа. В 1919 два представителя батумских евреев избраны членами муниципального совета Б. В 1920 в Б. создана Центр. палестинская комиссия под пред. Б.Певзнера (в ее состав вошел пред. Нац. еврейского совета В.Вольфензон). В 1920—21 местный сионистский к-т издавал газ. «Еврейский голос» и «Эхо Батума» (ред. Певзнер). Тогда же в Б. действовал к-т, оказывавший помощь беженцам-евреям, прибывавшим в Б. из др. р-нов Грузии и из России. Через порт Б. евреи уезжали в Э.-И.; в Б. была создана ферма «Ге-Халуц» для обучения будущих переселенцев земледельч. труду. После занятия Грузии частями Кр. Армии из Б. выехало пр-во страны, за к-рым последовало ок. 100 «младосионистов». В 1920-х гг. в Б. действовало сионистское подполье. В 1922 сов. власти закрыли синагогу. В 1924 по инициативе грузинских евреев была открыта синагога в купленном и отремонтированном ими здании (действует и ныне), в 1920—40-х гг. действовала нелег. иешива. Раввином Б. в 1922—28 был Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, в 1930-х гг. — Борух Левкиркер, И.Бабаликашвили, к-рый вел занятия по изучению иврита и Торы, а также М.Айвазошвили. В 1925—29 работала 4-годичная еврейская школа (в 1928 — 28 уч-ся). В 1950-х гг. в Б. имелась синагога; раввинами были Шабата Яковлевич Элигулашвили (1886—1980), Мишаэл Моисеевич Модзевришвили (1905—1960), Ицхак Абрамович Элигулашвили (1896—1970), Иона Моисеевич Наникашвили (1922—1995) и др. В обычные дни в ней собиралось до 35 чел., в праздничные — 50—60 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. по инициативе Эмиля Гершевича Крупника (р. 1936, Батуми) возрождены кружки по изучению иврита, в 1989 основано Батумское отд-ние об-ва респ. ассоциации грузино-еврейских взаимоотношений, в 1991 была открыта воскресная школа. В 1992 власти вернули общине старую синагогу (открыта в 1998 после ремонта). После 1989 из Б. выехало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В 1999 в Б. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Б. род.: В.Р.Лейкина-Свирская, А.Н.Стругацкий, Б.Н.Стругацкий, В.Е.Шапиро; Иосиф Юзефович Барданашвили (р. 1948), композитор, автор ряда опер, балетов и др. муз. произв., в т. ч. симфонии «Исход», с 1995 — в Израиле; Рива Гершевна Крупник (р. 1936), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов еврейской обществ. жизни в Грузии в 1980—90-х гг., сестра Э.Г.Крупника; Роберт Александрович Чернов (р. 1935), муз. деятель; Александр Яковлевич Юровский (1904—1986, Москва), инженер-контр-адмирал (1944), нагр. 5 орд.Д.М.Хананашвили, extra_data="{'translat...")
BATURIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Bakhmach district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1625.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Konotopsky u. Chernigov province. In 1939, 45 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1919 a Jewish pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army.
BATURIN Alexander Iosifovich (1904, Oshmyany, Grodno province - 1983, Moscow), singer (bass-baritone) and vocal. teacher. Studied under IV Tartakov, then under KS Isachenko in Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons., Graduated in 1925. Improved (until 1927) in the music. Academy "Santa Cecilia" in Rome with M. Battistini and P. di Pietro. He performed in the largest opera houses in Italy, toured other European countries. In 1927–58 he was a soloist of the USSR Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. He made his debut as Melnik in the opera "Mermaid" by A.S. Dargomyzhsky. Performed by Ch. parts of the bass repertoire in almost all operas of the Bolshoi Theater for 30 years of work in it. Best game - Wilhelm Tell in the same name. opera by G. Rossini. Has performed successfully in concerts. He toured a lot abroad. From 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1962 prof.). Among the students there are major artists, incl. A.F. Vedernikov, N. Gyaurov. Became. pr. (1943). Honored. art. RSFSR (1937). Nar. art. RSFSR (1947).
BATURINO, does not exist since 1984. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk lips. In 1937–44, in the Leninsky District of the Smolensk Region. In the fall of 1941, Jews from Byelorussia were shot in Ilyino.
BATURINSKY Victor Davydovich (b. 1914, Odessa), chess player, international. Arbitrator (1984). Shahm. writer. Deputy prev. Shahm. Federation of the USSR (1974–86). Deer. Centre. chess. club of the USSR (1970–81), beginning. Department of Chess (1971–81) and Ch. chess coach (1981-85) of the USSR Sports Committee. Hands. owls. delegations in the world championship matches (1978 and 1981). Participant of the Moscow championships (1938 and 1946) in full-time chess, the USSR and European championships, a number of international. correspondence competitions. Collected a unique chess. library (over 7 thousand volumes). Honored. lawyer of the RSFSR Vol .: Chess creativity of Botvinnik, v. 1–3, Moscow, 1965–68 (author-comp.); Chess Pages. life, M., 1983; Grandmaster Flor, M., 1985.
BATURSKY (real fam. Zeitlin, according to other sources Tsetlin) Boris Solomonovich (1879 - 1920, Vitebsk), polit. activist. Into the roar. movement since the 1890s, close to the Bund. From 1897 he studied natural sciences. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1901, members. ed. illegal. s.-d. gas. "Southern worker". In 1903 he was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia, joined the Social-Democratic Mensheviks. Delegate to the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-ta, worked in legal workers' organizations, trade unions, insurance funds, participant in the campaign to create health insurance funds; collaborated in the train. "Ray", organized by Zh. Workers' Insurance (1912), was arrested several times. In the years of the 1st world. war member. Org. to-ta (OK) RSDLP. With the beginning of Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee Petrograd. Council from OK RSDLP. From March 1917 one of the editors. Rabochaya Gazeta (the central organ of the Menshevik Party), took the position of "rev. defencism ". Delegate to All-Russia. conference Menshevik. and combined. org-tions of the RSDLP (May 1917), member. Bureau OK RSDLP, from June 1917 member. Time. prof. center. On Unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917) elected member. Party Central Committee. During the intrapart. discussions developed the idea of ​​obl. management and recognition of the rights of nat. minorities on cultural-nat. autonomy. Oct he characterized the coup of 1917 as a "criminal adventure" and opposed negotiations with the Bolsheviks. On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec. 1917) proved the admissibility of any means in the struggle against the "autocracy of Smolny." In the 1st floor. 1918 one of the founders of the anti-Bolshevik. "Meetings of authorized f-k and z-dov". Due to disagreements with the majority of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks on the issue of cooperation with the Bolsheviks, he left its composition, and soon left for Vitebsk. In the end. 1920 owls were arrested. authorities, in prison fell ill with typhus, released on bail two days before his death.
BATYATICHI, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Lvov Voivodeship as part of Poland, and in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 195 Jews lived in Byelorussia. The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated in the summer or at the beginning of 1921. autumn 1942.
BAUMVOL Yehuda-Leib Shimonovich (1892, Warsaw - 1920, Kiev), playwright. Was a theater, prompter, dir. Heb. t-ra in Lodz. The first are dramatic. manuf. B. belong to 1910. Throughout many. years Heb. t-ry staged his operettas, which enjoyed great success. After the revolution, he initiated the convocation in August. 1917 First Congress of Hebrews. t-ditch in Kiev, which played a large role in the formation of Hebrews. theater, art. Taught at the theater, studios of the Kiev Hebrew. dram. t-ra. Killed while on tour. The author of operettas: "Oif a Rehearsal" ("At the Rehearsal"), "Fir Farlibte" ("Four Lovers"), "Diregelt" ("Rent"), "Doctor Zeifenbluz" and others.
BAUMVOL Rakhil Lvovna (b. 1914, Odessa), poetess, prose writer. Daughter of I.-L. Baumvol. In 1936 she graduated from lit. f-t Heb. dep. Moscow State University. She typed poetry in Heb. gas. and f. The first book. verse. "Pioneers" released in 1934. The author of pl. collection of books: "Tara", 1934, "Leader" ("Poems"), 1936, etc. Since 1971 in Israel, where she also released several. collection of poetry, incl. "Oysgebenkt" ("Suffering"), 1972, "Amol iz geven a gelfand" ("Once upon a time there was an elephant"), 1973, etc.
BAUSK, see Bauska.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАУСКА, город (с 1609), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. как крепость Ливонского ордена, сложившееся вокруг нее поселение назв. Баусенбург. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Бауск Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940 —91 — ЛатвССР.В 1835 в Б. и окрестностях проживало 2669 евреев, в 1850 — 2266, в 1861 в Б. — 1620 (38%), в 1881 — 3631 (59%), в 1897 —2745 (42%), в 1910 — ок. 2000 (ок. 40%), в 1920 — 604 (20%), в 1925 — 919 (18%), в 1930 — 768 (16%), в 1935 — 778 евреев (16%).В 18 в. евреям запрещалось жить в Б., поэтому они селились в особой Слободе на др. берегу р. Лиелупе, где имелись синагога с раввином, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1795 после отмены запрета жители Слободы переселились в Б. (в 19 в. его население росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов). В 1820 создана еврейская община, открыта синагога, действовал религ. суд, велись общинные книги, с 1857 действовала еврейская богадельня.Первым раввином Б. был Мордехай Рабинер (в 1802—30), затем Арон бен Эльханан, в 1832—61— Яаков Бендетман (Янкеле Баускер), в 1862—90 — М.Элиасберг. В 1890—95 духовным и казенным раввином был Иоханан Лифшиц (в дальнейшем один из религ. лидеров евреев Польши), затем казенным раввином стал Кусиель Эфраимсон, духовным в 1895—1904 — А.-И.Кук (основал в Б. иешиву), в 1907—23 — Х.-И.Блох.В 1844 в Б. завершено стр-во новой синагоги. В 1856 возникла любавичская хасидская община, имевшая синагогу. В 1820 в Херсонскую губ. переселились 82 еврейские семьи (692 чел.) Осн. занятия евреев Б. — ремесла и торговля, гл. обр. льном, в т. ч. с Германией через порт Мемель (совр. Клайпеда). В гильдейском купечестве в 1835 числилось 96 евреев, в 1850 — 238 (ок. 10% всех евреев Б.). В 1864 в Б. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1878 по обвинению в изготовлении фальшивых ассигнаций были арестованы 4 еврея, что явилось поводом к началу антисемитской кампании в местной прессе, к-рая обвинила всех евреев Б. в обогащении за счет фальшивых денег. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Б. без разрешения властей проживали евреи из Литвы, к-рые вели самостоятельную общинную жизнь (подвергались преследованиям со стороны властей, многие были выселены из города). В 1897 в Б. работали 2 хедера и талмуд-тора, в 1901 — еврейские уч-ща С.Кадышевича и М.Свиотгалей. В нек-рых семьях детей отдавали в светские школы (к 1914 в них училось ок. 50 евреев).В 1884 в Б. возникла палестинофильская орг-ция, к-рую активно поддерживали М.Элиасберг и любавичские хасиды (хасид Залман Левитас был представителем Б. в Одесском к-те). Сын Кука Цви-Иегуда (1890—1982) основал в Б. дет. сионистскую орг-цию «Пирхей Цион». В Б. имелись также еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. объединение «Замир» (в 1910 — 107 чл.). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. мн. евреи Б. выехали в Э.-И.В 1905 в Б. произошли массовые рев. выступления, в к-рых участвовали и евреи (жестянщик Исраэль Фридман обвинен в изготовлении оружия и приговорен к смертной казни). В канун 1-й мир. войны в Б. — 6 синагог, имелись 2 шохета, действовали к-т по сохранению старой синагоги в Слободе, кассы взаимопомощи, странноприимный дом на 20 коек. В ходе 1-й мир. войны в 1915 все евреи Б. были выселены из города (нек-рые вернулись в 1918).В 1917—20 численность еврейского населения Б. сократилась. В 1918—19 евреи Б. страдали от погромов, чинимых. солдатами латв. армии, привлекались к принудительным работам. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. поселились неск. сотен евреев, вернувшихся из России, однако общая численность еврейского населения сокращалась за счет переезда мн. евреев в Ригу и кр. города, выезда в Э.-И. и др. страны. В окт. 1920 избран совет общины (раввин Блох представлял ее на съезде еврейских общин Латвии в 1920), действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Бикур холим» (в 1920 — 102 чл., в 1926 — 175). Еврейская школа в Б. была лучшей в Курляндии, мн. дети учились в частной рус. школе (закрыта в 1926), нек-рые в латыш. и нем. гимназиях. Тогда же осн. дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Б. создано отд-ние Бейтара (к 1931 — 74 чл.), действовали ячейки «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бунда, молодежного движения «Герцлия», партии сионистов-социалистов, объединения бывш. еврейских солдат. С 1923 раввином Б. был Мойше-Шойлом Штоль.В 1920-х гг. община поддерживала тесные связи с местным нем. меньшинством, на муниципальных выборах 1921 евреи и немцы выступили единым блоком. В том же году в Б. произошел погром в день выборов в Сейм Латвии. В 1935 в Б. имелись 363 магазина и лавки (половина принадлежала евреям); евреями были 2 врача из 4 и 3 дантиста из 5.В июне 1940 десять наиб. состоятельных еврейских семей были депортированы сов. властями.В июне 1941 удалось эвакуироваться лишь незначит. числу евреев (многие погибли в дороге). 26 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 2 авг. 50 евреев было убито в лесу, в 8 км от Б., через неделю — еще 153 чел. (большинство евреи). Тогда же в «спецбольнице», развернутой в помещении гор. суда, начата кампания по стерилизации мужчин-евреев, к-рую проводил фельдшер-латыш. 30 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. (ок. 800 чел.) были уничтожены (спастись удалось двоим: один бежал из «спецбольницы» во время стерилизации, второй выдал себя за латыша и был призван в латв. части). На месте массовых расстрелов воздвигнут памятный знак с надписью на рус. языке.В Б. род. А.Ю.Гиршгорн, Л.Н.Нисселович., pronunciation=БАУСКА, город (с 1609), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. как крепость Ливонского ордена, сложившееся вокруг нее поселение назв. Баусенбург. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Бауск Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940 —91 — ЛатвССР.В 1835 в Б. и окрестностях проживало 2669 евреев, в 1850 — 2266, в 1861 в Б. — 1620 (38%), в 1881 — 3631 (59%), в 1897 —2745 (42%), в 1910 — ок. 2000 (ок. 40%), в 1920 — 604 (20%), в 1925 — 919 (18%), в 1930 — 768 (16%), в 1935 — 778 евреев (16%).В 18 в. евреям запрещалось жить в Б., поэтому они селились в особой Слободе на др. берегу р. Лиелупе, где имелись синагога с раввином, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1795 после отмены запрета жители Слободы переселились в Б. (в 19 в. его население росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов). В 1820 создана еврейская община, открыта синагога, действовал религ. суд, велись общинные книги, с 1857 действовала еврейская богадельня.Первым раввином Б. был Мордехай Рабинер (в 1802—30), затем Арон бен Эльханан, в 1832—61— Яаков Бендетман (Янкеле Баускер), в 1862—90 — М.Элиасберг. В 1890—95 духовным и казенным раввином был Иоханан Лифшиц (в дальнейшем один из религ. лидеров евреев Польши), затем казенным раввином стал Кусиель Эфраимсон, духовным в 1895—1904 — А.-И.Кук (основал в Б. иешиву), в 1907—23 — Х.-И.Блох.В 1844 в Б. завершено стр-во новой синагоги. В 1856 возникла любавичская хасидская община, имевшая синагогу. В 1820 в Херсонскую губ. переселились 82 еврейские семьи (692 чел.) Осн. занятия евреев Б. — ремесла и торговля, гл. обр. льном, в т. ч. с Германией через порт Мемель (совр. Клайпеда). В гильдейском купечестве в 1835 числилось 96 евреев, в 1850 — 238 (ок. 10% всех евреев Б.). В 1864 в Б. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1878 по обвинению в изготовлении фальшивых ассигнаций были арестованы 4 еврея, что явилось поводом к началу антисемитской кампании в местной прессе, к-рая обвинила всех евреев Б. в обогащении за счет фальшивых денег. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Б. без разрешения властей проживали евреи из Литвы, к-рые вели самостоятельную общинную жизнь (подвергались преследованиям со стороны властей, многие были выселены из города). В 1897 в Б. работали 2 хедера и талмуд-тора, в 1901 — еврейские уч-ща С.Кадышевича и М.Свиотгалей. В нек-рых семьях детей отдавали в светские школы (к 1914 в них училось ок. 50 евреев).В 1884 в Б. возникла палестинофильская орг-ция, к-рую активно поддерживали М.Элиасберг и любавичские хасиды (хасид Залман Левитас был представителем Б. в Одесском к-те). Сын Кука Цви-Иегуда (1890—1982) основал в Б. дет. сионистскую орг-цию «Пирхей Цион». В Б. имелись также еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. объединение «Замир» (в 1910 — 107 чл.). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. мн. евреи Б. выехали в Э.-И.В 1905 в Б. произошли массовые рев. выступления, в к-рых участвовали и евреи (жестянщик Исраэль Фридман обвинен в изготовлении оружия и приговорен к смертной казни). В канун 1-й мир. войны в Б. — 6 синагог, имелись 2 шохета, действовали к-т по сохранению старой синагоги в Слободе, кассы взаимопомощи, странноприимный дом на 20 коек. В ходе 1-й мир. войны в 1915 все евреи Б. были выселены из города (нек-рые вернулись в 1918).В 1917—20 численность еврейского населения Б. сократилась. В 1918—19 евреи Б. страдали от погромов, чинимых. солдатами латв. армии, привлекались к принудительным работам. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. поселились неск. сотен евреев, вернувшихся из России, однако общая численность еврейского населения сокращалась за счет переезда мн. евреев в Ригу и кр. города, выезда в Э.-И. и др. страны. В окт. 1920 избран совет общины (раввин Блох представлял ее на съезде еврейских общин Латвии в 1920), действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Бикур холим» (в 1920 — 102 чл., в 1926 — 175). Еврейская школа в Б. была лучшей в Курляндии, мн. дети учились в частной рус. школе (закрыта в 1926), нек-рые в латыш. и нем. гимназиях. Тогда же осн. дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Б. создано отд-ние Бейтара (к 1931 — 74 чл.), действовали ячейки «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бунда, молодежного движения «Герцлия», партии сионистов-социалистов, объединения бывш. еврейских солдат. С 1923 раввином Б. был Мойше-Шойлом Штоль.В 1920-х гг. община поддерживала тесные связи с местным нем. меньшинством, на муниципальных выборах 1921 евреи и немцы выступили единым блоком. В том же году в Б. произошел погром в день выборов в Сейм Латвии. В 1935 в Б. имелись 363 магазина и лавки (половина принадлежала евреям); евреями были 2 врача из 4 и 3 дантиста из 5.В июне 1940 десять наиб. состоятельных еврейских семей были депортированы сов. властями.В июне 1941 удалось эвакуироваться лишь незначит. числу евреев (многие погибли в дороге). 26 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 2 авг. 50 евреев было убито в лесу, в 8 км от Б., через неделю — еще 153 чел. (большинство евреи). Тогда же в «спецбольнице», развернутой в помещении гор. суда, начата кампания по стерилизации мужчин-евреев, к-рую проводил фельдшер-латыш. 30 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. (ок. 800 чел.) были уничтожены (спастись удалось двоим: один бежал из «спецбольницы» во время стерилизации, второй выдал себя за латыша и был призван в латв. части). На месте массовых расстрелов воздвигнут памятный знак с надписью на рус. языке.В Б. род. А.Ю.Гиршгорн, Л.Н.Нисселович., extra_data="{'translat...")
BAIMAK, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1913 as a settlement. Baimak-Tanalykovo Orsk district Orenburg Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 5 Jews.
BAIMAK-TANALYKOVO, see. Baymak.
BAIMAKLIA, a village in the Causeni district (Republic of Moldova). Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, the village of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 397 Jews (21.8%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–509 Jews. June - early. July 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated, some of the rest were destroyed, the rest were sent by the Romanians to the Cahul camp (present-day Cahul) and in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
BAINITOVICH Feigel (18th century), doctor. She successfully treated eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), without having the highest honey. education. Despite the fact that B. passed the exams of a special commission, she was allowed to carry out therapeutic measures in the field of ophthalmology only in the presence of a certified doctor.
BAYRAM-ALI, city (since 1931) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). Since 1881 - in the Transcaspian region. In 1924-91 it was a member of the TurkSSR. In 1939 in B.-A. lived 103 Jews. 19th century in B.-A. settled a small group of Jews - immigrants from Mashhad (Iran), who fled after their forced conversion to Islam in 1839. genus. V.A. Beilis, J.M. Reikhvarger.
BAYRAMCHA, see Nikolaevka-Novorossiyskaya.
BAISOGALA, a place in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Beisegole Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 461 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 634 (53%), in 1923 - 106 Jews (13%); in 1929 the Jews accounted for approx. 6% of the population of B. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century In 1801 there were a Khevra Kaddish, a synagogue, and a community of mutual assistance. During the famine end. 1860s pl. the Jews of B. received support from the help committee in Memele (modern Klaipeda). In the 1880s. the youth of B. took an active part in the Palestinian movement. In the end. 19th century in B. with the help of the OPE a library was opened. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: in 1862-81 - Avrom Rafaelevich Groshkin (? -1881), at the end. 1880s - Shmuel-Avigdor Fayvelzon, then Aron Baksht, Avrom-Yitzhak Fayvelzon (son of Shmuel-Avigdor), since 1898 - Israel-Benjamin-Bendet Fayvelzon. After the fire of 1911, 15 Jewish families (about 100 people) remained in Byelorussia. During the 1st world. war, these families were deported to the internal. districts of Russia. At the end of the 1st world. During the war, 8 Jewish families returned to Byelorussia. Jewish occupations - small trade, growing fruit, raising chickens (the nickname of the Jews B. "beysegaler pupkes"). In 1931, Jews owned haberdashery and grocery stores; In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, a glazier, a saddler, and a tinsmith. There was a synagogue, a mikvah, a mutual assistance fund, and a Jewish cemetery. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. were Aizik Rabinovich and I.-B.-B. Fayvelzon. In 1923, as a result of the "bloody libel," relations between Jews and Christians sharply deteriorated. In 1941, several remained in Byelorussia. Jewish families. After the occupation of B. Germ. troops they were all sent to Krakes and 2 Sept. 1941 destroyed along with local Jews. E. Atlas.
BAITALSKY (real name and surname Mikhail Davidovich Domalsky) (1903, Cherkovo, Kherson province - 1978, Moscow), poet, publicist. Participant citizen war. Author (with M. Elko) of the text popul. songs "On the seas - on the waves ...". In 1929 he was arrested for several. months on charges of Trotskyism. Then he was arrested twice more and was in the camps in Vorkuta (1936–41, 1950–56). In the 20s. was engaged in journalism, published in gas. Kharkov and Donbass, in 1930 he moved to Moscow, where he became a staff member. gas. "Evening Moscow" and "Izvestia". During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, after the war he worked as a mechanic in Yeisk. After his release from the camp (1956) he lived in Nalchik, from 1970 - in Moscow. In conclusion (approx. From 1951) he began to write poems of the Zionist content. The poems were illegally taken out and published. in Israel under ps. B. with parallel lane. in Hebrew. In 1956 he began to write memoirs, dep. chapters to-rykh publ. in Moscow. samizdat railway "Jews in the USSR", in Israeli railways. "Time and We", "22". Under diff. ps. was published in general democratic. and Heb. samizdat: A. Aronovich "Near and Far" (notes on the Jewish question in the USSR); Krasikov "Product number one", "Fathers and children and, probably, grandchildren", "Religion of the state", etc. In Israel were also publ. book B. "Russian Jews yesterday and today" (1975), essay "New in anti-Semitism" (in the collection "Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its roots and consequences", 1979).
BAZALETI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1903, 5 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BAZALIA, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main OK. 1570.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. From 1795 - a district town of Podolsk province, from 1797 - a provincial town. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In 1797 in the Bazali district. 1225 Jews lived in 1847, 924 in B., in 1897 - 820 (24.3%), in 1923 - 353, and in 1939 - 410 Jews. In July 1942, Jews from the Basali district were shot by approx. Manevtsev.
BAZAR, a village in Narodichsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 833 Jews (42.1%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, 1130 Jews in 1923, and 443 Jews (15%) in 1939. In 1913, after the death of his father, Shmariyahu Shinderman (1894– ?). Between 1918 and 1921 the Jews of Byelorussia were repeatedly subjected to pogroms. In 1925, the natives of Byelorussia were founded. 3 farmer colonies in the Kherson suburbs: Freigayt (79 people), Goropashnik (47 people), Oiflebung (39 people). 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. - 29 people, 26 Nov 1941 - 7 Jews in B. N.N. Meiman.
BAZARNY KARABULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1939), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Saratov u. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in B.K.
BAZI Alexander (1883, Moscow - 1937, New York), music. impresario. Organized by an orc. from musicians of different nationalities; later - Russian. muses. revue, speaking in pl. US cities; performances with programs of a variety show were accompanied by an orc, to-rym conducted by B. In 1934 B. became chief. managing director of Rus. opera ", which was headed by several. years; in the same year at the invitation of the Sov. muses. the Society toured the USSR with a program that consisted of typical Amer. variety show rooms. This program was conceived to strengthen friendly ties between the USSR and the United States, as well as to reduce unemployment among Amer. artists of this genre. B. was the first to introduce Russian. listeners with jazz and music, DOS. on syncopation, and contributed to the organization of tours for many. amer. choirs, orc., music. ans, circus groups and variety programs in the USSR. Mn. for years he represented the Ringling brothers, Barnum and Bailey in the USSR.
BASILONIAI (until 1749 - Holly, in 1973–89 - Padubisis), a town in the Siauliai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Podubis Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 1910s 40 Jewish families lived in B., in the 1920s. - OK. 150 Jews, in 1937 - 132, in 1939 - 15 Jewish families. The Jewish community of B. Vozn. in the 19th century, there was a synagogue; in 1901-14, Israel Shulman was a rabbi; 1930s - Yaakov Poon. Main occupation of residents - trade (including delivery) and crafts. Means. part of the Jews of B. after the 1st world. war went to the South. Africa and the USA. In the 1920s. there was a Jewish school (25 students), the health protection society organized summer camps for Jewish children in the district of B. In 1937 there were 11 Jewish artisans in Byelorussia (3 tailors, 3 butchers, 2 tinsmiths, a baker, a frame-maker, and a shoemaker). weeks after the occupation of B. germ. troops (end. June 1941) all Jews were expelled from their homes and placed in the synagogue building and several. neighboring houses in the con. Sep 1941 taken to Жagare and destroyed by the Lithuanian police on October 2. 1941 on Yom Kippur. After 1945, the miller Moishe Noik, who lived in the Siauliai ghetto and then hid with local peasants, returned to Bulgaria with his family. One night, Lithuanian partisans who attacked the mill killed Noik's wife and grandson, and Noik himself was seriously wounded.
BABNISI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. To the middle. 1850s 5 Jewish families lived in B. Later they probably moved to Kareli and entered the local Jewish community.
BECHOY (before 1990 - Bachoi), a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1903 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia.
BEDEVLYA, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 29 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1830 - 115 (9.2%), in 1880 - 304, in 1930 - 444 Jews (14.4%). Jews lived in B. from the middle. 18th century In the 2nd floor. 1880s the spiritual leader of the Vizhnitsa Hasids, Israel Hager (1860-1936), lived in Byelorussia. In 1895-1910, the son-in-law of the previous Vizhnitsa tsaddik Mordkhe Hoderov (1867-1937) lived in Byelorussia. I. Hager and M. Khoderov turned Bulgaria into one of the centers of Hasidism in Transcarpathia. In 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were exiled to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. Those who remained in 1944 were sent to Auschwitz.
BEDIANI, urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Tsalka region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Tashbash Borchalinsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1979 - 6 Jews.
BEDNODEMYANOVSK (until 1925 - Spassk), a city, a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 17th century as with. Bogdanovo, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, then - the province. In 1930–39, it was the regional center of the Middle Volga Region, and since 1939, in the Penza Region. In 1910, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 8, and in 1939 - 5 Jews. A.D. Myshkis.
BEDRAZHIY VEK (until 1991 - Old Badrazhi), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Badrazh Old Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. On July 5, 1941, 2 Jews were killed in BV.
BEGAK Judas (1820, Vilna - 1900, Kherson), philologist, linguist. Received a tradition. religious education. From 1840 he was engaged in Ch. arr. development of Heb. grammar and rational Heb. exegesis. His learned works attracted the attention of Heb. the public. After the opening of the Vilna rabbinical school in 1848, B. was appointed teacher of the Talmud. In the end. 50s settled in Kherson, where he lived until the end of his life.
BEGIN Menachem (1913, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1992, Jerusalem), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1931 he joined Beitar, in 1938 he headed this organization in Poland. In 1939 he fled to Vilno, where the owls were arrested. authorities and sentenced to eight years of corrective labor, released in 1941. In 1942 - in the ranks of Anders' army he arrived in E.-I. In 1943–48 he was commander of Etzel. In 1948 - one of the founders of the Herut party, the head of the swarm becomes. 1967–70 - min. without portfolio in pr-ve nat. unity. In 1970–73 he headed the opposition. the Gahal bloc, and after the 1973 Knesset elections, the Likud bloc. 1977–83 - Prime Minister. In 1977 he signed a peace agreement with Egypt. Laureate of the Nobel Peace Avenue (1978).
BEGOML, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Borisov u. Minsk province. 206 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939, 4 (0.14%) in 1970, and 3 (0.09%) in 1989. In 1915 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; the female part of the Jewish population left B., having learned about the approach of the Cossacks. 2 Oct. 1941, 270 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, October 16. 1941 - 23 Jews.
RUNNER, see Runner.
ROGUN Iosif Ziselevich (b. 1932, Moscow), societies. activist. Graduated from MEI (1957). Cand. tech. Sciences (1967). From the end. 1960s to the end. 1980s participant in Heb. nat. movement in the USSR. One of the most active distributors of Hebrews. samizdat. Three times (1977, 1978, 1982) owls were arrested. the authorities. Since 1988 - in Israel.
RUNNING, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Runner of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1941, 7 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BEC-BUDI, see Karshi.
BECKER Aharon (b. 1906, Kobrin, Grodno province), prof. activist. He grew up in Brest-Litovsk, where he joined the Zionist youth labor movement and Ge-Halutz. From 1925 in E.-I. Has been building. workers in Petah Tikva and Tel Aviv; one of the founders of the youth union, member. Akhdut ha-Avoda. Began to work in Histadrut in 1929 sec. a worker to-that in RamatTan; later in Tel Aviv at decomp. trade unions and workers to-takh. Initiator of drawing up the cost of living scale for calculating wages and salaries for workers and employees. In 1947, D. Ben-Gurion was appointed organizer of the department. supply Gagana, and later - the Israeli army, but in 1949 he returned to Histadrut, becoming the previous. his section of executives, held this post for 12 years. In 1961-69 gen. sec. Histadrut. Established the international. contacts, took part in the conf. Int. trade unions in Geneva (1957–71). B. was elected to the Knesset (3-7 convocations) from Mapai and the Labor Party. After a visit to the UK at the beginning. 1950s publ. the work "During the reign of Labor" (1955); author of the book. The Worker in Israel (1970).
BEKESHEVSKAYA, a village in the Foothill District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region. In 1939 four Jews lived in Byelorussia. 12 December. 1942 72 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BECKER Samuel (1882 - 1910, Hartforth, Connecticut, USA), society. activist. Since 1892 - in the USA. He graduated from the agricultural department. school (1904), founded by Baron Hirsch, bought a farm near Hartford. From 1905 he began to buy farms in Connecticut for the Jews. families who emigrated from Russia, trained newly arrived farmers. In 1907 he created the Association of Hebrews in Ellington, Connecticut. farmers, in 1909 organized and headed the Association of Hebrews. farmers in America.
BEKRITSKY Evgeny Samuilovich (b. 1937, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of societies and buildings. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main buildings - in Moscow: Cancer center on Kashirsky sh. (1978), the building of the institute "Mosproekt-2" (1983), Malaya sport, arena in Luzhniki (1980, prospect SM USSR), a hospital for disabled war veterans for 100 places (1992). Competitive projects - villages. club (1972, 2nd ave.), overlap of the Moskva swimming pool (1985, 1st ave.).
BELA, see Biala Podlaska.
BELAKHOV Leonid Yulianovich (1907, Vinnitsa - 1975, Moscow), major general engineer and technical engineer. service (1945). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from the Polytechnic Institute, Institute (1929), worked as engineer. Since 1923 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Ing. Faculty of the Air Force Academy (1939). In 1939–40 - deputy. early Ch. management North. Mor. paths at SNK. In 1940–43 - deputy. People's Commissar of Pestilence. fleet of the USSR. In 1949-53 - early. center, aviation-rem. base. In 1952–63 he was a director. Aviation w-yes. From 1963 - retired. Awarded 5 hordes.
BELARSKY Sidor (b. 1905), singer and composer. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. Since 1930 - in the USA. Prof. Youth un-that Brigham and un-that pcs. Utah. He performed as a soloist in concerts, including accompanied by symphony. orc. under the leadership of the leading Amer. conductors - A. Toscanini, A. Rodzinsky. The author of songs and arrangements of Heb. melodies with lyrics in Yiddish and Hebrew. He sang in the largest opera houses in the USA, Brazil, Argentina.
WHITE, see White.
WHITE CLAY, village, regional center in Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1820. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beloglina Medvezhinsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, four Jews lived in BG. 1942 More than 3 thousand evacuated Jews were shot in BG. K.G. Yasny-Ittin.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ (еврейское назв. — Сдэ лаван, Шварцэ тума), город (с 1925), районный центр в Киевской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1155. С 1365 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — город Киевского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, затем местечко Васильковского у. Киевской губ. В 1923—30 — центр округа.В 1765 в Б. Ц. проживало 1457 евреев, в 1774 — 615, в 1778 — 674, в 1784 — 930, в 1787 — 1077, в 1847 — 6665, в 1897 — 18 720 (52,9%), в 1910 — 21 542 (30,8%), в 1926 — 15 624 (36,4%), в 1939 — ок. 9300 (ок. 20%), в 1959 — ок. 5500 (7,8%), в 1979 — ок. 4800 (3,2%), в 1989 — 3823 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. Ц. с кон. 16 в. В 1648 мн. евреи стали жертвами резни, учиненной отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого (по данным Самуила Фебуса, уничтожено до 600 семей). В сер. 18 в. Б. Ц. — один из центров хасидизма. В 1730 Б. Ц. посетил И.Баал-Шем-Тов, здесь же жили его ученики Авром-Аба и Мойше — глава раввинского суда в городе. В 1768 при нападении гайдамаков мн. евреи погибли или бежали (численность еврейского населения сократилась до 223 чел.), в 1786 община вновь пострадала от рук захвативших Б. Ц. казаков. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 210 домов, в 1787 — 230.Осн. занятие евреев в 19 в. — торговля (гл. обр. скотом и хлебом); евреи владели неск. хлебными складами. Ежегодно в Б. Ц. проходило до 11 ярмарок, было развито ремесленное произ-во. В 1904 евреям принадлежали до 20 мелких пром. пр-тий, табачные ф-ки, медоваренные з-ды, 250 ремесленных мастерских с 800 рабочими (в т. ч. 250 портных, 200 сапожников).В сер. 19 в. в Б. Ц. имелось 10 синагог. В 1849 открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разр. (в 1909 помимо него действовали 5 частных муж. и 3 жен. уч-ща, а также талмуд-тора). В 1886 начала принимать больных еврейская больница на 24 койки, в 1902 созданы об-во вспоможения нуждающимся учащимся, богадельня для бедных евреев, в 1915 — еврейский лазарет, в 1916 — Еврейское благотворит. об-во. В 1910 в Б. Ц. имелись 15 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Б. Ц. был Симха Купчик. В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином в Б. Ц. был Вульф Юдович Брий. В кон. 19 в. в Б. Ц. жил сын цадика из Лоева Менахема-Нохума Тверского —Мордехай (?—1911, Белая Церковь). В 1900-х гг. раввином в Б. Ц. был Михель-Довид Штупель (1865—?), с 1907 — Мордух Иолин (1880—?), в 1900—25 — Ц.Купчик, сын Симхи Купчика, в 1930-х гг. раввином был Фельдман.В 1903 в Б. Ц. создана орг-ция Бунда (крупнейшая в Киевской губ., в 1917 — св. 1 тыс. чл.), действовала орг-ция сионистов- социалистов (в 1917 — неск. сотен чл.). В 1904—05 боевой отряд Бунда возглавлял Яков Зиновьевич Воробьев (Кац) (1885—1919, Курск) — первый пред. (в 1918—19) Нижегородской губчека. В окт. 1905 еврейское население пострадало от погрома. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Б. Ц. нашли приют многочисл. беженцы-евреи из зап. губерний. Помощь беженцам и семьям мобилизованных в армию евреев оказывал специально созданный к-т во главе с Ц.Купчиком. В годы Гражд. войны Б. Ц. неск. раз переходила из рук в руки, смена власти сопровождалась погромами, к-рые чинили войска Центр. рады, Директории, части Добровольческой армии, разл. банды (всего в 1919—20 при погромах погибло 850 евреев), мн. жители умерли от голода и эпидемий.В 1917—18 в Б. Ц. выходила газ. сионистского направления на идише «Дер Эмес». В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. действовал филиал «Культур-Лиги». В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось небольшое х-во «Ге-Халуц», в период нэпа значительная часть ремесленников-евреев была объединена в кооперативы, частным торговцам (в большинстве евреям) принадлежало св. 700 торговых точек; работали 7 еврейских трудовых школ, пед. и с.-х. техникумы (посл. в 1934 преобразован в Сельскохозяйственный ин-т). В сер. 1920-х гг. выходцы из Б. Ц. основали в Херсонском окр. 5 еврейских земледельч. колоний. В 1930-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось 38 пром. пр-тий (св. 7 тыс. рабочих, значит. часть — евреи), представители еврейской интеллигенции работали в леч. учреждениях, уч. заведениях.В июне 1941 лишь незначит. часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны страны. 16 июля 1941 Б. Ц. оккупировали герм. войска, 19—22 авг. 1941 было уничтожено св. 500 евреев. 6 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. Ц. вывезены за пределы города и в теч. неск. дней уничтожены: в 3 ямах захоронено 4200—4500 чел., гл. обр. женщин и детей, в 1943 по приказу оккупац. властей их тела извлечены из ям и сожжены. На еврейском кладбище после 1943 был установлен памятник погибшим.После освобождения Б. Ц. (1943) оставшиеся в живых евреи возвратились в город. В 1944 создана религ. община, однако религ.-обществ. жизнь евреев подвергалась притеснениям: в 1962 была закрыта последняя синагога, в 1965 во время Рош-га-Шана произошли антисемитские выступления.Во 2-й пол. 1980-х — 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. большинство евреев Б. Ц. выехало в Израиль, США и др. страны. В кон. 1980-х гг. в Б. Ц. создано гор. об-во еврейской культуры. С 1989 в Б. Ц. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры им. Шолом-Алейхема, служба милосердия «Хесэд», еврейский самодеятельный т-р «Гуте Фрайнт», еврейские воскресная школа, нар. ун-т, б-ка.В 1994 в Б. Ц., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев (5%).В Б. Ц. род.: А.М.Борщаговский, Д.И.Бронштейн, И.М.Бурдянский, В.Л.Бялик, Б.М.Вул, З.Гринберг, Й.Гринфельд, М.Ш.М.Дубинский, М.Я.Капчинский, Ш.Купершмид, Ц.Купчик, С.Ю.Левик, И.Х.Лемберг, Р.Б.Лерт, М.Лифшиц, Е.М.Лысенко, П.Минковский, Д.Монин, И.Петриковский, М.Пинзон, Г.Е.Прейсман, И.Розенблат, И.Ройтберг, А.Г.Сигалов, Х.К.Токарь, А.М.Черкасский, И.Шкаровский, И.А.Шпинель, М.М.Штурман, Б.С.Ямпольский; Григорий Зиновьевич Вайсман (Энтин) (1871—1945, Ташкент), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1937 — в Киевском ГОСЕТе, засл. арт. УССР (1941); Исидор Гильберг (1852—?), филолог, проф. (1882), с 1898 ректор Черновицкого ун-та; Яков Штейнберг (1887—1947, Тель-Авив), поэт, драматург, писал на идише и иврите.С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=БЕЛАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ (еврейское назв. — Сдэ лаван, Шварцэ тума), город (с 1925), районный центр в Киевской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1155. С 1365 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — город Киевского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, затем местечко Васильковского у. Киевской губ. В 1923—30 — центр округа.В 1765 в Б. Ц. проживало 1457 евреев, в 1774 — 615, в 1778 — 674, в 1784 — 930, в 1787 — 1077, в 1847 — 6665, в 1897 — 18 720 (52,9%), в 1910 — 21 542 (30,8%), в 1926 — 15 624 (36,4%), в 1939 — ок. 9300 (ок. 20%), в 1959 — ок. 5500 (7,8%), в 1979 — ок. 4800 (3,2%), в 1989 — 3823 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. Ц. с кон. 16 в. В 1648 мн. евреи стали жертвами резни, учиненной отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого (по данным Самуила Фебуса, уничтожено до 600 семей). В сер. 18 в. Б. Ц. — один из центров хасидизма. В 1730 Б. Ц. посетил И.Баал-Шем-Тов, здесь же жили его ученики Авром-Аба и Мойше — глава раввинского суда в городе. В 1768 при нападении гайдамаков мн. евреи погибли или бежали (численность еврейского населения сократилась до 223 чел.), в 1786 община вновь пострадала от рук захвативших Б. Ц. казаков. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 210 домов, в 1787 — 230.Осн. занятие евреев в 19 в. — торговля (гл. обр. скотом и хлебом); евреи владели неск. хлебными складами. Ежегодно в Б. Ц. проходило до 11 ярмарок, было развито ремесленное произ-во. В 1904 евреям принадлежали до 20 мелких пром. пр-тий, табачные ф-ки, медоваренные з-ды, 250 ремесленных мастерских с 800 рабочими (в т. ч. 250 портных, 200 сапожников).В сер. 19 в. в Б. Ц. имелось 10 синагог. В 1849 открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разр. (в 1909 помимо него действовали 5 частных муж. и 3 жен. уч-ща, а также талмуд-тора). В 1886 начала принимать больных еврейская больница на 24 койки, в 1902 созданы об-во вспоможения нуждающимся учащимся, богадельня для бедных евреев, в 1915 — еврейский лазарет, в 1916 — Еврейское благотворит. об-во. В 1910 в Б. Ц. имелись 15 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Б. Ц. был Симха Купчик. В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином в Б. Ц. был Вульф Юдович Брий. В кон. 19 в. в Б. Ц. жил сын цадика из Лоева Менахема-Нохума Тверского —Мордехай (?—1911, Белая Церковь). В 1900-х гг. раввином в Б. Ц. был Михель-Довид Штупель (1865—?), с 1907 — Мордух Иолин (1880—?), в 1900—25 — Ц.Купчик, сын Симхи Купчика, в 1930-х гг. раввином был Фельдман.В 1903 в Б. Ц. создана орг-ция Бунда (крупнейшая в Киевской губ., в 1917 — св. 1 тыс. чл.), действовала орг-ция сионистов- социалистов (в 1917 — неск. сотен чл.). В 1904—05 боевой отряд Бунда возглавлял Яков Зиновьевич Воробьев (Кац) (1885—1919, Курск) — первый пред. (в 1918—19) Нижегородской губчека. В окт. 1905 еврейское население пострадало от погрома. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Б. Ц. нашли приют многочисл. беженцы-евреи из зап. губерний. Помощь беженцам и семьям мобилизованных в армию евреев оказывал специально созданный к-т во главе с Ц.Купчиком. В годы Гражд. войны Б. Ц. неск. раз переходила из рук в руки, смена власти сопровождалась погромами, к-рые чинили войска Центр. рады, Директории, части Добровольческой армии, разл. банды (всего в 1919—20 при погромах погибло 850 евреев), мн. жители умерли от голода и эпидемий.В 1917—18 в Б. Ц. выходила газ. сионистского направления на идише «Дер Эмес». В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. действовал филиал «Культур-Лиги». В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось небольшое х-во «Ге-Халуц», в период нэпа значительная часть ремесленников-евреев была объединена в кооперативы, частным торговцам (в большинстве евреям) принадлежало св. 700 торговых точек; работали 7 еврейских трудовых школ, пед. и с.-х. техникумы (посл. в 1934 преобразован в Сельскохозяйственный ин-т). В сер. 1920-х гг. выходцы из Б. Ц. основали в Херсонском окр. 5 еврейских земледельч. колоний. В 1930-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось 38 пром. пр-тий (св. 7 тыс. рабочих, значит. часть — евреи), представители еврейской интеллигенции работали в леч. учреждениях, уч. заведениях.В июне 1941 лишь незначит. часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны страны. 16 июля 1941 Б. Ц. оккупировали герм. войска, 19—22 авг. 1941 было уничтожено св. 500 евреев. 6 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. Ц. вывезены за пределы города и в теч. неск. дней уничтожены: в 3 ямах захоронено 4200—4500 чел., гл. обр. женщин и детей, в 1943 по приказу оккупац. властей их тела извлечены из ям и сожжены. На еврейском кладбище после 1943 был установлен памятник погибшим.После освобождения Б. Ц. (1943) оставшиеся в живых евреи возвратились в город. В 1944 создана религ. община, однако религ.-обществ. жизнь евреев подвергалась притеснениям: в 1962 была закрыта последняя синагога, в 1965 во время Рош-га-Шана произошли антисемитские выступления.Во 2-й пол. 1980-х — 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. большинство евреев Б. Ц. выехало в Израиль, США и др. страны. В кон. 1980-х гг. в Б. Ц. создано гор. об-во еврейской культуры. С 1989 в Б. Ц. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры им. Шолом-Алейхема, служба милосердия «Хесэд», еврейский самодеятельный т-р «Гуте Фрайнт», еврейские воскресная школа, нар. ун-т, б-ка.В 1994 в Б. Ц., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев (5%).В Б. Ц. род.: А.М.Борщаговский, Д.И.Бронштейн, И.М.Бурдянский, В.Л.Бялик, Б.М.Вул, З.Гринберг, Й.Гринфельд, М.Ш.М.Дубинский, М.Я.Капчинский, Ш.Купершмид, Ц.Купчик, С.Ю.Левик, И.Х.Лемберг, Р.Б.Лерт, М.Лифшиц, Е.М.Лысенко, П.Минковский, Д.Монин, И.Петриковский, М.Пинзон, Г.Е.Прейсман, И.Розенблат, И.Ройтберг, А.Г.Сигалов, Х.К.Токарь, А.М.Черкасский, И.Шкаровский, И.А.Шпинель, М.М.Штурман, Б.С.Ямпольский; Григорий Зиновьевич Вайсман (Энтин) (1871—1945, Ташкент), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1937 — в Киевском ГОСЕТе, засл. арт. УССР (1941); Исидор Гильберг (1852—?), филолог, проф. (1882), с 1898 ректор Черновицкого ун-та; Яков Штейнберг (1887—1947, Тель-Авив), поэт, драматург, писал на идише и иврите.С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data="{'translat...")
WHITE VAKA, see Baltoy-Voke.
BELEBEY, city (since 1757), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa province, from 1796 - the Orenburg province, and from 1865 - the Ufa province. In 1874, approx. 40 Jews, in 1910 - 141, in 1926 - 91 (0.8%), in 1939 - 102 Jews. In 1859 in Belebeyevsky u. 2 Jews lived at the distillery: the merchant Girsha Sholamovich Perelman from Vitebsk and the Vitebsk bourgeoisie Girsha Yudovich Rizvin. In 1910, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
BELELUYA, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 23 Jews of B.
BELENITSKY Alexander Markovich (1904, Lyubino Velikolutsky u. Pskov province. - 1993, Petersburg), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1967). He graduated from the East. Faculty of SAGU (1930). Sci. sotr. GAIMK - LO Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938–93), member. decomp. archaeological. exp. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main directions of scientific. works - history, art and archeology of the Bl. East and Wed. Asia, works: Ancient Pyandzhikent, Dushanbe, 1971; Monumental art of Pyandjikent: Painting, sculpture, M., 1973; Medieval city Wed. Asia, M., 1973.
WHITE, brothers, members of the roar. movement. From a poor family with many children, b. in m. Sverzhen Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. Grigory Yakovlevich (Girsha Khatskelevich) B. (part. Ps. - "Belinsky") (1885-1938). Into the roar. movement from the end. 1890s Since 1901, members RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among workers and artisans of Minsk. In 1903 he was exiled for 3 years to the Arkhangelsk province. After the Manifesto on 10/17/1905 he returned to Minsk, joined the Bolsheviks, was a party, an organizer in Vilna, with the middle. 1906 members Bolshevik. tech. gr. at Petersburg. to-those RSDLP. After the 5th (London) Party Congress (1907) he worked at the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In oct. 1907 arrested, imprisoned for 11 months. to petersburg. prison "Crosses". After his release, he roared. work in the army: according to the passport of a dentist, Shapiro was sent to the barracks of the 100th Ostrovsky regiment (Dvinskaya fortress), created a military man. org-tion. In 1908 he returned to Vilna, restored the local. Bolshevik. organization and became its secretary., participated in the preparation of parties, conference North-West. edge, delegate to All-Russia. school desks. conference of the RSDLP in Paris (1908), then - responsible. school desks. organizer in Kovno, secretary Dvina organization of the RSDLP. In March 1910 he was arrested and in 1911 he was exiled to a permanent settlement in the Yenisei province. In 1912 he fled and arrived in Paris. In 1912-17 sec. Parisian gr. (section) of the Bolsheviks, in 1914-17 sec. local club of Social-Democratic internationalists, supported the post. contacts with VI Lenin, GE Zinoviev and others. In the years of the 1st world. war supporter of Leninist tactics. In May 1917 he returned to Russia, until the middle. July worked in Moscow. env. org-tion of the RSDLP (b), member. Moscow region to-that party, then otvet. desks, organizer at Presnya, 1917–25 sec. Krasnopresnensky district party committee, then - head. agitprop of the Comintern. In 1926 and 1936 he was expelled from the party on charges of belonging to the opposition, but was soon reinstated. In 1936–37, the director. Institute of advanced training of business executives and engineer-tech. workers of the forestry industry. He was repeatedly elected a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed. Efim Yakovlevich (Fima Khatskelevich) B. (party ps. "Sergei") (1875 - 1957, Minsk), member. Communist. Party since 1898. In 1901, member. Iskrovsky group in Minsk, one of the creators and hands. Minsk organization of the RSDLP (1903), founder of the underground printing house Sev.-Zap. Committee of the RSDLP (1904), member. Minsk coalitions. Council (1905). In 1906 sec. Mogilev env. to-that RSDLP, then at the underground desks, work in Kiev and Yekaterinoslav. In 1907 he was exiled to the Vologda province. Member Feb. and Oct. revolution of 1917. In 1918–21 he worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the People's Commissariat of the Russian Federation, in 1922–39 - in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. Abram Yakovlevich (Khatskelevich) B. (1883–1941). In 1919–24 the beginning. personal protection of V.I. Lenin. Major of State Security (1935). Repressed.
BELENKY Alexander Borisovich (1918, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow), historian-orientalist, teacher. Dr. East Sciences (1966). The son of B.S.Belenky, in 1934-37. working owls. trade representative in Italy, arrested and executed in 1938. He graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). Owned German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Dutch. and Indonesia. lang. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1945–53 he worked in the editorial office of Dipl. dictionary "Gospolitizdata. In the beginning. 1950s during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" was unemployed. In 1956-60 - in the Publishing House of Eastern Literature, since 1960 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ed. and compiler collection. monographs. Cit .: The defeat of the Mexican people by foreign. interventions, M., 1959; Nat. awakening of Indonesia, M., 1965; Rebel Battleship: Fortieth Anniversary Revolt. military. sailors in Indonesia, M., 1973; The ideology of national liberation. movements in Indonesia, 1917-1942: Radical and petty-burgeoning. nationalism, M., 1978; Internats. factor in the ideology of national liberation. Movement: From the "awakening of Asia" to the conquest of independence, M., 1988.
BELENKY Max Lvovich (1911 - 1965, Riga), pharmacologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). Graduated from the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1933), then worked at the Department of Pharmacology in the same place. In 1941–45 he served as an army toxicologist. Since 1952 head. Department of Pharmacology, Riga honey. Institute of Science. research B. dedicated ch. arr. questions of pharmacology of carotid receptors, cholinergic and adrenergic processes. He put forward and substantiated the theory of denial. energetic balance as the direct cause of the onset of the excitatory process in the chemoreceptors of the carotid glomerulus and other receptor structures. Together with sotr. identified and studied the adrenergic properties of apomorphine, the cholinergic component in the action of phenamine. Member reign of Vses. pharmacological society. Honored. scientist of the Latvian SSR (1961). Works: Quantity elements, pharmacological effect assessment, Riga, 1959, L., 1963; Pharmacology of carotid glomerulus chemioreceptors, L., 1962 (with S.V. Anichkov).
BELENKY Moisey Solomonovich (b. 1910, Dubrovna Goretsky u. Mogilev province.), Literary critic, publicist. He graduated from Heb. Wed school, studied at Minsk ped. technical school. In 1932 he graduated from Heb. dep. Moscow ped. in-that. There was a deer. theater. studios at mosk. Heb. t-re (GOSET). He taught philosophy, worked as an editor. in the publishing house "Der emes". In 1944 his first edition came out in this publishing house. book "Acosta, Spinoza, Maimon." In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison. Released in 1954. Author of the book: "Spinoza", 1964; Judaism, 1966; 2nd ed., 1974; The Tragedy of Uriel Acosta, 1968; The Mythology of the Bible, 1977; What is the Talmud, 1976; "Literary portrait" ("Literary portraits"), 1980, etc. B.'s works in the field of Judaism were of a pronounced compilation and tendentious nature. He was also engaged in the lane. Was the compiler of the collection. op. Sholem Aleichem in Russian lang. (1971-1974), as well as collection of works. Sholem Aleichem - Man and Writer (1984). Since 1991 in Israel.
BELENKY Semyon Zakharovich (1916, Moscow - 1956, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946). After graduating from Moscow. University (1938) graduate student I.E. Tamm at the Institute of Physics Moscow. un-that. In 1941–43 he worked at the Center, aerohydrodynamic. in-those (TsAGI). Since 1943 in Phys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1948 head of the sector of the theoretical department). Scientific area interests - space physics. rays, hydrodynamics. Solved the problem of the theory of cascade (electron-photon) showers. He proved a general theorem linking the wave drag of a body in a supersonic flow with an increase in entropy in shock waves. Built the theory of the so-called. "Condensation" jumps. Generalized statistic. theory of multiple particle production and extended it to the case of a small number of particles formed. He was engaged in phenomenological. the theory of scattering of nucleons by nucleons and pi-mesons by nucleons at high energies. Author of 40 scientific. works. Became. etc., etc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences. N.D. Papaleksi (1948) Vol .: Avalanche Processes in Space. rays, M., 1948.
BELEV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147.From 1708 - in Kiev, from 1719 - in Belgorod gubernia, from 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorate, then - guberniya.In 1863, 46 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 87, in 1923 - 203 (1, 9%), in 1926 - 238 (1.8%), in 1939 - 154 Jews. In 1910 in Byelorussia there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
BELGORAY, see Bilgorai.
BELGOROD, a city (since 1593), the center of the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1237. Ok. 1596 - a walled city. From 1708 - in the Kiev province, from 1719 - ch. the city of the Belgorod province, from 1728 - the center of the Belgorod province, from 1779 - the district town of the Kursk governorship, then - the province. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1863, 486 (1.8%) in 1897, 362 in 1910, 1923 - 735 (2.6%), in 1926 - 631 (2%), in 1939 - 482, in 1970 - 804 (0.5%), in 1979 - 797 Jews (0.3%). B. had one synagogue in a private building, in 1910 - a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, 350 Jewish refugees arrived in Byelorussia. In aug. - Sept. 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia during a raid by the cavalry detachment of K.K. Mamontov on the rear of Kr. Army. In the 1920s. Shraga-Chaim Kulish was the rabbi in B. Feb. 5 1942 in B., St. 1,700 Jews (90 local, the rest are refugees from Ukraine). Among the units that liberated B. 5 Aug. 1943, was the 48th rifleman. corps under the command. Major General Z.Z. Rogozny. In B. genus: M.L.Kursky, E. Margolin, L.D. Muravin; Samuil Davidovich Davidovich (1898-1988), Major General of the Engineer-Tank Service (1943), in 1941-48 beginning. military. Research Institute, load. 6 ord.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛГОРОД-ДНЕСТРОВСКИЙ (в 1484—1918 и в 1940—44 — Аккерман, в 1918—40 — Четатя-Альбэ), город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. на месте др.-греч. г. Тира, в 14 в. — генуэзская колония Монкастро, в 15 в. — Четатя-Альба в составе Молд. кн-ва, с 1484 — турецкая крепость. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1828 — уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — УССР.В 1827 в Б.-Д. проживало 413 евреев, в 1857 — 1588, в 1861 — 1797, в 1863 — 1439, в 1897 — 5624 (19,9%), в 1910 — 5802 (27,3%), в 1930 — 4239 (12,3%), в 1940 — ок. 8000 (16%), в 1957 — ок. 1600 (7,3%), в 1970 — 1400 (4,3%), в 1979 — ок. 1100 евреев (2,3%).Первое упом. о евреях Б.-Д. относится к 1330. Приток евреев в Б.-Д. увеличился после изгнания их из Испании. В нач. 16 в. в городе существовала караимская община. Осн. занятия — мелкая торговля, торговля зерном и др. с.-х. продуктами. В 1807 создана хевра кадиша. В 1858 имелось 2 синагоги (первая осн. в 1815, вторая — в 1847). В 19 в. численность общины значительно возросла за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. В 1865 в Б.-Д. произошел погром. В 1882 созданы еврейская больница и талмуд-тора, в 1895 — субботняя школа. Сумма коробочного сбора достигала 8 тыс. руб. С 1880 в Б.-Д. жил писатель Я.-Ш.Трахтман.После обнародования Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в городе произошел погром (8 его жертв похоронены на еврейском кладбище, старейшая могила к-рого датируется 1821; там же погребен оскверненный погромщиками свиток Торы). С 1906 раввином Б.-Д. был Мойше Цукерман. В 1910 в Б.-Д. имелось 6 синагог, в т. ч. молельни носильщиков (1847) и ремесленников (1903), приют для бедных, ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным, 2 муж. и 2 жен. уч-ща.В нач. 20 в. (особенно после 1905) увеличился выезд евреев Б.-Д. в США и Аргентину (пос. Примиру-ди-Майя был известен как пос. Аккерман). В 1910-х гг. в Б.-Д. функционировали отд-ния ОРТа и ОЗЕ. Активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1909—13 в Б.-Д. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы Д.-М.Сабсая, Л.Раппеля, П.Гиршбейна и др. (с нач. 1-й мир. войны еврейские спектакли были запрещены). В 1920—30-х гг. создан ряд еврейских благотворит. и культурно-просветит. орг-ций и учреждений (в т. ч. общеобразоват. школа с преподаванием на иврите, еврейские дет. сад и больница). В 1919—22 евреи Б.-Д. активно помогали беженцам из Украины.В 1940 ремесленная синагога была закрыта, ее здание реквизировано под гос. архив. В ночь на 13 июня 1941 10 еврейских семей были депортированы из Б.-Д. в Сибирь. 22 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев бежали из города на восток. Накануне оккупации Б.-Д. местное население стало убивать оставшихся евреев и грабить их имущество. После вступления в город герм. войск уцелевшие евреи были расстреляны на берегу лимана (общее число погибших 600—800 чел.). В кон. июля расстреляно еще неск. сотен евреев. В 1941—44 еврейское кладбище Б.-Д. было полностью разрушено. После освобождения Б.-Д. сов. войсками (1944) часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в город. Один из вернувшихся привез с собой свиток Торы, спасенный им при эвакуации.В 1953 в Б.-Д. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1995 в Б.-Д. создано об-во еврейской культуры «Шалом» (пред. Владимир Маркович Крючевский, р. 1928). В 1996 осн. религ. община (пред. В.М.Крючевский). Открыта воскресная школа. В Б.-Д. имеется 2 синагоги; вторая возвращена общине в 1999. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 1999 в Б.-Д. проживало 1750 евреев.В Б.-Д. род.: П.Н.Берков, А.О.Гершензон, О.А.Ерманский, Б.Левенсон; Абрам Наумович Талмазан (1901—1941), в 1932 возглавлял ком. орг-ции Бессарабии, в 1938—39 участник гражд. войны в Испании, с лета 1941 — в РККА, погиб в бою., pronunciation=БЕЛГОРОД-ДНЕСТРОВСКИЙ (в 1484—1918 и в 1940—44 — Аккерман, в 1918—40 — Четатя-Альбэ), город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. на месте др.-греч. г. Тира, в 14 в. — генуэзская колония Монкастро, в 15 в. — Четатя-Альба в составе Молд. кн-ва, с 1484 — турецкая крепость. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1828 — уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — УССР.В 1827 в Б.-Д. проживало 413 евреев, в 1857 — 1588, в 1861 — 1797, в 1863 — 1439, в 1897 — 5624 (19,9%), в 1910 — 5802 (27,3%), в 1930 — 4239 (12,3%), в 1940 — ок. 8000 (16%), в 1957 — ок. 1600 (7,3%), в 1970 — 1400 (4,3%), в 1979 — ок. 1100 евреев (2,3%).Первое упом. о евреях Б.-Д. относится к 1330. Приток евреев в Б.-Д. увеличился после изгнания их из Испании. В нач. 16 в. в городе существовала караимская община. Осн. занятия — мелкая торговля, торговля зерном и др. с.-х. продуктами. В 1807 создана хевра кадиша. В 1858 имелось 2 синагоги (первая осн. в 1815, вторая — в 1847). В 19 в. численность общины значительно возросла за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. В 1865 в Б.-Д. произошел погром. В 1882 созданы еврейская больница и талмуд-тора, в 1895 — субботняя школа. Сумма коробочного сбора достигала 8 тыс. руб. С 1880 в Б.-Д. жил писатель Я.-Ш.Трахтман.После обнародования Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в городе произошел погром (8 его жертв похоронены на еврейском кладбище, старейшая могила к-рого датируется 1821; там же погребен оскверненный погромщиками свиток Торы). С 1906 раввином Б.-Д. был Мойше Цукерман. В 1910 в Б.-Д. имелось 6 синагог, в т. ч. молельни носильщиков (1847) и ремесленников (1903), приют для бедных, ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным, 2 муж. и 2 жен. уч-ща.В нач. 20 в. (особенно после 1905) увеличился выезд евреев Б.-Д. в США и Аргентину (пос. Примиру-ди-Майя был известен как пос. Аккерман). В 1910-х гг. в Б.-Д. функционировали отд-ния ОРТа и ОЗЕ. Активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1909—13 в Б.-Д. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы Д.-М.Сабсая, Л.Раппеля, П.Гиршбейна и др. (с нач. 1-й мир. войны еврейские спектакли были запрещены). В 1920—30-х гг. создан ряд еврейских благотворит. и культурно-просветит. орг-ций и учреждений (в т. ч. общеобразоват. школа с преподаванием на иврите, еврейские дет. сад и больница). В 1919—22 евреи Б.-Д. активно помогали беженцам из Украины.В 1940 ремесленная синагога была закрыта, ее здание реквизировано под гос. архив. В ночь на 13 июня 1941 10 еврейских семей были депортированы из Б.-Д. в Сибирь. 22 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев бежали из города на восток. Накануне оккупации Б.-Д. местное население стало убивать оставшихся евреев и грабить их имущество. После вступления в город герм. войск уцелевшие евреи были расстреляны на берегу лимана (общее число погибших 600—800 чел.). В кон. июля расстреляно еще неск. сотен евреев. В 1941—44 еврейское кладбище Б.-Д. было полностью разрушено. После освобождения Б.-Д. сов. войсками (1944) часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в город. Один из вернувшихся привез с собой свиток Торы, спасенный им при эвакуации.В 1953 в Б.-Д. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1995 в Б.-Д. создано об-во еврейской культуры «Шалом» (пред. Владимир Маркович Крючевский, р. 1928). В 1996 осн. религ. община (пред. В.М.Крючевский). Открыта воскресная школа. В Б.-Д. имеется 2 синагоги; вторая возвращена общине в 1999. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 1999 в Б.-Д. проживало 1750 евреев.В Б.-Д. род.: П.Н.Берков, А.О.Гершензон, О.А.Ерманский, Б.Левенсон; Абрам Наумович Талмазан (1901—1941), в 1932 возглавлял ком. орг-ции Бессарабии, в 1938—39 участник гражд. войны в Испании, с лета 1941 — в РККА, погиб в бою., extra_data="{'translat...")
BELIKI, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B.
BELILOVKA, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1763, 124 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1773 - 197, in 1778 - 222, in 1784 - 287, in 1847 - 1008, in 1863 - 1435, in 1897 - 2223 (approx. 46%), in 1923 - 2130, in 1939 - 633 Jews (11%) The first information about Jews in Byelorussia dates back to 1719. In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia. Since 1900 Shloyme Makhrinsky (1880—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Burma. m-in. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom, B. was plundered. The Jews of B. were shot in September. 1941 In B. S. Lopate.
BELINKOV Arkady Viktorovich (1921, Moscow - 1970, New Haven, USA), writer, literary critic. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky and Moscow State University. During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, worked as a correspondent. TASS, was a member of the commission to investigate the destruction, to-rye him. troops caused East. monuments on the territory. THE USSR. Posted by anti-Sov. rum. "Draft of feelings". For reading it in a circle of friends, he was arrested on a denunciation in 1944 and sentenced to death. Thanks to the intervention of A.N. Tolstoy and V. B. Shklovsky, He taught in Lit. in-those, was engaged in scientific. work. Wrote pl. Art. for "Brief lit. encyclopedias ". The author of the book. Yuri Tynyanov (1961, 2nd ed., 1965). K ser. 1960s in the work of B. there was a transition to journalism, which he regarded as a continuation of the accusatory traditions of uncensored Russian. pre-rev. print. Book. about Yu.K. Olesh "The Surrender and Death of the Soviet Intellectual" in the USSR failed to publish. In 1968 were published. in f. "Baikal" chapters from this book, subjected to devastating criticism. In the same year, during a trip to Hungary, B. and his wife fled to the West. Since 1968 in the USA. He lectured at Yale and Indiana high fur boots, published in émigré publications. "New Journal" and "New Russian Word". Book. about Olesha, prepared by B.'s wife, N. Belinkova-Yablokova, was published in Madrid in 1976. Book. was conceived by B. as part of a trilogy that considers three types of artist behavior under a totalitarian regime: loyal (Yu.N. Tynyanov), opportunistic (Olesha), oppositional (A.I.Solzhenitsyn). In the book. about Olesha, written with passion and bitterness, the drama of a gifted writer, broken by compromises with the authorities, is shown, but B. poses the problem more broadly - about the relationship between the intelligentsia and the state. B. asserted the invariable opposition of the intelligentsia as unity, socialist. a group in need of spiritual freedom.
BELINSKY Alexander Arkadevich (b. 1928, Leningrad), director. In 1944 he studied theater studies. f-those GITIS them. AV Lunacharsky, then moved to Leningrad and continued his studies at dir. Faculty of LGITMIK, to-ry graduated in 1950. In 1950–52 he worked in T-re North. fleet (Murmansk), then in the m-ts of Vilnius and Klaipeda. In 1953 he made his debut in Leningrad. t-re them. Lenin's Komsomol play "Who laughs last" by K.K.Krapiva, staged 11 more performances there: "Good hour" and "Unequal battle" by V.S.Rozov, "The steamer is called" Eaglet "" by A.A. Galich, " In Old Moscow "by VF Panova and others. He wrote and staged clown entre, pop programs for BN Bentsianov, AM Blekhman, three performances by AI Raikin (1949, 1956, 1970). At the Palace of Art. KS Stanislavsky created "T-R Skit" (1950), reviving forgotten traditions of theater, and watered, parodies. Since 1961 he has been working on TV. He staged the television performances "Kyukhlya" based on Yu.N. Tynyanov (1963), "Mad Money", "The Marriage of Belugin", "Handsome Man", "They Did Not Match the Characters" by AN Ostrovsky, "The Innkeeper" by K. Goldoni, " The Dark Lady of Sonnets ”by J.B.Shaw,“ The Importance of Being Earnest ”by O. Wilde,“ Koolhaas ”and“ The Seagull ”by A.P. Chekhov,“ Dead Souls ”and“ The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich "After NV Gogol," The Stranger "by AABlok. Author of the play "Fifty Ten", ballet librettos "On the Eve" by I.S. Turgenev, "The Young Lady and the Hooligan" by V.V. Mayakovsky. B. filmed operettas "Maritsa", "Bird Seller", "Perikola", vaudeville "Lev Gurych Sinichkin". Has directed films-ballets "Galatea" (for music. F. Lowe, main prize of the TV festival "Zlata Prague", 1978), "Anyuta" (music. V. A. Gavrilin, State avenue of the RSFSR named after br. Vasiliev, 1984), "Old Tango" (music by T. Kogan) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1989). Works: Old tango: (Notes of television practice), Moscow, 1988.
BELINSKY Yakov Lvovich (1909, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1988, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Moscow. architect. in-t. There was a correspondent. army and front-line press. In 1943, Sat. poems about the battles at Stalingrad and on Wed - Don. In the first book. "The Taken Cities" (1947) also included military poetry. time. Dr. book B .: "Fight and Love" (1957), "Finest Hour" (1961), "Steps" (1964), "Because I Love" (1968), "Two Walking Nearby" (1972), "Lyrics" ( 1973), “A Day Equal to Life” (1979), “Selected Works” (vols. 1-2, 1981), “Furious Saxophonist” (1986). The subject of B.'s poems is extremely wide: rus. history, the creative work of man, the beginning of the cosmic. era, nature, love, in which the poet sees the "immortality of the Universe", the fate of art, etc. Author pl. popular songs. He translated poems of poets of different nations.
BELINSON (Beilenson) Moishe-Eliezer (c. 1835, Odessa - |), writer, publisher. He made his debut in Heb. lit-re a brochure of an apologetic nature. At the end of the 1850s. conducted an active correspondence with prominent Hebrews. writers about ed. organ for growing. Jews. B.'s attempts were unsuccessful. In the beginning. 1860s B., taking up genealogy. research, issued an appeal, calling for the collection of relevant materials. In 1891 he compiled a genealogy of certain Hebrews. families, and in 1892 issued a genealogist. Sat. B. - author and compiler of collection of Talmudic books. questions. He was also involved in translations.
BELITSA, see [[New Belitsa.
BELITSKY Abram Aleksandrovich (1907, Skotovatoye Bakhmutsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1960, Tomsk), geologist, specialist in the region. structural geology and tectonophysics. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences, prof. from 1948. Graduated in 1931 from the Tomsk Industrial Institute. in-t, in 1931-60 worked there as the head. Department of Geological. exploration, dean of exploration. f-that. Basic. scientific. work in the region. structures and tectonics of coal deposits of Kuzbass. Compiled a number of geological maps of coal deposits. Proposed geometrical. search methods for tectonically displaced coal seams ("displaced wing"). Developed the theory of combined tension. states of the forge. rocks and deformations in the earth's crust. Author of scientific. printed works and monographs, including per. in other languages. One of the founders of scientific. schools of specialists in the region. Tectonophysics, Works: Classification of Tectonic. ruptures, M., 1953.
BELITSKY Semyon Markovich (1889, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from the Elizavetgrad mountains. uch-shche (1904). From 1905 p. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1917-18 the Left Socialist-Revolutionary, member. Communist. party since 1920. Member of the 1st world. war. From Feb 1918 in Kr. Army. In civil war pom. early headquarters, beginning. division headquarters. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), then pom. prev. Higher military-ed. Council, beginning. and the military commissar of the operational management of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. From 1925 to the beginning. course and adjunct Military. Academy of the Red Army. He was engaged in the development of military problems. history, history of military. isk-va, participant in the preparation and conduct of military. reforms of the 1920s and 30s. From 1931 to the beginning. headquarters of the North Caucasus. VO, since 1932 at the disposal of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (assistant to the People's Commissar of Defense); early ex. Military publishing house of the NKO of the USSR. Repressed in 1937.
Belitsa, see Belitsa.
BELGOVSKY Mark Leonidovich (1906, Poltava - 1959, Moscow), geneticist. At the end of Leningrad. un-that (1930) worked in Vses. in-those animal husbandry, since 1933 in Ying-those genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1948 after Aug. session VASKHNIL was dismissed from in-that and in tech. for two years he worked in Ying-those forests of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At this time, he was studying lane. scientific. lit-ry, including the book. DG Simpson "The pace and form of evolution" (1948). From 1956 he worked at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. performed a number of original works: he established the dependence of the frequency of translocation (mutation) on the dose of X-rays (1937), the effect of inert chromosome regions on the frequency and nature of changes in neighboring active regions (1938), research. interaction heterochromatic. and euchromatic. r-nov of chromosomes in the development of the organism (1940), the mechanism of the implementation of chromaticity associated with heterochromic r-us (1944). One of the first to use mat. methods for analyzing the nature of induced chromosomal rearrangements.
BELKIND Lev Davidovich (1896, Barnaul - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the region. electrical and lighting engineering and the history of technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated with honors in mechanical engineering. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. Institute (1919) and worked for more than 10 years as engineer. at the plants of Kharkov and Moscow, as well as in Glavelektro VSNKh, tech. dir. plant "Electrosvet" in Moscow. From 1927 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1930 - at Moscow. energetic in-those where he was the first head. Department of Lighting Engineering (1932–47); organized in the same department of history of technology and directed it in 1947–65. Prof. (1934). One of the organizers of the Fatherland. lighting technology. prom-sti. He took part in the reconstruction of electric trains. lighting of Moscow. Ed. g. "Lighting engineering". The author of the textbook and account. manuals on lighting engineering and the history of technology, as well as the book. about the life and work of outstanding fathers. and nick. lighting technicians - A.N. Lodygin (1948), K.A. Krug (1956), T.A. Edison (1957), K.I.Shenfer (1957), AM Ampere (1958), C.P. Steinmetz ( 1965). Created a number of scientific and technical. dictionaries, in which he acted as an author, ed. and translator, incl. "Dictionary of lighting. terms "," Anglo-rus. chemical-technol. dictionary "," French-Russian. polytechnic dictionary". Honored. active Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1946). Works: E-illuminate. short-range devices, 2nd ed., M., 1945; History of technology, M.-L., 1956 (in co-authorship).
BELMAN Joseph Davydovich (b. 1938, Kazan), architect. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: residential building Ying-ta citizen. Aviation in Moscow (1980), Higher. uch-shche Metrostroy (1983), a sanatorium in Asha near Sochi (1991). He took part in a competition for a project for the reconstruction of the center of Moscow (1st Ave., 1975), in architect. the Trienale competition in Milan (1980).
BELSK, see Belsk Podlaski.
BELSK-PODLASKI, a city (since 1440) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Belsk region of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the district town of Belsk, Grodno province. In 1918–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1808 in B.-P. 64 Jewish men lived, in 1816 - 94 Jews, in 1847 - 298, in 1861 - 1256, in 1897 - 4079, in 1910 - 4030, in 1921 - 2392 Jews. Jews lived in B.-P. from the 15th century. In 1542 in B.-P. a synagogue was built. In 1564 he was executed, accused of murdering a Christian girl from Narew, a tax collector of the kr. the tax farmer Itskhok Warts. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - clothing manufacturing and trade. In 1861 in B.-P. there were 3 synagogues. In 1910 - 5 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a state-owned mixed school, a Talmud-Torah. 1941 in B.-P. a ghetto was created, liquidated on 17 December. 1942. There were 6-7 thousand people in the ghetto. the old Jewish cemetery (about 100 monuments) has been preserved. genus: D. Bendas, Ya.A. Bronstein, I.G. Langbard, Yu.Levartovsky, Sh.I. Stupnitsky, N.-M. Syrkin; Bentsion Sho (real fam. Shostak) (1883-1957, Chicago, USA), poet (in Yiddish), from 1926 - in the USA.
BELSKY Lev Nikolaevich (real name and surname Abram Mikhailovich Levin) (1889, Riga - 1941), employee of state bodies. security. In 1904–07 a member. Bund. In the RSDLP (b) from June 1917. In 1918-19 before. Simbirsk, lips. Cheka, in 1919–20 early. Especially. dep. 8th Army, in 1920-21 before. Astrakhan. lips. Cheka, in 1921-22 half. prev. Cheka in the Far East. Since 1923, plenipotentiary. OGPU USSR in Wed. Asia, from the beginning. 1930s in Moscow. ex. OGPU. In 1934 he was headed by Ch. ex. worker cross. Cr. militia of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1936–38, deputy. Commissar int. Affairs of the USSR, then 1st Deputy. People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. Affairs. 16-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (1935). Arrested in 1938, shot.
BELSKY Tuvia (1906, Stankevichi, Minsk province - 1987, USA), commander of the Hebrew. partisas. brigades. From the age of 17 - an activist of the Zionist movement "Hehaluts". In 1928 he was drafted into the Polish army, demobilized with the rank of corporal and settled in Subbotniki, where he was the owner of a fabric store. After the arrival of the Nazis, he fled to Stankivichi. Parents and some other members B.'s families were killed in the Novogrudok ghetto. B. and his three brothers went into the forest, where they created the nucleus of a partisan detachment. The commander of the detachment was B. After a certain time, neg. numbered hundreds of fighters. For the capture of B., the Germans appointed a reward of 100,000 marks. Women and children were also in the forest with the soldiers. It was a kind of Hebrew. community - with a synagogue, school, hospital, etc. In 1943, the Germans began an action to exterminate partisans in the Nalivok forests. With great difficulty, B.'s brigade managed to leave the dangerous area. In 1944, after the liberation of the area, B. with his partisan brigade. MI Kalinin, numbering 1230 soldiers, participated in the military. parade in Novogrudok. After the end of the war he returned to Poland. From 1945 - in E.-I., from 1954 - in the USA. B.'s brother, Asael (1908–45), fought in the ranks of Kr. Army, killed in action in Germany.
Balti, see Balti.
BELKHATOV, see Belhatuv.
BELKHATUV, a city (since 1737) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1391. From 1795 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Belkhatov Petrokovsky u. In 1897, 2,987 Jews lived in Byelorussia; in 1921, approx. 5800 Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On March 1, 1941, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, which was liquidated in August. 1942. In March 1942, there were 5,460 people in the ghetto.
BELKIN Aron Isaakovich (b. 1927, Nizhny Novgorod), psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1979), acad. Academy of Energy Information Sciences (1992), pres. Grew up. Psychoanalytic Association (1989). Father - Belkin Isaak Borisovich (1896, p. Glubokoe, Vilnius province. - 1959, Gorky), economist, led by Heb. workers' club in the city of Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod province., organized at the Gorky ped. in-those dep. Heb. lang. and culture, the activities of which were prohibited by local authorities. Mother - Televitskaya Tema Borisovna (1898, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1978, Gorky), head. Heb. club them. R. Luxemburg in Gorky (1927–40), an activist of KOMZET. After graduating in 1951 from the Gorky medical center. in-ta B. - resident of the Irkutsk region. psychiatrist. b-tsy, since 1953 head. Irkutsk region psychoneurological. dispensary. In 1955–58 he was a postgraduate student at Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1958 he organized the first department in the USSR. psychiatrist. endocrinology, to - the ring manages permanently to the present. time. In 1985 he created Vses. hesychoendocrinology. scientific and methodological. Centre. In 1989 he founded Ros. psychoanalytic. association. scientific. tr. are devoted to the development of the concept of the binary action of hormones and the role of the situational factor in their final effect; the introduction of hormonally active drugs in psychoendocrinology. practice, created. classification of psychotropic properties of hormones, the development of non-pharmacological. methods of influence on neuroendocrine regulation, social. aspects of endocrine diseases, gender identity, endocrine morphoconstitution, the role of hormonal dysfunctions in the etiology and pathogenesis of alcoholism and drug addiction, the psychology of ethnic groups, the phenomenology of polit. figures (psychoanalytic portraits of A. Hitler, I. V. Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev, L. I. Brezhnev, M. S. Gorbachev and others). B. created a school of owls. psychoendocrinologists. Founder and Ch. ed. g. “Ros. psychoanalytic bulletin "(1991), ch. ed. g. "Problems of Endocrinology" (1985) and others. Reviving the traditions of psychoanalysis in Russia, he organized with SI Syedin publishing house. “Psychological and psychoanalytic library, ed. prof. AI Belkin and SI Syedin "(since 1992), so. restoring ist. communication with izv. “Psychological and psychoanalytic library, ed. prof. ID Ermakova ". Cit .: Nervous and mental disorders in diseases of the thyroid gland, M., 1973; Biological therapy of mental illness, Chisinau, 1983 (co-authored with V.N. Lakusta); Why we are like that |: (Psychological studies), M., 1993.
BELKIN Boris Grigorievich (1921, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Physicist, specialist in the region. acoustics. Graduated in 1946 Moscow. in-t engineer communications, then graduate school. From 1947 he worked at the Center for Science and Science, in 1949–93 - at the All-Union Institute. n.-i. kinofotoin-those (NIKFI). In 1964 he founded a laboratory at NIKFI. electroacoustics and directed it until 1993. the activity is connected with the creation of loudspeakers, microphones, sound amplification systems and sound signal processing. Participated in the creation of complex sound technology. system of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (1962). Supervised the development and development of multi-channel stereo production. systems for recording, processing and reproducing sound f. - "Superfon". Founder and hands. school-seminar on modern. electroacoustics "ELA" (1980–91). Created scientific. Fatherland, the school of acoustics and sound engineers. Author of over 60 publications and 15 inventions. Repeatedly represented fatherlands, science abroad. In tech. pl. years worked in Mezhdunar. electrical engineering commission. Linen. pr. (1962).
BELKIND Izrail Meyrovich (1861, Logoisk of Borisovsky district, Minsk province - 1929, Berlin), teacher, society. activist. Son of M. Belkind. Studied in Kharkov. After Heb. pogroms (1881) one of the founders of Heb. the youth organization Bilu (1882), in the same year he headed the first group of members of this organization who arrived in E.-I. He actively opposed the activities of representatives of Baron E. Rothschild. In 1899 he founded a school in Jaffa, introducing Hebrew as the language of instruction. Author of textbooks for the beginning. schools of geography, history and arithmetic. In 1902 he opened the agricultural field. Kiriat Sefer school. During the war in Russia, B. was engaged in resettlement to E.-I. orphans who suffered from the pogroms in Ukraine, works: Sovr. Palestine, Odessa, 1903.
BELKIND Meir (1827, Logoisk, Borisov district, Minsk province - 1898, Jaffa), teacher. In the beginning. 1880s after a series of Heb. pogroms followed his sons went to E.-I., became the rabbi of the new Heb. settlement of Gedera and one of the first teachers of schools with teaching in Hebrew. From 1889 he taught classes in Hebrew. religion in the school founded in Jaffa by his son I.M. Belkind.
BELKOVSKY Zvi-Hirsch (1865, Odessa - 1948, Tel Aviv), society. activist, lawyer. Graduated with honors from law. f-t Novoros. university (Odessa). B. was offered a position in un-those, subject to his acceptance of Christianity. He refused and became a teacher and later professor at Sofia fur boots in Bulgaria (1893-97). While studying at un-those, he joined the Hibbat Zion movement and from 1891 came into contact with the Palestinophil circles grouped around N. Birnbaum in Vienna. When in 1896 the youth train was published. T. Herzl, B. joined Herzl's group and helped him in organizing the 1st Zionist Congress (in 1897). At the 3rd Congress, B. was elected to the General Council as a representative of the movement from St. Petersburg. districts. B. was among the leaders of the opposition to the Ugandan project. Published a number of pamphlets on Zionism. Initiator of the publication of the bibliographic work in Russian. lang. "Index of Literature on Zionism" (1903). B. continued his activities as a Zionist during the Revolution of 1905-07. He was an adviser to the British Consul in Moscow on issues related to immigration documents in E.-I. In 1918-19 - before. Centre. Council of Hebrews. communities of Russia. In 1920–24 - head of the Center. Zionist to-that in Russia. In 1924 he was arrested for Zionist activity and sentenced to exile in Siberia, but the sentence was changed to exile from the USSR. From 1924 - in E.-I., an active member of the Federation of Zionists. Author of memoirs published in 1940.
BELOE, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony, then the village of Belaya Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 25 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia in 1846, and 24 Jews in 1897. In 1897 Jews rented 21 dess. land.
BELOGLINA, see [[White Clay.
BELOGORE (until 1946 - Lyakhovtsy), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1441. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - the city of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. In 1765, 589 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 1131, in 1897 - 1384 (25.6%), in 1923 - 636, in 1926 - 844 (53.4%), in 1939 - 908 Jews. In the 1700s. the Jews of Byelorussia suffered greatly from the attacks of the Cossacks, Swedish and Russian. troops. In 1708, representatives of the Jewish population of Byelorussia announced the complete ruin of the city. In 1867 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. On June 27, 1942, approx. 2,300 Jews in B. Benzion Fagan (1881-1934, Buenos Aires), publicist (in Yiddish), from 1910 - in Argentina.
BELOGORODKA, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zaslavsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1847, 1066 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1846 (19.6%), in 1923 - 1001 Jews. Since 1896, Joseph Trastinetsky (1865 -?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. Lewis Sugerman, Amer. writer, author of rom. and stories in Yiddish.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОГОРСК (до 1945 — Карасубазар), город (с 1926), районный центр в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1784—97 — в Таврической обл., в 1797—1802 — в Новороссийской губ., с 1802 — в Симферопольском у. Таврической губ. В 1921—45 — в Крымской АССР, в 1945—54 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1969 евреев, в 1857 — 1954, в 1867 — 2064 еврея и 49 караимов, в 1889 — 2678 евреев и 69 караимов, в 1897 — 3097 евреев (в т. ч. 1912 крымчаков) и 47 караимов (24,2%), в 1910 — 4677 евреев (27,3%), в 1912 — 2487 крымчаков, в 1914 — 4680 евреев и 96 караимов, в 1926 — 1232 еврея (в т. ч. 1042 крымчака) (16,1%), в 1939 — 429 евреев, в 1948 — 10 крымчаков.Первые упом. о евреях Б. относятся к 15 в. В 16 в., когда Бахчисарай стал столицей Крымского ханства, мн. евреи переселились в Б., расположенный недалеко от новой столицы. С этого времени Б. — осн. место концентрации евреев-крымчаков. В 1546 в Б. существовала спец. касса для выкупа пленных евреев. С 17 в. осн. занятие евреев Б. — выделка кож. В 1720, во время голода, поразившего весь Крым, община Б. продала предметы культа для оказания помощи всем нуждающимся, вне зависимости от вероисповедания. В 1-й четв. 18 в. раввином Б. был Давид Ляхно (?—1735), автор неск. религ. книг и ряда соч. по истории Крыма и крымчаков.В сер. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев Б. — шорничество, пошив обуви и головных уборов, изготовление ваты. Развивалась мелкая торговля, неск. купцов торговали на ярмарках в разл. городах Новороссии. До появления ашкеназийских евреев действовали 3 синагоги, в к-рых находилось ок. 200 свитков Торы. Существовала развитая система социальных общинных служб. Раввином в 1866—99 был Х.-Х.Медини, усиливший влияние сефардских обычаев на крымчаков.После окончания Крымской войны 1853—56 в Б. появились первые ашкеназийские евреи — отставные солдаты. В 1880-х гг. ашкеназийские евреи построили в Б. свою синагогу. После отъезда Медини возник конфликт между ашкеназами и крымчаками по поводу приглашения нового раввина в Б. В 1903 крымчаки открыли талмуд-тору с преподаванием математики и рус. яз. В нач. 20 в. в Б. — 5 синагог (в т. ч. 2 ашкеназийские), 2 талмуд-торы, частное уч-ще, еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз., дир. к-рой в 1910—21 был И.С.Кая, об-во пособия бедным крымчакам. В 1901—02 в Б. была предпринята попытка издания газ. «Газетхаберперн» на яз. крымчаков.В нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали сионистские кружки, отдельно среди ашкеназов и крымчаков. Работала еврейская б-ка. В 1910-х гг. духовной жизнью караимов руководил симферопольский газан Борис (Берахья-Эзриэль) Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971).В 1900-х гг. гор. головой Б. был караим Илья Борисович (Берахович) Шишман (1870—1938), в 1911 первым в Б. удостоенный звания «Почетный гражданин Карасубазара». В 1908 гор. головой был избран караим Иммануил Бабакаевич Бабович (1861—1908), в 1911—21 — его сын Бабакай (Нахаму) (1886—1921).В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо- сберегат. т-во, в 1920 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1921 была закрыта талмуд-тора. В 1920-х гг. Агроджойнт проводил кампанию по переселению крымчаков Б. в с.-х. колонии. В 1928 в Б. при поддержке КОМЗЕТа была организована группа из 30 семей крымчаков для переселения в созд. колонии. В 1930 крымчакская школа перешла с русскоязычной на двуязычную систему обучения. В сер. 1930-х гг. был закрыт крымчакский клуб. После окончания периода нэпа значит. часть крымчаков переселилась в Симферополь. Посл. синагога в Б. и крымчакская школа были закрыты в кон. 1930-х гг.Расстрелы евреев Б. во время герм. оккупации производились с 16 нояб. по 15 дек. 1941. 18 янв. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. крымчаков Б. было убито в газовых камерах спецавтомобилей. Всего в Белогорском р-не было уничтожено ок. 2600 евреев.В Б. сохранилось еврейское кладбище 15 в.В Б. род. Е.И.Пейсах., pronunciation=БЕЛОГОРСК (до 1945 — Карасубазар), город (с 1926), районный центр в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1784—97 — в Таврической обл., в 1797—1802 — в Новороссийской губ., с 1802 — в Симферопольском у. Таврической губ. В 1921—45 — в Крымской АССР, в 1945—54 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1969 евреев, в 1857 — 1954, в 1867 — 2064 еврея и 49 караимов, в 1889 — 2678 евреев и 69 караимов, в 1897 — 3097 евреев (в т. ч. 1912 крымчаков) и 47 караимов (24,2%), в 1910 — 4677 евреев (27,3%), в 1912 — 2487 крымчаков, в 1914 — 4680 евреев и 96 караимов, в 1926 — 1232 еврея (в т. ч. 1042 крымчака) (16,1%), в 1939 — 429 евреев, в 1948 — 10 крымчаков.Первые упом. о евреях Б. относятся к 15 в. В 16 в., когда Бахчисарай стал столицей Крымского ханства, мн. евреи переселились в Б., расположенный недалеко от новой столицы. С этого времени Б. — осн. место концентрации евреев-крымчаков. В 1546 в Б. существовала спец. касса для выкупа пленных евреев. С 17 в. осн. занятие евреев Б. — выделка кож. В 1720, во время голода, поразившего весь Крым, община Б. продала предметы культа для оказания помощи всем нуждающимся, вне зависимости от вероисповедания. В 1-й четв. 18 в. раввином Б. был Давид Ляхно (?—1735), автор неск. религ. книг и ряда соч. по истории Крыма и крымчаков.В сер. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев Б. — шорничество, пошив обуви и головных уборов, изготовление ваты. Развивалась мелкая торговля, неск. купцов торговали на ярмарках в разл. городах Новороссии. До появления ашкеназийских евреев действовали 3 синагоги, в к-рых находилось ок. 200 свитков Торы. Существовала развитая система социальных общинных служб. Раввином в 1866—99 был Х.-Х.Медини, усиливший влияние сефардских обычаев на крымчаков.После окончания Крымской войны 1853—56 в Б. появились первые ашкеназийские евреи — отставные солдаты. В 1880-х гг. ашкеназийские евреи построили в Б. свою синагогу. После отъезда Медини возник конфликт между ашкеназами и крымчаками по поводу приглашения нового раввина в Б. В 1903 крымчаки открыли талмуд-тору с преподаванием математики и рус. яз. В нач. 20 в. в Б. — 5 синагог (в т. ч. 2 ашкеназийские), 2 талмуд-торы, частное уч-ще, еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз., дир. к-рой в 1910—21 был И.С.Кая, об-во пособия бедным крымчакам. В 1901—02 в Б. была предпринята попытка издания газ. «Газетхаберперн» на яз. крымчаков.В нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали сионистские кружки, отдельно среди ашкеназов и крымчаков. Работала еврейская б-ка. В 1910-х гг. духовной жизнью караимов руководил симферопольский газан Борис (Берахья-Эзриэль) Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971).В 1900-х гг. гор. головой Б. был караим Илья Борисович (Берахович) Шишман (1870—1938), в 1911 первым в Б. удостоенный звания «Почетный гражданин Карасубазара». В 1908 гор. головой был избран караим Иммануил Бабакаевич Бабович (1861—1908), в 1911—21 — его сын Бабакай (Нахаму) (1886—1921).В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо- сберегат. т-во, в 1920 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1921 была закрыта талмуд-тора. В 1920-х гг. Агроджойнт проводил кампанию по переселению крымчаков Б. в с.-х. колонии. В 1928 в Б. при поддержке КОМЗЕТа была организована группа из 30 семей крымчаков для переселения в созд. колонии. В 1930 крымчакская школа перешла с русскоязычной на двуязычную систему обучения. В сер. 1930-х гг. был закрыт крымчакский клуб. После окончания периода нэпа значит. часть крымчаков переселилась в Симферополь. Посл. синагога в Б. и крымчакская школа были закрыты в кон. 1930-х гг.Расстрелы евреев Б. во время герм. оккупации производились с 16 нояб. по 15 дек. 1941. 18 янв. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. крымчаков Б. было убито в газовых камерах спецавтомобилей. Всего в Белогорском р-не было уничтожено ок. 2600 евреев.В Б. сохранилось еврейское кладбище 15 в.В Б. род. Е.И.Пейсах., extra_data="{'translat...")
BELOKRINYCHYE, a village in Shepetovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1837, the fact of a "blood libel" was noted in Byelorussia: a group of Jews was charged with cutting off from the Ukrainian. peasant tongue and collected blood in the special. bowl.
BELOKURAKINA, see Belokurakino.
BELOKURAKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1700. At 19 - early. 20th century - Belokurakin Starobelsky settlement Kharkiv province. In 1939 one Jew lived in B. In 1942 three Jews were killed in B..
BELOMORSK, city (since 1938), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1938. From 1941 to 1945, it was the capital of the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In 1939, 60 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BELOOZERO, see Belozersk.
BELOPOL'E, a city (since 1672), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1111. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Sumy district. In Kharkov province, 1 Jew lived in 1868, 96 in 1910, 159 in 1920, 190 (1.1%) in 1926, and 125 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. 1942 24 Jews remained in Byelorussia, who were shot in June.
BELOPOLSKY Yakov Borisovich (1916, Kiev - 1993, Moscow), urban planner, architect, teacher. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, a student of B.M. Iofan. Main works: architect-sculptor. ensemble in Treptower Park, Berlin (1951, with E.V. Vuchetich), circus on prosp. Vernadsky (1965), library of social sciences in Moscow (1968), memorial ensemble on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd (1967), University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba (1960s), urban planning of the Yasenevo, Belyaevo, Konkovo-Derevlevo districts in Moscow. Became. (1951) and Len. (1970) pr., Part number of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1983) and MAA (1992), prof., Nar. arch. USSR (1988).
BELORECHENSK, a city (since 1958), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1862 as a Cossack fortress, later - the village of Belorechenskaya in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1942 10 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. In 1998, approx. 200 Jews.
BELORECHENSKAYA, see Belorechensk.
BELORETSK, city (since 1923), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1762. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Beloretsk Plant of Verkhneuralsky u. Orenburg province. In 1910 four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 31 (0.15%), in 1939 - 58 Jews.
BELORETSK PLANT, see Beloretsk.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОРУССИЯ (в 14—17 вв. — Белая Русь), историческое название Республики Беларусь. В 10 — нач. 12 в. — в составе Киевской Руси (кн-ва Полоцкое, Турово-Пинское и др.), в 13—14 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. В результате трех разделов Речи Посполитой (1772, 1793, 1795) в состав Рос. империи вошли земли Вост. Б. с гор. Витебск, Гомель, Могилев, Полоцк, Центр. Б. с гор. Борисов, Минск, Пинск, Слуцк и Зап. Б. с гор. Брест-Литовск (совр. Брест), Гродно, Новогрудок. 1 янв. 1919 образована БССР. Зап. Б. по Рижскому договору отошла к Польше. С 1922 БССР — в составе СССР. В нояб. 1939 Зап. Б. присоединена к БССР. 19 сент. 1991 БССР переим. в Республику Беларусь (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).Евреи появились на белорусской земле, по одной из версий, в кон. 10 — нач. 11 в. Так, Х.Зоненберг пишет: «...город Брест основан приезжающими купцами. Между купцами были и евреи... Евреи остались на месте развивать и увеличивать город, а другие плыли дальше» ([[Зоненберг [[Х. История города Брест-Литовска. 1016—1907. По достоверным источникам и правдоподобным умозаключениям. Варшава, 1908, с. 8). Археолог Нарбут и нек-рые нем. летописцы считают, что евреи пришли в Б. и Литву в 1-й пол. 12 в. первоначально из Киева, откуда были изгнаны за тайные сношения с греками. Историк и этнограф И.Ярошевич упом. найденный в 18 в. в Лидском у. на еврейском кладбище надгробный камень, датированный 1170 (Живописная Россия, Литовское и Белорусское Полесье. Репринт. воспроизв. издания 1882 г. Минск, 1993, с. 16).В сер. 14 в. евреи жили в Бресте, Гродно и др. белорусских городах. Изв. грамота кн. Гродненского и Трокского Витовта, выданная брестским евреям 24 июня 1388 в Луцке, к-рая регулировала порядок рассмотрения судебных дел между христианами и евреями, а также между самими евреями. Дела последних рассматривались в спец. еврейских судах согласно еврейскому праву. Евреи имели равные с другими права. Так, христианин за уголовное преступление против еврея карался, как за преступление против шляхтича. В актовых книгах Литовской Метрики имеется привилегия кн. Витовта, выданная гродненским евреям 18 июня 1389, по к-рой определялись границы поселения гродненской еврейской общины, а синагога и кладбище освобождались от уплаты податей. Документ разрешал гродненским евреям наравне с мещанами заниматься торговлей и ремеслами, готовить и продавать разного рода напитки с уплатой в казну определенной подати. Привилегия 1389 разрешала им свободную торговлю мясом оптом и в розницу, а также пахотными землями и сенокосами.До 1495 в Вел. кн-ве Литовском было всего 5 городов с оседлым еврейским населением. В источниках впервые упом. как еврейские города: Брест (1388), Владимир-Волынский (1388), Гродно (1389), Луцк (1388), Троки (совр. Тракай) (1388). В ряде др. нас. пунктов евреи проживали в этот период только временно: Дрогичин (1487), Каменец (1465), Кричев (1494), Минск (1489), Новогрудок (1445).Сохранились описи (1552—56) ряда экономий: брестской, гродненской, кобринской и пинской. Судя по этим описям, в Бресте было 90 еврейских домов (от общего числа 746 домов — 12%), в Пинске — 43 (6,5%), в Кобрине — 27 (12%), в [[Новом Дворе — 16 (14%), в Клецке — 6, в Городце — 4. Наконец, в 3 небольших местечках Брестского у. в среднем было по 4 дома (3,5%). В 1569 евреи упом. в Новогрудке, Дворце, Индуре, Слониме, Мстибове, Витебске, Полоцке.Александр Ягеллон (с 1492 вел. князь литовский, с 1501 король польский), все более запутываясь в долгах и не имея возможности избавиться от кредиторов-евреев, обнародовал указ, по к-рому в 1495 изгнанию подверглись евреи Бреста, Гродно, Трок, Луцка, Владимира-Волынского и др. В 1503 Александр разрешил евреям вернуться, возвратив им отчужденное имущество, с тем, однако, условием, чтобы они возместили новым владельцам этого имущества затраты на приобретение и хоз. устройство недвижимости.Вел. князь и король Жигимонт I Старый (1506—1548) укрепил правовое положение белорусского еврейства законодательными актами: освободил евреев от обязанности выставлять на войну тысячу всадников, уравнял их в податном отношении с мещанами, предоставил свободу торговли и ремесел, защитил от произвола воевод, старост и их наместников. Нуждаясь в деньгах для войны с Москвой, Жигимонт в фискальных интересах централизовал власть над евреями и назначил в 1514 обер-раввином всех евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского таможенного откупщика Ицхока-Михла Юзефовича, предоставив ему широкие полномочия. Ввиду невозможности совмещать две функции — сборщика податей и раввина — Юзефовичу было предоставлено право держать при себе помощником раввина.В 1-й четв. 16 в. наиб. состоятельными еврейскими общинами на терр. Б. были общины Бреста, Гродно и Пинска. По статуту Вел. кн-ва Литовского 1529 убийство шляхтича, еврея или горожанина каралось смертной казнью, а семья убийцы обязана была уплачивать семье пострадавшего пеню. В 1551 белорусские евреи получили право избрания раввинов. Раввин Бреста Мендель Франк титуловался «королевским чиновником», а еврей Шлойме Израилович был назначен депутатом при Виленском воеводстве. Наиболее знатные евреи в офиц. документах обычно титуловались «панами». Подобно шляхтичам, евреи носили при себе сабли, цепи и кольца с изображением гербов. Статут 1566 предписывал евреям носить желтые шляпы или шапки, а женам их — повойники из желтого полотна. Евреи не могли избираться членами Литовской рады, назначаться на гос. должности. Они не вправе были владеть крепостными и холопами (христианами) и нанимать христианок-кормилиц.Одно из названий евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского, к-рое относится гл. обр. к литовским и белорусским евреям, — литваки. Уроженец Воложина израильский историк Хаим-Гилель Бен-Сасон датирует возникновение отд. литвацкого субэтноса нач. 15 в. По мнению М.А.Членова, к литвакам относили евреев Литвы, Белоруссии, зап. районов совр. Брянской, Смоленской и юж. районов Псковской обл. России. Долгое время еврейские историки не выделяли литваков из общности польских евреев и употребляли это название в геогр. смысле. И.Сосис оставил после себя распространенный впоследствии термин «литовско-белорусское еврейство».От других еврейских этногр. групп литваки отличались особыми признаками быта, обычаев, своим сев.-вост. диалектом яз. идиш. По мнению лингвиста и просветителя У.Вайнрайха (1926—1967, сын М.Вайнрайха), история еврейского языка на терр. Б. ведет к началу поселения евреев в Вел. кн-ве Литовском, т. е. не позднее 14 в. Вайнрайх считает район Брест — Новогрудок — Гродно колыбелью белорусского идиша, на формирование и оформление геогр. строя к-рого оказал влияние белорус. яз. и его диалекты. Оперируя историко-фонетич. критериями, еврейская диалектология определила белорусский идиш как сев.-вост. диалект, к-рый охватывал как Б., так Литву и Латвию (Б. наделена особым традиц. еврейским назв. — Райсн, старый еврейский термин — Литэ включает не только терр. этногр. Литвы, но и Б.). Отмечается существование специфич. черт сев.-вост. идиша в фонологии, грамматике и лексике.Своеобразие и нек-рые отличит. черты «литовских» евреев отмечал еще польск. хронист 16 в. Матей из Мехова. Анализируя интеллектуальное и нравств. состояние литвацкого еврейства, особенности религ. мировоззрения и менталитета, изв. ученые-этнографы 19 в. трактуют литваков как отчетливо отличит. часть еврейства. В 19—20 вв. термин «литвак» стал синонимом слова «миснагед» (противник хасидизма). Это связано с незначительным, в отличие от Б., распространением хасидизма в Литве.Общая численность еврейского населения на терр. Вел. кн-ва Литовского в сер. 16 в. достигла 20 тыс. чел., а к 1628 — ок. 40 тыс. По подсчетам белорус. историка З.Ю.Копысского, в городах и местечках Б. евреи составляли от 2 до 10% населения. Во время Ливонской войны после захвата Полоцка в 1563 рус. войсками по приказу Ивана Грозного в Зап. Двине было потоплено все еврейское население города (300 чел.), к-рое отказалось принять христианство.Гл. ярмарки Вел. кн-ва Литовского проходили в этот период в Зельве, Копыле, Сельце. Еврейские сеймы собирались в Бресте, Пружанах, Сельце, Хомске. Наряду с заселением евреями частновладельч. земель шло преобразование несамостоят. поселений в юридич. общины с кагальной организацией. Высш. органом еврейского самоуправления являлись ваады — съезды раввинов и кагальных представителей. Ваад коронных, или польских, евреев существовал в 1580—1764, Литовский ваад — в 1623—1764. В 1580—1623 в сессиях Коронного ваада принимали участие и еврейские общины Вел. кн-ва Литовского.В 1623 в Бресте собрался первый Ваад глав белорус. и лит. общин, маршалком (пред.) к-рого до своей смерти состоял брестский раввин Меир Валь, сын легендарного польского «короля» Шауля Валя.Еврейское население пострадало во времена «хмельнитчины» и последовавших за ней рус.-польск. войны 1654—67 и польско-шведской войны 1656—60.В 1676 в Б. проживало ок. 32 000 евреев, в 1766 — 157 250, в т. ч. в Витебском воеводстве — 11 959, в Новогрудском — 21 101, в Минском — 13 422, в Мстиславльском — 2615, в Виленском — 26 977, в Трокском — 33 738 евреев.«Столицей» евреев Литвы и Б. в 14—18 вв. считался Брест, где в 1784 проживало 3175 евреев (по другим данным — 3353). В Вильне (совр. Вильнюс) в это время проживал 3381 еврей, в Гродно — 2255, в Минске — 1396, в Пинске — 1350 евреев. Евреи составляли значит. процент всего гор. населения Б.После первого раздела Речи Посполитой в составе России оказалось ок. 100 тыс. белорусских евреев. Сенатским указом 1775 было узаконено существование кагалов. По представлению ген.-губернатора З.Г.Чернышева евреи в Б. были выделены в особую податную и сословную единицу, их особо заносили в поголовную перепись в городах, местечках, селах и деревнях, где производились ревизии. В 1783 пр-во признало право евреев, записавшихся в купечество, участвовать в общем гор. самоуправлении, избирать и быть избранными наравне с христианами в члены магистрата, ратуши и гор. судов. В кон. 18 в. в Б. начал распространяться хасидизм (любавичское, слонимское, карлин-столинское и др. направления).Вскоре все евреи Б. вошли в черту оседлости. По спец. указу Екатерины II от 23 дек. 1791 еврейское население удерживалось в границах его расселения. 23 июня 1794 была узаконена расширенная черта оседлости. Евреям разрешалось «отправлять купеческие и мещанские промыслы» в губ.: Минской, Полоцкой (Витебской), Могилевской и др.; Днепр по двум его берегам сделали центр. рекой «еврейской» территории.Немалое число белорусских евреев приняло активное участие в Отеч. войне 1812 на стороне рус. армии. Евреи были разведчиками и поставщиками продовольствия. В 1812—13 при Гл. квартире продвигавшейся на Запад рус. армии находились 2 белорусских еврея: Зундель Зонненберг из Гродно и Лейзер Диллон из Несвижа. Сопровождая квартиру и за пределами России, они выполняли, при содействии кагалов, поручения по удовлетворению нужд армии и вместе с тем хлопотали по еврейским делам. Зонненберг и Диллон именовались то депутатами от «еврейского народа», то депутатами «от кагалов». С призывом поддержать пр-во в борьбе с Наполеоном выступил лидер белорусского хасидизма Шнеер-Залман из Ляд.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. на терр. Б. периодически вспыхивали судеб. процессы, в к-рых евреев пытались обвинить в ритуальном употреблении крови христианских младенцев (Сенненское дело 1799, Гродненское дело 1816, Велижское дело 1822—24 и др.).Общинное самоуправление в Б., как и во всей России, было ликвидировано в 1844. Первая для евреев школа 1-го разр. (низшая) была учреждена в 1847 в Минске.В 1863 процентное отношение евреев ко всему населению губ. составляло: в Виленской — 11,6%, в Витебской — 9,1, в Гродненской — 11,1, в Минской — 9,8, в Могилевской — 13,3, всего по 5 губ. — 11%. В 1864 в Виленской губ. проживало 102 тыс. евреев, в Витебской — 68 тыс., в Гродненской — 80 тыс., в Минской — 103 тыс., в Могилевской губ. — 120 тыс. евреев.В 1897 евреи составляли 17,28% всего населения Гродненской губ., 15,77% — Минской. Всего в Виленской, Витебской, Гродненской, Минской и Могилевской губ. евреи составляли 13,8% населения. В Витебске проживало 34 440 евреев (52%), в Бресте — 30 260 (65%), в Гродно — 22 684 (48%), в Минске — 47 652 (52%), в Пинске — 21 065 (74%), в Слуцке — 10 264 (77%), в Могилеве — 21 547 (50%), в Гомеле — 20 385 евреев (55%).В 5 белорус. губ., по данным переписи, численность еврейского населения в городах и местечках составляла 55,9%, в т. ч. в городах — 53,9%, в местечках — 58,9%. Среди самодеят. населения Сев.-Зап. края, без членов их семей, на долю евреев приходилось в пром-сти 56,5%, в торговле — 88,6%, в сел. х-ве — 1%, на ж. д. — 2,2%, в средствах связи — 1,7%, в извозном промысле — 65,6%, прислуга, поденщики — 18,6%.В кон. 19 в. 25—38% евреев в ряде городов и местечек Б. жили за счет благотворительности, многие (гл. обр. еврейская беднота) были вынуждены выехать в США и др. страны. В 1897—1917 из Виленской губ. выехало 53 тыс. евреев, из Витебской — 47 тыс., из Гродненской — 73 тыс., из Минской — 91 тыс., из Могилевской — 53 тыс. евреев.Представители разл. еврейских социалистич. групп в окт. 1897 собрались в Вильне и основали «Всеобщий еврейский рабочий союз в Литве, Польше и России» (Бунд). Белорусские евреи приняли активное участие в создании и деятельности этой орг-ции. В кон. 1901 в Минске состоялся съезд «Поалей Цион».Летом 1903, когда произошел еврейский погром в Гомеле, еврейская молодежь города впервые в истории еврейских погромов в России сумела создать самооборону и успешно отразить натиск погромщиков. Участники этой самообороны, переселившись в Э.-И., положили начало второй алии и основали орг-цию «Га-Шомер».Волна еврейских погромов прокатилась по городам и местечкам Б. в 1905: Минск, Белосток (дважды), Копысь, Брест, Орша, Лоев, Речица, Полоцк, Ветка, Краснолуки, Сураж.В Б. существовали кр. иешивы в Воложине, Мире, Слониме, Слуцке, Любавичах. Сюда стекалась еврейская молодежь из мн. стран мира. В 19 в. в Б. получил распространение хасидизм, представленный любавичским, карлин-столинским, слонимским движениями. В 1917 в Минске было 83 синагоги, в Могилеве — 50, в Бобруйске — 42, в Витебске — 30, в Гомеле — 26.В период 1-й мир. войны евреев Б. обвиняли в шпионаже, в «немецкой ориентации». В зоне боевых действий рус. артиллерия разрушила до основания мн. небольшие города и местечки; вслед за артиллерией разгром довершали пехота и казачьи части. В мае 1915 был издан приказ о выселении евреев из приграничных Ковенской, а также части Гродненской и Сувалкской губ. Летом 1915 прошли еврейские погромы в прифронтовой полосе — в Гродненской, Ковенской, Виленской, Минской и Волынской губ.После Февр. рев-ции все еврейские партии вышли из подполья. В результате свободных выборов пред. гор. думы Минска стал чл. Бунда А.И.Вайнштейн. На выборах в Учредит. собрание в Минской губ. за сионистов проголосовало 65 400 чел., за Бунд и меньшевиков — 16 270. Сионист Ю.Бруцкус был избран деп. Учредит. собрания. В Минске начали издаваться неск. еврейских газ.: еженед. «Дос идише ворт», ежедн. «Дер векер», легальная сионистская газ. «Дер ид».В 1918—21 белорусские евреи стали жертвами погромов со стороны польск. войск, отрядов С.Н.Булак-Балаховича, банд грабителей, отд. частей Кр. Армии. В 1918—21 на терр. Б. было учинено 225 погромов, в т. ч. частями Директории — 5, польск. войсками — 18, отрядами Булак-Балаховича — 47, др. бандами — 155. В результате, по неполным данным, погибло ок. 1100 чел.После восстановления сов. власти на терр. Б. все еврейские изд., кроме бундовской газ. «Дер векер», были запрещены. В июне 1919 комиссариат по еврейским делам Наркомнаца обнародовал решение о роспуске еврейских общин и потребовал сдать ему их имущество. После освобождения Минска от польск. войск 11 июля 1920 в Б. перестала существовать еврейская община как представительская единица еврейского населения. Началось закрытие синагог, микв, хедеров, иешив, преследование раввинов, моэлов, шохетов, меламедов.В 1920-е гг. в результате новой экономической политики была разрушена хоз. структура еврейского местечка на терр. БССР. Десятки тысяч бывш. ремесленников и торговцев лишились не только пост. заработка, но и гражд. прав.В 1924 в БССР проживало 447 667 евреев. 36,3% еврейского населения жило в окружных городах, 30,7% — в местечках и 33% — в сел. местности. В 1926 в БССР проживало 407 тыс. евреев, что составляло 8,2% населения республики и 15,7% всего еврейского населения СССР.29 авг. 1924 През. ВЦИК постановил учредить особый К-т по земельному устройству трудящихся евреев (КОМЗЕТ). На съезде еврейских крестьян БССР (1928) отмечалось, что в республике уже числилось 7915 семейств — до 40 тыс. земледельцев, и только за посл. 3 года в БССР землеустроилось 1867 новых еврейских семейств. В это же время в БССР насчитывалось 170 еврейских с.-х. кооперативов — 40% всех с.-х. коллективов БССР. Евреи-земледельцы БССР обрабатывали 53 тыс. га пашни и 50 тыс. дес. мелиорированной земли.В 1920—30-х гг. в БССР было 4 гос. языка (белорус., рус., идиш, польск.). Число местных советов в БССР, языком к-рых был идиш, составляло в 1927 — 20, в 1932 — 31. В 1931 в БССР было 10 судов, разбиравших дела на идише.В 1924—25 в БССР работало 87 нач. и 42 семилетние школы с обучением на идише, в к-рых занималось 19 тыс. уч-ся, в 1926—27 нач. школ — 147, семилетних — 53. В школах обучалось 24 тыс. уч-ся. В 1921 в Минске и Витебске, в 1925 в Гомеле были открыты еврейские пед. техникумы. В 3 пед. техникумах занималось ок. 500 студентов. В БССР работали еврейские отд-ния рабфака БГУ, витебского рабфака, кафедра еврейского яз. Горецкой с.-х. академии, еврейское отд-ние пед. ф-та БГУ, еврейская секция этнолого-лингвистич. ф-та БГУ, еврейский зоотехникум в Минске, еврейское отд-ние Витебского худож. техникума. В 1930-х гг. имелись еврейские секции на социально-экономич. и лит.-лингвистич. ф-тах Высш. пед. ин-та в Минске, еврейское отд-ние ист.-лит. ф-та Витебского пед. ин-та. В кон. 1930-х гг. еврейское образование в БССР было фактически ликвидировано.В июле 1924 был учрежден еврейский Ин-т белорус. культуры, в дек. 1928 преобразованный в еврейский сектор Белорус. Акад. Наук. В 1932 на базе сектора создан Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры.В 1926 в Минске осн. Белорус. гос. еврейский т-р (БелГОСЕТ), к-рый возглавил М.Ф.Рафальский, в 1929 — еврейская хоровая студия (55 певцов) под рук. комп. Самуила Полонского.В БССР издавались ежемес. лит. журн. «Штерн», двухнед. журн. «Дер юнгер арбетер», ежедн. газ. «Октябер», пионерская газ. «Дер юнгер ленинец». В 1927 в Минске вышло 15 книг на идише, в 1928 — 36, в 1929 — 55 книг.После Рижского мирного договора за Виленским, Новогрудским, Полесским, б. ч. Белостокского воеводства, вошедшими в состав Польши, закрепилось неофиц. назв. «Зап. Белоруссия» с населением в 4,6 млн чел. (1931). Из них евреи, по нек-рым данным, составляли 10—11%. На терр. Зап. Б. действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. В системе еврейского образования функционировали школы сети «Тарбут» и «Явне», работали иешивы, велась активная религ. и культурная жизнь. В сент. 1939, после нападения Германии на Польшу, терр. Зап. Б. была присоединена к БССР. После этого на терр. Б. (в совр. границах) проживало ок. 1 млн. евреев.В период Катастрофы нацистская политика геноцида против еврейского населения Б. проводилась во всех 5 частях республики, оказавшихся под разным управлением. В 1941—45 в Б. погибло более полумиллиона евреев (по нек-рым оценкам — ок. 800 тыс.), в т. ч. ок. 50 тыс. иностр. граждан. На терр. 172 нас. пунктов было создано 184 гетто. Б. ч. узников Минского, Полоцкого и др. гетто и евреев стран Европы была уничтожена в Тростенецком лагере смерти. В тяжелых условиях гетто возникло антифашистское движение. Подпольные антифашистские группы действовали в Минском, Слонимском, Барановичском, Бобруйском, Гродненском, Брестском и др. гетто. Во мн. гетто (Несвижском, Клецком, Мирском, Лахвенском, Глубокском, Каменецком, Копыльском) накануне подготовки фашистами массовых расстрелов происходили восстания.Подавляющее большинство вырвавшихся на свободу узников гетто приняло активное участие в партиз. движении. Десятки евреев были командирами, комиссарами, нач. штабов партиз. бригад, отрядов, отд. батальонов, секр. подпольных райкомов и горкомов партии, активными членами Минского, Гомельского, Могилевского, Витебского антифашистского подполья. На терр. Б. действовали еврейские партиз. отряды. В рядах белорус. партизан и подпольщиков в 1941—44 сражалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев.После освобождения терр. Б. процесс восстановления разрушенного войной не коснулся важнейших институтов еврейской жизни. Не возобновлялась деятельность еврейских школ, не функционировала еврейская печать. На вновь учреждаемые гос. должности не назначались евреи (исключение составил [[Г.[[Б.Эйдинов). 13 янв. 1948 в Минске был убит С.М.Михоэлс. В марте 1949 СМ БССР принял решение о закрытии БелГОСЕТа. В кон. 1940-х — нач. 1950-х гг. евреи Б. вытеснялись из обществ., политич. и культурной жизни республики.В 1959 в Б. проживало 150 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 148 тыс. (1,6%), в 1979 — 135 тыс. (1,4%), в 1989 — 111 977 евреев (1,1%).В 1970-е гг. началось движение за выезд в Израиль, к-рое возглавили бывш. военнослужащие Ефим Аронович Давидович (1924—1976), Лев Пересович Овсищер (р. 1919), Нохум Мордухович Альшанский (1917—1993). Организовывались кружки по изучению иврита, идеи противостояния антисемитизму и утверждения еврейского самосознания проводились в лит-ре самиздата.В 1989—94 в Израиль выехало 49 243 чел., в США и др. страны — 21 127 евреев.В 1988 в Б. начали создаваться новые еврейские орг-ции. В апр. 1991 было зарегистрировано Белорус. объединение еврейских орг-ций и общин, к-рое насчитывает ок. 150 еврейских орг-ций и общин (през. с 1991 Л.М.Левин). В 1993 создано Иудейское религ. объединение — ИРО (през. правления Юрий Дорн). Мин-во юстиции Б. зарегистрировало «Всемирн. ассоциацию белорусских евреев» во главе с Яковом Гутманом (центр — в Нью-Йорке).В февр. 1995 начал работу Еврейский ун-т в Минске (ректор доц. З.Пинхасик). 29 янв. 1999 на его базе создан Междунар. ин-т им. М.Шагала, к-рый вошел в состав БГУ. В 1996 основан Еврейский ун-т культуры (ректор — М.Рывкин). При ИРО создан Колледж еврейских знаний в Минске.В 1988—89 в Б. вышло 4 вып. альм. «Контакт» (на рус. яз.) под ред. Г.Хайтовича, в 1990 — бюллетень «Ренессанс» под ред. Я.Басина. В 1989—91 изд. журн. «Авив» в Бобруйске и Гомеле, с 1992 — респ. еврейская газ. «Авив» (ред. М.Нордштейн). В 1990-х гг. выходили газ. «Единство» в Гомеле и «Еврейский акцент» в Могилеве, с 1997 в Минске — газ. «Мезуза» (ред. Я.Басин) и «Хаверим» (ред. Е.Коссовская). С 1995 в Витебске изд. журн. «Мишпоха» под ред. А.Шульмана, с 1998 в Бобруйске — газ. с таким же названием. С 1997 в Минске публикуется сб. «Евреи Беларуси. История и культура» (отв. ред. И.П.Герасимова).В 1999 в Б. проживало неск. сотен тысяч евреев.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=БЕЛОРУССИЯ (в 14—17 вв. — Белая Русь), историческое название Республики Беларусь. В 10 — нач. 12 в. — в составе Киевской Руси (кн-ва Полоцкое, Турово-Пинское и др.), в 13—14 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. В результате трех разделов Речи Посполитой (1772, 1793, 1795) в состав Рос. империи вошли земли Вост. Б. с гор. Витебск, Гомель, Могилев, Полоцк, Центр. Б. с гор. Борисов, Минск, Пинск, Слуцк и Зап. Б. с гор. Брест-Литовск (совр. Брест), Гродно, Новогрудок. 1 янв. 1919 образована БССР. Зап. Б. по Рижскому договору отошла к Польше. С 1922 БССР — в составе СССР. В нояб. 1939 Зап. Б. присоединена к БССР. 19 сент. 1991 БССР переим. в Республику Беларусь (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).Евреи появились на белорусской земле, по одной из версий, в кон. 10 — нач. 11 в. Так, Х.Зоненберг пишет: «...город Брест основан приезжающими купцами. Между купцами были и евреи... Евреи остались на месте развивать и увеличивать город, а другие плыли дальше» ([[Зоненберг [[Х. История города Брест-Литовска. 1016—1907. По достоверным источникам и правдоподобным умозаключениям. Варшава, 1908, с. 8). Археолог Нарбут и нек-рые нем. летописцы считают, что евреи пришли в Б. и Литву в 1-й пол. 12 в. первоначально из Киева, откуда были изгнаны за тайные сношения с греками. Историк и этнограф И.Ярошевич упом. найденный в 18 в. в Лидском у. на еврейском кладбище надгробный камень, датированный 1170 (Живописная Россия, Литовское и Белорусское Полесье. Репринт. воспроизв. издания 1882 г. Минск, 1993, с. 16).В сер. 14 в. евреи жили в Бресте, Гродно и др. белорусских городах. Изв. грамота кн. Гродненского и Трокского Витовта, выданная брестским евреям 24 июня 1388 в Луцке, к-рая регулировала порядок рассмотрения судебных дел между христианами и евреями, а также между самими евреями. Дела последних рассматривались в спец. еврейских судах согласно еврейскому праву. Евреи имели равные с другими права. Так, христианин за уголовное преступление против еврея карался, как за преступление против шляхтича. В актовых книгах Литовской Метрики имеется привилегия кн. Витовта, выданная гродненским евреям 18 июня 1389, по к-рой определялись границы поселения гродненской еврейской общины, а синагога и кладбище освобождались от уплаты податей. Документ разрешал гродненским евреям наравне с мещанами заниматься торговлей и ремеслами, готовить и продавать разного рода напитки с уплатой в казну определенной подати. Привилегия 1389 разрешала им свободную торговлю мясом оптом и в розницу, а также пахотными землями и сенокосами.До 1495 в Вел. кн-ве Литовском было всего 5 городов с оседлым еврейским населением. В источниках впервые упом. как еврейские города: Брест (1388), Владимир-Волынский (1388), Гродно (1389), Луцк (1388), Троки (совр. Тракай) (1388). В ряде др. нас. пунктов евреи проживали в этот период только временно: Дрогичин (1487), Каменец (1465), Кричев (1494), Минск (1489), Новогрудок (1445).Сохранились описи (1552—56) ряда экономий: брестской, гродненской, кобринской и пинской. Судя по этим описям, в Бресте было 90 еврейских домов (от общего числа 746 домов — 12%), в Пинске — 43 (6,5%), в Кобрине — 27 (12%), в [[Новом Дворе — 16 (14%), в Клецке — 6, в Городце — 4. Наконец, в 3 небольших местечках Брестского у. в среднем было по 4 дома (3,5%). В 1569 евреи упом. в Новогрудке, Дворце, Индуре, Слониме, Мстибове, Витебске, Полоцке.Александр Ягеллон (с 1492 вел. князь литовский, с 1501 король польский), все более запутываясь в долгах и не имея возможности избавиться от кредиторов-евреев, обнародовал указ, по к-рому в 1495 изгнанию подверглись евреи Бреста, Гродно, Трок, Луцка, Владимира-Волынского и др. В 1503 Александр разрешил евреям вернуться, возвратив им отчужденное имущество, с тем, однако, условием, чтобы они возместили новым владельцам этого имущества затраты на приобретение и хоз. устройство недвижимости.Вел. князь и король Жигимонт I Старый (1506—1548) укрепил правовое положение белорусского еврейства законодательными актами: освободил евреев от обязанности выставлять на войну тысячу всадников, уравнял их в податном отношении с мещанами, предоставил свободу торговли и ремесел, защитил от произвола воевод, старост и их наместников. Нуждаясь в деньгах для войны с Москвой, Жигимонт в фискальных интересах централизовал власть над евреями и назначил в 1514 обер-раввином всех евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского таможенного откупщика Ицхока-Михла Юзефовича, предоставив ему широкие полномочия. Ввиду невозможности совмещать две функции — сборщика податей и раввина — Юзефовичу было предоставлено право держать при себе помощником раввина.В 1-й четв. 16 в. наиб. состоятельными еврейскими общинами на терр. Б. были общины Бреста, Гродно и Пинска. По статуту Вел. кн-ва Литовского 1529 убийство шляхтича, еврея или горожанина каралось смертной казнью, а семья убийцы обязана была уплачивать семье пострадавшего пеню. В 1551 белорусские евреи получили право избрания раввинов. Раввин Бреста Мендель Франк титуловался «королевским чиновником», а еврей Шлойме Израилович был назначен депутатом при Виленском воеводстве. Наиболее знатные евреи в офиц. документах обычно титуловались «панами». Подобно шляхтичам, евреи носили при себе сабли, цепи и кольца с изображением гербов. Статут 1566 предписывал евреям носить желтые шляпы или шапки, а женам их — повойники из желтого полотна. Евреи не могли избираться членами Литовской рады, назначаться на гос. должности. Они не вправе были владеть крепостными и холопами (христианами) и нанимать христианок-кормилиц.Одно из названий евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского, к-рое относится гл. обр. к литовским и белорусским евреям, — литваки. Уроженец Воложина израильский историк Хаим-Гилель Бен-Сасон датирует возникновение отд. литвацкого субэтноса нач. 15 в. По мнению М.А.Членова, к литвакам относили евреев Литвы, Белоруссии, зап. районов совр. Брянской, Смоленской и юж. районов Псковской обл. России. Долгое время еврейские историки не выделяли литваков из общности польских евреев и употребляли это название в геогр. смысле. И.Сосис оставил после себя распространенный впоследствии термин «литовско-белорусское еврейство».От других еврейских этногр. групп литваки отличались особыми признаками быта, обычаев, своим сев.-вост. диалектом яз. идиш. По мнению лингвиста и просветителя У.Вайнрайха (1926—1967, сын М.Вайнрайха), история еврейского языка на терр. Б. ведет к началу поселения евреев в Вел. кн-ве Литовском, т. е. не позднее 14 в. Вайнрайх считает район Брест — Новогрудок — Гродно колыбелью белорусского идиша, на формирование и оформление геогр. строя к-рого оказал влияние белорус. яз. и его диалекты. Оперируя историко-фонетич. критериями, еврейская диалектология определила белорусский идиш как сев.-вост. диалект, к-рый охватывал как Б., так Литву и Латвию (Б. наделена особым традиц. еврейским назв. — Райсн, старый еврейский термин — Литэ включает не только терр. этногр. Литвы, но и Б.). Отмечается существование специфич. черт сев.-вост. идиша в фонологии, грамматике и лексике.Своеобразие и нек-рые отличит. черты «литовских» евреев отмечал еще польск. хронист 16 в. Матей из Мехова. Анализируя интеллектуальное и нравств. состояние литвацкого еврейства, особенности религ. мировоззрения и менталитета, изв. ученые-этнографы 19 в. трактуют литваков как отчетливо отличит. часть еврейства. В 19—20 вв. термин «литвак» стал синонимом слова «миснагед» (противник хасидизма). Это связано с незначительным, в отличие от Б., распространением хасидизма в Литве.Общая численность еврейского населения на терр. Вел. кн-ва Литовского в сер. 16 в. достигла 20 тыс. чел., а к 1628 — ок. 40 тыс. По подсчетам белорус. историка З.Ю.Копысского, в городах и местечках Б. евреи составляли от 2 до 10% населения. Во время Ливонской войны после захвата Полоцка в 1563 рус. войсками по приказу Ивана Грозного в Зап. Двине было потоплено все еврейское население города (300 чел.), к-рое отказалось принять христианство.Гл. ярмарки Вел. кн-ва Литовского проходили в этот период в Зельве, Копыле, Сельце. Еврейские сеймы собирались в Бресте, Пружанах, Сельце, Хомске. Наряду с заселением евреями частновладельч. земель шло преобразование несамостоят. поселений в юридич. общины с кагальной организацией. Высш. органом еврейского самоуправления являлись ваады — съезды раввинов и кагальных представителей. Ваад коронных, или польских, евреев существовал в 1580—1764, Литовский ваад — в 1623—1764. В 1580—1623 в сессиях Коронного ваада принимали участие и еврейские общины Вел. кн-ва Литовского.В 1623 в Бресте собрался первый Ваад глав белорус. и лит. общин, маршалком (пред.) к-рого до своей смерти состоял брестский раввин Меир Валь, сын легендарного польского «короля» Шауля Валя.Еврейское население пострадало во времена «хмельнитчины» и последовавших за ней рус.-польск. войны 1654—67 и польско-шведской войны 1656—60.В 1676 в Б. проживало ок. 32 000 евреев, в 1766 — 157 250, в т. ч. в Витебском воеводстве — 11 959, в Новогрудском — 21 101, в Минском — 13 422, в Мстиславльском — 2615, в Виленском — 26 977, в Трокском — 33 738 евреев.«Столицей» евреев Литвы и Б. в 14—18 вв. считался Брест, где в 1784 проживало 3175 евреев (по другим данным — 3353). В Вильне (совр. Вильнюс) в это время проживал 3381 еврей, в Гродно — 2255, в Минске — 1396, в Пинске — 1350 евреев. Евреи составляли значит. процент всего гор. населения Б.После первого раздела Речи Посполитой в составе России оказалось ок. 100 тыс. белорусских евреев. Сенатским указом 1775 было узаконено существование кагалов. По представлению ген.-губернатора З.Г.Чернышева евреи в Б. были выделены в особую податную и сословную единицу, их особо заносили в поголовную перепись в городах, местечках, селах и деревнях, где производились ревизии. В 1783 пр-во признало право евреев, записавшихся в купечество, участвовать в общем гор. самоуправлении, избирать и быть избранными наравне с христианами в члены магистрата, ратуши и гор. судов. В кон. 18 в. в Б. начал распространяться хасидизм (любавичское, слонимское, карлин-столинское и др. направления).Вскоре все евреи Б. вошли в черту оседлости. По спец. указу Екатерины II от 23 дек. 1791 еврейское население удерживалось в границах его расселения. 23 июня 1794 была узаконена расширенная черта оседлости. Евреям разрешалось «отправлять купеческие и мещанские промыслы» в губ.: Минской, Полоцкой (Витебской), Могилевской и др.; Днепр по двум его берегам сделали центр. рекой «еврейской» территории.Немалое число белорусских евреев приняло активное участие в Отеч. войне 1812 на стороне рус. армии. Евреи были разведчиками и поставщиками продовольствия. В 1812—13 при Гл. квартире продвигавшейся на Запад рус. армии находились 2 белорусских еврея: Зундель Зонненберг из Гродно и Лейзер Диллон из Несвижа. Сопровождая квартиру и за пределами России, они выполняли, при содействии кагалов, поручения по удовлетворению нужд армии и вместе с тем хлопотали по еврейским делам. Зонненберг и Диллон именовались то депутатами от «еврейского народа», то депутатами «от кагалов». С призывом поддержать пр-во в борьбе с Наполеоном выступил лидер белорусского хасидизма Шнеер-Залман из Ляд.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. на терр. Б. периодически вспыхивали судеб. процессы, в к-рых евреев пытались обвинить в ритуальном употреблении крови христианских младенцев (Сенненское дело 1799, Гродненское дело 1816, Велижское дело 1822—24 и др.).Общинное самоуправление в Б., как и во всей России, было ликвидировано в 1844. Первая для евреев школа 1-го разр. (низшая) была учреждена в 1847 в Минске.В 1863 процентное отношение евреев ко всему населению губ. составляло: в Виленской — 11,6%, в Витебской — 9,1, в Гродненской — 11,1, в Минской — 9,8, в Могилевской — 13,3, всего по 5 губ. — 11%. В 1864 в Виленской губ. проживало 102 тыс. евреев, в Витебской — 68 тыс., в Гродненской — 80 тыс., в Минской — 103 тыс., в Могилевской губ. — 120 тыс. евреев.В 1897 евреи составляли 17,28% всего населения Гродненской губ., 15,77% — Минской. Всего в Виленской, Витебской, Гродненской, Минской и Могилевской губ. евреи составляли 13,8% населения. В Витебске проживало 34 440 евреев (52%), в Бресте — 30 260 (65%), в Гродно — 22 684 (48%), в Минске — 47 652 (52%), в Пинске — 21 065 (74%), в Слуцке — 10 264 (77%), в Могилеве — 21 547 (50%), в Гомеле — 20 385 евреев (55%).В 5 белорус. губ., по данным переписи, численность еврейского населения в городах и местечках составляла 55,9%, в т. ч. в городах — 53,9%, в местечках — 58,9%. Среди самодеят. населения Сев.-Зап. края, без членов их семей, на долю евреев приходилось в пром-сти 56,5%, в торговле — 88,6%, в сел. х-ве — 1%, на ж. д. — 2,2%, в средствах связи — 1,7%, в извозном промысле — 65,6%, прислуга, поденщики — 18,6%.В кон. 19 в. 25—38% евреев в ряде городов и местечек Б. жили за счет благотворительности, многие (гл. обр. еврейская беднота) были вынуждены выехать в США и др. страны. В 1897—1917 из Виленской губ. выехало 53 тыс. евреев, из Витебской — 47 тыс., из Гродненской — 73 тыс., из Минской — 91 тыс., из Могилевской — 53 тыс. евреев.Представители разл. еврейских социалистич. групп в окт. 1897 собрались в Вильне и основали «Всеобщий еврейский рабочий союз в Литве, Польше и России» (Бунд). Белорусские евреи приняли активное участие в создании и деятельности этой орг-ции. В кон. 1901 в Минске состоялся съезд «Поалей Цион».Летом 1903, когда произошел еврейский погром в Гомеле, еврейская молодежь города впервые в истории еврейских погромов в России сумела создать самооборону и успешно отразить натиск погромщиков. Участники этой самообороны, переселившись в Э.-И., положили начало второй алии и основали орг-цию «Га-Шомер».Волна еврейских погромов прокатилась по городам и местечкам Б. в 1905: Минск, Белосток (дважды), Копысь, Брест, Орша, Лоев, Речица, Полоцк, Ветка, Краснолуки, Сураж.В Б. существовали кр. иешивы в Воложине, Мире, Слониме, Слуцке, Любавичах. Сюда стекалась еврейская молодежь из мн. стран мира. В 19 в. в Б. получил распространение хасидизм, представленный любавичским, карлин-столинским, слонимским движениями. В 1917 в Минске было 83 синагоги, в Могилеве — 50, в Бобруйске — 42, в Витебске — 30, в Гомеле — 26.В период 1-й мир. войны евреев Б. обвиняли в шпионаже, в «немецкой ориентации». В зоне боевых действий рус. артиллерия разрушила до основания мн. небольшие города и местечки; вслед за артиллерией разгром довершали пехота и казачьи части. В мае 1915 был издан приказ о выселении евреев из приграничных Ковенской, а также части Гродненской и Сувалкской губ. Летом 1915 прошли еврейские погромы в прифронтовой полосе — в Гродненской, Ковенской, Виленской, Минской и Волынской губ.После Февр. рев-ции все еврейские партии вышли из подполья. В результате свободных выборов пред. гор. думы Минска стал чл. Бунда А.И.Вайнштейн. На выборах в Учредит. собрание в Минской губ. за сионистов проголосовало 65 400 чел., за Бунд и меньшевиков — 16 270. Сионист Ю.Бруцкус был избран деп. Учредит. собрания. В Минске начали издаваться неск. еврейских газ.: еженед. «Дос идише ворт», ежедн. «Дер векер», легальная сионистская газ. «Дер ид».В 1918—21 белорусские евреи стали жертвами погромов со стороны польск. войск, отрядов С.Н.Булак-Балаховича, банд грабителей, отд. частей Кр. Армии. В 1918—21 на терр. Б. было учинено 225 погромов, в т. ч. частями Директории — 5, польск. войсками — 18, отрядами Булак-Балаховича — 47, др. бандами — 155. В результате, по неполным данным, погибло ок. 1100 чел.После восстановления сов. власти на терр. Б. все еврейские изд., кроме бундовской газ. «Дер векер», были запрещены. В июне 1919 комиссариат по еврейским делам Наркомнаца обнародовал решение о роспуске еврейских общин и потребовал сдать ему их имущество. После освобождения Минска от польск. войск 11 июля 1920 в Б. перестала существовать еврейская община как представительская единица еврейского населения. Началось закрытие синагог, микв, хедеров, иешив, преследование раввинов, моэлов, шохетов, меламедов.В 1920-е гг. в результате новой экономической политики была разрушена хоз. структура еврейского местечка на терр. БССР. Десятки тысяч бывш. ремесленников и торговцев лишились не только пост. заработка, но и гражд. прав.В 1924 в БССР проживало 447 667 евреев. 36,3% еврейского населения жило в окружных городах, 30,7% — в местечках и 33% — в сел. местности. В 1926 в БССР проживало 407 тыс. евреев, что составляло 8,2% населения республики и 15,7% всего еврейского населения СССР.29 авг. 1924 През. ВЦИК постановил учредить особый К-т по земельному устройству трудящихся евреев (КОМЗЕТ). На съезде еврейских крестьян БССР (1928) отмечалось, что в республике уже числилось 7915 семейств — до 40 тыс. земледельцев, и только за посл. 3 года в БССР землеустроилось 1867 новых еврейских семейств. В это же время в БССР насчитывалось 170 еврейских с.-х. кооперативов — 40% всех с.-х. коллективов БССР. Евреи-земледельцы БССР обрабатывали 53 тыс. га пашни и 50 тыс. дес. мелиорированной земли.В 1920—30-х гг. в БССР было 4 гос. языка (белорус., рус., идиш, польск.). Число местных советов в БССР, языком к-рых был идиш, составляло в 1927 — 20, в 1932 — 31. В 1931 в БССР было 10 судов, разбиравших дела на идише.В 1924—25 в БССР работало 87 нач. и 42 семилетние школы с обучением на идише, в к-рых занималось 19 тыс. уч-ся, в 1926—27 нач. школ — 147, семилетних — 53. В школах обучалось 24 тыс. уч-ся. В 1921 в Минске и Витебске, в 1925 в Гомеле были открыты еврейские пед. техникумы. В 3 пед. техникумах занималось ок. 500 студентов. В БССР работали еврейские отд-ния рабфака БГУ, витебского рабфака, кафедра еврейского яз. Горецкой с.-х. академии, еврейское отд-ние пед. ф-та БГУ, еврейская секция этнолого-лингвистич. ф-та БГУ, еврейский зоотехникум в Минске, еврейское отд-ние Витебского худож. техникума. В 1930-х гг. имелись еврейские секции на социально-экономич. и лит.-лингвистич. ф-тах Высш. пед. ин-та в Минске, еврейское отд-ние ист.-лит. ф-та Витебского пед. ин-та. В кон. 1930-х гг. еврейское образование в БССР было фактически ликвидировано.В июле 1924 был учрежден еврейский Ин-т белорус. культуры, в дек. 1928 преобразованный в еврейский сектор Белорус. Акад. Наук. В 1932 на базе сектора создан Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры.В 1926 в Минске осн. Белорус. гос. еврейский т-р (БелГОСЕТ), к-рый возглавил М.Ф.Рафальский, в 1929 — еврейская хоровая студия (55 певцов) под рук. комп. Самуила Полонского.В БССР издавались ежемес. лит. журн. «Штерн», двухнед. журн. «Дер юнгер арбетер», ежедн. газ. «Октябер», пионерская газ. «Дер юнгер ленинец». В 1927 в Минске вышло 15 книг на идише, в 1928 — 36, в 1929 — 55 книг.После Рижского мирного договора за Виленским, Новогрудским, Полесским, б. ч. Белостокского воеводства, вошедшими в состав Польши, закрепилось неофиц. назв. «Зап. Белоруссия» с населением в 4,6 млн чел. (1931). Из них евреи, по нек-рым данным, составляли 10—11%. На терр. Зап. Б. действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. В системе еврейского образования функционировали школы сети «Тарбут» и «Явне», работали иешивы, велась активная религ. и культурная жизнь. В сент. 1939, после нападения Германии на Польшу, терр. Зап. Б. была присоединена к БССР. После этого на терр. Б. (в совр. границах) проживало ок. 1 млн. евреев.В период Катастрофы нацистская политика геноцида против еврейского населения Б. проводилась во всех 5 частях республики, оказавшихся под разным управлением. В 1941—45 в Б. погибло более полумиллиона евреев (по нек-рым оценкам — ок. 800 тыс.), в т. ч. ок. 50 тыс. иностр. граждан. На терр. 172 нас. пунктов было создано 184 гетто. Б. ч. узников Минского, Полоцкого и др. гетто и евреев стран Европы была уничтожена в Тростенецком лагере смерти. В тяжелых условиях гетто возникло антифашистское движение. Подпольные антифашистские группы действовали в Минском, Слонимском, Барановичском, Бобруйском, Гродненском, Брестском и др. гетто. Во мн. гетто (Несвижском, Клецком, Мирском, Лахвенском, Глубокском, Каменецком, Копыльском) накануне подготовки фашистами массовых расстрелов происходили восстания.Подавляющее большинство вырвавшихся на свободу узников гетто приняло активное участие в партиз. движении. Десятки евреев были командирами, комиссарами, нач. штабов партиз. бригад, отрядов, отд. батальонов, секр. подпольных райкомов и горкомов партии, активными членами Минского, Гомельского, Могилевского, Витебского антифашистского подполья. На терр. Б. действовали еврейские партиз. отряды. В рядах белорус. партизан и подпольщиков в 1941—44 сражалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев.После освобождения терр. Б. процесс восстановления разрушенного войной не коснулся важнейших институтов еврейской жизни. Не возобновлялась деятельность еврейских школ, не функционировала еврейская печать. На вновь учреждаемые гос. должности не назначались евреи (исключение составил [[Г.[[Б.Эйдинов). 13 янв. 1948 в Минске был убит С.М.Михоэлс. В марте 1949 СМ БССР принял решение о закрытии БелГОСЕТа. В кон. 1940-х — нач. 1950-х гг. евреи Б. вытеснялись из обществ., политич. и культурной жизни республики.В 1959 в Б. проживало 150 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 148 тыс. (1,6%), в 1979 — 135 тыс. (1,4%), в 1989 — 111 977 евреев (1,1%).В 1970-е гг. началось движение за выезд в Израиль, к-рое возглавили бывш. военнослужащие Ефим Аронович Давидович (1924—1976), Лев Пересович Овсищер (р. 1919), Нохум Мордухович Альшанский (1917—1993). Организовывались кружки по изучению иврита, идеи противостояния антисемитизму и утверждения еврейского самосознания проводились в лит-ре самиздата.В 1989—94 в Израиль выехало 49 243 чел., в США и др. страны — 21 127 евреев.В 1988 в Б. начали создаваться новые еврейские орг-ции. В апр. 1991 было зарегистрировано Белорус. объединение еврейских орг-ций и общин, к-рое насчитывает ок. 150 еврейских орг-ций и общин (през. с 1991 Л.М.Левин). В 1993 создано Иудейское религ. объединение — ИРО (през. правления Юрий Дорн). Мин-во юстиции Б. зарегистрировало «Всемирн. ассоциацию белорусских евреев» во главе с Яковом Гутманом (центр — в Нью-Йорке).В февр. 1995 начал работу Еврейский ун-т в Минске (ректор доц. З.Пинхасик). 29 янв. 1999 на его базе создан Междунар. ин-т им. М.Шагала, к-рый вошел в состав БГУ. В 1996 основан Еврейский ун-т культуры (ректор — М.Рывкин). При ИРО создан Колледж еврейских знаний в Минске.В 1988—89 в Б. вышло 4 вып. альм. «Контакт» (на рус. яз.) под ред. Г.Хайтовича, в 1990 — бюллетень «Ренессанс» под ред. Я.Басина. В 1989—91 изд. журн. «Авив» в Бобруйске и Гомеле, с 1992 — респ. еврейская газ. «Авив» (ред. М.Нордштейн). В 1990-х гг. выходили газ. «Единство» в Гомеле и «Еврейский акцент» в Могилеве, с 1997 в Минске — газ. «Мезуза» (ред. Я.Басин) и «Хаверим» (ред. Е.Коссовская). С 1995 в Витебске изд. журн. «Мишпоха» под ред. А.Шульмана, с 1998 в Бобруйске — газ. с таким же названием. С 1997 в Минске публикуется сб. «Евреи Беларуси. История и культура» (отв. ред. И.П.Герасимова).В 1999 в Б. проживало неск. сотен тысяч евреев.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОСТОК, город (с 1749), центр Белостокского воеводства (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1320. В 16—18 вв. — город Бельской земли Подлясского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1807 — в составе Рос. империи, центр Белостокской обл., с 1842 — уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в Б. проживал 761 еврей (22,4%), в 1808 — ок. 4000 (66,6%), в 1847 — 6714, в 1856 — 9547 (69%), в 1861 — 11 873 (69,8%), в 1895 — 47 783 (76%), в 1897 — 41 905, в 1910 — 52 123 (68,3%), в 1913 — 61 500 (68,6%), в 1929 — 43 150 (47,8%), в 1932 — 39 165 (60,5%), в 1936 — 42 880 (43,0%), в 1945 — 1085, в 1948 — 660 евреев.Еврейская община Б. была осн. в 1745. В 1825—35 и в 1845 в Б. переселилось значит. число евреев, изгнанных в соответствии с законом 1804 из близлежащих деревень. Экономич. положение общины резко ухудшилось. После наполеоновских войн с предприимчивостью евреев во многом связано развитие в Б. текстильной пром-сти. В 1860 из 44 текстильных ф-к 19 принадлежали евреям. Из общей продукции белостокских ф-к, оцененной в 1898 в 12 855 руб., 47,3% приходилось на долю продукции, производимой евреями.В 1861 в Б. имелось 18 синагог, в 1910 — 47 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, действовали хевра кадиша (с 1821), приют (с 1852), богадельня (с 1872), об-ва «Линат га-Цедек», «Бикур холим» (с 1880), еврейская больница (с 1882), дешевая столовая (с 1901), ремесл. уч-ще (с 1902), 3 талмуд-торы, 2 казенных, нар. муж., частное муж., 4 частных жен. уч-ща, об-во приказчиков, ссудо-сберегат. т-во (оба — с 1901), б-ка. К 1915 действовали отд-ние ОПЕ, дет. питательный пункт ОЗЕ, учительское об-во.В сер. 19 в. раввинами в Б. был Й.Т.Л.Гальперн, в 1883—98 — Ш.Могилевер, основавший в Б. иешиву, с 1900 — сын Гальперна Хаим-Нафтоли-Герц (1841—?). Б. был одним из центров литовского хасидизма. В 1896 Менахем-Нохум Эпштейн (1846—1918) основал в Б. хасидскую династию. В 1918—39 династию возглавлял зять Эпштейна Меир-Шолом Щедровицкий (?—1939). После смерти Меира-Шолома династию возглавил его сын Шмуэль-Арон, впоследствии зам. пред. партии «Агудат Исраэль» в Израиле.В 1-й пол. 19 в. среди евреев Б. стали распространяться идеи Гаскалы. В 1880 в Б. сформировалась группа «Ховевей Цион». Разл. сионистские течения нашли в Б. значит. число сторонников. Евреи Б. активно участвовали в еврейском рабочем движении. В 1900 в орг-ции Бунда в Б. насчитывалось ок. 1 тыс. чел. В апр. 1901 в Б. прошел 4-й съезд Бунда. В Б. выходила газ. Бунда «Белостокер арбетер», ред. к-рой был лидер местного отд-ния Павел Розенталь (1872, Вильна — 1924). В 1905 в забастовках, устроенных Бундом, приняло участие ок. 15 тыс. чел. Осенью 1905 в Б. была организована группа «Поалей Цион». В 1906 при местной орг-ции существовали боевые отряды поалей-ционистов и анархистов. В том же году в Б. вышел 1-й номер журн. «сионистов-территориалистов» «Еврейский голос» под ред. Л.Паперны.30 июля 1905 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, в к-ром было убито 35 и ранено ок. 40 евреев. Жертвами погромов 1—3 июня 1906 стали 160 евреев: 70 было убито и 90 тяжело ранено.После 1-й мир. войны в Б. были осн. еврейские нач. и ср. школы с преподаванием на иврите. В 1921 93% коммерсантов Б. были евреи, им принадлежало 89% пром. пр-тий. В 1928 евреи составляли 78,3% предпринимателей Б.15 сент. 1939 Б. был оккупирован герм. армией, 22 сент. 1939 передан сов. войскам. В нач. войны между Германией и СССР Б. был вновь оккупирован герм. войсками. В это время в Б. проживало ок. 50 тыс. евреев, в прилегающих к Б. р-нах — ок. 350 тыс. евреев. На след. день после захвата Б. был сожжен еврейский квартал. При этом погибло более 1 тыс. евреев, запертых в синагоге. В 1-й пол. июля 1941 было уничтожено более 6 тыс. евреев. 1 авг. 1941 ок. 50 тыс. евреев было заключено в Белостокское гетто. 26 июля 1941 был учрежден юденрат. В февр. 1942 началось массовое уничтожение евреев. Во время первой «акции» было убито ок. 1 тыс. евреев и ок. 10 тыс. евреев отправлены в Треблинку. В гетто Б. была создана подпольная орг-ция, гл. задачей к-рой была организация саботажей на герм. пр-тиях; подпольно изготавливалось оружие. 16 авг. 1943 герм. войска при поддержке танков атаковали гетто, начав его уничтожение. Евреи оказали сопротивление. Восстанием руководил Мордехай Тененбаум (Тамаров) (1916, Варшава — 1943). Б. ч. населения гетто погибла в бою. Однако отд. группы бойцов сопротивлялись в теч. месяца. Сопротивление было подавлено; ок. 40 тыс. евреев вывезены в Треблинку и Майданек.На еврейском кладбище Б. установлен мраморный памятник жертвам погромов 1905—06. В 1963 на месте сожженной в 1941 синагоги, где погибли жители еврейского квартала, поставлен памятный знак. На терр. бывш. кладбища гетто возведены два памятника: погибшим в гетто в период Катастрофы и участникам подпольного сопротивления.В Б. род.: И.Беренблюм, П.Бинецкий, Х.Бродский, Э.Бройде, М.Вебер, Д.Вертов, Л.Винер, И.Гальперн, Л.Гальперн, С.М.Гельфер, В.Б.Герцик, Ш.Гоборин, М.Л.Гольдман, З.Гродецкий, А.И.Гуревич, О.Дымов, И.Заблудовский, Н.Заблудовский, И.Задрунский, Л.Л.Заменгоф, Ш.Капланский, Б.А.Кауфман, М.А.Кауфман, А.Левин, Ш.Х.Левин, М.Липсон, А.Лис, М.М.Литвинов, Л.Матес, И.Могилевер, Э.Мунчак-Маргалит]], И.Г.Неман, Э.Я.Пат, Я.Пат, Я.И.Перельман, А.А.Пресс, И.Рабинович, Р.Райза, А.-А.Райский, И.Райхман, П.Раковская, И.Рапопорт, Г.Розенцвейг, Ц.Руди, В.-Г.Сегалович, З.Сегалович, А.Б.Сейбин, Х.Семятицкий, Й.Серлин, Х.Словес, Х.-З.Слонимский, Э.-Л.Сукеник, Б.Табачинский, А.С.Таненбаум, М.И.Темкин, Э.-И.Фейгин, Х.-А.Финкель, Г.Франк, И.-Ш.Фукс, Я.-Ш.Фукс, Ф.А.Цигельницкая, З.С.Шейнис, Б.Л.Шифринсон, Г.С.Шпиро, Д.А.Эпштейн; Авром-Цви-Гирш Айзенштадт (1813—1868), раввин, автор работ в обл. еврейского законодательства; Цви-Гирш-Дон Габавли (1836—1905, Вильна), публицист, автор коммент. к кн. ТАНАХа; Самюэль Гальперт (1883—1930, Детройт, США), амер. живописец; Хаим Геллер (1878—1960), раввин, с 1929 — в США, автор работ в обл. еврейского законодательства; Павел Тихонович Гельгиссер (1909—1987, Москва), военачальник, ген.-майор артиллерии (1958), нагр. 8 орд.; Эстер Яковлевна Гессен (р. 1923), переводчик с польск. яз., в т. ч. произв. З.Косидовского, И.Неверли; Михаил Давидович Заблудовский (1912—1941), литературовед, специалист в обл. англ. лит-ры, погиб на фронте; Кальман Капланский (р. 1912), один из лидеров еврейского социалистич. движения в Канаде; Дора Борисовна Кацнельсон (р. 1921), литературовед, специалист в обл. истории польск. лит-ры, с 1989 — активист еврейского движения в Дрогобыче, племянница Б.Кацнельсона; Давид Сапир (1892—1953, Нью-Йорк), писатель на идише; Сара Троп (1859—1939, Нью-Йорк), поэт, автор цикла стихов, посв. Катастрофе; Авром Шабах (1904—1969, Нью-Йорк), поэт на идише, с 1930 — в Аргентине; Хаим Шошкес (1891—1964, Нью-Йорк), путешественник, публицист, писал на идише, в 1921—40 — в Польше, с 1940 — в США, автор книг о жизни евреев в разл. странах мира; Авром-Шолем Штейн (1911—1960, Тель-Авив), публицист, писал на иврите и идише, автор книг о еврейских местечках, уничтоженных в период Катастрофы; Исроэль-Гдалья Штейнсапир (1890—1937, Белосток), журналист, драматург (на идише)., pronunciation=БЕЛОСТОК, город (с 1749), центр Белостокского воеводства (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1320. В 16—18 вв. — город Бельской земли Подлясского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1807 — в составе Рос. империи, центр Белостокской обл., с 1842 — уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в Б. проживал 761 еврей (22,4%), в 1808 — ок. 4000 (66,6%), в 1847 — 6714, в 1856 — 9547 (69%), в 1861 — 11 873 (69,8%), в 1895 — 47 783 (76%), в 1897 — 41 905, в 1910 — 52 123 (68,3%), в 1913 — 61 500 (68,6%), в 1929 — 43 150 (47,8%), в 1932 — 39 165 (60,5%), в 1936 — 42 880 (43,0%), в 1945 — 1085, в 1948 — 660 евреев.Еврейская община Б. была осн. в 1745. В 1825—35 и в 1845 в Б. переселилось значит. число евреев, изгнанных в соответствии с законом 1804 из близлежащих деревень. Экономич. положение общины резко ухудшилось. После наполеоновских войн с предприимчивостью евреев во многом связано развитие в Б. текстильной пром-сти. В 1860 из 44 текстильных ф-к 19 принадлежали евреям. Из общей продукции белостокских ф-к, оцененной в 1898 в 12 855 руб., 47,3% приходилось на долю продукции, производимой евреями.В 1861 в Б. имелось 18 синагог, в 1910 — 47 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, действовали хевра кадиша (с 1821), приют (с 1852), богадельня (с 1872), об-ва «Линат га-Цедек», «Бикур холим» (с 1880), еврейская больница (с 1882), дешевая столовая (с 1901), ремесл. уч-ще (с 1902), 3 талмуд-торы, 2 казенных, нар. муж., частное муж., 4 частных жен. уч-ща, об-во приказчиков, ссудо-сберегат. т-во (оба — с 1901), б-ка. К 1915 действовали отд-ние ОПЕ, дет. питательный пункт ОЗЕ, учительское об-во.В сер. 19 в. раввинами в Б. был Й.Т.Л.Гальперн, в 1883—98 — Ш.Могилевер, основавший в Б. иешиву, с 1900 — сын Гальперна Хаим-Нафтоли-Герц (1841—?). Б. был одним из центров литовского хасидизма. В 1896 Менахем-Нохум Эпштейн (1846—1918) основал в Б. хасидскую династию. В 1918—39 династию возглавлял зять Эпштейна Меир-Шолом Щедровицкий (?—1939). После смерти Меира-Шолома династию возглавил его сын Шмуэль-Арон, впоследствии зам. пред. партии «Агудат Исраэль» в Израиле.В 1-й пол. 19 в. среди евреев Б. стали распространяться идеи Гаскалы. В 1880 в Б. сформировалась группа «Ховевей Цион». Разл. сионистские течения нашли в Б. значит. число сторонников. Евреи Б. активно участвовали в еврейском рабочем движении. В 1900 в орг-ции Бунда в Б. насчитывалось ок. 1 тыс. чел. В апр. 1901 в Б. прошел 4-й съезд Бунда. В Б. выходила газ. Бунда «Белостокер арбетер», ред. к-рой был лидер местного отд-ния Павел Розенталь (1872, Вильна — 1924). В 1905 в забастовках, устроенных Бундом, приняло участие ок. 15 тыс. чел. Осенью 1905 в Б. была организована группа «Поалей Цион». В 1906 при местной орг-ции существовали боевые отряды поалей-ционистов и анархистов. В том же году в Б. вышел 1-й номер журн. «сионистов-территориалистов» «Еврейский голос» под ред. Л.Паперны.30 июля 1905 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, в к-ром было убито 35 и ранено ок. 40 евреев. Жертвами погромов 1—3 июня 1906 стали 160 евреев: 70 было убито и 90 тяжело ранено.После 1-й мир. войны в Б. были осн. еврейские нач. и ср. школы с преподаванием на иврите. В 1921 93% коммерсантов Б. были евреи, им принадлежало 89% пром. пр-тий. В 1928 евреи составляли 78,3% предпринимателей Б.15 сент. 1939 Б. был оккупирован герм. армией, 22 сент. 1939 передан сов. войскам. В нач. войны между Германией и СССР Б. был вновь оккупирован герм. войсками. В это время в Б. проживало ок. 50 тыс. евреев, в прилегающих к Б. р-нах — ок. 350 тыс. евреев. На след. день после захвата Б. был сожжен еврейский квартал. При этом погибло более 1 тыс. евреев, запертых в синагоге. В 1-й пол. июля 1941 было уничтожено более 6 тыс. евреев. 1 авг. 1941 ок. 50 тыс. евреев было заключено в Белостокское гетто. 26 июля 1941 был учрежден юденрат. В февр. 1942 началось массовое уничтожение евреев. Во время первой «акции» было убито ок. 1 тыс. евреев и ок. 10 тыс. евреев отправлены в Треблинку. В гетто Б. была создана подпольная орг-ция, гл. задачей к-рой была организация саботажей на герм. пр-тиях; подпольно изготавливалось оружие. 16 авг. 1943 герм. войска при поддержке танков атаковали гетто, начав его уничтожение. Евреи оказали сопротивление. Восстанием руководил Мордехай Тененбаум (Тамаров) (1916, Варшава — 1943). Б. ч. населения гетто погибла в бою. Однако отд. группы бойцов сопротивлялись в теч. месяца. Сопротивление было подавлено; ок. 40 тыс. евреев вывезены в Треблинку и Майданек.На еврейском кладбище Б. установлен мраморный памятник жертвам погромов 1905—06. В 1963 на месте сожженной в 1941 синагоги, где погибли жители еврейского квартала, поставлен памятный знак. На терр. бывш. кладбища гетто возведены два памятника: погибшим в гетто в период Катастрофы и участникам подпольного сопротивления.В Б. род.: И.Беренблюм, П.Бинецкий, Х.Бродский, Э.Бройде, М.Вебер, Д.Вертов, Л.Винер, И.Гальперн, Л.Гальперн, С.М.Гельфер, В.Б.Герцик, Ш.Гоборин, М.Л.Гольдман, З.Гродецкий, А.И.Гуревич, О.Дымов, И.Заблудовский, Н.Заблудовский, И.Задрунский, Л.Л.Заменгоф, Ш.Капланский, Б.А.Кауфман, М.А.Кауфман, А.Левин, Ш.Х.Левин, М.Липсон, А.Лис, М.М.Литвинов, Л.Матес, И.Могилевер, Э.Мунчак-Маргалит]], И.Г.Неман, Э.Я.Пат, Я.Пат, Я.И.Перельман, А.А.Пресс, И.Рабинович, Р.Райза, А.-А.Райский, И.Райхман, П.Раковская, И.Рапопорт, Г.Розенцвейг, Ц.Руди, В.-Г.Сегалович, З.Сегалович, А.Б.Сейбин, Х.Семятицкий, Й.Серлин, Х.Словес, Х.-З.Слонимский, Э.-Л.Сукеник, Б.Табачинский, А.С.Таненбаум, М.И.Темкин, Э.-И.Фейгин, Х.-А.Финкель, Г.Франк, И.-Ш.Фукс, Я.-Ш.Фукс, Ф.А.Цигельницкая, З.С.Шейнис, Б.Л.Шифринсон, Г.С.Шпиро, Д.А.Эпштейн; Авром-Цви-Гирш Айзенштадт (1813—1868), раввин, автор работ в обл. еврейского законодательства; Цви-Гирш-Дон Габавли (1836—1905, Вильна), публицист, автор коммент. к кн. ТАНАХа; Самюэль Гальперт (1883—1930, Детройт, США), амер. живописец; Хаим Геллер (1878—1960), раввин, с 1929 — в США, автор работ в обл. еврейского законодательства; Павел Тихонович Гельгиссер (1909—1987, Москва), военачальник, ген.-майор артиллерии (1958), нагр. 8 орд.; Эстер Яковлевна Гессен (р. 1923), переводчик с польск. яз., в т. ч. произв. З.Косидовского, И.Неверли; Михаил Давидович Заблудовский (1912—1941), литературовед, специалист в обл. англ. лит-ры, погиб на фронте; Кальман Капланский (р. 1912), один из лидеров еврейского социалистич. движения в Канаде; Дора Борисовна Кацнельсон (р. 1921), литературовед, специалист в обл. истории польск. лит-ры, с 1989 — активист еврейского движения в Дрогобыче, племянница Б.Кацнельсона; Давид Сапир (1892—1953, Нью-Йорк), писатель на идише; Сара Троп (1859—1939, Нью-Йорк), поэт, автор цикла стихов, посв. Катастрофе; Авром Шабах (1904—1969, Нью-Йорк), поэт на идише, с 1930 — в Аргентине; Хаим Шошкес (1891—1964, Нью-Йорк), путешественник, публицист, писал на идише, в 1921—40 — в Польше, с 1940 — в США, автор книг о жизни евреев в разл. странах мира; Авром-Шолем Штейн (1911—1960, Тель-Авив), публицист, писал на иврите и идише, автор книг о еврейских местечках, уничтоженных в период Катастрофы; Исроэль-Гдалья Штейнсапир (1890—1937, Белосток), журналист, драматург (на идише)., extra_data="{'translat...")
BELOSTOTSKY Benjamin Yaakov (1892, Pompians of Ponevezhsky u. Koven province. - 1962, USA), poet, folklorist. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1911 in the USA. He taught in Heb. schools, edited by J. in Yiddish and from 1922 wrote for gas. in Yiddish "Forward". In 1955 he edited the memorial collection, dedicated to. poet D. Edelshdadt. His own poet. Sat. "Lid tsu lid" ("Song to the song") has a bright nat. coloring. Folklore works B. publ. in several. collection of legends: "Fun Golus Bovel bis Roim" ("From Babylonian captivity to Rome"), "Di mesholm fun Dubner Maggid" ("Proverbs of the Maggid from Dubno", 1962); "Yidisher humorun, Yiddish leitsim" ("Jewish humor, Jewish jokes").
BELOTIN, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. 56 Jews (10.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897.
BELOTSERKOVKA, a village in the Velikobagachan district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khorolsky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 297 Jews (28.7%) lived in Byelorussia. 1919 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. After two pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army, all Jews (about 160 families) left Byelorussia and moved to Poltava.
BELOTSKY (Cherny) Maurice Lvovich (1895, Lipovets, Kiev province - 1944, Vyshny Volochyok, Kalinin region), military. and desks. activist. He graduated from a real school. In 1916-18 a member. federation of anarchists, from 1918 - a Bolshevik. Since 1919 sec. Lipovetsky and Umansky party committees. Since 1920 deputy. early, early political department of the 1st Cavalry Army, military commissar of the cavalry. divisions. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b), participant in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion (1921). He was awarded 2 orders. Cr. Banners (both 1921). After civil. war - military commissar. Academy of the Red Army, In the 1920s and 30s. on desks, and adm. work. From 1925 he worked at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. In 1930, the 1st sec. North-Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU (b), in 1932–34 1st deputy. prev. OSOAVIAKHIM, in 1934–36 1st sec. Kyrgyz regional party committee, since 1936 1st secretary. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Kyrgyzstan. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Affairs. 15-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1937 he was arrested and died in the Vyshnevolotsk prison.
BELOUSHA, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. 177 Jews (10.4%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 162 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the period Disasters.
BELOUSOV Evsey Yakovlevich (1881/2, Moscow - 1945, New York), cellist, teacher. In 1890-1903 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the cello class of A.E. Glen (graduated with a gold medal). He performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble-hundred. In 1905, he was a cellist at the New Washers, a quartet (1st violin - Yu. E. Konius, 2nd violin - B.'s brother - A.Ya.Belousov, viola - N.K. Avierino), who performed a performance. Western-European classics and op. Russian composers - S.I. Taneev, G.L. Catoire and others (often for the first time). In 1906–08, without stopping his concert activity, he taught in the music. uch-shche Kharkov branch of Rus. muses. about-va. In 1908, at a cello competition in Moscow, he received the 2nd pr., Sharing it with II Press. In 1911 he toured Berlin. In 1912–14 he made (with VI Safonov) a concert tour across Europe. After the revolution of 1917, together with the pianist A.K. Borovsky, he undertook a large tour of Russia. In 1922 he left with concerts to Europe, then to the USA, where after a successful debut (1926) he settled. B. was the first performer of a number of op. contemporary Russian. composers - sonatas by N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.T. Grechaninov, F.S.Akimenko, ballads by S.S. Prokofiev (played with the author from the manuscript), as well as sonatas-improvisations by Amer. composer R. Goldmark. Since 1930, having ceased his concert activity, he taught at the Juilliard muses. school in New York. At the same time. for several. years, he taught a cello class at the "Association of Young Musicians" for free. Concert notches, B.'s performances greatly contributed to the world fame of Russian. cello school.
BELOUSOVKA, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. In 1942–44, a camp was located in Byelorussia for Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 62 Jews in the camp.
BELOV (real family member Elinson) Avraham-Yegoshua Moiseevich (b. 1911, Mogilev), writer, translator, journalist. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Studied at Leningrad State University. cons. From 1932 he collaborated in the Sov. print. In 1934–49 he was a journalist at Leningrad. the truth. " Fired during the "fight against cosmopolitanism." He translated stories from Hebrew. writers. The only translator of Sholem Aleichem from Hebrew in the USSR. In the 1960s. taught Hebrew in Leningrad. Was a witness to the anti-Zionist. process in Chisinau (1971). Since 1974 - in Israel. Published in Israeli Russian. Press, Vol .: Clay Books, L., 1952 (in co-authorship); Country of Big Hapi, L., 1955 (in co-authorship); The Fall of Tenochtitlan, L., 1958; The bottom of the world, Tel Aviv, 1978.
BELOVARTSY, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1831, 21 Jews (6.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 101, in 1930 - 160 Jews (21 %) Jews lived in B. from the end. 18th century, the majority were woodcutters or worked in quarries. The Jews of B. were Vizhnitsa and Spinka Hasidim. There was a synagogue, a cheder, a mikvah, and a Jewish cemetery. In the summer of 1941, almost all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the territory occupied by the Germans. troops. The rest were destroyed in 1944 at Auschwitz.
BELOVO, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1726. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Kuznetsk env. Tomsk province. 54 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939, and 100 Jews (0.1%) in 1970.
BELOVODSK, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a district center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1686. In 19 - early. 20th century - Starobelsky settlement Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in the Belovodsk region, in 1939 there were 22 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in B..
BELOVODY, a village in the Sumy region of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sumy district Kharkov province. In 1910, 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BELOZERKI, see Belozirka.
BELOZERSK (before 1777 - Beloozero), a city, a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 862 as the residence of the legendary Varangian prince Sineus. Since 1238 - the capital of the specific book. Since the 1370s. - as part of Moscow. book-va. From 1776 it was a district town of the Novgorod governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1894 there were 128 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 107 (2.13%), in 1910 - 104 (2%), in 1926 - 36, in 1939 - 37 Jews. The basis of the B. community was made up of retired Jewish soldiers and their descendants. Since the 1830s. there was a synagogue (burned down in 1897), since 1897 - a synagogue housed in a private house (opened without permission from the authorities, closed in 1909). In tech. For 40 years, the duties of a rabbi were fulfilled by an elected representative of the community, not approved by the authorities, which was the reason for the ban on worship in 1894. The petition of the Jews of B. to elect a rabbi was rejected in 1896 due to the lack of a suitable candidate. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia; in the same year permission was obtained from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases for the opening of the synagogue. E.S. Mosolova
BELOZIRKA, a village in Lanovetsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Belozerki Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, 360 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1,070 (36.8%), in 1921 - 950 Jews. B. had 2 synagogues. 2 Aug. 1942 B. Jews were shot in Lanovtsy.
BELOZORIE, a village in the Cherkasy district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassk district. Kiev province. In 1919, approx. 600 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. On May 14-15, 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev (208 killed). In Byelorussia: Bella Abramovna Dizhur (b. 1906), poet, writer, author of poems. collection of books and scientific-popul. books for children, mother of E. I. Neizvestny; Isaac (Dmitry) Markovich Zhabotinsky (1899-1982, Kiev), actor of the Jewish theater, honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1945).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЭЛЦЬ (до 1991 — Бельцы), город (с 1818), районный центр (Республика Молдова). Осн. в 15 в. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, в Ясском у., затем —центр Белецкого у. Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1792 еврея, в 1857 — 4365, в 1861 — 3920 (35,2%), в 1863 — 3095, в 1897 — 10 348 (56%), в 1930 — 14 259 (60%), в 1959 — 11 600, в 1970 — 12 915 (12,7%), в 1979 — 10 500, в 1989 — 8903 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. с сер. 18 в., их права и обязанности законодательно определены в 1782. В сер. 18 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Ашкенази, автор коммент. к Каббале. В кон. 19 в. численность еврейского населения росла за счет притока евреев из др. мест, а также из окрестных сел, где по «Временным правилам» 1882 им было запрещено проживать. В 1857 в Б. было 5 синагог, в 1861—63 — 8 синагог, еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. С 1885 раввином в Б. был Израиль Зелманович Иофе (1858—?). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. имелись талмуд-тора, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, в 1910 — 14 синагог, еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятия евреев — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1912 в Б. было открыто еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. С нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали отд-ния большинства сионистских партий России (после 1918 — Румынии).В кон. 1920-х гг. в Б. имелось 49 синагог, в 1930-х гг. — 28 синагог, 5 еврейских школ, дет. сад, больница, дом для престарелых, 2 б-ки с книгами на иврите, действовало отд-ние «Культур-Лиги». В 1929 и в 1933 евреи были избраны на пост вице-мэра Б. 15 мая 1930 было осквернено еврейское кладбище, 15 июня в Б. произошел погром. В 1935—38 в Б. под ред. Л.Куперштейна издавался журн. на иврите «Шурот», посв. проблемам лит-ры и образования. В 1934 в Б. проходил всерумынский съезд «Гордонии».В июне 1941 две трети домов Б. были разрушены в результате налетов герм. и рум. авиации; евреи бежали в соседние селения, где 7 июля 1941 многие были убиты местными жителями. 9 июля 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска, к-рые начали массовое уничтожение евреев. После передачи Б. под управление рум. властей евреи были собраны в 3 концлагеря, где погибло более 4 тыс. чел. Св. 300 женщин и детей содержались в здании синагоги на Кишиневской ул. и позднее также были уничтожены. 20 евреев из Б. расстреляны в Слободзее во дворе жандармерии (там же погибло от истязаний еще ок. 400 чел.). Уцелевшие после расправ евреи были депортированы в Транснистрию. Среди частей, освобождавших Б. 26 марта 1944, был 181-й арм. инж. батальон под команд. майора Якова Матвеевича Калмановича. После освобождения города часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в Б.В 1946—59 в Б. действовала синагога, раввином был Либер Анизорович Змальман (1881 — ?), после ее закрытия евреи молились в частных домах. 23 июля 1959 в газ. «Советская Молдавия» была напечатана статья, где перечислялись все «спекулянты», занятые выпечкой мацы в Б. В 1962 милиция ворвалась в дом, где был миньян. Молящиеся были доставлены на городскую площадь, где собравшиеся комсомольцы предали их публичному «осуждению». В 1988 в Б. открылся еврейский театр-студия «Менойре», первый спектакль — «Афрейлехе Хасене» («Веселая свадьба», реж. М.Фельзенбаум). С нач. 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать синагога, воскресная еврейская школа (200 уч-ся).В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: Б.И.Анисфельд, Э.Ауэрбах, Л.Ф.Балаклав, З.Бардичевер, Э.Гаморан, Э.Кане, И.Я.Кремер, Э.Оербах, Я.И.Фихман; Габриэль Лазаревич Билич (р. 1935), врач, д-р мед. наук (1971), проф. (1974), организатор и рук. (с 1994) Ин-та мед. образования в Вел. Новгороде, созд. науч. школы в обл. регуляции регенерации; Иосиф Александрович (Айзикович) Вайнтрауб (р. 1929), физикохимик, д-р биол. наук (1970), проф., тр. в обл. физиологии и биохимии растений; Марк Давидович Грубарг (р. 1947), физик, обществ. деятель, с 1991 дир. 1-й еврейской школы в Петербурге, с 1995 пред. еврейской религ. общины Петербурга, с 1999 пред. совета глав общин ФЕОР; Ицхак Хен (р. 1944), врач-стоматолог, проф. ЦНИИСа, с 1973 — в Израиле, с 1991 през. Об-ва стоматологов Израиля. В Б. жили и работали Г.-Л.Кажбер и Э.-Д.Розенталь., pronunciation=БЭЛЦЬ (до 1991 — Бельцы), город (с 1818), районный центр (Республика Молдова). Осн. в 15 в. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, в Ясском у., затем —центр Белецкого у. Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1792 еврея, в 1857 — 4365, в 1861 — 3920 (35,2%), в 1863 — 3095, в 1897 — 10 348 (56%), в 1930 — 14 259 (60%), в 1959 — 11 600, в 1970 — 12 915 (12,7%), в 1979 — 10 500, в 1989 — 8903 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. с сер. 18 в., их права и обязанности законодательно определены в 1782. В сер. 18 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Ашкенази, автор коммент. к Каббале. В кон. 19 в. численность еврейского населения росла за счет притока евреев из др. мест, а также из окрестных сел, где по «Временным правилам» 1882 им было запрещено проживать. В 1857 в Б. было 5 синагог, в 1861—63 — 8 синагог, еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. С 1885 раввином в Б. был Израиль Зелманович Иофе (1858—?). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. имелись талмуд-тора, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, в 1910 — 14 синагог, еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятия евреев — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1912 в Б. было открыто еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. С нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали отд-ния большинства сионистских партий России (после 1918 — Румынии).В кон. 1920-х гг. в Б. имелось 49 синагог, в 1930-х гг. — 28 синагог, 5 еврейских школ, дет. сад, больница, дом для престарелых, 2 б-ки с книгами на иврите, действовало отд-ние «Культур-Лиги». В 1929 и в 1933 евреи были избраны на пост вице-мэра Б. 15 мая 1930 было осквернено еврейское кладбище, 15 июня в Б. произошел погром. В 1935—38 в Б. под ред. Л.Куперштейна издавался журн. на иврите «Шурот», посв. проблемам лит-ры и образования. В 1934 в Б. проходил всерумынский съезд «Гордонии».В июне 1941 две трети домов Б. были разрушены в результате налетов герм. и рум. авиации; евреи бежали в соседние селения, где 7 июля 1941 многие были убиты местными жителями. 9 июля 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска, к-рые начали массовое уничтожение евреев. После передачи Б. под управление рум. властей евреи были собраны в 3 концлагеря, где погибло более 4 тыс. чел. Св. 300 женщин и детей содержались в здании синагоги на Кишиневской ул. и позднее также были уничтожены. 20 евреев из Б. расстреляны в Слободзее во дворе жандармерии (там же погибло от истязаний еще ок. 400 чел.). Уцелевшие после расправ евреи были депортированы в Транснистрию. Среди частей, освобождавших Б. 26 марта 1944, был 181-й арм. инж. батальон под команд. майора Якова Матвеевича Калмановича. После освобождения города часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в Б.В 1946—59 в Б. действовала синагога, раввином был Либер Анизорович Змальман (1881 — ?), после ее закрытия евреи молились в частных домах. 23 июля 1959 в газ. «Советская Молдавия» была напечатана статья, где перечислялись все «спекулянты», занятые выпечкой мацы в Б. В 1962 милиция ворвалась в дом, где был миньян. Молящиеся были доставлены на городскую площадь, где собравшиеся комсомольцы предали их публичному «осуждению». В 1988 в Б. открылся еврейский театр-студия «Менойре», первый спектакль — «Афрейлехе Хасене» («Веселая свадьба», реж. М.Фельзенбаум). С нач. 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать синагога, воскресная еврейская школа (200 уч-ся).В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: Б.И.Анисфельд, Э.Ауэрбах, Л.Ф.Балаклав, З.Бардичевер, Э.Гаморан, Э.Кане, И.Я.Кремер, Э.Оербах, Я.И.Фихман; Габриэль Лазаревич Билич (р. 1935), врач, д-р мед. наук (1971), проф. (1974), организатор и рук. (с 1994) Ин-та мед. образования в Вел. Новгороде, созд. науч. школы в обл. регуляции регенерации; Иосиф Александрович (Айзикович) Вайнтрауб (р. 1929), физикохимик, д-р биол. наук (1970), проф., тр. в обл. физиологии и биохимии растений; Марк Давидович Грубарг (р. 1947), физик, обществ. деятель, с 1991 дир. 1-й еврейской школы в Петербурге, с 1995 пред. еврейской религ. общины Петербурга, с 1999 пред. совета глав общин ФЕОР; Ицхак Хен (р. 1944), врач-стоматолог, проф. ЦНИИСа, с 1973 — в Израиле, с 1991 през. Об-ва стоматологов Израиля. В Б. жили и работали Г.-Л.Кажбер и Э.-Д.Розенталь., extra_data="{'translat...")
BELYAEV Ilya Iosifovich (1908, Oryol - 1982, Leningrad), military leader, rear adm. (1951). R. in the family of a worker. Since 1927 in the navy. Graduated from the Higher. military-mor. uch-shche them. M.V. Frunze in Leningrad (1932). In 1934-36 com. submarine, in 1937–40 com. submarine division. In 1940–44 the beginning. operational department and deputy. early headquarters Tychook. fleet. In 1944–45 the beginning. headquarters Tychook. fleet. In 1946-52 com. division of the sea. infantry (one of the first formed in the USSR). From 1952 to the beginning. course Military-sea. academy in Leningrad. Retired since 1967. Load 5 orders.
BELYAEVKA, city (since 1979), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1939 84 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BELYAVIN Evel Samuilovich (1920, Borisov, Minsk province - 1972, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). He graduated from Heb. school. In 1938–58 in Kr. Army. In 1939 he graduated from the Borisoglebsk Pilot School. He fought in bombardier and aviation units. Made approx. 300 sorties. In 1952 he graduated from the highest flight tact. courses. Colonel.
BELYAVSKY Alexander Genrikhovich (b. 1953, Lvov), chess player; int. grandmaster (1975). World Youth Champion (1973). A contender for peace. championship from the beginning. 1980s One of the trainers of G.K. Kasparov in the 1993 World Championship match. 4-time USSR champion (1974,1980,1987,1990). As part of the USSR team, the winner of the Olympics (1982, 1984, 1988), world team championships (1985 and 1989), a number of European championships. Winner pl. int. tournaments, including Sombor (1972), Tilburg (1981 and 1986), Sarajevo (1982), London (1985). Prev Heb. the sports society of Lvov "Maccabi".
BELYAWY, a village in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Lovichsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1897, 136 Jews (21.7%) lived in Byelorussia.
WHITE BEACH, urban-type settlement (since 1932) of the Fokinsky District Council, Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Bryansk u. Oryol province. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in B. B.
WHITE OSLAVY, a village in the Nadvornyansky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 187 Jews lived in B.O. was killed in Oct. 1941, the rest in the summer of 1942 were sent to Nadvirna.
BELYNICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841 there were 1,064 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 1,386 (71.2%), in 1869 - 775, in 1880 - 313 (35%), in 1897 - 1,063 (48%), in 1908 - approx. ... 1,200 (54.7%), in 1923 - 856, in 1926 - 816 (33.6%), in 1939 - 781 Jews. The Jewish community existed in Bulgaria from the end 17th century In 1777 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1841 - 5 synagogues, 8 heders, a rabbi. In 1844 - 6 synagogues, 9 heders. In 1909 there were 4 synagogues, of which 3 were Hasidic, including the Old Selo and Lubavitch Hasids, 2 cemeteries. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In 1913, Samuil Berkovich Katz was the owner of the library in B. In the years of the 1st world. war in B. lived several. hundreds of refugees. Since the 1900s. Shloyme-Yehoshua Krumer (1872 -?) was the rabbi in Burma until 1932. After the occupation of Burma, Germ. Byelorussian troops were concentrated in the ghetto. On Sept. 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 150 Jews, 12 Dec. 1941 - more than 600 Jews of Byelorussia, as well as Jews of the surrounding towns. After 1945, the remains of the victims were reburied in the Jewish cemetery. A memorial sign is installed on the grave. In 1999, approx. 20 Jews. In B. genus: M.M. Landa; Lev Borisovich Landa (b. 1923), public figure, engineer regiment, since the 1990s. - activist of the Jewish nat. movement in St. Petersburg.
BELYNKOVICHI, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Klimovichi u. Mogilev province. In 1919-24 - in the Gomel province. RSFSR, in 1924-91 - a part of the BSSR, in 1924-27 - a regional center. In 1841 93 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1844 - 215, in 1846 - 151, in 1869 - 104, in 1880 - 47 (13, 8%), in 1897 - 95 (16.5%), in 1908 - 170 (12.6%), in 1923 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1841 a synagogue, 2 schools, and a rabbi functioned in Byelorussia. The population was engaged in handicrafts and trade. In 1908 there were two synagogues in Byelorussia.
WHITE, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1359. From 1667 - a part of Russia, from 1769 - a district town of Kiev, from 1775 - Smolensk governorship, then - gubernias. In 1897 in Belovsky district. 560 Jews lived in B. - 287 (4.1%), in 1926 - 218 (3.2%), in 1939 - 92 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of B. was making clothes. In 1916, in a private rented house there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1941, the entire Jewish population of Byelorussia was gathered in the area of ​​the stadium and completely destroyed: 65 people, mostly. women and children were shot, 10 men were hanged. E.E. Opalova, E.S. Mosolova
WHITE BULL, see Chagoda.
WHITE STONE, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1603. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 345 Jews lived in BK, in 1880-1901 (54%), in 1900 - 1709 (47%), in 1921 - 298 (15%), in 1930 - 202 Jews. about Jews in B.K. refers to 1629. The number of Jews constantly increased, and in the end. 17th century an independent community was created in BK. The first rabbi in BK was Avrom ben Shmaryahu (? —1697), and from 1740 - Ihiel-Mikhl Babad. In the 2nd floor. 18th century - Zvi-Hirsh Kristynopoler (? -1793), from 1880 - Shlomo Goldberg, in 1894-97 - Yehoshua-Pinchas Bombach (1865-1921). In 1892-1902 a school founded by Baron Hirsch (c. 100 students). During a fire in 1902, the school burned down. Jews earned their living by small trade and crafts, ch. arr. during market days and annually. fairs. In 1902, the Association for Mutual Aid was created in BK, which opened a workshop for the production of hair ornaments. From the beginning. 20th century the number of Jews in BK decreased due to the move to the kr. cities and abroad. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews from BK were evicted to Zolochev. In 1919, a branch of the youth Zionist organization was opened, in 1929 the Zionist organization “Tkhia” was created, which had a library, for some time a branch of “Bnei Akiva” was operating. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jewish youth left B.K. The financial situation of the remaining Jews was rather difficult and only in the summer months could they improve it thanks to summer residents.In 1927 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened in B.K., which was financially supported by immigrants from B. K. in the USA. Jews B. K. were killed in the Zolochev ghetto, where they were sent in November. 1942.
WHITE KEY, see Tetri-Tskaro.
BELY KOLODEZ, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Volchansk district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1761. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Volchansky u. Kharkov province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 20 Jews lived in the Belokolodezsky district, in 1939 there were 17 Jews in BK. In 1942, 3 Jews were shot in BK.
BELY Semyon Iosifovich (1896, Krasnoe, Tavricheskaya province - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). Member Communist. parties since 1917. From the peasants. He graduated from the mountains. uch-shche. Member of the 1st world. war, non-commissioned officer. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. In civil war com. shelf, early. brigade headquarters. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. Graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), then assistant. early and early. military. schools. Since 1925 pom. early and early. department of the headquarters of the Red Army, from 1927 beginning. headquarters of Moscow. Proletarian rifleman. divisions, from 1930 com. and military commissar of the 7th Chernigov rifleman. divisions, early. and the military commissar of the Kiev obed. art. schools them. S.S. Kameneva, from 1936 - commander and commissar of the Moscow corps. IN. Repressed.
BELY Viktor Arkadievich (1904, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1983, Moscow), composer, teacher. The son of a doctor. Graduated from Kharkov muses. in-t on the class of violin and composition in 1922 (at the same time he worked in the 2nd Military Surgery. Hospital), in 1929 - Moscow. horse, according to the composition class of G.E. Konyus and N.Ya. Myaskovsky. One of the organizers (1924) of productions, a collective of student composers of Moscow. cons. "Procall" (in 1928 "Procall" entered the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians - RAPM). From 1925 he taught at Moscow. horse, theoretical. disciplines for muses. rabfak, since 1935 - assistant professor of composition class, cand. lawsuit. In 1949–52 - prof. Belarusian, horse. Among the students are S.A. Kats, S.S. Tulikov, R.M. Yakhin. In the 1930s. ed. mass muses. g. "For proletarian music", chl. editorial board "Proletarian Musician", author of critical Art. In 1957-73 - Ch. ed. g. “Muses. life. ”The basis of B.'s creativity is wok. music. Among the famous op. wok. monologue with php. "Twenty six" (in memory of the Baku commissars), verse. N.N. Aseeva, wok. cycle "War", noted. the influence of expressionism, the song "Workers of all countries, unite!" (to words by N.M. Minsky), chorus. poem "Hungry March". All R. 30s the leading role in the creativity of B. is acquired by a song with an orientation towards the melodic principle, one of the best - "Eaglet" (1936, to the words of Ya.Z. Shvedov). During the war, the songs "Be brave, Red Navy men", "Ballad about Captain Gastello", "Song of the Brave" were widely spread. In the 30-40s. B. studied the Chuvash, Nar. music: made arrangements of "10 Chuvash songs", wrote "Suite for Chuvash songs" for a capella choir; in the post-war years. - wok. and instr. processing of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bashkir, Yakut nar. songs; created a number of op. for decomp. instru., romances at st. N.A.Nekrasov, M.Yu.Lermontov, K.F.Ryleev, (the last op. B. - "3 poems by AABlok"). Honored. art. Belarusian. SSR (1955), Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
BELZ, a city (since 1951) in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1030. In the 16-18 centuries. - a fortress and the center of the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1550, 200 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 716, in 1829 - 460 (18.7%), in 1859 - 1783 (51%), in 1880 - 2135 (51.7%), in 1900 - 2872 (56.6%), in 1910 - 3625 (60.2%), in 1921 - 2104 (50.7%), in 1931 - c. 2,500 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the beginning. 15th century In 1557, Jews were forbidden to trade in alcoholic beverages. In 1616 there were 29 Jewish houses in Byelorussia. In 1648 Polish. the garrison repulsed the attack of the troops of B.M. Khmelnitsky and thus saved the Jewish community from death. In May 1665, the magistrate B. concluded an agreement with the community, according to which all rights and liberties were extended to the Jews, subject to the payment of the state. and mountains. taxes. Since 1816, Byelorussia has been one of the centers of Hasidism in Galicia and the seat of one of the famous Hasidic dynasties of the region. Its founder was the tzaddik Sholem Rokeach (1783-1855), who built the Great Synagogue in Byelorussia in 1843. In 1855-94 the dynasty was headed by Yehoshua Rokeah (1825-94), in 1894-1927 - by his son Issachar-Doiv (1854-1927). The last tzaddik in Byelorussia was the son of Issachar-Doiva, Aron (1880-1957, Jerusalem). The Hasidic dynasty of Rokeah was continued by Issachar Doiv (b. 1948, Tel Aviv). the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia is the agricultural trade. products. In the 1920s and 30s. a Zionist organization was active in B. 1939, in the period after the departure of the Polish. army and before the arrival of the Red Army units, Jewish self-defense was created in Byelorussia. In oct. 1939 Sov. the troops left B. Together with them, almost all the Jews of B. Germ. occupier. the authorities began to collect Jews from the surrounding townships in B. A Jewish workers' camp was established in B. On June 2, 1942, apprx. Was taken from B. to the Sobibur extermination camp. 1,000 Jews, in September still approx. 500. After 1945, 220 Jews returned to Byelorussia, including 10 who were hiding in 1939–44 in the forests surrounding Byelorussia. The destroyed Jewish cemetery and the synagogue building have survived. The graves of the Belzevsky tzaddiks are a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim.
BELZHICE, a city (from 1737) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1391. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Lublin posad. In 1764 949 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 698 (27.9%), in 1897 - 1705, in 1921 - approx. 2,100 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the 16th century, occupying most of the city; there was a synagogue. In the end. 16th century lived in B. Izv. doctor Yaakov from Belzice. In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the "Khmelnytsky land". In the beginning. 19th century the rabbi in Byelorussia was a disciple of one of the founders of Hasidism in Poland, the Seer from Lublin Yitzhok-Moishe-Ezriel Licht (? -1831). Between 1831 and 1861, the Hasidic tzaddik Rabbi Kalman-Itskhok lived in Burma. In 1909, there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, built in 1740, 1795, and 1833 (Hasidic), Khevra Kaddish (from 1740), 2 cemeteries (the new one has a common grave of 5 Jews who were hanged by the Poles during the 1863 uprising); 180 students studied in heders. In the 1900s. Yankel Schneiderman was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1940 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, which was liquidated in May 1943. David Yakobzon (1908—?), Poet, writer (in Yiddish).
BEN-ADIR (real name and family name Avraham Rozin) (1878, Krucha Mogilev district and province - 1942, New York), activist of the Hebrew. socialist movement. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he made an appeal to create a party that would unite the goals of the roar. socialism from Heb. nat. aspirations. One of the founders and ideologists of gr. Renaissance and Socialist Heb. Workers' Party (SERP), ed. its printed organs "Serp" and "Folkshtime". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 leader United. Heb. socialist workers' party, to the bolypevist. coup oct. 1917 reacted negatively. In 1919 he left the party due to the growth of pro-communist. moods. In 1921 he emigrated to Germany, where publ. Sat. Art. “In the maelstrom of life and struggle” (Berlin, 1925, in Yiddish). In 1925–27 he lived in E.-I., from where he returned to Germany. After the Nazis came to power (1933) he emigrated to France, in 1940 - to the USA; was one of the authors and ed. Algemeine Encyclopedia (in Yiddish).
BEN-AMI Mark Yakovlevich (real name and fam. Chaim-Mordkhe Rabinovich) (1854, Verkhovka, Podolsk province - 1932, Tel Aviv), prose writer, publicist. R. in a Hasidic family. He became an orphan early. He studied at the Talmud Torah, g-zii, Novoros. un-those in Odessa, where he studied medicine and philology. He took an active part in societies, life, was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. self-defense during the pogroms in Odessa at the beginning. 80s In 1881–82 he lived in Paris, in 1882–87 and 1905–23 - in Geneva, in 1887–1905 - in Odessa. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1881 he made his debut in Hebrew. g. in Russian lang. "Dawn" Art. about special textbooks for Russian-Heb. schools. He became famous as the author of the stories “The First Night of Hanukkah”, “Purim”, “The Only Son”, “The Prayer”, etc. He published short stories, essays and publicists. Art. in Russian, Hebrew and Yiddish in diff. periodic. ed. Main the theme of B.-A. - the spiritual world of the "small-town" Jew.
BEN-ARTSI (Kobrin) Efraim (b. 1910, Slonim, Grodno province), military. activist and entrepreneur. Since 1924 in E.-I. In 1935 he graduated from the University of Grenoble (France), a specialist in the region. electronics. During the 2nd world. During the war, he served in the British, army, demobilized with the rank of lieutenant regiment. In 1948-50 he was a quartermaster of the Israel Defense Forces and a brigadier general.
BEN-AVIGDOR (lit. ps; real name and family name Avraham Leib Shalkovich) (1867, Zludak, Vilna province - 1921, Carlsbad), writer, publisher, one of the first popularizers of Hebrew literature. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From 1889 it was published in gas. "Ha-Melitz". In 1891 he settled in Warsaw. Close to Palestinophiles, secretary. Warsaw department ord. "Bnei Moshe", at the same time began to publish a cheap popular ser. book in Hebrew "Sifrei agora", edges had great success with the reading public. In 1893 he founded the publishing house "Achiasaf" in Warsaw, in 1896 he left it and established the publishing house. about-in "Tushiya", which published Ch. arr. op. Western-European writers in the lane. in Hebrew. In 1901 he began to publish children. weekly g. "Olam katan". In 1913 he founded the Akhisefer publishing house. By their own lit. views of B.-A. close to europ. realist writers, advocated the revival of Hebrew literature, against the use of Hebrew only as a language. worship. In production B.-A. himself ch. place is taken by problems of the individual, and not by questions of history and culture of Heb. people in general.
BEN-ELIEZER (Zborovsky) Arie (1913, Vilna - 1972, Israel), polit. activist. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Since 1926 - member. youth combat organization "Beitar". The English was arrested several times. the authorities. In 1937–43 - in the USA, he was engaged in the formation of societies. opinions in favor of the creation of an independent Heb. state-va. In 1943 he returned to E.-I. and rejoined the fight against the British. After the proclamation of Israel's independence (1948), B. was one of the founders and hands. party Herut. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation.
BEN-GAL Michael (James) (b. 1908, Odessa), military leader. Since 1921 - in E.I. At the age of 16 he joined Gagana. Was mobilized to the British. army (1940, finished officer courses and served in the Jewish brigade with the rank of captain). During the War of Independence he commanded a brigade and accepted the surrender of Jaffa and Ramla. After the war he commanded the Tel Aviv okrug, was deputy. com. the general staff's quartermaster service. Military. attaché in Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries (1958-63). Prev military. courts for consideration of complaints. In 1964-65 the military. attachés in Burma, Nepal, Ceylon and Cambodia.
BEN-GORIN Eliagu (Zelig Bidner) (1902, Balta, Podolsk province - 1966, Israel), journalist, society, activist. He studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), where he was before. Zionist. student union. He actively participated in the Zionist movement and in the secret organization of self-defense in the first. years of owls. authorities. From 1921 in E.-I. Joined prof. unification of Histadrut and was among the founders of the Ha-Sharon collective settlement. In 1928 he joined the Zionist revisionist party. He worked in the editor. revisionist advice. press. In 1931 he left Gagana and joined Etzel. He was the personal representative of Z. Zhabotinsky in the administrative-household. council and took part in fundraising and buying weapons for the organization. Was a delegate from the Revisionist Party at the 17th Congress. Zionists (1931). In 1944-50, together with the former president. USA G. Hoover developed the "Hoover plan", which consisted in the resettlement of the Arabs E.-I. Worked as a Middle East advisor. cases of Amer. Zionist. emergency to-that. The author of the book. "Red Army" (1942) and "Cf. East: Crossroads of History "(1943).
BEN GURION (Green) David (1886, Plonsk, Warsaw Province - 1973, Tel Aviv), politician. He was educated in a reformed cheder. Since 1903 - a member of the Poalei Zion party. From 1906 - in E.-I. In the same year, Poalei Zion was elected to the Central Committee. In 1911 - a delegate to the Zionist Congress. and conf. Poaley Zion. From 1911 in Istanbul, studying law. In 1915, on charges of Zionist activities, he was exiled to Egypt, from where he moved to the United States, where he founded the Ge-Halutz youth movement. In May 1918 he joined Heb. legion of the British army, as part of which went to E.-I. In 1921–35 - General. Secretary of the Histadrut. In 1923, during the international conference in Moscow. s.-kh. exhibitions visited the USSR, where he met with activists of the Zionist movement. B.-G. - one of the founders (1930) and the Mapai party. In 1935-48 before. reign Heb. Agencies. During this period, B.-G., being the leader of the Zionist workers' movement, actively opposed Great Britain's policy in the mandated territory. After the proclamation of the State of Israel B.-G. became the head of the temporary government, led the country's defense during the War of Independence (1948). In 1949 - the first prime minister. and min. defense of Israel. In 1953 he retired and joined the kibbutz Sda Boker in the Negev. In 1955 he again headed the Ministry of Defense, and after the elections to the Knesset - and the government. In 1961 he resigned in connection with the Lavon case, after the parliamentary elections (1961) he again headed the government, in 1963 he left it again, and in 1965 from Mapai and created the Rafi party. In 1970 he finally refused to participate in the political. life and devoted himself to lit. work.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕН-ИЕГУДА (наст. фам. Перельман) Элиэзер (1858, Лужки Виленской губ. – 1922, Иерусалим), филолог, педагог, журналист, обществ. деятель. Пионер возрождения иврита в кач-ве разг. яз. Р. в семье любавичского хасида, к-рый умер, когда Б.-И. было 5 лет. В 13-летнем возрасте был отправлен в иешиву в Полоцк. Гл. иешивы, тайный сторонник светского образования, познакомил его с произв. светской лит-ры на древнеевр. яз. Выучив рус. яз., Б.-И. поступил в реальную г-зию в Динабурге, к-рую окончил в 1877.Борьба балканских народов за освобождение от Турции и связанная с этим рус.-тур. война 1877—78 зародили в Б.-И. идею возможности возрождения евр. народа на его ист. родине. Он решил поселиться в Э.-И. и в 1878 отправился в Париж изучать медицину, чтобы приобрести профессию, к-рая дала бы ему возможность зарабатывать на жизнь в стране предков. Учась в Париже, Б.-И. опубл. в 1879 в газ. П.Смоленскина «Га-шахар» ст. «Жгучий вопрос», в к-рой впервые сформулировал идею созд. в Э.-И. духовного центра для всего евр. народа. Важнейшим элементом возрождения евр. народа Б.-И. считал возрождение иврита в качестве яз. повседневного общения. Ст. была подписана пс. Бен-Иехуда. Заболев в том же году туберкулезом, Б.-И. принял решение ускорить свой переезд в Э.-И. и с этой целью оставил изучение медицины, поступив в учит. семинарию Альянса. С 1881 в Э.-И. По приезде сменил свою первонач. фам. на Б.-И. Семья Б.-И. была первым евр. домом в Э.-И., где говорили на иврите, а его ст. сын Бен-Цион (позднее изв. как Итамар Бен-Ави) – первым носителем иврита как родного яз. спустя более тыс. лет после прекращения разг. функции этого языка.В качестве произносительной нормы иврита как разг. яз. Б.-И. принял произношение евреев-сефардов, т.к. ашкеназское произношение ассоциировалось у Б.-И. с существованием евреев в галуте, и поэтому оно не было для него приемлемо в качестве произносит. нормы иврита как родного яз. евр. народа, возрождающегося на своей родине. В 1882—85 Б.-И. преподавал в иерусалимской школе Альянса, добившись, что иврит был признан в ней единств. яз. преподавания всех евр. предметов. В кон. 1884 Б.-И. основал еженед. «Га-цви», преобразованный в 1908 в ежедн. газ., к-рая с 1910 называлась «Га-ор» и просуществовала до 1915. «Га-цви» был первым периодич. изд. на иврите, отвечавшим европ. нормам. Большое внимание Б.-И. уделял обогащению яз., создав огромное кол-во неологизмов, значит. часть к-рых существует в иврите и до сих пор. Б.-И. стремился ввести простой, удобопонятный стиль, борясь против напыщенного, витиеватого стиля, к-рый существовал в те времена в евр. прессе.Неортодоксальное поведение Б.-И. и кампания против существования за счет использования пожертвований из стран диаспоры, к-рую он вел в своих изд., вызвали яростную оппозицию ультраортодоксов Иерусалима; им удалось добиться обвинения Б.-И. в подстрекательстве к мятежу (1894), в результате чего он был приговорен к годичному заключению. Арест Б.-И. вызвал большое волнение в евр. среде, была подана апелляция, и он был освобожден. В 1910 Б.-И. начал публ. «Поли, словаря древнего и совр. иврита». Изд. этой грандиозной работы было завершено лишь в 1959, когда вышел ее последний 18-й т. В 1890 Б.-И. совм. с Д.Елиным, А.Мазиа и др. основал «Ваад Га-лашон Га-иврит» («К-т яз. иврит»), пред. к-рого он оставался до самой смерти. «Ваад Га-лашон» был предшественником Академии яз. иврит, созд. по предложению Б.-И. в 1920. После утверждения брит. мандата над Э.-И. Б.-И. совм. с М.Усышкиным убедил брит. верховного комиссара Г.Сэмюэла провозгласить иврит одним из трех офиц. яз. страны, наряду с англ. и арабским. Огромная роль, к-рую сыграл Б.-И. в возрождении иврита в качестве разг. яз., в его развитии и обогащении, в превращении в гибкое и динамичное средство повседневной устной и письм. коммуникации, стяжала ему заслуж. славу «отца совр. иврита»., pronunciation=БЕН-ИЕГУДА (наст. фам. Перельман) Элиэзер (1858, Лужки Виленской губ. – 1922, Иерусалим), филолог, педагог, журналист, обществ. деятель. Пионер возрождения иврита в кач-ве разг. яз. Р. в семье любавичского хасида, к-рый умер, когда Б.-И. было 5 лет. В 13-летнем возрасте был отправлен в иешиву в Полоцк. Гл. иешивы, тайный сторонник светского образования, познакомил его с произв. светской лит-ры на древнеевр. яз. Выучив рус. яз., Б.-И. поступил в реальную г-зию в Динабурге, к-рую окончил в 1877.Борьба балканских народов за освобождение от Турции и связанная с этим рус.-тур. война 1877—78 зародили в Б.-И. идею возможности возрождения евр. народа на его ист. родине. Он решил поселиться в Э.-И. и в 1878 отправился в Париж изучать медицину, чтобы приобрести профессию, к-рая дала бы ему возможность зарабатывать на жизнь в стране предков. Учась в Париже, Б.-И. опубл. в 1879 в газ. П.Смоленскина «Га-шахар» ст. «Жгучий вопрос», в к-рой впервые сформулировал идею созд. в Э.-И. духовного центра для всего евр. народа. Важнейшим элементом возрождения евр. народа Б.-И. считал возрождение иврита в качестве яз. повседневного общения. Ст. была подписана пс. Бен-Иехуда. Заболев в том же году туберкулезом, Б.-И. принял решение ускорить свой переезд в Э.-И. и с этой целью оставил изучение медицины, поступив в учит. семинарию Альянса. С 1881 в Э.-И. По приезде сменил свою первонач. фам. на Б.-И. Семья Б.-И. была первым евр. домом в Э.-И., где говорили на иврите, а его ст. сын Бен-Цион (позднее изв. как Итамар Бен-Ави) – первым носителем иврита как родного яз. спустя более тыс. лет после прекращения разг. функции этого языка.В качестве произносительной нормы иврита как разг. яз. Б.-И. принял произношение евреев-сефардов, т.к. ашкеназское произношение ассоциировалось у Б.-И. с существованием евреев в галуте, и поэтому оно не было для него приемлемо в качестве произносит. нормы иврита как родного яз. евр. народа, возрождающегося на своей родине. В 1882—85 Б.-И. преподавал в иерусалимской школе Альянса, добившись, что иврит был признан в ней единств. яз. преподавания всех евр. предметов. В кон. 1884 Б.-И. основал еженед. «Га-цви», преобразованный в 1908 в ежедн. газ., к-рая с 1910 называлась «Га-ор» и просуществовала до 1915. «Га-цви» был первым периодич. изд. на иврите, отвечавшим европ. нормам. Большое внимание Б.-И. уделял обогащению яз., создав огромное кол-во неологизмов, значит. часть к-рых существует в иврите и до сих пор. Б.-И. стремился ввести простой, удобопонятный стиль, борясь против напыщенного, витиеватого стиля, к-рый существовал в те времена в евр. прессе.Неортодоксальное поведение Б.-И. и кампания против существования за счет использования пожертвований из стран диаспоры, к-рую он вел в своих изд., вызвали яростную оппозицию ультраортодоксов Иерусалима; им удалось добиться обвинения Б.-И. в подстрекательстве к мятежу (1894), в результате чего он был приговорен к годичному заключению. Арест Б.-И. вызвал большое волнение в евр. среде, была подана апелляция, и он был освобожден. В 1910 Б.-И. начал публ. «Поли, словаря древнего и совр. иврита». Изд. этой грандиозной работы было завершено лишь в 1959, когда вышел ее последний 18-й т. В 1890 Б.-И. совм. с Д.Елиным, А.Мазиа и др. основал «Ваад Га-лашон Га-иврит» («К-т яз. иврит»), пред. к-рого он оставался до самой смерти. «Ваад Га-лашон» был предшественником Академии яз. иврит, созд. по предложению Б.-И. в 1920. После утверждения брит. мандата над Э.-И. Б.-И. совм. с М.Усышкиным убедил брит. верховного комиссара Г.Сэмюэла провозгласить иврит одним из трех офиц. яз. страны, наряду с англ. и арабским. Огромная роль, к-рую сыграл Б.-И. в возрождении иврита в качестве разг. яз., в его развитии и обогащении, в превращении в гибкое и динамичное средство повседневной устной и письм. коммуникации, стяжала ему заслуж. славу «отца совр. иврита»., extra_data="{'translat...")
BEN-JEHUDA Baruch (1894, Mariampol, Suwalki province - 1990, Israel), teacher, society. activist. From 1911 in E.-I. He founded the first in E.-I. an ulpan for Hebrew study, Hebrew literature and the history of Zionism. In 1924 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Brussels University. After returning to E.-I. taught, was a deer. g-zii "Herzliya" in Tel Aviv. In 1927, with the participation of B., the first youth movement was organized. schools "Hugim" (known later as "Mahanot Olim"). He founded the Council of Teachers under Heb. nat. foundation. In 1948-51 gen. dir. Ministry of Education and Culture of Israel. Among the book. B. "Toldot ha-tiyonut" ("History of Zionism", 1943); Ta'amey ga-mikra le-oatei sefer (Biblical stories for the school, 1968); "Kol ga-hinuh ga-tiyoni" ("Voice of the Zionist, Education", 1955) and others. pr. Israel for activities in the region. education (1979).
BEN-JEHUDA Hemda (1872, Moscow - 1951, Israel), writer, translator. Wife and sotr. E.Ben-Yehuda Ben-Yehuda. After graduating from the university, she entered the Higher. wives courses on dep. natures. sciences. After the death of his art. sisters, the first wife of Ben-Yehuda, married him and moved to Jerusalem. Far from all Hebrews until then, B.-I. under the influence of her husband, she became imbued with his ideals and studied Hebrew, in which she wrote and spoke beautifully. B.-I. helped. in his lit. activities, publ. in his periodic. ed. per. and orig. stories in Hebrew. Wrote a piece. for the youth. Did a lot to prepare the publication of scientific. or T. heritage B.-I.
BEN-MOSHE Michael (b. 1911, Linevo Pruzhansky u. Grodno province), poet. Since 1913 - in the South. Africa. Graduated from the University of Witwatersrand (1938). Master of Arts (1940). He taught Heb. history, Hebrew and Hebrew literature at the teachers' seminary of Rabbi IL Zlotnik in Johannesburg. He was engaged in journalism. Member ed. the Juish Daily Press College (1940–43); Ju-ish Herald (1940–43); member ed. Collegiums "Drome Africa" ​​(1955-61); active figure in Heb. culture. Author of poems in Hebrew, publ. in Kaunas in 1934; poems in Yiddish, publ. in Johannesburg in 1938; book: "Oppiss", 1949; Ig Tog Voss Fargate, 1952.
BEN-PORAT (Shainson) Miriam (b. 1918, Vitebsk), lawyer. In 1935 she graduated from the city of Kaunas. In E.-I. from 1936. Graduated from the law school in Jerusalem (1942). State inspector and representative at dep. complaints from the Ministry of Justice; deputy. prev. Top. ships (1983–88); from 1988 - State. controller. In 1964–78 - prof. Heb. un-ta (Jerusalem). The author of the book. on legal issues.
BEN-TSVI (Shimshilevich) Itskhak (1884, Poltava - 1963, Tel Aviv), politician. He studied at the cheder, then at the gymnasium. In 1904 he first visited E.-I. In 1906 - one of the participants will establish, conf. Poaley Zion in Poltava. In the same year, the police found B.-Ts. weapons intended for units of Heb. self-defense, and arrested the entire family of B.-Ts. B.-Ts. managed to escape to Vilna. From 1907 - in E.-I., where he continues to engage in Zionist activities: he was a delegate to the 8th Zionist Congress, one of the founders of the Hashomer organization and the magazine "Akhdut". In 1915 he was exiled to Egypt, from where he left for the USA, where, together with D. Ben-Gurion, he founded the organization Ge-Halutz. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion of the British army, as part of which arrived in E.-I. During the Arab riots of 1920, 1921 and 1929 - in the ranks of Gagana. B.-Ts. - one of the founders of the party Akhdut ha-Avoda. In 1920 he was elected to the Secretariat of the Histadrut and became a member. Vaada Le-umi, pre. to-rogo became in 1931, and since 1945 - dep. Knesset 1 and 2 (1949, 1951) convocations. In 1952 he was elected president of the state of Israel, to-rum remained until his death (re-elected in 1957 and 1962). Except polit. activities engaged in research. work dedicated. east Heb. communities, history of Samaritans, Karaites, as well as Heb. population E.-I. B.-Ts. founded and headed (1948) the Institute of Hebrew Research. communities on Bl. East, bearing his name since 1952.
BEN-ZVI Zeev (1904, Ryki Garvolinsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1952, Jerusalem), sculptor. In E.-I. from 1924. Studied at the Academy of Arts in Warsaw (1921) and at the Bezalel Academy under B. Schatz, where after the reorganization in 1935 he taught sculpture. The most famous are: portraits of Kh. N. Bialik, B. Shats, A. Meskin and others, the sculpture "The Scream" (1940), a monument to the children who died in the Holocaust (1947, kibbutz Mishmar ha-Emek). State pr. Israel (art, t-r and music) for creative. activity awarded posthumously in the year of establishment (1953).
BEN-JAKOB Yitzhak-Aizik (1801, Remigola, Vilna province - 1863, Vilna), writer, bibliographer. Received a tradition. religious education. In addition to studying the Talmud, he also studied Hebrews. grammar and it. lang. Several for years he lived in Riga, where he was engaged in trade, then moved to Leipzig. Here in 1842 he published a collection of epigrams and poems. and Art. on stylistics and theory of poetry. In 1844 publ. the first scientific. work on the problems of Heb. grammar and lexicography. B.'s further activity was eating. research on the history of Heb. literature and bibliography and scientific-critical. ed. outstanding works Wed-century Heb. writing. Returning to Vilna in 1848, B. (with the poet A. Lebenson) published a 17-volume edition. Bibles in it. per. (1848-53), but Heb. font with commentaries of the Mendelsonian school and own. commentaries on changes and corrections to the biblical text. This is ed. played an important role in the history of education grew up. Jewishness, giving the opportunity to study it. lang. In 1862 B. publ. appeal to scientists, offering to start publishing ser. famous Hebrews. book. of serious importance for the Hebrews. science and culture. He devoted most of his life to compiling a bibliography of literature in Hebrew. His tr. "Otsar ha-Sfarim", where lists of approx. 8480 manuscripts and 6500 kn., Published before 1863 with a description of their content, were published in Vilna in 1880.
BENDAS David (1896, Belsk, Grodno province - 1953, Kiev), prose writer, playwright. R. in the teacher's family. In 1929 he graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. education. He worked as a teacher in schools. He published stories and critics. Art. in periodic. ed. From 1935 to 1948 he was scientific. sotr. Institute (Cabinet) Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Author of collection of stories "Di drunk shpilt" ("The piano is playing"), 1938; Freydike Yorn (Happy Years), 1938; "Derceilungen un noveln" ("Stories and short stories"), 1940, etc.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕНДЕР (до 1538 и в 1918—40 — Тугун, Тигина; в 1538—1918 и 1940—91 — Бендеры), город, районный центр (Республика Молдова). Изв. с 13 в. До кон. 18 в. — турецкая крепость на терр. Молд. кн-ва. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 553 еврейские семьи, в 1857 — 3923 еврея, в 1861 — 4612, в 1897 — 10 654 (33,5%), в 1910 — 19 937 (34,5%), в кон. 1920-х гг. — 12 329, в 1930 — 8294 (26,5%), в 1959 — 5986, в 1989 — 4595 евреев.Первые сведения о пребывании евреев в Б. датируются 1769. В 1770 построена синагога. Имелись 2 еврейских кладбища (старое, близ крепости, и новое). В нач. 19 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Рабинович. В 1814 в Б. поселился Арье-Лейб Вертхайм (?—1854), ставший первым хасидским цадиком в Бессарабии и положивший начало династии, представителями к-рой были Шимон-Шлойме (?—1864), Ицхок (?—1911), Шимон-Шлойме (1865—1925), Йосеф (1882—1946), Арон (?—1988). А.-Л.Вертхайм основал хевру кадишу.В 19 в. еврейское население Б. росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. Осн. занятия — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1861 в Б. — 5 синагог, с 1884 действовала еврейская больница, осн. местным предпринимателем Ицхоком Нисенбоймом. При больнице были поликлиника, аптека, дом престарелых. С 1904 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям, в 1916 существовало Т-во любителей еврейской драмы под рук. реж. А.М.Хина. В 1910 в Б. имелись 11 синагог, касса взаимопомощи при ссудо-сберегат. т-ве, 2 талмуд-торы (одна — частная, объединяла 4 хедера со 150 уч-ся, вторая — общественная, с ремесленным классом, 100 уч-ся), 20 хедеров, 2 частных жен. и 1 муж. уч-ще. Сумма коробочного сбора составляла 9—9,5 тыс. руб. В 1910 в Б. действовала сионистская группа «Халуцей Цион» (25—30 чл.), к-рую возглавляли совладельцы еврейской типографии и книжного магазина «Мысль» З.Н.Гиленко и Д.А.Натанзон. В 1917 открылась еврейская больница для больных туберкулезом. Тогда же Цви Шварцманом была осн. гимназия с преподаванием на иврите. В 1917 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, к-рый длился неск. дней. В кон. 1920-х гг. в Б. действовала 31 синагога. К 1940 в Б. было 3 синагоги.21 июля 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. и рум. войска; 58 евреев были расстреляны во рву близ крепости, еще неск. групп уничтожено в предместье Б. 31 авг. 1941 Германия и Румыния подписали в Б. соглашение о депортации евреев Бессарабии в концлагеря на терр. Транснистрии. В 1943 в Б. оставалось 2 еврея.После освобождения города в 1944 оставшиеся в живых евреи начали возвращаться в Б. В 1946 имелась синагога [(бывш. синагога садигурских хасидов; раввином в 1946—60 был Израиль Моисеевич Бронфман (1915—88)]; здания др. 2 синагог переданы гор. молокозаводу и спорт. об-ву «Спартак». В 1950—60-х гг. было разрушено старое еврейское кладбище, памятники использовались для стр-ва, в т. ч. ограды гор. стадиона. В нач. 1990-х гг. в Б. открыты центр «Хесэд Иосиф», Об-во еврейской культуры, молодежный клуб, с 1995 — воскресная школа (более 100 уч-ся), б-ка. Религ. община осн. в 1999. Действуют синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 1992, во время воен. действий в Приднестровье, в результате спец. операции Еврейского Агентства из Б. были вывезены тысячи евреев.В 1997 в Б. проживало 929 евреев.В Б. род.: Б.Агдати, Л.С.Берг, З.Гилад, Е.Нейман, Я.М.Окунев, З.Рабинович, Л.Тобиаш; Эфраим (Ефрем) Баух (р. 1934), писатель, поэт, пишет на рус. яз. и иврите, с 1977 — в Израиле, в 1977—80 ред. журн. «Сион», в 1982—85 гл. ред. журн. «Кинор», с 1995 пред. Федерации писательских союзов Израиля, лауреат ряда лит. премий, творчество Бауха проникнуто еврейской темой, во мн. произв. использованы сюжеты ТАНАХа; Осип Львович Вайнштейн (1894—1980, Ленинград), д-р ист. наук (1940), проф., специалист в обл. истории ср. веков; Игал Койфман (р. 1974), мастер междунар. класса по стоклеточным шашкам (1990), четырехкр. победитель чемпионатов мира среди юниоров (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990), с 1990 — в Израиле, междунар. гроссмейстер (1992); Соломон Столяр (р. 1941), чемпион Молдавии по греко-рим. борьбе, с 1974 — в Израиле, ст. тренер сборной Израиля по греко-рим. и вольной борьбе; Исроэль Фиглер (1866—1930, Монреаль), педагог, лингвист, автор учеб. пособий по изучению идиша.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=БЕНДЕР (до 1538 и в 1918—40 — Тугун, Тигина; в 1538—1918 и 1940—91 — Бендеры), город, районный центр (Республика Молдова). Изв. с 13 в. До кон. 18 в. — турецкая крепость на терр. Молд. кн-ва. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 553 еврейские семьи, в 1857 — 3923 еврея, в 1861 — 4612, в 1897 — 10 654 (33,5%), в 1910 — 19 937 (34,5%), в кон. 1920-х гг. — 12 329, в 1930 — 8294 (26,5%), в 1959 — 5986, в 1989 — 4595 евреев.Первые сведения о пребывании евреев в Б. датируются 1769. В 1770 построена синагога. Имелись 2 еврейских кладбища (старое, близ крепости, и новое). В нач. 19 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Рабинович. В 1814 в Б. поселился Арье-Лейб Вертхайм (?—1854), ставший первым хасидским цадиком в Бессарабии и положивший начало династии, представителями к-рой были Шимон-Шлойме (?—1864), Ицхок (?—1911), Шимон-Шлойме (1865—1925), Йосеф (1882—1946), Арон (?—1988). А.-Л.Вертхайм основал хевру кадишу.В 19 в. еврейское население Б. росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. Осн. занятия — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1861 в Б. — 5 синагог, с 1884 действовала еврейская больница, осн. местным предпринимателем Ицхоком Нисенбоймом. При больнице были поликлиника, аптека, дом престарелых. С 1904 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям, в 1916 существовало Т-во любителей еврейской драмы под рук. реж. А.М.Хина. В 1910 в Б. имелись 11 синагог, касса взаимопомощи при ссудо-сберегат. т-ве, 2 талмуд-торы (одна — частная, объединяла 4 хедера со 150 уч-ся, вторая — общественная, с ремесленным классом, 100 уч-ся), 20 хедеров, 2 частных жен. и 1 муж. уч-ще. Сумма коробочного сбора составляла 9—9,5 тыс. руб. В 1910 в Б. действовала сионистская группа «Халуцей Цион» (25—30 чл.), к-рую возглавляли совладельцы еврейской типографии и книжного магазина «Мысль» З.Н.Гиленко и Д.А.Натанзон. В 1917 открылась еврейская больница для больных туберкулезом. Тогда же Цви Шварцманом была осн. гимназия с преподаванием на иврите. В 1917 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, к-рый длился неск. дней. В кон. 1920-х гг. в Б. действовала 31 синагога. К 1940 в Б. было 3 синагоги.21 июля 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. и рум. войска; 58 евреев были расстреляны во рву близ крепости, еще неск. групп уничтожено в предместье Б. 31 авг. 1941 Германия и Румыния подписали в Б. соглашение о депортации евреев Бессарабии в концлагеря на терр. Транснистрии. В 1943 в Б. оставалось 2 еврея.После освобождения города в 1944 оставшиеся в живых евреи начали возвращаться в Б. В 1946 имелась синагога [(бывш. синагога садигурских хасидов; раввином в 1946—60 был Израиль Моисеевич Бронфман (1915—88)]; здания др. 2 синагог переданы гор. молокозаводу и спорт. об-ву «Спартак». В 1950—60-х гг. было разрушено старое еврейское кладбище, памятники использовались для стр-ва, в т. ч. ограды гор. стадиона. В нач. 1990-х гг. в Б. открыты центр «Хесэд Иосиф», Об-во еврейской культуры, молодежный клуб, с 1995 — воскресная школа (более 100 уч-ся), б-ка. Религ. община осн. в 1999. Действуют синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 1992, во время воен. действий в Приднестровье, в результате спец. операции Еврейского Агентства из Б. были вывезены тысячи евреев.В 1997 в Б. проживало 929 евреев.В Б. род.: Б.Агдати, Л.С.Берг, З.Гилад, Е.Нейман, Я.М.Окунев, З.Рабинович, Л.Тобиаш; Эфраим (Ефрем) Баух (р. 1934), писатель, поэт, пишет на рус. яз. и иврите, с 1977 — в Израиле, в 1977—80 ред. журн. «Сион», в 1982—85 гл. ред. журн. «Кинор», с 1995 пред. Федерации писательских союзов Израиля, лауреат ряда лит. премий, творчество Бауха проникнуто еврейской темой, во мн. произв. использованы сюжеты ТАНАХа; Осип Львович Вайнштейн (1894—1980, Ленинград), д-р ист. наук (1940), проф., специалист в обл. истории ср. веков; Игал Койфман (р. 1974), мастер междунар. класса по стоклеточным шашкам (1990), четырехкр. победитель чемпионатов мира среди юниоров (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990), с 1990 — в Израиле, междунар. гроссмейстер (1992); Соломон Столяр (р. 1941), чемпион Молдавии по греко-рим. борьбе, с 1974 — в Израиле, ст. тренер сборной Израиля по греко-рим. и вольной борьбе; Исроэль Фиглер (1866—1930, Монреаль), педагог, лингвист, автор учеб. пособий по изучению идиша.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
BENDER Joseph Genrikhovich (1900, Shirvinty Vilensky district and province - 1941, Leningrad), historian, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1938). R. in the family of an artisan. Graduated from Faculty of East languages ​​of Leningrad State University (1925). In 1931–41 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the ancient history of the Jews. He died of dystrophy during the blockade of Leningrad. Cit .: Azaria de Rossi (1513–1578), L., 1938; On the issue of dividing the sources of the Book of Genesis, in collection: Notes of the College of Orientalists, vol. 3, L., 1928; Catalog Heb. books (published before 1892) libraries of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the collection: Library of Fridlandiana, v. 8, M.-L., 1936.
BENDER Maurice V. (b. 1905, Uman), neurologist and psychiatrist. Dr. honey. Sciences, prof. In the USA since 1914. Bachelor of Science (University of Pennsylvania, 1927). He worked in various clinics, hospitals and labs. practical a neuropathologist and psychiatrist, as well as an assistant teacher. Since 1942 - head. lab. experiment, neurology. Since 1946 - Assoc., Then Director. neurological. services of the hospital "Mount Sinai", as well as the clinic of New York University. Since 1951 - director. neurological. hospital "Bellevue". At the same time. during these years he was a consultant in the hospital North. coast, Long Island Heb. hospital, etc. Since 1935, he conducted research. work in the field of neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. Fellow pl. och. scholarships (Abramson, J. Masi Youth Foundation, Cerebral Palsy Foundation, National Research Council of Amer. Veterans Management, etc.).
BENDERS, see Bender.
BENDIK Alexander Isakievich (1903, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Orientalist, bibliographer, economist, diplomat. R. in the family of an employee. In 1920–22 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from Dipl. and econ. branch of the Middle East. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1928). In 1924–32 and 1943–47, an employee of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs), in 1924–25 and 1927–30 he worked in Iran. In 1932–41 the staff of Ch. Directorate for Literature. In 1941–43 deputy. dir. Vses. book chamber. In 1947-49 and 1955-57 the head. Department of Publishing House of Foreign lit-ry. In 1949–55 he was imprisoned. In 1957–68 scientific. sotr., head. library of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1968 head. department of INION. Member Committee on Asian libraries of the Association of Asian Researchers (London, since 1967). Author approx. 40 scientific and bibliographic. and scientific information. works, comp. and ed. the annual reference book "Literature about the countries of Asia, Africa and Oceania", etc., otl. ed. book SD Milliband “Bibliographic. dictionary of owls. orientalists "(M., 1977); a number of works by B. on the library supply of the orientalist. research (in co-authorship with V.S. Grivnin), publ. in English. Cit .: Guide to the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies: (Instruction to the reader), M., 1970.
BENDIN, see Benzin.
BENDKOV, see Bendkow.
BENDKUW, a city (from the 15th century) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Bendkov of Brezinsky u. In 1827, 67 Jews (9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1857 - 248 (41%), in 1897 - 241 (38.5%), in 1921 - 228 Jews (33%). Jews settled in B . in the beginning. 18th century They were engaged in small trade and handicrafts, maintained inns. In the spring of 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, in which there were approx. 300 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in Sept. 1942.
BENDZIN, a city in the Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. in the 13th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Krakow environs. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Bendin, Petrokovskaya gubernia. 446 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 250 in 1787, 2440 in 1856, 10,839 in 1897, and 21,625 Jews (45.4%) in 1931. lived in B. from the beginning. 17th century In 1789 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. Between 1823 and 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade and the manufacture of clothing. Since the 1890s. B.'s rabbi was Izhor-Berish Grubart (1847—?). In 1910, the society of rendering honey operated in B. aid to poor Jews, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the beginning. 20th century among the Jews it meant. number of factories workers. 4 Sept. 1939 Byelorussia was occupied by parts of the Germans. army. 8 Sep 1939 approx. 200 Jews were burned in the synagogue. May - Aug. 1942 thousands of B. Jews were sent to Auschwitz. In Jan. 1943 a ghetto was created in a suburb of B. In the ghetto, there was a Resistance organization associated with the Jewish underground in Warsaw. 1 aug. The liquidation of the B. ghetto began in 1943, during which the Jews put up active resistance. In B. genus: Ya.-M. Khazani; Yehoshua Praver (1917-1990), historian, ch. ed. "Encyclopedias of Hebrew", State. Israel Ave (1969); Misha Troyanov (Moishe Troyanovsky) (1906-1942), poet (in Yiddish).
BENENSON Evsey Isaakovich (b. 1923), specialist in the region. turbine engineering. He graduated in 1947 Moscow. energetic in-t. In 1941-42 he served in the Kr. Army. In 1942–43 he worked at the construction site. Since 1947 - at the Ural turbomotor plant, led a group of design bureaus of the plant, took part in the development of the design, the development of serial production and in the introduction of the heating plant into the industry and power engineering. steam turbine Т – 100–130. Linen. pr. (1966) .Soch :: Heating steam turbines, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1986 (with L.S. Ioffe).
BENIAMINOV Alexander Davidovich (1904, Grozny - 1992, New York), actor. R. in the family of a small artisan. Theater, activity began in self-children. collective in Kislovodsk. On a Komsomol ticket he was sent to Moscow, in 1923 he entered GITIS, from which in 1926 he went to the "Blue Blouse", showing himself as a born eccentric, capable of improvisation, buffoonery, grotesque and external transformation. In 1927 he joined the Leningrad troupe. t-ra satire, where, along with participation in satire. He played the roles of Chubchik ("The Harmful Element" by V.V.Shkvarkin, 1927), Abram ("The Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev, 1928), Sanka ("Republic on Wheels" by Ya.A. Mamontov, 1928). In 1929 he moved to the Experiment, a workshop at Leningrad. music hall under. hands. N.P. Akimov, and then to Leningrad. a music hall, where he played the roles of Polydor ("Heavenly Swallows" by F. Erve, 1933), Skameikin ("Under the Dome of the Circus" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, 1936). In 1937 he was invited by Akimov to the Leningrad Theater under his leadership. td comedy; his first role was Sir Peter Teasel (R. Sheridan's School of Scandal, 1937). The images created by B. in the pre-war period - Mushet ("Monday at 8" by J. Kaufman and E. Ferber, 1938), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1938), Minister of Finance ("Shadow" by E. Schwartz, 1940) - became naib, hence, the achievements of the actor. Critics noted that the role of Mushet laid the foundation for the images of the so-called. little person. During the war years 1941–45 B. headed. front-line t-rum of miniatures. After the war he returned to the Comedy Theater and successfully played such roles as Sinichkin (Lev Gurych Sinichkin by D.T. Lensky, 1945), Hardy (Russian Question by K.M. Simonov, 1947), Moscatel (S love does not joke "P. Calderon, 1949), Dandanake (" The Lost Letter "by J.L. Karadzhale, 1952), Blamange (" Pompadours and Pompadours "after M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1954), Prince (" Uncle's Dream "After FM Dostoevsky, 1956), Pasquale (" Ghosts "by E. De Filippo, 1957), Ernesti (" Physics "by F. Durrenmatt, 1962), Oreste Campese, Agostino (" The Art of Comedy "," Cylinder "E De Filippo, 1966, 1968) and others. One of the last works of B. in T-re comedy - the image of Abutalib ("Small window on the great ocean" by R. Gamzatov, 1972), full of wise humor and lyricism. Since the 1930s. starred in films, mostly in episodic. cast. Vivid express, the game determined the success of the cinematic. images of the Telegraphist ("A girl hurries to a date", 1935), Yusuf ("Courage", 1939), the Photographer ("We met somewhere", 1945), Sinichkin ("Lev Gurych Sinichkin", 1945), etc. Since the late 1970s. - in USA. The last f., In which B. was filmed "Moscow on the Hudson", was released in the USA in the 70s. Nar. art. RSFSR (1968).
BENIV, see Zolochivka.
BENNETH Solomon Yom Tov (1761, Polotsk - 1838, Bristol), writer, printmaker. In 1792 he went to study in Copenhagen. Three years later he moved to Berlin, where he became famous as a copper engraver, engraved portraits of King Frederick the Great and his wife, and was admitted to the Royal Academy. However, because of the oppression that Jews were subjected to in Prussia, in 1799 he moved to London, and then to Bristol. He wrote in English. lang. and Hebrew. In 1809 op. B. "The Firmness of Israel" (in English), which was the answer to the "Epistle to Heb. nation "Lord Crawford, who, referring to certain interpretations of the Bible, offered the Jews to accept Christ. B. sharply criticized the missionary aspirations of the Lord. In 1812 he published in English. lang. book "Scattered Israel", where he briefly described the history of Jews and Judaism, as well as the position of Jews in the West. Europe and Russia. In particular, he gives interesting information about the Belarusian deputation. Jews to the imp. Catherine II with a complaint about the actions of the general-lips. Passek, and achieved a charter on the equalization of Jews in rights with other population. Peru B. belongs to polemic., Theology, and explanatory work on biblical topics, including "Discourse on the Sacrifice" (1815), "Temple of Ezekiel" (1824), "Dead Sea" (1824) and others. B. began preparation of a new English. per. Bible, of which I finished only the first two parts ("Genesis" 1–41), ed. in 1841.
BENNETT Archie (Aaron Baer) (1891, Malech of Pruzhansky district of Grodno province - 1980), societies, activist and publicist. The child was taken by his parents to Canada. He was a co-owner of the CD. estates and builds. firms in Kingston (Ontario). In 1912 he edited the gas. "Canadian Juish Times" (Montreal), at the same time began to write in Yiddish. Member of the circle of young Jews. intellectuals grouped around R. Brainin. In 1914 sotr. gas. "Der Veg" then settled in Toronto. Was a delegate to the 1st Canadian Heb. Congress in Montreal (1919), participated in the development of a bill on the rights of nat. minorities. In 1922 he reorganized the structure of the Zionist movement in Ontario. Since 1922 sotr. gas. "Canadian Juish Review". One of the founders of the Menorah Society at the University of Toronto. In 1922–24 he was an adviser for Jewish affairs. students of this university. In 1933–34 he headed the work on the reorganization of the Canadian Hebrew. Congress. During the 2nd world. war president center. region of Ontario, participated in the organization of assistance to refugees, established intercommunal ties. From ser. 1940s fast. sotr. gas. Juish Standard.
BENTOV (Gutgeld) Mordechai (b. 1900, Grodisk Blonsky district. Warsaw province. - 1985, Israel), polit. and state. activist. From 1920 in E.-I., he worked on the construction of roads and drainage of swamps. Graduated from the State. jurid. courses (Jerusalem), later became a member. kibbutza Mishmar ha-Emek, one of the leaders of the Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair movement, later the Mapam party. Member Centre. organs of Histadrut and Zionist. movement. Participant Heb. delegation at the Round Table Conference on the Problem of the Future E.-I. (1939). In 1947, member. Polit. to-that, representing Heb. agency at the UN. In 1943–48 ed. gas. Mapam Daily and Al ha-Mishmar. In 1948 min. labor and restore. works in Time. pr-ve Israel. In 1949-65 dep. Knesset from the Mapam party. In 1955–61 min. econom. development, in 1966-69 - min. lived. page-va. Author of articles on the problems of economics and politics and the book. "Constitution. Development of Palestine "(1941)," The Road to Binational Independence of Palestine "(1947; Ave. Mapam Party)," Israeli Economy at a Crossroads "(1965).
BENYAKONI, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In the spring of 1942 all the remaining Jews of Byelorussia (204 people) were resettled to Voronovo, and there on May 11, 1942, they were shot together with local Jews.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕРДИЧЕВ, город, районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 15 в. как с. Бердичиково. В 16—18 вв. — в Брацлавском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, в Волынской губ., в 1844—45 — местечко Махновского у. Киевской губ., с 1845 — уездный город Киевской губ.В 1765 в Б. проживало 1220 евреев, в 1775 — 788, в 1784 — 1319, в 1789 — 1951, в 1798 — 4820, в 1856 — 49 944, в 1860 — 50 399 (92,6%), в 1892 — 59 541, в 1896 — 52 579, в 1897 — 41 617 (80%), в 1910 — 57 209 (77%), в 1920 — 29 778, в 1923 — 28 384, в 1926 — 30 812 (55,6%), в 1939 — 23 266, в 1959 — ок. 6300 (11,8%), в 1970 — ок. 5700 (8%), в 1979 — 4637 (5,8%), в 1989 — 3512 евреев (3,9%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. датировано 1593. К нач. 18 в. создан кагал. В 18 в. община Б. — одна из крупнейших и влиятельных общин (так наз. Волынский Иерусалим). В 1765 король Речи Посполитой Станислав Август Понятовский учредил в Б. 3 ежегодные ярмарки, что привлекало сюда большое количество купцов (уже тогда евреи составляли большинство населения Б.). В 18 в. получили широкую известность раввины Б. Иекутиель-Залман (?—1761), Мойше-Авром бен Иехиель-Михель (?—1760), Элиэзер Либер (?—1771), Иосиф Гальперин (Иосиф Хариф). К 1785 Б. приобрел статус одного из центров хасидизма на Украине, раввином Б. стал Леви-Ицхок из Бердичева. С 1798 в Б. действовала еврейская типография, с нач. 19 в. Б. являлся центром еврейского книгопечатания на Украине и в России.С 1812 в Б. селились многочисл. евреи-ремесленники. До сер. 19 в. Б. — крупнейший ярмарочный и торг. центр Украины, где одноврем. развивались фабричная пром-сть и ремесла, действовали крупные еврейские фирмы (Манзон, Ефрусси, Моисей Исаакович Горвиц, Леон и Израиль Френкели, Трахтенберг и др.), в нач. 1850-х гг. имелось 8 еврейских банкирских домов. Во время Крымской войны 1853—56 купцу Горвицу и банкиру И.Гальперину была объявлена высочайшая благодарность за оказание благотворительной помощи армии. Во 2-й пол. 19 в., в связи с перемещением центра торговли в Киев и сокращением торг. оборотов, усиленно развивались пром-сть и ремесла (среди евреев-ремесленников имелись ювелиры, портные, сапожники, башмачники, седельники, часовщики, оружейники, резчики, столяры, фортепьянщики, токари, кузнецы, слесари, бондари, плотники, маляры, стекольщики, медники и др.). В 1856 в Б. действовали 53 синагоги, 89 хедеров; в 1860 — 52 синагоги, еврейская богадельня, 100 хедеров; в 1907 — 78 синагог; в 1910 — 67 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища. Раввинами Б. в это время были: с 1883 — Давид Сойфер, с 1890 — Меер Яковлевич Марголис, в 1890-х гг. — Хаим-Лейба Песис, в 1888—1923 — Мойше Прицкер, в 1910—21 — Я.Берман.В 1870 сооружена ж. д., связавшая Б. с Казатином, позднее с Шепетовкой и Житомиром. В 1877 в Б. осн. чугунолитейный и маш.-строит. з-д, выпускавший аппаратуру для сахарной пром-сти (в 1913 — 265 рабочих), в нач. 20 в. построены песочный и рафинадный сахарные з-ды. В 1913 на 27 пром. пр-тиях занято 2 тыс. рабочих (большинство среди к-рых составляли евреи). Среди евреев-ремесленников 6 тыс. чел. занимались произ-вом обуви, 2 тыс. — дерево- и металлообработкой; 20% евреев находились за чертой бедности и жили за счет благотворительности.С нач. 19 в. среди евреев Б. получили распространение идеи Гаскалы. По инициативе писателя и публициста И.-Б.Левинзона в нач. 1820-х гг. создан кружок любителей просвещения. В 1850 и 1860 в Б. открыто 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща 1-го разр. (наряду с ними действовал ряд частных еврейских уч-щ), благодаря усилиям д-ра И.Роттенберга в Б. была осн. гимназия и учреждена обществ. б-ка. В 1856 при содействии изв. деятеля Гаскалы Аврама Менахемовича Ратгауза (?—1886, Бердичев) в Б. был открыт пансион для девушек. В 1913 в Б. — 21 еврейское уч. заведение (в т. ч. казенное 2-классное еврейское уч-ще). Действовал врем. т-р (его здание сооружено на средства врача и предпринимателя Давида Михайловича Шеренциса), работали 3 к/т, неск. б-к, клубы, муз.-драм. об-во, об-во любителей древнееврейского языка (преп. — раввин Либерберг). В 1912 в Б. имелись еврейская больница (гл. врач — Озиас Григорьевич Шперлинг), еврейский род. дом, еврейский сиротский дом, об-во взаимного вспоможения приказчиков и коммерч. служителей из евреев. В Б. жили и работали Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим и Шолом-Алейхем, отразившие в своих произв. образ Б. как типичного еврейского города. В 1885—1910 в Б. действовало еврейское изд-во Хаима-Якова Шефтеля.В 1902 в Б. возник гор. к-т Бунда, в 1910 — группа «Поалей Цион». В 1905 на собраниях Бунда участвовало до 7 тыс. чел. В 1906 в Б. проходила районная конференция Бунда; на собрании Бунда была принята резолюция с протестом против запрещения рабочим говорить на идише (закон 15 нояб. 1906). В 1902—05 в Б. работала подпольная типография Бунда.В февр. 1918 вступившие в город части гайдамаков устроили погром. 5—6 янв. 1919 в Б. произошел один из первых погромов, учиненных красноармейцами (17 чел. убиты, 40 ранены, сотни избиты и ограблены). С нач. 1920-х гг. шел процесс переселения евреев из местечек в Б. Власти превратили хоральную синагогу в «клуб воинствующих безбожников», большинство синагог было закрыто (общину Б. до нач. 1920-х гг. возглавлял раввин Шмуэль Вейнтроб). В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. Одноврем. интенсивно развивалась культурная жизнь Б. В 1918 при клубе им. Бронислава Гроссера создана еврейская драм. секция. В 1920-х гг. книгоиздатель Меир Эпштейн издавал и распространял религ. лит-ру. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. действовали подпольные сионистские молодежные орг-ции. В 1928 открыт ист.-культурный заповедник с мемориальными комнатами Шолом-Алейхема и др. деятелей еврейской культуры. До сер. 1930-х гг. действовала сеть еврейских школ, выходила на идише газ. «Дер арбетер» (10 номеров в мес.). В 1924 в Б. создан первый на Украине суд, где делопроиз-во велось на идише. В ряде гос. учреждений идиш признан офиц. языком (наряду с укр. и рус.). В эти годы в Б. жили и работали М.Д.Гарцман, А.Я.Каган, сложилась многочисл. еврейская интеллигенция (врачи, учителя, инженеры, педагоги и др.). 17% евреев Б. в 1934—35 были лишены избират. прав (т. н. лишенцы). В 1930-х гг. все культурные и просветит. еврейские учреждения ликвидированы, к 1941 еврейская культурная жизнь в Б. фактически прекратилась. Раввином Б. в эти годы был Шолом Фридман. В сер. 1930-х гг. в Б. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, возглавляемая Э.Г.Пинским (1914—1942).После нападения Германии на СССР в Б. сосредоточились евреи, бежавшие из зап. р-нов страны. К нач. июля 1941 из Б. успели эвакуироваться до 10 тыс. чел. (большинство — евреи). 7 июля 1941 герм. войска заняли Б. 28 июля было расстреляно 148 евреев, затем в теч. 2 дней — еще 850, 4 авг. — 74, 25 авг. — 546, 4 сент. — 1303 еврея. К 22 авг. 1941 все еврейское население было перемещено в гетто, для к-рого выделен р-н между гор. базаром и р. Гнилопять. Тогда же во дворе ист.-культурного заповедника расстреляно ок. 300 евреев — жителей соседних домов. 12 сент. 1941 расстреляно ок. 12 тыс. евреев — жителей Б. и окрестностей, в нач. сент. близ с. Хажин уничтожено еще св. 10 тыс. евреев. 14 сент. в Б. прибыла спец. зондеркоманда, к-рая с помощью украинской полиции в теч. 15 сент. вывезла св. 15 тыс. евреев к аэродрому в р-не хуторов Романовка и Шлемарка и расстреляла. В кон. окт. 1941 гетто в Б. ликвидировано: последние 2 тыс. евреев 3 нояб. 1941 уничтожены в р-не Сокулино. Казни избежали 150 мастеров-ремесленников, помещенных в лагерь на Лысой горе. В 1942 продолжалось уничтожение евреев, скрывавшихся в окрестностях Б.: 27 апр. расстреляно ок. 70 чел., 16 июля — 800—900 чел., в т. ч. почти все узники Лысой горы (ок. 60 чел. были переведены в гор. тюрьму; расстреляны вместе с др. заключенными в нояб. 1943 и в нач. янв. 1944, накануне освобождения Б.). Всего в 1941—44 в Б. было уничтожено 38 366 евреев.После освобождения Б. часть эвакуированных евреев вернулась в город. В дек. 1946 открыта синагога (раввина не было; кантор — Давид Иосифович Русановский (1868—?), моэл — Абрам Шулимович Горбанский (1907—?), шохет — Исаак Давыдович Сойфер (1890—?)). В 1953 на собранные жителями Б. средства открыт памятник на месте массовых расстрелов близ аэродрома (на след. день снят по распоряжению местных властей, в 1990 обнаружен на старом еврейском кладбище и установлен у входа на него). В нач. 1960-х гг. в Б. была запрещена выпечка мацы (через неск. лет разрешена вновь). В 1983 открыт мемориальный знак на месте массового уничтожения евреев на 5-м км шоссе Б. — Райгородок, в 1987 — в 5 др. местах массовых захоронений, в 1991 на всех мемориальных плитах была выбита шестиконечная звезда.В кон. 1980-х гг. еврейское население Б. резко сократилось в результате массового выезда евреев в др. р-ны страны, в Израиль и США. По данным переписи 1989, из 1000 евреев лишь 117 чел. считали идиш родным (858 чел. считали таковым рус. яз.). В 1989 в Б. создано Об-во еврейской культуры, с 1990-х гг. — воскресная еврейская школа, с 1991 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В Б. действует синагога. В 1990 над могилой Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева и его родных на старом еврейском кладбище сооружен пантеон. В 1995 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено 50 памятников.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев (3%).В Б. род.: М.Абрамович, И.Бак, В.А.Белый]], Р.М.Боскис, М.Д.Гарцман, П.В.Гельман, Г.Д.Гольденберг, А.Ю.Гонтарь, В.С.Горовиц, И.Я.Гурлянд, В.Г.Зак, С.М.Зейденберг, А.Я.Каган, А.Каминка, В.Камраш, И.Каргман, Я.А.Корнфельд, И.С.Котляр, П.Красний, П.М.Криворуцкий, И.-И.Лернер, Н.Б.Линдер, Ш.М.Лифшиц, Н.Б.Лойтер, Э.Б.Лойтер, М.Г.Моргулис, Нистер, М.Нотович, Н.Г.Прилуцкий, М.А.Рабинович, Ш.Рапопорт, А.А.Санин, А.Е.Сонц, Й.Тамир, И.Файнберг, С.Е.Файнтух, Я.С.Файнтух, З.П.Фельдман, В.С.Финкельштейн, А.-А.Фишзон, Б.А.Фраткин, И.М.Чичельницкий, М.Шаффер, М.Э.-Г.Шенкарь; Аркадий Яковлевич Айзенберг (р. 1921), педагог, д-р пед. наук (1984), работы по истории самообразования; Марк Исаевич Байч (1884—1933, Москва), д-р философии (1918), автор работ по истории философии; Лев Аронович Вагнер (1915—1993), писатель, автор книг о жизни и творчестве изв. художников; Иосиф Ефимович Ватников (р. 1923), шахматный журналист, междунар. мастер (1977), с 1993 — в США; Михаил Нафтулович Зильберштейн (р. 1914), государственный деятель, в 1941—47 пред. исполкома Совета деп. трудящихся Еврейской АО, 8 дек. 1945 вместе с 1-м секр. обкома А.Н.Бахмутским написал письмо И.В.Сталину с предлож. о преобразовании Еврейской АО в самостоят. респ., в 1951—55 — репрессирован; Софья Соломоновна Лейман (р. 1915), актриса еврейского т-ра, с 1990 — в Израиле; Иешуа-Мордхе Лифшиц (1829—1878, Бердичев), обществ. деятель, филолог, составитель рус.-идиш и идиш-рус. словарей, брат А.Л.Лифшица; Сюита Самойловна Магазинник (1905—1995, Израиль), врач-невропатолог, д-р мед. наук (1962), проф. (1970); Евгения Аркадьевна Немирова (наст. имя и фам. Шейндла Арон-Кивовна Немировская-Синявер (1899—1983, Москва), писатель, писала на рус. яз., автор книг, посв. еврейской тематике [дочь Н. — Майя Александровна Немировская (р. 1924, Москва), журналист, корр. газ. «Форвертс» (Нью-Йорк) в Москве]; Михаил Эхильевич Шварц (р. 1930), д-р техн. наук (1990), проф., специалист в обл. транспортировки нефтепродуктов, с 1998 ген. дир. ОАО СКБ «Транснефтеавтоматика», с 1999 — в Германии; Рахиль Генриховна Шиффенбауэр (1904—1949, Москва), канд. техн. наук (1938), специалист в обл. техники телевидения, впервые в СССР организовала лаб. по курсу теоретич. основ радиотехники, жена Б.Л.Шифринсона; М.Г.Шляпошников (1858—?), публицист, книгоиздатель, в нач. 20 в. основал изд-во, выпускавшее сионистскую лит-ру; Альберт М.Шульман (1902—1980, США), амер. обществ. деятель.С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=БЕРДИЧЕВ, город, районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 15 в. как с. Бердичиково. В 16—18 вв. — в Брацлавском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, в Волынской губ., в 1844—45 — местечко Махновского у. Киевской губ., с 1845 — уездный город Киевской губ.В 1765 в Б. проживало 1220 евреев, в 1775 — 788, в 1784 — 1319, в 1789 — 1951, в 1798 — 4820, в 1856 — 49 944, в 1860 — 50 399 (92,6%), в 1892 — 59 541, в 1896 — 52 579, в 1897 — 41 617 (80%), в 1910 — 57 209 (77%), в 1920 — 29 778, в 1923 — 28 384, в 1926 — 30 812 (55,6%), в 1939 — 23 266, в 1959 — ок. 6300 (11,8%), в 1970 — ок. 5700 (8%), в 1979 — 4637 (5,8%), в 1989 — 3512 евреев (3,9%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. датировано 1593. К нач. 18 в. создан кагал. В 18 в. община Б. — одна из крупнейших и влиятельных общин (так наз. Волынский Иерусалим). В 1765 король Речи Посполитой Станислав Август Понятовский учредил в Б. 3 ежегодные ярмарки, что привлекало сюда большое количество купцов (уже тогда евреи составляли большинство населения Б.). В 18 в. получили широкую известность раввины Б. Иекутиель-Залман (?—1761), Мойше-Авром бен Иехиель-Михель (?—1760), Элиэзер Либер (?—1771), Иосиф Гальперин (Иосиф Хариф). К 1785 Б. приобрел статус одного из центров хасидизма на Украине, раввином Б. стал Леви-Ицхок из Бердичева. С 1798 в Б. действовала еврейская типография, с нач. 19 в. Б. являлся центром еврейского книгопечатания на Украине и в России.С 1812 в Б. селились многочисл. евреи-ремесленники. До сер. 19 в. Б. — крупнейший ярмарочный и торг. центр Украины, где одноврем. развивались фабричная пром-сть и ремесла, действовали крупные еврейские фирмы (Манзон, Ефрусси, Моисей Исаакович Горвиц, Леон и Израиль Френкели, Трахтенберг и др.), в нач. 1850-х гг. имелось 8 еврейских банкирских домов. Во время Крымской войны 1853—56 купцу Горвицу и банкиру И.Гальперину была объявлена высочайшая благодарность за оказание благотворительной помощи армии. Во 2-й пол. 19 в., в связи с перемещением центра торговли в Киев и сокращением торг. оборотов, усиленно развивались пром-сть и ремесла (среди евреев-ремесленников имелись ювелиры, портные, сапожники, башмачники, седельники, часовщики, оружейники, резчики, столяры, фортепьянщики, токари, кузнецы, слесари, бондари, плотники, маляры, стекольщики, медники и др.). В 1856 в Б. действовали 53 синагоги, 89 хедеров; в 1860 — 52 синагоги, еврейская богадельня, 100 хедеров; в 1907 — 78 синагог; в 1910 — 67 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища. Раввинами Б. в это время были: с 1883 — Давид Сойфер, с 1890 — Меер Яковлевич Марголис, в 1890-х гг. — Хаим-Лейба Песис, в 1888—1923 — Мойше Прицкер, в 1910—21 — Я.Берман.В 1870 сооружена ж. д., связавшая Б. с Казатином, позднее с Шепетовкой и Житомиром. В 1877 в Б. осн. чугунолитейный и маш.-строит. з-д, выпускавший аппаратуру для сахарной пром-сти (в 1913 — 265 рабочих), в нач. 20 в. построены песочный и рафинадный сахарные з-ды. В 1913 на 27 пром. пр-тиях занято 2 тыс. рабочих (большинство среди к-рых составляли евреи). Среди евреев-ремесленников 6 тыс. чел. занимались произ-вом обуви, 2 тыс. — дерево- и металлообработкой; 20% евреев находились за чертой бедности и жили за счет благотворительности.С нач. 19 в. среди евреев Б. получили распространение идеи Гаскалы. По инициативе писателя и публициста И.-Б.Левинзона в нач. 1820-х гг. создан кружок любителей просвещения. В 1850 и 1860 в Б. открыто 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща 1-го разр. (наряду с ними действовал ряд частных еврейских уч-щ), благодаря усилиям д-ра И.Роттенберга в Б. была осн. гимназия и учреждена обществ. б-ка. В 1856 при содействии изв. деятеля Гаскалы Аврама Менахемовича Ратгауза (?—1886, Бердичев) в Б. был открыт пансион для девушек. В 1913 в Б. — 21 еврейское уч. заведение (в т. ч. казенное 2-классное еврейское уч-ще). Действовал врем. т-р (его здание сооружено на средства врача и предпринимателя Давида Михайловича Шеренциса), работали 3 к/т, неск. б-к, клубы, муз.-драм. об-во, об-во любителей древнееврейского языка (преп. — раввин Либерберг). В 1912 в Б. имелись еврейская больница (гл. врач — Озиас Григорьевич Шперлинг), еврейский род. дом, еврейский сиротский дом, об-во взаимного вспоможения приказчиков и коммерч. служителей из евреев. В Б. жили и работали Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим и Шолом-Алейхем, отразившие в своих произв. образ Б. как типичного еврейского города. В 1885—1910 в Б. действовало еврейское изд-во Хаима-Якова Шефтеля.В 1902 в Б. возник гор. к-т Бунда, в 1910 — группа «Поалей Цион». В 1905 на собраниях Бунда участвовало до 7 тыс. чел. В 1906 в Б. проходила районная конференция Бунда; на собрании Бунда была принята резолюция с протестом против запрещения рабочим говорить на идише (закон 15 нояб. 1906). В 1902—05 в Б. работала подпольная типография Бунда.В февр. 1918 вступившие в город части гайдамаков устроили погром. 5—6 янв. 1919 в Б. произошел один из первых погромов, учиненных красноармейцами (17 чел. убиты, 40 ранены, сотни избиты и ограблены). С нач. 1920-х гг. шел процесс переселения евреев из местечек в Б. Власти превратили хоральную синагогу в «клуб воинствующих безбожников», большинство синагог было закрыто (общину Б. до нач. 1920-х гг. возглавлял раввин Шмуэль Вейнтроб). В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. Одноврем. интенсивно развивалась культурная жизнь Б. В 1918 при клубе им. Бронислава Гроссера создана еврейская драм. секция. В 1920-х гг. книгоиздатель Меир Эпштейн издавал и распространял религ. лит-ру. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. действовали подпольные сионистские молодежные орг-ции. В 1928 открыт ист.-культурный заповедник с мемориальными комнатами Шолом-Алейхема и др. деятелей еврейской культуры. До сер. 1930-х гг. действовала сеть еврейских школ, выходила на идише газ. «Дер арбетер» (10 номеров в мес.). В 1924 в Б. создан первый на Украине суд, где делопроиз-во велось на идише. В ряде гос. учреждений идиш признан офиц. языком (наряду с укр. и рус.). В эти годы в Б. жили и работали М.Д.Гарцман, А.Я.Каган, сложилась многочисл. еврейская интеллигенция (врачи, учителя, инженеры, педагоги и др.). 17% евреев Б. в 1934—35 были лишены избират. прав (т. н. лишенцы). В 1930-х гг. все культурные и просветит. еврейские учреждения ликвидированы, к 1941 еврейская культурная жизнь в Б. фактически прекратилась. Раввином Б. в эти годы был Шолом Фридман. В сер. 1930-х гг. в Б. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, возглавляемая Э.Г.Пинским (1914—1942).После нападения Германии на СССР в Б. сосредоточились евреи, бежавшие из зап. р-нов страны. К нач. июля 1941 из Б. успели эвакуироваться до 10 тыс. чел. (большинство — евреи). 7 июля 1941 герм. войска заняли Б. 28 июля было расстреляно 148 евреев, затем в теч. 2 дней — еще 850, 4 авг. — 74, 25 авг. — 546, 4 сент. — 1303 еврея. К 22 авг. 1941 все еврейское население было перемещено в гетто, для к-рого выделен р-н между гор. базаром и р. Гнилопять. Тогда же во дворе ист.-культурного заповедника расстреляно ок. 300 евреев — жителей соседних домов. 12 сент. 1941 расстреляно ок. 12 тыс. евреев — жителей Б. и окрестностей, в нач. сент. близ с. Хажин уничтожено еще св. 10 тыс. евреев. 14 сент. в Б. прибыла спец. зондеркоманда, к-рая с помощью украинской полиции в теч. 15 сент. вывезла св. 15 тыс. евреев к аэродрому в р-не хуторов Романовка и Шлемарка и расстреляла. В кон. окт. 1941 гетто в Б. ликвидировано: последние 2 тыс. евреев 3 нояб. 1941 уничтожены в р-не Сокулино. Казни избежали 150 мастеров-ремесленников, помещенных в лагерь на Лысой горе. В 1942 продолжалось уничтожение евреев, скрывавшихся в окрестностях Б.: 27 апр. расстреляно ок. 70 чел., 16 июля — 800—900 чел., в т. ч. почти все узники Лысой горы (ок. 60 чел. были переведены в гор. тюрьму; расстреляны вместе с др. заключенными в нояб. 1943 и в нач. янв. 1944, накануне освобождения Б.). Всего в 1941—44 в Б. было уничтожено 38 366 евреев.После освобождения Б. часть эвакуированных евреев вернулась в город. В дек. 1946 открыта синагога (раввина не было; кантор — Давид Иосифович Русановский (1868—?), моэл — Абрам Шулимович Горбанский (1907—?), шохет — Исаак Давыдович Сойфер (1890—?)). В 1953 на собранные жителями Б. средства открыт памятник на месте массовых расстрелов близ аэродрома (на след. день снят по распоряжению местных властей, в 1990 обнаружен на старом еврейском кладбище и установлен у входа на него). В нач. 1960-х гг. в Б. была запрещена выпечка мацы (через неск. лет разрешена вновь). В 1983 открыт мемориальный знак на месте массового уничтожения евреев на 5-м км шоссе Б. — Райгородок, в 1987 — в 5 др. местах массовых захоронений, в 1991 на всех мемориальных плитах была выбита шестиконечная звезда.В кон. 1980-х гг. еврейское население Б. резко сократилось в результате массового выезда евреев в др. р-ны страны, в Израиль и США. По данным переписи 1989, из 1000 евреев лишь 117 чел. считали идиш родным (858 чел. считали таковым рус. яз.). В 1989 в Б. создано Об-во еврейской культуры, с 1990-х гг. — воскресная еврейская школа, с 1991 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В Б. действует синагога. В 1990 над могилой Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева и его родных на старом еврейском кладбище сооружен пантеон. В 1995 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено 50 памятников.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев (3%).В Б. род.: М.Абрамович, И.Бак, В.А.Белый]], Р.М.Боскис, М.Д.Гарцман, П.В.Гельман, Г.Д.Гольденберг, А.Ю.Гонтарь, В.С.Горовиц, И.Я.Гурлянд, В.Г.Зак, С.М.Зейденберг, А.Я.Каган, А.Каминка, В.Камраш, И.Каргман, Я.А.Корнфельд, И.С.Котляр, П.Красний, П.М.Криворуцкий, И.-И.Лернер, Н.Б.Линдер, Ш.М.Лифшиц, Н.Б.Лойтер, Э.Б.Лойтер, М.Г.Моргулис, Нистер, М.Нотович, Н.Г.Прилуцкий, М.А.Рабинович, Ш.Рапопорт, А.А.Санин, А.Е.Сонц, Й.Тамир, И.Файнберг, С.Е.Файнтух, Я.С.Файнтух, З.П.Фельдман, В.С.Финкельштейн, А.-А.Фишзон, Б.А.Фраткин, И.М.Чичельницкий, М.Шаффер, М.Э.-Г.Шенкарь; Аркадий Яковлевич Айзенберг (р. 1921), педагог, д-р пед. наук (1984), работы по истории самообразования; Марк Исаевич Байч (1884—1933, Москва), д-р философии (1918), автор работ по истории философии; Лев Аронович Вагнер (1915—1993), писатель, автор книг о жизни и творчестве изв. художников; Иосиф Ефимович Ватников (р. 1923), шахматный журналист, междунар. мастер (1977), с 1993 — в США; Михаил Нафтулович Зильберштейн (р. 1914), государственный деятель, в 1941—47 пред. исполкома Совета деп. трудящихся Еврейской АО, 8 дек. 1945 вместе с 1-м секр. обкома А.Н.Бахмутским написал письмо И.В.Сталину с предлож. о преобразовании Еврейской АО в самостоят. респ., в 1951—55 — репрессирован; Софья Соломоновна Лейман (р. 1915), актриса еврейского т-ра, с 1990 — в Израиле; Иешуа-Мордхе Лифшиц (1829—1878, Бердичев), обществ. деятель, филолог, составитель рус.-идиш и идиш-рус. словарей, брат А.Л.Лифшица; Сюита Самойловна Магазинник (1905—1995, Израиль), врач-невропатолог, д-р мед. наук (1962), проф. (1970); Евгения Аркадьевна Немирова (наст. имя и фам. Шейндла Арон-Кивовна Немировская-Синявер (1899—1983, Москва), писатель, писала на рус. яз., автор книг, посв. еврейской тематике [дочь Н. — Майя Александровна Немировская (р. 1924, Москва), журналист, корр. газ. «Форвертс» (Нью-Йорк) в Москве]; Михаил Эхильевич Шварц (р. 1930), д-р техн. наук (1990), проф., специалист в обл. транспортировки нефтепродуктов, с 1998 ген. дир. ОАО СКБ «Транснефтеавтоматика», с 1999 — в Германии; Рахиль Генриховна Шиффенбауэр (1904—1949, Москва), канд. техн. наук (1938), специалист в обл. техники телевидения, впервые в СССР организовала лаб. по курсу теоретич. основ радиотехники, жена Б.Л.Шифринсона; М.Г.Шляпошников (1858—?), публицист, книгоиздатель, в нач. 20 в. основал изд-во, выпускавшее сионистскую лит-ру; Альберт М.Шульман (1902—1980, США), амер. обществ. деятель.С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data="{'translat...")
BERDICHEVSKY Leonid Afanasevich (1908, Uman, Kiev province - 1944, Jelgava), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945, see). Since 1930 - in Kr. Army. In 1933 he graduated from the Kharkov armored tank. uch-shche. Com. tank. companies during the Polish campaign of 1939 and during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–40. Deputy com. tank. regiment, lieutenant colonel. B. died in battle in a burning tank.
BERDICHEVSKY Mark Naumovich (b. 1923, Kiev), geophysicist, one of the founders of the fatherlands. deep geoelectrics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967). In 1949 he graduated from the Geological and Soil Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1949–69 he worked at Vses. n.-i. in-those geophiz. exploration methods of the USSR Ministry of Geology. Since 1969 prof. Department of Geophysics. methods of research. earth crust geologist. Faculty of Moscow State University. the work is related to the issues of exploration and deep geophysics. Developed methods for digital processing of magnetotellurgic. and magnetovariats. observations, geol. interpretation of curves e-magn. sounding in conditions of inhomogeneous media. Developed the method of global frequency sensing. Developed a methodical. main pestilence. geoelectrics. Proposed new methods of magn.-variaz. providing hydromagnet. surveys, as well as the spectral method of interpretation of e-magn. fields generated by the MHD source. Compiled a map of the electrical conductivity of the earth's crust on the territory. USSR, Cit .: Electric. intelligence by tellurgic method. currents, M., 1960; Magnetic-tellurgic technique profiling, M., 1966; Deep geoelectrics in the ocean, M., 1989 (in co-authorship); Magn.-tellurgic. sounding of horizontally homogeneous media, M., 1992 (with V.I.Dmitriev).
BERDICHEVSKY Micha-Joseph (ps. Bin-Gorion) (1865, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province. - 1921, Berlin), prose writer, publicist, thinker. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a Heb. religious education. He lived in Odessa. In 1890 he left for Germany, where he studied for two years in Breslau at the rabbinical seminary and at un-those. He studied in Berlin, Bern and again in Berlin. Then he lived in Breslau (1906–11) and in Berlin (from 1911). He began to write in Hebrew and it. lang., then in Yiddish. He made his debut with treatments of Heb. bunk bed fairy tales. As a thinker B. was worried about the confrontation of new ideas and traditions. Judaism. In his works, he criticized the limitations of the ideas of Haskala and the foundations of the ideology of Ahad ha-Ama and Hovevei Zion. Published in different. periodic. ed. in Hebrew, calling for a reassessment of the values ​​of Judaism and Heb. history, to aesthetic. openness thin. lit-ry in Hebrew. Collected and processed Heb. bunk bed legends, studied Heb. history. B. belongs to a number of studies. and an essay dedicated. Judaism and Christ. During one of the pogroms in Russia after the 1st World. B. B.'s father was killed during the war - the author of more than 150 stories in Hebrew, pl. short stories in Yiddish, in which he described the life of Heb. township Vost. Europe in the last. decades of the 19th century and the life of Jewish students in Europe. He acted as a critic. Naib. Izv. manuf. B. - “Heb. notes of a distant relative ”(1902-06), Hasidic stories in Nar. style, rum. Miriam, completed shortly before his death. B. is one of the most prominent representatives of Hebrew literature, who embodied a painfully ambivalent attitude towards the tradition. Judaism and Heb. culture. The collection was published in Hebrew. op. in 20 volumes. (1921-25), collection. op. in Yiddish Yiddish Ksovim (1924). In 1947, the "House of Mikha-Joseph Berdichevsky" was opened in Israel.
BERDICHIKOVO, see Berdichev.
BERDINOVO, see Berdynovo.
BERDSK, a city (since 1944) in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 18th century like the Berdsky prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Berdskoe Altai env. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BERDSKY OSTROG, see Berdsk.
BERDSKOE, see Berdsk.
BERDYANKA, see Berdynovo.
BERDYANSK (in 1827-30 - Kutur-Ogly, in 1830-42 - Novo-Nogaysk, in 1939-58 - Osipenko), a city (since 1841), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1827. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of the Tavricheskaya province. From 1920 - in Aleksandrovskaya (Zaporozhye), from 1922 - in Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia, from 1925 - in the Mariupol region, from 1932 - in Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - in Zaporozhye region. 162 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1857, and in 1863 - 760 Jews and 190 Karaites, in 1864 - 703 Jews, in 1867 - 330 Jews and 141 Karaites, in 1889 - 1653 Jews and 243 Karaites, in 1897 - 3048 Jews and 258 Karaites, in 1910 - 2833 Jews (8.3%) , in 1914 - 3940 Jews and 297 Karaites, in 1923 - 2112 Jews, in 1926 - 2138 (8.1%), in 1939 - 2393, in 1970 - 675 (0.7%), in 1989 - 431 Jews (0 , 3%). occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - clothing manufacturing and trade. In 1857 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, and in 1863 a synagogue and a kinassa. In 1860 a Talmud Torah was opened in Burma, and in 1864, the beginning of the 20th century. Jewish school, in 1882 - a private Jewish school. In 1896 a handicraft department was formed under the Talmud-Tora. In 1909 there were 1 husbands in B. and 2 wives. private schools, Talmud-Torah with evening classes for girls and Sunday readings. In 1916, a mixed Jewish school (270 students), a cheder, and hearths operated in Byelorussia; there were 2 synagogues. Societies. gabab kinassa in the 1910s. was Ilya Iosifovich Turshu (1859-1920). In 1914 two pharmacies in Byelorussia belonged to Jews. In 1917, a regional Bund committee and the Poalei Zion organization operated in Byelorussia; it was published every month. zhurn. "Towards the East" of the Berdyansk Zionist organization of the "Histadrut" study (ed. By MI Glazman). In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized in Bulgaria. In 1920 the cinema was closed, while its property was seized and sold, including 5 Torah scrolls, 250 prayer books, bronzes. candlesticks, totaling 1141 rubles. 75 kopecks In 1923, famine broke out among the Jewish population. In 1930, Khudozh. Museum named after I.I.Brodsky, who lived as a child in B. 16 October. 1941, mass executions of the Jewish population took place in Byelorussia. 19 oct. 1941 was shot ca. 900 Jews. The rest were shot in 1942–43. A memorial stele was erected at the place of the execution. a Jewish community was created in B. Since 1992, the Society of Jewish Culture has been operating (the first chairman was Valery Yurievich Bleher, then David Borisovich Priceman). Since 1996, a Sunday school began to work (about 35 students, director Irina Yakovlevna Tabanova, b. 1957). The Jewish cemetery (pre-Rev.) Was destroyed during the reconstruction of the Azovkabel plant in the middle. 1960s Synagogue, built. in the 18th century, destroyed in 1941, the cinema building is used for sports. construction. 1998 founded. philanthropist. the Hesed Deborah Foundation (director Tatiana Sergeevna Preisman, b. 1958, head of the board Alexander Olegovich Makhotin, b. 1956). In 1999, approx. 1,500 Jews in B. Sinelnikova, M.L. Trivus, B.S.Steinpress, Y.D. Engel; Abner G. Zak (1919-1974, Moscow), screenwriter, dir. k / f "First-grader", State pr. RSFSR them. br. Vasilievs (1977). V.A. Khavnin and Yu.D. Engel lived and worked in B.M. Shevelev
BERDYNOVO, a village in the Shiryaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1859 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Berdinovo (other names. Volnaya, Berdyanka) in Tiraspol u. Kherson lips. In 1920-41 - in Tsebrikovsky district. Odessa province, from 1923 - in the Odessa env., From 1932 - region. In 1929-37 - Berdyniv Jewish nat. In 1859, 338 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1885 - 394, in 1895 - 179, in 1916 - 338, in 1924 - 446, in 1931 - 329 Jews. immigrants from Volyn and Podolia. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were a synagogue, a cheder, early. school. During the 1st world. and Grazhd. Of the wars, part of the x-in went bankrupt. In 1922, with the help of the ARA, a free canteen was opened for 54 starving children. In 1929 a collective farm named after V. "50th anniversary of Stalin", whose achievements in sheep and horse breeding were demonstrated at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow. 1941 43 Jews were shot B. In B. the school building is preserved. Terr. Jewish cemetery is built up. I. M. Shaikin
BEREGOMET, an urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, Jews constituted 10.8% of the population of Byelorussia, in 1916 - 13.8%, and in 1930 - 10%. In 1939, 120 Jews (12%) lived in B. The first Jews in B. were apparently from Moldovans. book-va. In the 17th century. in B. there was a Jewish community, a synagogue and a cemetery. The Jews of B. were adherents of Vizhnitsa Hasidism. Main occupations - pottery, logging and timber trade. In 1869 a new Jewish cemetery was opened. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues, 2 mikvahs, 3 heders, 2 Talmud-Torahs, the Tomkhe Zion Society, a philanthropist. about. In 1919–20, a Hebrew-teaching school operated. In 1878-1925 Menachem-Alter Dakhner was the rabbi in Byelorussia, and from 1925-41 his son Pinchas-Yosef. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of Byelorussia were members of Mizrahi; the youth organization Bnei-Akiva and Ga-Noar ha-Tsioni operated. In 1941-43 it means. part of the Jews of B. was exterminated. In 1944, several. families who survived in the camps of Transnistria returned to B. In 1945, B. was attacked by Ukrainian partisans. 5 Jews were killed, all Jewish houses and 2 synagogues were burned. The surviving 3 families moved to Chernivtsi.S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
BEREGOVO, city (since 1946), a regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 11th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 9427 Jews lived in Byelorussia; in 1959, approx. 1000 (3.7%), in 1970 - approx. 1000 (3.7%), in 1979 - approx. 300 Jews (1%). Apr In 1944 all the Jews of Byelorussia (about 9 thousand people) were gathered in a ghetto, and a month later they were taken to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated. In 1947 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia (Stalin Street, 7), by a rabbi was HK Adler (1911—?). On ordinary days, 50 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - 200-300 people. In 1951 before. Jewish religion. about-va was Schwartz. In 1999, approx. 100 Jews.
BEREGOVSKY Moisey Yakovlevich (1892, Termakhovka, Kiev province. - 1961, Kiev), musicologist, folklorist. The son of Melamed. In 1905 he came to Kiev, where he studied as an external student in the city. In 1920 he graduated from the Kiev cons. by class comp. B.L. Yavorsky, studied also playing the cello. In 1922–24 he trained in Petrograd under M.O.Steinberg. In the 20s and 30s. was the organizer and participant of pl. folklore expeditions in Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, recorded in Heb., Ukrainian, Belarusian. and other people. songs. In 1927–50 he worked in the decomp. institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, in which he studied Heb. folklore, including in charge of the Cabinet of Muses. folklore Ying-that Heb. span. culture. In 1937–41 and 1944–48 he was in charge of the Cabinet of Muses. ethnography and sound recording Kiev. cons. read a course of muses. folklore in historical and theoretical. f-those. In 1937–47 - scientific. sotr. Ying language. and literature, head. folklore section of the Cabinet of Hebrews. culture. B. - consistent, tireless research. bunk bed music, especially Hebrew., its passionate propagandist. During the 1941–45 war he lived in Ufa, worked on Bashkir folklore. Prepared for publication several. thousand samples of Heb. melodies, making up a five-volume tr. “Heb. muses. folklore". During his lifetime, only the first volume was published (1934). In 1948 the Cabinet of Ethnography was disbanded, and in 1950 B. was repressed. He returned from exile in 1956. Among his tr. - “Heb. instr. music "(1937)," Heb. owls. bunk bed song "(1940) and others. In 1987, the publishing house" Sov. composer ”released isl. B. “Heb. bunk bed instr. music".
BERENBLUM Isaak (Yitzhak) (b. 1903, Bialystok, Grodno province), pathologist, oncologist. Doctor of Medicine (1930). Since 1914 in England. Graduated from un-t in Leeds (1923). In 1936-48 he worked at the Department of Pathology at Oxford University, headed the Oxford Research. center for the fight against cancer, in 1948-50 - in the National. in-those cancer in Bethesda (USA), since 1950 - in Israel, in Scientific research. in-those them. H. Weizmann in Rehovot, where he organized and headed the department of experiment, biology; since 1971 Prof. Osn. scientific. tr. B. after eating, various problems of oncology. In 1954 he formulated the theory of the two-phase mechanism of oncogenesis (the origin of tumors). According to her, the 1st phase (initiation) is the emergence as a result of mutation of a tumor cell from a normal somatic one; 2nd phase (promotion) - tumor development under the influence of additional so-called. co-carcinogenic factors. He also owns tr .: "Scientific version of cancer" (1946), "Man against cancer" (1952), "Research on cancer today" (1967), etc. B. - one of the founders of experimental oncology. Chl. scientific. council Int. research agency cancer (1965–68), before. Israel Society of Cancer Control, Chl. Israeli nat. NA, New York NA, Amer. Association of Cancer Researchers (1969).
BERENSHTEIN Leonid Efimovich (b. 1921, Shpikov of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province), member of partisans. movement 1941-45. He graduated from the military. uch-shche. In 1941 - leit., Early. headquarters of the machine-gun battalion. In the fall of 1941, he was taken prisoner as wounded and escaped twice. In the end. 1941 in the Smilyansky district of the Cherkasy region. created an underground group, which joined the partisans in the spring of 1942. detachment of Dubovoy. From the spring of 1943 to the beginning. intelligence, then early. partisan headquarters. detachment. Since the fall of 1943 com. partisas. detachment them. Pozharsky (about 1.4 thousand fighters), with whom he acted on the territory. Cherkasy and Kirovograd regions In May 1944, at the head of gr. partisan is abandoned on the territory. South Poland, formed a partisan. detachment, with to-eye in August. 1944 crossed the passes of the Carpathians to Slovakia, participated in the nat. antifash. restore Detachment B. (partisan nickname "Volodya Vasiliev") destroyed on the territory. Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia 42 railways echelon of the enemy (of them personally B. blew up 8), several. railroad and shos. bridges. Poch. citizen of Smila (Ukraine), 3 cities in Poland and 2 cities in Czechoslovakia. He graduated from law in absentia. Faculty of Kiev un-that, headed a number of consumer services enterprises. In 1991–93, deputy. prev. about-va "Ukraine-Israel". Since 1993 - in Israel. B. load. 3 orders USSR, ord. Poland and Czechoslovakia), Vol .: Through the black swamp, Moscow, 1983 (with V. Kondratenko).
BERENSON Bernard (1865, near Vilna - 1959, |), art critic. R. in the family of one of the leaders of Heb. communities. Since 1875 in the USA. Studied at Boston Latin School and under finance. With the support of the collector I.S. Gardner, he entered Harvard University, after graduating from which he went to London, Oxford, Berlin, and then to Italy. In 1907, the beginning. his long-term friendship with the English. trader manuf. Art by D. Davin. B. made a fortune by providing Davin's paintings with B.'s passports. - documents certifying their authenticity. By purchasing an old villa of approx. Florence, placed there art treasures and a huge library. B. created a number of works on the art of the Renaissance: "The Venetian Artists of the Renaissance" (1894), "Study and criticism of Italian. Isk-va ”(vols. 1–3, 1901, 1902 and 1916),“ Ital. painting of the Renaissance "(1932) and others, in which he not only destroyed certain stereotypes, but re-discovered forgotten masters, whose production. attributed more iz. Authors B. had a difficult relationship with Judaism. In his younger years, he wrote Art. in Heb. themes and did not deny that he was Jewish. However, even in his youth he became a member. Episcopal Church, and later - Catholic. As an American citizen, he was not hurt by the anti-Semite, the laws in Italy before and after the domination of the Nazis, but fearing for the fate of his treasures, he left Italy in 1942 before the arrival of the Germans. His autobiography. publications reflected fluctuations between the feeling of Heb. nat. pride and harsh condemnation of Heb. people. After the formation of the State of Israel, he abandoned anti-Zionist views. He bequeathed his villa with all the treasures to Harvard University.
BERENSON Leon (1885, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Lawyer and diplomat. From 1905 he was engaged in advocacy in Warsaw. In 1905-10 he acted as a defender in the polit. processes (including in the case of the Combat Organization of the PPS), in 1907 - 10 members. Associations of defenders in polit. business (Warsaw). Since 1914, member. Civil Party equality, supported the idea of ​​assimilation of Jews through the creation of a system of Heb. secular education. Since 1916, member. Warsaw mountains. advice from this party. After the revival of the Polish state (1918), he served in the Ministry of Justice, participated in the creation. new court. systems. 1920-23 Counselor at the US Embassy. Upon returning to Poland, he again practiced advocacy, was a defender in the trials of polit. business. One of the initiators of the campaign for amnesty for political prisoners and against the fascization of the punitive system. He was one of the leading representatives of the Polish Democratic Party. advocacy. The author of the book. “From the death chamber: Memoirs of a defender in polit. business "(1929). He died in the Warsaw ghetto.
BERENZON Ruvim Berkovich (Robert Borisovich) (1899, Brest district of Grodno province - 1986, Minsk), one of the hands. partisan movement in Belarus. From the family of an artisan stonemason. He studied at the cheder, graduated from the Brest mountains. real school, worked for railway. From Aug. 1920 in Cr. Army, from Nov. - political instructor of the company. During the offensive of the Kr. Army on Warsaw temporarily replaced the deceased commissar of the 64th regiment of the 8th rifleman. divisions. After the end of military political courses (1923) he was sent to the 16th frontier detachment Pogran. troops of the OGPU USSR. Since 1924 - pom. commandant of the 12th border detachment for polit. parts; May 1924 - Nov. 1927 - Resp. sec. party bureau of the 15th border. detachment. Graduated from the Higher. border school OGPU in Moscow (1929), in 1929-30 inspector of the political department of the Office of Belarus, border. district, in 1931–32 - pom. commander of the 14th frontier. detachment on polit. parts, Art. district political department inspector. From 1932 he headed the 1st department. Of the Political Department of the Border Administration troops of the NKVD BSSR. From Feb 1937 Art. instructor of the political department of the NKVD troops of the Volga region (Kuibyshev), soon arrested on charges of espionage and counterrev. activities. In the end. 1938 released and reinstated. In Jan. 1939 dismissed, returned to Belarus, worked as manager of Belorus, the office of "Metizsbyt" in Minsk. From June 1941, deputy. early of the political department of the 49th rifleman. divisions. Since Aug. 1941 he served in reconnaissance, as part of a special detachment he was thrown into the rear of the enemy, participated in sabotage and combat activities, established contact with the Minsk underground regional committee of the CP (b) B. From the spring of 1942 to June 1943, deputy, then the beginning. special department of the headquarters of the Minsk-Polessky partisan formation. In June 1943 he was sent by the Polesie regional party committee with an assignment to Moscow: he accompanied the captured Vlasov officers in a special plane; soon demobilized and appointed deputy. early Glavsnabsbyt Ministry of Industry builds materials of the BSSR. B.'s wife and young child died in the Minsk ghetto, Art. son was hanged in Minsk during mass executions of underground workers and partisans. In 1945-47 again exercise. Belarusian, offices of "Metizsbyt". In 1948-53 the beginning. dep. fish collective farms, then deputy. early productions, dep. Glavrybprom under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. In 1955–61, engineer. by colch. fish farming of the Office of the Fish Industry of the Economic Council of the BSSR. Since 1961 he has been a personal pensioner.
BERESLAVKA, a village in the Bobrinets district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Durilov farm in Elizavetgradsky district Kherson province. 1941 30 Jews were killed in B.
BERESTECHKO, a city (since 1940) in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1577, approx. 50 Jews, in 1648 - 1050, in 1765 - 632, in 1778 - 586, in 1784 - 536, in 1787 - 569, in 1847 - 1927, in 1863 - 1394, in 1897 - 2251 (45.5%), in 1921 - 1975 (35%), in 1931 - 2210 (35%), in 1937 - 2625 Jews (35%). Jews lived in B. from the middle. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" era, approx. 200 Jewish families, only 12 Jewish houses survived. In the beginning. 18th century Shaul ben Yakov was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1750s and 60s. - Eliezer Lipman, at the beginning. 19th century - Chaim-Mordhe Margaliot (? -1818). In the end. 18th century the entire population of the town, except for 5 people, became extinct from the plague. All R. 19th century in B. there were 4 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic (Ulik and Trisk). In 1881-1937, Moishe-Leib Klivaner was the rabbi in Byelorussia, and Nachman Zwagiler was the rabbi of the Ulik Hasidim. In 1901, B. had a Jewish husband. Uch-shche I. Kagan, almshouse, Jewish library. The Bund organization and several youth Zionist organizations, including "Ziona" (from 1906) and "Bnos Zion". In 1917 a self-defense detachment was organized in Byelorussia, in the same year a Zionist club was opened, and in 1918 a school with teaching in Hebrew (from the beginning of the 1920s it was included in the "Tarbut"). One of the first teachers at the school was I. Lamdan. All R. 1930s 75% of Burma's trade was concentrated in the hands of Jews, to whom most of the workshops also belonged: 28 out of 30 tailors and 18 out of 19 furriers were Jews. The Jewish National Bank was opened in 1930. Several years in the 1920-30s. deputy. Mayor B. was Boruch Forer. There were 6 synagogues in Burma, including 3 Hasidic ones. Aaron Zabarsky (? —1941) has been the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1937. 1941, 300 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. Then the Judenrat was created, in October. 1941 - ghetto, in which the inhabitants of the surrounding towns were later delivered. 4 Sep 1942 in B., apprx. 3 thousand Jews in B. A. Rosenfeld.
BERESTETSKY Vladimir Borisovich (1913, Kharkov - 1977, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949). In 1932 he worked as an optical-mechanical engineer. plant in Leningrad, at the same time. studied at the workers' faculty, to-ry finished within a year. In 1933 he entered the Leningrad State University. Polytechnic Institute, in-t, graduated from it in 1937. In 1937–41 and in 1945–46 he worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those. In 1941–45 he worked in defense. s-de (senior engineer, deputy chief designer). Since 1946 in Moscow in the lab. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics) under I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, after whose death (1966) he headed the theoretical. dep. Prof. (from 1956) Mosk. physical and technical in-ta.Osn. scientific. research on nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics and the theory of elementary particles. Together with M.P. Bronshtein, he gave a quantum interpretation of the macroscopic parameters of optics based on the theory of atomic radiation. Research the shape of beta spectra in the case of forbidden transitions. Introduced spherical vectors and spinors - mat. apparatus built on the basis of properties of representations of a group of rotations; the method developed by him forms the basis of the theory of multipole radiation. Joint. with LD Landau received waves, the equation for the electron - positron system taking into account the exchange interaction, iss. the fine structure of positronium and the Zeeman effect for this system. Proved to fund. for physics elem, particles theorem about the opposite int. the parities of the fermion and antifermion. Research slowing down of neutrons in matter. Joint. with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk calculated the cross section of its process, which provides an effective test of quantum electrodynamics. Research asymptotic behavior of cross sections for strong interactions of high-energy particles, the structure of baryons, etc. Author approx. 150 scientific. works, several. monographs, as well as the story "Baigur School" (published under the ps. Vl Volkov, "Novy Mir", 1976, No. 2). Works: Quantum Electrodynamics, Moscow, 1953; 2nd ed., M., 1959; 3rd ed., M., 1969 (with A. I. Akhiezer); Relativistic quantum theory, Moscow, 1968 (jointly with E.M. Lifshitz and L.P. Pitaevsky); Problems of the Physics of Elementary Particles, Moscow, 1977.
Birch, see Brest.
Birch, see Birch.
BERESTOV, see Berezdov.
BERESTOVETS, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beretovets Umansky u. Kiev province. In 1917 and 1919 Jewish pogroms took place in Byelorussia.
BERESTOVOE, a village in the Berdyansk region of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 97 Jews lived in Byelorussia, a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery functioned. In 1914 there was a Bromberg pharmacy in Byelorussia.
BERESTYA, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Berestya Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–39 it was a part of Romania, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 7 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.
BERESTYAGI, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. 20 Feb. 1942 7 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BERETOVETS, see Berestovets.
BEREZA, city (since 1940), regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Brest Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kartuzskaya Bereza (other name. Kartuz-Bereza) of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 242 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 515, in 1878 - 1113 (44.5%), in 1897 - 2623 (42%), in 1921 - 2163, in 1924 - 2618, in 1928 - 2743 Jews. About Jews B. belongs to 1662. In 1680 the owner of the borough led. hetman led. Prince of Lithuania Leon Sapega allowed building a synagogue in B. Sapega and his descendants did a lot to attract Jews to Bulgaria. In 1839–49, I.-E.Spektor was the rabbi in B., then Aron-Yosef Fainzilber and Benjamin-Dovid Levin. In 1881–94, the head of the rabbinical court in Byelorussia was Eliyahu Klyachkin (1852—?); From 1895, Yakov-Moishe Osherovich (1868—?) And Klyachkin's brother, Yeshua-Mordkhe, were rabbis in the 1900s. the state rabbi was Y. Klyachkin, the son of E. Klyachkin. In the end. 19th century In B. there were 6 synagogues (of which one was Slonim Hasidim). 20th century active Zionist activity was carried on in Byelorussia. In 1917, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened; Jewish parties and organizations. In the 1920s. the mayor and vice-mayor of B. were Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. the rabbis of B. were Troop and Vygodsky, who died during the Holocaust. At the same time in Byelorussia there was a school of the Tarbut network. June 23, 1941 Germ. troops entered B. On June 26, one of the synagogues was burned. The Judenrat and the Jewish police were created. 28 Aug 1941 in Byelorussia approx. 100 Jews. In the beginning. On July 1942, 2 ghettos were created, one of which also contained Jews from the surrounding villages. In the second ghetto, an underground resistance group operated, some members of which managed to escape before being shot, others joined the partisans. detachments. July 15, 1942 from one ghetto to the railway Art. Bronnaya Gora was taken out approx. 1 thousand Jews were shot there. 15-16 oct. 1942 the second ghetto is liquidated, approx. 1,800 Jews were shot in the Smolyarka region. In B. genus: S.E.Bresler, Y. Klyachkin, K. Molodovskaya, M. Payuk-Shtuker; Yosef Iekutieli (1897-1982, Israel), the initiator of the creation. Jewish football teams in E.-I., founder of the Football Federation in E.-I. (1928), Sports. federation E.-I. (1931), Olympic committee E.-I. (1933), State. Israel Ave (1979); Aron Tsafnas (Friedestein) (1900-1965, Jerusalem), poet, publicist, translator, wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew, since 1949 - in Israel.
BEREZAN, a city (since 1981) in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1616.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velikaya Berezan Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1926, 126 Jews lived in the Berezansk region. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. 1941 in B. was shot several. Jews.
BEREZANKA (before 1914 - Alexanderfeld, in 1914-23 - Suvorovo), an urban-type settlement (since 1966), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1876. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tiligulo-Berezanka Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1926, 223 Jews lived in the Berezansky district, in 1939 there were 41 Jews in B. In 1919, a pogrom took place in B. by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941 more than 30 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BEREZAYKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Bologovsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Valdai u. Novgorod province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BEREZDOV, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezdovo (other name. Berestov) Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1765, 205 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 56, in 1784 - 71, in 1787 - 87, in 1847 - 774, in 1897 - 1319 (49.1%), in 1939 - 778 Jews. In 1765 there were 49 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 33, in 1787 - 29. 19th century The rabbi in Byelorussia was Avrom Stepansky, and from 1880 his son Chaim Stepansky (1854 -?). 10 Aug. 1941 152 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. The remaining Jews were resettled to Slavuta, where they were shot on June 26, 1942.
BEREZDOVO, see Berezdov.
BEREZDOVTSY, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 440 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1942 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was taken to the Belzec extermination camp.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕРЕЖАНЫ, город (с 1530), районный центр в Тернопольской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1375. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в Тарнопольском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе УССР.В 1563 в Б. проживало 5 еврейских семей, в 1670 — ок. 100 (20%), в 1764 — 1297 евреев, в 1870 — 3347 (37,5%), в 1875 — 4021 (43%), в 1880 — 4712 (43%), в 1890 — 4695 (42%), в 1900 — 4395 (38,5%), в 1910 — 4582 (36%), в 1921 — 3582 (35,5%), в 1931 — 3670 евреев.Евреи были среди основателей Б. В сер. 18 в. евреи владели всеми магазинами на центр. площади, занимались оптовой торговлей и ростовщичеством, вели крупную торговлю с.-х. продукцией с Гданьском и скотом с Силезией, принимали участие в больших ярмарках в Польше.С 1638 в Б. существовала самостоятельная еврейская община. Тогда же построена первая синагога. В 1718 на ее месте была возведена новая. Ок. синагоги были построены миква и больница. Первым раввином в Б. был Мордехай Га-Коэн (?—1630), затем — Иегуда Коген и раби Мойше (позднее — гл. раввин Львова). В 1670-х гг. раввинами были Цви-Гирш (позднее — гл. раввин Дрогобыча), в 1690—1700 — Ицхок Краковер, в 1700—1840 — члены семьи Гальпериных.В 1822 40 еврейских семей Б. занимались с. х-вом. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. богатые евреи Б. начали скупать землю и к кон. века владели 12% всех пахотных земель и 20% лесных угодий. В 1820-х гг. в Б. было 17 крупных торговцев-евреев, к-рым принадлежали торг. дома. В 1901 было создано объединение евреев-ремесленников. Нек-рые евреи занимались извозом. В нач. 20 в. в Б. работали 12 адвокатов-евреев (из 14), 2 врача, неск. преподавателей гимназии и гос. чиновники. С 1874 зам. мэра Б. традиционно избирался еврей. В 1908 ЕКО открыло в Б. кассу взаимного кредита.С 1843 раввином Б. стал Шлоймо Клугер, «маггид из Брод», в 1865—70 — Ицхок Шмелькис, с 1870 — Шойлом-Мордехай Швадрон («Магаршам») (?—1911), считавшийся одним из крупнейших религ. авторитетов того времени.В 1850-х гг. Мешулам-Шрага-Файвиш Гальперин (1810—1874) основал в Б. хасидскую династию. После его смерти главой династии стал его сын Авром-Зерах-Иегуда, затем его внук Йоэль (1887—1954, США).С 1893 в Б. активно работали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений. В 1907 была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи Б. бежали в глубь Австро-Венгрии. Б. были захвачены рус. армией и почти полностью сожжены. После отхода рус. войск евреи начали возвращаться в Б. В 1922 было создано еврейско-польское объединение торговцев. В Б. было 40 адвокатов-евреев, 4 врача, 2 провизора, 2 судей, 3 преподавателя гимназии. Продолжали активную работу сионистские партии и движения.Раввинами в Б. в 20 в. были Шрага Гальперин и Шимон Бабад (1859—1935). Имелась б-ка с читальным залом, самодеятельный т-р, оркестр. В 1922 начал работать еврейский спорт. клуб.20 сент. 1939 части РККА вошли в Б. Открывшаяся школа с преподаванием на идише вскоре была закрыта. В Б. находилось много беженцев из зап. областей Польши и евреев, к-рым сов. власти запретили проживать в больших городах как «нежелательным элементам». Беженцы жили в синагогах и пустых магазинах. Жители Б. создали подпольный к-т помощи, к-рый собирал деньги, продукты и одежду для беженцев. Для этой цели комитет посылал своих эмиссаров и в др. города. Большинство беженцев летом 1940 были высланы в глубь СССР.7 июля 1941 герм. войска вошли в Б. Через неск. дней власти обвинили евреев в том, что перед отступлением сов. войск они убили заключенных в местной тюрьме. Украинцы схватили 12 евреев и зарубили их топорами на христианском кладбище. Был создан юденрат во главе с пред. общины Шимоном Клерером. Первое массовое убийство евреев произошло 1 окт. 1941 (в Йом-Кипур), когда было расстреляно 500—700 чел. Во время второй «акции», 18 дек. 1941, ок. 1200 евреев были вывезены в лес и уничтожены. «Акции» проходили регулярно по всем еврейским праздникам. Гетто было создано 15 окт. 1942 и уничтожено 12 июня 1943, когда были убиты последние 1760 евреев., pronunciation=БЕРЕЖАНЫ, город (с 1530), районный центр в Тернопольской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1375. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в Тарнопольском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе УССР.В 1563 в Б. проживало 5 еврейских семей, в 1670 — ок. 100 (20%), в 1764 — 1297 евреев, в 1870 — 3347 (37,5%), в 1875 — 4021 (43%), в 1880 — 4712 (43%), в 1890 — 4695 (42%), в 1900 — 4395 (38,5%), в 1910 — 4582 (36%), в 1921 — 3582 (35,5%), в 1931 — 3670 евреев.Евреи были среди основателей Б. В сер. 18 в. евреи владели всеми магазинами на центр. площади, занимались оптовой торговлей и ростовщичеством, вели крупную торговлю с.-х. продукцией с Гданьском и скотом с Силезией, принимали участие в больших ярмарках в Польше.С 1638 в Б. существовала самостоятельная еврейская община. Тогда же построена первая синагога. В 1718 на ее месте была возведена новая. Ок. синагоги были построены миква и больница. Первым раввином в Б. был Мордехай Га-Коэн (?—1630), затем — Иегуда Коген и раби Мойше (позднее — гл. раввин Львова). В 1670-х гг. раввинами были Цви-Гирш (позднее — гл. раввин Дрогобыча), в 1690—1700 — Ицхок Краковер, в 1700—1840 — члены семьи Гальпериных.В 1822 40 еврейских семей Б. занимались с. х-вом. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. богатые евреи Б. начали скупать землю и к кон. века владели 12% всех пахотных земель и 20% лесных угодий. В 1820-х гг. в Б. было 17 крупных торговцев-евреев, к-рым принадлежали торг. дома. В 1901 было создано объединение евреев-ремесленников. Нек-рые евреи занимались извозом. В нач. 20 в. в Б. работали 12 адвокатов-евреев (из 14), 2 врача, неск. преподавателей гимназии и гос. чиновники. С 1874 зам. мэра Б. традиционно избирался еврей. В 1908 ЕКО открыло в Б. кассу взаимного кредита.С 1843 раввином Б. стал Шлоймо Клугер, «маггид из Брод», в 1865—70 — Ицхок Шмелькис, с 1870 — Шойлом-Мордехай Швадрон («Магаршам») (?—1911), считавшийся одним из крупнейших религ. авторитетов того времени.В 1850-х гг. Мешулам-Шрага-Файвиш Гальперин (1810—1874) основал в Б. хасидскую династию. После его смерти главой династии стал его сын Авром-Зерах-Иегуда, затем его внук Йоэль (1887—1954, США).С 1893 в Б. активно работали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений. В 1907 была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи Б. бежали в глубь Австро-Венгрии. Б. были захвачены рус. армией и почти полностью сожжены. После отхода рус. войск евреи начали возвращаться в Б. В 1922 было создано еврейско-польское объединение торговцев. В Б. было 40 адвокатов-евреев, 4 врача, 2 провизора, 2 судей, 3 преподавателя гимназии. Продолжали активную работу сионистские партии и движения.Раввинами в Б. в 20 в. были Шрага Гальперин и Шимон Бабад (1859—1935). Имелась б-ка с читальным залом, самодеятельный т-р, оркестр. В 1922 начал работать еврейский спорт. клуб.20 сент. 1939 части РККА вошли в Б. Открывшаяся школа с преподаванием на идише вскоре была закрыта. В Б. находилось много беженцев из зап. областей Польши и евреев, к-рым сов. власти запретили проживать в больших городах как «нежелательным элементам». Беженцы жили в синагогах и пустых магазинах. Жители Б. создали подпольный к-т помощи, к-рый собирал деньги, продукты и одежду для беженцев. Для этой цели комитет посылал своих эмиссаров и в др. города. Большинство беженцев летом 1940 были высланы в глубь СССР.7 июля 1941 герм. войска вошли в Б. Через неск. дней власти обвинили евреев в том, что перед отступлением сов. войск они убили заключенных в местной тюрьме. Украинцы схватили 12 евреев и зарубили их топорами на христианском кладбище. Был создан юденрат во главе с пред. общины Шимоном Клерером. Первое массовое убийство евреев произошло 1 окт. 1941 (в Йом-Кипур), когда было расстреляно 500—700 чел. Во время второй «акции», 18 дек. 1941, ок. 1200 евреев были вывезены в лес и уничтожены. «Акции» проходили регулярно по всем еврейским праздникам. Гетто было создано 15 окт. 1942 и уничтожено 12 июня 1943, когда были убиты последние 1760 евреев., extra_data="{'translat...")
BEREZHNITSA, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezhnitsa (other name. Bereznitsa) Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 286 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 87, in 1784 - 155, in 1787 - 206, in 1847 - 1157, in 1897 - 2160 ( 72.9%), in 1921 - 1327 (54.5%), in 1946 - 45 Jews. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the beginning. 17th century Main classes - logging, picking mushrooms and production of agricultural. products. In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from raids by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky; approx. 100 Jews. 5 Jewish houses remained in B. In 1765 there were 64 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 65, in 1787 - 68. In the end. 19th century four synagogues operated in B.; B. Jews were in the main. Stolin and Trisk Hasidim. In 1896, Yoel Shurin founded a yeshiva in B., which had 70 students. 1 Sep 1915 all Jews were evicted from B. The eviction was accompanied by a pogrom, organized by local residents excited by the preaching of the priest. During the pogrom, 23 people were killed. In Feb. 1919 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, during which the property of the Jewish population was plundered. the rabbis in B. were Moishe Bakun and Moishe Naiditsch. 1920s in B. a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 germ. troops entered B. On the trail. day by local residents a pogrom was organized. The Judenrat was established and a ghetto was created. 26 Aug 1942 in the ghetto, approx. 1 thousand people and sent to Sarny. Half of the Jews were shot on the way 17 km from B.
Berezhnitsa, see Berezhnitsa.
BEREZIN Efim Iosifovich (b. 1919, Odessa), variety artist. In 1941 he graduated from the Kiev Theater. Institute, where, together with Yu.T. Timoshenko, he held conferences at the institute evenings. The first program is “Let's not be”. In 1941-45 - to the front. theater - in the image of the cook Galkin. In the future, he played a monter inclined to rhetoric, performed in the images of masks of the Policeman, Illuminator, Plug. The heroes of B. were usually characterized by features of reasoning. Jokes, miniatures, interludes of Tymoshenko and B. (Tarapunka and Shtepsel) went beyond the confines of the entertainer and became independent program numbers. In the 50s and 60s. participated in the "Twenty with the Hook" program. He acted in films. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1960). Since 1990 - in Israel.
BEREZIN Felix Alexandrovich (1931, Moscow - 1980), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1953). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). He worked at Moscow State University (1956-1980). Main results are related to func. analysis, theory of group representations, mat. physics. Important works on representations of semisimple Lie groups, quantization of physical. systems. Of particular importance is his contribution to supermathematics - a generalization of the classical. analysis for systems with anticommuting variables. Certain concepts bear his name: for example, the Jacobian in superanalysis is called the Beresian. Died in a boat trip to the D. Vostok. Works: Introduction to algebra and analysis with anticommuting variables, Moscow, 1983; Schrödinger's equation, Moscow, 1983 (with M.A. Shubin); Secondary Quantization Method, M., 1986.
BEREZINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Tarutinsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1816. At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 125 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June - early. July 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
BEREZINO LYUBOSHANSKOE, see. Berezino, Minsk region.
BEREZINSKY Vadim Lvovich (1935, Kiev - 1980, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1959). In 1959–60 and 1963–77 he worked at the Teplopribor Research Institute. In 1960-63, a postgraduate student at Moscow. engineer-phys. in-that. At the same time. in 1963-68 he taught at Moscow. textile institute. Since 1977 ml. scientific. sotr. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (transferred to the position of senior scientific worker a month before his death). B.'s contribution to the theoretical. physicist is inadequate to his posts and titles. Despite his bright talent and fasting, theoretical studies. physics, the first work publ. at 35. His name is mainly associated with solving the problem of the theory of phase transitions in two-dimensional systems and the theory of localization in disordered one-dimensional semiconductors, but his range of interests is unusually wide - hydrodynamics, physics of TV. bodies, physics of low temperature, physics of elementary particles, theory of gravity; he managed to solve a number of problems related to overcoming means, mat. difficulties. He was the first to show that a liquid helium film has superfluidity at low temperature pax. Explained the nature of pl. phenomena in two-dimensional crystals and magnets and showed that in systems with transverse rigidity correlations slowly decrease with increasing temperature, which determines the properties of a new low-temperature phase (Berezinsky phase). Research the role of vortices and dislocations in this phase.
BEREZKIN Girsh Solomonovich (1918, Mogilev - 1982, Minsk), critic, literary critic. Studied in lit. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that. Began publishing in 1935. He wrote in Yiddish and Belarusian. lang. The first art. - about the work of E. Fininberg, G. Shvedik and other writers - published in the end. 30s in f. "Stern" and "October". From 1938 he worked as head. dep. critics in ed. Belarusian. g. "Flame of the revolution" and gas. "Liter and Art". In 1940 he was arrested. After his release he went to the front. After demobilization he returned to Minsk. Author of books critical. Art. "Poetry of Truth" (1958) - about the work of the Belarusian. writers, Three Poets (1982), Art. about Heb. poets in f. "Sovetish gameland".
BEREZNA, see Berezno.
BEREZNEGOVATOE, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1780s. In the 1820s. received the status of posad Ros. admiralty. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson lips. In 1923-30 - the regional center of Kherson, then Nikolaev okr., In 1932-91 - Odessa and Nikolaev regions. In 1910, 380 Jews (4.4%) lived in Byelorussia, 350 in 1923, 1141 in 1931, and 271 Jews in 1939. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the second half. 19th century From 1876 to 1886 Gershen Zalmanovich Pinsker was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912 a 2-storey synagogue was built. In 1918, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Directory's troops, and in 1919 by units of the Volunteer Army. Assistance in the restoration of B. after the Civil. wars were provided by ARA and the Joint. Material assistance to the B. community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. In 1927 the Jewish handicraftsmen of Byelorussia united in the prom. artel "Zagalna Pratsya" ("General Labor") for the manufacture and repair of footwear and garments. The synagogue was closed in 1928. 14 Sept. 1941 112 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. The Ukrainian police took part in the execution. In 1956 in the territory. B. Nagartavsky Jewish nat was included. village council - former. Jewish agriculturalists colonies of Big Nagartav and Small Nagartav. In the 1990s. in B. lived several. Jewish families. The building of the synagogue has survived, a cut is used as a warehouse for the village. technicians I. M. Shaikin
BEREZNIKI (until 1933 - Usolye-Solikamskoe), a city (from 1932) in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). In 1939, 212 Jews (0.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 417 Jews (0.3%). S.A. Brushtein.
Bereznitsa, see Berezhnitsa.
BEREZNO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezna (other name. Bereznoe), Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 267 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 79, in 1784 - 105, in 1787 - 172, in 1847 - 1283. in 1897 - 2765 (68.1%), in 1900 - 2171 (53.8%), in 1921 - 2372 (58%) in 1931 - approx. 3200 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the middle. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" era, approx. 50 Jews. In the 18th century. there was a kagal in B. In 1764 there were 48 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 29, in 1787 - 37. In 1809, at the invitation of a local landowner, a representative of the Slonim Hasidic dynasty, Ichiel-Mikhl Pechnik (? -1848), moved to Byelorussia, which laid the foundation for the Berezna dynasty. ... In 1848-65 the dynasty was headed by the son of Ychiel-Mikhla Yitzhok (? -1865), in 1865-69 - the son of Yitzhok Yosef (? -1869), in 1869-1917 - the son of Yosef Avrom-Shmuel (1852-1917), in 1917-19 39 - the son of Avrom-Shmuel Yitzhok (? -1939), ex. at the same time. Rabbi B., in 1939-42 - the son of Yitzkhok Ichiel-Mikhl (? -1942). In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century Nohum-Ruven Gutman founded a Zionist organization and a cheder with teaching in Hebrew in B. During the years of Civil. During the war, a detachment of Jewish self-defense operated in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. Jews in B. owned 3 mills and 2 sawmills. In the 1930s. a private bank Drakler was opened, in 1928 - schools of the network "Tarbut" and "Yavne". In the beginning. 1930s in B. there was a school teaching in Yiddish. All R. 1930 Joint an attempt was made to open a school in B. with prof. orientation. At the same time, 2 Jewish libraries functioned, several. a branch of the Zionist parties, a cell of the Bund. Herm. troops entered B. on July 6, 1941. October 6. 1941 a ghetto was created for 1,500 Jews. The Judenrat was headed by Yoel Gilberg. All R. On June 1942, Jews from neighboring villages were brought to the B. ghetto. 25 Aug 1942 in Byelorussia approx. 1,800 Jews, approx. 200 Jews fled before the start of the "action". Some of the Jews who escaped took part in partisans. movement in B. genus. I.G. Verite, E.Z. Yarchuk.
BEREZNOE, see Berezno.
BEREZNYAKI, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. During the Holocaust in Byelorussia, several were shot. Jews.
BEREZNY Lev Abramovich (b. 1915, Zhitomir), orientalist, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1969), prof. (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). Since 1949 teacher, since 1953 Assoc. east Faculty of Leningrad State University. He served in the army (1941–46). The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history and historiography of China, in the main. 19th - 20th centuries. Cit .: US policy in China during the revolution 1924-27, L., 1956; The beginning of colonial expansion in China in the present. amer. historiography, M., 1972.
BEREZOV, see Berezovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.
BEREZOV Efim Lvovich (1895, Vinnitsa - 1958, Gorky), surgeon. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University. Father Yu.E. Berezov. In 1919–21 he served in Kr. Army. In 1921–24 he was a resident surgeon. clinics of the 1st Moscow. un-that. Since 1924 assistant, then assistant professor of surgery. clinics of Saratov University. In 1930 prof. Department of Surgery, Astrakhan med. in-that. From 1937 to the end of his life the head. Department of Faculty Surgery, Gorky Med. in-that. From 1941 to 1952 Ch. surgeon of the Gorky VO. activities of the main. paid attention to the problems of the surgeon. treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. He developed a number of original operations for gastric cancer, and also determined the indications and proposed tactics for the treatment of gastroduodenal bleeding. B. belongs to the priority in the USSR in the implementation of surgery. treatment for chronic. coronary insufficiency. He also dealt with blood transfusion issues; on his initiative, the Gorky branch Center, the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion was created. Elected deputy. prev. Vseros. about-va surgeons. Cit .: On the functions of the spleen, M., 1925; Diseases of the operated stomach and their treatment, Gorky, 1940; Surgery of the esophagus and cardia of the stomach in cancer, Gorky, 1951; Extended and combined resections of the stomach for cancer, M., 1957.
BEREZOV Yuliy Efimovich (1921, Moscow - 1980, ibid.), Surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1957), prof. (1963). Son of E.L. Berezov. In 1943 he graduated from the Gorky honey. Institute and until 1945 as a doctor was at the front. In 1945-50 - assistant surgeon. clinics of Gorky honey. in-that. In 1950-55 Ch. surgeon Med. dep. Ministry of Health of the USSR. In 1955-56 he was a doctoral student at the faculty clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1957–58 Assoc. Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors (Kharkov). In 1958 he created and until 1964 headed the surgeon. dep. Ying-that thoracic surgery (now Ying-t of cardiovascular surgery named after A.N. Bakulev). From 1964 to the end of his life - head. Department of General Surgery 2nd Moscow. honey. in-ta.Osn. directions of activity - development of problems of surgical treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, great vessels, anesthesiology and resuscitation. B. was one of the first in the country who began to carry out surgical interventions for tumors of the esophagus and the cardiac part of the stomach. Contributed to the introduction of the surgeon. practice endoscopic. Methods. Vol .: Cancer of the cardiac department. stomach: Clinic and surgeon. treatment, M., 1960; Surgery of the esophagus, M., 1965; Surgery of stomach cancer, M., 1976; Esophageal cancer, M., 1979.
BEREZOVATKA (until 1945 - Izrailevka), a village in the Ustinovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 by settlers from the Chernigov province. as a Jewish farmer. the colony. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson lips. In 1920-23 - in the Odessa province, in 1923-30 - in the Ustinovsky district of the Elizavetgradsky district, in 1930-37 - in the Odessa and then in the Nikolaev region, since 1939 - in the Kirovograd region. In 1810 685 Jews lived in Byelorussia , in 1837 - 739, in 1860 - 887, in 1896 - 1275, in 1897 - 1387 (93%), in 1916 - 1136, in 1924 - 1674, in 1926 - 1704, in 1931 - 558 Jews. - one of the first four Jewish colonies of Novorossiya. In the 1830s and 40s. The rabbi in Byelorussia was the Lubavitcher Hasid Gilel Malisov of Parichi (1795-1864). Main occupation of the Jews of B., except with. x-va, - craft. craft (masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors). There was a synagogue, heders. In 1902, a one-class Jewish school was opened (from 1909 - 2-class). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. During the years of Civil. During the war, the population of Byelorussia suffered from pogroms and looting. ARA and Joint provided assistance in the restoration of B. In the 1920s. the village council and consumer cooperation were in operation. In 1925-28, t-va were created on the joint. tillage. The new equipment was supplied by KOMZET and Joint. In 1929-30 he was an individual. kh-va united in the collective farm "Der Noye veg" ("New Way"). Until 1938, an incomplete Wed. Jewish school with agricultural office. The synagogue was closed in 1928. Between 1932 and 1933 famine broke out in Byelorussia. In 1941, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was St. 400 people After the occupation, 338 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. 12 people were saved.
BEREZOVA RUDKA, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1717. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pyriatinsky u. Poltava province. On May 18, 1942, 21 Jews were shot in B.R. In 1946, a memorial sign was installed on the mass grave of the executed.
BEREZOVICHI (until 1964 - Parshevichi), a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Pinsky u. Minsk Province. 69 Jews (10.9%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, 58 in 1921, and in the 1930s. - OK. 100 Jews. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Stolin Hasidim. In July 1942, a ghetto was created for the Jews of Byelorussia and surrounding villages (303 people). On Sept. 1942 ghetto prisoners were shot. Fifty Jews fled, hiding with the help of Baptist peasants. In 1998, several were living in Byelorussia. Jews.
BEREZOVKA, a village in the Talalaevsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. - regional center. In 1926, 42 Jews did not live in the Berezovsky district. 1941 - early. 1942 in B., 3 remaining Jews were killed. J. Kravitsky.
BEREZOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1954), a regional center in the Khanty-Mansiysk auth. env. Tyumen region (Russian Federation). Main in 1593 as a fortress of Berezov. Since 1782 - the district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement of the Ural Region. In 1910, 30 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 12 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
BEREZOVOE, see Berezovo.
BEREZOVSKY, a city (since 1938) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1748. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinburg u. Perm Gubernia. In 1910, four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 32 Jews. In 1999, several Jews lived in Byelorussia. Jews.
BEREZOVSKY Boris Abramovich (b. 1946, Moscow), mathematician, businessman Ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1991), Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1967 he graduated from the Moscow Forestry Institute. 1968-87 - engineer, junior. and Art. scientific. sotr. a number of Moscow research institutes. Since 1987 - head. lab. Institute of Management Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Engaged in modeling theory. Author of many scientific works in the region. applied mat. and control theory. One of the founders (1990) and head of LOGOVAZ - the main official dealer of the world's largest auto companies (Volvo, General Motors, Honda) in Russia. B. - founder of the Triumph charitable foundation, which awards an annual prize to cultural figures. Cit .: Binary relations in multi-criteria optimization, M., 1981; Best Choice Problem, M., 1984.
BEREZOVSKY Efim Matveyevich (b. 1913, Savran, Kherson province), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In 1935–38 - in Kr. Army. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow. railroad technical College. From 1941 - in the army. Com. art. batteries, Art. leith. Awarded the title of Hero of Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. In 1949 he graduated from Leningrad. in-t Ing. railroad transport.
BERG Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) (1876, Bendery, Bessarabian province, - 1950, Leningrad), physical geographer and biologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946, ch.-k. 1928). In 1898 he graduated from Moscow. un-t. In 1904-13, the zoologist Zoologich. Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. In 1914-18 prof. ichthyology Mosk. s.-kh. in-that. Since 1916 prof. department of physical. geography Petrograd. un-that. B. one of the organizers (1918) Geogr. Institute, transformed in 1925 into geogr. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, where until the end of his life he headed the department of physical. geography. In 1922–34 the head. dep. applied ichthyology Ying-that experimental agrochemistry. In 1918-30 the head. lake department State hydrological in-that. Since 1934 head. lab. fossil fish in Zoologich. in-those. In 1940-50 prez. Geogr. about-va of the USSR. B. developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the doctrine of V.V. Dokuchaev about natural zones. He explored the lakes Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, Sevan, Ladoga, Baikal, Kokchetav lakes in the North. Kazakhstan, as well as the Caspian Sea B. - Author of works on climatology, paleoclimatology, lakes science, history of geography, ichthyology. Named B. named: volcano on about. Urup, a peak in the Pamirs, a cape on Severnaya Zemlya, glaciers in the Pamirs and Dzhungarskiy Alatau, his name was included in the Latin names of more than 60 species of animals and plants. Honored. active science of the RSFSR (1934). Steel, pr. (1951). Cit .: Fav. tr., t. 1–5, M., 1956–62.
BERG Mikhail Yurievich (b. 1952, Leningrad), prose writer, critic. Graduated. Leningrad. Aviation Institute instrumentation (1975). He did not work in his specialty. Founder (1988) and hands. Association "New Literature", ed.-ed. "Bulletin of new literature" - well., Reflecting in the main. avant-garde tech. in modern lit-re and, in the first. turn, postmodernism. B. speaks with the theoretical. Art. on the problems of postmodernism in literature, understood as a general cultural phenomenon of revision of all and all values. Reprinted in different periodic. ed. As a prose writer he has been published abroad since 1980, in Russia since 1989, including under the ps. F. Erskin, I. Severin and others. B. is a vivid example of the prose of postmodernism, based on parody-play reflection, the object of which is literary, historical, cultural reminiscences, myths, and clichés. Author of rum. "The Eternal Jew" (1980, publ. 1989), "Rope Ladder" (1980, publ. 1983), "Between the Lines ..." (1982, publ. 1991), "Ros and I" (1986, publ. 1990 ), "The Last Novel" (1992), etc.
BERGELSON David Rafailovich (1884, Okhrimovo, Kiev province - 1952), prose writer, playwright, publicist. In 1901 he moved to Kiev, in 1903 - to Odessa, then in 1904 - to Warsaw. I was engaged in self-education. Lit. activity began in rus. lang. and Hebrew. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1909. "Arum station" ("Around the station"), which was highly appreciated by critics. During these years B. publishes pov. "Der Toyber" ("Deaf", 1910), "In a Fargrebter shtot" ("In a coarse city"), rom. Noh Alemen (After Everything, 1913). After the revolution of 1917, B. took an active part in the creation of the Sov. Heb. lit-ry, publishes rum. "In fartunklte zait" ("In darkened times"), stories. Also acts with criticism. Art. and essays, eating, problems of new poetry and prose. In 1921, B. left Russia and settled in Berlin, traveled to Romania, France, USA, ed. children lit.-thin. g. "Ying shpan". In 1929, B. returned to the USSR and settled in Moscow. In 1932, the publishing house "Der Emes" published the first. hours of his epics from the life of the Jews of Ukraine early. 20th century - rum. "Bam Dnepr" ("On the Dnepr"). In the beginning. 30s B. repeatedly visited Birobidzhan, and in 1934 publ. cycle of stories about the first. builders Heb. JSC. In pl. owls. Heb. t-t-rakh performances are staged based on his production. In the years of the 2nd world. B.'s war is a member. Heb. antifash. to-that, chl. editorial board gas. "Einikite", and in 1947-48 alm. "Geimland". In 1949 he was arrested. Shot.
BERGELSON Lev Davidovich (b. 1918, Gaisin, Podolsk province), organic chemist and biochemist. Son of D.R.Bergelson. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1968). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1941). In 1941–46 - in Kr. Army. Until 1958 he worked at Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1958 - at the Institute of Chemistry of Natural Compounds (from 1974 - Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1960–86 - head of laboratory, since 1986 - chief scientific worker). Prof. (1964). Main research dedicated chemistry of physiologically active compounds. Received (1960-62, jointly with MM Shemyakin) by oxidative cyclization of a number of di-, tri- and tetraacetylene esters, a large number, respectively. ketones. Found (1961, jointly with M.M. Shemyakin) ways of directed stereoregulation of the Wittig reaction. Using this method, he synthesized cisvaccene (1961), linoleic (1962), octadecatrienoic (1964) acids. Studied the structure and functions of biol. membranes. He showed (1964) that in seeds of plants, fats of mammals, fish, microorganisms, along with triglycerides, esters of higher are contained. fatty acids and decomp. glycols. Conducted a series of studies on stereochemistry and conformations. analysis of compounds aliphatic. and alicyclic. rows, according to chem. natural lipid technology. State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Membranes, molecules, cells, M., 1982; Liposomes and their interaction with cells, M., 1986 (with LB Margolis).
BERGER-BARZILAY Yosef (real name and surname - Isaak Zhelyaznik) (1904, Krakow - 1978, Israel), political scientist and Sovietologist. From 1920 he took part in the youth movement "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" and left for E.-I. In 1922 one of the founders of the illegal. Communist Party of Palestine, elected its secretary. (under the fam. Barzilai). In 1924 he visited the USSR, met with the leadership of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Upon returning to E.-I. participated in the creation of the communist. org-tions and groups in Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Transjordan, kept in touch with the Arab. leaders of Palestine. In the 1920s. several once illegally visited Moscow, on one of the visits (March 1929) had 5-hour. conversation with I.V. Stalin on the affairs of Bl. East. During the Arab uprising of 1929, he was hiding in an Arab. d. Beit Saffa near Jerusalem, from where the communist continued. agitation. In 1931 he was sent by the Comintern to Berlin as a secretary. Anti-imperialistic. league. In 1932 he was recalled to Moscow, under the name of Joseph Berger he headed the Middle East. department of the Comintern. In 1934 he was removed from office and expelled from the party, in 1935 he was arrested for "Trotskyist agitation" and sentenced to 5 years in strict regime camps. In 1936, at the request of the NKVD authorities, he was taken to Moscow in order to obtain testimony against G.E. Zinoviev. For refusing to testify, he was sentenced to death, commuted to 8 years in prison. St. 15 years spent in prisons and camps, from 1951 in a settlement in Siberia. In 1956 he was rehabilitated and reinstated in the party, and went with his family to Poland. Since 1957 in Israel under the fam. B.-B. Since 1968 Art. teacher of political science at the University of Bar-Ilan, he also lectured in other schools. institutions, made comments on radio Israel. Author of works on political science and Sovietology, including the books Light at Midnight (1962) and The Tragedy of Sov. Revolution ”(1968; both in Hebrew), as well as“ The Collapse of a Generation ”(in English, in the American edition called“ Nothing but Truth ”, 1971).
BERGER-GABAY Genya (b. 1910, Kharkov), artist. From 1925 - in E.-I. She studied at the German Academy of Arts, in Russia and France. Participated in the creation of the Habima and Ogel t-dvs. Worked like Fig. book Participated in various films. exhibitions in Israel.
BERGER Arthur Semenovich (1892, Vienna - 1981, Moscow), artist. In 1915 he graduated from the Higher School of Applied Arts in Vienna. In 1918–36 he worked at the cinema in Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Paris. Designed by St. £ 100 In 1936 he moved to Moscow, where he designed f. "Swamp soldiers", after which he was enrolled as an artist in the staff of the "Mosfilm" cinema. Issued several. dozens of owls. f. (many of them in co-authorship), including "Engineer Kochin's Mistake", "Pig and Shepherd", "Wait for Me", "Legend of the Siberian Land", "Stories about Lenin", "Operation Y" and other adventures of Shurik ".
BERGER Benjamin-Herzl (1904 - 1962, Israel), polit. activist, one of the leaders of the Mapai party. Dr. is right. He was an activist of the illegal organization "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" in Russia. In 1921 he moved to Poland and entered Poalei Zion there. In the 30s. was a gene. sec. this party in Germany, after returning to Poland, became a member. Poalei Zion Central Committee - Socialist Zionists. From 1934 - in E.-I. Was a journalist for gas. "Davar" and Chl. her editorial board. Dep. The Knesset.
BERGER Israel Abramovich (Abram Shimenovich) (1895, Poltava - 1962, Moscow), psychiatrist, healthcare organizer. After the end of the commercial. school in Poltava (1912) served in the army as a volunteer (1912-13). In 1914 he entered Petrograd. psychoneurological. inst., but in 1915 he was drafted into the army. From 1918 to 1919 he was a member of the Bund. In 1918 he entered honey. Faculty of Tavrichesky (Crimean) un-that in Simferopol, since 1920 - for honey. Faculty of Second Moscow State University (graduated in 1922). He worked in the 1st Moscow. psychiatrist. b-tse (1922-30), reg. psychiatrist (1930–43), taught a course of social psychiatry at the Center, in-those advanced training for doctors (1932–51). Head scientific-methodical (1945 50) and organizational (1956-1962) dep. Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sci. tr. B. are devoted to various problems of psychiatry, psychohygiene; organization of psychiatrists. help (doctoral dissertation. 1940), in the field of cut he was a supporter of the principle of decentralization (created a network of small neuropsychiatric hospitals in the Moscow region). Works: Organization of neuropsychiatric care, M., 1942.
BERGER Yakov Mikhailovich (lit. ps. Y. Mikhailov) (b. 1929, Ufa), orientalist, historian. Dr. East sciences. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1952), trained at the Academy of Sciences of the PRC (1958). Sci. sotr. Institute of Geography (1953–65), Institute of Economics World. socialist system (1965-67), Ying-that D. East (1967-70), Ying-that scientific. information on societies. Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1970). Member of the Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific. exp. AN PRC (1957), a number of all-growing. and int. scientific. congresses. The author of works on econ. geography and recent history of China, demography and ext. policy of the PRC, including scientific. abstracts and reviews INION. A number of works B. lane. in English. lang .: China: Economic-geographer. sketch, M., 1959; Chinese Nar. Republic: Essays on the geography of the population and the economy, Tallinn, 1962 (in Estonian); Towards events in China, M., 1967.
BERGGRUN Heinrich (1838, Warsaw - 1889, Hannover), cantor and composer. He was a music teacher in Vilna. Then he became a violinist at the Wielki Theater in Warsaw. After studying singing in Milan, he was a choirmaster in Odessa, a cantor in Poznan, and from 1870 - ch. cantor in the synagogue in Hanover. His muses. op. include Festive Kaddish for the cantor and choir on the occasion of the anniversary of the Hanover Synagogue (1882) and The Last Kaddish for the cantor and choir (1889).
BERGMAN Zvi (1909, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1944), society. activist; polygraphist, art specialist. fonts. He was an activist of "Beitar" in Baranovichi. Since 1935 - in E.-I. An active figure of "Beitar" in E.-I. He opened an engraving workshop in Tel Aviv, created new forms of printed fonts. Participant of the international exhibitions in this field, one of the world's largest specialists in applied graphics. In 1938 he published a catalog of his works. The press called him "the singer of the Hebrew letter."
BERGOLTS Moisey Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1891 - 1951, Moscow), pharmacist and pharmacologist. Dr. pharmaceutical Sciences (1940). Graduated from Petrograd. honey. Institute (1922). All R. 1920s organized by Leningrad. pharmaceutical in-t. Headed by Leningrad. (1937–38) and Moscow. (1939–40) pharmaceutical. in-you. In 1940 - 50 hands. lab. technologies of dosage forms and the scientific sector. information Vses. n.-i. chemical-pharmaceutical Institute (Moscow). tr. B. dedicated drug technology, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacology, in particular, technology and pharmacology of digitalis. Prev Pharmacopoeial Committee of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health (1936 38), member. reign of Vses. scientific. pharmaceutical about-va (1946–51). Cit .: Clinical Pharmacopoeia and Medical Formulation, Molotov, 1943 (with M.Ya. Breitman); Medical prescription reference book, 4th ed., M., 1952; New drugs and dosage forms, 2nd ed., M., 1952.
BERGSTEIN Fan (1908, Lomzhinsk province - 1950, Israel), poet. Got a trad. Heb. education. In her youth she took part in the youth Zionist. movement Ge-Halutz Ha-Tsair. From 1930 - in E.-I., where she entered the kibbutz "Gevat". Among her book. poem "Batsir" (1939), collection of verse. Asif (1955) and Sat. prose "Reshimot" (1952). She also wrote for children.
BERGSON Michael (1820, Warsaw - 1898), pianist and composer. Taught php. game in the Geneva cons., her director. F. Chopin's student, B. composed fp. music in his style, for which he was criticized by R. Schumann. One of the products. B. "Scene and Aria" is widely performed by the military. orc. The author of the op. Louise di Montfort (1847, Florence, 1849, Hamburg); operetta "Who goes hunting loses his place" (1859, Paris). In 1873 he lived in London, where he was engaged (with M. Hast) collecting and publishing. manuf. synagogue music. Son B. - Henri-Louis (1859, Paris - 1941, ibid.), French. philosopher Franz. academy (1914), Nobel avenue by lit-re (1927). Pres. Committee of the League of Nations for Intellectual Cooperation.
BERIKULSKAYA, see Berikulsky.
BERIKULSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1931) in the Tisul district of the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Berikulskaya Mariinsky okr. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 17 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BERINSKY Lev Samoilovich (b. 1939), poet, translator, publicist. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow and Vyssh. lit. courses. He made his debut in 1953 verse, in Russian. lang. Author pl. per. from Yiddish, rum., German in Russian lang., including poetry by M.Z. Shagal, H.-N. Bialik, H.V. Beider, A.A. Vergelis, D. Teitelboim, prose by I. Bashevis-Singer, M. Tsanin and others In 1988, the publishing house "Sov. writer ”released it Sat. verse. in Yiddish "Zuniker Veltboy" ("Solnechny Mirostroy"). Since 1991 in Israel.
BERISLAV, city (from 1784), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. Since 1774 - part of Ros. empire. From 1784 - in the Yekaterinoslav governorship, from 1795 - in Voznesenskaya, from 1797 - in Novorossiysk province, from 1803 - in Kherson u. Kherson province. 287 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, 543 in 1855, 990 in 1856, 1990 in 1863, 2000 in 1910 (16.6%), 708 in 1920, 495 in 1923, and 1926 - 395 (5.2%), in 1939 - 230 Jews (2.5%) Jews began to settle in Byelorussia at the end. 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - trade in bread, agricultural. products, manufacture and repair of clothing and footwear. In B. it was approx. 100 crafts. pr-ty, owned by Jews; among them - zd s.-kh. Eisenstock techniques. In 1856 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia. In 1864, Mark Solomonovich Sirot was the rabbi in Byelorussia, from the 1870s. - Moses Rubin (1832—?). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in B. there were 3 synagogues, heders, 3 private husbands. schools and one mixed. In 1907 the local organization Poaley Zion, headed by Pinkhus Leibovich Goreker, functioned in Byelorussia. In 1911, the Society for Aid to the Poor of the Jewish Confession was organized. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the 1920s. synagogues were closed during the German occupation. troops in B. 22 Sept. 1941 was shot ca. 400 Jews. After 1945, several returned from evacuation. dozens of Jewish families. In 1989, 22 Jews did not live in the Berislavsky district. The Jewish cemetery has been destroyed. In the former. the synagogue building was opened in Ukrainian. school in B. A.D.Bruskin I.M.Shaikin
BERKENHEIM Abram Moiseevich (1867, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Organic chemist. The son of a merchant of the first guild. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1890) with evil. medal, was left at un-those to prepare for a professorship. In 1891 he improved his education at the University of Göttingen. Returning to Moscow. un-t in 1892, was soon forced to leave it because of the persecution by the reactionaries. professors. Until 1908 he lived abroad (in Europe, USA, Canada, South America and North Africa). He helped Jews who emigrated from Russia and other countries of the East. Europe, published a number of articles in J. "Rus. thought "about the situation of Jewish emigrants in the West. In 1908 he returned to Moscow. un-t as a laboratory assistant in the lab. organic and analytic. chemistry. Since 1910 he headed the department of analytic. chemistry at Moscow. higher. wives courses converted after Oct. revolution at the 2nd Moscow State University, and in 1931 became prof. Moscow in-that fine chem. technologies, where he worked until the end of his life. One of the first to apply (in 1915) electronic representations to organic. chemistry, setting out his views on this issue in the monograph "Fundamentals of electronic chemistry organic. compounds "(1917). He stood at the origins of the owls. chemical-pharmaceutical. prom-sti: organized prom. production of a number of medicinal and aromatic substances (albichtol, atophan, novocaine, dionin, coumarin, luminal, etc.), which made it possible to abandon the import of many. medicines and create edema. prom-st of fine organic synthesis. Completed a cycle of works on chem. the use of shale. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1934) .Soch .: Fundamentals of theoretical. Chemistry, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1926; Chemistry and technology synthetic. medicines, M., 1935.
BERKHIN Ilya Borisovich (1908, Krichev Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1992, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1957), prof. (1961). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1937–40 he studied at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1940-42 he taught at the universities of Kursk and Molotov. In 1942–46 in Kr. Army. In 1946–50 and 1956–89 he worked at the Institute of History (since 1968 at the Institute of History of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1950–56 he taught at MGIMO. Author of a number of textbooks and textbooks. manuals, as well as works on theoretical. problems ist. science, issues of historiography, history of nar. x-va, state. construction in the USSR, military. history of Russia and the USSR, class, struggle in Russia in 19 - early. 20th centuries; Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1980). State pr. Komi ASSR (1979). Cit .: The defeat of the imperialist. interventions and int. counter-revolution in the years of civil. wars (1918-1920), M., 1958; Military reform in the USSR in 1924–25, M., 1958; From the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat to the general public. state-woo: (Historical sketch), M., 1963; The main stages of development of owls. about-va, M., 1967; Econ. the policy of the Sov. authorities, M., 1970; East Battle for Peace: The History of the Brest Peace in the Works of V.I. Lenin, M., 1976; First Sov. Constitution: (Basic Law of the RSFSR) 1918, M., 1988.
BERKMAN Alexander (1870, Vilna - 1936, Nice, France), polit. activist, anarchist. Since 1888 in the USA. Member about-va "Firstborns of freedom" (one of the first Jewish anarchist organizations, created with the assistance of immigrants from Russia). Then - a follower of one of the leaders of him. anarchic. Movement in the USA I. Most, after his death (1906) together with E. Goldman headed the anarchist movement in the USA. B. is a supporter of a terrorist. methods of struggle. In 1892, during the workers' strike, the steel was used. s-yes in Homestead, committed an attempt on the life of the gene. Director of the Homestead Company GK Frick, sentenced to 22 years in prison, released after 14 years. Together with E. Goldman published every month. anarchist. g. "Mother Earth". B. - one of the founders of the school with the latest methods of experiment, teaching in New York. During the 1st world. antiwar wars. propaganda sentenced to 2 years in prison, released in 1919 and deported to the Sov. Russia, but in 1922 he left the country due to disagreements with the Bolsheviks. In 1922–25 he lived in Germany, directed the activities of the international. to-that for the struggle for the liberation of anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists from the Sov. prisons. From 1925 he lived in France, earning a living by translations and lit. labor. Committed suicide. The author of the book: "Prison reps. anarchist "(New York, 1912); “Bolshevist. myth "(New York, 1925); “Now and After: The ABC of the Communist. anarchism "(New York, 1929); a series of pamphlets under the general title. "Rus. tragedy"; "Rus. revolution and communist. the consignment"; "Kronstadt mutiny" (Berlin, 1922).
BERKMAN Yakov Pavlovich (1897, Kharkov - 1967, Lvov), chemist. Graduated from Kharkov University (1919). He worked in the universities of Kharkov (since 1941 - prof.). Since 1945 - head. department inorganic. and General Chemistry Lviv Polytechnic. in-that. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR (1949). Main tr. dedicated questions of synthesis of arts, tanning in-in and auxiliary. products for leather. production-va. Became. pr. (1941). Cit .: Ways of development of production and the use of synthetic. tanning in-in, L., 1939.
BERKONSKY Isaac (1899 - |), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1926). In Argentina since 1905. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires. Ch. arr. in the clinics of the university: assistant, associate professor (1936–52), Art. teacher (1953–59), head. training honey. of Israelita clinic staff (since 1962), head. cardiology department of the same clinic (since 1938). tr. B. dedicated issues of general symptomatology, int. diseases (1953-56), cyanosis (1930), physiology of the cardiovascular system (1930), symptomatology of respiratory diseases (1936). Author of Medical Semiology (2nd ed., 1957). Founder of the Argentine Society of Cardiology (1937).
BERKOV Pavel Naumovich (1896, Akkerman, Bessarabian province - 1969, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (I960). Graduated from the University of Vienna, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1923). In 1923-28 he worked as a director, teacher of Russian. lang. and literature on Wed. school of Leningrad, in 1925-29 scientific. sotr. Institute of speech culture, since 1929 - Institute of books, documents and letters, Institute of Russian. lit-ry. From 1934 until the end of his life he worked at the department of Russian. literature Leningrad. un-ta, led by scientific. seminars. First. book - Sat. per. Heb. poetry "From Lutsatto to Bialik: Collection of Hebrews. nat. lyrics "(1919). In 1938 he was repressed. He spent over a year in prison. Was criticized during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitanism." Main tr. devoted to the history of Russian. literature of the 18-20th centuries, literature of the peoples of the USSR, bibliography, bibliology: “Bibliography. description of ed. Free Russian. printing house in London "(1935)," Bibliography of manuf. A.S. Pushkin and liters about him for 1886-1889. " (1949), “Bibliography. heuristics: to theory and methodology bibliogr. research ”(1960),“ History of Russian. journalism of the 18th century "(1952)," History of Russian. comedies of the 18th century ”(1977), monographs about MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov, VI Lukin, VV Kapnist (1944–50) and others. member AN GDR (1967)
BERKOVICH Itzhak Dov (1885, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1967, Tel Aviv), writer, translator and editor. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. He began publishing his first stories in 1903. At the first competition for literature in Hebrew (1904), his story "Mashkele-Khazir" was awarded 1st Ave. lit. g. or T. supplements to them, in 1916-20 - ed. "Ga-Toran". He married Ernestine (Esther), daughter of Sholem Aleichem. In 1910 he began to translate works. Sholem Aleichem in Hebrew, devoted his whole life to this work. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Etc. Sh.Chernikhovsky for the lane. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (1944). Etc. H.-N. Bialik (1953). Etc. Sh.Chernikhovsky (1955, repeated). State pr. Israel on lit-re (1958). A ten-volume collection has been published. his op. Book. memoirs (1966) was awarded to H.-N. Bialik prospect.
BERKOVICH Maria (Malka) Veniaminovna (b. 1910, Berezino, Igumensky u., Minsk province), artist. In 1927-31 she studied at Vitebsk art. technical school, in 1932-39 in Moscow. in-those will depict. art from M.S. Rodionov. Thesis - ill. to the story of Sholem Aleichem "Boy Motl" was presented at the "Exhibition of diploma works of art. universities in 1939 " in the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin. Created easel works: "After the War in the Countryside" (1945), "By the Lake"; ser. Borisov match factory named after Kirov "(1949)," New Minsk "(1958), ser. "Belarusian landscapes" (1962-65), "Minsk. On the Shore ”(1963-64). She participated in the studio "Belarus-Film" as a thin artist. costumes to create. f .: "Nesterka" (1955), "Red Leaves" (1958), "Tales of Youth" (1961), "The Last Bread" (1963).
BERKOVICH Shaya Iosifovich (1918, Borisov, Minsk province - 1942), coms. worker, partisan participant. movement. From Sept. 1940 1st sec. Pinsk city committee of the Komsomol of Belarus. From July 1941 sec. Pinsk underground regional committee and city committee of the Komsomol. From nov. 1942 partisan commissar. detachment them. S. Lazo. Killed in battle.
BERKOVICH Shlema-Leiba Haimovich (Lev Efimovich) (1863, Minsk - 1911, Saratov), ​​member of the revolutionary. movement. R. in the melamed family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1882–84 he studied social. science in Paris, became close to Russian. the scientist-emigrant P.L. Lavrov, communication with whom had a meaning. influence on the formation of the views of B. In 1884 joint venture. with E.A. Abramovich organized a number of students in Minsk. and workers socialist. circles. All R. 1880s worked as a printer in Konotop, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. In the end. 1880s organizer of the first Marxist circles in Kiev. In 1889 he was arrested, by the highest order he was imprisoned for 1 year in the prison "Kresty" in St. Petersburg, and in 1892 he was exiled to the adm. order to the Yakutsk region. Upon returning from exile in ser. In the 1890s, while living in Minsk, he took part in the work of local Social-Democrats. circles, then left for Kiev, where he graduated from a dental school. From the beginning. 1900s worked as a dentist in Volsk (from 1907 in Saratov), ​​led a roar. propaganda among the intelligentsia, students and workers.
BERKOVSKY Naum Yakovlevich (1901, Vilna - 1972, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1926). From 1930 he led a scientific. and ped. work in Leningrad, for many years he taught at Ped. in-those them. M.N. Pokrovsky, then - Ped. in-those them. AI Herzen (1956–72). Ed. collection op. G. Heine (1935–49 and 1956–59), author of many others. works on the history of Russian. and europe. literature and t-ra: "Romanticism in Germany" (1973), "O world. meaning Russian. literature ”(written in 1943, published in 1975), as well as Art. about W. Shakespeare, M. Servantes, F. Schiller, A. S. Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov and others.
BERKOVSKY Viktor Semenovich (b. 1932, Zaporozhye), bard, composer. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1955). Since 1958 he has been writing music to poetry iz. poets, including B.A.Slutsky, D.S.Samoilov, Yu.A. Levitansky, E.A.Evtushenko, B.Sh. Okudzhava, M.A.Svetlov and others.
BERKUTA, does not exist now. Main in the beginning. 1930s as a Jewish farmer. village in Skadovsky district of Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In the beginning. oct. 1941 the entire population of Byelorussia was shot.
BERLAND Shlomo Meir (1868-1941), society. activist. One of the first members of Hovevei Zion in Bessarabia, organizer in 1890 of the Odessa committee - the center of Hovevey Zion in Russia. In 1920 he became the head of the committee for Ukrainian affairs. refugees in Bessarabia. In 1927-40, the head. Zionist Federation, center. k-tov Keren ha-Yasod and Tarbut in Bessarabia. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (in June 1940), Byelorussia was forced to leave Chisinau. In June 1941 he was arrested in Chernivtsi together with gr. Zionists and exiled to a correctional labor colony in the Komi ASSR, where he died.
BERLEVI Henryk (1894, Warsaw - 1967, Paris), painter. Studied in Warsaw, Antwerp, Paris. Studied art of old masters. Organized by the corporation Heb. artists and exhibitions of their work in Poland. After the 1st world. war went to Berlin, joined the avant-garde artists. Exhibited in the gallery "Der Sturm", led. G. Walden. In 1922 B. developed the principles of abstract painting - "Mechanofactura" ("Mechanical Painting"), which was supposed to reflect the industrial. me-hanich. processes, distinguished by geometric simplicity and complete pointlessness. In 1924 publ. in Warsaw, the Manifesto "Mechanofactory". In 1926 he returned to the subject-depicting. art-woo, wrote the realistic. landscapes in the "tromple" technique, but later again took up abstract art. From 1928 he lived in Paris.
BERLIN (Berlinerblau) Fanny (1852, Petersburg - 1921, Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA), surgeon. One of the first American female surgeons. In her youth she was associated with roar. movement in Russia. Joined Rus. colony in Switzerland, received a doctorate in medicine from Zurich University. From 1870 in Boston, where she continued research. at New England Mother and Child Hospital. In 1894 she took up private practice. From 1885 to 1909 she was a member. Massachusetts honey. about-va.
BERLIN Alexander Davidovich (b. 1945, Syzran, Kuibyshev region), economist. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1972). Cand. econom. sciences. 1992–94 Deputy. Minister of Health. Russia. The author of several. dozens of works on decomp. economic problems.
BERLIN Anisim Alexandrovich (1896, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk province - 1961, Moscow), violinist and teacher. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in the violin class of L.S. Auer (1910). He worked as an accompanist and taught a violinist. game in Yekaterinoslav and Vilna (1910–14). In 1914–17 he was concertmaster of symphony. orchestra, performed the part of the 1st violin in strings. quartet them. AD Sheremetev (since 1916 "New Petrograd. Quartet"). In 1917–21, dir. and a teacher of Muses. school in Omsk. In 1921-23 he worked in Tashkent. In 1923–34 he taught at the music. technical school them. A. and N. Rubinsteinov in Moscow. In 1928–41 he was concertmaster of symphony. Orchestra Mosk. Philharmonic Society, since 1941 State. symph. orchestra of the USSR. Honored. art. Rep. (1934).
BERLIN Boris Abramovich (b. 1926, Leningrad), specialist in the region. television transmission equipment. He graduated from Leningrad in 1951. Aviation Institute instrumentation. Since 1950 he has been working in Vses. NII TV, one of the country's leading TV developers. broadcasting equipment, Ch. designer of television cameras since 1964. One of the country's first broadcast cameras KU-1 was developed in 1951, the camera for a mobile TV station KT-6 was created in 1954. In 1961, a new generation camera KT-27 was introduced for the broadcasting center in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. In 1970 he developed the KT-116 color camera. From the beginning. 80s participated in the development and prom. mastering new standard television equipment, including the color television camera KT-132 (1982). In 1986 introduced into production a small-sized color. camera CT-190. Author approx. 20 developments decomp. modifications of television cameras for broadcasting, which are equipped with many. TV centers of the country, 16 original scientific. work on the design of cameras for television broadcasting. State pr. USSR (1982).
BERLIN Eliyahu Meir (1866, Mogilev - 1959, Israel), polit. activist. Studied at Moscow. un-those. From 1907 - in E.-I. He was a delegate to the Zionist congresses, first from the "democratic faction", and later from the general Zionists. During many. years - before. of the Inspection Council of the Herzliya State Enterprise. Since 1929, dir. "Bank Otsar-ha-Yishuv". One of the founders and leaders of the Knesset Israel, in 1920–48 members. directorate "Ha-Vaad ha-Leumi" and member. Time. state advice. Signed the Declaration of Independence of Israel.
BERLIN Irving (Israel Beilin) ​​(1888, Mologa, Yaroslavl Province - 1989, New York), composer. The cantor's son. From 1893 - in New York. He wrote his first song in 1907. He became a companion of the publishing house, then founded his own. the firm. The author of 700 songs that brought him a great fortune. For more than 25 years he was one of the most prolific and successful songwriters of the modern era. popul. music. In the beginning. his muses. career did not know musical notation and did not know how to play the php. He wrote his melodies in the key of F-sharp and transposed them with the help of a specially designed piano. The most popular is his song "God Bless America" ​​(performed at the presidential elections in 1940). B. also wrote lyric. songs and music for muses. comedies and movies. The disc "White Christmas", recorded in 1942, entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most replicated in the world (100,000,000 copies).
BERLIN Sir Isaiah (b. 1909, Riga - 1997), philosopher, literary critic, political scientist. Descendant of Tsemakh-Tzedek. Since 1919 - in Great Britain. Graduated from Oxford University, received a master's degree (1935). In 1932–40 he taught a course in philosophy there. In 1941 he worked in the New York Bureau of the Ministry of Information of Great Britain. In 1942–46 1st secretary. embassy in Washington. He contributed to the formation among the Americans of the conviction that only the United States can save the West dying in Europe. civilization. The reports of B., who held an exclusive position for a Jew in the Foreign Ministry, on the mood in Washington, was studied with great attention by W. Churchill. After the end of the 2nd world. war - 2nd sec. the British Embassy in the USSR. While working in Moscow, he maintained close relations with the Sov. cultural elite, including with B.L. Pasternak and A.A. Akhmatova, who dedicated a number of works to him. In 1946 he returned to Oxford. In the end. 1940s rejected the offer of D. Ben-Gurion to take the post of general. dir. Israeli Foreign Ministry. Since 1957 prof. social and polit. philosophy at Oxford. In 1959-61 he was vice-president. Brit. Academy, in 1971 became the first Jew elected by its president. With the creation of Wolsrson College in Oxford (1966) - his president. In the works of B. "Karl Marx" (1939), "The Hedgehog and the Fox" (1953), "The Age of Enlightenment" (1956), "Two Concepts of Freedom" (1958), "Four Essays on Freedom" (1969), "Rus ... thinkers "(1978)," Personal impressions "(1980) and others. liber is clearly expressed. approach to society. - polit. problems. Polit. B.'s philosophy is associated with the concept of freedom in society subject to totalitarianism. From school age and throughout his life he was a staunch Zionist and devoted numerous articles to this, published at different periods of his life. In 1957 he was awarded the title of sir. Etc. Jerusalem (1979). The prototype of the hero of one of the works of the Israeli writer Sh. I. Agnon.
BERLIN Chaim (1832, Volozhin of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1912, Jerusalem), rabbi. Son of N.-Ts.-I. Berlin. In 1865–85 he was the rabbi of Moscow, in 1892–1906 - in Elizavetgrad. In 1889–92 he headed the rabbinical court in Volozhin. From 1906 - in E.-I. In 1907, S. Salant entrusted him with his powers in the Jerusalem Rabbinate. After the death of Salant in 1909, he became the leader of the Jerusalem community. He enjoyed great authority and support of young members. community, was the spiritual leader of the educated Orthodox youth.
BERLIN Lev Efimovich (1897, Syzran, Simbirsk province - 1974, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Prof. (1939). Member RSDLP (b) since March 1917. Since 1915 he studied at Kazan University, participated in student. roar. movement, in the establishment of owls. power in Kazan, the formation of the First Kazan Red Guard. battalion military. sailors. One of the organizers of the Volga military. flotilla in May 1918, her first commissioner. In 1919 in the political department of the 1st Crimean Army under the command. P.E. Dybenko; deputy. early of the political department of the Volga-Kasp. flotillas. In 1920–21, deputy. early Political department Balt. fleet, served in the Political Department. Revvoensovet rep. Since 1923, the Consul General of the USSR in Canton (China), in 1926-27, Chargé d'Affaires of the USSR in the Mongolian People's Republic. He taught at KUTV and Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1930-31 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad and east. dep. Institute of red professors in Moscow. At the end of the studies at the desk. work in Kazakhstan, member. Karaganda regional party committee. Since 1936 head. sector of the theory of nat. issue and socialist, economic reconstruction nat. rep. and reg. Research Institute of Nationalities at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, at the same time. teacher of history Faculty of Moscow state ped. in-ta them. V.I. Lenin. Cand. ist. Sciences (1938). In 1941–44 the head. Mongolian-Tuvan Department of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, in 1944-55 prof. east dep. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Affairs. 7th Congress of Soviets, 8th and 9th All-Russia. conf. RCP (b). Member Board of the Society of Sov.-Mong. friendship, part. Council of the Military East. about-va at the Center, Museum Arms. forces of the USSR. Author of scientific. works on the history of Mongolia and Tibet, with his introductory art. publ. Sat. reports "Washington Conf:" (M., 1924).
BERLIN Naftoli-Zvi-Yehuda (1817, Mir Novogrudok u., Minsk province. - 1893, Warsaw), spiritual leader, head of the yeshiva in Volozhin. From 1854 he headed the yeshiva and acted as a follower of the Vilna Gaon. He advocated the preservation of the specifics of orthodox Talmudic teaching in the yeshiva, against the Maskilim movement - supporters of enlightenment among the Jews of Russia, who demanded the introduction of courses in secular sciences and a new teaching system.
BERLIN Naum Yakovlevich (1869, Chernigov province - 1951), worker-inventor, Hero of Labor (1932). Graduated from 4-grade mountain. school. From 1880 he worked as an apprentice watchmaker, locksmith, worker on the Kiev-Voronezh railway. In 1893 he worked at the Bryansk metallurgist. s-de. In 1923–51 at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad. Made a number of important inventions to improve the metallurgical industry. equipment and technology, initiated the construction of open-hearth furnaces from the homelands, dinas and refueling them with dolomite instead of expensive magnesite, which meant. cost savings. During the siege of Leningrad, he remained in the city and throughout the war continued to work at the Krasny Putilovets plant.
BERLIN Yosef (1877 - 1952, Israel), architect. He studied at the painting school in Odessa, studied architecture in St. Petersburg. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In the 20s and 30s. many were built according to his designs. buildings in Tel Aviv (city clinic, opera, first theater, etc.).
BERLINER Itzhak (1899, Lodz - 1957), poet. Since 1922 in Mexico. He was a small trader in the Mexican province. In 1927 B., together with two other Hebrews. poets M. Glikovski and J. Glanz published the book. lyrics "Dry vegn" ("Three roads"). His second book. Shtot Fun Palatzen (1936; City of Palaces). After nat. elegies "Hell Mosai |" (1941; "How long |") were written "Calm Zayn" (1948; "Let there be silence") and "Gezang fun mench" (1954; "Human Song"). Many of B.'s poems are marked by a bright social. focus.
BERLINZ (until 1991 - Berliners), a village in the Brichensky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. During the 2nd world. During the war, the entire Jewish population was shot in Byelorussia. After the release of B. owls. troops discovered a mass grave with the bodies of 20 dead.
BERLINS, see Berlin.
BERLOGI, a village in Rozhniatovskiy district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kalush district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 15 Jews were resettled from Byelorussia to Kalush, where they were subsequently exterminated.
BERLAND Shlomo (Solomon) (1866 - 1941, Vozhael Komi ASSR), businessman, polit. activist. In the 1920s and 30s. - prev. Zionist Central Committee. org-tion of Bessarabia, before. Bessarabian to-that society "Tarbut" and to-that "Keren ha-Yesod", member. hands. organs "Ge-Halutz" and a number of other Heb. nat. org-tions. Member hand-va Heb. communities of Chisinau. Delegate of a number of Worldwide Zionist, Congr. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in June 1940, he was arrested by the NKVD at his daughter's apartment in Chernivtsi. A special meeting sentenced to 5 years in forced labor camps, sent to the 11th camp in the village. Vozhael Komi ASSR, where he soon died.
BERLYANT Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Moscow), cartographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1977), prof. (1986). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1962). Since 1990 head. Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. Works on the theory of cartography. Gold medal. N.M. Przhevalsky Geogr. about-va USSR (1990), pr. MGU im. D.N. Anuchina (1980). Cit .: Map tells, M., 1978; Cartographic method issl., M., 1978, 2nd ed., M., 1988; The image of space - map and information, M., 1986; Cartography and Geoinformatics, M., 1991.
BERMAN Adolf (1906, Warsaw - 1978, Tel Aviv), psychologist, societies. activist. In 1931 he graduated from Warsaw University. Doctor of Philosophy. In 1933–39 - director. Heb. psychotechnical. in-that, chl. prez. Heb. nat. to-that, gene. sec. Polish Council for Aid to Jews. During the 2nd world. war was the representative of the fighting ghetto in the Polish underground. In 1944–47, dep. Parliament of Poland, in 1947-49 - before. Centre. to-that of the Jews of Poland. Since 1950 - in Israel. In 1951–55 - dep. Knesset, before. Union of antifash. fighters of Israel, before. Israeli-Polish Friendship League. Ed. weekly in polish. "Valka" (since 1958). Auth. book: "Problems of Societies, Psychology", 1932; "Societies. psychology and education ”, 1937. Awarded the Polish order - the Grunwald Cross (1948).
BERMAN Iekutiel (1825 - 1890, Moscow), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. lang. He made his debut in a liter of pov. "Shonot Rainu Raach", in which he described the sufferings of the cantonists of the time of Nicholas I; it was followed by: "Ha-shodedim be-Zakharaim" (1877), "Pezel Micha" (1884), etc.
BERMAN Lazar Naumovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), pianist. He made his first public appearance at the age of 4 years 9 months. Initially he studied with S.I.Savshinsky, in 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1956 - postgraduate study with her in the class of A.B. Goldenweiser. toured preim. abroad - in Italy and the USA, played with the largest symphonic musicians. orc. and conductors: with Philadelphia (Y. Ormandy), New York (L. Bernstein), Cleveland (L. Maazel), Los Angeles (D. Barenboim). The basis of B.'s repertoire is Russian. classics and music of romantic composers. Among the highest achievements of B. performing a concert for fp. with orc. No. 1 PI Tchaikovsky in the original. ed. (orc. under the direction of G. von Karajan), as well as all concerts for ph. with orc. F.Lista, 1st - I. Brahms (with E. Lainsdorf), 3rd - S.V. Rachmaninov (with K. Abbado); op. A.N.Skryabin, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D.Shostakovich. In the 1990s. B. increasingly turns to the music of J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel, W. A. ​​Mozart. B.'s performance is distinguished by virtuoso octave technique, richness of timbre palette, argumentation of interpretation. 1st avenue of the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students in Berlin, 3rd avenue at the competition them. F. Liszt (1956), Budapest. "Grand Prix" them. F. Liszt of the Budapest Academy of Music (1977) for the recording of Liszt's "12 transcendental studies", the Grand Prix of the Paris Charles Croy Academy of the Budapest Academy of Music (1978) for the recording of Liszt's "Years of Wanderings" cycle.
BERMAN Lazar Vasilievich (Vulfovich) (1894, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), poet, prose writer, literary theorist. R. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from the Tenishevskoe school, jurid. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1917). Participated in the meetings of the Guild of Poets, was a member of lit. gr. "Marseille Sailors". In 1920-21 there was a secretary. Guild of poets. In 1914-15 he worked as a secretary. g. "Voice of Life", where publ. critical Art. "Front sight on the cheek: On the question of concreteness in art" (1916), where he analyzed the meaning of the detail as a poet. reception at the Acmeists, anticipating many. ideas of OPOYAZ. Author of collection of poems "Persistent Retinue" (P., 1915), "New Troy" (P., 1921). After the revolution, he was engaged in enlightenment and popularization activities, wrote scientific-popul. book for children, led ped. work.
BERMAN Matvey Davidovich (1898, Andrianovka of the Chita district of the Trans-Baikal region - 1939), an employee of state bodies. security. In 1918, before. Glazovskaya district Cheka, in 1919 pom. early Yekaterinburg province. Cheka. From 1920 to. Tomsk lips. Cheka, from 1923 beginning. Buryat-Mong. region GPU, since 1924 deputy. early OGPU Wed Asia, from 1928 to the beginning. Vladivostok env. dep. OGPU. In 1930–32, deputy. early Administration of the camps of the OGPU of the USSR, in 1932–38 beginning. Ch. management of camps (GULAG) OGPU-NKVD USSR, simultaneously. in 1936–37 deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR. Dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since Aug. 1937 People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR. 12/24/1938 arrested, 03/07/1939 Military. Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was sentenced to capital punishment. Shot Brother - Boris (1901-1939), sotr. org. state security since 1920. In 1925-28 - early. dep. Economy, exercise. OGPU. 1928–31 - hands. counterintelligence of the OGPU in Wed. Asia. In 1931-36 he was a resident in Germany and other Europeans. countries. 1936-37 - deputy. early external intelligence of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1937–38 the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. affairs of the BSSR. Arrested in 1938, shot in 1939.
BERMAN Samuil Davidovich (1922, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1987, Kharkov), mathematician. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Lviv University (1949). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). He worked at Uzhgorod University (1952–67), since 1967 - at Kharkov Institute of Radioelectronics. Osn. results in algebra. Author of the work "Group algebras of countable abelian p-groups".
BERMAN Viktor Mikhailovich (1897, Minsk province - 1969, Leningrad), microbiologist and epidemiologist. Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1918) and Military medical. Academy (VMA) (1924). He worked as an epidemiologist in the troops, institutions of the Kr. Army. From 1929 to the department. microbiology VMA, in 1936 created the department of epidemiology in the same place, a cut he directed until 1949. Simultaneously from 1934 he was in charge of the department organized by him. microbiology in Leningrad. pediatrician in-those. Osn. tr. devoted to the study of age-related immunology of tuberculosis, the pathology and epidemiology of intestinal infections, the barrier function of the lymphatic. systems, etc. Developed a method for studying the final phase of the phagocytic reaction. Author of the 1st Father. textbook on private epidemiology. In 1937–49 - before. Leningrad. microbiol. Society: Private Epidemiology, Moscow, 1944 (in co-authorship).
BERMAN Yaakov (1878, Salanty Telshevsky u. Kovno province - 1974, Rehovot, Israel), rabbi, public. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Telshi, at a young age passed the copy. for the title of rabbi. In 1900–07 he studied law. Faculty of St. Petersburg, 1907–08 - Novoros. (Odessa) un-tov. Since 1902 he has been a member of the Zionist movement. From 1907 he taught at the Odessa yeshiva under the exercise. Rabbi H. Chernowitz (during his departure abroad in 1909 he headed the yeshiva). In 1910, due to disagreements with other teachers, he left the yeshiva. In 1910–21, the rabbi of Berdichev. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 one of the creation. military. rabbinate, from June 1917 ch. the rabbi grew up. army, lieutenant colonel. In oct. 1918 at the All-Ukrainian. Heb. congress led the coalition of religions. forces "Akhdus" ("Unity"), which demanded the granting of national-cultural autonomy to the Jews. From 1921 in E.-I., in 1922–24 dir. schools in Petah Tikva, in 1925–44 - ch. Inspector of Mizrahi schools. In 1946–48 hands. Mizrahi's movements in E.-I. In 1958 he founded ped. Institute of Movement Mizrahi (in 1964 transferred to Rehovot). The author of a number of books. on the problems of religions. education. State pr. Israel (1968) in the region. education.
BERMAN Yakov Alexandrovich (1868–1933), lawyer, philosopher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1890). On Sat. Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism (1908) criticized the theory of dialectics. He considered dialectics a vestige of idealism, contrary to the "scientific character of Marx's social teaching." After 1917 he joined the RCP (b). He worked in the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov and in Moscow. un-those, where he taught the theory of state-va and law. Member Of the Codification Commission of the SNK-STO USSR, Works: The essence of pragmatism, Moscow, 1911.
BERNADOSOVKA, see Chizhevo.
BERNADOVKA, see Chizhevo.
BERNANDT Grigory Borisovich (1905, Vilna - 1978, Moscow), musicologist. From 1922 to 1924 he studied violin at Moscow. cons. at K.G. Mostras, in 1925-29 in Leningrad. cons. E.E. Kruger and I.A. Zelikhman, in 1929–31 again in Moscow. cons. at Ya.I. Rabinovich. In 1933 he graduated from the historical-theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. (studied with M.V. Ivanov-Boretsky and A.A. Alshwang). Served as a lecturer, ed., music. critic. In 1938–40 he led a special. history course rus. music in muses. uch-shche them. Gnesins in Moscow. In 1948-50 the head. department of f. "Sov. music". From 1957 one of the editors. Sat. “Muses. inheritance". He was engaged in issues of source study, textual criticism, lexicography, rus. classic music. B. - compiler of a number of dictionaries: “Sov. composers - laureates of the State. pr. USSR: Handbook "(1952)," Sov. composers: Brief biogr. reference book "(jointly with AN Dolzhansky; 1957)," Dictionary of operas first staged or published in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR: 1736-1959 "(Moscow, 1962)," Sov. composers and musicologists ", v. 1–3 (1978–84), “Who wrote about music. Bibliographic. dictionary of muses. critics ", v. 1-4 (1971-89). The author of the book: "PI Tchaikovsky: A Brief Sketch of Life and Activity" (1940), "SI Taneev" (Moscow, 1950), "A.Benois and Music" (Moscow, 1969), " VF Odoevsky and Beethoven "(Moscow, 1971). He owns numerous. articles in f. "Sov. music "," Muz. life ”, sat., gas .; and also entered. articles and comments in decomp. publications.
BERNES (real fam. Neiman) Mark Naumovich (1911, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1969, Moscow), film and stage artist. When B. was 3 years old, the family moved to Kharkov; as a schoolboy, he performed on the stage of the Missouri Theater as a waiter in L. Fall's operetta Madame Pompadour. At the insistence of his parents, he entered the Kharkov trading-industrial. school, but soon left there. In 1928 he was an extra at the Maly Theater (Moscow), and later at the Bolshoi Theater. Since 1930 actor Mosk. dram. t-ra (b. Korsha), where he played several. small roles, then worked at the Theater of the Revolution. In 1935 he began acting in films (f. "Prisoners"). Among his roles: Kostya Zhigulev in f. "The Man with the Gun" (1938), where the song "Clouds have risen over the city" was first performed by him. Most izv. his film roles - Sergei Kozhukharov (Fighters, 1939), Petukhov (Big Life, 1940; Series 2 - 1946), Arkady Dziuba (Two Soldiers, 1943) - were also associated with songs that became popular for many years: "Favorite city", "Dark mounds are sleeping", "Shalandy", "Dark night". B.'s subsequent work in the cinema - Minutka ("Great Breakdown", 1945), the thief Ogonyok ("Night Patrol", 1957), Karavaev ("Zhenya, Zhenya and Katyusha", 1967). As a pop singer B. made his debut in 1943 in a concert of the Sverdlovsk House of Officers; performed popular songs from f. Then he performed at private evenings of the House of Cinema, the House of the Actor, etc., first with the same songs, then with new ones specially written for him, in the creation of which he took the most direct part (he worked with poets and with comp.). His repertoire includes songs by N.V. Bogoslovsky ("What can I say, my old friend"), E.S. Kolmanovsky ("I love you, life", "Do the Russians want wars"), V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy ("If the guys of the whole earth"), A.Ya. Eshpaya ("Earring with Malaya Bronnaya"), MI Blanter ("Praskovya" - "Enemies burned down their home"), VE Basner ("With where the Motherland begins "). The last song he recorded was "Cranes" by Ya.A. Frenkel (1969). In 1987 the Melodiya company released the disc Selected Songs of Mark Bernes. B.'s performance was distinguished by impeccable taste, simplicity and naturalness; he seemed to be in direct contact with the audience. B. dubbed in Russian. lang. pl. foreign ph .: "War and Peace" (Pierre Bezukhov), "Count of Monte Cristo" (de Villefort), "Marie-October" (Simono) and others. Became. pr. (1951). Nar. art. RSFSR (1965).
BERNGARD Abraham (1762-1832), physician. He studied in London, worked as a doctor in Gazenpot. In 1798, St. Petersburg was recognized. honey. collegium as a doctor and worked in Vilna lips. In 1806–10 he served as a military doctor; from 1808 - Ch. doctor of Lithuanian hospitals, in 1810-12 - Ch. doctor of the hospital in Mitava. In 1819–22 he was an inspector of the medical council in Vilna, in 1824 - in Minsk. Was promoted to court counselor. spoke in the press against the accusation of Jews in ritual crimes, the same issue was raised in an appeal to Alexander I. Comp .: Med.-Geogr. description of Vilna, St. Petersburg, (without specifying the year of publication).
BERNSHTAM Alexander Natanovich (1910, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1956, Leningrad), orientalist-Turkologist, historian, ethnographer, archeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1943), prof. (1947). Graduated from LIFLI (1935). Sci. sotr. State Hermitage Museum (1932–56). Lecturer at Leningrad State University, hands. a permanent archaeologist. exp. Semirechye - Tien Shan - Pamir - Fergana (1936–56). Main direction of research: social-economic. system of ancient Turkish. about-va 6-8 centuries, history of Kyrgyzstan. In the beginning. 1950s B.'s works on the history of the Kirghiz were criticized. Cit .: Archeol. sketch of the North. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze, 1941; Social-economic the system of the Orkhon-Yenisei Turks of the 6th-8th centuries: the East Turkic Kaganate and the Kirghiz, M.-L., 1946; Ancient Fergana, Tashkent, 1951; Essay on the history of the Huns, L., 1951; Historical and archaeological. essays Center. Tien Shan and Pamir-Altai, M.-L., 1952.
BERNSTAM Leopold Bernard (Leib-Ber) (1859, Riga - 1939), sculptor. In 1877–81, a volunteer at St. Petersburg. AH, created. OK. 30 busts glorified. Russians, gaining a reputation as a portrait sculptor. In the 1880s and 90s. lived and worked in Italy (Rome) and France (Paris), where the post. exhibited and was very famous. For the exhibition in 1890 created. graphical works, some of which were acquired by Nicholas II, the rest - by the production of Italy. In 1896 he was invited to St. Petersburg to create. busts of members of the family of Nicholas II. In the 1890-1900s. created St. 200 sculptors. portraits of famous people of Europe. There was a director. Museum Grevin in Paris. Among many works of art. naib. means. statues of A. Rubinstein (cons. in St. Petersburg), G. Berlioz (Monte Carlo), Renan (Versailles), Sarah Bernhardt and Peter the Great (St. Petersburg, not preserved). Awarded with medals and orders, awarded as a cavalier (1891) and as commander (1908) Franz. Poch. legion.
BERNSTEIN-KOGAN Sergey Vladimirovich (1886, Chisinau - 1951, Moscow), economist-geographer. He studied in the Chisinau city, expelled for participation in the roar. circles. In 1903 he entered the Lausanne Higher. Ing. school. In 1906 he moved to St. Petersburg, studied economics. dep. Polytechnic. in-that. Still a student publ. work “The number, composition and position of St. Petersburg. workers "(St. Petersburg, 1910). After graduation, he worked as a statistician in the Bureau of Economics. surveys Office int. water and shos. roads, prepared "Sketch of development and modern. states int. water transport of Europe and America ”(St. Petersburg, 1912). Was left for teaching at the Department of Polytechnic. in-that, but did not stop working in the Bureau, and since 1915 in the Special meeting on fuel. From 1919 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Railways (from 1925 member of the President). Since 1920 prof. Petrogr. polytechnic in-that. From ser. 1920s lived in Moscow, taught at Moscow State University, at Ying-those Ing. ways of communication, as well as in Leningrad. universities, taught courses in economics. geography, geography of communication lines, economics of the industry. B.-K. participated in the development of a number of large transport. and prom. projects. Was on hand. work in transport. org-tion, in Glavsevmorput. The author of a number of works on the theory of the placement of industry and transport, on econ. geography, econom. zoning, ist. geography.
BERNSTEIN-KOGAN Yakov Matveevich (1859, Chisinau - 1929), society. activist, one of the Zionist leaders. movement in Russia, doctor. He studied medicine in St. Petersburg and Dorpat. After Heb. pogroms 1881 devoted himself to the cause of the nat. revival of Heb. people. On the 1st Zionist. Congr. (Aug. 1897, Basel) was elected commissioner to create a Zionist. org-tions in Russia, in 1897-1901 headed the so-called. The post office in Chisinau, which carried out communications between the Zionist. org-tions in diff. cities of Russia. Since 1901, members and the ideologist Demokratich. faction in growing. Zionist. org-tion, chl. Pres. Conf. Zionist. demo youth in Basel (Dec. 1901), opposed the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, defended the idea of ​​the revival of the Hebrews. state-va in E.-I. I grew up at the Minsk Congress. Zionists (1902) elected member. commissions for culture and education. On the 7th Zionist. Congr. (July 1905, Basel) became a member of the World Zionist Board. org-tion. From 1907 in E.-I., worked as a doctor in Nizh. Galilee and Petah-Tikva, one of the founders of the Association of Doctors E.-I. (1908). In 1910 he returned to Chisinau. Participated in the preparation of the 7th congress of growing up. Zionists (Petrograd, 1917; a member of its president). In 1917, dep. Will establish meetings from the Bessarabian province. In 1925 he left for E.-I., soon, at the suggestion of Joint, returned to the USSR, worked as a doctor in Hebrew. s.-kh. settlements in Crimea. Daughter B.-K. - Miriam (1895, Bessarabian province - |), actress and writer, one of the founders of the Israeli t-ra.
BERNSTEIN-SINAI Leopold (1867, Vilna - 1944, |), sculptor. He studied painting in Vilna, then sculpture in Paris with Rodin and Daloux. In 1890 - the first exhibition at the Salon on the Champs Elysees. He created statues, sculptor. portraits and groups, monuments, as well as busts of prominent people in bronze and marble ("Pope Leo XIII" and others). Ord was awarded. Poch. Legion. Franz. the state acquired his sculptor. "Mourning Ezra". More than 10 years working on the sculpt. "Youth and old age", edge was destroyed by the Nazis after the occupation of France. He died in one of the extermination camps.
BERNSTEIN Alexander Nikolaevich (Solomon Natanovich) (1870, Moscow - 1922, ibid.), Psychiatrist. The son of N.O.Bernstein. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1893). He specialized, and then worked (until 1902) as a resident, assistant in psychiatry. clinic S.S. Korsakov; privat-assoc. psychiatry honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1902-18). From 1893 to 1914 he was repeatedly trained as a psychiatrist. clinics in Germany. In 1899, on his initiative, the Center was created. a police emergency room for the mentally ill, to-ry B. headed until 1918, turning it in 1903 into an educational-scientific. base Mosk. un-that; here in 1907–09 refresher courses for psychiatrists were held. At the same time. in charge of a psychologist. lab. psychiatrist. clinics Mosk. un-that (1901–05) and Pedagogical. collection (1907-12). Since 1919, deputy. head Ch. ex. scientific. institutions academic. center of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. In 1920 he participated in the creation of the State. Moscow psychoneurological. Institute, to-ry headed in 1921. scientific. tr. B. dedicated applied and experimental psychopathology, psychiatrist. diagnostics (including the clinical value of the so-called muscle cushion - doctoral dissertation 1900) and methodology, promotion of nosological. directions in psychiatry, psychiatric org-tions. assistance to patients, including those under investigation. Two mental symptoms are named after him. disorders. Proposed by an experimental psychiatrist. a method of assessing intelligence with some psychic. diseases. One of the founders and ed. g. "Psychotherapy" (1910) and "Journal of Psychology, Neurology and Psychiatry" (1922). Vol .: Clinical methods of psychological research. the mentally ill, M., 1911; Clinical lectures on mental illness, M., 1912.
BERNSTEIN Avraham Moshe (1866, Shatsk, Minsk province - 1932), cantor and composer. He was cantor in Bialystok and conductor of a choir that performed with cantor B.L. Rozovsky in Riga. In 1893-1923 cantor of the Tagaras Kodesh synagogue in Vilna. B. set to music over 150 verses, in Hebrew and Yiddish, of which Naib. Izv. "Zamd und Stern" ("Sand and Stars") and "Hemerl" ("Hammer"). B. collected a collection of bunks. melodies (published in the collection “Musicalisher Pin-kos”, 1927) and cantor songs (vols. 1-3, 1931). B.'s son - B. Avissaf (Barnea) (1903-57), izr. composer.
BERNSTEIN David (b. 1910, Minsk), otorhinolaryngologist. Doctor of Medicine (1935). In the USA since 1912. Graduated from New York University (1930). He specialized in otorhinolaryngology (1943), diploma. surgeon (since 1948); in the years of the 2nd world. war served as a doctor in the Amer. army, assistant prof., adjunct prof. otorhinolaryngology in postgraduate study of higher honey. schools (1950-67), prof. otorhinology and otorhinology. plastic. surgery honey. Center of New York University (since 1967). At the same time he worked in various hospitals (1967-70), headed an otorhinolaryngologist. service honey. the Maimonides Center in Brooklyn (since 1969); sec. honey. Council of the Metropolitan Heb. geriatric. center (since 1969) and before. will execute. to-that honey. council (since 1973). Member to-that planning scientific. programs in the region. otorhinolaryngology (since 1969); member Amer. academy of plastic. and will restore. facial surgery, NYMD. academies, Intern. surgeon college, etc. Scientific. tr. B. dedicated diseases of the ear, throat, nose, plastic. face surgery.
BERNSTEIN Emmanuil Bentsianovich (b. 1914, Nizhny Novgorod]), graphic artist. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute of I.V. Rylsky. He worked in the main. in easel graphics: fig., aqu., pastel, printmaking (autolithography, linocut). Created manuf. in the region. architect. landscape, portrayed as a famous architect. ans., and unknown, but typical for the era ordinary buildings. 1945 ed. author's albums dedicated to architectural monuments of Moscow, Moscow region, Vologda, Riga, etc., many others. prints (autolithographs and linocuts) with views of Moscow, St. Petersburg, rus. North, Crimea, England, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Switzerland, Israel. Designed and ill. more than 40 kn., among to-ryh sobr. op. A.S. Pushkin (1950), “History of Russian. architecture ”(1956), and others. Since 1927, B. participates in the All-Union, rep., Moscow and nick. exhibitions. Has a number of persons, exhibitions. Prod. B. are on the territory. ex. USSR (including in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum) and in the mountains. Museum of Art Dresden.
BERNSTEIN German (1876, Vladislavov, Suwalki province - 1935, Sheffield, Massachusetts, USA), diplomat, journalist. He began to write soon after arriving in the United States in 1893. In 1908–12 sotr. gas. New York Times. Later as Europ. specialist. corr. several gas. B. was refused to grow up. visa, because its corr. aroused the discontent of some officers. persons. In 1913 he founded the weekly. gas. in Yiddish and until 1916 it was edited. In 1915 and 1916 he visited Europe to get acquainted with the living conditions of Jews in the war-stricken regions. In 1917 - special. corr. gas. "New York Herald" in Russia, wrote Art. about the revolution, disclosed the secret. correspondence between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II in 1904–07, took it out of Russia and publ. in Paris, London and New York with a preface. T. Roosevelt. This publ. was described by Lord Norfcliffe as "one of the greatest journalistic successes of our time" and attracted widespread attention. As a military man. corr. gas. "Herald" visited the expedition. forces in Siberia. Further visits to Russia were not allowed by the Sov. pr-vom in 1920 because of B.'s revelations. "Herald" at the Peace of Versailles. conf. investigated the pogroms in Poland in 1919, later represented the United. to-t on distribution in Yokohama and Siberia. In 1925–29 he was revised. gas. Juish Tribune. Appointed Pres. G. Hoover as an envoy to Albania in 1930, concluded treaties between the United States and this country on naturalization (1931) and on the extradition of criminals (1932). Last ed. position - in gas. The Juish Daily Bulletin (1933-34). Among lit. manuf. B .: "History of Lies" (1921) - exposure of the so-called. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion; book verse. "Running of time", Sat. Art. B. - the author of a number of plays, translated from Russian. lang. manuf. L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, M.Gorky and L.N. Andreev.
BERNSTEIN Inna Abramovna (1919, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Literary ved, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1989). She graduated from the Central Asian University in Tashkent (1942). Czech specialist and other Slavs. lit-frames of the 20th century, according to comparative literary knowledge, including Russian-Zap. connections. Per. with czech. and English. lang. Author of the book: "Karl Czapek: A Creative Way" (Moscow, 1969), "" The Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk "by J. Hasek" (Moscow, 1971), "Czech Novel of the XX century. and the path of realism in Europe. literature "(M., 1979)," The Epos of the Renewal of Life "(1982), etc.
BERNSTEIN Inna Maksimovna (b. 1929, Moscow), translator. Granddaughter of Heb. writer Rohl Bernstein. In 1953 she graduated from Moscow. un-t. Translated many others. manuf. English-speaking literature. Among the naib. significant: "The Death of Arthur" by T. Mallory, "The Four Georgs" by W. M. Teckeray, "The Brave Captains" by R. Keepling, "Return to Brideshead" by I. Vo, "The Black Prince" by A. Murdoch, "Moby Dick" .Melville, "Fair in the poorhouse" by J.Updike and others. In her translation. published works. T. Wolfe, W. Faulkner, E. Poe, J. Salinger, J.B.Shaw, J.K. Jerome and others. on theory and practice trans.
BERNSTEIN Joseph Naumovich (b. 1945, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1968). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1971). He worked at Moscow State University (1971-1979). Since 1982 - at Harvard University (USA). Main the results relate to the theory of group representations, algebraic. geometry, supermathematics, complex analysis. Together with I.M. and S.I. Gelfandami, in his work on representations of Lie groups, introduced the concept of a resolvent for the problem of classifying loops of Lie groups. In the theory of functions of a complex variable, he gave a simple description of the class of generalized functions extended with respect to a parameter to meromorphic ones.
BERNSTEIN Itskhok (real name Ignaz) (1836, Vinnytsia - 1909, Brussels), ethnographer, folklorist. R. in the family of a banker. In 1856 he settled in Warsaw. From 1859 he seriously engaged in the collection and recording of folklore material and, first of all, the proverbs and sayings of the Jews who lived in the region. parts of Europe. In 1908 he published a separate collection of approx. 4 thousand proverbs and sayings, as well as folk collection "Erotica" and "Rustica".
BERNSTEIN Ludwig Behr (1870, Mitava, Kurland Gubernia - 1944, USA), society. activist and teacher. He graduated from the city of Mitava. Since 1892 in the USA, he graduated from Columbia University. He taught in the mountains. and societies. schools in New York. In 1903 he headed the Heb. an orphanage in Pleasantville, New York. Participated in the creation of the housing bureau Evr. will take care. about-va for orphans and in the development of plans for the construction of the first country in the United States to educate. orphanages. In 1919-20 he will perform. dir. Bureau of Heb. social research., engaged in the study of the problems of orphanhood and children. crime in Heb. communities of Chicago, Philadelphia and New York. From 1921 he will perform, director. Federation of Heb. charity (Pittsburgh). From 1925 he taught at the Faculty of Sociology at Pittsburgh University, from 1928 he taught classes on the problem of guardianship over children in the New York graduate school of Heb. sociology. In the 1930s. one of the initiators of the movement for the creation of the Soviets of Heb. communities in US cities.
BERNSTEIN Mark Lvovich (1919, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), specialist in the region. metal processing. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. from 1962. He graduated in 1941 Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. He worked for an airman. z-de beginning. central factory laboratory, since 1943 - ch. metallurgist. From 1962 he taught at Moscow. in-those of steel and alloys (prof. of the Department of Metallurgy and High-Strength Alloys), since 1971 - at the Department of Plastic. deformation spec. alloys. In 1971 he organized and headed the lab. thermomechanical processing of steel and alloys. work in the region. theory and practice of thermomechanical. processing, research. phase and structural transformations at thermal. processing, metal science hot deformation, research. crystalline. structures of martensite. In the 70s. dealt with thermal problems. and chemical-thermal. processing and application of alloys with shape memory effect and used in endovascular prosthetics in medicine. Author of scientific. tr., textbooks and monographs. Works: Thermomechanical treatment of metals and alloys, t. 1-2, M., 1968; Strength of steel, M., 1974; The structure of deformed metals, M., 1977; Technology of processing steel products in a magnetic field, M., 1987.
BERNSHTEIN Mikhail Semenovich (1895, Peas of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1975, Moscow), teacher, psychologist. Prof. (1930). Ped. started his work as a tutor in the 1910s. In the beginning. 1920s graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow un-that and at the same time Higher scientific ped. courses. Since 1923 scientific. sotr. Ying-that methods of school work. After scientific. business trips to the USA (1928–29) direction of scientific. B.'s activities were research and critical. analysis of nicks, pedagogy and ped. psychology. In 1930 the head. methodological. bureau of the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya, at the same time head. department to the center, lab. on vocational guidance Ying-that labor, d. h. State. in-that psychology. In 1935 he headed the department of psychology of the Tomsk ped. in-that, since 1938 combined scientific. activities with work at school (director). In 1943 he moved to Moscow, headed the teaching method. Sector Ch. account management institutions of the Min-va river fleet; from 1948 he worked at the Research Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. B.'s interests are diverse. In the 20s. made a significant contribution to the development of problems associated with the formation of a new school and the organization of education, in particular, the issues of communication between the school and the population, socially useful work and the time budget of schoolchildren, adaptation of textual techniques for the needs of pedagogues. practice, etc. In the 20-50s. published a number of works dedicated. ped. psychology abroad. In the last years of his life, he worked out the problems of psychology sci. creativity. Author of 15 books.
BERNSTEIN Nathan (Nikolay) Osipovich (1836 - 1891, Odessa), doctor, society. activist. Doctor of Medicine (1861). From merchants. families. In 1860 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (in 1857 B.'s student work was awarded a gold medal). He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, chl. ed. g. "Zion". In the 1860s. perfected in laboratories in Germany. Since 1865, assistant professor Novoros. University (Odessa) on the Department of Physiology and Anatomy, elected by the Council of the University as an extraordinary prof., but not approved in the position. In 1882 he was retired due to illness, in the same year he was re-elected Assoc.Prof., But not approved by the Minister of Nar. education. During many. years headed the Odessa Society of Doctors, during the Russian-tour. war 1877–78 head. hospital ward Kr. Cross; was the vowel of the Odessa mountains. thoughts and poch. a magistrate. The initiator of the introduction of teaching is general education. items in the Odessa Talmud Torah. The author of a number of scientific. works on physiology (ch. arr. in German. lang.).
BERNSTEIN Nathan David (Nikolai Davidovich) (1876, Mitava - 1938), music. writer and critic, lecturer, music societies. activist. Studied under L. Sharvenka and M. Brukh (music theory), music. he also studied theoretical subjects at hand. G. Bellerman, O. Fleischer and M. Friedlander at the University of Berlin. Taught music history and aesthetics in various. higher education. institutions, including was Assoc. Berlin horse, and the Higher muses. Apel schools. In Germany I wrote on it. lang. the book "Russian Theater and Music of the Times of Peter the Great" (published in Riga - Leipzig in 1904). From 1904 he worked in St. Petersburg. He taught, collaborated as a musician. criticism in the gas. “St. Petersburg. Vedomosti "and many others. others, as well as in muses. department "Encyclopedic. dictionary "Brockhaus and Efron (additional volumes) and in the" Jewish encyclopedia ". Ed. the weekly "Music and Tr" (1922–24). Organized the Society of Music Writers (1907), was one of the founders of Nar. horse, (in 1908), founder and rector (since 1922) of the State. in-that muses. education, before. Society for studying muses. professions. Dealt with questions of muses. education of schoolchildren, analyzed the characteristics of a musically gifted personality. Lit. B.'s work is distinguished by the breadth and variety of interests. He is the author of The History of Russian Opera in the 18th — 20th Centuries (St. Petersburg, 1905), the books Hebrew Music (St. Petersburg, 1905), Music and Theater among the Japanese (St. Petersburg, 1905), History of National Anthems (Pg., 1914), psychological. research (together with D.Kh.Rokhlin) "On the question of the constitution of a musically gifted person" (L.-M., 1928), etc. In 1937 he was repressed, died in prison.
BERNSTEIN Nikolai Alexandrovich (1896, Moscow - 1966, ibid.), Neuro- and psychophysiologist. The son of A.N.Bernstein. Ch.-c. AMN (1946). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1919), and then courses on mat. f-those. Research B. on the physiology of movement - theoretical. basis of modern biomechanics of sports, prosthetics, the activities of astronauts, etc. Some of his ideas anticipated a number of provisions of cybernetics. According to his ideas, B.'s concept went beyond the framework of neurophysiology and psychophysiology and was at the center of modern. problems of neurocybernetics, bionics, walking robots, etc. He was in charge of the lab. on the study of movements in the State. Institute of Psychology (1925–27), State. Institute of Labor Protection (1927–33), Vses. in-those experiment. honey. (1933-37), Center. Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports (1936-50), Institute of Neurology (1943-60). B. made a number of fundamental improvements in the technique of analysis and registration of movements (kymocyclography), for the first time formulated the task of studying the movements of higher animals and humans - controlling a complex kinematic system, in which muscle forces, inertial forces, and reactive factors play an important role. Developed a theory of sensory corrections as a necessary mechanism for building movements. March-April. 1949 was accused of "idealism", lost the opportunity to have a scientific. team, conduct an experiment, research. on their issues and publish tr. Despite this, he continued to work intensively on new aspects of his theories. Became. pr. (1948) Cit .: General biomechanics, Moscow, 1926; Research on the biodynamics of walking, running, jumping, M., 1940; About the construction of movements, M., 1941, 1947; Essays on the physiology of movements and the physiology of activity, M., 1966.
BERNSTEIN Osip Samoilovich (1882, Zhitomir - 1962, Paris), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950), int. Arbitrator (1952). Dr. law, attorney. Chess. the competition was attended by approx. 60 years; debuted at Vseros. tournament 1903 in Kiev (2nd place). Int. tournaments in Stockholm (1906) and Ostend (1907) he shared 1–2 places. Since 1920 - in Paris. Chess. B.'s career is observed 2 more periods of activity: at the beginning. 1930s he participates in 3 international. tournaments and plays several. matches, including with A.A. Alekhin (1933; 2: 2) and in the end. 1940s - early. 1950s - becomes a prize-winner of a number of international tournaments, leads the French team at the Olympics (1954).
BERNSTEIN Sergey Alexandrovich (1901, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Specialist in the region. construction mechanics. The son of A.N.Bernstein. Dr. Tech. sciences. He graduated in 1921 Moscow. state un-t, in 1926 - Moscow. in-t engineer ways of communication. In 1926–32 he worked at Mostoispytat. bureau scientific and technical Committee of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways. In 1935–37 the head. lab. steel structures Center. Research Institute prom. structures. At the same time. from 1929 he taught building. mechanic at the Military-Ing. academy named after VV Kuibyshev (1932–38), at the Military Academy of Armored and Motorized Forces (head of the Department of Strength of Materials, 1938–57). Main scientific. work in the region. theory of strength, theory of trusses, calculations of structures for stability and dynamic. impact. He laid the foundations of the test methodology by Ing. structures, supervised the creation of measure. equipment, carrying out mass surveys and tests of railways. bridges throughout the territory. country. He performed fundamental calculations of the structures of the crossings, developed documentation for their operation. Works: Essays on the history of structural mechanics, Moscow, 1957; Selected Tr. on structural mechanics, M., 1961.
BERNSTEIN Sergey Ignatievich (1892, Tiflis - 1970, Moscow), linguist. In 1916 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. The first work publ. in student. years in drama. He worked in Petrograd. un-those, in the Ying-those living word and Ying-those history of art (1920 30), in which he organized in 1923 a study for the study of art. speech. In connection with the reorganization of the GAKhN (State Academy of Arts. Sciences), he moved to Moscow in 1931 and in 1931–35 worked in the radio department and other institutions, studying the language of radio. After 1935 prof. department Russian lang. in decomp. universities of Moscow. From the beginning. 50s - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Linguistics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of works on phonology and phonetics, Rus. orthoepy, syntax, poetics and sounding thin. speech. In Petrograd he took an active part in OPOYAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Languages), in Moscow in MLK (Moscow Linguistic Circle). Compiled in Ying-those history lawsuit-in collection. phonographic records of poetry reading by poets (A.A. Blok, V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin, V.A.Lugovskoy, etc.), now in the State. lit. museum in Moscow. Many of B.'s works were published. see. ("Dictionary of phonetic terms", "Phonetics of the German language", "Syntax of the question", scientific-popul. Book "What you need to know about language", etc.). Works: Questions of teaching pronunciation, M., 1937 ; Radio language, M., 1977; Dictionary of the language of Pushkin, ed. VV Vinogradov, vols. 1–2, 1956–57 (et al.).
BERNSTEIN Sergey Natanovich (1880, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), mathematician. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929, ch.-k. from 1925). The son of N.O.Bernstein. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1899), the Paris Higher. electrical engineering school (1901), doctor of mathematics (Paris, 1904), master of pure mathematics (1908), prof. (1907), Doctor of Pure Mathematics (1914). Taught at Petersburg. higher. wives polytechnic courses (1907–08), to Kharkov. higher. female courses (1908–18), in Kharkov, un-those (1908–33), at Leningrad State University (1934–41) and Polytechnic. in-those (1933–41), since 1935 in Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad and Moscow. He worked in almost all branches of mathematics. The author of outstanding results in the theory of approximation of functions by polynomials (the founder of the constructive theory of functions), probability theory (the first axiomatic substantiation of probability theory, research on limit theorems, on stochastic differential equations, on applications of probability theory to problems of physics and statistics) and the theory of differential ... partial differential equations (classical papers on the 19th and 20th problems of Hilbert). He was also engaged in the calculus of variations, funkts. analysis, geometry, etc. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1925), Che. (1928) and foreign. member Academy of Sciences of France (1955). Poch. Dr. Sorbonne (1945), hon. h. Moscow. (1940) and Lehning. (1966) Mat. about-in. Became. pr. (1941). Works: Sob. cit., t. 1-4., M., 1952-64; On polynomials orthogonal in a finite interval, Kharkov, 1937; Theory of probabilities, 4th ed., M.-L., 1946; Analytical nature of solutions of differential equations of elliptic form, Kharkov, 1956.
BERNSTEIN Shimon-Gershon (1884, Dinaburg - 1962, USA), publicist, society. activist. After receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Berne University in 1908, he became secretary. Centre. to-that Zionist. org-tion in St. Petersburg. In 1910-14 there was a secretary. Worldwide Zionist. executive committee in Berlin, and in 1914-19 - secretary. Copenhagen Zionist. the Bureau. Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1921-53 ed. New York periodical. ed. in Yiddish "Dos Yiddish Folk", the official Zionist. organ. Member Zionist Executive Committee. org-tion of America. B. - the author of numerous. Art. in periodicals in Yiddish and Hebrew, as well as works: "Zionism" (Copenhagen, 1915), "The policy of the Romanian government towards the Jews" (Copenhagen, 1916), and others. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. Uriel Acosta and Yiddish “Heb. state ”T. Herzl.
BERNSTEIN Zvi (b. 1914), polit. activist. He organized the Tora ve Labor movement in Lithuania (1931), founded the agricultural. shopping centers. Administrator and ed. “Das Yiddishe Wort” (weekly publication “Gapoel Ha-Mizrahi” in Lithuania). From 1935 in E.-I. One of the leaders of the Mafdal party; head of the Municipal Party Department; member editorial board gas. "Ha-Tsofe"; member executive committee and treasurer of the World Heb. Congr. Ed. "Netiva". The author is numerous. Art. on polit. and religion. Topics.
BERNSTEIN Zvi Hirsch (1846, Vladislavov, Suwalki province - 1907), publisher, editor. Received a tradition. religious education, wrote Art. in lit. g. in Hebrew. lang. Since 1870 in the USA. Founded gas in New York. in Yiddish "Di post". In 1871 he founded the first. gas in America. in Hebrew. lang. "Ha-Tsofe ba-Aretz Ha-Khadasha", edges came out until 1876 and where it was published. a lot of information about the history of Jews in America. Subsequently - a successful businessman and philanthropist of Hebrews. t-ra in Yiddish.
BERNSTEIN Zlata Ionovna (ps. Lilina, part. Nickname "Zina") (1882, Druya ​​Vilenskaya province. - 1929, Leningrad), member of the rev. movement, sister of I.I. Ionov, wife of G.E. Zinoviev. Since 1908, together with N.K. Krupskaya, she performed the duties of the secretary. Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1911 she worked with her husband at the school desk. school in Longjumeau (near Paris), soon their family moved with V.I. Lenin closer to Russian. border - to Galicia (Krakow, then Zakopane), where B. led a conspirator. correspondence and desks, office. With the beginning of the 1st world. war went with Zinoviev to Vienna, where with the help of the leader of the Austr. s.-d. Adler, they received permission to leave for Switzerland for treatment. Continuing her work in the Central Committee, she took part in the work of the Berne conference abroad. or-tion of the RSDLP (Feb.-March 1915). 3.4.1917 returned with her husband and son to Petrograd. After Oct. revolution head. lips. dep. social security. Later head. leningr. GUBONO. Auth. works on social and labor education.
BERNSTEIN Benjamin Abram (1881, Posvol Panevezys u. Kovno province - |), mathematician. At the age of ten he came to the United States. He studied in Baltimore and graduated from J. Hopkins University in 1905. Since 1907 - teacher of mathematics at California University, prof. ibid since 1928. Member. council ed. un-tskih math. publishing house In 1917, a secretary was appointed. Amer. mat. about-va. Author of a number of works, publ. in California un-those.
BERNSTEIN Lena (| - 1932, Algeria), aviator; world record holder for the duration and range of flights. In 1929 she installed wives. peace. long distance record during the Mediterranean. flight from France to Egypt (Marseille-Sidi Barrani, 1526 miles). A number of attempts to set new records ended unsuccessfully for her, for example. flight Paris-Tokyo (1930). Killed while flying to Algeria.
BERRY Lev Yakovlevich (1907, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1976, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from the Voronezh State. un-t (1929), scientific-ped. work since 1930. Since 1963 head. Department of Economics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Main tr. on the economics of industry, specialization and cooperation of production, division of labor, issues of methodology of the national economy. planning. State pr. USSR (1968, for participation in the development of methods of analysis and planning of the sectoral structure of the national economy and the construction of planned and reporting intersectoral balances). Works: Division of Labor in the Socialist. ob-ve, 2nd ed., M., 1948; Specialization and cooperation in the industry of the USSR, M., 1954; Material and technical base of communism, M., 1960; Industry of the USA in 1929-1963. Techno-econom. tendencies and structural shifts, M., 1965; Reproduction of aggregate societies, product and methodological problems of intersectoral balances of the CMEA member countries, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970 (ed.); The economy is socialist. prom-sti, 5th ed., M., 1974 (with B.I.Braginsky).
BERSHAD, city (since 1966), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1459. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1795 - the district town of Bratslav province. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 438 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1776 - 267, in 1784 - 490, in 1787 - 650, in 1818 - 3370, in 1887 - 65.7%, in 1897 - 6603 (74.3%) , in 1910 - 7400 (60.7%), in 1923 - 7030, in 1926 - 7016 (59.2%), in 1939 - 4271, in 1959 - approx. 2200, in 1970 - c. 1800 (15.8%), in 1979 - approx. 1,500 Jews (11.9%) Jews of Byelorussia suffered during the uprising of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In the beginning. 19th century in B. lived one of the first preachers of Hasidism in the Ukraine, Rabbi Refoil of B. (? —1815). In 1863 there was a synagogue in Bulgaria. In 1889 there were 8 synagogues. Since 1889 Schmerl Lerner (1846—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there were 7 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Jewish cemetery, and in 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank. t-in. 28 dec. 1905 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, during which 42 people were wounded. During the Civil. During the war, 150 Jews were killed during pogroms in Byelorussia. In 1925, immigrants from Byelorussia founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony them. Maurice Vinchevsky. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, where Jews were brought from Bessarabia and Bukovina. An underground group of 48 people operated in the ghetto; one of the hands. there was Jacob Thales; more than 1500 people died in the ghetto. 11 Feb 1944 173 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, on March 11 - 154 Jews. On March 14, 1944, 11,129 Jews were freed in Byelorussia. In 1946 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia; Yankel Nukhimovich Lipman (1879—?) Was the rabbi. On ordinary days 15-30 people gathered for prayer, on holidays - approx. 300. In 1947, besides the synagogue, there were 2 illegalities in Byelorussia. minyan, in one only shoemakers prayed, in the other tailors. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia, there was a shohet, and matzo was baked. In the beginning. 1990s founded by mountains. Jewish society, religious community, ed. gas. "Shabbat" (ed. B. Sapozhnikov). In 1994, according to the Jewish Agency, in B. lived apprx. 400 Jews. In B. genus: MI Alberton, MM Geizer, M-NV Jerusalem, NL Leiderman, S. Frantsuzski-Gorfinkel]]; Moisey (Isaac) Abramovich Oaks (1844-1891, Odessa), lawyer, publicist, author of tr. in jurisprudence.
BERSHADSKY Grigory Solomonovich (1895, Shpola, Kiev province. - 1963, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. Studied at the studio of PA Vlasov in Astrakhan (1908–13) and at the Odessa art director. school with G.A. Ladyzhensky and Y.R. Bershadsky. From 1915 he took part in exhibitions of graphics, drawings, illustrations, prints. In 1920–23 he worked in Kharkov, then in Moscow. From 1919 he also designed Fig. book for the center, publishing house: “Masters of sovr. painting: Pablo Picasso "(1933)," Moliere "S. S. Mokulsky (ZhZL, 1936)," Childhood ". "Adolescence". "Youth". Leo Tolstoy (1954) and other B. many. worked as an easel painter in the genre of portrait (AV Lunacharsky, 1921; A.Sh. Melik-Pashaev, 1956), landscape (Shatura, 1928, mid. Senezh, 1949). In 1957–62 he made fonts for the Research Institute of Printing, to-rye were valuable as a product. lawsuit.
BERSHADSKY Julius Rafailovich (1869, Tiraspol, Kherson province - 1956, Sverdlovsk), painter, teacher. Studied in rice. school of the Odessa Society of Fine Arts (1886–93) with K.K. Kostandi, G.A. Ladyzhensky, A.A. Popov and in the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1894–99) with I.E. Repin, and I. Shishkin, P. O. Kovalevsky, N.D. Kuznetsov. From 1892 post. participant of exhibitions of T-va Yuzhnorus. artists (TYURKH) and the Academy of Arts. Early genre. manuf. 1890s ("Widowhood", "On the Household", "Making Jam", etc.) are close to the works of the later Itinerants. After graduating from the Academy of Arts he lived and worked in Odessa. In 1907-28 he taught in Odessa, organized by him art. studio, then school. Among his students: Ya.N. Apter, I.M. Gurvich, A.M. Gluskin, G.S. Bershadsky. In 1928–35 the professor. in Odessa thin. in-those, in 1934–41 - in the Odessa art. uch-shche, since 1941 - at the Ural Polytechnic. in-those. From 1941 he lived in Sverdlovsk, where he created ser. portraits, among which acad. LD Shevyakov (1943), writer PP Bazhov (1943), "Self-portrait" (1954) and others. Staff. exhibitions were in Odessa and Sverdlovsk.
BERSUKER Isaac Borukhovich (Borisovich) (b. 1928, Kishinev), physicochemist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), ch. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1972). Graduated in 1952 Phys.-Math. Faculty of Chisinau University. Since 1959 at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (senior researcher in 1959–64, then head of the department of quantum chemistry, since 1977 head of laboratory. At the same time. taught theoretical. physics and structure of molecules at Chisinau University. Osn. research in the region. the influence of the polarization of the electronic coating of atoms and molecules on the possibility of transition optical. or valence electrons ("Bersuker effect"). Discovered the phenomenon of tunnel splitting of energy levels of polyatomic systems in the state of electron degeneracy (1972). Author of scientific. printed works. The participant is numerous. int. conf., symposia, etc. State pr. MSSR in the region. Science and Technology (1978). Cit .: Chem. communication in complex compounds, Chisinau, 1962; Electronic structure and properties of coordination compounds, L., 1976; Vibronic interactions in molecules and crystals, Moscow, 1983.
BERTENSON Joseph (19th century), physician. Uncle I.V. Bertenson. In 1833 he graduated from St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. In 1835 he worked as a district doctor in Boguslav, in 1837–43 - in Proskurov, from 1843 - in Litin. B. was the initiator of the drafting of the "Regulations on the Jews" in 1835, obtained permission from the tsarist authorities to accept the state. service of Jewish doctors who did not have a doctorate, however, only in Zap. lips. Russia.
BERTENSON Joseph Vasilievich (1833, Nikolaev - 1895), doctor, honorary life-medic of the highest court. In 1855 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Derpt University with a Doctor of Medicine degree. Improved in Germany. From 1865 - ed. g. “Archive court. honey. and societies. hygiene "and" Bulletin of the about-va care for sick and wounded soldiers. " In 1866 - head. cholera shelter in St. Petersburg. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) B. accompanied NI Pirogov to the theater of military operations. In 1872 he organized a school "for the education of medical assistants" at the Christmas hospital in St. Petersburg. Contributed to the development of hygiene in Russia. For the first time in Russia he introduced the barrack system of hospitals. Works: Barrack hospitals, St. Petersburg, 1871; Biogr. essay by NI Pirogov, "Russian antiquity", 1881 Brother B. - Bernard (1815, Nikolaev - 1871, Odessa). Studied for honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. B. devoted himself to societies. and journalistic activities, collaborated in the "Odessa Bulletin", Heb. organs of the press. In the Odessa mountains. Duma was in charge of “Heb. table ".
BERTINOV Albert Iosifovich (1906, Ekaterinoslav - 1987, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electronic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). From the age of 11 he worked in the private workshops of Yekaterinoslav. In 1922–24 he studied at the workers' faculty of Kharkov technol. in-that, then became a student, and in 1930 he graduated from Kharkov e-tech. Institute (KHETI). In 1930–40 he worked his way up from a research engineer to Ch. Ing. and dir. w-yes. Simultaneously taught at KETI, where in 1936 he became Assistant Professor., Head. Department of Turbogenerators. In 1940 he became a doctoral student of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. During the war - Ch. engineer, and then early. Glavelektromashprom, early. Tech. management, prev. Tech. Council of the People's Commissariat of the Electrical Industry of the USSR, as well as (1943) Deputy. Authorized State. Defense Committee on special equipment. Supervised the creation of new types of electronic technology. and radio engineering. products and special products for bunks. x-va. Since 1948 - in the Moscow Aviation Institute, founded here in 1952 the Department of Electric. machines, a cut was in charge until 1977; then prof. Since 1982 - consultant. work in the region. electric machine and energy conversion. Under his arms. was created (1938) the first in Europe turbine generator with hydrogen cooling, and also developed tech. high voltage turbine generator project with oil-cooled stator winding and water-cooled rotor. In 1945–47, he supervised the design of the first all-Soviet Union. a single series of asynchronous motors up to 100 kW. Developed new scientific. directions - on dynamics and regulation of special. electric machines, automation of their design, the study of contactless AC and DC machines. current, superconducting devices, MHD converters. Founder of Sci. schools on electronic mechanics and electronic energy are flying. devices. Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1965).
BERTIER (real family. Lifshits) David Solomonovich (1882, Litin, Podolsk province - 1950, Kiev), violinist, teacher and conductor. Graduated from muses. in-t on the violin class with S. Bartsevich in Warsaw (1901) and Petersburg. cons. from L.S. Auer (with a large silver medal, 1904). He worked as an artist, later as accompanist of symphony. Orchestra of St. Petersburg. music-ist. about-va them. A.D. Sheremetev (since 1904). He taught violin at St. Petersburg. bunk bed cons. He performed as a soloist and ensemble player. From 1918 he worked in Kiev. Concertmaster, then conductor Gos. symph. orchestra, 1st violinist of the Kiev Philharmonic Quartet. Teacher of Music and Drama. in-ta them. N. Lysenko and Kiev cons. (since 1920, since 1922 prof.). Honored. activist of lawsuits in Ukr. SSR (1938).
Bertonova Deborah (b. 1915, Tiflis), dancer. She studied at Choreogr. Bolshoi School (Moscow), as well as at Truempie-Skoronel (Berlin), K. Joos (England). She taught ballet art and dance theory. From 1928 in E.-I. Filmed in f. “Types in Heb. wedding "(1951). B.'s dance repertoire includes Shabbat, Little Granny, In Memory, Memories of People, Comedian, One-Two-Three-Four. 1st Prize for the International ballet competition in Paris (1936).
BERVENOVKA, a village in the Buda-Koshelevsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19th century 62 people lived in B. by 81 dec. land.
BERZER Anna Samoilovna (b. 1917, Vladimir), writer. In 1941 she graduated from IFLI. She worked at “Lit. newspaper ”, publishing house“ Sov. writer ", w. "Banner", "Moscow". From 1958 to 1970 - in Novy Mir, in the prose department. She had the right instinct for new and talented literature, appreciated, discovered, introduced into the literature almost all the great literary talents of those years. With its help appeared in print "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" by A.I.Solzhenitsyn, "Keeper of Antiquities" by Yu.O. Dombrovsky, "Constellation of Kozlotur" by F.A. Iskander, "Exchange" and stories by Yu.V. Trifonov, the first stories by V.N.Voinovich ("We live here") and G.N.Vladimov ("Big ore"), "On both sides of the ocean" and "Kira Georgievna" by V.P. Nekrasov, the first publications of V.M. Shukshin , V. S. Grossman, V. V. Bykov, A. N. Rybakov, V. F. Tendryakov, V. N. Semin. She was a reliable support for AT Tvardovsky in the hardest struggle of Novy Mir against censorship and the authorities. The author of the book. about Grossman "Farewell" in ser. Time and Fate (1990). Dombrowski dedicated his book "The Faculty of Unnecessary Things" to B.
BERGI, see Berzhai.
BERZHIKI, see Berzhniki.
BERZNIKI, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - v. Berzhiki Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45, it was the BSSR. In 1897, 104 Jews (21%) lived in Byelorussia.
BERZPILS, a village in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dompol Lutsinskiy u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 75 Jews lived in Byelorussia and neighboring villages, in 1930 - 90, in 1935 - 30 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade. There was a Jewish pharmacist in B. Minyan gathered in a private house. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of B. were exterminated.
BESHENKOVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. He was a member of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - the Commonwealth, from 1634 - a city. From 1772, the right-bank part of Burma was situated; from 1793, all Burma was part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk lips. Since 1924 - the regional center of the Vitebsk region, since 1938 - the Vitebsk region. In 1833, 518 Jews (47.2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1838 - 1080 (50%), in 1852 - 1341 (53.6%), in 1881 - 1729 (64.3%), in 1896 - 2479, in 1897 - 3182 (71.9%), in 1923 - 1158, in 1926 - 1487 (55.3%), in 1939 - 1119 Jews (26 Since 1700 there has been a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1785 the Jews owned approx. 150 houses. Main residents' occupations are crafts and trade. In 1834 there were two synagogues in Burma, and in 1838 a synagogue in the suburb of Burma. In 1849 there were five synagogues in Burma. In 1848, 1854, and 1858 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from fires. In 1896 in B. - 2 spiritual rabbis, assistant to the state rabbi, 5 synagogues, 2 of them were Lubavitch Hasidim. On July 9, 1905, Jewish youth staged a demonstration in a forest near B. under the slogan "Down with the autocracy!" and "Long live freedom!" (St. 300 participants; its organizer, Vitebsk dentist Ber Shmuylovich Entin, arrested, released in 1906). In 1909, during a search, the police found in the attic of the synagogue a box with 18 revolvers, 240 cartridges and cold steel. In 1909–10 the spiritual rabbis in Byelorussia were Abram Aronovich Gildinson and Avsey Ioselevich Nemoytin, in 1912 - Yehoshua Lane (? -1941), in 1914 state rabbi - Israel-Yankel Girshelevich Lerman; in B. there was a Jewish Nar. uch-shche. In 1911 lips. the board of directors issued permission for the construction of 2 stone societies in B. baths. In 1912, the library of Dvosi Ioffe existed in Byelorussia, at the same time the Jewish Society of Interest-Free Loans was created (before Burke Glikman), and in 1915 - the Society of Allowances to Poor Sick Jews (before Menachem Zak). In 1915-16 the department functioned. Vitebsk Jewish Society of Aid to War Victims. In 1919 a Jewish loan and savings institution was opened in Byelorussia. m-in. In the 1920s. in B. there was a Jewish child. garden that received help from the Joint. Rabbi in B. in the 1920s. was Leib Blumkin (? —1941). In July 1941, Belgium was occupied by Germans. troops. In 1941–42, approx. 2,900 Jews (a monument with inscriptions in Russian and Yiddish was erected at the site of the tragedy). In 1998, approx. 30 Jews. In B. genus: M.B. Brookman, V.G. Gut, L.M. Ratner, S.B. Yudovin; Grigory Savelievich (Gilem Zavelevich) Fradkin (1884-1937, Moscow), a member of the Jewish socialist. movement in 1903-20, economist, specialist in the region. the credit and banking system of the USSR, repressed; Moishe Yudovin (1898-1966, Minsk), poet (in Yiddish) .V.N. Pervyshin
BESHTEMAK, a village in Leovskiy district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Beshtymak, Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1941, all the Jews of Byelorussia were arrested and deported to Transnistria.
BESHTYMAK, see Beshtemak.
BESKIN Israel Solomonovich (1895, Vitebsk - 1964, Irkutsk), military leader. General-leith. (1944), Hero of the Owls. Union (1945). Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1936). Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. Awarded hordes for distinction in battles. Cr. Banner. Commanded by art. divisions. Participant in the conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway (1929), battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). Com. artillery of the division during the Soviet-Finnish War. In 1941–45 - com. art. divisions, corps, armies. In 1946–53 - teams. artillery of a number of soldiers. districts. From 1953 - retired.
BESLAN, city (since 1950), center of the Right-Bank District of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beslanov-Aul, Vladikavkaz env. Tersk Region. In 1939, 34 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BESLANOV-AUL, see Beslan.
BESPALOV Shmuel (1881 - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). In 1921 - spiritual leader. Hasidic community of Kharkov. Then a rabbi in Poltava. In 1925–29 he was a rabbi of the Hasidic community of Bobruisk. In the 1930s. - participant of relig. Lubavitch underground. He was shot together with other Heb. cities. According to some information, before B.'s death, the tongue was cut off. he opposed the occupiers.
UNCALLED Israel Moiseevich (1884, Kostroma - 1954, Moscow), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. He graduated from the Kostroma real school in 1904 and mechanic. dep. Moscow tech. school in 1911, worked there, in 1929-52 head. Department of the theory of cutting metals and tools. Sci. works are related to physical. foundations of the theory of metal cutting. In 1941–45, he led the development of specific. processing of parts for weapons at gun and other plants. In 1951, he proposed a method for determining the durability of the cutting tool, established rational parameters of the cutting part, to-rye were used in the development of state. standards. Author of fundamental works and textbooks on the theory of metal cutting. Became. pr. (1944) Vol .: Phys. foundations of the doctrine of cutting metals, M., 1941; Foundations of the theory of metal cutting, Moscow, 1948.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕССАРАБИЯ, историческое название области между Черным морем и рр. Днестр и Прут. Ныне осн. часть терр. — в составе Республики Молдова; окраина сев. части — в Черновицкой обл., юж. часть — в Одесской обл. в составе Украины. В 10—11 вв. — в составе Киевской Руси, затем в Галицко-Волынском кн-ве. С 1359 — в Молдавском кн-ве, с нач. 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи (Бессарабская обл., с 1873 — губ.). В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — в составе МССР и УССР.Первое докум. подтверждение расселения евреев в Б. датируется 15 в. и связано с тем, что на протяжении этого века евреи-купцы из Стамбула в поисках новых рынков сбыта прокладывали торг. пути с берегов Черного моря в сторону Польши через терр. Б. В свою очередь, купцы из Львова, налаживавшие экономич. связи с Востоком, также пересекали Б. Мн. из них, принимая во внимание выгодное геогр. положение Б., оседали там, основывая первые общины, сначала в сев. и центр. областях, а ближе к 16 в. — и в юж. части Б. В трудах изв. раввинов Польши кон. 16 — нач. 17 в. Йоэля Сиркиса и раби Меира из Люблина содержатся сведения о евреях-торговцах, проживавших в Б., и о еврейских общинах, имевших собств. судей в Аккермане (совр. Белгород-Днестровский). Толчком к возникновению новых еврейских поселений в Б. послужили погромы, осуществлявшиеся в 1648—54 казачьими отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, после к-рых евреи бежали из Украины, в т. ч. и в Б. В 18 в. в молд. кн-вах евреи обладали, с юридич. точки зрения, теми же правами, что и представители др. национальностей, но фактически жизнь евреев Б. зависела от произвола местных князей. Часто евреи становились жертвами «кровавого навета».Ко времени присоединения Б. к России по Бухарестскому миру 1812 на ее терр. проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев (4% общей численности населения). В 20 городах Б. проживало 60% евреев и 40% — в деревнях и местечках. Миграция евреев из кр. еврейских общин Польши на юго-запад способствовала концентрации еврейского населения поначалу в сев. и центр. областях Б. Сферой занятости евреев, кроме торговли, была аренда мельниц, питейных заведений, фруктовых плантаций, прав на рыболовство и лесосплав.К нач. 19 в. в Б. получили распространение идеи хасидизма. Представителями этого течения в 1800—10 были раввин Сорок Довид-Шлойме Айбишц и глава раввинского суда в Кишиневе в 1810—20 Хаим Тирор.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. численность еврейского населения Б. увеличилась примерно в 4 раза и в 1858 составила 84 696 чел. Активная миграция евреев была вызвана, с одной стороны, колонизац. политикой России, заинтересованной в заселении новых, пустующих земель и предоставлявшей определенные экономич. льготы переселенцам, и стремлением евреев перенаселенной черты оседлости использовать возможность вырваться из нее — с другой. Осн. поток еврейских переселенцев был из Белоруссии и Литвы. Численность еврейского населения Б. выросла в результате с 2,9% в 1818 до 5,5% в 1852. Наиб. крупными общинами были общины сев. областей Б. (Хотин, Сороки), в к-рых в тот период сконцентрировалась почти половина еврейского населения. Одним из результатов еврейской миграции стало образование кр. еврейской общины в обл. центре Б. Кишиневе — 20 тыс. евреев, что составляло 20% от общей численности населения.Евреев привлекали в Б. не только экономич. льготы, но и относительно либеральные политич. условия, к-рые устанавливались предоставлением Б. автономии. С 1818 правовой статус евреев Б. определялся «Уставом образования Бессарабской области», сохранившим осн. права, к-рыми евреи обладали до 1812 (разрешение свободно селиться и заниматься предпринимательством, в т. ч. торговлей спиртным, на всей терр. Б.), а также расширившим их. Евреи, выделенные по Уставу в «особое состояние», должны были вступить в одно из сословий налогоплательщиков России — в купечество, мещанство или крестьянство и, таким образом, получить возможность приобретения гос. земель, к-рой они были ранее лишены. Устав ввел лишь одно ограничение: евреям не разрешалось поступать на гос. службу, за исключением евреев-врачей, к-рым в 1838 была предоставлена эта возможность. Данный Устав не запрещал евреям арендовать привилегию помещиков производить и продавать алкогольные напитки в деревнях. Таким образом, евреи Б. в тот период не боялись угрозы изгнания из деревень, в отличие от евреев России («Положение об устройстве евреев» 1804 запрещало этот вид деятельности). Начиная с 1827, когда был принят указ о призыве евреев России в армию, разница между статусом бессарабских евреев и евреев др. областей Рос. империи обозначилась еще резче — евреи Б. не подлежали призыву. Освобождение от призыва в армию оставалось в силе до 1852.В сер. 19 в. евреи Б. экспортировали с.-х. продукцию в Европу, предоставляли кредиты крестьянам и продолжали заниматься арендой. Возможность вести кр. междунар. торговлю была ограничена из-за предпочтительного статуса христианских купцов, в осн. греков и армян. Б. принадлежала к тем немногим губерниям, где еврейское земледелие достигло заметного развития. Благодаря поощрению занятости евреев в с. х-ве, в Б. были созданы еврейские земледельч. колонии, в осн. в сев. и центр. областях. В отличие от земледельч. колоний в России, где евреев поселяли на выделенных для этого по выбору гос-ва землях и предоставляли им жилье, рабочий скот и необходимый с.-х. инвентарь, евреи Б. осваивали купленные или арендованные самостоятельно земли, приобретали скот и орудия труда и, таким образом, в определенной степени, не зависели от надзора властей, бюрократич. препонов и т. д. Благоприятные климатич. условия и плодородная почва также способствовали успеху. Тем не менее еврейские земледельч. колонии Б. все же сталкивались с трудностями. По свидетельству очевидцев, в сер. 19 в. мн. участки выглядели запущенными, а их владельцы прекращали заниматься с.-х. трудом. В 1858 в с. х-ве Б. было занято 12% еврейского населения. Распространенным было выращивание табака (в 1866 евреи составляли 62% занятых в этой сфере), наряду с этим евреи занимались садоводством, огородничеством и виноградарством. Кроме того, евреи занимали ключевые позиции в местной торговле с.-х. продукцией.На духовную жизнь евреев Б. определяющее влияние продолжал оказывать хасидизм, распространившийся с притоком переселенцев из России, Польши и Украины. В 1814 в Б. появился первый хасидский двор в Бендерах (совр. Бендер), во главе к-рого стоял Арье-Лейб Вертхайм (?—1854). Бессарабской династией считалась также Рашковская династия, хотя Рашков находился вне границ Б., на вост. берегу Днестра. Ее основателем был раби Шабтай, ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича. Во 2-й четв. 19 в. в Б. было сильно влияние раби Исраэля из Ружина, поселившегося в 1840 в Садагоре (Буковина).В 1839 по инициативе сторонников Гаскалы и при поддержке графа М.С.Воронцова в Кишиневе была открыта первая еврейская нерелиг. школа (во всей черте оседлости России только в Одессе существовала еще одна подобная школа). Однако идеи Гаскалы не получили распространения в Б. Евреи Б. враждебно реагировали на появление школы и в подавляющем большинстве не посылали туда детей. После решения пр-ва в 1840-х гг. открыть гос. школы для евреев Рос. империи школа в Кишиневе была закрыта и вместо нее открылись 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща; в 1855 на терр. Б. было уже 6 таких школ — в Кишиневе, Хотине, Бельцах (совр. Бэлць), Бричанах (совр. Бричень) и Измаиле, — и они, как и в России, служили проводниками ассимиляционных идей. К кон. 19 в. под влиянием этих идей в Б. сформировалась немногочисленная, получившая высш. образование и порвавшая с традицией еврейская интеллигенция. Идеи еврейской эмансипации пользовались популярностью также и у части евреев-купцов, стремившихся принимать более активное участие в междунар. торговле, для чего требовалось поднять свой социальный статус путем ассимиляции. Однако осн. масса евреев Б. не приняла идей Гаскалы, игнорировала офиц. школы и боролась с их влиянием. По сравнению с еврейством Литвы, Белоруссии, Польши и Украины еврейское население Б., особенно сельское, отличалось недостаточностью светского и религ. образования, во мн. местечках не было даже хедера.В 1897 в Б. проживало 228 620 евреев (11,8%). Из них 109 703 еврея (48%) проживало в городах, 60 701 (26,5%) — в местечках и 58 216 (25,5%) — в деревнях. 50 237 евреев (22%) проживало в Кишиневе, к-рый в 1897 был третьим по величине городом черты оседлости. Процент евреев, проживавших в деревнях, был одним из самых высоких в черте оседлости — 3,8% от общей численности еврейского населения Б. К этому времени правовое положение бессарабских евреев уже ничем не отличалось от положения евреев в др. областях Рос. империи, в т. ч. и в отношении воинской повинности, а в нек-рых аспектах оказалось тяжелее: так, запрет селиться в пограничной полосе (50 верст от границы), после пересмотра границ по Парижскому миру (1858) и Берлинскому трактату (1878), серьезно повлиял на сложившийся уклад жизни бессарабских евреев. Согласно договорам, нек-рые области Юж. Б. переходили к Румынии, в результате значит. часть нас. пунктов с еврейским населением, в т. ч. Кишинев, оказались в запретной пограничной полосе. Массовое изгнание евреев могло нанести вред экономике края, ввиду этого в 1858 был издан спец. указ, разрешавший оставаться в запретной полосе евреям, имевшим там пост. местожительство до подписания договора, но запрещавший селиться «новым» евреям. На практике мн. евреи при попустительстве местных властей продолжали проживать в запретных районах под пост. угрозой изгнания.В результате изгнания евреев из сел. местности вырос процент евреев, занимавшихся торговлей, перевозками и ремесл. трудом (обработка табака, часовое дело, произ-во напитков, одежды, мыла). Евреям принадлежали 2 из 3 кр. мельниц Б. и неск. больших лесопилок. Среди евреев числились преподаватели, в свободных профессиях (адвокатура, медицина, искусство) к кон. 19 в. было занято 1,7% евреев Б. На экономич. положении евреев Б., значит. часть к-рых занималась торговлей с.-х. продукцией, тяжело отразился аграрный кризис, к-рый переживала Россия в посл. десятилетии 19 в. в связи с падением цен на мир. рынке пшеницы. Обнищание евреев и усиление преследований привело к тому, что многие из них покинули Б. и выехали в Канаду и США. После появления планов барона Гирша переселить рос. евреев в Аргентину евреи Б. приняли деятельное участие в их реализации.К кон. 19 в. хасидизм продолжал удерживать свои позиции в среде бессарабских евреев. Особым влиянием пользовалась династия Фридманов из Садагоры и династия Тверских. Цадики и их посланцы посещали местечки Б., где встречали радушный прием. В 1860 в Кишиневе была основана иешива, в к-рой в 1876 занималось 280 уч-ся. В 1898—99 в хедерах обучалось 60,9% еврейских детей школьного возраста. Несмотря на то что большинство бессарабских евреев придерживалось традиц. образа жизни и противилось светскому образованию, часть еврейского населения деревень переняла культуру быта, обычаи, язык и одежду молд. крестьян и мало чем отличалась от них внешне. В произв. еврейских писателей подчеркивается самобытность общины Б., непохожей на привычные общины Литвы, Белоруссии и Украины.В кон. 19 в. в Б. стали приобретать популярность сионистские идеи. Представителями «Хибат Цион» в Кишиневе были А.Грунберг и М.Я.Дизенгоф. В 1888 25 семей с помощью барона Ротшильда переселились в Э.-И. В 1890 7 дел. Б. (6 — из Кишинева) приняли участие в учредит. съезде Одесского к-та «Хибат Цион». В 1897 представителем Б. на 1-м Сионистском конгрессе был Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган. Погромы 1880-х гг., кишиневский погром 1903, погромы 1905, затронувшие 3 города и 68 местечек Б., усилили сионистские настроения в еврейском об-ве. В этот период еврейская интеллигенция начала прилагать усилия к организации социальной и мед. помощи бедным слоям еврейского населения и проф. образования еврейской молодежи; были основаны еврейские ремесл. уч-ща, в т. ч. и для девушек, организованы фонды помощи жертвам погромов. Появились еврейские писатели, пишущие на иврите: Иегуда Штейнберг (1863—1908), Симха-Алтер Бен-Цион (1870—1932), Я.И.Фихман и др. В 1909 раввином Кишинева стал Л.-И.-М.Цирельсон, игравший заметную роль в обл. еврейского религ. законодательства, впоследствии гл. раввин Б.В 1918 после присоединения Б. к Румынии бессарабские евреи автоматически получили рум. гражданство. В 1920 в Б. проживало 267 тыс. евреев. Как и в др. частях Румынии, бессарабские евреи сталкивались с враждебностью населения, антиеврейской политикой властей. Экономич. положение евреев Б. ухудшилось. Отделение района от прежних рос. рынков, засуха, к-рая трижды за период 1918—40 поражала Б., мир. экономич. кризис привели к серьезному спаду в с.-х. произ-ве. Помощь евреям Б. оказывалась в осн. Джойнтом. В 1930 в Б. функционировали сберегат. и кредит. банки в 39 нас. пунктах. Во время аграрной реформы в Б. (1920—23) от 4 до 5 тыс. евреев получили от 7 до 10 акров земли каждый, всего обрабатывалось ок. 120 тыс. акров.Под рум. правлением еврейская общинная жизнь начала активно возрождаться. Активизировалась деятельность политич. партий, принимавших участие в сионистском движении, и др. орг-ций. В 1920 в Кишиневе состоялась 1-я конф. бессарабских сионистов. Широкая сеть еврейских нач. и ср. школ с преподаванием на идише или иврите была открыта в нач. рум. правления. В 1922 в Б. было 140 еврейских школ с 19 746 уч-ся (105 — на иврите с 16 456 уч-ся). В Кишиневе был открыт Учительский ин-т. В кон. 1922 политика рум. пр-ва изменилась. Мн. школы были лишены еврейской направленности и переориентированы в румынские. В 1929—30 оставалось 64 еврейских образоват. учреждения в 30 р-нах Б. (15 дет. садов, 37 нач. школ, 11 ср. школ и одна профессиональная), в к-рых обучался 6381 уч-ся и работало 312 учителей. В этот период социальные структуры Б. включали в себя 13 еврейских больниц, санаторий для туберкулезных больных, об-ва помощи больным в 25 р-нах, 13 домов престарелых и 4 дет. дома.В 1940 Б. была присоединена к СССР. Отступая, рум. солдаты зверски убивали евреев под предлогом того, что они радовались будущему приходу РККА.В процессе советизации от Б. были отрезаны ее сев. (вкл. Хотин) и юж. (вкл. Аккерман) области, к-рые были присоединены к УССР. Центр. часть Б. вместе с Кишиневом с существовавшей до 1940 Молд. АССР образовали МССР. В результате мн. еврейские семьи были отрезаны друг от друга и еврейская община оказалась разобщенной. Часть бессарабских евреев бежала из Румынии в сов. Молдавию; часть рум. евреев пыталась бежать из Б. в Румынию. На фоне зверств отступающей рум. армии и усиления рум. гос. антисемитизма вступление частей РККА поначалу было воспринято бессарабскими евреями с энтузиазмом. Во мн. гор. советы руководителями назначались местные левые активисты-евреи, к-рых затем постепенно заменяли на неевреев. В результате проведенной паспортизации мн. евреям было запрещено проживать в больших городах. Последовала волна арестов активистов сионистских орг-ций, еврейских коммунистов, обвиненных в троцкизме, и т. д. В ночь с 13 на 14 июня 1941 были высланы в Сибирь тысячи бессарабских евреев. Высылка продолжалась вплоть до герм. оккупации. Всего за 1941 из Б. было выслано ок. 8 тыс. евреев.Политика в сфере образования привела к закрытию школ с преподаванием на иврите, в школах с преподаванием на идише уч. программы были советизированы. Число еврейских школ резко сократилось. Еврейские газеты были закрыты. Выпускалась радиопрограмма на идише и проводились концерты и строго цензурированные поэтич. вечера. Большинство книг на иврите были конфискованы из б-к и во мн. случаях сожжены. В Кишиневе действовал Гос. еврейский т-р на идише. Большинство синагог было закрыто и превращено в клубы.22 июня 1941 герм. и рум. войска пересекли границу с Б., и за 4 недели вся терр. Б. была оккупирована. Две трети еврейского населения не успели эвакуироваться. Часть евреев была уничтожена сразу во время наступления, а остальные отправлены в гетто, созданные в кон. июля 1941 в разл. городах Б. Особенностью бессарабских гетто была концентрация евреев в отгороженных колючей проволокой пустынных местах, где их оставляли умирать от голода. В сент. 1941 началась депортация ок. 80 тыс. евреев Б. в Транснистрию. Часть бессарабских евреев, изгнанных на вост. берег Днестра, погибла в пути, часть была расстреляна, остальные погибли в гетто на терр. Украины.В февр. 1944 сов. войска вошли в Транснистрию. Уцелевшие в гетто евреи были освобождены. 24 авг. 1944 был освобожден Кишинев. Сразу же были приняты меры для возрождения сов. власти на всей освобожденной терр. Б. Возвращались оставшиеся в живых бессарабские евреи из Украины и из внутр. р-нов СССР. Их дома были разрушены, все имущество разграблено, особенно в деревнях и местечках. Большинство вернувшихся беженцев поселялись в Кишиневе. После 1945 еврейская жизнь в Б. в теч. продолжит. времени не восстанавливалась. Возрождение еврейского нац. движения началось в кон. 1960-х гг. (см. ст. Молдова и ст. об отд. гор. Б.)., pronunciation=БЕССАРАБИЯ, историческое название области между Черным морем и рр. Днестр и Прут. Ныне осн. часть терр. — в составе Республики Молдова; окраина сев. части — в Черновицкой обл., юж. часть — в Одесской обл. в составе Украины. В 10—11 вв. — в составе Киевской Руси, затем в Галицко-Волынском кн-ве. С 1359 — в Молдавском кн-ве, с нач. 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи (Бессарабская обл., с 1873 — губ.). В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — в составе МССР и УССР.Первое докум. подтверждение расселения евреев в Б. датируется 15 в. и связано с тем, что на протяжении этого века евреи-купцы из Стамбула в поисках новых рынков сбыта прокладывали торг. пути с берегов Черного моря в сторону Польши через терр. Б. В свою очередь, купцы из Львова, налаживавшие экономич. связи с Востоком, также пересекали Б. Мн. из них, принимая во внимание выгодное геогр. положение Б., оседали там, основывая первые общины, сначала в сев. и центр. областях, а ближе к 16 в. — и в юж. части Б. В трудах изв. раввинов Польши кон. 16 — нач. 17 в. Йоэля Сиркиса и раби Меира из Люблина содержатся сведения о евреях-торговцах, проживавших в Б., и о еврейских общинах, имевших собств. судей в Аккермане (совр. Белгород-Днестровский). Толчком к возникновению новых еврейских поселений в Б. послужили погромы, осуществлявшиеся в 1648—54 казачьими отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, после к-рых евреи бежали из Украины, в т. ч. и в Б. В 18 в. в молд. кн-вах евреи обладали, с юридич. точки зрения, теми же правами, что и представители др. национальностей, но фактически жизнь евреев Б. зависела от произвола местных князей. Часто евреи становились жертвами «кровавого навета».Ко времени присоединения Б. к России по Бухарестскому миру 1812 на ее терр. проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев (4% общей численности населения). В 20 городах Б. проживало 60% евреев и 40% — в деревнях и местечках. Миграция евреев из кр. еврейских общин Польши на юго-запад способствовала концентрации еврейского населения поначалу в сев. и центр. областях Б. Сферой занятости евреев, кроме торговли, была аренда мельниц, питейных заведений, фруктовых плантаций, прав на рыболовство и лесосплав.К нач. 19 в. в Б. получили распространение идеи хасидизма. Представителями этого течения в 1800—10 были раввин Сорок Довид-Шлойме Айбишц и глава раввинского суда в Кишиневе в 1810—20 Хаим Тирор.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. численность еврейского населения Б. увеличилась примерно в 4 раза и в 1858 составила 84 696 чел. Активная миграция евреев была вызвана, с одной стороны, колонизац. политикой России, заинтересованной в заселении новых, пустующих земель и предоставлявшей определенные экономич. льготы переселенцам, и стремлением евреев перенаселенной черты оседлости использовать возможность вырваться из нее — с другой. Осн. поток еврейских переселенцев был из Белоруссии и Литвы. Численность еврейского населения Б. выросла в результате с 2,9% в 1818 до 5,5% в 1852. Наиб. крупными общинами были общины сев. областей Б. (Хотин, Сороки), в к-рых в тот период сконцентрировалась почти половина еврейского населения. Одним из результатов еврейской миграции стало образование кр. еврейской общины в обл. центре Б. Кишиневе — 20 тыс. евреев, что составляло 20% от общей численности населения.Евреев привлекали в Б. не только экономич. льготы, но и относительно либеральные политич. условия, к-рые устанавливались предоставлением Б. автономии. С 1818 правовой статус евреев Б. определялся «Уставом образования Бессарабской области», сохранившим осн. права, к-рыми евреи обладали до 1812 (разрешение свободно селиться и заниматься предпринимательством, в т. ч. торговлей спиртным, на всей терр. Б.), а также расширившим их. Евреи, выделенные по Уставу в «особое состояние», должны были вступить в одно из сословий налогоплательщиков России — в купечество, мещанство или крестьянство и, таким образом, получить возможность приобретения гос. земель, к-рой они были ранее лишены. Устав ввел лишь одно ограничение: евреям не разрешалось поступать на гос. службу, за исключением евреев-врачей, к-рым в 1838 была предоставлена эта возможность. Данный Устав не запрещал евреям арендовать привилегию помещиков производить и продавать алкогольные напитки в деревнях. Таким образом, евреи Б. в тот период не боялись угрозы изгнания из деревень, в отличие от евреев России («Положение об устройстве евреев» 1804 запрещало этот вид деятельности). Начиная с 1827, когда был принят указ о призыве евреев России в армию, разница между статусом бессарабских евреев и евреев др. областей Рос. империи обозначилась еще резче — евреи Б. не подлежали призыву. Освобождение от призыва в армию оставалось в силе до 1852.В сер. 19 в. евреи Б. экспортировали с.-х. продукцию в Европу, предоставляли кредиты крестьянам и продолжали заниматься арендой. Возможность вести кр. междунар. торговлю была ограничена из-за предпочтительного статуса христианских купцов, в осн. греков и армян. Б. принадлежала к тем немногим губерниям, где еврейское земледелие достигло заметного развития. Благодаря поощрению занятости евреев в с. х-ве, в Б. были созданы еврейские земледельч. колонии, в осн. в сев. и центр. областях. В отличие от земледельч. колоний в России, где евреев поселяли на выделенных для этого по выбору гос-ва землях и предоставляли им жилье, рабочий скот и необходимый с.-х. инвентарь, евреи Б. осваивали купленные или арендованные самостоятельно земли, приобретали скот и орудия труда и, таким образом, в определенной степени, не зависели от надзора властей, бюрократич. препонов и т. д. Благоприятные климатич. условия и плодородная почва также способствовали успеху. Тем не менее еврейские земледельч. колонии Б. все же сталкивались с трудностями. По свидетельству очевидцев, в сер. 19 в. мн. участки выглядели запущенными, а их владельцы прекращали заниматься с.-х. трудом. В 1858 в с. х-ве Б. было занято 12% еврейского населения. Распространенным было выращивание табака (в 1866 евреи составляли 62% занятых в этой сфере), наряду с этим евреи занимались садоводством, огородничеством и виноградарством. Кроме того, евреи занимали ключевые позиции в местной торговле с.-х. продукцией.На духовную жизнь евреев Б. определяющее влияние продолжал оказывать хасидизм, распространившийся с притоком переселенцев из России, Польши и Украины. В 1814 в Б. появился первый хасидский двор в Бендерах (совр. Бендер), во главе к-рого стоял Арье-Лейб Вертхайм (?—1854). Бессарабской династией считалась также Рашковская династия, хотя Рашков находился вне границ Б., на вост. берегу Днестра. Ее основателем был раби Шабтай, ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича. Во 2-й четв. 19 в. в Б. было сильно влияние раби Исраэля из Ружина, поселившегося в 1840 в Садагоре (Буковина).В 1839 по инициативе сторонников Гаскалы и при поддержке графа М.С.Воронцова в Кишиневе была открыта первая еврейская нерелиг. школа (во всей черте оседлости России только в Одессе существовала еще одна подобная школа). Однако идеи Гаскалы не получили распространения в Б. Евреи Б. враждебно реагировали на появление школы и в подавляющем большинстве не посылали туда детей. После решения пр-ва в 1840-х гг. открыть гос. школы для евреев Рос. империи школа в Кишиневе была закрыта и вместо нее открылись 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща; в 1855 на терр. Б. было уже 6 таких школ — в Кишиневе, Хотине, Бельцах (совр. Бэлць), Бричанах (совр. Бричень) и Измаиле, — и они, как и в России, служили проводниками ассимиляционных идей. К кон. 19 в. под влиянием этих идей в Б. сформировалась немногочисленная, получившая высш. образование и порвавшая с традицией еврейская интеллигенция. Идеи еврейской эмансипации пользовались популярностью также и у части евреев-купцов, стремившихся принимать более активное участие в междунар. торговле, для чего требовалось поднять свой социальный статус путем ассимиляции. Однако осн. масса евреев Б. не приняла идей Гаскалы, игнорировала офиц. школы и боролась с их влиянием. По сравнению с еврейством Литвы, Белоруссии, Польши и Украины еврейское население Б., особенно сельское, отличалось недостаточностью светского и религ. образования, во мн. местечках не было даже хедера.В 1897 в Б. проживало 228 620 евреев (11,8%). Из них 109 703 еврея (48%) проживало в городах, 60 701 (26,5%) — в местечках и 58 216 (25,5%) — в деревнях. 50 237 евреев (22%) проживало в Кишиневе, к-рый в 1897 был третьим по величине городом черты оседлости. Процент евреев, проживавших в деревнях, был одним из самых высоких в черте оседлости — 3,8% от общей численности еврейского населения Б. К этому времени правовое положение бессарабских евреев уже ничем не отличалось от положения евреев в др. областях Рос. империи, в т. ч. и в отношении воинской повинности, а в нек-рых аспектах оказалось тяжелее: так, запрет селиться в пограничной полосе (50 верст от границы), после пересмотра границ по Парижскому миру (1858) и Берлинскому трактату (1878), серьезно повлиял на сложившийся уклад жизни бессарабских евреев. Согласно договорам, нек-рые области Юж. Б. переходили к Румынии, в результате значит. часть нас. пунктов с еврейским населением, в т. ч. Кишинев, оказались в запретной пограничной полосе. Массовое изгнание евреев могло нанести вред экономике края, ввиду этого в 1858 был издан спец. указ, разрешавший оставаться в запретной полосе евреям, имевшим там пост. местожительство до подписания договора, но запрещавший селиться «новым» евреям. На практике мн. евреи при попустительстве местных властей продолжали проживать в запретных районах под пост. угрозой изгнания.В результате изгнания евреев из сел. местности вырос процент евреев, занимавшихся торговлей, перевозками и ремесл. трудом (обработка табака, часовое дело, произ-во напитков, одежды, мыла). Евреям принадлежали 2 из 3 кр. мельниц Б. и неск. больших лесопилок. Среди евреев числились преподаватели, в свободных профессиях (адвокатура, медицина, искусство) к кон. 19 в. было занято 1,7% евреев Б. На экономич. положении евреев Б., значит. часть к-рых занималась торговлей с.-х. продукцией, тяжело отразился аграрный кризис, к-рый переживала Россия в посл. десятилетии 19 в. в связи с падением цен на мир. рынке пшеницы. Обнищание евреев и усиление преследований привело к тому, что многие из них покинули Б. и выехали в Канаду и США. После появления планов барона Гирша переселить рос. евреев в Аргентину евреи Б. приняли деятельное участие в их реализации.К кон. 19 в. хасидизм продолжал удерживать свои позиции в среде бессарабских евреев. Особым влиянием пользовалась династия Фридманов из Садагоры и династия Тверских. Цадики и их посланцы посещали местечки Б., где встречали радушный прием. В 1860 в Кишиневе была основана иешива, в к-рой в 1876 занималось 280 уч-ся. В 1898—99 в хедерах обучалось 60,9% еврейских детей школьного возраста. Несмотря на то что большинство бессарабских евреев придерживалось традиц. образа жизни и противилось светскому образованию, часть еврейского населения деревень переняла культуру быта, обычаи, язык и одежду молд. крестьян и мало чем отличалась от них внешне. В произв. еврейских писателей подчеркивается самобытность общины Б., непохожей на привычные общины Литвы, Белоруссии и Украины.В кон. 19 в. в Б. стали приобретать популярность сионистские идеи. Представителями «Хибат Цион» в Кишиневе были А.Грунберг и М.Я.Дизенгоф. В 1888 25 семей с помощью барона Ротшильда переселились в Э.-И. В 1890 7 дел. Б. (6 — из Кишинева) приняли участие в учредит. съезде Одесского к-та «Хибат Цион». В 1897 представителем Б. на 1-м Сионистском конгрессе был Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган. Погромы 1880-х гг., кишиневский погром 1903, погромы 1905, затронувшие 3 города и 68 местечек Б., усилили сионистские настроения в еврейском об-ве. В этот период еврейская интеллигенция начала прилагать усилия к организации социальной и мед. помощи бедным слоям еврейского населения и проф. образования еврейской молодежи; были основаны еврейские ремесл. уч-ща, в т. ч. и для девушек, организованы фонды помощи жертвам погромов. Появились еврейские писатели, пишущие на иврите: Иегуда Штейнберг (1863—1908), Симха-Алтер Бен-Цион (1870—1932), Я.И.Фихман и др. В 1909 раввином Кишинева стал Л.-И.-М.Цирельсон, игравший заметную роль в обл. еврейского религ. законодательства, впоследствии гл. раввин Б.В 1918 после присоединения Б. к Румынии бессарабские евреи автоматически получили рум. гражданство. В 1920 в Б. проживало 267 тыс. евреев. Как и в др. частях Румынии, бессарабские евреи сталкивались с враждебностью населения, антиеврейской политикой властей. Экономич. положение евреев Б. ухудшилось. Отделение района от прежних рос. рынков, засуха, к-рая трижды за период 1918—40 поражала Б., мир. экономич. кризис привели к серьезному спаду в с.-х. произ-ве. Помощь евреям Б. оказывалась в осн. Джойнтом. В 1930 в Б. функционировали сберегат. и кредит. банки в 39 нас. пунктах. Во время аграрной реформы в Б. (1920—23) от 4 до 5 тыс. евреев получили от 7 до 10 акров земли каждый, всего обрабатывалось ок. 120 тыс. акров.Под рум. правлением еврейская общинная жизнь начала активно возрождаться. Активизировалась деятельность политич. партий, принимавших участие в сионистском движении, и др. орг-ций. В 1920 в Кишиневе состоялась 1-я конф. бессарабских сионистов. Широкая сеть еврейских нач. и ср. школ с преподаванием на идише или иврите была открыта в нач. рум. правления. В 1922 в Б. было 140 еврейских школ с 19 746 уч-ся (105 — на иврите с 16 456 уч-ся). В Кишиневе был открыт Учительский ин-т. В кон. 1922 политика рум. пр-ва изменилась. Мн. школы были лишены еврейской направленности и переориентированы в румынские. В 1929—30 оставалось 64 еврейских образоват. учреждения в 30 р-нах Б. (15 дет. садов, 37 нач. школ, 11 ср. школ и одна профессиональная), в к-рых обучался 6381 уч-ся и работало 312 учителей. В этот период социальные структуры Б. включали в себя 13 еврейских больниц, санаторий для туберкулезных больных, об-ва помощи больным в 25 р-нах, 13 домов престарелых и 4 дет. дома.В 1940 Б. была присоединена к СССР. Отступая, рум. солдаты зверски убивали евреев под предлогом того, что они радовались будущему приходу РККА.В процессе советизации от Б. были отрезаны ее сев. (вкл. Хотин) и юж. (вкл. Аккерман) области, к-рые были присоединены к УССР. Центр. часть Б. вместе с Кишиневом с существовавшей до 1940 Молд. АССР образовали МССР. В результате мн. еврейские семьи были отрезаны друг от друга и еврейская община оказалась разобщенной. Часть бессарабских евреев бежала из Румынии в сов. Молдавию; часть рум. евреев пыталась бежать из Б. в Румынию. На фоне зверств отступающей рум. армии и усиления рум. гос. антисемитизма вступление частей РККА поначалу было воспринято бессарабскими евреями с энтузиазмом. Во мн. гор. советы руководителями назначались местные левые активисты-евреи, к-рых затем постепенно заменяли на неевреев. В результате проведенной паспортизации мн. евреям было запрещено проживать в больших городах. Последовала волна арестов активистов сионистских орг-ций, еврейских коммунистов, обвиненных в троцкизме, и т. д. В ночь с 13 на 14 июня 1941 были высланы в Сибирь тысячи бессарабских евреев. Высылка продолжалась вплоть до герм. оккупации. Всего за 1941 из Б. было выслано ок. 8 тыс. евреев.Политика в сфере образования привела к закрытию школ с преподаванием на иврите, в школах с преподаванием на идише уч. программы были советизированы. Число еврейских школ резко сократилось. Еврейские газеты были закрыты. Выпускалась радиопрограмма на идише и проводились концерты и строго цензурированные поэтич. вечера. Большинство книг на иврите были конфискованы из б-к и во мн. случаях сожжены. В Кишиневе действовал Гос. еврейский т-р на идише. Большинство синагог было закрыто и превращено в клубы.22 июня 1941 герм. и рум. войска пересекли границу с Б., и за 4 недели вся терр. Б. была оккупирована. Две трети еврейского населения не успели эвакуироваться. Часть евреев была уничтожена сразу во время наступления, а остальные отправлены в гетто, созданные в кон. июля 1941 в разл. городах Б. Особенностью бессарабских гетто была концентрация евреев в отгороженных колючей проволокой пустынных местах, где их оставляли умирать от голода. В сент. 1941 началась депортация ок. 80 тыс. евреев Б. в Транснистрию. Часть бессарабских евреев, изгнанных на вост. берег Днестра, погибла в пути, часть была расстреляна, остальные погибли в гетто на терр. Украины.В февр. 1944 сов. войска вошли в Транснистрию. Уцелевшие в гетто евреи были освобождены. 24 авг. 1944 был освобожден Кишинев. Сразу же были приняты меры для возрождения сов. власти на всей освобожденной терр. Б. Возвращались оставшиеся в живых бессарабские евреи из Украины и из внутр. р-нов СССР. Их дома были разрушены, все имущество разграблено, особенно в деревнях и местечках. Большинство вернувшихся беженцев поселялись в Кишиневе. После 1945 еврейская жизнь в Б. в теч. продолжит. времени не восстанавливалась. Возрождение еврейского нац. движения началось в кон. 1960-х гг. (см. ст. Молдова и ст. об отд. гор. Б.)., extra_data="{'translat...")
BESSARABKA, see Basarabeasca.
BESSORBNAYA, a village in the Novokubansky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bezkorbnaya, Labinsky dep. Kuban region In the end. Sep 1942 in B. in gas. 15 evacuated Jews were killed in a special vehicle chamber.
IMMORTAL Arkady Lvovich (1893, Surazh of Vitebsk District and Gubernia - 1955, Minsk), violinist, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Petrograd. cons. (1917). One of the organizers and hands. the first in Belarus symphony. orc. and plank beds. cons. in Vitebsk (1918). From 1924 to 1932 he taught at Belorus. muses. technical school, became his first director. Since 1928 solo violinist and conductor orc. Belarusian. radio center. Creator and participant (first violin) State. strings, the BSSR quartet (1934–41). In 1932-55 he was a teacher of Belorus. cons., from 1946 - her prof. Honored. art. BSSR (1939).
BETIGOLE, see Byatigala.
BETLEVI, a village in Ambrolaur district (Georgia). Izv. from the 15th century. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - in the Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. According to legend, the name. B. comes from Beit-Levi (in Hebrew - the house of Levi), after the name of a Jew from E.-I. - Levi, who settled first in B.
Betsalel ben-Moishe ha-Kogen (1820, Vilna - 1878, ibid.), Rabbi. Already at the eighteenth year of his life, he was an expert on the Talmud and considered himself entitled to criticize Yaakov ben Aagaron of Karlin, one of the largest Talmudists of that era. In 1840 he took up the post of rabbi in Vilna, remaining there until his death. Despite the fact that he did not have the title of chief rabbi, B. in fact from 1860 to 1878 played the role of a spiritual hand. Vilna community. The author of "Reshit Bikurim" (Vilna, 1869), responsa and art. on Talmudic themes. The Vilna edition of the Talmud also contains B.'s glosses to a number of treatises.
BETTAN Israel (1889, Kovno - 1957, USA), Hebraist. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. Since 1907 in the USA. He served as a military man. rabbi during the 1st world. war. In 1922 he was appointed prof. at Hybru Union College. B. - the author of numerous. scientific. and popul. works in the region. midrash literature, liturgy, interpretation of Heb. preachers and decomp. aspects of the reform of Judaism. He also owns the book: “Study of Heb. Preachers ”(1939) and“ Five Scrolls ”(1950). He took an active part in the work of the conf. amer. reformist rabbis as a member. her Liturgic. to-that was one of the creatures. reformed prayer book.
BEYDER Chaim Volkovich (b. 1920, Kupel of Ovruch u. Volyn province), poet, publicist, literary critic. He graduated from Heb. seven-year school. He studied at the Odessa ped. technical school, then in Zhitomir in Heb. workers' faculty. In 1940 he graduated from Heb. dep. Odessa ped. in-that, worked as a teacher at the Stalindorf nat. district of Dnepropetrovsk region, in 1942–45 - in Tashauz region. Russian gas. (Turkmenistan). Returning to Ukraine in 1946, he was engaged in journalism, collaborated in different ways. periodic. ed. He taught in Kamyanets-Podolsk ped. in-those. In 1971–72 - lit. sotr. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". From 1973 to 1991 - deputy. ch. ed. g. "Sovetish gameland". He debuted in literature in 1933 with verse, in the center, Heb. gas. for children "Zay Great" (Kharkov). Published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. Author pl. cycles of verse, and poems, sketches, lit.-critical. works in Heb., Rus, Ukrainian. languages. The author of the book: "Hanukas-Gabais" (Housewarming "), 1979; "Shave rahvesn" ("Wide open spaces"), 1981; "Zu der Mendelefor-shung" ("In the world of Mendele Moicher-Sforima"), 1986, etc. In 1982, et al. with S. Sandler, G. Rabinkov and N. Kravets released the first post-war. Heb. primer ("Alefbase"), and in 1992 the textbook "Yiddish". Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1981). Lit. pr. World Heb. cultural congr. (New York) for 1991.
BEYGELMAN Aron Davidovich (b. 1917, Olviopol, Elisavetgrad u. Kherson province), prose writer. He graduated from Heb. school and moved to Heb. nat. Novozlatopol district, where he worked in Heb. agriculturalist. colonies. He studied in Heb. zootechnical school, but did not graduate from it. Member of the 1941–45 war, twice seriously wounded. In 1950 he graduated from the Library Institute. The first major production - pov. Der Goldener Lighter (Golden Candlestick) - publ. in 1968 in the railway station "Sovetish gameland". The author of several. novels and pov., not yet published.
BEILIN-LEVKOV Abram Solomonovich (1854 - |), jeweler, merchant of the 1st guild. Since 1882 the owner of the factory is angry. and diamond jewelry. He made jewelry for the imp. yard. In 1901 he was awarded honorary title. title "supplier of the court of His imp. majesty "and the right to place on their products the image of the state. coat of arms Ros. empire.
BEILIN Isaak Grigorievich (1883, Kruty, Poltava province. - 1965, Moscow), phytopathologist, one of the founders of the Fatherland. epiphytothiology. Dr. bi-ol. sciences. Graduated (1913) natural sciences. dep. physicomat. Faculty of Kazan University. In 1914–15 - for the military. service, awarded with two St. George's crosses. In 1915–21 he worked at the Voronezh provincial station. plant protection (from 1918 - head.), in 1921-30 - hands. dep. phytopathology of the Voronezh region. s.-kh. experienced art. In 1934 - at the Shatilov state. breeding art. (Oryol region), from 1937 - to Botanich. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1939 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Oilseeds in Krasnodar. In 1940-45 - in Moscow. botanist. garden of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Chief Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences), since 1945 in the Lab. evolution. ecology them. acad. B.A. Keller of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later as part of the Institute of the Forest of the USSR Academy of Sciences), from 1948 - beginning. phytopathological. detachment of the Integrated Exp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. laws of the emergence, distribution and attenuation of mass plant diseases, developed measures to prevent and combat them. He proposed (1919) a method for recording mass plant diseases. Identified a local, broomrape-resistant sunflower variety. Conducted an epiphytothiologic. surveys in decomp. districts of the USSR. Auth. works on the history of biology. He was engaged in the project of the museum of history with. x-va. Vol .: Infection and measures to combat it, Voronezh, 1930; Diseases of oilseeds, in Sat. "Diseases and pests of oilseeds", M., 1939; Essays on the history of forest communities in pre-revolutionary Russia, M., 1962; Fight against dodders and broomrape, M., 1967; Flowering parasites and semi-parasites, M., 1968; At the origins of the science of forest, M., 1969; Parasitism and epiphytothiology: On the example of parasites from higher plants, M., 1986.
BEILIN Mikhail Abramovich (b. 1921, Roslavl, Smolensk province), chess player, journalist. Master of Sports of the USSR (1950), Intern. Arbitrator (1980). Deputy prev. chess. Federation of the USSR (1967–70), deputy. early Chess Office (1981–86) of the USSR Sports Committee. A lawyer by education, works: For Chess. board, M., 1959; Knight's move, M., 1966; Travel to chess. Kingdom, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (et al.).
BEILIN Osher (1881, Kiev - 1948, Jerusalem), playwright, publicist. He graduated from the city, then studied at high fur boots in Bern and Freiburg. In 1901–05 he was a personal secretary. at Sholem Aleichem. In 1906 he made his debut in London with a story in Hebrew. He was engaged in journalism, published stories, literary critic. Art., journalism in different. periodic. Heb. ed. Europe and America. In 1933 he settled in E.-I. Author of the book: "In schwarze tag" ("On black days"), 1907; Der Blutiker Yomtev (Bloody Holiday), 1911; In der Fremd (In a Foreign Land), 1919, and others. about Sholem Aleichem.
BEILIN Solomon (Sholem) Haimovich (1857, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1942, Tashkent), folklorist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1880 he graduated from a real school in Pinsk, from 1891 a rabbi in Rogachev, then in Irkutsk. In 1884 he began to collect, process and publish the Hebrews. folklore. Published in Heb. g. in Russian lang. "Voskhod" (middle article about the origin of Hebrew folk tales, proverbs), in scientific. collection of books "Evr. antiquity ", and after the revolution in the Minsk railway. "Zeitshrift", Vilnius "Philologishe font" and other publications. Author of the book: "Yiddish Folks-Mayses" ("Hebrew Nar. Tales", vol. 1, Odessa, 1897; "Wandering or world stories and songs in ancient literature", 1907; "Yiddish folksmayselekh un gezangen" ("Heb. . folk songs and tales "), 1898;" Proverbs of Siberian Jews ", 1913.
BEILINA Nina Mikhailovna (b. 1931, Moscow), violinist. In 1953 she graduated from Moscow. cons. in the class of A.I. Yampolsky, graduate school Leningrad. cons. in the class of Yu.I. Eidlin (1959) and Moscow. cons. (1961) by D.F. Oistrakh. In 1953–56 in the orchestra of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, from 1961 soloist Vses. state concert society (later Moskontsert). 1st pr. Mezhdunar. Violin Competition J. Enescu (Bucharest, 1961), 3rd ave. Intern. competition them. PI Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962), 2nd ave. Mezhdunar. competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault (Paris, 1963). She has toured in the USSR and abroad. Since 1976 in the USA, he lives in New York. Concerts, teaches at Mannes College.
BEILINSON Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1957, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University, Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1988). Since 1989 he has been working at Ying-those teor. physics to them. L.D. Landau, and also in Massachusetts technol. in-those (USA). Main the results are in algebras. geometry, algebras. number theory and math. Physics, Vol. regulators and values ​​of L-functions, In Sat: Sovr. problems of mathematics, VINITI, ser. "Latest achievements", v. 24, 1984.
BEILINSON Moses (1890 - 1936, Petah Tikva, Israel), journalist, doctor. He was educated in high fur boots in Moscow, Freiburg and Basel. In 1913 he became a certified physician. From 1917 to 1924 he lived in Italy, where he carried out orders for the World Zionist. org-tion and published Art. in decomp. period, ed. in Hebrew, German. and ital. lang. In collaboration with Dante A. Lattes B. edited the published in Italian. lang. book about Zionism and the views of its leaders, including T. Herzl, M. Nordau, N. Sokolov and H. Weizmann (Florence, 1925). In 1925, shortly after moving to E.-I. became one of the editors. published in Tel Aviv gas. "Davar", officer. body of the Federation of Workers, and worked there until the end of his life. B. - the author of the book: "On the days of the judgment", Tel Aviv, 1930; "In the days of the Italian Renaissance", Tel Aviv, 1930; "Towards the Jewish-Arab problem" (collection of essays, Tel Aviv, 1930). Translated into Italian. lang. some books. Heb. writers, including I.-L. Peretz and Sh.Ash.
BEILIS Menachem Mendel (1874, Kiev - 1934, approx. New York), clerk of a brick factory in Kiev, accused of murder on 03/20/1911 orthodox. boy Andrei Yushchinsky. The Black Hundred press stated that the murder was committed with a ritual purpose. A similar version was adhered to by the leaders of the right in the 3rd State. Duma V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov, to-rye submitted to the Duma a request to investigate the murder of Yushchinsky. 12/7/1911 B. was arrested. With the support of Dep. Police Black Hundreds launched anti-Semitic agitation, threatened with pogroms. B. spent in prison under the investigation of St. 2 years old. Many spoke in his defense. prominent representatives grew up. and nick. public (A.A. Blok, V.I.Vernadsky, M.Gorky, V.G. Korolenko, D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.France and others). The trial that began on September 25, 1913 in Kiev was covered by newspapers around the world. B. was defended by the best lawyers O.O. Gruzenberg, N.P. Karabchevsky, A.S. Zarudny and V.A. Maklakov. Civil the plaintiffs were members. faction of the extreme right in the 3rd State. Duma G.G. Zamyslovsky and lawyer A.S. Shmakov, Ksenz I.E. Pranaitis and prof. IA Sikorsky, however their "arguments" were refuted by VM Bekhterev, IG Trotsky, Moscow. Rabbi Ya.M. Maze and Semitosemitologist P.K. Kokovtsov. Despite pressure from the authorities and the Black Hundreds, the jury acquitted B. On 10/30/1913. Fearing revenge, B. and his family left for E.-I., in 1920 he settled in the United States.
BEYLIS Victor Alexandrovich (b. 1943, Bairam-Ali Turkmen. SSR), literary critic, orientalist, specialist in folklore and literature of the peoples of Africa. Cand. ist. Sciences (1970). Graduated from the Institute of East languages ​​at Moscow State University (1967). Author of the book: "Will Shoyinka" (1977), "Tradition in modern. cultures of Africa "(1986). Compiled a number of collection of books Afr. poetry and afr. fairy tales.
BEILIS Wolf Mendelevich (b. 1923, Vasilkov Kiev. Gubernia), orientalist, historian, specialist on the problems of Arab countries. Dr. East Sciences (1975), prof. (1977). Graduated from the Kiev state. un-t (1950). From 1964 to teach. work in the Lugansk ped. in-those. Member of the 1941–45 war. Several dozens of scientific. tr., publ. in Russian and ukr. lang., dedicated. Wed-century Arab. history, historians and geographers, their tr. as an important source of information about Vost. Europe, Black Sea region, Dagestan; Russian-Byzantine. relations, history of Shirvan.
BAYM Solomon Abramovich (1817, Odessa - 1867, Petersburg), spiritual leader of the Karaite communities. Disciple of Mordechai Sultansky. Khazan of the Karaite community of Kale in the Crimea, headed the school for Karaite children, in which not only traditional, but also general subjects were taught. After the death of his father B. took his place as a khazan in Odessa. In 1866, B., at the suggestion of Ros. Geographical Society, made 12 wooden images of the old generation of Karaite types in original costumes. B. is the author of a number of articles about the Karaites in "Ha-Melits", in "Novoros. calendar ”and other publications.
BEIMEL Yaakov (1852, Minsk - 1944, New York), cantor. He studied at yeshivas. He sang in synagogue choirs. Moose. educated in Odessa and Berlin. He was cantor and conductor in Berlin, Copenhagen and later in New York. He wrote liturgical music, the author of arrangements of Heb. bunk bed songs. Published an anthology of Heb. music.
BASE-LEHEM, see Bread.
BEYSEGOLE, see Baysogala.
BEZENCHUK, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station of Samara u. 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939.
REFUGEES, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novorzhevsky u. Pskov province. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1941–42, 120 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, and several in Bezhanitskiy district. hundreds of Jewish families.
BEZHETSK (until 1766 - Gorodetsko), a city, a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 13th century From 1775 - the district town of the Tver governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1929-30 it was the center of a district within the Moscow Region, in 1930-35 it was a district center in the Moscow Region, in 1935-90 it was in the Kalinin Region. 82 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1867, and 83 in 1897 (0.9 %), in 1904 - 123, in 1910 - 108, in 1926 - 162 (1.3%), in 1939 - 79 Jews. In 1886, at the request of the community, melamed was sent from Moscow to B., in 1905 a synagogue was opened. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1916-21, the rabbi of B. was Yosef Segal (1885, Plungians - 1974, Jerusalem). V.I. Fleishman.
BEZHUN, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of Płock Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Serpetskiy u. In 1765, 172 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 398 (37%), in 1820 - 543 (33%), in 1827 - 725 (36%), in 1856 - 790 (38.3%). in 1857 - 697 (29%), in 1921 - 779 (33%), in 1931 - approx. 250 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the middle. 18th century They were engaged in petty trade, maintained inns. Several later they began to master crafts. From 1823 to 1862 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1870s. Jews belonged to several. small industries (textiles, porcelain, glass), shanks, sawmill and mill. In B. there was a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, decomp. philanthropist. The rabbis in Byelorussia were Avrom-Mordechai Grinberg (until 1915), Hirsch Marvil, and Avrom Rothschild. During the 1st World. war Cossack units Rus. armies repeatedly staged pogroms in Byelorussia. In 1921 a philanthropist was opened in Byelorussia. cash desk, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank began to work. Zionist parties and movements, youth organizations, the Bund and Agudas Israel were active. There was a cheder and a girls' school "Beis Yaakov". We worked as a library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish, a Jewish club with all kinds of circles and an amateur t-rum. Sep 1939 Bulgaria was bombed by the Germans. aviation. Mn. Jews fled to the east, however, due to the lack of roads and the rapid advance of the Germans. troops were forced to return. B. was occupied on 4 Sept. 1939.11 nov. In 1939 Jews were taken from Byelorussia to ghettos in other cities in Poland, including the Warsaw ghetto. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia died in extermination camps. I. Tsylkov.
BESIKOVICH Abram Samoilovich (1891, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1970, Cambridge, Great Britain), mathematician. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1912). He worked at Perm University (1916–20), in Petrograd. ped. in-those and un-those (1920–24). In 1924–25 he worked in Copenhagen with N. Bohr as a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, then at Liverpool (1926–27) and Cambridge University (1930–58). the results relate to the theory of almost periodic functions, as well as to measure theory, the theory of functions of a complex variable, and topology. Royal Society of London (1934). Sylvester Medal, Royal Society of London (1952). Etc. Adams University of Cambridge (1930). Moragan Medal of London Mat. about-va (1950).
BEZLESNY, a farm in the Ust-Labinsk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). In 1942, 75 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BEZLYUDOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kharkovsky u. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in B. In 1915, Jews deported from Galicia arrived in B. Dec 15. 1915 pl. of them were evicted to the Kazan province.
SAFE, a village in the Trunovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1804. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Stavropol u. In 1939 one Jew lived in Byelorussia. 1942 161 evacuated Jews were shot in B., in November. 1942 - 9 Jews.
BESREDKA Alexander Mikhailovich (1870, Odessa - 1940, Paris), microbiologist and immunologist. The son of the writer E. Ish-Noomi, who wrote in Hebrew. In 1892 he graduated from Novoros. un-t in Odessa. When it became clear to him that the continuation of the scientific. a career in Russia is possible only at the cost of conversion to Christ, he left for France. Graduated from honey. College in Paris (1897), received a French. citizenship and from 1897 until the end of his life he worked at the Pasteur Institute (until 1916 under the direction of II Mechnikov in his laboratory, from 1916 - deputy director of the Institute). tr. B. and his students are devoted to the problems of immunity and anaphylaxis. Based on numerous experiments. research developed the theory of local immunity, according to a cut in the body's fight against infection, the decisive role belongs to the phenomena of the local protective reaction of individual organs and tissues. The open B. method of local immunization found application for the prevention of a number of infections: oral vaccination against typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, vaccination through the skin against streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, the use of the drug "antivirus" offered by him for the treatment of hl. arr. purulent infections. Introduced the term "anaphylactic. shock". His observations and experiments. research the phenomena of anaphylaxis led to the development of practical. method of preventing anaphylactic. shock with serum treatment. He kept a close relationship with the Russian. science, took part in honey. ed. Russia; pl. beginners rus. scientists worked in the lab. Pasterovsky Institute under his leadership. Was an active member. a number of Heb. org-tions, wrote for Heb. scientific. Cit .: Local immunization, Paris, 1926 (translated from French); Anaphylaxis and anti-anaphylaxis, M., 1930 (translated from French); On the importance of irritants in infection and immunity "Journal of Experimental Biology and Medicine", 1927, no. 18.
BEZRODNY Igor Semenovich (b. 1930, Tiflis), violinist, conductor, teacher. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1955 - graduate school at her in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. 1st pr. To the International violin competition them. J. Kubelik (Prague, 1949), at the International conference. competition them. I.S. Bach (Leipzig, 1950). In 1957–90 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1972 prof., in 1981–91 head of the department). Since 1970 he has been performing as a conductor. In 1976–80 ch. conductor and artistic director hands. Moscow chamber orchestra. In the repertoire of B. - production. Western-European classical composers, as well as modern. music. Has toured in the USSR and abroad. Among the students there is a laureate of pl. int. competitions M.V. Fedotov. Became. pr. (1951). Nar. art. RSFSR (1978). Since 1991 - in Finland.
SORRY, see Sorrowful.
BEZUAROVA, see Buzovarovo.
BEZYMENSKY Alexander Ilyich (1898, Zhitomir - 1973, Moscow), poet. He graduated from the city of Vladimir, entered the Kiev Commercial Department. Institute (1916). Participant Oct. revolution in Petrograd. Was a member. Central Committee of the RKSM of the 1st convocation. Began to publish in 1918. Since 1923 member of the RAPP, published in the magazine "On the post". B. belonged to the galaxy of Komsomols. poets of the 1920s He is a coms author. march "Young Guard" ("Forward to meet the dawn ..."), written in April. 1922 on the instructions of the Central Committee of the RKSM, denouncer of all the allegedly backward and philistine, interfering with the construction of the "light communist society". He also acted as an essayist, publicist, author of Art. about satirical. lit-re. B. belong to numerous. collection of verses. Among them: "How life smells" with a preface. LD Trotsky (Moscow, 1924), "The best lines of 1923-1932" (Moscow, 1932), Izbr. manuf. in 2 vols. (M., 1958). Son B. - Leo (b. 1920, Kazan), journalist-Germanist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1948). Cand. ist. sciences. (1975) Participant in the war 1941–45. The author of a number of books. on the history, theory and practice of fascism: "The Taming of the Typhoon" (Moscow, 1978), "War Criminal No. 239" (Moscow, 1983), "The End of a Legend" (Moscow, 1972), "Solved Riddles of the Third Reich: The book is not only about the past. 1933-1941 "(M., 1980-84).
BIATUS Felix (Herman) (b. 1910), commander of the first armored tank. parts of the Israel Defense Forces. During the 2nd world. war was a tanker in Kr. Army. After the war - in E.-I., by order of I. Sadeh, he formed the first armored tank. brigade, edges took part in heavy battles during the War of Independence. After the war he was demobilized from the army.
BIBERGAL Alexander Nikolaevich (1854, Yalta, Tauride province - 1925, Moscow), revolutionary populist. From the bourgeoisie. Graduated from the Kerch city. In 1874 he entered the Moscow Art Academy in St. Petersburg, a member of a number of populists. circles, student student. movement. One of the organizers of the demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg on December 6, 1876 (the first political demonstration in Russia), after which he was arrested. In Jan. 1877 as an "instigator" sentenced to 15 years of hard labor (the first Hebrew to be sentenced to hard labor in Russia for a political crime), which he served in the Kariya convict prison in Transbaikalia. Due to his even character and personal charm, he enjoyed great prestige among his fellow prisoners. In 1884 he went to a settlement, lived in the Trans-Baikal region, served in gold mines, from the end. 1890s - in the transport company "Nadezhda" in Blagoveshchensk. Participated in local communities. life, collaborated in gas. "Amur Territory", kept in touch with polit. exiled. After the amnesty of 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia, op. about the demonstration on Kazanskaya square, "Hard labor and exile", 1926, no. 7-8.
BIBERMAN Leon Mikhailovich (b. 1915, Poti, Kutaisi province), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1978), Graduated from Moscow. energetic Institute (1940). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1945 - associate professor, since 1960 - prof. Department of Physics, MPEI. Since 1965 - head. theoretical Department of the Institute of High Temperatures of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Scientific creator schools in the region. physical and technical energy problems. Trained 13 doctors and 10 cand. sciences. Formulated the theory of the transfer of resonant radiation in gases and plasma. The term “B.-Holstein's equation” was established in the literature. Received the formula for the spectral intensity of photorecombinants. and bremsstrahlung of complex atoms. Proved that when entering the space. the apparatus into the dense layers of the atmosphere in front of its frontal surface a layer of plasma appears and that the radiation of this layer gives creatures a contribution to the heating of the apparatus. Developed methods for calculating radiation. heating cosm. apparatus. D. h. Intern. Academy of Astronautics in Paris (1993). The author of St. 120 scientific. works in the region. physics of high temperatures and physics of plasma, monographs "Optich. properties of hot air "(1970) and" Kinetics of nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma "(1982, reprinted in the USA in 1989).
BIBLER Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1918, Moscow), culturologist. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1951). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). Excluded from the postgraduate study of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR during the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitanism" (1949). He taught philosophy at the Taj. state un-those (1951-59) in Stalinabad, in Moscow. mining institute (1959-61), worked as a scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1961), Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968), Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (since 1982), head. lab. "Dialogue of Cultures" at the RSUH (since 1990). Research in the region. theory of knowledge, history of Western-European. philosophy and culture. Works: Analysis of the developing concept, Moscow, 1969 (in co-authorship); Thinking as creativity, M., 1975; Kant-Galilei-Kant, M., 1991; From science teaching - to the logic of culture, M., 1991; Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin, or Poetics of Culture, M., 1991; Culture and Civilization: Philosopher. reflections on the eve of the XXI century., M., 1993.
BICHURA, village, regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bichurskoe Verkhneudinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jewish peasants lived in the Bichurskaya volost, and 8 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939.
BICHURSKOE, see Bichura.
BICHWINT, see Pitsunda.
BIDERMAN Vadim Lvovich (b. 1917), engineer, specialist in the region. mechanics of a deformable body. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. since 1960. In 1940 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1940-43, a designer at Moscow. searchlight plant. In 1944–48 at the Moscow Higher Technical School (assistant at the Department of Strength of Materials). In 1948–56 the beginning. settlement department Research Institute of the tire industry in Moscow. Since 1956 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School. work in the region. dynamics and strength of machines. Conducted a comprehensive study. rubber, rubber-metal. and rubber-cord machine parts. On the basis of the theory of mesh shells he created, he developed methods for calculating rubber-cord elastic elements and pneumatic. tires, proposed a method for the reasonable choice of the type and size of parts for decomp. purposes of operation. Summarized the results of the research. in the region. strength. Author of scientific. works, monographs. Linen. pr. (1960). Works: Calculations for strength in machines, Moscow, 1956–59 (in co-authorship); Automobile tires (design, calculation, testing, operation), M., 1963 (in co-authorship); Applied theory of mechanical. hesitation, M., 1972; Mechanics of thin-walled structures: Statics, M., 1977; The theory of mechanical. Oscillations, M., 1980.
BIDINSKY David Grigorievich (1899, Kiev - 1964), engineer, specialist in the region. production of ammunition, major-general engineer-art. service (1943). Participant gr. war. Graduated from g-ziyu and chemical-technol. in-t. Worked by engineer. and ch. Ing. to the military. s-dakh. In 1937–47, the director. a number of ammunition plants. Awarded 5 hordes. Became. etc. (1948).
BIESHT (until 1991 - Bieshty), a village in Orheevsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 86 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
Biesti, see Biesti.
BIKIN, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1894. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Khabarovsk environs. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 96 Jews (0.64%) lived in Byelorussia.
BIXON Eduard Yakovlevich (b. 1919, Petrograd), architect, specialist in the design of societies. buildings and sports facilities. In 1940 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: the project of the high-rise building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Smolenskaya Square in Moscow (1952, under the direction of V. G. Gelfreikh), the House of Culture and Science in Warsaw (1954, under the direction of L. V. Rudnev), the Palace of Sports in Luzhniki (1956–57, under the direction of I. Ye. Rozhin), the project of the general plan of Zelenograd (1958, as part of a team), the sanatorium "Marat" in Yalta (1974), bargaining. and societies. center in Desnogorsk, Smolensk region. (1989).
BILGORAI, a city in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lubelsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Belgorai, Lublin province. 661 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, in 1841 - 1637, in 1856 - 1708, in 1893 - 3034, in 1897 - 3486, in 1931 - 3715 Jews. suffered greatly during the "Khmelnytsky" region. Between 1823 and 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In 1841 there were 3 wooden synagogues in Byelorussia. In the end. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of B. was woodworking, a cut was done by St. 1 thousand people In the 1900s. the rabbi in B. was Mordechai Zilberman. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in January. 1943. In March 1942, apprx. 2500 people in B. genus: I.-I. Zinger; Menachem-Mendel from Kock (1787-1859, Kock), the founder of a special trend in Polish. Hasidism.
BILINKIS Yakov Semenovich (b. 1926, Uman), literary critic, historian of Russian. lit-ry. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Dr. philol. Sciences (1970), prof. (1970). Tr .: books about the work of Leo Tolstoy (1956, 1959, 1970, 1973), F.M.Dostoevsky (1956, 1960), “Rus. classics and study of literature at school ”(1986).
BILCHE-GOLDEN, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, in B.-Z. there were 126 Jews (4.5%), in 1900 - 203 (6%), in 1921 - 133 Jews (4.5%). arr. from. x-vom, dressing of leather and fur, trade in manufactory. There was a synagogue and a cemetery, where only those who died from the epidemic and Jewish soldiers who died during the 1st world were buried. war. In B.-Z. there was a shohet, who acted as a moel, cantor and, if necessary, a rabbi. There was a bathhouse and a mikvah. Jews B.-Z. were in 1942 sent to the extermination camp Belzec.
BILLIKOPF Jacob (1863, Vilna - 1950, New York), societies. activist. In the United States since 1883. He studied at Richmond College (Virginia) and Chicago University. In 1894 he was appointed manager of the Heb. colony in Cincinnati, then served as director. philanthropist. institutions in Milwaukee and Kansas City. As a prez. Conf. philanthropist. institutions pcs. Missouri organized municipal baths, general education. pm schools and to-you law. support. There was a vice-president. Kansas City Board of Amnesties and Parole, Sec. Municipal Reconstruction Committee, member. Kansas City Board of Charities, Dir. Institute of Hebrews. education in Kansas City and lecturer in sociology and economics at the University of Missouri. In 1917-19 he will perform. dir. Amer. to-that aid to Jews. After the 1st world. war studied the living conditions of Jews in Russia and the countries of the East. Europe. In 1919 he was appointed to the post. dir. Federal Heb. philanthropist. org-tion of Philadelphia, and in 1925 became independent before. Arbitration Council for the Garment Industry in New York. He also held positions: prez. Nat. conf. Heb. societies. figures, vice-president. Amer. Assembly for the Protection of Older Persons, Independent Pre. Philadelphia region. council on labor, before. to-that "Hundred to help the unemployed" and a member. the result. to-that "New School of Social Research." Participated in the founding of the ed. Nation and Sevei. He founded the J. Billykopf Foundation at the University of Richmond, to-ry in 1928 awarded him honorary title. Juris Doctor degree. In 1932, the director was elected. Amer. companies heb. to-that help, in 1933 - prez. Nat. conf. Heb. social service. In 1936–37 he was one of the performers. dir. Nat. coordinator to-that support to refugees from Germany. Then he was in the Council nat. emigre. to-that and chl. Council dir. Ed. amer. Heb. will distribute, to-that.
BILL-BELOTSERKOVSKY Vladimir Haymovich (1885, Alexandria, Kherson province - 1970, Moscow), playwright. In his youth he was a sailor. Participant citizen war. In the 20s. took part in the creation of owls. agitational t-ra, for which I wrote several. plays ("Steak with blood", 1920; "Stages", 1920). Naib. Izv. his drama "Storm" was created in 1926 and bypassed many. t-ry country. Heb. the theme is present in the play "Border Guard" (the image of Kogan - the hero-commander of the Red Army), written in 1937, as well as in his autobiography. book The Way of Life (1959). B. belong to numerous. antiamer. works that appeared during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism": the play "Skin Color" (1948), collection of works. stories "In a strange world" (1948), "In the country of the dollar" (1949), etc.
BILOV Shloyme (1888, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1949, Kiev), literary critic. After the pogroms in 1905 he left for the USA. In 1916 he graduated from college in Kingston. He returned to Russia in 1918, worked as a teacher in the Rivne region (Ukraine), as well as an educator in orphanages. He was a teacher of Hebrews. liters in Gomel ped. technical school, head. department Heb. lang. and literature, scientific. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture VUAN, as well as prof. in the Kiev in-those theater. art, where he read courses zap. European and Heb. lit-ry, stories will depict. lawsuit. In 1936 he was repressed. Released soon. In the beginning. war was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, worked as a correspondent. Sovinformburo and Evr. antifash. to-that. B. - the author of apprx. 200 scientific. and critical. works on literature and art, including: "The creative path of D. Edelstadt", "Joseph Bovshover", "Sholem Aleichem" (with I.H.Drucker), "A. Goldfaden and his dramas "," I.-L. Peretz "and others.
BILYAVICHUS Elias (1904, Volkovyshki, Suvalki province - 1986, Vilnius), state. activist, prose writer, publicist. In 1926 he graduated from Communist. un-t nat. minorities in the West. Since 1927 - member. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1928–31 he was imprisoned. Since 1932 in the USSR. He worked in Moscow. Centre. Heb. gas. "Der emes". In 1936, his memoirs were published. "Behind bars". Since 1941 - People's Commissar of the Food Industry of the Lithuanian SSR. During the 1941–45 war he served in Litov. headquarters of par-tees. movement. In 1944–49 - deputy. sec. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1949–51 - head. department of the Central Committee. In 1951–53 - min. fish industry, in 1953–57 - food industry of the Lithuanian SSR, in 1957–61 - deputy. prev. SNKh Lithuanian SSR, 1955–63 - dep. Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. Published in Yiddish, Russian, Lithuanian. lang. Combined state. activities and journalism. The author of the production "Years Not Wasted in Vain" (1958), "Neman Returns to Its Shores" (1960), etc.
BIMKO Fishel (1890, Kielce - 1965), novelist and playwright. At the age of 12 he made his debut with a story in one of the Hebrews. gas. Lvov. Published in different. periodic. ed. In 1912 he released the first. Sat. stories "Di Aveire" ("Sin"), in 1916 - Sat. "Recruit". In 1914 Heb. Dr. in Lodz staged his drama "Oifn breg Weissl" ("On the banks of the Vistula"). His drama "Ganovim" ("Thieves") enjoyed great success. Since 1921 in the USA. He worked as a procurer. In 1938 he was awarded lit. pr. World Heb. Congr. in NYC. Author of the book: "Fun krig un fridn" ("From war and peace"), 1920; Farborgene Coiches (Secret Forces), 1926; "Tunkele gestaln" ("Dark Images"), 1926, etc.
BINETSKY Peisakh (1910, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1966, Kfar-Sava, Israel), poet. He worked as a weaver, joined the roar early. activity. Several years was in prison. During the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USSR, then returned to Poland, to Lodz. He made his debut in 1937 verse, in one of the Hebrews. g. in Bialystok. Then he printed stories, art., Essays in different. periodic. ed. First. Sat. verse. A fenster in der velt (Window to the World) was released in 1948 in Lodz. Since 1949 in Israel. His poetry came out here. collection "Oysdoer" ("Excerpt"), "Gemshekh" ("Continuation").
BINIASHVILI Michael (Mizrahi Gurdzhi) (2nd half of the 19th century, Georgia - 1st half of the 20th century), rabbi, writer. He left Georgia for Turkey, joined the public and educational life of the Hebrew. communities of Istanbul. I made comments on "Ismah Yisrael" and "The Book of Tremors", according to a cut each tremor of this or that member. human. the body speaks of the predestination of a person's fate to good or evil. Compiled by poetry. anthology, where parallel texts in Hebrew and Ladino were provided with commentaries in Aramaic, compiled from. Eastern European rabbis.
BINOVICH Yakov Efimovich (1898, Petersburg - 1961, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. engineer tank, service (1945). In Kr. Army since 1918, member of civil. war, in 1921 com. armored trains, then - art. shelf. Graduated from the Military-tech. academy (1932). From 1934 he taught at the Military. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army (from 1938 prof. Department of tanks, then head of faculty). 1941–42 teams. armored vehicle. and fur. troops of the South. fr., in 1943–45 of the 2nd Ukr. fr. From 1946 beginning. f-that Military. academy armored vehicles. and fur. troops. Retired from 1953. He was awarded the 6th order.
BINSHTOK Grigory Osipovich (literary ps. Osipov) (| - |), polit. activist, Social-Democratic - Menshevik. In the years of the 1st world. war sided with the left Zimmerwaldists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - supporter of Yu.O. Martov and Yu.Larin (M.A. Lurie). Under the influence of P.B. Axelrod by November. 1917 joined the ranks of the right opposition in the RSDLP. After Oct. coup of 1917 - an opponent of Bolshevism, opposed negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the creation of a "homogeneous to the socialists, pr-va". Member of the International socialists, conf. in Bern and Lucerne, convened for the purpose of restoring the Second International. From Dec. 1921 members Central Committee of the RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested by the Cheka-GPU. Since 1922 - in Germany, one of the leaders of the right opposition in the RSDLP, Izv. Menshevik. writer and publicist, published in Zh. "Socialist. Bulletin "," Notes of the Social-Democrats " et al. ed.
BINSHTOK Yehuda-Leib (1836, Lokachi Volyn province - 1894, Jaffa), publicist, translator. In 1858 he graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbi, school. In 1859–62 he served under the governor-general, taught the basics of Judaism in the Zhytomyr city. He was friends with M. Moikher-Sforim. There was a secret. Heb. communities in St. Petersburg. Lit. activity began in 1860 as a publicist. Art. in Heb. g. in Russian lang. "Dawn" and "Zion". In 1868 he published Russian. per. rum. Moicher-Sforima "Fathers and Sons". In 1869, together with M. Moicher-Sforim, he translated into Yiddish "5 weeks in a balloon" by J. Verne, adding rum. Heb. coloring. In 1884 B. published a critical biogr. essay on Moicher-Sforim. In 1892 he traveled to E.-I. as a representative of the Odessa to-that assistance to Heb. agriculture and handicrafts. Founded the first. school in Hebrew and first. Heb. library in Jaffa. For the history of Heb. lit-ry are of great importance. son of B. Alexander Binshtok (1866-1937), publ. in Russian lang. and in Yiddish in diff. periodic. ed.
BIRA, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Obluchensky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). Main in 1929. In the 1930s. - the regional center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1939, 346 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1930s In the district of B., coal was mined, a timber industry enterprise and a timber chemical industry operated. and resinous z-dy. In 1933, on the basis of organiz. in 1928 the Birobidzhan research and development field was created at the Birsk Experimental Field. complex in-t village. kh-va VASKHNIL. All R. 1930s the influx of immigrants has sharply increased. Two-thirds of the inhabitants were engaged in handicraft-fishing activities, the district accounted for 80% of the total volume of timber harvesting in the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1934 the multi-profile artel "Birskiy toiler" was created, in 1935 the artel "Naer shtern" ("New Star"), which united shoemakers and tailors. In the 1930s. in B. there was an early. school with teaching in Yiddish. In B. genus. Mikhail Moiseevich Girshman (b. 1937), philologist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980) .D.I. Vayserman
BIRAKAN, urban-type settlement (since 1931) in the Obluchensky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). Main in 1930 OZET, 5 km from the same name. railroad Art. as a settlement at a turpentine-tar plant. In 1939, 622 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1930s artels Smolokur, Krasny Kleschevik (cooper production), Pervoe Maya (lime production), Proletarier (shoe and sewing production), Izvest (more than 100 workers ), "Birobidzhaner Marble" (marble mining), "Birakaner Boyer" ("Birakan Builder"). In 1933, the New Life collective farm was established. All R. 1930s On the basis of a deposit of marble limestone, the Birakan limestone plant was created, since 1936 marble mining was carried out. In the 1930s. in B., there was a seven-year school with teaching in Yiddish, and a library with books in Yiddish. In 1933, a Jewish drama was organized. circle. In 1935 the first issue of gas was published. "Stalin's call - Stalineruf" (since 1956 - "Iskra Khingana"; chief editor A. Rutman). In 1947, the first paper factory in the Far East began operating (director B. Vainshtein).
BIRBRAER Evgeny Abramovich (1912, Tyumen - 1943), Hero of Owls. Union (1943, see). From 1942 to Stalingr. and Steppe fronts, Art. lieutenant, com. mortar company. On Sept. 1943 distinguished himself when crossing the Dnieper. Holding the captured bridgehead, the company is under command. B. repulsed 12 enemy counterattacks, supported the main crossing with fire. forces of the regiment. 10/06/1943 B. died in battle.
BIRCHITSY, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 65 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BIRENBOYM Yakov Abramovich (1907, Zhitomir - 1943, Chernihiv region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). Graduated from Poltava military-polit. uch-shche. Com. airborne assault. regiment, Lieutenant Colonel B. died in battle while crossing the Dnieper.
BIRMAN Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1910), economist-financier. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1960). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1937). In 1937–47 he worked at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, from 1947 as a scientific pedagogue. work, since 1959 - head. Department of Finance Moscow. in-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. Main directions of scientific and practical. activities: finance, theory and practice of finance. and banking. One of the authors of the university course "Finance of the enterprise and industries of the people. x-va ". The author of St. 30 works, including popular science and journalistic; under his editorship. and with direct. participation also came out of St. 20 ed. Vol .: Finance of industries of the People. x-va of the USSR, h. 1-2, M., 1953-57; Working capital planning, 2nd ed., M., 1956; What is economics, M., 1965; Learn to manage, M., 1966; Economist's talent, M., 1968; Essays on the theory of owls. finance, p. 1–2, M., 1968–72; Fascinating economics, M., 1975; Ahead of its time, M., 1990.
BIRMAN Naum Borisovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), film director, theater and film actor, theater, director. In 1942–47 he worked as an actor in the concert brigade of the political administration of the Karelian fr., Ans. border troops and music comedy t-ra in Petrozavodsk. Graduated from Le-ningr. theater. in-t them. A.N. Ostrovsky (acting department in 1951, director - in 1955). In 1956 he worked as an actor and director. decomp. t-ditch of Leningrad, including t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Since 1965, dir. to / st. Lenfilm. Naib. means. works: "The Chronicle of a Dive Bomber" (1967), "The Singing Teacher" (1972), "Three Men in a Boat, Excluding a Dog" (1979), "We Looked Death in the Face" (1980), "Sunday Pope" (1985) , "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1989).
BIRNOV Lev Markovich (b. 1908, Osvey Drissensky u. Vitebsk province.), Composer. He studied with M.F. Gnesin, communication with whom prompted to study Hebrew. music. In 1938 he graduated from Moscow. cons. (according to the composition classes of G.I. Litinsky and D.B. Kabalevsky). Head of the muses. part of theaters in Arkhangelsk (1928-30) and Guryev (1941-44), wrote music for performances. He worked in a newsreel studio (1938–41). Taught music-theoretical. disciplines in the Musical Theater. uch-shche them. AK Glazunov in Moscow (1948-53), then in the music. school in Dushanbe (1953–57). Conducted a composition class in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. MM Ippolitov-Ivanov in Moscow (1962–65). The work of B. is associated with Ch. arr. using Heb. melos in a wok. music, as well as Taj. muses. folklore. His songs are included in the repertoire of prominent Hebrew performers. music - MD Aleksandrovich, N. Lifshitsaite, D. Potapovskaya, A. Gorelik and others. Among the op. for symphony. orc. - “Heb. symphony "(1938), the poem" Vakhsh Valley "(1954); for small symphony. orc. - suite on the themes of the peoples of the USSR (1940) and Taj. rhapsody (1951); Taj. songs and dances for orc. bunk bed instr. and an ensemble of rubobists (rubob - folk string plucked instrument); suite on themes of the peoples of Asia (1955) for orc. bunk bed instr .; paintings of Asian countries (1959); chamber instr. cit., including 3 quartets (1935; 1946 - on the Jewish national theme, dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust, 2nd ed. 1949; 1953 - on the Tajik national theme); choirs; processing of Russian, Kazakh. and Heb. bunk bed songs; songs to the words of Heb. poets.
BIROBIDZHAN, city (since 1937), center of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (since 1934) (Russian Federation). Main in 1931 as a settlement on the site of the railway Art. In 1931, 830 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1932 - 5125, in 1934 - 7200, in 1939 - 10,415 (31.6%), in 1959 - 10,435 (25.5%), in 1970 - 9713 ( 17.3%), in 1979 - 8934 (13%), in 1989 - 8038 Jews (9.7%). got its name. from pp. Bira and Bijan. First before village. Michael Rashkes was elected to the council in 1932. Between 1928 and 1934, houses were built in Byelorussia. plant, building parts factory, brick factory, sewing factory; the region is open. b-ka them. Sholem Aleichem. Gas has been published since 1933. "Birobidzhaner stern" ("Birobidzhan star"). In 1932, the first children were opened at the sewing factory. a garden with teaching in Yiddish, a ten-year school with teaching in Yiddish was created (first director Korenblit; in 1939 the school had 800 students), with the assistance of the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture VUAN began to work ped. technical school (first director, until 1939, Israel Rabinovich, in 1939-45 - A. Volfovskaya, in 1945-46 - Sapozhnikov). In 1936 honey was discovered in B. uch-shche, in which until 1939 teaching in Yiddish was conducted, in the same year a metallurgist was opened. technical school, where the first time was teaching in Yiddish. From 1933 a party school with teaching in Yiddish functioned. In 1934 the Birobidzhan GOSET named after I. L.M.Kaganovich (director E.G. Kazakevich, chief director M.A.Rubinstein); in 1935 an evening institute was created with teaching in Russian. lang. and Yiddish. Writers and poets I.L.Bronfman, L.Sh. Vasserman, A.A. Vergelis, T.G.Gen, B.A.Olevsky, I.Sh. Falikman and others lived and worked in the city. 1930s the flow of Jewish settlers decreased and increased again after the end of the 2nd world. war. All R. 1940s in B. children were opened. house. In the end. 1946 a synagogue functioned. With the start of the campaign against cosmopolitanism, Jewish cultural institutions were liquidated (about 40 thousand volumes of books in Yiddish were seized and destroyed from the oblast library), in 1948 the school with teaching in Yiddish was closed, teaching in Yiddish was stopped. ... technical school. The resettlement of Jews to Byelorussia ceased. In 1949, the Jews who gathered in the synagogue for the celebration of Rosh ha Shana were subjected to repression. After the synagogue burned down in 1956, the community gathered for prayer in a wooden barrack (Chapaeva St., 9). In the 1950s and 60s. in B. there was a shohet (Boruch Meizger). Most of the community members in the 1970s and 80s. - the descendants of the Ger who moved to Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. 1990s muses worked in B. Jewish t-r, t-r-studio "Kogelet". In 1990, a Sunday Jewish school and the Jewish branch of the Institute were opened. schools (since May 1991 - Institute of National Education Problems of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation). Since 1991 it has started to be held annually. festival of Jewish songs and music, in 1992 the Jewish state was opened. school. The Jewish religion was created in 1996. community B. (previous - Oleg Shavulsky). Since 1998, gas began to come out. "Community" (publishing house of the Birobidzhan Jewish community "Freud", founded in 1997, head of Lev Grigorievich Teitman; he is also head of the Jewish charity organization). There is a Jewish People's University (rector - Larisa Milchina). In 1999, approx. 9 thousand Jews D.I. Vayserman
BIROFELD (until 1930 - Aleksandrovka, Aleksandrovskaya Dacha), a village in the Birobidzhan district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). The first Jewish migrants (224 people) arrived in B. in the summer of 1928, in July the first D. Vostok Jewish village council, the publication of a wall newspaper in Yiddish "Birofeld Emes" has begun. To the end. 1928 the communes "Evnitekhina" and "October" (17 members) were formed, in 1930 - a resettlement. collective farm "Birofeld" - one of 4 cr. collective farms of the district: united 282 people, had 1550 hectares of land, an apiary with 1250 hives, so-called. Birsk experimental field; prev. collective farm - Abram Anisimovich Gershkov (in 1947 Gershkov took an active part in organizing echelons of Jewish migrants from Vinnitsa and Kherson to the Jewish Autonomous Region). In 1928 the first courses of tractor drivers were opened in Byelorussia, to-rye graduated from 15 people, including one girl. To the end. 1930 120 new apartments were built in Byelorussia; a credit company, a cooperative, an agricultural center, and a veterinary office operated. a point, a hospital with 10 beds, a pharmacy, a first-level school with teaching in Yiddish, by 1933 - a nursery, a bathhouse and a first-aid post. In 1932 a cheese-making plant was commissioned. In 1933 the collective farm united 65 families (300 people), there were 70 residential buildings. In 1934, the settlers cultivated 316 hectares of arable land, in the farms there were 25 horses, 50 heads of cr. cattle. The life of the first settlers of B. is described in the manuscript. V. G. Fink, N. Friedman and D. M. Khaita D. I. Vayserman
BIRSHTANI, see Birštonas.
BIRSHTEIN Boris Iosifovich (b. 1947), entrepreneur. Graduated from law. Faculty of Vilnius high fur boots. In the 1970s. dir. textile factory. Since 1980 - in Canada. From the end. 1980s - in Switzerland. In 1981 he founded the "Seabeko Group", which eventually became one of the largest Western companies. companies trading with the CIS countries. In 1991–93 - before. Committee for the reconstruction of the economy of Kyrgyzstan. At the same time - advisor to the President of Moldova on economic issues. reforms. In 1992 he helped to end the fighting in Transnistria.
BIRSHTEIN Max Avadievich (b. 1914, Kiev), painter. Since 1917 he has lived in Moscow. He studied painting at the Moscow State Art Institute. VI Surikov (1936–42) with IE Grabar, GM Shegal, VV Pochitalov. Naib. Izv. manuf. B. created in the genres of portrait ("My teachers - G. M. Shegal and V. V. Pochitalov", "A. A. Osmerkin and R. R. Falk", "I. E. Grabar and S. S. Gerasimov in Kozakh ”) and landscape (views of Central Asia, the Caucasus, Central Russia, foreign countries). Since 1939 he has participated in various exhibitions. Stylistically, B. gravitates towards that kind of “rus. sezannizm ", edges, having strengthened in the beginning. 20 century, gave a brilliant galaxy of masters "Jack of Diamonds", organically merged into the sinks, the school of painting and formed it. B.'s works are kept in museums in Russia.
BIRSHTONAS, a city (since 1966) in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Troksky's birch pants Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1882, Jews were prohibited from settling in Bulgaria, and in 1903 the ban was lifted. In the 1910s and 30s. a small number of Jews lived in B. Jews in B. owned hotels, restaurants, and shops, although b. They lived in B. only in the summer. Jews B. were shot on September 9. 1941.
BIRSK, city, regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1663.From 1708 - a district town of Kazan province, from 1744 - Orenburg province, from 1775 - Ufa province of Orenburg province, from 1781 - a district town of Ufa governorship, then - province. In 1910, 40 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 6, in 1939 - 55 Jews. The first Jews who settled on the territory. modern Bashkortostan, there were the Nikolaev soldiers Ruvin Portnykh and Iser Kresentstein, who arrived in 1847 in the Birsk wheelchair team. In 1859 the Birsk invalid team consisted of 22 privates of Jewish origin. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
BIRYULEVO, district (since 1960) as part of Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. 6 Jews (0.3%) lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 122 Jews (1%) in 1939.
BIRZHAY, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 15th century, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Upitsky powiat of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the place of the Stock Exchange of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 1,040 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 1685, in 1897 - 2,510 (56.9%), in 1921 - approx. 1200, in 1923 - 1807 (34%), in 1934 - approx. 3000 (36%), in 1959 - 17 Jews (0.2%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 17th century In 1625, it was first mentioned. the Karaite community (Karaites lived in B. on two streets, had their own cemetery and kinassa; in the 18th century the community ceased to exist, kinassa was transferred to the Jews). In 1648, 1649, and 1656, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was subjected to pogroms. In 1683, Jews were forbidden to settle in Byelorussia, but at the beginning. 18th century a community in Byelorussia had already re-existed (documents of 1700 and 1711 mention the elders of the Birzhai synagogue). In 1713–25, Sholom Zak (? -1740) was the rabbi in Byelorussia, Yisroel Zak in 1740–45, and then Chaim Zak ( ? -1800) and Itskhok Zak. Main the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia was the timber and flax trade, handicrafts, and petty trade. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 6 synagogues, including 1 Hasidic (Lubavitch). In the 19th and 20th centuries. the Birzhai rabbis became widely known: Meshulam-Shraga Segal (? -1859), Osher-Nisson Levinzon, Yosef-Zundel (? -1896), who served as a rabbi in Bolivia for 30 years, since 1888 - Pinchas Lintof (1852-1916), Eliyahu -Yakov-Doiv Shur (? -1936), Benjamin Movsha (1888-1941), Yehuda-Leib Bernstein (1887, Minsk - 1941). In 1915 in Byelorussia there was a society of benefits for poor Jews; a Jew owned a pharmacy in Bulgaria in the 1920s and 1930s. in B. there were yeshiva (founded by rabbis Bershtein and Movshey), several. heders, schools of the network Yavne (40 students) and Tarbut (180 students), philanthropist. about-va "Bikur holim", "Linat ha-Tzedek", nursing home, children. garden, clinic. Branches of all the Jewish parties of Lithuania operated in Byelorussia. In 1929, there was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank in Byelorussia (it had 321 people). In 1931 the Jews of Byelorussia owned 77 out of 99 trades. and crafts. avenue B., in 1934 - three quarters of the houses. Herm. troops occupied B. on June 26, 1941. In current. For months there have been murders of Jews by Lithuanian police. On July 26, a ghetto was created. At the same time some of the men were shot. 8 Aug 1941 the ghetto was liquidated. OK. 2,400 Jews were shot by Lithuanian police in a forest 3.5 km from B. Subsequently, a memorial sign with an inscription in Russian was installed at the place of execution. or T. lang. "Victims of Fascism." In B. genus: M.D.Alexandrovich, E.-B. Wasserman, I.-E. Melamed, E. Ram; Yehuda-Leib Zusnitz (1837-1910, New York), writer, researcher of Kabbalah and Hasidism.
EXCHANGE, see Stock Exchange.
BIRZULA, see Kotovsk.
BISHKEK (until 1926 - Pishpek, in 1926-91 - Frunze), city (from 1878), the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. Main in 1864.Since 1924 - the center of Kara-Kirg. (from 1925 - Kirg.) AO, from 1926 - the capital of Kirg. ASSR, since 1936 - the capital of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1885 there were 8 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 18 (0.1%), in 1939 - 1031, in 1970 - 5962 Jews (1.4%) (of which 5895 were Ashkenazi , 66 - Bukharian, 1 - Mountain Jew) and 11 Karaites, in 1979 - 5718 (1.1%), in 1989 - 4822 Jews (0.8%). I. Kaminskaya, orc. EI Roznera and others. The front was going. creative teams with the participation of A.I. Raikin, A. Guzin, I. Schwartz, L. Knushevitsky and others. In 1945 the Jewish religion was registered. community of 70-80 people. and formed by Ch. arr. from the evacuees. The community was led by Rabbi Levin (about 30 years old). In 1946 there was a synagogue, which was attended on ordinary days by 40-90 people, on holidays - by 220-270 people. Rabbi - Abo Yukhanovich Khaimov (1888 -?). In the 1950s. M.D. Aleksandrovich, who came on tour, performed in the synagogue of B. In 1989, the Menorah Society of Jewish Culture of Kyrgyzstan was formed in B. A patronage group "Mercy", a Sunday school, a dance ensemble began to operate under the Jewish community, Jewish gas began to appear. "Maayan" ("Spring"); the Center for Jewish Culture was established. In 1992, an accusation was brought against a Jewish family of using blood for baking matzah. In B. lived and worked: S.M. Abramzon, L.I. Izrailevich, H. Kapchits, E.M. Tyrmand. In B.'s family: Leonid Leonidovich Kasatkin (b. 1926), philologist, prof. (1989); Alexander Samuilovich Katsev (b. 1946), Doctor of Philology. sciences, prof., author of folklore, literary critic. and journalistic dictionaries, in 1990-95 before. Society of Jewish Culture of Kyrgyzstan "Menorah", member. prez. Vaada, since 1997 dir. Center for the Study of Jewish Culture at the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University; Mark Danilovich Zeitlin (b. 1943), chess player, international. master (1978), four-fold. champion of Leningrad A.S. Katsev
BISK Alexander Akimovich (1883, Odessa - 1973, New York), poet, translator. Rod. in the family of a jeweler. Studied in Germany. He made his debut as a poet in 1904. Thanks to his transl. Russian the reader first became acquainted with the poetry of R.M. Rilke. He also translated G. von Hoffmannsthal, J.M. Heredia, E. Verharn, and the prose of K. Hamsun. Appreciated by his lane. were given by V.Ya.Bryusov and B.L. Pasternak. In 1906–10 he lived in Paris for a long time, maintaining relations with KD Balmont, MA Voloshin, N.S. Gumilev. B.'s poetry gravitated towards symbolism. Publ. poems in f. "Golden Fleece", "Pass", in the Odessa railway. "Crocodile", alm. "Sunny Way", after 1917 in the railway station Figaro. In 1919 he left Russia. Until 1926 he lived in Bulgaria, then in Belgium, from 1942 in the United States, where he studied lane. The author of the collection of poetry. “Scattered necklace” (St. Petersburg, 1912), “Someone else's and our own. Fav. poetry 1903-1961 "(Paris, 1962). Son of B. - Alain Bosquet, Izv. French writer.
BISKOVICHI, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1446. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 2 Jews were evicted from Bashkortostan. In 1941–42, 34 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BISKUPICE, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Lublin land and voivodeship within the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Lublin posad. 60 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 172 (47.9%) in 1787, 543 (36.8%) in 1897, and 129 Jews in 1921. The rabbi in B. was Abram Trope. The Jewish population of B. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
BISNOVAT Matus Ruvimovich (1905 - 1977, Moscow), aircraft designer. Dr. Tech. Sciences, Hero of Social. Labor (1975). He graduated in 1932 Moscow. Aviation in-t. From 1938 he headed the experimental design bureau. In the end. 30s under the hands. B. developed experimental. single-seat fighters SK-1 and SK-2, two-seat fighter SK-3 (1940); later there was ch. designer of high-speed aircraft with rocket engines. At the same time. with design work he taught in 1953–55 at Moscow. Aviation in-those (prof. of the department "Aircraft design"). Linen. etc. (1966). State pr. USSR (1973).
BISO, a village in Dusheti district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - a village in Tiflis province. about the Jews of B. is associated with the Khevsurian legend. According to legend, Queen Tamara (1184-1207) was accompanied by the Jew Biso on her journey across Khevsureti. Biso, who fell ill some time later, stayed with the Khevsurs. The village where Biso began to live was named after him. D.M. Khananashvili
BITKUV, see Bytkov.
BITLYA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Butlya in the Turkchansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 182 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In July 1942, the Jews of Byelorussia were taken to Turku, then to the Belzec extermination camp.
BIISK, a city (since 1782), a regional center in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1709. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the Altai environs. Tomsk province. In 1866 in B. and env. 15 Jews lived, in 1871 in B. - 19, in 1883 - 10, in 1896 - 17, in 1910 - 10 (0.03%), in 1912 - 44, in the county - 12, in 1939 in B. - 152 (0.2%), in 1970 - 286 Jews (0.15%) A. Vysotsky lived in B.
BIYUK-ONLAR, see Oktyabrskoe.
GRATEFUL, see Grateful of the Stavropol Territory.
BLAGODARNY, city (since 1971), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1762. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Grateful Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol Gubernia. 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, and 13 Jews in 1939. Subbotniks lived in B. In 1942, 168 Jews evacuated to B. were shot.
BLAGODATNOE, a village in the Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1848. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol district. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 7 Nov. 1942 in B. in gas. 74 evacuated Jews were killed in the cell of the special vehicle.
BLAGOEVO, a village in the Ivanovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bulgarian colony Buyalyk of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1939, 105 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
ANNUNCIATION, a village in the Kamensko-Dneprovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Blagoveshchenskoe, Melitopol u. Tauride province. 1941, during the occupation of Germany. troops, 5 Jews were killed in B.
BLAGOVESCHENSK, city (since 1858), the center of the Amur region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1856 as a military man. post Ust-Zeisky, since 1857 - stanitsa, since 1858 - the center of the Amur Region. In 1880, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 306, in 1926 - 549, in 1939 - 433, in 1979 - 263 Jews (0.15 In 1910 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs in 1880, a Jewish cemetery. 1990s the community "Lechaim" was created, headed by Sergei Kovrigin. In 1999, approx. 1 thousand Jews. In Byelorussia: V. A. Svirsky; Anatoly Mikhailovich Khazanov (b. 1932), Doctor of History Sciences (1972), author of works on the history of colonial Africa; Maria Lazarevna Shapiro (1901-1962), journalist, author of memoirs about pre-war life in Russian. colony in Harbin and the years spent in wives. camp in Mordovia.
ANNUNCIATION, see Blagoveshchenka, Zaporozhye Region.
BLANK Alexander Solomonovich (1921, Odessa - 1985, Vologda), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966). In 1938–41 he studied history. Faculty of Odessa University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front. While recovering from injury, he graduated from un-t as an external student (1942). In 1943–46 he worked with him. prisoners of war and anti-fascists. From 1946 he was engaged in scientific ped. activities. Was the head. department and dean of East. f-tov in Vladimir and Cherepovets ped. in-takh, head. Department of General History of the Vologda ped. in-that, since 1967 prof. In the 1950s and 60s. published a number of ethnographers. works, since the 1960s. research history of fascism and anti-fascism. the Resistance Movement in Germany, the Phenomenon of Neo-Nazism, Volodymyr, Vladimir, 1954; Nat. kt "Free Germany" - antifash center. fight it. patriots (1943-1945), Vologda, 1963; Advocates of Fascism: Legends and Myths of reactionaries. bourgeois. historiography about germ. fascism, M., 1974; Old and new fascism: Political and sociological. sketch, M., 1982; Second Life of Field Marshal Paulus, M., 1990 (co-author).
BLANK Asher (Usher Pinevich) (b. 1925, Sokolets, Minkovetsky district, Podolsk province), doctor. In 1942–43 he was in the army; demobilized due to injury. At the end of Leningrad. pediatrician honey. Institute (1948) worked as a doctor in Leningrad. hospitals. From the end. 1960s - an active member of the Zionist underground. Since 1969 - in Israel. Physician at the Jerusalem Hospital "Gadasa".
BLANK Ber Pinkhusovich (Boris Pavlovich) (1897, Libava - 1957, Kharkov), graphic artist, teacher. He studied at the Kharkov art. in-those (1922–29) at S.M. Prokhorov and M.A. Sharonov. From 1927 post. participant of exhibitions of graphics in pl. cities of the USSR. He taught in Kharkov at the art studio of the Palace of Pioneers (1924–41), art. technical school (1930–32), art. school (1945–47), art. in-those (1947-50). Among the easel production. B .: ser. “Jews on Earth”, “Old and New” (both - linogr., 1930–32, jointly with MZ Fradkin), “Refugees” (linogr., 1942), “Remember” (color. Linogr., 1943–45), "Students" (color. Linogr., 1953). Illustrated book. M. Moicher-Sforima "Chick-Lame" (1940), W. Shakespeare's "Windsor Pranksters" (1947), ON Skazbush "Working People" (1955), etc. B.'s works were exhibited at the notch. exhibitions in Amsterdam, Paris, Tokyo, Lyon, Venice, Copenhagen, etc.
BLANK Boris Leibovich (b. 1938, Moscow), film and film artist, film director. Graduated thin. school in Moscow, in 1960 VGIK. He made his debut with the film "Welcome, or No Unauthorized Entry" (1964). Issued several. dozens of fiction films, including "Burn, burn, my star", "The Seagull", "My affectionate and gentle animal", "Anna Pavlova", as well as more than 80 performances in theaters in Moscow, Tomsk, Omsk, Bratislava , Magdeburg. In 1991 he made his debut as a director f. "Kremlin secrets of the sixteenth century." Then followed - "Shylock" (1992), "If I only knew" (1993, free adaptation of "Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov), "Revenge of the Jester" ("Rigoletto"). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1980).
BLANK Leon (1868, Chisinau - 1934, New York), actor. As a child, he sang in the synagogue choir. Contrary to the wishes of orthodox parents, he emigrated as part of an itinerant theater. troupe, which laid the foundation of Heb. t-ra in the USA. First appeared on stage in ch. role in the play "Crown of King Alexander", but was expelled from the stage by hostile audiences. Success came in 1897, after participating in the play "David's Violin". He also played Ch. roles in performances: "The Man and the Devil", "The Drunkard", "The Watchman", "My Little Girl", "Night in the Woods", etc.
BLANTER Matvey Isaakovich (1903, Pochep Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. - 1990, Moscow), composer. Nar. art. USSR (1975). Hero of Soc. Labor (1983). R. in the family of a craftsman. After the family moved to Kursk, I entered a real school, at the same time. learned from private teachers to play php. In 1915–17 he studied in the FP class. by A. Daugul, violin by A. Egudkin. In 1917-19 he studied at Moscow. music-dram. School of Philharmonic Society at A.Ya. Mogilevsky (violin), N.S. Potolovsky and N.R. Kochetov (music theory). In 1920-21 he took lessons in composition from G.E. Konyus. The early period of creativity B. is associated with t-rum and theater. studios decomp. grew up. cities. In 1920–21 - head. muses. part of the variety art. Studio Mastopor, in 1926-27 - Leningrad. t-ra satire, in 1930–31 - the Magnitogorsk drama. t-ra, in 1932 -Mobile t-ra f. "Crocodile", in 1932–33 - the Gorky T-ra of miniatures. B. made a great contribution to the creation and development of the owl genre. mass song. His songs (about 200) are characterized by emotional openness, lyricism, and genre variety. Due to the melodic brightness and accessibility, most of B.'s songs were widespread in the Sov. Union, and some acquired international. popularity. So, the melody "Katyusha" (1939, words by MV Isakovsky) during the 2nd world. war became the anthem of the Italian. partisans, now - widely known and loved in Japan and other countries. Among the best songs B. can be attributed: "Partizan Zheleznyak", "Song of Shchors", "On a long path," "Migratory birds are flying", "Under the Balkan stars", "In the vastness of the wonderful Motherland" (one of the most vivid songs about JV Stalin in music) and other poets, et al. B. were M.V.Isakovsky, K.M.Simonov, M.A.Svetlov, A.A. Surkov, V.I.Lebedev-Kumach and others. B. is also the author of the operettas "Forty sticks" (post. 1924 , Moscow), “On the Bank of the Amur” (1939, Moscow), etc. Became. pr. (1946).
BLASZKI, a city (since 1729) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in Sieradz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the city of Kalisz u. In 1764, 247 Jews lived in Burma, in 1808 - 259 (50%), in 1827 - 871 (50%), in 1857 - 1653 (60%), in 1897 - 2320 (58%), in 1921 - 2186 (56%), in 1939 - approx. 2,100 Jews in the 19th century. Jews earned their living by selling agricultural products. products. Until mid. 19th century the B. community was subordinate to the Kalisz community, from the 1850s. in B. existed independently. community. The rabbis of Byelorussia from 1858 were Leib Vladislavsky, then Ikhiel Vladislavsky (? —1902), and from 1907 - Itskhok Canal. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were several. synagogues, including Gursky, Alexander and Suhachevsky Hasids. From 1913 she worked as a state. early Jewish school. In 1914 it was founded. youth sports. org-tion. A yeshiva was opened in 1916. Since 1917, Zionist circles and a branch of the Mizrahi movement have been operating. In 1919, the Yavne school was opened, and the Beis Yaakov school also operated. In the 1920s and 30s. OK. 15% of all Jews in B. were tailors. Branches of the Cooperative and People's Banks functioned. 1939 Jews of B. were sent to the ghetto dec. cities In B. genus: N.G. Lurie; Herman (Yoel) Solnik (1869-1942, Auschwitz), poet, writer (in Yiddish); Canaan Shotan (1884-1963, Paris), publicist, anarchist, trans. in Yiddish a number of classical Philos. works.
BLAUSHTEIN David (1866, Lida, Vilna province - |, Romania), society. activist, teacher. Got a religion. education in yeshiva. At the age of 18 he moved to Prussia, where he continued his studies at hand. Rabbi I. Lipkin (Salantera). In 1892–96 B. was a rabbi in Boston (where he went after being expelled from Germany), and then a teacher of Semites, languages ​​at Brown University. In 1898 B. took over in New York the post of inspector for education. In 1900 he moved to Romania, where he studied the position of the Hebrews. communities.
BLAUSTAIN Louis (1869 - 1937, Atlantic City, NY), entrepreneur and oil magnate. Since 1888 in the USA. He did business in Philadelphia and Pottstown, pcs. Pennsylvania and Baltimore. Comp. with the Standard Oil Corporation of New Jersey from 1892 to 1910, and in 1911 founded Amer. oil. company in Baltimore. Soon this company expanded due to the ingenuity of B., who relied on kerosene as the main. petroleum product. He experimented with gasoline blends, attaching great importance to the brand of gasoline and gas station. In 1935 he built the world's largest oil refinery in Texas City, pcs. Texas. There was a prez. Amer. oil refining company and distribution branches.
BLAZER Yitzchak (also known under the name of Rabbi Itsele Peterburg) (1840, Vilna - 1906, Jerusalem), rabbi, society. activist. Pupil and adherent of the founder of the school of ascetic and moral doctrine "Mussarniks" I. Salanter (Lipkin). In 1864–78 he held the post of spiritual rabbi in St. Petersburg, then moved to Kovno, where he became a hand. local yeshiva. B. author of the book. "Or Israel" (Kelma, 1900), dedicated to the teachings of Mussar and its founder Salanter. From 1902 in E.-I.
BLAZHENNYKH (real family. Aizenshtadt) Veniamin Mikhailovich (b. 1921, Orshansky district. Vitebsk province), poet. R. in the family of a worker. He graduated from one course teaches. Institute, worked in the evacuation as a history teacher, then - draftsman, bookbinder, photographer-laboratory assistant in the artel of the disabled. First publ. on Sat. Poetry Day (1982, Moscow), 1990 ed. two books. poems: "Return to the Soul" (Moscow), "Hearing of the Heart" (Minsk). Represent. traditionalist direction in modern. Russian poetry, with very limited. arsenal is poetic. means he reaches in his poems. spiritual intensity. In a number of works, especially dedicated. father and mother - Heb. topic.
BLAZHEV, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1471. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was 75%. In 1921, approx. 1,500 Jews. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BLAZHOVO, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Blezhov Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 62 Jews (9.9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 there were 101 Jews (12.3%). Jews lived in B. since the 19th century. Main occupations - trade with.-kh. products, timber, alcoholic beverages. The Jews of B. were Stolin Hasidim. Every year B. was visited by a tzadik from Stolin. In July 1942 the Jews of B. were taken to a nearby ghetto and shot on 11 September. 1942.
BLACK Misha (1910, Baku - 1977, London), architect, designer, teacher. Prof. (1949). From 1912 he lived in Great Britain. He taught at the School of Graphic Art. Design, Royal College of Art (1949–52). The experience is summarized in the book. Public Interiors (1960). Consulted on prom. design large company: Brit. Foreign Airlines Corporation, 1950–54; "British Railroad. roads ", since 1956; "Beagle", 1960. Main. works: decoration of the pavilions of the exhibition in Glasgow, 1938; British pavilions at the World's Fair in New York, 1939; British Pavilion at the Columbia Exhibition, 1952. Awarded the Order of the British Empire (1946).
BLEKHMAN Ilya Izrailevich (b. 1928, Kharkov), physicist, specialist in the region. nonlinear vibrations and vibrations. processes. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1969), ch. nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), ch. Grew up. (1990) and Intern. (1992) Ing. academies. Works in Vses. in-those mechanic. processing (since 1950). Graduated from Phys.-Mechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1951). Applied research is summarized, in particular, in the works: "Vibration displacement" (1964, with G.Yu. Dzhanelidze) and "Synchronization of dynamic systems" (1971). Vibration research. movement and self-synchronization mechanic. vibration exciters formed the basis of numerous. inventions. The phenomena of self-synchronization of rotating bodies (rotors) and the spontaneous occurrence of a gas-air-lift flow (fountain), discovered and studied by B. and co-authors, were registered as discoveries (1988, 1993). Methodologist, aspects of the relationship between pure and applied mathematics with direct applications of mat. Methods in technology are devoted to the joint work with AD Myshkis and Ya.G. Panovko "Mechanics and Applied Mathematics: Logic and Features of Applications of Mathematics" (1983; 2nd ed., 1990).
BLEKHTSIN Igor Yakovlevich (b. 1941, Leningrad), economic geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1984), prof. (1986). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad University in 1963.Since 1973 Deputy. head department in Leningrad. finance-econ. in-those. Research on the problems of interaction about-va and the environment, ecology. aspects of accommodation and terr. org-tion produces, forces. Main scientific. interests - geo-ecological. theoretical and applied research., pre-planned social and economic. development. D. h. Ukr. eco-friendly academy. Nat. Master of Sports in Chess, Works: USSR Productive Forces and the Environment, 1981 (co-author); Ecological and economic background of research, 1984; Material and raw material potential: Development and rational use, 1987.
BLENDOV, see Blendow.
BLENDUW, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. as a village of weavers in the 1820s, from 1844 - Posad Blendov Groetskiy u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1860, 50 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 859 Jews (44.4%), in 1921 - 815 (43%), in 1931 - approx. 1,200 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia in the 1820s, practicing mainly. the supply of cotton and the sale of agricultural products. products. At the same time, specialist weavers were brought to B. from Prussia, who, among other privileges, were given the right to allow or not allow Jews to live in B. In the end. 1860s in B. there were 9 weaving factories. Later, the number of factories was reduced due to the rapid development of weaving production in Lodz and Bialystok. Most of the inhabitants of B. were also involved in villages. x-vom, ch. arr. In 1917 a Jewish cemetery was opened in Byelorussia and a khevra kaddish was established. The rabbis in Byelorussia were representatives of the Hasidic dynasty Shapiro from Mohelnitsa. As the volume of production decreased, the sources of income of the Jews also changed. Most began to engage in small trade and crafts, some - in grain and fruit trade. Unity. a tavern in B. was owned by a Jew. Jews kept a carriage (the only one in B. the truck also belonged to a Jew). In B. there were many Jewish tailors who sewed clothes for sale. In the 1920s. some were engaged in the manufacture of the village. frames for wives. In B. there were several. synagogues. In 1927 the place of Ch. Rabbi B. took the post. representative of the Hasidic dynasty Israel-Boruch Shapiro (died during the Catastrophe). During the 1st world. During the war, a branch of the Ceirei Zion party arose in Byelorussia, and in 1923 the Poalei Zion party, which had a great influence in Byelorussia. At the Poalei Zion branch, a mutual aid fund was opened. A youth organization “Dror”, a children's organization “Ga-Tsofim”, and a branch “Ge-Halutz” operated. In 1928, a branch "Agudas Israel" was created, after a while - Bunda. In the 1920s. a school of the “Tarbut” network was opened, a school for girls “Beis Yaakov” worked. In 1930, on the initiative of Poalei Zion, a bunk bed was opened. school with teaching in Yiddish. Germ. troops entered B. on September 8. 1939. In Nov. 1939 the Judenrat was created, headed by Yaakov Watermelon, the ghetto - at the end. 1940. In Jan. 1941 1,030 Jews from Byelorussia and neighboring townships were taken to the Warsaw ghetto.
BLEYCHER Iehezkel (1884, Verro, Livland province - |), poet. He graduated from the school of land surveying, studied mathematics in Rome. Lit. activity began in the United States per. the Yiddish poem Childe Harold by J. Byron. Living in 1910–11 in Warsaw, he translated for Hebrews. g. "Eiropeishe Literatur" "Faust" by IV Goethe. He wrote poetry, travel essays, Art. about claim and so on. After Feb. revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, lived in Kiev. The author is poetical. collection of articles "Wei un die" ("Pain and anxiety"), 1916; Giml un erd (Heaven and Earth), 1919; "Der stummer monk" ("Dumb monk"). 1919.
BLEIKHMAN (ps. N. Solntsev) Iosif Solomonovich (1868, Vidzy Novoaleksandrovsky u.Kovno province - 1921, Moscow), polit. activist. From 1904 an anarchist-communist, carried on propaganda in the trade unions of tailors, bakers, tanners in 1904-13 in Dvinsk, from 1913 in St. Petersburg. In July 1914 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917, the leader of Petrograd. Federation of Communist Anarchists, since March - member. Petrogr. and the Kronstadt Soviets. June 5, one of the hands. capture of gas by anarchists. "Rus. will". In the days of July 1917, one of the organizers of the armament. speeches of soldiers of the 1st machine gun regiment. Participant Oct. coup of 1917, from 28 Oct. - member Petrogr. VRK. He tried to rally the heterogeneous organizations of anarchists. In 1917-19 - member. and secret. Petrogr. federation anarch. groups simultaneously. (until April 1918) Moscow federation anarch. groups. In March 1918 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army. In 1920 - before. Moscow lips. department of trade unions. In oct. 1920 arrested with a group of anarchists on suspicion of having links with N.I. Makhno; released after interrogation. Died of lung disease.
BLEYMAN Mikhail Yurievich (1904, Rostov-on-Don - 1973, Moscow), screenwriter, film critic. He studied at Donskoy University and at the Higher Literary-artistic. courses in Moscow. Since 1920 in journalism (Rostov-on-Don). In the cinema since 1924. One of the organizers of the Rostov cinema "Yuvkinokomsomol", the author of the scripts of its first f. ("Order No. ...", 1926). Since 1926, the reviewer of Leningrad. truth ". Since the end of the 20s. prof. screenwriter. Naib. Izv. f .: "Mutiny" (1928), "Asya" (1929, jointly with Yu.G. Oksman), "Journey to Arzrum" (1937, jointly with I.S. Zilberstein), "Great Citizen" (1937 –39, jointly with MD Bolshintsov and FM Ermler), "The exploit of the scout" (1947, jointly with KF Isaev and MB Maklyarsky Maklyarsky), "Anxious youth" (1955, with V.P. Belyaev), "Storm" (1957, with V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky Bill-Belotserkovsky). In the last years of his life he was actively involved in film criticism, without leaving script work. Became. pr. (1948). Works: Vladimir Fogel, M., 1929; The truth of the revolution - the truth of the art, M., 1961; About cinema - testimony, M., 1973.
BLEZHOV, see Blazhovo.
BLINDER Naum Samoilovich (1889, Evpatoria, Tauride Gubernia - 1965, San Francisco), violinist, teacher. R. in the family of a doctor. He studied violin in Odessa with R. Fidelman, then with L.S. Auer. A.D. Brodsky, who visited Odessa, drew attention to B.'s bright talent and took him to England, taking him to his class at Manchester King's College, after which (1910) B. returned to Odessa, where he began a brilliant concert career. Since 1913 prof. Odessa cons., Headed the quartet of the Odessa department. RMO (Rus. Music society). After the beginning. 1st world. war was taken into military service (1915). In 1923–25 prof. Moscow cons. In 1923–27 he gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player, and performed with Persimfans (“The First Symphony Ensemble without Conductor”). In 1926 he visited Tel Aviv, where he performed a concert for violin and orc. P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1927 he went to Japan, then to the USA. Since 1932 prof. cons. and concertmaster symph. orc. in San Francisco. Among the students I. Stern, G. Dikterov. B.'s performance was distinguished by expression, tech. impeccability, high culture of violin intonation. The combination of hot temperament, sincerity and sadness gave the critic, who heard B.'s playing, to call him “a violinist with a true Hebrew. soul ".
BLINKOV Samuil Mikhailovich (b. 1904, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province), neurologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Baku University. From 1926 to 1930 resident of the clinics of nervous diseases of the Baku and Perm honey. in-tov. Since 1931 he has been an assistant at the clinic of nervous diseases at the Institute of Physiotherapy and Orthopedics in Moscow. From 1932 to 1952 scientific. sotr., head. morphological., clinical and physiological., clinical. departments, deputy. dir. by scientific. work in Ying-those brain of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1952 head. lab. neurosurgeon anatomy and experiment. neurology Ying-that neurosurgery them. N.N.Burdenko.B. established new criteria for assessing the symmetry of the structures of the temporal lobe of the brain, given anatomical. justification surgeon. operations on the central nervous system, certain properties of nerve centers, connections between the blood supply to the brain and the direction of growth of tumors of the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem were discovered, quantities, methods for determining funkts. the state of the central nervous system by measuring the time of the motor reaction to various stimuli, the technique of counting capillaries in the nervous tissue, etc. B. published more than 270 scientific. works, including 14 monographs, guidance on quantities. of brain anatomy (co-authored with I.I.Glezer). Vol .: Features of the structure of the human brain. The temporal lobe of a person and monkeys, M., 1955; The human brain in numbers and tables, M., 1964 (co-author II Glezer); Displacements and deformations of the brain, L., 1957 (jointly with N.A. Smirnov); Atlas of neurosurgical anatomy, M., 1990 (co-authors A. N. Konovalov and M. V. Pucillo).
BLIOCH (Bloch) Ivan Stanislavovich (1836, Radom - 1901, Warsaw), economist, financier. From a family of a manufacturer, he began his entrepreneurial career with the founding of a banking office in Warsaw, then moved to St. Petersburg, for family reasons he converted to Christianity (Calvinism). As a contractor and concessionaire, he participated in the construction of a number of railways. roads, was a major shareholder of Ch. about-va railway roads and several. railroad about-in (Petersburg-Varshavskaya, Ivangorod-Dombrovskaya, Kiev-Brest railway, etc.). In 1864 he drew up a note on the establishment of the railway. affairs in Russia, in 1875 published the fundamental work "Rus. yellow roads in relation to income and operating costs, the cost of transportation and movement of goods ", and in 1878 the study" The influence of rail. roads to econ. the state of Russia ”(vols. 1–5). In 1878 he became the head of the South-West Society. yellow roads, formed as a result of the merger of three private lines (Odessa, Kiev-Brest and Brest-Graevskaya), was its leading shareholder (the board included the future Minister of Finance I.A. Vyshnegradskiy, the operational part of the road was headed by S.Yu. Witte, who started his official career here). Since 1878, members The scientist of the Ministry of Finance, in 1882 published a generalizing study "Finances of Russia of the XIX century" (vols. 1-4), and in 1890 - the work "Land improvement credit and the state of villages. x-va in Russia and foreign. state-wah ". B.'s works thanks to the abundant statistical data contained in them. data and have not lost their scientific. values. Since the 1880s. studied Hebrew in depth. question, in 1885 presented to the governments. instance, a note "On the lease of land by Jews", repeatedly prepared, at the request of the authorities, certificates on the situation of Jews in Russia. Made a valuable contribution to the literature on socio-economic. status of Jews in Russia, having published in 1901 kn. “Comparison of the material and moral welfare of the provinces of the West., Velikoros. and Polish ”, in which he argued the need to cancel will limit. measures against Heb. us. Grew up. empire. Donated means. means to alleviate the fate of the inhabitants of the Pale of Settlement.
Gemini, see Twins.
BLIZNYUKI (until 1965 - Gemini), an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1868. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pavlogradsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 36 Jews lived in the Bliznyukovsky district, in 1939 there were 23 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were shot in B..
BLOK David Semenovich (1888, Taganrog - 1948, Moscow), composer, conductor. In 1913-18 he studied at the Rostov horse. From 1931 he worked in the cinematography system, occupying various. positions: sound designer, sound engineer, conductor orc. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (1938), Mosfilm (1948). He made a great contribution to the development of cinematography. In 1941 he organized the State. orc. Min-va of cinematography of the USSR and directed it. He owns music and muses. design for films "Mother" (1926, dubbed in 1935), "Dowry" (1937), "A soldier was walking from the front" (1939), "Yakov Sverdlov" (1940), "Behind Enemy Lines" (1941), "Death" Eagle "" (1941, co-authored with VI Muradeli), "Private Alexander Matrosov" (1948), and others. B. - author (with SA Bugoslavsky) pr. "Musical accompaniment in the cinema" (M.-L., 1929). Honored. active lawsuit in the Tajik SSR (1940).
Blokh Isidor Grigorievich (1888, Warsaw - 1958, Moscow), specialist in the region. mechanization of peat production, part-to. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1940). In 1916 he graduated from the Imp. higher tech. uch-shche in Moscow. He worked at the Institute of the Peat Industry (1926–28). From 1929 he taught at Moscow. Mining Academy, then to Moscow. peat institute (prof. from 1940). Participated in the creation of machines for the preparation and development of peat deposits: an elevator machine and a hydroelevator installation (1928-29), an Instorf irrigation machine (1930–31), a machine for excavating a stumpy deposit (1950–52).
BLOCH Chaim-Itskhak (1867, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - |), rabbi. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. Rabbi in a number of cities and towns of Courland, including in Bauska. In 1916 he organized schools for exiled Jews. children in the Crimea. In 1921 he returned to Bausk and resumed lit. activity begun in 1887, editor of the "Wisdom of Israel" column in Warsaw weekly. periodic. publication in Hebrew "Ha-Tsfira", also resumed participation in publications in Hebrew in Slutsk "Yagdil Torah". From 1923 in the United States, where he served as a rabbi in Jersey City, New York.
BLOCH Leonora (Eleanor) Abramovna (1881, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1943, Alma-Ata), sculptor. She studied in St. Petersburg, in 1898-1905 - in Paris with O. Roden. Since 1935 - prof. Kharkov art. in-that. Author of monuments in decomp. cities of Ukraine. Publ. memoirs "Thus Rodin Taught" (1967).
BLOKH Max Abramovich (1882, Petersburg - 1941, ibid.), Chemist, historian of chemistry, popularizer of science. Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic in 1903. Institute, in 1904–05 he studied at the University of Heidelberg (Germany). From 1905 he was a private assistant at the Riga Polytechnic. in-that. In 1917 he organized scientific research in Petrograd. chem.-tech. publishing house and headed it until 1938. Simultaneously. taught (prof. from 1919) in ped. in-those, where in 1932 he organized a course on specialization in the region. history of chemistry. One of the authors of the note in the production of the need for accelerated development of chemical. science and industry, as a result of which it was adopted in 1928 Post. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On measures for the chemicalization of nar. x-va of the USSR ". Main work dedicated. history common and inorganic. chemistry, chem. prom-sti. Author of scientific. biographies of A.L. Lavoisier (1920), J.H. Van't Hoffa (1923) and other scientists. In 1924, on the initiative of B., a reference book on the state of chemistry was issued. industry of the USSR. Member Int. Academy of the History of Science (1933). Cit .: Biographical reference book: Outstanding chemists and scientists of the XIX and XX centuries, who worked in the branches of science adjacent to chemistry, v. 1-2, L., 1923-1931; Brief essays on the history of chem. discoveries, Kharkov, 1933; Chronology of the most important events in the field of chemistry and related disciplines and bibliography on the history of chemistry, L.-M., 1940.
BLOKH Mark Yakovlevich (b. 1924, Kiev), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. Graduated from Moscow. state ped. in-t foreign. languages ​​(1951), graduate school at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1961). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1951–57 he taught at the Irkutsk state. ped. in-those foreign. lang., since 1961 - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (since 1979 - professor, since 1988 - head of the department). research in the field of general and English. grammar, semantics, stylistics, will compare. and ist. linguistics by building text. Developed on the basis of English. lang. paradigmatic theory. syntax, developed the doctrine of the segmental levels of language, put forward and revealed the concept of dictatorship as a basic. units of text. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, including books: "Theoretical. English grammar language "(1983; 2nd ed., 1994)," Theoretical. foundations of grammar "(1986)," Stroy dialogic. speeches "(1992, jointly with S.M. Polyakov)," Proper personal names in syntagma and paradigmatics "(1994, jointly with T.N. Semenova). Vice President Moscow association of linguistic practitioners, included in the International. Association for Applied Linguistics.
BLONDES David Abramovich (| - |), Vilna hairdresser. In 1900 he was arrested on charges of attempted murder with a ritual purpose of a Christian girl. In B.'s trial in the Vilna district court, lawyers P.G. Mironov, O.O. Gruzenberg and V.D. Spasovich convincingly proved the falsity of the accusation. The court sentenced B. to 1 year and 4 months. prisons. Despite the resistance of a part of Vilna Jewry, exhausted by the atmosphere of persecution and the expectation of a pogrom, B.'s lawyers filed a cassation appeal to the Senate (the author and initiator is Gruzenberg). The Senate appointed a new investigation (with the involvement of St. Petersburg experts) and a re-hearing in court (with a different composition of the presence). Held in Jan.-Feb. 1902 the court completely rejected all charges and acquitted B.
BLONE, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1290. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 it was a district town of Warsaw province. In 1808, 20 Jews (2.5%) lived in Bulgaria, in 1827 - 4 (0.5%), in 1897 - 1027 (34.5%), in 1921 - 1262 Jews (23.6%) Jews appeared in B. in the 15th century, later Jews were forbidden to settle in B. Jewish merchants lived in neighboring villages and came to B. on market days. After the ban was lifted in 1862, Jews began to settle in Byelorussia and buy real estate. In the 2nd floor. 19th century there was a community in B. Jews were engaged in small trade, crafts, and sold grain. In 1920, during the Soviet-Polish. war, Polish. military. the authorities accused Rabbi Ephraim-Fishl Shapiro of collaborating with Kr. Army and sentenced him to death. For some time, the head of the Sakranevich Hasids, Yaakov-Yehuda Kalish, lived in Byelorussia (? -1929). There was a cheder, lit. and dram. circles, courses for the study of Hebrew. A cooperative credit office was opened in 1926. Departments worked. Jewish parties and movements. Herm. troops occupied B. at the beginning. Sep 1939. In the autumn of the same year, the Judenrat was established. In the end. 1939 and early. 1940 hundreds of refugees from Lodz, Kovel, Konstantinov-Ludzki and Aleksandrów-Kujawski arrived in B.]]. The Judenrat tried to provide refugees with housing and food, a Committee for helping refugees was created in Byelorussia, and a dining room was opened for refugees and the poor. In the fall of 1940, the Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in a ghetto, where in February. 1941 was approx. 2100 people 17-19 Feb 1941 the ghetto was destroyed, the Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto, and from there to Treblinka. places. the match factory, where the executions of Jews were carried out, a mass grave has been preserved.
BLOSHTEIN Girsh Davidovich (1895, Keidany, Kovno province - 1979, Chernivtsi), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a tailor. In 1912 he debuted a verse. in one of the Vilna Heb. ed. Published in periodicals. press. During the 1st world. war lived in Kharkov, published stories and poems in Kharkov and Odessa Jews. ed. He taught in Heb. school in the Kuban. In 1925 he emigrated to Argentina, worked as a teacher. Published in periodicals. ed. In 1931 for the underground roar. activity was exiled to the USSR, settled in Kharkov, where he actively participated in lit. and societies. life. He worked in children. gas. "Zay gray" ("Be ready") and other Heb. ed. During the 1941–45 war he was evacuated to Kazakhstan, then returned to Ukraine, and lived in Chernivtsi. Author of the book: "Juan Jorke redt" ("Juan Jorke is speaking"), 1932; Baricades unter palmes (Barricades under the palm trees), 1933; Their bin Jung (I am young), 1934; "Bam kval" ("At the source"), 1979, etc.
TRUNK, see May Day.
BLUMENFELD Felix Mikhailovich (1863, Kovalevka, Odessa u. Kherson province. - 1931, Moscow), pianist, conductor, teacher, composer. R. in the family of a French teacher. lang. F.'s older brothers - Stanislav (| - |) and Sigismund (1852-1920) also became prof. musicians. Moose. abilities manifested early; already at the age of 5 he was picking up on php., improvising. First. muses. he was educated by G.V. Neuhaus, his uncle (father of the pianist G.G. Neuhaus) in Elizavetgrad (where the family moved). Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in 1885 with a gold medal in the class fp. F.F. Stein; composition studied under N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. The characterization given at the end of the cons. Stated: "Outstanding in all respects." From 1885 he taught and gave concerts. As a pianist, he was greatly influenced by A.G. Rubinstein. He was the first performer of pl. op. by A.K. Lyadov, A.K. Glazunov, A.S. Arensky. He performed as an ensemble player, was an active participant in the "Belyaevsky circle" - muses. evenings in the house of M.P. Belyaev (with the participation of V.V. Stasov, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.P. Borodin and others). From 1895 - “tutor with singers” (accompanist); from 1898 to 1911 - conductor at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. Staged operas by R. Wagner, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (first post. Legends of the Invisible City of Kitezh ..., 1907). Conducted opera performances of Russian Seasons by SP Diaghilev (1908) in Paris (including the post of Boris Godunov by MP Mussorgsky). Supervised by "Rus. symph. concerts ”organized by Belyaev in St. Petersburg. From 1897 he taught at St. Petersburg. cons .; in 1918–22 - conductor Muses. dram, in-that in Kiev. In 1922 he moved to Moscow; until the end of the life of prof. Moscow cons. The style of B. the pianist is characterized by lyricism, fluency in a colorful palette, the subtlest feeling of dynamic. gradation of sonority, deep understanding of the interpreted work. The reviewers also noted virtuosity, heroism, and masculinity. In ped. B.'s activity was guided by the principle of complex influence on the personality. Among the students of L.A. Barenboim, B.S. Barer, A.V. Gauk, V.S. Gorovits, M.I.Grinberg, G.G. Neigauz, M.R. Rauchverger, S.I.Shlifshtein, G.Ya. Edelman. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1927).
BLOMGARDEN (Yoash) Solomon (1870, Verzhbolovo Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki province. - 1927, New York), poet, playwright, translator. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Soon he began to write poetry in Yiddish. Since 1890 in the USA. I was in business. Having fallen ill with tuberculosis in 1900, he was treated in a sanatorium in Denver, Colorado, after which he devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1910 he returned to New York and became director of the publishing house. firm, edges published his productions. He was often printed in Heb. press. In 1914, together with the B. family, he went to E.-I., intending to stay there forever. The beginning of the 1st world. the war forced B. to return to the United States, and from 1915 he lived in New York. Description of his journey "From New York to Rehovot and back" (vols. 1–2, 1917) was translated into English. lang. (In the Footsteps of the Messenger, Philadelphia, 1923) and then into Hebrew. The last decade of his life B. was engaged in the transcription of the Bible from the Hebrews. lang. in Yiddish. This work opened a new era in the development of Yiddish literature, enriching the language. expressions and idioms of the Jews of Vost. Europe. In B.'s poems, a subtle sense of the landscape, which distinguishes him among the poets who wrote in Yiddish. In addition, he introduced into Heb. poetry a new motive - the motive of beauty, and its presentation in Heb. legends put B. among the outstanding romantics of Hebrew. lit-ry. In his ballads and fairy tales, B. tried to revive the outgoing piety, the patriarch, Heb. life. B. gave Yiddish poetry. form, color and music, enriched the literature in Yiddish trans. masterpieces of Heb. and peace. literature (Longfellow, Rostand, excerpts from the Koran and classical Arabic works). To demonstrate the relationship between Yiddish, Hebrew and Aramaic languages., He, joint. with Dr. SD Spivak, compiled “Yiddish Dictionary, containing all Hebrews. and Chaldean elements of Yiddish, with examples in proverbs and idioms. expressions ”(1911). He also wrote in Hebrew and English. lang.
BLUSTONE Yosef Yitzchak (1860, Kalvariya, Suwalki province. - |, Brooklyn), doctor, society. activist. He studied in several yeshivas, at the age of 15 he was known as the author of talented articles in Hebrew. Since 1879 in the USA. In 1889 he became editor of Shulamit, the first periodical in the United States. ed., adhering to the nat. Heb. views. In 1883 he founded the first society in the United States of Hovevey Zion, in 1903 and 1907 he was a delegate to the Zionist congresses. In 1890 he received his M.D. and became a practicing physician at Beit Israel Hospital in Brooklyn, where he continued to work until the end of his life. He was one of the organizers of the first Hebrew. schools in New York, vice president of the Zionist Organization of America.
BLUVSHTEIN Alexander Abramovich (1910, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1984, Kiev), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. In 1953 he graduated from the Military-Polit. academy. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). Com. battalion of the airborne brigade, major. B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Since 1958 - in stock.
BLYAKHER Leonid Yakovlevich (1900, Samara - 1987, Moscow), embryologist and historian of science. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. un-t (1925). He worked there under the hands. M.M. Zavadovsky. In 1928–48 - in the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-those, simultaneously in 1942–53 - at the Institute of Experimental. biology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1955 - at the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1961-76 - head of the sector of the history of biological sciences, since 1976 - scientific consultant). scientific. work dedicated. issues of embryogenesis. He worked out the problems of ontogenesis, put forward a hypothesis about the direct dependence of proliferation processes during metamorphosis on the same time. ongoing resorption processes. Author of the foundation. research on the history of biology, in particular on the history of the formation of the father. embryology and morphology of animals; showed the role of the father. scientists in the formation and development of these sciences. Analyzed (1971) the history of the development of research on the problem of inheritance of acquired characters. One of the initiators of writing and co-author of the works "Development of Biology in the USSR" (1967) and "History of Biology" (book 1, 1972; book 2, 1975). Author of the textbook "Course of General Biology with Zoology and Parasitology" (4th ed., 1944). Int. Academy of the History of Science (since 1966). Works: History of Embryology in Russia. From ser. XVII to mid. XX century, M., 1955; The problem of inheritance of acquired characters, M., 1971; Problems of animal morphology: Historical. sketches, M., 1976.
BLYUMENFELD Beniamin Markovich (1884, Volkovyshki, Suvalki province. - 1947, Moscow), chess player; chess. theorist and writer. Lawyer. He performed successfully in Vseros. (1905 - 2–3rd place, awarded the title of master) and Moscow. (1908 - 2nd, 1911 - 1st - 2nd) competitions. He contributed to the theory of openings: the gambit invented by him is named after B. Author of articles on chess problems. psychology, the topic of his Ph.D. thesis “Problems of visual-effective thinking based on chess. material "(1945). Cit .: The role of the endgame in chess. party, L., 1929; Chess combination. Party, M., 1938.
BLUMENFELD Ichil-Meer (1892, Shidlov, Kovno province - 1942, Warsaw), rabbi. The son of a local rabbi. Studied at a yeshiva in Krakow. From 1914 to 1818 he was a rabbi in Rechitsa and Rostov-on-Don. In Rostov-on-Don, he became close to Rabbi Sh.D. Shneerson. After finishing 1st world. war - in Poland, where he participated in the publishing. the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomchey Tmimim". One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Poland. Ed. g. Jerushalayim. Killed in the ghetto on Judgment Day.
BLYUMENFELD Lev Alexandrovich (b. 1921, Moscow), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1954). From the family of a professional revolutionary (in 1938 he was repressed, died in the camp.) As a third-year student of chemistry. Faculty of Moscow State University, B. in 1941 went to the front. The war ended early. intelligence regiment self-propelled art. installations. In 1945 he was demobilized as a disabled war veteran. In 1946 he graduated from Moscow State University as an external student, then physicochem. in-t them. L.Ya. Karpova (post-graduate student, since 1948 scientific researcher). In the campaign against cosmopolitanism, he was dismissed from his job, but was soon admitted to the Center. Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors (TSIUV). In 1952 he again lost his job until the termination of the "Doctors' Plot". All R. 1953 returned to its original location. Since 1957 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory of physical and chemistry of biopolymers), at the same time (since 1959) head. organized by him by the Department of Biophysics at physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1989 - prof.). tr. on quantum mechanics, biophysics. Applied the method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for biol. and chem. research. Using an EPR spectrometer, he studied the formation of free radicals in biopolymers during irradiation and during metabolism, changes in the characteristics of paramagnetic centers at different stages of cell life, changes in the spin state of iron in hemoglobin and cytochrome hemes, etc. He studied the mechanisms of photosynthesis and membrane phosphorylation, enzymatic catalysis, developed the principle of converting energy and information into biol. systems, etc. Research. the structure and properties of hemoglobin and the process of gas transfer by blood. Cit .: Hemoglobin and reversible oxygen addition, M., 1957; Problems of Biological Physics, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1977.
Blumenthal Julius Maksovich (| - |), journalist, publisher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. B. settled in Kovno, where in 1904–07 he published the first in the Kovno province. daily societies-polit. gas. in Russian lang. Covenian Telegraph. In 1907 it was renamed the North-West Telegraph and became daily. illustr. polit., societies. or T. gas., devoted much space to Heb. topics, including the lane. manuf. Heb. writers, feuilletons from Heb. life. At the same time. published in Kovno every day. society-polit. or T. gas. Monday (1907-08). In 1914, from Aug. until October, published in Moscow every day. gas. "Moskovskoe slovo", then from Oct. to Dec. in Petrograd every day. gas. "Petrograd Telegraph", which contained information from the fronts and other messages about the war.
BLYUMIN Israel Grigorievich (Girshevich) (1897, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 1959, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1938), prof. (1937). Graduated from Moscow State University (1924) and Communist. academy (1930). Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930–56), Institute of World. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956–59), prof. Moscow State University and a number of other sinks, higher. uch. institutions. Ch. directions of scientific. activities - history and criticism of Western Europe., Amer. and ede. econom. teachings. One of the first to give an analysis of DOS. schools of modern econom. thoughts and real processes in the capitalist. economy. In 1926 in the "Vestnik Kommunisticich. academy "B. published the work" On Mat. method in watered. savings ", which has not lost its importance until now. time. The most important tr. B .: “Subjective school in polit. economy "(v. 1–2, Moscow, 1928)," Criticism of the modern. bourgeois. polit. economy of the USA "(M., 1956)," The crisis of the present. bourgeois. polit. economy "(M., 1959), as well as work on the history of growing. econom. thoughts. Main tr. B. translated into foreign. lang .: The history of economics. teachings: (Essays on the theory) (edited by F.Ya. Polyansky), M., 1961; Criticism of the bourges. polit. savings, t. 1-3, M., 1962.
BLUMKIN Yakov Grigorievich (1900, Odessa - 1929, Moscow), employee of state bodies. security. Since 1917, member. Party of the Left SRs, from May 1918 in the organs of the Cheka, head. a secret division of the Counter-Revolutionary Department. In the summer of 1918 he took part in the preparation of weapons. speeches of the Left SRs against the Bolshevik dictatorship. 07/06/1918 participated in the assassination of the Germans, the ambassador of Count V. Mirbach in the building of the German embassy in Moscow, a cut served as a signal to start the speech. He explained his participation in the murder as follows: “I, as a Jew and as a socialist, undertake the commission of (this) act ...” After suppressing the speech, he switched to illegal. position, Rev. Tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced in absentia to 3 years in prison. In the 2nd floor. 1918 - early. 1919 in underground work, but at the beginning. 1919 left the party and voluntarily surrendered to the owls. authorities, post. Pres. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was amnestied. From Apr. 1919 members Communist. party. In 1919–20 he carried out assignments of the highest military man. command in Ukraine, was early. headquarters of the 79th brigade in the South. front. In 1920–21 he studied at the Military. Academy of the Red Army, then served in the secretariat of the People's Commissar for War. deeds of L.D. Trotsky, enjoyed his full confidence. He wrote poetry. Was well-known literary artist. bohemians. From 1925 he worked in the organs of the OGPU in the Transcaucasus, in Mongolia, then he was sent through the OGPU to Turkey to organize an agent, a network in Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. 04/16/1929 met in Istanbul with Trotsky, expelled from the USSR, later supported the illegal. contacts. In the fall of 1929 he was recalled to Moscow and shot on charges of “repeated betrayal of the cause of the proletarian revolution and the Sov. authorities".
BOBER, a village in the Zgurovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In the 1940-50s. - in the Kaganovichsky district, in 1957-86 - in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. In 1897, 208 Jews (32.8%) lived in Byelorussia. the Jews of B. negotiated with the representatives of J.-I. Schneerson to provide material assistance for the restoration of the mikvah.
BOBOVNYA, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In 1942 25 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BOBOVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Storozhinetsky headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 22 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BOBR, an urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Krupskiy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1516. In the 16th century. - the town of Orsha district of the Vitebsk voivodeship as part of Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1766, 168 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 723, in 1857 - 721 (63%), in 1880 - 1762 (about 79%), in 1897 - 1479 (59.6%), in 1908 - 1561 (over 65%), in 1923 - 1120, in 1926 - 1018 Jews (41.1%). about Jews in B. belongs to the 2nd half. 17th century According to the testimony of the steward PA Tolstoy (1697), in Byelorussia there were "many houses of the Jewish rich." In 1762 B. received the Magdeburg Law; once a year a fair was held in Byelorussia (in the 1880s - 3 torzhoks a year). In 1869 there were 3 wooden synagogues in Byelorussia; in 1880, out of 264 houses, 135 belonged to Jews, and there were 2 synagogues. In 1881, 9 Jews were engaged in tailoring, 8 - in shoemaking, the petty bourgeois Sima Altshuler and Abram Yeruzalimchik rented a cloth factory with 2 mills and a grain yard from a local landowner. Since 1889 Shloyme-Zalman Al'tshuler (1847—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the end. 19th century there was a cheder in B. During the 1st World. war in aug. - nov. 1915 St. 10.2 thousand refugees from the West. districts of the country, 68 Jewish refugees settled in B. In 1920, an organization of the Bund operated in B. In apr. 1920 cases from B. participated in the 12th Conf. Bund in Moscow. In May 1925 approx. B. was created by a Jewish farmer. artel "Krasnaya Niva". Jews B. were shot (along with the Jews of the surrounding townships) in October. 1941 in the Krupki district. In B. genus: Sh.-Sh. Dobin, M. Kadishevich; Nohem Yud (real fam. Eruzalimchik) (1888 - after 1946), poet, fabulist (in Yiddish), since 1916 - in the USA, translated rum into Yiddish. A. I. Kuprina "Duel". V. N. Pervyshin
BOBRIK, now part of the village. Bober (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Radomysl u. Kiev province. 19th century in B. lived 248 Jews, there was a synagogue. During the Civil. B.'s war was defeated; one of the largest pogroms took place in July 1919. In 1920 the colony was rebuilt anew. Between 1929 and 1941, there was a Jewish collective farm called Fray Lebn in Byelorussia, in which 88 people lived in 1930. In the fall of 1941, all Jews who remained in Byelorussia were shot.
BOBRIKI, see Donskoy.
BOBRINETS, city, regional center in Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century In 1828 it was transformed from a state-owned village into a county town, from 1865 - a provincial town of Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1847 there were 1289 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1856 - 1531, in 1864 - 1500, in 1897 - 3481 (24.4%), in 1910 - 4516 (24.5%), in 1920 - 3447, in 1923 - 2527, in 1926 - 2265 (20.4%), in 1939 - 654 Jews. In 1856 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1864, Chaim Kozarovitsky was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1911 there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Talmud-Torah (74 students), 11 heders (132 students), a society of benefits to poor Jews (since 1910), and a Jewish cemetery; in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the 1920s. Rabbi B. Izrail Basivkevich kept in touch with J.-I. Schneerson, who provided financial assistance in the construction of the mikvah. In the end. 1920s synagogues were closed in B. 10 Aug. 1941 in Byelorussia 5 Jews were shot; created a ghetto. In Jan. - Feb 1942 358 Jews were killed during mass executions. In B. genus: D.G. Gershfeld, G.N. Melnichansky; Semyon Semenovich Dukelsky (1892-1960, Moscow), an employee of the special services (senior major of state security), in 1938-39 before. The Committee for Cinematography under the USSR Council of People's Commissars, in 1939-42 the People's Commissar of the USSR Navy; Boris Savelievich Trakhter (1899-1963), the organizer of the production, in 1936-40 director. Taganrog, then Makeevsky metallurgist. w-yes to them. S.M. Kirov.Yu.N. Grigorieva
BOBRKA, a city (since 1469) in the Peremyshlyansky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1211. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lviv land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Bubrka in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 713 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1859 - 1778 (63%), in 1880 - 2007 (46%), in 1890 - 2395 (48, 5%), in 1900 - 2500 (47%), in 1910 - 2502 (44.5%), in 1921 - 1480 (33.7%), in 1931 - 1833 Jews. Jews settled in Bulgaria in the 2nd floor. 17th century During fairs in Byelorussia, congresses of representatives of the kagals of the voivodeship took place (1722, 1753). In the first years after the entry of Byelorussia into Austria-Hungary, a Jewish-German school was opened, closed in 1806. Home weaving was developed in Byelorussia. Fabrics from B. were famous for their quality and were sold in Gdansk and Vienna. By the beginning. 19th century almost all of the weavers in B. were Jews. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century the Jews of Byelorussia earned their living by trade, crafts, and carriage. The trade in bread and leather was also concentrated in the hands of the Jews. Several cr. Jewish traders were involved in the sale of tobacco, salt, oil and alcohol. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 3 Jewish lawyers, by the beginning. 1st world. wars - 6. There was a Jewish doctor. In the 1880s. began a massive departure to the United States. In 1908, a community of immigrants from Bulgaria was created in New York. In 1800–30, the rabbi of Byelorussia was one of the leaders of Galician Hasidism, Simcha Vitles, a disciple of Rabbi Meshulam-Zusi of Annopolsky (? -1800); in 1830–40, his son Chaim later (until 1870) - Doiv Vitles (? -1875, Safed, E.-I.), the last. the rabbi of this dynasty in 1870-1906 was Chaim-Simcha. The son of Chaim-Simha Yaakov in the 1920s and 1930s. was one of the leaders of "Agudas Yisroel" in Poland. In 1906-29, the rabbi of B. was the Beltsevian Hasid Benjamin-Zeev Geller (1861-1929). In 1910 a tzaddik from Stratin, Yitzkhok-Aizik Lengner, settled in B. The Jews of B. were Hasidim, the majority were from Bel'tsev, the rest were from Stratin. B. There were 7 synagogues, heders, and 4 philanthropists. org-tion, general pl. school, where Jewish subjects were studied. From the end. 19th century the branches of Zionist parties and org-tions worked actively during the 1st World. war soldiers rus. armies burned many Jewish houses and synagogues. B. Jews were accused of trying to poison the wells, some were sentenced to death. In 1916 43 Jews of Bulgaria were deported to Ternopil. dozens of young Jews from B. left for E.-I. After this, Zionist activity in Byelorussia practically ceased. In 1930, the activity of Mizrahi resumed, in 1931 - of Beitar. The school of the “Tarbut” network operated (with interruptions). There was a Jewish library and drama with it. After the death of B.-Z. Geller, a conflict arose between the Bel'tsevo and Stratino Hasidim, which continued for several. years. In 1920–36, the successor of Rabbi from Stratin, Uri Eisen (1876–1936), lived in Byelorussia. June 30, 1941 Germ. troops entered Byelorussia On July 10, 1941, a Judenrat was established (the first one was headed by O. Miller), and a ghetto was created, where apprx. 3,600 Jews, and Jewish police. In the end. Aug 1942 approx. 1,500 Jews from B. were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Dec 8 1942 several more were sent to Belzec. hundreds of people. Apr 13 1943 Jews remaining in the ghetto were shot in ditches ca. village Volovo. After 1944, approx. 40 Jews.
BOBROV, a city, a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 17th century like a settlement. From 1779 it was a district town of the Voronezh governorship, then a province. In 1910, 39 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 24 Jews, in 1939 - 20 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of Byelorussia grew due to the influx of refugees. By Sept. 1915 247 Jews arrived in Byelorussia.
BOBROVICHI, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 37 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1942, approx. 20 Jews.
BOBROVITSA, city (since 1958), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobrovitsy Kozeletsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 671 Jews (13.1%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 122 Jews. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in Byelorussia. m-in. 2 Sep 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army.
Bobrovitsy, see Bobrovitsa.
BOBROVNIKI, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Novo-Aleksandrovsky u. Lublin Province. 282 Jews (22.1%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 164 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BOBROVSKAYA (nee Zelikson) Cecilia Samoilovna (1876, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1960, Moscow), part. activist, member Communist. party since 1898. R. in the family of a small employee. From 1894 in Warsaw, she worked in a sewing workshop, member. s.-d. circles. In 1897 she left Russia, in 1898 she joined one of the foreign countries. groups of the RSDLP. In 1899 she returned to Russia, led the party. work in Kharkov, in 1900 she was arrested, after a year in prison she was exiled to her homeland, from where she fled abroad. In Zurich, I contacted the Emancipation of Labor group and ed. Sparks. In 1902 she returned to Russia, worked in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Tver. In 1903 she went abroad again. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) she joined the Bolsheviks. In 1904 she returned to Russia, worked in Tiflis and Baku (member of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP, took part in the organization of the Baku strike in December 1904). In 1905 - in Moscow, member. MK RSDLP, participated in Dec. armed uprising. In 1906–07 sec. Kostroma and Ivanovo-Voznesensky k-tov of the RSDLP, in 1908 - secretary. Moscow district to-that, organized an illegal. the printing house where the gas was printed. "Wrestling". In the same year she was arrested and exiled for 2 years to the Vologda province. After exile she returned to Moscow, worked in Lefortovo and Zamoskvoretsky districts. In 1914 she was a member of the editorial board. Bolshevik. weekly "Labor". In oct. 1917 - secret. Moscow district to-that RSDLP (b), then head. military. department of MK RCP (b). In 1919 she worked in the Organizational Department of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921 she was a member of the commission on the history of the party, then until 1928 she worked in the Institute of V. Ilenin and in the Istpart MK of the CPSU (b). In 1928-1940 - political assistant of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Since 1940 - persons. retired, worked at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. Works: I.V. Babushkin: Biogr. sketch, 2nd ed., L., 1938; Pages from roar. past: (1903–1908), M., 1955; Notes of an underground worker: 1894-1917, M., 1957.
BOBROVY KUT, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. village council of the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. In 1810, 337 Jews (77 families) lived in BK, in 1897 - 1248 (85%), in 1926 - 1365 Jews (89.8%). The first Jews in BK were immigrants from Vitebsk, Minsk, Poltava and Chernigov provinces. In 1825, out of 870 inhabitants, 429 people were engaged in agriculture. In 1825, 1837 and 1841 in B.K. new settlers arrived. In 1898-99 he was an agriculturalist. 185 families (over 1100 people) were engaged in labor; the total area of ​​allotment lands was 2910 dess. (12.9 dess. Per family), of which under crops - 2539 dess. (49.9% were sown with rye and barley, 35.6% - with wheat); there were 391 working horses, 408 cows. There were 3 synagogues, societies. school, bathhouse, Jewish loan-savings. m-in. During Civil. During the war BK was repeatedly subjected to pogroms and robberies, dozens of residents died of hunger and epidemics, and the colonists' economies fell into decay. In the 1920s. Y.-I. Schneerson provided material assistance to the BK community. In 1923-24, with the support of the ARA, EKO, and Joint, the farms were restored, and Jewish consumers were operating. Society, a 2-class labor school, there was a Jewish agriculturalist. commune "Fertile field". In 1926, a 7-year school (4 teachers) worked; land cultivation (supplies of agricultural machinery were carried out through Agrodjoint, KOMZET and an agricultural credit company). The synagogues were closed in 1927. Between 1929 and 1930, 86 percent of the farms merged into the Reuter Oktyabr collective farm; to ser. 1931 the number of collective farmers decreased from 909 to 755 people, farms - from 224 to 190. By the middle. 1930s the collective farm became diversified (grain production, dairy production, orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, a mill), until 1938 it worked incompletely. school with teaching in Yiddish. In the end. 1920-30s several dozens of young Jews in B.K. were arrested on charges of nationalism and Zionism. In the summer of 1941, a small part of the inhabitants were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR, the rest were shot on 16 Sept. 1941 or thrown alive into a well, on the site of which a monument was later erected. St. 100 Jews of B.K. died at the fronts, 7 families returned from evacuation, 17 people. returned from the front. The buildings of the Jewish school (1912) and the synagogue (used as a warehouse) have survived. S.G.Frug.I.M.Shaikin
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БОБРУЙСК, город (с 1795), районный центр в Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с сер. 14 в. В 14—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1795 — уездный город Минской губ. В 1924—30 — центр округа, в 1944—54 — обл. центр БССР.В 1789 в Б. проживал 281 еврей (31%), в 1808 — 504, в 1847 — 4702, в 1861 — 8866, в 1878 — 17 547, в 1892 — 29 704, в 1897 — 20 760 (60%), в 1910 — 24 173, в 1914 — 25 876 (61%), в 1923 — 19 600, в 1926 — 21 558 (42%), в 1939 — 26 703 (31,7%), в 1959 — 15 600, в 1970 — 14 500, в 1979 — 13 400, в 1989 — 10 468 евреев (5%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. содержится в сообщениях брестского купца Элиягу Липшица от 1583. В 1811 община Б. по численности была на 8-м месте среди общин Минской губ. В 1853 осн. казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1854 в Б. имелось 14 синагог, в 1863 — 17. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — портняжный промысел и торговля с.-х. продуктами (в самом Б. почти вся торговля была сосредоточена в руках евреев, к-рые в 1887 составляли 87% гор. купечества). С кон. 19 в. евреи занимались заготовкой и продажей леса в юж. губернии России и порт. города Курляндии и Лифляндии. В Б. действовало ок. 60 хедеров, во главе общины стояли видные деятели любавичского хасидизма: в 1801—51 — Борух-Мордехай Эттингер (?—1852, Иерусалим), в 1872—1924 — Шмерка (Шмариягу-Ноах) Лейбович Шнеерсон (1842—1924), внук Цемах-Цедека. Раввинами Б. были: в 1851—64 — Гилел Малисов из Паричей (1795—1864), в 1870-х гг. — Шмуэль Шапиро, с 1887 — Цви Драбкин (1862—1929), позднее — Я.Д.Веселовский, в 1911—17 — Авром-Левик Славин; обществ. раввином в 1870—80-х гг. был Берка Шоломович Виленский, с 1912 — Мордехай Рабинзон; в 1886—99 во главе раввинского суда стоял Рафаэль Шапиро. В 1901 Ш.Л.Шнеерсон основал в Б. иешиву.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из гл. центров деятельности Бунда (в 1911 местная орг-ция насчитывала 420 чл.). В 1898 в Б. работала подпольная типография Бунда, его члены руководили обществ. б-кой и рядом благотворит. об-в, в 1912 издавали сатирич. журн. «Дер Бобруйскер юнганц» («Бобруйский скандалист»). В 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали орг-ции «Ховевей Цион», «Поалей Цион» (св. 300 чел.), Мизрахи, «Союз евреев», орг-ция Сионистско-социалистич. рабочей партии, «Цеирей Цион». В нач. 20 в. Б. — крупный еврейский издат. центр (всерос. известность имело изд-во Якова Гинзбурга, действовавшее до 1928; выпущенная им «Ягдил Тора» под ред. И.Абрамского и Ш.-Й.Зевина — единственный печатный орган раввинистич. лит-ры в СССР). В 1900 был основан «образцовый хедер». В 1910 в Б. имелись: 32 синагоги, талмуд-тора, 3 муж. нач. уч-ща (при одном из них ремесл. отд-ние), 2 жен. общеобразоват. и 1 жен. проф. уч-ще, нач. 1-классное и частное 2-классное муж. еврейские уч-ща, т-во по сбору одежды для бедных, дешевая столовая, еврейская больница, еврейское кладбище, дом престарелых, Об-во снабжения кошерной пищей солдат, Бобруйское об-во похоронных процессий, Об-во вспомоществования бедным ученикам Бобруйской прогимназии, Бобруйское об-во пособия бедным евреям (с 1899), еврейская б-ка; работали отд-ния ЕКО, ОПЕ, ОРТа.В 1915 в Б. произошел погром, устроенный казачьими частями рус. войск, в результате к-рого 6 евреев было ранено. В 1918—21 еврейская община Б. пострадала от Гражд. и сов.-польск. войн. В 1919 польск. солдаты выгнали евреев из синагоги в Йом-Кипур. В том же году было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920 в Б. произошел погром, устроенный польск. войсками, пострадало 1054 еврея. В 1921—22 тысячи евреев Бобруйского у. были убиты во время налетов отрядов С.Н.Булак-Балаховича (для уцелевших при помощи Джойнта в Б. были организованы дет. дома для сирот; оказана помощь пострадавшим). В 1922 в Б. была открыта лечебница для больных кожными заболеваниями; тогда же Джойнт финансировал еврейскую профтехшколу и неск. дет. домов. В 1921 в Б. прошел суд над группой меламедов. В 1920-х гг. в Б. имелись 3 синагоги, миква. В 1920—30-х гг. раввинами в Б. были Ш.Александров, Ш.Беспалов. В 1923 закрыта одна из синагог, состоялся суд над меламедами и шамесами, в 1928 закрыты оставшиеся синагоги. В 1938 местный моэл был приговорен к 5 годам заключения. В 1930-х гг. шохетом в Б. был Бер (Нохум-Дойв) Вихнин (Щедринер); до 1939 существовало неск. еврейских школ, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, а также еврейский дет. дом. До 1926 в Б. действовала подпольная сионистская орг-ция «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». Летом 1925 из бобруйской тюрьмы совершила побег группа арестованных сионистов. В 1926 выходцы из Б. основали в Евпаторийском р-не еврейское земледельч. поселение «1-й Бобруйск» (75 чел.). В кон. 1930-х гг. мн. представители еврейской интеллигенции были репрессированы.28 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска (лишь незначит. часть еврейского населения успела эвакуироваться). В городе были созданы 2 гетто и лагерь смерти. В окт. 1941 расстреляно ок. 300 евреев, 7 нояб. — св. 5 тыс. евреев у д. Каменка (в 5 км от Б.), в дек. 1941 — 5281 еврей. Всего за время оккупации Б. было уничтожено св. 20 тыс. евреев (в их числе граждане Польши, Германии и др. стран Европы). В освобождении Б. принимала участие 282-я истребит. авиац. дивизия под команд. полк. (с 1953 — ген.-майор) Юрия Михайловича Беркаля (р. 1911).После освобождения Б. часть евреев вернулась. В 1945 верующие евреи ходатайствовали об открытии синагоги (в 1946 им было предоставлено разрушенное здание), в 1947 зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община (объединяла ок. 3 тыс. верующих). В 1946—47 действовали 2 миньяна (объединяли соответственно ок. 100 и ок. 70 чел., рук. А.Х.Хаймович и М.Я.Шустеров). В 1948 синагога была закрыта (здание передано Гос. архиву Бобруйской обл.), тогда же создано еще 2 миньяна (объединяли 80 и 60 чел.), в 1949 во время осенних праздников действовали 8 врем. миньянов, в нач. 1950-х гг. — неск. нелег. миньянов, в т. ч. на Коммунистической ул., д. 101, Пушкинской ул., д. 223, в пер. Леккерта, д. 12. В 1951 в четырех местах была налажена подпольная выпечка мацы. В 1950-х гг. власти неск. раз отклоняли ходатайства об открытии синагоги и регистрации общины, к-рая существовала полулегально. В 1960—70-х гг. в Б. действовало неск. миньянов. В 1989 была создана еврейская религ. община. В 1998 в Б. имелось 9 еврейских обществ. орг-ций, в т. ч. Клуб еврейской культуры им. Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима (созд. в 1988), еврейская воскресная школа (открыта в 1991, в 1998 св. 100 учеников), б-ка, служба милосердия, еврейский дет. сад, молодежный клуб и др. Действуют 3 синагоги, в т. ч. 1 хасидская. С 1989 начал издаваться еврейский лит.-худож. и культурно-информац. альм. на трех языках «Эвеним», с 1998 — ежемес. газ. «Мишпоха» (гл. ред. Леонид Горелик; он же рук. соц. службы «Хесэд Шмуэль»).В 1989 из Б. в Израиль выехало 139 чел., в 1990 — 1707, в 1991 — 1138, в 1992 — 133, в 1993 — 62, в 1994 — 130 чел.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 7500 евреев.В Б. род.: И.И.Агол, М.М.Ашкенази, М.Г.Бархин, И.М.Болотин, Б.Э.Быховский, П.Ю.Венгерова, С.Я.Вольфсон, С.Е.Гайсинович, М.Н.Гаркави, Е.Я.Голант, З.А.Горелик, С.А.Горелик, Б.Э.Городецкий, В.М.Гохман, Д.Дропкин, А.И.Зак, Н.И.Каценельсон, Б.Кацнельсон, А.Д.Киржниц, Л.И.Коваль, С.Г.Лозинский, К.Луз, М.Лурье, И.Нисенбаум, А.М.Орлов, Л.Я.Пинес, Ш.Ратнер, М.Е.Розенгойз, И.Б.Симановский, Э.Симпсон, И.Табенкин, И.Тункель, И.О.Фрумин, Г.Фрумкин, В.И.Фундатор, Ш.Ш.Ходош, Р.Шазар-Кацнельсон]], Ф.Л.Шапиро, А.-Л.Шварцбург, Г.Б.Шведик, М.Элькин, М.И.Эпштейн, Э.Эпштейн; Гилель Самуилович Александров (1890—1972, Ленинград), историк, филолог, сын Ш.Александрова, специалист по истории евреев Литвы и Белоруссии, в 1936—56 — в заключении; Мирон Абрамович Гельфер (1909—1989, Москва), юрист, д-р юрид. наук (1966), проф., специалист в обл. криминологии; Моисей Беньяминович Герчик (р. 1932), писатель, автор книг для детей и подростков; Лев Давыдович Горелик (р. 1929), скрипач, с 1956 — концертмейстер орк. Гос. т-ра оперы и балета БССР; Вениамин (Бениамин) Борисович Городецкий (р. 1919), шашист, гроссмейстер СССР (1962), судья всесоюз. категории (1957), победитель 21-го чемпионата СССР (1961) по рус. шашкам, трехкр. чемпион России, автор книг по теории шашек; Вениамин Самуилович Клебанов (р. 1922), ген.-майор-инж. (1970), в 1974—85 зам. нач. Гл. воен.-строит. упр-ния МО СССР, нагр. 7 орд.; Исай Абрамович Пеймер (1912—1976, Ленинград), полк. мед. службы (1959), д-р мед. наук (1960), проф. (1968), специалист в обл. авиац. медицины; Борис Исаакович Плоткин (р. 1925), математик, д-р матем. наук (1956), проф. (1993), науч. иссл. в обл. алгебры, с 1993 — в Израиле, засл. деят. науки Латвии (1994); Владимир Маркович Санин (наст. фам. Ривкин), писатель, автор книг, посв. полярной теме; Сэмюэл Уолчек (1896—1979), деятель амер. проф. движения, с 1912 — в США; Эсфирь Яковлевна Файнберг (р. 1908), д-р ист. наук (1955), проф. (1960), специалист по истории Японии; Григорий Вольфович Цывкин (р. 1914), д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. торпедных аппаратов, с 1990 — в Израиле; Давид Шимойни (Шимонович) (1886—1956, Тель-Авив), поэт «поколения Бялика», с 1920 — в Э.-И.; Борух Эпштейн (1860—1942), автор коммент. к Талмуду.И.П.Герасимова, pronunciation=БОБРУЙСК, город (с 1795), районный центр в Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с сер. 14 в. В 14—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1795 — уездный город Минской губ. В 1924—30 — центр округа, в 1944—54 — обл. центр БССР.В 1789 в Б. проживал 281 еврей (31%), в 1808 — 504, в 1847 — 4702, в 1861 — 8866, в 1878 — 17 547, в 1892 — 29 704, в 1897 — 20 760 (60%), в 1910 — 24 173, в 1914 — 25 876 (61%), в 1923 — 19 600, в 1926 — 21 558 (42%), в 1939 — 26 703 (31,7%), в 1959 — 15 600, в 1970 — 14 500, в 1979 — 13 400, в 1989 — 10 468 евреев (5%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. содержится в сообщениях брестского купца Элиягу Липшица от 1583. В 1811 община Б. по численности была на 8-м месте среди общин Минской губ. В 1853 осн. казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1854 в Б. имелось 14 синагог, в 1863 — 17. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — портняжный промысел и торговля с.-х. продуктами (в самом Б. почти вся торговля была сосредоточена в руках евреев, к-рые в 1887 составляли 87% гор. купечества). С кон. 19 в. евреи занимались заготовкой и продажей леса в юж. губернии России и порт. города Курляндии и Лифляндии. В Б. действовало ок. 60 хедеров, во главе общины стояли видные деятели любавичского хасидизма: в 1801—51 — Борух-Мордехай Эттингер (?—1852, Иерусалим), в 1872—1924 — Шмерка (Шмариягу-Ноах) Лейбович Шнеерсон (1842—1924), внук Цемах-Цедека. Раввинами Б. были: в 1851—64 — Гилел Малисов из Паричей (1795—1864), в 1870-х гг. — Шмуэль Шапиро, с 1887 — Цви Драбкин (1862—1929), позднее — Я.Д.Веселовский, в 1911—17 — Авром-Левик Славин; обществ. раввином в 1870—80-х гг. был Берка Шоломович Виленский, с 1912 — Мордехай Рабинзон; в 1886—99 во главе раввинского суда стоял Рафаэль Шапиро. В 1901 Ш.Л.Шнеерсон основал в Б. иешиву.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из гл. центров деятельности Бунда (в 1911 местная орг-ция насчитывала 420 чл.). В 1898 в Б. работала подпольная типография Бунда, его члены руководили обществ. б-кой и рядом благотворит. об-в, в 1912 издавали сатирич. журн. «Дер Бобруйскер юнганц» («Бобруйский скандалист»). В 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали орг-ции «Ховевей Цион», «Поалей Цион» (св. 300 чел.), Мизрахи, «Союз евреев», орг-ция Сионистско-социалистич. рабочей партии, «Цеирей Цион». В нач. 20 в. Б. — крупный еврейский издат. центр (всерос. известность имело изд-во Якова Гинзбурга, действовавшее до 1928; выпущенная им «Ягдил Тора» под ред. И.Абрамского и Ш.-Й.Зевина — единственный печатный орган раввинистич. лит-ры в СССР). В 1900 был основан «образцовый хедер». В 1910 в Б. имелись: 32 синагоги, талмуд-тора, 3 муж. нач. уч-ща (при одном из них ремесл. отд-ние), 2 жен. общеобразоват. и 1 жен. проф. уч-ще, нач. 1-классное и частное 2-классное муж. еврейские уч-ща, т-во по сбору одежды для бедных, дешевая столовая, еврейская больница, еврейское кладбище, дом престарелых, Об-во снабжения кошерной пищей солдат, Бобруйское об-во похоронных процессий, Об-во вспомоществования бедным ученикам Бобруйской прогимназии, Бобруйское об-во пособия бедным евреям (с 1899), еврейская б-ка; работали отд-ния ЕКО, ОПЕ, ОРТа.В 1915 в Б. произошел погром, устроенный казачьими частями рус. войск, в результате к-рого 6 евреев было ранено. В 1918—21 еврейская община Б. пострадала от Гражд. и сов.-польск. войн. В 1919 польск. солдаты выгнали евреев из синагоги в Йом-Кипур. В том же году было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920 в Б. произошел погром, устроенный польск. войсками, пострадало 1054 еврея. В 1921—22 тысячи евреев Бобруйского у. были убиты во время налетов отрядов С.Н.Булак-Балаховича (для уцелевших при помощи Джойнта в Б. были организованы дет. дома для сирот; оказана помощь пострадавшим). В 1922 в Б. была открыта лечебница для больных кожными заболеваниями; тогда же Джойнт финансировал еврейскую профтехшколу и неск. дет. домов. В 1921 в Б. прошел суд над группой меламедов. В 1920-х гг. в Б. имелись 3 синагоги, миква. В 1920—30-х гг. раввинами в Б. были Ш.Александров, Ш.Беспалов. В 1923 закрыта одна из синагог, состоялся суд над меламедами и шамесами, в 1928 закрыты оставшиеся синагоги. В 1938 местный моэл был приговорен к 5 годам заключения. В 1930-х гг. шохетом в Б. был Бер (Нохум-Дойв) Вихнин (Щедринер); до 1939 существовало неск. еврейских школ, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, а также еврейский дет. дом. До 1926 в Б. действовала подпольная сионистская орг-ция «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». Летом 1925 из бобруйской тюрьмы совершила побег группа арестованных сионистов. В 1926 выходцы из Б. основали в Евпаторийском р-не еврейское земледельч. поселение «1-й Бобруйск» (75 чел.). В кон. 1930-х гг. мн. представители еврейской интеллигенции были репрессированы.28 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска (лишь незначит. часть еврейского населения успела эвакуироваться). В городе были созданы 2 гетто и лагерь смерти. В окт. 1941 расстреляно ок. 300 евреев, 7 нояб. — св. 5 тыс. евреев у д. Каменка (в 5 км от Б.), в дек. 1941 — 5281 еврей. Всего за время оккупации Б. было уничтожено св. 20 тыс. евреев (в их числе граждане Польши, Германии и др. стран Европы). В освобождении Б. принимала участие 282-я истребит. авиац. дивизия под команд. полк. (с 1953 — ген.-майор) Юрия Михайловича Беркаля (р. 1911).После освобождения Б. часть евреев вернулась. В 1945 верующие евреи ходатайствовали об открытии синагоги (в 1946 им было предоставлено разрушенное здание), в 1947 зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община (объединяла ок. 3 тыс. верующих). В 1946—47 действовали 2 миньяна (объединяли соответственно ок. 100 и ок. 70 чел., рук. А.Х.Хаймович и М.Я.Шустеров). В 1948 синагога была закрыта (здание передано Гос. архиву Бобруйской обл.), тогда же создано еще 2 миньяна (объединяли 80 и 60 чел.), в 1949 во время осенних праздников действовали 8 врем. миньянов, в нач. 1950-х гг. — неск. нелег. миньянов, в т. ч. на Коммунистической ул., д. 101, Пушкинской ул., д. 223, в пер. Леккерта, д. 12. В 1951 в четырех местах была налажена подпольная выпечка мацы. В 1950-х гг. власти неск. раз отклоняли ходатайства об открытии синагоги и регистрации общины, к-рая существовала полулегально. В 1960—70-х гг. в Б. действовало неск. миньянов. В 1989 была создана еврейская религ. община. В 1998 в Б. имелось 9 еврейских обществ. орг-ций, в т. ч. Клуб еврейской культуры им. Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима (созд. в 1988), еврейская воскресная школа (открыта в 1991, в 1998 св. 100 учеников), б-ка, служба милосердия, еврейский дет. сад, молодежный клуб и др. Действуют 3 синагоги, в т. ч. 1 хасидская. С 1989 начал издаваться еврейский лит.-худож. и культурно-информац. альм. на трех языках «Эвеним», с 1998 — ежемес. газ. «Мишпоха» (гл. ред. Леонид Горелик; он же рук. соц. службы «Хесэд Шмуэль»).В 1989 из Б. в Израиль выехало 139 чел., в 1990 — 1707, в 1991 — 1138, в 1992 — 133, в 1993 — 62, в 1994 — 130 чел.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 7500 евреев.В Б. род.: И.И.Агол, М.М.Ашкенази, М.Г.Бархин, И.М.Болотин, Б.Э.Быховский, П.Ю.Венгерова, С.Я.Вольфсон, С.Е.Гайсинович, М.Н.Гаркави, Е.Я.Голант, З.А.Горелик, С.А.Горелик, Б.Э.Городецкий, В.М.Гохман, Д.Дропкин, А.И.Зак, Н.И.Каценельсон, Б.Кацнельсон, А.Д.Киржниц, Л.И.Коваль, С.Г.Лозинский, К.Луз, М.Лурье, И.Нисенбаум, А.М.Орлов, Л.Я.Пинес, Ш.Ратнер, М.Е.Розенгойз, И.Б.Симановский, Э.Симпсон, И.Табенкин, И.Тункель, И.О.Фрумин, Г.Фрумкин, В.И.Фундатор, Ш.Ш.Ходош, Р.Шазар-Кацнельсон]], Ф.Л.Шапиро, А.-Л.Шварцбург, Г.Б.Шведик, М.Элькин, М.И.Эпштейн, Э.Эпштейн; Гилель Самуилович Александров (1890—1972, Ленинград), историк, филолог, сын Ш.Александрова, специалист по истории евреев Литвы и Белоруссии, в 1936—56 — в заключении; Мирон Абрамович Гельфер (1909—1989, Москва), юрист, д-р юрид. наук (1966), проф., специалист в обл. криминологии; Моисей Беньяминович Герчик (р. 1932), писатель, автор книг для детей и подростков; Лев Давыдович Горелик (р. 1929), скрипач, с 1956 — концертмейстер орк. Гос. т-ра оперы и балета БССР; Вениамин (Бениамин) Борисович Городецкий (р. 1919), шашист, гроссмейстер СССР (1962), судья всесоюз. категории (1957), победитель 21-го чемпионата СССР (1961) по рус. шашкам, трехкр. чемпион России, автор книг по теории шашек; Вениамин Самуилович Клебанов (р. 1922), ген.-майор-инж. (1970), в 1974—85 зам. нач. Гл. воен.-строит. упр-ния МО СССР, нагр. 7 орд.; Исай Абрамович Пеймер (1912—1976, Ленинград), полк. мед. службы (1959), д-р мед. наук (1960), проф. (1968), специалист в обл. авиац. медицины; Борис Исаакович Плоткин (р. 1925), математик, д-р матем. наук (1956), проф. (1993), науч. иссл. в обл. алгебры, с 1993 — в Израиле, засл. деят. науки Латвии (1994); Владимир Маркович Санин (наст. фам. Ривкин), писатель, автор книг, посв. полярной теме; Сэмюэл Уолчек (1896—1979), деятель амер. проф. движения, с 1912 — в США; Эсфирь Яковлевна Файнберг (р. 1908), д-р ист. наук (1955), проф. (1960), специалист по истории Японии; Григорий Вольфович Цывкин (р. 1914), д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. торпедных аппаратов, с 1990 — в Израиле; Давид Шимойни (Шимонович) (1886—1956, Тель-Авив), поэт «поколения Бялика», с 1920 — в Э.-И.; Борух Эпштейн (1860—1942), автор коммент. к Талмуду.И.П.Герасимова, extra_data="{'translat...")
BOBTS, see Babtai.
BOBYATIN, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1448. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was deported to the Sokal ghetto.
BOBYNICHI, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Polotsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Lepel u. Polotsk, from 1802 - Vitebsk province. In 1838, 73 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 115, in 1881 - 179, in 1896 - 178 Jews (over 76%). In 1834 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1835 Jews owned 20 out of 25 households (in 1889 - 30 out of 44 households). A Jewish cemetery has existed since 1840. All the Jews of Byelorussia were Lubavitch Hasidim. Ch. arr. small trade, one of them in 1881 contained a drinking establishment. In 1896, a spiritual rabbi, assistant. government rabbi (members of the spiritual board - Don Brevda and Abram Sherman). In 1909 Mendel Ioselevich Rivlin was the spiritual rabbi of B., in 1910 - Aron Beniominovich Tumarkin (? -1936), in 1912 - Abram-Khaim Lobanov. By 1914, 44 Jews belonged to the bourgeois class (Moisha Khotyanov was elected bourgeois headman). 1941 - Jan. 1942 There was a ghetto in Byelorussia, all 108 of whose prisoners were destroyed.
BOTCHCHKI, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOCHEIKOVO, a village in Beshenkovichi district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1776, 75 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1834 - 95, in 1838 - 105 (33.7%), in 1847 - 111, in 1876 - 132, in 1897 - 323 (44.7%), in 1923 - 183 Jews. In 1834, a synagogue (Hasidic) and a Jewish cemetery existed in Byelorussia. There were shohet and moel. In the end. 19th century the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in the trade in dairy products and gardening. In 1909-10 the spiritual rabbi was Mordukh-Berka Shaevich Heruze, in 1912-14 - Meer Soskind. Zalman Blyakhman was the assistant to the state rabbi in 1910. 1880s - early. 1900s bourgeois headman was Nokhim Berzin, in 1908-17 - Leiba Krugly. In the 1920s. Zvi Polotskov was the rabbi in B. In 1942, apprx. 100 Jews V.M. Pervyshin
BODAYBO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1864 as a mine "residence" that served the Lensky gold-mining industry. complex in Kirenskoye u. Irkutsk Gubernia In 1926, 215 Jews (3.9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 97 Jews. One of the largest shareholders and before. of the board of "Lensky gold industry. t-va "in B. was G.O. Gintsburg. In 1888 Ya.D. Frizer, who owned the wholesale trade in bread in Burma, opened the first society in Burma. library in B. Ya.M. Altauzen, V.G. Viktorovich, P.N. Pinkisevich, V.S. Yakut.
BODBE, the historical name of the present. villages of Upper Bodbe and Lower Bodbe in the Signagh region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In ancient Georgian chronicles B. like Bodi, Bodisi, Bodini, Bodi. In the 1st - 4th centuries. in B. existed means. Jewish community, ex. one of the centers of Judaism among Georgian Jews. There is no information about her further fate.
BODZANOV, see Bodzanow.
BODZANUW, city (from 1351) in the Płock Voivodeship. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Bodzanov of Plock 64 Jews (38%) lived in Byelorussia in 1808, 90 (22.5%) in 1827, 240 (38.6%) in 1857, 598 (39.9%) in 1897, 1921 - 807 (38.5%), in 1931 - c. 950 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the 1st half. 18th century The community existed from the end. 19th century Jews earned a living by small trade and crafts. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a synagogue was built. In 1900–40, the rabbi in Byelorussia was Hanoch-Geneh Navri, who died during the Holocaust. During the First World. war, Jewish earnings fell sharply, which led to the impoverishment of many. community members. In 1915, a free cafeteria for the poor was opened. Anti-Semitic demonstrations intensified immediately after the war. In 1919, Polish soldiers. armies plundered and burned Jewish shops, beat Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties, including "Agudas Israel". In the 1920s and 30s. there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, including the Gurian and Alexander Hasidim. From 1939 to 1941, approx. 1 thousand Jews. In March 1941, thousands of Jews from B., Plock and the surrounding area were sent to the ghetto in the Radom region and to the White Dvor ghetto.
BODZENTIN, a city (since 1942) in the Keleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1340. In 1355-1870 - a city. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then the settlement of Keletsky u. 173 Jews (16.9%) lived in Byelorussia in 1856, 1472 (43.9%) in 1897, and 1350 Jews in 1921. Jews lived in Byelorussia in the 19th century. Until 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews. A Jewish cemetery was opened in 1867. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation of the Germans. In 1939, troops in Byelorussia created a ghetto (about 3 thousand people), which was liquidated in October. 1942 A Jewish cemetery has survived in B. (about 50 monuments).
BOGACHEVKA, see [[Small Bogachovka.
BOGACHEVSKY Mikhail Borisovich (1908, Lvov - 1968, ibid.), Economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949). Graduated from Lviv University, scientific-ped. work since 1931. In 1948-68 head. Department of Finance and Credit Lviv Trade.-Econ. in-that. Sci. tr. dedicated to den. circulation, finance and credit of the USSR and foreign countries. Author of monographs, textbooks, uch. manuals for universities ("Finance and Credit in the USSR", 1964, 1969, "Financing and Crediting Consumer Cooperatives of the USSR", 1959, etc.) Vol .: Finances of the USA and England during the General Crisis of Capitalism, Moscow, 1954; The budget is capitalistic. state-va, M., 1960; Capitalist taxes. state-in, M., 1961; State credit in capitalist. countries, M., 1966; Organization of consumer finance society, M., 1968.
BOGACHOVKA, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village Bogachevka Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct. 1941 in B., 131 Jews were shot.
BOGATIN Joseph Yakovlevich (1880 - |), rabbi. In 1907–15 - rabbi of the Lepel metro station of the Vitebsk province. In 1915–37 - Rabbi of Saratov. Arrested in 1937.
RICH, a village in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Directory.
GOD, see Suvorovskoe.
BOGDAN, a village in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 123 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 357 Jews (8.3%). Jews lived in Byelorussia with ser. 19th century In the 1870s. a community was created. From 1927 to 1944, the rabbi of B. was the Mukachevo Hasid Shloymo Spitzer (? —1944). In 1940, a working camp for Jews from Hungary was located in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1941, one Jewish family was evicted from B. In 1942 an underground organization was created in Byelorussia to help Jewish refugees from Poland. Apr 17 1944 Jews were deported from B., May 20, 1944 - sent to Auschwitz.
BOGDANOVKA, a village in Podvolochisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). In 1809-15 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1815 - in the Zbarazh district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria, since 1867 - in Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 11 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BOGDANOVO, see Bednodemyanovsk.
BOGDANOVSKY, see Bogdanovka.
BOGEN Alexander (b. 1916, Vilna), painter, sculptor, theater artist, illustrator. During the 1941–45 war, he joined the partisans. detachments on the territory. Lithuania. He took part in the removal of groups from the Vilna ghetto. After the 2nd world. wars are in Israel. Founded by thin. school, taught in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Among the naib. Izv. works of B .: sculptor. "Uprising", "Catastrophe", wall painting "Catastrophe", etc. Participant of personal and group exhibitions in Israel and other countries. Prof. lawsuit.
BOGIN Mikhail Sinaevich (born 1936, Kharkov), film director. In 1954–56 he studied at Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-those. In 1962 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK in Moscow. From 1965 he worked at the c / st. them. M. Gorky. In 1975 he left for the USA, where he filmed television and advertising films, worked as an actor. He made his debut short. f. "Two" (1965, Main Prize at the XII International Convention Festival in Oberhausen, Germany, 1966, Gold prize at the IV International Convention in Moscow, Prospect Fipress at the IV International Convention in Moscow). Specialist. jury diploma of the VI Int. meeting f. for youth in Cannes (France), 1965; Poch. II ICF diploma in Guadalajara (Mexico), 1966; 1st ave. On the Moscow Orthodox Church in Panama, 1966; 1st avenue at II Moscow City Festival in Ankara (Turkey), 1966; jury prize International. evangelical. center at the XII Mkf in Oberhausen, 1966. Among other fictions: "Zosia" (1967, jointly with Poland), "On Love" (1970), "Looking for a Man" (1973).
BOGODAROVKA, see Novodarovka.
BOGODUKHOV, a city (from 1681), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. At 19 - early. 20th century B. is a district town of Kharkov province. In 1868 7 Jews lived in B., 19 in the district, 95 in B. in 1910, 288 in 1920, 259 (1.6%) in 1926, and 136 in 1939. There was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia in 1910, and a cheder in 1916. In 1919 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. On June 20, 1942, 35 Jews were executed in Byelorussia. In 1995, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution. In 1998, 17 Jews lived in Byelorussia. K.R. Eiges.
BOGOPOL, as part of (since 1919) Pervomaisk, Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav povet and voivodship, since 1776 - a village. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1776, 3 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 80, in 1787 - 108, in 1790 - 141, in 1847 - 1399, in 1887 - 40.3%, in 1897 - 5909 Jews. 20th century in B. there were built in the middle. 19th century 7 synagogues, a cemetery, a khevra kadisha (from the 1850s), a Jewish hospital (from 1899), a talmud-torah (from 1901), private husband. uch-shche, library (from 1906), cheder (from 1916). Oct. 21-24. 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia. The place was plundered and burned. An ancient Torah scroll perished during the pogrom; there were no human casualties. Dec 19. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army; pl. Jews were killed. I. Rafalovich, G. Fingerman, P. S. Wagner
BOGORAD Daniil Ilyich (1902, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1967, Kiev), economist-geographer, urban planner. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1961). Graduated from law. and econ. Faculty of Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). In 1923–30 he worked at the State Planning Committee of Ukraine. In 1934–62, he was a scientific organizer. work in Ukr. in-those on the design of cities (after the war 1941-45 - in Kiev). During the war he took part in the construction of defense facilities. Since 1962 in KievNIIPGradostroitelstvo. One of the founders of the theory of regional planning, a specialist in the field of terr. planning and urban planning. Participated in the development of the gene. schemes of regional planning in Donbass and in other regions of Ukraine, schemes of the future development of the Ukrainian SSR and regional planning of Moldova. The author of works on constructive and forecasting problems of the territory. development and urban planning. works: Planning of an industrial area, 1940 (co-workers); Budungiy Donbass, 1946; District planning. Questions of the planning of industrial areas, 1960; Constructive geography of the area. Fundamentals of regional planning, 1965; Urban agglomerations of the Ukrainian SSR, 1966.
BOGORAD Samuil Nakhmanovich (b. 1907, Vitebsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In 1935 he graduated from Leningrad. pestilence. technical College. Pom. captain on ships Balt. pestilence. shipping companies. From 1940 - in the Navy. Graduated from special. classes of command personnel underwater. swimming. Com. submarine to the Balt. navy. The first transport was sunk in the fall of 1941. From 1961 - in reserve. 1960s – 70s - captain of the motor ship Latv. pestilence. shipping companies.
BOGORAZ-BRUKHMAN Larisa Iosifovna (b. 1929, Kharkov), societies. activist, human rights activist. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Kharkov University (1950), Cand. philol. Sciences (1965); deprived of account. step, in 1978; the degree was restored in 1990. In 1965–66, after the arrest of her first husband, YM Daniel, she became one of the organizers of the campaign in his (and AD Sinyavsky, who was in the same case with Daniel) defense, which grew into a systematic one. human rights activities. In Jan. 1968 together with P.M. Litvinov compiled “Appeal to the world. public ”- protest against the trial of AI Ginzburg and his comrades. This "Appeal" decisively contributed to the consolidation of the disparate opposition. gr. and circles into a united human rights movement. B.'s signature is also under the plural. other letters of protest 1967-68 and subsequent years. 25 Aug 1968 took part in a protest demonstration on Red Square against owls. the invasion of Czechoslovakia (together with K.I.Babitsky, N.E. Gorbanevskaya, V.N. Delone, V.A. Dremlyuga, P.M. Litvinov, V.Fainberg); arrested, sentenced to 4 years of exile, to-rui was serving in Vost. Siberia (Irkutsk region, Chuna settlement). Returning to Moscow, she continued to take part in the human rights movement. Together with her second husband, A.T. Marchenko, publ. in f. "Continent" Art. "The third is given", dedicated. problems of international discharge (1976). Took part in the issue. samizdat ist. g. "Memory" (1976-1984). In the end. 1986 appealed to a number of Soviet leaders. culture with an appeal to support the demand for the release of political prisoners. During the years of perestroika and post-perestroika, she took part in the preparation and work of Mezhdunar. societies. seminar (Dec. 1987); in the fall of 1989, when Moscow was restored to its new composition. Helsinki group, its associate was elected; since 1993 - member. reign of the Russian-Amer. Project gr. on human rights. Since 1991 he has been leading an educational seminar on human rights for societies. org-tions. The author of a number of Art. on the history and theory of the human rights movement.
BOGORAZ Vladimir Germanovich (before baptism - Natan Mendelevich, ps. - N.A.Tan; V.G.Tan) (1865, Ovruch Volyn province - 1936, approx. Rostov-on-Don), ethnographer, writer, rev. and societies. activist. Graduated from the Taganrog State University. In the beginning. 1880s - roar. populist, hands. Southrus. org-tion "Nar. will ", ed. last number "Narodnaya Volya". He spent three years in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 1889-98 - in exile in Kolyma. During the years of his stay in the Far North, B. became kr. ethnographer, studied the history of the Kolyma Cossacks, Yakuts, Yukaghirs, Chukchi, Eskimos. After exile he participated in ethnogr. exp., edited by J. "Beginning" and "Life" are the printed organs of the "legal Marxists". In anticipation. years studied in the main. lit-swarm, published 10 volumes of prose and book. poetry. Since 1921 - prof. Department of Ethnography Petrograd. geogr. in-that, taught in other universities. Ch. organizer of the Institute of the Peoples of the North in Leningrad (1930), participated in the creation of writing sowing. peoples, compiled the first dictionary and grammar of the Chukchi language. The author of monographs about the life of the peoples S.-V. Asia. Naib. Izv. 4-volume work "Chukchi" (published in Russia and the USA). Ed. B. came out sat. "Jewish town in the revolution" (M.-L., 1926).
BOGORIA, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1765, 271 Jews lived in Byelorussia and its environs, in 1787 in Byelorussia - 125 Jews (27.9%), in 1856 - 161 (29.1%), in 1897 - 575 (48.5%) , in 1921 - 450 Jews. In 1823–62 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1870s. Leiba-Leiser Velman was the rabbi in B. in the 1890s. - Leibus Schwartz. 1920-30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in October. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 600 people.
BOGORODCHANY, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 646 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 2202 (50%), in 1890 - 2505 (52%), in 1900 - 2219 (47% ), in 1910 - 1930 (41%), in 1921 - 730 (28%), in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the 17th century. The community has existed since the 18th century. Since 1720 Shimshon Geller was the rabbi. In 1785 there was a Jewish school in Byelorussia. In the 18th century. Jews earned their living by trade, the sale of alcoholic beverages, and crafts. Main objects of trade in 19 - early. 20th century there were manufactory, timber and timber. The Jews owned weaving workshops, sawmills, were engaged in leather dressing, shoemaking, and carriage. In the end. 19th century began the move of the Jews of B. to the kr. cities of Galicia and the United States. At the same time, active Zionist activities were carried on in Byelorussia. In 1896 the Ezras Yisroel organization was created, which was a branch of the Zion organization in Lvov. The purpose of the organization was to create in E.-I. settlements of immigrants from Galicia. In 1903, with the support of Baron Hirsch, a school was opened, which existed until 1937. In 1905, Hillel Langerman founded the Yeshiva Toras Chaim in B. In 1908, a school for girls was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In 1911 one of the Jews of Byelorussia received permission from the authorities to open a printing house. In 1915, the Cossacks committed a pogrom, several died. Jews, many were left homeless, the majority lost all their property. In 1929, with the support of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened in Byelorussia. In 1870, Meir Rappoport was rabbi of Byelorussia, then Uri-Shraga Schreier (? —1898), and Pinchas Horwitz (? —1920). In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. During the war in Byelorussia, there was an attempt at a Jewish pogrom by the local Ukrainian peasants. May 11, 1942 approx. 100 Jews of B. were sent to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk), November 24. 1942 - 70 more Jews.
BOGORODITSK, city (since 1777), regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1663. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1897, 57 Jews lived in Byelorussia, 26 in the county, 100 in 1910, 54 in 1926, and 54 in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
BOGORODSK, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bogorodskoe Gorbatovsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 411 (2.7%) in 1926, and 275 Jews in 1939. In 1876, Jews who were not assigned to the village were expelled from Byelorussia. By oct. 1915, approx. 400 Jewish refugees; with the assistance of Moscow. branches of the OPE opened a school and a hearth. In B. genus: Ya.I. Linkov; Valentin Izrailevich Fishkin (1928-1991), orthopedic surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. (1996).
BOGORODSKY, see Bogorodsk.
BOGOROV Veniamin Grigorievich (1904, Moscow - 1971, Kishinev), oceanologist, hydrobiologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1926), in the middle. 20s while still a student he participated in the flights of the first owl. n.-i. the vessel "Perseus" in the Barents m. Sotr. cr. arctic. exp. 30s .: on the icebreaker "Fedor Litke" along the entire route Sev. pestilence. routes from east to 3. (1934) and on the icebreaking steamer "Sadko" to the high latitudes of the Arctic approx. (1935). He worked in decomp. oceanographic in-takh of Moscow. One of the organizers of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. P.P. Shirshova, first deputy. dir. (1945-1961). Largely thanks to the efforts of B., the 1st Sov. Went into operation (1949). n.-i. ship "Vityaz", on which the scientist spent several. exp. In the 40-60s. prof. geogr. and biological soils. Faculty of Moscow State University. At the end of the 40s. headed the Department of Geography of Sowing. polar countries, in 1964 - the Department of Hydrobiology, Moscow State University. on plankton, biol. productivity of the seas Mir. ok., oceanography, history of science. The underwater ridge is named after B. in Japanese m. and n.-i. vessel. Became. pr. (1951).
BOGOTOL, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1893 as a railroad village. Since 1911 - the out-of-town town of the Mariinsky district. Tomsk Gubernia, in 1925 - the regional center of the Achinsk region. In 1912 582 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1918 - 840 (6.7%), in 1926 - 162 (1.9%), in 1939 - 81 Jews. lived in B. from the moment of foundation. In 1893 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1903 cases. from B. took part in the congress of Zionist circles and organizations in Tomsk. In the election of affairs. to Vseros. the Jewish Congress (1917), the Zionists won a victory in Belgium, receiving 125 votes (97.65%).
BOGOYAVLENSK, see Radkovka, Kherson region.
BOGRAD-PLEKHANOVA Rosalia Markovna (1856, Dobraya Kherson district and province - 1949, Paris), doctor, participant of the roar. movement. R. in the family of Heb. peasant colonist. In the beginning. 1870s, while studying in a private g-zy in Kherson, she became close to the roar. populists. In 1874 she entered the Higher Wives. honey. courses at the Military-med. academy in St. Petersburg. In the 2nd floor. 1870s adjoined to a secret roar. ob-wu "Land and Freedom", after its split (1879) - to the rev. org-tion "Black redistribution". In 1880 she went abroad, where she married G.V. Plekhanov, took part in the creation of the first growing up. Marxist, org-tion - gr. Emancipation of Labor (1883). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Geneva fur boots (1889), worked as a doctor, participated in the life of growing up. roar. emigration. Delegate to the Congress of the 2nd International in London (1896). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned with Plekhanov to Russia, took part in the activities of the Social-Democrats. group "Unity". In 1918 she ended up with her husband on the territory. Finland, after the death of Plekhanov, Ch. arr. in Switzerland, collected and systematized his archive, at the beginning. 1920s transferred it to the Public Library (Leningrad), where a department was created on its basis - the Plekhanov House. All R. 1920s returned to the USSR, was head. House of Plekhanov, prepared for publication collection of documents “Lit. the legacy of G.V. Plekhanov "(collection 1–8, Moscow, 1934–40). Since 1939 in France.
BOGROV Grigory Isaakovich (1825, Poltava - 1885, Derevki, Minsk Province), writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Sharply criticized the traditional life growing up. Jews in the autobiogr. "Notes of a Jew" (1871-73). Participated in the publication of J. "Rus. Jew "and" Dawn ". The author of the pov. and rom., written, like "Notes of a Jew", from an extremely assimilative position. He was baptized before death.
BOGROV Mordechai (Mordko) Gershkovich (Dmitry Grigorievich) (1887, Kiev - 1911, ibid.), Agent of the security department. The son of a lawyer and homeowner, grandson of the writer G.I.Bogrov. He graduated from the city of Kiev. From 1905 he studied law. f-those of Kiev un-that, close to the Social-Democrats, then to the Socialist-Revolutionaries-maximalists, in December. 1906 joined c. anarchist communists. From the end. 1906, on his own initiative, collaborated with the Kiev security department (under the nickname "Alensky"), reported information about the activities of anarchists and maximalists. Dec. 1907 - Jan. 1908, according to B.'s denunciations, the majority of members. gr. anarchist communists arrested. After graduating from un-that (1910) B. - pom. attorney at law in St. Petersburg, reported in St. Petersburg. security department information about the activities of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, in the 2nd half, 1910 tried to "for personal reasons" move away from the work of an informant, went "for treatment" to France. Since March 1911 in Kiev, member. circle of anarchists-communists in Kiev un-those. In Aug.-Sep. 1911 met several times from the beginning. Kiev security department. N.N.Kulyabko, with the consent of senior officials Dep. police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs received a personal pass to the Kiev Opera House for a performance in honor of the imp. Nicholas II. During the second intermission, shots at point-blank range mortally wounded before. Of the Council of Ministers of P.A. Stolypin. The motives of the assassination attempt remained unclear: according to B., this act was "improvisation" and not polit. revenge. According to the authorities, B. - “Chl. a criminal community that has set the goal of violence. changing the way of government existing in the country ”. Kiev military-env. the court sentenced B. to death (hanged on 12 September 1911). According to the results of the Senate investigation of the State. the council placed the blame for the murder of Stolypin on the highest ranks of the secret police, but Nicholas II stopped further proceedings.
BOGUCHAR, city, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1717 as a settlement of the Bogucharsky yurt. From 1765 - in the Ostrogozh province of the Slobodsko-Ukrainian province, from 1779 - the district town of the Voronezh governorship, from 1802 - the province. In 1910, 93 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 7 (0.09%), in 1939 - 6 Jews In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1915, the Jewish community of Byelorussia accepted 110 Jewish refugees.
BOGUCHARSKY YURT, see Boguchar.
BOGUSHEVICH, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Igumensky u. Minsk province. 61 Jews (11.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Since 1878 Shloyme Velitovsky was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In May 1925, a Jewish farmer was established 3 versts from Byelorussia. artel named after Maurice Vinchevsky. Born in B. Khaim Rubinovich Karasik (1902-1966), Major General (1944).
BOGUSHEVSK, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Senno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1923, 371 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 390 (33.1%), in 1939 - 569 Jews. After the occupation of Byelorussia by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created. 5 Sep 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 60 Jews, in 1942 - more than 600. After 1945, the remains of the victims were reburied in the Jewish cemetery. A monument is erected on the grave. In 1998, approx. 10 Jews in B. Boris Davydovich Supryan (1904-1967, Kazan), major general tank. troops (1945), early. armored vehicle. Directorate of the Airborne Forces Sov. Army, Nagr. 7 ord.
BOGUSLAV, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1195.Since the 1360s. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, since 1569 - the city of the Kiev povet and voivodship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1796 - the district town of the Kiev governorship, then the Kiev province., from 1837 - the town of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. From 1932 it was the regional center of the Kiev Region. In 1765, 574 (according to other data, 123) Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1775 - 251, in 1784 - 622, in 1797 - 1288, in 1847 - 5294, in 1863 - 6980, in 1897 - 7445 (65.5%), in 1910 - 14 236 (72%), in 1923 - 7239, in 1926 - 6432 (53%), in 1939 - 2230, in 1989 - 179 Jews. Jews lived in B . from the beginning. 17th century The Jewish population suffered from the raids of the Cossacks (1702) and the Haidamaks (1768). In the 18th century. the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in trade (including with Leipzig and Frankfurt). All R. 18th century Hevra Kaddish was in effect The rabbis in Bulgaria in the 18th century there were Moishe-Eikel Gurevich, Avrum Rapoport, Dovid Kruglyak. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population of Byelorussia is trade and small crafts. In the beginning. 19th century in B. there was a Jewish printing house. All R. 19th century Boguslavskaya drinking lease belonged to the merchant of the 1st guild Gersh Balakhovsky, at the end. 19th century in the property of the merchant Mordko Yuzefov was a cloth factory, the distillery was rented by Khaya Nemirovskaya. In 1863 there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 16 synagogues (the Great, according to legend, founded in the 17th century) and 15 artisan synagogues (shoemakers, weavers, tailors, furriers, carpenters, etc.). at the end. 18 - early. 19th century, there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. Since 1895, Iosif Zaslavsky and Pinchas-Avrum Berger have been rabbis in Bulgaria. In 1901 a Talmud Torah functioned in Bulgaria (in 1909, 130 students), a private husband. M. Ginzburg school, wives. school K. Ginsberg, in 1909 - a hospital, an almshouse, a welfare society for orphans, an allowance for the poor, 3 private husbands. uch-schA and St. 20 heders (total 400 students), 3 women. school (including one free; only 150 students), school of the 2nd category, created. local educate. about-vom (over 50 students). Since 1910, the Society for the care of poor children of Jews operated, in 1912 - the Jewish loan-savings. m-in. The amount of boxed collection in the 1900s reached 6 thousand rubles. a year (2.6 thousand rubles were spent on the needs of the community). war in April. 1919 Byelorussia was captured, plundered, and burned by the troops of the Directory; the synagogue building was damaged; the pogrom lasted approx. 20 days. During the pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army on 3 Sept. 1919, 40 Jews were killed. Jewish self-defense was set up in Byelorussia, which stopped the pogrom; the pogrom was stopped in December. 1919. Self-defense numbered approx. 1 thousand fighters, the city became a refuge for Jews from neighboring towns and villages. Societies. D.A. Luchinsky was the rabbi in B. at that time. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was opened in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 1920s there was illegal activity in B. Zionist organization. On Sept. 1922 a group of Zionists was arrested in Byelorussia. On July 26, 1941, Byelorussia was occupied by Germans. troops. 15 Sep 1941 322 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. After the liberation of the city in 1944, the Jewish community was revived, in 1947 a synagogue was opened, in 1948 there was an illegal. minyan. After 1988, some of the Jews of Byelorussia left for Israel. In 1996, an act of vandalism was committed at the Jewish cemetery. In the 1990s. a monument to the victims of Nazism was erected in B., a society of Jewish culture was established, and a Jewish library was opened. In 1999, according to estimates, 105 Jews lived in B. In B. Goldenberg, D.H. Gokhberg ; Sonya Tuchinskaya (1902-1987, Kazatin, Ukraine), poet, verse. included in the anthology "Jewish Poetesses" (Chicago, 1928); Mikhail Naumovich Feller (b. 1928), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1989), prof. (1992), specialist in mat. analysis. I. Bertenson lived and worked in B.
BOGUSLAVISHKI, see Bagaslaviskis.
BOGUSLAVSKY Mikhail Solomonovich (1886, Kryukov of the Kremenchug district of Poltava province - 1937), polit. and state. activist. The tailor's son. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. From the age of 12 he was an apprentice in a printing house in Kremenchug, then a typesetter in Kharkov. In 1905-17, members. Socialist. Heb. workers' party. He was arrested several times. From Feb 1917 - member. RSDLP, deputy. prev. Kremenchug Council, after Oct. - prev. city ​​council. From Feb 1918 members first CEC and Nar. Secretariat (pr-va) of Ukraine, people. sec. finance. In 1918, before. Voronezh City Council, then secretary. VUTSIK, secretary Political administration of the Red Army, secretary Kharkov Provincial Committee of CP (b) U (1919). From May 1920 he worked in Moscow in the Glavpolit-Way (head of the political department), then at work in the trade unions - before. Central Committee of the Trade Union of Printers (until 1921). Since 1921, members Moscow city ​​party committee of the Presidium of the Moscow City Council, then - deputy. prev. Mossovet (until Jan. 1924). Since 1924 - deputy. prev. Ch. management of state. insurance, from Sept. 1924 prev. Small Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since 1928, deputy. prev. Sib. regional planning commission, member of the Western-Sib. regional executive committee (Novosibirsk). In 1932–36 - early. building of the mining equipment plant "Sibmashstroy". Elected member. VTsIK. In 1920-21 he was a member of the group. "Democratic. centralism ", denied the leading role of the party in the Soviets and trade unions, demanded freedom of factions and groupings. In 1923-28 - in the Trotskyist opposition, in 1927 he was expelled from the party, in 1930 he was reinstated, in 1936 after his arrest he was expelled in absentia. In Jan. 1937 in the case of the so-called. "Parallel Trotskyist Center" sentenced to death.
BOGUSLAVSKY Veniamin Moiseevich (b. 1908, Krivoy Rog, Ekaterinoslavskaya province), historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from the Planning Institute. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky in Moscow (1934). He taught philosophy at Moscow. universities (1st and 2nd pedagogical institutes, Ministry of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov), scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy RAS (since 1971), professor-consultant of this institute (since 1981). European history specialist Philosophy, Cit .: At the origins of the French. atheism and materialism, M., 1964; LaMetrie, M., 1977; Etienne Bonneau de Condillac, M., 1984; Skepticism in philosophy, M., 1990; Cultural-ist. dialectics of Pascal's epistemology, in the book: Philosophy and History of Culture, M., 1985.
BOIM Alexander Solomonovich (b. 1938, Moscow), painter, theater and film designer. Son of S.S.Boim. Graduated from the Moscow Art School (1957), studied at VGIK (1957–63), where Yu.I. Pimenov and F.S. Bogorodsky taught. Hud.-post. almost forty films, including "The City of Masters", "The Deer King", "Stalker", "The Rescuer", "Autumn", etc. He has designed about sixty performances, including "Pippi Long Stocking", "Minor" , "Distant countries of the world", "Othello" and others. Since 1983 B. teaches painting at the Moscow Art Theater School (University) named after. Owner Nemirovich-Danchenko. Post, participant of the All-Union and nick. exhibitions where he exhibits paintings and theatrical sketches. The first personal exhibition in Moscow in 1992. B.'s works are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Union of Artists of the USSR, b. The Ministry of Culture of the USSR, the Ministry of Culture of Russia, as well as in private zarub collection
BOIM Rakhil Solomonovna (b. 1928, Moscow), graphic artist. Daughter of S.S.Boim. Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Art. V.I.Surikov (1953), where they taught M.S. Rodionov, M.A. Dobrov, M.M. Cheremnykh, N.A. Ponomarev, Yu.P. Reiner. Works in the techniques of gouache, lithography, but prefers aqua. Since 1971 he has been constantly participating in creative travels of aquatic artists. for collecting natural material and creating aqu. sheets (ser. "In the Altai Mountains", "Memories of Karelia", "In the tundra", "In the Far East", etc.). Since 1952 he has been participating in all-Union, regional and foreign affairs. exhibitions. He held a number of personal exhibitions. Works by B. are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Union of Artists of the USSR, b. Min-va of culture of the USSR, min-va of culture of Russia, as well as in private zarub, collection.
BOIM Solomon Samsonovich (1899, Dmitriev, Kursk province - 1978, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at VKHUTEIN (1922–23) under N.N. Kupreyanov, P.I. Lvov, P.V. Miturich. He worked as an illustrator, created. a series of autolithographs about Moscow. Taught rice. in the studio of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, as well as lithography and aqu. at the Moscow State Institute of Art. V.I.Surikov (1937–41). During the war years 1941–45 ch. thin Baltic Fleet, created a large number of portrait sketches of sailors and officers, antifash. posters and leaflets, as well as ser. gouache and aqu. "Leningrad in the blockade". Osn. themes of B.'s creativity - Leningrad, the sea, the navy (series "Nakhimovtsy", "Baltika", "At the enemy shores", etc.). Favorite technique - aqu. (ser. "Moscow", portraits of cultural figures). The first personal exhibition in Moscow in 1944. Since 1946 participates in the All-Union Union, Rep. and nick. exhibitions. Works of B. are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Directorate of exhibitions of the USSR, b. Min-va of culture of the USSR, min-va of culture of Russia, as well as in zarub. collection
BOKOVO, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bokovo (other name. Malanka) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 96 Jews (6.6%) lived in Byelorussia.
SIDE-ANTHRACITE, see Anthracite.
BOKSHTEIN Ilya Veniaminovich (b. 1937, Moscow), societies. activist. One of the most active participants in youth gatherings on pl. Mayakovsky in Moscow in 1958–61. According to reviews of other participants in these meetings, the student of the Library Institute B. was distinguished by increased polit. activity of a sharply oppositional character. In aug. 1961 was arrested; he, V.N. Osipov and E.S. Kuznetsov, were charged with anti-Sov. agitation, an attempt to create anti-Soviet. organizations and terrorist. intentions towards N.S. Khrushchev. On Feb. 1962 sentenced to 5 years in labor camps; served his sentence in Dubrovlag (Mordovia). Since 1972 in Israel; in different years in the Russian-language Western and Israeli press was published. several collections of his poems.
BOKSHTEIN Meer Feliksovich (b. 1913, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1942). Prof. (1947). Graduated from Moscow State University (1936). He worked in Moscow. Aviation technol. in-those (1943-62), in Moscow. ped. Institute (since 1962). Main Results in Algebra and Topology, Works: Homologich. topological invariants spaces, parts 1-2, Tr. Moscow Mat. about-va, v. 5-6, (1956-57).
BOKSITOGORSK, city (since 1950), regional center in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1935. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia after 1945. 1940s - early. 1950s Jews who were deported from Leningrad (present-day Petersburg) moved to B. 1990s with the support of the Joint, the Mir family club was founded in B. In 1999, approx. 90 Jews.
BOLBOKA, see Basin.
BOLDURESHTI (until 1991 - Baldureshti), a village in the Nisporen region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In July 1941, all the Jews of Byelorussia were shot. In 1990, the remains of the victims were reburied in accordance with the laws of Judaism.
BOLDURESHTI, see Balduresti.
BOLEKHOV, city (since 1940) in the Dolinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1371. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, approx. 1,300 Jews, in 1859 - c. 2700 (73%), in 1870 - approx. 2900 (72%), in 1880 - 3101 (76.5%), in 1890 - 3323 (80%), in 1910 - 3085 (78%), in 1921 - 2433 (80%), in 1931 - 2986 Jews. The Jewish community arose in Bulgaria at the beginning. 17th century Jews were allowed to live in the center of the city, where a synagogue was built; on the outskirts of B., a Jewish cemetery was opened. Jews were engaged in the sale of salt, the production of alcohol and vodka, and imported large quantities of spices and wines from Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. main the occupation of the Jews of B. was the dressing of leather. Rabbi B. in 1824-32 was Yakov-Yokel Horovets, in 1832-64 - his son Menachem-Mendel (? -1864), in 1879-1902 - the son of Menachem-Mendel Levi, in 1902-30 - Yosef-Pinhos Landa ( ? —1930). From the end. 19th century Burma is one of the centers of Hasidism in Galicia. The first Hasidic dynasty in Byelorussia was headed by Yehoshua-Geshel Padva (? —1904), since 1904 - by his son-in-law Shloimo-Chaim Perlov (1880-1943, Stryi), the author of a number of books on the philosophy of Hasidism. From ser. 19th century the activity of representatives of the Haskala became more active in B. In the 1840s. a Jewish hospital was opened, in 1856 - a Jewish school, in which they studied Hebrew, Polish., German. lang. Since 1894 the Zionist organization "Tikvas Zion" has been operating. From 1902 there was a school for girls with teaching in Hebrew "Toshiya", from 1908 - a school for boys. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a Jewish bank was opened. 1939 a self-defense detachment was created in Byelorussia. On July 6, 1941, B. was occupied by units of the Hungarian and Slovak armies. In the end. July 1941 several. dozens of B. Jews were shot by Ukrainian. policemen. In aug. 1941 B. came under control. germ. authorities. The Judenrat was created, headed by A. Reifazen (? -1941). In the summer of 1941, approx. 100 Jews from Transcarpathia, October 29. 1941 shot approx. 1 thousand Jews B. In the beginning. Aug 1942 was shot ca. 2 thousand Jews. After this "action" a ghetto was created. In oct. 1942 approx. 400 Jews were sent to the extermination camp in November. 1942 - c. 300 Jews. In the end. nov. 1942 a workers' camp was established in Byelorussia. 23 Aug 1943 the ghetto and camp were destroyed, approx. 1200 Jews. After the liberation of B. on August 9. 1944 45 Jews returned to Byelorussia, hiding in the surrounding villages and fighting in partisans. detachments. In 1945–46, most of the remaining Jews of Byelorussia left for Poland. The buildings of 3 synagogues and the old Jewish cemetery have survived. Z. Wagner
BOLESLAWEC, a city (since 1250) in the Wroclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Boleslawiec Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 90 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 57 (8.3%), in 1827 - 157 (19%), in 1857 - 298 (30%), in 1897 - 407 (30.2%). ), in 1921 - 546 (29.4%), in 1939 - 504 Jews. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the middle. 18th century They earned their living by small trade and crafts, rented taverns, several. families engaged in villages. x-vom. There was a community in B. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Rabbi B. was Moishe-Yehiel Barlakh, in the 1920s and 30s. - I.I. Benitz. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. From the end. 1920s active Zionist activity was carried out. 2nd world. During the war, most of the Jews left B. In the end. Aug 1941 there were no Jews in Byelorussia. In 1945, 8 Jews returned to Byelorussia. They were all killed in October. 1945 members of the armed Polish. underground organization.
BOLESLAVECE, see Boleslawiec.
BOLESLAVSKY Isaak Efremovich (1919, Zolotonosha, Poltava province, - 1977, Minsk), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950), zm USSR (1948). Honored. USSR coach (1964); coach and second TV Petrosyan (1959–69), Olymp. teams of the USSR (1958–70). Graduated from Sverdlovsk University, philologist, a pretender for peace. championship in the 1950s. Participant of 11 USSR championships; best results: 1945 and 1947 - 2nd place. As part of the USSR team, the winner of the Olympics (1952). Champion of Ukraine (1938, 1939, 1940), RSFSR (1946), Belarus (1952 and 1964). International Winner tournament in Debrecen (1961). He made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory. Works: Izbr. parties, M., 1957.
BULGARKA, see Springs.
BOLGRAD, city, regional center in Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1821 as a county town within Ros. empire. From 1856 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, provincial town of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 1196 Jews (9.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 1419 (10.2%), in 1930 - 1222 Jews (8, 6%) In 1869, an attempt was made to expel Jews from Bulgaria. In B. there was a Jewish cemetery, a Talmud-Torah functioned since 1898, Bikur Holim since 1903, and a Jewish library since 1904. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: from 1894, Mates Morgenstern, and from 1908, Itshok Mailer (1857—?). In 1910 there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1917 the Jews of Byelorussia donated 100 rifles for Jewish self-defense to Tarutino. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school with teaching in Hebrew worked. July 20, 1941 troops entered B. It was killed approx. 400 Jews and a camp was created for Jews from other districts of Moldova. 2 Sep 1941 rum. the troops shot 126 Jews. In oct. 1941 Jews from the camp (several hundred people) were deported to Transnistria. In 1946, the building of one of the synagogues was transferred to a mill. In B. the family: V.A. Moskovich; Yuri Antonovich Kolesnikov (real family member Goldstein) (b. 1922), intelligence officer, writer, colonel, Hero of Russia (1996).
BOLIMOV, see Bolimov.
BOLIMOV, a city (from the middle of the 14th century) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Bolimov of Lovichsky u. In 1793, 33 Jews (10%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 123 (20%), in 1827 233 (24%), in 1857 339 (30%), in 1897 302 (21% ), in 1921 - 259 (23%), in 1939 - 235 Jews. 18th century in B. settled several. Jews who rented roadside inns. In the 18-19 centuries. the small Jewish community of B. was subordinate to the community of Lubich. Ephraim-Boruch Engelman was rabbi of B. in 1860–65, and Dovid Silman, in 1904–12. There was a synagogue and a cemetery. During the 1st world. During the war, heavy battles were fought in the vicinity of Byelorussia. B. was completely destroyed, almost all Jews fled to Lubich and Warsaw. After the end of the war, most of them returned to B. Mendel Meisels became the rabbi of the community. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties and movements. At the same time, a mutual aid fund was created, a library was opened. 2nd world. During the war, there were many refugees in Byelorussia. To the end. By 1940 the number of Jews in Byelorussia reached 500. The Judenrat was established, and in May 1940 a ghetto and a Jewish police force were established. In March 1942, all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto.
BOLBINOVO, see Indra.
HOSPITALS, see Balninkai.
BIG, see Balsya.
BOLSHAA ALEXANDROVKA, see [[Velikaya Alexandrovka.
BIG BELOZERKA, see [[Great Belozerka.
BOLSHA BESTOVITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1947), regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velikaya Berestovitsa (other name. Brzhestovitsa) Grodno u. and lips. In 1920-39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the BSSR. In 1847 854 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 550, in 1897 - 963 (60.9%), in 1931 - 720 Jews In 1836–56, the rabbi in Byelorussia was Avrom-Tzvi-Hirsch Aizenstadt (1813–1868), from the end of the 19th century. 1890s - Joseph Ravich (1870 -?) During the Holocaust, 411 Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the ghetto decomp. mountains. Poland, in B. I.-L. Rabinovich.
BOLSHA GRINEVSHINA, a village in the Shumyachsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Grinevschina Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. In 1869 in B.G. 94 Jews lived.
GREAT PETITCHA, see [[Great Lepetikha.
BIG PISAREVKA, see [[Velikaya Pisarevka.
BIG ROMANOVKA, see Romanovka.
BIG SEIDEMENUKH, see Kalininskoe.
BIG WHISKEY, see [[Great Temple.
BIG SIGN, see [[Great Znamenka.
MORE CHITKAN, see Chitkan.
BOLSHERECH'E, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolsheretskoe Tara env. Tobolsk province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOLSHERETSKY, see Bolsherechye.
BOLSHIE CHUCHEVICHI (Velikie Chuchevichi), a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, d. Chuchevichi Velikie Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 64 Jews lived in B. Ch.. 1941 in B. Ch. 30 Jews were shot.
LARGE PLIERS, see [[Great Pliers.
LARGE NIZGURS, see [[Great Nizgurians.
GREAT SOLARS, see Shalchininkai.
BOLSHIE YAKOVCHITSY, a village in the Zhabinsky district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Yakovlevo in Kobrin district Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1849, 14 Jewish families lived in B. Ya., In 1898 - 354 Jews, in 1921 - 155 Jews. 19th century There was a synagogue in B. Ya. During the Holocaust, the Jews of B. Ya. were deported to the Drogichin ghetto. Jews B. Ya. Were shot on July 26 and October 15. 1942.
BOLSHOE MURASHKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1959), regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Knyagininsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1915, 120 Jews (refugees) lived in BM, in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 5 Jews.
BOLSHOE POLPINO, urban-type settlement (since 1933) of the Volodarsky District Council of Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Polpino of Bryansk u. Orel province. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in B.P.
BOLSHOE SHABUNINO, a village in Kholm-Zhirkovsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk province. In the fall of 1941 in B. Sh. 20-25 Jews from the adjoining regions were burnt.
BIG STOLLISHCHE, see Stodolishche.
BOLSHOVTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 178 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, in 1880 - 1760 (60%), in 1890 - 2658 (76%), in 1900 - 2256 (57% ), in 1910 - 2438 (53%), in 1920 - 825 (38%), in 1931 - approx. 1200 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from 1635. The community existed from the end. 18th century In the end. 19th century B. Rabbi was Zeev Hammer, in the beginning. 20th century - Shimon Gotesman, from the end. 1920s until 1939 - Shlomo Kaper. In the beginning. 20th century the Zionist organization "Bnei Zion" was created. In the beginning. 20th century Jews earned their living by small trade (70%), crafts (22%), p. x-vom (3%). In the 1930s. with the support of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. The school of the “Tarbut” network and the library worked. 21 Sept. 1942 approx. 200 Jews were sent to the extermination camp Belzec, 26 October. 1942 the rest of the Jews were sent to Belzec.
BIG COAST, does not exist now. Main in 1855. In 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 19th century 30 Jewish families lived in BB.
BIG LOG, see [[Great Log.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БОЛЬШОЙ НАГАРТАВ, в составе (с 1956) поселка городского типа Березнеговатое (Украина). В 19 — нач. 20 в. — еврейская земледельч. колония в Херсонском у. Херсонской губ. Выделилась в 1811 из созд. в 1809 колонии Нагартав (на иврите Нагар тов — Хорошая река).В 1815 в Б. Н. проживало 424 чел. (72 семьи), в 1846 — 403 (119 семей), в 1859 — 882 (104 двора), в 1887 — 978 (90 х-в, в т. ч. 4 х-ва немцев-колонистов), в 1897 — 1300 евреев (90%), в 1912 — 1798 (58%), в 1924 — 1481 житель, в 1926 — 1507 евреев.Первые евреи в Б.Н. — выходцы из Минской и Могилевской губ. В 1840—46 действовала казенная нач. школа с обучением на идише и рус. яз. (осн. видным деятелем Гаскалы Г.Гезеановским). С 1847 Б. Н. — адм. центр еврейских земледельч. колоний Херсонской губ., где разместилась контора Попечительского к-та об иностр. колонистах Южного края. В 1850 создана Нагартавская окружная лечебница на 25 коек, обслуживавшая 11 колоний (первая сел. стационарная лечебница в Херсонской губ., с 1874 передана в ведение уездного земства, половина мест выделена евреям-колонистам, для к-рых готовилась кошерная пища, в 1898—99 больница отстроена заново, часть корпусов сохранена в составе Березнеговатовской р-ной больницы). В 1874 открыта земская аптека (первая сел. аптека в губернии), к кон. 19 в. в Б. Н. действовали 3 синагоги, обществ. нач. школа, баня, 3 лавки, 2 лесных склада; 70% взрослого населения было грамотным. Имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1912 в Б. Н. было 4 синагоги, работало нар. еврейское 2-классное уч-ще (осн. в 1902). В 1912 в Б. Н. было создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1898—99 земледелием занималось 149 семей (921 чел.), владевших 2460 дес. надельной земли, из них 1853 дес. использовалось под посевы (в среднем на семью соответственно 14,9 и 12,4 дес.); под пшеницей находилось 952 дес. (51,4%), ячменем — 636 (34,3%), рожью — 231 дес. (12,5%), сеяли также овес, просо, лен; 191 дес. занимали сенокосы. В колонии насчитывалось 336 лошадей, 256 коров. По данным с.-х. переписи 1916, население Б. Н. составляло 1556 чел. (х-в — 254, земли — 3855 дес.); имелись мельница и маслобойня. В 1904—07 отмечен выезд неск. семей из Б. Н. в еврейские колонии в Аргентине.В июне 1899 в Б. Н. произошел погром, в 1905—06 и в 1918—20 погромы повторились. В 1913 в Б. Н. возник первый сионистский кружок. В годы Гражд. войны х-во колонии понесло большой ущерб: в 1923 ок. 100 х-в не имели скота (в 1897 — 17). Мн. жители умерли во время эпидемий тифа и холеры (помощь пострадавшим от погромов и голодающим оказывали АРА, ЕКО и Джойнт). В 1917—25 в Б. Н. активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции (с 1922 — подпольно), в т. ч. «Ге-Халуц». Б. Н. использовался как база для подготовки молодежи к с.-х. труду в Э.-И. С 1920 Б. Н. — центр сельсовета (в 1926 объединен с Мало-Нагартавским сельсоветом, с 1927 — Нагартавский еврейский нац. сельсовет). В 1921—25 действовал дет. дом для сирот; работали потребит. кооперация, ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920-х гг. в Б. Н. закрыты 3 синагоги. В 1928—29 жители объединены в т-ва по совм. обработке земли, в 1930 созданы 3 колхоза, специализировавшиеся в обл. произ-ва зерна, животноводства и огородничества. В 1935 еврейская 4-классная школа преобразована в семилетку. В этом же году хирург И.Е. Картава создал школу мед. сестер.В 1941 после оккупации Б. Н. герм. войсками было расстреляно 865 женщин, детей и стариков. После 1945 останки погибших захоронены на действующем еврейском кладбище, на братской могиле воздвигнут памятник.В Б.Н. род.: И.Симхони; Бецалель Вилишанский (1898—1980, Мельбурн), раввин, один из активных деятелей любавичского хасидизма в 1920—40-х гг., с 1949 — в Австралии.И.М.Шайкин, pronunciation=БОЛЬШОЙ НАГАРТАВ, в составе (с 1956) поселка городского типа Березнеговатое (Украина). В 19 — нач. 20 в. — еврейская земледельч. колония в Херсонском у. Херсонской губ. Выделилась в 1811 из созд. в 1809 колонии Нагартав (на иврите Нагар тов — Хорошая река).В 1815 в Б. Н. проживало 424 чел. (72 семьи), в 1846 — 403 (119 семей), в 1859 — 882 (104 двора), в 1887 — 978 (90 х-в, в т. ч. 4 х-ва немцев-колонистов), в 1897 — 1300 евреев (90%), в 1912 — 1798 (58%), в 1924 — 1481 житель, в 1926 — 1507 евреев.Первые евреи в Б.Н. — выходцы из Минской и Могилевской губ. В 1840—46 действовала казенная нач. школа с обучением на идише и рус. яз. (осн. видным деятелем Гаскалы Г.Гезеановским). С 1847 Б. Н. — адм. центр еврейских земледельч. колоний Херсонской губ., где разместилась контора Попечительского к-та об иностр. колонистах Южного края. В 1850 создана Нагартавская окружная лечебница на 25 коек, обслуживавшая 11 колоний (первая сел. стационарная лечебница в Херсонской губ., с 1874 передана в ведение уездного земства, половина мест выделена евреям-колонистам, для к-рых готовилась кошерная пища, в 1898—99 больница отстроена заново, часть корпусов сохранена в составе Березнеговатовской р-ной больницы). В 1874 открыта земская аптека (первая сел. аптека в губернии), к кон. 19 в. в Б. Н. действовали 3 синагоги, обществ. нач. школа, баня, 3 лавки, 2 лесных склада; 70% взрослого населения было грамотным. Имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1912 в Б. Н. было 4 синагоги, работало нар. еврейское 2-классное уч-ще (осн. в 1902). В 1912 в Б. Н. было создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1898—99 земледелием занималось 149 семей (921 чел.), владевших 2460 дес. надельной земли, из них 1853 дес. использовалось под посевы (в среднем на семью соответственно 14,9 и 12,4 дес.); под пшеницей находилось 952 дес. (51,4%), ячменем — 636 (34,3%), рожью — 231 дес. (12,5%), сеяли также овес, просо, лен; 191 дес. занимали сенокосы. В колонии насчитывалось 336 лошадей, 256 коров. По данным с.-х. переписи 1916, население Б. Н. составляло 1556 чел. (х-в — 254, земли — 3855 дес.); имелись мельница и маслобойня. В 1904—07 отмечен выезд неск. семей из Б. Н. в еврейские колонии в Аргентине.В июне 1899 в Б. Н. произошел погром, в 1905—06 и в 1918—20 погромы повторились. В 1913 в Б. Н. возник первый сионистский кружок. В годы Гражд. войны х-во колонии понесло большой ущерб: в 1923 ок. 100 х-в не имели скота (в 1897 — 17). Мн. жители умерли во время эпидемий тифа и холеры (помощь пострадавшим от погромов и голодающим оказывали АРА, ЕКО и Джойнт). В 1917—25 в Б. Н. активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции (с 1922 — подпольно), в т. ч. «Ге-Халуц». Б. Н. использовался как база для подготовки молодежи к с.-х. труду в Э.-И. С 1920 Б. Н. — центр сельсовета (в 1926 объединен с Мало-Нагартавским сельсоветом, с 1927 — Нагартавский еврейский нац. сельсовет). В 1921—25 действовал дет. дом для сирот; работали потребит. кооперация, ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920-х гг. в Б. Н. закрыты 3 синагоги. В 1928—29 жители объединены в т-ва по совм. обработке земли, в 1930 созданы 3 колхоза, специализировавшиеся в обл. произ-ва зерна, животноводства и огородничества. В 1935 еврейская 4-классная школа преобразована в семилетку. В этом же году хирург И.Е. Картава создал школу мед. сестер.В 1941 после оккупации Б. Н. герм. войсками было расстреляно 865 женщин, детей и стариков. После 1945 останки погибших захоронены на действующем еврейском кладбище, на братской могиле воздвигнут памятник.В Б.Н. род.: И.Симхони; Бецалель Вилишанский (1898—1980, Мельбурн), раввин, один из активных деятелей любавичского хасидизма в 1920—40-х гг., с 1949 — в Австралии.И.М.Шайкин, extra_data="{'translat...")
BIG TOKMAK, see Tokmak.
BOLKHOV, city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 13th century From 1778 it was the district town of the Oryol governorship, then the province. In 1897 44 Jews lived in Byelorussia, 15 Jews in the district, 98 in 1910, 39 (0.2%) in 1926, and 53 in 1939. In 1910, Byelorussia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of Byelorussia grew at the expense of Jewish refugees. In 1915, 25 Jews arrived in Bulgaria. Alexander Viktorovich Zataevich (1869-1936, Moscow), composer, one of the founders of the Kazakh. php. music.
BOLNISI (until 1921 - Yekaterinfeld, in 1921–43 - Luxsemburgi), a city (since 1967), a regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Borchali u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 92 Jews living in Georgia (including 66 Georgian Jews), in 1939 - 10, in 1959 - 6, in 1970 - 19, in 1979 - 22 Jews.
BOLOGOE, a city (since 1926), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Valdaysky settlement Novgorod gubernia. In 1901, approx. 100 Jews, in 1905 - 145, in 1923 - 192 (2.1%), in 1926 - 178 (1.6%), in 1939 - 136 Jews. the Jewish population turned to the governor with requests for permission to open a temporary prayer house on holidays; requests were granted. In 1901, the Jews of Byelorussia submitted a petition for a post. synagogues, which they were denied. In 1905 Min. affairs at the new request of the Jews allowed the arrangement in B. post. synagogues, the duties of a rabbi in a cut were performed by the rabbi of Kronstadt and Oranienbaum Livshits.
BOLOKHOVKA, see Bolokhovo.
BOLOKHOVO, a city (since 1943) in the Kireevsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 1570s At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bolokhovka, Tula u. In 1939, 45 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOLOTIN Adolf Borisovich (b. 1925, Kharkov), physicist. Dr. phys.-math. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Vilnius University (1949). Prof. (1969). Since 1949 he has been working at the department of theoretical. Physics of Vilnius University: assistant (1949–50), senior teacher (1950–54), associate professor (1954–67), since 1967 prof. Developed, improved and applied methods for calculating intensities in atomic structures, multicenter integrals for the theory of molecular spectra, structure, dipole moments and polarizabilities of complex organic molecules. Developed the technique of constructing Feynman diagrams in field perturbation theory for complex atoms. Author of 250 scientific. tr. on various problems of quantum chemistry, atomic and molecular spectroscopy and monographs: "Group theory and its application in quantum mechanics of molecules" (1973), "Multicenter integrals" (1974), "Quantum chemistry" (in Lithuanian yaz., 1981), “Application of the theory of representations of symmetry groups in the theory of continuous groups in molecular spectroscopy” (1987), “Application of the theory of special functions in quantum mechanics” (in literary language, 1988), “Quantum mechanics” (1989) and “Lectures on the theory of symmetry crystals "(1993). Honored. Lithuanian teacher. SSR.
BOLOTIN Isidor Mikhailovich (real name and surname Israel Ruvimovich Bolotny) (1907, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1961, Minsk), singer (lyric-dramatic tenor). Studied with V.A. Tsvetkov and A.P. Bonachich. He made his debut in 1931 as the Astrologer (The Golden Cockerel by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Belarusian op. And ballet studio). In 1933–61 (with a break), the soloist of Belarus. t-ra op. and ballet. Performed the parts in Belarusian. nat. op .: Savki ("In the forests of Polesye" by A.V. Bogatyrev), Konrad ("Flower of Happiness" by A.E. Turenkov), Mikhas ("Mikhas Podgorny" by E.K. Tikotsky). The best parts of the opera classics: Lensky (Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky), Dubrovsky (Dubrovsky by E. F. Napravnik), The Fool (Boris Godunov by M. Mussorgsky), Duke (Rigoletto by G. Verdi), Vasek ("The Bartered Bride" by B. Smetana), etc. He had a high vocal culture and a bright stage performance. talent. He acted as a conc. singer. Has toured abroad. Nar. art. BSSR (1944).
BOLOTINO, see Balatina.
BOLOTNOE, a city (since 1943), a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novonikolaevsky u. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 23 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOLOTOVSKY Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1950). Since 1951 he has been working in Phys. in-those them. P.N. Lebedev of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). scientific. works on physics of accelerators, classical electrodynamics, history of science. The most important works on the theory of the passage of charges. particles through dielectric and plasma. One of the first studies. wake waves, considered the radiation of a uniformly moving charge flying past the optic. heterogeneity. Studied the theory of Vavilov - Cherenkov radiation in a gyrotropic medium. Created a theory of radiation sources moving at a speed exceeding the speed of light in a medium. Recent years. is actively engaged in the history of physics. Author approx. 170 scientific. works, the monograph "Oliver Heaviside" (M., 1985) and the popular book. "Radiation Vavilov-Cherenkov" (Moscow, 1963) and "Electron. environment, radiation "(M., 1988). Participated in the first full lane. in Russian lang. “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” by J.C. Maxwell (M., 1989).
Ilya BOLOTOVSKY (1907, Petersburg - 1981, New York), artist, teacher. Since 1923 - in the USA. Studied at Nat. Academy of Design in New York (1924-30) and University of Wyoming (1949-51). Since 1946 he has been teaching. activities in colleges and high fur boots of the USA as prof. lawsuit. Member decomp. thin associations and federations (American abstract painters, Federation of contemporary artists and sculptors, etc.). Among the naib. Izv. works B .: wall paintings for medical, uch. and a cult of buildings in New York and other cities in the USA (Hall of Medical Science at the World's Fair in New York, Dr. Rugoff, etc.). B.'s works are stored in decomp. museums, high fur boots and collections of the USA. Had a number of personal exhibitions in the USA and other countries.
BOLOTOVSKY Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1960, Moscow), polit. activist, poet, prose writer. The son of B.M. Bolotovsky. Until 1990 - journalist in a number of centers. ed. Member Political Council Ros. Christian Democr. movement (since 1992). First deputy. prev. Congr. Russian communities (1993–94).
BOLOVSK, see Balvi.
BOLSHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1939) of the Kaliningrad City Council of the Moscow Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Boloshevo Moscow district In 1926, 23 Jews (0.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 278 (1.3%), in 1989 - 98 Jews (0.3%). In 1950-60 there was an illegal operation in Byelorussia. ... minyan in the house of Aron Khazan (b. 1914). In the 1960s. there was an unofficial person in B. Shokhet - Lubavitch Hasid Meer Yunik.
BOLTINOVO, see Baltinava.
BOLTYANSKY Grigory Moiseevich (1885 - 1953, Moscow), one of the organizers of the growing up. cinematography, film historian. Before the 1st world. war 1914-18 publ. first art. about doc. cinema. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 created in Skobelevskiy k-those department of the roar. chronicles, released by J. "Free Russia", organized shooting roar. events. Since 1918 hands. newsreels in decomp. cinema organizations (VFKO, Sevzapkino, Goskino). In 1926 he created the cinema cabinet of the State. academy thin. sciences. Organizer of film exhibitions. In 1926-32 - before. he loves cinema. section about-va friends of owls. cinema (UDSK). Since 1931 head. Department of newsreels at VGIK. In 1940, before. Vses. scientific and technical. about-va of cinematography. During the war of 1941-45 he headed the Tashkent studio of newsreels, from 1943 scientific. hands. Chronicle Vel. Otech. war. Author pl. publications on cinema, including the book "The Culture of the Cameraman" (1927), translated into plural. languages. Deserved. artist of owls. cinematography (1923).
BOLTYANSKY Vladimir Grigorievich (b. 1925, Moscow), mathematician. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1965). Graduated from Moscow State University (1948), postgraduate studies there (1951), Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1951), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955). Worked in Mat. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1951), in the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (since 1965), in the All-Union. n.-i. in-those systemic research. under the State. Committee on Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main results in topology, geometry (combinatorial geometry, etc.), theory of differential equations, optim. management and methods of teaching mathematics. Linen. pr. (1962), State. ave. Uzb. SSR them. Biruni (1967). Works: Homotopich. theory of continuous mappings and vector fields, Moscow, 1965; Mat. methods optim. management, M., 1966; 2nd ed., M., 1969; Mat. theory of optimal processes, Tr. 4th Vses. mat. Congress, 1963 (jointly with L.S. Pontryagin, R.V. Gamkrelidze, E.F. Mishchenko); Optim. control of discrete systems, M., 1973; Combinatorial geometry decomp. Classes of Convex Sets, Kishinev, 1978 (with P.S. Soltan).
BOMASH Meer Haimovich (1861 - |), physician, society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1885), in 1885–87 he worked as a doctor in Moscow, in 1887–92 in the m. Ruzhany of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. From 1892 he lived and worked in Lodz. In 1904–05 he participated as a military man. doctor in Russian-Japanese. war. In 1912, dep. 4th State. Duma from Lodz, in the Duma was a member of the Cadet faction.
BONCH-BRUEVICH Victor Leopoldovich (1923, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). Studied at Moscow. un-those, in 1941 volunteered for the front, took part in hostilities, first as part of the communist. battalion, then - in the landing troops. After demobilization he graduated from un-t and graduate school at Ying-those physical. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the hands of. F.F. Volkenstein. He taught at Moscow. in-those communications, since 1955 - in Moscow. un-those. Osn tr. on physics of semiconductors. To a large extent, thanks to his activities, the theory of semiconductors has become an independent branch of theoretical. physics. Joint. with Volkenstein, he performed fundamental work on the theory of chemisorption and catalysis on the surface of semiconductors. The author of the classic. works on the many-particle substantiation of the band theory of crystals by the method of two-time Green's functions, pioneering works on the theory of heavily doped semiconductors, works on the theory of instability in semiconductors. He was engaged in the theory of disordered semiconductors and the problem of stochastic self-oscillations in semiconductors. The author is numerous. scientific. publications. Poch. Dr. of nature. sciences un-ta them. Humboldt in Berlin, Works: Method of Green's Functions in Statistical. mechanics, M., 1961 (jointly with S.V. Tyablikov); Introduction to the electronic theory of disordered semiconductors, Moscow, 1972 (with A.G. Mironov); Blast furnace electric instability in semiconductors, M., 1972 (with I.P. Zvyagin and AT.Mironov); Physics of semiconductors, M., 1977 (with S.G. Kalashnikov).
BONDAREV Timofey Mikhailovich (1820, Mikhailovka Oblast of the Don Cossack - 1900, Iudino Minusinsky district. Yenisei province.), Societies. activist. R. in the family of a serf peasant. From an early age he was engaged in spiritual searches. In 1857 he was given a soldier by a landowner, served in the Caucasus, in the village of Mikhailovskaya, in the Kuban. Under the influence of local heres, he departed from Christ and in 1867 converted to Judaism, began to call himself David Abramov. He was exiled to Siberia. In exile he wrote Op. "The triumph of the farmer, or industriousness and parasitism", where he proved the obligatory physical. labor. I believed in the possibility of the triumph of the working people. In 1885, Op. was transferred to Leo Tolstoy, who made a great impression on him, and a correspondence began between them. Op. B. was publ. in f. "Rus. case "(1886, N ° 12), and in 1906 it was published by the firm" Posrednik "with a foreword by Tolstoy. Later published in French. language. Dr. B.'s manuscripts got to the Minusinsk Museum.
BONDAREVKA, see Bondurovka.
BONDAREVO, a village in the Beysky district of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Iudino Minusinsk env. Yenisei province. From the end. 1920s - in the Beysky district of the Minusinsky environs. Siberian Territory. The first settlers ("Judaizers", exiled to Siberia from Voronezh province.) Called the village Promised, however, by the command of the lips. by the authorities it was called Judah. Initially, the population of Byelorussia was 82 people. Soon the “Jews” from the village moved here. Zaledeevskoe Krasnoyarsk okr. Yenisei Gubernia, as well as the Molokans exiled to Siberia (hence the names of the villages that existed among the surrounding population: Molokany, Subbotina, Yudino). In 1897, 1,093 Jews (59.7 percent) lived in Byelorussia. Lobzovsky was a shokhet in B. In the 1880s. the inhabitants of B. were the first in the Minusinsk environs. arranged a system of arts. irrigation. Main the occupation of the population of Brazil is agriculture. The family was allocated an allotment of 8 dess. land, in contrast to the usual practice to give for use 15 dess. In connection with living on the territory. Minusinsk env. “Judaizers” were forbidden to settle Jews there. In 1930 there were 623 farms in B., 3511 inhabitants. T.M. Bondarev lived in B.
BONDAREVSKY Grigory Lvovich (b. 1920, Odessa), historian, orientalist, specialist in the countries of Bl. and Wed. East. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). In 1942–45 he served in the army, in 1945–51 for a diploma. work, at the same time head. Department of Oriental History (1947–56), Dean of the East. Faculty (1951–56) Tashkent State University. In 1956–78 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies, since 1976 - Institute of Sociology. researches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, lecturer Diplomatic. academy (1976–84). Main directions of scientific. research: international. relations on Bl. and Wed. East at the end. 19 - early. 20th century Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1982). Works: Baghdad road and penetration of germ. imperialism in Bl. East (1888-1903), Tashkent, 1955; English. politics and international. relations in the Persian basin. bay: (late 19th - early 20th centuries), M., 1968; Features of the struggle for domination in the Indus. ocean and Pers. Gulf in the 19th - 20th centuries, M., 1985.
BONDUROVKA, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bondarevka Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. During the German period. During the occupation in 1941–43, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia.
BONGARD-LEVIN Grigory Maksimovich (b. 1933, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Science (1970). Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990, ch.-k. from 1981). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). Since 1956 scientific. sotr., ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. UNESCO expert, POC. CH. MANY international. scientific. associations and in-tov, a member of pl. int. conferences, hands. Commission for Sanskritology at Ros. Association of Orientalists, member. Nat. to-that of historians of Russia, ch. ed. g. "Bulletin of Ancient History" (since 1990). Osn. directions of scientific. activities: the evolution of culture, ethnogenesis of the peoples of Hindustan, South. and Center. Asia, history of ancient civilizations. The monograph "India of the Mauryan era: (Society, state, culture)" (M., 1973) marked the beginning of ser. book: "From Scythia to India: Mysteries of the history of the ancient Aryans" (M., 1974, et al.), "Dr.-Ind. Civilization: Philosophy, Science, Religion "(1980)," India in Antiquity "(1985, et al.)," Ancient Civilizations "(1989), etc. Ed. released "Atharvaveda" (1977), collection. collection of books and monographs "Buddhism: State and Society in the Center, and East. Asia on Wed. century "(1982)," Dr. India: Historical and Cult. communications "(1982)," History and Culture Center. Asia "(1983)," Dr. East and Ethnocultural Relations "(1988). Mn. works translated into English. lang. and published abroad, mainly. in India. State pr. USSR (1988). Cit .: Legend about Kunale, M., 1963 (co-author); Dr. India: East. sketch., M., 1969 (et al.); Sages and Philosophers Dr. India: Some problems of cult, heritage, M., 1975 (et al.).
BONNER Elena Georgievna (b. 1923, Merv, Transcaspian region), pediatrician, society. activist, human rights activist. R. in a family of party workers (repressed in 1937). In 1941, 45 - at the front. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. Together with her husband, Acad. A.D. Sakharov, was engaged in active human rights activities. From ser. 80s - an active figure in the "Memorial" and "April" societies.
Bor, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Semenovsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1939, 53 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOREMEL, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1366.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Boremlya (other name. Mikhailovka) Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1784, in 1847 - 411, in 1897 - 1047 (87.4%), in 1911 - 893 , in 1921 - 857 (96%), in 1931 - 934, in 1941 - 1018 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the middle. 18th century, were engaged in gardening, decomp. trade (including timber), crafts. In the 19th century. in B. there were 3 synagogues. Since 1885 Hillel Shek was the rabbi. The Jews of B. were street and Trisk Hasidim. From the beginning. 20th century in B., the Agudas Kind Sfas Ever (Union of Hebrew Speakers) operated. The library was organized in 1902. During the 1st World. B. suffered greatly from the war. Between 1919 and 1922 the school of the Tarbut network operated, which was closed by the authorities. The center of societies. B.'s life in the 1920s and 1930s. there was a b-ka, with a cut the dram acted. circle. The departments "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Ha-Halutz ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Gordonia" worked. June 25, 1941 Germ. troops entered B. Local. the Ukrainians staged a pogrom (several people were killed). A Judenrat was established in Byelorussia, and a ghetto in the summer of 1942. 22 Sep shot approx. 700 Jews. 8 oct. 1942 almost all of the Jews of Byelorussia were shot. Several dozens of Jews managed to escape into the woods and hide until liberation in March 1944. In B. genus: M.I.Kats, M.Ya.Shulman; Joseph Weitz (1890-1972, Jerusalem), leader of the Zionist movement, from 1908 - in E.-I., from 1932 - one of the hands. Keren-Kaemet le-Israel.
BOREMLYA, see Boremel.
BOREYSHO Menachem (real family. Goldberg) (1888. Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province. - 1949, New York), poet, publicist. He wrote poetry in Yiddish and Russian. lang. He made his debut in 1907. Was sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt" and "Dos Yiddish Vohenblat". He served in Russian. army. Since 1914 in the USA. He was actively published in Heb. periodic. ed. In 1914 he published the poem "Poylln" - about an anti-Semite. bacchanalia in Poland. First. Sat. his verse. A ring in der keit (Ring in a chain) was published in 1916. From 1917 to 1925 B. headed the department. Yiddish prints in Joint. In 1926-29 he was an employee of the Communist Yiddish newspaper in New York. gas. Freigite. The cooperation was interrupted due to the pro-Arab orientation of the newspaper. Published a lot of publicistic., Literary critic. Art. In 1926, B. took a trip to Poland and the USSR, described in travel essays in gas. Freigite. Author of the book: "Der Pasteh Dovid" (Shepherd David "), 1932; Der Geer (Wanderer. Chapters from One Life), 1943, etc.
BORGUSTANSKAYA, a village in the Foothill District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk region. 26 Aug. 1942 170 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
Boris Semenovich BORILIN (1901 - 1938 or 1939), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934). Graduated from Commercial. in-t. From the beginning. 1920s on desks. work in Ukraine. In 1923-27 he studied at the Ying-those red professors in Moscow, from 1928 to teach. work; from the beginning. 30s member Pres. Communist academy. In 1931-37 in the USSR State Planning Committee, member. Pres. State Planning Commission. Member editorial board "Problems of Economics" (1930-31). The author means. number of scientific. tr., including lectures and reports, read at the Institute of Economics of the Communist Academy. An active participant in the discussions of the 20s - early. 30-ies, especially on political issues. the economy of socialism and the theory of imperialism. In the end. 20s was accused of "idealistic. positions on methodological. issues of political economy ". Then he "overcame" the departure from materialism in the course of the next discussion and on behalf of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. with V.P. Milyutin publ. Art. according to its results "To disagreements in political economy" ("Bolshevik", 1930, No. 2), in a cut emphasized the need to fight "against mechanistic. and idealistic. directions in econ. theory ". In 1936, when discussing the issue of restructuring the teaching of political economy in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, he was one of the first to propose a program for a course on political economy of socialism. mistakes of N.I.Bukharin, M.-L., 1930 (two ed.); About the period of socialism, L., 1931; Soviet Democracy, M., 1935.
BORIN (real name. Shvartsman) Boris Abramovich (1899, Odessa - 1965, Chernivtsi), director. In 1923 he graduated from the theater. studio in Odessa. He worked in the t-ts of Odessa. In 1944–65 - Ch. dir. Ukr. music-dram. t-ra them. O. Kobylyanskaya (Chernivtsi). Among the performances staged by B. - "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem (1956) and "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov (1960). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1960).
BORIN Alexander Arkadevich (1913, Kiev - 1987, Moscow), specialist in the region. aircraft construction. Graduated from muses. school at the Kiev cons. In 1929 he demonstrated his glider models in Moscow and worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) an airfield cleaner, then a draftsman's apprentice. Since 1930, a technician at the A.S. Yakovlev design bureau for aviation. s-de. Organizer and participant of the first 9 glider rallies in Koktebel. I created my own. glider models and several. designs et al. with O.K. Antonov. In the 1930s. dealt with flutter problems; joint with E.P. Grossman and S.S. Krichevsky proposed a fundamental solution (1935). He studied mechanics and mathematics until 1941. f-those Mosk. state un-that (three courses). In 1941 he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet. activity, sentenced to 10 years in prison and "indefinite exile." Since 1944 in Taganrog in the design bureau R.L. Bartini headed the department. aerodynamics. In 1951–57 in exile (Dzhezkazgan). After rehabilitation from 1957 - in Kiev in the O.K. Antonov design bureau, hands. dep. aerodynamics. Since 1963 in Moscow at TsAGI - a leading designer for especially complex aircraft construction projects. Completed a number of theoretical. and experiment. works, proposed a special case of solving Fermat's theorem. The author of Art. in tr. TsAGI, Kazan and Kiev aviation. in-tov, in the international. mat. g. In 1963–87 he took part in the dissident movement. He created a number of sculptural portraits (A.A. Akhmatova, A.A. Blok, etc.).
BORINYA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 86 Jews (6.5%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1921 there were 350 Jews. troops occupied B. at the beginning. July 1941. In Aug. 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 30 Jews, 1 Feb 1942 - 36 Jews. In the summer of 1942, a group of Jews was sent to Turku. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia undertook several. attempts to leave the village and flee to the territory. Hungary. Dec. 1942 the remaining Jews of Byelorussia were transferred to the Sambor ghetto.
BORISKOVSKY Pavel Iosifovich (1911 - 1991, Leningrad), historian, orientalist, archaeologist and ethnographer. Dr. East sciences., prof. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1932), student and follower of Acad. P.P. Efimenko. Sci. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. Department of Archeology, Leningrad State University. Member of the 1941–45 war. directions of scientific-ped. works: Paleolithic, the origin of man and material culture. B. conducted an archeol. analysis of a number of monuments to Kam. century on the territory. European and Asian. parts of the USSR, in a number of notches. countries (Vietnam - 1960, 1963, 1976, India - 1966). Sci. B.'s ideas, based on ethnogr. parallels of cultures of different peoples of Australia, Asia, Africa, are reflected in tr. "The oldest past of mankind" (1957, 1979). Cit .: The initial stage of primitive society, L., 1950; On excavations in Vietnam, in the book: Reports on ethnography, L., v. 4, 1966; The primitive past of Vietnam, L., 1966; Ancient Stone Age South and South-East. Asia, L., 1971; New materials on the Stone Age of Guinea, "Collection of MAE", L., v. 31, 1975 (et al); The emergence of the human. about-va, in the book: Paleolithic Africa, L., 1977.
BORISLAV, a city (since 1940) in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1387. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Drohobych district of the province of Galicia in the structure of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890 9047 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 7068 (60.9%), in 1908 - 5950, in 1921-7170 , in 1939 - c. 13,000 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 19th century In the end. 1860s there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia; in 1886 it was founded. Jewish cemetery. In the 1840s. in the district of B., an oil field was discovered, at the oil fields they worked in the main. Jews, the Jewish People's Bank functioned in B. In the beginning. 20th century pl. the enterprises belonging to the Jews were closed, other firms did not hire Jews. ECO provided assistance to the unemployed in the amount of 500 thousand guilders; 500 families left for the USA. In 1891-1908, a Jewish school, funded by Baron Hirsch, operated in Byelorussia (353 students in 1893, 554 in 1901, and 249 in 1908). A Hebrew school was opened in 1893. the number of the Jewish population of Byelorussia increased; operating divisions decomp. Jewish org-tions. Rabbi B. at this time was Dovid Schreiber (? -1936). The Hasidim of B. were grouped around Avrom-Mordhe ben Eliezer-Tzvi (? —1941). After the annexation of the USSR in 1939, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in Byelorussia. On 1 July 1941, Byelorussia was occupied by the Germans. troops. During the pogrom perpetrated by the Ukrainian. nationalists, pl. the Jews were killed. By order of germ. administration, the entire Jewish population was gathered in the ghetto. The Judenrat was created (formerly Herman Fleischer, Felix Horwitz); in B. there were apprx. 12 thousand Jews. 191 Jews were killed on July 2, 1941, November 29. shot still approx. 800 Jews, Aug 6. 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia were taken to the Belzec extermination camp. On Dec 31. 1942 the ghetto was located approx. 1500 Jews, there was antifash. underground. In 1942–43, partisans operated in the Byelorussian region. detachment under the command of David Erlbaum, formed from the former. prisoners of the ghetto and entering the Polish. Guard Ludov. On Feb. 1943, 500-600 Jews from the B. ghetto were shot; May 25 — June 2, 1943, the ghetto in B. was liquidated (about 700 Jews were shot). By the beginning. 1944 in B. was about. 1,500 Jews, 80 Jewish children killed in March, 13 Apr. 1944 in the Plaszow concentration camp taken out approx. 800 people, June 23 - several more. hundreds, the last Jews of Byelorussia were taken to Auschwitz on July 21, 1944. After the liberation of Byelorussia in 1944 approx. 200 Jews returned to the city from the surrounding forests, about the same number returned from the camps and from the evacuation. In 1945–46, most of the Jews of Byelorussia left the USSR. In 1959 the Jewish cemetery was closed. In 1994, according to the Jewish Agency, approx. 300 Jews (0.1%). Michael Berkovich (1865-1935), writer, secretary of T. Herzl, one of the leaders of Zionism in Galicia, translated Herzl's letters into Hebrew, in it. lang. - manuf. I.-L. Peretz and other writers who wrote in Yiddish; Aharon Weiss (b. 1928), historian, author of works on the history of the Holocaust and Jewish communities on the territory. ex. USSR, brother of S. Weiss; Shevakh Weiss (b. 1935), Israeli politician. activist, since 1947 - in E.-I., Doctor of Philosophy (1969), prof. (1975), in 1981-99 - dep. Knesset, in 1992-96 before. Knesset, before. reign "Yad Vashem", brother of A. Weiss.
BORISOGLEBSK, city, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1646.From 1708 - in Azov, from 1719 - in Tambov, from 1735 - in Voronezh province, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorate, then - in the province. In 1897, 354 Jews (1.6%) lived in B. in 1910 - 475, in 1923 - 589 (1.7%), in 1926 - 523 (1.3%), in 1939 - 319 Jews (0.6%) .In 1865 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia. The oldest graves in the Jewish cemetery date back to 1845-50. In 1898 the Khevra Kadisha appeared, in 1907 a charitable funeral society was opened, issuing interest-free loans, since 1909 a circle of sisters of mercy worked. By Sept. 1915 St. 1020 Jewish refugees, in the same year with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in B., a school and a hearth were opened. By 1917 an ORT labor office had been organized in Burma. In 1918, at the Borisoglebsk branch of ORT, a club of craft students worked. In 1919 a Jewish workers' club was opened in Burma. In Burma: S. I. Rabinovich, A. A. Slutskii, M. Sawyer, R. Sawyer, A. E. Frumina; Igor Ilyich Girshfeld (b. 1915), Major General Engineer and Technician service (1968), loading. 6 orders of YN Grigoriev
BORISOV (real family. Borukhovich) Isaak Borisovich (1923, Gorodets Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1972, Moscow), poet, essayist. He graduated in 1940 ped. Institute in Rogachev, worked as a teacher. Began to publish in 1936. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1941 he released the first. Sat. verse. "Afn Greenham Breg" ("On the Green Bank"). Demobilized from the army, he settled in Moscow. Was a member. editorial board g. "Sovetish Gameland", ed. in the publishing house "Sov. writer". He wrote essays on sports. Topics. In 1947 his second collection came out. verse. "In a guter sho" ("Good hour"). Main motives of creativity B. - military. lyrics, philosophy. reflections on modernity.
BORISOVKA, a village in the Lgovsky district of the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lgovskiy u. Kursk province. In 1910, 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 8 Jews.
BORISPOL, city (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 1,094 Jews (12.2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 955, in 1923 - 419, in 1939 - 375 (3%), in 1989 - 68 Jews. Jewish pogroms took place repeatedly. The pogrom on June 12, 1881 was suppressed by force. According to the Provisional Regulations, a new settlement of Jews was prohibited in Byelorussia in 1882-1903. Zalman-Shimon Zelikman (1870—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1905. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia. 25 Aug 1919 the Jewish delegation took part in the solemn meeting of the units of the Volunteer Army. This was followed by a pogrom that lasted 4 days; died approx. 10 people In the 1920s and 30s. in B., an unsuccessful struggle was waged for the discovery of a mikvah. In 1926, immigrants from B. in the Krivoy Rog env. a Jewish agriculturalist was created. colony "October" (64 persons) October 14. 1941, 752 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, October 18. - 357 Jewish prisoners of war. In 1999, approx. 40 Jews. In B. clan: I. Zaritsky, R.S. Pavlovsky, Z.G. Frenkel; Abba Braslevsky (1864—?), Journalist (in Yiddish), from mid. 1880s - in the USA, ed. gas. "Yiddish Volkszeitung" and weekly. Der Morgenstern.
BORKHOVO, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Lucinsky Vitebsk province. In 1898, 35 people lived in Byelorussia.
BORKI, a village in the Shatsk district of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Shatskiy u. Tambov province. In 1911, 60 "Jews" lived in Byelorussia.
BORODIN (real family member Gruzenberg) Mikhail Markovich (1884 Yanovichi of Vitebsk district and province - 1951), owl. state and desks. activist. Joined the roar. s.-d. movement at the beginning. 90s of the 19th century; Bundist, from 1903 - Bolshevik. Led a roar. work in the Baltics; sec. Riga to-that RSDLP (ps. Cyril). Member of the revolution of 1905-07. Delegate of the Tammerfors Conference (1905), the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP in Stockholm (1906). After returning from the congress to Russia, he was arrested and soon emigrated. In 1907-18 - in the USA, a member of the Amer. social party, from 1909 - Society for help rus. political prisoners. He was engaged in scientific and ped. activities. In 1908 he organized a school for emigrants in Chicago. In July 1918 he returned to Moscow, worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. affairs of the RSFSR and in the Comintern (1919–23). Participated in the delivery of "Letters to American Workers" by V.I. Lenin in the USA (1918). Consul of the RSFSR in Mexico (1919). Briefly traveled to the UK; arrested in Glasgow (Aug. 1922) and after 6 months. imprisonment expelled from the country. Since 1923, at the invitation of Sun Yat-sen, the chief polit. advisor to the CEC of the Kuomintang in China. In 1927 he returned to the USSR; VSNKh employee, deputy. People's Commissar of Labor, Deputy. dir. TASS. From 1932 ch. ed. gas. "Mosk. news ”, in 1941–49 ch. ed. Sovinformburo. Repressed. Son B. - Norman. KGB officer. Colonel. He headed the department of the 2nd chapter. ex. KGB of the USSR for work with foreign. correspondents. Since 1961 headed by Ch. editorial office polit. APN publications.
BORODINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1961) in the Tarutinsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1816. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 50 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June - early. July 1941 b. including Jews B. was evacuated to the east.
BORODULIN Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1932, Velikiye Luki), doctor, historian of medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1989), prof. (1991). Graduated in 1956 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. In 1956–58 he was a clinical resident at Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1958-60 - head. therapeutic. dep. and deputy. ch. district doctor (Salekhard). From 1960 to 1962 scientific. sotr. Ying-that organization of health care and history of medicine them. N.A. Semashko. In 1962–73 - head. ed. publishing house "Medicine" and simultaneously. therapist mountains. clinics b-tsy number 53 (Moscow). In 1973-87 - hands. group of medicine and sports in the publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia ", in 1988–93 - deputy. gene. dir. NPO "Med. encyclopedia ", since 1993 - deputy. ch. ed. scientific publishing house "Big Ros. encyclopedia ". Osn. directions of scientific. activities - history of clinics. medicine, development of diagnostic. method of electroradiography and questions of urgent diagnostics and therapy internal. diseases. Developed by scientific. biographies of the founders of cardiology in Russia D.D. Pletnev, G.F. Lang, V.F. Zelenin, A.L. Myasnikov. Contributed by polit. rehabilitation of D.D. Pletnev, offered methodical. approaches to the study of scientific schools and criteria for the priority of discoveries. Revealed DOS. stages and directions of development of cardiology in Russia. Works: Introduction to clinical electroradiography, M., 1971 (et al.); G.F. Lang, M., 1976; Essays on the history of Russian cardiology, M., 1988.
BORODYANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1765, 353 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1775 - 273, in 1784 - 265, in 1847 - 650, in 1863 - 890, in 1897 - 621 (23%), in 1923 - 114, in 1939 - 284 (7%), in 1989 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1782 Jews owned 38 houses in B. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. From 1885 Avrom-Leib Herman (1858—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. On Feb. 1918 detachments of the Haidamaks staged a pogrom (2 killed). In 1999, 36 Jews lived in Byelorussia. Sh.Kozinsky.
BOROK Mikhail Ruvimovich (1881, Kreslavka of Dinaburgsky district, Vitebsk province - 1951, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. Honey. Educated on honey. f-those of Kazan University and in Germany. Member of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war he served as a military doctor in Russian. army, then to Kr. Army. After demobilization he worked in Moscow as a doctor; then he was appointed director of the Research Institute of Tuberculosis in Leningrad, created in 1923. From 1928 until the end of his life the head. Department of Tuberculosis Leningrad. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1941–45 he worked at the Leningrad Institute. hospitals. tr. B. are devoted to Hirschsprung's disease, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Prev Leningrad. about-va phthisiatricians. Cit .: Hirshsprung's disease, Kazan, 1914; Modern questions of pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1936; Hematogenous forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1939; Textbook of internal diseases, L., 1940; Early detection of the initial forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1942.
BOROKHOV Alexander Isaakovich (b. 1925, Orlovka, Chernigov province), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Smolensk honey. Institute (1949). In 1949–52, a resident of the faculty therapeutic. clinics in the same place; in 1952-57 beginning. therapeutic. dep. Kamchatka military flotilla. Since 1957 - in Smolensk honey. in-those - assistant, associate professor, prof. (since 1967), head. Department of Faculty Therapy. tr. B. dedicated lung diseases: autoimmunization in acute and chronic. nonspecific diseases of the lungs (doct. dis.), the mechanisms of the transition of acute inflammation, processes in the lungs in protracted and chronic. forms due to the formation of antipulmonary isoantibodies as a result of antibiotic therapy, early diagnosis of protracted and chronic. forms. Cit .: Clinic of chronic nonspecific inflammatory-sclerotic process in the lungs, Smolensk, 1962; Autoimmunization for non-specific lung diseases, M., 1973; Chronic nonspecific lung diseases, M., 1985 (et al.).
Borokhov Ber (real name Dov) (1881, Zolotonosha, Poltava province. - 1917, Kiev), society. activist, linguist, literary critic, publicist. Studied in a private Russian-Heb. school, then in the city. In 1900 he left for Yekaterinoslav, where he created a Zionist in 1901. socialist workers' union, to-ry took part in the organization of Heb. self-defense and defended the interests of Jewish workers. In 1905 he was among the cases. 7th Zionist. Congr. B. was Ch. the ideologist and organizer of the Poalei Zion movement, one of the leaders of the socialist. Zionism. He was repeatedly arrested for his polit. activity. In 1907 he left Russia and settled in Belgium, then in Vienna, where he studied Yiddish and Hebrew. lit-ru. For research. about old. monuments of Heb. lit-ry worked in libraries in Austria, Switzerland, France. In 1914 B. went to the United States, where he continued his activities as a representative of the Amer. Poaley Zion and the World Amer. Heb. Congr. In his publicistic. works (mainly in Russian) developed ideas and formulated the goals of the World Union Poalei Zion in the West. and center. Europe. He also published a number of studies. in Heb. philology. After Feb. revolution returned to Russia. On Sept. 1917 B. made a report at the Congress of Nations in Kiev on "Russia as a commonwealth of peoples." I traveled around in Hebrews. centers of Russia with speeches and reports. During one of the trips, he fell ill with pneumonia and died. In 1963 B.'s remains were reburied in Israel. In contrast to Marxism, the class considered. struggle and nationalism are not only compatible, but also socially natural. Heb. renaissance and socialism for B. were inextricably linked. Author of works: “Class interests and nat. question "(1906); “Regulation of the Heb. emigration "(1910)," Tasks of the Heb. philology "(1913)," Library of Heb. philologist "and others.
Boromlya, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 14 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
BOROVAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kupyansky u. Kharkiv province. In 1926 four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - nine Jews.
BOROVA MILL, now northeast. district of Smorgon, Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1849. In 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Borovoy Mlyn Oshmyanskiy u. Vilenskaya province. In 1898, 356 Jews lived in BM. M. Shkolnik.
Borovichi, city (from 1770), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Since 1776 it has been a district town of Novgorod Gubernia. In 1897, 137 Jews (1.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1889 - 123, in 1901 - approx. 200, in 1910 - 199 (1.5%), in 1923 - 284 (1.8%), in 1926 - 317 (1.7%), in 1939 - 384 Jews. The first Jews - retired Nikolaev soldiers - settled in B. in the middle. 19th century In the end. 1890s most of the Jews of Byelorussia were artisans (watchmakers, shoemakers, tailors). In the 1890s. the Jews of Byelorussia every year turned to the governor with a request to allow a temporary prayer house during the holidays. The request was granted after 1900. In 1907, the Byelorussian community obtained permission to open a permanent synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia and a Jewish credit company. In the end. 1920s an attempt was made to collect money for the construction of the mikvah. In the 1930s. the synagogue was closed, the cemetery was destroyed. In 1992 the Jewish community "Shalom" was recreated, the Jewish library is working. A synagogue was opened in 1999. In 1998, approx. 300 Jews.
Borovik Genrikh Aviezerovich (b. 1929, Minsk), writer, society. activist. Graduated from MGIMO. Specialist worked. corr. g. "Ogonyok" in China, Vietnam, Cuba; corr. APN in the USA and polit. television commentator. One of the leading owls. international journalists. In 1983–88 - Ch. ed. g. "Theater". In 1987-92 - before. Sov. to-that protection of the world. 1989-92 - dep. RF Armed Forces. The author of a number of books, plays and scripts, actions, to-rykh take place abroad. Cit .: "The Tale of the Green Lizard" (1962), "Moment of Truth" (1980), "Prologue" (1985). State pr. USSR (1977) and special. awards. B.'s son - Artem (b. 1960, Moscow) - Ch. ed. weekly "Top Secret".
Borovka, see Barauka.
Borovlyany, a village in the Vitebsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vitebsk district. Vitebsk province. In 1925 there was a foundation in Byelorussia. Jewish agriculturalist Freundstaft artel.
BOROVOE, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 82 Jews (14.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897.
BOROVOY Konstantin Natanovich (1948, Moscow), polit. activist, entrepreneur. Graduated from MIIT and Mechanics and Mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Cand. tech. sciences. Until 1987 he taught at Moscow. universities, Assoc. In 1987 he went into business. In Sep.-Dec. 1991 - Member. Entrepreneurship Council under the President. USSR, since March 1992 - under Pres. RF. Pres. and ch. manager Ros. commodity and raw materials exchange, prez. Congress of Exchanges, before. Council Ros. nat. bank. Since May 1992 - before. Party econ. freedom.
Borovaya Mlyn, see [[Borovaya Mill.
BOROVOY Saul Yakovlevich (1903, Odessa - 1989, Moscow), historian. Dr. East sciences. R. in the family of a lawyer who played a prominent role in the cult. and societies. city ​​life. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Studied in r-zii, commercial. uch-shche, un-those, Ying-those nar. x-va, as well as in Archaeological. in-those. In his student years he was attracted by Yu.G. Oksman to work in the Odessa East. archive. Since 1927 sotr. Odessa Heb. academic. b-ki. For many years he was sotr. Odessa public. scientific. library, headed bibliographer, service. In 1930 he graduated from graduate school, was engaged in scientific. work. From 1934 he taught at the department. economical history of the Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. First. publication - lane. from Hebrew to Russian lang. Art. Davidson "Assimilation", publ. in the Odessa railway “Heb. Thought "in 1919. Since 1925, B.'s works on Heb. stories. In 1928 he published the monograph “Heb. agriculturalist. colonization in old Russia ”, having eaten, the history of the first Hebrews. agriculturalist. settlements in the south of Russia in the 1st half. 19th century Here are the first discovered facts and statistics. data were entered into broad history. development context Heb. land management in Aleksandrovskaya and Nikolaevskaya Russia. Then DOS. theme of research. B. becomes the history of Jewry in Ukraine in the 16th and 19th centuries, which he took for doctoral. dis. So, part of this study. remained unpublished. Among the published works one should name “Jews in the Zaporizhzhya Sich” (1934) and “National-liberated. war ukr. people against Polish rule and Heb. population of Ukraine "(1940). B. prepared for ed. Heb. chronicles of the 17th century, telling about the catastrophe that occurred with Heb. population in that era. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" in the beginning. 50s lost his job, but continued to teach. activity. Along with ethnic. history dealt with the problems of bibliology, archivistics, cultural history, scientific. local history, econom. stories. In 1958 he published the monograph Credit and Banks of Russia: Ser. XVII - 1861 ". B. belong to Art. about economical ideas and lit. legacy of the Decembrist M.F. Orlov, Art. about real-ist. the basis of "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, Pushkin studies. A number of works by B. is written in Yiddish and is devoted to Hebrew. problems. Among them - "The Forgotten Nihilist" (1929) - about I.-L. Lerner; "The experience of the biography of Axenfeld" - research. life and work of one of the first Hebrews. writers-educators of the 19th century B. - the author of essays on the history of Hebrew. book printing in Ukraine, about the Pale of Settlement in Russia, etc., publ. in "Sov. ist. encyclopedias ". Unpublished papers are of great interest. B.'s work “History of Hebrews. societies, thoughts in the first. floor. 19th century "," Jews in Odessa during the 2nd world. War ", as well as" Memories "published in Moscow in 1993.
BOROVSK, a city, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century From 1708 - in the Moscow province, from 1776 - the district town of the Kaluga governorate, then - the province. In 1910, 54 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 43 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.
Eli Borovskiy (b. 1914, Warsaw), collector-archaeologist. Doctor of History (1947). Having received the traditional Heb. education, B. from 1932 to 1939 studied in various. higher education. institutions of Berlin, Rome, Florence, Paris. In 1939 he volunteered for the French. army. In 1940, fleeing captivity, he ended up in Switzerland. In 1943 in Geneva, B. bought the first item in his collection. In 1949–58 he worked at the Royal Ontario Museum (Canada). Since 1984 - in Israel. In 1992, on the basis of his collection, he opened the Museum of Bible Countries in Jerusalem, exhibiting a collection of antiquities from disappeared civilizations by Dr. East, - the largest private museum in Israel.
BOROVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kotsmansky headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 48 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BORSCHAGOVKA, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 465 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 960, in 1897 - 1853 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, since the 1880s. the rabbi was Shloymo-Doiv-Ber Shapiro (1854—?), then his son Yakov-Itskhok. On July 3, 1919, during a bandit raid, B. was burned. 1941, 36 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BORSCHAGOVSKY Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1913, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province), critic, prose writer, playwright. From 1933 he wrote essays, critical. articles about t-s. Graduated from the Kiev Theater, Institute (1935). The first books. - "Dramatic works of Ivan Franko" (Kiev, 1946), "A.M. Buchma" (Kiev, 1947, both in Ukrainian). B.'s work is diverse in subject matter. East the novel "Russian flag" (1953) dedicated. events of 1854 - the defense of Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, the victory of the Russian. warriors. On the courage and hard work of the Sov. people - book. The Hoary Gull (1958), The Island of All Hopes (1960). The famous "death match" between the Sov. and it. football players in German-occupied Kiev dedicated. tragic. the story "Troubled Clouds" (1958). Sat. "Three Poplars" (1974) - about the people of the 1970s. The story "Széchen" (1978) - about the revolutionary Ivan Babushkin. About the destruction of Heb. population in the occupiers. the Germans Kiev - the drama "Ladies Tailor" (1984) and the script of the same name. motion picture. "Notes of the darling of fate" (1991) - an attempt to reconstruct the tragic character on the basis of documents. period of the history of owls. countries, to-ry in the late 1940s. was called "the struggle against bourgeois cosmopolitanism", stories about the murder of S.M. Mikhoels, about the defeat of Heb. antifash. to-that, about the moral position of writers, about betrayal and denunciations make the book unmasked. historical. evidence of that time. "Blood is accused" (Moscow, 1993) - about the case of Heb. antifash. to-that.
BORSCHEV, city (since 1629), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–41 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, approx. 300 Jews, in 1880 - 1307 (33%), in 1890 - 1808 (43%), in 1900 - 1341 (30%), in 1921 - 1637 (33%), in 1931 - 1756 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the end. 17th century In the 18th century. a Jewish cemetery ("Old") was founded. Jews were engaged in trade, crafts, rented taverns, mills, breweries. In the end. 19th century Jews owned several. farms in the vicinity of B., where fruits were grown, which were sold to Lvov. There were several. large traders of eggs, livestock and grain. Most of the artisans were tailors; ready-made clothes were sold in villages and at fairs. In 1898 a branch of a commercial and industrial bank was opened. In B. worked a doctor, a lawyer and several. state Jewish employees. The B. community became independent in the middle. 19th century At the same time a stone synagogue was built. There were several. Hasidic (Vizhnitsa, Sadigurian) synagogues. Rabbi B. from 1906 was Meir-Leibush Neuberger, then - Benzion Katz. From the end. 19th century active Zionist activities were conducted. There were heders and Talmud Torahs. In 1909, a Hebrew school “Safa Brura” was opened. In the end. 19th century began a massive departure of Jews to the United States. In 1897 an association of immigrants from B. was created in New York during the 1st World. During the war, the B. community accepted hundreds of Jewish refugees from neighboring villages and cities. In 1915, many Jews died during a cholera epidemic. A help committee and a public dining room were created under the community. In 1924, a Jewish library-reading room was opened, with which self-employed people worked. tr. In 1929 16 Jews were elected members of the mountains. advice. In 1932, out of 76 stores, 68 were owned by Jews. In 1939, after the entry of Byelorussia into the USSR, a school with teaching in Yiddish (200 students) was opened. On July 7, 1941, Hungarian units entered Byelorussia. army. At the same time, the Judenrat (head Wolf Ges) and the Jewish police were established. In 1942, Ges was arrested and sent to the Belzec extermination camp. The head of the Judenrat was appointed a refugee from Vienna Oskar Gesing, who, unlike Ges, fulfilled all the demands of the occupier. authorities. The Jewish police were headed by his brother Shimon. Apr 1 1942 a ghetto was created, where Jews from the surrounding towns and villages were later transferred; several were destroyed. hundreds of Jews. 26 Sep 1942 killed approx. 200 Jews - old and sick. OK. 800 people sent to Belzec. The young Jews were sent to the Yanovsky camp in Lvov, where they were killed. In March 1943, approx. 400 people Apr 19 1943 at the Jewish cemetery of B. was shot apprx. 800 people On June 5, 1943, another 700 people were killed at the cemetery, on June 9, 1943 - approx. 1800 people 14 Aug 1943 760 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. In the spring of 1942, a Resistance group was formed in the ghetto, headed by Wolf Aschendorf, Joel Weintrub and Kalman Schwarz. Shortly before the last "action" the groups fled to the surrounding forests. In the summer and autumn of 1943, the group conducted operations against the invaders and the Ukrainian. police officers. 17 nov. 1943 Resistance group freed 50 prisoners from B.
BORSCHEVSKY Yuri Efimovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), orientalist, philologist, textologist, translator. In 1942–48 he served in the army. After graduating in 1953 east. Faculty of Leningrad State University scientific. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. B. publ. Persian. texts and their descriptions, Taj. manuscripts, gave an analysis of written records of the Middle-century. Iran and Tajikistan, in particular dastans. Naib. Izv. per. B .: "Cheat from Baghdad" (Moscow, 1963), "Book about simpletons" / "Dakho-name" (Moscow, 1968, jointly with Ch. Bayburdy) with approx. and a preface, trans. from the book. "East. short stories "(Moscow, 1963, jointly with OF Akimushkin). A number of works B. lane. in Persian, and published in Iran in the 1960s, Op .: On the characteristic of V.A. Zhukovsky's manuscript heritage, in the book: Essays on the history of Rus. oriental studies, Sat. V, In memory of V.A. Zhukovsky, M., 1960; List of Asian manuscripts. Museum of Bukhara collection of VA Ivanov 1915 1. Persian manuscripts, "Bulletin of the archive of orientalists", L., 1961, № 2; Restore Decembrists and its interpretation by tsarist diplomacy in Iran, in the book: Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. VI, M., 1970 (with Ch. Bayburdy).
FIGHTERS, see Barstičiai.
BORSHCHOVICHI, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to [[Novy Yarychev and there in January. 1943 shot.
BORTKOV, a village in the Zolochiv region of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1442. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1914, 7 Jews were evicted from Byelorussia to Ternopil. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated.
BORTNIK Moisey Yudovich (1899 - 1976, Rostov-on-Don), economist-financier. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1945). Graduated from Novoros. un-t in Odessa (1920) and Leningrad. Institute of Red Professors (1931). From 1920 to ped. work (in 1926-50 in the universities of Leningrad). At the same time. Art. scientific. sotr. section the world. x-va in Leningrad. dep. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (originally the Komakademiya, 1931-1937). In 1950–76 prof. department den. circulation and credit in the Rostov Institute of Nar. x-va. Main directions of scientific. issl .: problems of the world. economics, ch. arr. export of capital, credit and finance. relations. Responsible ed. pl. statistical reference books and manuals on econ. geography of economically developed countries. Cit .: Monetary system of Japan, M., 1940; Lectures on the course “Den. circulation and credit is capitalistic. countries ", Rostov-on-Don, 1958.
BORTNIKI 1st, a village in Beshenkovichi district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. During the 2nd world. war during germ. occupation approx. Byelorussia a ghetto was created (350–365 people). In oct. 1942 all ghetto prisoners were shot.
BORUNY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. According to the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882 B. were closed for a new settlement of Jews. After 1903 the ban was lifted.
BORZHES Salvador (real name and fam. Bezalel Borodin) (1900, Rozhische of Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1974, Birobidzhan), prose writer. From a young age to the roar. movement. For a long time he lived in Brazil. From 1928 he began to publish in Heb. press. In 1930 he came to the USSR. In 1935 he settled in Birobidzhan. He printed stories and essays in gas. "Birobidzhaner stern" and other Heb. periodic. ed., as well as abroad. Author of the book: "Esflatert di roite von" ("The red banner is blowing"), 1932; "In okupirtn Volyn" ("In the occupied Volyn"), 1934; "Rio de Janeiro", 1936, etc.
BORZHOMI, city (since 1921), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 21 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 16, in 1959 - 93, in 1970 - 80, in 1979 - 58 Jews (including h. 23 Georgian Jews). Since the 1850s. Jews were officially prohibited from settling and owning real estate in B. In 1910, Meir Kurkchishvili, despite the objection of local Georgian nobles, managed to acquire the estate of the former. Georgian king Heraclius. Following Kurkchishvili, other Jewish families began to settle in B. In the house of M. Kurkchishvili, one room was specially assigned to a prayer room, where 2 Torah scrolls were kept. After 1921 the synagogue was housed in a rented building. D.M. Khananashvili
BORZNA, city (since 1966), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. From 1667 - part of Russia. From 1781 it was a county town of the Chernigov governorship, from 1797 it was a county town, from 1802 it was a county town of Chernigov province. In 1736 there were 3 Jewish families (10 people) living in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 447 Jews, in 1861 - 984, in 1862 - 1151, in 1863 - 878, in 1897 - 1516 (12.1%), in 1910 - 1121, in 1920 - 795, in 1923 - 584, in 1926 - 697 (6.4%), in 1939 - 326 Jews In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. The most common occupations among Jews are clothing making and trade. In the 1890s. Itskhok-Dovid Vidrevich (1861—?) was the rabbi in B. Since 1909, there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1919, a wave of pogroms staged by units of the Kr. Army. 25 Aug In 1919, a pogrom was perpetrated in Byelorussia by units of the Volunteer Army (2 Jews were killed). On Sept. 1919, the pogroms of the Volunteer Army continued, the city was burned down, more than 20 Jews were killed, the synagogue was destroyed. in B., the Jewish community raised money to organize a mikvah. In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi B. was the Lubavitch Hasid Avrom-Itskhok Glazman. 1941 in B. was shot several. hundreds of Jews in B. Y. Ioffe, S.D. Kaminskiy, M.Z. Fradkin.
BORZYA, city (since 1950), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BOSKIS Rakhil Markovna (1902, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1976, Moscow), deaf teacher. Ch.-c. APN RSFSR (1955), ch.-k. APN USSR (1968), Dr. ped. Sciences (1953), prof. (1956). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1926). From 1920 she worked at a school for the deaf in Kiev; from 1931 to Exper. defectological Institute of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, since 1944 at the Research Institute of Desrectology. tr. B. dedicated theory of development of abnormal children, correction and compensation of the defect. On the basis of studying the patterns of development of children with hearing impairments, she created a ped. classification, edges allowed to organize differentiated training of the deaf and hard of hearing. She developed a number of questions in the theory of teaching children with hearing impairments and the formation of their verbal speech. Under her arms. the structure and curriculum of the school for hearing impaired children have been developed, the content, principles and methods of teaching the language have been determined, textbooks and methodological guidelines have been prepared. manuals. Cit .: On the development of verbal speech in a deaf-mute child, M., 1939; Deaf and hard of hearing children, M., 1963; To the teacher about children with hearing impairments, M., 1975.
BOSTANASHVILI Shota Avraamovich (b. 1948, Tbilisi), architect. Graduated from architect. f-t Cargo, polytechnic, in-that. The first work "Experimental village in Khevsureti" was awarded the first degree diploma at Vses. look. In 1966–70 he worked at the Institute Gruzproekt, since 1970 he has been teaching at the Department of Architecture at the Polytechnic. in-those. Founder and President Fund of Heb. material culture in Georgia. For cargo. lang. the work “Architecture of Heb. synagogues and cemeteries ”. Author of over 50 projects, built objects and publications on architectural issues. Main works: Hood. the Tskhakaya gallery (1976–77, with V. Davitai), the memorial "Glory to Labor" in Kutaisi (since 1981, with V. Davitai, ave. SM Georgian SSR). Member Presidium of the Union of Architects of Georgia. State etc. them. S. Rustaveli. Laureate of "Interarch 83" in Sofia.
BOSTYN, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 42 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 20th century in B. lived apprx. ten Jewish families. 17 Sep 1915 all Jews were expelled from Bulgaria. occupation in B. in 1942, several were shot. dozens of Jews.
BOTIEVO, a village in the Priazovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony Tsarevodar of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926, 18 Jews did not live in the Tsarevodar region. 1941 one Jew was killed in B.
BOTSKI, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Bielskoy land of the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region., from 1842 - in the Belsky district. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–45 in the BSSR. In 1765, 855 Jews lived in Byelorussia and its environs, in 1863 in Byelorussia - 743, in 1897 - 1409 (53.5%). in 1921 there were 725 Jews. In 1807 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia, and in 1896 a second. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries, several. philanthropist. institutions, 6 heders (100 students). In the 19th century. the rabbis in Byelorussia were Ieruham Altshuler (? —1856), Shmuel-Gersh Citron, and Wolf Lipschitz. From 1894 Zelik-Ruven Bengis (1864—?) Was the rabbi in Byelik. In 1915 the Jews of Byelorussia (50 families) were evicted from the town. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on November 2. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 750 people.
BOTVINNIK, Berl (1885, Rakov Minsky District and Gubernia - 1945, New York), prose writer, playwright. Studied at a yeshiva in Minsk. He joined the Bund movement and was arrested for spreading illegalities. lit-ry. Since 1905 in the USA. In 1909 he made his debut with stories in Hebrew. periodic. press. Was one of Ch. sotr. new york gas. "Forverts" and other ed. His plays "Beilka the Maronette" ("Beilka the Doll"), "The Vegetarian", "The Shaike Balegole" ("The Shaike the Carrier") and others were staged in Hebrew. stage and enjoyed success. In 1912, he made an attempt (together with M. Kaplan) to release the railway. in Yiddish lat. font, which caused sharp controversy in Heb. print. In 1920 he published the book. "Der tseilungen un bilder" ("Stories and Pictures").
BOTVINNIK Aron Solomonovich (1898, Abbot of Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), military leader, general-major tech. troops (1943). Since 1919 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1933) and her operational department (1935). In 1936–41 the beginning. Department of Chem. protection of the same academy. In 1942-45 the beginning. chem. services North-West. and 1st Belarusian. fr. In 1946-49 the beginning. Department of Chem. troops Military-Ing. academy named after V.V. Kuibyshev, from 1949 beginning. chem. Department of the Belomorsk VO. Retired from 1953. Load 6th order.
BOTVINNIK Mikhail Moiseevich (b. 1911, Kuokkala, Vyborg Gubernia), chess player, world chess champion (1948–57, 1958–60, 1961–63). Int. grandmaster (1950), zm USSR (1942). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1951). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1932). At the age of 16 he made his debut in the USSR Championship (1927) and was awarded the title of Master of Sports of the USSR. 7-time champion of the USSR (1931–52), as a member of the USSR team, winner of 6 Olympiads (1954–64). He successfully performed in pl. int. competitions, including 1st prizes in Nottingham (1936, 1st - 2nd with H.R. Capablanca), Budapest (1952), Moscow (1956), Hastings (1961/62 and 1966/67), Stockholm (1962), Amsterdam (1963 and 1966). In total, he played 1202 games in the competition, gaining approx. 70% points. B. is distinguished by a research approach to chess, which formed the basis of owls. chess. schools. He perfected the art of preparing for chess. competitions. He made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory. During many. years led by a young man. chess. school, graduates of a cut became A.E. Karpov, G.K.Kasparov, A.M. Yusupov, A.Yu.Sokolov, B.E. Akhmylovskaya-Donaldson, N.M. Ioseliani and others. grandmasters. He successfully combined chess. activities with scientific. work in the field of electrical engineering; author of a number of inventions patented in many others. countries; from the beginning. 1970s supervises the creation of chess. programs for the computer. Author of books on chess, energy, cybernetics, to-rye published in English, German, Danish, French, Swede, and other languages. Prev Vses. chess. sections (1938–39) and the board of the USSR-Netherlands society (1960–88). Honored. worker of culture of the RSFSR (1971). Cit .: Half a century in chess, M., 1978; From a chess player to a car, M., 1979; Analytic. and critical. works (vols. 1–4), Moscow, 1984–87.
BOTVINNIK Naum (Nakhum) Rafailovich (1872, Irkutsk - 1939, Leningrad), doctor and community. activist, brigologist. He graduated from the city of Irkutsk and honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1894 he moved to St. Petersburg, worked in the Military Medical. acad. In 1897 he received the title of Doctor of Medicine, opened a private hospital. In 1912 he participated in the creation of the Hebrew Health Protection Society. population (OZE), elected to his committee. For free participation in honey. expeditions to combat trachoma in the "Pale of Settlement" awarded hordes. (including the order of St. Vladimir, who gave the right to receive the nobility), received the rank of state councilor. During the 1st world. war mobilized, worked at the military academy. a doctor. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, the first of the unbaptized Jews was elected by the Academic Council of the Academy to the position of a teacher. B. - the author of a number of works on eye diseases. Since 1896 B. - member. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), from 1898 worked as part of its East. Commission, after 1906 was elected to the committee about-va, dealt with issues of Hebrew. education, collaborated in the collection "Experienced", studied the work of Heb. OPE schools. In 1920-30 he worked in Hebrew. hospital, at the beginning. 1920s He was a member of the management of the OZE, participated in the resumption of the activities of the OPE, prepared a draft of its charter, was a member of its committee, was a member. Heb. ist.-ethnogr. about-va.
BOTVINNIK Semyon Vulfovich (b. 1922, Petrograd), poet-lyricist. Graduated from the Military Medical Academy. Member of the defense of Leningrad. After the war, he was a military doctor in the Baltic Fleet. Cand. honey. Sciences (1949). Until 1983 he worked as a doctor. The first poem publ. in 1936. Translates from Armenian, Kazakh, Georgian, Tatars, and other languages. The author of the poetic arrangement "The Lay of Igor's Campaign". Works: Poems, L., 1948; Towards the Wind, L., 1957; Steps, L., 1969; Autumn bonfires, L., 1974; Gardens in the Snow, L., 1981.
BOTVINO, does not exist since 1976. In 1932 - early. 1940s - the village of Stalindorfsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukrainian SSR) In April. 1942 able-bodied Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in a labor camp, and the disabled were shot on May 30, 1942.
BOVSHOVER Joseph (1873, Lubavichi, Orshansky district. Mogilev province - 1915, New York), poet. For some time he lived in Riga. Since 1891 in the USA. He worked in a tannery. Was close to an anarchist. movement. He made his debut in print in 1892 verse, and stories from working life, imbued with roar. pathos. He wrote literary criticism. Art. Processed and translated plays for Hebrews. t-ditch (W. Shakespeare, G. Hauptmann). Under ps. Basil Dahl publ. 11 poems in English. lang. Because of the psyche. diseases approx. I spent 15 years as a psychiatrist. hospital where he died. Author of the book: "Poetishe Verk" ("Poetic Works"), London, 1903; Leader un gedikhte (Songs and Poems), ibid., 1907; "Bilder un gedanken" ("Pictures and Thoughts"), ibid, 1907; Gezamlte Font (Selected Works), New York, 1911; "Geklibene Leader" ("Selected Poems"), Petrograd, 1918, etc. Recognition came to B. after death - his name as an outstanding poet was put on a par with M. Vinchevsky Vinchevsky, D. Edelstadt and M. Rusenfeld. Prod. B. were very popular among the workers and often sounded at meetings.
BOYAN, see Boyany.
BOYANCHUK, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kotsman eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1941 more than 10 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BOYANY, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Boyan in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890 938 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1940 - 650 Jews. the occupations of the Jews of Byelorussia were trade and small crafts. In the 2nd floor. 19th century B. is one of the centers of Hasidism in Bukovina. Tzaddik Yitzchok ben Avrom-Yakov Fridman (1849-1917, Vienna) lived in Byelorussia. The successor of the dynasty is the son of Yitzkhok Mordkhe-Shloyme (1890-1971, New York). [Dr. the sons of Itskhok: Avrom-Yakov (1886-1942, Stryi), a tzadik in Lvov; Israel (1879-1951, Safed, Israel), tzaddik in Leipzig; Menachem-Nokhum (1888-1936), tzadik in Chernivtsi (modern Chernivtsi)]. In B., there was a yeshiva, in which the Hasidim from various branches studied. places of Bukovina and Galicia. From the end. 19th century until the 1930s in B. there was a Zionist religion. Society "Ogavei Zion", in 1925 at the expense of philanthropists. a new synagogue was built in the 1920s. a Jewish commune was established in B. There were societies for helping the poor and sick Jews, 2 philanthropists. about-va and cultural and educational. ob-in "Yudishe Lezhalle". On July 7-8, 1941 Jews of Byelorussia (86 people) were shot in the region of the village. Lumpy. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia perished in the ghetto of Transnistria. After 1945, approx. 30 Jews who then moved to Chernivtsi, and later left for Israel. Since 1985 the dynasty of Boyan Hasidim has been headed in Israel by the grandson of Mordkhe-Shloyme, Nohum-Doiv Breyer (b. 1959) .S.D. Abramovich, Y. G. Tkachev
BOYARKA (in 1936-57 - Boyarka-Budaevka), a city (since 1956) in the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1868. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 497 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, 720 in 1897, 106 in 1923, 53 in 1926, and 294 Jews (3.5%) in 1939. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. July 2 and Sept 3 1919 pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Byelorussia. Of the 250-300 Jews who were in B. 60, 60 were killed, including the family of Sholem Aleichem's uncle, Motel Rabinovich. The Jews who survived left B. In 1999, 45 Jews lived in B.. I.A.Braudo, A.D. Kushnirov.
BOYARKA-BUDAYEVKA, see Boyarka.
BOYARSKY Aron Yakovlevich (1906, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Economist-statistician, demographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1940), prof. (1934). Graduated from statistician. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Moscow State University (1926). One of the initiators of the creation of Moscow. economical-statistical Institute (in 1933-45 deputy director, 1945-63 head of the department of statistics, then the demography of this institute). From 1955 to econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (prof., head of the department). In 1963–78 - director. Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Member Int. statistical Institute (since 1966). Main directions of scientific-ped. activities: mat. statistics, mat. methods of analysis of the economy, demography (methods of calculating mortality tables, the formula for age probabilities of death, substantiation of the demographic optimum, development of the theory and methodology for prospective calculations of the population). The author of a large number of books, including those translated into foreign languages. language, ed. and compiler of a number of famous statisticians. handbooks): Teor. Matem. statistics, M., 1930 (with V.N. Starovsky and others); Population statistics, M., 1938; Demographic course statistics, M., 1945; Demographic. statistics, 2nd ed., M., 1955 (jointly with P.P. Shusherin); Mathematics for Economists, 2nd ed., M., 1965; Population and methods of its study, M., 1975; Fundamentals of demography, M., 1980 (jointly with DI Valentey, A.Ya. Kvasha); Workshop on demography, M., 1985 (with G.Sh.Bakhmetova, L.P. Khrapchenko).
BOYD, see Budslav.
BOYM Berl (1892, Felshtin, Podolsk province - |), prose writer. Since 1906 in the USA. He worked as a shoemaker, then in a tailor's workshop. In 1916-18 he served in the Amer. army. He published short stories, short stories and one-act plays in periodicals. Heb. ed. USA and Canada. In 1941 he published a collection of works. stories "Oyf and shmoler stitch" ("On a narrow path"). Together with the activists of the community, he released a memorable book "Felshtin", dedicated. victims of the pogroms in Ukraine in 1920-21. For their own memory. “Why I left my old homeland” was awarded the World Heb. cultural congr.
BOINAK, a village in the Karabudakhkent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buinak in Temirkhanshurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 152 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1867, 90 Jews in 1886, and 90 Jews in 1900. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the 17th century. In 1886 there was a synagogue, a cheder, and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. The rabbi was at the same time. shokhet and moel.
BOITLER Arkady (1895 - 1965, Mexico City), actor, dir. t-ra and cinema, pantomime and ballet. Graduated from drama. school-studio at Moscow. Hood. t-re. He performed in the “Bat” cabaret (in the form of a loser Arkasha mask). This image transferred to the cinema, starring in 1916-18 in more than 20 comics. short. f. and farces. Naib. Izv. - “Husband, chansonette, wife and banker”, “Family Triangle” (a parody of the early comic films by Ch. Chaplin), “Arkasha is getting married”, “Arkasha - the controller of sleeping cars”. In 1918 he made his debut as dir. ("Boxing Rescued", "Our Don Juans"). In 1919 he emigrated to Germany, where he continued the series "Arkashi" in f. Boitler vs. Chaplin (1920). He worked in the USA. One of the leading dir. mex. t-ra. Filmed in films, where he created the mask "Arkashi" ("This is my land", 1937).
BOZHEDAROVKA, a village in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 83 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 4 Feb. 1925 the Jewish collective farm "Land and Labor" was organized in Byelorussia.
BOZHOVICH Lidia Ilyinichna (1908, Kursk - 1981, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from ped. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1930). Pupil of LS Vygodsky. From 1929 to practical. and scientific. work on psychology (Academy of Communist Education named after N.K. Krupskaya, Ukrainian Psychoneurological Academy in Kharkov, etc.). In 1948-81 she worked at the Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (until 1978 head of the laboratory of personality formation psychology). Specialist in the region. children and ped. psychology. She worked out issues of development and social formation of the personality. Main She considered a feature of human development to be the ability for active purposeful activity; in this regard, she studied the mechanisms of motivation and volitional regulation of behavior, highlighted Ch. stages of development of a child's personality. Cit .: Personality and its formation in children. age, M., 1968.
BRAFMAN Yakov Alexandrovich (c. 1825, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1879, St. Petersburg), publicist. Orphaned early, fled from the town, fearing surrender to the cantonists. In the end. 1850s converted to Orthodoxy. In 1858 in Minsk he submitted an imp. A note about Jews to Alexander II. In 1859 he was summoned by the Synod for explanations to Petersburg. From 1860 he taught Hebrew. at the Minsk Theological Seminary. In the 2nd floor. 1860s put in gas. "Vilensky Vestnik" a number of Art. on the history of Jews in Russia, in which he attacked the organs of Heb. self-government. With the approval of the local administration, he was engaged in the collection and publication of documents of Hebrews. communities North-West. edges, simultaneously was appointed censor of Heb. book in Vilna. In the beginning. 1870s transferred to St. Petersburg, served in Ch. press department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, censor polish. and Heb. books. In Art. end 1860-1870s in "Vilensky sbornik", gas. "Voice" and others attacked the Hebrews. kagal, blamed the Society for the spread of education between the Jews of Russia and the World Jew. union ("Israelite Alliance") in that they are part of the "world Heb. conspiracy ". In 1869 publ. for the state. account "Book of the Kagala", in a cut tried to prove that Heb. communities are distinctive. state-in-state in the state, consider it optional to fulfill the growth. laws and have one of Ch. goals "obscuring Christians." Anti-Semitic journalism 2nd half. 19th century widely used the views expressed by B. in Hebrew. community in his book. during anti-Jews. propaganda campaign. After B.'s death, the "Book of the Kagala" withstood 2 more editions (1882 and 1888), was translated into it. and French. lang. and gained fame in Europe. Despite the openly anti-Semitic orientation of the "introduction", the documents published by B. are a valuable source for studying the history of Jews in Russia at the end of the day. 18. - early. 19th centuries B.'s grandson - poet V.F. Khodasevich.
BRAGIN, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1147. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Ovruch district of the Kiev voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Rechitsa u. Minsk province. In 1765, 260 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 90, in 1784 - 152, in 1874 - 1612, in 1897 - 2254, in 1923 - 1682, in 1926 - 2165, and in 1939 - 958 Jews. ... about Jews in Byelorussia belongs to the beginning. 17th century In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from raids by the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. Since 1890, Sholom Perlov (1851—?), Exiled in the 1930s, was the rabbi in Byelorussia. to Siberia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. t-in. 13 Sept. 1941, 331 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. B.G. Mogilevich, L.E. Pinsky, D. Rodin.
BRAGINSKY Iosif Samuilovich (1905, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), orientalist, Tajik researcher. and pers. lit-ry. Prof. (1959), bp. AN Taj. SSR (1951). Graduated from Indo-Afghan. dep. social and polit. Faculty of MIV (1931). From the end. 1920s on scientific-ped. work: teacher KUTV (1929-30), MIV (1931-33), GPI in Stalinabad (1938-40), VIIYa (1949-52), Moscow State University (1951-67), Taj. state un-that (1960–87). In the late 1930s - ed. gas. "Communist Tajikistan". In 1940–52 he served in the army, a participant in the war (1941–45), early. department for work among the enemy troops GUPPKA. Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950–89), IMLI (1956–67). B. published more than 400 scientific. works, including the monograph “From the history of the Tajik. bunk bed poetry. Elements of folk poetry. creativity in the monuments of the ancient and middle centuries. writing "(1956, 497 s), many articles dedicated to. problems in common and compare. oriental literary knowledge. Published several. translations taj. bunk bed epos, including dastans, - “Gurugli: Taj. bunk bed epic "(1987), etc. In Art. “The theory of thin. translation as a science "(1967) made generalizations that are important for working on art. translation. In 1957–87 Ch. ed. g. "Peoples of Asia and Africa". Ed. B. came out “History of Taj. liters "in 6 vols. (1984), Poetry and Prose by Dr. East "(1973)," Lit-ra of the East in modern times (1917-1945). Textbook "(1977)," Abu Abdallah Jafar Rudaki "(1989) and others. editorial board of the "History of World Literature" in 9 volumes. Honored. Scientist of the Tajik SSR (1955). Works: Essays on the history of the Tajik. literature, Stalinabad, 1957; Life and work of Sadriddin Aini, M., 1959; Persian, liter, M., 1963; To the results of the discussion on the periodization of the history of the literature of the East (theses), M., 1965; 12 miniatures, M., 1966, 2nd ed., 1976; To the debate about the genesis of the heroic. epic, "Owls. ethnography ", 1966, No. 1; Internats. and nat. in the literature of the East, "Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1971, No. 1; From Avesta to Aini (research on the history of Tajik literature), Dushanbe, 1981; Zapadnovost. lit. synthesis and creativity of S. Aini, Dushanbe, 1986.
BRAGINSKY Me Leib (1883, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1953, New York), poet, izv. also under ps. Me Leib. At the age of eleven he entered a shoe factory as an apprentice. Five years later, he joined the roar. movement, in 1904 was arrested. After his release, he left for England. Since 1905 in the USA. He worked in New York at a factory. Debuted Verse, in the London Weekly. Noe Zeit. After moving to New York, he became a sotr. in “Juish Daily Forvjord” and in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Together with D. Kazansky he published a quarterly since 1918. ed. "Intsl", a cut later became every month. Comp. anthology of Heb. poets "Poetic. New York". For some time he was one of the editors. g. Literatur und Leben. Lyrics B. was strongly influenced by Russian. classics. His poetry is often sad, hopelessness and loneliness are her chap. motives. The influence of Hebrews is also felt in his poetry. folklore. Many of them were set to music and became pop. songs. B. belong to several. per. Russian prosaic. manuf.
BRAGINSKY Moisey Isaakovich (b. 1911, Yekaterinoslav), historian, Africanist. Dr. East Sciences (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). In 1940–56 he taught in Vologda and Tambov (in 1948–54 as head of the department) ped. in-takh, in 1957–60 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies, since 1960 - Institute of Africa Academy of Sciences of the USSR. directions of research: sots.-ist. problems, social composition of African countries, especially Tropic. and South, racial discrimination and national liberation. traffic. Under his editorship. collection published. the monograph "The Working Class and the Labor Movement in Africa (60-70s of the XX century)" (M., 1979). Works: Liberation of Africa, M., 1962; Formation of Afr. proletariat, M., 1974; Trade union movement in Africa, M., 1990 (et al.).
Braginsky Stanislav Iosifovich (b. 1926, Moscow), theoretical physicist, geophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965). After graduating from Moscow. engineer-phys. Institute (1948) worked until 1978 at the Institute of Atomic Energy. In 1972–78 on a voluntary basis. theoretical gr. ch. magn. fields of the Earth in the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1978–88 head. lab. this in-that. Since 1988 in the USA, prof. University of California in Los Angeles. interests - plasma physics, magn. field of the earth. One of the first to begin thermonuclear research. in USSR. The author of the classic. works on the theory of transport phenomena in a magnetized high-temperature plasma and the theory of the pinch effect. Developed the theory of magn. plasma confinement. Research origin of magn. fields of the earth. Created the theory of the geomagnetic dynamo. Author approx. 200 scientific. articles. Linen. pr. (1958). Medal to them. J.A. Fleming (1992).
BRAGINSKY Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1945, Moscow), orientalist, specialist in Malaysia and Indonesia, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). The son of I.S.Braginsky. Graduated from ISAA (1969). Since 1969 scientific. (since 1988 leading) employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Book translator from Malay, Indonesian. and other languages, compiled by the book. according to the literature of Nusantara. A number of scientific. B.'s works are devoted to issues of general and compares, literary criticism. Resp. ed. collection of articles: "Questions east. literary knowledge: traditions and modernity "(1982)," Hood. traditions of literature of the East and modernity ”(1985) and others. editorial board g. "Peoples of Asia and Africa" ​​- "East". Cit .: Evolution of the Malay classic. verse, M., 1975; Hamza Fansuri, in the book: Writers and Scientists of the East, M., 1988.
BRAILOV, urban-type settlement (since 1972) in Zhmerinsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk lips. In the end. 1920s - the center of the Brailovsky Jewish nat. In 1765 638 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 471, in 1847 - 2071, in 1863 - 2061, in 1897 - 3721 (43.4%), in 1923 - 2389 (24, 5%), in 1931 - 2,401 Jews. 20th century in B. there were 3 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah, and a private husband. and wives. uch-schA. Since 1909 Dovid Lieberman (1870—?) Was the rabbi of B. During the years of Civil. war Jews were subjected to several. pogroms, including organized by the troops of the Directory. One of the largest pogroms took place in July 1919. In the middle. 1920s D. Lieberman fought to preserve the header. In the summer of 1928, Rabbi Avrom Kharinstein attempted to open the mikvah. In July 1941, 15 Jews were shot in Byelorussia; in October-November. 1941 - more than 500, 12 Feb. 1942 - 800, 23 March - 300, 18 Apr - 180, June 25 - 503, in Aug. 1942 - 17 Jews in B. I. I. Galili, J. I. Kelber, V. A. Tsukkerman.
BRAILOVSKY Alexander (1896, Kiev - 1976, New York), pianist. R. in the family of a musician-owner of a music shop. Studied at the Kiev cons. from V.V. Pukhalsky. Sergei Rachmaninoff heard the game of 11-year-old B. and predicted a great future for him. From 1911 - in Vienna, studied with T. Leshetitsky, in 1918 in Zurich, improved himself with F. Busoni. He made his debut in 1919 in Paris; in 1924 he performed with great success in New York, then gave ser. solo concerts in Paris, having performed almost all php. op. F. Chopin (169 works), and for the performance he was provided with a museum grand piano of the firm "Pleyel", on which F. List played the last; repeated this cycle of concerts in 1938 in New York and in 1960, on the occasion of the composer's 150th birthday, in New York and Brussels. He toured the USA, Lat. America, Europe, in 1961 - in the USSR. Most of B.'s repertoire consisted of op. composers-romantic (ch. arr. Chopin and Liszt). B.'s performance was distinguished by catchy virtuosity, temperament and always aroused admiration of the public. In 1936, B. founded the Brailovsky Prize for young pianists (Belgium).
BRAKHOT 3. (1886, Chausy, Mogilev province - |), the first writer in Yiddish in E.-I. In E.-I. - from 1903. Was a worker, fruit picker. Traveled all over the country, wrote stories. After the start of the 1st world. the war went to France. Studied history and philosophy at the Sorbonne. Doctor of Philosophy. He left France for Argentina, lived in Heb. settlement of Mosesville and published gas there. in Yiddish "Der Colonist". Later he moved to the USA, was a worker at the plant. In 1918 he returned to E.-I., joined the "Gdud ha-Ivri". Published at Forverts. He left for the USA again and lived there until the 60s. The first stories were published in 1918.
BRAMSON Abram Moiseevich (1871, Kovno - 1939, Leningrad), doctor and society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University, worked as a doctor in m. Liozno, Mogilev province, then studied medicine in Germany. From 1902 he lived in St. Petersburg, worked at Ying-those advanced training of doctors, collaborated in honey. g. In 1914–17 he was a doctor in the active army. In 1919–21 one of the hands. tuberculosis station of the People's Commissariat for Health, participated in the creation of the state. system of combating tuberculosis, developed the principles of clinical examination of tuberculosis patients, created a network of institutions necessary for this. Initiator of the creation of the Tuberculosis Institute, head. his account. part. Since 1912, member. to-that of the Society of health protection evr. population (in 1922 it was before.). In 1918 he created Heb. Society of Encouraging Artists, in 1919 recreated Society of Hebrews. bunk bed music, was his treasurer. In the 1890s. joined the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), in 1911 a member. his revision committee, participated in the work of East. OPE commission, later - in Heb. ist.-ethnogr. about-ve (EIEO), in its Museum Commission. After 1917, members. to-ta EIEO, since 1925 headed its Museum Commission, made a lot of efforts to obtain permission from the authorities to open the Museum of the Society, to replenish its funds, the organizer of the ethnographer. expeditions to the Ukraine, the Caucasus, and Belarus. After the liquidation of the EIEO (1929), he participated in the work of the Hebrew. dep. Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR (before its closure in 1932). In 1924 he donated his collection to Prince. and doc-tov b-ke OPE in Leningrad.
BRAMSON Leonty (Leon) Moiseevich (1869, Kovno - 1941, Marseille), journalist, society. activist. Graduated from the Kovenskaya g-ziya (1886) and law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1890). After arriving in St. Petersburg in 1892, he became an activist of the Society to spread education among Jews in Russia, and in 1894 - an inspector of schools in this Society. After the creation of the Center. to the Association of Heb. settlements became his gene. sec. and in 1899-1906 managed all its activities. In 1906, a dep. Was elected. 1st State thoughts from the Kovno lips. and joined c. Trudoviks, fought for the rights of Jews. During the 1st world. During the war, he was involved in organizing aid to thousands of homeless Jews. families. In 1917 he became a member. Of the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. and drew up a plan to equalize the rights of all nationalities. From 1909, B. actively collaborated with the Society of Crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia (ORT), as an activist of the organization traveled around the world. Forced to leave Russia (1920) after the Bolshevik revolution and settling in Zap. Europe, continued its activities in other countries; in pl. thanks to his efforts, ORT has expanded its network to 16 countries, uniting 130 organizations. From 1924 B. became a member. amer. Heb. Reconstruction Fund, and in 1925 - member. Council of the Union of Heb. emigrant societies. In 1926, Obyed took over the leadership. to help ORT - Ese with headquarters in Paris. After visiting E.-I. in 1934 he moved away from the former anti-Zionists. views. As a journalist B. studied the problems of Hebrew. settlers and problems of education among Jews. Since 1891 sotr. in periodic. ed. "Sunrise". Was one of the comp. "Handbook on rus. literature in her relation to the Jews ”(1892). He is also the author of works written in Russian, including The History of Primary Education for Jews in Russia (1896) and others.
BRAND Boris (Baruch) Filippovich (I860, Makhnovka Berdichevsky u. Kiev province - 1907, Berlin), economist, writer-publicist. Educated in Russia and abroad, worked in the Ministry of Finance, on behalf of which his Ch. tr. - "Foreign. capital. Their impact on the economy. development of the country "(v. 1, St. Petersburg., 1898-1901) and" Trade and industrial. crisis in Russia and in Zap. Europe ”(1902–04). The books are full of fact. material, they defend the idea of ​​state. policies to attract foreign. capital for development grew. economy. Unlike some of his Marxist opponents, he considered the crisis as a whole inevitable and favorable for Russia. phenomenon, an objective regulator of the economy. development. He criticized "indexology" for the formalization, artificiality of tests, etc. The author of a number of iz. in due time the book. and hence the number of Art. in scientific. and in the public-polit. swelling and nick. f., dedicated, ch. arr., finance. and fiscal problems. Cit .: Tax on exempt from military service, Kiev, 1889; The theory of the exchange rate, M., 1892; The fight against drunkenness abroad and in Russia, Kiev, 1896; Finance. politics and customs patronage, St. Petersburg, 1904.
BRANDBURG Gdalia Lvovich (1891, Orlov, Vyatka province - 1925, Bobruisk), participant of the roar. movement. The son of a teacher. Graduated from Bitebskoe commercial. uch-shche (1910). He studied at the Kiev Commerce. in-those. In 1912–15 members. Bund. In 1915-17 in the army. After Feb. revolution of 1917 before. battalion to-that. In the end. 1918 joined the RCP (b). From the end. 1919 - deputy. district prod. Commissioner in Sebezh. From Feb 1921 - member, then secretary. Sebezh Ukoma RCP (b), at the same time. head county department bunk. education, chl. district executive committee and bureau of trade unions. Since Aug. 1922 district food commissar of the Gorodok district, from the spring of 1923 - secretary. Vitebsk Ukom RCP (b), later head. the organizational department of the Vitebsk provincial party committee; then recalled to the Belburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), appointed secretary. Bobruisk Party Committee. Soon the secretary became. Bobruisk district committee of CP (b) B. At the 8th Congress of the CP (b) B (May 1924) he was elected to the Central Committee of the CP (b) B; member of the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR.
BRANDERBURGSKY (Goldzinsky) Yakov Natanovich (1881, Balta, Podolsk province - 1951, Moscow), state. and desks. activist, lawyer. In 1900 he entered Novoros. un-t (Odessa), however, for participation in the student. movement was expelled in 1902, arrested and exiled under police supervision. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP. In 1904–05, members. Ekaterinoslavsky, Riga, Tver to-tos of the party. Delegate of the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906), then a member of Petersburg. to-that party; in the "case of 19" was sentenced to imprisonment in the fortress. After his release, from 1908 - in France, where he collaborated with Russian. Social Democrats, graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne (1911). In 1917 he returned to Russia. During the revolution he worked in Petrogr. prod. to-those, from June 1918 in the People's Commissariat of Education. In 1920–21 members. Board of Tsentrosoyuz. In the years of civil. war, he was appointed an emergency representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to carry out food appropriation in a number of provinces. In 1922-29, members. Collegium of the NKJu USSR and a member. Codification Commission SNK-STO USSR. At the same time. in 1925-29 prof. and dean of jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University; participated in the development of a number of bills. In 1929–31 members. Lower Volga Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), deputy. prev. regional executive committee. Since 1931, member. collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat of Labor; headed the department of labor legislation of this People's Commissariat, edited by J. "Izvestia of the USSR People's Commissariat for Labor". In 1934–38, members. Top. Ships of the USSR, pre. Collegiums for criminal cases, then - Collegiums for civil. affairs Top. USSR ships. In 1941–45 he took part in the work of the Sovinform Bureau. The author of the book. and Art. on legal issues.
BRANISHES, see Branishte.
BRANISHTE (until 1991 - Branesti), a village in the Riscani region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 101 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
BRANSK, a city (since 1493) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial city of Bryansk, Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1863 749 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 2374 (58.1%), in 1910 - 3200, in 1921 - 2165 Jews. B. had 2 synagogues, in 1910 - 5 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. From 1906 Shimon-Yehuda Shkop (1860—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. acted departments of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in November. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 3 thousand people.
BRANOVER German Gertsevich (b. 1931, Riga), physicist, societies. activist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1953), Phys.-Math. Faculty of Latvian University (1959). Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Physics Latv. AN (1959-71). One of the founders of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of liquid metals. In the 1960s - early. 1970s - participant of the Hebrews. nat. traffic in Riga. Since 1972 - in Israel. 1973–75 - prof. Tel Aviv University. Since 1973 - prof. Beer-Shevsky University named after Ben Gurion and Director of the MHD Research Center Since 1991 he has also been in charge of the association. Israel-Ros. lab. energetic research In the book. "Turbulent MHD-flows in pipes" (1967), "Magnetic hydrodynamics of incompressible media" (1970) "MHD-flows in channels" (1978), "Single- and multiphase flows in an electromagnetic field" (1985), "Metallurgy, transformation energy and MHD-flows ”(1993) and others described the theory developed by him and practical applications of flows of liquid metals in magn. field, as well as the result of the study. anisotropic MHD turbulence and its role in geo- and astrophysics and in technology. In 1960, B. began to study questions of harmony between the Torah and the present. natures. sciences in the spirit of the teachings of the Lubavitch Rebbe M.M. Schneerson and translate into Russian. lang. Heb. religious books. Tr. these were later published. in Israel - "From the Depths" (1970), "Excerpts from the Concise Collection of Heb. laws "(1973)," Return "(1977). Book. "Eye of the Heart" (1989), "Synthesis" (1990), "Great are Thy Deeds" (1993), "Science in the Light of the Torah" contain further development of these themes. From 1972 - before. Union of Hebrews. religious intelligentsia from the USSR in Israel and Ch. ed. publishing house "Shamir" - the largest publishing house of Judaica in Russian. lang. In 1982 he founded the Society of Philosophy. g. "In the light of the Torah" in English. and Hebrew. On behalf of the Prime Minister. Israel has developed a master plan for the employment of immigrants from the USSR (1993). In 1992 he was awarded the prize before. The Knesset. Member Int. moscow energetic club (1991), foreign. member RANS (1992), Latvian Academy of Sciences (1992), hon. Doctor of RAS (1993).
BRASHMAN Nikolai Dmitrievich (1796, Rassnovo, Austria - 1866, Moscow), mathematician. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1855). Honored. prof. (1859). Demidovskaya ave. Petersburg. AN (1836, 1837). Graduated from the Vienna Polytechnic. Institute and Vienna University (1821). He worked at Vienna University (1822), Petersburg. Petropavlovsk school (1824-25), Kazan University (1825-34) and from 1834 in Moscow. un-those. Teacher P.L. Chebyshev. Founder of Moscow. mat. about-va and its first prez. (1864). Founder J. "Mathematical Collection" (1866). Main results in the theory of differential. equations, integration of algebras. functions, the theory of extrema of functions pl. variables, theoretical. and Applied Mechanics. Works: Analytical Course. geometry, M., 1836; The theory of equilibrium of solids and liquids, M., 1837.
BRASLAV, a city (since 1500), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). From the beginning. 14th century - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1920–39, in the Vilna Voivodeship, part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1797, in the Braslav district. 1,091 Jews lived (including the Karaites), in 1847 there were 591 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1234 (82.2%), in 1931 - 1130, by 1941 - more than 2000, in 1951 - 17 Jewish families. In 1863 a synagogue and a Jewish school functioned in Byelorussia. In 1908 there was a society for helping poor Jews. From 1890 Yehuda-Leib Zagoria (1850—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1930s in B. there were 4 synagogues, 2 of which were destroyed during the 2nd peace. war, 2 were occupied as warehouses after 1944. After the occupation of Bulgaria on June 27, 1941 by the Germans. troops in the city created a ghetto. When the ghetto was liquidated on June 3, 1942, approx. 2 thousand Jews. 1950s In the house of Kh.A. Sverdlov, an illegal was going. minyan.
BRASLAVL, see Bratslav.
BRATKOVTSY, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BRATOLYUBOVKA, a village in the Gornostaevsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). In the 19th century. - the town of Bratolyubovka (other name. Lisanevichevo) of the Alexandria district. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 1,193 Jews (51.2%) lived in Byelorussia. there was a synagogue in B. In the 1840s. Hevra Kaddish was created. In 1898 the second synagogue was built. In 1909 there were 6 heders (75 students), a Talmud-Torah (20 students), and a private mixed school; the box collection reached 1265 rubles, in 1912 the Jewish loan-savings function was functioning. m-in. In the 1910s. Chaim-Nisan Hasdan (1880—?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. material assistance to the community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. M. Namir.
BRATSK, a city (since 1955), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1955, 271 Jews (0.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1959, and 408 Jews (0.3%) in 1970. in B. created the Jewish national. societies. org-tion (leader M. Torban), Jewish National Cultural Autonomy (leader Sergei Gluzberg). According to the Joint's estimates, in 1998 approx. 400 Jews.
BROTHER'S BULAGAT'S OSTROG, see Balagansk.
BRATSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1760s and 70s. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bratsk (other name. Zhlekovich) Elizavetgrad district Kherson province. In 1897 there were 241 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 457, in 1939 - 203 Jews. 1941 82 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. K.I. Portnoy.
BRATSLAV, urban-type settlement (1924) in the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Bratslav Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1796 - the district town of Braslavl, Podolsk province. In 1616, 18 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 101, in 1776 - 146, in 1784 - 177, in 1790 - 221, in 1847 - 1993, in 1856 - 1954, in 1861 - 2139, in 1887 the Jews of Byelorussia constituted 39.2% of the population, in 1897 - 3290 Jews (41.8%), in 1910 - 6269 (55%), in 1926 - 1940 (24.7%), in 1939 - 1,010 (25.4%), in 1989 - 137, in 1993 - 71 Jews. In 1479, during the Tatar raid, 600 inhabitants of Byelorussia were killed, including 400 Jews. In 1551 the Jews of Byelorussia opposed the army of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, while the garrison and the main population fled. In 1591-96 the troops of the hetmans S. Nalivaiko and K. Kosinsky several. once attacked B., exterminating the inhabitants, while the Jewish community suffered greatly. During the "Khmelnytsky" era, all the Jews of Byelorussia were destroyed. The Jews who had re-settled in B. were persecuted by the Rus. troops in 1664 and when hetmans A. Voinarovsky and F. Orlik opposed Peter I. The Burma community served as a refuge for the followers of Sabbatai Zvi and the Francoists. In 1802–10, the founder of the Bratslav Hasidism, Rabbi Nachman, lived in Burma. Beginning in 1810, N. Sternharz became the head of the Bratslav Hasidim. From 1821 a Jewish printing house operated in Byelorussia. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues, in 1887 - 7 synagogues. Since 1909, Avrom-Yakov Rabinovich (1882 -?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. 1918 a Jewish self-defense detachment was organized in Byelorussia. In apr. 1919 in B. by the troops of the Directory a pogrom was carried out, in May of the same year 239 Jews were killed by the gang of N.A. Grigoriev. In the summer of 1919, as a result of the pogrom, 350 Jews were killed, approx. 1 thousand died during the epidemic. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized in Bulgaria. In 1925 there was a Zionist organization. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht on July 22, 1941, then transferred to the room. authorities. On Sept. 1941 a ghetto for local Jews and a camp for Jews deported from Bukovina and Bessarabia were created in Byelorussia. During the Holocaust, 1,840 Jews were exterminated in Byelorussia. In 1995, a memorial sign was erected at the Jewish cemetery. R.G. Gorskaya. E.S. Mosolova
BRAUDE Borukh Vulfovich (1910, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), a specialist in the field of antenna technology for radio broadcasting and television. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. In 1939 he graduated from Leningrad. Industrial Institute (correspondence department). From 1930 he worked at Electrosvyazstroy, from 1935 he was engaged in the development of antenna technology in the laboratory. transmitting antennas (engineer, senior engineer, team leader, head of laboratory). During the 1941–45 war, he headed a group on the construction of an antenna structure for a super-powerful radio broadcasting station. station 1200 kW. Participated in the creation of high quality. transmitting antenna system for Mosk. telecentre. Under the arm. B. performed n.-i. works for radio and television broadcasts. networks and radio astronomy, including transmitting antennas with flat vibrators for TV. stations, antennas for single and multi-program TV centers and VHF with frequency modulators. broadcasting, transmitting short-wave radio centers, etc .; conducted research. parameters of radio telescopes with variable-profile antennas and noise temperature Microwave antennas; the theory of calculation of anti-fading antennas, losses in the ground is proposed. At the same time. from 1946–72 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those at f-takh fiz.-matem. and radio electronics. Author of over 90 scientific. printed works, a number of inventions. Became. pr. (1946, 1950).
BRAUDE Girsh Vulfovich (1906, Vitebsk - 1992, Moscow), specialist in the region. television technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. He graduated from Leningrad in 1928. polytechnic in-t. In the 30s. performed a number of fundamental studies. and theoretical. developments in the region. electronic TV, for to-rye him in 1938 without the protection of dis. awarded the title of Cand. tech. Sciences. works related to the theory of denies. reactive and complex feedback in amplifiers, on the basis of a cut a reactive lamp is created, which is the main one. element of frequency modulation and automatic frequency control circuits in tech. means of communication (1934); with the creation of an original beamless transmitting tube ("Braude tube") for telecine (1938), two-way semiconductor. targets - main. element of the transmitting TV. superorticone tubes (1938). In 1941–45 B. worked on the military. topics, in particular, was engaged in aircraft identification systems. In the beginning. 50s first proposed a method for determining the optimal. parameters of the telesystem by expanding their frequency and phase characteristics in a power series ("Braude's method"), based on to-rogo in 1952 he developed highly efficient schemes of broadband, anti-noise and aperture correction. In 1946-58 he taught at Moscow. energetic in-those. Created scientific. school TV. technology. Author of over 100 scientific. works, numerous. inventions. For speaking out in defense of D.A. Rozhansky, who was unjustifiably repressed in 1930, and against the campaign of "combating cosmopolitanism" in 1949, B. was officially condemned in the Sov. print.
Ilya Davydovich BRAUDE (1885, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1955, Moscow), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1944). He studied law. f-those Petersburg., then Moscow. un-that, to-ry graduated in 1910. Since 1911 in Moscow. attorney at law as an assistant attorney at law, since 1915 - attorney at law. Member of the 1st world. war. After demobilization, early. Criminal Investigation Department of Ukr. SSR, chl. Military. Tribunal gr. troops of the Kiev direction, Art. inspector of the armies of Siberia for Glavsnabprodarm, early. military. of the production staff of the Semipalatinsk provinces. Since 1922, member. Moscow collegiums of defenders. Known as a forensic lawyer. Took part in the CD. polit, the processes of the "Industrial Party", "Union Bureau of Mensheviks", Eng. spies from the company "Metro-Vickers", "Parallel Trotskyist Center", "Trotskyist bloc" and others. The author of the book. "In a criminal court", "Notes of a lawyer".
BRAUDE Ilya Rafailovich (1890 - 1958), infectious disease doctor. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1911 he graduated from natural, and after 3 years honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1914-18 he was a military doctor. Until 1922 head. lab. inf. b-tsy of Dnepropetrovsk and at the same time. senior assistant of the clinic inf. diseases. Since 1922 head. lab., and then senior doctor inf. branches of the 2nd hospital of Kharkov. Took part in the organization of the Kharkov Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, where he headed the department inf. diseases. Since 1932 head. department inf. diseases of the Kharkov honey. in-that, a cut directed until the last days of his life. B. published by St. 65 scientific. works devoted to various questions inf. pathology, in particular differential diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, influenza. Works: Diagnostics and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases. A guide for doctors, Kiev, 1949.
BRAUDE Isaak Leontievich (1882 - 1960, Moscow), obstetrician-gynecologist. In 1909 he graduated from Berlin University. In 1909-14 he worked in Berlin in an obstetric and gynecological clinic. Since 1914 - in Russia. During the 1st world. war surgeon in hospitals. In 1918–20 he worked at the 1st Moscow State University. From 1921 to 1931 - head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Moscow State University, prof. (1922). In 1931–41 - head. Department of Obstetrics Center. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1941–45 he worked in the Sverdlovsk medical center. in-those. In 1945–49 - head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mosk. honey. in-ta B. studied the problems of operative gynecology, emergency care for obstetric and gynecological. pathology, developed methods for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors of the female genital area. He was the founder and the first ch. ed. g. "Obstetrics and Gynecology", elected honorary. h. Vses. about-va of obstetricians-gynecologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Perforation of the uterus, M., 1918; Early recognition of uterine cancer, M.-L., 1928 (et al.); Conservative treatment of female diseases, M., 1939; Emergency surgery in obstetrics and gynecology, M., 1947; Operative gynecology, M., 1959.
Braude Lyusya Yulievna (Lyudmila Yurievna) (b. 1927, Leningrad), literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1950). In 1950-51 he was a teacher of German. lang. at school, in 1951-59 - in Leningrad. honey. in-those. From 1959 - in Leningrad. in-those cultures; since 1979 - prof. Specialist in the history of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish literature; hack children lit-re. Author of the book: "Hans Christian Andersen", L., 1971; "Scandinavian lit. fairy tale ", M., 1979; “I don’t want to write for adults”, L., 1987.
BRAUDE Semyon Yakovlevich (b. 1911, Poltava), radio physicist and radio astronomer. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1969). Graduated from Kharkov University (1932). Until 1941, Assoc. this un-that. At the same time. in 1933–55 he worked at Physico-technical. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1943 - head of the laboratory). Since 1955 - in the newly organized Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov (until 1980 - deputy director and head of the radio astronomy sector). At the same time. (since 1944) prof. Kharkov Polytechnic. in-ta.Osn. work in the region. electronics of microwave frequencies, radio astronomy (in particular, the solution of the problem of the motion of electrons in electric and magnetic fields taking into account the space charge, the propagation of ultrashort waves over the sea in line of sight and beyond the horizon, and scattering of radio waves by an agitated surface). Under the arm. B. created the first radio astronomy in Ukraine. observatory, developed and built radio telescopes, including in 1969 the world's largest radio telescope with controlled T-like antennas - UTR-2, on which studies were carried out. discrete sources of radio emission in the range of decameter waves, cosmic. background, pulsars, sun. In 1939, joint. with A.A. Slutskin and others. created the USSR's first three-coordinate radar of the decimeter range, which was first successfully used in the defense of Moscow in 1941. Became. pr. (1952).
BRAUDES Reuven Asher (1851, Vilna - 1902, Vienna), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. He spent his childhood and youth in Odessa. Crete. attitude to the tradition. Judaism, which prevailed at that time in Hebrew literature, had a great influence on B., and he wrote a number of articles in which he defended the need for religion. and social conversions of Heb. life. From 1876 - in Lvov, where he edited (up to 1879) f. "Ga-boker op", in which publ. means part of your first rum. "Ga-dat vega-haim" ("Religion and Life"; Separate ed. 1885), dedicated. fight for religion. reform among the Lithuanians. Jewry. In the second rum. "Shtei g-ktsavot" ("Two extremes"; separate ed. 1888) B. with great skill describes the collision of the modern. and trad. ideas and ways in the life of the Jews of Odessa. In 1891–93 - in Krakow, where he published a weekly. "Ga-zman", in which publ. first some of the remaining unfinished rum. "Me-ain ule-an" ("From where and where"; separate edition of this part - 1891), to Izv. degree which is a continuation of "Two Extremes", and weekly. Ruach ha-zman, where it was published. the beginning of his big autobiography. rum. "Shirim attikim" ("Ancient Songs"; separate singing ed. - 1903). In 1893, B. returned to Lvov. From 1894 he edited the weekly published there. "Idishes vohenblat", who was an officer. Zionist, organ Vost. Galicia. From the end. 1896 - in Vienna, where he lived until his death. After the 1st World. Zionist. Congr. 1897 T. Herzl appointed B. ed. published in Yiddish by a Zionist. weekly "Di Welt". In the last. biennium B.'s life acted in the main. as a publicist. Being a consistent supporter of social. and religion. transformations in Jewry, B. with a big thin. showed accuracy in his rom., especially in naib. perfect of them - "Religion and Life" and "Two Extremes" - acute social. and spiritual conflicts in Heb. life of Russia of his time.
BRAUDO Alexander Isaevich (1864, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1924, London), publisher, societies. activist. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Derpt University. From 1889 until the end of his life, B. worked at the Imp. Public library. An active participant in the liberal democratic. published. activities, was a member of the ed. advice w. "Sunrise" and "Heb. peace". Being a member. Heb. historical ethnogr. about-va, B. stood (together with S.A. Ginzburg and S. An-sky) at the head of the collection "Experienced". Collaborated in the illegal "Bureau of the Press", collecting information about anti-Semitism in Russia. In 1907 he took an active part in the creation of the publishing house "Reason", Ch. the purpose of which was to release a literature directed against anti-Semitism. One of the leading representatives was growing up. freemasonry con. 19 - early. 20th century In 1917-19 and 1921-24 - vice director. Public library. He died on a business trip.
BRAUDO Evgeniy Maksimovich (1882, Riga - 1939, Moscow), musicologist, teacher, music society. activist. In 1891-97 he studied at the Riga muses. uch-shche, later took lessons in playing php. from B. Mellersten, in 1903–05 - from II Tselevich. In 1902–04 a student of chemistry. Faculty of Riga Polytechnic. in-that. In 1904–07 he participated in the revolt. movement, for which he was expelled from Riga. In 1911 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1913 he lived in Germany, studied music history with H. Riemann and G. Kretschmar. In 1914-16 he taught at the music. school I.A. Borovka in Petrograd, in 1917 - in the music-ped. in-those at un-those, since 1922 prof. Petrogr. Institute of History of Arts (Department of History of Western European Music); ch.-c. in the category of history of music Ying-that history of art. From 1924 he taught at Moscow. un-those, in 1925 members. college for muses. management of radio broadcasting, since 1926 consultant Glavisk-va People's Commissariat for Education, member. editorial board, since 1930 art. hands. cabinet of recording, since 1931 muses. hands. military theater. Bureau Center. at home Kr. Army. From the end. 90s collaborated in gas. and f. Apollo, Muz. contemporary ”, etc. Since 1903 he has been lecturing. Main range of interests - Western-European muses. culture, rus. music. Honored. a figure in the art of the RSFSR (1932). Works: General history of music, v. 1–3, Moscow, 1922–27; Alexander Porfirevich Borodin, his life and work, Pg., 1922; Nietzsche - philosopher-musician, Pg., 1922; Johann Sebastian Bach: Characterization Experience, Pg., 1922; Richard Wagner: The Experience of Characterization, Pg., 1922; Wagner and Russia: New materials for his biography, Pg., 1923; Fundamentals of material culture in music, M., 1924; Beethoven and His Time, M., 1927; "Boris Godunov" by Mussorgsky, M.-L., 1927 (together with N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov); History of music: (Concise sketch), M., 1928, 2nd ed., M., 1935; Franz Schubert, M., 1929.
BRAUDO Isai (Isaiah) Aleksandrovich (1896, Boyarka of Zvenigorodsky district of Kiev province - 1970, Leningrad), organist, pianist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1957). Among the first teachers of B. were S.M. Maikapar and A.I. Ziloti. He studied at Moscow. cons. by class fp. at A.B. Goldenweiser (1915–17) and in Petrograd. cons. by the organ class of Ya.Ya. Handshin and N.K. Vanadzinsh (1914–15 and 1921–23). He taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons. from 1923 (from 1935 prof.) (classes of organ and php.). In 1924 and 1926 he was sent to France and Germany to improve his performing skills, as well as to study French. and it. organs. From 1927 he gave concerts. was an outstanding organist, his vast repertoire encompassed everything. manuf. organ music from the 16th to 20th centuries Organ works played a special role in the repertoire. I.S.Bach, interpretations to-rykh belong to the highest achievements of performing arts B. Author of the book. "Articulation" (L., 1961), which has become a classic. labor in the region. theory of performance, methodical. the work “On the Study of Bach's Clavier Works in Music. school "(M.-L. 1965). B. Peru owns transcriptions for organ manuf. Western-European and Russian. composers. B. brought up many. students, to-rye continue the traditions of his organ school. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957).
BROWN Benjamin (1885, Tulchin, Podolsk Gubernia - 1939, approx. Highstone, New Jersey), society. activist, hands. village-household cooperatives and farming settlements. Since 1901 in the USA. After studying at the Philadelphia State. village-household college settled in Utah, where he became a prez. Association of Hebrews. farmers and settlers (1909–15). He will do it, Deer. Utah Piyut Reservoir and Irrigation Project. Organized individual poultry farmers into the cooperative Association of Yut poultry farmers; three years later created a similar cooperative in Idaho. In 1929, as a member of the advisory committee, he accompanied Dr. M.L. Wilson, assistant. the minister sat down. x-va USA, in Birobidzhan for negotiations on issues of Heb. settlements and cooperatives. Upon his return to the United States, he continued the organization of farmers north-west. states and opened marketing offices for them. At the same time there was a village-household. expert and pre. temporary commission for the device of Heb. farm settlements in the United States.
BROUNSTEIN Alexander Evseevich (1902, Kharkov - 1986, Moscow), biochemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1972). Brother of N.E. Braunstein. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1926). In 1928–36 he worked at Biochemistry. in-those of the USSR People's Commissariat of Health and to the Center. state in-those prof. diseases. Since 1936 in Vses. in-those experiment. medicine (the head of the laboratory of intermediate nitrogen metabolism, edges in 1945 became a part of the Institute of Biological and Medical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 1959 in Ying-those pier. Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the laboratory of chemical foundations of biocatalysis). tr. on amino acid metabolism, chemistry of enzymes, etc. He discovered (1937, jointly with MG Kritsman) transamination reactions and substantiated their role in nitrogen metabolism. Discovered the participation of vitamin Bb in plural. transformations of amino acids and developed (with M.M. Shemyakin) a general theory of the action of enzymes containing this vitamin. Deciphered (1971, with Yu.A. Ovchinnikov) the primary structure of the enzyme aspartate-amino-transferase. Established (1984) main. patterns of action of lyases and proposed a new classification of this group of enzymes. Became. pr. (1941). Linen. etc. (1980). Jn. member Nat. AN (USA, 1974). Cit .: Biochemistry of amino acid metabolism, M., 1949; The main ways of assimilation and dissimilation of nitrogen in animals, M., 1957; Processes and enzymes of cellular metabolism (Collection of articles), M., 1987; At the junction of chemistry and biology, M., 1987.
BROUNSTEIN Nikolay Evseevich (1898, Kharkov - 1967, ibid.), Ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. Brother of A.E. Braunstein. After graduating from Kharkov honey. in-that specialized in ophthalmology in the same place iodine hands. his father, prof. EP Braunstein (1864-1926), to-ry headed the Department of Eye Diseases. From 1930 he worked at the department as an assistant, then head. laboratory. Head departments of eye diseases stomatologic. (1932–40) and honey. (from 1939 until the end of his life) in-tov in Kharkov. During the war years he worked in military hospitals. tr. B. dedicated various methods of clinics. and theoretical. ophthalmology: surgeon. treatment of retinal detachment (doctoral dis.), traumatism and tuberculosis of the eyes, the use of photobiology methods and the use of physiotherapy in ophthalmology, etc. Author (with A. Ya. Samoilov) of the textbook "Introduction to Ophthalmology" (1935). Prev Kharkovsky (1936–50) and a member. reign of Vses. and Ukr. about-in ophthalmologists. Cit .: On the treatment of infectious lesions of the cornea and iris of the eye with ultraviolet rays, Kharkov, 1926; Pathogenesis and surgical treatment of retinal detachment, Kharkov, 1941.
BRAVICH, see Bravich.
BRAVICI, see Bravicia.
BRAVICHIA (until 1991 - Bravicha), a village in Calarasi district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bravich (other name. Bravichi) Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 300 Jews (8.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 413, in 1940 - 350 Jews. After 1903, the ban introduced in 1897 was lifted. for a new settlement of Jews in B. In the 1910s. the rabbi in B. was Avrom Kremer. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 room. occupier. the authorities arrested 300 Jews, of whom 257 were. destroyed.
BRAYKOVSKAYA Lina Georgievna (b. 1950, Chisinau), architect-restorer, author of graphic works, distinguished by their original style. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute in 1975. Main architect. works: restoration of the Sheremetev estate in Yurino, Mariysk. ASSR (1984), Lermontov Gallery in Pyatigorsk (1989), project of restoration of K.S. Melnikov's house in Moscow (1985, 2nd Ave. at the Best Projects Competition). Since 1990 in Israel.
BRAININ Boris Lvovich (ps. Esterreicher Sepp) (b. 1905, Nikolaev), poet, translator. In 1934 he graduated from philology. and geogr. dep. Vienna University. Dr. philol. sciences. Lit. tr. has been studying since 1922. Writes on it. lang. Per. Russian poetry and songs on it. lang. Comp. into gas. Noyes Leben (Pravda Publishing House) as literary consultant. Member Communist Party of Austria since 1927. Was repressed in the USSR shortly after his arrival from Austria in 1938. Since 1992 he has been living in Austria in Hebrew. nursing home.
BRAININ Reuben (1862, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1939, New York), publicist, literary critic. He made his debut in gas. "Ha-Melitz" in 1888. From 1887 he lived in Moscow, earned a living by studying Hebrew, was a secretary. at the tea manufacturer Vysotsky. In 1892, B. left Russia. Lived in Vienna, Berlin. Printed Art. on lit. topics in pl. periodic. ed. In 1896, B. published a biography of P. Smolenskin, in 1900 - the book. about A. Mapu. In 1911 he came to New York. In the 20s. published different. periodic. ed., around which many were grouped. Izv. writers, lit. the youth. Last years he wrote exclusively in Yiddish. From ed. manuf. B. should be noted "Gezamlte Font" ("Collected Works"), 1909; "Fun mein lebnebuch" ("From the book of my life"), 1946.
BRAZ Joseph Emmanuilovich (1873, Odessa - 1936, Paris), artist. Acad. Petersburg. AH (1914). Studied in private studios in Munich and Paris. In 1918–20 - curator of the Hermitage. In 1920-28 - teacher at VKHUTEIN, 1927-28 - prof. He was arrested and imprisoned in Solovki. In 1928 he left the USSR. Naib. famous works - "At the dacha" (1893), a portrait of A.P. Chekhov (1898), "Chrysanthemums" (1899), "Mill" (1906).
BRAZER Abram Markovich (1892, Chisinau - 1942, Minsk), sculptor, graphic artist and painter. In 1910 he graduated from the Chisinau art. uch-shche. In 1912–16 he lived in Paris; studied at Nat. school of fine arts (1912-14). Having settled in the famous house "La Ruche" (Beehive), he met MZ Chagal. Upon returning to Russia, he lived in Petrograd (1916–18), participated in the exhibition "The World of Art" (1916). In 1918 he arrived in Vitebsk. He played a prominent role in the film. City life: arranged debates and rallies on modern topics. art, participated in exhibitions, completed the Vitebsk Museum of modern. art, created sketches for the festive decoration of the city. The author of the monument to the Swiss teacher I. Pestalozzi in Vitebsk (1920, not preserved). Designed performances in Heb. t-ra in Vitebsk. He taught at the Vitebsk Art and Practice Institute (since 1922). Since 1923 in Minsk. He was a member of the All-Belarusian. Association of Artists, Revolutionary Organization of Artists of Belarus. Participant Belarusian. and all. exhibitions. The author of a number of Art. in periodicals. B.'s large personal exhibition took place in Minsk in 1941 on the eve of the war. In its exposition most of his works: all of them were destroyed by the Nazis. The artist himself and his family were shot. Almost everyone is thin. B.'s legacy was lost; the few surviving works - a portrait of Yu.M. Pen (1921), a bust of S.M. Mikhoels (1926), graphic portraits and sketches testify to the artist's outstanding coloristic gift, artistry, improvisational boldness of his drawing, high prof. possession of the sculptural form. Prod. B. are kept in Hood. Museum of Belarus in Minsk.
BRECH, a village in the Koryukovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. 19th century 148 people lived in B. for 210 dec. land. Main the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade.
BREGEL Enoch Yakovlevich (1903 - 1993, USA), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1940), prof. (1935). Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1924). From 1926 to ped. work in decomp. higher education. institutions in Moscow, including in the MIV (until 1954), Moscow. economic and statistical. in-those (since 1955). Since 1973 - in Israel, since 1979 - in the USA. directions n.-i. activities: analysis den. circulation and credit, econ. reproduction, history of econ. teachings. The author of a large number of monographs, textbooks and textbooks. manuals, including the widely known "Polit. economy of capitalism "(Moscow, 1966, 1968). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1965). Vol .: Polit. economy: Introduction, M., 1932; Banks, their role and operations, M., 1939; Den. circulation and credit is capitalistic. countries, M., 1950, 1955; Revisionism and reformism in the theory of impoverishment, M., 1960; Criticism of the bourges. teachings about econ. system modern. capitalism, M., 1972.
BREGEL Yuri Enokhovich (b. 1925, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1961). Son of E.Ya. Bregel. Member of the war, graduated from Kharkov. art. uch-shche (1943). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). He was repressed by a student (1949–54). In 1957–62, translator, head. ed. publications of monuments Publishing house east. literature, in 1956-57 and 1962-73 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1973 - in Israel. Since 1979 - in the USA; prof. University in Bloomington (Indiana, USA). directions of research: turkology, textual studies, history Wed. Asia. Initiated the release of the series "Monuments of the Literature of the Peoples of the East". Active participant in the publication sobr. op. V.V. Bartold. Compiler, translator, ed. prefaces in the book. "Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East" (M., 1961), translator and author of additions to the book. Ch.A. Storey, “Pers. literature: Bio-bibl. review ”, parts 1–3, M., 1972. Works: Khorezm Turkmen in the XIX century, M., 1961; Documents from the Khiva khans' archive on the history and ethnography of the Karakalpaks, M., 1967.
BREGMAN Alexander Abramovich (party ps. Zheleznyak) (1895, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1919), revolutionary worker. In the S.-D. the movement entered the years of the 1st world. war, after Feb. Revolution of 1917 was included in the united. org-tion of the RSDLP, from May 1917 Bolshevik. Since March 1917, member. Bobruisk Council, since July - member. Bobruisk to-that RSDLP (b). 10/15/1917 headed by the Red Guard. commandant's office at the Bobruisk to-those party. After Oct. 1917 Commissioner for food Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In Jan. 1918, during the Polish offensive. legionnaires gene. Y.Dovbor-Musnitskiy, escaped arrest, moved to Smolensk; worked in the North-West. region to-those RSDLP (b). From Apr. 1918 on clandestine work in the occupied Germans, by the troops of Belarus. One of the founders of Borisov, and from May 1918 before. Mogilev underground to-that party. From 10/12/1918 - member. Mogilev Revolutionary Committee. Dec. 1918 after the liberation of Belarus from the Germans, the occupation of the secretary. Mogilev district committee of the RCP (b), member. provincial committee. From Feb 1919 commissar of the brigade of the Mozyr group of forces of the Kr. Army, captured by the Polish lancers, buried alive up to his neck in the ground, and then beheaded.
BREGMAN Abel Pinkhusovich (1906, Lyudenevichi Mozyrsky district. Minsk province - 1958, Minsk), architect. In 1936 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute and moved to Minsk. In 1937–41 before. Board of the Union of Architects of the BSSR. In 1941–45 he worked in Kuibyshev. Since 1945 he has been restoring Minsk; led the workshop of the Belgosproekt; taught at the Minsk Architect-Building. technical school (1946 58). Main works: in Mogilev - a hotel, residential buildings (1937–41, with A.P. Voinov); in Minsk - Institute of Physical Education (1938, with Voinov), residential buildings on Leninsky Prospect, (formerly Stalin, now F. Skoriny, 1948–51), a hostel of the Minsk Higher School of Arts on the street. K. Marx (1950, now - a hostel of BSU), Belpromsovet and Promenergoproekt (1953–55), Technol building. Institute (1956, with O.B. Ladygina).
BREGMAN Shmuel (1891, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1942, Kislovodsk), prose writer. He worked as a baker, blacksmith. In the years of the 1st world. war served in growing up. army, was seriously wounded at the front. The events of the war, frontline life then became the basis. themes of his stories, pov. and rum. Lit. activity began in the 2nd half. 20s pov. and rum. about the war and the revolution, about the difficult years of childhood and the ordeal of youth. The last years before the war of 1941–45 he lived in Kislovodsk. He died in 1942 along with all the Hebrews. the population of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the environs, shot by the Nazis. Author of the book: "Durkh krig un revolution" ("Through war and revolution"), 1932; Afn Mizrekh iz Umruik (Restless in the East), 1934; "Nyo-ma Schwartz", 1935, etc.
BREMENER Max Solomonovich (1926, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Writer, playwright, lit. critic. R. in the family of a doctor. In 1949 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M.Gorky (seminar of K.G. Paustovsky). The first book is "The Case of Steppe" (1955). In 1956 it was sharp. the story “Let it not agree with the answer! ..” (in the journal “Youth”) about civic courage, about true and imaginary values, about the struggle for truth against formalism, hypocrisy and demagoguery caused heated debates. Books: "Leshkina re-examination" (1958), "Tolya-Trilli" (1960), "Chur, not a game! .." (1962), "Dedicated to you ..." (1965), "Grenada volost" (1978) - about the complex inner world of adolescents, about the maturation of character, the education of moral values, about human sensitivity. "Presence of the Spirit" (1969) is a story about the strength of the spirit, about the spirituality, the intelligence of those opposing fascism, about how children grow up and adults try to remain human. Sounds in the story and the theme of the ghetto - Heb. the girl is saved by Russian. female. B. - the author of literary criticism. articles, memoirs (about Paustovsky, V.A. Kaverin, etc.). The plays "Dedicated to You" and "Merry Time" were successfully performed in children. theaters. Stories and stories are translated into it., Spanish, Polish. and other languages.
BRENER Joseph-Chaim (1881, Novye Mlyny Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. - 1921, Jaffa), prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1897 he became close to the Bund movement. He lived in Gomel, Bialystok, Warsaw. In 1901–04 he served in Russian. army, deserted. After his release from prison he lived in London, Lvov and other cities of Galicia, where he was engaged in journalism. He made his literary debut with a story in Hebrew in 1899 in "Ha-Melitz". Then came the pov. “Ba-khorev” (“In winter”) and “Misaviv lanekuda” (“Around the point”). In 1908 in Lvov publ. autobiogr. pov. from the soldier's life "Shana ahat" ("One year"). From 1909 in E.-I. He settled in a colony, was a simple worker, edited one of the periodicals. ed. Here he wrote several. pov. and rum. He translated into Hebrew "Crime and Punishment" by FM Dostoevsky and others. Russian and peace. lit-ry. B. - the founder of the existentialist trend in Hebrew literature. Killed by Arabs during the riots in Jaffa.
BRENNER Victor David (1871, Shavli, Koven Province - 1924, New York), medalist, sculptor. Studied engraving in Riga and Kovno. Since 1890 - in the USA. He worked in New York as a stamp carver and engraver, visited the artist. courses in the Trade Union, Nat. Academy of Arts and the Union of Young Artists. In 1898 he left for Paris, where he studied under L.O. Roti, A. Charpentier and at the Julian Academy. In 1901-04 he was repeatedly awarded medals and honors. signs for decomp. exhibitions. In 1906 he returned to New York. He took part in the struggle of the Numismatic Society for the improvement of Amer. coins. He is the author of the portrait of T. Roosevelt on the obverse of the Panama Medal, as well as the image of A. Lincoln on the US one-cent coin. B. created. also a lot of medallions, badges and honors. signs that have become attributes and symbols of the United States.
BRESKINA Fruma Moiseevna (b. 1915, Chardzhui of the Bukhara Khanate), philologist, Africanist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1946). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (1938). Since 1941, she taught Zarub. literature in Mordovian ped. in-those, Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang., Ivanovsky ped. in-those. Since 1962 scientific. sotr. Institute of Africa, USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), specialist in Africa. lit-ram on europ. lang. Compiler, author of introductory art. and commentaries in the collection "Poets of Ghana" (1963), "Poets of Mali" (1965), "Izbr. poetry "P. Ronsard (1985) and others, comp. and Chl. biblical group of authors. pointer "Hood. liter of African countries per euro. language. " (M., 1967).
BRESLAV Boris (Yankel-Berka) Abramovich (1882, Mikulino, Orshansky district. Mogilev province. - 1938), military. and state. activist. R. in the family of an excavator. From 11 years old - a shoemaker's apprentice. Member Bund from 1899. In 1901 he was exiled to Vostochny for 5 years for participating in a strike and wounding a strikebreaker. Siberia. In May 1903 he fled, worked in the Dvinskaya and Gomel organizations of the RSDLP, and joined the Bolsheviks. From the beginning. 1904 - in St. Petersburg, member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP, arrested again, exiled to the Arkhangelsk province, but fled on the way. In the fall of 1905, the organizer and early. combat squads at Moscow. to-those RSDLP. In the end. 1905 in Petersburg, ed. working gas. "Call". In the spring of 1907 sent to desks. work in the Urals; arrested in Yekaterinburg (spent 2 years in prisons). In 1909 he was exiled to the Tobolsk province, escaped along the way and soon left Russia. In 1909-11 members. Parisian gr. Bolsheviks, in 1911 he listened to lectures at the party. school in Longjumeau. In the same year, he was sent to Moscow to prepare general parties. conference, but was arrested and sentenced to 6 years in hard labor (he served in the Butyrka prison in Moscow). In the days of February. Revolution of 1917 released, left for Petrograd. He worked in Kronstadt, after the July days - before. mountains. to-ta RSDLP (b), ed. gas. "Voice of Truth", part. Executive Committee of the Kronstadt Soviet, member. Petrogr. env. to-that RSDLP (b). In oct. days 1917 commissar of the 7th special Kronstadt detachment of sailors, from which he occupied Oranienbaum. In the fall of 1917 he was sent to Belarus, headed the Vitebsk province. to-t RCP (b) and mountains. Council. From the summer of 1918 before. Moscow mountains. Committee of the RCP (b), member. The Presidium of the Moscow City Council; at the 5th Vseros. Congress of Soviets (July 1918) elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From nov. 1918 - deputy. prev. (actually headed) IBSC, from the beginning. 1919 - early. Special Department of the 3rd Army, from the fall - early. Special departments of the 12th Army and South. front. In 1920–24. - deputy. teams, troops of Moscow. VO, early. political department of the district, then to the owls. and households. work, chl. Board of the Association "Se-Verles". In 1929–32, deputy. Trade Representative of the USSR in France. Then Ch. Arbitrator of the USSR People's Commissariat for Food Industry. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
BRESLAV Isaak Solomonovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969). Graduated (1946) 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. Since 1960 in the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR im. I.P. Pavlova (since 1974 - head of the laboratory of respiratory physiology). Since 1990 at the Institute of Physics. education and sport of Wingate in Netanya (Israel) .Osn. tr. on the physiology of respiration: issled. mechanisms of regulation of respiration at rest, under stress and in extreme conditions; selection of the optimal breath. environment in space. flight, deep diving, etc .; volitional control of breathing. Author of 8 monographs. Vol .: Arbitrary breathing control in humans, L., 1975; Breathing regulation, L., 1981 (in co-authorship); Fundamentals of Physiology. M., 1992 (in co-authorship).
BRESLAVSKY (Breslavi) Yosef (1897, Romny, Poltava province. - 1972, Israel), one of the first geographers and ethnographers E.-I. From 1905 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. He graduated from high fur boots in Vienna and Berlin. During the 1st world. During the war, he was sent to the officers' school in Kushta, and later was a translator in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a security instructor in Galilee, a teacher. He devoted a lot of time and effort to spreading knowledge about the nature of the country, led excursions throughout the country. Author of books and studies on geography and local history E.-I., memoirs.
BRESLER Semyon Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1909, Kartuzskaya Bereza, Grodno Province - 1983, Leningrad), physicochemist and biophysicist. Prof. (1946). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1930). He worked there (since 1946 as a professor, since 1969 - head of the department of isotope physics, since 1974 - head of the department of biophysics organized by him). At the same time. (since 1930) worked at Physics and Technology. in-those them. AF Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1940–52 head of the laboratory of physical chemistry). Since 1952 - at the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1970–71 the laboratory headed by B. was a part of the Physico-technical Institute). Since 1971 - at the Institute of Nuclear Physics. B.P. Konstantinov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the department of molecular and radiation biophysics). tr. to study the structure and mechanism of action of biopolymer macromolecules. Developed (jointly with Ya.I. Frenkel) statistic. the theory of chain molecules with limited. flexibility. Created (together with D.L. Talmud, 1945) the theory of globular structure of protein, edges formed the basis of modern. ideas about its tertiary structure. He found that during transformation, the appearance of new combinations of genes (recombination) occurs at the level of one DNA strand, and during conjugation, at the double-stranded level. He put forward an original hypothesis explaining spontaneous mutations by thermal noise - random errors in DNA autoreplication. Developed and implemented a method of sorption chromatography of viruses on wide-pore glasses, on the basis of a cut received an influenza vaccine. Son B. - MS Bresler - Dr. fiz.-matem. Sciences, works in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe, RAMS: Surface phenomena, L.-M., 1934 (with D.L. Talmud); Radioactive elements, 3rd ed., M., 1957; Biological polymers, M., 1964; Introduction to molecular biology, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1966; Molecular Biology, L., 1973.
BRESLER Yakov Davydovich (1909 - 1985, Moscow), artist, director, circus worker. In 1924 he joined the circus. He acted like a balancing act on the stairs, a comic. acrobat, carpet, arena inspector. In 1938 he made his debut in directing the post. circus, pantomime-extravaganza "The Little Humpbacked Horse" based on the tale of PP Ershov. In 1939–69, the founder and artist. hands. Gypsy circus. collective. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1969). Son B. - Boris (b. 1931, Moscow), juggler. Since 1968, after the end of dir. Faculty of GITIS, was engaged in directing. Since 1974 director-teacher.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БРЕСТ (еврейское назв. — Бриск), город (с 1390), центр Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1019 как Берестье. С 1319 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1413 — центр Берестейского староства Трокского воеводства, с 1566 — центр Берестейского воеводства, с 1569 — центр Брестского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Брест-Литовск Слонимской, затем — Литовской, с 1801 — Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — Брест-над-Бугом, центр Полесского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1676 в Б. проживало 525 евреев (не считая детей до 10 лет), в 1766 — 3175, в 1847 — 8136, в 1860 — 7900 (41%), в 1889 — 27 005 (65%), в 1897 — 30 608 (65,8%), в 1913 — 39 152 (68,6%), в 1921 — 15 630 (53%), в 1924 — 18 296 (51,6%), в 1928 — 19 634 (48,3%), в 1929 — 21 769 (47%), в 1931 — 21 440 (44,4%), в 1938 — 25 000 (43,7%), в 1959 — 1315, в 1970 — 1378, в 1979 — 1233, в 1989 — 1080, в 1994 — ок. 1000, в кон. 1996 — ок. 800 евреев.Евреи появились в Б. в 11 в. Занимались торговлей и ремеслами. В 1411 вел. князь литовский Витовт велел отпустить бесплатно глину и кирпич на постройку синагоги. Раввином Б. во 2-й пол. 15 в. был Иехиель Лурия. В 1495 из Б. были изгнаны все евреи, в 1503 им было разрешено вернуться. Изгнание привело к крещению определенного числа евреев. Один из них — Авром Юзефович стал министром финансов при Сигизмунде I. В 1514 брат Аврома Ицхок-Михл Юзефович был назначен обер-раввином (в 1525 он же был удостоен дворянского звания).До 1514 раввином в Б. был Мойше Раскович, в 1531 — Мендель Франк, в 1539—50 — Шломо Лурия (Махаршал) — зять брестского раввина Колонимоса. В 16 в. раввинами в Б. были также Нафтали-Герц, Мойше Липшиц и Бейнуш Липшиц. В 1-й пол. 17 в. изв. раввинами в Б. были: до 1618 — Йоэль Сиркис, до 1631 — Меер Валь. С 1550 в Б. имелась иешива, во главе к-рой стоял Мордехай Рейсе. Евреям принадлежало 16% земельной собственности в окрестностях Б.В 1637 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, в 1636 и 1680 имели место случаи нападения студентов иезуитской коллегии на евреев. В 1648 при подходе войск Б.М.Хмельницкого мн. евреи бежали из Б. Оставшиеся (ок. 2 тыс. чел.) были вырезаны казаками. В 1656 Б. был взят польск. отрядами. Евреи вернулись в город.Раввинами в Б. в кон. 17—18 вв. были Арон-Шмуэль, Мордхе-Зискинд Ротенберг, Нахман Сиркин, с 1760 до кон. 18 в. — Авром Каценеленбоген.Пожары 1802, 1828 сильно повредили еврейский квартал, в т. ч. 5 синагог. В 1832 в ходе стр-ва Брестской крепости были разрушены кладбище и старая синагога. В 1838 в Б. открылась еврейская больница, в 1861 построена новая синагога. В 1859 осн. типография Шерешевского. В 1866 имелось светское еврейское уч-ще 1-го разр., в к-ром в 2 смены занималось 55 учеников. В том же году был открыт «Бикур холим». В 1877 построены бесплатная лечебница, дом и квартиры для бедных, талмуд-тора для 500 мальчиков.Раввинами Б. в 19 в. были: до 1837 — А.-Л.И.Каценеленбоген, в 1837—54 — Я.-М.Падва, в 1855—74 — Ц.-Г.Орнштейн, с 1866 — Овсей-Пинхус Надель, в 1874—77 — М.И.-И.-Л.Дискин, в 1878—92 — Й.-Б.Соловейчик, в 1892—1918 — Х.Соловейчик.В нач. 20 в. в Б. имелись одноклассное еврейское нач. уч-ще, 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща, казенное жен. еврейское нар. уч-ще, еврейская жен. прогимназия, муж., жен. гимназии и 7-классное коммерч. уч-ще. Действовало об-во вспомоществования бедным евреям, к-рое в 1902—03 возглавлял Иерухим Лейбович Шац; в 1909—10 пред. об-ва пособия бедным евреям был Гирш-Хаим Авдеевич Бирштейн. Существовала орг-ция помощи бедным евреям на Песах. Работала еврейская больница, заведующим к-рой в 1902—03 был надворный советник К.Ф.Шпарк, в 1911—12 — И.В.Шапиро. При больнице функционировали родильное и амбулаторное отд-ния.В 1910 в Б. имелось более 30 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские, работали хедеры, талмуд-тора. Действовали банкирская контора Барласа, частные ссудные кассы Тымянского и Шнайдера, гильзовая ф-ка, принадлежавшая с 1898 Аврааму Готлибу, частновладельческие типографии Шерешевского и его наследников — А.Розенталя, бр. Гликман, И.Ракова и др.С возникновением политич. сионизма Б. стал одним из его центров. В 1884 в Б. была создана палестинофильская орг-ция «Бней Цион». В окт. 1897 возник к-т Бунда. Существовало отд-ние сионистов-социалистов. Мн. евреи были членами партии эсеров и ППС. В мае 1905 в Б. произошел еврейский погром: неск. человек было убито, десятки ранены.В период 1-й мир. войны евреев дважды выселяли из Б., оказавшегося в прифронтовой полосе. В 1920 в Б. открылась еврейская нар. школа с преподаванием на иврите, в сер. 1920-х гг. — 2 светские школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1921—27 создавались проф. школы ОРТа. В 1925 открылась еврейская б-ка. Работали 3 еврейских спорт. клуба и водно-спорт. стадион. Все еврейские религ. школы и дошк. учреждения были частными. В талмуд-торе обучалось ок. 1 тыс. еврейских детей.В 1918—39 действовали отд-ния разл. сионистских партий, в т. ч. «Агудас Исроэль», Бунда, «Союза евреев — участников борьбы за независимость Польши».В Б. работали отд-ние ТОЗа, Об-во опеки над еврейскими сиротами и детьми, оставленными родителями, и др. благотворит. орг-ции.В Б. имелось неск. десятков синагог. Раввином в Б. в 1918—39 был И.-З.Соловейчик.15 мая 1936 в Б. произошел погром: погибло 2 еврея, 10 было ранено.14 сент. 1939 Б. заняли герм. войска. Нек-рые евреи были угнаны на принудительные работы. Отряд самообороны предотвратил попытку погрома в еврейском квартале, предпринятую местными жителями. 22 сент. 1939 в город вошли части РККА. Совм. парад сов. и герм. войск в Б. принимал С.М.Кривошеин вместе с Х.-В.Гудерианом. В 1939—40 десятки евреев Б. были арестованы и высланы в вост. р-ны СССР.23 июня 1941 герм. войска заняли Б. 28—29 июня было вывезено за город и расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев. До нач. июля продолжались бои в Брестской крепости. Одним из рук. обороны крепости был Е.М.Фомин. 16 дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, где находилось 18 тыс. евреев. С дек. 1941 в гетто действовала подпольная орг-ция «Освобождение». В нач. 1942 создана еще одна подпольная орг-ция — «Некума» («Месть»), руководила к-рой Фрумка Плотницкая. В сер. 1942 подпольное движение Сопротивления в Брестском гетто возглавил Арье Шейнман. В кон. июля 1942 в Б. было расстреляно ок. 900 евреев. С 15 по 18 окт. 1942 евреев гетто вывезли на ж.-д. ст. Бронная Гора. Было расстреляно 16 934 еврея Б. Массовые расстрелы евреев производились в самом городе. С авг. 1942 до 28 июля 1944 в Б. действовала брестская подпольная орг-ция, в числе руководителей к-рой — А.Г. Головчинер, Б.М.Пикус. Среди частей, освободивших Б. 28 июля 1944, была 1-я отд. гв. мех. инж. бригада под командованием ген.-майора М.Ф.Иоффе. После освобождения в Б. осталось в живых 17 евреев. В 1946 на месте расстрела 5 тыс. евреев установлен памятник с надписью на идише. В 1947 памятник был снесен. После многочисл. жалоб останки расстрелянных евреев перенесли на гор. кладбище.В 1959 была закрыта синагога, превращенная позднее в кинотеатр. Молитвенные собрания проводились в частных домах. В 1960-х гг. в Брестской обл. действовали 2 незарегистрированные еврейские религ. группы, в нач. 1990-х гг. — миньян на частной квартире.В 1991 в Б. была воссоздана еврейская община, начали функционировать Еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во «Тарбут», Совет женщин, иудейская религ. община, еврейская воскресная школа, гор. орг-ция Белорусского союза евреев — ветеранов войны, инвалидов, партизан и подпольщиков, гор. орг-ция Ассоциации евреев — бывш. узников гетто и нацистских концлагерей, отд-ние междунар. просветит. центра «Холокост», Центр исследований истории и культуры евреев Полесья. В окт. 1992 открыт мемориал, посв. памяти погибших евреев Б., с надписями на идише, иврите и белорус. языке.В Б. род.: Р.Адиви, М.Бегин, Ш.Билов, М.Борейшо, Л.Гольдберг, Я.П.Громмер, Д.Дубинский, Я.И.Клейнбок, Г.М.Леплевский, И.М.Леплевский, Я.Г.Лихтенберг, Р.А.Лурия, Б.Михалевич, П.Х.Новик, Я.-М.Падва, И.-И.-Л.Перльман, М.В.Рабинович, Б.-Х.Райз, Я.Г.Селих, А.Силкес, И.-И.Унтерман, Н.Финкельштейн, Х.Финкельштейн, Я.-А.Хазан, Ш.Штейнберг, М.М.Эссен, Я.К.Яглом; Уильям Ауэрбах-Леви (1889—1964, США), художник-гравер, карикатурист, с 1904 — в США, мн. работы посв. еврейской теме; Иогансон Исаакович Зильберфарб (1903—1968, Москва), историк философии, д-р ист. наук (1966), тр. по истории утопич. социализма и социальной философии; Геня Силкес (р. 1914), сестра А.Силкеса, педагог, публицист, с 1956 — в США, автор статей и восп. по истории Катастрофы; Дора Тейтельбойм (1914—1993, Иерусалим), поэт (на идише), жила в США, во Франции, Израиле; Беньямин Шлевин (наст. фам. Шейнман) (1913—1981, Париж), писатель, поэт, переводчик, писатель (на идише), автор пер. на идиш произв. О.Бальзака и Л.Арагона; Яков Штол (1897—1958, Тель-Авив), поэт (на идише), с 1918 — в Э.-И.; Йосеф Ясин (1883—?), психолог, еврейский обществ. деятель, с 1893 — в США.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=БРЕСТ (еврейское назв. — Бриск), город (с 1390), центр Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1019 как Берестье. С 1319 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1413 — центр Берестейского староства Трокского воеводства, с 1566 — центр Берестейского воеводства, с 1569 — центр Брестского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Брест-Литовск Слонимской, затем — Литовской, с 1801 — Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — Брест-над-Бугом, центр Полесского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1676 в Б. проживало 525 евреев (не считая детей до 10 лет), в 1766 — 3175, в 1847 — 8136, в 1860 — 7900 (41%), в 1889 — 27 005 (65%), в 1897 — 30 608 (65,8%), в 1913 — 39 152 (68,6%), в 1921 — 15 630 (53%), в 1924 — 18 296 (51,6%), в 1928 — 19 634 (48,3%), в 1929 — 21 769 (47%), в 1931 — 21 440 (44,4%), в 1938 — 25 000 (43,7%), в 1959 — 1315, в 1970 — 1378, в 1979 — 1233, в 1989 — 1080, в 1994 — ок. 1000, в кон. 1996 — ок. 800 евреев.Евреи появились в Б. в 11 в. Занимались торговлей и ремеслами. В 1411 вел. князь литовский Витовт велел отпустить бесплатно глину и кирпич на постройку синагоги. Раввином Б. во 2-й пол. 15 в. был Иехиель Лурия. В 1495 из Б. были изгнаны все евреи, в 1503 им было разрешено вернуться. Изгнание привело к крещению определенного числа евреев. Один из них — Авром Юзефович стал министром финансов при Сигизмунде I. В 1514 брат Аврома Ицхок-Михл Юзефович был назначен обер-раввином (в 1525 он же был удостоен дворянского звания).До 1514 раввином в Б. был Мойше Раскович, в 1531 — Мендель Франк, в 1539—50 — Шломо Лурия (Махаршал) — зять брестского раввина Колонимоса. В 16 в. раввинами в Б. были также Нафтали-Герц, Мойше Липшиц и Бейнуш Липшиц. В 1-й пол. 17 в. изв. раввинами в Б. были: до 1618 — Йоэль Сиркис, до 1631 — Меер Валь. С 1550 в Б. имелась иешива, во главе к-рой стоял Мордехай Рейсе. Евреям принадлежало 16% земельной собственности в окрестностях Б.В 1637 в Б. произошел еврейский погром, в 1636 и 1680 имели место случаи нападения студентов иезуитской коллегии на евреев. В 1648 при подходе войск Б.М.Хмельницкого мн. евреи бежали из Б. Оставшиеся (ок. 2 тыс. чел.) были вырезаны казаками. В 1656 Б. был взят польск. отрядами. Евреи вернулись в город.Раввинами в Б. в кон. 17—18 вв. были Арон-Шмуэль, Мордхе-Зискинд Ротенберг, Нахман Сиркин, с 1760 до кон. 18 в. — Авром Каценеленбоген.Пожары 1802, 1828 сильно повредили еврейский квартал, в т. ч. 5 синагог. В 1832 в ходе стр-ва Брестской крепости были разрушены кладбище и старая синагога. В 1838 в Б. открылась еврейская больница, в 1861 построена новая синагога. В 1859 осн. типография Шерешевского. В 1866 имелось светское еврейское уч-ще 1-го разр., в к-ром в 2 смены занималось 55 учеников. В том же году был открыт «Бикур холим». В 1877 построены бесплатная лечебница, дом и квартиры для бедных, талмуд-тора для 500 мальчиков.Раввинами Б. в 19 в. были: до 1837 — А.-Л.И.Каценеленбоген, в 1837—54 — Я.-М.Падва, в 1855—74 — Ц.-Г.Орнштейн, с 1866 — Овсей-Пинхус Надель, в 1874—77 — М.И.-И.-Л.Дискин, в 1878—92 — Й.-Б.Соловейчик, в 1892—1918 — Х.Соловейчик.В нач. 20 в. в Б. имелись одноклассное еврейское нач. уч-ще, 2 казенных еврейских уч-ща, казенное жен. еврейское нар. уч-ще, еврейская жен. прогимназия, муж., жен. гимназии и 7-классное коммерч. уч-ще. Действовало об-во вспомоществования бедным евреям, к-рое в 1902—03 возглавлял Иерухим Лейбович Шац; в 1909—10 пред. об-ва пособия бедным евреям был Гирш-Хаим Авдеевич Бирштейн. Существовала орг-ция помощи бедным евреям на Песах. Работала еврейская больница, заведующим к-рой в 1902—03 был надворный советник К.Ф.Шпарк, в 1911—12 — И.В.Шапиро. При больнице функционировали родильное и амбулаторное отд-ния.В 1910 в Б. имелось более 30 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские, работали хедеры, талмуд-тора. Действовали банкирская контора Барласа, частные ссудные кассы Тымянского и Шнайдера, гильзовая ф-ка, принадлежавшая с 1898 Аврааму Готлибу, частновладельческие типографии Шерешевского и его наследников — А.Розенталя, бр. Гликман, И.Ракова и др.С возникновением политич. сионизма Б. стал одним из его центров. В 1884 в Б. была создана палестинофильская орг-ция «Бней Цион». В окт. 1897 возник к-т Бунда. Существовало отд-ние сионистов-социалистов. Мн. евреи были членами партии эсеров и ППС. В мае 1905 в Б. произошел еврейский погром: неск. человек было убито, десятки ранены.В период 1-й мир. войны евреев дважды выселяли из Б., оказавшегося в прифронтовой полосе. В 1920 в Б. открылась еврейская нар. школа с преподаванием на иврите, в сер. 1920-х гг. — 2 светские школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1921—27 создавались проф. школы ОРТа. В 1925 открылась еврейская б-ка. Работали 3 еврейских спорт. клуба и водно-спорт. стадион. Все еврейские религ. школы и дошк. учреждения были частными. В талмуд-торе обучалось ок. 1 тыс. еврейских детей.В 1918—39 действовали отд-ния разл. сионистских партий, в т. ч. «Агудас Исроэль», Бунда, «Союза евреев — участников борьбы за независимость Польши».В Б. работали отд-ние ТОЗа, Об-во опеки над еврейскими сиротами и детьми, оставленными родителями, и др. благотворит. орг-ции.В Б. имелось неск. десятков синагог. Раввином в Б. в 1918—39 был И.-З.Соловейчик.15 мая 1936 в Б. произошел погром: погибло 2 еврея, 10 было ранено.14 сент. 1939 Б. заняли герм. войска. Нек-рые евреи были угнаны на принудительные работы. Отряд самообороны предотвратил попытку погрома в еврейском квартале, предпринятую местными жителями. 22 сент. 1939 в город вошли части РККА. Совм. парад сов. и герм. войск в Б. принимал С.М.Кривошеин вместе с Х.-В.Гудерианом. В 1939—40 десятки евреев Б. были арестованы и высланы в вост. р-ны СССР.23 июня 1941 герм. войска заняли Б. 28—29 июня было вывезено за город и расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев. До нач. июля продолжались бои в Брестской крепости. Одним из рук. обороны крепости был Е.М.Фомин. 16 дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, где находилось 18 тыс. евреев. С дек. 1941 в гетто действовала подпольная орг-ция «Освобождение». В нач. 1942 создана еще одна подпольная орг-ция — «Некума» («Месть»), руководила к-рой Фрумка Плотницкая. В сер. 1942 подпольное движение Сопротивления в Брестском гетто возглавил Арье Шейнман. В кон. июля 1942 в Б. было расстреляно ок. 900 евреев. С 15 по 18 окт. 1942 евреев гетто вывезли на ж.-д. ст. Бронная Гора. Было расстреляно 16 934 еврея Б. Массовые расстрелы евреев производились в самом городе. С авг. 1942 до 28 июля 1944 в Б. действовала брестская подпольная орг-ция, в числе руководителей к-рой — А.Г. Головчинер, Б.М.Пикус. Среди частей, освободивших Б. 28 июля 1944, была 1-я отд. гв. мех. инж. бригада под командованием ген.-майора М.Ф.Иоффе. После освобождения в Б. осталось в живых 17 евреев. В 1946 на месте расстрела 5 тыс. евреев установлен памятник с надписью на идише. В 1947 памятник был снесен. После многочисл. жалоб останки расстрелянных евреев перенесли на гор. кладбище.В 1959 была закрыта синагога, превращенная позднее в кинотеатр. Молитвенные собрания проводились в частных домах. В 1960-х гг. в Брестской обл. действовали 2 незарегистрированные еврейские религ. группы, в нач. 1990-х гг. — миньян на частной квартире.В 1991 в Б. была воссоздана еврейская община, начали функционировать Еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во «Тарбут», Совет женщин, иудейская религ. община, еврейская воскресная школа, гор. орг-ция Белорусского союза евреев — ветеранов войны, инвалидов, партизан и подпольщиков, гор. орг-ция Ассоциации евреев — бывш. узников гетто и нацистских концлагерей, отд-ние междунар. просветит. центра «Холокост», Центр исследований истории и культуры евреев Полесья. В окт. 1992 открыт мемориал, посв. памяти погибших евреев Б., с надписями на идише, иврите и белорус. языке.В Б. род.: Р.Адиви, М.Бегин, Ш.Билов, М.Борейшо, Л.Гольдберг, Я.П.Громмер, Д.Дубинский, Я.И.Клейнбок, Г.М.Леплевский, И.М.Леплевский, Я.Г.Лихтенберг, Р.А.Лурия, Б.Михалевич, П.Х.Новик, Я.-М.Падва, И.-И.-Л.Перльман, М.В.Рабинович, Б.-Х.Райз, Я.Г.Селих, А.Силкес, И.-И.Унтерман, Н.Финкельштейн, Х.Финкельштейн, Я.-А.Хазан, Ш.Штейнберг, М.М.Эссен, Я.К.Яглом; Уильям Ауэрбах-Леви (1889—1964, США), художник-гравер, карикатурист, с 1904 — в США, мн. работы посв. еврейской теме; Иогансон Исаакович Зильберфарб (1903—1968, Москва), историк философии, д-р ист. наук (1966), тр. по истории утопич. социализма и социальной философии; Геня Силкес (р. 1914), сестра А.Силкеса, педагог, публицист, с 1956 — в США, автор статей и восп. по истории Катастрофы; Дора Тейтельбойм (1914—1993, Иерусалим), поэт (на идише), жила в США, во Франции, Израиле; Беньямин Шлевин (наст. фам. Шейнман) (1913—1981, Париж), писатель, поэт, переводчик, писатель (на идише), автор пер. на идиш произв. О.Бальзака и Л.Арагона; Яков Штол (1897—1958, Тель-Авив), поэт (на идише), с 1918 — в Э.-И.; Йосеф Ясин (1883—?), психолог, еврейский обществ. деятель, с 1893 — в США.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
BREST-KUJAVSK, see Brzesc-Kujawski.
BREST-LITOVSK, see Brest.
BREST-OVER-BUG, see Brest.
BRETANITSKY Leonid Semenovich (b. 1914, Odessa), orientalist-art critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1962). After graduating in 1938 architect. f-that Azerb. GPI scientific sotr. (since 1950 senior researcher) Institute of architecture and art of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. SSR. In 1945–54 he taught. work in Azerb. GPI. B. - published by St. 120 scientific. works on the problems of architecture and art of Azerbaijan, the Near East. Works: Architecture of Azerbaijan XII-XV centuries. and its place in the architecture of the Near East, M., 1966; The architecture of the Sov. Azerbaijan, M., 1972 (co-author.); Art of Azerbaijan IV-XVIII centuries, M., 1976; Hood. the legacy of the Near East of the era of feudalism, M., 1988.
BRETI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). Vozn. in the 5-7 centuries. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1870 190 Jews lived in Byelorussia. According to legend, Jews came from the South. Georgia - settled in Byelorussia from the 16th century. In the beginning. 17th century the princes of Avalishvilevi resettled their Jewish serfs to B. in the 1680s. Jews from Akhaldaba and Akhaltsikh (present-day Akhaltsikhe) resettled in B. in 1749 - several. Jewish families from Tamarasheni. In the 1830s. princes Avalishvilevi resettled part of the Jews belonging to them from B. to the village. Daba (near Borjomi). In the 1st floor. 19th century some of the Jews of Byelorussia were serfs of the princes Palavandishvili and Machabeli. In 1853 the Jews of Byelorussia became victims of the "blood libel". After the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), Jews began to leave Byelorussia and settle in Surami, Kareli, and Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvali). In the beginning. 20th century There were no longer any Jews in the village. The history of the so-called. Bret Bible. The handwritten TANAKH, created in 1513 in Thessaloniki in the family of Yehuda Gedalia, later became the property of the Jewish community of B. In the 17th century. the book, which, according to legend, was miraculous, was appropriated by the princes of Avalishvilevi. All R. 1850s its traces were lost (perhaps it was sold or stolen), the Avalishvilevi replaced the handwritten version with a printed one (late 18th century), to which miraculous properties were also attributed. In 1870 the Jews of Byelorussia bought the printed version and transported it to Surami, where they themselves moved. Later, a handwritten manuscript was also found in Surami (now in the State Museum of Georgia) .D.M. Khananashvili
BRATE Gregory (b. 1899, Nikolaev - |), physicist. Graduated from University of J. Hopkins (1920). In 1921-29 he worked at Leiden and Minnesota high fur boots and Technol. in-those D. Carnegie. In 1929–34 prof. New York, in 1934-47 - Wisconsin, in 1947-68 - Yale un-com, in 1968–74 - un-that in Buffalo. Sci. works on nuclear physics (nuclear structure, properties of nuclear forces), scattering theory, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, theory of accelerators, high-energy physics. Developed (1933) the first quantum mechanical theory of the Hanle effect. In 1936 joint. with E. Condon and R. Prezent put forward a hypothesis of isotopic invariance of nuclear forces, drawing attention to the equivalence of the "proton-neutron" and "proton-proton" forces, together with J. Wigner proposed a dispersion formula for nuclear reactions (Breit-Wigner formula), with E. Condom developed the first theory of scattering of protons by protons. He was the first to point out (with I. Rabi) that the spins and magn. moments of nuclei can be measured by studying the deflection of atomic beams. Gave an explanation (1947-48) anomalous magn. moment of the electron. One of the pioneers will speed up the technique. Member Nat. AN (USA, 1939). B. Franklin Medal (1964), Nat. Medal for Science (1967), T. Bonner Ave. (1969).
BREITBART Anton Yakovlevich (1901, Konstantinovka Bakhmutsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of television and radar technology. Graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering Institute of Communications in 1935, at the end. 30s taught at the Institute (associate professor). In 1931 he was one of the developers of mechanical engineering. TV for Leningrad. telecentre; ch. designer of the first in the USSR serial TV B-2 mechanical. TV systems. Participant in the development and commissioning of the experienced Leningrad Institute. telecentre on the electronic system, the first ch. television center engineer. During the 1941–45 war, the leading developer of radio locats. systems "Cone", SON-2a. In 1944 he took part in the creation of a draft standard for image decomposition into 625 lines. In the end. 40s was engaged in radar technology. Since 1951 he has been developing tech. TV facilities, mainly receiving devices, in Moscow. branch lab. TV, in 1957-59 - ch. laboratory engineer, transformed into a branch of the Scientific Research Institute of TV, in 1959-60 - deputy. scientific director work. In 1949–53, ed. B. published 5 fundamental works on foreign radar. In the 50s and 60s. was responsible. ed. information of the bulletin “Television. Reception and retransmission ", g. "Questions of radio electronics", ser. Tekhnika TV, part. editorial board "Technique of cinema and television". The author of the first books on TV in the country: "Basics of Television and Bildtelegraphy", 1935; "Fundamentals of Television and Phototelegraphy", 1938 and more than 30 other books, articles and a number of inventions.
BREITERMAN Alexander Davidovich (1883, Petersburg - 1967, ibid.), Economic geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, Institute (1908). In 1909–12 he taught at Commerce. uch-shche. He worked in the Commission of Naturals. produces, forces (KEPS) (1918-30), Ying-those economy Nar-komfina (1922-27), the Council for the Study of Produces, forces under the State Planning Committee (SOPS) (1933-34). In 1920–66, teacher, head. Department of Economics. geography in Leningrad. in-those nar. x-va. Main work on the geography of the industry, in particular tsv. metals. Author of textbooks and uch. allowances. Works: Copper Industry of Russia and the World. market, h. 1–3, Pg., 1922–30; Economy. geography of the USSR, 3rd ed., M., 1968.
BREITMAN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1876, - 1962, Leningrad), endocrinologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1900). After defending Dr. dis. (1902) worked in a lab. E. Abdergalden in Germany. Since 1920 prof. department int. secretion Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd, since 1931 head. department endocrinology and institute for advanced training of doctors. Author of scientific. works devoted to Ch. arr. endocrinology, metabolism, pharmacology, stomach diseases. Described (1902) combined. choreoathetosis (neurological disease) 8 years earlier than O. Vogt. Simultaneously with II Grekov in 1922 he put forward a provision on the reflex relationship of the spasm of the Bauhinia flap and stomach ulcers. Developed new approaches to anthropometric. research in the clinic int. diseases and endocrinology. Made a contribution to the ordering of honey. terminology and transcription. Compiled (1926-29) the first owls. "Dictionary of Clinical Terminology" (v. 1-2, L., 1926), awarded the avenue of Glavnauki.Soch .: Diseases of the organs of internal secretion, L., 1926; Clinical Pharmacotherapy, Molotov, 1943 (et al.); Clinical semiotics and differential diagnosis of endocrine diseases, L., 1949.
BRUSHES, see Brzeziny.
BRIAN (real family. Shmargoner) Maria Isaakovna (1886, Ekaterinoslav - 1965, Leningrad), singer (lyric soprano), teacher. In 1903–09 she studied singing in Paris with Laborde. In 1912 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in the singing class of A.G. Zherebtsova-Andreeva. In 1909–12 she was a soloist of St. Petersburg. Nar. at home, in 1912-19 - T-ra muses. dramas. Took part in the opera company of S. Diaghilev “Rus. seasons ”in Paris and London (1913–14). Principal roles: Tatiana, Iolanta (Eugene Onegin, Iolanta by PI Tchaikovsky), Olga, Martha (The Woman of Pskov, The Tsar's Bride by NA Rimsky-Korsakov), Michaela (Carmen by J. Bizet), Margarita ("Faust" by C. Gounod), Antony ("The Tales of Hoffmann" by J. Offenbach). In 1918–33 she was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater. She also performed as a chamber singer with great success. In 1920-50 - prof. Petrogr. (Leningrad) cons. At the beginning of the war 1941–45 she was evacuated from the cons. to Tashkent. Through her activities, she contributed (like other teachers of the Leningrad Consulting) to the development of muses. culture of Uzbekistan; taught at advanced training courses for artists of t-dv and music teachers in Tashkent. Returning to Leningrad, B. continued to teach in the cons; among the students - L.V. Myasnikova, Z.I. Emelyanova. Honored. art. RSFSR (1938).
BRICHANI, see Briceni.
BRICHENI (until 1990 - Briceni), urban-type settlement (since 1940), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1847, 602 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia; in 1897, 7184 Jews (96.5%), in 1930 - 5354 (95%), in 1989 - 315, in 1991 - 130 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the middle. 18th century In the end. 18th century the first synagogue was built, in 1827 the Talmud Torah was opened. In 1863 there were 5 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Jewish school, and in 1909 - a private wives' school. uch-shche. In the beginning. 20th century - 17 synagogues, a Jewish hospital, heder, talmud-torah, nursing home, library, societies. matzebakery, Jewish loan-savings. The first Zionist organization arose in Byelorussia in 1897. 1900s there were organizations “Kind Hebrew” and “Hovevei Zion”, from 1917 - “Ceirei Zion”. In 1906 the Jewish youth of Byelorussia organized resistance to the pogromists, and a policeman was killed. In the spring of 1917, a self-defense unit thwarted an attempted pogrom; in 1917 and 1920, attempts were made to open schools with Hebrew teaching. In 1920 founded. private gymnasium with teaching in Russian lang. In 1923, a "modernized" Talmud Torah was created. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. there were Gershl Steinhois, Yakov-Shimshon Efrati. The B. community in the 1930s. was headed by the local Zionist leader A. Trachtenbroit. In 1940 it was nationalized and turned into the Center of Culture. synagogue. 80 Jews of B. (including Trachtenbroit) were exiled to Siberia. On July 22, 1941, B. took over the room. troops. On July 28, 1941, Jews were expelled from Byelorussia to Transnistria. In 1944, approx. 1 thousand Jews, in addition, approx. 2 thousand Jews from Bukovina who survived in Transnistria. In 1945 Bukovinian Jews returned to their homeland. Some of the Jews of B. moved to Chernivtsi. The cemetery, destroyed during the war, was rebuilt. In 1944–48 a synagogue functioned (the Torah scroll was kept by a local priest during the years of occupation). In the 1950s. there was an illegal. minyan in the house of Rabbi A.M. Oksman. In B. genus: A.L. Vainshtein, G.D. Rakitov, S.I. Rosenstrauch, B. Roysen; Julius Viktorovich Margulis (1886—?), Member of the roar. movement, economist, member. RSDLP since 1904, in the 1920s and 30s. - one of the hands. owls. credit and banking system; Joseph Trachtenberg (1912-1941), poet (in Yiddish), died during the Holocaust; Tanya Fuchs (1896-1950, Buenos Aires), publicist, in 1921-39 - in Poland.
BRICHEVA, a village in Dondushensky district (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,598 Jews (94.2%) lived in Byelorussia; in 1919, approx. 3000, in 1930 - 2431 Jews (88.9%). 19th century in B. there were 5 synagogues. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1919 the Jews of Byelorussia organized a self-defense detachment. In the 1930s. economical the position of the Jews deteriorated; pl. families left, including to America. In 1936 the society of artisans of Byelorussia turned to the Jews of the USA and Brazil with a request for help. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, a school of the Tarbut network and a Jewish library (463 readers) worked. In the first days of the occupation, in July 1941, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by residents of neighboring villages. The Jewish population of Bulgaria was destroyed during the Holocaust.
BRIK (Kagan) Lili Yurievna (1891, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Writer. Sister E. Triole. In 1908–09 she studied mat. Faculty of Higher Courses for Women, in 1909–12 in Moscow. architect. in-those, then in Munich. From 1920 he was a writer and editor. Author of many articles and memoirs. Since the early 1920s - sotr. GPU. In 1930, 38 took part in the preparation of the first meeting. op. VV Mayakovsky, with whom she was tied by close friendship. She starred in the film "Chained by the Film" (1918, ballerina). Co-author of the script and cut. the film "Glass Eye" (1928, with V. Zhemchuzhny).
BRIK Osip Maksimovich (1888, Moscow - 1945, ibid.), Writer, literary theorist, playwright. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Lit. and philol. B.'s interests were associated with the circle of OPOYAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Language) and later - LEF (Left French Art). Filol. research B. 1910-20-ies. "Sound Repetitions" (1919), "Rhythm and Syntax" (1927), along with the works of VB Shklovsky, LP Yakubinsky, RO Yakobson, BM Eikhenbaum of this time represent a formal school in Russian. lit-knowledge, subjected to a harsh official. criticism at the turn of the 20-30s. B. and his wife L.Yu. Brik pl. years were friends with V.V. Mayakovsky. This means, the degree was determined by lit. Wednesday B. He participated in the editing of the gas. The Art of the Commune (1918), f. Lef, then New Lef (1923–28). One of the ideologues of "literature of fact" and "social. order ". He worked in the Cheka since June 1920. After the death of Mayakovsky, publ. Art. about his work: "Lenin in the Poems of Mayakovsky" (1934) and others. Author of screenplays, the play "Radio October" (1926, jointly with Mayakovsky), an opera libre: "Kamarinsky Man" (1933), "Name Day" (1935) , ist. tragedy "Ivan the Terrible" (1942).
BRILL Yehiel (1836, Tulchin, Podolsk province - 1886, London), journalist. In his youth he lived in Istanbul and Bucharest. From 1855 - in E.-I. He was a soyfer for Colel Pushim. In 1860 his first article in gas was published. "Ga-magid", thus he became the first journalist in E.-I. to write in Yiddish. In 1863 B., together with J.M. Salomon, created the first in E.-I. gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Levanon". After closing the gas. left for Paris, where he resumed its publication in 1865. Upon graduation, Franco-Prus. war moved to Mainz and started publishing his own gas there. as an appendix in Hebrew to the newspaper Israelite of Orthodox Jewry in Germany. Having conceived a plan to establish a settlement in E.-I., he did not receive the support of the rabbis of Mainz. Together with Rabbi Mogilever, he left for Paris, where they were able to get the support of Baron Rothschild. B. looked for potential settlers in Russia. In 1883, together with a group of enthusiasts, he arrived in E.-I., but the plan for the creation of settlements failed, and B. left E.-I. From 1884 - in London, resumed publishing gas. "Ha-levanon".
BRIL Igor Mikhailovich (b. 1944, Moscow), jazz pianist, teacher, composer. In 1971 he graduated from Muz.-ped. in-t them. Gnesins (in the class of fp. TD Gutman). First performed at Moscow. festival "Jazz-65" in a trio with A.V. Isplatovsky (double bass) and V. Zhuravsky (drums) with his own performance. composition "Awakening". In 1966–69 he played orc. "VIO-66" ("Vok.-Instrument Orchestra") under the baton of Yu.S. Saulsky, with orchestra. created a jazz trio (in which he collaborated with A.S. Kozlov). The compositions of this period are marked by a tendency towards the synthesis of elements of jazz and academic. chamber music. 1969 - 82 hands. decomp. small ensembles (trio, septet, quintet); toured many cities of the USSR, Germany, Cuba, took part in the Warsaw festival "Jazz-Jamboree-71". Since the 80s. often performed as a soloist. Among B.'s constant partners is singer T. Oganesyan. In 1984 he organized a cycle of concerts "Jazz Plus Jazz", in which various took part. jazz ensembles. Since 1969 he taught at Moscow. experimental studio of pop and jazz music, since 1976 heads the pop department. Muz.-ped. uch-schA them. Gnesins; from 1992 - head. department of muses. Isk-va stage Ros. Academy of Music. Gnesins. Among the students there are jazz musicians N.L.Batkin, A.V.Oseichuk and others. The author of a number of uch. benefits, including withstood several. ed. "Practical course of jazz improvisation for FP." (M., 1979). Among the most famous gramophone records B .: "Morning of the earth", "The orchestra has arrived", "Our samba", "On the way". Honored. art. RSFSR (1987).
DIAMONDS, see DIAMONDS.
BRILLIANT-LERMAN Varvara Alexandrovna (1888, Petersburg - 1954, ibid.), Plant physiologist. At the end of the Higher Wives. (Bestuzhev) courses (1912), in 1913–20 she worked in a lab. S.P. Kostycheva at the Department of Plant Physiology Petrograd. un-that, studying the respiration of plants and fermentation. At the same time, in 1913–26 she worked in a number of higher education institutions. uch. institutions of Petrograd. Since 1920 - in Ch. botanist. garden (from 1931 - Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences), where in 1945–54 she headed the department. ecology and physiology of plants. Main scientific. work - physiological. specificity of photosynthesis. Discovered (1925) the phenomenon of stimulating it with a slight dehydration of plants ("the Brilliant phenomenon"). Noted the release of oxygen by plants in the dark. She showed that photosynthesis is a function of a living plant, and not an ordinary physical and chemical one. process. Studied the influence of acidity of the environment, oxygen in the air and other ecology. factors on the intensity of photosynthesis. Works: Coloring plants: Plant pigments, L., 1924 (with V.N. Lyubimenko); Photosynthesis as a process of plant life, L., 1949.
BRISK, see Brest.
BRODATY Lev Grigorievich (1889, Warsaw - 1954, Moscow), graphic artist, poster artist, illustrator. He studied in Vienna: in the studio of D. Cohn (1905), in the school of rice. and painting (1906–09) and the Academy of Fine Arts (1909). Took part in the Polish roar. movement. After the 1st world. During the war, he came to Russia and lived in Leningrad until 1930. From 1917 to gas. "Pravda" there was a post. section polit. cartoons, where B. placed his work. In 1918 he organized one of the first owls. satirical. g. "Red Devil". In 1929 he joined the Society of Painters. In 1928–31 he was a pedagogue. work at dep. book-journal. fig. OH. From 1931 he lived in Moscow. He worked in the railway station. Crocodile and Polygraph. in-those that arose after the dissolution of VKHUTEIN. He worked a lot in easel graphics ("Serebryany Bor", aqu., 1933; "Bolshevo", aqu., 1952; "Lilac", aqu., 1954, etc.) and the book. ill. (“Germany” by G. Heine, “Prodigal Son” by G. Regler, collection of 19th century American short stories, “Grapes of Wrath” by J. Steinbeck). During the war, he created ser. ill. to ist. the novel by AN Stepanov "Port Arthur". Participant pl. exhibitions of aqu. and graphics.
BRODERSON Moishe (1890, Moscow - 1956, Warsaw), poet, playwright. R. in the merchant. family. After the expulsion of Jews from Moscow at the beginning. 90s the family settled in Lodz. I attended a trade school. He made his debut in the liter in 1913 Sat. verse. "Schwarze fliterlech" ("Black butterflies"). The author of the book. "Toy" ("Dew"), 1919; "Pearl oifn brook" ("Pearls on the pavement"), 1920, and others. B. created the first in Lodz. Heb. puppet tr, headed the expressionist gr. writers "Jung Yiddish", wrote a libretto for several. opera. In the end. 1948 repressed. In 1955, after his release, he returned to Poland. Peru B. belong to many. manuf. for kids. He was also engaged in the lane. in Yiddish manuf. world classics. liters.
BRODETSKY Zelig (1888-1954, Israel), mathematician, polit. activist. As a child, he moved to London with his family. Studied at Cambridge and Leipzig University, prof. mathematics un-that Leeds (1920–49). One of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Great Britain. Since 1928 - Member. Directorate of the Dry in London and early. polit. dep. Since 1939 - prez. "Vaad schlikhey Ha-keilot" in England. In 1949–52 - prez. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem.
BRODETSKOE, a village in the Katerinopolsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. Since May 1942, a Jewish workers' camp was located in Byelorussia, whose prisoners (255 Jews from Shpola) were used on the construction and repair of the road. Dec 15. 1942 Jews were shot, Jews from the room were brought in their place. the zones of occupation of Ukraine, to-rye after a certain time were also shot.
BRODKI, now part of the town of Priluki. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 233 Jews (39.6%) lived in Byelorussia.
BRODKIN Boris Semenovich (b. 1911, Borisov, Minsk province), navigator of the polar aviation. In the 20-30s. worker, climber, horn. instructor, participated in the winter ascent of Elbrus. At the end of the 30s he graduated from the courses of polar meteorologists, headed the weather service of the polar aviation of the Glavsevmorput. In 1941–45 he served in the air division of I.P. Mazuruk, which ferried combat aircraft from the United States to Soviet-German. front. In Nome, Alaska, Captain B. ensured the safety of these flights. At the same time. was trained in the Arctic profession. navigator. After the war, B. graduated from a flight training school, from 1947 he flew as a navigator in the Arctic for more than 20 years. Participated in the annual. high latitude air. exp., in ice reconnaissance, in disembarkation and evacuation drift, Art. "North Pole", flew on decomp. land vehicles and seaplanes, crews iz. polar pilots. In 1957-59 - Ch. navigator and early. headquarters of the air squadron of the 3rd Sov. antarctic exp. In the crew of VM Petrov, he made two ultra-long-range non-stop flights on Ila-12: to the Pole of Inaccessibility of Antarctica and the first in the history of owls. polar aviation flight to the South Pole. Dec. 1958 participated in the search and rescue of four white polar explorers in the depths of the Antarctic. mainland. Among other owls. rescuers B. awarded belg. ord. Leopold. Since 1991 - in Israel.
BRODSKAYA Dora Volkovna (1909, Warsaw - 1985, Moscow), graphic artist, muralist. In 1926–27 she studied at P.Ya. Pavlinov's studio in Moscow, in 1929 she entered the VKhUTEIN, after its disbandment she moved to Leningrad. Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1930-33), where she studied with MP Bobyshov, RF Franz. In 1933 she returned to Moscow, where in 1937 she graduated from the Institute of Fine Arts under L.A. Bruni, A.A. Deineka, K.N. Istomin. During her studies, she designed performances (together with T.M. Rein) in the studio of S. Serpinsky at the children's club in Moscow ("Les Miserables", 1935, "Imaginary Sick", 1936). In 1938–55 she worked in the studio of the monument, painting VAA. The result is creative. trip to Azerbaijan (together with Bruni) was the painting of the Azerb pavilion. SSR at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1938). Main works: painting of plafonds Art. metro station "Izmailovsky Park" (1946), interior paintings in the sanatoriums of the Ministry of Defense in Kislovodsk, Arkhangelsk (1952–54), a series of watercolors "Moscow" (1960s), "Around Old Russian Cities" (1970s) .), illustrations in f. Murzilka, Around the World. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Nukus (Karakalpakia), Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
BRODSKAYA Lidia Isaakovna (1910, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), painter. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1970). Daughter of I.I.Brodsky. She studied at Petrograd. choreography uch-shche (1921-28), then as a volunteer she attended IZHSA named after IE Repin 1935-38, father's workshop). Since 1940 in Moscow. She worked in the genre of still life at hand. N.M. Krymov (series "Flowers"), then in the windows of TASS (1941). From 1947 she was engaged in Ch. arr. landscapes. Among the best works of B. "Native Lands" (1950), "Our Far East" (1970), "Rus. winter". Participant pl. swelling and nick. exhibitions. B.'s works are kept in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery). Nar. thin USSR (1980).
BRODSKAYA Sarra Akimovna (1887, Uman, Kiev province. - 1967, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement, part. Communist. party since 1909. R. in the family of the inn keeper. She worked at a cartridge case and in a hat workshop, participated in workers' circles. Fleeing from arrest, she left Russia, lived in Paris, participated in the French. labor movement. Returning to Russia, she worked in the Odessa and Kiev organizations of the RSDLP, and soon left abroad again. After the Lena events of 1912 she returned to Russia, participated in preparations for the elections to the 4th State. thought. In the same year she was arrested and sentenced to 3 years of solitary confinement (she served in the prisons of Chernigov and Samara). After her release from 1915 she lived in Moscow, member. gr. to restore MK RSDLP, led the roar. and anti-war. propaganda among wounded soldiers in the infirmary, where she worked as a nurse. In 1916 she was again arrested and exiled to the village. Bratskoe, Irkutsk province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Moscow, participated in the formation of the Kr. guard. In oct. - member VRK of Sokolniki district. In 1918-19 - secretary. Basmanny District Council, in 1919–21 - secretary. Basmanny RK RCP (b). In 1922–24 she was a student of the Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. From 1924 again to the desks. work. In 1930–34 - secretary. party board of the Krasnopresnensk control commission, from 1934 - in the apparatus of the MK VKP (b). In 1937 she was arrested and spent many years in prisons, camps and in exile. After liberation (1956) - persons. pensioner.
BRODSKIE, entrepreneurs, the largest sugar refiners, ancient Hebrew. family, in Europe izv. from the 16th century, in Russia - from the beginning. 18th century The founder is an entrepreneur. dynasty B. Meir Shor moved from Brody (Galicia) to the metro station Zlatopol, Kiev province, taking the surname "Brodsky". His sons - Abram Markovich (1816-1884) - from 1858 in Odessa, vowel mountains. thoughts, member. mountains. council, philanthropist, financed the creation of two Hebrews. s.-kh. settlements, and Israel Markovich (1823-1888), to-ry in the 1840s. engaged in the production of sugar in the South-West. edge, became cr. manufacturer, donated a lot for Heb. needs (at his expense in Zlatopol were built Hebrew b-tsa and a charity house, a b-tsa in Kiev, etc.). The sons of the latter, Lazar (Eliezer) Izrailevich and Lev (Arie-Leibush) Izrailevich in the beginning. 20th century directly or indirectly controlled 17 sugar factories, one of the organizers of the first sugar syndicate in Russia (1887) and the refiner syndicate (1903). Lazar B. was a shareholder and before. boards of the Aleksandrovsky and Koryukovsky associations of sugar beet plants. Lev, who headed the family business after his death, was Comrade. (deputy) prev. Kiev Exchange Committee, before. To-that agreement of refiners, comrade prev. Vseros. about-va sugar refiners, Ch. boards of a number of sugar companies, members. advice Rus. for ext. trade and Petersburg. int. banks, dir. Kiev private commerce bank. The Bolsheviks also operated in the brewing, flour-milling, distillery, and paper-making industries. The Bolshevik family is also known for wide philanthropy. Polytechnic buildings were built at their expense. and bacteriological. institutes, a real school for Jews, a synagogue in Kiev, and others. B. provided support to the victims of the pogroms. For donated by Leo B. 2 million rubles. in Kiev built commercial. school, outpatient clinic, 2-class Heb. uch-shche and others. For philanthropy, activity, Lev B. was awarded a ros. orders, awarded the title of Commerce Counselor, also awarded the French. ord. Poch. legion, pers. ord. Leo and the Sun.
BRODSKY Adolf Davidovich (1851, Taganrog - 1929, Manchester, Great Britain), violinist, teacher. He began to study the violin at an early age; at the age of 9 he performed in a public concert in Odessa. In 1860–66 he studied at the Vienna cons. from prof. J. Helmesberger. In 1873 he returned to Russia. He has toured as a violinist and conductor. In 1874 he taught at Moscow. cons. In 1881 he went abroad, continued concert and performance and ped. activities in pl. European countries, as well as the United States. He toured Russia several times (most recently in 1903). In 1883-91 prof. Leipzig cons., Led the world-renowned Leipzig String Quartet. In 1891–95 he was concertmaster of the New York Symphony. orc. From 1895 he lived in England, prof. (as well as director) Royal muses. College, accompanist symph. Halle Orchestra in Manchester; he founded a string quartet there. B. was the first performer of the Concerto for Violin and Orc. PI Tchaikovsky (1882, Vienna), which the composer dedicated to him. Among the students of B. - N.S. Blinder, O. Novachek, F. Barber.
BRODSKY Alexander Ilyich (1895, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Kiev), physicist and chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1925), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Che. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1969). He graduated in 1922 Moscow. un-t, since 1921 taught at the universities of Dnepropetrovsk (assistant, associate professor, prof. since 1925, head of the department since 1930) - mining, medical and chemical engineering. In 1943-49 prof. Ying-that steel. In 1927 he was one of the organizers of the Institute of Physics. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (jointly with Academician L.V. Pisarzhevsky), in 1927–39 head. department, since 1939 director of Osn. scientific. tr. associated with thermodynamics and electrochemistry of solutions. Studied the mechanism of chemical. reactions, the possibility of using isotopes in decomp. region science, the influence of the solvent on chem. equilibrium, electrode potentials, optical and other properties of solutions, structure and transformation of free radicals. Investigated the regularities of isotopic exchange of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Created scientific. school nat. chemistry in Ukraine. One of the founders of Vses. chem. about-va them. D.I. Mendeleev. Member editorial boards: "Journal of physical. chemistry ", w. "Radiochemistry", "Theoretical. and experiment. chemistry". Poch. h. Polish chem. about-va. Author approx. 300 scientific. printed works and monographs. Became. pr. (1946). Etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR them. Pisarzhevsky, Works: Research. on thermodynamics and electrochemistry r-ditch, Kharkov, 1930; Modern theory of electrolytes, L., 1934; Phys. chemistry, M., 1954; Isotope chemistry. 2nd ed., M., 1957; Fav. works, Kiev, 1974.
BRODSKY Arkady Efimovich (1862, Yekaterinoslav - |), lawyer. From 1905 p. party of cadets. On Sept. 1909 elected dep. 3rd State Duma from Odessa instead of the deceased O.Ya. Pergament, but under pressure from local authorities refused the mandate.
Elya Brodsky (1865, Yanushpol, Volyn province - 1924, Kalinovka, Podolsk province), rabbi. (Son of the famous rabbi Yaakov-Shmuel B., author of the 10-volume collection of responses "Tiferes Shmuel", who died in 1919 at the hands of the Petliurites.) Heb. religious education. In 1890-1924 - Rabbi of Kalinovka. An active participant in the movement of religions. Zionism. Son B. - Yehoshua-Joseph (1882, Kalinovka - 1929, Vinnitsa), rabbi in the metro Zozov (Kiev province) and Pinov (Podolsk province). Since 1924 - in Kalinovka.
BRODSKY Joseph Alexandrovich (b. 1940, Leningrad), poet. Left school after grade 8, worked as a laborer in geology. parties, etc. Since 1961 - in lit. gr. t. n. “Akhmatov's orphans” (EB Rein, DV Bobyshev and others); marked by A.A. Akhmatova as naib. a talented poet of the younger generation. In 1963–64 he was persecuted, convicted and exiled to the Arkhangelsk region. “For parasitism”. Through the efforts of J.P. Sartre, K.I. Chukovsky, F.A. Vigdorova and other cultural figures in 1965 he was amnestied. Until 1972 at home publ. only a few verse. and per. (from English, Spanish, Serb., Polish). Abroad at the same time published collections "Poems and Poems" (1965) and "Stop in the Desert" (1970). Since 1972 in the USA. Here B. publ. poetic. collection "The End of a Beautiful Epoch", "Part of Speech" (both in 1977), "New Stanzas to August" (1983), "Urania" (1987), etc. In 1992 he was chosen as a poet laureate of the USA. In Russia publ. from 1987, first. book "Autumn cry of a hawk" (1990, compiled by O. Abramovich). 1992–93 ed. collection op. B. in Minsk and St. Petersburg. B. made important achievements in all areas of poetry. art: philosophizing lyrics (based on almost lost in the 20th century the tradition of E.A. Baratynsky, D.V. Venevitinov, F.I. Tyutchev), grafting Russian. lit. consciousness of a similar English language. traditions (from J. Donn to T. Eliot), a change in the formal and contain, the structure of metaphor, innovative reforms of a number of poetic. genres (elegy, ode) and forms (sonnet), the formation of a peculiar. poetic. lang., based on the conjugation of various, including polar in style, linguistic means, a new interpretation of the ratio of rhythmic. and syntax. articulation poetic. text. Several early (before 1964) creativity stands apart, restoring certain principles of Russian to a new level. poetry of the "Silver Age"; the poems The Procession (1961) and Zofia (1962) are distinguished by their original composition and exceptional expression. The tragic period belongs to the same period. in its naivety verse. “Heb. a cemetery near Leningrad "(1958). B. - the author of the plays "Marble" (1984) and "Democracy!" (1992), book. essay "Less than one" (1986, in English), recognized as the best literary critic. book years in the USA, etc. Nobel. etc. (1987).
BRODSKY Isaak Izrailevich (1884, Sofievka, Tavricheskaya province - 1939, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, teacher. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1896-1902) at G. Aladyzhensky, K. K. Kostandi, L. D. Iorini and Vysh. thin school of the Academy of Arts (1902–08) in the studio of IE Repin. In 1905–07 academic. in ed. satyr. g. "Daylight" and "Leshy", in 1915 - literary-artistic. g. "Tops". In 1915-19 the members. board and participant of exhibitions Evr. Society of Encouragement of Artists, as well as a participant in exhibitions of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists in Petrograd and Moscow. In 1912-17 he participated in exhibitions of the Academy of Arts, the Union of Rus. artists, "The World of Isk-va", etc. Belongs to the later generation of the Itinerants. He is the continuer of Russian traditions. landscape painting con. 19th century, early landscapes contain elements of modernist stylization. But basically. worked as a portrait painter. Among naib, significant productions. B. ser. portraits of art and culture figures: I.E. Repin, K.I. Chukovsky, N.L. Aronson, A.A. Rylov, M.Gorky and others, as well as a number of portraits of polit. figures: V. I. Lenin, K. E. Voroshilov, M. V. Frunze, S. M. Budyonny and others. In 1929 for the painting "Speech by V. I. Lenin at a meeting of workers . " B. received a large prospect for Mezhdunar. exhibition of technology and art in Paris. In 1930 he was elected before. About them. A.I. Kuindzhi. In 1934, the director was appointed. Vseros. OH. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1938). Collected a large collection of works. Russian and Western Europe. lawsuit. Prod. B. were often exhibited at the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions. They are kept in many museums on the territory. ex. THE USSR.
BRODSKY Chaim (1852, Bialystok, Grodno Province - 1937, Newark, USA), rabbi. Since 1889 in the United States. He was a rabbi in New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and in 1899 became a rabbi of the Community of Russian immigrants in Newark. On his initiative, a number of cultural and educational institutions were created. and philanthropists, organizations and institutions (schools, libraries, orphanages), a society for supporting Jews in Newark and a dozen others in the province. After the 1st world. war helped Jews - victims of the war in Bialystok.
BRODSKY Roman Mikhailovich (1907, Nikolaev - 1992, Lvov), orientalist, specialist in China, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). Graduated from the LVI (1938). He served in the army (1930–37), a member of the Soviet-Finl. wars and wars 1941–45. Since 1945 he worked in the Lviv state. un-those. Main directions of scientific. activities: international. relations in the Far East. In the 1970s-80s. published a number of works "exposing" Zionism: "Zionism is a weapon of reaction" (1976, co-authored with Yu.A. Shulmeister), The True Face of Zionism (1983, co-authored with O.Ya. Krasivsky), etc. Cit .: The first stage of the Chinese New Democratic. revolution (1917-1927), Lvov, 1959; Amer. expansion to the north-east. China. 1898 1905, Lviv, 1965; Far East. US policy on the eve of the first world. war, Lviv, 1982.
Brody, a city (since 1584), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1094. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lviv land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1648, approx. 400 Jewish families, in 1765 - 7627 Jews, in 1783 - 11,137 (81.9%), in 1799 - 14,105 (86%), in 1820 - 16,392 (88.1%), in 1830 - approx. 16,000 (86%), in 1880 - 15,316 (76.6%), in 1890 - 12,751 (72.9%), in 1900 - 11,912 (68.5%), in 1910 - 12,188 (67 , 7%), in 1921 - 7202 (66.7%), in 1931 - 8288 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the end. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" times, the community suffered from pogroms. In 1599, B. had a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish community. bath. In the 1680s. Hevra Kaddish was created. A Jewish hospital was built in 1762. By the rabbis of Byelorussia in the 17th and 19th centuries were izv. rabbis Vost. Europe. From the end. 18th century B. - the center of activity of the Gaskala in Vost. Europe. Many lived in B. the most prominent representatives of this movement. Throughout the 19th century. B. - one of the centers of Galician Hasidism and at the same time. one of the centers of the struggle against Hasidism. In the 19th century. B. was one of the CD. bargain. cities of Galicia. The fame of Jewish merchants contributed to what B. called "Jewish Amsterdam". In the end. 19th century a nursing home and an orphanage were opened in B. From the end. 19th century Zionist organizations were active. In the 1880-1910s. B. became a transit point for Jews leaving Russia. Aug 1914 B. was occupied by Russian. troops. Cossack units staged a pogrom. Mn. B. Jews were exiled to the int. districts of Russia. After returning in July 1915, Austr. parts in the city revived Jewish societies. a life. Anti-Semitic demonstrations were noted in Byelorussia in 1918-1919. in B. there were several. Jewish schools, children. gardens, heders. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1, 1941, B. occupied the Germans. troops. On July 12, 1941, 250 Jews were shot. At the same time, the Judenrat, headed by the lawyer Avram Gelsenberg (the head of the community of B. in 1939) and the Jewish police, were created. 13 jan. 1942 ghetto is created. In Sept.-Nov. 1942 5 thousand Jews were taken to the Belzec extermination camp. At the same time, approx. 500 Jews. In the winter of 1942/43, more than 1,000 people died of typhus and hunger in the ghetto. In May 1943, approx. 4 thousand Jews, several were shot. hundreds of Jews. On July 19, 1943, the ghetto work team was liquidated. In 1942–43, a Resistance organization operated in the ghetto, which was headed by Jacob Linder (? -1943), Shmuel Weiler, and Shlomo Halberstadt. In the spring of 1943, J. Linder led the partisans. a detachment of Jews who fled from the ghetto. After the liberation of Byelorussia (July 1944), approx. 250 Jews. In the 1950s. one of the streets of B. was paved with monuments from a Jewish cemetery. In 1994, according to estimates of the Jewish Agency, there were 1,200 Jews living in B. (5.1%). Markus Landau (1837—?), Literary critic, specialist in Italian history. lit-ry; Daniel-Avraham Yanovsky (b. 1925), Canadian chess player, international. grandmaster (1964), eight cr. champion of Canada, champion of Great Britain.
BROK, a city in Ostrow Mazowieckie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ostrovsky u. Plock, from 1867 - Lomzhin province. In 1897, 1,296 Jews (48.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 837 Jews (33%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the 17th century. They were engaged in small trade, crafts, rented orchards. Matzo was baked on a large scale in Byelorussia. Several families were engaged in baking and selling matzo in Lodz, Warsaw and others. Cr. city ​​[[Kingdom of Poland. There were 3 synagogues in B. Centre. the synagogue was built in the late 19th century. 19th century The rabbis of B. were: from 1890 - the Kotsk Hasid Rabbi Avrum-Leib, from 1908 - Rabbi Nakhman-Shmuel-Yakov, and from 1924 - Shmuel-Itskhok Maidser, Yakov-Meir Pomerants. philanthropist. org-tions, credit offices, etc. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were cheders and a Beis Ya'akov school. 1939 germ. troops entered B. on September 9. 1939 a big fire broke out, in which b. h. der. houses; 40 Jews were killed. Mn. Jews fled from B. Most of the Jews of B. died in 1941–42. Approx. 300 people, to-eye managed to go to the east. regions of the USSR In B. N. Stuchkov.
BROCH Abraham (1881, Warsaw - 1950, Tel Aviv), teacher. Studied at high fur boots in Warsaw and Vienna, Doctor of Philosophy. Member editorial boards of Heb. gas. in Warsaw. Headed by Heb. student organization "Ga-tkhiya" in Vienna. From 1909 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers of Mrs. "Herzliya", during the 1st world. war - dir. this g-zii. Since 1920 members directorate of the gymnasium. Member mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. He was engaged in meteorology, first as an amateur, later - as a meteorol inspector. service. Author of textbooks on physics and mathematics, conducted research in the field of meteorology.
BROKHES Rokhl (1880, Minsk - 1942, ibid.), Prose writer. She worked as a dressmaker, then as a needlework teacher in Minsk Heb. crafts. uch-shche. At the age of 16 she wrote her first story. She made her debut in 1899 as a weekly story. Der Yud. Published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. B. was especially popular. for children, to-rye in the 30s. appeared in Heb. children periodic. ed., as well as in the lane. in Belarusian, lang. Author of the book: "Zamlung derceilungen" ("Collection of stories"), 1922; In pioneer lager (In the pioneer camp), 1936; "Nelka", 1937, etc. B. wrote and published more than 200 stories, fairy tales and small plays for children. She died in the Minsk ghetto.
BROMBERG David Semenovich (b. 1915, Gaisin, Podolsk province), poet. He graduated from Heb. Wed school. In 1932 he arrived in Moscow, where he entered to study at the workers' faculty at Ped. in-those them. A.S. Bubnova. He worked as a gas corrector. "Der emes", then a graphic designer. Member of the 1941–45 war. Demobilized, he returned to Moscow and worked as an engraver. He made his poetry debut in 1932. Published in the center. children Heb. gas. "Zay Great" (Kharkov) and other Heb. period, ed. In 1977 his first came out. Sat. verse. Elter af a yor (One Year Older). Author of the book: "Groe Steiner" ("Gray Stones"), 1978, "Threads of the Year", 1982, etc.
BRON Osip Borisovich (1896, Klintsy Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. - |), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. from 1930. Graduated in 1920 from Kharkov University and in 1924 from Kharkov Technol. in-t. In 1922-41 the beginning. lab. electric devices at the Kharkov Electrotechnical. s-de. At the same time. until 1930 worked at the Kharkov Technol. in-those, in 1930-41 he taught at the Kharkov electrical engineering. in-those (prof. and head of the department of electrical devices). In 1941–45 he served in the Navy, together with IV Kurchatov he was engaged in demagnetizing the military. ships. Since 1945 at the plant "Electrosila" in Leningrad and at the same time. head department of theoretical. foundations of electrical engineering in Leningrad. in-those aviats. instrumentation and until 1971 head. department in Leningrad. correspondence polytechnic. in-those, until 1980 - prof. of the same department. One of the founders of the fatherlands. low-voltage apparatus and electrical engineering. prom-sti. Main work related to the study of electric. arc and ways to extinguish it. Conducted a number of original studies. conditions for the occurrence and spread of all-round fire through the collector electric. post machines. current. He proposed a theory and a fundamental solution to the design of high-current devices. Author of scientific. printed tr., monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology (1967). Works: Electric movement. arc in magn. field, M.-L., 1944; Electric. arc in control devices, M.-L., 1954; Automatic extinguishers magn. fields, M.-L., 1961; Electromagnet. field as a kind of matter, M.-L., 1962; Electric. devices with water cooling, M., 1967; Plasma flows in electric. arc switching devices, L., 1975 (in co-authorship).
BRON Vladimir Akimovich (1909, Nikolaev - 1985, Sverdlovsk), chess. composer; int. grandmaster (1975) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess. compositions. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Participant pl. championships of the USSR and many others. contests, where he was awarded 80 first prizes. From 1924 he published St. 1000 compositions of various genres. Cit .: Fav. etudes and problems, M., 1969.
BRONDES Yosef (1867, Kamenets-Podolsky, Podolsk province - 1927, New York), Jewish activist. labor movement in the United States, one of the founders of the union of Heb. textile workers. prom-sti. Organized the first cr. garment workers strike (1890), for which he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment, but thanks to public protests and workers' demands, he was soon released. Belonged to the right wing of the Socialist. US party. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he joined the Zionist. movement and soon became one of its leaders in the United States. One of the founders of Amer. Heb. Congr. Participated in the work of the Paris Peace Conf. (1919). In the last years of his life, Deputy. prez. Zionist. federation of America.
BRONDZ Boris Davidovich (b. 1934, Yaroslavl), immunologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1973). At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1957) worked as an infectious disease doctor in Elektrogorsk (Moscow region). Since 1959 in the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after I. NF Gamalei (post-graduate student, since 1961 - researcher). In 1977 as a part of the laboratory of immunochemistry he was transferred to Vses. oncologist scientific. center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1989 - professor and head of the laboratory of mechanisms of regulation of immunity). Has developed a method that allows to induce in cells and identify in culture specific cytotoxic. T-lymphocytes (so-called killers), to-rye kill norms. and tumor cells carrying histocompatibility molecules on their surface. Found that killer cells have antigen-binding receptors capable of recognizing different histocompatibility molecules. Showed that the existing subclasses of T-cells (suppressors, killers, cells of their memory) differ in the set and fine specificity of their receptors, to-rye recognize non-identical epitopes in the same molecule of histocompatibility, etc. Opened genetic. conditions and mechanisms of genetic. restrictions on the interaction between T-suppressors and proliferating cells suppressed by them, which opens up the possibility of directed regulation of the immune response in the body (including inhibition of tumor growth). Deals with practical issues. use of achievements foundation, research. in immunotherapy for tissue transplantation and for HIV infection during the period of tumor growth. Member New York Academy of Sciences (1986), hon. h. Amer. associations of immunologists.
ARMORs, see Butesti.
BRONEVOY Leonid Sergeevich (b. 1928, Kiev), actor. Before the war B. studied music. school at the Kiev cons. by class violins. Graduated from the Tashkent Theater, Institute (1950). B. worked in Magnitogorsk, Orenburg, in 1953 he left the university and went to Moscow to study. He was admitted to the Moscow Art Theater School immediately in the 3rd year. Upon graduation (1955) he worked in Grozny. In 1955-58 in Irkutsk (played mostly episodic roles). From 1958 in the troupe of the Voronezh Theater, where he immediately became a leading actor. Here he played the roles: Lenin ("The Third Pathetic" by N.F. Pogodin, 1958), Sorin ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, 1960), Fedor ("Drummer" by A.D. Salynsky, 1960) and others. In 1962–88, the artist Moscow. t-ra on Malaya Bronnaya. Performed the roles of: Capulet ("Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, 1970), Blokhin ("Tales of the Old Arbat" by A.N. Arbuzov, 1971), etc. Since 1988 B. in the theater "Lenkom" (Krutitsky, "Sage" based on the play by AN Ostrovsky "Enough for every wise man," 1989). Filmed on TV: Shuisky ("Boris Godunov", 1972), Muller ("Seventeen Moments of Spring", 1973), The Frequent ("Wedding as a Wedding", 1974), Velurov ("Pokrovskie Vorota", 1983) and in the cinema. - in B. is marked by subtle humor, careful development of characters. Playing characters from different eras, he endows them with originality, originality, knows how to create a complete and lively image. Nar. art. USSR (1987).
BRONFMAN Itzik Lvovich (1913, Khashchevatoye, Podolsk province - 1978, Khabarovsk), poet. Left an orphan early, he was brought up in an orphanage in Gaisin. After the end of the industry. technical school in 1931 came to Birobidzhan, worked as a tractor driver. Debuted verse. into gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". Member of the 1941–45 war. After demobilization, he returned to Birobidzhan, where he worked as a editor. region gas. He published poems, essays, reports. In 1948, the first came out. Sat. verse. B. "Aflikhtike vegn" ("On bright roads"), which included production. on front-line topics and about Birobidzhan.
BRONITSKAYA GUTA, a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in 1938. In 1938-97 - an urban-type settlement. In 1939 in B.G. 166 Jews lived (12%).
BRONNER Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1952, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1976) and her postgraduate studies (1980). B. - author of op. "Cold Heart" (1990, based on the tale of V. Gauf) and "Golden Island" (Children's Music Theater, 1993, Moscow), the ballet "Optimistic Tragedy" (1985, Moscow Academic Music Theater named after K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko). In the work of B. refers to lit. sources of different times, peoples and religions. In op. English verses are used. poets - a concert for the choir "Heather Honey" (words by R. Stevenson, W. Blake, A. Milne); symph. songs (words by R. Burns), vocal cycle "I asked the heart ..." (J. Keats). Comp. refers to him. lit-re, as well as to the poems of French. the poet P. Verlaine - cantata "The Shadow of Trees". Among the Op. B. - cantata on verses from Pakistan. poet Faiz Akhmat Faiz for bass and chamber orc. Mn. op. written in Russian poetry. poets - cantata "Peasant songs" (lyrics by A.V. Koltsov), cantata "From Russian poetry" (words by A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, E.A. Baratynsky), vok. cycles on verses by A.A. Akhmatova, M.I. Tsvetaeva, O.E. Mandelstam. In some op. B. used texts in lang. the original - "Ave Maria" (1990) and "Stabat Mater" (1992) in lat .; "Humane Mass" on verses by him. poets of the 17th century - On him. lang .; music for E. Rostan's play "Cyrano de Bergerac" - in French; "Jewish Requiem" (1993) in Yiddish and Hebrew. Among other op. B. concerts, chamber productions, music for children.
BRONNER Wolf Moiseevich (1876, Verkhneudinsk, Transbaikal region - 1937), doctor, health care organizer, rev. activist. Hero of Labor. In 1894 he entered honey. Faculty of Tomsk University, from where he was expelled in 1899 for participating in the student. riots and sent to Irkutsk. In the same year he left for Berlin, where he completed his honey. education (1900). In Germany, he actively participated in the roar. activities; was a member of the RSDLP (from 1904 - a Bolshevik). In 1902 he returned to Tomsk. In 1906 he emigrated to Paris. Here he specialized under the hands. one of the founders of urology F. Guyon, in 1910-11 - in biochemistry and bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute, in 1911-13 passed a course in nature. Faculty at the Sorbonne. In 1913 he returned to Russia, where he was convicted of roar. activity and spent a year and a half in solitary confinement in a Tomsk prison. From 1915 he worked in the Moscow clinic. un-that; from 1918 - in the People's Commissariat of Health, where he led the organization of the fight against venereal. diseases in the RSFSR (the vendispensaries in Moscow, Smolensk, Omsk were named after B.). In 1921, on his initiative, founded. 1st in the country State. venereologic. Institute in Moscow (since 1926 bore the name of B.), where he headed the department. social venereology. From 1924 - ed. main they are. "Venereology and Dermatology". In 1931-35 the head. Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases Center, in-that improvement of doctors and at the same time (1932–37) Dir. State venereologic. in-that. In 1937 he was repressed; date and place of death are unknown. According to unconfirmed reports, he died of a heart attack during the first interrogation. tr. B. has eaten. ch. arr. the problems of combating venereal. diseases. He developed a system of medical examination for venereal diseases. sick, participated in the fight against prostitution, as well as in the reorganization of higher honey. education; was one of the organizers and hands. the first four congresses to combat skin venereal disease. diseases (1923, 1925, 1929, 1937), part. Bureau of the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Struggle against prostitution in the RSFSR, Moscow, 1926; Prostitution in Russia, M., 1927 (et al.); Venereal diseases, M. - L., 1933.
BRONNITSY, a city in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. Since 1453. Since 1781 it has been a district town of Moscow province. In 1897 49 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 30, in 1926 - 37 Jews (1%). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. G.I. Mankovsky.
BRONSHTEN Vitaly Alexandrovich (b. 1918, Moscow), astronomer. Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). In 1942–43 he worked at the Astronomer. observatory them. VP Engelhardt (near Kazan), in 1945–48 he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1945–52 in Moscow. correspondence ped. in-those, in 1955-56 in the Ryazan ped. in-those. In 1952-57 lecturer, in 1957-64 scientific. consultant Mosk. planetarium. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1963), in 1964–83 scientific secretary. Vses. astronomical-geodetic. Society of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1985 Art. scientific. sotr. Astronomer, Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1983 -ch. Committee on meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences. work in the region. physics of meteoric phenomena, study of the nature of noctilucent (mesospheric) clouds, physics of planets. He investigated the structure of the solar corona of the type of maximum up to 10 solar radii. In 1950, he put forward a hypothesis (later confirmed) that the nuclei of condensation of particles of noctilucent clouds at altitudes of approx. 80 km are meteoric particles. Explained the seasonal nature of appearances and latitudinal limitation of noctilucent clouds. The results are summarized in the monograph "Noctilucent Clouds" (with NI Grishin, 1970; English translation published in Israel in 1973). He applied the principles of gas dynamics in the physics of meteor phenomena. Calculated the kinetics of ionization in strong shock waves behind large meteoric bodies (with A.N. Chigorin). The results of these works are presented in the monographs "Problems of motion in the atmosphere of large meteorite bodies" (1963, two editions in the USA in English, 1965) and "Physics of meteoric phenomena" (1981, English translation in Holland, 1983). Author of popular science books: "Planets and their observation" (1957, 1979), "Claudius Ptolemy" (1988), etc. Poch. h. Amer. Society of Astronomy Amateurs.
BRONSHTEIN David Ionovich (b. 1924, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950). A contender for peace. championship in the 1950s. Champion of Ukraine (1939), Moscow (1946), USSR (1948 and 1949). Winner of the 1st Interzonal Tournament (1948) and the 1st Candidates Tournament (1950). Drawn the World Championship match with M.M. Botvinnik (1951; 12:12). As part of the USSR team, the winner of a number of Olympiads (1952–58) and the European Championship (1957). 1st prize-winner of the CD. int. tournaments in Belgrade (1954), Berlin (1968), San Jose (1974), Jurmala (1978). Winner of the 1st USSR Cup (1970). Chess player of bright combinations. style, characterized by deep original ideas. Chess analyst and researcher; enriched the theory and practice of a number of openings. Chess author. bestsellers "Intern. tournament of grandmasters: Neuhausen-Zurich, 1953 "(3rd ed., Moscow, 1983)," 200 open games "(Moscow, 1970)," Self-instruction manual of chess. games "(2nd ed., M., 1987).
BRONSHTEIN Matvey Petrovich (1906, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1938), theoretical physicist. In youth, under the arm. prof. P.S. Tartakovsky has completed and published works on quantum theory and physics of X-ray radiation. Having entered Leningrad. state un-t (1926), became a member. informal circle, which included such well-known physicists in the future as G.A. Gamov, D. D. Ivanenko, L. D. Landau, astrophysicist V. A. Ambartsumyan. At the end of physical. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1930) went to work in theoretical. dep. Physics and technology Institute (FTI). At the same time. started teaching. activity in un-those and at Physico-mechanical. f-those Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. For sharp criticism of philosophy. views of one of the mosk. physicists (who defended the concept of ether) was removed from teaching. work. In aug. Arrested in 1937, shot in 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated. In less than 8 years of work at the Physicotechnical Institute, B. proved himself as one of the most talented owls. theoretical physicists. Important results were obtained in the region. physics of semiconductors, as well as nuclear physics and physics of stellar atmospheres. In the joint with Ya.I. Frenkel, the work predicted resonant absorption of radiation in a semiconductor placed in a magnetic field. In the joint with Landau, the paper considered the possibility of applying the general principles of thermodynamics to the Universe. The candidate's degree was awarded in June 1935 without the dissertation defense. Doctor's dis. (end Nov. 1935) is devoted to the problems of quantization of gravitats. waves. The outstanding result obtained in it is now generally recognized (and was immediately noted in the brilliant reviews of the official opponents for the dissertation - I.E. Tamm and V.A.Fok). - Author of popular science books: "The structure of matter", L., 1935; "Atoms, Electrons, Nuclei", LM., 1935; "Solnechnoe Matter", Moscow, 1936. The last two were reprinted in the 80s. There is information that the joint. with Landau B. prepared for publication the book. “Statistician. physics ”, but the manuscript could not be found. B.'s wife is a well-known writer and human rights activist LK Chukovskaya.
BRONSHTEIN Natalya Shaevna (b. 1942, Chirchik, Tashkent region), graphic artist. Daughter of Sh.I. Bronstein. In 1969 she graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute, where she studied with A.P. Zhurov, M.P. Miturich, Yu.K. Burdzhelyan. Author ser .: "Central Asia" (1972, color monotype), "Pereyaslavl-Zalessky" (1971, 1975 , color pencil), "Spring on Old Ladoga" (1974, color monotype), etc. Works in the Comb-those graphic. lawsuit, performs col. linogr., landscapes, still lifes, genre, scenes. Participant pl. exhibitions, including in Italy and Sweden.
BRONSHTEIN Semyon Yulievich (ps. S. Semkovsky) (1882-1937), polit. activist, sociologist. From the bourgeoisie. In the S.-D. movement from the beginning. 1890s After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik, during the years of reaction - liquidator, sotr. liquidation publishing houses "Luch" and "Nashe Slovo". In the years of the 1st world. war centrist, participated (Sept. 1914 - Jan. 1915) in the publication of the Social-Democrats. gas. "The Voice" (Paris). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Menshevik-internationalist. Delegate to Unite, Congress of the RSDLP (August 1917), elected to the Central Committee from the Menshevik internationalists. Member of the All-Russian. democrat. meeting (Sept. 1917), introduced by him in Time. Council Ros. Republic (Pre-Parliament). On the eve of Oct. coup signed, together with Yu.O. Martov, N.N. Sukhanov, A.S. Martynov, V.V. Mandelberg, I.S. Astrov and O.A. Yermansky, a statement directed against the Bolsheviks. performances. The author of agitats. brochures for the elections to the Constituent Assembly, the meeting: "What the Bolsheviks promised and what they gave", "Soviets in Bolshevik captivity" (both P., 1917). Delegate Excessive Congress of the RSDLP (December 1917), elected a member. Central Committee. Dep. Vseros. Will establish. meeting, member. Menshevik. faction and its commissions for external. politics, nat. question. In March 1918, at a city-wide conference of the Mensheviks of Petrograd, elected member. Petrogr. to-that RSDLP and its bureau. After moving the capital of the RSFSR to Moscow and moving there the Central Committee of the RSDLP (March 1918) was temporarily left in Petrograd as a member. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Affairs. school desks. Meetings of the RSDLP in Moscow (12/27/1918 01/01/1919). In 1919 he left for Ukraine. In March 1920, together with gr. prominent Social-Democrats brought to the court in Kiev Chrezvych. roar. tribunal on charges of collaboration with the White Guards. After his release (late 1920) he gave lectures at the desks. club RSDLP (Kharkov); soon broke with the Mensheviks. From 1920 prof. Institute Nar. x-va, ped. in-ta and other universities of Kharkov, where he taught until the middle. 1930s D. h. VUAN (1929). Author of works on the problems of ist. materialism, the theory of relativity and the history of philosophy. Cit .: Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872). The essay is materialistic. philosophy, Kharkov, 1922; Studies in the philosophy of materialism, M., 1924; The theory of relativity, 5th ed., Kharkov, 1925; Dialectic. materialism and the principle of relativity, M. - L., 1926.
BRONSHTEIN Shaya Iosifovich (1910 - 1987, Moscow), graphic artist. Graduated from Kiev art. school. In 1929 he entered the Academy of Arts (Leningrad) in the workshop of K.S. Petrov-Vodkin. From 1931 - in Moscow, where he worked in publishing houses and decorated the city for the holidays together with V.E. Meyerhold and B.F. Malkin (panel sketches and complex design of Kuibyshev street). From 1935 he studied at Moscow. polygraph. in-those at dep. advanced training with A.N.Usachev, M.H. Gorshman and G.V. Fedorov, as well as in the studio of V.A.Favorsky, where he mastered the art of woodcuts, and in the studio of K.F.Yuon. In 1940–41 created. ser. fig. and lithograph. about the performances and actors of GOSET (S.M. Mikhoels as King Lear and V.L. Zuskin as the Jester - "King Lear", scenes from the play "Tsvey Kunelemel", "The Spaniards", etc.). In the end. 40s - early. 50s creative mastered the images of the nature of the Moscow region, in the 50s - 60s. worked in the technique of color. linocut ("Noon", "Birch Grove", "Frosty Day", etc.). In production Bolivia combines monumentality and decorativeness; they are major, optimistic, and full of light and air. B. participant of 57 exhibitions, including 9 personal. OK. 300 manuf. B. are kept in museums and maps. gal. on ter. b. USSR (State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, etc.), as well as abroad.
BRONSHTEIN Yakov Anatolyevich (1897, Belsk, Grodno province - 1938, Minsk), lit. critic, publicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Member Central Executive Committee of the BSSR. In 1918 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. After demobilization he worked as a editor. gas. "Orlovskaya Pravda". In 1922-26 he studied at the 1st Moscow State University, then at the Communist. academy in Moscow, at BSU - PhD. in Semitology. Since 1930 - scientific. sotr. Institute of Linguistics, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Gave lectures on the history of Russian, Belarusian. and Heb. literature in Minsk ped. in-those. The department was in charge of it. Heb. lit-ry and language. Since the mid-20s. actively participated in lit. life, was one of the theorists of the RAPP. The author of the book. critical Art. "Attack", 1930, "Farfestikte positions" ("Anchored positions"), 1934, "Creative problems of the Hebrews. owls. poetry ", 1936. In 1937 he was repressed.
BRONSTON Samuel (Bronstein Samuel) (b. 1908, Chisinau), film producer. Studied at the Sorbonne (Paris). He was engaged in trade, rental f. Before the 2nd world. war became the representative of the Amer. firm "Metro-Goldwin-Meyer" in France. In the beginning. 40s moved to the USA, where he worked. a producer at Columbia. In 1943 he founded his own company, "Bronston Productions", which existed until the end of the 50s. Then he moved to Spain, where he filmed East. tapes, which were in demand in the market, and built a huge studio near Madrid. However, in mid. 60's the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, and B. switched to purely commercial products. Naib. Izv. f .: "King of Kings" and "El Sid" (both 1961), "55 days in Beijing" (1962), "The Fall of the Roman Empire" and "World of the Circus" (both 1964).
BROSHNEV-OSADA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rozhnyatovskiy district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, in B.-O. 226 Jews (13.8%) lived in the 1920s and 1930s. in B.-O. a school of the "Tarbut" network operated; Jewish parties and org-tions. In the beginning. 1930s a synagogue was built during the Holocaust in B.-O. a Jewish labor camp was created, in which December 31. 1942 contained approx. 100 Jews. On July 13, 1943, a workers' camp in B.-O. In 1954 the building of the synagogue in B.-O. was transferred to the club.
BROUDE Vladimir Lvovich (1924, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. After graduating from Moscow. in-that chem. mechanical engineering (1947) worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, where he created a department. Quantum Electronics (1963). Since 1966 in the Institute of Physics TV. body of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Chernogolovka, Moscow region), head. lab. optics and spectroscopy. Field of scientific. interests - TV spectroscopy. body (predominantly mol. crystals). His first work was research. exciton multiplet in benzene - has become classical. Invented a microprojector for photographing the spectra of small single crystals at low pax temperatures. Received and researched. a large number of exciton spectra of crystals, developed new spectrum, methods. Discovered impurity exciton bands. Discovered a giant change in the intensity of the impurity bands. Developed dynamic. approach to the study of vibronic interactions in crystals, worked on the creation of tunable lasers based on molecular crystals. He worked in the field of spectroscopy of molecular excitons at high excitation levels. Author of several dozen scientific papers. Linen. etc. (1966).
BROVALSKY Anatoly Iosifovich (1897, Ekaterinoslav - 1985, Moscow), military leader. Major General Engineer Art. service. (1949). Graduated from art. school (1923) and Military-tech. academy (1930). In 1919–20 he was a participant in civil. war. Since 1930 - in Art. management of the Red Army. In 1942–52 - early. anti-aircraft artillery management Ch. art. management Sov. Army. From 1952 - retired. He was awarded the 6th order.
Brovary, a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1628.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostersky u. In 1897, there were 888 Jews (23.26%) in Byelorussia, 646 in 1923, 526 (10.0%) in 1926, 485 (5%) in 1939, and 360 Jews in 1989. By law of May 14, 1840, Jews could not live in B. Later the law was repealed. On Feb. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by parts of the Directory, in August. 1919 - by units of the troops of A.I. Denikin. In the beginning. In 1920 the detachments of Ataman Romashka staged a pogrom. In 1928, the Jewish community of Byelorussia turned to J.-I. Schneerson with a request to provide material assistance in the amount of 400 rubles. for the repair of the mikvah. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in B. at the end. 1941 in Byelorussia, St. 2 thousand Jews. In 1999 there were 110 Jews living in B. B. genus: L.E. Motskin; Pavel Lvovich Lazarev (b. 1923), major general honey. service (1982).
BROVERMAN Yakov Mikhailovich (1908, Odessa - |), employee of state bodies. security. From 1937 to the beginning. secretariat of the Special Department of the NKVD Kiev VO. In 1941–42 deputy. early secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR, from 1942 beginning. Secretariat of the Office of the Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1949 he was transferred to the Directorate of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR in Moscow and Moscow. region In nov. 1951 dismissed from the MGB. In 1953 he was arrested in the case of V.S. Abakumov and others, in December. 1954 sentenced by visiting session Military. Collegium Verkh, USSR court in Leningrad to 25 years in prison. Released in 1976. Further fate unknown.
BROYDE Efraim (b. 1912, Bialystok, Grodno province), societies. activist, translator, journalist. From 1925 - in E.-I. Graduated from the Herzliya State University. Studied at Berlin University (1931–33). Was a member. center "Ge-Halutz" in Berlin (1933–34). In 1935 he returned to E.-I. and began working in the red. gas. "Davar". He was a correspondent for Davar in London (1939–45). In 1948 he founded J. Molad. Translator of W. Shakespeare into Hebrew. Lit. Sh.Chernikhovsky avenue.
BROYDE Isaac (1867, Zelva of Volkovysk district. Grodno province - 1922, New York), Arabist, bibliographer. He graduated from the Paris Higher Practical Training. school (1883), later studied at f-those east. lang. at the Sorbonne, where he received uch. Doctor of Philosophy (1894). He studied the history of the Middle-century. philosophy and per. with arab. lang. In 1900 he was invited to New York to work on compiling and publishing. "Encyclopedias of Judaic". From 1900 he worked at the New York Publishing House. b-ke as compiler of the catalog and assistant in Heb. division. Published regularly in Heb. US stamp.
BROYDES Abraham (1907, Vilna - 1979, Tel Aviv), poet, societies. activist. He studied at the cheder, and then in Heb. (Hebrew) g-zii. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He was a worker. One of the founders of "Ga-moar Ha-oved" (1924) and the organ of the Ba-maala movement. In 1942-64 - secretary. Israel Writers' Union. The first poems were published in the city of Vilna. Poems translated into decomp. languages. Fifteen collections have been published. Etc. Barash.
BROYDO (nee Gordon) Eva Lvovna (Khava Leibovna) (1876, Sventsiany, Vilna province - 1941, Oryol), polit. activist, wife of M.I.Broydo. Into the roar. movement since 1899. In 1901 she was arrested and exiled to the adm. order for 5 years in Vost. Siberia. In the winter of 1904, she escaped from exile and emigrated. In 1905–07 she worked for a Menshevik. org-tions of Baku and St. Petersburg. During the years of reaction "liquidator", secretary ed. gas. "Ray". In aug. 1912 on the Vienna s.-d. conference elected member. Organizer to-ta (OK) RSDLP and its secretaries. In 1912-14 in St. Petersburg, she combined work in the OK with activities in the Mensheviks. "Initiative group". In 1915 - early. 1917 in exile in Minusinsk, chl. groups of Menshevik internationalists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, at the United, Congress of the RSDLP (Aug.) elected a member. Central Committee of the RSDLP. Oct she condemned the revolution. In 1918 sec. Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1920 she emigrated, from 1921 - secretary. ed. g. "Socialist. messenger ". In nov. 1927 as a member. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP illegally arrived in the USSR. In apr. 1928 was arrested in Baku, sentenced to 3 years in prison, then from 1931 - in exile in Tashkent, from 1935 - in Oyrot-Tour. In July 1937 she was arrested, in March 1939 War. Tribunal Mosk. VO was sentenced to 20 years in prison. She served her sentence in the Oryol prison. 09/15/1941 shot by the sentence of the Military. College Top. USSR ships.
BROYDO Grigory Isakovich (1885-1956), state. activist. Member Communist. parties from 1903. In 1921–23 - deputy. Commissar for Nationalities. In the 1920s and 30s. member board of Gosizdat, rector Kommunisticich. University of workers of the East. In 1934–41 - deputy. People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. The author of the book. on nat. question.
BROYDO Irina Georgievna (b. 1931, Leningrad), painter, sculptor. She studied at the Middle thin. school (1944–51) and at the painting faculty of the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. IE Repin in Leningrad with BV Ioganson (1951–57). Since 1957 he has been taking part in art. exhibitions. Works in the genre of landscape, portrait, small plastic. Main works: series "Suite about Tuva" (1961-63), "Around Armenia" (1965), paintings "Pereplyas", "Son" (both 1958), "At the cutting area" (1960), "At dawn" (1965) , "It Is Done" (1965), "Towards Freedom, Towards the Light!" (1969), Immortality (1968–80); portraits "The Pianist in Pink" (1972), "Self-Portrait in an Oval" (1974); sculptures: "Young Musician" (1972), "Portrait of the artist S.M. Gershov" (1972), "Portrait of the artist V.V. Vatenin" (1972).
BROYDO Mark Isaevich (Mordukh Mendelievich) (1877, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1937), polit. activist, husband of E.L. Broido. The son of a private attorney. Studied at Petersburg. technol. in-those (graduated only in 1918), from the end of the 1890s. Social-Democratic participant movement. In 1902 he was exiled for 8 years to Vost. Siberia. In 1904 for participation in the armament. speech watered. exiled in Yakutsk sentenced to 12 years in hard labor, but escaped in the same year. In 1904–05 he led a party, work in Baku, then in St. Petersburg. Affairs. 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In 1907–08, members. Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the reaction period he worked in cooperation, a participant of the 1st Ros. co-op. Congress (1908), author of articles on cooperation in the Mensheviks. publications. In the years of the 1st world. defensive war, in Dec. 1915 entered the "working group" Center. military-prom. to-that. In Jan. 1917 arrested, released on February 27. insurgent workers and soldiers, participated in organizing their demonstration to the State. thought. After Feb. rev-tion of the member. Petrogr. Council and its Executive Committee, head. the secretariat of the Council. From May 1 before. Menshevik faction of the Soviet. In June cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, then managing director of the Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. Since June 22 - member of the Bureau of the Executive Committee of Petrograd. Council. Participant Democr. conference (Sept.), advocated the preservation of the coalition with the bourgeoisie, against the course of creating the Sov. authorities. In oct. - member Pre-parliament, before. his household order. commission. 12 oct. at a meeting of the Executive Committee of Petrograd. The council opposed the creation of the MRC, warning of the possibility of its transformation into an organ of seizure of power. Oct did not accept the roar. In 1919 he left for Vilno, in the spring of 1920 for Vienna. Participated in the work abroad. Menshevik. groups.
BROZGOL Nikolay Izrailevich (1912, Zatishnoe of Mariupol u. Yekaterinoslavskaya guberniya - 1974, Leningrad), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1932. In 1936 he graduated from the Military. uch-shche them. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. art. brigade, Colonel B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Since 1956 - in stock.
BROZGOL Zelik Rakhmilovich (1910, | - 1942), painter, landscape painter. In 1929 he graduated from the Kiev art-production. workshop. Studied at the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1930–37) under AI Savinov. From 1929 he took part in the art. exhibitions. His diploma painting "Jewish settlers" was presented at an exhibition of works by graduates of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in 1937 in Leningrad. In 1941 he took part in the exhibition "Young Artists of the RSFSR" in the hall of the Association of Artists in Moscow. Main works: "Yard", "Morning", "Early Morning", "Rainy Day" (all - 1930s). Killed at the front.
BRUDER Nachman Gdalyagu (1857, Vasilkov Sokolsky u. Grodno province - 1940), societies. activist. Received a traditional Heb. education. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. From 1885 - in Jerusalem, a year later he moved to Jaffa, was a private melamed. He became famous as a specialist in the cultivation and verification of etrog. He was one of the founders of the Kneset Israel quarter in Jerusalem and a confidant of Rabbi Salant. He died in E.-I.
BRUDZEV, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. 105 Jews (11.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 132 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BRUK Grigory (Zvi Hirsch) Yakovlevich (1869, Chernigov - 1922, Berlin), society. and polit. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1893), worked as a doctor in Gomel. In his youth he joined Hovevei Zion. At the 3rd Zionist Congress (1899) he was elected to the General. Council of the World Zionist Organization. In 1901–06 societies, rabbi in Vitebsk, hands. preparation and participant of the 1st All-Russia. Zionist Congress in Minsk (1902). At the 6th Zionist Congress (1903) he spoke out against the so-called. "Uganda Plan". One of the founders of the Union to achieve the full rights of Heb. people in Russia (1905), a participant in its congresses. From 1905 p. Party of the Cadets, ed. gas. "Vitebsk Life". In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from Vitebsk, chl. Duma Cadet faction. After the dissolution of the Duma, he signed the so-called. Vyborg appeal with an appeal to protest against the arbitrariness of the government, was arrested, removed from the post of societies, rabbi and deprived of the elect. right. After the 2nd All-Russia. conference of the Zionists (Helsingfors, Nov. 1906) opposed its decisions on the participation of Zionists in polit. life of their countries of residence, withdrew from the leadership of the Zionist movement. In 1917 he protested against the participation of the Zionists in the roar. events in Russia. From 1920 in E.-I. In 1922 he went to Berlin for treatment, where he died.
BRUK Isaak Semenovich (Simkhovich) (1902, Minsk - 1974, Moscow), specialist in the region. energy and calculate. technology. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1939). He graduated from the local real school, then MVTU (1925). He worked in Vses. energetic in-those in Moscow. In 1930-34 - at the Kharkov electrical-mechanical. s-de, took part in the design of the first turbine generators in the USSR. In 1935-56 - in Energetich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956–58 he headed the Lab. control machines and systems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Electronic Control Machines of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1958–63 - director). tr. dedicated electric power systems, electric. and mat. machines. The first scientific. works - theory of induction motors with massive rotor and modeling of power systems. In 1938 he invented a device for integrating Laplace's equations, then he proposed an electronic differential. analyzer. In the years of the 2nd world. war worked on anti-aircraft fire control systems, invented the aviation synchronizer. guns. In the postwar years, he supervised work on static. stability of power systems (the criteria for a cut were developed by him together with I.M. Markovich even before the war), as well as the installation of frequency control equipment created by him at a number of power plants. From 1948 he worked on computers and control with the use of means of calculating, technology. Under his arms. a number of computers have been developed, the principles of machine calculation of the input-output balance, optimal transportation have been formulated, the place will be calculated. technology in pricing. In the late 50s, he put forward the idea of ​​creating a multi-panel and multi-program machine. Works: Machine for integrating differential. equations, M.-L., 1941; Prospects for the use of control machines in automation, M., 1956; Long-distance transmission of alternating current, M., 1958.
BRUK Chaim-Shaul (1894, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1965, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel), rabbi. Studied at the Tomkhei-Tmimim yeshiva (Lubavichi). From 1928 to 1929, he led the underground Lubavitch yeshiva in Novograd-Volynsky. He was arrested and sentenced to forced labor. From 1931 to 1936 he was engaged in underground religion. education in Berdichev. Since 1936 - in E.-I. He taught at the Lubavitch yeshivas in Tel Aviv and Rishon LeZion.
BRUK Solomon Ilyich (b. 1920, Rogachev, Mogilev province), geographer, ethnographer, orientalist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1965), prof. (1971). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1953 scientific. sotr., since 1963 deputy. dir. in science, later adviser to the Directorate of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ch. directions of scientific. research: ethnic. geography, methodology for determining ethnicity. composition of the population and the principles of ethnicity. mapping; tr., dedicated to ethnic. composition decomp. regions of Asia. Member editorial board ser. “Countries and peoples. Popular scientific geography and ethnographic ed., v. 1–20 ”(Moscow, 1978–85). Honored. scientist of the Russian Federation. State pr. USSR (1987), pr. im. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1963). Cit .: Population of Indochina, Moscow, 1959; The population of China, Mongolia and Korea, M., 1959; The population of Indonesia, Malaya and the Philippines, M., 1960; The number and settlement of the peoples of the world, M., 1962 (ed. Et al.); Atlas of the peoples of the world, M., 1964; The population of the globe, M., 1965 (et al.); Cartography, a method in geography. research population, in collection: Scientific. problems of population geography, M., 1967 (et al.); Maps of the peoples of Asia, M., 1968; Map of the peoples of Eurasia, M., 1972; World Population: (Ethno-Demographic Reference Book), 2nd ed., M., 1986.
BRUKMAN Mark Borisovich (Mordukh Berkovich) (1884, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1929, Poltava), portrait painter. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche, in 1915–17 - at the Academy of Arts (Petrograd). He became famous as a portrait and poster artist.
BRUMBERG Evgeny Mikhailovich (1907, Moscow - 1977, Leningrad), engineer, specialist in the region. optical instrumentation. In 1928 he worked in Moscow. cooperative technical school. Since 1932 - in the State. optical in-those (GOI) in Leningrad. Sci. works related to decomp. questions nat. optics, the development of which was carried out at hand. and cum. with S.I. Vavilov. These include observations and research. Brownian motion, visual observations of fluctuations of the luminous flux and statistical. structures of interference. fields, research. interference of diverging light beams, development of photometric. the quenching method, with the help of which P.A. Cherenkov discovered in 1934 a new type of radiation (Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation). He offered a number of originals. optical devices (dispersive light filters, polariscopes, polarimeters). He invented ultrachemiscop - a device for the "manifestation" of chromograms in UV rays, widely used in biochemistry. research Since 1939, he was one of the first in the country to begin work in the region. UV luminescence spectroscopy. In 1939–46 he proposed a new method of UV microscopy and created the UV microscope. He developed a method of "color transformation" of an image in UV rays, which made it possible to create the first mirror and mirror-lens lenses at GOI. He developed a method of contact luminescence microscopy, used in the study of the microstructure of histological. sections of organs and tissues of humans and animals. Author of 30 inventions, printed scientific. works. Poch. h. Brit, Royal Society of Microscopists (since 1970). Became. etc. (1942).
BRUNAVA, a rural settlement in the Bauska region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, Bauska manor u. Kurland province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1921-40 - in the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - in the Latvian SSR. 14 Jews (16%) lived in B. Jews lived in B. from the 1860s. Since the 1910s. there was a synagogue. In 1925, the local authorities seized the synagogue building and turned it over as a school; the community was destroyed in July 1941.
BRUNOV Platon (1863, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1924, New York), composer, teacher, art critic. Studied at the Warsaw muses. in-those. Later he was a student of A.G. Rubinstein and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov in Petersburg. cons. After graduating from it (1891) he left for the USA. After a year of touring the country, he settled in New York, taught Russian history. music for senior students (including in other cities), taught an opera class at the Institute of muses. lawsuit; lectured on litigation as a presenter at the Forum sovr. lawsuit; was the conductor of Sovr. symph. orchestra "(New York), later muses. critic for New York Gas. "Juish Daily Foreword". Among his famous publications - "Ten Commandments of the Pianist" (New York, 1913), "From the archive of business correspondence of muses. celebrities "(New York, 1901) under ps. V.A. Sharp. The author of 4 program symphony. "Rus. revolution ”,“ Return of Jews to Palestine ”,“ Roman Carnival ”,“ Titanic ”, overtures“ Russia ”, op. "Ramona", oratorio, man. for violin, fp., wok. music (including "Songs of Freedom", 1904). B. - the first arranger of the Hebrews. songs, author of collection treatments "Evr. bunk bed songs ”(New York, 1911) for php.
BRUSHTEIN Alexandra Yakovlevna (1884, Vilna - 1968, Moscow), playwright, prose writer. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses in St. Petersburg. While still a schoolgirl, she taught free evening courses for workers. In 1907-17, he was an employee of the underground organization Polit. Cr. aid cross watered. to prisoners and exiled revolutionaries "in St. Petersburg. After 1917 she led an active cultural and educational activity. work - organized 173 literacy schools. In the years of civil. war was a lecturer at the front-line t-ra. Lit. began its activity in 1901-1902. She published poems, essays, translations in provinces. newspapers. In 1922, in the Petrograd theater of a new drama post. her play May, in 1925 in Leningrad. t-re young viewer - the play "Gavroche". Among the popular plays for children and youth are "Blue and Pink", "United Combat", "Day of the Living". Total post. St. 60 AMD, manuf. B. and original performances of the classics. Among them - "Don Quixote" (after M. Servantes, 1928), "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (after G. Beecher Stowe, 1948), "Cruel World" (after Charles Dickens, 1954) and other Plays B . were placed in the center. and in provincial. t-rah, were published in the publishing house "Art" and in Detgiz in Moscow. Collection of plays was published in 1956 in Moscow. Autobiogr. the trilogy is: "The road goes into the distance" (1956), in which the society is described in detail. life of the era of the end. 19 - early. 20th century, including B.'s impression of the Dreyfus case; At Dawn (1958) and Spring. In the book. "Pages of the Past" (1952) reflects theatrical impressions and memories. His work is characterized by attention to moral problems, psychologism, lyricism, and simplicity of presentation.
BRUSHTEIN Sergey Alexandrovich (1873, Usolye, Perm province - 1947, Moscow), physiotherapist. In 1897 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University. In 1897-1904 he worked in the clinic of nervous and mental diseases of St. Petersburg. military honey. academy. In 1910 he defended his doctorate. dis. "On the influence of general electric light baths on the combination-motor reflex in humans." During the 1st world. war B. organized and headed specialized physiotherapy hospitals. In 1916 he created Petrograd. (Leningrad) physiotherapeutic institute and until 1931 was led by prof. (1917). In 1918 he created and headed the Department of Physiotherapy in Petrograd. in-those advanced training of doctors, in 1920-31 - Dir. this in-that. In 1931–38 - scientific. hands. Center, Institute of Labor of Disabled People (Moscow) and Mine. region in-that physiotherapy. In 1941–45 - head. Department of Physiotherapy, Novosibirsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. B. - one of the founders of physiotherapy in Russia, Ch. leningr. schools of physiotherapists. Developed methods of treatment for physical. factors of internal and nervous diseases. Was before. Vses. Associations of Physiotherapists, Vol. methods of treatment, t. 1-4, L., 1928-30; Diathermy, M.-L., 1929; Physiotherapy children. age, M.-L., 1930; Phys. methods of treating nervous diseases, M., 1931.
BRUSILOV, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1775, 412 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 483, in 1787 - 523, in 1847 - 2884, in 1863 - 3800, in 1897 - 3575, in 1926 - 379 (7.4%), in 1939 - 171 Jews (3.5%) Jews lived in Byelorussia from 1622. In the middle. 19th century OK. 200 Jews B. were engaged in decomp. crafts. Jews owned 82 shops and stores. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, and in 1900 there were three synagogues. From 1873, Yehuda-Leib Wetstein (1856—?) Was a rabbi, from 1893 - Shmuel-Yitzhok Perlyuk (1865—?), From 1899 - Joseph Treasurer (1876—?). In the 1910s. a local Bund organization operated in B. In March 1917 an attempt was made in Byelorussia to pogrom. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Center. happy. In the beginning. June 1919 pogroms took place by the Sokolovsky gang. All the Jews who did not have time to leave Bulgaria were exterminated. occupation in B. 10 October. 1941 25 Jews were shot, October 15. - 12, 20 Oct. 1941 - 10 Jews in B. D. Ignatov, I. Lyubomirsky, B. N. Nord, I.-Kh. Pomerants.
BRUSILOVSKY Evgeny Grigorievich (1905, Rostov-on-Don - 1981, Moscow), composer, teacher. After leaving school in 1920 he served in Kr. Army. In 1922–24 he studied at Moscow. cons. (classes of php. and composition), in 1926–31 - in Leningrad. cons. In 1933 he was sent by the Union of Composers to Alma-Ata. He worked as a scientist. employee n.-i. cabinet of music at muz.-dram. technical school (1933–34), music. and thin. hands. Kazakh. muses. t-ra (1934–38, 1949–51) and the Philharmonic (1949–51). Was before. organizing committee (1939–48) and board (1948–53) of the Kazakh Composers' Union. SSR. Since 1944 teacher (since 1955 - prof.) And head. Department of Composition (1945-68) in the Alma-Ata Cons. B. played a huge role in the formation and development of the Kazakh. prof. muses. lawsuit. The author of the first Kazakh. operas - "Kyz-Zhibek" (1934), "Zhalbyr" (1935), "Er-Targyn" (1937), "Guard, forward!" (1942), "Dudarai" (1953, all - Alma-Ata); ballets - "Gulyandom" (1940), "Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan-slu" (1966); 8 symph. (6th - "Kurmangazy", 1965), 3 concerts (for piano, for cello, for trumpet) with orc., Cantata "Sov. Kazakhstan "(1947), 2 string quartets; manuf. for orc. bunk bed instr-tov. Recorded and processed by St. 250 beds Kazakh, songs and kyuis (traditional instructor of plays). B. - the author (with M.T.Tulebaev and L.A. Khamidi) of the music of the Kazakh anthem. SSR. In some op. ("Choreographic Dances", "Humoresque" for fp., Romance "Two Swallows") used the intonations of Heb. bunk bed music. B. educated more than 30 composers, having founded a Kazakh. prof. composer school. Among the students - B.B.Baikadamov, A.V. Bychkov, L.V. Afanasiev, K.Kh. Kuzham'yarov, K.Kumysbekov, S.M. Mukhamedzhanov, N. Mendygaliev, E. Rakhmadiev, M.T. Tulebaev ... Nar. art. Kazakh. SSR (1936). Became. etc. (1948). State ave. Kazakh. SSR (1967).
BRUSILOVSKY Lev Yakovlevich (1890 - 1962, Moscow), neuropathologist and psychoneurologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1933). After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1919) served in the military. a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1921-29 he worked in the clinic of nervous diseases of the 1st Moscow State University and at the same time. in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR as a "doctor at the People's Commissar". In 1930–37 head. psychoneurological. department Center, in-that organization of labor of disabled people, and then until 1941 headed the same department in the State. in-those physiotherapy. In 1941–43 deputy. early military hospital. tr. B. dedicated diagnostics, treatment and prevention of various neuropsychic. diseases, employment of people with disabilities, as well as an encyclopedic. creativity (was the scientific secretary and deputy chief editor in the 1st edition of the "Great medical encyclopedia", participated in the preparation of other medical encyclopedic publications). Member Academic Council of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR, member. board Mosk., Vseros. and Vses. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Works: Compensatory mechanisms and industrial motility in neuropsychic contingents with residual working capacity (doctoral dissertation), M., 1935; How the Great Medical Encyclopedia was created, M. - L., 1936.
BRUSILOVSKY Misha Shaevich (b. 1931, Kiev), painter. In 1959 he graduated from the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. In the 1960s, he collaborated with the painter G.S. Mosin, with whom he painted the painting "1918" (1963–65), which became a phenomenon of the Sov. painting and exhibited in Moscow and Italy. Revision of traditional ideas about citizens. war et al. continued in the film “Red commanders of the times of civil. wars in the Urals "(1969), but later completely moved away from the historical-roar. genre. B. belong to ser. paintings, in which visions of strange situations are inventively varied, touching and terrible, unprecedented and familiar, reliable and fantastic are combined. Favorite story "Abduction of Europa".
BRUSKIN Alexander Davydovich (1897, Berislav of the Kherson district and province - 1938), the organizer of the production. Member RSDLP (1917–20). Graduated in 1922 from Kharkov Technol. Institute, after which he worked at the Kharkov steam locomotive building. s-de (foreman of the site, head of the shop). From 1929 he headed the construction of the Kharkov Tractor Plant, in 1931 he was appointed chief. engineer s-yes. In the same year he was sent to the USA to place orders for equipment and tooling for the plant. Supervised the adjustment and start-up of the production of the wheeled tractor KhTZ and the caterpillar tractor KhTZ-NATI. In 1934–36, the director. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. In 1936-38 the deputy. People's Commissar for Heavy Industry and People's Commissar for Machinery of the USSR. Delegate to the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed.
BRUSNITSA (until 1947 - Barbovtsy), a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 78 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1941, all of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria.
Brusovanka, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Velizhsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1898 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BRUTSKUS Boris (Ber) Davidovich (1874, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1938, Jerusalem), economist, historian People's Commissars. x-va. Brother of Yu.D. Brutskus. In Russia, he was a representative of the liberal economy. schools. Received an agronomist. education in Poland. In 1899 he examined Heb. s.-kh. colonies of Poland, Belarus, Ukraine. In 1902–08 he headed the department. Heb. colonialist. about-va. In 1907-22, teacher of St. Petersburg. s.-kh. in-that. Then he left for Germany, where until 1932 was prof. Rus. Research Institute in Berlin. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, he moved to Paris, and in 1936 - to Jerusalem, where he became prof. Heb. un-that specializing in economics and with. x-in. Main directions of scientific and practical. activities: the development of Heb. s.-kh. settlements, the problem of resettlement of Jews in E.-I. In Art. "Socialist. x-in. Theoretical thoughts about rus. experience "(early 1922, published again in" Novy mir ", 1990, no. 8) was one of the first to give criticism. analysis of econ. politicians owls. power, proved the insolubility of the econ. problems within the framework of socialism and the inevitability of its death. In other works of the 20-30s. showed the reason for the failure of the NEP. In Art. "Econ. planning in Sov. Russia ”(1935, published again in the journal“ ECO ”, 1989, No. 10) analyzed the socialist. centralized. planning. B. came to the conclusion that the present. demo state cannot be characterized as purely capitalistic. or bourgeois, it is a "social" society of the market economy. Cit .: Prof. composition of Heb. us. in Russia, St. Petersburg., 1908; Land management and settlement abroad and in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1909, 2nd ed., 1933; Agr. question and agr. politics, Pg., 1922; Economy with. x-va: nar.-household. Foundations, Berlin, 1923; Socialist. from. x-in: theoretical. thoughts about rus. experience, Berlin, 1923; Nar. h-in Sov. Russia, its nature and its destiny, Paris, 1929, republished: "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1991, No. 9.10.
BRUTSKUS David-Anatol (b. 1910, Petersburg), architect. The son of B.D. Brutskus. In 1930–35 he studied architecture in Berlin. In 1949-50 he headed the planning department of the Jerusalem district. The author of the project for the reconstruction and development of the liberated in 1967 evr. quarter of the Old Town. Main works: Khan theater, Mashbir department store, Shaare Zedek hospital, etc.
Brutskus Julius (Julius) Davidovich (1870, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1951, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, historian, publicist, one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Russia. Brother of B.D. Brutskus. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1894), student. years participant mosk. Palestinophile circles, one of the compilers of the "Index of Rus. literature about Jews ”(1892). Since 1894 in St. Petersburg, member. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), sotr. g. "Sunrise" (in 1899-1902 - one of his editors). From the beginning. 1900s one of the leaders of petersburg. Zionists, in 1903 together with gr. journalists and societies. leaders met with T. Herzl, who came to St. Petersburg. In 1905, members. Zionist edition. g. “Heb. life ", a participant in the congress of the Union for the achievement of the full rights of Jews in Russia, member. his Central Committee. In 1906 cases. 3rd All-Russia. conf. Zionists in Helsingfors, participated in the development of the so-called. Helsingfors program. Was an elector from Minsk in the elections to the 2nd State. thought. In the future, tl. watching. Council of Heb. colonialist. bank, member. The Central Committee was growing. the Zionist organization. In 1917, dep. Will establish, meetings from the Minsk province. Oct he met the coup with sharp hostility. In the sept. 1919 arrested by the Cheka, soon released. One of the organizers of Moscow. conf. Zionists (April 1920), member. her presidium, was arrested among other delegates. After his release he emigrated to Lithuania. In 1921 min. in Heb. affairs in Lithuania, since 1922 member. litas. parliament. In the 1920s. settled in Berlin, one of the founders of the Zionist revisionist party. After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933), he left for France, after its occupation by German-fasc. troops - in the United States. Later he moved to E.-I. As a historian B. studied the history of Jews in Russia and Lithuania, as well as the history of the Khazars, the author of the works "On the history of Jews in Courland" (1895), "Documents and records on the history of Jews in Russia" (1899-1900), “Letter of a Khazar Jew from the X century” (1924, in English - 1935), “Origins of Rus. Jewry "(1939) and others.
BRYANKA (until 1932 - the Bryansk mine, from 1932 - the area of ​​the city of Kadievka, renamed in 1978 in the city of Stakhanov), a city (from 1962) in the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1889. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 545 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BRYANSK, see Bransk.
BRYANSKIY MINER, see Bryanka.
BRYANSKY Shloyme (1899, Malin of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - |), playwright, literary critic. After the revolution, he was a teacher in Heb. schools. In 1922-24 he studied at the Kiev Heb. ped. technical school. Lit. activity began with small plays for Hebrews. t-ra: "NEP and the Steppe" (1921), "Yankel Britvin" (1927) and others. In 1929 he entered the drama. Faculty of Kiev Theater. in-that. B. created the first. Heb. for children, wrote for him the plays "The Chinese General", "Light Cavalry", "The Crisis of Capitalism", "The Messiah in America", processed the plays of Heb. and Russian. classics. Published ped. and lit.-critical. Art., as well as comments and bibliography. research to ed. manuf. O. Shvartsman, D. Edelyntadt. Together with other authors, he compiled a number of textbooks on the liter for Hebrews. schools.
BRYL Hirsch (1901, Galicia - 1938, Khabarovsk), publicist. Graduated from Communist. un-t in Moscow. All R. 20s worked as a journalist, was a member. editorial board of the first moscow. youth Heb. g. "Jungwald", and also ed. Heb. children g. "Pioneer". He traveled a lot around the country, met with young people, published essays and reports, which are a vivid document of that time. In the beginning. 1930s moved to D. Vostok, wrote correspondence and essays about Birobidzhan, then headed the region. union of industrial cooperation. In 1937 he was arrested in Khabarovsk on charges of belonging to the “anti-Soviet”. right-Trotskyist organization ". Sentenced to be shot.
BRILKI, a village in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Brilki Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province. In 1942, several were shot in Byelorussia. dozens of Jews.
BRYUKHOVETSKAYA, village, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar environs. Kuban Region. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BRYUKHOVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1940) of the Shevchenko district council of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryukhovitsy, Lviv district of the province of Galicia, as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 26 Aug. 1942 to Belzec, approx. 250 Jews B., approx. 20 were shot in the village.
BRYUKHOVITSY, see Bryukhovichi.
BRYUKHOVO, a village in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orsha district Mogilev province. 1941 in B. 7 Jewish men were shot, in April. 1942 - 40 women and children.
BRULIN Iosif Girshevich (1910, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Graphic artist. He studied at the Center. courses of Glavprofobra (studio AHR) (1920–30) with BV Ioganson, II Mashkov, then at the Moscow Institute of Institute (1939–42) with PV Miturich, NE Radlov. In 1941–43 he lived in Samarkand, where he created a number of graphic works ("Samarkand. Tree", "Before the teahouse", etc.), as well as landscapes and portraits in oil. Taught at MVHPU (formerly the Stroganov School) (1947–54) at the department of rice. Since the 1950s. began to work in the technique of etching and lithography, pastels and gouache (series of etchings "Riga", aqu. "Moscow and Muscovites", etc.). He also designed ill. book for a number of mosk. publishing house
BRZHESKO, see Brzesko.
BRZHESTOVITSA, see [[Bolshaya Berestovitsa.
BRZHEZITSKAYA (Goldstein) Asta Davydovna (b. 1912, Moscow), sculptor. Hood. Educated at MHPU them. MI Kalinin (1935–37) with prof. B.B. Lange, then at the Moscow State Institute of Art. VI Surikov (1938–45), class. prof. A.T. Matveev and G.I. Motovilov. She worked thin. at the Dulevo Porcelain Factory (1945–87). The main themes of B.'s chamber sculpture are t-r (for example, "The Vakhtangovites. Princess Turandot", "Hamlet", "The Inspector General"), circus subjects ("New Attraction", "Circus novel", "Trumpeters" and others), images of lit. heroes (Pushkin's, Chekhov's, Gogol's cycles, including The Young Peasant Woman, The Queen of Spades, etc.), music (Madrigal, Chorus, Mozart). Since the 1980s. worked on the series "Signs of the Zodiac" ("Year of the Monkey", "Year of the Dragon", etc.). In search of new methods of sculpting, B. repeatedly turned to terracotta (mid. Sculptures on mythological and biblical subjects: "Leda and the Swan", "Hagar in the Desert", "Flight from Egypt", etc.). B.'s creativity is characterized by confident mastery of the spatial environment, the ultimate disclosure and use of material properties, creative improvisation, and command of the conventional language of decorative art.
BRZEZNICA, see Brzeznica.
BUBINDER Jack (b. 1911, Odessa), artist. Since 1922 in the USA. Master of Fine Arts (1946). Lecturer in aesthetics, history of art at the University of Pennsylvania (1937-59), history of art (Academy of Fine Arts in Pennsylvania, 1949-61). Works in permanent collections: Library of the Congress, art. Philadelphia Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, hood. gallery of Yale University.
BUBER Leonid Ilyich (b. 1916, Nikolaev), Hero of Owls. Union (1940). Since 1935 in Kr. Army. Com. companies, leith. B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for fighting in Finland. From March 1942 - at the front. Com. battalion, regiment. Colonel. He took part in the work of Heb. antifash. to-that. Since 1958 - in stock. Military teacher cases on Wed school.
BUBLIC Gedalie (1875, Grodno - 1948, New York), publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1900 he organized the resettlement of 50 euros. families from Bialystok to Argentina, worked as a teacher in the schools of the Association of Jews. settlements in Meiseville. In 1904 he came to New York, collaborated in Heb. gaz., one of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in the USA and Amer. Heb. Congr. (since 1918 - his vice-president). Member Execute, to-that Intern. Zionist. org-tion of America, in 1928–32 - Pres. "Mizrahi" USA. Author of travel notes "My journey to Eretz Yisrael" (New York, 1920). His views are religious. Zionist set out in the book. Min Gametser (New York, 1923). B. - post. corr. Juish Mor-ning Journal. He died speaking with a report on the situation in E.-I. before the leaders of "Mizrahi" USA.
BUBLIAI, a village in the Shakyai region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–1991 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 there were 29 Jews living in Byelorussia. In 1931 the Jews of Byelorussia owned a soda water factory, a wool processing workshop, and 2 mills. In 1941, all Jews B. were destroyed.
BUBNOV Mark Petrovich (b. 1923, Odessa), architect, specialist in the design of theater and entertainment buildings. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Head of the workshop TsNIIEP them. B.S. Mezentseva. Main works: theaters in Lipetsk (1968) and Kyzyl (1979), development of the center of Arkhangelsk (1986). State pr. RSFSR (1974), pr. SM USSR (1972, 1984), ch.-k. MAA (1992).
BUBNOVSKY Samuil Markovich (party ps. Aurel, Frank, Oscar) (1902, Chisinau - 1937), participant of the roar. movement, state. activist. From the family of a baker-worker, trade union activist. He studied at the Chisinau city. In 1919 he headed the left wing of the Socialist Union. youth of the region, and soon - Bessarabian region. to the Komsomol. Since March 1921, members. Time. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. In apr. 1921 arrested, tortured. As a result of public protests, he was released and expelled from Romania. In 1924 - 25 sec. Time. Revolutionary Committee Mold. ASSR. From Apr. 1925 sec. CEC Mold. ASSR. Since May 1926 - Deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars and before. State Planning Commission, and since April. 1927 simultaneously. People's Commissar of Trade Mold. ASSR. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1932), during his studies he was elected a member. Vyborg RK VKP (b) and dep. Vyborg District Council of Leningrad. From 1932 to the beginning. Zap.-Sib. construction and installation department in Sverdlovsk. Repressed.
BUBNY, a village in the Rossony district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1858 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Polotsk u. Vitebsk province. 19th century in B. lived 43 people. by 60 dec. land.
BUBRKA, see Bobrka.
BUCHACH, a city (since 1515), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1397. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship of the Galich land as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the district of the Zaleshchytsky env. as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1552 14 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 1286 Jews, in 1812 - 1464, in 1870 - 6077 (67.9%), in 1900 - 6730 (57.3%), in 1910 - 7777 (54.4%), in 1921 - 3858 (51.4%), in 1931 - 4439 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the city was founded. In the 1st floor. 18th century Rabbi B. was Arie-Leib Oyerbach (1710-1749), in 1770-1813 - Tsvi-Hirsh Kara, in 1813-41 - Avrom-Dovid Varman (1771-1841), founded. Buchach Hasidic dynasty. After the death of Avrom-Dovid, the dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel-Leib and son-in-law Yosef-Yehoshua. All R. 19th century There were 12 synagogues in Byelorussia (including the Chortkov and Gusyatin Hasidims). Trade in Byelorussia in the 19th century. was exclusively in the hands of the Jews. In 1879-1921 mountains. B.'s head was Bernard-Berisch Stern, who headed the community of B. Since 1890 in B. Since 1892 there was a school in B., supported by the funds of the Baron Hirsch foundation. In 1906, immigrants from Russia founded. in B. yeshiva, which was headed by Rafoil Kitaygorodsky. In 1907 it was founded. school with teaching in Hebrew. From the end. 19th century in B. acted different. Zionist organizations. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the atrocities of the Cossack units of the Rus. army. In 1920, the Jews of Byelorussia were subjected to a pogrom by the troops of the Directory. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1927, the rabbi of B. has been Faive-Shraga Wilig. In 1939, after the annexation of Byelorussia to the USSR, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in the city. On July 1941, a Judenrat was created in Byelorussia, headed by Mendel Reich (the head of the Byelorussian community until September 1939). In the end. in the summer of 1941, approx. 350 Jews. 17 oct. 1942 approx. 1,600 Jews from Byelorussia were taken to Belzec. When carrying out this "action" approx. 200 Jews were shot. 27 nov. 1942 in Belzec, another approx. 2,500 Jews and 250 killed. Dec 1 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia. 2 Feb 1943 shot by St. 2 thousand Jews from the ghetto, June 11, 1943 - c. 500, June 26 - c. 1 thousand Jews. Dec. 1941 an underground group (300 people) was created in the ghetto. In the beginning. In the summer of 1943, a group of 40 people left for the forest and joined the partisans. connection of S.A. Kovpak. In the end. 1944 - early. 1945, approx. 500 Jews, most of whom left the city in the end. 1945 An old Jewish cemetery with tombstones from the 16th century has survived in B. B. genus: Shmuel-Yosef Agnon (real fam. Chachkes) (1888-1970, Hedera, Israel), Israeli writer, laureate of the Nobel avenue for lit. -pe (1966); Itzhok Pernhof (1865-1918), writer, author of art. prose in Hebrew; David Freud, father of Sigmund Freud.
BUDA-KOSHELEVO, city (since 1971), regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. In 1939 in B.-K. 496 Jews lived. occupation in B.-K. a ghetto was created. 26 oct. 1941 in B.-K. 485 Jews were shot (all prisoners of the ghetto). genus. S.N. Ardashnikov.
BUDA-RYZHANSKAYA, see Budo-Ryzhany.
BUDAYESHTY, see Budayevtsy.
BUDAYEVKA, now part of Boyarka (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. In 1897, 239 Jews (13.9%) lived in Byelorussia.
BUDAYEVTSY, a village in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Budaeshty Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 18 Sept. 1941, 38 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BUDANOV, a village in the Terebovlya region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 1200 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century means. some of the Jews of Byelorussia left for the USA and other countries. In 1895 in the United States, Jews from Burma created a fellowship that provided financial assistance to the Talmud Torah in Burma. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Burma was destroyed.
BUDAVECHIAI, a village in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Budovitsy Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. in B. lived several. dozens of Jewish families, in 1923 - 20 Jews. June 1941 the Jews of Byelorussia were shot.
BUDCHA, a village in the Gantsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 20th century in B. lived several. Jewish families. During the 1st world. During the war, all Jews were evicted from B.
BUDENETS, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Storozhinetsky headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 30 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
BUDENNOVSK (in 1920–35 and 1957–73 - Prikumsk), a city in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1799. From 1826 - the provincial town of St. Cross of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. In 1910, 2 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 21, in 1939 - 41 Jews. 18 Aug. 1942 B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In aug. - Sept. 1942 in Byelorussia several. hundreds of evacuated Jews.
BUDILOV, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, the Jews of Byelorussia (23 people) were taken to Snyatyn and subsequently exterminated.
BUDISCH, see BUDISHA.
BUDISHCHE (in 1963-65 - Budische Vtoroye), a village in the Lysyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Budischa Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish workers' camp in Byelorussia, whose prisoners were used in the construction and repair of the road.
FUTURE SECOND, see Budische.
BUDKER Gersh Itskovich (1918, Murafa, Podolsk province. - 1977, Novosibirsk), physicist, D.Sc. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). After graduation (1941) Moscow. un-that went to fr. After demobilization (1945) he worked at the Institute of Atomic Energy. In 1958 he moved to Novosibirsk, where he headed the Institute of Nuclear Research. SB AS USSR. At the same time. prof. Novosib. un-ta. scientific. works on the theory of nuclear reactors, theory of accelerators, plasma physics and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The author of the theory of cyclical. accelerators. He proposed a method of plasma confinement using a magnet. traps. He created a new direction in high-energy physics - the colliding beams method. Under the arm. B. built first. fatherlands. accelerators on colliding electron-electron and electron-positron beams (VEPP-1, VEPP-2, VEPP-2M, VEPP-3), a proton-antiproton storage ring was built. He proposed a method for damping incoherent vibrations in bundle beams. particles (electron cooling method) and injection recharge method. He proposed a new method of plasma thermal insulation. Became. pr. (1949), Len. pr. (1967). Works: Collected. tr., M., 1982.
BUDKO Yosef (1888, Plonsk, Warsaw province - 1940), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Vilna, from 1910 - in Berlin under the engraver G. Struck. In addition to engraving on copper, he paid much attention to painting and design, wood engraving (a series of engravings-illustrations for the Easter Gagada, 1916; ser. Engravings "Months of the Hebrew Years", 1917, etc.). B. portrayed Heb. characters in accordance with the traditions of Heb. symbolism. From 1933 - in E.-I., where in 1935 he headed the Bezalel Academy. I studied a lot ill. Heb. kn., improved the skill of decor, painting in miniature, especially in the field of ex-libris, initiator. inscriptions, etc. Illustrated works. I.-L. Peretz, H.-N. Bialik, Sholem Aleichem. He died in Jerusalem.
BUDO-RYZHANY, a village in Volodarsk-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buda-Ryzhanskaya Zhytomyr district Volyn province. 1941 in B.-R. 3 Jews were shot.
BUDOVITS, see Budavechai.
BUDSLAV (Jewish name - Boyd), a village in the Myadel district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilenskaya province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 121 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1931. Nehemiyagu Zaichik (1872–?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1908. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
BUDY, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1926, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 79 Jews.
BUDZON Yegusha (1858, Ganushishki, Vilna province - 1929, Vilno), prose writer. He was engaged in self-education, worked as a teacher in private homes. He emigrated to England. Subsequently he returned to Lithuania. First. rum. The Faithful Wife came out in 1880. His rum was popular. "Haman and Mordechai", "African groom", "The story with the rabbi and his wife", book. fairy tales.
BUGAEVKA, a village in the Izyum district of the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Izyumsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1926, 5 Jews did not live in the Bugaevsky district. In 1942, one Jew was killed in Byelorussia.
BUGAKOV, a village in the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. During the German period. After occupation, a workers' camp was established in B. 3-5 Feb 1943 sick and disabled Jews who were kept in the camp were shot.
BUGAS, see Volnovakha.
BUGOVA Lia Isakovna (1900, Nemirov, Podolsk province. - 1981, Odessa), actress. I played Heb. and Russian. t-rakh Vinnitsa, Kiev, Odessa. In 1945–81 - in the Odessa Russian. dram, t-re im. A.V. Ivanova. Among the dozens of roles played by B. - Zeitl in the play "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1946).
BUGOVOE, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Jozefpol-Ludwinka Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1887, Jews accounted for 22.5% of the population in Byelorussia; in 1897, 872 Jews (30.3%) lived in Byelorussia. the occupation of the Jews of B. was crafts. In 1889 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. Since 1895 Shmuel Markovich Shapira (1865—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there was a Talmud-Torah in Byelorussia, a private wives. Jewish school. In B. genus. P. Rudoy.
BUGSKY, see BUGSKY.
BUGSKOE, a village in the Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Bugskie Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 440 Jews (33.3%) lived in Byelorussia.
BUGULMA, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1736. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa governorship, then - Orenburg province, and from 1851 - Samara province. 7 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, and 29 Jews in 1939.
BUGURUSLAN, city, regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1748 as a settlement. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa governorship, from 1797 it was a supernumerary town, from 1802 it was a district town of Orenburg, from 1851 - Samara province. In 1910, 69 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 155 (0.8%), in 1939 - 137 Jews. 1870-80s. V.O. Portugalov worked as a zemstvo doctor in B. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in B. B. genus: M. Olmert, A. G. Yusfin; Yakov Mikhailovich Kagan (b. 1933), Doctor of Technical Sciences Sciences (1974), prof. (1978), corr. RANS (1993), vice-president. JSC "Sidanko", gen. dir. NPO Gidroprovod, Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation, Hon. active science and technology (1991), State. ave. USSR, ave. CM USSR.
BUINSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Ibresinsky district of the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Since 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the province. After 1917 - a rural settlement. In 1924-25 - as part of the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, in 1925-90 - in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1863 in Buinsky u. 11 Jews lived, in 1939 in B. - 3 Jews. E. Walc.
BUKACHEVTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1438. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of the Rogatyn district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 289 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1859 - 1059 (57.6%), in 1880 - 1115 (53.5% ), in 1900 - 1216 (49.5%), in 1921 - 649 (28.8%), in 1931 - approx. 1,000 Jews. Jews have lived in Bulgaria since the 18th century. Main lesson in the 19th century - trade, some were engaged with. x-vom and a cab. The rabbis in Byelorussia were Moishe-Zvi Geler (? —1770), in the 1830s. - Benjamin Elenberg (? -1855, Lvov), before 1843 - Shloyme Ashkenazi, in the 1840s-60s. - his son Yoel-Itskhok (? -1867, Kolomyia), at the end. 19th century - 1929 - Efroim Hamides, from 1929 - Zvi Schwartz. In the beginning. 20th century a school was opened in B. with teaching in Hebrew. In 1915 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered during the Russian occupation. troops. In aug. 1920 in Byelorussia was perpetrated by a pogrom by units of the Directory, several were killed. Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1923 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. After the occupation of Byelorussia, the Germans. the troops created the Judenrat and the Jewish police. In the spring of 1942, Jews from neighboring villages began to be resettled in Byelorussia. 21 Sep 1942 (on Yom Kippur) 200 Jews were deported from B. to Belzec. Several dozens of people who tried to escape were killed. 26 oct. 1942 exported several more. hundreds of Jews. Dec 1 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in January. 1943. After the liberation of B. in July 1944, apprx. 20 Jews.
BUKANTSI, see Bukonis.
BUKCHA, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 123 Jews (19.3%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. 1915 all Jews were evicted from B. After the 1st World. During the war, the Jews returned to B. In 1920, a pogrom broke out in B. by bandit detachments. Miron Klementyevich Chechik (1891-1938), politician. activist, member. Bund since 1907, member. the Menshevik party in the 1920s, repeatedly. was arrested.
BUKH Aron Froimovich (b. 1923, Berdichev, Kiev province), painter. Since 1926 - in Moscow. He was engaged in the House of thin. raising children of Sov. district of Moscow (1937-41), in the art studio of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where he taught KF Yuon (1944-45). In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. region thin memory school of 1905, where he studied under V.N.Baksheev. Since 1948 participates in Moscow, Republic, All-Union. thin exhibitions. In its stylistic. B.'s affiliation is close to "mosk. school of painting ”and, in particular, to her impressionist. varieties. Genre, artist's range - from thematic. paintings (in the 50s) to landscape (60s - 70s), portrait and still life (80s and 90s). Fast. interest in the landscape is partly due to the years of apprenticeship with Izvestia. Russian landscape painter Baksheev.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БУХАРА, город, центр Бухарской обл. (Республика Узбекистан). Возн. в 4—3 вв. до н. э., со 2-й пол. 16 в. — столица Бухарского ханства (с 1868 в вассальной зависимости от России). В 1920—24 — столица Бухарской нар. сов. республики, в 1924 — Бухарской ССР, в 1924—30 — центр Зеравшанского окр., в 1938—91 — обл. центр УзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживало 4—5 тыс. евреев, в 1926 — 3776 (8,1%), в 1939 — 3452, в 1959 — 2990 бухарских евреев (4,3%), в 1970 — 6126 евреев (6,8%), в 1979 — 5294 (2,9%), в 1989 — 4226 евреев.Евреи, к-рые поселились в Б. в 1-й пол. 13 в., позднее стали наз. бухарскими. На рубеже 16—17 вв. (по др. данным, в 16 в.) в Б. возн. еврейский квартал («старая махалла»), в 1598 в Б. переселились евреи из Самарканда. В сер. 18 в. произошло первое насильственное обращение евреев Б. в ислам, в городе возн. община «чала». В кон. 18 в. в Б. проживало неск. сотен еврейских семей. В 1-й пол. 19 в. численность «чала» составила до 13% еврейского населения Б. (к кон. 19 в. в Б. в 5 кварталах проживало до 1 тыс. евреев-мусульман). Отрыв от осн. центров еврейской культуры, отсутствие в общине знатоков еврейских религ. законов, меры властей по насильственному обращению в ислам привели к резкому снижению уровня образования бухарских евреев. В 1793 в Б. прибыл выходец из Марокко Иосеф бен Моше Мамон Магриби, к-рый возродил религ. и культурную жизнь общины, ввел сефардский ритуал, основал сеть религ. школ типа хедеров и иешиву. К нач. 19 в. в Б. возн. 2-й еврейский квартал («новая махалла»); в сер. 19 в. для поселения евреев отведен также квартал Амирабад («третья махалла»). Лейб-медиком эмира Б. в сер. 19 в. был еврей Иброхим.С кон. 19 в. (после постройки Закасп. ж. д.) евреи Б. сосредоточили в своих руках торговлю хлопком. С 1888 в Б. действовала контора фирмы «Бр. Шлосберг»; осн. масса еврейского населения занималась крашением пряжи и тканей, торговлей шелком. Не позднее сер. 19 в. в Б. возн. еврейское кладбище. В 1860-х гг. иешиву возглавил Йосеф бен Баб. Светским главой еврейской общины Б. и всего Бухарского ханства являлся калантар, избиравшийся пожизненно, под его началом действовали 12 калантарони джизья (помощники калантара), занимавшиеся учетом имущества евреев и раскладкой податей и повинностей. Во главе еврейских кварталов стояли выборные аксакалы (старейшины) — помощники калантара. Духовным главой евреев Б. и Бухарского ханства был муллои калон (гл. раввин), под эгидой к-рого находились 7 синагог, хомло (нач. религ. уч-ще для мальчиков до 13 лет) и иешива; муллои калон возглавлял бет-дин и следил за соблюдением кашрута. В 1902 гл. раввином был «моллах» Хезекий га-Коген.С кон. 1860-х гг. начался выезд евреев Б. в Э.-И. (до нач. 1-й мир. войны выехало ок. 1500 чел.), где в 1891 Ш.Мусаёв создал бухарско-еврейскую общину, а уроженец Б. А.Аминов основал в Иерусалиме бухарский квартал.Гражд. войну в Ср. Азии евреи Б. расценили как продолжение борьбы между русскими и мусульманами, в к-рой их симпатии склонялись в сторону первых. При этом представители зажиточных семей поддерживали джадидов, выступавших с требованиями модернизации исламского мира (в марте 1918 неск. членов семьи Юнусовых погибли во время резни джадидов в Б.). С образованием Бухарской нар. сов. республики евреи были уравнены в правах с прочим населением, одноврем. ликвидированы все органы общинного управления (последний калантар Б.Пинхас расстрелян в 1920), кр. торговцы и предприниматели попали в категорию «лишенцев», мелкие ремесленники к сер. 1920-х гг. были обложены огромными налогами. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работала нач. школа для «туземных» евреев им. Р.Люксембург, действовали спец. клубы для «туземных» евреев. В 1926—27 в Б. — 14 хедеров (25—30 чел.), в 1927—28 — 9 хедеров (8—12 чел.), иешива. В 1928 была открыта еврейская красная чайхана и туземно-еврейский клуб для женщин (132 чел.). В 1926 в Бухарском окр. были созданы еврейские с.-х. артели «Ановим» (100 чел.) и «Наджат» (80 чел.); в кон. 1920-х гг. действовали еврейские кустарно-промысловые артели «Кустарь», «Прогресс», «Херут». С 1925 выходила газ. для бухарских евреев «Рушной», с 1933 — ежедн. «Байраки Михнат». В 1920—30-х гг. значит. кол-во евреев Б. через Афганистан и Иран выехали в Э.-И. В кон. 1920-х гг. Б. использовалась как место ссылки сионистов.В 1945 по ходатайству верующих в Б. была открыта синагога (единственная в области), раввин Мулад Адони Михайлов (1892—?) исполнял также функции кантора, шохетом стал фотограф Миншон Эгланов (1910—?). В 1952 власти отклонили ходатайство евреев Б. об открытии 2-й синагоги, в 1950-х гг. руководители общины были преданы суду и приговорены к разл. срокам тюремного заключения. В 1971 раввином Б. был Я.Эльнатанов. В кон. 1980-х гг. открыт центр еврейского культурного наследия «Ле-ор», в 1991 — культурный центр бухарских евреев «Шалом», позднее — культурный центр «Симхо», при к-ром действуют еврейский т-р и танц. ансамбль. В 1990-х гг. в Б. — 2 синагоги (в новой обязанности раввина исполняет шохет), открыта еврейская школа. Сохранились еврейский квартал, к к-рому прилегает еврейское кладбище. В 1989—94 из Б. выехало 2542 еврея.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 4 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: Н.Абрахамов, А.Аминов, М.Барухов, Ш.Мусаёв, Р.Ш.Потеляхов, Е.И.Решин, А.Е.Шаламаев, Х.Шимон; Аркадий Борисович Борисов (Шистер) (1901—1942, под Харьковом), комбриг (1935), ген.-майор (1941), нач. штаба кав. корпуса, погиб в бою; Юно Израилевич Датхаев (р. 1917), хирург, д-р мед. наук, проф., автор 5 моногр. по хирургии и 200 опубл. науч. работ, автор кн. «О бухарских евреях» (Душанбе, 1992). В Б. жил и работал Л.И.Ремпель.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=БУХАРА, город, центр Бухарской обл. (Республика Узбекистан). Возн. в 4—3 вв. до н. э., со 2-й пол. 16 в. — столица Бухарского ханства (с 1868 в вассальной зависимости от России). В 1920—24 — столица Бухарской нар. сов. республики, в 1924 — Бухарской ССР, в 1924—30 — центр Зеравшанского окр., в 1938—91 — обл. центр УзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживало 4—5 тыс. евреев, в 1926 — 3776 (8,1%), в 1939 — 3452, в 1959 — 2990 бухарских евреев (4,3%), в 1970 — 6126 евреев (6,8%), в 1979 — 5294 (2,9%), в 1989 — 4226 евреев.Евреи, к-рые поселились в Б. в 1-й пол. 13 в., позднее стали наз. бухарскими. На рубеже 16—17 вв. (по др. данным, в 16 в.) в Б. возн. еврейский квартал («старая махалла»), в 1598 в Б. переселились евреи из Самарканда. В сер. 18 в. произошло первое насильственное обращение евреев Б. в ислам, в городе возн. община «чала». В кон. 18 в. в Б. проживало неск. сотен еврейских семей. В 1-й пол. 19 в. численность «чала» составила до 13% еврейского населения Б. (к кон. 19 в. в Б. в 5 кварталах проживало до 1 тыс. евреев-мусульман). Отрыв от осн. центров еврейской культуры, отсутствие в общине знатоков еврейских религ. законов, меры властей по насильственному обращению в ислам привели к резкому снижению уровня образования бухарских евреев. В 1793 в Б. прибыл выходец из Марокко Иосеф бен Моше Мамон Магриби, к-рый возродил религ. и культурную жизнь общины, ввел сефардский ритуал, основал сеть религ. школ типа хедеров и иешиву. К нач. 19 в. в Б. возн. 2-й еврейский квартал («новая махалла»); в сер. 19 в. для поселения евреев отведен также квартал Амирабад («третья махалла»). Лейб-медиком эмира Б. в сер. 19 в. был еврей Иброхим.С кон. 19 в. (после постройки Закасп. ж. д.) евреи Б. сосредоточили в своих руках торговлю хлопком. С 1888 в Б. действовала контора фирмы «Бр. Шлосберг»; осн. масса еврейского населения занималась крашением пряжи и тканей, торговлей шелком. Не позднее сер. 19 в. в Б. возн. еврейское кладбище. В 1860-х гг. иешиву возглавил Йосеф бен Баб. Светским главой еврейской общины Б. и всего Бухарского ханства являлся калантар, избиравшийся пожизненно, под его началом действовали 12 калантарони джизья (помощники калантара), занимавшиеся учетом имущества евреев и раскладкой податей и повинностей. Во главе еврейских кварталов стояли выборные аксакалы (старейшины) — помощники калантара. Духовным главой евреев Б. и Бухарского ханства был муллои калон (гл. раввин), под эгидой к-рого находились 7 синагог, хомло (нач. религ. уч-ще для мальчиков до 13 лет) и иешива; муллои калон возглавлял бет-дин и следил за соблюдением кашрута. В 1902 гл. раввином был «моллах» Хезекий га-Коген.С кон. 1860-х гг. начался выезд евреев Б. в Э.-И. (до нач. 1-й мир. войны выехало ок. 1500 чел.), где в 1891 Ш.Мусаёв создал бухарско-еврейскую общину, а уроженец Б. А.Аминов основал в Иерусалиме бухарский квартал.Гражд. войну в Ср. Азии евреи Б. расценили как продолжение борьбы между русскими и мусульманами, в к-рой их симпатии склонялись в сторону первых. При этом представители зажиточных семей поддерживали джадидов, выступавших с требованиями модернизации исламского мира (в марте 1918 неск. членов семьи Юнусовых погибли во время резни джадидов в Б.). С образованием Бухарской нар. сов. республики евреи были уравнены в правах с прочим населением, одноврем. ликвидированы все органы общинного управления (последний калантар Б.Пинхас расстрелян в 1920), кр. торговцы и предприниматели попали в категорию «лишенцев», мелкие ремесленники к сер. 1920-х гг. были обложены огромными налогами. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работала нач. школа для «туземных» евреев им. Р.Люксембург, действовали спец. клубы для «туземных» евреев. В 1926—27 в Б. — 14 хедеров (25—30 чел.), в 1927—28 — 9 хедеров (8—12 чел.), иешива. В 1928 была открыта еврейская красная чайхана и туземно-еврейский клуб для женщин (132 чел.). В 1926 в Бухарском окр. были созданы еврейские с.-х. артели «Ановим» (100 чел.) и «Наджат» (80 чел.); в кон. 1920-х гг. действовали еврейские кустарно-промысловые артели «Кустарь», «Прогресс», «Херут». С 1925 выходила газ. для бухарских евреев «Рушной», с 1933 — ежедн. «Байраки Михнат». В 1920—30-х гг. значит. кол-во евреев Б. через Афганистан и Иран выехали в Э.-И. В кон. 1920-х гг. Б. использовалась как место ссылки сионистов.В 1945 по ходатайству верующих в Б. была открыта синагога (единственная в области), раввин Мулад Адони Михайлов (1892—?) исполнял также функции кантора, шохетом стал фотограф Миншон Эгланов (1910—?). В 1952 власти отклонили ходатайство евреев Б. об открытии 2-й синагоги, в 1950-х гг. руководители общины были преданы суду и приговорены к разл. срокам тюремного заключения. В 1971 раввином Б. был Я.Эльнатанов. В кон. 1980-х гг. открыт центр еврейского культурного наследия «Ле-ор», в 1991 — культурный центр бухарских евреев «Шалом», позднее — культурный центр «Симхо», при к-ром действуют еврейский т-р и танц. ансамбль. В 1990-х гг. в Б. — 2 синагоги (в новой обязанности раввина исполняет шохет), открыта еврейская школа. Сохранились еврейский квартал, к к-рому прилегает еврейское кладбище. В 1989—94 из Б. выехало 2542 еврея.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 4 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: Н.Абрахамов, А.Аминов, М.Барухов, Ш.Мусаёв, Р.Ш.Потеляхов, Е.И.Решин, А.Е.Шаламаев, Х.Шимон; Аркадий Борисович Борисов (Шистер) (1901—1942, под Харьковом), комбриг (1935), ген.-майор (1941), нач. штаба кав. корпуса, погиб в бою; Юно Израилевич Датхаев (р. 1917), хирург, д-р мед. наук, проф., автор 5 моногр. по хирургии и 200 опубл. науч. работ, автор кн. «О бухарских евреях» (Душанбе, 1992). В Б. жил и работал Л.И.Ремпель.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
BUKHBINDER Iosif Shmulevich (1908, Chernyakhov, Volyn province - 1993, Kiev), poet, prose writer. From a carpenter's family. He worked for different. works, served in the army. After graduating in 1930 from the Odessa Heb. ped. the technical school taught. In 1933–35 he studied at the Kiev ped. in-those. First. poems publ. in 1927 in the Kharkov railway. "Di dig Velt" ("Red World"). Published in Heb. periodic. press. First. book verse. B. came out in 1930. The author of the book. "Commander Sizov", 1936; Lyriche motivin (Lyric motives), 1940; "Mit likhtike oign" ("With bright eyes"), 1975, etc.
BUKHBINDER Naum Abramovich (1895, Odessa - after 1940), historian. From 1916 he studied at the Higher. courses in oriental studies (Petrograd). After Oct. 1917 worked at the Commissariat for Hebrews. cases, was ed. a number of periodic. ed. in Yiddish in Moscow and Minsk. From the beginning. 1920s studied the history of Hebrews. labor movement in Russia, collected and published materials for biogr. the dictionary of its participants (in his book: "Materials for the history of the Jewish labor movement in Russia", v.1, M.-P., 1923). Collaborated in the train. "Krasnaya Chronicle", "Proletarian Revolution", "Hard labor and exile", "Heb. antiquity "and others, introduced in the scientific. turnover means. complex of materials on the history of Heb. working movement, extracted from the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases, etc. In the beginning. 1930s scientific. sotr. Istp-rofa at Leningrad. region Trade union council. In the end. 1930s worked in the Karelian-Finnish state. ped. Institute (Petrozavodsk). The further fate is unknown. Cit .: History of Heb. the labor movement in Russia, M.-L., 1925; Heb. the labor movement in Gomel in 1896-1905, in the book: 1905 in Gomel and Polesskiy district, Gomel, 1925; Zubatovshchina and the Labor Movement in Russia, M., 1926; The Epoch of "Iskra", Moscow, 1927; Sci. work for ist. f-those of the Karelian-Finnish state. ped. Institute, "Historian-Marxist", 1940, No. 7.
BUKHNY Arkady Froimovich (b. 1932, Odessa), pediatrician, surgeon-oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1974). Graduated from the pediatric faculty of the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1956) and graduate school at the Center. Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (1963). Since 1966 he has been working in the region. pediatric oncology (including many years in the clinic of Prof. L.A. Durnov); since 1991 prof., hands. dep. solid tumors Research Institute of Pediatric Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. One of the organizers of pediatric oncological care in the country. Created the first moscow in the country. "Cancer register", to-ry was the basis of the research. in the region. statistics and epidemiology of malignancies. neoplasms in children. In 1970-92 chap. pediatric oncologist of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1976-91 scientific secretary, before. problem commission on pediatric oncology at the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sci. tr. B. dedicated issues of traumatism in children, extrarenal retroperitoneal tumors in children (doct. dis), organization of pediatric oncological care. Cit .: Tumors of the retroperitoneal space and abdominal cavity in children, M., 1972; Damage to the epiphyseal zones of bones in children, M., 1973; Metastatic bone tumors in children, Dushanbe, 1986 (et al.); Pediatric Oncology. Study guide, Dushanbe, 1986.
BUKHSTAB Alexander Adolfovich (1905, Stavropol - 1990, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1930). Prof. (1938). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944). He worked in Moscow. state ped. in-those them. V.I. Lenin (since 1939). Main results in number theory, where he developed the sieve method, Works: Theory of numbers, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1966.
BUKHSTAB Boris Yakovlevich (1904, Petersburg - 1985, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1924). He worked as a bibliographer in the State. publ. b-ke of the USSR them. M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin (1926-1946). For almost 40 years (1946-1985) he taught at Leningrad. state in-those cultures; creator of scientific-ped. schools of literary scholars - bibliographers and textual critics. Participated in the preparation of ed. op. pl. Russian writers (mainly in the "B-ke of the poet"). Author of works about Russian. classic writers of the 19th century: M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1947, 1958, 1962), F.I. Tyutchev, A.A. Fete, N.A. Dobrolyubov, Kozma Prutkov (1970). Main author and ed. high school textbook "Bibliography of art. literature and literature ”(1960 and 1971).
BUKHSTAB Lazar Borisovich (1868, Odessa - 1934, ibid.), Clinician. Prof. (1925). Graduated from natural sciences. dep. phys.-math. Faculty of Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1891), in 1895 - honey. Faculty of Kiev University. He improved his therapy in the clinics of famous Berlin professors. Hoffmann and Loyden, in microbiology - at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. B. was the first in Russia to diagnose a rare disease in his lifetime - myelomatosis of the ribs and spine. In 1903 he returned to Odessa and was elected an intern, then head. therapeutic department Heb. hospitals where he worked for 18 years. B. studied the clinic and developed the treatment of typhoid fever, inf. hepatitis, tuberculosis. He organized the first X-ray room in Odessa, a microbiological laboratory, and outpatient clinics at hospitals for incoming patients. From 1921 until the end of his life - head. faculty clinic of Odessa University. B. studied the pathogenesis and treatment of angina pectoris, the clinic of myocardial infarction, the pathology of the glands inside. secretion, oncology, balneology, dietology. He proposed a classification of rheumatism. B. was a member. reign of Vses. and before. Odessa region scientific. therapeutic. Society, the initiator of the creation in the country and one of the leaders of the league against rheumatism. Honored. Scientist Ukr. SSR. Cit .: Diseases of the adrenal glands, Kharkov, 1926; Materials for the clinic and classification of acute endocarditis, Kharkov, 1927.
BUCHWALD Naftole (1890, Leipuny Seinsky u. Suwalki province. - 1936, New York), publicist, literary critic. In the beginning. 1900s emigrated to the United States with his parents. In 1918 he graduated from New York University. He was engaged in journalism, published art. on issues of language and literature, lectured on theater. claim-ve. His research "Theater" (New York, 1943) on the history of Hebrews is of great value. t-ra. B. was also known as a translator into Yiddish.
BUKI, urban-type settlement (since 1965) in Mankovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev gubernia, in 1923-54 - a regional center in the Kiev okr., Then - oblast. In 1847, 1182 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 2298 (59%), in 1923 - 281, in 1939 - 546 Jews (18 %).In the beginning. 18th century a synagogue was built in B. 19th century two more. In 1893, Jews were forbidden to pray in new synagogues, since they were at a shorter distance from the Orthodox Church than permitted by law. In 1909 there were a Talmud-Torah and a private Jewish wife in Byelorussia. uch-shche, in 1912 - a Jewish handicraft loan-save. m-in. In the summer of 1919, units of the Volunteer Army organized a pogrom in Byelorussia. During the pogrom organized by Tsvetkovsky's gang in October. 1920, killed ca. 200 Jews. All R. 1920s immigrants from B. organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony them. Rakovsky (27 people). In the fall of 1941 - in the spring of 1942, almost the entire Jewish population of B. was exterminated. In 1942, able-bodied Jews from Mankovka and Pyatigor were transferred to the labor camp of B., liquidated in May 1942. In 1998, two Jewish families lived in B.., born in B. Olgin; Moses Khashchevatsky (1897-1943), poet (in Yiddish), translated into Yiddish works. M.Yu. Lermontov, J.G. Byron and others, died at the front.
BUKINIK Isaak Evseevich (1867, Kharkov - 1942, ibid.), Violinist, teacher. Brother of M.E. Bukinik. In 1887 he graduated from the Kharkov music. uch-shche in the violin class. He taught in the Sumy city, later - in Baku. He worked as a concertmaster in an orc. Odessa Opera House. Organized in Kharkov a private music. school (existed until 1917). Member of the quartet (viola) of the Kharkov branch of Rus. muses. about-va. After the revolution of 1917 he taught at the music. school, gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. Peru B., who personally knew PI Tchaikovsky and played in the Kharkov orc. under his direction (1893), includes the essay "Concerts of P. Tchaikovsky in Kharkov" (in the collection "Memories of P. Tchaikovsky", Moscow, 1962), biographer. essay "I. Slatin" (St. Petersburg, 1896).
BUKINIK Mikhail Evseevich (1872, Dubno, Volyn province - 1947, USA), cellist, musician. critic. He received his primary education in the city bunk. school. In 1885 he entered the Kharkov muses. school in the cello class of A.E. Glen, to-ry during the transition in 1890 to Moscow. cons. took B. with him (among his two best students). In 1895 he graduated from cons. with a silver medal (as a reward he was presented with a cello and a subsidy for traveling abroad). He began giving concerts as a soloist and ensemble player as a student. In 1898 he left for Berlin for a year, where he also gave concerts. In 1899-1904 he taught in the music. uch-shche Saratov branch of the RMO (Rus. muses. Society), arranged concerts, literary-muses. evenings, lectured, collaborated in the local gas. In 1904–06 he lived in Germany, France, Switzerland. He was the soloist of symphony. orc. in Görlitz, gave concerts, performing Russian music. composers. In 1906 in Moscow he performed in ensembles with major musicians - S.I. Taneev, A.B. Goldenveiser, B.O.Sibor, K.S. Saradzhev (the fp. Taneev trio was first performed by the author, Saradzhev and B. in 1908 ). Occasionally he gave recitals. Participated in the work of Nar. cons. (1907–18), in the organization of the Orc Society. musicians, Society for the distribution of chamber music. Goldenweiser testified that B. spoke to Leo Tolstoy. In 1915 he was mobilized for military service. In 1919-22 - prof. Kharkov cons. He took part in the work of Nar. Commissariat of Education. In 1922, by permission of the Ukrainian. government left for the USA. Good method. of interest are 4 concert etudes by B. (one of them was included in the compulsory program of cellists at the International Tchaikovsky Competition, Moscow, 1962). Author of 10 preludes, the Storytelling piece for solo cello, transcriptions of Russian pieces. composers. B. wrote memoirs about S.V. Rachmaninov (in the collection "In memory of Rachmaninoff", New York, 1946).
BUKONIS, a village in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bukantsy Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Jewish families lived in B. before the 1st World. war.
BUKOVETS, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 17 Jews (3.4%) lived in Byelorussia in 1830, 36 in 1880, and 52 in 1930 (6 , 7%) The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БУКОВИНА СЕВЕРНАЯ, историческое название (с 15 в.) осн. части территории совр. Черновицкой обл. (Украина). В 1359—1774 — в составе Молдавского кн-ва, находившегося с нач. 16 в. под властью Османской империи, в 1775—1918 — в составе Австрии (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии), в 1918—40 — Румынии, в 1940—91 —УССР.Первое упом. о евреях на терр. Б. С. относится к 4 в. н. э. В 12—14 вв. в Б. С. селились евреи, бежавшие от религ. преследований из разл. стран Европы и Византии, а также от монголо-татар. нашествия. В сер. 17 в. еврейское население Б. С. пострадало от набегов отрядов Б.М.Хмельницкого. К сер. 18 в. с притоком евреев из Польши и Украины в Черновицах (совр. Черновцы) окончательно оформилась еврейская община, появились еврейские цеховые объединения, функционировали хедеры. В 1848 евреи Б. С., как и всей Австр. империи, получили равноправие. Это способствовало улучшению их положения, росту еврейского населения за счет иммигрантов. В1846 евреи составляли 3% населения Б. С., в 1857 — 8% (25 тыс.), в 1880 в Вижнице — 91%, в Черновицах и Сторожинце — 32%, в Садагоре — 80%. Возросла роль евреев в экономике края. Им принадлежало большинство мельниц, лесопильных, цемент., кирпич. з-дов, почти все пивоваренные и ликеро-водочные з-ды. Евреи доминировали в ж.-д. стр-ве, торговле и банковском деле. Среди них было немало квалифицированных ремесленников — портных, сапожников, жестянщиков, кузнецов и др. Преобладали евреи и в среде интеллигенции — врачей, адвокатов, преподавателей единственного в Б. С. Черновицкого ун-та, где в 1891—1914 было 5 ректоров-евреев.Евреи активно участвовали в политич. жизни. В сер. 1880-х гг. в Черновицах был создан «Еврейский политич. союз Буковины». В кон. 19 в. его пред. Б.Штраухер стал депутатом рейхстага в Вене, чл. союза Э.Рейс — бургомистром Черновиц. В нач. 20 в. в Б. С. действовали разл. еврейские политич. партии и орг-ции, в т. ч. Еврейская партия Буковины.В 1890 австр. пр-во утвердило уставы 7 еврейских общин Б. С. (Вижница, Заставна, Кицмань, Садагора, Сторожинец, Черновицы, Чудей). Общины пользовались автономией в вопр. религии, воспитания и благотворительности. Каждая имела свои синагоги и раввинов, столовые для бедных, хедеры и т. п.В религ. жизни большое распространение с нач. 18 в. получил хасидизм. Особую известность и за пределами Б. С. приобрели возглавившие это движение в сер. 19 в. вижницкая и садагорская династии цадиков. В 1860 — 80-х гг. сотни хасидов переселились в Э.-И. В нач. 19 в. продолжалась острая борьба между ортодоксами и просветителями — маскилим, поддержанными австр. пр-вом, к-рая утихла в сер. 19 в. благодаря компромиссной политике ведущих раввинов Б. С. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. усилилось стремление евреев к получению светского образования.В 1890-х гг. в Б. С. появились первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1891 в Черновицах был создан союз студентов-сионистов «Хашмония» во главе с М.Эбнером, в 1892 — об-во «Хибат Цион», осн. Н.Бирнбаумом, в 1894 начал выходить сионистский еженедельник. Бирнбаум и проф. Черновицкого ун-та Л.Келнер в нач. 20 в. создали об-во по распространению иврита «Сафа иврия» и курсы по изучению иврита.В нач. 1-й мир. войны Б. С. заняли рос. войска. За 2 мес. оккупации еврейские общины были ликвидированы, сотни евреев высланы в Сибирь. В июне 1916 — марте 1917 Б. С. вновь была оккупирована рос. армией, и положение евреев снова ухудшилось.После распада Австро-Венгрии в 1918 Б. С. отошла к Румынии. Дискриминация евреев усилилась, антисемитизм, особенно в 1930-е гг., принял гос. характер. Одноврем. активизировалась деятельность сионистских орг-ций. Был создан спорт. союз «Маккаби», расширилась сеть ячеек «Поалей Цион», молодеж. движения «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», развивалось халуцианство. Молодые евреи получали с.-х. навыки в помещичьих имениях и уезжали в Э.-И.В 1940 Б. С. вошла в состав УССР. Все еврейские культурные и обществ. орг-ции были ликвидированы, началось усиленное давление на все институты религ. и традиц. еврейской жизни; небольшая группа сионистов ушла в подполье. 18 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев были депортированы в сев. р-ны СССР.В нач. июля 1941 Б. С. оккупировали герм. и рум. войска. 11 тыс. евреев в Черновицкой обл., из них ок. 9 тыс. в Б. С., было уничтожено. В Черновицах было создано гетто. 40 тыс. чел. из гетто и 35 тыс. из окрестных р-нов отправили в лагеря Транснистрии, где большинство из них погибло. Весной 1944 сов. войска освободили Б. С. После этого ок. 10 тыс. евреев выехали в Румынию, а оттуда — в Э.-И. и др. страны. Часть евреев проделала тот же путь в 1945—47 в соответствии с сов.-рум. соглашением о репатриации рум. граждан. В 1950—60-е гг. евреи Б. С., в отличие от большинства евреев европ. части СССР, сохраняли четко выраженную национальную самоидентификацию. В 1972—80 по израильским визам из Черновицкой обл. выехало св. 10 тыс. евреев. Выезд возобновился в 1985. В период перестройки, в кон. 1980-х гг., в Черновцах начали действовать разл. еврейские орг-ции, был создан Совет евреев Буковины, с 1990 стала выходить газ. «Черновице блетер». В 1997 в Б. С. проживало ок. 8 тыс. евреев.В.С.Левин, pronunciation=БУКОВИНА СЕВЕРНАЯ, историческое название (с 15 в.) осн. части территории совр. Черновицкой обл. (Украина). В 1359—1774 — в составе Молдавского кн-ва, находившегося с нач. 16 в. под властью Османской империи, в 1775—1918 — в составе Австрии (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии), в 1918—40 — Румынии, в 1940—91 —УССР.Первое упом. о евреях на терр. Б. С. относится к 4 в. н. э. В 12—14 вв. в Б. С. селились евреи, бежавшие от религ. преследований из разл. стран Европы и Византии, а также от монголо-татар. нашествия. В сер. 17 в. еврейское население Б. С. пострадало от набегов отрядов Б.М.Хмельницкого. К сер. 18 в. с притоком евреев из Польши и Украины в Черновицах (совр. Черновцы) окончательно оформилась еврейская община, появились еврейские цеховые объединения, функционировали хедеры. В 1848 евреи Б. С., как и всей Австр. империи, получили равноправие. Это способствовало улучшению их положения, росту еврейского населения за счет иммигрантов. В1846 евреи составляли 3% населения Б. С., в 1857 — 8% (25 тыс.), в 1880 в Вижнице — 91%, в Черновицах и Сторожинце — 32%, в Садагоре — 80%. Возросла роль евреев в экономике края. Им принадлежало большинство мельниц, лесопильных, цемент., кирпич. з-дов, почти все пивоваренные и ликеро-водочные з-ды. Евреи доминировали в ж.-д. стр-ве, торговле и банковском деле. Среди них было немало квалифицированных ремесленников — портных, сапожников, жестянщиков, кузнецов и др. Преобладали евреи и в среде интеллигенции — врачей, адвокатов, преподавателей единственного в Б. С. Черновицкого ун-та, где в 1891—1914 было 5 ректоров-евреев.Евреи активно участвовали в политич. жизни. В сер. 1880-х гг. в Черновицах был создан «Еврейский политич. союз Буковины». В кон. 19 в. его пред. Б.Штраухер стал депутатом рейхстага в Вене, чл. союза Э.Рейс — бургомистром Черновиц. В нач. 20 в. в Б. С. действовали разл. еврейские политич. партии и орг-ции, в т. ч. Еврейская партия Буковины.В 1890 австр. пр-во утвердило уставы 7 еврейских общин Б. С. (Вижница, Заставна, Кицмань, Садагора, Сторожинец, Черновицы, Чудей). Общины пользовались автономией в вопр. религии, воспитания и благотворительности. Каждая имела свои синагоги и раввинов, столовые для бедных, хедеры и т. п.В религ. жизни большое распространение с нач. 18 в. получил хасидизм. Особую известность и за пределами Б. С. приобрели возглавившие это движение в сер. 19 в. вижницкая и садагорская династии цадиков. В 1860 — 80-х гг. сотни хасидов переселились в Э.-И. В нач. 19 в. продолжалась острая борьба между ортодоксами и просветителями — маскилим, поддержанными австр. пр-вом, к-рая утихла в сер. 19 в. благодаря компромиссной политике ведущих раввинов Б. С. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. усилилось стремление евреев к получению светского образования.В 1890-х гг. в Б. С. появились первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1891 в Черновицах был создан союз студентов-сионистов «Хашмония» во главе с М.Эбнером, в 1892 — об-во «Хибат Цион», осн. Н.Бирнбаумом, в 1894 начал выходить сионистский еженедельник. Бирнбаум и проф. Черновицкого ун-та Л.Келнер в нач. 20 в. создали об-во по распространению иврита «Сафа иврия» и курсы по изучению иврита.В нач. 1-й мир. войны Б. С. заняли рос. войска. За 2 мес. оккупации еврейские общины были ликвидированы, сотни евреев высланы в Сибирь. В июне 1916 — марте 1917 Б. С. вновь была оккупирована рос. армией, и положение евреев снова ухудшилось.После распада Австро-Венгрии в 1918 Б. С. отошла к Румынии. Дискриминация евреев усилилась, антисемитизм, особенно в 1930-е гг., принял гос. характер. Одноврем. активизировалась деятельность сионистских орг-ций. Был создан спорт. союз «Маккаби», расширилась сеть ячеек «Поалей Цион», молодеж. движения «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», развивалось халуцианство. Молодые евреи получали с.-х. навыки в помещичьих имениях и уезжали в Э.-И.В 1940 Б. С. вошла в состав УССР. Все еврейские культурные и обществ. орг-ции были ликвидированы, началось усиленное давление на все институты религ. и традиц. еврейской жизни; небольшая группа сионистов ушла в подполье. 18 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев были депортированы в сев. р-ны СССР.В нач. июля 1941 Б. С. оккупировали герм. и рум. войска. 11 тыс. евреев в Черновицкой обл., из них ок. 9 тыс. в Б. С., было уничтожено. В Черновицах было создано гетто. 40 тыс. чел. из гетто и 35 тыс. из окрестных р-нов отправили в лагеря Транснистрии, где большинство из них погибло. Весной 1944 сов. войска освободили Б. С. После этого ок. 10 тыс. евреев выехали в Румынию, а оттуда — в Э.-И. и др. страны. Часть евреев проделала тот же путь в 1945—47 в соответствии с сов.-рум. соглашением о репатриации рум. граждан. В 1950—60-е гг. евреи Б. С., в отличие от большинства евреев европ. части СССР, сохраняли четко выраженную национальную самоидентификацию. В 1972—80 по израильским визам из Черновицкой обл. выехало св. 10 тыс. евреев. Выезд возобновился в 1985. В период перестройки, в кон. 1980-х гг., в Черновцах начали действовать разл. еврейские орг-ции, был создан Совет евреев Буковины, с 1990 стала выходить газ. «Черновице блетер». В 1997 в Б. С. проживало ок. 8 тыс. евреев.В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
BUKSHPAN Yakov Markovich (1887, Lodz - 1939), economist. After graduating from the Polytechnic. Institute (Petersburg) studied at Berlin University. In the years of the 1st world. war taught at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1919 he compiled (with B.L. Kafenhaus) a program of economics. revival of Russia for the "National Center" constitutional-democratic. party. In 1919-21 the head. statistical dep. gas. "Econ. a life". From 1921 to 1928 he headed the Mir bureau. farms of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, simultaneously. - ed. bull. "Nar. economy ". At 19.28-30 - head. econom. dep. Vses. bargain. chambers, simultaneously taught at Moscow State University and Military. academy. In 1930 he was arrested in the case of the "Labor Peasant Party". After his release (1932) - worked in the People's Commissariat of Education, head. Department of Moscow. in-that meat industry. The author of the book. on economic issues. In 1938 he was arrested. Shot.
BUKTA, a village in the Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in B.
BULAESTI, see Bulesti.
BULAVENAI, a village in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Bulaviany Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–1991 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in B. lived several. Jewish families. All Jews of Byelorussia were shot on 15-16 August. 1941 together with the Jews from Padubisis and Liduvenai. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign with an inscription in Yiddish is installed on the mass grave.
BULAVYANA, see Bulavenai.
BULEESTI (until 1991 - Bulaesti), a village in Orheevsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - beginning. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the MSSR. 1941, 42 Jews were shot in Byelorussia (the first grave is 1 km south of the village in the Fund forest, the second - 1.5 km in the Kotelnik forest, the third - 1 km in the Red forest).
BULGAKOVKA, see Ivy.
BUMAGIN Joseph Romanovich (1907, Vitebsk - 1945, Breslau), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Com. machine gun platoon, leith. B. was awarded the title for the courage shown in the capture of Breslau.
BUNFELD Zvi (1888, Uman, Kiev province - 1953, Tel Aviv), societies. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. While still in the city he joined the Zionist movement. Employee weekly "Dawn". In the years of the 1st world. War actively participated in the movement to help refugees. In 1917 - one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Ukraine (Yekaterinoslav) and in the Crimea. Member of the All-Russian. the Zionist Congress in Petrograd (1917) and the All-Ukrainian Congress in Kiev (1918). In 1921-22 he assisted the Jews. refugees in the region of the Romanian border. Since 1922 - in Romania. One of the leaders of the Bessarabian Zionists. In 1925 he joined the revisionist movement. Member of the Paris Congress of Zionist Revisionists (1926). Since 1927 - in E.-I. In 1928–33 he worked on behalf of Keren-Kaemet in Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland. Member Central Committee of the Zionist revisionist party.
BUNICH Pavel Grigorievich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, society., Polit. and state. activist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963). Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). From 1955 to scientific ped. to work: in 1955–66 in N.-I. finance. in-those of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR, in 1966–70 - at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1971–75 members. of the Far East Presidium. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Dir. Khabarovsk Regional Research Institute. Since 1971, members Bureau Dept. Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1975-90 the head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Management, since 1990 First Vice-Rector of the Academy of Nar. x-va, prez. Union of Tenants and Entrepreneurs of Russia. Nar. dep. USSR, deputy. prev. to-that Top. Of the Economic Council reforms (1989–91). Tr. on the problems of economic management, DOS. funds and production facilities, industrial capacities, state. finance. An active supporter of the immediate. introduction into households. practice of the latest achievements of econ. thoughts, initiator of voucher privatization. funds in the industry, M., 1957; Ways to improve the use of DOS. funds, M., 1962; Econ. reform: its implementation and problems, M., 1969; Problems of stabilizing the market economy in the USSR, M., 1991.
BUNIMOVICH Evgeny Abramovich (b. 1954, Moscow), teacher of mathematics, poet. Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1975). Vice President Grew up. Association of teachers of mathematics, member. Federal Expert Council for Education, one of the authors of the textbook. a set of mathematics for grades 5-6. First. poetic. published in 1974. In the 80s. published in the West (ch. arr., in trans.). The author of the book. poems (Moscow, 1992), book. essay about Moscow "Because I love" (1994). The poetry of B. is characterized by harsh irony as a means of transforming social problems into existential ones, an emphasized polemic in relation to its arrangement Rus. classics. Lyrics B. originally interprets infrequent in Russian. poetry of the 70's and 90's motives (Moscow, teacher's work).
BUNIMOVICH Yuri Emmanuilovich (1919, Vladikavkaz - 1944), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Com. link naval. aviation, art. leith. B. fought in the Baltic. Sank several. ships, shot down 3 enemy aircraft. Killed in battle.
BUNINA Basya Zakharovna (1898, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1960, Kharkov), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1924). In 1924-29 she worked as a district doctor and phthisiatrician in the Chernihiv region. In 1929 31 specialized in phthisiology at the Kharkov Institute of tuberculosis, in which she then worked as a scientific researcher. sotr. and head. pathophysiological. department; from 1953 until the end of his life prof., head. Department of Tuberculosis Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors in Kharkov. tr. dedicated various problems of phthisiology: indications and methods are specific. therapy of tuberculosis (doctoral dis.), metabolic disorders in tuberculosis, early forms of tuberculosis, diagnosis of primary tuberculosis, methods of treating tuberculosis with low doses of tuberculin and other drugs. Cit .: Tuberculinotherapy: (Indications and methods), Kiev, 1953.
BUNOV, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia were resettled to Yavorov and subsequently exterminated.
BUNTSEVO, a village in the Derazhnyansky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Butsnevtsy, Letichevsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. 182 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1863, and 304 Jews in 1897. In 1863, Byelorussia had a synagogue. Main occupation of the Jews of B. in 19 - early. 20th century - trad. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BURBISHKI, see Burbiskiai.
BURBISHKIAI, a village in Lazdija region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Burbishki Mariampolsky u. Suwalki province. 19th century in B. lived several. Jewish families.
BURDYANSKY Iosif Mendelevich (1895, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1938), engineer, economist, specialist in scientific research. org-tion of production and labor. Studied on mat. branch of the Warsaw University, in the Warsaw Polytechnic, in-those, on the econ. branch of Commercial. in-that and in the polytechnic. in-those in Kiev. From 1920 he taught at the universities of Tatarstan, in 1922–30 he headed the Institute for Scientific Research. org-tion tr. in Kazan. Since 1930 in the Communist. academy in Moscow. Was a member. Pres. Sovnot - state. structure, engaged in the research. and the introduction of scientific. org-tion tr. in USSR. B. belongs to the first definition of the science of labor organization and the allocation of its principles: rational division of labor, economy of movements, rhythm, continuity, standardization, specialization, complete preparation of production. In ch. group of "communist-rationalizers" criticized OA Yermansky, NF Charnovsky, AK Gastev, EF Rozmirovich, VM Ioffe and other colleagues, with whom he argued about "Physiological. optimum ". Repressed, works: Scientific. org-tion tr., L., 1925; Basics of rationalization of production, M.-L., 1934; Methodological. foundations of the theory of socialist. org-tion of production: Lectures 1–3, M., 1936.
BUREYA, urban-type settlement (since 1929), a regional center in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Malinovka, Amur Region. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BURG Joseph Kunovich (b. 1912, Vizhnitsa, Austria-Hungary), prose writer. All R. 30s studied at the Faculty of Germanic Studies at Vienna University. He made his debut in literature in 1934 with the short story "On a timber floating". After the evacuation he lived in Chernivtsi. Worked as a teacher. In Heb. lit-re is known as an inspirational singer of the Carpathians. Lyric. B.'s prose is fanned by romance and rich in language. B. actively collaborated in the railway. "Sovetish gameland" from the first. years of its publication. Author of the book: "Oifn Cheremosh" ("On the Cheremosh"), 1939; "Sam" ("Poison"), 1940; “Dos Lebn Gate Weiter” (“Life Goes On”), 1980, etc.
BURGENAI, a village in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Burgiyany in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. 19th century Jews lived in B. B. Yakov-Mordechai Sherman (1885-1958, Johannesburg), writer (in Yiddish), from 1903 - in the South. Africa.
BURGIANS, see Burgenay.
BURKANOV, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 110 Jews lived in Byelorussia. The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated in the fall of 1942.
BURKSER Evgeniy Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1887, Odessa, Kherson province - 1963, Kiev), geochemist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1923), Dr. Sciences (1943). He graduated in 1909 from the department. natures. Sciences Phys.-Math. Faculty of Novoros. University (Odessa), where he began to study the chemistry of radioactive elements (in 1909 he published the work "Essays on the Phenomena of Radioactivity"). In 1910, on behalf of chem. section of the Odessa branch of Rus. tech. about-va organized and headed the first radiologist in Russia. lab. He worked in the radium expedition Ros. Academy of Sciences, edges from 1917 conducted research related to the extraction of radium from waste of Fergana uranium ore. In 1926 he became the head of Chem. radiology, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1938 he created and headed the department of geochemistry at the Kiev Institute of Geology. sciences. In 1941–45 in evacuation in Bashkiria. Osn. research associated with the study of the chemistry of radioactive elements (including on business trips to Belgium, France, Germany), with research. radioactivity of bottom sediments of Odessa estuaries, miner, springs and salt reservoirs of the Kuban and Ukraine, the properties of therapeutic mud and the establishment of the constancy of their chemical. composition. Has achieved, therefore, success in research. geochemistry of rare alkali metals, in determining the amount of rubidium and cesium in the sea. water and plant ash; studied the presence of radioactive elements in living matter. Supervised the study of the processes of hypergene migration chem. elements, developed a direction in the research. absolute age geological. formations. At the same time. from 1922 he taught at universities in Ukraine. From 1939 he headed the Committee for Meteorites of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He made a great contribution to the creation of scientific. schools of geochemists in Ukraine. Author of over 260 printed scientific. works.
BURLANESTI, see Burlanesti.
BURLENESTI (until 1991 - Burlanesti), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. On July 10, 1941, 14 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.
BURLUK LARGE, see [[Great Burluk.
BURSHTEIN Rebekka Khaimovna (1904, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1992, Moscow), electrochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1942. In 1926 she graduated from Leningrad State University. un-t. In 1927–47 she worked at the Phys.-Chem. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova. In 1946–58 at Ying-those physical. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1958–92 head. lab. Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Sci. works related to the study of adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, problems of electrochemistry. Completed the first work in the USSR on the adsorption of hydrogen on coal. Developed a vacuum electrochemical method. research surface condition metallic. electrodes and matching electrochem. properties decomp. metals (platinum, iron, etc.). Proposed a new chem. a current source built without the use of scarce metals - an iron-coal cell. She was engaged in the development of fuel hydrogen-oxygen cells. Author approx. 200 scientific. printed works. Honored. worker of science and technology (1965). Became. pr. (1943, 1952).
BURSHTIN Mikhail (1897, Blonie, Warsaw Province - 1945, Dachau), prose writer. From 1912 he lived in Warsaw, passed the external exam for grade 8. zii, graduated from the teacher. courses, worked as a teacher of history and literature. In 1931 he published the first. rum. Iber di Hourves Fun Ploine (On the Ruins of Plonsk). His rum. Bai di teichn fun Mazovie (On the Rivers of Mazovia), published in Warsaw, Oirl (Destiny, 1936), Broit mit zalts (Bread and Salt, 1939), and others were highly appreciated criticism. After the occupation of Warsaw in 1939 he moved to Bialystok. Published stories in owls. Heb. press. In June 1941 in Kaunas, B. ended up in a ghetto. He made calls for resistance. In the ghetto he began to write rum. "Di ghele late" ("Yellow patch"). In the summer of 1944, B. attempted to escape from the ghetto. Died in Dachau.
BURSHTYN, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1554. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of the Rogatyn povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 582 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 413 in 1813, in 1880 - 2017 (51%), in 1890 - 2179 (51 , 7%), in 1900 - 2005 (45.2%), in 1910 - 2245 (45.8%), in 1921 - 1431 (40%), in 1931 - 1802 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 17th century In the beginning. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery. All R. 18th century a synagogue was built. Rabbi in Bulgaria in the 18th century. was Zvi Ashkenazi. In the 1840s. In B. there was a Jewish doctor, in 1850 - 2 Jewish doctors. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were 2 Jewish banks, united in the Credit Bank. In the beginning. 20th century there were 10 synagogues, mainly. Hasidic, school for boys with the rights of common people. school, founded in 1898 at the expense of the Baron Hirsch Foundation (in 1908 - 160 students), prof. uch-shche for girls and reading room. A Hebrew school was opened in 1909. From 1865 to 1914, Bulgaria was the residence of the Hasidic tzaddik Nohum Brandwein (1847-1915, Stanislav). His son Eliezer (1869-1943) was a tzaddik in Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk), and his grandson Moishe (? -1942) lived in B. Since 1935, the majority of the Jews of B. were Belzevsky and Chortkovsky Hasids. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 18th and 20th centuries were Yosef Teumim, Yosef Schwartz, until 1898 - Meir Landa (? -1907), in 1898-1907 - his son Moishe (? -1907), the son of Moishe - Hertz was a rabbi until the beginning. 1940s From the beginning. 20th century in B. acted different. Zionist organizations. In 1914, Cossack units of the Rus. army. In the synagogue, a 70-year-old Jew was killed while trying to protect a Jewish girl from rape. In 1920, during a pogrom organized by parts of the Directory, 11 Jews were killed. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1940, several. Jewish families were deported to the east. districts of the USSR. On July 20, 1941, a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia. by the police. In the beginning. Aug 1941 a Judenrat was created in Byelorussia, in Sept. - the ghetto. 21 Sep 1942 from B. to Belzec, apprx. 200 Jews, October 26. 1942 - remaining Jews. After the liberation in 1944, 13 Jews remained in Byelorussia. in B. lived several. Jewish families. The buildings of 2 surviving synagogues were used as warehouses, on the territory. a city park is laid out in the Jewish cemetery.
BURSTEN Celestin Leonovich (1888, Ternopil, Galicia - 1938, |), mathematician. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1931). Graduated from Vienna University (1911). Doctor of Philosophy (1912). He worked in Austria, in 1925 he joined the ranks of the Austrian Communist Party; soon came to the USSR. From 1929 - in Minsk, at the invitation of the Belarusian. state un-that headed the department of mathematics; prof. BSU. Deer. Physics and technology Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. scientific. tr. by differential and Riemannian geometry, differenti. ur-niyam (Pfaf aggregates), algebra (theory of distributive groups, etc.). Wrote in Belarusian, language. scientific reference manual for differenti. geometry. Repressed. Works: Mathematical Works, Minsk, 1932; Differential geometry course, Minsk, 1933; Physical Methods of Mathematics, Minsk, 1933.
BURTIN Yuri Grigorievich (Girshevich) (b. 1932, Leningrad), lit. critic, publicist, historian of societies. thoughts. From the family sat down. doctor. Graduated from fi-lol. Faculty of Leningrad un-that (1954). He worked as a school teacher at the station. Buoy North g. (1954–62), then a postgraduate student of the Institute of World Literature and Literature (1962–65), from 1967 to 1970 ed. dep. journalism in f. "New World" by AT Tvardovsky, from 1974 to 1988 at the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". Ch. ed. gas. "Demokr. Russia ”(1991, jointly with IM Klyamkin), gas. "Citizen. thought "(1993). He began to publish in 1959. Published in decomp. periodic. ed. Wide societies, resonance received the work of B. in the railway. "New World" and "October" "About ditties" (1968), "To you, from another generation ..." (1987), "Real criticism yesterday and today" (1987), "Achilles heel ist. theory of Marx "(1989). Auth. book "The opportunity to object" (M., 1988).
BURTS, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. Since 1899, Yakov-Tsvi Maskalensky (1875—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia.
BURYN, a city (since 1964), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1688. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Putivl u. Kursk province. In 1897, approx. 100 Jews, in 1926 - 33, in 1939 - 113 Jews.
BURZHENIN, a city in Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - settlement of Sieradz u. Kalisz province. In 1793, 10 Jews (2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 58 (16%), in 1827 - 130 (25%), in 1857 - 241 (31%), in 1884 - 329 (30%). ), in 1921 - 228 (20%), in 1939 - approx. 180 Jews. Jews made their living by small trade and crafts. There was a synagogue and a cemetery. Since 1850, the rabbi of B. was Wolf Botke, in 1884 - Abram Bulka, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Zvi Perelmuter, from 1903 - Avrom Kolbe (1876—?), From 1914 - Boruch Lednovsky. During the 2nd world. During the war, all the Jews of B. were deported to the ghetto in Zdunska Wola.
Bushtyna, see Bushtyno.
BUSHTYNO (until 1995 - Bushtyna), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, approx. 90 Jews (8%), in 1872 - 98, in 1880 - 142, in 1930 - 1,042 Jews (30%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 18th century In the 2nd floor. 19th century B. lived the head of the Hasidic dynasty, Mordechai Leifer (1835-1894). Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Spink and Syget Hasidim. OK. 30% of the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in timber trade, felling, and timber floating. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1938, during the battle between the retreating Czechoslovak army and the Ukrainian. nationalists, the synagogue was burned down. In aug. 1941 several. dozens of Jewish families of B. were exiled to occupied Germany. army territory. In the spring of 1944 the Jews of Byelorussia were sent to Auschwitz. Dozens of Jews in Byelorussia fought in the Czechoslovak brigade under the command of L. Svoboda and in the Czechoslovak units of the allied forces. The Jews of B. also served in labor. battalions of the Hungarian army, some of them ended up in the Sov. In 1945, approx. 30 Jewish families. The synagogue was closed in 1947. In the 1950s and 70s. periodically going illegal. minyan. In the beginning. 1980s 6 Jews lived in B. The Jewish cemetery of B. was destroyed.
BUSK, see Busko-Zdroj.
BUSKO-ZDRUJ, a city (from 1287) in the Kieleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Busk Stopnitsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1897 in B.-Z. lived 895 Jews (41%), in 1921 - approx. 2000 Jews. Until 1862 Jews were forbidden to settle in B.-Z. In the beginning. 20th century means. part of the Jewish population left for the United States and other countries. In 1911 there was a foundation in the USA. the community of immigrants from BZ, a cut provided financial assistance to the Jews of BZ. 1941 in B.-Z. a ghetto was created, liquidated in October. 1942, when c. 2 thousand Jews were sent to Treblinka.
BUTENKI, a village in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Butenkov Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. The law of May 10, 1903, Jews were allowed to settle in Byelorussia, as exemption from the provisional rules of 1882. 20th century the rabbi in B. was Joseph Fischer (1870 -?). I.V. Dubinsky.
Butenkova, see Butenki.
BUTESHT (until 1991 - Buteshty), a village in the Glodensky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buteshty-Stavro (other name. Bronshty) Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1897, 108 Jews (16.0%) lived in Byelorussia.
BOTHES, see Butesti.
BUTKUNAI, a village in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Butskuny Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in B. lived several. dozens of Jews, there was a synagogue. In the 1930s. all Jews left B.
BOOTLE, see Beatle.
BUTOR (until 1974 - Butory), a village in the Tiraspol region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tiraspol u. Kherson Province. In 1926, 85 Jews lived in Byelorussia.
BUTOR, see Butor.
BUTRIMANIS, see Butrimonis.
BUTRIMONIS, a town in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1699.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Butrimantsy Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1760, 282 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 666, in 1897 - 1919 (80%), in 1923 - 943 (58%), in 1941 - 750 Jews. Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in handicrafts, trade, p. h-vom, truck farming, gardening, carriage. In the 1880s. followers of the Haskala appeared in B. There was a yeshiva in B., headed by Yosif Yankelevich. Eliezer Strashun served as the rabbi in B. In 1885, the Bikur Hoylim Society invited a doctor to the service, in 1886 a mutual assistance fund was created with a capital of 500 rubles, which was donated by Nohum Leibovich. The construction of the Great Synagogue was completed in 1894. In 1897 a library was opened at the private school of Dr. Schneider. At school with teaching in Russian. lang. studied 50 children. In 1898, a Zionist organization headed by Strashun began to operate. In 1909 there was a Jewish school for boys. Wed school of the "Tarbut" network, headed by Dir. Vinitsky, there was a cheder, a Jewish library worked. Rabbi in Bulgaria in the 1920s and 1930s. was Avrum-Moishe Vitkind. In 1931 the Jews of Byelorussia owned 24 shops, 2 wool-combing shops, a shoe factory, a soda water factory, a mill, a bakery, and a power station. In 1937, there were 47 Jewish artisans, a Jewish dentist, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank (320 depositors) functioned, a mutual assistance fund, a voluntary fire brigade, most of the members of the cut were Jews. Most of the Zionist parties, youth Zionist movements, including Gordonia (70-80 members), Beitar (60 members), Maccabi (30 members), Agudas Yisroel. There was an underground communist. org-tion, most of the members of the cut were Jews. On July 1941, the local population staged a pogrom in Byelorussia, as a result of which the Torah scrolls were torn and burned. 12 Aug 1941 approx. 100 Jews B. were sent to Alytus and shot there. 22 Aug shot 115 people, August 29. the remaining Jews and Jews from other townships were gathered into the ghetto. Sep 9 1941 approx. 1,400 Jews were shot by Lithuanian policemen. After the war, memorial signs were installed on two mass graves, which were repeatedly desecrated and destroyed by local residents. In 1992, a marble slab with inscriptions in Yiddish and Litas was installed at the burial site of the dead Jews. In B. genus: K.-Y.-L. Silman, M.-M. Silman, Meir-Simkha Kalmanovich Katz-Kogan (1845-1926, Daugavpils), ex. since 1887 as a rabbi of Dinaburg (Daugavpils).
BUTKUNAI, see Butkunai.
BUTSNEVTSY, see Buntsevo.
BUTURLINOVKA, city (since 1917), regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 18th century like a settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobrovsky u. Voronezh Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 23 Jews in 1939.
BUY, city, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1536. From 1719 it was a part of the Kostroma province, in 1778–96 and from 1802 it was the district town of Kostroma province. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 38 Jews in 1926, and 34 Jews in 1939. S.S.Samodur.
BUYALYK, see Blagoevo.
BUINAK, see Boynak.
BUYNAKSK (in 1866-1922 - Temir-Khan-Shura), a city (since 1866), a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). According to legend, the founding of Bolivia is associated with the name of Timur (Tamerlane, Temir Khan), who in 1396 stopped with his army in the region of the future city. Soon an aul appeared here. In 1834, a Russian was built nearby. military. strengthening. Since 1860, B. has been the center of the Dagestan Region. In 1866, 290 Jews lived in B. (of them 170 mountain), in 1873 - 406, in 1886 - 334, in 1897 - 1199 (13%), in 1899 - 1950, in 1910 - 1317, in 1926 - 1471 (15.5%) (of which 980 are mountain), in 1939 - 196 Jews. The law of 1859 on classifying Jews as merchants did not apply to B. In 1866 there were 2 synagogues in B. (Mountain and Ashkenazi ). All R. 19th century the community of Mountain Jews was headed by Sholom-Melekh Mizrahi. In the 1860s. the rabbi was Mordechai-Leib Rassentsov. From 1875 Hezekiyaku Mushailov was the rabbi of the Mountain Jews. In the 1890s. the Ashkenazi rabbi was Toviy Naumovich Gorodetsky. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a Jewish beginning. societies. uch-shche. In 1915, in the Temirkhan-Shurinsky environs. (excluding B.) there were 3 synagogues. During the war, 150 Jewish families moved to B. By 1932, the mountain-Jewish collective farm "Novy Byt" (170 people) was created in the Buinaksk region. During the 2nd peace. During the war in Burma, the number of Ashkenazi increased at the expense of the evacuees, and in 1945 a synagogue was reopened in Burma. Rabbi B. was Meir Khanukaevich Rafailov (? -1951). Up to 120 Jews gathered for the festive services. Aug 9 1960 in Buynaksk gas. "Kommunist" published an article accusing Jews of using the blood of Muslims. there was a synagogue in B., where the rabbi also performed the duties of a shohet; the minyan met regularly; there was a Jewish cemetery. 1990s Jewish religion. the community of B. was headed by Naftali Naftaliev; a Jewish school was opened.Yu.N. Grigorieva
BUINICHI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Mogilev u. In 1798 205 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1842 - 145, in 1846 - 124 (60%), in 1863 - 282 (56%), in 1869 - 230, in 1908 - 93 (22%), in 1923 - 42 Jews. In 1798 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1841 a synagogue, a heder. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BUINOVICHI, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 85 Jews (9.1%) lived in Byelorussia.
BUYVIDY, see Buividziai.
BUYVIDZHIAI, a village in the Vilnius region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Buyydy Vilensky u. In an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, the law of May 10, 1903, Jews were granted the right to free settlement in B.
BUZHOR Iosif Aronovich (party ps. Trandafir) (1902, Koban Beltsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1941), member of the roar. movement in Bessarabia in the 1920s. He graduated from a 4-class school in Balti. In 1924 I crossed the river illegally. Dniester on the territory. Ukraine, served in the Kr. Army. From May 1925 it was. bunk bed judge in Balta, Kamenka, Ananiev and Birzul, then worked as an instructor for Nar. Commissariat of Justice Mold. ASSR, judicial investigator of the North Caucasus. prosecutors. In 1931-32 he studied at the newspaper department of the North Caucasus. Communist. un-that. In 1932 he was sent to work underground in Bessarabia, where he headed the underground regional committee of the Communist Party of Romania, and was soon arrested. 02/04/1934 sentenced to 10 years in prison, a cut he served in Suceava, Tirgu-Ocna and Doftana (Romania). After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940), he was released; Top. Ships Mold. SSR. In the fall of 1941 sent from special. mission to the rear of the enemy, where he died.
BUZOVAROVO, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Aleksandrovka (other name. Bezuarov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. On March 4, 1942, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, deported from Odessa in January. 1942.
BUZUL-MONTANAI, see Vinogradovo.
BUZULUK, city, regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1736. From 1781 - the district town of the Ufa governorship, from 1804 - in the Orenburg province, from 1851 - in the Samara province. 19th century in Buzuluk u. 854 Jews lived, in 1863 in B. - 35 Jews, in 1897 - 130 (0.9%), in 1910 - 187, in 1926 - 132 (0.5%), in 1939 - 135 Jews. there was a synagogue, in 1910 - a Jewish cemetery. L.P. Pressman.
BYADULIA Zmitrok (real name and surname Samuil Efimovich Plavnik) (1886, Posadets of Vilna province - 1941, Minsk), prose writer, poet. Author of rum. "Yazep Krushinsky" (1929-1932), East. pov. "Nightingale" (1927), poems "Yarila" (1922), numerous. stories, autobiographical. book "In the dense forests" (1939). Main theme of manuf. B. - the life of peasants in the pre-Revolutionary period. Belarus. The Belarusian laid the foundations. children liters. B. and Heb. motives, although they do not occupy any significant place in his works.
BYALA-PODLASKA, city, center of the province (Republic of Poland). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Bela, Sedletskaya province. In 1841 in B.-P. 2220 Jews lived, in 1856 - 2561, in 1897 - 6549, in the 1930s. - OK. 8,500 Jews. According to the privilege of 1 Aug. 1621, Jews were allowed to have in B.-P. 30 houses. In 1841 in B.-P. there were 2 stone synagogues. From the end. 19th century rabbi in B.-P. was Shmuel-Leib Zak. Main occupations of Jews B.-P. at 19 - early. 20th century - trade and manufacture of clothing. In the end. 19th century pl. Jews left for the United States, where in 1888 a fellowship was organized. In the beginning. 20th century in B.-P. the organization of the Bund operated, in the 1920s and 1930s. - parts decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 in B.-P. a ghetto was created, liquidated in December. 1942. In Oct. 1941 the population of the ghetto was 7 thousand people. On Sept. 1942 in B.-P. it was shot approx. 3,500 Jews. On the territory. In the Jewish cemetery, a monument to the perished Jews B.-P., Avgustov, Suvalkov was erected. genus: M.M.A. Gartglas; Yosef Birshtein (b. 1920), poet, writer, writes in Hebrew and Yiddish, since the 1950s. - in Israel, laureate of a number of lit. prizes; Moishe-Joseph Feigenboim (b. 1908), historian, publicist, specialist in the history of the Holocaust period.
BYALA-RAVSKA, a city (since 1498) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Byalo Ravsky u. Petrokovskaya province. In 1764 in B.-R. 31 Jews lived, in 1808 - 299 (63%), in 1827 - 529 (61%), in 1857 - 1028 (72%), in 1897 - 1469 (71.6%), in 1921 - 1429 (61%) , in 1939 - c. 1250 Jews Jews began to settle in B.R. at the end. 18th century A community existed from 1822. At the same time, a synagogue and a mikvah were built, and a cheder was opened. Several later, another synagogue was built. In the 1840s. Jews belonged to b. including real estate in B.-R. In 1853 in B.-R. there were 40 merchants, an innkeeper, a cab, 9 day laborers, 48 ​​Jewish artisans (18 tailors, 3 hatters, 4 shoemakers, 2 carpenters, a glazier, a bricklayer, a tiler, etc.). from 1807 there was Naftali Frenkel, from 1838 - Note Sarbanitsky (? -1856), in 1856-60 - Osher Okonovsky, in 1860-65 - Hirsh Bizhonsky, in 1874-93 - Noah Sarbanitsky, until the 1920s. - Mendel Price, then - Yitzhok-Nosen Stark. 8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops occupied B.-R. By May 1941 in B.-R. there were 2,328 Jews, including 928 refugees. In July 1941, the number of Jews reached approx. 4700. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created. 26 oct. 1942 all Jews (about 4 thousand) were sent to the ghetto in Rava Mazowiecka, and from there to Treblinka. genus. B. Friedman.
Byalachev, see Byalachuv.
BYALACHUV, a city in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Byalachev of Opochensky u. Radom province. In 1860, 12 Jews (1.4%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 189 (15.4%), in 1921 - 166 (13%), in 1939 - approx. 100 Jews. Jews began to settle in B. in the middle. 19th century They earned their living by small trade and handicrafts, rented forest plots and traded in timber. In B. there was a synagogue and a mikvah. The children studied at the cheder. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. Jews B. and refugees in October. 1942 were sent to the ghetto in Opoczno, and from there to Treblinka.
Byalik Boris Aronovich (1911, Kiev - 1988, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. Graduated from Samara ped. Institute (1932). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1938 in the system of the Academy of Sciences, head. department in IRLI (Pushkin House), since 1946 in IMLI, head. department of creativity M. Gorky. He began to publish in 1931. Participated in the preparation of the meeting. op. M. Gorky in 30 volumes, responsible. ed. a number of collective tr. and ser. publications about Gorky, about owls. and Russian. lit-re. B.'s works about Gorky are characterized by problematic and publicistic nature. Member Europe. about-va of culture, och. h. Writers' Association of Colombia. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Gorky in the fight against theatrical reaction, L.-M., 1938; M. Gorky - literary critic, M., 1960; M. Gorky - playwright, 2nd ed., 1977; The fate of Maxim Gorky, 3rd ed., 1986.
Byalik Chaim-Nakhman (1873, Rada of Volyn province - 1934, Vienna), poet, prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied at the cheder, and after the death of his father he was given to be raised by a Talmud grandfather. At the age of 13 he switched to base ga-midrash. Here B. meets the mystic. teachings of Kabbalah. The image of a hermit disciple was created in one of B.'s early poems "Ga-matmid". I was also engaged in self-education. From Heb. literature a strong impression on B.'s worldview had Art. Ahad Ha-Ama. In 1891 he made his debut poems. in Hebrew. For some time he lived in Sosnovitsy, taught at school, devoting his leisure time to literature. At the invitation of the most prominent figures in Heb. culture B. moved to Odessa in 1899, where he taught at the cheder. Joint. with I. Ravnitsky and S. Ben-Zion founded the publishing house "Moria", in which he edited the book. for kids. At the same time. took an active part in the railway. Ahad Ha-Ama "Ha-Shilloah", where publ. row. verse. and household pov. "Arye baal guf" ("Arye kulak"). On a weekly. Der Yud in 1899 published the first collection of poems in Yiddish. In 1902, Sat. poems B. Impressions of childhood surrounded by nature are clearly expressed in many. verses and poems of B. In 1903 the Odessa society, to-t sent B. to Chisinau to collect documentary material about the atrocities committed there during the pogrom. Written under the impression of what he saw, B.'s poem "In shkhite-shtot" ("In the city of massacres", 1904; in Russian translation - "The Legend of the Pogrom"), gained worldwide fame. From 1904 B. ed. dep. thin lit-ry in f. Ha-Shilloach. In 1908–09, together with Ravnitsky, he published the major work "Sefer ha-agada" - an anthology of legends, parables, stories, sayings extracted from the Talmud and Midrash. Translated from Yiddish to Nar. songs, putting the beginning. modern bunk bed song in Hebrew. Some of their products. B. himself translated into Yiddish. Sat. poems in Yiddish published in 1906. B. also belong to the lane. in Hebrew "Don Quixote" by M. Servantes and "Wilhelm Tell" by F. Schiller, drama by S. An-sky "Dibbuk". In 1907 and 1913 he took part in the Zionist. Congr. In 1909 he first visited E.-I. In 1921, B. left Russia, lived for four years in Berlin, where he founded a new publishing house. Since 1924 in E.-I. He took an active part in the work of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, thin. Museum in Tel Aviv, t-ra "Habima", the Union of Hebrew Writers and their w. "Moznaim". Taking care of the preservation of poetry. heritage of the past, studied manuf. Wed-century. Heb. poets. B. was the founder of children. lit-ry in Hebrew. Poetic. B.'s work expressed the struggle of personal and national, earthly and spiritual, rebellious innovation and deep adherence to the culture of the past, exposing the tragedy of Hebrew. nat. life of his era. He died on a trip to Europe. The house where B. lived was turned into a memorial museum.
Byalik Petr Moiseevich (1893, Smila, Kiev province - 1986, Kiev), military. doctor, major general med. service (1943). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1919), from 1919 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Since 1924 Art. doctor of the regiment, division, early. Kiev env. school dignity. instructors, early. Medical improvement courses. composition. In 1941 the beginning. dignity management of the Kiev VO, in 1941–42 - South-West. fr., in 1943–45 - the 3rd Ukr. fr. In 1946–49 the beginning. dignity Department of the Army, in 1949–55 - early. honey. courses of Kiev VO. Retired from 1955. He was awarded 5 orders.
Byalik Vladimir Lazarevich (1908, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1972, Kiev), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1930 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t and worked as a pathologist and forensic medical expert in the city of Belaya Tserkov, and since 1933 in Zhitomir. Since 1935 assistant, and then Assoc. Department of pathological. Anatomy of Kiev honey. in-that. During the war years 1941–45 early. army pathologist. laboratories, and then Ch. pathologist Ukrainian fr. For the first time organized and conducted a massive pathologist. research of the dead on the battlefield. Until 1960, he headed a pathologist. service in the Kiev VO. At the same time. Assoc. Department of pathological anatomy of Kiev Institute of advanced training of doctors. In 1966 he organized a lab. pathomorphology and histochemistry at the Kiev Research Institute of Urology and Nephrology; led her until the last days of his life. B. published by St. 120 works, dedicated. morphology of combat trauma, oncology, nephrology and urology. They et al. 4 monographs and a manual have been published. B. was before. Kiev scientific. about-va of pathologists, chl. reign of Vses. scientific. about-va of pathologists.
BYALO, see Byala-Rawska.
BYALOBLOTSKY Shmuel Shraga (1888, Pilvishki, Marijampole district, Suwalk province - 1960, Tel Aviv), teacher, researcher in the field of Hebrews. philosophy. He studied at the Lithuanian yeshivas in Telshi, Slobodka and Ponevezha. After the 1st world. war studied at the Higher Religion. school in Berlin, then graduated from the University of Hesse. In 1928–34 he was one of the authors of articles on the Talmud in the German Encyclopedia of Judaica and taught Hebrew. From 1933 in E.-I., he taught first at the Pedagogical College in Jerusalem, and then, after the opening in 1955 of Bar-Ilan high fur boots - head. Chair of the Talmud.
Byalobrzegi, see Bialobrzegi.
BYALOBRZHEGI, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Bialobrzegi of Radomsky u. In 1897, 1,534 Jews (48%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - approx. 2,200 Jews. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues, built in 1865 and in the 1870s. (Hasidic), Jewish cemetery and Khevra Kaddish (from 1853). In the 1890s. Zelman-Hirsch Shlomovich Firshtenberg was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1910s. - Shaya Rayovsky. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in October. 1942. The ghetto housed approx. 4 thousand people.
BYALOGON, now part of the city of Kielce (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Keletsky u. 348 Jews (29%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 252 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
BYALOVEZHE, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Brest Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-45 - BSSR. 2 Aug. 1941 in B., 6 Jews were shot. 10 Aug 1941 all Jews who were in the assembly camp (77 people) were liquidated, Jewish women with children were sent to Kobrin.
BYALY Grigory Abramovich (1905, St. Petersburg Gubernia - 1987, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1925). In 1925-30 he taught at general education courses in Leningrad. Since 1936, for almost half a century, he worked for Philology. f-those Leningrad. un-that, in 1939-52 he was also a scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House). His lectures and scientific. seminars have attracted many people for decades. listeners. Research creativity of writers 2nd half. 19th century, author of a number of monographs: “V.M. Garshin and lit. the struggle of the eighties "(1937)," Turgenev and Russian. realism "(1962)," Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" "(1963 and 1968)," Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin ". (1969), “Rus. realism of the late 19th century "(1973)," Chekhov and Russian. realism "(1981).
BYARZHAI, a village in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Berzhi Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, B. had a Jewish population.
BYATIGALA, a place in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Betigole Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 85 Jews (25%) lived in Byelorussia. Jews in B. owned several. shops, sawmill and mill; some families were engaged with. x-vom. In the end. 1930s the number of Jews in Byelorussia decreased (by 1941 - 11 families). 1941 all Jews were collected litas. policemen on a farm near B. and shot (2 girls were saved, hidden by Lithuanian peasants). After the war, the remains of those executed were reburied in a mass grave, on which a monument was erected.
BYCHKOVTSY, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 11 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BULL Shaul-Iskhar (1883, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1971, Bnei-Brak, Israel), rabbi. R. in a hereditary rabbinical family. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. In 1904–16 he was rabbi of Medzhibozh (Podolsk province), in 1916–21 - in Komarin (Minsk province), in 1921–27 - in Mogilev-Podolsk. Since 1927 - in the USA, rabbi in Brooklyn, New York. Since 1949 - in Israel.
BYKHAWA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Lubelsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Bykhov posad of Lublin u. In 1765, 413 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 193, in 1856 - 638 (65.1%), in 1897 - 1507 (74.1%), in 1921 - 1876 Jews. ... Rakhmil Greenbaum was the rabbi in B. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Burma. company for Jewish artisans and small industrialists. After the occupation of Germany. In 1939, troops created a ghetto in Byelorussia. In 1942, there were approx. 2700 people The ghetto was liquidated on October 11. 1942.
BYKHOV, city (since 1773), regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1802 it has been the district town of Stary Bykhov, Mogilev province. In 1654, approx. 1000 Jews, in 1766 - 887, in 1810 - 2947 (48.1%), in 1836 - 2470, in 1842 - 3205, in 1847 - 3046, in 1856 - 4241, in 1860 - 3294 (51.7%), in 1873 - 3207, in 1910 - 3817, in 1926 - 2575 (33.6%), in 1939 - 2295 Jews (20.8%). The Jewish community existed in Byelorussia since the 1620s, there was a stone synagogue. The Jewish population suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In 1659, during the capture of Byelorussia, Rus. troops were killed approx. 300 Jews. In 1747 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1816 Abel Sluchkin rented a woolen cloth manufactory (18 looms, 84 workers). In 1834 there were 6 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1860 there were 11 synagogues. From 1868, Girsha Zalmanovich Batalin was rabbi of B., from 1872 - Chaim Bogin. In 1890 there was a Jewish almshouse. occupation of Jews in the 19th century in B. - trade (mainly agricultural products) and the manufacture of clothing. In 1906 Mendel Slavin was allowed to open a private husband in Byelorussia. 1-class Jewish school. Between 1911 and 1913 a private wives worked in Byelorussia. Jewish 1-class with cook class, school Baranov. In 1910, B. had a Jewish cemetery and eight synagogues. In 1913, Jews owned a printing house, photography, and 3 bookstores. There was a Jewish library-reading room, about-in aid to poor Jews (before I.F. Schneider). In 1925 she worked in B. Jewish school (closed at the end of the 1930s). In 1928 there were 6 synagogues in Byelorussia, including 3 Hasidic (2 Lubavitch and 1 Staroselskaya), there were 2 rabbis, including one Hasidic. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia. On Sept. 1941, more than 4,000 Jews were shot in an anti-tank ditch outside the city. there was illegal activity in B. minyan. The building of a stone synagogue (built in the 17th century) and a Jewish cemetery have survived. In 1999, approx. 50 Jews; there is a branch "Hesed". In B. genus: A.S.Erusalimsky, Y.B.Katsenelson; Abram Ilyich Vainman (1895-1956), diplomat, lawyer, in 1927-30, general. Consul of the USSR in Persia, in 1935-38 a member. Top. courts of the RSFSR; Naum Izrailevich Tsirulnikov (1910-1979, Moscow), Rear Admiral (1949), in 1951-54 com. submarine divisions of the Pacific Fleet, nagr. 7 orders V. N. Pervyshin
BYKHOV, see Bykhava.
BYKHOVSKY Abram Isaevich (1895, Dubrovny Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1973, Moscow), organizer of industrial production, major general engineer-art. service (1944), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1942). Graduated from Kharkov Technol. in-t. In 1939–55, the director. artillery plant in Izhevsk. From 1955 he occupied the dec. hands. positions in the defense industry. During the 1941–45 war, he headed the development of large-caliber artillery guns.
BYKHOVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1888, Mogilev - 1978, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, theater and cinema artist, teacher. Studied at school encouraging. thin in St. Petersburg (1910-12) under the direction of. N.K. Roerich. Since 1913 academic. in exhibitions. In 1918 the head. poster workshop in Gomel. Since 1922 - in Moscow. Lecturer in the art studio. M.A. Vrubel. In 1923 he had a person. exhibition in the studio of Habima, where presented. graphical works - 1910–20s. In 1926, the design. screenplay by IE Babel "Wandering Stars" (drop, in the USA in 1972, publishing house "Ardis") and collection of works. to the 10th anniversary of the GOSET “Revoluts. tr "(in Yiddish). In the 1920s. created cycle "Polit. poster ", which includes the best posters of the first revol. years ("Red alarm", "Funeral banner", etc.). In 1929–31 he taught at the theater, dep. butt courses. claim to them. N.K. Krupskaya. In 1936, no. posters, sketches decor. and costumes for spect. A. Vevierke "Der step brent" ("The steppe is burning") in the "Red torch" shopping center (Mariupol). In 1938 races. as a monumentalist on the project of the Irkutsk pavilion for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. In 1942–45 he was decorated. spectrum. in the Omsk puppet theater. In the 1970s. slave. over the composition "Messengers of Glory" (collage).
BYKHOVSKY Anatoly Avraamovich (b. 1934, Izhevsk), chess player, international. master (1982), honored. trainer of the USSR (1975). Champion of Moscow (1963). Prizewinner of a number of international tournaments, including in Reggio-nel-Emilia (1978–79 - 2nd place, 1981–82 - 3rd place). In 1967-91 Art. USSR youth team coach. The author of a number of books. on the theory of openings.
BYKHOVSKY Avigdor Iosifovich (b. 1955. Moscow), chess player, international. grandmaster (1991). Champion of Spartak (1983) and USSR (1968–88) by correspondence in the Moscow team. Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments.
BYKHOVSKY Bernard Emmanuilovich (1901, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1980, Moscow), historian of philosophy, prof. (1929), Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1941), studied at the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Belarus, un-that. From 1923 he was engaged in scientific and teaching work. Became. pr. (1944) for authorship and ed. v. 1–2 “History of Philosophy” (Moscow, 1940–43). The main work on dialectic. materialism, history of Western-European. and modern earub. Philosophy, Vol .: Descartes' Philosophy, ML., 1940; Hegel's method and system, M., 1941; Philosophy of neopragmatism, M., 1959; Ludwig Feuerbach, M., 1967; George Berkeley, M., 1970; Kierkegaard, M., 1972; Erosion of "eternal" philosophy, M, 1973; Gassendi, M., 1974; Schopenhauer, M., 1975; Seeger Brabant, M., 1979.
BYKHOVSKY Boris Evseevich (1908, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), parasitologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1930). He worked at Ying-those fish farm (1929–32) and at Zoologich. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935–40 and from 1942; from 1962 - director) in Leningrad. At the same time. in 1940–44 - deputy. prev. Of the Taj Presidium. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1963 - academician-secretary. Department of General Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main tr. on the problems of parasitology. Developed a monogenetic taxonomy. flukes and singled them out into an independent class, established their phylogenetic. relationship with other flatworms. He made a number of important generalizations regarding geogr. distribution and ecology, factors that determine the formation of the parasite fauna of fish in many reservoirs of the USSR. These studies. formed the basis of a number of prophylactic. measures to combat acc. diseases of fish. Vol .: Parasites of fish of the Caspian Sea, M.-L., 1939 (with V.L.Dogel); Monogenetic flukes, their system and phylogeny, M. - L., 1957.
BYKOV, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 22 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BYKOV Roland Anatolyevich (b. 1929, Kiev), film actor, film director. Graduated from Moscow. theater, school them. M.S. Shchepkina (1951). In 1951–58 - actor Mosk. Youth Theater. In 1957-59, the organizer and Ch. dir. Moscow student t-ra MSU. In 1958-60, Ch. dir. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol in Leningrad. Since 1960 actor and dir. to / st. Mosfilm. He played more than 80 roles in films and on TV: "The Overcoat" (1960, Bashmachkin), "Andrei Rublev" (1966, Skomorokh), "They Call, Open the Door" (1965, Pavel Vasilyevich), "Dead Season" (1968, Savushkin ), "Commissar" (1967, Magazanik), "Two Comrades Served" (1968, Ivan Karjakin, an honorary diploma for the best work), "Walking in agony" (1977, Kuzma Kuzmich), "Checking on the Roads" (1962, Lokotkov ), "The Nose" (Major Kovalev, 1977), etc. He made his debut as dir. f. Seven Nurses (1962). Then he staged the f , turtle!" (1970, Golden Prize at the 7th International Convention Festival in Moscow, Grand Prix at the IX International Convention Festival in Gijon, Spain, 1971), "Telegram" (1972), "Car, Violin and Dog Blot" (1975), "Wedding Gift" (1983, jointly with A.S. Igishev and R.P. Esadze), "Scarecrow" (1984, Grand Prix IV ICF in Lannes, France, 1986). Hands. Int. center of cinema and TV for children and youth. State pr. RSFSR them. br. Vasilievs (1987). Nar. art. USSR (1990). Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1989–91).
BYKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dzerzhinsk district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. In 1897 92 Jews (14.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 151 (8%), in 1989 - 8 Jews.
BYKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bronnitsky district Moscow province. In 1926, 93 Jews (2.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 122 (1.6%), in 1970 - 223 (1.8%), in 1989 - 77 Jews (0.8%). ).In the beginning. 1950s in B. on Saturdays and weekdays a minyan gathered (about 25 people).
BYRLOVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Byrlovsky Piryatinsky u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 36 Jews did not live in Byrlovskiy district, in 1939 there were 2 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in B.
BYRLOVSKY, see Byrlovka, Cherkasy region.
BYSHEV, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sokal povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 28 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BYSTRITSA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. On July 18, 1941, 18 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.
BYSTRITSKAYA Elina Avraamovna (b. 1928, Kiev), actress. After graduating from medical courses. sisters, until the end of the war 1941–45 she worked in front-line hospitals. In 1947 she graduated from the Nezhinsky medical center. technical school, later - a student of philology. Faculty of Nezhinsky ped. in-that, from where she soon left for the acting department of the Institute of Theater. lawsuit in Kiev. After graduating from the Institute (1953), the actress of the Vilnius Theater Rus. dramas; played the roles: Tanya, Olga ("Tanya" and "Years of Wanderings" by A.N. Arbuzov) and others. Since 1958 in the troupe of Moscow. Maly Theater. Among the roles: Lady Windermere ("Lady Windermere's Fan" by O. Wilde, 1958), Glafira, Lydia, Kruchinina ("Wolves and Sheep", 1966, "Mad Money", 1969, "Guilty Without Guilt", 1981 A.N. Ostrovsky), Panov ("Love Yarovaya" by K. Trenev, 1977), Moskalev ("Uncle's Dream" after F. M. Dostoevsky, 1992). She made her film debut in 1951 (Lena Alekseenko, "In Peaceful Days"). Fame brought her f. "An unfinished story" (1955), where she played the role of the local doctor Elizaveta Maksimovna. The best work of B. - the role of Aksinya in a 3-part f. based on the novel by MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don". She starred in f. "Volunteers" (1958), "Everything remains for the people" (1963), etc. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of victory in the war of 1941–45, B. prepared for the Variety Theater the play "Accidental Waltz" (after the book of S. A. Aleksievich "U war is not a woman's face "), where she played 7 roles. 1979–90 - prof. GITIS, since 1991 teaches at the Uch-shch im. MS Schepkina at the Maly Theater. In 1973 she headed the Federation of Art. gymnastics of the USSR, was a member. Nat. Olympic to-that. Nar. art. USSR (1978).
BYTEN, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1766, 273 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 573, in 1897 - 1614 (60%), in 1921 - approx. 1,200 Jews. Since 1866, Mordechai Weizel (1839–?) Has been the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1909, Burma had a Talmud-Torah, and a ghetto was created after the occupation of Burma by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942, 2-3 thousand Jews of Byelorussia and surrounding villages were exterminated in Byelorussia. Ts. Lyubetkin, I. Rabinovich.
BYTKOV, a village in the Nadvornyansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bitkuv Nadvornyansky powiat of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42 the Jews of Byelorussia (20 people) were resettled to Nadvirna, where they were subsequently exterminated.
BYTOSHEVSKY PLANT, see Bytosh.
BYTOSH, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Dyatkovo district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement Bytoshevsky plant, Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 15 Jews.
BYTOVOY Semyon Mikhailovich (real family member Kagan) (1909, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province - 1985, Petrozavodsk), prose writer, poet. From 1925 he lived in Leningrad. Until 1929 - builder, locksmith, electrician. Began to publish in 1927. In 1929–32 - otv. sec. ed. g. Zvezda, in 1933–40 - corr. gas. Tikhookeansky Komsomolets, otv. sec. Dal-non-tail. branch of the joint venture. During the war years 1941–45 - military correspondent. to Leningrad. fr. Repeatedly traveled to D. Vostok. Since the 30s. became closely acquainted with the life of Hebrews. immigrants from Crimea and Birobidzhan, wrote about them in essays (Roads, 1931; From Snow to Snow, 1972, etc.) Works: Street Strike: Poems, Moscow-Leningrad, 1931; Birthday: Poems, Khabarovsk, 1934; Far East: Poems, M., 1937; Wind from Khingan: Poems, Khabarovsk, 1940; Land of the Fathers: Poems, L., 1944; Ten thousand years, L., 1953; Swans are flying over the taiga. Pov .: L., 1964; Wind from mountain peaks: Dalnevost. pov., L., 1978.
BZHESKO, a city in the Tarnow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Brezhsko Mekhovsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1897, 213 Jews (17%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - 457 Jews. In 1846 a Jewish cemetery was opened in Byelorussia. Until 1862 B. was closed for Jews as a border area. paragraph During the occupation of Germany. In 1940, troops in Byelorussia created a ghetto, which was destroyed in October. 1943. When the ghetto was liquidated, approx. 500 people At the Jewish cemetery of B., where approx. 100 tombstones, a monument to the executed Jews B. was erected. In the building of the synagogue, mountains were opened. library.
BRZESC-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1596) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - as part of the Great. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Brest-Kuyavsk Wloclaw u. Warsaw province. In 1765 in B.-K. 175 Jews lived, in 1797 - 161 (20.6%), in 1860 - 629 (31%), in 1897 - 676 ​​(23.6%), in 1921 - 794 (21%), in 1931 - approx. 600 Jews. Jews settled in B.-K. in the beginning. 15th century The community existed from the beginning. 16th century In 1656 B.-K. a wave of brutal pogroms, organized by the detachments of Hetman Stefan Chernetsky, swept. On the seventh day of Passover, over 100 Jews were killed and many Jewish homes burned down. In 1822-62 the place of residence of Jews in B.-K. was limited to specials. quarter. Until 1880, the rabbi in B.-K. was Yehoshua-Falik Auerbach, in the 1920s and 30s. - Iekutiel-Natan Rabinovich (died during the Holocaust). In the 1920s and 30s. Jews continued to make a living by small trade and handicrafts. Several people traded in grain. In 1928 a mutual aid fund was created. In 1930, with the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. Departments of Zionist parties, youth and settlers worked. movements, as well as the Bund and "Agudas-Yisroel". There was a cheder, 2 libraries, a Jewish volunteer fire brigade. Sep 1939 germ. troops entered B.-K. 399 Jews B.-K. 28 Sep 1941 were taken to the Lodz ghetto, where most of them died. The surviving Jews in May 1942 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp.
Brzeziny, a town in Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the district town of Brezina, Petrokovskaya province. In 1765, 243 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1860 - 2443, in 1897 - 3917, in 1921 - 6850 Jews. In 1656, Hetman Stefan Chernetsky killed approx. 40 Jewish families of B. In the 19th century. the most common occupation among Jews was making clothes. In nov. 1914 in B. Rus. the army took seven Jews hostage. In May 1940 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on May 19-21, 1942. May 1942 the ghetto contained approx. 6 thousand people from B., Strykow, Lodz and others. us. points In B. genus. M. Magyar.
BRZEZNICA, a city in the Czestochowa Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Březnitsa Novoradomskogo u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1793, 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 32 (3.8%), in 1827 - 172 (18%), in 1857 - 299 (23%), in 1897 - 460, in 1921 - 406 (21.5%), in 1939 - approx. 150 Jewish families In 1769 Jews were forbidden to build houses on city land. In 1839 there were 8 merchants, 14 artisans, and 3 Jewish day laborers in Byelorussia. A community existed in Byelorussia in 1825. At the same time, a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery was opened. All R. 19th century Rabbi B. was Meir-Wolf Yanovsky, from 1865 - Avrom-Ber Rabinovich, then - Eliyahu Zinger (later Rabbi Kalisha), Yakov-Yosef Rabinovich (? -1902), the son of the Radom rabbi. Last Rabbi B. was Ichiel Urbach. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Agudas Israel worked actively. After the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, most of the Jews of Byelorussia fled the city. 3 Sep 1939 B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the spring of 1942 the Jews who remained in Byelorussia were sent to the ghetto in Pianchino.
CHAKOVSKY Alexander Borisovich (1913, Petersburg - 1994, Moscow), writer, journalist. Hero of Socialist Labor (1973). Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1938). He was engaged in lit. criticism, the author of the book. about A. Barbusse, M. Andersen-Nex (both - M., 1940), G. Heine (M., 1941). 1941–45 military. corr. Events 2nd world. war dedicated. trilogy It Was in Leningrad (1944–47), rom. "It's already morning for us" (1949, Stal. Pr., 1950), the story "Light of a Distant Star" (1962), rom. Blockade (1968–75, Leningrad Ave., 1978), Victory (1978–81, State Ave. USSR, 1983) and Nuremberg Ghosts (1988–93). Author of publicistic. book "Blessed are the poor in spirit?" (M., 1970) and others. In 1950–55 members. of the editorial board of the journal. "Banner", in 1955–63, ch. ed. zhurn. "Foreign. liter ". In 1962–88, Ch. ed. "Lit. gas.". He took an active part in the anti-Zionist campaign of the Sov. authorities. Member Central Committee of the CPSU (1986–90). Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1966–89).
CHALISOV Iosif Alexandrovich (1906, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1995, Petersburg), pathologist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1938). Colonel honey. service. In 1928 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Rostov-on-Don. In 1928–32 the dissector of mountains hospitals and env. court.-honey. expert (Shakhty), in 1932–33 dissector, assistant to Vseukr. neuropsychiatrist. academy in Kharkov. From 1934 - in the army, in 1934–53 beginning. closed pathologist. dep. on the study of infectious diseases. diseases. In 1941–45 he carried out special assignments of Chief. military-honey. management of the Red Army. In 1953–55 Art. scientific. sotr. Department of pathological anatomy Leningrad. VMA, in 1955–76 beginning. dep. pathological anatomy N.-I. lab. VMA, in 1976–95 head. pathohistological. lab. at the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. He was one of the first in the USSR to study the effect of live vaccines on humans and the effect of antibiotics on body tissues. Developed by a pathologist. diagnosis of acute infections. diseases. Prev board of Leningrad. and Chl. Vses. scientific. about-in pathologists. Became. etc. (1943). Cit .: Handbook of pathological diagnostics of acute infections. M. - L., 1938; Guidelines for the pathological diagnostics of the most important human infectious diseases. L., 1968; 1980 (et al.).
CHAPICHEV Yakov Yehudovich (1909, Novorossiysk - 1945, Breslau), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - since 1931. He graduated from the courses ml. political instructors. Participant in battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol. In 1939 he was expelled from the VKP (b) and dismissed from the army. Through several. month restored. Author Sat. poems, published in 1939 in Simferopol. From June 1941 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion watered. part Major Ch. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in the street battle during the capture of Breslau. Killed in this battle. Decorated with 3 orders.
CHAPKEVICH Evgeny Iosifovich (b. 1936, Gomel), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1988), prof. (1989). Graduated from East. Faculty of Voronezh University (1960). In 1960-64 he taught at school as a slave. youth in Orel. From 1967 - to East. f-those of the Oryol state. ped. in-that. Main research dedicated history grew. ist. science, polit. parties and societies.-polit. movements of Russia early. 20th century Author of comments. and after. in the book. E.V. Tarle "Napoleon" (M., 1992). Cit .: Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle. M., 1977; Bolsheviks and bourgeois revolutions in Asia early. XX century M., 1985.
CHAPSKY Adolf Sigismundovich (Gelman Yakov Solomonovich, Shuster Anton Vatslavovich) (1892, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province - 1937, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Since 1924 - in the organs of the GPU. In 1924–27, he was not. reconnaissance. work in China, in 1928-30 - in the United States. In 1931–34 he was in the leadership position in the center. apparatus of the OGPU-NKVD. In 1934–37 he was a resident of the NKVD (2nd secretary of the USSR embassy) in Great Britain and Austria. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
CHARNA Sholom-Yona (1878, Vilna - 1932, ibid.), Teacher. Graduated from Vilna Jewish ped. in-t. He taught at the Grodno ped. seminaries. In 1920–22 he headed the Jewish gymnasium and the Jewish Teacher's Institute in Kaunas. From 1922 - in Poland, headed the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, in Russian. and it. lang. Author tr. on pedagogy, history of Jewish education.
CHARNI Daniil Volfovich (1888, Dukor of Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1959, Boston, USA), writer. Brother of S.V. Niger and B. Vladek. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First verse. publ. in 1907, the first story - in 1908. In 1909-14 - in Austria-Hungary and Switzerland. In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1915 he organized the first Jewish children in Moscow. house, worked at OPE. In Petrograd he worked at EKOPO. In 1916-17 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in the publishing house of the Jewish Commissariat, ed. gas. "Der emes", journal. "Di communistishe velt", "Kultur un bildung". In 1924–34 - in Germany, corr. decomp. Jewish gas. In 1934–36 - in Poland, in 1936–41 - in France. Since 1941 - in the USA. Among the book. Ch. - "Laichte Feren" ("Light Poems". Riga, 1925), "Di mishpohe-Chronicle" ("Family Chronicle". Vilno, 1927), "Untervegs" ("Passing". Berlin, 1929), "Barg -roife "(" Up the hill ". Warsaw, 1935)," A yortzendlik aza "(" Such a decade ". New York, 1943)," Dukor "(Toronto, 1951).
CHARNY Isaak Abramovich (1909, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1967, Moscow), specialist in the field of oil and gas hydromechanics and hydrodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1941). In 1931 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in the State. research oil institute, since 1930 lecturer. in Moscow. oil institute them. I.M. Gubkin, since 1943 head. department of theoretical. mechanics and hydraulics. In 1946 he created and then headed the Department of General and Underground Hydromechanics. In 1938–64 he also worked at the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main scientific. work is associated with the creation of a theory of unsteady movement of a viscous fluid in pipelines, with the solution of problems of underground hydraulics, with the development of oil fields, with research. phenomena in multiphase and gravity filtration (suggested a rigorous conclusion of f-ly Dupuis). Ch .'s work contributed to the introduction of rational development of oil fields in the Volga-Ural oil basin ("Second Baku"). From 1957 he was engaged in the problems of underground gas storage. Hands. creation of the world's first experimental industrial. underground gas storage facility in Gatchina (Leningrad region). Author of scientific. works, including monographs. Became pr. (1949). Works: Scientific. fundamentals of oil field development. M., 1948; Gas storage in horizontal and shallow aquifers. M., 1968; Unsteady motion of a real liquid in pipes. 2nd ed. M., 1975.
CHARNY Markus Borisovich (b. 1901, Bobruisk, Minsk province), writer. In 1922 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Journalism. He began to publish in 1917. Published several. books of essays: "Only in passing" (1928), "The road and people. Sketch of Turksib "(1931) and others. As a critic, he began to speak from the end. 1930s Author of monograph. about Artem Vesel (1960), Alexei Tolstoy (1961), lit. memoirs "Gone Years" (Moscow, 1970, 2nd ed.), in which included rec. about M.Gorky, V.P.Kin (husband of Ts.I.Kin), V.V. Mayakovsky, Yu.K. Olesha and others. collections of articles and essays, as well as historical documents. pov. "Lieutenant Schmidt" (Moscow, 1960).
CHARSKY Yuzef Davidovich (1897, Tiflis - 1948, Baku), actor. Born into the family of an actor. From 1914 he worked in a theater, studied at a private theater. uch-shche in Tiflis. He performed in t-ts Tiflis, Batumi, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow. In 1921–48 - in the troupe of dramas. t-ra them. S. Vurgun (Baku). A sharp-witted actor, Ch. Played Ch. arr. comedy roles: Abram ("The Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev), Yampolsky ("The Fire Bridge" by BS Romashov), Mendel-water carrier ("Earth" by PD Markish), Shapiro ("The Banker" by A. E. Korneychuk), Bunny ("Unequal marriage" brother. Tour), Watchmaker ("Kremlin chimes" by NF Pogodin) and others. Nar. art. AzSSR (1940).
CHASHNIK Ilya Grigorievich (1902, Lyutsin, Vitebsk province - 1929, Leningrad), graphic artist, painter, designer. Studied painting with I.M. Pen (1917), M.Z. Chagala (1918), L.M. Lisitsky (1919). Since 1919, after K.S. Malevich's arrival in Vitebsk, Ch. Became one of his most active followers and associates. From 1922 - in Petrograd, worked on projects of painting porcelain. In 1924–26 sotr. State in-that artist. culture, led by Malevich. In 1927-29 - in the State. in-those history of claims. Ch. Created a kind of geometric. pointless art, suprematism. Prod. Ch. Are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, in many museums in Europe and the USA, private collections in Russia and other countries.
CHATSKINA Sofia Isaakovna (1878 - 1931), publisher, mistress of the literary salon. In 1913–17 she published a magazine in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). "Northern Notes", attracted many people to participate in it. writers and poets. The apartment of Ch. And her husband Ya.L. Saker was one of the centers of the city's cultural life in the 1910s, many people visited it. prominent representatives of the Russian. literature of the "Silver Age". In the 1920s. Ch. Lived in Moscow and later left for the Caucasus.
CHAUSKAYA Klavdia Evgenievna (1900, Kherson - 1981, Moscow), announcer, director of music broadcasting. In 1915 she graduated from a private school of acting, worked in the ts of Kherson, Simferopol, Odessa and other cities. Since 1927 - in the Moscow troupe. Mobile t-ra. Since 1930 radio announcer in Vses. radio committee, the first short-line television announcer of the USSR. In 1941–42, the announcer of the Kazakh Radio Committee, from December. 1942 again the announcer Vses. radio (Moscow). In May 1945 she was removed from the work of the announcer because of J.V. Stalin's dissatisfaction with the way the latest news was read; was transferred to the post of Art. assistant dir. muses. edition. In 1953-59 dir. muses. radio broadcasting.
CHAIKOV Iosif Moiseevich (1888, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist. Prof. (1924). He worked in an engraving workshop. Having received, thanks to the assistance of N.L. Aronson, a scholarship, he studied at the School of decor. lawsuit in Paris (1910–12), then at the School of Fine Arts in the same place (1912–13). Since 1912 he participated in exhibitions (Russian group art exhibition, Salon d'Automne, Paris). In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1916 he received the 1st pr. For rice. emblems of the Society of Nar. Jewish music. After 1917 he participated in the construction of monuments to the so-called. Linen. plan monum. propaganda. In 1923–32 he taught sculpture at VKHUTEMAS and VKHUTEIN. The author et al. numerous. monum. monuments and ans., machine tool. comp. and portraits. In the 1920s. created a loop fig. Song of Songs sung like a Torah scroll. Naib. Izv. works: "Bridge builder" (metal, 1921), "Walking" (metal, 1926), "Trumpeter" (bronze, 1928), "Football players" (bronze, 1928–38), "Portrait of V. Mayakovsky" (granite, 1940 ), comp. "Metallurgy" (bronze, 1974), etc. Participated in the 24th exhibition Moscow. t-va of artists, in 3 "Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures of Jewish artists" in Moscow (1917, 1918) and Petrograd (1916), later - in many. exhibitions in the USSR and other countries. Ch .'s works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum and a number of other museums in Russia and the state in the CIS.
TCHAIKOVSKY Anatoly Mikhailovich (b. 1931, Kiev), journalist. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Kiev University. He worked in gas. "Youth of Ukraine", "Sov. sport". In 1972–92, Ch. ed. zhurn. "Physical culture and sports". From 1993 to. ed. council zhurn. "Physical culture and sports". Author of 12 books.
TCHAIKOVSKY Joseph Efremovich (1923, Fastov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1945), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - since 1941. Graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche. Com. battery Captain Ch. in a battle in the Posen region knocked out 3 enemy tanks and 4 armored personnel carriers. Killed in this battle. Decorated with 3 orders.
CHEKHOV Mikhail Alexandrovich (1891, Petersburg - 1955, Los Angeles), actor, director. Son of brother A.P. Chekhov. In 1910 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Theater School. A.V. Suvorin at the t-re Lit.-thin. about-va (aka Small, or Suvorinsky t-r). In 1910-12 the actor of this t-ra. In 1912 he was enrolled as an employee in the branch of the Moscow Art Theater, in 1915 he was transferred to the troupe of the t-ra. Played Epikhodov (The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov, 1913), Cat (Blue Bird by M. Meterlink). In the main. played in the performances of the 1st Moscow Art Theater Studio (from 1924 - the 2nd Moscow Art Theater), director. a cut was in 1922-28. Here Ch. Played: Fribe ("The Holiday of Peace" by G. Hauptmann, 1913), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1920), Hamlet ("Hamlet" by Shakespeare, 1924), and others. the stage of the Moscow Art Theater - Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1921), Ezhevikin ("The Village of Stepanchikovo" after F.M.Dostoyevsky), Waffle ("Uncle Vanya" by Chekhov, both - 1919), etc. Staged in 1- 1st studio "Intermedia" S.M. Servantes (1921), "The Taming of the Shrew" by Shakespeare (with V.S.Smyshlyaev, 1923). Conducted by a teacher. work. In 1928 he published the book. "The way of the actor". Since 1928 - abroad. In 1928–30 he worked in M. Reinhardt's theaters, played Yuzik (Yuzik based on OI Dymov's pov. The Singer of His Sorrow, 1929), in the German Theater - Prince (Fea by F. von Unruh , 1930). Staged Twelfth Night in Habim. In 1930 he opened a theater school-studio in Paris, tried to create a Russian. tr in Prague, Paris. In 1934 he put it in the Riga National. op. "Persifal" by R. Wagner. In 1936 he created a t-r-studio in Great Britain (Dartington Hall), edges in 1939 under the name. Dr. Chekhova settled in Ridgefield (USA). From the end. 1940s taught acting courses, including in Hollywood, where M. Monroe studied with him. In 1944–45 he published in the "New Journal" vospom. "Life and Meetings", published the book. "On the Technique of the Actor" (1946), worked on a biographer. pov. about Chekhov, VI Nemirovich-Danchenko, KS Stanislavsky and others. He played approx. 20 movie roles. Member American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (1946). Honored. art. Republic (1924).
CHEKHOVER Vitaly Alexandrovich (1908, Petersburg - 1965, ibid.), Chess player. Int. master of chess (1950) and chess. compositions (1961), international. chess arbiter. compositions (1956). Member of 5 championships of the USSR (1933–45, the best result in 1939, 4–5 th). Champion of Leningrad 1937 and 1949. Winner of the All. the tournament of young masters (1936, 1–2 nd) and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1936). Author-comp. St. 100 etudes. Vol .: Chess etudes by different authors. L., 1950; Chess basics. L., 1950 (et al.); Chess studies and endings. M., 1959; Selected sketches by A.A. Troitsky. M., 1959 (et al.).
CHEMERINSKY Chaim (1862, Motele of Pinsky district of Minsk province - 1917), writer. From 1904 he published fables in decomp. ed. Yiddish. Member ed. gas. "Frand".
CHEMERINSKY Leonid Iosifovich (1906, Cherkasy, Kiev province. - 1985, Kiev), military leader. Major General of Artillery (1949). From 1925 - in the Red Army. Graduated from the school of anti-aircraft artillery (1929), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1951). In 1936–38 the beginning. headquarters of anti-aircraft art. regiment, in 1938-42 beginning. air defense corps headquarters. In 1942–43 the beginning. anti-aircraft art. school, in 1943–45 and 1947–49 early. Air Defense Army Headquarters. In 1951–54 pom. teams. Ural Military District for Air Defense, in 1954–57 teams. air defense army in the Urals. In 1957-60 early. military. Department of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. Since 1960 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.
CHEMERIS Semyon Mikhailovich (1902, Berdichevsky burial ground near Kiev province - 1980, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Tech. troops (1962). Since 1920 - in the Red Army, member of the Civil. war, later on for dec. command positions. Member of the Soviet-Finl. wars 1939–40. In 1939–41 the beginning. road dep. army. In 1941–43 early. road service Zap. fr., in 1943–45 early. car management Zap. and 3rd Belarusian. fr. In 1945–68, in command positions in Ch. car (autotractor) management of the Sov. Army. From 1968 - retired. He was awarded 10 orders.
CHEMERISSKY Alexander (Solomon) (1880, Bar of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. - 1939), publicist, public figure. Member Bund with con. 1890s In 1901 one of the founders of the Independent Jewish Slave. party, after the liquidation of the swarm in 1903 again joined the Bund. Lived in Lodz. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1908-10 he served his exile in Siberia. Affairs. Lodz branch of the Bund at the 8th (Lvov, 1910), 9th (Vienna, 1912) conf. Bund, Jewish workers of Lodz - to Vseros. Congress of the proletariat in St. Petersburg (1911), was arrested. During the 1st world. wars - in Vienna, Geneva. Upon his return to Russia, he was arrested again, released after Feb. Revolution of 1917. He held leading positions in the Bund. He joined the Bolsheviks. Participated in the creation of the Komfarbund. In the 1920s. - one of the hands. Evsection. Collaborated in gas. "Der emes", other periodicals. ed. The author of the book. (in Yiddish): “All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Jewish Masses” (Moscow, 1926), “On Stilts” (about the Poalei Zion movement). In 1934, 1939 he was arrested.
CHEMNY (Chemnov) Meilekh (b. 1910, Warsaw), writer, publicist. Received. trad. Jewish religion education. In the 1930s. was printed in gas. Folks Zeitung, Unzer Express, Dos Wort and others in Warsaw. In 1939 he fled to Bialystok. In 1941–45 he worked in the collective farms of Uzbekistan. From 1946 - in Poland, then in Germany. There was a secretary in Munich. Refugee Writers' Union, simultaneously. collaborated with the Jewish press in New York. Since 1952 - in Argentina. In 1957–58 one of the editors. gas. Yiddish Zeitung in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Since 1958 - in Israel. From 1966 he published a journal. Blitz. Author of the book: "Di mishpohe Finster" ("The Finster Family". Warsaw, 1939); Teg azelhe (In those days. Munich, 1948); Poilishe Idn (Polish Jews. Buenos Aires, 1952); "Oysgevortslte" ("Eradicated". Ibid., 1966) and others.
CHEREDNYAK Max (1883, Grodna - after 1930), a member of the revolutionary movement. Since 1904 - in the anarchist movement. In 1907-17 - in the USA and in France. In 1917 he returned to Russia, organized a Red Guard detachment in Makeyevka. He joined the Makhnovist movement - com. regiment, brigades. In 1930 he left the USSR.
CHERIKOVER Eliezer (1868, Poltava - 1928, Jerusalem), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, participated in the Palestinian, then in the Zionist movement. In 1917 he was elected. Moscow Zionist org-tion, headed by Ch. Keren-Kaemet le-Israel bureau in Russia. In 1920 he supervised the work of an illegal. Centre. Zionist Bureau (Moscow), which coordinated the underground Zionist movement in Russia, was arrested. In 1921 he left Russia, from 1925 - in E.-I.
CHERIKOVER Esfir Zinovievna (1904, Poltava - 1978, Moscow), architect. Sister L.Z. Cherikover. In 1930 she graduated from the Faculty of Architecture MVTU. She worked as an architect in the State. in-those constructions, on Dneprostroy, in Sredvolgostroy. From 1936 she designed stadiums and other sports. structures for Moscow and Novosibirsk. She has received a number of awards in architectural competitions. After 1945 she supervised the scientific-method. sector of the Institute of mass constructions of the AA USSR. Author of scientific. design work det. institutions and foreign housing construction. Main work: children. about a town in Yaroslavl (1932–34), lived. house on B. Devyatinsky per. in Moscow (with K. Knyazev (1934–35), the Flame stadium in Moscow, the stadium in Novosibirsk (1937–38), a factory building and a residential building in Kirov (1941–42), projects of "residential cells of increased type "(1945).
CHERIKOVER Ilya (Elias) Khaimovich (1881, Poltava - 1943, New York), historian. He graduated from a drawing school in Odessa (1904), was a member of the circle of socialists-Zionists. As a student of St. Petersburg. un-ta, joined the Social-Democrats, was arrested, spent approx. years in prison. From 1905 he was published in the journal. "Jewish Life" (the first article - about the work of Mendele Moikher-Sforim), later collaborated in the Russian-Jewish press, participated in the creation of the Jewish Encyclopedia, in 1910–14 one of the editors. OPE Vestnik. In 1914–15 - in E.-I. and Egypt. From 1915 - in the USA, participated in the work of the Jewish Congress, under the influence of B. Borokhov wrote poetry in Yiddish. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, headed by gr. Jewish intellectuals in Kiev, who were collecting materials about pogroms and other events of Jewish life in Ukraine. In 1921–33 - in Germany, participated in the creation of "East. archive east. Jewry ”, prepared by doc. publications "Anti-Semitism and pogroms in Ukraine in 1917-1918." (under the editorship of SM Dubnov, 1923, in Yiddish and Russian, vol. 2 - "Pogroms in Ukraine in 1919" - published in 1965). Creator ist. dep. Institute IVO, published 3 volumes. "East. notes "(1929–39). Together with his wife Rebekah (1884-1963) in 1926-27 he prepared the defense of Sh. Schwarzbard (Paris), participated in the court. process in the case of the so-called. "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (Bern, 1934–35) and in the defense of D. Frankfurter (1936). In 1933–40 in France, together with I. Efroykin, he published a journal. Oyfn Scheidweg. Since 1940 - in the USA. Author of monograph. "Jews in France" (1942), "Jewish Labor Movement in the United States" (vols. 1–2, 1943–45), etc. Vol .: History of the Society for the Spread of Education among Jews in Russia (Cultural and Social Trends in Russian Jewry 1863-1913). T. 1.SPb., 1913.
CHERIKOVER Lazar Zinovievich (1895, Poltava - 1964, Moscow), architect. Cand. architecture (1943). Brother E.Z. Cherikover. Graduated from arch. faculty MVTU (1927). He worked in Moscow. In 1928–38 - in the building department of the OGPU-NKVD, in 1940–42 head. workshop experiment. equipment AA USSR, since 1944 - deputy. dir. Research Institute of Art and Decor. products and equipment of buildings of the AA USSR. Main works: the complex of the Bolshevsk Labor Commune (near Moscow), the Dynamo stadium (jointly with A.Ya. Langman, 1927–28, Moscow), stadiums in Kharkov, Voronezh, Smolensk, Minsk (1933–35), a residential building at Pokrovsky b-re (1936, Moscow), adm. building on B. Ordynka (jointly with P.P. Zinoviev, 1957, Moscow). Author of articles and book., Dedicated. equipment of apartments. Son Ch. - Mikhail (b. 1924, Moscow), architect. Laureate of the competition for the best film project (1955). Main work in Moscow: residential building on the street. Gorky (1957), Palace of Water Sports on Varshavskoe Highway (1979), adm. building on Varshavskoe highway (1985).
CHERKASSKY Abram Markovich (1886, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1968, Alma-Ata), painter, graphic artist. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Kiev art. school (1909), in 1909-17 he studied in St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) AH (teachers N.N.Dubovskaya, N.S. Samokish, Ya.F. Tsionglinsky). In 1926–37 he taught at the Kiev artist. uch-shche, in 1941–58 - in the Alma-Ata artist. uch-shche. He worked in a variety of genres: landscape, still life, portrait. Main production: "Rest. At the Tractor "(1927)," Nastya "(1934)," Carpet Makers "(1937)," Tragedy on the Dnieper "(1942)," Moonlight Sonata "(1944)," Peonies "(1946)," Celina "(1953 ), "Lilac" (1955), "Near the Mountain Stream" (1964), "Portrait of M. Dzhumabaev" (1965), "Early Spring" (1968). Exhibitions: "Community of Artists", Competitive Exhibition in the Academy of Arts (both in Petrograd, 1917), Reporting Exhibition of Kiev Artists (1925), exhibitions in Kiev, Kharkov, Khabarovsk, Moscow, Alma-Ata. Nar. artist KazSSR (1963).
CHERKASSKY Beniyamin Lazarevich (b. 1934, Kiev), doctor-epidemiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1978), bp. RAMS (1994). In 1957 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1957–62, Ch. doctor of the district sanitary and epidemiological station, doctor-epidemiologist of the Kiev region. sanitary and epidemiological stations. Since 1963 - at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Head. lab. zoonoses; dir. Center for Zoonoses, member. Committee of WHO experts on zoonoses, before. Federal Interdepartmental Commission on Zoonoses. Author of more than 240 works, including 12 monographs. Ch. Formulated: fund. social and ecological epidemiological concept. process, interpreting it as an organized hierarchical integral system; the doctrine of the prerequisites and precursors of complications epidemiological. situations serving theoretical. the basis for rationalizing epidemiological. surveillance of infectious diseases. diseases; the concept of epizootological and epidemiological was developed. Zoonoses Surveillance, Cit .: Anthrax. Alma-Ata, 1980; Epidemiological aspects of international population migration. M., 1984; Epidemiological surveillance of zoonoses. Alma-Ata, 1988; Epidemiological diagnosis. L., 1990; Salmonellosis. M., 1995.
CHERKASSKY Leonid Evseevich (1925, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province. - 2003, Raanana, Israel), orientalist, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1971). Graduated from VIIYa (1951). Since 1960 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 250 scientific. issled., art., per. with whale. in Russian lang. Compiled by translator, author of foreword pl. collection of poems by the whale. poets. Responsible ed. collection of articles “From Afro-Asians. poetry ". Fav. translations by M.A.Kurgantsev (M., 1981) and "Poets of the East" (trans. Kurgancev. M., 1988). Since 1992 - in Israel. Cit .: Poetry of Cao Zhi. M., 1963; New Chinese poetry (20-30s). M., 1972; Mayakovsky in China. M., 1976; Chinese poetry of the war years 1937-1949. M., 1980; Russian literature in the East. Translation theory and practice. M., 1987.
CHERKASSKY Leonid Yakovlevich (1927, Kharkov - 1999, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1974), acad. RANS (1993). In 1944–45 - at the front. Graduated from the International Law Faculty of Kharkov Law. Institute (1960). In 1964–65 he worked in the journal. “World economy and international. life ", in 1967–72 head. dep. zhurn. "New and Contemporary History" and "Societies. science and modernity ". Since 1972 scientific. sotr., head. sector of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - RAS). Honored. Cultural Worker of the RSFSR (1985). Works: Strategy of Peace. The struggle of the USSR against the threat of nuclear war and for disarmament in the present. stage. M., 1972; The struggle of the USSR for ensuring a lasting and just peace in Bl. East (1967-1980). M., 1980 (in co-authorship with O.M. Gorbatov); Asia: security issues. M., 1981.
CHERKASSKY Shura (1911, Odessa - 1995, London), pianist. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1923 Ch. Made his debut in New York. From 1925 he studied with I. Hoffmann in Muz in-those Curtis (Philadelphia). In 1925–26 he gave several. solo concerts at Carnegie Hall (New York). In 1929–31 he made his first concert tour in Europe. In 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1940 he performed in Austria, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the USSR, China, Japan, Australia and South Africa. He performed annually in the USA (performed at the White House). Since 1947 - in France; collaborated with the Deutsche Gramophone company. Since 1961 - in Great Britain. In 1991 he performed at Carnegie Hall to celebrate his 80th birthday, in 1991 and 1995 - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
CHERKES Alexander Ilyich (1894, Kharkov - 1974, Kiev), pharmacologist, toxicologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917), worked there at the Department of General Pathology; in 1930–44 head. Department of Pharmacology (since 1940 prof.) Kharkov honey. in-that and simultaneously. head dep. toxicology of the Ukrainian Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (1925–36). In 1934–46 deputy. dir. on science of the Kiev Research Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Since 1944 he headed the Department of Pharmacology of Kiev honey. in-that and simultaneously. since 1947 head. dep. Kiev Research Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Main scientific. tr. dedicated ch. arr. biochem. pharmacology of cardiovascular drugs and biochem. toxicology. Supervised and participated in the research. in the region. experimental therapy for salt poisoning metals, carbon monoxide, benzene, its nitro- and amide derivatives. Based on the analysis of toxicodynamics, hypoxic. poisons created a classification of toxic. hypoxia (1935). Proposed new cardiovascular drugs. Deputy prev. Vses. and before. Ukrainian Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists (since 1961). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1946). Vol .: On the body's reaction to drugs and poisons. Kharkov, 1938; Pharmacotherapy. Kiev, 1955; Pharmacotherapy manual. 3rd ed. Kiev, 1972 (et al.); Guidelines for the toxicology of toxic substances. Kiev, 1964 (et al.).
CHERKES Leon Abramovich (1889, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), pathophysiologist, vitaminologist, nutritionist. Prof. (1927), Dr. med. Sciences (1937). After finishing honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1914) served until 1917 in the army as a doctor. In 1917–27 he was an assistant, assistant professor. Department of General Pathology, Head. department (1927–28) pathological. physiology of Odessa honey. in-that; at the same time. (1924–41) dir. organized by him the first in the USSR Ying-that food in Odessa; in 1941–44 he was a consultant to lay down. food of the Department of evacuation hospitals of the Uzbek SSR. In 1944-68 the head. the lab he created. experimental pathology Ying-that nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Ch. Headed a group on vitaminology at Novorossiysk un-those in Odessa, where in 1917 he began the first research. by experiment. avitaminosis. Author of the first monograph in the USSR, dedicated to vitamins ("Vitamins and avitaminosis". M., 1929), and works on protein deficiency in the body, on the role of choline in the body in health and disease, the mechanisms of metabolic disorders in certain vitamin deficiencies, on the importance of excess protein in food for the development of proteinogenic toxicosis, about the role of food factors (selenium, etc.) in oncogenesis, about the dynamics of the development of alimentary cirrhosis of the liver, etc. He actively participated in the study and elimination of pellagra in the USSR. Works: The problem of avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis. M., 1935; Sensitivity to adrenaline with pellagra. Kharkov, 1935; Choline as a food factor and pathology of choline metabolism. M., 1953.
CHERKINSKY Samuil Naumovich (1897 - 1980, Moscow), hygienist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940), ch. AMN (1945). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1922) and MISI (1933). In 1922-29 he worked as a district sanitary doctor. In 1930–33 - at the Institute for the Study of Occupational Diseases. VA Obukh, in 1933–56 - at the Sanitary Institute named after V.A. F.F. Erisman in Moscow. At the same time. Assoc. (since 1936), head. Department (since 1938) of communal hygiene of the 1st MMI. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was criticized; in 1953 he was dismissed, in the same year reinstated. Sci. tr. Ch. Dedicated. problems dignity. protection of reservoirs, hygiene of water and water supply. One of the founders of hygiene. rationing from the possession of chemical. substances in the aquatic environment. Participated in the drafting of the first documents in the USSR on the standardization of the quality of drinking water and water supply sources. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. scientific. about-in hygienists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1968). Etc. them. F.F. Erisman of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1963). Cit .: Sanitary-technical supervision and housing construction. M., 1924; Restoration of well water supply in the liberated regions. Sverdlovsk, 1943; Sanitary conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies. M. - L., 1947; Sanitary protection of reservoirs. M., 1961.
CHERNAVIN Lev Davydovich (b. 1928, Elokovo Rybinsk u. Yaroslavl province.), Military leader. Rear Admiral (1975). In 1951 he graduated from the Caspian Higher. military-mor. uch-shche. In 1951–56 - on the base minesweeper Sev. fleet, in 1956-57 com. company Leningrad. higher. pestilence Ing. uch-schA them. Makarov, in 1958–66 - on the basement. boat North. fleet (from 1961 com.). In 1966-68 the beginning. headquarters, in 1968–72 com. brigades sub. boats. In 1969, for the first time in the Navy, he entered combat service for 8 months as part of 8 sub. boats. In 1972–74 the beginning. headquarters, in 1974–79 com. squadrons of sub. boats North. fleet, in 1979–88 early. command faculty Higher. officer classes. In 1988–94 scientific. sotr., from 1994 beginning. Museum "Cruiser Aurora". He was awarded 2 orders.
CHERNAYA Lyudmila Borisovna (b. 1917, Moscow), publicist, translator. In 1940 she graduated from MIFLI. In 1941–45 she worked at TASS. She began to publish in 1945. She translated from him. in Russian lang. manuf. G. Bell, E.-M. Remark, K. Geisler, L. Frank, W. Becher and others. The author of the book. on the history of germ. Fascism, Vol .: Literary Struggle in the Federal Republic of Germany. M., 1978 (co-authored with V.I.Stezhensky); Empire of Death. Apparatus of violence in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945. M., 1988 (in co-authorship with D.E. Melnikov); Brown dictators. M., 1992.
CHERNENKO Miron Markovich (1931, Kharkov - 2004), film critic, film historian. Cand. lawsuit (1978). Graduated from Kharkov law. Institute (1952) and script department of VGIK (1964). He worked as an economist, legal adviser, journalist. He began publishing in 1956. In 1962–65 scientific. sotr. Gosfilmofond of the USSR, 1965–75 lit. sotr. zhurn. "Soviet screen", since 1976 scientific. sotr., head. dep. Research Institute of Cinematography. Author of monographs and brochures. Prev Organizing Committee of Jewish Film Festivals in Moscow (1991, 1992, 1997). Author and consultant of the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia, author of research. "Judaica on the Soviet Screen". 1994 prez. Guild of Historians of Cinema and Film Critics of Russia. Prize-winner in film criticism of the USSR Cinematographers' Unions (1976), Poland (1981), SFRY (1986). Honored. Cultural Worker of the People's Republic of Poland (1972), works by Andrzej Wajda. M., 1965; Fernandel. M., 1968; Cinema of Mongolia. M., 1976; Julius Raizman. M., 1983; Cinema of Yugoslavia. M., 1986; Marlen Khutsiev. M., 1988; Sergey Parajanov. M., 1989; Los Angeles, 1990; Judaica on the screen. M., 1997.
Chernetsky Semyon Alexandrovich (1881, Odessa - 1950, Moscow), military conductor, composer, teacher. Prof. (1946). Major General (1943). Violinist's son. Studied at the Odessa muses. uch-shche by class. trombone From 1903 military. Kapellmeister. In 1917 he graduated from Petrograd. cons. by class conducting by N.N. Cherepnin, compositions - by Y. Vitola. In 1918–24, a military inspector. orc. Petrogr. IN, in 1924–49 - military. orc. RKKA (Soviet Army). On the initiative of Ch., Military-bandmaster classes were opened. and schools in Leningrad, Moscow, Tashkent, including at the Military. academy named after MV Frunze, military conductor faculty at Moscow cons. He taught at the Kapellmeister class. (1921–35), from 1936 - to the military. f-those Mosk. cons. (conducting and service-drill repertoire). Organizer and artist hands. first owls. military. orc., including the exemplary brass orc. Moscow VO (1932) and the 1st separate demonstration orc. USSR People's Commissariat for Defense (1935). In 1928–33 he conducted the symphony. orc. Centre. at home Kr. Army them. M.V. Frunze. Conductor of a number of kr. military. orc. In tech. 25 years of hands. Consolidated Orc. (1000-pipe) Mosk. garrison, to-ry constantly participated in all military. parades on Red Square in Moscow. Author approx. 100 marching marches and songs: "Red Army", "Industrial", "Birobidzhan", "March of Tankmen", as well as fantasies and waltzes. Comp. and ed. collection of service-drill and conc. repertoire. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1936). Became. pr. (1946). He was awarded 4 orders.
CHERNIKHOV Mikhail (b. 1916, Kharkov), publicist, historian. In 1921–24 - in Lithuania, from 1924 - in Poland, then in France. In 1937 he graduated from the Faculty of Humanities at the Sorbonne, where he studied Jewish history. Later he studied at the village. school (Paris). He made his debut as a publicist in 1933 Art. "Marx on the Jews and Jews on Marx" in gas. "Wilner tog", later collaborated in dec. Jewish periodicals ed. in Yiddish, translated into Yiddish the poems of A.S. Pushkin, V.V. Mayakovsky, W. Whitman and other poets. In 1939 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment. "Nationalistic. counterrev. youth org-tions ". In 1942 he was released as Polish. citizen, arrested again while trying to illegally travel to Iran. In 1943-50 he was imprisoned. After his release he worked as an engineer. In 1956–58 - in Poland, in the Jewish East. Institute (Warsaw), taught Jewish history at teacher's courses (lectures published in Yiddish: “History of Jews in Antiquity.” Warsaw, 1958). In 1958–59 - in France, from 1959 - in the USA. Rev. Yiddish at the university.
CHERNIKHOV Julius Abelevich (1892 –1965, Moscow), chemical analyst. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. He graduated in 1921 chem. Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1931 he worked at the Research Institute of Chemical Pharmaceuticals. industry in Moscow. In 1931 he organized a lab. analytic chemistry in the State. n.-i. and design institute of rare metals. prom-sti; hands. lab. before 1965. Main. tr. in the region. analytic chemistry of rare elements. Proposed by the joint. with sotr. lab. a number of new methods of analysis and research. rare elements - extraction, int. electrolysis, amperometry, differenti. spectrophotometry, etc. Developed theoretical. and practical. basis for the determination of small amounts of substances. Carried out the research. by definition of trace impurities, which contributed to the organization of the production of rare metals of high purity. Became. etc. (1947).
CHERNIKHOVSKY Shaul (Saul Gutmanovich) (1875, Mikhailovka, Tauride Gubernia - 1943, Jerusalem), poet. In the 1880s. - in Odessa. He made his debut in 1892 verse. in Hebrew at Ha-Sharon (Krakow). First Sat poems came out in 1898. In 1899 he entered Heidelberg University. In 1905 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Lausanne. In 1906 he returned to Russia, worked as a doctor, from 1910 - in St. Petersburg. In 1914-18 - in the army. In the 1910s – 1920s, while continuing to study poetry, he wrote prose, translated into Hebrew from Russian, German, English, Old Greek. lang. Ch .'s poetry of this period was of a narrative lyrical character. In 1922–31 - in Germany. He worked as a doctor, ed. dep. natures. Sciences and Medicine in the Hebrew Encyclopedia "Eshkol", ed. lit. dep. quarterly. "Ha-Tkufa". In Germany he translated into Hebrew by J.-W. Goethe, plays by W. Shakespeare, Moliere, Sophocles, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Finnish. epic "Kalevala". Since 1931 - in E.-I. In 1931–34 he was in charge of the publication of the "Book of Medical and Scientific Terms" (Latin - English - Hebrew). During the 2nd world. war returned to the genre of "nostalgic" ballads. Prod. Ch., Who became a classic of Hebrew poetry during his lifetime, was reprinted several times in Israel. The name of Ch. Is one of the most prestigious litas. pr. Israel.
CHERNIN Vladimir Yurievich (b. 1958, Moscow), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1997). In 1981 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1983–87 he studied at gr. Yiddish Lit. in-that. He worked in the magazine. "Sovetish gameland". From ser. 1980s - Member of the Jewish cultural movement in the USSR. Studied the ethnography of the Krymchaks. He taught Hebrew. Participated in the production of Mendele Moicher-Sforim's play "Benjamin III's Journey to the Holy Land" in Moscow. t-re "Hermitage" and the Jewish t-re in Kiev. Auth. book poems in Yiddish "Dialogues on Jewish Culture" (Moscow, 1986). Since 1990 - in Israel. Comp. gas. "News of the week". Lecturer literature in Yiddish in the Negev University (Beer Sheva) and in the Bar-Ilan University (Ramat Gan).
CHERNIS Yakov Ilyich (1909, Novograd-Volynsk, Volyn province - 1977, Moscow), writer, publicist. He studied at the Odessa Institute of Nar. education. The first lit. manuf. typed into gas. "Odesar Arbeter", zhurn. "Spilled" in Kharkov. Studied in Odessa in lit. studios. Since 1932 - in Birobidzhan. Since 1974 he was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland", in the edition of which he worked with ser. 1970s
CHERNOMA3OV Miron Efimovich (Meyer Haimovich) (1882, Novomirgorod, Elizavetgradsky district, Kherson province - 1917, Petrograd), a participant in the revolutionary movement. From the beginning. 1900s member RSDLP, emigrated in 1903, joined the Bolsheviks, from 1913 member. Rus. Bureau of the Central Committee, ed. gas. Pravda, Feb. 1914 removed from editing for failing to accommodate censorship demands. Introduced into the governing bodies for managing the sickness (insurance) funds, came into conflict with the editors of the journal. Insurance Issues, accusing its publishers of unwillingness to revolutionize the insurance movement. After the arrest in July 1916 of 30 Social-Democrats close to the journal, the Central Committee of the RSDLP blamed Ch. For this failure, deciding that his actions had attracted the attention of the police. March 11, 1917 gas. Birzhevye Vedomosti accused Ch. Of provocation by publishing classified materials from the Police Department; The Ministry of Justice also listed Ch .'s surname in the list of secret officers. secret police; On March 20, Ch. Was arrested, on March 27, he committed suicide under unclear circumstances.
CHERNOMORDIK David Iosifovich (1888 - 1969, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1944). Graduated from econom. branch of jurid. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). He served at the Azov-Don Bank (1913–17), then graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1922). Since 1926 head. econom. dep. gas. Izvestia (in 1928–31 he was a member of the editorial board). From 1935 to scientific. work in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. prof. MGPI them. Lenin, Moscow State University, MIIT. Tr. on problems of reproduction, nat. income, efficiency of capital investments, cost accounting, railroad economy Transport, Cit .: Economic policy of the USSR. M., 1936; National income of the USSR. His education and accounting. M. - L., 1939 (ed. And ed.); Household. settlement on the railways of the USSR. Some questions of theory and practice. M., 1958.
CHERNOMORDIK Solomon Isaevich (party ps. P. Larionov) (1880, Smolensk - 1943, Moscow), participant in the revolutionary movement, historian. In the 1890s. studied at honey. f-those Mosk. un-that, in 1901 he was expelled and expelled from Moscow for participation in the student. unrest. From 1902 to illegal. position, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. In the summer of 1903 he was arrested, released in 1904, worked in the Nikolaev and Yekaterinoslavsk departments of the RSDLP. In 1905, members. MK RSDLP. Participant Dec. armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow, ed. gas. "Russian alarm" in St. Petersburg. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1914-18 - at the front. In 1919–20 - one of the hands. dignity service Kr. Army. In 1921-26 he headed the Istpartskolu under the MK VKP (b), one of the founders and director. Museum of the Revolution in Moscow. Since 1938 head. sector of the history of owls. period in Ying-those history of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941 the commissar of the evacuation hospital. Author of works on the history of the Revolution of 1905–07, rev. and slave. movement in Russia early. 20th century, memoir sketches, works: Socialist Revolutionaries (Socialist Revolutionary Party). Kharkov, 1929; Group "Emancipation of Labor". M., 1935.
CHERNOMORDIKOV David Aronovich (1869, Baku - 1947, Moscow), musical figure. In 1887–90 he studied in Paris at the Muses. in-those Sh.Guno by class. php. from J. O'Kelly and in harmony - from P. Vidal, from 1888 in cons. by class harmony at Tod. In 1890 he returned to Russia. In 1901 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. (class composition N.F. Soloviev). From 1905 p. RSDLP. On instructions from the party he published a collection of articles. revolutionary songs (1906), in which for the first time in Russia publ. arrangement of the "Internationale" for voice with php. From 1908 before. About-va Jewish Nar. music. In 1911-13 ed. lit.-artist zhurn. "In seven days", "For everyone." In 1912–13 the owner and editor. daily gas. "Theater". In 1912-13 ed. muses. parts of the Jewish Encyclopedia. Since 1914 - in Baku; in 1915 he founded muses there. school, in which he taught the game on php. Deer. and Rev. muses. courses, hands. choir of workers of Baku printing houses, pre. music-dram. section of bunk beds. houses. In 1917 he organized the Baku Union of Musicians. In 1920-21 he taught at the cons. in Vladikavkaz (prof. in composition and history of music). In 1922–23 he was the political commissar of the OGIZ in Moscow. In 1923, the initiator of the creation of the journal. “Muses. new ”, prev. Grew up. Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM). In 1926–30 he became a diplomat. work in Greece. In 1930–34, dir. Moscow t-ra op-you, head. muses. dep. State associations of muses. stage and circus, director. management of philharmonic societies, dir. Moscow Philharmonic. In 1934–35 he was responsible. ed. zhurn. “Muses. amateur performance ". Has appeared in print with musical critic. Art., collaborated in several. zhurn. Author of symphony, overture, cantata-poem "Northern Legend", strings. quartet, fp. plays, choirs.
CHERNOVITS Chaim (ps. Rabbi Tsair) (1871, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1949, New York), rabbi. Doctor of Philosophy (1914). In 1896 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1897 - Rabbi of Odessa, where he founded the "reformed" yeshiva. Since 1923 - in the USA, taught the Talmud. The first study, dedicated. problems of Jewish religious justice, was published. in 1898 in "Ha-Shiloakh". First book. Ch. "Shiurim ba-Talmud" ("Lessons of the Talmud") was published in 1903. The author of many others. works, including on the history of Jewish religious legislation. He was actively involved in journalism. In 1940 he founded every month. in Hebrew, in to-rum publ. autobiogr series. Articles Brother Ch. - Shmuel (1880, Sebezh - 1929), journalist. Act. member of the Zionist movement. In 1899-1902 - comp. "Gamelitz", from 1902 secret. ed. "Tushiya" and zhurn. Olam Katan. The author is a publicist. articles in decomp. ed. in Hebrew.
CHERNYAK Aron Yakovlevich (b. 1921, Smolensk), bibliographer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1979). Graduated from the Moscow State Polytechnic Institute (1949), taught at school, worked in the State. library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin. Since 1962 Assoc., Since 1972 Head. department in Moscow. in-those cultures. Author of works on the theory and history of books, bibliography and library science. Since 1991 - in Israel. Cit .: History of a technical book. Part 1–2. M., 1969–73; Scientific and technical book. 2nd ed. M., 1982 (in co-authorship with B.I.Kossov); Scientific and technical revolution and Soviet technical book. M., 1986.
CHERNYAK Joseph (1895, Khotimsk of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1975, Netanya, Israel), linguist, folklorist. He graduated from graduate school at the Institute of Jewish Culture VUAN. Until 1928 - in Khotimsk, he studied the language of Jewish workers. Since 1934 inspector of schools in Jewish settlements in Crimea. He lived in Moscow, Birobidzhan, Tashkent. In 1927–32 he was published in the Kiev magazine. Di Yiddishe Sprah, where he published the work Di sprach fun folkslid in fargleich mit der geredter sprah (The language of folk songs versus oral speech). Participated in the ed. lingual. and folklore collections, including "Folklorlider" (in 2 volumes. M., 1933, 1936). From the end. 1960s - in Israel. Author of works: "Shprakhfolklorischer Atlas" ("Atlas of the Folk Language"), "Sholem Aleichem un shrakhfolklor" ("Sholem Aleichem and the National Language", weekly "Yiddish Font". Warsaw, 1959-60). Sister Ch. - Lyuba (1902, Khotimsk Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1970, Moscow), poet, literary critic. Studied at Ped. in-those in Kamenets-Podolsk, in graduate school at the Institute of Jewish culture VUAN. After 1945 - in Moscow. It was printed in gas. Einikite. One of the comp. "Anthology of Jewish Poetry" in trans. in Russian lang. (not published). In the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" published poetry, Art. about the works of S.Sh. Rosin, Ya.Zeldin, L.Sh. Wasserman, B. Miller.
CHERNYAK Mikhail Yakovlevich (1900, Kharkov - 1976, Moscow), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). He worked as a legal adviser, Art. legal counsel and Ch. an arbiter in the consumer cooperation system in Ukraine. From 1941 to the beginning. 1960s - in the aviation system. prom-sti, simultaneously. consisted of Art. consultant on issues. capital construction of the State Arbitration at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Founder and hands. legal section at the Center. board of the NTO construction industry. Author of works on issues. legal regulation of the capital building, comp. Sat. "Legislation on capital construction" (issue 1-7, v. 1-9, 1969-76).
CHERNYAK Moshe (1910, Warsaw - 1984, Tel Aviv), chess player. Int. master (1952). Champion of Palestine (1936, 1938). As part of the Palestinian team, a member of the World. chess. Olympiads (1935, 1939). In 1939–52 - in Argentina, from 1952 - in Israel. Champion of Israel (1955), nat. national team participant pl. chess. Olympiads (1952–68). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments: Buenos Aires (1941, 2nd; 1944, 1948, 1st), Vienna and Reggio Nel-Emilia (1951, 1st), Catania (1961, 1-3- eat.). The author of the book. about the USA-USSR radio match (1945), about the work of MM Botvinnik (1946), about the French defense (1954).
CHERNYAK Sofya Afroimovna (b. 1933, Moscow), art critic. In 1956 she graduated from Leningrad. AH (history and theory of art), in 1965 - Moscow. polygraph. in-t (artistic editing). In 1962-68 - in the Union of Artists. USSR, otv. sec. expert advice on purchasing. In 1968–85 artist. editor, in 1985–88 chap. artist zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1988 expert-art critic of the Moscow Palette association. Ch. Created on the pages of journals. "Sovetish Heimland" will depict the Jewish gallery. claims of the 20th century: M. Kats, I.B. Rybak, H. Sutin, O. A. Tsatkin, M.Z. Shagal and others; organized in the editorial office of the exhibition: A.M.Gluzkin, M.H. Gorshman, V.M. Midler, A.M. Nuremberg, A.G. Tyshler, etc. In 1986-90 she participated in the work of the Jewish Cultural Association, designed the magazine ... Shalom (1987–88). In 1994, one of the organizers in Moscow of the exhibition of A.Ya.Bykhovsky and L.Ya. Zevin. Author and consultant for REE on portray. art.
CHERNYAK Yan Petrovich (1909, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary - 1995, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Hero of Russia (1994). In 1927 he entered the Higher. tech. school in Prague, after graduation he worked in electrical engineering. s-de. Intelligence. activities in the GRU General Staff Kr. He began to engage in the army in 1930. By 1934 he became the head of reconnaissance. org-tion producing military. and military-technical. information on Germany and its allies. In 1935 he was recalled to Moscow for a short period. special training (under the direction of A.Kh. Artuzov). Then for more than 10 years he headed the intelligence agency he created abroad. org-tion, which transmitted to the Center data on military-economic. potential of Germany, USA and UK. Ch .'s station collected information on the development of nuclear weapons. In 1950-60 he was a translator at TASS.
CHERNYAKHIVSKY Mark Isaevich (1860, Zhitomir - 1936, Baku), violinist, conductor. He studied violin with his father. In the end. 1870s organized by an orc., with which he performed in decomp. cities of the South-West. the edges. Since 1883 conductor and conductor. troupe M.P. Staritsky. Before the beginning. 1900s led an active performing and conducting activity in Kiev. Since 1903 conductor and prof. cons. in Baku.
CHERNYAKHOVSKY David Abramovich (1939, Pereyaslavl, Poltava region - 2000), psychiatrist, psychotherapist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1972). In 1965 he graduated from the 1st MMI. He worked at the Research Institute for Biol. chemical tests connections, then in psychoneurology, dispensaries in Moscow. Since the 1980s. - to the Center. clinic of the Literary Fund. Since the 1990s. specializes in resistant depression and heroinism. Author of 18 scientific. works.
CHERNYAKOV Adam (1880, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Public figure. In 1908 he graduated from the Warsaw Polytechnic, in 1912 - un-t in Dresden. In 1909 he was arrested. One of the organizers of the trade unions of Jewish artisans in Poland, member. Union of Jewish Engineers. In 1927–34 members. Warsaw munits. council, in the 2nd half. 1930s member Executive Committee of the Warsaw Jewish Community. Published in Jewish Gaz. and zhurn. Warsaw to Polish. lang. and Yiddish. The author of the book. and textbooks on chemistry. After the occupation of Warsaw in 1939, by order of the Germans. authorities appointed head of the Warsaw Judenrat. Unsuccessfully opposed the creation of the Warsaw ghetto. I tried to get my bed down. and illegal. contacts with Poles in order to obtain food and raw materials for the artisans who worked in the ghetto. Encouraged secret educational and cultural work in the ghetto. Having received from germ. occupier. authorities ordered the "deportation" of children from the ghetto, committed suicide. Throughout the entire period of the occupation, Ch. Kept a diary, in which he recorded the most important events in the life of the ghetto (published in Israel in Hebrew in 1968, in the USA in 1979, 1981, in Poland in 1983).
CHERNYAKOV Naum Semenovich (1915, Klimov Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov province. - 1998, Moscow), aircraft designer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1960), prof. (1972). In 1939 he graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute. In 1941–46 early. design department at aviation plants. In 1939–41 and 1946–60, at plant 301 (headed by S. A. Lavochkin), from 1946 he was deputy. ch. construct., from 1957 ch. construct In 1960–61, deputy. Gene. const. V.N. Chelomey. From 1961 to Moscow. machine-building plant "Kulon" (now Machine-building plant named after P.S. Sukhoi), in 1961–95 deputy. Gene. Konstr., since 1995 - consultant, at the same time. from 1969 lecturer in MAI. Ch. - one of the leaders in the creation of the La-9, La-11 aircraft (2nd half of the 1940s), the first anti-aircraft guided missile in the USSR (S-25, early 1950s). He supervised the creation of supersonic cruise missiles: the world's first surface-to-surface missiles (Tempest, 1950s) and air-to-surface missiles (1st half of the 1960s); aircraft: supersonic strategic bomber ("100", 2nd half of the 1960s - 1st half of the 1970s) and other types of aircraft (1980s - 1st half of the 1990s. ); the first remotely piloted aircraft in the USSR (2nd half of the 1970s).
ELA CHERNYAVSKY (? - after 1935), historian. In the 1920s and 30s. - in Minsk, since 1929 sec. ist. Commission of the Jewish Sector Inbelkult. In 1930–34 he taught the history of the labor movement in Minsk ped. in-those. Collaborated in the journal. "Stern", gas. "October", scientific. Sat. Zeitshrift (1930), zh. Afn Visnschaftlench Front (1932–35). Author of monograph. research "Der Yidischer Arbeter in Weisrusland" ("Jewish Worker in Belarus", 1932), "Di antshteung fun der arbeter-bavegung in Weisrusland" ("The Emergence of the Labor Movement in Belarus", 1934), etc., in which he put under questioned the role of the Bund as Ch. organizer roar. movement among the Jews at the end. 19 - early. 20th century All R. 1930s subjected to sharp criticism "for the apology of the class enemy" and for the "Jewish bourgeois. nationalism". The further fate is unknown.
CHERNYAVSKY Ilya Zinovievich (b. 1917, Odessa - 1994), architect. Ch.-c. MMA. Graduated from the Odessa Institute of Civil and Communal Construction (1941). Main Works: residential building at Goncharnaya emb. in Moscow (1950–57, jointly with P.V. Rudnev), the Voronovo rest house (1974), a boarding house in Otradnoye near Moscow (1982), a youth center in Uzhgorod (1989), a boarding house in Sochi (1990), sanatorium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1991). Honored. RF architect.
CHERNYAVSKY Mikhail Lvovich (1899, Kiev - 1983, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Tank. troops (1943). Since 1917 - in Kr. guard. Since 1918 - in the Red Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1925 he graduated from the armored course, in 1928 - the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1931–32 he commanded a tank. regiment, in 1932–37 - dep. tank. brigade. In 1937–40 the beginning. Orlovsky tank. school, in 1940–41 early. Armored tank. schools in Leningrad. In 1941–42 he was in command of the mech. hull, in 1942–43 - a tank. army, in 1943 deputy. teams. armored vehicle. and fur. troops of the Red Army. In 1944–45 teams. armored vehicle. troops of the 2nd Balt. and 2nd Belarusian. fr. 1945–50 early. Office of the military-academic. institutions armored. and fur. troops of the Red Army (Soviet Army). From 1950 - retired. The name of Ch. Was noted 19 times in the Orders of the Top. Commander-in-Chief. Decorated with 9 orders.
CHERNYAVSKY Shloyme Borisovich (1909, Kovel, Volyn province - 1974, Kiev), poet. Ch .'s parents died during the pogrom. Was brought up in children. home. The first poems were published in Kharkov in gas. "Zai Great" and "Junge Guard". Was printed in gas. Der Stern, zhurn. "Farmest", "Soviet Literature". The first collection of verses. published in Kiev: "Flamike Jungt" ("Flaming Youth", 1935), "Lyrics" (1940). After 1945 he was published in Kiev in the alm. "Stern", since 1961 - in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" Op .: Moscow time. M., 1975.
BLACK Iosif Yakovlevich (Joseph-Yehuda) (1835, Minsk - 1880, Odessa), ethnographer. In his youth he lived in the Caucasus, was interested in the life and customs of Mountain Jews, as well as the life of the Jewish communities of the Caucasus, Persia and Bukhara, the results of his observations were published in Art. in the journal. "Ha-Magid", "Gamelitz", "Ha-Carmel". In 1864 Ch. On the recommendation of the OPE received from the governor in the Caucasus led. book Mikhail Nikolaevich open sheets for the right to conduct research. works and St. For 10 years he traveled across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, studying the life of Jewish communities. Study results partially publ. into gas. "Terskie vedomosti" and "Caucasus", as well as in the "Collection of information about the Caucasian mountaineers" (issue 3, 1870). After his death, Ch .'s archive was taken over by the OPE. Part of Ch .'s notes about the Jews of the Dagestan region. publ. ed. A.Ya.Garkavi ("Sefer ha-Masaot", parts 1–2, 1884).
BLACK Raphael (party ps. Michael) (1889, Kiev - 1919, Kharkov), party leader. Into the roar. movement since 1903. In 1911 he was arrested on charges of involvement in the murder of PA Stolypin. Sentenced to 20 years in hard labor. Released Feb. the roar of 1917. He joined the Bund, secretary. Council of the slave. and a soldier. dep., vowel of mountains. Duma in Uman, headed by the Committee for the protection of the city. During the occupation of Ukraine, Austro-German. troops - for illegal. position. On Feb. 1919 members Kiev City Committee, Provincial Committee of KP (b) U. At the 3rd All-Ukrainian. Congress of Soviets elected member. Vseukr. CEC, member. Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, led by a communist. underground in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Arrested by Denikin's counterintelligence, shot.
BLACK Sasha (Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich) (1880, Odessa - 1932, La Faviere, France), poet. He began publishing in 1904 in Zhytomyr gas. "Volynsky Vestnik" under ps. By himself and the Dreamer. Since 1905 - in satirical. zhurn. "Spectator" in St. Petersburg under ps. Sasha Black. For publ. verse. "Nonsense", in which the royal surname was satirically depicted, zhurn. was closed. After that Ch. Was published in a number of oppositions. satirical. ed .: "Hammer", "Almanac", "Masks", "Skomorokh" and others, as well as in the rev. Sat. "Freeman", "In the fight", "Songs of the fight". In 1906, the 1st Sat. verse. "Various motives", which included satirical. poems and autobiography. manuf. Sat. was arrested, and Ch. was brought to trial for polit. satire. In 1906–07 he attended lectures at Heidelberg University, wrote poems. cycle "At the Germans". In 1908 he returned to Russia, became one of the comp. zhurn. "Satyricon" (together with A.T.Averchenko, N.A.Teffi, A. Bukhov). From 1911 it was printed in gas. "New Day", zhurn. "Modern World", alm. "Rosehip". In the same year, Sat. "Satires and Lyrics". In 1912–14 he translated works. G. Heine, wrote a production. for children, took part in the alm. "The Firebird" (under the direction of KI Chukovsky), released the book. verse. "Knock-knock" (Moscow, 1913) and "Living Alphabet" (St. Petersburg, 1914). In 1914 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Deputy. Commissioner of the North. fr. (Pskov). Oct the Revolution of 1917 was not accepted. In 1918–20 - in Vilna and Kaunas. In 1920–24 - in Germany. In a number of verses. Included in Sat. "Thirst" (Berlin, 1923), sounds nostalgic. motives for idealizing old Russia. The theme of the stories is the fate of Russian. emigrants ("Soldier's Tales", "Frivolous Stories"). From 1924 - in France. Cit .: Satires. SPb., 1910; Poems. L., 1960; Coll. op. M., 1965; Fav. prose. M., 1991.
CHERPAKOV Boris Ilyich (b. 1935, Kharkov), a specialist in the field of metal-working machines and automatic lines. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1981), prof. (1985). Graduated in 1958 Moscow. machine tool in-t. In 1958–60, the SKB designer was automatic. lines and modular machines. From 1960 to the beginning. KB z-da "Stankolinia". Since 1967 - in Experimental. Research Institute of Machine Tools (Head of Lab., Dept., Branch). Since 1988 deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. work. At the same time. from 1963 to teach. work at MVTU. Developed by scientific. operating basics automatic lines in conditions of mass production, created the theory of flexible computerized plants. Author of 16 inventions, more than 300 scientific. print works, including 20 kn. (monograph., textbooks, reference books). State pr. USSR (1988). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Russian Federation (1995) .Cit .: Programmed control of machine tools. M., 1981 (et al.); Design, adjustment and operation of modular machine tools and automatic lines. 4th ed. M., 1985 (et al.); Operation of automatic lines. 2nd ed. M., 1990.
CHERTKOV Dmitry Konstantinovich (1885, Vitebsk - 1958, Leningrad), party leader. From 1903 p. Bund, from 1904 to illegal. position. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, he was seriously wounded in clashes with the police. From 1909 sotr., Then ed. gas. "Polesie" (Gomel), where it was published under the ps. Sonin, later organized the Social-Democrats in Saratov. Publishing house "Horizons", published collection of articles. "Beginning", in which publ. Art. Ch. "From the area of ​​the nat. problems. (Jews) ". He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Saratov, chl. local to-tos of Bund and RSDLP (Mensheviks), vowel, then before. Saratov mountains. thoughts. Participated in the work of the State. meetings in Moscow and Demokr. meetings in Petrograd, affairs. 8th Congress of the Bund. Nominated by Cand. from Samara and Orenburg to Vseros. Jewish Congress. In oct. 1917 opposed the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Dec. 1917 on the Bund list, elected to the Council of the Jewish Community. Further from polit. activity has moved away. In the 1920s. lived in Petrograd - Leningrad, participated in the publication of journals. "Jewish Bulletin". In 1926 he was arrested and released at the beginning. 1930s Arrested again in 1937, released in 1957.
CHERTKOV Joseph Lvovich (b. 1927, Odessa - 2009), hematologist, immunologist. Prof. (1956), Dr. med. Sciences (1961). He graduated from the 1st MMI (1947) and postgraduate studies in pharmacology in the same place (1950). In 1951–53 he was an assistant at the Department of Pharmacology, Minsk Medical Center. in-that, in 1953-66 Art. scientific. sotr. Centre. in-that blood transfusion; head lab. myelotherapy of radiation sickness and cell engineering (1966–83), physiology of hematopoiesis Hematologich. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1983). Sci. tr. Ch. Dedicated. question experimental hematology, radiobiology, transplantology, clonal research methods. potential properties of hematopoietic cells. He developed (co-authorship) a scheme of hematopoiesis and identified anti-Rh antibodies, which made it possible to prevent Rh-conflict in newborns. Since 1995 chap. ed. zhurn. "Hematology and transfusiology." Cit .: Artificial blood substitutes. M., 1958; Materials for the study of the properdin system of the body. M., 1961; Pathogenetic substantiation of hemo- and myelotherapy of acute radiation sickness. M., 1965 (et al.); Cellular bases of immunity. M., 1969 (et al.); Cellular basis of hematopoiesis. M., 1977 (et al.); Hematopoietic stem cell and its microenvironment. M., 1984 (et al.).
CHERTOK Boris Evseevich (b. 1912, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province), specialist in the field of control systems for rocket and space complexes. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1958), prof. (1966), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). In 1940 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. In 1934–37 - in the design bureau of VF Bolkhovitinov (at plant No. 22), in 1939–44 - in the same place. (plant number 293), in 1945–47 - in the Commission of Special. appointments in rocketry (major). In 1947–56 - at NII-88, early. dep. - deputy. ch. Ing. in-that; from 1950 - in OKB-1 at the Institute (from 1952 - the beginning of the department). Since 1956 in OKB-1 (later - NPO Energia, now - RSC Energia), deputy. ch. construct (until 1966 - S.P. Koroleva), from 1993 - Ch. scientific. consultant. At the same time. lecturer at the Moscow Higher Technical School (since 1947) and at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (since 1980). Supervised fundamental research and development of large structurally complex systems: motion control, navigation, power supply, information, rocket and space. complexes of the USSR, etc. Flax. pr. (1957). State etc. (1976) Vol .: Rockets and people. M., 1995–97.
DASH Leon (1910 - 1991), psychotherapist, psychologist. Doctor of Medicine, prof. A student of J. Lacan - a psychiatrist, founder of the Parisian school of neo-Freudianism, creator of "structural psychoanalysis". He worked as a psychotherapist, practicing psychoanalysis. In 1940–44 he was a member of the Resistance movement. After 1944 he taught at the Sorbonne, led a psychosomatic. department in Ying-those psychiatry them. Fr. de La Rochefoucauld in Paris, as well as the Center for Psychosomatic. medicine them. J. Dejerine. Practical activity and scientific. tr. Ch. Dedicated. in the main. the use of psychotherapy (hl. arr. hypnosis) with neuropsychic. and somatic. diseases and the development of theoretical. problems of psychotherapy, as well as sleep treatment (1954), psychosomatic. method of labor pain relief (1958), theory, practice and technique of hypnosis (1959), transfer factor in hypnosis, etc. The author of a number of popul. book, including "Unknown in the human psyche" (1976, Russian translation. 1982), "Memoirs of a Heretic" (1990). In Russian. per. published the book: "Hypnosis (problems of theory and practice; technique)" (M., 1972), "The birth of the psychoanalyst: from Messmer to Freud" (M., 1991, et al.).
CHERTOK Shimon (Semyon Markovich) (1931, Moscow - 2006), publicist, art critic. Graduated from Moscow law. Institute (1953). He began to publish in 1957 in the journal. "Ogonyok", "Youth", "Change", "Banner", "Questions of Literature", "Soviet Photo", etc. Author of articles about literature, artist. photographs, etc. In 1964–75 sotr. zhurn. "Soviet Screen", in 1976–79 - at the Research Institute of Theory and History of Cinema. Compiled, author and ed. yearly. "Screen" (1964–73, with the participation of MZ Dolinsky). The author of the book. "Artist Boris Shalyapin" (L., 1972), "There-there XX century" (M., 1975), "Festival of three continents" (Tashkent, 1978), etc. Published articles on Jewish culture in the journal. "Star", "October", "Theater", "Theater. life ”,“ Sovetish Heimland ”and others, as well as in Polish, French, Amer. and Argentina. gas. Yiddish. Since 1979 - in Israel. Commentator rus. the editorial staff of the Voice of Israel radio station (1979–96); since 1996 Israeli corr. Russian BBC service. Corr. gas. "New Russian Word" (New York) and "Rus. thought ”(Paris). Author of articles on polit., Societies. and the cultural life of Israel. The author of the book. Mayakovsky's Last Love (Ann Arbor, 1983) and Freeze Frame. Essays on Soviet Cinema "(London, 1988).
CHERVINSKY Mikhail Abramovich (1911, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), playwright. An engineer by training. In the 1930s. - the author of feuilletons and monologues for AI Raikin, VY Khenkin and others. In 1941–44 - at the front. After being seriously wounded, he was in Moscow, where in 1944 he met V. 3. Mass, who became his co-author. The first joint work was a comedy review for Moscow. t-ra miniatures "Somewhere in Moscow" (1944). For Leningrad. t-ra miniatures, in particular for Raikin, programs were written "In Your Own Words" (1945), "Come, let's talk!" (1946), "Love and Three Oranges" (1959), a number of interludes were written for LB Mirov and MV Novitsky, scenes - for MV Mironova and AS Menaker, script - for the play Mosk ... t-ra stage "Welcome" (1955). Joint. manuf. Ch. And Massa were included in the collection “Welcome” (Moscow, 1959), “Comedy” (Moscow, 1968), “Moscow from the Point of View” (Moscow, 1991).
CHERVONENKIS Meilakh Rakhmilievich (1876 -?), Public figure. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (1901). In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from the Kiev province. In the Duma he was a member of a labor group. The further fate is unknown.
CHESKIS Avrom (1879, Vladimir-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1935, Moscow), publicist. Prof. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first art. about lit-re in Hebrew from the standpoint of Marxism publ. in 1902 in gas. "Ga-Dor". From 1903 p. Bund. Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (London, 1903). From 1903 - in France. In 1912-14 he collaborated with the French. socialist ed., gas. "Di socialist tribune." After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. He worked actively in the Bund. One of the founders of Nar. un-that in Kiev (1918). Was printed in gas. "Der komunisische veg" (Gomel, 1919), "Komunisische fon" (Kiev, 1919–20). From 1920 he taught history. materialism at the Jewish branch of the Communist. un-that in Moscow. Was printed in gas. "Der emes", center. press. The author of the book. (in Yiddish): “Jean Jaures. Life and Work "(Ekaterinoslav, 1918)," Ludwig Feuerbach "(Moscow, 1922)," Lectures on Historical Materialism "(ibid., 1924).
CHICHELNITSKY Ichil Moiseevich (1909, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1980, Moscow), journalist. Graduated in Kiev part. school (in the 1930s). The secretary worked. ed. gas. "Jung Guard" in Kharkov, in gas. Der Stern in Kiev. 1941–45 - at the front. After 1945 - in Chernivtsi, he worked at the production cooperatives. Published in gas. Einikite. 1975–76 - in Moscow, deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Author of reports, travel notes, essays.
CHIKVASHVILI Boris Meirovich (b. 1926, Kutais, GSSR), hydraulic engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970), ch. Cargo. Ing. academy (1984). Graduated from Tbilisi Polytechnic. Institute (1949). Since 1976 head. Department of Cargo. s.-kh. in-that. Author approx. 200 scientific. tr., including 15 kn. and textbooks. Since 1994 - in Israel. Honored. Scientist of the Georgian SSR (1984).
CHIKVASHVILI Shalva Danielovich (b. 1931, Kutais, Georgian SSR), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1966), prof. (1970), ch. Academy of Sciences of Georgia (1995). In 1952 he graduated from Kharkov law. in-t. Referent of the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR (1960-1967). Consultant to the Parliament of Georgia, Member. scientific. advisory council at the top. court of Georgia. Author approx. 250 scientific. tr., including 25 kn., including: "Housing and construction cooperation in the USSR" (1965), "Property relations in the family" (1976), "Marriage, family, court" (1977). Honored. Scientist of the Georgian SSR (1985).
CHINSKY Jan (1801, Warsaw - 1867, London), a leader of the Polish national liberation movement. Member secret societies in the end. 1820s With the beginning of the Polish uprising of 1830–31 early. headquarters at the general. Sheptytsky, participated in the military. actions against growing. troops, was able to prevent the pogrom in Lublin, to-rum the Polish population of the city threatened the Jews, accusing them of evading military service and betrayal. After the suppression of the uprising, he emigrated. Author of the brochure The Problem of Polish Jews (Paris, 1833). Comprehending the experience of the events of 1830–31, he came to the conclusion that the insurgent. the leadership of his policy towards the Jewish population pushed him away from the movement, as a result the Jews "remained only passive witnesses of the struggle." Later he published in French. printing an article on the Jewish question, demanded that Jews be given equal rights. Polish problems Jewry dedicated to the book. "Israel's Awakening" (Paris, 1848) and "Israel in Poland" (Paris, 1861). The author of the foreword to the book. L. Goddenderskogo "Jews and Poland", biographies of Sh. Fourier, N. Copernicus, survey works on the history of Russia and Poland, East. rum. "The Peasant King", stories and plays.
CHIZHIK Leonid Arkadievich (b. 1947, Chisinau), jazz pianist, composer. In 1965–68 he studied with T.D. Gutman at ph. f-those Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins in Moscow. In 1970 he graduated from the Gorky cons. In 1965–67 he played in a trio with G.K. Lukyanov and others. In 1969–71 - in the State. pop orc. RSFSR under control. L.O. Utesova. In 1972 the soloist of the Mosconcert, in 1973–74 and 1976–78 hands. jazz trio. In the 1970s. was the first in the USSR to begin performing with solo php. improvisations, continuing to play in a trio. Since 1978 he has performed as a soloist. He toured a lot in European countries. Participant pl. jazz. festivals, including Jazz. festival in India (1986). From the beginning. 1990s - in Germany. Author thematic. programs dedicated. dep. styles of jazz and its performers. Ch .'s playing style is characterized by bright individuality, innovative approaches to the form of improvisation, refined virtuosity, and coverage of almost all styles of jazz. Among the Op. - fp. plays, music for radio and television plays, ball. Night City (1979). Honored. art. RSFSR (1990).
CHIZHIK Semyon Petrovich (b. 1923, Borisov, Minsk province), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). In 1942–45 at the front in intelligence. In 1951 he graduated from an engineer-physicist. Faculty of Moscow mechanical in-that. In 1951–61 he worked at an enterprise of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building in the Urals. In 1961–64 in the Podolsk scientific research. technological in-those, in 1964–73 and in 1978–92 at the All-Union Research Institute of Current Sources. 1973–78 at MATI (Head of the Department of Solid State Physics). Main tr. in the region. physicochemistry of ultradispersed media and technology for their manufacture. State pr. USSR (1954), Len. pr. (1958) Vol .: Ultrafine metallic media. M., 1977 (et al.).
CHIZHIKOV David Mikhailovich (1895, Novaya Priluka, Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1974, Moscow), specialist in the field of metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). At the end of Moscow. forge. academy (1924) worked for leading engineer. positions, was the first deer. Gintsvetmet (1930). In 1933–41 on scientific. and ped. work in Moscow. in-those tsv. metals and gold, head. Department of Metallurgy of Lead, Zinc and Small Metals. In 1939–74 he was in charge of the lab. color and rare metals in Ying-those metallurgy them. A.A. Baykov of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main tr. associated with the theory and technology of obtaining color. and rare metals by electrothermal methods, with the development of methods for chlorination of polymetallic. and tin ores, with questions. electrolysis of sulfide materials. Created a theory to restore. processes of metals depending on the characteristics of physical and chemical. parameters of initial oxides and temperature conditions. Introduced into the industry a rectification method for obtaining high purity zinc, electrothermal. a method for producing tin, a sulfide distillation method for extracting germanium from coal ash. Author of over 300 scientific. works, including 14 monographs. Became. pr. (1942, 1951). Works: Zinc metallurgy. M. - L., 1938; Lead metallurgy. M., 1944; Metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals. M. - L., 1948; Chloride tin metallurgy. M., 1962 (et al.).
CHLENOV Iekhiel (Efim Vladimirovich) (1863, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1918, London), public figure. Born into a Hasidic family. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In student. years was in the Palestinophile gr. "Bnei Zion". Since emerged. Zionism joined the movement. Prev Vseros. Zionist Conf. in Minsk (1902). Opponent of the Uganda Plan. In 1908 he headed the Zionist movement in Moscow. Supported the activities of the "Odessa Committee". Since 1911, vice-president. Executable to-that World. the Zionist organization. In 1912 - one of the founders of the Technion (Haifa). In 1917 he became the head of All-Russia. the Zionist organization. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. The author of the book. on the theory and history of Zionism. Died during negotiations leading up to the Balfour Declaration.
CHLENOV Iekhiel Vulfovich (Efim Vladimirovich) (1863, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1918, London), public figure. Born into a Hasidic family. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In student. years was in the Palestinophile gr. "Bnei Zion". Since emerged. Zionism joined the movement. Prev Vseros. Zionist Conf. in Minsk (1902). Opponent of the Uganda Plan. In 1908 he headed the Zionist movement in Moscow. Supported the activities of the "Odessa Committee". Since 1911, vice-president. Executable to-that World. the Zionist organization. In 1912 - one of the founders of the Technion (Haifa). In 1917 he became the head of All-Russia. the Zionist organization. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. The author of the book. on the theory and history of Zionism. Died during negotiations leading up to the Balfour Declaration.
CHLENOV Mikhail Anatolyevich (b. 1940, Moscow), public figure, ethnographer. Graduated from IVYa at Moscow State University (1965). Since 1969 - at the Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author et al. OK. 100 publ. scientific. tr. on ethnography, history, language knowledge. Member of exp. to the extreme north-east of Ros. Asia to study the life of the Eskimos. From the beginning. 1970s active participant in Jewish communities. and the human rights movement in the USSR. Was subjected to extrajudicial persecution. Co-ed. Confederation of Jewish organizations and communities of the USSR (since 1989), President. Federation of Jewish Organizations and Communities - VAAD of Russia (since 1991), before. Eurasia. section of the World Jewish Congress (since 1991). Cit .: Numerical symbols and secret alliances in the Moluccas. Mythology of the peoples of the East. and Yuzh. Asia. M., 1973; The population of the Moluccas. M., 1976; Experience in the study of Malay kinship systems. Small-Indonesian. research. M., 1977.
CHORNITSKY Yosef (b. 1909, Ostrino Lida u. Vilna province), public figure. In 1927–30 he studied at the Teachers' Institute in Vilno, in 1931–32 - at Boston University (USA). Since 1932 - in Mexico, where he created a network of Jewish schools, founder and hands. Zionist Organization of Mexico, ed. gas. Yiddish Tribune (Mexico City). In 1938–49, on behalf of Keren ha-Yesod, he taught. work in the countries of Lat. America. Since 1949 - in Israel, director. Latinoamer. Department of Keren ha-Yesod.
CHUBAIS Anatoly Borisovich (b. 1955, Borisov, Minsk region), statesman. Cand. econom. sciences. Graduated from Leningrad. economical engineer in-t. In 1977–90 he taught at the same institute. In 1990–91, deputy. prev. Leningrad City Executive Committee, Ch. econom. advisor to the mayor of St. Petersburg. In 1991–92 before. State to-that management of the state. property, in 1992–93 deputy. Prev Government of the Russian Federation, in 1994–95, since 1997 First Deputy Prime Minister of the Prospect Island of the Russian Federation (simultaneously in 1997 min. Of finance). 1996–97 head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation. 1993–95 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Brother Ch. - Igor (b. 1947, Berlin), a public figure. Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1972 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He taught philosophy at art. uch. them. V.M. Mukhina, since 1980 - at GITIS. One of the organizers of the clubs "Perestroika" (1987) and "Perestroika-88". Participated in the creation of the Democratic Platform within the CPSU. The author of the book. "A course of lectures on dialectics" (in English. M., 1991), "From the Russian idea to the idea of ​​a new Russia" (Moscow, 1995).
CHUBIN Yakov Abramovich (1893 - 1956, Moscow), party leader. Since 1915, member. RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1917 he joined the Kr. guard. Participant of Civil. war. In 1921–26 sec. Chernigov and Akmola provincial committees, Shakhtinsky district committee of the party. In 1927–37, deputy. head organizational department MK VKP (b), before. Moscow env., Crimean region. control commissions, empowered. Party commissions. control over the Kursk region. In 1937 he was commissioned. Party commissions. control over the Turkmen SSR. In 1937–39 1st secretary. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Turkmenistan. In 1934–39 members. Party commissions. control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1939–41 members. CC VKP (b). Was repressed. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 1st convocation.
CHUDETSKY Yuri Viktorovich (b. 1932, Moscow), a specialist in the field of rocket and space technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1988), prof. (1990). In 1956 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1956–74 - at the Research Institute-1, in 1974–90 - at the Central Research Institute of Machining (head of the department), since 1990 - at the MAI. From the 2nd floor. 1950s participated in the creation of experiments. bases for studying heat and mass transfer during the movement of bodies at high speeds and methods of thermal protection of the warheads of ballistic missiles (ground and underwater) and reentry spacecraft. In the 1970s-80s. supervised design studies. and testing the warheads of ballistic missiles. From the beginning. 1990s region scientific. research - ways to protect the Earth from asteroid hazard and issues. eco-friendly safety during testing of launch vehicles. Author approx. 100 scientific. works. Linen. etc. (1961). State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Thermal protection. M., 1976 (et al.).
CHUDNOVSKY Grigory Isaakovich (1890, Yekaterinoslav - 1918), a member of the revolutionary movement. Rod. in the family of a lawyer, a member of the populist. movements of the 1870s. The nephew of S.L. Chudnovsky. In 1908 he entered law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, joined the Mensheviks, entered Petersburg. to-t RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, was under police surveillance. In 1910 he was arrested, after a year and a half of solitary confinement he was exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1913 he fled, from 1914 - to Austria-Hungary, studied at Vienna University, from 1915 - in Switzerland, from 1916 - in the USA, where he collaborated in the Social-Democrats. gas. "New world". In May 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the Social-Democrats. - "Mezhraiontsy". Autumn 1917 - in Petrograd: member. Vseros. bureau of military. org-tions at the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), member. Petrogr. VRK, participated in the seizure of the Winter Palace and the arrest of members of Vrem. pr-va (saved them from mob lynching). At the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. When suppressing weapons. performances at hand. A.F.Kerensky - P.N. Krasnov was wounded. From nov. 1917 Extraordinary Commissioner of the South-West. fr., in dec. 1917 Ukrainian arrested. authorities and sentenced to death. In Jan. 1918 liberated in Kiev owls. troops; Kiev Commissioner for Civil business. From Feb 1918 commanded the troops of the Kr. guards, killed in battle under Art. Lyubotin.
CHUDNOVSKY Solomon Lazarevich (Leizerovich) (1852, Kherson - 1912, Odessa), a populist revolutionary. In 1868 he entered the law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa), soon transferred to St. Petersburg. medical and surgical academy, active student student. movement 1868–69. In 1869 he was arrested, expelled from the academy and sent under the public supervision of the police to Kherson, where he organized a series of roars. circles. In 1871-73 he studied at Novorossiysk un-those, one of the hands. Odessa branch of petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky". In the beginning. 1873 went abroad, continued his studies in honey. f-those of Vienna University, kept in touch with Austr. s.-d. and the editors of the journal. PL Lavrov "Forward". In the end. 1873 returned to Russia. In 1874 he was arrested in Odessa. OK. I spent 4 years in advance. conclusion. In Jan. 1878 under the "193 trial" sentenced to 5 years of hard labor (replaced by exile to Siberia). In the 1880s. lived in Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, collaborated in a magazine, wrote Art. on economics, statistics, ethnography of Siberia. In 1893 he returned to Europe. Russia, lived in Odessa, studied literature. labor. From 1905 p. Party of the Cadets, op.: From ancient times. Memories. M., 1934.
CHUKHRAY Grigory Naumovich (1921, Melitopol, Tauride province - 2001, Moscow), film director. In 1939–45 - in the army. Studied at dir. Faculty of VGIK (1946–53, workshop of S. Yutkevich, then M. I. Romm). Since 1952 assistant director. at Kievskaya k / st ("Admiral Ushakov", "Ships storm the bastions", "Ship commander"), then the second dir. ("Nazar Stodolya", 1954). Since 1955 - at the Mosfilm cinema. He made his debut in 1956. "Forty-first" (special pr. MKF in Cannes, 1957). Subsequent works: "The Ballad of the Soldier" (1959; St. Mkf in Cannes; Golden Gate Prize, pr. For directing the Mkf in San Francisco; honorary diploma and other Italian film critics at the Mkf in Milan, 1960; Grand - for directing the Moscow Art Festival in London, 1960; the silver medal of the Moscow Art Festival in Tehran, "Golden Laurel", pr. American producer D. Selznik, 1962); "Clear Sky" (1961; Grand Prize of the Moscow Art Festival in Moscow, 1961; Prize "Golden Gate", St. Mkf in San Francisco). In 1964–76 artist. hands. Let's experiment. creative associations at Mosfilm. Among the f. this period: "Once upon a time there was an old man with an old woman" (1965), doc. f. "Memory" (1971), "Bog" (1978), "Life is beautiful" (1980), "I will teach you to dream" (1985, with Yu.A. Shvyrev), etc. In 1966-70 he taught at VGIK ... Nar. art. USSR (1981). Linen. pr. (1961). Son of Ch. - Pavel (b. 1946), film director. Graduated from cinematography (1970) and dir. (1974) Faculty of VGIK. He made his debut as dir. f. "You Remember Sometimes" (1978). Staged "People in the Ocean" (1980, A.P. Dovzhenko Ave.), "Cage for a canary" (1983), "Zina-Zinulya" (1985), "Remember me like this" (1988, FTF Grand Prix in Czechoslovakia, pr. for directing at the Moscow Art Festival in Tokyo), "Key" (1992), "Thief" (1997, Ave Mkf in Venice). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1981).
CHUKOVSKAYA Lidia Korneevna (1907, Helsingfors - 1996, Moscow), writer, human rights activist. Daughter of K.I. Chukovsky, sister of N.K. Chukovsky. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, worked in publishing houses for children. lit-ry. In 1928 she published it under ps. A. Uglov the first story "Leningrad-Odessa", later published a literary critic. prose. In 1939–40 she wrote pov. “Sofya Petrovna” - about repressions in 1937. In 1966 she addressed an open letter to MA Sholokhov after his speech at the 23rd Congress of the CPSU, in which he sharply criticized the convicted writers AD Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel. Since that time, Ch. Actively advocated for human rights, in particular, in defense of A.I.Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov. Exclusion from the USSR joint venture in 1974 was reflected in the book. The Process of Exclusion (1979). In 1938–41 and 1952–62, Ch. Kept a detailed diary of her conversations with Akhmatova, which she published in Paris (1976–80) and in Moscow (1989). Poems written in 1936–76 were included in the book. “On the other side of death” (M., 1978). Etc. them. A.D. Sakharova (1990). State pr. RF (1995). Cit .: The Story of T. Shevchenko. 1930; The story of one uprising. M. - L., 1940; Empty house. Paris, 1965; Herzen's past and thoughts. M., 1966; Letters about Sholokhov and Solzhenitsyn. Munich, 1970; The price of a metaphor, or the Crime and Punishment of Sinyavsky and Daniel. M., 1989; Childhood memory. Memories of K.I. Chukovsky. M., 1989; Open letter. M., 1991; Poems. 1992; Notes about Anna Akhmatova. M., 1996.
CHUKOVSKY Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov) (1882, Petersburg - 1969, Moscow), writer, literary critic, literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1957). Published since 1901. Collaborated in gas. "Odessa News". Published in the journal. "Libra", "Niva", "Rech", "Russian Thought" Art. about modern writers who subsequently entered the collection "From Chekhov to the Present" (1908), "Critical Stories" (1911), "Faces and Masks" (1914), etc. Having gained fame, he entered the circle of iz. active culture, such as V.G.Korolenko, L.N. Andreev, A.I.Kuprin, I.E. Repin and others, he told about his meetings with them in his memoir-artist. book "From Memoirs" (1959), "Contemporaries" (1962), as well as in a look published diaries (1991), where lit. life of the era. Studied the creativity of N.A. Nekrasov, author of comments. in Full. collection poems of the poet, as well as a number of books. about him, DOS. of which "Nekrasov's Mastery" (1952). How children. the writer Ch. made his debut in 1916 poems. the fairy tale "Crocodile". Then appeared "Moidodyr", "Cockroach" (both - 1923), "Fly-Tsokotukha" (1924), "Barmaley" (1925) and others, who became children. classics. The result of many years of studying children. psychology and speech became the book. "From two to five" (1928, under the title "Little Children", total of St. 20 ed.). From 1907 he was engaged in translations. Translated from English. lang. W. Whitman, M. Twain, G.K. Chesterton and others, "retold" the works for children. D. Defoe, R. Raspe, J. Greenwood. Ch. Owns repeatedly published work on the skill of the artist. translation ("High Art", 1941). Poch. Doctor of Literature, Oxford University (1962). Linen. pr. (1962).
CHUKOVSKY Nikolay Korneevich (1904, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), writer, translator. Son of K.I. Chukovsky, brother of L.K. Chukovskaya. At the beginning of lit. activity wrote poetry (since 1922) and prose for children. In the 1930s. - rum. about Cit. war, of which naib. means. Yaroslavl (1938). In 1939–40 and 1941–45 military. corr. Author of rum. "Baltic Sky" (1954), dedicated. defenders of Leningrad. The story "Tramp" (alm. "Lit. Moscow", 1956) became the object of criticism. Translated manuf. J. London, M. Twain, R. L. Stevenson, E. Seton-Thompson and others. writers. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Banner" (1955-62), part. of the Board of the USSR and RSFSR Joint Ventures, headed the translation section, works: Tantalena. L. - M., 1925; Princely corner. L., 1937; Frigate drivers. M., 1941; The fifth day. M., 1967; Fav. manuf. In 2 volumes. M., 1977.
CHULAK Efim Aronovich (b. 1948, Ceadir-Lunga MSSR), athlete (volleyball). Master of Sports of the USSR Intern. class. An engineer by training. He played for SKA (Rostov-on-Don), since 1971 - in the CSKA team. Champ. USSR (1972–77), winner of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1971, 1975), winner of the European Champions Cup (1973–75, 1977). As part of Sat. USSR teams silver (1976, Montreal) and bronze. (1972, Munich) Olympus medalist. games. Winner Champ. the world (1974). European Champion (1971, 1975). Since 1990 - in Israel.
CHUZHBINOV (real family member Grinstein) Timofei Alexandrovich (1852, Kerch, Tauride province - 1897, Kiev), actor. He studied at Novorossiysk (Odessa) and Moscow. un-takh, in Petersburg. medical and surgical academy, in Technol. in-those. In 1874 he began performing in Orel at the D.P. Lauhin's enterprise. He played in vaudeville and comedies, in op-those. He worked in various troupes. entrepreneurs. Most of his life he performed on the stages of Kiev and Kharkov. He performed comic and character roles. Among the best works: Osip ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol), Akim ("The Power of Darkness" by L.N. Tolstoy), Furnachev ("Death of Pazukhin" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), Shmag ("Guilty Without Guilt "A. N. Ostrovsky). Created a bright stage. images in the main. in Russian classic repertoire.
ALIEN (real family. Liechtenstein) Anatoly (1894, Riga - 1969, USA), ballet critic, historian. In 1918 he graduated from Petrograd. un-t, since 1924 - in the USA. Periodically performed. press from art., dedicated. ballet. In 1936–41, editor-in-chief of the journal. "Dance Shop", since 1942 founder and editor. ed. Dance News. The author of a number of books. about bal .: "Ballet" (1936), "Symphonic Ballet" (1937), "New York City Ballet" (1953). Ed.-comp. Encyclopedia of Dance (1949), ed. Memoirs of M.M. Fokin (1961), author of the trans. from rus. in English. lang. Art. and book. about ballet.
D'AKTIL (real name and surname Anatoly Adolfovich Frenkel) (1890, Irkutsk - 1942, Perm), writer. Rod. in the family of a pharmacist. He studied at the Chita city. In 1903–07 he lived with relatives in the United States and attended college in New York. Returning to Russia, he studied law. Faculty of Tomsk and Petersburg. high fur boots. In 1909 he converted to Catholicism. He began publishing in 1911. Collaborated in gas. "Birzhevye vedomosti", in f. "Satyricon", "Dragonfly", "Beach" and others. He edited the weekly. Life and Judgment. In the end. 1917 moved to Rostov-on-Don, was published in a newspaper, worked in a variety theater, then in the Political Department of the 1st Cavalry Army (1919). Organized and edited the satirical. g. "Red Raven" (later "Behemoth"), "Laughter". The author of the texts "March of Budyonny's Cavalry" ("We are the Red Cavalry ..."), pl. songs by L.O. Utesov, libretto of several. operetta. In besieged Leningrad he worked on radio and in print. He was also engaged in the lane. (D. London, O'Henry, L. Carroll and others). Author of the book: "Bile on paper", P., 1917; "A bruise under the eye", L., 1926; "The first horse in battles: History in ditties", M.-L., 1930.
D'ARABELLA (real name Amchislavsky) Itskhak (1835, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1910, Tunisia), doctor, traveler. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitcher Hasid. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Graduated from the city. Studied for honey. f-takh high fur boots of Petersburg and Paris. While traveling, he ended up in Zanzibar, where he became the personal physician of the local monarch. From 1888 - in E.-I. Doctor S.-kh. Colony E. Rothschild Rishon LeZion. From 1889 - Ch. doctor, Rothschild's b-tsy in Jerusalem. Pres. Association "Safa brura", which fought for the spread of Hebrew in E.-I. Compiled by Hebrew-Spanish. dictionary. In the end. 1900s as a result of the conflict that arose in the hospital, D. left his post and left E.-I. He lived in Palermo (Italy), then in Tunisia.
DAGDA, a city (since 1992) in Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dinaburgsky, since 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1847 there were 77 Jews living in Denmark, in 1897 - 1026 (68%), in 1920 - 727 (63%), in 1930 - 668 (53 %), in 1935 - 589 Jews (53%). The Jewish community arose in the 1820s. as a result of the resettlement of Jews from the neighboring village of Dishuvka. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and crafts (including in neighboring villages). The material well-being of the Jews of Denmark contributed to the revitalization of communal life in the 1880s and 1890s: there was a Khevra Kaddish, the Bikur Holim branch paid for the services of a doctor, and in 1910 a Jewish society of benefits to the poor was formed. The rabbis in Denmark were Yaakov Schmargon and Leizer Handel, and in 1910–41, D. Schmargon (? —1941). In 1904–07 a Bund cell (about 20 members) operated in Denmark. At the same time, the departure of Jews from D. abroad became more active. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jewish families in 1915-16 left for the east. districts of Russia. 1920s with the help of the Joint, the synagogue was renovated, and a mutual aid fund was created. In 1922–24, hundreds of Jewish refugees from the USSR passed through D. (several families settled in D.). From ser. 1920s main occupation of Jews becomes agricultural trade. products. In D. worked approx. 30 Jewish artisans, there were 2 Jewish pharmacists, a doctor and a dentist; Jews owned 85 out of 89 and 121 out of 209 houses. In 1920, a 6-class bunk was established. school (approx. 100 students), the language of instruction soon became Yiddish, from the beginning. 1930 - Hebrew. There were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones, the “Ceirei Zion” cell, the “Tkhia” youth Zionist organization functioned, later the Beitar cells and the Zionist revisionist party were created, which used this means. influence among the Jews of D. In the 1930s. in D., a cooperative was created for the production and marketing of agricultural products. products, as a result of which the earnings of Jewish traders fell sharply. In 1933, pl. Jewish houses were destroyed by fire (the communities of Riga and other Latvian cities provided assistance to the Jews of D.). July 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops. Before the occupation, they managed to evacuate approx. 60 Jews. Several were destroyed. dozens of Jews in D., the rest were sent to the Daugavpils ghetto and later shot in a nearby forest together with Jews from other villages in Latvia (the so-called "action of provincial Jews"). A monument was erected at the site of the execution in D. After the release (1944) several. Jewish families returned to D.V.D. genus: Sh.M. Levin; Berl Chagi (1892-1954, Newark, USA), from 1913 - in the USA, cantor in the synagogues of Detroit, Boston and New York.
DAGESTAN LIGHTS, a city (since 1990) in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). In 1939, 55 Jews lived in D.O.
DALESZICE, a village in the Kieleckie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Keletsky u. In 1856 106 Jews (7.2%) lived in D., in 1897 - 270 (13.5%), in 1921 - approx. 300 Jews. Until 1862 Jews were forbidden to settle in D. The Jewish population of D. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
DALIN (real name Levin) David Yulievich (1889, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1962, USA), polit. activist, publicist, political scientist and Sovietologist. Studied at Rogachevskaya and Petersburg. g-ziyah, then to legal. f-those Petersburg. un-that. For participation in the student. movement arrested and expelled. He continued his education in high fur boots in Berlin and Heidelberg (1910–13), defended his doctorate. dis. on polit. savings (1913). In March 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the Mensheviks; dep. Moscow Council, ed. gas. "Printer". Oct the revolution did not take it for an anti-Bolshevist. activity was repeatedly arrested. To Vseros. conf. RSDLP (May 1918) elected member. Central Committee of the Mensheviks. In 1920 he left Russia; one of the creators, and after the death of Yu.O. Martov - ed. g. "Socialist. messenger ", chl. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP. After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933) he went to Poland, then to France, in 1940 to the USA. Moved away from polit. activities, was engaged in the study of internal. and ext. policy of the USSR (author of works: "Foreign policy of Soviet. Russia", "Russia and post-war. Europe", "Genuine Soviet. Russia", "Soviet. espionage", "Soviet. Russia and D. East", "Forced. Labor in the USSR "and others), together with gr. amer. scientists and publicists-Mensheviks collected and published materials on the history of the Social-Democrats. movement in Russia, collaborated in the Amer. press and the emigre "New Journal". Cit .: After the wars and revolutions, Berlin, 1922.
DALIN Mark Alexandrovich (1906, Baku - 1996, ibid.), Chemical technologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR (1959). Graduated from the Azerbaijan Industrialist. Institute (1930) and until 1934 worked in Azerbaijan science and technology. institute of the oil refining industry. Since 1934 - director. experimental plant "AzSK" in Baku, since 1963 - director. Vses. n.-i. Institute of olefins. At the same time. - in the Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry (since 1953 - prof.). In 1960-63 academician-secretary. Dept. chem. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. Since 1963 - director. VNII tekhnol. Institute for the production and processing of low molecular weight olefins with an experimental plant. Sci. works are devoted to chemistry and technology of oil refining, petrochem. synthesis. Developed and implemented in the industry (1935-60) pyrolysis decomp. types of petroleum raw materials, separation of hydrocarbon gases, production of ethyl and isopropyl benzene, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols by direct and sulfuric acid hydration. Carried out (1960–70) the synthesis of acrylic acid nitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomers, p-tert-butyl-phenol and high-density polyethylene. Developed a technology for producing: benzene by hydrogenation processing of liquid pyrolysis products (1965), high-impact polystyrene (1972), alpha-olefins by high-temperature oligomerization of ethylene (1973), joint production of propylene oxide and styrene (1975). pr. (1946, 1952). Etc. Council of Ministers of the USSR (1981) for the creation of large-scale production of ethylbenzene (in: Ways of development of petrochemistry, Baku, 1989).
DALIN Victor Moiseevich (1902, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1962). He studied at the classic. g-zii. Participant citizen war. B, 1920–23 - on the responsible. Komsomol work in Moscow and Ukraine, in 1922 - member. Central Committee of the RKSM. From 1924 - in Moscow, graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (student of N.M. Lukin and V.P. Volgin). In 1929-30 - in scientific. business trip in France. From the beginning. 30s read a course on the history of the labor movement Zap. Europe in the Communist. academy named after Ya.M. Sverdlov and in Mezhdunar. Lenin's school, in 1934–36 at East. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1936 - prof.), in the same years, member. editorial board "Historian-Marxist". In 1937 he was repressed and spent about 17 years in prison. From 1955 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 - deputy. ch. ed. “Franz. yearbook ", since 1976 - hands. gr. for the study of the history of France. Poch. prev. Commission on history led. Franz. rev-tion at Intern. ist. to-those (1980) Dr. Besancon University, member. adm. council of the Society of robespierist issl. and Ital. scientific. center for the study of the Napoleonic era. Author of works on history Vel. Franz. revolution, worker and socialist. movement in Zap. Europe, Cit .: Strikes and the Crisis of Syndicalism in the Pre-War. France, M., 1935; Gracchus Babeuf on the eve and during the Great. Franz. revolution (1785-1794), M., 1963 (in French - 1976, 1987); People and Ideas: From the History of the Rev. and socialist. movement in France, Moscow, 1970 (awarded by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, pr. V.P. Volgin); Historians of France XIX-XX centuries, M., 1981.
DALNERECHENSK (until 1973 - Iman), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1895. At the beginning. 20th century - a county town of Primorsky Region. In 1939, 37 Jews lived in D.
DALNYCH, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zhovkva powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In June 1942, all the Jews of Denmark were deported to Kamenka-Bugskaya and subsequently exterminated.
DALNIK, see [[Great Dalnik.
DAMBROVA, a village in the Shchuchinsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dembrovo Lidsky u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1942, 8 Jews were shot in Denmark.
DAMESHEK William (1900, Voronezh - 1969, New York), hematologist. Since 1902 in the USA. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Harvard University (1923). He worked as a therapist in the mountains. hospital (1923 25), assistant hematology. lab. (1925–28), head. hematological. lab. Hospital Bet Israel (1928-39), Art. doctor-hematologist, head. hematological. lab. Centre. New England hospitals (since 1939) in Boston; at the same time. (1925–67) assistant professor, prof. (since 1941) honey. Faculty of Tufts University (Medford, Massachusetts). Since 1966 prof. honey. Mount Sinai School and Consultant Hematologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. In the years of the 2nd world. war 1939–45 was a consultant in hematology Ch. surgeon Amer. army (since 1942). tr. D. dedicated ch. arr. hematology, incl. immunohematology, as well as allergology (auto-allergic diseases). In 1933 he formulated the concept of "Essential iron deficiency anemia"; proposed (1951) the term "myeloproliferative diseases" to denote a number of tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system - hemoblastoses. Since 1959 he applied (together with R. Schwartz) a new method of creating. immunological tolerance (resistance) in animals by sequential injections of antigen and immunosuppressant. A significant contribution to the region. hematology were his works: "Leukopenia and agranulocytosis" (1944), "Hemolytic syndrome" (1945), "Chemotherapy of leukemia and lymphosarcoma" (1949), "Leukemia" (1958), etc. Founder and Ch. ed. (1945) f. "Blood" on problems of hematology, prez. Int. (1954–56) and Amer. (1964) about-in hematologists. In the 1950s. activist of the United Heb. call ".
LAMSKY Abram Isaakovich (1906, Kovno, - 1988, Moscow), architect, designer. In 1929 he graduated from the faculty of wood and metal processing VKHUTEMAS - VKHUTEIN. Specialist in the design of interiors of public buildings and equipment. Supervised the design and production of lighting devices for naib, responsible government buildings, art. subway, theater buildings. He headed the design workshop of the Elektrosvet plant in Moscow (since 1930). Participant pl. contests, diploma of the exhibition "Paris-Moscow".
DAN (real family Gurvich) Fedor Ilyich (1871, Petersburg - 1947, New York), polit. activist, publicist. The son of a pharmacist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1895). From 1894 in the S.-D. movement. From the beginning. 1896 - one of the hands. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". He was arrested several times. In the summer of 1901 he emigrated; in Berlin joined the Iskra assistance group. Participated in the preparation of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. On Sept. 1903 fled abroad, joined the Mensheviks, members. their fractions. center and editorial office of Iskra. In 1904 - Member. delegation of the RSDLP at the 6th (Amsterdam) Congress of the 2nd International, in 1905 - a participant in the Geneva Conf. Mensheviks. After the amnesty (October 1905) he arrived in St. Petersburg, in December. 1905 co-opted into the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Affairs. 4th (unification) Congress of the RSDLP (1906), elected to the Central Committee. In 1907 he took part in the 5th Congress of the RSDLP. In 1906–07 he was a member of the editor. all Mensheviks. and general part. newspapers, one of the hands. s.-d. fractions of the 1st and 2nd State. doom. In Jan. 1908 emigrated. During the years of reaction "liquidator". One of the initiators of the Vienna Social-Democratic Party. conf. (Aug. 1912), with the goal of uniting all anti-Bolsheviks. gr. RSDLP. In 1913 he returned to St. Petersburg, became a member of Organizats. to-ta (OK) of the RSDLP, directed the activities of the Menshevik. faction in the 4th State. thought. After the start of the 1st world. war was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In May 1916 he was mobilized into the army; served as a military doctor in Irkutsk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, became part of the OK, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council and its Bureau. Together with IG Tsereteli, he headed the centrist movement “rev. defencists "in Menshevism. In the beginning. May - cases. Vseros. conf. Mensheviks; supported the entry of the socialists into Vrem, pr-in, but rejected the offer to join it, believing that a Jew could not be a "Russian minister"; defended the need for "the defense of Russia and the revolution"; elected a member of the OC. In June cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, where he delivered a keynote speech on the war; elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. At the end of Aug. at the United, Congress of the RSDLP elected member. Central Committee of the RSDLP. 10/25/1917 opened the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, but after his decision to transfer power to the Soviets left the congress. In the end. oct. - early. nov. advocated the formation of a "homogeneous socialist. pr-va ". On Chrezvych. the congress of the RSDLP, together with Yu.O. Martov, headed a new center-left, party leadership, advocated cooperation with the Bolsheviks; elected member Central Committee and ed. "Workers' newspaper". In February-March 1918 he opposed the Brest Peace. In May he participated in the All-Russian Federation. meeting at the Central Committee of the RSDLP, which confirmed his membership in the Central Committee. In 1918 he worked as a doctor in the People's Commissariat of Health, was a dep. Mossovet. Represented the Mensheviks at the 3rd and 4th Congresses of Soviets, criticized the policy of the Council of People's Commissars. At the 4th Congress, a member was elected. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Was exposed for a short time. arrests. In 1919–20 he served a dignity on mobilization. a doctor in Kr. Army. In the spring of 1921 he was arrested on charges of preparing the Kronstadt uprising, in 1922 he was exiled abroad. In Berlin entered the ed. g. "Socialist. Bulletin "and the structure of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP. In 1923 he participated in the unification of the 2nd and 2 1/2 Internationals and in the formation of the Socialist International, then in many of its congresses. Since 1933 - in France. On Feb. 1940 resigned before. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP and one of the editors. "Socialist. messenger ". Since 1939 in the USA. In 1941–47 he published J. The "New Way" that united the Menshevik emigrants.
DAN Yeshayagu (Shaika) (1910, Lipkany of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1994, Tel Aviv), societies. activist. All R. 1920s joined the Zionist. movement. Since 1935 in E.-I., member. kibbutz Nir-Am. In 1941 he volunteered for the British. army, served in art. parts. In 1944 as part of the special. group was abandoned on occupied German-fasc. troops of the territory. to establish contact with the surviving Jews of Vost. Europe. One of the organizers is illegal. transporting Jews to E.-I. During the War of Independence, he was involved in the delivery of weapons from Czechoslovakia to Israel. After the end of the war, he carried out communication between the Jews of East Europe and Israel.
DANIEL M. (real name and surname - Mordechai Meerovich) (1900, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1940, Moscow), writer. From a young age, he wandered around many. cities, was a worker, employee, teacher. Since 1921 in Moscow. Graduated from eurlit. dep. 2nd Moscow State University. One of the founders of Heb. owls. prose. In his production. reflected citizens. war ("At such a time", "Rakhmiel - the night watchman", "Yulis", etc.), the problems of the intelligentsia and the revolution ("On the Threshold"), the history of culture. The author of the plays "Zyamka Kopach", "Inventor and Comedian", "Four Days" and others, which were staged in many. Heb. t-pax in Russia and abroad.
DANIEL Yuliy Markovich (1925, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Prose writer, poet. Son of M. Daniel. From school he went to the front. He was seriously wounded. He studied at Kharkov, un-those, graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t. He taught at school, published poems. per. His prose writer. manuf. "Moscow Says", "Hands", "Atonement", "The Man from MINAP" and others were published. abroad under ps. Nikolay Arzhak. The fact of "unauthorized" nick. publication was incriminated by D. by the authorities and became the reason for the arrest of him and his colleague A.D. Sinyavsky. In 1966, D. was convicted of Verkh. court of the RSFSR for five years in high security camps. In July 1969 he was transferred from the camp to the Vladimir prison for participating in protests against the arbitrary rule of the camp administration. He was released in 1970. Deprived of the right to live in Moscow, D. settled in Kaluga. Soon he returned to Moscow, earning a living poems. per., to-rye could not sign with his own name. In Russia manuf. D. began to be published only in 1988. D.'s son - Alexander (born 1951) graduated from mat. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin. In the 1970s. took part in vol. samizdat railways Hands. research programs of the Memorial Society “History of the dissident movement in the USSR”.
DANIELOV Moisey Isaakovich (1909, Velistsikhe Signakhsky u. Tiflis province. - 1994, Jerusalem), director, society, activist. From 1920 he lived in Tiflis. Graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky in Moscow. On his return to Tiflis, he organized at the beginning. 30s Heb. dram, a circle that eventually turned into a Jewish drama. tr playing the load. lang. He staged plays by the young playwright G.Baazov and Heb. classics. In the 30s. Dr. visited S.M. Mikhoels. Later he worked as a director. in the State. t-re them. K.A. Mardzhanishvili, as well as more than 10 years in rep. t-re dolls. The play "The Deer", staged by him based on the story of the poet V. Pshavela, became a laureate of Vses. festival of children and youth t-ditch in the middle. 1950s Worked dir. and in other t-rakhs of Georgia. Per. for the cargo. lang. from the Hebrew play by S. An-sky "Dibuk". Before leaving for Israel (1973) he taught Hebrew underground. In Israel he published 2 books: the play by G. Robakidze "Lamara" with trans. in Hebrew (1986) and An-sky's "Dibuk" in the lane. for cargo lang.
DANILEVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1838, Kharkov - 1923, Petrograd), biochemist. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1898), one of the founders of Fatherland. biochemistry, founder of the first Rus. scientific. schools. Brother of V.Ya.Danilevsky. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1860). Prof. (1863) Kazan University. In 1871, in protest against the persecution of the progressive scientist anatomist P.F. Lesgaft, he resigned and went abroad (worked in Germany and Switzerland). Since 1885 - prof. Kharkov University, since 1892 - head. kasredroy fiziol. chemistry Military honey. Academy in St. Petersburg (in 1906-10 - rector). tr. on chem. structure and metabolism of proteins, enzymology, nutritional biochemistry. Developed a method of selective adsorption on collodion particles, with the help of which he first separated the pancreatic enzymes - amylase and trypsin. Experimentally proved that under the action of pancreatic juice hydrolytic occurs. breakdown of proteins. Established the reversibility of this process. Research proteins of muscles (myosin), liver, kidneys and brain. He suggested the existence of alternations of -CH-H-bonds in protein molecules, later called. peptide. Formulated a theory of the structure of a protein molecule. He proposed to separate the cytoplasmic. proteins into 3 fractions: globulin, stromin and nucleic. Studied the nutritional value of protein grows. and animal origin. Joint. with brother DOS. 1st Fatherland fiziol. g. "Physiological Sat." (1888). Cit .: Fav. tr., M, 1960.
DANILEVSKY Vasily Yakovlevich (1852, Kharkov - 1939, ibid.), Physiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1926). Brother of A.Ya.Danilevsky. Graduated (1874) honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1883-1909 and in 1917-21 he worked there (prof., Head of the Department of Physiology). Organizer and first director. (from 1910) Kharkov women. honey. in-that (in 1921–26 head of the Department of Physiology), as well as Organotherapeutic. Institute (since 1927). tr. in physiology of the nervous system, electrophysiology, endocrinology and protistology. Established (1874) the presence in the cerebral cortex of centers that regulate the activity of the organs of blood circulation and respiration. One of the founders of encephalography was the first in Russia to conduct experiments on registration of bioelectric. phenomena in the cerebral cortex of a dog (1876). For the first time I started physiological. the study of hypnosis in women and humans, the essence of which I saw in the inhibition of voluntary reflexes. In 1884–96 he published a series of works on hemosporidia, incl. monograph on compare. parasitology of blood. Auth. "Textbook of Human Physiology" (1929). Joint. with brother DOS. journal "Physiological Sat." (1888). Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1889). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. Vol .: On the summation of electrical stimuli of muscles and motor (vagus) nerves. SPb., 1879; Research on the physiological effect of electricity at a distance, hours 1-2, Kharkov, 1900-01.
DANILOV, city, regional center in the Yaroslavl region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 16th century like Danilovskaya Sloboda. From 1777 it was a district town of the Yaroslavl governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 4 Jews living in D., 40 in the district (without D.), in 1910 in D. - 50, in 1926 - 23 (0.3%), in 1939 - 23 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in D.
DANILOVKA, see [[Malaya Danilovka.
DANILOVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 39 Jews (5.3%) lived in Denmark, in 1880 - 173, in 1930 - 305 Jews (27 , 2%) Jews lived in D. from the middle. 18th century There was a synagogue and a mikvah. In the spring of 1944 the Jews of Denmark were sent to Auschwitz.
DANILOVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Danilov.
Daniil Semenovich DANIN (1914, Vilna - 2000, Moscow), writer, screenwriter, critic. Member Pen-club of Russia. Ch.-c. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. sciences. Since 1933 - student of Moscow State University (3 courses of chemistry faculty, then 5 courses of physics faculty). At the same time. from 1938 he studied at Lit. in-those (4 courses). Since 1938 it has been printed as lit. critic. In 1941 he left for Nar. Moscow militia volunteer. He ended the war as an artillery captain. After demobilization (1946) on lit. work. In 1949-53 he was deprived of the right to publish as a "cosmopolitan" and "enemy of the Sov. poetry ". Since 1955 he has been engaged in scientific-artistic. lit-swarm. The author of the book: "For a Man" (1957), "The Inevitability of a Strange World" (1961), which, therefore, became a cultural phenomenon of the 60s. (translated into 11 languages), "Rutherford" (1967), "Niels Bohr" (1975), "Crossroads. Writer and Science "(1974)," Still It Exists "(scientific-artistic cinema) (1982)," Probabilistic World "(1982)," Selected "(1984). In 1984, the book was published. "Burden of Shame: Pasternak and Us". Since 1960 - Ch. ed. collection of articles "Paths to the Unknown: Writers Talk about Science". Screenwriter f. "Into the depths of the living" - angry. medal at the exhibition in Montreal (1967). Since 1992 - prof. Grew up. State Humanitarian University. State pr. RSFSR (1967), Lomonosovskaya pr. (1968).
DANISHEVSKY Grigory Mikhailovich (1890, Moscow - 1971, ibid.), Balneologist, climatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1931). After finishing honey. Faculty of Warsaw University (1914) served as a military doctor. In 1918-21 before. Extraordinary Commission for the fight against typhus, deputy. Chief of the Glavsanupra of Ukraine, in 1921–22 a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Health of Ukraine, Dir. Odessa resorts. Since 1924 in Moscow - in Ch. the resort management of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Health; organizer and first director. resort clinic of the People's Commissariat of Health, transformed in 1926 on his initiative into the Center, in-t balneology. Since 1930 the first director. Center, institute for advanced training of doctors, where he headed the country's first department of balneology (1931–37). In 1937 he was arrested, spent 15 years in camps and exile, worked as a doctor in the North. In the 1950s and 60s. supervised the development of issues of climatopathology of cardiovascular diseases in Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. D. dedicated various problems of balneology, honey. climatology. Joint. with M.P. Konchalovsky was the initiator and organizer (1928) of the All. to-that for the study of rheumatism and diseases of the joints and the 4th Intern. conferences on rheumatism in Moscow (1934). His work on the acclimatization of man in the North was the first in the Fatherland. lit-re. D. was also early. management of higher honey. education of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, before. scientist honey. Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR. Cit .: Resort construction on the ways of self-financing, Moscow, 1925; Problems of mass recreation in the USSR, M., 1934; Human acclimatization in the North, M., 1955; Human health in the Far North, M., 1963; Human pathology and disease prevention in the North, M., 1968.
DUNKERN, see Living.
DANKOUTS, see Dankovtsy.
DANKOV, city, regional center in Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1571. From 1778 - the district town of the Ryazan governorship, then - the province. In 1796-1804 and 1924-59, D. did not have the status of a city. In 1860, there were 13 Jewish men living in D., in 1910 - 23 Jews, in 1926 - 3, and in 1939 - 9 Jews.
DANKOVTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dankouts of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. In July 1941, 11 Jews were killed in D.
DANSKER Isaak Moiseevich (1896, Petersburg - 1965, Sverdlovsk), oboist, teacher. In 1918 he graduated from Petrograd. cons. in the class of F.A. Koukal (marked by F. Schubert Ave.). In 1918–41 he was a soloist orc. Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet them. S.M. Kirov, in 1943–51 - orc. Sverdlovsk Philharmonic. He was the first performer of the sonata for oboe and fp. B.V. Asafiev, who dedicated this op. In parallel with performing activities in 1936–39 he taught in the music. ten-year school at Leningrad. cons .; also conducted muses. classes in leningr. Palace of Pioneers. In 1945–64 he taught at the Ural Cons. in Sverdlovsk (since 1958 Acting Prof.). D. summarized his many years of practical experience in his methodological work “Teaching oboists in children's muses. schools and schools "(L., 1968).
DANTSIG Boris Moiseevich (1886, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1973, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1919). Teacher Mosk. Institute of Oriental Studies (1926–36, 1951–54), Military. acad. specialist. schools of the General Staff (1936–45), Higher. Dipl. schools of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1945–51), Moscow. state in-that international. relations (1954–57). Sci. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politics (1945–48), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1955–73). Main research directions: econ. geography Bl. East; history of Russian oriental studies. Author approx. 140 scientific. tr. Works: Essays on economics. geography of Turkey, M., 1930; Iraq in the past and present, M., 1960; Rus. travelers to Bl. East, M., 1965; Study of Bl. East in Russia (XIX-early XX centuries), M., 1968; Bl. East in Russian Science and Literature (doct. Period), M., 1973.
DANZIG May Volfovich (b. 1930, Minsk), painter. Graduated from Minsk art. uch-shche and Moscow. thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov. Since 1958 he has been teaching at Belorus, theater. in-those. He worked in easel painting. Created paintings on the themes of the war 1941-45. Mn. paid attention to the architect. landscape, the theme of Minsk and new buildings. Author of a mosaic panel in the "Partizan" cinema (Minsk, 1966), mosaics in the "Yubileinaya" hotel (Minsk, 1969).
DANTSIS Mordkhe (1885, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province - 1952, New York), publicist. He studied at the Talmud-Torah and at the teacher's courses in Odessa. Since 1905 in the USA. He published poems, stories, Art. in Heb. periodic. press, was ed. a number of gas. and f. In 1907 he released the first in New York. book "In strom fun revolutionary" ("In the stream of revolution"). Second book. "Geimland" "Rodina") was published in New York in 1936. At one time there was an ed. daily new york gas. "Tog", where he printed the weekly. essay titled. "Lekoved shabes" ("In honor of Saturday"), which were very popular with readers due to their excellent language and successful interweaving of Hasidic legends into the text. In 1954, a volume of travel sketches and rec. D. "Eign Licht" ("The Light of the Eyes").
DANYUSHEVSKY Israel Isaakovich (1890, Kobylnik of Sventsiansky u. Vilna province - 1950, Moscow), teacher, one of the founders of defectology in Russia. Ped. started his activity in 1909. In 1911 he graduated from the teacher's institute in Vilna. In 1923–30 he worked in the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. Organizer and first director. (1930–43) Experiment. defectological Institute (since 1935 Scientific and practical institute of special schools and orphanages, on the basis of which the Research Institute of Defectology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR was created in 1944, now the Institute of Correctional Pedagogy of the Russian Academy of Education), as well as Moscow. ped. defectological Institute (1939–42). In 1943–47, the director. Centre. scientific method. the cabinet of orphanages of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR; from 1947 he worked at the Research Institute of Defectology. Tr. D. dedicated org-tion of complex clinics. and psychol.-ped. study of abnormal children, scientific. the basics of their differentiated education and upbringing, as well as the problems of teaching and educational work in orphanages and institutions for juvenile offenders. Cit .: Educational and educational work in children's homes and special schools, Moscow, 1954.
DAR (present (frame. Rivkin) David Yakovlevich (1910, Petersburg - 1980, Jerusalem), writer. Published since 1925. The first collection of stories - "Happy Childhood" (1937). In 1931–41 he worked in Leningrad and Moscow gas Participant in the war of 1941-45. In the 60s - early 70s he studied at the Leningrad branch of the joint venture with novice writers, among whom were A.G. Bitov, S.D.Dovlatov and He contributed to the development of VF Panova's literary talent, who later became his wife. Published in Jewish samizdat (f. "Jews in the USSR") and in the Parisian Russian g. "Continent." 12 books by D. , the best of which he considered the collection of stories "Goddess Dunya" (1964). Since 1977 - in Israel. Published in foreign and Israeli Russian f. The last book. - collection of parables and stories "Confession of an irresponsible person" ( 1980).
DARAGANOVO, see Doroganovo.
DARAKHOV, a village in the Terebovlya region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1564. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 109 Jews lived in D. In 1916 seven Jews from D. were expelled to Ternopil. 1942 Jews from D. were deported to Terebovlya.
DARAN (real name and surname Daniil Borisovich Raikhman) (1894, Voronezh - 1964, Moscow), artist. Studied at the Bogolyubov Drawing School (Saratov) under P. Utkin. He started as a t-ra artist and as a poster artist. Exhibited at the Saratov Artists. exhibitions. In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Collaborated in gas. and f. ("Beep", "Poor", "Lapot"). D. is one of the organizers, thin. Association "Group of Thirteen". Sharing creative position of the group, D. took his special place in it. He was fascinated by plots related to the circus and sports: the music of fast movement found consonance in his striving, improvisationally light drawing. The impressionistically moving line was matched by the dynamics of an intense flowing color spot. he worked exclusively from nature, which dictated a special pace and rhythm of work. Rhythm. the structure of D.'s natural drawings is unmistakably accurate. In 1946 and 64, the artist's personal exhibitions took place.
DARASUN (until 1950 - Ulzutuevo), an urban-type settlement (since 1950) in the Karymsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 37 Jews lived in D.
DARBENAI, a town in the Kretinga region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1591.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dorbyany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 - 91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 there were 1,129 Jews (54.8%) in Denmark, in 1923 - 601 (59%), in 1940 - approx. 800 Jews (36%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 19th century. There was a synagogue in 1863. Rabbis of D. in the 19th century there were Eliyahu Margoliot (1816-1874), Israel-Isser Levin, Itskhok Kopilevich. In the 1920s and 30s. in D., there were 2 synagogues, 2 heders, a Talmud-Torah, and a school of the Tarbut network. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was Isser Weisbord (? —1941). Herm. units entered D. on June 22, 1941. Male Jews (144 people) were shot on June 29, 1941, women and children were killed. July (about 300 people) and 15-16 Aug. 1941 (510 people), at the beginning. Sep 1941 was shot ca. 100 people in D. D. Wolfson.
DARDAK Yehuda (1898, Iliya Vilna province - |), publicist, teacher. The son of a rabbi. In 1911-14 he studied at the yeshiva, then for two years he lived in Minsk, where he was a teacher, organized the Hebrew. bunk bed schools in a number of cities and towns. After demobilization from the army he graduated from un-t, became one of the organizers of the Hebrews. school education in Belarus. D. was the author of the first. systematic. course of pedagogy in Yiddish, publ. a number of works in Heb. ped. well., together with Ya. Rubin. F. Golmshtok, G. Aleksandrov and Z. Khanutin published in 1928 in Minsk the textbook "Social Science" for the 5th grade. Heb. schools, and in 1931 - the textbook "Pedagogy" for students of Hebrews. ped. technical schools. In the same year, his book was published. "What a worker and a collective farmer should know about polytechnization." Then D.'s name disappeared from the press and was not mentioned anywhere else.
DARG-KOKH, a village in the Kirov region of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladikavkaz env. Terek Region. In 1939 in D.-K. lived 2 Jews.
DARINO-ERMAKOVKA, a village in the Sverdlovsk region of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century as a farm Darino-Ermakovsky Novocherkassky u. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. 19th century in D.-E. lived 12 Jews. During the Holocaust, two families of local residents hid several. Jews; they were subsequently shot together.
DARINO-ERMAKOVSKY, see Darino-Ermakovka.
DARNITSA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). Izv. from 1509. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Osterskiy u. Chernigov province. occupation in D. was a prisoner of war camp. In oct. 1941 on the way from Yagotin to D., approx. 2 thousand Jewish prisoners of war. In March 1942, 443 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in D.
DARSUNISHKIS, a town in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dorsunishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 280 Jews lived in D., in 1923, 120 Jews (14.7%). Jews lived in D. from the end of the 19th century. 18th century Most were engaged in small trade and crafts. On the eve of the 1st world. wars pl. Jews moved to other places. In the beginning. 1920s a community council of 5 people was created in D. In 1931, Jews owned 3 manufactory shops, a wine and vodka shop, and a tavern; in 1937 there were 13 Jewish artisans in Denmark (6 tailors, 3 butchers, a glazier, a tinsmith, a shoemaker, and a hairdresser). The rabbis in Denmark were: Arie-Zvi Daikhes, Pinchas Pinper (1838-1913), from 1871 - Chaim-Irmiyahu ben Avrom, in 1887-88 - Chaim-Avrom Shas (1858—?), From 1891 - Shmuel-Yosef Shoham , Moishe-Arie Milevsky (? -1941). In the late. June 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops. A ghetto was created, where Jews from D. and neighboring towns were placed. 15 Aug 1941 almost all Jewish men of D. were shot in the 4th fort (Kaunas), the remaining 99 people. destroyed on 28 Aug. - 2 Sept. at the Jewish cemetery in D. (only a few people survived). In 1991, a monument was erected at the site of the execution (in 1990, a monument was also erected in the grove, where Jewish women and children were shot in 1941).
DASHAVA, urban-type settlement (since 1948) in the Stryisky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1448. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 86 Jews (6.6%) lived in Denmark, and in 1921 there were 14 Jews (0.6%).
DASHEV, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Old Dashev Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. From the end. 1920s - Dashevsky Jewish village council of the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa okr, then the oblast. In 1765, 406 Jews lived in D., in 1776 - approx. 270, in 1847 - 1837, in 1897 - c. 600 (approx. 10%), in 1923 - 2439, in 1939 - 967 Jews. In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark. Since 1885, Arie-Leibush Waxer (1860—?), The father of I. Waxer, was the rabbi in D. In 1909 a private husband worked. Jewish school, in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Denmark by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a 7-year Jewish school in D. in 1937–39. school was Abram Borisovich Pak (1918 -?). 28 Oct. 1941, 814 Jews were shot in D. I. I. Vakser, A. Z. Yurovsky, Yu. N. Grigorieva
DASHEVSKY Aron Izrailevich (b. 1904, Rzhishchev, Kiev district and lips.), Ophthalmologist. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute in 1927.Since 1949 - head. Department of Dnepropetrovsk honey. Institute D. developed research methods. of the optical system of the eye, early diagnosis of glaucoma and treatment of myopia, the development of eye refraction in ontogenesis, the age characteristics of the eye diopter were studied. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1965).
DASHEVSKY Pinchas Izrailevich (1879, Korostyshev of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1934), polit. activist. The son of a military doctor. Studied at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those. In 1902 he joined the Poalei Zion circle. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he attempted the life of the Black Hundred publicist P. Krushevan, inflicting a slight knife wound on him. At the trial of D. (1903), the judicial authorities tried to accuse Jews of ritual murders. D. was sentenced to 5 years in prison companies with disqualification. In 1906, at the request of O.O. Grusenberg, D. was released, but without restoration of his rights. After 1917, engineer. in Manchuria and in the oil fields in the Caucasus. In 1933 he was arrested as a Zionist. He died in prison.
DASHEVSKY Zvi-Gersh (1888, Ekaterinoslav - 1926, Vilno), playwright, translator. From a young age he became addicted to the stage, was an artist, played Hebrew. t-rakh from Odessa and Romania. In the beginning. 20s settled in Warsaw, where in the main. was engaged in the lane. plays and composition of insts. for Heb. t-ditch. In 1923 the Warsaw troupe "Central" put in his lane. and insts. "The Story of the Seven Hanged" by LN Andreev, and in 1924 "The Hero in Chains" by V. Hugo. In his insts. Heb. t-ry staged "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem and others. classics.
DASHEVSKY Yakov Sergeevich (1902, Kherson - 1972, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. (1944). He graduated from a four-year Heb. school, Leningrad. military. school of communication, Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1934), Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters (1941). In the army - from 1921. In 1934–39 - early. Department of Ch. reconnaissance. management General. headquarters. In 1941-42 - com. divisions. In 1942 - early. army headquarters, deputy. early front headquarters. In 1943 - deputy. teams, army. In 1943–45 - early. army headquarters. In 1946 - early. headquarters of VO. In 1947–65 - deputy. early Department of Operational Arts Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters. Author pl. work on the operational claim. Awarded the 7th order. 1
DASHKHOVUZ (until 1992 - Tashauz), city (from 1924), the center of the Dashkhovuz velayat (Turkmenistan). Main in the beginning. 19th century as a fortress in the Khiva Khanate. In 1924–91, it was part of the TurkSSR. 64 Jews lived in D. in 1939, 60 Jews (0.07%) in 1979. In 1996, several Jews lived in D. in 1996. Ashkenazi families.
DASHKOVKA, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century, the village of the Mogilev povet, Mstislavl Voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1841 there were 240 Jews in Denmark, in 1844 - 231, in 1859 - 117, in 1865 - 287, in 1880 - 332 (34.9%), in 1897 - 392 (32%), in 1908 - 318 (29.6%), in 1923 - 221, in 1926 - 194 Jews (15.7%) In 1800 there was a synagogue in D., in 1841 - 3 heders. Until 1847, the rabbi of D. was Moishe-Itskhok Aizikovich Ioffe (? -1847), in 1854-57 - Movsha Margolin. In 1880, out of 153 houses, 47 belonged to Jews. In 1908 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark and a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century The rabbis were Tsodik Gurvich and Isser-Zalman Melzer. In 1925 a Jewish agricultural existed in Denmark. artel "Palma". 29 sept. 1941 Jews of D. were shot in a forest 1.2 km from the village (in 1968 a memorial stele was installed at the site of the tragedy). The synagogue building was destroyed. A Jewish cemetery (11 gravestones of the 19th and 20th centuries) has survived. Z. A. Ioffe and V. N. Pervyshin
DASHLAGAR, see Dashlykent.
DASHLIKENT, has not existed since 1975. Est. in 1846 as a fortress, since 1860 - the Dashlagar settlement of the Dagestan Region. In 1867, 110 Jews (13.6%) lived in Denmark, in 1886 - 309, in 1897 - 450 (14.9%), in 1900 - 315 Jews. In 1860 there were 4 Ashkenazi families, 5 families of Mountain Jews, and 60 Jewish soldiers living in Denmark. There was a synagogue with 9 Torah scrolls. In 1880 there was a rabbi in D. In 1886 the Jews owned 3 grocery and 6 manufacturing shops, 2 gardens, 70 heads of cr. cattle. Jews left D. during the years of Civil. war.
DATNOVO, see Dotnuva.
DAUENAI, a village in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dovyany Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 25 Jews (6%) lived in D. 24 Aug. 1941, 4 Jewish families (11 people) were shot in D.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДАУГАВПИЛС (до 1893 — Динабург, до 1920 — Двинск), город (с 1582), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 1275. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Витебской губ. В 1920—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1772 в Д. проживало 136 евреев (31,3%), в 1784 — 1540 (44%), в 1787 — 783 еврея, в 1800 — 748, в 1805 — 749, в 1815 — 1559 (57%), в 1847 — 2918, в 1857 — 7583, в 1865 — 7561, в 1885 — 17 538, в 1897 — 32 400 (46%), в 1910 — 31 210, в 1921 — 11 838 (40%), в 1935 — 11 106 (24,6%), в 1959 — 2235 (3,4%), в 1970 — 2101 (2,1%), в 1991 — 1373 еврея (1,1%).Евреи жили в Д. со 2-й пол. 18 в. Тогда же была создана община. В 1800 одним из двух бургомистров Д. был Шойлом Мовшович, в 1826 — Нафтоли Кобленц, в 1836 — Меир Малкиель. В 1857 в Д. имелось 17 синагог, в 1865 — 23 синагоги. В 1830-х гг. евреи Д. основали кож., пивоваренный з-ды, известковое произ-во. В кон. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев — изготовление одежды и торговля с.-х. продукцией. Евреи составляли большинство рабочих на спичечных, дубильной и 3 пуговичных ф-ках. Большие спичечные ф-ки принадлежали Ш.Заксу (осн. в 1868) и Б.Рубаненко (осн. в 1886). В 1876 среди еврейских рабочих Д. действовал первый в городе рев. кружок. В 1861 в Д. была открыта первая светская школа для девочек. В 1887 начало работать еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, в том же году Берта Меировна (Матвеевна) Гинзбург открыла частное еврейское жен. уч-ще. В 1902 она же открыла швейную школу для девушек.В сер. 19 в. до 1879 раввином Д. был Арон-Шауль-Зелиг Меиров (?—1879), затем Рувен Левин (?—1887), с 1886 — Меир-Симха Кальманович Кац-Каган (1845—1926). Раввином хасидской общины в 1870—80-х гг. был Иегуда-Лейб Залкинд, с 1889 — И.Розин, казенным раввином с 1898 был Гирш Довидович Ратнер (1863—?). В кон. 19 в. в Д. имелось 2 иешивы.С 1880 в Д. существовали палестинофильские кружки, с кон. 1890-х гг. — сионистские. С нач. 1900-х гг. Д. становится одним из центров еврейского рабочего движения. С 1900 действовала ячейка Бунда; имелась подпольная бундовская типография. С 1901 функционировало отд-ние «Поалей Цион», с 1905 — ССРП. Во время событий 1905 в Д. была создана еврейская самооборона, действовал боевой отряд Бунда.В 1910-х гг. в Д. имелись 34 синагоги, еврейское кладбище, неск. иешив, хедеры, талмуд-торы, еврейские гимназии, больница, дом престарелых, столовая, отд-ние ОРТа, разл. орг-ции социальной помощи. В 1913 открыта школа с преподаванием на идише, имелась б-ка Двинского отд-ния ОПЕ. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Д. был создан пункт питания, больница для беженцев, подготовит. ремесл. школа. В 1918 евреям принадлежало 90 пром. пр-тий и мастерских.В 1920—30-х гг. в Д. действовали 45 синагог, иешивы, 2 еврейские гимназии, 6 еврейских школ, школа ОРТа, еврейская больница, аптека, дет. дом, б-ки, спорт. орг-ции; работали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1925 на еврейском кладбище был открыт памятник бундовцам, погибшим в 1905. В 1934 16 евреев Д. были членами гор. думы. Раввином Д. после смерти М.-С.К.Кац-Кагана стал Э.Каган (1873—1936), хасидским раввином после И.Розина — Алтер Израилевич Фукс (1911—1941). Раввинами Д. в 1920—30-х гг. были М.Г.Гродский (1863—1927), Б.Каган (1894—1941), К.Пейрос (1876—1937), К.-Л.Ручко (1877—1938).Д. был оккупирован частями вермахта 26 июня 1941. Через неск. дней начались расстрелы евреев. 15 июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром находились евреи из Д. и окрестных местечек. В окт. 1941 б. ч. евреев Д. была уничтожена. В мае 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, ок. 30 тыс. узников расстреляно.После освобождения в июле 1944 в Д. вернулась часть успевших эвакуироваться евреев. В 1946 рук. общины Д. был А.Штейн. В 1947 была открыта синагога, к-рую в будни посещало ок. 50 чел., в праздники — 600—700 чел. Раввином был Борух Гесилевич Элиашберг (1878—?). В 1960-х гг. в Д. действовал еврейский самодеятельный драм. коллектив. В 1971—73 было ликвидировано еврейское кладбище. В дек. 1988 создано отд-ние Латв. об-ва еврейской культуры (пред. Анатолий Фишиль). С нач. 1990-х гг. функционируют воскресная школа, об-во «Маккаби», лит. об-во «Круглый стол». В 1990 была установлена мемориальная доска на доме, где родился С.М.Михоэлс, его именем названа улица. В 1992 на базе отд-ния Латв. об-ва еврейской культуры создана еврейская община (пред. Софья Исааковна Меирова, р. 1949), действует синагога.В 1998 в Д. проживало ок. 700 евреев.В Д. род.: И.С.Абельман, Р.А.Абрамович, М.А.Айзерман, Ш.-Г.Бернштейн, Д.И.Богорад, Б.В.Брауде, Х.Гарари, Э.М.Гендель, С.М.Гершов, Э.Г.Герштейн, Я.Гордин, И.Е.Горон, М.Даниэль, М.Н.Зислин, А.Исбах, Т.Д.Каценеленбоген, С.М.Кляцкин, И.Н.Коварский, В.Коссовский, А.В.Левин, Д.Левитан, Е.М.Марголис, Н.-И.М.Марголис, В.М.Минц, П.М.Минц, С.М.Михоэлс, Е.Д.Падва, Б.Н.Рабинович, Е.Д.Равич-Биргер, М.Ротко, А.И.Рубин, И.И.Рубин, А.Б.Столпер, О.Д.Строк, Я.З.Суриц, Б.И.Тарнопольская, Г.Фейтельберг, Ж.Шапиро, А.З.Штейнберг, И.-Н.З.Штейнберг, Я.Т.Эйдус; Михаил Захарович Браво-Животовский (1897—1970, Ленинград), военачальник, ген.-майор артиллерии (1945), в 1946—57 команд. артиллерией Туркестанского воен. окр.; Борис Залманович Волкович (р. 1936), историк, автор работ по истории евреев Д., в т. ч. кн. «Еврейские организации в Даугавпилсе»; Семен Григорьевич Гендин (1902—1938), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1938 нач. Развед. упр-ния Наркомата обороны СССР, ст. майор госбезопасности, «Почетный работник ВЧК—ГПУ» (1924, 1936), нагр. 3 орд., репрессирован; Абрам Лазаревич Гилинский (1897—1938), гос. деятель, в 1931—37 нач. Главспирта Наркомата пищевой пром-сти, в 1938 нарком пищевой пром-сти СССР, чл. ЦИК СССР, деп. ВС СССР 1-го созыва, репрессирован; Борис Моисеевич Гордон (1896—1938), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1921—31 — на отв. работе в органах ЧК — ГПУ, в 1935—38 2-й секр. полпредства СССР в Германии, репрессирован; Лев Менделевич Гурвич (р. 1907), журналист, организатор туризма, в 1931—32 ред. журн. «На суше и на море», в 1929—33 зам. пред. Всесоюз. об-ва пролетарского туризма, в 1938—54 репрессирован, в 1958—65 консультант по туризму в ЦК ВЛКСМ, зам. пред. Федерации туризма СССР, в 1964 — инициатор Всесоюз. похода по местам боевой славы, автор мн. книг; Макс Абелевич Дейч (1885—1937, Москва), гос. деятель, в 1920—23 зам. пред., пред. одесской ЧК, в 1934—37 зам. наркома легкой пром-сти, «Почетный работник ВЧК—ГПУ», нагр. орд. Кр. Знамени (1922), репрессирован; Наум Давидович Ефуни (1897—1937), гос. деятель, зам. пред. «Союзнефти», зам. нач. Главнефти, нагр. 2 орд., репрессирован; Марк Соломонович (Мордух-Бер Соломонович) Иоффе (1864—1941, Нью-Йорк), живописец, с 1924 — в США, автор картин из еврейского быта и истории, исполнил портреты Х.-Н.Бялика, И.Менухина и др.; Толуш (наст. имя и фам. Исер Муселевич) (1887—1962, Майами, США), писатель (на идише), с 1920 — в США; Гжегож (Григорий) Фительберг (1879—1953, Катовице, Польша), дирижер, скрипач, композитор, в 1908—11 первый дирижер Варшавской филармонии, в 1923—34 дирижер Варшавской оперы, в 1934—39 организатор и дирижер симф. оркестра Польского радио, Гос. пр. ПНР (1951); Яков Абрамович (Александрович) Шапиро (1897—1972, Париж), живописец, с 1925 — во Франции, автор илл. к кн. Д.Кнута «Избранные стихи» (Париж, 1949), работы хранятся в Нац. музее совр. иск-ва в Париже и Худож. ин-те Чикаго (США); Моше Юваль (р. 1913), израильский дипломат, с 1932 — в Э.-И., в 1958—60 посол в Австралии и Новой Зеландии.П.С.Вагнер, pronunciation=ДАУГАВПИЛС (до 1893 — Динабург, до 1920 — Двинск), город (с 1582), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 1275. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Витебской губ. В 1920—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1772 в Д. проживало 136 евреев (31,3%), в 1784 — 1540 (44%), в 1787 — 783 еврея, в 1800 — 748, в 1805 — 749, в 1815 — 1559 (57%), в 1847 — 2918, в 1857 — 7583, в 1865 — 7561, в 1885 — 17 538, в 1897 — 32 400 (46%), в 1910 — 31 210, в 1921 — 11 838 (40%), в 1935 — 11 106 (24,6%), в 1959 — 2235 (3,4%), в 1970 — 2101 (2,1%), в 1991 — 1373 еврея (1,1%).Евреи жили в Д. со 2-й пол. 18 в. Тогда же была создана община. В 1800 одним из двух бургомистров Д. был Шойлом Мовшович, в 1826 — Нафтоли Кобленц, в 1836 — Меир Малкиель. В 1857 в Д. имелось 17 синагог, в 1865 — 23 синагоги. В 1830-х гг. евреи Д. основали кож., пивоваренный з-ды, известковое произ-во. В кон. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев — изготовление одежды и торговля с.-х. продукцией. Евреи составляли большинство рабочих на спичечных, дубильной и 3 пуговичных ф-ках. Большие спичечные ф-ки принадлежали Ш.Заксу (осн. в 1868) и Б.Рубаненко (осн. в 1886). В 1876 среди еврейских рабочих Д. действовал первый в городе рев. кружок. В 1861 в Д. была открыта первая светская школа для девочек. В 1887 начало работать еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, в том же году Берта Меировна (Матвеевна) Гинзбург открыла частное еврейское жен. уч-ще. В 1902 она же открыла швейную школу для девушек.В сер. 19 в. до 1879 раввином Д. был Арон-Шауль-Зелиг Меиров (?—1879), затем Рувен Левин (?—1887), с 1886 — Меир-Симха Кальманович Кац-Каган (1845—1926). Раввином хасидской общины в 1870—80-х гг. был Иегуда-Лейб Залкинд, с 1889 — И.Розин, казенным раввином с 1898 был Гирш Довидович Ратнер (1863—?). В кон. 19 в. в Д. имелось 2 иешивы.С 1880 в Д. существовали палестинофильские кружки, с кон. 1890-х гг. — сионистские. С нач. 1900-х гг. Д. становится одним из центров еврейского рабочего движения. С 1900 действовала ячейка Бунда; имелась подпольная бундовская типография. С 1901 функционировало отд-ние «Поалей Цион», с 1905 — ССРП. Во время событий 1905 в Д. была создана еврейская самооборона, действовал боевой отряд Бунда.В 1910-х гг. в Д. имелись 34 синагоги, еврейское кладбище, неск. иешив, хедеры, талмуд-торы, еврейские гимназии, больница, дом престарелых, столовая, отд-ние ОРТа, разл. орг-ции социальной помощи. В 1913 открыта школа с преподаванием на идише, имелась б-ка Двинского отд-ния ОПЕ. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Д. был создан пункт питания, больница для беженцев, подготовит. ремесл. школа. В 1918 евреям принадлежало 90 пром. пр-тий и мастерских.В 1920—30-х гг. в Д. действовали 45 синагог, иешивы, 2 еврейские гимназии, 6 еврейских школ, школа ОРТа, еврейская больница, аптека, дет. дом, б-ки, спорт. орг-ции; работали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1925 на еврейском кладбище был открыт памятник бундовцам, погибшим в 1905. В 1934 16 евреев Д. были членами гор. думы. Раввином Д. после смерти М.-С.К.Кац-Кагана стал Э.Каган (1873—1936), хасидским раввином после И.Розина — Алтер Израилевич Фукс (1911—1941). Раввинами Д. в 1920—30-х гг. были М.Г.Гродский (1863—1927), Б.Каган (1894—1941), К.Пейрос (1876—1937), К.-Л.Ручко (1877—1938).Д. был оккупирован частями вермахта 26 июня 1941. Через неск. дней начались расстрелы евреев. 15 июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром находились евреи из Д. и окрестных местечек. В окт. 1941 б. ч. евреев Д. была уничтожена. В мае 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, ок. 30 тыс. узников расстреляно.После освобождения в июле 1944 в Д. вернулась часть успевших эвакуироваться евреев. В 1946 рук. общины Д. был А.Штейн. В 1947 была открыта синагога, к-рую в будни посещало ок. 50 чел., в праздники — 600—700 чел. Раввином был Борух Гесилевич Элиашберг (1878—?). В 1960-х гг. в Д. действовал еврейский самодеятельный драм. коллектив. В 1971—73 было ликвидировано еврейское кладбище. В дек. 1988 создано отд-ние Латв. об-ва еврейской культуры (пред. Анатолий Фишиль). С нач. 1990-х гг. функционируют воскресная школа, об-во «Маккаби», лит. об-во «Круглый стол». В 1990 была установлена мемориальная доска на доме, где родился С.М.Михоэлс, его именем названа улица. В 1992 на базе отд-ния Латв. об-ва еврейской культуры создана еврейская община (пред. Софья Исааковна Меирова, р. 1949), действует синагога.В 1998 в Д. проживало ок. 700 евреев.В Д. род.: И.С.Абельман, Р.А.Абрамович, М.А.Айзерман, Ш.-Г.Бернштейн, Д.И.Богорад, Б.В.Брауде, Х.Гарари, Э.М.Гендель, С.М.Гершов, Э.Г.Герштейн, Я.Гордин, И.Е.Горон, М.Даниэль, М.Н.Зислин, А.Исбах, Т.Д.Каценеленбоген, С.М.Кляцкин, И.Н.Коварский, В.Коссовский, А.В.Левин, Д.Левитан, Е.М.Марголис, Н.-И.М.Марголис, В.М.Минц, П.М.Минц, С.М.Михоэлс, Е.Д.Падва, Б.Н.Рабинович, Е.Д.Равич-Биргер, М.Ротко, А.И.Рубин, И.И.Рубин, А.Б.Столпер, О.Д.Строк, Я.З.Суриц, Б.И.Тарнопольская, Г.Фейтельберг, Ж.Шапиро, А.З.Штейнберг, И.-Н.З.Штейнберг, Я.Т.Эйдус; Михаил Захарович Браво-Животовский (1897—1970, Ленинград), военачальник, ген.-майор артиллерии (1945), в 1946—57 команд. артиллерией Туркестанского воен. окр.; Борис Залманович Волкович (р. 1936), историк, автор работ по истории евреев Д., в т. ч. кн. «Еврейские организации в Даугавпилсе»; Семен Григорьевич Гендин (1902—1938), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1938 нач. Развед. упр-ния Наркомата обороны СССР, ст. майор госбезопасности, «Почетный работник ВЧК—ГПУ» (1924, 1936), нагр. 3 орд., репрессирован; Абрам Лазаревич Гилинский (1897—1938), гос. деятель, в 1931—37 нач. Главспирта Наркомата пищевой пром-сти, в 1938 нарком пищевой пром-сти СССР, чл. ЦИК СССР, деп. ВС СССР 1-го созыва, репрессирован; Борис Моисеевич Гордон (1896—1938), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1921—31 — на отв. работе в органах ЧК — ГПУ, в 1935—38 2-й секр. полпредства СССР в Германии, репрессирован; Лев Менделевич Гурвич (р. 1907), журналист, организатор туризма, в 1931—32 ред. журн. «На суше и на море», в 1929—33 зам. пред. Всесоюз. об-ва пролетарского туризма, в 1938—54 репрессирован, в 1958—65 консультант по туризму в ЦК ВЛКСМ, зам. пред. Федерации туризма СССР, в 1964 — инициатор Всесоюз. похода по местам боевой славы, автор мн. книг; Макс Абелевич Дейч (1885—1937, Москва), гос. деятель, в 1920—23 зам. пред., пред. одесской ЧК, в 1934—37 зам. наркома легкой пром-сти, «Почетный работник ВЧК—ГПУ», нагр. орд. Кр. Знамени (1922), репрессирован; Наум Давидович Ефуни (1897—1937), гос. деятель, зам. пред. «Союзнефти», зам. нач. Главнефти, нагр. 2 орд., репрессирован; Марк Соломонович (Мордух-Бер Соломонович) Иоффе (1864—1941, Нью-Йорк), живописец, с 1924 — в США, автор картин из еврейского быта и истории, исполнил портреты Х.-Н.Бялика, И.Менухина и др.; Толуш (наст. имя и фам. Исер Муселевич) (1887—1962, Майами, США), писатель (на идише), с 1920 — в США; Гжегож (Григорий) Фительберг (1879—1953, Катовице, Польша), дирижер, скрипач, композитор, в 1908—11 первый дирижер Варшавской филармонии, в 1923—34 дирижер Варшавской оперы, в 1934—39 организатор и дирижер симф. оркестра Польского радио, Гос. пр. ПНР (1951); Яков Абрамович (Александрович) Шапиро (1897—1972, Париж), живописец, с 1925 — во Франции, автор илл. к кн. Д.Кнута «Избранные стихи» (Париж, 1949), работы хранятся в Нац. музее совр. иск-ва в Париже и Худож. ин-те Чикаго (США); Моше Юваль (р. 1913), израильский дипломат, с 1932 — в Э.-И., в 1958—60 посол в Австралии и Новой Зеландии.П.С.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
DAUGAY, a city (since 1956) in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Daugi Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 it was 91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 389 Jews living in Denmark, in 1897 - 511 (39.7%), in 1923 - 363 (31%), in 1936 - 396 (33%), in 1959 - 3 (0.2%), in 1970 - 2 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the end. 16th century An organized community has existed since the end. 18th century In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In the 2nd floor. 1910s in D., a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the volunteer fire brigade and local football team were Jewish. Herm. The army occupied D. on June 22, 1941. On July 6, 1941, 30 Jews were shot by the Lithuanian police. All R. July 1941 another group of Jews was shot. Jews D. were shot in the late. Aug 1941 together with Jews from neighboring villages and towns. After 1945 a monument with an inscription in lit. lang. In 1993, a monument in the shape of a six-pointed star was erected. In 1991, a memorial sign was erected on the site of the Jewish cemetery.
DAUGAYLIAI, a town in the Utena region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dovgeli Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 73 Jews (19.8%) lived in Denmark. 20th century 10 Jewish families lived in D. During the 1st world. war Jews were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. In the beginning. 1920s they returned to D. By 1935 all Jews had left D.
DAUGI, see Daugai.
DAURSKOE, a village in the Balakhtinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Achinsky u. Yenisei province. In 1915 there was a synagogue in D.
DAVARASHVILI Gavriel Rakhamimovich (1896, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1985, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of M.R. Davarashvili and Y.R. Davarashvili. Initial Rel. educated in Tskhinvali from Rabbi A. Khvoles. He studied at yeshivas in Lubavichy, Brest, Minsk. Returning to Georgia, he became a rabbi in Surami. He was subjected to constant persecution by the authorities, in 1924 he was arrested for his activities. Since 1973 - in Israel. He taught at the Kamenitz yeshiva in Jerusalem.
DAVARASHVILI Moshe Rakhamimovich (Moshe Akatan) (1893, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1980, Jerusalem), rabbi, societies, activist. Brother G.RDavarashvili]] and YR Davarashvili Educated under the guidance of Rabbi I. Radin. He lived in Kutaisi, where he was engaged in active religion. and societies, activities. In 1919–21, he was a member. Parliament of Georgia. In tech. pl. years was an active figure in Heb. communities. After moving to Israel, in the 1970s. one of the spiritual leaders of immigrants from Georgia. Lived in Jerusalem. Published in Israel the prayer book "Tefilat ahim" ("Prayer of the Brothers"), the text of which was printed in Georgian script.
DAVARASHVILI Yakov Rakhamimovich (1902, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1986, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of M.R. Davarashvili and G.R. Davarashvili. Initial Rel. received education from the Tskhinvali rabbi A. Khvoles. Since 1917, after the family moved to Kutais, he continued his studies with Rabbi R. Eluashvili. In the 1920s. studied at the Lubavitch yeshiva in Russia. Upon his return to Kutais (1927) he became a rabbi; from 1965 - Ch. rabbi of Georgia. He was subjected to constant persecution by the authorities, was repeatedly arrested on charges of Zionism. He was considered a great connoisseur of the Torah and Kabbalah. He brought up a whole galaxy of clergymen and Torah experts. Since 1971 - in Israel. Here was ch. Rabbi of the Jewish community of Georgia.
DAVID-GORODOK, a city (since 1940) in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. at the end. 11 - early. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Pinsk povet, Brest voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was a part of the BSSR. In 1847, in D.-G. 1572 Jews lived, in 1897 - 3087 (39.5%), in 1924 - 2879 (29.9%), in 1928 - 2986 (27.2%), in 1931 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews lived in D.-G. from ser. 17th century In 1865 there were 3 synagogues. All R. 19th century rabbi in D.-G. was Yosef Reizin, in 1890-1924 - Yakov-Ishia Rosenblum, in 1890-1936 - Dovid Berkovich (1849—?), in 1924-39 - Shneur-Zalman Shapiro, in 1936-41 - the son of Dovid Berkovich Yosef (died in the period Disasters). In the beginning. 20th century in D.-G. there were 6 synagogues, including one of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. From ser. 19th century D.-G. - the center of the Hasidic dynasty, the founder of the cut was Zeev-Wolf Ginzburg. After the death of Zeev-Wolf, his son Dovid took his place. After Dovid's death, the dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel-Yosef (? -1899). In 1899-1921, the dynasty was headed by the son of Israel-Yosef - Zeev-Wolf (? -1921), in 1921-1941 - the son of the last Moishe-Yoshua. In the end. 19th century in D.-G. there was a circle of supporters "Khibat Zion". In 1905, a Bund cell was organized. The group of socialist-territorialists created in 1905 in D.-G. self-defense detachment. In 1912 in D.-G. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. From 1917 to 1920, a Hebrew-teaching school operated. Since 1917, the Poalei Zion branch functioned. In 1918, with the help of the Joint, a Jewish child was discovered. house. In 1921 in D.-G. detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich organized a pogrom, during which several were killed. Jews. In 1924 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in D.-G. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1939, after D.-G. to the USSR, the language of instruction in the former. school "Tarbut" became Yiddish. In June 1941, part of the Germ. armies occupied D.-G. 10 Aug 1941 all Jewish men D.-G. were shot. In the beginning. 1942 ghetto is created. Sep 9 1942 in the ghetto there were 1263 people (including 30 men). 10 Sep 1942 was shot ca. 1100 people OK. 100 Jews D.-G. managed to escape. Some of them joined the partisans. Z. Wagner
DAVID Yitzhak Khaimovich (b. 1944, Tbilisi), orientalist, researcher of the history of the Jews of Georgia and the Caucasus. Student of I. Babalikashvili. After graduating from the Oriental Faculty of the Tbilisi State. un-that worked as a scientist. sotr. in Ying-those stories. Since 1972 in Israel. He worked at Ying-those them. I. Ben-Zvi, in Tel Aviv University. The author of several. book on the history of the Jews of Georgia and North. Caucasus, as well as a number of thin. manuf. and per. Naib. Izv. D.'s work - "History of the Jews of the Caucasus" (in 2 volumes).
DAVID Tatyana Nikolaevna (1907, Odessa - 1986, Leningrad), graphic artist. She studied at the Odessa Art. in-those (1923–28) in the workshop. V.H. Zauze. She mastered all engraving techniques in practice. In 1932 she moved to Leningrad, where she met with E.S. Kruglikova, who played an important role in prof. formation D. In the 1930s. created in the technique of color. linocuts and monotypes graphic. series "Peterhof", "Pushkin Places in St. Petersburg", etc., and in the post-war. years - the series "Petrodvorets" (1956-57), "Oranienbaum" (1957-59), "Pavlovsk" (1964-67). Naib. D.'s mastery was fully revealed in architect. landscapes. In her work, she developed a realistic. lyric. traditions of A.P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, E.S. Kruglikova, V.D. Falileev. Works of art. stored in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts).
DAVIDESTI, see Davydovtsy.
DAVIDOV Avgust Yulievich (1823, Libava, Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1886, Moscow), mathematician, mechanic. Demidovskaya pr. AN (1848, 1850). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1845). Master (1848), Dr. (1851). From 1850 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. un-those. Teacher N.E. Zhukovsky. One of the founders of Moscow. mat. about-va and its prez. (1866-86). Main the results relate to the theory of equilibrium of floating bodies, the theory of capillary phenomena, the integration of partial differential equations, the theory of probability with applications to demography and medicine, dec. analysis issues. Author of textbooks for cf. schools. Vol .: Theory of equilibrium of bodies immersed in a liquid, M., 1848; The theory of capillary phenomena, M., 1851; Application of the theory of probability to statistics, in the book: Uchebno-lit. articles by prof. and teachers of Moscow. un-that, M., 1855; On equations with partial differentials of some order, in: Mat. Sat, M., 1866, vol. 1.
DAVIDOVICH Bella Mikhailovna (b. 1928, Baku), pianist, teacher. She studied under M.L. Bykova in a group of gifted children at the Azerbaijan Consulate. in Baku, in high school she studied under A.S. Baron. She made her debut in Baku at the age of 9, performing fp. part in L. Beethoven's 1st Concerto (accompanied by the orc. under the direction of N.P. Anosov). The war of 1941–45 interrupted a short study with Igumnov at the Center. muses. school at Moscow. cons. Upon returning to Baku, she continued her studies. In 1946-51 she studied at Moscow. horse, in the class of K.N. Igumnov, after his death (1948) - with Ya.V. Flier, in 1951–54 - with him in graduate school. In 1949 she participated in the Intern. competition them. Chopin in Warsaw (shared 1st avenue with Cherni-Stefanska). She gave concerts a lot. From 1962 she taught php. in Moscow. horse. In D.'s repertoire - Ch. arr. manuf. Chopin and other romantics, also performs Beethoven's sonatas, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini by S.V. Rachmaninov and rarely performed fp. plays by C. Debussy. Her performance is distinguished by poetry, thin. tact, impeccable taste, artistry, romance, filigree finger technique, plasticity of phrasing. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1972). Since 1978 - in the USA. Teaches at the Juilliard Muses. school in New York.
DAVIDOVICH David Samoilovich (1907, Kholm - 1990, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1966). From 1921 a laborer, then a typesetter in Poltava. In 1924 he was sent to study at the Communist. un-t nat. minorities of the West (graduated in 1927). In 1927-36 in the apparatus of the Executive Committee of the Comintern and in underground work abroad. In 1936–37 - in the People's Commissariat of Defense. In 1937-53 - head. edited the history of Uchpedgiz, in 1941-47 he served in the Kyrgyz Republic. Army (in 1941–45 in the front-line press and in political work among the troops). In 1953–58 Art. teacher Mosk. extramural ped. in-that, simultaneously. in 1954–56 deputy. responsible sec. g. "New and Contemporary History". Since 1964 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial boards "New and Contemporary History" and "Yearbook of German. history ", chl. Sci. councils on the problem "History of international. labor movement "of the USSR Academy of Sciences, deputy. prev. Commission of historians of the USSR and the GDR, since 1979 Art. scientific. associate-consultant. Author of works on the history of Germany. fascism and anti-fascism. struggle, history of germ. and int. labor movement, history of international. relations of modern times (many works have been translated in German.) Works: The Rapallo Treaty and the Problem of Peaceful Coexistence. M., 1963; Internationalists in the battles for the power of the Soviets, M., 1965 (co-authored); Germ, history in modern and modern times, t.1-2, M., 1970 (in co-authorship); A book for reading on recent history, M., 1976 (3rd ed. - M., 1989) (in co-authorship); The history of fascism in Zap. Europe, M., 1978 (et al.); Hamburg on the barricades, M, 1983.
DAVIDOVICH Elena Abramovna (b. 1922, Krasnoyarsk), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1969). Graduated from East. Faculty of SAGU (1945). Teacher of SAGU (1946–52), Taj. GU (1966–72), scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences Taj. SSR, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1972). Member of several. Int. congresses. Main direction of research. - numismatics Wed. Asia and Bl. Vostoka. Cit .: History of the coinage Cf. Asia XVII-XVIII centuries, Dushanbe, 1964; Cash-in Wed. Asia after the Mongol conquest and the reform of Mas'ud-bek, M., 1972; Hoards of ancient and medieval coins of Tajikistan, M., 1979; The history of medieval money circulation Cf. Asia, M., 1983; Corpus of Sheibanid gold and silver coins. XVIIB., M., 1992.
DAVIDOVKA, see Davydovka.
DAVIDOVSKY Yakov Lvovich (1897, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1938, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). Member Communist. parties since 1917. He graduated from a 2-class real school (1909), worked as a forester. Member of the 1st world. war (private). In 1917 the commissar of the battery. In civil war commissar of the artillery battalion and artillery brigade. Since 1919, student of the Academy of Gen. headquarters (with breaks for service), graduated in 1922. In 1923-26 beginning. shooter headquarters. division, Kronstadt fortress, Baltic coastal defense. m. In 1926–28 sotr. Headquarters of the Red Army. In 1928-30 the beginning. weapons-tech. schools, in 1930–33 com. and the military commissar of the 81st rifleman. divisions, in 1933-34 beginning. military management. inventions of the Red Army. In 1934–36 pom. teams. troops of the Trans-Baikal group. Special Far East. army, deputy. teams, troops of the Trans-Baikal Military District. In 1936–37 com. and the military commissar of the 11th fur. housing. Repressed.
DAVIDSON Apollon Borisovich (b. 1929, Ermakovo, Taborinskaya vol., Ural region), historian, journalist, writer. Dr. East Sciences (1971), prof. (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1953). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Africa (1960–71), Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1971). At the same time. lecturer, since 1962 Assoc. Institute east. lang. at Moscow State University. Participant of the international and vseros. scientific. forums. The author of St. 100 publications on the history of the anti-colonial struggle, the formation of nat. self-awareness, formation and development of nat. independence and culture of a number of Afr. peoples. He took part in the creation. collective tr. on "The recent history of the countries of Asia and Africa", "The recent history of Africa" ​​(1968). Cit .: Matabele and Mashona in the fight against the English. colonization 1888–97, M., 1958; Apartheid policy in South Africa, in the book: Against racism, M., 1966; South Africa. The emergence of the forces of protest. 1870-1924 M., 1972; The image of a distant country, M., 1975 (et al.); Ethnonaz. factor in the life of developing countries of Asia and Africa, M., 1982; South Africa. Cecile Rode and his time, M., 1984, 1987.
DAVIDSON Yosef (1880, Warsaw - 1947), physician, society. activist. In 1913, together with S. Mendelssohn, he founded the Heb. gas. in Poland "Daily Review". In 1917 he published Our Courier, and in 1931 - Our World. In 1908 he founded the Association "Health", which fought against tuberculosis among Jews, and until 1932 was its chairman. In 1928–31 dep. Diet. From 1932 in E.-J., where he worked in the Immigration Department of Heb. Agency inspector honey. service. The author of the book “Heb. community "(1931), dedicated. Heb. communities in Poland.
DAVIDZON (real family. Moshovich) Israel (1870, Yanovo Grodno province - 1939, New York), philologist. Studied at yeshivas in Grodno and Slobodka. In 1888 he came to America and became a Hebrew teacher. In 1895 he graduated from City College in New York, and in 1902 received his doctorate from Colombia University for his work "Parodies in Hebrew. lit-re ". There was prof. in different high fur boots and teacher of the Talmud in New York theological. seminar, as well as lecturer Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. Author of a 4-volume collection. Heb. poetry, which included 35 thousand works by 2843 authors, as well as works about Saadiya and Gaon, Shlomo ibn Gabirol and other poets. He wrote in Yiddish, Hebrew, English, German. languages.
DAVITASHVILI Immanuel (1908, Akhaltsykh, Akhaltsykh district, Tiflis province - 1985, Kiryat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. He was the rabbi of Tiflis. In 1932 he was arrested for religious Zionist activities and spent six months in prison. In 1942–44 at the front, after being wounded he returned to Tbilisi. In 1953 he was arrested in connection with the "Doctors' Plot" and released after 8 months. After the Six Day War, at a meeting of Sov. rabbis refused to sign an anti-Israel statement. Since 1973 - in Israel.
DAVITASHVILI Mikhail (1914, Kutais - 1991, Tbilisi), journalist, writer, society, activist. From 1933 he worked in Telegram. agency, corr. gas. "Dawn of the East". Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1960–85 ed. rep. gas. “Soflis Tskhovreba” (“Sel. Life”), in 1985–88 ed. g. "Sakartvelos soflis meurneoba" ("Village of Georgia"). Dep. several convocations Top. Soviets of the Georgian SSR and the USSR. Author approx. 20 kn. Member of the anti-Zionist campaign of the 1970s.
DAVLEKANOVO, city (since 1942), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ufa province. In 1926, 211 Jews (2.6%) lived in D., in 1939 - 73 Jews. 20th century the Jewish religion was active in D. community. By 1915 a sanatorium for Jewish teachers had been opened.
DAVYDOV Boris Iosifovich (1908, Petersburg - 1963, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1924 he passed exams for a certificate of maturity. After graduating from Leningrad. polytechnic in-that worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (in 1930–32 and 1937–47). In 1932–37 at the Research Institute of Television. In 1947-52 the head. sector in Lab. N2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1952–63 the head. theoretical Department of the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. interests - theory of ionized gases and gas discharge, theory of semiconductors, general questions of statistical. physics and quantum theory, thermodynamic. properties of islands at high temp-pax and pressures, history of science. Created the theory of the motion of electrons in gases and semiconductors in a strong electric. and magn. fields, edges allowed to calculate the coefficient. diffusion and electrical conductivity of an electron gas in strong fields taking into account elastic collisions. Considered the concept of thermodynamic. irreversibility and justification of statistical. mechanics. Considered the problem of Brownian motion as the accuracy limit of physical. measurements. He had a great influence on the study of the physics of the Earth in the USSR. Author approx. 40 scientific. works. Prepared for Russian. publication of the works of L. Boltzmann, A. Epstein and M. Smolukhovsky.
DAVYDOVICH, see Davydovka.
DAVYDOVKA, a village in the Svetlogorsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. settlement Davydovichi (other name. Davidovka) in Rechitsa u. Minsk province. 168 people lived in D. in 1898. by 57 dec. land. In 1926, six Jewish families (29 people) left D. for the Crimea for a settlement. 1942 74 Jews were shot in D.
DAVYDOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Davidesti in the Kotsman eldership of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 48 Jews (3.9%) lived in D. in 1930. Jews settled in D. in the middle. 19th century They were engaged in agriculture and trade. There was a synagogue and a cheder in D. Between the two worlds. During the war, for some time a Jew was the deputy mayor. In July 1941, Jews of D. (16 people) were deported to Transnistria. When crossing the Dniester, in the Ataki region (modern Otaci), they were turned back. Romanian Jews passing through the bridge. the soldiers opened fire. Many drowned, the rest were sent back to Transnistria.
DAYNOV Zvi (known under the nickname Glusker Maggid) (1832, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1877, London), preacher. Imbued with the ideas of enlightenment, D. in his sermons stood up for the benefits of education, for the need to engage in productive work, and for reforming the upbringing of youth, which aroused the discontent of Orthodox Jewry. The conflict with the leaders of the Orthodox communities forced him to leave Russia. Since 1874 - in England. Preacher in Heb. community in London.
DAYTS Joseph Abramovich (1897, m. Genichesk, Melitopol u., Tavricheskaya province. - 1954, Kharkov), artist, graphic artist, illustrator book. In 1912 he studied at the drawing school in Vilna, in 1921-29 at the Kharkov art. in-those at I. Padalka, A. Marenkov. From 1926 he collaborated in Ukrainian. g. "Bezvirnik", "Zhovten", "Chervoni Kviti" and others. He worked in the technique of pencil drawing, etching, lithography. He taught at the Kharkov Art. in-those (1935-54). Main works: ill. to the book: E. Zozuli "Exodus" (1925), A. Kopylenko "The city is born" (1934), A. Barbusse "Fire" (1938), M. Brook "Mirele" (1939), H. K. Andersen Fairy Tales (1947); easel sheets - "Death of Taras Shevchenko" (1935), "On the night of May 9" (1945), ser. lithographs "The people in the war" (1942 46), posters "Their house was burned by a horde of enemies" and other works are in the State. Kiev Museum Ukrainian art, the Kharkov Museum will depict. art-va, Pushkin Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery.
DEBALTSEVO, city (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1878. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1920, 321 Jews lived in D., in 1923 - 326, in 1926 - 321 (2.4%), in 1939 - 455 Jews. 1942 in D., several were shot. dozens of Jews; the rest were shot in the anti-tank ditch approx. D.
DEBORIN (real family member Ioffe) Abram Moiseevich (1881, Upino, Kovno province - 1963, Moscow), social scientist. D.ch. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929, member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences in 1935–45). Metalworker, early into the roar. ideas. From 1903 p. s.-d. party, in 1907-17 a Menshevik. After Oct. Revolution supported the Bolsheviks, members. VKP (b) since 1928. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University (1908). From 1920 he was engaged in scientific-ed. and teach. activities. He worked in the Communist. un-those them. YM Sverdlov, Ying-those red professors, Ying-those K. Marx and F. Engels. Deer. Institute of Philosophy (1924–31). Since 1923, member. editorial board, in 1926–30 ed. ed. g. "Under the banner of Marxism" In 1931, by a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), he was accused of "Menshevit idealism" for underestimating the revolutionary. the revolution accomplished by Marxism in philosophy and the Leninist stage in the development of Marxism; removed from all posts. From 1935 he worked at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, wrote a number of tr. on the history of socialist-polit. teachings of modern times, the history of philosophy of Marxism. Cit .: Introduction to the philosophy of dialectical materialism, P., 1916; Ludwig Feuerbach. Personality and thinker M., 1923; Lenin as a thinker, M., 1926; Philosophy and Marxism. Sat. Art., M.-L., 1926; Dialectics and Natural Science, M.-L., 1928; Socio-political doctrines of new and modern times, vols. 1–2, M., 1958–1967; Philosophy and Politics, M., 1961.
DEDKOVICHI, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 276 Jews (10.9%) lived in D.
GRANDFATHER, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava province. Jews lived in D. from the 18th century. In the 19th century. main occupation - trade. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in D. Makhno's detachments.
DEGTYAR Motya Izrailevich (1909, Bird of Mozyr near Mogilev Province - 1939), prose writer. From his youth he worked with his father, a shoemaker. After graduating from building, the technical school worked in Minsk. He made his debut in literature in 1931, was a member. lit. mug at the club of builders. In a number of D.'s early stories, dedicated. friends by profession, portrayed the life and psychology of working youth. Author of four collection of stories and short stories: "Boer" ("Builders", 1936), "Trae vechter" ("Faithful guards", 1938), "Unzer Erd" ("Our Land", 1939) and "Breeder" ( "Brothers", 1940). In 1938, D. was drafted into the army. He died on the way to the front during the Soviet Finl. war.
DEGTYARKA, see Degtyarsk.
DEGTYARSK, city (since 1954) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Degtyarka of Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in D.
DEKSHNA, a village in Varenskiy district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland; in 1940–91, it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898, in Denmark, by 886 dess. lived 165 people. In the 1930s. in D. lived apprx. 200 Jews. The Jews of Denmark were engaged in gardening, beekeeping, and animal husbandry. In the beginning. 1900s aid to the Jews of D. was provided by the EKO. In the 1930s. there was a rehabilitator in D. center for mental sick. There was a synagogue in D. Shokhet acted as a melamed. Rabbi Valkininkaya performed the functions of rabbi D. The Jews of D. were shot by the Lithuanian police together with the Jews of the surrounding towns in Sept. 1941.
DECTER Aaron (b. 1913, Odessa), society. activist. In the USA since 1920; BA. He studied at Yeshiva University (New York) (from 1933; Master of Hebrew Literature) and in American Heb. theological. Seminary (1937; received his Ph.D. from Dropsy College). He continued his studies at Harvard University, Heb. un-ones, at the Sorbonne (Paris). Prev will fulfill, to-that Heb. nat. Foundation in Philadelphia (1938-43). He served in the American Army in Europe (1943–46). D. - an activist of the "Gagana" movement during the 2nd world. wars; made after the war 14 visits to the camps of settlers and to Israel on behalf of Heb. agency, Rehabilitation Zionist Labor Committee, "Joint". D. - cases. Worldwide Zionist Congr. (1939), official observer, member. Anglo-American Commission (1946) and Special. UN Commission on Palestine in Jerusalem (1947).
DECTOR Felix Adolfovich (b. 1930, Minsk), writer, translator, publisher. Rod. in a family of political emigrants from Lithuania. In 1933, the parents moved to Vitebsk, where they were repressed. Together with his mother he went to prison, and then was sent to one of the orphanages for the children of political prisoners in Ukraine, from where his mother took him after his release (1938). He studied at the Vilnius city state and secondary school in 1945–49. In 1947 he appeared in court for a fight with a street anti-Semite. I tried unsuccessfully to enter the Moscow State University and one of the Minsk institutes; worked as a weight foreman, clerk. In 1955 he graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Vilnius University. In 1951 he was removed from the Komsomol course bureau with a severe reprimand “for manifesting Hebrew. bourgeois. nationalism ". In 1955–56 he worked in gas. Then he entered Lit. in-t them. M.M. Gorky, where he attended L.A. Ozerov's seminar. In 1956, he received a new reprimand for a fight with another anti-Semite and applied to quit the Komsomol. In 1961-63 he worked as Art. ed. publishing house “Det. liter ". From ser. 50s per. poetry and prose of the Lithuanians. writers (A. Belyauskas, J. Martsinkevicius, J. Pozhera and others). Naib. fame brought him lane. Lithuanian Jewish writers M. Slutskis and especially I. Meras. Rus. per. rum. Merasa, passed from hand to hand in typewritten form, was one of the earliest forms of Hebrew. samizdat. In 1975, D. was expelled from the USSR JV for creating. and no. samizdat, f. Heb. culture "Tarbut" (restored in 1992). Under pressure from the KGB, he was forced to leave the USSR. Since 1976 in Israel. He founded the publishing house "Tarbut" in Jerusalem. He was the initiator and ch. ed. a number of periodic. ed. ("People and Land", "Israel Today"). Since 1990 ed. (jointly with R.Spektor) alm. Heb. culture "Kovcheg" Moscow.
DELSON (real family. Idelson) Viktor Yulievich (1909, Petersburg - 1970, Moscow), musicologist, musician. critic. In 1924 he took lessons from php. games, in 1926–28 at VV Sofronitsky, then at LV Nikolaev in Leningrad. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. conc. with a degree in history and theory of music. His teachers were L.N. Oborin (php.), V.E. Ferman (history of music), G.M. Kogan (history and theory of pianism). Since 1934 he published music-critical. articles in decomp. g. (under the pseud. D. Viktorov, V. Del). He was repressed, in 1938–56 he was in prisons, camps and exile. He resumed his creative activity in 1957. The main theme of D.'s work is questions of php. performing arts (gl. arr. A. N. Skryabin, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, the largest Soviet pianists). The author of the book. (all published in Moscow): "E. Gilels", "V. Sofronitsky" (both 1959), "S. Richter", "Fp. S. Prokofiev's concerts "," FP. Scriabin's sonatas "(all three - 1961)," G. Neuhaus "(1966)," Scriabin "(1971)," Fp. creativity DD Shostakovich "(1971)," Php. creativity and pianism of Prokofiev "(1973) and others.
DELONE (nee Terk) Sonya (1885, Gradizhsk, Kremenchug district, Poltava province - 1979, Paris), painter, theater designer, graphic artist. She was brought up in St. Petersburg. From 1906 she studied painting in Paris. In 1910 she married a French. thin R. Delone, together with whom she became one of the founders of abstract art. Together with her husband, she developed a system of abstract compositions based on the contrasts of color and light (so-called simultanism). Franz. the poet G. Apollinaire called this trend "Orphism", meaning the transformation of the world by the new Orpheus, the creator of structures not borrowed from reality. D. - the author of large-format compositions ("Rhythms of Colors"), imbued with light and optimistic. theater sound, scenery (including for the Russian bal. troupe of S.P. Diaghilev), lithographs. She had a great influence on the development of decorative and applied art both by the principles of decorativeness developed by Orphism, and by her designs of fabrics, models of clothing, etc. D.'s works are kept in the largest museums of the present. claims of the USA, France, Russia and other countries.
BUSINESS, a village in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, 89 Jews (18.5%) lived in D., in 1920 - approx. 120 Jews. In 1720 there were 4 Jewish houses in Denmark (out of 60). Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade; they owned 3 trade shops, a tavern. After construction in the 1870s. In D. in a glass factory, Jews began to export its products to Rakhiv and Ungvar (present-day Uzhgorod). The Jewish population of D. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Liviu Semenovich DELIANU (real name and surname Lipa Samuilovich Kligman) (1911, Iasi, Romania - 1967, Chisinau), poet, playwright. He studied in the city, then moved to Bucharest, where he worked as a lithographer and proofreader in a printing house. Lit. labor (in Romanian, lang.) began to engage in adolescence. At the age of 15 he edited J. "Prospect" and "Lit. showcase ". D.'s early poetry, in particular Sat. poems "Magic Mirrors" (1927), written under the influence of modernist literature. Next Sat. "Beating Clock" (1937) appears civil. motives. Before the war. years D. wrote romances, including the famous "Sleigh with bells", whose words have long been considered folk. In 1940, D. moved to Chisinau, joined in lit. a life. During the war years 1941–45 he lived in Moscow. The theme of his poems of this period and the first. post-war. years preim. military-patriotic, anti-fascist. In 1950, a lyric-epic was created. the poem "Krasnodon". Dram. poem "Magic Mace", the cut is based on the motives of mold. folklore was successfully staged on stage. 1950-60 - the flowering of the poet's creativity: were published. collection "New Times" (1952) and "Poems and Poems" (1954). On Sat. "Selected Poems" (1958) collected all the best that was created by the poet for 30 years of creativity. D. is known as the author of the book. for children: Poems for Children (1947), Firefly (1961), and others. D. belong to the lane. from rus. lang. fables by I.A.Krylov, fairy tales and poems by A.S. Pushkin, poems by N.A.Nekrasov, poems by M.Yu. Lermontov, A.T. Tvardovsky, etc. In many ways contributed to the improvement of literature. mold. lang. In 1976 in Chisinau, a two-volume op. D.
DELYATICHI, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 461 Jews (32.0%) lived in D., in 1921 there were 104 Jews. In 1865, D. had a synagogue. In the 1st floor. 19th century Eliyahu Delyatich was the rabbi in D., from 1903 - Chaim-Zelig Polyak (1883–?), from 1905 - Meir Abovich (1876–?). In 1905 immigrants from Denmark created a community in the United States, and the Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1942.
DELYATIN (until 1989 - Delyatino), an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nadvornyansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 87 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1880 - 1577 (35%), in 1890 - 2096 (40.3%), in 1900 - 2397 ( 39.8%), in 1910 - 2997 (38.1%), in 1921 - 1576 Jews (26.4%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 18th century. Main occupations - crafts and trade. Rabbis of D. in the 19th century there were Naftoli-Hertz Teumim, Naftoli Erlich, Azriel Landau, in the 1910s. - Jacob Hurwitz. In 1895-1910 there was a Jewish school. A Hebrew school was opened in 1920. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On July 1, 1941, D. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created. 16 oct. 1941 1950 people were shot in D. Of the remaining 250, most were sent to the Stanislav ghetto (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk). Several remained in D. dozens of Jews who were held in a labor camp and deported to Stanislav at the beginning. 1943.
DELYATINO, see Delyatin.
DEMBLIN, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Ivangorod Novoaleksandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1891-96, Jacob Orner (1867 -?) Was the rabbi in D. In January. 1942 3943 Jews lived in D. 1942 - 4060 Jews. May 6, 1942 approx. 2,500 Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp; 1200 Jews remained in the city. On May 15, 1942, 2,042 Jews from Slovakia were deported to D. and, later, Jews from the surrounding area. points; as a result, the number of Jews on May 15, 1942 was 5800 people. May 15, 1942 b. h. Jews were deported to Treblinka. In D., there remained two Jewish workers' camps, which were liquidated in 1943–44 by transferring Jews to other camps.
DEMBO Alexander Grigorievich (1908, Petersburg - 1995), therapist, specialist in the region. sports medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1954), prof. Son of G.I.Dembo In 1929 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. respiratory failure, heart disease, kidney disease in athletes. Contributed to the study of internal pathology. organs during irrational sports activities, developed a classification of the causes of morbidity and sudden deaths in sports. During the 1941–45 war, Ch. therapist of the 42nd Army of Leningrad Fr. and the front-line evacuation point of the 2nd Ukr.Fr.Soch. Insufficiency of the function of external respiration L.–M., 1957; Diseases and injuries during sports, L., 1970, 1984, 1991; Medical control in sports, M., 1988; Sports, cardiology, L., 1989.
DEMBO Grigory Isaakovich (1872, Balta, Podolsk province - 1939, Leningrad), doctor-hygienist. After finishing with silver. medal of St. Petersburg. zii entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, to-ry graduated in 1896 with honors. He worked in Moscow. zemstvo, from 1898 in St. Petersburg, where from 1902 for 20 years he worked a dignity. a doctor. In 1902 he defended his doctoral dissertation. on the topic "On the issue of complications during preventive smallpox vaccination." Actively sotr. with the Society of Health of Jews. In 1917, before. Vseros. about-va doctors of the army and navy, then - hands. Petrogr. the union of doctors and the medical section Medsantruda. Since 1922 head. dignity-epidemiological. dep. People's Commissariat for Health of the Turkestan ASSR. From 1926 until the end of his life he taught at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (since 1928 - prof., head of the department of social hygiene). He did a great job in public health. orgs - in commissions for the study of alcoholism, for the fight against tubercles, with child mortality. In 1897-1905 he was in charge of honey. gas department. "Novosti", then for 13 years edited "Medical newspaper", in 1925–38 - "Leningrad Medical Journal". Cit .: Alcoholism and the fight against it, Kiev, 1900; Sanitary and medical care in the Tudkrespublik and a plan for its development, Tashkent, 1924.
DEMBO Isaak Alexandrovich (1848, Kovno - 1906, St. Petersburg), doctor and society. activist. Graduated from Medical-Surgical. Academy in St. Petersburg (1870). Volunteered as a military doctor during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78. From 1881 to 1883 he improved in the clinics of Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Naib. Izv. D.'s work in defense of Heb. ritual of slaughtering cattle from accusations of cruelty to animals. When discussing this issue at the Congress Ros. Society of patronage of animals (1891) D. insisted on carrying out a number of experiments in the slaughterhouse and in the lab. I.P. Pavlova, proving that other methods of slaughtering animals do not reduce their torment. For a commission created to find the most humane method of slaughter, D. carried out a number of studies. (in the slaughterhouse, in the lab.), who proved him right. Later D. issl. decomp. methods of slaughter and from the point of view of nutrition, working abroad (at E. Dubois-Reymond, G. Munch, E. Hoppe-Seiler) and at various slaughterhouses in Europe. D. also took an active part in the affairs of St. Petersburg. Heb. community (was the headman during the construction of the new synagogue).
DEMBOVA BUDA, see Azuolu-Buda.
DEMBROVO, see Dambrova.
DEMENE, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - estate of Demmen Illukskogo u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In the summer of 1941, 6 Jews were killed in D.
DEMENTIEVKA, see Dominten.
DEMIDCHIK Vladimir Pavlovich (1930, Borisov, Minsk region - 1987, Dushanbe), orientalist, linguist and literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1981), prof. (1982). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1954). Teacher of History and Philology. f-ta Taj. state university (1954–58), head. department (1970–87). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences Taj. SSR (1958 70). Participant pl. int. Congr. and conf. Main direction of research: Arab. yaz-knowledge and literary knowledge). Vol .: Book. for reading on modern. Arab. language, Dushanbe, 1965; Sudanese poetry of the XX century, Dushanbe, 1972; "Geography" or "Monuments of antiquity and legends about people" Zakariya al-Kazvini, Dushanbe, 1977; Arab. literature of the Mamluk period: the genre of mirabilia, Dushanbe, 1982.
DEMIDOV (until 1918 - Porechye), a city, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. In the beginning. 18th century - a palace village, from 1776 - a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then - a province. In 1910, 423 Jews lived in D., in 1924 - 383 (6.7%), in 1926 - 416 (6.5%), in 1939 - 206 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in D.
DEMIDOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 there were 377 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 679 (100%), in 1921 - 592, in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. occupation of Jews D. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was David Alperson, who died during the Holocaust. Herm. troops occupied D. on June 22, 1941. A Judenrat was created, headed by Eliyahu Titelboim. In the end. 1941 ghetto is created. With the destruction of the ghetto in October. 1942 Jews in D. were shot. After liberation in March 1944, approx. 30 Jews in D. A. Lutsky.
DEMIEVKA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. 4919 Jews (46.6%) lived in Denmark in 1897, and 6751 Jews (31.4%) in 1910. Zuckerman was the rabbi in D. In the end. 19th century Jews owned a soap-making plant and an azure factory. 20 oct. 1905 there was a pogrom in D., there were wounded. In the 1910s. in D. there were 3 synagogues, a school with teaching in Hebrew, a care for the poor children of Jews, a philanthropist. Society "Gmilus Hesed". Aug 31. 1919 Jews in Denmark were pogromous.
DEMIN Anatoly Sergeevich (b. 1935, Baku), literary critic, specialist in other Russian. lit-re. Graduated from Baku University (1957). Dr. philol. Sciences (1977). Prof. (1989). Responsible ed. the collective monograph “Hermeneutics of Dr.-Rus. literature ”(1989, collection 1-2). Author of books: “Rus. liter second floor. XVII - early. XVIII century: New art. ideas about the world, nature, man ", 1977; “Writer and Society in Russia, XVI-XVII centuries. Public sentiment ", 1985.
DEMMEN, see Demene.
DEMOVKA, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. 19th century there was a Jewish population in D. In 1838 Jews were expelled from D. in acc. with a decree on the eviction of Jews from villages. localities.
DEMYANSK, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1441. From 1824 - a county town of Novgorod province. Since 1927 - a rural settlement. In 1897 23 Jews (1.3%) lived in D., 42 in the county (without D.), in 1910 in D. - 75 (3.7%), in 1926 - 20 Jews (0.8%.) In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in D.
DEPRIRADOVSKOE, see Proletarsk.
DRAIN, see DRAZNOE.
DERAZHNOE, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Derazhno Rovensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 239 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 352, 1865 - 360, in 1897 - 770 (51.4%). in 1921 - 592 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 17th century. In 1648 the Jewish community suffered greatly from the Khmelnytsky region; 12 Jewish houses remained intact. In tech. 18th century the number of Jews in D. increased. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In 1932 a school of the Tarbut network was opened in D., in the 1930s. a Jewish library worked. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied D. on June 28, 1941, the Judenrat was created, in October. 1941 - a ghetto, in which Jews from the surrounding villages were gathered. When the ghetto was liquidated on 22 Aug. 1942 all Jews were exterminated.
DERAZHNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1469. From 1538 - in the Barsky eldership as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Letichevsky district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Letichevsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 it has been a regional center, since 1931 it has been the center of the Jewish Council. In 1765, there were 310 Jews living in D., in 1784 - 316, in 1889 - approx. 1900 (60%), in 1897 - 3333 (68%), in 1902 - 5400, in 1910 - 3533 (72.3%), in 1923 - 3058 (86%), in 1926 - 3735 (92%), in 1939 - 2651 Jews (40%) In the 1st half. 17th century in D. there was a Karaite community, destroyed by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky (several families who survived fled to Bar). In 1734 the Jewish community suffered from an attack by the Haidamaks. In 1757, the authorities confiscated the books of the Talmud in D. and other townships of the region, which were burned on the square in Kamenets. In the 1810s and 30s. the Jews of D. supported the detachments of U. Ya. Karmalyuk (after the defeat of the insurgent movement, many Jews were convicted of “connivance,” and a fine was imposed on the community). Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - trade and crafts (the Jews rented a cloth manufactory, beer, sugar, distillery, brick and other smelters, they owned 38 shops). In the 1860s. Rabbi D. was Gersh Meerovich; there were 2 synagogues, at the end. 19th century - 5 synagogues. In the beginning. 20th century in D. existed St. 10 synagogues, several. heders, 3 private Jewish schools, a Jewish reading room. Jews D. led kr. wholesale trade, ch. arr. s.-kh. products, they owned approx. 30 manufactory stores, 3 wholesalers, 3 wholesale stores, 2 timber warehouses, several. dozens of small shops and shops. In 1903, a private Jewish school for girls R. Tabachnik was opened, in 1905 - D. Rabinstein's library (out of 140 readers, 40 spoke Hebrew), in 1908 - the Jewish printing house of I. Ashkenazi, in 1910 there was an exemplary heder for boys and girls. The Zionist circle (leaders Yampolsky and Shapiro) united Ch. arr. student youth. 1917, a pogrom broke out in Denmark, organized by units of the Russian. army. June 7 and 17, 1919, Nov 17-18 In 1920, pogroms were carried out by the troops of the Directory in D. In 1926, the Jews of Denmark included 294 artisans, 178 workers, and 30 farm laborers. In the same year, a branch of OZET was created. In 1929, Jewish handicraftsmen united in a furniture and shoe artel, in the artel "New Life" (for the production of bricks). In 1930, a collective farm named after V.I. Leuter. 11 July 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops; a ghetto was created (liquidated in Sept.-Oct. 1942). On Sept. 1941 in D., approx. 1,500 Jews, in Sept. 1941 - early. 1942 - c. 1500 people (in September 1970 a memorial was opened at the site of the tragedy). After the liberation (1944), St. 100 Jewish families, illegal in 1948. minyan. In the 1960s. in the common cemetery, a plot has been allocated for the burial of Jews. The building of the former has been preserved. Jewish school, in the old Jewish cemetery - carved tombstones of the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1998, several people lived in D. Jewish families. In D. genus: S.D. Aratsovich; Isaak Yakovlevich Lerner (b. 1917), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences (1971), prof. (1990), acad. RAO (1992); Isroel-Zeev Frishberg (1874-1955, New York), publicist, author of books in Hebrew and Yiddish, from 1904 - in the USA. I.B. Kreisman
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДЕРБЕНТ, город, районный центр в Республике Дагестан (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 438 как крепость. В 630-х гг. Д. захватили хазары, в сер. 7 в. Д. был включен в Арабский халифат. В 10 в., с распадом Арабского халифата, Д. стал центром независимого эмирата. В 1071 был захвачен турками-сельджуками, в 13 в. — монголами. В 16 — нач. 18 в. — в составе Персии. В 1722 присоединен к России в результате Персидского похода Петра I. В 1735 по Гянджинскому договору Д. вновь отошел к Персии, с 1743 — центр Дербентского ханства. В 1796 Д. был занят рус. войсками, в 1813 по Гюлистанскому договору окончательно присоединен к Рос. империи. С 1840 — уездный город Кайтаго-Табасаранского окр., с 1846 — губернский город, с 1860 — центр Дагестанской обл., с 1866 — уездный город Дагестанской обл.В 1795 в Д. проживал 461 еврей, в 1810 — 166, в 1825 — 89, в 1830 — 455 (87 дымов), в 1835 — 472, в 1852 — 861, в 1857 — 864, в 1860 — 988, в 1866 — 1030, в 1869 — 1144, в 1882 — 1607, в 1890 — 1671 (220 дымов), в 1897 — 2190, в 1900 — 2100, в 1910 — 4012 (30,8%), в 1926 — 6745, в 1939 — 7604, в 1959 — 12 700, в 1970 — 14 600, в 1979 — 12 900, в 1989 — 12 700 евреев.По преданиям, дербентские евреи — потомки изгнанников из Иерусалима после разрушения Первого Храма. В эпоху Хазарского каганата в Д. существовала еврейская община. Голландский монах В.Рубруквис в 13 в. писал, что вся местность вокруг Д. густо заселена евреями. Из описаний путешественников 17 в. следует, что местные евреи считали себя принадлежащими к колену Вениамина. Дальнейшие сведения о евреях Д. датируются лишь 1797 (по др. данным, 1799), когда евреи Абасовы после погрома переселились в Д.Массовое заселение Д. евреями началось в 1791 после предоставления им статуса постоянных жителей. В 1792 бр. Ханукаевыми была построена большая синагога «Тек-Заде». Евреи, переселившиеся в Д. из Абасовы, занимались разведением марены. В Д. имелось еврейское кладбище, старейшее захоронение на к-ром относится к 1804. В нач. 19 в. был застроен еврейский квартал, получивший назв. Еврейской слободы.С нач. 19 в. Д. становится культурным и духовным центром евреев Дагестана. В 1835—45 гл. раввином Дагестана был Элиягу бен Мушаэль (1781—1848) — учредитель восточно-кавказского раввината, располагавшегося в Д. В 1845—68 раввином Д. был Ицхак бен Яаков (1795—1877), в 1868—1907 — его сын Яаков Ицхаки (1848—1917, Беер-Яаков, Э.-И.), затем Элиягу Анохи и до 1918 — Яшая Рабинович. В 1860-х гг. в Д. имелось 3 синагоги; шохетом состоял еврей из Астрахани. В эти годы в Д. стали селиться ашкеназы, имевшие право жить вне черты оседлости. В 1886 евреи Д. владели 2 мануфактурными и 17 бакалейными лавками, у 220 евреев имелись собств. сакли, 160 садов, 5 дес. пашни, 120 дес. покосов, 25 голов кр. рогатого скота, 30 лошадей. В 1894 в Д. было 5 синагог, в 1900 одна из синагог была ашкеназийской. В 1900 Меир Ицхаки организовал сионистский кружок «Бней Цион». Его брат Нафтоли основал синагогу «Шаарей Цион» с целью ведения сионистской пропаганды и привлечения средств для покупки в Э.-И. земель для горских евреев. В 1904 Я.Рабиновичем (1867—?) было открыто Горско-еврейское уч-ще. В 1904—19 работал еврейский т-р под рук. Я.Рабиновича. В 1914 имелись еврейские школы, реальное уч-ще, в 1916 — 6 синагог. 15 июня 1917 в Д. состоялся Всекавказский съезд горских евреев. В том же году было создано отд-ние «Цеирей Цион».Во время антиеврейских выступлений зимой 1917/18 в Д. были созданы отряды самообороны, контролировавшие еврейскую часть города. В авг. 1918 в Д. вошла армия Л.Ф.Бичерахова, в окт. 1918 — тур. войска. Их вторжение сопровождалось грабежами и убийством евреев. В годы Гражд. войны в Д. переселились мн. евреи из окрестных сел.В 1921 Н.-Ш.Сосонкин основал и возглавил в Д. хедер для горских евреев. В 1928 любавичский хасид Симха Городецкий (1903—1984) организовал талмуд-тору для 360 чел. В 1930 в окрестностях Д. был создан еврейский колхоз им. Смидовича. В 1933 вокруг Д. было ок. 20 еврейских колхозов.В 1935 в Д. действовали 2 неполные средние еврейские школы, еврейское отд-ние пед. техникума, еврейское отд-ние коврового техникума, еврейские клубы, ликбезы, красные уголки. В 1928—41 издавалась газ. «Захметкеш» («Труженик») на яз. горских евреев. В 1930-х гг. раввином Д. был сын Яакова Ицхаки Меир Ицхаки (1867—?).В 1946 было отклонено ходатайство горских евреев об открытии синагоги, поскольку в Д. существовала Большая синагога с раввином Илиягу Завалуновичем Дадашевым (1875—?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 80—100 чел., по субботам — 400—500, в праздники — до 2,5 тыс. чел. В кон. 1950-х гг. ок. 40% евреев Д. работали в колхозах в окрестностях города. В 1964—70 раввином Д. был Израиль Моисеевич Бронфман (1915—1988).В 1991 в Д. был открыт еврейский дет. сад. В 1990-х гг. действовали воскресная школа, 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище. С 1994 раввин Д. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Аврагам Равиилович Ильягуев (р. 1975).В 2000 в Д. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В Д. род.: Ш.С.Абрамов, Е.Мататов, А.М.Файнгар, А.Хамадан, А.А.Ханукаев; Джумшуд Шаваньевич Ашуров (1913—1980), композитор; Миши Бахшиев (1910—1972), писатель, писал на яз. горских евреев; Меновах Дадашев (1912—1943, фронт), поэт, писал на яз. горских евреев; Юрий Данилович Мататов (р. 1961), многокр. чемп. России по автомодельному спорту; Юно Семенов (1899—1961), писатель, один из основателей лит-ры на яз. горских евреев; Илья Ханукаевич Урилов, историк, предприниматель, д-р ист. наук, автор работ по истории меньшевизма.Е.С.Мосолова, pronunciation=ДЕРБЕНТ, город, районный центр в Республике Дагестан (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 438 как крепость. В 630-х гг. Д. захватили хазары, в сер. 7 в. Д. был включен в Арабский халифат. В 10 в., с распадом Арабского халифата, Д. стал центром независимого эмирата. В 1071 был захвачен турками-сельджуками, в 13 в. — монголами. В 16 — нач. 18 в. — в составе Персии. В 1722 присоединен к России в результате Персидского похода Петра I. В 1735 по Гянджинскому договору Д. вновь отошел к Персии, с 1743 — центр Дербентского ханства. В 1796 Д. был занят рус. войсками, в 1813 по Гюлистанскому договору окончательно присоединен к Рос. империи. С 1840 — уездный город Кайтаго-Табасаранского окр., с 1846 — губернский город, с 1860 — центр Дагестанской обл., с 1866 — уездный город Дагестанской обл.В 1795 в Д. проживал 461 еврей, в 1810 — 166, в 1825 — 89, в 1830 — 455 (87 дымов), в 1835 — 472, в 1852 — 861, в 1857 — 864, в 1860 — 988, в 1866 — 1030, в 1869 — 1144, в 1882 — 1607, в 1890 — 1671 (220 дымов), в 1897 — 2190, в 1900 — 2100, в 1910 — 4012 (30,8%), в 1926 — 6745, в 1939 — 7604, в 1959 — 12 700, в 1970 — 14 600, в 1979 — 12 900, в 1989 — 12 700 евреев.По преданиям, дербентские евреи — потомки изгнанников из Иерусалима после разрушения Первого Храма. В эпоху Хазарского каганата в Д. существовала еврейская община. Голландский монах В.Рубруквис в 13 в. писал, что вся местность вокруг Д. густо заселена евреями. Из описаний путешественников 17 в. следует, что местные евреи считали себя принадлежащими к колену Вениамина. Дальнейшие сведения о евреях Д. датируются лишь 1797 (по др. данным, 1799), когда евреи Абасовы после погрома переселились в Д.Массовое заселение Д. евреями началось в 1791 после предоставления им статуса постоянных жителей. В 1792 бр. Ханукаевыми была построена большая синагога «Тек-Заде». Евреи, переселившиеся в Д. из Абасовы, занимались разведением марены. В Д. имелось еврейское кладбище, старейшее захоронение на к-ром относится к 1804. В нач. 19 в. был застроен еврейский квартал, получивший назв. Еврейской слободы.С нач. 19 в. Д. становится культурным и духовным центром евреев Дагестана. В 1835—45 гл. раввином Дагестана был Элиягу бен Мушаэль (1781—1848) — учредитель восточно-кавказского раввината, располагавшегося в Д. В 1845—68 раввином Д. был Ицхак бен Яаков (1795—1877), в 1868—1907 — его сын Яаков Ицхаки (1848—1917, Беер-Яаков, Э.-И.), затем Элиягу Анохи и до 1918 — Яшая Рабинович. В 1860-х гг. в Д. имелось 3 синагоги; шохетом состоял еврей из Астрахани. В эти годы в Д. стали селиться ашкеназы, имевшие право жить вне черты оседлости. В 1886 евреи Д. владели 2 мануфактурными и 17 бакалейными лавками, у 220 евреев имелись собств. сакли, 160 садов, 5 дес. пашни, 120 дес. покосов, 25 голов кр. рогатого скота, 30 лошадей. В 1894 в Д. было 5 синагог, в 1900 одна из синагог была ашкеназийской. В 1900 Меир Ицхаки организовал сионистский кружок «Бней Цион». Его брат Нафтоли основал синагогу «Шаарей Цион» с целью ведения сионистской пропаганды и привлечения средств для покупки в Э.-И. земель для горских евреев. В 1904 Я.Рабиновичем (1867—?) было открыто Горско-еврейское уч-ще. В 1904—19 работал еврейский т-р под рук. Я.Рабиновича. В 1914 имелись еврейские школы, реальное уч-ще, в 1916 — 6 синагог. 15 июня 1917 в Д. состоялся Всекавказский съезд горских евреев. В том же году было создано отд-ние «Цеирей Цион».Во время антиеврейских выступлений зимой 1917/18 в Д. были созданы отряды самообороны, контролировавшие еврейскую часть города. В авг. 1918 в Д. вошла армия Л.Ф.Бичерахова, в окт. 1918 — тур. войска. Их вторжение сопровождалось грабежами и убийством евреев. В годы Гражд. войны в Д. переселились мн. евреи из окрестных сел.В 1921 Н.-Ш.Сосонкин основал и возглавил в Д. хедер для горских евреев. В 1928 любавичский хасид Симха Городецкий (1903—1984) организовал талмуд-тору для 360 чел. В 1930 в окрестностях Д. был создан еврейский колхоз им. Смидовича. В 1933 вокруг Д. было ок. 20 еврейских колхозов.В 1935 в Д. действовали 2 неполные средние еврейские школы, еврейское отд-ние пед. техникума, еврейское отд-ние коврового техникума, еврейские клубы, ликбезы, красные уголки. В 1928—41 издавалась газ. «Захметкеш» («Труженик») на яз. горских евреев. В 1930-х гг. раввином Д. был сын Яакова Ицхаки Меир Ицхаки (1867—?).В 1946 было отклонено ходатайство горских евреев об открытии синагоги, поскольку в Д. существовала Большая синагога с раввином Илиягу Завалуновичем Дадашевым (1875—?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 80—100 чел., по субботам — 400—500, в праздники — до 2,5 тыс. чел. В кон. 1950-х гг. ок. 40% евреев Д. работали в колхозах в окрестностях города. В 1964—70 раввином Д. был Израиль Моисеевич Бронфман (1915—1988).В 1991 в Д. был открыт еврейский дет. сад. В 1990-х гг. действовали воскресная школа, 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище. С 1994 раввин Д. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Аврагам Равиилович Ильягуев (р. 1975).В 2000 в Д. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В Д. род.: Ш.С.Абрамов, Е.Мататов, А.М.Файнгар, А.Хамадан, А.А.Ханукаев; Джумшуд Шаваньевич Ашуров (1913—1980), композитор; Миши Бахшиев (1910—1972), писатель, писал на яз. горских евреев; Меновах Дадашев (1912—1943, фронт), поэт, писал на яз. горских евреев; Юрий Данилович Мататов (р. 1961), многокр. чемп. России по автомодельному спорту; Юно Семенов (1899—1961), писатель, один из основателей лит-ры на яз. горских евреев; Илья Ханукаевич Урилов, историк, предприниматель, д-р ист. наук, автор работ по истории меньшевизма.Е.С.Мосолова, extra_data="{'translat...")
DEREBCHIN, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1942–44, a camp was set up in D. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 307 Jews in the camp. On March 9, 1944, 11 Jews were shot.
DERECHIN, a village in the Zelva district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1766, 404 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 542, in 1878 - 1725 (76%), in 1897 - 1887 (70 , 9%), in 1921 - 1346 Jews. The first information about the Jews of Denmark dates back to 1619. the Jews of D. were tenants. Stone building ch. synagogue was built presumably in the last. Thursday 18th century In 1865 there were 4 synagogues. In 1853-61 E.-H. Maisel was the rabbi in D., the head of the rabbinical court in the beginning. 20th century - Shmuel-Aron Plotkin. In 1912, there was a savings and loan facility in D. m-in. In 1915 there was a private Jewish one-class school. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In apr. 1942 150 Jews were shot. On July 24, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated; during the liquidation, approx. 3 thousand Jews. In the district of D., there were partisans. detachment under com. Ihezkiel Atlas. Born in D.: Haim Rabinovich (1883-1972, Israel), publicist, wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, since 1950 - in Israel; Natan Evnovich Shapiro-Daykhovsky (1901-1938), an employee of the special services, art. Major of State Security (1937), "Honorary Worker of the Cheka - GPU" (1922, 1932), awards. 3 orders; Shloyme Yudson (1878—?), Writer, publicist, wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, from 1898 - in the USA, in 1920-51 ed. weekly "Der American", translated f. V. Goethe.
DEERENEU (until 1990 - Derenev), a village in Calarasi district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 110 Jews lived in Denmark. June 1941 b. including the Jews of D. was evacuated, those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
DERENEV, see Dereneu.
DEERENKOVETS, see Shom.
VILLAGE, see Wood.
WOODEN, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Derevna Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 350 Jews (41.1%) lived in Denmark, in 1921 - 288, in 1931 - 228 Jews. Since 1886, rabbi. in D. was Shneur-Feivish Golub (1855 -?). In 1942 in D. several were shot. Jews.
DERGACHEVA Maria Abramovna (b. 1950, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region), architect-restorer. In 1979 she graduated from the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. Monument restoration specialist mosk. classicism. Ch. project architect of the Mosproekt-2 institute. Main works: restoration of Shuvalova's house on st. Povarskoy, XIX century. (1988), Golitsynskaya b-tsy on B. Kaluzhskaya st., End. XVIII - early. XIX centuries. (1990), Petrovsky Passage, XIX century. (1991), the house of Muravyova-Apostol, 18th century. (Museum of the Decembrists, 1992, 1st Ave. at the competition "The best building of the year").
DERGACHI, city (since 1977), regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1926, 78 Jews lived in the Dergachevsky district, in 1939 in D. - 83 Jews. 1941 in D. several were shot. Jews. D. genus. B.S. Yastremsky.
DERMAN Abram Borisovich (Berkovich) (1880, Lisichansk, Bakhmutsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1952, Moscow), lit. critic, literary critic, prose writer, publicist. From a family of merchants. He graduated from the mining school in Gorlovka. He worked as a foreman in mines. He listened to lectures by M.M. Kovalevsky at the Higher. school of societies, sciences in Paris. Studied at Moscow. commercial institute, in 1916 he graduated from an external lawyer. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In his youth he was fond of Tolstoyism. Experienced the influence of VG Korolenko, to whom he came in 1902 with a question "about the meaning of life." Until 1907 he lived in Poltava, worked in gas. "Poltava", became close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1907-14 for the distribution of polit. brochures was under special police supervision, then expelled from the Poltava province. In the cycle "Fleeting Visions" ("Russian Thought", 1907, No. 8) publ. essay about the upcoming Heb. pogrom. How lit. critic and publicist considered himself a follower of N.K. Mikhailovsky, was published in Zh. "Testaments", "Russian wealth", "Russian thought", "Russian notes", "Bulletin of Europe", in gas. "Russkiye vedomosti", "Rech" and others. He wrote about B.K.Zaitsev, A.N. Tolst, I.S.Shmelev, S.N.Sergeev-Tsensky, K.A. Trenev, I.A. Bunin ... After graduating from civil. war settled in Poltava in the Korolenko family, where he prepared a meeting. his op., then returned to Moscow. One of the best works of D. is an article about the work of VS Grossman "The feat of a writer" ("Banner", 1946, no. 8-9), where in a difficult moment for Grossman D. supported him with a deep and benevolent analysis of his works. The author of the book. about A.P. Chekhov, V.G. Korolenko, M.S. Shchepkin. Ed. and with approx. D. publ. “Correspondence between A.P. Chekhov and O. L. Knipper” (vols. 1-2, 1934-36), a number of ed. op. Chekhov and Korolenko. In 1938 in the railway station. "Novyi mir" published a rum. D. "The case of the hegumen Parthenia".
DERMAN Grigory Lvovich (1889, Bakhmut, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1983, Kharkov), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1926), prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1914); from 1915 he worked as a pathologist. dep. Kharkov Institute of Lab. diagnostics. In 1926-28 he specialized in pathology in Germany. Head departments of pathological. Anatomy of the Kharkov Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors (since 1930), 2nd Kharkov honey. in-that (organized in 1936), during the war of 1941-45 - Izhevsk honey. in-that, in 1945-71 - Kharkov honey. Institute (since 1971 scientific consultant of the department). tr. D. dedicated morphological. changes in various organs and tissues with hypertensive. diseases and atherosclerosis, pathomorphology of tumor growth, morphogenesis of coronary sclerosis in rheumatism, history of medicine, etc. He was a member of the commission, created. in 1945 to rebalance the body of N.I. Pirogov. Initiator created in Kharkov c. on the study of perinatal pathology and the advisory center for the study of biopsies. For many years he was before. Kharkiv Society of Pathologists.
Dernovskiy Grigory Borisovich (1910, Kulevo Nevelskoy u. Vitebsk province. - 1974, Tallinn), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1933. In 1936 he graduated from the Military Electrical Engineering. school. Com. anti-aircraft art. regiment, Major D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the battles on the Kursk Bulge and during the crossing of the Dnieper. From 1958 Colonel D. was in reserve. Awarded the 7th order.
DERPT, see Tartu.
DESHALYT Efim Isakovich (1921, Moscow - 1996), painter, graphic artist, theater and cinema artist, master of diorama-panoramic art. Graduated from VGIK. He worked at the Tsentrnauchfilm studio, took part as an artist in the filming of more than 20 f. Since 1955 he has been creating. dioramas, continuing the traditions of Russian battle painting. Author of over 70 dioramas and panoramas. Main works: dioramas - "Heroic Krasnaya Presnya" (1955, Museum of the Revolution), "Storming the Winter Palace" (1957), "Labor and Man" (1959, for the USSR pavilion at the International Exhibition in Turin), "Transformed Siberia" (1964, for the International Exhibition in Genoa), circular panoramas - "Moon", "Venus" (1967, for the USSR pavilion at EXPO-67), "Battle for Bagration's Flashes" (1972), "Defense of Vladimir from the hordes of Batu Khan in 1238. " (1972), "Victory near Moscow" (1981, for the exhibition "40 years of Victory near Moscow" in the Manezh). Honored. artist of the RSFSR.
DESSLER Eliyahu Eliezer (1891, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1954, Bnei Brak, Israel), one of the leaders of the Musar movement. In his youth, he became close to Gomel Hasidic circles, whose ideas had a deep influence on him. From 1919 he lived in Riga, where he took up business, but failed. Since 1929, a rabbi in London. In 1947, D. became the spiritual mentor of the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak (Israel). His teaching was a harmonious combination of the Musar doctrine, the concepts of Kabbalah and Hasidism. Some of D.'s ideas, set out in his manuscripts and recorded in the notes made by students at his lectures, were published. in "Mihtav mi-Eliyahu" (vols. 1-3, 1955-64). The work reflects the opposition of the Hebrews. and general philosophy, arising from the problems raised by his students who studied philosophy.
DAVIDSON Israel (1870, Yanava - 1939), literary critic. Left an orphan early, he moved to his uncle's house in Grodno. He studied at the yeshiva. Since 1888 in the USA. He worked as a street peddler, then a shop assistant and a Hebrew teacher; independently studied English. lang. and other subjects in order to go to college. Graduated from Columbus, un. There was a deer. Heb. an orphanage and a chaplain at Sing Sing Prison. From 1905 he taught the Talmud in Heb. theological. seminary in New York, in 1915 was appointed prof. Wed-century. Heb. lit-ry. The first major scientific. D.'s publication in English. lang. became the book. “Parody in Hebrew. lit-re ”(1907). He wrote and edited Art. and book. as in english. lang. and in Hebrew. Main D.'s work - “The Treasury of the Medieval. poetry in Hebrew "(vols. 1-4 and appendix, 1925-38) - honored in 1936 with H.-N. Bialik Ave.
DEVYANISHKES, a town in the Shalchininki region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dzevenishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920 - 39 - a part of Poland, in 1940 - 91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 94 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 1,225 Jews (71.6%). In 1865 D. had a synagogue, in 1909 - a one-class state Jewish school, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1903 a Bund organization operated in Denmark. B.L. Galperin.
DEVYATIR, a village in Zhovkivskyi district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupations of the Jews of D. in the 19th century. there were crafts; a Jewish family owned a steam mill. In 1941–42, the Jews of Denmark were shot in the Rava-Russkaya ghetto.
DEICH Alexander Iosifovich (1893, Kiev - 1972, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic, writer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1945), Doctor of Art History (1947). He began to publish in 1911. In 1917 he graduated from historical-philology. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1918 he was engaged in ped. activities, prof. (1922). In 1925 he settled in Moscow. D. is the author of pl. book, biographies, sketches, art., trans. with German, French, English and ukr. lang. Main D.'s work is associated with the West. lit-roy and t-rum: “Don Juan's type into the world. literature "(St. Petersburg, 1911)," History of Doctor Faust "(St. Petersburg, 1913)," Beranger. A story about his life ”(M., 1932),“ Talma ”(M., 1934),“ Red and Black. Actors in the era of the French Revolution "(M.-L., 1939)," Heinrich Heine, the poet "(M., 1941)," Heine and the theater "(M., 1956)," The Poetic World of Heine Heine "(M. ., 1963). Creativity Heb., Rus., Ukr. cultural figures dedicated to his work: "Masks of the Jewish Theater: From Goldfaden to Granovsky" (M., 1927), "The GOSET Way: Towards the 20th Anniversary of T-Ra" (M., 1939), "SN Kuznetsov. 1879-1934 "(Moscow-Leningrad, 1947)," Lesya Ukrainka "(Moscow, 1953)," We love t-r "(Moscow, 1960)," Voice of Memory "(Moscow, 1966) and etc. A number of pov. D. is addressed to children: "Amundsen" (M., 1936), "Fridtjof Nansen" (M., 1936) and "Taras Shevchenko" (M., 1939, both with L. Bat), "Harry from Dusseldorf" (M., 1959) and others. D. also belong to the lane. plays "Pygmalion" and "Apprentice of the Devil" B. Shaw, fr. bunk bed farce of the 15th century "Lawyer Patlen" and others.
DEICH John Alexander (1867, Kovno - 1939, New York), leader of the labor movement. From 1886 in Great Britain, from 1900 in the USA. He adhered to the trade union views. He worked in the trade union of garment workers of women's clothing, since 1904 secretary-treasurer. In 1924 he left the trade union. Subsequently, he left the labor movement and opened a small business in the sewing industry. D. wrote the work "Bolshevism in the American trade unions of workers" (1926).
DEICH Lev Grigorievich (Leiba-Girsh) (1855, Tulchin of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1941, Moscow), publicist, historian, rev. activist. Rod. in the family of a merchant of the first guild. After the ruin of his father, he was forced to give lessons, as well as teach in the Talmud Torah. He studied in the city (Kiev), was fond of the teachings of M.A. Bakunin. Having entered the Kherson infantry regiment as a volunteer, he prepared an escape from the custody of the populist S.G. Lurie. In 1876, for insulting an officer, he was betrayed to the military. court, fled from custody, after which he was forced to go illegally. position. In the same year he took part in the assassination attempt on the provocateur Gorinovich. In 1877 he tried to organize a cross. riots in the Kiev province, spreading forged royal letters about the granting of land to the peasants. Was arrested again. In the summer of 1878 he escaped and went to Switzerland. He joined the society "Land and Freedom", after its split - into the "Black redistribution". He became close to G.V. Plekhanov, becoming one of the founders. gr. Emancipation of Labor. In 1884 he was arrested in Freiburg as a criminal. the offender and issued grew up. authorities. He was sentenced to 13 years in hard labor (he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia), in 1895 he went to the settlement. In Blagoveshchensk he collaborated in gas. "Amur region". In 1901 he escaped from exile and, having made a round-the-world trip, arrived in Munich. Collaborated in gas. Iskra, Zarya. He entered the org. to-t on the convocation of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, at which he joined the Mensheviks. Returning to Russia in 1905, he was soon arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region. On the way he fled again, until 1911 he lived in Europe, then until 1916 - in the USA, where he edited gas. "New World" (1911-12), "Free Word" (1913-15). He returned to Russia after Feb. rev-tion. Edited by the organ of the Plekhanovites - gas. "Unity". Oct he did not accept the revolution, left politics and took up literature. work. Since 1922, member. Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. Ed. collection of collections "The Group" Emancipation of Labor "(Moscow-Leningrad, 1923–28, a total of 6 collections). The author of the book. "NIKibalchich" (St. Petersburg, 1906), "The darling of fate. S.M. Kravchinsky "(P., 1913)," D.A.Klements "(P., 1921), memoirs" For half a century "(M., 1922-23, 3rd ed. - 1926)," 16 years in Siberia "(Geneva, 1905, 3rd ed. - M., 1924)," Four shoots "(St. Petersburg, 1908)," Provocateurs and terror "(Tula, 1926), etc. D. belongs also iss. “The role of Jews in Russian. roar. movement "(2nd ed. - M.-L., 1925).
DEIGEN Mikhail Fedorovich (1918, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1977, Kiev), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1959). After graduating from Kiev un-that (1940) he remained in graduate school. In 1941–44 he worked at one of the defense enterprises, then continued his research. work in Kiev. In 1947-60 he worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Prof. Kiev University. In 1960 he created and headed the department. radio spectroscopy in Ying-those semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1967). Region scientific. research - physics tv. body. Introduced the concept of desormats. potential and described the interaction of an electron with acoustic. oscillations crystalline. lattice. Considered self-consistent electronic states. Developed the theory of local c. and excitons on the semiconductor surface. Theoretical research method of double electron-nuclear resonance (DEYAR), the initiator created. installations DEYAR. Determined the density distribution of local electron centers. in a number of crystals. Predicted a resonance in which transitions between nuclear sublevels are caused by ultrasound. He laid the foundations for the method of studying the local properties of matter near a defect using radio spectroscopy methods, and discovered the effect of the angular dependence of the EPR line width. Developed the theory of paraelectric. resonance, proposed new types of acoustic. paraelectric resonances. Developed a method of "paramagnetic sensing" of solid plasma. Supervised all research. on radio spectroscopy in Ukraine. Was ed. "Ukr. physical Well. " Author approx. 200 scientific. works.
DEYNARD Ephraim (1846, Sasmakken Talsensky u. Kurland province - 1930, St. Louis, Missouri, USA), bibliographer. From a young age, he showed a craving for travel in order to study the life of the Jews in different ways. countries. First. traveled at the age of 16. Acquainted in 1873 with Izv. Karaite scientist A.T.S. Firkovich, D. came to him in the Crimea and helped to make an inventory of ancient Hebrews. manuscripts, to-rye he was going to sell Imp. To the Asian Museum in St. Petersburg. In 1874 D. traveled to the countries of the East. In 1878, the Paris Society of the Alliance Israelite Française ordered D. to compile statistics on Jews in the world. In 1888 A. Kaufman sent him to E.-I. with the aim of studying the possibilities of founding agricultural there. settlements. In the 80s. D. founded the office of Hebrews in Odessa. book., to-paradise collected many unique editions. From 1888 in the United States, he settled in Arlington and in the next. year began to publish a weekly. in Hebrew. In 1891, D. began to produce Zionist gas. in Yiddish ("Patriot"). In 1897 he founded the Heb. agriculturalist. colony in pcs. Nevada. In 1899-1909 he made three trips to the countries of the East in search of rare Hebrews. manuscripts. D. is the author of pl. book in Hebrew, ch. arr. bibliography character. In 1926 he published a bibliogr. labor, in which all the books were listed. in Yiddish and Hebrew, to-rye came out in America, starting in 1735. From 1913 in E.-I. During the 1st world. war was arrested by the Turkish authorities and expelled from the country (1916). Returning to the United States, he continued his research. in the region. bibliography.
DIAMOND Girsh Yakovlevich (1911, Veliky Meadow of Volyn province - 1943), poet. He studied in Zhitomir in Heb. working school. In 1928 he came to Kharkov, was a laborer. He wrote poetry in Yiddish. In 1932, D. published the first. poetic. Sat. "Schwarzerd" ("Chernozem"), whose poems are imbued with love for their native nature, in 1936 - "Dos shave lebn" ("Broad Life"). From 22.6.1941 - at the front, ml. lieutenant, com. platoon. Killed.
DIBROVA, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kabany Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. From ser. 1930s until 1957 - the urban-type settlement Kaganovichi, Kaganovichi district, Kiev region. In 1897, 135 Jews (13.7%) lived in D. In 1851 approx. D. were created 2 Jewish farmers. colonies, in which 236 Jews lived in 1861. In the beginning. 20th century in D. there was a synagogue in a private house, heder. Main occupation of Jews D. - p. farming, crafts, trade. In the 1910s. in D. worked as a leather dressing plant, owned by Iosel Yankelevich Vaysberg (Vaysburd) (1875-1919). In 1919, Polish. Isroil Itskovich Dubinsky, the son of one of the two Jewish blacksmiths in D. In the 1920s and 1930s, was killed by soldiers. Jews left D. Now D. is in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. L.M.Kaganovich, M.M.Kaganovich, Yu.M. Kaganovich.
DIBROVKA, a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, 64 Jews (15.3%) lived in Denmark, and in 1881 there were 82 Jews (12.6%).
DIGORA, city (since 1964), regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Digora (other name. Christian) Vladikavkaz env. Terek Region In 1939, there were 8 Jews living in D.
DIGVIRI, a village in the Karsky vilayat (Republic of Turkey). Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. On the eve of the Russian-tour. During the war of 1828–29, 35 Jewish families (smoke) lived in Denmark under Turkish rule. The Jews of D. were dependent on the local beks, lived on their land, carried a number of duties in their favor, paid taxes at 50 kurus per smoke (non-payers were subjected to cruel corporal punishment). Main the occupation of the Jews of D. was weaving and small-scale trade in neighboring villages. There was a synagogue and a rabbi in D. From the beginning. Russian-tour. During the war of 1828-29, a local bek tried to resettle Jews from Denmark to Adjara, they refused and were soon attacked by the Adjarians, who were on the side of the Turks. 25 Jewish families took refuge in Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe), the rest were taken prisoner. Some of the Jews of D. moved to Atskuri. In the 1830s. the Jewish community in D. ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
DIK Aizik-Meer (real name Itzhok) (1814, Vilna - 1893, ibid.), Prose writer. Rod. in the cantor's family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Worked as a teacher. Lit. He began his career with stories in Yiddish in the 1930s – 1940s. Published by dep. brochures (about 300), they sold 5-6 thousand copies. and created the first. mass readership in Yiddish. Ch. the purpose of his lit. creativity D. considered raising the culture of Jews, freeing them from religions. prejudice. Mn. book D. were published anonymously, but after the conclusion of a contract with the publishers br. Romm appeared his satirical and humorous. stories "Judith di Zweite" ("Judith the Second"), 1874 "Hai-Cycl Alain" ("Heyzikl Sam"), 1887; "Iekele Goldschläger", "Reb Shmae Aliter" and others. D. introduced into Hebrew. the literature is a sentimental, realistic, historical, humorous, semi-scientific story. D. is considered one of the most prominent predecessors of M. Moicher-Sforim, his production. remained one of the most important sources for the study of languages, everyday life and folklore of Jews in the 19th century, have a great historical literary. and folklore and ethnographic. value.
DIKAN (Dickstein) Paltiel (1885, Vileika - 1969), lawyer. In 1910-17 he was engaged in law. practice in St. Petersburg, studied Hebrew. right, wrote Art. for “Heb. encyclopedias ". From 1921 in E.-I. The initiator of legal education in the country and created. in 1935 School of Law and Economics. disciplines in Tel Aviv. Since 1948, the dean of law. Faculty of the School, in 1958 its rector. From 1951 he also taught law in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem) and in 1959 was appointed to the post of prof. One of the ed. jurid. periodic. ed. "Ga-Praklit". Prev jurid. terminological to the Academy of Hebrew. State Israel Ave. for legal research (1957). Author of books: "Criminal Law", vols. 1-6, 1938-62; Dismissal Compensation, 1940, (jointly with M. Weger); The Legal Status of Women in Israel, 1949; Marriage and Divorce Laws, 1956; “History of Hebrews. rights ", 1964.
DIKANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1658.From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Poltava u. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in D., 59 in the district, and in 1939 - 33 Jews. In 1903, Jews were allowed to settle in D., as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1910, in D. a detachment of the Poltava company "Poalei Zion" was in operation. 1941 in D., 2 remaining Jews were killed.
DIKENSTEIN Grigory Haimovich (1911, Sevastopol - 1990, Moscow), geologist, specialist in the region. geology of oil and gas. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1954). He graduated from the workers' school in 1931, Leningrad in 1936. forge. in-t. From 1936 he participated in the exp. in the districts of the Urals and the Volga region, where oil deposits were discovered (Buguruslan, Shugurov, Syzran), he headed large exp. in decomp. regions of the country (Western Siberia, Moldova, the Baltic States, Crimea, Belarus, the Caucasus). In 1942-44 chap. geologist of the Main Directorate for Exploration of Oil and Gas Fields of the People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry of the USSR. In 1944–47, deputy. ch. geologist VNII Min-va oil industry of the USSR. From 1947 he worked in Moscow. branch of Vses. n.-i. geological exploration. in-that, in 1964-68 - deputy. dir. in-that. Since 1955 he has been studying the bowels of the Wed. Asia. work in the region. research gas content of subsoil decomp. regions, according to the results to-rykh the prospects of oil and gas content are estimated, the gene. plans for integrated regional development, geological exploration directions are determined. works. For the first time in the world. practice on the basis. the study of mineral resources in the districts of the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts created a new direction in assessing the prospects for oil and gas potential of large areas, conducted a complex of geological, geophysical, geochem. works at the same time. scientific. processing of actual data and mapping of oil and gas potential stratigraphic. complexes (Zeagli-Darvazinsky, Bayram-Aliysky, Shotlyksky, Agaksky and other deposits). In 1968-73 hands. by a group of specialists who discovered the first large gas field in the GDR. In the last years of his life he was engaged in scientific issues. substantiation of the development of the mineral resource base of the oil and gas industry, long-term planning, tectonic issues. and oil and gas geol. zoning. Author of scientific. printed works, monographs.
DIKERMAN Natan Iosifovich (1908, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. - 1983, Moscow), state. activist. Graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, inst. Ch. Ing. Baranovsky, then Leningrad. porcelain factories. In 1941-43, the director. Irbit glass plant. In 1943–52, deputy. People's Commissar (Minister) of the Industry is building. materials of the USSR. In 1952-59 Ch. engineer, in 1959–78 - 1st deputy. early edged Glavmosoblstroimaterialy. Honored. builder of the RSFSR.
DIKHTINETS, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was in Romania, in 1940–91 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 56 Jews (3.2%) lived in Denmark, in 1945 there were 8 Jewish families. D. had a synagogue and a cheder. The Jews were engaged in the trade in cattle and timber. In the fall of 1941, the Jews of Denmark were sent to Transnistria, from where 8 families later returned.
DIKMAN Shlomo (1917, Warsaw - 1965, Jerusalem), translator, critic. He graduated in Warsaw, Heb. g-ziyu, Institute of Hebrews. sciences and classical. department of un-that. From 1935 he published critical. reviews and per. In 1939, the trans. D. in Polish. lang. all poetic. manuf. H.-N. Bialik. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to the USSR. He lived in Bukhara, earned money by studying Hebrew. In 1944 for "counterrev. Zionist. activity ”was sentenced to death (replaced by 15 years of imprisonment in high security camps in Vorkuta). In 1957 he was released and returned to Warsaw. Since 1960 - in Israel. Translated into Hebrew Greek. and rome. classics. In 1965 for the lane. posthumously awarded the State. pr. Israel.
DIKSHTEIN Samuel (1885, Vilna - 1954, New York), polit. activist. Since 1887 in the USA. In 1917 he was elected a member. mountains. council of New York, and two years later - in Amer. Congr. In Albany, D. developed several. bills on lived. p-woo and introduced for the first time the rules for kosher slaughter in New York State. Prev K-ta Kongr. on immigration and naturalization, D. was severely criticized by those who in the 1930s. accused immigrants of subversive activities and offered to apply the laws to them as to unnaturalized foreigners. D. was elected in 1945. Top, the courts of New York and worked in it until the end of his life.
DIKSHTEIN Samuel Rafailovich (1851, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Mathematician and historian of mathematics. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences in Krakow (1930); acad. ibid (1934). Brother of Semyon R. Dikshtein. Graduated from Warsaw University (1870). In 1906-19 he was the first rector of the Warsaw scientific. courses, from 1915 prof. in the same place. After the conversion of courses into un-t (1919) prof. in the same place. Killed during the bombing of Warsaw by the Germans. Main results in the theory of differential. ur-ny, theory of functions and history of mathematics. Author of textbooks for cf. schools. Ed. and ed. a number of mat. g. Vice-pre. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1934–37).
DIKSHTEIN Semyon Rafailovich (Shimon) (lit. ps. Jan Mlot) (1858, Warsaw - 1884, Bern), polit. activist, publicist. Brother of Samuel R. Dickstein. Graduated from natural sciences. Faculty of Warsaw University (1878). In student. years the participant is illegal. Polish roar. circles, members center, a "circle of organizers" created for the roar. propaganda among the workers of Warsaw. In aug. 1878 in connection with the threat of arrest, he left for Switzerland. Member Polish socialist gr. "Ruvnost" ("Equality"), sotr. of the same name. g. In 1880, he became close to growing up. emigrants (G.V. Plekhanov, L.G. Deitch and others), later collaborated with the group created by them. Emancipation of Labor. In 1882–83 he took part in negotiations with the émigrés-Narodnaya Volya on a joint struggle against the autocracy. Since 1882, members Polish roar. workers' party "Proletariat", one of the leading sotr. g. "Pshedsvit" ("Dawn"), in 1884 rev. its theoretical. organ "Valka Klyas" ("The Struggle of Classes"). Author of a number of propaganda campaigns. brochures, incl. Who Lives What (1881, a popular exposition of Capital by Karl Marx, was repeatedly published in Polish and Russian, until the 1910s it was used for propaganda in workers' circles). In the beginning. In the 1880s, while living in Paris, he studied medicine and zoology, prepared a dissertation, but did not have time to defend it. In 1884 he returned to Switzerland, where 24.6 (6.7). 1884 committed suicide.
DILON (real name Zukhovitsky) Avrom-Moishe (1883 - 1934, New York), poet. Since 1909 in the USA. I was in distress, was engaged in heavy physical. labor. As a poet he took part in the New York impressionist movement "Di Jung". His sad lyrics publ. in poetic. anthologies and in the book. "Gele Bleter" ("Yellow Leaves", 1919). A fuller edition of his verse. "The Leader of the Fun AM Dillon" ("Songs of AM Dillon") appeared on the page. in 1935.
DIMANSHTEIN Semyon (Shimon) Markovich (1886, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1937), state. and parties, activist, publicist, member. Communist. party since 1904. Received trad. Heb. education, at the age of 18 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From the beginning. 1900s party roar. movement, worked in underground printing houses in Vilna and Moscow, translated the RSDLP Program into Hebrew and Yiddish, and authored a number of leaflets. Party roar. events of 1905–07. In 1907, members. Riga to-that RSDLP. In 1909 Riga time. military. court sentenced to 4 years of hard labor (served in the Saratov Central), then exiled to Siberia, from where he fled in 1913, soon left Russia, Chl. Parisian Bolshevist. gr. After Feb. revolution returned to Russia, worked in the military. org-tions of Riga. After Oct. 1917 members Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Labor. In Jan. 1918 headed by Heb. Commissariat under the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, created. and ed. first in the Sov. Russian gas. in Yiddish - "Di varheit" (then - "Der emes"). From Oct. 1918 prev. Heb. section, author of a number of works on the history of Hebrews. labor movement in Russia. In July 1919 ed. circular on the closure of the board of Heb. communities and their institutions. In the spring of 1919 - People's Commissar of Labor of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. owls. rep., member Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belarus. In 1920-21 the People's Commissar of Education of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1922–24 the beginning. Glavpolitprosveta of Ukraine. Since 1924 in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), head. his nat. sector. In 1930 he opposed the policy of complete collectivization in the national. r-nah and got a desk. collection. From 1930 dir. Institute of Nationalities at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, before. Board of the Society for land. the device of the Jews, participated in the creation. Heb. ed. region in D.Vostok, promoted plans to create. Heb. agriculturalist. settlements and contributed to their development. Ed. g. "Revolution and nationalities", "Tribune Heb. public ”, author of journalistic. Art. in Heb. question, ed. collection in Yiddish "Jews in the USSR" (1935), from Oct. 1936 ed. quarterly railway "Outpost" (Birobidzhan). Repressed, works: Essays rev. movement among the Hebrews. masses, in the book: History of the rev. movement in the department. essays, vol. 3, v. 1, M.-L., 1927.
DIMENTBERG Fedor Menasievich (1908, Odessa - 1999), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1956), prof. since 1963, member. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1983). Graduated in 1932 from Odessa Institute of Ing. citizen and communes. page-va. He worked in Ying-those mechanics and Ying-those engineering science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–44 at the military. service. Main scientific. tr. in the region. theory of vibrations of machines, theory of machines and spatial mechanisms. Completed the research. on the theory of screws. Works: Bending vibrations of rotating shafts, Moscow, 1959; Determination of provisions of spatial mechanisms, M., 1950; Oscillations of machines, M., 1964 (in co-authorship); Screw calculus and its applications in mechanics, M., 1965; The theory of screws and its laying, M., 1978; The theory of spatial hinge mechanisms, M., 1982; Spatial hinge mechanisms: closed and open kinematic. chains, M., 1991 (et al.).
DIMITROVGRAD (in 1919–72 - Melekess), a city (since 1919), a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 17th century as a settlement, then a village, from the 1880s. - Posad Stavropol u. Samara lips. From 1928 - in the Srednevolzhskaya oblast, from 1930 - in Samara oblast, from 1936 - in Kuibyshevskaya oblast, from 1943 - in the Ulyanovsk oblast. In 1910, 23 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 70, in 1939 - 33 Jews. In D. in 1941 —51 I.B. Mandelstam lived.
DINABURG, see Daugavpils.
DINEZON Yakov (1856, Novy Zagor, Kovno province - 1919, Warsaw), prose writer. He began to write in Hebrew. - published letters and art. into gas. "Ha-magid" and "Gamelitz", but soon switched to Yiddish, defending in print his role as Heb. lit. language. First rum. "Beoin ovois" ("For the sins of the fathers", 1876) - about tragic. the fate of a young girl who died because of the fanaticism of her parents was banned by the censor, but progress was met with interest. the public. The second rum was even more successful. D. "Der Schwarzer Jungermanchik" ("Black Young Man", 1877) - the first sentiment. rum. in Heb. lit-re, later it was staged for t-ra. In the 80s. D. was published in the collection books of Sholem Aleichem (Yiddish Folks Libraries) and M. Spector (Der Goisfraind). On the creative. D.'s fate was seriously influenced by a meeting in 1885 with I.-L. Peretz, with whom he was later linked by close friendship. In the 90s. D. published rum. "A stein in veg" ("The stumbling block", 1891), rom. "Hershele" (1891), pov. Iosele (1899) and became one of the most widely read Hebrews. fiction writers, his production. were republished and translated several times, incl. in Hebrew. D. himself also pl. translated, he translated into Yiddish “History of Heb. people ”by G. Gretz (excluding vol. 1), edited and published a number of other historical texts. manuf.
DINKEVICH Anatoly Iosifovich (b. 1923, Kiev), orientalist, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1965), prof. (1970). He served in the Sov. Army (1941–55). Graduated from the Military Institute of Foreign Languages. (1946). From 1956 to scientific. work (senior scientific worker since 1960, leading scientific worker since 1988) Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 100 large scientific. works, ch. arr. on economics, finance and credit, foreign economics. relations modern. Japan. A number of works per. in English. and japan. lang. Under his editorship. publ. collection and collection. monographs: “State. finance is non-social countries of Asia ", M., 1965; "Actual problems of the economies of Asia", M., 1965; "Credit and credit systems of Asian countries", M., 1968. Cit .: Post-war Economy. Japan (1945-55), M., 1958; Econ. and military. "Help" of the USA to Japan, M., 1962; State post-war finance. Japan, M., 1967; Essays on modern economics. Japan, M., 1972.
DINSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar department Kuban Region In 1939, 10 Jews lived in D. 1942 42 evacuated Jews were shot in D.
DINUR (Dinaburg) Benzion (1884, Khorol, Poltava province. - 1973, Jerusalem), publicist, historian, society. activist. He studied at the yeshivas of Kremenchug, Gomel, Telsh. In 1904 he was one of the organizers of the Hebrew. self-defense in Russia, participated in the roar. movement. In 1904-11 he was a teacher in Hebrew. schools. In 1912-14 he studied in Berlin and Bern, in 1917-18 - a teacher in Hebrew. school in Petrograd and a teacher in different. higher. uch. institutions. D. wrote Art. in East-lit. themes, in 1918 published the "Program for the Hebrew. history "(Petrograd-Kiev) with methodical. decree. or T. commentary for schools, teachers and self-education. In 1919 his anthology in Yiddish and Hebrew was published “Heb. history "(part 1). D. systematically publ. rec. on the book. in Heb. stories in f. Becher-Velt; Shun un lebn (1919–20). In 1921 he left for E.-I., worked in schools and at un-those, actively participated in social-political. life, held leading positions in the highest. Zionist. org-tions. In 1932, D. founded the bibl. ed. Kiryat Sefer. Was a member. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai parties, in 1951-55. served as mines. education and culture, in 1953-1959 he was president. memorial institute "Yad Vashem". In the 50-60s. several came out in Israel. volumes ist. research and D.'s memoirs. In 1958 he was awarded the State. pr. Israel in the region. Judaism, and in 1973 - in the region. education. D.'s name was assigned to the main. in 1974 to the Center for Research. Heb. history under Heb. un-those.
DIRIZHABLESTROY, see Dolgoprudny.
DISENCHIK Arie (1907, Riga - 1978, Ramat Gan, Israel), polit. activist, journalist. Studied in high fur boots in Riga and Vienna. One of the founders of the youth movement of Zionist revisionists "Betar" (1923). In the 1920s and 30s. Z. Zhabotinsky's closest assistant, on his instructions, visited almost all European countries. From 1934 in E.-I., in 1935-36 sec. ed. gas. Zionist revisionists "Gayardy" In 1936–42 and 1945–48, the head. gas department. "Gaboker". In 1948, one of the founders of Gas. "Maariv", in 1956–74 its ch. ed. 1945–57 cor. agency "Associated Press" in Israel. Son D. - Ido (b. 1940), ch. ed. gas. Maariv (1985–91).
DISKIN Mordechai (1844, Grodno - 1914, Jaffa), writer, teacher. At the age of 18 he received the title of rabbi. From 1877 in E.-I., where he bought a plot of land in Petah Tikva. I sat down to study. xvom, but after his son shot a robber with a shot, he, fearing revenge, moved with his family to Jerusalem. Then he returned to Petah Tikva and became a cab, transporting passengers and goods between Petah Tikva and Jaffa. In the evenings he taught Mishnu and Shulchan Aruch. Later he moved to Jaffa. In the end. life became a merchant, studied the Torah and was engaged in charity work. D. - one of the founders of the Talmud-Torah "Netzah Yisrael" in Petah Tikva, the first modern. religious schools in the country. Author of the book: "Divrey Mordechai" ("Words of Mordechai", 1889), "Ma'amar Mordechai" ("Test of Mordechai", 1912). In "Yishuv ha-aretz" ("Settling the country"), the hardships of life in the first village are described. settlements in E.-I.
DISKIN Moshe Yehoshua-Yehuda-Leib (Brisker) (1817, Grodno - 1898, Jerusalem), rabbi. He received the title of rabbi at the age of 18. In 1844-77 - a rabbi in Lomzha, Mezhirich, Minsk, Kovno, Brest [known as "Brisker" (in Yiddish Brest - Brisk) "Brest rabbi"]]. From 1877 - in E.-I., where he headed the Orthodox Ashkenazi non-Hasidic community in Jerusalem, which declared "irreconcilable war" on any deviations from the old, traditional. lifestyle and manifestations of secular culture. D. supported the resettlement of Jews in E.-I., in particular the founders of the 1st Heb. s.-kh. settlement Petah Tikva, contributed to the creation. in Jerusalem yeshiva "Ogel Moshe" and a number of community institutions, incl. an orphanage (1880), now bearing his name.
DISNA, a city (since 1940) in the Miory region of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the district town of Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. 1880 Jews lived in D. in 1847, in 1857 - 1905, in 1865 - 2065, in 1897 - 4617 (68.3%) , in 1910 - 3973 (54.7%), in 1915 - 4179 Jews and 2 Karaites, in 1931 - approx. 6,000 Jews. In 1857 there were 5 synagogues in D. and a Jewish school. From 1907 in D. there was a society of assistance to those in need of study in the city, parish, and nar. uch-shchah. In 1909 a bunk bed worked in D. Jewish 2-class school (with a female shift). In 1910 there were 8 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - Crafts. and Melkotorg. Jewish savings and loan. In 1881, Abram Iokhimovich Vigdorchik was the rabbi in D. - Samson Friedman. In the 2nd floor. 19th century for almost 60 years the head of the rabbinical court in D. was a disciple [[Tsemakh Tzedeka Shabsai Don-Ihye (1817-1907). In 1905, a group of Zionist socialist. workers' party. In 1912, D. Bund held meetings in synagogues to collect donations for the purchase of weapons, the creation of loans and savings. t-va, etc. In 1923 a community of Jews who came from Denmark was organized in New York, providing material assistance to the Jews who remained in D. In 1941, a ghetto was created in D., liquidated in June 1942. During the liquidation he died 2,181 Jews. In D. genus: Ya.S. Itskhoki, M.M. Smirin; Hanna Smushkovich (1912-1942, Glubokoe, Vilensk region), historian, journalist, wrote in Yiddish. ES Mosolova
DIVIN, a village in the Kobrin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dyvin Kobrin u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. 221 Jews lived in D. in 1766, in 1847 - 556, in 1878 - 998 (40%), in 1897 - 1094 (29 , 3%), in 1921 - 786 (34.2%), in 1931 - approx. 1000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the middle. 16th century In 1865 there were two synagogues in D. In the 1890s. Rabbi D. was Israel-Isser Kobrin, from 1895 - Shabatai Rubin (1863 -?). In 1941, troops in Denmark created a ghetto, in which there were also Jews from the surrounding villages (over 1,000 people). The ghetto was liquidated in the end. summer 1942.
DIVIER (Divier, Devier, Devier) Anton Manuylovich (1682 - 1745, Petersburg), count (from 1726), state. activist, general-in-chief (1744), one of the closest associates of Peter I. Son of the Portuguese. a Jew who moved to Holland and accepted Christ there. In 1697, as a cabin boy, Goll. fleet, attracted the attention of Peter I, to-ry took him to grow. service. In 1718, with the assistance of Peter I, he married the sister of Prince. A.D. Menshikov (despite the resistance of the latter), in the same year received the rank of brigadier and the rank of general-leit., Was appointed the first general-police chief of St. Petersburg. D. was in charge of the improvement of the new capital, supervised the construction, the condition of streets and drains, the supply and sale of food supplies, formed the first fire brigade and a staff of mountain officials. the police. After the death of Peter I (1725) he enjoyed the patronage of the Emperor. Catherine I, but as a result of the intrigues of Prince. Menshikov in 1727 was arrested, after torture, punished with a whip, deprived of ranks and hordes. and exiled to Zhigansk (Yakutia). In 1739, by order of the imp. Anna Ivanovna was appointed com. of the Okhotsk port under construction, revealed a number of abuses, completed construction. work, participated in the equipment exp. Bering, founded a school (later - the Shturmanskoe School of the Siberian Flotilla). In 1742, by decree of the imp. Elizaveta Petrovna was returned to St. Petersburg, restored to the ranks and counts' dignity, in 1743 St. Petersburg was re-appointed. General Police Chief. In 1744 he was granted an estate of 1600 souls. D.'s son - Peter Antonovich (1710–1773), general-in-chief (1761), participant in the Seven Years War, favorite of the Emperor. Peter III. After coming to power, the imp. Catherine II was dismissed.
DIVNOE, village, center of Apanasenskiy district in Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1850. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939 there were 7 Jews living in D. Sep 1942 in D., several were shot. hundreds of evacuated Jews.
DIZENGOF Meer Yankelevich (1861, Akimovichi of Bessarabian province - 1936, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He graduated from the district school. In 1882–84 he was a military man. service in Zhitomir, where he became close to the roar. youth. In 1885 he moved to Odessa, studied at the Trud school, took part in the work of local Narodnaya Volya. circles. Arrested in 1885 and 8 months. spent in prisons, released under police supervision. In 1886 he joined the Hovevei Zion movement and founded its branch in Chisinau. In the end. 1880s went to Paris, where he received a diploma in chemical engineering, completed his specialization in Lyon at the glass production plant. Since 1891, members ord. Bnei Moshe. In 1892, after receiving an offer from the baron. E. Rothschild found a glass factory, left for E.-I., headed the factory until its closure in 1894. During these years, the joint venture. with A. Aisenberg tried to create. the first in E.-I. organization of workers "Ha-Aretz ve-ha-Avoda". Due to the opposition of the Rothschild administration, E.-I. was forced to leave. In 1897-1905 he lived in Odessa, was engaged in commerce, without stopping societies and activities. In 1903 (after the Kishinev pogrom) the joint with Z. Zhabotinsky initiated the creation. Heb. self-defense. Affairs. 5th and 6th World Zionist. Congr. (1901, 1903, Basel). In 1904 he founded the Geula Society for the purchase of land in E.-I. In 1905 he returned to E.-I. In 1909 one of the founders of the Heb. quarter near YasEDsh, from which Tel Aviv subsequently developed. In 1911 he was elected head of the committee of the new quarter, in 1921 - the first mayor of Tel Aviv (he held this post until the end of his life, except 1925-28). During the Arab, 1936 speeches achieved the transfer of governments and institutions from Jaffa to Tel Aviv. D. created the Tel Aviv port and mountains. museum. In 1934 one of the streets of Tel Aviv was named after D.
DYAKOVO (until 1946 - Novetlenfolu), a village in Vinogradov district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Ugorskaya Rus in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774, 28 Jews (8.2%) lived in D., in 1920, 79 Jews. In 1816, in D. 11 Jewish families from Galicia.
DYAKOVTSY, a village in the Litinsky district of Vinnitsa province. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village of Litinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1897, 395 Jews (16.5%) lived in Denmark.
Dlugi Maxim (b. 1966, Moscow), chess player, international. grandmaster (1986). From the beginning. 1970s - in USA. Pres. Chess Federation of the United States (since 1991). World Youth Champion (1985). Medalist of the USA Championships (1984 and 1987 - 3rd-6th places). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Tunisia (1985); Olympiad (1986) as part of the USA team. International Winner tournaments in Geusdal (1982), New York (1985), Montpellier (1985), etc.
DLUGOSEDLO, a village in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya Gubernia. 800 Jews lived in D. in 1897, and 801 Jews (49%) in 1921. Jews settled in D. in the beginning. 19th century, lived in the center of D., around the market square. In the end. 19th century a community was created in D. In the 1930s. Jews were engaged in Ch. arr. petty trade and craft. In 1932, the Beis Ya'akov girls' school was opened. In aug. 1936 peasants from the surrounding villages staged a pogrom, which continued for several. hours. 14 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered D. on October 5. all Jews were evicted from D. Most managed to cross the border with the USSR. Remaining in D. several. Jews were killed.
DMANISI (until 1947 - Bashkcheti), city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in D., in 1934 - 2, in 1959 - 8, in 1970 - 1 Jew.
DMITRENKO, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In Sept. 1941 all Jews remaining in D. were shot near the village. Bruskinskoe.
DMITRIEV, see Dmitriev-Lgovsky.
DMITRIEV-LGOVSKY, city, regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). From 1779 - the district town of Dmitriev, Kursk governorship, then - province. In 1897 in D.-L. 104 Jews lived (1.7%), in 1903 - 30 Jewish families, in 1910 - 216 Jews, in 1923 - 171 (3.2%), in 1926 - 180 (3.8%), in 1939 - 111 Jews In 1903 in D.-L. it was allowed to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 in D.-L. 30 Jewish refugees arrived. The Jewish population of D.-L. was destroyed during the Holocaust. In 1998 in D.-L. lived several. dozens of Jews. genus: S.S.Boim; Isaak Borisovich Bass (1902-1962, Moscow), engineer-technologist, specialist in the region. leather tanning technology, Steel. pr. (1941, 1946).
DMITRIEV Alexander Dmitrievich (real name and surname Aron Garfeld) (1832, Mitava, Kurland province - 1899, St. Petersburg), opera artist, director. From the age of 11 he sang in the choir. Studied at Petersburg. theater school. In 1857–62 in Paris, he took vocal lessons and made his debut at the Grand Opera. Has toured in England and Italy. In 1862 he made his debut in St. Petersburg. opera. In 1864–77 he was a soloist, and in 1877–82 Ch. dir. Big T-ra in Moscow. Among the productions: "Aida" by G. Verdi, "Eugene Onegin" by PI Tchaikovsky. From 1882 he led a ped. work. In 1887 he organized in St. Petersburg "Opera and Drama Classes".
DMITRIEVSK, see Samotevichi.
DMITRIEVSKAYA, see Dmitrievskoe.
DMITRIEVSKOE, a village in the Krasnogvardeisky District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - stanitsa Dmitrievskaya Caucasian dep. Kuban region. 18 Aug. 1942 in D., 185 evacuated Jews were shot, December 20. 1942 150 Jews were shot.
DMITROPOLIE, see Cherries.
DMITROV, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1154.Since 1781 it was a district town of Moscow province. In 1904 72 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 39 (0.6%), in 1939 - 337, in 1970 - 169 (0.4%), in 1989 - 132 Jews (0.2%) After numerous requests from Jews of D. in 1904, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs allowed to open a synagogue and rank Jews in the department of the Oryol rabbi. In 1915, 139 Jewish refugees arrived in Denmark. Heder and hearths were opened for the children of refugees. In D. family: L.S.Abramov, A.E.Arkin; Evgeny Iosifovich Perovsky (1891-1968, Moscow), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963).
DMITROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Bakhmachsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1643.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station and village in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 438 Jews (68%) lived in D., in 1939 - 196 Jews. Since 1900, Elya-Benjamin Shumyatsky (1859–?), Before the 1st world, was the rabbi in D. war - Meir Stolovich (1870—?).
DMITROVSK, see Makeevka.
DMITROVSK-ORLOVSKY (until 1929 - Dmitrovsk), city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1715. From 1782 - the district town of the Oryol governorship, then - the province. In 1897 in D.-O. 72 Jews lived (1.4%), in 1910 - 127, in 1926 - 21 Jews (0.4%). genus. S.M. Abramzon.
DMITROVSKY, see Makeevka.
DNEPRODZERZHINSK (until 1936 - Kamenskoe), a city (from 1917) in the Dnipropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1750. D. developed as a settlement at the metallurgical industry. s-de Yuzhnorus. metallurgical about-va (so-called. Upper and Lower colonies), later it included the former. villages Kamenskoe, Romankovo, Trituznoe, Karnauhovka. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslavsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. Since 1923 - in Yekaterinoslavsky, in 1926-30 - in the Dnepropetrovsk region, since 1932 - in the Dnepropetrovsk region. In 1910 there were 1165 Jews living in D. (3.3%), in 1920 - 1402, in 1923 - 730, in 1926 - 1413 (4.1%), in 1939 - 4900 (3.8%), in 1959 - 3500 (1.8%), in 1970 - 3083 (1.4%), in 1979 - approx. 2,500 (1%), in 1989 - 2,074 Jews. Jews settled in Denmark since the 1880s. Since 1896, the so-called. The Old Synagogue (by the name of the creator it was also called the Synagogue of Savia), later (in 1921) the New Synagogue was built; there was a Jewish cemetery (in Romankov; after the Second World War it was moved, now a tram depot is located on its territory). Since 1905, the rabbi of D. was Abram Berkovich Khalupovich (c. 1874-1928). In 1905 a pogrom took place in Denmark. In 1916, there were a society for the care of children of Jews and a Jewish mutual assistance fund. In the 1910s and 20s. the mill in D. was owned by the Vol family. During the Civil. During the war, the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1929 the New Synagogue was closed (the building was transferred to the Teacher's House), the building of the Old Synagogue was demolished (in the 1970s ).During the Holocaust, Jews were massacred in D. In 1995, Hesed Maayan was organized in D. (led. Lydia Borisovna Tarnopolskaya, b. 1964), Sunday school (director Galina Borisovna Grabarnik). The Jewish religion has existed since 1998. community; prayers are held in the Joint's premises (previously Dmitry Viktorovich Tarnopolsky, b. 1963). In 1999 the Jewish Community Center was founded (director Grabarnik). In 2000, approx. 2 thousand Jews. Emma Yakovlevna Shaver (nee Lazarova) (? -?), Amer. Jewish singer A. Kovalenko
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДНЕПРОПЕТРОВСК (в 1796—1802 — Новороссийск, в 1802—1926 — Екатеринослав), центр Днепропетровской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1776. До 1783 — уездный, затем — губернский город. С 1932 — областной центр.В 1805 в Д. проживало 376 евреев, в 1825 — 880, в 1847 — 1699, в 1857 — 1125, в 1865 — 3472, в 1881 — 6700, в 1897 — 41 240 (в т. ч. 359 караимов), в 1910 — 69 012 (33,3%), в 1920 — 72 928, в 1923 — 50 237, в 1926 — 62 043 еврея (26,7%) и 145 караимов, в 1939 — 89 529, в 1959 — 53 400, в 1970 — 50 422 еврея (5,8%) и 57 караимов, в 1979 — 45 622 (4,3%), в 1989 — 37 869 евреев.Евреи жили в Д. с 1793. Ок. 1800 в Д. была построена синагога, к-рая в 1833 сгорела. Новое каменное здание синагоги заложили в 1837. Существовало еврейское кладбище, рядом хоронили караимов. Старейший памятник караимов, установленный на могиле основателя караимской колонии Д., датируется 1843. В 1864 в Д. имелись казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, талмуд-тора, 15 хедеров, 5 синагог; в 1879 была открыта караимская школа, где обучались 23 мальчика. В 1884 в Д. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион», одним из рук. к-рого являлся Михл Майданский (1825, Заславль Волынской губ. — 1910). С кон. 1890-х гг. в Д. действовали сионистские орг-ции. Одним из лидеров был А.-М.-М.Усышкин, с 1905 — Мойше Брук (1868—1920).В 1890-х гг. в Д. работала еврейская театр. труппа Х.Брянчинского. В 1900, 1904 гастролировала еврейская труппа Я.Спиваковского и А.-А.Фишзона. В 1900 в Д. имелись 4-классное уч-ще П.Л.Иоффе, талмуд-тора, еврейская больница, род. приют, еврейское благотворит. об-во, об-во попечения о недостаточных уч-ся талмуд-торы, об-во вспомоществования уч-ся и учившим евреям.В янв. 1904 в Д. была создана орг-ция Бунда, к авг. 1904 насчитывавшая до 100 чл. Рук. роль в ней играли А.Древников, Б.Симковер, М.Шварц. В 1905 Совет рабочих депутатов в Д. возглавлял публицист, обществ. деятель Марк Хиной (1884—?). В 1909 был основан банкирский дом С.Арановича. В 1910 в Д. имелись 21 синагога, 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1911 основан Еврейский горный ин-т, устав и программу к-рого утвердило Мин-во нар. просвещения. В 1912 гр. молодых интеллигентов организовала в Д. театр. кружок с постановкой пьес на иврите. В 1913 в Д. действовали 38 синагог, кинасса, еврейская больница с неск. отд-ниями и аптекой, караимское уч-ще, казенное уч-ще, 3 талмуд-торы, еврейская жен. гимназия Иоффе, десятки хедеров. С 1914 работало отд-ние Еврейского об-ва поощрения высших знаний, с 1916 — 3 талмуд-торы, уч-ще об-ва попечения о детях-евреях, частное жен. уч-ще 3-го разряда Ф.М.Вескер, 5 частных муж. уч-щ 3-го разряда, уч-ще еврейского сиротского дома, частное нач. еврейское уч-ще Рогачевского, частное уч-ще 3-го разряда еврейского об-ва «Просвещение», 3 частных еврейских уч-ща (Урьяса, Брагинской, Брацлавской), богадельня М.Ю.Карпаса для бедных евреек, Об-во вспомоществования уч-ся частной жен. гимназии Юдкович, частное еврейское ср. техн. уч-ще П.И.Когана, вечерние курсы для мужчин и женщин (на средства ЕКОПО и ОПЕ), жен. проф. школа, подготовит. курсы. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Д. эвакуировалось Минское ремесл. уч-ще. В 1917 открылся Частный Политехнический ин-т (Еврейский политехникум) с электромеханич., инж. и экономич. ф-тами (в кон. 1917 преобразованный в Еврейский научный ин-т), была открыта школа для беженцев, кухня для детского очага при еврейской общине.Обществ. раввином в 1898—1904 был Ш.Х.Левин, старостой хоральной синагоги состоял М.Ю.Карпас, ст. хазаном караимской духовной общины — С.Ш.Шигит. В 1908—21 раввином Д. был Пинхос Гельман (1880—1921), в 1907—39 — Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона; в 1904—17 казенным раввином был Мендель Лейбович Бруштейн (? — сер. 1920-х гг.). В нач. 1920-х гг. одним из раввинов Д. был И.-Л.Левин.20—21 июля 1883 в Д. произошел еврейский погром. Погромы повторились в 1883, 1884 и 1886. Во время погрома 20 июля и 21 окт. 1905 погибло 126 евреев. При сопротивлении, оказанном отрядами самообороны, было убито 63 погромщика. В 1917 в Д. выходили газ. «Известия Екатеринославского районного сионистского комитета», «Еврейский путь», «Фолкс ворт». В мае 1919 в предместье Д. отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева был учинен погром, в результате к-рого погибло св. 150 евреев.В 1918 при с.-д. еврейских партиях и Союзе евреев-воинов в Д. действовали отряды самообороны, в т. ч. Дружина еврейской общины. Отряд еврейских рабочих-социалистов насчитывал 250 чел. В 1921—24 в Д. работало отд-ние Джойнта. В 1920-х гг. действовали нелег. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Цеирей Цион» во главе с Азриэлем Заливенским, Х.Райхманом, Мойше Рисиным (1889—1962, Израиль), Мойше Ольшанским, Залманом Яфитом (1885, Пирятин — 1944). В февр. 1924 были произведены массовые аресты сионистов.В 1929 в Д. была закрыта Хоральная синагога. Духовным лидером евреев Д. в 1920—30-х гг. был Л.-И.Шнеерсон. В кон. 1920-х — нач. 1930-х гг. в Д. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива под рук. Н.Лабковского, Абы Плискина, Мордхе-Цви Харитонова и М.-М.Футерфаса.В 1920-х — нач. 1930-х гг. функционировали неск. еврейских школ, еврейский маш.-строит. техникум.В 1930 в Д. был создан первый в СССР Еврейский Колхозный т-р под рук. И.С.Радомысского, получивший в 1936 статус Областного еврейского драм. т-ра (худож. рук. И.Б.Каганов). В 1933—37 1-м секр. Днепропетровского обкома КП(б)У был М.М.Хатаевич.Части вермахта заняли Д. 25 авг. 1941. Св. 11 тыс. евреев было расстреляно 13—14 окт. 1941, более 100 — в нояб. 1941, в дек. 1941 — неск. тыс., в янв. 1942 — неск. сотен евреев.В 1946—47 было восстановлено и передано еврейской общине каменное здание синагоги по ул. Коцюбинского, 47. В будни синагогу посещало 20—50 чел., в праздники — более 500. Раввином в 1946—53 был И.-Л.Левин.В пользу фонда сооружения памятника евреям — жертвам фашизма член правления еврейской общины Шульман организовал в 1948 в т-ре им. Шевченко постановку спектакля, а в лекционном бюро — платную лекцию о положении в Э.-И. Уполномоченный Совета по делам религ. культов запретил эти мероприятия, и Шульман был освобожден от обязанностей члена правления.С кон. 1980-х гг. еврейская общинная жизнь в Д. начала активизироваться. Создано об-во культуры и милосердия (во главе с А.Л.Шмистом), изд. газ. «Шабат Шалом», с 1999 — «Шабат Шалом, Украина» (гл. ред. М.А.Каршенбаум). С 1991 действует иешива, работают еврейская школа — крупнейшая в Европе (дир. С.И.Каплунский), жен. пед. колледж «Бейт Хана» (с 1994). В 1995 открыт «Шаарей Хесэд» (рук. Игорь Кижнер), организован информ. центр (зав. Н.Б.Израилит), проводятся выставки, лекции, отмечаются религ. праздники, создан молодежный муз. коллектив «Ерушалаим», действует Еврейский общинный центр. С 1990 раввин Д. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шмуэль Каменецкий (р. 1965, Кфар-Хабад, Израиль). В 1997 еврейской общине возвращено здание Хоральной синагоги.В Д. род.: А.Авни, Л.О.Арнштам, И.Бар-Иегуда, А.И.Бертинов, М.И.Брагинский, М.И.Бриан, А.И.Бровальский, А.Е.Бродский, А.И.Бродский, Л.Э.Вайсберг, Э.С.Виленский, Л.А.Вулис, А.А.Галич, Ф.М.Гальперин, С.Г.Геллерштейн, Б.Гилон, Л.А.Гитман, Б.И.Гольдберг, Е.И.Гольдберг, А.С.Гольденвейзер, В.А.Гольфельд, Я.З.Городской, О.О.Грузенберг, Ц.-Г.Дашевский, В.А.Дунаевский, Г.Златопольский, Г.М.Зусманович, Б.Идельсон, И.Л.Иоффе, Д.И.Каминская, Г.Н.Каминский, И.Я.Каминский, А.Е.Кобринский, Л.Б.Коган, П.И.Колосов, С.И.Колтон, А.С.Компанеец, В.М.Корецкий, И.Л.Кричевский, Б.Г.Кузнецов, Х.М.Левина, Г.Д.Лейтейзен, Н.С.Лейтес, М.А.Леонов, Б.Л.Лившиц, А.А.Львов, С.В.Магнус, В.Мейерович, М.О.Мендельсон, Д.Н.Мосессон, Л.Г.Мунштейн, Л.М.Неменов, М.И.Олевский, И.Г.Оршанский, Л.По, Г.П.Пятигорский, Ф.Розенфельд, А.М.Рывкин, Д.Л.Сагал, Я.А.Сатуновский, М.А.Светлов, В.Я.Слонимский, А.О.Спиваковский, А.П.Стогорский, А.И.Страхов, В.А.Турбинер, А.М.Файнциммер, Г.Фарбер, А.А.Фельдбаум, Д.М.Хаит, И.М.Халатников, Э.В.Цесарская, Я.З.Цыпкин, Г.И.Чудновский, М.Г.Шапиро, С.С.Шварц, Л.М.Шендерович, А.А.Шрейдер, Л.П.Штейнберг, Ю.И.Эйдлин, А.А.Явнель, А.И.Ямпольский, И.М.Ямпольский, М.И.Япольский; Юрий Петрович Барский (р. 1917), шашист, мастер спорта (1960), засл. тренер СССР (1967), шашечный журналист, автор книг по теории шашек; Яков Львович Бибиков (1902—1976, Москва), ген.-лейт. инж.-технич. службы (1944), с 1946 нач. НИИ Воен.-Возд. сил, затем нач. кафедры Воен.-возд. академии, нагр. 7 орд.; Леонид Зиновьевич Вельшер (р. 1948), онкохирург, д-р мед. наук (1989), проф. (1990), с 1995 зав. кафедрой онкологии ММСИ, автор тр. по проблемам онкологии, Гос. пр. СССР (1985); Мария Ефимовна Волченок (р. 1930), пианистка, засл. арт. РСФСР; Анатолий Александрович Галицкий (1912—1984), контр-адмирал (1955), нагр. 4 орд.; Абрам Анатольевич Гиммельфарб (р. 1924), металлург, д-р техн. наук (1971), проф. (1972), Гос. пр. УССР (1983); Борис Исаакович Горфинкель (р. 1927), энергетик, создатель знакосинтезирующих индикаторных приборов новых классов, д-р техн. наук (1989), проф. (1993), Гос. пр. СССР (1983); Ефим Давидович Гохберг (р. 1910), общественный деятель, инж.-полк. авиации, активный деятель еврейского нац. движения, один из созд. Моск. еврейского культурно-просветит. об-ва (МЕКПО), зам. пред., с 1990 — один из рук. Ваада, сын Д.Х.Гохберга; Наум Мануилович Гуревич (р. 1922), специалист в обл. экономич. истории Афганистана, д-р экономич. наук (1968); Савелий Александрович Зусмановский (1904—1979, Москва), специалист в обл. радиоэлектроники, д-р техн. наук (1959), проф. (1961), Стал. пр. (1941), Гос. пр. СССР (1970); Дэвид Нахманзон (1899—1983, Нью-Йорк), биохимик, с 1939 — в США, чл. Нац. акад. наук (1965), автор иссл. в обл. нейрологии; Лев Абрамович Ольшанский (1914—1995, Москва), тренер по футболу, гл. тренер команды «Пахтакор», ст. тренер «Динамо»; Георгий Моисеевич Присс (р. 1925), специалист в обл. электрооборудования космич. аппаратов, зам. гл. конструктора; Борис Александрович Сондак (1921—1942, Днепропетровск), один из организаторов антифаш. подполья в Д., чл. штаба; Даниил Гилелевич Шиндель (1918—1977, Ленинград), контр-адмирал (1965); Давид Борисович Юдин (р. 1919), специалист в обл. прикл. математики, д-р техн. наук (1956), проф. (1962)., pronunciation=ДНЕПРОПЕТРОВСК (в 1796—1802 — Новороссийск, в 1802—1926 — Екатеринослав), центр Днепропетровской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1776. До 1783 — уездный, затем — губернский город. С 1932 — областной центр.В 1805 в Д. проживало 376 евреев, в 1825 — 880, в 1847 — 1699, в 1857 — 1125, в 1865 — 3472, в 1881 — 6700, в 1897 — 41 240 (в т. ч. 359 караимов), в 1910 — 69 012 (33,3%), в 1920 — 72 928, в 1923 — 50 237, в 1926 — 62 043 еврея (26,7%) и 145 караимов, в 1939 — 89 529, в 1959 — 53 400, в 1970 — 50 422 еврея (5,8%) и 57 караимов, в 1979 — 45 622 (4,3%), в 1989 — 37 869 евреев.Евреи жили в Д. с 1793. Ок. 1800 в Д. была построена синагога, к-рая в 1833 сгорела. Новое каменное здание синагоги заложили в 1837. Существовало еврейское кладбище, рядом хоронили караимов. Старейший памятник караимов, установленный на могиле основателя караимской колонии Д., датируется 1843. В 1864 в Д. имелись казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, талмуд-тора, 15 хедеров, 5 синагог; в 1879 была открыта караимская школа, где обучались 23 мальчика. В 1884 в Д. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион», одним из рук. к-рого являлся Михл Майданский (1825, Заславль Волынской губ. — 1910). С кон. 1890-х гг. в Д. действовали сионистские орг-ции. Одним из лидеров был А.-М.-М.Усышкин, с 1905 — Мойше Брук (1868—1920).В 1890-х гг. в Д. работала еврейская театр. труппа Х.Брянчинского. В 1900, 1904 гастролировала еврейская труппа Я.Спиваковского и А.-А.Фишзона. В 1900 в Д. имелись 4-классное уч-ще П.Л.Иоффе, талмуд-тора, еврейская больница, род. приют, еврейское благотворит. об-во, об-во попечения о недостаточных уч-ся талмуд-торы, об-во вспомоществования уч-ся и учившим евреям.В янв. 1904 в Д. была создана орг-ция Бунда, к авг. 1904 насчитывавшая до 100 чл. Рук. роль в ней играли А.Древников, Б.Симковер, М.Шварц. В 1905 Совет рабочих депутатов в Д. возглавлял публицист, обществ. деятель Марк Хиной (1884—?). В 1909 был основан банкирский дом С.Арановича. В 1910 в Д. имелись 21 синагога, 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1911 основан Еврейский горный ин-т, устав и программу к-рого утвердило Мин-во нар. просвещения. В 1912 гр. молодых интеллигентов организовала в Д. театр. кружок с постановкой пьес на иврите. В 1913 в Д. действовали 38 синагог, кинасса, еврейская больница с неск. отд-ниями и аптекой, караимское уч-ще, казенное уч-ще, 3 талмуд-торы, еврейская жен. гимназия Иоффе, десятки хедеров. С 1914 работало отд-ние Еврейского об-ва поощрения высших знаний, с 1916 — 3 талмуд-торы, уч-ще об-ва попечения о детях-евреях, частное жен. уч-ще 3-го разряда Ф.М.Вескер, 5 частных муж. уч-щ 3-го разряда, уч-ще еврейского сиротского дома, частное нач. еврейское уч-ще Рогачевского, частное уч-ще 3-го разряда еврейского об-ва «Просвещение», 3 частных еврейских уч-ща (Урьяса, Брагинской, Брацлавской), богадельня М.Ю.Карпаса для бедных евреек, Об-во вспомоществования уч-ся частной жен. гимназии Юдкович, частное еврейское ср. техн. уч-ще П.И.Когана, вечерние курсы для мужчин и женщин (на средства ЕКОПО и ОПЕ), жен. проф. школа, подготовит. курсы. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Д. эвакуировалось Минское ремесл. уч-ще. В 1917 открылся Частный Политехнический ин-т (Еврейский политехникум) с электромеханич., инж. и экономич. ф-тами (в кон. 1917 преобразованный в Еврейский научный ин-т), была открыта школа для беженцев, кухня для детского очага при еврейской общине.Обществ. раввином в 1898—1904 был Ш.Х.Левин, старостой хоральной синагоги состоял М.Ю.Карпас, ст. хазаном караимской духовной общины — С.Ш.Шигит. В 1908—21 раввином Д. был Пинхос Гельман (1880—1921), в 1907—39 — Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона; в 1904—17 казенным раввином был Мендель Лейбович Бруштейн (? — сер. 1920-х гг.). В нач. 1920-х гг. одним из раввинов Д. был И.-Л.Левин.20—21 июля 1883 в Д. произошел еврейский погром. Погромы повторились в 1883, 1884 и 1886. Во время погрома 20 июля и 21 окт. 1905 погибло 126 евреев. При сопротивлении, оказанном отрядами самообороны, было убито 63 погромщика. В 1917 в Д. выходили газ. «Известия Екатеринославского районного сионистского комитета», «Еврейский путь», «Фолкс ворт». В мае 1919 в предместье Д. отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева был учинен погром, в результате к-рого погибло св. 150 евреев.В 1918 при с.-д. еврейских партиях и Союзе евреев-воинов в Д. действовали отряды самообороны, в т. ч. Дружина еврейской общины. Отряд еврейских рабочих-социалистов насчитывал 250 чел. В 1921—24 в Д. работало отд-ние Джойнта. В 1920-х гг. действовали нелег. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Цеирей Цион» во главе с Азриэлем Заливенским, Х.Райхманом, Мойше Рисиным (1889—1962, Израиль), Мойше Ольшанским, Залманом Яфитом (1885, Пирятин — 1944). В февр. 1924 были произведены массовые аресты сионистов.В 1929 в Д. была закрыта Хоральная синагога. Духовным лидером евреев Д. в 1920—30-х гг. был Л.-И.Шнеерсон. В кон. 1920-х — нач. 1930-х гг. в Д. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива под рук. Н.Лабковского, Абы Плискина, Мордхе-Цви Харитонова и М.-М.Футерфаса.В 1920-х — нач. 1930-х гг. функционировали неск. еврейских школ, еврейский маш.-строит. техникум.В 1930 в Д. был создан первый в СССР Еврейский Колхозный т-р под рук. И.С.Радомысского, получивший в 1936 статус Областного еврейского драм. т-ра (худож. рук. И.Б.Каганов). В 1933—37 1-м секр. Днепропетровского обкома КП(б)У был М.М.Хатаевич.Части вермахта заняли Д. 25 авг. 1941. Св. 11 тыс. евреев было расстреляно 13—14 окт. 1941, более 100 — в нояб. 1941, в дек. 1941 — неск. тыс., в янв. 1942 — неск. сотен евреев.В 1946—47 было восстановлено и передано еврейской общине каменное здание синагоги по ул. Коцюбинского, 47. В будни синагогу посещало 20—50 чел., в праздники — более 500. Раввином в 1946—53 был И.-Л.Левин.В пользу фонда сооружения памятника евреям — жертвам фашизма член правления еврейской общины Шульман организовал в 1948 в т-ре им. Шевченко постановку спектакля, а в лекционном бюро — платную лекцию о положении в Э.-И. Уполномоченный Совета по делам религ. культов запретил эти мероприятия, и Шульман был освобожден от обязанностей члена правления.С кон. 1980-х гг. еврейская общинная жизнь в Д. начала активизироваться. Создано об-во культуры и милосердия (во главе с А.Л.Шмистом), изд. газ. «Шабат Шалом», с 1999 — «Шабат Шалом, Украина» (гл. ред. М.А.Каршенбаум). С 1991 действует иешива, работают еврейская школа — крупнейшая в Европе (дир. С.И.Каплунский), жен. пед. колледж «Бейт Хана» (с 1994). В 1995 открыт «Шаарей Хесэд» (рук. Игорь Кижнер), организован информ. центр (зав. Н.Б.Израилит), проводятся выставки, лекции, отмечаются религ. праздники, создан молодежный муз. коллектив «Ерушалаим», действует Еврейский общинный центр. С 1990 раввин Д. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шмуэль Каменецкий (р. 1965, Кфар-Хабад, Израиль). В 1997 еврейской общине возвращено здание Хоральной синагоги.В Д. род.: А.Авни, Л.О.Арнштам, И.Бар-Иегуда, А.И.Бертинов, М.И.Брагинский, М.И.Бриан, А.И.Бровальский, А.Е.Бродский, А.И.Бродский, Л.Э.Вайсберг, Э.С.Виленский, Л.А.Вулис, А.А.Галич, Ф.М.Гальперин, С.Г.Геллерштейн, Б.Гилон, Л.А.Гитман, Б.И.Гольдберг, Е.И.Гольдберг, А.С.Гольденвейзер, В.А.Гольфельд, Я.З.Городской, О.О.Грузенберг, Ц.-Г.Дашевский, В.А.Дунаевский, Г.Златопольский, Г.М.Зусманович, Б.Идельсон, И.Л.Иоффе, Д.И.Каминская, Г.Н.Каминский, И.Я.Каминский, А.Е.Кобринский, Л.Б.Коган, П.И.Колосов, С.И.Колтон, А.С.Компанеец, В.М.Корецкий, И.Л.Кричевский, Б.Г.Кузнецов, Х.М.Левина, Г.Д.Лейтейзен, Н.С.Лейтес, М.А.Леонов, Б.Л.Лившиц, А.А.Львов, С.В.Магнус, В.Мейерович, М.О.Мендельсон, Д.Н.Мосессон, Л.Г.Мунштейн, Л.М.Неменов, М.И.Олевский, И.Г.Оршанский, Л.По, Г.П.Пятигорский, Ф.Розенфельд, А.М.Рывкин, Д.Л.Сагал, Я.А.Сатуновский, М.А.Светлов, В.Я.Слонимский, А.О.Спиваковский, А.П.Стогорский, А.И.Страхов, В.А.Турбинер, А.М.Файнциммер, Г.Фарбер, А.А.Фельдбаум, Д.М.Хаит, И.М.Халатников, Э.В.Цесарская, Я.З.Цыпкин, Г.И.Чудновский, М.Г.Шапиро, С.С.Шварц, Л.М.Шендерович, А.А.Шрейдер, Л.П.Штейнберг, Ю.И.Эйдлин, А.А.Явнель, А.И.Ямпольский, И.М.Ямпольский, М.И.Япольский; Юрий Петрович Барский (р. 1917), шашист, мастер спорта (1960), засл. тренер СССР (1967), шашечный журналист, автор книг по теории шашек; Яков Львович Бибиков (1902—1976, Москва), ген.-лейт. инж.-технич. службы (1944), с 1946 нач. НИИ Воен.-Возд. сил, затем нач. кафедры Воен.-возд. академии, нагр. 7 орд.; Леонид Зиновьевич Вельшер (р. 1948), онкохирург, д-р мед. наук (1989), проф. (1990), с 1995 зав. кафедрой онкологии ММСИ, автор тр. по проблемам онкологии, Гос. пр. СССР (1985); Мария Ефимовна Волченок (р. 1930), пианистка, засл. арт. РСФСР; Анатолий Александрович Галицкий (1912—1984), контр-адмирал (1955), нагр. 4 орд.; Абрам Анатольевич Гиммельфарб (р. 1924), металлург, д-р техн. наук (1971), проф. (1972), Гос. пр. УССР (1983); Борис Исаакович Горфинкель (р. 1927), энергетик, создатель знакосинтезирующих индикаторных приборов новых классов, д-р техн. наук (1989), проф. (1993), Гос. пр. СССР (1983); Ефим Давидович Гохберг (р. 1910), общественный деятель, инж.-полк. авиации, активный деятель еврейского нац. движения, один из созд. Моск. еврейского культурно-просветит. об-ва (МЕКПО), зам. пред., с 1990 — один из рук. Ваада, сын Д.Х.Гохберга; Наум Мануилович Гуревич (р. 1922), специалист в обл. экономич. истории Афганистана, д-р экономич. наук (1968); Савелий Александрович Зусмановский (1904—1979, Москва), специалист в обл. радиоэлектроники, д-р техн. наук (1959), проф. (1961), Стал. пр. (1941), Гос. пр. СССР (1970); Дэвид Нахманзон (1899—1983, Нью-Йорк), биохимик, с 1939 — в США, чл. Нац. акад. наук (1965), автор иссл. в обл. нейрологии; Лев Абрамович Ольшанский (1914—1995, Москва), тренер по футболу, гл. тренер команды «Пахтакор», ст. тренер «Динамо»; Георгий Моисеевич Присс (р. 1925), специалист в обл. электрооборудования космич. аппаратов, зам. гл. конструктора; Борис Александрович Сондак (1921—1942, Днепропетровск), один из организаторов антифаш. подполья в Д., чл. штаба; Даниил Гилелевич Шиндель (1918—1977, Ленинград), контр-адмирал (1965); Давид Борисович Юдин (р. 1919), специалист в обл. прикл. математики, д-р техн. наук (1956), проф. (1962)., extra_data="{'translat...")
DNEPROVKA, a village in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s and 30s. - as part of the Crimean ASSR. In 1923, approx. 120 Jews from Belarus and Ukraine. In 1930 the agricultural sector was established in D. m-in.
DNEPROVSKAYA, a village in the Timashevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Rogovskaya Caucasian department Kuban region. 1942 75 evacuated Jews were shot in D.
DNO, city (since 1925), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tarkhovsky u. Pskov Gubernia. In 1923, 79 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 96 Jews (1.6%).
DOBELE, city, regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1334.From 1795 - as part of Ros. Empire, Doblen Mitavsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1881 there were 154 Jews living in Denmark (14%), in 1897 - 240 (14%), in 1910 - 142 (7%), in 1920 - 25 (3%), in 1925 - 64 (6%), in 1930 - 80 (4%), in 1935 - 72 Jews (3%). The Jewish community existed in V. from the middle. 19th century A cemetery was founded in 1897. A synagogue was built in 1904. There was a mikvah. Rabbi D. in the 1890s. was Aron Glikman, in the 1900-1910s. - Ikutiel-Zalman Halevi. In 1905, the Jews of Denmark took an active part in the revolution, and the revolution. the council appointed teacher L.-B. Perelman as mayor of the city. After the suppression of the uprising, Perelman was sentenced to death. During the 1st world. During the war, most Jews were left by D. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was Dovid Kantor. There was a Zionist circle. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the beginning. July 1941 the Jews of D. were shot. After 1945, a monument to the perished Jews of D. with an inscription in Yiddish was erected at the Jewish cemetery in Riga.
DOBEIKI, see Diabeikiai.
DOBIN Efim Semenovich (1901, Korsun of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1977, Leningrad), publicist, literary critic, film critic. Son of Sh.-Sh. Dobin. From 1920 he began to publish in Heb. press in Ukraine, was ed. youth w., to-ry published Heb. section at the Kiev Youth Union. In 1923, when a weekly began to appear in Moscow. "Jungvald", D. was appointed his responsible. ed. The magazine played an important role in the formation of the younger generation of Hebrews. writers. In 1925 - 28 holes. ed. first owl. children g. in Heb. lang. "Pioneer". Further lit. and ed. D.'s activities are associated with Rus. periodicals and rus. lit-keeping. In 1929 M. Gorky invited him to become deputy. ch. ed. g. "Lit. study ". In 1935–37 D. otv. ed. gas. "Lit. Leningrad ". Author of literary and film studies books: “Life material and art. plot "(Moscow, 1958)," Poetics of cinema "(Moscow, 1961)," Hero. Plot. Detail "(Moscow, 1962)," Kozintsev and Trauberg "(Moscow, 1963)," Plot and Reality "(L., 1981), works about the life and work of A.A. Akhmatova, A.A. Fadeev, A.A. Prokofiev, Yu.P. German, V.P. Nekrasov, V.F. Panova, O.F. Berggolts, D.A. Granina and others.
DOBIN Girsh Izrailevich (1905, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 2001, Rosh-Lezion, Israel), prose writer. In the end. 1926 arrived in Kharkov, member. lit. gr. "Junger Boy-Klang" with gas. "Junge Guard". From 1928 he began to publish in Heb. periodic. ed. In 1931 he released the first in Kharkov. book stories "Arum mil" ("Around the mill". In 1932 he moved with his family to Birobidzhan, worked in the editorial office of the regional newspaper "Birobidzhaner Stern" and in the radio committee. Since then, the main theme of his work has become the life of Jewish immigrants. This topic is dedicated to works from collections: "Baim Amur" ("On the Amur", 1935), "Tsvishn binsh-tokn" ("Among the beehives", 1941). From March 1940 he worked in the republic. "In Minsk. When the city was occupied by the Germans, D. was imprisoned in a ghetto. In March 1942, together with a group of ghetto prisoners, he joined the partisan detachment, in which he fought until the liberation of Belarus. This is his first post-war book. Oif weierusisher erd "(" On the Belarusian land "), published in Moscow in 1947, where D. moved shortly after the end of the war. In 1969, the publishing house" Sov. Writer "published Prince D." Der koeh funlebn "(" The Power of Life "), which includes romance and stories dedicated to resistance in the ghetto, partisan movement during the war years. Since 1992 in Israel.
DOBIN Motya (1880, Proskurov, Podolsk province. - 1942, Treblinka), publicist, society. activist. Ml. brother of Sh.-Sh. Dobin. Graduated from Russian. g-ziyu, then studied at Kiev University. In 1916 he was one of the organizers of the first. Heb. g-zii in Kiev, where he taught biology and physics. After the pogroms in Ukraine he left for Poland, lived there until 1921, then moved to Paris and until 1938. to-volume assistance to emigrants. An active figure in the Bund in France. Throughout many. years printed Art. in Parisian Hebrews. periodic. ed., participated in scientific. co-kah IBO in Vilna. Author of works on emigration issues. In 1932 he published a study. “Heb. working emigrants in Paris "and" Professions of Heb. emigrants in France "with statistical. data and tab. During it. occupation played a prominent role in the organization of the Resistance. He was arrested on 07/14/1942 and deported together with his wife to Treblinka.
DOBIN Shimon-Shimoini (1869, borough Bobr Sennensky u. Mogilev province. - 1944, Leningrad), publicist, teacher, societies, activist. Brother of M. Dobin. He worked as an accountant in Odessa, passed the exams for teachers. He became close to the Poale Zionists and became an active party leader. In 1907 he was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. In 1908, due to illness, he was allowed to go abroad for treatment. In Nervi, D. became close to Sholem Aleichem, who was there on treatment, and later published. valuable recollections about him. In 1911, D. returned to Russia, settled in Kiev, and was elected to the city council from the Bund. Here he, together with other enthusiasts, founded the illegal. a secular school teaching in Yiddish. After the revolution was before. about-va "Kulturliga" and one of the editors. its ed. At the same time. lectured in Heb. secondary and higher schools, collaborated in Ying-those Heb. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. His first printed work was the brochure “Heb. pogroms and their significance ”(in 1905 it was confiscated by the censor). Typed in the printing house, it was confiscated. Art. D. on societies. and ped. topics were then published in pl. Heb. periodic. ed. Deeply knowing Heb. lit-ru, D. publ. a number of important works on the life and work of Sholem Aleichem and M. Moikher-Sforim, translated into Yiddish several. book on philosophy. topics, as well as on political economy and pedagogy. In lit. heritage D. sign. his letters to Izv. literature to A. Gurstein, correspondence with Sholem Aleichem.
DONE, see Dobele.
DOBRA, a city (since 1918) in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then a posad of Turek u. Kalisz province. In 1764, 355 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1808 - 507 (55%), in 1827 - 1058 (50%), in 1857 - 1300 (54%), in 1897 - 1185 (43%), in 1921 - 1207 (40%), in 1939 - approx. 1,000 Jews. In 1514-1870, D. had the status of a city. Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century, were engaged in trade and crafts. All R. 18th century among the Jews of D. there were 3 innkeepers, 11 tailors, 4 furriers, 2 glaziers, and 2 butchers. In the 19th century. Jews were the initiators of the organization of textile production in D. In the end. 19th century Jews owned mills, small factories for the production of vegetable oil, leather. and weaving workshops. In the end. 18 - early. 19th century philanthropists were created at the community. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance. In the 1850s and 80s. Rabbi D. was Hirsch Baer. There were several. Hasidic synagogues, heders, talmud-Torah. During the 1st world. During the war, detachments of Zionist parties and youth movements began to operate in Denmark. was occupied by parts of the upper class at the beginning. Sep 1939. In Dec. 1939 the Judenrat was established, in 1940 - the ghetto. In oct. 1941 all the Jews of D. were transferred to a ghetto in the Kobele Panske region, where they died along with the Jews who were there.
DOBRE, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Radiminsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. 385 Jews (38%) lived in Denmark in 1897 and 373 Jews (34%) in 1921. Jews settled in Denmark in the second half. 19th century They earned a living by small trade and crafts, there were several. cr. cattle traders. In the end. 19th century a synagogue was built, there was a cheder. There was no Jewish cemetery in D., the dead were buried in the cemetery in Stanislavuv. Sep 1939 germ. troops entered D. on 15 Sept. 1942 all Jews in D. were sent to Treblinka.
DOBRINOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 89 Jews lived in D. In July 1941, D. Jews were deported to Transnistria.
DOBRODZHANU-GERIA Constantine (real name and surname Solomon Katz) (1855, Slavyanka of Kharkov province - 1920, Bucharest), participant of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s, sociologist, lit. critic. While studying at Kharkov University, he participated in populists. circles. In 1875, he fled from arrest to Romania. During the rus tour. War of 1877–78 captured by Rus. police and exiled to Mezen (Arkhangelsk province). In 1879 he escaped from exile and returned to Romania, where he accepted Christ and fam. Dobrodzhan (ps. Gerya). In 1881 he organized literary societies. g. "Contemporary" ("Contemporary"). In his book. ("What the Socialists Want", 1886, "Neo-serfdom", 1910, etc.) promoted Marxism. Was one of the founders and hands. S.-d. party of workers of Romania (1893). In 1941, the remains of D. by order of the room. authorities were reburied in Heb. cemetery. Son D.G. - Alexander (1879-1937), one of the founders and member. Centre. Committee of the Communist Party of Romania (since 1921). From 1932 he worked in the Comintern, lived in the USSR. Repressed.
GOOD, a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dobraya (other names. Dobryanka, Novenkaya) of Kherson u. In 1859, 740 Jews (102 families) lived in Denmark, in 1860 - 473 Jews (151 families), in 1887 - 1503 (84%; the rest were German colonists), in 1897 - 2277 (87.7% ), in 1931 - 2153, in 1941 - 1277 Jews. In 1807 for Jewish agriculture. the colonies were allocated land, but the settlement was postponed for 50 years. Between 1856 and 1857, 52 Jewish families from Vilnius Gubernia settled in D. In the end. 19th century from 3430 dec. allotment land 1537 were sown with wheat, 1555 - with barley, and other agricultural crops. cultures. In 1891, Denmark had 3 synagogues, a one-class school, a bathhouse, a medical assistant's station, 18 shops and warehouses, and 2 taverns. In 1854-1904, the rabbi of D. was Itskhok Pushnits (? —1904) - the great-grandfather of M.-M. Shneerson, then his son Menachem-Mendel Pushnits. In 1918, a pogrom took place in D. troops, in 1919 - units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s and 30s. D. - the center of the nat. Jewish village council. Between 1921 and 1928 there were 3 agricultural enterprises in Denmark. artels and agricultural commune, in 1928-30 collective farms were created. Kirov and Vperyod; there were 3 Jewish schools, clubs, library, outpatient clinic, genus. separation, det. manger, will consume. about. Material aid to the D. community in the 1920s. provided by J.-I. Schneerson. Relig. the community was liquidated in 1938. After the occupation of Denmark by the Germans. troops in 1941 shot 869 Jews; the Jewish cemetery was destroyed (in 1958 the remains of the victims were reburied in the village cemetery in a mass grave, over which an obelisk was erected). After the end of the war, 85 people returned from evacuation in D. and 30 people from the army. After 1945, 36 Jewish families (185 people) lived in D. In D. family: A.Ya. Letuchiy; Petr Lvovich Bograd (b. 1920), Major General (1967) 8 orders; Moishe Shenderai (1891-1970, Buenos Aires), journalist, wrote in Yiddish, since 1912 - in Argentina, in 1917 ed. gas. "Rosarier Lebn". I. M. Shaikin
DOBROKHOTOVA Anna Adolfovna (party dog ​​Marfusha) (1878 - 1925, Ryazan), participant of the roar. movement, part. RSDLP since 1899. She worked in the Iskra organization. In 1902 he was exiled to Siberia in the case of the Revolution. demonstrations in Nizhny Novgorod (P.A. Zalomov and others), soon fled. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) she joined the Mensheviks. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07; led illegal. school desks. work in Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don. She was arrested twice, after a year in prison she was exiled for 3 years to Vyatka province. During the years of reaction "liquidator". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 secret. to-that Mosk. org-tion of the RSDLP, member of the Moscow District Duma. Affairs. Vseros. will unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917). Oct she met the revolution with hostility, was repeatedly arrested by the Sov. authorities (1919, May 1920 - together with a member of the Donskoy Committee of the RSDLP and others). Dec. 1920 released from the Butyrka prison (Moscow), but in February. 1921 Arrested again in the premises of the Social-Democrats. club on charges of organizing strikes at factories and in connection with anti-pain relief. the uprising in Kronstadt; sentenced to one year in a concentration camp (Yaroslavl). Released in mid. 1922, but was soon arrested again in connection with the campaign organized by the Mensheviks against washes, the trial of the Social Revolutionaries; exiled to Yalutorovsk.
DOBROMIL, a city (since 1939) in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1374. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Přemysl district of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 1,253 Jews living in Denmark, in 1860 - 850 (53.1%), in 1870 - 1884 (62.3%), in 1880 - 1918 (69.2%), in 1890 - 2035 (62.9%), in 1900 - 1845 (55.8%), in 1910 - 2271 (62.5%), in 1921 - 2119 Jews (61.7 %). about Jews in D. refers to 1570. In the 16th century. in D., a community was formed, which for a long time was subordinate to the Přemysl kagal. Then the Jews of D. led the CD. trade with.-kh. products. In 1612 the Jews received permission to build a synagogue. In the end. 18th century in D., a German-Jewish school was opened, closed in 1806. In the 19th century. in D. there were 5 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones. In the 1720s. Rabbi D. was Yitzhok Segal, then his son Meir, in mid. 18th century - Meshulam-Zusya Ashkenazi (? -1776), then Arie-Leib Gorvits, in the beginning. 19th century - Avrom-Mordhe Rimalt, then his son Elimelech-Menachem. Mn. the Jews of D. were Belzevsky Hasidim. In 1908 there was a Hebrew school in D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied D. on June 28, 1941. The Judenrat was created. OK. 200 Jews of D. were burnt in the synagogue, the rest were shot on July 29, 1942. After 1945, 25 Jews returned to D..
DOBROMYSL, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1851, 353 Jews lived in D., in 1865 - 298, in 1869 - 228, in 1880 - 272 (81.9%), in 1908 - 618 (95.6%), in 1923 - 271 Jews. Jews have lived in Denmark since the 1830s. In 1851 a synagogue and four heders existed in Denmark; the rabbi was Chaim Mints. In 1870 Yehezkel Kazakov was the rabbi. In 1880, out of 47 households, 40 belonged to Jews, who were engaged in tailoring, shoemaking, carpentry and blacksmithing, traded in timber, rafted along the river. Chernitsa and Luchesa in Zap. Dvina. In March 1942, 34 Jews were shot in D. V. N. Pervyshin
DOBROPOLIE (until 1946 - Reichfeld), in the composition (from 1989) s. Vysokopol (Ukraine). Main in 1926 as a Jewish agricultural artel in the Krivoy Rog okr. immigrants from Krasnopol. In the 1930s. - a village in the Stalindorf district. In 1926 there were 45 people in D., in 1939 - 82 people. The Jewish population of D. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DOBROSIN, a village in the Zhovkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1649. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Denmark from the 18th century. Main his occupations were crafts and trade (Jews owned a shop and a tavern in Denmark). In 1916, 5 Jews from D. were deported to Ternopil. In 1941–42, 20 Jews from D. were deported to Belzhets.
Dobrostany, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1389. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century Jews were apprx. 20% of the population of Denmark, at the end. 19th century - OK. 40%. Main The occupation of the Jewish population was trade and small handicrafts. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DOBROTVOR, urban-type settlement (since 1950) in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1485. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 379 Jews (13%) lived in Denmark, in 1900 - 383 (11.6%), in 1921 - 216 Jews (7%). Jews lived in D. from the 2nd half. 16th century In 1564, a miller and a butcher were Jews in Denmark. In 1579, Jews owned 2 houses. In the 1820s. in D., a community was created, there was a synagogue and a cemetery. In the 1830s and 70s. Rabbi D. was Yosef-Itskhok Katz, from 1886 - Itskhok-Aizik Raver. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Zionist organizations. In the fall of 1942, the Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated.
DOBROVELICHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dobrovelichkovka (other name. Revutskoe) Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 1718 Jews (60%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 1874, in 1939 - 366 Jews. In D.'s house, 8 Jewish children were killed. Dec 23. 1941 in the yard near the village. Maryevka were shot 207 Jews from D.V.D. P.Sh. Vaizman.
DOBROVEIN (real family member Barabeichik) Isai Alexandrovich (1894, Nizhny Novgorod - 1953, Oslo), conductor, pianist, composer. He gave concerts as a pianist from the age of 5. In 1911 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. from K.N. Igumnov (previously, from 1901 he studied with AAYaroshevsky), improved himself with L. Godovsky at the School of Higher Skills at the Academy of Music and stage performance. art-va in Vienna. From 1917 to 1921 he taught physics. game in Moscow. philharmonic. uch-shche. In 1919 he made his debut in car wash. T-re im. V.F. Komissar-zhevskaya. From 1921 to 1922 he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. In 1923 he went abroad. In 1924–45, he was in charge of Diff. operatic and symphonic. orc. in Germany, Bulgaria, USA, Italy, Scandinavian countries. In the 1930s, he helped B. Guberman in the creation of symphony. orchestra in Tel Aviv. His post had the greatest success. Russian classic operas in Dresden (1923), where he conducted the 1st post in Germany. opera by MP Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov". The culmination of his career as a conductor was work at the La Scala theater in Milan, where he was invited in 1948 by A. Toscanini. Here for 3 seasons he staged op. "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" by Mussorgsky, "Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin, "The Legend of the Great City of Kitezh" and "Scheherazade" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, ballet "Firebird" by I.F. Stravinsky ... In composing, he continued the romantic. traditions; was influenced by A.N. Skryabin. Among the Op. - op. "1001 nights", concert for fp. with orc., 2 sonatas for fp, fp. miniatures, Op. for violin; romances; music for drama performances. t-ra. In all spheres of muses. creativity showed artistry, emotionality, showiness, bright temperament and organizing sense of rhythm.
DOBROVLYANY, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. The Jewish population of Denmark suffered during the “Khmelnitsky region.” In May 1942, the Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed.
DOBRUSH, a city (since 1935), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 191 Jews lived in D. in 1923, 372 (6.1%) in 1926, and 441 Jews in 1939. about the Jews belongs to the middle. 16th century, when there were 12 Jewish houses in Denmark. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In 1941, mass executions of Jews were carried out. 21 nov. 1941 103 Jews were shot. In 1942, approx. 70 city Jews of D. and 7 - 8 Jews from the nearest village.
DOBRUSHIN Ieheskel Moiseevich (1883, Mutin of Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province - 1953), lit. critic, playwright, poet, prose writer. Received education at home. At the age of 19 he came to Paris, where in 1907 he graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne. In 1909 he returned to Russia. Suffering from bone tuberculosis, he was bedridden for three years. First book. D. "Benkende Neshomes" ("Grieving Souls") (poems, plays, stories) was published in 1912 in Vilna, followed by a pov. "Eserka" and the drama "Ven gefiln vakhn" ("When the senses are sensitive"). His first lit.-critical. work (about the work of I.-L. Peretz) appeared in 1915. From 1920 D. in Moscow, where he actively participated in the creation of a new Hebrew. lit-ry. In 1922 a collection of works of his literary criticism was published. Art. "Gedankengang" ("Reflections"), D. becomes one of the editors. first car wash, lit.-thin. g. "Shtrom" and hands. lit. parts of sinks. GOSET. In the 30s, the most fruitful years in D.'s work, collections of his critical works were published. Art. "In Iberboy" ("In perestroika"), "Soviet dikhtung" ("Soviet poetry"), a monograph about S.M. Mikhoels and V.L. Zuskin. He pl. works for t-ra, writes original plays and stage performances. classics for mosk. GOSET, is studying Hebrews. folklore, in 1939 his collections were published: “Sov. Heb. bunk bed songs "and" Nar. fairy tales ", and in 1940 - collection of books" Evr. bunk bed songs ”(with A. Yuditskiy). For services in the region. Drama Drama in 1939 was awarded an order. "Badge of honor". During the war years 1941-1945, D. returned to the genre of art. essay. After the war, Moscow. publishing house "Der Emes" published works by D .: "Dramaturgy of the Classics" and "David Bergelson". 10.2.1949 D. was arrested as one of the members. Heb. anti-fascist. to-that, convicted and died on August 11, 1953 in the camp.
DOBRUSHIN Roland Lvovich (1929, Leningrad - 1995, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1955). A. N. Kolmogorov's student. He worked at Moscow State University (1955–67), since 1967 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main results in probability theory, information theory, func. analysis, matem. logic, combinatorial analysis, mat. grounds statistic. physics. Member Nat. Academy of Sciences of the USA (1993). Cit .: Dynamic. statistical systems mechanics and kinetic. equations, in the book: Dinamich. Systems, Part 2, (Results of Science and Technology. VINITI. Ser. Modern Problems of Mathematics. Fundamental Directions, Vol. 2), Moscow, 1985 (with N.B. Maslov. Ya.G. Sinai and Yu.M. Sukhov).
DOBRUSHINO, a village in the Evpatoria region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main In 1927, immigrants from the Poltava environs. In 1927, 39 Jewish families lived in D., in 1932 - 230 Jewish families. By 1930, a Jewish collective farm had been created in D.. 1941 - Feb. 1942 on the collective farm. Molotov, Dobrushinsky village council, 45 Jews were shot. After 1944, several. dozens of Jewish families returned to D. from evacuation.
DOBRUSKINA (married to Mikhailova) Henrietta. Nikolaevna (1862, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1945, Moscow), member of the roar. movements of the 1880-1900s. The teacher's daughter. Graduated from wives. g-ziyu in Mogilev (1879). From 1880 she studied natural sciences. Department of Higher Wives. (Bestuzhev) courses in St. Petersburg, adjoined the roar. populist. organization "Black redistribution", in 1882 passed to the People's Will, supervised the work of illegal. circles, kept in touch with the Polish. party "Proletariat". From the end. 1883 members "Young Party of People's Will", from the beginning. 1884 for illegal. position, participated in the creation of an underground printing house in Rostov-on-Don, kept in her apartment. bombs and weapons. Arrested on 16.10.1884, taken to Petersburg. On 5.6.1887 she was sentenced to death (by confirmation she was replaced by 8 years of hard labor). She was held in the Kariya convict prison in Transbaikalia, participated in a number of prison protests against the brutal regime. From 1900 she lived in Chita, worked illegally. polit. Cr. Cross. From the beginning. 1900s member Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs), in 1906 member. her Chita to-that, participated in the organization of the escapes of a number of revolutionaries from hard labor. In 1907 she returned to Europe. Russia, member. Odessa committee of the SRs, carried on propaganda among women workers. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - dep. Odessa Council of Workers' Dep., Pre. To-that help former. political prisoners. After Oct. 1917 she moved away from political activities, lived in Krasnodar, from 1924 in Rostov-on-Don, from 1931 in Moscow. Since 1923, member. About the former. Political prisoners and exiled settlers. Cit .: Lopatinsky trial, in the book: Narodnaya Volya. Sat. Ill, M., 1934; Autobiography, in the book: Figures of the USSR and the roar. movement of Russia. Encyclopedic. dictionary Pomegranate. Reprint edition, M., 1989.
Dobryanka, see Kind.
DOBRYANSKY, see Dobryanka, Perm region.
DOBYANY, a village in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1437. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century several people settled in D. Jewish families. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade. In 1916, three Jews from D. were evicted to Ternopil. In 1941–42, the Jewish population of D. was deported to the Gorodok ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated.
DOBRZIN, see Dobrzyń nad Vistula]].
DOBRIN NAD WISLOY, a city (since 1519) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Dobrzha land in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - a city, then Posad Dobrzhin Lipnovsky u. Plock province. In 1765 in D.-N.-V. 757 Jews lived, in 1808 - 1816 (82%), in 1827 - 1201 (55%), in 1857 - 831 (45%), in 1897 - 927 (37%), in 1921 - 775 Jews (29%). Jewish community D.-N.-V. suffered during the Polish-Swedish wars. In 1656 only a few Jews managed to escape from the troops of Stephen Chernetsky. From 1783, Jews had the right to live only in a separate quarter. At the same time, a wooden synagogue was built and a place for a cemetery was allocated. Jews D.-N.-V. they earned their living by trade, crafts, maintained inns, and rented land. Already in 1661, the Jews received a monopoly on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. In the end. 18th century in D.-N.-V. built a brick synagogue. In the 19th century. in D.-N.-V. there were 2 synagogues, including one Hasidic. Since the 1890s. Rabbi D.-N.-V. there was Yehuda-Leib Sannabend (1861—?). In the beginning. 20th century a yeshiva was opened, and in 1928 the People's Bank was founded with the assistance of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. active Zionist activity was carried out, cells of Jewish parties and movements, branches of "Agudas Yisroel" and Bund worked. In 1926 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. There were 2 Jewish libraries. Sep 1939 germ. troops occupied D.-N.-V. 24 Sep synagogues were burned, the cemetery was destroyed. In the beginning. oct. 1939 Jews were expelled from D.-N.-V.
DODIN Lev Abramovich (b. 1940, Leningrad), director. In 1966 he graduated from the director's department Leningrad. state in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography (LGITMIK), D.'s diploma work, the play "First Love" by IS Turgenev is shown at Leningrad State University. TV. Since 1970 he has been teaching at the same place (since 1989 he has been heading the acting and director's workshop). In 1967–73 he worked at Leningrad State University. t-re young spectator (the first independent. performance - "But what would you choose |" based on the play by A.V. Kurgatnikov, 1971). The greatest success was achieved with the performance of D. based on the play "Our people - we are numbered" by AN Ostrovsky (1973). D. post. also the performances "The Robber" by K. Chapek (1976), "The Tattooed Rose" by T. Williams (1977) in Maly Drama. t-re, "Rose Bernd" by G. Hauptmann (1975) and "Minor" by DI Fonvizin (1976) in T-re of drama and comedy on Liteiny, "Appointment" by AM Volodin (1978), "Live and remember "after VG Rasputin (1979). To Leningrad. T-re of the comedy "Continuation of Don Juan" by ES Radzinsky (1980), on the Small Stage of the Bolshoi Dramas. t-ra "Gentle" after FM Dostoevsky (1981). With students of LGITMIK D. post. performances based on FA Abramov's novels "Brothers and Sisters" (1979) and "House" (1980). Since 1983 D. - Ch. dir. Small dram, t-ra, where the post. 2nd edition of the play "Brothers and Sisters" (1985), performances "Lord of the Flies" by W. Golding (1986), "Stars in the Morning Sky" by AM Galin (1987; in 1989 received the British Ave. L. Olivier ), "The Old Man" by Yu.V. Trifonov (1988), "For fun we are given young years" based on the novel by SE Kaledin "Stroibat" (1990; Prize of the Russian Federation 1992), "Tartuffe" J.-B . Moliere (1991), "Demons" after Dostoevsky, "Love under the Elms" by Y. O'Neill (both - 1992), "The Broken Jug" by G. von Kleist (1993), etc. In the Moscow Art Theater D. post, play " Gentlemen Golovlevs "after ME Saltykov-Shchedrin (1984) and" Gentle "after Dostoevsky (1985, 2nd edition). All of D.'s performances are based on his own performances. Zarub. tour of Dr. D. (since 1986) brought him peace. glory. D. was the first to grow up. theater. figures admitted in 1992 to the Union of Europe. t-ditch (SET). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1988).
DOKSHITSER Timofei Alexandrovich (1921, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 2005), trumpeter, teacher, conductor. The son of a self-taught musician who played the violin, French horn and percussion instruments, composed music. In 1932, D. was a graduate of a military orc. a cavalry regiment in Moscow, in which he studied with the conductor of the trumpet player A.I. Chizhov (a student of Prof. M.I. Tabakov). Until 1935 he studied with an orc artist. Big T-ra I.A. Vasilevsky at the school at the Muses. technical school them. A.K. Glazunov, in 1935 in Muz. school at the conservatory in the class of prof. MI Tabakov, in 1939–41 at his place in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. Gnesins. At the same time he worked for an orc. at the Central House of Kr. Army, performed as a soloist. In 1941-45 he was an artist of the Exemplary Orc. Moscow military. district, since 1945 in the orc. Big t-ra. Participated in Vses. competition of performers on wind instruments. (3rd pr., 1941, Moscow), in Mezhdunar. competition within the framework of the 1st World Festival of Demokr. youth and students (1947), at the festival in Budapest (1949), at the festival of youth and students in Warsaw (1955). From 1942 he taught at Muz. uch-shche them. Gnesins. In 1945-50 he studied at the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins in Tabakov's class, from 1954 he taught, from 1971 prof. In 1952–57 he studied in the class of symphony. conducting with L.M. Ginzburg in Moscow. cons. Since 1957 he was a trainee conductor at the Bolshoi Theater, then he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater the performances La Traviata by G. Verdi, Werther by J. Massenet, Bank.ban by F. Erkel, and Faust by S. Gounod. D. performs in concerts, on radio and television, records on gramophone records. His repertoire includes classical compositions. and modern composers who specially write productions. for "trumpet singer", "trumpet poet", "high class virtuoso". D.'s performance is distinguished by a natural, beautiful, powerful and freely flowing sound, virtuoso technique, and spirituality. In pedagogy, he pays special attention to the culture of sound, meaningful mastery of material. Among the students V.M.Istomin, A.E.Fisher, V.N.Lub, I.M.Granitsky and others D. - Poch. h. Int. Guild of Trumpeters, is a member of the Board of Directors. Author of the voiced textbooks "Strokes on the Trumpet" and "On the Work on Sketches" published by the firm "Melodia", Vol. "The system of complex exercises of the trumpeter" (M., 1985), numerous. articles. Honored. art. RSFSR (1959). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1976).
DOKSHITSY, city, regional center in Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the district town of Minsk province, from 1796 - the town of Borisov u. Minsk province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, from 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 210 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1847 - 1808, in 1865 - 790, in 1897 - 2762 (75.8%) , in 1931 - c. 4,000 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - crafts (knitting of stockings was widespread). In 1865 there were 4 synagogues, in 1910 - 5 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1st floor. 19th century Rabbi Moishe-Shloyme-Zalman was the rabbi in D. in 1874. rabbi - N.N. Friedman, spiritual rabbi - Avrom Leibovich Feinblum, from 1910s. Until 1924, the rabbi was Aron-Shloyme-Zalman Zelmenovich. In 1906, a branch of the yeshiva "Tomkhey-Tmimim" was created in D. Yehoshua Lane (? —1941). All R. Sep 1915 Cossack units Russian. armies pogrom. The robberies, beatings and bullying continued for three days, b. including the Jewish population left D., suffered 132 Jewish families. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the occupation of D. by German. troops in the summer of 1941 created a ghetto, liquidated on May 29, 1942 (2,653 Jews were killed).
Dokshukino, see Nartkala.
LONG, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In June 1941, 18 Jews were shot in D.
LONG-PODBUSSKY, see Long Lviv region.
Dolginov, see Dolginovo.
DOLGINOVO, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dolginovo (other name. Dolginov) Vileyskiy u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1847 there were 1,194 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 2,559 (72.1%), in 1921 - 1747, in 1931 - approx. ... 4,500 Jews. In 1865 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. Anti-Jewish protests took place in 1886. From 1894 Shloyme Axelrod was the rabbi in D. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. In July 1919, a Jewish pogrom took place in D., and a ghetto was created in D. during the Holocaust. Apr 12 1942 shot ca. 900 Jews; in March - May 1942, in the course of three "actions" in D., approx. 2 thousand Jews. Ya.-I. Ruderman.
LONG, a village in the Drohobych region of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dolge-Podbuskoe in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 144 Jews lived in Denmark. 1941 127 Jews were shot in D.
DOLGOPOLSKY Aron Borisovich (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist, linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). Graduated from the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1954). Lecturer in the same place (1957-61); scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian language (1962–66), Institute of Linguistics (1966) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1974 in Israel, prof. un-that in Haifa. Author approx. 100 works on Kushite and Semitohamites. languages, incl. "Comparative-ist. phonetics of the Kushite languages ​​"(M., 1973); "A guide to interpreting from Spanish. in Russian language (Translator's Guide) ”(Moscow, 1971, jointly with G.Ya. Turover). Substantiating the hypothesis of the most ancient kinship of language families North. Eurasia, developed methods of reconstruction of common Indo-Europeans. language and linguistics of universals.
DOLGOPOLSKY Tsodek Lvovich (1879, Gorodok, Vitebsk province - 1959, Minsk), prose writer. From the age of 13 he worked at a brush factory, early joined the Bund movement. In 1909 he passed the external exams for teachers and founded the Heb. school. He made his debut in literature in 1898 with correspondence in illegal. Bund organ. Since then, he began to publish in different periodicals. ed. In 1914 his first collection came out in Vilna. stories and sketches "Builder fun shtetl" ("Pictures from the town"). The heyday of D.'s creativity fell on the post-emergence. period. The author of the book. "Bai Geeftne Tourn" ("At the Opened Gates", 1928), "Oif Sovietscher Erd" ("On the Soviet Land", 1931), rom. Zayd (Silk, 1933) and others. D. also worked in poetry. genre, released in 1932 Sat. verse. "Meat mein pen in gant" ("With my pen in hand"), and in drama. In 1919 his comedy "Dem zeydne kloles" ("Grandfather's curses" with ill. By artist El Lissitzky) was published in Moscow. Naib, his plays "Mashinen-gerangl" ("Battle of the machines"), "Biz dem leztn" ("Until the last"), and others enjoyed success.
DOLGOPRUDNY, city (since 1957) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Since 1931 - the station settlement, in 1935-38 - the village. By airship. 153 Jews (1.9%) lived in Denmark in 1939, 520 Jews (1%) in 1970, and 366 Jews (0.5%) in 1989. In 1999, a Jewish community was established in Denmark.
VALLEY, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Janow in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 390 Jews in Denmark, in 1860 - 848 (39.5%), in 1880 - 998 (40.2%), in 1900 - 749 (28%), in 1921 - 525 Jews (22.9%). Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century At the same time, a community was formed. In the 18th century. a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. Main Jewish occupations - small trade, carriage, crafts. In the beginning. 20th century Rabbi D. was Shimon Babad, in the 1920s. - Yosef Muschisker, in the 1930s. - Chaim Shekhter. After the occupation of Denmark by Wehrmacht units in 1941, the Judenrat was created. In the 2nd floor. Sep 1942 Jews from D. were deported to the Trembovlya ghetto (present-day Terebovlya).
DOLINA Veronika Arkadyevna (b. 1956, Moscow), poet, author and performer of songs. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. IN AND. Lenin (1979). He has been performing songs to his own words, accompanying himself on the guitar since 1976. Sincere intonation, constant appeal to chamber, especially female themes (family, home, children) brought D. wide popularity. 7 poetic collection of books, incl. Poems (Paris, 1987), My Joy (M., 1988), Either a Cat or a Bird ... (Tallinn, 1989), My House Flies ... (Portsmouth, 1993 , in Russian and English). Has recorded 8 large gramophone records (1986-93), one CD (1994).
DOLININ (real family member Iskoz) Arkady Semenovich (1880, Monastyrshchina of Mstislavl district, Mogilev province, - 1968, Leningrad), literary critic, critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1911). Taught in Russian. literature in petersburg. g-ziyah and uch-shchah. During the 1st world. During the war he served in the army. In 1906 he began literary criticism. activity, soon became known as an original and deep research. Russian classic and modern lit-ry. In 1916 publ. Art. about F.M. Dostoevsky, laying the foundation for his own. fundamental research. creativity of the writer and having founded a school, edges have not lost their significance to this day. Since 1920 he taught at higher. uch. institutions of Petrograd - Leningrad. Prepared for ed. Dostoevsky's letters (vols. 1–4, 1928–59), founded and edited ed. "F.M.Dostoevsky. Art. and Materials ”(published since 1922). His book. "In the creative laboratory of Dostoevsky (History of the creation of the novel" Teenager ")" (1947) was persecuted by officers. critics; for a decade D. was deprived of the right to conduct university seminars, dedicated. Dostoevsky, and publish works about him. Dostoevsky: How "The Teenager" and "The Brothers Karamazov" were created. L., 1963; Dostoevsky and others. L., 1989.
DOLINSKAYA (in 1920-44 - Shevchenkovo), a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1873. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station, then the village of Alexandria y. Kherson province. 57 Jews (11.2%) lived in Denmark in 1897, 307 in 1923, 445 (10.5%) in 1926, and 245 Jews in 1939. 1941 in D. all the remaining Jews (53 people) were shot.
DOLINSKOE (until 1945 - Valegotsulovo), a village in the Ananievsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson province. In 1897, 1865 Jews (20.0%) lived in D., in 1910 - 2650 (14.6%), in 1923 - 1105, in 1939 - 541 Jews. affairs were forbidden to fulfill rabbinical duties in D. On March 21, 1882, a pogrom took place in D.. From 1878 Moishe Varshavsky (1848—?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark and 2 Jewish cemeteries. 29 Aug. 1941 in D. was shot apprx. 300 Jews in D. L.S. Saminsky.
DOLYANY, a village in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1443. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 38 Jews lived in Denmark. Jews from Denmark left for the United States and other countries. In 1941–42, the entire Jewish population of Denmark was deported to the Gorodok ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated.
DOLITSKY Menachem-Mendel (1858, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1931, Los Angeles), poet, prose writer. Debuted a verse, in Hebrew in f. "Gashakhar" in 1878. He worked as a Hebrew teacher in Bialystok and Kiev, and from 1882 in Moscow, where he was at the same time secretary. from K.V. Vysotsky. Since 1892 in the USA. In the same year he published in Amer. "Yiddish Gazette" first. verse, in Yiddish. The author of detective rum. (St. 40): "Shtarker vie aizn" ("Stronger than iron"), "Der gebildeter merder" ("Enlightened robber"), "Di finztere gershaft" ("The Dark Kingdom") and others. In 1907 in New York Heb. D.'s play "Di Harote" ("Repentance") was staged.
DOLNIK Solomon Borisovich (1901, Rudnya of Orshansky u. Mogilev province - |), engineer-geodesist. Rod. in a Hasidic family, he studied at the cheder. In 1917 he joined the Zionist youth organization. In 1919–21 in Kr. Army. Graduated from Vitebsk agricultural in-t. 1941–45 at the front. Since 1946 in Moscow. From the end. 50s actively participated in the underground Zionist movement. In 1966 he was arrested, charged with espionage for Israel, and sentenced to 4 years in prison. Since 1971 in Israel.
DOLMATOVSKY Evgeny Aronovich (1915, Moscow - 1994, Moscow), poet, prose writer. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1937). The first publication - poems in "Pionerskaya Pravda" in 1930. As a volunteer he went to the construction of the first stage of Moscow. metro, to-rogo participants later dedicates rum. in verse "Volunteers" (Moscow, 1956). The author of the book. poems: "Lyrics" (Moscow, 1934), "Day" (Moscow, 1935), "Far Eastern Poems" (Moscow, 1939), "Three Seasons" (Moscow, 1940). 1941–45 - military journalist. Among the book. military. years: "Song of the Dnieper" (M., 1942), "Stepnaya Notebook" (M., 1943) and others. The best works. D. about the war - the poem "Missing" - about the exit of the hero from the environment. In the post-war. years traveled around the country a lot. Among the plural. poetic. collection of books: "Book of Peers" (Moscow, 1947), "Word about Tomorrow" (Moscow, 1950, Stal. pr.), "Africa Has the Shape of a Heart" (Moscow, 1961), "Straightforward Poems" (M., 1989), etc. He also worked in the genre of artistic-documentary. prose: "Autographs of victory" (Moscow, 1972), "It was. Notes of a poet ”(Moscow, 1973) and others. Literary criticism. Art., essay, rep. D. are collected in the book. "From the Life of Poetry" (Moscow, 1969), "To Young Poets" (Moscow, 1981). D. belong to many. popul. songs: "Favorite city", "Sormovskaya lyric", "Accidental waltz", "Motherland hears, Motherland knows ..." and others.
DOLZHANSKY Alexander Naumovich (1908, Rostov-on-Don - 1966, Leningrad), musicologist, teacher. In 1936 he graduated from the historical and theoretical. Faculty of Leningrad cons. then graduate school under the hands. Kh.S. Kushnareva. In 1929–48 he taught music-theoretical. discipline in muses. technical school, in 1937-48 and in 1954-66 - in Leningrad. cons., since 1944 associate professor. D. wrote annotations for concerts, historical and publicistic. essays, guidebooks, articles for encyclopedias. dictionaries and biographer. reference books; author of theoretical research. One of the first in the Sov. music turned to the work of D. D. Shostakovich, making a number of important discoveries, set out in the books: “D. Shostakovich. Chamber Works ”(Moscow, 1955),“ Chamber Instrumental Works by Shostakovich ”(Moscow, 1965) and articles, publ. in f. "Sov. music". The final work of D. - kn. "24 Preludes and Fugues by D. Shostakovich" (L., 1963). D. paid much attention to the works of J.S. Bach and P.I. Tchaikovsky, as well as muses. lexicography. Among the largest works - "A Brief Musical Dictionary" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1952, 5th ed. - 1966), "Soviet Composers. Short biographer. reference book "(with GB Bernandt, 1957)," Tchaikovsky's music. Symphonic works ”(1960),“ Chamber instrumental works by D. Shostakovich ”(1965),“ A short course in harmony. For amateurs and beginner professionals "(M.-L., 1966), collection of works. "Selected Articles" (L., 1973).
DOLZHANSKY Yuri Moiseevich (1923, Veselye Terny Krivoy Rog u. Yekaterinoslav province. - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army from July 1941. Leith. D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage shown during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in the battle for Zhitomir.
DOLZHKA, a village in Kalushsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 141 Jews lived in D. In 1942, the Jewish population of D. was exterminated.
DOMACHEV, see Domachevo.
DOMACHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Brest district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Domachev, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 1057 Jews (89.5%) lived in D., in 1921 - 1337 (89.1%), in 1931 - OK. 2,000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the late 18th century In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. 19th century - several. synagogues, mainly Hasidic. In the 1890s. in D. lived a representative of the dynasty of Kobrin tsaddiks Aron-Levi Rabinovich (? -1910, Vienna). Since 1908, Eliezer Valk (1862–?) And Yakov-Isakhar Levenzon (1884–?) Were rabbis in D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were 8 synagogues, including 5 Hasidic ones. In the 1930s. there was a Jewish hospital. 22 June 1941 Germ. troops occupied D. On July 23, 1941, 7 Jews were shot; July 25, 1941 - 29, including the leaders of the community. In aug. 1941 Judenrat was created in D., November 1. 1941 - ghetto, which contained approx. 20 thousand people (liquidated on September 20, 1942). During the "action" 250 Jews fled. Most of them were captured and shot. 10 left specialists were shot in August. 1943. By the time of D.'s liberation, 10 Jews remained alive. A.-L. Feinstein.
DOMANEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 903 Jews (78.8%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 889, in 1939 - 369 Jews. occupation in D., a camp was created. Beginning in the autumn of 1941, Jews were deported to D. from Odessa, Chisinau, and other us. points. In Jan. - Feb 1942 in D. was destroyed approx. 18 thousand prisoners. In total during the germ. occupation in D. was destroyed approx. 20 thousand Jews.
DOMANOVICHI, a village in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1942, 26 Jews were shot in D.
DOMASHEV, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1531. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In the 2nd half. 19th century 5 Jewish families settled in D. the occupation of which was small trade (the purchase of agricultural products in D. and other villages). In 1941–43, the Jews of D. were shot in Belz.
DOMAZHIR, a village in Yavoriv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1240. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Denmark from the 17th century. In 1857, 20 Jewish families lived in D. In 1941–43, D. Jews were deported to the Yavorov ghetto and were shot there.
DOMBE, a city in the Koninskoe Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in the Kola u. Kalisz province. In 1856 701 Jews (23.6) lived in D., in 1897 - 977 (31%), in 1921 - approx. 1600 Jews. 1920-30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.
DOMBROVA, see Dombrowa-Bialostocka.
DOMBROVA-BYALOSTOTSKA, a city in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Grodno povet and voivodship. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Dabrowa Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1766 in D.-B. 406 Jews lived, in 1847 - 966, in 1897 - 1499 (75.4%), in 1910 - 1237 (78%), in 1921 - 1218 Jews. there were 3 synagogues, in 1901 - a Jewish one-class Nar. husband. uch-shche with wives. change. Since 1900, the rabbi in D.-B. there was Chaim-Aron Pomerantz (1870—?). In 1910 in D.-B. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. Jewish population D.-B. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DOMBROVITSA, see Dubrovitsa.
DOMBROWICE, a village in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Kutnovsky district. In 1793, 42 Jews (7%) lived in Denmark, in 1808 - 111 (9.5%), in 1827 - 115 (7%), in 1857 - 162 (11%), in 1897 - 209 ( 11.2%), in 1921 - 184 (8%), in 1939 - 150 Jews. In 1455-1870, D. had the status of a city. Jews lived in D. from the middle. 18th century In 1793, the Jews of Denmark included 3 butchers, a baker, 4 tailors, and 2 merchants. In June 1940, the Jews of Denmark were deported to the Kutno ghetto.
DOMBROVSKY Yuri Osipovich (1909, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Prose writer, poet. Rod. in the family of a prominent car washes, a lawyer. After leaving school he studied at the Higher Literature. courses. In 1933 he was exiled to Alma-Ata. He worked as a museum curator, later he taught at the Theater for some time, in-those, earned his living by internal reviews. He was arrested three times (1936, 1939, 1949), spent in prisons, camps and exile for over 20 years. In 1939, publ. first rum. Derzhavin. In 1959, a philosopher came out, the novel "The Monkey Comes for His Skull," imbued with antifache. pathos. In 1964, J. Novy Mir has published rum. D. "Keeper of Antiquities" - the history of the spiritual formation of the personality, asserting its internal. freedom despite the oppression of a totalitarian state-va. In its ch. rum. “The Faculty of Unnecessary Things” (written from 1964 to 1975) D. explores the mechanisms of power and violence, and his hero comprehends the “science of lawlessness” in the labyrinths of state security agencies. For the first time rum. publ. in Paris in 1978 and was awarded a pr. for the best foreign. book of the year. In Russia, rum. publ. in 1987.
DOMINTEN (until 1990 - Dominteni), a village in the Drochia region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dementievka Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 71 Jews lived in D.. June 1941 b. including the Jews of D. was evacuated, those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
DOMINTEN, see Dominten.
DOMODEDOVO, a city (since 1947), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Podolsky u. Moscow province. In 1939 there were 48 Jews (0.6%) living in D., in 1989 - 135 Jews (0.3%).
DOMPOL, see Berzpils.
DOMSHLAK Moisey Pavlovich (1903 - 1971, Moscow), oncologist, radiobiologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. From 1927 he worked at Ying-those for the treatment of tumors at hand. P.A. Herzen; from 1947 until the end of his life head. laboratory of radiobiology in Ying-those of biophysics of the Ministry of Health of the USSR; simultaneously (1962–70) head. Department of General Radiobiology Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Sci. tr. D. were a significant contribution to the creation of the foundations of the experimental clinical. radiology, in the development of physical and technical. aspects of radiation therapy for malignancies. tumors. He developed new methods of radiation therapy, incl. fractionated, etc. prolonged irradiation, low-focus X-ray therapy. He was one of the first to use radioactive cobalt and phosphorus-32 for treatment; investigated the relationship between the radiation dose and the effect of its application, the effectiveness of various types of ionizing radiation, acute radiation damage to the human body. One of the organizers of the Department of Radiology of the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1935) and the department of radiation therapy in the same place (1949).
DOMZHORITSY, a village in the Lepel district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 28 December. 1941 in D., 15 Jewish women and children were arrested who had fled from execution in Mstizh.
DON-AMINADO (real name and surname Aminad Petrovich (Aminodav Peisakhovich) Shpolyansky) (1888, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1957, Paris), writer. Graduated from the Elizavetgrad classic. ziyu and jurid. Faculty of Kiev University. Since 1916 he devoted himself entirely to lit. activities. Collaborated in gas. "Early Morning", in satirical. weekly "New satiri-con". In 1914 publ. in Petrograd first. book poems "Songs of War", in 1917 in Moscow - the play "Spring of the seventeenth year." Since 1920 in France. Lived in Paris. Regularly typed poetry, feuilletons in gas. "Latest news", edited by det. g. "Green stick", printed in gas. "Free Thoughts", w. "Satyricon", alm. "Flashes". The book was published in Paris. of his poems "Smoke without a Fatherland" (1921), "Throwing a Cloak" (1928), "Neskuchny Garden" (1935), "In Those Fabulous Years" (1951), collection of works. stories "Our Little Life" (1927). During the 2nd world. war lived in Montpellier. After the war he settled near Paris. In 1954 in New York, publ. memoir book. "Train on the third track."
DON-IKHYE (Donchin) Yehuda-Leib (1869, Drissa, Vitebsk province - 1941, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a local rabbi, a Lubavitch Hasid. His grandfather, Shabtai, was a rabbi in Drissa. From 1902 he was a rabbi in dec. ross, communities. In 1902–11 he was a rabbi of the Hasidic community in Shklov, in 1911–13, Rabbi Vetka, and in 1913–25, after the death of his father, in Drissa. In 1925–36 he was a rabbi and head of religions. ships price Chernigov. While still a student in the yeshiva, he began to actively participate in the Zionist movement and in 1902 was one of the 4 rabbis who founded the Mizrahi movement. DI. one of the first religions. Zionists. In 1901 D.-J. publ. the work "Ha-Tsiyonut mi-nekudat gashkafat ha-dat" ("Zionism from a religious point of view"), edges withstood several. ed. In it D.-I. tried to prove to orthodox circles that watered, Zionism and resettlement in E.-I. Is a religion. the debt of the Jews. He remained a Zionist even under the Sov. regime and in 1936 left for Tel Aviv. His interpretation of halakha, sermons and v. on topical issues are collected in "Bikkurei Yehuda" (vols. 1-2, 1930-39).
DONDANGEN, see Dundaga.
DONDUKOVSKAYA, a village in the Giaginsky district of the Republic of Adygea (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Maikop department. Kuban region. oct. 1942 97 evacuated Jews were shot in D.
DONDUSHENI (until 1990 - Donduseni), urban-type settlement (since 1958), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 277 Jews (29%) lived in D. in D. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941 the Jews of Denmark were deported to Transnistria.
DONDYUSHANI, see Dondushen.
DONETSK, see Slavyanoserbsk.
DONETSKO-AMVROSIEVKA, see Amvrosievka.
DONSKAYA BALKA, a village in the Petrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1787. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. 25 Aug. 1942 17 evacuated Jews were shot in DB.
DONSKOE, a village, center of Trunovsky district in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1777. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol district. Stavropol province. 25 Aug. 1942 In D., 112 evacuated Jews were killed in the gas chambers of special vehicles.
DONSKOY, a city (since 1939) in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 18th century as with. Beavers. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Epifanskiy district. Tula lips. From 1929 it was a settlement. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in D.
DONSKOY Mark Semenovich (1901, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), director and screenwriter, Hero of Socialist. labor (1971). In 1921–23 in Kr. Army, in 1923–25 he worked in the investigation. organs in the Crimea and in the top. court of the Ukrainian SSR. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Simferopol University. In cinema since 1926: ed. scenario department, pom. dir., editing assistant, dir. at the "Sov-Kino", "Vostokkino", "Belgoskino" cinema. In 1942-45 and in 1955-57 at the Kiev k / st, since 1957 hands. associations at the k / st them. M. Gorky. He made his debut in 1928 f. "In the Big City" (with M. Averbakh). The world fame of the "father of neorealism" was brought to him by the film adaptation of the autobiography. Gorky's trilogies - "Gorky's Childhood" (1938), "In People" (1939) and "My Universities" (1940). Later D. filmed and other productions. Gorky: "Mother" (1956), "Foma Gordeev" (1959, ave. On the Moscow Art Festival in Locarno), "The Orlovs" (1978). Among other works by D .: "Rainbow" (1944). Highest Prize of the United States Film Critics Association, Highest Ave. Gas. "Daily News" for the best foreign. f. years, special diploma of the 17th Moscow Art Festival in Karlovy Vary, "Unconquered" (1945, gold medal at the 7th Venice Film Festival, 1946). Became. pr. (1941, 1946, 1948), State. pr. USSR (1968). Nar. art. USSR (1966).
DORBYANY, see Darbenay.
DORFMAN Joseph Davidovich (b. 1952, Zhitomir), chess player; int. grandmaster (1978). GK Kasparov's second in the World Championship matches (1985–1987). Mechanical engineer. Member of six USSR championships, national champion (1972). Team student winner the world championship (1977) and the European championship (1977) as part of the USSR team. Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Jakarta (1979), Lviv (1984), Moscow (1985), Cannes (1990), Barcelona (1992). From the end. 1980s - in France.
DORFMAN Yakov Grigorievich (1898, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), physicist, historian of science. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934). Son Izv. doctor G.Ya.Dorfman (1863-1924). In 1915 he entered Petrograd. polytechnic Institute, but in July 1917 he was drafted into the army and sent to the Mikhailovskoye art. uch-shche (in October, released from military service for health reasons). In 1917–20 he worked in the decomp. state and coop. institutions. From 1921 - in the Phys.-Tech. in-those, in 1925 30 head. lab. In 1931–37, deputy. dir. by scientific. work of the Ural Phys.-Tech. in-that. In 1938–43 hands. Sector of Physics Azerb. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and head. Department of Azerb. un-that. In 1944–45 the head. lab. Institute of nitrogen industry (Moscow), in 1945–58 head. Department of Leningrad. hydrometeorological in-that. In 1958–64 the head. sector of VINITI of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1964 - head. sector in Ying-those history of natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Osn. scientific. research on physics tv. body, magnetism, history of physics. In the first publ. work (1923) predicted the paramagnetism of conduction electrons and the phenomenon of electron paramagnets. resonance (experimentally discovered by E.K. Zavoisky in 1944). Proved that int. pier the field has non-magnetic. nature (1927). Predicted and discovered (with I.K. Kikoin) the effect of changing the contact potential in magn. field. Built (with Ya.I. Frenkel ') the first theory of domain structure (1930). Research electronic structure of ferromagnetic. alloys (1933). He indicated a way to experiment. detection of nuclear paramagnetism (1930, 1935), a method for determining nuclear moments and spins. He proposed a method for studying chem. connection in diamagn. molecules and crystals (1957-60). Author of pioneering works on biochemistry and magnetochemistry (1962-65). Versatile education and fluency DOS. European, Old Hebrew, lat. lang. or T. talent predetermined D.'s success in the history of physics (author of several monographs). After a trip to the United States, he wrote the book. "In the country of record numbers" (M.-L., 1927). Participant of the 6th Solvay. Congr. on magnetism (1930) D.'s daughter - Irina (1948, Baku - 1994, Moscow), mathematician, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences (1989), specialist in mat. Physics, Works: Physics of Metals, Moscow, 1934 (with I.K. Kikoin); Magnetic properties of the island, M., 1955; Diamagnetism and chem. communication, M.-L., 1961; Alavoisier, M.-L., 1948; World history of physics, M., 1974, 1979.
DORMAN Lev Isaakovich (1929, Bratslav, Nemirovsky district, Vinnitsa region), theoretical physicist. Dr. phys. Sciences (1962), prof. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950), worked at Glavsevmorput, Magnetic Lab. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Atomic Energy. IV Kurchatov, since 1965 head. dep. cosm. rays in Ying-those terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and propagation of radio waves of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Honored. scientist of the Russian Federation. Author approx. 500 scientific. Art. and 15 monographs on the theory of meteorological. cosmic effects. rays, the theory of geomagnetic variations of cosmic. rays, their interactions with solar corpuscular streams, etc. theoretical. questions of physics and astrophysics of space. rays, incl. “Variations of space. rays "(1957); “Variations of space. rays and space exploration "(1963); "Meterological. cosmic effects. rays "(1972); "Experimental and theoretical. foundations of astrophysics space. rays "(1975) and others. Bureau Scientific. Council for space. rays, deputy. prev. Space Section rays and radiation. belts of MGK RAS.
DOROGANOVO, a village in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, c. Daraganovo Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1903, D. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the provisions of the Provisional Regulations of 1882. From 1907 Shoil Shtilbans (1874—?) Was the rabbi in D.. In 1927 a cheder operated in D. In 1941, 85 Jews were shot in D.. G.M. Livshits.
DOROGOBUZH, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1150. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Smolensk Gubernia. 22 Jews lived in Denmark in 1865, 51 Jewish families in 1901, 352 Jews (5.9%) in 1924, 231 (2.9%) in 1926, and 122 Jews in 1939 . In apr. 1901 in D. it was allowed to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. In 1920, a branch of the Evsektsi was opened in D.. A.A. Berlin, R.P. Kaplunov.
DOROKHOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Ruza district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Vereisky station Moscow province. In 1939, 52 Jews (0.9%) lived in D.
DORON (Spector) Eliezer (b. 1910, Chisinau, Bessarabian province), diplomat. He studied in Heb. school in Chisinau, the College of Judaism in Berlin (1934-35), at Frankfurt University (1935-37), the New School for Special Studies. in New York (1952–54). From 1931 in E.-I. Israel's Ambassador to Chile (since 1958), Secretary of the Histadrut Employees Union in Jerusalem (1936–38), Dir. youth department Palestinian Srond (1938–48), employee of the department. press and information Min-va foreign. Affairs of Israel (1948–49), Consul of Israel in Zurich (Switzerland, 1949–52), in New York (1952–54), dir. dep. cultural relations Min-va foreign. cases (1954-58). Author of works: "Characteristics of Palestinian Youth" (1947); The Book of Tests on Judaism, Zionism and Palestine (1947); "The Negev, or What We Fight For |" (1949); "Arahim - Zionist and Israeli Lexicon" (1950); "In the Israeli diplomatic service" (1956).
DOROSH Efim Yakovlevich (1908, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1972, Moscow), writer. An artist by training. He made his debut as a playwright. He began to publish in 1930. In 1939 the first was published. book stories "Marshall Stars". D.'s early stories. ch. arr. citizen war. After the war of 1941–45, village themes became the center of D.'s work. In his essays, D. turns to the understanding of the colchus. life, shows its difficulties and contradictions, the poetry of peasant labor. In 1954 he began The Village Diary (1956–70), a distinctive one. thin research one district. He actively collaborated in the railway station. "New World" by AT Tvardovsky. The author of the book. about rus. isk-ve, Old Russian. culture: "Living tree of art" (1967), "Images of Russia" (1969), etc.
DOROSHOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. 58 Jews (28%) lived in D. in 1930. Most of the Jews of D. were engaged in trade, mainly. natural exchange with the peasants. Twenty Jews owned water mills, one Jew had a factory for the production of alcohol. In July 1941 the Jews of D. were sent to Okno and shot there. The few survivors were deported to Transnistria.
DORSUNISHKI, see Darsuniskis.
DOSSER Zinovy ​​Nikolaevich (part. Ps: Leshy, Semyon Petrovich) (1882, Perm - 1938), participant of the revolt. movement, household. worker. Into the roar. movement since 1902. Was repeatedly arrested. Since the fall of 1904, members. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP with consult. voice. Soon he moved to Moscow, co-opted in Moscow. to-t RSDLP. In the fall of 1905 he entered the "troika" of Moscow. to-that, created for the leadership of the armament. uprising, in December. 1905 one of the hands. uprising in Presnya. In 1907 he moved away from the roar. movement. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in the pro-union of oil workers, from July 1917 again at the desk, work in Petrograd, participant in Oct. rev-tion. In 1918-22 - before. Collegiums of Glavneft VSNKh, from the end. 1922 - member. The Supreme Arbitration Commission at STO, manager of the Oil Syndicate, since July 1924 - the representative of the Oil Syndicate in China, since 1927 - the trade representative in Italy. In 1928–37 - early. management of the People's Commissariat of Trade, and then the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR.
DOSTROVSKY Israel (b. 1918, Odessa), physicist and chemist. From 1919 in E.-I. In 1941 he graduated from the University of London, in 1943-48 he taught chemistry at the University of Sev. Wells. Since 1948 in Israel. He worked at the N.I. H. Weizmann, where until 1965 he headed the department. for the study of isotopes; designed a device to separate them. In 1961-64 he was engaged in scientific research. work in the USA. In 1965–71 - gen. dir. Israeli Atomic Energy Commission. In 1971-72 he was vice president, and in 1973 he was president. in-ta them. Weizmann. D. are devoted to the chemical mechanism. isotope separation reactions and mechanisms of nuclear reactions. Awarded with a medal. U. Ramzai (1942) and others. Weizmann (1953). Poch. Doctor of Tel Aviv University (since 1973).
DOTNUVA, city (since 1956) in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Datnovo, Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 233 Jews (38%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 204 (41%), in 1939 - 120 Jews. The Jewish community was formed in D. in the 1st floor. 18th century At that time, the Jewish cemetery of D. served the communities of Kedaina (present-day Kedainiai) and neighboring towns. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. Jews earned their living by trade, leather dressing, p. x-vom. During the 1st world. war 120 Jewish families were expelled from D. to internal. districts of Russia. Some of them later returned to D. Many left for the USA and South. Africa. In 1931, Jews were engaged in grain trade, they owned 2 mills, a kerosene and hardware store, leather dressing and felt workshops. In 1937, among the Jews in D., there were four tailors, a carpenter, a shoemaker, a butcher, and a hairdresser. Rabbi D. in the beginning. 1900s was Avrom-Yehuda Filtinov, from 1908 - Shmuel Markus, from 1909 - Aba-Geshel Shein, in 1915 - MI Nevyazhsky, from 1922 - Moishe-Aron Kushelevsky (? -1941). Herm. troops entered D. on June 25, 1941. In August. 1941 Jews were expelled from their homes and placed in a monastery approx. Krakesa. 2 Sep 1941 Jews of D., along with Jews from neighboring townships, were shot. In 1950, the surviving Jews of these villages erected a monument with an inscription in Hebrew on the mass grave. I. Rubinstein.
DOVBYSH (in 1925–46 - Markhlevsk), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - farmer. colony of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 92 Jews lived in D., in 1939 - 513 (12%), in 1989 - 34 Jews. In 1823 a porcelain factory was founded in D., on which many worked. Jews. 1941 more than 100 Jews were shot in D., October 24. 1941 - 230 Jews gathered from the surrounding villages.
DOVGALEVSKY Valerian Savelyevich (Saulovich) (1885 - 1934, Paris), polit. and state. activist, diplomat. Into the roar. movement from 1903, from 1905 - in an illegal position. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile (in 1907 sentenced by the Kiev court. Chamber to eternal settlement), fled, in 1907-17 in exile (in Belgium, Switzerland, France). Since 1908, members RSDLP. In 1913 in Toulouse (France) he received a diploma in electrical engineer. In June 1917 he was arrested and sent to the army. Since 1920 p. Commission of the STO SNK RSFSR for the restoration of roads in Siberia and the Urals, then Commissioner of the Communications and Electronic Equipment Department of the People's Commissariat of Railways of the RSFSR. In 1921–24 the People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, then deputy. People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. At the same time, the rector of Moscow. in-that citizen engineers. In 1924–27 - plenipotentiary and trade representative of the USSR in Sweden; in 1927 - plenipotentiary of the USSR in Japan, in 1928–34 - in France. Buried at Red Square. in Moscow.
DOVGELI, see Daugailiai.
DOVGELISHKI, see Dovgyalishki.
DOVGYALISHKI, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dovgelishki in Lida u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1898, 48 people lived in Denmark. for 95 dec. land.
DOVLATOV Sergey Donatovich (1941, Ufa - 1990, New York), prose writer. Rod. in evacuation to the theater, family. He made his debut with stories in children. g. "Bonfire" in 1952. Studied for philology. f-those Leningrad. state un-that, but did not finish it. Was drafted into the army, served in the internal. troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On the basis of this experience, he subsequently wrote a series of prison stories "The Zone", where the story is told on behalf of the guard. Returning in 1964 to Leningrad, he worked in the factory large-circulation gas., Publ. Art., rec., essays in f. "Aurora", "Neva", "Zvezda" and others. He took part in lit. gr. "Townspeople". All this time I tried to publish stories, but to no avail. In 1972 he moved to Tallinn, worked in the department. information gas. "Sov. Estonia". The publishing house "Eesti raamat" was prepared for publication by the book. D., then stopped at the direction of the KGB. In 1975 he returned to Leningrad, worked for a short time in the railway station. "Bonfire". Since 1979 in the USA. Lived in New York, worked weekly. gas. Prod. “D. were published in Russian. and English. lang. The author of the pov. "Suitcase", "Ours", "Craft", "Inostranka", numerous. stories, in which Heb. topic. Amazing naturalness of intonation and inimitable humor - Ch. features of D.'s prose. In Russia, production. D. began to be published after 1989: "Chemodan", M., 1991, "Not only Brodsky" (with M. Volkova), M., 1992 and others. op. in 3 vols. (1993).
SATISFIED, village, regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Barnaul environs. Tomsk province. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in D.
DOVSK, a village in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. In 1926, immigrants from Denmark founded a Jewish farmer in the Yevpatoria region. collective "Dovskoe" (51 people). Sh.Galkin.
DOVSUNSKOE, a village in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1880. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. 19th century in D. lived several. Subbotniks. 25 Aug. 1942 in D., 29 evacuated Jews were shot.
DOVYANA, see Dowenay.
DOIBAN-I (until 1990 - Doibany-I), a village in Dubasari district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, from 1873 - the province. 3 Sept. 1941 in D.-I several were shot. Jews.
DOIBANI-I, see Doiban-I.
DOYV-BER from Mezhirich (Magid from Mezhirich) (1704, Lokachi, Volyn - 1772, Annopol, Volyn), rabbi. Successor of I. Baal Shem Tov. Magid (preacher) in Korets, Rovno and Mezhirich, which became in the middle. 18th century the center of Hasidism. An expert on Kabbalah and Talmud, D.-B. was an inspired preacher. Introduced elements of Lurianic Kabbalah into Hasidism. The students of D.-B. spread Hasidism in Poland and Lithuania. D.-B. introduced the Sephardic prayer book into the Hasidic communities. Great-grandson of D.-B. - Israel Friedman from Ruzhin, founded his Hasidic dynasty.
DRABKIN Abram Notovich (1844, Mogilev - 1917, Petrograd), rabbi, society. activist. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school (1869), in 1869–71 a Hebrew teacher. schools in Vilna. In 1875 he graduated from the Breslavskaya Heb. theological. seminary and un-t with the title of Doctor of Philosophy. In the same year, the reign of Heb. community of St. Petersburg was invited to the post of state rabbi instead of the deceased A.I. Neiman. In Jan. 1876 ​​approved by the Governor. D. participated in the selection of the site for the building of the post. Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg, in the design of its building, communicated with experts, raised funds for its construction, developed a project for organizing a synagogue business and other documents necessary to ensure the functioning of the synagogue. Engaged in educating, work, D. was a member. to-ta Ob-va for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (since 1900 o. h.), was elected before. Ped. council of the school about-va, chl. his Library Commission. In 1907, due to poor health, he retired and later in Hebrew. societies, life practically did not participate. Preserved St. 20 printed texts of D.'s speeches at the funeral and at the commemoration of the Hebrews. figures, testifying to his oratorical abilities, broad outlook, ability in each case to find the right words.
DRABKIN Izrail Efimovich (1907, Kopyl Slutsk u. Minsk province - 1971, Leningrad), geologist, participant in geological exploration. exp. who discovered new gold deposits in the basin. Kolyma. He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. horn. academy. From 1936 to the beginning. gold-seeker. parties. Since 1948 - Ch. engineer, in 1959–71, beginning. North-East geological exploration. management. Awarded with the "Discoverer Diploma" of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
DRABOV, urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 407 Jews (13%) lived in D., in 1939 - 17 Jews. occupations of the Jewish population - handicrafts and petty trade. During the Civil. During the war, detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and units of the Volunteer Army repeatedly staged pogroms in D. In 1942 several were shot in D. in 1942. remaining Jews.
DRACHINTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1459. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 232 Jews (5.9%) lived in D. Jews lived in D. from the 16th century. in D. there were 3 synagogues, 2 heders and mikvah. Most of the Jews were involved in trade. Some had estates that were leased to non-Jews, which caused tension in relations with the local population, mainly. Ukrainians. The local council had 3 Jewish representatives. the soldiers who occupied D. and local residents - Ukrainians in July 1941 killed 120 Jews. 3 Aug 1941 in D., 46 Jews were shot. The survivors were deported to Transnistria. In 1941-44, approx. 80% of Jews D.
DRAGANESTI, see Draganesti.
DRAGILEV Mikhail Samuilovich (1904 - 1975, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1960). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya (1931), was engaged in Ch. arr. teach. work. Since 1966 head. Department of Economics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Main subject of scientific. works: economics of the zarub. countries in the 20th century, Cit .: Amer. monopolies in pursuit of superprofits, M., 1956; The growth of the world. the systems of socialism and the aggravation of the contradictions of capitalism, M., 1962; Lenin's analysis is monopolistic. capitalism and modernity, M., 1970 (et al.).
DRAGOVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 16 Jews lived in Denmark in 1768, 130 (10.8%) in 1830, 328 in 1880, and 1930 - 725 Jews (14.5%) Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 18th century All R. 19th century in D. there was a synagogue, a mikvah, and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s - 40s. Rabbi D. was Naftoli Grinzweig. In the summer of 1941, 90 (out of 140) Jewish families were deported to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. In 1941-44 several. dozens of Jews left D., hiding in the surrounding forests. In 1944 approx. 200 people were taken to Auschwitz. After 1945 several. dozens of Jews returned to D. In 1950 the synagogue was closed in D.. From 1950 to 1970 the Jews of Denmark prayed in a minyan, in a private house. In the 1960s. in D. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. In the end. 1970s most of D.'s Jews left for Israel. In the beginning. 1980s in D. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families.
DRAGUNSKY David Abramovich (1910, Svyatskaya in Surazhsky district, Chernigov province - 1992, Moscow), military leader. Gen.-regiment. tank, troops (1970). Twice Hero of Owls. Union (1944, 1945). Graduated from the Saratov armored tank. school (1936), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1949). In the army - since 1933. Participated in the battles at the lake. Hasan. Com. tank. battalion. In 1941-45 - early. shooter headquarters. div., mechanic. brigades, com. tank, brigade. After the war - com. tank. div. In 1957–60 - teams, the army, in 1965–69 - 1st deputy. teams, troops of the Transcaucasian military. env. In 1969-85 - early. Higher officer courses "Shot". 1985–87 - inspector-advisor of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Since 1987 - retired. During the war years - member. Heb. anti-scary to-that. In 1956, as part of the owls. delegation attended the opening ceremony of the monument to Jews - victims of Nazism. The most active participant in the anti-Zionist campaign of the 70s. Prev Anti-Zionist Committee of Sov. public from the date of foundation (1983). He was awarded the 13th order. Cit .: Years in armor, M., 1973.
DRAGUNSKY Victor Yuzefovich (1913, New York - 1972, Moscow), prose writer, playwright. Since 1935 he was an actor of t-ra, director, clown Mosk. circus. Since 1940 he published feuilletons and humorous. stories ("Iron Character", 1960, etc.). Later he wrote lyrics, sideshows, clownery, stage and circus scenes. In the end. 1947 - early. 1948 created and led the well-known ANS. lit. and theater, parodies "Blue Bird". Due to the acutely caustic. directivity ans. during the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitanism" it was closed, after which D. worked dir. in Mosestrad. Since 1959 he has been acting as the author of funny stories for children of preschool and primary school age, became one of the most famous children. writers. B.ch. his stories, written on behalf of the boy Deniska, are united under the general title "Deniskin's stories" (Moscow, 1966); repeatedly reprinted, incl. "He is alive and glows" (Moscow, 1961), "Tell me about Singapore" (Moscow, 1961), "Girl on a ball" (Moscow, 1964), "Green Leopards" (Moscow, 1964), " Old sailor "(M., 1964) and many others. other author of the stories "He Fell on the Grass" (M., 1961, about the war 1941–45), "Today and Daily" - (Moscow, 1965, about the circus). A number of satirical. and humorous. stories ed. in the "Library" Crocodile. According to the script "Funny stories", the film of the same name was shot. (1962). Prod. D. are distinguished by an entertaining plot, wit, deep knowledge of child psychology, natural language. In their clear, expressive composition, one can feel the experience of D. - playwright and dir.
DRANUKHA, a village in the Chaussky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chaussky u. During the Holocaust, the entire Jewish population of D. (about 100 families) was shot on the road between Chausy and D.
DRAGED, see Dreslicen.
DRECHIN Semyon Vladimirovich (Vulfovich) (b. 1914, Minsk), art. ballet, choreographer. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. choreography technical College. In 1933–41 and since 1945 - soloist of the ballet T-ra op. and ballet in Minsk (in 1941–44 - at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow). Among the parties: Simon ("Nightingale" by M.E. Kroshner, 1939), Basil ("Don Quixote" by L. Minkus, 1941), Vasil ("Prince-Lake" by V.A.Zolotarev, 1949), Ivanushka (" The Little Humpbacked Horse "by Ch. Punyi, 1949), Li Shanfu (" Red Poppy "by R.M. Glier, 1950) and others. and ballet in Minsk, post. "Blue Danube" on music. I. Strauss (1958), "The Star of Venus" by Yu.V. Semenyako (1971). In 1963-66 post. in the Saratov t-re op. and ballet to them. NG Chernyshevsky one-act ballets "The Volga Legend" by AI Khachaturian and "Mischievous Chastushki" by RK Shchedrin (1965); to Mold. t-re op. and ballet (Kishinev) - "The Broken Sword" by E. I. Lazarev (1960), "Radda" by D. G. Gershfeld based on the story "Makar Chudra" by M. Gorky (1974, author of libra.), in Bashk. t-re op. and ballet (Ufa) - "Gulnazira" by N. Sabitov (one of the script authors). He also put it in Ukr. opera and ballet theater I.Franko (Lvov) - "Poem about a Negro" by J. Gershwin, "Bolero" by M. Ravel (all - 1962, author of libra.), "Antony and Cleopatra" by C. Punya (1971). Nar. art. Belarusian. SSR (1954). Became. etc. (1950) for the play "Prince-Lake".
DREGENESTI (until 1990 - Draganeshti), a village in the Singerei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 89 Jews lived in D. In the summer of 1941, the Jews of D. were deported to Transnistria.
DRESLICHENI (until 1990 - Draslicheni), a village in Criuleni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Dreslicheni settlement in Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In the summer of 1941, 40 Jews were killed in Denmark.
DRESSED, see Dreslicen.
DREY Mikhail Ivanovich (Ionatanovich) (1860, Odessa - 1940, Moscow), a Narodnoye revolutionary, memoirist, bibliographer. The son of a doctor from Germany. In the end. 1870s studied at the gymnasiums of Odessa and Berdyansk, in 1880 passed the exam for the certificate of maturity in Poltava and entered law. f-t Novoros. u-ta (Odessa). From the end. 1870s member of the revolutionary populist. circles in southern Russia, since 1880 members. Odessa c. "Narodnaya Volya", led the roar. propaganda in workers' circles. Arrested on September 30, 1881, in April. 1883 sentenced to 15 years in hard labor (at the request of his father, the term was reduced to 6 years). Contained in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia, from 1888 in a settlement in the Transbaikal region, from 1892 - in Chita. In 1900 he returned to Europe. part of Russia and soon went abroad, continued his education in high fur boots in Munich and Heidelberg. In 1911 he returned to Russia, worked in the publishing houses "Zadruga" and M. and S. Sabashnikovs (Moscow), after October. 1917 - to the Communist. acad. Member About the former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, ed. a number of his publications. D. compiled and published the "Experience of the index of literature on the history of the party" Narodnaya Volya "(" Bulletin of the Communist. Academy ", 1925, No. 12; the same with additions -" Hard labor and exile ", 1929, No. 1-4) and “Experience bibl. decree. literature on the history of the roar. movement of the 70s. ("Bulletin of the Communist Acad.", 1925, No. 10), to-rye and now retain scientific and reference value. Cit .: Note on the labor movement in Odessa in 1880-1881, "Hard labor and exile." 1924, # 5; "Strelnikov trial" in Odessa in 1883 (red-handed recollection). M., 1928; M.N. Trigoni. M., 1931.
DREYDEN Simon Davydovich (1905, Petersburg - 1991, Moscow), theatrical figure, critic. Graduated from the Tenishevskoe school. In 1920–22 he studied at Petrograd. un-those (Faculty of Social Sciences). Published since 1923 (Zh. Zhizn iskusstva, newspaper Petrogradskaya Pravda). In 1920-30 - thin. hands. Leningrad. dep. GOMETS (State Association of Music, Variety, Circus), in 1930–33 - Leningrad. concert and variety bureau (KEB). From 1926 he led a ped. work (Higher. Courses of Art, Theatrical Institute in Leningrad). In 1937 his book was published. Nikolay Cherkasov. Head lit. part of Leningrad. TRAMA (T-r working youth), Leningrad. t-ra drama them. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow Chamber t-ra. In 1949 he was accused of cosmopolitanism, criticized for the center, and Leningrad. print. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years as an enemy of the people, in 1954 (thanks to the efforts of S.V. Obraztsov and N.K. Cherkasov) he was rehabilitated. He was engaged in N.-I. and publ. activities in decomp. region lawsuit. He compiled the collection, commented, wrote the entry. Art. (A.I.Shvarts "In the laboratory of the reader", 1960; N.P.Smirnov-Sokolsky "Forty-five years on the stage", 1976; I.N. Pevtsov "Literary-theater. Heritage. Memories", 1978, etc. .). Active worker of the International puppeteer associations. Through his efforts, the book was created: “T-r of dolls of the USSR. 1959-1960 "(general ed. And introductory article, 1962); “T-r dolls hack. countries "(comp., ed. and introductory article, 1959). The author of the book. “In the Auditorium - Vladimir Ilyich” (1967, 1980, 1986); Music of the Revolution (1966, 1970, 1981); “Performances. Destiny. Roles "(1978) and others.
DREYZIN Joseph (1843, Minsk - 1894, Warsaw), prose writer, linguist. R. in the family of a teacher, hands. yeshivas. At the age of 14, he became an orphan, studied at the yeshivas in Minsk and the Mir metro station, then at the rabbinical school in Vilna. He was a government rabbi in the town of Slavatishche, in 1891 he was baptized, and also baptized his children. He translated the catechism into Yiddish. Ch. his work was a large "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) Dictionary", ed. in Warsaw in 1886. D. is also the author of the book-fairy tales "Lechaim" (1875), "Der Lec" ("Jester", 1881) and other fictional op.
DREZNA, a city (since 1940) in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1897 - 98 near the same name. railroad station as a workers' settlement at the weaving and spinning mill in Bogorodsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1926, there were 5 Jews (0.06%) living in D., in 1939 - 36 Jews (0.2%).
DREZNIN Sergei Grigorievich (b. 1955, Moscow), pianist, composer. Graduated in 1978 from Music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins in the FP class. B.M.Berlin, then graduate school with him. In 1986 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in the composition class of T.N. Khrennikov. During these years he wrote music for a number of performances of the student professor at Moscow State University: - for the play "Hamlet" (after W. Shakespeare, 1978), op. Don Perlimplin's Love (after F. Garcia Lorca, 1981), op. in the blues "Ophelia" (after Shakespeare, 1982). Since 1988 in Austria. In Vienna, his op. “Romeo and Juliet” (after Shakespeare, 1988), “Don Juan” and “A Feast in Time of the Plague” (after A.S. Pushkin, 1991, also in Moscow), op. "Victory over the Sun" (also in Moscow, 1992). The music for the play "Chanson and Satires from Theresienstadt" (1992, Vienna) was written. Among other op. - Requiem for the memory of the victims of Nazism for chorus and orc. (1986).
DRIBIN, a village in the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16th and 18th centuries, it was a town in the Mstislavl Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Chaussky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1766, 255 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1847 - 499, in 1865 - 441, in 1880 - 479 (44.3%), in 1897 - 971 (46.8%), in 1908 - 1003 (51 , 2%), in 1923 - 664, in 1939 - 513 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 2nd quarter. 18th century In 1880 Jews owned 108 out of 250 houses, as well as 3 breweries (Aizik Muravin rented a distillery plant of a local landowner); there were 2 synagogues, in 1908 - 5 synagogues. In 1913, the library of Wulf Meirovich Hirschwald worked. In the 1920s. the rabbi in D. was Avrom Osherov. At the same time, the mikvah was closed. In 1925 approx. D., there were 2 Jewish s.-kh. artels "Red Banner" and "Culture No. 2". In the beginning. germ. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In September 1941, the entire Jewish population of Denmark (450 people) was shot. M. Arbatova V. N. Pervyshin
DRICHIN, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In December. 1905 a pogrom took place in D., as a result of which 6 Jewish houses were plundered.
DRINFELD Vladimir Gershonovich (b. 1954, Kharkov), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1974) and graduate student. Bash. Phil. USSR Academy of Sciences (1977). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1978). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1988). Works in Phys.-tech. Institute of Low Temperatures of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (Kharkov). Main results in algebras. geometry, algebras. number theory and math. physics. In algebras, geometry solved an important problem in non-commutative class field theory, classical. generalization of the theory of abelian field extensions, in Mat. physics (including in the theory of nonlinear equations) - he found a connection between the Kac-Moody algebras and two-dimensional integrable systems. Fieldsovskaya Pr. (1990). Cit .: Proof of the global Langlands conjecture for GL (2) over a functional field (in the journal "Funkts. Analysis and Its Applications", 1977, vol. 11, no. 3).
DRISSA, see Verkhnedvinsk.
DRISVYATY, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 221 Jews (38.6%) lived in D. in 1897. In 1863, D. had a synagogue. Since 1897 Benjamin Gurvich (1871—?) Was the rabbi in D.
DRIZ Shike (Ovsei) Ovseevich (1908, Krasnoe Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. - 1971, Moscow), poet. After the end of the beginning. school D. moved to Kiev, entered the workers at the plant "Arsenal" and at the same time. studies in thin. school, later in thin. uch-shche. He was preparing to become a sculptor, but poetry turned out to be his true vocation. During these years, D. published two small poetry. collection: "Likhtike Thief" ("Light Life", 1930) and "Shtolener koh" ("Steel Power", 1934). In 1934, D. voluntarily left for the army, demobilized in 1947. Poetic. muse D. with naib. fully manifested in verse. and fairy tales for children at the beginning. 60s Collection of adult lyrics were published by Sov. writer ", in 1969 -" Di ferte string "(" Fourth string "), and then others. and see. collection in Yiddish and in Russian. lang. Mn. D.'s poems and tales are staged for t-ra and cinema, some verses. set to music.
DRIZOVSKY Semyon Borisovich (1920, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1992), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). He studied at the theater, studio. In Kr. Army since 1938. Graduated from the infantry. uch-shche (1940). In fr. from 1941. Com. mortar company, art. leith. D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for Sourcing the Dnieper. From 1947 Major D. was in reserve.
DROBIN, a city (from 1511) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1487. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Plock In 1808, 1607 Jews (93%) lived in Denmark, in 1827 - 1409 (75%), in 1857 - 734 (65%), in 1897 - 1418, in 1921 - 1096 (45%), in 1931 - 1250 Jews. Jews settled in D. in the 2nd half. 17th century The community has existed since mid. 18th century At the same time, the first wooden synagogue was built. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts. In 1926, a mutual assistance fund was created, after a while a branch of the Jewish People's Cooperative Bank was opened. Most of the children studied in cheders and the girls' school "Beis Yaakov", which opened in 1925. In the 1920s. Rabbi D. was Yakov-Yehuda-Leib Zmelin, in the 1930s. - Shmuel-Eliyahu Klibansky. In 1937 a pogrom took place in Denmark, during which the windows were broken and the furniture in the synagogue was broken. was occupied by germ. troops 5 Sept. 1939. In the autumn of 1939 the Judenrat was founded. In the summer of 1940, the Jews of D. were taken to a labor camp in Belsk. 7 March 1941 approx. 600 Jews were deported to the transshipment camp in Dzialdowo, on March 14 - to Piotrkow Trybunalski, at the end. 1942 - to Auschwitz. After the deportation, approx. 700 Jews, to-rye were placed in the ghetto. Dec. 1941 they were taken to the ghetto [[Nove Miasto, from there - to the extermination camps. In the spring of 1945, the surviving Jews returned to D., where they met with hostility from the local population. In aug. 1945 5 Jews were killed 9 km from D. After that, all Jews left the D.V.D. clan. I. Fater.
DROBNER Boleslav (1883, Krakow, Austria-Hungary - 1968), polit. activist. Rod. in an assimilated family. In 1898 he entered Polsk. s.-d. the party of Galicia and Silesia, joined its radical left wing. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. During the 1st world. war fought in polish. Legion of Pilsudski. After the restoration of Poland's independence, he joined the Polish. Socialist. party, one of the founders of the Independent Socialist. party of Poland (1922), after their unification (1928) member. higher. council of the united party, in which he represented the left wing, which called for the unification of socialists with communists. He was repeatedly arrested for organizing strikes. Since 1939 in the USSR, the founder of the Union of Polish. patriots, min. labor and social. provision in K-those nat. liberation (1944). At the conf. Polsk. socialist party in 1944 elected her before. In 1945 he returned to Poland, member. Polish delegation to Sov.-Polish. negotiations on border. questions (Aug. 1945). In 1947, dep. Diet. Since 1948, member. Polsk. united, workers' party. He did a lot to preserve the historical and architectural monuments of Krakow and the revival of Hebrews. culture in the city; initiator of the restoration of the synagogue in the 15th century.
DROBNIS Yakov Naumovich (1890, Glukhov of Chernigov province - 1937, Moscow), politician, activist. From 1905 a Menshevik, from 1907 a member. RSDLP, was repeatedly arrested, was in exile (1908-17) in Poltava. Since 1918, member. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine, from 1919 - before. Poltava, then the Odessa Executive Committee of the Soviets. Since 1922, member. Small Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, since 1923 member. Administrative and financial commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1923-27 he took part in the opposition struggle on the side of Trotsky. In 1927 he was expelled from the party, sent into exile, in 1930 he was reinstated in the party. From 1931 he worked in the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways, then deputy. early Kemerovo Chemical Combine. In 1936 he was arrested in the case of the "parallel Trotskyist center." Shot.
DROBYSHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Krasnolimansky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Izyum district. Kharkov province. In 1939, 16 Jews lived in D.
DROGICHIN, see Drokhichin.
DROGOBICHER Israel-Nachman ben Joseph (18th century, Ostrog, Volhynia - early 19th century, Safed), rabbi. Disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, was a rabbi and Ch. yeshivas in Germany. He lived for several years in Livorno, where he published comments on Kogelet.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДРОГОБЫЧ, город, районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1238. С 1569 — в Львовском повете Русского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — город, центр повета в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 15 в. в Д. проживало ок. 20 евреев, в 1628 — 12 еврейских семей, в 1663 — ок. 90 евреев, в 1765 — 1924 (29,6%), в 1772 — св. 2000, в 1836 — ок. 4500, в 1880 — 9131 (50,1%), в 1890 — ок. 8700 (ок. 44,8%), в 1900 — 8683, в 1910 — 15 313 (42,3%), в 1959 — ок. 1000 (ок. 2,4%), в 1970 — ок. 800 (ок. 1,4%), в 1979 — ок. 500 (ок. 0,8%), в 1992 — ок. 200 евреев.В документах 1406 впервые упом. еврей Волчко из Дрогобыча, к-рый получил от польск. короля Владислава Ягайло в аренду земли и соляные источники. С 1425 их держал др. еврей из Д. — Натко (Дзядко). С 1420-х гг. евреи жили, как правило, в предместьях Д. (Задворье, Лишнянское, Завозное и на Ланах), близ соляных копей. В 1520-х гг. евреям было разрешено селиться в городе. Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 17 в. — ремесла и торговля, а также с. х-во и солеварение. 23 нояб. 1648 еврейская община пострадала от нападения войск Б.М.Хмельницкого, позднее — от действий польск. шляхты. В 1720-х гг. евреи — обувщики и швейники создали 2 ремесл. цеха (существовали до 1756). Большим авторитетом в общине в сер. 18 в. пользовался раввин Исраэль Гиршович (в 1736 польск. король Август III жаловал его чином слуги при дворе и даровал право вести беспошлинную торговлю вином и др. товарами). Благодаря покровительству короля евреи во 2-й пол. 18 в. сосредоточили в своих руках значит. часть торговли и ремесел. В кон. 18 в. большое влияние на евреев Д. оказал ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това цадик Иехиель-Михель из Золочева (1721—1786). В кон. 18 в. была построена новая синагога, основана 3-классная еврейская школа и немецко-еврейское уч-ще ( в 1806 ликвидированы из-за сопротивления традиционно настроенного еврейства). В 1807—12 община пострадала от воен. действий. В 1836 в Д. имелось 13 синагог, в осн. хасидские, большим влиянием пользовались последователи садагорского цадика Израиля Фридмана (1753—1807), по инициативе к-рого была сооружена Большая синагога. В 1840 хасидский двор в Д. основал Элиэзер-Нисон Тительбойм (1786—1853). Его преемником стал сын Нохум-Цви Тительбойм. После смерти Н.-Ц.Тительбойма династию возглавил его сын Мордхе-Довид Тительбойм (1869—1944, Освенцим). Под влиянием идей Гаскалы представители еврейской молодежи Д. в 1840-х гг. участвовали в польск. нац.-освободит. движении, входили в польск. тайные об-ва (патриотич. пропаганду в Д. вел А.Розенберг). Евреи Д. участвовали в рев. событиях 1848—49, добиваясь предоставления им равноправия. С кон. 1860-х гг. в Д. действовало отд-ние объединения «Шоймер Исроэль», к-рое возглавлял Герман Мизес.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. евреи вкладывали капиталы в нефтеперерабатывающую пром-сть (Абрам Шрайнер наладил переработку нефти и добычу озокерита); мн. евреи владели пр-тиями по добыче и переработке нефти, деревообработке, занимались финансово-кредитными операциями, среди них в кон. 19 в. выделялись Гартенберг, Гредель, Линденбаум. Значит. средства жертвовались на благотворит. цели (построены дома для престарелых, с 1860 — больница, открыт ряд школ и уч-щ). Осн. часть еврейского населения была занята в ремесл. произ-ве и мелкой торговле, св. 3 тыс. евреев в 1880 работали в нефтяной и озокеритной пром-сти. В 1890-х гг. активизировалось еврейское рабочее движение: возникли социалистич. кружки «Сило», «Бридерлихкайт», «Гвязда» (организаторы — д-р Фридман и С.Хеккер), профсоюз «Згода». Во 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. сложились сионистские орг-ции «Агават Сион» и «Кадима». В нач. 20 в. осн. занятия евреев Д. — мелкая торговля, ремесл. произ-во, пищевая и легкая пром-сть.6 сент. 1914 Д. был занят рус. войсками, мн. еврейские орг-ции и об-ва закрыты, неск. евреев взяты в заложники, в городе казачьими частями был устроен погром, в результате к-рого была разграблена и уничтожена синагога. Нек-рые евреи занимались поставками продовольствия для рус. армии, сотрудничали с рос. властями, банками, предпринимателями. 12 июня 1915 австр. войска заняли Д., была восстановлена община, к-рую возглавил А.Шапиро, воссозданы еврейские школы, разл. обществ., просветит. и политич. орг-ции. В 1920-х гг. в Д. действовали орг-ция всеобщих сионистов, об-ва «Ге-Халуц», «Аква», «Керен Каемет ле Исраэль», бюро «Керен-га-Йессод», орг-ция еврейских скаутов и др., а также орг-ции Бунда и «Поалей Цион».В сент. 1939 Д. был занят частями РККА. В городе скопилось до 100 тыс. евреев-беженцев из зап. областей Польши, ок. 2 тыс. были оставлены в Д. на жительство. Открылись 2 школы с преподаванием на идише, т-р, создавались еврейские б-ки и клубы. Была закрыта синагога. В сев. и вост. р-ны СССР депортировано не менее 3 тыс. евреев. 1 июля 1941 Д. оккупировали герм. войска. В тот же день произошел еврейский погром (по неполным данным, было убито до 400 евреев, гл. обр. представителей интеллигенции). 22 июля 1941 создан юденрат (пред. д-р Авром Розенблат), в тот же день на еврейском кладбище расстреляно 40 евреев, захваченных во время облавы. 27—29 июля по городу вновь прокатился еврейский погром. Осенью 1941 было создано гетто. В нач. 1942 в гетто были уничтожены старики, женщины и дети. 25 марта 1942 большая группа евреев отправлена из Д. в лагерь уничтожения Белжец, в авг. 1942 — еще ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В июне — июле 1943 уничтожены последние евреи Д. Всего в гетто Д. погибло ок. 12 тыс. евреев. После освобождения Д. в авг. 1944 из лесов и укрытий вышло неск. десятков евреев.В 1991 была создана еврейская религ. община Д.; общине возвращено здание синагоги. В 1994 организовано отд-ние «Милосердие — Маген Авот».В 1999 в Д. проживало ок. 200 евреев.В Д. род. Бруно Шульц (1892—1942, Дрогобыч), писатель, писал на польск. яз., пер. произ. Ф.Кафки на польск. язык.Я.Хонигсман, pronunciation=ДРОГОБЫЧ, город, районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1238. С 1569 — в Львовском повете Русского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — город, центр повета в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 15 в. в Д. проживало ок. 20 евреев, в 1628 — 12 еврейских семей, в 1663 — ок. 90 евреев, в 1765 — 1924 (29,6%), в 1772 — св. 2000, в 1836 — ок. 4500, в 1880 — 9131 (50,1%), в 1890 — ок. 8700 (ок. 44,8%), в 1900 — 8683, в 1910 — 15 313 (42,3%), в 1959 — ок. 1000 (ок. 2,4%), в 1970 — ок. 800 (ок. 1,4%), в 1979 — ок. 500 (ок. 0,8%), в 1992 — ок. 200 евреев.В документах 1406 впервые упом. еврей Волчко из Дрогобыча, к-рый получил от польск. короля Владислава Ягайло в аренду земли и соляные источники. С 1425 их держал др. еврей из Д. — Натко (Дзядко). С 1420-х гг. евреи жили, как правило, в предместьях Д. (Задворье, Лишнянское, Завозное и на Ланах), близ соляных копей. В 1520-х гг. евреям было разрешено селиться в городе. Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 17 в. — ремесла и торговля, а также с. х-во и солеварение. 23 нояб. 1648 еврейская община пострадала от нападения войск Б.М.Хмельницкого, позднее — от действий польск. шляхты. В 1720-х гг. евреи — обувщики и швейники создали 2 ремесл. цеха (существовали до 1756). Большим авторитетом в общине в сер. 18 в. пользовался раввин Исраэль Гиршович (в 1736 польск. король Август III жаловал его чином слуги при дворе и даровал право вести беспошлинную торговлю вином и др. товарами). Благодаря покровительству короля евреи во 2-й пол. 18 в. сосредоточили в своих руках значит. часть торговли и ремесел. В кон. 18 в. большое влияние на евреев Д. оказал ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това цадик Иехиель-Михель из Золочева (1721—1786). В кон. 18 в. была построена новая синагога, основана 3-классная еврейская школа и немецко-еврейское уч-ще ( в 1806 ликвидированы из-за сопротивления традиционно настроенного еврейства). В 1807—12 община пострадала от воен. действий. В 1836 в Д. имелось 13 синагог, в осн. хасидские, большим влиянием пользовались последователи садагорского цадика Израиля Фридмана (1753—1807), по инициативе к-рого была сооружена Большая синагога. В 1840 хасидский двор в Д. основал Элиэзер-Нисон Тительбойм (1786—1853). Его преемником стал сын Нохум-Цви Тительбойм. После смерти Н.-Ц.Тительбойма династию возглавил его сын Мордхе-Довид Тительбойм (1869—1944, Освенцим). Под влиянием идей Гаскалы представители еврейской молодежи Д. в 1840-х гг. участвовали в польск. нац.-освободит. движении, входили в польск. тайные об-ва (патриотич. пропаганду в Д. вел А.Розенберг). Евреи Д. участвовали в рев. событиях 1848—49, добиваясь предоставления им равноправия. С кон. 1860-х гг. в Д. действовало отд-ние объединения «Шоймер Исроэль», к-рое возглавлял Герман Мизес.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. евреи вкладывали капиталы в нефтеперерабатывающую пром-сть (Абрам Шрайнер наладил переработку нефти и добычу озокерита); мн. евреи владели пр-тиями по добыче и переработке нефти, деревообработке, занимались финансово-кредитными операциями, среди них в кон. 19 в. выделялись Гартенберг, Гредель, Линденбаум. Значит. средства жертвовались на благотворит. цели (построены дома для престарелых, с 1860 — больница, открыт ряд школ и уч-щ). Осн. часть еврейского населения была занята в ремесл. произ-ве и мелкой торговле, св. 3 тыс. евреев в 1880 работали в нефтяной и озокеритной пром-сти. В 1890-х гг. активизировалось еврейское рабочее движение: возникли социалистич. кружки «Сило», «Бридерлихкайт», «Гвязда» (организаторы — д-р Фридман и С.Хеккер), профсоюз «Згода». Во 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. сложились сионистские орг-ции «Агават Сион» и «Кадима». В нач. 20 в. осн. занятия евреев Д. — мелкая торговля, ремесл. произ-во, пищевая и легкая пром-сть.6 сент. 1914 Д. был занят рус. войсками, мн. еврейские орг-ции и об-ва закрыты, неск. евреев взяты в заложники, в городе казачьими частями был устроен погром, в результате к-рого была разграблена и уничтожена синагога. Нек-рые евреи занимались поставками продовольствия для рус. армии, сотрудничали с рос. властями, банками, предпринимателями. 12 июня 1915 австр. войска заняли Д., была восстановлена община, к-рую возглавил А.Шапиро, воссозданы еврейские школы, разл. обществ., просветит. и политич. орг-ции. В 1920-х гг. в Д. действовали орг-ция всеобщих сионистов, об-ва «Ге-Халуц», «Аква», «Керен Каемет ле Исраэль», бюро «Керен-га-Йессод», орг-ция еврейских скаутов и др., а также орг-ции Бунда и «Поалей Цион».В сент. 1939 Д. был занят частями РККА. В городе скопилось до 100 тыс. евреев-беженцев из зап. областей Польши, ок. 2 тыс. были оставлены в Д. на жительство. Открылись 2 школы с преподаванием на идише, т-р, создавались еврейские б-ки и клубы. Была закрыта синагога. В сев. и вост. р-ны СССР депортировано не менее 3 тыс. евреев. 1 июля 1941 Д. оккупировали герм. войска. В тот же день произошел еврейский погром (по неполным данным, было убито до 400 евреев, гл. обр. представителей интеллигенции). 22 июля 1941 создан юденрат (пред. д-р Авром Розенблат), в тот же день на еврейском кладбище расстреляно 40 евреев, захваченных во время облавы. 27—29 июля по городу вновь прокатился еврейский погром. Осенью 1941 было создано гетто. В нач. 1942 в гетто были уничтожены старики, женщины и дети. 25 марта 1942 большая группа евреев отправлена из Д. в лагерь уничтожения Белжец, в авг. 1942 — еще ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В июне — июле 1943 уничтожены последние евреи Д. Всего в гетто Д. погибло ок. 12 тыс. евреев. После освобождения Д. в авг. 1944 из лесов и укрытий вышло неск. десятков евреев.В 1991 была создана еврейская религ. община Д.; общине возвращено здание синагоги. В 1994 организовано отд-ние «Милосердие — Маген Авот».В 1999 в Д. проживало ок. 200 евреев.В Д. род. Бруно Шульц (1892—1942, Дрогобыч), писатель, писал на польск. яз., пер. произ. Ф.Кафки на польск. язык.Я.Хонигсман, extra_data="{'translat...")
DROKHICHIN, a city in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1808 - the county town of the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Drogichin, Belsky district. Grodno province. In 1918-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1765 880 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding villages, in 1847 in Denmark there were 181 Jews, in 1865 - 224, in 1897 - 784 (45.9 %), in 1910 - 400 (17.3%), in 1921 - 814 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Denmark, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. In July 1941 a ghetto was created in D., liquidated on 2 November. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 700 people In D. family: S.-B. Polyakevich; Yoel Slonim (real family Slonimsky) (1884-1944, New York), poet, literary critic (in Yiddish and English), since 1886 - in the USA.
DROKIA, city (since 1973), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 113 Jews lived in D. In July 1941, 27 Jews were killed in D..
DROPKIN John (b. 1910, Bobruisk, Minsk province), physicist. Doctor of Philosophy (1948). Since 1912 in the USA. Graduated from Columbia University (1930). In 1936–48 he taught mathematics and physics at schools in New York. From 1948 he worked at the Polytechnic. Institute of Brooklyn, since 1957 - head. department. Auth. a number of scientific. works in physics.
DROZDY, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, a large group of Jews from Minsk was shot in D.
DRUK David (1883, Kreuzburg, Dvinsky district, Vitebsk province - 1943, New York), publicist. In 1905 he moved to Warsaw, actively collaborated in the gas founded by Ts. Prilutsky. Der veg. Published in pl. periodic. ed. Since 1920 in the USA. He worked in gas. "Morgn-zhurnal", where he published his ser. Art. The Life Story of Mendl Beilis, Baron Edmond Rothschild in Eretz Israel, Moishe Montefier, Heb. scientists in America "and others. The author of the book. “To the history of Heb. press ”(Warsaw, 1920),“ Commentators of the Torah ”(ibid., 1936-1937).
DRUK Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1957, Moscow), poet, psychologist. Graduated from the Faculty of Psychology Moscow. state ped. Institute (1980). Organizer (1991) of the first independent Institute of Dreams and Virtual Reality in Russia (since 1993 also lab. In RAS). Published as a poet since 1986. The author of the book. "Commutator: (Poems. Poems. Texts)" (M., 1991), collection of works. poems for children "The Drawn Apple" (M., 1991). The texts of D. are characterized by an original contamination of the avant-garde poetry. techniques and ironic. motives. Initiator and compiler of literary-publ. Sat. "Freedom Square" (M., 1992), which includes works. writers and journalists - participants in the defense of the White House in August. 1991.
DRUKAREV Grigory Filippovich (1919, Mogilev - 1986, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1941). During the 2nd world. the war participated in the bunkers. militia. Since 1945 post-graduate student Ya.I. Frenkel. From 1947 he worked in Leningrad. un-those (prof.). scientific. work on the physics of electronic and atomic collisions. For the first time received the equation for (one-time function (1949). A series of works is devoted to writing and solving a system of equations for self-consistent fields for electron-atom collisions. Studying the behavior of weakly coupled systems in external fields using the zero-radius potential method. Proved the theorem on mirror alternation of bound and antibonded states in the work on the cruciform behavior of the zeros of the Jost function during the transition of stationary states to quasi-stationary ones Solved the problem of electron impact excitation of highly excited states in a hydrogen atom Author of several tens of scientific works Vol .: The theory of collisions of electrons with atoms. , 1963; Collisions of electrons with atoms and molecules. M., 1978; Quantum mechanics. L., 1988.
DRUKER Irma Khaimovich (1906, Chernobyl, Kiev province - 1982, Odessa), prose writer, lit: critic. Rod. in the Melamed family. Got muses. education. First pov. "In step" ("In the steppe") is published in the Kiev alm. "VUSPP" in 1929. In the 1930s. D. works ch. arr. in the region. lit. critics, examines incl. life and work of Sholem Aleichem, heads a studio in Odessa for the education of young Jews. writers. In 1940, D. released the first part of rum. "Klezmer". Further work on rum. D. was able to continue only after the war, when he thoroughly revises it, complements the second part. "Klezmer", published by the dep. book in 1976, it was, in essence, a new production, enriched with many others. ist. excursions and philosophy. generalizations. Rum became the crown of D.'s creativity. "Shmuel-Joseph Guzikov", dedicated. famous Heb. musician ser. XIX century.
DRUKER Sofya Yurievna (1906, the village of Kopys, Goretsky near Mogilev province - 1084, Minsk), singer (drama soprano). In 1930 she graduated from Belarus. muses. technical College. In 1930–32 she studied at Belorus. studio op. and ballet, in 1932–36 - to Belarus. cons. in vocal class from PI Tikhonov. Improved as an artist op. to Belarus. studio op. and ballet at hand. A.P. Bonich (1930–33). Previously she studied with V.A. Tsvetkov. In 1933–41 and 1944–77 - soloist of the State. t-ra op. and ballet of the BSSR. D. is one of the first Belarusian. op. singers. In the years of the 2nd world. war sang in the Saratov t-re op. and ballet, participated in the work of fr. concert brigades, performed in front of the partisans of the Vitebsk region. The first performer of parts (from dramas to comedy) in Belarusian. nat. op. - Avginya ("In the woods of Polesye" by AV Bogatyrev), Marysya ("Mikhas Podgorny" by EK Tikotsky), Rogneda Yanovna ("Thorny Rose" by YV Semenyako). The best games op. classics: Yaroslavna ("Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin), Natasha ("Mermaid" by A.S. Dargomyzhsky), Maria ("Mazepa" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Aida ("Aida" by G. Verdi) and others . Nar. art. BSSR (1955).
DRUSKENIKI, see Druskininkai.
DRUSKIN Mikhail Semenovich (1905, Kiev - 1991, Leningrad), musicologist, pianist, teacher. In 1924 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Art History, specializing in history of music, in 1925 - Leningrad. cons. by class fp. O.K. Kalantarova. In 1930 he trained in Berlin with A. Schnabel. In 1925–35 he performed as a pianist and toured abroad. Performed by Ch. the way the music of IF Stravinsky. He worked in Leningrad; in 1924-30 - scientific. an employee of the Institute of Art History, in 1947–53 - Research Institute of Engineering and Music. From 1935 until the end of his life he taught at Leningrad. horse, since 1947 prof. Among the many. and works of various themes and genres: the study of I. Stravinsky's works (ed. and author of the commentary in Russian translation by Prince Stravinsky "Dialogues. Memories", L., 1971) and Bach, clavier art; Austro-German. muses. culture, problems of op. and ballet drama, history of working muses. movement, dance. music. D. is the author of stable textbooks on the history of foreign music for universities. Among his fundamental tr. - “New FP. music "(L., 1928)," Essays on the history of dance music "(L., 1936)," Questions of muses. dramaturgy op .: Based on the material of the classical heritage "(L., 1952)," Johannes Brahms "(Moscow, 1959)," History of the Zarub. music of the second half of the 19th century ”(Moscow, 1936),“ Zaruo. music of the first half of the 19th century ”(Moscow, 1967). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1947). Etc. them. B.V. Asafieva (1984).
DRUSKIN Yakov Semenovich (1902 - 1980, Leningrad), writer. Brother of M. Druskin. In 1923 he graduated from Philosophy. dep. f-that societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that, in 1929 - Leningrad. cons. in piano, in 1938 - mat. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. From 1925 to the end of the 30s. entered together with A. Vvedensky, L. Lipavsky, D. Harms and N. Oleinikov in Leningrad. Philos. esoteric. circle "Chinarei". While teaching literature and mathematics in schools and technical schools in Leningrad, he was engaged in the development of a unified system of philosophy. and aesthetic. views. He spent his first blockade winter in Leningrad. He was the keeper of the D. Harms archive. As a philosopher during his lifetime, he was almost never published. He left behind an extensive lit. heritage, including the philosopher-theologian, treatises and essays. Vol .: Passion according to Matthew JS Bach. L., 1941 (co-authored with M.S. Druskin); Near the messengers. Washington, 1988.
DRUSKININKAI, a city (since 1953) in Varenskiy district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1635.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Druskeniki town of Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–40 as part of the BSSR, in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 636 Jews (40.7%) lived in D., in 1910 - 620 (28, 8%), in 1921 - 294 Jews. In the 1880s. Shloyme Gordon (1850 -?) was the rabbi in D. In June 1887 the first congress of the Khibat Zion opened in Denmark. On July 19, 1905, a memorial meeting in memory of T. Herzl took place, at which approx. 4 thousand people In 1910, D. had a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, a department for helping sick Jews who came to D. every year from Lithuania and Belarus, a Jewish hospital, an aid to poor Jews "Ezra" society, and a consumer society. In the 1910s. there were Jewish children's and teacher's sanatoriums. 1943 the ghetto was liquidated in Denmark; Jews (about 800 people) were taken to Grodno, 6 Jews were killed in D.V.D. Zh.Lipshits.Yu.N. Grigorieva
DRUTSK, a village in the Tolochinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1092 as a city of the Polotsk land. In the 13th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841, 292 Jews lived in D., in 1844 - 392, in 1869 - 40, in 1880 - 50 (19.7%), in 1908 - 40 Jews (14.2%). In 1841 in D. there was a synagogue, a cheder, there was a rabbi, in 1844 - 2 synagogues, 3 heders. During the occupation in 1941 the Jews of D. were evicted to Tolochin and in March 1942 they were shot together with the local Jews.
DRUYA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. since the 15th century, was part of the Braslav povet Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Disna district. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766, 1305 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 2366, in 1897 - 3006 (63.4%), in 1910 - 4849 (86.5%), in 1915 - 4906, in 1921 - approx. 2,500 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 2nd half. 16th century, the Jewish community was formed at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1766 a synagogue was built (presumably the Italian architect A. Parakko). In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in D., in 1901 there were a 2-class school, 7 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1896, Moishe Gelman was rabbi of D., in 1900, Chaim-Shmuel Lifshitz, and in 1915, Avsey Izrailevich Eidelman. troops in 1941 created a ghetto. On June 11-12, 1942, 1,318 Jews were shot. The Jews resisted the liquidation of the ghetto. In total, apprx. 2,200 Jews. In D. of the family: ZI Bernshtein, A. Druyanov, I.-Kh. Taviev, A. Ya. Schneer; Israel Yakovlevich Weitser (1889-1937), politician. leader, in 1929-30 the People's Commissar of Trade of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1930-34 deputy. Commissar int. trade of the USSR, in 1934-37 the People's Commissar of Internal. Trade of the USSR, member. The Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; Avram Zarzovsky (1878—?), Orientalist, journalist, doctor of philosophy, author of works on the philosophy of the Talmud, ed. zhurn. "Ha-Kedem" .P.S.Wagner
DRUYANOV Alter (1870, Druya ​​Disnensky district. Vilna province - 1938, Tel Aviv), publicist, folklorist. Rod. in a Hasidic rabbinical family. Received education at home. Then for some time he studied at un-those and a rabbinical seminar in Breslau. The first publ. appeared in 1890 in gas. "Gamelitz", followed by Art. and srl-tones in Hebrew and Yiddish in different periodicals. ed. In 1906–09, D. lived in E.-I. After returning from there he lived in Vilno, was a secretary. Zionist, org-tions in Russia, ed. gas. "Gaolam". After the beginning. 1st world. war when gas. was closed, D. is sent by the Odessa Committee for the help of Heb. victims of the war in the cities of Galicia, Poland, Podolia, Volhynia and Bessarabia, and later publishes travel notes about this trip in the collection "Reshumot" (1918–26), founded. them together with H.-N. Bialik and I.-H. Ravnitsky. He made his debut in Yomtovbletleh in Yiddish by I.-L. Peretz, then published ser. feuilletons into gas. "Yud", and in petersburg. daily gas. "Der Freind" ser. letters about his trip to E.-I. In 1912 the meeting was published. im a collection of Heb. proverbs and sayings, and the rest of the work in the region. Heb. of folklore studies in "Reshumot". From 1921 in E.-I. Naib. Izv. as the author of Sofer Gabdiha vegahi-dud (The Book of Anecdotes and Witches), published in three volumes in 1935–38. In 1943-45 in Tel Aviv, a two-volume edition of his choice was published. publicistic. manuf.
DRUYSK, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 515 Jews (96%) lived in D., in 1921 - 412, in 1931 - approx. 600 Jews. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1942.
DRUZHBA, a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tribukhovets of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 138 Jews lived in D. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of D. were taken to the Belzec extermination camp.
DRUZHKOPOL, see Cranes.
DRUZHKOVKA, city (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1781. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Yakovlevsky Bakhmutsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1917-23 - the city of Yakovlevsk, in 1923 together with the village. Gavrilovsky, Eliseevsky, Karlovsky, Goretsky united in the village. Druzhkovka. In 1939, 433 Jews lived in D. Since 1903, in an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, the village was opened for the settlement of Jews. 1942 in D., apprx. 140 Jews. 1990s a Jewish community was founded in D., from 1995 - the center "Hesed-Tsedaka"; there is a Sunday school.
DRESS, see Verkhnedvinsk.
DRZEVICA, see Jevica.
DUA Yakov-Kopl (1898, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Publicist, translator. Got a trad. Heb. education, studied in Russian. gymnasium. A serious illness that befell D. in his youth made him an invalid. In the years of the 1st world. war began to write and publish stories in Yiddish, as well as Art. about literature and music, trans. manuf. European lit-ry. Since 1931 - post. sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gayntike Nice", where publ. pl. rum. and stories on the themes of Heb. stories. As a staff member. publishing house "Groshn-Libraries" D. in 1930-35 wrote and edited 170 issues for him, dedicated. history, literature, science, technology and music, biographies of writers and politicians. He wrote monographs about A. Einstein, M. Gandhi, Y. Pilsudsky, K.E. Voroshilov, M.N. Tukhachevsky and others. D. per. in Yiddish thin. biography "The Life of Beethoven" by R. Rolland. After the occupation of Warsaw by the Germans, he ended up in a ghetto. He was shot in the street by a Nazi officer.
DUBASHINSKY Iosif Abramovich (1919, Novoukrainka, Kherson province - 2007, Daugavpils), literary critic, historian of English. lit-ry. Graduated from Moscow State University (1949). Dr. philol. sciences. (1971). Prof. (1972) Daugavpils ped. in-ta. Works: William Shakespeare: Essays on creativity (1965; 1978); Swift's Pamphlets (1968), George Gordon Byron (1985).
DUBECNO, a village in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Wlodawa district. Sedlecka province. 1941, 648 Jews lived in D. In June 1942, D. Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.
DUBENKA, a village in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Busk land of the Belz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the city of Grubeshovsky u. In 1765 604 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding villages, in 1856 in Denmark - 1401 (46.5%), in 1897 - 2343 (48.8%), in 1921 - 1204 Jews. In 1765 Jews owned There were 34 houses in D. From 1893 Menachem-Mendl Nai (1855—?) Was the rabbi in D. From 1897 - Iskhor-Dovber Kovartovsky (1844—?). In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.
DUBESAR (until 1991 - Dubossary), city (since 1951), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1792 as Russian. fortress. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Tiraspol u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1847, 2506 Jews lived in D. (with the environs), in 1856 in D. - 2172, in 1865 - 2543, in 1897 - 5220 (43%), in 1910 - 5160 (45.3%), in 1920 - 5076, in 1923 - 3250, in 1926 - 3630 (over 80%), in 1939 - 2198, in 1941 - approx. 8000, in the 1960s. - OK. 150, in 1989 - 241, in 1991 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. In 1864, Marko Drozdin was the rabbi in D. In 1908 there was a Talmud Torah, 1 husband. (with Saturday school) and 2 wives. Jewish schools, in 1910 - 7 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1911 - 9 heders, in 1915 - 8 synagogues. Historically economical D.'s development was associated with trade and timber rafting. On Feb. 1903 an attempt to accuse the Jews of D. of the ritual murder of a Christian boy was used gas. "Bessarabets" for unbridled anti-Semitic propaganda, which hastened the beginning of the Jewish pogrom in Chisinau on April 6-7. 1903. Attempts to commit pogroms were made in 1905 and in 1918–20, but they were opposed by the established Jewish self-defense. In 1920-22, thousands of Jewish refugees from the Ukraine passed through D. to Romania, and many joined them. Jews D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. 12-28 Sept. 1941 in D. was destroyed approx. 8 thousand Jews, including 20 Sept. shot approx. 2 thousand Jews. Until the end. 1943 in D. was delivered and executed by St. 12 thousand Jews from a number of districts of Moldova, from Odessa and Czechoslovakia. In 1956 at the place of execution of Jews a memorial "In memory of 18,500 Soviet citizens of Dubossary" was opened with texts in Russian. and mold. languages ​​In D. genus. Semyon Shoikhet (b. 1931), architect, author of gen. development plans for Chisinau, Balti, Dubasari, Tiraspol, etc., architect mem. sign to the victims of the pogrom of 1903 and the monument to the victims of the Chisinau ghetto, before. Society of Jewish Culture Rep. Moldova, Hon. arch. Moldova, State. etc.
DUBILET Moishe Iosifovich (1897, Dmitrovka, Alexandriysky u., Kherson province - 1941), lit. critic. He made his debut in 1924 Art. about lit-re and rec. for production Heb. classics and modern. writers. From the beginning. 30s D.'s works were printed in gas. Der Shtern (Kharkov-Kiev), Der Emes (Moscow), "Farmest" and "Soviet Literature" (Kiev), "Stern" (Minsk). As sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine D. was engaged in the study and publication of lit. heritage of the classics of Heb. lit-ry. His Art. Yisroel Aksenfeld, Osn. features of the realism of Sholem Aleichem "," How Sholem Aleichem worked "and others were included in the literary critic. Sat. "Kritishe articles" ("Critical Art."), Published in Kiev in 1939. D. - the author of textbooks on literature for Hebrews. schools ("Literary anthology for the 8th grade", etc.). In 1941, D. joined the Nar. the militia of Kiev and died in battle.
DUBIN Mordechai (1889 - 1956, Tula), polit. activist. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. In 1919–34 there was a dep. Of the Latvian Diet from the party "Agudas Isroel". Being on friendly terms with the prez. K. Ulmanis helped to soften the anti-Semitic atmosphere in the country. He took an active part in social and religious affairs. life of Latvian Jewry. After the annexation of Latvia to the USSR (1940) he was repressed. Upon his return from exile (1946) he became one of the hands. operations for the illegal departure from the USSR of hundreds of families of Lubavitch Hasidim (1946). In 1948 he was arrested.
DUBINCHIK Alexander Mendelevich (1922, Moscow - 1997), painter. On the eve of the 1941–45 war, at the request of the State Tretyakov Gallery, he was admitted to the Military Studio. thin Returning from French, D. studied at Moscow. thin in. them. VI Surikov (1945–52), first at SV Gerasimov, then at GG Ryazhsky. After graduation, in-that worked as a portraitist, but in the middle. 50s D. is defined as a landscape painter with a person. looking at nature and people. building pictures. His element is sowing. Russian landscape, image. in the traditions of II Levitan, VA Serov, KA Korovin with sincere excitement and emotionality ("Cold Day", 1956; "On the Sebezhskoye Lake", 1965, etc.). museums of Russia (including PT, RM).
DUBINGIAI, a small town in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubinki (other name. Dubniki) of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, there were 280 Jews living in D., in 1923 - 120 (47%), in 1940 - 80 Jews. In 1903 D. was opened for free settlement. Jews, exempt from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Most of the Jews of Denmark were engaged in fishing, trade, and crafts. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews of D. moved to Canada, Yuzh. Africa, E.-I., to Cuba. 18 Aug. 1941 in D., 40 Jews (men up to 45 years old) were shot. Sep 1941 the remaining Jews were shot - old people, women, children.
DUBINKI, see Dubingiai.
DUBINOVA, a village in Ludza district (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dubinovo in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1898, 281 Jews lived in D., and in 1903 there were 353 Jews.
DUBINOVO, see Dubinov.
DUBINOVSKY Lazar Isaakovich (1910, Faleshty, Bessarabian province - 1982, Chisinau), sculptor. In 1930 he graduated from a sculptor. branch of the Academy of Arts in Bucharest from O. Khan and D. Pachuri, then to Acad. Grand Chaumiere in Paris by A. Bourdelle. From 1930 he taught in Balti in Bessarabia, from 1940 in the same place Ch. thin Houses of Kr. Army. Member of the 2nd world. war. In 1944-51 the beginning. Control. art of the K-ta on lawsuits in the MSSR, 1964–72 ch. ed. artistic-expert commission of the Ministry of Culture of the MSSR. State pr. MSSR (1970). Main work: memory. G. Kotovsky (1953), the cycle “Moldavia on fire” (1943), the trilogy “Fathers and Sons” (1957), “Towards the Dawn” (1960), the group “Tiraspol seamstresses” (1962), a monument to S. Nyaga in Chisinau (1964–69), portrait of Ho Chi Minh (1968). Highlighted works related to the Hebrew. themes, among them “The Old Teacher” (1970), the portrait of A. Raikin (1976–77), “Requiem. Dedication to the victims of the Nazi death camps "(1982), as well as a monument to the victims of Nazism in the Museum of Hebrews. communities of Romania (Bucharest). Nar. thin MSSR (1963), che. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1954). Prod. are located in the State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, State Art Museum of the MSSR.
DUBINSKY Alexander Markovich (1906, Cherkassy Kievskaya, province - 1982, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of IFLI (1938). Teacher Saratov, state University (1938–43), Higher. desks, schools under the Central Committee of the CPSU (1944–67). Sci. sotr. Institute D. Vostoka (1967–82). Main direction of research: mezhdunar. relations in the Far East in modern times. Cit .: War in the Pacific, Saratov, 1942; Japanese whale. war, M., 1966; Int. relations in the Far East: 1917–45. M., 1979.
DUBINSKY David (1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1982, New York), trade unionist. In the 1900s. sec. the trade union of bakers created by the Bund in Lodz, arrested for organizing a strike, exiled to Siberia in 1909, escaped from the stage. From 1910 in the USA, he worked as a cutter, Ch. Amer. socialist party, participant prof. movement. After the 1st world. war one of the leaders of the Internats. union of workers for the manufacture of wives. dresses (mainly the European union), fought against attempts by the communists to seize the leadership of the union. Since 1934 vice-president. Amer. Federation of Labor (AFL), one of the founders of the Congr. productions, prof. (1935) and Amer. Labor Party (1936). After the 2nd world. war - one of the founders of Intern. Confederation of Free Professors D. actively participated in Heb. societies, activities: as a member. Execute. Council of Heb. worker to-that (founded in 1933) helped refugees from Europe (primarily from Nazi Germany), advocated the creation. State of Israel, assisted the Histadrut. In 1961 he was appointed president. J. Kennedy Presidential Advisory Council for Policy in the region. labor and management. Since 1962, member. Mezhamer. advisory board, member of pl. int. conf. prof.
DUBINSKY David Alexandrovich (1920, Novorossiysk - 1960, Moscow), book artist. Graduated from Moscow. thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov (1946). He worked in the technique of drawing with a pen. The lightness and expressiveness of D.'s graphics resisted naturalistic. trends of owls. book illustrations of those years. Illustrated by W. Teckeray, C. Dickens, C. Goldoni. In the beginning. 1950s began to work in a tonal manner common in those years with a brush and black watercolors, created large detailed sheets, where ex. the environment from a slightly outlined background became an important element of the composition. But even in these illustrations, outwardly closer to the works of other artists, D. retained his originality, for illustration he chose not key events, but the intervals between them, focusing on conveying the atmosphere of the production. and his lyric. tonality (ill. to the story of A.P. Chekhov "House with a mezzanine" 1954). Each illustration of D. is perceived as a fragment of a continuously flowing reality. In the illustrations for the production. of contemporary writers D. gently outlined the details of the meager pre- and post-war. everyday life. His works are characterized by soft lyricism, in which only occasionally sentimental notes sound. Sometimes the influence of cinematography is noticeable in D.'s works, as in Naib. extensive and izv. ser. illustrations for the "Duel" by A.I. Kuprin, which became his post. work.
DUBINSKY Ilya Vladimirovich (Yudovich) (1898, Butenkova of Kobelyaksky u.Poltava province. - 1989, Moscow), military leader, writer. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche (1917), entered Petrograd. polytechnic in-t. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. Since 1918 military commissar and com. regiment, in 1924–25 com. 2nd brigade of the Chervonny Cossacks. For participation in civil. war nagr. ord. Cr. Banner (1919). He graduated from advanced training courses. early composition (1925) and Military. acad. them. M.V. Frunze (1927). In 1927-28 the beginning. headquarters of the 8th Separate Turkmen Cav. brigade, in 1928-29 and in 1931-32 beginning. headquarters of the 1st Zaporizhzhya Chervonno-Cossack division. In 1929–31 in the reserve of the Red Army. In 1931–37 holes. sec. Defense Commissions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR and the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1935–36 - com. and a military commissar. dep. tank, regiment, in 1936 - a separate heavy. tank, brigade. In 1936–37 pom. early Improvement courses for the command personnel of the avtobronetank. troops of the Red Army. 1937 - pom. early Kazan tank. uch-schA. Repressed. 1937–55 in custody. Cit .: Sobr. op. in 4 volumes. Kiev, 1986–88.
DUBINSKY Moishe Shaya Mikhelevich (1900, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1983, Kiev), translator, linguist. He worked as a teacher in Heb. language and literature in schools. In 1931 he graduated from Heb. dep. Moscow ped. in-ta them. Lenin. He settled in Kiev. Was ed. pl. Heb. book republican publishing house "Ukrnatsmenizdat". Per. in Ukrainian lang. manuf. Sholem Aleichem, as well as Prince. modern Heb. writers. Among his linguistic. research - “Phraseologisms of Sholem Aleichem in Russian. per. "," The Way of the Linguist ", etc.
DUBLYANY, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 76 Jews were killed in D.
Dubna, city (since 1956) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1956, 217 Jews lived in Denmark in 1970, and 198 Jews in 1989. In 1994, a religion was established in Denmark. community, since 1994 Rabbi D. - the representative of M.-M. Shneerson Alexei Borisovich Kurdikov (b. 1966). In 1995 a Sunday school and a youth club were opened, in 2000 - "Hesed". From the 2nd floor. 1990s Minyan gathers on holidays. In 1999, approx. 600 Jews.
Dubno, see Andreapol.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДУБНОВ Семен Маркович (Шимон Меерович) (1860, Мстиславль Могилевской губ. – 1941, Рига), историк, публицист, обществ. деятель. Получил трад. евр. образование, в дальнейшем занимался самообразованием, уделяя осн. вимание изучению истории. В 1880–1906 жил в Петербурге, Одессе, Вильне, с 1906 – в Петербурге, где преподавал евр. историю на курсах востоковедения (с 1908), в Евр. ун-те (с 1919). Один из основателей и рук. «Евр. ист.-этногр. об-ва» (с 1908), ред. (1908–18) издаваемого об-вом ж. «Евр. старина», основатель ист. ж. на иврите «Га-авар» (т.1,2; 1918), в к-ром вел отд. «хасидиана». Как чл. Об-ва для распространения просвещения между евреями в России Д. боролся за созд. евр. нар. школ. После Кишиневского погрома (1903) призывал к созд. евр. самообороны. Выступал за участие евреев в выборах в Гос. думу (1905) и основал евр. секцию партии кадетов. Был чл. «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России», но позже отошел от него и в 1906 основал Евр. нар. партию (существовала в России до 1918). После окт. 1917 подготовил ряд публикаций на евр. темы, из к-рых ни одна не вышла в свет. С 1922 – в Каунасе, затем в Берлине. После прихода Гитлера к власти (1933) переехал в Ригу. После оккупации города нем.-фаш. войсками арестован и отправлен в гетто (сент. 1941), в дек. 1941 включен в колонну смертников.Д. – автор тр. по евр. истории: «Учебник евр. истории» (т.1–3, 1898–1901), «Всеобщая история евреев» (т.1–3, 1904–06; т.4 – «Новейшая история евр. народа, 1789–1881», 1914), «Всемирная история евр. народа» (т.1–10, в нем. пер., 1925–29; на иврите, 1923–38; на идиш, 1948–58; на рус. яз., 1934–38, Рига, т.II, заканчивающийся предвоен. периодом, на иврите – 1940), «История хасидизма» (на иврите, 1930–31).Д. представлял историю евр. народа как историю развития евр. нац. духа, определял евр. народ как. «народ, чьим домом является весь мир», считал, что он сформировался в процессе приспособления к условиям, в к-рых жил, а в диаспоре развил особую спец. систему и общинную идеологию. При этом всегда выделялась одна община, более др. преуспевшая в сохранении самоуправляемости, нац. творчестве, духовной независимости, благодаря чему она становилась ц. евр. народа. Так, Э.-И. в этом качестве сменил Вавилон, за ним – Испания, Германия, Польша и Литва. Евр. религию Д. рассматривал как средство самозащиты народа, лишенного обычных для др. народов средств самосохранения. Поэтому в период эмансипации, когда евр. народ вступает в эпоху сотрудничества с народами мира, религия утрачивает защитную функцию, и евр. народ должен развивать светскую культуру. На этом основании Д. отвергал как сионизм, так и ассимиляторство и противопоставлял им концепцию автономизма, согласно к-рой евр. нац. существование возможно в диаспоре, причем евреи должны в каждом гос-ве образовать особые нац.-культурные единицы.Д. – автор ряда лит.-критич., пед. и публицистич. ст., мемуаров («Книга моей жизни», т. 1–2, 1934–35, т.З, 1957).Брат Д. – Зеев (1858, Мстиславль Могилевской губ. – ок. 1940, Саратов), обществ. деятель, педагог. В юности близок к участникам народнич. движения в России, разделял взгляды ассимиляторов. После евр. погромов 1881 – палестинофил, примкнул к евр. молодежной орг-ции «Билу», в 1882 прибыл в Э.-И. с первой гр. евр. поселенцев, осн. задачей движения считал «получить Э.-И. и вернуть евреям их полит, независимость»; работал в с.-х. школе Микве Исраэль, затем поселился в Иерусалиме, где стал одним из основателей ассоциации ремесленников «Шаху». В 1885, разочаровавшись в надеждах на быстрое заселение Э.-И., вернулся в Россию, работал учителем в Мстиславле, помогал брату в сборе и изучении ист. документов, поддерживал переписку с билуйцами. В конце жизни переехал в Москву., pronunciation=ДУБНОВ Семен Маркович (Шимон Меерович) (1860, Мстиславль Могилевской губ. – 1941, Рига), историк, публицист, обществ. деятель. Получил трад. евр. образование, в дальнейшем занимался самообразованием, уделяя осн. вимание изучению истории. В 1880–1906 жил в Петербурге, Одессе, Вильне, с 1906 – в Петербурге, где преподавал евр. историю на курсах востоковедения (с 1908), в Евр. ун-те (с 1919). Один из основателей и рук. «Евр. ист.-этногр. об-ва» (с 1908), ред. (1908–18) издаваемого об-вом ж. «Евр. старина», основатель ист. ж. на иврите «Га-авар» (т.1,2; 1918), в к-ром вел отд. «хасидиана». Как чл. Об-ва для распространения просвещения между евреями в России Д. боролся за созд. евр. нар. школ. После Кишиневского погрома (1903) призывал к созд. евр. самообороны. Выступал за участие евреев в выборах в Гос. думу (1905) и основал евр. секцию партии кадетов. Был чл. «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России», но позже отошел от него и в 1906 основал Евр. нар. партию (существовала в России до 1918). После окт. 1917 подготовил ряд публикаций на евр. темы, из к-рых ни одна не вышла в свет. С 1922 – в Каунасе, затем в Берлине. После прихода Гитлера к власти (1933) переехал в Ригу. После оккупации города нем.-фаш. войсками арестован и отправлен в гетто (сент. 1941), в дек. 1941 включен в колонну смертников.Д. – автор тр. по евр. истории: «Учебник евр. истории» (т.1–3, 1898–1901), «Всеобщая история евреев» (т.1–3, 1904–06; т.4 – «Новейшая история евр. народа, 1789–1881», 1914), «Всемирная история евр. народа» (т.1–10, в нем. пер., 1925–29; на иврите, 1923–38; на идиш, 1948–58; на рус. яз., 1934–38, Рига, т.II, заканчивающийся предвоен. периодом, на иврите – 1940), «История хасидизма» (на иврите, 1930–31).Д. представлял историю евр. народа как историю развития евр. нац. духа, определял евр. народ как. «народ, чьим домом является весь мир», считал, что он сформировался в процессе приспособления к условиям, в к-рых жил, а в диаспоре развил особую спец. систему и общинную идеологию. При этом всегда выделялась одна община, более др. преуспевшая в сохранении самоуправляемости, нац. творчестве, духовной независимости, благодаря чему она становилась ц. евр. народа. Так, Э.-И. в этом качестве сменил Вавилон, за ним – Испания, Германия, Польша и Литва. Евр. религию Д. рассматривал как средство самозащиты народа, лишенного обычных для др. народов средств самосохранения. Поэтому в период эмансипации, когда евр. народ вступает в эпоху сотрудничества с народами мира, религия утрачивает защитную функцию, и евр. народ должен развивать светскую культуру. На этом основании Д. отвергал как сионизм, так и ассимиляторство и противопоставлял им концепцию автономизма, согласно к-рой евр. нац. существование возможно в диаспоре, причем евреи должны в каждом гос-ве образовать особые нац.-культурные единицы.Д. – автор ряда лит.-критич., пед. и публицистич. ст., мемуаров («Книга моей жизни», т. 1–2, 1934–35, т.З, 1957).Брат Д. – Зеев (1858, Мстиславль Могилевской губ. – ок. 1940, Саратов), обществ. деятель, педагог. В юности близок к участникам народнич. движения в России, разделял взгляды ассимиляторов. После евр. погромов 1881 – палестинофил, примкнул к евр. молодежной орг-ции «Билу», в 1882 прибыл в Э.-И. с первой гр. евр. поселенцев, осн. задачей движения считал «получить Э.-И. и вернуть евреям их полит, независимость»; работал в с.-х. школе Микве Исраэль, затем поселился в Иерусалиме, где стал одним из основателей ассоциации ремесленников «Шаху». В 1885, разочаровавшись в надеждах на быстрое заселение Э.-И., вернулся в Россию, работал учителем в Мстиславле, помогал брату в сборе и изучении ист. документов, поддерживал переписку с билуйцами. В конце жизни переехал в Москву., extra_data="{'translat...")
DUBNOV Yakov Semenovich (1887, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1957, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936). Son of historian S.M. Dubnov. Graduated from Odessa. un-t (1913). Prof. (1931). He worked in Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications and Moscow. higher. tech. school (1920–40), at Moscow State University (1928–52), at Ped. Institute of the Komi ASSR (1952-54). Main results in vector and tensor analysis. Works: Fundamentals of vector calculus, parts 1-2. M., 1950–53.
DUBOSSARI, see Dubasar.
OAK, see Oak.
OAK BALKA, a village in the Kursavsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dubovobalkovskoe Aleksandrovsky u. Stavropol province. 25 Dec. 1942 9 Jews were captured in DB, taken to Kursavka and shot there.
DUBOVICHI, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1918, a pogrom broke out in D. Army.
DUBOVKA, city (since 1925), regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Since 1803 - the city, then the settlement of Tsaritsyn u. Saratov Gubernia. In 1939, there were 11 Jews living in D.. In 1916, D. had a synagogue.
DUBOVO, does not exist now. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev Gubernia. In 1897, 1,104 Jews lived in D. Jews have lived in D. since the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. On May 13-14, 1919, a pogrom took place in D. All adult men were killed and b. including women and children. On June 17, 1919, the detachments of Ataman Sokolovsky organized a second pogrom, as a result of which several were killed. dozens of Jews. After the Jews who had survived escaped from D., the peasants dismantled all Jewish houses, cleared the land and plowed it up. The town ceased to exist. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
DUBOVOBALKOVSKOE, see [[Oak Beam.
OAK, a village in the Uzlovsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dubovaya Epifanskogo u. Tula province. Oct. 1941 in D. was shot apprx. 30 Jews from D. and neighboring villages.
DUBOY, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Duboy-Zarechny, Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 200 Jews (21.3%) lived in Denmark. 20th century some of the Jews of Denmark left for the USA, where in 1928 the Progressive Youth Association was created by immigrants from Denmark. In 1939 a synagogue was closed in D., and in 1957 the building was converted into a radio center.
OAK-ZARCHENNY, see Oak.
DUBRINICHI (in 1939-45 - Berchenifalva, until 1995 - Dubrinich), a village in the Perechinsk district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1427. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1785, approx. 60 Jews (7.9%), in 1828 - approx. 80 (9.9%), in 1939 - approx. 160 Jews (9%). occupation of Jews D. - p. economy and small trade. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DUBROVA, see [[Old Dubrovka.
DUBROVIN Boris Savvovich (real fam. Gall) (b. 1926, Moscow), poet, translator. Father - engineer, mother - doctor. In 1936, the parents were repressed. During the 1941–45 war, he volunteered for the infantry, then in the aviation was an air gunner. In 1958 he graduated from Lit. in-t. Published since 1946. Ed. 25 kn. poems and 7 books. prose translated into plural. lang. Per. in Russian lang. poets of other rep., with Heb. - Joseph Kerler. Many are written on D.'s verses. popular ones: "Quiet Words of Love", "Kindness", "White Nights", "Russians", "The Way Home", "Bell", etc.
DUBROVIN Yoav (1831-1935), society. activist. Rod. in a prosperous Russian. cross, family, owner of a rich cross, x-va. He converted to Judaism in Tsaritsyn. From 1903 in E.-I .; together with gr. Russian peasants who converted to Judaism, settled in the agricultural. settlement of Beit Gan. In 1906 he founded his own. medium in the north of the country, equipped it with modern purchased in Russia. s.-kh. equipment and turned the farm into one of the best in the area.
DUBROVITSA (until 1940 - Dombrovitsa), city, regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Pinsk povet, Brest voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was part of the Volyn Voivodeship of Poland, in 1939-91 it was part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1766, 404 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 1910, in 1897 - 2686 (47.7%), in 1921 - 2536. in 1931 - 2739, in 1937 - 3225 Jews (43.4%). Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 16th century In the 17th and 18th centuries. Jews of D. were under the jurisdiction of the Pinsk kagal. Most of the Jews of Denmark belonged to the Karlin-Stolin, Trisk, and Berezna Hasids. In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark, in 1910 - 5 synagogues, including 3 Hasidic ones, a cemetery with the oldest grave of the 16th century. There were rabbis in Denmark: in the 19th century. - Yakov-Natan Vaisman, before 1900 - Yakov Shapiro (? -1900), in 1901-37 - Yakov Zaltsman, in 1918-1942 - Nokhum-Yeshua Pechnik (? -1942) and founded the Hasidic court in Denmark at the end. 1930s - Aba Zaltsman. In 1884 a Jewish pogrom took place in D. In the 1900s. in D., the Bund organization operated, dec. Zionist circles. In oct. 1915 the Jews of D. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. In 1917, a self-defense detachment was created, at the same time a school and children were opened. a garden with teaching in Hebrew and a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the beginning. 1919 pogrom committed by the troops of the Directory. Another pogrom took place on July 10, 1919. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there was a yeshiva; Jewish parties and org-tions D. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht in June 1941. The Judenrat was created, in March 1942 - a ghetto, in which St. 4 thousand people A fighting group was operating in the ghetto. 25 Aug 1942 almost all the Jews of D. were taken to Sarny, where on the trail. day they were shot. On Sept. 1942 was shot ca. 70 remaining Jews. After 1945 in the premises of the former. A cinema was opened in the Great Synagogue, and a workers' club and a workshop in the other two. In the end. 1940s - early. 1950s In the house of Yeshua Fishman, a minyan gathered on Saturdays and holidays, for which a Torah scroll was bought in the historical museum. H. Lieberman, S. A. Sandler, E. S. Mosolova
DUBROVITSKY Moishe (| - 1937), publicist, playwright. In the end. 20s D. ed. Heb. youth gas. Der Junger Arbeter in Minsk. In 1932, D. was headed by a Belarusian. delegation, which went to Birobidzhan to get acquainted with the life of the first settlers. Later in Minsk gas. and in Moscow. gas. "Der emes" published D.'s travel sketches about this trip, and then the book was published. "20 days in Birobidzhan". The author of the book. “Belarus is the chief of Birobidzhan”. Joint. with N. Weingois he wrote the play "Internationalizirt" (1930). In 1937 he was repressed.
DUBROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1931), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol lips. In the 1930s. - Dubrovsky Jewish village council of Dubrovsky district. In 1904, approx. 40 Jewish families, in 1910 - c. 200 Jews, in 1923 - 483, in 1926 - 542 (35.5%), in 1939 - 360 Jews. In 1904 the Jews of Denmark were allowed to set up a temporary prayer house with their postscript to the department of the Oryol rabbi. In 1910 the organization of a permanent synagogue was authorized. In 1918, the local organization Poalei Zion operated in D. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in D. In the fall of 1929, an anti-religious meeting was held on Yom Kippur in D. After the rally, the women collected signatures to open a cooperative kosher shop. 1941, 12 Jews were killed in D. In 1998, approx. 40 Jews in D. Grigory Izrailevich Goldin (1902-1964, Moscow), urologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1948), reg. honey. service (1950), in 1953-56 and. about. ch. urologist Owls. Army, specialist in the region. military field urology V. N. Pervyshin
DUBROVNA, see Dubrovno.
DUBROVNO, city (since 1925), regional center in Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century, in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1773-77 - the county town of the Orsha province, then the town of Orsha, from 1861 - Goretsky district. Mogilev province. In 1924-30 - the regional center Dubrovna, Orsha Okr., In 1938-62 and since 1965 - the Vitebsk Region. In 1833 there were 1869 Jews living in D., in 1851 - 4730, in 1860 - 4183 (60.8%), in 1865 - 2626, in 1869 - 2612, in 1880 - 2336 (46%), in 1897 - 4364, in 1908 - 4991 (52.7%), in 1923 - 3199, in 1926 - 3105 Jews (39.2%). The Jewish community arose in the 3rd quarter. 17th century In 1715, Belorussian conferences were held in D. waada. In 1737 A. Voznitsyn was in D. In 1777 there was a synagogue in Denmark, and in 1798-1800 Jews owned 207 households. One of the main. occupation of the Jewish population - weaving (D. is the center of production of thales, in the 19th century there were several thales factories, in 1897 about 300 families - over 500 workers were employed in weaving). Jews also traded in timber and grain. Between 1845 and 1846, 63 Jewish families received permission to move to state lands in the Gory-Goretskoye estate or in the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces. In 1851, there were 14 synagogues and 13 heders in Denmark, and there were 4 talis factories (annual income - about 11.5 thousand rubles). In 1859, a state school of the 1st category was transferred from Lyubavich to D. - a craft class with locksmith and carpentry-turning departments is still open). At the same time. at the end. 1850s there were yeshivas and 13 heders in D. In 1880 the Jews owned 453 houses out of 913, there were 14 synagogues, until 1882 Yankel Heifetz was the state rabbi. In 1891, 10 Jewish families expelled from Moscow settled in D. In order to facilitate economical. position of weavers in 1902 was founded by ac. about-in "Dneprovskaya paper-spinning and weaving manufactory", built in D. mechanic. weaving factory. The first manager of the factory was Semyon Gerasimovich Rosenblum (1868-1936, Moscow). Only Jews worked at the factory, having a day off on Saturday. Of 1.2 million rubles. main capital approx. 800 thousand were allocated by the EKO, the remaining amounts were contributed by private donors, including Barons Gunzburgs, I.A. Wavelberg, A.G. Rosenblum, etc. In 1904-08 the number of workers increased from 400 to 559, the number of machines - from 168 to 323, cf. earnings - from 9 rubles. 71 kopecks up to 17 rubles. 24 kopecks per month In 1903, consumers were created at the factory. about and beginning. 2-class school. Since 1895 Shloyme-Zalman Sheinkin was the rabbi of D., in the beginning. 20th century - Chaim-Shmuel Livshits. In the 1900s. The Mogilev Bund Committee sent propagandists to D. to work among artisans and workers. In 1912 in D. there were 6 heders, 2-class Jewish wives. uch-shche (head. Gitlya Dyatkina, 5 teachers, 213 students), in 1913 - a bookstore of Hillel Abramovich Nakhmanson and a library at acts. about-ve "Dneprovskaya manufactory". In 1916-17 there was a society of benefits for the poor (previously ZI Tsukerman), which provided assistance to Jewish refugees. In 1918 the Poalei Zion organization operated in D. In 1925 approx. D. was created by a Jewish farmer. artel named after I.-L. Peretz. The Jewish population of D. was exterminated during the Holocaust. In D. genus: M. S. Belenkiy, A. I. Bykhovsky, Z. Kh. Libinzon, Yu. N. Lipsky, S. S. .Polyakov, Y.S.Polyakov, M.-L. Rodkinson, A.-M.-M. Usyshkin, I.-D.-B. Frumkin; Shaul-Chaim Horowitz, rabbi, commentator to the Talmud, from the 1880s. - in E.-I .; Zvi Zeitlin (b. 1922), violinist, from 1947 - in the USA; Charles Yaffe (1887-1941, New York), chess player, chess journalist (in Yiddish), from 1898 - in the USA, in 1916 - champion of New York.
DUBROVO, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. Since 1901, Chaim-Aron-Dovber Pomeranets (1871–?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. In 1941, after the occupation of Denmark by the Germans. troops in the village were killed approx. 3,700 Jews.
DUBROVSKY Boris Yakovlevich (b. 1939, Moscow), athlete (rowing, double boat); z.m.s. USSR (1964). Graduated from Moscow. correspondence ped. Institute (1966). Champion Olympus. games (1964), Europe (1964) and the USSR (1963–65).
DUBROVSKY David Izrailevich (b. 1929, Orekhov Zaporozhye okr.), Psychologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Kiev University (1952). In 1952–57 he worked on Wed. school of Donetsk, at the same time. taught in Donetsk honey. in-those. In 1971–87 prof. Philos. Faculty of Moscow State University, Head. dep. f “Philos. Sciences". In 1987-88 he worked at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1988 at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Developed an informational approach to the problem of consciousness, research. value-semantic structure of subjective reality, studied philosophy. problems of psychoregulation in the West. and east. Cultures: Information, Consciousness, Brain. M., 1980.
DUBROVSKY Konstantin Vladimirovich (real family. Katz) (1879, Irkutsk - 1943, Chelyabinsk), poet, journalist. Graduated from the Irkutsk craft-suburban Sunday school. In 1896–99 he studied at the Irkutsk teacher's seminary, after graduation - a teacher of the Verkhneudinsk foreign origin. uch-schA. Was suspended for the roar. propaganda among the peasants. One of the organizers of the Irkutsk department. Vseros. teacher. Union (1907). From 1903 - under the supervision of the Irkutsk security department. Member party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1908 withdrew from it. He began to publish in 1899. In 1906-17 - member. editorial board daily gas. "Siberia", where he led "dep. feuilletons, at the same time. was published in the period. ed. Tomsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Chita, Barnaul, Yakutsk, and others. D.'s poems bear the stamp of a strong influence of the poetry of S.Ya. Nadson. He performed successfully in the genre of fiction. biographies. He promoted Siberian autonomy. He studied the history of the culture of Siberia. Materials about Siberia and Siberians published in the foundation, Vol. "Birth in the Country of Exile" (P., 1916), edges came out with great censorship, abbr. In 1918 he published J. "Autonomous Siberia". After the fall of the Kolchak production, ed. in 1920–21. "Proletarian culture". From 1921 to 1941 he lived in Moscow, after the beginning. war was evacuated to Chelyabinsk.
DUBSON Mikhail Iosifovich (1899, Smolensk - 1961, Leningrad), film director, screenwriter. In 1916-20 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. Since 1918 sotr. management of the People's Commissariat for Food in Moscow, then in decomp. org-tions of Smolensk, Siberia, Moscow. In 1925-30 sotr. owls. trade mission in Germany, at the same time. worked in it. film firms "Lev-film" and "Atlantic-film" (exposition of the Soviet. "Mezhrabpom-film"). In 1932–33 he was an inspector of the Board of Soyuzfilm. Since 1933, dir. "Lenfilm". In 1938–39 in prison on false charges. In subsequent years - a lawyer in decomp. institutions. He made his debut as dir. in Germany f. Two Brothers and Poisonous Gas (both 1929). In 1935 the post. on "Lenfilm" picture "Border" - naib. significant and profound film production. Heb. topics in owls. cinematography, highly acclaimed by Sov. and nick. criticism. In 1937 he removed f. "Big Wings", subjected to fierce party criticism and removed from the screen. The same thing happened after D.'s short return to the cinema in the second half. 50s: the adaptation of the play "Storm" by VN Bil-Belotserkovsky drew harsh reviews from official critics and was also filmed. Dr. F.: "Concert Waltz", joint. with I. Trauberg, 1940.
DUBYANSKY Alexander Markovich (1900, Petersburg - 1920, Kiev), pianist. Studied playing php. from M.I.Gelever, then from A.N. Esipova (until 1914) and from F.M. Blumenfeld in Petrograd. cons., to-ruyu graduated at the age of 15 (also in composition class). He began to give concerts as a teenager (he performed for 7 years), amazed by his exceptionally bright artistic personality, the edges did not have time to fully open up due to early death (suicide). D. gave the so-called. ist. concerts, the programs to-rykh included productions. Komi, different eras and styles. He also performed specials. programs for children. Interpretations of Op. A.N. Skryabin. Author FP. plays.
DUDERHOF, see Mozhaisky.
DUDINKA, city (since 1951), center of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). Main in 1667 as a yasak hut. From 1930 - p. Dudinskoe, the center of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. 24 Jews lived in D. in 1939, 28 (0.1%) in 1970, and 27 Jews (0.1%) in 1979.
DUDINO, does not exist now. Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1865, 362 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1898 - 169, in 1908 - 184, in 1925 - 250 Jews (84.4%). In 1880, the Yevsey Agranat large farm was built. In 1908 the Jewish community owned 352 dess. land. In the 1920s. main occupation of Jews D. - p. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DUDINSKY, see Dudinka.
DUDNIK Gennady Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Actor. After school, after graduating from the artillery school, he was at the front (1942 45). In 1949 he graduated from the acting department of GITIS and entered Moscow. dram. Dr. oilmen, hands. MF Astangov (later - Moscow tour comedy theater). Here he played the role of Telyatev ("Mad Money" by AN Ostrovsky, 1951), post. "The Scarlet Flower" by S.T.Aksakov (1954). Working in the t-re, he performed on stage with the parody number "Artists in the Zoo", where he portrayed many. Izv. mkhatov actors (B.N. Livanov, B.G. Dobronravov, M.M. Tarkhanov, N.P. Khmelev, A.P. Zuev, etc.). Drew the attention of N.P. Smirnov-Sokolsky, who invited him to the newly opened Variety Theater (1954). In the first performance “His Birthday” (1954) he performed the parody “Artists at the Stadium” and the parody of the “dandy”. In the play "Welcome" the circle of parody characters increased; E.P. Garin, M.M. Yanshin, L.O.Utesov, Smirnov-Sokolsky, Astangov, I.M. Moskvin, and others appeared. In 1955, D. went to VGKO (later - Moskontsert), performed alone and with E.Ya. Vesnik. In 1956 he created his own team. Here, in the program "Caution, Love" (1959, text by D.O. Levitsky, E.Z.Radov), in miniatures by G.I. Gorin and D. "Discussion about Love", one of D.'s constant heroes first appeared - Kuzma Ivanovich, uncle Kuzya. This is followed by the programs "Do not believe in vain" (1962) and "What the hell is not joking" (1964). Since 1957 his wife, actress E.A. Arnoldova, has become D.'s partner. For the first time they performed in a pop performance based on S. Grodzenskaya "Husband, wife and entertainer" (the role of the latter was played by M.N. Garkavi). This duet has existed on the stage for more than 2 decades. In 1985, the parents were joined by their son Anatoly, who graduated from the Theater School named after I. B.V.Shchukin. The three of them played a play written especially for them by A.A. Trushkin "Believe it or not!" (1985), where D. performed 9 roles, Arnoldov - 3, and their son - 4. D. often wrote his own lyrics, was engaged in directing, and directed separate numbers for young artists. Honored. art. RSFSR (1984).
DUKELSKY Vladimir Markovich (1900, Gievka, Kharkov province. - 1983), physicist. After graduating from the Voronezh gymnasium (1917) he entered the Voronezh agricultural school. in-t. He worked there for prof. A.A. Dobiasha at the Department of Physics. In 1920 he moved to Kharkov. He worked in decomp. museums, in those for the protection of monuments of art and antiquity. The portrait of Dukelsky, made by the artist T. Serebryakova, has been preserved. Since 1921 - head. radiographic. lab. Kharkov roentgenologic in-that. Since 1924 in Leningrad, head. lab. Leningrad. roentgenologic. Institute, in 1926-30 he studied on the job at Leningrad. state un-those (phys.-math. f-t). After graduating from un-that and before the beginning. war taught at un-those. At the same time. from 1929 - sotr. Leningrad. physical and technical Institute, 1945-70 - head. lab., and since 1970 - Art. scientific. sotr. and professional consultant. In 1941–43 early. lab. one of the Research Institute of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition. the results were obtained in the region. physics of x-rays, physics of cosmic. rays (in 1934 he headed an expedition to study them in the city of Aragats, ArmSSR). In the postwar years. performed the classic ones. research on the physics of ionic processes - a single ion-atomic collision, the method of creating. beams negated. ions, the mechanism of formation is negative. ions in gases. Created a school of physics of atomic collisions.
DUKHOVICH Moishe-Khaim (1874, Starobin, Minsk province - 1951, Mexico), publicist. Rod. in the family of a timber merchant. Received a tradition. education. Later he worked as an accountant in various. cities of Ukraine and the Caucasus. Participated in the roar. movement, then became a Zionist. After the Revolution of 1917 he worked in Nar. commissariat ex. trade. Since 1924 in Mexico. He was engaged in Ch. arr. journalism, published in Mexican. Heb. periodic. ed. publicistic. Art., essays and feuilletons. Author of rep. "Zangen fun mein feld" ("The ears of my field", 1943) and the book. essay "Fun altn kwal" ("From an old source", 1954).
DUKHOVSHCHINA, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century From 1775 it was a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then a province. In 1897, 23 Jewish families lived in D., in 1898 - 24, in 1925 - 219 Jews (6.6%), in 1926 - 195 (6.7%). in 1939 - 102 Jews. 1890-1900s. the Jews of D. every year received permission to set up temporary prayer houses during the autumn holidays. In the beginning. In 1920, an attempt was made to open a Jewish school in D. Ya.O. Zundelovich.
DUKORA, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In 1766, 462 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 604 (44.5%), in 1923 - 501 Jews. about Jews in D. belongs to the 2nd quarter. 18th century In 1902-21, Nison Telushkin (1881-1970) was the rabbi in Denmark after the death of his father-in-law Rabbi Moishe. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. In 1923 the Jewish community of Denmark resisted attempts to close the cheder. 1941 a ghetto was created in D., during the liquidation of which in November. 1941, 275 Jews were shot. B. Vladek, L. N. Geller, S. W. Niger, D. W. Charney.
DUKSTAS, a city (since 1956) in the Ignalina region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Dukshty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1940–91, a part of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 452 Jews (70.0%) lived in D., in 1921, 416 Jews. In 1903 D. was opened for free settlements of Jews, exempt from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1941. S. Rappoport.
DUKSHTY, see Dukstas.
DULITSKY Semyon Osipovich (1883, Izmail, Bessarabian province. - 1956, Moscow), pediatrician. He graduated in 1910 honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa) and worked there as a resident in children. clinic. In 1912 he moved to Moscow, joined the work of the Society for Combating Children. mortality. From 1918–23 he worked in Moscow. dep. protection of motherhood and infancy, hands. development of instructions for the work of nurseries, consultations, baby homes. In 1923 D. in children. hospital them. N.F. Filatov organized and headed the nursing department., Children. and wives. consultations, dep. for sick children Art. age, baby house and dairy kitchen. In 1926–30 he taught a course of early childhood diseases. age at advanced training courses for doctors, in 1931 he headed the Department of Early Pediatrics 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. (prof.) Sci. D. activity dedicated. studying the problems of gastrointestinal diseases, flu, gonorrhea in children. Studied issues of early diagnosis, classification, treatment and prevention of rickets; first proposed the use of placental blood for measles prevention. D. - organizer and pre. Section of physicians-micropediatrics and members. reign Mosk. and Vses. about-in children. Doctors. Cit .: Prevention and treatment of summer children. diarrhea. M. – L ,. 1939; Diseases of early childhood. age. M. 1950.
DULTSIN Arie (1913, Minsk - 1989, Tel Aviv), societies, and a Zionist. activist. Since 1928 - with his parents in Mexico. In Mexico he graduated from high school and un. In 1931–37 - honored. secretary, in 1938–42 and 1951–56 - before. Zionist. org-tion of Mexico. Since 1956 - in Israel. In 1956, member. will fulfill, to-that Heb. agencies (international. Zionist organization); led by his econ. dep., in 1966–68 - dep. labor and absorption, in 1968–78 - treasurer of Heb. agencies and World. the Zionist organization. In 1969-70 D. - min. without a portfolio in the pr-ve Israel. Prev Worldwide Union of General Zionists (since 1972), before. Centre. to-ta of the Liberal Party of Israel, member. council dir. Keren ha-Yesod (chief financial body of the World Zionist organization), the board of the National. Bank of Israel, prev. Heb. agencies and the World. Zionist organization (since 1978; in 1973 74 - acting head.).
DULTSIN Mark Solomonovich (1904, Minsk - 1969, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), Ph.D. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. In 1927 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1927–28 he was a resident of the hospital therapeutic clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1928-29 - in Kr. Army. From 1930 until the end of his life he worked at the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, where he went from a resident to a prof. hematology clinic. At the same time. D. worked as an assistant and assistant professor. in the Central Institute for advanced training of doctors; Assoc. (1943–48) - in the hospital therapeutic clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute of Science. D.'s interests in hematology were varied. Developed the problem of leukemia, pernicious anemia and blood transfusion with internal. diseases, hemotherapy of poisoning prom. poisons. Developed a classification of leukemia, described a number of clinical variants of the tech. diseases. D. is one of the initiators and active participants in the development of methods for obtaining dry blood products and their use in the clinic. For the first time in the country he described the clinic of macrocytic anemia and achrestic pernicious-chill-like anemia; established indications and contraindications for transfusion of blood and its components in a number of internal diseases. Ch.-c. Int. about-va of hematologists and transfusiologists. Honored. active science of the RSFSR, Steel. etc. (1943) Cit .: Treatment of anemia (co-author). M.-L., 1938 .; Hemotherapy in the clinic, int. diseases (et al.). M. 1952; Leukemia. Etiology. Pathogenesis. Clinic. Treatment (et al.). M., 1965.
DUMAN Lazar Isaevich (1907, Petersburg - 1979, Moscow), orientalist, historian and economist. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Graduated from Faculty of Linguistics and Material. culture Leningrad. state un-that (1930). Lecturer at the Leningrad State University (1936–41). In 1941–52 he served in the army, voluntarily joining the ranks of the Nar. militia in the early days of the war. Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies (1935–40, 1952–56, 1962–79), deputy. dir. Institute of Chinese Studies (1956–61). The author of St. 80 scientific. tr. on the history, economy and culture of China, as well as neighboring countries in antiquity, in modern times. Works: New history of China. Lectures 1–8, 1938; Essays on the ancient history of China. L., 1938; Essay on the history of China. M., 1950.
DUMBRAVEN, see Dumbraven.
DUMBREVEN (until 1991 - Dumbroveni), a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Dumbravena Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1726 Jews (95%) lived in D., in 1910 - 1132, in 1930 - 1198 (87%), in 1989 - 2 Jews. the rabbi in D. was Mendl Davidzon. Then the representatives of the Shterinberg family were rabbis in D. In the end. 19th century in D., tobacco and sheep breeding were developed. In 1909 there were 4 synagogues, opened in 1900 societies. uch-shche contained in the main. for the funds of EKO, Talmud-Torah, heders. In the 1900s and 30s. The rabbi in D. was Levi Shterinberg (1883, Dumbraveny - 1943, Omsk). In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were 5 synagogues, 2 libraries; Jewish parties and organizations. In 1940, after the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR, a number of societies were arrested. D. leaders, including Rabbi Shterinberg. After the occupation of D. room. In July 1941, the Jews of Denmark were deported to Transnistria by troops.
DUMBROVEN, see Dumbraven.
DUNAEV, a village in the Peremyshlyansky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 50 Jews living in Denmark, in 1880 - 331 (18.2%), in 1900 - 338 (14.4%), in 1921 - 95 Jews (4.3%) First mention. about Jews in D. refers to 1629. Since 1891 the rabbi of D. was Ichiel-Mikhl Leiter, in the 1920s. - Boruch Steinberg, in the 1930s. - Yisroel Leiter. There was a synagogue and a cheder. The Jewish population was deported from D. in September. 1942.
DUNAEVSKY Isaak Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1900, Lokhvitsa, Poltava province - 1955, Moscow), composer. In 1919 he graduated from the Kharkov cons. in the violin class of I.Yu. Akhron, studied composition under the hands. S.S.Bogatyreva. He worked in decomp. t-pah Kharkov as a comp. and conductor, was in charge of muses. branch of the Lips. dep. bunk bed education. In 1924 he moved to Moscow, became the head. muses. part of T-ra satire. In 1929–34 - music. hands. and ch. conductor Leningrad. music hall, collaborated with L.O. Utesov and his "Tea-jazz". In 1938–41 he was headed by Anse. songs and dances of the Palace of Pioneers. Was before. Leningrad. branch of the Union comp. (1937–41). During the war, the J.-D. ans., went with concerts to the army. From 1943 he lived in Moscow. one of the creators of owls. popular song, a classic of this genre. His songs, diverse in genres and themes, gained immense popularity. Most of them were written for f., D. is one of the founders of the genre of muses. comedy in owls. cinema. F. with music by D. "Merry Fellows" (1934), "Three Comrades" (1935), "Goalkeeper", "Circus", "Children of Captain Grant", "Seekers of Happiness" (all four - 1937), "The Bright Path "(1940)," Spring "(1947)," Kuban Cossacks "(1949) constitute the" golden fund "of the fatherlands, film heritage. D. created a number of new types of mass songs: energetic march ("March of the Merry Children", "Song of Moscow", "Song of Kakhovka", "Song of the Merry Wind", "March of Enthusiasts", "Song of the Motherland"), lyrical waltz ("Don't Forget", "School Waltz", "Waltz Evening"), road song ("Ways-Roads"), etc. In pl. songs used intonation bunks. songs, incl. and Heb. (f. "Seekers of Happiness"). D. made a great contribution to the development of owls. operettas. Among the 12 Op. of this genre "Grooms" (1927), "Golden Valley" (1938), "Free Wind" (1947), "White Acacia" (1955). D. played an important role in the formation of the Sov. jazz. In pop performances "Jazz at the Bend", "Muses. shop ", f. "Merry Fellows" created a type of song jazz, in which sharp syncopated rhythm and peculiar jazz harmonies are combined with typical song melodies. Among other op. - ballets "Rest of a Faun" (1924), "City", children's ballet "Murzilka", cantatas, music to dramas. plays and radio plays. Nar. art. RSFSR (1950). Became. pr. (1941, 1951).
DUNAEVSKY Vladimir Aronovich (1919, Ekaterinoslav - 1998, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1989). In 1937-38 he studied at Moscow. in-those engineers of geodesy, aerial photography and cartography, in 1938–41 at East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the Nar. militia, participated in the battles near Moscow, at the end. 1941 demobilized for health reasons and sent to Ashgabat, where he was evacuated from Moscow State University. In 1942 he graduated from un-t, was left in graduate school, but in January. 1943 drafted into the army. On Sept. seriously injured and after long-term treatment continued his studies at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1947–54 and 1960–62 he worked for the historical-philologist. f-those of the Voronezh state. un-that. In 1954-60 - Ch. bibliographer Gos. libraries of the USSR. V.I. Lenin. In 1962–90 - at the Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of History of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1990 he has been teaching at Moscow. state open ped. in-those. Author of works on the historiography of world history, the history of Russia, and also on the history of France. Works: Sov. historiography of the Paris Commune, in the book: Paris Commune of 1871, vol. 2. M., 1961; Sov. historiography of modern history of Western countries. 1917-1941 M., 1971; Western-European utopian. socialism in the works of the Sov. historians. M., 1981 (et al.); New in the study of the Fatherland, the war of 1812, M., 1983 (in co-authorship); N.M. Dukin. M., 1987 (et al.); Will liberate. hike rus. army in 1813, in the book: Immortal era. M., 1988; 1812 at the crossroads of opinions of the Sov. historians. 1917-1987. M., 1990 (with co-authors).
DUNAEVTSY, city (since 1592), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1403, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 - the regional center of the Kamenets environs. Podolsk province, since 1932 - the regional center of Vinnitsa, then - Khmelnytsky region. In 1765, 1129 Jews lived in D., in 1775 - 484, in 1784 - 748, in 1787 - 568, in 1847 - 2020, in 1908 - 8009 ( 59.5%), in 1910 - 9221 (70.7%), in 1923 - 4876, in 1926 - 5186 (60.5%), in 1934 - 4574, in 1939 - 4478 Jews (68.2%). Jews have lived in Denmark since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the 17th and 18th centuries. main occupations of the Jewish population - trade, rent and crafts (there were workshops of weavers, shoemakers, painters, etc.). In 1648, almost all Jews were massacred by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In the 2nd floor. 17th century the community was revived. In 1748 the Jews of Denmark became victims of the "blood libel". In the end. 1760s almost all the Jews of D. died in the attack of the Haidamaks. In the 1780s. the community was revived again. From the end. 1820s D. means. the center of the textile industry, in which many Jews were employed. All R. 19th century tailoring and shoemaking became widespread; the merchant Roitman opened a tobacco factory in D. In the 1830s. 82 Jews were involved in the investigation into the murder of two informers who informed the authorities about Jews who were hiding from conscription (according to legend, 30 people died after being punished with gauntlets). In 1847 there were 2 synagogues in Denmark, and in 1871–72 a plot of land was purchased for a Jewish cemetery. In the 1880s. Shloyme Gorodok was the rabbi in D. In 1890 there were 11 synagogues in Denmark, a Jewish hospital, an almshouse, a Talmud-Torah, and heders. In 1899, Jews rented a sugar beet, a refinery, a distillery, and from 1907 an iron foundry (there were also many Jews among the workers). In 1903, wives were opened. Jewish school of the 3rd category Burshtatman, in 1907 - husband. Jewish school of the 2nd category A. Gusakov. In 1906 Jews owned 2 printing houses, a tannery, several. cloth f-k and other prom. production, as well as shops, shops, hotels, pharmacies, a bookstore, photography, etc. 20th century in D., a Bund circle and a Zionist group arose. In the 1920s. in D., there were underground organizations of Zionist youth and Ge-Halutz. In 1925, 212 Jewish families were registered in D. who wished to move to the village. artels in Crimea. From 1931 the Dunaevets Jewish settlement council functioned. In 1933, there were 362 Jews on the Jewish collective farm in D. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jewish population suffered from famine. Until 1936, Benzion Fendler was Rabbi D. After the occupation of D. by the Germans. In 1941, the troops of the Jews of Denmark and neighboring villages were concentrated in the ghetto; OK. 7 thousand Jews were shot or buried alive in the region of the Solonich forest, approx. 2,300 Jews were thrown alive into a phosphorite mine, approx. 2 thousand people shot on October 19. 1942 (all in all, about 12 thousand Jews were exterminated in D. and the region). After the liberation of D. (1944), several returned to the city. Jewish families, in 1948 an underground minyan operated. In the 1970s and 80s. the Jews of D. left for Israel and the USA. D.'s family: I. Kaufman; A. Fleishman; Chaim Wein (1905-1984, Israel), sportsman, in 1944-62 before. sport. about-va "Maccabi", in 1957-63 co-ed. prez. Israel Sports Federation; Semyon Davydovich Indursky (1912-1988), journalist, ch. ed. gas. Evening Moscow (1966-88); Shloyme Schneider (1897-1936, Los Angeles, USA), poet (in Yiddish) I.B. Kreisman
DUNDAGA, a settlement in Talsi region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dondangen Vindavsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. Nesk. Jewish families settled in D. on the eve of the 1st World. war. In 1925, 30 Jews lived in D. and neighboring villages, in 1930 - 63, in 1935 in D. - 15 Jews (4.15%). All the Jews of D. were exterminated in the fall of 1941. Later, a workers' camp was established in D. deported Jews from Riga.
DUNETS Haisekil (Haskel) Moiseevich (1899, Slonim Grodno province - 1937, Minsk), lit. critic. All R. 20s worked in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, one of the most active lit. critics, famous for his extremist leftist speeches. Main methodology was the topic of his literary work. D. was ed. Minsk daily gas. "October", member. editorial board literary-artistic. g. "Stern". Since 1935 - deputy. bunk bed Commissioner of Education of the BSSR. Then before. Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR. Delegate of the 1st Congress of Sov. pis. Around each of his st. or book., dedicated. problems of literature, heated discussions flared up in the press. Especially heated debates were conducted after the publication of the book. "In shlakhtn" ("In battles", 1931), in a cut were analyzed naib, significant productions. Heb. lit-ry. His book was no less controversial. “Far Magnitboyen fun der Literatur” (“For Magnitstroy Literature”, 1932), “Vegn Schreiber Unwerk” (“On Writers and Works”, 1933).
DUNETS Moisei Natanovich (1889, Odessa - 1913, Johanistel, Germany), pilot. In 1911 he received a diploma of a pilot-aviator in Italy. One of the first test pilots. He worked in Italy for Caproni, then tested military aircraft in Germany. z-dov Shneider. Killed in test flight.
DUNILOVICHI, a village in the Postavy district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 326 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 1,553 (85.8%), in 1931 - 685 Jews. Since 1899, Rabbi in D. was Yeshua Nemoytin (1860—?). In the 19th century. Jews owned most of the shops and shops in D. From the beginning. 1st world. war, the situation of the Jewish population deteriorated sharply. D. passed from hand to hand twice. In aug. 1915 as the front line approached, anti-Jewish demonstrations began on the basis of a "bargaining chip" hunger. 3 Sep 1915 germ. troops entered D .; Jewish shops were plundered. 6 Sep 1915 there were pogroms staged by the Cossack units of the Rus. army: the property of the Jews was destroyed. In 1941, during the German. occupation, a ghetto was created in D., in which in the summer of 1942 there were 979 Jews. In June 1942, 826 Jews were shot in D. L.I.Akselrod.
DUNSKY Yuliy Teodorovich (1922, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Screenwriter. Studied at VGIK. Convicted on false charges along with the future post. et al. V.S.Fried. He worked in timber rafting, felling, in a mine. From the camp he sent the first script to VGIK to A.Ya. Kapler ("The Case at Mine Eight", post. 1958). In 1957 he graduated from VGIK. Joint. with V.S. Fried wrote more than 20 scripts, according to which the post. f. "Once upon a time there lived an old man with an old woman" (1965), "Widows" (1977), "Two comrades served" (1968), "Burn, burn, my star" (1970), "Shadow" (1972), "Tale of the way Tsar Peter married the arapa "(1976)," Pseudonym: Lukach "(1977)," Crew "(1980)," Tale of wanderings "(1983). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1976) Vol .: Selected scenarios. M., 1975.
DURBE, city (since 1893) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1269.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Durben Grobinsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1881 there were 27 Jews living in Denmark (7%), in 1910 - 35, in 1920 - 30 (6.6%), in 1925 - 6 (1%), in 1935 - 8 Jews (1.5%). June 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops. By the fall of 1941, all Jews in Denmark had been exterminated.
DURBEN, see Durba.
DURGELI, a village in the Buinaksk region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1867, there were 175 Jews (21.4%) in Denmark, 120 in 1886, 140 in 1890, and 135 in 1900. In 1843, the Jewish population suffered during the capture of D. Hadji Murad. In the beginning. 2nd floor 19th century in D. there was a cheder, there was a rabbi; there was no synagogue, the Jews prayed in a house rented annually from Muslims. In 1886 the Jews owned a manufactory and 2 grocery stores, 10 heads of cr. cattle.
DURILOV, see Bereslavka.
DURNOV Lev Abramovich (b. 1931), oncologist. Ch.-c. RAS (1994). In 1956 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-t, worked as a surgeon in the village. hospital, in 1959–62 in Moscow, head. surgical department in the hospital №1, since 1965 - in the Oncological Scientific. c., from 1966 - head. dep. children oncology, since 1990 - deputy. General director c., simultaneously - dir. in-that children. oncology. Doc. dis. on the topic "Treatment of Wilms tumor in children", prof. (1967). Develops problems children. oncology, in particular, surgeon. treatment; identified criteria for the differential diagnosis of tumors in adults and children; determined indications and contraindications for chemotherapy and radiation therapy of tumors in children, depending on the child's age, spread and localization of the process; studies the issues of hyperthermic treatment of tumors in children and the use of immunocorrective drugs in pediatric oncology. Scientist of the RSFSR (1980), Ch. ed. g. “Det. oncology ". Cit .: Malignant tumors of the kidneys in children. M., 1967 (co-author); Malignant lymeromas in children. M., 1979 (et al.); Liver tumors in children. M., 1980; Pediatric oncourology. Kiev, 1981 (et al.); Children's eye tumors. Ashgabat, 1985.
DUSETOS, a city (since 1950) in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dusyaty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 486 Jews in Denmark, in 1897 - 1158 (90.6%), in 1912 - 250 Jewish families (70%), in 1923 - 704 Jews (60%), in 1959 - 6 Jews (0.3%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 16th century. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In the end. 19th century there were 2 synagogues, including 1 Hasidic, 6 heders. Rabbis D. in the 2nd half. 19th century there were Natan-Note Zilber and his son Bunim-Tsemakh. During Passover in 1905, a pogrom took place in Denmark, organized by peasants from the surrounding villages; were killed. In 1921, a school of the Tarbut network was opened in D., and a branch of the Jewish People's Bank has been operating since 1924. The rabbi of D. from 1928 was Tuvya-Doiv Schlesinger (? —1941). Jews of D. were shot on 26 August. 1941. After 1945, not far from the place of execution, a memorial sign with an inscription in lit. lang .: "With the hope that this will not happen again." In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign has been installed at the Jewish cemetery of D. M. Ioffe.
DUSHANBE (until 1929 - Dushambe, in 1929-61 - Stalinabad), a city, the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village within the Bukhara Khanate. Since 1925 it has been the capital of the TajASSR, since 1929 it has been the TajSSR. In 1926, 212 Jews (3.8%) lived in D., in 1939 - 3376, in 1959 - 8700, in 1970 - 11,424 (3%), including . OK. 6000 - Bukharian Jews, in 1979 - 11 632 (2.3%), in 1989 - 12 200 Jews. From the 2nd half. 19th century Jews from Bukhara lived in D., who were engaged in trade and crafts (mainly tailoring). By 1920, the Jewish community numbered approx. 600 people, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1920, by order of the Bukhara Emir, all Jews were evicted to Gissar, and their property was plundered. In 1921 the Jews returned to Denmark, but in 1922 they left it together with the Kr. Armies retreating under the onslaught of the Basmachi. In 1923, few Jews returned to D. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s in D. vozn. new Jewish quarter. Ashkenazi population of D. in the 1920s and 1930s. in D. it was insignificant (mainly teachers and doctors); the number of Ashkenazi increased during the 2nd world. war at the expense of Jews evacuated from the West. regions of the USSR. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" Jews settled in D. - scientific. workers and cultural figures forced to leave the cities of Europe. parts of the USSR. By 1947 a new synagogue was built in Denmark (on the site of the old one), and the Jewish religion was opened. a school and a shop selling kosher meat. On ordinary days, 50-60 people gathered for services in the synagogue, on Saturday - 150-200, on holidays - 400-500; the rabbi was Mula-Yakhel Maksumov (1886—?). In the 1960s. Khanania Ustaniyazov was a shokhet and a moel. In the end. 1970s in D. there was a synagogue with 4 minyan (3 - Bukharian Jews and 1 - Ashkenazi), there was a shohet. Rabbi D. in the 1980s. there was Elusha Abd El-Rakhmanov. In 1989, Taj was established in D. Society of Friends of Jewish Culture "Hoverim" (the first prefaced by YI Datkhaev), gas has been released since 1991. about-va "Ga-Shokhar". In 1990-92 there were Hebrew courses, in 1991 a yeshiva and a library at the synagogue were opened, and since 1992 a representative office of the Jewish Agency. V.N. Voinovich.
DUSHATIN, a village in the Surazh district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - with. Dushatino Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. In 1923, 46 Jews lived in D.
DUSHATINO, see Dushatin.
SOUL, see Dusheti.
DUSHETI (until 1936 - Dushet), city (from 1801), regional center (Georgia). Izv. from 1215. From 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the county town of Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1866 there were 18 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 1, in 1912 - 5, in 1915 - 6, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 13, in 1959 - 5, in 1970 - 9 Jews.
DUSHMAN Leon (1886, Vilna - 1941, Minsk), publicist, playwright, folklorist, theater critic. He began to take an interest in Heb. t-rum, worked as a prompter in Paris in 1907, pom. dir. in Heb. t-re in London in 1912, screenwriter. In 1913 he was with a theater, a troupe in Argentina. From 1923 to 1925 he directed drama circles in Minsk workers' clubs, for which he wrote dramatizations and originals. one-act plays. Since 1925, living in Minsk, engaged in journalist and scientific archive. work, publishes Art. in Heb. periodic. press, works in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, in the publishing house "Literature and Art". Throughout many. years D. collected Heb. folklore, as well as linguistic. materials. On the eve of the 2nd world. war worked on capital, tr. on the history of Heb. t-ra, the fate of which is unknown. Killed during the occupation. In 1978 in the railway station. "Sovetish gameland" publ. "Memories of a Prompter" of great interest.
DUSHMAN Saul (1883, Rostov-on-Don - 1954), physicochemist. Dr. phys.-chem. Sciences (1912). In 1892 he left with his family for Canada. He graduated from Toronto University in 1912. In 1912–52 he worked in a lab. company "General Electric" in Schenectady (pc. New York), since 1928 deputy. dir. At the same time. supervised the research. in the prom. research lab. T.A. Edison. scientific. tr. in the region. developments on the use of deep vacuum, created. equipment operating in deep vacuum, theoretical development. foundations of quantum mechanics and atomic physics. Made a significant contribution to the development of scientific. terminology. Author of scientific. Art. and the book., which have become classic. in the region. vacuum technology, incl. "Deep vacuum" (1923), "Elements of quantum mechanics" (1938), "Scientific. foundations of vacuum technology "(1949)," Foundations of atomic physics "(1951).
DUSINO (until 1946 - Zaigov, in 1946-95 - Dusina), a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in D. lived apprx. 20 Jews. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - from. farming and crafts. As a result of the deterioration of the financial situation in 1919, several. Jewish families left for other countries.
DUSYATS, see Dusetos.
Dvigatelstroy, see Kaspiysk.
DVINSK, see Daugavpils.
DVIRI, a village in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. The first information about the Jews of Denmark is associated with the Russian-Tur. during the war of 1828-29, when part of the Jews of Denmark in 1828 moved to Atskuri (where the Torah scroll was also transferred) and to Akhaltsyh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). During the Crimean War of 1853–56, the entire Jewish population of Denmark moved to Akhaltsy; Jewish community of D. ceased to exist. D. M. Khananashvili
DVORCHANY, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Volkovysk u. Grodno province. In 1942, 11 Jews were shot in D.
PALACE, a village in the Dyatlovichi district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dvorets (other name. Dvorzhets) of Slonim u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 383 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding area, in 1847 in Denmark - 317, in 1897 - 868 (63.5%) , in 1921 - 388 Jews. The first Jews of D. were mentioned. in acts of 1585. In 1721 there was a community. In the period of the Germans. occupation in D. was a Jewish workers' camp, liquidated on December 19. 1942; it was shot approx. 3 thousand people.
DVORETSKY Arie (1916, Khorol, Poltava province - 2008), mathematician. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. Since 1951 - prof. mathematics Heb. un-that. Research in the region. mat. statistics, probability theory and functions. analysis. Dean of the Faculty of Nature Sciences (1955–56); vice president Heb. un-that (1959–61). In 1967-72 - Ch. scientific advisor questions at the gene. the headquarters of the Israel Defense Forces. In 1963-68 - before. section of nature. sciences; in 1968-74 - vice-president; in 1974–80 - prez. Israeli Academy of Natural Sciences. and the humanities. State pr. Israel for research. in the region. exact sciences (1973).
DVORETSKY Mikhail Izrailevich (b. 1947, Moscow), chess player, international. master (1975). Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University; mathematician. Coach of a number of famous chess players (N.G. Alexandria, S.V. Dolmatova, A.A. Yusupova). Participant of three USSR championships. International Winner tournaments in Polanica-Zdroj (1973) and Wijk aan Zee (1975). Author of articles on decomp. questions of chess. theory and practice. Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1979).
DVORIN Savely Mikhailovich (1908-1968), theatrical figure. As an administrator I traveled from the end. brigades in the south. region Ukraine and Russia. In 1941–49 - deputy. dir. State t-ra them. Eug. Vakhtangov. Since 1949 director of the House of Culture of the Humanities Faculty of Moscow State University. With his direct participation, a student was organized. Moscow State University, pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House", which was headed by A.Yu.Akselrod, IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, as well as symph. orchestra of Moscow State University under the hands. conductor A.L. Kremer. The first performance of P.Kogouta's Takakaya Lyubov studio was characterized by the innovative direction of R.A. Bykov, an integral ensemble of actors. A little later, D. attracted dir. S. I. Yutkevich, M. A. Zakharova.
Dvorkin Ilya (Israel) Naumovich (b. 1902, Lazovaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya province), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954). Graduated from the lecture group Kommunistic. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1923). From 1923 on ped. and desks. work. From 1948 to scientific. work in Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. directions of scientific. works: problems of economics sovr. capitalism, criticism of modern. econom. theories. Under his editorship. collective tr. "Criticism of theories of modern. bourgeois. economists "(1963-1971). Cit .: Econ. the program of germ, national socialism, M., 1933; Ideology and policy of right-wing Labor in the service of monopolies, M., 1953; On the peaceful coexistence of socialism and capitalism, 2nd ed., M., 1956; Scientific and technical coup and bourgeois. polit. economy, M., 1964; Modern bourgeois. polit. Economy and Marxism, M., 1979.
DVORKIN Zalman-Shimon (1901, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1985, New York), rabbi. Rod. in the Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at the Tomkhei-Tmimim yeshiva (Lubavichi). In the 1920s and 30s. - Rabbi of a number of communities in Belarus and Russia, incl. in Starodub, Bryansk region. In the 1940s. taught at the Samarkand underground yeshiva "Tomkhey-Tmimim". In 1946 he left the USSR. From the beginning. 1950s - in USA. He was a rabbi of the Orthodox community of Pittsburgh, and from 1966-85 he was a rabbi of the Lubavitch community of New York.
DVORKIN Zinovy ​​Yakovlevich (1907, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1983, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. engineer-tech. service (1962). Graduated from architecture and construction. Institute (1930), worked as engineer. on decomp. construction sites. In Kr. Army since 1941. Commander builds. parts and connections. In 1943-45 the beginning. military-builds. management Leningrad. fr. Since 1947 pom. teams, Belarusian troops. VO by line. Retired from 1963. Load 5th order.
DVORYANKA, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ananievsky farm Kherson province. 1942 105 Jews from Odessa were deported to D. Of these, before the beginning. March 1942 7 people. died, 98 were shot.
PALACEOR, see Palace.
DOILATSKY Sholom Moiseevich (1893, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province. - 1937, Moscow), economist, party, and state. activist. Graduated from Physics and Mathematics. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1914). Member of the RSDLP since 1911. In 1916 he was exiled to Siberia for participating in a protest strike against the trial of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. From 1918 he taught economics. disciplines in diff. universities of the country (Communist University named after Ya.M. Sverdlov, Institute of Red Professors, 1st Moscow State University, etc.). Since 1921, members Communist. academy and its presidium. From 1925 onwards. at work in the state. apparatus. Member collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Trade and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR; from 1934 to 1936 he was the trade representative of the USSR in France. Sci. tr. ch. arr. on watered, economy. An active participant in the economy. discussions of the 20s: about the socially necessary tr. (1922–23), on the theory of accumulation proposed by R. Luxemburg (1923–24), on the boundaries of the subject of polit. savings (1925) and others. Since 1936 1st deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher education at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Cit .: Germany in 1923. Financial and economic. sketches, M., 1924; About a shortage of goods, M.-L., 1928.
DVOIRIS Semyon Isaakovich (b. 1958, Chelyabinsk), chess player, international. grandmaster (1990). Participant of three USSR championships (1986–91) and the FIDE interzonal tournament in Biel (1993). Winner of the FIDE zonal tournament in St. Petersburg (1993) and international. tournament in Ulan Bator (1983).
TWOKHBABNY Isaak Shaevich (1922, Talnoe Umansky district. Kiev province - 1943, Kerch), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. Gunner Sergeant D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union (sing.) For the courage shown in the battle during the landing on the Kerch Peninsula.
Dvurechnaya, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1661. In 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kupyansky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1926 there were 7 Jews living in D., in 1939 - 6 Jews. In 1942, one Jew was killed in D..
DYABEYKIAI, a town in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dobeiki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1921, 120 Jewish families lived in D., in 1923 - 175 (55%), in 1941 - 10 Jewish families. Jews settled in D. in 17 at. They were engaged in trade, crafts and s. x-vom. The Jews owned the trade in flax, bristles, eggs and grain. There were 2 synagogues, including one of the Lubavitch Hasidim. The rabbi of the community prayed for two weeks in a non-Hasidic synagogue and for a week in a Hasidic synagogue. The rabbi in 1871-1921 was Eliezer-Naftoli-Hertz Soloveichik (1851—?), Then his son-in-law took the post of rabbi. The cantors of D. were famous throughout the district. 14 July 1915 Russian soldiers. armies broke into the synagogue and started a pogrom. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of D. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. The interrupted connection with Vilno (present-day Vilnius) and Daugavpils in the 1920s. reduced the volume of trade and led to the impoverishment of the Jewish population, as a result of which many. Jews moved to other cities or left for the USA, South. Africa and Great Britain. Means. the number of young people moved to E.-I. In the 1920s. a school of the "Tarbut" network was opened, there was a cheder. Departments of Zionist parties and movements worked. In 1937, the branch of the Jewish National Bank was closed. At that time, among the Jews in D., there were 3 butchers, 2 shoemakers, a tailor and a hairdresser. Jews in D. were shot on August 29. 1941.
DYAKOVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 96 Jews (9.3%) lived in Denmark.
DYATKOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1626 as a village. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. 66 Jews lived in Denmark in 1923, 72 (10%) in 1926, 145 in 1939, and approx. 30 Jews in D. Boris Mikhailovich Raputov (b. 1921), specialist in the region. electrical equipment, prof. (1981), hands. press center of the Jewish society "Sholom" (Vladikavkaz).
DYATLOVO (Jewish name - Zetl), an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dyatlovo (other names. Zdzenziol, Dzenziol) Slonim u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897 there were 3,033 Jews (76.2%) in D., in 1921 - 2,376 Jews. In 1865 there were 4 synagogues in D. , in 1909 - the Talmud Torah. In the 19th century. the hosiery craft developed; St. 150 hosiery produced goods for 150 thousand rubles. in year. In 1904, a community of Jews from Denmark was organized in the United States, a cut that provided financial assistance to the Jews of Denmark after the First World War. wars in the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. During the German period. occupation in D., a ghetto was created, which contained apprx. 4500 people On July 17, 1941, 120 Jews of D. from among the intelligentsia were transported to Novogrudok and shot there. Apr 30 1942 in D., approx. 1200 Jews, July 6, 1942 - St. 2 thousand Jews (about 600 Jews fled to the forest). After 1945, a memorial sign was erected at the site of the execution. In 1998, several people lived in D. dozens of Jews. [[Khafets Chaim.Yu.N. Grigorieva
DYKHNE Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1933), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1987), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1992). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1955). Engineer worked. Kuznetsk metallurgist. comb-ta (1955-1956) and assistant Novosibirsk. electrical engineering Institute (1956-57). In 1960-62 at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 at the Institute of Atomic Energy named after IV Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department). scientific. interests - plasma physics, theory of TV. body, interaction of radiation with matter, principles of creation. and the use of MHD generators and high-power electric-discharge lasers. State pr. USSR (1986). Works: Theory of drift motion of molecules in the field of resonant infrared radiation. M., 1980; Nonlinear reflection of sound in gas mixtures. M., 1987.
DYKHOVICHNY Ivan Vladimirovich (b. 1947, Moscow), actor, director. In 1969 he graduated from the acting department Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1970–80 he worked at the Taganka Theater; played in the performances "Hamlet" (Rosencrantz), "Ten Days That Shook the World" (Kerensky), "Comrade, Believe ..." (Pushkin), "The Master and Margarita" (Koroviev-Fagot), etc. In 1982 he graduated Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. He made his debut short. f. "Where there are fish in the grass" (1980). Filmed the story of IE Babel "Elia Isaakovich and Margarita Prokofievna" (1981), made a short film. f. "Brothers" (1983) and "Tester" (1984, main prize "Golden Dragon" at the International Film Festival in Krakow, 1986), full length. f. - "Black Monk" (1988) and "Breakthrough" (1992).
DYKHOVICHNY Vladimir Abramovich (1911, Moscow - 1963, ibid.), Playwright. Graduated from the Geological Prospecting Institute, worked as an engineer-geologist in Donbass, the Caucasus, Pamir. Then he studied at the theater studio of A.D. Dikiy, after graduating from the studio he worked as a reader on the stage. During the Finnish war he traveled to fr. as part of the 1st fr. pop ans. VGKO, read at concerts poems of his friend K.M. Simonov, performed his own feuilletons and songs. Gradually he began to write for other artists as well. During the war years he was a member of fr. brigade of LB Mirov. Soon D. was invited to Moscow. miniatures, wrote for M.V. Mironova and A.S. Menaker. In 1942 in the front, a branch of the Theater. Eugene Vakhtangov was a post, vaudeville D. "Honeymoon trip". Later cum. with M.R. Slobodsky, the play was revised and passed through many. t-ram of the country. In 1943 in Leningrad. comedy theater post. play by D. "Brother". Beginning with the play "Fakir for an hour" (1945), D. for almost 20 years worked with co-authors. with Slobodsky. In addition to the plays, they wrote many others. manuf. for stage - for "Blue Bird", Moscow. t-ra miniatures, t-ra stage. D. and Slobodskoy composed both individual pop numbers and complete programs: "Instead of a concert" for A.I.Shurov and N.N. Rykunin (1953), with BS Laskin, 1953), "Blots" for Mironova and Menaker (1960), plays for Moscow. the music hall "Moscow - Venus, then everywhere ..." (1961) and "Tick-tock, tick-tock" (1962). D. and Slobodsky ed. several collection: "Magician and Department Store" (Library "Crocodile", 1948), "Who Sows the Wind" (Moscow, 1952), "The Adventures of Petukhov" (Library "Ogonyok", 1954), "Glass of Water" (Moscow, 1955), “Useless Fossils” (Moscow, 1958), “The Next Number of the Program” (Moscow, 1960), “Blots” (Moscow, 1961), “Three Stories of Love” (Moscow, 1962), "Various Comedies" (Moscow, 1965), etc.
DYKHOVICHNY Yuri Abramovich (b. 1926, Moscow), civil engineer, designer, theoretician, teacher. In 1947 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. Kuibyshev. Main works in Moscow: a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya emb. (1951), c / t "Russia" (1962), circus on prosp. Vernadsky (1965), House of Soviets (1975). Author of a new system of structures for multi-storey buildings. Honored. builder of Russia (1976), laureate of Len. etc. (1984) and State. pr. USSR (1951, 1981), pr. SM USSR (1971, 1979), och. h. MAA (1992).
DYMER, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in Vyshgorodsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1582. 17th century - a city, since 1631 - the center of the Dymer eldership as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1847, 273 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 984 (about 30% of the total population), in 1923 - 145, in 1939 - 153 Jews (4%). Jews have lived in D. since the time of Rech. The Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and retail trade. Since 1906, Itshok Klodnitsky (1886—?) Was the rabbi in D. In the end. 19th century a bleaching plant operated by Eil Aronovich Rubinstein, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. During the Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Denmark was subjected to looting and pogroms. In Jan. 1918 a detachment of Jewish soldiers stopped the attempted pogrom. 5 Sep 1919 pogroms in D. were perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army (over 40 women were raped), in November. of the same year - the gang of chieftain Struk. In the end. 1920s the community of D. turned to J.-I. Schneerson for financial assistance to repair the mikvah. 25 Aug. 1941 D. was occupied by Germans. troops. Aug 29. 1941 in D., 18 Jews were shot, November 7. 1941 - 120 Jews. In 1989, approx. 20 Jews in D. S. Rubinshtein, S. Ya. Elisavetsky
DYMERKA, see [[Great Dymerka.
DYMERKA BEREZINSKAYA, see [[Great Dymerka.
DYMOV Osip (nast, name and surname. Joseph Isidorovich Perelman) (1878, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1959, New York), prose writer, playwright. Brother of Ya.I. Perelman - author of popular science books. He graduated from a real gymnasium and St. Petersburg. forest inst. At the age of 16, he began to publish his humoresques in Russian. gas. and soon became a permanent feuilletonist in such publications as "Satyricon", "Morning", etc. In 1905 it is included in lit. circle "Commonwealth", which was publ. first book. stories by D. "Solntsevorot" (St. Petersburg, 1905), highly appreciated lit. criticism. D. attends lit. "Wednesday" Vyach.I. Ivanov, visits FK Sologub, collaborates with Zh. "Libra", "Golden Fleece", etc. At the age of 30 he began to write in Yiddish and for the first time tried himself in the genre of dramaturgy - he wrote plays, including "Shema, Israel" ("Listen, Israel", 1907) - about Heb. pogroms in Russia. D.'s plays were also successfully performed in Russian. scene. In 1912 he emigrated to America, where Ch. arr. wrote plays in Russian. language and Yiddish. In Heb. stage in America were staged his plays: "Der gedungener khosn" ("Hired groom"), "Di milhome" ("War"), "Di dervahung fun a folk" ("Awakening of the people"), etc. Among the published plays: " The Bronx Express ”,“ Broit ”(“ Bread ”),“ Dem Rebns Hasene ”(“ The Rabbi's Wedding ”). In 1920–1930, D. collaborated in Smenovekhovskaya gas. "Russian Voice". Fragments of his stories "Meidlech-Muters" ("Girls-Mothers"), "Shtot Meshugoim" ("City Crazy") contain rich material about the life of Russian Jewry. Certain interest for the history of Rus. cultures are represented by D.'s memoirs, written in Yiddish, “What I Remember” (vols. 1–2, 1943–1944).
DYMOVSKOE, a village in the Novoodessk district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1870s. immigrants from the Kiev province. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 20th century there were 23 Jews living in D.
DYMSHITS Veniamin Emmanuilovich (1910, Feodosia - 1993, Moscow), state. activist. Hero of Soc. Tr. (1980). From 1931 he worked at the construction of the largest enterprises ("Azovstal", Krivoy Rog, Magnitogorsk, Zaporozhye metallurgical plants). Created and supervised builds. trust "Magnetostroy". In 1941–45, he supervised the evacuation and creation of a defense industry at a new location. In 1945 he graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman. After the war, he restored the metallurgist. s-dy in Ukraine. Supervised the construction of tsv. metallurgy. In 1950–53 - early. Main office for the construction of enterprises of the lead industry and deputy. min. construction of enterprises heavy. industry of the USSR. In 1954-59, deputy. Minister of Construction of Metallurgical Enterprises. and chem. prom-sti. In 1957-59 chap. Ing. building of Bhilai metallurgical s-yes (India). In 1959-62 - early. dep. cap. building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, first deputy. prev. State Planning Commission. From July 17, 1962 - before. State Planning Committee of the USSR, from November 24, 1962 - before. Council of Nar. x-va of the USSR, simultaneously. deputy. prev. CM USSR. From 1965 before. State Committee of the USSR CM for material and technical supply, in 1976–85 deputy. prev. CM USSR. Since 1985 - retired. Elected member. Central Committee of the CPSU (1961 86), dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1962). Took part in the anti-Zionist campaign “Sov. citizens of Hebrews. nationality ". Author of numerous works on planning, building, as well as vosp. Builder's Notes. Became. pr. (1946, 1950).
DYMSHITS Zalman Movshevich (Semyon Moiseevich) (1921, Yanovichi, Vitebsk province. - 1990, Moscow), orientalist, linguist. Dr. East Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950). In 1951–54 he taught at this in-those, in 1954–90 in Moscow: state. in-those international. relationships. Member of the 2nd world. war. Cand. philol. Sciences (1960). direction of research: lang. hindi and urdu. Author approx. 70 scientific. works. Translated from Hindi by pr. Premchand "Rastrata" (1961) and R. Raghava "Until when will I call" (1967, jointly with O. Ultsifrov). Works: Language textbook. hindi, in. 1-3. M., 1953–57 (et al.); Pocket Russian-Hindi dictionary. M., 1958 (et al.); Pocket Hindi-Rus. dictionary. M., 1958; Yaz. Urdu, M., 1962; Language textbook. Hindi. M., part 1, 1969, part 2, 1970, part 3, 1983 (et al.); Rus.-Hindi uch. dictionary. M., 1981,1984; Grammar of lang. Hindi. M., 1986: book 1. Writing. Phonetics. Morphology, book. 2. Morphology. Service parts of speech. Syntax.
DYNKIN Evgeny Borisovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), mathematician. Member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences. Graduated from Moscow State University (1945), graduate school there (1948). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951). Prof. (1954). A. N. Kolmogorov's student. He worked at Moscow State University (1948–68), from 1968 - at the Center. econ.-mat. in-those. Since 1977 - in the USA. Works at Cornell University (Ithaca). Main results - in probability theory, mat. statistics and Lie algebras. He is the author of important works on the classification of semisimple Lie algebras (Dynkin's schemes). Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences. Chapter Izv. schools in the region. Theory of Probability, Works: Foundations of the Theory of Markov Processes (Moscow, 1959); Markov Processes (M., 1963); Theorems and problems on Markov processes (Moscow, 1967; jointly with A.A. Yushkevich); Controlled Markov Processes and Their Applications (Moscow, 1975, jointly with A.A. Yushkevich).
DYSKIN Efim Anatolyevich (b. 1923, Korotkia Pochepsky u. Bryansk province.), Surgeon and anatomist, major general med. service (1981), Hero of Owls. Union (1942). Studied at Moscow. Institute of Philosophy and Literature, in Aug. 1941 drafted to Kr. Army as a private of the artillery regiment. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded for the heroism shown in repelling an attack from him. tanks in the area of ​​the Borodino field. Graduated from honey. school in Kiev, in 1947 Military medical. Academy (VMA) in Leningrad, in 1954 - postgraduate studies, after which he worked at the Department of Operative Surgery, later - early. the Department of Normal Anatomy in the same place; prof., after resignation - scientific. VMA consultant. tr. D. dedicated morphology and func. characteristics of the ileocyclic department. intestine (doct. dis., 1961), military field surgery. Participated in the creation. collective monograph "Surgical anatomy of the breast" (L., 1955, pr. NN Burdenko AMS USSR, 1965) and the atlas "Surgical anatomy of the abdomen" (Leningrad, 1972, pr. AMS USSR named after VN Shevkunenko, 1976).
DYULA (until 1995 - Yulivtsi), a village in Vinogradovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1319. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in D. lived apprx. 40 Jews.
DUSHANBE, see Dushanbe.
DYVIN, see Divin.
DYYDA (in 1946-95 - Dedovo), a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, there were 11 Jewish families living in Denmark, and in 1881 there were 99 Jews (14.5%). occupation of Jews in the 19th century - from. farming and crafts; Among the Jews there were 2 merchants. The Jewish population of D. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
DZAUJIKAU, see Vladikavkaz.
JEGAMI, see Bazaar.
DZEGVI, a village in the Mtskheta region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 18 Jews lived in D.
DZENTIOL, see Dyatlovo.
DZERZHINSK (until 1929 - Rastyapino), a city (since 1930), the center of the Volodarsky district in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod Region. In 1926, 8 Jews lived in D., in 1939 - 388, in 1970 - 851 (0.4%), in 1998 - approx. 500 Jews.
DZERZHINSKY, city (since 1981) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 1920s. as a Labor Commune. Dzerzhinsky. Since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939, 140 Jews (1.8%) lived in Denmark, and in 1989 - 147 Jews (0.4%).
DZEVENISHKI, see Devyaniskes.
JALABAD, see Jalal-Abad.
JALAL-ABAD, city (since 1927), center of Jalal-Abad region. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Jalabad Fergana region Turkestan general-governorship. In 1939 in D.-A. 108 Jews lived.
DZHAMBUL, see Zhambyl.
DZHANASHVILI Mordechai (Mikhail) Isaakovich (1929, Tiflis - 1988, Jerusalem), artist, book illustrator. Graduated from the State. thin Institute in Tbilisi. He worked as an artist in the state. institutions. Heb. theme was leading in creativity, a cut developed the traditions of Hebrews. culture in Georgia. He used the views of Jerusalem as a background for such portraits. ist. characters like S. Rustaveli. Six personal exhibitions were held in different cities of the USSR, where, despite certain prohibitions, he showed works in Hebrew. topic. Since 1973 in Israel.
DZHANKOY, city (since 1926), regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1855. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921–45, it was a regional center in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1945–54, in the Crimean Region. RSFSR, in 1954 - 91 - Crimean region. In 1897, 109 Jews (11.4%) lived in D., in 1926 - 1,091 Jews (13%) (including 72 Krymchaks) and 9 Karaites, in 1939 - 1397, in the Dzhankoy region - 2,610 Jews (5.6%). 1900s Zionist circles operated in D. In the 1910s. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew, in 1916 a child was opened. garden (taught in Hebrew). In 1914, Steinberg's pharmacy worked. In 1916, an illegal operation was carried out in D. congress of the Zionist organizations of the Crimea, in the same year - conf. Hebrew teachers. In 1918, the Maccabi and Ceirei Zion divisions were established in Denmark. May - Aug. 1919 I. Trumpeldor created the Ge-Halutz branch and centers for the preparation of Jews for agricultural work in D. labor in E.-I., organized the departure of Jews to E.-I. In apr. 1924 a group of members of the disintegrated agricultural. commune "Tel-Hai" joined illegal. branch "Ge-Halutz" and created near D. the commune "Mishmar", which existed until 1929. In 1925 with the help of Agrojoint in the district of D. founded 25 Jewish agricultural. colonies (at the expense of Agrojoint, 700 houses and 12 public buildings, incubators and poultry farms were built in the region, in the early 1930s - 3 schools), boarding schools for children of Jewish migrants were opened. In the same year, with the help of the Joint, a hospital was built in D. In 1928 in the Dzhankoy region, in the Jewish villages of Ratnstadt, Ratndorf, new consumer branches were opened. about-va. In 1929 an exemplary settlement of Sholem Aleichem was created in the region: 24 houses, a bakery, a barn, an artesian well, a cheese factory, a club; in the district there were no unities. in the Crimea, a school of peasant youth, a 10-year school of the 1st stage for 400 people. In 1930, a house for a Jewish peasant was opened in Denmark. occupier. the authorities created a Jewish council and registered Jews with the aim of using them in agriculture. works. Dec 15. 1941 a camp was created, in which the Jews of D. and the surrounding area were imprisoned. Dec 30. 443 Jews were shot, in the winter of 1941/42 5182 Jews were killed in the Dzhankoy region (according to other data, approx. 7 thousand people). In 1948, several people lived in D. Krymchaks. In 1997, a leaflet was circulated in D. with an appeal to fight against the American-Jewish capital (signature - "Officers of A. Nevsky's division").
JEGONAS, see Jegonassky.
JEGONASSKY, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Dzhegonassko-Jewish settlement of Batalkhashinsky dep. Kuban region In the 1920s and 30s. - the aul Jegonas. In 1886, 276 Jews lived in D., in 1894 - 345, in 1897 - 322 (47.2%), in 1900 - 280 Jews. Jews (highlanders) settled in D. in the 1830s. In 1886, there was a Jewish school in D. (20 students); Jews owned 35 saklyas, 12 grocery stores, Jews owned a garden and 30 head of cattle. In the 1890s. the Jews of D. were engaged in the manufacture of morocco leather for footwear and leather goods; among the Jews of D. there were 2 peddlers and 31 workers. There were 2 shohets. In 1894, a synagogue for Mountain Jews was legalized, which previously existed unofficially. During the war, the Jews of D. moved to Mozdok. After the end of the war, they returned to D. To ser. 1920s in D. lived St. 800 Jews. In 1928 Jews from Denmark founded agricultural enterprises in the Terek steppe. colony "Druzhba", transformed in 1930 into the collective farm "Bogdanovka". E.S. Mosolova
JEGONASS-JEWISH VILLAGE, see Jegonassky.
JACOBSON Nathan (b. 1910, Warsaw), mathematician, member. National Academy of Sciences of the USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, prof. Yelsky un-that. D.'s main work related to abstract algebra and differenti. ur-niyam in partial derivatives. Author of works on group theory (Jacobson radical) and on the theory of rings and modules (Jacobson – Rees theorem). For a while there was a prez. American Mat. about-va.
JERAG, does not exist now. Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1860 - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 117 Jews lived in Dagestan in 1867, 276 in 1886, and 290 in 1900. in D. there were apprx. 150 Jewish families (smoke). As a result of the epidemic of 1775–86, the Jewish population fell from 150 to 20 smokes. In 1843, Hadji Murad burned down the village; Jews fled to Arak. The Jews who returned to D. found only the synagogue that had survived. After their return, they were harassed by officials, who arrested Shohet, incited Muslims to graze their livestock on Jewish lands, and called for anti-Jewish uprisings that took place in the 1860s and 70s. main occupations of the Jews - agriculture, tobacco growing and leather dressing. In 1867, D. had a synagogue and a rabbi. Until the 1860s. Rabbis in Denmark were Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Shabtai, Rabbi Jonathan, and Rabbi Nisim of Mugatir. In the 1860s. Rabbi D. was Rabbi Pinchas, a student of Y. Itskhaki from Derbent. In 1918 a self-defense detachment was created in D. After Grazhd. During the war, the Jews did not return to D. At the place of D., a Jewish cemetery has been preserved.
DZEWICA, a city (since 1429) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Dřevica Opochensky u. Radom province. 118 Jews (34%) lived in Denmark in 1827, 257 (50%) in 1857, 855 (63%) in 1897, 1013 (61%) in 1921, and approx. 1500, in 1939 - c. 750 Jews. Jews of Denmark made their living by trade and crafts (tailors, shoemakers, tinsmiths). In the 19th century. firm "Gerlach", which owned the production of metal. products, did not hire local Jews, however, the Jews were engaged in supplying workers, selling waste products, opened shops and workshops that served the workers. Among the agents for the sale of the company's products were several. German Jews. The community was organized in the 1830s. At the same time, a Jewish cemetery was founded and a synagogue was built. In the 1870s. The rabbis of D. were Yehuda-Leibush Licht and Yosef Yundah, in 1880-1914 - Abram Moishevich Alfus, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Issakhar Sukhachevsky. The Hasidim of the Gurian, Alexander, and Pshiskian dynasties lived in D. in the 1920s and 1930s. in D., with the support of the Bund, a youth club was opened, under which a library and a drama worked. circle.During the 2nd world. During the war, as a result of the influx of refugees, the number of Jews in Denmark increased to 2,200. In the spring of 1941 a ghetto was created. In D. was organized by gr. Jews who actively opposed the occupiers and the Judenrat. In July 1942, the group operated jointly. with the partisans of the Army of Ludova. The ghetto was liquidated on October 20-23, 1942, and all Jews were sent to Treblinka.
DZHEZKAZGAN, see Zhezkazgan.
DZHIHIKHASHVILI Roman Yakovlevich (b. 1944, Tbilisi), chess player; int. grandmaster (1977). Since 1976 - in Israel, since 1980 - in the USA. Champion of Israel (1978) and USA (1983). He led the USA team at the 1984 Olympics. Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Natanya (1977), Hastings (1977/78), Lone Pine (1980). Member of the interzonal tournament in 1990.
DZHIGINKA, a village in the Anapa district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dzhiginskoe Temryuk dep. Kuban region. 1942 78 evacuated Jews were shot in D.
DZHIGINSKY, see Dzhiginka.
DZHIGIT Ilya Semenovich (1902, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Specialist in the region. sound films, television technology, radio navigation. Prof. from 1938. In 1926 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow state un-that. In 1926-29, with PG Tager, he created and implemented a sound recording system, which was used when shooting the first owls. sound thin. the film "Launch to Life". D. has developed and introduced into production sound recording and sound reproducing devices, to-rye were installed on all c / st of the country. From the beginning. 30s participated in the creation of the first transmitter for the mechanical system. TV, substantiated the use of the kerr effect for light modulation in sound recording systems and TV, in the development and installation of the country's largest television screen. After an internship in 1935-36 at a number of US firms, he was one of the first to develop standards for TV parameters. In 1937–38 he participated in the design and setup of the first electronic television center in Moscow, operating on the 343 line standard, in 1940 hands. the creation of a television center in Leningrad, where the 441 line standard was applied. During the 1941–45 war, he was engaged in issues of radar and radio navigation, took part in the development of a standard for 625 lines. Author approx. 50 scientific. works in the region. cinema, TV, radar, radio navigation. Deputy prev. Vses. scientific. Council for Radiophysics and Radio Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1951 64). Honored. inventor of the RSFSR.
JOLSON Ol (Yoelson Asa, according to other sources, Rosenblatt Joseph) (1883, St. Petersburg - 1950, San Francisco, USA), singer and film actor. As a child, he left with his parents to the United States. The son of a cantor, he learned to sing in the synagogue with his father. He performed in the circus, in restaurants, portraying a Negro singer. In the 1920s. champion in the sale of gramophone records. In 1923 he starred in the unfinished film "Mama's Son" by D.W. Griffith. D. entered the history of cinema as the star of the world's first sound f. "Jazz Singer" (1927), in which he uttered the first phrase from the movie screen: "You have not heard anything yet |". He also starred in several. musicals, then returned to the stage, performed on the radio. In 1946 he starred in f. Jolson's Story (directed by AE Green), in 1949 - in f. "Jolson Sings Again", to-rye were a resounding success. In total, D. starred in 18 films.
JUGELI, see Zestafoni.
JUGUTLAR, now part of the city of Oguz (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - the village of Nukhinsky u. Elizavetpolskaya lips. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR.In 1897, 1744 Jews (99.5%) lived in D. In 1915 there was a synagogue in D., in 1916 - two synagogues and a rabbi. Main the occupation of the Jews of D. was with. x-in.
DZHULINKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - d. Dzhulinki Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939, 212 Jews lived in D. 1941 in D. all the remaining Jews (156 people) were shot.
DZHULINKA, see Dzhulinka.
DZHURICHI, see May Day.
DZHURIN, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk lips. In the end. 1920s - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1847, 972 Jews lived in D., in 1887 - 46.5% of the total population, in 1897 - 1,585 Jews (34%), in 1923 - 1,396, in 1931 - 1,138, in 1939 - 1,027 Jews. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in D. Doiv-Ber Shohet was the rabbi in Denmark in 1919. Dec. 1919, the retreating units of the Volunteer Army committed a pogrom in the town (17 people were killed, about 60% of women were subjected to violence), in February. In 1920, the Jewish population of Denmark suffered again from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. immigrants from D. in the Kherson env. Jewish resettlement associations "Dos Naye Lebn", "Nadia" (78 people), "Reuter Stern" (71 people) were founded. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Denmark by troops. In May 1943, a part of the Jews was taken out of D. for forced labor in the village. Trichats near Nikolaev. On 1 Sept. In 1943 there were 2,871 Jews in the D. ghetto. In 1948, the authorities rejected a petition by Jewish believers to open a synagogue on the pretext that the premises offered by the believers belonged to private owners.
DZHURKOV, a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kolomyia powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. 1942 45 Jews of D. were deported to Kolomyia and exterminated there.
DZHVARI, an urban-type settlement (since 1964) in the Tsalenjikha region (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1970 there were 15 Jews living in D., in 1979 - 14 Jews.
DZIGAN Efim Lvovich (1898, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Film director. He studied at a commercial school (1918). In 1919–22 he served in the army, the Cheka, the GPU. Graduated from the private film school of B.V. Tchaikovsky (1926). In cinema since 1924 (assistant operator, assistant director at various studios in the country). In 1932–41 and from 1954 dir. Mosfilm (1941–54 at the studios of Alma-Ata, Baku, Minsk, Kiev, Leningrad). Since 1958 the teacher of VGIK, prof. He made his debut in 1928 f. "The first cornet Streshnev" (with M.E. Chiaureli). I took off a number of docs. f. Among the fictional films, the most famous are: "We are from Kronstadt" (1936, Vysshaya prospect of the World Exhibition in Paris, 1937), "If tomorrow is war" (1938, with L.Ya.Antsi-Polovsky, G.S. Berezko and N. Karmazinsky), "Iron Stream" (1967, Grand Prix "Golden Idol of the Ancient Incas" MKF in Icalio, Peru, 1970). Implemented a number of joint projects. performances, incl. "In a single formation" (1959, with the PRC). Became. pr. (1941). Nar. art. RSFSR (1966). Nar. art. USSR (1969). Cit .: "We are from Kronstadt": Principles dir. film construction, M., 1937; Comprehending the heroics of time, M., 1979.
DZINKOV, see Zinkov.
DZVELI-SENAKI (until 1872 - Senaki), a village in the Senak region (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in Senaki u. Kutaisi province. From 1921 to 1991, it was a part of the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in DS from the 1840s. In 1869, 2 Jewish families lived in DS, and in 1926 there were 6 Jews.
CALL, see Call.
DZYALOSHIN, a city (from the beginning of the 15th century) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Velunskaya land in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 649 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1793 - 846 (65%), in 1808 - 842 (61%), in 1827 - 784 (27%), in 1857 - 1237 (40%), in 1897 - 2263 (55.3%), in 1921 - 1430 (36%), in 1939 - approx. 2000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century During this period, Jews constituted the majority of the population of D., the community of D. was the largest in the county. In the end. 18th century there were 70 Jewish merchants in D. who sold grain, leather and paper; 15 Jews ran breweries, distilleries and taverns. Among 75 Jewish artisans, masters of art were especially famous. bound religion. books. In the beginning. 19th century in D. lived several. Jews - kr. wool merchants who supplied their goods to manufactory factories in Silesia. One of them, Kopl Yakubovich, donated 5 thousand rubles. on the building of the yeshiva in Jerusalem. In the 2nd floor. 19th century economical the situation of the Jews of D. deteriorated sharply due to a decrease in the volume of trade between [[Kingdom of Poland and Silesia. D. has ceased to be kr. the center of the wool trade and in 1870 lost the status of a city. Rabbi D. from the middle. 19th century was Yakov-Aron Yanovsky, then Shloymo-Dovid Margalit (? -1890), since 1890 - Yakov-Moishe Landau (? -1901), the last rabbi of D. was I.M.Bushats. 20th century underground cells of left parties operated in D. Their members took an active part in the events of 1905–07. Several Jews were arrested and exiled to Siberia. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of Denmark made a living by small trade and handicrafts (chiefly tailoring). Active Zionist activities were carried out. In 1928, a Jewish library was opened, with a cut of self-employed workers. tr. The second library was opened in 1930. In 1937, with the help of the Jewish community of Warsaw, a mutual aid fund was operating. 1939 D. was completely destroyed. OK. 2 thousand Jews fled from D. to dec. cities of Poland.
DZYALOSHINSKY Igor Iekhil'evich (b. 1931, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). After graduating from Moscow. un-that (1953) worked in Moscow. Ing. builds. in-those them. V.V. Kuibyshev. After graduating from the postgraduate course Ying-that physical. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Ph.D. thesis. 1957), worked in the same institute. Since 1965 head. sector Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1992 chief scientific researcher). At the same time. taught at Moscow. physical and technical in-those (prof. since 1969) and Moscow. un-those. scientific. research by statistical physics, magn. phenomena, electronic properties of TV. bodies and liquid crystals. Built thermodynamic. theory of antiferromagnetism, explained the phenomenon of weak ferromagnetism (the Dzyaloshinsky - Moriya interaction), on its basis he predicted a piezomagnet. and magneto-electric. effects. Joint. with L.P. Gorkov and A.A. Abrikosov developed a quantum field diagrammatic method for solving statistical problems. physics at finite temp-pax. Joint. with E.M. Lifshits and L.P. Pitaevsky built a general theory of van der Waltz forces in condensers. environments. Created the general theory of helicoidal and sinusoidal structures in antiferromagnets and the theory of spin wave density. He developed the theory of first-order phase transitions in magnets and the theory of quasi-one-dimensional metals. The author of St. 100 scientific. Art. State pr. USSR (1984). Etc. them. M. Vlonosov (1972) and L. D. Landau (1989). Works: Methods of quantum field theory, Moscow, 1962 (with A.A. Abrikosov and L.P. Gorkov).
DZYALOSHICE, a city in the Kelecke Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Krakow Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the city of Pinchovsky u. In 1765, 651 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1856 - 2514 (83.6%), in 1897 - 3526 (76.5%), in 1931 - approx. 10,000 Jews. Since the 1890s. the rabbi and head of the rabbinical court of D. was Mordkhe-Itskhok Stashevsky, then Moishe-Yehiel Halevi. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.
DZYHOVKA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1847, 1028 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1897 - 2187 (30.4%), in 1923 - 1651 (20.1%), in 1939 - 858 Jews. In 1889 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. Dec. 1917 there was a pogrom. By 1926, three agriculturalists were founded by immigrants from Denmark. settlements in the Kherson environs: the Freigayt commune (120 people), the Arbet colony (163 people), the Glakhgayt company (10 families). In 1942-44 there was a camp in D. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. In 1943 there were 105 Jews in the camp. In 1947 the Jews of Denmark petitioned for the opening of a synagogue. The authorities rejected the request because the synagogue was supposed to be opened in a residential building located in several meters from the collective farm club.
DZYUNKOV, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 373 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 1,137 Jews (26.1%). In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. Since 1889 Shmuel-Judah Dinin (1865—?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1910 Shevel Alperovich owned the pharmacy. On July 5, 1919, a pogrom took place in D. 1942 94 Jews were shot in D.
EDEL Yitzhak (1896, Warsaw - 1973, Tel Aviv), composer, conductor, teacher. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied in Warsaw at the Higher. muses. school. In 1928 he founded the Society for the Support of Jewish Music in Warsaw and an orc. "Hashomer ga-Tsair". He taught music in Jewish schools. institutions, including in the "House of Orphans" Y. Korchak. Since 1929 - in E.-I. In tech. For 36 years he taught music theory at the Levinsky Teachers' Institute in Tel Aviv. Author of 3 cantatas, including "Funeral Cantata" (1957; in memory of his deceased son). The author of music-theoretical. tr., treatments (about 100) plank beds. Jewish songs. In pl. muses. op. used the characteristic elements of the cantor recitative (Polish tradition). Among other works: capriccio for orc. (1948), Jewish Dances for FP. with orc. (1950), symphonietta (1969), chamber instr. cit., including wind quintet (1935), Tegilim (Psalms) for soprano and strings. quartet (1963), songs (about 20).
EDELGERZ Bernard (1880, Kharkov - 1931, New York), lawyer, publisher. Since 1893 - in the USA. Received legal. educated at New York University, in 1901 he was admitted to the New York Bar. In 1916–31 he headed the journal. American Hebrow. In 1917–22 pom. min. Justice of the United States. In 1919 he was in Poland to study the situation of the Jews. In 1927 he visited the USSR, where he got acquainted with the state of affairs in the newly formed Jewish agriculture. colonies. At the same time. was engaged in cinematography; prev. contract and arbitration commissions and vice-president. film distribution company of New York. From 1928 prez. corporation for the publication of the Jewish encyclopedia in English. language.
EDELMAN (Eidelman) Vladimir Adolfovich (1910, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1991, Moscow), conductor. Studied in muses. technical school them. Gnesins. Since 1929 concertmaster, since 1931 conductor Moscow. artist ballet, later (until 1973) conductor Moscow. muses. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Participated in the post. most ballet performances. Restored the original score of the ball. Swan Lake (1953). Moose. ed. ball. "Lola" by S.N. Vasilenko, "Carnival" on music. R. Schumann, "Straussian". Since 1973, accompanist and conductor ans. "Mosk. classic ballet". Honored. art. RSFSR (1970).
EDELMAN Joy Iosifovna (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978). In 1953 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1953–57 scientific. sotr. Ying language. and literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Author approx. 50 publ. scientific. works. Comp. “Yazgulyam-Russian. dictionary "(M., 1971). Cit .: On a single scientific transcription for Iranian languages. M. - L., 1963; Main linguistic questions geography. M., 1969; Compare grammar of Eastern Iranian languages: phonology. M., 1986; Compare grammar of Eastern Iranian languages: morphology. M., 1990.
EDELMAN Israel (1899, Odessa - after 1936), actor, director, playwright. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche, studied at honey. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa). In 1920, the Russian actor. t-ra in Gomel, later worked in Jewish t-t-ra. He began directing early: in 1918 he directed his own insc. manuf. S. Fruga "Three Souls". Author of the plays "Mister Dollar", "Di Gzeire" ("Kara"), "Ervahung" ("Awakening"), "Tmimot" ("Naivety"), one-act plays "Borukh Shpinosa", "January 9", etc., scriptwriter for the film "David". Participated in the work on the films "Forest Beast", "Ukraziya" (both - 1925), etc. In the 1930s. published Art. on questions t-ra and cinema in periodical. ed. in Russian language.
EDELMAN Raphael (1902, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1972, Copenhagen), philologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1928). He studied at Copenhagen and Berlin high fur boots, as well as at the Rabbinical Seminary (Berlin), in 1928 he graduated from the Bonn University. In 1927–33 he taught there. Since 1933 - in Denmark. In 1946, the adviser to the Danish delegation to Gen. the UNESCO Assembly (Paris); from 1948 headed the Jewish department. Royal library in Copenhagen. From 1955 before. Association of Bk in Yiddish and Hebrew in Europe, since 1961 member. Council of the World. union of Judaica. In 1946–49, members. council of the Jewish community in Copenhagen. The author of works on the Middle-century. Jewish literature. Awarded hordes. Danneborg (1953).
EDELMAN Valery Iosifovich (b. 1939, Moscow), power engineer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1990). In 1962 he graduated from the TSKhA with a degree in electrical engineering. He worked in the industry. Since 1989 - at the Research Institute of Energy Economics, Head. lab., head. dep., art. scientific. sotr. Since 1991, Dir. in-that. Member grew up. parts slave. groups on the electricity of Europe Econ. UN Commission. Author approx. 100 prints works.
EDELSHTEIN Akim Oskarovich (1897, Petersburg - 1967, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1938). Pupil P.B. Gannushkin. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919) - military doctor, participant of the Civil. war. In 1922–26, a psychiatrist resident. clinics of Moscow State University. In 1926–29 - at Ying-those nerve. - psychiatrist. prevention and simultaneously. head dep. in Ch. dignity management of the Red Army. From 1930 to psychiatrist. clinic of the 1st MMI (assistant, associate professor, prof.). In 1950 he was dismissed. In 1951–58 the head. Department of Psychiatry Molotovsky (Perm) med. in-that. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. question schizophrenia, military. psychiatry, psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene, history of edema. psychiatry. Member reign of Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Cit .: Initial states of schizophrenia. M., 1938; S. S. Korsakov. M., 1948; Psychiatric conventions and societies for half a century. (To the history of the medical community). 1887-1936. M., 1948. E.'s daughter - Elga (b. 1926, Moscow), neuropathologist. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1949). Since 1953 - in children. neurology. In 1966–92 assistant professor. department children. neuropathology TsIUVa. Since 1992 - in children. psychoneurol. association "Nevromed". Sci. tr. in the main. on questions pathology center. and peripheral. nerve. systems in the fetus and newborn. She proposed a treatment regimen for myopathy in children.
EDELSHTEIN Yakov Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1869, Novoserpukhov, Yekaterinoslav Gubernia - 1952, Leningrad), geomorphologist. Prof. (1924), Dr. G.-M. Sciences (1935). In 1895 he graduated from Kharkov University. Until 1903 he worked as a geologist in the Far East, in North-East China on the instructions of Ros. gold industry. about-va. In 1904–07 the curator Geologich. Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Since 1907 the geologist Geol. to-that (later - TSNIGRI-VSEGEI), since 1918 vice-rector of this institute. Simultaneously, from 1924 head. department and dean of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University, prof. Horn. in-that. Main scientific. work dedicated. geology and geomorphology of the districts of D. Vostok, Manchuria, Sikhote-Alin, North China. Compiled by geol. maps of the studied districts, discovered a number of mineral deposits. Made an exp. to the Pamirs, in Wed. Asia, Minusinsk lowland, Kuznetsk Alatau, Zap.-Sib. lowland, where he studied geomorphology and Quaternary deposits. Author of scientific. tr. in geography, geomorphology, quaternary geology. Under the arm. E. comp. and publ. in 1947 geomorphological. map of the Urals. Created scientific. school of geologists and geomorphologists. Scientist secretary Vses. geogr. about-va (1930–38). Poch. member Geogr. about-va USSR and a number of other scientific. about-in. Big angry. medal Imp. Rus. geogr. about-va. Etc. them. N.M. Przhevalsky. In 1949 he was convicted by the "court of honor" for "cosmopolitanism", arrested ("the case of geologists"), died in prison.
EDELSHTEIN Yuliy Yurievich (b. 1958, Chernivtsi), public figure. From the end. 1970s activist of the Jewish nat. movement in the USSR. He taught Hebrew. In 1984–87 he was imprisoned. Since 1987 - in Israel. 1988–96 - Vice President of the Zionist Forum. One of the leaders of the Israel Ba-Aliya party. Since 1996 Minister of Absorption and Repatriation. Since 1996 - dep. The Knesset.
EDIDOVICH Shohl (1890, Vilna - 1942), publicist, translator. R. in the family of a rabbi, studied at the yeshiva. From 1907 he taught in different parts of the Saratov province, and after graduating in 1915 ped. in-that worked in Vilna Hebrews. schools. Participated in the Bund movement, published Art. on social and polit. topics in periodic. ed. Bund, was a member of the editorial boards of children. g. Grininke Beymelech and Gahaver. In 1920 he released the book. "History of the alphabet", then work about children. years of composers W.A. Mozart and L. Beethoven, translated into Yiddish works. Western European writers. Participated in the compilation of a reader for Hebrews. schools "I.-L. Peretz far yungt" ("I.-L. Peretz for youth"), published in Vilna in 1923.
UNITS (until 1990 —Units), city (from 1962), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1820.Since 1835 - the town of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 7379 Jews (72.3%) lived in Egypt, in 1910 - 9413 (63.1%), in 1930 - 5349 (90.3%). %), in 1989 - 442 Jews. The first inhabitants of Egypt were Jews. Most of them were engaged in trade and crafts. All doctors and pharmacists in Egypt were Jews. In 1865, Egypt had 2 synagogues, and in 1878 - 8 synagogues, a cemetery, a khevra kaddish, a mikvah, which served as a bathhouse for the non-Jewish population. In 1887 an attempt was made to pogrom. In 1910 there were 14 synagogues in Egypt. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in "Ezro". In nov. 1917, a pogrom broke out in Yemen, staged by Russian soldiers. army; there were several. wounded. In 1918, three Jews were shot in Egypt — members of the delegation to the regiment. room. army Maruzi asking to stop bullying Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews owned factories for the production of sunflower oil, a soap-making plant, a mill, a confectionery and a weaving factory, an electric station. All R. 1930s in E. it was approx. 20 synagogues, 8 heders. In 2 heders the teaching was in Hebrew, in one of them it was taught. lang. and mathematics, there were 3 Jewish beginnings. schools, including one “Tarbut” network. There were branches of all Jewish parties and organizations in Romania. the troops shot approx. 700 Jews, most of them were buried in the Jewish cemetery. Then to the north-west. On the outskirts of Yemen, a ghetto was created for 15,000 Jews from different districts of Moldova. 404 people died from hunger and beatings in the ghetto, 1013 people were shot. 11 oct. 1941 the deportation of Jews from Egypt to Transnistria began. Most of them died on the way. In 1947, Egypt had a synagogue and a religious. community, rabbi. There is a Jewish cemetery. In E. Genus: I. Magen; Meer Lepner (1907—?), Public figure, from 1929 - in Colombia, in the 1950s and 60s. - prez. The Zionist Organization of Colombia; Avrom Tkach (1895-1961), Argentine publicist, teacher, who created a Jewish teachers' seminar in Buenos Aires, where he taught courses in Yiddish and Jewish literature.
UNITS, see Edinet.
EDLINSK, a village in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad of Radomsky u. In 1856 267 Jews (30%) lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 622 (45.7%), in 1921 - approx. 1000 Jews. 19th century Itskhok-Yakov Glyas (? -1892) was a rabbi in Yemen, after whose death his son Nathan Glyas (1854-?) became a rabbi. troops in E. created a ghetto, which contained apprx. 1 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated in Aug. 1942. In December. 1942 - Feb. 1944 a Jewish workers' camp was located in Ye.
EDLIS Juliu Filippovich (b. 1929, Bendery, Romania), playwright, writer. Graduated from the Higher. theater. school in Tbilisi (1949), then philology. Faculty of Moldavian Ped. Institute in Chisinau (1956). He made his debut in print in 1952. The first play "We Only Dream of Peace" publ. in 1955. The author of numerous. plays, including "The Breakwater" (1961), "The Argonauts" (1962), "A Drop in the Sea" (1962), "Silver Forest" (1964), "Where is Your Brother, Abel?" (1965), “Witnesses are called” (1968), “Proezd” (1969), “June, early summer” (1970), post. in pl. t-rakh of the USSR and other countries. Permeated with the pathos of the "sixties," E.'s plays aroused heated debate. E. belong also to prose writers. manuf .: rum. "Intermission" ("New World", 1986, no. 4-5), p. "This desert country" ("October", 1993, No. 7) and others. Works: Selected. M., 1983; Southwest. Stories. M., 1983.
EDWABNE, a city in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Jedwabno Kolnensky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1808, 325 Jews (70%) lived in Egypt, in 1827 - 324 (56%), in 1897 - 1941 (78%), in 1921 - 757 Jews (62%) Jews began to settle in Egypt at the end. 18th century At the same time, a community was created. Some Jews E. took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In the end. 19th century Jews opened a vinegar plant, a distillery, a brewery, a mill, 3 weaving factories. In 1892, out of 50 artisans in Egypt, 46 were Jews (24 shoemakers, 7 tailors, 5 joiners, 3 carpenters, 3 manufacturers of accessories, etc.). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Ye. Became one of the centers of textile production. In the end. 18th century a synagogue was built in Ye. In the beginning. 20th century there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. In the 1870s. Rabbi Ye. was Yosef Haber, from 1912 - Meir-Eli Weiner, in 1924-37 - Avigdor Belostotsky, in 1937-41 - Strikovsky. Heders and Talmud Torah functioned. During the 1st world. war Jews of E. were deported to the internal. districts of Russia. In the 1920s and 30s. in E. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In June 1941, part of the German. armies entered Yemen on July 10, 1941 approx. 1600 Jews and refugees were burnt alive in a grain barn by local Poles. In E. there are approx. 300 Jews, to-rykh imprisoned in a ghetto, liquidated on November 2. 1942 In E. genus: I. Rosen; Pinhos Thurberg (1875-1951, New York), publicist (in Hebrew), publisher, author of works on Hebrew bibliography, since 1898 - in the USA.
BADLY, see Yedwabne.
EFIMOV (Fridlyand) Boris Efimovich (1900, Kiev - 2008, Moscow), graphic artist, caricaturist. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1975). Brother of M.E. Koltsov. Studied at Kiev University, special. thin received no education. From 1919 he worked in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Ukraine, created posters for the publishing house of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee, was in charge of YugROSTA (Odessa), in 1920 he worked in Kiev gas. "Red Army", "Kommunar", "Bolshevik", in Kharkov - in the administration of the propaganda points of the Southern Front. In 1920–22. headed the Kiev branch of UkROST. From 1922 he lived in Moscow. He worked in gas. "Pravda", "Izvestia", in f. "Crocodile", "Ogonyok", "Red Armyman". In the years of the 2nd world. war worked in Windows ROSTA. In 1945 he was present as an artistic correspondent. at the Nuremberg trial. Since 1965 he was responsible. editor of the publishing house "Agitplakat". Main works were repeatedly published in the albums: "Cartoons" (1924), "Caricature in the service of the defense of the USSR" (1931), "A way out will be found" (1932), "Political cartoons" (1932), "Fascism is the enemy of peoples" (1937) , "Warmongers" (1938), "Hitler and his pack" (1943), "Mr. Dollar" (1948), "For a lasting peace, against warmongers" (1950), "Satire is not without humor" (1963), "Cartoons for Half a Century" (1969). Nar. thin RSFSR (1959). Nar. thin USSR (1967). Became. pr. (1950, 1951). State pr. USSR (1972).
EFINGAR, see Plyushchevka.
EFRAT Israel-Itzhak (real family Efros) (1891, Ostrog, Volyn province - 1971, Tel Aviv), poet, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1915). Since 1905 - in the USA. Received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. He taught at high fur boots and higher. schools of Judaism in Baltimore, Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia. Since 1955 - in Israel. Prof. and the first rector of Tel Aviv University. The author of the book. on Jewish history and philosophy. Lit. etc. them. S. Chernyakhovsky (1961).
EFRATI (Graiber) Yosef (1897, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1975, Geva, Israel), party leader. From 1914 - in E.-I. He was an activist for youth. movement "Prakhei Zion". Member the Ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, then the Mapai party. Member secretariat of the All-Israel Kibbutz Association. Dep. Knesset of the 1-5th convocations (1949-65). In 1951 the deputy. min. Agriculture.
EFREMOV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1637. From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1910 there were 119 Jews in Egypt, in 1926 - 126 (1.3%), in 1939 - 241 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt.
EFREMOV Dominik Ivanovich (real name and surname Mikhail Efremovich Shteiman) (1881, Vishki Dinaburgsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1925, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement and civil. war, part. Communist. parties since 1902. Studied at a real school in St. Petersburg. Since 1901 - a student of the Mining Institute, participated in the student. strikes and demonstrations. From 1902 to illegal. position. On the instructions of Peter. to-that RSDLP organized an underground printing house, in the spring of 1903 he was arrested. After one and a half years of imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Kresty prison, he was exiled to Turinsk, Tobolsk province, in the beginning. 1905 fled. On the instructions of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, in 1905 he created underground printing houses in Odessa and St. Petersburg. From the summer of 1906 desks. organizer in St. Petersburg. Dec. 1907 was arrested again and sent to Arkhangelsk province for 3 years. Soon he fled, returned to the capital, where he participated in parties and work. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 parties. agitator, from Sept. -power of the Sokolnicheskaya District Duma, a member of its council. Oct.-Nov. 1917 - member. VRK of Sokolniki district. From Dec. 1917 - deputy. prev. Executive Committee Sokolnich. district council, from March 1918 - military. Commissioner of this district. May-Sept. 1918 - secret. MK RCP (b), at the same time. (since July) - member. Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council. In the fall, sent to the desks. mobilization to the South. fr. early political department, in Oct.-Nov. - early. Vseros. bureau of military commissars. In Jan-Oct. 1919 - early. political department and member. RVS of the 10th Army of the South. fr. From Oct. 1919 to Jan. 1920 again secret. MK RCP (b). In 1920–21 - Commissioner of the Donetsk Railway. d., part. of the Presidium of the Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP (b), member. collegiums of the Crimean Council of People's Commissars, before. Crimean Union. From March 1922 - before. Ch. management of state. insurance of the RSFSR (from 1923 - USSR).
EFROIMSON Vladimir Pavlovich (1908, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Geneticist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1947). He studied biology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1929 he was expelled from the un-that for speaking at a meeting in support of the subsequently arrested head. Department of Genetics S.S. Chetverikov. In 1932 he was arrested for participating in the work of the Free Philosophical Society, released in 1935. In 1936–39 scientific. sotr. Central Asian Research Institute of Sericulture in Tashkent, in 1939–41 - at the All-Ukrainian Station of Sericulture (Merefa, Kharkiv Region). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–48 he taught at Kharkov University. In 1948 he transferred to the Science Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks scientific. Tr., criticizing the activities of T.D. Lysenko. In 1949 he was arrested again. Released in 1956. In 1956–61 bibliographer Vses. state foreign libraries literature in Moscow. In 1961-68 - in Ying-those vaccines and serums of the Ministry of Health. RSFSR, in 1968–75 head. dep. genetics Mosk. Institute of Psychiatry, in 1976–89 scientific. consultant of the Institute of Biology of Development of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main direction of scientific. activities - honey. genetics. He formulated the principle of balance between the mutational process and selection as applied to humans, calculated the frequency of gene mutations in humans (1932). Research genetic mechanisms leading to correlated-adapt. shifts in natural and artificial selection. The author of the fund. monographs on honey. genetics. Author of Philosophy. works, including Art. "Genealogy of Altruism" ("New World", 1971, No. 10), in a cut the genetic essence of altruism was proved. Works: Introduction to medical ethics. M., 1964; Genetics of oligophrenia, psychosis, epilepsy. M., 1978 (co-authored with M.G. Blumina); Genetics of ethics and aesthetics. M., 1995.
EFRON Ilya Abramovich (1847, Vilna - 1917, Petrograd), publisher, great-grandson of the Vilna Gaon. In 1880 he opened a printing house and publishing house in St. Petersburg, in 1890 he founded a joint stock company. ed. Society "Brockhaus - Efron", which published fundamental encyclopedias: "Encyclopedic Dictionary" (86 basic and 4 additional volumes, 1890-1907), "New Encyclopedic Dictionary" (1911-16; 29 of the planned 50 volumes were published). ). E. participated in the publication of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (16 volumes, 1908-13). Among the ed. about-va was several. popular ser .: “B-ka prom. knowledge ”,“ B-ka of self-education ”,“ B-ka of great writers ”,“ B-ka of natural science ”, etc. The Society has published a number of books on Hebrew. stories: E. Renan "History of the Israeli people" (2 vols., v. 5; 1908-12), collection of works. "Experienced" (1900), MM Margolin "Babylon, Jerusalem, Alexandria" (1923) and others. Since 1917 the publishing house was a part of Petrograd. association of private publishing houses, but in fact was located in Berlin, where at hand. brother E. Semen lasted until the beginning. 30s
EFRON Sergei Yakovlevich (1893, Moscow - 1941, ibid.), Journalist, intelligence officer. Rod. in the family of the People's Will Yakov Konstantinovich E. (Kalmanovich) (1851 - 1909, Paris) and Elizaveta Petrovna Durnovo. Since 1912 - husband of M.I. Tsvetaeva. In 1913-14 he studied history-philology. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1915-17 - at the front, brother of mercy. In 1917 he graduated from the school of warrant officers. In 1918–20 - in the Volunteer Army. In 1921–22 - in Turkey, in 1922–25 - in Czechoslovakia. In 1925 he graduated from un-t in Prague. Since 1925 - in France. He was close to the "Eurasians", collaborated in a pro-Soviet magazine. "Versts". From the beginning. 1930s sotr. special services. Since 1937 - in the USSR. Repressed in 1939. E.'s daughter - Ariadne (1912, Moscow - 1975, ibid.), Translator. Since 1937 - in the USSR. In 1939–55 he was imprisoned. In the 1950s and 70s. translated into Russian. lang. verse. F. Petrarch, R. Tagore, D. Gofshtein, S. Baudelaire, T. Gauthier, P. Verlaine and others. Author of memoirs.
EFROS (Efrat) Gershon (1890, Warsaw - 1978), cantor. He was a student of the leading cantors of his time. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Pupil (composition) and follower of A.Ts. Idelson. Conductor symph. orc. in Jerusalem. Later he moved to the USA. He worked as a singing teacher at school, since 1927 cantor of the largest synagogues in the piece. New Jersey. Published the "Anthology of Cantor Singing" (vols. 1-6, 1928-69). The author of music for children.
EFROS Abram Markovich (1886, Moscow - 1954, ibid.), Art critic, art critic. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, began to systematically act as an artist. critic in the gas. "Rus. statements ". In 1909 he published a translation of Song of Songs. In 1914-17 - in action. army. In 1919 pom. curator of the State Tretyakov Gallery. In the same year he was elected to the mountains. thought, before. commissions for external improvement of Moscow. Since 1919 head. accounting and protection of monuments in the Museum Department. People's Commissariat for Education and until 1929 - head. dep. the latest painting of the State Tretyakov Gallery. At the same time. in 1924-29 - in the State. Museum of Fine Arts, Deputy. dir. by scientific. work. In 1920–26 he was in charge of the artist. part of the Moscow Art Theater and its muses. studio, artist part of the GOSET. He continued to publish in the journal. “Artist. life "," Among collectors "," Rus. art "," Searchlight "," Theater. review ". In 1927 he was approved as a member of the State Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In the 1930s. E. completely switched to lit. activity: book. "Profiles", which united his critical. Prod., "Drawings of the Poet" (graphic heritage of A.S. Pushkin). In 1932, members. editorial board of the publishing house "Academy", where he headed the department. French literature and claims. In 1933-37 he published a number of articles. on topical problems of the development of owls. fig. lawsuit. In 1937–40 - in Rostov. Upon returning to Moscow, he taught history of arts at Moscow State University. In 1945-50 freelance. prof. State library in-that in Moscow. In 1950–54 - at the Department of Lawsuits of the Tashkent Theater. institute.
EFROS Anatoly Vasilievich (Isaevich) (1925, Kharkov - 1987, Moscow), director. In 1950 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. Worked dir. Ryazan region dram. t-ra (1951–53), where he staged: "Love Yarovaya" by K. Trenev, "Dog in the Manger" by L. de Vega (both - 1952), "Maidens-Beauties" by A.D. Simukov (1953) and others. In 1954–63, dir. Centre. children t-ra. He staged the plays: "Good Hour" by VS Rozov (1954), "In Search of Joy" (1957), "Boris Godunov" by AS Pushkin (1957), etc. In 1964–66, Ch. dir. T-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. Among the post. E .: "On the wedding day" by Rozov (1964), "Filming a movie" by E.S. Radzinsky (1965), "The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, "Moliere" by M.A.Bulgakov (both - 1966), etc. In 1967–84 - to Dram. t-re on Malaya Bronnaya, staged more than 20 performances, including Chekhov's Three Sisters (1967), The Marriage by Nikolai Gogol (1975), A Month in the Country by IS Turgenev (1977 ), “Romeo and Juliet” (1970), “Othello” (1976), W. Shakespeare, “Don Juan” by Moliere (1973), plays by Rozov, A.N. Arbuzov, Radzinsky, etc. In 1984–87 ... dir. T-ra drama and comedy on Taganka, where he staged "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky (1984), "War is not a woman's face" S.A. Aleksievich (1985), "Misanthrope" by Moliere (1986) and others. film, director of the film “Noisy Day” (with GG Nathanson), “Leap Year”, “Two in the Steppe”, “On Thursday and Never Again”. Carried out a post on television. 13 t / f and television performances, including "Boris Godunov" (1970), "Tanya", "Pages of Pechorin's Life" (both - 1974), "Islands in the Ocean" (1978), etc. Author of the book: "Rehearsal - my love" (1975), "Profession: director" (1979), "Continuation of the theatrical story" (1985). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1976).
EFROS Nikolai Efimovich (1867, Moscow - 1923, ibid.), Theater critic, theater historian. From the beginning. 1890s was published in periodical. ed. Reviewer, Art. and book. o Art. t-re. E. owned works on the works of M.S.Shchepkin, P.M.Sadovsky, M.N. Ermolova, K.S.Stanislavsky, A.I.Yuzhin, V.I.Kachalov and others. E. paid special attention to drama A.P. Chekhov and the problems of her stage. incarnation. In 1914, ed. E. (and V. V. Kalash) published the 1st volume of the multivolume “History of Rus. theater ". Since 1918, he was directed by the artist. dep. artist collective "Rus". He worked in the theater. section GAKhN. Ed. zhurn. Theater Culture (1921–22), Theater. review "(1922), sotr. zhurn. "Life", published by the "Litemuza" company (1922).
EFROIKIN Israel (1884, Vekshniai - 1954, Paris), publicist, societies. activist. Brother Z. Efroykin. In 1904-10 he studied at the University of Berne (Switzerland). In 1910 he settled in St. Petersburg, actively participated in gr. Revival. It was then that his lit. activity (translated by I.-L. Peretz, G. Nomberg in Russian), published in gas. "Der Freind", "Folkshtime" and others. In 1912, together with SM Dubnov, S. Tsinberg and others, he founded every month. "Di Yiddish Velt". In 1914–15 he worked in the decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. in Yiddish and Russian. lang., was one of the organizers of "Folksparty". In 1920 he arrived in Paris to organize help for Russian. Jews, victims of war. Later he was one of the founders of the World. Heb. Congr. During the occupation of France by the Nazis, he lived in Uruguay. After graduation. war returned to Paris, did a lot for the revival of the Hebrews. cultures, life in France, edited by Heb. ed. Author of the book: "In holem un oif der Vor" ("In a dream and in reality"), 1944; "A heshbn-ganefesh" ("Confession"), 1948; "Selflessness and heroism among the Jews, once and now", 1949, etc.
EFROYKIN Zalman (1896, Vekshni Shavelsky u. Kovno province - |), publicist, teacher, society. activist. Brother I. Efroykin. Graduated as an external student. uch-shche. After the 1st world. He graduated from the war. teacher. seminar in Riga, was an act. leader of the Bund. After the revolution, he lived in Latvia, was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. schools and cultural institutions, teacher. Since 1921 in the USA. There was a deer. Heb. schools. He made his debut in Libau in Russian. gas. "Libavsky Vestnik" and in it. ed. "Libavskaya Gazeta", was also published in Heb. periodic. stamps of St. Petersburg, Warsaw, New York, at the beginning. 30s edited by det. gas. and f. "Culture un derziung" in Yiddish. E. - the author (together with H. Bez) literary-societies. anthology "Unzer Worth" (1933), textbooks for Heb. schools: "Main Shrahbuh" (1938), "Dos Yiddish Wort" (1947), "Baym Kval" (1948) and others, which were widely used by Hebrews. teachers in the USA and other countries.
EFRUSI Charles (1849, Odessa - 1905, Paris), art critic, philanthropist, collector. From 1871 - in France, published in French. lang. "Gazette de bou art", wrote several. works about the work of A. Dürer, including "Albrecht Durer and his drawings" (Paris, 1882). In 1876 he published a biography of Ital. artist Jacopo de Barbari (1450-1515), in 1887 - Prince. "Paul Baudry, his life and his work" about fr. ist. painter and portraitist of the 19th century. Being a fan of R. Wagner's work, E. promoted the post. his operas. Collected valuable artist. collection. Cavalier of hordes. Of the Legion of Honor.
EFUNI Sergey Naumovich (b. 1930, Grozny), anesthesiologist and physiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1954). In 1954-56 the head. surgeon department of a hospital in the Altai Territory. Since 1956 in Moscow, he worked in the 2nd, and then in the 1st honey. in-takh; since 1964 hands. lab. arts, oxygenation, and since 1966 - dep. hyperbaric. oxygenation Vses. n.-i. in-that clinic. and experiment. Surgery (since 1980 All-Union Scientific Center of Surgery). scientific. tr. dedicated the study of the mechanisms of the effect of high oxygen pressure on the function. systems and structures of the body, as well as various aspects of electrophysiology and anesthesiology. One of the authors of the original method of anesthesia - postoperative anesthesia with nitrous oxide. Developed a fundamentally new method of the so-called. parapulmonary oxygenation of the body using oxygen microemulsion. Research E. contributed to the creation of a complex of honey. pressure chamber for hyperbaric. oxygenation. State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Medical anesthesia, M., 1967; Achievements of hyperbaric oxygenation in the USSR, M., 1983; Hyperbaric oxygenation and cardiovascular system, M., 1987.
EGIZ Boris (Borukh) Isaevich (1869, Odessa - 1946, Vilnius), portrait painter. Rod. in a Karaite family. In 1890 he graduated from the drawing school at the Odessa Society of Fine Arts, in 1894 - Petersburg. OH. Studied in Paris at the Academy of Julien and Colarossi. E. was a member of the South Rus. artist (TYURH, Odessa, 1890-1922), participated in exhibitions of the TYURH (1893), at the same time. was in the Odessa society of fine arts, taught at the drawing school at the society (from 1900 - art school) and was a member of the council of the society.
Egliskis, see Egliskis.
B. EGOESHZON (real name and fam. Moishe-Bunim Yustman) (1889, Warsaw - 1942, Jerusalem), publicist, prose writer. R. in a Hasidic family. Until the age of 18 he studied at yeshivas. Lit. activity began with articles in gas. "Gaboker" and "Yidishes Vohenblat" in 1906–07. Since the founding of the Warsaw daily. gas. Der Moment (1910) is one of her chap. sotr. Printed essays, stories, art., Feuilletons, preim. in the genres of humor and satire. In 1925–39 sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt". The first book. "In rebns goif" ("In the courtyard of the tzadik") was released in 1911. This was followed by other works: "Apikorsim" ("Godless", 1913), "Oif der frischer luft" ("In the fresh air", 1912), one-act play "Ageim" ("Home") and others. with the famous folklorist M. Kipnis wrote the comedy "Mitn koeh fun dibuk" ("By the power of dybuk"). Throughout many. years collected, processed and translated into Yiddish materials for the capital tr. "Fun un-zer altn oytser" ("From our ancient treasury"), published in 8 vols. (Warsaw, 1932). Until Sept. 1939 lived ch. arr. in Warsaw, after the start of the 2nd world. war managed to escape to Vilna. Since 1940 - in E.-I.
EGONSKAYA EVERYTHING, see Vesyegonsk.
Egoriev-Vysokoe, see Egorievsk.
Egorievsk, city (since 1778), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1462 as from. High. From the 16th century. - from. Egoriev-High. From 1778 it was a district (in 1796-1802 - a supernumerary) city of the Ryazan governorship, then a province. In 1910, 13 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1926 - 87 (0.3%), in 1939 - 482, in 1970 - 115 (0 , 2%), in 1989 - 64 Jews (0.1%). 1905 a pogrom took place in Egypt. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt. In the end. 1920s In Egypt, a community of Lubavitch Hasids was formed, most of whom, including M.M. Futerfas, worked in a furniture artel, which was led by Nokhum-Hillel Pinsky (? -1943), brother of Sh.G. Pinsky. An underground yeshiva was organized, headed by Israel Levin (? -1949). Illeg. The minyan was going to the house of I. Rivkin. In 1937 the artel was closed, Pinsky and Levin were arrested. In 1937–38 the yeshiva was headed by Moishe-Zalman Kamenetsky (1891–1975, Kfar-Chabad, Israel). In 1938–41 the yeshiva was again headed by Levin. The Lubavitch community ceased to exist in 1941.
EGOROVKA, a village in Volnovakha district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842 in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. immigrants from the Chernigov and Kharkov provinces. 19th century there were 98 Jews in Yemen.
EGORSHINO, see Artyomovsk, Sverdlovsk region.
EGORSHINSKOE, see Artyomovsk, Sverdlovsk Region.
YEGUDIN Ilya Abramovich (1913, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1985), before. collective farm. Hero of Soc. Labor. In 1935–41 - before. artel them. Ya.M. Sverdlova (Crimea). Member of the 2nd world. war. In 1949-1985 before. collective farm "Friendship of peoples" (Crimea). Dep. VS Ukr. SSR. Delegate to the 24th Congress of the CPSU. An active participant in the anti-Zionist campaign of the early 1970s.
YGUDIS (real name and surname Rohl Bernstein) (1869, Minsk - 1942, Moscow), prose writer, poet, playwright. She studied with private teachers. Socialist influence, ideas and acquaintance with Heb. lit-swarm prompted E. to be independent. creativity. Her first story "On Winter Saturday" was published in 1907 Heb. petersburg. daily gas. Der Freind. After the revolution, she published stories, essays, poems, memoirs in Minsk gas. Der Veker and other gas. and f. In 1925, a dep. ed. her play "Der Ershter May" ("First of May") - about Heb. slave. movement on the eve of the first Russian. rev-tion.
JAKABPILS (in 1670-1917 - Jakobstadt), city (from 1670), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1835, 2567 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1850 - 2760, in 1881 - 2254 (41%), in 1897 - 2087 (36%), in 1910 - 2047 (35%), in 1920 - 664 (20%), in 1925 - 806 (14%), in 1930 - 796 (14%), in 1935 - 793 Jews (14%). In 1739 from E. a few Jews were deported, to-rye, despite the ban, lived in the city. The ban was lifted in 1795, after joining Ros. empire. Jewish merchants began to settle in Egypt, first from Courland and then from Lithuania. The Jewish community of Egypt was organized in 1810. Two synagogues were built. The Jews of Egypt earned their living from trade and crafts. Was conducted cr. trade in timber, lumber, grain and flax. Jews owned two match factories. 5 Jewish doctors worked in E. There were philanthropists in the E. community. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance. A large group of Lubavitch Hasids lived in Egypt. In 1830 a yeshiva was organized in Egypt, one of the few in Courland, headed by Rabbi Yosef Ashkenazi. In 1840, seven families (about 60 people) left Yemen and founded a Jewish colony near Kherson. In 1850 the state was opened. Jewish school. From 1901 she worked as a library with a reading room. Since 1902, active Zionist activity was carried out, since 1905 a branch of the Bund functioned. Rabbi Ye. In the beginning. 19th century was Mordkhe Rosenthal, in 1832-41 and 1845-60 - Shimon Zarkhi, in 1890-97 - Efraim Samonov, in 1908-41 - Yehuda-Leib Gunzburg. During the 1st world. wars b. In 1922 the Jews of Egypt were accused of murdering a Christian child, after which there was a threat of pogroms. The intervention of the authorities prevented the pogrom. Despite the decrease in the number of Jews, they continued to play a key role in the economy of Egypt. In 1935, 106 (60%) trades belonged to Jews. pr-ty E. Worked 3 doctors and a dentist - Jews. In the beginning. 1920s functioned early. school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1932, a mutual credit fund was opened. There were 3 synagogues. Departments of the majority of Jewish parties and youth movements were in operation. On June 29, 1941, Egypt was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. 12 Sep 1941 all Jews were killed in a nearby forest. After 1945, several Jews returned from evacuation. Jewish families. In the end. 1950s in E. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families. The remains of the victims were reburied at the Jewish cemetery. There is a monument with inscriptions in Russian on the mass grave. lang. and Yiddish. In the 1970s. Jews from Ye. left for Israel. B. Ryvkin.
EKATERINBURG (in 1924-91 - Sverdlovsk), city, center of the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1723.Since 1781 - the center of the Yekaterinburg region. Perm governorship, since 1796 - the county town of Perm province. From 1919 it was the center of the Yekaterinburg province, from 1923 - the Ural region, from 1934 - the Sverdlovsk region. In 1897, 305 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1910 - 343, in 1920 - 3600, in 1923 - approx. 3000, in 1926 - 3988 (2.9%), in 1939 - 7952, in 1959 - 15 900, in 1970 - 14 720 (1.4%), in 1979 - 13 617 (1.1%), in 1989 - 10,900 Jews, a secret decree of the Emp. Alexander I of 19 December. 1824 forbade Jews even a temporary stay in E. Jews lived in E. since mid. 19th century In 1910 Egypt had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery, and in 1915 there was a rabbi. In 1920, a Jewish school of the first level, a Jewish prof. school (the only one in the Urals), Jewish children. garden, b-ka them. Chlenov (3 thousand books), the Jewish workers' club named after I. B. Borokhov, renamed. in 1921 in the club. F. Engels. A department of Evsektsi was created (headed by Blunt, Brin, Kem, Sapelik). In 1946, a synagogue was opened in a one-story wooden house built in 1914. On ordinary days she was visited by approx. 20 people, on Saturdays - up to 80 people, on holidays - up to 300 people. The rabbi was Gersh Aronovich Borovik (1878—?). The synagogue was closed in 1962. In May 1971, an activist of the Jewish nat. Was sentenced to 3 years in prison in Ye. Movement V. Kukuy (b. 1938). In 1989 the society of Jewish culture "Atikva", a Sunday Jewish school, were founded in Egypt, in 1990 - the Jewish religion. community. Since 1990 ed. gas. "Tikvateinu" (chief editor Mikhail Iosifovich Oshtrakh), since 1991 - gas. "Stern" (chief editor Boris Semenovich Vaisberg), since 1994 - gas. "Menorah" (chief editor Mark Semenovich Lutsky). Since 1993 there has been a philanthropist. the Menorah Foundation. On Sept. 1997 the synagogue was opened, rabbi - representative of M.-M. Shneerson Zelig Ashkenazi (b. 1973, Tel Aviv), great-grandson of M. Ashkenazi. In 1997 the Jewish National and Cultural Autonomy of the Sverdlovsk Region was created. (President M. I. Oshtrakh). At the Ural University, there is an academic and scientific worker. Jewish Studies Laboratory, E. Genus: L.M. Vainshtein, A.G. Zel'dovich, M.I.Kabachnik, K.B. Mints, E.I. Neizvestny, M.G. Rabinovich, I.S.Ravich , E.I.Solomonik, A.B.Khazanov; Vladimir Abramovich Karakovsky (b. 1932), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences (1990), prof. (1995), corresponding member. Acad. ped. Sciences (1990), main. region research - theory and practice of educational systems, in 1988-91 before. All-Union. councils for plank beds. education, pl. teacher of the USSR (1991), medal of K.D. Ushinsky (1995); Viktor Isaakovich Syano (1910-1991, Sverdlovsk), venereologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970), in 1968-80 head. department of leather. and venereal diseases of the Sverdlovsk honey. Institute of E.S. Mosolova.
EKATERININSKOE, see Ekaterinovka.
EKATERINFELD, see Bolnisi.
EKATERININSKY SHANETS, see Pervomaisk.
EKATERINO-NIKOLSKOE, a village in the Smidovichsky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). The first Jewish settlers arrived in E.-N. in June 1928. On the territory. Jewish settlement Amurzet and the adjacent village E.-N. on the banks of the river. Amur was organized by one of the first Jewish collective farms "Reuter Oktyaber". In 1929 in E.-N. at the Birobidzhan grain state farm, an agricultural was opened. technical College. In the 2nd floor. 1930s in E.-N. Quarry developments were carried out, to-rye were later curtailed. Since 1935, the Amurskiy toiler (11 people), a sewing and shoe company, has been operating. In 1937-38 in E.-N. were repressed approx. 150 Jewish peasants I. D. Vayserman
EKATERINODAR, see Krasnodar.
EKATERINOPOL, see Katerinopol, Cherkasy region.
EKATERINOSLAV, see Dnepropetrovsk.
EKATERINOVKA, see Artemovsk, Lugansk region.
EKELCHIK Yuri Izrailevich (1907, Odessa - 1956, Moscow), cameraman. In 1927-30 he studied at the Odessa Film Technical School, which was transformed into the Kiev Film Institute. Since 1927 - an illuminator at Kievskaya k / st. He made his debut in the cinema collective. with D.P. Demutskiy and M.M. Glider as an operator f. A.P. Dovzhenko "Ivan" (1932). Naib. means. work in f. Dovzhenko "Shchors" (1939) and IA Savchenko "Bogdan Khmelnitsky" (1941). In the years of the 2nd world. war filmed "Combat film collections". Other fictions include Vesna (1947), The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Inspector General (1952), We Met Somewhere (1954), The First Echelon (1955). Became. etc. (1942).
EHT David Naumovich (1902, Kiev - 1982, Moscow), military leader. Major General Engineer Tank. service (1943). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. Since 1920 - in the Red Army. In 1936-40 military. counselor in Mongolia. In 1941–42 deputy. teams. tank. corps, in 1942–45 deputy. com. tank. army, in 1945–48 deputy. teams. armored vehicle. troops of the South. gr. troops, in 1948–60 pom. teams. mechanized army. Since 1960 - retired. In 1916-50 he took part in heavyweight competitions. athletics. 5-time champion of the USSR (1921–24, 1926) in the weight category 75 kg, then 82.5 kg. Set 16 USSR records. He was awarded 8 orders. Vol .: The path to strength. M., 1964.
EKIMEUTS (until 1991 - Ekimoutsi), a village in the Rezina region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - the province of 27 Aug. 1941 in Egypt, 30 Jews were shot.
YEKIMOUTSI, see Ekimeuts.
EKSTON Anna Moiseevna (b. 1908, Revel), ballerina, ballet master, teacher. In 1925 she graduated from the ballet studio in Tallinn. She improved her skills in Paris and Berlin. In 1925–31 the soloist was a ball. t-ra "Opera Belge" in Antwerp, then toured with the troupe of V. Gzovsky in Zap. Europe. She worked as a ballerina and choreographer in the t-ts of Latvia (Liepaja, Riga). In 1940–51 (with a break in 1942–43) he was choreographer of the Estonia Theater. In 1943–44 she trained at Moscow. choreography uch-shche. Among the post. E .: "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" by B.V. Asafiev (1945), "The Windsor Pranksters" by V.A.Oransky (1947), "Swan Lake" by P.I. Tchaikovsky (1948), "Laurencia" by A.A. Kerin (1949), "Red Poppy" by RM Glier (1950, with A. Viner), and others. In 1946, on the initiative of E., the Tallinn Choreography was created. school, where she taught until 1966, in 1948-65, director. and artist. hands. uch-schA. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Estonian SSR (1959).
ELABUGA, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century In the end. 17th century - a palace village, from 1780 - a district town of the Vyatka governorship, then - a province. In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1939 - 13 Jews.
ELASHVILI Rafael Iosifovich (b. 1934, Kulashi, Georgian SSR), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1953–58 a rabbi in Gori, in 1958–72 a rabbi in Kulashi. Since 1972 - in Israel, rabbi of the synagogue in Lod. Since 1990, Ch. rabbi of the community of Jews - immigrants from Georgia.
ELASHVILI Shabata Mikhailovich (1918, Kutais, Georgia - 1971, Jerusalem), public figure. After leaving school, he worked in a different. farms. institutions of Kutaisi and Zugdidi. Since 1967 he has been an active participant in demonstrations and collective petitions. Jews who fought to leave for Israel. One of the authors of the letter to 18 heads of families is cargo. Jews in the UN (1969), which became izv. peace. the public. He was repeatedly harassed by the authorities. Since 1971 - in Israel.
ELAT Eliyahu (1903, Snov Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1990, Jerusalem), statesman, diplomat. Studied at Kiev University. From 1925 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers in Rehovot and Beer-Yaakov, continued his studies at the Jewish University in Jerusalem (graduated in 1928) and Amer. un-those in Beirut (graduated in 1931). In 1931–34 corr. Reuters and a number of Jewish gas. in Syria and Lebanon; in 1934–45 he headed the Middle East. dep. polit. Department of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem, in 1945–48 dir. polit. department of the agency in Washington. In 1948–50, the first ambassador of the State of Israel to the United States, in 1950–59, ambassador to Great Britain. From 1960 pre. Israeli Eastern Society. In 1962-68 prez. Jewish un-that. The author of Art. and book. on problems of international relations, sociology and political science.
ELATMA, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Kasimovsky district of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1381. From 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 8 Jews living in Egypt, in 1939 - 13 Jews. In 1915, Jews who were exiled from Galicia arrived in Egypt.
ELEKHOVITS, see Elikhovichi.
JELENIEVO, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 18th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - the village of Yelenovo, Suwalki u. and lips. From 1918 to 1939 it was part of Poland, from 1939 to 45 it was the BSSR. In 1880 330 Jews (50%) lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 214, in 1921 - 175 Jews (37%). Jews earned their living by petty trade. and craft. In 1872-82, the rabbi of Ye. Was Shloyme Gordon (1850—?), Later - Yehuda-Yakov Zimmerman and Meir Lieberman. oct. 1939 Jews of Egypt were deported to the interior of the USSR.
ELYONKA, see Elionka.
ELENOVKA, see Sevan.
ELENOVO, see Elena.
ELETS, city, regional center in Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Oryol Gubernia. In 1897 there were 764 Jews in Egypt, in 1910 - 1030, in 1923 - 922 (2.3%), in 1926 - 1017 (2.4%), in 1939 - 461, in 1970 - 195 Jews (0.2%) In 1867 S.S. Polyakov founded a railway in Egypt. tech. uch-shche (the first in Russia). In 1885, 11 Jewish families of Egypt were assigned to merchants and bourgeoisie, 56 to artisans, and 60 Jews were active. military. service. In the 1880s. Jews E. several. once turned to the authorities with a petition to open the time. chapels during the holidays. In 1900 permission was obtained to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt. In 1905–09, the Jewish Territorialist was active. about-in (board member ML Goldberg), a cut was closed by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. Between 1911 and 1914, The Herald of Jewish Emigration and Colonization (edited by Goldberg) was published in Egypt; problems of Jewish emigration and activities of the Jewish emigration society. In 1915, approx. 500 Jewish refugees. In 1917, ORT organized a Labor Bureau in Ye. sec. trade union of millers and head. Y.K. Yagl was elected by the labor exchange. In 1918 there was a branch called Poalei Zion; The Union of Jewish Warriors built dachas and a sanatorium in E. for sick Jewish prisoners of war. 31 Aug and 7 Sept. 1919 the Jewish population of Egypt suffered from the pogroms perpetrated by the soldiers of the 4th Don Cavalry Corps of the Volunteer Army (there were killed and wounded). By 1919, the Tarbut school was closed in Egypt and the Unified Labor School was opened; in 1919 a department of Evsektsi was created, a cut was directed by Ioffe, one of the active collaborators was Boris Moiseevich Gordon (1896-1938). In the beginning. 1920s there was illegal activity in E. Zionist organization. In E. Genus: A.A. Pechnikov, G.I. Polyakov, L.G. Ratgauz; Gennady Isaakovich Belenky (b. 1918), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences (1973), prof. (1978), specialist in methods of teaching literature; Mikhail Efimovich Rakovsky (b. 1917), historian, Dr. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968), author of works on the history of Civil. wars in Ukraine; Naum Moiseevich Zeitlin (1923-1993, Nizhny Novgorod), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967), prof. (1983), one of the founders of owls. School of Antenna Technology YN Grigoriev
ELEVKA, a village in the Malinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Eluvka Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. Main on their own land. 19th century in E. lived 6 Jewish families with 400 dess. land.
ELGAVA, city (since 1573), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1226. From 1561 - the capital of the Duchy of Courland. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, Mitava, the center of the Courland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1860, 5453 Jews (21%) lived in Egypt, in 1881 - 6295 (22%), in 1897 - 5879 (17%), in 1920 - 1527 (8%), in 1930 - 1977 (6%), in 1935 - 2039 Jews (6%). Jews lived in Egypt from the 17th century. In 1730, permission was obtained to build a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 18th century in E. lived several. hundreds of Jews, in the late. 18th century - more than a thousand. During this period, the E. community was the largest in Courland. A synagogue was built in 1784, and later a mikvah. In 1730-47, Shloyme-Zalman Stern was rabbi of Ye. 19th century - Rabbi Zvi-Hirsh, in 1810-23 - Rabbi David-Yehezkel (? -1823), in 1823-43 - Yisroel Fridman (? -1843). The second synagogue was built under I. Fridman. In the 1840s and 50s. Eliyahu Yakobson was rabbi in Egypt, and Mordkhe-Uri Samunov from 1856 to 1859. In 1858–59, Reuven Wunderbar (1812–1868), the author of books on the history of Jews in Courland, was the official rabbi, and Menachem Mendel Israelson from 1859–60. In 1859-93 Shloyme Foker was rabbi of E. Under S. Foker, the third synagogue was built. In the 1860s and 80s. The rabbis in Egypt were Moishe Perenblat, Yisroel-Leib Khaimovich, Tzvi-Girsh Rabinovich, and Nakhman-Idel-Lipman Margulis (? -1898). In the 1900-1910s. Rabbi E. was Tsvi-Girsh Nurok, M. Nurok's father. 19th century a Talmud-Torah was opened in Egypt, 10 heders worked, and a private Jewish school operated from 1824 to 1826. In 1850 a Jewish school was opened with teaching in Russian. lang., in 1863 the Talmud-Torah was transformed into Heder Metukan. In 1868 a Jewish craft school was opened. In 1894 the Palestinophile organization Khibat Tzion was established in Egypt, and in 1902 the Zionist organization Tseirei Zionim was founded. In 1905 the local Bund cell numbered approx. 100 p. In 1913–15, M. Nurok was rabbi of Yemen. He helped greatly in restoring the normal life of the Yemeni community after the First World War. war rendered by the Joint. Rabbi Ye. In the 1920s and 1930s. was Levi Ovchinsky. In the 1920s and 30s. in Ye., there was a grammar school with teaching in Hebrew, a Talmud Torah, a school, a cheder, and a Jewish child. home, nursing home, polyclinic, pharmacy, hospital, decomp. org-tion for the provision of social assistance. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions, 4 synagogues, including 1 Hasidic. June 29, 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied E. In the course of several. "Shares" in July - Sept. 1941 Jews of E. were shot. In E. genus: L. B. Bernshtein, N. D. Bernshtein, J. G. Hirschhorn, A. D. Dmitriev, J. I. Izraelson, M. J. Lazerson, E. .-A. Mileikovsky-Samsonov, A.-Ts. Props, A. K. Stashevsky, E. G. Kholodov, M. L. Shenfeld; Isidor Branson (1854-1928, Riga), physician, author of books on the history of medicine, including "Doctors of Courland" (1902), "Doctors of Livonia" (1905), "Doctors of Estonia" (1922) - all on it ... language; Boris Lvovich Korobochkin (b. 1915), specialist in the region. hydraulic drives and hydraulic automatics of machine tools and other machines, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1973), prof. (1977), Len. pr. (1959).
ELIASBERG (Eliasberg) Yakov Isaevich (1859 - 1905, Petersburg), lawyer. Upon termination of legal. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1883) served in the City. the cassation department of the Senate, since 1896 an official for special assignments of the Ministry of Finance. The author of the book. “Ostsee Practice Citizens. the Cassation Department, the General Meeting of the 1st and the Cassation Departments of the Governing Senate for 1891-1899. " (SPb., 1900).
ELIASBERG Alexander (1878, Minsk - 1924, Berlin), translator, literary critic. Per. from rus. On him. lang. manuf. D.S. Merezhkovsky, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky. Per. from Yiddish to it. lang. manuf. I.-L. Peretz, Mendele Moikher-Sforima, D. R. Bergelson. The author of the book. "Russian Art" (1915), "Stories about Russian Literature" (1921), "Stories about Russian Architecture" (1922).
ELIASBERG Karl Ilyich (1907, Minsk - 1978, Leningrad), conductor. In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class violins. Studied conducting independently. In 1928–31 Leningrad was the conductor. t-ra op-you. Since 1932 conductor, in 1937–50 hl. conductor of the Bolshoi Symphony. orc. Leningrad. radio committee. In 1941–45 he headed the symphony. orc. of the musicians who remained in besieged Leningrad, who performed the 7th symphony in 1942. D.D. Shostakovich. Has toured in the cities of the USSR. Member of the 1st All. Conducting Competition (1938; honorary diploma). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1944).
ELIASBERG Mordhe (1817-1890), rabbi, public figure. Since 1862, a rabbi in Bauska, Kurland province. An active supporter of Palestinianism. Author of works on the Jewish religion. legislation.
ELIASHBERG Gerasim Matveevich (born 1930, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1972), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1952 he graduated from physics. Faculty of LGU, then in tech. for five years he worked at the Krasny Khimik plant. In 1957–64 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. From 1964 - in Moscow, in 1964–65 - in theoretical. dep. branch Institute of chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka (Moscow region), since 1965 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). At the same time. from 1972 to teach. work at MIPT. Circle of scientific. interests associated with the physics of superconductivity. Derived the famous "Eliashberg's equations" for the order parameter of a superconductor, which laid the foundation for the modern. physics of superconductivity. E. owned important work in the physics of metals. In the 1990s. main research associated with high-temperature superconductivity. Author of over 100 publ. scientific. works.
ELIASHVILI Chaim Danielovich (1888, Jerusalem - 1965, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Jerusalem. Since 1909 - in Georgia. He taught Hebrew and Torah in Sachkher, Kulash, Kutais. After 1921 he was persecuted. In 1933 he was arrested for attempting to cross the border. Released early and soon arrested again, charged with Zionist activities. In 1944 he was released. In 1952–53, fearing arrest, he lived in an illegal position. In the 1950s and 60s. ch. rabbi of Kutaisi.
ELIAV (Lyubotsky) Benjamin (1909, Riga - 1974), public figure, publicist. He studied in Haifa, continued his studies in Europe, where he joined the Beitar movement. In 1932–34 gen. sec. "Beitar" in Paris. From 1935 - in E.-I., participated in the struggle against the British. authorities, was repeatedly arrested, was imprisoned in Akko, in 1938 released due to illness. Withdrew from Beitar and created the Tnuat ha-Am party. In 1947 the Briton was arrested again. authorities and placed in a camp at Latrun. After the formation of the State of Israel (1948), he dissolved his party, moved away from polit. activities, engaged in Ch. arr. journalism. In 1953 he was sent from the diplomat. mission to Yuzh. America, since 1953. consul in New York. Hereinafter - advisor on the information of the Prime Minister. L. Eshkola and will perform. dir. Israeli radio broadcaster. companies. Member the editorial board of the "Encyclopedia of Judaica".
ELIAV Leva (Arie) (b. 1921, Moscow), public and political figure. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He graduated from the Faculty of History and Sociology of the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1936–40 members. Gagans. In 1940–45 - in the British Jewish Brigade. army. In 1945–48 in Europe, he organized the illegal delivery of Jews to E.-I. Member of the War of Independence, Navy Lieutenant Colonel. In 1956, during the Sinai campaign, he performed special. mission to rescue the Jews of Port Said. In 1958-60 1st sec. Embassy of the State of Israel in the USSR. Advisor to Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq. In 1966-67 deputy. min. absorption, in 1968–69 deputy. min. trade and industry, in 1969–71 deputy. min. absorption. In 1970-72 gen. sec. Party of Labor. In 1977–79 he headed the Sheli movement. Supervised the construction of new settlements in the Nitzana area. In 1965–79 dep. The Knesset. Author of several books.
ELIGULASHVILI Joseph Aronovich (1890, Kutais - 1953, Paris), political and public figure. The son of a businessman and public figure Aron Yakobovich E. (1856, Kutais - 1938, Paris). In 1916 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Political Science and Commerce. Returning to Georgia, he joined the Social Democratic Party. traffic. After the declaration of independence of the Georgian Republic (1918), he held a number of positions in the government, including deputy. min. finance. In 1919 he was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia. On Feb. 1921, before the capture of Tiflis by the Red Army, together with E. Takaishvili, he organized the transfer of state values ​​and property abroad. Since 1921 - in France.
ELIGULASHVILI Rafael Semenovich (1907, Khoni of Kutaisi district and province - 1996, Tbilisi), economist. In the end. 1920s head 1st Jewish Library in Tiflis, worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In 1933 he graduated from the econom. Faculty of Tiflis University, then - Academy of external. trade in Moscow. Deputy prev. cargo. branch of OZET, in 1935–36 - before. In 1937–38 he was commissioned. People's Commissariat of External trade of the USSR in the Georgian SSR. In 1938 he was arrested. In 1942 he was released. In 1943–57 on decomp. adm. positions in the People's Commissariat (Min-ve) chemical. industry of the USSR, including deputy. dir. chem. s-yes in Rustavi. In 1957–65, deputy. min. trade of the Georgian SSR, in 1965–91 commissioner. Min-va ext. trade of the USSR in the Georgian SSR. At the same time. 1960–80 prez. Chamber of Commerce of the GSSR.
ELIKHOVICHI, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elekhovice in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. in E. lived apprx. 20 Jews. In 1941–42, the Jewish population of Yemen was deported to Zolochev and shot there.
ELIMELAKH Zelik Abramovich (1911 - 1942), polar explorer. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. He served in the aviation school of the sea. pilots, with con. 1930s sailed along the North. pestilence. paths on icebreakers and transp. courts first aid. captain. 25 Aug 1942 E., commissar of the icebreaking steamer "Sibiryakov", died in battle with the Germans. heavy. cruiser "Admiral Scheer" near about. Belukha in the Karsky m. The name of E. named an island in the Kara m. Near about. Dixon.
ELIN Yehoshua (1833, Lomzha - 1924, Jerusalem), society. activist. In E.-I. from 1834. In 1860 joint. with his father he bought land near Jerusalem, where the settlement of Motsa was founded (1891). Was among the founders of one of the first Hebrews. neighborhoods of Jerusalem outside the walls of the old city (1869). In 1897-1901 - member. mountains. Council of Jerusalem. Author of memoirs "Memories of the Son of Jerusalem" (1924). Son E. - David (1864, Jerusalem - 1941, ibid.), Teacher. In 1903 he was one of the founders of E.-I. Union of teachers, K-ta yaz. Hebrew (1889; later the Academy of the language. Hebrew) and his prez. (1912–41). In 1920–28 he headed Vaad Leumi (executive organ of the meeting of Jewish deputies E.-I.) E.'s son - Aviezer (1890, Jerusalem - 1971, Tel Aviv), teacher. One of the founders and hands. sports, the organization "Maccabi" and the scout movement in Israel. Son E. - Avinoam (1900, Jerusalem, - 1937, ibid.), teacher, orientalist. Inspector Heb. schools with English. mandated administration. Killed during the Arab riots.
ELIN Chaim Leizerovich (1907, Kovna - 1944, ibid.), Prose writer, elder brother of M. Elin. He graduated from Heb. g-ziyu, later studied economics. science at Kaunas University, was active in the "left" movement. He made his debut in literature in 1930 with essays in local gas. "Folksblat", then published in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. stories, essays, theater, reviews. During the German occupation in Heb. partisas. detachment, participated in battles against the Nazis. Among Lithuanian Jews he was known under the nickname "Vlados", was engaged in the rescue of children from the ghetto. 6 apr. 1944 E., identified on the street by a Gestapo agent, cut his veins so as not to surrender alive into the hands of enemies.
ELIN Meer Leizerovich (b. 1910, Kovno), prose writer, ml. brother of H. Elina. He graduated from Heb. g-ziyu and tech. Faculty of Kaunas University. Until the 2nd world. During the war he worked as a civil engineer. During the German occupation, he got into the ghetto, managed to get out of there, and fought in the partisans. detachment. After the war, he was one of the founders of the first post-war Hebrew. schools and orphanages in Lithuania. He made his debut in literature in 1931. Later he published stories, essays and art. in different Hebrews. peri-wild ed. ("Dos Wort", "Shlyakhn", "Tower", "Bleter", "Nae Bleter", "Wilner Emes", "Kovner Emes", after the war - in the gas. "Einikite", etc.). In 1948 in Moscow. the publishing house "Der Emes" published his book (with L. Gelperin) "Partisan in Kaunaser Geto" ("Partisans in the Kaunas Ghetto"). Joint. with izv. teacher G. Khatskeles compiled a Yiddish textbook "Der naer alefbeis" ("New alphabet") for Hebrews. schools of Lithuania (Moscow, 1948). In 1972 Moscow. publishing house "Sov. writer "published a book of stories and short stories by E." Zeere blikn gobn zih bagegnt "(" Their eyes met "), earlier in the main. published in f. "Sovetish gameland" under the title "Blut un vofn" ("Blood and weapons"). E. is a master of psychological novels. Since 1972 in Israel.
ELINO, a village in the Shchorsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1709. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1842, several people moved to Egypt. Jewish families from Belarus, DOS. cultivation and sale of tobacco became occupation. In 1942 Jews of Egypt were shot.
ELIONKA, a village in the Starodubsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Yelenka Starodubsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 174 Jews lived in Egypt in 1910, and 37 Jews in 1923.
ELIZAVETGRAD, see Kirovograd.
ELIZAVETGRADKA (until 1830 - Mikhailovka), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Aleksandrovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. In 1939, 39 Jews lived in Egypt. in E. settled apprx. 20 Jewish families. Main occupations - trade and handicraft. In 1894-97 grain-growing and handicraft cooperatives were organized in Egypt, which included apprx. 200 Jews. In 1901 there was a synagogue in Egypt. On May 15-17, 1919, a pogrom broke out in Yemen, staged by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and continued for several. days; most of the Jews were killed.
ELIZAVETOVKA, a village in the Maryinsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842 in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. settlers from the Poltava and Kharkov provinces. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Egypt by units of the Volunteer Army. The Jewish population of Egypt was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ELIZAVETPOL, see Ganja.
ELIZOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1912 as a settlement at the factory in Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1926, 90 Jews (12%) lived in Egypt, in 1939 - 303 Jews. 1941 Jews of Ye. Were shot.
ELBERT Boris Yakovlevich (1890, Dubno, Volyn province - 1963, Minsk), microbiologist, immunologist. Prof. (1925), Dr. med. Sciences (1939). In 1917 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev. From 1918 he served at the beginning. dignity-bacteriological lab. Kiev VO. In 1921–23 Assoc. Department of Bacteriology Kiev Institute of Advanced Training Since 1923 head. Department of Microbiology, honey. Faculty of the Belarusian State University (BSU). One of the organizers and the first director. (since 1924) Belarusian dignity.-bacteriological. in-that; at the same time. head Department of Microbiology, BSU (1925–31, 1962–63). In 1937–45, organizer and director. Kyrgyz microbiol. in-that and simultaneously. dir. (from 1939), then head. Department of Microbiology, Kyrgyz honey. in-that. In 1945–48 head. Department of Microbiology, Rostov honey. in-that and simultaneously. scientific. hands. Rostov Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Hygiene. In 1948–62 the head. Department of Microbiology, Minsk honey. in-that. Sci. tr. on questions tularemia, scleroma, tuberculosis, biology and taxonomy of capsule-forming bacteria, mechanisms of infection and immunity. Developed (with N.A. Gaysky) theoretical. the basics of using a live attenuated vaccine against tularemia and introduced into practice the cutaneous method of tularemia vaccination. Honored. Scientist of the Kyrgyz SSR (1942). Became. etc. (1946). Cit .: Microbiology of scleroma. Minsk, 1954; Microbes and viruses. Minsk, 1960; Fundamentals of Virology. Minsk, 1965.
ELKIN Boris Isaakovich (1887, Kiev - 1972, London), lawyer, publisher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1910), was engaged in advocacy in St. Petersburg, from 1913 ed. weekly gas. Pravo, was affiliated with the Cadet Party. Reacted sharply negatively to Oct. Revolution of 1917. In 1919 he emigrated to Germany, founded and headed the publishing house "Slovo" (one of the best Russian émigré publishing houses in the 1920s). From 1933 - in France, then in Great Britain. He was a friend of the writer M.A. Aldanov and the leader of the cadets P.N. Milyukov (after the death of the latter - his executor).
ELKIN David Genrikhovich (1895, Odessa - 1983, ibid.), Psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1961), prof. In 1921 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1921-22 he was in charge of the psychologist. lab. in Ying-those children. psychology of Odessa. From 1922 - at Odessa University, in 1930–76 head. Department of Psychology. The author of St. 200 scientific. works on general, children, ped., engineer psychology. Investigated psychol. mechanisms of memory, perception, attention, skills formation. Naib. known works E., dedicated. Problems of Perception of Time. Cit .: Psychology and Pedagogy of Memory. Kiev, 1948 (in Ukrainian); Perception of time. M., 1962; Engineering psychology. Kiev – Odessa, 1975.
ELKIN Mendel (1874, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1962, New York), actor, playwright, publicist. He graduated from a dental school in Kharkov, worked as a dentist. In Bobruisk he played on the amateur stage (in Yiddish and Russian). From 1900 it was printed in gas. and zhurn. in Russian lang. ("News", "Rech", "Rodina", "Tr and Isk-vo"), was edited by. socialist gas. "North-West. region ”, actively worked in the Bund. In 1912 joint. with A.D. Kirzhnits, released several. gas rooms. "Bobruisker Vokhnblat", founded the publishing house "Menachem" in Minsk, where the works were published. P. Hirshbein. After 1917 he came to Petrograd, where, together with A. Weiter, he founded a Jewish chamber theater; worked as the head. dep. claim to the People's Commissariat of Belarus. republics. In 1919 he left for Vilna, in 1920 - for Warsaw. Was dir. Jewish t-ditch, printed Art. on lit. themes, in 1922 ed. zhurn. "Yiddish Theater". Since 1923 - in the USA. One of the founders of the theater. about-va, ed. every month "Tealit", creator of children. t-ra, etc. In 1936 he was among the founders of the Center. Jewish archive and library under N.-I. in-those IVO, where until 1962 he worked as a librarian. The author of a number of prosaic, poetical. and dram. manuf., including monograph Minusinsk Proselytes, Wild Tribes in Mongolia, Siberian Jews; the plays Mottle Tremp (1928), The Suffering of Oedipus (1935); per. "Candida" (after B. Shaw), "Doctor Cohn" (after M. Nordau; both - 1923), p. Baikal Steppes (Baikal Steppes, 1934), rom. "Far fremde zind" ("For the sins of others", 1944).
ELKIS Igor Shimanovich (b. 1940, Moscow), doctor, healthcare organizer. Dr. med. Sciences (1997). In 1972 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. Since 1960 - in the ambulance system of Moscow, since 1979 deputy. ch. doctor, and since 1994 gene. dir. - Ch. doctor. Published ca. 30 scientific. work on the organization of the ambulance service. Member board Ros. honey. associations (1996). Honored. doctor of the Russian Federation (1995) Cit .: Guidelines for the provision of first pre-medical care for injuries. M., 1994.
ELKONIN Daniil Borisovich (1904, Malaya Pereshchepina, Poltava province. - 1984, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965), bp. APN RSFSR (1965), part-candidate APN USSR (1968). Brother of V.B. Elkonin. Pupil of LS Vygotsky. Graduated from a neuropsychiatric. branch of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen (1927). Ped. started his activity in 1922 in the Dergachev colony for juvenile delinquents (Poltava province). Conducted by scientific-ped. work in LGPI (since 1928), Leningrad. communist. ped. in-those (since 1938). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–53 - in the Military-ped. in-those Sov. Army (Moscow), simultaneously. since 1946 in Ying-those general and ped. psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, where he worked until 1984 (head of the laboratories of psychology of junior schoolchildren, psychology of adolescents, diagnostics of mental development of schoolchildren). Developing theoretical. Vygotsky's ideas, developed a wide range of children's problems. and ped. psychology. E. developed an effective method for teaching children to read based on sound analysis of words, made an experiment. ABC books. Studied the psyche. peculiarities of six-year-old children in connection with their inclusion in the school system. On the eve of the school reform (1984), he prepared a note to the Central Committee of the CPSU, warning against the arts. forcing det. development. Cit .: Development of speech in preschool age. M., 1958; Psychology of Learning Jr. schoolboy. M., 1974; Psychology of the game. M., 1978; Fav. psychol. works. M., 1989.
ELKONIN Victor Borisovich (1910, Malaya Pereshchepina, Poltava province. - 1994, Moscow), monumental artist, painter, graphic artist. Brother of D.B. Elkonin. Studied at VKHUTEIN. Member Society "4 Arts" (since 1930). In 1936 he worked at the Painting Workshop at the Academy of Architecture. In 1939 he painted the plafond of the parterre lobby Center. t-ra Kr. Army. 1941–45 - at the front. Naib. Izv. monum. works: panel "Moscow" for the World. exhibitions in Brussels (EXPO-58), 4 panels for owls. exhibitions in the USA (jointly with A.D. Goncharov, A.V. Vasnetsov, B.P. Milyukov, New York, 1959), decoration of the building of the USSR Embassy in Pakistan (stained glass windows, 1971), tapestries "Rus. cities "and" Moscow - the capital of the Sov. Union "for the reception hall of the USSR Embassy in Paris (1977) and many others. others Performed by machine tool. painting - ser. "Fishing nets", "Model with candles", "Chairs". Issued several. dec. book, including: "Our street" D. Vendrovsky (1967), "Devotion" I. Kharik (1970), "Forest silence" N. Lurie (1972), "Light" Sh. Gorshman. Participant of all-Union, rep., Moscow exhibitions; from 1932 participated in exhibitions abroad: owls. Isk-va in Konigsberg (1932), owls. graphics in Madrid and Marseille (1933), modern. Isk-va in the USA (1933), owls. graphics and books. registration in Leipzig (1959), "30 years of the Moscow Union of Artists" (1962), "50 years of the Moscow Union of Artists" (1982). Personal exhibitions: in 1970, 1975 (jointly with N.M. Elkonina-Rosenberg), in 1985, 1992 in Moscow. gal. "Today", in 1993 in French. gal. "Les Oread", 1996 at the State Tretyakov Gallery. Works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, other museums of the Russian Federation, private collections. decomp. countries, including Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, USA.
ELKONINA-ROSENBERG Nadezhda Mikhailovna (1910, Feodosia, Tauride Gubernia - 1980, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, muralist. She studied in Rome (1925–26), from 1927 - at VKHUTEIN at monum. department of the picturesque faculty. In 1930 she left her studies in connection with the reorganization of VKHUTEIN, joined the association "4 arts". In the 1940s. took part (together with L.A. Bruni) in the painting of the plafond Center. t-ra Kr. Army, depicting landscapes Wed-Rus. stripes. From ser. 1950s worked in the machine tool. graphics - painted in gouache, achieving a deep velvety scale (still lifes from the series "Fish", "Fruit"). Participated in the All-Union, Rep., Moscow. exhibitions. The works of E.-R. were presented at the exhibition "30 years of Moscow Union of Artists" (1962), "Exhibition of Art. 1920s-30s "(1991). Personal exhibitions: in 1975 (with VB Elkonin), in 1982 - see. exposition (both in Moscow). Prod. E.-R. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum.
ELKONINA Maria Viktorovna (b. 1935, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. Daughter of V. B. Elkonin and N. M. Elkonina-Rosenberg. In 1959 she graduated from art. Faculty of Moscow polygraph. in-that. Has issued more than 100 books, was awarded diplomas for the international. books. exhibitions in Leipzig (1959) and Vilnius (1987). Paintings: ser. "Candles", "Pyramids", "Interiors", "Figurative Space" - wood, oil, with the introduction of wood. relief. Personal exhibitions in Moscow (1980, 1983), Paris (1988). Participated in exhibitions in the USA (1990), Switzerland (1990), Italy (1991), etc. Her works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the Dostoevsky Museum in St. Petersburg, the Museum of Modern Art. art in Paris, gallery of Dr. P. Ludwig (Germany), Gregory Museum (USA), in private collections. France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA, Canada.
ELMAN Mark Moiseevich (b. 1928, Odessa), architect, designer. In 1950 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa Engineering-Construction in-that. He worked in the Institute "Giproteatr" in Moscow, then moved to the "Mosfilm" cinema, was engaged in advertising graphics. Laureate of architect. contests. Main works: a circus in Ulan Bator (Mongolia, 1960s), a theater in Cheboksary (1961), a circus in Ufa (1968). The author of the Memorial plaque in memory of the 40th anniversary of the execution of Chl. EAK (Moscow, 1992).
ELMAN Misha (Mikhail Saulovich) (1891, Talnoe Umansky u. Kiev province. - 1967, New York), violinist. He has been performing since the age of 5. In 1901–04 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. From 1904 he toured European countries, in 1908 he made his debut in the United States. From 1911 - in the USA, continued active conc. activity. In 1926 he organized a string quartet. In 1936–37 at Carnegie Hall (New York) he conducted a cycle of 5 concerts entitled The Development of Violin Music. He performed until 1967. The first performer dedicated. to him a violin concerto B. Martinu (1944), "Ecstasy-poem" by E. Isai. In E.'s repertoire, op. romantic. character. He played in ensembles (including with the singer E. Caruso). The author of the op-you, treatments of bunks. songs, violin pieces ("Romance", "Gondola", etc.), transcriptions and arrangements for violin fp. manuf. L. van Beethoven, R. Schubert, S. V. Rachmaninov.
ELNA, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elno Mozyrsky u. Minsk province. In 1921, 42 Jews lived in Egypt. In 1903, Egypt was opened for the free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations in 1882. In 1942, 46 Jews were shot in Egypt.
ELNO, see Elna.
ELNYA, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1150. From 1522 - as part of Moscow. state-va. In 1612-54 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Russia. In the 2nd floor. 17th century - a palace village, since 1776 - a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then - a province. In 1865 24 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 107, in 1901 - 30 Jewish families, in 1910 - 250 Jews, in 1926 - 567 (12, 7%), in 1939 - 289 Jews. In 1901 a synagogue was opened in Egypt. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. From 1917 to 1933, Joseph-Chaim Urinzon was the rabbi in Egypt. In 1918 the Poalei Zion branch operated. In 1931, approx. E. had a Jewish collective farm. In March 1942, 230 Jews were shot in E.. I. I. Makovsky.
ELPERIN Yuri Leonidovich (b. 1917, Davos, Switzerland), translator. Since 1935 - in the USSR. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow. state in-t foreign. lang. 1941–45 - in the army. He began to publish in 1952. Author of translations on it. lang. manuf. Russian writers. Translated rum. and rev .: "Virgin Soil Upturned" by M.A.Sholokhov, "Small Farm in the Steppe", "Holy Well" by V.P. Kataev, "Money for Maria" by V.G. Rasputin, "Heavy Sand" by A.N. Rybakov , "Colleagues" by V.P. Aksenov, "Daytime Stars" by O.F. Berggolts, "To Live Life" by V.P. Astafiev, "Not to the Court" by V.F. Tendryakov, etc. Translated poetry by Ya.V. Smelyakov , A.A. Akhmatova, K.Sh. Kuliev, S.Ya. Marshak, S.B.Kaputikyan and others; plays by Yu.K. Olesha, Yu.Smuul, A.N. Arbuzov. State pr. GDR in the region. arts and literature (1975).
ELSBERG Yakov Efimovich (ps. Ya. E. Shapirstein-Lers, J. Lers, J. Elsberg and others) (1901, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1950). Studied in history-philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1918-19). He began to publish in 1920. In the 2nd half. 1920s actively collaborated in the journal. “On lit. post. " E.'s works are peculiar to sociology. bias. Main subject - societies. activities and creativity of A.I. Herzen, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, M.Gorky. Since 1953 scientific. sotr. IMLI. Became. pr. (1949). Cit .: A.I. Herzen and "Past and Thoughts." M., 1930; Shchedrin's worldview and creativity. M., 1936; Shchedrin's style. M., 1940; A.I. Herzen. Life and creation. M., 1948; Saltykov-Shchedrin. Life and creation. M., 1953; Questions of the theory of satire. M., 1957; Features of the literature of recent years. M., 1961; Contemporary bourgeois literary theory. M., 1972.
ELSHTEIN Natan Vladimirovich (b. 1929, Chisinau - 2005, Tallinn), gastroenterologist. Doctor of Medical Sciences (1967), prof. (1972). In 1951 he graduated from Chernivtsi honey. in-t. In 1951–62 - in decomp. honey. institutions Estonian SSR. In 1962-68 Ch. therapist of Tallinn, in 1968–91 chap. therapist of the Ministry of Health of the Estonian SSR. At the same time. in 1967–96 head. dep. gastroenterology Ying-that exper. and clinics. medicine in Tallinn, since 1996 consultant in-that. In 1982–93 scientific. dir. the WHO Regional Center in the Estonian SSR. In 1970–95 before. Estonian scientific. about-va therapists. Ed. total dep. Big honey. encyclopedias (3rd ed.), ch. ed. advice zhurn. "Therapeutic Archives" (Moscow), "Gastroenterology" (Dushanbe). Author of monographs, including "Therapists and specialization of medicine" (Tallinn, 1973), "General medical problems of therapeutic practice" (ibid., 1983), "Medicine and time" (ibid., 1990). Honored. doctor of the Estonian SSR (1975). State pr. ESSR (1980).
YELSK, a city (since 1971), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 682 Jews lived in Egypt in 1923 and 1231 Jews in 1939. Since 1907 Shmuel-Dovber Beregovsky (1881 -?) Was the rabbi in E. In the fall of 1941, 434 Jews were killed in Egypt and surrounding villages. In 1941, partisans operated in the Yemeni region. detachment, whose commissar was Efim Perlov. In 1988 a Jewish cemetery was desecrated in Ye. In 1998, several people lived in Ye. dozens of Jews.
ELSNITS Alexander Germanovich (1894, Rozhdestvenka, Moscow province - 1965, Leningrad), military engineer. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1943), Dr. Sciences, prof. In 1916 he graduated from the school of warrant officers. Member of the 1st world. war. From 1918 - in the Red Army. In 1923 he graduated from the Higher. military. electrical engineering school of command staff. Served on teams. and Ing. positions. In 1932–49 the beginning. Department of Telephony Military. electrical engineering Academy (Military Electrical Engineering Academy of Communications). One of the leading experts in the region. military. telephony. Brigengineer (1940). In 1949–53 he was repressed. From 1953 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.
ELTMAN Joseph Simonovich (b. 1921, Odessa), architect. In 1949 he graduated from Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Laureate of architect. contests. Main works on the territory of Moldova: a memorial complex in Ungheni (1970s), a monument of military glory in Causeni (1970s), a monument to the victims of fascism in Soroca (1970s).
ELTSIN Boris Mikhailovich (1875, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1937), politician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Since 1897, members Odessa s.-d. union, then joined the group associated with the editorial office of gas. Iskra, since 1903 - Bolshevik. In 1903-17 he served as a zemstvo doctor and led a school desk. work in the Urals, was repeatedly arrested. In 1917-18 before. Executive Committee of the Ufa Council. In 1918-19, members. collegiums of the People's Commissariat, int. cases. In 1919–20 before. Ufa Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In 1920-21 the People's Commissar of Socialist. provision of Ukraine. In 1921–25 before. Glavpolitprosveta. In 1926-28, deputy. prev. socio-cultural section of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. In 1928 he was expelled from the party on charges of participation in the Trotskyist opposition, soon arrested and sent to the Solovetsky special purpose camp. In the summer of 1936 he was arrested again. Shot.
ELYASH Nikolay Iosifovich (1916, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1990, Moscow), art critic, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1962), prof. (1975). Graduated from the Crimean ped. Institute (1937) and theatrical scholar. Faculty of GITIS (1950). From 1938 appeared in print on issues. theory, history and modern. ballet practice. In 1951–57 he taught at Moscow. choreography uch-shche, in 1950-90 - at GITIS. The author of the book. and more than 500 st. Honored. activist of art in the RSFSR (1974). Op .: Spectator about ballet. M., 1963; Russian Terpsichore. 2nd ed. M., 1970; Ballet of the peoples of the USSR. M., 1977.
ELYASHBERG Mikhail Evgenievich (b. 1936, Minsk), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1984), prof. (1992). In 1959 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1959–63 he worked in special. Research Institute, since 1963 - at the All-Russian Research Institute organic. synthesis of Min-va chemical. and petrochem. Industry of the USSR (head of laboratory of molecular spectroscopy, head of department of physical and chemical research). Created art systems. intelligence to establish the structure of molecules by their infrared spectra and the spectra of nuclear magnets. resonance. He proposed a method for isolating characteristic. frequencies in infrared spectra using the solution of logical systems. ur-ny. Introduced the apparatus of mat. logic in molecular. spectroscopy and constructed mat. model of structural group spectral analysis. He proved the possibility of using the calculation of infrared spectra for the diagnosis of isomers of similar structure. Developed and implemented methods for calculating infrared absorption spectral curves of saturated hydrocarbons. Author of 130 tr. in the region. molecular. spectroscopy, monograph: "Molecular spectral analysis and electronic computers" (1980, in co-authorship with LA Gribov and VV Serov) and "Interpreted vibrations. spectra of hydrocarbons - derivatives of cyclohexane and cyclopentane ”(1988, in co-authorship with Gribov and Yu.Z. Karasev).
ELYASHEV Lev Efimovich (1863, Moscow - 1946, New York), politician. One of the founders of the Cadet Party (1905), member. its Central Committee. Dep. 1st State Duma. In 1918 he was arrested by the Bolsheviks, escaped from prison to the Ukraine, from there to Turkey, then to Germany. In 1925–40 - in France, one of the organizers and hands. Resp.-Democratic. associations (left wing of the Cadet party). Since 1940 - in the USA.
ELYASHKEVICH Samuil Abramovich (b. 1912, Kiev), specialist in the region. receiving television devices, popularizer of tech. TV media. He graduated in 1939 Moscow. electrical engineering in-t of communication. 1941–45 at the front. In 1948–49 he was engaged in technical. TV service. receivers on Mosk. telecentre. In 1950-64 he participated in the introduction of television. funds for the military. ships and submarines, was engaged in the design of televisions. Since 1964, leading engineer. KB Rubin TVs, participated in the development of new models, in the creation of techniques, in the preparation of reference manuals for setting up and adjusting Rubin TVs of all types (until 1989). Author of the first in the country (early 50s) popular scientific publications, reference manuals, manuals for radio amateurs and TV viewers and other books, including those translated into other languages ​​and published in many others. countries of the world in more than five million copies.
ELKAN Moisey (Moisey-Elkan Yuosefovich) (?, Tulchin, Podolsk province - 1822, Petersburg), rabbi, doctor. Rabbi in Tulchin. In 1811 he composed a hymn in Hebrew and French. lang., dedicated. Alexander I. Presumably the author of the plural. ed. "Guidelines for Teaching the History of the Jewish People." Since 1820, on the recommendation of min. spiritual affairs and plank beds. education A.I. Golitsyn, adopted in the number of honors. librarians Imp. public library to describe the book. in other Hebrew.
ELOVKA, see Eglaine.
ELTUSHKOVO, see Yaltushkov.
ELUASHVILI Ruben (1858 - 1922, Istanbul), rabbi. In 1887 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From 1902 ch. rabbi of Kutais and at the same time. ch. rabbi of Jewish communities Zap. Georgia. An active opponent of Zionism, E. argued on this topic with D. Baazov. In 1917 he founded a department in Georgia. "Agudat Israel". Since 1921 - in Turkey, rabbi of the community of Georgian Jews in Istanbul; founded a synagogue and a yeshiva.
EMBER Aharon (1878, Kovna - 1926, Baltimore, USA), orientalist, Egyptologist. Since 1891 - in the USA. Graduated from Johns Hopkins University, from 1911 assistant prof., From 1924 prof. dep. Semitic lang. Research E. Led to the search for early forms of Proto-Semitic languages. in the Egyptian language, to-ry E. considered the most ancient Semitic language. Opened phonological. the relationship of the Egyptian and Semitic languages. and his theory of the development of abstract expressions on a concrete basis. He actively participated in the life of the Jewish community of Baltimore, headed the Talmud Torah of Baltimore, one of the founders of the Jewish publ. libraries in the city.
EMDIN Lev Abramovich (1895, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1950, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Doctor of Medicine. Colonel honey. service. After graduating from Kharkov honey. Institute (1922) specialized in phthisiology in Petrograd. tuberculous in-those; in 1924-30 head. region tuberculosis dispensary in Leningrad. In 1930–38 the head. therapeutic. dep. Leningrad. Research Institute of Tuberculosis and at the same time. head physician of the medical unit of the plant "Bolshevik". In 1938–41 the head. Lengorzdravotdel, Assoc. Department of Faculty of Therapy Military-sea. honey. academy, later prof., early. course of tuberculosis in the same place, simultaneously. (from 1946) Dir. Research Institute of Tuberculosis. In 1949, in connection with the so-called. "Leningrad. deed "dismissed from the military-mor. service, removed from the post of director. in-that. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Cit .: Health protection of workers of Leningrad. L., 1939; Allergy and immunity issues in tuberculosis. L., 1948.
EMDIN Pavel Iosifovich (1883, Chausy, Mogilev province. - 1959, Rostov-on-Don), neuropathologist, neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1914), prof. (1924). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1909). He worked in L.O.Darshkevich's clinic. In 1920–24 the head. neurological. department of the clinic in Rostov-on-Don. Since 1924 - in the Rostov honey. in-those where the nerve organized and headed the clinic. diseases and neurosurgery (later - a specialized center for the South of the European part of the RSFSR). In 1952–3 he was repressed. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. changes in striated muscles after nerve ligation (doctoral dissertation), neurooncology, surgeon. and radiation therapy for brain tumors. He was one of the first in the USSR to describe the clinic and histopathology of the epidemic. lethargic. encephalitis. In 1941–45 he developed the doctrine of the phases of the wound process in the brain, proposed a method of surgeon. treatment of peripheral injuries. nerves. Described a syndrome caused by lesions of the spinal nerve roots in sacral tumors (“sacral herringbone” syndrome), proposed a method for replacing skull defects. Together with his students, he was the first in the USSR to widely apply research methods. brain - pneumoencephalo and ventriculography, developed a method of cisternal puncture. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1941).
EMELYANOVKA, a village in the Nizhnegorsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Tavricheskaya lips. Main in the 1830s. Jewish and Ukrainian settlers from Kherson province. moved to E. approx. 80 Jews from Ukraine and Belarus.
EMILCHINO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1585, was part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 1,049 Jews (42.3%) lived in Egypt, in 1926 - 1,383 (38.3%), in 1939 - 1,115 (21%), and in 1989 - 77 Jews (0.9%). Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - petty trade and decomp. crafts. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Egypt suffered from pogroms, plunder and epidemics. In apr. In 1919, the troops of the Directory carried out a pogrom in Egypt. July 1941 Egypt was occupied by the Germans. troops, to-rye in August. 38 Jews were shot, the rest of the Jewish population was exterminated in Sept. 1941. In Nov. - Dec. 1943 partisans compound gen. MI Naumov, in whose ranks many Jews fought, released Ye. And held him for 22 days. In 1999, approx. 30 Jews in E. N.M. Quiet.
ENAKIEVO (in 1928-36 - Rykovo, in 1936-43 - Ordzhonikidze), a city (since 1938) in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1883. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1920, Egypt was home to 1,888 Jews, in 1923 - 2,141, in 1926 - 2,396 (9.8%), in 1939 - 3,293 Jews. In 1903, Egypt was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from action. Provisional Rules ”1882. In 1917, a society of Jewish artists operated under the direction of Ye. F. Becker and V. Zilberberg. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Egypt, staged by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized. 28 Feb. 1942 Jews of Ye. Were gathered in four barracks. In apr. 1942 approx. 500 Jews were shot in Gorlovka. 29 Sep 1942 30 Jews were removed from Egypt and exterminated. 1948 was rejected a petition gr. Jews E. about the opening of the synagogue due to the inconsistency of the existing premises with the conditions of prayers. houses; there was illegal activity in E. minyan. In 1997, "Hesed" (director Emil Friedman) began to function in Egypt. In 1998, approx. 1 thousand Jews YN Grigorieva
ENCHMEN Emmanuil Semenovich (1891, Tiflis - 1966, Moscow), biologist. Supporter of simplified reflexology. approach to explaining human behavior. In the 1920s. came out with a nihilistic. positions in relation to science, philosophy, culture. Formulated the so-called. the theory of new biology, which in fact represented a caricatured sharpened version of reflexology; in particular, he saw in psychology a betrayal of the interests of the working class, the worldview declared “exploited. fiction ", etc. Yelena's ideas gained wide popularity among the left-wing radical intelligentsia and stimulated a sharp scientific. discussion, edges allowed to reveal clearly vulnerable places of the vulgar-materialistic. concepts. Cit .: Eighteen theses on the "theory of new biology", Pyatigorsk, 1920; Theory of New Biology and Marxism, Petrograd, 1923.
ENDZEBA, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. From 1921 to 1991 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 12 Jews lived in Egypt.
ENDZHEYUV, a city (from 1271) in the Kieleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Andreev, Keletskaya province. In 1897, 2,050 Jews (43.4%) lived in Egypt, in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews were forbidden to settle in Egypt until 1862. This ban was strictly observed. Main occupation of the Jews in the late. 19th century was the manufacture of clothing and trade. Aron Weinberg (1858 -?) Was the rabbi in Egypt from 1890. In the spring of 1940 a ghetto was created in Egypt, in which St. 6 thousand people 16 oct. 1942 approx. 6 thousand Jews were deported to Treblinka. The ghetto was liquidated in Feb. 1943, when c. 200 people were sent to a labor camp and approx. 30 people shot.
ENGEL Valery Viktorovich (b. 1961, Moscow), public figure, financier. Cand. ist. Sciences (1994). In 1983 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. The theme of the thesis is "American-Israeli relations in 1968–73." In 1983–84 one of the hands. youth ist. seminar. In 1986–89 teacher. Hebrew, in 1987–93 Rev. Jewish ist. about-va. In 1990 - one of the founders of the Association of Jewish Studies and Jewish Culture in the USSR (since 1992 - International Association of Jewish Studies and Jewish Culture), in 1990–95 Pres. associations. Since 1989, member. Council of conferences of Jewish nat. org-tions of the USSR (since 1991 - VAAD), in 1991–93 members. Pres. VAAD, since 1993 Of the Council of the VAAD of Russia. In 1993, the initiator of the creation of Kongr. nat. associations of Russia (KNOR), in 1993–97 vice-president. Congress, since 1997 member. Council. Topic of Cand. diss. “The Jewish question in Russian-Amer. relations in the con. XIX - early. XX centuries. " (on the example of a "passport" question). Finance-econom. he began to engage in activities in 1990. In 1991–93, gen. dir. moscow representation of the Belgian company "Belcorp", in 1993–94 gen. dir. Israeli-Russian joint production "Isra - Volga - Moscow", since 1994 prez. investment company SDM-Invest.
ENGEL Julius (Yoel) Dmitrievich (1868, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1927, Tel Aviv), composer, music critic and folklorist. In 1890 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University, at the same time. studied in muses. uch-shche. In 1893–97 he studied at Moscow. cons. from S.I.Taneev (counterpoint), M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov (composition) and A.F. Gedike (fp.). He wrote music - critical. Art. In 1897-1918 sotr. gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ", since 1898 head. muses. dep. Was printed in gas. "News of the day", "Rus. muses. gas. "," Muz. contemporary ”, etc. In 1906 (together with EE Lineva) he organized Nar. conservatory. Researcher and promoter of Jewish muses. folklore. In ethnogr. trips recorded samples of Jewish bunks on a phonograph songs. The songs collected by E. were published in 3 volumes in the publishing house of P.I. Yurgenson (cover design by L.O. Pasternak). He has toured with concerts as a lecturer and popularizer of Jewish music in various. cities of Russia. From 1908 onwards. member Society of Jewish music in St. Petersburg and post. prev. moscow branch of about-va. After 1917 he collaborated in music. dep. People's Commissariat for Education. From 1920 he worked in Malakhovka in a Jewish child. home. In 1922–24 - in Germany. From 1924 - in E.-I., participated in the organization of the cons. in Tel Aviv, gave concerts and lectures. The author is numerous. musicologist. Art. In 1901 he published under his editorship. Russian per. 5th it. ed. “Muses. dictionary "H. Riemann, adding to it more than 800 own. Art. about rus. musicians. Published “A short music. dictionary "(1907; 2nd ed. - 1909) and" Pocket muses. dictionary "(1913). Conducted by muses. dep. in the 4th ed. "Encyclopedic. dictionary "t-va br. A. and I. Granat (1899). Author of over 50 muses. op. - chamber instrumentation, wok., Chorus., Treatments of nar. Jewish songs. In 1922, at a concert of Jewish music organized by E. in Moscow, his music for S. Ansky's play "Gadibuk" (translated and revised by H.-N. Bialik, 1922) was performed for the first time. The play was then post. in Moscow. Jewish t-re-studio "Habima" EB Vakhtangov. In E.-I. wrote a number of romances and songs to the verses of Bialik, S.G. Chernikhovsky, A. Shlensky.
YENISEYSK (before 1676 - Yeniseisky prison), city (since 1676), regional center in Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1619.Since 1708 - district, from 1724 - Ch. the city of the Yenisei province, from 1782 - in the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, since 1804 - the district town of Tomsk, since 1823 - Yenisei province. In 1861, 211 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1864 - 155, in 1897 - 543, in 1904 - 416, in 1910 - 735 (6.9%) , in 1917 - 680, in 1920 - 239, in 1926 - 252 (4.2%), in 1939 - 107 Jews. Jewish exiles appeared in Egypt in the middle. 19th century Between 1859 and 1860 there was a wooden synagogue (official permission for its establishment was obtained from the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1910). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. Between 1913 and 1914 there was an Society for Assisting Poor Jews. By 1915, a sanatorium for Jewish teachers had been opened in Egypt. G.M.Shneerson.I.V. Us
YENISEI OSTROG, see Yeniseisk.
ENOSOVICH Yitzhok-Joseph (1909, Ezev - |), poet, publicist. Graduated from a Polish school. In 1928–39 he was engaged in various jobs. He published poems, short stories, essays about literature and art, theater, reviews, publicistic. Art. in pl. periodic. ed. In 1933 he published his collection of works in Lodz. verse. Roihike farthogn (Smoky Sunrises), in 1938 - Sat. "Shtilkite" ("Silence"). His poetry was published in Moscow in 1941. Sat. Bafrayung (Liberation). In 1941–45 he lived in Alma-Ata. In 1945–48 - in Poland, in 1948–51 - in France. Since 1951 in Argentina. In 1951, his poem A stub in shtetl (A House in a Town) was published in Paris. The discussion was caused by his book. "Mit Yiddish Schreiber in Rusland" ("With Jewish writers in Russia"), ed. in 1959 in Buenos Aires.
ENOTAEVKA, village, regional center in the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). Since 1785 - the district town of Enotaevsk, Astrakhan region. Caucasian governorship, then - Astrakhan province. Since 1925 it has been a rural settlement. 23 Jews lived in Egypt in 1864, 12 (0.3%) in 1910, 3 in 1926, and 1 Jew in 1939. part of the Jewish population of Egypt in the 19th century. were retired soldiers and artisans.
ENOTAEVSK, see Enotaevka.
ENTIN David Abramovich (1888, Shumyachi Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1957, Leningrad), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1931). Major General Med. service (1943). In 1913 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. Member of the 1st world. war, military doctor. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the Military Academy. In 1929-50 the beginning. created by him the Department of Dentistry of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. In 1942–51, Inspector Ch. Military-dignity. management (chief dentist) of the Red Army (Soviet Army). Since 1951 professor-consultant of VMA. From 1954 - retired. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1943). He was awarded 5 orders.
ENUKASHVILI Ruben Shalvovich (b. 1946, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR), linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences, Assoc. (1975). In 1969 he graduated from Tbilisi University. In 1969–71 bibliographer of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. In 1971–75 he taught at ped. in-those in Tbilisi, in 1975-92 - in Tbilisi University, in 1980-92 deputy. Dean of Philology f-that. In 1974–91 he led the course cargo. lang. for those entering universities on cargo. television. Since 1992 - in Israel. Ed. zhurn. "Drosha", sotr. cargo. dep. radio station edition. The Voice of Israel, ed. gas. "Rtsmena", scientific. sotr. Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. The author of works on philology cargo. and other cargo. language.
EPELBAUM Abram Lazarevich (1878, Poltava province -?), Politician. From 1903 p. SERP, party member. conf. in Vienna, led the party. work in Yekaterinoslav, Rostov-on-Don and Crimea. At the end of the economy. dep. Kiev commercial Institute (1913) served in the Society of Mutual Life Insurance, then - head. the office of the Society of Manufacturers and Breeders (Yekaterinoslav). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 headed by the lip. to-t of the United Jewish Socialist. slave. party (OESRP), since 1918 authorized by its Central Committee in Zhitomir and Kiev, at the same time. in 1919 p. collegiums of the municipal department Kiev Provincial Executive Committee. Since 1919, member. Central Committee of the OESRP in Ukraine and before. her Yekaterinoslavsky lips. to-that, at the same time. in 1920–21 head. dep. gubernatorial council of national economy, managing director and member. collegiums of lips. Commissariat of Labor. Since 1920 Cand. in part. The Central Committee of the OESRP, after its unification with the Bund - Cand. in part. Central Committee, then member. Central Committee of the Kombunda and before. his Yekaterinoslavskiy provincial committee. Since 1921 in the RCP (b), head. communal department and Chl. econom. Council of the Mogilev district will execute. to-that, chl. Bureau of the Evsektsiya Ukoma RCP (b).
EPELBAUM Mikhail Iosifovich (1894, Odessa - 1957, Leningrad), actor, singer (baritone). Studied at the Warsaw cons. He made his debut at the Kiev Opera House in op. "Demon" by A.G. Rubinstein. As an artist, he toured with the troupes of I.I.Korik and A.M. Vainshtein (1910, 1912), M.P. Henfer (1911), L.L. Rappel (1913, 1915/16), A. Fishzon (1914/15), N.S. Lipovsky (1916/17) and others; performed in T-re muses. comedy and drama at hand. I.P. Brandesko (Moscow, 1922), repeatedly worked with K.M. Jung. Among the naib. frequently performed roles: Avesalom ("Shulamith") and Bar-Kokhba in the same name. op-te A. Goldfaden, court singer Bartello ("Kol-Nidre" by I. Latainer), Deif ("Shir ha-Shirim" by A. Shor), Ezriel ("Semka Lec" by Maises), Dr. Schatz ("Lebedit un Lustig "I.-L.Sh.Baumvol). Acted as a drama. actor (including in the role of De Silva in the post. "Uriel Acosta"). He wrote down and processed Jewish bunks. melodies, to-rye performed in concerts, touring in many countries of Europe, America, Africa (1927–33). In 1941–45 he worked at the Novosibirsk Concentration. unification. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After his release in 1954, he resumed conc. performances, worked in Leningrad. Philharmonic. Honored. art. RSFSR (1955).
EPELBAUM Yuri Izrailevich (b. 1920, Moscow), architect. In 1945 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Before the beginning. 1960s - Ch. arch. projects in Giprogor Gosstroy RSFSR, since 1964 - in the Central Research Institute of Experimental. dwelling design (workshop manager). Main works: projects for the development of residential areas, highways, residential and communities. buildings in Novokuznetsk (1948–54), ser. standard projects of low-rise residential buildings (1952–54), project experimental. residential districts in Gorky, public-bargaining. center in Nizhnekamsk (1959-60), 9-14-floor. residential buildings in Togliatti, residential buildings by individual. projects to the center. pl. and ch. highways of Arkhangelsk (1975), complexes 9-14-storey. residential buildings in the center of Barnaul and in the new part of Ulyanovsk (1976–79), a complex of 14 floors. residential buildings and communities. buildings in the center of Tobolsk, residential complexes in Yaroslavl, Cherepovets (1980–81). Honored. architect of the Russian Federation (1992).
EPELBOIM Berish (1887, Wukin, Lublin Province - 1945, Philadelphia, USA), writer, publicist. He wrote in Yiddish. He made his debut in 1912 with a story in лодód gas. From 1914 - in Odessa, collaborated in Jewish gas. In 1920 he returned to Poland, from 1922 - to the USA. The author of the book. "Dark Roads", "In a Storm", "On the Road", "Once Upon a Time", "With Mendele Moikher-Sforim", plays "Battle", "Wanderers".
EPELBOIM Joseph Shmerelevich (1893, Hinceşti, Bessarabian province. - 1962, Chisinau), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. actively participated in the work of the Chisinau organization "Agudas Yisroel", helping Jews who fled from Russia. Participated in the creation of a home for the elderly, the opening of the first Chisinau Jewish wife in Bessarabia. religious school "Beis Yaakov". In 1928 he published gas. in Yiddish "Di voh", wrote in it under ps. Joseph Schatz. In the 1930s. released every month. Der Stub Journal. He taught the basics of Judaism at the Magen David gymnasium and in Romanian. gymnasiums. Author of the Judaism textbook Pninei ha-dat (The Pearl of Religion, 1938). Since 1945, the rabbi of Chisinau.
EPIFAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kimovsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1578. From 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 21 Jews living in Egypt, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 13 Jews.
EPPEL Asar Isaevich (b. 1935, Moscow), writer, translator. In 1957 he graduated from MISS. He was engaged in journalism, published in Moscow. gas. Translated Polish. poetry, F. Petrarch, D. Boccaccio, G. Senkevich, Serbian nar. songs by V. Karadzic, Scotland. and Irish. ballads, B. Brecht, R. Kipling, Auden, V. Nezval, B. Pasolini, Amer. poets of the 17th century and others. Translated into Russian. lang. and for the first time published the works. Polish-Jewish prose writer Bruno Schulz. The author of the book. for children, libretto and poems for the musical "Bindyuzhnik and the King" ("Sunset") based on the play "Sunset" and "Odessa Stories" by IE Babel. The musical was shown in the USSR and the USA. Scriptwriter and poems for two-ser. artist f. "Binder and the King". Since 1989, based. acts as a prose writer. Stories publ. in the journal. "New World", "Friendship of Peoples", "October", "Time and We", in the alm. April and Sagittarius. Since 1994 he has been the head of the column "Squaring the circle" in gas. "Mosk. news". Awarded Polish. ord. "For services to Polish culture." Works: Travyanaya street. M., 1994; Champignons of my life. M., 1996.
EPSHTEIN (real fam. Pinsky) Moishe-Mordkhe Girshevich (1875, Ozarichi Bobruisk u., Minsk province. - 1977, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of Sh.G. Pinsky. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. He studied at the "Tomkhey-Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. In the 1900s –20s. rabbi in the Mogilev province. From the beginning. 1930s rabbi of Leningrad. In 1937 he was arrested and soon released. In 1950 he was arrested again, in 1954 he was released. In 1954–76 unofficial. rabbi of the Hasidic community of Leningrad. Since 1976 - in Israel.
Epstein Abraham (1892 - 1942), economist, sociologist. Since 1910 - in the USA. He specialized in the problems of the elderly and their economics. support, has become a leading attorney in finance. assistance to pensioners. By his active actions, he prepared the ground for the adoption of the Act on social services. support 1935. In 1939 the federal government introduced amendments to the Act, taking into account many. E.'s recommendations. In 1927, Amer organized. association of social. support for pensioners and the elderly, which in 1933 was transformed into Amer. association of social. support. In 1934-37 the US representative in the League of Nations as a consultant on issues. social support of the population. He taught at Brooklyn College and New York University. Main Tr .: "Black Migrants in Pittsburgh" (1918), "Face to Old Age" (1922), "The Problems of Retired Workers in Industry" (1926), "The Troubles of Old Men" (1928), "Insecurity, America's Problem" (1938 ).
EPSHTEIN David Arkadievich (Arie-Leibovich) (1898, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1985, Moscow), chemist-technologist, methodologist. D. ch. APN USSR (1968). In 1922 he graduated from chem. Faculty MVTU. He studied there in graduate school and taught at the workers' faculty, then - at the department of technology of mineral substances. In 1932–51 - in the Military. academy of chem. protection. In 1951–85 - in Moscow. mountains. in-those improvement of teachers and in n.-i. in-takh APN RSFSR (USSR). The lab was in charge. app. chemistry, then lab. polytechnic education in the study of the foundations of science. Main work in the region. theoretical foundations of chem. technology, chemistry and technology of bound nitrogen, the development of urgent problems of bunkers. education, polytechnic. education, teaching theory, methods of teaching chemistry. In 1959–65 he took an active part in revising the content of school education. One of the authors of the textbook "Inorganic Chemistry", which survived several. editions. Cit .: Synthetic. Nitric acid. M – L., 1933; Chemistry and technology of bound nitrogen. M. - L., 1935 (textbook for technical colleges); Catalysis and its development in the course of school chemistry. M., 1955; Combustible minerals and their chemical. processing. M., 1959; The problem of polytechnization of secondary schools. M., 1977.
Epstein Ephraim (1829, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1913, Chicago), surgeon. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1850 - in the USA. In 1856 he graduated from theological. seminary in Androver (Massachusetts), in 1859 - medical-surgeon. College of Columbia University. He worked as a surgeon in Thessaloniki and Bitola (Macedonia), served as a military man. doctor in the Austrian navy during the war with Italy (1866). After returning to the United States, he was engaged in medical practice. In 1880 he was promoted to pastor of the Baptist Church in Yankton (state of South Dakota), but because of religion. disagreements with the flock soon left the church. Took part in the creation of un-that - the first higher. educational institution in pcs. South Dakota, which opened in 1882 in Vermilion. The first rector of this university. He worked in Vermilion until 1885, then taught at a college in Bethany (West Virginia), was engaged in honey. practice.
Epshtein Esfir Danilovna (b. 1954, Gorky), chess player. Int. master (1972). Trainer. Participant of 7 championships of the USSR (1972–84), including in 1976 took 2nd place. Winner and medalist of the international. tournaments: in Leningrad (1972, 1st - 2nd), Halle (1974, 1st), Novgorod (1976, 1st), Sochi (1980, 4th). Since 1990 - in the USA. As part of the US national team, a participant in the World. chess. Olympiads (1992).
Epshtein German Veniaminovich (1889, Vilna - 1935, Moscow), parasitologist, protozoologist. Prof. (1926). Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. f-that (1912) and honey. f-t (1915) Moscow. un-that. Since 1918 Art. Assistant of the Department of Zoology at the 1st Moscow State University. In 1919 he participated in the organization of Ying-that infec. diseases them. I.I. Mechnikov, headed (until 1935) a protozoologist. separation. At the same time. (since 1923) worked at the Department of Histology Biol. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, supervised (since 1924) created by him at the department lab. protozoology. Since 1926 - in Ying-those Microbiology of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR (prof.); in subsequent years he was also in charge of the fish diseases sector of the All-Russian Research Institute of Pond and Fish. x-va, dep. protist genetics Ying-that experiment. biology, dep. protozoology in dep. honey. parasitology of VIEM. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. ch. arr. parasitic. protozoa, as well as rickettsioses, spirochetosis, leptospirosis, bacterial cytology. Established (1928, jointly with S.I. Tarasov) the existence of a natural focus of leptospirosis in the center. parts of the RSFSR. He proposed original methods for staining blood elements, as well as blood parasites. One of the organizers of Rus. protistological ob-va (1921). Cit .: Pathogenic protozoa, spirochetes and fungi. M. - L., 1931; Workshop on parasitic protozoa and spirochetes. M. - L., 1940; Parasitic amoeba. M. - L., 1941.
EPSHTEIN Grigory Yakovlevich (1897 - 1964, Leningrad), orthopedic traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1936). In 1921 he graduated from Petrograd. in-t honey. knowledge. In 1921–34, an intern at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, in 1934–36, Head. by branch will restore. surgery of the Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics; in 1936–40 head. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the 3rd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that; in 1941–46 deputy. dir. and dir. Leningrad. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics; in 1946–51 head. the chair will restore. surgery LIDUV; in 1954–64 head. traumatological. dep. Leningrad. n.-i. children orthopedic. in-ta them. G.I. Turner. Main scientific. tr. dedicated problems children. traumatism, treatment of congenital hip dislocations, scoliosis, org-tion of traumatology. helping children, as well as treating gunshot wounds to the extremities, false joints. He developed a technique for osteoplasty. Vol .: Treatment of false joints and delayed consolidation. L., 1940; Gunshot wounds to the limbs. Foot injuries. L., 1946 (et al.); Pediatric traumatology and reconstructive surgery. L., 1964 (et al.).
EPSHTEIN Yehuda (1870, Mogilev province - 1946, Johannesburg), painter. He studied at the drawing school in Vilna, then in Vienna at the Academy of Arts with Eisenmenger. Prize for the painting "Polish Jews playing chess", M. Beer Ave. in Berlin for the painting "Saul and David". In 1920 in Vienna he received the title of professor. Since the 1920s. - in Italy.
EPSHTEIN Yehezkiel (Isidor) (1894, Kovna - 1962, London), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. From the beginning. 1900s - in France, since 1911 - in Great Britain. He studied at the yeshiva in Pressburg, in 1926 he graduated from the University of London. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1921-28 he was a rabbi in Middleborough. Since 1928, librarian at the Rabbinical Seminary in London, since 1948, rector. Translated into English. lang. and edited the Talmud. Author tr. on questions Jewish law and Jewish philosophy. Author of articles on Judaism for the Britannica encyclopedia.
EPSHTEIN Ierohim Yakovlevich (1899, Grodna - 1981, Moscow), civil engineer. In 1924 he graduated from Leningrad. horn. Institute, in 1931 - Higher. engineer-building courses. From 1916 he worked at construction sites. In 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. From 1933 ch. Ing. and early. Office of the building of the Kuznetsk metallurgical comb-that. In 1938 he was repressed; worked at the building of the Norilsk Combine. In the 1960s and 70s. deputy. early Office cap. building complex. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1963). Linen. etc. (1966).
EPSHTEIN Joseph Moiseevich (1895 - 1980, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1949). In 1922 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1924-68 he worked at the Department of Urology in the same place (from 1930 - 1st MMI), headed the department since 1949. Sci. tr. dedicated tuberculosis of the genitourinary system, physiology and pathology of urination, causes and treatment of urinary incontinence in women, kidney and ureteral injuries, urinary tract anomalies, etc. Chl. reign of Vses. and before. Moscow about-in urologists. Cit .: Current issues of urinary incontinence in women. M., 1932 (et al.); Kidney tuberculosis. M. - L., 1941; Military trauma of the genitourinary organs and its treatment. M., 1947 (et al.); Urinary incontinence. M., 1949; Urology. M., 1959 (2nd ed. - 1966).
Epshtein Mark Isaevich (Moisey Tsalerovich) (1899, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1949, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist, theater artist. In 1911-18 he studied at the Kiev Art. school for sculpt. departments. In the 1920s. E. formed as a master Monum. sculptures: "Statue of a Woman" (1919), "Motherhood", "Loader" (both - 1927), "Man with a Cradle" (1929) - a production in which E. solved the problems of organizing volumes, identifying dynamics, balance forms. Since 1918, member. art section of the Kiev "Culture League". In 1923–32 he headed the Jewish art-prom. school, worked as an illustrator book. and zhurn. publishing house "Kultur-League". For black and white graphics E. is characterized by the laconic compositional solution. In 1926–30 he took part in the design of the performances of the Jewish T-dvs of Kharkov and Odessa ("Ristokraten", "Koimenkerer") and T-ra Kunst-Winkle in Kiev ("Trust", "10 days in alarm"). In 1927-28 he completed the graphic art. ser., dedicated life of Jewish farmers. colonies. Member of the association sovr. masters of Ukraine (OSMU, 1927–32). After moving to Moscow (1932) he performed the memorial. MI Kalinin (Kalinin), bas-reliefs on the facade of the Mus.-ped. state in-ta them. Gnesins in Moscow, portraits, including T.G. Shevchenko, acad. A.D. Arkhangelsky.
EPSHTEIN Mechislav Germanovich (1830, Warsaw -?), Financier. Rod. in the family of a banker. In 1871 he founded the Warsaw Accounting Bank - one of the first joint stock companies. banks in Ros. empire. Member bank council. He took an active part in the railway. construction, financing of the industry, director-manager of the share. about-va sugar and refinery plant "Germanov", about-va sugar plant "Constance", share. about-va sugar and refinery plant "Lyshkovice". He was the Belgian consul in Warsaw.
Epshtein Mikhail Naumovich (b. 1950, Moscow), literary critic, culturologist. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. He began to publish in 1976. Published art. on the problems of literature in the journal. "New World", "Friendship of Peoples", "Questions of Literature" and others. humanitarian intelligentsia "Club of Essayists" (1982-87), "Image and Thought" (1986-88), "Laboratory of Contemporary Culture" (1988-89). Since 1990 - in the USA. In 1990–91 he was a fellow of the Institute of Kennan in Washington, then prof. University Emory (Atlanta). In his works he explored the ways and patterns of the new artist. thinking, manifested in the art of sovr. avant-garde, religious and philosophical searches of the late Soviet era, paradoxes of everyday mythology and its ideological refraction. Vol .: Paradoxes of novelty. On the literary development of the XIX – XX centuries. M., 1988; Nature, the world, the secret of the Universe ... The system of landscape images in Russian poetry. M., 1990; Relativistic models in totalitarian thinking: a study by Sov. ideological language. 1991; Paternity. 1992; New sectarianism. Types of religious and philosophical attitudes in Russia. 1993.
EPSHTEIN Moishe-Iekhiel (1890, Ozharov of Opatovsky u. Radom province - 1971), rabbi. In 1913 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1927–53 - in the USA. Since 1953 - in Israel. One of the leaders of the party "Agudat Yisroel" and member. Council of Sages of the Torah - ch. organ of this party. Main tr. - "Esh dat" ("The Fire of Faith", vols. 1-11, 1956-64) and "Beer Moshe" ("The Well of Moses", v. 1-2, 1979). State pr. Israel (1968, rabbinical literature) for scientific. activity.
Epstein Pavel Zygmundovich (Paul Sophus) (1883, Warsaw - 1966, Pasadena, California, USA), theoretical physicist. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1930). In 1901–05 he studied at Moscow. un-those, then worked there for P.N. Lebedev. In 1911–13 he trained under A. Sommerfeld in Munich. In 1919–21 privat-doc. Zurich University. Since 1921 - in the USA, prof. California technol. Institute (Pasadena), since 1953. prof. Main tr. on the theory of diffraction, quantum. theory, theory of atomic structure, thermodynamics, theory of elasticity, fluid mechanics. Constructed a theory of diffraction by a parabolic. cylinder. Formulated (independently of K. Schwarzschild) a general quantum. theory of multiple-periodic. systems and applied it to explain the splitting of spectral lines in electric. field (Stark effect). Author of a textbook on thermodynamics (1937).
Epshtein Shakhno (A.B.) (1883, Ivye Oshmyansky u.Vilenskaya province. - 1945, Moscow), publicist, public figure. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1903 in the Bund. From 1905 printing. into gas. Folkszeitung. Member of the 7th Congress of the Bund. Arrested. In 1909-17 - in the USA. Comp. in the Jewish socialist. press, led active societies. work. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. He actively published in the Jewish and Russian press, edited individual publications, including Komunistiše shtim. In 1919–21 sotr. in Evsektsiya, headed the association of Yiddish writers. In 1921-29 - again in the USA, published in the left-wing press, ed. communist. gas. Freigite, Der Gamer. In 1929 he returned to the USSR, Ch. ed. Kharkiv zhurn. "Di dig Velt." From ser. 1930s - in Moscow, sotr. into gas. Yiddish. Since 1942 Responsible. sec. EAK, ed. his organ is gas. Einikite. Author of the book: "Der shney" ("Snow". New York, 1911); Knut Hamsun (Warsaw, 1912); "Dos arbets-folk in I. L. Pereses verk" ("People-worker in the works of I.-L. Peretz". Yekaterinoslav, 1918); "Freelings Toy" ("Spring Death". Kovno-Berlin, 1921); Inem land fun der socialist revolution (In the country of social revolution. New York, 1928, published in Kharkov in 1929 and 1933); "Baim oifgang" ("At sunrise". M., 1929).
EPSHTEIN Solomon Borisovich (b. 1925, Vitebsk), painter, graphic artist. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Painting of IIZhSA. Creativity E., dedicated. ch. arr. compositional dynamism is inherent in the portrait: “Viktor Khara sings” (1961), “Entering the image. (Innokenty Smoktunovsky) "(1971)," Portrait of V.N. Gribov "(1979)," Cinema Artist Isaac Schwartz "," Bella Manevich "(both - 1988), large-format canvas" Mstislav Rostropovich is Playing "(1960-90 .), performed family portraits: “The family of the veteran Otech. War of Arkady Furems "(1985)," In Kamchatka. Tea ”(1993),“ Art Lessons. Self-Portrait with Daughter ”(1993–94). Still life plays an important role in revealing the spiritual world of the characters in some works: "Portrait of NP Akimov" (1971), "Self-portrait with family" (1978). Works in the landscape genre: he created small sketches depicting the state of nature ("Neva. Big Shipyards", 1969, "Morning on the Neva", 1971), and paintings with deep content ("Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery", 1962, "On the Oka" , 1979, etc.). Since 1952 participates in all exhibitions of the Leningrad State University. branch of SH. In 1983, a personal exhibition took place. E.'s works are kept in museums of the Russian Federation, in private collections. USA, Israel, Norway, Germany, Japan and other countries.
EPSHTEIN Yakov Solomonovich (1902, Kiev - 1958, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electrical engineering. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov technol. in-t. In 1927–41 he worked at the Kharkov electromechanical. s-de (engineer - head of the group). In 1941–45 at the Kemerovo electromechanical. z-de, then in Proektno-restore. Trust of the USSR People's Commissariat for Electrical Industry. Since 1946 the designer of Moscow. electrical machine building. w-yes. Under the arm. E. developed ser. synchronous electric machines recognized in the 1930s. the best in the world. practice of electrical engineering. In the 1940s and 1950s. led the organization of production-va new ser. electric machines and other electrical equipment. Became. pr. (1949).
Epstein Zalman (1860, Lyuban, Bobruisk u., Minsk province - 1936), publicist. Brother of I. Epstein. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. In 1890-1900 sec. Odessa Palestinian to-that. He began to publish in 1881 in Gamelitz. Under ps. Shelomo Gaelkoshi E. published a cycle of nostalgic. romantic. short stories about the life of the town. The author of Art. about L.N. Tolst and I.S. Turgenev. Hebrew was published in the journal. "Ben-Ami", "Ha-Zman", "Ha-Shiloah", "Ha-Tsefira", in Yiddish in gas. Der tog. From 1925 - in E.-I.
Epstein Jean (1897, Warsaw - 1953, Paris), film director, screenwriter, film theorist. He studied in Switzerland, Lyons un-those, where he studied mathematics and medicine. At the same time. worked in a lab. br. Lumiere was an assistant to L. Delluk, was engaged in film criticism. From 1922 he made short films on his own. f .: "The Red Hotel" (1922), "Faithful Heart" (1923), "The Beautiful Nivernezka" (1924), "The Lion of the Mughals" (1924), "Afisha", "Double Love" (both - 1925), who appeared predecessors of the coming poetry. realism in French. cinema. Naib. means. f. E .: "The Fall of the House of Escher" (1928), doc. tapes "Finis Terrae", "Mor'Vran" (both - 1929). In subsequent years, E. shot several. commercial f., as well as approx. 20 short films. f. commissioned by the UN and UNESCO. One of the greatest theorists of cinema, Art. and book. E. Influenced Europe. cinema. The author of the book: "Today's poetry", "Hello, cinema!" (both - 1921), "Lyrosophia" (1922), "Cinematography Seen from Etna" (1925), "Photogeny of the Elusive" (1935), "Intelligence of the Machine" (1946), "Cinematograph of the Devil" (1947), "Spirit cinema "(1955). He wrote prose, author of two novels.
ERBSHTEIN Boris Mikhailovich (1901, Petersburg - 1964, Kuibyshev), theater designer, graphic artist. He studied drawing with a distant relative - I.I.Brodsky. In 1918–23 - in Petrograd. art-uch. maternal in cl. K.S. Petrov-Vodkin and at the same time. (1918–20) at the Scenic Skills Courses. fast. from V.E. Meyerhold. Member Society "Young Art", "Free Workshop" (Petrograd, 1917). The first stage work - costumes for graduates Theater. school (Leningrad). In the scenography of E. post. performances: "The Crime of Nelly Watson" by VF Trakhtenberg, "The Arsonists" by AV Lunacharsky, "American Blood" by E. Sinkler - in Drum. t-re (all - 1924); "Michael Kramer" G. Hauptmann (1924), "Face-to-face confrontation" br. Tour and L.R. Sheinin (1938) - in Academic. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin; “Catherine II” by J. Offenbach (1925), “Black Amulet” by NN Strelnikov (1927), “Seller of Birds” by K. Zeller (1936) - in the T-re of Musical Comedy; BALavrenev's "Rift" (1927) in the Young Theater; "Red Poppy" by R.M. Glier (1928) in Academic. t-re op. and ball .; Don Pasquale by G. Donizetti (1931), Fadetta by L. Delibes (1936), Rigoletto by G. Verdi (1936) - in MALEGOT; "The Miser" by Moliere (1938), "The Constellation of the Hounds of the Dogs" by KG Paustovsky (1939) - in the Novy T-re, etc. In 1932 he was arrested "for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" and exiled. In 1938 he returned to Leningrad. In 1941 he was again arrested "for espionage." Released in 1947, he worked in t-ts of small towns, where he designed approx. 60 performances, including in the Gorky Opera House - "Aida" by Verdi and "Pan Voevoda" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1958), "Native House" by B.S.Romashov (1958) - in Academic ... t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin.
ERBURG I. (real name and surname Irina Ilyinichna Ehrenburg) (1911, Nice - 1997, Moscow), translator, writer. Daughter of I.G. Ehrenburg. In 1918–24 she lived in Russia, then in Paris, where she graduated from the school and faculty of psychology at the Sorbonne. In 1933 she returned to Moscow. In 1934 she published essays "Notes of the French. schoolgirls ". Translated from French. lang. more than 20 books, including: "The Life of Alexander Fleming" by A. Morua, "Toulouse-Lautrec" by A. Perrusho, "Hope" by A. Malraud, book. A. Style, P. Dex, R. Vaillant, J. Laffitte and others. During the war of 1941–45 she wrote essays for the Soviet Information Bureau, gas. "Cr. Star "," Coms. true". In the end. 1942 - early. 1943 corr. arm. gas. "Let's destroy the enemy." Prepared by full. publication of the "Black Book" (edited by Ehrenburg and VS Grossman). Author unpublished. book memoirs "And she lived", to-ruyu made children. rec. period of Civil. war and military. diary 1941–45. After the death of her father (1967), she was actively involved in the preparation and publication of his works, including the 7th book. memoirs "People, years, life", Sobr. op. in 8 volumes.
ERDELEVSKY Konstantin Moiseevich (Kopel Moshkovich) (1876, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1908, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province), politician. From ser. 1890s Social-Democratic participant movement in Odessa, in 1903 joined the anarchists - "Makhaevites". In 1904 - in Yekaterinoslav, one of the organizers of the "Party for the Struggle against Small Property and All Power". In 1905, members. gr. anarchist communists in Elizavetgrad, was preparing a terrorist. acts and bomb making, 17 Dec. 1905 organized the explosion of Liebman's coffee shop in Odessa. Arrested on December 31. rendered arms. resistance, feigned insanity in prison, placed in a psychiatrist. hospital in Odessa, then transferred to St. Nicholas in Petersburg, from where he fled. In the end. 1906 went abroad, in Geneva headed gr. anarchist communists "Rebel", edited by the same name. gas. In 1907, members. “Groups of rus. anarchists-communists "in Vienna, since autumn - one of the hands. "Combat intern. detachment of anarchist communists ". From the end. 1907 - in Russia, participated in the creation of combat groups. anarchists in the south. cities. In the spring of 1908 he was arrested, released for lack of evidence, and again went abroad, where he participated in the activities of the anarchist. groups. In the fall of 1908 he returned to Russia to coordinate the actions of the anarchists, and was hunted down by the police for a conspiratorial. apartment in Vinnitsa, in tech. 13 hours together with the anarchists S. Lifshits and A. Lisyansky provided arms. resistance, after setting the building on fire, committed suicide.
EREMIEVKA, see Veremievka.
EREMICHI, a village in the Korelichi district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 258 Jews (29.8%) lived in Egypt, in 1921 - 113 Jews. Since 1894, Eliezer was a rabbi in Egypt. Meretsky (1862 -?) The Jewish population of Egypt was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ERENBURG Ilya Grigorievich (1891, Kiev - 1967, Moscow), writer, publicist, public figure. Excluded from the 6th grade. gymnasium for participation in the roar. org-tion. In 1908 he was arrested, emigrated to Paris, continued to roar. activity, then moved away from the Social-Democratic Party. He began to publish in 1910 (collection "Poems", Paris). Then came the poetry. collection "I live", "Dandelions", "Everyday life", "Children's", "Poems about the eves", "Thoughts", etc. In 1915-17, corr. Russian gas. (These materials are collected in the book "Face of War", 1920). In July 1917 he returned to Russia; Oct the revolution did not accept, which manifested itself in Art., publ. into gas. Moscow and Kiev (Sat. "In the hour of death". SPb., 1996), and in poetry written from November. 1917. In 1921-24 he lived in Berlin, actively collaborated in the Sov. print. Rum. "The Unusual Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students ..." (1922) and "The Wild Life of Lazik Roitshvanets" (1928) - philosophical-satirical. panorama modern life of Europe and Russia. In subsequent books. ("The Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov", 1923, "Love of Zhanna Ney", 1924, etc.) the author's focus is on the conflict of duty and feelings, the opposition of man to ob-wu. Then in the production. E. intensified criticism of the "bourgeois. morality "(" Thirteen Tubes "," Trust DE "- both books - 1923). In the beginning. 1930s returned to the USSR. Rum. "Day Two" (1933) dedicated. builders of the 1st five-year plan. In 1936–39 he took part in civil. war in Spain as corr. Izvestia. About the events of the beginning. 2nd world. war is narrated in rum. The Fall of Paris (1940–41). From 1941 to 1945 E. performed almost daily in the Sov. and nick. press from Art. and pamphlets (collected in the three-volume War. M., 1942–44, Chronicle of Courage. M., 1974). The events of the war are reflected in the rum. The Tempest (1946–47). Name of pov. "Thaw" (1954), which reflected the mood of the owls. people in the first year after the death of J.V. Stalin, became a household name. In 1961–65 publ. rec. "People, years, life" (book 1-6). Joint. with V.S. Grossman was comp. "Black Book" - book. memory of Jews subjected to genocide in the years of the 2nd world. wars (Jerusalem, 1980). E. was repeatedly elected dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1950), Vice-President. Worldwide Peace Council (since 1950). Became. pr. (1942, 1948), Mezhdunar. Became. pr. "For strengthening peace among peoples" (1952). Works: Sobr. op. In 8 volumes. M., 1927–28; in 5 volumes. M., 1952–54; in 9 volumes. M., 1962–67; in 8 volumes, Moscow, 1990 (6 volumes - 1997) .E .'s grandson - Alexander Vadimovich Pantsov (b. 1955, Yegoryevsk, Moscow region), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1993). Since 1979 scientific. sotr. Institute of International slave. movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on polit. history of China in the 1920s and 40s.
ERENLIB Abram Lazarevich (Yanovsky Bronislav Boleslavovich) (1898, Lyulin - 1938, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Battalion Commissar (1936). Member RSDLP since 1916. Comp. owls. military. intelligence since 1921. Together with his brother, he founded a bargaining in Berlin. company "Vostvag" - the first in the commercial network. pr-th Intelligence. management (RU) of the Red Army abroad, where he worked until 1925, contributed to the development and improvement of the residences of the RU Red Army in Germany. In 1926 he was sent to D. Vostok, to China, where he established a branch of Vostvag and created a new market. the firm. In 1937 he was recalled from abroad and arrested. Shot Brother E. - Aron (Yanovsky Sigismund Boleslavovich) (1897, Minsk - 1937, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Battalion Commissar (1936). Member RSDLP since 1917. Comp. RU Red Army from 1922. Until 1925 he worked in Berlin, assistant of the USSR Embassy in Germany. In 1925-29 to the center. apparatus of the RU RKKA, office. early 2nd (undercover) dep. He graduated from the one-year Advanced Course in Intelligence (1929). From 1929 to the mark. work, in particular, opened a branch of "Vostvag" in Urga (Mongolia). Summoned from London in 1937 and arrested. Shot.
YEREVAN (until 1936 - Erivan), city, capital of the Republic of Armenia. Main in 782 BC e. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1849 - the center of the Erivan province. In 1918-20 it was the capital of the Republic of Armenia, in 1920-91 it was the Armenian SSR. In 1863 10 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1896 - 165, in 1897 - 270 (0.9%), in 1904 - 520 (including permanent residents - 73, temporarily - 447), in 1910 - 270 (0.9%), in 1926 - 60, in 1939 - 236, in 1959 - 584 (0.1%), in 1970 - 654 Jews (in including 27 Georgian Jews, 10 Mountain Jews, and 4 Bukharian Jews). In 1819–26, Jews from other cities were artisans. In 1891 in the Erivan province. lived approx. 50 Jewish families - immigrants from Persia. In Ye. There was the Sheikh-Mordechai synagogue (closed in 1928) and a rabbi not recognized by the authorities. To the end. 1897, in view of the streamlining of the registration of the Jews of the Transcaucasus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs subordinated the Erivan city Jewish society, as it did not have its own rabbi, the rabbi of Tiflis (modern Tbilisi). ch. dir. Rus. dram. A.G. Ridal was a doctor in E. In 1940 A.L. Klebansky actively participated in the commissioning of a plant for the production of synthetic. rubber in E. In 1990 in E. Osn. Society of Armenian-Jewish friendship "Arev", in 1991 a Jewish community was established, headed by the representative of M.-M. Schneerson Gershem-Meir Burshtein (b. 1961, Yerevan). In 1991 a Sunday school "Torah Or" was established, in 1992 - an evening yeshiva, in 1994 - a Jewish cemetery, in 1996 - a synagogue and "Orot Hesed". Since 1997 ed. weekly "Coelet". In 1999, approx. 1 thousand Jews in E. Vladimir (Waldemar) Abramovich Boberman (1897 - after 1948), painter. Since 1923 - in Germany, the author of works in the style of impressionism.
ERIN Boris Vladimirovich (1921, Moscow - 2008), director. Graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. M.S. Shchepkina (1948), GITIS (1953). 1941–45 - in the army. From 1957 dir., In 1964-68 ch. dir. Belarusian t-ra them. Y. Kupala (Minsk). Since 1972 - in Kiev Rus. dram. t-re them. Lesia Ukrainka, in 1968–85 staged performances at the Theater named after Y. Kupala (Minsk) and T. Y. Kolas (Vitebsk), in rep. Youth Theater (Minsk). Among the post. E .: in T-re im. Y. Kupala - "Fox and Grapes" by G. Figeyred (1957), "Forgotten by all" and "Eccentric" by N. Hikmet (1958, 1964), "Lyavonikha in Orbit" by AE Makaenko (1961), "The Fourth" K.M.Simonov (1962), "Chamber" by S.I.Aleshin (1963), "Into a Blizzard" by L.M. Leonov (1965), "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky (1968), "Playing with a Cat" I. Erkenya (1976); in T-re im. Y. Kolas - "The Wedding of Krechinsky" by A. Sukhovo-Kobylin (1981), "Elena's Island" by Y. Shaban (1982), "Filumena Marturano" by E. de Filippo (1983); in the Youth Theater - "Blue Snow" by Shaban (1975), "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare (1976), "Nakhalenok" after M.A.Sholokhov (1980). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1984).
ERLIKH Alexander Genrikhovich (1912, Petersburg - 1985, New York), political scientist, economist. Doctor of Philosophy (1953), prof. (1955). Son of G.M. Erlikh, brother of V.G. Erlikh, grandson of S.M. Dubnov. Since 1918 - in Poland. From the gymnasium. years he participated in the revolutionary movement, was repeatedly arrested. In the beginning. 1930s studied at Berlin un-those, expelled in 1933, continued his education at Warsaw free un-those. From 1939 - in Lithuania and the USSR, in 1941–42 - in Canada. From 1942 - in the USA, worked in the department. Slavic studies of the New York publ. b-ki, at the same time. studied at the New Institute for Social Research. In 1949–54 he worked at Cambridge University, specialized in the study of owls. economy. In 1955–82 prof. owls. Economics of Columbia University (New York). Author tr. on the problems of economic. development of the USSR, including monograph. "Sov. industrialization 1924-1928 "(1960).
Erlich Heinrich (Gersh-Wolf) Moiseevich (1882, Lublin - 1942, Kuibyshev), politician, publicist. Son-in-law of S.M. Dubnov. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he joined the Bund. In 1904 he was arrested and expelled from Warsaw University for participating in a demonstration against anti-Semitism. After his release - in Germany, he studied political economy at Berlin University. In 1905 he returned to Warsaw, worked at the party. periodic. publications. In 1906 he entered the legal profession. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, at the end of which (1908) settled in Warsaw, was engaged in advocacy, continued illegal. school desks. work. In 1909 he was arrested again, after his release he left for France, in 1910 he returned to Warsaw. In the years of the 1st world. war in Petrograd, part. editorial boards of the Bund editions "Ditsayt", "Day", "Jewish News". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee of the Petrosovet, on the 1st All-Russia Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in the fall of 1917 Time. Council Ros. republics (Pre-parliament). On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (united) (Dec. 1917) elected member. Central Committee. From 1918 - in Poland, in the 1920s – 30s. one of the leaders of the Polish. Bund, member. his Central Committee, leading party. publicist, ed. gas. Volkszeitung, 1931-39 member. Executive Committee Socialist. International. The author of the book. (in Yiddish) “In the struggle for revolution. socialism "(1934)," The main thing in Bundism "(1935)," Forverts and the Bund "(1935). In the fall of 1939 he fled to the USSR, was arrested in Brest, approx. He spent 2 years in prisons in Moscow and Saratov. On Sept. 1941 released, with the approval of the Sov. authorities, together with V. Alter, developed a plan for the creation of Mezhdunar. Jewish antifash. to-that. In oct. 1941 evacuated to Kuibyshev, in December. 1941 arrested, soon shot in a local prison.
ERLIKH Semyon Lazarevich (1868, Chisinau - 1930, Odessa), pathomorphologist, specialist in laboratory diagnostics. After graduating in 1894 honey. Faculty of Kharkov University until 1900 worked as a laboratory assistant at the Department of Pathology in the same place. In 1900–30, he headed the clinical diagnostics he created. lab. and Institute of laboratory diagnostics in Kharkov. One of the founders of laboratory diagnostics in Russia. Main scientific. tr. E. dedicated. methods of laboratory diagnostics for decomp. pathological. states. Installed laboratory diagnostics. signs of adrenal tumor (hypernephroma), investigated the histogenesis of neurogenic tumors; developed a method of layer-by-layer research. human secretions when decomp. diseases. Head of scientific. schools of laboratory doctors, among the students of E.: A.Ya. Altgauzen, E.I. Freifeld et al. Vol .: To staining dry blood preparations with methylene blue and eosin. Kiev, 1909; Calcified decay and calcified elastic fibers in sputum in tuberculosis. Kiev, 1920; On the question of neurogenic fibromas, Kharkov, 1925 (et al.).
ERLIKH Victor Genrikhovich (1914, Petrograd - 2007), literary critic. Doctor of Philosophy (1951), prof. (1959). Son of G.M. Erlikh, brother of A.G. Erlikh, grandson of S.M. Dubnov. Since 1918 - in Poland. In 1937 he graduated from the Warsaw Free University. In 1937–39 lit. ed. zhurn. "New life". From 1939 - in Lithuania and the USSR, in 1941–42 - in Canada. Since 1942 - in the USA. In 1942–43 sotr. Jewish Encyclopedia (in Yiddish). From 1943 - in the army, in 1944–45 - at the front, fought in Europe. In 1945–48 he studied Russian. literature at Columbia University. In 1948-62 the professor. at the University of Washington (Seattle), in 1961-63 deputy. dir. Institute of the Far East and Russia in the same place. In 1963–68 and 1970–77 - at Yale University, head. dep. Slavic languages. and lit-ry. In 1973–77 he was vice-president. American Slavic Association. The author of the book. on the history of Russian. Literature, Cit .: Russian formalism. SPb., 1996.
ERMAN Yakov Zelmanovich (1896-1918), revolutionary. R. in the family of a small merchant. He studied at Petrograd. polytechnic in-those. Member RSDLP since 1915. In 1917 - before. Tsaritsyn mountains. thoughts and councils. In 1917-18 - before. Of the Executive Committee of the Tsaritsyn Council. He took an active part in the formation of the Kr. Army. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Mortally wounded on the way to Tsaritsyn.
ERMANSKY (real family. Kogan) Osip Arkadievich (1867, Akkerman of Bessarabian province - 1941, Moscow), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. The son of a small artisan. He studied law. f-those Novoros. university (Odessa). For participation in the student. movement in 1888 was exiled to the Caucasus. In 1891 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he met G.V. Plekhanov, P.B. Axelrod, V.I. Zasulich, R. Luxemburg. From 1892 - member. s.-d. org-tion. After graduating from the Zurich Polytechnic (1895) he returned to Russia; one of the hands. Union of Social-Democrats k-tov and org-tions of Southern Russia "and gas. "Southern worker". In 1902 he emigrated again, after the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - a Menshevik. From 1905 he worked in St. Petersburg, a delegate to the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). After 1907 he studied literature. activities, ed. a number of gas. In the years of the 1st world. war is one of the hands. Petrogr. The "Initiative Group", which stood on internationalist positions, was the author of a number of antiwar wars. leaflets, collaborated in the Menshevik. press. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 ed. center, the Menshevik organ Rabochaya Gazeta (March-May). Delegate of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (June); elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee from the Menshevik faction. In Sept-Dec. ed. and sotr. left-Menshevist. gas. "Spark". Participant Democratic. meetings (Sept.), part. Pre-Parliament (Oct.), one of the leaders of the Menshevik Internationalist faction. After Oct. 1917 advocated the creation of a "homogeneous socialist. pr-va ". In the end. nov. - early. Dec delegate Excessive Congress of the RSDLP. He offered the Mensheviks to join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in order to “create a counterbalance to the Bolsheviks. tactics ". In the spring of 1918, together with the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, he moved to Moscow, ed. g. "Workers International". In 1919 he was elected a member of the Socialist Party. Academy, in 1920 - dep. Mossovet. In apr. 1921 left the RSDLP. He was engaged in research in the region. rationalization and scientific. organization of labor, studied and promoted best practices. In 1933–36 - head. Department of Economics and Organization of Production MVTU. Created "Psychophysiological. concepts "in Sov. science org-tion of production. E. Memoirs "From the Experienced" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927) is a valuable source on the history of the Social-Democrats. movement in Russia. Works: Scientific organization of labor and production in the Taylor system, Moscow, 1925; The tragedy of waste in production, M.-L., 1929; Theory and practice of rationalization, M.-L., 1933.
ERMLER Friedrich Markovich (real name and name Breslav Vladimir Markovich) (1898, Director of Vitebsk province - 1967, Leningrad), film director. Participant of Civil. war. In 1923–24 he studied at the acting faculty of Leningrad. in-that screen art. Filmed in episodic. roles ("Red Partisans", "Tea", both - 1924). He worked in the script department. to / st "Sovkino". Organizer of the KEM (Film Experimental Workshop). Dir. "Lenfilm". He made his debut eccentric. comedy "Scarlet fever" (1924). In 1926 joint. with E. Ioganson put f. "Children of the Storm" and "Katka-Bumazhny Ranet". In 1928 he filmed the story of EM Zamyatin "The Cave" (f. "House in the Snowdrifts"). Naib. Izv. f .: "Parisian Shoemaker" (1928), "Fragment of the Empire" (1929), "Counter" (1932, jointly with S.I. ), “The Great Citizen” (1938–39), “She Defends the Motherland” (1943), “The Great Turning Point” (1946, Bolshaya Prospect on the Moscow City Festival in Cannes), “Unfinished Story” (1955). Last E.'s work - doc. f. "Before the Court of History" (1965) is a kind of monologue by a long-term prisoner of owls. prisons, emigrant V. Shulgin. Nar. art. USSR (1948). Became. etc. (1941, 1946 - twice, 1951).
ERMLER Mark Fridrikhovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), conductor. F.M. Ermler's son. In 1956 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class N.S. Rabinovich. Since the same year, the conductor of the Bolshoi Theater. Under control. E. were op: "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades" by P. Tchaikovsky, "Ivan Susanin" by M. I. Glinka, "The Stone Guest" by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, "Prince Igor" by A. P. Borodin , "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ...", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Sadko" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov; "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" by M.P. Mussorgsky, "The Wedding of Figaro" by V.-A. Mozart, "Fidelio" by L. van Beethoven, "Carmen" by J. Bizet, "Traviata", "Aida", "Othello »J. Verdi. Conducted the premiere of op. "The Story of a Real Man" by SS Prokofiev and a number of op. owls. comp. From the end. 1980s - In Great Britain. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980). State pr. RSFSR them. M.I. Glinka (1978).
EROFEY PAVLOVICH, urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Skovorodinsky district of the Amur region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1909 as a railway station in the Amur region. In 1939 in E.P. lived 61 Jews.
ERSHICHI, a village in the Ershichi district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Roslavl u. Smolensk province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Egypt.
ERSHOV, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Novouzensky u. Samara province. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Egypt.
ERUSALIMSKY Arkady Samsonovich (1901, Stary Bykhov, Mogilev province - 1965, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1938). From merchants. families. In 1919–21 he studied history. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Samarkand University. Since 1921 in Moscow. Graduated from public-ped. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the 1st Moscow State University (1923). He studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION. In 1924 - early. 1925 in scientific. a business trip in Berlin and Paris, was engaged in the study of international. relations of Germany in the 2nd half. 19th century In 1925–41 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. Institute of Red Progressure (1930–32), MIFLI (1932–39), Higher Diploma. schools (1939–41), East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1944–56). In 1941–45 early. foreign dep. gas. "Cr. Zvezda ", being at the front, visited the Majdanek concentration camp (Poland), was present in Karlshorst on 8.5.1945 when the act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956, 62 headed the Commission of Historians of the USSR - GDR, since 1956, head of the department. Germ. Academy of Sciences in Berlin, member. owls. delegation at the UNESCO meeting in New Delhi (1956), participated in the "round table" on peace consolidation and disarmament in Warsaw (1961). During the preparation of the trial in the "case of doctors" (1952) one of the few refused to sign the "letter of repentance" Heb. intelligentsia to I.V. Stalin, E. - specialist in the history of Germany and international. relationships in modern times. Ed. and deputy. prev. commission for the publication of the publication "Intern. relations in the era of imperialism: Documents from the archives of the tsarist and Provisional pr-va. 1898-1917 "(Ser. 2, 1900-1913, M.-L., 1938-40; Series 3, 1914-1917, v. 1-10, M.-L., 1931-38). Ed. and the author will enter. Art. "Thoughts and rec." O. Bismarck (vol. 1–3, Moscow, 1940–41). Works: Ext. politics and diplomacy germ. imperialism at the end. XIX century, M., 1948 (State pr. USSR, 1949; 2nd ed. - M., 1951); Germ. imperialism: History and modernity, M., 1964; Bismarck: Diplomacy and Militarism, M., 1968; Colonial expansion is capitalistic. powers and liberates. movement of the peoples of the South. Africa and China in the XVII XIX centuries, M., 1974.
ERUSHALMI Eliezer (1903, Settlement of Minsk province - |), writer, publicist. In 1925 he graduated as an external student. school, studied the humanities in Kharkov, Kovensky and Konigsberg un-takh, received the degree of Doctor of Science. A publicist made his debut in the literature. articles in riga rus. gas. "Today". He began to write in Yiddish in 1927. At the same time. was also printed in Hebrew. In 1941 he ended up in the Siauliai ghetto (Lithuania), where he headed a public school. In 1942-1943 tech. secretary in the apparatus of the Judenrat, wrote down the stories of the ghetto prisoners. In 1944 he managed to escape into the forest to the partisans, then served in the Sov. Army. June to Sept. 1945 in Lodz (Poland) - Member. Heb. ist. commission, then moves to Italy, conducts work among the Hebrews. refugees. Since 1949 in Israel. The first book is a short Heb. history in Yiddish - published in 1946 in Rome. The book was published there in 1947. about the life and work of H.-N. Bialik. In 1959, the book was published in Tel Aviv. "The Death of the Jews of Lithuania" in Hebrew, based on materials collected by Ye. In the Siauliai ghetto. In 1958, the book was published in Jerusalem. "The history of Siauliai", and in 1960 in Berlin, the book. about the children of the ghetto. For the novel "From the northern forests to the Carmel mountains" E. was awarded the World Heb. Congress.
ERZAKOVICH Boris Girshevich (1908, Akmolinsk - 1997), musicologist, composer. Doctor of Lawsuit (1966). Ch.-c. AN KazSSR (1967). In 1930 he graduated from the Omsk muses. technical school (class of fp.), in 1949 - Alma-Ata cons. in the composition class of E.G. Brusilovsky (studied polyphony with V.A. Sushkov). In 1931–43 he worked in the decomp. muses. institutions of Alma-Ata, in 1944–48 - deputy. dir. opera and ballet t-ra. In 1939-48 - Responsible. Secretary of the Organizing Committee of the Union of Composers of Kazakhstan. In 1950–87 he taught at the Alma-Ata cons. (courses of polyphony, arrangement, history of Kazakhs, music), since 1970 - prof. At the same time. worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR: in 1945-68 - scientific. sotr., head. sector of lawsuit, head. sector theater, and image. Isk-va of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, since 1969 head. dep. Music Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.E. made a great contribution to the formation and development of prof. muses. culture of Kazakhstan. From 1931 he worked on collecting, processing and studying Kazakh, muses. folklore (about 2500 samples recorded); published Sat. "Nar. songs of Kazakhstan "(Alma-Ata, 1955)," Songs of Kenenpa Azarbayev "(1955), etc .; processed and published Sat. manuf. bunk bed composers-singers Mukhita, Birzhan, Abai, Zhayau Musa. The intonation structure and thematism are Kazakh. songs formed the basis of his own. cit .: Overture in Kazakh. themes (1936), the poem "Tulegen Tokhtarov" (1944) for orc., 2 string quartets (1937, 1948), sonatas for piano, collection of works. "Little Musician" (20 pieces on Kazakh themes, 1960), wok. cit., music for performances, etc. In numerous. musicological works of E. Kazakh, music is explored in decomp. aspects: historical, genre, music and stylistic. A number of works are devoted to specific representatives of Kazakhs. muses. culture. Among the main. tr. Е .: “Creative connections Kazakh. and Russian. music "(Alma-Ata, 1962)," Song culture of the Kazakh. people "(Alma-Ata, 1966)," Muz. Kazakh heritage. people "(Alma-Ata, 1979)," Historiography Kazakh. muses. folklore "(Alma-Ata, 1986, jointly with Z. Kospakov)," At the origins of the Kazakh. musicology (based on materials of Russian scientists of the 19th century) ”(Alma-Ata, 1987). Honored. active lawsuit in the Kazakh SSR (1945).
ESCHKOL (Shkolnik) Levi (1895, Oratov Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1969, Jerusalem), statesman. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1911 he studied at the Higher. Jewish school in Vilna, joined the "Tseirei Zion". From 1914 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers in Petah Tikva, then in Rishon LeZion. In 1918–20 he served in the Jewish Legion, in 1920 he took part in the creation of the Degania Bet settlement. From 1934 he was engaged in the rescue of Jews in Germany. In 1937-51, the director. irrigation. company "Mekorot", at the same time. since 1940 p. Nat. management of Gagana, in the 1940s. worked in her finance. dept. In 1942–45 sec. Party Mapai. During the War of Independence - Deputy. min. Defense, one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces. Since 1949 - Treasurer of the Jewish Agency, at the same time. in 1948–63 it was headed by the Land Department (on the initiative and under the direction of E., 371 new settlements were created and St. 60 expanded). In 1952–63 min. Finance of Israel, initiator of the building of the National. plumbing. In 1963–67 the premiere was held. and min. defense of Israel. A quarter in Jerusalem and an area in southern Israel (Hevel Eshkol) are named after E.
ESCHKOLI Aharon-Zeev (1901, Lodz - 1948, Jerusalem), writer, literary critic, ethnographer. Doctor of Philosophy (1928). In 1920–24 he studied at Berlin University. In 1925-30 and 1937-39 - in Paris. Since 1930 - in E.-I. In 1928 he defended his doctorate. diss. about Kabbalah and Hasidism. In 1939 he founded teaching in Jerusalem. Institute and headed it. 1941–45 - soldier. rabbi in the Jewish Brigade Brit. army. The author of the book. on the history of messianic movements in Jewish history, Hasidism, the lost tribes of Israel.
YESHURIN Efim (Chaim) (1885, Vilna - |, New York), publicist, bibliographer. He studied in Russian-Hebrew. school, graduated from the city. He worked as an assistant. pharmacist at the pharmacy. Accepted the act. participation in the activities of the Bund. In 1906–07 he lived in Paris, from there he left for the USA. He settled in New York. In 1921–59 he was a cashier at the Forverts publishing house, was actively involved in societies. work. Lit. the operation began in New York. Heb. gas. in 1918. Published Art. about socialist. movement in the United States, on pedagogy, literature. From 1936 he took up the Hebrew. bibliography, printed art. in Forverts about the life and work of Heb. writers. There was also ed. pl. publications on literature and culture.
ESILIS Chaim (dates unknown), prose writer. He was a carpenter in the metro Soklets of Podolsk province, composed funny stories. One of these stories - "The second railway from Karbinets to Yurkach" was published in 1874 in Zhitomir. It told about small-town cabbies-balagul, to-rye united in a "trust" to resist the railway. Written by this man. simple language, strewn with proverbs and jokes. Sholem Aleichem highly appreciated E. humor. E. - the author of the book. "Boruch whisper" (Warsaw, 1880).
ESMAN Iosif Gavrilovich (1868, Vileika, Minsk province - 1955, Baku), specialist in the region. hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR (since 1945). R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. Graduated from Petersburg. technol. Institute (1892). Engineer worked. by rail transport and water supply. In 1902-22 he taught at St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those (from 1913 prof.), in 1917 - dean of mechanic. f-that. In 1922-45 prof. and head. Department of Hydraulics, Azerbaijan Polytechnic. Institute in Baku (since 1928 - rector). At the same time. in 1924–53 - consultant to the Azneft trust. Honored. active Science of the AzSSR (1927). work dedicated. hydraulics and hydraulic power, in particular, the study of the movement of viscous fluids through local resistances, turbulence of flows, as well as the creation of a theory and calculation methodology for piston and centrifugal pumps. Introduced the concept of stickiness. Developed the theory of gas movement in metallurgy. furnaces, proposing in 1910 for mat. calculations formulas named after him. Supervised the design of oil pipelines and pumping stations. Prev Baku department Rus. tech. about-va (1923–26). Hero Tr. (1932). His name was given in 1943 Energetich. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR. Prev Scientific and technical about-va of builders of the AzSSR (1929–44). Cit .: Hydraulics. In 2 hours, St. Petersburg, 1911; On the theory of gas movement in metallurgy. ovens, Baku, 1924; Centrifugal pumps, M.-L., 1927 (3rd ed. 1931); Fundamentals of uneven fluid movement in an open channel, M.-L., 1934; Nasosy, M.-L., 1935 (3rd ed., M., 1954).
ESMONS, see ESMONS.
ESKIN Alexander Moiseevich (1901, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Theatrical figure. In 1919–22 he studied honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1920 he created self-employed people. team - 1st Moscow student music-vocal-dram. the "Gaudeamus" circle, played in the vaudeville "Because of the Mouse", arranged concerts for the benefit of poor students, invited famous actors to participate in them. All R. 1920s organized lectures of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, the proceeds from which went to the fund of young talents. In 1925-28 he lived in Georgia, participated in the organization of tours of the Moscow Art Theater and Theater. Sun Meyerhold in Tiflis. In the 1930s. administrator in the t-ral of Moscow. Since 1936, Dir. House of the actor in Moscow, prepared its opening (Feb. 1937) and permanently directed it. Author of memoirs "In our house" (M., 1973; 2nd ed. M., 1980). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1967) E.'s daughter - Margarita (b. 1933, Moscow - 2009, ibid.), editor of television programs, theater administrator. In 1956–80 on Central Television, ed. , deputy. ch. ed. programs for youth. In 1980 she headed the department. preparation of the opening and closing ceremonies of Olympus. games in Moscow. Since 1987, Dir. Centre. at home of the actor.
ESSEN Maria Moiseevna (party ps. Beast) (1872, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1956, Moscow), party leader. From the beginning. 1890s participated in the roar. movement, chl. s.-d. circles in Yekaterinoslav, Saratov, Kharkov, Odessa, since 1897 members. Kiev "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of Slaves. class ". In 1899 she was arrested and exiled to the Yakutsk region. She fled in 1902, soon emigrated. In 1903, members. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP, joined the Bolsheviks. In 1904 she was co-opted into the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1905, members. Petersburg, in 1906 - Moscow. to-tos of the RSDLP, participated in the organization of combat squads in St. Petersburg. In 1907 from polit. activity has departed. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Dep. Tiflis Council slave. dep., in 1918 joined c. Social-Democratic internationalists, joined the RCP (b) in 1920. In 1921–25 the head. dep. agitation and propaganda of the Tiflis Committee and Zakavk. regional committee of the party. From 1925 - in Moscow, worked at the State Publishing House, in 1927–30 - at the Istpart under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Lenin's Institute, taught at the Communist. in-those journalism, in 1933–42 sotr. Goslitizdat. Cit .: In the era of the birth of the party. 2nd ed. M., 1934; The first assault. M., 1957; Meetings with Lenin. M., 1972.
ESSENTUKI, a city (since 1917) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1798 as Russian. military border post Essentuksky, since 1860 - the village of Essentukskaya, Pyatigorsk okr. Tersk Region In 1926, 127 Jews (0.5%) lived in Egypt, and in 1939 - 581 Jews. 1942 Egypt was occupied by the Germans. troops. At the same time. a Jewish community was created under the chairmanship of a local Jewish lawyer; and the registration of the entire Jewish population of Ye. 2-5 Sept. 1942 in the village of a glass factory near [[Mineralnye Vody, the Jewish population of Ye. And evacuated Jews from Leningrad (present-day Petersburg), Chisinau and other us. points - approx. 500 people The executions were carried out by the SS and Russian. by the police. 29 oct. In 1942, 483 Jews were shot. In 1948, a Jewish petition to open a synagogue in Ye. Was rejected. P. Goldstein, A.B. Super.
Essentuki, see Essentuki.
ESSENTUKY, see Essentuki.
ESTIS Nikolay Alexandrovich (b. 1937, Khmelnik, Vinnitsa region), painter, graphic artist. In 1958 he graduated from Moscow. graphic artist uch-shche. In the 1970s. cycles have been created: “Based on the production. Garcia Lorca "(1970-75, lithograph.)," Wings "(1978-79, boom., Temp.). Among other works: the cycles "Birds" (1983-93, boom., Temp.), "Figures" (1983-93, boom., Temp.), "Towers" (1990-93, c., Temp., boom., temp.), a number of comp. under the numbers (x., temp.). The themes "Birds", "Figures" E. develops many. years, repeatedly returning to this or that canvas or graphic. sheet. Writes Ch. arr. tempera on canvas, paper, creates the rhythm of color combinations; using thin brushes, complements painting with complex graphics. Since 1966 personal exhibitions of E. took place in Moscow, Orel, Zlatoust, Tallinn, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk; in 1991 - in Israel, Finland, in 1996 and 1997 - in Germany, Norway (more than 30 exhibitions in total). E.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Pushkin Museum, other museums in Russia, in the collections of many. countries, including Hungary, Germany, Greece, Israel, Spain, Italy, Poland, France, USA.
ESTIS Oleg Nikolaevich (b. 1964, Moscow), graphic artist. Son of N.A. Estis. In 1985 he graduated from Moscow. artist uch-shche "In memory of 1905". In 1977 he began working in books. and machine tool. graphics, collaborated in “Det. Literature "," Little Boy "," Crocodile "," Theater "," Results ". Ser. Gorodok (1990–93) testifies to E.'s connection with Jewish traditions, conveys the atmosphere of small-town life. "Paradoxical Portraits" (1994–96) carry certain features of surrealism, at the same time the ser. Leafing through Bram. From 1979 post. participant of all-Union, rep., Moscow, international exhibitions. International laureate competition of caricatures "Ancona-87" (Italy), 1st Ave on the international. exhibition of cartoons in Bulgaria (1987), Grand Prix International. competition "Music" in Belgium, 1st Ave at the 2nd Intern. showroom fig. for the press in Brazil (1993). Four solo exhibitions took place in Moscow (1994–96). Machine tool exhibitions. graphics were held in Russia, Finland, Brazil, Germany. Works are in private collections in Hungary, Germany, USA, Finland, Israel.
Estrin Yakov Borisovich (1923, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Chess player. Int. master (1975), grandmaster (1966), international. ICCF Correspondence Arbitrator (1969). Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1977). Shahm. theorist and writer. Lawyer. Bronze. medalist of the Moscow championship in 1949. Winner of the international. tournaments in Albena (1973) and Leipzig (1976). World champion (1972–75) and USSR (1960–62) by correspondence. Winner of the 8th correspondence course Olympiad (1977–80) as part of the USSR national team. Comp. "Small debut encyclopedia" (M., 1985). Cit .: Defense of two horses. M., 1970; Grunfeld Defense. M., 1979 (et al.); Opening course. 6th ed. M., 1980 (et al.).
Estrin Zalman Nakhimovich (1906 - 1982, Petrozavodsk), operetta artist. From 1930 after graduating from Moscow. theater. studio worked in the Youth Theater, T-re op. and the ball. in Sverdlovsk. In 1945–55 - in Moscow. region t-re op-you, in 1955–82 - in the Petrozavodsk music and drama. t-re. Played approx. 50 roles. Among the best roles of E.: Volyapyuk ("Silva" by I. Kalman, 1958), Njegos ("The Merry Widow" by F. Legar, 1961), Jailer, Zupan ("The Bat", 1957, "The Gypsy Baron", 1964, both - I. Strauss), Garbuz ("Sevastopol Waltz" by K. Ya. Listov, 1961), Popandopulo ("Wedding in Malinovka" by B.A. Alexandrov, 1956), Prince ("Kumokha" by R.S. Pergament, 1959) ... Took part in ballet performances: Aibolit (Doctor Aibolit by IV Morozov), Michaud (The Rivals by P. Hertel), Sancho (Don Quixote by L. Minkus). Put the muses. comedy "Beauty Contest" by A.P. Dolukhanyan (1970, jointly with D. Utikeyev). Honored. art. RSFSR (1959), people. art. Karelian ASSR (1966).
ESTULIN Isai Veniaminovich (1917, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Tech. sciences. In 1941 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–45 he worked in defense. plant in the Urals. In 1945–68 - at Moscow State University, in the laboratory. atomic nucleus of SINP. Since 1968 - in Ying-those kosmich. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the 1950s. E. developed a new direction in physics - spectroscopy of gamma radiation, arising from the capture of slow neutrons by nuclei. He was engaged in the development of methods and the creation of precision equipment for registration and spectroscopy of gamma radiation. He proposed an original method for measuring the absolute intensity of gamma radiation using a slit flat ionization chamber; conducted experiments to measure the polarization of nuclear gamma radiation. Later studies. associated with the registration of a hard e-magn. cosmic radiation. objects on arts. satellites of the Earth.
Etingen Lev Efimovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), anatomist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). In 1955 he graduated from Leningrad. sanitary-hygienic in-t. In 1955–58 he was a post-graduate student of the Department of Normal Anatomy of the 1st MMI, from 1958 an assistant, from 1967 the head. Department of Normal Anatomy of the Tajik med. Institute (Dushanbe). Sci. tr. E. dedicated. the study of the structural foundations of the human immune system, the impact of high mountains on decomp. systems of the body, the structure of the circulatory and lymphatic. systems, changes in the circulatory system in extreme conditions (with hypoxia, hypokinesia, vibration, etc.), lymphatic features. systems of vertebrates in phylo- and ontogenesis, age-related changes in lymphatic. nodes and blood vessels. Cit .: The lymphatic system of the urogenital organs of man. Stalinabad, 1961 (et al.); Ovarian vascular system in health, pathology and experiment. Dushanbe, 1965; Lymph node. M., 1978 (et al.); Man and highlands. Dushanbe, 1982 (et al.); Essays on functional anatomy. Dushanbe, 1987 (et al.); The human immune system. M., 1996 (et al.).
Etinger Yakov Gilyarievich (1887, Minsk - 1951, Moscow), cardiologist. Prof. (1935), Dr. med. Sciences (1937). In 1909 he graduated from Natural-Math. f-t Konigsberg un-that, in 1913 - honey. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1914–17, a military resident. hospital, in 1918–20 early. hospital in Kr. Army, in 1920–21 head. separation of mountains. hospitals in Vitebsk. In 1922-29 he was an assistant, in 1929-31 privat-doc. Department of propaedeutics, int. diseases honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1st MMI). At the same time. (1922–33) head. therapeutic. branch of Moscow. hospitals them. Medsantruda. Head departments of propaedeutics, int. diseases (1932–41) and medical therapy (1941–49) pediatric. Faculty of the 2nd MMI. In 1950 he was arrested in connection with the preparation of the "Doctors' Plot" and died in the Lefortovo prison. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. decomp. problems of cardiology (including heart damage in rheumatism), pulmonology. Introduced means. contribution to the development of the electrocardiographic method. diagnostics of acute myocarditis, myocardial infarction. Member reign of Vses. about-va therapists.
Etinger Yakov Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Minsk), orientalist, Africanist. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1975). Born into the family of a professor-cardiologist L.Ya. Sitterman, in 1947 he was adopted by prof. Ya.G. Etinger. In 1941–42 he was in a ghetto in Minsk, fled and hid for more than two years. Since 1944 - in Moscow. In 1950–54 he was imprisoned. In 1955 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1956–89 - at Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of 10 books. and more than 300 st. according to international-polit. and national ethical problems of developing countries, problems of Stalinism, polit. repression and anti-Semitism in the USSR. Responsible ed. and the author of a number of collective monographs. Participant pl. int. conf. and seminars. One of the organizers of the Memorial Society (1988), co-ed. Moscow associations of victims of polit. repression, deputy. prev. of the human rights association “Cit. world ", chl. Board of Governors Intern. associations of historians to study the roots, causes and consequences of Stalinism in the USSR and other countries. Member Coordinator. council and board of scientific and educational. center "Holocaust", "Association of Jews, former prisoners of ghettos and Nazi concentration camps", "Mosk. tribunes ", Intern. Federation of Human Rights, Vol .: Expansion of the Federal Republic of Germany in Arab Countries and Africa. M., 1963; Interstate relations in Africa. M., 1967; Interstate organizations of Asia and Africa. M., 1976; Developing countries at the UN. M., 1979.
ETINGOF Boris Evgenievich (1887, Vilna - 1958, Moscow), politician. From 1903 p. RSDLP, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (October 1917), was a member of the 1st Bolshevik. edition of gas. "News". In 1918, the People's Commissar for Education of the Terek Sov. republic, in 1918-19 ed. gas. "Nabat" (Baku) and "Communist" (Vladikavkaz). At the end of the Civil. war - in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, the People's Commissariat of the USSR (head of the department of the Bl. East), in 1927-29, general. consul in Turkey. In 1929–31, dir. printing house VTsIK, head. publishing houses "Power of the Soviets" and "Federation". In 1933–34, deputy. early Glaviskusstva of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1934–36, members. Top. Ships of the USSR, simultaneously. prof. Department of State and Law Mosk. jurid. in-that. In 1936 he was expelled from the party, reinstated in 1954. Author of a number of essays on the history of the Revolution. movement in Russia.
ETINGON (Eitingon) Naum Isaakovich (Leonid Alexandrovich) (1898, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major General of State Security (1945). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Military. Academy of the Red Army (1925). Since 1919 in the organs of the Cheka, before. Smolensk province Cheka, deputy. prev. OGPU of the Bashkir ASSR. In 1925-28 he was in intelligence work in China (in 1925-27 he was vice-consul of the USSR in Beijing, in 1927-28 he was in an illegal position). In 1928–30 - in Turkey, press officer of the USSR embassy. In the 1930s. to the center. apparatus of the OGPU-NKVD. In 1936–38 he participated in civil. war in Spain, deputy. foreign resident dep. NKVD A.M. Orlov (ps .: Gen. Kotov), ​​upon returning to the USSR - again to the center. apparatus of the NKVD, participated in the development of the plan for the assassination of L.D. Trotsky, in 1940 directly supervised its implementation. In 1941-51 deputy. early subdivisions of the NKVD-NKGB-MGB, engaged in intelligence-sabotage. activities behind enemy lines. In 1951 he was arrested on charges of belonging to a Zionist organization. Released in March 1953. After the fall of L.P. Beria, he was arrested again and sentenced to 12 years in prison. After his release (1964) he worked as an editor at the International Book Publishing House.
ETKIN Valentin Semenovich (1931, Novoshakhtinsk North Caucasus Territory - 1995, Moscow), radio physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). After graduating from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin (1954) taught there. One of the organizers of the Problem Radiophysic. lab. at in-those. Head of the School of Radiophysicists. Since 1966 - at the Institute of Cosmology. research USSR Academy of Sciences (IKI), head. dep. Main tr. by radiophysis. and aerospace. methods of sounding underlying surfaces. Participated (with co-workers) in long-term aerospace. observations north-east. parts of the Quiet approx. One of the organizers of the joint venture. Russian-Amer. research in the region. aerospace oceanology; in 1992 jointly. with scientists of un-that J. Hopkins carried out a large-scale experiment "PRECHERT-92", in which he was involved in growing. and Amer. flying laboratories, research. court, cosm. satellite "Almaz-1". Eco-friend suggested direction of conversion military-app. aerospace research ("ECOS"). The author of St. 300 scientific. publications. State pr. USSR (1983). Works: Parametric microwave systems on semiconductor diodes. M., 1964 (co-authored with E.M. Gershenzon); Semiconductor amplifiers and microwave converters. M., 1983 (et al.).
ETKIND Alexander Markovich (b. 1955, Leningrad), psychologist. Cand. psychol. Sciences (1985). After graduating from Leningrad State University (1976) he worked at Psychoneurological. in-those them. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1988–90 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow). In 1990–93 Art. scientific. sotr. branch of the Institute of Sociology RAS in St. Petersburg. Author approx. 100 works on social and clinics. psychology, political. sociology. Scientific-publicist had a wide resonance. Art. (in collaboration with L.Ya. Gozman), dedicated. psychol. analysis of societal-political. the situation in Russia at the turn of the 1990s, in particular. the perception of this situation by Jews. In the book. “Eros of the impossible. The history of psychoanalysis in Russia ”(St. Petersburg, 1993),“ Sodom and Psyche. Essays on the Intellectual History of the Silver Age ”(Moscow, 1996) E. presented a broad overview of the cultural life of Russia in the 1st half. 20th century, history of psychology. science, in particular. detailed the role of M. Wolf, L.S.Vygotsky, A.B. Zalkind, S.N. Spielrein, M.E. Eitingon.
ETKIND Efim Grigorievich (1918, Petrograd - 1999, Paris), literary critic, translator. Prof. (1952), Dr. philol. Sciences (1965). Brother of M.G. Etkind. In 1941 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was expelled from the graduate school of Leningrad. in-that foreign. lang. He taught at the Tula ped. in-those, in 1952–74 prof. LGPI in Leningrad. Sci. research dedicated problems poems. translation. Was a witness for the defense at the trial. the trial of I.A. Brodsky (1964). Author of "Letters to Young Jews Striving for Emigration", trans. foreword G. Böll to rum. AI Solzhenitsyn "In the first circle", published in "samizdat". In the beginning. 1970s was persecuted for supporting Brodsky and Solzhenitsyn, was expelled from the Writers' Union, fired from LGPI. Since 1974 - in France. In 1975-85 he taught Russian. literature at the Sorbonne. Released with gr. French Slavicists two-volume translation of A.S. Pushkin, op. M.Yu. Lermontov, an anthology of Rus. poetry from A.D. Kantemir to Brodsky, where he translated the verse. O.F.Berggolts, B.A. Slutsky, I.L.Selvinsky, E.M. Vinokurov, with him. translators - a one-volume book by AA Akhmatova and others. "The trial of Joseph Brodsky" and others. book, including "Poetry and Translation" (1963), "On the Art of Being a Reader" (1964), "Conversation about Poems" (1970), "Berthold Brecht" (1971), "Rus. poets-translators from Trediakovsky to Pushkin "(1973)," The Crisis of One Art "(1985)," Symmetrical Compositions in Pushkin "(1991)," There Inside "(1996).
ETKIND Mark Grigorievich (1925, Leningrad - 1979, ibid.), Art critic. Cand. lawsuit (1961). Brother of E.G. Etkind. From 1934 he studied at Wed. artist school at the Academy of Arts. In 1943–48 - in the army (in 1943–45 - at the front). In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Theory and History of Art IZHSA. Taught history of arts at Leningrad State University. choreography uch-shche (1953–57), worked as an art. artist ed. leningr. branch of the publishing house "Art" (1957–64), taught a course in Russian history. and owls. art for graphic arts. f-those LGPI (1964–76). He specialized in Russian. artist culture of con. 19 - early. 20th century and owls. artist culture of the 1920s. Published more than 100 works in collections and departments. ed. He was engaged in the work of the artist. VM Khodasevich, SG Nivelstein, SB Yudovin and others. Collaborated on radio and television. Works: Graphics by S. Yudovin. L., 1956; N.P. Akimov is an artist. L., 1960; Alexander Nikolaevich Benois. 1870-1960. L. - M., 1965; Rus. art of con. 19 - early. 20th century M., 1968; Nathan Altman and theater. M., 1969; The world is like a great symphony. A book about the artist Čiurlionis. L., 1970; Boris Kustodiev. M., 1982.
ETTINGER Evgeniy Lvovich (1908 - 1985, Moscow), specialist in the field of electric drive and converter technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1969), prof. (1973). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1930. He worked in Leningrad at the Elektrosila plant and the Izhora plant in Kolpino, then at the Kashirsky electric locomotive plant. In 1935 he headed the lab. in Vses. electrical engineering in-those in Moscow. From 1948 - in the Elektroprivod trust (later - VNIIelektroprivod), from 1957 - in the Electrotechnical Research Institute. prom-sti. Main scientific. works are related to the use of converters in electric drive systems. Developed original machine valve systems, the foundations of the theory of valve electric drive and high-speed valve excited hydro and turbine generators for long power lines. Developed high-speed excitation systems with controlled converters for powerful generators and synchronous compensators. State pr. USSR (1968). Cit .: Adjustable electric drive with controlled rectifiers. M. - L., 1940 (co-author); Valve electric drive. M., 1951; State and development prospects of machine-valve systems. M., 1977 (et al.).
ETTINGER Pavel (Pinchas) Davydovich (1866, Lublin - 1948, Moscow), art historian, art critic. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic in the commercial. f-those. From 1899 - in Moscow. In 1903, as an artist. reviewer began to collaborate in Moscow. gas. "Rus. Gazette "(ps. Amateur). Since 1912, member. to-that artist ed. the Red Cross Sisters of Charity community; worked in the magazine. "Rus. bibliophile ”,“ The capital and estates ”, gas. "RUssia morning". From 1913 onwards. h. Imp. Moscow public and Rumyantsev museums, member. Moscow t-va artists. Since 1918 sotr. dep. museums and protection of ancient monuments and art of the People's Commissariat for Education. He acted as an expert, Ch. commissions and to-tov, organizer of exhibitions, post. consultant of museum expositions, including international ones. Since 1924 scientific. sotr. Gakhn. Studied the state of the present. app. art, creativity rus. artists living abroad. Published his work in the journal. “Among Collectors”, “Print and Revolution”, “Art”, “Creativity”, “Book News”, “Architecture of the USSR” (1920–40). Separate ed. came out the book. E .: "Stanislav Noakovsky", "Book signs of Favorsky". He took an active part in the work of the Society of Friends of the Book as a member. book study sections. signs. Collected by St. 11 thousand Russian works and owls. masters. In 1940 a member. jury of Goslitizdat for awarding prizes for the best polygraph. design of publications.
ETTINGER Shloyme (1800, Warsaw - 1856, Zamosc, Lublin province), playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1830 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Lviv University. Author of the play "Serkele" (Ioganinsberg, Prussia, 1861). He printed poems and fables in decomp. Jewish publications.
ETTINGER Shmuel (1919, Kiev - 1988, Jerusalem), historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1956), prof. (1965). From 1936 - in E.-I., he studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In the beginning. 1940s one of the founders of the Union of Jewish Communists. In the end. 1940s broke with the communists and devoted himself to the study of Jewish history. Since 1952 he taught at the Jewish University, in 1956 he defended his doctorate. diss. “The Jewish population in Ukraine during the period from the Union of Lublin to the pogroms of 1648–1649”, from 1965 prof. modern Jewish history ibid. The author of St. 150 scientific. works, ch. region scientific. interests - the history of Jews in Russia and the USSR, East. roots of modern anti-Semitism and the history of Hasidism. As a representative of the so-called. Jerusalem School of Jewish Studies, E. unswervingly followed the principle of the unity and continuity of Jewish history. Member ed. council and ed. ist. zhurn. "Zion", one of the founders and hands. Israeli East. about-va, Center for the Study of Jewish History. Shazara, East. center them. Dinura, Center. archive of the history of the Jewish people, Mezhdunar. center for research. anti-Semitism, head of the Center for Research. and documentation east-europ. Jewry and Society for isl. Jewish Communities, publishing the "Concise Jewish Encyclopedia". The initiator of creation and hands. a number of research and publishing projects, including the Biblioteka-Aliya publishing house (ed. and one of the authors of the two-volume Sketch of the History of the Jewish People, which survived nine editions in 1972–93). Works: Russia and the Jews ... Sat. Art. Jerusalem, 1993.
ETUSH Vladimir Abramovich (b. 1923, Moscow), actor. Prof. (1976). In 1940 he entered the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1941–43 - at the front, in 1943, after being wounded, he returned to the school, at the end of which he was admitted to the T-r im. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1945). The first means. role - Lounes ("Two Verones" by W. Shakespeare, 1952). Among other works: Blenderblend ("Millionaire" B. Shaw, 1964), Coupeau ("Trap" by E. Zola, 1965), Jourdain ("Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere, 1969), Benckendorf ("The Commander's Footsteps" by V. N. Korostyleva, 1972), Ludovic Mericourt (“Bless you” by P. Chenot, 1983), servant Arie Leib (“Sunset” by IE Babel, 1989), etc. In 1953 he made his film debut in the poignant role of Seyid-Ali ("Admiral Ushakov"). E. created a whole gallery of diverse comedy roles: Saakhov ("Prisoner of the Caucasus", 1967), Bruns ("Twelve Chairs", 1971), Pietro ("Shadow", 1972), Shpaak ("Ivan Vasilievich Changes Profession", 1973), Karabas-Barabas (TV / f "The Adventures of Buratino", 1975), King Gaston ("Donkey's Skin", 1982), etc. On television he played in television performances: "We are men" by MT Baydzhiev, "Game without rules" E. Shaffer, "Solaris" by S. Lem. Naib. interesting is the role of Giulio Ferather in the one-man show "The Voice" by S.V. Gansovsky. Since 1945 they have been teaching. work in the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. Since 1987 - rector. Nar. art. USSR (1984) E.'s daughter - Raisa (b. 1955, Moscow), actress. Since 1976 - in Moscow. t-re satire. Honored. art. RF (1994).
EVEN-SHOSHAN (Rosenstein) Avraham (1906, Minsk - 1984, Jerusalem), linguist. Rod. in the family of the leader of the Zionist movement Haim-David Rosenstein. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1932 - one of the founders of Gas. for children "Itoneinu". In 1943 he graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1951–54 - head. dep. language of Hebrew in the Ministry of Culture and Education. Since 1954 - director. pedagogical college in Jerusalem. Comp. "New Dictionary of the Hebrew Language" (1947) and "New Concordance of TANAKH" (1977–80). The author of plays and the book. for kids. State Israel Ave (1968) Brother E.-Sh. - Zvi (1898, Minsk - 1968), public figure. One of the leaders of the left-wing Zionist movement in Russia. Founder of the World. Union of Zionist Socialists (1921). Since 1926 - in E.-I. He took an active part in the work of the Histadrut. The author of the book. "Toldot tnuat ha-poalim ba Eretz Yisrael" ("History of the Labor Movement in E.-I.", 1966).
EVENBACH Semyon Markovich (1870, Kharkov - 1937, Kiev), theater designer. Studied at the Kharkov and Odessa drawing schools. He worked in the opera houses of Kharkov (1889–90), Kiev (1901–16), Petrograd (1916–17), designed the opera performance "The Merchant Kalashnikov" by A.G. Rubinstein. In 1921–37 artist. Kiev t-ra op. and the ball. Among the performances designed by E., "Sadko" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1903), "Dubrovsky" by E. F. Napravnik, "Faust" by S. Gounod (1924), "The Night Before Christmas" by Rimsky-Korsakov "( 1928), Natalka Poltavka by N. V. Lysenko (1935).
EVENSON Alexander Moiseevich (1842 - 1919, Kiev), chess player, chess journalist. Graduated from law. f-t un-that. Ed. chess. dep. gas. Kiev Thought (1914). Vseros winner. amateur tournament (1913). Killed during a pogrom.
EVENTOV Isaak Stanislavovich (1910, Warsaw - 1989, Leningrad), writer, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1970), prof. (1974). Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1931). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–52 sotr. IRLI AS USSR, in 1949–61 he taught at Leningrad State University, in 1955–76 - at Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. Dealt with Russian problems. lit-ry 20 century. Author approx. 20 books, including: "Mayakovsky satirist" (1941), "Boris Lavrenev" (1951), "Sergei Yesenin" (1957), "Mikhail Koltsov" (1959), "Awakening of new forces. Lenin on poetry ”(1977), and others. critical biogr. book about the work of D. Bedny, participated in the publication of his works. Based on personal observations and archival materials, he wrote a memoir and essay book. "Long-term meetings" (L., 1991), which included essays about V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin, M.M. Zoshchenko, A.A. Akhmatova. The power of sarcasm. Satire and humor in the works of M. Gorky. L., 1973; Sergey Yesenin. Biography of the writer. L., 1978; 2nd ed. - 1987; Three poets: V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, S. Yesenin. Studies and sketches. L., 1980.
EVENTOV Lev Yakovlevich (1889, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1962, Moscow), politician, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. Since 1904, members SICKLE. Arrested in 1907 for participating in the preparation of an attack on a mail train, sentenced to 4 years in hard labor. Since 1912 - in a settlement in Irkutsk Gubernia, since 1916 a proofreader in the printing house gas. "Siberia" in Irkutsk. After Feb. 1917 members (from Aug. - prev.) of the Executive Committee of the Gomel Council. During the occupation of the city by Germ. troops of the secretary. illegal. lips. council of trade unions. In 1918–20 he was the managing director of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in 1920 - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in 1920–21 he was a member. Central Committee of the United Jewish Slave. party, after its unification with the Bund - before. Moscow organization and member. Central Committee of the Kombund. In 1921–22 members. RCP (b), deputy. head organizational department of the MK party, then in the Central Committee of the trade union of chemical workers. In 1922–25 he studied economics. department of the Institute of red professors. In 1925-30 before. section the world. x-va of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, participated in the development of the 1st five-year plan for the development of the Nar. x-va of the USSR. Since 1930 prof.-consultant of the Institute of Economics. research State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1938 - in Ying-those world. x-va and the world. Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of a number of departments). In 1948-50 the head. lab. econom. research Centre. n.-i. pharmacy in-that. Since 1951 - in the Tula ped. in-those, then - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. The author of works on the problems of the world. x-va and the economy of the USSR: "Foreign. capital in the oil industry (1874-1917) "(1925)," Foreign. capital in Russian industry "(1931)," Military. economy of England "(1946).
EVGENOVKA, a village in Velikonovoselkovsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1843. In 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19th century moved to E. St. 100 Jews who received land for agricultural use. activities.
EBIE, see Vevis.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЕВПАТОРИЯ, город (с 1784) в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). В 5—2 вв. до н. э. — греч. колония Керкенитида, в 16— 17 вв. — тур. крепость Гезлёв. С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1802 — уездный город Таврической губ. С 1921 — районный центр Крымской АССР, с 1945 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1794 в Е. проживало 699 караимов, в 1847 — 30 евреев, в 1865 — 1228 караимов, в 1867 — 325 евреев и 1524 караима, в 1889 — 565 евреев и 2630 караимов, в 1897 — 1592 еврея (8,8%) и 1505 караимов (8,4%), в 1910 — 3294 еврея и караима (10,9%), в 1914 — 3405 евреев и 3690 караимов, в 1926 — 2659 евреев (в т. ч. 250 крымчаков) и 991 караим (15,5%), в 1939 — 4249 евреев и караимов (9%), в 1959 — 2600 (4,3%), в 1970 — 2500 (3,1%), в 1979 — 2300 евреев и караимов (2,5%).Евреи жили в Е. с 1810. С кон. 18 в. Е. — духовный центр караимов (в Е. находилась резиденция гл. караимского гахама, а также Таврическое и Одесское духовное правление караимов). В нач. 19 в. в Е. была сооружена синагога (позднее именовалась Главной, Купеческой или Торговой; в 1911—12 полностью перестроена по проекту арх. А.Л. Генриха), действовала кинасса. Духовным наставником караимской общины в 1803—44 был Иосиф-Шлойме Луцкий (1768, Луцк — 1844, Евпатория), сын к-рого А.Луцкий основал в Е. религ. школу, пользовавшуюся большим авторитетом среди караимов России (в школе преподавал А.С.Фиркович). В 1830—60-х гг. в Е. существовала типография, печатавшая книги на иврите.В сер. 19 в. караимским гахамом в Е. был М.Султанский. В 1860—78 бургомистром и гор. головой Е. был С.М.Панпулов, ставший в 1862 попечителем Караимского уч-ща, а в 1879 — таврическим и одесским гахамом. В 1906—10 и 1915—17 гор. головой был Семен Эзрович Дуван (1870, Евпатория — 1957, Болье, Франция), в 1910—13 — Абрам Исаакович Нейман (1864, Евпатория — сер. 1930-х гг.), в 1913—15 — Моисей Маркович Ефет (1867—1944), в 1919—20 — Соломон Давидович Джигит (1873—1937). В 1895 в Е. открыты талмуд-тора и Александровское караимское уч-ще. Раввинами в Е. были Иосиф Кречмер (до 1897), с 1902 — Беньямин-Мендель Маркус. С кон. 19 в. в Е. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. Во главе сионистского движения стояли д-р З.Михельсон (?—1902) и д-р Ш.Маркин. В кон. 19 в. действовали об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора, частные еврейские уч-ща.20 окт. 1905 в Е. произошел еврейский погром. В 1909—10 имелись 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище; 162 еврея были заняты портняжным промыслом, 47 торговали одеждой и тканями, 71 — хлебом и др. продуктами с. х-ва, евреям принадлежали 5 питейных заведений. В 1912 была открыта Ремесленная синагога. В 1913—19 таврическим и одесским гахамом был С.М.Шапшал, основавший в 1916 Караимскую нац. б-ку (существовала до 1929). В 1914 в Е. состоялся суд над 14 евреями, обвиненными в нелег. сионистской деятельности. В 1917 в Е. издавались «Известия Таврич. и Одесского караимского духовного правления». В 1918—20 действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. Бунда, «Цеирей Цион», К-т по борьбе с погромами и анархией, в 1922—27 — подпольная орг-ция движения «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1920-х гг. раввином в Е. был Хаим-Шмуэль Мазэ, боровшийся за открытие миквы. Тогда же ОЗЕ открыло в Е. дет. туберкулезный санаторий. В кон. 1920-х гг. для евреев-переселенцев в р-не Е. выпускалась газ. «Коллективист», была открыта изба-читальня, в Е. построены еврейские школы, в к-рых обучались дети переселенцев. К 1931 в 5 км от Е. был организован колхоз «Морген Рот» (88 еврейских семей), в к-ром действовали школа, клуб, кинопередвижка. В 1932 Джойнт открыл в Е. трикотажную ф-ку на 600 рабочих мест.После оккупации Е. герм. войсками 6 нояб. 1941 был издан приказ о регистрации евреев (зарегистрировано 750 чел.), 21 нояб. создано гетто. 23 нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 650 чел., 1 марта 1942 в Е. расстреляно 15 евреев из колхоза им. Шаумяна, 4 марта в самом колхозе расстреляно еще 97 чел. Всего за время оккупации в Е. уничтожено 12 150 евреев.В 1946—58 ст. газаном караимской соборной кинассы в Е. был Борис Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971, Евпатория), исследователь истории караимов России. В кон. 1950-х гг. в Е. действовал миньян в арендованной квартире. В 1959 было конфисковано 25 тыс. руб., собранных евреями Е. для аренды помещения под синагогу. В 1992 в Е. действовал междунар. еврейский религ. молодежный лагерь «Эзра». В 1993 общине было возвращено здание бывш. Ремесленной синагоги. В краеведч. музее частично сохранилась коллекция религ. предметов и книг, изъятых в 1920-х гг. из закрытых синагог. Уцелела значит. часть еврейского кладбища с многочисл. надгробиями.В Е. род.: Н.С.Блиндер, И.М.Гринберг, С.М.Панпулов; Леонид Маркович Берлинерблау (1908—1980, Ленинград), архитектор, создатель ген. планов развития кр. городов (Свердловск, Ашхабад, Уфа и т. д.); Лев Михайлович Гордон (1892—1939, Москва), полный георгиевский кавалер, чл. РСДРП(б) с 1917, участник Гражд. войны, один из организаторов стр-ва Моск. метрополитена (1934—35), в 1935—39 — в заключении, нагр. 3 орд. В Е. жили Б.И.Балтер, Л.И.Шулутко.П.С.Вагнер, pronunciation=ЕВПАТОРИЯ, город (с 1784) в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). В 5—2 вв. до н. э. — греч. колония Керкенитида, в 16— 17 вв. — тур. крепость Гезлёв. С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1802 — уездный город Таврической губ. С 1921 — районный центр Крымской АССР, с 1945 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1794 в Е. проживало 699 караимов, в 1847 — 30 евреев, в 1865 — 1228 караимов, в 1867 — 325 евреев и 1524 караима, в 1889 — 565 евреев и 2630 караимов, в 1897 — 1592 еврея (8,8%) и 1505 караимов (8,4%), в 1910 — 3294 еврея и караима (10,9%), в 1914 — 3405 евреев и 3690 караимов, в 1926 — 2659 евреев (в т. ч. 250 крымчаков) и 991 караим (15,5%), в 1939 — 4249 евреев и караимов (9%), в 1959 — 2600 (4,3%), в 1970 — 2500 (3,1%), в 1979 — 2300 евреев и караимов (2,5%).Евреи жили в Е. с 1810. С кон. 18 в. Е. — духовный центр караимов (в Е. находилась резиденция гл. караимского гахама, а также Таврическое и Одесское духовное правление караимов). В нач. 19 в. в Е. была сооружена синагога (позднее именовалась Главной, Купеческой или Торговой; в 1911—12 полностью перестроена по проекту арх. А.Л. Генриха), действовала кинасса. Духовным наставником караимской общины в 1803—44 был Иосиф-Шлойме Луцкий (1768, Луцк — 1844, Евпатория), сын к-рого А.Луцкий основал в Е. религ. школу, пользовавшуюся большим авторитетом среди караимов России (в школе преподавал А.С.Фиркович). В 1830—60-х гг. в Е. существовала типография, печатавшая книги на иврите.В сер. 19 в. караимским гахамом в Е. был М.Султанский. В 1860—78 бургомистром и гор. головой Е. был С.М.Панпулов, ставший в 1862 попечителем Караимского уч-ща, а в 1879 — таврическим и одесским гахамом. В 1906—10 и 1915—17 гор. головой был Семен Эзрович Дуван (1870, Евпатория — 1957, Болье, Франция), в 1910—13 — Абрам Исаакович Нейман (1864, Евпатория — сер. 1930-х гг.), в 1913—15 — Моисей Маркович Ефет (1867—1944), в 1919—20 — Соломон Давидович Джигит (1873—1937). В 1895 в Е. открыты талмуд-тора и Александровское караимское уч-ще. Раввинами в Е. были Иосиф Кречмер (до 1897), с 1902 — Беньямин-Мендель Маркус. С кон. 19 в. в Е. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. Во главе сионистского движения стояли д-р З.Михельсон (?—1902) и д-р Ш.Маркин. В кон. 19 в. действовали об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора, частные еврейские уч-ща.20 окт. 1905 в Е. произошел еврейский погром. В 1909—10 имелись 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище; 162 еврея были заняты портняжным промыслом, 47 торговали одеждой и тканями, 71 — хлебом и др. продуктами с. х-ва, евреям принадлежали 5 питейных заведений. В 1912 была открыта Ремесленная синагога. В 1913—19 таврическим и одесским гахамом был С.М.Шапшал, основавший в 1916 Караимскую нац. б-ку (существовала до 1929). В 1914 в Е. состоялся суд над 14 евреями, обвиненными в нелег. сионистской деятельности. В 1917 в Е. издавались «Известия Таврич. и Одесского караимского духовного правления». В 1918—20 действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. Бунда, «Цеирей Цион», К-т по борьбе с погромами и анархией, в 1922—27 — подпольная орг-ция движения «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1920-х гг. раввином в Е. был Хаим-Шмуэль Мазэ, боровшийся за открытие миквы. Тогда же ОЗЕ открыло в Е. дет. туберкулезный санаторий. В кон. 1920-х гг. для евреев-переселенцев в р-не Е. выпускалась газ. «Коллективист», была открыта изба-читальня, в Е. построены еврейские школы, в к-рых обучались дети переселенцев. К 1931 в 5 км от Е. был организован колхоз «Морген Рот» (88 еврейских семей), в к-ром действовали школа, клуб, кинопередвижка. В 1932 Джойнт открыл в Е. трикотажную ф-ку на 600 рабочих мест.После оккупации Е. герм. войсками 6 нояб. 1941 был издан приказ о регистрации евреев (зарегистрировано 750 чел.), 21 нояб. создано гетто. 23 нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 650 чел., 1 марта 1942 в Е. расстреляно 15 евреев из колхоза им. Шаумяна, 4 марта в самом колхозе расстреляно еще 97 чел. Всего за время оккупации в Е. уничтожено 12 150 евреев.В 1946—58 ст. газаном караимской соборной кинассы в Е. был Борис Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971, Евпатория), исследователь истории караимов России. В кон. 1950-х гг. в Е. действовал миньян в арендованной квартире. В 1959 было конфисковано 25 тыс. руб., собранных евреями Е. для аренды помещения под синагогу. В 1992 в Е. действовал междунар. еврейский религ. молодежный лагерь «Эзра». В 1993 общине было возвращено здание бывш. Ремесленной синагоги. В краеведч. музее частично сохранилась коллекция религ. предметов и книг, изъятых в 1920-х гг. из закрытых синагог. Уцелела значит. часть еврейского кладбища с многочисл. надгробиями.В Е. род.: Н.С.Блиндер, И.М.Гринберг, С.М.Панпулов; Леонид Маркович Берлинерблау (1908—1980, Ленинград), архитектор, создатель ген. планов развития кр. городов (Свердловск, Ашхабад, Уфа и т. д.); Лев Михайлович Гордон (1892—1939, Москва), полный георгиевский кавалер, чл. РСДРП(б) с 1917, участник Гражд. войны, один из организаторов стр-ва Моск. метрополитена (1934—35), в 1935—39 — в заключении, нагр. 3 орд. В Е. жили Б.И.Балтер, Л.И.Шулутко.П.С.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ АВТОНОМНАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ (ЕАО), входит в состав Хабаровского края (Российская Федерация). Пл. 36 тыс. кв. км. Центр — Биробиджан. Население 209,9 тыс. чел., евреи — 4,2% (1996). Образована постановлением Президиума ВЦИК от 7 мая 1934.Летом 1927 на Д. Восток была отправлена экспедиция КОМЗЕТа для изучения возможности создания там еврейских с.-х. поселений (т. н. «Биробиджанский проект»). На основе ее рекомендаций Президиум ВЦИК 28 марта 1928 поручил КОМЗЕТу надзор за их созданием. Переселение евреев на терр. будущей ЕАО началось в апр. 1928. В 1930 образован Биробиджанский авт. (Еврейский нац.) р-н, секр. райкома ВКП(б) назначен И.Левин. С 1930 начала выходить еженед. (с 1934 — ежедн.) газ. «Биробиджанер штерн», с 1936 — журн. «Форпост».В 1928—33 в край прибыло св. 19,6 тыс. евреев-переселенцев, однако из-за тяжелых бытовых и климатич. условий 11,4 тыс. чел. вернулись обратно. Помощь в орг-ции переселения оказывали Агроджойнт, ЕКО, Амер. об-во еврейской колонизации в СССР (ИКОР), Амер. к-т по поселению иностр. евреев в Биробиджане (АМБИЖАН), а также нек-рые прокоммунистич. еврейские орг-ции Канады, Зап. Европы и Юж. Америки (из этих стран в ЕАО в нач. 1930-х гг. прибыло ок. 1400 евреев).В ЕАО было образовано 5 адм. р-нов: Биробиджанский, Бирский (позднее — Облученский), Михайло-Семеновский (позднее — Ленинский), Инский (позднее — Смидовичский) и Сталинский (позднее — Октябрьский). Офиц. языком наравне с русским стал идиш. 1 окт. 1934 СНК СССР принял постановление «О мерах по хоз. и культурному развитию ЕАО», содержавшее программу освоения края, куда направлялись специалисты из др. регионов СССР. В 1934—35 по путевкам ЦК ВКП(б), Далькрайисполкома и Далькрайкома партии в ЕАО прибыло св. 700 сов. и хоз. работников.21 дек. 1934 пленум облисполкома избрал руководство ЕАО: пред. облисполкома стал И.И.Либерберг, его 1-м зам. — Ф.С.Хомяков, 2-м зам. — М.К.Певзнер, секр. облисполкома — Д.М.Коган. На 1-й обл. парт. конференции (4—6 июня 1935) 1-м секр. обкома партии избран Матвей Павлович Хавкин. В 1937 1-м секр. обкома был Арон Борисович Рыськин (1899, Рогачев — 1937).В 1935—37 в ЕАО прибыло 23,3 тыс. переселенцев (абсолютное большинство — евреи), осталось на пост. местожительство 13,5 тыс. (65%). К 1934 на терр. ЕАО действовало 56 колхозов, из них 6 еврейских переселенческих (к 1938 последних стало 22); значит. площади были заняты посевами риса и сои, выращивались пшеница, овес, гречиха, осваивалось произ-во сахарной свеклы, льна, конопли, развивалось пчеловодство. С 1935 работала переселенческая МТС (тракторный парк насчитывал 30 машин), к 1938 число МТС увеличилось до восьми. В Сталинском р-не, на долю к-рого приходилось 50% посевных площадей ЕАО, одним из крупнейших хозяйств был колхоз «Ройтер Октябер». В Биробиджанском р-не, где в 1937 евреи составляли 45% жителей, крупнейшим х-вом был колхоз в Валдгейме. В Бирском р-не евреи составляли 8% населения и были заняты в осн. на лесозаготовках, разработках мрамора, в золотодобывающей пром-сти.В 1934 в ЕАО было ок. 20 пр-тий гос. и местной пром-сти, в т. ч. домостроит. комбинат (600 рабочих), ф-ка гнутой мебели (420 рабочих), швейная ф-ка (св. 260 рабочих), ф-ка стройдеталей (200 рабочих), кирпичный з-д (100 рабочих) — все в Биробиджане, а также лесопильный з-д в Николаевке (ок. 440 рабочих), Лондоковский известковый з-д (250 рабочих) и др. Общая численность рабочих в пром-сти ЕАО в 1930—34 возросла с 5,6 до 17 тыс. чел. В 1935 в системе промкооперации работало св. 1 тыс. чел., объединенных в 35 артелей; в стоимостном выражении объем продукции промкооперации в 1930—34 вырос с 0,6 до 7,3 млн. руб.В 1933 на базе Бирского опытного поля создан Биробиджанский н.-и. комплексный с.-х. ин-т (входил в систему ВАСХНИЛ), к-рый, в частности, вел большую работу по акклиматизации и селекции с.-х. культур. Под рук. проф. Б.Брука в ин-те была составлена почвенная карта области.В 1938 в ЕАО имелось 17 больниц на 376 коек, 3 род. дома, 2 дет. и жен. консультации, 3 поликлиники, 32 фельдшерско-акушерских пункта, 2 бактериологич. лаб., в к-рых было занято 57 врачей и 143 чел. ср. мед. персонала.В 1931 созданы 2 первых еврейских дет. сада на 35 детей. В 1934 в ЕАО из 37 дет. садов на 955 детей 17 было еврейских на 479 детей. В 1936/37 уч. году действовали 19 еврейских школ с 1,9 тыс. уч-ся (первые 3 открыты в 1928). С 1937 еврейские школы и классы постепенно ликвидировались (последняя закрыта в 1949, тогда же почти полностью уничтожен фонд еврейских книг в обл. б-ке). Осн. в 1932 Биробиджанский пед. техникум в 1937 преобразован в пед. уч-ще; в 1935—40 при нем имелось отд-ние по подготовке учителей для еврейских нач. школ.В 1930-х гг. большой вклад в развитие общественной и культурной жизни ЕАО внесли изв. деятели лит-ры, науки и культуры, жившие и работавшие в Биробиджане, среди к-рых С.Боржес, Н.Вайнгойз, Б.-М.Вайсман, Л.Ш.Вассерман, А.А.Вергелис, Г.Винокур, М.Гольдблат, А.М.Губницкий, Г.Казакевич, И.Б.Керлер, А.Д.Киржниц, Ш.Козинский, Б.Копелевич, Х.Ш.Левин, Я.Левин, Б.Миллер, Г.Б.Рабинков, Н.Фридман.В 1937 СНК СССР планировал переселить в ЕАО 17 тыс. евреев, однако этот проект не был осуществлен. В 1937—38 руководители ЕАО и обл. парт. орг-ции были обвинены в национализме и троцкизме и уничтожены, репрессиям подверглись мн. специалисты, а также почти все переселенцы-иммигранты. С 1938 численность переселенцев резко сокращалась, а к нач. 1940-х гг. переселение евреев в ЕАО фактически прекратилось. К нач. 1940-х гг. в ЕАО проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев.С нач. 2-й мир. войны сов. власти разрабатывали план переселения в ЕАО евреев из Зап. Белоруссии, Зап. Украины, Бессарабии, Буковины, Латвии и Литвы, однако его осуществлению помешала начавшаяся в 1941 война с Германией.После окончания 2-й мир. войны (1945) поток евреев-переселенцев вновь возрос. К кон. 1948 в ЕАО насчитывалось до 30 тыс. евреев. В ходе «кампании по борьбе с космополитизмом» (1948—53) мн. деятели еврейской культуры ЕАО были арестованы, еврейские культурные учреждения закрыты, переселение евреев в ЕАО вновь прекратилось, численность еврейского населения сократилась.В 1959 в ЕАО проживало ок. 14,3 тыс. евреев (8,8%), из них 83,9% — в городах и поселках городского типа. В 1960—70-х гг. единств. с.-х. поселением со значит. еврейским населением оставался бывш. колхоз «Валдгейм», ставший частью укрупненного колхоза «Заветы Ильича». При этом численность еврейского населения ЕАО постоянно уменьшалась. В 1970 общая численность еврейского населения составила 11,4 тыс. чел. (6,6%), в городах и поселках проживало 89,7%; число евреев, считавших идиш родным яз., сократилось с 5,6 тыс. (1959) до 2 тыс. (1970). В 1970—87 1-м секр. обкома КПСС ЕАО был Л.Б.Шапиро.С сер. 1980-х гг. предпринимаются попытки возрождения еврейской обществ. жизни и культуры: в 1988 в дет. садах и школах введено преподавание идиша (по желанию родителей), открыты курсы идиша для взрослых при еврейских культурных об-вах и обл. ин-те усовершенствования учителей (осн. в 1971). В 1990/91 уч. году начата факультативная подготовка учителей идиша в Биробиджанском пед. уч-ще, в 1991/92 предприняты попытки преподавания на идише в нач. школе и лицее. В 1990 в Биробиджане открыт филиал НИИ нац. проблем образования Мин-ва образования Рос. Федерации, к-рый, в частности, готовит научно-методич. пособия по преподаванию идиша. Филол. ф-т Биробиджанского пед. ин-та (открыт в 1989) осуществляет подготовку преподавателей идиша.П.С.Вагнер, pronunciation=ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ АВТОНОМНАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ (ЕАО), входит в состав Хабаровского края (Российская Федерация). Пл. 36 тыс. кв. км. Центр — Биробиджан. Население 209,9 тыс. чел., евреи — 4,2% (1996). Образована постановлением Президиума ВЦИК от 7 мая 1934.Летом 1927 на Д. Восток была отправлена экспедиция КОМЗЕТа для изучения возможности создания там еврейских с.-х. поселений (т. н. «Биробиджанский проект»). На основе ее рекомендаций Президиум ВЦИК 28 марта 1928 поручил КОМЗЕТу надзор за их созданием. Переселение евреев на терр. будущей ЕАО началось в апр. 1928. В 1930 образован Биробиджанский авт. (Еврейский нац.) р-н, секр. райкома ВКП(б) назначен И.Левин. С 1930 начала выходить еженед. (с 1934 — ежедн.) газ. «Биробиджанер штерн», с 1936 — журн. «Форпост».В 1928—33 в край прибыло св. 19,6 тыс. евреев-переселенцев, однако из-за тяжелых бытовых и климатич. условий 11,4 тыс. чел. вернулись обратно. Помощь в орг-ции переселения оказывали Агроджойнт, ЕКО, Амер. об-во еврейской колонизации в СССР (ИКОР), Амер. к-т по поселению иностр. евреев в Биробиджане (АМБИЖАН), а также нек-рые прокоммунистич. еврейские орг-ции Канады, Зап. Европы и Юж. Америки (из этих стран в ЕАО в нач. 1930-х гг. прибыло ок. 1400 евреев).В ЕАО было образовано 5 адм. р-нов: Биробиджанский, Бирский (позднее — Облученский), Михайло-Семеновский (позднее — Ленинский), Инский (позднее — Смидовичский) и Сталинский (позднее — Октябрьский). Офиц. языком наравне с русским стал идиш. 1 окт. 1934 СНК СССР принял постановление «О мерах по хоз. и культурному развитию ЕАО», содержавшее программу освоения края, куда направлялись специалисты из др. регионов СССР. В 1934—35 по путевкам ЦК ВКП(б), Далькрайисполкома и Далькрайкома партии в ЕАО прибыло св. 700 сов. и хоз. работников.21 дек. 1934 пленум облисполкома избрал руководство ЕАО: пред. облисполкома стал И.И.Либерберг, его 1-м зам. — Ф.С.Хомяков, 2-м зам. — М.К.Певзнер, секр. облисполкома — Д.М.Коган. На 1-й обл. парт. конференции (4—6 июня 1935) 1-м секр. обкома партии избран Матвей Павлович Хавкин. В 1937 1-м секр. обкома был Арон Борисович Рыськин (1899, Рогачев — 1937).В 1935—37 в ЕАО прибыло 23,3 тыс. переселенцев (абсолютное большинство — евреи), осталось на пост. местожительство 13,5 тыс. (65%). К 1934 на терр. ЕАО действовало 56 колхозов, из них 6 еврейских переселенческих (к 1938 последних стало 22); значит. площади были заняты посевами риса и сои, выращивались пшеница, овес, гречиха, осваивалось произ-во сахарной свеклы, льна, конопли, развивалось пчеловодство. С 1935 работала переселенческая МТС (тракторный парк насчитывал 30 машин), к 1938 число МТС увеличилось до восьми. В Сталинском р-не, на долю к-рого приходилось 50% посевных площадей ЕАО, одним из крупнейших хозяйств был колхоз «Ройтер Октябер». В Биробиджанском р-не, где в 1937 евреи составляли 45% жителей, крупнейшим х-вом был колхоз в Валдгейме. В Бирском р-не евреи составляли 8% населения и были заняты в осн. на лесозаготовках, разработках мрамора, в золотодобывающей пром-сти.В 1934 в ЕАО было ок. 20 пр-тий гос. и местной пром-сти, в т. ч. домостроит. комбинат (600 рабочих), ф-ка гнутой мебели (420 рабочих), швейная ф-ка (св. 260 рабочих), ф-ка стройдеталей (200 рабочих), кирпичный з-д (100 рабочих) — все в Биробиджане, а также лесопильный з-д в Николаевке (ок. 440 рабочих), Лондоковский известковый з-д (250 рабочих) и др. Общая численность рабочих в пром-сти ЕАО в 1930—34 возросла с 5,6 до 17 тыс. чел. В 1935 в системе промкооперации работало св. 1 тыс. чел., объединенных в 35 артелей; в стоимостном выражении объем продукции промкооперации в 1930—34 вырос с 0,6 до 7,3 млн. руб.В 1933 на базе Бирского опытного поля создан Биробиджанский н.-и. комплексный с.-х. ин-т (входил в систему ВАСХНИЛ), к-рый, в частности, вел большую работу по акклиматизации и селекции с.-х. культур. Под рук. проф. Б.Брука в ин-те была составлена почвенная карта области.В 1938 в ЕАО имелось 17 больниц на 376 коек, 3 род. дома, 2 дет. и жен. консультации, 3 поликлиники, 32 фельдшерско-акушерских пункта, 2 бактериологич. лаб., в к-рых было занято 57 врачей и 143 чел. ср. мед. персонала.В 1931 созданы 2 первых еврейских дет. сада на 35 детей. В 1934 в ЕАО из 37 дет. садов на 955 детей 17 было еврейских на 479 детей. В 1936/37 уч. году действовали 19 еврейских школ с 1,9 тыс. уч-ся (первые 3 открыты в 1928). С 1937 еврейские школы и классы постепенно ликвидировались (последняя закрыта в 1949, тогда же почти полностью уничтожен фонд еврейских книг в обл. б-ке). Осн. в 1932 Биробиджанский пед. техникум в 1937 преобразован в пед. уч-ще; в 1935—40 при нем имелось отд-ние по подготовке учителей для еврейских нач. школ.В 1930-х гг. большой вклад в развитие общественной и культурной жизни ЕАО внесли изв. деятели лит-ры, науки и культуры, жившие и работавшие в Биробиджане, среди к-рых С.Боржес, Н.Вайнгойз, Б.-М.Вайсман, Л.Ш.Вассерман, А.А.Вергелис, Г.Винокур, М.Гольдблат, А.М.Губницкий, Г.Казакевич, И.Б.Керлер, А.Д.Киржниц, Ш.Козинский, Б.Копелевич, Х.Ш.Левин, Я.Левин, Б.Миллер, Г.Б.Рабинков, Н.Фридман.В 1937 СНК СССР планировал переселить в ЕАО 17 тыс. евреев, однако этот проект не был осуществлен. В 1937—38 руководители ЕАО и обл. парт. орг-ции были обвинены в национализме и троцкизме и уничтожены, репрессиям подверглись мн. специалисты, а также почти все переселенцы-иммигранты. С 1938 численность переселенцев резко сокращалась, а к нач. 1940-х гг. переселение евреев в ЕАО фактически прекратилось. К нач. 1940-х гг. в ЕАО проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев.С нач. 2-й мир. войны сов. власти разрабатывали план переселения в ЕАО евреев из Зап. Белоруссии, Зап. Украины, Бессарабии, Буковины, Латвии и Литвы, однако его осуществлению помешала начавшаяся в 1941 война с Германией.После окончания 2-й мир. войны (1945) поток евреев-переселенцев вновь возрос. К кон. 1948 в ЕАО насчитывалось до 30 тыс. евреев. В ходе «кампании по борьбе с космополитизмом» (1948—53) мн. деятели еврейской культуры ЕАО были арестованы, еврейские культурные учреждения закрыты, переселение евреев в ЕАО вновь прекратилось, численность еврейского населения сократилась.В 1959 в ЕАО проживало ок. 14,3 тыс. евреев (8,8%), из них 83,9% — в городах и поселках городского типа. В 1960—70-х гг. единств. с.-х. поселением со значит. еврейским населением оставался бывш. колхоз «Валдгейм», ставший частью укрупненного колхоза «Заветы Ильича». При этом численность еврейского населения ЕАО постоянно уменьшалась. В 1970 общая численность еврейского населения составила 11,4 тыс. чел. (6,6%), в городах и поселках проживало 89,7%; число евреев, считавших идиш родным яз., сократилось с 5,6 тыс. (1959) до 2 тыс. (1970). В 1970—87 1-м секр. обкома КПСС ЕАО был Л.Б.Шапиро.С сер. 1980-х гг. предпринимаются попытки возрождения еврейской обществ. жизни и культуры: в 1988 в дет. садах и школах введено преподавание идиша (по желанию родителей), открыты курсы идиша для взрослых при еврейских культурных об-вах и обл. ин-те усовершенствования учителей (осн. в 1971). В 1990/91 уч. году начата факультативная подготовка учителей идиша в Биробиджанском пед. уч-ще, в 1991/92 предприняты попытки преподавания на идише в нач. школе и лицее. В 1990 в Биробиджане открыт филиал НИИ нац. проблем образования Мин-ва образования Рос. Федерации, к-рый, в частности, готовит научно-методич. пособия по преподаванию идиша. Филол. ф-т Биробиджанского пед. ин-та (открыт в 1989) осуществляет подготовку преподавателей идиша.П.С.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
JEWISH VILLAGE, see Zhidkaimis.
JEWISH Sloboda, see [[Krasnaya Sloboda.
JEWISH VILLAGE, does not exist now. Former. Jewish agriculturalist. village in Skadovsky district of the Kherson region (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 1930s In the beginning. oct. 1941 the entire Jewish population of Ye.S. was shot.
JEWISH SELECTION, see Choice.
EVZEROV Mordkhe (1883, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1941), bibliographer. Studied in Russian. g-zii, from a cut was expelled for a roar. activity. In 1906–07 he worked in the administration of the Bund gas. Der Veker and Folks Zeitung in Vilna. From 1907 to the beginning. 1st world. war was in Geneva, worked abroad. committee of the Bund, then returned to Russia. He is known as the Bund bibliographer, collected about 10 thousand bibliographic. units about the Bund press, to-rye disappeared during the war. From his bibliographer, works are published: “Heb. slave. movement in numbers, 1876-1922 "and" Press of the Bund, 1896-1922 "in collection. "25 Years" (Warsaw, 1922), and "On the Bibliography of the Bund" in collection of works. Arbeterluech (Warsaw, 1923). He fell victim to one of the actions to exterminate the Jews of the Vilna ghetto.
Eiberg Mark Solomonovich (? -?), Publisher, journalist. In 1906–07, the editor-in-chief gaz. "Contemporary", gas. "Thought", which has repeatedly changed its name: "Life", "New Life", "New Thought", "Free Thought", weekly. zhurn. "The morning is wiser than the evening" (1908), gas. Rumor (1909), the first four issues of the weekly. zhurn. "Crooked Mirror" (1909-10), dep. gas rooms. "Capital Penny" (1911), weekly. zhurn. The Capital Word (1911–12).
EIDELMAN Boris Lvovich (1867, Kiev - 1939, Moscow), leader of the revolutionary movement. In 1890 he entered the un-t in Kiev, where he entered the Social-Democrats. circle. From 1893 he conducted propaganda among the workers, in 1895–96 he was a member of the Kiev slaves. to-you of the 1st and 2nd compositions, in the Social-Democrats gr. "Working business", then in gr. Rabochaya Gaz., One of the organizers of the Kiev Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Affairs. and before. 1st Congress of the RSDLP (1898), member. Central Committee. After the congress he was arrested, exiled for 8 years to Sredne-Kolymsk, from where due to illness he was transferred to Yakutsk. In 1905 he returned to Petersburg and was arrested again. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Gradually moved away from desks. work. In 1907-10 he studied honey. f-those un-that in Kiev. After Oct. Revolution of 1918 worked in the People's Commissariat of Labor. In 1919–25 he taught social science at the school. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, joined the RCP (b). Since 1925 - retired. Published a number of Art. on the history of the initial stage grew. s.-d. (before the 1st Congress of the RSDLP), some of them were published in the form of the book. "1st Congress of the RSDLP" (Moscow, 1926).
EIDELMAN Khava Mikhailovna (1898, Kamenets-Podolsk - 1983, Israel), actress. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1920 she was accepted into the troupe of t-ra "Habima", where she played plural. performances. Among the roles: Yakhna ("Gadibuk" by S. An-sky), Young Woman ("Golem" by G. Leivik), Pura ("The Eternal Jew" by D. Pinsky), etc. In 1926 she went on tour to Europe with the t-rum , in 1927 left the t-r and returned to Moscow. She taught at the Academy of Ext. trade (1936–54). In 1968 she taught Hebrew at the ulpan in Druskeniki, participated in the work of the ulpan in Leningrad. Since 1970 - in Israel. In 1972 she was released under ps. H. Mikhaeli "A textbook for classes based on the textbook of A. Rosen and Ben-Sheref" (Hebrew for Russian speakers).
EIDELMAN Natan Yakovlevich (1930, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Historian, literary critic. Cand. ist. sciences. Son of Ya.N. Eidelman. In 1952 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University, taught in the evening. school, scientific. sotr. Moscow region ethnographer. museum in Istra. In 1963 publ. first book. E. "Herzenovsky" Bell ", then under ps. N. Natanov's earlier work "A Journey to the Country of Chronicles" (1965), etc. By the end of the 1960s. finally the circle of scientific. interests of E.: societies. and cultural movement in Russia 18 - early. 19th century Prod. E. were distinguished by strict documentation and at the same time. the fascination of the plot. In scientific. monograph E. widely used archival documents, including those first introduced into the scientific. everyday life. Among the ist. manuf. E. naib. Izv. pov., dedicated. Decembrists: "Lunin" (1970, ZhZL), "Apostle Sergei. The Story of Sergei Muravyov-Apostle "(1975)," Big Jeannot. The Story of I. Pushchin "(1982)," The First Decembrist "(1990, about VF Raevsky), etc. Participated in the preparation of the ed. monuments of the Russian Free Press, spoke with Art. in scientific. Sat. and mass journals. In the end. 1980s worked in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works: Secret Correspondents of the "Polar Star". M., 1966; Herzen is against autocracy. The Secret Political History of Russia in the 18th – 19th Centuries and the Free Press. M., 1973; Our union is beautiful ... M., 1980; Alexander Radishchev. A story about the life-feat of the Russian revolutionary thinker. M., 1983; "Revolution from above" in Russia. M., 1989; From the hidden history of the XVIII-XIX centuries. M., 1993.
EIDELMAN Yakov Naumovich (1896, Zhitomir - 1978, Moscow), journalist. In the beginning. 1920s studied at the Jewish theater. studio "Amanut" in Kiev. In the 1920s and 30s. theater. journalist in decomp. moscow ed. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1946-50 he was a journalist at the Radio Committee. In 1950 he was arrested on charges of "Jewish bourgeois nationalism" and sentenced to 10 years. In 1955 he was released. From 1956 he wrote for the Jewish "samizdat". The author of the polemic. monograph "Dialogues".
EIDINOV Grigory Borisovich (1908, Baku - 1977, Minsk), party and statesman. In 1928–31 at the Komsomol. and desks. work in Moscow and Moscow. region Since 1935 - in Belarus, beginning. political department of MTS, secretary Shklovsky, 1st sec. Kormianskiy RK party, in 1938–40 early. department, in 1940–41 the 3rd secretary, in 1941–44 secretaries. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus, headed by the North-West. operational gr. Central Committee, one of the organizers and hands. partisas. movement in Belarus in 1941–44, 1st deputy. prev. Belarusian. partisan headquarters. movement. Since 1944, deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars (from 1946 - Council of Ministers) of the BSSR, before. State Planning Committee of the BSSR; member Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus (1940–49) and its Bureau (1940–47). Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1938–51). In 1948–67 he worked in the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, then deputy. prev. State Committee of the RSFSR CM on the use of labor resources. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1946-50).
EYDIS Arkady Ionovich (b. 1913, Mogilev, Podolsk province), aircraft designer. He graduated from the Center in 1937. correspondence Aviation in-t. He worked as a mechanical engineer for aircraft construction, a designer. In the 1960s. deputy. gene. constructor. Developer of onboard equipment for aircraft. Linen. etc. (1967).
EIDLIN Lev Zalmanovich (1910, Chernigov - 1985, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969), prof. (1969). Graduated from MIV (1937). He taught at MIV (1937–41), VIIYa (1941–52), worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 1944). Author approx. 200 scientific. tr. on Chinese literature, culture, t-ru, problems of the artist. per., art. and monograph., comp. and per. poetic. collection of books “Chinese classic. poetry "(1975, 1984)," Poets of China and Vietnam "(1986)," Poetry of the Tang era of the 7th-10th centuries. " (1987) and others. ed. collective collection of books and monographs: "Theoretical problems of studying the literatures of D. East" (Moscow, 1977); "Lit-ra countries of the D. East" (M., 1979). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1970). Cit .: About the Chinese literature of our days. M., 1955; Chinese literature. Brief sketch. 1962 (et al.).
EIDLIN Julius Ilyich (1896, Yekaterinoslav - 1958, Leningrad), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1935). He studied violin with IV Alekseenko in Yekaterinoslav. In 1911-17 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from L.S.Auer, a graduate of S.P. Korguev. In 1924-26 he taught in Baku, in 1926-28 - at the First Muses. technical school in Leningrad. From 1927 he led the class. quartet, from 1931 - class. violins price Leningrad. cons. Representative of Leningrad. violinist. schools, the creator of a harmonious teaching system, in the main. on the study of the violinist. op. I.-S. Bach, L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms, P. Tchaikovsky. He paid great attention to the artist. the side of performance and the intellectual beginning in interpretations. Among the students of E. - laureates of international. competitions M.I.Vaiman, B.L. Gutnikov, E. Kamilarov. Son E. - Leonid (b. 1918, Petrograd), sculptor. Author of monuments to V.I.Surikov, N.A. Nekrasov, bas-reliefs to astronomers of the Middle Ages in the building of the Pulkovo Observatory.
EIDUS Chaim Tevelevich (literary ps. U. Khayama) (1896, Kraslava Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1972, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). Brother of J.T. Eidus. In 1914-17 he studied at the Psychoneurological Department. Institute (Petrograd), graduated from Japan in 1924. branch east. dep. (f-ta) Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1917 he conducted political education among Jewish workers in the leather trade union. prom-sti (Vitebsk), worked in the K-those on the affairs of prisoners returning from Germany ("Pleinbege"). In 1918 - in Kr. Army, deputy. early of the political department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. Sov. Republic. In 1919–20 he worked underground in Vilna. In 1925-26 the consul of the USSR in Japan (Osaka), in 1926-31 deputy. head colonial sector of the Profintern, in 1931–72 - in Ying-those world. x-va and the world. politics under the Communist. academies, in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. in tech. pl. years of teaching. work. Author approx. 180 scientific. tr., including 18 monographs Main directions of scientific. issl .: concept ist. the development process of Japan from ancient times to the present day; econom. and polit. problems of modern and recent history of Japan; development of state. foreign policy. relations between the USSR and Japan and other works: Essays on the labor movement in the countries of the East. M., 1922; Modern Japanese imperialism. M., 1932; Japan. 2nd ed. M., 1938; Japan and the United States in the Pacific War. Tashkent, 1943; Essays on the new and recent history of Japan. M., 1955; History of Japan from ancient times to the present day. M., 1968 Brother E. - Peisakh (1904, Vilna - 1941), process engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated from chem. and technol. f-you MHTI (1930). At the same time. worked at the mill as an engineer-krupchatnik, from 1930 - at the All-Union Grain Research Institute (Moscow), head. lab. flour-grinding production. Sci. research in the region. milling process. Author of 3 books. according to the technology of milling production and St. 40 scientific. articles. Killed at the front.
EIDUS Lazar Khaimovich (b. 1920, Vilno), physicist, radiobiologist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1953), Dr. Biol. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). Son of H.T. Eidus, nephew of J. T. Eidus. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941) and engineer. Faculty of Leningrad military-air academy Kr. Army (1945). In 1946–53 - at the FIAN. Since 1954 - at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. lab. (1964–91), ch. scientific. sotr. (since 1991). Sci. tr. by research. interactions of high-energy particles in wide atm. showers. Author of funds. works on the study of the primary mechanisms of action of ionizing radiation on biol. macromolecules, radiation cell death, protection against radiation, tumor therapy. The author of St. 300 scientific. publ. and 10 monographs. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1989) Vol .: Nonspecific reaction of cells and radiosensitivity. M., 1977; Physicochemical foundations of radiobiological processes and protection from radiation. 2nd ed. M., 1979; Oxygen in radiobiology. M., 1984 (et al.).
EIDUS Yakov Tevelevich (1907, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1975, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1941). Brother of H.T. Eidus. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow State University, until 1934 he worked there. In 1934-75 - at the Institute of Organic. Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1969–75 head of laboratory for catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide), in 1944–45 and. about. prof. in Moscow. oil. in-those. Main scientific. work in the region. catalysis and organic synthesis. Let's experiment. confirmed the assumption of the intermediate formation of surface methylene radicals in the synthesis reactions on the basis. carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In 1960 he completed the research. hydrocondensation of carbon monoxide with olefins; and hydropolymerization of olefins by the action of small amounts of carbon monoxide or oxygen. In 1970, he formulated the concept of astechiometric. components in catalysis. He proposed new catalysts for the synthesis of hard-to-reach carboxylic acids and esters under conditions of homogeneous acid catalysis. In 1972 he developed a new cobalt-zirconium catalyst for the synthesis of high-melting ceresins. Works: Syntheses of organic compounds based on carbon monoxide. M., 1984.
EIFMAN Boris Yakovlevich (b. 1946, Rubtsovsk, Altai Territory), choreographer. Graduated from Choreography. school in Chisinau (1964) and choreographer department Leningrad. cons. (1972). In 1970–77 he was choreographer Choreographer. school in Leningrad, where he carried out the post: "Towards Life" on muses. D.B. Kabalevsky, "Meetings" and "Souls are beautiful impulses ..." on muses. R.K. Shchedrina. Put on a ball. "Gayane" by A. I. Khachaturian (Leningrad. Small theater, 1972; in a new edition - "T-r Wielki" Lodz, 1975), "Firebird" by IF Stravinsky (T-r op. And ball named after S.M. Kirov, 1975). In 1977 he created Leningrad. ans. ballet (St. Petersburg theater of modern ballet) and became his artist. hands. The first program (1977) ans., Post. E. col. with M.-EO.Murdmaa and D. Seifert, consisted of 5 dances. fragments and small bal .: "Only love" on music. Shchedrin, "Under the Cover of Night" for music. ball. B. Bartok "Wonderful Mandarin", "Two-Voice" on music. amer. rock-ans. "Pink Floyd", "Temptation" for music. R. Wakeman, "The Interrupted Song" to music. 1st movement of the Fourth symphony. I. Kalninsha. Then followed: "The Firebird" (1978), "The Idiot" on muses. Sixth (Pathetic) symph. PI Tchaikovsky (1980), the program "Autographs", which included 4 chamber balls. to the music. A. Vivaldi, L. van Beethoven, T. Albioni and A. G. Schnittke, "Crazy Day ..." by P.-O. Beaumarchais on music. G. Rossini (1982), choreography. scenes "Shakespeare Passion" on music. I. Brahms and Middle-century. lute muses. (1983). Carried out the post. ball. "Lieutenant Romashov" based on the pov. AI Kuprina "Duel", music. VA Gavrilin (1985), "Pinocchio, or Adventures in the Land of Fools" on music. J. Offenbach in T. Kogan's processing (1990), "Murderers" based on rum. E. Zola "Teresa Raken" on music. I.-S. Bach, G. Mahler, Schnittke (1991) and others. E. - the creator of the TV. f.-bal .: "Variations on a Rococo theme", music. Tchaikovsky (1968), "Brilliant Divertissement", music. MI Glinka (1973), "Twelfth Night" (1988; won the main prize of the 1st International Telephonic Festival "Golden Fleece") and others. activist of the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1988), nar. art. RF (1996).
EIG Alexander (1895, Minsk - 1938, Jerusalem), botanist. From 1909 - in E.-I. In 1917-18 - in the ranks of the Jewish Legion of Brit. army. He studied botany at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). In 1926–38 the head. dep. botany Experiment. s.-kh. stations (since 1929 - part of the Jewish University). In 1931–33, a participant in scientific research. expeditions to Syria, Turkey and Iraq, from 1937 taught botany at the Jewish University. E.'s collection served as the basis for the herbarium biol. f-that un-that. Conducted research. in the region. general botany, geobotany. First published a description of pl. plant species, table phytogeographic. areas (1931). Among the works of E. - "Contribution to the knowledge of flora E. - I." (1926), "Vegetation E.-I." (1927), "Vegetation of the belt of light soils of the coastal plain of E.-I." (1939).
EIGELES Mikhail (Moisey) Arnoldovich (1897, Grodna - 1985, Moscow), mining engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946), prof. (1949). Graduated from the Don Polytechnic in 1925. Institute in Novocherkassk. In 1932-85 he worked at the Institute of Applied Sciences. mineralogy in Moscow (since 1935 - VNII of mineral raw materials), in 1950–70 the head. lab. beneficiation of ores. In the 1930s. supervised the development of methods and technologies. schemes of flotation beneficiation of fluorspar ores, on the basis of which the first in the USSR were designed and put into operation. factories - Polesskaya, Aurakhmatskaya, Takobskaya. Since the 1950s. in the main. worked on the creation of methods for the beneficiation of rare metals. raw materials. Author of 30 inventions, monographs, textbooks, scientific. articles. Became. pr. (1952). Works: Theoretical foundations of flotation of non-sulfide minerals. 2nd ed. M., 1964; Reagents-regulators in the flotation process. M., 1977.
EIGER Yakov Borisovich (1862, Shaki Vladislavovsky u. Suvalka province. - 1932, Leningrad), doctor, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. After finishing honey. faculty (1893) worked as a doctor in the Obukhov hospital, children. a doctor in St. Petersburg; ed. zhurn. "Medical Contemporary". He was engaged in the development of the early. education in OPE; one of the founders of OZE, member. Society of lovers of the ancient Hebrew language. Author honey. and publicist. Art. about physical development and dignity. the state of the Jewish population in Russia, about the Jewish school. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 played an active role in the life of the Jewish community. In 1918 he was elected from the Zionists to perform. Bureau of the Jewish Petrograd. communities. In 1921-22 joint. with other Jewish doctors he tried to restore the work of the liquidated OZE. In 1922-23 - one of the founders of the Commission for the survey of issues. Jewish health care, after its closure - the Commission for the Study of Psychophysics. the state of the Jews under the EIEO (1924–27). In 1922 - one of the founders of Petrograd. Jewish help center (PECOPO). In 1925-29 before. LEKOPO.
EIGES Iosif Romanovich (1887, Bryansk - 1953, Moscow), musicologist, literary critic. Son of R.M. Eiges, brother of K.R. Eiges. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. (1914). At the same time. studied in history-philology. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918–19 he read literary music. lectures in the slave. clubs. From the beginning. 1920s taught playing on php., collaborated as literary-muses. criticism, including in the journal. "Print and Revolution", worked in the State. Academy of Art. sciences. Main the theme of books (all published in Moscow) is the role of music in the life and work of Russian. writers: A.S. Pushkin (1937), M.Yu. Lermontov ("Literary heritage", v. 45–46, issue 2, 1948), A.P. Chekhov (1953). Published a number of works on aesthetics and on individual, in the main. related to music, manuf. Russian writers-classics, among whom "The melody of one song to the words of Nekrasov" (collection "Zvenya", vol. 6. Moscow-Leningrad, 1936).
EIGES Konstantin Romanovich (1875, Bogodukhov, Kharkov province - 1950, Moscow), composer, teacher, pianist. The son of R.M. Eiges, brother of I.R. Eiges. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1905). In the 1910s. wrote muz.-critical. Art. for diff. zhurn. After 1917 he performed in music. lecture halls, workers' clubs. In the 1920s. head dep. specialist. muses. education muses. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, Deputy. prev. commission for the reform of muses. education; headed the sector of philosophy in the State. in-those muses. Sciences. In 1919-26, the director. Moose. technical school them. Yaroshevsky in Moscow. Taught (music - theoretical subjects) in Moscow. Centre. correspondence ped. in-those (1939–41), in the Sverdlovsk cons. (1941–43), Higher. uch-shche military. conductors in Moscow (1944), B.V.Shchukin at the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1944–46). As a composer, he continued the traditions of S.I. Taneev and A.N. Skryabin. Wrote a treatise "On the Nature of Music" about S.V. Rachmaninov and Taneev. Author of the cantata "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" (1905), chamber instrumental. ans., including fp. trio, dedicated Taneev (1947), plays for fp., Including for children; cycles of romances on words of rus. and it. poets. Among lit. tr. - “The main questions of muses. aesthetics "(Moscow, 1905)," Articles on the Philosophy of Music "(Moscow, 1912). Son E. - Oleg (1905, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), pianist, composer, teacher. He studied with his father, in 1928-29 he improved in Berlin. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions (1930). He taught at the Sverdlovsk (1939–48) and Gorkovsk (1949–58) cons., Led the class. chamber ans., then compositions in Muz.- ped. in-those them. Gnesins (1959–74). He gave concerts until the beginning. 1980s, performed including his own. op. and op. father. The author of the op. "Resurrection" (after Leo Tolstoy, 1967, not post.), 15 symphony. (1930–80), 2 concerts with orc. - for FP. (1935, 2nd ed. 1952) and for violin (1963), pl. chamber instr. ans., 10 sonatas, pieces for fp. Son E. - Sergei (1910, Moscow - 1944), painter, graphic artist. Creativity dedicated. ch. arr. muses. subject. He created portraits of many others. performers, including father and brother. Killed at the front.
EIGES Olga Vyacheslavovna (1910, Smolensk - 1996, Moscow), graphic artist, muralist. In 1939 she graduated from Moscow. in-t fig. lawsuit. She worked as a decorator, including in the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1931), designed performances on club stages. In the 1930s. made posters for Vses. bargain. chambers, publishing house "Art". In 1941–45, she created a politician. posters: "Women, replace the men who went to the front", "The stronger the rear, the stronger the front" (both - 1941), etc. Since 1943 - in the Monum Workshop. painting at the Academy of Architecture of the USSR under the hands of. L.A. Bruni. Participated in the execution of the painting of the plafonds of the underground. lobby of the Izmailovskaya metro station (1943), plafonds in the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy (1944, all according to sketches by A.D. Goncharov), plafonds in the residential building of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense in Moscow (1945), interiors of the sanatorium of the Ministry of Aviation. industry of the USSR in Podlipki Mosk. region, pavilions of VDNH ("Moscow region", "Veterinary", "Far East"). Has established a number of circus. posters. Machine tool. manuf. - landscapes, still lifes, portraits - mostly. sketch character, made in oil, aqu., pencil. She worked at the Graphic Works. art, at the Combine decor. claim Mosk. mountains. branches of the artist. fund of the RSFSR. From 1936 she participated in exhibitions. Works are in museums in Russia and Uzbekistan.
EIGES Roman Mikhailovich (Ruvim Moiseevich) (1840, Vilna - 1926, Mtsensk, Oryol province), doctor. Valid. State Councillor. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1870) worked as a doctor in the Kharkov province. During the Russian tour. War of 1877–78 - an evacuation doctor in the Kiev VO; went to Bulgaria, where under the hands. NI Pirogova performed ether anesthesia during operations. In 1879-1906 he was a district doctor in Oryol, Kursk and other provinces. In 1906-12 and from 1917 - in Mtsensk, where he worked in the outpatient clinic and control commissions. Son E. - Vladimir (1876 - 1949), prof. mathematics, head. Department of MADI. Daughter E. - Nadezhda (1883 - 1975), teacher-pedologist, organizer of the first day nursery in the USSR, author of works on preschool pedagogy. Son E. - Benjamin (1888 - 1956), painter, member. Association "Jack of Diamonds", Assoc. painting polygraph. and the Textile Institutes.
EICHENBAUM (Gelber) Yakov Moiseevich (1796, Christianpol, Galicia, Austria - 1861, Kiev), poet, mathematician, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied mathematics and a number of European languages, thanks to which he was able to translate Euclid's Elements (from German, 1819, unpublished) and the then popular Course of Pure Mathematics by LB Franker (part 1- I published in 1857 in Warsaw under the title "Hohmat ha-shirim"; Part 2 remained unpublished). As a mathematician, he attracted attention when he discovered a significant error in Franker's calculations. He made his debut in poetry Sat. "Kol Zimra" ("The Voice of the Song". Leipzig, 1836). The popularity and recognition of E. brought the poem "Ga Krav" ("Battle". London, 1839) - a poeticized statement of the rules of the game of chess. In 1844, at the request of I.-B. Levinzon, he received the post of caretaker (director) of the Chisinau Jewish school, from 1849 inspector and teacher of Jewish subjects at the Rabbinical school in Zhitomir.
EIKHENBAUM Boris Mikhailovich (1886, Krasny Smolensk province. - 1959, Leningrad), literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1912). He taught in 1918–49 at Petrograd. un-those (LSU). First book. - "Pushkin the Poet and the Rebellion of 1825" (1907). Tr. E. dedicated. Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, to the works of N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S.Turgenev, N.S.Leskov, A.A. Akhmatova and others. Naib. E. significant merits in the preparation of ed. Coll. op. Tolstoy, Lermontov, Turgenev. E. proved himself as an outstanding textual critic, commentator, editor. Tr. E. are distinguished by originality of concepts, liveliness and elegance of presentation, novelty of material and depth of research.
EIKHENGOLTS Mark Davidovich (1889, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1953, Moscow), literary critic, translator. In 1914 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that on romano-germ. branch. He specialized in French. lit-re. I went out for scientific. classes in France and Italy. From 1918 he taught poetics, history of Western Europe. lit-ry and t-ra at f-those societies. Sciences of Moscow State University, at the Higher. lit.-artist in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusova, Ying-those words and in a number of specials. theater. schools. He also worked at the Research Institute of Languages. and literature, Ying-those red professors, MOPI and MGPI. Consisted of Dr. State Academy of Art. sciences. First appearance in print - Art. in the bibl. dep. gas. "Morning of Russia" (1915). Published in the journal. "Theater Bulletin", "Print and Revolution". Main research dedicated to the works of E. Zola and G. Flaubert. Prepared the first scientific-commentary. Coll. op. Zola (1928–35) and Flaubert (1933–38), as well as Fav. op. Flaubert (1947). Brother E. - Alexander (1897, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Bibliographer. In 1919 he graduated from Moscow State University. In 1924–27 the head. b-coy Ying-that red professors, in 1927–37 hands. bibl. dep. libraries of IMEL. In 1937–70 prof. Moscow state library. in-that. Author of works on the history and theory of bibliography.
EICHENWALD Anton Alexandrovich (1875, Moscow - 1952, Leningrad), composer, conductor. He made his debut as a conductor in 1894. Conducted in plural. t-rah op. and the ball. The author of the ball. "Firebird", post. in Paris. In 1923-28 - in exile. The author of symph. production, music for violin and cello, as well as songs.
EILENBERG Samuel (1913, Warsaw - 1998, New York), mathematician. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences. In 1934 he graduated from Warsaw University. Since 1939 - in the USA. In 1940–46 he taught at Michigan University, in 1946–47 prof. University of Indiana. Since 1947 prof. Columbia University. Main results in the region. Algebraic Topology and Homological Algebra (Eilenberg - McLane Spaces), Works: Homological Algebra. M., 1956 (in co-authorship with A. Cartan); Foundations of algebraic topology. M., 1958 (co-authored with N. Steenrod).
EYNGORN Isser-Joseph (1866, Keidany of Kovensky district and province - 1925, Warsaw), teacher. He taught natural science in the agricultural sector. school "Mikve Israel" in E.-I., then in decomp. uch. institutions of Warsaw. Book. E. "Torat avodat ha-adama" and "Torat ha-tsemakhim" laid the foundation for the development of Hebrew biol. terminology. Under ps. A. Rogovin published in Yiddish in Warsaw at the Nar. Jewish un-that scientific-popul. books. According to the textbook E. "Limudey ga-teva" (1922) taught in Jewish gymnasiums. He translated into Hebrew "Philosophy of Art" I. Ten and Prince. T. Carlyle "Heroes and the veneration of heroes."
EINGORN Max (1862, Grodna - 1953, New York), gastroenterologist. Doctor of Medicine (1884), prof. (1899). Studied in high fur boots in Riga, Kiev, Berlin. Since 1885 - in the USA. In 1888-1922 - in the New York honey. school - assistant prof., prof. Creator of new systems (including new instruments) for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases by gastrodiaphania. Author of monograph. "Stomach Diseases" (1896), "Diseases of the Internal Organs" (1900), "Practical Problems of Diet and Nutrition" (1905), "Lectures on Dietetics" (1916), "Duodenal Research and Its Possibilities" (1920).
EYNGORN Mikhail Solomonovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), percussion instrument, xylophonist. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1955). He gave concerts as a xylophonist, being a soloist of Lengostrada, since 1959 - Mosconcert. Laureate of Vses. competition of pop artists (1958). In 1972–77 - in Israel, since 1977 - in the USA, he gives recitals.
EINGORN Moses (1896, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1966), doctor, publisher. In 1908–15 - in E.-I. Graduated from college in Herzliya. Since 1915 - in the USA. In 1917-18 - in the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. In 1922 he graduated from honey. Faculty of New York University. He was engaged in medical practice; in charge of the gastroenterologist. a branch of a hospital in the Bronx. Has published a number of papers on diseases of the stomach and intestines. In 1926 he founded (with E. Goldstein) "Garofe ha-ivri" (the only medical journal in Hebrew outside E.-I.) and was its publisher (until 1965). Developed a dictionary of honey. terms in Hebrew. He also participated in the creation of honey. libraries in Israel.
EYNGORN Vyacheslav Semenovich (b. 1956, Odessa), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1986). Graduated from mat. f-t. He performed successfully in a number of Vses. tournaments of young masters (1979, 2-3rd; 1980, 3rd; 1981, 3-4th). Bronze. medalist of the USSR Championship (1984). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Zagreb (1987, 8-11th). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments: Moscow (1985, 2nd m .; 1986, 1-2nd m.), Bor (1985, 1-2nd m .; 1986, 1-3rd m.); Belgrade (1986, 1–2 nd). As part of the Ukrainian national team, a participant in the World. chess. Olympiads (1992).
EINIS Vladimir Lvovich (1890, Ekaterinodar - 1978, Moscow), phthisiatrician. Prof. (1929), Dr. med. Sciences (1935). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Freiburg un-that (1913), worked in tuberculosis sanatoriums in Germany. In 1915 he returned to Russia, a phthisiatrician to lay down. institutions North. Caucasus. In 1920–23, Assistant to Therapeutic. clinics, in 1923–26 head. Department of semiotics of the Kuban honey. in-that (Krasnodar) and simultaneously. (1921–26) dir. organized by him the North Caucasian Tuberculosis Institute. In 1926-29 he taught a course of tuberculosis at the 1st Moscow State University, in 1929-52 the head. organized by him by the Department of Tuberculosis of the 2nd Moscow State University (from 1930 - the 2nd MMI) and at the same time. (1928–56) dir. organized by him Mosk. tuberculosis institute; in 1956–78 head. therapeutic. department of the Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis. Main tr. on questions functional state of the cardiovascular system in patients with tuberculosis, clinical criteria. cure tuberculosis. One of the founders of the classification of tuberculosis, adopted in 1948 in the USSR. He paid a lot of attention to the treatment of tuberculosis (dietetics, climatic and chemotherapy, surgical treatment). Prev Vses. and Mosk. about-in phthisiatricians. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1958). Cit .: Diet of a tuberculosis patient. M., 1928; Fundamentals of treatment of a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. M., 1934, 4th ed., 1956; Tuberculosis. M., 1961.
EINZSTEIN Roibn (b. 1917, Vilna), historian. He studied in Vilna, at Free University in Brussels. In London he was published in the magazine. Juish Sushi Stadis, Juis Quaterly, BBC contributor. Author of works dedicated. owls. lit-re of the 2nd world period. war, the participation of Jews in it and the death of the Polish. Jewishness, as well as monographs published in Great Britain and the United States: "Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe" (1974) and "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" (1979). Member of the collective tr. “Jews in the Sov. Russia after 1917 (3rd ed. London – New York, 1978), no. Institute of Jewish Problems in London.
EISHISHKI, see Eishishkes.
EISK, city, regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1848. In 19 - early. 20th century - adm. the center of the department of the Kuban Region. 165 Jews lived in Egypt in 1881, 69 in 1897, 74 (1.2%) in 1910, 104 (0.3%) in 1926, and 198 Jews in 1939. E. had a Jewish cemetery. In the fall of 1942, several were shot in E. hundreds of Jews, mostly. refugees from Ukraine. In 1998, approx. 250 Jews in E. R. Nikonova.
EITINGON Max (Mark) Efimovich (1881, Mogilev - 1943), psychoanalyst, philanthropist. Doctor of Medicine (1909). Since childhood he lived in Germany. He studied philosophy. f-those of Marburg un-that, then took up medicine. He worked in Switzerland as a psychiatrist. clinic Burghelzli near Zurich joint. with izv. psychiatrists E. Bleuler, C.G. Jung, K. Abraham and others. In 1907 E. was the first from abroad. specialists visited Z. Freud in Vienna; their communication grew into close cooperation and personal friendship. E. Was unity. psychoanalyst who possessed cr. personal capital. This made it possible to regularly provide material assistance to colleagues in need, and sometimes to Freud himself. E. also funded decomp. scientific. and published. projects. On funds E. based psychoanalytic. publishing house, in which many others saw the light. tr. Freud and his colleagues. In 1920 E. subsidized, founded, and headed the Berlin Psychoanalyst. in-t, on the model to-rogo similar institutions were subsequently created in different. countries. In 1929 and 1932 he was elected president. Int. psychoanalytic. associations. Since 1933 - in E.-I. Founded and led the Palestinian Psychoanalyst. about-in, thereby laying the foundation for the spread of Freud's ideas in E.-I.
EYVIN Yehoshua Geshel (1891, Vinnytsia, Podolsk province - 1970, Israel), writer, editor. He studied medicine, but later left the profession and began to study literature. From 1924 in E.-J. In 1928 he became one of the founders of the revisionist movement, at the same time he began to edit the revisionist press, regularly publishing. there Art. The first lit. E.'s work appeared in Odessa. gas. "Ga-Olam", then in other editions. In 1959 he won first place in Israel. Bible Competition. Author of the book: "Sipurim" (1928); "Be-sod ha-lalim" (1930) and others.
EYVIN Shmuel (1896, Odessa - 1982, Kfar Sava, Israel), archaeologist. From 1905 - E.-I. After graduation he served in the Turkish army (1916–18) and was awarded a military medal. In 1923 he graduated from University College in London, where he studied Egyptology, and the East School. lang., specializing in Arabic; in 1928–29 he studied at the graduate school of Berlin University. M.A. In the 20s and 30s and 50s. took part in many archaeological expeditions in E.-I., Egypt, Iraq, in 1933 he directed the excavations of the biblical city of Ay near Jerusalem. Since 1935 - Member. K-ta language. Hebrew (from 1953 - the Academy of the language. Hebrew), in 1935–42 - secretary for research of the same K-ta, in 1944–46 - before. Jewish Society for the study of E.-I. In 1944-48 Ch. translator from Hebrew and into Hebrew under the pr-ve E.-I. In 1948-59 he worked as a director. Dept. antiquities of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Israel, since 1959 - prof. Department of Biblical History and Archeology of Tel Aviv University. He took part in editing editions: "Bible Encyclopedia" (1944–62), "Bulletin of the Israeli Archeology. ob-va "(1945–49)," The Encyclopedia of Judaica "(since 1961)," B-ka of Palestinology "and others. Author of more than 350 publications in periodicals in Israel, the United States, Europe and Africa. Main works: "The History of Hebrew Writing" (1939), "The War of Bar-Kokhba" (1946), "Antiquities of Our Country" (with M. Avi-Iona, 1955), "Archaeological Work in Israel, 1948-55" ( 1956, in Hebrew and English), “The Decade of Archeology in Israel” (1961) and others. pr. Israel for research on Jewish studies (1968).
EISENBAUM Antoni (Aron) (1791, Warsaw - 1852, ibid.), Public figure, teacher, editor. In 1823–24 he published the first weekly in the Vistula region. Nadvislinsky Observer in Yiddish and Polish. lang. The author of the memorandum addressed to the imp. Alexander I, on the need to improve the life of Jews in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1826 he was appointed inspector, then director. The school of rabbis in Warsaw, which, according to E.'s plan, was to become a secular analogue of the yeshiva. At the same time. E. was the censor of literature in the Hebrew language, published in the Polish provinces.
EISENSTADT Benzion (1873, Kletsk of Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1951, USA), rabbi. From ser. 1890s published in the press in Hebrew biographies of prominent rabbis. The author of the book. "Rabanei Minsk" ("Rabbis of Minsk". Vilna, 1899). Since 1903 - in the USA. Author of biogr. book and comments. to the Talmud.
EISENSTEIN Yehuda-David (1854, Mezhirechye of Sedletskaya Province - 1956, New York), historian, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1872 - in the USA. One of the founders of the Jewish agricultural. settlement "Mitsis" in New Jersey. He headed the Colel America fund, to-ry collected and sent money to E.-I. One of the founders of the Society of Hebrew Lovers in New York. Since 1891 he devoted himself entirely to societies. activity, was published in the press and lit. collection of books in Hebrew, published in New York, he also wrote in English. lang. and Yiddish. Comp. encyclopedias "Otsar Israel" (1907-13). He translated the US Constitution into Hebrew and Yiddish. The author is numerous. tr. on Jewish philosophy, literature, culture, history.
EISENSTEIN Mikhail Osipovich (1867, Petersburg - 1921, Berlin), architect. Valid. State Councillor. In 1893 he graduated from St. Petersburg. in-t citizen Ing. Worked early. branch lines of communication of the Livonian lips. board. Since 1919 - in Germany. Representative of eclectic modernity. Main works - more than 15 apartment buildings in Riga: at Strelkovaya street. (1897, 1905), Suvorovskaya st. (1898), Melnichnaya st. (1901), Elizavetinskaya st. (1901, 1903), on the street. Albert (1903–06), Alexandrovskaya st. (1905), Samarinskaya st. (1911) and others Son E. - Sergei (1898 - 1948), director, film theorist. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1937). Staged fictional films: "Battleship Potemkin" (1925), "October" (1927), "Ivan the Terrible" (1st ser., 1945; 2nd ser., 1958). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1935). Became. pr. (1941, 1946).
EZERNA, see Ezerna.
EZERNITSA, see Ozernitsa.
EZEROS, see Zarasai.
EZERSKA Andzia (1885 - 1970, New York), writer. Since 1901 - in the USA. She worked at a sewing factory, was a cook. First. Sat. stories E. "Hungry Hearts" (1920), which reflected the writer's good knowledge of the living conditions of the East Side, established her reputation as a realist. Follow her, man. also touched on the difficult adaptation of Heb. immigrants to Amer. reality. Author of the book: "The oppression of generations", L., 1926; "Salome from the Backyard", L., 1927, etc. In 1950, publ. her autobiography. manuf. "Red ribbon on a white horse."
EZHOV (real fam. Tsederbaum) Sergei Osipovich (1879, Odessa - 1939, Moscow), polit. activist. R. in the family of an employee Rus. Society of Shipping and Trade, brother of L.O. Martov. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, but was soon arrested. From 1896 - participated in the Social-Democratic Party. movement, in 1898 one of the hands. petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". Since 1901, the representative of Iskra in the West. edge. In 1902 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia, in 1903 he fled. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik. In 1905–07 he worked as a Menshevist. editions, in Jan.-Apr. 1906 - member. united. Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, "liquidator", worked in trade unions, workers' insurance bodies. Since 1911 - one of the hands. petersburg. "Initiative group" of the Mensheviks, sotr. gas. "Ray". In 1912 he was arrested, in 1913 he was exiled to Cherdyn, Perm province. In 1915 he returned to Petrograd, from 1916 in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war "centrist" .After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Of the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Dep., One of the hands. moscow Mensheviks. In the beginning. May - cases. Vseros. conf. Mensheviks, elected member. Organizer to-that (OK), and then the OK bureau. In aug. - business. Unite, Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee of the RSDLP from the internationalist minority of the congress. Participant in the creation of fractions. center - Center. Bureau of Menshevik Internationalists. In the end. nov. - early. Dec - cases. emergency Congress of the RSDLP, re-entered the Central Committee. From Dec. - comrade (deputy) before. Vseros. Council of Workers' Cooperation, ed. g. "The voice of workers' cooperation". Since 1922, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled on charges of anti-Soviet. activities. 2/25/1939 shot by the sentence of Voyen. Collegiums of the Top, courts of the USSR. Cit .: New law on sickness funds and what it gives to workers, P., 1917; Ways of workers' cooperation in the West and in our country, P., 1917; From small to large, 3rd ed., M., 1918.
EZHUV, a village (in 1793-1870 - a city) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then - Posad Yezhov of Brezinsky u. In 1793 there were 5 Jewish families in Egypt, in 1808 - 27 Jews (4.6%), in 1827 - 61 (8%), in 1857 - 308 (25%), in 1897 - 733 (38% ), in 1921 - 1,048 Jews (40%) Jews lived in Egypt from the beginning. 18th century In 1825-62 Ye. Was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In the 1870s. the E. community became independent. At the same time, a Jewish cemetery was founded. From 1852 Shloyme Weinberger was rabbi of E., then Yakov Landau (1834-1898), and from 1875 a tzadik in Tsekhanuv. Jews E. took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In the end. 19th century Rabbi E. was Moishe Yoel, in 1908-27 - Moishe-Menachem-Mendel Kogan (? -1927), since 1927 - Yosef Alfus, who died along with the entire community during the Catastrophe. During the 1st world. war grew. authorities hanged 3 Jews on charges of spying for Germany, several. Jews were exiled to Siberia. In the 1920s and 30s. in Ye., there were branches of Jewish parties and youth movements. 2nd world. During the war, the number of Jews in Egypt, together with refugees, was approx. 1600 people In 1940 a ghetto was created. 1 jan. 1941 Jews of Egypt were sent to the Warsaw ghetto. Joseph Shavinsky (1904-1979, Tel Aviv), writer (in Yiddish), since 1949 - in Israel.
EZIORS, see Lakes.
EZNAS, a city (since 1956) in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ezno Troksky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 83 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1866 - 170 (31%), in 1897 - 303 (24.1%), in 1923 - 286 ( 29%), in 1940 - approx. 300 Jews (27%) Jews lived in Egypt from the 1st half. 19th century Until 1912, Egypt did not have its own cemetery; the dead were buried in the Butrimonis cemetery. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Egypt. m-in. In 1915, the Jews were evicted from Egypt to the int. districts of Russia. After 1918, the majority returned to Egypt. The Jews of Egypt earned their living from trade, crafts, and agriculture. x-vom. In 1931, out of 18 shops, 16 were owned by Jews. In 1937, among the Jews of Egypt there were 4 bakers, 3 shoemakers, 3 butchers, a carpenter, a tinsmith, a photographer, and a hairdresser. A branch of the Jewish agricultural sector worked in Ye. credit society. Up to the 1st world. During the war, children studied in the cheder. In the 1920s. the school of the Tarbut network was opened. She worked as a library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew. There were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Cells of the Beitar and Gordonia youth movements were active. There were philanthropists. org-tion, self-help fund, hevra kaddish. Homemade. the youth theater gave performances, the money for which went to charity. There was a synagogue in Ye. The rabbis of Egypt were: from 1884 - Zvi-Hirsh Horvits, from 1903 - Moyshe Stul, from 1907 - Itskhok Belitsky, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Moishe Litvak (? —1941). Herm. troops occupied Egypt on June 25, 1941. On July 16, 1941, 89 Jews from c. Jews from Staklishkes were taken to the Prenai district and shot there. 28 Aug 1941 70 people were sent to Alytus and shot. 3 Sep 1941 on the shore of the lake near Ye., The remaining 144 people were shot. Eighteen Jews managed to escape, of which only four, who were hiding from Lithuanian peasants in neighboring villages, survived the occupation.
EZNO, see Eznas.
EZUPOL, see Zhovten, Ivano-Frankivsk region.
FABELINSKY Immanuil Lazarevich (b. 1911, Graevo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya province.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955), prof. (1969), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1936 he graduated from Moscow State University, in 1936–41 he worked there, in 1941–43 - at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1943 - at FIAN, head. sector (since 1966). At the same time. taught at MEPhI and MIPT. Sci. work dedicated. physical optics, nonlinear optics, molecular acoustics. Discovered stimulated scattering of the Rayleigh line wing, stimulated temperature scattering. He was the first to observe the dispersion of the speed of sound in a liquid, to establish the regularities of the propagation of ultrasound and hypersound in viscous media. Determined the relaxation time of the anisotropy from the depolarization spectra of light scattered in a liquid. Discovered and investigated the fine structure of Rayleigh scattering. The author of St. 130 scientific. Works, Vol .: Molecular Light Scattering. M., 1965; On the history of the discovery of Raman scattering. M., 1982.
FACTORY Alexander Osipovich (1881 - 1963), agronomist. Prof. At the end of the Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1907) served in the Ministry of Agriculture. From ser. 1920s prof. Moscow s.-kh. academy. In 1930 he was arrested in the case of A.V. Chayanov, released in 1931. Arrested again in 1947, released in 1953 Brother F. - Vladimir (? -?), Member. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, at the end. 1917 - early. 1918 a liaison person who was on illegal. position of A.F. Kerensky.
FACTORY Lev Borisovich (1915, Avdeevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1978, Moscow), civil engineer. In 1949 he graduated from the Kharkov Engineering and Construction Institute. 1941–45 - in the army. He worked in building. organizations of Stalingrad, Voskresensk (Moscow region). In 1962-68 the beginning. Ulyanovsk construction management, manager of the Promstroy trust, deputy. early "Glavulyanovskstroy". In 1968–71 the beginning. complex of construction of the memorial of V.I. Lenin. In 1971–78 the beginning. region department for construction and architecture of the Ulyanovsk region. Council of Working People's Deputies. Linen. etc. (1972).
FACTORY Moisey Borisovich (1863, Shumilovo, Podolsk Gubernia - 1951, Kharkov), surgeon, dentist. Doctor of Medicine (1907), prof. (1921). In 1889 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1889-1907 resident physician clinic of Kharkov University. In the same years, several. months improved in Germany and worked in Shumilov. In 1907-21 the head. organized by him the course of surgery of the Kharkov Dental School, in 1921-50 head. the Department of Surgery organized by him. Dentistry Kharkov Dentistry in-that. Main direction of scientific. F.'s activities - maxillofacial surgery. Developed questions. pathology of the mandibular joint, diagnosis and therapy of benignities. and malignancies. tumors of the face, tongue, salivary glands and oral cavity, periarticular phlegmon. Described differential diagnosis of diseases of the maxillofacial system, proposed a classification of tuberculous bone lesions and methods of treatment. Headed by scientific. School of Maxillofacial Surgery. Member board of Kharkov honey. about-va, poch. h. World. associations of dentists and the World. associations for the fight against bone tuberculosis. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1943).
FACTORY Valentin Alexandrovich (1907, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939), acad. APN USSR (1968). Son of A.O. Fabrikant. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1930-50 - in the All-Union Union. e-tech. in-those, head. lab. (since 1932). At the same time. taught at MPEI (since 1930), head. department (1944–77). Sci. tr. by physical electronics, plasma physics, physics methodology. In 1931 he began research. by luminescence (at the suggestion of S.I. Vavilov). Joint. with sotr. created the first luminescent lamps in the USSR and developed the technology for their industrial. production. He pointed to the possibility of obtaining an inverted population of energy levels, proposed methods for its creation (including the method of optical pumping) and formulated the principle of amplification of an electromagnet. radiation when passing through a medium with an inverted population (1939–51). Put the classic. experiment on the diffraction of alternately flying electrons (with LM Biberman and NG Sushkin, 1949). Evil medal to them. S.I. Vavilov Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Became. pr. (1951).
FADEEVA (nee Tuchinskaya) Irma Lvovna (b. 1938, Berdichev, Zhytomyr region), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1990). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1963). In 1963–73 she worked as a translator in Tunisia and other countries. 1973–78 scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1978 - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the history of countries Wed. and Bl. East on Wed. century and new time. Vol .: Ottoman Empire and Anglo-Turkish relations in the middle. XIX century. M., 1982; Officer. doctrines in the ideology and politics of the Ottoman Empire (Ottomanism - Pan-Islamism) XIX - early. XX century. M., 1985; The concept of power in Bl. East: Middle Ages and Modern Times. M., 1993.
FAERMAN Ilya Lvovich (1890, Khasav-Yurt, Tersk region - 1964, Moscow), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1925), prof. (1935). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1914-18 the military. doctor in the Southwest and Caucasian fr. In 1918–21, a resident surgeon. clinics of the North Caucasus University in Rostov-on-Don; in 1921–25, assistant surgeon. clinics Azerb. honey. in-that in Baku. In 1926-29 he worked at the hospital. N.A. Semashko in Moscow; in 1929–30 head. department propaedeutic. surgery of the 2nd Moscow State University; in 1931–35 head. surgeon department of the hospital № 23 named. Medsantruda; in 1935–41 head. Department of General Surgery of the 1st MMI; in 1941–43 chap. surgeon of evacuation hospitals of the Omsk region and at the same time. head departments of general and faculty surgery of the 2nd MMI evacuated to Omsk; in 1943–54 head. department propaedeutic. surgery Mosk. honey. Institute of the People's Commissariat of Health (Ministry of Health) of the RSFSR (since 1950 - Ryazan Medical Institute); in 1954–64 head. surgeon dep. Central Research Institute for Examination of Working Capacity and Labor Organization of Disabled People. Sci. F. works dedicated. question surgeon treatment of diseases of the spleen, blood vessels, substantiation of the principles of examination of the ability to work at a surgeon. diseases, etc. He was one of the first in the USSR who used biopsy of bone marrow, spleen, liver for diagnostics purposes, and specified indications for spleen removal. He was the first in the USSR to carry out an operation to create arts. the vagina from the sigmoid colon, developed an operative access to the cervical spine is nice. trunk and plastics of the sphincter of the anus. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1942) Vol .: Diseases of the Spleen. M. - L., 1928; Obliterating endarteritis and thrombophlebitis. M., 1958; Issues of examination of working capacity with sets. chronic diseases of the joints. M., 1972 (et al.).
FAIN Yuri Borisovich (1928, Leningrad - 1989, Tyumen), geologist. Cand. geological-mineralogical Sciences (1985). In 1952 he graduated from Molotov University. In 1952–62, engineer. positions in oil exploration in Bashkiria. In 1963–82 - in Glavtyumenneftegaz (since 1966 deputy head of geology). In 1982–88 in Sib. Research Institute of the Oil Industry (Tyumen, since 1986 deputy director for scientific work in the field of geology). Linen. etc. (1970).
FACTOR Max (1877, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1938), entrepreneur. Since 1904 - in the USA. In 1909, he opened a shop selling perfumes and cosmetics in St. Louis (California). In the 1910s. founded and headed the Max Factor company, which became one of the largest companies in the production and sale of cosmetics in the United States.
FAKTOROVICH Natan Grigorievich (1909, Odessa - 1967, Novosibirsk), conductor. Studied at the Odessa cons. (from I.V. Pribik and G.A. Stolyarov), in 1929 he graduated from the Kiev music-drama. in-t them. N.V. Lysenko (conducting class). In 1931–33, the orc was in charge. Centre. Houses of Kr. Army, since 1934 assistant conductor orc. Vses. radio. He headed a number of symphons. orc .: in 1936–39 - the Irkutsk Radio Committee, in 1939–40 and 1945–50 - the Chelyabinsk Philharmonic Society, in 1950–53 - the Novosibirsk Radio Committee, in 1953–64 - the Saratov Philharmonic Society. Conducted in opera performances of the Novosibirsk Theater, op. and ball., toured the country a lot. From 1964 he taught (from 1967 Associate Professor of the Novosibirsk Cons.). In the repertoire of F.: all symphonies by L. van Beethoven, J. Brahms, P. Tchaikovsky, production. comp. 20th century - S.S. Prokofiev, D.D.Shostakovich, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.I. Khachaturian. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1960).
FALIKMAN Ikhil Shmulevich (1911, Lyubar Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1977, Kiev), writer. He graduated from a Jewish school, studied at the Kiev artist. school. The first story publ. in 1931 in the journal. "Di dig Velt." In 1932–33 - in Birobidzhan, sotr. region gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". 1941–45 - at the front. Printed front. essays in gas. Einikite. Arrested in 1950, imprisoned until 1956. The author of the book. "Tsvishn sopkes" ("Among the hills". Kiev, 1937), "Ongeib freeling" ("The beginning of spring". Kiev-Lvov, 1940), "Menchen fun mine land" ("People of my country", 1945), "Dishine kumt fun mizrekh "(" Light Comes from the East ", 1948)," Der Schwarzer Vint "(" Black Wind ", 1968)," Der urtail iz oysgefilt "(" The Verdict Enforced ", 1971)," Fire un ash "(" Fire and Ash ", 1975).
FALIN Lev Iosifovich (1907, Smolensk - 1969, Moscow), histologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1941), prof. Graduated from Smolensk honey. Institute (1928), since 1929 postgraduate student, since 1932 assistant at the Department of Histology, in 1937–53 head. department. Since 1953 - at the Moscow Museum of Modern Art. Main directions of scientific. activity - nerve morphology. systems, dental. histology and embryology. Found (1956) that the receptor endings of the nerves of the pulp of the teeth are predominantly. to the branched end bushes category. Reproduced in the experiment teratoid tumors of the glands. Works: Atlas of micrographs on normal histology and embryology. M., 1957; Histology and embryology of the oral cavity and teeth. M., 1963; Development of the sex glands in human embryogenesis. M., 1968; Human Embryology: Atlas. M., 1976.
FALK Rafail Alexandrovich (1856, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1913, Tubingen, Germany), chess player, chess journalist. Ed. chess. dep. into gas. "Courier", "Morning of Russia", "Moscauer Deutsche Zeitung" (1886-1903), to-rye were sources of information for growing up. chess players. Member of the 1st All-Russia. tournament (1899). Champion of Moscow (1901).
FALK Robert Rafailovich (1886, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Painter, theater designer. Son of R.A. Falk. In 1901–05 he studied in the class. drawing and painting KF Yuon and in the private studio of II Mashkov, in 1905–12 - at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1910 - one of the founders of the artists' society "Jack of Diamonds". Since 1916, member. association "World of Art". He painted portraits, landscapes, still lifes, nudity. In 1918–20 prof. painting Free artists. workshops, member. collegiums for pictures. Isk-va at the People's Commissariat for Education, Ph.D. GakhN, Dean of the Living Faculty of VKHUTEIN. In the 1920s. designed the performances "Night in the Old Market" based on the poem by I.-L. Peretz, "The Journey of Benjamin III" after Mendele Moikher-Sforim in Moscow. GOSET. In 1925, members. Society of Artists “Mosk. painters ", in 1926-28 members. AHRR. In 1928–37 - in creative work. business trip in France. Since 1937 - in Moscow. Designed the performances: "Solomon Maimon" by M. Daniel (post. S.M. Mikhoels), "The Spaniards" (together with his son - V.R.Falk) after M.Yu. Lermontov (both - in the GOSET, 1940), in BelGOSET - "The Enchanted Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem (post. N.B. Leuter). In 1941–45 he wrote ser. Wed-Asian landscapes, after returning to Moscow - mid. still lifes, landscapes of the Moscow region. In 1947–57 he designed the performances “The Forest is Noisy” by A. Bart and G. Linkov in Moscow. GOSET (post. Mikhoels), "Lion in the square" by IG Erenburg in the State. moscow Chamber Theater (post. A.Ya. Tairov), "Only Truth" by J.-P. Sartre in T-re of satire (post. V.N. Pluchek). F.'s work was influenced by impressionism, post-impressionism, fauvism, and cubism. F. attached great importance to the problems of plasticity of pictorial solutions to the volume of things. In 1906 he first participated in an exhibition (Ryazan) under the ps. Clough Trebor, in 1910-17 - in exhibitions of the "Jack of Diamonds" Society, "The World of Art", in 1926-28 - the Moscow Society. artists, in 1928–42 - in the exhibitions "Salon d'Automne" and in the gallery Irondel (Paris). F.'s works were exhibited at exhibitions: "30 years of Moscow Artists Union" in 1962, "Paris - Moscow" in 1979, "Moscow - Paris" in 1981, "Stages of a long journey" in 1987 (Moscow). Personal exhibitions: in Moscow (1924, 1929, 1939, 1958, 1966 - see), Paris (1929, 1937). Prod. stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum and many others. thin museums in Russia and other countries. F. - the prototype of the hero of the pov. L.E. Ulitskaya "Sonechka". F.'s son - Valery (1916, Moscow - 1943, near Stalingrad), painter. Studied with his father. In 1933–38 - in Paris. Participant of exhibitions since 1936. From 1941 - at the front.
FALKOVICH Anatoly Solomonovich (1923, Baku - 1994, Haifa, Israel), actor. In 1942 he graduated from the Baku Higher. theater. uch-shche. In 1942–45 - in the army. Since 1945 - in the Baku Russian. dram. t-re. Created a gallery of images of his contemporaries: Yashin ("On Friends-Comrades" by V.Z.Mass and M.A. Chervinsky, 1948), Victor ("Youth" by L.G. Zorin, 1950), Platonov ("Ocean" by A.P. . Shteina, 1960), Cheshkov ("A man from the side" by IM Dvoretsky, 1970), Sagadeev "Thirteenth chairman" A.Kh. Abdullin, 1981), etc. From rus. classics played the roles: Murov ("Guilty Without Guilt" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1948), Alyosha ("Humiliated and Insulted" by F.M.Dostoevsky, 1956), Unknown ("Masquerade" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1959) , Satin ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1980) and others. Among the roles of F. obstinate "W. Shakespeare, 1964) and others. He starred in the films" Collapse "," Postal Novel "," Peters "," Kamo "," My Destiny "," Emergency Order "," Payback ". He died on stage while touring Israel. Nar. art. AzSSR (1972). State ave. AzSSR (1972).
FALKOVICH Boris Moiseevich (1893, Tashkent - 1931, ibid.), Economic leader. Since 1919 sec. the metalworkers' union, since 1920 members. collegiums and early. the administrative department of the national economic councils, in 1922–24 he was director. plant "Internationale" in Penica, in 1924-26 head. regional department of Polesotorg. In 1927–31 the manager and before. of the board of Uzbektorg, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs and deputy. People's Commissar, in 1931 People's Commissar for Supply of the UzSSR.
FALKOVICH Ilya Markovich (1898, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1979, Moscow), linguist. Graduated from linguistic. Faculty of Moscow State University. He taught Yiddish at universities. In the end. 1920s actively participated in the reform of Hebrew spelling and in the development of new spelling rules. Author of the textbooks "Yiddish for Adults" (M., 1929; 2nd ed. - 1936), "Yiddish. Phonetics, vocabulary and grammar "(Moscow, 1940). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1943–48, members. EAK. In 1945–48 Ch. ed. moscow publishing house "Der emes", ed. pl. artist manuf., released by the publishing house. Author of monograph. a review of the Yiddish language in a 4-volume book "Languages ​​of the Peoples of the USSR" (1967), an essay "On the Yiddish language" in a large "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) dictionary" (1984, publishing house "Russian language"), a cycle of Yiddish lessons, publ. in 1974–78 in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Cit .: The art of the lecturer. M., 1960.
FALKOVICH Yoel-Berish (?, Dubno, Volyn province -?, Odessa), playwright, translator. One of the representatives of the Haskal movement in Volyn. In 1820 he translated into Old Hebrew one of G. Lessing's dramas. Last years of his life he spent in Odessa, spoke at the trials in cases of blood libel against Jews. He is the author of the plays Reb Haiml Kotsin (Reb Chaim - A Respected Man, 1864) and Rohele Di Zingern (Singer Rachel, 1868).
FALKOVSKY Alexander Pavlovich (1912, Cherkasy, Kiev province. - 1992, Moscow), theater and circus artist. In 1930 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS in Moscow (painting studio). Until 1948 he worked in Moscow and other cities in t-ts, then in a circus. In 1958-1971 Ch. thin Union State Circus. From naib. significant works: clownery "Around the World" (1948), thematic. performances "Friendship of the Brave" (1949, jointly with A.A.Sudakevich), "For Peace, for Friendship" (1952), pantomime "The Steamer Is Going" Anyuta "(1961)," Bakhchisarai Legend "(1963)," Treatment laugh "(1965), circus. scenic Yu.V. Nikulin's costume. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Sov. stage and circus ". Honored. artist RSFSR (1969). Works: Artist in the circus. M., 1978.
FALKOVSKY Fedor Nikolaevich (1874 - 1942), writer. From 1894 he published in gas. stories, sketches, plays. In 1903 there was a post in St. Petersburg. F.'s first play "The Dream of Life". Author pl. plays, including "On Fire", "Magnificent", "Merry Story", "Wilderness", "Awakening", post. to petersburg. and provincial scene.
FALKOVSKY Georgy Edwardovich (b. 1935, Moscow), cardiac surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1979). Graduated from the 1st MMI, worked in Leninsk-Kuznetsky. In 1961–67, postgraduate student, assistant of the Department of Operative Surgery and topographic. anatomy of the 1st MMI; in 1967–91 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. dep. young children with congenital heart defects Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery. N.A. Bakuleva. Since 1991 - in Israel. Surgeon at the Shaare Zedek Hospital (Jerusalem). F. investigated the problems of heart transplantation, including the statistics of DOS. causes of complications, heart failure, acute and chronic. transplant rejection, infec. processes. He proposed methods for protecting the graft, heterotopic model. heart transplants in dogs, which made it possible to study the conditions of graft rejection and to evaluate tests for early diagnosis of the rejection reaction. Showed that naib. an early sign of an acute transplant rejection reaction is a violation of electrical conduction. excitation in the myocardium, determined the possibility of developing immunological. the body's resistance to cardiac tissue during heart transplantation. Cit .: Heart transplant. Clinical and theoretical questions. Tbilisi, 1977 (et al.); Heart transplant issues. M., 1979.
FALKOVSKY Leonid Aleksandrovich (b. 1936, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Son of A.P. Falkovsky. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1977). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1960. In 1960–64 - at Ying-those physical. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1964–66 - at the Institute of Theoretical. and experiment. physics, since 1966 - at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Region scientific. interests - the theory of surface phenomena, semimetals and superconductivity. He formulated the boundary condition ("F.'s condition") for the electron distribution function, which makes it possible to analyze the transition from specular reflection to diffuse. He constructed (with A.A. Abrikosov and B.A. Volkov) a theory of semimetals like bismuth, consistently taking into account the difference in their spaces. lattice from simple cubic. He predicted (with Abrikosov) inelastic light scattering in superconductors and calculated the magnitude of this effect. He proposed a theory of magnetoplasma oscillations. The author of St. 70 scientific. publications.
FALLER Yakov (1885, Lukov, Sedletskaya Province - 1951, New York), playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1906 - in the USA, he studied at Columbia University, studied the basics of drama. At the same time he published poems, stories, essays in periodicals. ed. Yiddish. In 1916 he published in New York the drama Frae Libe (Free Love), in Warsaw in 1922 - the comedy Der Sholiekh (The Messenger). The author of the plays: "Der Eybiker Plonter" ("Eternal Confusion"), "Di unclofene" ("The Runaways"), "Shotns" ("Shadows"), "Leutn es zih" ("Is it worth it?"), "Cerisene neshomes "(" Torn Souls ")," Galbe nakht "(" Midnight ")," Der krankker mench "(" Sick ")," Dos ummeglehe "(" Impossible "), etc. Nesk. from written by F. in English. lang. plays post. in Washington, Pittsburgh, Atlantic City and New York.
FARADA (real family member Ferdman) Semyon Lvovich (b. 1933, Moscow), actor. In 1962 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. He worked as an engineer for eight years, at the same time. studied in the pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House". Participated in performances for students. theme, as well as in the play "The Laughter of the Fathers" (based on the production of VV Mayakovsky, ME Koltsov, IA Ilf, AP Platonov, KI Chukovsky, etc.), Russian. booth "The Legend of Tsar Max-Emelyan" based on the poem by SI Kirsanov and others. In 1970-72 - on prof. stage (Moscow Music Hall, Moskontsert, Rosconcert). Since 1972 - in the T-D drama and comedy on Taganka. Among the roles of F .: Isidor Artemyevich and corporal Partzvenia ("Fasten your seat belts!" G.Ya. Baklanova, 1975), boss Boss, barman Sokov and entertainer Bengalsky ("The Master and Margarita" after M.A.Bulgakov, 1977), Makler ("Exchange" by Yu.V. Trifonov, 1978), Timoshkin ("Alive" by BA Mozhaev, 1989), etc. In the cinema he played approx. 100 roles, including in the movie "Garage" (1980), "My friend Ivan Lapshin" (1984), "The Man from Boulevard des Capucines" (1987), "Parrot Speaking Yiddish" (1990). Filmed also in TV / f, post. MA Zakharov based on the scripts of GIGorin: “The same Munchausen” (1979), “The House That Swift Built”, “Formula of Love” (both - 1985). Honored. art. RSFSR (1991).
FARBER Deborah Aronovna (b. 1924, Kiev), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1967), prof. (1971), acad. RAO (1992). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Since 1949 she worked at the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, since 1964 - in the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (now - Institute of Age Physiology of RAW), since 1993 h. scientific. sotr. Conducted by scientific. research in the region. age physiology. Member Pres. RAO (1993–97), member reign Mosk. about-va physiologists, chl. editorial boards "Human physiology" and "Vopr. psychology ". F. - author and co-author of St. 200 scientific. Works: Functional brain maturation in early ontogenesis. M., 1969; Sensory mechanisms of the developing brain. M., 1977; Structural and functional organization of the developing brain. L., 1990.
FARBER Gersh (1893, Ekaterinoslav -?), Translator. From his youth he was associated with the Jewish theater, staged performances of dramas. circles price Yekaterinoslav | During the 1st world. During the war he lived in Petrograd, until 1927 - in Moscow. Published Art. and per. into gas. "Petrograder togblat", "Emes" and others. Author of the comedy "Der Yidisher Premier" ("Jewish Premier"), ed. in 1917 in Yekaterinoslav. F.'s translations were published in the book: A.P. Nechaev. "Wonders of the Earth" (Pg., 1917), K. Bedit. "Tales of distant India" (M., 1919), LD Trotsky. "A new stage (international situation and our tasks)" (Gomel, 1922), K.A. Timiryazev. The Life of Plants (Moscow, 1925).
FARBER Kalman (1879, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1951, Cordoba, Argentina), publicist, playwright. Since 1904 - in Argentina. Actively participated in cultural and societies. life of the Jewish community of Cordoba. There was a correspondent. a number of Amer. Jewish gaz., published stories from Bessarabian and Argentine life. The play "Oif kidesh-gash" ("Self-sacrifice") and other dramas. manuf. fast. in the Jewish m-ts of Argentina.
FARBER Chaim-Gersh (1889, Bessarabian province -?), Poet. Since 1904 - in Argentina. He made his debut in literature in 1912 lyric poet. and satirical. poems, short stories from the life of Jewish colonists. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. OK. 600 verse. for children and 800 fables. Mn. from the verse. F. set to music. The author of the book., Ed. in Buenos Aires: "Far briederlech un schwesterleh" ("For brothers and sisters" - poems for children, 1925), "In a Yidisher colony" ("In a Jewish colony" - poems for children, 1936), "Shlof-lid "(" Lullaby ", 1936)," Fablen "(" Fables ", 1936), translated into Yiddish the poems of H.N.Byalik, Ya.I. Fikhman and others.
FARBEROV Mark Iosifovich (1899, Mogilev province - 1986, Yaroslavl), organic chemist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949). Participant of Civil. war. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1927–38 - at the Yaroslavl rubber and asbestos plant (chief chemist and deputy chief engineer). From 1947 - to teach. work in the Yaroslavl Technol. in-those (head of the department of technology of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis). Since 1958 simultaneously. scientific. hands. problem lab. in-that. Completed by funds. research in the region. dienes based on olefins and formaldehyde, developed prom. method of producing isoprene. Created scientific. school of chemists (the so-called Yaroslavl school of industrial chemists). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR.
FARBMAN M.S. (1880, Odessa -?), Journalist. Studied at the Odessa Drawing School. Joined the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1906 he participated in the publication of the "Historical-Revolutionary Almanac", ed. V.L.Burtseva. In 1908-13 he headed the literary. publishing house "Pantheon". In 1915-17 special. corr. English gas. Manchester Guardian and Amer. gas. Chicago Daily News, 1917-18 London correspondent. gas. "New life". Since 1920 - in Moscow, corr. gas. Chicago Daily News, Manchester Guardian and Observer.
FARBMAN Rafail Borisovich (1893, Kursk - 1966), party leader. Since 1910, members RSDLP, Bolshevik, led the roar. work in Kiev. In 1914 he was arrested and exiled to the Tobolsk province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kiev to-that RSDLP (b), deputy. prev. Trade Union Council. At the 2nd All-Ukrainian. Congress of Soviets (1918) elected member. VUTSIK, participated in the creation of the CP (b) of Ukraine, at its 1st congress elected a member. Central Committee (1918). Participant of Civil. war. Since 1920 - in Moscow, at the desk. work. Affairs. 9th and 10th congresses of the RCP (b). In 1920–21, supporters of the so-called. gr. democratic centralism, in 1927 adjoined the so-called. united opposition, expelled from the CPSU (b), reinstated in 1932, expelled again in 1933 "for Trotskyism", arrested.
FARBO Alexander (real name and surname Sender-Zisha Farber) (1888, Kalushin Novominskiy district of Warsaw province - 1940, Warsaw), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He made his debut in literature in 1911 verse. in Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", published in other periodicals. ed. Ed. a number of ed., including gas. "Moment", released lit. zhurn. "Mine pillar". Sat. poems "Dur glanc un nepl" ("Through shine and fog") was published in Warsaw in 1917 with a foreword. N.G. Prilutsky. Drama F. "Benya Kenger" in 1921 post. Warsaw Jewish t-rum "Central". He is the author of the drama "Die Welt Gate Unther" ("The World is Dying". Warsaw, 1929). Together with N. Tifelev and other authors published in 1929 in Warsaw collection of works. prose "Zeks un drysik competition-novel un derceilungen" ("Thirty-six competitive short stories and short stories"). The author of several. novels, publ. in periodicals.
FARBSHTEIN David-Zvi (1868, Warsaw - 1953), politician, lawyer. Brother of J.-G. Farbstein. He studied in Switzerland, from 1894 - in Zurich, was engaged in advocacy. From the 2nd floor. 1890s one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Switzerland, member of the World. Zionist Congr., first prez. Swiss branch of the Keren ha-Yesod foundation (1920), in 1918–39 dep. Swiss Parliament. Since the 1890s. one of the leaders of the Swiss Social-Democrats The author of works: “The right of free and non-free workers according to Talmudic. law in comparison with ancient, especially Roman, law "(1896)," Zionism and the Jewish question "(1898)," The position of the Jews in relation to the problem of proselytes "(1950), etc. During the creation of the State of Israel F. proposed organize the administrative structure of the Jewish state-va like the Swiss Federation.
FARBSTEIN Yehoshua-Geshel (1870, Warsaw - 1948, Jerusalem), politician. Brother of D.-Ts. Farbstein. An active participant in the Palestinian movement in the Kingdom of Poland, from mid. 1890s prominent Zionist, member of the World. Zionist Congr., was the first to pose the problem of the relationship between Judaism and Zionism. One of the founders of the Mizrahi movement (1902), its leader in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1908-18 prez. Polish the Zionist organization. During the 1st world. war was involved in organizing aid to Jews who suffered from the war. action. In 1918–31 prez. movement "Mizrachi" in Poland, at the same time. headed by the Polish. branch of the Keren ha-Yesod foundation. In 1916–26, members. mountains. Council of Warsaw, dep. Polish Seimas of the 1st convocation. From 1931 - in E.-I., in 1931-33 member. Execute. to-that World. Zionist organization, in 1938-45 members. Community Council in Jerusalem; held senior management posts in the World. movement "Mizrahi".
FARFEL Vladimir Solomonovich (1904, Petersburg - 1979, Moscow), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). In 1927 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1927–33 a graduate student, Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, in 1933-37 Art. scientific. sotr. Vses. in-that experiment. medicine, in 1934–47 head. fiziol. lab. Inst. Nat. culture, in 1947–58 head. fiziol. lab. MOPI, in 1958-60 head. fiziol. lab. Ying-that age physiology, in 1960-72 head. Department of Physiology Center. in-that physical. culture, in 1972–79 professor-consultant of the department. diving Institute of hygiene of water transport. One of the founders of the physiology of sports in the USSR. Proved with fiziol. point of view methods of teaching and training athletes. Revealed a number of patterns of changes in the work of decomp. systems of the body when performing physical. exercise. Formulated the concept of the role of feedbacks in the training process and created fiziol. physical classification exercise. Described a number of fiziol. processes in the body of athletes, contributing to high achievements in various. sports. Established tests to determine the level of fitness of the body. Member reign Mosk. scientific. about-va physiologists. Cit .: Research on the physiology of exercise. M., 1939; Athlete nutrition. M., 1950 (et al.); Physiology of sports. M., 1960; Motion control in sports. M., 1975.
FASTOVSKY Yakov (1851 -?), Poet. Until 1888 he was a home teacher in Warsaw, Grodno, Zhitomir and Odessa. In 1888-1906 in Odessa he was engaged in bookselling. Joint. with I. Trubnik he published the bilingual "Rusish-Yiddish Reader" with parallel texts (Zhitomir, 1893), reprinted many times. Published poetry in Sat. Sholem Aleichem "Yiddish Folks Libraries", in other ed. Together with B. Levin published in 1904 in Odessa collection of works. verse. "Ziftsin funem garzn" ("Sighs of the heart"). Verse. from this Sat. "Di Yiddish Cigarette-mahern" ("Jewish Cigarette Case"), set to music unknown. the author, it became a bunk. song.
FATALIBEKOVA Elena Abramovna (b. 1947, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1977). Graduated from a philologist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Daughter of chess players A.B. Polyak and world champion among women O.N. Rubtsova. USSR champion among girls (1963). Champion of the USSR (1974) and Moscow (1964, 1974, 1985, 1986) among women. A contender for peace. championship in the end. 1970s Participant of four interzonal tournaments (1971–82), best result: Tbilisi (1976, 1st). An active positional chess player.
FATER Isaakhar (b. 1912, Drobin Plotsky u. And lips.), Musicologist. Rod. in the cantor's family. Graduated from the Warsaw cons. He taught the history of music at the gymnasium. From 1939 - in the USSR, in Baranovichi, worked as an inspector of muses. education at school. Was repressed. In 1944–45 the head. state Philharmonic in Leninabad. In 1945–51 - in Poland, France, Belgium, collaborated as a musician. critic in the gas. Unser Worth (Paris), taught. In 1951–62 - in Brazil, from 1962 - in Israel. Author pl. essays and theoretical. Art., dedicated. Jewish secular and religious. music, as well as the book. Remember (1954), Jewish music in Poland between the two world wars (1970), Jewish music and its problems (1985), Religious and secular foundations of Jewish music (1988).
FAIANCE Casimir (1887, Warsaw - 1975, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), physicochemist, radiochemist. Graduated from Leipzig University (1907). He worked in Heidelberg, Zurich, Manchester (with E. Rutherford) high fur boots. In 1911-17 he taught at the Higher. tech. school in Karlsruhe, in 1917–35 prof. un-that and deer. (1932–35) Institute of Phys. chemistry in Munich. Since 1936 - in the USA, prof. Michigan University (1936–57). Discovered protactinium (1913, with O. Goering). He formulated (1913, independently of F. Soddy) the displacement rule for the decay of radioactive elements. Established (with F. Panet) the rule for coprecipitation of radioactive elements (Faience – Paneth rule). Investigated undissociated compounds in strong solutions of electrolytes, deformation of electronic shells in inorganic. compounds, adsorption on the surface of salt-like compounds. In 1956, Michigan University instituted the. F. for his work in chemistry. Foreign ch.-c. RAS (1924). Cit .: Radioactivity and the latest development of the doctrine of chemical elements. Berlin, 1922, Odessa, 1922, 1923; Physicochemical workshop. L., 1931 (et al.)
FAYER Yuri Fedorovich (1890, Kiev - 1971, Moscow), conductor, violinist. In 1905 he played orc. Kiev mountains. t-ra. From 1906 he studied at Moscow. cons. in cl. I.V. Grzhimali, also studied with G.N. Dulov. From 1907 he toured with an orc., To-ry was a principal. from the musicians of the Bolshoi Theater, in Kislovodsk, Yekaterinodar, Kharkov, Sevastopol, Rostov-on-Don. From 1910 he gave concerts as a soloist, at the same time. worked as 1st accompanist Nem. mountains. t-ra in Riga. Since 1911 he taught the violinist there. playing music. uch-shche Imp. Rus. muses. about-va and made his debut as a conductor. From 1914 - in Moscow, resumed his studies with Dulov as a cons., Which he graduated from in 1917. At the same time. played orc. Big t-ra. Since 1919, assistant chief. conductor A.F. Arends at the Bolshoi Theater, from the beginning. 1920s - conductor, in 1923–63 ch. conductor of ballet performances. He worked with R.M. Glier ("Red Poppy", "The Bronze Horseman"), S.S. Prokofiev ("Romeo and Juliet", "Cinderella", "The Tale of the Stone Flower"), A.I. Khachaturian (" Gayane "," Spartacus "), D.L. Klebanov (" Aistenok "), B.V. Asafiev (" The Flame of Paris "," Bakhchisarai Fountain "), V.M. Yurovsky (" Scarlet Sails "), A. A. Crane ("Laurencia"). The uniqueness of the talent of F.-conductor is in the combination of prof. qualities of a musician with a keen knowledge of the specifics of the stage and classical technique. dance, a cut created the accuracy of the choreography. interpretation, harmony of music and dance. The author of the book. “About myself, about music, about ballet” (Moscow, 1970). Nar. art. USSR (1951). Became. pr. (1941, 1946, 1947, 1950).
FEIGENBAUM Benjamin (Benjamin) (1860, Warsaw - 1932, USA), trade unionist, journalist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In his youth, he was fond of socialist. ideas. From 1884 - in Belgium, sent correspondence to "Ha-Magid", "Ha-Am" and other Jewish publications. From 1887 - in Great Britain, collaborated periodically. ed. in Yiddish, published a number of pamphlets and articles, in which the socialist was promoted. ideas, was published in socialist. gas. "Arbeiter Friday". From 1891 - in the USA, joined the United Jewish Trade Unions, collaborated in gas. Juish Daily Forward, Arbeiter Zeitung, lit. every month "Tsukunft" (at some time was ed.). The author of leaflets, in which he called on Jewish workers to fight for social liberation. Consistent supporter of Jewish assimilation. Author of popular science. works that rejected the religion and traditions of Judaism and preached socialism. From 1906 onwards. sec. association of Jewish workers "Arbeiter ring" ("Workers' circle").
FEIGENBAUM Yitzchok (1826 - 1911), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Since 1848 members Council of Rabbis of Warsaw, from the beginning. 1860s headed the rabbinical court there. In 1893 he founded every month. "Shaarei Toire" - the first periodical. ed. of this type in the Russian Empire, in which the works were printed. naib. Izv. rabbis of that time and for whom F. wrote programmatic articles. After F.'s death, the publication of zhurn. continued by F.'s son, Israel-Isser (the journal was published until 1939). F. actively supported the Palestinian movement, was a member. Warsaw Society "Menuha ve Galakha", which founded in E.-I. settlement Rehovot. On behalf of the society, I bought land for him.
FAYKIND Moishe (1864, Turek Kalisz province - 1935, Petrokov, Poland), publicist. In 1883–86 he studied history and philosophy at the Higher. School of Jewish Studies in Berlin. He was a private teacher, was engaged in advocacy. Being a ratman in the mountains. council and in the community, fought for the rights of Yiddish. Lit. activity began lane. in Hebrew manuf. German classics. From 1884 he published in gas. in Yiddish and Hebrew ist., scholar., journalistic. Art., feuilletons. Since 1912 the state. sotr. gas. Lodzer Tageblat. From 1916 he worked in gas. "Lodzer folksblat", "Unzer togblat", "Naer folksblat", collaborated in Jewish journals. On him. and Polish. lang. The author of the book: "Di Kozrim" ("Khazars"), "Oifpolishe felder" ("In the Polish fields"), "Gute idn in Poiln" ("The Righteous in Poland"), "Der Poilisher Id" ("Polish Jew" ), “Idn fun amol un gaynt” (“Jews before and now”).
FINE Yoni (b. 1914, Kamenets-Podolsk), poet, artist. Since 1923 - in Poland. Studied at art. Academy of Vilnius University. In 1944–53 - in Poland, Japan, China, Mexico. Since 1953 - in the USA. He taught the theory of art. In 1947 he released the first collection of works. poems "A tlie unter der shtrik" ("The Hangman"). In 1983 in Tel Aviv came out Sat. fav. manuf. F. "Gute Orhim" ("Good Guests"). The first exhibition of paintings by F. took place in the National. Museum of Mexico. F.'s works were exhibited in the USA, Canada and other countries. The author of ill. to their products. and book. other Jewish writers. Co-ed. Worldwide Jewish Congr. culture, one of the ed. zhurn. Tsukunft (New York).
FAYNBERG Evgeny Lvovich (1904, Putivl, Kursk province - 1937, Moscow), party leader. In 1920–22 - in Kr. Army. In 1922–23 the head. dep. agitation and propaganda and secretary. Kursk Provincial Committee of the RKSM, in 1923 - 25 head. departments watered. education and agitation and propaganda of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the RKSM in Orenburg. In 1925–27 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. In 1928-29 sec. Komsomol of Uzbekistan. In 1929–30 members. editorial board gas. "TVNZ". At the 8-10th congresses of the Komsomol elected member. Central Committee. In 1930–32 - in the Komsomol work in Baku. In 1933 sec. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Azerbaijan, then early. political department of the Kazan railway district, member. Tatar Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). Affairs. 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934). In 1935-37 sec. Central Committee of the Komsomol. Repressed. Vol .: We educate Soviet youth in the spirit of communism. Kiev, 1936; On the new program of the Komsomol. M., 1936.
FINEBERG Joseph (1855, Simferopol, Tauride province - 1902, Jaffa), public figure. Studied chemistry in high fur boots in Switzerland and Germany. Impressed by the Jewish pogroms, he left Russia in 1881, and from 1882 to E.-I. Together with Z.D. Levontin, he acquired a plot of land and founded the settlement of Rishon Lezion. In the same year he met in France with a bar. E. Rothschild, to-rogo persuaded to provide assistance to Jewish settlers in E.-I. From 1887 he was engaged in commercial activities, opened a pharmacy in Jaffa. Brother F. - Israel (Lyulik) (1865, Sevastopol - 1911, Hadera), a public figure. Was close to the Biluys, from the end. 1880s - in Hadera, organized the planting of eucalyptus trees to drain the soil, tried to create an agricultural plant. farm. He died of malaria. The nephew of F. (son of Israel F.) - Avshalom (1889, Hadera - 1917), studied agricultural. science in France, worked for agricultural. station in Atlita. During the 1st world. war, one of the organizers of the LILI movement, collected intelligence for the British. command. Killed on the Sinai Peninsula. In 1967 he was reburied on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.
FINEBERG Israel (1887, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1952, Los Angeles), trade unionist. From the beginning. 1900s - in Great Britain, since 1912 - in the USA. Member New York Center. slave. council (1918–20), vice-president. Int. the trade union of ladies' tailors (1922–35, 1938–53). Conducted by prof. organizational work in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Vancouver, etc. Created a financial union fund for retirees. Member of the Board of Directors of IVO, Treasurer Center. organization of culture in Yiddish, a prominent figure in the Liberal Party of the piece. New York.
FEINBERG Leon (Leib) (lit. ps.L. Grebnev, Alter Ego, L. Amarant) (1897, Kodyma Baltsky u.Podolsk province -?), Poet. In 1915 he entered Moscow. un-t, since 1917 - in the Red Guard, participated in battles against the troops of the Ukrainian Directory, was an adjutant of Ya.B. Gamarnik. In the spring of 1919 he was captured by the Denikinites, through the efforts of H.N.Byalik (a relative of Gamarnik) he was saved from execution. From 1919 - in E.-I (arrived on the steamer "Ruslan"). One of the founders of the kibbutz near Jerusalem. Since 1921 - in the USA. Poems in rus. lang. began writing in his youth. In Moscow he joined gr. Imagists, was published in the magazine. "Niva", "Chronicle" M. Gorky, published 4 poems. Sat. in Russian lang. (Odessa, 1914; Moscow, 1919; Berlin, 1923; New York, 1947). In the USA he collaborated in Russian. gas. New York and Chicago, then worked periodically. print in Yiddish. Publ. poems, publicistic. Art., per. artist manuf. from rus. and English. lang. in Yiddish. Has released several. sb-kov per. from Yiddish to Russian lang. let's lie. amer. Jewish poets. Author of poems published in New York. collection of books "Erev Shtrem" ("On the Eve of the Storm", 1926), "Groys-Shtot" ("Big City", 1931), "David Blank" (1934), "Haver Lebn" ("Comrade Life", 1938) , "In Keynes Land" ("In a Nobody's Country", 1940) and others, compiled the "Anthology of American Jewish Poetry" (New York, 1947), published an anthology of Russian. poetry in the lane. in Yiddish (New York, 1950), translated into Yiddish manuscript. M. Gorky.
FINEBERG Nathan (1895, Kovna - 1988, Israel), lawyer. Studied international. law in Zurich and Geneva. In 1919–21 he headed the department. Min-va for Jewish Affairs in Lithuania. In 1922–24 sec. Set of Jewish delegations in Paris. In 1925-27 and in 1934-35 - in E.-I., he was engaged in private law. practice. In 1931–33 he taught at the University of Geneva. Since 1945 - at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), since 1947 he taught the course of the international. law (since 1949 prof.); the first dean of the Faculty of Law of the Jewish University (1949–51). Since 1962, he has represented Israel at the Hague International. arbitration. Author of works on the status of Jewish communities in Europe after the 1st world. war, on the history of the Jewish Resistance movement, the problems of Arab-Israeli relations. Participated in the publication of the "Jewish Yearbook on International. law "(1949), published collection of articles. Art. according to int. right in memory of Sir G. Lauterpacht (1962). Main works of F.: "The question of minorities at the 1919–20 peace conference." (1929), "Some problems of the Palestinian mandate" (1936), "The Arab-Israeli conflict in the international. right ”(1970).
FINEBERG Yakov Borisovich (1918, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 2005), physicist. Prof., acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1979). Graduated from Kharkov University (1940). Since 1946 - in Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those, since 1972 head. dep. At the same time. in 1949–72 he taught at Kharkov University. Sci. research on physics and technology of accelerators, plasma physics, plasma electronics, the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Developed the theory of linear accelerators on traveling waves, linear plasma betatron, proposed variable-phase focusing, acceleration by waves of charge density in plasma and in uncompensated electron and proton beams. He predicted (with A.I. Akhiezer) and theoretically substantiated the beam plasma instability, discovered (jointly) it experimentally and investigated its properties. Co-author of the discovery of the effect of anomalously high plasma resistance at high current densities and its turbulent heating. One of the founders of plasma electronics. The author is numerous. scientific. works.
FINEER German (1898, Bessarabian province - 1969), political scientist. From the beginning. 1900s - In Great Britain. Graduated from the London School of Economics, taught there in 1920–42. Member Labor Party, participated in the work of the London City Hall. In 1946–65 prof. polit. Sciences at the University of Chicago. F. was one of the first to introduce teaching comparative in high fur boots in Great Britain. political science and management of the society as an academic. items. The author repeatedly. reissued. textbook of political science "Theory and practice of modern. government "(1932), book. "Road to reaction" (1945), in a cut he proved that the state. planning and social protection are not contrary to the principles of democracy. Among other works of F. - “Eng. local government "(1935)," Presidency: crisis and revival "(1960).
FAYINGAR Alexander Moiseevich (ps. Alexander Hamadan) (1908, Derbent, Dagestan region - 1943, Sevastopol), journalist. In 1929–32 he became a diplomat. work, in 1932–38 sotr. int. dep. gas. "True". From the summer of 1941 - military. corr. When leaving Sevastopol (1942) he was captured. Shot, op.: American Silhouettes. M., 1936; Anger. M., 1939; Sevastopol residents. M., 1942; Correspondent's notes. M., 1968 Brother F. - Isakhar (1894, Derbent - 1957, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. In 1920 sotr. trade mission of the USSR in Germany, in 1945 an expert of the reparations plan.
FINEMAN Chaim (1886 - 1959), politician, teacher. Since 1890 - in the USA. In 1911–33 he headed the department of the English. lang. Temple University (Philadelphia). One of the founders (1904) and activist of "Poaley Zion" in the USA. In 1919–20, on behalf of the US Zionists, he studied the situation in E.-I., upon his return he was elected president. US Zionist Organization. One of the founders (1934) and ed. zhurn. "Juish Front". Son F. - Daniel (b. 1915), philologist. Since 1953 - in Israel, taught English. lang. in Jewish un-those (Jerusalem), in 1964–69 he headed the department of English. lang. in Tel Aviv un-those, at the same time. in 1966–69 dean of the Faculty of Laws in the same place.
FEINSHMIDT Isaak Ilyich (1875, Oryol - 1940, Kharkov), phthisiatrician, therapist. Prof. (1923). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1899), worked there as an external physician at the faculty therapeutic. clinic. In 1901–03 he trained in Germany, studied pathological anatomy and bacteriology under the direction of. R. Virkhov and A. Wasserman. In 1904–05 military. doctor. In 1905–23, an intern, an assistant to a hospital therapist. clinics of Kharkov University, Art. therapy assistant at the Kharkiv Women's Med. in-those. Since 1923 head. Department of Tuberculosis, Kharkiv honey. in-that, simultaneously. (since 1924) head. faculty therapist. clinic. In the period from 1907 to 1934, he repeatedly worked in clinics in Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Poland, where he studied the formulation of the fight against tuberculosis. Organizer and director. Ukrainian Tuberculosis Institute (Kharkov). Prev Ukrainian Society of Physicians, Chl. prez. Academic Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR (for therapy, tuberculosis and pharmacy), member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Medicine", "Fight against tuberculosis". F.'s works dedicated. problems of pneumonia, tuberculosis, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc. Hon. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1935) Works: On the issue of tuberculosis and hyperthyroidism. Kharkov, 1926; Dispensary anti-tuberculosis work. Kharkov, 1934; Methodology and practice of timely detection of tuberculosis in adults and children. M., 1938.
FEINSTEIN Arie-Leib (1821, Domachev, Brest district. Grodno province - 1903, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province), historian. In 1866 joint. with A. Finkelstein wrote "Ir Tehila" - the history of the Jewish community of Brest-Litovsk. In 1896 he published a commentary. to the psalms. The author of the research. talmudic. sources about the dynasty of King David "Migdal David" ("Tower of David", 1895), comment. to the Passover Haggadah (1900).
FEINSTEIN Moishe (1896 - 1964, New York), poet, teacher. Since 1912 - in the USA. He taught at the Jewish Teachers' Institute. The author of the book. “Shirim ve-Sonetot” (“Poems and Sonnets”, 1935), “Halom ve-Goral” (“Dream and Fate”, 1937) - descriptions of a journey to E.-I., “Avraham Abulafia” (1957). Sat. fav. manuf. Al-Safr ha-Sof (On the Eve of the End, 1964) was published posthumously.
FINESTONE Morris (1878, Warsaw - 1943, New York), public and trade union leader. Studied at art. school in Warsaw, worked as a woodcarver. For participation in the roar. movement was arrested. From ser. 1890s - in Great Britain, joined the Labor Party. Pres. London. woodcarvers union. Since 1910 - in the USA, one of the organizers (since 1928) of the trade union of manufacturers of umbrellas and canes. From 1915 sec. (later executive secretary) of the United Jewish Trade Union. In the 1920s and 30s. an active participant in the Zionist movement, one of the organizers of the Society for Aid to Jewish Emigration, Vice-President. Jewish worker to-that. Publisher gas. Juish Daily Forward, Ch. of the editorial board of the journal. New Dealer.
FAYNTSIMMER Alexander Mikhailovich (1906, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), film director. In 1922–24 he studied metallurgy. f-those of Yekaterinoslavsky forge. in-that. In 1927 he graduated from dir. Faculty of State College of cinema. He worked at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema. In cinema since 1927 - assistant to V.I. Pudovkin and Yu.A. Raizman. As dir. debuted in f. Hotel Savoy (1929). From 1929 dir. "Belgoskino", in 1940 - 56 - to / st "Lenfilm", from 1956 - to / st "Mosfilm". Put ok. 20 game f., Among which: "Lieutenant Kizhe" (according to Yu.N. Tynyanov, 1934), "Tanker" Derbent "(1940)," Kotovsky "(1943)," Gadfly "(after E.L. Voynich, 1955). He worked in the detective genre: "Fifty-Fifty" (1973), "Without the Right to Make a Mistake" (1975), "Tavern on Pyatnitskaya" (1978), "The Artist's Farewell Tour" (1980). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1934), the Lithuanian SSR (1954). Became. pr. (1950, 1951).
FAYNTUKH Solomon Evseevich (1899, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1985, Kharkov), composer, conductor. In 1919–22 he studied at the Kharkov cons. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov music-drama. in-t. In 1920–23 - artist. hands. and conductor of the Capella of the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1932-50 (with interruptions) St. Kharkov cons. In 1934–37 hands. experimental opera studio (Kharkov), in 1937–40 - Jewish symphony. ans. (ibid.). In 1941–44, conductor and comp. in t-ry Tashkent. In 1944–46 artist. hands. and conductor of symphony. orc. Philharmonic in Voroshilovgrad. In 1947, a member of gr. comp., which created the State. anthem of the Ukrainian SSR. Author instr. oratorio, suites, songs, op-t "Rain", "Witch", "Rural marriage" and music to many others. performances, including for the Odessa Jewish theater and the Birobidzhan dramas. theater.
FAYNTUKH Yakov Samoilovich (1892, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1974, Odessa), composer. In 1930 he graduated from the Odessa cons. In 1914-17 and 1919-22 - in the army. From 1935 he taught at the Odessa cons. In 1941–45, comp. Uzbek and Rus. t-ditch in Samarkand. Author of op-t "Rosita", "Tamila", symph. suites, including for Jewish bunks. themes (1935–36), romances, music for films and plays.
FEITELSON Menachem-Mendel (1869, Mikhailovka of Melitopol district. Tauride province - 1912, Yekaterinoslav), publicist. He worked in the Hebrew lingua. assoc. Melitopol. Into the gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Shiloakh" and other periodicals. ed. published articles, essays on the problems of Jewish literature, Jewish writers.
FAYTLOVICH Jacques (Yaakov) (1881, Lodz, Petrokiv Province - 1955, Tel Aviv), orientalist. Graduated from Ecole suprem (Paris). In 1904–05 during the exp. to Ethiopia he studied the customs and customs of the "Ethiopian Jews" - the Falash. He organized to-you aid to the Falashas in Italy and Germany. In 1908–09 - again in Ethiopia, he interceded before the imp. Menelik II about helping the falashas. During the post. visiting Ethiopia (1913–14) organized mobile schools. In 1915–20 he taught at the University of Geneva. In the beginning. 1920s - in USA. With the support of Amer. the Jewish community opened the first school for Falash children in Addis Ababa in 1923. After the 2nd world. wars - in Tel Aviv, continued philanthropist. and will enlighten. activity among the falashas. Author of the works: "Notes on a journey to the country of Falash" (1905), "Abyssinian sayings" (1907), "Falash from the point of view of a researcher" (1907), "New Abyssinian sayings" (1909), "Abyssinian verses" (1910) , "Falash letters" (1913), etc., as well as essays and art. in Amharic, intended for distribution among the Falash. F. bequeathed his library to the Tel Aviv municipality.
FAYVUSH Yakov Aronovich (1895, Shavli, Kovno province - 1938, Moscow), radio engineer. Brigadier engineer (1935). In 1916-17 - in the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. In 1917 he graduated from the Peterhof school of warrant officers and the Officer's electronic-technical. school in Petrograd. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, tech. and Ing. positions in the troops and in the Communications Department of the Red Army. Graduated from un-t in Rostov (1920). From 1924 - in the units of the RU Red Army, in charge of radio intelligence, from 1934 deputy. early, early dep. radio intelligence. Author of the book: “Radio intelligence in decomp. phases of modern war "(1923)," Radio intelligence: organization and application "(1925)," Wiretapping of telephone conversations "(1929). Translated into Russian. lang. a number of works on reconnaissance by means of communication in foreign. armies. Repressed.
FAZYLOV Markiel Aronovich (b. 1954, Samarkand), checker player. Grandmaster in Russian checkers (1982). By specialty engineer-technologist. USSR Champion 1980, 1981. Author of the book. "My Selected Parties" (1982).
FEDER (real family. Barlash) Shmuel-Zainvl (1857, Klevan, Rivne u. Volyn province - 1915, Lviv), poet, musician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From his youth he composed poetry and songs. Acted as a badchen at weddings. After being drafted into the army, he deserted and lived in Galicia. He worked as a painter, tailor, woodcarver in synagogues, played the violin, wrote his own. melodies. Collaborated on a Jewish weekly. in Yiddish price Lviv | Published several. collection of verses, among them - "Shira Khadasha" ("New Poems". Lvov, 1891), in which he also included short stories and scenes (2nd ed. under the same title. - Warsaw, 1894) ... During the 1st world. During the war he was severely beaten by the Cossacks, died of wounds.
FEDER Adolf (Aizik) (1887, Odessa - 1943, Auschwitz), painter, graphic artist. Studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. Party roar. movement, part. Bund. From 1906 - in Germany, then in Switzerland. Since 1908 - in France, where approx. years he studied at the School of Fine Arts in Paris, worked in the studio of A. Matisse. Since 1910 he exhibited his works at exhibitions in the salons of the Independent (a member of the salon since 1912), Autumn, Tuileries and in the National. about-ve graceful claims. In the 1920s. collaborated in Paris publishing. "Clarte", "Le Monde" and in Russian. lit.-artist chronicle "Blow". F. often turned to Jewish topics. In 1924 he participated in the exp. in E.-I., organized by A.E. Kogan. In the 1920s and 30s. exhibited works in France, in 1922 participated in an exhibition of 10 Parisian artists in New York, in 1928 he sent paintings "Composition", "Woman from Algeria" and "Girl with toys" to Moscow for Russian. sect. exhibition "Modern. French Art ". F. painted portraits, still lifes with an emphatically revealed pattern. From graphic. works received fame ill. to manuf. A. A. Rambo, J. F. Kessel, P. Benardi. Presented in modern museums. art in Paris ("Portrait of a Woman", "Woman from Bethlehem") and Brussels ("Fruit Seller", "Woman at the Cauldron"), in the mountains. the museums of Le Havre (Young Man) and Grenoble (Young Guitarist).
FEDERMESSER Naum Yakovlevich (1886, Sevastopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1959), participant of the revolutionary movement, economic leader. Member RSDLP since 1904, Bolshevik. Was exposed for a short time. arrest, was under police surveillance. In 1914-17 - in the army. In 1917, before. div. soldier. to-that, after Oct. rev-tion - head of div. In 1918, members. the city council of Tashkent and the TurkCEC. From July 1918, member. Military-roar. headquarters, in 1919 Commissioner for War. cases and chl. Revolutionary Military Council of the troops of the Turkestan Sov. rep., in 1919–20 the Turkestan okrvoenkom, commander and military commissar of the Department. border div. In 1926–27 he studied at the faculty of the local economy and law of the Central Asian University, at the same time. headed the co-op. section Econ. meetings Wed Asia. In 1927–31, authorized by the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) in the Surkhan-Darya okrug. Uzglavdortrans, member. Central Executive Committee of the UzSSR. In 1931–35 the beginning. Pamirstroy (building of the highway No. 1, Osh-Frunze). In 1936, the beginning. Glavdortrans of the NKVD BSSR (Minsk), early. management of the road Moscow-Podolsk-Lutsk (Roslavl), in 1937 deputy. dir. trust "Kommungrazhdanstroy" (Smolensk). In 1937–46 he was imprisoned. After release - a locksmith, art. mechanic of MTS, master of equipment repair Since 1952 he has been a locksmith in the Tajik Geological Administration.
FEFER Isaak (Itzik) Solomonovich (1900, Shpola of Zvenigorodsky district of Kiev province - 1952, Moscow), poet, publicist. In his youth he belonged to the Bund. Participant of Civil. war. He made his debut as a poet in 1919 in gas. "Communistische background" (Kiev), first sat. poems "Spener" ("Slivers") published in 1922. Among F. ", 1928)," Gevetn "(" Competitions ", 1930)," Leader of un poems "(" Poems and Poems ", 1934)," Rotharmish "(" Red Army ". New York, 1942, ill. M Z. Chagala), "Shotns Fun Warsaw Ghetto" ("Shadows of the Warsaw Ghetto", 1945). From ser. 1920s one of the leading Yiddish poets in the USSR, he headed the editorial board of Jewish literature. periodic. ed. in Ukraine, later in Moscow. Prod. F. were included in the programs cf. and higher. Jewish schools institutions of the USSR. Since 1941 one of the hands. EAK, in 1943 together with S.M. Mikhoels made a trip to the USA, Great Britain and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, where he conducted agitation. campaign in support of the USSR. In 1948 he was arrested in the EAK case. Shot. Works: M. Poems, 1931; Selected Poems. M., 1935. Poems and poems. M., 1958; Poems. M., 1969.
FEL-ELIN Sarra (1895, Krinki of Grodno district and province - 1968, Los Angeles), poet, writer. She studied at the Grodno gymnasium. From 1910 she participated in the roar. movement. During the 1st world. war worked in the organization of assistance to refugees and orphans. In 1918 she was a school teacher. Since 1920 - in the USA. Ed. collection of articles "Californier Font". Prev IKUF. Constantly printed in gas. "Morgen Freigite". The author of the book. "Treat Noh Street" ("Step by Step". Boston, 1937), "Lichtike Weisers" ("Light Arrows", ibid., 1946); Oif di fligl fun holm (On the Wings of Sleep. Warsaw, 1961), Mench un Zeit (Man and Time. New York, 1965). Participated in the composition. anthology "America in Yidishn Worth" ("America in Jewish Literature." New York, 1955).
FELD (real fam. Feldvorem) Yehuda (1906, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First production: rum. in 3 hours "Mehl Kuliks lebn" ("The Life of Mehl Kulik". Warsaw, 1933), rom. "Forest Gintl" ("Pearl the Dog", ibid., 1938). He worked in gas. "Tog" in Warsaw. One of the organizers of the underground communist. press, in the Warsaw ghetto he collected the ghetto archive. Found in the ghetto archives. F. "In di zaitn fun Gomen zveitn" ("In the time of Haman II") publ. in Warsaw in 1954 with a foreword. B. Mark.
FELD Yakov Naumovich (1912, Kiev - 1995, Moscow), radiophysicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. (1947). Graduated from the Polytechnic of Communications in Kiev (1931). In 1932–41 he worked at the Center. radio lab. in Leningrad and taught at LIIS. In 1941–45 - at the military. s-de. In 1946–47 - at the FIAN. From 1946 - to the Center. n.-i. radio engineering. in-those: early. lab., beginning. dep., since 1976 leading scientific. sotr. At the same time. in 1947–92 prof. MAI, MIPT, Voen.-vozd. Ing. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky and MIREA. Region scientific. interests - electrodynamics, theory and technology of antennas. Developed general research methods. diffraction, scattering and excitation of el.-magn. waves. Generalized the theory of reciprocity, the principle of duality, the method of variation of constants for solving equations in partial derivatives. He proposed a solution to boundary value problems and the theory of analysis and synthesis of receiving and transmitting antennas. Supervised the experimental design radio engineering. developments. Etc. them. A.S. Popov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1986). Medal to them. M.V. Keldysh (1990) Vol .: Fundamentals of the theory of slotted antennas. M., 1948; Antennas for centimeter and decimeter waves. M., 1955 (in co-authorship with L.S. Beinenson); Antenna feeder systems. M., 1959 (in co-authorship with Beinenson).
FELDBAUM Alexander Aronovich (1913, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the field of computer technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1953). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, in 1941 - mechanic and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1937 he worked at Vses. e-tech. in-those, since 1945 - in the Military. art. academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky in Moscow. Since 1961 hands. lab. self-adjusting systems in Ying-those of automation and telemechanics. Main scientific. tr. associated with the development of the theory of linear systems and the creation of computers. He formulated (1948) the optimal control problem as a variational problem and gave its solution for a number of practical workers. cases. In the end. 1950s performed fundamental work in the development of the theory of dual control, in particular. in solving the problem of synthesis of optimal control of systems with incomplete information. Participated in the development and creation of the first analog computers in the USSR. machines. Became. pr. (1953) Vol .: Introduction to the theory of nonlinear circuits. M., 1948; Computing devices in automatic systems. M., 1959; Theoretical foundations of communication management. M., 1963.
FELDMAN (Feldman-Konrad) Natalia Isaevna (1903, Novomoskovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 1975, Moscow), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1972). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Leningrad State University (1924), LIHVYA (1925). In 1931–34 she taught at LIFLI, in 1941–49 - at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (from 1945 Assoc.). Author approx. 80 scientific. works on japan. linguistics and literary knowledge; ed. and with a foreword. F. ed. "Japanese-Russian. dictionary "(1951, 1960, 1965, 1966) and" Big Japanese-Russian. dictionary "(vols. 1–2, 1970–71). Translated into Russian. lang. a number of products japanese. lit-ry. State pr. USSR (1972). Works: Japanese language. M., 1960; Japanese proletarian literary movement in documents. M., 1972.
FELDMAN Alexander Isidorovich (1880, Kherson - 1960, Moscow), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1934). Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Lausanne (Switzerland). Since 1910 - in Moscow, in Staroekaterininskaya and Morozovskaya (1914–21) hospitals. In 1914-18 at the same time. in charge of the ear hospital. After the creation of Moscow. region n.-i. clinics Institute (MONIKI) (1923) headed the ENT clinic, in 1931 created. on its basis, the Department of Ear, Throat and Nose Diseases of the TsIUV. In 1952 he was arrested in the "case of doctors", in 1953 he was released. Sci. tr. dedicated mastoiditis, otogenic sepsis, acute inflammation cf. ear (1948). Monogr. "Diseases of the Esophagus" (1949) was the first in Russian. scientific. lit. pounds. work on this issue. Et al. (with SI Wulfson) of the manual “Diseases of the ear and upper respiratory tract. ways to children. age ". Scientific and practical F.'s activity contributed to the development of endoscopy and surgery. techniques in otorhinolaryngology. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Brother F. - Konstantin (1881, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), journalist. Member RSDLP since 1903, Menshevik. In 1905, an agitator from the RSDLP on the battleship Potemkin, in 1920–25 he was deputy. prev. Sovkino. In 1926–36 the theater. critic in the gas. "Evening Moscow", in 1936-48 head. lit. part of the T-ra Revolution. From 1948 he was engaged in the lane. with French lang., including manuf. L. Boussinara, V. Hugo. F.'s daughter - Valentina F.-Zagoryanskaya (b. 1907), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University (1925). Since 1930, consultant at the State Academic Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, head. (until 1977) ENT department of the 6th mountains. clinics hospitals in Moscow. F.'s granddaughter - Marina Evgenievna Zagoryanskaya (b. 1935), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1986). Deputy director by scientific. the work of the Center for Audiology and Hearing Prosthetics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
FELDMAN Boris Alexandrovich (1907, Steblev of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1985, Moscow), printer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1985). Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1936). From 1927 - in the printing house gas. Pravda, in 1937–61, director. printing houses, simultaneously. in 1948–61 first deputy. dir. publishing house "Pravda", in 1961-64 deputy. dir. and ch. Ing. publishing house, in 1964–84 dir. publishing house "Pravda". At the same time. taught at Moscow. polygraph. in-those. Author of 10 books, ch. arr. by organization and technological. improving the polygraph. prom-sti Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
FELDMAN Boris Mironovich (1890, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1937, Moscow), military leader. Corps Commander (1935). In 1905-11 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. From 1912 he served in the army as a volunteer, a participant in the 1st world. war, graduated from the school of warrant officers. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, commanded a detachment, regiment, division. In 1919 he graduated from the accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff, served in staff and command positions. In 1921, the beginning. headquarters of the Nar.-rev. army of the Far East Republic, in 1922-26 he commanded a number of corps. In 1925 he graduated from the Higher. academic. courses at the Military. Academy of the Red Army, in 1926–31 early. headquarters of Leningrad. VO, part. Leningrad. city ​​committee of the CPSU (b), cases. 16th Party Congress. From July 1931 the beginning. GUK RKKA, awarded the order. Cr. Banner. From 1934 to the beginning. Directorate for the command staff of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. In 1937 he was appointed deputy. teams. troops of Moscow. IN. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
FELDMAN Boris Moiseevich (b. 1938, Omsk), checker player. Master of Sports (1964), Intern. master in the game of correspondence (1984). World champion in correspondence the game of hundred-cell checkers (5th championship, 1967–71). Drafts journalist. Since 1994 - in Israel.
FELDMAN David (? -?), Literary critic, translator. In the 1920s and 30s. sotr. in the journal. "Di dig Velt." The initiator of the creation in Ukraine and the head of lit. association "Boy". Comp. and per. (together with L.M. Kvitko) "Anthologies of Ukrainian Prose" (Kharkov, 1930). Translated into Yiddish. Russian and ukr. writers, including I.E. Babel. Repressed.
FELDMAN David Isaakovich (b. 1922, Kiev), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1966), prof. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1945 he graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. He taught at Kazan University. Participated in the work of the Mezhdunar. associations int. rights in Helsinki, Madrid. 1975–92 members. Of the Executive Committee of the Sov. associations int. law and editorial board of "Sov. yearbook int. rights". Author of 12 monographs. and many others Art. on problems of international legal recognition of new state-in and pr-in, history of international. right, int. legal personality and methodology of science international. Prava, Cit .: Recognition of States in Modern International Law. Kazan, 1965; International law: problems of methodology. M., 1971 (et al.); The doctrine of Kant and Hegel on international law and modernity. Kazan, 1977 (et al.); System of international law. Kazan, 1983; History of International Law. M., 1990.
FELDMAN Dmitry Moiseevich (1902, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), cameraman. From 1918 he worked as a laboratory assistant at the c / st, from 1924 - an operator. Filmed f. to / from Odessa, Moscow, Yerevan, Baku, Tbilisi. Among the f .: "Ukhaby" (1928), "Ghost that does not return" (1930), "Quiet Don" (1931), "Petersburg Night" (1934), "Pepo" (1935, with A.I. Bek-Nazaryan), “David-bek” (1944, jointly with Bek-Nazaryan), “They came down from the mountains” (1955), “Splinter” (1957), “Otar's widow” (1958), “Twelve companions "(1962). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Armenian SSR (1958).
FELDMAN Grigory Alexandrovich (1884 - 1958), economist, mathematician. He studied in Germany, graduated from Moscow. tech. uch-shche (1912). After Oct. Revolution of 1917 worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1923–31), taught at the Planning Academy (1931–35). Participated in drafting five-year and long-term (10-15 years) plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR. He was engaged in the analysis of the dynamics of economic development of the USA and the USSR, developed an economic and mathematical model and the concept of economic growth rates, calculated (close to real indicators) the national income of the USSR for 1926-50.
FELDMAN Grigory Petrovich (1910, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1963, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Moscow. conservatory on class. piano by K.N. Igumnov (1930) and by class. compositions by N.Ya. Myaskovsky (1941), historical faculty of Perm ped. Institute (1932). 1941–45 - in the army. He headed the composing studio in Makhachkala (1948–49). Author of symphonic suites, overtures, concerts, chamber ensembles, piano pieces, songs; processed for voice and piano approx. forty songs, including ten Jewish.
FELDMAN Label (1896, Skopishki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Koven province -?), Publicist, ethnographer. Since 1910 - in the South. Africa. Since 1947, member. reign of the South African Jewish Federation of Culture. Author of the book: "Idn in Dorem-Africa" ​​("Jews in South Africa". Vilno, 1937); Idn in Johannesburg (Jews in Johannesburg. Johannesburg, 1956); “100 yor indier in Dorem-Africa” (“Indians in South Africa: 100 years”, ibid., 1961); “Matsudi, viazo their bin gevorn a diment-greber” (“Matsudi, how I became a diamond miner,” ibid., 1964).
FELDMAN Naum Ilyich (1918, Melitopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1984, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974), prof. (1980). In 1941 he graduated from the mechanic-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–49 he was a post-graduate student of mech.-math. Faculty of Moscow State University. Student of A.O. Gelfond. He worked in Moscow. geological prospecting institute and at Moscow State University. F. belonged to fundamental results in number theory, in particular, the theory of transcendental numbers and the theory of Diophantine equations. Works: Approximation of algebraic numbers. M., 1981; Seventh problem of Hilbert. M., 1982.
FELDMAN Nehemiy Lvovich (1896–1937), economic leader. In 1916-17 he studied honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. Member of the Civil. war, beginning. Special dep. army, military commissar div., com. brigade CHON. In 1923-24 - before. plan. dep. Kharkiv Provincial Executive Committee, in 1924-26 military commissar of the div. and early. gubernpromkhoz, in 1926–28 deputy. prev. acc. about-va in Kharkov. From 1928 to the beginning. management of the Zernotrest in Moscow, since 1930 dir. Vses. in-that mechanization with. x., in 1933-34 early. Department of repair and operation of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, since 1934 deputy. early Moscow region land administration. Repressed.
FELDMAN Valentin Avgustovich (1864, near St. Petersburg - 1928, Kiev), architect, painter. Rod. in the family of an agronomist. Studied at Petersburg. AH (1882–89). Architect in Sevastopol and Kharkov. At the same time. in 1905-10 he taught at the Kharkov Technol. in-those. Since 1910 - in Kiev, taught drawing and architect. disciplines at the polytechnic. (1910–22), architect. (1922–24), artist. (1924-28) in-takh. Member and the founder of the Kiev tov-va artist. (1916-18); participant of exhibitions (1900–08) of a circle of local artists. (Kharkov); member and a member of the Society of Rus. watercolors (1880-1918); member about-va of Kiev artists (1914-19); member artist circle "Wednesday" (Sevastopol, 1912-14). Works by F.: building of the panorama "Defense of Sevastopol in 1854–55." (Sevastopol, 1902-04), monument. scuttled ships (Sevastopol, 1905). The author is numerous. landscapes. The follower is realistic. directions in the claim.
FELDMAN Wilhelm (1868, Warsaw - 1919, Krakow), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1886 he published Art. (in Polish), imbued with the idea of ​​assimilation. In the 1890s. - in Krakow, took part in the creation of the Galician Radical Progressive Party. In 1894–95 he studied at Berlin University. In 1896 he founded the gas. Zenik Krakowski. In 1901-14 ed. zhurn. "Criticism". In 1914-18 he worked in the Polish press bureau. Top. nat. to-that in Berlin. In 1918-19 - at the Polish Foreign Ministry. Leading ideologist of the Young Poland movement. Author of stories and dramas. works devoted to the problems of assimilation of the Jewish intelligentsia. The author of works on the history of the Polish politician. thoughts.
FELDMAN Zinovy ​​Petrovich (1893, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1942, Moscow), composer. Author of marches for brass bands. The author of the "Jewish March". Winner of six prizes at the military marches competition in Moscow (1940).
FELDSHTEIN David Iosifovich (b. 1929, Voronezh), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1969). Graduated from East. Faculty of Stalinabad Ped. Institute (1951). In 1952–60, dir. Wed schools in Stalinabad, in 1961–70 dir. complex. boarding school. At the same time. in charge of the lab. experimental psychology and programmed teaching at Taj. state un-those (1965-70), since 1970 head. Department of Psychology Taj. state un-that. Since 1974 scientific. sotr., head. lab. mental. development and education in adolescence and youth. age research institute general and ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences in Moscow. Research in the region. age and ped. psychology. The author of the concept of level-by-level social. personality development in ontogenesis. Since 2001 - Vice President. RAO. Cit .: Formation of the personality of a child in adolescence. Dushanbe, 1973; Psychology of education of a teenager. M., 1978; Psychology of personality development in ontogenesis. M., 1989.
FELDSHTEIN Mikhail Solomonovich (1885 - 1939), politician, lawyer. Until 1917 privat-doc. Moscow un-that, then prof. in the same place. History specialist polit. teachings. In 1919 he was arrested by the organs of the Cheka on charges of belonging to the so-called. Nat. center and Tact. center - organizations, created. with the aim of overthrowing the Sov. authorities. In aug. 1920 Top. roar. the tribunal sentenced most of those arrested (including F.) to death, to-ry was replaced by imprisonment. In 1921 F. was amnestied.
FELDT Pavel Emilievich (1905, Petersburg - 1960, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1930 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class php. In 1924–34 he was an accompanist; in 1934–41 conductor Leningrad. Small Opera House. Conducted the ball. "The Bright Stream" by D. D. Shostakovich (1935), op. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1938), "Ashik-Kerib" (1940; both by BV Asafiev), "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" MI Chulaki (1940). Since 1941 conductor Leningrad. t-ra op. and the ball. Conducted the ball. "Gayane" by A. I. Khachaturyan (1942, 1952), "Cinderella" by S. S. Prokofiev (1946), "Ali-Batyr" ("Shurale") by F. Z. Yarullin (1950), "Taras Bulba" .P.Soloviev-Sedogo (1955), "Spartacus" Khachaturian (1956) and others. F. was a conductor and music. ed. ball. "Fadetta" by A. Delibes, "Catherine" on music. A.Adan and A.G. Rubinstein (at the same time the author of instrumentation; both - 1936), author of music. processing ball. "A Vain Precaution" by PL Gertel (1937). Author of the op-t "Don Maurizio" (1946), "The Whims of Jealousy" (co-authored with GN Nosov, 1947), ball. The Magic Diary (1956). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1951).
FELTSMAN Osip Bentsionovich (Benediktovich) (1875, Odessa - 1919, Moscow), psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1900). From 1908 he worked as a psychiatrist at the Preobrazhenskaya. hospital in Moscow. One of the founders of children. psychiatry in Russia. In 1915 he founded a hospital school for mentally ill children; contributed to the organization of education and treatment of mentally retarded children; was among the first in Russia supporters and propagandists of Freud's doctrine of psychoanalysis, the author of one of the first works on this topic in Russia ("On the question of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy", 1909). Since 1911 he edited the "Psychotherapeutic Library" published in Moscow, in which the works of Freud and other psychoanalysts were published, as well as the works of F. Soch .: Auxiliary schools for mentally retarded children. M., 1912; Nervous children. M., 1915.
FELTSMAN Oskar Borisovich (b. 1921, Odessa), composer. Beginning muses. educated in the Odessa muses. school of P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1939–41 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class compositions by V.Ya.Shebalin. In 1941–42 conductor, head. muses. part of BelGOSET in Novosibirsk, in 1942–44 muses. hands. Novosibirsk youth t-ra. Since 1945 - in Moscow. Main place in the work of F. is the song. Songwriter: "My Black Sea", "Danube Wreath", "Motor ship", "My Vasya", "Lilies of the valley", "Good morning", "A song goes around in a circle", "I see nothing", "Waltz by candlelight "," A man in love "and others. Author of song cycles on the verses of R. Gamzatov" With love for a woman "and" This is us. " In 1987 he created the cycle "Songs of the Past" ("Four Jewish Songs" for folk texts). Author of the op-t "Suvorochka", "Air Castle", "The Mediterranean Sea rustles", "The Beautiful Miller's Woman", "Charley's Aunt" ("Old Comedy", 1973, Krasnodar), "Let the Guitar Play" (1975, Sverdlovsk), Donna Lucia, The Lion Left Home; the oratorio Motherland (1979), This Time (1985); op. for orc., chamber instrument. ensembles, film music and theater. performances. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1972), People art. RSFSR (1989).
FELTSMAN Vladimir Oskarovich (b. 1952, Moscow), pianist. Son of OB Feltsman. In 1974 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. Ya.V. Flier. Laureate of the Concertina-Prague competition (1967). In 1971 - 1st Ave. to Mezhdunar. competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault in Paris. In the 1970s. gave concerts a lot. In programs - manuf. French comp. J. F. Ramot, F. Couperin, S. Franck, C. Debussy, M. Ravel, O. Messiaen, as well as L. van Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. S. .Prokofiev. Since 1987 - in the USA. Since 1988 he has been teaching at un-those in New York.
FELZEN Yuri (real name and surname Nikolai Berngardovich Freudenstein) (1895, Petersburg - 1943, Germany), writer, critic. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1912 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. From 1918 - in Riga, in 1922–24 - in Germany, from 1924 - in France. First publ. - in the journal. "New ship", in mid. 1920s Author of rum. "Deception" (Paris, 1930), "Happiness" (Berlin, 1932), book. "Letters about Lermontov" (Paris, 1936). F.'s prose and reviews were published in the journal. "Modern. notes "," Numbers "," Circle "and other periodicals. ed. In 1942 he was arrested while crossing the Franco-Swiss border.
FELSENSTEIN Mila (Rakhmiel) Lazarevich (1924, Kharkov - 2006, Lod, Israel), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. In the Red Army - from 1942. In 1943 he graduated from the Tashkent machine-gun school. Com. machine gun platoon, ml. leith. F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Kerch Strait and the seizure of a bridgehead on the Kerch Peninsula in the Eltigen region. He was wounded in the battle. He was wounded again in 1944 in the battles during the liberation of Sevastopol. Since 1944 - in reserve. Graduated from the Kharkov technical school of light industry. Worked early. workshops at the light industry. Since 1974 - in Israel.
FENSTER Boris Alexandrovich (1916, Petrograd - 1960, ibid.), Dancer, ballet master. In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. choreography uch-shche, in 1940 - ballet master courses at the school. From 1936 art., From 1944 pom. thin hands., in 1945–53 art. hands., in 1953–56 chap. ballet master Leningr. Small theater of opera and ballet. Danced the parts: Harlequin ("Harlequinade" by R. Drigo), Rene ("Fadetta" to music by L. Delibes), Colin ("A Vain Precaution" by P. Hertel), Adjutant ("Prisoner of the Caucasus" by BA Asafiev). The first are independent. fast. in Leningrad. choreography school: "Tom Sawyer" by A.P. Gladkovsky (1936), "Ashik-Kerib" by Asafiev (1940), "Bela" by VM Deshevov (1941). On the stage of the Maly Theater, he staged productions in the genre of a comedy ballet performance: "The Imaginary Groom" by MI Chulaki based on the comedy by K. Goldoni "Servant of Two Masters" (1946), "Robbers" by J. Offenbach (1948), and also staged dances in op. "Sicilian Vespers" by G. Verdi (1952), "Blue Danube" on music. Strauss (1956), op. “The Mute of Portici” by D. Ober (1960) and others. Staged a ball for children. "Doctor Aibolit" by IV Morozov (1948), "Youth" Chulaki (1949), "Twelve Months" by BL Bitov (1954). In 1956-59, Ch. ballet master T-ra op. and the ball. them. Kirov; put on a ball. "Taras Bulba", V.P.Soloviev-Sedogo (1955), "Masquerade" by L.A. Laputin (1960). At the same time. (1949–59) taught at Leningrad State University. cons. Nar. art. RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1948, 1950).
FENSTER Toviy (1864, Shumala, Lomzhin province - 1959, Rio de Janeiro), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1885–89 - in the army. Until 1915 entrepreneur, before. Jewish community of Volkovysk. In 1924-26 - in Danzig. In 1926–40 - in Belgium. The first stories were published in gas. "Di Yiddish Press" in Antwerp in 1926. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. until 1939. He was in charge of the Jewish Nar. un-tom in Antwerp. In 1940–46 - in France, in hiding, he worked as a gardener in a church. In 1946-50 - in Belgium, from 1950 - in Brazil. In 1961 in Rio de Janeiro the favorites were published. manuf. F. "Geklibene font".
FERBER Ruvin Simonovich (b. 1946, Riga), physicist, public figure. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1987), prof. (1989). Since 1971 after graduating from Phys.-Math. Faculty of the Latvian State University worked there. Since 1995 - head. lab. optical polarization of molecules Ying-that of atomic physics and spectroscopy at the Latvian University. Region scientific interests - physical optics, atomic physics, laser spectroscopy. The author of St. 140 prints works. Since 1991 he has been an active participant in the activities of the Jewish community in Riga. In 1991–93 - one of the organizers, vice-rector, rector of the Free Jewish University at the Israel Center for Education and Culture in the Diaspora (for the Baltic and Leningrad regions), since 1993 - Chairman of the Scientists' Club of the Shamir Foundation named after M. Dubin, created on the basis of this un-that. Since 1995 one of the organizers and co-chairman of the org. Committee of the International. conf. "Jews in a Changing World".
FERBER Zvi-Hirsch (1879, Kovna - 1966, Great Britain), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1911 - in Great Britain, rabbi in the West End synagogue in London. He was engaged in research. in the region. Jewish religion. legislation. Author of comments. to the Pentateuch and to the Passover Gagada "Kerem ha-Tsvi".
FERDMAN David Lazarevich (1903, Terespol, Belsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1970, Kiev), biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1940), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Che. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1925 he graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Nar. education. In 1930–43, assistant, head. Department of Kharkov honey. in-that, simultaneously. in 1931–39 head. lab. Institute of Labor in Kharkov, in 1936–41 hands. lab. Ukrainian psychoneurological. in-that. In 1943-70 Deputy. dir. Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Kiev), simultaneously. from 1944 - at the Kiev University. Main work dedicated. research exchange of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons. He proposed a method for treating muscle disease using adenosine triphosphate. He established the presence of glutamine in the tissues of animals and studied the processes of its metabolism in the body, on the basis of which a conclusion was drawn about the commonality of nitrogen metabolism in the animal and plant world. Works: Biochemistry of phosphorus compounds. Kiev, 1935; Exchange of phosphorus compounds. M. - L., 1940; Biochemistry of muscle diseases. Kiev, 1953; Biochemistry. 3rd ed. M., 1966.
FERDMAN Shole (1907, Lutsk, Volyn province. - 1993, Kiryat Motzkin, Israel), writer, publicist, philologist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna (1930). Studied at ped. in-takh of Lvov and Krakow. In 1930–39 he taught at Jewish schools. He was close to the Bund. The first ped. Art. publ. in 1928. In 1939–46 - in the USSR. Repressed. Since 1946 - in Poland. Compiled textbooks and uch. manuals for Jewish schools, including: "Shul un Geim" ("School and Home". Book for reading in the 2nd grade, co-authored with Kh. Slutskaya-Kestin. Warsaw, 1950); “Yiddish Shprah” (“Hebrew language.” Grammar and spelling, 2 hours, ibid., 1950–55); "Reader farn zibetn class" ("Reader for the 7th grade", ibid., 1955). Prepared for ed. book for ser. "Yiddish Shul Libraries" (Warsaw, 1950–62): biogr. writers, commentary, note. to manuf. Since 1957 - in Mexico. He translated into Yiddish "Letters about Old and New Jewry" by S. M. Dubnov (1959, with M. Ferdman). Since 1980 - in Israel. Worked on the "Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language".
FERKELMAN Leonid Alexandrovich (1922, Rostov-on-Don - 1988, ibid.), Otorhinolaryngologist. Graduated from Rostov honey. Institute (1946). In 1956 he organized and headed the department of otorhinolaryngology in the Rostov region. hospital. One of the first in the USSR to use ultrasound to treat ear diseases. Developed methods of sparing therapy for internal diseases. and middle ear; invented a number of devices and instruments for otorhinolaryngological operations. Member reign of Vseros. scientific. about-va of otorhinolaryngologists. Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1967), Hon. inventor of the RSFSR (1985).
FERTELMEISTER Eduard Borisovich (b. 1947, Gorky), composer, teacher. Prof. (1985). Graduated from the faculty of choir conductors (1972) and the composer faculty (1981) of the Gorky cons. In 1983-92 teacher. in the music. uch-shche, head. muses. part of the Youth Theater. Since 1985 - in the Gorky cons., In 1994–96 vice-rector, since 1996 rector. Author of music for more than 60 performances, including the play by GIGorin "Memorial Prayer" (based on the production of Sholem Aleichem, post. In the Kazan Russian Drama Theater named after V.I. Kachalova). Based on this performance, he wrote a symphony. suite "Reb Tevye". Among other op. - chorus. concert-rhapsody on Jewish themes "Songs of the Heart", symph., production. for children. choirs, choir. cycles on poems by O.E. Mandelstam, S.A. Yesenin and other poets, instr. sonatas, songs.
FET (Shenshin) Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820, Novoselki Mtsensk u. Oryol province. - 1892, Moscow), poet. He graduated from the verbal department of philosophy. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1844). In 1840 he released the first collection of works. verse. "Lyrical Pantheon". In 1845–58 - for the military. service. In 1860–81 he lived on the estate, worked in the village. h-vom, wrote little. In 1881 he returned to Moscow, released 4 collection. "Evening Lights" (1883, 1885, 1888, 1891). Mn. verse. F. became popular romances. Translated into Russian. lang. op. Horace, Juvenal, Catullus, Tibullus, Ovid, Virgil, I.-V. Goethe, G. Heine and other poets, treatises by A. Schopenhauer. Author of memoirs. F.'s work had a meaning. influence on the poets of subsequent generations. op. M., 1959.
FEYERBERG Mordechai-Wolf (1874, Novograd-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1899, ibid.), Writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Initiator of the association "Maskilim" and "Hovevei Zion" in Novograd-Volynsky. He wrote poetry, under the influence of N. Sokolov switched to prose. 1st story "Yaakov ga-shomer" ("Watchman Jacob") was published in the journal. "Ha-Tsefira" in 1897. In the journal. “Ha-Shiloakh” published the stories “Ga-kmea” (“Amulet”, 1897), “Ba-erev” (“In the Evening”, 1898), “Ha-egel” (“Taurus”, 1899), etc .; in the journal. "Luakh Ahiasaf" in 1898 - "Ga-zalalim" ("Shadows"), "Leil Aviv" ("Spring Night"). Rum. "Lean" ("Where?") And two polemics. Art. about the Jewish literature were published. into gas. "Ha-Shiloakh" after F.'s death. research about I. Baal Shem Tov (not completed). Full collection op. F. ed. in Tel Aviv in 1941 by E. Steinman. Prod. F. reflected a spiritual conflict between adherence to tradition and the desire for assimilation.
FEIGEL Joseph Isaakovich (1899, Glubokoe Disnensky u. Vilna province -?), Gynecologist. Prof. (1931). In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1923-26 resident, assistant obstetric and gynecologist. clinics in the same place; in 1926–31 assistant professor. in Leningrad. in-those of obstetrics and gynecology; in 1931–41 and in 1945–51 head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 2nd MMI. In 1941–45, Ch. gynecologist Zap. and 3rd Belarusian. fr. In 1951–55 the head. gynecological Department of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the USSR Ministry of Health, in 1955–59 he headed the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Kalinin Med. in-that. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question stillbirth (demographic, social and clinical aspects); ensuring the normal course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period; diagnosis of gonorrhea in women; hygienic regime during pregnancy and after childbirth, etc. Cit .: Stillbirth. M. - L., 1929; Diagnosis of female gonorrhea by reaction to gonococcal antigen. M. - L., 1941; Women's health and motherhood. M., 1960.
FEYGELSON Eva Mikhailovna (b. 1915, Vitebsk), mathematician, meteorologist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1962). Graduated from Moscow State University (1939). In 1939–56 she worked at Ying-those theoretical. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1956 - in the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - computer, Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr., leading scientific. sotr. Region scientific. interests - distribution of optical. radiation in the earth's atmosphere, taking into account cloudiness, gas. components and aerosols. I solved the ur-tion of radiation transfer in the atmosphere. She headed the development of the project "Radiation and cloudiness" in the state. the program "Global changes in the environment and climate". Author approx. 200 scientific. works, 5 monographs. Vol .: Radiation processes in stratus clouds. M., 1964; Radiant heat transfer in the clouds. L., 1970.
FEIGENBERG Iosif Moiseevich (b. 1922, Gomel, Mogilev province), psychophysiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1946) he worked at the Institute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1960 - at TsIUV. Since 1992 - in Israel. Centre. research topic - probabilistic prediction of movements and actions by a person on the basis of learned and updated experience. Developed the ideas of N.A. Bernstein, prepared for publishing. a number of his tr., including those considered lost. Following Bernstein, he considered the construction of movements as a specific manifestation of brain activity, the study of a cut contributes to the optimization of the solution of dec. cognitive tasks. Cit .: Brain, psyche, health. M., 1972; Clinic. violation of the interaction of analyzers. M., 1975; Probabilistic forecasting in human activity. M., 1978; Problematic tasks and their place in the educational process. M., 1989.
Rachel Borisovna FEIGENBERG (ps. Raquel Imri) (1885, Lyuban, Bobruisk u., Minsk province. - 1972, Tel Aviv), writer, translator, journalist. The first story (in Yiddish) was published in the journal. Dos naye lebn (1905). In 1911–12 she studied in Lausanne (Switzerland). First book. - "Mama" (Warsaw, 1911). In 1921–24 - in Romania and Poland. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He is the author of books about the life of Jews in Russia, about the pogroms in Ukraine: "Oif de bregn fun Dniester" ("On the banks of the Dniester", 1925), "A pinkes fun atoyter shtot" ("Chronicle of a dead city", 1926). She translated her works. from Yiddish to Hebrew, including Megilot Yehudey Rusia, 1905-1964 (Notes on Russian Jewry, 1905-1964, 1965).
FEYGENZON Naftole-Shraga (1800, Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna province. - 1886, Vilna), teacher, linguist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from Russian as an external student. gymnasium in Vilna, was a teacher of Russian. lang. in headers. Author of a number of textbooks in Yiddish and other Hebrew languages, as well as the dictionary "Oytser loshn rusiya" ("Treasures of the Russian language"), containing 7000 rus. words from the lane. in Yiddish (Vilna, 1874), the manual “Der kinder-lerer far di rusishe shprahe” (“Children's textbook on the study of the Russian language”), containing a Russian-Jewish dictionary (Vilna, 1877), and others. lang. - Russian, Yiddish, Old Jewish. In diff. time published Art. in Hebrew on questions pedagogy in gas. "Ha-Magid", "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Tsefira".
FEYGIN Boris Lvovich (b. 1954, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1995). In 1976 he graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. Comp. Institute of Theoretical Physics. L.D. Landau RAS. Main the results are related to algebraic. topology, soliton theory, conformal field theory. Composition: Conformal field theory and cohomology of the Lie algebra of holomorphic vector fields on a complex curve. In the book: International Congress of Mathematicians in Kyoto. M., 1996.
FEIGIN Eliezer-Itskhok (?, Bialystok, Grodno province - after 1941, ibid.), Publicist. He was engaged in lit. research (first published - letters of AB Gottlober to the newspaper "Ha-Magid"). From 1899 - in St. Petersburg, sotr. gas. "Gamelitz", wrote to the newspaper. "Tog", printed articles, feuilletons, poems in Hebrew, in gas. Fraind is in Yiddish. Into the gas. "Der veg" (Yiddish) and "Ha-Zman" (Hebrew) led the law. separate, simultaneously was printed in gas. "Gaynt" and "Moment" (Warsaw), "Bialistoker Tageblat". After 1917 - in China, in Harbin. In 1920, together with A.D. Kirzhnits, he founded the first gas in China. in Yiddish ("Der weiter mizrekh").
FEYGIN Gerasim Grigorievich (1901, Pokrov, Vladimir province - 1921, Kronstadt, Petrograd province), leader of the youth communist movement. From nov. 1917 members RSDLP (b). From Dec. 1917 members Union of Working Youth in Vladimir, ed. zhurn. "Youth". Since 1919, member. Vladimirsky provincial committee of the RKSM, with a detachment of Komsomol members voluntarily went to the front. Pom. military commissar, military commissar shooter. shelf to the South. and Zap. fr., demobilized due to injury. In 1920, members. Pokrovsky Ukom RKSM, member. Central Committee of the KSM of Belarus, Zap. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM, commissioner of the territory. env. Belarus. Affairs. 2-3rd RKSM congresses. Since 1920 sec. Ivanovo-Voznesensky Provincial Committee of the RKSM, ed. gas. "Young textile worker", chl. Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b), died in the suppression of the uprising of sailors in Kronstadt.
FEYGIN Leonid (Lazar) Veniaminovich (b. 1923, Bobruisk, Minsk province), composer, violinist, conductor. In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violin by D.F. Oistrakh, took lessons in composition from N.Ya. Myaskovsky (1949-50) and V.Ya.Shebalin (1950-56). In 1943–56 the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. The author of the ball. “Star Fantasy” (1963, Moscow), “Don Juan” (1964, Tashkent), “Forty Girls” (after the eponymous Karakalpak epic, 1967, Tashkent). Created a ball. "Snow Maiden" to music from different. manuf. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1963). Among other works: 3 symphonies (1967, 1974, 1978); concerts for instruments with orc. - for violin (1948, 2nd ed. - 1954), for 2 violins and strings. orc. (1958), for trumpet (1973); chamber instr. ensembles, including 3 strings. quartet (1949–80), numerous. pieces for decomp. instr-tov, music for drama performances. t-ra and k / f. New orchestrations of op. "The Battle of Legnano" by G. Verdi (1960), "Don Procopio" by J. Bizet (1961), op-you "Doña Juanita" by F. Zuppe (1966), ball. "Don Quixote" by L.F. Minkus (1970). F. belong to numerous. processing of pieces from Western Europe. and Russian. classics (about 200) for different. compositions of tools, Ch. arr. for violin with piano, as well as wok instrumentation. manuf. (over 300). Since 1986 - in Great Britain.
FEIGIN Mark Zakharovich (b. 1971, Kuibyshev), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Samara State un-that. 1989–90 members party "Democratic. union ", since 1990 member. Nar.-labor. union grew. solidarists, from 1991 to. Samara club grew. solidarists. Participated in the creation. elects. association "Russia's Choice" and the same name. party. 1993–96 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the "Choice of Russia", member. Duma committee on issues. local government. 1997-2007 - Deputy. Ch. adm. Samara.
FEYGIN Moisey Alexandrovich (1904, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 2008, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1927 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS (Moscow), where he studied in the workshops of A.A. Osmerkin, I.I.Mashkov, D.P. Shterenberg. Among the paintings of various. years - still lifes, generalized to a metaphor. In graphic. sheets F. returns to the images embodied earlier in painting. F. often uses the technique of collage, followed by the imposition of a paint layer on the surface of foreign painting materials (eg, foil). In 1978 - an exhibition of the collective. with thin VV Fedotov, in 1994 and 1996 - personal exhibitions (Moscow). In 1990–91 he participated in exhibitions in Moscow – Washington and Washington – Moscow, exhibitions in Great Britain, Bulgaria, Germany, and the USA. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the museums of Ivanov, Kemerovo and in the zarub. meetings.
FEYGIN Shmuel-Yitzhak (1893, Krichev Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1950, Chicago), orientalist, Semitologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1923), prof. (1934). From 1912 - in E.-I., studied at the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Jerusalem. During the 1st world. wars - in the Turkish army. Since 1920 - in the USA, he studied Semitology at Yale University. In 1923–30 he taught Hebrew in Pittsburgh. Since 1932 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of Chicago University, participated in the compilation of the dictionary of the Assyrian language. From 1934 he taught Jewish history at the Department of Jewish Literature at Chicago University. Author of scientific. works (in Yiddish and English) about TANAKH, east. lang., connections of other Jewish and Babylonian civilizations ("Mi-Sitrey ge-Avar", 1943; "Anshey Sefer", 1950, etc.), as well as essays on the life and work of a number of Jewish writers, scientists and societies. figures.
FEYGIN Valentin Yakovlevich (b. 1934, Kharkov), cellist, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1957) and postgraduate studies at the cons. (1960) according to cl. cello S.M. Kozolupov. Soloist with Mosconcert since 1960. Tours different. countries. In 1970 he played in the FP. trio (with pianist I.M. Zhukov and violinist G.Feigin) in the cycle of ist. concerts. F. - the first performer of the production. for cello and fp. owls. comp .: "Poems" Latvian. comp. Y. Ivanov and sonatas of dag. comp. Sh.R. Chalaeva (both works - 1968). From 1974 - teacher. in Moscow. cons. (since 1984 assoc.). 1st pr. 6th World festival of youth and students (1957, Moscow), 3rd pr. Mezhdunar. Cello Competition P. Casals (1957, Paris), 3rd Ave Vses. competition of musicians-performers (1961, Moscow), 2nd ave. Mezhdunar. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1962, Moscow). Honored. art. RSFSR (1983).
FEYGIN Yakov Grigorievich (1903, Leskonogi, Chernigov province. - 1973, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1949), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from Geogr. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University (1931). In 1932–41 and from 1947 he worked at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (in 1947–48 dir.). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1957–72 the head. sector of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the problems of the theory of location of production and development produces. forces; ed. F. publ. collection of collections and collective monographs. “Features and factors of the distribution of branches of the people. x-va "(M., 1960)," Patterns and factors of development of econom. districts of the USSR "(Moscow, 1965) and other works: Placement of production under capitalism and socialism. M., 1954 (2nd ed. - M., 1958); Ways of developing the natural resources of Siberia and the Far East. M., 1956; Placement issues are produced. forces and development of econ. regions. M., 1964 (et al.).
FEYNBERG-SAMOILOVA Mael Isaevna (nee Bassehes-Khurgina) (1925, Kharkov - 1994, Moscow), literary critic. Daughter of I.Ya. Khurgin. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1949). Published since 1952. She commented approx. 200 letters from N.A. Nekrasov for Poln. collection op. (M., 1952). Region scientific. interests - A.S. Pushkin and Russian. liter 20 century F.-S. prepared for printing book. IL Feinberg "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (2nd ed. M., 1985), "Abram Petrovich Hannibal - Pushkin's great-grandfather" (2nd ed. M., 1986), etc. More than 30 years was edited by. literary and memoir books. Compiled, prepared for ed. text and commented on "Memories of Boris Pasternak" (with EV Pasternak. M., 1993) and book. "Second birth" (jointly with NA Pasternak. M., 1993), in which the letters of BL Pasternak to his wife ZN Neigauz-Pasternak were first printed, as well as her inspiration. She studied the biography of M.I. Tsvetaeva, in private. the fate of S.Ya. Efron; comp. Sat. "Bolshevo" (Moscow, 1993, jointly with O. Zhdanova).
FEINBERG David Faddeevich (1840, Kovna - 1916, Petrograd), public figure. He served as an assistant. early stations on the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway. d. Studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, studied law in high fur boots in Germany. Served on the board of Akts. about-va of the chain shipping company on Sheksna, which belonged to G.O. Gintsburg. In 1867 he attracted the attention of the French. polit. activist I.A. Krem'e to the so-called. the Saratov case. F. - the initiator of the creation of time. chapels with choral services (1868) in St. Petersburg, from 1869 sec. (later - h. secretary) of the board of St. Petersburg. Jewish community. He was one of the first to petition the government for permission to build the Choral synagogue in the city, was engaged in the arrangement of the Jewish cemetery (from 1908 he was a member of the committee on the construction of a new complex of cemetery buildings); one of the founders and poch. sec. reign of St. Petersburg. an orphanage. In 1891, F. accompanied A. White (a representative of the Baron M. de Hirsch Foundation) on a trip to the provinces of the Pale of Settlement in order to study the situation of Jews and the possibility of organizing their emigration, participated in the development of the charter of St. Petersburg. the EKO committee (since 1892 the chief secretary of this committee), was preparing the dispatch of consignments of emigrants to Argentina (in memory of F.'s merits, one of the Jewish colonies in Argentina was named "Feinberg"). F. - Chl. OPE, ORT, will take care. Council of Courses of Oriental Studies under the hands. Baron D.G. Gintsburg, member. to-ta Ob-va for scientific. Jewish publications, vice-president. About-va hygienic. cheap apartments for Jewish us. Petersburg. With the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, he participated in the creation of the Committee to help Jews - residents of the front. r-new. F. bequeathed his fortune and extensive archive to the Jewish community of Petrograd.
FEINBERG Evgeniy Lvovich (1912, Baku - 2005), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944), prof. (1944), acad. RAS (1997). Graduated from Moscow State University (1935). Since 1938 - at FIAN, head. dep. (since 1952). Prof. Gorky University (1944–46) and MEPhI (1946–54). Sci. tr. on nuclear physics, radiophysics, elementary particles, acoustics, philosophy. question science and arts. Developed and applied methods for solving problems of the theory of wave propagation along the earth's surface, taking into account its inhomogeneities and irregularities, statistical. the theory of noise immunity of receiving audio signals and correlations. method of their analysis. He initiated the study of coherent and diffraction inelastic processes. Explored sets. the birth of hadrons at peripheral. collisions, mechanisms of variation of cosmic. rays. Author approx. 200 scientific. publications. Etc. them. L.I. Mandelstam of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951). State pr. USSR (1983). Evil medal to them. S.I. Vavilov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1988) Vol .: Propagation of radio waves along the earth's surface. M., 1961; Two cultures: intuition and logic in art and science. M., 1992.
FEINBERG Ilya Lvovich (1905, Yurburg of Rossiensky u. Kovenskaya province. - 1979, Moscow), literary critic. Graduated from the legal department of the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924). He worked as a lawyer until 1927. He began to publish in 1928. The first book. - about the 1st world. war - "1914" (1934). In the future, everything is scientific. F.'s interests are connected with A.S. Pushkin. 1941–45 military. corr. to Chernomor. and North. fleets. F.'s essays were published in the center. and naval seal. Among them - an essay about II Fisanovich ("Thirteenth Victory", newspaper "Pravda"). Main tr .: "Unfinished works of Pushkin" (Moscow, 1955; 7th ed. - 1979), "History of one manuscript" (Moscow, 196Z), "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (Moscow, 1976; additional ed. - M., 1981), "Pushkin's Mysterious Sketch" (M., 1978), etc. Prepared anew for Poln. collection op. A.S. Pushkin text "History of Peter" (v. 8, 1962, 1974). Responsible sec. Pushkin Commission of the USSR Writers' Union, member. Pushkin Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences. See. ed .: "Abram Petrovich Hannibal - Pushkin's great-grandfather" (Moscow, 1983), fav. manuf. "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (M., 1985) and others. Son F. - Alexander (1947, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Philologist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1972), researcher of A.S. Pushkin, V.V. Nabokov, D. Joyce, E. Hemingway. The author of the book. "Notes on the" Bronze Horseman "(M., 1993).
FEINBERG Leon (1897, Podolsk province - 1969, USA), writer, poet, journalist. Studied at Moscow. un-those. In 1914 he published the 1st volume of verse. in Russian lang., written almost entirely under the influence of Russian. Symbolists. Since 1920 - in the USA. He continued to write poetry in Russian. lang., later switched to Yiddish. Member editorial board gas. Freigite, every month zhurn. Der gamer. Pres. Yiddish PEN Club. He wrote 15 rums, among which rums. in the verses Der farmishpeter dor (The Doomed Generation, 1954), Der Gebentsher Dor (The Wounded Generation, 1962), rom. "Der carpet dor" ("The Ruined Generation", 1967). Main theme of manuf. F. - the fate of the Jews in Russia.
FEYNBERG Leonid Evgenievich (literary ps. L. Korn) (1896 - 1980), painter, art critic. Brother of S.E. Feinberg. In 1917, six paintings by F. were first presented at one of the moscow. exhibitions, in 1922 the Museum of Fine Arts exhibited 37 works by F. in oil. Among the products. - monumental panels. Author of works “Glazing and classical technique. painting "(1937)," Sonata form in the poetry of Pushkin "(chap. from it published in the collection" Poetry and Music ", 1978)," Secrets of the painting of the old masters "(co-authored with Yu.I. Grenborg, 1989 ), ed. and the author entered. Art. books by Feinberg et al. F. belong to the rep. about MA Voloshin ("Three summers visiting Max. Voloshin"), FI Rerberg, Feinberg and others. Author of 7 vols. poetry and philosophy. book "Ave mirabile".
FEYNBERG Samuil Evgenievich (1890, Odessa - 1962, Moscow), pianist, teacher, composer. Brother of L.E. Feinberg. Prof. (1922), Doctor of Law (1940). Studied playing php. from A.F. Jensen, then from A.B. Goldenweiser at the Philharmonic. uch-shche and in Moscow. cons., graduated in 1911. At the same time. took lessons in composition from N.S. Zhilyaev. From 1912 he toured in Russia and other countries. Since 1922 - in Moscow. cons., from 1936 head. department of special php. F. was the first performer of a number of op. S.S. Prokofiev, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.N. Alexandrov, A.V. Stanchinsky, as well as one of the first owls. pianists, in the repertoire of which there were works. both volumes (48 preludes and fugues) of the Well-Tempered Clavier by J.-S. Bach and all of Beethoven's sonatas. F. is the author of 3 concerts for php. with orc. (1931, 1944, 1947, 2nd ed. - 1951), 12 sonatas (1915-60), suites, fantasies for fp. and others. In op. 1910–20s used elements of Jewish folklore, later - Georgian, Tatars. and Chuvash. (arrangements for voice from the piano “25 Chuvash songs”, 1937). F. owned processing for php. orc. manuf. Bach, A. Vivaldi, A. P. Borodin, cadenzas for concerts for fp. with orc. W.-A. Mozart, Beethoven and others. Author of the books "Pianism as Art" (M., 1965), "The Pianist's Mastery" (M., 1978). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1937). Became. pr. (1946).
FEINBERG Savely Moiseevich (1910, Baku - 1973, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949), prof. (1953). In 1932 he graduated from Azerb. polytechnic in-t, specializing in engineer-architect; in 1933–34 - in graduate school. Since 1934 - in the institute "Azneftproekt", since 1942 - at the building of aviation. plant in Baku. In 1942–43 he taught at the Higher. military-mor. uch-shche, in 1943-44 - at the front, demobilized from injury. In 1944–45 the beginning. strength groups in the LII of the People's Commissariat of Aviation. prom-ti. Since 1945 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946–73 - in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956 - Institute of Atomic Energy) (senior scientific worker, head of the theoretical sector, deputy head of the department). At the same time. in 1947–73 he taught at MEPhI. Main works - in the region. theory of elasticity and plasticity, nuclear power; showed the possibility of obtaining generalized equations of mathematics. the theory of plasticity at ultimate stress. The initiator of creation and hands. project of the world's first nuclear power plant powerful. 5000 kW. One of the authors of the method of heterogeneous calculation of reactors (Galanin-Feinberg method), supervised the creation of a number of reactors decomp. purpose, including the research reactor SM-2, on which a record flow of thermal and fast neutrons was obtained, VVR-type reactors for ship nuclear engines and powerful nuclear power plants. Developed pulsed uranium-graphite reactors, supervised the creation of a giant pulsed reactor "RING" for research. neutrino. The author of St. 100 scientific. print works and approx. 20 inventions. Became. pr. (1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1960). Etc. them. I.V. Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1973). State etc. USSR (1974). Cit .: Theory of nuclear reactors. M., 1978 (co-authored with S.B.Shikhov and V.B. Troyansky).
FEINBRUN-DOTAN Naomi (1900, Moscow - 1995), botanist. Doctor of Philosophy (1938), prof. (1960). She studied at Moscow. un-those, in 1923 she graduated from un-t in Cluj (Romania). Since 1924 - in E.-I. Since 1926, St. in the Jewish un-those (Jerusalem). Region scientific. interests - studying the flora of Israel. State Israel Ave (1991).
FEYNMAN Zigmund (Osher-Zelig) (1862, Chisinau - 1909, Lodz, Petrokiv province), playwright, director, actor. He sang in the synagogue choir, in the choir of the A. Goldfaden troupe in Chisinau. In 1883–89 - in Romania, he created his own. theater. troupes. Since 1889 - in the USA. Organized Jewish dramas. troupe, was engaged in directing. The author of the plays: "Der Yidisher soldier" ("Jewish soldier"), "Dos dig menchele" ("Red man") (both - 1889), "Di froy, oder tsvei hasenes oif celohis" ("A woman, or Two weddings in spite of ")," Der Get "(" Divorce ") (both - 1890)," Gelt "(" Money ")," Dem Foters Klole "(" The Curse of the Father ") (both - 1891)," Der Yidischer Witsekenig, Oder a nakht in ganeiden "(" Jewish Viceroy, or Night in Paradise ") - ist. op., "Di kleinstetldike aristocrat" ("Small-town aristocrats"), "Di gasninder" ("Children of the street", 1898), etc. He died on stage.
FEITELBERG Jerzy (1903, Warsaw - 1951, New York), composer. Son of G. Feitelberg. Studied in 1922–26 at the Warsaw Consulate, in 1926–32 at the Berlin (Prussian) Music. academy. In 1933–39 he worked in Paris. Since 1940 - in the USA. He wrote Ch. arr. instr. music. Among the products. F .: violin. (1928, 1935) and cello (1931) concerts, orc. suites, 5 strings. quartets (1926–45). Etc. Amer. Academy of Arts (1945).
FEITELBERG Grigory (Grzegorz) (1879, Dinaburg, Vitebsk Gubernia - 1953, Katowice, Poland), conductor, violinist, composer. The son of a soldier. conductor. In 1891–96 he studied violin under S. Bartsevich, comp. - at Z. Noskovsky in Muz. in-those in Warsaw. In 1896 he made his debut as a comp., Receiving 1 st prize in Leipzig for the First Violin Sonata with fp. Played (since 1896) in the orc. "T-ra Wielki" in Warsaw, since 1901 - in the Philharmonic. orc., with which he made his debut as a conductor in 1904. He entered the gr. Polish comp., who created the Young Poland organization in Berlin in 1905. Conducted in Warsaw (1906), Vienna (1912); from 1911 he toured European countries. Conducted the symphony. concerts in Petrograd and Pavlovsk, opera performances in T-re muses. dramas (1915–18) and the Mariinsky (1918–19). In 1920 he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, where he also performed with symphony. orc. From 1921 to 1924 he conducted the performances of S. Diaghilev's Russian Ballet in Paris and London. In 1923 he returned to Poland. In 1923–24 ch. conductor of the Warsaw Philharmonic and T-ra Wielki, in 1934–39 creator and artist. hands. Large orc. Polish radio. In 1939–47 - in the USA. In 1947 he returned to Poland. Supervised by symph. orc. Polish Radio in Katowice, toured. The author of the op. in neo-romantic. style: 2 symph. (1905–07), Polish Rhapsody (1913), sonatas for violin with fp. and other chamber instruments. op. Completed a number of symphons. op. M. Karlovich and K. Shimanovsky after their death. State pr. Poland (1951).
FIALKOV Yakov Anatolyevich (Naftulovich) (1895, Kiev - 1958, ibid.), Chemist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1945). In 1925 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. In 1925-29 - in the Kiev Pharmaceuticals. in-those. In 1930–58 - at the Institute of General and Inorganic. chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. taught at the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, Kiev University and Kiev Polytechnic. in-those. Main tr. dedicated the study of complex compounds and physical and chemical. properties of solutions. Received new data on thermal. stability of salts of oxygen acids, investigated the equilibrium in the liquid phase of water-salt systems. Developed new and generalized existing pharmaceutical methods. analysis) Cit .: Methods of research. medicinal substances. M., 1946.
FIDEL Nathan (1895, Smila Cherkassky near Kiev province -?), Publicist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1910s published poetry and essays in the Odessa gas. "Gut Morgen". After 1917 he published Art. and essays in periodical. press: "Odesar Arbeter", "Der Stern", "Jungvald", "Pioneer" and others. F.'s play "Erev Komune" ("On the Eve of the Commune") in 1920 was shown in the Odessa Jewish Theater. In the beginning. 1930s - in Birobidzhan.
FIDELMAN Elya (Alexander) (1825 or 1827, Minsk - 1892, ibid.), Poet. Rod. in the klezmer family. He was badchen. He worked as a clerk in the Minsk Jewish hospital and community. On the recommendation of P.Yu. Vengerova, 2 poems were published in Vilna. Sat. F .: "Di kleinstetldike hasene" ("Small town wedding", 1873) and "Leader of the zum zeitfartreibung" ("Poems for entertainment", 1877). Author of the drama "Shimshon ha-gibor" ("Bogatyr Samson", 1883).
FIGATNER Yuri Petrovich (Yakov Isaakovich) (1889, Odessa - 1937), party and statesman. From 1903 - in the rev. movement, chl. RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile, lived in exile (in 1906–09 - in Belgium and France). In 1909 sec. Moscow to-that RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested and sentenced to 7 years in hard labor. Released after Feb. Revolution of 1917. In 1917–22 - at the party. and prof. work in the North. Caucasus and Transcaucasia. From Jan. 1918 People's Commissar int. affairs of the Terek owls. rep., then on clandestine work in the Caucasus. In 1920, members. region to-that RCP (b) and before. Sovprof in Krasnodar, then member. Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and before. Caucasus Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. From 1922 before. Siberian Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, member. Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), member. Sibrevkoma. In 1924–30 members. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1925-29 before. Central Committee of the trade union of Soviet trade employees. Since 1929, member. Pres. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR and early. Ch. inspections of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, simultaneously. member Collegiums of the NK RFL of the USSR. Since 1932, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Heavy. industry of the USSR. Since 1936, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Forestry Industry of the USSR and early. Glavlesa. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee, USSR Central Executive Committee, member. Central Control Commission (since 1925), member. Pres. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) (1927-30). Arrested in 1937. Shot.
FIGATNER Yuri Yurievich (1921, Tiflis - 1993, Moscow), historian. The son of Y.P. Figatner. In 1937 he was arrested, in 1947 released from the camp, he was serving his exile in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1951 he was arrested again, in 1954 he was released. In 1957 he graduated from Wed. school and entered the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1962. In 1962–67 ed. in the publishing house "Higher school", in 1967–93 - in the publishing house "Bolshaya Sov. Encyclopedia ", took part as ed. and author in a number of editions, including TSB-3, “Sov. ist. encyclopedias "," Encyclopedic. dictionary ", encyclopedias" Moscow "," Civil war and military intervention in the USSR 1918–20 ", etc .; responsible sec. encyclopedias "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (2nd and 3rd ed.). The last work is biogr. dictionary "Politicians of Russia in 1917" (1993), where F. was deputy. ch. ed. and the author of several articles.
FIKHMAN Itskhok Fishelevich (b. 1920, Kishinev), Egyptologist, papyrologist. Dr. East Sciences (1975). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). Since 1960 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member Int. Association of Papyrologists (Brussels, 1967). Author approx. 50 scientific. works on papyrology and the history of Egypt 1 millennium AD e. Ed. F. published bibliogr. decree. "Otech. publications on Coptology and Greco-Roman Egypt ”(L., 1989). Prof. Haifa University, Cit .: Egypt at the turn of two eras. M., 1965; An introduction to documentary papyrology. M., 1987.
FIKHMAN Yakov Ilyich (1881, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1958, Tel Aviv), poet, publicist, critic, publisher. He taught Hebrew in his youth. He lived in different cities of Russia, Zap. Europe. Since 1912 - in E.-I. Member editorial board gas., journal. in E.-I., Warsaw, Chisinau. He released the book. Jewish writers (in Hebrew). Collaborated with I.-N. Brener, H.-N. Bialik, I.-H. Ravnitsky, J.-G. Klausner. First book. poems in Hebrew was published in Warsaw in 1911, the first collection. essays - in Odessa. F. belonged to the Bialik school, and his critical articles (dedicated both to European authors of different eras and to young representatives of Hebrew literature) were distinguished by their subjectivity, impressionist style, and at the same time. eclecticism and tolerance of judgments. At the same time F. often changed his assessments, adapting them to the specific problem under discussion. Trying to bring together the works and ideas of the most dissimilar authors: from famous European authorities to the authors of the reviving literature in Hebrew, he was criticized by Jewish writers. F. is inclined to a sublime language, archaisms, almost did not use new colloquial expressions, which began to enter into poetry in Hebrew. The poet of the transition period, the forerunner of changes in the Hebrew literature.
FIKHTENGOLTS Grigory Mikhailovich (1888, Odessa - 1959, Leningrad), mathematician. Prof. (1926), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935). Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1911). He worked in Petrograd. e-tech. in-those (1915–20) and in Petrograd. (then Leningrad) university (from 1918). Main works in the region. function theory, func. analysis, mat. analysis, methods of teaching mathematics. Author of textbooks: "Foundations of Mat. analysis ”(6th ed., vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1968); "Differential rate. and integra. calculus ”(7th ed., vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1969). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940).
FIKHTENGOLTS Mikhail Izrailevich (1920, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1953), prof. (1970). He studied violin under P.S. Stolyarsky in Odessa (1925–36). Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1938) according to cl. A.I. Yampolsky. Since 1941 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic Society, from 1957 - All. state conc. associations. From 1947 he taught at the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. F. - the first performer of 3 projects. him sonatas I.S. Weinberg. The author is a violinist. conc. processing, transcriptions, editions, as well as scientific and methodical. benefits. Laureate of Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Leningrad, 1935; 2nd ave.) and Intern. competition them. E. Izay (Brussels, 1937; 6th ave.). Has toured to many. countries. Nar. art. RSFSR (1983). Sister F. - Lydia (b. 1924, Odessa), pianist, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1946). In 1940–85 she gave concerts in a duet with her brother. In 1946–61 she taught at Moscow. music-ped. uch-shche, since 1961 in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov (since 1997 - State music-pedagogical institute), at the same time. from 1987 - on Wed. specialist. muses. school to them. Gnesins. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1985). F.'s daughter - Natalia (b. 1944), violinist, teacher. Granddaughter of M.M. Kaganovich. She graduated from the State. music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. Since 1978 Rev. at the school. Gnesins.
FILIPPOVSKY Zvi-Hirsch (Gershl Philip) (1816, Verzhbolov of Volkovyskiy u. Suwalki province. - 1872, London), Hebraist, mathematician, publisher. writer. Since 1839 - in Great Britain. Published works. Jewish writers. The first work "Moed Moadim" - about the Jewish, Christian, Muslim and Karaite calendars, was published in 1846. In 1847–49 he published in London and Leipzig 2 no. "Ha-Asif" - Sat. Art. in other Hebrew, dedicated. research Hebrew manuscripts on literature, mathematics. While working in Edinburgh for an insurance company, he published in 1849 Mat. the work "Antilogarithms". Translated from lat. in English. lang. The Canon of Logarithms (1857). In 1851 he founded a society for the study and publication of monuments of the Jewish Middle-century. writing. In 1862 he published a pocket prayer book with his own. per. in English. lang. The author of the research. ideas of prophecy and messianism in the Jewish tradition.
FILSHTINSKY Isaak Moiseevich (b. 1918, Kharkov), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1993). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (1941) and Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1945), in 1945–49 he studied at the postgraduate course and taught at the latter. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Released in 1955. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the same time. from 1962 he taught at the IVYa at Moscow State University. For participation in the human rights movement in 1974 suspended from teaching, in the case of the ed. samizdat. zhurn. "Jews in the USSR" in 1978 was searched, interrogated, was fired from the Institute of Oriental Studies. Since 1991 Rev. at Moscow State University and at the Open Jewish University. Author of works for the middle century. Arab. history and literature; translated into Russian. lang. and published with his entry. Art. and comments. "Chronicle of the Egyptian historian al-Jabati" (M., 1962), nar. the novels "Sirat Antar" (M., 1968) and "Sirat Saif" (M., 1975), "Entertaining stories" of At-Tanukhi (Moscow, 1985) and others. Works: Arabic classical literature. M., 1965; Sketch of the Arab-Muslim culture of the 7th – 12th centuries. M., 1971 (co-authored with B.Ya. Shidfar); Arabic Literature in the Middle Ages. M., 1977; History of the Arabic literature V - early. X century. M., 1985; History of the Arabic literature X-XVIII centuries. M., 1991; We are walking under escort. M., 1994.
FILLER Julius Isaakovich (b. 1932, Moscow), architect. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Since 1963 - at the Mosproekt Institute. Main works (all in Moscow): the Cinema Center complex (1989, as part of a team), a complex of buildings of the Humanitarian Academy (1990, as part of a team), the building of the Higher School of Police (1992). Honored. arch. Russia (1993). State pr. RSFSR (1991).
FILONENKO Maximilian Maximilianovich (1885, Atkarsk - 1960, Paris), politician, lawyer. LI Kannegisser's cousin. During the 1st world. war - officer, chl. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In May 1917, the commissar of the 8th Army under the command of L.G. Kornilov, in July - the top. Commissioner Time. pr-va at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief. Russian army. An active assistant to BV Savinkov in restoring the army's combat capability and fighting the Bolsheviks. In the proposed new composition of the Savinkov and Kornilov F., the post of mines was proposed. foreign or int. cases. He did not support Kornilov's speech with the aim of establishing military in Russia. dictatorship. On Sept. 1917 removed from the post of headquarters commissar. In 1918, a participant in the anti-Bolshevik coup in Arkhangelsk, the leader of the right-wing "National Union" created after the coup. Since 1919 - in France. He was engaged in advocacy, was a defender in polit. the process of the singer N.V. Plevitskaya. In 1941 he was arrested in Paris by the occupation authorities. After the end of the 2nd world. war - a supporter of the return to the Sov. Union, conducted pro-Soviet propaganda.
FIMA (real name and surname. Efraim Roytenberg) (b. 1916, Harbin), painter, theater designer. Studied drawing and Chinese calligraphy, performed theater. fast. in China. From 1949 - in Israel, from 1961 - in France. The synthesis of Europ is embodied in F.'s work. and Far East. art, the influence of cubism, abstract expressionism and calligraphic rhythm is noticeable. stroke.
FIN Alexander Abramovich (1908, Saratov - 1944, Moscow), designer of radar stations and radio communication equipment. In 1935 he graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute. He worked in the NII-20 radio industry (the first scientific research institute in the USSR in the field of radar), since 1938 Ch. Ing. Under the arm. F. developed radar. stations of the RUS-2S type (ground), Gneiss-2 and Gneiss-2M (aircraft), Guys-1 and Guys-2 (shipborne). Became. pr. (1943). Son F. - Victor (b. 1934, Moscow), a specialist in the field of impulse technology and programming. Cand. tech. Sciences (1970). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1959). Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Precision Instruments. The author of St. 130 scientific. tr. and inventions.
FINAREVSKY Iosif Ilyich (b. 1935, Leningrad), specialist in the field of mining mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1977). Finish Leningrad. forge. Institute (1958). Since 1958 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Horn. mechanics and mine surveying (Leningrad), since 1968 head. lab., from 1987 Ch. scientific. sotr. He developed new methods of processing mine-surveying information, substantiated the optimal principles of forming digital mine-surveying models of quarries and solving applied problems on their basis. Proposed new photogrammetric technologies. surveys of quarries, hard-to-reach areas, as well as areas subject to displacement due to forges. works. Created the theory of high-precision triangulation construction for a wide range of mine surveying tasks. Member Int. Society of Photogrammetry, Chl. Int. Society for Mine Surveying (ISM). Works: Construction of Mine Surveying Networks Using Analytical Phototriangulation. M., 1987.
FINFER Peisach (1830 - 1912, Vilna), rabbi. In the 1850s and 70s. rabbi in Veger, Darsunishki, Kazan. Since 1874 the rabbi in Vilna. He was engaged in the textual analysis of the Pentateuch. The author of the book. "Masoret ha-Torah ve-ha-Neveim" ("Tradition of the Torah and the Prophets." Vilna, 1906).
FINGERMAN Grigory (1890, Bogopol Baltsky district of Podolsk province -?), Psychologist. Since 1891 - in Argentina. He took an active part in the Jewish youth movement. He studied medicine and philosophy at un-those, to-ry graduated in 1914. He headed the lab. practical psychology in Nat. Institute of Buenos Aires. Since 1925, deputy. dir., since 1934 dir. Institute prof. orientation. Prof. (1929) psychology at the Higher. nat. commercial school. Conducted by section. dram. lawsuit in gas. La Nation was published in the Jewish press. The author of the book. in Spanish lang .: "Psychological and aesthetic research", "Psychology lessons", "Logic lessons", etc. Translated into Spanish. lang. literature on philosophy, psychology, logic.
FINGERMAN Yisroel (David) (1857, Berezovka of Ananievsky u. Kherson province -?), Publicist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1891 - in E.-I. There was s.-kh. workers. He taught. From the end. 1900s - in Argentina. He lived in the village - x. settlement "Klara". The first art. published in gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira". In 1909–11 he edited every month. zhurn. Jewish agr. federation in Argentina "Der Colonist-Cooperator". The author of the production "Di gesichte fun der Yidischer colonization in Argentina" ("History of Jewish colonization in Argentina").
FININBERG Ezra Iosifovich (1899, Uman, Kiev province. - 1946, Moscow), poet, writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1917–22 he taught at school. He wrote poetry in Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian. lang. Since 1920 - in Kiev, led, together with M. Khashchevatsky, lit. app. to gas. "Komunische von". Member org-tions "Widerwux", "Boy", responsible. secretary, part. of the editorial board of the journal. "Di dig Velt" in Kharkov. The first collection of poems - "Autumn" ("Breathing"), "Leader" ("Poems"). In 1926, the book was published in Kiev. prose "Gallop". In 1927, UkrGOSET staged F.'s drama "Jungen" ("Boys"). He translated into Yiddish (including "Faust" by J.-V. Goethe), studied the history of literature, lit. criticism. Author of the play "Bam Dnepr" ("At the Dnieper", 1928), collection of poems: "Land un Liebschaft" ("Country and Love"), "In free fun yor" ("Morning of the Year"), "Di krign doern "(" The fighting continues ")," An erd an andere "(" Another land ") and others. In 1941–45 - at the front. Front. poems were included in collection: "Fun schlachtfeld" ("From the battlefield". M., 1943), "In risikn fire" ("In a giant flame", ibid, 1946).
FINK Reuben (1889, Goshcha Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province - 1961, New York), publicist, public figure. Studied in high fur boots in Washington, Philadelphia, New York. He taught chemistry, mathematics at high fur boots. In 1911, the publisher was gas. Life. Was printed in gas. "Tog", "Day", "Hint", was a regular. sotr. zhurn. Yiddish Kemfer in New York. In 1921–22 he edited the gas. Die Zeit in New York. Collaborated with other periodicals. ed. in Yiddish, Hebrew, English lang., paying special attention to the problems of Jewish life in the United States. In 1919–20, as a member of the US delegation, he took part in the work of the Paris Peace. conf. Since 1922 - in the insurance and bank. business. Vice President Union room. Jews and the Federation of Ukrainian. Jews in the United States. Founder and first prez. Leagues Against Employment Discrimination. The author of the book. in Yiddish and English. lang: "Der American Birger" ("Citizen of America", 1916), "Di constitution un a declaration of fun umopengikayt" ("Constitution and Declaration of Independence", 1918), "Vyazoy arinzubrengen cut the key to America" ​​("How to bring relatives to America ", 1919)," Passport un vises "(" Passports and Visas ", 1919)," America and Palestine "(1944). Translated into Yiddish. artist literature, including the play "Wolves" by R. Rolland.
FINK Victor Grigorievich (1888, Odessa - 1973, Moscow), writer. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. From the beginning. 1890s - in France. Graduated from law. Faculty of Paris University (1913). Member of the 1st world. war as a volunteer Inostr. legion. Since 1916 - in Russia. He began to publish in 1927. The author of collection of stories "On the way from Egypt" (1929) and "Jews on earth" (book 1–2, 1929–30), rom. "Foreign Legion", based on the personal impressions of the author (1935), rom. "The Fate of Henri Lambert" (1943, under the name "Poor France", revised edition - 1958). In the book. "Literary Memoirs" (1960), a prominent place is occupied by the portraits of R. Rolland, J. R. Blok. F. - author of the play "New Homeland" (1933), pl. critical and publicist. articles.
FINK Yakov-Isroel (1894, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1955, Paris), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1918 - in France. Received Ing. education. Printed Art. and per. scientific. works with europe. lang. in Yiddish. During the 2nd world. war member of the Resistance movement, edited gas. "Kamet" (in French). In 1941–44, corr. gas. "Pariser Giant". The author of the book. "Yegudey Tsarfat" ("Jews of France". Paris, 1951), which tells about the fate of the Jews of France in the years of the 2nd world. war.
FINKEL Joshua (1904, Warsaw -?), Orientalist. Since 1913 - in the USA. Graduated from the Jewish Theological Institute. In 1924-26 - in Egypt, where he discovered a number of other Jewish manuscripts, to-rye published in 1926. Since 1937 he taught Semitic languages. at Yeshiva-un-those in New York. Applied psychoanalyst. theories to the Jewish cultural phenomenon. Among the published works of F.: "Three essays on Al-Yahiz" (1926); Jewish Christian and Samaritan Influence on Arabs (1933); "Maimonides. Treatise on the Resurrection (1938); Old Israeli Traditions in the Qur'an, Abraham's Arabic Story (1938).
FINKEL Eliezer-David (1862, Makov Lomzhinskaya province - 1918, Warsaw), translator. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. He translated into Hebrew and Yiddish. scientific, artist literature from modern. European, Latin, Old Greek, Japanese, Arab. lang. Published in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", in a cut he worked from 1904, "Gamelitz", "Gaynt" (Warsaw) and others. Translated into Hebrew: "History of Jewish Literature" G. Karpeles, "History of the Jews from ancient times to the present" (5th volume) G. Gretz, "The Life of Animals" by A. Brehm. He translated many into Yiddish. manuf. world classics. Literature: F. Schiller, A. Dumas ("Lady with Camellias". Warsaw, 1912), E. Zola.
FINKEL Chaim-Avrom (1887, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1927, Kharkov), publicist, linguist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from Kharkov Technol. Institute (1916). The first art. (in Russian) "On Proletarian Zionism" published in the journal. "Dawn" in 1905. Published in leg. and illegal. press in Minsk, Mogilev, Kiev, Odessa, Vilna. During the 1st world. war worked in the center. to-those EKOPO and OZE, reports on the activities of the organizations published in Vilna gas. Voh. After 1917 he published the 1st issue of the journal in Kharkov. "Tsukunft". One of the hands. OZET in Ukraine. In Kharkov he was published under ps. B. Lyumin, L. Pak and others in gas. "Der Stern", "Junge Guard", "Der Yidisher Poer", zhurn. "Di dig Velt." In the same place he published "Yidisher Technischer Verterbuch" ("Jewish Technical Dictionary", 1925), the work "Di metriche sistem fun vog un mes" ("System of Weights and Measures", 1925), the brochure "Neitike unitedes vegn Yidisher Erd-Ainordenung" ( "Necessary information about Jewish land management").
FINKEL Shimon (Semyon Grigorievich) (1905, Grodna - 1999, Tel Aviv), actor, director. Doctor of Philosophy (1989). From the age of 15 he performed in a Jewish amateur troupe. In 1922 he entered Drum in Berlin. M. Reinhardt's school. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1927-31 - in the troupe "Habima", which toured different. countries. Together with the troupe he returned to E.-I. The first roles in this t-re: Bridegroom and Tzadik ("Gadibuk" by S. An-sky), Maral ("Golem" by G. Leivik) and others. with MA Chekhov in staging the play "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, where he played the role of Orsino. In 1960–61 and 1970–75, thin. hands. "Habims". He played in the performances of A.D.Dikiy "The Crown of David" by P. Calderon (Amnon), "Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem (The Butcher). In the main. played tragic, heroic, characteristic roles, including: Father ("Father" by A.Yu. Strindberg), Peer Gynt ("Peer Gynt" by G. Ibsen), Tevye ("Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem ), Hamlet ("Hamlet"), Lear ("King Lear"), Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice"), Iago ("Othello"), Petruchio ("The Taming of the Shrew", all - Shakespeare). Among dir. works by F.: "Day and Night" by S. An-sky, "In the steppes of the Negev" by I. Moshenzon and others. He starred in films. Author of 11 books. autobiogr. character, including ed. in Tel Aviv: "Scene and Backstage" (1968), "In the labyrinth of my roles" (1970), "Results" (1971), "Theater, theater ..." (1974), "End of the game" (1977) , "In the shadow of battles" (1989), "Supplement" (1993) and others. Israel Ave (1969).
FINKEL Uri Girshevich (1896, Rakov, Minsk province - 1957, Minsk), literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the Kharkov Polytechnic. uch-shche, on filol. f-those of Minsk University. The first art. "Revolution and Jewish Literature" published in Sat. "Kunstring" in 1917. From 1918 he worked as a periodical. ed. Minsk and Kharkov: in the journal. "People's cause" was led by section. bibliography (1918), edited the 1st Jewish Red Army. gas. Rusta (1920), gas. "Di komune". From ser. 1920s worked in the Jewish sector of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Released, together with N.E. Oislander, Prince. Avrom Goldfudn. Materials for headlights and biography "(" Avrom Goldfaden. Materials for a biography. Minsk, 1926). On Sat. "Zeitshrift" (Minsk, 1927) published the work "Social Figures in Works. Goldfaden ". Collaborated in the Minsk daily. gas. "Veker", center. Minsk gas. Okryaber. 1941–45 - at the front, printed in gas. Einikite. The author of the book. "Mendele Moikher-Sforim" (Minsk, 1937), "Sholem Aleichem" (Moscow, 1938).
FINKELKRAUT Daniil Moiseevich (1894, Warsaw - 1971, Jerusalem), actor. In 1918–20 he worked in Kiev in the theater. troupe I.-L. Baumvol "Our corner". From 1920 he studied at the theater in Moscow. studios at GOSET, since 1923 - an actor, then one of the leading actors of this t-ra. Among the roles: Rubinchik ("200,000" by Sholem Aleichem, 1923), Kent ("King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, 1935), Marshalik ("Robber Boytre" by MS Kulbak, 1936), Grandfather ("The Ovadis Family" PD Markish, 1937), Menasha ("Bar-Kokhba" by Sh.Z. Galkin, 1938), Polezhaev ("Restless Old Age" by L.N. Rakhmanov, 1939), Cardinal Sorini ("The Spaniards" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1940), Shmarye ("Burning" by I.-L. Peretz, 1945), Ksendz ("Uprising in the Ghetto" by Markish, 1947), etc. Since 1971 - in Israel.
FINKELSHTEIN Aba Borokhovich (1899, Stepantsy Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1978, Moscow), bibliographer. From 1922 he worked in gas. "Der emes". Participated in the creation of a polygraph in Moscow and Minsk. bases for Jewish publishing houses. Until 1940 deputy. dir. publishing house "Der emes". In 1945–48 head. gas. publishing house "Einikite". From 1948 he compiled a bibliogr. indexes of manuf. P.D.Markish, I.S.Fefer, L.M. Kvitko, A.D. Kushnirov and others. Printed bibliogr. reviews in zhurn. "Sovetish gameland".
FINKELSHTEIN Boris Konstantinovich (1870, Baku - 1931, ibid.), Surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1897), prof. (1920). In 1894 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1895-1907 a surgeon in the mountains. hospital in Batumi. From 1907 - in Baku, head. surgeon parts in the mountains. hospitals. In 1920–23 the head. the department of general surgery organized by him, in 1923–31 - the department of hospital surgery (later named after F.) Azerb. honey. in-that in Baku. Sci. F. works dedicated. pathogenesis and surgery. treatment of subphrenic abscesses (diss., 1897), diagnosis and treatment of stomach ulcers, diseases of the liver, spleen, large intestine, indications for operations on the biliary tract. Cit .: On the issue of liver ruptures. SPb., 1901; To spleen surgery. SPb., 1910; General Surgery Guide. Baku, 1921; Surgical diseases of the biliary tract. L., 1929.
FINKELSHTEIN Boris Nikolaevich (1902, Petersburg - 1962, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. (1929). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1926). From 1928 - in Dnepropetrovsk, in Horn. in-those and Ying-those nar. education. In 1932–33, the director. Dnepropetrovsk phys.-tech. in-that and head. its theoretical. dep. (since 1932). From 1944 he worked at the Central Research Institute of Black and Color. metallurgy and taught at Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys, Head. department. Transactions on the theory of electrolytes, quantum mechanics, physics and chemistry of metals, metal science. Research F. on int. friction in metals formed the basis of methods for studying crystalline defects. lattice. He was the first in the USSR to start using the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance in metallurgy, in: Physical Foundations of Metal Science. M., 1949 (co-authored with Ya.S. Umansky and B.G. Livshits).
FINKELSHTEIN Elena Lvovna (1906-1971, Leningrad), theater expert. Associate Professor (1944). In 1931 she graduated from the Higher. lawsuit courses at Ying-those history of claims. In 1932–39 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. theater. museum. In 1937-66 - in Leningrad. theater. in-those, in 1946-65 head. Department of the Zarub. lawsuit. Co-author of the textbook "History of Western European Theater", translated documents for the "Reader on Western European Theater" (vols. 1-2. Moscow, 1937). The author of the book. “Pierre Augustin Caron Beaumarchais. 1732-1799 "(1957)," History of European art history, second half. XIX century. " (1966), Frederic Lemaitre (1968), Jacques Copo and the Theater of the Old Dovecote (1971), The Cartel of the Four. French theater. directing between the two wars. S. Dyullen, L. Juvet, G. Bati, J. Pitoev "(1974), n.-i. works, reviews and art. about modern theater.
FINKELSHTEIN Eitan (b. 1942, Sverdlovsk), journalist. Cand. phys.-math. sciences. In 1967 he was expelled from the graduate school of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology for expressing sympathy for Israel during the Six Day War. After moving to Vilnius, he worked as an engineer. Activist of the Jewish nat. movement (since 1971), took part in seminars of Jewish refusenik scholars. The author of a number of Art. on Jewish questions, distributed in samizdat. All R. 1970s one of the editors of samizdat. zhurn. "Jews in the USSR". In the 2nd floor. 1970s took an active part in the human rights movement in Lithuania, collaborated with relig. and nat. leaders of the Lithuanian opposition. One of the founders of the Lithuanian Helsinki gr. (1976). Since 1983 - in Germany. In tech. a number of years sotr. zhurn. "Country and World" (Munich). In 1991–92 he published "Jewish Journal".
FINKELSHTEIN Chaim (b. 1911, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province), teacher, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion, as well as secular education. Since 1930 - in Argentina. He worked in the region. Jewish cf. and higher. education. Deer. schools them. Sholem Aleichem in Buenos Aires. Member Worldwide council Akhdut Labor. Since 1940, member. Board of the Association of Jewish Organizations of Argentina. Since 1946 cases. Zionist Congr. Wrote Art. on the problems of pedagogy, culture, lit. essay. Publ. in Jewish ed. Argentina, USA, other countries in Yiddish, Hebrew, Spanish. lang. Drafted school programs, wrote textbooks. Published in Buenos Aires in 1967 collection of articles: "Vizie, vort un thief" ("Imagination, word, reality"), "Der gown fun Poltava" ("Genius from Poltava").
FINKELSTEIN Leo (real name and surname Leib Mlotek) (1895, Radom - 1950, New York), publicist, literary critic. He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow at the departments of philosophy and polonistics. From 1923 - in Warsaw. Member Folksparty, then Bund. In 1932 on scientific. conf., dedicated. B. Spinoze, read an abstract in Yiddish. Lit. started his career in 1916: wrote plays in Polish. lang. "Broken Wings", "Conscience", to-rye were post. in the city of Kieltsy. A literary scholar was the first to publish in Yiddish. Art. in Warsaw gas. "Moment" in 1919. In 1923–25 he collaborated on a daily basis. "Dos folk", published the work "Symbol and Allegory in Jewish Literature", cycle of Art. on the philosophy of populism, Art. about the problems of European, Polish., Jewish literature. During the 2nd world. wars - in the USSR. From 1946 - in Poland, then in the USA. Published in periodicals. ed. USA, Canada, Mexico, South. America. Main topic publ. F. after 1945 - the death of the Polish. Jewry. The author of the book., Ed. in Warsaw: "Zwishn di shures fun Leyviks Goyle" ("Between the lines of" Golem "by T. Leivik", 1925), "A prov fun a synthesis zwishn Hegeln, Marksn un Spinosen" ("An attempt at a synthesis between Hegel, Marx and Spinoza" , both - 1932), "Ground-stroke fun der Yidischer philosophy" ("Basic features of Jewish philosophy", 1937); "Megilas Poiln" ("Scroll of Poland". Buenos Aires, 1947), "Dortn un do" ("There and here". Toronto, 1950), "Loshn Yiddish un Yiddisher Kiem" ("Yiddish language and Jewish essence." Mexico City, 1954).
FINKELSHTEIN Moisey Ionovich (1922, Odessa - 1992, Riga), a specialist in the field of radar. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967), prof. (1967). In 1939 he entered the Moscow State University, in 1941 he was sent to the Military-Vozd. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, after graduating from the school (1945) taught in the military. schools in Feodosia, Novograd-Volynsk, Riga. Since 1960 - in Riga. in-those Ing. citizen aviation, head. Department of Radar. He proposed a method for synthesizing ultra-wideband video pulse signals for subsurface sounding. In 1976 he created a problematic scientific research. lab. Aviation subsurface radar, head of scientific. schools in this region. Participated in the exp. (1977) in the North. pole at atomic. icebreaker "Arktika", where he conducted tests created under his hands. apparatus for measuring ice thickness. Developed methods of cosmology. subsurface radar (projects "Phobos", "Mars"). Author approx. 150 scientific. publ., 27 inventions. Poch. polar explorer (1977), honored. worker of science and technology of the Latvian SSR (1982). State pr. USSR (1984). Works: Comb filters. M., 1969; Radiolocation of layered earth covers. M., 1977 (et al.); Radar basics. 2nd ed. M., 1983; Subsurface radar. M., 1994 (et al.).
FINKELSTEIN Noach (1871, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1946), politician, journalist, publisher. From the 2nd floor. 1890s an active member of the Zionist movement in Brest-Litovsk. Then - in Warsaw, one of the developers of the plan for the creation of the Jewish nat. hearth in Uganda (the so-called "plan of Uganda"), later joined the "territorialists", was a member of the circle of the Zionist intelligentsia "Bnei Zion". In 1906, together with his brother Nehemia F. and S. Ya. Yakan, he began to publish gas. "Yiddishe Togblat", and in 1908 - daily. gas. "Gaynt", edges soon became the most popular. Zionist gas. in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1912, during the elections to the 4th State. Duma is one of the organizers of the campaign in defense of Jews against anti-Semitic harassment and against the boycott declared by the Polish right. parties to Jews. After the merger gas. "Gaynt" with "Dos Yiddish Folk" went to Paris, where in 1926–40 he published the Zionist gas. Der pariser gaunt.
FINKELSHTEIN Vladimir Solomonovich (1896, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1937), physicochemist. Prof. (1929), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). In 1919 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. He worked in Dnepropetrovsk chemical-technol. in-those. Since 1932 at the same time. deputy. dir. and head. dep. theoretical and app. electrochemistry Ying-that physical. chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main scientific. works - in the region. electrochemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. Supervised the work on the creation of the theory of electrolyte solutions, research. the mechanism of overvoltage and the kinetics of the cathodic discharge of metal ions, the mechanism of action of inhibitors during the dissolution of iron. Prepared for prom. introduction of technol. modes of etching of roofing iron, tin, metal. pipes, proposed methods for determining losses as a result of metal corrosion. products in a humid atmosphere. In 1937 he was repressed.
FINKELSHTEIN Zinovy ​​Isaakovich (1910, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), musician, teacher. In 1934 he graduated from music. uch-shche them. Gnesins on cl. php. EF Gnesina, in 1953 - Music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. Ped. work began in 1932 in the music. school to them. Gnesins. In 1940–41 the inspector of music. uch. institutions Ch. account management institutions of the Committee for claims under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. 1941–45 - in the army. Since 1945 Rev. muses. seven-year school them. Gnesins. Together with Gnesina, he took an active part in organizing Moscow. Wed specialist. muses. schools them. Gnesins, in 1946–52 and 1956–89, dir. schools (in 1952–56 deputy director). An orc led. cl. and cl. ensemble. Made a great contribution to the creation of the repertoire for school orcs., Choir. cl. and decomp. ans .; engaged in processing, instrumentation and arrangement of classical. and modern manuf. ("Collection of works. I.-S. Bach and GF Handel". M., 1956; "Collection of works. For choir accompanied by strings. Orchestra". M., 1963). Conducted methodical. work on issues. muses. education, on the preparation of the account. programs for music. schools. Among the graduates of the F. school are V.A. Pikaizen, N.N.Shakhovskaya, E.I.Kisin. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1979).
FINN (ps; real fam. Finn-Khalfin) Pavel Konstantinovich (b. 1940, Moscow), screenwriter. Son of K. Ya. Finn. In 1962 he graduated from the screenwriting department of VGIK. He worked in newspapers. Since 1969 - in fiction films. Scriptwriter for the film: "Mission in Kabul", "The Lost Ones" (both - 1971, co-authored with V.P. Vainshtok), "The Headless Horseman", "Broken Horseshoe" (both - 1973, et al. With Vainshtok), “Armed and very dangerous”, “Declaration of love” (both - 1978), “The wedding day will have to be clarified” (1980, jointly with V. concert of peoples, or the Breath of Cheyne-Stokes "(1992, jointly with S.D. Aranovich - about the" case of doctors ")," Shylock "," Revenge of the Jester "(both - 1993). Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR.
FINN Yehuda (1866, Shaki Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki province. - 1945, London), publicist. From 1880 - in Great Britain, worked as a tailor in Leeds. Since 1886 - in the USA. In 1887 he founded the "Jewish Union of Workers' Education" in Boston, which became a club of socialists. The first art. published in London in Gas. M. Vinchevsky "Der Poilisher Idle". In the USA he published scientific-popular. Art. in periodic. ed. In 1893 he returned to Great Britain, collaborated in the Jewish socialist. ed. In 1906, the book was published in London. F. "A vikueh iber socialism" ("Conversations on Socialism"). In English. lang. anonymously published a brochure "The Voice of Foreigners".
FINN Shmuel-Joseph (1818, Grodna - 1890, Vilna), philologist, historian, publisher, educator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1840s active participant in the Haskala movement. From 1848 he taught at the Vilna rabbinical school. He contributed to the reforms of Jewish schools. From 1856 - env. inspector and "learned Jew" under the trustee of vilensk. uch. env. He was engaged in scientific. research in the region. Jewish history, philology. Published biographies of Jewish scientists living in the Crimea and Turkey, Vol. about the Jews of Vilna, biogr. dictionary "Kneset Yisroel" ("Jewish Assembly"), dictionary of TANAKH, Russian textbooks. lang. Translated from him. lang. to other Jewish works. German-speaking Jewish writers. In 1874 he was translated into other Hebrew. "Charter on universal military service" in Russia. Elected as a vowel to the Vilna City Council. Tried to reconcile the orthodox and reformers in the Palestinian movement. He founded a number of periodicals. ed., including published in 1860-80 weekly. "Ha-Carmel" with app. in Russian and it. languages.
FINO Jean (1858, Warsaw - 1922), publicist. Received a law degree. From the end. 1880s - in France, in 1890 he founded the "Journal of Journals" (in French). Author of publicistic. and philosophy. Art. and book. Book. F. "Philosophy of Longevity", ed. in Paris in 1900, received the avenue of the Academy of Sciences and was trans. on it., eng. and ital. lang. Author of the book: "Racial Prejudice" (Paris, 1905), "Philosophy of Happiness" (Paris, 1909; London, 1914), "France and Alcoholism in Wartime" (Westerville, 1915), "German Russia and Russian Russia" ( Paris, 1916), Modern Saints and Seers (Paris, 1918).
FIRKOVICH Avraam Samuilovich (ps. Evin Reshef) (1787, Lutsk, Volyn province - 1874, Chufut-Kale, Tauride province), historian. Rod. in a Karaite family. He taught at the Karaite school in Evpatoria. In 1830–31 he made a trip to Jerusalem. In 1831–33 he was a melamed and a resident of the Karaite community of Istanbul. In 1839–41, on the instructions of the Karaite chakham S. Babovich, he traveled across the Crimea and the Caucasus in order to identify, record and collect written monuments, which could confirm the antiquity of the Karaites' stay in this region. Later, together with his son-in-law Gabriel Simkhovich Firkovich (1805 -?), He studied systematically. study of Jewish and Karaite gravestones of the Crimea and the Caucasus. In 1849-50 he completed the second scientific. trip to the Caucasus. In 1863–65 he traveled to Bl. East, visited E.-I., Egypt, Syria, collected an extensive collection of Hebrew manuscripts, which was partially sold to Imp. A public library in St. Petersburg (the rest was sold to the library in 1876 by F.'s heirs). Coll. F. included St. 17 thousand manuscripts. A number of manuscripts from the collection. F. contain corrections of dates, names of scribes and names of places of correspondence (presumably made by F. himself in order to prove the origin of the Karaites from Jewish soldiers settled in the Crimea by the Persian king Kambiz). Ch. F.'s work - "The Book of Memorial Stones" (Vilna, 1872), in a cut publ. inscriptions from Jewish and Karaite gravestones of Crimea.
FIRSOVA Sofia Mikhailovna (1919, Yanovichi, Vitebsk district and province - 1999), economist, teacher. Dr. econ. Sciences (1969), prof. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1942). Since 1948 Rev. LEIS. During the “fight against cosmopolitanism”, she publicly supported her persecuted colleagues. In 1948 she was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Gave birth in prison. In 1954, after her release, she returned to Leningrad, taught at LEIS. The author of St. 60 publ. tr., including "Development of industries of electrical communications in the United States during the scientific and technological revolution" (L., 1968), "USA. Scientific and technical progress and reproduction "(L., 1978, et al.)," The economy of communications. Textbook for universities "(3rd ed. L., 1993).
FISANOVICH Israel Ilyich (1914, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1942). From 1932 - in the Navy. In 1936 he graduated from the Military. uch-shche them. M.V. Frunze. In 1941 he commanded the first owls. submarine that penetrated the naval. enemy base in Petsamo and sunk 2 transport ships. Member EAK. In apr. 1944 participated in the 3rd anti-fascist meeting of representatives of the Jewish people. Captain 2nd Rank F. died in the summer of 1944 in North. Atlantic, overtaking a captured Italian submarine from England. He was awarded 4 orders. Vol .: The story of "Baby". M., 1956.
FISH Gennady Semenovich (1903, Odessa - 1971, Moscow), writer, poet. He graduated from the Institute of History of Art (1924) and Faculty of Societies. Sciences LSU (1925). Published in periodicals. ed. from 1922. The first collection of poems: "On the Neva" (1926), "Exploration" (1927). Later he wrote prose. The author of the cycle of pov. about Karelia: "The fall of Kimas Lake" (1932), "We will return, Suomi" (1933 - 34), "The third train" (1935), "Yalguba" (1936), "Oath" (1937), in The velvety tense plot matched the doc. basis. Since 1936 - in Moscow. He wrote scripts (with I. Sklut, post. F. "Girl with character"), plays. In 1939–40 and 1941–45 military. corr. Published "Northern Story" (1942) and pov. Birthday (1944). From 1939 to mid. 1950s also wrote scientific-popul. book in biology and s. h-woo. Starting from the end. 1950s traveled a lot to the Scandinavian countries and released several. collection of travel sketches. He translated poetry, including R.Kipling, published Art. on the problems of literature and art. Author of the book: "The First Rifle" (1939), "Stone Forest" (1947), "Hello, Denmark!" (1959), "Meetings with Suomi" (1960), "Norway is near" (1963), "At the Swedes" (1966). Son F. - Radiy (b. 1924, Leningrad), writer, literary critic, translator. Cand. philol. sciences. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies. Per. with tour. lang., author of artist. prose, lit.-vedch. and scientific-popul. articles.
FISH Rakhmiel (1901, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1973, Moscow), journalist, editor. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1919–22 - in Kr. Army. The first story in Russian. lang. "Sivash" was published in Arm. gas. In 1922–25 he studied at the Higher. ped. courses in Kharkov. I started writing in Yiddish. He worked in Kalinindorf as a Hebrew teacher. and literature, editor at the publishing house "Der Emes". 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–48 - at Der Emes. From 1961 post. author and consultant zhurn. "Sovetish gameland".
FISHBERG Maurice (Yehuda-Mordhe) (1872, Kamyanets-Podolsky - 1934, New York), physician, anthropologist. Member Amer. nat. Academy of Sciences (in 1909-11 - vice-president). Since 1889 - in the USA. After finishing honey. Faculty of New York University (1897) worked as a doctor in New York. In 1905, as a consultant on anthropology to the Committee of the US Congress on Emigration, he worked in Europe, studying certain aspects of the problem of emigration. In tech. pl. years was ch. physician at the Montefiore Tuberculosis Hospital and the Bedford Tuberculosis Sanatorium, at the same time. prof. clinics medicine in New York University and honey. Bellevue Hospital College (1915–28). F. was one of the first in the United States to use pneumothorax for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Author of monograph. "Tuberculosis of the lungs" (1916; 4th ed. - 1932), pl. Art. in medicine and anthropology for the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (1902–09), as well as for popular. ed. In tr., Dedicated. anthropology of Eastern-European and North African Jews (1905), the racial characteristics of the Jews and their environment (1910, 1912), came to the conclusion that the present-day. Jews are heterogeneous anthropological. elements. Author of the book: "Health and Sanitation of the Immigrant Jewish Population of New York" (New York, 1902); Physical Anthropology of the Jews (Lancaster, 1902); Materials for the Physical Anthropology of Eastern European Jews (New York, 1905); “Jews of North. Africa "(ibid, 1906); "Tuberculosis among the Jews" (ibid., 1908); "Jews: Race and Environment" (1911); "Racial characteristics of the Jews" (Munich, 1913).
FISHBEIN Leonid Davidovich (b. 1909, Paris), architect. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. 1941–45 - in the army. Worked in the institutes "Metroproject" and Ext. improvement and landscaping of Moscow, in the Chamber of Commerce. Participant of competitions for projects of pavilions "Grain" and "Arctic" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1939), a hotel in Kiev (1941), a monument on the Kursk Bulge near the town of Ponyri (1948). Main works: small forms at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1952), the Izmailovsky Park metro station (1944, jointly with BS Vilensky), decoration of the owls. exhibitions in Paris, Geneva, Delhi, Copenhagen (1960s).
FISHEL Harry (1865, Merech Troksky u. Vilna province. - 1948, Jerusalem), businessman, public figure. From 1885 - in the USA, where he was engaged in building. business and real estate trade. He actively participated in Jewish societies. life. After the adoption of the Balfour Declaration (1917), he contributed to the development of industry in E.-I. In 1933 he founded in E.-I. Foundation for the Encouragement of Young Rabbis Engaged in Talmud Research. During econ. crisis early. 1930s supported Yeshiva University. Since 1947 - in E.-I.
FISHER Bertha (nee Mark) (1886, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province -?, New York), translator. In 1913 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. Since 1915 - in the USA, since 1922 - in Germany. Translator in Sov. representation, owls. delegation at the Genoa Conf. In 1927–39 - in the USSR, worked with G.V. Chicherin and M.M. Litvinov for the International Conference. conf. Since 1939 - in the USA. In the 1950s. published a rum. about the life of a Jewish family in Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Son F. - George (Yuri) (b. 1923, Berlin), Sovietologist. In 1927-30, 1934-39 - in the USSR. In 1931–33 - in Germany, from 1939 - in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. In 1944–45, a liaison officer (captain) for the Amer. military-air base near Poltava, at the airfield in Saki during the Yalta conf. Prof. Columbia University Son F. - Victor (b. 1924, Berlin), statesman. Prof. In 1927-30, 1933-39 - in the USSR. In 1931–33 - in Germany. Since 1939 - in the USA. Graduated from Massachusetts Technol. in-t. Specialist in the region. designing cities. Senator pcs. Alaska.
FISHER Iosif Zalmanovich (1919, Minsk - 1995, Odessa), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1953), prof. (1963). Graduated from the Belarusian state. un-t (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945 Rev. Belarusian state un-that. In 1963–81 the head. department of theoretical. Physics of the Odessa State. un-that. He developed the method of correlative functions proposed by NN Bogolyubov, and applied it to the study of general laws, thermodynamic. properties and stability criterion of the liquid state. Author of funds. works on molecular dynamics. light scattering theory. Showed the influence of hydrodynamic. effects on transport processes in condensed systems. Head of scientific schools. Vol .: Statistical theory of liquids. M., 1961.
FISHER Jacobo (Yakov Alexandrovich) (1896, Odessa - 1978, Buenos Aires), composer, violinist, conductor. Rod. in the family of a musician. He studied violin with P.S. Stolyarsky. He graduated in 1917 cons. in Petrograd (class of violin S.P. Korguev, then L.S.Auer), studied theory and composition under the hands of. V.P. Kalafati and M.O. Steinberg. In 1919–23 he was concertmaster orc. State t-ra op. and the ball. (Petrograd). Since 1923 - in Argentina. One of the founders of the Association "National Renewal Group" (1929) and the League of Argentine Composers (1947). Since 1956 he taught composition at un-those and cons. The author of works: symph. suite on Jewish themes (1924), the poem "Shulamith" (after AI Kuprin, 1927; 2nd ed. - 1960), "3 symphonic laments inspired by the Talmud" (1930), 8 symphony. (1932–64), including the 5th - "Thus Spoke the Prophet Isaiah" (1947). Among other products: op. "Bear" and "Proposal" (both - after A.P. Chekhov, 1952, 1956); ballets, concertos for instruments with orc .: for violin (1942), 2 - for fp. (1945, 1954), for harp (1955); chamber instrumental, chorus. (psalms, cantatas), wok. et al. op. 1st Ave. Argentinean nat. cultural association (1943, for the 3rd symph.).
FISHER Yan Efimovich (b. 1937, Kremenchug, Poltava region), statesman. Graduated from engineering-building. Faculty of Frunze Polytechnic. Institute (1959). He worked in the building system of the Osh region. 1985–86 min. the industry is building. materials of the Kyrgyz SSR. 1986–91 deputy. prev. CM of the Kyrgyz SSR, pre. State builds. to the republic. In 1991, the state secretary. Cabinet of Ministers, before. State commissions for emergency situations and civil. defense of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1992, the state secretary. State Council under Pres. Republic of Kyrgyzstan. In 1993, before. State Commission of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan for Emergency Situations and Civil. defense. Since 1993 Vice Prime Minister of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Since 1996 min. on cooperation with the states - members of the CIS.
FISHLER Yakov Lvovich (b. 1922, Sokal, Poland), design engineer. In 1948 he graduated from the Ural Polytechnic. Institute in Sverdlovsk. Since 1948 - at the Uralelectrotyazhmash plant (since 1960, chief designer). The initiator of the specialization of the plant for the manufacture of transformers and reactors for transformers. technology. Supervised and took over directly. participation in the creation. unique series of transformer equipment for converters. units of Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk alum. plants, Volgograd chemical. combine, Novolipetsk, Cherepovets metallurgical. s-dov and other pr-tii. The initiator of the development and implementation in the production of dry converts. and distribute. transformers with original technology "Monolith" ("Transtorm"). Proposed new tech. solutions for the creation of unique transformers for semiconductor units. Author of over 60 inventions, monographs, articles. State pr. USSR (1982). Cit .: Transformer Converter. M., 1984 (co-authored with R.N. Urmanov); Transformer equipment for converters installations. M., 1989 (et al.).
FISHMAN Yakov-Girsh (1891, Saddle of Kholmsky near Lublin province - 1965, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first story was published in 1910 in Gaz. Dos Schedlezer Worth. From 1910 - in Warsaw, teacher of Hebrew and Yiddish at a Jewish school. He published stories in periodicals. ed. and collection of books. In 1914 he returned to Sedlec and worked actively in the Gazomir club. He joined the Bund. In 1930–39 he worked in gas. Express in Warsaw. 1941–48 - in China (in Shanghai). Was printed in gas. Naye Welt - the organ of Jewish refugee writers. Since 1948 - in Canada, then - in the USA. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. The author of the book: "Zumerdike tag" ("Summer days". Warsaw, 1938), "Geimishe vegn" ("Native roads". New York, 1954), "Frier un shpeter" ("Earlier and later." Buenos- Ayres, 1967).
FISHMAN Yakov Moiseevich (1887, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), politician, chemist. Corps engineer (1935), major general tech. troops (1955), Dr. Sciences (1936). Since 1904, members Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1906 he was arrested on charges of preparing an assassination attempt on the pre. Odessa branch of the Union of Rus. people of Count A.I. Konovnitsyn and exiled to the Turukhansk region. In 1911-17 - in Italy. In 1915 he graduated from chem. Faculty of Neapolitan University, taught at the Neapolitan Polytechnic. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, entered Petrograd. to-t of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, after its split - member. Central Committee of the Party of the Left SRs. Member Petrogr. VRK, participant Oct. armed uprising in Petrograd, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 3rd and 4th convocations, from Feb. 1918 members Defense Committee of Petrograd, deputy. prev. Committee on the fight against drunkenness and pogroms. One of the organizers and hands. armed speeches of the Left SRs in July 1918 in Moscow, after its suppression - on illegal. position, sentenced in absentia to 3 years in prison. Participant of Civil. war in Ukraine. Since 1920 p. RCP (b). From 1921 - in the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army, then assistant. military. attaché in Germany. From 1925 to the beginning. Military-chem. Directorate of the Supply Directorate of the Red Army (since 1928, part-time head of the Institute of Chemical Defense named after Osoaviakhim, one of the organizers of the military-chemical research in the USSR). Graduated from the Higher. academic. advanced training courses for command personnel (1928). In 1932–37 the beginning. Military-chem. management of the Red Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Stars (1933). Arrested in 1937. In 1947 he was released, headed the Department of Chemistry of the Saratov Institute of Mechanization of Villages. x-va, then Assoc. Umansky s.-kh. in-that. In 1949 he was arrested again, in 1949–55 - in exile in Norilsk, deputy. early workshops for chemical. s-de. In 1955 he was rehabilitated, in the same year he was dismissed. Vol .: Gas War. M., 1924; Military chemical business. M. - L., 1929; Military chemical affairs in modern warfare. M. - L., 1930.
FISHZON Avrom-Alter (1843 or 1848, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1922, Harbin, China), actor, theatrical figure, poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He sang in the synagogue choir; wrote couplets, sketches for Jewish singers. In 1875 it was part of the Jewish theater. troupes in Starokonstantinov. He fought for the right to speak in Yiddish. In 1874-1917 he directed the Jewish theater. troupes in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Romania. The author of the plays: "Duvidl the bartender", "Yankele the postman", "Shloyme Gorgl", "Itsek Meer Mendelss and Khancha Genandels", etc .; played in them ch. roles. On a weekly. Isrolik (Lvov) were published. F. published his first poems in Warsaw: Der Naer Singer (New Singer, 1884), Der Naer Misugener (New Madman, 1885), Nae Tswanzik Yiddish Folkslider (Twenty New Jewish folk songs ", 1903). In Odessa he published the book. "Dos lid fun emes" ("Song of Truth", 1913), dedicated. M.M. Beilis. In the journal. "Theater and Art" in St. Petersburg published "Notes of a Jewish Entrepreneur" (1913, No. 8-12), "From the Notes of a Jewish Entrepreneur" (1916, No. 32). During the Civil. war went with the troupe to Siberia, then to China. Author of rep. about the Jewish t-re "Notes of a Jewish actor" (published in Harbin, in the weekly "Siberia - Palestine"). He died on stage.
FITTERMAN Boris Mikhailovich (Meerovich) (1910, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Design engineer. Rod. in the family of the physician and publisher Meer F. (? - 1932). Studied at Moscow. mechanical in-those. In 1932 he participated in the development of the first owls. serial motorcycle NATI-750, created several. car models, the design of the first trolleybus in the USSR. In 1936 he designed the first owl. all-terrain vehicle (K-I NATI). As part of the KB them. Stalin created a family of all-wheel drive vehicles ZIS-36 and ZIS-32, on the basis of the latter later - the ZIS-152 armored personnel carrier. In 1941–45 he participated in the development of defense equipment, in the restoration of captured German. equipment, car modernization. In 1942 he began to develop drawings for a ZIS-110 passenger car. From 1943 ch. ZIS designer. In 1944 he modernized the BM-82 mortar. In 1950 he was arrested in the case of a "sabotage group at the ZIS plant." Sentenced to 8 years in prison. After rehabilitation, he worked at NAMI, taught. Became. etc. (1945).
FYALKOV Chaim (1873, Motol Kobrin district. Grodno province - 1920, Kiev), teacher. H. Weizmann's cousin. He was brought up in the Weizmann house. In 1895 he graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna. He taught at a Jewish school in Nikolaev. He studied in Germany and Switzerland. In 1905 he returned to Russia. One of the supporters of teaching Yiddish in Jewish schools. In 1916 he organized a network of Jewish schools in Kharkov province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - a representative of the Jewish secular schools under the Min-ve Nar. education. After Oct. the Revolution was engaged in lit. creativity, vopr. Jewish education. Published Art. on the organization of school libraries, teaching methods in schools. The author of the book. (in Yiddish) "Public education, forms and ways of out-of-school education" (Pg., 1918).
FLAX Efrem Borisovich (1909, Petersburg - 1983, ibid.), Singer (bass). In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. (studied with I.S. Tomars, A. Merovich and P.Z. Andreev). Took part in the performances of the Blue Blouse. Laureate of Vses. vocal competition (1939). From 1940 he taught at Leningrad. cons. In 1942–45 the soloist of Vses. radio committee, member of the front. conc. brigades at hand. V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy. In the 1940s and 70s. combined teaching and performing activities. First performer pl. popul. songs by I.O.Dunaevsky, Soloviev-Sedoy, B.A.Mokrousov, M.G. Fradkin, M.I.Blanter and others. He performed and recorded on records with a jazz orc. under control Ya.B. Skomorovsky, A. Semenov, N.G. Minkha, A.N. Tsfasman, with pop orc. Vses. and Leningrad. radio. In concerts he performed with large chamber programs (in the repertoire - productions of Russian and Western European classics). Honored. art. RSFSR (1960).
FLAXER Fella (1900, Wloclawsk, Warsaw province -?, Tel Aviv), translator. She studied at Warsaw University. Participated in the Zionist movement. Since 1935 - in E.-I. She translated journalism and artist. Prod., published in periodical. ed. Yiddish. She translated into Yiddish the work of D. Ben-Gurion "On communism and Zionism ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". Translated manuf. owls. writers: including V.P. Kataev and M. Ilyin.
FLAXER Menachem (1898, Ostrolenka, Lomzhinsk province -?), Publicist, poet, translator, literary critic. In 1918–39 - in Warsaw. In 1939–40 - in Vilna, secretary. associations of refugee writers. 1941–47 - in China (in Shanghai). Since 1947 - in the USA. Debuted verse. on Sat. Ringen (Rings. Warsaw, 1921). Published periodically. ed. poems, stories, essays, Art. by lawsuit, lit. In 1941–43 he worked in Shanghai in a trilingual. ed. "Unzer Lebn". From 1949 - in New York, worked in gas. Forverts. Compiled (with A. Pomerantsev) bibliography. decree. manuf. owls. Jewish writers for IVO. Author of monograph. "Unzer Express" ("Our Express", 1957), "Warsaw in Jewish Literature" (1966). He translated into Yiddish the works of A. Frans, B. Kellerman, R. M. Rilke, I. G. Ehrenburg. Comp., Author of comments, ed. manuf. Jewish writers. Participated in the preparation of bibliogr. materials for "Biographical. a dictionary of new Jewish literature in Yiddish ”(New York, 1965-1981).
FLAKSERMAN Galina Konstantinovna (Lia Abramovna) (1888, Yaroslavl - 1958, Moscow), participant of the revolutionary movement. Sister Yu.N. Flakserman. From 1902 - in the rev. movement, from 1905 - in the RSDLP, joined the Bolsheviks. In 1906 she was arrested, in 1907 she graduated from the gymnasium, studied at the Higher. wives courses in Moscow, simultaneously. was a volunteer Moscow. un-that, chl. university. student org-tion. In 1907, she was arrested again, released due to lack of evidence, and went into illegality. position. In 1908 she was arrested, kept in solitary confinement for two years, then exiled for three years to Arkhangelsk province. From 1913 - in St. Petersburg, collaborated in the magazine. "Contemporary", in 1915-17 - in the journal. "Chronicle". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). In oct. 1917 at F.'s apartment a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) took place, at which a decision was made to start arming. uprising. In 1919-21 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921–25 she worked in the State Publishing House, in 1925–28 - in the trade missions of the USSR in Germany and Italy, in 1928–30 - in the directorate of the IMEL, in 1931–58 she collaborated on various topics. publishing house. In 1933, for health reasons, she left the member. VKP (b).
FLAKSERMAN Yuri Nikolaevich (Veniamin Abramovich) (1895, Velikoye Yaroslavl district and province - 1995, Moscow), statesman, power engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1936). Brother G.K. Flakserman. In 1914–16 he studied physics and mathematics. f-those Mosk. un-that. From 1916 - in the army, he studied at the school of ensigns. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b), member. Of the Executive Committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Council, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participant Oct. armed uprising in Petrograd, affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, pom. People's Commissar of Education, Deputy. People's Commissar of Property of the RSFSR. In 1919, before. Photo-film committee of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1920 - in the political department of the South. fr. In 1921–25 he studied electrical engineering. f-those MVTU, simultaneously. consisted of member., deputy. prev. collegiums Scientific and technical dep. VSNKh. Since 1925, dir. TsAGI. Since 1927 deputy. early Glavenergo VSNKh, simultaneously prof., head. department and dean of the org.-planning faculty of MPEI. In 1932–34 the beginning. and ch. Ing. building CHP Vses. teplotekhn. in-ta, then dir. and ch. Ing. CHP No. 9 Mosenergo. Arrested in 1937. In 1945 he was released. In 1945–47, deputy. ch. Ing. the Gazoslantsestroy trust (Kohtla-Yarve, Estonian SSR), since 1947 - the Bashneftestroy trust (Oktyabrsky town). In 1949 he was arrested again and exiled to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1955 he was rehabilitated. Since 1956 deputy. early design and expert department. Min-va electrical stations of the USSR, in 1962–78 Ch. expert dep. Expertise of projects and estimates of the Ministry of Energy and Power Plants of the USSR. Works: G.M. Krzhizhanovsky. M., 1964; Energy Economics of the USSR. M., 1975 (in co-authorship with A.A. Chernukhin); In the fire of life and struggle. M., 1980; Heat power engineering of the USSR. 1921-1980, M., 1981.
FLAPAN Yakov (1897, Grodisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province. - 1936, Cordova, Argentina), writer, poet, theatrical figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1923 he studied at Ying-those it. lang. and literature in Berlin. The first story was published in the journal. "Vispe" in Kovno, published in the journal. "Di Yiddish Velt". Since 1924 - in Argentina. He worked as a hairdresser. Was one of the founders, hands. and dir. Jewish experiment. t-ra "Idrams" in Buenos Aires. Published poetry and stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. He joined the circles of left-wing Jewish writers in Argentina. Author of collection of stories: "In lager" ("In the camp". Kovno, 1923), "Trep" ("Steps". Buenos Aires ", 1930).
FLATAU Edward (1868, Plock - 1932, Warsaw), neuropathologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1892). Until 1899, he improved in neurology. clinics in Berlin, in the same place in 1894 published "Atlas of the Human Brain", translated into several. languages. From 1899 - in Warsaw, from 1904 he was in charge of a neurologist. a branch of one of the hospitals. In 1913 he organized and headed an experiment at Ying-those. biology neurobiol. lab. The creator of the Polish scientific. schools of neuropathologists. Installed eccentric in 1897. the location of long fibers in the spinal cord (Flatau's law). He described the naso-chin reflex and a number of symptoms in meningitis named after him, as well as one of the forms of encephalomyelitis (Redlich-Flatau disease). Was engaged in experiment. the creation of brain tumors by chem. and physical effects on brain tissue. One of the founders of the magazine. "Polish Neurology" and "Warsaw Medical Journal".
FLEXOR David Samsonovich (1871, Soroki, Bessarabian province - after 1917), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1893). Since 1895 in the service in the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property. I took part in pl. development commissions decomp. bills, ch. arr. in the region. water law. Participated in the work of the Special Meeting on the Needs of Agricultural prom-sti, where he was one of the editors for the summary and processing of the works of local companies. F. - author and ed. the text of a number of legislations. acts of the Russian Empire. Until 1917 he was an official of special assignments of the 5th grade. under the chief manager of land management and agriculture, member-lawyer of hydrological to-that, chl. int. commissions for the development of water legislation.
FLEROV Georgy Nikolaevich (1913, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 1990, Moscow), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1949). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t (1938), began to work in the LPTI in the lab. I.V. Kurchatov. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943 - 60 hands. sector in Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956, Institute of Atomic Energy). In 1960–90, dir. Lab. nuclear JINR reactions. F.'s works dedicated. nuclear physics, nuclear. energy, space physics. rays. He proved (with LI Rusinov) that more than two secondary neutrons are emitted during fission of uranium nuclei. Joint. with K.A. Petrzhak discovered a new type of radioactive. transformations - spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei (1940). Under the arm. F. synthesized and investigated isotopes of elements with serial numbers 102-110. Developed methods of obtaining and accelerating heavy ions, supervised the research. on the synthesis of superheavy elements at multiply charged ion accelerators. Head of scientific schools. Author approx. 200 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946, 1949). Linen. etc. (1967). State pr. USSR (1975).
FLESHITS Ekaterina Abramovna (1888, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1968, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a lawyer. In 1907 she graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne (Paris). In 1909 she returned to Russia. The first woman lawyer in Russia. Due to anti-Semitic harassment and opposition from the authorities, she was forced to leave the legal profession and practice lit. labor (at the same time teacher in workers' clubs). Since 1917, St. to Petrogr. un-those, then to Leningrad. finance-econ. in-those, simultaneously. in 1921–29 he was a legal adviser at a bank. In 1942-51 the head. Department of Cit. and bargaining. rights of Moscow. in-that ext. trade, prof. jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. (from 1943) - at the All-Union Research Institute of Sov. legislation; taught at the University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba and at the Academy of external. trade. In 1963, she was the first among women lawyers to be awarded the title of Merit. scientist of the RSFSR. Since 1964 - at the department of owls. rights in MINH. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, including monograph. “Personal rights in civil. the law of the USSR and capitalist. countries "(1941)," Bourgeois. citizen the right to serve is monopoly. capital "(1948)," Settlement and credit legal relations "(1956)," Copyright "(1957, et al.).
FLEYSHMAN Akiva (1870, Dunaevtsy Novoushitsky u. Podolsk province. - 1932, New York), publicist, translator, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1897 - in the USA. He taught at yeshivas. Published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz" in St. Petersburg. In the period. ed. USA printed Art. in Yiddish and Hebrew about nat. Jewish problems, lit. essay, edited by the first journal. for Amer. Hebrew Teachers (New York, 1916). Author of rum. and per. manuf. artist literature in Hebrew and Yiddish.
FLEYSHMAN Semyon Moiseevich (1912, Tula - 1984, Moscow), specialist in the field of mudflow studies. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964). He graduated from Leningrad in 1936. in-t engineer railroad transport. He worked in a survey party. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1947–65 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Transport. building in Moscow. Since 1965 head. dep. mudflow geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. For the first time he performed works on the rheology of mudflow mixtures; developed methods for modeling mudflows taking into account their specificity. properties, suggested the so-called. scale modeling. F. belong to the development of theoretical. fundamentals of mudflow movement and methods of accounting for them when building vehicles. and f. etc., anti-mudflow measures. Created the technique of Ing. survey of mudflow basins, prior to the design and construction of roads. The author of the first special in the USSR. uch. course "Sat down" for universities, uch. manuals (in collaboration with V.F. Petrov), scientific. articles.
FLEYSHMAN Veniamin Iosifovich (1913, Bezhetsk, Tver Province - 1941, Krasnoe Selo, Leningrad Region), composer. From childhood he studied violin. After graduating from ped. courses, worked as a rural teacher. In 1931 he entered the Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-t. At the same time. composed music and after the 3rd year in-that entered the Muz. uch-shche them. M.P. Mussorgsky (class of M.A. Yudin's composition), and after 3 years - in Leningrad. cons. (class composition by D.D. Shostakovich). Killed in the militia. Among the products. F. - one-act op. Rothschild's Violin (after A.P. Chekhov, 1938–41; wasp. 1960); F.'s unfinished score was completed by Shostakovich. In the stage action op. introduced a Jewish wedding orc., used intonations and modal features of Jewish muses. folklore.
FLIER Yakov Vladimirovich (1912, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Vladimir province - 1977, Moscow), pianist, teacher. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. K.N. Igumnov, in 1937 - graduate school under his own hands. 1st pr. At 2nd Vses. competition of musicians-performers in Leningrad (1935) and in the International. pianist competition in Vienna (1936), 3rd ave. at the Intern. pianist competition them. E. Izay in Brussels (1938). From 1935 he toured abroad. From 1937 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1947 prof., since 1965 head of the department). Among the students - B.M.Davidovich, L.N. Vlasenko, V.V.Postnikova, R.K.Shchedrin, M.V. Pletnev, D.E.Ratser and others F. - a brightly romantic performer. warehouse. Especially successfully performed (in the 1930–40s) fp. concerts by F. List, F. Chopin, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Rachmaninov. After lasts. a break in performances (1949–59), associated with a serious illness of the hand, returned to the end. activities, performed op. R. Schumann, J. Brahms, in the last. years - miniatures of Chopin (a triple album of records with recordings of all Chopin mazurkas performed by F. was released). Author of Art., Publ. in the music. periodic. print. Nar. art. USSR (1966).
FLITTNER Natalia Davydovna (1879, Petersburg - 1957, ibid.), Art historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. branch of the Highest. wives (Bestuzhev) courses in St. Petersburg (1904) and St. Petersburg. un-t (1913). From 1917 she taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-those, from 1919 in the Academy of Arts, at the same time. from 1919 - scientific. sotr. State The Hermitage. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on art and culture dr. East (gl. Arr. Dr. Egypt). Cit .: How we learned to read hieroglyphs. Pg., 1923; Culture and art of Mesopotamia and neighboring countries. L. - M., 1958.
FLOR Salomon (Salo) Mikhailovich (1908, Gorodenka, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 1983, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950), int. Arbitrator (1963). In 1930 he headed the national team of Czechoslovakia at the World. chess. Olympiad; winner of a number of cr. int. tournaments: in Hastings (1931/32, 1932/33, 1933/34), Moscow and Barcelona (1935), Kemeri (1937, 1939), Gothenburg (1939); won the matches - against G. Shtolts and M. Sultan-Khan. He was considered one of the contenders for peace. superiority, but the match F. with A.A. Alekhin (1938) did not take place due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany. Since 1939 - in the USSR. As part of the USSR national team, he participated in a number of international. matches with chess players from the USA, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland and others (1945–55). Until 1967 he played in the international. tournaments. One of the leading chess. journalists, journalist. Ogonyok (1951–83). Author pl. chess. book, including (in Russian) "The clock is not stopped" (1984).
FOGEL David (1891, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1944, Germany), poet, writer. From 1909 - in Vilna and Lvov, in 1912–24 - in Vienna. In the beginning. 1st world. war was arrested by the Austrian authorities, released in 1916. Since 1925 - in France. Since 1929 - in E.-I. In 1932 he returned to Paris. Later he lived in Austria, Germany, Poland. First verse. published in 1918 in periodicals. ed. "Ha-Tsefira" and "Gvulot", hereinafter - in decomp. lit. almanac. The only book. verse. "Lifney ga-shear ga-afel" ("Before the gates of darkness") was published in 1923. In 1929–30 F. published a novel. “Hayei nisuim” (“Married life”). He translated op. G. Hauptmann. In 1941 he was arrested in Lyon, died in a concentration camp.
FOGEL Iosif Lazarevich (b. 1921, Bobrik-Donskoy Epifanskoy u. Tula province.), Member of the partisan movement. From July 1941 - in Kr. Army, from Dec. 1941 - in the partisans (Belarus). From May 1944 com. partisas. brigade "Shturmovaya", operating on the territory. Minsk region Decorated with 3 orders. After the war he worked at the building of the Minsk Automobile Plant, since 1951 - at the mines of Podmosk. coal basin (in 1959 he graduated from the Moscow Mining Institute).
FOGEL Yakov Lvovich (1911, Ekaterinodar - 1957, Moscow), mechanical engineer. After graduating from the Moscow Aviation Institute, he worked for an aviator. s-de in KB A.A. Mikulin. Since 1943, leading designer, head. gr. calculators in the same place. He was engaged in the development of aircraft designs. blade machines (compressors, turbines). Participated in the creation of the AM-3 engine for the Tu-16 bomber and pass. aircraft Tu-104. Linen. pr. (1957).
FOGELMAN Julius Moiseevich (1904, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Cameraman, film director. In 1929–61 the operator of the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema, Soyuzdetfilm, fr. film groups, Sverdlovsk, Riga cinema, "Mosnauchfilm", "Belarusfilm", "Tallinnfilm". I took off several. gaming and dozens of docks. and popular science. f., among which "Duma about the Cossack Golota" (1937), "Death of" Eagle "(1940)," Fifteen-year-old captain "(1945)," Boy from the outskirts "(1947)," Nesterka "(1955), "After the Storm" (1956), "Red Leaves" (1958), "Rain and Sun" (1960) and others. Directing works: "Before it's too late" (1957, jointly with V.P. Zhalakeyavichyus), "Friend Songs ”(1961, with R. Kasezalu).
FOGELSON Ber (1803, Vitebsk - 1870, ibid.), Public figure. OPE representative in Vitebsk. In 1869, a dep. Vilnius Commission.
FOGELSON Lazar Izrailevich (1890, Vitebsk - 1980, Moscow), therapist, cardiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1943). In 1913 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1913–17, a resident at a therapeutic. clinic D.D. Pletnev. In 1918–26 he served as a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1926-30 the head. therapeutic. dep. in Mediko-Biol. in-those in Moscow, in 1943-50 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of the 3rd MMI; since 1950 head. therapeutic. a branch in the Research Institute for the examination of the ability to work and employment of disabled people. Lechsanupra Kremlin consultant. Main scientific. tr. F. dedicated problems of cardiology, including surgery. treatment of angina pectoris (1924, jointly with P.A. Herzen), myocardial diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, etc. Author of the first in the USSR manual on electrocardiography (1929). The classification of arrhythmias proposed by F. was generally recognized in the USSR. Described phonocardiographic. picture of the so-called. gallop rhythm (a type of cardiac arrhythmia). Works: Fundamentals of clinical electrocardiography. M., 1929; Diseases of the heart muscle. M., 1932; Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. M., 1936; Clinical electrocardiography. M., 1957.
FOGELSON Solomon Borisovich (1910, Vitebsk - 1994, Leningrad), poet. In 1932 he entered dir. department of the Scenic College arts and at the same time. worked as a director-laboratory assistant at Akademich. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin (Leningrad). In 1935–46 - in the army, dir. t-ra Baltic Fleet, head. lit. part of ans. songs and dances. Lyrics writer V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy ("Conversation", "Sevastopol Waltz", "My native side"), D.A. Pritsker ("White-winged gulls", "Towards spring"), V.K.Sorokin ( "Sailor's Waltz", "At the Far Outpost", "March of the Border Guards"), M. Ferkelman ("Leningrad Waltz"), and others. Wrote lyrics for the movie "Heavenly Slow", "Good Morning", "She Loves You "," Beware, Grandma! "," Serf Actress "," Amphibian Man ", f. Leningrad. newsreel studio “Concert of artists Leningrad. stage and theater ”, poems for muses. comedy Solovyov-Sedoy "Queen's Pendants". Author of the poem "New Address" (published in the magazine "Youth", 1956). Works: Time to go. L., 1958; White-winged gulls. L., 1972; Wind from the sea. Poems, songs, poem. L., 1984.
FOGELIAVICHUS Benjaminas (1907, Riga - 1962, Vilnius), editor, translator. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kaunas University. Since 1932 - in the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1934–40 he was imprisoned. In 1949–55, Ch. ed. Publishing house polit. and scientific. literature of the Lithuanian SSR. Since 1955 - at the Department of Political Economy of Vilnius Pedagogical University. in-that. Translated into lit. lang. K. Marx's "Capital".
FOMIN Efim Moiseevich (1909, Kolyshki of the Vitebsk District and Gubernia - 1941, Brest Fortress), one of the organizers and leaders of the defense of the Brest Fortress. Regimental Commissar (1939). In 1929 he graduated from the soviet school, in 1931 - two courses of Leningrad. communist. in-that. From 1932 - in the Red Army. In 1933–35 he was an instructor in the political department of the shooter. divisions. In 1935–37, the company’s political instructor, at the same time. graduated from the courses of political workers (1937). In 1937–38 the commissar of the shooter. regiment, in 1938–41 the commissar rifleman. divisions. In March 1941, he was demoted to deputy. commander of the 84th rifleman. regiment to the Brest Fortress. He directed the defense of one of the districts of the fortress. Wounded, taken prisoner, shot. A memorial plaque was installed at the place of F.'s execution. Ord. Lenin (1957).
FONTALIN Lev Nikolaevich (b. 1922, Kharkov), immunologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1966), prof. (1980). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). In 1953–62 - at Ying-those pathological. physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1962–92 - at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (senior scientific researcher, since 1967 head of laboratory). In 1957-59 in the middle. works proved the predominant role of lymphatic. nodes in the formation of antibodies. In 1958–65, he established that lymphocytes are carriers of immunological. memory and its natural carriers from one lymphoid organ to another. In 1972–80 F. (et al.) Developed several. methods of transplanting tissue from immunologically incompatible donors and even tissue from another species of animals to adult animals. In 1978–87, F. (et al.) Proposed a new concept of the mechanism of tolerance. The author of St. 150 prints works, including 3 monographs. Poch. member RANS (1992). Since 1995 - in Israel. Cit .: Immunological reactivity of lymphoid organs and cells. L., 1967; Immunological tolerance. M., 1978 (co-authored with L.A. Pevnitsky); Molecular cell mechanisms of immunological tolerance. M., 1993.
FORBERT Adolf (1911, Warsaw - 1992, ibid.), Cameraman, director. Brother V. Forbert. In 1929–31 - in Australia, assistant operator. In 1931–39 he was the organizer and leader. movie lab. "Sector" in Warsaw. From 1934 he shot game films. In 1939–44 - in the USSR. In 1939–41 the newsreel operator Kr. Army. Since 1944 - at the Polish Army c / st. One of the founders of the Lodz Film School, prof. operator department (1948–83). Operator work in the artist. movies: "Horrors" (1938), "Forbidden Songs" (1946), "The Scourge of God" (1967). Among the doc. f .: "Majdanek - the cemetery of Europe", (1944, jointly with other operators), "The Swastika and the Gallows", "The Death of Berlin" (both - 1945, jointly with other operators). As dir. took off approx. twenty doc. f. Etc. Minister of Culture and Arts of Poland (1978). State pr. Poland (1950).
FORBERT Vladislav (1915, Warsaw - 1991, Copenhagen), cameraman, director. Brother of A. Forbert. He began working in films in Australia (1929–31), then in a film lab. A. Forbert in Warsaw. Since 1935 the operator doc. f., since 1952 - play. In 1939–44 - in the USSR. Since 1944 - at the Polish Army c / st. Cinematography in feature films: Hours of Hope (1955), Nikodem Dyzma (1956), Free City (1958), A Place on Earth (1959), Interrupted Flight (1964), Three Steps on the ground ”(1965),“ In the first circle ”(1972, in Denmark, after the novel by AISolzhenitsyn), etc. As operator of doc. he shot films: "Dawn, Day and Night of Palestine" (1935), "Majdanek - the Cemetery of Europe" (1944, jointly with other operators), "The Swastika and the Gallows", "The Death of Berlin" (both - 1945, joint . with other operators), "The last party at Nuremberg" (1946). Among dir. works: "Treblinka" (1964), "Her Theater. Ida Kaminskaya "(1967)," 273 days below zero "(1968, jointly with E. Bossak). Since 1970 - in Denmark, taught at film schools and high fur boots. State pr. Poland (1950).
FOREM Leib (1902, Zamosc, Lublin province -?), Writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1921 - in the USA. He made his debut in 1922 in gas. "Freigite", published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Collaborated in gas. Forverts (New York), where in 1960 he printed ser. Art. about the famous court. processes (under ps. P. Elmar). In 1964–66 he published essays on the life of the South Amer. Jewish settlements. The author of the book. "Growth" ("Dew", short stories. New York, 1926), "Bouger Reinarsky" (ibid., 1938), "Carmen" (Mexico City, 1939), "Franklin D. Roosevelt" (Biography. New York, 1945).
FORLERER Mordhe (1895, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1914–20 - in Sweden. He translated from Yiddish and Polish. lang. Art. for the Swede. print. Since 1920 - in Poland. Published the lane. manuf. Swede. and Norwegian. writers in Jewish periodicals. ed., translated from Yiddish into Swede. lang. stories of Sh. Asha, I. Perle and others. Published in the lane. in Yiddish a number of books. - manuf. Swede. writers (S. Lagerlöf and others), F.M. Dostoevsky. Studied Yiddish handicraft terminology for IVO in Vilno.
FORNBERG Karl (ps. Isroel Rosenberg) (1871, Kovna - 1937, New York), publicist, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1902). In 1890 he began to publish in the journal. "Sunrise". From 1898 he studied political economy, philosophy and history at Leipzig University. Joint. with S. Rosenfeld was the 2nd volume of the World. history (published as an appendix to the gas. "Yud"). Published work on political economy in it. and Russian. zhurn. Since 1903 - in the USA, sotr. zhurn. "Tsukunft", gas. Forverts. In 1906 he became the head of the journal. "Tsukunft". Published two brochures on the problem of emigration in Russian. lang. and two in Yiddish. Published in periodicals. ed. in Yiddish, in zhurn. "Sunrise", "Jewish World", wrote Art. for the "Jewish Encyclopedia". In 1913 he headed the publishing house of the Library International and in the same year founded the Literarischer Farlag publishing house. From 1914 ed. every month zhurn. "Literatur un lebn". In 1924 he began to publish weekly. "Di Yiddish Shtime". The author of the book. in Yiddish One Hundred Years of Jewish History in America, The Stuttgart Congress and Its Problems (1908), The History of the Socialist Movement, Socrates, His Life, Philosophy and Time (both 1914), The Jewish Wanderings (1917 ). He is the author of the history of Jewish emigration to America. Among the lane. F .: the first volumes of rum. "Jean Christophe" by R. Rolland, "What is to be done?" N.G. Chernyshevsky.
FORESIGHT Avrom (1883, Smorgon Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1954, Jerusalem), writer. From the beginning. 1900s - in USA. In 1937 he published the collection. "Smorgon", published in pl. lit. and publicist. sat-kah. The author of the book., Ed. in New York: East. rum. Bar-Kokhba (1941), rom. about rus. rev-tion "In Roitn Gli" ("In Red Heat", 1947), ist. rum. "Tsum lichtikn morgn" ("To a bright tomorrow", 1953).
FORTUS Maria Alexandrovna (1900, Bolshaya Aleksandrovka, Kherson province - 1980, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major. Sister P.A. Myth. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). Since 1919 - in the organs of the Cheka. During the Civil. wars - in underground work in Kherson and Odessa, led a roar. propaganda among the sailors Anglo-French. fleet, reconnaissance. work at the headquarters of N.A. Makhno. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1928). In 1930–34 she was conducting reconnaissance. work in Spain. From 1934 - in Moscow, worked in the Comintern, responsible. ed. isp. ed. zhurn. "Communist. International". From Oct. 1936 participated in civil. war in Spain (senior military translator under R.Ya. Malinovsky, liaison officer under the chief Soviet military adviser, air force liaison officer), awarded horde. Cr. Banner. In the end. 1938 returned to the USSR, graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941). From the summer of 1941 to the beginning. headquarters of wives. air regiment, then party organizer and com. intelligence in partisas. detachment D.N. Medvedev, participated in the training of intelligence officer N.I. Kuznetsov. In 1944–45, an officer of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the 3rd Ukr. fr. In 1945–55 - to the Center. gr. troops, then to Moscow. IN. From 1955 - retired. F. - the prototype of Ch. heroines of the movie "Salute, Maria!" The plot of the film "Alba-Regia" is based on the operation developed by F.
FORZUN Yakov Tsalevich (b. 1924, Korostyshev, Zhitomir region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In the Red Army - since 1942. Machine gunner Private F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle during the crossing of Zap. Dvina. Since 1946 - in reserve. He worked as a foreman at the Zhytomyr plant "Rembyttekhnika". Since 1991 - in Israel.
FOY Arkady Mikhailovich (1901, Tiflis - 1973, Saratov), ​​obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). In 1925 he graduated from honey. f-t Azerb. un-that. In 1926-29 he was a resident of the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the 1st Leningrad State University. honey. in-ta (LMI). In 1929–30 ch. doctor of the district hospital (Pskov region). In 1930–34 he was a resident of the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1934–35 the beginning. arm. hospital in Chita. In 1935–42 resident, assistant, Assoc. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1942–45 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Krasnoyarsk honey. in-that. In 1945–52 prof. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1952–73 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saratov honey. in-that. Studied the problems of drugs. labor pain relief, immunology wives. body with gynecological. pathology, hormonal disorders during pregnancy and childbirth. Developed new methods of preventing stillbirth and treating inflammatory diseases of women. genital area. Ch. obstetrician-gynecologist of the Saratov region Prev Saratov and Chl. reign of Vses. and Vseros. scientific. about-in obstetricians-gynecologists. Cit .: Clinic of pain relief and accelerated labor. L., 1941; Fighting stillbirth in the obstetric hospital. L., 1948; A new method of childbirth and the fight against the weakness of labor. Saratov, 1966.
FOYNITSKY David (? - 1944), writer. The author of several. book for young people: "Zay alein and maister" ("My own master". Kharkov – Kiev, 1932), "Di soviet expedition tsum Zofn-pole" ("Soviet expedition to the North Pole", Kiev, 1938), "Noh der arbet "(" After work ", ibid, 1938, in co-authorship with S.V. Gutiansky) - collection of works. games, puzzles, puzzles, jokes, etc. Killed at the front.
FRADKIN Efim Samoilovich (1924, Shadrin, BSSR - 1999), theoretical physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1942–46 he was in the army. After graduating from Lvov un-that (1948) - in FIAN, head. sector (since 1964). Sci. research dedicated principle. question theory of elementary particles, quantum statistics, field theory. Gave a functional formulation quantum. field theory (1950s), which allowed to go beyond the traditional. perturbation theory. Found continual solutions for the scattering matrix and for Dirac's ur-tion in an arbitrary external. field (1965). Received (1954) a system of completely renormalized equations for the Green's function in quantum. field theory, found (1977) a conformally invariant solution of these equations and critical. indices in the theory of second-order phase transitions. Formulated the requirement of asymptotic. freedom, realized on special decisions of the ur-ny of the renormalization group, as a guiding principle for building models of the Grand Unification. He proposed models of a unified theory of the weak, the strong and the electromagnet. interactions. Built a model of extended supergravity (1976). Author approx. 180 scientific. articles. Corresponding member Pontanian Academy (1970, Italy). Became. pr. (1953). Etc. them. I.E. Tamm of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1980).
FRADKIN Felix Aronovich (1933, Baku - 1993, Vladimir), teacher, historian of pedagogy. Dr. ped. Sciences (1968), prof. (1988), ch. RAO (1993). Graduated from Azerb. ped in-t rus. lang. and literature (1956). Worked as a teacher, deer. all L. school, an educator at a boarding school in Baku. Graduated from the Research Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1966). He taught at the Department of Pedagogy of the Vladimir State. ped. in-that. Studied the history of the school, ped. science, owls. pedagogy of the 1920s – 30s. Author of works on the history of pedological science in the USSR. Developed courses for ped. universities: "Personality, socialization, education", "Introduction to pedagogy", "Domestic pedagogy of the XX century.", special course "ST Shatsky".
FRADKIN Ilya Moiseevich (1914, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1967). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1937). 1941–45 - at the front. After the war he worked in the Sov. military. administration in Germany. Since 1957 - at IMLI. He was engaged in the main. German lit-swarm of the 20th century The author of works on the work of B. Brecht, Art. in "History of German Literature", "History of World Literature", "History of Literature of the Federal Republic of Germany" (1980), "History of Literature of the GDR" (1982) and others. Ed. and comp. collection of works B. Brecht, I. Becher, W. Borchert, M. Frisch, G. Böll and others. Comp. anthologies: "Poets of Democratic Germany" (1951), "German Democratic Poetry" (1955), "German Ballads" (1958), "German Novel of the XX century." (1963) and other works: Bertolt Brecht. Way and method. M., 1965; Literature of the new Germany. Articles, essays. M., 1961.
FRADKIN Mark Grigorievich (1914, Vitebsk - 1990, Moscow), composer. In 1934–37 he studied at Leningrad State University. theater. in-those. In 1937–39 - in the Minsk Theater for Young Spectators: actor, dir. and head. muses. part. At the same time. studied at the Belarusian cons. In 1939–45 - in the army. During the years of service, he wrote his first songs. Author pl. patriotic. and lyric. songs: "Komsomol volunteers", "Near the village of Kryukovo", "On the seven winds", "For that guy" (poems by RI Rozhdestvensky; 1st Ave at the International Festival in Sopot, 1972), "Flows Volga ”,“ Behind the Factory Outpost ”,“ There, Beyond the Clouds ”,“ Morse Woman ”,“ A Girl Walks in the Field ”,“ We ​​Lived in the Neighborhood ”. Mn. of the songs written to the film. F.'s songs were performed by L.O.Utesov, M.N.Bernes, I.D.Kobzon, L.G. Zykina, E.S. Piekha. Nar. art. USSR (1985). State pr. USSR (1979). Cit .: My biography. M., 1974.
FRADKIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1892, Khotimsk of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1973, Moscow), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1923–41 resident, assistant, assistant professor, prof. clinic of eye diseases of the 2nd Moscow State University (from 1930 - the 2nd MMI), in 1941–45 head. Department of Eye Diseases, in 1943–53 head. clinics dep., in 1953-57 head. glaucomatous department, in 1957–65 head. the lab organized by him. experimental Glaucoma Therapy Center. (now - Moscow) n.-i. in-that eye diseases them. G. Helmholtz. Formulated a provision on the participation of higher. autonomic centers of the brain in the regulation of intraocular pressure. He described a number of mechanisms for the formation of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye, explained the origin of certain characteristic symptoms of glaucoma and the causes of visual impairment in a number of cases after operations for glaucoma, and identified indications for surgical treatment of an acute attack of glaucoma. Member reign Mosk. scientific. about-va ophthalmologists. Cit .: Hemato-ophthalmological barrier and its importance in physiology and pathology of the eye. M., 1939; Glaucoma. M., 1950.
FRADKIN Moisey Zalmanovich (1904, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1974, Kharkov), graphic artist. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov artist. in-t. In 1931–32, then intermittently until 1971 - Assoc. the same in-that. In 1934–36 hands. engraving workshop of the Kharkov Polygraph. in-that. Main work in the book. graphic: "Till Ulenspiegel" by C. de Coster, "Gulliver's Travel" by J. Swift (1934–36, both co-authored with BP Blank), "The Travel of Benjamin III" by Mendele Moicher-Sforim (1934, 1972) , "Lyrics" by LS Pervomaisky (1935), "Jewish folk songs" (1937), fav. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (1939); illustrated many others. children book., performed ex-libris. Author of easel series: “Jews on Earth” (1934), “Memories of Childhood” (1959), “Puppet Theater” (1961), “Jewish Songs” (“Oh, the golden pava was flying” and others, 1963–67 ). Since 1927 - participant of exhibitions, including: in Stockholm (1930), Vienna (1932), Venice (1933, Biennale), Warsaw (1933), Prague (1934), New York (1937). F.'s works are in the Kiev state. museum ukr. fig. art, Kharkov Museum of fig. Isk-va, State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum, in nat. art galleries in Stockholm and Chicago.
FRADKIN Shneur-Zalman (1830, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1902, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Rabbi in Polotsk and over 20 years in Lublin. From 1892 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of the Hasidic community in Jerusalem. He took an active part in the society-religion. life of Jerusalem. Author of comments. Torat Hesed (Teaching of Piety, 1883–84).
FRADKOV Efim Borisovich (1921, Demidov of Porechensky u., Smolensk province. - 1990, Odessa), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Colonel (1966). Studied at Moscow. technol. in-those food. prom-sti. From 1939 - in the Red Army, served in the artillery. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. tools of art. sergeant F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles in Vost. Prussia. In 1951 he graduated from the Military-jurid. Academy, served in the military. justice. Since 1982 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
FRADKOV Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1950, Kurumoch, Kuibyshev region), statesman. In 1972 he graduated from Moscow. machine tool institute, in 1981 - Academy of Ext. trade. In 1973–75 sotr. apparatus of the econ. Counselor of the USSR Embassy in India. Since 1975 - in the system of the State. to-that on ext. econom. communications (GKES), in 1984–91 deputy. early Ch. GKES supply department, first deputy. early Ch. Department of coordination and regulation of external. econom. operations Min-va ext. econom. relations of the USSR, in 1991–92 deputy. fast. representative of the Russian Federation at the GATT in Geneva. 1992–93 Deputy. min. ext. econom. relations of the Russian Federation, in 1993–97 first deputy min. 1997–8 - min. ext. econom. ties of the RF, in 1998-2000 - min. Trade, in 2001–3 - director. Federal Tax Police Service, in 2004–7 - before. Governments, since 2007 - Dir. Russian Foreign Intelligence Service.
FRAERMAN Ruvim Isaevich (1891, Mogilev - 1972, Moscow), writer. Studied at Kharkov Technol. in-those. Participant of Civil. wars in the Far East. Ed. partisas. gaz., in a cut he published his essays. He worked at SibROSTA in Yakutsk. Since 1921 - in Moscow. Corr. Centre. gas. Published articles, essays, poems. The first pov. "Fire" (1924), "Buran" (1926) - about Grazhd. war in the Far East. He wrote about the life of small peoples of the D. East: p. "Vaska-gilyak" (1929), "Nikichen" (1932). Journalist. trips to collective farms and new buildings were reflected in pov. Second Spring (1932). In 1937, an action-packed story came out. "Spy". Naib. Izv. brought F. The Wild Dog Dingo, or The Tale of First Love (1939). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946 a pov came out. "Distant Voyage" - about schoolchildren during the war. In 1946–48 (co-authored with P. Zaykin) - p. "Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Lieutenant-Commander Golovin, Traveler and Sailor." The author of the book. rec. about A. Gaidar "Favorite writer of children" (1964).
FRAM David (1903, Ponevezh, Kovno province -?), Poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied in Russian. gymnasium in Samara. In the beginning. 1920s returned to Lithuania. In 1926 he entered the agronomist. f-t un-that in Toulouse (France). Since 1927 - in South Africa. He wrote his first poems in Samara in Russian. lang., printed in the student. zhurn. In 1923 in the Kovenskaya gas. Yiddish Shtime published poetry in Yiddish. Published in periodicals. ed. Author of the book: "Leader un poems" ("Poems and poems". Vilno, 1931), "Efsher" ("Maybe". Poems. London, 1947).
FRANK (ps; real fam. Frenkel) Shloyme (1902, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1966, Tel Aviv), poet. Lit. activity began in 1928 in gas. Lodzer Tageblat. In 1929–33 he lived in the countries of Lat. America. In Brazil - member. Union of Polish Jews. In 1933 he returned to Poland. Gas edited. "Gantwerker Zeitung". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1943–44 - in the Lodz ghetto, one of the organizers of a secret radio station, he compiled leaflets for the residents of the ghetto. In 1944–45 - at Auschwitz. After his release, he was one of the founders of the first Jewish printing house in Lodz. Since 1946 - in Germany, published a journal. "Yiddish Builder", edited by Sat. "Gezamlte Leader, Poetry Fun 20-Ton Jorgundert" ("Selected Poems. Poetry of the XX Century"), published in Munich (1948). Since 1950 - in Israel. Published and edited the journal. "Velt-magazine" in Tel Aviv. Author of the book: "Cienistische Leader" ("Zionist Poems". Lodz, 1934), "Togbuh funolodzer ghetto" ("Diary of the Lodz Ghetto". Buenos Aires, 1958).
FRANK-KAMENETSKY David Albertovich (1910, Vilna - 1970, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1943). In 1931 he graduated from Tomsk Technol. in-t. In 1934–47 he worked at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1947–56 - at the Arzamas-16 facility, a participant in the atomic project. Since 1956 - at the Institute of Atomic Energy. At the same time. prof. and head. organized by him by the Department of Plasma Physics MIPT. Developed the theory of the processes of energy release and removal. Developed a theory of gas ignition. mixtures. Solved the problem of strengthening the shock wave in the external. layers of an exploded star, proved that an increase in temperature in this case makes possible the synthesis of heavy. elements. Predicted magnetoacoustic. resonance. Became. pr. (1949, 1951, 1953). Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev, USSR Academy of Sciences (1960), Works: Turbulent and Heterogeneous Combustion. M., 1947 (co-authored with Ya.B. Zeldovich); Diffusion and heat transfer in chemical kinetics. M., 1948; Physical processes inside the stars. M., 1959; Plasma is the fourth state of matter. M., 1961; Nuclear astrophysics. M., 1967.
FRANK-KAMENETSKY Israel Grigorievich (1880, Vilna - 1937, Leningrad), orientalist philologist. Prof. (1919), Doctor of Literature (1934). Brother of ZG Frank-Kamenetsky. In the beginning. 1900s studied at un-those in Kiev, in 1904 was expelled for participating in the student. unrest, completed his education in Germany in high fur boots Leipzig, Berlin, Göttingen. In 1914-18 - in the army. In 1918–21 he taught at Irkutsk University. In 1921-22 the head. Department of Dr. East at Moscow State University. From 1922 in Petrograd. archeol. in-those (since 1928 - at Leningrad State University), at the same time. in 1922–23 he taught the course "History of the Jewish People of the Biblical Period" in Petrogr. in-those higher. Jewish knowledge, participated in the work of the OPE and the Jewish historical - ethnogr. about-va, in 1930–31 - in the work of the Jewish gr. Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. At the same time. in 1928–37 scientific. sotr. Institute of language and thinking of the USSR Academy of Sciences, hands. Cabinet of Semitic-Khamitic languages. Cabinet of oral literature of the primitive society. The author of St. 40 scientific. tr. on the history of the ancient Egyptian and Hindu religions, on Judaism, biblical studies, writing and literature by Dr. Egypt and dr. India, Cit .: Monuments of Egyptian religion in the Theban period. M., 1917; Macrocosm and microcosm in Jewish and Indian cosmogony. In the book: In memory of acad. N.Ya.Marr (1864-1934). M. - L., 1938.
FRANK-KAMENETSKY Maxim Davidovich (b. 1941, Gorky), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1971), prof., acad. RANS (1990). Son of D.A. Frank-Kamenetsky. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1964). In 1964–78 he worked in biol. dep. Institute of Atomic Energy. IV Kurchatov, in 1978–93 head. lab. Institute of molecular genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. prof. MIPT, head. department. Since 1993 - in the USA, prof. Boston University. Sci. tr. on the physics of polymers, its applications in biology, the properties and structure of DNA. Author approx. 100 scientific. publications. Cit .: The most important molecule. M., 1983.
FRANK-KAMENETSKY Zakhary Grigorievich (Gershonovich) (1874, Vilna - 1951, Irkutsk), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). Brother of I.G. Frank-Kamenetsky. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1897). Trained in eye clinics in Germany and Austria. In 1914–15 members. to-that of the Irkutsk branch of the OPE. He practiced as a doctor, taught in wives. paramedic. school, honey. Faculty of Irkutsk University. Privat Assoc. Department of Ophthalmology, Irkutsk University (1927), head. Department of Histology (1931–35), head. Department of Ophthalmology and Clinic of Eye Diseases, Irkutsk Med. in-that. In 1942–45 in the eye evacuation hospital. Publ. OK. 40 scientific. works. The author of Art. for BME. In the name of F.-K. named st. in Irkutsk (1942). Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1943).
FRANK Georgy Avraamovich (b. 1936, Chisinau), oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1981), prof. (1986). Graduated from Chisinau honey. Institute (1958). Since 1964 - in Moscow. n.-i. oncologist in-those them. P.A. Herzen, where he headed (1981) the department. pathological anatomy of tumors, at the same time. (since 1989) hands. pathologist. lab. Hematological. scientific. center of RAMS. Sci. tr. F. dedicated morphological. changes in the liver with leukemia, clin. morphology of lymphogranulomatosis, question. histogenesis and morphological. diagnostics of tumors, reaction of tumors to lay down. effects, tumors of the hematopoietic system, tumor immunology, precancerous conditions. Member reign Mosk. about-va of pathologists, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Archive of Pathology" and "Ros. oncological journal ". Cit .: Early oncological pathology. M., 1985 (et al.); Combined and complex treatment of patients with malignant tumors. M., 1989 (et al.); Pathological diagnostics of human tumors. T. 1.M., 1993 (et al.).
FRANK German (1892, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1952, New York), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1911–15 he studied at the Kiev Commerce. in-those, worked as a student. the Zionist organization. Active worker of the slave. movement in Bialystok: in 1916, together with I. Pat, founded the orphanage. I.-L. Peretz, a folk tea house with a reading room, a club. H. Zhitlovsky and other cultural institutions. He studied in Berlin. Defended a diss. on the topic "Bialystok in peacetime and wartime". Since 1923 - in the USA. Published Art. in Jewish, English, Russian. ed. about social and economic the position of the Jews in Bialystok, the emergence and development of polit. and nat. movements. Translated into Yiddish. on social and econ. Topics. Among the works of F.: "Statistics of the movement of the Jewish population in Bialystok for 10 years (1900-1910)" (Bialystok, 1920), "Greek wise men" (Berlin, 1923), "Jewish printing house and the art of book processing" (New York, 1938), "From ruins to restoration" (ibid., 1940), "A. Sh. Zaks, fighter for national revival" (ibid., 1945), "National and political movements among the Jews of Bialystok" (ibid., 1951) ...
FRANK Hertsel Vulfovich (b. 1926, Ludza, Latvia), screenwriter, film director. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the Ural Industrial Institute (1943–44). In 1945–52 - in the army. Graduated from Vses. correspondence jurid. in-t. He worked as a lecturer, journalist, artist. advertising, photographer-artist. He made his film debut with a script by F. "White Bell" (1961). Scriptwriter doc. f .: "You and Me" (1963), "Report of the Year" (1965), "235,000,000" (1967). Dir. doc. f .: "Salted Bread" (1965), "The Fourth Chairman" (1968), "Trace of the Soul" (1972, ave. on the Moscow Art Festival in Oberhausen and the main avenue of the All-Union Film Festival, 1973), "Forbidden Zone" (1975 ), "Ten Minutes Older" (1978), "Horsepower" (1982), "High Court" (1987, Grand Prix, etc. at the ICF in Nyon), "Once upon a time there were seven Simeons" (1989 , Grand Prix at the Ikf in San Sebastian, main prize at the Ikf in Yamagata, Japan), "Song of Songs" (1989), "Prayer" (1990), "Jewish Street" (1992). Since 1993 - in Israel. Honored. figure in the arts of the Latvian SSR (1975). Works: Map of Ptolemy. Notes of a documentary filmmaker. M., 1975.
FRANK Gleb Mikhailovich (1904, Nizhny Novgorod - 1976, Moscow), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1939), ch. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Brother I.M. Frank. At the end (1925) biol. Faculty of Crimean University (Simferopol) worked at Moscow State University. In 1929–33 the head. lab. photobiology LPTI, in 1933–46 head. dep. VIEM. In 1946–48 he headed Radiats. lab., in 1948–51 - Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, created. based on it. At the same time. in 1943–52 head. Lab. biophysics of isotopes and radiation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1952 head. lab. Institute of Biological Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, created. on its basis, since 1957 dir. In 1963–67, the director. Sci. center of biol. research USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushchino), simultaneously. in 1950–71 prof. Moscow State University. Sci. tr. dedicated radiation biophysics, biophysics of muscle contraction and nerve. excitement. He was engaged in research. biol. the action of ultraviolet radiation, early disturbances in living cells under the influence of ionizing radiation, the organization of a living cell and the processes of its life at the pier. level, structural organization of muscles, physical and chemical. properties, localization and the role of protein components of muscles in health and disease. He headed the work on the X-ray structural analysis of cellular and subcellular structures. Tr. by philosophy. problems of biology. The initiator of the creation of the Coordinator. center for complex research. in the region. biophysicists. Member council Int. union clean and prikl. biophysicists (since 1961). Vice President Int. organization for the study of living cells at UNESCO (since 1964). Prev Sci. advice on the problems of biol. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964–71). Became pr. (1949, 1951). State etc. USSR (1978). Cit .: Biophysics of a living cell. Fav. tr. M., 1982.
FRANK Ilya Mikhailovich (1908, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Brother G.M. Frank. Graduated from Moscow State University (1930). In 1930–34 he worked at the State. optical in-those, in 1934–70 - at FIAN, head. dep. (from 1941), head. lab. (since 1946). At the same time. from 1957 dir. Lab. Neutron Physics of the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (JINR, Dubna). Sci. work on physical. optics, nuclear and neutron physics. In 1937 he developed (with I.E. Tamm) the classic. the Cherenkov – Vavilov radiation theory. He developed the theory of anomalous and complex Doppler effect in a refractive medium and predicted (with V.L. Ginzburg) transition radiation. Investigated (with LV Groshev) the formation of electron-positron pairs by gamma quanta. He proposed a pulsed method for studying thermal neutrons, discovered the effect of their diffuse cooling. Developed spectrometry of neutrons in terms of their deceleration time in lead. Participant in the creation of pulsed fast neutron reactors (IBR-1 and IBR-2). The author of St. 200 scientific. publications. Became. pr. (1946). State pr. USSR (1954, 1971). Nob. pr. (1958). Evil medal to them. S. I. Vavilov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1980). Works: Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy. M., 1968.
FRANK Mikhail Ludvigovich (1878, Moscow - 1942, Kazan), mathematician. Brother S.L. Frank. Prof. (1927). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1937). Graduated from Munich Polytechnic. Institute (1904), Yuryevsky University (1913). He worked in Petrograd. polytechnic in-those (1914-18), Tavrichesky un-those (1919-30), in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (1930–41), Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1941–42), which was evacuated in Kazan. Main work - in the region. nomography, geometry, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Elementary approximate calculations. M. - L., 1932; Graphic methods of integration of ordinary differentials. ur-ny. M. - L., 1933.
FRANK Neeson (1889, Mariampol, Suwalki province - 1943, Drancy, France), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1904 - in E.-I., he studied in agronomics. school. One of the founders of “Theater. Union ”, to-ry staged plays in Yiddish. From the beginning. 1910s - in France. The first art. published in the journal. "Luhes" in 1906 in Jerusalem. Printed lit. Art. in French periodic. ed. Under the influence of A. Reisen, he began to write in Yiddish (from 1910). Participated in the ed. Reisen's Der Naer Journal, in other Jewish editions. Since 1913, corr. Warsaw gas. "Moment" in Paris. Published in London and New York Jewish periodicals. ed. Published by ser. "Ganeidn-maiselekh" ("Paradise Tales"), "Pariser Brive" ("Parisian Letters") on polit., Societies. or T. Topics. In 1927–40 sotr. gas. "Pariser Gaynt", where he also published his works. and per. with French lang. Member of the Resistance movement. Collected documents about the atrocities of the Nazis, made lists of victims of the Drancy concentration camp, questioned the escaped prisoners, was one of the organizers of the rescue of children in Drancy. The author of the book., Ed. in Paris: "Der Sieg" ("Victory", 1911), "Bon, di Geburts - shtot fun Beethoven" ("Bonn - Beethoven's birthplace". Travel notes, 1922), "Pariser motive" ("Parisian motives", 1924 ).
FRANK Semyon Ludvigovich (1877, Moscow - 1950, London), philosopher. Brother M.L. Frank. A Marxist took part in the work as a high school student. Cup. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. After his arrest (1899) and the ban on living at the university. cities studied political economy and philosophy in Berlin and Munich. In 1900 the first book was published in Moscow. F. "The theory of value of Marx and its meaning", dedicated. criticism of Marxism. In 1902 on Saturday. "Problems of Idealism" published the first philosophy. etude "Nietzsche and love for the distant." One of the authors of the collection. Vekhi (1909), sotr. zhurn. "Rus. think". Since 1912 - Assistant Professor. Petersburg. un-that. In 1917 F. headed the Historical Philology. Department at Saratov University, in 1921 - Department of Philosophy at Moscow State University. In 1922, together with gr. philosophers and writers expelled from Russia. In 1922-37 - in Germany, in Berlin became a member of the Religious Philosophy. Academy organized by N.A. Berdyaev. In 1930–37 he lectured on the history of Russian. thoughts and literature in Berlin un-those. In 1937–40 - in France, from 1940 - in Great Britain. In their philosophies. tr. developed the concept of "metaphysical realism". Among the most important philosophers. works by F.: "The Subject of Knowledge" (1915), "Human Soul" (1918), "The Meaning of Life" (1924), "Spiritual Foundations of Society" (1930), "Incomprehensible" (1939), "Light in the Dark" ( 1949). Son F. - Vasily (1920-1996), journalist. 1941–46 - in Britain. Air Force. He fought in Algeria, Italy, France, Greece. Since 1947, a journalist, since 1964 - at the radio station "Freedom" (Munich).
FRANK Zvi-Peisakh (1873, Kovna - 1960, Jerusalem), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1893 - in E.-I. He studied at the Yeshivas Etz-Chaim and Torat Chaim in Jerusalem. From 1902 - in Jaffa, where he became close to A. I. Cook. From 1907 p. religious court. During the 1st world. war remained in E.-I., despite all the attempts of the authorities to expel F. from the country. One of the founders of the "Joint Council of Rabbis" (1918) and "Association of Ashkenazi Communities of Jerusalem". In 1921 - the initiator of the creation of Ch. Rabbinate E.-I. Supported the appointment of Cook Chief. Rabbi E.-I. He fought for the idea of ​​building the life of the community E.-I. based on Jewish law. In 1935, Ch. Rabbi of Jerusalem. One of the largest religions. authorities of their time. Author of the book: "Gar Zvi" ("Mount Zvi". Jerusalem, 1957-77), "Mikdash Melekh" ("The Tsar's Temple", ibid., 1968), "Mikrei Kodesh" ("Sacred Writings", ibid., 1975–78).
FRANKENTHAL Motl (1893, Radom - 1943, Lodz), poet, writer, playwright, translator, public figure. Since 1903 - in Lodz. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first poems were published in 1907 in the Warsaw weekly. "Roman Zeitung". Founder and dir. dram. circles and theater. studios. He published poems, stories, plays, feuilletons, humoresques, fairy tales in Jewish periodicals. ed. Ed. zhurn. Der Gedank in Lodz, lit. every month Green Bleter in Lodz, 1938–39. F.'s plays were staged in Jewish theaters. circles and in t-ts of Poland. He translated into Yiddish "The Interrupted Song" by Z. Przybylski, "Meir Ezofovich" by E. Ozheshko and works of other Polish. writers. In 1919–39, members. Centre. to-that Jewish plank. party of Poland, a representative of the party in the municipal organizations of Lodz. In Lodz came the book. F .: "Di Gofenung" ("Hope", 1912), "Slebn Roft" ("Life Calls", 1913), "Leb-Kinder" ("Merry Boys", 1913), "A zun a Schreiber" (" The Son is a Writer ", 1916)," Drama "(1923)," Nakht-shotns "(" Night Shadows ". Drama poem in 3 acts, 1929).
FRANKFURT Samuil Grigorievich (1904, Kiev - 1976, Moscow), production manager. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). Graduated from Leningrad. chemical-technol. Institute (1927). Since 1928 - in Kr. Army. Beginning building of Kuznetsk metallurgical plant, then Ing. and early. production of ammunition for s-de. From 1937 ch. Ing. chem. Combine of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition. From 1942 ch. Ing. Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, in 1944-47 beginning. Ch. management of this People's Commissariat (min-va). From 1947 - in stock, until 1970 engineer. at production facilities prom-sti. Became. pr. Awarded 4 orders.
FRANKFURT Usher Ioinovich (1908, Zhmerynka, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province - 1982, Moscow), physicist, historian of science. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Graduated from Voronezh University (1931). From 1930 he worked there. In 1939–41 - in Vitebsk ped. in-those (head of the department). In 1941–45 - at the Kostanay Teachers' Institute, in 1945–53 - in Gomel and in 1953–59 - in the Brest Pedagogical Institute. in-takh. From ser. 1950s collaborated with the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, doing history. science and publishing. activities. Region scientific. interests - theory of thermoelectricity, history and philosophy of physics. Comp. "Einstein's collections", book. from ser. "Classics of Science", collection of books on the history of physics and mechanics. The author of the book. on the history of physics and scientific. biographies, including the book. about H. Huygens, J.W. Gibbs (both co-authored with A.M. Frank), G. Helmholtz (co-author with A.V. Lebedinsky and Frank), G.A. Lorentz, N.Bore (both co-authored with E.M. Klyaus and Frank), B. Paskale (co-authored with Klyaus and I.B. Pogrebyssky), M. Plancke (co-authored with Klyaus). Works: Essays on history special theory of relativity. M., 1961; Special and general theory of relativity. M., 1968; Physics of our days. M., 1971 (co-authored with Frank); Optics of moving bodies. M., 1972; At the origins of quantum theory. M., 1975; The law of conservation and transformation of energy. M., 1978.
FRANKL Felix Isidorovich (1905, Vienna - 1961, Nalchik), mathematician. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1934), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1945), bp. Academy of art. Sciences of the USSR (1947). Graduated from Vienna University (1927). Since 1929 - in the USSR. He worked in the Communist. Academy (1929–31), at TsAGI (1931–44), at Art. academies (1944–51), at the Kyrgyz University (1951–57) and Kabardino-Balkar. un-those (since 1958). Created scientific. school of relativistic gas. speakers. Sphere of scientific. interests - function theory complex. variable, differenti. ur-niya with partial derivatives, pr. mathematics, gas. dynamics and history of mathematics. Author per. from Latin and commentaries on the works of L. Euler. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and app. mechanics (since 1956). Works: Izbr. works on gas dynamics. M., 1973.
FRANTSUZ Isidor Aronovich (1896, Odessa - 1991, Moscow), architect, book graphic artist. In 1915-17 - at the front. George. cavalier. In 1926 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. He worked in the personal workshop of A.V. Shchusev, took part in almost all of his cr. works. Supervised the workshop of the Moscow City Council (1933–41). 1941–44 - in the army. Main works: development projects of Berezhkovskaya, Savvinskaya and other embankments of Moscow (1934–36), a necropolis and a tribune on Red Square. in Moscow (1940), design dep. parts of the Central Park of Culture and Leisure in Moscow (1944–45), the bridge across the Angara (1950s), the Animal Breeding pavilion, the GSSR pavilion (both - 1952) at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.
FRENCH-GORFINKEL Sheindl (1899, Bershad Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province - 1957, Montreal, Canada), writer. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that. During the Civil. war - doctor Kr. Cross. Since 1922 - in Canada. She was actively involved in cultural and social activities. activities in Jewish organizations in Montreal. In the 1930s. began to publish stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. Author of the short story "Rohl" ("Rachel". Montreal, 1936), rom. "Erev October" ("On the Eve of October". Montreal, 1947).
FRATKIN Boris Abramovich (1907, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1966, Lyubertsy, Moscow region), production manager. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). Graduated from Kazan mechanic. technical College. From 1939 ch. engineer, then der. art. plant number 8 named. MI Kalinin, who released 20 thousand 45-mm and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns during the war. In 1947–48, the director. s-yes for the production of ammunition. From 1948 - at the Lyubertsy plant of agricultural production. machine-building (head of production, deputy head of engineer for production). He was awarded 6 orders.
FRY (ps. Volnaya) Sonya (1903, Zhitomir - 1979, Moscow), publicist. Participant of Civil. war. She edited the journal in Kharkov. "Arbeter-Jungt". One of the organizers of the first youth. zhurn. in Yiddish "Yungvald" in Moscow, gas. Der Junger Arbeter in Minsk. She edited the gas. "Chervona Zmena" in Minsk. From 1925–32 to the desk. work in Minsk, Tashkent (together with her husband V. Nodel). She graduated from the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow. She defended the candidate. diss. on the topic "The economic crisis in Russia in 1900–03." She taught political economy at Moscow. universities. In 1937 she was repressed. Rehabilitated in 1956. Returned to teaching and journalist. activities. Since 1961, member. editorial board and author of journals. "Sovetish gameland".
FRENEL (Frenkel) Itskhak (1900, Odessa - 1981), painter. Descendant of Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. Studied at the Odessa Art. school. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1920 he founded the artist. studio "Cooperative ha-Tomer" in Jaffa and represented it to pl. exhibitions. At the same time. taught drawing at the Herzliya gymnasium. Member of the first artist. exhibitions in E.-I. (1920). In 1920–25 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, was close to the “Parisian school”, exhibited in the salons of the Independent, Autumn (1924). In 1925 he returned to E.-I., in the same year he participated in the exhibitions "Tower of David", "Contemporary Artists" in Tel Aviv. In 1925–26, he directed the artist. Studio Histadrut in Tel Aviv and taught the course sovr. French lawsuit. In 1929–34 - in France. After returning to E.-I. (1934) resumed studio work in Tel Aviv. All R. and con. 1930s designed a number of performances for the "Ogel" and "Habima" theaters. Organizer and participant of exhibitions in Europe, America, South. Africa. One of the first representatives of expressionism in E.-I. Prod. F. are based on Jewish mysticism and are filled with the kabbalistic atmosphere of Safed. Among the main. works: landscapes of Jerusalem and Safed, painting "Opening of the first Knesset", portraits, still lifes, nude. Laureate of Israeli and International premiums. Prod. F. are kept in the Fresnel Museum in Safed, in museums in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Ein Harod, in museums and private collections in Europe and America.
FRENK Azriel-Natan (1863, Wodzislav Andreevsky u. Keletskaya province. - 1924, Warsaw), historian, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1886 - in Warsaw. He began publishing in Hebrew and Yiddish periodically. ed. In 1888 sotr. zhurn. "Ha-Asif", in which he published Art. on the history of Polish. Jewry. From 1911 ed. weekly "Ha-Tsefira". Among the products. F., dedicated. Jewish historiography, - the essay "The internal life of the Jews in Poland and Lithuania 17-18 centuries.", included in the 11th volume. "History of the Jewish people" (Moscow, 1914). Among the works on the history of Jews in Poland - book. in Hebrew: “Jews of Poland in the Napoleonic Wars” (Warsaw, 1910), “Cities and Jews in Poland” (ibid., 1921) and in Yiddish: “History of Jews in Poland” (Warsaw, 1910), “Polish Vykresty in 19 century "(in 2 volumes, ibid., 1923-1924). Translated into Yiddish by the artist. manuf. Polish writers, ch. arr. rum. B. Prus, G. Senkevich, E. Ozheshko.
FRENKEL Anton-Eduard Samuilovich (1809, Warsaw - 1881, ibid.), Banker. Rod. in the family of a banker. Head of the banking house; provided finance. assistance to the production of Russia. In 1857, an imperial decree of F. was granted the baronial title "in consideration of the exemplary diligence shown in the execution of the orders entrusted to him by the government." F. - one of the founders. in 1879 in St. Petersburg Center. bank Russian land loan - the largest in terms of financing the agricultural sector in Russia.
FRENKEL Daniil Grigorievich (1906, Kiev - 1984, Leningrad), composer. In 1925-28 he studied at the Odessa cons. (class fp. Ya.I. Tkach), then in the 2nd Leningrad. muses. technical school (class S.V. Alpers). In 1941–44 the head. muses. part and the conductor of the Chkalovsk region. dram. t-ra, in 1945–47 - Leningrad. dram. t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Author of 9 operas, including "Gloomy River" (based on the novel of the same name by V.Ya. Shishkov, 1951; 2nd ed. - 1953), "Dowry" (based on the play of the same name by A.N. Ostrovsky , 1959), The Son of Rybakov (1977), ballets, including Catherine Lefebvre (1960), 2 op-t, 4 cantatas, 3 symphony. (1972–75), Concerto for php. with orc. (1954), chamber instr. ans., manuf. for php. and for voice with php., music for dramas. plays and films.
FRENKEL Ilya Lvovich (1903, Kurgan, Tobolsk province. - 1994, Leningrad), poet. Participant of Civil. war. In 1931–33 he studied at the Institute of Red Professors. Published since 1925. The first collections: "Songs and Poems" (1935), "Book of Poems" (1938), "Sailors" (1938). 1941–45 military. corr. In 1943, Sat. "Friends and comrades." One of the first authors of owls. popular songs: "Youth" (music. MV Koval), "Comintern" ("Factories, get up ...", music. G. Eisler), "Let's smoke ..." (music. ME. Tabachnikov), etc. Translated into Russian. lang. Mold., Tatars., Buryats. and other poets, including E.N.Bukov, M.Jalil. The author of the book. rec. "River of Time" (1984). Cit .: Green leaf. Poems about Moldova. M., 1954; Sky, sea, earth. M., 1961; Return. M., 1971; The pier. Poems. M., 1976; Favorites: Poems, poems. M., 1983.
FRENKEL Irmiyagu (1885, Novoukrainka Elizavetgrad u., Kherson province - 1958, Tel Aviv), translator, publicist. Doctor of Law (1911). He began to write in 1902 in Hebrew. He edited the journal. "Ga-Shahar". Studied at high fur boots Lvov, Vienna. During the 1st world. war officer of the Austrian army. Since 1919, dir. gymnasiums in Lodz with teaching in Hebrew. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Translated by H.-N. Bialik in Polish. lang. Author of works on pedagogy. Since 1955 - in Israel.
FRENKEL Israel (1857, Rypin, Plock Province - 1910, Warsaw), doctor. In 1885 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. In the 1880s –1900s. sotr. in "Ha-Tsefira", published Art. on questions medicine. Author Sat. Art. Shoymer ha-Briyus (Guardian of Health, 1889).
FRENKEL Konstantin Davidovich (1912, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), architect. In 1935 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1935–41 - in the Transgrazhdanproject NKPS, participated in architect. contests, projects were repeatedly awarded. In 1941–45 he worked at the building of Stalinsk, then at the building of the Central Design Bureau in Podlipki (near Moscow). After 1945 ch. arch. Grazhdanproekt, supervised the design of standard housing for the coal regions of the USSR. He headed the architectural and design workshop of the Ministry of Construction of Manufacturing Machinery, collaborated in Giprovuz. Means. paid attention to the artist. schedule, participant pl. exhibitions. Main works: House of Communications in Vladikavkaz (jointly with M. Gintsburg, 1935), Polytechnic School of Communications in Alma-Ata (1936), a complex of residential buildings on Mozhaisky sh. in Kuntsevo (1940), the Central Design Bureau complex and residential cottages in Podlipki (1943), the residential complex of the complex "Trekhgornaya Manufactory" in Moscow (1948).
FRENKEL Matvey Yulievich (b. 1925, Berdichevsky burial ground near Kiev province), African historian. Dr. East Sciences (1975). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950). In 1957–66 ed. Publishing house east. literature, since 1966 - in the Institute of Africa of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1969 Art. scientific. sotr. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history of Africa XIX - early. XX century and on the history of societies. Thoughts of African Countries, Vol .: USA and Liberia (the Negro problem in the USA and the formation of the Republic of Liberia). M., 1964; Societies. thought of the British West. Africa in the 2nd half. XIX century. M., 1977; From the history of the socialist. ideas in Africa. M., 1990 (et al.).
FRENKEL Naftali Aronovich (1883, Odessa - 1960, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Lieutenant General Engineer-Tech. service (1943). From 1919 - in the Red Army. In the 1920s. sotr. GPU-OGPU, resident of the Sov. intelligence in Istanbul (Turkey). In 1927-29 he was serving a sentence in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. In the 1930s. early builds. works of Belbaltlag, then - early. Bamlaga. In 1937–40 he again served his sentence. Later early. Ch. railway camp management building of the NKVD of the USSR, deputy. People's Commissar of Railways for Capital Construction.
FRENKEL Sergey Yakovlevich (b. 1923, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. Son of Ya.I. Frenkel. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1947). In 1948–52 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. Since 1952 - at the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow) (head of laboratory, head of department). Sci. research on the physics of high-molecular compounds, including chem. physics of polymers and biophysics. Justified by the statistic. theory of polymerization, studied phase transitions in polymers and their nonequilibrium thermodynamics. F. owned the first in the USSR work on liquid crystal. the state of polymers. Developed the concept of supercrystalline. states of block copolymers. Gave the foundation for molecular cybernetics. Author approx. 700 art. State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Structure of macromolecules in solutions. L.–M., 1964 (co-authored with V.N. Tsvetkov and V.E. Eskin); Introduction to the statistical theory of polymerization. L., 1965; Compositional heterogeneity of copolymers. L., 1988 (in co-authorship with V.A. Mughenkov); Physics of Polymers. L., 1990 (co-authored with G.M. Bartenev).
FRENKEL Simona Moiseevna (b. 1959, Kiev), organist, pianist. Graduated from the Kiev cons. by class php. I.M. Ryabova (1983), Tallinn cons. by class organ by H. Lepnurm (1989). Since 1990 she has perfected herself in master classes by organists S. Palma, L. Kremer, E. Lauer (Germany), K. Lüders (France). Rev. php. and accompanist at the Kiev cons. Since 1982 she began to give concerts, including abroad. In 1991–93 she held a number of concerts of Jewish organ music. The author of the book. "Organ in Musical Judaica" (Kiev, 1993).
FRENKEL Solomon Ruvimovich (Semyon Romanovich) (1875 - 1937, Moscow), doctor, political and public figure. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University, served as a doctor in Uman (Kiev province). In 1905 he joined the Cadet Party. In 1906 he was arrested, imprisoned in the Uman prison, and released on the bail of a medical corporation. In the same year, dep. 1st State Duma from the Kiev province, was a member of the Duma faction of the Cadets, one of the priority tasks of the Duma considered the resolution of the Jewish question. In the 1920s and 30s. head roentgenologic. department of the Kremlin hospital.
FRENKEL Stefan (1902, Warsaw - 1979, New York), violinist. In 1921–24 he studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin. In 1924-27 he was concertmaster of the Dresden Philharmonic. orc. In 1929–35 he performed with an orc. radio Koenigsberg. In 1935–36 - in Switzerland, concertmaster orc. Franz. Switzerland (Geneva). Europe. F. brought fame performance of music sovr. comp. (A. Schnabel, K. Weyl). Since 1936 - in the USA. In 1936–40 he was concertmaster orc. t-ra "Metropolitan Opera" (New York), in 1947 - opera house of Rio de Janeiro. In 1948 he gave recitals and performed with chamber orcs. In 1964–68 he taught at Princeton University (New Jersey). He continued to work as a concertmaster at the opera houses in Rio de Janeiro and Santa Fe. Author of muses. manuf., including strings trio (1960), strings. quartets.
FRENKEL Wolf Yudovich (b. 1927), electrical engineer. In 1952 he graduated from electrical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. Since 1952 at the Zaporizhzhya transformer plant (since 1956 the beginning of the KB plant). In 1960–69 - at the Research Institute of Transformer Engineering and High-Voltage Equipment as part of the plant. Since 1969 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Transformer Engineering (head of the department of powerful high-voltage transformers). He supervised the creation of new types of transformers for the Pridneprovskaya SDPP, Kakhovska HPP and other power plants. Participated in the creation and development of a complex of high-voltage equipment for a voltage of 500 kW AC. current. Linen. pr. (1962).
FRENKEL Yakov Ilyich (1894, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 1952, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Prof. (1920), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1916). From 1918 - in Simferopol in Tavrich. un-those. Deputy People's Commissar of Education Crimea. Sov. Socialist. Rep. (1919). From 1921 - in the Phys.-Tech. in-those and simultaneously. at the Polytechnic. in-those in Petrograd. In 1925-26 he was a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, worked in Germany, France, Great Britain. In 1930–31, the invited prof. Minnesota University (USA). Developed the quantum theory of contact phenomena in metals and the quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals. After the creation in 1925 of quantum mechanics, he improved this theory by extending the ideas of wave-particle parallelism (dualism) to free electrons in metals. In condensed matter physics, the name of F. is associated with the present-day. picture of real crystals (defects according to Frenkel, motion of dislocations - Frenkel solitons), theory of strength, kinetic. theory of liquids. He substantiated the closeness between TV. and the liquid state of the substance. The theory of diffusion and self-diffusion developed by F. became the basis of powder metallurgy. F. introduced the concept of nuclear temperature, developed the electrocapillary theory of fission heavy. nuclei and predicted the effect of spontaneous fission. F. owned important results in geophysics (theory of the origin of terrestrial magnetism, theory of atmospheric electricity), astrophysics (theory of white dwarfs), biophysics (theory of muscular activity, relaxation theory of hearing). Author of the first full course of theoretical studies in the USSR. Physics, 22 monographs, including the first in Russian. lang. exposition of the theory of relativity (1923), tr. "Kinetic theory of liquids" (1945, 1958, 1972), "Introduction to the theory of metals" (1948, 1950, 1958, 1972), "Principles of the theory of atomic nuclei" (1946, 1950, 1955). Became. pr. (1947). Son F. - Victor (1930, Leningrad - 1997, ibid.), physicist, historian of science. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1981). Author of works on the history of physics, history of scientific. institutions, approx. 300 scientific. tr., including 10 monographs.
FRENKEL Yan Abramovich (1920, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), composer. In 1938–41 he studied at the Kiev cons. at Ya.S. Magaziner, at the same time. worked in an orc. In 1942–45 - at the front. Since 1946 - in Moscow, played in decomp. orc. on violin, accordion, fp., was a conductor, wrote dance. miniatures for stage. Since the 1960s. main he began to pay attention to the song genre. One of the first widely known. songs - "Years" (words by MS Lisyansky). In 1961, the creative work began with the song "Textile Town". cooperation with MI Tanich, on the verses of which F. wrote more than 30 songs, including "How is it serving you?" (1962), "What can I say about Sakhalin?" (1965). F. worked with many others. Izv. poets: ID Shaferan (“And the planes themselves do not fly”, “I am a submarine”), K. Ya. Vanshenkin (“I'm in a hurry, excuse me”, “Non-flying weather”), Yu. D. Levitansky ( "The Road", "The Ballad of the Guitar and the Trumpet"), IA Goff ("Russian Field", "Well, the summer continues"), RG Gamzatov ("Cranes", "Sons"), L. Oshanin, E.A. Dolmatovsky, R.I. Rozhdestvensky, etc. F. wrote more than 200 songs, among the first performers of which are M.N. Bernes, M.V. Kristalinskaya, often the author himself, often performing with concerts. Mn. worked in cinema, wrote music for the film: "Running on the Waves" (1967), "New Adventures of the Elusive" (1968), "About Klava Ivanov" (t / f, 1969), "Crown of the Russian Empire" (1972) , "Citizen Nikanorova is waiting for you" (1978) and others. Nar. art. USSR (1989). State pr. USSR (1982).
FRENKEL Zakhary Grigorievich (Simeon Girshevich) (1869, Borispol, Pereyaslavsky district, Poltava province. - 1970, Leningrad), doctor, political and public figure. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). In 1889 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, from which in 1890 he was expelled for participating in the student. movement. In 1895 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. In 1896-1901 dignity. doctor Petersburg. lips. zemstvos. In 1901 for participation in polit. activity exiled to Novgorod, served as an intern in a zemstvo psychiatrist. hospital in with. Kolmovo, Novgorod province. Collaborated in the journal. "Bulletin of Public Hygiene", "Practical Doctor". In 1902–04 the head. medical and sanitary bureau of the Vologda province. zemstvo, in 1904–07 - in the Kostroma province. In 1904–05, members. "Union of Liberation", in 1906-17, member. the party of the cadets; dep. 1st State thoughts from the Kostroma lips. (1906). He signed the Vyborg Appeal, was convicted and served four months. imprisonment in solitary confinement in the Kostroma prison. From 1910 ch. ed. zhurn. "Zemsky business", simultaneously. dignity worked. doctor, taught (since 1910) at the Eleninsky Institute, Institute of Experimental. medicine, Psychoneurological. in-those in St. Petersburg. One of the organizers of Vseros. hygienic exhibitions (1913). In the beginning. 1st world. war participated in the creation of Vseros. Union of cities (together with V.I.Shteininger headed the Petrograd. department). In 1914-17 - in the army. After Feb. rev-tion deputy. prev. Centre. medical-dignity. council at Time. pr-ve, chl. Central Committee of the Cadet Party. In oct. 1917 members Time. Council Ros. Republic. Founder and hands. Leningrad. branch of Vses. hygienic about-va (1924–53). In 1919-51 the head. Department of Social Hygiene San.-hygienic. Institute and the Department of Communal Hygiene LIDUV (1931–53). In 1941–44, during the blockade of the city, he remained in Leningrad. Sci. tr. on problems of social and communal hygiene, demography, gerontology, dignity. statistics. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1945) Vol .: Petrograd during the war and revolution. Pg., 1923; Public medicine and social hygiene. L., 1926; Elongation of life and active old age. L., 1945.
FRENKIN Isaak Zinovievich (1895, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1950, Moscow), engineer-economist, oilman. Cand. tech. Sciences (1946). Participant of Civil. war. In 1925 he graduated from Azerb. polytechnic in-t. In 1927-29 members. prez., head. dep. Baku mountains. Council. In 1930–33 before. Board of Akts. about-va for exploration and production of oil "Kevir-Khurian" (Tehran). In 1933–34, the director. State research oil. in-that, to-ry became a part of the newly created Institute of Combustible Fossils of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1935 deputy. dir. the latter. At the same time. in 1941–42 - deputy. management affairs of the USSR Academy of Sciences on issues. evacuation academic. institutions from Moscow and the establishment of their work in new places, in 1944 deputy. prev. Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences on oil. resources of the Caucasus, since 1947 head. lab. technical-econom. research Since 1948 - scientific. work in the Research Institute of Oil. prom-sti. Sci. F.'s activities are associated with the development of a method and the creation of an instrument for determining the properties of motor fuels. Author of scientific. works on technical and economic. question fuel processing, scientific. Art., ed. a number of monographs.
FREY Lazar Isaevich (1890 - after 1977), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1940). Graduated from econom. branch of Petersburg. polytechnic Institute (1911). Since 1921 prof. Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va, in 1931-74 - Institute of external. trade and the Academy of external. trade. Author of scientific. tr. according to int. trade, finance and credit, as well as international. calculations. Cit .: Banking system of consumer cooperation. Kharkov, 1919; Foreign trade financing. M. - L., 1935; Currency restrictions and clearing. M., 1940; Int. settlements and financing of foreign trade foreign. states. M., 1944; Foreign trade of the USSR. M., 1947; Int. settlements and financing of foreign trade. M., 1954; Credit and monetary policy of capitalist countries. M., 1962.
FREUDENBERG Avrom-Yaakov (1865, Nikolaev, Kherson province - after 1939), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. An active participant in the Hovevey Zion movement. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1896). Affairs. all Zionist Congr. (1898-1939). One of the founders of the Zionist organization in Odessa. After 1917 - in Germany, France. The first publication in Russian. lang. - into gas. "Dawn". He edited the "Zionist Almanac" (Odessa, 1902-03). It was printed in Yiddish in Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", "Unzer Lebn", Odessa gas. "Gut Morgn", other Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1938, the book was published in Brussels. F. "Zichrounes Functionist Soldier" ("Memoirs of a Zionist Soldier").
FREYDENBERG Maren Mikhailovich (b. 1924, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1973), prof. (1974). In 1943 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk Teachers' Institute. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1946–49 he studied history. f-those MGPI. In 1953–66 he taught at Velikie Luki ped. in-those, since 1966 - in the Kalinin ped. in-those (later - Kalinin State University), since 1978 head. Department of history of other world and cf. centuries. Since 1991 - in Israel, prof. Tel Aviv University. F. - the author of works on the history of culture of the Middle-century. Dalmatia, problems of historiography and teaching of history cf. centuries; participated in the preparation of the collective work "History of the peasantry in Europe" (v. 2-3. M., 1986), comp. and ed. "Readers on the history of the south. and app. Slavs "(v. 1. Minsk, 1987). Cit .: Village and urban life in Dalmatia 13-15 centuries. Kalinin, 1972; Dubrovnik and the Ottoman Empire. M., 1984; From the history of the fatherlands. Slavic studies: P.A. Rovinsky. Kalinin, 1988 (et al.); Jews in the Balkans. M., 1996.
FREYDENBERG Mikhail (Moisey) Filippovich (1858, Prasnysh Plock Gubernia - 1920, Petrograd), inventor. He started working in a printing house in Odessa. In 1881, own. to the drawings, he built a balloon and flew on it. In 1893 he invented (with IA Timchenko) a cinema camera of an original design ("kinetoscope"). In 1895 he developed (jointly with S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky) a project of automatic. telephone exchange. From 1908 he was engaged in the design of typesetting machines, created 3 letter-casting machines. Since 1917 head. printing house in Petrograd.
FREYDENBERG Olga Mikhailovna (1890, Petersburg - 1955, ibid.), Literary critic, philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1935). B.L. Pasternak's cousin. She graduated from the classic. branch Petrograd. un-that (1923). I wrote the first works at hand. S. A. Zhebeleva, N. Ya. Marr. In 1932 she organized and headed the first in the USSR department of classical. philology in LIFLI. In 1939, on the initiative of F., the first department of Byzantine studies in the USSR was opened at the department. In 1936 it was criticized at the center. gas. In besieged Leningrad she wrote "An Introduction to the Theory of Ancient Folklore", "Homer's Studies". Among other works by F.: "Ancient theories of language and style" (1936); "Myth and Literature" (M., 1978); "Myth and Theater": Lectures on the course "Drama Theory" (M., 1988).
FREYDIN Iona Lazarevich (1896, Kryzhi Minsk Province - 1991, Moscow), geographer, economist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1956). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. sciences Petrograd. un-that (1924). He worked in the Glavsevmorput system, in 1947-60 he taught at ped. in-takh of Moscow and at Moscow State University. In 1963–72 - at the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1972–85 as a consultant to the Center. econom. Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. Author tr. on the problems of resource, prom. and transp. development of the North of Russia. Honorary Polar Explorer (1956).
FREYDKIN Aizik (1892, Vetka of Gomel district of Mogilev province - 1941, Vilnius), writer, publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught at school. In 1916-18 in Vilna he worked as a gas corrector. "Ha-Zman" (in Hebrew), "Lecte naes" (in Yiddish). Published poetry, feuilletons, Art. in periodic. Jewish ed. Published a weekly. "Kunst un lebn" (together with S. Dreer and F. Galpern). He was engaged in research. creativity of Jewish writers. Translated into Yiddish. I.G. Erenburg, K.A. Fedin, M. Gorky. Author of the book: "Avrom-Ber Gottlober un zain era" ("Avrom-Ber Gottlober and his era." ; "Goethe, der goun fun Weimar" ("Goethe - a genius from Weimar." Warsaw, 1932); “Leo Tolstoy, sod no fun Yasnaya Polyana” (“Leo Tolstoy - the prophet from Yasnaya Polyana.” Warsaw, 1934). He died in the ghetto.
FREYDKIN Mark Iehielievich (b. 1953, Moscow), publisher, translator. Founder and hands. publishing house "Carte Blanche", the first non-commercial salon shop in Russia. literature "October 19" (1992) - one of the centers of modern. Russian culture. Author of prose. manuf. "Chapters from the Book of Life" (ed. 1990, one of the chapters - "Notes of a Jew Loader"), written in witty exaggerated intellectual jargon. The author is poetical. per. from English (Ben Johnson, C. Lam, Ezra Pound, "The Book of Nonsense" by Edward Lear) and fr. (Chenier, S. Mallarmé, J. Brassens) languages.
FREYDLIN Mark Iosifovich (b. 1938, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1970). Graduated from Moscow State University (1959). He worked there (since 1962). Since 1987 - in the USA, at Maryland University. Main work - on the theory of probability and differential. Partial Differential Equations, Works: Fluctuations in Dynamical Systems under the Action of Small Random Perturbations. M., 1979 (co-authored with A.D. Ventzel).
FREIDLIN Solomon Yakovlevich (1903, Kursk - 1980, Leningrad), traumatologist, health care organizer. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). In 1925 he graduated from honey. Faculty of North Caucasian University in Rostov-on-Don. In 1925–27 - in the Red Army, military. doctor. In 1927–31, a resident surgeon. department of the hospital. VK Slutskaya, in 1932–41 head. organizational and methodical. dep. and chapters. Doctor of the Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (Leningrad). In 1941–44 the beginning. one of the evacuation hospitals in Leningrad. In 1944–80, assistant, head. Department of Health Organization 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that. Sci. tr. F. dedicated question org-tion of work of mountains. hospitals and clinics, the problems of injuries in the industry. Leningrad was organized on F.'s initiative. scientific. society of social hygienists and healthcare organizers. Member reign of Vseros. Society of Traumatologists-Orthopedists. Vol .: Organization of Traumatology. help in cities. L., 1947; Traumatism prevention and organization of traumatology. help. L., 1956; Organization of the work of the city hospital inpatient L., 1960; A course of lectures on healthcare organization. L., 1963.
FREYDLINA Rakhil Khatskelevna (1906, Samoteevichi Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1986, Moscow), organic chemist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1930–34 - at the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides, in 1935–39 and 1941–45 - at the Institute of Organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1939–41 - at MITHT. Since 1954 - in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main work dedicated. synthesis and research. structure and properties of organoelement. connections, the study of issues. telomerization and isomerization. In 1935–45 she developed a number of methods for the synthesis of organic compounds. compounds of mercury, lead, antimony. In 1940–45, she discovered (with AN Nesmeyanov) the dual reactivity of alkyl- and alkenylmercurichalides that do not belong to tautomeric systems; in 1954-60 she conducted a research. in the region. radical telomerization, resulting in the development of methods for the synthesis of active alpha- and omega-chloroalkanes, based on. to-rykh were obtained products used in the production of fiber-forming polymers, plasticizers and solvents. State pr. USSR (1986). Cit .: Synthetic. methods in the region. organometallic arsenic compounds. M. - L., 1945; Radical telomerization. M., 1988 (co-authored with F.K. Velichko and S.S. Zlotsky).
FREUDUS Avraham-Shlomo (1867, Riga - 1923, New York), bibliographer. Since 1889 - in the USA. From 1897 he headed the Jewish department. New York Public Library. Compiled a catalog of anti-Semitic literature, a bibliography of Amer. Jewish periodicals.
FREYDZON Maya Grigorievna (b. 1936, Kharkov), checker player. Master of Sports (1961). Champion of the USSR in Russian checkers (1961). Bronze. medalist of the USSR Championship (1962).
FREIFELD Elena Iosifovna (1888, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1960, Moscow), pathologist, hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1936). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Zurich University (1909). In 1911 she returned to Russia. In 1911-14 - at the Institute of. Ehrlich in Kharkov, in 1914–16 a dissector at the All Sorrows Hospital in Petrograd, in 1922–23 at the Institute of Skin Tuberculosis in Moscow, in 1923–40 at the Institute of Occupational Diseases, in 1940–55 ... pathohistological. separate children. hospitals them. Rusakova. Studied professional pathology and pathology of hematopoiesis. Naib. Izv. Tr .: "Hematology" (Moscow, 1927–47, 4th ed.).
FREIFELD Lev Vladimirovich (Leiba Vulfovich) (1863, Artelnoe of Yekaterinoslav province - 1939, Moscow), a member of the revolutionary movement. In the beginning. 1880s joined the "Narodnaya Volya", led the roar. propaganda in Mariupol, Poltava, Kharkov. Later, as a student of honey. Faculty of Kharkov University, headed the local Narodnaya Volya. org-tion. In March 1889 he was arrested, in 1890 in the case of S.M. Ginsburg he was sentenced to death, commuted to 10 years in hard labor (he served in the Akatuiskaya and Gorno-Zerentuiskaya convict prisons in Transbaikalia). From 1904 - in Odessa, joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, led the roar. work in the South of Russia, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1907, authorized by the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the Urals, in 1909–10 he led the revolt. work in Ukraine, St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities. Since 1911 - in Switzerland, in 1914 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Bern, participated in the activities of foreign. center of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, later from polit. activity has moved away. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, author of rec. about roar. movement of the 1880s. in Russia, Vol. organizations con. 80s - In the book: People's Will of the 80s and 90s. M., 1929; In the Akatuya mountains. M., 1930.
FREYKIN Zakhar Grigorievich (1904, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Geographer. Cand. geogr. Sciences (1952). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924) and economic-geogr. branch Center. Institute for Advanced Training of Personnel NR. education (1931). In 1931–41 he worked in the system of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, one of the organizers of journals. "Geography at school". 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–70 scientific. sotr. Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. tr. on the problems of deserts and semi-deserts, on the geography of the republics Wed. Asia.
FREILICH Yehezkel (1905, Island of Lomzhinsk province - 1955, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Argentina. He studied at Syracuse University. Graduated from New York University. He taught in Jewish schools, was involved in the organization of Jewish school education. First production - an essay about Sh. Ashe - publ. in the Chicago magazine. in 1939. He wrote in Yiddish, English. lang. In New York, the books were published: "Wiederklangen" ("Echoes". Stories, 1948), "Iosef Opatoshus shafungs-veg" ("The creative path of Joseph Opatoshu", 1955).
FREILIKH Semyon Izrailevich (b. 1920, Uman, Kiev province), film critic, critic, playwright. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1974). Graduated from IFLI (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. The first works on cinema problems publ. in 1946. Lit. sotr. gas. "Sov. Latvia "in Riga (1946), ed. to / st them. M. Gorky in Moscow (1946–48). In 1948–54 he was engaged in scientific research. and teach. work at VGIK, collaborated in the journal. The Art of Cinema (1951–54). Responsible ed. yearly. "Questions of Cinematography" (1957–70). He taught at the Academy of Societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1971-80), at the Higher. scenario courses. Tr. on theory, history of cinema: "The Art of the Film Director" (1954), "Films and Years" (1964), "Theory of Cinema. From Eisenstein to Tarkovsky "(1992) and others. Scriptwriter:" The sun shines for everyone "(1959)," Birds over the city "(1974)," Hourglass "(1984)," Mikhail Romm "(1985), etc. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1980). State pr. USSR (1987).
FREILIKH S. (ps. Litman-Geltman) (1898, Mezhirich of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. - 1946, Buenos Aires), writer, playwright. Since 1924 - in Argentina. He worked in gas. "Di press". He was engaged in public education. activities. Plays by F. "Akht in suke" ("Eight in a hut"), "Baal-Shem-Tov", "Rambam" and others were staged in Jewish theaters. The author of plays, stories: "Fun zeydns kval" ("From grandfather's source." Four plays. Buenos Aires, 1927), "Fun ale zibn zahn" ("Of all seven things", ibid., 1933), velt "(" The Light World ". Children's Tales, ibid., 1935)," Maiselekh "(" Fairy Tales ". Warsaw, 1936)," Feter Simhes Spaseraen "(" Uncle Simcha's Jokes ". Buenos Aires, 1936), "Forstelungen" ("Performances". Warsaw, 1937), "Eretz Yisroel in 1937" ("Eretz Israel in 1937". Travel notes. Buenos Aires, 1938), "Maine Gelden" ("My Heroes". Short stories and scenes for children, ibid., 1944), "Kinder" ("Children". Selected works, vol. 1, ibid., 1947).
FREYMAN Alexander Arnoldovich (1879, Warsaw - 1968, Leningrad), philologist, orientalist. Prof. (1927), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1928), Doctor of Linguistics (1938). He graduated from the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-that (1903), in 1904–06 he studied in Germany. In 1917-50 he taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-those, in 1918–20 - in the Near East. in-those, in 1920–23 - at MIV. In 1923-29 he worked at the Research Institute of the History of Languages ​​and Literature of the West and the East. Since 1934 scientific. sotr., in 1946-56 head. Iranian Cabinet of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Party and hands. lexicographic. exp. (1925, 1926, 1929), exp. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR (1933–36). Ch.-c. Iranian Academy of Sciences (1944), hon. h. Polish., DE., Amer. orientalist. about-in. Author of works on Iranian philology. Honored. scientist of the Tajik SSR (1949).
FREYMAN Archibald-Yaakov (1880, Virbalishki Vilkomirsky u. Kovno province - 1944, Canada), public figure, entrepreneur. Since 1893 - in Canada. From 1902 - in Ottawa, opened his own company. In tech. pl. years headed the synagogue "Edad Yshurun", in 1920-44 prez. Zionist Organization of Canada. Son F. - Lawrence (b. 1900), entrepreneur, public figure. After the death of his father, he was twice elected President. Zionist Organization of Canada and its honor. prez. Deer. philharmonic. orc. Ottawa, Canadian Festival of Arts, nat. center of law in Ottawa. Member Board of Trustees Ying-ta Weizman (Rehovot, Israel).
FREYMAN Louis (Leizer) (1892, Ostropol Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1967, New York), writer, playwright. From 1907 - in Brazil. One of the founders of the theater. circle in Yiddish in San Luis, where he staged the first plays. As a writer he made his debut in gas. "Di Yiddish Presse": in 1910 he published short stories, essays. Was printed in gas. "Chicago Courier". From 1919 he wrote approx. 100 pieces decomp. genres, to-rye were staged in Jewish t-ts. He published in Warsaw the melodramas Tsipke Fire (Tsipka Fire, 1925) and Der Blinder Moler (The Blind Artist, 1927).
FREZ Ilya Abramovich (1909, Roslavl, Smolensk province. - 1994, Moscow), film director. Since 1925, decorator of the Smolensk Mountains. t-ra, then a turner and milling machine operator at the plants of Leningrad. In 1935 he graduated from dir. Faculty of Leningrad theater. in-that. At the same time. (since 1932), worked at the Lenfilm cinema as an assistant and assistant. dir. Since 1943, dir. to / st "Soyuzdetfilm", in 1948–52 - to / st scientific and popular. f. in Kiev and Moscow. From 1953 dir. to / st them. Gorky. Debuted F. The Elephant and the Rope (1946). Staged the film: "First Grader" (1948), "Vasek Trubachev and His Comrades" (1955), "Trubachev's Detachment Fights" (1957), "The Unusual Journey of Mishka Strekachev" (1959), "Ryzhik" (1961), "I I loved you ”(1968, diploma of the Moscow City Fund for children and youth in Venice),“ The Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase ”(1971, the prize of the Moscow City Fund in Venice, the diploma of the Moscow City Fund in Tehran),“ Odd fellow from the fifth "B" and critics at the Ikf in Gijón, Spain), “We didn’t pass it” (1976, pr. MKF in Panama), “You never dreamed of” (1981), “Quarantine” (1983, Grand Prix “Golden Plateau” of the Ikf in Avellino, Italy, 1984), "Personal file of Judge Ivanova" (1986). Nar. art. USSR (1989). State pr. USSR (1974).
FRID Dov (1870, Moscow - 1966, Jerusalem), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1883 he published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz". After meeting I.-L. Peretz, he began to write in Yiddish. Main genre - short humorous. story. Reprinted in decomp. ed. in Yiddish and Russian. lang. He owned a silk-spinning factory, helped Jewish writers. He actively participated in the life of Moscow. Jewish community. In 1918–21 he was subjected to repression. In 1921–32 - in Lithuania, from 1933 - in E.-I. Founded in Jerusalem chemical. production. Author of the book: "A Sturmish Lebn" ("Stormy Life". Tel Aviv - Jerusalem, 1958), "Menchn un Zeitn" ("People and Times". Tel Aviv, 1963).
FRID Grigory Samuilovich (b. 1915, Petrograd), composer, musical and public figure, teacher. Rod. in a family of musicians. In 1939 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions by V.Ya.Shebalin. In 1938, together with IA Shteiman (1912–43, died at the front) was in the folklore exp. in the Far North (Yamal). In 1939–45 - in the army. In 1948 he graduated from graduate school at Moscow. cons. In 1947–62 he led the class. compositions in muses. uch-shche at the cons. Among the students - A.K. Vustin, G.I.Gladkov, B.I.Tobis, A.I. Rabinovich and others. F. - one of the organizers and head of created in 1965 Moscow. youth muses. club. Among the works: mono-operas - "Anne Frank's Diary" (1969, Moscow, post. 1985, Voronezh), "Van Gogh's Letters" (1975, Moscow); wok-chorus. cycle "Rainbow" (1963); wok-instructor cycle “Federico Garcia Lorca. Poetry "(1973); 3 symphony; a number of tools. concerts; wok. and chamber instruments. ans .; music for orc. Russian bunk bed instr-tov; music for children; music for performances mosk. t-ditch (over 30), to radio shows (about 30), c / f. From the end. 1960s began to paint. F.'s works were exhibited in Moscow. House of Composers, Gallery "Kovcheg", at an exhibition of Jewish artists in Lithuania, in Rus. gallery in Chicago (USA). Author of the book: "Music - Communication - Fates" (M., 1987), "Music! Music? Music ... and youth "(M., 1990)," To a dear wounded memory "(M., 1994). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1986).
FRID Isidore (1900 - 1961, USA), composer, conductor. Since the 1900s. - In the USA, he lived in Philadelphia, graduated from the conservatory there, improved in Germany and France. Written by orc. manuf .: symph. Rhapsodies "Pygmalion", symphonies, suites. He also wrote chamber instruments. and synagogue music.
FRID Olga Yulievna (b. 1923, Moscow), actress, teacher. Prof. (1991). In 1943 she entered the School-Studio. VI Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. After graduation, she worked at the Center. children t-re (1947–58). Among the roles of F.: Anna Stepanovna (“Two Captains” after V.A.Kaverin, 1948), Atamansha (“The Snow Queen” by E.L. Schwartz, 1948), Frau Shpet (“I want to go home” by S.V. Mikhalkov , 1949), Countess-granddaughter ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1951), Teacher ("Dimka-Invisible" by E.N. Korostylev and M.G. Lvovsky, 1955), etc. Since 1958 - to department of scenic speeches at the Studio School at the Moscow Art Theater. The author of a number of Art. on stage problems speech, including "On some features of teaching poetic speech", "Speech characteristics of the image", "On the role of speech characteristics in the process of reincarnation." In 1980, the WTO publishing house released F.'s disc "Work on a poetic text." Honored. cultural worker of the Russian Federation (1993).
FRID Oskar (1871, Berlin - 1941, Moscow), conductor, composer. In 1889 French horn player in orc. in Frankfurt am Main, where he took lessons in composition from E. Humperdinck, after 1898 - from K. Sharvenka in Berlin. One of the first op. F. - "Bacchic Song" - performed under the exercise. K. Muk, to-ry together with G. Mahler (friend and spiritual mentor of F.) in many ways contributed to the formation of F. - a conductor. From 1904 ch. conductor of the Stern Singing Union in Berlin, where he also directed the Society of Music Lovers, in 1905 - "New Concerts". Since 1907 conductor of the Society of Friends of Music, in 1908 - the Blutner Orc. In 1900-10 he performed in pl. cities of the world, including in Russia (1905). F. - the first foreign. conductor who visited Sov. Russia (1921). From 1934 - in the USSR, he worked as an opera conductor in Tbilisi, then in Moscow was led by an orc. Radio Committee. Under control. F. were performed all symphony. L. van Beethoven (1931–32), Mahler. The first performer of some op. F. Busoni, I. F. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg, 3rd symph. A.N. Skryabin (Berlin, 1909). Author orc., Chorus., Voc.-instructor. manuf. and songs.
FRID Samuil Borisovich (1884, Priluki, Poltava province - 1962, Leningrad), musical and public figure, publicist. Graduated from Kiev muses. uch-shche by class. violins. He studied law. f-those of Kiev un-that, expelled for "unreliability". For participation in the roar. movement in 1905 was arrested and exiled to the Chernigov province. Since 1912, corr. gas. "Zvezda" and "Pravda", from 1918 he worked in music. section of the Kursk lips. dep. bunk bed education. In 1920-21 - lecturer conc. brigades. Accompanied by lectures performances of N.S. Blinder, the Quartet. Stradivarius and others, organized free concerts, studied music. education. The initiator of the creation in 1922 in Moscow zhurn. "Theater and Music". In 1927 he was arrested and was in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. During the 1941–45 war, he gave lectures in besieged Leningrad. The author of the book. "A.S.Dargomyzhsky" (foreword by Ts. Cui. St. Petersburg, 1913), "F. Chopin" (Kursk, 1919), art. about rus. music and rus. composers.
FRID Valery Semenovich (1922, Tomsk - 1998, Moscow), playwright. Studied at VGIK. In 1944, together with his school friend Yu.T. Dunsky, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. After the imprisonment, being in exile, F. and Dunsky from Inta sent A.Ya. Kapler the first script "The Case in Mine Eight" (f. Post. 1958). Graduated from VGIK (1957). Joint. with Dunsky wrote approx. 20 scenarios, according to which post. ph .: “Once upon a time there lived an old man with an old woman” (1965), “Two comrades were serving” (1968), “Burn, burn, my star” (with A.N. Mitta, 1970), “Old-old tale "(1970)," Red Square "(1970)," The Tale of How Tsar Peter Got Married "(with Mitta, 1976)," Crew "(with Mitta, with the participation of B. Urinovsky, 1980) , "Tale of Wanderings" (1983), etc., scripts for television, including for the first two ser. f. "Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson". Self-written scripts include Lost in Siberia (1992). Joint. with Dunsky wrote the story "The Best of the Best" (published in the magazine "Kinoscenarii", 1992, No. 3). Teaches at the Higher. scenario courses. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1976). Cit .: 581/2. The camp jerk notes. M., 1996.
FRIDBERG Avrom-Sholem (1838, Grodna - 1902, Warsaw), writer, publicist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1858 he taught the Hebrew language. in Grodno. First book. F. in other Hebrew. - processing of rum. ital. writer G. Agillar "Cedar Valley, or Martyr" (1876). After the pogroms in 1881 he joined the Palestinian movement. Published and edited (1883–86) gas. "Gamelitz". Author of feuilletons signed by "Gar Shalom". From 1886 - in Warsaw. Published in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Asif" and others. In 1888 he edited the Jewish encyclopedia "Ga-Eshkol". Until 1891 censor ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew. He worked in the publishing house "Ahi Asaf", in which the book was published. F. "Toldot ha-yehudim be Sfarad" ("History of the Jews in Spain", 1893). Into the gas. "Der Yud" in 1899-90 published a rep. about the Russian-Turkish war. The first volume of the Hebrew textbook was published in 1902. Collaborated annually. N. Sokolova.
FRIDBERG Isaak Shaevich (b. 1947, Vilnius), writer, film director, playwright. Creative started in 1962 in Nar. Jewish theater of Vilnius, participated in the reconstruction of S.M. Mikhoels' play "Freilekhs" ("Nikolaevsky Soldier"), played Leib Rafalovich in the play "Wandering Stars" based on Sholem Aleichem. In 1970 he began to publish in periodicals. ed. Graduated from Kaunas Polytechnic in 1969. in-t. In 1969–71 he was a radio engineer, in 1971–73 he was in the army. In 1981 he graduated from the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. Goskino of the USSR (workshop of E.A. Ryazanov). As a screenwriter, he participated in the creation. artist ph .: "Nest in the wind" (main prize of the festival of debuts in Karlovy Vary, 1978), "Wish me bad weather" (1978), "Forest violets" (1979), as well as doc. f. - winners of Vses. festivals: "We are men, mother" (1973), "I love the director" (1979). As dir. filmed according to his scripts artist. f .: "Collision" (1983), "Dear Edison!" (1986), "Walk on the scaffold" (1991), as well as the script by I. Ageev "Unsportsmanlike history" f. "Doll" (2 prizes of the Berlin Festival, 1989, main prize of the All-Union Sports Festival, 1990). Jewish themes are reflected in the prose of F .: sb. "Quiet Holidays" (1977), pov. "Here am I!" ("Friendship of Nations", 1996), in doc. f. “Artists of the Jewish Diaspora. Russia. XX century "(1992). In 1996–97 the author, artist. hands. and ch. dir. TV programs "An ax floats along the river ..." Works: Compromise. Vilnius, 1982; Arena. Vilnius, 1985.
FRIDENSTEIN Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1924, Kiev), histologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1967), ch. RAMS (1991). Graduated from the 1st MMI (1946). In 1950–58 ml. scientific. sotr., in 1958–61 Art. scientific. sotr., in 1961-90 head. lab., since 1990 hands. gr. at the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei in Moscow. At the same time. (since 1960) hands. course of cell biology and immunomorphology at the Department of Histology, Moscow State University. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. In experiments on heterotopic bone marrow transplantation, he established that the origin of its stromal cells does not depend on hematopoietic cells and in an adult organism, these two types of cells do not have common stem progenitors. Joint. with sotr. introduced into evolution. histology principles of evolution. morphology. Cit .: Induction of bone tissue and osteogenic progenitor cells. M., 1973 (et al.); Cellular bases of the hematopoietic microenvironment. M., 1980 (et al.).
FRIEDHEIM Arthur (1869, Petersburg - 1932, New York), pianist, composer, conductor. Graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. Was engaged in FP. from A.G. Rubinstein, later from F.List (he was his secretary). He directed the theater. and opera. orc. in Germany. In 1889-1904 he taught a class of php. at the Royal Muses. college in Manchester. Since 1914 - in the USA. He gave concerts and taught. Since 1921 - in Canada, prof. Moose. academy in Toronto. Author of 5 operas, 2 fp. concerts. Published all the productions. F. Chopin for fp., Made several. arrangements for php. manuf. Leaf.
FRIDKIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1929, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–53, engineer. at the plant, in 1953–59 - at the Research Institute "Polygraphmash". Since 1959 - at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Ch. scientific. sotr. At the same time. taught (1962–68) at Rostov University, where he created the department of semiconductors. Region scientific. interests - physics tv. body, the study of photographic. processes. Under the arm. F. developed a new direction - the creation of photosensitivity. and photorefractive materials based on ferroelectric. polymers. Head of scientific. schools. Author approx. 300 scientific. Art. and 7 monographs. Vol .: Photo ferroelectrics. M., 1979; Photovoltaic effect in environments without a center of symmetry, related phenomena. M., 1992 (et al.).
FRIDLAND Lev Semenovich (1888, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Region - 1960, Leningrad), doctor, writer. Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Donskoy University. First book. “Behind a closed door. Notes of a venereologist "(L., 1927) was banned in the 1930s. In the 1920s and 30s. published in decomp. periodic. ed. 1941–45 - at the front. In the 1950s. published essays and stories in honey. topics in the journal. "Star" and "October". Cit .: Nine months. L., 1928; Something that shouldn't be. Doctor's notes on sexual suffering. L., 1928; Six points. L., 1933; On the roads of science. M., 1951; Page of one life. L., 1957; Behind a closed door. Rostov-on-Don, 1991.
FRIDLAND Mikhail Osipovich (1888, Astrakhan - 1967, Moscow), orthopedic traumatologist. Doctor of Medicine (1921), prof. (1924). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1911). Trained in clinics in Vienna and Berlin. Member of the 1st world. war, military doctor. Since 1920 head. Department of Orthopedics of the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in Kazan. In 1937-53 the head. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics TsIUVa. In 1940 - one of the organizers and the first director. Centre. in-that prosthetics and prosthetics Min-va social. provision of the RSFSR. Sci. tr. F. dedicated problems of general surgery, traumatology, orthopedics, bone tuberculosis. He developed original methods of arthrodesis of the shoulder and ankle joints, surgery for the habitual dislocation of the patella and shoulder, the method of alcohol-novocaine blockade for decomp. diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, art method. decalcification of bones in the treatment of chronic. osteomyelitis, so-called. podometric method of research. elastic vibrations of the arch of the foot. Author of funds. manuals "Orthopedics", et al. multivolume manuals on surgery, traumatology and orthopedics. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1945) Vol .: Private orthopedics. Kazan, 1932; Purulent osteomyelitis (hematogenous and gunshot). M., 1946; Orthopedics. 5th ed. M., 1954.
FRIDLAND Zvi (1898, Malin Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1967, Tel Aviv), actor, theatrical figure. He graduated from the School of Drama and Diction in Kharkov, from 1920 he worked at the "Habima" theater in Moscow, from 1928 - at E.-I. Deer. and producer approx. 50 performances, post. in "Habim". He taught acting.
FRIDLAND Vladimir Markovich (1919 - 1983, Moscow), geographer and soil scientist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1961), prof. (1968). Graduated from the Geological and Soil Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1964-70 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. of soil geography Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1970 head. dep. genesis, geography and classification of soils of the Soil Institute named after V.V. Dokuchaeva. Theorist and methodologist, specialist in soils of the south. and forge. countries. Author of the theory of the structure of the soil cover.
FREDLENDER Georgy Mikhailovich (1915, Kiev - 1995, Petersburg), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1962), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1937). He taught at the institutes of Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Leningrad. Since 1955 - at the IRLI (Pushkin House) in Leningrad. He was engaged in aesthetics, theory of realism, classical history. literature (works of G.E. Lessing. A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, V.G.Belinsky, G.I.Uspensky, etc.). Since 1967 supervised (deputy chief editor) the preparation for publishing. academic. Coll. op. F.M.Dostoevsky (in 30 volumes), "Chronicles of the life and work of Dostoevsky" (in 3 volumes). Prepared by academician. ed. Coll. op. Gogol, Belinsky, Uspensky. State pr. USSR (1983). Cit .: Lessing. Sketch of creativity. M., 1957; Dostoevsky in the movement of time. L., 1983; Dostoevsky and World Literature. L., 1985.
FREDLENDER Israel (1876, Kovna - 1920), Semitologist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1895-1900 he studied the Semitic languages. in Berlin un-those, at the same time. attended the Higher. rabbinical school. Means. F.'s views were influenced by his acquaintance with the works of S.M. Dubnov and Ahad ha-Ama (later he translated them into German and English). In 1900–01 he continued his studies at Strasbourg University. In 1901–04, he taught there a course in Semitic languages, published “Arabic-German. Dictionary of the Use of Maimonides ”(1902). From 1904 - in the USA, he taught at the Jewish Theological. seminar (New York) and at Dropsy College (Philadelphia). F.'s lectures on Jewish-Arab problems. culture publ. in the journal. "Jewish Quarterly Review" (1910-13). Author of monograph. research "The idea of ​​a messiah in Islam" (1903), "Abdullah ibn Saba - the founder of Shiism and its Jewish origin" (1909), "Heretic. views of the Shiites in the view of Ibn Hazm "(1909) and others. Problems grew. Jewry dedicated. essay "Dubnov's Theory of Jewish Nationalism" (1905), Vol. “Jews of Russia and Poland. Review of history and culture "(1915)," Past and present. Collection of Jewish essays "(1919), etc. F. - one of the creators and the first before. New York Bureau of Jewish Education, Member. Nat. will execute. Committee of the Federation of Amer. Zionists. In 1919 he took part in the work of the United Order. to-that to assist the Jewish communities of East. Europe affected in the years of the 1st world. war, for this purpose he visited Poland, west. regions of Russia. In July 1920, together with Amer. Rabbi B. Kantor was captured by bandits in Ukraine and killed.
FRIDLIN Semyon Davidovich (b. 1909, Kremenchug, Poltava province), architect. In 1932 he graduated from Dnepropetrovsk engineer-constructor. in-t. Laureate of 6 competitions, author of 18 built objects. Main works: residential buildings in Dnepropetrovsk (1940s), music. dram. t-r in Zaporozhye (1952), conc. hall in Chernivtsi (1950s), music and drama. t-r in Chernigov (1958), center. collective farm market in Kiev (1959). Honored. arch. MSSR (1974).
FRIDLYAND Grigory (Tsvi) Samoilovich (1896, Minsk - 1937, Moscow), historian, politician. Dr. East Sciences, prof. Member Feb. and Oct. rev-tion 1917, Cit. war. He studied law. f-those Petrograd. psychoneurological. in-that. Member CEC Poalei Zion, representative of Poalei Zion in Petrograd. Council of the slave. and a soldier. dep. (1917). Member CEC of the Councils of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. socialist owls. republics (1919). From 1921 he studied in Moscow at the Ying-those red professors. He taught history at the Academy of the General Staff, at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, Ying-those of the peoples of the West; Dean of the Jewish Branch at the 2nd Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1925 - one of the founders of the Society of Marxist Historians under the Communist. academy, member. prez. Council of the Society, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Historian-Marxist". Sec. French sections of I-that Marx and Engels. One of the ed. TSB. In 1929, member. Directorate of the Institute of History Communist. academy. Since 1934, the dean is. Faculty of Moscow State University. Arrested in 1936. Author pl. Art., book., uch. manuals, including: "Marat before the Great French Revolution" (M., 1926), "Jean-Paul Marat and the Civil War of the 18th century." (Moscow - Leningrad, 1934), “Danton” (ibid., 1934, reprinted in 1965), “History of Western Europe, 1789–1923” (Moscow, 1926), “Europe in the era of the industrial revolution. 1789-1870 "(Kharkov, 1931)," Europe and the North American States of the era of industrial capitalism "(ibid., 1931), art. "Anti-Semitism" (TSB, vol. 4), the Yiddish textbook "History of the rev. movement in Zap. Europe. 1789-1923 "(co-authored with A.-I. Slutsky).
FRIDLAND Chaim-Avrom (1891, Vileisky town near Vilna province - 1939, Cleveland, USA), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1906 - in the USA. He graduated from yeshiva and ped. Faculty of Columbia University. In 1910 he founded the first wives. a Hebrew-taught school in New York. Since 1920 - in Cleveland. Lit. activity began with the publication of poems in Yiddish in gas. Forverts (1907). In the period. ed. printed poems, stories, Art. on the problems of culture, pedagogy. In Cleveland, the following books were published: "Sipurim" ("Stories", 1939), "Sonnets" (in 2 volumes, 1939), "Shirim" ("Poems", 1940), "Dovidl" ("Davidka", 1944) ...
FRIDLYAND Semyon Osipovich (1905, Kiev - 1964, Moscow), photojournalist. M.E. Koltsov's cousin, B.E. Efimov. Since 1925 the photographer. zhurn. "Ogonyok". In 1928 - 1st Ave. at the exhibition “Ten Years of Owls. photos". In 1932 he graduated from VGIK. In the 1930s – 60s. collaborated in gas. Pravda, zhurn. "Ogonyok", "USSR at a Construction Site". Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Sov. a photo". The author of Art. and uch. textbooks on the theory and practice of photojournalism.
FRIDLYANDER Joseph Naumovich (1913, Andijan, Fergana region - 2009, Moscow), metal expert. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. Since 1937 in Vses. in-those aviats. materials, beginning. lab. Main research belong to the region. studying the properties of light alloys. He established the patterns of change in mechanical, corrosion, technol. properties of alum. and beryllium alloys, developed the theory of their aging. He developed ingot rolling (1943), created alloys of various properties and purposes. In 1944 he received high-strength aluminum. alloy B95, in 1956 - alloy B96, in which for the first time in the world. In practice, instead of manganese and chromium, zirconium was introduced, in 1970 - the alloy V96Ts3. In the 1960s. supervised the research. triple alum. high-strength alloys of the aluminum-zinc-magnesium system. He proposed fundamentally new ways of doping aluminum. alloys. He headed the work on the creation of high-strength and high-modulus beryllium alloys and methods of their application. Developed ideas about the effect of coagulants. structure of alloys for their resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Became. pr. (1949). Linen. pr. (1963) Vol .: High-strength and deformable aluminum. alloys. M., 1960; Alum. wrought structural alloys. M., 1979; Alum. duralumin type alloys. 2nd ed. M., 1981.
FRIDMAN Alexander-Zusha (1897, Sochachev, Warsaw province - 1943, Ponyatov, Poland), publicist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. was involved in the organization of Jewish school education in Poland. Author of art., Stories, poetry. manuf. in Hebrew, Yiddish in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1931 he published the beginning of his work The Role of Yiddish in Hasidism. In 1930–39, 5 volumes were published. F. "Der Toire-kval" ("Source of the Torah") - collection. aphorisms of TANAKH, supplied with comments. Jewish Scientists (in 1957 published in Jerusalem in translation into Hebrew). Author pl. works on issues. Jewish tradition. Published textbooks for Jewish schools. In the Warsaw ghetto, he led an underground network of religions. education. Captured in the last days of the ghetto uprising, deported to a camp.
FRIDMAN Alexander Alexandrovich (1866, Petersburg - 1908, ibid.), Ballet dancer, composer, conductor. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. (in the class of composition theory by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov in 1889, in class fp. in 1891). In 1884, after graduating from the ballet department of St. Petersburg. theater. uch-schcha - to the ball. troupe of the Mariinsky Theater: dancer of the corps de ballet. From 1893 an accompanist, in 1896-1902 the leading artist of the corps de ballet. Since 1897 Kapellmeister of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, toured with the orchestra in Russia and abroad. The author of the music for the one-act bal: "Cupid's Pranks" (1890) and "Festival of Boatmen" (1894). F.'s son - Alexander (1888, Petersburg - 1925, ibid.), Mathematician, geophysicist. Prof. (1918). In 1906 joint. with Ya.D. Tamarkin wrote a work on number theory, publ. in Matematische Annalen. The founder will lie. cosmology: in 1922–24 came to the conclusion about the expansion of the Universe on the basis of A. Einstein's equations of gravitation. One of the creators will lie. the theory of turbulence and schools of dynamic. meteorology in the USSR. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1931).
FRIDMAN Alexey Maksimovich (b. 1940, Moscow), astrophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973), prof. (1976), ch. RAS (1994). [Son of Maksim Efimovich F. - surgeon, Dr. med. sciences, prof., arrested in 1952 in the "case of doctors"; in the 1950s – 80s. head Department of Hospital Surgery Kirg. honey. in-ta]. In 1961 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Novosibirsk University. Since 1966 - at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time. in Novosibirsk un-those at the department of theoretical. physics. On Feb. 1968 signed a letter of protest against the closed trial in the case of A.I. Ginzburg and others. lab. dynamics of space. plasma of the Siberian Institute of magnetism, ionosphere and radio wave propagation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk), simultaneously. headed the Department of Cosmophysics at Irkutsk University. Since 1979 - in Astronomich. Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 head. dep. physics of stellar and planetary systems, simultaneously. prof. MIPT, then prof. Moscow State University. Specialist in the region. astrophysics and plasma physics, by St. 160 scientific. works, including 8 monographs. reviews and 3 monographs. (two-volume "Physics of Gravitating Systems, published in 1984 in the USA). Created scientific. school on the physics of gravitating systems (stellar, planetary, near-planetary). State pr. USSR (1989).
FRIDMAN Aron (1855, Shaki, Suwalki province - 1936, Berlin), cantor, musicologist. In 1882–1923 he was a cantor at the Old Synagogue in Berlin. The author of the research. in the region. cantor's art. In Berlin ed. book F .: “Synagogue Singing” (1901), “Biographies of Famous Cantors” (in 3 volumes, 1918–28), memoirs “50 Years in Berlin. 1878-1928 "(1929).
FRIDMAN Benzion (1893, Byalo Ravsky near Petrokovskaya Gubernia -?, Paris), writer. Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1923 - in France. The first humorous. story "Di the emigrant" publ. in Warsaw (1919) weekly. "Di Vise". In Paris he published poetry, stories, art. in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1946 in Paris he published the books: "Arum Drancy" ("Around Drancy"), "In der parizer Yidischer meluhe" ("In the Jewish state in Paris").
FRIDMAN Daniil Fedorovich (1887, Odessa - 1950, Moscow), architect. Prof. Graduated from architect. department of the Odessa artist. uch-schA, architect. f-t MUZHVZ (1915). In student. years - pom. at diff. architect, participated in the Moscow competitions. architect. about-va, received a number of awards. In 1923-30 he worked in Tashkent, Moscow on the design and construction of a slave. villages. Since 1930 he headed the 5th Architectural and Design Workshop of the Moscow City Council. Put forward a number of scientific. proposals for low-rise. line, including on the use of soil blocks, which are widespread. The author of two monographs. about low-rise. p-ve. In 1941–45, Ch. arch. Omsk, member. Technical commissions research People's Commissariat of the USSR. After 1945 - in the Office of Architecture under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From 1927 he taught at VKHUTEIN, MARCHI. Main works in Moscow: residential buildings on Leningrad. sh. (1925–26), the lobby of the Dzerzhinskaya metro station (1935), the metro electrical substation at ul. Herzen (1935), reconstruction of Kotelnicheskaya emb. and nab. them. M. Gorky (1938–39).
FRIDMAN David-Arie (1889 - 1957), physician. He studied medicine at Moscow. un-those. From 1925 - in E.-I., where he practiced as an ophthalmologist. Author pl. Art. in the press in Hebrew on medicine, literature and art, most of which were published by posm. in 2 volumes in the collection Iyunei Shira (1964) and Iyunei Prose (1966). Ed. "Ein ga-Kore" (1923), since 1929 - journal. honey. Association "Ha-Refua".
FRIEDMAN Dovid (1814 - after 1912), rabbi. Rabbi in Karlin. In 1910, hon. prev. Congress of rabbis in Vilna. The author of the book. on questions religious legislation, including "Aiskei Galakhot" (Warsaw, 1898-1901).
FRIDMAN Emmanuil Iosifovich (1899, Kiev - 1959, Leningrad), pediatrician. Prof. (1938), Dr. med. Sciences (1940). Pupil of E.L. Sklovsky. After graduating from Kiev honey. Institute (1922) worked as a pediatrician in Kiev. Since 1925 - in Leningrad in the clinic of pathology of infancy Scientific and practical. in-that protection of motherhood and infancy. In 1941–45 in Leningrad, he headed the department of faculty pediatrics. In 1945-51 the head. department of improvement of children. doctors Leningrad. pediatrician honey. in-that and simultaneously. head dep. prevention and therapy children. diseases Leningrad. n.-i. pediatrician Institute (LNIPI). In 1952-54 the head. Department of Pediatrics, Novosibirsk med. in-that, in 1955 he returned to Leningrad Scientific and Research Institute. Sci. tr. dedicated problems children. nephrology, malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in children (including the study period of the blockade), toxic. dyspepsia. Developed a differential diagnosis of dysentery and toxic. dyspepsia, proposed the classification of pyuria in children, expanded the indications for conservative treatment of pyloric stenosis. Son F. - Alexander (b. 1930, Leningrad), pediatrician. Grandson of E.L. Sklovsky. Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1954). In 1973 he organized and headed the first department of children in Leningrad. nephrology in children. mountains. hospital number 2. Since 1977 head. nephrological separate in children. mountains. hospital number 1.
FRIDMAN Gershon (1892, Minsk - 1962, ibid.), Translator. Until 1919, members Bund. He worked in Minsk gas. Der Veker (1917–18), October. Published art., Per. from Russian, Belarusian. lang. into Yiddish, including translated Pov. VK Arsenyev "Dersu Uzala". In 1937 he was repressed. In 1951 he was released.
FRIDMAN I. (? -?), Translator, philologist. In the 1930s. translator to Belarus. state publishing house in Minsk. Published the lane. manuf. artist literature from rus. and other languages. to Yiddish in gas. "Der emes", "October", other periodicals. ed. Translated rum. isp. writer R.H. Sender "Magnet" (Minsk, 1935), VG Lidin "Great or Quiet" (ibid., 1936) and others. Mn. translations publ. anonymously. Art. on the problems of philology were published in the journal. "Di dig Velt", "Afn Sprachfront".
FRIDMAN Iosif Solomonovich (b. 1912, Vilna), acrobat, director, teacher, writer. In 1933 he graduated from the Circus College. lawsuit. He performed in acrobatics. room under the common ps. Volman, together with the brothers N.A. and V.A. Volzhansky. Demonstrated complex vaulting tricks. In 1937 he switched to acrobatics. ans. Centre. the house of culture of railway workers, where he acted as a comedian-acrobat and together with M. Ryabov conducted the program "Merry Porters". In 1953 he returned to the circus. Since 1967 - in "Soyuzgoscirk" - Art. acrobatic inspector genres, then prep. and dir. in GUTSEI. Author of a number of circus. and pop reprises, stories and essays about the masters of the arena. In 1993 he released the book in Moscow. (jointly with S.Ya. Kurepov) “Those who crossed the barrier”.
FRIDMAN Leonid Abramovich (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist, historian, economist. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–55 he worked in the Ryazan region. ethnographer. museum, in 1956-59 - in the Vses. state b-ke foreign literature, in 1956–58 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1967 - in the Institute of Intern. slave. movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), simultaneously. from 1960 to teach. work in Ying-those countries of Asia and Africa at Moscow State University. Since 1991 prof. University of Maryland (USA). The author of St. 80 scientific. works on history and social. structure of the countries of Asia and Africa (predominantly Egypt and other Arab. countries). Cit .: Capitalist development of Egypt (1882-1939). M., 1963; Sierra Leone. M., 1964 (co-authored with L.N. Pribytkov); Egypt. 1882-1952. Socio-economic structure of the village. M., 1973.
FRIDMAN Leib (b. 1911, Mezhireche Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province.), Playwright. He graduated from high school, Higher. bargain. school in Warsaw, postgraduate study at the IVO in Vilno. Published Art. into gas. "Wilner Tog", "IVO-Bleter". In 1939–46 - in the USSR, in 1946–47 - in Poland. Since 1947 - in Australia. In 1948–49 he edited the gas. "Di Yiddish Post", was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. The author of the book: “Dos lebn fun di idn in Mezrich unter der daicher occupation un zaer umkum” (“Life and death of Jews during the German occupation in Mezhirech.” New York, 1947), “Madame Adler” (Melbourne, 1966; ave. World Congress of Jewish Culture).
FRIDMAN Mikhail Maratovich (b. 1964, Moscow), financier. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Designer at the Electrostal plant. In 1988–91, he headed Alfa-Photo, Alfa-Eco, Alfa-Capital. From 1991 to. of the Board of Directors of Alfa-Bank and gr. Alpha-Consortium. Since 1995, member. of the Board of Directors of CJSC Public Russian Television, since 1996, member. of the Board of Directors of Sidanko Oil Company JSC, Vice President of Ros. Jewish Congress.
FRIDMAN Naftal Markovich (1863, Iodz Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1921, Kaunas), lawyer, public and statesman. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1887), was engaged in advocacy in Ponevezh (assistant of attorney at law, from 1906 attorney at law), until 1904 was a vowel of Ponevezhskaya mountains. thoughts. In 1907, dep. 3rd State Duma from the Kovno province., Entered the cadet faction, worked in the commissions for the people's. education, religious, urban, etc., has repeatedly made speeches on different. aspects of Jewish societies. life (about the right to teach in Yiddish, about the abolition of the line of Jewish settlement, about the right to freely transfer from one religion to another, etc.). In 1912, dep. 4th State. Duma, where he also spoke repeatedly on the Jewish question. In 1915-17 he was an active member. EKOPO, systematically performed the duration. trips to the front. strip. Since 1918 - in Lithuania. Member Will establish. collections of the Republic of Lithuania.
FRIDMAN Nohem (1906, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1976, Birobidzhan), journalist, editor, poet. He taught at school. Graduated from the Jewish department of the 2nd Moscow State University. From the end. 1920s - in Birobidzhan. Prev communes, worked in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", in the region. radio committee. The first story "Di Schwarze Kase" ("Black Cash") publ. on Sat. Der Schloggler Got dos Wort (Kharkov, 1932). Published in the journal. "Jungvald", "Pioneer", gas. "Der emes", "Oktyaber" and others. In 1949 he was repressed. After his release in 1956, he resumed lit. Activities: wrote essays, edited, reviewed works. Birobidzhan writers and journalists. Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Poems published for the first time. in the 1970s.
FRIDMAN William Frederick (1891, Chisinau -?), Cryptanalyst. Colonel. Since 1893 - in the USA. He graduated from Cornell University (1915), where he specialized in genetics. Supervised the department of genetics in the lab. Riverbank (Geneva, Illinois), at the same time became interested in cryptography. From 1917 - in the army. In 1917-18 - in France, in the military. intelligence. In 1921-30 he worked in the Military. deputies in Washington. In 1930 he headed the military communications service. department and spec. ransomware training school. Repeatedly participated as an advisor in US delegations to the international. conf. by radio and telegraph communication. Author of textbooks on cryptography and cryptanalysis, monograph. tr. "Elements of cryptanalysis" (1924), "History of the use of codes and coded language" (1928), "Military. cryptanalysis "(1935–49), as well as tech. manuals "Method of reconstruction of the primary alphabet from the first character of the series of the secondary alphabet" (1917), "Introduction to the methods of disclosing ciphers" (1918), "Certain machine ciphers and methods for their solution" (1918) and many others. others. Invented a number of cryptographic. apparatus and instruments.
FRIDMAN Vitalia Semyonovna (b. 1916, Petrograd), director, teacher. In 1941 she graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–42 - at the Institute of Experimental. medicine price Sverdlovsk. In 1943–48 she studied at dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of Prof. N.M. Gorchakov). In 1949–86, Ch. dir. Moscow region Youth Theater. Put St. 100 performances, including musical. Mn. worked in the musical genre. Among the post. F .: "Cranes feathers" (Dzyunji Kinosity, 1967), "Great opposition" (L.A. Kassilya, 1969), "Word about Igor's regiment" (according to Russian epics, 1970), "Silver smithy" (after O O. Drizu, 1971), “The Story of a Soldier” (original play and music by I. Stravinsky, 1979), the musicals “Uncle Styopa” (after S. V. Mikhalkov) and “We Play the Prince and the Pauper” (after M. . Twain, both - 1980), "The Seagull" (A.P. Chekhova, 1981), "The Suffering of Young Werther" (after I.-V. Goethe, 1983). Carried out the post. on Vses. radio, including "Past and Thoughts" (after A.I. Herzen). She taught at Moscow. in-those cultures. In 1988 she created the first private theater for the fairy tale "Pilgrim", where she staged a number of performances. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968).
FRIDMAN Yakov Borisovich (1911 - 1968, Moscow), specialist in the field of strength of materials. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1941), prof. (1947). Externally graduated (1932) Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold, at the same time. worked at TsAGI, then at the All-Russian Aviation Research Institute. materials (Moscow), head. lab. physics of metals. Since 1947 - in Moscow. mechanical in-those (since 1953 MEPhI), head. Department of Strength of Materials. Under the arm. F. created methods for local assessment of the strength and plasticity of materials. Studied the structure of breaks. Investigated the destruction of materials depending on the kinetic. areas of their operation. Became. pr. (1947) Vol .: Deformation and destruction of metals under static and shock loads. M., 1946; Mechanical properties of metals. 2nd ed. M., 1952.
FRIDZON Rozalia Zakharovna (1903, Litvinovo, Polotsk u. Vitebsk province. - 1976, Baranovichi, Brest region), a member of the partisan movement. Lieutenant fr. army (1944). In the 1920s and 30s. on the coms. and desks. work in the BSSR. In 1939–41 the head. Dzerzhinsk District Healthcare Department, Minsk Region, member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Health of the BSSR. In 1941, not having time to evacuate, she ended up in Minsk with someone else's documents. Since 1942, an infectious diseases nurse hospitals, member of the underground - connected. Since 1943, a liaison officer of the Rodina special group at the partisans. brigade them. P.K. Ponomarenko, hands. gr. connected. In 1943 she was arrested by the Gestapo in a safe house. In 1944 - in the concentration camp "Erouville" (France), member. underground wives. camp to-that, with the assistance of French. The resistance fled from the camp. Deputy com., com. wives partisas. detachment "Rodina", formed from 37 owls. women who, together with F., escaped from the camp. In 1944–45 sec. consular department Embassy of the USSR in France. In 1945 she returned to the USSR. Awarded by Poch. cross "Combatan volunteer" with Kr. star (1997, France).
FRIH-KHAR Isidor Grigorievich (1893, Kutais - 1978, Moscow), sculptor, applied artist. Member of the 1st world. war. In 1914, after being wounded at the front, he ended up in Samara, where he first participated in art. exhibition "10 sculptural portraits". In 1923–25 he taught modeling and drawing in orphanages in the Moscow region. A number of fictional portraits belong to this period: "Salavat Yulaev", "Sen Katayama" (tinted wood). In 1925–26 he made a portrait of SN Khalturin, a number of genre works. ("Uzbek", "Shagane", "Porter", etc.), began to study ceramics. production. In 1926 he participated in the creation of the ORS. In the 1930s. organized by the artist. lab. at Konakovsky ceramics. s-de (Kalinin region). In 1934–36, ch. artist s-yes. In the same years he created a number of genre sculptures - "Negro under a palm tree", "Old town" (faience), forms for replicating household items - teapots, jugs, breadbaskets. He created faience for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. panels, reliefs "Holiday in the Azerbaijani collective farm", "Stakhanovka cotton fields", fountain "Boy with pigeons". In the 1950s and 60s. executed crystal fountains, manuf. small plastic from glass ("Swans", "Geese"). In the end. 1960s created a computer. "My Uncle's Dream" (porcelain). Participated in the exhibitions "Artists of the RSFSR for 15 years", "15 years of the Red Army", in the World. exhibition in Paris (1937) and later in almost all all. and rep. exhibitions. The works of F.-H. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Ceramics in Kuskovo, the State Historical Museum in Moscow and others. artist RSFSR.
FREEMAN Abram (1890, Trostyanets of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1953, Zaporozhye), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He made his debut in 1917 verse. in Hebrew to gas. "Ha-Shiloah". Author of a number of works, including the novel "1919", dedicated to. pogroms and Jewish self-defense in Ukraine during the Civil years. war (1st part published in 1931 in Tel Aviv, 2nd in 1935 in the same place, 3rd in 1968, in the same place, 4th - not found). In 1934 he was arrested and soon released. In 1936–46 - in exile.
Freeman Moses (1859, Odessa - 1937, Philadelphia, USA), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. One of the supporters of the creation of Jewish agricultural. settlements in the United States. Since 1882 - in the USA. F.'s attempt to create a farm failed. He was engaged in small trade. handicraft work. In 1892 he published a weekly in Philadelphia. "Di Yiddish Press". The author of the book. The Fifty Years History of Jews in Philadelphia (1934), which became one of the sources for the study of Jewish immigration in the United States.
FRIMSHTEIN Mark Iosifovich (b. 1934, Shlisselburg, Leningrad Region), poet, composer, engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1968). In 1956 he graduated from MIIT. He worked on the electrification of the railway. of the Moscow-Irkutsk highway, participated in the design of the Kuibyshevskaya hydroelectric power station, the Aswan dam, the Serpukhov synchrotron. Since 1968 head. sector in GiprodorNII. Author of monograph. "Traffic control on highways" (jointly with A.P. Vasiliev). He expressed a number of hypotheses concerning the activity of the brain (Chemistry and Life, 1984–86). Awarded with diplomas for breeding aquarium fish. Author pl. songs, including on Jewish themes.
FRISHMAN David Saulovich (1865, Zgerzh of Lodzinsky u. Petrokiv province - 1922, Berlin), writer, poet. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from un-t in Breslau (1895). Since 1879 he wrote poetry in Hebrew, Yiddish, translated from it. lang. in Hebrew. The first story was published in the magazine. P. Smolenskin "Ga-Shahar" in 1878. In 1878–83 - in Germany. From 1883 - in Warsaw. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. He was the first to introduce the genres of feuilleton and short stories into Jewish literature. From 1888 he published poetry in Yiddish. At the same time F. entered on Sat. Sholem Aleichem "Yiddish Folks-Libraries" (Kiev). He translated a lot into Hebrew, Yiddish from Russian, English, German. and other languages, including the poem by J.G. Byron "Cain" (1900), F. Nietzsche "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" (1909), poems by A.S. Pushkin, tales of H.-K. Andersen and others. Edited works. Jewish writers, published lit. collection. In 1917 in Moscow he edited the first 3 collections. "Ha-Tkufa". In 1919–20 - in Poland, from 1920 - in Germany.
FRISHMAN Nikolay Mikhailovich (1890, Kharkov - 1944, Chkalov), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1929), prof. (1929). In 1915 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1915-17 the military. doctor at the front. In 1917–24, the clinic resident, children. diseases, in 1924-29 assistant at the Department of Infancy, 2nd Moscow State University, in 1929-30 head. Department of children. diseases of the Smolensk honey. in-that, in 1930–44 head. Department of children. diseases of the 1st Kharkov honey. in-that. The author of the first in the world. honey. lit-re monogr., dedicated. the problem of epidemic. cerebrospinal meningitis in infants. He substantiated the concept of the independence of the nosologic. forms of dysentery caused by specific. pathogen, established the identity of hemorrhagic colitis in children and dysentery. He formulated the concept of "dysentery myocarditis", proposed methods for early diagnosis of acute dysentery in children, classification of tuberculosis, rheumatism, acute and chronic. eating disorders in children. age. Headed by scientific. school of pediatricians. Member board of Kharkov scientific. honey. Society: Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in infants. Kharkov, 1929; Dysentery in children. Kharkov, 1935; Tuberculosis in children. Kharkov, 1940.
FRISHMAN Victor (1897, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province - 1936, Minsk), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the Jewish socialist. movement. He taught at Jewish schools in Vilna and Warsaw. Published in leftist periodicals. ed. in Warsaw "Der veg", "Undzer veg". Arrested. In 1932 he was exiled to the USSR. Was printed in gas. "Der emes", journal. "October", "Apikoires" and other periodicals. ed. One of the ed. Sat. "Lenin kegn Bund" ("Lenin against the Bund", 1935, published by the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR). Repressed.
FRIZER Yakov Davidovich (1869, Barguzin, Trans-Baikal Region - 1932, Harbin), entrepreneur. Rod. in the family of the owner of the gold mines. Received education at home. From 1883 he worked as an employee in the family mines. Organized search operations. In 1898, F. was discovered and the development of the so-called. Korolonsky mines, where up to 40 poods of gold were mined a year. From the beginning. 20th century lived in Irkutsk. Initiated the creation of the Irkutsk Exchange. Organizer of prospecting works in a number of districts Vost. Siberia. Initiator of the opening of the first company. libraries in Barguzin (1888) and the building of the mountains. uch-schA. He owned a shipping company on the river. Lena. He was engaged in the trade of kerosene and lubricants. He built the first mill in Irkutsk with a capacity of 2000 poods of grit per day. He owned a wholesale trade in bread in Bodaibo. Consisted of a member. accounting companies of the State, Volzhsko-Kamsky and Rus.-Asian. banks. Since 1919 - in Harbin.
FRIZMAN Leonid Genrikhovich (b. 1935, Kharkov), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980). Graduated from Kharkov ped. Institute (1957) and Kharkov University (1963). In 1957–70 he worked on Wednesdays. school, since 1971 teacher. in Kharkov un-those. The author is numerous. scientific. works on the history of Russian. literature, critics and societies. thoughts of the 1st third of the 19th century. Ed. and with a comment. F. ed. "Dumas" by K.F. Ryleev (1975), collections of poems by P.A.Katenin (1981), E.A. Baratynsky (1982), "Literary-critical. works of the Decembrists "(1978)," Lit. criticism of 1800-1820 " (1980), coll. "Rus. elegy XVIII - early. XX century. " (1991), reissued. alm. "Northern Flowers for 1832" (1980). Cit .: The creative path of Baratynsky. M., 1966; The life of the historical genre. Rus. elegy from Sumarokov to Nekrasov. M., 1967; Decembrist and Russian. liter. M., 1988; What the word Truth rhymes with. About Galich's poetry. SPb., 1992.
FROLKIS Abram Veniaminovich (b. 1920, Zhitomir), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). Brother of V.V. Frolkis. In 1942 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1945–63 he worked in hospitals. In 1963–80 the head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases honey. Faculty of Petrozavodsk University. In 1980–86, professor-consultant at the Leningrad Hospital. optical-mechanical associations. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of gastroenterology: chronic clinic. enterocolitis, funkts. diagnostics of intestinal diseases, fat metabolism in liver and biliary tract pathology. He proposed a classification of enterocolitis. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in gastroenterologists, Vses. about-va therapists, before. About-va therapists of Karelia. Cit .: Chronic enterocolitis. L., 1975; Pharmacological regulation of intestinal functions. L., 1981.
FROLKIS Vladimir Veniaminovich (1924, Zhitomir - 1999, Kiev), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1958), prof. (1965), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1988), acad. and vice president. AMS of Ukraine (1993). Brother of A.V. Frolkis. In 1945 he graduated from the Naval Academy in Leningrad. In 1946–58, graduate student, assistant, assistant professor. Department of Physiology of Kiev honey. in-that. Since 1959 head. lab. physiology Research Institute of Gerontology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1993 AMS of Ukraine) in Kiev and simultaneously. hands. experimental dep. (now the Department of Biology of Aging) in the same place. Sci. tr. dedicated physiology and experiment. pathology of the cardiovascular system and physiology of aging. Developed (1970–75) an adaptive-regulatory theory of aging; gene-regulatory hypothesis of the primary mechanisms of aging and the principles of treatment in old age based on it. He put forward an idea of ​​the mechanism of the so-called. etagenesis as age-related development in general. Member leadership of Europe. associations of gerontologists, before. Kiev Society of Gerontologists. Etc. them. A.A. Bogomolets of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1970). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1984). Cit .: Reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system. Kiev, 1959; Regulation, adaptation and aging. L., 1970; Aging and biological capabilities of the body. M., 1975; Aging. Neurohumoral mechanisms. Kiev, 1981; Circulation and aging. L., 1984 (et al.); Aging, evolution and life extension. Kiev, 1992 (et al.).
FRUG Semyon (Shimon-Shmuel) Grigorievich (1860, Bobrovy Kut of the Kherson district and province - 1916, Odessa), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 15 he worked as a clerk for a state rabbi in Kherson. The first poems were written in Russian. lang. From 1879 he was published in the journal. "Dawn", "Russian Jew", "Sunrise" (Petersburg). From ser. 1880s - In Petersburg. In 1906, due to illness, he left for the south of Russia. From 1909 - in Odessa. He worked as a traveling inspector of an insurance company. The Jewish theme is present in many. manuf. F. Author verse. on the themes of TANAKH imbued with love for E.-I. The founder of Jewish poetry in Russian. lang. The first verses in Yiddish publ. into gas. "Idishes folksblat" in 1888. F. introduced a variety of genres into Yiddish poetry; innovative means. The author of several. dozens of verses. in Hebrew. Works: Poems. SPb., 1885; Thoughts and songs. SPb., 1887; Zionids and Other Poems, 1897-1902. SPb., 1902; Full collection op. in 3 volumes, 7th ed., Odessa, 1917; Jewish fig tree. Fav. prose. Jerusalem, 1995.
FRUMAK Ruvim Zalmanovich (1905, Vitebsk - 1978, Leningrad), painter. He studied at the Vitebsk Nar. artist uch-shche (workshop of I.M. Pen), in the Academy of Arts in Petrograd, in VKHUTEMAS in Moscow (workshop of R.R. Falk, mid-1920s). Returning to Leningrad, in 1933 he made his debut at the portrait exhibition. 1941–45 - in the army, in besieged Leningrad. Genres developed by F. during the creative work. life, traditional for a realist painter, are portraits, villages. and mountains. landscapes, still lifes. Strong composition, confident mastery of drawing, and a subtle sense of color are characteristic of F.'s work as a representative of Leningrad. painting schools. In 1983 there was a posm. F.'s exhibition in the halls of the Leningrad Union of Artists.
FRUMIN Ilya Osipovich (1876, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1945), orthopedist-traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1930). In 1897 he entered honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (in 1898 expelled for revolutionary activity), to-ry he graduated in 1905. In 1919, the initiator and director of the university. first in Kiev orthopedic. institutions - the House of a crippled child, transformed in 1924 into the All-Ukrainian. state children orthopedic. Institute (VGDOI). In 1926, on the basis of the institute, the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training of Doctors was created, which was also headed by F. After the reorganization in 1931 of VGDOI in Ukr. Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology directed it until 1932. Nauch. tr. dedicated problems of malformations in children, osteoarticular tuberculosis, amputation of limbs and their prosthetics.
FRUMIN Isidor Ilyich (1912, Kiev - 1984, ibid.), Specialist in the field of welding technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1960), prof. (1961). In 1936 he graduated from the Kiev Industrial (Polytechnic) Institute. Since 1937 - at the Institute of Electric Welding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. 1941–45 - in the army. Main scientific. tr. on technology and metallurgy of arc welding, creation of welding materials, surfacing of corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant materials. Supervised the development of welding fluxes, organized their production. Formulated DOS. regularities of alloying surfacing. metal, developed a design and method for surfacing parts with flux-cored wire, as well as the technology of its production, which made it possible to expand the scope of application of the mechanic. surfacing. Etc. them. E.O. Paton of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1965). State pr. USSR (1978).
FRUMINA Anna Efremovna (1886, Borisoglebsk, Tambov province. - 1959, Kiev), orthopedist-traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1950), prof. (1950). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Strasbourg University (1911), Petersburg. wives honey. Institute (1915). In 1919, together with her husband I.O. Frumin, she worked in the House of a crippled child, on the basis of which the Vseukr was created in 1924. state children orthopedic. Institute (since 1931 - Ukr. Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology), where she was in charge of the osteo-tuberculosis department and orthopedic-traumatology. clinic for children and adolescents until 1959. At the same time. (since 1923) worked at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Kiev Institute of Postgraduate Education for Doctors (since 1936 Assoc.Prof., since 1937 Head. Department). In 1941–45, a trauma surgeon in hospitals. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of malformations of the musculoskeletal system. apparatus, osteoarticular tuberculosis, including bilateral coxitis, periarticular bone foci. She developed a number of methods for stabilizing the foot in case of poliomyelitis, muscle transposition in case of flaccid paralysis; contributed means. contribution to the development of conservative and surgical treatment of congenital clubfoot, torticollis. For the first time in the USSR, she began to successfully apply open reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip.
FRUMKIN Abram Yakovlevich (1896, Surazh, Chernigov province - 1961, Moscow), writer, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow State University. In 1925–31, ed. work in the Jewish section of the Centrizdat. In 1931–41 and 1943–48 at the Der Emes publishing house (since 1938, head of the editorial board of the artistic literature). In 1941–43 at the front. The first publication is the story of "Pochetukha" in the magazine. Dig Welt (1928). Published in the alm. "Sovetish" (1930–40s), collection of works "Geimland" (1943), etc. Together with NE Oislander edited and made comments. to the first 3 volumes. Sobr. op. Sholem Aleichem (1948). Made a comment. and note. to collection of fav. manuf. Mendele Moicher-Sforima and I.-L. Peretz (Moscow, 1959).
FRUMKIN Alexander Naumovich (1895, Chisinau - 1976, Tula), electrochemist. Prof. (1930), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1932). Hero of Socialist Labor (1965). In 1915 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. He worked at the Odessa steel rolling plant. In 1917–20 he taught at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1922–46 - in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpov in Moscow. Since 1930 head. organized by him by the Department of Electrochemistry at Moscow State University. At the same time. dir. Inst. Nat. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939–49) and the Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958–76), to-ry since 1983 bears the name of F. One of the founders of the modern. teachings about el.-chem. processes. Developed research methods. double electric layer (1919). In 1935 he deduced (with AIShlygin) the equation of the state of the adsorbed layer (the Frumkin-Shlygin equation), developed a theory of the influence of electric. fields on the adsorption of molecules. He introduced the concept of a zero point as a constant characterizing the properties of metals (1927). Gave an idea of ​​the potential of zero charge (1934). Developed the basics of electronic chemistry. kinetics. Works F. 1965–75 led to a revision in electrochemistry basic. ideas about the electrode charge and the creation of thermodynamic. theory of metal-electrolyte interface for catalytically active electrodes. Created scientific. school of electrochemists. Member fast. prez. EAK (1944). Member a number of foreign Academies. Author of scientific. print Art. and monograph. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1931). Became. pr. (1941, 1949, 1952). Works: Electrode processes. M., 1987; Overvoltage of hydrogen. M., 1988.
FRUMKIN Anatoly Pavlovich (1897, Smolensk - 1962, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1941). He graduated in 1921 honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, where until 1924 he worked as an intern at the Faculty of Surgery. clinics; in 1924–26 assistant of the Department of Hospital Surgery, 2nd Moscow State University; in 1926–62 resident, head. urological. branch of Moscow. hospitals them. S.P. Botkin and at the same time. (1946–62) head. Department of Urology TSIUV and organized by him lab. on kidney transplant (since 1960). In 1941–45, Ch. urologist of the Red Army. Sci. tr. on questions diagnostics urological. diseases, intestinal plastics of the ureters and urinary bladder, treatment of fistulas and purulent processes in the kidneys. One of the founders of children. urology. The author of the first monograph in the USSR. on military-field urology. He developed surgery for resection of the bladder neck for cancer, restoration of the bladder with its exstrophy, surgical methods. treating urinary incontinence in women; and draining the pelvic area for gunshot wounds. He was the first in the USSR to perform a testicle transplant. Prev Vses. and Mosk. Society of Urologists (since 1949). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1957). Cit .: X-ray atlas of surgical diseases of the genitourinary system. M. - L., 1930 (co-author); Military trauma of the genitourinary system. M., 1944; Cystoscopic atlas. M., 1954; Urological diseases in old age. M., 1959.
FRUMKIN Arie-Leib (1845, Kelma Rossiensky u. Koven province - 1916, Petakh-Tikva), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1871 - in E.-I. Book. F. "Masaa Even Shmuel" (1871) was one of the first sources of information about the life of Jews in E.-I. In 1874 he graduated in Vilna, Prince. "Toldos Hohomey Yerushalayim" ("History of the wise men of Jerusalem"). In the end. 1870s - a rabbi in one of the townships of Kurland province. He took an active part in the activities of Palestinian organizations. In the beginning. 1880s returned to E.-I. Studied with. H., founded the Talmud Torah and Yeshiva. In 1894-1911 - in Great Britain. From 1911 - in E.-I. Published the "Book of Esther" with comments. (1893), biogr. an essay about his uncle Elias ben Ya'akov ("Toldos Eliachu", 1900), the Easter Gagada with comments. (1913).
FRUMKIN Boris Markovich (1872, Minsk -?), Politician, historian, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. In the 1890s. graduated from Geneva University. All R. 1890s one of the organizers of the first Jewish Social-Democrats workers' circles in Minsk, ed. illegal. gas. "Arbeiter Blettle" (1897, Minsk) - the first Jewish Social-Democratic gas. in Russia; later edited the gas. "Der minsker arbeiter", "Der veker", etc. One of the founders of the Bund, a participant in all its most important congresses and conferences, organizer of the Bund's secession in Lodz. Member of the Revolution of 1905, was repeatedly arrested, was ed. Bundist ed. "Arbeiter-shtime", "Volkszeitung" and others. In 1906 he emigrated, became part of Zagran. to-that Bunda. Upon returning to Russia, he roared. work in Lodz, in 1913–14 edited the weekly. "Die Zeit". One of the first historians of the Jewish labor movement in Russia, prepared a report on the activities of the Bund for the Stuttgart Congress. 2nd International (published in 1907 under ps. B. Gorenberg in Yiddish and German). Author of the works "Zubatovshchina and the Jewish Labor Movement in Russia" ("Experienced", v. 3, 1911), "From the history of the rev. movement among Jews in the 1870s. " ("Jewish antiquity", 1911, no. 4), "Essays from the history of the Jewish labor movement in Russia in 1885-1897." (ibid., 1913, no. 6). Joint. with P. Kurskiy and M. Vinokur wrote the work "The Bund in the Revolution of 1905-1906." (published in German in 1913, translated into Yiddish - Warsaw, 1930). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 collaborated in the periodical. ed. Bund, after the split of the party (1920) joined the Kombund. Before the beginning. 1930s lived in Moscow. The further fate is unknown.
FRUMKIN Boris Solomonovich (1897, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1989, Leningrad), design engineer. In 1921 he graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic in-t. In 1923–30 engineer, deputy. early turbine workshop North. shipbuilding. shipyard, in 1931-43 beginning. turbine group, deputy ch. Ing. Central Design Bureau for Special Shipbuilding, hands. gr. designers who developed the first turbine in the USSR for the military. ships. In 1946-51 the deputy. beginning, ch. designer of SKBT. In 1951-59, deputy. early ch. designer SKB Kirovsky plant. Participated in the creation of turbines for destroyers and cruisers, the first gas turbine installation in the USSR for bargaining. ship. Became. pr. (1942, 1950).
FRUMKIN Geshel (1896, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1974, Israel), public and statesman. Member of the Zionist movement, member. "Ceirei Tzion", "Ge-Halutz". Since 1920 - in E.-I. One of the founders of Histadrut, Chl. Presidium. Ed. zhurn. Histadrut, dedicated. question economy. Dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai party. The author of the book. "Ga-tehnun kalkalit" ("Planning the economy", 1943), "Aliya ve pituah baderekh lemdina" ("Alia and development on the way to the state", 1971).
FRUMKIN Israel-Dov-Ber (1850, Dubrovno Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1914, Jerusalem), publisher, publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1860 - in E.-I. From 1870 - to gas. "Ga-Hawacelet", later ed. and ed. The authorities periodically cut off the gas. F. was arrested. Being actively involved in charity work, F. called for a high level of education, inclusion of secular sciences and music in school curricula. Supported the consolidation of the agricultural. Jewish settlements until their non-religions became apparent. character. Active opponent of Ahad Ha-Ama, Palestinophilism and Zionism. To oppose the agitation of Christian missionaries on the initiative of F., the society "Ezrat Nidahim" was created (1883). In 1877, together with M. Gakogen, he released the first gas in Jerusalem. in Yiddish "Di rose".
FRUMKIN Moisei Ilyich (party ps. L. Germanov) (1878, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1938), statesman. Into the roar. movement since 1894. Member. RSDLP since 1898. In 1902–07 he was repeatedly arrested and exiled. From 1903 Bolshevik, member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP. In 1905-06 a member. North-West to-that RSDLP. In 1907-08 - in Baku in the trade union of oil workers. prom-sti, simultaneously. ed. gas. "Beep". In 1908-11 - in Moscow, member. Centre. bureau of trade unions, collaborated in a number of prof. ed., including in the journal. "Rabocheye Delo", "Bulletin of Labor", "Mysl" and others. In 1911 he was arrested and exiled for 4 years to the Yenisei province. In 1915-17 - in Krasnoyarsk at work in the cooperative of railway workers, after Feb. Revolution of 1917 Provincial Executive Committee, mountains. councils, from Dec. 1917 members Pres. Regional Council Zap. Siberia. In 1918-22, members. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Food of the RSFSR, since 1921 Deputy. People's Commissar of Food; at the same time. member Board of Tsentrosoyuz, Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), Sibrevkom, South-East. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1922-28 the deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Trade, then Deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR; from the end. 1928, after his letter to J.V. Stalin criticizing the policy in the countryside, on households. work; in 1932–35 deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR, since 1936 - for households. work. Affairs. 10th and 15th Party Congresses. Repressed.
FRUMKIN Yakov Pavlovich (1902, Smolensk - 1978, Kiev), psychiatrist. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of 1st Moscow State University (1924), worked in a psychiatrist. clinic un-that. In 1931–32 - in the Omsk honey. in-those, since 1933 head. Department of Psychiatry, Kiev med. in-that. Tr. dedicated question clinic, diagnosis and treatment of mental health. diseases, organization of psychiatrists. help and teaching of psychiatry, methodical. question psychiatry. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1964). Vol .: Brief differential diagnosis of some mental diseases. Kiev, 1950; Educational Atlas of Psychiatry. Kiev, 1962 (co-authored with G.L. Voronkov); Trace influences in psychopathology. Kiev, 1979 (co-authored with S.M. Lifshits).
FRUMKINA (nee Livshits) Maria (Malka) Yakovlevna (party ps. Esther) (1880, Minsk - 1943, KarLAG), politician, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Higher. ped. courses in St. Petersburg. From 1886 she took part in the work of the Social-Democrats. circles in Minsk, since 1897 members. Bund. She was arrested several times. In 1905–07 she was engaged in publishing desks. periodic. lit-ry. She joined the extreme wing of the Yiddishists, participated in the work of the Chernivtsi Conf. by language Yiddish (1908), argued the need for its use in Jewish schools and other educational institutions. institutions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Central Committee of the Bund, dep. Minsk Council slave. dep., was included in the mountains. council of the Jewish community. In 1920-21 one of the leaders of the Kombunda, after its merger with the RCP (b) - one of the hands. Evsection of the RCP (b), member. editorial board gas. Emes. Participated in the preparation and publication in Yiddish of Sobr. op. VI Lenin in 8 volumes, author of a biography of Lenin in Yiddish (in 1925–26 withstood the 3rd edition). In 1922–25 he was the vice-rector, in 1925–36 the rector of the Communist. un-ta nat. minorities in the West. In 1938 she was arrested.
FUGZAN Mark Davidovich (1913, Kiev - 1977, Moscow), mining engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). In 1939 he graduated from the Mining Faculty of Moscow. in-that col. metals and gold. In 1939–51 - at the construction site of the Norilsk mining and metallurgy. combine: early. shifts, ch. Ing. management. From 1951 - Ch. Ing. Mining Department of the "Apatit" Combine, beginning. building of the Yukspor mine in the same place. Since 1954 - in the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, scientific. sotr., scientific secretary. Pres. branch, der. Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials of the Kola Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1960–69 - at Ying-those Horn. business to them. A.A. Skochinsky, head. lab. and head. separation. In 1969–70 the head. lab. in the Institute of Physics of the Earth. O.Yu. Schmidt of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Main the work is related to the creation of technology and equipment for underground mining of ore deposits. He made a significant contribution to the development of methods for the development of powerful ore deposits with one-stage extraction and destruction of ore and rocks by explosions. He took part in the development of the project for the development of the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin. In the end. 1940s contributed to the improvement of opencast mining methods at the Norilsk Combine. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1973). Became. etc. (1950). Cit .: Experience of one-stage development of powerful ore deposits with mass breaking. M., 1964; Intensity of underground exploitation of ore deposits. M., 1980 (et al.).
FUKS Aron Abramovich (1867 - 1941, Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Territory), chemist. Prof. (1934). He graduated in 1892 chem. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. in-that. In 1902-18 - at the Borovensky, Ilmensky, Shebekinsky alcohol plants (distiller, then distiller-rectifier). Since 1918 - in Ukrspirtotrest: member. board and head. production and technical. dep. Since 1930 head. department of technology of alcohol production-va Kiev technol. in-that food industry, since 1934 - head. Department of Fermentation Technology. At the same time. led the alcohol section of the All-Ukrainian. Research Institute of Enzymatic and Fruit and Vegetable Industry. Sci. work dedicated. study of the effect of enzymes on the preservation of potatoes, antibiotic. the action of microorganisms. He developed methods for obtaining alcohol from new types of raw materials (Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, etc.). The author of the first in Russian. lang. monograph (1902), dedicated. question technical and chemical. control and organization of the distillery industry, and other scientific. print works. In 1935 the People's Commissariat for Food. the industry of the USSR established an annual. specialist. fund them. prof. A.A. Fuks for awarding the best scientific. works in the region. alcohol industry and 3 years. scholarships to them. A.A. Fuksa. Vol .: A brief guide to control and accounting of distilling production and analysis of alcohol. 3rd ed. M. - L., 1922; Guide to the production of alcohol. M.-L., 1933-35.
FUKS Avrom-Leib (1888, Kikol Lipnotskiy u. Plock Gubernia - 1953, Jerusalem), publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1909-13 he studied medicine at Heidelberg University, then at Kharkov University. In Germany he took an active part in the activities of Jewish students. corporations. In 1914–22 he worked in Jewish hospitals (Warsaw, Zdunska Wola). In 1922–39 - in Wloclawsk, where he founded a Jewish gymnasium. Member Central Committee of the Zionist Organization of Poland (since 1918), then a member. Jewish Agency, held leadership positions in Jewish communities. In 1915 he published the cholera brochure in Lodz. In 1916–39 sotr. gas. "Gaynt". Published in other Jewish periodicals. ed. On Sept. 1939 Mobilized as a doctor in the Polish army, interned in Hungary. From 1940 - in E.-I., he served as a doctor in parts of the Polish army. Then - sotr. Jewish Agency.
FUKS Boris Abramovich (1907, Voronezh - 1985, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1938), prof. (1939). Graduated from Kazan University (1927). He worked at Tomsk un-those (1931–37), Voronezh un-those (1937–41), at the Tashkent aviation. in-those (1941–45), at MEI (1945–49), at All-Union correspondence machine-builds. in-those (1953–62), from 1962 - in Moscow. in-those electron. machine. Main research results in the field of function theory complex. variable. The author of the book. "Theory of analytic functions of many complex variables" (2nd ed., Vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1962–63) and "Functions of a complex variable and some of their applications" (3rd ed. Moscow, 1964, in with B.V. Shabat).
FUKS Dmitry Borisovich (b. 1939, Kazan), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Son of B.A. Fuchs. In 1960 he graduated from the mechanic-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. After completing his postgraduate studies at Moscow State University, he worked at the Lab. mat. methods in biology, Moscow State University under the supervision of. I.M. Gelfand. Since 1991 - in the USA, at Davis University (California). Main results in the region. algebraic. Topology, see: Cohomology of Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras. M., 1984; A course in homotopy topology. M., 1989 (co-authored with A.T. Fomenko).
FUKS Grigory Isaakovich (1911, Antwerp, Belgium - 1983, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Phys.-Pharmaceutical. Institute in Odessa (1932). He worked in a lab. colloidal chemistry of soils in Leningrad. branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agrosoil Science (1932–42). After serving in the army and in one of the defenses. the enterprise was in charge (from 1944) of the lab. physical chemistry at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers, Agrotechnics and Agrosoil Science in Moscow. Since 1950 - at the Research Institute of the Watch Industry, where he conducted research. on physical and chemistry of lubricants. In 1969–83 - at Ying-those physical. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main work - in the region. colloidal chemistry and its applications to decomp. tech. problems (oil production and processing, development of new lubricants, soil science, printing). He created a new direction in chemistry - colloidal chemistry of oil and oil products. Vol .: Viscosity and plasticity of oil products. M. - L., 1951.
FUKS Yitzhak-Shloyme (1862, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1896, Koyeten, Moravia, Austria-Hungary), publicist, publisher, rabbi. Brother of J.-Sh. Fuchs. As a student, he published scientific. Art. in Jewish, German, French. ed. In the B-ke of Oxford he studied the manuscripts of Saadia-gaon. In 1893–95 he published scientific. zhurn. "Ga-Hawker". Rabbi in Koyeten. In 1887 the book was published. F. "The meaning of the ancient Jewish language for Jewry." In 1892 publ. per. M. Mendelssohn's letters to I.K. Lafater in Old Hebrew. with its own introduction and comments.
FUKS Lazar (1892, Matsiow Kovelsky u. Volyn province - 1935, Lodz), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied mathematics and law. science at Warsaw University. Since 1904 - in Lodz. He was engaged in Jewish school and university education, made programs for Jewish schools. In the 1920s. actively participated in the Jewish labor movement in Poland. In 1927–35 members. Centre. council of the Jewish provinces. press in Poland. Publicistic. activity began in one of the Lodz Jewish gas. in 1913. The author of Art. on the themes of politics, culture, pedagogy. One of the ed. gas. Folksblat (Lodz). Published in Moscow. gas. "Der emes".
FUCHS Leib (1908, Kalisz -?), Literary critic. Doctor of Philosophy (1939). Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Studied in high fur boots in Nancy, Brussels, Amsterdam. He taught at Jewish schools in Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam. During the 2nd world. wars - in the Netherlands. Since 1946 librarian of the Amsterdam University Library. Since 1964, St. Hebrew and Jewish literature, history of lang. Yiddish and Yiddish Literature in Amsterdam University. Lit. activity began with the publication of short stories in gas. Kalisher Lebn (1925). Mn. years published issled. works on Yiddish and the history of Jewish literature. Published with scientific. comment. anonymous Jewish comedy con. 18th century “Ales der sof iz gut - iz ales gut” (“All is well that ends well”). Since 1967 ed. Studia Rosentaliana (in Dutch, Amsterdam).
FUKS Vladilen Izrailevich (b. 1926, Moscow), monumental artist. In 1951 he graduated from the Moscow State Art Institute. He worked in the region. monum. and machine tool. painting. The author of the mosaic. panel for art. metro station "Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya" (based on sketches by PD Korin) (Moscow, 1951–52), mosaics on the side facades of the houses. buildings in Medvedkovo, Degunino, Beskudniki (Moscow, 1964), mosaics "Youth of the World" in the lobby of the hotel "Molodezhnaya" (Moscow, 1980) and others. exhibitions since 1955.
FUKS Yakov-Shmuel (1868, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1938), journalist, teacher. Brother of I.-Sh. Fuchs. Received a rabbi's diploma at the Berlin Rabbinical School, continued his secular education in Berlin, Bern. Collaborated in gas. "Ga-Magid". Founded a weekly in Krakow in 1892. "Ha-Magid le Israel", which proclaimed the ideas of Palestinophilism. In 1898 joint. with A. Ginzig founded lit. almanac "Ga-Eshkol". In 1902 he founded a Jewish school in Liverpool. Participated in the Zionist movement. Dean of "Aria-College" in Brighton. Son F. - Yitzhak-Shloyme (1896 - 1971), doctor. Mayor of Chester (1932–33), pres. Brit. Zionist Federation (1953–56).
FUKSMAN Joseph (Moishe) (1905, Baranovichi-Polesskie, Novogrudok u., Minsk province -?), Publicist. Brother of S. Fuksman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1927 he made his debut with articles in Gas. "Baranovicher voh", was published in other Jewish periodicals. ed. Poland. In 1941–43 he was one of the organizers of the Resistance movement in the Vilna ghetto. He was arrested and sent to the end. camp in Austria. In 1945–49 sotr. Jewish Documentary Center in Austria. Since 1949 - in the USA. From 1962 he was engaged in bibliography of publications about the death of Jews during the 2nd world. war. Ed. book "Baranovichi in struggle and death" (New York, 1964), comp. and ed. book "Fight and death in 20 cities and towns of Belarus" (in Yiddish. New York, 1966).
FUKSMAN Shloyme (1914, Baranovichi-Polesskie, Novogrudok u., Minsk province - 1942, ibid.), Publicist. Brother of I. Fuksman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1931 he was published in the Warsaw Jewish editions. Together with L. Vorobievsky he created ser. "Dos folk derzeilt" ("From the mouth of the people"), was published in the Baranovichi Jewish press. One of the authors of the book. Dos Baranovichi Sholem Aleichem Bukh (The Baranovichi Book of Sholem Aleichem) was published in Parisian gas. Forois and Minsk Gas. "October" (1939-40).
FUNDAMINSKY (Fondaminsky) Ilya Isidorovich (party and literary ps. Bunakov) (1881, Moscow - 1942, Germany), publicist, editor, public figure. Brother of M.I. Fundaminsky. He studied at the high fur boots of Heidelberg and Berlin (1900–02). Member Socialist Revolutionary Party, member. Central Committee (1917). Participated in a terrorist. promotions. One of the organizers of the Kronstadt uprising. in the navy (Oct. 1905). In 1906-17 - in France. In the years of the 1st world. war, an active participant in the edition of Paris. gas. "Call". On Feb. 1917 returned to Russia, Commissar of the Provisional Prospect to Chernomorsk. fl., dep. Will establish. collection Since 1918 - in France. Ed. paris. zhurn. "Modern Notes". Not being a Christian, participating. in the work of Rus. student christ. movement. In 1935 - one of the founders of the charity. association "Orthodox Cause". Auth. publicistic. tr. "The ways of Russia". He died in a concentration camp.
FUNDAMINSKY Matvey Isidorovich (1866 - 1896, Irkutsk) Brother of I. I. Fundaminsky. All R. 1880s student of Petrovskaya s.-kh. academies; active member of Moscow Narodnaya Volya circles. In 1886 - in Paris he negotiated with P.L. Lavrov and L.A. Tikhomirov, on his return he was arrested and after a two-year imprisonment he was exiled for 10 years to the Yakutsk province. The participant is armed. speeches watered. exiles in Yakutsk (1889). In the case of the "Yakut tragedy" he was sentenced to 20 years in hard labor (he served in Vilyuisk and Akatuiskaya convict prison). Released in 1895 and died a year later of tuberculosis.
FUNDATOR Vladimir Isaakovich (1903, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of foundry technology. Cand. tech. Sciences (1938). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1929 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1929–44 - at the Central Research Institute of Engineering Technology, from 1931 head. lab. (created and headed until 1934 the world's first practice laboratory for hydraulic modeling of gating systems - LS), supervised the adjustment and start-up of foundries Stalingr. tractor and Gorky automobile. z-dov (1931–35), the creation of a technology for melting and modifying silumin melts in electric crucibles at aviation plants. industry (1936–39) and its introduction for the production of diesel engine casting of aircraft and tanks (1940–43). In 1944–46 and 1948–50 he taught at Moscow. technol. in-those light industry and Moscow. chemical-technol. in-those meat industry. In 1946–47, Ch. metallurgist NII-627. In 1947–48 the beginning. lab. for casting permanent magnets in SKB-627. In 1953–86 the head. lab. VNII foundry machine, created and headed the lab. for hydro-modeling of drugs. He supervised the creation of the technology of pouring with fine filtration of the melt by glass filters in the drug. ("Firam-process", 1971–86), the method of calculation and design of the drug (based on their developments in the theory of deceleration of melts in the channel of the drug), on the basis of which GOSTs, normals and "Guiding tech. materials "(1959–61, 1978, 1986). F. - one of the founders of the present. foundry technology in the region. casting of forms metallic. melts, author of 40 inventions and St. 200 scientific. print works. F.'s priority in the region. hydro-modeling is dedicated to doc. f. "The Story of a Dispute" (1968). F. - initiator and creator in 1945–47 of the monument at the site of the execution of Jews in Cherven, Minsk region. (was not installed). Honored. inventor of the RSFSR (1978). Etc. Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984). Son F. - Julius (b. 1933, Moscow), specialist in the field of automation technology. processes of laser technology. Cand. tech. Sciences (1971). Author of 40 inventions and approx. 120 scientific. print works.
FUNK Kazimierz (Kazimierz) (1884, Warsaw - 1967, New York), biochemist. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Berne University (1904). He worked at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (1904–06), Berlin University (1906–07 and 1909–11), at the Lister Institute (1911–12) and the Cancer Clinic. will investigate. in-those (1913-15) in London, then in pharmaceutical. a firm in the USA, where he also taught at Columbia University. In 1923–27 he was the head of the biochemist. dep. The Warsaw School of Hygiene and the Rockefeller Foundation in Warsaw. In 1928–39 he headed the lab. in Paris and at the same time. (since 1936) was a consultant at the Institute of Vitamins in New York. Since 1939 - in the USA; from 1953 prez. scientific. Funk Foundation. Main tr. dedicated the problems of nutritional biochemistry, vitology, hormone chemistry. In 1912, he isolated a drug from yeast that cured beriberi disease, and introduced it to scientific research. the use of the term "vitamins" (assuming that all vital nutritional factors are amines). Investigating scurvy, pellagra, rickets and other diseases caused by vitamin deficiency, he proposed the term "vitamin deficiency" to denote them. Was one of the pioneers in the region. research hormones. Naib. means. tr. F. - "Vitamins, their significance for physiology and pathology", published in Wiesbaden in 1914 on it. lang. (Russian transl. - M., 1922; 3rd ed. - 1929).
FURER Samuil Isaakovich (1909, Odessa - 1979, Sochi, Krasnodar Territory), violinist. In 1916-24 he studied at the music. school of P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1924-30 - in Moscow. cons. by class L.M. Tseitlina. At the same time. worked as concertmaster orc. Small t-ra. From 1926 he gave concerts, from 1928 soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. Performed with Persimfans (First symphonic ans. Without conductor). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of musicians-performers (1933, 3rd ave.). F.'s repertoire included naib. means. manuf. Russian and Western European violin music. Izv. like a brilliant master of violin miniature. To perform. style F. is characterized by expression combined with rich timbre sound. Honored. art. RSFSR (1969).
FURMAN Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1974, Moscow), checker player. Int. grandmaster (1992). Studied at MIIT. Member of the 1992 European Championship (4th) and the 1992 World Championship (9th) in 100-cell drafts. Bronze. (1988) and silver. (1989) medalist of the world championships among cadets. Bronze. (1990) and silver. (1991) medalist of the world championships among juniors. Since 1995 - in Germany.
FURMAN Mendel Simkhovich (1912, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1956), prof. (1966). Graduated from Odessa University (1935). Since 1936 - in the State. n.-i. design institute of nitrogen industry and organic products. synthesis in Moscow: head. lab. and in 1959–73 deputy. dir. in-that. Main work in the region. organic synthesis. Participated in scientific and technical. development and implementation in the industry of a new technology for obtaining intermediate products for synthetic. fibers - nylon and nylon. State pr. USSR (1968). Cit .: Production of cyclohexanone and adipic acid by oxidation of cyclohexane. M., 1967; Cyclohexanone production. M., 1974 (et al.).
FURMAN Semyon Abramovich (1920, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1978, Leningrad), chess player, chess theorist, trainer. Int. grandmaster (1966). Honored. trainer of the USSR (1973). Trainer of grandmaster A.E. Karpov (1969–78). Champion of Leningrad (1953, 1954, 1957). Participant of 13 USSR championships; the best result - 3rd m. (1948). Winner and medalist pl. int. competitions, including in Polanica-Zdroj - 1st m. (1967), Madrid and Bad Lauterberg - 3rd m. (1973, 1977). One of the leading chess. analysts in the USSR. Memorials to F.
FUSHMAN Arkady Moiseevich (1889, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1936), statesman. He graduated from a real school in Yekaterinoslav. From 1905 p. Bund, since 1918 member. RCP (b). In 1919–20 - in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 the deputy. early and early. Glavkozhi, in 1923–24 deputy. early Glavklopka and deputy. prev. Board of Prombank. In 1924–27, deputy. prev. reign of Vses. textile syndicate, in 1926-29 before. of the board of Tekstilimport. Since 1928, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' Cross. inspection. In 1930–31 members. prez., deputy. prev. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Since 1932, deputy. People's Commissar of Light Industry of the USSR. In 1935-36 the beginning. Ch. management of the carriage industry. In 1936, the beginning. Ch. transport management machines of the People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR. Killed in the railway. disaster.
FOOTER David Solomonovich (1897, Minsk –1965, Moscow), neurologist. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1923), worked as a resident of the nerve. departments of clinics. hospitals of Moscow State University. In 1926–29 he took part in the fight against children. homelessness. Nerve assistant. clinics Ying-that neuropsychiatric. prevention, art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the brain, assistant, associate professor, prof. TsIUVa. In 1941–45, a neurosurgeon in hospitals. In 1946–65, the nerve was in charge. clinic in the State. scientific research pediatrician Institute of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. The author of St. 150 scientific. works. F. paid particular attention to the development of the problem of tuberculous meningitis, poliomyelitis, the clinic of the nerve. diseases children. age, dealt with the problem of nerve pathology. systems of newborns. Author of 11 monographs, including "Diseases of the nervous system in children" (M., 1962).
FOOTERFAS Menachem-Mendel (1907, Pleschenitsy Borisov district. Minsk province - 1995, London), rabbi. In 1925-29 he studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas "Tomkhey Tmimim" in Kharkov, Nevel and Vitebsk. In 1930–37 he was a spiritual leader. Lubavitch yeshivas in Dnepropetrovsk and Odessa, in 1943–46 - the underground yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim" in Samarkand. In 1946 - one of the organizers of the illegal. departure of Jews from the USSR. Arrested in 1946. In custody until the end. 1950s Left the USSR in 1964. In 1964–72 one of the hands. Hasidic community in Great Britain. Since 1972 - in Israel. Ch. spiritual mentor of the Lubavitch yeshivas in Israel.
FUTORYANSKY Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1928, Kiev), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1975), prof. (1977). Graduated from East. Faculty of Chkalovsky State ped. Institute (1952), taught at the schools of Chkalov (Orenburg) and Chkalovsk (Orenburg) region. Since 1964 in the Orenburg state. ped. in-those them. V.P. Chkalov, since 1973 head. Department of History of the USSR (since 1992 - History of Russia), since 1979 Vice-Rector for Science. work. In 1978-85 he headed the Scientific-methodical. council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR on societies. sciences, deputy. prev. Sci. methodical. Council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR in the humanities and ped. uch-schham. Since 1971, members Sci. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for the complex. the problem “History Vel. Oct socialist revolution "(Scientific Council of the RAS" History of revolutions in Russia "). Author of works on the history of the Cossacks, the history of the revolutions of 1905–07 and 1917 in the South. Urals. Participated in the preparation of the encyclopedias “Vel. Oct socialist rev-tion "(2nd ed. M., 1977; 3rd ed. M., 1987)," Citizen. war and military. intervention in the USSR ”(M., 1983), biogr. dictionary "Polit. figures of Russia 1917 "(Moscow, 1993). Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1993). Cit .: Struggle for the masses of the laboring Cossacks in the period of growing bourgeois-democratic revolution into the socialist (March – October 1917). Orenburg, 1972; Orenburg – Chelyabinsk, 1993 (et al.).
FYUN Shmuel-Yosef (1818, Vilna - 1890, ibid.), Teacher, public figure, historian, lexicographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. As a young man, he joined the supporters of Haskala. In 1841 he founded the first Jewish school in Vilna, in which he taught the Hebrew language. and TANAKH. In 1841–44 he published (with L. Hurwitz) zhurn. "Pirhei Tsafon". From 1847 he taught TANAKH and others - Hebrew. at the Vilna rabbinical seminary. Since 1856 inspector of the state. Jewish schools in Vilna province, played a prominent role in the leadership of the Vilna community. In 1863 he opened a printing house in Vilna. In 1860–81 he edited the journal. "Ha-Carmel", in which he published his literary critic. Art., works on the history of Jews in Russia, as well as the first chap. autobiography. With the emergence of the Khibat Zion movement, he organized a Palestinophile society in Vilna, and was later elected a member of Centre. Council "Khibat Zion" in Russia. Author of works on the history of the Second Temple, about the Vilna community, as well as a number of uch. manuals, short stories and translations, compiled and published a biogr. a dictionary of prominent Jews (Kneses Israel, 1886–90) and the first Hebrew dictionary in the history of Hebrew lexicography (Ha-Ozar), including the vocabulary of TANAKH, Mishnah, Talmud, op. Hebrew poets and middle-century. philosophers.
GA-LEVI Yosef Zvi (1874, Slobodka, Kovno province - 1960, Jerusalem), rabbi, specialist in the field of religions. rights (halachi). In E.-I. from 1891.Since 1897 religious. judge in Jaffa, from 1902 - rabbi, from 1904 before. religious court. The author is halakhic. tr., ch. arr. specific for terr. E.-I. State pr. Israel 1958 for his contribution to the development of practical. halakha.
GA-RYUBENI (Rabinovich) Efraim (1881, Novomoskovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 1953), botanist. From 1906 in E.-I. He taught nature. science on Wed. school. In 1907 he founded the first Museum of Botany in E.-I., in 1912 - the Museum of the flora of the Bible and Talmud in Rishon Lezion. From 1936 in Heb. un-te (Jerusalem), in which from 1935 taught botany of the Bible and Talmud. Research flora E.-I., its use, as well as related folklore. On the basis of these studies, supported by the study of names in Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic, he gave an interpretation of the ancient Hebrew botanists. terms and identified plants mentioned in the Bible and Talmud. Wrote (together with his wife) Prince. "Mekhkarim ba-shmot tsimkhey Eretz Yisrael" (1930) and "Otsar tsimkhei Eretz Yisrael" (1941).
GABAI Henrikh Saulovich (b. 1923, Moscow - 2003, New York), film director. Member of the 2nd world. war. From 1951 after the end of dir. faculty of VGIK director of Kiev, Odessa c / st. Since 1962 at the Mosfilm cinema. I took off the doc. f. "On the main Turkmen channel" (1952) In feature films, f. The Captain of The Old Turtle (1956). Then he removed f. "Green Van" (1959), "49 Days" (1962), "In the Name of the Revolution" (1963), "Lebedev against Lebedev" (1965), "Time of Happy Finds" (1969), "Motrya" (1969), " Three minutes exactly ”(1972), as well as 11 short stories for the satirical newsreel“ Wick ”. He worked on TV. Since 1972 in the USA.
GABAY Ilya Yankelevich (1935, Baku - 1973), human rights activist, teacher, poet, screenwriter. In 1962 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, taught literature at school - first in the provinces, then in Moscow (in particular, at a school for deaf children). Gave lectures on preparation. courses MGIAI. Was a participant in the first human rights demonstration-rally in defense of YM Daniel, held on December 5. 1965 on Pushkin Square in Moscow. 22 jan. 1967, after the arrest of Yu.T. Galanskov and three of his comrades, took part in a protest rally. Arrested on charges of “participating in group activities that violate societies. order ”, but after a few. weeks released "for lack of corpus delicti." During the 1967–68 petition campaign, he signed a number of appeals and was co-author. one of the naib. Izv. texts of this period - the appeal "To the workers of science, culture, arts", in Krom polit. persecution was put in direct connection with the process of "restalinization" in the country (two other authors Yu.Ch. Kim and PI Yakir). G. was one of the initiators of the creation of the first Samizdat human rights bulletin - "Chronicle of Current Events" (1968–82) - and one of the assistants of the first ed. N.E. Gorbanevskaya. In May 1969, G.'s apartment was searched in the case of P.G. Grigorenko, who had been arrested shortly before in Tashkent; sotr. The KGB seized, in particular, a large number of documents related to the movement of the Crimean Tatars for returning to their homeland. Two weeks later. G. was arrested on charges of “slandering the Sov. system "and transported to Tashkent. In Jan. 1970 together with M.K. Dzhemilev (one of the Crimean Tatar leaders) are tried in Tashkent and sentenced to 3 years in camps. After serving his term, he returned to Moscow, worked as a gas corrector. He committed suicide by throwing himself out of the window.
GABE Mikhail Rufimovich (1917, Petrograd - 1984, ibid.), Sculptor. Rod. in the family of arch. In 1936 he became a sculptor. Faculty of IZHSA them. I.E. Repin, in the studio of A.T. Matveev, to-ruu finished after the 2nd world. war in 1947. At the end. 1940s created portraits made of marble (bust of A. A. Blok) and porcelain (A. Pushkin on horseback). Participation in the restoration of interiors and fountains of Peterhof contributed to the development of G.'s interest in the monument and forms. Among the milestones for G. works: compositions "Through the Sivash" (1963–65, limestone) and "Choral" (1975, metal), gr. "Pushkin and Kiprensky" (1980, bronze) and others. Naib. G. fully expressed his idea of ​​the world and the place of man in animalistic. compositions "Running with the Deer" (1970, copper), "Under the Peaceful Sky" (1979, bronze).
GABINSKY Mark Alexandrovich (b. 1932, Odessa), linguist. Dr. philol. sciences. R. in a family of doctors. Graduated from the department. Romance Philology Leningrad. un-that (1953). Since 1953 - in Ying-those language. and literature Mold. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. general morphology of Balkan and Romance languages, etiology and typology of languages, sociolinguistics. For compiling "Kr. etymol. dictionary mold. language. " (Chisinau, 1989) G. awarded by the State. avenue of Moldova. Working on comp. etymol. dictionary of doublets room. lang. Main tr .: "The emergence of the infinitive as a secondary Balkan language process", L., 1967; "The emergence and loss of the primary Albanian infinitive", L., 1970; “Grammatical variation in mold. language. ", Chisinau, 1980; “Sephardic (Hebrew-Spanish): Balkan dialect” (monograph), Chisinau, 1992, etc.
GABLITZ Karl Ivanovich (1752, Konigsberg - 1821, Petersburg), state. activist, naturalist, privy councilor (1800), senator (1808), hon. h. Petersburg. AN (1796). In 1758 he arrived in Russia with his father, who was adopted in the growing up. service and appointed inspector of the Moscow printing house. un-that. He graduated from the city of Moscow. un-those (1768), listened to lectures on honey. f-those un-that. In 1769 he was assigned to St. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences with a secondment to exp. prof. IG Gmelin on the study of the south. outskirts of Russia. In 1769–75 he participated in the survey of Nizh. Volga region, west, east. and south. the banks of the Kasp. m. In 1776–81 pom. dir. Astrakhan garden office, conducted research. to improve winemaking, sericulture, horticulture and acclimatization of plants. In 1781–82 he took part in the expedition. gr. M.I. Voinovich to the Astrabad Hall. Casp. m., compiled its description ("Historical journal of the b. squadron on Kasp. m. under the command of Count Voinovich", M., 1809). From was under Prince G.A. Potemkin, compiled "Phys. description of the Tauride region. " (translated into French in 1788, in English and German in 1789). From Dec. 1784 Counselor of the Criminal Court Chamber in Simferopol, from 1787 - Dir. economy of the Tauride governorship, for the arrival of the imp. Catherine II in the Crimea was "Geogr. news explaining the previous state of the Tauride region. " (published in 1803). In 1788–96 he was vice-governor of the Tauride governorship. From Dec. 1796 was at the Prosecutor General, was in charge of the affairs of the organization of foreign. colonists, was engaged in the improvement of winemaking, sheep breeding and other industries with. kh-va, participated in the development of rules for the cultivation and conservation of forests. From nov. 1797 simultaneously comrade (deputy) min. Dept. of appanages, from Jan. 1800 will perform. affairs min. destinies. From Dec. 1802 prez. Manufacturing Collegiums, from Feb. 1803 ch. dir. Forestry Department, participated in the development of forestry legislation, created the first forest schools in Russia in Tsarskoe Selo (1803) and Kozelsk (1805). In 1809, due to illness, he was relieved of his post, but was repeatedly involved as a specialist in work in various. to-takh and commissions. Load ord. St. Anna 1st Art. (with diamonds. signs), ord. St. Vladimir 2 and 4-th Art.
GABOVICH Joseph (| - |), sculptor. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. In the 1900s. lived in Warsaw. The author of salon, several mannered works. Main works: "Girl playing with a tiny chicken", "Woman with a bird", "Little fisherman", "Mother's love", "News from afar", portrait of Chopin, children's heads, etc. Works are in the main. in private collections.
GABOVICH Mikhail Markovich (1905, village Velikie Gulyaki, Kiev province - 1965, Moscow), ballet dancer, teacher. Since 1924, after graduating from Moscow. choreographic school (teachers A.A. Gorsky and V.D. Tikhomirov) in the troupe of the Bolshoi Theater (until 1952). Performed the leading parts of the classic. repertoire: Solor (La Bayadere by L. Minkus), Siegfried, Desiree (Swan Lake and Sleeping Beauty by P. Tchaikovsky), Albert (Giselle by A. Adan), Jean de Brienne (Raymonda A K. Glazunov). 1st performer of a number of leading roles in ballets owls. comp .: Vatslav ("Bakhchisarai Fountain" by B.V. Asafiev), Prince, Romeo ("Cinderella" and "Romeo and Juliet" by S.S. Prokofiev), Eugene ("The Bronze Horseman" by R.M. Glier) and others In 1952, joint venture. with A.M. Messerer he resumed the ballet The Sleeping Beauty at the Bolshoi Theater. The author of several. ballet librettos: "Ivan Bolotnikov", "Forest Song" (music by G.L. Zhukovsky, post, at the Bolshoi Theater in 1961), "Light", as well as art. on ballet, book. Flight Fulfilled by the Soul (1966). From 1951 he taught at Moscow. choreographic school (in 1954–58 artistic director). Among the students - V.V. Vasiliev. Steel, etc. (1946 and 1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1951). G.'s son - Mikhail (b. 1948), ballet dancer. Since 1967 at the Bolshoi Theater. Honored. art. RSFSR (1976).
GABRILOVICH Evgeny Iosifovich (1899, Voronezh - 1993, Moscow), writer, screenwriter. Hero of Soc. Labor (1979). In 1918-19 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918–24 he worked in the decomp. institutions of Moscow as a secretary. In 1924 the pianist, head. Museum of the Theater. Sun Meyerhold. Published since 1921, since 1929 prof. writer, journalist. He worked in gas. Izvestia, Vechernyaya Moskva, Pravda, Krasnaya Zvezda. In 1941–45 - special. corr. "Red Star" at the front. Since 1948 the teacher, prof. VGIK. In the pre-war years he published several. books of prose. He made his debut as a screenwriter in 1937 with the script "The Last Night" (based on his own story "Tikhiy Brovkin"). This f. began his long-term collaboration with dir. Yu. Ya. Raizman. He created the following fashions: "Mashenka" (1942), "The Lesson of Life" (1955), "Communist" (1958), "Your Contemporary" (1968), "Strange Woman" (1978). Gabrilovich also collaborated with MI Romm (Dream, 1943, Man No. 217, 1945; Murder on Dante Street, 1956), with SI Yutkevich (Tales of Lenin, 1958; Lenin in Poland ", 1966;" Lenin in Paris ", 1981), with G.A. Panfilov (" There is no ford in the fire ", 1968;" Beginning ", 1970), with I.A.Averbakh (" Monologue ", 1973, "Declaration of Love") and other directors. In the last years of his life he published several. books of fictionalized memoirs, books of scripts, and 3 volumes of "Selected Works" (1982–83). Became. pr. (1943) and State. pr. USSR (1967, 1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969).
GABRILOVICH Osip Solomonovich (1878, Petersburg - 1936, Detroit, USA), pianist, conductor. Studied at Petersburg. cons. (1888–94) by A.G. Rubinstein (fp.), By A.K. Lyadov and A.K. Glazunov (composition). Improved in Vienna (1894-96) under the direction of. T. Leshetitsky (fp.) And K. Navratila (composition). He made his debut as a pianist in Berlin (1896), toured extensively in various countries, including the USA. In 1909 he married Mark Twain's daughter, Amer. singer Clara Clemens. From 1914 he lived permanently in the USA. He performed with a series of so-called. historical. concerts revealing the development of the FP genre. concert from JS Bach to the present. composers. The Spanish became famous. op. F. Chopin. In the USA he devoted himself to conducting. Conducted the Detroit Symphony. orchestra, which he directed until 1935. At the same time (1928) he conducted the Philadelphia Symphony. orchestra (worked together with L. Stokovsky). Author of pieces for piano, cello with piano, romances and songs.
GACHEV Georgy Dmitrievich (1929, Moscow - 2008, ibid.), Philologist, theorist of literature and aesthetics, culturologist, essayist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Dr. philol. sciences. Writes to origin. form of "life thoughts", synthesizing in his style philosophical, genuine artistry and journalistic. glow. He put forward the concept of "accelerated development of literatures", which was recognized in comparative literary studies. Vol .: Accelerated development of literature. (1964); Content thin. forms: Epic. Lyrics. Theater. (1968); Life is thin. consciousness: Essays on the history of the image. (1972); The image in Russian art. culture. (1981); Nat. images of the world. (1988); Chingiz Aitmatov (in the light of world culture). (1989); Russian Duma. (1991); The Book of Wonders, or Natural Science through the Eyes of a Humanist or Images in Science. (1991).
GACH, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1438. In 1795-1807 - part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Gats Lomzhinsky u. 226 Jews (50%) lived in Georgia in 1921. 19th century There was a Jewish community in Georgia that contained a rabbi, a synagogue, a mikvah, a cemetery, charitable organizations, and the Aghavas Khesad social assistance organization. In 1892 immigrants from Georgia opened their own association in New York, during the Second World. War G. served as a refuge for refugees from the surrounding towns. In the first weeks of the war, approx. 2 thousand refugees from Lomza. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Georgia in the middle. Sep 1939. All Jews, indigenous inhabitants and refugees, were evicted from Georgia and dispersed throughout the surrounding villages, where they later perished along with other Jews.
GADONOVO, see Gadunavas.
GADUNAVAS, a town in Telšiai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gadonovo, Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in Georgia.
GADYACH, city, regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1634.Since 1667 - part of Russia. From 1796 - a district town of Malorossiysk, from 1802 - Poltava province. Since 1923 - the regional center, since 1925 - the city. In 1932-37, in the Kharkov region. In 1792, 4 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 883, in 1863 - 1213, in 1865 - 1279 (17%), in 1897 - 1853 (24%), in 1920 - 3006 , in 1923 - 2489, in 1926 - 1764, in 1939 - 623 Jews. In 1810 a Jewish cemetery arose in Georgia, and in 1859 there were 2 synagogues. By the beginning. 20th century there were 4 synagogues, 15 heders (120 students), a private Jewish school, a Talmud-Torah, societies. b-ka, since 1898 there was a society of benefits for the poor, from 1903 - a society of assistance to artisans, from 1906 - a society of mutual assistance, in 1913 - a society of benefits to poor Jews, a Russian-Jewish library. Since 1898, Joseph Friedman (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia, and in the 1910s. (until 1917) - I.B. Krasilshchikov, then Shimon Trebnik (1891, Lyuban - 1961, Moscow). In 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1936, an underground Lubavitch yeshiva operated in Georgia. 1942 in Georgia several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In 1988 a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution. Schneer-Zalman iz Lyad is buried at the Jewish cemetery in G., whose grave is a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. .Tumarkin, B.I.Shafirkin; David Naumovich Kaminsky (1902-1974, Moscow), mining engineer, Steel. etc. (1948); Daniel (Daniel-Gdal) Samoilovich Pasmanik (1869-1930, Paris), society. activist, publicist, in 1906-17, member. Central Committee of the Zionist Organization of Russia, in 1918-19 min. Prospect Island in the Crimea, since 1919 - in France, the author of books on the problems of growing up. Jewry E.S. Mosolova
GAFT Valentin Iosifovich (b. 1935, Moscow), theater and film actor. After graduating from the Studio School at the Moscow Art Theater, in 1957–64 and 1967–68 in Moscow. dram. t-re (Theater on Malaya Bronnaya). In 1964–67 at the Theater. Lenin Komsomol. In 1968-69 in Moscow. theater of satire. Since 1969 in the troupe of the Sovremennik t-ra. Among the roles: Count ("The Marriage of Figaro", P. Beaumarchais, 1969), Glumov ("Balalaikin and K '" after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1973), Lopatin ("From Lopatin's Notes" after K.M. Simonov , 1974), Governor ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1983), George ("Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" by E. Alby, 1985). He played the roles of the Jewish writer Yefim Rakhlin in the play "Domestic cat of average fluffiness" by VV Voinovich and GIGorin (1989) and Joseph Leiser in the play by the Israeli writer J. Bar-Joseph "Difficult People" (1992). Since 1956 has been acting in films: Gesberg (The First Courier, 1968), Andreas (The Centaurs, 1979), Sidorin (Garage, 1980), The President (The Promised Heaven, 1992), The Colonel (Anchor , still anchor ", 1993), etc. Filmed on TV: Sam Weller (" Notes of the Pickwick Club ", 1972), Herman (" Tanya ", 1974), Dedushkin (" Vertical Race ", 1983), etc. G. - an actor of an intellectual plan. His creative manner is distinguished by a subtle psychological study of the image, the sharpness and freedom of plastic drawing. Author of epigrams and satirical poems. Nar. art. RSFSR (1984).
GAGARIN (until 1968 - Gzhatsk), a city, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1719. In the middle. 18th century - Sloboda, since 1776 - the county town of the Smolensk governorship, then - the province. In 1863, 45 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 152 Jews (2.4%), in 1901 - 35 Jewish families, in 1923 - 251 Jews (3 , 1%), in 1926 - 276 (3.2%), in 1939 - 181 Jews. The first Jews in Georgia were retired Russian soldiers. army. Main the occupation of the Jews of Georgia was a craft; the pharmacy in G. was run by David Solomonovich Chernetsky. In 1901, a synagogue was allowed to open in Georgia. The rabbi in Georgia from 1917 to 1918 was Yakov-Schneer-Zalman Pevzner (1891, Bober - 1971, Tashkent). In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was created in Georgia. In 1929 there was a society of single Jewish handicraftsmen.
GAGRA, a city (since 1933) in Abkhazia (Georgia). Vozn. in the ancient era, later was a part of the Abkhaz principality. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 38 Jews in Georgia, in 1939 - 129, in 1959 - 141, in 1970 - 212, in 1979 - 88 Jews (all Ashkenazim). G. is one of the spiritual and educational centers of the Jews of the Caucasus. In 929 and in the 12th century. part of the Jews moved from Georgia to Solkhat (Crimea). In 1207, the philologist Yehuda ben Yaakov lived in Georgia, in whose works the influence of the Karaite grammar can be traced. schools; this fact suggests that already in the 11-12 centuries. there was a Karaite community in Georgia. In the 15th century. the Jewish community in Georgia ceased to exist. Jews began to settle in Georgia again in the 1920s. In the 1940s. the number of Jews increased due to immigrants from Georgia and other districts of the USSR, but the community was not registered. In 1993, in the course of the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, all Jews left Georgia. Vitaly Georgievich Volovich (b. 1923), specialist in the region. aerospace medicine, survival medicine, Dr. med. sciences, corr. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky, regiment. honey. services.D.M. Khananashvili
GAK Grigory Moiseevich (1893-1971), specialist in social philosophy. Graduated from Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd (1917). Participant citizen war. Then he was at the desks. work in the Bryansk province. From 1925 he taught philosophy at Moscow universities. From the beginning. 1930s worked as a deputy. otv. ed. g. "Propagandist", "Sputnik Agitator" and others. In 1945-49, members. editorial board, head. Philos. department of f. "Bolshevik". Since 1954 prof. Department of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy of the Academy of Societies and Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. He also taught at the Institute of the Red Professors and Moscow State University. Works: Essays ist. materialism, M.-L., 1929, (et al.); Marxism-Leninism on the role of the masses and the personality in history, Moscow, 1954.
GAK Vladimir Grigorievich (b. 1924, Bezhitsa), linguist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1968), prof. R. in a family of teachers. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1949) and ist. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). In 1949–52 he was an adjunct at the department of French. and isp. languages ​​Military. in-that foreign. languages, in 1952–56 he was a teacher (since 1953 deputy head) of the same department. In 1956–70 he worked in Moscow. state in-those international. relations (since 1963 head of the department, since 1968 prof.). Since 1970 in Moscow. state ped. in-those (head of the department). Author approx. 350 works on the problems of general and French. language knowledge. Main region scientific. interests: contrastive linguistics, typology, semantics, grammar, lexicography, theory by Chl. Parisian lingual. about-va (since 1966), member. Sci. Council for Lexicology and Lexicography at the Russian Academy of Sciences, member. Sci. Council "Languages ​​of the World" at the Russian Academy of Sciences, member. editorial boards “Questions of language knowledge”, “Filol. science "and other works: Franz. spelling, M., 1956, 1959, 1985; Theoretical grammar of French. yaz., t. 1-2, M., 1979-1981, 1986; Comparative typology of French. and Russian. yaz., M., 1977, 1983, 1989; New French-Russian dictionary, M, 1994 (with K.A. Ganshina).
GAKOGEN (Kagan) Mordechai (Mark) (1856, Mogilev - 1936), writer. At the age of 18, he began to publish in Zh. in Hebrew "Ha-Levanon", "Ha-Tsfira" and "Ha-Kol", and from 1876 he worked in the editorial board. g. "Ga-Shahar". In 1878, publ. large art. with harsh criticism of the movement of the gascal. No less widespread resonance had his art. in "Ha-Melitz" (1879) about the terrible econom. position grew. Jewry. In 1878 he moved to St. Petersburg, where in 1880 publ. overview of the position of Heb. farmers in the present. Russia. In 1881 he joined the Khivat-Tzion movement and in the same year published Art. "Kama ve na'ale Tsi-on" ("Get up and go to Zion"), the first of the ser. Art. about a new movement. In the end. 1889 visited by E.-I. and publ. my impressions at "Ha-Melitz". In 1891 he founded two societies to support the Jews. settlements in E.-I. After another trip to E.-I. criticized the colonial activities of "Hovevey Zion" and their representative Zeev Temkin. Delegate to the 1st Zionist. Congr. (1897), G. was the first to deliver his speech in Hebrew. From 1907 in E.-I. As one of the founders of Tel Aviv, he played actively. role in the economy and cultural. life of Yishuv, helped by ed. the first month. Youth g. "Moledet", ed. to-rogo became later. He was one of the organizers of the Hebrew Writers' Association. Art. G. differed in practice. approach to modern. problems and included the requirement to create econ. basis for Heb. nationalism. Among his works in Hebrew: Sat. Art. and stories (vols. 1-2, 1904), memoirs "Kvar" (1923), "Olami" (v. 1-5, 1927-29), diary 1st world. war "Milchemet ha-amim" (vols. 1-5, 1929-30), collection Art. about E.-I. (1933), biogr. essays on writers writing in Hebrew, and Zionist, the leaders of "Sefer Shmot" (1938). He died in E.-I.
GAKOGEN David (1898, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1985, Haifa), lawyer, economist, diplomat. In E.-I. from 1907. He studied at the Military. Academy (Istanbul, 1916), School of Economics, University of London (1920–23). Dep. Knesset (1949–53), member. To-that foreign affairs and security (since 1963); one of the founders and member. council director., managing director. Solel Bone Ltd (1924–53); member Haifa mountains. council (1927-50); Ambassador of Israel to Burma (1953–55); member delegation of Israel to Gen. UN Assembly (1951, 1954-56, 1958, 1960, 1962), dep. Israel to Int. parliamentary union, member. Council and polit. to-that party Mapai.
GALANT Ilya (Eliyahu) Vladimirovich (1867, according to other data 1868, Nezhin, Chernigov province - after 1939), historian. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Under the influence of his acquaintance with the teachers of the Nizhyn Lyceum, he took up self-education. Later he taught Heb. history in Heb. school in Kiev, studied the history of the Jews in Ukraine, sotr. g. "Kievskaya starina", "Voskhod", etc., in which publ. a number of his works. One of the initiators created. Heb. ist. commission at Ukr. AN (1919), from 1924 secret .. (and actual hands.) Heb. historical-archaeographic. Commission at the VUA (in the literature, known as the "Talent Commission." In the late 1920s, the activities of G. and the commission were sharply criticized by the Evsektsiya, in 1929 the commission ceased its work.
GALANTER Boris Davidovich (1935, Kiev - 1992, Moscow), operator. In 1959 he graduated from operator courses at the c / st. them. A.P. Dovzhenko in Kiev. He made his debut in cinema at the cinema. "Kirgizfilm" - "Boomerang" (1964), "There, Beyond the Mountains, the Horizon" (1965), together with a group of other documentary filmmakers (I.A. and Yu.A. Gershtein, L. Gurevich) the beginning of "Kirg" ... schools doc. cinema. Since 1967 - at Sverdl. to / st., where he filmed "The best years of our life" (1967), "Klondike" (1969), "Where is your home" (1971), "20 days of hot summer" (1973), "Juliet" ( 1974), “The Last Games” (1975), “The Village Rode” (1977). Since the late 1970s. filmed game f. on television - "The Life of Beethoven", "And I am with you again ..." and others. In the last years of his life he did not work.
GALAY Binyamin (1921, Vladivostok - 1995), writer and journalist, writes in Hebrew. In E.-I. since 1926. The author is poetic. collection of works "On Board of Compassion" (1958), "Journey to the North" (1968), collection of plays "Sodom City" (1952), rom. "Chronicle of Gemimi" (1969), stories for children, etc. He translated a number of European plays into Hebrew. playwrights, including "The Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky. Most of the products. G. are written in the style of grotesque satire, verse 2, in the lane. in Russian lang. publ. in the book. “Poets of Israel (M., 1963).
GALYORKIN Boris Grigorievich (1871, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1945, Leningrad), scientist in the region. theory of elasticity, specialist in the design of industrial and hydraulic engineering. structures, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1935), member. Academy of Architecture of the USSR, Lieutenant General Ing. troops (1942), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1934). Graduated in 1899 Petersburg. technol. in-t. Since 1904, members bureau Petersburg. Committee of the RSDLP. In 1906 he was sentenced to 1.5 years for participation in the roar. movement. From 1909 he taught at St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those, then to Petrograd. un-those, Ying-those ing. ways of communication (prof. from 1920). In 1939–45, dir. Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research in the region. builds, mechanics and the theory of elasticity, which contributed to the introduction of modern. methods of mat. analysis into the calculations of Ing. structures, the decision of many. important spaces, problems of the theory of elasticity. He determined the limits of applicability of the elementary theory of bending of plates, introduced new assumptions in the theory of shells and developed mat. the theory of cylindrical. shells, which made it possible to apply it when calculating pipelines under an arbitrary load. G. was a consultant in the design and construction of large hydroelectric power plants (Volkhovskaya, Dneproges, Dzorages, etc.), as well as thermal power plants, Magnitostroi and other facilities. Since 1938 - otv. editor w. "Applied Mathematics and Mechanics". Became. pr. (1942). Works: Collected. cit., t. 1–2, M., 1952–53.
GALEVI (Gurevich) Moshe (1895, Mstislavl - 1974, Tel Aviv), actor, director, theater, activist. In 1914-17 he studied at technical. school in Moscow. One of the founders (in 1917), in 1918 25 - actor and director. t-ra "Habima" (Moscow). From 1925 in E.-I. In 1925 - founder and dir. (until 1953) t-ra "Ogel". Fast. St. 70 performances, incl. staging of "Song of Songs", "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, "The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy, "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, "Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere, "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. Organizer of dramas, studio in Jerusalem. The author of Art. about the theater, art.
GALI, a city (since 1932), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there was 1 Jew in Georgia, in 1939 - 4, in 1959 - 3, in 1970 - 26, in 1979 - 6 Jews. b. including Jews G. left for Israel.
GALICH, city, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1238. In the 13th century. - the center of the Galician prince, in 1363 annexed to the Moscow prince. In 1708 it became part of the Arkhangelsk province, in 1719 - a provincial city of the same province, from 1778 - the district town of the Kostroma governorate, then - a province. 65 Jews lived in Georgia in 1910, and 52 Jews in 1939. there was a temporary chapel.
GALICH Alexander Arkadievich (real family. Ginzburg) (1918, Ekaterinoslav - 1977, Paris), poet, playwright. He studied at the theater. K.S. Stanislavsky's studio. In 1941–45 he was an actor fr. t-ra, since 1945 - prof. writer: the comedy "Taimyr Calls You" (1948), the screenplay "True Friends" (1954), the forbidden play "Sailor's Silence", among the heroes there are Jews. G. - one of the founders of the genre of the author's song, where he is at the same time. poet, comp. and performer. From the beginning. 1960s his ballad songs have become widespread in tape recordings. In her poems and songs, G. spoke of herself to the street, the population of communal apartments and backyards, the habitués of shalmans and eateries, they capture the specifics. ordinary owl jargon. the layman, which makes his poetry a kind of t-rom, where various human types pass before the reader. At the same time, G. was able to express the feeling of change that had been hovering after the 20th congress, to tell about his generation that survived the war, the loss of loved ones, fear of repression, confusion in front of lies and mental confusion, to touch the most painful points of the present. life. A number of songs reflect the tragedy of the Jews during the Holocaust (a poem in the songs "Kadish" dedicated to Y. Korchak; verses in memory of S.M. Mikhoels; the cycle "Songs of the Exodus" about the departure of Soviet Jews to Israel, etc.). For participation in the human rights movement in 1971 he was expelled from the Union of Writers and Cinematographers. Since 1974 - in Paris. Collection of verses, and G.'s songs were published abroad ("Generation of the Doomed", 1972; "When I Come Back", 1977, etc.). He died tragically in an accident (electric shock). In the 1990s. in Russia there were several. albums of recordings of songs G. and a number of sat. verse., dram. manuf. and prose "I choose freedom" (M., 1991), "Dress rehearsal" (M., 1991), etc.
GALICH Leonid Evgenievich (real fam. Gabrilovich) (1878, Petersburg - 1953, New York), lit. critic, publicist. R. in the family of a doctor. He graduated from high school, then mat. and natures. f-you Petersburg. un-that (1899). In 1909 he passed the exam for a master's degree (historical-philological f-t) and was admitted to lecturing at the department. philosophy in sound. privat-assoc. He made his debut as a writer in 1895. Since 1901 he has been actively publishing art. and reviews in decomp. periodic. ed. ("News", "Russian Word", "Rech", etc.). He wrote sympathetically about symbolism. In 1905 he was in charge of the department. in the first. legalized. Bolshevik. gas. "New. life ”, where publ. polit. notes. After 1905 he occupied a more moderate, polit. position. In 1905 he published the brochure "The Newest Rus. metaphysics (idealism of P. Struve) ”. Publ. Art. on the theory of knowledge in the collection of articles "Questions of Philosophy and Psychology." After leaving Russia in 1917, he was published in emigre. press.
GALILI Israel (1911, Brailov of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. - 1986, Israel), state. and military. activist. In E.-I. since 1915. An active participant in the first Is. youth workers' organizations, one of the founders of the first kibbutz of the youth workers movement (Naan, 1930). In 1941 he became part of the command of the Heb. military. org-tion (Gagany), in 1945–47 one of the hands. underground struggle against the English. authorities. During the War of Independence (1948-49) min. Defense of Israel, supervised the acquisition of weapons for Israel. army. Dep. Knesset 1-8 convocations, active leader of the MAP AM party, Izr. Party of Labor (since 1968), Akhdut ha-Avoda (since 1954), in 1966–77 - min. without portfolio (until 1970 - responsible for the information service in Israel).
GALIN Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1947, Alekseevka, Rostov region), playwright. He worked as a milling machine operator at the plant, an actor, and hands. theater. studio at LSU. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Culture. He has been writing plays and screenplays since 1975. He successfully debuted in 1980 with his play "Retro", and in 1984 it remained the second most visited (about 220 thousand viewers). The success was supported by the plays "Eastern Stand" (1982), "Star in the Morning Sky". In the play "Sorry!" (1993) chap. the topic is emigration to Israel, to a cut of Russian. the hero, who has changed his name, calls on his Russian beloved.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГАЛИЦИЯ ВОСТОЧНАЯ, историческое название области на западе Украины (совр. Ивано-Франковская, Львовская и Тернопольская обл.). (Зап. Галиция — терр. совр. Жешувского и б. ч. Краковского воеводств в составе Республики Польша.) С 1352 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой, в 1772 — 1918 — в провинции Кор-ва Галиции и Лодомерии с Вел. герцогством Краковским в составе Австрийской империи (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии). В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.Начиная с 14 в. Г. В. — одно из крупнейших мест сосредоточения вост.-европ. еврейства. Первое упом. о появлении евреев относится к 11 в., когда Г. В., как и вся Галиция, входила в состав Галицкого (с 1230-х гг. Галицко-Волынского) кн-ва. В 14 в. появились еврейские общины во Львове и Галиче, в 15 в. — в др. городах Г. В. В кон. 15 в. в край переселились евреи, бежавшие от преследований из Испании, Португалии и др. европ. стран, что значительно увеличило численность еврейского населения Г. В. К 1500 еврейские общины существовали в 25 городах. Польск. короли предоставили еврейским общинам автономию, включая судебную, и уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. в Г. В. сложилась стабильная система еврейского самоуправления. Общины подчинялись окр. ваадам, к-рые в свою очередь подчинялись общепольск. «Вааду четырех земель». Г. В. входила в состав одной из этих земель — Львовской (Червонная Русь). Духовными главами общин являлись раввины, как правило, назначавшиеся королем или его наместником. Большое внимание общины уделяли еврейскому образованию, открывая хедеры и иешивы; среди последних выделялись иешивы во Львове и Остроге.Евреи Г. В. играли заметную роль в экономике края, особенно это касалось внешн. торговли (экспортно-импортные, транзитные торг. операции). Кр. торг. центром в общепольск. масштабах был Львов. Ведущие места во внутр. оптовой торговле и в банковском деле также занимали евреи; они были кредиторами польск. королей и магнатов, часто брали у них на откуп сбор налогов, арендовали разл. промыслы (переработка с.-х. продукции, лесоразработки), рудники, землю, мельницы, корчмы и т. п. Предпринимательской деятельности евреев, приносившей доходы королю и магнатам, способствовали распространенные на Г. В. в 14 в. т. н. привилегии, гарантировавшие свободу передвижения, торговли, аренды и приобретения земли, религ. обрядов и др. Однако большинство евреев Г. В. были мелкими торговцами и ремесленниками (портные, сапожники, скорняки, кузнецы и др.), часть к-рых, не признаваемая христианскими цехами, объединялась в самостоят. цехи. Осн. масса евреев Г. В. проживала в местечках и небольших городах, находясь в зависимости от их владельцев — магнатов и шляхтичей. В кр. («королевских») городах еврейские кварталы превращались в гетто, напр., во Львове, Самборе, Жолкве (совр. Жовква). В сер. 17 в. евреи Г. В. пострадали от набегов казачьих отрядов Б.М.Хмельницкого.Ко времени перехода Г. В. под власть Австр. империи евреи составляли 13,2% населения края. Социально-экономич. положение их в первое время почти не изменилось. Последовавшие к кон. 18 в. законодат. акты по «еврейскому вопросу», включая т. н. Патент толерантности (Эдикт терпимости) 1789, носили противоречивый характер. Расширяя права евреев, они при этом вводили ряд ограничений. Формально евреи уравнивались в правах со всеми гражданами, синагоги приравнивались к католич. костелам, однако ограничивалась общинная автономия, ликвидировалась судебная, фактически упразднялось кагальное самоуправление. Утверждаемые пр-вом выборные старосты ведали только синагогами и благотворительностью. Все это практически было направлено на ликвидацию обособленности евреев, на ускорение их ассимиляции. Ограничивалась свобода проживания вне гетто, суживалась сфера деятельности (запрет торговать аптечными товарами, состоять на гос. службе, в ремесл. цехах, купеч. гильдиях и т. п.). Значительно повысились налоги на еврейское население, что привело к разорению и обнищанию осн. его массы — мелких торговцев, лавочников, ремесленников и др.В религ. жизни евреев Г. В. большое распространение получил хасидизм, к-рый в кон. 18 в. от упорной борьбы с его противниками (миснагедами) перешел к сотрудничеству с ними в борьбе против сторонников Гаскалы, поддерживаемых австр. пр-вом. Программы созданных просветителями т. н. образцовых школ сочетали изучение еврейских и светских дисциплин.В результате рев-ции 1848, в к-рой евреи городов Г. В. принимали активное участие, они, как и евреи всей Австр. империи, получили равноправие. Теперь евреи имели право учиться в ср. школах и ун-тах. Впоследствии расширился круг осн. занятий, и среди евреев Г. В. появились представители свободных профессий (врачи, адвокаты, учителя и др.). Поражение рев-ции повлекло за собой ужесточение внутр. политики пр-ва, а это вновь привело к введению ограничит. мер в отношении евреев. В 1853, напр., евреям запрещено было покупать недвижимость в сел. местности, торговать за пределами гетто. Положение евреев относительно стабилизировалось с принятием в 1867 новой конституции Австро-Венгрии, вновь провозгласившей их равноправие. Это событие стало привлекать в Г. В. иммигрантов. К 1890 в крае проживало ок. 811 тыс. евреев (11,9% численности населения).Во 2-й пол. 19 в. усилилось противоборство хасидов, поддерживаемых большинством евреев, и сторонников Гаскалы — приверженцев реформированного иудаизма и ассимиляции. Ортодоксы-нехасиды создали в 1869 об-во «Шоймер Исраэль» («Страж Израиля»), хасиды — союз «Махзикей Га-Дас» (осн. в 1879). Возник ряд др. обществ.-религ. орг-ций. Сторонников ассимиляции поддерживали зажиточные евреи, влияние к-рых к тому времени значительно возросло; среди них были банкиры, предприниматели, нефтепромышленники (еврееи являлись, по сути, основателями Бориславских нефтепромыслов), хозяева с.-х. имений, оптовые торговцы.К кон. 19 в. вырос удельный вес численности евреев в ведущих отраслях экономики Г. В. В 1900 в пром-сти он составлял 38,7%, в торговле — 74%. Вместе с тем в результате экономич. кризиса увеличилась безработица, возросло кол-во лиц без определенных занятий: домашняя прислуга, поденщики (среди евреев Г. В. оно достигло 44,8%). Все большее число евреев существовало за счет благотворительности; только во Львове функционировали 86 общинных и ок. 200 частных благотворит. фондов.К кон. 19 в. в Г. В. появились первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1880-х гг. активно действовало палестинофильское движение «Хибат Цион», во Львове возникли об-ва «Микра Кодеш» (1883) и «Сион» (1887), «Компания по заселению Эрец-Исраэль» (1882). В 1890-х гг. во Львове и Станиславе (совр. Ивано-Франковск) были созданы сионистские центры. К этому периоду относится и начало организованного еврейского рабочего движения. Будучи первоначально составной частью польск. рабочего движения под рук. Польск. социалистич. партии (ППС), оно постепенно отделилось от нее. В нач. 1890-х гг. в Г. В. возникли еврейские профсоюзы «Яд хазака». В 1904 начали действовать отд-ния «Поалей Цион», в 1906 — Еврейской с.-д. партии Галиции (ЕСДП). Евреи-рабочие участвовали в работе общепролет. рев. орг-ций «Пролетариат», Галицийской с.-д. партии и др.В нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи Г. В., до наступления рус. армии, бежали на запад Австро-Венгрии; к осени 1914 насчитывалось до 400 тыс. таких беженцев. В сент. 1914 в край вошли рус. войска. Прокатилась волна еврейских погромов. Мн. евреев депортировали на восток России под предлогом выселения из прифронт. полосы. В июне 1915 рус. войска отступили, в край вернулась австр. администрация. Еврейские общины возобновили свою деятельность.В окт. 1918 Австро-Венгерская империя распалась. На ее основе возникли новые гос-ва. В нояб. 1918 созданная во Львове Укр. нац. рада провозгласила образование в Г. В. Зап.-Укр. Нар. Республики (ЗУНР). Было декларировано равноправие всех нацменьшинств края, в т. ч. евреев. Еврейские представители получили в Укр. раде 13% мест. Тогда же были избраны Вост.-Галицийская еврейская нац. рада (ЕНР) и еврейские нац. рады во Львове, Станиславе, Стрые, Тернополе и др. городах. В кон. нояб. 1918 Львов заняли польск. войска, учинившие неск. еврейских погромов. Для помощи пострадавшим представители всех еврейских партий создали Еврейский к-т спасения. Пр-во ЗУНР переехало в Станислав. В июле 1919 польск. войска окончательно разгромили ЗУНР, после чего Г. В. вошла в состав Польши.Терр. Г. В. была разделена на 3 воеводства (Львовское, Станиславское, Тернопольское), в к-рых, по данным переписи 1921, проживало св. 534 тыс. евреев. Осн. формой орг-ции еврейского населения продолжали оставаться общины, однако их деятельность была ограничена лишь решением вопросов религ. жизни и социальной помощи, при этом они находились под контролем местн. властей. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Г. В. насчитывалось 98 еврейских общин. В 1920—30-х гг. произошли нек-рые изменения в сфере занятости еврейского населения. Выросла численность рабочих-евреев, в частн., в горнодобывающей и перерабатывающей пром-сти трудилось св. 220 тыс. чел., на транспорте и пр-тиях связи — более 21 тыс. По-прежнему евреи доминировали в торговле, они составляли 38% мелких предпринимателей. Появилась небольшая группа евреев — кр. землевладельцев, к-рым принадлежало св. 4% земельных угодий края. Увеличилось число евреев — представителей свободных профессий. Тем не менее жизненный уровень подавляющего большинства евреев Г. В. — рабочих, ремесленников, мелких торговцев — оставался довольно низким. Положение усугублялось проявлением разл. форм антисемитизма, принявшего с 1935 (после смерти главы польск. гос-ва Ю.Пилсудского и принятия новой конституции) гос. характер.В сложившейся обстановке активизировалось сионистское движение. С 1920 во Львове действовала краевая сионистская орг-ция. Среди сионистов преобладали т. н. общие сионисты, представленные партией «Объединение сионистов Польши», за ними следовала партия религ. сионистов Мизрахи, на левом фланге — созданная в 1921 рабочая сионистская партия «Гитахдут» и «Поалей Цион». Им противостояла антисионистская религ. ортодоксальная партия «Агудас Исроэль». С сер. 1920-х гг. в Г. В. появились отд-ния Всемир. союза сионистов-ревизионистов и созданные под его эгидой молодежные орг-ции Бейтар. Еврейские партии активно участвовали в политич. жизни края. В 1922 евреи Г. В. избрали 15 деп. Сейма и 4 сенаторов. Основой нач. образования еврейских детей оставались многочисл. хедеры и талмуд-торы. В 1920-х гг. появился ряд школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише. Функционировали еврейские б-ки, в частн., большая б-ка при Львовской религ. общине, неск. еврейских музеев. Только в Львовском воеводстве выходило 63 газ. на иврите и идише.В сент. 1939 Г. В., как и вся Зап. Украина, была присоединена к СССР и вошла в состав УССР. Сов. власти запретили деятельность еврейских партий, обществ. и религ. орг-ций, были закрыты хедеры и иешивы. Мн. активистов еврейского движения депортировали в вост. р-ны СССР.В 1941, в первые дни войны между Германией и СССР, части вермахта оккупировали Г. В. Подавляющее большинство евреев не успело эвакуироваться. Терр. Г. В. под наименованием «дистрикт Галиция» была присоединена к Польск. ген-губернаторству. Уже в кон. июля 1941 начались массовые расстрелы евреев. В городах Г. В. создавались гетто. Ок. 200 тыс. евреев было уничтожено в Яновском лагере подо Львовом. Во всех лагерях и гетто «дистрикта Галиция» было уничтожено св. 400 тыс. евреев, в целом в областях Г. В. — ок. 560 тыс. евреев.К лету 1944 Г. В. была освобождена частями сов. армии. (О жизни евреев Г. В. после 1945 см. ст. Украина и ст. об отд. городах Г. В.)В.С.Левин, pronunciation=ГАЛИЦИЯ ВОСТОЧНАЯ, историческое название области на западе Украины (совр. Ивано-Франковская, Львовская и Тернопольская обл.). (Зап. Галиция — терр. совр. Жешувского и б. ч. Краковского воеводств в составе Республики Польша.) С 1352 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой, в 1772 — 1918 — в провинции Кор-ва Галиции и Лодомерии с Вел. герцогством Краковским в составе Австрийской империи (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии). В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.Начиная с 14 в. Г. В. — одно из крупнейших мест сосредоточения вост.-европ. еврейства. Первое упом. о появлении евреев относится к 11 в., когда Г. В., как и вся Галиция, входила в состав Галицкого (с 1230-х гг. Галицко-Волынского) кн-ва. В 14 в. появились еврейские общины во Львове и Галиче, в 15 в. — в др. городах Г. В. В кон. 15 в. в край переселились евреи, бежавшие от преследований из Испании, Португалии и др. европ. стран, что значительно увеличило численность еврейского населения Г. В. К 1500 еврейские общины существовали в 25 городах. Польск. короли предоставили еврейским общинам автономию, включая судебную, и уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. в Г. В. сложилась стабильная система еврейского самоуправления. Общины подчинялись окр. ваадам, к-рые в свою очередь подчинялись общепольск. «Вааду четырех земель». Г. В. входила в состав одной из этих земель — Львовской (Червонная Русь). Духовными главами общин являлись раввины, как правило, назначавшиеся королем или его наместником. Большое внимание общины уделяли еврейскому образованию, открывая хедеры и иешивы; среди последних выделялись иешивы во Львове и Остроге.Евреи Г. В. играли заметную роль в экономике края, особенно это касалось внешн. торговли (экспортно-импортные, транзитные торг. операции). Кр. торг. центром в общепольск. масштабах был Львов. Ведущие места во внутр. оптовой торговле и в банковском деле также занимали евреи; они были кредиторами польск. королей и магнатов, часто брали у них на откуп сбор налогов, арендовали разл. промыслы (переработка с.-х. продукции, лесоразработки), рудники, землю, мельницы, корчмы и т. п. Предпринимательской деятельности евреев, приносившей доходы королю и магнатам, способствовали распространенные на Г. В. в 14 в. т. н. привилегии, гарантировавшие свободу передвижения, торговли, аренды и приобретения земли, религ. обрядов и др. Однако большинство евреев Г. В. были мелкими торговцами и ремесленниками (портные, сапожники, скорняки, кузнецы и др.), часть к-рых, не признаваемая христианскими цехами, объединялась в самостоят. цехи. Осн. масса евреев Г. В. проживала в местечках и небольших городах, находясь в зависимости от их владельцев — магнатов и шляхтичей. В кр. («королевских») городах еврейские кварталы превращались в гетто, напр., во Львове, Самборе, Жолкве (совр. Жовква). В сер. 17 в. евреи Г. В. пострадали от набегов казачьих отрядов Б.М.Хмельницкого.Ко времени перехода Г. В. под власть Австр. империи евреи составляли 13,2% населения края. Социально-экономич. положение их в первое время почти не изменилось. Последовавшие к кон. 18 в. законодат. акты по «еврейскому вопросу», включая т. н. Патент толерантности (Эдикт терпимости) 1789, носили противоречивый характер. Расширяя права евреев, они при этом вводили ряд ограничений. Формально евреи уравнивались в правах со всеми гражданами, синагоги приравнивались к католич. костелам, однако ограничивалась общинная автономия, ликвидировалась судебная, фактически упразднялось кагальное самоуправление. Утверждаемые пр-вом выборные старосты ведали только синагогами и благотворительностью. Все это практически было направлено на ликвидацию обособленности евреев, на ускорение их ассимиляции. Ограничивалась свобода проживания вне гетто, суживалась сфера деятельности (запрет торговать аптечными товарами, состоять на гос. службе, в ремесл. цехах, купеч. гильдиях и т. п.). Значительно повысились налоги на еврейское население, что привело к разорению и обнищанию осн. его массы — мелких торговцев, лавочников, ремесленников и др.В религ. жизни евреев Г. В. большое распространение получил хасидизм, к-рый в кон. 18 в. от упорной борьбы с его противниками (миснагедами) перешел к сотрудничеству с ними в борьбе против сторонников Гаскалы, поддерживаемых австр. пр-вом. Программы созданных просветителями т. н. образцовых школ сочетали изучение еврейских и светских дисциплин.В результате рев-ции 1848, в к-рой евреи городов Г. В. принимали активное участие, они, как и евреи всей Австр. империи, получили равноправие. Теперь евреи имели право учиться в ср. школах и ун-тах. Впоследствии расширился круг осн. занятий, и среди евреев Г. В. появились представители свободных профессий (врачи, адвокаты, учителя и др.). Поражение рев-ции повлекло за собой ужесточение внутр. политики пр-ва, а это вновь привело к введению ограничит. мер в отношении евреев. В 1853, напр., евреям запрещено было покупать недвижимость в сел. местности, торговать за пределами гетто. Положение евреев относительно стабилизировалось с принятием в 1867 новой конституции Австро-Венгрии, вновь провозгласившей их равноправие. Это событие стало привлекать в Г. В. иммигрантов. К 1890 в крае проживало ок. 811 тыс. евреев (11,9% численности населения).Во 2-й пол. 19 в. усилилось противоборство хасидов, поддерживаемых большинством евреев, и сторонников Гаскалы — приверженцев реформированного иудаизма и ассимиляции. Ортодоксы-нехасиды создали в 1869 об-во «Шоймер Исраэль» («Страж Израиля»), хасиды — союз «Махзикей Га-Дас» (осн. в 1879). Возник ряд др. обществ.-религ. орг-ций. Сторонников ассимиляции поддерживали зажиточные евреи, влияние к-рых к тому времени значительно возросло; среди них были банкиры, предприниматели, нефтепромышленники (еврееи являлись, по сути, основателями Бориславских нефтепромыслов), хозяева с.-х. имений, оптовые торговцы.К кон. 19 в. вырос удельный вес численности евреев в ведущих отраслях экономики Г. В. В 1900 в пром-сти он составлял 38,7%, в торговле — 74%. Вместе с тем в результате экономич. кризиса увеличилась безработица, возросло кол-во лиц без определенных занятий: домашняя прислуга, поденщики (среди евреев Г. В. оно достигло 44,8%). Все большее число евреев существовало за счет благотворительности; только во Львове функционировали 86 общинных и ок. 200 частных благотворит. фондов.К кон. 19 в. в Г. В. появились первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1880-х гг. активно действовало палестинофильское движение «Хибат Цион», во Львове возникли об-ва «Микра Кодеш» (1883) и «Сион» (1887), «Компания по заселению Эрец-Исраэль» (1882). В 1890-х гг. во Львове и Станиславе (совр. Ивано-Франковск) были созданы сионистские центры. К этому периоду относится и начало организованного еврейского рабочего движения. Будучи первоначально составной частью польск. рабочего движения под рук. Польск. социалистич. партии (ППС), оно постепенно отделилось от нее. В нач. 1890-х гг. в Г. В. возникли еврейские профсоюзы «Яд хазака». В 1904 начали действовать отд-ния «Поалей Цион», в 1906 — Еврейской с.-д. партии Галиции (ЕСДП). Евреи-рабочие участвовали в работе общепролет. рев. орг-ций «Пролетариат», Галицийской с.-д. партии и др.В нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи Г. В., до наступления рус. армии, бежали на запад Австро-Венгрии; к осени 1914 насчитывалось до 400 тыс. таких беженцев. В сент. 1914 в край вошли рус. войска. Прокатилась волна еврейских погромов. Мн. евреев депортировали на восток России под предлогом выселения из прифронт. полосы. В июне 1915 рус. войска отступили, в край вернулась австр. администрация. Еврейские общины возобновили свою деятельность.В окт. 1918 Австро-Венгерская империя распалась. На ее основе возникли новые гос-ва. В нояб. 1918 созданная во Львове Укр. нац. рада провозгласила образование в Г. В. Зап.-Укр. Нар. Республики (ЗУНР). Было декларировано равноправие всех нацменьшинств края, в т. ч. евреев. Еврейские представители получили в Укр. раде 13% мест. Тогда же были избраны Вост.-Галицийская еврейская нац. рада (ЕНР) и еврейские нац. рады во Львове, Станиславе, Стрые, Тернополе и др. городах. В кон. нояб. 1918 Львов заняли польск. войска, учинившие неск. еврейских погромов. Для помощи пострадавшим представители всех еврейских партий создали Еврейский к-т спасения. Пр-во ЗУНР переехало в Станислав. В июле 1919 польск. войска окончательно разгромили ЗУНР, после чего Г. В. вошла в состав Польши.Терр. Г. В. была разделена на 3 воеводства (Львовское, Станиславское, Тернопольское), в к-рых, по данным переписи 1921, проживало св. 534 тыс. евреев. Осн. формой орг-ции еврейского населения продолжали оставаться общины, однако их деятельность была ограничена лишь решением вопросов религ. жизни и социальной помощи, при этом они находились под контролем местн. властей. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Г. В. насчитывалось 98 еврейских общин. В 1920—30-х гг. произошли нек-рые изменения в сфере занятости еврейского населения. Выросла численность рабочих-евреев, в частн., в горнодобывающей и перерабатывающей пром-сти трудилось св. 220 тыс. чел., на транспорте и пр-тиях связи — более 21 тыс. По-прежнему евреи доминировали в торговле, они составляли 38% мелких предпринимателей. Появилась небольшая группа евреев — кр. землевладельцев, к-рым принадлежало св. 4% земельных угодий края. Увеличилось число евреев — представителей свободных профессий. Тем не менее жизненный уровень подавляющего большинства евреев Г. В. — рабочих, ремесленников, мелких торговцев — оставался довольно низким. Положение усугублялось проявлением разл. форм антисемитизма, принявшего с 1935 (после смерти главы польск. гос-ва Ю.Пилсудского и принятия новой конституции) гос. характер.В сложившейся обстановке активизировалось сионистское движение. С 1920 во Львове действовала краевая сионистская орг-ция. Среди сионистов преобладали т. н. общие сионисты, представленные партией «Объединение сионистов Польши», за ними следовала партия религ. сионистов Мизрахи, на левом фланге — созданная в 1921 рабочая сионистская партия «Гитахдут» и «Поалей Цион». Им противостояла антисионистская религ. ортодоксальная партия «Агудас Исроэль». С сер. 1920-х гг. в Г. В. появились отд-ния Всемир. союза сионистов-ревизионистов и созданные под его эгидой молодежные орг-ции Бейтар. Еврейские партии активно участвовали в политич. жизни края. В 1922 евреи Г. В. избрали 15 деп. Сейма и 4 сенаторов. Основой нач. образования еврейских детей оставались многочисл. хедеры и талмуд-торы. В 1920-х гг. появился ряд школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише. Функционировали еврейские б-ки, в частн., большая б-ка при Львовской религ. общине, неск. еврейских музеев. Только в Львовском воеводстве выходило 63 газ. на иврите и идише.В сент. 1939 Г. В., как и вся Зап. Украина, была присоединена к СССР и вошла в состав УССР. Сов. власти запретили деятельность еврейских партий, обществ. и религ. орг-ций, были закрыты хедеры и иешивы. Мн. активистов еврейского движения депортировали в вост. р-ны СССР.В 1941, в первые дни войны между Германией и СССР, части вермахта оккупировали Г. В. Подавляющее большинство евреев не успело эвакуироваться. Терр. Г. В. под наименованием «дистрикт Галиция» была присоединена к Польск. ген-губернаторству. Уже в кон. июля 1941 начались массовые расстрелы евреев. В городах Г. В. создавались гетто. Ок. 200 тыс. евреев было уничтожено в Яновском лагере подо Львовом. Во всех лагерях и гетто «дистрикта Галиция» было уничтожено св. 400 тыс. евреев, в целом в областях Г. В. — ок. 560 тыс. евреев.К лету 1944 Г. В. была освобождена частями сов. армии. (О жизни евреев Г. В. после 1945 см. ст. Украина и ст. об отд. городах Г. В.)В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
GALITSKY (ps. Kuba Galitsky; real family. Goldenberg) Yakov Markovich (1890, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1963, Moscow), writer. Brother A.M. Argo. After graduating from the school (1909) he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those on legal. f-those (1910-13) and at the same time. in cons. on the vocal department (not finished). Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. In 1919–20 he headed the theater. branch in the political department of the Twelfth Army, in 1920-21 - thin. hands. Red Army t-ra in Kharkov. From 1921 in Moscow, worked as a laboratory assistant in the workshop of the communist. drama. In 1923-24 there was lit. sotr. "Rabochaya Gazeta", in 1925-26 head. Literary section "Radio Newspapers". The first play "Iron Heel" (based on the novel by J. London) was written by et al. with D.P. Smolin (1922). The play-pamphlet "Minister's career" (co-authored with E. I. Kaminka) and his own. the play-buffoonery "Saint from under the stick" was published in 1929 in "Mo-steakinoprechat". In 1931, together with A.M. Argo, he wrote the libre. op-you "Polar Passions". For op. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky writes libre. op. "Darvaz Gorge" (comp. LB Stepanov) and a new version of the libre. op. J. Verdi's "Masquerade Ball" (staged in 1939 and 1940). Author pl. songs, including the popular song "Little Blue Scarf" (to music by E. Petersburgsky). The premiere of the song took place in 1940. During the war years wrote one-act plays for fr. t-dv: "Honor", "Cave" "Her Heart" (1941) and others. Author of the plays "The Tale of a Tragedian" ("Pavel Mochalov", 1939) and "Moliere's Youth" (1949), as well as a number of orig. and per. opera. libre, e.g. "Coast of Storms" (comp. G. Ernesaks). In the lane. G. published poems by Polish, Hungarian, Czech poets.
GALITSKY Viktor Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). After graduating from school (1942), he went to the front, was a com. art. platoon, after a serious injury (1943) demobilized, entered Moscow. Aviation in-t. In 1946 he switched to engineer-physical. Faculty of Moscow mechanical Institute (now MEPhI), to-ry graduated in 1949. In 1948-60 worked in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1955 Institute of Atomic. energy, at the same time. taught at MEPhI, in 1960–62 and in 1965–71 head. department of this institute. In 1962–65 at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk). In 1971 he became the head of the theor. lab. Institute of Nuclear Energy, and since 1973 dir. dep. general and nuclear physics of this institute. Sci. G.'s interests are diverse. Early work on nuclear physics, physics of accelerators, the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Developed (with A.B. Migdal) the method of collective variables for describing plasma. Later he was engaged in general questions of the theory of condensers. Wednesday Works on the application of methods of quantum field theory to the problem of many others. bodies brought G. peace. fame. Completed a number of works on the theory of electromagnets. interactions of high-energy particles and research. multiphonic processes at installations with colliding beams. Solved a number of problems in the theory of gas lasers and semiconductor generators. Developed a research program. high energy heavy ion collisions. The author is numerous. Art. and two monographs. Works: Theory of collisions of atomic particles, Moscow, 1981 (with EE Nikitin and BM Smirnov); Problems in Quantum Mechanics, Moscow, 1981 (with B.M. Karnakov and V.I.Kogan).
GAL (real name of Galperin) Nora (Eleonora) Yakovlevna (1912, Odessa - 1991, Moscow), translator, critic. R. in the family of a doctor. In 1932 she entered the Ed.-ed. Institute (RIIN), after its closure (1933) moved to Moscow. state ped. Institute (MGPI), after graduation (1937) she studied in graduate school. Cand. philol. Sciences (1941, dis. about the work of A. Rembo). Since the 1950s. dealt mainly with lane. from English and fr. lang. She translated 25 rum. and p., more than 100 short stories and stories. I started with the lane. classics for sobr. op. and dep. Sat. in a number of leading moscow. publishing house: "Smoke and the Kid" by J. London (1956), "Obsessed" by Charles Dickens (1959), stories by E. Poe, O. Henry, F. Bret Hart. Later she was more attracted to psychology. prose of the 20th century She managed to recreate the originality of the author's manner of such writers as R. Aldington (Death of a Hero, 1961), A. Camus (The Stranger, 1968), F. Nourisier (The Master of the House, 1972), J.C. Oates ( "Garden of Earthly Joys", 1973), K. McCullough ("The Thorns Singers", 1980), K.E. Porter ("Ship of Fools", 1989), N. Shute ("The Pied Piper" and "On the Shore", 1991 ), as well as the masters of the short story: W.C. Moehm, J. Salinger, O. Huxley, C. Anderson, J. Duhamel. She opened Russian. to the reader of The Little Prince A. de Saint-Exupery (1959, then followed by numerous re-editions), trans. also his Planet of the People (1964) and Letter to a Hostage (1973). G. was able to reliably convey the speech and psychology of adolescents, such as, for example. in rum. To Kill a Mockingbird by H. Lee (1963, with R.E. Oblonskaya) and novels by F. Ellens. Among her lane. and scientific. fantasy: "All Living ..." by K. Saymak (1967), "Food of the Gods" by H. Wells (1968), "The End of Childhood" by A. Clarke (1991) and 27 short stories by R. Bradbury and others, and plays: Dangerous Bend and Time and the Conway Family by JB Priestley (1990). Author of "The Tale of Friends" (1935), as well as the book. "The Word Living and Dead: From the Experience of a Translator and Ed." (1972, 4th ed. - 1987).
GALBERSTADT Isai Solomonovich (1842, Odessa - 1892, Moscow), lawyer, societies, activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1864), served in Moscow. archive of the Ministry of Justice and in car washes. dep. Senate, after the trial. reform of 1864 passed to the estate of attorneys at law. Known for his speeches in defense of the victims of the Jews. pogroms of 1881, organized a campaign to help Jews expelled from Moscow in 1891 by order of Moscow. gen.-lips. led. Prince Sergei Alexandrovich. In the 1860s. collaborated in the train. "Dawn" by O. Rabinovich.
GALBERSTADT Vitaly (1903, Odessa - 1967, Paris), chess. composer; int. chess arbiter. compositions (1957), ed. department of studies "Tem-64" (Paris, 1956-66). From 1924 he published approx. 200 etudes and 25 problems, 20 of them were awarded first prizes. The author of a number of books. in chess. compositions.
GALBSTADT, see Molochansk.
GALPER Arkady Moiseevich (b. 1931, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, prof., ch.-k. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. At the end of Moscow. engineer-phys. Institute (1954) worked at the Institute of Physics Arm. SSR and the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). Since 1959 - in Moscow. engineer-phys. in-those (prof., organizer and head of laboratory. Cosmic research). scientific. research conducted in manned orbits. cosm. Art. and arts. satellites of the Earth. Main directions of research: physics of high energies (K-mesons), high-energy. electron-positron component of the cosmic. radiation, primary cosmic. gamma radiation and gamma radiation from the Sun, cosmic. scientific. instrumentation. The author of St. 150 scientific. publications, head of scientific. schools. Member Sci. council on the complex problem "Space. rays "RAS, member. section on “Vneatmosf. astronomy "RAS, scientific. hands. int. cosm. project "Gamma-I". State pr. USSR (1986).
GALPER Benzion (1884, borough Zhaslyai Troksky u. Vilna province - 1924), orientalist, Hebraist, Arabist. He emigrated to Germany, then to England. In 1907 he began to study the Semitic. lang. in London un-those. At the same time. studied in Heb. college. In 1910 he spent a year in Egypt at the expense of un-that. During this period he regularly collaborated in the railway station. "Ha-Yehudi". From 1911 in New York, he worked as a classifier and copyist of fragments from the geniza in the library Heb. theological. seminaries. In 1912, a graduate student at the College. Dropsy in Philadelphia, from 1913 he taught in rabbinical departments. lit-ry and Semitic, lang., since 1923 adjunct-prof. Semitic, lang. Curator of the college manuscripts. In 1916-24 ed. Heb. published. associations of America. Among the fragments of the geniza, transferred by S. Adler to the College. Dropsi, G. discovered a part of the "Sefer ha-Mitsvot" ("Book of prescriptions") of the halachist and philosopher of the 10th century. Hefez bin Yatsli'aha. He translated it into Hebrew, then publ. like the original Arab. text and as per. with a preface and commentary (1915). Published by him scientific-popul. the anthology “Post-Biblical Literature in Hebrew” (in Hebrew and English, vols. 1–2, 1921), contained some previously unpublished texts with commentaries and a glossary. Under the heading "Shirat Israel" (1924) G. publ. new version and lane. in the Hebrew treatise of the outstanding Heb. poet of the 12th century Moshe ibn Ezra "Kitab al-muhadara v-al-muzakara" ("Book of Conversations and Memories"). Main scientific. works include "Formation of participles from verbs with double consonants" (1910), "Chanting of the Middle-century. Heb. poetry "(1914), the original manuscript" Respons of Maimonides "(1916)," Funeral Song for the Death of Gaon Daniel "(1920)," Describe. catalog of fragments of geniza in Philadelphia ”(1924), analysis of discoveries in geniza, and analysis of Heb. lit-ry in Arabic. lang. (1923, 1924, 1928).
GALPERIN (Gelpern) Michael (Michl) (1860, Vilna - 1919, Safed), one of the organizers of the first settlements in E.-I., a socialist Zionist. After Heb. pogroms of 1881 in southern Russia joined the Zionist, the Hovevey Zion movement. From 1886 - in E.-I. He settled in Rishon Le-Zion, supported the struggle of s.-kh. workers against the administration of Baron E. Rothschild. Having thus received an inheritance, he donated large sums for the acquisition of land for the Hebrews. settlements. In the end. 1890s returned to Russia, led the propaganda of the ideas of workers' Zionism among the Jews. youth. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903), he organized detachments of Jews. self-defense, led combat groups in Vilna and other cities. Set the goal of creating Heb. armed forces for the conquest of E.-I. and the creation of Heb. state-va. From 1905 - again in E.-I., worked with.-kh. workers, served in the protection of Heb. settlements. The moshav Givat Michael near Nes Ziona is named in honor of G. G.'s son - Irmiyahu (Irma) (1901, Smolensk - 1962, Tel Aviv), one of the hands. youth Zionist. org-tion Beitar, sailor. In E.-I. from 1913. At the end. 1920s - 30s was engaged in the creation of self-defense courses in Europe, where thousands of members were trained. movement. In 1934 he created and led the sea. Beitar school in Civitavecchia (Italy). In 1949 he founded More. museum in Eilat. The author of the book. "My Father Michael Halperin" (1964).
GALPERIN-KAMINSKY Ilya Danilovich (1858-1936), writer. Studied in nature. f-those of the Sorbonne. He began to write in French. g. while still a student, and since mid. 1880s became one of the naib. Izv. French-Russian leaders. lit. movement; placed in decomp. French bodies of a set of Art. about Russia and per. in French lang. Leo Tolstoy, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.S. Pushkin and other prominent writers (50 volumes in total). G. was also the initiator of teaching Russian. lang. in French uch. institutions; taught at the Sorbonne. Per. in Russian lang. a number of plays by V. Sardou, A. Daude and others; also wrote in Russian. ed.
GALPERIN Alexander Lvovich (1896, Baku - 1960, Moscow), orientalist, historian and economist, Dr. Sciences (1947), prof. (1958). Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1922), in 1924 - Leningrad. east in-t. Lecturer, Assoc. Military. Academy of the Red Army (1932–40), Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1934–35), Moscow. state ped. in-ta them. VI Lenin (1941–46), East. f-that and Ying-that east. lang. at Moscow State University (1945–60). Sci. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. Politics (1934–40), Tychook. Institute (1942–50), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950 60). The author of St. 100 scientific. tr. on the history of Japan and several countries of the South-East. Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines), about the genesis of capitalism (1956, 1962) and econ. crisis in Japan, it is legislated. and polit. preparation for war (1955), as well as the study of the nicks. D. East in growing. ist. science. Among the works: “Anglo-Japanese. Union 1902-1921 "(M., 1947)," Essays on the modern history of Japan "(M., 1957, et al.)," Essays on the new history of Japan "(M., 1958)," Essays on socialist-polit. history of Japan in the period of late feudalism ”(Moscow, 1963). Resp. ed. “History of the countries of the world. East on Wed. century "(M., 1957)," World history "(vols. 4, 6).
GALPERIN Alexander Vladimirovich (1907, Baku - 1995, Moscow), cameraman. In the cinema since 1926 (assistant operator, operator). Debuted F. Scandalous Story (1927). I took off a number of docs. f. In 1936 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK, in the same year he teaches there, leads a creative workshop, then prof. F .: "Business and People" (1932), "Space Flight" (1936), "Tractor Drivers" (1939), "Women" (1940), "Air Cab" (1943), "Court of Honor" (1949). Author of books and publications, account. manuals on camera skills. One of the creators of owls. opera. schools. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968). Became. pr. (1949).
GALPERIN Anatoly Vladimirovich (1923, Petrograd - 1966, Moscow), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Graduated from Military Art. Ing. academy (1948). In Kr. Army from July 1941. Graduated from acceleration. course art. uch-schA. In fr. - from February 1942. Com. batteries, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle in the Pskov region. After the war he continued to serve in the army. Colonel.
GALPERIN Ber Lvovich (1902, Dzevenishki of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1984, Vilnius), prose writer, engineer-builder. Participated in the underground roar. movement in Poland. In the end. 1920s debuted a publicist. materials in Paris. In the 30s. left for Uruguay, became one of the editors. gas. "Unser Freint" (Montevideo). In 1936 he returned to Poland and settled in Vilno. From 1965 he worked at the railway station. "Sovetish gameland", where it was published. his first story is “Foreman Monya”. The author of dozens of stories, essays, critical. Art., verse. per. with lit. lang. in Yiddish. In the last years of G.'s life. place in his work was occupied by ist. theme (images of prominent personalities in the history of Jewish enlightenment, people's heroes). Most of the works written in the 1960s-80s are included in the book. Mein Ihesh (My Genealogy, 1978) and Istapsheh Ganefesh (Confession, 1984).
GALPERIN Eduard Izrailevich (b. 1931, Moscow), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. In 1955 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. In 1955-70 resident, Jr., Art. scientific. sotr. and head. surgeon dep. Moscow in-that ambulance to them. N.V. Sklifosovsky. In 1979–80 the head. dep. surgery of the liver Ying-that transplantology and arts, organs. Since 1980 - hands. dep. liver surgery and metabolic surgery Mosk. honey. academy named after I.M.Sechenov, G. - one of the leading specialists in the country in the region. surgery of the liver and biliary tract. One of the first in the USSR to successfully develop the problem of liver transplantation, carried out extracorporeal connection of the liver of patients with acute hepatocerebral insufficiency. He proposed original methods of radiopaque examination. biliary tract. Works: Contrast research. in surgery of the biliary tract, M., 1964 (et al.); Surgery of the extrahepatic bile ducts, M., 1971 (et al.); Liver failure, M., 1978, (et al.); Non-standard situations during operations on the liver and biliary tract, M., 1987 (et al.); Diseases of the biliary tract after cholecystectomy, M., 1988.
GALPERIN Fedor Matveyevich (1903, Ekaterinoslav - |), metal physicist, creator of armored steel. He graduated in 1929 Moscow. un-t and in 1936 graduate school. He worked in Moscow. Aviation technol. in-those (scientific researcher, in 1941-43 head of the department). At the same time. head lab. Institute of Metallurgy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1945 headed the Institute. In 1942, he developed the composition of a new steel grade, which during the war found application for the manufacture of tank parts for all tank construction. s-dakh of the country. Became. etc. (1943).
GALPERIN Georgy Lvovich (1926, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1986, Moscow), Africanist, expert on Ethiopian problems, publicist, international journalist, Ph.D. Sciences (1981), graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950), taught at a number of higher. uch. institutions. Since 1968 - commentator Ch. radio broadcasting editors to the countries of Africa State Television and Radio Broadcasting. Member Union of Journalists of the USSR; member Board of Friendship Society "USSR-Ethiopia". The author of the book., As well as numerous. Art. in Zh. Works: Equator near, M., 1968; Ethiopia: (Geographical information), M., 1973; Ethiopia: Population, resources, x-in, M., 1978; Ethiopia: Revolution and Village, M., 1985.
GALPERIN Horace (1916, Petrograd - 1964), banker, societies. activist, a descendant of Baron G.O. Gintsburg. In 1919 he left Russia with his family and settled in France. In 1934–37 he studied at the Free School of Polit. Sciences (Paris). Member of the 2nd world. war (awarded the order. "Cross of Glory"). In 1944 he studied at the University of Geneva. Later he headed a number of companies and joint stock companies. about-in. Member Central Committee of the World. Heb. union ("Israelite Alliance") and United. social Heb. fund, a number of other international. Heb. org-tions. Member to-that French. org-tion of rehabilitation through training.
GALPERIN Iekhiel (1880, Priluki, Chernigov province - 1942, Tel Aviv), teacher, supporter of the introduction of Hebrew as a basis. language in preschool education. He founded the first children in Warsaw in 1909. gardens with teaching in Hebrew, in 1910 - a seminary for the training of teachers for children. gardens, in 1914 - the same seminary in Odessa. From 1920 in E.-I., in 1922–25 - inspector of the Hebrews. children kindergartens, in 1926 he headed the Preschool department teaches, seminary in Tel Aviv, in 1936 he organized a school there for educators of children. gardens. Published ped. g. "Ga-gina" ("Sadik", from 1917 - in Odessa, in 1922–25 in Jerusalem). Author of works on pedagogy, children. fairy tales and songs. Posthumous. collection op. in 3 books. (1942, 1945, 1952) Art. G.'s son is the poet I. Ratosh.
GALPERIN Israel (| - |), financier and societies. worker of the 1st floor. 19th century He lived in Berdichev, acted as a secular defender of Hasidism, and therefore enjoyed prestige as among the Jews of the South-West. region, and the local administration. This means that thanks to G.'s efforts, it was possible to prevent new. anti-Jew. restrictions. Supporter of Heb. traditions and opponent of the penetration of Europe. education among the Jews, G. sharply opposed educated Jewry, but in the 1840s. supported by governments. reform of Heb. education, in 1843, like the leader of the Lubavitch Hasidim Sh.B. Shneerson, he accepted an offer to join a special commission under the Min-ve Nar. education "to promote the types of pr-va" in the reform of the Hebrews. education. Opponents of G., seeking to undermine his influence, succeeded in declaring him an insolvent debtor and imprisonment in debt, from where he was released only on the eve of his death.
GALPERIN Chaim (1895, Kanev, Kiev province - 1973, Tel Aviv), agronomist and economist. In 1923 he graduated from the Kharkov agricultural. in-t. In E.-I. from 1924. He was one of the founders of agricultural. Bank and Higher. s.-kh. schools them. A.Rupin. In 1931–48 gen. sec. Union of agricultural workers E.-I. In 1948 50 - gen. dir. Min-va s. x-va. Since 1951 - director. s.-kh. bank. He taught in Heb. University of Jerusalem since 1951 (prof. - from 1957, honored prof. - from 1964). State pr. Israel (agronomy and agriculture) in 1973 for tr. on economics with. x-va.
GALPERIN Michael Angelo (b. 1909, Warsaw), economist. He studied in Geneva, where he settled. Prof. Institute of International research in Geneva. Main field of activity: finance, banking and international. economics, international analysis currency crisis situations. Author pl. publications, among them: “Intern. trade "(1947, 1952)," Research. econom. nationalism "(1960)," Gold and the monetary system "(1962).
GALPERIN Mikhail (1823, Petrokov, Kingdom of Poland - 1888), journalist and writer. Since 1842 in Hungary, where he joined the Hungarian liberal movement and became famous. as a poet of the revolution. After the suppression of the Revolution of 1848, he went into hiding and lived for several months in Paris. From 1856 - in the USA, where until 1858 he taught at the schools of the Society of Hebrews. education in Philadelphia, then moved to Brooklyn, where he was ed. and sotr. Appleton's New American Encyclopedia (1858–63); later worked as an assistant to the ed. when revising this ed. (1872–76). Collaborated at New York Gas. “Tribune”, in 1865–88 - in “Nation” by E.L. Godkin. G. was considered one of the outstanding American authors on European issues. literature and politics. In the 1880s. participated in the work of the Society for Assistance to Emigrants and advocated the idea of ​​creating settlements in Russian. Heb. emigrants per piece Oregon, Dakota and New Jersey. Art. G.'s son - Angelo (1853–1907), geologist, traveler and writer. Made several. exp., including an ascent to the active volcano Pele and exp. to the Arctic to provide assistance to Piri (1892). Younger son of G. - Louis (1856, Miskolc, Hungary - 1912), sotr. encyclopedias. He helped his father in republishing the American Encyclopedia (1872–76), compiled “East. reference book "(1884), was ed. Nelson's Encyclopedia, Assistant Ed. "New International Encyclopedia" and joint venture. with his brother he edited Lipincott's New Gazetteer (1905).
GALPERIN Mikhail Petrovich (1882, Kiev - 1944, Moscow), poet and translator. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1902). From 1899 he was published in the railway station. "World of Art", "Bulletin of Europe", "Modern World", "Journal for All", "Variety", "Ramp and Life", first collection. - "Flicker" (M., 1912). In his work, he was influenced by S.Ya. Nadson and K.D. Balmont. party of the cadets, in the years of the 1st world. War was headed by the Bureau of the Press. In 1917 he published a number of collections. agitator. poems: about Feb. revolution, about the need for "war to a victorious end", etc. Collaborated with the Society "Young Wednesday". He translated W. Shakespeare into Russian. lang.
GALPERIN Moisei Borisovich (1850 - |), sugar industrialist, commercial advisor (1906). Descended from ancient Heb. kind, izv. in Russia from the 18th century, received a home education, from 1871 he engaged in the production of sugar, becoming one of the largest sugar refineries in Russia. In the beginning. 20th century owned 8 sugar beet and three refineries with an annual production of 5 million poods of sand and 3.5 million poods of refined sugar, he also owned St. 50 thousand acres of land with sugar beet plantations. The cost of s-dov on the eve of the 1st world. the war was approx. 10 million rubles Was a pioneer in the export of Russian. sugar to Scandinavia, one of the largest exporters to Persia, Turkey and the countries of the E. East. Member was elected. Kiev Exchange Committee, was also a member. registration to-tov Petersburg. Int. Of the Accounting and Loan Banks. the trustee of the Kiev women's government, comrade (deputy) before. Kiev representative office in Heb. cases, before. Kiev Bureau Evr. colonization society. G. made large donations to the construction of hospitals for tuberculosis patients, an orphanage and an almshouse for the elderly in Kiev.
GALPERIN Pyotr Yakovlevich (1902, Kharkov - 1988, Moscow), psychologist, Dr. ped. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Graduated from Kharkov honey. in-t on special psychoneurology (1926), after which he was in charge of the lab. psychophysiology Kharkov psychoneurological. in-that. In 1941-43 the worker. in will restore, evacuation hospital in the Urals. Since 1943 associate professor, and since 1965 prof. department psychology of Moscow State University, head. department age psychology of psychology. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1971). Research on the subject and method of psychology, on the problems of consciousness, developmental psychology. Honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1980). Cit .: The main results of research on the problem: Formation of mental actions and concepts, M., 1965; Experimental formation of attention, M., 1974 (et al.). Introduction to psychology, M., 1976.
GALPERIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (1898, Sevastopol - 1971, Leningrad), architect. From 1923 post. sotr. A.S. Nikolsky's creative workshop. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. Ing. in Leningrad. In 1927-36 he taught at Ing. f-those Leningrad. in-that engineer. communal building. Main works: the project of the Central Telegraph in Moscow (1925, with Nikolsky), the 1st mechanical bakery in Leningrad (1925, with Nikolsky), a school on Lesnoy Prospect. in Leningrad (1927-28), the House of Soviets in Ivanovo (1930-32), etc.
GALPERINA-GINZBURG Elena (1884, Mikhailovka Melitopolsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1922, Berlin), one of the first to grow. women lawyers. She studied jurisprudence at Ecole de Drois (Paris, 1907), was admitted to the exam to obtain a law practice in Kharkov. Her request for the possibility of legal. activity in Russia was sent to the Senate, but did not deserve to be put. answer. Later G.-G. settled in Kiev and devoted herself to journalism. and societies. activities. Its dep. essays were published under the general title Under the Banner of the Law (Berlin, 1923, in Russian).
GALPERINA Bella Davydovna (b. 1930, [Novograd-Volynskiy]] Zhytomyr region), historian, archaeographer, Dr. Sciences (1991). In 1953 she graduated from the Department of Archeology of History. Faculty at Leningrad State University (1953). In 1949–58 she worked at archeol. expeditions at hand. A.D. Stolyar and L.S. Klein. In 1953–58 she worked in the Library of the Academy of Sciences, in the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR, as a guide in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In 1958-79 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. branches Center. State archive Oct. revolutionary socialist. page-va. Since 1979 - at the Center. State archive of the USSR (Russian State Historical Archive), since 1991 Ch. scientific. sotr. The author of St. 80 scientific. works and doc. publications, including: "District Councils of Petrograd in 1917" (v. 1-3, M.-L., 1964-66, responsible compiler); "Factory and plant complexes in Petrograd in 1917" (v. 1–2, 1979–82, ed. and responsible compiler); “Special Journals of the Council of Min-dvs of Tsarist Russia” (vols. 1–5, Moscow, 1982–83, ed. And responsible compiler); “Council of min. Grew up. empire. 1905-1906 " (L., 1990, ed. And responsible. Comp.); "Petrograd. The workers 'and soldiers' council. deputies in 1917 " (v. 1–2, St. Petersburg, 1991–94, ed. and responsible compiler).
GALPERN (Raphael) Yom Tov Lipman (1816, Razan - 1879, Bialystok), rabbi and writer. The son of a rabbi. Since 1836 the rabbi in Krevo. Later he served in Koydanovo, Tsekhanovets, Mezhirechye and in Bialystok (1859). Coll. responses "Oneg Yom Tov" (in 2 hours, 1880) was highly regarded as a rabbi. circles. The author of the work edified. character under the same name. (1906). Played an active role in societies. life. Because of their criticism of prominent community figures who were discriminating. policy towards poor children in favor of the rich in the issue of selection for the military. service, G. was accused of disloyalty to growing up. pr-woo, prosecuted and sentenced to several. months in prison.
GALPERN David Yudelevich (1912-1977), engineer, specialist in the region. optics and optical instrumentation. In 1934 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and entered the design research. bureau Vses. associations of optical-mechanical. prom-sti, in 1936 he graduated from graduate school. From 1941 at the front. After 1945 he worked in the defense industry. Sci. tr. associated with the theory and practice of calculating optical. systems. Contributed to the development of optics of birefringent media and the theory of aberrations of higher. orders. Made original. work on the diffraction theory of image formation. Explained a number of phenomena occurring at the boundaries of images of objects decomp. forms, including the vernier effect. He established the limiting possibilities of apodization of optical instruments. systems. He developed a number of new devices, including wide-angle viewers, tubes, micro-lenses, geodesic. tubes with apochromatic. correction. He is one of the initiators of the use of computers for calculating optical. systems. Supervised the development of mat. apparatus that ensured the transition to automation. methods for calculating optical. systems. Author of 50 inventions. State pr. USSR (1968).
GALPERN Georg Gad (1878, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1962, Israel), economist, Zionist activist. movement. Studied economics in Germany (doctoral dissertation "Jewish workers in London", 1903). In his youth he joined the Zionists, from 1903 he participated in the World. Zionist. Congr. After creating. "Democratic. faction "- the closest assistant of H. Weizmann, financial advisor. questions and the administrator of the econom. structures of the World. Zionist. org-tion. The author of Art. by econ. questions in it. press. In 1921-28, the director. oil. company and prez. Heb. Colonial Bank in London, participated in the activities of the Anglo-Palestinian Bank, Palestinian Electric. corporation "Keren ha-Yesod", the Company for the acquisition of land, etc. Since 1933 in E.-I., where he founded the insurance company "Migdal" (1934), was a member. of the Board of Bank Leumi.
GALPERN Lipman (1902, Bialystok - 1968, Jerusalem), neurologist. He graduated from the Konigsberg high fur University in 1928. In E.-I. - since 1934. In 1938 he founded a neurology cabinet in a clinic. Hospital Gadassah (Jerusalem) (since 1941 head of the neuropsychiatric department of the hospital), since 1946 he taught at the honey. f-those Heb. un-that in Jerusalem (prof. from 1949, dean from 1965). State pr. Israel in 1953 for research in the region. diseases of the extrapyramidal system, functions of the frontal region. the brain, the effect of body position on body functions, etc.
GALPERN Menasha (1871, Krishpotovka Starokonstantinovskogo u. Volyn province - 1960, Sao Paulo, Brazil), poet, prose writer. At the age of 12-14 he began to write poetry in Hebrew and Yiddish. He wandered around Russia, lived on odd jobs. He debuted in literature in 1899 and has since been published in almost all popular Hebrews. publications. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903) he emigrated to America, published poems and stories in Hebrew. periodic. publications. In 1908 he returned to Russia, lived in Moscow, where in 1917 published. the book of poems and fairy tales "Zilberne Mountains" ("Silver Hair"). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, collaborated in Heb. print. In 1918 he returned to Moscow, together with gr. writers founded "Mosk. circle of Heb. writers and artists ”and publishing house under him. In 1922 he moved to Kiev. In 1925 he emigrated, lived in Austria, then in Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro in 1934 he published the collection. stories "Fun altn brunem" ("From the old well"), in subsequent years came out his books of memoirs "Parchments", as well as poetic collections.
GALPERN Vladimir Ivanovich (1919, Petrograd - 1944, Budapest), Hero of the Owl. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1939. He graduated from the Chelyabinsk tank-technical. uch-shche. In fr. - from June 1941. Tank platoon under the command of Art. leith. G. was the first to break into the outskirts of Budapest. Killed in battle.
GALPERN Yakov Markovich (1840, Vilna - 1914, Nice, France), lawyer, state. and societies. activist, privy councilor. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied at the Vilna rabbinical school, then - in the city. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1869). He served in the Ministry of Justice, from 1890 to the beginning. Will order it. department, since 1905 members. Consultations at the ministry, since 1907 at the same time. vice director 2nd department. Repeatedly participated as a representative of the Min-va in the work of a number of interdepartments, commissions, including commissions on Jewish affairs. In 1912 he retired due to illness. Participant of creation and member. “Time. to-that by education about-va crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia ”(from 1880), transformed with the participation of G. in the Society of Crafts. and agricultural. labor. Poch. h. and comrade (deputy) before. Society for the dissemination of enlightenment among Jews in Russia, one of the founders of the Oriental Studies Courses of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, was repeatedly elected a member. reign of the Choral synagogue and petersburg. Heb. community, permanent member. her Cemetery Office. Participated in the work of the congresses of the Hebrews. dep. Petersburg in 1881–82, was involved as an expert in the commission for the development of Time. rules about the Jews. Collaborated in "Law", "J. Ministry of Justice "and others, where he published Art. on the problems of pension provision. The author of Art. about growing up. Jewry in railway Dawn, Sunrise, Future.
GALPERN Yakov Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1876, Kovna - 1941, Kislovodsk), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1910). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1899). Until 1907, an intern at the Military Medical Clinic of Hospital Surgery. academy in St. Petersburg, surgeon in Smolensk lips. hospital; in 1910–22 head. surgeon dep. Tver lips. hospitals. In 1923–41 prof., Head. Department of Hospital Surgery Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-that. On the initiative of G. in Dnepropetrovsk, a branch of the Ukr. in-that blood transfusion, to-eye he directed until 1941. scientific. tr. G. dedicated surgery of the stomach (including the treatment of peptic ulcer disease), pancreas, esophagus (he is widely known for the plastic surgery of the esophagus from the area of ​​the greater curvature of the stomach); under his arms. the country's first heterogeneous blood transfusion was carried out. On G.'s initiative, the Zh. Was founded (1921). "New surgical archive", responsible. ed. to-rogo he was for many. years; deputy. prev. Vses. about-va surgeons. Honored. Scientist (1934) Vol .: Benign diseases of the stomach and duodenum and their surgical treatment (doctoral dissertation), Tver, 1910.
GALKIN Alexander Abramovich (b. 1922, Vitebsk), historian, Dr. Sciences (1966). In 1941–45 at the front, then he served in the information bureau of the Sov. military. administration of Germany (SVAG), at the same time. he studied in absentia on the East. Faculty of Moscow State University (graduated in 1949). In 1953–62 the head. dep. g. "Intern. a life". In 1963-68 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. dep. in Ying-those of the world economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1968–72 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. dep. in Ying-those sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1972-87 - in Ying-those international. working movement of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vice-rector for science Ying-that societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1987–91). In 1991–93 - deputy. gene. dir. Fund of social. and polit. research (M.S. Gorbachev Foundation), since 1993 - adviser to the president. Fonda. Author of works on the history of Germany in modern times and social. problems in the West. Europe. Participated in the preparation of monographs and joint works. tr., responsible. ed. a number of collective works. Cit .: Versailles and the Rhine separatists, Moscow, 1962; Fascism is the enemy of humanity, M., 1962; Sociology of neo-fascism, M., 1971; Germ. fascism, M., 1967 (2nd ed., M., 1989); Modern Leviathan, M., 1985 (co-authored with F.M. Burlatsky); Conservatism in the past and present: (On the social roots of the conservative wave), M., 1987 (co-authored with P.Yu. Rakhshmir); Working class and world development, M., 1987 (co-authored with E.V. Klopov).
GALKIN Avraham Solomon (b. 1903, Novy Bykhov, Mogilev province), orientalist, linguist. Brother of Sh.Galkin. Exported to the USA in 1914. In 1928–50 he was a Semitic teacher. lang., in 1950–70 prof. Judaism in the mountains. College of New York. In 1929–70 he also taught at Heb. theological. seminaries. Since 1970 in Israel (Jerusalem). Ed. dep. Judeo-Arab. literature and middle-century. per. "Encyclopedias of Judaica". Ed. 2nd part of the book. “Muslim. heresies and sects "Al-Baghdadi (" Al-Fark baina al-Fira'k ", 1935), Arabic, the original and three versions of the Hebrew text is monumental. labor of Maimonides "Iggeret Teiman" (1952), Arab. comments to the "Song of Songs" by ibn-Aknin from trans. in Hebrew "Gitgalut ha-sodot" (1964), book. “Zion in Heb. lit-re "(1964). He worked on a new critic. ed. and per. in Hebrew Moshe ibn-Ezra's treatise "Kitab al-muhadara v-al-muzakara" ("Book of conversations and memoirs"), which is a classic. op. in Heb. poetics, ed. prefaces to the new ed. book The Samaritans: The Earliest Jewish Sect by J.A. Montgomery (1968).
GALKIN Shimon (1899, Dovsk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1987, Jerusalem), writer and literary critic. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1914 he left for the United States, where in 1925–32 he taught at Hybru Union College. In 1932–39 he lived in Tel Aviv, in 1939–49 in New York, where he was prof. lit-ry in Hebrew. In 1949–68 prof. new lit-ry in Hebrew in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Her work is characterized by a combination of the desire to merge with the spiritual principle of being and the glorification of earthly passions and the human. weaknesses, and for poetry - the merger of lyric. and epic. started. The author of the novels "Yehiel Gagagri" (1928), "On the Verge of a Breakdown" (1945, about the life of American Jewry), collection of works. stories "Chuzhbin (1972), a number of lit. essay and critical articles collected in the three-volume "Ways and roadsides in the literature" (1965) and in the book. "Current in modern. literature in Hebrew "(1950, in English), collection of works. lectures "Conventions and breaks in our literature" (1980), translations into Hebrew, prod. W. Shakespeare, J. London, P.B. Shelley, W. Whitman and others. Israel Ave (1975).
GALKIN Shmuel Zalmanovich (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1960, Moscow), poet, playwright. From an early age he wrote poetry in Hebrew. Since 1921 - in Yiddish. First Sat "Leader" ("Poems") was published in Kiev in 1922, the second - "Wei un mut" ("Pain and Courage") - in 1929. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s was attacked by critics, who accused him of pessimism, lack of ideas, passion for biblical symbols. The outstanding master of love lyrics G. was able to merge together the nat. and intern. motives, history and modernity. Ancient history of Heb. the people are dedicated to the plays "Bar-Kokhba" (1939) and "Shulamith" (1940) (staged by the Moscow GOSET, there was also William Shakespeare's play "King Lear" in his brilliant translation). His lyric poetry is presented in the collection Far Dem Hiring a Foundation (For a New Foundation, 1932), Contact (1935), and others. "Erdishe vegn" ("Earthly Ways"), which combines the pain of the people and pride in the heroism and courage of people who managed to withstand the fight against fascism and be reborn to life. The result of G.'s work - book. Der Boim Fun Lebn (The Tree of Life, 1948), which absorbed the best that he had written over 20 years. By the 1940s. also include the plays of G. "Der spiel-foigl" ("Songbird"), "Der oufstand in geto" ("Uprising in the ghetto"). G. was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that, editorial board gas. "Einikite" and the almanac "Heimland", pl. he gave strength to the education of young Hebrews. writers. During the campaign "to combat cosmopolitanism" in 1950, he was repressed, exiled to a camp in the Far North, and returned from there in 1955. The poems written in the camp were collected in the posthumous collection. Main Oyzer (My Treasure, 1966). In creative. Heritage G. - lane. in Yiddish op. A.S. Pushkin ("Mozart and Salieri", "Feast during the plague", "The Covetous Knight"), V.V. Mayakovsky, A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, M.Gorky, D.A. .Furmanov, VMKirshona and others. Verse. and plays by G. trans. in Russian lang. and have been reprinted several times in plural. w., sat. and gas.
GALLAY Mark Lazarevich (1914, Petersburg - 1998, Moscow), test pilot, specialist in the region. aerodynamics, writer, Hero of Owls. Union (1957). Honored. test pilot of the USSR (1959), Dr. Sciences (1972). At the end. Wed school (1930) worked for Leningrad. s-de "Red October". In 1932 he entered the Institute of Civil. air. fleet, in 1935 he was transferred to Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (graduated in 1937 with a degree in aerodynamics). From 1938 he worked at TsAGI as an engineer, then as a test pilot. In 1941–43 he participated in the air. battles in fr. He tested new types of aircraft, including the first jet fighter MiG-9, strategic. bombers, helicopters. In 1958 he was transferred to the reserve with the rank of colonel. He taught at the Academy of Citizens. aviation, where in the middle. 1950s created the course "Features of aerodynamics and piloting of jet aircraft". Since 1959 he has been conducting scientific research. work in the region. flight dynamics and flight test techniques. Since the 1960s. deals with lit. activities, the author of the book. about aviation. Awarded the 10th order. Works: Tested in the sky, Moscow, 1963; Through invisible barriers. 3rd ed., M., 1969; Third dimension. Essays, M., 1973.
GALLERY, see Golobudy.
GALLONE Soava (Vinaver Stanislava) (1880, Warsaw - 1957, Rome), actress. R. in the family of a prominent Warsaw lawyer. She studied at private theater schools. Since 1911 in Italy. She made her debut in f. Love Without Secrets (1911). During the silent film period, she starred in Italy and France, mainly with her husband, the leading Italian director. then Carmino G., in more than forty feature films. Italian silent film star: Critics have called her "Italian Lillian Guiche." With the advent of sound films, he stops acting, he worked in the theater.
GALOCHI, a village in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1852 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Goloche Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. From 1920 - in the Odessa province., From 1923 - in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa province., In 1924-40 - as part of Mold. In 1859, there were 1,442 Jews living in Georgia, in 1893 - 239, in 1898 - 272, in 1905 - 304, in 1926 - 26 Jews (18%). When a colony was founded, 20 dessiatins were given per family. free state lands. Due to their lack of experience in farming, the Jews did not cultivate the entire land. In 1870 the lustration commission confiscated part of the land from them. By the beginning. 1920s G. fell into decay. The size of the Jewish population declined. During the Holocaust, all Jews in Georgia were shot.
GAMARNIK Grigory Alexandrovich (b. 1929), athlete (classic wrestling, light weight). World Champion (1955), silver medalist of the World Championship (1958). Champion of the USSR (1953, 1956–58).
GAMARNIK Yan (Yakov) Borisovich (1894, Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1937, Moscow), part. and military. activist, army commissar of the 1st rank (1935), member. Communist. party since 1916. From the family of an employee. In 1915-17 he studied law. f-those Kievsk. un-that. In oct. 1917 members Kiev Revolutionary Committee. From Apr. 1918 Cand. to members of the "Insurrection. nines ", created for the leadership of the armament. fighting in the occupied territory. Ukraine, one of the hands. underground desks. org-tions in Odessa, Kharkov and Crimea. In the end. 1918 - early. 1919 members Kharkov Revolutionary Committee, one of the hands. uprising in Kharkov against Diriktoria. From May 1919 before. Odessa Provincial Committee of KP (b) U, member. Defense Council of Odessa, member. RVS South groups of troops of the 12th Army. In nov. 1919 - Apr. 1920 military commissar of the 58th rifleman. divisions. In 1920–23 before. Odessa, then the Kiev provincial committees of the CP (b) U, the Kiev provincial committee and the executive committee, in 1923-28 before. Dalrevkom, regional executive committee and Dalkraykom party. In 1928 sec. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus, member. RVS Belarus. IN. From Oct. 1929 early. Political administration of the Kr. Army, member. RVS USSR, Ch. ed. gas. "The Red Star". From June 1930, deputy. People's Commissar of Defense and Deputy. prev. RVS of the USSR, actively supported M.N. Tukhachevsky and the military conducted by him. reforms. Cand. in part. Central Committee (since 1925), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (from 1927), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. With the beginning of mass arrests of representatives of the highest. command staff committed suicide (shot himself).
GAMBURG-YUDELOVICH Raisa Lvovna (1896, Surazh, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), pediatrician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow un-that (1920). In 1920–21 she served in the Kr. Army. Since 1928 - resident, scientific. sotr. Centre. Research Institute of Maternity and Infancy Protection; since 1934 assistant, prof., head. Department of Pediatrics (1962-66) in the Center, in-those advanced training for doctors. Science. tr. G.-Yu. dedicated diseases of the respiratory system, rheumatism, arthritis, nephropathy in children, the function of the gastrointestinal tract in dysentery in early childhood.
GAMEIRI (Ostrovsky) Moshe (1886, Karlin, Minsk province - 1947), rabbi and leader of the Mizrahi movement in E.-I. From 1897 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshivas of Jerusalem, received the title of rabbi. Since 1912, the rabbi of the Ekron settlement. Actively participating from youth in the Mizrahi movement, G. became in 1919 one of the Ch. organizers of religions. school system in E.-I. Taught the Talmud in teaches a seminary that was part of the educational network of the Mizrahi movement in Jerusalem. Was a member. will execute the organ of the Meeting of the Dept.-Jews E.-I. Va'ad Leumi, head of the department of local religions. communities. Helped in the organization of the Supreme Rabbinate in E.-I. and was one of the founders of the Kiryat Moshe quarter in Jerusalem. Among his book. "Mevo ha-Talmud" ("Introduction to the Talmud", 1935), textbook for schools and teaches, seminary "Toldot ha-Mizrahi ba-Eretz Yisrael" ("History of Mizrahi in Eretz Yisrael", 1944) and "Irgun ha -ishuv ha-yehudi ba-Eretz Yisrael "(Organization of the Hebrew Yishuv in Eretz Yisrael"), 1942).
GAMORAN Emanuel (1895, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1962, USA), teacher. Since 1907 in the USA. In 1917–21 sotr. at the New York Bureau of Heb. education. In 1923, a director was appointed. on Pedagogy of the Commission of Heb. formation of the Union of Amer. Heb. communities and remained in this post until his death. In 1927-28 he was also a president. nat. Council of Heb. education. Under his arms. Reform Commission Heb. education has released many textbooks and uch. programs for Heb. schools and initiated the use of audiovisual means in Heb. learning. G. owns the work "Change of concepts in Hebrew. learning "(1924). He took part in the creation of differentiated textbooks for Hebrews. schools and publ. pl. Art. on the problems of Heb. education.
GAMRETSKY Yuri Markovich (b. 1930, Shepetovka), historian, Dr. Sciences (1976), prof. (1986). From a family of teachers, graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev University (1953), taught history in Wed. schools. Since 1960 in the department of history. Conducted. Oct socialist revolution and civil. War Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR Since 1966 - Art. scientific. sotr., since 1985 head. sector of history led. Oct socialist Revolution, since 1986 - Ch. scientific. sotr. In 1968, as a UNESCO scholar, he worked in archives and libraries in Paris, Bonn, Munich and Vienna. 100 scientific. works on history and historiography Oct. revolution and civil. wars in Ukraine (in Ukrainian and Russian). Participated in the preparation of a number of collective generalizing works (including "History of the Ukrainian SSR" in Ukrainian and Russian). Since 1992 in the USA.
GANCHESTI, see Hincesti.
GANDELMAN Grigory Mikhailovich (1920, Ekaterinoslav - 1993, Moscow), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). In 1941 he was transferred from Dnepropetrovsk University to the Air Force. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, after graduating from the school (1945), served in the army. In 1947–48 he worked at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, then in 1948-70 at the All-Union Council. Research Institute of Experimental physics (Arzamas-16). In 1970-91, in the All-Union Research Institute of Optical Phys. measurements (head of laboratory, leading scientific researcher). In 1991–93, a consultant at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. physics to them. L. D. Landau RAN, obl. scientific. interests of high-pressure physics, electronic theory of metals, superconductivity, plasma physics, interaction of radiation with a microwave. Under the arm. G. carried out a calculation of the electrical resistance of alkali metals at high pressures, which was theoretical. substantiation of the experimentally observed sharp increase in their electrical conductivity at pressures of several. honeycomb megabars. Research the possibility of transition of cesium at high pressures to the superconducting state. The cycle of works is devoted to theoretical. research kinetic. characteristics of plasma at high pressures and temp-pax. For the first time he built (with P.S. Kondratenko) an analytic. the theory of the effect of full specular reflection of light from metallic. gratings and research. nonlinear stage of development of light-induced periodic. surface structures arising under the action of laser pulses. The author of St. 100 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1953), State. pr. USSR (1969).
HANDELSMAN Marsely (1882, Warsaw - 1945), historian. Since 1915 prof. world history at Warsaw University, headed by the Warsaw Institute of History, member. Academy of Moral and Political sciences in Paris. The author of the book. "Punishment in Ancient Polish Law" (1907), later studied the history of Poland from the time of the 1st partition in 1772, the era of Napoleon I and Franco-Polish relations, wrote essays on the development of modern. nationalism and methodology for interpreting history. After the occupation of Poland, German. troops (1939) sent to the Nordhausen concentration camp, where he died. Main tr .: “Napoleon and Poland. 1806-1807 "(1904, in French.)," France-Poland. 1775-1845 "(1926, in Polish.)," Franz. ideas and polish. societies, thought of the XIX century. " (1927, in French).
GANDLEVSKY Sergey Markovich (b. 1952, Moscow), poet, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1977). One of the creatures. (1973) lit. gr. "Moscow time" (together with A. Soprovsky and A. Tsvetkov). Published in pl. Zarub. periodic. ed. The author of the book. verse. The Story (1989). G.'s poems are saturated with the realities of the place and time of late life. era, the poet boldly introduces a biographical. specificity and a strong element of narrative, combines romantic. motives with restrained but harsh self-irony. As per. worked preim. with the poetry of the peoples of the USSR.
GANELIN Rafail Sholomovich (b. 1926, Leningrad), historian, Dr. Sciences (1971), ch. RAS (1991). The son of the teacher Sh.I. Ganelin. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1949), student of N.P. Poletika and B.A. Romanov. Since 1955 he has been working at Leningrad State University. dep. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of RAS). The author of works on the history of Russian-Amer. relations 1914-18, state. reforming and reigning. politics early. 20th century, revolutions of 1905–07 and February. 1917, controversial issues of the history of societies, thought and rule. politics early. 1880s (works of the last two cycles in co-authorship with B.V. Ananich), edit. policy towards the Black Hundreds and anti-Semitism, Russian-Heb. historiography (et al.), as well as biographies of polit. figures and analysis of memoirs and doc. heritage of S.Yu. Witte. Took part in the publication of rules, documents, memoirs, diaries, etc. history. sources, ed. and comp. a number of collections of works: Russia and the USA. 1914–1917: Essays on the history of Russian-Amer. relations, L., 1969; Soviet-Amer. relations in the con. 1917 - early. 1918, L., 1975; Grew up. autocracy in 1905: Reforms and revolution, St. Petersburg, 1991.
GANELIN Sholom Izrailevich (1894, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1974, Leningrad), teacher. Ch.-c. APN RSFSR (since 1947), Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. (1943). From the family of a rabbi. Graduated from Vilna private Heb. Mr. P. I. Kagan (1914). In 1915-17 he studied law. f-those Petrograd. un-that, at the same time. from 1916 he taught at the Evening Courses for Adults of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. In the years of civil. war - before. united, council of Heb. labor schools, head. dep. education nat. minorities of the Polotsk u., member. Pres. Vitebsk lips. Bureau of Heb. teaching; member Heb. united. socialist workers' party. In 1919 he returned to Petrograd. Graduated from the humanitarian and out-of-school faculty of Petrograd. ped. academy (1922). On behalf of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews, he compiled in Heb. lang. a guide to the history of pedagogy (unpublished). In 1922–25 he taught at the Institute of Higher Education. Heb. knowledge (taught the course "Historical fundamentals of modern education"), in 1924–72 at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute im. AI Herzen, in 1925–39 - in Ying-those scientific. pedagogy, in 1931-47 at Leningrad State University. In 1945-60 he worked in Leningrad. branch (Leningrad. Research Institute of Pedagogy) APN RSFSR. He worked out methodological problems of pedagogy, focusing on the relationship and interdependence of the theory and history of pedagogy, didactics and private methods, pedagogy and psychology, ped. theory and practice of education and training. G. is characterized by a synthetic approach to training and education, a retrospective and prospective analysis of the components of the pedagogical process. dealt with the problems of the theory of the labor school, which he considered as being built on the basis of a combination of general and polytechnic education, the widespread use of psychology in the educational process. In the book. "The main questions of Soviet didactics" (1929, et al.), Comprehending the experience of pedagogy in the first years of Soviet power, revealed the specifics of the use of means of enhancing the cognitive activity of students in various forms of integrating the structure and content of training courses. He developed an original classification of teaching methods. 1950-60s. created a holistic didactic concept, in which he covered the main problems of learning. Based on the results of a comprehensive study carried out under his leadership. prepared a generalizing work "The Didactic Principle of Consciousness" (1961). In it, for the first time in Soviet pedagogical literature, he specially considered the problems of consciousness and education of thinking with the formation of the activity and independence of students, their worldview; the interconnection of the principle of the consciousness of teaching with other didactic principles. Opposing the isolated study of individual pedagogical systems, he developed a system-structural approach to historical and pedagogical material, strove for a genetic analysis of the development of pedagogical theory. a place in the activity of G. was occupied by problems of the history of pedagogy; im joint One of the best textbooks on this subject was written with E.Ya. Golant (History of Pedagogy, Moscow, 1940). Etc. APN RSFSR them. KD Ushinsky (1954). Cit .: Essays on history cf. schools in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, L., 1950, 2nd ed .; The subject and method of pedagogy, L., 1956; The learning process and its principles, L., 1957.
GANELIN Vyacheslav Shevelevich (b. 1944, Kraskovo, Moscow region), jazz pianist and composer. In 1968 he graduated from cons. (Vilnius) in the composition class of A. Rachiunas. He worked as the head of muses. part of Rus. dram. t-ra in Vilnius. Since 1961 he played in decomp. dance. ensembles, from 1964 - in a jazz trio, from 1971 under the name. "GTCH". The trio toured a lot in the USSR, Germany, Finland, Yugoslavia, England and the USA, Cuba, became a laureate of several. jazz festivals, including "Jaziatra" in India (1986) and the JVC corporation festival in New York, and also recorded many records. Since 1987 in Israel. He performed in a jazz trio, recorded two CDs: “Jerusalem. February. Cantabile "and" Opuses ". G. teaches jazz solfeggio at the Rubin Academy in Jerusalem, and computer composition in Tel Aviv. In composer's work, which is notable for its breadth and variety, he turns to various. cultures - from ancient music to Eskimo tunes. His solos sound like ensemble solos, because he simultaneously uses synthesizers, computers, searches for unusual timbres on the piano, achieving great brilliance, orchestral timbres. G. - the author of the ballets "Pugachev" (1970), "Baltaragis Mill" (1979), the rock opera "The Devil's Bride" (1973), the operas "The Red Liar and the Soldier" (1977), "Tango" (1983), children's musicals, production for orchestra, music for films, including "Success", "From Evening to Noon", "Challenger". In composing, he strives to combine improvisational and composer concepts.
GANELINA Irina Efimovna (b. 1921, Senno, Vitebsk province), cardiologist. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1944). In 1945–47 he was a post-graduate student of the therapy department of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that. In 1948-50 scientific. sotr. Ying experiment. medicine; in 1951–91 scientific. sotr., head. lab. clinics and experiment. cardiology in Ying-those physiology them. I.P. Pavlova; since 1991 professor-consultant at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology. I.M.Sechenov in St. Petersburg. tr. G. dedicated gastrocardiac syndrome - the reflex effect of gastrointestinal chemoreceptors on the heart (doctoral dissertation, 1957), the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, the use of ultraviolet blood irradiation in patients with coronary insufficiency who have had myocardial infarction. Specialists were created on G.'s initiative. infarction unit with a block of intensive care and resuscitation wards (one of the first in the country); developed a classification of hypotension and prognosis criteria for acute myocardial infarction; proposed a method of early physical. rehabilitation of patients with acute myocardial infarction and a complex of resuscitation measures in case of sudden death. Cit .: Interoceptive effects of the gastrointestinal tract on the heart, M.-L., 1963; Lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, L., 1965 (et al.); Acute period of myocardial infarction, L., 1970 (et al.); Ischemic heart disease, L., 1977 (et al.).
GANETSKY (real family. Furstenberg) Yakov Stanislavovich (1879, Warsaw - 1937, Moscow), state. and desks. activist, diplomat. From the gymnasium. years participated in the roar. movement. Studied at Berlin, Heidelberg and Zurich high fur boots. Since 1902, members s.-d. parties of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKP and L), in 1903–09 a member. her Ch. board, delegate to the 4th (1903), 5th (1906) and 6th (1908) congresses of the SDKP and L. Participated in the work of the 2nd and 4th congresses of the RSDLP, at the 5th congress of the RSDLP he was elected in absentia Central Committee. He was repeatedly arrested, in 1907 he was exiled to the Vologda province, and soon fled. During the split in the SDKP and L (1912-16), member. regional party government. In 1912 he participated in the Basel Congress. 2nd International, in 1913 - at the Poronin conference of the Bolsheviks, in 1914 - at a conference convened by the International. socialist bureau for uniting Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Since 1915 in Switzerland, he joined the "Zimmerwald Left", since the summer of 1916 in Scandinavia, he worked in the Institute of social services organized by AL Parvus. issled., kept in touch with V. I. Lenin and the Bolshevik. underground in Russia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, when Lenin arrived in Stockholm on the way to Russia, included in Zagran. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). After Oct. 1917 - in Russia, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Finance, then Commissioner-Manager Nar. bank. In 1920-21, the plenipotentiary and trade representative of the RSFSR in Latvia, in 1921 a member. delegation at the peace negotiations with Poland, then the representative of the RSFSR at the Karsk Conf. Zakavk. owls. rep. and Turkey. In 1921–23 members. count People's Commissariat of the RSFSR (USSR), in 1923–30 members. count People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Since 1930, members prez. VSNKh RSFSR, in 1932–35 hands. State combining music, stage and circus. Since 1935, dir. Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. Repressed.
GANF Yuliy Abramovich (1898, Poltava - 1973, Moscow), graphic artist, cartoonist. R. is in the family of an engraver and metal carver. He studied law. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1917-1919 he was engaged in painting and sculpture in the studio of E.A. Steinberg in Kharkov. During these years, he performed satirical. panel in the artist. cafe of poets, a cut attracted the attention of the artists of "Windows of Satire", who persuaded G. to take up caricature. From 1919 he worked in "UkROST Satire Windows", gas. "Communist"; g. "Worm Pepper". In 1922 23 he studied in Moscow at the VKHUTEMAS under II Nivinsky and N. Sheverdyaev. In 1923–24 he worked in the railway station. "Red Pepper", "Splinter", "Crocodile", since 1927 in gas. "Pravda", where from the conventionality of the image came to realistic. picture. In 1938 for the exhibition "XX Years of the Red Army" he performed a satirical piece. the painting "An Object Lesson of History" (oil on canvas). During the war, he created a poster "Join the donors" (1941, with F.L. Mullar), cartoons "Fast train Ukraine-Berlin" "The hour is approaching" (1943), collaborated in the railway station. "Front-line humor", "Front-line illustration". After the war he worked in gas. "Pravda", w. "Crocodile". Main works: series "About comrade Nevpopadov and a reliable hand" (1953), easel caricatures "The Brown Plague", "Belarusian Nights" (boom., aqu.), ill. to the novel by Charles Dickens "The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit" (pen, ink), etc. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR.
GANFMAN George (Georgy Maksimovich Anosov) (b. 1911, Petersburg), archaeologist, prof. (1956). Studied at Berlin University. After the Nazis came to power (1933) he left for the United States. Since 1946, curator of the department. classic art in the Fogg Museum of Art. From 1958 he excavated Sardis in M. Asia, discovered the ruins of Sardis, including a synagogue (partially restored). Author of works on Etruscan sculpture, problems of relations between Greeks and neighboring Middle East. cultures in the Homeric and post-Homeric archaic. era, including the monographs "Season of the Sarcophagus in Dumbarton Oaks" (vols. 1–2, 1951), "Etruscan sculpture" (1956), "Roman art" (1964).
GANFMAN Maxim Ippolitovich (1872 - 1934, Riga), journalist, lawyer. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Petersburg. and Kazan un-takh. From 1895 he was published in the provincial, and then in the metropolitan press. Member ed. gas. "Son of the Fatherland", ed. gas. "Our Life", part. ed. cadet gas. "Rech", ed. weekly "Week" Sovr. words ”(1911–17), publisher J. "Modern. illustration "(1913-17) and gas. "Modern. word "(1912-17). As a lawyer, he participated in the proceedings in the case of Heb. pogrom in Gomel (1904). In the 1920s and 30s. - ed. gas. "Today" (Riga).
GANICHI, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 87 Jews lived in Georgia (6%), in 1880 - 365, in 1930 - 650 (24%). in 1941 - 720 Jews (21.8%) Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18th century In the beginning. 20th century in G. there were 2 wooden synagogues, 4 heders, a Jewish cemetery, and a Khevra Kaddish. In the 1880s. - In 1918 Yehuda-Yoel Deutsch (? -1918) was Rabbi of Georgia, in 1918–44 his son Moishe (? -1944). In 1941, 40 Jewish families were expelled from Georgia. In the spring of 1944, all Jews of Georgia were deported to Auschwitz.
GANISHUSHKI, see Onushkis.
GANKIN Emmanuil Berovich (b. 1922, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province), orientalist, Africanist, lexicographer and translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1966). Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Iran. dep. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1949), served in the USSR Ministry of State Security as a per. from pers. and English. languages, and in 1951–53 from Amharic. In connection with the outbreak of anti-Semite. dismissed by repressions related to the "Doctors' Plot". In 1953-58, the teacher of English. lang. at school. Since 1958, teacher of the Amharic language. in Moscow. state in-those international. relations of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1960 also in Ying-those east. languages ​​at Moscow State University, where in the 1980s – 90s. head Department of African Studies. Participant pl. int. scientific. Conf. Son G. - Leonid (b. 1955) - Africanist, Ph.D. philol. sciences. The author of St. 60 scientific. works on Amharic lexicology, morphology, syntax, morphological. word formation, terminology. Compiled by uch. manuals, the first dictionaries of the Amharic language., the dictionary of modern. Tigray language, Op .: Textbook of the Amharic language. for I and II courses, part 1, M., 1970 (et al.); Grammar. basics of translation from amhara. lang. in Russian, M., 1972; Russian-amhara. dictionary, M., 1965 (compiler); Amharic-Russian. dictionary, M., 1969 (compiler); Golden Land: Tales, legends, proverbs and sayings of Ethiopia, M., 1960 (trans., Preface, commentary); Amharic bunks fairy tales, M., 1979 (trans., preface, comments).
GANNUSHKIN Petr Borisovich (1875, Novoselki Pronsky village, Ryazan province - 1933, Moscow), psychiatrist, doctor of medicine (1904), prof. (1918). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1898) worked in the clinic of psychiatry. In 1904–07, assistant professor of the same clinic, in 1908–14, an intern at Moscow. psychiatrist. hospitals them. N.A. Alekseeva, in 1914–17 - resident of Petrograd. Admiralty Peter the Great Hospital, in 1918–33 - head. Department of Psychiatry, Moscow State University. Improved at V. Manyan (1901 and 1906, St. Anne's Hospital, Paris), at E. Crepelin (1905, 1908 and 1911, Munich). "Modern. psychiatry ", sred. “Tr. First Congress of Rus. union of psychiatrists. ”He devoted his scientific activities to the study of acute paranoia, clinics. systematics and dynamics of psychopathies, borderline and psychotic. states of mind; org-tion psychiatrist. help from the population. Developed a nosologic. direction in psychiatry. Using the clinic. and ist. research methods, created the doctrine of borderline psychiatry. "About one of the forms of acquired disability" (1926) came under sharp attack in the press, since the patients described were desks. activists. This is research. was further developed in the USA and only later in the USSR. He created a school of psychiatrists. The name G. named: in psychiatry - an epileptoid type of reaction and the concept of the dynamics of psychopathies, in Moscow - a street and a hospital, at which the Memorial Museum was created (1975) and annual (since 1977) Gannushkin readings are held. In 1933 the avenue named after PB Gannushkin was established, but it has never been awarded to anyone. Cit .: Acute paranoia: Clinical side of the issue, Doctor dis. M., 1904; Izb. tr., M., 1964.
GANTIADI, urban-type settlement (since 1966) of the Gagra City Council of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921–91, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 12 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1979 there were 6 Jews (all Ashkenazim).
GANTMAKHER Felix Ruvimovich (1908, Odessa - 1964, Moscow), mathematician, mechanic. Graduated from graduate school Odessa. in-that nar. education (1930), doctoral studies Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1938), prof. (1938). He worked in Odessa. in-those nar. Education (1927–1934), from 1938 in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the years of the 2nd world. war was engaged in defense issues and headed the department. Centre. aerodynamics. Institute (1942–46). From 1947 he worked in Moscow. physical and technical in-those. Osn. results - in the field of algebra (matrices, semisimple Lie groups), differential theory. ur-ny and applied mathematics. World famous for his monograph "Theory of Matrices" (M., 1953, 3rd ed. M., 1967), trans. in English, German and other languages. Cit .: Absolute stability of controlled systems, M., 1963, (co-authored with M.A. Aizerman). Became, etc. (1948).
GANTSEVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1973), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 485 Jews lived in Georgia; in 1931, c. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 20th century In 1915 the entire Jewish population was expelled from G. In August. 1919 the Jewish population suffered from the pogrom organized by the Polish. army. In the 1920s and 30s. In G., a school with teaching in Yiddish, a school of the “Tarbut” network, 4 synagogues, a library and a Jewish children worked. house (founded in 1932). Zhukhovitsky was the rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the annexation of Georgia in 1939 to the USSR, 10 Jewish families were deported to the inner city. districts of the USSR. 29 June 1941 germ. troops occupied Georgia from June 30 to July 1, 1941, a pogrom occurred in Georgia, during which 16 Jews were killed. 15 Aug 1941, 350 Jews were shot in Georgia. In nov. 1941 a Jewish workers' camp was created in Georgia, in which there were 230 Jews from Lenin and 120 from Pogost. 14 Aug 1942 more than 300 Jews escaped from the camp, the rest were shot. In 1998, approx. 40 Jews.
GANUSHISHKI, see Onushis.
GAPONOV (Dov) Boris Panteleimonovich (1934, Evpatoria, Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 1972, Ramat Gan), translator into Hebrew with a load. and Russian. languages, lexicographer. From 1941 he lived in Kutaisi (Georgia). He studied Hebrew under the guidance of his grandfather, rabbi Sh.Maze (brother of Ya.Maze), then independently. In 1956 he studied Persian. lang. in Ying-those east. lang. at Moscow State University, then worked as a literary worker. gas. Kutaisi automobile plant. From the beginning. 1960s was engaged in translations from cargo. and Russian. lang. in Hebrew. In 1969 he published in Israel trans. poem by S. Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". (Prize named after Sh.Chernikhovsky, 1970). Since 1971 - in Israel, where his trans. "Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov (1971, Z. Shazar Ave. for repatriate writers, 1972). Not published. G.'s heritage means. of interest are large phraseological units. Hebrew dictionary, on which he worked for 15 years, trans. poems by Lermontov, Art., associated with the lane. poems by Rustaveli.
HAPSALU, see Haapsalu.
GARARI Chaim (real fam. Bloomberg) (1883, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1940), teacher, writer. In E.-I. from 1906, began teaching at the Herzliya state institution in Tel Aviv. One of the pioneers of t-ra in Hebrew. He created an amateur troupe "Khovevey Ga-bama Ga-ivri", where he was a director, actor and translator of plays. Collaborated in Heb. periodic. print in Hebrew in Russia and in E.-I., edited by the book. about the holidays - "Sefer ha-khanuka" (1937) and "Sefer tevet, shevat, adar" (1941). His Art. and the stories have been collected in the anthology Kitway Haim Garari (vols. 1-2, 1941-42). Died in E.-I. G.'s wife - Yehudit (1885- |), teacher, society. activist. Daughter of A. Aisenberg, one of the founders of Rehovot. In 1903 she organized a kindergarten with teaching in Hebrew in Rehovot. She also taught on Wed. school "Herzliya" and wives. teaches. seminary them. Levinsky in Tel Aviv, was a director. model school with her. Published Art. in press. The author of a number of Prince G. Son - Izhar (1908, Jaffa - |), polit. activist. Graduated from law. f-t. Sorbonne (Paris). Since 1948 - one of the founders of the Progressive Party of Israel. In 1947-74 members. Knesset from Progres. parties (later the Liberal Party and the Party of Independent Liberals). In 1968 he joined the Memei party. Was the founder and before. Israel Association. foreign policy. In 1954–67 - member. Israeli delegation to the UN.
GARASIMOV, a village in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gorodenkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. On July 1941 the Jews of G. were deported to Nezvisko and killed there.
GARASIMOVKA, a village in the Stanichno-Lugansk district of the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nizhne-Gerasimov Donetsk env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. 1942 6 Jewish refugees were killed in Georgia.
GARBUSIN, see Watermelon.
GARBUZOV Dmitry Zalmanovich (b. 1940), physicist, Ph.D. RAS (1991). Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1962). Works in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those them. A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1964 head of the department). scientific. interests - physics tv. body, in particular semiconductors. Developed the theory of semiconductor heterostructures. He proposed a new method for liquid phase epitaxy. The author of a large number of scientific. Art. Linen. pr. State. pr. USSR.
GARDABANI (until 1947 - Karaya), city (since 1969), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1893 there were 3 Jews in Georgia, in 1912 - 16, in 1939 - 27, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 18 Jews.
GARDEMAN Grigory Ivanovich (1907, Sofiyivka of Berislavsky u. Kherson province - 1942), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). Since 1941 in Kr. Army. Political instructor G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in battle in the district of r. Mius (Rostov region). The company under the command of G. captured the enemy stronghold and repulsed his counterattacks. Killed in battle.
GUARDI (Gorodzeisky) Nathan (1900, Mir Novogrudok u.Minskaya Guyu. - 1980, Kfar-Avragam), polit. and societies. activist. He studied at the yeshivas of Slonim and Mir. Imbued with the idea of ​​Halucianism, in 1920 he joined Halutsei Trumpeldor and was the only religion. a settler in the village. colonies of Crimea. Since 1921 - in E.-I. He was a builder, s.-kh. workers. One of the founders of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi, a member of the Central Committee of the movement. In 1924 he took part in the creation of agricultural works. center at the party, was its member. Then he participated in the organization of Kfar-Khitim, the first moshav ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi, and lived there until its dissolution in 1932. In 1933 he was sent to Poland as a representative. party. After returning - one of the founders of Kfar Avraham, secretary. Tel Aviv branch of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. In 1942 he was at the head of the bureau of communication of the movement with religious soldiers and rabbis in the allied armies, a cut was engaged in helping religious soldiers. In 1948, after the creation of the Israel Defense Forces, he was appointed early. department of religion. Later this department was transformed into a military one. rabbinate. Lieutenant Colonel, in 1956-69 - early. Department of Religion and Culture in the Union of Moshavs ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi.
GARDMAN Yakov Veniaminovich (real family member Salutsky) (1882, Vilna - 1968, USA), trade unionist, writer. In his youth he joined a Marxist. social-dem. party and had a party. organizer in Vilna in 1906 and in Kiev in 1907. After several. arrests was exiled by the tsarist government for illegality. polit. activity. Since 1909 in the USA, where he was elected secretary. Heb. federation Socialist. party when it was founded in 1912. In 1914–20 he edited Heb. weekly federation "Nye Welt". In 1921 he joined the nat. to the Executive Committee of the Communist. Labor Party, but in 1923 he was expelled for criticizing the left Hebrew. progolish. wing and nihilistic. approach to Heb. problems. In 1925–44 he edited the organ of the United. union of workers of the sewing industry "Progress" and was a member. Executive Committee Conf. for progress. actions of workers (1927–34). During the 2nd world. war helped organize the Association of Amer. working press, prez. a cut became, and in 1945–53 he was edited. g. "Labor and People". Author of works: “Dynamics of Amer. labor in the light of the post-war. development "(1928). "The Situation of the Workers of the Garment Industry in Philadelphia" (1940) and others. During the 1950s. was hand. research part of the project Columbus, un-that "Trends in the hands of prof."
GAREL (Galperin) Iser (b. 1912, Vitebsk), state. activist. In the 1920s. lived in Latvia. Since 1931 - in E.-I. Joined the kibbutz movement. He fought against the British in the ranks of Gagana, in 1944 he headed her internal. intelligence service. During the War of Independence - early. intelligence of the Tel Aviv district. In 1950 he created and until 1963 headed the Israeli security service. In 1965 - advisor to Ch. pr-va and min. defense for security issues. The author of the book. on the history of Israeli intelligence.
GARFUNKIN Grigory Solomonovich (1920, Yanovichi, Vitebsk province - 1943, Rzhishchev, Kiev region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. In fr. from September 1941. Scout reconnaissance platoon tank. brigade, Private G., was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union (posthumously) for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Killed while covering the reconnaissance group with fire.
GARGZDAY, city (since 1965), center of Klaipeda region. (Latvian republic). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gorzda Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 648 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1455 (59%), in 1923 - 1049 (49%), in 1930 - St. 1,000 Jews (30%) Jews have lived in Georgia since the 15th century. Main occupation - timber trade with Germany. There were 2 synagogues, a cemetery (founded in the early 18th century). In the beginning. 1920s a branch of the Jewish People's Bank was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia there were a Talmud-Torah, a school with teaching in Yiddish, and a school with teaching in Hebrew; Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbis of Georgia in the 18th and 20th centuries were Label Matz, his son Ber Matz, Boruch Gutman (? -1833), Yosef Schwaksner and his son Zeev Yofe (? -1848), in 1840-85 - Moishe Yofe, his son Yosef Yofe (? -1897), I. -Ya.Rabinovich, A. Valkin, Itskhok-Aizik Friedman, Shaptai-Aron Shapiro, Meir Levin (? —1941). June 22, 1941 German. troops occupied Georgia. On June 24, 1941, 200 Jewish men were shot. 300 women and children were shot by Lithuanian police in sept. 1941 In the 1950s and 80s. One Jew lived in Georgia. In 1989, a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. was erected at the site of the execution of 200 Jews. language.
GARI (Krishevsky) Gera (1893 - 1955, Israel), one of the first Jewish officers in the Palestine Mandate Police. In 1903, his family emigrated to Egypt. During the 1st world. war - officer of the Turkish army. In 1918 he organized a Heb. the police of Tiberias and Safed. In 1925 he was transferred to the Jerusalem police. During the 2nd world. war was dealt with by engineer works in Tripoli.
GARKAVI Alexander (1863, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1939, New York), lexicographer, historian. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From childhood he showed a tendency to study languages. From 13-14 years old he wrote poetry in Hebrew. language. In 1878 he left for Vilna, worked in a printing house, attended a drawing school, was engaged in self-education, taught Hebrew. language price Bialystok | Returning to Vilna, he began to write in Yiddish. After the pogroms in 1881 he left for the USA in 1882. In 1885 he came to Paris, where he wrote his first work on the history of the language. Yiddish. Returning in 1886 to the United States, G. published a brochure "Heb.-German. language. " in a cut he passionately promoted Yiddish. From 1890 ed. gas. Der Yidisher Progress (Baltimore), which went down in history as the first sample of phonets. spelling in Yiddish. Having settled in New York, St. For 40 years he worked as a journalist and teacher (taught history and other disciplines in various educational institutions, in Hebrew teachers. Seminary - literature and grammar of Yiddish). He became famous as a lexicographer and philologist, author of dozens of books. in the region. linguistics, several. once traveled to Europe and home, publ. a number of reports and travel stories. In 1891 he released the first publicly available English textbook. lang. in Yiddish - "Der englischer lerer" ("English teacher"), in 1892 - "Der englischer alefbase" ("English alphabet") and "Garkavis American Briefensteler" ("American writer Garkavi"). Compiled by G. "Anglo-Yiddish Dictionary" and "Yiddish-English Dictionary" (1893-1898), withstood 42 ed. In 1925 he published the Yiddish-Anglo-Hebrew Dictionary (4th ed. - 1957). G. translated into Yiddish "Don Quixote" M. Servantes, "History of Hebrews. people ”G. Grets and others.
GARKAVI Avraam Yakovlevich (1835, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1919, Petrograd), orientalist, Semitologist, researcher of Hebrew. stories and literature. Studied in litas. yeshivas, Vilna rabbinical school. He graduated from the East. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, continued his education in un-tah Berlin and Paris. Author approx. 400 scientific. works. In his first book. “About the language of the Jews who lived in ancient times in Russia, and about the Slavic words found in Heb. inhabitants "(1865, in Hebrew - 1867), argued that Heb. community in dr. Rus was formed by settlers from the shores of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and that before the 17th century. their spoken language. was the Slavic language. (later Yiddish). In 1868 he defended his master's degree. dis. "Legends of Muslims about the Slavs and Russians" (St. Petersburg, 1870), in 1872 - doct. dis. “About the origin. the abode of the Semites, Indo-Europeans and Hamites "(St. Petersburg, 1872). For some time he headed the department of the history of the ancient East in St. Petersburg. un-those, but was dismissed as a Jew. From 1877 - head. department of Heb. lit-ry east. manuscripts Imp. public library in St. Petersburg. Also published the book. “Legends of the Hebrews. writers about the Khazars and the Khazar kingdom "(1874)," Essays on the history of Karaite "(1897-1902), published with his comments Heb. the manuscripts kept in St. Petersburg. public library, including production. interpreters of the Talmud (Gaons) and Heb. Middle-century poets. Spain. Collected valuable materials on the history of Jews in Poland and Lithuania, published a number of works on the history. geography south. Russia, Heb. ethnography, paleography, epigraphy, etc. G. - an active member of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia, one of the editors. “Heb. encyclopedias "(vols. 1-16, 1908-13). In the 1890s. promoted to hereditary noblemen. Was almost. h. scientific. ob-in a number of countries, the honorary headman of the center. synagogues of St. Petersburg.
GARKAVI Chaim Iosifovich (1897 - 1958, Kislovodsk), neurologist, prof. (1931). At the end of the honey. Faculty of Rostov-on-Don un-that resident, since 1925 there is an assistant at the clinic of nervous and mental diseases. He specialized in neurosurgery. In 1928 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Puncture of the posterior cistern of the brain." In 1931-51 the head. Department of Nervous Diseases of Nizhny Novgorod (Gorkovsky) honey. in-that. In 1934 he organized the Gorky Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists and was before. his reign. By organizing neurosurgery. dep. and pathohistological. lab., G. studied issues of diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the brain and spinal cord and traumatic brain injury. The monograph “Penetrating craniocerebral wounds in the conditions of Otech. war ”was awarded the pr. and a diploma of 1 degree. G. was a supporter of the use of leukotomy in the treatment of a number of mental patients. diseases, in 1951 in the course of a campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was fired from his job and forced to leave Gorky. The clinic he led was liquidated. The last years of his life he worked in the North Caucasus. balneological institute in Kislovodsk. Cit .: Ventriculitis after traumatic brain injury, Gorky, 1948.
GARKAVI Mikhail Naumovich (1887, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1964, Moscow), entertainer. Studied for honey. f-those Mosk. un-that, theater. f-those Mosk. philharmonic. uch-schA. In 1916 he was accepted into the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater (played several episodic roles, including the role of Bread in the "Blue Bird" by M. Meterlink). In 1919–22 he worked in Kamerny, 1st children's t-t, T-re im. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya, T-re of satire (Petrograd). In 1922–24 - at the Neryday cabaret, where he first performed with an entertainer. In 1924 he moved to the "Blue Blouse", in 1925 hands. one of her gr., acted as a synthetic actor. plan. From 1928 he completely focused on entertaining, quickly gaining popularity. In 1937 he was the first to play the role of Santa Claus for children. tree in the Column Hall of the House of Unions in Moscow. Later he spent large mass celebrations in parks, stadiums, palaces of sports, and others. In 1941–45 he was a constant participant in front-line concert brigades.
GARLYAVA, a village in Kaunas region (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the beginning. 19th century In 1807-15 - as part of the Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Godlevo, Mariampolsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 469 Jews (49%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 311 Jews (33%), in 1940 - approx. 70 Jewish families. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century A synagogue was built at the same time. Most of Georgia's Jews made a living by small trade and crafts. Almost every family had a subsidiary farm, several. Jews owned estates. One of them, Itskhok Sagalovsky, received his estate as a gift from the landowner Godlevsky, because he served as an interpreter between Godlevsky and M. Montefiore when he passed through G. In 1931, Jews of G. owned 3 taverns, 2 manufacturing shops, butcher, shoe and haberdashery shops, 2 workshops for sewing linen, 2 for processing cow intestines, 2 mills, an oil mill, a dyehouse, leather. workshop and hairdresser. The children studied at the Yavne school and at a Yiddish-taught school. The rabbis in Georgia were Chaim Katz, from 1900 - Yehuda Borshtein (1872—?), From 1922 - Harkashansky, from 1926 - Kalman Levin (? —1941). 28 Aug. 1941 all Jews of Georgia (247 people) were shot in a ditch not far from G. Jews from neighboring villages were also shot there - approx. 400 people After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave.
GARSENE, a village in Jekabpils district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Garseni of Illuksti district Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. During the occupation of the Germans. troops in the summer of 1941 ten Jews of Georgia were deported to Akniste and killed there.
GARSEN, see Garsene.
GARTGLAS Maximilian Meir Appolinarius (1883, Bela Sedletskaya province - 1953), lawyer, public. and polit. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In his youth he took part in the struggle for the independence of Poland, defended the rights of Jews, took part in the work of the 3rd All-Russian. conf. Zionists in Helsingfors (1906), one of the authors of the so-called. Helsingfors program. From 1907 he practiced law in Sedlec. During the 1st world. war served in Russian. army. Member of the Soviet-Polish. war 1920. In the same year, elected dep. Seim, joined the faction of I. Greenbaum, opposed the discriminators. Polish politicians. pr-va in relation to the Jews, contributed to the abolition of the limit. anti-Jew. laws in the former. grew up. provinces of Poland. He acted as a lawyer at trials in which the real reason for the charges was Hebrew. the nationality of the accused. Was before. Polsk. Zionist, org-tion and "club" Heb. dep. Diet. Since 1940 in E.-I. After the creation of the state of Israel (1948) - gen. director, and later the legal adviser of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the int. cases. The author of Art. on the problems of Polish. Jewry and Zionism.
GARTING Arkady Mikhailovich (real name and surname - Avraham-Aron Moishevich Gekelman, or Gekkelman) (1861, Pinsk, Minsk province - |), one of the hands. polit. investigation in Russia, valid. state councilor (1910). In the beginning. 1880s student of St. Petersburg. mining institute, participant of Narodovolch. circles. From 1883 - agent of St. Petersburg. security department. Suspected of having links with the police, he moved to Dorpat, where he studied at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1884 he was exposed as an informant, went to Switzerland, entered the Zurich Polytechnic. in-t under the fam. Landesen, "covered" the activities of growing up. roar. emigration, contributed to the arrest of many. prominent Narodnaya Volya, the failure of the underground printing house in Dorpat. From 1885 in France, he graduated from the Parisian agricultural. school, reported in Dep. police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs information about the plans of emigrants. From 1890 he worked under the hands. head overseas agents Dep. police P.I. Rachkovsky, in the same year with provocative. the purpose of organizing a bomb workshop in Paris to prepare an assassination attempt on the imp. Alexander III, after her failure, fled from the court to Belgium (sentenced in absentia to 5 years in prison). In 1892 he converted to Orthodoxy, in 1894 he took fam. G. In the same year, he provided security. Prince Nicholas Alexandrovich (future Emperor Nicholas II) in Coburg-Gotha and Emperor. Alexander III in Copenhagen, later guarded other representatives of the im. surnames during their stay abroad. From 1901 he headed the Dep. police in Berlin, followed the activities of the growing. roar. emigration in Germany. In 1904 he organized counterintelligence to fight the Japanese. agent network in Europe. Since Aug. 1905 head. overseas agents in Europe (c. - in Paris). In 1909, discovered by V.L. Burtsev, fearing an attempt on his life, he left for St. Petersburg. Retired from 1910. During the 1st world. war agent grew up. counterintelligence in France, later lived in Belgium.
GARTSMAN Motl Davidovich (1909, Berdichev - 1943), poet. He studied at the Odessa Heb. ped. technical school. In 1934 he graduated from Heb. branch lit. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Lit. activity began in mid. 1920s, then printed to the center. Heb. periodic. publications. In 1931 he published his first book of poetry in Kiev. "Main zveite yugnt" ("My second youth"), the second - "Mir - di zin" ("We are sons") - in Minsk in 1932. In the 1930s. the books "Gutmorgn, mein land" ("Good morning, my country"), "Golden torches" ("Golden torches"), "Gezang und Shverd" ("Song and sword"), the poem "Rokhle libe" ("Love Rachel "). Last Sat. verse. ed. in 1941. 06/25/1941 volunteered for the front, was a soldier. corr., graduated from medical assistant courses, commanded a platoon dignity. service. 12/15/1943 died in battle. In the work of G., imbued with motives of patriotism, tender lyricism and frankness, reflected the general upsurge and faith in the "bright future" of the people, which the owls promised him. power.
GARVI (real fam. Bronstein) Petr Abramovich (1861, Odessa - 1944, USA), polit. activist. In 1902 he was arrested, exiled to Siberia, and soon fled. In emigration he became close to P.B. Akselrod, Yu.O. Martov and V.I. Zasulich. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, one of the founders of prof. movement in Russia. In the years of the 1st world. war "centrist". In the summer of 1916 he was arrested and exiled to the Astrakhan province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, member. OK Mensheviks, ed. "Workers' newspaper". After Oct. 1917 joined the right "parties, opposition" in Menshevism, protested against negotiations with the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he left for Odessa, where he was headed by a Menshevik. org-tion; ed. gas. "Southern worker". During the years of the Sov. the authorities were repeatedly arrested, in 1922 he was exiled to Siberia, and soon received permission to travel abroad. Until 1933 he lived in Berlin, in 1933–40 - in France, then he moved to the USA. In emigration he was a prominent publicist, ideologist of the "rightist trend" in Menshevism. Collaborated in the train. "Socialist. bulletin "(Central Organ of the Mensheviks) and in foreign. press, participated in the Socialist congresses. International. In the spring of 1924 he represented the "right" one inside the desks. opposition at the Meeting of the RSDLP in Berlin. One of the authors of the Social-Democrats discussion sat. "Problems of the Revolution" (1926). In March 1940, after the split, foreign. delegation of the RSDLP and the rapprochement of its "center" with the right-wing Mensheviks. wing, G. returned to active desks. work in the years of the 2nd world. war entered the foreign. delegation of the RSDLP. Until the end of his days he retained an implacable attitude towards communism and towards the “Bolsheviks. dictatorship ", loyalty to the ideas of" democratic. socialism. ”Works: Prof. unions, Pg., 1917; Capital against labor, Kharkov, 1919; The Decline of Bolshevism: Ten Years of the Dictatorship, Riga, 1928; Rep. Social Democrat, New York, 1946; Roar. silhouettes, New York, 1962; Prof. unions in Russia in the early years of the Revolution (1917-1921), New York, 1981.
GARWOLIN, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, and from 1867 it was a district town of Sedleckaya province. 546 Jews lived in Georgia in 1856, in 1897 - 2199, in the 1930s. - OK. 4,000 Jews. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned in Georgia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GASHAKHER (from Hebrew "Ga-Shahar" - "Dawn"), a former Jewish agricultural partnership in the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925, people from Gomel. In 1925, 139 people lived in Georgia.
GASPAROV Mikhail Leonovich (1935, Moscow - 2005), literary critic, translator. Ch-corr. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1957 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University and began to publish. Dr. philol. Sciences (1979). In 1957-90 at the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990 - in the Institute of Russian. lang. AN. Since 1988 - lecturer at Moscow State University. Main works dedicated. classic philology and poetry. In the monograph “Antique Literature. fable "(Moscow, 1971) explores the problems of form and content in the structure of the genre. Poetry. works of G. poev, analysis and typology of non-classical. metrics and rhythmics, history of rus. verse. The final work, which made a serious contribution to the theory and history of Russian. verse, became the monograph by G. "Sovr. Russian verse: Metrics and rhythm "(M., 1974). Translated antique. authors (Pindar, Horace, Ovid, Cicero, etc.). Author of works on the theory per. Prepared for ed. works of plural antique writers. Vol .: Essays on the history of Russian. verse, M., 1984; Essays on the history of Europe. verse, M., 1989.
GASPRA, an urban-type settlement (since 1930) of the Yalta City Council in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tauride province. In 1939 46 Jews lived in Georgia.
GASTEV Yuri Alekseevich (1928–1993, Boston), mathematician, human rights activist. Father, A.K. Gastev, an old Bolshevik, scientist, author of the theory of scientific. org-tion of labor. He was shot in 1938. Soon she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in camps under Art. 58-10 G.'s mother, Sofya Abramovna, his brother and other members. families. G. was arrested together with gr. students in 1945; sentenced to 4 years in camps under Art. 58-10. Upon returning from the camp and exile he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t. He specialized in the region. mat. logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science. The author of a number of Art. and book. by specialty. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1971). Member Union of Journalists of the USSR (expelled in the late 70s). Accepted the act. participation in human rights activities from the end. 1960s; G.'s signature is under a variety of petitions and others. doc. The author of a number of publ. Art., distributed in samizdat. G.'s memoirs about his 1945 case were placed in the samizdat historian. Sat. "Memory". In the 1970s. closely sotr. with information. the bulletin of human rights defenders "Chronicle of Current Events". He was repeatedly searched and interrogated. Since 1981 - in France, then - in the USA. Publ. in Russian. press ("Russian Thought", "New Russian Word").
Gatchina (in 1923-29 - Trotsk, in 1929 - 44 - Krasnogvardeysk), a city (since 1796), a regional center in the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1499 as from. Hotchino. Since 1796 - in Tsarskoye Selo district. Petersburg Gubernia. 184 Jews (1.0%) lived in Georgia in 1926, and 780 Jews in 1939. In 1897 a Zionist circle was created in Georgia, led by A. ry. In 1910 there was a synagogue in Georgia. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Georgia were evacuated to the east; in the beginning. After occupation, a ghetto was created in Georgia. In oct. 1941 several were shot. Dozens of Jews lived and worked in Georgia, A.A. Kolen and S.G. Roshal.
GATOV Shapsel Girshevich (literary ps. Agey Gatov) (1913, Minsk - 1972, Khiazan, AzerbSSR), writer, publicist, translator, linguist-Sinologist. In 1939 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University, student of Acad. V.M. Alekseeva. Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked at the Institute of the History of Religion and Atheism of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad, was a military man. advisor in China (until 1948), taught at Moscow State University, Military. in-those foreign. lang. (until 1972). One of the first to introduce Rus. reader with Chinese thin. lit-roy of the 20th century, did a lot to popularize the modern. Korean and Mong. liter. The author of Art. on problems thin. per., part. editorial board collection "Mastery of Translation". In his lane. came out manuf. modern classics whale. literature Lu Xin and Qu Qiubo, East. monographs Chen Boda "Four families of China" (1948), Hua Gang "History of the rev. war of the Taiping state "(1952), as well as rum. Du Pencheng's "The Battle of Yanan" (1957), Wu Qiang's "Red Sun" (1959), Zhang Tianyi's "Lin Big and Lin Small" (1958), and others. In the 1960s. biennium did the lane. Belarusian. literature (MI Goretsky "Vilenskie Kommunars", 1966, M. Luzhanin "Twelve evening fires", 1970, etc.).
GATOVO, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk u. Minsk province. In May 1925 a Jewish agriculturalist was established in Georgia. artel "Pioneer".
GATOVSKY Lev Markovich (1903, Minsk - 1997, Moscow), economist, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (I960). Graduated from Institute of Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1924). He taught at universities since 1924. He worked in the People's Commissariat of the Russian Research and Development Institute of the USSR (1924-26), the State Planning Committee of the USSR - head. sector of prices, chl. Pres. Center, a planning bureau (1928–31), participated in the preparation of the 1st and 2nd five-year plans. Member Collegiums of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (1933–37). Since 1939 in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the sector of political economy of socialism, head of the department of cost accounting, deputy director), in 1965–71 director. Member count State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Science and Technology (since 1967), before. scientific. council of economics scientific and technical. progress (since 1970). In 1937–39 holes. ed. gas. "Sov. trade "and railway. “Questions of the Sov. trade ", in 1958–65 ch. ed. g. "Questions of Economics". Head Department of Higher Art School at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1947–49). G.'s works are devoted to the laws of development of socialist. economics, questions of national economy. planning, commodity-den. relations, pricing, econ. the role of state-va, cost accounting, scientific and technical. progress, etc. He - et al. textbooks "Polit. economy "(1-4th ed., 1954-62) and" Economics of Sov. trade "(2nd ed., 1934). Member editorial board, resp. ed. collective monographs. Etc. them. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Sorbonne medal, Op.: On the nature of owls. trade for the present. stage, M., 1931; Politics in the region. exchange and distribution, M., 1931; On the subject and method of the theory of Sov. x-va, L., 1932; Econ. victory of the Sov. Union in Vel. Otech. war, M., 1946; Nek-ry urgent questions of planning tech. progress, M., 1965; Scientific and technical progress and the economy of developed socialism: Essays on polit. economy, M., 1974; Development issues polit. economy of socialism, M., 1979.
GATYKVO (from Hebrew. "Ha-Tikva" - "Hope"), a former Jewish agricultural artel in the Dzhankoy region of the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Ukraine. In 1925 72 people lived in Georgia. by 1317 dec. J.-I. Schneerson provided material assistance to the G. community.
GAUKHMAN-SVERDLOV Marksen Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Leningrad), artist. In 1954 he graduated from the Institute of im. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. In 1954–58 he was an architect at the Lenproekt Institute. Since 1958 at the Lenfilm cinema. Designed by St. 30 game f., Incl. Friends and Years (1966), Chief of Chukotka (1967), Living Corpse (1969); f. dir. GAPanfilova - "There is no ford in the fire" (1962), "Beginning" (1970), "I ask for words" (1976), "Valentina" (1981), etc., as well as a number of t / f. Works in t-re. artist of the RSFSR (1989).
GAURE, a town in the Taurage region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Le Havra Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 it was 91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 314 Jews living in Georgia, in 1863 - c. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18th century Main lesson - p. x-in. There was a synagogue. Avrom-Arie-Leib Grosbard (1871 -?) Was Rabbi of Georgia since 1898. Jews of Georgia were shot in the fall of 1941 in a forest, 22 km from Taurage. In the end. 1980s on the site of the old Jewish cemetery, a memorial sign has been erected. ND Hoffman.
GAUSMAN Albert Lvovich (Leibovich) (1859, Kovno province. - 1889, Yakutsk), a revolutionary-Narodnik. From a wealthy bourgeois family. He graduated from the city of St. Petersburg. From the beginning. 1880s studied natural sciences, then law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, active participant of student. movement. Since the fall of 1882, members. Center, groups of the university circle "Narodnaya Volya", since 1885 members. petersburg. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya". Member of the congress of the People's Will in Yekaterinoslav (autumn 1885), elected in the hands of. center of the organization. Arrested in April. 1886 in St. Petersburg. In oct. 1887 exiled without trial to Siberia for 8 years. He lived in Yakutsk, where on 03/22/1889 he participated in the armament. protest watered, exiled against the arbitrariness of the authorities (in the literature known as the "Yakut tragedy"). As an "instigator" he was sentenced to death. Hanged on August 7, 1889 together with N.L. Zotov and L.M. Kogan-Bernstein.
GAVAZI NEW, see [[Akhali Gavazi.
GAVRILESHT, see Gavrilovtsy.
GAVRILCHITSY, a village in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 20th century in G. lived several. Jewish families. During the 1st world. During the war, all Jews were evicted from G.
GAVRILOV POGOST, see [[Gavrilov Posad.
GAVRILOV POSAD, city (since 1789), regional center in Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. From 1609 - state. palace settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gavrilov Pogost of Suzdal district Vladimirskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 3 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 2 Jews.
GAVRILOVKA, see Taldykorgan.
GAVRILOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gavrileshty in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 47 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1941, all Jews of Georgia were deported to Transnistria.
GAVRAS, see Gaure.
GAYAM (Aizikovich) Zeev (1903, Odessa - 1977, Israel), one of the first sailors in Israel. He studied at the nautical schools in Odessa, London and Paris. One of the founders of "Ha-Shomer-ha-Tsair" in the USSR. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1926 he was promoted to captain of the fleet in England. From 1936 to 1940 he was the chief of the Tel Aviv port. One of the founders of the school of naval officers in Haifa and its leader (1940–43). During the 2nd world. War - Officer in the British Navy. Gagana activist. He was sent to Italy to acquire ships. In 1949-1970 - Chief Marine Inspector of the Ministry of Transport. Author of a book about the sea and sailors.
GAYLISKI, see Gailiskiai.
GAYLISHKIAI, a village in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gailishki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in G. lived several. Jews.
GAINA, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaino Borisovsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 243 Jews (30.6%) lived in Georgia. 19th century Akiva Gakoen was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1905 Nison Eskin (1879—?).
GAYNO, see Gayna.
GAYSIN, city, regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 it was a district town of Podolsk province. In 1765 62 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1784 - 175, in 1847 - 2018, in 1856 - 2926, in 1863 - 1863, in 1887 - 3700, in 1899 - 6470, in 1910 - 6629 (50.1%), in 1926 - 5190 (33.9%), in 1939 - 4109, in 1959 - approx. 1600 (9%), in 1970 - approx. 1200 (5.1%), in 1979 - approx. 700 (2.8%), in 1989 - 402, in 1993 - 228 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 16th century. The Jewish community of Georgia suffered during the period of "koliivshchina". Main occupation of the Jews of Georgia in the 19th century - crafts (making clothes) and trade. Rabbi in ser. 19th century was Chris. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues in Georgia, in 1863 there were 5 synagogues, and a two-class Jewish school. In 1887, the roller and steam mills that belonged to Avrum Sigal were opened. In 1899, a narrow-gauge railway was brought to the sugar factory (owner - merchant of the 1st guild Hermann Gernstein). State rabbi G. in the late. 19th century there was Avrum-Iosl Moishevich Batkes. The owner of the tobacco factory, Isaac Duvidovich Kutsenogiy, was elected a public official of the city council. In 1903 there was a Jewish almshouse. In 1909 there were a mutual aid society, a Jewish hospital (3 Jewish midwives), printing houses of U.Shvartsman, N.V. Weinstein, bookstores Weinstein, Groisman, Koifman, several. hotels: Gerbera, Red, Kushnir, Kutsenogo; opened a Jewish husband. M.Kapun's school. In 1910, Georgia had 8 synagogues and 2 Jewish cemeteries. The brick plant of Isaac and Yulia Davydov worked; the plant of agricultural cars of Kutsenogy, Sigal; Lipa Byk, Zaltsman were engaged in tobacco production and trade, Aisenberg, Gizberg, Landa, Rabinovich owned timber warehouses. 23 Oct. 1917 a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by Russian soldiers. army treated in venereal departments of hospitals. On May 12, 1919, 390 Jews were killed as a result of the pogrom. Track. the pogrom took place on July 20-25, 1919. In 1920, Kavshiner was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1922 he became a teacher. courses in Georgia, a department with teaching in Yiddish was opened. In 1925 immigrants from Georgia founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. the Reuter Stern collective (99 people). In the beginning. 1930s a Jewish school worked. July 25, 1941, the Germans occupied it. troops. The first mass execution of Jews took place in the vicinity of G. 16 Sept. 1941 it was killed approx. 3 thousand Jews. 17 Sep another 3 thousand people were shot. In the following days, approx. 4 thousand Jews brought from the surrounding areas. In the 1960s. a monument was erected at the site of the execution in Belendeevka. there was shokhet in G. In the beginning. 1990s a society of Jewish culture was created, a cut was headed by Mikhail Malamud. Two Jewish cemeteries have been partially preserved. L.D.Bergelson, D.S.Bromberg, B.M.Zeldis, I.B. Kerler, Z.S.Paperny, O. Pen, B.Stone, A.Yarmolinsky.I.B.Kraizman
GAYSIN Vladimir Borisovich (Wolf Borukhovich) (1906, Gomel - 1982, Moscow), state. and desks. activist. In 1921-23 he studied at a vocational school, in 1923-26 he worked at a shoe factory. After study in the lips. Sov.-part. school (1926–28) and service in Kr. Army (1928-29) worked as a secretary. district committee of the Komsomol, in 1930 he returned to the shoe factory (deputy director, then director). In 1931 he was directed to the Dobrushinsky cell-boom. comb-t, in 1934-38 his director, in 1938-41 the People's Commissar of the Forest Prometheus Bel. SSR. Delegate of the 18th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1939) with a consultant. voice. In the fall of 1939, before. Time, management of the Bialystok region., Before. Committee on the organization of elections to Nar. meeting Zap. Belarus. After connecting. Zap. Belarus to Bel. SSR elected dep. VS Bel. SSR from one of the districts of the Grodno region. From March 1940, deputy. prev. SNK Bel. SSR, from Apr. 1941 deputy. prev. Econ. Council at SNK. Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CP (b) B (1940), from March 1941 member. Central Committee. After the occupation of Belarus, German-fasc. troops in the evacuation worked in the SNK Bel. SSR. Since May 1942 in Kr. Army, until Jan. 1943 Commissar of the rear of the 41st Army, then deputy. early rear of the Kalinin fr. on watered, part. In Jan. 1943 (remaining until 1944 Deputy Chairman of the SNK Bel. SSR) recalled from the front and appointed Deputy. People's Commissar (since 1946 - Deputy Minister) speech. fleet of the USSR. In the fall of 1951, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was arrested and in 1952 sentenced by a special meeting at the USSR Ministry of State Security to 10 years in prison on charges of sabotage in transport. In 1954 he was released, worked in Moscow. river shipping company, since 1956 deputy. early this shipping company on page. Retired since 1970.
GAYSINOVICH Samuil Evseevich (1903, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1939, |), teacher, theoretician of the Polytechnic. education, Dr. ped. sciences. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1925). In 1926-32 he taught at Moscow. industrial-ped. in-those them. KLibknecht; in 1928–31 at the Communist Academy. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya; in 1932–37 head. Department of Polytechnic. education in the Higher Communist. in-those education. Simultaneously (1931–37) deputy. dir. Research Institute Polytechnic. education. Developed the problems of polytechnics. education in schools of factory apprenticeship (FZU), its content, forms, methods, communication with prof. training and labor education. Implementation of polytechnic. prof. training associated with the creation of schools-enterprises. He promoted the creation of teams of students in schools of FZU as the best form of organization of the academic. process, allowing you to adapt when entering the cr. company. He put forward the idea of ​​an operational method of labor training. After 1931 he left an active scientific. activities, was engaged in editing software-method. lit-ry. Was repressed. Cit .: Principles of the organization of polytechnic. training, M., 1931.
GAYSINSKY Moiz (Moses) (1898, Tarashcha, Kiev province - 1976, Paris), chemist. Doctor of Chemistry (1927). Graduated from Yekaterinoslavskaya g-ziya. In 1917–20 he studied at Kharkov, in 1923–27 at the Roman fur boots. In 1928–30 he worked at the Thomson-Houston firm in Paris, in 1931–36 - in the lab. P. Curie of Paris University, in 1937–40 - in the National. center of scientific. research France, in 1940-45 - at Lyons un-those. Since 1945 - again in the National. center of scientific. issled., since 1955 its director. In 1959–63 prof. radiochemistry of the Paris University. One of the founders of radiation. chemistry. Early works dedicated. the study of the properties of iodide nitrogen compounds (1937-39), compounds of protactinium, polonium and curium electrochem. and radiation-chemical. methods (1945–47). In 1949-50, he criticized the actinide concept of Amer. physicist G.T. Siborg and put forward the uranide concept. In 1953 he theoretically substantiated the rules for the placement of elements of the seventh period of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev. In the 1960s. research regularities of radiolysis of water and waters. base solutions. In the 1970s. proposed to apply the results of radiation. chemistry in chem. kinetics and catalysis. He discovered the analogy of the activating effect of alpha-irradiation of ultrasound on the course of chem. reactions.
GAISTER Aron Izrailevich (1899, Zlatopol Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. - 1937, Moscow), economist, doctor of economics. sciences. He graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1925), from 1926 to teach. work, in 1931-32 at the same time. worked in the USSR State Planning Committee. At the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934) elected a member. Commissions of Sov. control at SIK USSR. In 1935-37 a member. VASKHNIL and deputy. People's Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR. Member Agr. section of the Communist. academy. Author of works on the history of agr. relationships in pre-rev. Russia, socialist. reconstruction and modern the position of the owls. villages. Based on the results of field surveys, G. published joint papers. with ID Vermenichev the work "710 households of the Samara village" (Moscow, 1927). Ed. collection. publications “Collectivization of owls. villages. Preface. the results of continuous surveys of colchs. in 1928 and 1929 " (1929), "Uralokuznetsk Combine" (1933), "Problems of the North" (1933). Works: Sel. x-in capitalistic. Russia, (part 1), M., 1928; Bundle of owls. villages, M., 1928; Village-household dictionary-reference book, M.-L., 1934, 2nd ed. - 1937.
GAYVORON, city (since 1949), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939 there were 841 Jews living in Georgia. 16-18 Feb. 1942 1404 Jews were shot in Georgia. Igor Yakovlevich Krutoy (b. 1954), composer.
GAZENPOT, see Aizpute.
GDOV, city (since 1780), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1431.Since 1719 - in the Pskov province, since 1780 - a district city of St. Petersburg province. In 1897 69 Jews (3.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1910 - 67 (2.5%), in 1926 - 86 Jews (2.2%). In 1910, Georgia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the summer of 1941, most Jews were evacuated to the east. Several the remaining Jews were killed in the fall of 1941.
GEDRAICHAY, a small town in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1375.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Gedroytsy Vilenskogo u. and lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 357 Jews (65.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 200, in 1923 - 421, in 1939 - 200 Jews (36% Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19 century, were engaged in crafts, small trade, p. x-vom. There was a synagogue. Since 1880, Chaim Gurvich (1855—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. All R. Aug 1915 a pogrom took place in Georgia, fleeing from which, the Jews of Georgia fled to Vilna (present-day Vilnius). In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew, a Jewish library, and various branches operated. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied Georgia on June 30, 1941. At the beginning. July 1941 Lithuanian police killed several. dozens of Jews. 7 Aug 1941 another 30 Jews were shot, 5 Sept. 1941 - 100 Jews. Several dozens of Jews fled from Georgia and hid with local peasants. Most of them were shot by the Lithuanian police or partisans from the Home Army. In the end. 1945 in Georgia, the graves of the executed Jews were desecrated; their remains were reburied on May 23, 1946 at the Vilnius Jewish cemetery.
GEDROITS, see Gedraychay.
GEFTER Aron Naumovich (1894, Gomel - 1963, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at Vilensky thin. school (1912–15) and VKHUTEIN (1921–24) with S.V. Gerasimov, D.N. Kardovsky, V.A. Favorsky. In 1920-21 the professor. in thin. studios in Gomel, in the same place. in exhibitions since 1916. Since 1925 he worked as a periodical. stamps, incl. in Hebrew, fig. polit. cartoons. In 1933, no. in the publishing house "Emes" the album "Without make-up ... Cartoons". In 1961–63 he published cartoons of the heroes of the Hebrews. liters and t-ra in the magazine. "Sovetish gameland". In 1934 comp. persons. exhibition in Moscow.
GEFTER Mikhail Yakovlevich (1918, Simferopol - 1995, Moscow), historian, publicist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1953). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941 he volunteered for the people's militia. He was seriously wounded. Awarded hordes. Glory III degree. At the end of the war and until 1976 - sotr. Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research topics - "mixed" Russia on the eve of 1917, rus. populism, Decembrists, "Rossika" K. Marx, problems of the genesis of Lenin's thought, the theory of the world. historical. process. In 1964–69 he headed the Department of the Methodology of History organized by him (in 1969 he was liquidated by order of the Central Committee of the CPSU). Member ch. ed. ed. "The World History". In 1976 he retired early, broke up with the officer. science. Participated in the ed. uncensored ist. collection "Memory". One of the founders and authors of samizd. g. "Search". Was subjected to searches and interrogations in the "Search" case. In 1982 he left the Communist Party. Author pl. Art., essays, dialogues, letters, to-rye until 1987 were not published, or published abroad. From 1987 he was published in the Zh. "The XX century and the world", "The working class and the modern world", "October", "Communist" and collections of the publishing house "Progress". In 1991 came the collection of works by G. "From those and these years." From February to October 1993 - Member. Council at Pres. Russian Federation. Since 1992, the president has been educating scientists. center "Holocaust".
GEFTER Semyon Davydovich (1872, Odessa - 1928, Leningrad), electrical engineer, active participant in the state. Commission for the Electrification of Russia (since 1920). Graduated from mat. Faculty of Sorbonne (Paris) and Liege Electrical Engineering. Institute (1898). Until 1899 he worked as head. lab. at the Cologne Electrical Engineering. s-de acts. about-va "Helios" in Germany. From 1899, upon returning to Russia, he worked at St. Petersburg. mountains. center, electro. (head of laboratory, chief engineer, director-manager). At the same time. taught in 1909-11 in St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those, in 1907-17 at the Higher. wives polytechnic courses. In 1907-17 before. ed. to-that f. "Electricity"; in 1917-19 he was engaged in the design of the electrification of the Donetsk Basin. Ing. About-va Donetsk bass. In 1919 he entered (together with A.G. Kogan and M.A. Shatelen) in the Electrification Bureau of Donetsk Basin. At the same time. in 1918–20 he was in charge of technical. partly builds, management under Ch. coal committee of the Supreme Economic Council, since 1920 members. GOELRO commission. In 1920-21 the head. dep. electrification of VSNKh. In 1921–26, assistant to Ch. engineer of the building of Volkhovskaya and Svirskaya HPPs. From 1926 he worked on the Board of Leningrad. power plants (Electric current).
GEFTER Yulia Markovna (1884, Moscow - 1970, Leningrad), biochemist, prof., Dr. honey. Sciences (1911). Graduated from natural sciences. Department of Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow higher. wives courses (1908) and honey. Faculty of Munich University (1911). In 1913–20 she worked at the faculty therapeutic. clinic Mosk. un-that and simultaneously. (until 1915) in the lab. organic chemistry ND Zelinsky, since 1915 in the laboratory. honey. chemistry Mosk. un-that under the hands. V.S. Gulevich. In 1923 she became the head of biochem. lab. in Ying-those prof. diseases them. V.A. Obukha. In 1930, after honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University stood out in the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t, G. worked at the department of honey. chemistry and organized one of the first workshops on quantities, analysis for physicians. Since 1931 prof., Head. Department of Biochemistry in the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (since 1964 - a consultant). tr. on the biochemistry of metabolism in muscle tissue. G. was one of the first to pay attention to the role of cholesterol in metabolic processes, was engaged in disturbances of nitrogen metabolism in protein deficiency. Remaining in besieged Leningrad, she conducted unique research. exchange in - in with alimentary dystrophy. In 1969, G. donated her personal savings to encourage the best scholars. student works.
GEKHT Boris Moiseevich (b. 1927), neurologist, Dr. med. sciences (1972), professor (1977). After graduating in 1952 Moscow. honey. in-that worked as a doctor-neuropathologist in Kazakhstan. Resident since 1955, since 1957 - post-graduate student of the Department of Nervous Diseases Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Since 1960 ml. scientific. sotr. Institute of Psychiatry, since 1960 - Art. scientific. sotr., scientific secretary lab. control problems of human and animal functions. N.I. Grashchenkova. In 1973 hand. lab. clinics pathophysiology Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological. physiology, in 1985 - hands. myasthenic. center, created by him at the department. neuromuscular pathological. Human Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological. physiology. one of the leading experts in the region. pathological. physiology and clinical picture of muscle diseases and neuromuscular regulation. G. studies the mechanisms of development and clinics decomp. forms pathological. muscle fatigue. He introduced a method of treating myasthenia gravis. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Myasthenia gravis and other forms of pathology of muscle fatigue, M., 1970; Syndromes patol. muscle fatigue, M., 1974; Neuromuscular diseases (et al.), M., 1982.
SEKHT Semyon Grigorievich (1903, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), writer. Began to publish in 1922 in Odessa. From ser. 1920s in Moscow, sotr. gas. "Beep". Almost all production G. dedicated to the life of Jews in the USSR - Sat. "Stories" (1925), the story "The Man Who Forgot His Life" (1927), the novel "Instructive Story" (1939), stories and stories for children "The Story of the Budlerov Migration" (1930), "The Shoemaker's Son" (1931) , “Efim Kalyuzhny from Smidovichi” (1931), etc. In the anti-Zionist novel “The Steamer Goes to Jaffa and Back” (1936) about the mandated Palestine of the 1st third of the 20th century. G. told truthfully about the life of the Hebrews. settlers, about anti-Jews. bloody speeches of the Arabs. 1941–45 military. corr. gas. "Beep". In the end. 1940s during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed. After his release (1956), he dedicated a number of works. Jews whose lives have been crippled by the war (Nightingale's Booth, 1957; Debts of the Heart, 1963, etc.). Author of rep. about E.G. Bagritsky, I. Ilf, and others, translated into Russian. lang. manuf. Sh.Ash, Sholem Aleichem, M. Daniel.
GEHT Yuri Grigorievich (b. 1943, Krasnovishersk, Molotov region), economist. Graduated from Leningrad. forestry acad. Occupied by engineer. and manager. positions at the pulp-boom enterprises. prom-sti. 1980–82 - deputy. gene. dir. association "Union". 1982–85 - deputy. gene. dir. by production scientific and production association "Voskhod". In 1987–90 - director. boom. factories in Serpukhov. 1990–93 gene. dir. and before. acc. about-va "Sokolniki". Since 1990 - bunk. dep. Top. Council of the RSFSR. Prev faction "Industrial Union".
GEKHTMAN Moisey Yakovlevich (1901, Pavlograd Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1973, Kishinev), doctor. In 1926 he graduated from honey. f-t Saratovsk. un-that. In 1926–27 he worked as a doctor in the Crimea, in 1927–31 - head. sanitary prophylactic department rayzdravotd. in Belogorsk, in 1932-38 - Art. State Inspector and Head. dignity epidemiological in Simferopol. In 1938–41 - Ch. state inspector. In 1941, Deputy. early dignity dep. army that fought in the Crimea. In 1942–43 he worked in Kuibyshev and Frunze. In 1945–49 Ch. sanitary inspector and deputy. Minister of Health of the Moldavian SSR. In 1945–73 - head. department of social. hygiene and organization of health care and history of medicine of Chisinau honey. in-that. Doc. dis. He defended "Health of Moldova" in 1963. G. Hon. doctor of the MSSR (1957), honored. Scientist of the MSSR (1966). G. worked out questions of the organization of honey. help to rural us. and the history of hygiene. Cit .: Regional hospital in new conditions, Chisinau, 1957; Certain organizational forms of rural health care of the Moldavian SSR, Chisinau, 1960; Organization of recreation of workers of the USSR, Chisinau, 1961.
GEKKER Nakhman Levkovich (Naum Leontyevich) (1862, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1920, Odessa), member of the revolutionary. movement of the 1870s-80s, publicist. From a rich merchant. families. He graduated from the city. Berdyansk. From 1879 he studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), organized a roar. circle. In 1880 he left for Kiev, joined Yuzhnorus. workers' union ", organized its branch in Berdyansk, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, participated in the creation. underground printing house, kept in touch with the party "Nar. will". Arrested in April. 1881 in Odessa. In 1882 he was sentenced to 10 years in hard labor (he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia). Since 1891 in a settlement in Yakutia, he collaborated with Vost.-Sib. dep. Rus. geogr. about-va, studied ethnogr. research G.'s work "To the characteristics of physical. type of Yakuts "(1896) is marked by Uvarovskaya ave. Petersburg. AN. Since 1896 in Irkutsk, sotr. gas. "East. review ". In 1898 he returned to Europe. Russia, soon settled in Odessa, was printed in gas. "Odessa News", w. "South. review ”,“ Rus. wealth "," Contemporary "and others. Despite the heavy. The disease (progressive paralysis) has been involved in societies. life, from the beginning. 1900s member Odessa organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Author lit.-critical. Art. and book. about the work of L.N. Andreev (1903) .Cit .: Polit. hard labor on Kara, "Byloe", 1906, no. 9; A.A. Spandoni, ibid; Our youth, "Testaments", 1913, no. 7.
GELCHIN, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Lomzhinsky district. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918–39 in Poland, in 1939–45 in the Byelorussian SSR. 75 Jews (12%) lived in Georgia in 1897. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
GELENDZHIK, a city (since 1915) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). From 1831 - Russian. fortress, from 1864 - the village of Gelendzhikskaya, from 1870 - a village. 25 Jews (0.6%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 57 in 1939, and approx. 600 Jews. Genus. Yakov Yakovlevich Trainin (1918-1994, Moscow), TV director, director of the first TV show of the parade and demonstration from Red Square. May 1, 1956.
GELENDZHIK, see Gelendzhik.
GELBAK, see Chir-Yurt.
GELBINOVO, in the composition (since 1944) s. Bobrik, Lyubashevsky district, Odessa region (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk lips. migrants from Volyn, Kiev and Kherson provinces. In 1921–41, the village of Yasinovsky, then the Lyubashevsky district of Odessa province, then the region. In 1859, 1,599 people lived in Georgia. (150 families), in 1863 - 1448 people. (106 households), in 1870 - 58 families, in 1893 - 170 people. (43 yards), in 1898 - 257 people, in 1905 - 367 people. (59 courtyards.) In 1863 a synagogue existed in Georgia. Lacking the skills of agricultural. labor and funds for the acquisition of inventory, the colonists rented out their plots to peasants from the surrounding villages; many left the colony. Main occupations of the Jewish population - decomp. crafts and employment. In 1870, the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists (with the exception of 2 plots where Jews were successfully engaged in farming), leaving them to use farmsteads and pastures for cattle. In 1898-99, out of 320 dess. 50% of the land was used for arable land (30 families were engaged in farming). After the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars x-va colonists fell into decay, the Jewish population declined. In the 1920s. there was a Jewish hut-reading room, a Jewish 2-class school. A collective farm was established in 1929. The famine of 1932–33 inflicted great losses on the population. In 1941, after the occupation of Rum. troops of Georgia became part of Transnistria.
GELFAND Boris Abramovich (born 1968, Minsk), chess player; int. grandmaster (1989). A contender for the world championship since 1990. European champion (1987/88) and the USSR (1985) among youth. Winner of two interzonal tournaments - Manila (1990) and Biel (1993), international. tournaments - Belgrade (1991) and Moscow (1992).
GELFAND Boris Ruvimovich (b. 1942, Tashkent), anesthesiologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1986). In 1965 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked in Gore. clinics b-tse No. 1 named after NI Pirogova, Ying-those of cardiovascular surgery. A.N.Bakuleva. Since 1988 - head. course of anesthesiology and resuscitation Ros. state honey. un-that, prof. (1989). Science. tr. G. has eaten, hospital infection, inf.-toxic. shock, clinic. pharmacology. Laureate of the State. pr. RSFSR (1991).
GELFAND Izrail Moiseevich (b. 1913, Windows of Baltskiy near Podolsk Gubernia), mathematician, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984; Corresponding Member since 1953). Having incomplete. Wed education, arrived in 1930 in Moscow, where they are independent, studied mathematics. In 1932-35 he was a post-graduate student of Moscow State University, a student of AN Kolmogorov. Cand. physical-mat. Sciences (1935). He worked at Moscow State University (since 1932), in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1939), in Ying-those prikl. mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1953). At present he also works in the USA (Rutgers University). The head of the largest scientific. schools, one of the founders of the theory of normalized rings. Author of foundations, results in the field of Lie group theory (theory of infinite unitary representations of continuous groups), general theory. functions, topological theory. linear spaces, inverse problems of spectral analysis, quantum mechanics, mat. methods in biology. Foreign member Amer. acad. Law and Science (1964), Irish Academy of Sciences (1970), Nat. Academy of Sciences (USA, 1970), Academy of Sciences of France (1976), London. Royal about-va (1977), Swedish. AN (1974), hon. h. Londonsk. mat. about-va (1967), Amer. mat. about-va (1966); och. Dr. un-com at Oxford, Harvard, Uppsala, Paris. Pres. Moscow mat. about-va (1966–70). Etc. Wolf (1978). Wigner Medal Intern. Union for Group Theory in Physics. Became. pr. (1951), Len. pr. (1961). Works: Generalized functions, no. 1-6, M., 1958-66 (et al.).
GELFELD Semyon Aronovich (1898, Alexandrov, Vladimir province - 1976, Moscow), architect, artist. In 1928 he graduated from VKHUTEIN in Moscow. He was a member of the ASNOVA association. Main works: the project of the Red Stadium on Vorobyovy Gory in Moscow (1924, as part of a team of students of VKHUTEMAS), the project of the House of Industry and Trade (1928, thesis), the project Center. a park of culture and recreation in Moscow (as part of the ASNOYOA brigade); participation in the development of the project of the Palace of Soviets (1933, under the direction of BM Iofan).
GELFER Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1934, Moscow), architect, sports design specialist. buildings and structures. In 1968 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Participated in competitions: Heavy Palace. athletics in Izmailovo, Moscow (1976, 1st avenue), the sports complex of the GPZ plant in Moscow (1981, 2nd ave.). Main work: building c. Volzhsky (1967), in Moscow - the stadium "Torpedo" (1972), the sports complex of the AZLK plant (1976, prospect SM USSR), the sports complex in Togliatti (1983).
GELFER Salome Maksimovna (b. 1916, Bialystok), architect, specialist in the design of theater and entertainment buildings, leading specialist in the Giprotheatr Institute in Moscow. In 1939 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: project of gen. reconstruction of the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater (1970), 12 built circuses, incl. in Ulan Bator, Mongolia (1965), in Novosibirsk (1970), Vladivostok (1973), t-ry - in Saransk (1962), Belgorod (1962), reconstruction of the Moscow Art Theater building (1986). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1969).
GELFERG Semyon Grigorievich (1924, Odessa - 1943), Hero of Owls. Union (1943). In Kr. Army from 1942. On fr. from 1943. Com. dep., ml. Sergeant G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
GELFMAN Gesya Mironovna (Meerovna) (1854, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1882, St. Petersburg), participant of the revolutionary. movements of the 1870s and 80s. At 16, she broke up with her family and left home. From 1871 she lived in Kiev, where she graduated from obstetric courses (1874). In the 1st floor. 1870s participated in the roar. populist. circles; tried to create a sewing workshop on an artel basis. In the spring of 1875 she met a member. roar. populist. group of "Muscovites", carried on propaganda among the workers of Kiev. On Sept. 1875 arrested, taken to St. Petersburg. At the "trial of 50" (1877) she was sentenced to 2 years in prison (she was serving a sentence in the "Lithuanian Castle" in St. Petersburg). In the spring of 1879 she was exiled to Staraya Russa, Novgorod province, in September. 1879 fled, went illegal. position in Petersburg joined the roar. organization "Narodnaya Volya", conducted propaganda among students and workers, was the mistress of the conspirator. apartments, worked in watered. "Red Cross", participated in the publication of illegal. "Rabochaya Gazeta" and in the preparation of the assassination attempt on the Emperor. Alexander II. In apr. 1881 arrested, involved in the murder of Alexander II on 1.3.1881 by the Narodnaya Volya. She was sentenced to death by hanging at the trial. Due to G.'s pregnancy, the death penalty was postponed, and after a campaign of protests by the world community, it was replaced by eternal hard labor. G. was kept in solitary confinement in the House of Pre. imprisonment in St. Petersburg, where she gave birth to a daughter. Deprived of honey. leaving, G. died of purulent inflammation of the peritoneum.
GELFOND (Gelfand) Haim-Yankel Shimonovich (Haim Yankelevich) (lit. ps. A.I. Litvak) (1877, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1932, New York), polit. activist, publicist. From a poor bourgeois family. From ser. 1890s participated in the work of Heb. working circles, sotr. illegal. gas. Arbeter Shtimme. In 1896 he was arrested, soon released for lack of evidence, in 1898 he was again arrested in Yekaterinoslav, in 1902 he was exiled to the Yakutsk region. Back in Europe. Russia, became one of the leading publicists of the Bund, from 1905 - member. his Central Committee, in 1905–07 he worked in the Bund trade unions and the Hebrews. cultural org-tions. In 1907-10 he was arrested several times. A participant in the Bund meeting in Vienna (Feb. 1913) and the 9th congress united, the organization gr. assistance to the Bund and workers' fereins (unions) abroad (Dec. 1913). Since 1915 - in the USA, where he represented the Bund, he gained fame as a lecturer and publicist. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, worked in the Bund organizations in Ukraine. Oct he met the coup of 1917 with hostility and published Bund and anti-Bolshevik literature in the Ukraine. At the Minsk conf. Bund (1919) was headed by the Social-Democrats. wing, after the split of the Bund (1920) one of the leaders of the Social-Democrats. Bund and members. his Central Committee. In 1921 owls were arrested. authorities, after his release he left for Vilno, where he published Heb. s.-d. gas. After a conflict with the leaders of the Polish Bund, to-rykh G. criticized for "leftism", in 1925 he left for the USA. Died of a heart attack, works: Melkoburzh. socialism in Heb. the soil: (Critique of the "theory" of the Zionist socialists), St. Petersburg, 1906; Poale Zionism: A New Current in Rus. Jewry - worker Zionism. Critical sketch, SPb., 1907.
GELFOND Alexander Osipovich (1906, Petersburg - 1968, Moscow), mathematician. Prof. (1931), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from Moscow State University (1927), graduate school there (1930). Ch.-c. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1968). He worked at Moscow State University (1930–68) and Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the SSR (1933-68). Osn. results in number theory (theory of transcendental numbers - a solution to the 7th problem of Hilbert) and the theory of complex functions. alternating works: Izor. tr., M., 1978; Transcendental and algebras. numbers, M., 1952; Elementary methods in analytic. number theory, M., 1962, (with Yu. Vinnik); Deductions and their applications, M., 1966; Calculus of finite differences, M.-L., 1952; 3rd ed., M., 1967.
GELMAN Alexander Isaakovich (b. 1933, Donduseni, Romania), playwright. From 1952 to 1960 in the Sov. Army. At the end of the military. he served in Sevastopol and Kamchatka. Demobilized while reducing the army, worked as a milling machine operator in Chisinau. Since 1967 - sotr. leningr. newspapers. Since the beginning of the 70s. - playwright. One of the most popular playwrights in Russia in the 80s. The author of the plays: "Feedback", "We, the undersigned", "Alone with all", "Bench". On the wave of "glasnost" during the period of "perestroika" in July 1990 was elected member. Central Committee of the CPSU. In September of the same year, he left the party. From 1989 to 1992 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since 1990 he has been leading a journalistic column in the railway station. "Claim to the cinema". Laureate of the State. pr. USSR (1976; for the script f. "Prize").
HELMAN Leon (1887, Yampol - 1973, USA), journalist, societies. activist. Since 1910 in the USA. Headed the dec. schools with teaching in Hebrew (1911–17) in San Luis, later ed. (1918–35) and ed. (1923–35) gas. “San Luis Heb. Gazette ”, published in Yiddish, in a cut G. propagated the religion. Zionist. traffic. As the organizer of the Mizrahi movement in the United States, he served as executors. sec. org-tion (1914-17), nat. Vice President (1930–35) and prez. (1935–39). After moving to New York, he edited the publications of Mizrahi (1935-49), incl. "Der Mizrahi veg" and edition, dedicated to the anniversary of the Mizrahi movement (together with P. Churgin, 1936). Since 1949 in Israel. There was a prez. Worldwide org-tion Mizrahi, and later almost. prez. In 1949-53 members. will perform, the organ of Heb. agencies. Published Art. in "Ha-Tso-fe" - Israel. nat. religious gas., as well as new york. gaz., published in Yiddish. Most of Art. is devoted to the problem of establishing the state of Israel on the basis of loyalty to trad. Heb. spirit. values. Among the many. book G. paramount. the collections of his essays are important: “The struggle of the Jews in Wed. century "(1948) and others.
GELMAN Ovsey Yankelevich (b. 1932, Warsaw), physicist, prof., Member. Nat. Ing. academy (Mexico, 1977). In 1941–75 he lived in Georgia. In 1955 he graduated from physics. Faculty of Tbilisi State un-that, in 1962 he defended the candidate. dissertation. He worked at the Institute of Geology and the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. In 1972–75, he was unable to work due to his application to leave for Israel. Since 1975 in Israel, prof. Administrative Faculty of Tel Aviv University. Since 1976 in Mexico, prof. Mexican nat. autonomous un-that. At the same time. teaches at Ing. and adm. f-takh. Since 1992, the director also works. inter-institutional program for disaster prevention and industrial control. objects is prez. adm. advice and ch. tech. dir. company "Grupo Glovadisador" (1990), vice-rector of the University "De Las Americas", hon. h. Mexican institute of hands. business, advisor to the mayor's office of Mexico City (since 1983) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases (since 1986) on disasters, scientific. Advisor to the International tech. to the Association of the largest cities. Author of over 280 printed scientific. works.
GELMAN Polina Vladimirovna (1919, Berdichev - 2005, Moscow), Hero of Owls. Union (1946). In Kr. Army from October 1941. Graduated from navigator courses. In fr. from May 1942. Beginning. communications squadron of night bombs. Aviation shelf, art. leith. G. made 860 sorties during the war years. She graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1951). Cand. econom. Sciences (1970). Major G. was retired from 1957. Assoc. Department of Political Economy Ying-that societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. Participated in the anti-Zionist campaign led by the Sov. authorities in the 70s.
HELMAN Yakov (1880, Talsi - 1950, Argentina), Zionist leader, editor. Studied in lit. yeshivah, since 1897 - in Frankfurt. Until 1910 he studied at high fur boots in Marburg (a student of G. Cohen) and Bern. From his youth he took part in the Zionist movement, showed interest in the socialist revolutionaries. During the 1st world. war became one of the organizers of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. From 1919 he lived in Riga, where he became one of the leaders of the Zionist socialist. movement in Latvia; in 1920 he was elected to the Latvian parliament. Edited by dec. g. and daily. gas. in Yiddish "Frimorgen". Member Centre. to-that int. Union of Poalei Zion. In 1933–36 - Ch. ed. organ Poalei Zion in Warsaw "Dos Nye Bort". Since 1936 - in E.-I. After participating in 21 Zionist Congr. (1939) left for Argentina as a representative. World Heb. Congr. He actively participated in the Zionist movement, collaborated in a number of gas. and f. In 1951, see. was published. in Yiddish his book. "Jerusalem"; in 1957 per. in Hebrew.
HELMOND Shmuel Izrailevich (1907, Vladimir-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1941, Vasin, Kirovograd region), poet. Graduated from ped. Institute, worked as a teacher in Zhitomir and Odessa. Debuted verse. in Moscow. Heb. youth railway "Jungvald" in 1924, then printed in the center. Heb. gaz., f., almanac (including in Moscow, almanac "Sovetish"). In 1926 he published the first book. - the poem "Tripoli", the author of collection. "Yugnt inland" ("Youth in the country", 1931), the poem "Electre in step" ("Electrician in the steppe", 1935), etc. In the 1930s. lived in Odessa, worked in Heb. school, participated in the social and cultural life of the city. 6/23/1941 volunteered for the front (junior leit.), Died in battle.
GELMYAZOV, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1613.From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897 712 Jews (11.8%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 50 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and petty trade. Eliyahu Feldman (1875—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia since 1900. During the Civil. During the war, the Jews of Georgia suffered from pogroms perpetrated by units of the Directory and the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. pl. Jews of G. moved to the kr. city ​​In G., genus. Oizer Smolensky (1862-1934, Philadelphia, USA), poet (in Yiddish), since 1893 - in the USA.
GELNEV, see Gelnev.
GELPERIN Nison Ilyich (1903, Smolevichi Borisovskiy u., Minsk province. - 1989, Moscow), chemist-technologist, organizer of chemical. productions. Graduated from Moscow. chemical-technological Institute (1923). He worked there (since 1931 - prof.), In 1932–39 - prof. and head. department in Moscow. in-those chem. machine-building. In 1939-41 - prof. Institute of advanced training of engineers chem. prom-sti. In 1942-87 - prof. and head. department “Processes and devices of chem. technologies "in Moscow. in-those fine chem. technology. At the same time. in 1925–31 he worked in the Khimstroy trust (from 1929 - chief engineer), in 1931–33 - director. Research Institute of Chem. machine-building, in 1933-36 - technical. dir. trust "Soyuzazot", in 1936-38 - Ch. Ing. Trust "Glavazot" People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR, in 1938–45 - early. Design Bureau of the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition, in 1945-47 - early. of the 1st Ch. control at the USSR SM. Developed the theory of multi-case evaporators, a heat pump, complex heat transfer processes in chem. devices. Created an analytic. method for calculating rectification of ideal binary mixtures. Theoretically and experimentally investigated a number of fluidization processes. Developed and introduced into the industry machines and devices for the production of phosphorus fertilizers, alkali metal xanthates, ammonia synthesis, etc. In recent years, he led the development and commissioning of installations for de-phenolization of gas emissions (Kemerovo), continuous dehydration of copper salicylate (Leningrad), separation of hydrocarbon gases (Baku). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1963), honorary chemist of the USSR (1978). Became. pr. (1953). Works: Evaporators, M.-L., 1947; Distillation and rectification, M.-L., 1974; The structure of streams and the efficiency of chemical columns prom-sti, M., 1977 (in co-authorship); Main processes and apparatuses chem. technology, book. 1–2, M., 1981; Fundamentals of fractional crystallization technique, M., 1986 (in co-authorship)
GELSHTEIN Eliazar Markovich (1897, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1955, Moscow), therapist, honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1942), prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919). In 1919–20 he served as a doctor in Kr. Army, then was a resident, an assistant therapist. clinics of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. From 1931 for 20 years he was in charge of the faculty therapist there. clinic. During the war, Ch. therapist Leningr. front (1941–44). In connection with the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was forced to leave the clinic, and in February 1953 was arrested in the "case of doctors." After his release, he worked as a consultant in various hospitals in Moscow. tr. G. dedicated cardiovascular diseases (rheumatism, hypertensive disease), alimentary dystrophy. One of the first in the USSR to apply the method of roentgenokymography for research. heart (monograph "Clinical significance of roentgenokymography of heart research", 1937). He studied the mechanism of action of various drugs, incl. acrihin, sulfidine. Member right. Vses. and Mosk. therapeutic. ob-in. Works: Textbook int. diseases, M., 1935 (jointly with V.F. Zelenin); Private pathology and therapy of internal diseases, M., 1950 (4th ed., Jointly with V.F. Zelenin); Myocardial infarction, M., 1948.
GELSINGFORS, see Helsinki.
GELVANA, see Gyalvonay.
GELLER (Kagan) Lipa Nisanovich (1915, Dukora Minsky District and Gubernia - 1989, Minsk), poet. R. in the teacher's family. Studied in lit. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that, worked as a teacher. In 1928 he made his debut verse. in Minsk Hebrews. youth publications, in the 1930s. published in literary arts, w. "Stern" (Minsk) and gas. "October". In 1934, Sat. verse. G. "Geburt" ("Birth"). In 1941–45 at the front, after demobilization he worked as a teacher in Smolensk. In the 1970s. started writing poetry again, collaborated in the railway station. Sovetish Gameland and Gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". In recent years he lived in Minsk.
GELLER Binhem (b. 1908, Warsaw), poet. R. in a poor Hasidic family, studied at the cheder and yeshiva. From the age of 14 he worked as a glove-maker, became interested in a communist. movement and because of this was forced to flee Poland. In 1937–39 he lived in Belgium and Paris, then returned to Warsaw, and in Sept. 1939, when it was captured by the Nazis, he fled to Bialystok, then lived in Alma-Ata and Moscow (1943–47). In 1947 he returned to Poland. First Sat verse. "Durkh grates" ("Through the bars") was published in Warsaw in 1930. Book. was confiscated by the Polish authorities. There were also two books published there: “In Umru Fung Teg” (“In Trouble of Days”, 1932), “Oifn Screw” (“In the Wind”, 1936). In Minsk ed. book poems in 1940, and Sat. verse about the war - "Di erd got goth getsitert" ("The earth shook") - in Moscow in 1947. In the same place in 1948 his poem "Der veg oif Varshe" ("The road to Warsaw") was published. Heb. refugees from Poland. Of great value to the history of Heb. literature represents comp. G. Sat. "Dos Lid from Geblibn" ("The Song Remained", 1951), which included verses of 36 Heb. poets of Poland who died during the Nazi occupation. In 1952 Warsaw Hebrew. state Dr. staged his play "A stub in the ghetto" ("House in the ghetto"). Since 1957 in Israel. Living in Tel Aviv, G. published a collection of poems. "Nye Leader" ("New Songs", 1964), "Dor un Doer" ("Generation and Continuation", 1967), etc.
GELLER Efim Petrovich (1925, Odessa - 1995, Moscow), chess player; int. grandmaster (1952), zm USSR (1963), Hon. coach of the USSR (1965). Contender for the world championship in the 1950s - 70s; world champion among seniors (1992). Member of twenty-three USSR championships (1949–85), two-time national champion (1955 and 1979). As part of the USSR team, the winner of seven Olympiads (1952–56, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1980) and six European championships (1961, 1970–83). The winner is St. twenty int. tournaments, incl. Bever Wijk (1965), Wijk aan Zee (1969), Moscow (1975), Las Palmas (1976). Shahm. G.'s creativity is distinguished by innovation in the opening, original ideas in the middlegame, ingenuity in attack, and a fine understanding of the endgame. G. is one of the leading chess. theorists in the world, the author of a number of opening systems and variants. Works: At the chessboard, Odessa, 1962; Old Indian Defense, Moscow, 1980.
GELLER Yehil ben-Aron (1814, Koydanovo, Minsk province - 1861, Plungyany of Telshevsky district, Koven province), rabbi. He served as a rabbi in Glusk, Volkovysk, Suwalki and Plungyany. The author of a number of op. On him. lang.
HELLER Joseph Eliyahu (1888, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1957), writer. After graduating from Berlin University he lived in Russia and Germany. One of the ed. "Encyclopedias of Judaica" (Germany) and the encyclopedia "Esh-kol" (1929-32). In 1933 he moved to London, where he was a teacher and editor. g. Zionist orientation "Tarbut". Publ. research in Heb. and general philosophy in it., Eng. lang. and Hebrew, was sotr. decomp. g. in Hebrew ("ha-Olam", "ha-Doar", etc.). His research. philosophy Ahad Ha-Ama publ. in the book. "Ahad Ha-Am, ha-ish, po'alo ve-torato" (1955). The author of the book. "H.-N. Bialik" (1944), "Zionist Idea" (1947), trans. in Hebrew of a number of works. Plato.
HELLER Lev Naumovich (1875, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1942, Tashkent), participant of the revolutionary. movement, orientalist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute (1898) and honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1903). Member Communist. party since 1904. Dec. armed restore 1905 in Moscow. In 1914 he left Russia, and in 1917 he returned, a participant in October. coup of 1917. In the years of civil. wars on the desks. work in Turkestan. In 1921–22 for a diploma. work. In 1922-30 the head. East department of the Profintern. Since 1930 scientific. sotr., head. sector of the labor movement Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians. Member editorial board "Peace. x-in and the world. politics". Specialist in the region. int. relationships. The author of St. 50 scientific. and publicist. works on the problems of the worker and prof. movement in the East. and South-East. Asia. He died in evacuation. Works: Prof. in the East, M., 1923; The position of the working class in the capitalist. countries for 20 years, M., 1937.
HELLER Peter (Passover) Isaakovich (1862, Shklov - |), artist, painter. After training at the Odessa Drawing School, he entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1873-1878). For the painting "Dedication of Ivan the Terrible before his death as a monk" he received the title of class artist of the 1st degree (1886). The first painting on a free subject "The Oath of Jewish Recruits" (1887) was acquired by the Museum of the Academy of Arts. Author of more than 200 works, mainly. dedicated to rus. life and history, to Heb. the topic was addressed in the 1900s. Main works: "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1890), "Reception of recruits" (1893), "Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovskoye" (1899), "Unexpected message of Paul I to Suvorov" (1902), "Gogol among great friends" (1904), "After the pogrom", "Day of mourning Tish'o b'ov", "For what |", "Jews at the station" (all - 1907) and "How long, oh Lord!" (1909). Works are kept in the Museum of the Academy of Arts, private collections.
HELLER Samuil Yul'evich (Evelievich) (1906, Krantz, East Prussia - 1972), physicist-geographer and geomorphologist, researcher of the nature of deserts Cf. Asia, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1948), prof. (1959). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1929). He worked in the Commission for Expeditionary Research. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927–28), at the Sandy-Desert Institute (until 1932) and in 1932–72 at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, head. next to dep. Studied the geography of deserts and the nature of salt lakes. Developed the doctrine of the role of soil colloids in the formation of soils and soil absorbing complex. Gave an explanation of the origin of solonetz soils and the processes of salinization, proved the possibility of radical improvement of solonetzic soils by gypsum, and acidic soils by liming. Ch.-c. Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1928) and Intern. Society of Soil Scientists (1930). Etc. them. Ilenin (1927), Op. cit., v. 1-3, 1955.
HELLER Julius Alexandrovich (1902 - 1977, Moscow), metal expert, specialist in the region. tool steels. He graduated in 1939 Moscow. Institute of Steel, where he worked at the Department of Metallurgy and Thermal. processing. In 1941–46 in the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition, beginning. instr. metallurgical group department and ch. metallurgist of defense plants. In 1943-53 he taught at Moscow. in-those chem. machine at the Department of Metal Science and Technology of Metals (prof. from 1953). In 1957–77 the head. Department of Metallurgy and Thermal. processing Mosk. machine tool in-that. Main work in the region. metallurgy tools. steels, incl. development and implementation in the production of tools. steels (high speed, die, etc.) decomp. types, research. structure, phase composition, technol., mechanical., physical. and other properties of steels, the influence of alloying elements on the parameters of steel. Developed the composition of tools. steels included in the State. USSR standard. Author of 12 inventions, a number of scientific. printed works, incl. fundamental monographs. Honored. a worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, Works: Tool steels. 5th ed., M., 1983; Materials Science. 6th ed., M., 1989 (with A.G. Reichstadt) and others.
GELLERSHTEIN Solomon Grigorievich (1896, Ekaterinoslav - 1967, Moscow), psychologist, specialist in the region. work psychology, prof. (1947). Sci. he began his activity in 1922. Together with IN Shpilrein, he pioneered the growth. psychotechnics, presented this new scientific. industry at the 5th Int. Congress on Psychotechnics in Utrecht (Holland) in 1928. Head. dep. of labor psychology Ying-that labor protection, taught at ped. Faculty of Second Moscow State University. In 1931-34 the head. Department of Psychotechnics, Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. In 1934-37 the beginning. psychophysiol. dep. Aviation Institute medicine Kr. Army, member. editorial board "Sov. psychotechnics ". In 1941-43 he worked in a neurosurgeon. evacuation hospital in Kisegach, headed the psychotherapy service. Military work. period continued research., carried out in 1946-47 in the Center, in-those examinations of working capacity and associated with the restoration of engines. functions of disabled veterans. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" removed from the scientific. and teach. activities. Ate, years of life, consultant dep. ergonomics VNII tekhn. aesthetics. G. owns a number of studies that characterize human behavior under the influence of fatigue and decomp. unfavorable conditions. He formulated a number of new provisions on the possibility of consciousness. regulation of usually unconscious forms of behavior. Auth. unique research. on the formation of a sense of time. G. belonged to the first in Russia. scientific. literary attempts theoretical. justification of professiography as a source of research. by prof. selection, training, rationalization of the labor process, prevention of fatigue and injury. Study scheme specific profession, proposed in his book. "Psychotechnics" is effectively used in the modern. psychology of labor.
GEMEYDI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1860 - the village of the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan Province. 129 Jews lived in Georgia in 1867, 102 in 1886, 115 in 1900, and 121 Jews (19%) in 1926. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 17th century. In 1866, Georgia had a synagogue and a cheder. Jews were engaged with. x-vom, including viticulture. In the 1860s and 70s. anti-Jewish demonstrations by the local Muslim population took place in Georgia. In 1886, a synagogue and a cheder functioned in Georgia, and there was a rabbi who acted as Shohet and Melamed. 1940s Jews left G.
GEN Tevye Grigorievich (1912, Shadov, Kovno province - 2003, Bat Yam, Israel), prose writer. R. in the teacher's family. During the 1st world. During the war, the family moved to Mariupol. Graduated from the industrial. technical school (1929). In 1930, publ. the first novellas about students, young workers and scientists. He lived in Kharkov, Birobidzhan, Moscow, worked in Hebrew. gaz., printed essays, stories, reports. In 1932 he published the first collection of works. stories "Novella", in 1940 - book. "In gutn mut" ("In a good mood"). Creative G.'s manner is characterized by a soft smile, subtle humor. One of the first among the second generation of Hebrews. prose writers pre-war. and especially after the war. time G. moved away from the "shtetl theme", introducing into the literature Heb. technical the intelligentsia, which has already grown up in a big city with its industrial. landscape. Such are his novels "Unzere Zeitn" ("Our Times", 1972), "In krayz funlebn" ("In the circle of life", 1985), etc.
GENDEL Emmanuil Mendelevich (b. 1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), founder of the practice of moving buildings in the USSR, specialist in the field of foundations and foundations. In 1928 he graduated from Moscow. Higher tech. school. Member of the 2nd world. war, awarded orders. Main works: restoration of bridges in Ukraine, relocation of buildings in Moscow (1950s), straightening of minarets in Samarkand (1965), straightening of the belfry in the village. B. Vyazemy near Moscow (1970). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, prof. The experience is summarized in his book: Engineering work in the restoration of architectural monuments. M., 1980.
GENDELMAN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1881, Kiev - 1938), polit. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University. Attorney at law. From 1902 - Socialist Revolutionary. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Moscow, one of the creation. Moscow Of the Council of Workers' Dep., From Apr. - member his Executive Committee. Opposed the participation of socialists in Time, pr-ve. At the end of May - early. June - cases. 3rd Congress of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, elected member. Central Committee. In June cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets; elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then in Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee in September. participated in the work of Democratic. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). Affairs. with consult. voice of the 2nd All-Russian. Congress of Soviets. Speaking Oct 25. at its meeting, called for abandoning the solution of the dispute about power by force of arms, proposed to create a new pr-in, relying on all segments of the population, but without the Bolsheviks. After the rejection of these proposals, he called on cases. leave the congress in protest. In the end. oct. participated in a meeting of representatives of the socialist. parties under the Vikzhel, supported the proposal to create a "homogeneous socialist. pr-va "without the Bolsheviks. In nov. elected member Will establish. collection (from Ryazan province). At the end of Dec. 1917 - early. jan. 1918 - member. leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary faction in the Constituent Assembly, meeting, participant of its unity, meeting (January 5-6). In May 1918 he moved to Samara, in June (after the overthrow of the Soviet. Power) became deputy. prev. To-that members will be established. meetings (Komucha); on Sept. participated in the Ufa state. In 1921–22 he was under investigation in Butyrka prison in the case of Right Social Revolutionaries. In aug. 1922 sentenced Top. Tribunal of the RSFSR to death, but Pres. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR suspended the execution of the sentence, and in January. 1924 Pres. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR replaced this sentence with imprisonment for 5 years. In oct. 1938 Top. was sentenced to death by a court of the USSR, and was executed on the same day.
GENDELSHTEIN Albert Alexandrovich (1906, Kiev - 1981, Moscow), film director. Graduated from dir. Faculty of State College of Cinematography (1927) and worked as an assistant dir. at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema. In 1930-31 he shot several. "Culture-films" ("Forest", "What will become paper", "Window to Europe"). In 1943–45 dir. front-line film group of the 1st Ukr. fr. Since 1945 at the Tsentrnauchfilm film studio, he has shot popular science films Alexander Pokryshkin (1945), First Wings (1949), In the Depth of the Sib. ore "(1961)," Dmitry Shostakovich "(1966)," Springs of Creativity "(1973). In fiction, he shot one of the most significant. films of the 1930s "Love and Hatred" (1935), as well as "The Train Goes to Moscow" (1938, jointly with D.A. Poznansky) and "Lermontov" (1943).
GENES Semyon Grigorievich (1898, Kharkov - 1992, ibid.), Pathophysiologist, endocrinologist, honored. Scientist Ukr. SSR (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1925) and postgraduate studies in pathophysiology. In 1932–38 the head. departments of pathophysiology of Donetsk and Kharkov honey. in-tov, in 1939–71 - the departments of pathophysiology and endocrinology of the Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors in Kharkov; at the same time. (1932-77) hands. pathophysiological. dep. and deputy. dir. by scientific. the work of the Kharkov Institute of Endocrinology and Chemistry of Hormones. research G. dedicated pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, mechanisms of hormone action. Showed that the development of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus has a character adapt. reactions to the lack of glucose supply to the brain tissue and proposed a new method of treating these patients (1950). Together with sotr. research hereditarily conditioned. adaptive reactions of cells in diabetic patients, which formed the basis of drug-free treatment. He was engaged in the synthesis of drugs, hormone-like drugs. Kharkov Society of Pathologists (1933–45) and Society of Endocrinologists (1945–51); from 1956 - member. reign of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists. Cit .: What is lysates and lysate therapy, 3rd ed., Kharkov, 1938; A manual for practical exercises in pathological physiology, Kiev, 1941 (co-author); Pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus, Kharkov, 1944; Nervous system and internal secretion, M., 1955; Oral treatment of diabetes mellitus, Kiev, 1962; Diabetes mellitus, 5th ed., M., 1963; Hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic symptom complex, M., 1970.
GENICHESK, city, regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1784. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Melitopol u. In 1897, there were 2,816 Jews (34.9%) in Georgia, in 1910 - 4,786 (36.9%), in 1914 - 4,874 Jews and 42 Karaites, in 1923 - 1,841 Jews, in 1926 - 1779, in 1939 - 947 Jews. The Jewish community in Georgia was formed in the 1850s, at the same time a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, and a Khevra Kaddish appeared. By 1910, a new cemetery was laid, there were 2 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah (80 students), women. uch-shche (60 uch-ts), 6 heders, 2 libraries, about-in benefits to the poor. In 1905, a three-day Jewish pogrom took place in Georgia. I. Rubinstein was the rabbi in Georgia in 1907. In 1909, D. Rashevsky's banking house was opened in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish small-scale trade loan and savings. m-in. During the 1st world. During the war, a large number of refugees arrived in Georgia; in 1916 wives were opened. refugee school and outbreak. In 1918 Austro-Hungarian. occupier. the authorities sent the entire community of G. to a concentration camp on the denunciation of a fired Talmud Torah teacher. In 1919, delegates from the Georgian community took part in the first meeting of the Jewish communities of the Tauride province. (Simferopol). In 1924, the Jewish collective farm “Labor Commune named after Romny org-tion of LKSMU ", in 1925 - collective farms" Nadezhda "and" Tikvo ". Oct. 2-4. 1941 in Georgia, St. 300 Jews. In G. of birth: I.A. Daitz, I.P. Kazinets, G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni, B.A. Rubin; Samuil Lvovich Vishnevetsky (b. 1921), Dr. Sciences (1966), prof. (1969), specialist in the region. mechanics of liquid and gas; Evgeny Lvovich Steinberg (1902-1960, Moscow), Dr. Sciences (1941), prof. (1942), a specialist in the modern history of the East.
GENIKHOVSKY Eliyahu-Moshe (1903, Graevo Shchuchensky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1971, Israel), Israeli polit. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He studied at the yeshiva in Lomza. In 1923 - one of the founders of the movement "Ha-Shomer ha-Dati" and "Ha-Halutz ha-Dati" in Poland. In 1926–32 - in Belgium, where he founded the Mizrahi youth movement. Since 1932 - in E.-I. In 1933–42, members. Central Committee of the World. Mizrahi. Dep. Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations (1949–55). Was engaged in searches and ed. Wed-century. Heb. manuscripts.
GENIS Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1953, Riga), publicist, lit. critic. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Latvian un-that. He began publishing in 1975. Since 1977 in the USA. Collaborated in gas. and f. “New Russian. word "," New American "," Seven days "and others. G.'s essays (most with P.L. Weil) were published in different editions. emigre. ed. ("Continent", "Time and We", "Grani", etc.). From ser. 80s sotr. radio station "Freedom". The author of the book. (co-authored with P.L. Weil), ed. in the USA in rus. language: "Sovr. Russian prose "(1982)," Paradise Lost. Emigration: an attempt at self-portrait "(1983)," 60s. The world of owls. person "(1988)," Native speech "(1990) and others. Mn. book republished in Russia (after 1989). A number of publications concern Heb. themes, comprehending it as a certain social psychol. and historical cultures. phenomenon.
GENKIN Abram Lvovich (b. 1909, Orsha, Mogile region), military leader, engineer-vice-adm. (1964). Graduated from e-tech. Institute, Naval. academy (1938). Dr. Tech. sciences. In the navy - from 1930. From 1941–45 - in engineering positions on the battleships Balt. and North. fleets. In 1947-59 the beginning. NIIVMF. In 1959–70 - early. management special. weapons of the Navy. Awarded the 7th order.
GENKIN Dmitry Mikhailovich (1931, Leningrad - 1987, ibid.), Teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. In 1963-87 he worked in Len. state in-those culture them. N.K. Krupskaya, where he approved a new direction of education - training dir. mass celebrations and performances. Created an original dir.-ped. school, which has played a significant role in the development of mass forms of leisure. Under the arm. G. implemented by many. nat. and regional cultural and educational. programs. State pr. RSFSR and Uzb. USSR, Cit .: Mass Holidays, Moscow, 1975; Cultural and educational. work in modern. world, L., 1993.
GENKINA Esfir Borisovna (1901, Kiev - 1978, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). In 1920–23 she studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlova (Moscow). From 1923 to 1925 she taught history at the Gubsovpartnershkol and at the workers' faculty in Tula. In 1925-30 she studied at the Ying-those red professors (in the seminar of M.N. Pokrovsky), at the same time. taught at the Communist. un-those them. Sverdlov and Mezhdunar. Lenin school. In 1930–35, at the desk. work in Gorky, Ivanov, Saratov and Stalingrad, gave lectures in various. uch. institutions. In 1935–41 she worked in the secretariat of Ch. ed. “Stories of citizens. war ”Politizdat. In 1941-42 she taught at the Chelyabinsk honey. in-those. In 1942-45 she worked in the Commission on the History of Vel. Otech. War at Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1945–49 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949-58 she lectured on the history. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author of works on the history of February. and oct. Revolution of 1917, civil. war of 1917-22, the formation of Sov. state apparatus and econom. development of the USSR in the 1920s and 30s. Participated in the preparation of the collective generalizing editions “History of Citizens. War in the USSR ", vol. 2 (M., 1942)," History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day ", vol. 8 (Moscow, 1968), etc. I (Moscow, 1980)," History of the USSR: The era of socialism "(Uchebnoe posobie, M., 1957, 2nd ed. - M., 1964) and others. Steel. pr. (1943), pr. AN SSSR im. B.D. Grekova (1974) .Soch: The Struggle for Tsaritsyn in 1918, M., 1940; Heroic. Stalingrad, M., 1943; USSR during the struggle for collectivization s. households, M., 1952; VI Lenin - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and STO: From the history of the state. VI Lenin's activities in 1921-1922, M., 1960; State Lenin's activity: 1921–1923, M., 1969.
HENRY Ernst (ps. Real name and surname Semyon Nikolaevich Rostovsky) (1904, Tambov - 1990, Moscow), publicist, member of the human rights movement in the 1960s and 1980s. He lived with his father in Germany, at the end. 1919 - early. 1920 int. courier Communist Youth International. In the spring of 1920, the Polish was captured. police, but managed to escape and get into Russia. He attended the 3rd Congress of the RKSM (October 1920), illegally returned to Germany. First Art. (with a story about the trip) publ. in Feb 1921 in f. "Junge Garde" (organ of the German, Komsomol). In 1920–33, members. CP of Germany, was part of its Central Committee, several. was arrested once. Since 1921 sotr. into gas. "Rote Fane" (organ of the Communist Party of Germany), worked in the train station. Die Internazionale. In 1921–23 (during the Kemalist revolution) he was in Turkey, published the book. "Ankara", in 1923 the brochure "Why the Ruhr War is being fought |". In 1933, under threat of arrest, he left for England (the archive was seized by the Nazis), under the ps. Ernst Henry published the book. "Hitler over Europe" (in English - 1934, Russian translation - 1935, by 1936 - 5 editions) and "Hitler against the USSR" (in English - 1936, in Russian - 1937) , in which he predicted Hitler's invasion of European countries and an attack on the USSR. Introduced by foreign branch of the Gestapo on the "black list" of persons subject to arrest and destruction after the invasion of Brit. islands. In the 1930s. worked illegally in Belgium and France. During the war years 1941–45, he organized and headed the publishing house. "Sov. military. news ". In the beginning. 1950s returned to the USSR, worked in decomp. publishing house. In 1953-55 he was imprisoned. After the shift in Oct. 1964 N.S. Khrushchev opposed the restoration of Stalinism, in 1965 wrote an open letter to I.G. Ehrenburg about criminal polit. and military. miscalculations of I.V. Stalin. Initiator of the "letter of 25" figures of science and culture LI Brezhnev with a protest against the rehabilitation of Stalin (January 1966). At G.'s request, this letter was signed by A.D. Sakharov (one of his first public appearances). In March 1967 at the samizdat railway station. "Polit. diary ”publ. conversation between G. and Sakharov on the topic “Peace. science and peace. politics". G. - the author of a response to Sakharov's work "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Existence and Intellectual Freedom" (1968), signed a letter from 20 representatives of the Sov. intelligentsia against the publication of Prostalin rum. VA Kochetova "What do you want |" (autumn 1969). Publ. in owls. publication of a work on the danger of neo-fascism and revanchism in the Federal Republic of Germany, with criticism of the right-wing Socialist-Democrats. Vol .: Notes on the history of the present, Moscow, 1970; New notes on the history of our time, M., 1976.
GEOKCHAY, city (since 1916), regional center (Republic of Azerbaijan). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1859 - the district city of Baku province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1897 in the Geokchay district. 859 Jews lived, in 1910 in Georgia - 6 Jews, in 1926 - 128 Mountain Jews (3%), in 1939 - 444 Jews. In 1916, in Geokchay u. there was a synagogue.
GEORGIEVSK, city, regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1777. From 1786 - a district town of the Caucasian governorship. From 1802 - the center of the Caucasian province, from 1822 - the district, from 1830 - the provincial town of the Caucasian region. In the 1900s. - a city in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region In 1898, 81 Jews (0.7%) lived in Georgia, in 1910 - 10 (0.05%), in 1926 - 52 (0.2%), in 1939 - 116 Jews. There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1941–42 many Jewish refugees arrived in Georgia. from Ukraine. 27 Aug 1942 700 Jews were shot, then in the anti-tank ditch near the station. Nezlobnaya - 351 Jews, in December. 1942, 9 km from the city, several were shot. dozens of Jews.
GEORGIEVSKOE, see Karachaevsk.
GEPSTEIN Shlomo (1882, Odessa - 1961, Tel Aviv), architect, journalist. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. From 1898 he was engaged in journalism. Collaborated in growing up. Zionist. press. One of the authors of Heb. encyclopedias "and" Encyclopedia. dictionary "Brockhaus and Efron. After 1917 - head. publishing house of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. In 1922–24 - in Germany. Ed. g. "Dawn". Since 1924 - in E.-I. Several buildings were built according to G.'s projects. hundreds of houses. Member mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. He continued to engage in journalism. Prepared for ed. first collection op. Z. Zhabotinsky.
GER Meer (1891, Riga - |), publicist, translator. Studied in Russian. school. For participation in the roar. movement in 1914 exiled to Siberia. Returned after Feb. revolution of 1917. In exile, he began to write and publish journalistic. articles in rus. and Heb. press. After the revolution he lived in Ukraine and Poland, ed. a number of periodic. editions. In the beginning. 20s expelled from Poland, arrived in the USSR, settled in Moscow, studied linguistic. research and translations into Yiddish. He worked in Heb. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University. Translated into Yiddish the book: "The Tisza is Burning" by B. Ilesh (1929), "From the Kharkov Dovecote to the Angarsk Exile" by M. Fishelev (1932), "Wages, Price and Profit" by K. Marx (1932), "History of the CPSU (b) "Em. Yaroslavsky (1934), "Danton" by Ts. Friedland (1935), "The Road to Wellen" by B. Pivenstein (1935) and others. Author of dictionary comments to the works. M. Moikher-Sforima "The Journey of Benjamin the Third" and "The Treasured Ring" (published in 1935 by the Moscow publishing house "Der Emes") After 1937 there is no information about G..
GERASIMOV Sergey Apollinarievich (1906, village of Kundrava, Orenburg province - 1985, Moscow), film director, professor (1946). D. h. Academy ped. sciences. Hero of Soc. Labor (1974). In 1923–25 he studied at Leningrad State University. thin uch-shche. In 1928 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of stage suits. Since 1924 actor, assistant dir. "Factories of the Eccentric Actor" (FEKS). From 1930 dir. k / st "Sovkino" (later "Len-Film"). He made his debut as a game f. "Twenty-two misfortunes" (1930, jointly with SI Bartenev). Naib. Izv. f. "Seven Brave" (1936), "Komsomolsk" (1938), "Teacher" (1939), "Masquerade" (1941), "Young Guard" (1948), "Quiet Don" (1957–58, Grand Prize "Crystal Globe "MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1958, pr. MKF in Brussels, 1958, diploma of the Guild of Film Director of the USA)," Journalist "(1967, Grand Prize of the MKF in Moscow)," By the Lake "(1969, Ch. pr. MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1970), "Leo Tolstoy" (1984, Grand Prix "Crystal Globe" MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1984). Hands. filming doc. f. "Crimean Conference" (1944), "Berlin Conference" (1945). I took off the doc. f. China Liberated (1950), New Beijing (1950), Sputnik Says (1959). Filmed as an actor in f. "New Babylon", "One", "Border" (the role of a shtetl Jew-shoemaker playing "revolution"), as well as in their f. - "Masquerade", "Leo Tolstoy" (title role), etc. Author or co-author of scripts in his f. From 1931 he taught at VGIK. Conducted the united dir. and an acting workshop. Since 1955 head. department of directing. Among his students: S.F.Bondarchuk, L.A. Kulidzhanov, N.V. Mordyukova, L.M. Gurchenko, N.N. Rybnikov, etc. The author of the book. and Art. on cinema issues. Doctor of Lawsuit (1967). Became. pr. (1941, 1949, 1951), State. pr. (1971), Len. etc. (1984). Nar. art. USSR (1948) Author of works: Sobr. cit., vols. 1–3, 1982–84; About cinematography, 1960; Life, Films, Controversies, 1971; Educating a Filmmaker, 1978.
GERBER Alla Efremovna (b. 1936, Moscow), publicist, prose writer, society. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1957). Since 1958 - prof. journalist. Main the subject of journalism in the 50-60s. - problems of youth, culture, science. In 1970–73 she worked as an editor. on the c / st them. M. Gorky, in 1973–78 - columnist for Zh. "Sov. screen". Appears in print as a film and theater, critic. Author of the book: "One on One" (Moscow, 1969), "Conversations in the Studio" (Moscow, 1981), "Fate and Theme: Studies about Inna Churikova" (Moscow, 1986), "Mom and Dad" (M., 1994) and others. G. is a member of the “Dem. Russia ”, independent association of writers“ April ”, one of the organizers of Ros. antifash. c. Widely izv. printed and publ. speeches D against anti-Semitism and fascism. In 1993 dep. State Duma of Russia.
GERBSTMAN Alexander Iosifovich (1900, Rostov-on-Don - 1982, Stockholm), chess. composer; int. master (1959) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess. compositions. Doctor of Philology, Sciences, Prof. From 1924 he published St. 300 studies; 24 of them were awarded first prizes. The author of a number of books. in chess. compositions. In 1937 he was repressed. Since 1980 in Sweden.
GERDT Zinoviy Efimovich (real family name and name Khrapinovich Zalman Afroimovich) (1916, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1996, Moscow), film and theater actor. Since 1937 - in the theater. 1941–43 - at the front, heavy. injured. 1945–82 - actor of the T-ra dolls under the hands. S.V. Obraztsova. In the cinema since 1958, mainly. in comedy and lyrical roles. Among the many roles, several Hebrews. - Panikovsky ("The Golden Calf"), Einstein ("The Flight of Mr. McKinley"), Leib ("The Life and Death of the Nobleman Tchertopkhanov"), Arie-Leib ("The Bindyuzhnik and the King"). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1969). Nar. artist of the USSR (1990).
GERINGAS (Goering) David Gilevich (b. 1946, Vilnius), cellist. In 1963 he graduated from Vilnius Wed. school of lawsuit in them. M. Churlionis (student of M. Ya. Shenderov and V. I. Raevsky), in 1968 Moscow. cons. in the class of M.L. Rostropovich. The performance of G. is distinguished by sublime romanticism, brilliant virtuosity. 4th ave. On Vses. cello competition in Baku (1969), 1st Ave. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1970). In the end. 1970s left the USSR, now lives in Germany. Tours.
GERMAN Aleksey Yurievich (b. 1938, Leningrad), film director, screenwriter, son of the writer Yu.P. German. Graduated from dir. Faculty of Leningrad theater, in-ta them. A.N. Ostrovsky (1960). He worked in the Smolensk drama, t-re, in 1961–64 in the Bolshoi drama. t-re them. M. Gorky in Leningrad. Since 1964, dir. to / st. Lenfilm. Debuted f. "The Seventh Sputnik" (1965, jointly with G.L. Aronov). In 1972 he graduated from f. "Check on the roads", banned by the censors for "pacifism" and "black eye" (released in 1986). In 1976 he removed f. "Twenty days without war" based on the stories of KM Simonov, in 1984 - "My friend Ivan Lapshin" based on the story of his father. In 1993 he graduated from f. "Khrustalev, a car!" Author pl. scenarios (with S. I. Karmalita). State pr. RSFSR (1987), State. pr. USSR (1988).
GERMAN Pavel Davydovich (1894, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1952, Moscow), poet. The author of the march of the Soviet air force "Higher, and higher, and higher ..." (music by Yu.A. Khayt), wrote literary-music. compositions for song and dance ensembles Owls. Army, in charge of lit. part of the Moscow circus.
GERMANOVICHI, a village in Sharkovshchinsky district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Disnensky district. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1931, 350 Jews lived in Georgia. 1915 a pogrom took place in Georgia, staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GERMANOVKA (in 1946-91 - Krasnoe Vtoye), a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). From the 14th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. 422 Jews lived in Georgia in 1861, and 1,049 Jews (28.9%) in 1897. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts, petty trade and intermediary activities. From 1886 to 1899, Efroim Wolfman (1855–?) Was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1899, Yitzhak-Aizik Wolfman (1878–?). During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jews of Georgia suffered from the raids of gangs: in 1919 the detachments of the ataman Zeleny perpetrated a cruel pogrom. 28 Aug 1919 almost all Jews who were in Georgia at that time perished as a result of a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 10 Sep 1919 another pogrom took place, after which most of the Jews left Georgia. The Jews who remained in Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. moved to the city. S. Ya. Elisavetsky
HERMAYSE Joseph Yurievich (1892, Kiev - 1958), polit. activist, historian. Rod. in the family of a photographer. In 1914 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Kiev University. In 1914-17 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 elected member. Centre. Her prez are also glad. (Malaya Rada). From June 1917, member. fast. prez. Vseukr. congress of military. dep. In Jan. 1919 at the 6th Congress of the Ukr. s.-d. party elected member. her Central Committee. Since 1918 he taught the history of Ukraine and sociology at Kiev University - Ying-those Nar. education (since 1927 prof.). Fast. member commissions for the history of societies, movements and historical geogr. Ukr. AN, hands. archeographic. commissions, sec. ist. section Ukr. AN, head of section n.-i. Department of the History of Ukraine. The author is numerous. works on the history of the roar. movement in Ukraine in 19 - early. 20th centuries, Ukrainian societies, thoughts 2nd floor. 19th century (in Ukrainian). In July 1929 he was arrested in the case of the so-called. "Union of Liberation of Ukraine", in 1930 sentenced to 5 years in prison (served in the Solovetsky camps), from 1934 in exile in the Saratov region. Dec. 1937 sentenced to 10 years in prison, before the end of the term, again sentenced to 10 years.
HERMONT Naum Semenovich (Nokhim Simonovich) (1850, Tsarskoe Selo - 1918, Petrograd), businessman. Got a homemade religion. education. He was engaged in the supply of timber materials, owned the Narva sawmill, became a merchant of the 1st guild. In 1884 he moved to St. Petersburg, organized a timber trade here. company. He actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. community and was highly respected among its members, especially the Orthodox. With his monetary contributions, he contributed to the construction of the Choral Synagogue, bought a prestigious place in it, as evidenced by the still-preserved tablet on the chair, donated for the maintenance of community institutions. In 1898 he was elected to the Audit Office. Household commissions, synagogue boards. In 1915 he transferred a plot of land belonging to him for the device of the Hebrews. children labor school as part of the Health Protection Society of Evr. G.'s son - Grigory (Hirsch) (1889, Petersburg - 1941, Leningrad), lawyer. Was an active member. About-va spreading education among the Jews of Russia, the author of the book. "Lattices of Leningrad and its environs" (Moscow, 1938), which preserved the memory of many. long-lost architectural details. His unique collection of photographs was destroyed during the blockade of the city.
GERNSTEIN Vladimir Izrailevich (b. 1936, Vinnitsa), architect. In 1959 he graduated from Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Participant and laureate of arch. contests. Main works: development of the center of Krasnokamsk, Perm region. (1980s), indoor market in Krasnokamsk (1980s). Honored. arch. Moldavian SSR.
GERONIMUS Yakov Lazarevich (1898, Rostov-on-Don - 1984, Kharkov), mathematician, mechanic, honored. active science of the Ukrainian SSR. Graduated from Khark. un-t (1920), prof. (1929). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939). He worked in Khark. tech-nol. in-those (1920-30), in Khark. Aviation in-those (since 1930). Main results in the field of the theory of functions, the differentiation of equations with partial derivatives, integral equations, approximate and numerical methods, the theory of mechanisms and machines, in the history of mathematics and mechanics.Soch: Polynomials orthogonal on a circle and on a segment. Estimates, asymptotic formulas, orthogonal series, M., 1958; Geometric. apparatus of the theory of synthesis of flat mechanisms, M., 1962.
GERSH (Cheese) Semyon Yakovlevich (Simen Yankelevich) (1888, Voronezh - 1958, Moscow), specialist in the region. cryogenic technology. Graduated from mechanic. dep. Moscow technical school with a diploma in mechanical engineering (1911). In 1911-17 - Ch. Ing. oil refinery in Yekaterinodar, in 1917–21 he worked at the Maikop oil refineries (chief mechanic, then, manager). In 1921–29 he held scientific and managerial positions in the oil industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1926 Assoc., from 1930 - Head. Department of Heat Engineering in Moscow. energetic in-those. Since 1933 prof. MVTU (since 1944 - Head of the Department of Refrigeration and Compressor Units and head of the deep cold lab created in the same year). Created (in 1933) the specialization "Deep cooling" at the Moscow Higher Technical School. Developed machines and installations for deep cooling and gas separation. In 1932–34 he supervised the creation of the first owl. oxygen plant. He proposed a number of new deep cooling cycles without cleaning and drying with high pressure air circulation ("Gersh cycles"). The author of the fundamental tr. Deep Cooling (vols. 1–2, 1936–37; 3rd ed. 1957–60), the monographs Enriched Air (1939), Effective Deep Cooling Cycles and New Principles of Air Separation (1946), Separation of gases by the method of deep cooling ”(1947). Became. etc. (1947).
GERSH Pesach Libman (lit. ps .: P. Libman, P. Lemansky, Academicus) (1882, Pomush, Ponevezhsky u.Kovno province - 1955, Geneva), statistician and demographer. Expelled from Warsaw University for participating in student. strike, emigrated to Geneva (1904). From 1905 ch. Bund. After the 1st world. war - prof. University of Geneva, author of works on demography and statistics, Heb. emigration, publicistic. articles on nat. question. In 1912-13, he polemicized with V. I. Lenin on the problems of nat. autonomy, in 1915 represented the Bund at the Zimmerwald Conference of Socialists. During the 2nd world. war helped the device in Switzerland, Heb. refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe. countries. In recent years, he supported the State of Israel as a stronghold of strengthening the national. self-awareness of Jews around the world.
GERSHBERG Anatoly Evgenievich (b. 1924, Kiev), specialist in broadcasting television. devices, Dr. Sciences (1972). He graduated from Leningrad in 1949. polytechnic in-t. In 1949-56 he worked at the Novosibirsk Electrovacuum Plant, from 1956 at the All-Union Union. Research Institute "Electron" in Leningrad. In 1959 he created a laboratory at the Institute. on the development of vidicon-type transmitting tubes for broadcasters. and applied TV. Supervised the development and development in serial production of v-idikons decomp. modifications, pl. from to-rykh - discovered new tech. and technol. opportunities for the development of TV technology. Sci. tr. in the region. theoretical foundations for the development of vidicons, fundamental research. processes of interaction of an electron beam and a target in vidicons. Proposed to use diode floodlights in transmitting tubes and (jointly with B.E.Bonstedt) modified electrostatic. systems. Introduced means. contribution to the development of principles for the construction of single-tube color TV cameras with high resolution on multi-signal vidicons (1992). Author of over 100 scientific. Art., 25 inventions. Bronze (1972) and Gold (1987) medals of the All-Union Exhibition of Economic Achievements, Vol .: Electrostatic. vidicons, M., 1969; Transmitting tubes with int. effect, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Multi-signal vidicons, M., 1983.
GERSHBERG Avram Shmuel (1858, Kolno, Lomzhinsk province - 1943, Bialystok), Jewish scientist and writer. Was a textile manufacturer in Bialystok. There he collaborated with Sh. Mogilever in the Khivat Zion movement. In 1899-1900 - in E.-I. He described his impressions in the book "The Jewish Settlement in Eretz Israel" (1901), where he criticized the Rothschild officials, and in the book. "In the Land of the East" (in "Gasman", 1910). He also owns Art. on the state of trade and commerce in the country (in "Ha-Tsfira", 1903–04), essays on the beginning of the activity of the Hovevei-Zion movement (in "Ha-Meassef", 1903), brochures on the development of modern. Hebrew (1909) and about the position of the Sephardim in E.-I. ("Ha-Shiloakh", 1911), research. social and economic life in Talmudic. period, including Hayyei Ha-tarbut b'Israel (1924), art. about proselytism and unity of racial type and religion among Jews ("Ha-Tku-fa", 12-13, 1922) and the history of Bialystok Jewry "Pinkas Bialystok" (vols. 1-2.1949-50. In Yiddish). In 1912-14 he edited the daily Heb. gas. "Belostoker". He was killed by the Nazis in the Bialystok ghetto.
GERSHELE (real name and family name Gersh Danilevich) (1882, Lipno, Plock Province - 1941, Warsaw), poet, prose writer. As a boy, he came with his father to Warsaw. Worked for prom. enterprises, participated in the labor movement. He lived in Lodz, left for Switzerland because of the threat of arrest, and returned to Poland in 1909. One of the organizers of the Heb. lit. union (1914-15) and several. Heb. periodic. ed. He began to write in his youth, debuted in 1904, published poetry, humoresques, correspondence in many. Heb. ed., as well as trans. from Russian, Polish, German lang. In 1907 his book was published. "Gersheles Leader" ("Songs of Hershele"), in 1918 coll. "Zun-feigelekh" ("Sunny Birds"), in 1929 - "Shabes oifn tract" ("Saturday on the tract"). Children. G.'s poems were very popular and were included in anthologies for schools. All his life G. collected Hebrews. folklore - nar. songs, fairy tales, proverbs, some of them publ. in so. N. Prilutsky and other folklorists. Mn. verse. G. became songs. From 1922 G. lived in the Henrikiv borough near Warsaw, earning money by publishing in periodicals. ed., proofreading. With the beginning of the 2nd world. G.'s war with his wife and two daughters in Sept. 1939 moved to Warsaw and, despite the need and hunger, continued to read. work, printed poetry illegally. ed. Warsaw ghetto. He died in the ghetto.
GERSHENOVICH Rafail Samuilovich (1889, Tashkent - 1960, ibid.), Pediatrician. Rod. in the family of a paramedic. In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Sorbonne (Paris), receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1914 he returned to Turkestan and, having passed the exams for a doctor, entered to work in the railway. hospital in Samarkand. In 1918 he was appointed head. health department of the Turkestan district of communications and art. hospital doctor. In the 1920s and 30s. - assistant, associate professor, from 1930 to the end of his life - prof., Head. Department of children. diseases of Turkestan (since 1923 - Central Asian) University (since 1930 - Tashkent Medical Institute). In 1939 he defended his doctorate. dis. “Clinic for children. leishmaniasis in Wed. Asia ".G. - one of the founders of pediatrics in Wed. Asia, DOS. pediatrician schools. Studied the clinic. tech. leishmaniasis in children, for the first time described the febrile form of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, developed methods of treating this disease, including with the help of antimony preparations. G. studied the problems of children. nutrition in health and disease in hot climates; pneumonia and hematopoiesis in children, questions of blood transfusion in the clinic, children. diseases. was elected a che. Berlin and Paris about-in pediatricians. Cit .: Introduction to Pediatrics, M.-Tashkent, 1933; Typhoid fever in children, Tashkent, 1939; Children. leishmaniasis, Tashkent, 1939; Children. diseases of hot countries, Tashkent, 1947; Leishmaniasis, internal organs in children, Tashkent, 1959.
GERSHENZON Abram Osipovich (1868, Akkerman - 1933), pediatrician. Brother of M.O. Gershenzon. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1893 head. outpatient clinic of the Society of Guardianship for Sick Children in Odessa and the sanatorium art. on the Khadzhibey estuary. In 1901 he organized the second in Russia "Drop of Milk", where milk mixtures were dispensed on an outpatient basis by doctor's prescription to artificially fed children. In 1907, in Odessa, he founded one of the first clinics for infants in Russia. In subsequent years, G. organized children. consultations in Novoros. region, taught at Ying-those protection of motherhood and infancy, at retraining courses for doctors and honey. sisters. Dealt with the problems of dealing with children. morbidity and mortality. His popular brochure for mothers, "How to Feed and Handle an Infant," survived several. ed. and was lane. in Ukrainian and Heb. lang. G. was one of the founders and comrade (deputy) before. Odessa ob-va children. doctors.
GERSHENZON Mikhail (Meilakh) Osipovich (1869, Chisinau - 1925, Moscow), historian, literary critic, publicist. In the 2nd floor. 1880s attended lectures on history and philosophy in Berlin. In 1894 he graduated from a historical philologist. Faculty of Moscow un-that and began to cooperate in gas. Russkiye Vedomosti and Zh. "Rus. thought ", was engaged per. From the end. 1890s developed family archives for a number of prominent Moscow. noble families, research. the history of the movement of the Decembrists, the legacy of A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, Westernizers and Slavophiles of the 1830s-40s. Perceiving societies. movement as a complex unity of dep. aspirations and ideas, G. believed that the essence of this movement is embodied in the personalities of its leaders, therefore Ch. the purpose of their research. put the identification of typical views. From 1904 G. - ed. lit. dep. g. "Sci. word ", then the head. lit. dep. g. “Critical. review ", in 1907-08 head. lit. department of f. "Bulletin of Europe", in 1912-13 sotr. gas. "Rus. rumor ”and“ Stock Exchange ”. In 1909 - the initiator of the ed. Sat. "Vekhi", the author of the foreword. and Art. "Creative. self-consciousness ”, in which he reproached the Russian. the left intelligentsia in poverty, its spiritual and worldview. potential. Art. and all Sat. caused fierce controversy in Russian. periodicals of all directions, as well as prolonged suppression of the name of G. at the Sov. authorities. From the beginning. 1910s G. was engaged in identifying and publishing literary-ist. materials, published collection "Rus. propylaea "(vols. 1-4, 6, 1915-19) and" new propylaea "(vols. 1, 1923). In collaboration with Moscow. Religious Philosophy about-vom G. published a collection. op. IV Kireevsky (vols. 1–2, 1911) and P. Ya. Chaadaev (vols. 1–2, 1913–14), participated in the development of ser. “Monuments of the world. literature "(from 1911). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 G. - one of the organizers and before. Vseros. Union of Writers. In 1920–21 members. bureau Lit. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, since 1920 members. collegiums of the 4th section of the Glavarchiv, since 1921 head. lit. section of the State. academy thin. culture (since 1923 a member of its reign). The last years of G.'s life were plural. having eaten, cultural philosopher. research and, above all, reflections on the human place. creativity in theo-cosmo-historical. process. According to his concept, the highest creative manifestations warm the human spirit, introduce a person to explosive theo-cosmic dynamics; Human creativity inspired by Gd returns the moribund and self-decaying world to the fiery process of Divine life. For late G., attempts to give a cultural-philosophical interpretation of the tragic paths of one's own are characteristic. era. In his opinion, the spiritual and social situation of the 20th century. attached to the field of humanitarian. and thin. creativity of particular importance. Decomposition of trad. cultures and the onslaught of positivist landmarks, science and technology mark the entry of the world into a period of "spiritual homelessness." But there is an opposite process: the development of a special inner depth of the personality. closely followed the controversy around the Hebrews. question, for a long time without speaking on this topic in the general press. Apparently, under the impression of the "Beilis case" and the pogrom wave of 1914–15, he considered it impossible for himself to remain on the sidelines. His performances appeared in the train station. “Heb. world ", in 1914 publ. Art. about H.-N. Bialik, in 1918 - foreword. to Sat. Russian per. new Heb. poetry in Hebrew “Heb. anthology ”, in 1922 - an essay on the problems of Judaism“ The Key of Faith ”. In the work "The fate of the Hebrews. people ”(1922) opposed Zionism with the idea of ​​universalism in Heb. spirit.
GERSHENSON Moishe Yakovlevich (1903, Chernyakhov, Volyn province - 1943, Mikhailovskaya Krasnodar region), poet, playwright. Graduated from Kiev Heb. ped. in-t. While still a student, he created at in-those gr. thin amateur performances "Methuselah", in a cut was a playwright, dir. and an actor, he himself wrote one-act plays, miniatures, songs. In the 1930s. gained fame as one of the most talented Jews. writers of Ukraine. He wrote mainly plays and fables. The first play by G. "Hershele Ostropoler" was staged by Moscow. GOSET (directed by V.L. Zuskin), later it was staged by many. Heb. t-ry in the USSR and abroad. In 1939, G. took part in a competition announced by Moscow. t-rum miniatures, and received the 3rd pr. for the play "Director", edges were immediately included in the t-ra's repertoire. Dram. manuf. G. were published in literary-artistic. g. and left the department. ed., among them: "Junk", "On the border", "Lady's tailor", "On the Dniester", "Chelm wise men". On Sept. 1942 G. was mobilized into the army. Killed in battle.
GERSHENZON Sergey Mikhailovich (1906, Moscow - 1998, Kiev), geneticist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1976), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1990). Son of M.O. Gershenzon. After graduating from Moscow State University (1927) he studied in graduate school under the direction of. N.K. Koltsov and S.S. Chetverikov in Ying-those experiment. biology. In 1928, G. was granted a Rockefeller scholarship for an internship at the lab. G.J. Meller (Texas University), a cut he could not use. In 1929-35 he worked in the department. A.S. Serebrovsky in Biol. in-those them. K.A. Timiryazeva. At the same time. (since 1930) taught at the newly organized Department of Genetics, Moscow State University. In 1935–37 at the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where in 1936 he defended his doctorate. dis., edges, however, at the meeting of the Higher Attestation Commission was failed by TD Lysenko (2nd dis. G. defended in 1943). Since 1937 head. dep. genetics in Ying-those zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and head. Department of Genetics and Darwinism, Kiev University. In 1948 after Aug. session of VASKHNIL was dismissed from un-that, and the department headed by him. liquidated. In 1957 he returned to his former place in the restored department. Institute of Zoology (in 1963–68 - a department within the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR). Since 1968 in Ying-those pier. Biology and Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1987, the department headed by G. became a part of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics), since 1987 - adviser to the director. this in-ta. Osn. tr. on genetics and a pier. biology. He discovered the mutagenic effect of exogenous DNA (1939), later (1964) formulated a hypothesis explaining the mechanism of this action. Developed an idea of ​​an important evolution. the role of adaptive genetic. polymorphism, included in the modern. teaching about the initial stages of speciation. The first in the world to receive an experiment. data indicating the possibility of reverse transfer of information from RNA to DNA (so-called reverse transcription). Fundamental Tr. by pier biology and genetics of entomopathogenic viruses. Established the mutagenic effect of viruses on the host organism. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1981). Cit .: Research. the possibility of transferring genetic information from RNA to DNA during the reproduction of viruses (in co-authorship), Kiev, 1971; Mutagenic effect of DNA and viruses in Drosophila, Kiev, 1975; Foundations of modern genetics, Kiev, 1979; Mutations, Kiev, 1991.
GERSHFELD David Grigorievich (1911, Bobrinets of Yelizavetgrad district of Kherson province - 2005, Bradenton, Florida, USA), composer, teacher, music society. activist. Son of the violinist and composer Grigory Isaakovich G. In 1930, after participating as a performer on the spirit. instruments in different. muses. ensembles (including in the orc., quartered in Berdichev cavalry division named after G.I.Kotovsky), entered Odessa in the music. rabfak. He graduated from the horse, in 1934 (later renamed the Musical Theater Institute): he studied playing the bassoon, then the French horn, studied composition with NN Vilinsky; then he was sent to work in Balta, where he became a hand. muses. parts decomp. t-ditch. One of the organizers of the horse, and mold. dep. SK of the Ukrainian SSR (1937–40); in 1940–46 and 1956–64 before. board of the SK MoldSSR. In 1944–47 - director of the cons., Music. uch-schA, special muses. ten-year schools; founder of the opera studio at the cons. In 1942–44 - thin. hands. ensemble "Doina", in 1962-64 director. Mold. t-ra op. and ballet. Since 1966 he has lived in Sochi; headed the Sochi Philharmonic. G. - the founder of mold. owls. muses. t-ra, author of the first. mold. op. Grozovan (post. 1956). All his work is based on mold. folklore. Main manuf. - opera "Sergei Lazo", 1980, ball. "Radda" (1974, based on the story of M. Gorky "Makar Chudra"), a concert for violin with orc., Songs, romances (about 30) at st. S.A. Yesenin., Arr. mold. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1961).
GERSHMAN Mordechai (1888, Chernigov - 1940), cantor (lyric tenor). He sang in a number of synagogues and choirs until he received his first position as cantor of the choral synagogue in Zhitomir, where he served for 5 months. in 1913.Since 1913 ch. cantor in Vilna. During the 1st world. war was called up as a reservist in the military. service in growing. army, but was soon released from service (thanks to singing) and was able to continue to serve as cantor. From 1920 - in the USA, where he became the cantor of the Beth-El synagogue in Brooklyn (New York) and served there for 10 years. I did a lot. concert tours in the USA, European countries, E.-I. He had a soft timbre voice, specific. cantorial manner of performance. Combined the influence of melodic. elements of biblical recitation and tradition. recitations characteristic of reading the Talmud. His records are clerical and nar. ringtones were very popular.
GERSHORN Yehoshua (1893, Murovny Kurilovtsy Ushitsky u. Podolsk province - 1969, Montreal), rabbi. Since 1921 in Montreal. He played a significant role in the creation. Council of Hebrews. community and its rabbinate, united the Jewish community and made possible its centralized management, including responsibility for the diverse activities of the community from education to kashrut. In 1950 he was elected Ch. Of the Montreal Rabbinate and held this post until his death. pl. years was a Canadian vice-president. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada. Mn. theoretical questions addressed to G. by a number of communities in Canada and the United States were answered in the work "Mi Mayonei Yehoshua" (1959).
GERSHOV Solomon Moiseevich (1906, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1990, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist. In his early youth he lived in Vitebsk, was familiar with M.Z. Shagal. Studied at Minsk art. Uch-shche at YM Pen (1919-21), in 1921-24 in art-prom. technical school in Petrograd, in 1924–28 at VKHUTEIN, where he was a member of the collective headed by PN Filonov “Masters of Analytic. art ”(until 1927). In 1928–58 he lived and worked in Moscow. Participated in the officer. exhibitions in the 1970s. two exhibitions were held in Georgia, personal exhibitions were held in 1987 and 1988 in the halls of Leningrad. SH. Main works: "Evening" (1936), "Woman in Red" (1938), "Liberation of Western Belarus" (1941), series "Road of Life" (1950s), "Warsaw Ghetto" (1969), "In old Vitebsk "(1971)," To Sholom Aleichem "," Heb. dance "," Saturday "(all 1973), the cycles" Chagall in Vitebsk "(1974)," Michelangelo "," Rembrandt "," Filonov "," Malevich "," Beethoven "," Mozart "and others.
GERST Meer Abramovich (b. 1908 - |), director. In 1930 he graduated from Leningrad. theater, tech. In 1931–37 - dir. in sinks. Chamber Theater, participated in the work on the performances "Optimistic Tragedy" by VV Vishnevsky. In 1937–42 - thin. hands. Chelyabinsk drama, t-ra them. S.M. Zwilling; fast. "Dowry" by AN Ostrovsky (1939), "Kremlin chimes" by NF Pogodin (1940), "The Seagull" by AP Chekhov (1941), and others. In 1946–51 - artistic director. hands. Kuibyshevsky drama, t-ra them. M. Gorky, among the post. KM Simonov's “Russian Question”, “Young Guard” after AA Fadeev (1947), “Fortress on the Volga” by IL Kremlev (State pr. USSR, 1949). In 1953–56, 1967–70 - Ch. dir. Voronezh drama, t-ra them. A. V. Koltsova; naib. Izv. post: "Port Arthur" by A. Stepanov and IF Popov (1953), "Ghosts" by G. Ibsen, "Talents and Admirers" by Ostrovsky (both 1954). From 1956 - Ch. dir. Gorkovsky drama, t-ra them. Gorky, a great achievement here was the play "Fake Coin" by Gorky, the post, also the staging of "The Break" by IA Goncharov (1957), "Anna Karenina" based on Leo Tolstoy (1961). Leading the largest theaters in Russia, G. staged performances in other theaters - "Marriage" by IL Perets in Moscow. Heb. t-re (1945), "Mad Money" Ostrovsky in Leningrad. t-re comedy (1950), operetta "Mississippi Flower" by D. Kern in T-re muses. comedy (1964) and others. In 1965–67 - Ch. dir. Leningrad. t-ra them. Lenin Komsomol; here's the post. "Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht (1965), "Days of Our Life" by LN Andreev (1967), etc. Since 1967 - again in Dram. t-re them. A. V. Koltsova (Voronezh); fast. LI Slavin's "Intervention", Gorky's "Fake Coin" (1968), etc. Nar. art. RSFSR (1960).
GERSHTEIN Emma Grigorievna (1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 2002, Moscow), literary critic, historian of literature. In 1924 she graduated from the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1936–41, 1946–47 she worked in the handwritten department. GBL, East. b-ki, State. Lit. museum. Compiled by the book. "A. Akhmatova about Pushkin", L., 1977, Gorky, 1984, M., 1989. Works: Lermontov's fate, M., 1964, 1986; "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov, M., 1976.
GERSHTEIN Iona Gerasimovich (1827 - 1891, Vilna), teacher. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, in 1856 he was appointed a learned Jew under the Vilna governor-general, in 1861 he participated in the work of the rabbinical commission. Was ed. applications to the train. "Gacarmel". Contributed to the development of school affairs in the region, collective. with L.O. Levanda compiled a Russian textbook. lang. for Heb. students - “First lessons of Russian. letters ”(Vilna, 1866; 5th ed. - 1875). In 1875, the lane. (with Lewanda and L. Gordon) Pentateuch. Contributed to the work of the Vilna Talmud-Torah.
GERSHTEIN Izya Abramovich (b. 1923, Kiev), cinematographer, film director. In 1941–42 he was a laboratory assistant at the Aktobe power plant. In 1942 - pom. cameraman at the Frunzenskaya newsreel studio and the Sibtekhfilm film studio. Then the cameraman at the "Kirgizfilm" studio. The most famous works are doc. f. "Right-flank" (1960), "Three Answers to the Mountains" (1963), "Change" (1964), "Boomerang" (1965), "There, Beyond the Mountains, Horizon" and "Cape of the Bay Horse" (both in 1966), "Chingiz Aitmatov" (1968), "Pamir - the Roof of the World" (1969), "Happy Man" (1972), "For what prize |" (1973), "Shepherds" (1977), "Four Portraits" (1979), "Sold for Scrapping" (1982, pr. MKF in Oberhausen, 1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Kyrgyz SSR (1977).
GERSHTEIN Haim Srulevich (party ps. - Typographer) (1903, Chisinau - 1963, Moscow), member of the rev. movement in Bessarabia 1920-30-ies. He graduated from the evening g-ziyu (1919). From 1920 he worked in printing houses in Chisinau, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. From Dec. 1922 sec. Time, Regional Committee Communist. org-tion of Bessarabia. Delegate of the 5th Congr. Comintern (1924), at the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of Romania elected a member. Control Commission. July 1930 - Oct. 1931 - Resp. hands. underground printing houses of the Bessarabian Regional Party Committee, from Oct. 1931 - instructor, in 1937–38 - secretary. Bessarabian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. In 1939–40 - activist of the trade union of printers. He was arrested several times. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in 1940–41, Dir. printing houses in Chisinau. In 1942–43 at the front, he was wounded. 1945–48 ed. dep. allied information Telegram. agencies of the MoldSSR, in 1948–49 responsible. sec. regional gas. "Kolkhoznikul" (Ocnita). In 1949-60 he was an employee of the Dipl. corps of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
GERSHTEIN Semyon Isaevich (1903, Iletskaya Protection of the Orenburg province - 1960, Moscow), graphic artist, theater and film designer. Studied at Kazan art-tech. workshops (c. 1921), VKHUTEMAS (1921–26) by NI Feshin, II Mashkov, VA Favorsky. Favorite type of creativity - scenography, designed the performances: "Rigoletto" and "Tosca" (Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theater, 1935), "Straussian", "London Slums" B. Shaw (Moscow Satire Theater, 1950) and others. in thin. exhibitions. Scenery sketches for performances are in the State. Russian Museum, Saratov art. museum, Altai Regional Museum (Barnaul).
GERSTEIN Semyon Solomonovich (b. 1929, Harbin), theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1951). He taught physics at school. Postgraduate student L.D. Landau Landau at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1955–58), then sotr. Leningrad. physical and technical in-that. In 1960–64 at the United. Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). Since 1964 at the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, chief scientific worker). At the same time. teaches at Moscow. physical and technical in-those (since 1963, since 1967 prof.). Main scientific. works on physics of elementary particles, nuclear physics, astrophysics. In 1955, joint. with Ya.B. Zeldovich opened funds. the law of nature - the law of conservation of vector current in weak interactions, which played an important role in creating. theory of electroweak interactions, as well as in the development of a number of fruitful directions (including current algebra). They also noticed a connection between elementary particle physics and cosmology, from cosmology. the data obtained the upper limit of the neutrino mass. G. owns important results in the field of muon catalysis of nuclear reactions, mesoatomic and mesomolecular physics, astrophysics, physics of muons and neutrinos, physics of weak and strong interactions, hadron spectroscopy. He established the dependence of nuclear catalysis reactions on transitions between the energy levels of the hyperfine structure of mesoatoms (the Wolfenstein-Gerstein effect). Theoretical G.'s work stimulated experimental. research in pl. will accelerate. centers. The author of St. 150 scientific. publications and 3 discoveries. Son G. - Yuri, experimental physicist, specialist in the region. high energy physics.
GERSTEIN Yulian Isaevich (1894, Iletskaya Protection of the Orenburg province. - 1962, Moscow), artist, architect-planner, teacher. Inventor of a new method of cardboard engraving. Author of publications and guidelines on engraving technique. For many years he headed the studio of engraving and etching, in which many prominent architects were engaged. Main arch. works: Yaroslavl planning project (1930s), Southern river port project in Moscow (1935), Taganskaya square area planning. and the Peasant Outpost in Moscow (1934).
GERSHUN Alexander Lvovich (1868, Sokolka, Grodno province - 1915, Petrograd), physicist. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1890), in 1890-1902 worked as a laboratory assistant and assistant at the Department of Physics. In 1902–08 the head. Department of General Physics Art. officer class in Kronstadt, from 1908 head. Department of Physics Petersburg. wives pedagogical in-that, simultaneously. in 1908-12 early. optical department of the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg. From 1912 to the end of the days of scientific. hands. Grew up. about-va optical. and mechanical production, initiator of the creation of fatherlands. production of military. optical instruments for the fleet, in particular new designs of rangefinders and sights. Basic research. G. are devoted to applied optics. The author of works on geometric. and physical. optics, electromagnetism, radioactivity.
GERSHUN Andrei Alexandrovich (1903 - 1952, Leningrad), physicist, founder of the Fatherland. hydrooptics. Son of A.L. Gershun. Graduated from Leningrad State University. From 1920 he worked in the State. optical in-those where since 1934 the lab was in charge. Prof. from 1933, from 1946 - head. Department of Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, Osn. research devoted to physical. optics, theoretical. photometry and lighting technology. Developed a general theory of the light field (1936), in which the presentation of physical. fields extended to the region. light calculations applied to any distribution of light emitting, absorbing and scattering centers. He introduced the concepts of volumetric energy density, light vector and equivalent brightness. I decided a number of practical. nature design problems. lighting, derived the dependence of coeff. illumination from geometric. source parameters. Research the spread of daylight and arts, light in the depths of the sea, developed general photometry, the theory of the passage of light through turbid media. Developed a method of visual spectrophotometry in the infrared region. Works: Izbr. tr. on photometry and lighting engineering, L., 1958.
GERSHUNI Evgeny Pavlovich (1899, Petersburg - 1970, Moscow), circus director, critic. Rod. in the family of a writer and publisher, until 1918 he studied at Petrograd. un-those. In 1919 he entered the theater, a studio at the Small Drama Theater. t-re (Petrograd). Soon, together with a group of young actors, he organized the "Drama Workshop". Then he worked in the t-re "Free Comedy", t-re miniatures "Balaganchik". In 1922 he played the role of the old Konung in the play by NS Gumilyov "Gondla". All R. 1920s worked on stage and in the circus. Since 1926 deputy. dir. Leningrad. circus, in 1931–37 artistic director. hands. Leningrad., In 1939–41 - Kiev circuses. In 1934, the joint work. with A.G. Arnold staged in Leningrad. circus new edition romantic. pantomimes of the 19th century "Black Pirate", in 1939 joint venture. with V.E. Eyzhen wrote the script thematic. revue "Motor ship" Vesely ", staged by a circus group headed by Eizhen. In the summer of 1941, he volunteered for the People's Commissariat. militia, where he soon organized a small pop ans. On Sept. 1941 by order of the Political Administration of the North-West. front G. with gr. militia artists assigned to Leningrad. House Kr. Army, on the basis of which he organized a front-line circus and became his beginning. The circus served the warriors of Leningrad. and the Volkhov fronts. 9.5.1945 circus under control. G. performed on flights of stairs of the Reichstag in Berlin. G. wrote notes, reviews, small articles dedicated to the circus and the stage, in the 50s – 60s. collaborated in the train. "Sov. circus "(since 1963 -" Soviet stage and circus "). G. - one of the creatures. (together with V.Ya.Andreev and E.M. Kuznetsov) of the Museum of Circus Art in Leningrad (1928) and Leningrad. workshops for the preparation of new circus acts. Honored. art. RSFSR (1939). Works: Stories about the stage, L., 1968.
GERSHUNI Grigory Andreevich (Gersh Isakov-Itskov) (1870, Minsk - 1908, Zurich, Switzerland), polit. activist. A pharmacist by profession. In the 1890s. worked in Narodovolch. circles price Minsk. In 1897 he met E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, who had returned from exile, and together with her began preparations for the creation of a unified neo-folk. party. In the summer of 1901 he traveled around Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Ufa, Voronezh, and other cities, established contacts with the local roar. circles. In the fall of 1901, he went abroad, where in 1901–02, with his participation, the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP) was formed. G. - one of five members of its Central Committee, the creator and first hand. combat organization of the AKP. Under the arm. G. in 1902 carried out a terrorist. acts against mines. int. cases of D.S. Sipyagin and Ufa lips. N.M. Bogdanovich. In May 1903, thanks to the reports of EF Azef, G. was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in March 1904 he was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment. Contained in the Shlisselburg fortress, in the fall of 1905 he was transferred to Akatui (Eastern Siberia), from where in October. 1906 fled and returned to Europe through China and the USA. On Feb. 1907 in Tammersfors participated in the 2nd Congress of the AKP, where he spoke out for a bloc with the cadets in the State. thought and for the termination of interfraction. fight. On Feb. 1908 a breast sarcoma was found in G., he was taken to Switzerland, where he soon died. Shortly before his death, he wrote a memo. "From the Recent Past" (St. Petersburg, 1907; 2nd ed. M.-L., 1928).
GERSHUNI Grigory Viktorovich (1905, Minsk - 1992, Leningrad), physiologist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1927). Until 1931 he worked at the department of this institute. In 1931–36 in the Military Medical. academy. Since 1936 at the Institute of Physiology. I.P. Pavlova (head of the laboratory of physiology of the senses, since 1951 - laboratory of the physiology of hearing). Since 1972 in Ying-those evolutions. physiology and biochemistry. IM Sechenov (head of the lab. Compare, physiology of hearing, temporal-space. Organization of the auditory system). Developed a method of quantity. assessment of the function of the hearing organs (objective audiometry). He put forward the idea of ​​processing auditory information in the nervous system. He proposed methods for diagnosing lesions of the auditory c. For the totality of works on the physiology of hearing, he was awarded pr. I.P. Pavlova (1949). Works: Mechanisms of hearing, M., 1967; Sensory perception, L., 1985.
GERSHUNI Vladimir Lvovich (1930, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Societies, activist, poet and publicist. By profession - a bricklayer. G.A. Gershuni's nephew. He spent his childhood in an orphanage. In 1949, as a freshman student, he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. Released in 1955. In the 2nd half. 1960s was one of the participants in the collection of materials for A.I. Solzhenitsyn during his work on the book. "GULAG Archipelago". In the 2nd floor. 1960s joins the human rights movement, signs protest petitions, in particular - letters of the Initiative gr. for the protection of human rights in the USSR. Arrested in 1969. Declared insane and sent for indefinite "compulsory treatment" to the Oryol psychiatrist. hospital special type, where he stayed until 1974. After his release from the mental hospital, G. continued to participate in a dissident, activities, in particular - in the publishing house. obsh.-polit. and thin. samizdat railway "Search" (1976-1978). He was one of the activists of the so-called. "Free interprofessional association of workers" (SMOT; one of the first attempts to create an independent professional movement in the USSR, 1979). Edited the SMOT newsletter. Arrested again in 1982. After confirming his "insanity" he was sent to a special mental hospital in Blagoveshchensk, then transferred to Alma-Ata. Released December 1987.
GERSHUNOFF Alberto (1884, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1950), writer, journalist. As a child, he was taken to Argentina, where his father settled in one of the villages. colonies. The family later moved to Alcaraz. After leaving school, G. settled in Buenos Aires, devoting himself to the pursuit of journalism. In 1908 he became a sotr. ed. daily gas. "La Nation", in a cut he worked in tech. forty years, including as Ch. ed. First and naib. Izv. book G. "Jews - inhabitants of the pampas" was published. in 1910 and described the life of Heb. colonists in Entre Rios in the first decade of the 20th century. Book. was the first description of the life of emigrants in the New World and the first modern. lit. manuf. in yen. lang. a Jew. G. belongs to a number of books, including "Entre Rios - my land" (1950). In pl. his production. Christ is felt. mysticism. G. was the founder and first president. Argentine Writers' Association. Was engaged in polit. activities. With the coming to power of Hitler, he actively opposed Nazism and became an enthusiastic Zionist. movement, a supporter of the idea of ​​education Heb. state-va.
GERSHUNOVKA, a village in Rybnitsa district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century in Baltsky district Podolsk lips. In 1924-40 - as part of Mold. ASSR, in 1940–91 - MSSR. In 1859, 1007 people lived in Georgia. (100 families), in 1870 - 37 families, in 1893 - 349 people. (55 households), in 1898 - 344, in 1905 - 415 (55 households), in 1926 - 394 (95 households; Jews accounted for 83.8%), in 1940 - 280, in 1941 - 210 people. (52 families). in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony by immigrants from Volyn, Kiev and Podolsk provinces. Lacking the skills of agricultural. labor and funds for the purchase of implements, the colonists leased land to the peasants of the surrounding villages; many left Georgia. In 1870, the lustration commission confiscated arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving them only estates and pastures (the main occupations of the colonists were various crafts and petty trade). In 1898-99, out of 145 dess. 50% of the land was plowed up for sowing agricultural. crops (39 families out of 59 were engaged in agriculture). In 1905 there were two synagogues in Georgia. In the years of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars x-va colonists fell into decay, but at the beginning. 1920s were restored, ch. arr. at the expense of state. loans and increase in allotments; there was a Jewish hut-reading room, library, early. Jewish school (in 1926 - 28 students), consumer. cooperation (197 members). A collective farm was formed in 1929. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from famine. During the Holocaust, 20 Jews were shot in Georgia. After 1945, more than 100 Jews returned to Georgia. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Georgia.
GERSON Veniamin Leonardovich (1891-1941), employee of the state. security, part. Communist. parties since 1917. Participant Oct. rev-tion, then - secret. department of military. control RVS Rep. Since 1918 in the organs of the Cheka, secretary. Special department, in 1920–26 personal secretary. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, at the same time. pom. the head of the GPU. After the death of Dzerzhinsky, member. commission of the OGPU to perpetuate his memory. Major of State Security (1935). Repressed.
GERTOP-MIK, see Hirtopul-Mik.
HERZA, city (since 1437), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). First mentioned. in 1408 as a village. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1859, 1,554 Jews (56.4%) lived in Georgia, in 1899–1939 (66.2%), and in 1940 there were 85 Jews. that appeared in G. at the beginning. 15th century, there were people from Moldova. There was a synagogue (Hasidic) and a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century in G. acted different. Zionist organizations. On July 5, 1941, a ghetto was created in Georgia. By 11 Aug. 1941 1,200 Jews from Georgia and surrounding areas were deported to the Sekuryan camp. After 1945, several people lived in Georgia. Jewish families S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
HERZBACH Moisei Ilyich (1902 - 1938, Moscow) - international economist, scientist and teacher. Graduated from economics and law. Faculty of Riga University (1925). For the publication of Art. on the first anniversary of Lenin's death in 1925 he was sentenced by a Riga court to one and a half years in a fortress. In 1926 he left Latvia for the USSR. Member CC MOPR. In 1926–33 he worked at Ying-those mir. x-va and the world. Communist politicians academy, from 1929 to teach. work in the universities of Moscow. Studied the problems of development of the countries of Europe and America after the 1st world. war, economics and politics of the Baltic states, one of the first to start research. role of int. monopolies in the capitalist. the world, works: Political and economic. the relationship between the USSR and the Baltics for 10 years (1917-1927), M., 1928; Int. monopoly, M., 1930; Peace. economical crisis and roar. rise, 2nd ed., M., 1932.
GERTSENBERG Grigory Rafailovich (b. 1910 - |), power engineer, specialist in the region. automatic regulation of power systems, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic in 1933. in-t. From 1934 to engineer. work, since 1936 in Vses. electrical engineering in-those (engineer, scientific worker, head of laboratory). Sci. activities in the region. created electric devices. In the 30s. developed an electronic voltage regulator, current regulator for research. in the region. mass spectroscopy, an electronic regulator that ensures the stability of the operation of power systems. Developed the world's first strong electronic excitation regulator (for the Volzhskaya HPP named after V.I. Lenin), which made it possible to successfully solve the problem of ensuring the stability of the operation of long-distance AC power lines. current. Created an electrical attachment for regulating the operation of a steam turbine. Participated in the creation. systems of group regulation of excitation, devices for emergency control automation (for the Volzhskaya HPP named after XXII Congress of the CPSU), automatic systems. regulation of protection and automation for DC power lines, current (including Volgograd - Donbass). In the 70s. participated in the design of electric. speed regulators for steam and gas turbines, devices for group regulation of excitation of multi-unit electric power., stabilizing devices whine, current for accelerators. etc. (1961).
HERTZENSHTEIN Grigory Markovich (1851 - 1899) - doctor. In 1874 he graduated from St. Petersburg. Medical-Surgical Academy, since 1877 - Head. department of honey. geogr. and statistics of the Academy. G.'s creativity is devoted to studying a dignity. states of Heb. pop. points and agricultural labor of Jews. Cit .: San. orders of the East. war, St. Petersburg, 1881; Essays dignity. state of Jewry, St. Petersburg, 1884; Syphilis in Russia, M., 1885.
HERTZENSHTEIN Mikhail Evgenievich (b. 1926, Leningrad), physicist, radio engineer, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966), prof. (1991). In 1944–46 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Moscow State University (1951). He taught physics at school (1952–54), worked in the industry (1954–80). Since 1980 - at SINP Moscow. un-that. Candidate (1956), Doctor (1966) Phys.-Math. sciences. Professor (1991). results in the region. radio engineering: et al. methods of machine design and cold measurements of parametric amplifiers (1962–71); offered at the same time. with Widrow Auto-Noise Cancellators with Correlation Feedback for Video Signals (1968). He proved a number of relationships in the theory of media with spatial dispersion and in plasma physics (1951–56). He showed that in the general case the curved space-time of the general theory of relativity (GR) can have a complex topological structure. He formulated the rules for solving equations of general relativity in a complex topology, found an exact dynamic solution with a physically realizable source. He showed that in a dynamic solution the matter periodically enters under the gravitational radius and leaves from under it, checked the fulfillment of the causality principle. He showed that the solutions of general relativity are extended through a singularity of the type of infinite density and developed a scenario for the evolution of the Universe, when the present. the expansion of the Universe was preceded by a stage of contraction, which is confirmed by the results of observations (1955–89). a number of applied projects: modification of nuclear fission reactors of any type in order to prevent accidents at nuclear power plants; active impact on the ozone layer with a discharge excited by a phased antenna array and a transmitter located on the Earth's surface to eliminate the ozone hole; new physical opportunities to create. low-thrust rocket propulsion engine with a plasma jet speed of more than 30 km / s.
HERTZENSHTEIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (Meer-Shovel) (1859, Odessa (according to other sources - Voznesensk, Kherson province.) - 1906, Terioki, Vyborg province.), Politician and society, activist, publicist, economist. In 1881 he graduated from law. f-t Novoros. University (Odessa), at the beginning. 1880s continued his education in Zap. Europe, moved closer to growing up. roar. emigrants (in 1883–89 under the secret police supervision). In 1884 he settled in Moscow, passed the master's exam at Moscow. un-ones, but as a Jew he was not allowed to teach. In 1885-1901 he served in Moscow. land bank. In 1888 he converted to Orthodoxy. From ser. 1880s was printed in gas. "Rus. Vedomosti "(from the end of the 1880s - one of the leading collaborators), as well as in the railway station. "Legal. bulletin "and" Rus. think"; published Art. on credit, finance, with con. 19th century - by agr. question. Since 1903 - Assistant Professor. Moscow un-that, since 1904 - adjunct-prof. Moscow s.-kh. in-that, taught also in Moscow. commercial in-those. Author of works "Mortgage banks and the growth of large cities in Germany" (1900), "On the reform of mortgage loans in Germany" (1902), "Small loan in tr. to-to about the needs of agricultural prom-sti and save. cash desk "(1904, master's thesis), translated into Russian. lang. row of tr. German economist K.I. Rodbertus-Yagetsov. 20th century G. is a prominent figure in the Lieber. opposition. movement, maintained contacts with the "Union of Liberation", "Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists", active member. Legal. about-va at Mosk. un-those, growing up in the environment. liberals had a reputation as a specialist in agr. Voprosy. In 1905 he was elected a vowel of Moscow. mountains. Duma and Moscow. lips. Zemsky Assembly, in the Duma headed housing and finance. commission. In 1905 he participated in illegal activities. congresses of zemstvo and mountains. figures, one of the creatures. party of the Cadets, the head of its agr. commission, one of the authors of the party program (including the agr. section). The author of the works “Agr. question in programs decomp. parties "(1906)," Land reform in the program of the party of the People. freedom "(1906), collection of works. Art. "Agr. question. Nationalization of the land. Cross. bank. Redemption operation "(1906) and others. In 1906, a dep. Was elected. 1st State thoughts from Moscow, chl. its agr., finance. and budget commissions, repeatedly spoke at general meetings of the Duma with speeches on agr. question, one of Ch. authors of the bill on agr. a question developed by the Cadet Party (the so-called Project 42). After the dissolution of the Duma, he participated in the drafting and signing of the Vyborg Appeal, which contained a call for non-violence. resistance reac. politics pr-va. 18/07/1906 killed at his dacha by militants of the Black Hundred "Union of Rus. people ".
HERTZENSHTEIN Solomon Markovich (1854, Kherson - 1894, Petersburg), zoologist. Graduated from natural sciences. Department of Phys.-Math. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that (1875). Since 1879, the scientist custodian of Zool. Museum of St. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences by dep. ichthyology, at the same time. in 1881–89 he was an assistant at Zool. cabinet and hands. practical classes at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses. On behalf of the Academy of Sciences, he processed and systematized the collection of fish caught in Wed. Asia during the exp. N.M. Przhevalsky, performed a number of ichthyological studies. exp. on the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula. Works: Material on the fauna of the Murmansk coast and the White Sea, in the book: Tr. St. Petersburg. Society of Naturalists, St. Petersburg, 1885 (with N.L. Varpakhovsky); Notes on ichthyology r. Amur and adjacent countries, ibid., St. Petersburg, 1887; Sci. travel results of N.M. Przhevalsky. Fish, c. 1–3, SPb., 1888–91.
HERTZFELD (Postrelko) Avraham (1891 - 1973, Israel), polit. activist. Got a trad. Heb. education. He joined the socialist Zionist movement, was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Escaped from exile. From 1914 in E.-I. There was s.-kh. workers. One of the founders of "Akhdut ha-Avoda", one of the leaders of the settlers. movement. Dep. Knesset 1-6th convocations from the Mapai party. One of the initiators created. homes for the elderly in Israel.
GERTSIK Vladimir Borisovich (1908, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1997), announcer. From 1927 he studied land management. f-those of the Landmark Institute in Moscow, soon switched to chem. faculty MVTU, transformed into the Military Chemical Academy, from which G. graduated in 1932, receiving a military diploma. Ing. In student. years G. participated in amateur dramas. collectives, worked in the mimance of the Bolshoi Theater, here he met IA Moiseev, who brought G. to the theater. RN Simonov's studio, where he began to study in parallel with MVTU. As a student, G. participated in the competition of announcers at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, was hired, but after expiration of the test. term dismissed for an unnecessarily "lordly voice". In 1933, after graduating from the theater. studio, admitted to the announcer group Center, broadcasting. Laureate of Vses. reading competition (1936). In July 1941 he volunteered for the front: he served in the chemical. troops, then in the infantry, from 1943 conducted propaganda to the enemy troops as an "air announcer": at night on a U-2 plane he flew behind enemy lines and read through a sound amplifier on it. lang. texts addressed to the enemy (made over 100 sorties). In April 1945 he returned to the radio, participated in the programs of the Center, radio and radio station "Youth", read the voiceover text in f. "The Nuremberg Trials", played the role of Don Quixote in a stage adaptation of the same name. the novel by M. Servantes, read “Fathers and Children” by I.S. Turgenev and others. Programs with G.'s participation about A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Blok, L. Beethoven, a radio play about A. Toscanini, etc. into the golden fund of the radio. V.I.Kachalov called G. "a speaker-artist." Honored. art. RSFSR (1966). In addition to working on the radio, G. performed poetry reading from the stage, conducted symphony. concerts. Since 1986, speaker-consultant Ch. edition of Vses. radio.
DUKE Yitzchak (1888, Lomzha - 1959, Jerusalem), rabbi. At the age of 9, he emigrated with his parents to England, where his father became a rabbi in Leeds. In 1908 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1914, the University of London conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Literature. When solving normative (halachic) ​​questions of religion, he relied on his vast knowledge in the field of linguistics, jurisprudence, mathematics, and natural sciences. sciences. In 1916-1919 a rabbi in Belfast, then until 1936 in Dublin (Ireland). From 1925 ch. rabbi of Ireland. One of the founders of the Zionist, Mizrahi movement in Great Britain and Ireland. From 1937 ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of mandate E.-I. During and after the 2nd world. war made great efforts to save Europe. Jews. At the request of G. Sov. the authorities in 1940 allowed teachers and students to Lithuanian. and Polish. yeshiv to go to E.-I. through D. East. In 1946 he went to Zap. Europe in search of Heb. children, to-rye found salvation from the Nazis in monasteries and gentiles. families. G.'s sons - Haim (b. 1918, Belfast), state. and military leader, general, Israel's representative to the UN (1975–78), President of the State of Israel (1983 93); Yaakov (1921, Dublin - 1972, Jerusalem), state. activist and diplomat, ambassador and assistant. gene. dir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1965 - General. dir. Office of the Prime Minister Publicist and philosopher.
GERVYATY, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882.
GERZONI Henry (Gershoni Zvi Hirsch) (1844, Vilna - 1897, New York), journalist, writer. He studied at the yeshiva. He moved to Petersburg, accepted Christ. In 1868 he publicly declared his repentance. Since 1869 in the USA. In 1874 he became a rabbi in Macon, pcs. Georgia. He served as rabbi in Atlanta and Chicago, where he published a short-lived weekly. Juish Advance and later De Maccabian. In 1893 he returned to New York, was engaged in journalism. Carried away by the new Heb. lit-swarm in Hebrew, publ. Art. in Heb. periodic. ed., G. was also the initiator of the press in Yiddish, published gas. The Post in New York and wrote in Heb. periodic. ed. in English. lang. Themes of the publicist, speeches of G .: Orthodox and reform, immigration to America and E.-I., ethnic. culture and life of Jews. The author of the book. “Essays on Heb. life and history "(1873). Translated by I.S. Turgenev in English. lang. and G. Longfellow in Hebrew.
GESHEL Abraham J. (1907, Warsaw - 1972, New York), writer, Ph.D. (Berlin, 1933). In 1932–33 he was a Talmud teacher at the Berlin Higher. school of Heb. Sciences, in 1937–38 he taught in Heb. theological seminary (Frankfurt am Main). In 1938–39 - Assoc. philosophy Ying-that study of Judaism in Warsaw. Since 1940 in the USA. Since 1945 prof. Department of Heb. ethics and mysticism Heb. theological. College (New York). The author of several. tens of books. in Heb. History and Philosophy, works: The Land of the Lord, Jerusalem, 1974.
GESHUNDGEIT Yakov (1815, Warsaw - 1878, ibid.), Rabbi, writer. He headed the yeshiva. When Isaac Meisens died, the rabbi of Warsaw became his successor (1870). Fought against Hasidism and its growing popularity in Warsaw. As a result of the resistance of the Hasidim and the assimilated part of Heb. of the population, led by L. Natanson, was forced after four years to resign from the duties of a rabbi. G. - author of the comm. to "Shulchan Arukh" and to the Talmudic treatises "Gittin" and "Khullin". His comm, and other interpretations of the Talmud remained in manuscripts.
GESSEN Iosif Saulovich (Savelievich) (from 1891 Iosif Vladimirovich) (1865, Odessa - 1943, New York), lawyer, public. and polit. activist, memoirist. From merchants. families. He graduated from the city of Odessa (1882), in 1882–85 he studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), from 1885 - to jurid. f-those Petersburg. un-that; participated in the work of the Narodnaya Volya. circles. Dec. 1885 arrested, in 1886 exiled to adm. order to Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda province. Upon his return (1889) he passed an external copy. for the legal course Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that, was baptized for the sake of adopting a son born of an Orthodox (1891). From 1893 he served in the env. court in Tula, in 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg, served in the Ministry of Justice. From 1902 pom. attorney at law (since 1904 - attorney at law) of the St. Petersburg district. court. chambers. In 1898 he founded the weekly. legal entity gas. "Right", from the same year sotr. g. "Education", gas. "Rus. Vedomosti "," Son of the Fatherland "and others. Author of works" Jurid. liter for the people "(1902)," Court. reform "(1904) and others; Heb. G.'s question. Art. “The Law of May 3, 1882 and Its Application” (Heb. B-ka, v. 10,1903). G. compiled (with A. Fridshtein) "Sat. laws on Jews "(1904) and collection of articles. "Awakening" (1906, jointly with MB Ratner and L.Ya.Sternberg). 19 - early. 20th century G. is an active Liberator. movement, part. Council of the Union of Liberation. In the fall of 1905, the participant will found. Congress of the Cadet Party, Comrade her Petersburg. to-that, since 1906 p. Central Committee, joint with P.N. Milyukov edited the center, the organ of the party. gas. "Rech", collaborated on a weekly. g. “Bulletin of the party of nar. freedom ”, participated in secret negotiations between the Central Committee of the Cadets and the prime minister. S.Yu. Witte on the creation of constitution. cabinet (ended in failure). In 1907 the dep. 2nd State thoughts from Petersburg, comrade before. cadet faction. After the dissolution of the Duma, Ch. arr. journalism, published the work "Reform of the local court" (1910) and the capital tr. “History of Rus. advocacy "(v. 1-3, 1914-16). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 acted as Commissar of the Time, Prospect Island for the Press, one of the founders of the “Union of Rus. writers ", prev. “Union of editors daily. newspapers ”, part. Council of the Republic (Pre-Parliament). By oct. the coup of 1917 reacted sharply negatively. In Jan. 1919 went to Finland, then to Germany. Established a gas in Berlin. "Rul" (1921–31), published collection of works. document, materials "Archive rus. revolution "(vols. 1–22, 1921–37; reprint - M, 1991–93). After the Nazis came to power, Georgia moved to France in 1936 and to the United States in 1941. G.'s memoirs "In Two Centuries: A Life Report" ("Archive of the Russian Revolution" v.22) and "Years of Exile" (Paris, 1979) - a valuable source on the history of societies, and the cultural life of Russia and grew. emigration.
GESSEN Sergey Iosifovich (1887, Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda province - 1950, Lodz, Poland), philosopher, teacher. The son of I.S. Gessen from a marriage with an Orthodox woman, was baptized. With the family moved to St. Petersburg (mid-1890s) he studied in the 1st city, in 1904 he was a member. Student union cf. schools, excluded from the city. Exams for the gymnasium. passed the course as an external student. With the aim of removing from the roar. Wednesday sent by his father to Germany, where he attended lectures at Heidelberg University, then in Freiburg. In the beginning. 1909 passed with honors copy. for the degree of dr. Then he studied for a year and a half in high fur boots in Freiburg and Marburg. Returning to St. Petersburg, he passed the master's exams for historical philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that, developed the course "Ethics of Kant" and in 1914 enrolled privat-assistant professor In 1909, together with Russian. and it. scientists founded the international. the yearbook on philosophy "Logos", was his ed., was included in a number of scientific. ob-v. In 1915-16 head. Department of Philosophy at Tomsk University, in 1917–21 Assoc. Petrogr. un-that, from which owls were fired. the authorities. Participated in the activities of the Free Philosophy. associations (Wolfils) - the last free philosopher. about-va in Russia. In 1923 he went to his father in Berlin, then went to Prague, for three years prof. in Rus. higher. ped. in-those, let out. "Rus. school abroad "(1923) and the yearbook" Logos ". Member of the board “Philos. about-va "in Prague (1925). In 1938 he moved to Warsaw to teach at un-those. In 1939 he was evacuated to Lodz, where he survived the German-fascist years. occupation, put forward a number of new ideas in philosophy, successfully connected philosophy. questions with the solution of problems of pedagogy. The author of St. 40 scientific. works: "Mysticism and Metaphysics" ("Logos", St. Petersburg, 1910, book 1), "Philosophy of Punishment" (ibid., 1912–13, books 1–2), "On the history of the theory of knowledge" ("New Ideas of Philosophy ”, St. Petersburg, 1913),“ Foundations of Pedagogy ”(Berlin, 1923),“ Problems of Legal Socialism ”(“ Modern Notes ”, Berlin, 1927, XXX),“ Monism and Pluralism in the System of Concepts ”(“ Tr . Russian People's University ", Prague, 1928, v. 1). Son G. - Eugene was arrested in France in 1942 and died in the Nazi camps.
GESSEN Sergey Yakovlevich (1903, Petersburg - 1937, ibid.), Historian, literary critic, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1936). He graduated from the Tenishevskoe school in Petrograd (1919), entered the school. Faculty of Polytechnic. in-that. In 1922 he was arrested on suspicion of participating in a student. anti-bolshevist. org-tion, was in the field of vision of the NKVD and in subsequent years. In 1923 he switched to social pedagogy. dep. Petrogr. un-that. During these years he worked as a scientist. sotr. in the State. public library. In 1924 he went to Moscow, then to Tashkent, where he studied at the university. In 1926 he returned to Leningrad and entered the third year of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University (graduated in 1928). In 1926–33, the scientific secretary. and Chl. prez. Decembrist Commission of the All-Union Council. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, worked in his publishing house. Since 1934 scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House), author of comments on Op. A.S. Pushkin, was secretary. edition academic. complete collection his op. and "Vremennik Pushkin Commission". The author of St. 60 kn., Art. and notes on the history of the Decembrist movement and the work of Pushkin. Joint. with BL Modzalevsky published "Conversations of Pushkin" (Moscow, 1929). Died as a result of an accident. Works: Pushkin and the Decembrists, P., 1921; Arakcheev in Pushkin's poem, P., 1922; Decembrists before the Court of History, M.-L., 1926; Book publisher Alexander Pushkin, L., 1930; Pushkin on the eve of the December events of 1825, L., 1936.
GESSEN Victor Yulievich (1903, Petersburg - 1980, ibid.), Scientist, specialist in the region. electrification with. x-va, Dr. Tech. sciences (1962), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. Graduated from energetic. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI), worked under him in N.-i. lab. them. Smurov, then to Lenenergo. In 1933–35 he participated in the development of the gene. plan for the electrification of Belarus. In 1936–41 he headed the lab. high voltage techniques, taught at LPI. In 1941 he went to the Nar. militia, was a communications officer, taught in the military. uch-shchah. In 1945 he returned to LPI at the Department of High Voltage Engineering. In 1949 he was posted to Belarus. polytechnic Institute for the organization of a similar department. Since 1950 he taught at Leningrad. s.-kh. in-those (since 1958 prof.). Head department of electric. networks and art., organized a number of labs with her., actively worked in the Vses. about-ve of energy and electrical engineering. prom-sti. The author of St. 160 scientific. works. Became. pr. 2nd degree (1948) for creating a powerful test. installations. Vol .: Emergency modes and protection against them in agricultural. electrical networks, L.-M., 1961; Fundamentals of the theory of electric. arc, L., 1963; Village electrification. x-va (et al.), L., 1970; Power supply with.-kh. enterprises and settlements, M., 1975; Power supply with. x-va (textbook, et al.), M., 1979.
GESSEN Vladimir Matveyevich (Wolf Munishevich) (1868, Odessa - 1920, Ivanovo-Voznesensk), lawyer, public. and polit. activist. Doctor of Law (1917). Graduated from the city of Nikolaev. In 1887–91 he studied law. f-those Novoros. University (Odessa), then studied law in high fur boots in Germany, worked at the Russian Consulate in Budapest. Since 1895 in St. Petersburg, assistant professor. jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that, read a course of lectures on the general doctrine of the state-ve and adm. right. In 1899-1902 he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases, as part of growing. delegation participated in the work of the Hague Conf. about the world. From 1902 he taught at the econom. dep. Petersburg. polytechnic in-ta, at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev) courses and at the Alexander Lyceum. One of the founders of jurid. weekly "Right", chl. edition w. "Bulletin of law". In the fall of 1905, one of the founders of the Cadet Party, member. its Central Committee. Dep. 2nd State Duma, one of the leaders of its cadet faction, worked in the commissions for the preparation of a number of bills. In 1911 he published the collection. poems "Yellow Leaves"; comp. Ts.A. Cui and V.E.Den created a number of works on G.'s words. for choir and romances. In 1917 he defended him in Moscow. un-those doct. dis. on the basics of constitution. rights, on the instructions of Time, pr-va participated in the commission for the preparation of regulations on elections to the Foundation. collection. After 1917 he was repeatedly persecuted by the Sov. authorities. From 1919 he taught at the social and economic. f-those of the newly opened Polytechnic. Institute in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Son G. - Alexey (1900-1925), poet, in 1922 left Russia, published in Russian. emigrant railways
GESSEN Yakov Matveyevich (Shmuel Munishevich) (1869, Nikolaev - 1942, Leningrad), lawyer, societies, activist. Brother of V.M. Gessen. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. university (Odessa). He worked in private companies in Odessa and other cities. From 1895 he lived in St. Petersburg, was a sworn attorney for Okr. court, legal adviser for organizations, participated in the creation. Publishing House "Pravo", was in charge of it, was the ed. g. "Izvestia jurid. warehouse "Right". In 1910-14 members. reign of Vseros. about-va book. cases, before Will reconcile him. the camera that analyzed the controversial issues of the publishing house. Publ. book and Art. in jurisprudence, was a recognized expert in law and in 1917 became a director. Petrogr. artistic-dramatic. about-va. Was among the activists of the Cadet Party. Together with other representatives of the Gessen family, he participated in the creation of KAMVO - the largest share. shipping company in Russia. After 1917 - legal adviser Nar. bank, in 1919-24 he worked in Petrograd. dep. Glavnauki of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, headed the Office of Scientific. and higher. uch. institutions, in 1925-Management scientific-artistic. org-tions. Since 1926 deputy. Scientific Secretary of the State. public library (GPB), was in charge of all legal. questions, drawing up action plans. In the 1920s. member reign of Vseros. theater. about-va, in 1925-33 a member. board of Leningrad. Philharmonic Society, supported the petition to establish one of the best organs at that time in its hall, organized the publishing house. “Muses. weekly ”, released the book“ Ten Years of Symphony. music "(1927). In the 1920s. member Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. In 1935 he was arrested on charges of counterrev. anti-Sov. moods ”, without trial was sent with his wife to Voronezh, his rich library was confiscated. In 1939 he returned to Leningrad, was hired by the GPB, died during the blockade from starvation.
GESSEN Julius (Yegid) Isaakovich (Judas Itskovich) (1870, Nikopol Ekaterinoslavsky district and province - 1931, Moscow), entrepreneur, public. activist. From merchants. families. In childhood he received a tradition. Heb. education, graduated from the Yekaterinoslav Real School (1888), studied at the Zurich Polytechnic, from 1889 - at the Dresden Technological College. in-those, kept in touch with growing up. roar. emigration. Upon his return to Russia in 1891, he was arrested, in 1892, by imperial command, he was imprisoned for 6 months. to jail. From 1893 he was engaged in grain trade in Nikopol, from 1900 he was an agent of the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk railway. in Chistopol, Kazan province. Since 1901 an agent of the same society in St. Petersburg. Since 1915, dir. steamship company "Caucasus and Mercury". Together with his brother Boris and other representatives of the Gessen family, he organized the largest shipping company in Russia. about-in KAMVO, which included the Kamskoye and Volga shipping companies. He planned to arrange transportation of goods from Zap. Europe to Persia along the waterways of Russia. Together with his brother and his son Isaac, he participated in the work of the Ob-va to spread education among Jews in Russia. Since 1918 in Finland, where he played a role in to-those support of the gene. N.N. Yudenich. In 1920 he traveled to the Crimea to establish transport links between the White Army and the ports of Turkey. From 1922 he was engaged in establishing contacts between governments, Soviet organizations. Russia with heads of prom. firms and banks in Great Britain, and since 1924 and Germany, with the aim of creating mixed enterprises for the restoration of the country's economy (Volga-Kama Shipping Company, etc.) and for the construction of new facilities (the Volga-Don Canal, Moscow Metro, etc.) ), received owls. citizenship. All G.'s proposals were initially approved, but then rejected by the Sov. the authorities. In 1930 G. came to Moscow as a fellow. germ. company for organizing the delivery of goods to Persia, was arrested on charges of espionage, sabotage and connections with the opposition, sentenced to death. The execution was delayed to create a major "saboteur" trial, but G. died in prison before it began.
GESSEN Julius Isidorovich (Judas Izrailevich) (1871, Odessa - 1939, Leningrad), historian, societies. activist. Dr. East Sciences (1939). Graduated from commercial. uch-shche in Odessa, was engaged in self-education (mainly history). Since 1895 sotr. gas. "Odessa News". In 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg, until 1905 he served in a bank. Since 1898, members Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. Hence, the influence on the formation of views and scientific. interests G. had an acquaintance with Hebrew. scientists and societies, leaders Ahad ha-Am and S.M. Dubnov. In 1898 he was translated into Russian. lang. and published the work of L. Pinsker "Autoemancipation", participated in the release of ser. brochures “Gallery of Heb. figures ", in a cut he published his work" O. A. Rabinovich "(1898). In 1899-1900 ed. ser. brochures "From the history and life of the Jews." In 1900–01 publ. into gas. "Future" cycle of Art. on the position of Heb. in Russia at the end. 18 - early. 19th centuries, in scientific literature. collection of "Future" - the work "To the history of censorship in Heb. book in Russia "(1901, v.2). In the 1900s. sotr. gas. "Voskhod", in the railway station "Voskhod Books" was placed by Art. “To the history of religions. struggle among the Russian. Jews at the end. XVIII and early. XIX centuries. " (1902, book. 1), dedicated. history of Hasidism. He studied the history of Freemasonry and the problem of participation of Jews in it, the work "Jews in Freemasonry" (St. Petersburg, 1903). Has appeared with a number of publications against accusations of ritual murders against Jews. In 1906 he published the collection. their art. “Jews in Russia: Essays on societies, legal and economic. life rus. Jews ". In 1906 G. - one of the founders of the "Union for the achievement of the full rights of Jews in Russia", in the book. “On the life of Jews in Russia: A note to the State. Duma "(1906) gave an analysis of legal. and social the position of Jews in Russia at the end. 18 - early. 20th century G. - one of the initiators of the creation of the "Society for Scientific. Heb. ed. " (1907), “Heb. historical ethnographic ob-va "(since 1910 his secretary, member of the museum and archival commissions and the editorial board of the journal" Evr. Starina "), ed. “Heb. encyclopedias "(vols. 1-16, 1908-13), in which he placed a number of large articles; participated in the preparation of a multivolume ed. “History of Hebrews. of the people ”(ed. by G. published vol. X1). In 1914 he published the book. "History of Jews in Russia", covering the period from the 17th century. until the 1880s, in 1916 - the 1st volume of the capital study. “History of Hebrews. people in Russia ”(from ancient times to 1825). In 1918–20, he worked in Ch. archival management (Glavarkhiv), did a lot to save and systematize archival funds. In 1919–23 he lectured on the history of Jews in Russia in the Petrograd founded with his participation. in-those higher. Heb. knowledge, in the 1920s. collaborated on Sat. “Heb. chronicle ”, published at his own expense a generalizing tr. “History of Hebrews. people in Russia ”(vols. 1–2, 1925–27, 2nd ed. - Moscow, 1993), which covered the period up to the 1880s. Later, G., deprived of the opportunity to develop the theme of the history of Jews in Russia, was forced to deal with the history of labor, published the monograph “The History of Miners in the USSR” (vols. 1-2, 1926-29), in 1930-35 ed. g. "Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR". From 1936 he worked in the Archives Administration of Leningrad, the Archives of Georgia (including unpublished memoirs) died during the blockade of Leningrad. Son of G. - Valery (b. 1927, Leningrad), economist, Ph.D. econom. Sciences, since 1965 he has been studying the history of Jews in Russia (including in St. Petersburg).
GETSKIN Lev Solomonovich (1911, Ufa - 1992, Ust-Kamenogorsk), metallurgist, specialist in the region. technologies for processing non-ferrous and rare metals. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964), ch. AN KazSSR (1967). Graduated from the Ural Polytechnic in 1934. in-t. In 1934-44 at the Chelyabinsk zinc plant (foreman, head of the shop, head of laboratory, deputy head of engineer). In 1944–52 at the Ust-Kamenogorsk zinc plant (head of the technical department, deputy chief engineer), since 1948 - director. In 1952–82 Ch. engineer, deputy. dir., dir. Vses. n.-i. mining and metallurgy. in-that non-ferrous metals AN Kaz. SSR in Ust-Kamenogorsk. Osn. works related to metallurgy and complex processing of non-ferrous and rare metals and alloys. Supervised the development and implementation in production of the technology of complex processing of metallurgical. dust at the Ust-Kamenogorsk plant and the Chimkent lead plant. Developed a technology for processing zinc cakes using production waste. Linen. pr. (1961). Cit .: Extraction of rare metals at the enterprises of the lead-zinc industry zarub, stran, Moscow, 1962 (with V.N.Leksin); Modern Methods for processing lead-zinc ores and concentrates, M., 1964.
GETSOV Joseph Notovich (Nutovich) (1860, Minsk - after 1923, USA), member of the revolutionary. movements of the 1879-80s. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1878, members. roar. populist. mug of M. Weller in Minsk. In the end. 1870s studied at the Gory-Goretsky agricultural worker. uch-shche, soon came out of it, led a roar. propaganda in workers' circles in Minsk. In the end. 1880, together with Saul Greenfest, equipped an underground printing house in Minsk, the roar. org-tion "Black redistribution", worked there as a typesetter. After the failure of the printing press in December. 1881 went to Kovno, then to Vilna. Due to the threat of arrest in March 1882 he emigrated to Germany (Konigsberg), in August. 1882 settled in Zurich (Switzerland), worked as a typesetter in a printing house w. “Bulletin of Nar. will ”, later moved to the Social-Democrats. position, became close to members of the first grew. Marxist, c. Emancipation of Labor. In 1890 he settled in New York, where he owned two pharmacies, a member of the Amer. s.-d. movement.
GEVERZ Shloyme-Jankl (1865, Riga - 1936, Chicago), rabbi, teacher. R. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Berlin University. Since 1887 - in the USA. One of the organizers of the Heb. education in the USA. Author of a number of articles dedicated to the problems of adaptation of Russian Jews to the secular. amer. about-ve.
GEVIRTS Yakov-Moisey Germanovich (1879, Odessa - 1942, Leningrad), teacher, artist-architect. In 1899-1906 he studied at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg under Leonid Benois. In 1908 he won the competition for the design of a new complex of buildings on the Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery in St. Petersburg and entered Build. to-t obshiny, with a cut he collaborated until the 1920s. In 1916–21, an architect in the management of the railway. line Petrograd-Oryol. Participated in competitions for projects of buildings of the Botkin Hospital in Leningrad (3 Ave., 1926), House of Prospect in Minsk (1929), etc. Since 1922 he taught at the Academy of Arts in Petrograd-Leningrad. Author tr. on architecture. Main buildings: at the Preobrazhensky cemetery in St. Petersburg - a complex of buildings (1908–13), a greenhouse (1913), a project for finishing the House of Ablution and Funeral Service (1915, not implemented), in St. Petersburg - the Stock Office (1911, in 1913 M.A. Ginsburg transferred the building of the community for the accommodation of the Jewish almshouse and enlightenment, institutions), apartment buildings (1907-16), the Kolossei cinema, the Riga Stock Exchange (1913), the synagogue (1910); projects: Kharkov Choral Synagogue (1909), synagogue in Mariupol (1914).
GEYFMAN Abram Lvovich (1912, Zhitomir - 1944, disappeared during the war), composer. Studied at Moscow. cons. in the composition class of V.A. Bely. During his lifetime, Op. G. were not executed. For the first time in 1980 in Israel his “Heb. Suite ”,“ Elegy ”for violin; concert, “Heb. melody "for cello; sonata for viola, "Poem" for trumpet; romances, songs, “Three Hebrews. dance "for FP.
GEYLER Grigory Moiseevich (1894-1969, Moscow), chess player and chess. journalist. Ed. chess. department of sinks. gas. Trud, compiler of the Chess Dictionary (1964). Champion of Geneva (1915–16) and 1st Central Asian. Olympiads (1920).
GEYLIKMAN Boris Tov'evich (1914, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. The son of T. Geilikman. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. un-t. Cand. dis. defended in 1940. In 1940–44 he taught in Yoshkar-Ola and Saratov. In 1944 he was admitted to doctoral studies Phys. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1946 he worked at the Institute of Atomic Energy. At the same time. taught at Moscow. pedagogical in-those them. VI Lenin (1946-60) and Moscow. physical and technical Institute (since 1960). interests are diverse - superconductivity, superfluidity, TV theory. bodies, nuclear physics. Developed the theory of superconductors with strong electron-phonon coupling. He proposed and investigated in detail the electronic mechanism of superconductivity in three-dimensional systems. Considered the flow of He2 in long capillaries and investigated the kinetic. properties of NZ. Gave the rationale and follow. formulation adiabatic. approximation in metals and constructed a kind of diagrammatic technique for the theory of conductivity. A series of works is devoted to the properties of quantum crystals. He formulated the problem of direct elastic and inelastic scattering of fast particles by nuclei with the excitation of collective levels of the nucleus. Developed a quasi-classical. theory of triple nuclear fission, predicted a sharp increase in the yield of neutrons in the case of symmetric fission. Author approx. 200 scientific. works, cit .: Statistical. theory of phase transformations, M., 1954; Kinetic. and nonstationary phenomena in superconductors, Moscow, 1972.
GEYLIKMAN Tevye (1873, Gomel - 1948, Moscow), historian, teacher. In 1912 he made his debut in Russian. per. dram. Heb. playwright Y. Gordin "Mirele Efros" and "Gd, Man and Devil", which in the same year were staged at the Theater Korsh in Moscow. All R. 20s was invited to work at the University for nat. minorities in Moscow. From the lectures given during the first year, G. made the book. “History of Societies. Movement of the Jews of Poland and Russia ”, which was published in 1926 in Yiddish and Russian. lang. Simultaneously with work in Un-those for nat. Minorities of G. gave lectures at other universities in Moscow. In the second floor. 20s wrote the works "Baruch Spinoza", "Jews in the beginning. period of the system rus. citizenship ", as well as a large essay" Jews in Russia ", included in the 24th volume of the first edition of B. Sov. encyclopedias (1932). Author of an essay on the history of the Jews in the multivolume edition "History of the USSR". In the last years of his life, he completed work on the first volume, "History of the Jews in the USSR," which remained unpublished. In the 1930s. - prof. history and philosophy in a number of car washes, universities. In 1941–45 members. East commission at Heb. antifash. to-those.
GEYLPERN Falk (1876, Nesvizh Slutsky district. Minsk province - 1945), prose writer, translator. He studied at the cheder, yeshiva in Minsk, worked as a teacher. In 1908 he came to St. Petersburg, taught at the school of the Ob-va to spread education among Jews in Russia, then taught in Simferopol, Warsaw, Vilna. In the years of the 1st world. war authorized mosk. dep. Society for the dissemination of education in the organization of Heb. schools for refugees, organized and headed one of these schools in Tambov. After the Revolution of 1917 he worked in Ukraine. In 1918 he founded in Yekaterinoslav a publishing house for the release of the book. for kids. In 1921 he arrived in Vilno, where he continued to work on the organization of the Hebrews. schools. Lit. activity began in 1900 in gas. "Ha-Tsfira", collaborated in other ed. in Hebrew. Published stories and art. in Russian-Heb. g. "Sunrise" and "Heb. life ”, in 1906 he made his debut in Yiddish. In different periods. ed. published journalistic, critical. and pedagogical. Art., stories and feuilletons, was ed. first child. g. in Yiddish "Unter di grininke beimelech" (1914-23), wrote and published dozens of books. for children, as well as plays and translations, translated into Yiddish productions. N.A. Rubakin, L. Levanda, B. Disraeli, K. Hamsun, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol, F. Schiller, tales of the brothers Grimm and H. K. Andersen. Author of language textbooks. and lit-re for Heb. schools. From 1938 in E.-I., where he continued lit. and pedagogical. activity. He died in E.-I.
GEYMAN Mark Abramovich (1902, Baku - |), engineer, specialist in the region. development of oil fields, organizer of oil production enterprises. Graduated in 1924 Don Polytechnic. in-t. In 1925-41 the beginning. oil fields in Baku, manager of the Aznefteproekt trust. In 1941–47 the head. lab. Institute of fossil fuels of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He dealt with issues of secondary exploitation of oil fields, in 1941–45 he was in charge of decisions important for the military. economics problems, incl. increase in oil production in the Volga region. The proposed method is directed. drilling oil wells, methods of operating low-debit wells. In 1947, joint. with M.A. Kapelyushnikov developed methods of mechanization and automation of drilling processes. Author of over 100 scientific. printed works to improve methods and increase oil production.
GEYMAN Rodion Grigorievich (1802, Vilna - 1865, Moscow), chemist, active. State Councilor (1852). R. in the family of a doctor. In 1817-18 he studied at ma-tem., In 1817 at honey. Faculty of Vilnius University, from 1818 to Moscow. Department of Medical-Surgical. Academy (MHA), in 1822 received the title of Doctor of Medicine. From 1823 Adjunct Chemistry and Formulation in the same place, from 1826 at the same time. Adjunct, Department of Chemistry, Moscow. un-that. Since 1829 the extraordinary prof. Moscow department of the Moscow Art Academy, participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic of 1830–31 in Moscow (created a cholera hospital and quarantine for convalescents). Since 1833, an ordinary prof. chemistry Mosk. un-that and Moscow. branch of the Moscow Art Academy, organizer (1833) and head. university chem. lab. In 1836-41 he read public lectures on chemistry for car washes, entrepreneurs, in which he introduced the audience to the latest achievements in chemistry. science and technology. From 1836 - director. T-va for the production of stearin from lard. In 1843, members. Time, consult. Manufacturing Council, on his behalf, compiled a review of Rus. chem. z-dov, participated in the organization of a number of manufacturing exhibitions. Since 1852, members Moscow post offices Manufacturing Council. In 1854, retired, was engaged in the implementation of dec. improvements to mosk. prom. pr-tyakh. Moscow about-va sat down. x-va, K-ta sugars, Phys.-honey. about-va, Mosk. about-va of nature testers, Vilna honey. about-va, Geol. about-va in France and Germany, honey. about-va in Berlin. Cit .: The meaning and limits of chemistry at the present time, M., 1834; Opinion about chem. f-kakh and z-dakh, "Review of the Manufacturing Industry", St. Petersburg, 1843; Readings of General Chemistry, Applied to Factory and Factory Business, v.1–5, M., 1845–49; A quick glance at the four elements of the ancients in relation to physical, chemical. and physiological, M., 1852.
GEYMAN Vasily Alexandrovich (1823 - 1878, Kars), military leader, lieutenant general. (1872). In the army since 1839.Since 1842 - in the Caucasus. In 1844 he was promoted to ensign. Participant of almost all exp. in Chechnya. Gr. M.S. Vorontsov called him the bravest of the officers of the Caucasian army. He was repeatedly wounded and awarded. In 1861 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the regiment. In 1863 he was promoted to major general. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78 he fought in Turkish Armenia. The author of several. Art. in a number of Russian. ed.
GEYMANOVICH Alexander Iosifovich (1882, Kharkov - 1958, ibid.), Neuropathologist, honored. prof. Ukrainian SSR (1927). Brother of ZI Geimanovich. In 1908 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that and until 1911 worked in the clinic of nervous diseases un-that, in 1911-22 - a psychoneurologist in the lips. zemstvo hospital in Kharkov, art. assistant of the nervous clinic for women honey. in-that (now the Kharkiv medical institute). In 1920–21 he organized and headed the Ukr. psychoneurological. Institute in Kharkov, since 1932 - vice-president. Ukr. psychoneurological. academies, simultaneously. in charge of the same nervous clinic and morphology. lab. In 1937-53, the director. clinics of nervous diseases and neurohistology. lab. reconstituted Ukr. psychoneurological. in-that. After 1953 - Consultant Center, psychoneurological. and neurosurgeon. hospitals of the Ministry of Railways and balneology. hospitals in Kharkov. During the war years (until 1944) Zakavk, a consultant neuropathologist. front and Chernomor, navy. tr. G. dedicated the study of involutional processes (aging of the body), epidemic. encephalitis (1927), tumors of the central nervous system (1936), war wounds peripheral. nerves (1943), brain injuries (1946), infec. diseases of the nervous system (1956-57) and others. with T.A. Geyer and V.M. Gakkebush described the form of the psyche. disturbances in cerebral atherosclerosis, the edges are known in the literature as Gakkebusch's disease - Geyer - Geymanovich. At the same time. with Ya.M. Raimist (Odessa) first described the epidemic. encephalitis on the territory. countries (1919). Deputy prev. Vses. neurosurgeon about-va; member reign of Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists.
GEYMANOVICH Zakhary Iosifovich (1884, Kharkov - 1948, ibid.), Neurosurgeon, founder of neurosurgeon. schools in Ukraine, prof. (1932), brother of A.I. Geimanovich. At the end of 1909 honey. Faculty of Kharkov University in tech. of the year trained in leading surgeons. clinics abroad, then worked as a surgeon resident. branches in Kharkov and Rostov-on-Don. Participated in the 1st world. and citizen wars as military. doctor. In 1922 he organized at Ukr. psychoneurological. in-those lab. experiment, neurosurgery and topographic. anatomy of the nervous system, on the basis of a cut in 1931 the first neurosurgeon in Ukraine was opened. clinic. At the same time. head surgeon branch of the 2nd Sov. b-tsy in Kharkov. Since 1935 head. Department of Neurosurgery, Psychoneurological. f-that of the 2nd Kharkov honey. in-that. They were offered prompt access to tumors of the pontine-cerebellar angle, for the first time in the USSR a tumor of the quadruple was successfully removed. Vol .: On vascular tumors of the spinal cord, in the book: Clinical. and Experimental Pathomorphology of the Nervous System, 1935; Military traumatic lesions of the spine and spinal cord, Tyumen, 1943; Gunshot injuries of peripheral nerves and their treatment, Omsk, 1943; Wartime traumatic brain injury, Kharkov, 1947.
GEISHIN, a village in the Slavgorod district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. 195 Jews lived in Georgia in 1841, 337 in 1860, 377 in 1863, 104 in 1880, 332 in 1908, 144 Jews in 1923, 25 Jewish families in 1925, and 104 Jews in 1926 In 1798 there was a synagogue in Georgia, in 1841 there were 2 synagogues and a rabbi, in 1880 there were 3 synagogues, and in 1908 there were 5 synagogues. In the 1st floor. 1870s the rabbi in Georgia was Podraisky, from 1893 - Joseph Prupes (1864—?). In the beginning. 1870s acted leather. Yankel Brook plant. In front of the germ. occupation 1941 all Jews left G.V. N. Pervyshin
GEYSHTOR Leonid Grigorievich (b. 1936, Gomel), athlete (rowing in a canoe-two). Z.m.s. USSR (1960). Lecturer, graduated from Gomel University (1969). Champion Olympus. games (1960), the world (1963), Europe (1961 and 1963) and the USSR (1959–63) on decomp. distances.
GEYSER Matvey Moiseevich (b. 1940, Bershad, Vinnytsia region), writer, teacher. 1941–44 in the ghetto in Bershad. Writes in the main. about the fate of Russian Jewry, about Heb. culture in Russia. Publ. in different ed. both grew up and abroad, a lot of articles, research, essays, essays, interviews. The author of the book. "Solomon Mikhoels" (M., 1990) and "Evr. mosaic "(M., 1994). Since 1993 chap. ed. "Intern. Heb. newspapers ”(Moscow). Honored. teacher of the RSFSR (1991).
GEZLEV, see Evpatoria.
GIAGINSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Maikop department. Kuban Region In 1910 one Jew lived in Georgia. 1942 67 evacuated Jews were shot in Georgia.
GIDLE, a village in the Czestochowa Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897 195 Jews (15.5%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 190 (13%), in 1939 - approx. 40 Jewish families. Jews were engaged with. x-vom, small trade and crafts, as well as the provision of services are numerous. pilgrims (in G. there was a Dominican monastery with a "miraculous" icon). In the end. 18 - early. 19th century Rabbi Gershon (? -1831) lived in Georgia, whom his contemporaries counted among the 36 righteous of the generation. After his death, his grave became a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. During the 1st world. During the war, branches of Zionist parties and youth movements began to operate in Georgia. 1940 a labor camp was created in Georgia, where approx. 800 Jews from Czestochowa and Radomsko. The camp was liquidated in Oct. 1942.
GIDROTORF, urban-type settlement (since 1932) of the Balakhna City Council of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Sergeevka Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926, 2 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1939 - 8 Jews.
GIANT, urban-type settlement (since 1933) in the Salsk district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 31 Jews lived in Georgia.
GIKHMAN Iosif Ilyich (1918, Uman, Kiev province. - 1985, Kiev), mathematician, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1965). Graduated from Kiev University (1939). Dr. phys.-ma-tem. Sciences (1956), prof. (1959). He worked at Kiev University (1947–65), at Donetsk University, and Vychisl. center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1966). Main the results relate to probability theory and mat. statistics. In the theory of random processes, he introduced and research. total stochastic differential ur-tion. Etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR them. N.M. Krylova (1970), State. pr. Ukrainian SSR (1982). Cit .: Introduction to the theory of random processes, M., 1965; Stochastic differentials ur-niya, M., 1968; Theory of random processes, M., 1968 (all jointly with A.V. Skorokhod).
GILAD Zrubavel (1912, Bendery, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1988), poet. Writes in Hebrew. From 1922 - in E.-I. In 1942–48 he was one of the commanders of the combat units of Palmach and the author of his anthem. Since 1956 - one of the editors. publishing house "Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad". The author is poetical. Sat. "Autumn Blossom" (1950), "Green River" (1956), "Shining Ash" (I960), "Thrush" (1978) and others, lyric. the content of which is closely related to nature, especially from the villages. landscapes of Israel, as well as prose. rec. about childhood and adolescence in a kibbutz - "Conversation on the Shore" (1954), "Roots of the Stream" (1978).
GILADI (Butelbreuit) Israel (1886, Kalarash Orhei u. Bessarabian province. - 1918), one of the leaders of the "Ha-Shomer" movement. Consisted of a member. org-tion "Poalei Zion" and Heb. self-defense squad. From 1905 in E.-I. He lived among the Jews. workers in the settlements. Since the founding of the Ha-Shomer organization in 1909, G., as part of its committee, was responsible for the defense of settlements in Galilee, Samaria and Judea. Since 1913, Mr .. acting head of the organization. Initiator created (during the 1st World War) s.-kh. settlements - bases for "Ha-Shomer", in 1917 together with gr. friends founded the settlement of Kfar Bag (named after the Bar Giora movement). The author of the book. "History of the Association" (1937) about the organization "Ha-Shomer". After G.'s death, the settlement founded with his participation was named after him Kfar Giladi.
GILAT (Gilzer) Aharon (b. 1910, Vilna), mechanical engineer, head of production. Graduated from Tech. un-t in Warsaw. From 1934 in E.-I. In 1958-60, dir. Israeli governments, investment center, simultaneously. in 1957-60 taught the basics of production, management in Heb. un-those. From 1960 onwards. Counselor of the Tel Aviv Mountains. management. In 1966-68 deputy. gene. dir. Ministry of Industry of Israel. Since 1968, Dir. Institute of standards, since 1975 production. counselor of the State controller.
GILBOA Amir (1907, Radziwilov Kremenetsky district of Volyn province - 1984, Tel Aviv), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. In E.-I. - from 1937. He worked on plantations and quarries. During the 2nd world. war served in Heb. brigade, which was part of the British army. G.'s poetry is characterized by an individual style, in which archaism and innovation merge, a synthesis of personal, nat. and universal principles, the expression of contrasting feelings - from the apocalyptic. fear of the future of mankind to unbridled enthusiastic life-affirmation. Main poetic. Sat. "Everyday Poems" (1953), "Blue and Red" (1963), "I Wanted to Write with the Mouth of Sleepers" (1968), "Doe, I Will Send You" (1972). Author of a number of translations into Hebrew, incl. the novel "Three Colors of Time" by AK Vinogradov. Lit. etc. them. H.-N. Bialik (1971). State Israel Ave (1982).
GILELS Elizaveta Grigorievna (b. 1913, Odessa), violinist. Sister of E.G. Gilels, wife of L.B. Daniel. She showed outstanding abilities at an early age, learned to play the violin with P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1940 she graduated from Moscow. horse, (in the class of A.I. Yampolsky). In the 1940s and 70s. toured a lot as a soloist, played in various. ensembles, incl. with husband. Since 1966 he has been teaching at Moscow. cons. (since 1987 - prof.). 2nd Ave. at the All-Union Competition of Music Performers in Leningrad (1935), 3rd Ave. at Mezhdunar. violin competition them. E. Izaye in Brussels (1937). Honored. art. RSFSR (1977).
GILELS Emil Grigorievich (1916, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), pianist. Hero of Soc. Labor (1976). In 1935 he graduated from the Odessa cons. in the class of BM Reingbald, in 1935–38 he trained at the Higher School of Arts and Crafts at Moscow. cons. from G.G. Neuhaus. From 1938 he taught at Moscow. cons., since 1952 prof. Among the students M.V. Mdivani, I.M. Zhukov. The performance of G. is distinguished by emotion. tension, power, strength, dynamism, monumentality. One of the best interpreters of L. van Beethoven (including 5 concerts for piano with orc., Recorded on gramophone records with orc under the direction of American conductor J. Sell). G.'s repertoire included works. F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. List, I. Brahms; a special place was occupied by Op. Russian and owls. composers: P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninov, D.D.Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, S.S. Prokofiev (his 8th sonata was first performed by G.). In the last years of his life, the lyric was more and more clearly revealed. the gift of a musician, the culmination of this period of creativity was the performance of E. Grieg's piano pieces. G. performed as an ensemble player - in a trio with LB Kogan and ML Rostropovich, with the L. van Beethoven and others 1st Ave at Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Moscow, 1933), 2nd Ave. competition of pianists (Vienna, 1936), 1st avenue at the Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1938). Honorary Member King. Academy of Music, London (1969), Moose. academy named after F. Liszt (Budapest, 1970), Nat. Academy "Santa Cecilia" (Rome, 1980). Awarded the Gold Medal of the City of Paris (1967), belgium. Order of Leopold I, Became. pr. (1946), Len. pr. (1962). Nar. art. USSR (1954).
GILELS Shlomo (1873-1953), Jewish writer. Grew up in Bessarabia. In 1902-17 he served as a director. Wed schools in Marculesti. In 1918 he headed the bureau of the joint council, created in Romania to provide assistance to refugees from the Ukraine who were fleeing the consequences of Russian. rev-tion. From 1921 he lived in Chisinau, where he served as an inspector of the Hebrews. schools of the Tarbut network in Bessarabia. From 1925 - in E.-I. He taught in the village. households school Mikve Israel (1925–35) and was a director. Beit Bialik (House of Bialik) in Tel Aviv (1935–39). During the 2nd world. war lived in the United States. Early works G. published in the 1890s. in "Ha-Tsfira" and "Ha-Melits". However, his best works were written after moving to E.-I. His rum. "Gar Ha-keramim" ("Grape Mountain", 1931, revised edition 1951) - realistic. picture of life of Bessarabian Jews. farmers - drew critical acclaim. G. author of autobiographical. the story "Tabaot be-sharsheret" ("Links of the chain", 1950), as well as stories about the life of Jews during the revolution and civil war in Bessarabia and in Ukraine - "Tahat shmey Bessarabia" ("Under the sky of Bessarabia", 1942). Prod. G. are realistic and imbued with a deep faith in man. Coll. his op. ed. in 6 volumes. (1950-53). In connection with the 80th anniversary of G. in 1953 K.A. Bertini and Eliahu Meitus publ. memorial ed. "Shai le-Shlomo" ("Gift of Shlomo").
GILENSON Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1932, Moscow), literary critic, specialist in American history. lit-ry and lit. criticism. Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). Dr. philol. Sciences (1976), prof. (1977). Head Department of Literature at the Orekhovo-Zuevsky Pedagogical Institute (since 1988). Works: "America of Sinclair Lewis" (1972), "American. literature of the 30s of the XX century "(1974)," In search of the "Other America" ​​(1987) and others. manuf. J. Reed (1966), H. Wells (1981), E. Hemingway (1989) and others.
GILDENMAN Moishe (1898, Korets of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1957, Ness Ziona, Israel), publicist, prose writer. Studied at the State University and the Polytechnic. Until World War II, he worked as a civil engineer, owned a concrete factory. In July 1941, fleeing the Nazis, G., together with his 16-year-old son, hid in the woods near Sluch, organized a Heb. a partisan, a detachment, with which he fought to the forests of Zhytomyr region. In 1943, a detachment of 1,400 fighters from G. ("Uncle Misha's partisans") merged with Kr. Army. In 1946 G. settled in Poland, then several. years he lived in Paris, in 1952 he came to Israel. While living in ód, he began writing stories and reports about partisans. life, printed them in Heb. periodic. publications, published the story "Libe un kampf fun a yidisher partisanern" ("Love and struggle of a Jewish partisan"). In 1949 he published the book in Paris. "Oifn veg tsum zig" ("On the way to victory"), in 1950 - "Motele, der junger partisan" ("Motele, young partisan"), "Khurbn Korets" ("Death of Korets") and "Yiddishe tekhter" ( "Jewish daughters"). Some of G.'s stories have been translated into Hebrew, Polish. and French. lang. In Israel, G. was engaged in societies. activities, worked on memories.
GILDIN Chaim (1884, Nikopol Yekaterinoslav province - 1944), poet, prose writer. From the age of 12 he worked in a shoe factory, participated in the labor movement, was arrested twice. After his release, he worked at a factory in Warsaw, placed in Hebrew. newspaper correspondence from working life. The first verse, G.'s experiments was supported by the classic Heb. literature I.-L. Peretz. Participated in civil. war, printed poems and stories, worked in the editorial offices of the communist. publications, belonged to Proletkult. The first book of poems "Gamer-klangen" ("Sounds of the hammer") was published in Moscow in 1922. Having moved to Kharkov, G. played a prominent role in literature. movement, ch. ed. lit.-thin. g. "Di dig Velt", spoke with criticism. articles, defending the "general line" of the party in the literature. G.'s stories and poems are devoted to the "construction of communism", industrialization, and collectivization of villages. x-va, the fight against "enemies of the people", as well as the events of civil. war. G. published the book. poems "Leniniada" (1926), "Bai unz inland from May" ("May in our country", 1932) and prose. manuf. In 1937 he was repressed, exiled to a camp in Siberia, where, according to his wife, he died in 1944.
GILKVIT Maurice (1869, Riga - 1933, New York), polit. activist. From 1886 he lived in New York. In 1888 he helped to organize the Heb. prof. associations, which was the first step towards the creation of a trade union of the European Union. emigrant workers. Having entered the Socialist. workers' party, headed at the end of the 1890s. a campaign of protest against desks, hand control. and the ideologist of the party D. De Leon and his hostility to the Amer. federation of labor. After creating. Socialist. Party of America (1900) occupied a leading position in it until the end of his life. He had a decisive influence on the development of the party's program and ideology. His concept of socialism was based on the ideas of Marxist revisionism. He believed that he was socialist. the state will appear as a result of changes in the psychology of people. On behalf of the party, he objected to America's entry into the 1st world. war. During the growth of the ranks of the Socialist. party (1908-12) predicted the final victory of socialism in the United States. The author of the book. Socialism in Theory and Practice (1909), Stages of Working Life (1934), etc.
GILMAN Shamuel Yitzchak (1860, Shadov - 1953), rabbi and judge of the London Bet-Din. He served as a rabbi in Berezino (Belarus), from 1908 - in Glasgow (Scotland). He was the initiator of the convocation of the conf. rabbis of Eastern Europe. Jewry in Leeds (England, 1913), which became a turning point in the recognition of these rabbis in England and the beginning of their influence on societies and religions. life of local Jews. Since 1914, member. london. bet din; thanks to deep talmudic. knowledge became recognized halakhic. authority. During the 1st world. During the war, he was involved in providing for the needs of Belgian Jewish refugees who arrived in England, and received an award for his service from the King of Belgium. Represented interests of prominent Eastern Europeans in London. the rabbis of their time, including H.O. Grodzensky and Israel Meir ha-Kochen ("Hafetz Chaim"). Leaving his post in 1934, he settled in Jerusalem, where he created a yeshiva. Rabbi G. devoted himself to research. Talmud and halakhic. midrash. In fact, he wrote about every treatise of the Babylonian Talmud (6 volumes, 1921-45), about the treatises of the Jerusalem Talmud (2 volumes, 1947-48), about all halakhic. midrashah (2 vols., 1949-50) and about the code of Maimonides "Yad ha-khazaka". These works are of great importance for scientists, since include references to all the later additions scattered in the extensive literature of the responsa. Children of G. - son David (1899 - |), a London portrait painter who also worked with colored glass, an active Zionist, and daughter Sarah, wife of Yitzhak the Duke.
GILLER Israel Mikhailovich (1910, Kovel, Volyn province - 1963, Moscow), military leader, major general of the quartermaster service (1944). In Kr. Army since 1931. In 1934 he graduated from the military. pilot school, commanded by an aviator. subdivisions and units. In 1941–42 deputy. com. Aviation divisions in the rear. In 1942–45 - deputy. teams. Air army in the rear. In 1946–48 - deputy. early rear of the USSR Air Force. In 1948–52 the beginning. rear of the USSR Air Force. In 1952-57 - com. Aviation tech. divisions, in 1957–63 - early. rear of the air force missile units. Awarded 4 hordes.
GILLER Solomon Aronovich (1915, Riga - 1975, ibid.), Organic chemist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (1958), Academician-Secretary of the Department. chem. and biol. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (1963–75). He graduated in 1941 from Latvia. un-t. In 1942-46 he worked as a technician. hands. and ch. Ing. at the Kazan bakery plant them. Lenin, in 1946–57 - in Ying-those forestry. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR. In 1957 he organized and headed (until 1975) the Institute of Organic Engineering. synthesis of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR. At the same time. taught at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those (prof. from 1964) and in Latvia. un-those (prof. from 1973). Main scientific. works are devoted to isl. and the development of methods for the synthesis of physiologically active substances, mainly heterocyclic. row. He studied the reactions of furan compounds, in particular, 5-nitrofuran. Discovered a high biological. the activity of 5-nitrofurylacrolein derivatives. He developed the chemistry of furanidylpyrimidines and aziridines, synthesized compounds of a new class of bicyclic. heterocycles 1,3-diazobicycles (3,1,0 hexanes). Received a number of synthetic. analogs of nucleotides and nucleic acids. In the end. 60s synthesized and implemented in the production of many. physiologically active drugs of the furan series (furacilin, furagin, fluorofur, solafur, dioxonium, imifos, etc.) printed works, monographs. Ch. ed. g. "Chemistry heterocyclic. compounds "(1965-75). Became. pr. (1951).
GILLERSON Arnold Isidorovich (1864, Vitebsk - |), lawyer. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. high fur boots (Odessa, 1886), consisted of assistant. Attorney at law in Moscow, for protesting against the rules on assistants issued by the anti-Semitic Council of Attorneys at Law, expelled from the estate, reinstated by a Senate decision that recognized the rules as illegal. Since 1898 in St. Petersburg, he defended a number of trials on polit, affairs and cases about Jews. pogroms (speeches of the G. ed. in the collection "Protective speeches", 1904). In 1908 he accepted a challenge to a duel from one officer who was a witness at the trial (he took this step in order to avoid accusing the Jews of insulting officers with impunity; for an accidental reason, the duel did not take place). In 1908 for a speech delivered at the trial in the case of Heb. pogrom in Bialystok, brought to trial. responsibility and sentenced to imprisonment in the fortress for 1 year. The fact of bringing a lawyer to trial drew strong condemnation grew. advocacy.
GILON (Goryachinov) Baruch (1901, Ekaterinoslav - 1980, Tel Aviv), music. and theatrical figure. He studied at the cheder. Graduated from un-t in Tiflis. Since 1923 - in E.-I. 1924–26 - director. first op. in E.-I. and the first symphony. orc. E.-I. 1929-50 - director. satirical t-ra "Ga-mate". During the 2nd world. wars - teams. citizen defense. In the 30s. organized performances of the world's leading artists in E.-I.
GIMMELFARB Boris Natanovich (b. 1919, Kiev), astronomer, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1943). Graduated from Central Asia. un-t in Tashkent (1942). In 1942–44 he worked at the Pulkovo Observatory (in evacuation). In 1944 he was drafted into the army, fought on the 2nd Belorussian front. In 1946–48 in the postgraduate course of the department. services of the Sun at the Pulkovo Observatory. Participated in the search for a place for the astronomical mountain. observatory (solar station) and in its building with the district of Kislovodsk. In 1949–51 he worked as a editor. g. "Nature". In 1951–61 he taught. work: in 1955–61 in Arkhangelsk ped. in-those. In 1961–81, as amended by the astronomy of Vses. in-that scientific. and tech. information. works are devoted to the theory of astronomical. aberration. Gave a rigorous description of the phenomenon of stellar aberration in the light of the theory of relativity, introduced the concept of planetary aberration, studied the history of research. stellar aberration from the time of its discovery to the present day. He was also engaged in the popularization of astronomy, gave lectures at Leningrad. planetariums.
GIMMELFARB Yakov Klementyevich (1896, Odessa - 1971, ibid.), Microbiologist, epidemiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. Graduated from Odessa honey. in-t. From 1924 he worked at the Odessa Sanitary and Epidemiological. (now virology and epidemiology) in-those them. I.I. Mechnikov Art. assistant plague department. and at the same time. (1927–41) taught at the Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology (since 1935 the head of the department) of the Odessa Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. During the war years 1941–45 he served in Kr. Army doctor, medico-san consultant. services Chernomor. Fleet, from the end of 1942 the flagship epidemiologist. In 1945-59 the head. Department of Epidemiology, Odessa honey. Institute, from 1958 until the end of his life, consultant at the Research Institute of Virology and Epidemiology. scientific. tr. G. dedicated epidemiology of plague, viral hepatitis (Botkin's disease), etc. He proposed a method for diagnosing epidemic. hepatitis, developed a method for detecting virus carriers in Botkin's disease. Works: DK Zabolotny (1886-1929), M., 1958 (co-authors).
GIMPELSON Efim Gilevich (1921, Glorious - 2005), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1989). In 1938 he entered the history department of Moscow State University. In 1941, 43 worked for an aviation. s-de in Moscow. After graduating from the Faculty of History (1945) he was sent to the Secretariat of Ch. edition of "History of Cit. war ”Politizdat. Dec. 1949 in the course of the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" fired and left without a job. In 1950–58 he taught history at the technical school. Since 1958 scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 history of the USSR) Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1992 Institute of Ros. history of the RAS. One of the first in the Fatherland. historiography began to develop the problems of the history of the Soviets, the working class and the economics. provisions of the Sov. power in 1917-21. Participated in the preparation of a number of encyclopedias and collective works. From the end. 1980s studies the formation of owls. desks, systems. Works: From the history of the building of Soviets. November 1917 - July 1918. M., 1958; Councils in the years of civ. war, M., 1968; War Communism: Politics. Practice. Ideology. M., 1973; Sov. working class 1918-1920: Socialist-polit. changes. M., 1974; Conducted. October and the formation of owls. control systems bunk. x-vom. M., 1977; The working class in the management of the Sov. state-wom. M., 1982.
GINDIN Aron Markovich (1903, Krichev Chirikovskogo u. Mogilev province. - 1993, Moscow), hydraulic engineer, organizer of construction. production, Hero of the Socialist. labor (1966). He graduated in 1929 Moscow. s.-kh. Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931–42, Ch. engineer of the construction of the Verkhne-Varzob and Khram hydroelectric power stations, in 1943—54 ch. engineer Gruzgidroenergostroy, then Bratskgesstroy. Since 1968 deputy. early department in the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on science and technology. Under the arm. G. for the first time in hydraulic engineering. the method of erection of dams from rock-fill with metal was applied. screen (on the Khrami river). He is one of the participants in the development of a unit for the flow construction of hydraulic engineering. round-section tunnels, the initiator of the implementation of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station and the Bratsk prom. complex of progressive technology builds. works. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1963). Became. pr. (1950), Len. etc. (1968).
GINDIN Iosif Frolovich (1900, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1960), Cand. econom. Sciences (1946). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (1925), worked in Prombank and the State Bank (until 1930), in 1931–47 in the system of construction projects and design and research. management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1947-49 he taught at Moscow. finance. in-those. In 1950–56 he worked at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Oil. industry of the USSR, since 1956 - in the Institute of History (since 1968 history of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. on the problems of social and economic. life of Russia 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century (ch. arr. on the history of finance and banking), as well as on the problems of Sov. credit, building economics and drilling in oil. prom-sti. Participated in the preparation of collective monographs and collection of books "On the peculiarities of imperialism in Russia" (Moscow, 1963), "The transition from feudalism to capitalism in Russia: Materials of Vses. discussions "(Moscow, 1969)," Overthrow of the autocracy "(Moscow, 1970), etc .; multivolume editions: "Financial and Credit Dictionary" (vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1961–62), “History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day” (vol. 6, Moscow, 1968) and others. .: Banks and industry in Russia: On the issue of financial capital, M.-L., 1927; Rus. commercial banks: From the history of finance. capital in Russia, M., 1948; State bank and economical the policy of the tsarist pr-va (1861-1892). M., 1960.
GINDIN Leonid Alexandrovich (b. 1928, Moscow), philologist, Ph.D. RANS (1992), Dr. philol. Sciences (1976). In 1952 he graduated from the classic. branch of philol. Faculty of Moscow State University Lomonosov. In 1952–59 he worked as a teacher in Moscow. In 1959 Art. scientific. ed. in Big honey. encyclopedias. In 1961–70 at the Institute of Rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1970 in the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1976-88 he taught at Moscow State University for classical. branch. Works in the region. classic philology, antique studies, other Balkan studies (reconstruction of the Thracian, ancient Macedonian language; the founder of the interdisciplinary direction "Ancient Balkan studies"), Hittology, Indo-European studies, Slavic studies, including Carpa studies, Byzantine studies (all researched from the angle of etymology and philological interpretation of the text). Cit .: Yaz. the most ancient population of the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Fragment of Indo-Europeans. onomastics, M., 1967; The most ancient onomastics of the Eastern Balkans: Franco-Hittite-Luwian and Franco-Asia Minor isoglosses, Sofia, 1981; Population of Homeric Troy: Istoriko-philol. research on the ethnography of ancient Anatolia, M., 1993.
GINDINSON Solomon Savelyevich (1902–1982), mechanical engineer. From 1918 he began to work as a locksmith apprentice at the Izhevsk machine-building. s-de (PA "Izhmash"). In the beginning. 20s on a Komsomol ticket he was sent to the Leningrad workers' faculty. polytechnic in-that, at the end of which he returned to the plant, worked as engineer. (from 1941 - chief engineer of the plant). In 1941–42, he supervised the production of aviation. guns designed by B.G.Shpitalny and A.E. Nudelman, A.S. Surinov (NS-37 and NS-45), a universal machine gun M.E.Berezin, anti-tank. rifles V.A. Degtyarev (PTRD) and S.G. Simonov (PTRS). Took part in the organization of mass production of small arms for the front. Became. pr. (1946).
HINDUS Maurice Gershon (1891-1969), writer and journalist. In 1923, on the instructions of J. The Century Magesin was visited by Sov. Union. The impressions of the trip to the USSR formed the basis of the production. "The Eradication of Humanity" (1929) about the social. position and politics in the post-revolution. Russia; Red Bread (1931); The Great Offensive (1933). "Mother Russia" (1943) and "Cossacks" (1945) - two books. o 2nd world. war. G. is also the author of 3 rom. - "Moscow Sky" (1936), "Sons and Fathers" (1940) and "Magda" (1951). Over time, his initial sympathy for the Sov. regime gave way to criticism of the totalitarian nature of growing. communism. In his autobiography "Green World" (1938), he described his adolescence in Russian. village and looking for work on the farm after coming to the United States. This is a product. includes a contrasting description of rural life in America and in Russia.
GINETSINSKY Alexander Grigorievich (1895, Vologda - 1962, Leningrad), physiologist, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1946). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1922). In 1932–51 - prof., Head. department physiology Leningrad. honey. pediatrician in-that, in 1951–55 - Novosibirsk honey. in-that; since 1955 deputy. director, in 1958-60 - director. Institute of Evolutionary Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. works on the physiology of the autonomic nervous system, the mechanisms of regulation of water-salt metabolism and evolutionary physiology. In 1923, he established (with his teacher Orbeli) that a tired skeletal muscle restores its working capacity when the stimulus innervates it is irritated. nerve (Orbeli-Ginetsinsky phenomenon); found out the spatial arrangement of cholinergic. substance in the muscles, its transformation during ontogenesis. Installed main. patterns of evolution of the neuromuscular connection. Gave an analysis of the traumatic. contractures, offered the basis for their classification and forecasting. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.P. Pavlova (1944) Cit .: Physiological mechanisms of water-salt equilibrium, M.-L., 1963.
GINGER Alexander Samsonovich (1897 - 1965, Paris), poet, prose writer. From 1921 he lived in Paris. Here in 1922 he entered the poet. gr. "The Chamber of Poets", to which D. Knut also belonged, and in its publishing house published his first collection of articles. poems "The Pack of the Faithful" (Paris, 1922). From 1926 he was regularly published in Paris. g. "Numbers" and others. During it. occupation G. remained in Paris with his wife, the poet A. Prismanova. In 1946 he was among the emigrants who adopted owls. citizenship. The author is poetical. collection of books "Devotion" (1925), "Complaint and Triumph" (1939), "News" (1957), etc.
GINGOLD Pinchas M. (1893, Grodno - 1953, New York), societies. activist, publisher. Since 1909 in the USA. As the founder of Heb. legion at the beginning. 1st world. war, volunteered for fr. and took part in the actions of the British army in Palestine. After returning to New York (1920) he joined the Labor Zionist. movement and actively participated in the Amer. and World Heb. Congr. In the 20s and 30s. there was a deer. Yiddish Teachers' Seminars. In 1932 ed. "Yiddishe Dartshung" - will enlighten. g., sponsored by Heb. nat. union of workers (Farband). After 1930 he headed the nat. to-t Heb. bunk bed schools. K-t published the "Book of Pinchas Gingold" (1955), which contains his essays on Heb. education and culture, as well as vosp. about Heb. legion.
GINOSAR (Ginsberg) Rose (1890, Gomel - 1979, Israel), lawyer. Graduated from the Higher. legal school in Paris. From 1922 - in E.-I., where she became the first woman lawyer. She actively participated in the work of the female Zionist, the WITSO organization, in the 1970s. - post. prez. VITSO. Daughter of Ahad Ha-Ama.
GINSBURG Moisey Akimovich (1851, Odessa - 1936, Paris), entrepreneur and societies. activist, philanthropist. Becoming a merchant of the 1st guild, in 1902 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he opened a commission office (trading house) "Ginsburg and Company". For merits in the supply of Russian. army during the Rus.-Japanese. war 1904–05 received the title of Commerce Counselor, offspring. och. citizen and rank is valid. state councilor. Subsequently, he was involved in government consultations. Commission, in 1915 he earned the rank of acting. privy councilor. Being engaged in charity work, he allocated funds to finance a number of growths. uch. and will enlighten. institutions. Since 1909 was a member of the Household. reign of the Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg, generously donated for its maintenance, was a member of. to-that on the line of a new complex of buildings on the Evr. Preobrazhensky cemetery. At the request of the board in 1909-10, he allocated funds for the construction of the ablution and funeral service in the cemetery in memory of his deceased brother Mark Akimovich Mass, provided the community with a den. the amount to buy from the auction house with Evr. ritual bass. - "mikveh", in 1911 - for the purchase of a new plot of land for the cemetery. At the same time, at the expense of G., buildings for the Stock Office were erected, to-rye in 1913 he transferred the Heb. community to accommodate Heb. almshouses and enlighten. institutions. In 1915, G. financed the delivery of Jews to Petrograd. religious book., collected by Jewish soldiers in the combat zone, chl. a number of to-coms created to help victims of the war. In 1917, before. to-that Heb. about-va encouragement of higher knowledge. In 1917 he left for Japan, where he built a hotel in Yokohama for refugees from Russia. Later he lived in Paris, was engaged in charity work, helping Russian. emigrants.
GINSBURG Sofya Mikhailovna (1863, Pavlovka of Pavlogradsky district of Yekaterinoslav province - 1891, Shlisselburg fortress), participant of the roar. movements of the 1880s. She graduated from the Kerch wives. g-ziyu (1881) and Nadezhdensky obstetric courses in St. Petersburg (1884), worked in the village. a teacher in the Yekaterinoslav province. In 1885 she went abroad, established contacts with emigrants, the People's Will, studied medicine in Bern and Paris. In the summer of 1887 she returned to Russia. Soon, due to the threat of arrest, she again went abroad. In the fall of 1888, she illegally returned to her homeland in order to restore Narodnaya Volya, which had been defeated by arrests, and established contacts with a number of Petersburg. and local circles, was preparing an attempt on the imp. Alexander III. Arrested on May 31, 1889 in Bakhchisarai, taken to Petersburg, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. 10/30/1890 sentenced to death, filed a petition for pardon. 11/17/1890 the death penalty was replaced by eternal hard labor. 1.12.1890 taken to the Shlisselburg fortress, where on 7.1.1891 she committed suicide.
GINTER Sergey Grigorievich (1870, Chisinau - 1937, Tomsk), architect, engineer. In 1895 he graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute with the title of engineer-architect. A prominent representative of modern and neoclassicism. He began his activity in Novorossiysk, in the middle. 1890s moved to Petersburg. In 1908 he took part in a competition for projects of a new complex of buildings in Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery (incentive pr.), Was included in the Construction committee for the management of the construction of the complex. In 1920–30 he worked at design institutes in Leningrad. In 1934 he was arrested, exiled to Siberia, where he continued to design, to teach in a technical school in the most difficult conditions. In 1937 he was again arrested and shot. Main works - in St. Petersburg more than 20 large residential buildings, "Sporting Palace", dachas in the suburbs, manuf. premises.
GINTSBERG Alexander Solomonovich (1910, Saratov - 1957, Leningrad), architect. Author and developer of the first standard projects of public institutions for young children. Main works: House of Communications in Voronezh, a typical project of a school in Leningrad (1936-37, together with L. Ass), a typical kindergarten for 100 children in Leningrad (1938), a school on Prospect Avenue. Engels in Leningrad (1954, together with L. Ass).
GINTSBERG Lev Izrailevich (b. 1916, Odessa), historian, Dr. Sciences (1970). In 1937–41 he studied history. f-those MIFLI, graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946) and graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950). In the first floor. 1950s ch. bibliographer Gos. publ. ist. libraries of the RSFSR. 1956-73 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - General History) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and simultaneously. (until 1965) head. dep. bibliographies "New and Contemporary History". Since 1974 - senior, and since 1976 - leading scientific. sotr. Institute of International labor movement of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute will compare, political science RAS). Member the editorial board of the German Yearbook (since 1968). Author of works on the modern and contemporary history of Germany. Works: Karl Liebknecht, M., 1959; The shadow is fasc. swastikas, M., 1967; Karl Liebknecht - herald of proletarian internationalism, M., 1971; On the way to the imperial chancellery, M., 1972; Worker and Communist movement in Germany in the fight against fascism (1919-1933), M., 1978; Friends of the New Russia: Movement in Defense of Sov. countries in Weimar Germany, M., 1983; Fight it. patriots against fascism. 1939-1945, M., 1987; Mass Democratic. Movement in Germany and the Green Party, M., 1988.
GINZBERG Levy (Louis) (1873, Kovna - 1953, New York), an early ravinian researcher. liters. He studied at the yeshivas of Kovna and Telshi, until 1898 he studied history, philosophy and East. languages ​​in high fur boots of Berlin, Strasbourg and Heidelberg. Since 1899 - in the USA. From 1900 - ed. section rabbinical. literature in the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-12, 1901-06, Yiddish). In 1903-53 - prof. Talmud in Heb. theological. seminaries in New York. One of the founders (1919–20) and the first president (from 1929) Amer. academy of Jewish studies. He investigated the origins of Halakha, Haggadah, the literature of the Gaons (interpreters of the Talmud of the 6th – 11th centuries), published the most ancient texts of sacred books with his commentaries. Main the work "Legends of the Jews" (written in German, published in English, vols. 1-7, 1909-38). Author of tr .: "Gaonica", vols. 1–2, (1909), "Studies on the origins of the Mishna", (1920, in English), "The Significance of Halakha in Judaism" (1929), "Commentaries and Legal Novels to the Jerusalem Talmud ”, v. 1–3, (1941).
GINTSBURG Alexander Ilyich, (1907, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1972, Moscow), cameraman, director. In 1927 he graduated from the Leningrad camera department. photocinema school, in 1934 - Faculty of weak currents Leningrad. electrical engineering in-that. From 1927 - operator of the studio "Lenfilm", in 1941–43 to / st. TsOKS in Tashkent, in 1943-51 k / st. them. M. Gorky in Moscow, in 1951–57 - cameraman and director. to / st. "Belarus-Film". In 1945-50, part-time operator of the Soviet Information Bureau. Filmed films: "Counter" (1932), "Peasants" (1935), "Komsomolsk" (1938), "Member of the Government" (1939), "Valery Chkalov" (1941), "His name is Sukhe-Bator" (1942 ), "Two Soldiers" (1943). In 1959 he made his debut as dir. f. "One night" (with EI Fayk). Self post. f. "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" (1965). Honored. active RSFSR (1969).
GINTSBURG David Horatsievich (1857, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1910, Petersburg), orientalist, writer, society. activist. Son of G.O. Gintsburg. In 1879 he received the title of baron. He studied Judaism and Arabic Studies in high fur boots of St. Petersburg, Greifswald, Paris. Expert pl. Semitic languages. The author of a number of scientific. works, ch. of which - “Hebrew. ornament "(Berlin, 1903, jointly with VV Stasov). Collected the most valuable collection of Hebrews. and an Arab. manuscripts and incunabul, to-rui bequeathed to Publ. library in Jerusalem (due to the outbreak of the 1st World War, the transfer of the collection was delayed, after October 1917 the Soviet authorities transferred the G.'s collection to the State Library of the USSR named after V.I.Lenin). After the death of his father, G. in 1909 headed the Heb. community of St. Petersburg and Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia, was included in the hands. organs Heb. colonialist. about-va, about-va for the distribution of crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia, was before. The Society of Hebrew Lovers and the founder of the Society of Oriental Studies. Cooperated closely with Heb. ist.-ethnog. ob-vom, was one of the editors. “Heb. encyclopedias "(vols. 1-16, 1908-13), conducted in it the department. Arab, and Gaonian literature. In 1907 he founded the first higher education in St. Petersburg. Heb. uch. institution - Courses of Oriental Studies, was their first rector, taught courses Talmudic., Rabbinic. and Arab, lit-ry, Semitic. language-knowledge and Wed-century. philosophy. Look, published by the book. G. about the work of M.Yu. Lermontov (1915).
GINTSBURG Horace Osipovich (Evzelevich) (Naftali-Hertz) (1833, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1909, Petersburg), banker, gold miner, society, activist and philanthropist. Son of I.G. Gintsburg. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the beginning. 1860s headed by Petersburg. branch of the banking house “IE Gintsburg”, created by the father (the Paris branch was headed by his brother Solomon). Together with his father participated in the creation. a number of private businesses banks, ac. ob-in, etc. In 1868-72 - the Hesse-Darmsh-Tadt gene. consul in St. Petersburg. In 1870 led. Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt Ludwig III granted him the title of baron. After finance. crisis of 1892 G. did not resume finance. activities, focused DOS. attention to the gold mining, in 1895 became one of the founders of Ros. gold industry. about-va, had shares in a number of other gold industry. about-in and companies, actually controlled the Lenskoye gold industry. m-in. Received a rank valid. State Councilor (1889), was awarded a number of hordes. From the beginning. 1860s G., together with his father, actively participated in the movement for the equality of Jews in Russia, was one of the founders of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (1863, in 1878-1909 his predecessor, financed many of his undertakings), established a number of scholarships in Petersburg. cons., founded (1862) by his friend A.G. Rubinstein, was one of the founders of Petersburg. archaeologist. Institute and St. Petersburg. in-that experiment. medicine. In 1878–92 he financed the construction of St. Petersburg. Choral synagogue, in tech. pl. years headed by Heb. community of St. Petersburg. Until 1892 it was a vowel of St. Petersburg. mountains. Duma (later, as a Jew, he was not admitted to the elections). From 1893 he headed the Center, to-t Evr. colonialist. bank in St. Petersburg (created to finance the resettlement of Jews from Russia to E.-I.), in 1905 headed the committee to help the victims of Hebrew. pogroms. Of his sons, Naib. Izv. D.G. Gintsburg. Dr. sons - Alexander Horatsievich (1863 - |) and Alfred Horatsievich (1865 - |) were part of the board of the Lensky gold industry. t-va and a number of other gold industry. about-in. Vladimir Horatsievich G. (1873-1932), married to the daughter of the Kiev sugar refinery L.I.Brodsky, was a member of the board of the Khamovnichesky beer and honey brewery in Moscow and a number of sugar beet plants in southern Russia. Brother G. - Uriy ( 1840 - |) inherited from his father in 1878 the estate Mogilyanskoe in Gaisinsky u. Podolsk lips. (square St. 8 thousand dess.) and turned it to the end. 1880s in a highly profitable exemplary economy.
GINTSBURG Ilya Yakovlevich (1859, Grodno - 1939, Leningrad), sculptor, genre painter, portrait painter, author of tombstones. In 1871 MM Antokolsky brought him to Petersburg, where G. became his student. In 1878–86 he studied at the Academy of Arts, from which he graduated with a gold medal for the sculpture "Lamentations of Jeremiah". Then a year improved in Paris and Rome at the expense of G.O. Gintsburg. One of the founders of Heb. Society for the Encouragement of Arts in Petrograd (1915-19). He worked in the style of Acad. naturalism. Main works: "A Boy Going to Swim" (1886), "In the Corner" (1901), sculptural penitentiaries by Leo Tolstoy, A.G. Rubinstein, Baron G.O.Gintsburg, L.O. Pasternak, tombstones MM Antokolsky, VV Stasov (1910), monument to DI Mendeleev in Leningrad (1929–32). Author of memoirs about the life of Jews in Russia "From my life" (1908). Sculptural works are in the State Russian Museum, PT, State Historical Museum, Leo Tolstoy Museum in Moscow.
GINTSBURG Iona Iosifovich (Osipovich) (1871, borough of Gusyatin, Kamenetsky district of Podolsk province - 1942, Tashkent), orientalist-Semitologist, Arabist and Hebraist, Ph.D. literary reference (1935). Got a trad. Heb. education. In 1889 he came to Odessa, where he passed exams for a gymnasium course as an external student. In 1901 he entered the Arab-Hebrew language. branch of Petersburg. un-that (enrolled in excess of 2% of the norm at the request of the professors who conducted the interview). In 1905 he graduated from un-t with a diploma of the 1st class, but because of the opposition of prof. P.K. Kokovtsov was not left at the un-those to prepare for prof. rank. In 1905–07 sec. reign of the Choral Synagogue in St. Petersburg and its Cemetery Administration. In 1908 he participated in the creation. Oriental studies courses bar. DG Gintsburg, in 1909-13 he taught the Talmud and the Arab. lang., participated in the reorganization of courses in 1916-17. In 1918–20 sec. Council of Hebrews. communities of Petrograd, in 1919 one of the founders of Heb. philanthropist, about-va and Heb. about-va of mutual assistance. In 1923 he participated in the creation. Petrogr. (Leningrad) Heb. religious community, was her secretary. before liquidation (1929). In 1920–24 - in Petrograd. in-those higher. Heb. knowledge (lectured on the Arab-Hebrew liter, taught Arabic). In 1927 he presented at Leningrad State University a work on the worldview of the Jews. Wed-century. rationalists, received the right to conduct scientific. works (in 1928–33 researcher at Leningrad State University). From 1934 in Leningrad. dep. The Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences carried out work on the description of the manuscripts of Heb. fund, published his "Overview" (in the book: "Bibliography of the East", v. 10, M.-L., 1936), prepared doc. dis, but did not have time to defend it in connection with the outbreak of war. Cit .: Arab, and Heb. Philosophy options. op. al-Mokammis (IX-X centuries), in the book: Notes of the College of Orientalists, vol. 1. L., 1930; Arab, medicine in production. Avicenna "Canon" and "Urjusa" according to Heb. manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences, in the book: Tr. 2nd session of the Arabist Association. M.-L., 1941.
GINTSBURG Joseph-Evzel Gabrielovich (Osip Gavrilovich) (1812, Vitebsk - 1878, Paris), banker, gold miner, philanthropist, public. activist, commerce advisor (1874). Received a traditional Heb. religious education. From 1833 - Vitebsk merchant of the 1st guild, from the end. 1850s - petersburg. merchant of the 1st guild. In 1840, together with his father, he took up wine farms in the Bessarabian region, Kiev and Volyn provinces, quickly became rich. In 1849 he was awarded the title of offspring. och. citizen. During the Crimean War of 1853–56, he held a wine farm in besieged Sevastopol. In 1854 and 1856 he was awarded with evil. medals "For diligence" for wearing on the Vladimir and Andrew ribbons. In 1859 he founded in St. Petersburg the banking house "IE Gintsburg" (the largest in Russia) with a branch in Paris, together with his son GO Gintsburg participated in the establishment of a number of commercial. banks., acts. about-in, insurance business, etc., owned kr. estates and sugar beet factories in Kiev, Podolsk and Tavricheskaya lips, was a co-founder and co-owner of three gold mines. companies in Vost. Siberia and ac. About-va of the chain shipping company on the river. Sheksne, subsidized the railway. building and other events pr-va, participated in the placement of the growing. and foreign state loans, was closely related to many. Western-European finance. and banking professionals. Since the 1860s. actively participated in the movement for the equality of Jews in Russia, using connections in the gov. circles of Russia, managed to achieve the right for certain categories of Jews to reside outside the "Pale of Settlement", the founder and the first before. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (1863), in tech. pl. years headed by Heb. community of St. Petersburg, obtained permission to build the Choral Synagogue in St. Petersburg. In 1874 he received from the chief. Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt baronial title. Part of the income from his estates in southern Russia bequeathed to the creation. Heb. s.-kh. settlements.
GINZBURG Leone (1909, Odessa - 1944, Rome), literary critic and publicist. In 1914 he arrived with his parents in Italy, studied in Turin. In 1932-33 he taught Russian. literature in Turin un-those, from where he was fired for anti-fascist, convictions. He became close to an underground anti-fascist, the Justice and Freedom group. Arrested in 1934, he was imprisoned for 2 years. After his release, he founded, together with J. Einaudi, the publishing house "Einaudi", which produced works. Russian lit-ry. In 1940 he was exiled to the province of Akuila, where he continued to deal with the affairs of the publishing house and worked on a book about I.S.Turgenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolst, M.Gorky ("Russian Writers", 1948). After the fall of the Mussolini regime (July 1943), Grigory was one of the founders of the Party of Action, which united the anti-fascist and the intelligentsia. During it. occupation was edited by the underground organ of this party - gas. "Italy Liberal". 20 nov. 1943 was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo in Rome. Regina Chöley prison.
GINTSBURG Mordkhe Aron (1795, Salanty Telshevsky u. Koven province. - 1846, Vilna), historian, teacher, writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied other Heb. lang. Until 1835 he earned his living by tutoring, was a melamed, translator in it. lang. In 1829 he settled in Vilna. In 1841, together with the poet S. Zalkind, he founded a Jewish school, which he directed as a director. until the end of life. He was one of the leading representatives of the Haskala Vilna, although he held moderate views, being in opposition to the Radik. change. G. considered the practical commandments under the influence of M. Mendelssohn as social prescriptions in favor of the Hebrews. communities. He was an opponent of both the extremism of the Orthodox and supporters of the secular school. In 1844 and 1862 publ. anthology of letters, essays and short stories "Debir" (2 volumes), including letters to JV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Berne. The book talked about the abandoned Jews. communities in Arabs, countries, China and Ethiopia, awakened in readers a sense of love for E.-I. and influenced A. Mapu and K. Shulman. In 1935, G. published Toldos Bnei ha-Adam, a translation of part of Palitz's general history. An autobiography written by G. in 1864, opened int. world of Heb. child and criticized the education system in heders. As a stylist, G. was significantly superior to his contemporaries. For the sake of accuracy, he turned to language. Mishnas, introducing phrases from the Talmud and neologisms, pl. of which have become generally accepted.
GINTSBURG Niko (1882, Riga - |), lawyer and criminologist. G.'s family moved to Belgium when he was a child. Since 1923, a teacher of law at the University of Ghent, where he later became the first prof. a Jew. In 1937 he founded the Institute of Criminology, headed it until 1952 (except for the period of the 2nd World War, when he was seconded to the Belgian embassy in Washington). In 1953–56 prof. rights in the University of Jakarta (Indonesia). G.'s work on criminal law and criminology brought him international. confession. Ch. about-va Flemish. lawyers, defender of fl-mand. lang. Founder and President Centre. to-that to improve the life of Jews in Antwerp. Participant of the first plenary sessions of the World Heb. Congr. in 1936, before. Council of Hebrews. org-tions (1947-50).
GINZAI Amnon (Anatoly Mikhailovich Gazov-Ginsberg) (1929, Novosibirsk - 1995, Tel Aviv), Hebraist. Graduated from the Faculty of drainage studies at Leningrad State University. He worked in Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1975 in Israel. One of Art. ed. “Brief Heb. encyclopedia ”(in Russian), published in Jerusalem. Participated in the creation of Russian-Hebrew and Hebrew-Russian. "Sov.r. dictionary "ed. Dr. I. Guri. Engaged in translations. Cit .: Was the language pictorial in its origins |: (Evidence of a presemite stock of roots), M., 1965; Symbolism of the presemite inflection, M., 1974; Golden Chameleons, Tel Aviv, 1986.
GINSBERG Alexander Semenovich (1870, Vilna - 1937, Leningrad), chemist, pharmacist, professor (1918). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1894). Since 1895 assistant at the Department of the Warsaw Veterinary Institute, in 1898-1930 at the Department of Pharmaceuticals. chemistry and pharmacognosy Petersburg. wives honey. in-that. In 1919 he organized and headed the chemical-pharmaceutical department. Institute in Petrograd, since 1930 in Botanich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences and simultaneously. (1933-37) prof. 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that and head. chem. lab. branch in-that experiment. medicine, since 1937 prof. organic chemistry at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute of Science. tr. G. dedicated organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry, incl. the structure of terpenes and their derivatives. He proposed a method for determining the amount of essential oil in ethers (1936). Works: Course of pharmaceutical chemistry, Moscow, 1915 (2nd ed.); A brief outline of the foundations of stereochemistry, L., 1930 (2nd ed.); Course in organic chemistry, L.-M., 1933.
GINZBURG (Osetrov) Anton Giliarovich (b. 1930, Moscow), pianist and ensemble player. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. conc. by class fp. from G.G. Neuhaus. In 1953–58 he worked as an accompanist. Since 1958, soloist Vses. state conc. association, since 1965 - Mosconcert. Laureate of the International. pianists' competition B. Smetany (1st Ave. together with A. Skavronsky, Prague, 1957). He performed in an ensemble with S.T.Rikhter, N.L. Dorliak, I.F. Oistrakh, since 1969 with D.B.Shafran, M.E. Khomitser. Since 1954 he has toured abroad. The repertoire of Op. W.A. Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. List, J. Brahms, R. Schumann, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. S. Prokofiev. The performance is characterized by sound expressiveness and musicality.
GINZBURG Abram Moiseevich (part ps .: Shleimke, Andrey, Grigory, Efim, Naum; lit. ps: G. Naumov, Velox) (1878, Vitebsk province - after 1931), polit. activist, economist, publicist. From ser. 1890s led a roar. propaganda in Heb. working circles. Since 1897, members Vitebsk to-that social-d. In 1897–99 he studied at Kharkov University. Since 1899, members Dvinsky to-that Bund, from the end. 1899 - Yekaterinoslavsky committee of the RSDLP; in 1900–02 in fact. hands. gas. "Southern worker". In Jan. 1902 elected member. Central Committee of the Union of southern to-tos and organizations of the RSDLP On Feb. 1902 arrested, in 1903 exiled to adm. order in Vost. Siberia. In the beginning. 1905 fled. In the 1st floor. 1906 members Mosk., Then the Riga committee of the RSDLP, joined the Mensheviks. In 1906-10 one of the hands. the metalworkers' union and member. Centre. bureau of trade unions. One of the creators and post. sotr. Menshevik. g. Our Dawn. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled to Vitebsk. In 1911 he passed the exams for the course in law. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. From the beginning. 1912 lived in Kiev, sotr. gas. "Kievskaya Mysl", studied the situation of workers, according to the results of their research. published the book. "The Budgets of the Workers of Kiev" (1913). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kiev committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), member. Of the Executive Committee of the Kiev Council of Workers' Dep., Vowel Hor. thoughts and comrade. (deputy) mountains. heads. By oct. the coup of 1917 reacted sharply negatively, viewed it as the result of "anarchy" in the country. After the approval of the Sov. authorities in Kiev from polit, activities departed, worked in cooperatives, Gubsovnarkhoz, Gub-plan and other institutions, released the book. "History of Socialism and the Labor Movement" (K, 1920). Since 1922 in Moscow in the apparatus of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. At the same time. in 1923–30 he taught at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va them. GV Plekhanov (prof. And head of the department of economics of industry), based on the materials of lectures published the course "Economics of industry" (parts 1–2, 1925–27). Since 1928, deputy. prev. collegiums of planning and economic. management and head. the conjuncture bureau of VSNKh. Since 1929, deputy. prev. Inst. Prom.-economic. research at VSNKh. Participated in the development of the first long-term plans for the development of the industry, was a member. Grew up. associations of institutes of societies, sciences (RANION). Arrested in 1930, in March 1931 sentenced to 10 years in prison. Cit .: Introduction to the study of economic. science, M., 1923; The problem of capital in the Sov. prom-sti, M., 1925; Essays prom. economics, M.-L., 1930; The initial steps of the Vitebsk workers' movement, in the book: Rev. movement among Jews, Sat. 1. M., 1930.
GINZBURG Alexander Osipovich (1916, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1973, Tashkent), director. Graduated from the directing department of GITIS (1939, student of V.G. Sakhnovsky). In 1939–42 he worked at the Tbilisi Rus. Youth Theater, where he staged performances: "Romantics" by E. Rostan, "Poverty is not a vice" by A. Ostrovsky, "Fairy Tale" by M. Svetlov (with G. Tovstonogov). In 1940 he began teaching, organized a studio at the Tbilisi Youth Theater. In 1943-45 he worked in the Chelyabinsk drama, t-re them. S.M. Tsvilling, staged the plays “Oleko Dundich” by M.A.Kats and AG Rzheshevsky, “12 months” by S.Ya. Marshak, taught an actor's skill course in the studio at the Chelyabinsk Theater. In 1945–48 Ch. dir. Tashkent Russian Youth Theater, (director of "Tale of Truth" MI Aliger), in 1948-51 T-ra Sov. Army of the Turkestan military. district where he put the "Young Guard" on his own. dramatization of the novel by AA Fadeev and others. In 1951–58 and 1960–65, Ch. dir. Uzbek t-ra drama them. Hamza, post. performances "The Bourgeoisie" by M. Gorky (1951), "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol (1952), "Silk Suzane" by A. Kahkhara (with A. Khodjaev, 1952), "The Legend of Love" by N. Hikmst ( 1953), "The Daughter of the Ganges" (own staging of R. Tagore's novel "Crash", 1956), etc. In 1958–60 Ch. dir. Tashkent Russian t-ra drama them. M. Gorky, director of the performances "Typhoon" by Cao Yu (1957), "The Story of an Empty Soul" (1958, based on the novel by M. Gorky "The Life of Klim Samgin"), "The Dragon and the Sun" on his own. play (1958), "Irkutsk history" A. N. Arbuzov (1960). In 1967–70 he worked in Moscow at the Theater im. Lenin Komsomol, where he staged "The End of the Khitrov Market" (based on the novel by AA Bezuglov and YM Klarov) and "Farewell to Arms" (based on the novel by E. Hemingway, both in his own staging). In 1971–73, he again headed the Tr. Hamzy in Tashkent. In 1940 he began teaching, organized a studio at the Tbilisi Youth Theater, taught a course in acting at the Tashkent Theater, in-those (1945–65), in Muz. uch-shche them. Gnesins (Moscow) at the department. actors of muses. t-ditch (1968–70). Nar. art. Uzbek. SSR (1959).
GINZBURG Boris (Berko) Abramovich (party ps. - Koltsov) (1863, Mogilev District and Gubernia - 1920, Ufa), polit. activist, publicist. He graduated from the government in Chisinau (1883). In 1883-87 he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those (on natural, then on juridical f-takh). Student student movement, from the beginning. 1886 members (by the end of the year - fac-tic manager) Center. petersburg. gr. "Narodnaya Volya", kept in touch with gr. AI Ulyanova (the so-called Terrorist faction of "People's Will") and the Social-Democratic gr. Blagoeva, evolved ideologically from Narodnaya Volya to Marxism. In the spring of 1887 he was arrested and exiled to Bessarabia, the founder of the first Marxist circles in the region. In 1893 he emigrated to Switzerland, became close to the member. gr. "Emancipation of Labor" (G.V. Plekhanov and others). In 1895-98 sec. “Union of Rus. s.-d. abroad ”, one of the leading sotr. s.-d. g. "Worker". In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s participated in the creation. org-tion "Social Democrat" (was her secretary). One of the organizers of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), at which he joined the Mensheviks. In 1904–05 one of the leading sotr. gas. Iskra and Zh. "Social Democrat", in 1905 before. Vseros. conf. Mensheviks in Geneva. After Oct. 1905 returned to Russia, sotr. all Mensheviks. periodic. ed., almanacs and collections of 1905-07, as an expert participated in the work of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 2nd State. thought, one of the organizers and leaders prof. movement, ch. ed. g. “Prof. messenger ", supporter of the creation. legal Social-Democrats party. Since 1908 in Baku, the leader of the local Menshevik organization, was repeatedly arrested. In 1911-14 members. edition of gas. Luch (name changed), in 1913-14. "Nasha Zarya", participated in the publication of the multivolume work "Societies, Movement in Russia in the beginning. XX century. " From Jan. 1915 in exile in Astrakhan. Into the 1st world. war one of the leaders and ideologists of "defencism" in the RSDLP. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd. head dep. labor Petrograd. council of workers' dep., then - Commissar of Labor of Petrograd and Petrograd. lips., from June 1917 member. Vseros. center, council of trade unions (Petrograd). Oct he met the revolution with hostility, opposed agreements with the Bolsheviks, but soon from polit. activity has moved away. In 1918-1919 he worked in Petrosoyuz, from 1919 head. ist.-rev. archive in Ufa. Works: Workers in 1890-1904, in the book: Society. movement in Russia at the beginning. XX century, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1909; Workers in 1905 1907, ibid., Vol. 2, part 1, St. Petersburg, 1910.
GINZBURG Evgenia Semyonovna (1906, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Memoirist. Graduated from the department of history of the Kazan East-ped. in-that and in 1925-30 assistant of the department of methods of teaching history in the same place. She taught party history at Techn. in-those at the Kazan soap-making plant. Since 1933 she worked at the Department of the History of Leninism of the Kazan State. University (since 1936 - Assoc., Head of the Department). At the same time. in 1934-37 head. dep. culture and gas consultant. "Red Tataria". In 1938 she was arrested on charges of "Trotskyist activities", sentenced to 10 years in prison, confiscation of property and 5 years of disqualification. She spent 18 years in prisons, camps and exile. In 1955 she was rehabilitated "for lack of corpus delicti." After her release, she wrote the book. "A steep route: Chronicle of the times of the cult of personality" (published in Italy in 1967, in the USSR - in 1985–86), trans. plural lang. and released in several. dozens of ed. Heb. theme in the works of G. sounds only in verse. “And again, like gray-haired Jews ...” G.'s son is the writer V.P. Aksenov.
GINZBURG Evsey Matveevich (1895, Smolensk - 1985, Moscow), therapist. In 1914 he graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium, in 1919 - honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1921 he served in the Kr. Army, then worked in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. Since 1924 - at the Department of Internal Diseases of the 1st Moscow State University (then the 1st Moscow Medical Institute). In 1935–41 he was the head of a therapist. clinic of the All-Union Institute of Experiment, Medicine (VIEM). During the Soviet-Fin. wars - ch. consultant-therapist Leningr. military. district, during the war 1941–45 ch. therapist of the Reserve and then Kalinin fronts; from 1943 - Ch. therapist of the border troops and Center, NKVD hospital of the USSR; in 1944-50 - Ch. fighter aircraft air defense therapist. From 1957 - before. Vses. about-va of endocrinologists. Sci. tr. G. are devoted to the clinic and treatment of Graves' disease, peptic ulcer, pneumonia and hypertension; one of the first in the USSR to use oxygen treatment. Cit .: Endocrinogenous arthropathies, M., 1933.
GINZBURG Grigory Romanovich (1904, Nizhny Novgorod - 1961, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Moose. G.'s talent manifested itself early; from the age of 6 he studied with A.A. Goldenveiser, from the age of 11 - with A.B. Goldenveiser (including in musical and theoretical disciplines). In 1916 he entered Moscow. cons. He graduated from it with a gold medal, in 1928 - graduate school (also with A.B. Goldenweiser). He has performed since 1922 (performed with Persimfans - "The First Symph. Ensemble without Conductor", F. Liszt's concert). Since 1923 he has toured, incl. abroad, where he was nicknamed "Sov. Petri ". His repertoire was huge, he included works. fatherlands. and foreign. classics. G. was called “the great master of the older generation of owls. pianists ". His programs often featured rarely performed Op. own. php. transcriptions. From 1924 he taught at the Mus. technical school them. AN Skryabin, in 1929-59 in Moscow. cons. (from 1935 prof.), in the 50s. taught a class at the Gorky cons. Among the students: G.B.Akselrod, S.L.Dorensky, A.G. Skavronsky, M.Z.Pollak. From 1935 to 1937 he headed the performing section of the USSR Investigative Committee. He acted as a musician. critic. 4th ave. 1st Intern. pianists' competition Chopin in Warsaw (1927). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1946). Became. pr. (1949).
GINZBURG Iekutiel (1889, Lipniki of Ovruch u. Volyn province. - 1957, New York), mathematician, writer. Brother of Simon and Pesach of the Ginzburgs. In the USA since 1912. He studied at Columbus. un-those, taught mathematics in Ped. college of the same university. Since 1930 prof. and head. dep. mathematics Heb. college. In 1932 he founded the period, ed. “Mat. notes ", ed. “Library of ma-themes. notes "and et al. with DE Smith "History of Mathematics in America before 1900" (1936). His feuilletons in Hebrew appeared in "Ha-Doar" under ps. J.L. Gogh. Art. on the role of Jews in the development of mathematics are collected in Sat. "Selected Stories" (1960), which also includes his biography and a list of scientific. or T. works.
GINZBURG Ilya Isakovich (1882, Moscow - 1965, ibid.), Geochemist and mineralogist, Ph.D. geological mineral. Sciences (1943), professor. Graduated from the Kiev gymnasium. In 1902-04 he studied at the Freiberg forge. academies in Germany. In 1906 he entered St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. In 1913 he was left at the Institute for 2 years to prepare for prof. rank. He worked there until 1918. In 1918-22 in Kiev, he took part in the organization of the Ukrainian. Geol. to-that. In 1922–25 in the Sov. trade mission in Berlin, studied the state of the world. miner, commodity market. Since 1925 in Leningrad in the Commission for the Study of Produce, the forces of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (headed by VI Vernadsky) and at the same time. in Geol. to-those in the ore department. (since 1928). In 1929–34 in the Ukhta region he studied mineral waters (conditions of their occurrence, genesis and industrial significance), proposed to establish the extraction of asphalt (gilsonite) at Izhma and conducted prospecting for helium. Since 1934 in the Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Crystallography named after MV Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1936 head of the group for the study of other weathering crust, later - head of the laboratory of weathering processes). In 1956–63 head. dep. exogenous ore deposits Ying-that geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main works related to mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of other weathering crust of the Urals. Research main laws governing mineral formation in the hypergenesis zone. Proposed methods of geochem. search for ores col. and rare metals, was the first to prove the hyperogenic origin of primary kaolins. pr. (1946). Honored. Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1957). Works: Dr. weathering crust on ultrabasic rocks. 4.1–2, M., 1946–47; Experience in developing the foundations of geochem. methods of prospecting for ores tsv. and rare metals, M., 1957.
GINZBURG Christian David (1831, Warsaw - 1914, Middlesex, England), philologist, historian, bibliologist. After moving to England, he devoted himself entirely to research. masoretic. TANAKH texts. "Masora" is his outstanding work. in 4 vols. (1880-1905). G. collected a rich and extremely rare material. Publ. two stereotypical ed. TANAKH in Hebrew (1894, 1911), based on the same studies. In the "Introduction to Masoro-critical. publication of the Bible in Hebrew ”(1897, reprinted 1966) and in other works he explained his system. In 1904, in connection with the centenary of the British Bible Society, G. was instructed to prepare for publ. critically revised new Hebrew. bibl. text, which was completed in 1926. G. prepared and published the "Pentateuch" (1908), "Isaiah" (1909), "Books of the Prophets" (1911) and "Psalms" (1913). G. also owns the comm. to her ”(1857),“ Ecclesiastes ”(1861),“ Levitus ”(1882), iss. "Karaites, their history and literature" (1862), "Cabal, its doctrines, development and literature" (1863, 1920) and others. spent years of his life in Middlesex. His collection of manuscripts is owned by the British Bible. about.
GINZBURG Leo Moricevich (1901, Warsaw - 1979, Moscow), conductor, theoretician, pianist. From 1916 he played percussion instruments, French horn, cello in the orc. Nizhny Novgorod Union Orc. musicians; studied to play the clarinet. His creative interests were versatile: in 1922 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School with a diploma in chemistry. He graduated in 1919 Nizhny Novgorod muses. uch-shche (in the class of fp. from N. Poluektova). In 1928 he graduated from the conductor's faculty of Moscow. cons. Conducting class (first N.A. Malko, then K.S. Saradzhev and N.S. Golovanov; studied music theory with G.L. Catoire, G.E. Konius, B.L. Yavorsky), then assistant NS Golovanov. In 1929–31 he was sent to Germany to further improve his conducting skills; Graduated from the Department of Radio and Acoustics of the Berlin University. muses. schools (diploma in acoustics engineer); completed the conductor's course of G. Scherchen (1930–31), was an assistant to O. Klemperer, trained with L. Blech. Since 1932 conductor orc. Vses. radio. He performed in Moscow, Leningrad and others. fatherlands. and foreign classics, was the first performer of a number of Op. owls. composers, incl. 13th and 15th symphony. N.Ya. Myaskovsky. His performance was distinguished by a deep penetration into the author's intention, harmony of form, impeccable rhythm. In the 1930s. organized symph. orchestras in Minsk and Stalingrad, after 1945 - in Baku and Khabarovsk. 1940–41 - conductor of the State. symph. orc. USSR, 1944–45 participated in the creation and organization of the Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater; 1945 48 - ch. conductor Gos. symph. orc. AzSSR named after U. Hajibeyova; 1950–54 headed by Moscow. region orchestra. In 1930-43 and from 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. (from 1939 - prof., 1940–43 and 1956–61 - head of the department of conducting). Among the students: A. L. Stasevich, V. P. Dubrovsky, K. K. Ivanov, D. G. Kitaenko, V. M. Esipov, P. L. Kogan, F. Sh. Mansurov, V. I. Fedoseev , V. B. Dudarova, K. D. Abdullaev, A. N. Lazarev, I.B. Gusman. There was a muses. corr. a number of fatherlands, muses. g. He worked in the region. theories of performance. Author of a number of articles (including "On the way to theory" in the collection "Conductor performance", Moscow, 1975). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1966).
GINZBURG Lev Solomonovich (1907, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), musicologist, cellist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1947). In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1937 - graduate school in cello class S.M. Kozolupov. From 1923 to 1943 he worked for an orc. Has performed as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1932-35 he taught at the music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons., in 1936–69 in Moscow. cons. taught a cello class, since 1939 - also courses in history and theory of bow art, teaching methods (since 1950 prof.). Fundamental Tr. G. - "The history of cello art", ML, 1950, 1957; M., 1965), in it for the first time in Russian. lang. the history of Western Europe is systematically presented. and Russian. cello art. Among the many. G.'s works - "K.Yu.Davydov" (M.-L., 1950), "P.Kazals" (M., 1958, 2nd ed. 1966), "E. Izai" (M., 1959 ), "M. Rostropovich" (M., 1962), "J. Lartini" (M., 1969), "A.A. Brandukov" (M.-L., 1951), "F. Laub" (M. .-L., 1951), “On the work on the music. product ”(Moscow, 1953; 4th ed. 1981; book translated into Bulgarian, Czech and German) and others; will enter, Art. and commentaries to the book: BA Struve "Ways of the initial development of young violinists and cellists" (Moscow, 2nd ed., 1952), H.M. Corredor "Conversations with Pablo Casals" (L., 1960) , J. Szigeti "Memoirs: Notes of a Violinist" (translated from German; M., 1969), as well as numerous. articles in Sat. on questions of music and performing arts. G. belongs (with S.M. Kozolupov) ed. “Schools for cello” by K.Yu.Davydov (1947), many transcriptions for cello.
GINZBURG Lev Vladimirovich (1921, Moscow - 1980, ibid.), Poet, translator, publicist. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from philologist, Faculty of Moscow State University. Lomonosov. Per. with him. manuf. IV Goethe, F. Schiller, G. Heine, I. Becher and others. The author of the book. per. "German Folk Ballads" (1959), which included productions. German poets of the Thirty Years' War (A. Grifius, M. Opitsa, etc.). G. belong to the publicist. book "Pied Piper's Pipe" (Moscow, 1960), "The Price of Ash" (Moscow, 1961), "Abyss" (Moscow, 1966) and others, which recreate pictures of the past war and expose the crimes of Nazi criminals. I ate, manuf. G., publ. see, - autobiographical. rom.-essay "Only my heart was broken ..." (Moscow, 1983), in which the author's life appears in interpenetration with him. culture and its tragedy.
GINZBURG Lidia Yakovlevna (1902, Odessa - 1990, Leningrad), literary critic, lit. critic, prose writer. Dr. philological sciences. Graduated from verbal. Faculty of Art History of Art in Leningrad (1926). In tech. pl. years she taught at universities. During the war years 1941–45, during the siege of Leningrad she worked in the radio committee. Published since 1926. Main. scientific. interests - rus. liter 19 - early. 20th century, psychological. prose. The book became widely known. G., dedicated. Russian poetry: "On the lyrics" (1964; 1974), "On the old and the new" (1982). G.'s diary entries, as well as her recollection. about lit. life 20-50-ies. and the days of the blockade open a new facet of her work - intellectual prose - "Notes of a blockade man", 1984; "The Man at the Desk", 1987; "The Transformation of Experience", 1991. Among other works. G. can be distinguished by the book: "On psychological prose" (1971), "On a literary hero" (1979), "Literature in search of reality" (1987).
GINZBURG Moisey Yakovlevich (1882, Minsk - 1946, Moscow), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. One of the founders and theorists of Soviet constructivism. The son of arch. In 1914 he graduated from the Academy of Arts in Milan, where he received a diploma of an architect-artist, as well as an architect. branch of the Riga Polytechnic. Institute in Moscow (1917). From 1921 he lived and worked in Moscow. Prof. Moscow higher. those. uch-schcha, then VKHUTEMAS. In 1923 he published the first theoretical. the work "Rhythm in Architecture", and in 1924 - "Style and Era", translated into plural. languages. Joint. with br. Vesnins in 1925 organized the Society of sovr. architects (OCA), which proclaimed the ideas of constructivism. He took part in many competitions in the 1920s and 1930s, paying special attention to the design of the dwelling. Supervised a large creative team specializing in the design of residential buildings and complexes, summarized the experience in the book. "Home" (1934). Main architect. works: a dwelling house for workers of the People's Commissariat of Finance on Novinsky Boulevard in Moscow (1928-30), a house for workers of savings banks in Moscow (1926), a sanatorium in Kislovodsk (1935-37, head of the team), a large planning project for the South Coast of Crimea (not implemented. ).
GINZBURG Natan (Anatoly} Ilyich (1917, Petrograd - 1984, Moscow), mineralogist and geochemist, specialist in geology of rare metal deposits Doctor of Mineralogical Sciences (1955), professor Graduated from Geological Prospecting Institute (1940). In 1941–45 - in French.After the war, he began to work at the All-Union Institute of Mineral Raw Materials, where he organized the Department of Mineralogy and was its first head. , in particular, developed the foundations for the intensification of the use of mineral raw materials, developed the doctrine of topomorphism and minerals-indicators of mineralization, laid the foundations for the mineralogy of new types of mineral raw materials, identified new sources of raw materials for rare metals (carbonatites, feldspar metasomatites, rare-metal granitoids, etc.). 300 scientific works, including about 10 monographs Steel pr. (1946), State pr. (1956) GINZBURG Passover (1894, Lipniki, Volyn province - 1947, Israel), writer, journalist. Brother of S. Ginzburg. Studied in Odessa. Eme lived in the USA (1913–18), England, Canada and Scandal. countries, from 1922 in E.-I. (1922). Published several. gas, decomp. g. and in tech. 20 years was a night editor. "Haaretz". His plays, short stories and art. appeared in Hebrew. press, some of them were published in separate brochures: "Regina Ashkenazi" (1919), "Sippur Eretz Israeli" (1945) and others. Many translations, mainly. manuf. scandal. and English. writers.
GINZBURG Semyon Lvovich (b. 1901, Kiev - 1978, Leningrad), musicologist-historian, musician. writer. He studied cello at the Baku muses. uch-shche; in 1918-23 he became a historical philologist. f-those Petrograd. un-that. He graduated from the Institute of History of Art, where he studied history and theory of music with BV Asafiev (1922), SK Bulich and VG Karatygin (1919-23), at the same time. graduated from Petrograd. un-t (Faculty of Societies, Sciences), at the same time he studied cello and viola da gamba with Yu.G. van Oren and playing in the chamber ans. A.K. Glazunov. He taught in music. schools and schools (1919-28), institute of stage arts (1924-28). He was a scientist. sotr. Institute of History of Art (1922-30). From 1925 he taught the theory and history of music at Leningrad. horse, (since 1935 prof.). Assoc. Leningrad. university (1927-30), head. department of muses. culture and technology State. Hermitage Museum (1932–35), Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of t-ra and music (1938–40 and 1946 48). From the beginning. 20s collaborated in a number of gas. and f., incl. "Red gas.", "Leningrad. truth "," Izvestia "," Sov. art ". Being a member. Association of modern music (which promoted new - so-called left music), was published in the collection. "New Music", "Muz. chronicle ", f. "Modern. music". In the end. 40s persecuted for cosmopolitanism. Was ed. pl. scientific. Sat. (including "History of Russian music in musical notation" (issues 1-3, M.-L., 1940-52; 2nd ed. 1968-69). G. owns works on musical ethnography : "Basic questions of studying musical instruments of Indians of South America" ​​(in the collection "Muzykoznanie", issue IV, L., 1928); instrumental studies, problems of French, as well as Uzbek music. music school "Music literature of the peoples of the USSR" (Leningrad, 1963, 2nd ed. 1970) and many others.
GINZBURG Semyon Sergeevich (1907, Kiev - 1974, Moscow), film historian, film critic. Doctor of Art History (1964). He worked as a journalist in provincial. press, then in the train. "Soviet Screen", "Proletarian Cinema", "Soviet Cinema", "Cinema Art". In 1939 he graduated from VGIK, head. dep. into gas. "Sov. culture ". In 1950–53 - Art. ed. k / st "Soyuzmultfilm", then scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Art in Moscow. Author of the first foundation, works on the history and theory of the cartoon. cinema, as well as pre-revolutionary cinema. Russia. In 1946–66 - taught at VGIK. Works: Drawn and Puppet Film, M., 1957; Cinematography of pre-revolutionary Russia, M., 1963; Essays on the theory of cinema, M., 1974.
GINZBURG Semyon Zakharovich (1897, Minsk - 1993, Moscow), civil engineer, state. activist. Since 1917, member. RCP (b). He took an active part in the revolution. events. From 1917 he worked in inform. dep. Moscow region advice. In 1918–20 in Kr. Army. Graduated in 1927 from engineering-construction. Faculty of Moscow higher. tech. school, then postgraduate studies there. From 1929 he worked in the Central Control Commission-RCI, the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR and other organizations. In 1937–38, deputy. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR. In 1938–39 before. Committee for construction under the USSR Council of People's Commissars. In 1939–46, the People's Commissar for the construction of the USSR. In 1946-47 min. building military. and naval. enterprises of the USSR, in 1947 - 50 min. industry of building materials. In 1950-70 Deputy. min. a number of mines, deputy. prev. Gosstroy of the USSR, before. Board of the Stroybank of the USSR. In 1941–45, he supervised the construction of defense facilities and the commissioning of an evacuator. enterprises, then the restoration of bunks. x-va in the liberated areas. Dep. USSR Armed Forces in 1937–50. Vol .: On the Past - for the Future, Moscow, 1983.
GINZBURG Shole (Saul) Moiseevich (1866, Minsk - 1940, New York), publicist, historian of literature. Rod. in a rich merchant. family. Got a traditional one. Heb. education, graduated from Mrs. To the gymnasium. years published articles in the gas. "Ga-Magid". Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1891), from 1892 collaborated in the train. "Sunrise". Took part in the Hovevei Zion movement. In 1897 he settled in St. Petersburg, led a post at Voskhod. the heading “Review, Heb. press ”, published in it a number of works:“ Forgotten Epoch ”(1896, about the first Russian-Hebrew organ“ Dawn ”), articles about I.-B. Levinzon, P. Smolenskin, A. Maru, about Hasidism. In 1901, together with P. Marek, he published the first Hebrew. folklore collection "Yiddish Folksleader in Rusland" ("Hebrew folk songs in Russia"), in which the texts were printed in parallel to the Heb. and lat. letters. In Jan. 1903 G., together with S. Rapoport, founded the first Hebrew in Russia. daily gas. "Der Freind", managed to unite the best literature around her. forces (circulation 50–80 thousand copies). In 1905–08, G. published every month. g. on literature, science and societies. questions of "Dos Lebn". In 1908, leaving publishing. activity, took up the study of the history of culture grew up. Jewry. Author of the monograph “Jews in the Fatherland. war of 1812 "(1913), collection of works. "The Past: Essays on the History of Jews in Russia" (1923), in 1915–21 one of the revisions. multivolume "History of Heb. people ". In 1922-28 ed. Russian-Hebrew historical-scientific collection of books "Evr. thought "and" Heb. messenger "(both in Petrograd). In the 1920s. prof. Heb. stories in Ying-those Heb. knowledge in Petrograd. In 1930 he emigrated to the USA, from 1933 he worked in gas. Forverts, has published a number of studies on the history of Hebrews. literature and culture, among which - “Ist. works "(v. 1-3, 1937-38)," Bygone St. Petersburg "(1944)," Jews-baptized in Tsarist Russia "(1946).
GINZBURG Simon (1890, Lipniki of Ovruch u. Volyn province - 1944), poet, lit. critic. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Your first. poem publ. in 1910 in "Ha-Shiloakh". Since 1912 in the USA. Studied at Columbus. un-those, received his doctorate from the College of Dropsay in 1923. In 1933 he left for E.-I., but shortly before the beginning. 2nd world. war returned to the United States as an emissary of the Hebrew Association. writers. The author is numerous. publications in Hebrew. Strong influence on content and language. manuf. G. had the creativity of H.-N. Bialik, to whom he dedicated his book. "Songs and Poems" (1931). Besides the bibliography of M.-H. Luzzato (1935), ed. in English. lang., G. publ. three of his plays with criticism. notes, as well as his poetry - "The Book of Poems" (1944–45) and letters - "R. Moshe Chaim Luzzato and his contemporaries" (1936). Lit.-critical Art. G. collected in the book. "Captured by the Literature" (1945). Per. in Hebrew by A. Tennison, T. Goode, J. G. Byron, E. Poe and others.
GINZBURG Vitaly Arkadievich (b. 1938, Konstantinovka, Stalin region), glass artist. In 1955-60 he studied at the Lviv Polytechnic. in-those (special glass technology). In 1961 he began to work at the Lvov plant. glass, in the same year begins to participate in thin. exhibitions, incl. international, in 1989 a personal exhibition took place in Lviv. One of the developers of technology for molding products from thin glass rods. In 1962 created. at the plant, the country's first workshop of small sculptors. forms from drots. Nar. thin Ukraine. Main works: a series of sculptures "Zoo", composition "Summer" (1974, glass tube), "Red Roses" (1975, colored crystal, diamond cutting), "Winter" (1976, crystal glass, faceting, gut technology), " Glass "(1982, colored crystal, hot-rolled tech.)," Fiery "," Wounded "(1988, colored glass, hot-rolled tech.), Galaxy series (1991, colored glass, hot-rolled tech.)," Flower of Ukraine "for the pavilion of the Ukrainian SSR in Zagreb (1990s). Works are in the State. Museum Nar. Isk-va in Kiev, Nat. Museum in Krakow, Poland, Museum of Ethnography in Lvov, Sumy and Odessa art. museums.
GINZBURG Vitaly Lazarevich (b. 1916, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966), ch. since 1953. Graduated from physics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1938) and postgraduate studies under him, defended by Cand. dissertation (1940). Enrolled in doctoral physics. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and defended his doctoral dissertation (1942). Since 1942 he has been working in the theoretical. department of this institute (since 1971 - head of the department). Prof. Gorky University (1945-1968), from 1968 - Moscow. physical and technical in-that. Author approx. 400 scientific. articles and approx. 10 monographs on theoretical. physics, radio astronomy and cosmic ray physics, incl. "Propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma" (1967), "Theoretical. physics and astrophysics "(1987)," On physics and astrophysics "(1992)," The origin of space. rays "(1963, jointly with SI Syrovatsky)," Transition radiation and transient scattering "(1984, jointly with VN Tsytovich) and others. Almost all books. G. translated into English. lang. Foreign member London. Royal Society (Great Britain), Nat. Academy of Sciences, Academy of Arts and Sciences (both USA), King. AN (Denmark), Indian. nat. AN, Europ. academies, etc. Became. pr. (1953), Len. etc. (1966). Nob. etc. (2003).
GINZBURG Vladimir Moiseevich (b. 1930, Moscow), architect, urban planner. Son of M.Ya. Ginzburg. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Head of the workshop in-that Mosproekt-1. Participant and laureate of pl. arch. contests. Main works: residential buildings in Tashkent (1970), an international telephone exchange in Moscow (1980), a water-health complex in Moscow (1988), a cinema center complex in Moscow (1989), a complex of buildings of the Humanitarian Academy in Moscow (1990), the Higher School of Police in Moscow (1992). State pr. UzSSR im. Hamza (1970), USSR Council of Ministers Prize (1982), State. pr. Russia (1992). Honored. arch. Russia (1992). Ch.-c. MAA (1992).
GINZBURG Wulf Veniaminovich (1904, Kursk - 1968, Leningrad), anatomist and anthropologist, professor (1949). In 1926 he graduated from the State. Institute of Medical Knowledge (GIMZ, later the 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute). For three years he served in Kr. Army regimental doctor. In 1929–39 he was an assistant at the Anatomy Department of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that and post-graduate student of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in anthropology; in 1937-59 he taught anatomy at the Military Medical. academy and simultaneously. worked in the Institute of Ethnography and Leningrad. un-those (1938–41). tr. G. dedicated decomp. problems of anthropology (including methods of racial analysis, correlation of race and constitution), anatomy (including lymphology), history of anatomy. One of the founders of ethnic and honey. anthropology in the USSR. Participated in the exp. on the study of the anthropology of Tajiks (1932–33) and other peoples Cf. Asia (1935–37). Cit .: Mountain Tajiks, Moscow, 1937; Dr. and modern anthropological types Cf. Asia, L., 1951; The lymphatic system of the lower limb of a person, L., 1959; Elements of Anthropology for Physicians, L., 1963.
GIREL Ida Moiseevna (1928, Moscow), artist, graphic artist, book designer. In 1945–51 she studied at Moscow. polygraph. in-those with VR Eiges and NF Usachev, in 1957–62 she studied in the studio of EM Belutin. Since 1957 he regularly participates in art. exhibitions, incl. abroad. Since 1951 draws up the book. for the publishing house "Moscow Worker", "Sov. Russia "(now" Russian book ")," Fiction "," Sov. writer ”and others. Took part in the type design of the cover for the anniversary. ed. g. "Sovetish gameland", illustrated book. Heb. writers A. Lizen, G. Remennik, H. Bader, D. Khaikina, E. Gordon. Created posters made using Hebrews only. font.
GIRKALNIS, a town in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Girtakol Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 168 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, 530 (81.7%) in 1897, 213 in 1923, and 27 Jewish families in 1939. G. were engaged in trade, crafts, with. x-vom. There was a synagogue. The rabbis of Georgia were Yehuda-Leib Oppenheim, Shmuel-Naftoli Epstein, from 1903 - Meir Stulevich, Itskhok-Aizik Broyde, from 1922 - Yakov-Moishe Lesin, Chaim-Itskhok Osovsky (? -1941). June 1941 all the Jews of Georgia (about 120 people) were gathered in 3 houses and kept there for several. weeks. 21 Aug 1941 Jews of Georgia, together with Jews from neighboring villages (about 1600 people) were shot. In the beginning. 1990s at the place of execution and on the territory. Jewish cemetery monuments are installed.
GIROVO, see Khirovo.
GIRSHBEIN Peretz (1880, Melnik Belsky u. Grodno province - 1948, Los Angeles), prose writer, playwright. The first plays Miriam (1904) and Slivers (1904) were written in Hebrew. The latter is revised and translated into Yiddish under the name. "Der intellectual". In 1906 he wrote the first play in Yiddish "Oif ener zayt taih" ("On the other side of the river"), later it was staged by Russian. tr in Odessa. Soon he became one of the most active creators of the modern era. Heb. dramas. Experienced the influence of M. Meterlinck and LN Andreev (the plays "Lonely Worlds" (1906); "Twilight" (1906), etc.), over time, G.'s drama becomes more realistic, truthfully describes the life of Hebrews. people in the plays "Di Neveile" ("Carrion", 1905), "Joel" (1908) and others. The plays "Einzame Welten" ("Lonely Worlds", 1906), "Di is empty krechme" ("Empty tavern ", 1912)," Green Felder "(" Green Fields ", 1923). In 1908 G. created a troupe of Jews in Odessa. actors (the so-called "Hirshbein's Group"), edges played a significant role in the history of Heb. t-ra. In addition to the plays of G. himself, the troupe successfully staged performances based on plays by I.-L. Peretz, Sh. Asch, D. Pinsky, and others. In 1911 G. left for the USA, where he collaborated in Hebrew. periodic. ed. In 1925 he undertook a long journey across the South. America, Asia, Europe, visited Russia (impressions are described in his book. "Royte Felder" ("Red Fields", 1935), devoted a number of essay books. To the description of Japan, China, India, E.-Y. Artistic autobiography of G. Meine Kinder Yorn (My Childhood Years, 1932) and Babylon (1942) paint a picture of Jewish life in Russia and America from the early 1880s to the 1930s.
GIRSHENZON, family of rabbis. They were among the first settlers during the revival of settlements in E.-I. in the 19th century Yakov Mordechai (1821, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1888, Jerusalem), rabbi and ch. yeshivas. He studied at yeshivas in Lithuania and Belarus, where he served as a rabbi in several. communities before emigration in 1848 in E.-I. Lived in Safed, 1864–88 - in Jerusalem. In both cities, he managed the affairs of yeshivas and was associated with the Yishuv revival movement in E.-I. Isaac G. (1845, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1896, London), rabbi and scholar, son of G. Studied in Safed, then in different ... yeshivah in the mountains. Europe. From 1888 - in Jerusalem, became the successor of his father in the management of yeshivas. Collaborated on the rights of responsible. ed. in the weekly. "Ha-tsvi". Conducted research. decomp. variants of the Talmud text based on old manuscripts. and published Art. on Talmudic. Topics. He also published tr. by research. manuscripts, including the later additions of Nissim Gerondi to the Megillah (1884). From 1896 - in London. Published religious. Zionist. weekly "Thiy-at Israel" (since 1896). Khaim G. (1857, Safed - 1935, New Jersey), rabbi, scientist, publisher, son of G. Since 1864 - in Jerusalem. He studied the Torah, was also a supporter of secular education, supporting El'ezer ben Yehuda in his efforts to revive spoken Hebrew, was one of the founders of the Sa-fa Brura (understandable language) society in Jerusalem. In 1885–89, ed. and a publisher every month. journal in ancient Hebrew for Heb. humanitarian education. In 1892–93, he, together with his wife Eve G. and brother Isaac G., founded Heb. gas. "Beit Ya'akov", supplement to the weekly. Ben-Yehuda "Ha-Tzvi". Since 1904 - in the USA. He was a rabbi of 4 communities in Hoboken, New Jersey. The author of the book. in Heb. subject matter, incl. “Ateret hakhamim (1874) on the connection of the views of the present. scholars and teachers of the law-scholars of Aggadah Talmudich. time: "Yamimmi-kedem" (1908) on biblical chronology; "Mal-hut ba-kodesh" (ch. 1-6, 1919-28) on the laws of the state to be observed in accordance with the Torah.
GIRSHFELD Isidor (1882, Riga - 1965) - dentist. Since 1890 in the USA. In 1916 he taught at the New York Dental Institute for advanced training. From 1915 to 1925 - director. the first periodontology clinic at New York ENT hospital. In 1924–34 and in 1927–34 he was director. similar clinics in Bet Israel and New York. In 1928, G. founded and headed the department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Columbia University. From 1929 to 1947 - a doctor at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, from 1941 - President. Amer. Academy of Periodontology. G. helped raise funds for the development of dentistry in Israel.
GIRSCHFELD Ludwik (1884, Warsaw - 1954), immunologist, microbiologist, acad. Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1907–11 he worked in Heidelberg, where in 1910 he worked together. with him. scientist E. von Dungern proved the heritability of blood groups. During the 1st world. war, while in the army in Serbia, discovered the causative agent of paratyphoid fever. Prof. (1924). During the occupation of Poland by the Germans, he was a prisoner of the Warsaw ghetto, from where he managed to escape. In 1945, he organized medical services in Wroclaw University. Faculty, where he became prof. microbiology. He created the Institute of immunology and experimental. therapy and Research. c. pathology of pregnancy. The author of the op. (in Polish): "The connection of the blood group with biology, medicine and law", 1934. Establishing Paternity in the Light of Blood Group Teachings, 1948.
GIRSHGORN Adam Yulievich (1829, Bausk, Kurland Gubernia - 1897, St. Petersburg), doctor, state. and societies. activist. From 1865 he served in Med. Department of Min-va int. cases. Since 1878, members Scientist to-that Min-va nar. education. In the 1880s. participated as an expert in the work of Vyssh. Commission for the revision of the laws on Jews. Author of a number of works on medicine.
GIRSHGORN Shmuel (1876, Slonim, Grodno province - 1942, Warsaw), writer and journalist. From 1889 he lived in Warsaw, where he graduated from the Polish Commerce. school. The rise of the Hebrews. nationalism awakened G.'s interest in the problems of Jews and their culture. Since 1903, after publ. his brochure "Vegn Zionism" ("Concerning Zionism"), devoted himself to societies, and lit. activities and became the leader of Polish Jews in the period between the two worlds. wars. In 1916, he participated in the creation of the Nar. party in Poland and as one of its members. was elected to the Warsaw municipality, in 1919 - dep. Polish Sejm. G. collaborated in many. Heb. periodic. ed. in polish. and in Yiddish, including Glos Zhidovski, Moriya, Erst Tagblat and Moment. His work on the history of Jews in Poland between 1788 and 1914 was published. in Warsaw in 1921 (translated into Yiddish 1923). From an early age he wrote poetry in Polish and trans. into Polish. pl. Russian and French. verse. His lane. Heb. poetry dec. periods include an anthology of poems by H.-N. Bialik (1917) and collection of poems 60 Heb. authors ("Anthology of Jewish poetry", 1921). G. continued his activities until the beginning of the Nazi occupation and kept a diary, later lost, about life in the Warsaw ghetto, where he died.
GIRSHGORN Josef German (1899, Mitava, Kurland province - |), financier, manager. mining, collector of manuf. lawsuit. Since 1905 - in the USA. At the age of 15 he started working as a messenger. At 17 he became a stockbroker and during the 1920s. saved up means a fortune. From the beginning. 1930s successfully engaged in gold mining in Canada. In the end. 1940s financed uranium development in the Blind River area, Ontario. In 1954 he united his numerous. Canadian mining sites into a major enterprise in Rio Tinto, Canada. Having become rich, he began collecting works. modern lawsuit. In 1966 prez. Johnson, on behalf of the United States, accepted as a gift G.'s collection of 4000 paintings and 1500 sculptures. Soon, the US Congress voted to allocate $ 15 million for the construction of a gallery and sculpture park to house the collection - one of the Naib. complete collections manuf. modern fig. lawsuit.
GIRSHKAN Zvi (real name and fam. Tsvi-Girsh Kagan) (1886, Chashniki Vitebsk province. - 1938, New York), prose writer, publicist. Received, trad. Heb. education, passed as an external copy. for the course of Mr. He traveled a lot in Zap. Europe and America. In 1908 he debuted Etudes from Hebrews. wandering life "in f. H. Zhitlovsky "Dos Nae Lebn". In 1910 publ. rum. "Tsvey Velten" ("Two Worlds"), which brought him popularity. In the beginning. 1st world. war authorized to-tov to help refugees, lived in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, wrote a publicist. essay, critical. articles, stories. In 1919 in Kharkov he published the story "Nit inter a ployt" ("Not under the fence"). In 1921 he emigrated to Germany, then traveled to E.-I., Syria, Egypt, Italy and France. In the beginning. 1925 left for the USA, collaborated in gas. "Tog", where publ. biographical. rum. "Ahad Ha-Am", stories about citizens. the war in Russia, impressions of the trip to E.-I. and others. In the United States came out the book. G. "Jake Pempik in Paris" ("Jake Pempik in Prize"), "Boris Kabalkin" and others. G. author of essays on Mendel Moicher-Sforim, Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. one roof ", 1931).
GIRSHMAN Leonard Leopoldovich (1839, Tukkum, Kurland province - 1921, Kharkov), ophthalmologist, founder of Russian. schools of ophthalmology. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1860). He worked in a lab. E. Dubois-Reymond, G. Helmholtz, in the clinics of A. Grefe and others. In 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. "Materials for the physiology of color perception". In 1871 he organized an eye clinic. In 1895 he created and headed the first cafe in Russia. eye diseases in Kharkov University. In 1905, he left un-t in protest against the illegal (without the knowledge of the disciplinary court, where he was) dismissal of a group of students who participated in the student. unrest. It was very popular among the population. With funds raised by the residents of Kharkov, an eye clinic with an outpatient clinic was built and opened in 1908, in which G. worked until the end of his life. He personally took about 1 million patients. On G.'s initiative, a school for the blind was created in Kharkov. From 1886 onwards. prev. Kharkiv honey. about-va. Author tr. physiology of color perception, embryology of retinal vessels, treatment of trachoma, miosis and mydriasis caused by decomp. medicines, means; the author of the study on the smallest angle of view, etc. The name of G. named Ukr. Research Institute of Eye Diseases in Kharkov, eye clinic in St. Petersburg. Works: Towards the Treatment of Trachoma, Kharkov, 1873; Trachoma, like a bunk. disaster, Kharkov, 1900.
GIRSHMAN Roman Mikhailovich (1895, Kharkov - 1979, Budapest), historian, archaeologist, orientalist. D. Chl. Acad. inscriptions and fine literature (Paris), ch. Britan. acad., member. Asian. about-va (Paris), honor, gen. dir. Franz. archaeological. exp. in Iran and Afghanistan, about. Dr. and prof. a number of French. and a nickname, un-tov. Commander of the Hordes Poch. Legion. In France since 1923. He worked at the same time. studied at the Sorbonne, at the School of Higher Education. researcher, studied at the Louvre. From the beginning. 1930s participated in field research. Tello (southern Iraq), approx. Nehavenda (in Iran). In 1933–37 he conducted himself on his own. excavations Tepe-Sialk (in the center. Iran), based on materials to-rykh published one of the naib, found. to study the ancient cultures of Iran, Afghanistan and Wed. Asia monographs; offer. there is an archeol in it. periodization serves as a standard for dating early agriculture. settlements Wed East. In 1935–41 he studied the city of Bishapur, which made it possible to illuminate the history and culture of Sassanian Iran in a new way. During the 2nd world. war conducted excavations in Iran and Afghanistan. In 1946–72 he spent 12 field seasons in Iran. In tr. The city reflects the monuments of art of the Urarts, Medes, Scythians, Parthians, and other history of Elam, Persia, and Ephtalite. kingdoms, the problem of the ancient settlement of Indo-Aryans and Iran. tribes. To encourage research. on the history and culture of other Iran G. - was established by the ave. Roman and Tanya Girshmanov.
GIRSHMAN Yakov Moiseevich (b. 1913, Chita - 1990, Kazan), musicologist, teacher, professor (1985), Ph.D. lawsuit (1963). In 1934–38 he studied at the music. uch-shche them. Gnesins in Moscow. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947 he graduated from the historical and theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. (specializing in the history of music with V.E. Ferman). He moved to Kazan, since 1948 - teacher and head. Department of Music History of the Kazan Cons. He made a great contribution to the development of Tatar culture. He brought up a whole generation of musicologists in Tatarstan. For the first time he developed a program for a course in the history of Tatar music. Naib. significant scientific. tr. G. are devoted to research. the modal structure of the Tatar melos, as well as the analysis of the creativity of the leading comp. Tatarstan: "Pentatonic and its development in Tatar music" (M., 1960), "S. Saidashev" (in Tatar language - Kazan, 1956; in Russian language - M., 1957), "N. Zhiganov "(M., 1957)," Creativity comp. Tartary "(1965), as well as a large number of Art. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1984).
GIRSHOVICH Boris Ionovich (Borukh Evnovich) (1858, Korelichi, Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1911, Pavlovsk), architect. Studied at Vilenskaya rice. school; with the assistance of M.M. Antokolsky came to St. Petersburg, where he studied at the Academy of Arts (1876–86), first as a sculptor. dep., then architect. In 1883-93, at the invitation of Heb. communities uch. in the development of detailing. drawings and watched the construction of the Choral Synagogue under the hands. arch. A.V. Malova. In 1897 he completed the design and construction of the Heb. uch-uch Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. There was a mikvah in the building - a pool for Jews. ritual ablution. G. built in St. Petersburg a number of houses for iz. Heb. leaders, bank buildings on Nevsky Prospect, etc. For a house with a printing house on Ivanovskaya Street. in St. Petersburg was awarded. silver medal in the competition for the best facades (1907). G. was valid. member Petersburg. about-va architect. Accepted uch. in the work of the Board of Heb. community of St. Petersburg, advised her on building. questions; in 1910 he was elected to its revision. commission.
GIRSHOVICH Boris Osipovich (b. 1905, Kiev), architect-planner, specialist in the design of scientific institutions. In 1931 he graduated from architect. branch of Kiev is building, in-that. Main work: participation in the development of the project Gen. the plan for the reconstruction of Moscow (1932), the project of the research institute on the Leningradskoye highway in Moscow (1934), the Institute of Gold-exploration on the Vorobyovskoye highway in Moscow (1935).
GIRSHOVICH Leonid Moiseevich (b. 1948, Leningrad), musician, writer. Graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory. He worked in symphony. orc. Linen. philharmonic. Since 1973 - in Israel, played in the orc. Izr. radio. Since 1979 - in Germany, orc violinist. Hanover Opera. The author of several. books, publ. in Israel and other countries.
GIRSHOVICH Naum Grigorievich (Gertsevich) (1896 - 1988, Leningrad), process engineer, specialist in the region. foundry production, prof. since 1937, Dr. Sciences (1945). Graduated in 1924 a metallurgist, faculty of Dnepropetrovsk forge, in-that. He worked as a foreman of the iron foundry at the plant them. K. Marx in Leningrad. In 1931-83 he taught at the department of foundry production of black and white. metals Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. Sci. tr. connected with the theory of structure formation and graphitization of cast iron in castings, with issues of crystallization and solidification of metal in castings, with research. the formation of casting defects in iron castings and the development of measures to combat them. Supervised the design and commissioning of the largest ductile iron workshop at Leningra. reinforcement plant them. I.I. Lepse. He is the founder of scientific. substantiations in the technology of producing cast iron casting. Cit .: Handbook on the properties and use of malleable cast iron for weapons objects, Moscow, 1945; Iron casting, L.-M., 1949; Properties, production technology and region. the use of cast iron with vermiculite graphite, L., 1981 (in co-authorship).
GIRTAKOL, see Girkalnis.
GISSEN Leonid Davydovich (b. 1932), athlete (academic rowing, boat-eight). Champion of Europe (1954) and the USSR (1952–55), silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1952). Dr. med. Sciences, prof.
GITELSON Nehemia (1853, Sventsian, Vilna province - 1932, New York), rabbi. Studied at yeshivas in Volozhin and Mir. Since 1880 he repeatedly visited the USA, from where several. once returned to Vilno. Later he lived in New York. In 1905, Mr .. founded "Hevras Shass" - a society for the study of the Talmud in the Congregation "Bnei Israel Kalvari" in New York.
GITELZON Iosif Isaevich (b. 1928), biophysicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1990, ch.-k. 1979). Graduated from biology in absentia. Faculty of Moscow State University (1951) and the medical faculty of the Krasnoyarsk honey. Institute (1952). He worked as a doctor at the Krasnoyarsk blood transfusion station (1952–53), as an assistant, then as an associate professor in the Krasnoyarsk agricultural. Institute (1953–57). From 1957 - Art. scientific. sotr., from 1961 - head. lab. photobiology Institute of Physics SB AS USSR. Since 1981 head. lab. photobiology Institute of Biophysics SB AS USSR, since 1986 - Dir. this in-that. Prof. Krasnoyarsk University. Specialist in the region. biosynthesis control, regulation of the blood system and ocean bioluminescence. Ch. directions of scientific. activities - biophysics of supraorganic systems, the creation of closed ecological. systems, parametric management of biosynthesis of microorganisms in continuous cultures, development of biophysical. methods of analysis of erythrocyte populations in the regulation of blood systems. Developed by scientific. the basis for the implementation of long-term biological. systems of human life. Author of the monographs Experimental Ecological. systems that include a person. Space problems. biology "(M., 1975); "Light from the Sea" (M., 1986); "Remote research of Siberia" (Novosib., 1988).
GITLITZ Mordkhe (1895, Mikhalishki Vilensky district and province - 1945, Leningrad), philologist, linguist. At the age of 13 he became an apprentice to a shoemaker, at the same time. was engaged in self-education, passed an external copy. for the course of Mr. He actively participated in the labor movement, was arrested several times. In 1927 he emigrated with his family to the USSR, settled in Leningrad, worked as head. Heb. branch of the workers' faculty, lectured on the history of Hebrews. lit-ry. Graduated from Leningrad. ped. Institute and postgraduate studies Leningrad. in-that language and thinking, in 1935 he defended the candidate. dis. "Slav. element in lang. Yiddish". Became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Studied the history and origin of the language. Yiddish, as well as problems of common language knowledge. G.'s work "Prosaish-Gesellschaftlehe Sprah" ("Prose. Business Language", 1932) served as an academic. a guide for Heb. Wed and higher. schools. Among other works - “Syntactic problem book for schools of higher education. type "," Slavicisms in Yiddish from the 16th to the 19th centuries. by letters. sources ". During the war years 1941-45 he was evacuated to Kazakhstan, worked on a doct. dis. "The origin of the Yiddish language", but did not manage to finish it.
GITMAN Lev Alexandrovich (1923, Yekaterinoslav - 1979, ibid.), Hero of Owls. Union (1943). Red Army soldier G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown during the crossing of the Dnieper.
GITMAN Mark Mikhailovich (b. 1920, Rostov-on-Don - 1998), teacher. In 1939-50 in Leningrad. city ​​committee of the Komsomol. In 1941–43 he was commissar of the 1st Komsomolsk, a fire-fighting regiment in besieged Leningrad. Graduated from the Higher. prof. school of culture of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1959). In 1950–72 he worked in the cultural and educational profession. institutions of the city (director of the Central Committee for Public Administration named after S.M. Kirov, deputy director of the House of Culture named after S.M. Kirov, director of the Leningrad House of Amateur Artists). In 1972–88 Art. Lecturer, Assoc., Head. chair thin. Amateur Higher. vocational schools of culture. Prepared several. thousand workers of the system thin. amateur performances, cult.-skylight. and club institutions. Works: Hood. amateur creativity in the years led. Otech. war, L., 1985; Organizational and creative the work of inter-union houses is self-styled. creativity, L., 1986; Trade unions of the USSR in the development of self-employed. thin creativity (jointly with I.P. Leiberov), L., 1987; Arts. amateur performances of Leningrad in the years led. Otech. war and blockade, L., 1988.
GITOVICH Alexander Ilyich (1909, Smolensk - 1966, Leningrad), poet. Began to publish in 1924 in the Smolensk gas. "Rabochaya Put" and "Young Comrade". In 1927, after graduating from school, he moved to Leningrad, entered the lit. gr. "Change" (B.P.Kornilov, O.F. Berggolts, B.M. Likharev and others). Studied for geogr. f-those Leningrad. un-that, then moved to Wed. Asia. In 1937 he organized a literary work. group "Young Association", was in charge of the department. poetry in f. "Lit. contemporary "(1938-1940). During the war years 1941–45 - soldier. corr. After the war he translated poems from Chinese and Korean. (From Chinese and Korean Poetry, 1958; Three Tang Poets, 1960; Lyrics of Chinese Classics, 1962, etc.).
GITSIS Moishe (1894, Hotin, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1986, Chicago), prose writer, playwright. Graduated from Russian. bunk bed school (1908). In 1910 he left for the USA, where he worked as a tailor, returned to his homeland, studied to be a pharmacist. During the 1st world. war served in growing up. army, after demobilization completed his studies, worked as an assistant pharmacist. In 1922 he left for the USA again. He began to write at a young age, debuted in print in 1927, ser. stories about rus. rev-tion. In the same year, he released a drama in New York. the poem "Glock" ("The Bells"), in 1932 - Sat. "Novels", in 1936 - the short story "Di zun in mizrekh" ("The Sun in the East"). The author of the book. Bitokhn (Hope, 1939), Der veg tsum barg (The Road to the Mountain, 1943), Mame Erd (Mother Earth, 1947). Plays G. were staged in Chicago and New York by self-actors. theater. collectives. G. also released f. “Heb. poets and writers in America ”. In the 1960s, while living in Chicago, he was published in Moscow. g. "Sovetish Heimland" (G.'s stories were published in a separate edition under the title "Fun mench tsu mench" ("From person to person").
GIVE, see Givay.
GIVETH Jean (b. 1917, Moscow), poet. Since the 1920s. - in Switzerland. Influenced by surrealism. The author is poetical. collection of books in French lang. We Will No More Go to the Woods (1938), Scars of Fear (1954), Water and Memory (1963). Peru also owns a brochure on neo-antisemitism.
GIVIAI, a village in the Prienai district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Give Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 269 Jews (51.1%) lived in Georgia.
GIZHDIYANI, see Khyzhdien.
GIZHNYA, a village in the Cherikovsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. In 1897 by 144 dess. 102 Jews (16.0%) lived on the land.
GLADILIN Anatoly Tikhonovich (b. 1935, Moscow), writer. He studied in the military. uch-shche, worked as an electrician, a worker. Graduated from Lit. in-t. Author of prose. manuf. "Chronicle of the times of Viktor Podgursky" (1956), "The brigantine raises the sails. The Story of a Loser ”(1959). G.'s stories "The First Day of the New Year" (1963) and especially "The History of a Company" (1965) were sharply criticized in print. In 1970, Mr .. published his last book in the USSR - “The Gospel of Robespierre: The Story of the Great French. revolutionary ”. Later, being among the banned authors, he was engaged in translations. Distributed in samizdat. Roman G. "Forecast for tomorrow" for the first time publ. in 1972 in Frankfurt am Main. In 1976 he emigrated, worked in the Paris office of Russian. service of Radio Liberty, wrote a dystopian. detective story "French SSR" (1985), where he modeled fantastic. military situation. communist. coup in France and its accession to the USSR. G. described emigrant life in his autobiographical. the novel Pell the Cattle Killed Me (1990).
GLADOSS, see Glodos.
GLADSHTEIN Grigory Yakovlevich (1922, Nikolaev - 2001), architect, urban planner, teacher. Ch.-c. MAA (1992). Graduated from Leningrad in 1948. engineer-building in-t. Main works: residential complex in Luga (1981), gen. plan for the development of Leningrad and the region (1985, et al.), a cultural and household complex in Tosno (1989). State pr. RSFSR (1983), honored. arch. RSFSR (1988).
GLANZ-LEYELES ​​(real name Glanz) Aron (1889, Wloclawsk, Warsaw province - 1966, New York), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. Studied at yeshiva and Russian commercial. school in Lodz. In 1905-08 he studied at the University of London, where he joined the Zionist Socialist Party. Since 1909 - in the USA. Combined desks. work with the study of the history of literature at Columbia University (New York, 1910–13), one of the founders and teacher of the first school in New York with teaching in Yiddish. From 1914 until the end of his days he printed in gas. Der tog essays and reviews of polit., Societies, and lit. life. From 1909 he published poetry, in 1919 one of the founders of the Hebrew close to Expressionism. lit. movement "In zikh", in 1920 - the same name. g. Main poetic. collection: "Labyrinth" (1918), "Jung-harbst" ("Young Autumn", 1922), which became a kind of program of the "Inzychists", "Fabius Lund" (1937), based on the biography of G.-L. and his spiritual quest "A id oifn yam" ("Jew at Sea", 1947), created under the impression of the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry, "Baym fus fun baro" ("At the foot of the mountain", 1957). The author of a number of dramatic. poems, including "Shlomo Molko" (1926), dedicated. the topic of messianism.
GLANZ Leib (1898, Kiev - 1964), cantor and performer of nar. songs. As a child, he performed as a singer-prodigy. Received general and muses. education. Graduated from un-t. He was a cantor in Chisinau, Bucharest and other cities. Since 1926 - in the USA. He gained fame as an inspired improviser, owner of his own. style, which was based on tradition. lyric liturgy Vost. Europe. He wrote music. Also a songwriter (in Hebrew and Yiddish). He acted as a musician. journalist. I wrote down many. gramophone records that enjoyed great success.
GLATSHTEIN Yakov (1896, Lublin - 1971, New York), poet, prose writer, lit. critic. Received a tradition. Heb. education, passed exams for the course of g-zii as an external student. Since 1914 - in the USA, studied English. lang. and worked in workshops. In 1918–19 he studied law at un-those (New York). One of the founders of Heb. poetic. group "In zikh", published in the same name. g. In 1921 his first book of poetry was published. "Yaakov Glatstein". Since 1926 sotr. gas. "Tog-morgn magazine". In 1934 G. made a trip to Europe, the impressions of a cut were reflected in the book. "Ven Yash from Geforn" ("When Yash went", 1938) and "Ven Yash from Gecumen" ("When Yash came", 1940). In 1938 he wrote a poem. "A gute nakht dir, velt" ("Good night to you, peace"), in which he predicted the coming Catastrophe Heb. people (about this verse, written about 200 st. in periodicals. Press around the world). From the beginning. 1945 printed in New York Gas. "Yidisher Kemfer" weekly. editorials, publ. under this heading approx. 600 essays (chap. Reviews of books and articles on Jewish cultural and literary problems). Some of these works were included in Sat. “In tokh genumen” (“As a matter of fact,” vols. 1–2, 1956). G.'s further work is devoted to the themes of the Holocaust and the revival of Hebrews. people in the State of Israel. In 1956, Sat. "Fun mein gantser mi" ("Of all my work"), which includes the best poems written over many years. years.
GLAVATSKY Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1924, Uman, Kiev province), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1976). In 1941–45 he worked at a defense plant in Sverdlovsk. Graduated from East. Faculty of Ural University (1950), teaches in the same place (since 1976 prof.). 1975–90 Deputy. prev. Grew up. interuniversity problem council for the study of cultural history, since 1992 deputy. prev. Interuniversity Council of the Russian Federation for the Study of the History of the Intelligentsia, hands. scientific. programs "XX century in the fate of the intelligentsia of the Urals." Author of works on the history of the intelligentsia in the USSR, for a series of works in this region. in 1985 he was awarded the 1st prize of the Academic Council of the Ural Unt for the best research, in 1993 the team of authors under the supervision of. G. was awarded by the competition committee of the program "Renewal of humanitarian education" (Soros Foundation) with a diploma for the development of the account. manuals "History of Russia - 1917-1940: Reader". Vol .: KPSS and the formation of technical. intelligentsia in the Urals, Sverdlovsk, 1974; Horizons of Higher Education and Science in the Urals, Sverdlovsk, 1981; Historiography of the formation of the intelligentsia in the USSR, Sverdlovsk, 1987; Deeds and destinies of scientific and technical. the intelligentsia of the Urals in the 1920s and 1930s, Yekaterinburg, 1993; Grew up. intelligentsia in the XX century, Yekaterinburg, 1993.
MAINLY, see Globally.
GLAZER Simon (1878, Kovno - 1938, USA), rabbi, publicist. In 1896 he was promoted to rabbi. From 1897 - in the United States, where he was a rabbi in dec. mountains. Wed West. From 1907-18 - Ch. rabbi of the united synagogues of Montreal and Quebec. In 1923 he moved to New York. In 1923–27, the rabbi of the Bet-Hamidrash Gagadol synagogue, in 1927–30, the Bet-El synagogue in Brooklyn, and in 1930–38, the Maimonides synagogue. In 1907 he founded and was the first edition. Heb. daily gas. Kaneider Aid-lair. Author of works: “Jews in the book. Job ”(1904),“ Textbook of Judaism ”(1917),“ Solution of the Palestinian Problem ”(1922),“ History of Israel ”(6 volumes, 1930) - revision of“ The History of the Jews ”by Graetz and“ The Prophecy of Isaiah ”(1937). His son Benedict G. (1902–1952) was a prominent Reform rabbi in the United States. From 1942 until his death he was the rabbi of the Beth-El Synagogue in Detroit, Michigan.
GLAZMAN Baruch (1893, Kopatkevichi Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1945, New York), prose writer. Rod. in the family of a craftsman. From 1906 he lived in Kiev, where he studied at the state and technical. courses. In the end. 1911 emigrated to the USA, worked as a painter, studied at school in the evenings. In 1918 he graduated from the Ohio State University, in 1913 he made his debut with a story in Yiddish, collaborated in many. amer. Heb. periodic. publications (also wrote in Hebrew and English). Later he also published articles on language, literature, theater. The first book "Baginen" ("Dawn") was published in 1921, followed by Sat. "Oyf a gor" ("By a hair's breadth"), "Oyf yener occupy the ocean" ("On the other side of the ocean") and many others. others. In 1924-30 he lived in Poland, made a trip to the USSR, under the impression of a cut released the book. essays "Step un ishev" ("Steppe and settlement"). In Moscow published collection. short stories G. "Steinwebs" ("Stone fabric"), in Kiev, his book. "Fanaderfall" ("Decay"). After returning to the United States, ch. the theme of G.'s work was the life of the Amer. Jews. G.'s last story publ. posthumously in the collection "Zamlebicher" (New York, 1945).
GLAZMAN Mikhail Semenovich (b. 1931, Vladikavkaz, North-Ossetian ASSR), culturologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1985), prof. (1986). Graduated from North Osset. ped. in-t them. K. Khetagurov (1952). He taught philosophy at Stalinabadsk. ped. in-those (1954–63), Kolomenskoe ped. in-those (1963–91), head. department of this institute (since 1966), scientific. sotr. lab. "Dialogue of Cultures" at the RSUH (since 1991). Research by philosophy. problems thin. and scientific. creativity and knowledge, history of Europe. philosophy and aesthetics, modern. western european aesthetics. Cit .: The problem of beauty in Hegel's aesthetics, Stalinabad, 1960; Sci. and thin. thinking, M., 1973, etc.
GLAZMAN Yosef (1913, Olita Troksky district of Vilensk province - 1943), com. partisans in Lithuania. Received a traditional Heb. education, was an activist of "Beitar". Since 1937 - hands. "Beitara" in Lithuania. From July 1940 to the end of June 1941 he was one of the hands. the revisionist underground, engaged in the illegal departure of Jews to E.-I. In the Vilna ghetto, he created an underground group. beitarians. In order to obtain information, he entered Heb. police and was appointed deputy. com. the ghetto police. One of the founders of the guerrilla organization in the ghetto, he was in charge of intelligence. In July 1943, after the case of I. Vitenberg, he left the ghetto in Ch. first gr. partisans and created in the forests of Naroch Heb. partisas. neg. "Revenge". Killed in action on Judgment Day in October 1943.
EYEMAN, see Living.
GLAZOV, city, regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century as the village of Glazovskaya, since 1780 it was a city within the Vyatka governorate, then - the district town of Vyatka province. In 1862 7 Jews lived in Georgia, 4 Jews lived in the district, in 1897 in Georgia there were 25 Jews, in the district there were 14 Jews. 1910 in Georgia - 51, in 1939 - 45 Jews.
GLAZOV Yuri Yakovlevich (1929, Moscow - 1998, Canada), philologist, orientalist, translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1962). Since 1972 in Canada. Doctor of Philosophy, prof., Head. ka (redroy Russian language and literature in Dalhausi University (Canada). Graduated from the Uyghur department of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1952), worked as an editor in the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries ( GIINS) in Moscow.In 1960 he graduated from the graduate school of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, specializing in the region of Tamil language knowledge; Courses with A.M. Pyatigorsky For participation in collective performances in support of convicted dissidents and signing a collective letter to the international meeting of representatives of communist and workers' parties in Budapest on the violation of civil rights and freedoms in the USSR at the end of the day. 60s and early 70s was ostracized, expelled from the institute.Wife - Marina Grigorievna Glazova (nee Finkelberg), philologist, orientalist, writer, Candidate of Philology (1966), teaches at the university In the USSR, G. published a number of translations in Russian, works of classical Tamil literature, in particular, for the first time - the famous "Tirukural. A Book of Virtue, about politics and about love "(1963) and" Shilappadikaram ", or" The Tale of the (anklet) bracelet "(1966). In the 1990s. publ. a number of stories, poems and essays, literary-artistic. essay "Separation by the Ocean" (1991).
GLAZOVSKAYA, see Glazov.
GLEBOVA (Shmulevich) Vera Ilyinichna (1885, Samara - 1935, Moscow), specialist in rare earth elements and rare metals, organizer of scientific. research and industrial development. Member RSDLP since 1904, member of three revolutions (1905, February and October 1917), citizen. wars (1918-19). Since 1919, the secretary of the lips. to-that party. Graduated from Moscow. un-t. In 1931 she was one of the organizers of the State. Institute of Rare Metals and its first director. (Subsequently, Radium Institute of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Nrom-Sti). Under the arm. G. began in the country prom. mining and processing of uranium ores. One of the first in the 20s. pointed out the value of radium for the military. technology. Organized the development of prom. methods of obtaining uranium, tungsten, vanadium, strontium, post luminous compounds, action. Under the arm. G. was created in the country of rare metals. prom-st. G. also belongs to the research. in the region. inert gases.
GLEZER Alexander Davidovich (b. 1934, Baku), poet, journalist, publisher, collector of unofficial persons. Russian lawsuit. Rod. in the family of a petroleum engineer. In 1942 the family was deported to North. Kazakhstan. Graduated from Moscow. Oil Institute (1957). In 1957–62 he taught at a technical school, worked at a plant, in a project oil and chemical. in-those. He made his debut in lit-re in 1959.Since 1962 prof. writer. Reprinted in decomp. period, ed. He was a poet. per. In 1968 he created the first private museum of neofits. Russian art-va in Moscow. He was one of the organizers of the so-called. bulldozer exhibition of neofits. Russian painting (15 Sept 1974), dispersed by the police. In 1975 in Austria, in 1976 he moved to France, where he created the Museum of modern. Russian arts in exile (Montgeron). In 1980 he creates a similar museum in Jersey City (USA). In 1976 he founded the publishing house "The Third Wave" and the almanac of the same name of literature and art. Since 1984 publishes lit. thin g. "Sagittarius", since 1989 - almanac. In 1990 92 in Russia published independent. weekly gas. "Rus. courier". G. - the author of collection of poetry. "Nostalgia" (Paris, 1977), "Wrong March" (New York, 1980), "Mirages" (Paris, 1989) and others, rep. "A man with a double bottom" (Paris, 1979; M., 1994), book. about modern Russian painting "Rus. artists in the West ”(New York, 1976) and numerous. Art. in press.
GLEZER Ilya Isaakovich (b. 1931, Kharkov), biologist. The author of a number of scientific. works. Graduated from biology. Faculty of Moscow State University. He taught at Moscow State University. In the beginning. 1970s applied to leave for Israel; in 1972 he was arrested and convicted under Art. 70 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ("anti-Soviet agitation"), a sentence of 3 years in the camps, followed by reference to 3 years. He served his camp term in Mordovia, exile in Siberia. Since 1978 in Israel. He wrote under the ps. Eli Gleizes. G. owned by a publicist, Art. and book. Invisible Letters (New York, 1984).
GLEZERMAN Grigory Erukhimovich (1907, Tver - 1980, Moscow), social scientist, Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1948), prof. After graduating in 1930 econ. f-that Ying-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov taught at universities in Moscow. From 1941 p. editorial board and head. dep. propaganda gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", from 1943 worked in the army gas. Since 1945 - at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1955 - at the Academy of Societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (Head of the Department of Philosophy, since 1975 Vice-Rector). Stal, etc. (1951). Cit .: The elimination of exploiting classes and overcoming class differences in the USSR, Moscow, 1949; East materialism, M., 1954 (et al.); About the laws of societies. development, M., 1960.
GLIER Reingold-Ernst Moritsevich (1874/5, Kiev - 1956, Moscow), composer, conductor, teacher, music society. activist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1941). Born into a family of offspring. masters for the production of muses. instr-tov. He studied music at home, from the age of 13 he began to compose, played in the home string, quartet. In 1891–94 he studied at the Kiev muses. taught by O. Shevchik (violin), E.A. Ryba (student of NARimsky-Korsakov; music theory). In 1894 he was admitted to Moscow. cons. in 2 specialties: violin (class of N.N. Sokolovsky, then I.V. Grzhimali) and composition (A.S. Arensky and G.E. Konyus (harmony), S.I. Taneev (counterpoint, musical form ), MM Ippolitov-Ivanov (composition). Graduated from cons. With a gold medal in 1900, being the author of a symphony, octet, sextet, quartet. From 1901 he taught at the Gnesins music school. Since 1902 his works are published in St. Petersburg. publishing house Bessel, then with Gutheil and Jurgenson. In 1903 he appeared in concerts as a violinist and pianist. In 1905 he was awarded Glinkinskaya Prospect for the 1st sextet. In 1906–08 he studied conducting with O. Fried (Berlin), with 1910 performs as a conductor in Moscow, Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Baku, Tiflis, Rostov-on-Don. 1913–20 professional composition class of the Kiev cons. (Since 1914 also conductor), conductor of an opera orc, chamber instructor classes. In 1920–41 Prof. Moscow cons. in composition class. His students at different times were N.Ya. Myaskovsky, S.S. Prokofiev, B.N. Lyatoshinsky, L.N. Revutsky, B.N. .Aleksandrov, L.K. Knipper, simultaneously head of the musical section of the Moscow department bunk bed education, employee of Moscow. dep. People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. G. - member. ethnographic. section Mosk. proletkulta - showed great interest in the nat. cultures of the Caucasus and Wed. Asia. In the same years he began to cooperate with Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and K.S. Stanislavsky, wrote music for performances of the Moscow Art Theater, Muz. Nemirovich-Danchenko Studios, Stanislavsky and others. In 1937 he headed the Moscow. branch of the USSR Investigative Committee, in 1938–48 before. Organizing Committee of the USSR Investigative Committee. G.'s music is distinguished by loyalty to the traditions of Russian. muses. classics, life-affirming beginning, plasticity of muses. language, interest in different languages. muses. crops. He made a contribution to the development of Azerbaijan. (author of the first national op. "Shahsenem", 1927, 2nd ed. 1934) and Uzbek. nat. muses. culture (op. "Gulsara", 1936 and op. "Leili and Majnun", 1940; both jointly with T. Sadykov; overture "Fergana Holiday", 1940, first performed in 1941 in the USA and dedicated to the "Chicago Symph. Orchestra to his 50th birthday and brilliant conductor orc. Dr. F. Stock "). The author of the ball. (including "Red Poppy", 1927; "Comedians", 1931, "The Bronze Horseman", 1949), op. Rachelle (1948), 3 symph., Symph. poems, overtures, concerts with orc. (including for voice, singing by D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, 1943; for cello and orc., singing to ML Rostropovich, 1946), chamber instructor. ensembles, romances, etc. Nar. art. USSR (1938). Became. pr. (1946, 1948, 1950).
GLIK Hirsch (1922, Vilna - 1944), poet. R. in a poor family, went to school, but in 1938 was forced to leave school to help the family. He worked for a bookbinder and at a paper factory. Since 1935 he wrote poetry in Hebrew, under the influence of the poets gr. Jung Vilne switched to Yiddish. One of the creators and ed. g. "Jungvald" (1939, No. 1-4). In 1940 and 1941 G.'s poems were published in gas. "Vilner Emes" Shtraln and Nae Bleter (Kovno). In 1941, after the occupation of Vilnius, G., together with his father, was sent to peat extraction, was kept in the Vilnius ghetto, despite slave labor and illness, wrote poetry filled with hope and optimism. Verse. G. "Zog nisht keinmol ..." ("Never say ..."), sung to the melody of D.Ya.Pokrass's song "That is not a cloud ...", became the battle hymn of Hebrews. partisan. During the liquidation of the Vilnius ghetto (1943), G. tried to break through the punitive cordon, but was captured and sent to the Goldfield concentration camp (Estonia). In the summer of 1944, during the Soviet offensive. Army in the Baltics, Georgia fled the camp with a group of prisoners and died in battle with the Nazis. Prod. G. are collected in the posthumous collection "Leader und poems" ("Songs and Poems, New York, 1953). Verse. G. "Zog nisht keinmol" has been translated into dozens of languages, and the poet himself became one of the heroes of P. Markish's poem "Milhome" ("War").
GLIKMAN Dmitry Petrovich (1874, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1930s), playwright, journalist, theater, and lit. critic. The son of the head. Heb. uch-schm. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1903). In the end. 19th century was published in St. Petersburg. g. "Rul", "Morning", into the gas. "Stock Exchange". From 1904 head. department in gas. "News and Exchange Gazette". Collaborated in satirical. g. "Woodpecker", "Meteor", "Moment", etc., after 1917 - in satirical. g. "Inspector" and "Mukhomor". He also published theater, articles and reviews in Zh. "Life of Art" and gas. "Bulletin of theater and art". Plays by G. "White Tea", "Moral Education", "Utopia", "Who Are There Two |", the comedy "Everything is conditional" before the revolution were staged in St. Petersburg, Kiev and other cities.
GLIKSBERG Shimon Yaakov (1870, Mezhirichi - 1950, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic rabbinical family. He studied at the yeshiva in the Svisloch metro station (Minsk province). Participated in the work of founding, the Congress of Mizrahi (Vilna, 1902), was elected to the Central Committee of the movement. From 1902 - a rabbi in Minsk, from 1906 - in Odessa. 1917–37 - Ch. rabbi of Odessa. In 1917 he was elected to the Odessa mountains. advice. In 1918 he took part in the work of Vseukrainsk. Heb. Congress. 1923–28 repeatedly participated in "religious disputes" organized by the authorities in the mountains. t-re or at the stadium in the presence of thousands of listeners. From 1937 - in E.-I. He headed the rabbinical court of Tel Aviv.
GLIKSON Moshe (1878, Kholinka, Grodno province - 1939), journalist, society. activist. Zionist, started his activity in Zap. Europe among the Hebrews. students. There was work. 6th Zionist, Congr. (1903) and subsequent Congr. 1908-14 sec. to-that Hovevey Zion in Odessa. In 1910 he began to publish Art. in Hebrew in "Ga-Olam", and later in "Ha-Shiloah". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 edited daily in Moscow. gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Am". From 1919 in E.-I. In 1923–38 he edited the daily. gas. "Ha-Aretz", which during this period became an important Zionist, the body supporting the policy of H. Weizmann, the leadership of the Zionist. movement and opposed to revisionism. G. was Ch. the ideologue of Ga-noar Ga-zioni and progressive Zionism. Author of monograph. about Ahad ha-Am (1927) and Maimonides (1935). Act. societies. activist. Member to-that language. Hebrew and the reign of Heb. un-ta (Jerusalem). His book. "Yshim ba-Mada u-ba-sifrut" ("Personality in Science and Literature") appeared after his death (1940-1941). View also published 2 volumes of his collection. op. He died in E.-I.
GLINITSA, see Znamenka, Chernihiv region.
GLINKA, a village, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Roslavl u. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939 there were 41 Jews living in Georgia. In 1931 there was a Jewish collective farm (34 farms) in Georgia.
GLINKI, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1855 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voevodstvo as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1855 12 Jewish families lived in Georgia, in 1897 there were 346 Jews (38%), in 1921 - 317 Jews (28%) In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia by the troops of the Directory; several Jews were killed and houses were plundered. In 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Rovno ghetto.
CLAY, see Klinnaya.
GLINNIKI, see Annopol, Khmelnytsky region.
CLAY, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (approx. 6%), in 1910 - 5-6 Jews. The Jews of Georgia were Stolin Hasidim. There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
CLAY, see Khlina.
GLINOECK, a village in the Ciechanow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the village of Tsekhanovsky u. Plock Gubernia. In 1897, 96 Jews (19.5%) lived in Georgia.
GLINSK, a village in the Romny district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1446.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Romensky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1855, 94 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 242, in 1865 - 302, in 1897 - c. 300, in 1910 - 178, in 1920 - 128, in 1923 - 132, in 1939 - 46 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the first half. 19th century In 1863, Georgia had a synagogue, and in 1910, a Jewish cemetery. In 1919, there was a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941 the Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed.
GLINSKOE, a village in Zhovkivsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 124 Jews lived in Georgia. 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.
CLAY, see Clay.
CLAY, a village in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Glinyanaya Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1942, 63 Jews were shot in Georgia.
GLINYANY, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1379. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Peremyshlianskiy povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Ternopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 688 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1860 - 1286 (40.7%), in 1870 - 175 (44.1% ), in 1880 - 1926 (44.8%), in 1890 - 2088 (45.2%), in 1900 - 2177 (44.4%), in 1910 - 2418 (45.2%), in 1921 - 1679 (38.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1900 Jews. First mention. about Jews in Georgia belongs to 1474. In the beginning. 17th century Jews of G. rented a brewing plant. The Jews of Georgia suffered during the "Khmelnytsky land". In the beginning. 18th century some of the Jews of Georgia shared the ideas of Sabbatai Zvi. In 1721 a stone synagogue was built on the site of an old wooden one. All R. 18th century Nachman Rapoport was the rabbi of G. in the 1840s. Rabbi of G. was Arie-Leibush Rapoport (? -1848), then Shloyme-Zalman Rosen (? -1874), from 1850 - Yehiel-Mikhl Moskovich (1818-1867), his place was taken by his son Bezalel-Yeshuva (1840-1914, Bolekhov), then - the son of the last Chaim (? -1921), then at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Itzkhok-Eliezer Grinberg, in 1910-20 - Meir Shapiro. From 1850 a Hasidic court was located in Georgia. In 1894, at the expense of Baron Hirsch, a 4-class school (200 students) was opened, in 1895 - Baron Hirsch's school. In 1898 a Zionist organization was created. In 1905 one of the streets of G. was named after him. T. Herzl. In 1909 a Hebrew school was opened, in 1915 - children. house. In nov. 1914, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the annexation to the USSR, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in Georgia. On July 1, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Georgia. On July 6, 1941, 10 Jews were killed in Georgia. 22 Aug 1941 the Judenrat was established. In nov. - Dec. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to the ghettos of neighboring towns. After 1945 the center. the synagogue was given over to the house of a collective farmer. From 1944 to 1946, several people lived in Georgia. Jewish families. Some Jews participated in acts of retaliation against the Ukrainians who killed Jews during the occupation.
GLITSENSTEIN Enrico (Henoch) (1870, Turek, Kalisz province - 1942), sculptor, painter, graphic artist. Studied as a rabbi, rice. signs, worked as a carver on the village. in Lodz. He studied art in Munich, where he became a laureate of Rome Ave (1894, 1897). In 1897 he moved to Italy, but in 1928 because of his refusal to join fasc. the party left for the USA (New York). On the recommendation of O. Roden was elected hon. member Tov-va of Graceful Lawsuits G. was ch. arr. carver, most of the work is made of oak or walnut. Prefers. difficult method of cutting the material directly. He created severe monolithic, strictly outlined statues. In sculpt., Engravings and small. number of paintings G. tried to convey the mobility and variability of the real world by increasing, reducing, distorting the form. Among the engravings of G., made with a dry needle, more than 60 sheets for the Book of Prop. Samuel. For sculptors. portraits he posed for Franklin D. Roosevelt, I. Paderewski, Sir Israel Gollanz and others. The works of G. are kept in many. museums of the world, incl. in the museum named after him. in Safed, where his library is located. Son of G. - Emmanuel Romano (1897, Rome - |), painter. In 1928 he changed his name and moved to the USA (New York). Created frescoes for a number of buildings, but more known. as a portrait painter. He is an outstanding colorist.
GLIZER Judith Samoilovna (1904, Rogachev, Volyn province - 1968, Moscow), actress. She studied at the studio of the 1st Worker Proletkult. In 1921-28 the actress of this t-ra. Already in the first roles - Dancer ("Mexican" by J. London), Margot ("Hear, Moscow |" by S.M. Tretyakov, directed by S.M. Eisenstein) traits of G.'s talent are the striving for ultimate stage expressiveness, generalization, and depth of psychological analysis. In 1927, G. played the role of Skoblo ("Power" by A.G. Glebov). From 1928 until the end of his life - in the troupe of Moscow. t-ra Revolution (now Moscow t-r named after V. Mayakovsky). She created images marked by the sharpness and boldness of stage decisions: Glafira (Inga by Glebova), Kiksi (Street of Joy by N.A. Zarkhi, 1932), Rakhil (Battle in the West by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1933), Tsezarin ("Ladder of Glory" by E. Scribe, 1936), Queen Elizabeth ("Mary Stuart" by F. Schiller, 1940), Constance ("An Ordinary Man" by L.M. Leonov), Lavinia ("Ladies and Gentlemen" by L. Hellman, 1949). In 1960 she created a complex, deeply tragic image of mother Courage in the play by B. Brecht "Mother Courage and her children." As dir. G. took part in staging the performances "The Art of Career" by Skribai "The Last" by M. Gorky (1937). She starred in the films: "Strike" (dir. Eisenstein, 1924), "Rise of the Fishermen" (dir. E. Piskator, 1934), "Deserter" (dir. V. I. Pudovkin, 1935), "They Have a Homeland "(1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1954).
GLOBINO, city (since 1976), regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenchug u. In 1923 there were 21 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 in the Globinsky district - 123, in 1939 in Georgia - 51 Jews, in the district - 117 Jews. Ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In 1942, several were killed in Georgia. Jews.
GLODEN (until 1991 - Glodnyany), urban-type settlement (since 1967), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - D. Glodeny Beletskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 214 Jews lived in Georgia. On June 1941, most of the Jews of Georgia were evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
GLODEN, see Gloden.
GLODNYANY, see Gloden.
GLODOSY, a village in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gladossy Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1910, 420 Jews (3.8%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 32 Jews. In 1910, Georgia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
GLOTSER Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1931, Moscow), literary critic, art critic, researcher. children tv-va. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1953). Was lit. sec. S.Ya.Marshak (1956–64, with interruptions), K.I. Chukovsky (periodically, in the 1960s). Children. tv-woo dedicated book "Children write poetry" (1964) with a preface. K. Chukovsky, Sat. "Early Sun" (1964) with a foreword. S. Marshak and others. Literature for children and children. book a number of Art. in the collection "Books for Children", "Panorama of Arts", "Soviet Graphics", "Illustration". G. prepared a unique. tr. “Artists children. book about yourself and your claim ”(1987). Research TV-in D.I.Harms, A.I.Vvedensky, N.M. Oleinikov, in 1987–93 published their book. G. owns retellings for children of nar. fairy tales, plays, dramatics, radio compositions for children. Among the lit.-crete. G.'s works - Art. and rec. about Heb. writers: L.M. Kvitko, Doyvber Levine, R. Baumvol (f. New World, Zvezda, Pioneer, etc.).
GLOVACHEV, see Glovachuv.
GLOVACHUV, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Glovachev Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. 355 Jews (42.7%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 1109 (61.5%) in 1897, and 2250 Jews in 1921. Hil Weinberg was the rabbi in Georgia; in the 1900s. - Meir Abramovich Zlotnik. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GLOVINSKAYA Marina Yakovlevna (b. 1936, Saratov), ​​philologist. In 1959 she graduated from the Department of Russian. lang. and literature filol. Faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. Since 1960 - in the Institute of Russian. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (postgraduate student, junior scientific researcher, scientific researcher, senior scientific researcher, leading scientific researcher). Doc. dis. - "Theoretical. problems of temporal semantics rus. verb "(1987). Works in the region. phonology, sociolinguistics, aspectology, theory of speech acts, lexicography. Author of about 70 works. Vol .: Semantic types of species opposition rus. verb. - M., 1982; Grammatical studies. Functional and stylistic aspect. M., 1989 (jointly with D.N.Shmelev, S.M. Kuzmina and others); Rus. lang. in its functioning. Communicative and pragmatic aspect. - M., 1993 (jointly with E.A. Zemskaya, T.G. Vinokur and others).
GLOVNO, a city (since 1427) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Glavno Brezinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1793 there were 198 Jews (65%) in Georgia, in 1808 - 398 (70%), in 1827 - 784 (77%), in 1857 - 1237 (77%), in 1897 - 1317, in 1921 - 1430 (60%), in 1939 - approx. 2,100 Jews. Jews began to settle in Georgia in the second half. 18th century In 1793 among the Jews of Georgia there were 5 bakers, a butcher, a jeweler, 25 tailors, a furrier, a hatter, and an innkeeper; 6 Jews were engaged in trade. The community existed since 1822. At the same time, a synagogue and a yeshiva were built. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the rabbi of G. was Mikhl Pachanovsky, in 1908-20 - Eliyahu Laskovsky, in the 1920s-30s. - Elimelech Shapiro, who died during the Holocaust. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and movements. 13 Sept. 1939 G. was occupied by Germans. troops. In apr. 1940 a ghetto was created. In July 1940 the number of Jews together with refugees was approx. 5600 people The Judenrat and the Jewish police were established. On Feb. - March 1941 all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto.
DEEP, see [[Great Deep.
GLUBOCHOK, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. During the German period. occupation during the 2nd world. During the war, a labor camp was established in Georgia. On June 23, 1943, 63 Jews were transferred to Georgia from the liquidated camp in Chortkiv. V. Gutiansky.
DEEP, urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Kamensky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Turoverov of the 2nd Donetsk okr. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Georgia.
DEEP, city (since 1940), the regional center of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland. From 1939 - a part of the BSSR, from 1940 - a regional center in Vileika, from 1944 - Polotsk, from 1954 - Molodechno, from 1960 - Vitebsk region. In 1766 755 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 2183, in 1897 - 3917 ( 70.4%), in 1921 - 2844 Jews. about Jews dates back to the 2nd half. 17th century In 1742, Bishop Zenkovich of Vilna gave the community of Georgia permission to build a new synagogue to replace the old one destroyed by fire. From 1848 to 1856 Sh. Mogilever was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1886 there were 6 synagogues in Georgia, in 1901 there were a husband. Jewish school of Gufenberg, in 1909 - 2 private Jewish schools. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. t-in, in 1915 - a branch of the Jewish Society of Aid to the Victims of War and Pogroms. In aug. - Sept. 1915 in G. there were several. pogroms organized by the retreating units of the Russian. troops in the 1930s. In G., an underground Lubavitch yeshiva operated under the hands. Mandelboim. June 1941 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops. On Sept. 1941, a ghetto was created, which existed until August. 1943. The ghetto contained approx. 8 thousand people In the spring of 1942, 2,200 Jews were killed (except for artisans and specialists) 1.5 km from Georgia; in the fall of 1942, c. 1 thousand Jews. In aug. 1943, during the liquidation of the ghetto, its prisoners were armed. resistance. During the liquidation of the ghetto, 5,000 Jews were exterminated. In G. there was also a Jewish family camp, in which there was approx. 500 people After 1945, a monument was erected on the site of the execution of Jews. In 1998, 10 Jews lived in Georgia. B.M.Volin, N.M. Minsky, Sh.Mogilever, I.I.Feigel, N.M.Speier.P.S.Wagner
GLUKHOV, city, regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1152. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Chernigov province. 1 Jew lived in Georgia in 1736, in 1847 - 1383, in 1862 - 2562, in 1863 - 2517, in 1886 - 3176, in 1897 - 3853 (26%), in 1910 - 5177, in 1920 - 2084, in 1923 - 2362, in 1926 - 2551 (15.9%), in 1939 - 1501 Jews. In 1800 in Glukhovsky district. 175 merchants and petty bourgeois - Jews are registered. From 1887 Sh. Aronson was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1890 Yisroel Shumyatsky (1862—?). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. There were 3 synagogues in Georgia (the date of construction of the first is unknown, the second was opened in 1853, the third in 1871), and a Jewish cemetery (the oldest surviving monument to the early 20th century dates from 1823; among those buried is the writer E.-Ts. Zweifel) , as well as about-in benefits to the poor and loan-save. m-in, main. in 1898, society. cheder (50 students). In 1910, the box collection amounted to 3600 rubles. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In 1915 she worked as a Talmud Torah. Main the occupation of the Jewish population is tailoring and trade. In March 1918, as a result of a pogrom organized by parts of the Kr. Army, approx. 270 Jews (including a 75-year-old rabbi). The mikvah was closed in 1928. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In 1948 the religion was liquidated. community in G. Ya.N. Drobnis, A.L. Kaplunov, M.O.Razumov, I.S.Shklovsky, Z.I.Shneiderov.
GLUSHA, an urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Bobruisk district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. 53 Jews (6.7%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 67 Jews in 1939. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in Georgia. Jews.
GLUSHKEVICHI, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 140 Jews (10.2%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in Georgia. Jews.
GLUSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Minsk powiat as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1924-62 and since 1966 - a regional center (until 1930 - in the Bobruisk region, in 1938-44 - in Polesskaya, in 1944-54 - Bobruisk, in 1954-60 - Minsk, since 1960 - Mogilev region). In 1847 3148 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 3801 (71.3%), in 1923 - 2614, in 1926 - 2581 (58.3%), in 1938 - 1935 Jews. about Jews in Georgia belongs to the third quarter of the 17th century. Until 1711, Yehiel Geilprin was rabbi in Georgia, and in 1905 a self-defense detachment was formed in Georgia. In 1909 there were bunks. Jewish school with wives. change, Jewish library. Among the main. occupation of the Jewish population - crafts (ch. arr. woodworking). In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Georgia. t-in. During the germ. After occupation, a ghetto was created in Georgia. In 1942, approx. 500 Jews (on the territory of the so-called Kostelsky Val), later another 70 people were killed. In total, during the Catastrophe, approx. 3 thousand Jews. In 1948, Jewish believers rented premises for the synagogue, tried to register the community, elected its rule (Hirsh Leibovich Aizenstadt became rabbi). In 1954, up to 50 people gathered for prayer. In nov. of the same year, the authorities warned the community activists and banned illegal gatherings in unregistered premises. In G. born: Sh.-F. Margolin, A. Regelson; Grigory Yakovlevich Rapoport (Rappoport) (1890-1938), secret service officer, State Security Commissioner of the 3rd rank (1935), in 1930-31 People's Commissar of Internal. cases of the BSSR, "Honorary Worker of the Cheka - GPU" (1922, 1932). Lived and worked I. Geller, M. Lurie, P.S. Wagner
GLUSK Abraham Abba (2nd half of the 18th century), leader of the Haskalah. According to one version of R. in Glusk (in the Lublin province), according to another - in the city of Minsk province, bearing the same name. He is also identified with "Glusker Maggid", whose works were burned on suspicion of heresy in the courtyard of the Vilnius synagogue. Interested in philosophy, G. left his homeland in search of new ideas. After long wanderings in Berlin, he met M. Mendelssohn. However, the local Orthodox, circles and the head of Berlin, the community appealed to the authorities with a request to expel G. from the city under the pretext that he did not have a residence permit. Mendelssohn, who considered G. a deep thinker, helped him stay in Berlin. Later G. traveled to Germany, Holland, France and England. His further fate is unknown. Him. the poet A. von Chamisso dedicated a poem to him (1832).
GLUSKIN Alexander Mikhailovich (1899, Odessa - 1969, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, teacher. Volunteer (1916-18), then a student (1918-21) of the Odessa Higher. thin uch-schA, studied with YR Bershadsky and KK Kostandi. I became friends with I.A. Ilf, E.G.Bagritsky, Yu.K. Olesha, I.E.Babel. Since 1921 in Moscow. He worked in the department. Art of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. Took part in the organization of the New Society of Painters (KNO). In 1922, 30 taught painting and drawing. in orphanages, schools and thin. studios in Moscow. In 1924-28 members. and a participant in exhibitions of the Society of Art. "Being". In 1927–30 he performed creative work annually. trips to Shepetovka, Slavuta, Berdichev, Medzhibozh, where he created. genres, and portrait. work in Heb. themes ("Boy on a Chair", "House in Slavuta", etc.), still lifes ("Drake", "Fish", etc.). Plastic production G. is expressionistic, has a contrast densely fused. colors, masses. In 1941–42 he lived in Samarkand and worked at the Izoagitmasterskaya. After returning to Moscow, he worked as an artist. for defense, plant (1942-45). In 1945-59 he taught, painting and drawing. in Moscow. mountains. children thin school. In the works of the last, ten. revealed the diverse states of nature (landscapes of the Crimea, the Caucasus, Russia, etc.), reached a clear psychological. khar-ki in portraits (I.F. Stravinsky, D.E. Melamid, etc.). The participant is numerous. exhibitions, staff. exhibitions in Moscow (1955, 1969).
GLUSKIN Mendel Aronovich (1878, Loev Rechitskogo u. Minsk province. - 1936, Leningrad), rabbi. Rod. in a rabbinic family, received a home start. Heb. religious education, and then graduated from the Hasidic yeshiva. After the death of his father, who was a rabbi in Parichi, he took his place. After the death of his father-in-law, the rabbi of Minsk, he became Ch. the rabbi of this city. In 1934 Hebrew was invited. community of Leningrad for the post of rabbi of the choral synagogue.
GLUSKIN Zeev (1859, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1949), a member of the Zionist. traffic, entrepreneur. In 1880 he joined the Hovevey Zion organization in Warsaw, member. ord. Bnei Moshe, one of the founders of the societies. org-tion "Menuha ve-nahala", edges created the moshav Rehovot in E.-I. One of the organizers of the publishing house "Akhi'asar", a cut introduced a number of innovations in the dates. the matter is also in the distribution of literature in Hebrew. In 1896, the participant created. and the first ch. the Carmel community in E.-I. In 1901, as part of a delegation, Hovevei Zion visited a bar in Paris. E. Rothschild in order to convince him to take part in the creation. Heb. settlements in E.-I. In 1904, one of the founders of the Geula company, set up to sell privately owned land in E.-I. From the end. 1905 in E.-I., headed the "Association of Wine Merchants", which had wine cellars in Rishon LeZion and Zichron Ya'kov. During the 1st world. war went to Alexandria to organize assistance to refugees from E.-I. and the Jews who remained in the country supported the movement for creation. Heb. legion as part of the Brit. army. In 1925–46 he headed the Geula company. Author of memoirs (1946) containing valuable material on the history of the Zionist. movement in Russia and E.-I.
GLUSKINA Anna Evgenievna (1904, Tyumen, Tobolsk Gubernia - 1994, Moscow), orientalist, philologist and translator, Dr. of Philology. Sciences (1972). Graduated from Leningrad. east Institute and Japanese. dep. Leningrad State University (1925). Sci. sotr. MAE (1925–33), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1933), lecturer at Leningrad Institute. east Institute (1932 38), Leningrad State University (1942), Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1942–50). Main direction of work: ancient and middle-century. classic poetry and prose of Japan, history of Japan. t-ra and drama. Author of comments, prefaces, translated by: Manxiu. Fav., M., 1987; Japan. love lyrics, Moscow, 1988, works: Genetic. communication japan. bunk bed theatrical art, M., 1945; Short Russian-Japanese. Dictionary, M., 1950 (et al.); Essays on the history of modern. japanese. democratic literature, M., 1955 (et al.); Notes on Japanese. lit-re and t-re: antiquity and the Middle Ages, M., 1979.
GLUSKINA Gita Mendelevna (b. 1922, Parichi, Bobruisk district, Minsk province), orientalist, Arabist-philologist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1968). Daughter of M.A. Gluskin. She graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1949). Since 1951 - scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1953–54 and in 1957–90, teacher of the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (associate professor since 1972). The author of works about unknown. manuscripts of Heb. writer and translator of the 12th century I. Alharizi "Tahke-moni", stored in the State. publ. b-ke of the USSR them. ME Saltykov-Shchedrin (in the book: "Semitic languages", v. 2, p. 2, M., 1965) and others. Compiled a number of collections of fav. works of Soviet Arabists, incl. “Problems of the Social Structure of the Societies of the Ancient Near East” by ID Amusin (Moscow, 1993).
GLUZMAN Semyon Fishelevich (b. 1946, Kiev), psychiatrist. Rod. in the family of Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Kiev honey. in-that Fishel Abramovich G. Played means. role in the fight of owls. human rights defenders against the use of a psychiatrist, repression against dissidents. In 1969–72 he worked in a medical center. institutions of Zhitomir, Korosten, Kiev. He was one of the authors of the anonymously distributed “Psychiatrist. correspondence examination of PG Grigorenko "(1971) - the doctor who caused a violent reaction in honey. and societies, circles in the west and, therefore, the extent of the prevented owls. the authorities widely use psychiatry as an instrument of punitive policy. Arrested in May 1972. Incriminated “Zionist. propaganda ”, as well as reading and reprinting“ Cancer Ward ”by A.I.Solzhenitsyn. In oct. 1972 sentenced Kiev, regional court to 7 years in camps with the last. by reference to 3 years. He served his sentence in the Perm political camps, where he became one of the most act. participants in the struggle against the arbitrariness of the administration and for recognition of the status of a political prisoner In 1974, together with VK Bukovsky, he compiled "A manual on psychiatry for dissidents" - something like a recommendation for those who are subjected to a psychiatrist, repression. After the camp and exile in Zap. Siberia returned to Kiev. In the end. 1980s - member recreated Ukr. Helsinki c. After, on the basis of the latter, a purely lit. org-tion - Ukr. Rep. party (1991), preferred to stay in the UH G.Brat G. - Daniel (b. 1936), cytologist, Dr. med. sciences, prof .; head lab. in Ying-those problems of oncology and radiobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
GLYBOKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1438. In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Moldavian Prince. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - us. the Adinkat point was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940, approx. 130 Jews; Jews have lived in Georgia since the 1430s. The first Jews were immigrants from Moldova. Main occupations - trade, crafts, agriculture. There was a community, 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. Between 1904 and 19030 there was a Jewish society in Georgia for rendering aid to the sick. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust. In the vicinity of Georgia there is a place of mass burial of executed Jews, marked with a commemorative sign. After 1945, most of the surviving Jews moved to Chernivtsi or left for the USA, E.-I. and other countries; 4 families remained in Georgia in the 1990s. 2 Jewish families lived in Georgia: S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
GLYBOKOVICHI, a village in the Kirov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobruisk district. Minsk province. 20th century in G. lived several. dozens of Jews. On July 10, 1921, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the detachments of Ataman S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich; 24 killed, 3 Jews survived.
GMURMAN Viktor Efimovich (1906, Odessa - 1988, Moscow), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. After graduating from the Academy, com. upbringing them. NK Krupskoy took an active part in the development of topical problems of the organization ped. process, building account. plans and programs. Headed the department. schools and universities in the "Uchitelskaya Gazeta", at the same time. worked as a teacher in the school. No. 182 (Moscow). He headed the lab. at the Research Institute of General Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (USSR). He performed the main. research work on the preparation of two ed. op. A.S. Makarenko, for which he was awarded 1st pr. APN USSR. Author of a monograph on the education of conscious discipline, et al. Izv. textbook "General Foundations of Pedagogy".
Gnedin Evgeny Alexandrovich (1898, Dresden - 1983, Moscow), diplomat, publicist, writer. Rod. in a family of political emigrants from Russia. Son of A.L. Parvus. During Feb. rev-tion student Novorossiysk. (Odessa) un-that G. participated in the roar. events; during civil. war, working in the villages. school, then illegally living in Odessa, became close to the Bolsheviks; member anti-Denikin Bolshevik underground in Nikolaev and Odessa. From 1920 he lived in Moscow, then in Petrograd, where he continued his education at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1922–39 he served intermittently in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases. THE USSR. Was the head. trade and economic. dep. NKID (1924), 1st sec. owls. embassy in Berlin (1935–37), head. dep. press of the NKID (1937–39). Known as one of the leading owls. international journalists; in 1931–35 (temporarily leaving the service in the NKID) Deputy. head foreign ed. in Izvestia. Arrested in May 1939 (immediately after the dismissal of MM Litvinov from the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR). The 2-year investigation, which was personally supervised by L.P. Beria, could not get from G., despite the torture, compromising testimony against Litvinov and other hands. People's Commissariat. Sentenced to 10 years in the camps as a "spy" and "terrorist". In 1941-49 - in the camp, until 1955 - in exile in the Center. Kazakhstan. In 1955 after rehabilitation and restoration in the CPSU in Moscow. In the 1960s. publ. a number of Art. on the history of owls. diplomacy in Novy Mir and other editors. 1964–65 - one of the participants in the campaign in defense of IABrodsky. In 1966, when discussing the history of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Ying-those, the book. AM Nekrich "June 22, 1941", made a sharp criticism of Stalin and Stalinism. From ser. 1960s until the end of his life he participated in the movement for human rights in the USSR; was close with A.D. Sakharov and other human rights activists, signed a number of their petitions. In 1979 he left the Communist Party. At the turn of the 1970s-80s. several works of G. memoir and historical journalistic. character were reprinted in samizdat and were partially publ. abroad. Author of works: Catastrophe and rebirth, Amsterdam, 1977; From the history of relations between the USSR and fasc. Germany, New York, 1978; Way out of the maze, New York, 1982.
NEDINA Nadezhda Markovna (ps. M. Nadezhdina) (1905, Kiev - 1991, Moscow), writer, translator. In 1930 she graduated from the Higher. state lit. courses in Moscow. Lit. engaged in labor since 1930. Per. with him. G. Gross, B. Brecht, with French. O. de Balzac, E. Zola, T. Gautier and others; letters from J. Sand, G.F. Hegel, F.Hölderlin. Per. rum. F. Werfel "Forty days of Musadag" about the genocide of the arm. people.
Gnesin Boris Yakovlevich (1903, Odessa - 1975, Leningrad), engineer, designer of sea vessels. In 1927 he graduated from the Odessa machine-building. in-t. He worked in decomp. KB in Leningrad, at the end. 30s took part in the creation. battleships (battleships) of the Sov. Union ". From 1942 to 1947, the governor. Purchasing Commission in the USA. In 1947-54 Ch. designer TsKB-1, in 1954–67 Ch. Ing. and deputy. early TsKB-25. He took part in the creation of the sea. ships decomp. destination, incl. the world's first atomic icebreaker "Lenin". Became. pr. (1942), Len. pr. (1960).
GNESIN Menachem (1882, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1952, Tel Aviv), actor. One of the founders of t-ra in Hebrew. Brother of U. N. Gnesin. From 1903 in E.-I. Was a worker, sat down. teacher. In 1907 founded. Loves. troupe, edges performed in Hebrew with performances "Jews" by EN Chirikov, "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov and others. In 1912, together with N. Tsemakh, he organized prof. a troupe in Bialystok, staging performances in Hebrew (some of the actors entered the Habima theater in 1917), in 1923 in Berlin - the Theater of Eretz Israel, with which in 1924 he arrived in E.-I. Was in it an actor and dir. In 1928 the t-r merged with the Habima troupe, which had come on tour. Author of the memoirs "My Way with the Jewish Theater". 1905-26 "(1946).
Gnesin Mikhail Fabianovich (1883, Rostov-on-Don - 1957, Moscow), composer, teacher, music society. activist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1943). The son of a government rabbi. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in composition classes by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Lyadov (1909). From 1908 he led a ped. and muz.-skylight. work - hands. working muses. circles in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinodar (now Krasnodar, 1911–13). In Rostov-on-Don (1914-21) he organized the first music in Russia. school (now named after him) and Nar. cons. (was her director), Society "Muz. b-ka them. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov ". In 1914 and in 1922 he traveled to E.-I., met with the religion. and secular muses. folklore of Heb. communities, which influenced the muses. creativity G., who became one of the founders of prof. Heb. music in Russia. From 1923 he worked in Moscow, taught in music. school (since 1925 - musical technical school named after Gnessin). Prof. compositions Mosk. (1925–36) and Leningrad. cons. (1935–44), head. Department of Composition Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins (1944–51). Among the students are B.L. Klyuzner, T.N. Khrennikov, A.I. Khachaturian, A.S. Leman, G.A. Mushel. In 1941-42 the head. muses. part of the Mari muses. t-ra in Yoshkar-Ola. Initial. turned to the chamber-instructor. and wok. genres. In 1912–14 he created music for the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. Since 1917 he has been using music. folklore of the peoples of the Transcaucasus, the Volga region, and others. Hebrews occupy a special place in the work of G. thematic: op.-poem "The Youth of Abraham" (1923), suite from music to the play by P.V. Gogol "The Inspector General" - "Heb. orchestra at the mayor's ball "(1926), symph. fantasy ("in the Hebrew genus", 1919), variations on the Heb. theme for strings. quartet (1916), Pages from Song of Songs (1919) and 3 Heb. songs (1921) for orc., symph. poem "Song of the Ancient Homeland" (1919), "Dances of the Galilean Workers" for orc. (1923), "Song of the Wandering Knight" for strings, quartet and harp (after eating, in the image of the 13th century Jewish Minnesinger, 1916), wok. cycle "The Tale of the Red-Haired Motel" (to words by IP Utkin, 1929), elegy-pastoral in memory of Hebrew. poet O. Shvartsman for php. trio (1940). For op. late period is characterized by deepening philosophy. motives. The pinnacle of G.'s creativity - fp. trio "In memory of our dead children" (1943) and a fantasy sonata for fp. Quartet (1945, Steel Ave. USSR, 1946). Author approx. 50 romances, music for performances and c / f., Arrangements of plank beds. melodies, as well as the manual "Beginning. course of practical composition ", (M.-L., 1941; 2nd ed., 1962), book. "Thoughts and memories of Rimsky-Korsakov" (Moscow, 1956), a number of articles. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1927).
Gnesin Uri Nisan (1881, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1913, Warsaw), writer, brother of M. Gnesin. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied at the yeshiva together with I.H.Brenner. In 1899 he worked in gas. "Ha-Tsfira" (Warsaw), published stories and critics. articles compiled by the book. "The Shadow Sides of Life" (1904). In 1900 he moved to Yekaterinoslav, then to Vilna, where he worked in gas. "Ha-Zman", then - to Kiev. In 1907, together with Brenner, he tried to publish in London. "Ha-Meorer", however, had no success, then visited E.-I. In 1908 he returned to Russia. G. was the first in the Hebrew literature to raise the topic of human alienation and loss of life. soil, resorted to a modernist, modern technique. Western-European and Russian. lit-ry. In his works. revealed the world of a Jewish intellectual who came from the Hebrews. town and trying to grow into a new European for him. culture. Main pov .: "Aside" (1905), "Bye" (1906), "Before" (1909), "About" (1913). G. translated into Hebrew production. A.P. Chekhov, S. Baudelaire, G. Heine, J. Wasserman and others.
Gnesina Elena Fabianovna (1874, Rostov-on-Don - 1967, Moscow), teacher, pianist, music society. activist. Sister M.F. Gnesin. I learned to play php. from E.L. Langer, F. Busoni and P.Yu. Schletzer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1893 in the class fp. V.I.Safonov. From 1890 she taught playing on ph. in the boarding school-gymnasium Arsenyeva. From 1893 she gave concerts in Moscow and other cities of Russia. In 1895 with the sisters Evgenia Fabianovna Savina-G. (1870-1940) and Maria Fabianovna G. (1871-1918) organized muses. school, transferred to the state in 1919 and renamed. in the State. indicative muses. school (since 1925 musical technical school named after the Gnesins. Since 1936 the school named after the Gnesins). Since 1895 he was a permanent director. uch-schA, later deer. uch. combine (founded in 1944), which included Muz.-ped. in-t them. Gnesins (now the Russian Gnessin Musical Academy), ten-year school and muses. uch-shche; from 1953 - artistic director hands. plant, since 1943 - prof. Among the students: L.N. Oborin, A.I. Khachaturian, M.V. Milman. Author det. uch.-methodical. lit-ry. Among the collection: "Piano Alphabet" (1937), "Small Etudes for Beginners" (1923), miniatures, 11 pieces (1927), 17 picture pieces (1943), "Album of Children's Pieces" (1950); “Preparatory exercises in different types of php. technology ". "Methodological manual for teachers and students" (1940) and others. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1935) Sisters Olga Fabianovna Alexandrova-G. (1885-1963) and Elizaveta Fabianovna Vitachek-G. (1879-1953) - also musicians-teachers.
Gnevoshev, see Gnevoshev.
GNEVOSHUV, a village in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Gnevoshev Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. 523 Jews (48.5%) lived in Georgia in 1897; in 1921, approx. 3,500 Jews in the 1900s Leibus Tyrangel was the rabbi in Georgia. 1940 a ghetto was created in Georgia, which contained apprx. 7 thousand people In aug. 1942 the ghetto was deported approx. 5600 Jews; 15 oct. 1942 approx. 1 thousand people was sent to Treblinka.
Gnezdychev, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Zhidachiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews in Sept. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to Stryi.
GNIVAN, a city (since 1981) in the Tyvrovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district In 1926, 142 Jews (7%) lived in Georgia, and in 1939 there were 361 Jews. On June 6, 1942, 276 Jews were shot in Georgia: 89 local, the rest from the surrounding villages.
GOBERMAN David Noevich (1912, Minsk - 2003, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, art critic. In 1929 he came to Leningrad, worked at the plant and at the same time. studied at the studio of ISORAM. In 1933–39 he studied architect. f-those of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad with N.A. Tyrsa and N.F. Lapshin. This means that a place in creativity is occupied by the theoretical. issl., author of monographs on nar. to the creativity of Moldova, Transcarpathia, Hutsulytsin and Bukovina, as well as the monograph “Heb. gravestones in Ukraine and Moldova ”(Moscow, 1993), where for the first time the gravestones of Hebrews were systematized and analyzed. cemeteries. Main paintings: "Kama Bank" (1949, oil on canvas), "Leningrad. On Kamenny Island "(1956, oil on canvas), graphic artist. works - "Red Houses" (1973), "Sleeping Village" (1975), "Old Man with a Pipe" (1978), "Bouquet in a Black Vase" (1983), "Ceramic Vessels" (1983), "Still Life with a Portrait" (1985), "Portrait of an Architect" (1985), "Landscape with a Yellow House" (1986). Works are in private collections.
GOBERMAN Lev Solomonovich (1892, Turov, Minsk province - 1959, Moscow), military. veterinarian. Major general vet. service (1943). In the army since 1918. Early. vet. service kav. corps of the army. 1939–41 - early. vet. Department of the North Caucasus. military. env. 1942-43 - early. vet. department of fronts. 1944-49 - deputy. early vet. management Sov. Army. Since 1949 - retired. He was awarded the 5th order.
GOBORIN Shloymo (1883, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1930, ibid.), Rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied and then taught at the best Lithuanian and Polish yeshivas. In 1914-17 he headed the yeshiva in Minsk. After the revolution, he left the yeshiva and continued his illegal teaching activities in synagogues and private homes. He was arrested, but managed to escape from custody. Since 1922 in Poland. He taught at a yeshiva in Bialystok. Was close to Mirzakhi's movement.
GODINER Shmuel Davidovich (1893, Telekhany, Minsk province - 1942), prose writer. Rod. in the tenant's family, the roar was carried away early. movement. In 1908 he moved with his parents to Warsaw, where he became a locksmith's apprentice. At the age of 17, he started working in metal. workshops, was engaged in self-education. By that time, his first lit. experiences. In 1912 he was drafted into the army, served in the Caucasus, in 1914 he was seriously wounded, taken prisoner by the Austrians, fled from the camp to Warsaw, from there he returned to Russia. In 1921 he entered Moscow. lit.-artist in-t them. Bryusov. In the same year, publ. into gas. Emes is the first story. Published in f. "Shtrom" (Moscow), "Stern" (Minsk) and other publications. First. book prose "Tog antkegn" ("To meet the day") published in 1924. Fame came to G. with the release of rum. Der mench mit der bix (Man with a rifle) in 1928. In the 30s. G. published several. kn., to-rye strengthened his reputation as one of the largest masters of owls. Heb. prose. ("Figurn afn rand" ("Figures on the edge"), "Jim Kuperkop", "Leader mench" ("Other people"), "Zaveler tract" ("Zavel tract") and others. G. translated into Yiddish man. M.Gorky, L.N.Seifullina, FVGladkov, Yu.K. Olesha At the beginning of the war of 1941-45 G. went into the militia and died.
GOODLY, see Garlyava.
GODOVSKY Leopold (1870, Soshly Vilensk Gubernia - 1938, New York), pianist, teacher, composer. From childhood he studied violin and fp., First gave concerts as a violinist. At the age of 9 he made a conc. tour of Russia and Germany. From 1882 to 1884 he studied physical education. playing with V. Bargil and E. Rudorf at the Higher School of Music (in Berlin). In 1887–90 he was with C. Saint-Saens at the Paris Conservatory. He toured a lot (including in Russia since 1905). From 1890 he lived in the United States. Taught at the Conservatories in Philadelphia and Chicago (until 1900), then in Berlin. In 1909–14, he led the class of higher pianists. mastery at the Academy of Music in Vienna (among the students - G. G. Neuhaus, I. A. Dobrovein, E. Vai). As a teacher, G. strove not to infringe on the student's individuality, he appreciated in her the ability to think musically. I paid special attention to finishing details. From 1914 he lived in New York. He gave concerts a lot until 1930, when he stopped performing due to hand disease. He possessed a virtuoso technique (he was called the “miracle of the 20th century”), while defining his technique as “smart,” and was especially famous for his left hand technique. For G. virtuosity was not an end in itself. In his pianist. craftsmanship combined sophistication and academicism. He was distinguished by impeccable taste, filigree finishing of details, he had the finest "picturesque" ear. Known processing and transcription of G. - virtuoso, with technical. tricks and compositional finds. He composed pieces for violin and piano; wrote cadenzas for the concerts of W.A. Mozart and L. Beethoven, made transcriptions of harpsichord works. J. F. Ramo, J. B. Lully, D. Scarlatti et al., Dec. processing of violin. sonatas and cello suites by J.S.Bach, compositions by K.M. Weber, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, J. Bizet, C. Saint-Saens, F. Chopin (in one arrangement he combined several of Chopin's studies, made processing for one left hand), etc., edited by pedagogical. repertoire. G. - the author of methodical. journal article "Piano Music for the Left Hand" (1935). Son G. - Leopold (1900, Chicago - |), violinist, developed (with L. Mann) the color photo process Kodachrom.
GODUTISHKI, see Adutiskis.
GOFENFELD, see Vysokopol.
GOFF Inna Anatolyevna (1928, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow), prose writer, poet. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in 1950. Began to publish in 1947. Author of the stories "I am the taiga" (M., 1950), "Heartbeat" (M., 1955), "You may not be a poet ..." (M., 1959), “The Northern Dream: A Little Story” (Moscow, 1960), “Don't Trust the Mirrors” (Moscow, 1966), “Councils of Neighbors” (Moscow, 1979), rom. "The telephone rings at night" (Moscow, 1963) and others. G. owns a number of stories collected in collection. "Favorites" (M., 1979); "Favorites: Stories and Novels" (M., 1987). Main G.'s interest is ethical. problems, questions of friendship and love, duty and loyalty. Her work reflects various realities and collisions of her time, incl. military ("Line for kerosene", 1961; "In the evenings they sang", 1974, etc.)., "Heartbeat" dedicated. life of young doctors, pov. "You may not be a poet ..." - lit. youth. In later works. - pov. "Charlie, Mani's brother", "The boy with the glove", in the masterfully laconic stories, the deep drama of everyday life dominates. All R. 1980s turned to essays, G. was occupied by a variety of people. destiny: “Watermarks. Notes about Yuri Trifonov "(October, 1985); "Long Century". [Memoirs]] ("October", 1992), prepared for publishing. book LA Avilova “Stories and Memories” (Moscow, 1984). G.'s poems were published in periodicals. print. On pl. poems by G. wrote songs, incl. "Russian Field" by Ya.A. Frenkel.
GOFMAN Genrikh Borisovich (1922, Irkutsk - 2005, Moscow), writer, Hero of Owls. Union (1944), Colonel. Since 1940 - in Kr. Army. In 1942 he graduated from the military. Aviation pilot school. From March 1943 - at the front, an assault aviation pilot. In 1950 he graduated from the Air Force Academy. From 1962 - retired. The main theme of G.'s work is World War II. He was awarded 9 orders. Vol .: The plane was shot down over the target. M., 1959; Heroes of Taganrog. M., 1966; Gestapo employee. M., 1978; My contemporaries. M., 1982.
HOFMAN Nehemia-Dov (1857, Gavra Rossiensky u. Coven province - 1928, Cape Town, South Africa), journalist, writer. The author of a number of popul. tr. in natural science. In 1877 publ. his first book. "Otsar Hemed" ("Desired Treasure"), which included the per. from rus. and it. g. Second book. "Ga-nosea" ("Traveler") was published in 1883. Comp. in f., published in Hebrew and Yiddish. For some time he lived in New York, where he was engaged in journalism. Since 1889 in the South. America, where he was one of the first to publish Heb. press. G. brought with him a Heb. font and in 1890 released the first w. in Yiddish "Der Afrikaner Israelit". Later he began publishing. other weekly "Ga-Op" (Cape Town), was responsible for the publication of a number of gas. and w., one of which ("Kinneret") was published in Hebrew. In 1916 he published an illustration in Yiddish. Sat. about the life of Jews in Yuzh. Africa, and in 1920 "Das zyudafrikanishe Yarbukh", also illustrated. He wrote stories in Yiddish.
GOFNUNGSTAL, see Tsebrikovo.
GOFSHTEIN David Naumovich (1889, Korostyshev of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1952), poet. Studied at cheder, Kiev, g-zii and commercial. uch-shche, then to Kiev, and Petersburg. un-takh. He made his debut in 1917 in Kiev. gas. "Nae Zeit", and then to Kiev. alm. Aigns and Oifgang. In 1919 his first was published. poetic. Sat. "Bai vegn" ("On the road"), in 1920 - "Dig a blint" ("Red bloom"). Having settled in Kiev, he worked as a teacher in lit. and dramatic. studios. Published during the period, ed., In particular in Moscow. g. Shtrom (1922–24). In 1921 he published his collection of works. verse. "Ginen-Geveb" ("Dawn Fabric"), "Zunen-Shleifn" ("Solar Plexus"), in 1922 - "Walger Steiner" ("Boulders") and "Troer" ("Sadness"), in 1923 - "Intl fun vent" ("In the cover of the walls") and "Lyrics". In 1923 he left Russia, first lived in Berlin, then settled in E.-I., published poetry in Hebrew. In 1926 he returned to Kiev and was actively involved in lit. traffic. In 1939 he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor. Has been criticized for nationalism and adherence to biblical phraseology. Published several. collection of poetry, where the talent of G. as a master philosopher was most clearly manifested. lyrics. Translated into Yiddish by Ukrainian. and Russian. classics, as well as abroad. literature (E. Sinkler, A. Barbusse, F. Schiller, P. Beaumarchais and others). During the 2nd world. war G. was evacuated to Ufa, was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that. Repressed in 1948, shot in 1952.
GOFUNG Efim Mikhailovich (1876, Constantinograd, Poltava province - 1944), dentist. He graduated from a dental school in Warsaw (1899) and Kharkov honey. Institute (1924). In 1899-1903 he practiced in Poltava, from 1904 he taught at the Yekaterinoslav dental school. In 1905–06, as well as in 1926 he improved his skills in Berlin. In 1906-21 he taught at the dental school and in the lips. zemstvo paramedic school in Kharkov; from 1921 - to Khark. honey. in-those - dean odontologic. f-that, prof. (from 1925), deputy. dir. dentist Institute of Science. tr. dedicated decomp. issues of dentistry, incl. pulpitis; author of textbooks on dentistry, one of the organizers of the higher. dentist education in the USSR. In 1910-24, the head. Kharkov Dental Society. Honored. active sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1941). Works: Fundamentals of prosthetic dentistry, Kharkov, 1910; Practical dentistry. 2nd ed. Petrograd, 1915; Materials for the clinical diagnosis of pulpitis (doc. Dis.) M., 1928; Therapeutic dentistry. M. - L., 1938 (co-author).
GOGNAURI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. In the 19th century. Jews lived in Georgia.
GOGOLEV, a village in the Brovarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostersky u. Chernigov Gubernia. Since 1904, Lieber Liberson (1867 -?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. On March 23, 1918, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the Haidamaks; 2 Jews were killed.
GOKHBERG David Khaimovich (1880, Boguslav Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1964, Moscow), publicist, teacher, translator. In 1904–10 he was a teacher in the schools of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in St. Petersburg. After graduation. jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that in 1910 headed a school in Kremenchug. In 1915 he founded Tambov. region Heb. school for refugees from the Baltic States and held the first in Tambov. conf. Heb. teachers. He debuted in literature in 1905 Art. about fr. rev-tion, later published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. In 1913 he published the first. Yiddish study program and Heb. book for kids. After the revolution there was an ed. scientific-ped. dep. under Heb. commissariat, per. and edited a number of textbooks and scientific. ed., participated in spelling. commission for the reform of Heb. spelling. Since 1920 he headed the dialectologist. commission at the Institute for the study of Heb. history, philology and liters. His pen belonged to the research. on the phonetics and grammar of Yiddish, the evolution of Heb. literature for ate, era, methodology, literature, etc. Great interest for the history of Hebrews. enlightenment have his book. "Di nae shul" illustr. ABC (1913), "Methodical. instructions for reading and studying Yiddish "(1913). G. per. in Yiddish plural textbooks for the beginning. and cf. schools, incl. "The ancient people of Israel" by N.K.Nikolsky, "The life of a plant" by K.A. Timiryazev and others. Son Efim (b. 1910, Yekaterinoslav), societies. activist. 1928–58 - in the Sov. Army, engineer regiment. aviation. Participation. Sov.-Japanese. conf. on the lake. Hassan (1938) and 2nd World. war. From ser. 1970s collects mater, about the participation of Jews in the 2nd world. war. Con. 1970s - early. 1980s participates in the distribution. Heb. samizdat. One of the creatures. Moscow Heb. cultural and educational about-va (MEKPO), deputy. prev. Since 1990 - one of the hands. WAAD.
GOKHBERG Israel Tsudikovich (b. 1928, Tarutino, Izmail region), mathematician. Graduated from Chisinau. un-t (1951). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1966). He worked in Balti ped. in-te (Mold. SSR) (1953–64), in-te matem. Academy of Sciences of the MoldSSR (since 1964). All R. 80s moved to Israel. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Main results in the field of func. analysis and integral equations. He made important achievements in spectral operator theory, matrix theory and perturbation theory. Corresponding member Mold. AN. Member of the Israeli Academy of Sciences. Etc. Hans Schneider (1993) Cit .: Projection methods for solving the Wiener-Hopf equation. (Chisinau, 1967, jointly with I.A.Feldman); Theory of Volterra Operators in Hilbert Space and Its Applications (Moscow, 1967, jointly with MG Kerin).
GOKHMAN Chaim Yehudovich (1851, Drogichin of Kobrin district of Grodno province - 1915, Odessa), mathematician. In early childhood, he discovered outstanding abilities for mat. and practical. mechanics. Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1876), passed the exams for a master's degree in applied mathematics, left at un-those to prepare for professorship, since 1877 privat-doc. un-that, but as a Jew did not receive a paid position. From 1881 he was sent to scientific. business trip abroad. Upon his return, he read lectures in the university on applied mathematics. and taught drawing. In 1890 for the work "Foundations of cognition and creation of pairs and mechanisms" received the degree of Doctor of Applied Mathematics. Only in 1894 he received a paid post, with the aim of having a post. earnings opened in Odessa private Heb. commercial school, however, as a result of the pogroms of 1905 and the increased emigration of Jews, the classes were empty. The threat of collapse caused G. incurable mind. disorder. However, until the last. days of life, taking advantage of periods of improved health, G. continued to study mat., astronomy, calendar studies, based on the study of the texts of the TANAKH and the Talmud, conducted research. by definition mat. and cosmographic. knowledge of the Jews in antiquity, argued that 2 thousand years before the new era, they knew the concept of the sphericity of the earth and its rotation. method of solving the question of gearing, M., 1877; Perpetual calendar for finding days of the week and numbers of months, Odessa, 1880; The theory of links, generalized and developed by analysis, Odessa, 1886; Kinematics of machines, Odessa, 1890; Drawing curves by means of circular arcs, Odessa, 1891; Perpetual calendar of the old style and calendar of the new style for 2800 years, Odessa, 1914.
Gokhman Veniamin Maksovich (1918, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1986, Moscow), geographer. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Leningrad University (1939), postgraduate studies in economics and geography. Faculty of Moscow State University (1948). In 1950–54 he worked at Tomsk University. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1976), prof. (1981). Since 1954 at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1966 Head of the Department and Lab. Of Geography of the World Economy). Made a great contribution to the development of theoretical. geography, theory and practice of societies, geography. One of the creatures. the concept of problematic regional studies. Works on the geography of the world. x-va, the location of the industry, the problems of geography and socio-geogr. US problems. Created foundations of the geography of culture. Member Int. Association of Regional Sciences (1967). Cit .: Panama and Panama Canal, 1951; Guatemala (both under ps. Benin VM), 1954; Geography is heavy. industry of the USA, 1956; Economic issues geography is capitalistic. countries. Geography of the US industry, 1956 (with co-authors); Econ. districts of the USA. North, 1958 (et al.); Total econom. geography, 1976.
GOKHMAN Julius (1892, Bessarabia - 1970), labor leader. At the age of 11 he was apprenticed to a tailor. At the age of 13, he took part in a failed strike and decided to become a socialist. After leaving for the United States at the age of 15, he worked in New York as a lady's tailor and attended evening Wed. school, school of societies, sciences and Brookwood Tr. college. Since 1912 he became the organizer of the trade in clothes from the international. womenswear union in Chicago, Boston, Toronto and Montreal. Since 1925 vice-president. this union. During the intraprofessional. disagreements between right and left G. took the side of the anti-communist. gr. As a professor, he developed a program to stabilize the sewing industry. Since 1929 he has been the manager of the United Mountains in New York. council of workers of the sewing industry. G. achieved piece rates, the provision of training opportunities, which strengthened cooperation between workers and the administration and helped to increase the efficiency of production. G. contributed to the preservation of New York as a national. center of the sewing industry. In 1941, with the consent of the garment manufacturers, he developed mandatory standard performance indicators, a general industrial program. planning and creation. prom. New York's potential to turn it into a world. center of the sewing industry. G. belong to Art. (in English) "The reason for the strike" (1936) and "Prom. planning using a collective agreement "(1941).
GOKIO, a village in Akhalkalaki region (Georgia). Until the 16th century - as part of Javakheti (historical region of Georgia), from the 16th century. - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Akhaltsykh, from 1874 - in Akhalkalaki u. Tiflis province. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Georgians (Meskhi), Armenians, and Jewish merchants lived in Georgia. According to other sources, there was a synagogue in Georgia. To the end. 19th century the Jewish community of Georgia ceased to exist.
GOLANT Evgeny Yakovlevich (1888, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1971, Leningrad), teacher, prof. (1938). Brother R.Ya. Golant. In 1911 he graduated from Historical Philology. and legal. f-you Petersburg. un-that. In 1912-18 he taught in a private Heb. gymnasium. In 1918-28 he worked to eliminate illiteracy; his ABC book "Let's Learn" (1930) - one of the main. benefits for adults. From 1921 to scientific-ped. work in Leningrad: in Ying-those out-of-school education (1921-30), Ying-those scientific. Pedagogy (1925–38), Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. AI Herzen (1928–71). He created primers and books for reading adults, in which the method of whole words and analytical-synthetic are combined. method of mastering literacy. Developed a wide range of didactic. problems, in particular, proposed the classification of teaching methods by sources of knowledge. He made the principles of teaching dependent on personal production, household and polit, the experience of students. In his works on the history of pedagogy, he paid special attention to the development of education in Europe and America. Naib, known written by him et al. with Sh.I. Ganelin a textbook on the history of pedagogy (1940). Works: School work with adults, M.-L., 1931; School leadership, L., 1957.
GOLANT Raisa Yakovlevna (1885 - 1953, Leningrad), psychiatrist, prof. Sister E.Ya. Golant. In 1909-27 she worked in the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses Military medical. academy under the hands. VM Bekhtereva, where she was engaged in neuropathology and experiment, physiology. Since 1928 head. Department of Psychiatry 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that and at the same time (1938–48) deputy. scientific director of Psychoneurological. Institute of Science. works of G. dedicated. problems of traumatic, infectious, vascular psychoses, as well as mental. disorders with vitamin deficiencies and alimentary dystrophy. She described the syndromes of hallucinations, speech movements of the tongue, violent states, feelings of weightlessness, as well as some rare gnostic and mnestic disorders, the phase course of encephalitis. A number of works after eating, mental disorders in hypertensive. diseases, brain injuries, tumors of the third ventricle, Alzheimer's disease. Member reign of Leningrad (in 1949-50 - his previous.) Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Cit .: On the disorder of memory, L.-M., 1935.
GOLANT Victor Evgenievich (1928, Leningrad - 2008, St. Petersburg), physicist. D.ch. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1990), Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of E.Ya. Golant. In 1950 he graduated from physical and mechanical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI). 1950–56 at the Design Bureau of the Svetlana plant (Leningrad). He was engaged in the theory of microwave gas. Discharge and its tech. applications. In 1958 he began working at Physico-technical. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe (FTI); from 1968 - head. lab. plasma physics. Since 1987 - director. Dept. plasma physics, atomic physics and astrophysics of the Physicotechnical Institute. At the same time. from 1956 - assistant professor, and from 1967 - prof. PoI. In 1989 he headed the Department of Plasma Physics in it, a cut and is in charge at the present. time. Ch. ed. “J. tech. Physics "(since 1987). Basic work in the region. plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion. Proposed and implemented a number of new methods of plasma diagnostics, DOS. on the interaction with her electromagnet. waves (plasma radar, scattering, absorption and emission of electromagnetic waves, plasma). Research diffusion of plasma in a strong magn. field and interaction of waves decomp. type with plasma in such a field. Took part in the experimental program. research plasma on tokamaks. Developed new methods of heating and compression of plasma and methods for suppressing anomalous diffusion and thermal conductivity in it. State pr. (1988). Works: Fundamentals of Plasma Physics (with A.P. Zhilinsky and I.E.Sakharov), Moscow, 1977 (translated into English, Japanese and other languages); High-frequency methods of plasma heating (with V.I. Fedorov), Moscow, 1986 (translated into English).
Naked Pier, city (since 1958), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1786. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. In 1897, 667 Jews (10.8%) lived in Georgia, 249 in 1923, 291 (5.1%) in 1926, and 276 Jews in 1939. 19th century a synagogue was opened in G.P., in the 1870s. - Talmud Torah, in 1907 - a Jewish hospital. In 1909 there were 2 cemeteries, a mutual aid society, 4 heders (50 students), a free husband. Jewish school. In 1907, the box collection reached 800 rubles. 31 oct. 1905 2 Jewish shops were destroyed in G.P. further pogrom was stopped by the peasants themselves. 12 Oct. 1941, 150 Jews were shot in G.P. Yu.N. Grigorieva
GOLBSHTEIN Motl Aronovich (1918, Novoukrainka Elizavetgradsky u., Kherson province. - 1993, Kirovograd), poet. R. in the family of farmers Heb. colonies. After leaving school he studied at Khark. gas. college, became a journalist. He made his debut in literary verse, in khark. youth Heb. gas. "Junge Guard" in 1934. Then published in different. periodic. ed. The first book. verse. "Funken" ("Iskra") was released in 1940. In June 1941 he went to the front, took part in battles in the regions of Kharkov, Lugansk, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Tula, Kursk; divisional newspaper. He started the war in stars. ml. political instructor, and finished her art. lieutenant. After demobilization he lived in Moscow, was printed in gas. "Einikite" then moved to Kirovograd in Ukraine, and ate, lived in Simferopol for two decades. In 1947 he published a second poetry in Moscow. Sat. "Meat bix in gant" ("With a rifle in hand"), which included his army poems and ballads. From the beginning. exit railway "Sovetish Gameland" regularly published poems, ballads and romantic poems. character.
GOLD Lewis (1875, Zaboriya Vilna province - 1937, New York), builder, philanthropist. Since 1888 in the USA. Studied in the evening. School of New York. He worked as a salesman, then as an insurance agent, in 1901 he started a real estate business. Brooklyn's business and residential development owes much to his entrepreneurial spirit. In 25 years, he has built over 9,000 homes in New York. Brooklyn helped. an orphanage and Brooklyn. Heb. youth association, to-rye headed from 1905 to the last. days.
GOLDBERG Moses Wolf (b. 1905, Ruiena Volmarskogo u. Livland province.), Organic chemist. In the 30s. worked in tech. higher. school in Zurich. From 1941 in the USA, where until 1966 he headed the chemical. research at Hoffman-La Roche (Nutley, New Jersey). Sci. activities related to research. chem. compounds for pharmaceutical prom-ty used in medicine: terpenes, sex hormones, steroids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc. Author of Art. about honey. drugs in scientific. g.
GOLDENTHAL Jakob (1815, Brody - 1868, Vienna), orientalist. There was a deer. Heb. schools in Chisinau in 1843. In 1846 he settled in Vienna, where he taught Eastern. lang. and literature in Vienna University (from 1849). Publ. several Art. to Wed-century. Heb. lit-re. Edited by many. Wed-century. texts. Tried to renew the period, ed. Mosta and Kreisenach "Sion" (only one issue of "Neue Sion" appeared in 1845). G.'s correspondence with S.D. Luzatto was published. in "Kotvey Yitzhak". Also published the first. Heb. Arabic textbook. (1857) and compiled a catalog of forty ancient Hebrews. manuscripts in Nat. b-ke of Vienna (1851).
GOLDES (Goldesheim) Oizer (1900, Chisinau - 1966, Kharkov), lit. critic, playwright. R. in the family of a watchmaker. He spent his childhood and youth in Berdichev. He studied at school, then in Russian. gymnasium, to-ruu graduated after the roar. There was a student philologist, Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. un-that. From the age of 19 he worked as a teacher in Berdichev, then in Kiev and Kharkov. In 1935–36 he was a scientific. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev. He made his poetry debut in literature, but soon took up literary knowledge, publ. in Heb. gas. and f. Art. and research. about the work of the classics of Heb. lit-ry and critical articles about modern. writers. He left a lot of interesting works about the classic. heritage, in particular about the manuf. Sholem Aleichem. In 1938 G. wrote the drama The Jewish Soldier, staged. Kievsk. Heb. theater, and in 1948 - the play "Other people" and several. one-act plays, staged. Heb. and ukr. theaters. Composition is of great value. im sat. Heb. folklore "Hershele Ostropoler" (1941). G. is the author. transl. in Yiddish Russian classics, as well as a number of textbooks on literature for Heb. schools. During the period of "the fight against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed, after reabil. in 1955 he returned to Kharkov, where he lived until the end of his life. Art. G. often publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland" and in Ukrainian. print.
GOLDFADEN (Goldenfodim) Avrom (1840, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1908, New York), poet, playwright. In 1857 he graduated from school, and in 1866 Zhytomyr rabbinical school. The first art. in Hebrew published in 1862 in Gaz. "Ha-Melits", and in the next. year Odessa newspaper "Kol mevaser" published his first article. Yiddish. In 1863 he began his theater, his career staging at the rabbinical school of Sh. Etinger's play "Serkele", in which Ch. role. In 1865 he published his collection of works. Art. in Hebrew, and in 1866 the first book. Art. in Yiddish "Dos Idele" ("Jew"). Songs on the next G. were very popular. He worked as a teacher, tried to trade. In 1869 the second collection came out. verse. G. in Yiddish "Di Idene" ("Jewess"). G. left Odessa for Galicia to devote himself entirely to literature. In Lvov, together with I.-Y. Linetskiy published humor, weekly. Isrolik. Then gas in Chernivtsi. "Dos bukoviner israelitishe folksblat". G. moved to the city of Yassy, ​​met there gr. "Brodsky singers" who performed his songs, and in the city of Yassy created his own theater, the first performance of which was G.'s play "Recruits". It was followed by other drama. production, G. travels with his theater to the cities and towns of Romania. In the spring of 1879 he came to Odessa with his troupe and enjoyed great success. He had the same success on tour in Elizavetgrad, Kherson, Simferopol, Kremenchug, Poltava, Berdichev, Minsk, Kovno, as well as Moscow and St. Petersburg. After the tsarist authorities banned performances in Yiddish in 1883, G. returned to lit. activities, publishes Sat. verse. "Dos fidele" ("Violin") "Isrolik". In 1887 he left for America, but two years later he returned to Europe. Peru G. belongs to about 60 plays, many of which are included in the repertoire of Hebrews. theaters around the world. Despite the naivety and primitivism of some of them, they were distinguished by their brilliant stage performance, lively folk language.
GOLDHAR Pinchas (1901, Lodz - 1947, Melbourne), writer. He began his lit. activity with poetry, but soon turned to prose. Publ. short realist stories. Since 1928 in Australia. He lived in Melbourne, where he owned a small paint store. He edited for a long time and published the first weekly. in Yiddish in Australia. Mn. his stories after eating, integrating Heb. emigrants from Poland on Wednesday Australians. His book. "Derceilungen fun Oustralie" ("Australian stories") appeared in 1939. One-volume fav. manuf. G. was published by Sing, in 1949.
GOLDMAN Moses (1863, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1918, New York), journalist. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva and then in Vienna. Since 1890 in the USA. He worked as a teacher, printer and journalist. He founded a short-lived Hebrew in 1894. g. "Ga-More", edited first together with NM Shaikevich, and then independently "Ga-Le" (1901–02) in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1909 he edited the first. amer. daily gas. "Ga-Yom". Published the book. "Sayings of the Wise Men" from the lane. in English. lang. (New York, 1916).
GOLDMAN Shlomo (1893, Volchin, Brest district, Grodno province - 1953), rabbi, public figure. The child was brought to the USA. Educated in the yeshiva of Rabbi I. Elhanan in New York and in Heb. theological seminary. Rabbi since 1918. After serving in Brooklyn and Cleveland, where he founded a conservative congregation, in 1929 he became rabbi of the Anshey Emes synagogue in Chicago and held this position until his death. Throughout his life he was occupied by dec. public posts, incl. presidency of the Zionist organization of America and co-chairmanship in the united Heb. the appeal board. G. is the author of a number of books: "Romance of People", dramatization of events taking place in everything, a fair in Chicago in 1933, "Rabbi Meets" (1931), "Jew and the Universe" (1936), "Crisis and Solution" (1938) and The Undefeated (1940), Everyone Dealing with Jews in the Modern World. In the last. years began publishing works on the Bible and its impact on the world. culture. 3 volumes were completed: Book of Books (1948), In the Beginning (1949) and From Slavery to Freedom (1958). GOLDMARK, family. Joseph G. (1819-1881), rev. activist, physician and chemist. Rod. in env. Warsaw. He studied at the University of Vienna (1838), in 1840 he entered honey. school. In 1845 he began research. in the region. chemistry. When the revolution took place in Vienna in 1848, G. worked in a hospital. As a volunteer, he joined Acad. legion, became before. student union and was elected to the Reichstag. Accused of complicity in the murder of a military man. min. Latour, G. fled the country (later he was sentenced to death in absentia) and in 1850 moved from France to New York. Initially, G. practiced as a doctor. In 1857 he received a patent for the production of a mercury mixture, in 1859 he organized the production of fuses and cartridges. In 1868 he voluntarily returned to Austria, where he was forced to stand trial. The son was Henry G. (1857–1941), an engineer who was involved in the construction of railways. structures, designer of the Panama Canal locks. Daughter - Paulina G. (1874-1962), social worker. spheres, secret. Nat. and New York. league of consumers Brother - Karl G. (1830-1915), composer, violinist. In 1848–58 he performed in the orc. decomp. mountains. Hungary. From 1860 in Vienna. He wrote operas, symph. manuf. Author of musical-critical Art., memoirs. Karl's nephew - Rubin G. (1872, New York - 1936), composer and teacher. He graduated from Vienna, and later Nat. cons. in New York, began to teach. In 1894 he moved to Colorado, where he worked as a musician. college. In 1902 he returned to New York, taught php. and harmony, has given concerts in the USA and Canada. In 1911 he headed the department of theory of the New York muses. College, in 1924 - the composition department of the Juilliard muses. schools. Author FP. trio, quartets, sonatas, instru. plays, wok. (songs) music, in 1910 his fp. the quartet received I. Paderevsky prospect. Among his students are A. Kopland, J. Tershwin, E. Zimbalist. In 1956 mountains. College of New York named its muses. building them. Rubina G.
GOLDMAN Emma (1869, Kovna - 1940), journalist, polit. activist. Children. and a young man. years spent in Kovna, Konigsberg and Petersburg. Since 1885 in the USA. She was engaged in self-education. She early became a supporter of the anarch. movement. Unlike many others. anarchists G. acted in small radics. emigrant, communities, lectured, published w. "Mother Earth", where publ. numerous. Art., in which tried to enlighten the immoral Amer. about-in and defended personal freedom. Was a defender of birth control in the years before the 1st world. war, which was the reason for her arrest and imprisonment, imprisonment, as well as the prohibition of w. "Mother Earth". In 1919 she was deported to the Sov. Russia. She left her in 1921, disappointed by the suppression of her personality. She continued to write Art. and lecture, but her watered career was over. I tried to help the Catalan anarchists during the civil. wars in Spain. Author of the book: "Anarchism, etc. Art." (1910), “My disappointment with Russia” (1923), “My further disappointment with Russia” (1924) and “Living my own life” (2 vols. 1931), etc.
GOLDOVSKAYA Marina Evseevna (b. 1941, Moscow), film director. Daughter of E.M. Goldovsky. Dr. lawsuit. In 1963 she graduated from the opera. Faculty of VGIK. Since 1963 cameraman, since 1970 director-cameraman Center. TV. She took off the doc. f. "Surgeon Vishnevsky" (1969), "Yuri Zavadsky" (1971), "Valentina Tereshkova" (1974), "Arkady Raikin" (1975), "Alexander Tvardovsky" (1976), "Mikhail Bulgakov" (1979), "Pushkin and Pushchin "(1980)," Tvardovsky House "(1981)," The Eighth Director "(1981). The largest works: "The Arkhangelsk Peasant" (1986, pr. MKF electronic cinema in Cannes, 1987), "Tumbalalaika in America" ​​(1987), "To have a theater" (1987), "Power Solovetskaya" (1988, special pr. . Mkf in Amsterdam, 1989), "Taste of Freedom" (1990, in the USA), "From the Abyss" (1991, in Austria), "Shards of a Mirror" (1992, ave. "Golden Gate" of the Mkf in San Francisco), "House on Arbat Street" (1993, main prize of the Moscow Art Festival in Marseille, chapter ave. "Europe" for documentary film, 1993). Author pl. articles about cinema. VGIK teacher, State pr. USSR (1989). Son - Livnev Sergey Davidovich (b. 1964, Moscow), screenwriter, film director. In 1986 he graduated from the cinematography and screenwriting faculties of VGIK. Author pl. scripts: "Assa", "Body", "Rare blood group", "Chill", etc. In 1992 he made his debut in directing f. "Kiks" (avenue on the Moscow Art Festival in Karlovy Vary, 1992).
GOLDOVSKY Evsey Mikhailovich (1903, Nikopol, Yekaterinoslav Gubernia - 1971, Moscow), scientist, inventor, film engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939). He studied at the State. cinema technical school, where he taught from 1924. From 1930 head. Department of Cinematography VGIK, prof. (1935). One of the developers of the first sound cinema installation. Supervised the creation of owls. systems of panoramic, widescreen, widescreen cinema. Author of many works on the theory and history of film technology. In 1938 he was arrested on false charges and released after a short investigation. Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1947). Honorary member Int. union of tech. associations of cinematography (UNIATEK). In 1974 UNIATEK established an annual ave. Goldovsky, Works: Physical Foundations of Cinema Engineering, Moscow, 1939; From silent cinema to panoramic, M., 1961; Fundamentals of Cinematography, M., 1965; Introduction to cinematography, M., 1974; Selected articles, M., 1979.
GOLDWIN Samuel (Goldfish Samuel) (1882, Warsaw - 1974, Los Angeles), film producer. As an eleven-year-old boy, he emigrated from Poland to England, where he worked as a blacksmith, at the age of thirteen he moved to the United States, was a glove-maker's assistant, cutter, and traveling salesman. In 1912, together with Jesse L. Lusky, he founded the film company "Jesse Lusky Futures Play Company" with S.B. De Millem as Ch. dir. In 1914, the first f. "Indian Husband". In 1916, this film company merged with the film company "Feymous Player" A. Tsukora, and G. became president. the combined company. After pl. associations with the largest Hollywood magnates, he finally organized the Metro-Goldwin-Mayer company, and in 1923 the independent film company Samuel Goldwin Productions. G. attracted to work and "discovered" such movie stars as G. Cooper, D. Niven, D. Key, attracted writers R. Sherwood, L. Hellman and others to work in cinema. He highly appreciated the work of W. Wyler, who shot f. as "Chanterelles" (1941), "The Best Years of Our Life" (1946), and others. Dir. K. Vidor, H. Hawkes, J. Ford. He finished producing in 1958. "Porgy and Bess" L. Preminger, handing over the company to his son - Samuel G. Jr.
GOLENPOLSKY Tancred Grigorievich (b. 1931, Harbin), literary department, societies. activist. Rod. in the family of owls. citizens, studied in Shanghai in Heb. school, after it was closed due to the internment of Amer. teachers during the Japanese. occupation - in Catholic. college. Before entering the whale. communists in Shanghai, which was under the control of the Kuomintang, was evacuated to the USSR along with other children of the Sov. citizens (1947). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad ped. in-ta them. Herzen (1955). Cand. philol. Sciences (1974). G. - Americanist, author of eight books., Eating, Culture and Literature of the USA, trans. amer. prose and drama. In 1989, G. founded and headed the gas. “Bulletin of Heb. owls. culture "(" VESK ") - now" Mezhdunar. Heb. newspaper". Member reign of VAAD (1991), co-ed. To-that Heb. public in Moscow (KEOM) (1992).
GOLERKANI, see Cholercan.
GOLEVI (Rabinovich) Itskhak (1847, Ivenets of the Minsk district and province - 1914, Hamburg), rabbi. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva, a student of J. D.-B. Soloveichik. For a long time he lived in Vilna, where he was engaged in trade. He made a lot of efforts to develop Heb. education. Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he published his book. "First Generations". After moving to Germany, he became one of the leaders of Orthodox Jewry Zap. Europe. One of the founders of "Agudas Israel". In tech. all his life was engaged in research. oral Torah, published v. on this topic in f. Ben Amy.
GOLIGORSKY Solomon Davidovich (1911-1985), urological surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1961), prof. (1964). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yassky University (1934). In 1941–44, a surgeon in evacuation hospitals. In 1944–66 he worked in Chisinau, having worked his way up from urologist to head. Department of Urology and Nephrology Chisinau honey. in-that. Since 1966 head. Department of Urology and Nephrology, Kiev med. in-that. Main scientific. works (over 270, including 11 monographs) dedicated. diagnostic issues, Ch. arr. functional, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, the development of plastic. methods in the surgeon. urology, the introduction of nephrodological. principles in urology, the problem of acute and chronic. renal failure. prez. reign of Vses. Society of urologists, chl. board of Ukr. about-va of urologists, deputy. prev. Kiev Society of Urologists. Honored. active Science of the Moldavian SSR (1966). Works: Essays on urological semiotics and diagnostics, 4th ed., Chisinau, 1972; Selected chapters of nephrology and urology, parts 1-3, L., 1968-1973 (co-authored with A.Ya. Pytel); Adenoma of the prostate gland, Kiev, 1973; Pyelonephritis, 2nd ed., Revised, M., 1977 (in co-authorship); Kidney stone disease, Kiev, 1978.
GOLINA, city (since 1930) in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Koninsky posad. Kalisz province. In 1808, 227 Jews (26%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 444 (44%), in 1857 - 614 (50%), in 1897 - 679 (38%), in 1921 - 695 Jews (29 %). the community existed in Georgia since the 1820s. The community contained a rabbi, and societies and charities worked under it. help. The Jews of Georgia were engaged in trade and crafts; they owned the mill and the shinok. In 1823-62, Jews were forbidden to settle in Georgia, as in the border area. paragraph. In the 1870s. Rabbi G. was Avrom Frost, in the 1910s. - Ts. Makovsky. Herm. troops occupied Georgia at the beginning. Sep 1939. In July 1940, all the Jews of Georgia were sent to Zagurów and the Zhagov ghetto. In oct. 1941 Jews of Georgia were shot.
GOLINKIN Mordechai (1875, Kherson - 1963, Rishon-le Zion), conductor. He studied at the cheder. As a child, he was a singer in the choir of the cantor Minkovsky in Kherson. Studied at the Warsaw horse. (1891–96). Conducted at opera houses in Russia, incl. in Maryinsky t-re. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He created the first opera theater here, opened by op. La Traviata. Author of memoirs.
GOLITSYNO, an urban-type settlement (since 1962) in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 94 Jews (1.2%).
GOLBER Leonid Moiseevich (b. 1909, Zlatopol Chigirinsky u. Kiev province.), Pathophysiologist and endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. In 1932 he graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute and entered graduate school at the Department of Pathophysiology of the Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1935–38 he was an assistant at the Department of Pathophysiology at the Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors and the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1938–41 - Associate Professor of the Department of Pathophysiology, TsIUV. During the war 1941–45 - early. hospitals in the army. In 1945-47 he worked in the experimental. sector of the Riga Institute of Reconstructive Surgery, in 1947–61 - head. Department of Pathophysiology med. Faculty of Latvian University (Riga Medical Institute). In 1961-90 the head. lab. pathophysiology, and then deputy. dir. by scientific. work of Vses. in-that experiment. endocrinology (Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Chemistry of Hormones), since 1983 - scientific. consultant lab. pathology and immunology of the endocrine system. Main scientific. works are devoted to the problems of pathogenesis of systemic disorders in endocrine diseases, incl. with thyrotoxicosis and diabetes mellitus, as well as research. metabolic processes and fiziol. functions in the pathology of the pancreas and thyroid glands. prez. Vseros. about-in pathophysiologists and endocrinologists, deputy. prev. Moscow about-va of endocrinologists. Awarded with the Selye medal. Works: Some new data on the relationship between the spleen and the liver in metabolism, Riga, 1948; To the pathochemical characteristics of acute forms of gunshot osteomyelitis, Riga, 1953; Essays on the physiology and pathophysiology of the hepatolienal system, M., 1947.
GOLDANSKY Vitaly Iosifovich (1923, Vitebsk - 2001, Moscow), physicochemist, Ph.D. (1962), acad. (1981) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1944). From 1944–52 and from 1961 in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1988 - Dir. In 1952–61 in Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. since 1956 prof. Moscow engineer-phys. in-ta.Osn. work on nuclear chemistry. Developed chem. application of the Mössbauer effect and positron annihilation. Discovered the phenomenon of asymmetry of Mössbauer spectra. Studied chem. positronium reactions, as well as the phenomena observed during solid-phase polymerization under the influence of ionizing radiation and shock waves. He substantiated the existence of two-proton radioactivity of atomic nuclei. Predicted the properties of neutron-deficient and neutron-rich isotopes. For the first time experiment. identified electric. polarizability of a proton. The author of a large number of scientific. publ. Ch. ed. g. High Energy Chemistry (1967–87) and J. "Chem. physics "(since 1987). 1989-1992 - pl. Deputy of the USSR. Prev Pugwash. com-that (since 1988). Linen. etc. (1980). Etc. them. DI Mendeleev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966). Works: The Mössbauer effect and its application in chemistry (Moscow, 1963); Phys. Chemistry of Positron and Positronium (Moscow, 1968).
GOLDBERG Anatoly Maksimovich (1910, Petersburg - 1982, London), BBC radio commentator. From 1918 he lived in Vilna, then in Berlin. He studied in the French. Lyceum, later at the Berlin Institute of Oriental Studies, where he studied whale. and japan. lang. In Berlin he was also educated as an architect. After Hitler came to power (1933) he emigrated to Great Britain. G. worked at the radio station. BBC; listened, trans. in English. lang. and processed radio broadcasts in Spanish, German. and owls. radio station. Since 1946, when it was created. Rus. BBC service, began working as a commentator and columnist. Its weekly. observer notes and daily. comments in rus. and English. lang. have become the standard of journalistic ethics and professionalism. G.'s striving for the objectivity of coverage of events watered, life aroused criticism. In the 1950s. during the Cold War in Great Britain was organized persecution of G. in the press, conservative w. The "Spectator" accused him of pro-Bolshevik sentiments. In 1968 Sov. the press accused G. of espionage and subversion for his comments on the Sov. invasion of Czechoslovakia. In the late 1970s. in Sov. Union were ed. two books. about the dangerous subversive activities Zap. radio station. and, in particular, G. For merits in journalism was awarded the medal "Fighter for Truth" (1977). He was also awarded hordes. British Empire.
GOLDBERG Ben Zion (real family Veif; 1895, Golypany, Vilna province - 1972, Tel Aviv), journalist. He wrote in English. lang. and Yiddish. He studied at the yeshivs of Lida and Volozhin, as well as secular sciences with private teachers. Since 1907 in the USA. In 1917 he married the daughter of Sholem Aleichem. In 1920 he graduated from the department. psychology of Columbia University (New York) with the title of Dr. From 1922 - collaborator, in 1924–40 - editor-in-chief of gas. Der tog. He was one of the organizers of the Amer. branch IVO (Yiddish scientific organization after 1925) and about-va “Union of Hebrews. culture "(1937). Collaborated in Amer. birobidzhan. to-those, published pro-Soviet travel notes about a trip to the USSR (1934). In the years of the 2nd world. war was a member. Amer. to-that Heb. writers, artists and scientists, Heb. Council for helping Russia in the war, organized a reception in the United States of S. Mikhoels and I. Fefer (1943). Headed by Nat. to-t Amer.-Heb. friendship. Liquidation of Heb. culture and physical. the destruction of its leaders in the USSR changed the position of G., which was expressed in speeches for the departure of owls. Jews to Israel (book "Jewish problems in the USSR", 1961; "Journey across the USSR", 1966; both - in English). Collaborated as a socialist. gas. "Algamishmar".
GOLDBERG Ber (Dov) (1800, Khlodnya, Lomzhinskaya province - 1884), philologist. Known by its acronym Bug. Orphaned at an early age. Living in poverty, he studied the Torah. In 1843 he moved to Berlin, was close with the leaders of the Haskala. However, without a certificate of education, he could not find a job and in 1847 he left for England, where he earned money by copying and publishing manuscripts in Hebrew from Oxford libraries. In 1853 he settled in Paris. Publ. 17 kn. and brochures, as well as many art. in Heb. period, prints, mainly signed "Divrey Baga" ("Word of Baga") and "Gam elle divrey Bagh" ("This is also the word Baga"). Main a contribution to the culture of Georgia was the preparation and editing of the Middle-century. religious texts.
GOLDBERG Boris (Dov) Davidovich (1866, Shaki, Suwalk Province - 1922, Tel Aviv), economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the growing up. and int. Zionist. movement. He studied at high fur boots in Berlin and Hanover, received a diploma in chemical engineer (1891). From 1898 he lived in Vilna, where he founded a factory. In his youth, he joined the Hovevei Zion movement, and later became one of the hands. Vilna lips. org-tion of the Zionists; was repeatedly imprisoned. In 1905, one of the founders of the Center. to-that grew. Zionists, organizer and founder. speaker of the Zionist congress in Helsingfors (1906), participant of the 4th (The Hague, 1907) and 5th (Hamburg, 1909) congresses of E.-I. At the 8th World. Zionist. Congr. (The Hague, 1907) was elected to the plenum of the executive committee of the Zionist organization. Mn. years collaborated in a Zionist. periodic. print. After the revolution of 1917 in Russia at the 7th Congress, he grew up. Zionists in absentia elected member. Centre. to-that, before. his pa-lestine. commission. In 1919 he represented a growing up. Jewry in to-those Heb. delegations to Paris, peace conf. Since 1920, dir. dep. trade and industry Worldwide. Zionist, org-tion. From 1921 in E.-I., he settled in Tel Aviv, establishing a joint stock company there. about-in "Ga-Bone" and plant for the production of silicate. builds. materials. In May of the same year he was seriously wounded during the Arab riots and a year later died. Son of G. - Alexander (1906, Vilna), chemical engineer and entrepreneur, President. Technion in Haifa (1965–73). Art. brother - Yitzhak Leib (1860, Shaki - 1935, Switzerland), Zionist. activist and philanthropist.
GOLDBERG Boris Isaevich (1884, Ekaterinoslav - 1946, Moscow), military. and desks. activist, household. worker. Member Communist. parties since 1902, led the party, work in Yekaterinoslav, then in Siberia. After Feb. rev-tion before. Garrison Council Soldier. dep. In Tomsk. Since 1918 in Kr. Army, lips. commissar of Tomsk and Perm provinces. Since 1919 teams. Reserve Army Rep. and the military commissar of the Volga region. Since 1921, deputy. prev. Ch. to-that state. structures, authorized by the RVS Rep. in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade. Since 1923 pom. early Ch. management Kr. Air fleet, one of the creation. owls. citizen aviation. In 1925-30 again teams. Reserve Army. After 1930 on the responsible. households work.
GOLDBERG Daniil Isaakovich (1906, Krasnoyarsk - 1973, Tomsk), pathophysiologist, hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Tomsk University (1929). In 1929–34, postgraduate student, assistant, in 1934–73, head. Department of Pathophysiology, Tomsk honey. in-that (prof. from 1939) and at the same time. (1938–52) deputy. dir., dir. this in-ta.Nauch. tr. G. dedicated problems of hematology: developed a method for identifying chromatin structures in erythrocytes; established the value of changes in gastric acidity for the development of anemia; revealed the features of the development of anemia in stomach cancer and after its resection; studied issues of compare, hematology. He offered an ointment (Goldberg ointment), which stimulates the healing of wounds and ulcers and is effective in the treatment of chemical. burns. Joint. with sotr. participated in the research. blood leukocytes using the tissue culture method, for the study of tuberculous and leprosy infections and explantation of human tumors. Member reign of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists, before. Sib. branch of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). Cit .: Our experience in stimulating the healing of wounds and ulcerative processes. Tomsk, 1947; Mechanisms of acute leukocyte reaction. Tomsk, 1957; Atlas of microphotograms of the bone marrow in acute radiation sickness and the action of cytotoxic drugs. M., 1973.
GOLDBERG David Isaakovich (b. 1908, Warsaw), orientalist, historian, Dr. Sciences (1956), prof. (1959). Graduated from Leningrad. east Institute (LVI) (1931). From 1932 to teach. work in LVI and LSU; in 1935-50 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history of the worker and socialist. movement, issues of external. Japanese policy in the 1st half. 20th century Member of the team. ed. “The latest history of the countries beyond the ruble. Asia and Africa "(L., 1963)," History of the Zarub. Asia on Wed. century "(Moscow, 1970)," History of the Second International "(vols. 1-2, Moscow, 1965-66). Cit .: Japan's foreign policy (September 1939 - dec. 1941), Moscow, 1959; Foreign policy of Japan in 1941–45, M., 1962; From the history of the roar. movement in Japan. September riots 1905, L., 1968; V.I. Lenin and Japan, L., 1970; Essay on the history of the worker and socialist. movement in Japan (1868-1908), M., 1976.
GOLDBERG Efim Ilyich (1910, Yekaterinoslav - 1998, Moscow), military. activist. General-leith. quartermaster service (1972). He graduated from the bargaining. technical College. In the army from 1932 to 1934 and from 1940. 1946–67 - early. center, experimental-prom. Commander of the USSR Defense Ministry. 1968–86 - early. Ch. Department of Trade of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Since 1986 - retired. Awarded 4 hordes.
GOLDBERG Evgeny Danilovich (b. 1933, Tomsk), pathophysiologist, Ph.D. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1984). The son of Goldberg D.I. Graduated from Tomsk honey. Institute (1957). Organizer and first hand. (from 1962) Center, n.-i. lab. in Tomsk honey. in-those. 1970–84 - Vice-rector for science and at the same time. (since 1976) head. department of pathological. physiology of Tomsk honey. in-that. Since 1984, Dir. Research Institute of Pharmacology Tomsk Scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. on hematology, radiobiology and experimental. oncology. Conducted an analysis of radiosensitivity decomp. elements of hematopoiesis, gave the characteristic of biol. role of giant neutrophilic leukocytes, received new data on the role of the thymus and lymphocytes in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Carried out the research. anticancer drugs for toxicity, which made it possible to find out their side effects and develop methods for correcting disorders arising from the use of these drugs. Cit .: Interference microscopy in hematology, Tomsk, 1983 (in co-authors); Handbook of Hematology with an atlas of microphotograms, Tomsk, 1989; Tissue culture methods in hematology, Tomsk, 1992 (in co-authorship).
GOLDBERG Grigory Abramovich (1908, Tsarskoe Selo - 1976, Moscow), chess player; Master of Sports of the USSR (1939), Intern. Arbitrator (1965), Hon. coach of the USSR (1965), chess. journalist, engineer. Coach MM Botvinnik in the matches for the world championship (1958-60). Member of two USSR championships (1945 and 1949). Since 1960 - a teacher of chess theory at the State Central Institute of Physics and Technology.
GOLDBERG Isaak Grigorievich (1884, Irkutsk - 1939), writer. In 1902 he graduated from the Irkutsk school. Consisting in gr. "Brotherhood", published an illegal handwritten journal, for which he was arrested in 1903. In 1904 he joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, took part in the revolution. From 1907 to 1912 in exile, in the Bratsk prison and on the Lower Tunguska. From 1916 ed. published in Irkutsk gas. "Siberia". He began to publish in 1903. In the early pov. Confession (1906), The Verkhoturov Brothers (1916), the influence of Freudianism is palpable. He also wrote ethnographic. prose - from the life of the Evenks ("Tungus stories", 1914). The time of Kolchak's reign became a turning point for Goldberg: he breaks with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and demonstrates loyalty to the new government. In the future, action-packed productions. G. reflect the emergence of socialism in Russia: the novel "The Day Flames Up" (1935) - about the first Russian. roar. 1905, cycle of stories and pov. "The Way Not Marked on the Map" (1927) - about the heroics of civil. war, "Main drift" (1932) - about the work and life of miners, rum. Life Begins Today (1934) is about collectivization. Was repressed, reabilized. posthumously.
GOLDBERG Yitzhak-Leib Aleksandrovich (1861, Shaki of Suwalk province - 1932, Switzerland), Heb. total activist. Brother of B.D. Goldberg. Active figure Hovevei Zion in Vilna. A delegate to many Zionist congresses, one of the leaders of the Histadrut ha-tionite in Russia. Was an elector in the State. thought. One of the founders of the Carmel company selling wines in Russia. His donations to land funds were used to purchase the first lands in E.-I. From 1918 - in E.-I. Owned large citrus plantations. He bought land at Gar ha-Tzophim in Jerusalem and donated it to Heb. the university. Founder of the Ha-Aretz newspaper.
GOLDBERG Leib (1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1955, Moscow), publicist, translator. Rod. in a family of writers: his father was a Hebrew teacher and writer, and Art. brothers M. Boreisho - poet, A. Goldberg - ed. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt". Lit. G.'s activity began in 1914 per. manuf. L. Tolstoy and E. Ozheshko in Yiddish and reviews. He also translated the production. Sholem Aleichem and I.-L. Peretz in Russian. lang. After the roar. worked in Nar. Commissariat for Heb. business in Moscow, in the 20s. - secret. and deputy. ch. ed. gas. Der emes, ed. many editions, publ. Art. on questions Heb. culture and literature. From 1930 to the beginning. 2nd world. war was the head. publishing house "Der emes". During the war years and before the closure of Heb. antifash. to-that actively participated in its work, collaborated in gas. Einikite. G. translated into Yiddish Y. Korchak's "Miniatures" (1914), "On Religion" by P. Lafargue (1919), "Foundations of Leninism" by J. Stalin (1924), "The International Bourgeoisie and Karl Kautsky" by N. Bukharin (1925) , "From February to October" by V. Lenin (1925) and others.
GOLDBERG Nikolai Maksimovich (1891, Moscow - 1961, ibid.), Orientalist, historian, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1945). He studied at Lozansky and Heidelberg un-takh, in Petrovskaya s.-kh. academy (1908-12). After Oct. revolution of 1917 joined the RCP (b), at the party. work, in 1920–35 sotr. People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR (RSFSR) and East. dep. ECCI; then corr. TASS in Turkey. Since 1943, a teacher at Moscow State University; scientific. sotr. Institute of History (before 1941), Uzbek. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1941–43), Institute of Oriental Studies (1943–61) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 50 scientific. works on the history of India in the 19th and 20th centuries, Russian-Iids. relations of the 17th century. With G.'s preface, there was a preparation. im ed. "Rus.-Ind. relations with the 17th century ”. Sat. documents (M., 1958). Cit .: India of our days, M., 1924 (co-author); Rus.-Ind. relations in the 17th century, in collection: Uch. app. Quiet. Institute (USSR Academy of Sciences), vol. 2, Ind. Sat, M.-L., 1949; Afanasy Nikitin and his time, M., 1951 (co-author); Bal Gangadhar Tilak is the leader of the Democr. wing nat. movement in Maharashtra, in the book: National-liberate. movement in India and the activities of B.G. Tilak, M., 1958; Essays on the history of India. National-will release. movement in modern times, M., 1965.
GOLDBLAT Moshe (Moisey Isaakovich) (1896, Hertz, Bessarabian Province - 1974, Haifa), director and actor. As a teenager, he stuck to the Heb. traveling troupe, from 1918 he played in the Hebrew. mobile t-re. In 1924 he graduated from the studio of the State. Heb. t-ra, in which he worked until 1937 as an actor and studio teacher. In 1929 he was also headed by gr. gypsy actors, was one of the founders of the gypsy theater "Romen", which led in 1931-36. In 1937–40 - thin. hands. Birobidzhan Heb. t-ra, where he began with staging 2 plays by M. S. Kulbak, but soon the staging of one of them was banned, and the premiere of the second did not take place due to the arrest of the author (1937). The play "Tevye the Milkman" based on Sholem Aleichem (1939) was a great success. In 1940 he became the head of the Kiev Jewish. t-tr (after the 2nd World War he was moved to Chernivtsi), directed it (with interruptions) until it was closed in 1949. In 1941–44, 1951–59 - art. hands. Kazakh t-tra drama (Alma-Ata). Honored. art. RSFSR (1935), people's. art. Kazakh SSR (1943), Hon. active lawsuit in the Ukrainian SSR (1945). Since 1972 - in Israel.
GOLDBLUM Israel Isser (Isidor) (1864, Vilna - 1925), writer, bibliographer. Studied in Eastern Europe. yeshivah. Dedicated himself to the study and publication of Hebrew, manuscripts in Berlin, Paris, London, Oxford and Rome. Study results publ. under ps. Yafer in the main. in f. "Ga-Magid". Was in correspondence with leading Hebrews. scientists of their time and publ. collection these letters ("Kvutsat mikhtavim", 1895). He also published the work "Mi-ginzei Israel be-Paris" (1894) - about the Parisian manuscripts in Hebrew. Some of his productions. and letters preserved in manuscripts in Heb. theologian, seminary in the USA.
GOLDBLUM Yakov Kopl (1872, Kletsk of Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1961), a member of the Zionist movement in Great Britain. In 1892 he moved to London, where he joined the Hovevey Zion movement. After meeting with T. Herzl, he created a Zionist, org-tions in the London district of Whitechapel, provided assistance to the Zionist leaders Herzl, D. Wolfson, O. Warburg, H. Weizmann, N. Sokolov, N. Goldman and others. 1901 participated in the work of a number of World. Zionist. Congr., member Central Committee of the World. Zionist, organization (since 1935 - member of its European Executive Committee), one of the creation. Brit, Zionist, federation and council of her synagogues. G. developed a new method of teaching Hebrew ("Hebrew Be-Hebrew"), for several. have been teaching for decades. activities taught lang. thousands of teenagers in their Talmud Torah. The author is utopian. rum. in Hebrew "Feast of the First Harvest in Eretz Yisrael in 2016" (1920). In 1963, the remains of G. were buried in Jerusalem.
GOLDELMAN Solomon Izrailevich (1885, Soroki, Bessarabian province. - 1973, Jerusalem), economist and polit. activist. In 1913 he graduated from the Higher. commercial school. Member of the USDRP. Member of the Revolution and Civil. war in Ukraine. In 1917-18, members. ukr. Centre. Rada and its narrower composition - Malaya Rada. In nov. 1918 supported the uprising against the hetman. In the first pr-ve Ukr. Directories - secret. labor, after the restoration of 11/10/1918 the law on national-personal autonomy at the same time. and about. sec. for nationalities. In the following compositions of the production - Comrade. (deputy) min. labor. Since 1920 - in Poland, Austria. He worked in Ukr. in-takh in Czechoslovakia, since 1922 - assistant professor, since 1925 - prof. Ukr. households acad., then Ukr. technical-household in-that. From 1939 in E.-I., continued scientific. and societies. activity. 1951-60 - before. Leagues for warning religious coercion in Israel. In his works on the situation of Jews in Ukraine and the USSR, he deliberately did not use the word "Jew", using the word "Jew". Among tr. G. “Leaves of a Jewish Social Democrat about Ukraine. Materials on the history of Ukrainian-Zhidivs' vidnosins during the revolution. " (1921), "Narisi socio-economic structure of the Jewish people", part 1 (1930), "Assimilation and denationalization of Jews in the Sov. Union "(1961)," Zhidivska national autonomy in Ukraine (1917–20 years) "(1964).
GOLDENBERG-GETROITMAN Lazar Borisovich (Leizer Borukhovich) (1846, Poplavsk, Kherson Gubernia - 1916, London), revolutionary populist, participant of the growing up. roar. movement. In 1865 he passed the external examinations for the course of the state studies and entered the physics and mathematics. Faculty of Kharkov University, in 1867 transferred to Technological. Institute in St. Petersburg (one of the first Jewish students). Active student student movement, part. secret society "Smorgon Academy"; in March 1869, Mr .. arrested for participating in a student. unrest and was sent under police supervision to Temnikov, Tambov province, soon moved to Petrozavodsk, served at the state mining plant. On charges of inciting peasants to non-payment of taxes, in July 1872 he was sentenced to imprisonment in a fortress for 8 months, fled, emigrated to Switzerland, lived in Zurich and Geneva, and was in charge of the printing press of a circle of "Taikovites". In 1876 he moved to London, participated in the publication of J. "Forward". In May 1876, together with A.Sh. Lieberman, he founded the "Society of Evr. socialists ". Participated in the work of the so-called. "Internats. league ”(together with F. Engels, P. Lissagare, V. Vrublevsky), served as secretary. From 1877 he lived in different countries of the West. Europe and North. America; in the beginning. 1880s founded in Romania the first socialist. about-in, laid the foundation for the publication of socialist. liters per room. lang. In 1881 the room was arrested. authorities, was to be extradited to Russia, but fled to England; in 1885 he moved to New York, where he lectured on the history of the roar. movement in Russia. At the invitation of the emigrants, N.V. Tchaikovsky, S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, in 1895 he settled in London, was in charge of the technical. and finance. the affairs of the Free Russian Foundation. press, part. editorial board of his "Flying Leaves". In 1906 he came to Russia, but soon returned to Great Britain. Works: Memoirs, "Hard labor and exile", 1924, No. 3-6.
GOLDENBERG Grigory Davidovich (rev. Ps .: Grishka, Beaconsfield) (1855, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1880, Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg), revolutionary populist. The son of a merchant. In 1871-74 he studied at the Kiev-Podolsk gymnasium. Participant of Kiev and St. Petersburg. roar. populist. circles. On Feb. 1878 arrested in Kiev and exiled without trial to Arkhangelsk province. In June 1878 he escaped and became illegal. position, in Kiev sided with "Yuzhny will execute, to-tu", advocated watered, struggle and terror. 9.2.1879 shot from a revolver mortally wounded the Kharkiv governor, Prince. D.N. Kropotkin. Since May 1879, members. terrorist. group "Freedom or Death", a participant in the congresses of the roar. populist. the organization "Land and Freedom" in Lipetsk and Voronezh (summer 1879). After the split of "Land and Freedom" (Aug. 1879), member. Execute, to-that "Narodnaya Volya", participated in the preparation of a number of attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested on 11/14/1879 in Elizavetgrad with a load of dynamite, taken to Odessa, thanks to the provocation organized by the investigation, he began to give frank testimony. In apr. 1880 escorted to St. Petersburg in shackles, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he was visited by the head of Verkh. will order. commissions gr. M.T. Loris-Melikov, who convinced G. of the readiness of the government to go for sweeping reforms if the revolutionaries stop terror. Impressed by this meeting and thanks to the efforts of the investigation, G. gave the authorities detailed information about the plans of Narodnaya Volya and its participants. G.'s "confessions" led to mass arrests of the People's Will. Having learned from the prisoner in the fortress A.I. Zundelevich about the consequences of his act, G. 15.7.1880 committed suicide. "Confession" G. publ. in f. The Red Archive (1928, vol. 30).
GOLDENBERG Immanuel (1881, Moscow - 1970, Tel Aviv), physicist, specialist in photo optics. In 1905 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, defended his doctoral dis. at Leipzig University, those where he taught at the same time. serving in the Berlin military. academy. In 1919-1933 prof. Highest technical. schools in Dresden. In E.-I. from 1937. The lab created by him. fine mechanics laid the foundation for the development of photoelectric. industry in Israel. He was an adviser to Gagana and then to the Israel Defense Forces on optics. State pr. Israel (exact sciences) in 1968 for organizational and experimental. activity.
GOLDENBERG Iosif Petrovich (part, pa: Meshkovsky, Roman) (1873, Nizhny Novgorod - 1922, Moscow), politician, activist. He graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod Real School, studied physics and mathematics. f-those of the Sorbonne (Paris). In the S.-D. movement from 1892. From 1903 he conducted party work in Saratov and St. Petersburg. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - a Bolshevik. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. conf. RSDLP in Terijoki (1907), 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907) and 7th Intern. Congr. 2nd International (Stuttgart). He was arrested several times. In 1908 he left for Terijoki (Finland). From 1910 he was a Menshevik. Member Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Returning from exile in 1914, he finally joined the Mensheviks. In the years of the 1st world. wars - defenders, supporter of G.V. Plekhanov; led a sharp polemic with the Bolsheviks. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Petrogr. Council, worked in his Intern. department. In the summer of 1917, as part of the delegation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, he went abroad to prepare the International. peace conf. socialists in Stockholm. After Oct. In 1917 he returned to Russia, in 1920 he joined the RCP (b), from 1921 he worked in the People's Commissariat of External. trade.
GOLDENBERG Nathan (b. 1911, Boguslav Kanevsky u., Kiev province), chemist-technologist, member. Royal chem. about-va. Graduated from the University of London. He worked in the region. food production technology. Sci. Counselor at Marks & Spencer. An active member of the Zionist movement in Great Britain.
GOLDENBERG Shimon Rafailovich (1910, Font of Starokonstantinovsky near Volyn province - 1941), poet, prose writer. He became interested in literature early, at the age of 12 he began to write Art. in Hebrew, and at 14 gave Hebrew lessons in wealthy families m. At one time he joined an illegal Zionist organization. In 1927 he entered the Odessa Jew. ped. technical College. His first Art. in Yiddish. Was a member of the Odessa lit. gr. under the hands. A.Vorobeichik, published poetry in gas. "Odesar Arbeter", "Berdichever Arbeter", to Kharkiv. Der Stern, Minsk. "October". Graduated from Odessa in 1930. teacher's institute, worked as a teacher in Balta. In 1931 he moved to Kharkov. In 1932 in Kharkiv. publishing house "Literatur un kunst" comes out the first collection. verse. G. "In die gebeurene" ("Born into alarm", in 1936 - collection of "Leader un balades" ("Poems and ballads"), in 1938 - the book of stories "Heimland" ("Motherland"). Before World War II, G. lived in Kiev, worked in the center, Republican Hebrew library named after M. Vinchevsky. He volunteered for the front. Killed in battles in Ukraine.
GOLDENBLUM Moritz Arnoldovich (1862, Odessa - |), doctor, musician and music critic. After graduating in 1887 honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University worked as a resident at the Obukhov hospital in St. Petersburg, at the same time. in 1887-92 he was an assistant at the Department of Skin Diseases of the Clinical Institute led. Princess Elena Pavlovna. gained fame as a conductor, he directed the symphony. orc. at concerts in Pavlovsk and choirs. Collaborated in periodicals (newspaper "Novosti" and others).
GOLDENWEISER Alexander Borisovich (1875, Kishinev - 1961, Moscow), pianist, teacher, music society. activist, muses. writer, composer. Doctor of Art History. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. from P.A. Pabst (previously studied with A.I. Ziloti) in 1895 and in composition class with M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov in 1897, also studied with A.S. Arensky (composition) and S.I. Taneyeva (counterpoint). Prof. by class fp. Moscow Conservatory (1906-61), head. department (1936–39), deputy. director (1918-19), vice-rector (1919-22), rector (1922-24), deputy. director (1932–34), director of the conservatory (1939–42). G. is a participant in the reforms of the music. education. One of the founders of Moscow. pianistic. schools, developed a system for training musicians. G. performed with concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. Performed along with the classic. manuf. op. owls. composers. In his youth, he was creatively and amicably associated with L.N. Tolstoy, S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Scriabin, N.K. Metner, communication with whom influenced the formation of G. as a pianist and contributed to the formation of his school. G. trained more than 200 musicians, many of whom continued his traditions, later becoming professors of Moscow. cons. Among them are S.E. Feinberg, G.R.Ginzburg, L.I. Roizman, T.P. Nikolaeva; D.A.Bashkirov, D.D.Blagoy, L.N.Berlin, A.L.Kaplan, R.V. Tamarkina became prominent concertists. G. studied in the class of php. composers D.B.Kabalevsky, V.G.Fere and others. G. carried out their pedagogical. principles as revised op. J.S.Bach, D.Scarlatti, V.A.Mozart, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. List, P. Tchaikovsky; G. belongs to ed. book F. Chopin's Letters (Moscow, 1929). The author of the op. "Feast during the Plague" (1942), "Singers" (1943) and "Spring Waters" (1947) after Turgenev, (no operas were staged); overtures (after Dante, 1897), 2 “Rus. suites ”(1946), chamber instrumental. cit., incl. "Trio in memory of Rachmaninoff" (1953), chamber instructor. ensembles, pieces for piano, incl. "Counterpoint sketches", 2 notebooks, (1932), "Polyphonic Sonatina" (1954), "Fantasy Sonatas" (1959), songs and romances. Nar. artist of the USSR (1946). Became. etc. (1947).
GOLDENWEISER Alexander Solomonovich (1855, Yekaterinoslav - 1915, Kiev), lawyer. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t. From the beginning. 1880s lived and worked in Kiev, pl. years headed Kiev, advocacy, was popular with Jews as a defender of civil. claims. He spoke in print against the percentage rate for Jewish lawyers. Being a supporter of the philosophy of Leo Tolstoy, in his work "Crime - as punishment, and punishment - as a crime" (1908), he argued that the society is guilty of committing a crime, and not the evil will of the criminal, and that it commits a crime by imposing punishment. The author of several. tr. on the reform of criminal. rights. He lectured in Paris (1902), participated in the international. jurid. congresses in Budapest, Paris, Washington.
GOLDENWEISER Alexey Lvovich (1909/10, Moscow - 2003), a scientist in the field of theoretical. and butt, mechanics, Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences (1947), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1970). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1931). Worked at the Center, scientific. in-those industry. structures (1930 1941), Center, aero-hydrodynamic. in-those them. N.E. Zhukovsky (1942-1947), Moscow. physical and technical in-those (1947-1952). In 1952 he was forced to move to Vses. correspondence engineer-building Institute (Head of the Department of Mathematics). In 1960–89 head. separate main tr. on the theory of shells and the theory of elasticity. He is responsible for the development and application of the rigorous asymptotic method. integration in shell theory (including dynamic problems). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences B.G. Galerkin (1952). Foreign member Amer. acad. Arts and Sciences (1970). Works: Theory of elastic shells, Moscow, 1953; 2nd ed., M., 1976; Free vibrations of thin elastic shells, M., 1979 (with VB Lidsky and P.E. Tovstik).
GOLDENWEISER Emmanuil Alexandrovich (1883, Kiev - 1953, USA), economist. In the United States since 1902. He studied at Columbia and Cornwall fur boots, from 1907 at the state. service as an economist and statistician (in the immigration commission, census bureau, agricultural dep.). In 1919 G. entered Feder. reserve chamber and from 1927 until his retirement was deer. research dep. He was engaged in improving the statistics. services of the Chamber, represented by Feder. backup system in pr-ve, participated in the work of DOS. rules, to-coms on economics and finance. One of Ch. amer. developers Int. monetary fund and the world. bank. Among the many. tr. M.G .: Immigrants in the Cities (1909), Land Rentals in the United States (1924), The Federal Reserve System in Action (1925), Money Management (1949).
GOLDFARB Lev Semenovich (1910, Kiev - 1960, Moscow), mechanical engineer, specialist in the region. automatic regulation, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948). He graduated in 1931 Moscow. energetic in-t. In 1931-59 he taught there, from 1951 at the All-Union Union. electrical engineering in-those them. VI Lenin in Moscow. Main work in the region. theory automatic. regulation and calculation of nonlinear and servo systems, complex objects of regulation. He proposed and developed a harmonious method. balance (Goldfarb method), which is one of the main. methods for calculating nonlinear systems. Supervised the creation. the first in the USSR methodology for calculating magn. amplifiers. Developed (1933) the first electronic-ion voltage regulators for powerful AC generators. current. The first to apply approximate research methods. self-oscillations, developed earlier in relation to radio engineering. systems. Cit .: Lecture notes for the course "Theory of automatic. regulation ", 2nd ed., M., 1965; Theory is automatic. management, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (co-authored).
GOLDFARB Yakov Lazarevich (1901, Chernyakhov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1985, Moscow), organic chemist. Dr. chem. sciences, professor. After graduating from the Zhytomyr city in 1919, he served in the Kr. Army. In 1929 he graduated from Moscow State University, worked at Vses. n.-i. chem.-farm. in-those in Moscow. From 1930 to the lab. for the Analysis and Synthesis of Raises, and Animal Products of the Nature Commission. produces, the forces of Russia. Since 1938 in Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1945–85 he headed the laboratory. heterocyclic. connections in-that. Studied the influence of intermolecular complexation on the course of reactions of heterocycline. Carried out the synthesis of sulfides and selenides of the thiophene series. Made creatures, contributed to the chemical education, writing et al. with V.N. Verkhovsky and L.M. Smorgonsky a textbook on chemistry for cf. schools, published in 1932–48 and trans. in 24 languages. The author of the country's first methodology for teaching chemistry at school, collection of tasks in chemistry for Wed. schools (1934) and for higher. schools (1941). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.M. Butlerova (1964). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1971).
GOLDFELD Vladimir Alexandrovich (1908, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), director, playwright. In 1928 he entered the Proletkult Theater. In 1929–32 he worked at the Dnepropetrovsk Theater. T.G. Shevchenko. From 1932 he studied at dir. Faculty of GITIS (graduated in 1936). In 1936-38 thin. hands. Kalmyk Theater (Elista). G. - one of the creatures. Centre. t-ra transport in Moscow (now T-tr named after N.V. Gogol). In 1938-59 chap. dir. this theater. Post, performances: "The Son of the People" by Y. P. German (1939), "Dowry" by A. Ostrovsky (1944), "Shelmenko Batman" by G. F. Kvitko-Osnovyanenko (1946), "The Conspiracy of the Doomed" .E. Virta (1949), "The Larks Sing" by K. Krapiva (1951), "Mother of Her Children" by AN Afinogenov (1951), "The Tempest" after VT Latsis (1954), etc. The author of the plays - tales for children. t-ditch (trans. into Czech, Bulgarian, Romanian, etc.): "The Tale of Ivan Tsarevich, the native land, beloved mother" (1944), "Ivan da Marya" (1950), "Mal, yes he was good ”(1960), he also wrote the plays“ To the Ocean ”(1947),“ Common People ”(1952),“ Nobody fell asleep that night ”(1959) and others. ... plays nat. playwrights. In 1980, Sat. his plays - "Kind Word". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1954).
GOLDIN Alexander Vladilenovich (b. 1964, Novosibirsk), chess player, international grandmaster (1989). USSR Youth Champion (1981). Winner of Vses. tournament of young masters (1981) and the 1st USSR championship among clubs (1988). Participant and winner of a number of international tournaments.
GOLDIN Ezra (1868, Lunna of the Grodno District and Gubernia - 1915, Riga), writer. From 1886 to 1893 he lived in Warsaw, then moved to Lodz. He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. His first. publication was Sat. poems "Shirey Noar" ("Poems of Youth", 1887). Subsequently he turned to prose, publ. stories in lit. g. in Hebrew and Yiddish, released several. collection of books. In 1896 he published lit. anthology "Ha-Zman", in which were included manuf. pl. leading Hebrews. modern writers. He was a prominent representative of the populist-minded gr. Heb. fiction writers, to-rye performed at the beginning. 90s 19th century against trad. "Old school" with its tendentious-denounces. rum. and sought to portray in his works. everyday life and internal spirit. peace of the people. In many of G.'s stories, the idealization of the traditional way of life of the Jews of Vostochnik appears. Europe. In the beginning. century left lit. activities and went into commerce. He ate, spent years of his life in Riga.
GOLDIN Lev Lazarevich (1919, Belaya Kholunitsa, Vyatka province - 2003, Boston, USA), experimental physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences (1959), professor (I960). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1941), then studied at the Air Force engineer. Academy, in 1944 he went to the front. After demobilization (1945) he worked at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment, physics (ITEP) head. lab., beginning. dep., ch. scientific. sotr. (1989). At the same time. (1948-93) taught at Moscow. physical and technical Institute of Science. interests - nuclear physics, physics of accelerators, honey. physics. One of the participants created. 7 GeV and 9.3 GeV ITEP proton synchrotrons. Hands. work on these accelerators in tech. 25 years. Discovered rotational levels of heavy nuclei and investigated. radioactive decay of transuranic elements. Developed (in collaboration with others) methods of proton-beam therapy (based on the proton synchrotron), with irradiation accuracy up to several. shares mm. Member Int. stereotoxic. neurosurgeon, about-va (1992). The author of St. 130 scientific. works and textbooks for higher. schools. State pr. USSR (1984).
GOLDINA Maria Solomonovna (1899, Pochinok Elninsky district of Smolensk province - 1970, Moscow), singer (mezzo-soprano), teacher. In 1916, on the advice of O. I. Kamionsky, she entered Petrograd. cons., however, could not study due to lack of funds. In 1920–23 she studied at the wok. branch of Moscow. philharmonic. uch-schA. She took singing lessons from E. I. Zbrueva. Since 1923 she has been a soloist at the K.S. Stanislavsky opera studio (since 1926, the theater named after him, in 1928 - the K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko Opera Theater). Mn. scenic G. created images at hand. Stanislavsky (he personally worked with G. for the role of Carmen). G. was one of the first opera singers to approve the Stanislavsky system on the opera stage. She was characterized by temperament and naturalness of playing, high wok. culture. Opera heroines G. are bright stage performances. images: Olga, Polina ("Eugene Onegin", "The Queen of Spades"), Lyubasha, Ganna ("The Tsar's Bride", "May Night"), Marina Mnishek ("Boris Godunov") and others. She also performed in operettas, among them The Gypsy Baron by J. Strauss, The Pericola by J. Offenbach, The Daughter of Madame Ango by S. Lecock and others. G. gave concerts as a chamber singer in Moscow, Leningrad and other cities of the country. In 1941–45 she went to the front as part of Moscow brigades. artists, performing sometimes 3-4 times a day. From 1949 - dir. and teacher-tutor of T. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. Nar. art. RSFSR (1941).
GOLDINGEN, see Kuldiga.
GOLDMAN Alexander Genrikhovich (1884, Warsaw - 1971, Kiev), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1929). Graduated from Leipzig. (1908) and Kiev. (1909) high fur boots. In 1914-18 he worked in Petrograd in Ch. chamber of weights and measures, simultaneously. taught at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1918-30 in Kiev, Polytechnic. in-those (since 1921 - prof.). In 1929–38 prof. Kiev, un-ta (in 1923 the head of Kiev organized by him, scientific research department of physics), transformed in 1929 into Kiev, scientific research. Institute (now the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR), became its director. In 1938 he was repressed. In 1944-52 prof. Pedagogical. in-ta in Vologda, in 1952-56 - in Balashov, from 1956-59 - in Rostov-on-Don. In 1959 G. was allowed to return to Kiev, head. lab. Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR until the end of life. Sci. works on the physics of semiconductors and dielectrics, electroluminescence, history of physics. He studied the photovoltaic effect, processes in solid-state solar cells, rectification in semiconductors, the properties of metal-semiconductor contact. Research luminescence of copper oxide, electroluminescence of certain complex compounds and emission of "hot" electrons. The author of several. dec. scientific. Works: Stimulation of current and electroluminescence, Kiev, 1972 (with G.A. Zholkevich).
GOLDMAN Avraham (1868, Proskurov - 1944), one of the first Hebrews. Ing. in E.-I. Received a traditional Heb. education. In 1898 he received an engineer degree. in Germany. He worked in his specialty in Russia. At the beginning of c. emigrated to the USA. From 1907 - in E.-I. Author of the Tel Aviv construction project. During the 1st world. war worked for the Turkish army. Later he became an entrepreneur. Author pl. articles in the press E.-I. Published a popular science monthly "Gitpathut". After the 1st world. war created gas. union of engineers "Megandes". He died in E.-I.
GOLDMAN Bernard (1842, Warsaw - 1901, Lviv), society. and polit. activist. Rod. in the Maskilim family. His father was the owner of a printing house, his grandfather was a rabbi in Amsterdam. Studied at a yeshiva in Warsaw. Later he took an active part in the Polish roar. movement against the tsarist pr-va. After a demonstration in Warsaw (1861) he was exiled to Siberia, fled, and returned to Warsaw. Participated in the uprising of 1863. After its suppression, he lived in Paris. In 1867 he finished his law in Vienna. education. In 1870 he settled in Lvov, contributed to the education of the Jews. residents of Galicia, organized enlighten, work (the creation of schools and libraries for the spread of Polish culture, etc.), founded the society "Dorshei Shalom" and three years publishing. gas. This led to the creation. "Agudas Achim", which later became the most famous. center of assimilation activity in Poland. In 1876 he was elected from Lvov to the Galician Seim. In 1883 he was elected municipal consul, member. Council of Heb. community in Lvov, took part in the organization of the society of Jewish artisans. He actively contributed to the development of a network of schools later named after him.
GOLDMAN Isaak Meerovich (1839-1905), poet. Got a trad. Heb. education; I replenished my knowledge with self-education. In 1862 he moved to Vilna. In 1876, he appeared humorous. poem "Mi pahad Ba leylot". Poem from the era of isp. Inquisition "Shanim Kadmoniot" (1879) was met with sympathetic criticism. His poem "Shivat Zion" (1888) enjoyed the same success, in which the author drew a fantastic. picture of the revival of other Heb. homeland. Small verse. G. were published in different periodicals. ed. G. was also (1886) comp. "Ha-Melitsa", where he posted a number of publicists. Art. and feuilletons.
GOLDMAN Mendel Leibovich (1897, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1974, Tashkent), poet, publicist, translator. Rod. in a merchant family, studied in the cheder and g-zii, was a teacher. In his youth he created together with gr. writers are self-styled. tr, where he was an actor and for whom he wrote plays. Beginning in 1920, he published poetry in Bialystok gas. "Dos nae lebn", then into gas. "Unzer Lebn", where he was one of the editors. Publ. in different Heb. period, ed. poetry, Art. to polit. or T. themes, per. from Polish. In aug. 1939 prepared for publication Sat. verse. "Harz ois - harz ain" ("From heart to heart"), but due to the outbreak of the war, he did not see the light. Hastily leaving Bialystok, G. ended up in Tashkent, where he lived until the end of his life. Per. in Yiddish izv. verse, Uzbek, Nar. poet Gafur Gulyam "I am a Jew", as well as poems by A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, E.A.Evtushenko and others. years published poetry and essays in the train. "Sovetish Gameland", gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", zarub. Heb. ed.
GOLDMAN Nakhum (1895, Vishnev Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1982, Paris), societies. activist, one of the Zionist leaders. movement. Since 1897 in Germany. In 1912-15 he studied law in a number of germs, un-com. In 1913 he visited E.-I., his impressions were described in the book. "Eretz Yisrael, Travel Notes from Palestine" (1914, in German). In 1919 he defended his thesis. for the degree of Doctor of Law, in 1920 - Doctor of Philosophy. Joint. with Ya. Klyachkin published J. Freye Zionistische Letter (1920–22), Heb. encyclopedia ”,“ Encyclopedia of Judaic ”(in 1925–33, 10 volumes in German and 2 volumes in Hebrew were published). In 1933 he moved to Geneva. In 1934 he was elected to the post. to-that Heb. delegations, from 1935 the representative of Heb. agencies at the League of Nations. One of the founders of the World Heb. Congr. (1936), first prev. will fulfill it, council, in 1949-78 - President. In the beginning. 2nd world. war moved to New York, where he launched a struggle for the immediate creation of Heb. state-va. In 1948 56 before. will execute. to-that Zionist. org-tion, from 1949 headed by the Amer. branch of Heb. agencies. Initiator and participant in negotiations with the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany K. Adenauer on the payment of reparations to Israel and compensation for victims of Nazism (1953), the initiator of the creation. Worldwide conf. Heb. org-tions (1958). Prev 1st int. conf. in defense of owls. Jewry (Paris, 1960). In 1962 he settled in Jerusalem, but did not participate in the political life of Israel. Since 1968 - Swiss citizen. Moving away from active societies and activities, he advocated the territory. Israel's concessions to the Arabs, which prompted denial. reaction means parts of Heb. the public.
GOLDMAN Yasha (real name Joseph) (1904 - 1929, Sevastopol), poet. Rod. in m. near Warsaw. From an early age he was engaged in various professions, got involved in the roar. movement, and this became the main theme of his first poetry. experiments. In 1924, the Polish-Sov. border, settled in Minsk and became a printer. Then he began to publish Art. in Minsk gas. and f., then became a full-time sotr. ed. Heb. rep. gas. "October". Soon he became one of the leading poets of the Minsk literature. gr. Jünger Arbeter. In April 1929, G. came to Sevastopol for treatment and, having learned that he was hopelessly ill, committed suicide. In 1931, Sat. verse. G. with a complete bibliography of his published works. In ist. Heb. poetry G. remained as one of her most talented lyricists.
GOLDSHMIDT Lazarus (1871, Plonjaine - 1950), philologist, translator. He studied at a yeshiva, then at high fur boots in Berlin and Strasbourg. His early works by Poyev, Ethiopian, Yaz. and lit-re. Publ. Ethiopian, variant of the book. Enoch with the lane. in Hebrew (1892), library "Ethiopica" (1895), "Sefer Ezirah" (1894), trans. Koran in Hebrew (1916) and prepared a new ed. Verterbuch Zum Talmud und Midrash by Jacob Levy (1924). After Hitler came to power in 1933 he went to England and lived in London. Main G.'s work is the lane. the complete Babylonian Talmud on it. lang. (1897-1935). Also prepared items. decree. to the Babylonian Talmud, publ. see. (1959). Being a passionate polemicist and leading a heated discussion with the leading scientists of that time E. Loev, D. Hoffman and others, publ. a large number of pamphlets. G. was a collector of rare books. His collection was acquired by the Royal Library in Copenhagen.
GOLDSTEIN Aharon (1902 - 1976, Givatayim, Israel), polit. activist. Since 1921 - in E.-I. One of the leading construction contractors in Israel. The builder of "Shkhunat Borokhov" - the first district of Givatayim. Member Central Committee of the General Zionist Party. Member Knesset (1962 69).
GOLDSTEIN Alexander (1884, Minsk - 1949, Tel Aviv), societies. activist, publicist. Studied law in St. Petersburg. un-those, took the act. participation in the activities of the Zionist. student circles. In 1903 publ. first art. and soon became one of the most prominent Zionist, publicists. Comp. with train "Dawn", "Heb. a life". He traveled around Russia, propagandizing the Zionist. idea. At the 7th Congress of Russia. Zionists in 1917 in Petrograd put forward a proposal to hold the nat. a referendum, which should demand equal rights for Jews in the Diaspora and Jews in E.-I. In 1919 he left Russia as a delegate of the Russian Zionists for peace. conference. Since 1933 in E.-I.
GOLDSTEIN Boris Emmanuilovich (1921, Odessa - 1987, Hannover), concert violinist. He learned to play the violin from the age of 5 under P.S. Stolyarsky in Odessa. In 1930–36 he studied at the Special Children. gr. at Moscow. cons. in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. Later he studied at Moscow. cons. (class of L.M. Zeitlin), to-rui graduated in 1953 in the class of K.G. Mostras. Since 1932 he has been active in concert. Since 1941 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. G. was the first performer of pl. manuf. swelling and nick. comp. In 1948-53 he taught at the music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons, since 1959 in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. Gnesins. Laureate of the International. violin competitions - them. G. Wieniawski (Warsaw, 1935) and them. E. Izay (Brussels, 1937). Since 1973 - in Zap. Germany. In 1976 he received (by competition) the position of prof. Higher. muses. schools in Würzburg. G. belong apprx. 80 gramophone records made in the USSR and the West.
GOLDSTEIN Eduard Yulievich (1851, Odessa - 1887, Leipzig), conductor, pianist, composer, musician. critic. A cousin of A.G. and N.G. Rubinsteinov. At the age of 16 he began conducting in Italian. an opera troupe in Chisinau (Beretti entreprise), which toured the cities of Russia. Hebrew was invited. community of St. Petersburg for the organization of the choir and its leadership during the first choral service in the Temporary Synagogue in 1868. In 1868–72 he studied at the Leipzig cons. by classes FP. I. Mosheles and compositions by K. Reinecke. From 1874 in St. Petersburg he taught at the Court Singing Chapel, worked in various. gas. as muses. criticism ("Voice", "Governments, Bulletin", "Musical Review", etc.). In 1886 he first staged op. "Khovanshchina" by MP Mussorgsky by the artists of the Music-Drama. Cup. He also performed as a pianist. Author of a number of works, incl. op. "The Count of Essex" (unfinished), chamber instrument. plays, incl. strings, quartet, romances, fp. music.
GOLDSTEIN Fanny (1888, Podolsk, Moscow Province - 1961, Boston), librarian, societies, activist. Brought to the United States at an early age. In 1913 she entered the Boston publ. b-k, from 1922 to 1957 worked as a b-karem in the West End Department. Here she collected an excellent collection of Judaica, which was later placed in the main. b-ke. In 1954 she was appointed curator of Jewish studies, becoming the first woman in America to receive this title. She actively promoted Heb. lit-ru. In 1940 it became the first pre, nat. to-that week Heb. book and in 1941 he was appointed priest. prez. org-tion "Council of Hebrews. book America ". G. was well known. her listing of Judaica, publ. Boston publ. b-koy and appeared in the “Yearbook of Heb. book. " In 1958 she donated her own. a large collection of Boston Judaica. publ. b-ke.
GOLDSHTEIN Moisey Leontievich (1868, Shepetivka Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. - |), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1891 he worked as a pom. attorney at law by lawyers E.I. Utin and S.A. Andreevsky (in view of the restriction, the rules on Jewish lawyers were accepted into the estate of attorneys at law only in 1904). He became famous for his speeches in a number of criminal trials, as well as in political cases (A.R. Gots, Bund, cases of the group dep. Of the 1st State Duma, who signed the so-called "Vyborg Appeal" and many others. ) or T. processes (against the gas. "Nasha Zhizn", "Son of the Fatherland", "Rus", "Sovr. Mir", etc.), acted as a citizen. the plaintiff in cases of pogroms in Chisinau and Mogilev. Was collecting information about the October pogroms. 1905. From the end. 1880s was printed in Kiev gas. (Art. partly included in the collection of articles "Impressions and Notes", 1895). Later he collaborated in Vestnik Prava, Prava, Jurist, Court. Review ”,“ Our Life ”,“ Speech ”. In 1906 he published the collection. his speeches in lit. cases "Press before the court", in 1907 - kn. "Movement of the criminal procedure". Member Center, to-that of the Union, to achieve the full rights of Jews in Russia, founder and member. Center, to-that Evr. bunk bed gr.
GOLDSTEIN Moishe (1900, Loshits, Moravia - 1943, Bolshoye Zakharyevskoe, Smolensk Region), prose writer At the age of 16 he came to Warsaw, worked in a knitwear factory and made the first samples in the literature. His first printed works. was lane. essay by VGKorolenko "Prison wanderings". From 1926 - in Argentina, worked as a weaver and printed stories in Hebrew. press. Since 1931 in the USSR, he settled in Birobidzhan, worked in the Ikor commune, published stories and essays in the local and center, in the press. In 1932 the communards "Ikora" sent him to study in Moscow, where he enrolled in lit. f-t ped. in-that. In 1934, his pov came out in a sink, publishing house "Der Emes" "Birobidzhaner afn Amur" ("Birobidzhans on the Amur") is about the courage and heroism of immigrants in the struggle against the taiga element. In 1937, his second book was published in the same publishing house. "Birobidzhaner derceilungen" ("Birobidzhan stories"). Since the fall of 1941, in French. Killed in battle.
GOLDSHTEIN Pavel (1917, Essentuki - 1982, Jerusalem), writer, publicist. Rod. in a family of musicians. Graduated from history. f-t ped. in-that. In 1938 he wrote a letter to J. Stalin in defense of V.E. Meerhold, which was the reason for his arrest. He was imprisoned until 1956. In 1956-70 he worked in Lit. the A.S. Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Since 1971 - in Israel. There was ch. ed. religious lit.-philosopher, f. "Menorah". The author is numerous. Art. and essays, as well as the book., published in Jerusalem "Point of support" (part 1, 1975; part P, 1978; part III, 1982); "Leo Tolstoy's novel" Anna Karenina "in the light of the epigraph from Deuteronomy of Moses", 1976; "House of the Poet", 1980; "The world is judged by good", 1989, etc.
GOLDSTEIN Salvian Mavrikievich (1855, Warsaw - 1926), historian, archaeographer, society, activist. Rod. into the assimilir. family. Graduated from Petersburg. technological Institute (1881) and Petersburg. archaeological. Institute (1887). From 1888 he taught at the latter at the Department of Polish-Lithuanian. antiquities, paid DOS. attention to the collection and systematization of materials on the history of Jews in Russia, compiled and published doc. the publication "Regests and inscriptions" (v. 1–3, 1899–1913), based on the collection of S. Bershadsky processed by him, issued doc. the publication “Russian-Heb. archive "(vols. 1–3, 1903). From 1897 he took an active part in the activities of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia, one of the founders of the Heb. ist.-et-nogr. about-va, authorized by the commission on publishing. “Heb. antiquity ", participated in the creation. archive about-va. The author of a number of Art. in Heb. encyclopedias ". In addition to ist. works, G. author of a number of issl. on the problems of tunnel construction and ed. on home economics. In the 1900s. read a course of lectures on home economics at Hygienich. courses of the Society for the protection of women's health and in other institutions. After Oct. revolution of 1917 together with a small gr. Heb. scientists tried to defend before the owls. authorities the right to study Heb. culture and life in their originality.
GOLMAN Mark Isaakovich (b. 1927, Moscow), historian, orientalist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1968). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1951). In 1952–57 scientific. sotr. Museum of the Revolution of the USSR, since 1957 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant of the international Congr. Author approx. 50 scientific. works on the Middle-century., New and recent history of Mongolia. Compiled and co-authored by the collection. scientific. tr. “Materials on the history of Russian-Mongolian. relationships. Russian-Mong. relations (1607-1636). Sat. documents "(M., 1959)," Sov.-Mong. relations. 1921-66, Sat. documents "(M., 1966)," Rus.-Mong. relations. Sat. documents "(M., 1974)," History of prof. movement in Mongolia, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, DPRK, PRC. Uch. materials for lectures "(M., 1974). Cit .: Rus. per. and lists of Mongol-Oirat laws 1640, “Uch. app. Institute of Oriental Studies "USSR Academy of Sciences, v.24, Mong. Sat, M., 1959; Transport and communications, in the book. Mongolia. 1921–61, M., 1961; Mongolian Studies in the USA, uch. app. (Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Mongolian People's Republic), volume VI, no. 4, Ulan Bator, 1966; Problems of the Modern History of the Mongolian People's Republic in the Burzh. historiography of the United States, M., 1970.
GOLSHANY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 13th century From the 15th century. - a place. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olshany Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. 19th century 336 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1,049 (48%), in 1921 - approx. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and crafts; Jews also kept 3 taverns. In the end. 19th century Jews owned 4 skins. s-dami. There were 5 synagogues in Georgia. Since 1907, I.L. Polonsky (1883—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In 1919–20 the communist. The organization in Georgia was headed by Esther Elikhovna Levina (in April 1920 she was arrested and tortured to death by Polish soldiers). In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there was a husband. and wives. Jewish schools, a branch of the Jewish Bank, Jews owned offices for the sale of timber and flax, a pharmacy, a number of shops and shops, a mill, and crafts. workshops. After joining Zap. Belarus to the USSR (1939) the executive committee was headed by Mikhail Khaimovich Kozlovsky (1914 -?) After the occupation of the Germans. troops in 1941 created a ghetto in Georgia, destroyed in 1942. In 1944 several returned to Georgia. Jewish families, to-rye in the 2nd half. 1950s went to Poland, then to Israel and the USA. B.TS.Goldberg.E.S.Korzun
GOLSHTEIN Gennady Lvovich (b. 1938, Moscow), jazz alto saxophonist, flutist, composer, arranger, teacher. Studied in muses. school in Leningrad in the clarinet class, independently mastered playing the saxophone and flute. In 1953-59 he played in ensembles with the pianist S. Pozhlakov, the violinist A. Liskovich, and the tenor saxophonist V. Milevsky. In 1959–66 he was the leading alto saxophonist in the ensemble under the direction of I. Vainshtein, for whom he made many arrangements. At the same time, together with K.G. Nosov, G. headed the quintet, which included members of the Weinstein ensemble. In 1966–67 he toured with the orc. Eddie Rosner played in the pop orc in 1968–73. Vses. radio and television under the direction of V. N. Lyudvikovsky, and in 1973–77 - in the orc. O.L. Lundstrem. In 1978 he organized Leningrad. orc. early music "For the soul". Since 1968 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. muses. uch-shche them. M.P. Mussorgsky. Has recorded a number of records as a soloist and accompanist.
GOLTS Boris Grigorievich (1913, Tashkent - 1942, Leningrad), composer, pianist. From 1926 he lived in Leningrad. Studied at the Center, muses. technical school and instructor department. 1st muses. technical school, at the same time. worked as an accompanist in cinema. In 1939 he graduated from Leningrad, cons. by class php. at L.V. Nikolaev, in 1940 - in class. compositions by V.V. Pushkov. At the beginning of the war he volunteered for Kr. Army, worked in creative arts. gr. under the Balt Political Administration. fleet (1941 42). He died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. Among the most means. op. G. - "Festive Overture" for symphony. orc. (1940), concert for fp. with orc. (1940), suite for pop orc. (1941), "24 Preludes" for fp. (1934-35), romances to verses by A. Pushkin, A. A. Blok, A. D. Churkin, N. L. Brown and others, music for films.
GOLTS Grigory Abramovich (b. 1933, Moscow), geographer, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1986). In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. engineering and econom. in-t. In 1975–89 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1989, Ch. scientific. employee, head. lab. Institute of Nar.-household. RAS forecasting. Works on the geography of transport, the study of the patterns of interaction between transport and settlement systems, spatial self-organization of the population. Cit .: Transport and population, M., 1986.
GOLTSMAN Abram Zinovievich (1894, Odessa - 1933, Moscow), trade union and state. activist, member Communist. games from Apr. 1917. From 1909–10, a participant in the revolt. movement, in 1911 arrested, sentenced to 1 year in a fortress. Released Feb. 1913, was soon arrested again and exiled to the Narym region. In 1916 he escaped and became illegal. position, in the beginning. 1917 arrested, freed Feb. roar. Since 1917, member. Central Committee of the union, metalworkers (in 1919–20 it was earlier). In 1920–21 members. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. During desks. discussions about trade unions actively supported the platform of L.D., Trotsky. In 1921, before. South Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in Ukraine. In 1922–25 the beginning. Glavelektro VSNKh, member. prez. the latter. In 1926–30 members. count NK RCI, from 1930 - beginning. Ch. management Civil. air. fleet at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1931 - the initiator of the creation. Vses. trust "Grazhdanaviastroy", engaged in the construction of airfields for civil. aviation. One of the ed. g. "Our achievements". Affairs. 14-16 Congress of the CPSU (b). Member Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) from 1925 (from 1927 - member of the president of the Central Control Commission). Died in a plane crash. Cit .: Regulation and naturalization of wages, Moscow, 1918; Labor organization in the USSR, M., 1925; Reorganization of a person, L., 1925; Management of the industry in Germany, M., 1930.
HOLLENDERSKY Leon (Leib ben David) (1808, Vishtynets of Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki province. - 1878, Paris), writer, publisher. He studied in Königsberg, and upon his return he received a place per. at judicial institutions. In 1835 he opened the first printing-lithograph and three book warehouses. In 1843, under pressure from the authorities, he was forced to move to Paris. G. became known for his book. "Jews of Poland" (fr.) (Paris, 1846).
GOLLER Isaac (1891, Vilna - 1939), writer. He was brought to England as a child. Served in the communities of Manchester, London and Liverpool. His Sat. poems "The ardent Jew and the cobblestones of the road to Gd" (1923) violently denounces the atrocities committed against the Jews of Vost. Europe after the 1st world. war. Book. poetry and prose "The Jew Says" (1926), as well as many others. G.'s subsequent publications, was illustrated. the cartoons he had drawn. For rum. D. "Five Books of Mr. Moses" (1929) was written the play "Cohen and Son" (1937), staged in London. The author of plays in Hebrew. Topics: "Yehuda and Tamar", "Modern Women", "Dream on the Night of Purim" (all in 1931), "The Scroll of Lot's Wife" (1937). Declaration of Commitment to Heb. faith is contained in the book. "A summary of the history of my people from Abraham of Ur to Herzl of Budapest" (1936).
GOLLER Boris Alexandrovich (Shmerovich) (b. 1931, Leningrad), playwright, historian, essayist. In 1957 he graduated from Leningrad. engineer-p. in-t. During his school years he wrote poetry, trans. Persians, poets, participated in the work of youth literature. associations, became interested in history and drama. G.'s first play "Ten Minutes and All Life" (written in the late 1950s) was going to be staged by ONEfremov, AVEfros, AAGoncharov, but did not receive permission. In 1968 there was a post. "Model 19-68" (Leningrad Theater for Young Spectators), but the performance was unsuccessful and was not included in the repertoire for long. In 1972 post, the play "Ten minutes and all life" (theater, studio "Resonance", Moscow). The performance was a success and aroused the interest of other amateur t-drs. During these years, G. wrote several. plays, the action of which belongs to the 1st quarter of the 19th century: "One hundred brothers Bestuzhev", "Around the square" (both about the revolt. Decembrists), "Pushkin: Self-portrait with Tatyana", "Lament for Lermontov" and others. In 1976 student. tr "Studio" post. "One hundred brothers Bestuzhev"; the performance was a great success and on the basis of the studio was created by prof. Leningrad. youth tr. G. wrote also the plays "Sailors without the sea" (post. T-r in Murmansk), "Around the square" (Irkutsk, Leningrad. Youth Theater). During these years G. hands. amateur c / st in the recreation center im. Lensovet; his f. "Bridges" and "Decembrists" were shown by Leningrad. television. Author of the plays "White Deer" and "Halt of the Comedian, or Wreath for Griboyedov" (published in 1989). Since 1991 - in Israel. Essay G. about modern. films and t-re are published in the Russian-language press in Israel.
GOLMSHTOK Faivl (1880, Minsk - after 1937), linguist, teacher. From the beginning. 1900 - in the USA. Until 1922 he lived in New York, was one of the most prominent teachers, at one time the director. and a teacher in bunk. schools them. Sholem Aleichem, founded and was the first ed. children ed. "Kinder Journal". In the end. In 1922 he returned to Russia, settled in Minsk and until 1937 studied ped. work. Published Art. to the center, and local Heb. press, in 1925-27 - was sotr. Minsk gas. Der Junger Pioneer, 1932-35 - f. "Afn visnshaftlehn front", organ of the Institute of Evr. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus. His pen belong to the lane. in Yiddish several. textbooks for cf. schools, incl. "Chemistry" VN Verkhovsky, ed. in Minsk in 1934.
GOLMSHTOK Chaim (1882, Minsk - 1942), publicist, linguist, teacher. Brother of F. Holmstock. In 1916-18 he was a teacher at the workers' un-those them. Sholem Aleichem in New York. After the revolution, he returned to Minsk, continued ped. and scientific. activity. When in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus was organized by special. Commission for the Compilation of the "Great Academic Explanatory Dictionary of Heb. (Yiddish) language ”, G. headed it. In 1934 he performed in Kiev at the All-Union Council. meeting on lang. with report. “About the explanatory dictionary of Heb. language. " Even earlier, he compiled a reader on the literature for the beginning. classes, spoke to the center, and rep. gas. and f. from st. on the problems of Heb. linguistics, edited by ed. "Yidisher verterbukh" (trial issue, Minsk, 1935) and wrote a preface to it. In 1935 G. moved to Birobidzhan and headed the scientific department there. commission at the regional executive committee, conducts a large organiz. work on the planned convocation of the language conf. (it did not take place). Studied decomp. dialects of Yiddish immigrants from different regions to Birobidzhan. In the train. "Outpost" (1937, No. 1) publ. scientific. research “Unification of the Hebrews. dialects ". Was repressed.
GOLOBUDY, does not exist since 1971. Est. in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Gallilee Volkovysh u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, and from 1939 it was the BSSR. In 1898, 214 people lived in Georgia. by 378 dec., in 1921 - 109 Jews. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported through a transit camp in Volkovysk to an extermination camp in Poland.
GOLOBY, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century There were 300-400 Jews living in Georgia (20-25%), in 1921 - 200 (13.7%), in 1931 - 350 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the second half of the year. 17th century There was a synagogue and a shohet. On June 26, 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. In the end. 1941 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Melnitsa ghetto. 4 Sep 1942 Jews of Georgia were shot.
GOLOCHE, see Galochi.
HUNGER, see Antonina.
HUNGRY STEPPE, see Gulistan.
GOLODNY Mikhail Semenovich (Epshtein Mikhail Shimonovich) (1903, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1949, Moscow), poet. Graduated from the Higher Literary-artistic. in-t them. Bryusov. He joined the most leftist proletarian poets - gr. editorial office of the magazine "On the post". Then he moved to "Pass", and later to VAPP. G.'s verses are imbued with roar. romance. Such songs of G. as "Partizan Zheleznyak", "Song about Shchors" were widely known. Translated from Belarusian, pol., Ukr. Op .: Piles. M., 1922; Selected, M., 1949; Poems, ballads, songs, M., 1959.
GOLOGORSKY Victor Adolfovich (b. 1930, Odessa), anesthesiologist, prof. (1973). Father - Adolf Sergeevich (1896-1971), Assoc. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odessa honey. in-that. In 1953 he graduated from Odessa honey. in: t. Since 1956 he has been working in the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-those, Dr. med. Sciences (1966). From 1971 - head. scientific research lab. anesthesiology and reanimatology. scientific. works are devoted to the problems of anesthesia, pathogenesis and treatment of inf. toxic shock, multiple organ failure syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, etc. prez. reign of Vseros. about-va of anesthesiologists and resuscitators. Laureate of the State. pr. RF (1991). Cit .: Potentiated anesthesia in a surgical clinic (et al.). - M., 1963.
GOLOGORY, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 498 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1880 - 1216 (44%), in 1890 - 1130 (36.6%), in 1921 - 505 Jews. (20.6%.) Jews lived in Georgia from 1470. 17th century a synagogue was built. Since 1772 it existed independently. community. The rabbis of Georgia in the 18th century there were Zvi-Hirsch Geler (? -1766), Rabbi Anshel from Tismenitsa (? -1762). In the beginning. 19th century Rabbi was Yosef-Azriel Rolig (? -1856, Sadagora), in 1835-45 - Yoel Ashkenazi (1810-1883, Zolochev), in 1885-1909 - Eliezer Segal (? -1938). In 1895 with the help of Baron Hirsch in G a school was opened. Since the 1900s. in G. there were divisions of various. Zionist org-tions. In 1910-15 the rabbi of G. was Mordkhe-Arie Heber, from 1927 - Shloyme Shikler, then - Yosef-Mordhe Bloom (? -1942). 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to Zolochev.
GOLOMB Abraham Isaac (1888, Straveniki - 1982, Mexico City), teacher. Studied at a yeshiva in Vilna, then at ped. in-those in Vitebsk and in Kiev un-those. He taught in Vitebsk (1909–12), Kharkov (1916–17); there was a deer. Heb. ped. seminary in Vilna (1921–31). In 1932 he moved to E.-I., taught biology in agriculture. schools. From 1938 there was Art. teacher, then deer. at the school of I.-L. Peretz in Winnipeg (Canada). Since 1944 in Mexico. The author of a number of books. on pedagogy.
GOLOMB Eliyahu (1893, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1945, Tel Aviv), organizer of the Hebrew. defense in the mandated E.-I., one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish military organization (Gagan), a public figure. In E.-I. from 1909. In 1913 he graduated from the gymnasium in Tel Aviv. One of the organizers of Heb. legion, which was part of the British army (1918). In 1919 he joined the Zionist Socialist Party. directions Akhdut ha-Avoda. Since 1921, members to-that of Gagana of the General Federation of Heb. workers in E.-I. (Histadrut). In 1936–39, he was one of the organizers of the "field detachments" that fought Arab terrorists. At the same time, being a supporter of active defense, G. opposed retaliatory punitive actions. He believed that Gagana should be the only soldier. by the power of Heb. people; however, G. had to fight other Heb. underground soldiers. org-tions. G. was one of the creatures. special detachments of Gagana - Palmach, laid the foundations of the armed forces of Israel, determined the direction of their development, was one of the hands. Histadrut, Vaad Leummi (representative body of the Jews under the mandate of E.-I.), a delegate to the Zionist congresses. In the house in which G. lived in Tel Aviv, the Gagana Museum was created, named after him.
GOLOMB Tirsh-Neeson (1853, Subzel of the Kovno province - 1934, Vilno), prose writer, linguist. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. In 1873 he came to Vilna, where he became an assistant to the proofreader in the printing house of the widow and brothers Romm, composed fairy tales in the style of A.-M. Dick and published some of them: "A junge toyb headlight a korbn" , 1878). G. also belong to linguistic. experiments: "Mishlei hakhamim" (proverbs), 1879, "Hebraic male and female names used in jargon" (1905), "Hebraic-Heb. dictionary of expressions and words from the Torah, used in Heb. conversation and in literature ”(1910) and others. G. was the author of several. collection of songs and plank beds. melodies, as well as muses. son G. - Emmanuel (born in the early 70s of the 19th century, no further information) was also a writer of fairy tales in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1901-03, together with his father, he compiled a biography. lexicon in Hebrew "Kol Hemdat Israel".
GOLONG, see Golonug.
GOLONUG, now part of the city of Donbrov, Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Holonogs of Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 56 Jews (10.6%) lived in Georgia.
GOLOSCHEKIN David Semenovich (b. 1944, Moscow), jazz multi-instrumentalist, composer, performer on flugelhorn, violin, saxophone, piano, drums, double bass, etc. In 1961 he graduated from special. muses. ten-year school at Leningrad. Conservatory in the violin class. As a jazz musician, he first appeared in 1961 at the Tallinn-61 jazz festival as a double bass player in a quartet conducted by pianist Yu. Vikharev. From 1963 to 1964 he directed the Vses ensemble. tour-conc. association in Leningrad, played in the jazz octet Leningrad. Institute of Precise Mechanics and Optics, then worked as a pianist in an orc. Eddie Rosner, Diff. ensembles in Odessa, and in 1969 he founded his own. jazz group in Leningrad, with a cut in decomp. compositions actively performed in the 1970s and 80s. In creativity, as a performer and composer, G. tends to the classical. jazz. His game is distinguished by impeccable taste and delicate style flair. He created a number of conc. review programs: "Jazz Pianists", "Bebop", "Duke Ellington", "Gershwin and His Time" and others. In 1977 he recorded the disc "Jazz Compositions", where he performed the parts of fp., harp, flugelhorn, drums, bass -guitar, double bass, violin, conga and saxophone. Has toured to many. European countries, the USA. He starred in several films, in 1993 he played one of the main roles in the television movie "When the saints march."
GOLOSCHEKIN Philip (Shaya) Isaevich (1876, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1941, Barbosh, Kuibyshev region), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties since 1903. From the family of a contractor. He graduated from a dental school, worked as a dental technician. From 1903 he led the roar. work in St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Sestroretsk, Moscow and other cities. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, in 1906 a member. Petersburg. to-that, in 1909 - Moscow. to-that RSDLP. In 1909 he was arrested and exiled to the Narym region. He fled in 1910. At the 6th (Prague) conference of the RSDLP elected a member. Central Committee and its Rus. the Bureau. In 1913 he was arrested again and exiled to the Turukhansk region. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 representative of the Central Committee in St. Petersburg. to-those Bolsheviks, cases. 7th (Apr.) All-Russia. conference of the RSDLP (b). In May 1917 he was sent to the Urals: member. and secret. Perm, then the Ural region. Soviets, formed the Kr. Guards in Yekaterinburg. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). All R. oct. 1917 in Petrograd, cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (elected member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee). Member Petrogr. VRK, participant Oct. coup. In nov. 1917 returned to Yekaterinburg, supervised the dispersal of the coalitions. To-that bed. power and the elimination of the former local state. structures. From Jan. 1918 Commissioner of Justice of the Urals, from Feb. - Regional Commissioner military registration and enlistment office, member. regional party committee and regional. Council, from May - military. Commissioner of the Ural VO. Together with the pre. Of the Executive Committee of the Uralsovet A.T. Beloborodov played a decisive role in the transfer of the royal family from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg and in its subsequent execution. In sep. 1918 - Jan. 1919 chap. political commissar of the 3rd army, since December. 1918 members Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), files. 7th and 8th congresses of the RCP (b). In April-June 1919, members. RVS of the Turkestan Army Vost. fr., from Aug. prev. Chelyabinsk provincial committee. In oct. 1919 - May 1920 members Turkomissii VTsIK and SNK RSFSR. In 1922–24 before. Samara Provincial Executive Committee and the Provincial Party Committee. From Oct. 1924 sec. regional committee of the CP (b) of Kazakhstan. At the 12-14th Party Congresses, Cand. in part. Central Committee, at the 15th and 16th congresses - member. Central Committee. Since 1933, Ch. arbiter at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1939 he was arrested, 10/20/41 shot without trial. Works: Part, building in Kazakhstan: Coll. speeches and art. (1925–30). M.-A-A, 1930; Kazakhstan on the paths of socialist. reconstruction: Sat. Art. and speeches. M.-A.-A, 1931.
GOLOSKOVO, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1863 305 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1272 (84.1%), in 1923 - approx. 1400, in 1926 - 1572 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia, in 1889 there were 2 synagogues. In 1909, after the death of Yakov-Eli Shapiro's father, Chaim Shapiro (1867—?) Became Rabbi of Georgia. In June 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941, 241 Jews were shot in Georgia. O. Zaborovsky, L.M. Kvitko.
GOLOSOVKER Yakov Emmanuilovich (1890, Kiev - 1967, Moscow), writer, philosopher. Rod. in the family of a surgeon. He graduated from the classic. gymnasium, then a historical philologist. Faculty of Kiev University (1913). In the 1920s. lectured on antique. culture and philosophy in the Higher Literature-Art. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, at the 2nd Moscow State University. He began to publish in 1913, he was known as a translator of antiquity. poets, F. Hölderlin, in the 1930s. translated "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" by F. Nietzsche. He worked on a novel about modernity, which was burnt down in a fire and later partially restored by philosophical works. In 1936 he was repressed, in 1939 he was released. Made up huge. anthology of ancient poetry in translations of Russian. poets and "The Ancient World in Russian Poetry", still unpublished. Author of translation books, Op. poets of other Hellas and Rome, written in prose "Legends of the Titans" (1955, 1961, republished three times in 1993/94). In the book. Dostoevsky and Kant (1963 and foreign ed.) Showed how Kantian antinomies are refracted in the minds of Dostoevsky's heroes. In the last years of his life he suffered from a mental disorder. Main manuf. were published after his death. In the book. "The logic of myth" (1987) and philosopher, works, publ. in periodic. editions, reflected ch. the theme for him is the creative imagination of both natural and historical cultures. phenomenon. The name of the author immediately became one of the original, thinkers of the 20th century. In 1991, f. "Friendship of peoples" baked. "The Burnt Novel" (translated in German and French). Left a large lit. heritage (philosopher. works, prose, poetry). Cr. overview in f. "Rus. liter ", 1991, No. 4.
GOLOVANEVSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1764.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. In 1847 there were 1,974 Jews living in Georgia, in 1887 Jews accounted for 85% of the population, in 1897 - 4,320 Jews (53%), in 1923 - 3,518, in 1926 - 3,474 (85.7%), in 1939 - 1393 Jews lived in Georgia from the end. 18th century In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia, and in 1909 a private Jewish husband. uch-shche, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. Dec 18 1917 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1918, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was formed (several hundreds of fighters), which was armed with rifles, grenades, art. tool. In the beginning. Aug 1919 the detachment was defeated, and on 4 August. G. was subjected to a pogrom, during which ca. 200 people In March 1921, the Evsection of the Podolsk Provincial Committee of the CP (b) U received aid from the United States intended for the Jews of Georgia who had suffered from pogroms and war. In 1925, immigrants from Georgia founded in the Odessa okr. Jewish agriculturalist artel "Freeling". July 30, 1941 was occupied by the Germans. troops, in the first days approx. 100 Jews, approx. 800 were shot in the woods near G. In Sept. 1941 killed 570 Jews, January 3. 1942 36 Jewish children from children were shot. at home, in Feb. the same year - several. hundreds of Jews. Naum Moiseevich Shinkerman (1907-1997, Moscow), pathologist, Dr. med. sciences (1955), prof., during the war 1941-45 ch. pathologist of the 4th Ukr. fr., in 1946 organizer and hands. Department of pathological. anatomy in Chernivtsi honey. in-those, research. in the region. pathomorphology of the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands. Yu.N. Grigorieva
GOLOVCHIN, a village in the Belynichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841, 499 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1860 - 443, in 1897 - 433 (35.3%), in 1908 - 676, and in 1923 - 378 Jews. In 1798 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia. In 1841 - a synagogue and 4 heders. In 1903, Chaim-Nathan Yudin was Rabbi of Georgia. In the end. 1920s The Shokhet in Georgia was the Lubavitch Hasid Axelrod, who in 1928 tried to restore the closed mikvah. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GOLOVCHINER Boris Mikhailovich (1907, Aleksandrovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 2000, Moscow), military leader. Major General (1944). Graduated from the infantry. uch-shche (1931), Military. Academy named after Frunze (1939). In the army since 1929.1935 - deputy. early division headquarters. Since 1936 - com. shelf. 1939–41 - early. division headquarters. 1941–42 - pom. early and early. operational department army headquarters. 1943–45 - early. army headquarters. 1945–46 - early. headquarters of the Volga military. env. 1947–70 - Art. military teacher Academy of Gen. headquarters. From 1970 - retired. He was awarded the 5th order.
GOLOVCHYNTSY, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. During the Holocaust, women were created in Georgia. Jewish work team for growing kok-sagiz (rubber substitute). On June 22, 1943, the work team was liquidated.
GOLOVENCHIZ Shloyme (1869, Town of Vitebsk Province - 1938, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin and Slobodka. In 1894-1908 he taught at a yeshiva in Minsk. In 1901–10 he was a rabbi in the Mogilnoe borough (Minsk province). In 1910–32 he was a rabbi in Mogilev. Since 1932 - in E.-I. In 1937–38, he was the head of a religion. council of Jerusalem.
GOLTA, a part (since 1919) of Olviopol (present-day Pervomaisk) in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). From 1810 - a suburb of Olviopol, then - the town of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 1,245 Jews (17.6%) lived in Georgia. 19th century the rabbi in Georgia was Naftola Rapoport (1849–?). In 1905 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. Dec. In 1919, retreating units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Georgia. During the war, a ghetto was created in Georgia for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 72 Jews survived in Georgia.
GOLUB David Moiseevich (Movshevich) (1901, Hegumen of Minsk Province - 2001, Minsk), anatomist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1960). Graduated from honey. f-t Belorus, un-that in Minsk (1926). He worked at the Department of Anatomy there; prof., head. Department of Anatomy of the Minsk med. Institute (1934), simultaneously. (since 1933) worked at the Institute of Psychoneurology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, and since 1954 head. lab. morphology of the nervous system in Ying-those physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Osn. scientific. tr. G. poev, anatomy and embryology of the nervous and vascular systems, one of the founders of neuroembryology in the USSR. Established the patterns of innervation internal. organs (adrenal glands, pancreas), identified the stages of formation of nerve plexuses and cranial nerves. Joint. with sotr. developed a technique for creating. new sources of innervation of organs and tissues by transplanting the mesenteric nerve node onto the wall of the bladder. Research compensatory adaptations in the autonomic nervous system. During the war years 1941–45 he developed methods for restoring the sciatic nerve in case of its extensive defects. State pr. USSR (1973). Honored. Scientist of the BSSR (1971) Vol .: The structure of the peripheral nervous system and human embryogenesis. Atlas, Minsk, 1962; Nerves of reflexogenic zones (Embryological studies). Minsk, 1976 (et al.); The development of the plexuses of the spinal nerves. Atlas, Minsk, 1982 (et al.); Gangliopexy and innervation of organs. Minsk, 1986 (et al.).
GOLUBICHI, a village in the Glubokoe district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 63 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1931, 113 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia. In 1942 there was a synagogue in Georgia. killed several. Jews.
GOLUBOVKA, a village in the Kremensky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 166 Jews lived in Georgia.
GOLUBOVSKAYA Nadezhda Iosifovna (1891, Petersburg - 1975, ibid.), Pianist and harpsichordist. Graduated from Petersburg. conservatory, class fp. under S.M. Lyapunov, previously studied there under A.A. Rozanova (1907–10). From 1915 she performed as a soloist and ensemble player. She performed with singer ZP Lodiy, violinist M.B. Reison. From 1920 she taught php. the game in Petrogr. (Leningrad) Conservatory. Associate professor since 1926, professor since 1935. In 1941–44 the head. Department of FP. Sverdlovsk Conservatory, in 1945–63 consultant of the Tallinn Conservatory. G. is the author of works on the problems of pianism, incl. book "The art of pedaling". M., 1967. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1937).
GOLUBOVSKY Boris Gavrilovich (1919, Kharkov - 2008, Moscow), dir. In 1934-35 he studied at the Bauman Theater. school, in 1941 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky (Moscow) and began to work in the T. K. Marx (Saratov). In 1941 org. fr. tr miniatures "Ogonyok". In 1944–46 he worked in Moscow. dram, t-re at hand. F.N. Kaverina, at the beginning. 1950s headed by Moscow. region td drama, post, performances "The Legend of Love" N. Hikmet, noted by criticism. In 1957-65 - Ch. dir. Moscow Youth Theater; fast. “In the Name of the Revolution” by MF Shatrov, “The Steamer is called“ Eaglet ”by AA Galich,“ Romeo and Juliet ”by W. Shakespeare, and others. In 1965–87 - Ch. dir. Moscow dram, t-ra them. N.V. Gogol; fast. "Riding a Dolphin" by L.A. Zhukhovitsky, "Conspiracy of the Empress" by A.N. Tolstoy (both in 1968), "House" (chapters from F.A.Abramov's novel), etc. ... in-those cultures. Since 1975 hands. courses on dir. f-those. Prof. (since 1985). In 1991 he organized a theater, a college at Ros. acad. lawsuit and headed it. The author of several. book Nar. art. RSFSR (1976). State pr. RSFSR them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1978).
GOLYN, a village in Kalush district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 122 Jews lived in Georgia. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to Kalush.
SHEET, see [[Old Stump.
GOLYUB-DOBZIN, a city (from 1789) in the Torun Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Dobrzhin Rypinsky u. Plock province. In 1808 in G.-D. Jews lived in 1880 (90%), in 1827 - 1304 (62%), in 1857 - 1599 (67%), in 1897 - 1938 (52%), in 1921 - 1976 Jews (49%). Jews lived in Georgia. -D. from the beginning. 17th century By the beginning. 18th century in G.-D. there was a community. A site was allocated for the cemetery; in the beginning. 19th century a wooden synagogue was built. Jews earned a living in the main. trade and crafts. Due to the location of G.-D. smuggling flourished in the city on the border with Prussia. Most of the smugglers were Jews. All R. 19th century Jews discovered in G.-D. several small prom. pr-ty: plant for the production of candles and soap, sawmills, distillery plant. In G.-D. philanthropists acted. org-tions and org-tions for the provision of social assistance, hevra kaddish, etc. In the end. 19th century the first Zionist circles were created. Rabbis G.-D. in the 19th century. were David Bartov and Yehuda-Leib Zonaband. In 1914 in G.-D. a free cafeteria was opened for refugees, some of them settled in G.-D. In the 1920s. a branch of the Cooperative Bank was created. Cells of plurals operated. Jewish parties and movements. Two schools were opened - “Isodei ha-Tora” for boys and “Beis Yaakov” for girls. In G.-D. worked b-ka them. Sholem Aleichem with a reading room, sports. Maccabi Club. 1 Sept. 1926 approx. The corpse of a child was found on the fence of the Jewish cemetery. The Poles accused the Jews of ritual murder. There were clashes between local peasants who demanded to "hand over the criminals" and Jewish youth. In the course of the investigation, it turned out that the child died in an accident. 11 people, including 5 Jews, were brought to trial on charges of disturbing public order. The Poles were sentenced to 3 months. imprisonment, the same punishment was imposed on the Jews. The Supreme Court in Warsaw upheld the sentence, but delayed the execution of the accused Jews by 5 years and indicated that the Poles acted out of racist motives. In 1938 the municipality of G.-D. banned kosher slaughter. 3 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered G.-D. In nov. 1939 all Jews were expelled from G.-D. Some of the Jews were sent to the Plonsk ghetto, the rest to the Warsaw ghetto.
GOMBERG Moses (Moisey Georgievich) (1866, Elizavetgrad - 1947, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), organic chemist. Doctor of Philosophy (1894), prof. chemistry since 1904. In 1884 he graduated from the Elizavetgrad state government. After accusing his father of anti-government. The family fled in 1884 to the United States (Chicago). Despite financial difficulties, in 1890 he graduated from Michigan University, worked there until 1892 as an assistant. Between 1896 and 1897 he improved chem. education in Munich un-those at hand. A. Bayer and in Heidelberg un-those at W. Mayer. Until 1936 he worked at Michigan University. During the 1st world. wars in 1914-19 in military service. From 1919 ch. chemist and advisor art. Department of the United States for the production of gunpowder and poisonous substances, in 1927-36 headed the chemical. department. work in the region. the theory of free radicals, one of the founders of a cut he is. Research decomp. organic connections, incl. first received tetraphenylmethane, discovered the existence of free radicals, carried out a diazo reaction (the Gomberg reaction), proved the possibility of the existence of trivalent hydrogen. Since 1915, against his will, he was engaged in research. chemical warfare agents, the synthesis of ethylene chlorohydrin (an intermediate product in the production of mustard gas). Created the first successful antifreeze. From 1931 prez. Amer. chem. about-va.
GOMBIN, a city (from 1437) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Gostynsky district. In 1808, 577 Jews (51%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 1472 (50%), in 1857 - 1897 (49%), in 1897 - 2539 (51%), in 1921 - 2564 (45% ), in 1939 - 2,312 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century, engaged in handicrafts and small trade, including leather trade. In 1576, a decree was issued prohibiting Jewish merchants from purchasing leather from peasants and bringing it to Georgia. By the same decree, Jews were prohibited from buying milk from peasants. In 1656 a wave of Jewish pogroms took place in Georgia. Jews lived in a specially designated area. A synagogue was built in 1710. One of the first rabbis of Georgia was Avrom-Abale Gombiner (? -1713). In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In the beginning. 1914 a Jewish library with a reading room was opened. In 1911-1919 the rabbi of G. was I. L. Avida, from 1927 - Gatkover. In 1922 the Union of Jewish Craftsmen (in 1935 split into several trade unions) and the Union of Small Traders were created. In 1927 a branch of the People's Cooperative Bank was opened, and in 1931 - the Bank of Small Traders and Artisans. In 1935 there were 198 Jewish artisans (45%) in Georgia. Jews were engaged in carriage, as well as serving vacationers and summer residents. Philanthropists worked in G. and socio-societies. org-tion; there were branches of almost all Jewish parties and movements, including Agudas Yisroel and Bunda. For some time the school of the Tarbut network and the school of Agudas Yisroel worked. In the end. 1930s in Georgia there were 2 libraries - the Zionist (3000 kn.) and Bund (2700 kn.). Under the Bund library, lit. and dram. mugs. Sports were active. clubs "Maccabi" and "Ha-Poel" .9 Sept. 1939 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the end. Sep the synagogue and many houses belonging to Jews were burned down. In oct. 1939 The Judenrat was founded, headed by Moishe Vant. In the beginning. 1940 a ghetto was created, in which 2100 Jews were found (250 of them were refugees from the surrounding townships). In the 1st floor. 1,941 Jews began to be sent to labor camps, from where they were sent to Auschwitz. On May 12, 1942, the ghetto in Georgia was liquidated; the Jews were sent to the extermination camp in Chelmno. Approx. 200 people Most of them left for E.-I.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГОМЕЛЬ, город, центр Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1142. С 1335 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1773 — центр Гомельского у. Рогачевской провинции, с 1777 — местечко Белицкого у. Могилевской губ., с 1852 — уездный город Могилевской губ. С 1919 — центр Гомельской губ. в составе РСФСР, с 1926 — в БССР, в 1926—31 и с 1937 — центр Гомельского р-на, в 1926—30 — Гомельского окр., с 1938 — Гомельской обл.В 1640-х гг. в Г. проживало ок. 2000 евреев, в 1765 — 658, в 1847 — 2400, в 1863 — 6518, в 1881 — 10 700, в 1893 — 14 472, в 1897 — 20 385 (55%), в 1899 — 24 981 (56,3%), в 1905 — 26 614, в 1910 — 30 708, в 1911 — 46 435 (48,3%), в 1912 — 57 810, в 1917 — 18 043 (25,8%), в 1920 — 31 600, в 1923 — 37 811 (48,8%), в 1926 — 37 475 (44%), в 1939 — 37 100, в 1959 — ок. 25 000, в 1970 — ок. 27 000, в 1979 — 26 416, в 1989 — 22 574 еврея.По одной из версий, евреи жили в Г. уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. В 1648 казаки отряда П.Головацкого захватили Г. и вырезали ок. 2 тыс. евреев (спасаясь от смерти, мн. евреи приняли православие, но после окончания воен. действий большинство из них вернулось в иудаизм). В кон. 18 в. в Г. была построена синагога. С нач. 19 в. Г. становится одним из центров любавичского хасидизма; в Г. жил ученик Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд Ицхок-Айзик (ок. 1780—1857). Евреи были владельцами первых кр. пром. пр-тий Г. (гл. обр. по переработке с.-х. продукции). Раввинами в Г. были: с 1862 — Абрам Хаимович Эльяшов, с 1880-х гг. — Зелик Зак, с 1893 — Менахем-Лейб Левин и Р.-М.Баришанский. В 1863 в Г. имелось 9 синагог, в 1897 — 26 синагог. С нач. 1890-х гг. (после изгнания евреев из Москвы) численность еврейского населения Г. резко возросла, оживилась торговля (в т. ч. лесом, льном, пенькой), открылся ряд кр. магазинов (оборот торговли в 1870—90-х гг. увеличился с 2 до 5,5 млн. руб.), возросло кол-во ремесл. мастерских (в 1890-х гг. в них было занято 800 чел.). В 1890-х гг. евреям принадлежало большинство кр. пром. пр-тий (лесопильные з-ды В.И.Левитина и Я.В.Бройтмана, чугунолитейные и механич. з-ды И.И.Агроскина и Р.И.Дубинского, М.Н.Фрумкина, вальцовая мельница З.Б.Певзнера, маслобойный з-д А.Е.Школьникова, з-д нефтяных масел М.С.Шевелева; М.М.Витенберг и А.З.Дунаевский арендовали спичечную ф-ку «Везувий»). В 1895 работали типография Шмерки Фридланда и Шолома Подземского, книжный магазин Сыркиной, б-ка Юдки Школьникова и Давида Лазинского, кабинет для чтения Герца Фейгенберга, в 1901 — типографии Лейвика Захарина, Шолома Соськина, типолитография Айзика Шимоновича и Герца Бриля, фотографии Арона Гофмана, Шевеля и Иуды Немченко. В нач. 20 в. были открыты книжные магазины Гирши Романовского, Арона Эпштейна, Абрама Глатмана, б-ка и книжный магазин Самуила Лурье. В 1910 владельцами типографий стали Артур Миляев и Залман Казовский.С нач. 1860-х гг. в Г. работало казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1889 в одноклассном еврейском уч-ще занималось 78 мальчиков, в 1902 — 120, в 1905 — 150. Тогда же в талмуд-торе обучалось 120 мальчиков. В 1886 было основано жен. 4-классное уч-ще Анны Яковлевны Сыркиной (360 уч-ся); в др. жен. уч-ще обучалось 90 уч-ся. В 1907 в 2-классном еврейском уч-ще училось 200 мальчиков, 152 — в талмуд-торе. В 1907 была открыта частная муж. гимназия А.Е.Ратнера (в 1911 — 27 преподавателей и 255 уч-ся; среди выпускников — Л.С.Выготский). В частной муж. гимназии М.А.Эльяшева преподавал обществ. раввин М.М.Маянц. В 1910 в Г. действовали также 4-классная прогимназия Сыркиной (403 уч-ся), еврейское нач. уч-ще (осн. в 1878, в 1910 — 193 уч-ся), 2-классное жен. уч-ще Гурвич (100 уч-ся), вечерний класс Сыркиной (270 уч-ся), талмуд-тора Ловьянова (41 уч-ся), 45 хедеров (662 уч-ся).В 1897 в Г. было создано врачебное об-во (первое в уездных городах края, из 21 члена-учредителя — 12 евреев; в марте 1903 закрыто по распоряжению мин. внутр. дел.), в 1913—14 действовали Мед. и Зубоврачебное об-ва. Евреями были мн. врачи, большинство дантистов, владельцев и арендаторов аптек.В 1908—14 в Г. существовало муз.-драматич. об-во (в 1910 — 240 чл.), где под рук. М.Я. Марголина был поставлен ряд спектаклей, создан хор под упр. Н.Эрлиха (40 чел.), устраивались вечера нар. песен. В нач. 1900-х гг. в Г. работали еврейский т-р, оперетта под рук. Д.М.Шаравнера (1911), театр. труппы под рук. М.Л.Гефнера, И.Ф.Коневского, Я.Г.Либерта (1912), А.-А.Фишзона (1914), еврейско-нем. труппа Ш.Жоржа и Ф.Беккера (1914).В 1897 в Г. было открыто Еврейское об-во пособия бедным (пред. правления Г.Я.Брук, с 1906 — врач Вульф Захарин, с 1910 — врач Наум Александров) с дешевой столовой и дежурной мед. помощью (об-во содержало талмуд-тору и выдавало беспроцентные ссуды нуждающимся). При больнице имелась еврейская богадельня (ок. 200 чел.). С 1910 работал к-т ЕКО. В 1913—14 существовало Об-во еврейских дет. колоний. Накануне 1-й мир. войны действовали об-ва взаимопомощи сапожников и портных, объединявших гл. обр. евреев. Коробочный сбор в кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. достигал 15 тыс. руб.Евреи играли ведущую роль в финанс.-кредитной сфере: Об-во взаимного кредита возглавляли Самуил Логунов (с 1897), Шевель Быховский (с 1900) и Михаил Поляков (с 1900), пред. правления (с 1906) — Маркус Каган; отд-ние Минского коммерч. банка — Боаз Гинзбург (с 1889), отд-ние Орловского коммерч. банка — Исаак Броун, отд-ние Сев. банка — Берка Подиков, отд-ние Соединенного банка — Семен Львович Выготский (отец Л.С.Выготского). В 1910 функционировало Гомельское торг.-пром. об-во взаимного кредита (пред. Фишель Добкин).В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. Г. становится одним из центров еврейского рабочего движения. В 1893—95 действовал рабочий кружок самообразования (рук. — наборщик А.Д.Поляк; входило до 50 рабочих-ремесленников; собранный ими шрифт был использован при создании подпольной типографии «Рабочей газеты» в Киеве). Весной 1895 создана Гомельская с.-д. группа, в 1898 — Гомельский Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса (позднее преобразован в Гомельский к-т РСДРП). Весной 1900 вышел первый номер нелег. журн. «Дер Кампф» («Борьба»; второй номер издан в марте 1901 при активном участии Менделя Гезенцвея). В дек. 1900 в Г. прошли массовые аресты местных с.-д.; уцелевшие участники с.-д. орг-ций примкнули к Бунду, Гомельский к-т к-рого руководил стачкой столяров и рабочих спичечной ф-ки (обе — 1901), забастовками ремесленников в 1902 и др. Представители Гомельского к-та Бунда участвовали в работе 5-го съезда РСДРП (1907) и 8-й конф. Бунда. В 1911 орг-ция Бунда объединяла 328 чл.; в сент. 1913 местный к-т организовал стачку протеста в связи с делом М.М.Бейлиса. С нач. 1-й мир. войны деятельность орг-ции Бунда прекратилась.1 сент. 1903 в Г. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого имели место столкновения погромщиков с отрядом еврейской самообороны (убито 10 евреев и 8 погромщиков). В ходе погрома 13—16 янв. 1906 в результате пожара было уничтожено много домов.С нач. 1-й мир. войны в Г. находились тысячи евреев-беженцев из [[Царства Польского и др. зап. губерний; в Г. также эвакуировалось неск. иешив из польск. и литов. губерний. Раввином в Г. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Йосеф-Йосель Гурвиц (1846—1919), обществ. раввином — Меир Мазьевич Маянц.В марте 1917 был воссоздан к-т Бунда, его представители вошли в состав гор. совета рабочих и солд. деп., в профсоюзы и др. обществ. орг-ции (на выборах в гор. думу бундовцы получили 18 из 111 мест). В апр. 1917 образован Полесский к-т РСДРП(б), членами к-рого стали В.Г.Пеньевский, М.М.Хатаевич, Д.А.Цирлин и И.М.Якубов. 30 окт. 1917 большевики во гл. с пред. Полесского к-та Л.М.Кагановичем установили в Г. сов. власть. В нач. 1918 орг-ция Бунда объединяла ок. 1 тыс. членов. В дек. 1918 бундовцы, эсеры и меньшевики образовали т. н. гомельскую директорию и взяли власть в городе, однако в янв. 1919 город заняли большевики, к-рые закрыли бундовскую газ. «Голос рабочего». Весной 1920 в Гомельский совет избраны 6 представителей Бунда. В 1917 в Г. начали активно действовать разл. сионистские орг-ции, продолжавшие нелег. деятельность и в 1920-х гг., в т. ч. отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1920—30-х гг. евреи занимали рук. посты на пром. пр-тиях города, работали в гос. учреждениях и уч. заведениях. К 1926 значит. часть евреев-кустарей объединилась в кооперативы. В 1920—29 действовал еврейский пед. техникум, до 1939 во мн. школах Г. преподавание велось на идише. В 1924—26 в рабочем клубе работала драматич. студия под рук. М.Л.Меерсона.В 1920-х гг. в Г. было создано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. Кантор, Брахман, Перель), действовали клуб им. Леккерта, вечерняя еврейская школа. В 1922 открылись евпартшкола, отд-ние «Культур-Лиги».В нач. 1920-х гг. раввином в Г. был Авром Элиашев (1878—1942). В 1920 в Йом-Кипур на пл. Труда, где находилось неск. синагог, комсомольцы устроили митинг (духовой оркестр играл «Интернационал»). В нач. 1921 в Г. состоялись показательный суд над хедером и диспут о «судном дне». Раввин Баришанский после выступления на диспуте о хедерах (сент. 1922) был осужден. В авг. 1923 арестован весь состав пленума окр. исполкома орг-ции «Маккаби». Подпольная сионистская деятельность продолжалась в Г. до 1926. В том же году были закрыты 10 крупнейших синагог (их здания переоборудованы под жилье, ф-ку, музей, столовую). В сер. 1920-х гг. была предпринята попытка закрыть еврейское кладбище. В 1920-х гг. в Г. прошел судебный процесс над 10 шохетами, к-рые были приговорены к неск. годам тюрьмы. В апр. 1924 в Г. зарегистрирована еврейская община, к-рая содержала микву, еврейское кладбище, собирала средства на общинные нужды, выплачивала жалованье трем раввинам. В кон. 1920-х гг. почти все синагоги были закрыты властями, центрами общинной жизни стали миньяны. В 1929—30 действовала нелегальная любавичская иешива под рук. раввина Иехезкеля Гимельштейна (?—1941). В 1925 выходцы из Г. организовали в Джанкойском р-не в Крыму 3 земледельч. коллектива, в 1926 — 8.19 авг. 1941 Г. оккупировали герм. войска; было создано 4 гетто (на Ново-Любенской и Быховской ул., а также в д. Монастырка и в Ново-Белице). 3—4 нояб. 1941 узники гетто были расстреляны во рву близ машинно-тракторной мастерской, в лесу у д. Лещинец и на 9-м км шоссе Гомель — Чернигов (на месте расстрела установлен памятник). В дек. 1941 расстреляно 2365 евреев. В 1941—42 в Г. погибло ок. 20 тыс. евреев. Десятки евреев Г. участвовали в деятельности антифаш. подполья, комс.-молодежная группа под рук. Г.И.Беркович осуществляла диверсии в городе, комиссаром партиз. отряда «Большевик» был Гирш Насонович Эркин.После освобождения в уцелевшем здании одной из синагог размещался горвоенкомат, две другие синагоги были заняты под жилые помещения. Ходатайство верующих о возвращении им одной из синагог в 1945 было отклонено властями (в 1947 раввин Славкин также получил отказ от Совета по делам религ. культов на свою просьбу от открытии синагоги). В 1946 под предлогом отсутствия зарегистрированной общины евреям Г. был запрещен ритуальный убой скота. В 1947 верующие евреи на собранные ими средства приобрели для синагоги частный дом, однако власти конфисковали его и запретили молитв. собрания. В 1947 в Г. действовало 7 нелег. миньянов (в доме Шевеля Бабицкого собиралось ок. 70 верующих, у Айзика Лейкина — ок. 25). С 1951 власти запретили выпечку мацы (нарушители подвергались штрафам). По данным 1962, в Г. и области существовали 22 незарегистрированные еврейские религ. группы (в 1965 — 14), имелось 26 молитв. зданий, 6 канторов и шохетов. В 1963 милиция разогнала одно из собраний, конфисковала 2 свитка Торы и др. религ. атрибуты.В 1993 общине Г. было возвращено здание синагоги «Рош-Пино», в к-ром разместились все еврейские обществ. орг-ции: объединение «Ахдут», клуб «Менора», община ортодоксального иудаизма, община прогрессивного иудаизма, гор. орг-ция Белорус. союза евреев — ветеранов Вел. Отечественной войны, инвалидов, партизан и подпольщиков, молодежный клуб, Еврейский уч.-информац. центр, культурно-ист. об-во «Ариэль», еврейская воскресная школа, дет. сад-школа «Атиква», ансамбль еврейских песен и танцев и др. С нач. 1990-х гг. изд. газ. «Ахдут» (на рус. яз.). 10 мая 1994 на кладбище в Осовцах осквернены 94 памятника на еврейских могилах, 7—8 дек. 1996 — 9 памятников на еврейском кладбище по Черниговскому шоссе.В 1999 в Г. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В Г. род.: М.Басин, М.Б.Вольфсон, Д.И.Выгодский, В.Б.Гайсин, Д.Гакоген, Т.Гейликман, А.Н.Гефтер, Р.Гиносар, Л.Я.Горелик, И.А.Егудин, Н.И.Жолудев, А.С.Залманов, А.Н.Зеликман, Э.И.Злотник, И.Б.Катунин, А.С.Кауфман, Х.Л.Кевеш, М.Э.Кирпичников, С.Д.Кремер, И.Левиант, М.А.Левин, Х.Ш.Левин, Я.Левин, Л.А.Либерман, М.А.Лурье, И.Я.Малошицкий, Г.М.Маневич, А.А.Народицкий, М.В.Незлин, И.С.Нович, Я.А.Певзнер, А.З.Раскин, Е.М.Ржевская, Д.Е.Розенблюм, Л.И.Салоп, Л.С.Славина, Я.С.Темкин, Г.И.Тец, И.М.Фалькович, Н.Фридман, М.И.Фрумкин, И.Б.Хавин, М.МХатаевич, В.Цейтлин, Ю.А.Шандалов, М.Ш.Шифрин, И.Шнеерсон, Л.Г.Шнирельман, Л.Я.Эвентов, Л.А.Эдмин; Лев Ильич Аронов (1909—1972, Москва), живописец, график, работы хранятся в ГТГ и др. собр. разл. стран; Савва Григорьевич Бродский (1923—1982, Москва), книжный график, архитектор, автор илл. к «Дон-Кихоту» М. де С.Сервантеса, «Оводу» Э.-Л.Войнич, произв. А.Р.Беляева, А.И.Куприна и др., автор ряда арх. проектов, в т. ч. Музея А.Грина в Феодосии; Ефим Давыдович Бляхер (р. 1931), специалист в обл. философии культуры и теории познания, проф.; Ефим Львович Гельфанд (р. 1910), актер и реж. еврейского т-ра, с 1938 — худож. рук. Биробидж. ГОСЕТа, засл. арт. РСФСР (1945); Леонид Яковлевич Зеличенко (р. 1933), журналист, полк. милиции (1989), ред. газ. МВД Кыргызстана, с 1996 — первый ред. еврейской газ. Кыргызстана «Мааян», автор книг, киносценариев; Леонид Кауфман (р. 1958), тренер, засл. тренер БССР, с 1991 — в Израиле, ст. тренер интерната для одаренных юных спортсменов при Ин-те физич. восп. и спорта им. Вингейта; Евгения Александровна Кацева (р. 1920), литературовед, переводчик, пер. на рус. яз. произв. Ф.Кафки, М.Фриша, Ф.Дюрренматта и др.; Эммануил Маркович Коган (р. 1923), гистолог, цитолог, д-р мед. наук (1967), проф. (1969), организатор и первый декан мед.-биол. ф-та 2-го ММИ (1963), один из организаторов и зам. дир. по науке НИИ физико-хим. медицины Минздрава РСФСР; Арон Лебедев (1873—1960, Нью-Йорк), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1920 — в США; Михаил Эммануилович Плисецкий (1899—1938), гос. деятель, ген. консул СССР на Шпицбергене, рук. треста «Арктикуголь», репрессирован, отец М.М.Плисецкой; Эдуард Рафаилович Рыбаков (р. 1935), шашист, мастер спорта (1964), чемп. СССР по заочной игре в русские шашки (1958—61, 1962—64, 1965—67); Борис Наумович Хавин (1926—1987, Москва), журналист, в 1977—87 гл. ред. журн. «Спорт за рубежом», автор справочников по истории Олимпийских игр.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=ГОМЕЛЬ, город, центр Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1142. С 1335 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1773 — центр Гомельского у. Рогачевской провинции, с 1777 — местечко Белицкого у. Могилевской губ., с 1852 — уездный город Могилевской губ. С 1919 — центр Гомельской губ. в составе РСФСР, с 1926 — в БССР, в 1926—31 и с 1937 — центр Гомельского р-на, в 1926—30 — Гомельского окр., с 1938 — Гомельской обл.В 1640-х гг. в Г. проживало ок. 2000 евреев, в 1765 — 658, в 1847 — 2400, в 1863 — 6518, в 1881 — 10 700, в 1893 — 14 472, в 1897 — 20 385 (55%), в 1899 — 24 981 (56,3%), в 1905 — 26 614, в 1910 — 30 708, в 1911 — 46 435 (48,3%), в 1912 — 57 810, в 1917 — 18 043 (25,8%), в 1920 — 31 600, в 1923 — 37 811 (48,8%), в 1926 — 37 475 (44%), в 1939 — 37 100, в 1959 — ок. 25 000, в 1970 — ок. 27 000, в 1979 — 26 416, в 1989 — 22 574 еврея.По одной из версий, евреи жили в Г. уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. В 1648 казаки отряда П.Головацкого захватили Г. и вырезали ок. 2 тыс. евреев (спасаясь от смерти, мн. евреи приняли православие, но после окончания воен. действий большинство из них вернулось в иудаизм). В кон. 18 в. в Г. была построена синагога. С нач. 19 в. Г. становится одним из центров любавичского хасидизма; в Г. жил ученик Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд Ицхок-Айзик (ок. 1780—1857). Евреи были владельцами первых кр. пром. пр-тий Г. (гл. обр. по переработке с.-х. продукции). Раввинами в Г. были: с 1862 — Абрам Хаимович Эльяшов, с 1880-х гг. — Зелик Зак, с 1893 — Менахем-Лейб Левин и Р.-М.Баришанский. В 1863 в Г. имелось 9 синагог, в 1897 — 26 синагог. С нач. 1890-х гг. (после изгнания евреев из Москвы) численность еврейского населения Г. резко возросла, оживилась торговля (в т. ч. лесом, льном, пенькой), открылся ряд кр. магазинов (оборот торговли в 1870—90-х гг. увеличился с 2 до 5,5 млн. руб.), возросло кол-во ремесл. мастерских (в 1890-х гг. в них было занято 800 чел.). В 1890-х гг. евреям принадлежало большинство кр. пром. пр-тий (лесопильные з-ды В.И.Левитина и Я.В.Бройтмана, чугунолитейные и механич. з-ды И.И.Агроскина и Р.И.Дубинского, М.Н.Фрумкина, вальцовая мельница З.Б.Певзнера, маслобойный з-д А.Е.Школьникова, з-д нефтяных масел М.С.Шевелева; М.М.Витенберг и А.З.Дунаевский арендовали спичечную ф-ку «Везувий»). В 1895 работали типография Шмерки Фридланда и Шолома Подземского, книжный магазин Сыркиной, б-ка Юдки Школьникова и Давида Лазинского, кабинет для чтения Герца Фейгенберга, в 1901 — типографии Лейвика Захарина, Шолома Соськина, типолитография Айзика Шимоновича и Герца Бриля, фотографии Арона Гофмана, Шевеля и Иуды Немченко. В нач. 20 в. были открыты книжные магазины Гирши Романовского, Арона Эпштейна, Абрама Глатмана, б-ка и книжный магазин Самуила Лурье. В 1910 владельцами типографий стали Артур Миляев и Залман Казовский.С нач. 1860-х гг. в Г. работало казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1889 в одноклассном еврейском уч-ще занималось 78 мальчиков, в 1902 — 120, в 1905 — 150. Тогда же в талмуд-торе обучалось 120 мальчиков. В 1886 было основано жен. 4-классное уч-ще Анны Яковлевны Сыркиной (360 уч-ся); в др. жен. уч-ще обучалось 90 уч-ся. В 1907 в 2-классном еврейском уч-ще училось 200 мальчиков, 152 — в талмуд-торе. В 1907 была открыта частная муж. гимназия А.Е.Ратнера (в 1911 — 27 преподавателей и 255 уч-ся; среди выпускников — Л.С.Выготский). В частной муж. гимназии М.А.Эльяшева преподавал обществ. раввин М.М.Маянц. В 1910 в Г. действовали также 4-классная прогимназия Сыркиной (403 уч-ся), еврейское нач. уч-ще (осн. в 1878, в 1910 — 193 уч-ся), 2-классное жен. уч-ще Гурвич (100 уч-ся), вечерний класс Сыркиной (270 уч-ся), талмуд-тора Ловьянова (41 уч-ся), 45 хедеров (662 уч-ся).В 1897 в Г. было создано врачебное об-во (первое в уездных городах края, из 21 члена-учредителя — 12 евреев; в марте 1903 закрыто по распоряжению мин. внутр. дел.), в 1913—14 действовали Мед. и Зубоврачебное об-ва. Евреями были мн. врачи, большинство дантистов, владельцев и арендаторов аптек.В 1908—14 в Г. существовало муз.-драматич. об-во (в 1910 — 240 чл.), где под рук. М.Я. Марголина был поставлен ряд спектаклей, создан хор под упр. Н.Эрлиха (40 чел.), устраивались вечера нар. песен. В нач. 1900-х гг. в Г. работали еврейский т-р, оперетта под рук. Д.М.Шаравнера (1911), театр. труппы под рук. М.Л.Гефнера, И.Ф.Коневского, Я.Г.Либерта (1912), А.-А.Фишзона (1914), еврейско-нем. труппа Ш.Жоржа и Ф.Беккера (1914).В 1897 в Г. было открыто Еврейское об-во пособия бедным (пред. правления Г.Я.Брук, с 1906 — врач Вульф Захарин, с 1910 — врач Наум Александров) с дешевой столовой и дежурной мед. помощью (об-во содержало талмуд-тору и выдавало беспроцентные ссуды нуждающимся). При больнице имелась еврейская богадельня (ок. 200 чел.). С 1910 работал к-т ЕКО. В 1913—14 существовало Об-во еврейских дет. колоний. Накануне 1-й мир. войны действовали об-ва взаимопомощи сапожников и портных, объединявших гл. обр. евреев. Коробочный сбор в кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. достигал 15 тыс. руб.Евреи играли ведущую роль в финанс.-кредитной сфере: Об-во взаимного кредита возглавляли Самуил Логунов (с 1897), Шевель Быховский (с 1900) и Михаил Поляков (с 1900), пред. правления (с 1906) — Маркус Каган; отд-ние Минского коммерч. банка — Боаз Гинзбург (с 1889), отд-ние Орловского коммерч. банка — Исаак Броун, отд-ние Сев. банка — Берка Подиков, отд-ние Соединенного банка — Семен Львович Выготский (отец Л.С.Выготского). В 1910 функционировало Гомельское торг.-пром. об-во взаимного кредита (пред. Фишель Добкин).В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. Г. становится одним из центров еврейского рабочего движения. В 1893—95 действовал рабочий кружок самообразования (рук. — наборщик А.Д.Поляк; входило до 50 рабочих-ремесленников; собранный ими шрифт был использован при создании подпольной типографии «Рабочей газеты» в Киеве). Весной 1895 создана Гомельская с.-д. группа, в 1898 — Гомельский Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса (позднее преобразован в Гомельский к-т РСДРП). Весной 1900 вышел первый номер нелег. журн. «Дер Кампф» («Борьба»; второй номер издан в марте 1901 при активном участии Менделя Гезенцвея). В дек. 1900 в Г. прошли массовые аресты местных с.-д.; уцелевшие участники с.-д. орг-ций примкнули к Бунду, Гомельский к-т к-рого руководил стачкой столяров и рабочих спичечной ф-ки (обе — 1901), забастовками ремесленников в 1902 и др. Представители Гомельского к-та Бунда участвовали в работе 5-го съезда РСДРП (1907) и 8-й конф. Бунда. В 1911 орг-ция Бунда объединяла 328 чл.; в сент. 1913 местный к-т организовал стачку протеста в связи с делом М.М.Бейлиса. С нач. 1-й мир. войны деятельность орг-ции Бунда прекратилась.1 сент. 1903 в Г. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого имели место столкновения погромщиков с отрядом еврейской самообороны (убито 10 евреев и 8 погромщиков). В ходе погрома 13—16 янв. 1906 в результате пожара было уничтожено много домов.С нач. 1-й мир. войны в Г. находились тысячи евреев-беженцев из [[Царства Польского и др. зап. губерний; в Г. также эвакуировалось неск. иешив из польск. и литов. губерний. Раввином в Г. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Йосеф-Йосель Гурвиц (1846—1919), обществ. раввином — Меир Мазьевич Маянц.В марте 1917 был воссоздан к-т Бунда, его представители вошли в состав гор. совета рабочих и солд. деп., в профсоюзы и др. обществ. орг-ции (на выборах в гор. думу бундовцы получили 18 из 111 мест). В апр. 1917 образован Полесский к-т РСДРП(б), членами к-рого стали В.Г.Пеньевский, М.М.Хатаевич, Д.А.Цирлин и И.М.Якубов. 30 окт. 1917 большевики во гл. с пред. Полесского к-та Л.М.Кагановичем установили в Г. сов. власть. В нач. 1918 орг-ция Бунда объединяла ок. 1 тыс. членов. В дек. 1918 бундовцы, эсеры и меньшевики образовали т. н. гомельскую директорию и взяли власть в городе, однако в янв. 1919 город заняли большевики, к-рые закрыли бундовскую газ. «Голос рабочего». Весной 1920 в Гомельский совет избраны 6 представителей Бунда. В 1917 в Г. начали активно действовать разл. сионистские орг-ции, продолжавшие нелег. деятельность и в 1920-х гг., в т. ч. отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1920—30-х гг. евреи занимали рук. посты на пром. пр-тиях города, работали в гос. учреждениях и уч. заведениях. К 1926 значит. часть евреев-кустарей объединилась в кооперативы. В 1920—29 действовал еврейский пед. техникум, до 1939 во мн. школах Г. преподавание велось на идише. В 1924—26 в рабочем клубе работала драматич. студия под рук. М.Л.Меерсона.В 1920-х гг. в Г. было создано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. Кантор, Брахман, Перель), действовали клуб им. Леккерта, вечерняя еврейская школа. В 1922 открылись евпартшкола, отд-ние «Культур-Лиги».В нач. 1920-х гг. раввином в Г. был Авром Элиашев (1878—1942). В 1920 в Йом-Кипур на пл. Труда, где находилось неск. синагог, комсомольцы устроили митинг (духовой оркестр играл «Интернационал»). В нач. 1921 в Г. состоялись показательный суд над хедером и диспут о «судном дне». Раввин Баришанский после выступления на диспуте о хедерах (сент. 1922) был осужден. В авг. 1923 арестован весь состав пленума окр. исполкома орг-ции «Маккаби». Подпольная сионистская деятельность продолжалась в Г. до 1926. В том же году были закрыты 10 крупнейших синагог (их здания переоборудованы под жилье, ф-ку, музей, столовую). В сер. 1920-х гг. была предпринята попытка закрыть еврейское кладбище. В 1920-х гг. в Г. прошел судебный процесс над 10 шохетами, к-рые были приговорены к неск. годам тюрьмы. В апр. 1924 в Г. зарегистрирована еврейская община, к-рая содержала микву, еврейское кладбище, собирала средства на общинные нужды, выплачивала жалованье трем раввинам. В кон. 1920-х гг. почти все синагоги были закрыты властями, центрами общинной жизни стали миньяны. В 1929—30 действовала нелегальная любавичская иешива под рук. раввина Иехезкеля Гимельштейна (?—1941). В 1925 выходцы из Г. организовали в Джанкойском р-не в Крыму 3 земледельч. коллектива, в 1926 — 8.19 авг. 1941 Г. оккупировали герм. войска; было создано 4 гетто (на Ново-Любенской и Быховской ул., а также в д. Монастырка и в Ново-Белице). 3—4 нояб. 1941 узники гетто были расстреляны во рву близ машинно-тракторной мастерской, в лесу у д. Лещинец и на 9-м км шоссе Гомель — Чернигов (на месте расстрела установлен памятник). В дек. 1941 расстреляно 2365 евреев. В 1941—42 в Г. погибло ок. 20 тыс. евреев. Десятки евреев Г. участвовали в деятельности антифаш. подполья, комс.-молодежная группа под рук. Г.И.Беркович осуществляла диверсии в городе, комиссаром партиз. отряда «Большевик» был Гирш Насонович Эркин.После освобождения в уцелевшем здании одной из синагог размещался горвоенкомат, две другие синагоги были заняты под жилые помещения. Ходатайство верующих о возвращении им одной из синагог в 1945 было отклонено властями (в 1947 раввин Славкин также получил отказ от Совета по делам религ. культов на свою просьбу от открытии синагоги). В 1946 под предлогом отсутствия зарегистрированной общины евреям Г. был запрещен ритуальный убой скота. В 1947 верующие евреи на собранные ими средства приобрели для синагоги частный дом, однако власти конфисковали его и запретили молитв. собрания. В 1947 в Г. действовало 7 нелег. миньянов (в доме Шевеля Бабицкого собиралось ок. 70 верующих, у Айзика Лейкина — ок. 25). С 1951 власти запретили выпечку мацы (нарушители подвергались штрафам). По данным 1962, в Г. и области существовали 22 незарегистрированные еврейские религ. группы (в 1965 — 14), имелось 26 молитв. зданий, 6 канторов и шохетов. В 1963 милиция разогнала одно из собраний, конфисковала 2 свитка Торы и др. религ. атрибуты.В 1993 общине Г. было возвращено здание синагоги «Рош-Пино», в к-ром разместились все еврейские обществ. орг-ции: объединение «Ахдут», клуб «Менора», община ортодоксального иудаизма, община прогрессивного иудаизма, гор. орг-ция Белорус. союза евреев — ветеранов Вел. Отечественной войны, инвалидов, партизан и подпольщиков, молодежный клуб, Еврейский уч.-информац. центр, культурно-ист. об-во «Ариэль», еврейская воскресная школа, дет. сад-школа «Атиква», ансамбль еврейских песен и танцев и др. С нач. 1990-х гг. изд. газ. «Ахдут» (на рус. яз.). 10 мая 1994 на кладбище в Осовцах осквернены 94 памятника на еврейских могилах, 7—8 дек. 1996 — 9 памятников на еврейском кладбище по Черниговскому шоссе.В 1999 в Г. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В Г. род.: М.Басин, М.Б.Вольфсон, Д.И.Выгодский, В.Б.Гайсин, Д.Гакоген, Т.Гейликман, А.Н.Гефтер, Р.Гиносар, Л.Я.Горелик, И.А.Егудин, Н.И.Жолудев, А.С.Залманов, А.Н.Зеликман, Э.И.Злотник, И.Б.Катунин, А.С.Кауфман, Х.Л.Кевеш, М.Э.Кирпичников, С.Д.Кремер, И.Левиант, М.А.Левин, Х.Ш.Левин, Я.Левин, Л.А.Либерман, М.А.Лурье, И.Я.Малошицкий, Г.М.Маневич, А.А.Народицкий, М.В.Незлин, И.С.Нович, Я.А.Певзнер, А.З.Раскин, Е.М.Ржевская, Д.Е.Розенблюм, Л.И.Салоп, Л.С.Славина, Я.С.Темкин, Г.И.Тец, И.М.Фалькович, Н.Фридман, М.И.Фрумкин, И.Б.Хавин, М.МХатаевич, В.Цейтлин, Ю.А.Шандалов, М.Ш.Шифрин, И.Шнеерсон, Л.Г.Шнирельман, Л.Я.Эвентов, Л.А.Эдмин; Лев Ильич Аронов (1909—1972, Москва), живописец, график, работы хранятся в ГТГ и др. собр. разл. стран; Савва Григорьевич Бродский (1923—1982, Москва), книжный график, архитектор, автор илл. к «Дон-Кихоту» М. де С.Сервантеса, «Оводу» Э.-Л.Войнич, произв. А.Р.Беляева, А.И.Куприна и др., автор ряда арх. проектов, в т. ч. Музея А.Грина в Феодосии; Ефим Давыдович Бляхер (р. 1931), специалист в обл. философии культуры и теории познания, проф.; Ефим Львович Гельфанд (р. 1910), актер и реж. еврейского т-ра, с 1938 — худож. рук. Биробидж. ГОСЕТа, засл. арт. РСФСР (1945); Леонид Яковлевич Зеличенко (р. 1933), журналист, полк. милиции (1989), ред. газ. МВД Кыргызстана, с 1996 — первый ред. еврейской газ. Кыргызстана «Мааян», автор книг, киносценариев; Леонид Кауфман (р. 1958), тренер, засл. тренер БССР, с 1991 — в Израиле, ст. тренер интерната для одаренных юных спортсменов при Ин-те физич. восп. и спорта им. Вингейта; Евгения Александровна Кацева (р. 1920), литературовед, переводчик, пер. на рус. яз. произв. Ф.Кафки, М.Фриша, Ф.Дюрренматта и др.; Эммануил Маркович Коган (р. 1923), гистолог, цитолог, д-р мед. наук (1967), проф. (1969), организатор и первый декан мед.-биол. ф-та 2-го ММИ (1963), один из организаторов и зам. дир. по науке НИИ физико-хим. медицины Минздрава РСФСР; Арон Лебедев (1873—1960, Нью-Йорк), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1920 — в США; Михаил Эммануилович Плисецкий (1899—1938), гос. деятель, ген. консул СССР на Шпицбергене, рук. треста «Арктикуголь», репрессирован, отец М.М.Плисецкой; Эдуард Рафаилович Рыбаков (р. 1935), шашист, мастер спорта (1964), чемп. СССР по заочной игре в русские шашки (1958—61, 1962—64, 1965—67); Борис Наумович Хавин (1926—1987, Москва), журналист, в 1977—87 гл. ред. журн. «Спорт за рубежом», автор справочников по истории Олимпийских игр.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
GONCHAR Grigory Moiseevich (b. 1916, Elisavetgrad), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1937. On fr. from June 22, 1941. In July 1941 - surrounded. In 1941–43 he joined the partisans. detachments in Ukraine. From Jan. 1944 - in the army. Com. companies, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Oder in the Breslau region. Colonel G. has been in reserve since 1961.
GONYONDZ, a city (since 1547) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Goniondz in Bialystok Grodno province. 1337 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, in 1890 - 1713, in 1897 - 2056 (59.9%), in 1910 - 2138, in 1921 - 1135 Jews. In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia, in 1910 - philanthropist. Society "Linat ha-Tzedek", a Jewish cemetery. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Georgia, which contained 1280 people. The ghetto was liquidated on November 2. 1942, born in G. A.-A. Robak.
GONIKBERG Mark Gertsovich (1913, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Physicochemist, Dr. Chem. Sciences (1947), professor. He graduated in 1935 chem. Faculty of Moscow state un-that and simultaneously. Institute of Oriental Studies. N.Narimanova. 1941–45 at the front. In 1945–70 he worked at Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences ND Zelinsky in Moscow, in 1960 organized and headed the lab. chemistry of high and ultrahigh pressure. Main scientific. work related to research. viscosity of gases and their solubility in liquids at high pressures, with the study of organic. reactions at high and ultrahigh pressures. Developed the theory of the effects of high pressure in organic. chemistry. He established the regularity of the influence of pressure on spatially hindered reactions. Research correlated dependences between rate constants (equilibrium) of reactions at high pressures. I found out the regularities of the influence of pressure on the department. stages of radical polarization. He established a connection between the effect of pressure and the mechanism of the polymerization process as a whole. Works: Chem. equilibrium and speed of reactions at high. pressures, 3rd ed., M., 1969.
GONYONDZ, see Gonyondz.
GONOR Lev Robertovich (Ruvimovich) (1906, borough Gorodische Cherkassky u.Kiev Gubernia - 1969, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Major General Engineering Art. service (1944). Hero of Soc. Labor (1942). R. in the family of an employee. Graduated from Leningrad. mechanical Institute (1930). He worked as an engineer, early. workshop, in 1939–42 dir. s-da "Barricades" (Stalingrad), in 1942-45 director. artillery. the plant in Sverdlovsk, created on the basis of Uralmash; in 1945–46 dir. Leningrad. plant "Bolshevik", 1946-50 dir. Research Institute-88, head org-tion in the region. rocket science; in 1950–52 in the reserve of the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR, then - director. artillery. s-yes in Krasnoyarsk. In January-March 1953 under investigation on charges of espionage. In 1953–69, the director. near Moscow Phil. Central Research Institute of Aviation motor building. Became. pr. (1946).
GONORATA, a village in the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk Gubernia. Since the fall of 1941, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia (about 300 people) was located in Georgia. By dec. 1941 most of the Jews in the camp died of hunger and disease.
GONTAR Avram Yutkovich (1908, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1981, Moscow), poet, prose writer. First. verse, publ. in 1927 at the local gas. "Di voh". Graduated from Odessa. ped. in-t and post-graduate student, at Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1933 he became a member. editorial board and the answer. sec. g. Farmest. In the same year, the first sat. verse. G. "Af reshtovanies" ("On the scaffolding"). In the future, more than two dozen of his poetry are published. Sat. and several. book prose. In the beginning. 2nd world. G.'s war is at war. service, and since 1943 works as an editor. in Heb. antifash. to-those. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed and reabilized. in 1956. At the beginning. exit railway G. Sovetish Gameland becomes a member. his editorial board. and head. department. G.'s poetry is saturated with folk motifs, emotionally elevated. G.'s works were translated into Russian, Ukrainian. and other languages. G. was also known as a brilliant translator from other languages ​​into Yiddish. In his lane. g. "Sovetish gameland" publ. rum. A. Rybakova "Heavy Sand". In the 60s and 70s. in the publishing house "Sov. writer "published several dozen books. Heb. writers, ed. to-rykh was G.
GOPNIK Haskel (Vladimir) Moiseevich (1917, Zhitomir - 1989, Lvov), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army from 1937. In 1940 he graduated from the aviation. uch-shche. In fr. - from March 1943. Navigator of the ground attack aircraft. regiment, Major G. made 122 sorties, shot down 5 enemies. aircraft. Colonel G. was in the reserve since 1960. Awarded the 7th order.
GOR Gennady (Gdaliy) Samoilovich (1907, Verkhneudinsk - 1981, Leningrad), prose writer. He spent the first year of his life in prison, where his parents were serving sentences for roaring. active Studied in lit. Department of the Faculty of Language and Material Culture Leningrad. un-that. In 1941 - fighter of the Kirov Div. bunk bed militia. First. story publ. in 1925. Themes of creativity - the life of the people. Cr. North, science fiction; showed a constant interest in philosophy, wrote a lot about painting (essays about V.G. Perov, V.I.Surikov, P.A. Fedotov, Nenets artist Pankov). Published more than forty books. Works: Painting: Stories. L., 1933; Carry me, river. L., 1938; Blue Lake: Short Stories. L., 1939; House on Mokhovaya. L., 1945; A young man from a distant river: Rum. L., 1953 and 1955; Winners of Space and Time: A Writer's Reflections. L., 1960; Kumbi: Science Fant. pov. and stories. L., 1968; Magic road. L., 1978; Five Corners: Essays. L., 1983, etc.
GORAI, a village in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad of Zamostskiy u. Lublin province. 483 Jews (26.2%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 473 (27.2%) in 1897, and approx. 700 Jews in the 1900s. Abram Bronstein was the rabbi in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GORB Moisey Savelievich (1894, Odessa - 1937), sotr. foreign intelligence. Left Socialist-Revolutionary, since 1920 in the RCP (b). Since 1922 in Foreign. dep. (INO) GPU at SNK RSFSR. In 1922-24 he worked at the USSR embassy in Germany under the name. Worms. In 1925–37 - pom. early INO, pom. early Secretaries-polit. dep. OGPU USSR, early. specialist. dep. NKVD USSR. Art. Major of State Security (1935). Arrested, shot.
GORBATOV, a city (since 1779) in the Pavlovsk district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 4 Jews. 1915 there were 200 Jewish refugees in Georgia, October 10. 1915 - 140 Jews. In 1915, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in G. were opened a school and a hearth.
GORBATOV Boris Leontievich (1908, Pervomaryevsky mine, Donbass - 1954, Moscow), writer. In 1922 he made his debut with the story "Satiated and Hungry" in gas. "All-Union stoker". In 1926, as a representative of the "Zaboi" association of writers, he joined the board of the VAPP and moved to Moscow. Since 1931 - a gas essayist. "Pravda", in the years of the 2nd world. war - military. correspondent. Brig, Commissioner, Colonel. Mn. manuf. G., sustained in the spirit of partisanship and DOS. social dogmas. realism, imbued with a roar. the romance of the first five-year plans (novel: "Cell", 1928; "My generation", 1933; rom. "Donbass", book 1, 1951, etc.). Author pl. book essays. Wide society. G.'s military journalism had resonance (Letters to a Comrade, 1941–42; Aleksey Kulikov, Fighter ..., 1942; Stories about a Soldier's Soul, 1943). For pov. "Unconquered" (1943), which tells about the struggle of the owls. people against the Nazis for the occupiers. territory, was honored. Became. pr. (1946). Heb. the topic is reflected in pov. "My Generation" (1933), largely an autobiography, which describes the disintegration of the Hebrews' way of life. m. in Ukraine. In pov. "Unconquered" G. is one of the first. in owls. literary wrote about tragic. the fate of the Jews in the conditions of fasc. occupation. In 1951 publ. scenario "Donetsk miners" (with V.M. Alekseev; Stal, pr., 1952). See. publ. rum. Alexey Gaidash (1955).
GORBY, a village in Globinsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kremenchug u. Poltava province. In 1923-28 it was a regional center. In 1926, 47 Jews lived in the Gorbovskiy district. In 1942, several Jews were killed in Georgia. Jews.
GORDIEVKA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. 1941 there was a camp in Georgia for Jews from Bessarabia (230 people).
GORDIN Abba (1887, Vilna - 1964, Israel), writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He wrote in Hebrew, Russian, English, as well as Yiddish. Adhering to the ideology of anarchism, he remained true to his convictions even in the Sov. Russia. Until 1926 he lived in Moscow and Leningrad, then - in the USA. Edited gas in New York. Yiddish Font (1941–46). I ate, lived in Israel for seven years, edited the gas. "Problem". In their early ped. op. G. sought the synthesis of the Bible. Judaism and classical. anarchism. The author of the memoir book. Memories and Abacus (1955-57) and Thirty Years in Lithuania and Poland (1968).
GORDIN Arkady Moiseevich (b. 1913, Pskov), literary critic, renowned specialist in the history of Russian. literature of Pushkin's time. Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen (1935). He worked as a deputy. dir. Pushkin Reserve (1945–49), deputy. dir. Vses. Museum of A.S. Pushkin (1957–63). Author and compiler approx. twenty kn. about the literature of the Pushkin era. Compiled by the popular ser. "V.G.Belinsky" (1951, 1958), "N.V. Gogol" (1953, 1959), "A.S. Griboyedov" (1955), "I.A.Krylov" (1966), "A . Block "(1973) in portraits, illustrations, documents, etc.
GORDIN Jacob (1897, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1947, Paris), teacher. Received general and Heb. education in St. Petersburg. During civil. war wandered in search of opportunities to deepen knowledge in the region. Heb. mysticism. Since 1923 in Germany, where publ. a number of phi los. cit., incl. several Art. in Heb. philosophy for going out on it. lang. encyclopedia "Judaica". Since 1933 in France, where he continued his philosophy. research. After the Nazi occupation, at the invitation of Heb. scout movement was created by. Heb. uch. c. in the Vichy "free zone". After the liberation of France, he devoted himself to educational activities in the region. Heb. traditions. He had a noticeable effect on many. young Hebrews. intellectuals.
GORDIN Yakov Mikhailovich (1853, Mirgorod, Poltava province. - 1909, New York), playwright, prose writer. Rod. in comp. Hasidic family. Got a house. education, studied other Heb., Rus. and it. languages. In the beginning. 1870s printed correspondence in Russian. newspapers, became interested in populism, wandered around the country, worked as a loader, actor, journalist, teacher in Russian-Hebrew. school. Having settled in Odessa, he wrote stories and correspondence, published them in Russian. ed. Under the influence of the ideas of Leo Tolstoy, the Stundists (a protest sect in southern Russia) and populism, he created in 1880 the "Spiritual-Biblical Brotherhood" with the aim of radically reforming the life of Jews, turning the tradition. religion in a rationalistic. ethical and social teaching, based on bibl. Judaism. The path to morals. improvement of personality G. saw in the appeal to physical. labor, primarily agricultural. For three years he lived in the village, was engaged in agriculture. From 1891 in the United States, where he wrote a novel. in Yiddish "Dos tsebrochete harts" ("Broken Heart") - from the life of Jews in Russia. In the same year New York, Heb. Union Theater staged his first play Sibiria. Since that time, G. becomes prof. playwright. He wrote about 100 plays, of which the most popular were the dramas “The Jewish King Lear” (1892), “Lithuanian Brothers Lurie” (1894), “Mi-relay Efros” (1898), “God, Man and the Devil” (1900), “ Orphan Hasya "(1903)," Di shkhite "(" The Massacre ") and" Overseas "(1902), and others. G. translated for Hebrews. theater dozens of plays from Russian. and peace. drama. He wrote stories, is critical. articles on drama, was engaged in societies, activities, was close to the Amer. socialists, gave lectures and abstracts. For several decades, G.'s plays occupied a leading place in the repertoire of Hebrews. theaters of the world.
GORDINA Mirra Veniaminovna (b. 1925, Leningrad), orientalist, linguist-phoneticist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1960), Assoc. (1964). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1947). In 1948-50 scientific. sotr. Ying language. and thinking of the USSR Academy of Sciences; in 1951–53 the teacher was Ivan. state ped. in-that; since 1953 - teacher of philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Main scientific. publications consider Vietnam, Russian transcriptions. words, tone system, interpretation of diphthongs, vowel duration, etc. according to experiment, data. In the book. "Yaz. South-East. Asia. Questions of morphology, phonetics and phonology ”(M., 1970, et al.) Presents materials on grammar and phonetic. I build dialects and dialects of modern times. Vietnam, lang.
GORDINESTI (until 1991 - Gordinesti), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. On July 7, 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Georgia.
GORDINESTI, see Gordinesti.
GORDON Aharon David (1856, Grofnov Volyn province - 1922, Dgania Alef), one of the founders of the Halucian movement in Zionism. Got a trad. Heb. education. From 1904 in E.-I. Worked with.-kh. workers, during the attack of the Arabs was seriously wounded. G.'s worldview was influenced by the ideas of Leo Tolstoy and the Amer. sociologist G. George, who saw the way to improve the society in self-improvement people. personality, in its proximity to nature. Centre. for G. there was "the idea of ​​labor", to-ry from the means of subsistence should become the goal of life. G. considered the physical activity. labor as a means of intuitive comprehension and mystical. perception of Gd. G.'s followers defined his worldview as a "religion of labor." He opposed private ownership of land, but rejected Marxism as a product of the Hindus. production-va, far from nature. living conditions. Social security deposit justice seen in the joint. working life of all. He believed that the people as a "collective personality" live in the same way as dep. individual, and therefore actions prohibited in relations between people (murder, robbery, deception, etc.) should be prohibited in relations between nations. As a result, a people will appear, embodying a perfect personality, a single people - humanity. The tragedy of Heb. people saw not so much in dispersion and pogroms, as in the fact that by virtue of the truth. circumstances he was divorced from the production. labor. He offered to revive the nat. working life in E.-I. The personality and activities of G. had a tremendous impact on his contemporaries. Although G. was an opponent of partisanship in the Zionist movement, he, not being a member. the party "Ha-Po-el-Ha-Tsair", therefore, determined its decisions. In the name of G. youth Zionist movement (founded in 1923). In Dgania Alef, the G.
GORDON David (1831, Podmeresch of Vilna district and province - 1886, Lyk, Prussia), journalist, editor. He studied at the yeshiva, later joined the Gaskal movement and received a secular education. Worked as a teacher. All R. 1850s moved to Liverpool (England), where he remained until 1858, teaching OE. and it. lang. In 1858 he moved to Lyk, where E.L. Zilberman invited him to become a assistant. ed. first weekly. "Ha-Magid" in ancient Hebrew lang. From 1880 officially ed. "Ga-Magid". 1879-1881 published a weekly. lit. and scientific. app. to "Ga-Magid" under the name. Magid Mishneh. G. also edited the gas. On him. lang., wrote for "Time" and "Juish Chronicle". Art. G. in "Ha-Magid", calling for Heb. nat. revival in E.-I., were the first. Art. of this kind in OE. lang. G. - one of the founders and hands. movement Khibat Zion in the beginning. 80s The author of several. books.
GORDON Eliezer (1840, near Minsk - 1910, London), rabbi. Appointed in 1874 as a rabbi in Kelmakh and the head of his yeshiva, which attracted many. disciples, G. became famous as one of the wisest and most pious learned rabbis of Lithuania. Since 1884, a rabbi in the Telshi borough and rukov. yeshivas, which since 1858 after the closure of the yeshiva in Volozhin became the spiritual center of Lithuanian Jewry. G. was one of the first to apply the "method of logical completeness." His lectures were distinguished by their deep analysis and their original logic. interpretations. He was also one of the first hand. Lithuanian yeshivas included in the account. Musar (ethics) study programs. He is a spiritual leader and mentor for hundreds of yeshiva students. Showed interest in the financial issues of the yeshiva; personally dealt with the financial situation of students, who highly appreciated and respected him. As rabbi G. Telshi was devoted to the cause, unshakable and unselfish, he defended the rights of growing up. Jewry, played an active role in the decision of the international. Heb. problems; at the congresses grew. Rabbis G. was one of Ch. speakers. In 1904 in Vilna, striving to create an organization that would unite all Orthodox Jews, he helped found the organization of Knesses Israel, considered by many. as the predecessor of Agudat Yisrael. In 1910 the Telshi yeshiva was destroyed by fire. Single published the work of G. - Tshuvot Rabbi Eliezer (2 volumes, 1912, 1940).
GORDON Grigory Meerovich (b. 1909, Kovno), painter, graphic artist. In 1929 he graduated from Vitebsk art. technical school, in 1929-34 he studied graphic art. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS at S.V. Gerasimov, A.A. Deineka, N.A. Udaltsova, K.N. Istomin. Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked in East. genre, painted portraits. Participant pl. official exhibitions, a personal exhibition took place in Moscow in 1979. Main. works: panel "Meeting of the heroes of Khasan with collective farmers of the Far East", "Arrival of immigrants to the Amur state farm" for the pavilion "Far East" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1939, with Y. Pimenov, S.Ya.Adlivankin, G.G. Nissky and others. ), the series "Ukrainian Front" (1943–45, bum., car.), "Front dinner" (1966, oil on canvas), "Heroes of the Civil War" (1977, oil on canvas), portraits - S.V. Gerasimov (1938, paper., Card.), L.D. Landau (1948, paper., Card.), Group portrait of comp. D.D.Shostakovich, T.N. Khrennikov, A.I. Khachaturyan, D.B. Kabalevsky (1978, oil on canvas). Works are in the Rostov region. the museum will depict. arts, Nizhny Novgorod art. museum.
GORDON Yehuda-Leib (Lev Osipovich (Osherovich) (1830, Vilna - 1892, Petersburg), poet. In 1852 he graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, worked as a teacher. In 1856 he made his debut with the poem "Love of David and Michael" in Hebrew. His poetry collection “The Fables of Yehuda” (1860) and “Songs of Yehuda” (1866) were equally successful. He also wrote prose and collaborated in Russian-Hebrew . period, publishing house "Dawn", "Zion", "Hebrew b-ka" and others. In 1872 he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he became secretary of the "Society for the spread of education." He proclaimed the slogan "Be a Jew in your tent and a man leaving him ", which became the motto of the Jewish enlighteners of that time. In 1879 he was arrested and together with his wife exiled to the Olonets province. After returning from exile, he became an assistant to the editor of the newspaper" Ha-Melits ", where he published a publicist. and literary-critical articles and feuilletons, and in 1881 published in the journal "Voskhod" a study on the history of Jews in St. Petersburg. Poems and poems of G. were very popular among young people. about style in Hebrew lit-re. He also wrote in Yiddish. Sat. his verse, in Yiddish (1886), withstood several. republished, had a great influence on the further development of Heb. lit-ry. G.'s significant contribution to Hebrew. lit-keeping.
GORDON Iekutiel (18th century), Kabbalist. He came from Vilna to study medicine at the University of Padua, where he met M.-H. Luzzatto. At the same time, Luzzatto organized his own circle for study and messianic activity. G., who became his main follower, was one of the first seven who signed about 1728 the charter of the Luzzatto Society. For many years he remained an adherent of his views. G. returned to Vost. Europe after Luzzato ceased operations in Padua.
GORDON Ilya Zinovievich (1907, Zelenopol, Mariupol district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1989, Moscow), prose writer. Rod. in a peasant family. From childhood he worked in the village. host. After the death of his parents, he was brought up in an orphanage in Berdyansk. Studied at the Odessa rabfak. ped. in-that, then in Moscow. ped. in-those. The first two books of G. are rum. "Wildgroz" ("Burian") and Sat. stories "Af greener erd" ("On the green earth"), published in 1930, brought him fame. Prod. G. dedicated life of Heb. cross-va to roar. and in the first. decades after her. During the war of 1941–45, G. worked for the front, for gas. He published essays and reports for gas. "Einikite". The author of the book: "Ingul-Boyar", 1935; pov. Dry Breeder (Three Brothers), 1938; Derceilungen un noveln (Stories and Novels), 1939; "In eigene cantn" ("In the native land"), which included rum. Three Brothers and Stories Written after the War, 1969; rum. Unter der Geiser Zun (Under the Hot Sun), 1978; rum. "Leicht-tour" ("Lighthouse") 1989.
GORDON Leonid Abramovich (b. 1930, Moscow), sociologist. Dr. East Sciences (1979). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). He worked as a scientist. sotr. Fundamental library on societies, sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1955–61), Institute of the Peoples of Asia (1961–65). Research Institute of Labor under the State. committee on labor issues (1965-66), Ying-that international. of the working movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1966–91), hands. Center for Social and Labor Relations of the Institute of Employment Problems of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (1991–93), head. dep. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of RAS (since 1993). Research on the history of the working class of Asian countries, dec. problems of the working class of the USSR and post-socialist. Russia, int. the labor movement, as well as the problems of social planning and way of life. Vol .: From the history of the working class of India. M., 1961. The working class of independent India. M., 1968 (in co-authorship). Man after work. M., 1972 (in co-authorship). The working class of the USSR: Trends and prospects for the social and economic. development. M., 1985 (et al.). What was that | Reflection on the premises and results of what happened to us in the 30s and 40s. M., 1989 (in co-authorship). Essays on the labor movement in the post-socialist. Russia. M., 1993.
GORDON Mikhl (1823, Vilna - 1890, Kiev), poet. He led a wandering life. He made his debut in the liter in 1846 with an elegy to death outstanding. Heb. the writer M.A. Gintsburg. In ancient Hebrew came out several. Sat. verse. G., but he became popular thanks to the production. Yiddish. In 1868 in Zhitomir he published his first. Sat. verse, in Yiddish "Di board underdere noh andere shain is not a Yiddish leader" ("Beard and other beautiful Jewish verses"). His second poetry. Sat. was published in Warsaw in 1889. The pearls of G.'s poetry were such poems as "Di board" (Beard), "Der get" ("Divorce"), "Main letzer tog" ("My last day"), etc. Devotee idea of ​​enlightenment Heb. bunk bed masses, G. was going to publish in Yiddish ser. popular science. book Due to the heavy material. provisions he had published. only first. part of the History of Russia (1869).
GORDON Osip Lvovich (1898, Riga - 1958, Moscow), gastroenterologist. After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1922) entered the hospital therapy clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University as an external student, in 1923–30 he worked as an intern at the Belorus hospital. railway and a doctor at the Center, lab. psychology and pathology of labor in transport. Together with M.I. Pevzner, he organized the research. to lay down. food in Ying-those food, in Krom from 1931 until the end of his life worked as the head. department of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. tr. G. dedicated decomp. problems of gastroenterology. Made a contribution to the study of the pathogenesis and clinic of gastritis, research. compensation for diseases of the digestive system, incl. after the surgeon. Operations. Cit .: Clinical significance of disorders of neurohumoral regulation in certain pathological conditions of the stomach, L., 1948. Complications in ulcerative patients after gastroenteroscopy and resection of the stomach, M., 1949; Chronic gastritis and the so-called functional diseases of the stomach, M., 1959.
GORDON Shmuel Leib (1865, Lida Vilna province - 1933, Tel Aviv), teacher, poet. Acronym Shalag. He wrote in Hebrew. Orthodox, replenished upbringing with self-education. In 1898 he came to E.-I., where he taught in Hebrew. school in Jaffa. In 1901, due to disagreement with the reorientation of the school to the French. culture went to Warsaw, where he founded a school with teaching in Hebrew, edited by J. for children and youth "Olam Katon" (1901-05), "Ga-Neurim" (1904-05), for teachers "Ga-Pedagogue" (1903-04). Since 1924 in E.-I. The author of multivolume comments, to TANAKH, to-rye are DOS. uch. manual for its study in secular schools in Israel, and the book. poems "Harp of Israel" (v. 1-2, 1900), trans. the Hebrew fables of La Fontaine, "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare and others, Hebrew textbooks.
GORDON Shmuel Vulfovich (1909, Kovna - 1998, Moscow), prose writer, playwright. He spent his childhood in Ukraine, was brought up in an orphanage. In 1931 he graduated from Heb. branch of the 2nd Moscow. un-that. In the same year he began to work as a teacher, then he was a journalist. work, correspondent gas. Der Stern, Komsomolskaya Pravda. First. story "Elko Gilgl" publ. in 1930 to Kharkov, railway station "Di dig Velt." In 1934, his first was published in a sink, publishing house "Der Emes". book stories and sketches "Tsvishn azover un schwarzn" ("Between Azov and Black"). His stay in Birobidzhan gave him the opportunity to assemble a large dock. material about the life of Heb. immigrants who came to the taiga region from different parts of the world. After eating this topic. book The Patriots (1936) and Birobidzhaner Kinder (Birobidzhan Children, 1937). During the war, G. was in French, worked in French. press, publ. essays and reports in the gas. "Einikite" - the organ of Heb. antifash. committee. The book "During the War" ("Milhome Zeit", 1946) consisted of stories and essays about the war. After the war, he again makes a trip to D.Vostok, after which his book appears. "Birobidzhaner toyishvim" ("Birobidzhan old-timers", 1947). In 1949 G. was together with the big gr. Heb. owls. writers repressed. Rehabilitated in 1956. In the beginning. 60s publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland" ser. essay "On the virgin land", "Non-fictional stories", essays about the destroyed Hebrews. townships and Crimean Jews. villages. Rum. and pov. G., dedicated. ethical issues: "Freeling" ("Spring"), "Bam Weingortn" ("At the Vineyard"), "Di eibike mine" ("Eternal measure"), "Di file un der boygn" ("Bow and arrow"), "Yorshim" ("Heirs") and others. The fate of the prisoners became. The GULAG is dedicated to his rum. "Izkor" ("Remembrance").
GORDON Scholem (1890-1963), lit. critic. In the first number lit. g. "Shtrom" (M., 1922) placed a large work "Wort un leibnesteiger" ("Word and way of life"), in which he gave a deep, characteristic transition. period Heb. lit. from classics to modern times. This theoretical. research he entered the owl. Heb. lit. His name appears frequently on the pages of Heb. periodicals, he is the author of the first lit. alm. - "Aigns", "Nayerd" and others. In the 50s. G. was a scientific consultant for Hebrews. lit. in B. Sov. Encyclopedias.
GORDON Vladimir Mikhailovich (1871, Lokhvitsa Poltava province - 1926, Kharkov), lawyer, acad. VUAN (1925). Specialist in the region. citizen law and process, one of the first to speak in the region. owls. bargain. rights.
GORDON Yakov Ilyich (b. 1913, Kiev), literary critic, prose writer, poet, playwright. Graduated from Kiev University (1939). Researcher of creativity G. Heine, interaction of Russian, Tajik. and nick. lit-r. Author of the books: "Heinrich Heine: An Essay on Life and Work" (1967), "Heine in Russia (1830-1860s)" (1973; in German - Hamburg-Dusseldorf, 1982), " Heine in Russia: 1870-1917 "(1979)," Heine in Russia: XX century "(1983).
GORDON Yakov Yakovlevich (1894, Warsaw - 1982, Tashkent), neurologist, honored. scientist of the Uzbek SSR, prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asian University (Tashkent). In 1925–46 he worked as a resident and assistant at the Department of Nervous Diseases in the same place. During the war years 1941–45 he worked as a hospital consultant. In 1946 he organized the Department of Neuropathology at the Tashkent Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, which he headed until 1967. In 1967, he organized the Department of Children there. neuropathology, a cut supervised until 1972. From 1972 and until the end of life G. was a consultant of these departments and others to lay down. institutions of Tashkent. studied rabies, developed instructions for the prevention and treatment of complications after anti-rabies vaccinations. Dealt with the problem of tumors caused by carcinogenic substances. In 1942–44 G. participated in scientific research. exp. on the study of the epidemic of Joilangar encephalitis, studied lesions of the nervous system in influenza (one of the first in our country to isolate opticoencephalitis and diencephalitis) and rheumatism. was elected deputy. prev. Scientist honey. Council of the Ministry of Health of the Uzbek SSR. Cit .: On the issue of atypical family diseases, Kharkov, 1928 (et al.); To the clinic and pathogenesis of nervous complications after anti-rabies vaccinations, Tashkent, 1935; The effect of streptocide on the nerve, system, Tashkent, 1943 (et al.).
GORELIK Alexander Zelmanovich (1923, Kharkov - 1981, Moscow), singer, operetta artist. In prof. tr came from thin. amateur performances. 1944–62 artist t-ditch muses. comedies of Perm, Baku, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk. In 1960-61 he studied at the Higher dir. courses State. in-that theater. lawsuit. In 1962 - soloist of the Moscow. t-ra operetta. Leading roles: Heinrich Eisenstein ("The Bat" by I. Strauss), Count Danilo ("The Merry Widow" by F. Legar), Ferry ("Silva" by I. Kalman), Henry Higgins ("My Fair Lady" by F. Low), Zeus ("Orpheus in Hell" by J. Offenbach), Agathon ("One Hundred Devils and One Girl" by TN Khrennikov), Cesare, Voevoda ("Kiss of Chanita", "Maiden Trouble" by G.S. Milyutin) and others. Honored. art. RSFSR (1957). Nar. art. RSFSR (1978).
GORELIK Gabriel Semenovich (1906, Paris - 1957, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Father is a doctor, left Russia for higher education. education. The family returned to Russia in 1921 and graduated from Moscow. un-t in 1929. Since 1930, postgraduate student of LI Mandelstam at the Research Institute of Physics, Moscow. un-ta, Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934). In 1930 he began teaching at Moscow. un-those, since 1935 - prof. In 1935–37 he was a consultant in Gorky. research physical and technical in-those (GIFTI). In 1938–53 prof., Head. Department of Gorky. university and head. dep. at GIFTI. Since 1953 prof., Head. Department of Moscow. physical and technical in-that. At the same time. was a member. uch. Council of the Institute of Radioelectronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. the lab organized by him. statistical Radiophysics. interests - theory of vibrations, radiophysics, optics and acoustics. Explained the phenomenon of "multiple resonance". Joint. with A.A. Witt, research. parametrically coupled vibrations. systems and first introduced the concept of parametric. communication. Generalized the small parameter method to nonlinear systems close to linear ones with periodically varying parameters. Joint. with AA Andronov, he constructed a "ferroresonant" theory of acceleration ("Resonance") of a relativistic particle in a cyclotron. Joint. with A.A. Andronov and N.N. Bautin developed the theory of indirect control taking into account dry friction in the sensing. element. Conducted a number of studies. by fluctuations into self-oscillation. systems. Research properties of in-islands and radiation of radiophysical. methods, scattering of waves on chaotically moving inhomogeneities and self-oscillations. lagging feedback systems. Joint. with G.A. Elkin considered the transformation of fluctuations of the amplitude and phase of quasi-monochromatic. vibrations when passing through resonant systems. The author of St. 60 scientific. works. Vol .: Oscillations and Waves. Introduction to acoustics, radiophysics and optics, Moscow, 1950.
GORELIK Lev Yakovlevich (1908, Gomel - 1983, Minsk), part. and households. worker. He began his labor activity in 1922 as a worker. Since 1933, deputy. dir. Gomel plant "Engine of the revolution", then - director. Mogilev machine-building. h-yes, deputy. and control. Belarusian, metal products trust. Since 1940 - instructor, head. sector, deputy. head department of heavy goods. promety of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus. In 1941–44 - on the responsible. work in Belorus, partisan headquarters. movement. Since 1949 - Deputy. min. meat and dairy industry, deputy. min. food industry, deputy. min. industry of foodstuffs. goods of the BelSSR. 1957 - early. Ch. management of material and technical. supply and sale of the Economic Council of the BelSSR. In 1965–77 he headed the Ch. management of material and technical. supplies at the Council of Ministers of the BelSSR.
GORELIK Mikhail Viktorovich (b. 1946, Narva, Estonian SSR), art historian, graphic designer, designer. In 1964 he graduated from thin. special school graphic artist, in 1969 - department of theory and history of art. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1961 he took part in archeol. excavations of nomadic mounds and ancient settlements. He is working on the reconstruction of material-thin objects in the material according to the old technology. cultures of the past - weapons, costume, accessories, horse equipment. Since 1973 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1991, he has been the head of the Yarrist firm, which creates exhibits for museums in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kiev, Alma-Ata, and others. works: monographs "Scythians" (1983), "Weapons of Dr. East "(1993), diaph. on the history of dr. East, costumes for f. "Nizami", "Ermak", mnogoser. epics about the ancient Bulgars and Khazars.
GORELIK Shmaryier (1877, Lokhvitsa, Poltava province - 1943), publicist, translator, historian of the liter. At the age of 13, he and his father arrived in Vilna, where he later became an employee, an accountant. Lit. activity began at the end. 90s as Russian. journalist (under ps. Constant published correspondences, reports in the Vilna Russian newspapers "North-West Word" and "Novaya Zarya"). In 1908 he released the book. in Yiddish "Briv tsu a fraind" ("Letters to a friend"). In the same year, together with A. Weiter and S. Niger, he founded J. "Literary monatprint". In 1910 he was revised. Sat. "Der Yidisher almanac" (Kiev), in which the works were published. D. Bergelson, Der Nister and other then beginning writers. G. collaborated in other Hebrews. lit. Sat. In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he lived in Switzerland, where he collaborated in the pacifist gas., for which he was arrested for 6 months. Later he settled in Berlin. In 1923-24 he traveled to Canada and America and published ser. travel sketches to new york. and Warsaw. Heb. gas. From 1933 in E.-I., where until the end of his life he collaborated in Hebrew. periodic. ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish. The author of the book: “Di libe provinces” (“Sweet province”), 1913; "Literary-builder" ("Literary pictures"), 1912; "In vander-lebn" ("In a wandering life", 1918), "Groise neeshomes" ("Great souls"), 1921; "Tales of Rabindranath Tagore" (1922) and others.
GORELIK Shneur-Zalman (1880, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1974, Kfar-Chabad, Israel), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimtsi" yeshiva (Lubavichi). From 1902 - rabbi in the city of Berezna, Chernigov. lips. 1941–46 - rabbi in Tashkent. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1948 - in Israel. First rabbi of Kfar-Chabad (1949–74).
GORELIK Solomon Aronovich (1913, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1941), Hero of the Sov. Union (1941). In Kr. Army since 1931. Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - to fr. Pom. com. companies for technical. parts of the tank. corps, military technician 1st rank, G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle near Belgorod. Killed in battle.
GORELIK Zalman Abramovich (1908, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1087, Minsk), geologist. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences (1973). He graduated in 1936 Moscow. geological exploration. in-t. From 1937 to Belorus, geological. management (beginning, chief engineer). From 1950 ch. geologist of Belpromproekt. At the same time. taught in Belorus. un-those. Since 1957 in Ying-those geological. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, in 1959–67 early. Department of Oil and Gas. Since 1967 head. sector of tectonics Belorus. Research Institute of Geology Management at the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. petroleum geology of oil, tectonics, placement of minerals on the territory. Belarus. Participated in the compilation of the atlas of the BelSSR. Works: Data on tectonics of Belarus and the problems of identifying salt and oil deposits on its territory. Minsk, 1945; Modern structure and history of tectonic. the development of the Pripyat depression. Minsk, 1968.
GORELIK Zinovy ​​Samuilovich (1904, Osipovichi, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1968, Simferopol), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army in 1926–28 and from June 1943. Kom. companies, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the crossing of the Dnieper.
GOREN (Gorokhovsky) Shraga (1897 - 1972, Israel), trade unionist. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche in Kiev. Active member Ceirei Zion, founder of the Dror movement. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Was a member. “Working brigade named after I. Trumpeldor ". One of the founders of the Hevrat-ha-binyan construction company in Tel Aviv, member. of the Solel Bone Directorate since the 1920s. Member Knesset of the 1st convocation from Mapai. He put forward the idea of ​​creating a plural. histadrut enterprises, among them - "Delek" and "Alliance".
GOREN Nathan (real family member Grinblat) (1887, Vidzy Novoaleksandrovsky u. Koven province - 1956, Tel Aviv), writer, journalist. He wrote in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian. lang. He studied at the yeshiva. In 1904 he joined the Zionist. slave. Poalei Zion's party, then to the Zionist Socialists, was arrested. 1906-08 was imprisoned. After his release, he passed the exam for the title of teacher as an external student. In 1909 he began to publish stories in Russian. lang. In 1910 he moved to Odessa, where he published in Yiddish and Hebrew periodically. ed. In 1921 he moved to Kovno, where he taught in Hebrew. g-zii, led the societies. and published. work (member of the European National Council of Lithuania, editors of “Head Lita”, “De Wort” and others, an active figure in the movement for collecting donations for the Jewish population of E.-I.). In 1935 he graduated from East. Faculty of Kaunas University and went to E.-I., where he worked as a teacher, was published in periodicals. ed. Published 9 kn. in Hebrew, incl. Critics in Our Literature (1953). The author of the book. Fivewush (1911), The Hen Brothers (1939) and others.
GORENSHTEIN Friedrich Naumovich (b. 1932, Kiev), prose writer, playwright, screenwriter. The father was repressed, after the death of his mother he was brought up in orphanages. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute (1955). Engineer worked. in Ukraine, Ural. In 1962 he moved to Moscow. In the train. "Youth" (1964) publ. first manuf. - pov. "House with a turret". In 1960–70 he wrote a lot, but was almost never published in the USSR. One of the members of the alm. Metropol (1979), where publ. fragment of the "Steps". G. author pl. screenplays, incl. f. A. Tarkovsky "Solaris" and N. Mikhalkov "Slave of Love". Since 1977 manufactured. G. are printed in the West. Since 1980 in Germany. Since 1990 manuf. G. are published in Russia: the drama "Disputes about Dostoevsky", pov. "Winter of the 53rd Year", "The Last Summer on the Volga", rum. "Atonement", "Place", "Psalm", etc., stories, essays, plays. Based on the play "Child-killer" by t-rum them. E. Vakhtangov staged the play "My Lord, Father ..." "Psalm" (Roman-meditation on the four executions of the Lord), covering several. decades of the 20th century, G. reflects on the fate of the Jews in Russia, on Christ and Judaism. One of the most important motives of TV-va G. is a strong rejection of anti-Semitism. In 1991 in Moscow came out "Izbr. cit. " G. in 3 volumes.
GORENSHTEIN Yasha (1898, Kiev - 1973, Paris), conductor. Studied in Königsberg and Vienna. First there was a choir. conductor (assistant to Z. Oks in Berlin). Later it became symph. conductor. He won particular fame as a conductor of works. G. Mahler, A. Bruckner and production. contemporary composers. In 1933 he left Germany and worked in Paris. He acted as a touring conductor in diff. countries. Conducted by the Israeli Philharmonic. orc.
GOREV (real fam. Goldman) Boris Isaakovich (party, ps: Igor, B. Igorev, Dneprovsky and others) (1874, Vilna - 1937), polit. activist, publicist, historian. Brother of M.I.Liber and L.I.Goldman. He graduated from the city of Vilna (1894). Since 1893 organizer and leader. student s.-d. circles. In 1894–97 he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those, in 1895-97 members. Petersburg. "Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In 1897 he was arrested, in 1898 he was exiled to the adm. order for 4 years in Olekminsk, Yakutsk region. In 1901–03 abroad. Upon his return to Russia - Iskra's agent, Chl. to-that on the convocation of the II Congress of the RSDLP, elected as its delegate, but arrested on the way to the congress. In 1905, members. Vilensky, then Petersburg. to-tov RSDLP, participant of the 1st All-Russia. conference of the RSDLP (Tammerfors, December 1905). In Jan. 1906 arrested at a meeting of the Executive Committee of St. Petersburg. Council of Workers Dep., Exiled to the Yenisei province, soon fled. In 1907, an agent of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), led the roar. work in the Volga region and the Urals, delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. In 1908 he was arrested again, placed in exile and fled again. In emigration sotr. g. "Voice of the Social Democrat", delegate of the Copenhagen Socialist Congress (1910), a participant in Part, a Menshevik conference in Vienna (1912), where he was elected a member. Org. to-ta (OK) RSDLP. On his return to Russia he was arrested, and in 1913 he was exiled to the Turukhansk region. In the years of the 1st world. wars - the Menshevik-"Oboronets". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 OK RSDLP, cases. Vseros. unite, Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917), elected member. Central Committee from the "defencists". In 1920, he retired from political activity, taught at universities, the author of works on the history of societies, thought and roar. movement in Russia in the 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers (since 1922), one of the founders of the Society of Marxist Historians (1925). Repressed, works: Anarchists, Maximalists and Makhaevites. Anarchich. current in the first Rus. rev-tion. P., 1917; From desks. of the past. Rep. 1895-1905. L., 1924; G.V. Plekhanov. 2nd ed., M., 1.925; Roar. populism of the seventies. M., 1928; Anarchism in Russia (from Bakunin to Makhno). M., 1930; N.G. Chernyshevsky. Thinker and revolutionary. M., 1934.
GOREVICH Solomon (b. 1912, Moscow), entrepreneur, societies, activist. Graduated from commercial. Faculty of Liege University. Pres. Heb. communities in Liege (since 1957); member Council of the Union of Heb. communities of Belgium.
GORFIN David Vladimirovich (1889, Zhitomir - 1969, Moscow), organizer and health historian, hygienist, prof. Honey. Educated on honey. f-takh of Berlin (1910-14) and Saratov (1915) un-com. Military. doctor participated in the 1st world. war, from 1918 in Kr. Army, in 1919–21 headed the department. health care price Syzran. In 1921 29 - in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, at the same time (since 1926) assistant, associate professor of the department of social hygiene of honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow un-that (later the 1st medical institute). In 1929–32 the head. the same department and the rector of Tomsk un-that; in 1932–41 he headed the Center, the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war - a dignity. ex. South-West. and the 3rd Ukr. fr., South. groups of troops. 1946–51 worked at the Department of Health and Social Hygiene Organization of the 1st Moscow. med in-that and in the departments of the organization of public health services and the history of medicine N. - and. Institute of Social Hygiene and Health Organization. Osn. tr. G. dedicated health issues prom. workers, rural health care, org-tion dignity. - epid. service, medical-dignity. Legislation: Essay on the history of the development of rural health care in the USSR, Moscow, 1961; NASsemashko, M., 1967.
GORI, city, regional center (Georgia). Main in the 12th century. In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the center of the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. 258 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1863 in Georgia and Ukraine. - 1506, in 1886 in Georgia - 281 (6.7%), in 1905 - 331 (2.2%), in 1915 - 104 (2.1%), in 1926 - 333 (3.3%), including 314 Georgian Jews, in 1939 - 781, in 1970 - 1849 (3.9%), in 1979 - 1031 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century In 1828 and 1878 the Jews of Georgia almost fell victim to the "blood libel". In the 1830s. Movsha Lazarevich Yelkin owned a brick house and a beer and vodka factories in Georgia. The majority of Jews lived in Georgia as a time. settlers. After the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), Jews moved to Georgia from Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvalish), and Breti. Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, crafts and agriculture. In the beginning. 20th century in Georgia there were 5 shops owned by Jews. In 1920 pl. Jewish families suffered from the earthquake and were resettled to other us. points. In 1929, a branch of Gruzevkombed was opened in Georgia, and with its help a number of small enterprises were set up, where Jews from the poorest strata worked. In 1936, all these enterprises were liquidated, and the department of Gruzevkombed was abolished. Between 1936 and 1938, a shoe workshop established by GruzOZET operated in Georgia. In the end. 1930s I. Babalikashvili created a circle for the study of Hebrew and Torah in Georgia. In the 1940s and 1950s. There was a synagogue in Georgia; the rabbis were Mordekh Davidovich Davarashvili (1875—?), Itskhak Abramovich Mamistvalov (1895–1979), Daniil Abramovich Manasherov (1887–1967), and Refoil Iosifovich Elashvili (b. 1934). On ordinary days, up to 80 people gathered there, on holidays - up to 130 people. In the 1970s and 90s. most of the Jews of Georgia left for Israel in the 1990s. there are approx. 30 Jewish families. With the active participation of the poet and societies. activist M. Shaptoshvili and prof. E. Mamistrashvili created a circle for the study of Hebrew, a department of rep. Association of Georgian-Jewish Relations, a Jewish Sunday School was opened (director Lili Elishakova) D.M. Khananashvili
GORIKKER Mikhail Lvovich (1895, Kherson province - 1955, Moscow), military leader, general-major tech. troops (1940). Graduated from ped. uch-shche (1912), worked as a teacher. Since 1918 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from the infantry. command school (1923), Military-technical. Academy (1929) and Military. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. In 1933-37 he commanded an experienced tank, units, in 1937-42 early. military. tank, school. In 1942–43 the General Inspector Ch. car management Kr. Army. In 1943-45 the beginning. car management Leningrad. front. In 1946-51 the beginning. military car uch-schA. Retired from 1951. Load 6th order.
GORIKKER Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), film director. He studied at the Kiev Tank School, at the Academy of Armored Forces (1942–43). Participated in the 2nd world. war. In 1947 he graduated from the acting faculty of the Theater, school them. Shchepkina, in 1953 dir. Faculty of GITIS. In 1953-57 dir. opera houses of Odessa and Kiev. In 1959 he graduated from the Higher dir. courses at the Mosfilm cinema. Since 1966, dir. k / st "Mosfilm". The author and co-author of the scripts of all the f. Creator and naib, a brilliant representative of the film opera genre in Sov. cinema. He made his debut short. f. Beethoven's Sonata (1959). Among other fictions: "Mozart and Salieri" (1962, "Grand Prix" at the International CF in Bergamo), "Iolanta" (1963), "The Tsar's Bride" (1964), "The Stone Guest" (1966), "Seville" (1970), "Under the Roofs of Montmartre" (1975), "Autumn Bells" (1978, special avenue. Intern. KF in Salerno, Avenue. Intern. (1983). Honored. activist of the lawsuit in Azerb. SSR (1971).
GORILOVSKY Leonid Mikhailovich (b. 1930, Nizhyn, Chernigov region. Ukrainian SSR), urological surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1985). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1953). Until 1958 he worked as a surgeon and urologist in Ust-Kamenogorsk. In 1958–60 he specialized in clinical residency in urology in Moscow. In 1963-66 the head. urological. dep. business centers in Kolomna, since 1966 - business centers number 60 in Moscow. tr. G. dedicated operative urology of elderly and senile age. Author of the monograph "Essays on Geriatric Urology" (1993). Deputy prev. urological. about-in Russia and Moscow.
GORIN (real name of Offstein) Grigory Izrailevich (b. 1940, Moscow), writer, playwright, screenwriter. In 1963 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute, worked as an ambulance doctor. In student. For years he met A. Arkanov, with whom he acted as a co-author for the next 10 years. Their sketches, feuilletons, monologues were included in the repertoire of leading pop artists (M. Mironova and A. Menaker, L. Mirov and M. Novitsky, G. Dudnik). In 1965 Moscow. T-r satire puts the first joint. play by G. and Arkanov "Wedding for the whole Europe". There is also a post. and their other plays: "Banquet" (1969), "Little Comedies of the Big House" (1973). The first one is independent, G.'s play "... forget Herostratus!" (1972) was a post, in T-re Sov. Army. Naib. means. fast. plays G. performed in the Theater. Linen. Komsomol: "Til" (1974), "Memorial Prayer" (1991) dir. M. Zakharov. In 1992 "Memorial Prayer" was staged in Tel Aviv in the Chamber Theater. G. - screenwriter of television films: "The same Munchausen", "Formula of love", "The house that Swift built", "Say a word about the poor hussar", etc. Author of the book: "Four under one cover" (1966, col. with A. Arkanov, F. Kamov, E. Uspensky), "Solo for a duet" (M., 1975, jointly with A. Arkanov), "I want kharcho!" (Moscow, 1970), “Who's Who” (Moscow, 1978), collection of plays “Comic Fantasy” (Moscow, 1986), etc. Laureate of the “Golden Calf” pr. (1964 and 1965).
B. GORIN (real name and fam. Itzhak Goyda), (1868, Lida Vilna province - 1925, New York), prose writer, playwright, translator, historian of t-ra. Received a tradition. Heb. education. At the age of 16 he came to Vilna. He made his debut in 1889 with the story "Zikroynois fun cheder" ("Memories of a cheder"). Since 1894 in the USA. Published stories, Art. about Heb. lit-re and t-re. In 1910 his rum came out. "Shifra". Plays G. "Dos Vilner balbesl", "Baruch Spinoza" and others were staged on the stages of Amer. Heb. t-ditch. One of the best plays - the comedy "In Yedn Gois" ("In Every House"), staged. in 1924 the Kunst-Theater by Maurice Schwartz. G. translated the production into Yiddish. L. Tolstoy, O. Balzac, G. Maupassant, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, L. Andreev, E. Zola, and others. All his life G. collected materials on the history of Hebrews. t-ra, in 1918 his monograph “History of Heb. t-ra - two thousand years of t-ra among the Jews. "
BITTER, see Bitter.
GORKAYA BALKA, a village in the Soviet region of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1845. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm Gorkobalkovsky Novogrigorievsky, since 1900 - Blagodarnensky district. Stavropol Gubernia In the autumn of 1942, 48 Jews were shot in G.B.
GORKY, see [[Nizhny Novgorod.
GORKOBALKOVSKY, see [[Gorkaya Balka.
GORKOE, a village in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1857 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Gorkaya. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1923-29 - in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye okr., In 1932-41 - in the Novo-Zlatopolsky Jewish nat. Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - Zaporozhye region. In 1858 there were 488 Jews living in Georgia, in 1861 - 509, in 1897 - 431 (66 families), in 1924 - 375 Jews (82 families). 92 dec. land, in 1897 - 741 (rye, winter and spring wheat and other crops), there were 125 horses and 140 cows. A synagogue and societies functioned. early school. In 1919 St. half husband. population of Georgia perished during the pogrom perpetrated by the detachments of N.I. Makhno. Dec. 1924 a Jewish agriculturalist was established. artel "Red Plowman No. 2" (1030 dess. of arable land), in 1929 - a collective farm (in 1938 - 85 farming, 330 people). During the Holocaust, the entire Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed. IM Shaikin
GORKI, city, regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, a small town of Orsha district, since 1861 - a district town of Mogilev province. From 1919 - in Gomel, from 1922 - in Smolensk province. RSFSR, in 1924-91 - part of the BSSR, a regional center in the Orsha environs. (until 1930), from 1938 - in the Mogilev region. In 1847, 1,544 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 1774, in 1897 - 3029 (45%), in 1910 - 3991 (49.9%), in 1923 - 2450 In 1926 - 2343, in 1939 - 2031 Jews. Jews settled in Georgia in the first half. 17th century, in 1643 the Jewish community was formed, destroyed in 1648-49 and 1654 and revived in 1669. During the North. the war between Russia and Sweden, the Jewish community suffered greatly; in 1718 the community could not support the cantor and shohet. By the time G. joined Ros. the empire, the financial situation of the Jews was difficult. In 1806 the landowner Sollogub transferred the plots of land rented by Jews to Christians, and in 1810 ordered the eviction of all Jews. Mn. Jews were forced to leave Georgia. In 1823, after being obliged to pay an exorbitantly high rent, the Jews returned to Georgia. In 1804, the kagal, fighting the spread of Hasidism, forbade the organization of prayer meetings in private homes. Mn. Jews rented land and land from landlords. In 1863 there were 4 synagogues in Georgia, in 1910 - a Talmud Torah, 6 synagogues, a husband. and wives. Jewish schools, Jewish cemetery, in 1915 - Jewish library. In 1904 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1909 the Bund organization functioned, in 1918 - Poaley Zion, in 1917 the Zionist organization published periodicals. ed. "Renaissance" (ed. S. Shifrin). In 1923 Boris Goldin, a melamed, was put on trial for teaching his children to be illegal. hedere. In the 1920s. under the Goretskaya s.-kh. The Academy had a department with teaching in Yiddish, which trained specialists for practical work among Jewish agriculturalists. On July 12, 1941, Germany was occupied by Germany. troops. A ghetto was created, in which there were, in addition to local Jews, many Jewish refugees. 7 oct. 1941 approx. e. Zadorozhye, 2,200 Jews were shot. In the 1950s. a monument was erected at the site of the execution. Since 1996, the Jewish cultural and educational society named after B. Ioffe. In 1999, 120 Jews lived in Georgia. Ya.S. Gugel, H.-D. Hurwitz, I.-I. Zevin, B. Zilbert, I. Kaganov, S. Libin, I. M. Razgon, L. E. Razgon, I. Z. Romanov, R.M. Khin.
GORLOVKA, city (since 1932) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1867 as a stone-coal mine of Bakhmutsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. in connection with the construction of coal mines. 547 Jews (3.9%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 2339 in 1939, and approx. 2600 (0.8%), in 1970 - 2142 (0.6%), in 1979 - approx. 1,700 (0.5%), in 1989 - 1,666 Jews. In the 1880s. a synagogue was built in Georgia (closed in 1923), and there was a synagogue at the Mining School. Since 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882. In the 1920s and 1980s. an illegal minyan operated in 1941 at the mine named after V. Rumyantsev was destroyed approx. 2 thousand Jews. On Feb. 1942 several were shot in Georgia. hundreds of Jews. In apr. 1942 - killed approx. 500 Jews from Yenakiev. In 1996, the Jewish Cultural and Educational Society was established in Georgia (previously Gennady Mikhailovich Fabrikant, born 1941). At the same time a Sunday school was opened. Religious was registered in 1997. community (formerly Yitzhak-Aviel Georgievich Borzakovsky, b. 1958, Kharkov). Minyan is going to Borzakovsky's house. Since 1998, the Hesed Shofar center has been operating (director Eduard Ilyich Braslavsky, b. 1941, Yaroslavl). In G., in the Nikitovka district, the synagogue building (after the war it housed a cinema) and the old Jewish cemetery have survived. Now there is a Jewish site on the territory. the city cemetery, where a memorial sign to those who died during the Holocaust was installed. In 1990–99 more than 1,000 Jews left Georgia for Israel, the United States, and other countries. In 1998, 2,000 Jews lived in Georgia. Genus: M.B. Gorodetsky; Vladimir Grigorievich Sister (b. 1945), state. activist, cand. tech. Sciences, in 1991-99 prefect of the North-East. adm. env., in 1992-99 members. production of Moscow; Grigory Rafailovich Frezerov (real family. Trotsky) (1897–?), Organizer of the production, in 1939–42 director. s-yes "Fraser", Chl. Machining Council at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, deputy. Commissar of ammunition.
GORNFELD Arkady Georgievich (1867, Sevastopol - 1941, Leningrad), literary critic, lit. critic, translator. Rod. in the family of a notary, graduated. Simferopol city. Studied in Kharkov, un-those. A student of A.A. Potebnya. He continued his education in Berlin, un-ones, then in Petersburg. Collaborated in the train. "Russian wealth", where he was an assistant to VG Korolenko. Auth. more than 500 st. about rus. lit-re, G. was one of the Naib, notable lit. critics of their time. Naib. Izv. books: "People and Books" (1908), "Ways of Creativity" (1922), "Novels and Novelists" (1930), "How Goethe, Schiller and Heine Worked" (1933). Took part in Sat. "Questions of theory and psychology of creativity."
GORNITSKAYA Edda Abramovna (1892-1972), pediatrician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University in 1916. Worked as a doctor in preschool institutions and children. hospital of Saratov, since 1918 head. lips. dep. protection of motherhood and infancy. Since 1921 head. experimental and demonstrative baby house in Moscow, where she conducted research. on the physiology of early childhood. In 1924–29 he was a doctor San.-layche. management of the Kremlin. Since 1932 Assoc. 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that, in 1934-68 - head. Department of children. diseases. In 1932–38 at the same time. ch. doctor children. hospitals them. K.A. Rauchfuss. Studied the problems of the reactivity of the child's body, one of the first noted the role of sensitization and allergy in patol. processes in children. In doct. dis. "Etiology and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis" (1937) showed the influence of the body's reactivity on the flow. dysentery in children. G. highlighted the types of tech. rheumatism in childhood, which is reflected in the classification she proposed. G.'s students headed the department of pediatrics in various. universities of the country. G. was a member. reign of Vses. and Leningrad. about-in children. doctors, ch. pediatrician Leningrad. region Cit .: The influence of carbonic baths on the cardiovascular system, M., 1927 (et al.); Respiratory tract disease in children ml. age, M.-L., 1931; Children. diarrhea and the fight against them, L., 1939; Fundamentals of the doctrine of rheumatism in children. age, M., 1964.
GORNOE-GRUSHEVSKOE, see Mines.
GORNOSTAEVKA, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodyanskiy u. Chernigov province. 13 nov. 1941 in Georgia, 20 Jews were shot.
GORNOSTAYPOL, a village in the Chernobyl region of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 366 Jews in Georgia, in 1897 - 1888 (57.5%), in 1923 - 468 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia. Chaim Men (1868—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia since 1898. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In May 1919, the detachments of Ataman Struk carried out a pogrom in Georgia; on Sept. 1919 there was a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 1920s the mikvah was closed in Georgia, and in 1930 the synagogue was closed. Means. part of the Jewish population of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. left for Kiev and other large cities. 7 nov. 1941 385 Jews were shot in Georgia.
GORNY, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Krasnopartizansky district of the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nikolaevsky u. Samara province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Georgia.
GORNY ZERENTUI, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Nerchinsko-Zavodskoy district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1825, the Zerentui prison was founded in Georgia. In the 1890s. the prison held persons convicted of participation in the armament. speech by polit. exiles in Yakutsk - MR Gots and others. In 1897 there were 114 Jews in the Zerentui prison (13.2%). Since 1906, members of the Revolution of 1905–07 (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists, Social-Democrats, etc.) were also held there. After Feb. Revolution Zerentui prison was closed.
GORODENKA, city (since 1668), regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kolomyia land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town in the province of Galicia within Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939 - 91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 956 Jews living in Georgia, in 1900 in Georgia - 4255 (36.7%), in 1921 - 3048 Jews (30.8 %) Jews settled in Georgia from the middle. 17th century There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. All R. 18th century in Georgia lived the followers of Sabbatai Zvi and Y. Frank, as well as a student of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, Rabbi Nakhman (? —1780, Tiberias, E.-I.). From 1898 to 1914, a Jewish school operated in Georgia, supported by Baron Hirsch (in 1908, there were 243 students). The cheder matukan was opened in 1907. During the 1st world. the war, on charges of espionage, grew. the authorities hanged 9 Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On July 5, 1941, Hungary was occupied. troops. At the same time, local Ukrainians staged a pogrom, during which many Jews died. On Sept. 1941 the city was occupied by Germans. troops. In nov. 1941 a ghetto was created. Dec 5. 1941 in Georgia approx. 2,600 Jews. Apr 13 1942 - c. 100 Jews. 10 Sep In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, and in 1946 the synagogue building was transferred to the creamery.
CITY, city, regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926 there were 8 Jews living in Georgia, in 1939 - 21 Jews.
GORODETSKAYA Evgenia Grigorievna (1865 - 1939, Irkutsk), pianist, teacher, music society. activist. Hero of Labor (1921). In 1890 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class fp. from A.G. Rubinstein. In 1891-1901 she gave concerts and taught in Mogilev. From 1901 she worked in Irkutsk. In 1901–05 she directed the music she created. school, edges became one of the best muses. uch. institutions of Siberia. In 1920-22 the rector and prof. Irkutsk horse, created on the basis of her school. She taught php. game, music-theoretical. items, wok. art (she studied singing N.A. Kazantsev). Conducted muz.-enlighten. activity. Since 1922 she led the music circles. self-education, at the same time organized (together with the musicologist BM Popov) “Muz. Fridays ”- free concert-lectures (1924–32). Versatile prof. and society-educate. G.'s work contributed to the development of muses. culture of Siberia.
GORODETSKY Benjamin Eliyahu (b. 1907, Bobruisk, Minsk province), rabbi. In childhood he received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Then he studied at different. underground Lubavitch yeshivas. In 1926-30 - Rabbi of Podol in Kiev. Organized an underground yeshiva and several. Talmud Torah. In 1930 he moved to Moscow and became one of those responsible for the distribution of money sent to the USSR by I.I.Shneerson. In 1930 he was arrested and exiled. Escaped from exile. In 1941–46 he taught at the underground Lubavitch yeshiva in Samarkand. In 1946 he illegally left the USSR. In 1950-80 he headed Europe. bureau of the Lubavitch movement in Paris. From the end. 1980s - in USA.
GORODETSKY Efim Naumovich (1907, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province. - 1993, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1965). In 1926-28 he studied at ped. technical school in Kiev, in 1928-30 - at the Faculty of Society. Sciences of Moscow State University. In 1931–33 he was a postgraduate student at MIFLI, in 1933 42 scientific. sotr. edition of "History of Cit. wars in the USSR ". In 1942–49 he worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), at the same time. taught at the Higher School of Arts and Culture at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1949-60 he taught at Moscow State University. In 1960-89 he worked at the Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was deputy. prev. Sci. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR “History of East. Sciences". Member of the editorial boards: the yearbook "History and Historians" (1965–87) and collection of articles. "East. notes "(1970-90). Author of works on the history of Russia, early. 20th centuries, the era of Oct. revolution and civil. war, problems of methodology, historiography, source study and history of Sov. culture. Participated in the creation of a number of calls. works and monographs. Mn. works G. translated into foreign. language has become. pr. (1943), Lomonosovskaya pr., Moscow State University (1961). Works: The Birth of Sov. state-va. 1917-1918, (M., 1965, 2nd ed. - M., 1987); Lenin is the founder of the Sov. ist. Sciences. History of owls. about-va in the works of V. I. Lenin, M., 1970; Sov. historiography led. October. 1917 - mid. 30s., M., 1981, etc.
GORODETSKY Iosif Efimovich (1903, Shpola Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. - 1957, Moscow), specialist in the region. engineering technology, prof. from 1940. In 1929 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. From 1931 he worked early. tech. Department of Moscow. s-yes "Caliber", from 1937 beginning. n.-i. department, ch. engineer, then director of the Bureau of Interchangeability of the Ministry of machine tools-p. and instr. industry of the USSR. At the same time he taught from 1931 in the evening machine-building. in-those, since 1940 in Moscow. machine tool in-those (head of the department "Metrology and instrument making"). Main work in the region. metrology and measure, technology, development of measure, technology, setting standards, measures, creating measure, instruments in machine tool., machine tool and other branches of the industry, as well as for the complex automation of technology. processes in the industry. Became. pr. (1951) Vol .: Fundamentals of technical. measurements in mechanical engineering. M., 1950; Tolerances and technical measurements. 4th ed. M., 1956 (with G.A. Aparin) and others.
GORODETSKY Mikhail Borisovich (1869, Gorlovka Bakhmutskiy district. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1918, Rostov-on-Don), publisher, journalist. He graduated from a mining school in Gorlovka, worked in mines, wrote to local gas. His journalism skills were noted and he was recruited by the Gas Printing Office. "Azov Territory", and then in its red. chronicler. All R. 1890s settled in St. Petersburg, became a correspondent. a number of gas., was included in the ed. gas. "Son of the Fatherland", was in charge of the department. chronicles in the gas. "News". In 1905-06 ed. gas. "Free Word" (banned by the authorities), 1906-08 ed. and ed. gas. "Today", in 1906 ed. satirical. g. "Vampire", in 1907 ed. gas. "Daily News". Founder of "Gazeta-Kopeyka" 1908-18) and the same name. acc. about-va. Arriving in the capital as a poor man, he became rich, having caught the population's need for cheap gas. small format. In 1914 its circulation reached 250 thousand copies, gas. was published in four editions, differing in size and number of applications. Gazeta-Kopeyka played an important role in the fight against anti-Semitic slanderers. campaigns, in particular, during the trial of M. Beilis. For the sake of his career, G. converted to Orthodoxy, but retained ties with Jewry, in fact was a member. Petersburg. Heb. community, donated kr. amounts for cult.-skylight. events, helped to obtain permission from the authorities for their holding, fussed about Jews who wanted to obtain the right to live in the capital, maintained relations with leading Jews. figures. Gravely ill, having lost all his fortune, G. fled from Petrograd in 1918. Apparently, shortly before his flight, he underwent a rite of returning to Judaism. Author of reference editions: “Guide and index of trade-prom. firms "(Rostov-on-Don, 1893)," Sputnik of a merchant "(ibid., 1895), brochures" Under the ground (sketches and pictures from life from the life of miners ") (St. Petersburg, 1897).
GORODETSKY Shmuel Aba (1871, Malin of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1957, Tel Aviv), Heb. historian, researcher of Hasidism and Kabbalah. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. At the age of 18, having become acquainted with the ideas of Haskala, he began to educate himself. From 1908 he lived in 3. Europe (Switzerland, Germany). He studied at the University of Bern. Since 1939 - in E.-I. He published a large number of works on the history of the Jews of Vost. Europe, Hasidism and mysticism. The most important research - the four-volume work "Hasidism and Hasidim" - went through several editions (1st 1923). Was ed. lit.-scientific. almanac "Gagoren" (10 issues, 1897-1928).
GORODETSKO, see Bezhetsk.
CITY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nesvizh district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 688 Jews (91.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 there were 796 Jews. Since 1899, Eliyahu was rabbi in Georgia. Perelman (1867—?). In 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882. During the occupation of Georgia, a ghetto was created, which was liquidated on July 18, 1942: during the liquidation, 1,137 Jews were shot.
GORODINSKY Yudel Leontievich (1896, Simferopol - 1962, Moscow), military leader, major general (1940). Graduated from the Higher. command courses "Shot" (1922), Military. Academy named after Frunze (1933), Higher. courses at the Academy of Gen. headquarters (1939). In the army since 1918. 1939–40 com. shooter. corps, 1941 - teams. army. 1942–44 - deputy. teams, army. 1945 - com. housing. 1946-60 - Art. military teacher Academy of Gen. headquarters. He was awarded 3 orders.
CITY, see Horodishte, Rezinsky district.
CITY-SHEVCHENKOVSKY, see. Settlement of the Cherkasy region.
CITY MINER, see Manganese.
GORODKOVKA, a village in the Kryzhopol district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Myastkovka (other name. Rotmistrovka) Olgopolsky u. In 1765, 898 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 1213, in 1887 - 75.2%, in 1897 - 2105 (26.3%), in 1926 - 1430, and in 1939 - 832 Jews. G. had 2 synagogues, in 1889 - 3 synagogues. In 1886-1928, Efroim Stanislavsky (1855—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. Dec. 1919 and Feb. In 1920, pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Georgia. In total, 105 people were killed during the pogroms. (during the first - 44 people), property burned down, most of the Jews fled from G. The mikvah was destroyed, which was later restored by the Jews who remained in Georgia. During the war a ghetto was created in Georgia.
CITY, a city in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Busk land of the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad Grubeshovsky u. Lublin province. 220 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, 366 (24.1%) in 1856, 717 (33.9%) in 1897, and 750 Jews in 1921. about Jews in Georgia dates back to 1751. In 1765 Jews of Georgia owned 29 houses, 8 shops, and 4 vineyards. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust. Sh.-Z. Shargai.
CITY, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920-39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939-91, a part of the BSSR. In 1863, 165 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 562 (24.5%), in 1921 - 583 Jews (22.4 %) All Jews in Georgia were Hasidim. There was a synagogue in 1863. Since 1899, Meir-Chaim Sheikhet was the rabbi. In the beginning. 20th century in G. there were 2 synagogues, a cheder. In the 1930s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GORODNITSA, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century In the 1920's and 1930's, 42 Jews lived in Georgia. pl. Jews left Georgia In 1941 the Jews of Georgia were deported to Grimailov.
GORODNITSKY Alexander Moiseevich (b. 1933, Leningrad), geophysicist, poet, composer, one of the founders of the author's song as a genre. Graduated from Leningrad. mining institute im. G.V. Plekhanov (1957). Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1982), prof., Ph.D. RANS (1993). 1956–72 at Leningrad State University. Research Institute of Geology of the Arctic. Member of the geological exp. on Kr. North. Since 1972 - at the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences; head lab. geomagnetic issl. Songs on his own poems composes since 1953. The transience of time, the world around, beloved Leningrad, the beauty of Kr. North and sea spaces - that's the main. motives of the poetry of G. Poetics of G. are inherent in aphorism and musicality. Among the naib. Izv. G.'s songs "Atlanta", "Leather Jackets", "Rolls", "Snow, Snow, Snow", "Over Canada", "To the Continent". Heb. the theme sounds in such songs of G. as "Treblinka", "Leaves above the country roads." L., 1967; Coast. M., 1984; Midnight sun. M., 1990; Migratory angels. Poems and songs. M., 1991; Islands in the ocean. M., 1993, Both near and far. M., 1991.
CITY, city (since 1957), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1648, was part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 it was a part of Russia, in 1781–96 and from 1802 it was a county town (in 1797–1802 it was a substandard) city of Chernigov province. In 1847 there were 577 Jews in Georgia, in 1862 - 597, in 1863 - 525 (15.6 %), in 1886 - 1587, in 1897 - 1249 (28.9%), in 1920 - 1965, in 1926 - 1359 (27.2%), in 1939 - 731 Jews. Since 1845, the Khevra Kaddish existed in Georgia. There was a synagogue in 1863. 15 Feb In 1905 the Bundists organized a revolt in Georgia. manifestation. In oct. 1905 there was a pogrom. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia (a wooden one and a stone one, the last one built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries), and there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. In 1878-1900, Shmuel Lerner was the rabbi in Georgia, I. Schneerson was the official rabbi from 1906, and Joachim-Gershen Berlin was rabbi from 1910. Centre. glad (2 Jews killed), in the fall of 1919 the city was raided by bandit detachments. In 1921, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was created. troops in G. in Sept. 1941, 21 Jews were shot, in November. - several. hundreds of Jews. In 1948 there was an illegal activity in Georgia. minyan, born in G. I.A.Serebryany, I.S. Yufa.
TOWN, see Zakamensk.
GORODOVIKOVSK (until 1971 - Bashanta), city (since 1971), regional center in the Republic of Kalmykia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol province. In 1938-71 it was a workers' settlement. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Georgia. In the fall of 1942, more than 15 evacuated Jews were killed in Georgia and the region.
GORODSKOY Yakov Zinovievich (1898, Yekaterinoslav - 1966), poet. Participant citizen war. Since 1916 publ. into gas. Since 1934 - head. Russian poetic. section of the joint venture of Ukraine. Delegate of the 1st All. Congress of Sov. writers. In 1937 he was accused of sabotage work in the joint venture, but was not subjected to repression. 1941–45 - corr. gas. "Cr. Army "and" Sov. Ukraine". Author Sat. verse. “Through the Years (1921),“ My Country ”(1935),“ Return ”(1946), etc .; plays "Iron Brigade" (1933), "District" (1934), "Last Round" (1935).
GOROKHOV, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1240.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 752 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1778 - 442, in 1790 - 597, in 1847 - 1964, in 1897 - 2571 ( 54.7%), in 1921 - 2377 (53.7%), in 1931 - 2806 (46%), in 1937 - 3120 Jews (40%). about the Jews of Georgia belongs to 1601. The Jews of Georgia suffered during the "Khmelnitsky" era. In the 19th century. The rabbis of Georgia were Refoil Maiselish, Yakov Finkelstein, and from 1891 - Ephraim Averbakh (1856-1925). The Jews of Georgia were street, Trisk, Sadagor, and Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. In 1863 there were three synagogues in Georgia, and in 1889 a Jewish almshouse functioned. In 1909 a Hebrew school was opened in Georgia. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After 1925, the two sons-in-law of E. Averbakh, Shmuel Raischer (a street Hasid) and Yeshua Rabinovich (both died during the Holocaust), were the rabbis of Georgia. 1941 in Georgia, 300 Jews were shot. In the beginning. oct. 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 5 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated on 8 Sept. 1942.
GOROKHOVETS, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1239.From 1708 - in the Kazan province, from 1719 - in the Vladimir province, from 1778 - the district town of the Vladimir province. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Georgia, in 1939 - 10 Jews.
GOROKHOVSKAYA Maria Kondratievna (1921, Evpatoria - 2001), athlete, gymnast. Z.m.s. USSR (1952). Trainer-teacher. Graduated from the Kiev State. in-t physical culture (1956). Olympus. champion (1952, 1st Olympic gold medal of Soviet gymnasts) in individual and team events. World champion (1954) in the team championship. Absolute champion of the USSR (1951–52), champion of the USSR (1948–54) in the department. types of all-around. Since 1990 - in Israel.
GOROKHOVSKY Anatoly Vladimirovich (b. 1925, Kharkov), specialist in the region. broadcasting and TV, journalist. Graduated in 1951 from the Faculty of Radio Communication and Broadcasting of the Moscow. electrical engineering in-that communication. In 1942–45 in the active army he was engaged in the repair of tank radio stations. Since 1951 head. radio department "Communication Bulletin". Since 1960 deputy. ch. ed., from 1962 ch. ed. "Svyazizdata" (since 1964 "Svyaz" publishing house). Since 1973 chap. editor w. Radio (circulation up to 1.5 million per year). He actively promoted the introduction of new radio and TV technology, incl. synchronous broadcasting and special effects on TV in the 50s. In 1975–82 he headed the Interdepartments. to-volume on creation and launch loves, communication satellites "Radio-1" and "Radio-2". Author of 9 books, several hundreds of Art. in tech. g. and gas., textbook for prof.-tech. uch-uch and schools. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1981).
GORON Isaak Evseevich (1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1982, Moscow), specialist in the region. broadcasting and sound recording, Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1944). He graduated in 1922 Moscow. higher tech. uch-shche. In 1925-29 he worked as Art. engineer Mosk. long distance telephone stations, in 1929-34 - early. Moscow radio broadcaster. tech. knot, actively participated in the creation of the country's first 30-line mechanic. TV system, which made it possible from 1931 to begin regular broadcasts from the studio on the street. Nikolskaya in Moscow. From 1938 ch. engineer State house of sound recording, in the construction of which he participated since 1934. In 1946 he was appointed director. Vses. n.-i. in-that sound recording. Supervised the design and commissioning of large radio broadcasting facilities. equipment, incl. the first automat. center, control room Mosk. radio broadcaster. node, the world's first simultaneous translation system (for the VI Congress of the Comintern). Main scientific. tr. associated with research. stereophonic systems broadcasting, development of the country's first tape recorders, video tape recorders, automatic. defendants, using the principles of ferrography and magn. flaw detection in the industry. G. headed the work on the restoration of sound recordings of previous years, in particular the speeches of V. I. Lenin. In 1928–82 he taught and taught scientific. work in Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications, headed the department of radio broadcasting and acoustics. Author of scientific. printed works, the textbook "Radio broadcasting" (2nd ed., M., 1979). Member editorial board "Radio amateur", "Electrosvyaz", since 1953 deputy. ch. ed. magazine "Radiotechnics". State pr. USSR (1979). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966).
Goronchik Shimon (1889, Veliony, Kovensky district and province - 1939), prose writer. In the years of the 1st world. war came to Lodz, where publ. his first stories, which attracted attention with a kind of depiction of local life. In 1918–20 he published poetry in some collection of books, and in 1921 he published the book. verse. "Feldbloomen" ("Wildflowers"). However, he soon began to write only prose. In 1924 his pov came out in Warsaw. Farplonterte vegn (Tangled Roads). Rum brought wide popularity. in two hours "In Geroish Fun Mashinen" ("In the Noise of Machines") and "1905". Subsequently G. publ. several more. novel: "The Masses" (1929), "Zump" ("Swamp", 1931), "Oifn Barg" ("On the Mountain", 1934), "Zvei Velten" (Two Worlds, 1935), biographer, rom. "Baym Shvel" ("At the threshold", 1936), several. collection of short stories. Several years he lived in Paris, from where in May 1939 he came to Warsaw. In the beginning. Sep 1939, when the Germans began bombing the city, he fled, hoping to get to Vilna, but on the way, he learned that owls were advancing. troops, committed suicide.
PEASES, see Volodarsk-Volynsky.
GOROSHOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Horoshovets in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1941 in Georgia, St. 10 Jews.
GOROVITS Shimon (1865, Lida, Vilna province - 1946, Motsa), rabbi and kabbalist. From 1882 - in E.-I. He studied at the Etz Chaim yeshiva, studied Kabbalah at the Beit-El yeshiva. In 1899 he went in search of ten tribes of Israel. Was in India, Tibet, China. In 1923 he published the book. about their travels. In 1906 he founded the Ashkenazi Kabbalistic. Yeshiva Shear Ha-Shamayim.
GOROVITS Vladimir Samoilovich (1904, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1989, New York), pianist. In 1921 he graduated from the Kiev cons., Where he studied with V.V. Pukhalsky, S.V. Tarnovsky and F.M. Blumenfeld. From 1925 he gave concerts in the USSR and Western countries. Europe. From 1928 he lived in the United States, his Amer. debut - execution of fp. parts in the 1st concert by P.I. Tchaikovsky. Until the end of his life he toured extensively in different countries, recorded many records. Among the students - B. Jainis. G. is one of the greatest virtuosos in the history of pianism, distinguished by brilliant technique, violent temperament, deeply individual sound creation, and over-expressive articulation. His interpretations of the works. romantic composers (F. List, A.N. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov, J. Brahms), to whom he most often turned in the 1920s and 1930s, are characterized by scale, inspired flight. break at the end. activity (1936–38) resumed it, significantly expanding in the 40s. the range of his programs, including the sonatas of L. Beethoven, fp. R. Schumann's cycles, op. Chopin, incl. his sonatas, Op. D. Scarlatti, M. Clementi, as well as manuf. modern composers. He was the first performer of S. Barber's sonatas, for the first time played in the USA the 6th, 7th, and 8th sonatas by S.S. Prokofiev, the 2nd and 3rd sonatas by D.B. Kabalevsky. G. did not give concerts, but very intensively recorded on records in the record companies R-C-Hey and "Columbia". From ser. 1960s a new stage of its end. activity was distinguished by a constant commitment to the romantic. style. He is the last of the great constellation of Russian pianists. school headed by A.G. Rubinstein. In the spring of 1986, he toured Russia with great triumph.
GORSHMAN Mendel Haimovich (1902, Borisov, Minsk Province - 1972, Moscow), graphic artist, illustrator, painter. Rod. in the family of a petty employee. He studied at the cheder. In 1920 he moved to Kostroma. In 1920–21 he studied at the Free Arts, the workshops of NN Kupreyanov and N.S. Iznar. In 1922-29 - at the VKHUTEMAS, where he was engaged in lithography under the hands. V.A. Favorsky, N.N. Kupreyanov, P.V. Miturich. From 1924 he collaborated in satirical poetry. g. and gaz., in the publishing house "Ever Emes" illustrated the children's book. "Fire" by S.Ya. Marshak (in Yiddish). In 1930–31 he created a series of easel watercolors dedicated to the life of Jews. s.-kh. communes in the Crimea, in 1933-34 with a group of Jews. artists (L.Ya.Zevin, I.M. Zisman, V.M. Midler) worked in Birobidzhan. Participation. in one of the last. official vyst. Heb. hud-kov, comp. in Moscow in 1936, - “Heb. ed. region and Heb. nat. areas in painting and graphics ". The landscapes of G., created as a result of numerous trips around the country, are characterized by balanced compositions with a developed first plan. For 45 years of work in the region. book graphics G. designed St. 50 editions, incl. works of the classics of Heb. literature by Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. Peretz, M. Moikher-Sforima. Genre motives marked G.'s plot lithographs "Dance of the Elderly", "Wedding Dance", "Party", "Conversation", "Talmudists", "In the Synagogue", "In a small shop" (all 1926), romance. expression - sheets to "Julis" by M. Daniel (1930), lyricism - ill. to the poem by IP Utkin "The Story of the Red-haired Motel ..." (Goslitizdat, 1932); sharp-grotesque "Cavalry" by I. Babel. (Goslitizdat, 1932), dramatic illus. to "Kabbalists" by I.-L. Peretz (Goslitizdat, 1940). G. - author of ill. to the book. "People and Gods" by Sholem-Asha ("Arts, Literature", 1964–65), "The Journey of Benjamin III" by M. Moikher-Sforim (Goslitizdat, 1961). One of the last major works of G. - 18 autolithographs - ill. to the novel Tevye the Milkman by Sholem Aleichem (1970–71, not published). Husband Sh.G. Gorshman. 1960s - early. 1970s created a gallery of portraits of cultural figures. A cycle of self-portraits by G. (late 1920s - 1971).
GORSHMAN Shira Grigorievna (1906, Kroki, Kovno province - 2001, Ashkelon, Israel), prose writer. During the 1st world. war moved with her parents to Odessa, where she graduated from school. Studied in Kaunas, Heb. bunk bed un-those. From 1923 she lived for a while in E.-I. I sat down. host. In 1929 she came to the Crimea, joined one of the agriculturalists. communes In 1930 she moved to Moscow. First stories publ. into gas. "Der Stern" and "Der Emes" in the beginning. 30s During the war years 1941-45 she was evacuated, printed in gas. "Einikite", on Sat. "Tsum zig" and zarub, Heb. ed. The first book. stories "Der koekh funlebn" ("The Power of Life") published in Moscow in 1948. In the 60-80s. often published stories and essays in f. "Sovetish gameland". The author of the book. "33 derceilungen" ("33 stories", Warsaw, 1961), "Licht un shotn" ("Light and shadow", M., 1977), "Yomtev inmitn voh" ("Mid-week holiday", M., 1984 ), etc. G. - a recognized master of everyday story, fanned with subtle humor, psychol. insight into the details. Since 1989 - in Israel, where she released two collection of articles. stories.
GORSKAYA (real family Fainberg) Rosalia Grigorievna (1891, [Bratslav]] Podolsk province - 1984, Leningrad), singer (lyric coloratura soprano). In 1913 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in the singing class of S.N. Gladkoy. In 1913–15 she was a soloist of the Kiev Opera House. In 1915 she made her debut on the stage of Petrograd. Nar. at home (until 1918, by A.R. Aksarin's enterprise). From 1918 to 1949 she was a soloist of Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet and at the same time. (until 1933) Leningrad. Small Opera House. In 1941 she was evacuated to Perm together with the t-rom, in which she continued to sing until 1943. She also performed as part of concert brigades in hospitals and military units in 1941-43. G.'s performance was distinguished by poetry, lightness of coloratura sound. G. sang in performances with the participation of FI Shalyapin and LV Sobinov, was the leading performer and complex soprano parts: Shemakhan Queen ("The Golden Cockerel" by NA Rimsky-Korsakov); Constanta ("The Abduction from the Seraglio" by W.A. Mozart, 1925); Rosina ("The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini), Martha ("The Tsar's Bride"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet" by C. Gounod). She performed in concerts. Honored. art. RSFSR (1933). In 1948-50 she taught at Leningrad. cons.
GORSKOE, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gorutskoe in the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the spring of 1942, apprx. 40 Jews.
GORUTSKOE, see Gorskoe Lviv region.
GORVITS Alexander Borisovich (Azef Berkovich (1897, Kiev - 1918, ibid.), Politician, activist. Born in the family of a businessman. Graduated from the government in Kiev (1913). In 1913–15 he studied at the Commercial Institute, from 1915 in Kazan University; member of the student organization of Social-Democratic internationalists, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the soldiers of the Kazan garrison.Since February 1917 in Kiev, propagandist of the RSDLP (b) committee, member of the editorial board newspaper "Voice of a Social Democrat." In April - the affairs of the Regional Congress of Soviets of the South-West Territory, since May, a member of the Kiev Committee of the RSDLP (b), the executive committee of the Kiev Council of Workers' Dep., since November - united Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies From the end of October, a member of the Kiev Revolutionary Committee for the preparation of an armed uprising In December 1917, at the Regional (Territorial) Congress of the RSDLP (Bolshevik), a member of the Chief Committee of Social-Democratic Party -tiy of Ukraine, at the 1st All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets of Ukraine (December 11-12, Kharkov) - a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine.In January 1918 he was sent to Kiev to prepare an armed uprising against the Central Rada, since January 15 member of the general city of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee, led the uprising in Pechersk. When trying to restore communication with other districts of the city cx vacated by supporters of the Center. Glad and brutally tortured. Solemnly reburied in Kiev on 31 January 1918.
GORVITS Martyn Isaevich (1837, Mogilev - 1883, Moscow), obstetrician-gynecologist. In 1860 he graduated from St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. In 1860–65 he improved his skills abroad. In 1868 he defended doc. dis. on the topic "The experience of teaching about miscarriage." In 1868–73 he worked at the Imp. petersburg. clinics midwife in-those. In 1870–75 he was a director. Mariinsky family. houses. Since 1875 - prof. obstetric and gynecological. clinics of St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. G. studied the issues of uterine pathology, pregnancy toxicosis, developed methods of local treatment for gynecology. diseases. The name of G. named one of the signs of short term pregnancy. Cit .: Clinical notes on gynecology, St. Petersburg, 1871; On the indomitable vomiting of pregnant women, St. Petersburg, 1882; Guide to patol. and therapy of the female genital area, St. Petersburg., 4.1–2, 1882–83.
GORVITZ Shaul Chaim (1820, Vilna - 1915, Jerusalem), rabbi. 1865–83 - Rabbi of Dubrovno. From 1883 - in E.-I. Rabbi Mea-Shearim. He founded the yeshiva "Mea-Shearim" and the talmud-torah "Pri Etz-Chaim".
GORVITZ Yosef Gershon (1869, Vormits Minsk, province - 1951, Jerusalem), rabbi, one of the leaders of the "Mizrahi" in E.-I. R. in the family of a rabbi. From the age of 8 he studied with his uncle (mother's brother) Sh.-Kh. Horvits. From 1884 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshivas in Jerusalem. Since 1895, Rabbi Mea-Shearim. He headed the Yeshiva and Talmud Torah “Pri Etz-Chaim”. The first among Jerusalem, the rabbis entered the "Mizrahi". He founded and headed a branch of the party in Jerusalem. Delegate of the first congress of "Mizrahi". Honorary President of the Party.
MOUNTAINS, now part of the city of Krasnystav (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the village of Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province. 118 Jews lived in Georgia in 1897.
GORYACHEVODSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1966) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pyatigorsky u. Tersk Region In 1939, 83 Jews lived in Georgia.
GORYACHINSK, a village in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky district Transbaikal Region. In 1911, Jews accounted for 20% of the population of Georgia. some of the Jews were represented by exiled settlers.
HOT KEY, city (since 1965) in Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main as a resort in 1864. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinodar district. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Georgia.
GORYNGRAD PERSHIY, a village in the Rivne district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 40 Jews lived in Georgia, 54 in 1787, 316 in 1847, 380 in 1863, and 380 in 1897. 540 (28%), in 1921 - 307 Jews (15%) In 1777, the city of Petrograd received city rights. There was a synagogue in 1863. In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues. In the 20th century. the rabbis of G.P. were Gordon, then Malinna (before the Holocaust). June 26, 1941 ukr. the police shot 25 Jews. On July 6-7, a pogrom was organized in G.P., during which approx. 70 people Subsequently, the Jews of G.P. were sent to the Tuchin ghetto. G.Ya. Tsam.
GORYSHKOVKA, a village in Tomashpolsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1887, the Jews of Georgia constituted 22.8% of the population, 376 Jews (17.6%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In 1889, Georgia had a synagogue. Between 1883 and 1885, Arie-Leibush Vexer (1860—?) Was rabbi in Georgia, and Nokhum-Aaron Malamud (1848—?) From 1885. During the Holocaust, 17 Jews were killed in Georgia.
GORYUNOV (real fam. Bendel) Anatoly Iosifovich (1902, Moscow - 1951, ibid.), Actor. In 1920 he entered the 3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater (since 1926 - the Vakhtangov Theater), where he played his first role - Truffaldino ("Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi, 1922). He had a bright comedic talent. Among the roles: Celestin ("Intervention" by L.I. Slavin, 1933), Benedict ("Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare, 1936), Governor ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1939), Sancho Panza (" Don Quixote ”by MABulgakov after M. Servantes, 1941), Colonel (“ Mademoiselle Nitush ”by F. Erve, 1946), Globa (“ Russian people ”by K. M. Simonov, 1942), etc. Impressively and sharply played negative roles: Ivan Babichev ("The Conspiracy of Feelings" by Yu.K. Olesha, 1929), Baron Nyussenzhen ("The Human Comedy" after O. Balzac, 1934), the monk Akaki ("The Great Sovereign" by V.A.Soloviev, 1945), etc. A special place in the work of G. plays the role of Hamlet ("Hamlet" by Shakespeare, 1932). Following an unconventional interpretation of the tragedy dir. N.P. Akimov, G. introduced Hamlet as an ambitious power-hungry man. Joint. with A.I. Remizova G. post. "Dangerous Turn" by J. Priestley (1940). Was the head. staged and lit. parts, deputy. hands. T-ra them. Evgeny Vakhtangov. Since 1927 teacher Theater, uch-shcha them. B.V.Shchukin at the Theater. Evgeny Vakhtangov, since 1931 - GITIS. Filmed in the roles of Loiseau ("Pyshka", 1934), director. f-ki Glinka ("Three Comrades", 1935), Karasik ("Goalkeeper", 1936) and others. Became. etc. (1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1946).
Proud, see Gargzhdai.
GORZHKOV, see Gorzkow-Siege.
HORZKOVICE, see Hoškovice
GORZKOW-OSADA, a village in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Gorzhkov Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province. 227 Jews (55.6%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 303 (47.2%) in 1897, and 434 Jews in 1921. The rabbi in Georgia was Naftoli Topel. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
GOSHANI, see Gradovka, Lviv region.
GOSCHA, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 338 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1886 - 678, in 1897 - 884 (42.3%), in 1921 - 881 Jew (36.3%) Jews who have lived in Georgia since the 16th century suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In the 19th century. in G. there was a synagogue. In 1889-1903 J. Lamden was the rabbi. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. 20 May 1942, 670 Jews were shot in Georgia, 23 Sept. 1942 - c. 500 Jews in G. R. Fink.
GOSCHIN, a city (since 1425) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Groetskiy u. In 1808, 67 Jews (9%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 99 (12%), in 1857 - 110 (14%), in 1897 - 185, and in 1927 - 185 Jews (15%). settled in G. at the end. 18th century Engaged in the main. purchase of agricultural - x. products and supply of local landowners prom. goods. In the end. 19th century some began to master crafts. On Saturdays and holidays, people gathered at home for prayer. On weekdays there was no minyan. After the occupation of Georgia by Wehrmacht units in 1939, Jews were expelled from the city in February. 1941 sent to the Warsaw ghetto.
GOSZKOWICE, a city in Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. From 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Gorzkovice Petrokovsky u. In 1897, 273 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 648 (42%), and in 1939 - 650 Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s, along with small traders and artisans, several Jews lived in Georgia. cr. timber merchants. One of them, Herman Winter, due to his extensive activities, received the nickname "King of the Polish forests". The Jews also owned a sawmill and a mill. In the 1920s. in G. the "Trade Union of Jewish Artisans and Small Traders" was created. In 1926, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened, and the city of Georgia became independent at the beginning. 1920s The rabbis of Georgia were Shmuel Davidovich, and from 1928, Yosef Shapiro. The synagogue was built in 1927. The community had a self-help fund and social assistance organizations. In the beginning. 1920s were opened two Jewish libraries, with which the decomp. mugs. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of Georgia increased to 1,500. due to the influx of large numbers of refugees. The Judenrat was created (formerly Gershon Altman). In oct. 1942 approx. 1,500 Jews were sent to Treblinka.
HOTELS, region within the city of Plavinas (Republic of Latvia). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Glazmanka (other name. Dunkern) Dinaburgsky, since 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 192 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1064 (45.7%), in 1920 - 544 (61.9%), in 1930 - 635 (24%), in 1935 - 504 Jews (54%) In 1875-1916 Shoylom-Doiv-Ber Zeligman was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1888 in Georgia, as a result of a fire, St. 40 Jewish houses and several. dozens of shops, St. 60 Jewish families were left homeless. In the beginning. 20th century a cell of the Bund functioned in Georgia; in 1905 a roar was created. to-t. Jan 8 1906 a pogrom took place in Georgia. On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, Georgia had four synagogues. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. From the beginning. 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews left Georgia; during the fighting, 3 synagogues were destroyed. In 1918-19, Georgia was alternately occupied by German, Russian, and Estonian. and latv. troops. In the beginning. 1920s The Joint provided funds for the renovation of 220 Jewish houses and one of the synagogues, with its help a mutual assistance fund was created, and the services of a Jewish doctor were paid for. Since 1921 the bunker worked. Jewish school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1927, the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim" was created in Georgia; in 1936 "Beit-Yosef" in memory of the rabbi of the Hasidic community, Yosef Ruzhin (1858-1936). The yeshiva, headed by Rabbi Hillel Horowitz, taught young men from Georgia, neighboring towns and Riga. Out of 3 synagogues of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. one was Hasidic. Post ch. Rabbi G. pl. years were occupied by Jehiel Friedman (1847-1937), who was considered the spiritual leader of the community. After his death, Yeshayagu-Hanoch Barkman (? -1941) from Riga became a rabbi. In the 1920s. in G. there were cells "Tseirei Zion", "Ge-Halutz" - Bund. In 1935 Jews owned 43 prom. production from 52. After the occupation of Germany by the Germans. troops almost all the Jews of Georgia were exterminated in August. 1941.
GOSTOMEL, urban-type settlement (since 1938) of the Irpen City Council, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1496. from the 16th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. 916 Jews (45.8%) lived in Georgia in 1897, and 165 Jews (3.5%) in 1939. In 1863, Georgia had a synagogue. Since 1906, Joseph-Leib Karabelnikov (1876—?) Was the rabbi. 20 - 21 oct. 1905 a pogrom perpetrated by the peasants of the surrounding villages took place in Georgia (23 shops and 17 houses belonging to Jews were looted). In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from raids by bandit detachments; on Sept. In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Georgia (almost all Jews fled; the remaining Nota Goldman saved the Torah scrolls from the destroyed synagogue). During the famine of 1921-22 many. Jews moved to Kiev and other cities. In 1999, approx. 20 Jews S.Ya. Elisavetsky
GOSTYNIN, a city (since 1382) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Plock province. In 1856 634 Jews (20%) lived in Georgia, in 1862 - 785 (24%), in 1897 - 1849 (27%), in 1921 - 1831 (27%). in 1939 there were 269 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the 15th century. In 1710 a wooden synagogue was built. In 1765, 157 Jews over one year old lived in Georgia. In 1823-62, Jews were allowed to live only in a special quarter. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Jews earned their living by small trade and crafts, there were several. cr. traders of timber, grain and wool. The Jews owned workshops for knitting stockings, a mill; suppliers supplied the garrison in G. with Rus. army builds. materials and other necessary goods. There were many constructions among the Jews of G. workers - masons, carpenters, plasterers, masons, glaziers, etc. In the middle. 19th century a Jewish doctor worked in G. During Polsk. uprisings of 1863–64, Jews supported the insurgents and helped them. 20th century In G., there were Polish cells. s.-d. parties, which included many Jewish workers, as well as the Bund and Poalei Zion cells. A library was opened, which was also a Jewish youth club. In 1905, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was created. 19th century in tech. For 40 years the rabbi of G. was Ichiel-Meir Lifshitz (1810-1888), one of the students of Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk (1787-1859). In the last. years of his life Lifshits headed the Hasidic dynasty and was known as Rabbi from Gostynin; he also became the prototype of the hero rum. Sh. Asha "Der Tyilim id". After Lifshits's death, Rabbi Yoav-Yehoshua became the rabbi of G., who founded a yeshiva in Georgia. In 1895-1907 the rabbi was Chaim-Meshulam Otterman (1861—?), Until 1921 - David Sylman (1880—?), One of the leaders of the Mizrahi movement in Poland, then Itzhok-Meir Bornstein, who died during the Holocaust. -x years a private school with teaching in Hebrew "Torah ve-daas" operated in G. During the 1st world. war grew. the authorities accused the Jews of Georgia of providing assistance to Germany (several people, including the rabbi and the elders of the community, were arrested). Since 1915, there have been divisions. Jewish parties and movements. In the same year the organization "Thia" was founded, where sports worked. sections and dramas. circle. In 1918-19 a wave of Jewish pogroms swept across Georgia. In the 1920s. the United Workers' Union was created, with the support of the Joint, a branch of the People's Bank and a mutual credit fund were opened. There were cheders and a girls' school "Beis Yaakov", there was a library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew. The club was opened. Sports worked under the Bund cell. club. Sep 1939 G. was occupied by parts of the Germans. army. A synagogue was burned on Yom Kippur. In the summer of 1940, a ghetto was created, where approx. 2500 people, including approx. 650 refugees from neighboring towns. In aug. 1941 all able-bodied Jews were transferred to the camp in Yanukov. The remaining old people, women, children and the sick in April. 1942 were taken to the extermination camp in Chelmno. S. Isban.
GOTLIB Adolf Davidovich (1910, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Pianist, teacher. In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from K.N. Igumnov, in 1935 - a theater expert. Faculty of GITIS. In 1936–49 he taught a class of fp. ensemble in Muz. uch-shche at Moscow. conservatory. In 1941-44 he was a teacher of the FP class. and fp. ensemble at the Saratov Conservatory (it included the evacuated Moscow Conservatory). Since 1955 - prof. and head. Department of the chamber ensemble Muz.-pedagogical. in-ta them. Gnesins. In 1959 G. organized in in-those and was thin. hands. first student. chamber orchestra, to-ry in 1960 became the collective of the All-Union Touring and Concert Association (VGKO). Since 1927, for over forty years, he played together with his brother M. Gottlieb in fp. duet. Performed, the style of the duet G. was distinguished by the perfection of the ensemble and ensemble technique, a temperamental, romantically upbeat character. Adolf and Mikhail G. gave a lot of concerts, performed on Vses. radio. The duo's repertoire included all meaning works written for 2 php. B.ch. the repertoire consisted of arr. and transcriptions for 2 ph., made by G. He also owns works on the theory of performance, incl. "Basics of Ensemble Technique" (1970), as well as numerous. articles about performing, the work of pianists - E.G. Gilels, Y.V. Flier, G.R. Ginzburg, Y.I. Zak, L.N. Oborin, G.G. and SG Neigauzov et al. art. RSFSR (1969).
GOTLIB Emmanuil Davidovich (1908, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1991, Kharkov), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In 1929-30 - before. collective farm. Since 1930 in Kr. Army. In 1937 he graduated from the Khabarovsk military-polit. uch-shche. During the battles at the lake. Hasan (1938) was awarded a medal. At the front since November 1942. Deputy. com. regiment, Major G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the river. Ojo. Under G.'s command, the company repulsed 16 enemy counterattacks. When crossing the river, G. saved the bridge by cutting the line of a land mine already set on fire by the enemy. Colonel retired from 1959. He worked as a deputy. dir. Ukrainian Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry in Kharkov. He was awarded the 6th order. Member of the anti-Zionist campaign of the 1970s.
GOTLIB Yehoshua (1882, Pinsk, Minsk province - after 1940), society. activist, journalist. Zionist. began his activity in 1913, in 1916 he became a member. center, to-that Zionist. org-tion in Poland. Published Art. in Warsaw gas. in Yiddish "Hint" (1919-35) and "Moment" (1935-39), was one of the prominent journalists and writers of his time. In 1935 he was elected to the Seim. In 1927–34 he was before. Warsaw. Association of Journalists, in 1924-39 - member. Warsaw. Council of Heb. communities. G. - one of the founders of the World faction. Zionist. org-tion "Et Livnot" ("Time to Build"), which supported the "expanded Heb. agency". On behalf of his faction, G. actively advocated the 4th aliyah (since 1924), the edges were in the main. of Polish Jews cf. class. When the 2nd world began. war, fled to Pinsk, where, after the occupation of the city of owls. troops, was arrested. According to one version, G. died in prison in Poland, according to another, he was sent to Kazakhstan.
GOTLIB Mark Ilyich (1862, Chisinau - 1926, ibid.), Entrepreneur, public figure. Graduated from the city of Chisinau, higher. tech. educated in Munich. St. spent two years on probation in the USA, then returned to Chisinau, where he became a tenant, and in 1919 the owner of a mechanic. and cast-iron w-yes. One of the leading figures in Heb. nat. movement in Bessarabia. Delegate of the 12th World Zionist. Congr. (1921, Carlsbad). Prev Board of the Bank "Palestine-Bessarabia", before. local Zionist, org-tion, Council of Chisinau Hebrews. b-tsy and Heb. school "Trud", vice-pre, trade.-prom. chambers, before. board of the Ort society and crafts. bank, before. refugee to-that, activist of a number of other Heb. org-tion, vowel of the Chisinau mountains. Duma, ch. emissary Heb. nat. Fund ("Keren Kaemet") in Bessarabia.
GOTLIB Mikhail Davidovich (1907, Yaroslavl - 1978, Moscow), pianist, teacher, composer. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. K.N. Igumnova. In 1932–35 he taught php. game of Moose. uch-shche at Moscow. conservatory. From 1938 he taught courses on instrumentation and reading scores for the military. f-those Mosk. Conservatory (since 1948 - Institute of Military Conductors, since 1960 - Military Conducting Faculty of the Conservatory). Since 1971 - prof. Soloist of the All-Union Radio. Since 1927 he gave concerts with his brother A. Gottlieb as part of the famous fp. duet. G. the author is numerous. transcriptions for 2 ph., as well as manuf. for brass band. He owns several. music-methodical works, incl. "Course of reading scores" (1956, jointly with Ya.M. Kaabak and E.P. Makarov), "Practical course for reading scores" (1960, jointly with Ya.M. Kaabak and E.P. Makarov), " A manual on instrumentation for leaders of amateur brass bands ”(1961, jointly with NA Zudin) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968).
GOTLOBER Avrom-Ber (1811, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1889, Bialystok), poet, playwright. Rod. in the cantor's family. Experienced the influence of Hasidism. I was engaged in self-education and gave lessons. He fled to Tarnopol from the military. service. Here, under the influence of iz. enlightener I. Perla joined the Maskilim movement. Subsequently, he changed his views on the Palestinian. He wrote poetry in Yiddish and composed melodies for them. In 1837 he wrote the first. the play "Der Dektuh" ("Cover"), which was distributed in manuscript and was published only in 1876 in Warsaw. In 1851 he passed the exams for a teacher in Zhitomir, a rabbi, a school and worked as a teacher in Hebrew. school in Kamenets-Podolsk, in Starokonstantinov, then a rabbi, school in Zhitomir. 40s to 70s G. wrote his best works. in Yiddish - fables, didactic. poems and dramas, many of which were found and published only in the 20th century. In 1876 he founded a railway station in Dubno. Ga-boker op. Research is of particular value. G. on the history of the Karaites and memoirs about Heb. writers.
GOTMAN Jean (b. 1915, Kharkov), geographer, economist. Graduated from Paris University (1937). In 1937–40, a scientific assistant. work at the University of Paris. Since 1941 - in the USA. In 1942–44 he was a consultant to the Council on the methods of conducting economics. wars in the administration of foreign economy (Washington), at the same time. (1942–61) sotr. Institute for continuing education of Princeton University, in 1945-48 prof. at the University of J. Hopkins. In 1945–46, planning advisor to Franz. pr-ve (Paris). In 1946–47 at the UN (New York). Prev Int. Commission for the Study of Regional Planning (1949-52). In 1949–55 at the Paris University. In 1956-61, he directed work at the XX Century Foundation. (New York). Since 1959 at the Institute for the Study of Politics. Member pl. amer. and French. geographer. about-in.
GOTMAN Yakov Davydovich (1904, Warsaw - 1988, Moscow), geologist and mineralogist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical. sciences. After graduation in 1929 Moscow. state University worked at the Institute of Applied Mineralogy (later All-Union Institute of Metals and Alloys, VIMS). From 1931 he taught at Moscow. oil. in-those, in 1939–41 in Moscow. geological prospecting institute them. S. Ordzhonikidze. In 1941–44 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Tsv. metallurgy of the USSR, from 1944 - again in VIMS. scientific. tr. associated with the development of methods of quantities, mineralogical. analysis of polymetallic. and copper ores. In 1930-32 he made the first quantities, mineralogical. a map of the ore deposit in Kounrad, edges provided rational methods of processing Kounrad ores. Developed a method for the manufacture of transparent thin sections and loose rocks, a mineralogical method. well core sampling. Made creatures, contributed to the creation. doctrine of typomorphism, described the typomorphic features of cassiterite. Studied petrography of tin ore provinces, gave a summary description of tin minerals. Formulated the search criteria, on the basis of which a deposit of new types of rare metals was discovered. raw materials and a new ore district. Research the problem of ore sources. Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Honored. active Science and Technology of the RSFSR, Works: Mineralogich. Kounrad's map and the method of its compilation, M.-L., 1936; Vein alteration of granite rocks of a tungsten deposit in Kazakhstan, M., 1965 (with V.M. Malakhova).
GOTS Abram Rafailovich (1882, Shavli, Kovno province - 1940, Nizhny Irgash of Krasnoyarsk region), polit. activist, grandson of the tea merchant V.Ya. Vysotsky, brother of M.R. Gots. He graduated from a real school in Moscow. Into the roar. movement since 1896, adjacent to the North. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1900 he entered the Philosophy. Faculty of Berlin University, participated in the Halle-Heidelberg circle of "young" SRs. From the spring of 1906 - member. Combat organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1907 he was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor, which he served in the Alexander Central (Irkutsk province). In 1915 he went to a settlement in Irkutsk, where he became close to the group "sib. Zimmerwaldovites "- exiled Mensheviks (IG Tsereteli, FI Dan and others) and Socialist-Revolutionaries (MA Vedenyapin and others). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 participated in the creation. in Irkutsk K-that societies, org-tions, the Council of workers and soldiers. dep. and Military. org-tion; personally arrested the general-lips. East Siberia A.I. Pilts. In March he returned to Petrograd. Member Executive Committee Petrograd. Council and its Bureau, leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary faction. In the days of Apr. crisis was a member of the commission for negotiations with the pr-vom. From ser. May - member. Of the Executive Committee of Vseros. Council cross, dep., Com. (deputy) prev. Petrogr. Council. At the end of May - early. June - delegate to the 3rd Congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, elected member. Central Committee. In June - a participant of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. Pres. To the CEC of the 1st convocation. In the days of July he was a member of the commission "but the restoration of order in the capital." On Sept., During the work of Democratic. meeting, voted for a coalition with the Cadets. In oct. - member Pre-Parliament and its Pres. On the night of October 25. participated in the joint meeting in the Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the Soviet cross, dep., condemning the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. 25 oct. headed the Committee for the salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution, participated in the preparation of weapons. performances by cadets on October 29. After the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov campaign against Petrograd, he went to Headquarters (Mogilev), where he tried to gather forces for a new campaign, but this plan also failed. All R. nov. elected to the Founding. collection from the Penza province. After dispersal, will establish. assembly participated in the combat work of the Social Revolutionaries, formed arms. gr. and was engaged in their transfer to the Volzhsky fr., then led the party, work in Odessa, chl. Southrus. Bureau of the Central Committee of the Social Revolutionaries. In 1920 owls were arrested. by the authorities, in 1922 he was sentenced by the Revolutionary Tribunal to death, commuted in 1924 to 5 years in prison. Then he was repeatedly repressed on charges of anti-Sov. activities. In 1939 he was sentenced to 25 years in prison, died in Kraslag.
GOTS Mikhail (Moisey, Movsha) Rafailovich (literary ps. M. Rafailov) (1866, Moscow - 1906, Berlin), polit. activist, grandson of the tea merchant V.Ya. Vysotsky, brother of A.R. Gots. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. ziyu, in 1885–86 he studied at the honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. Into the roar. movement from the beginning. 1880s Since 1885, members and one of the hands. Moscow center, the group "Narodnaya Volya", organized its underground printing house, was in charge of relations with emigration, led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In oct. 1886 arrested, in 1888 exiled to adm. order in Vost. Siberia. The participant is armed. speeches watered. exiles against the arbitrariness of adm. in Yakutsk (March 1889), was seriously wounded. Yakut military. the court sentenced to eternal hard labor. In 1895, under an amnesty, he went to a settlement in Kurgan, Tobolsk province, worked in gas. "Steppe region", "East. review ", w. "Rus. wealth". In 1899 he settled in Odessa, was in charge of the local department. firm Vysotsky. In 1901 he went abroad, one of the creation. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and members. its Central Committee. Financed by ed. party press organs: "Bulletin of Rus. rev-tion "and gas. "Roar. Russia ”(one of its editors), a representative of the Central Committee in the Combat Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, participated in the development of the plans of a number of terrorists. acts. In March 1903, an Italian was arrested in Naples. the police, to-paradise intended to extradite him grew. authorities, after the protests the world. public released. In 1905, despite a serious illness, he actually became the head of the foreign country. the work of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He died after removing a spinal cord tumor. Buried in Geneva. Works: Mosk. center, group "Nar. will ". (1883 1885). (Excerpt from an unpublished biography), in the book: Narodnaya Volya after March 1, 1881. Sat. Art. and materials. M., 1928.
GOTWALD, see Serpent.
GOVARCHEV, see Govarchuv.
GOVARCHUV, city (from 1430) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1844 - Posad Govarchev Konsky Radom Province. 457 Jews (43.5%) lived in Georgia in 1827, 644 (50%) in 1857, 681 (45%) in 1897, 508 (33%) in 1921, and 450 Jews in 1939. The Jewish community of Georgia was subordinate to the Konska community (present-day Konske), but maintained its own rabbi. Before the 1st world. the war rabbi G. was Eibschitz. In G. there were several. synagogues, including Gursky, Alshinovsky and Radoshitsky Hasids, heders, an old Jewish cemetery. In the 1870s. Mordkhe Zilberman was the rabbi in Georgia; in the 1890s. - Yankel Brockman. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Jews owned several. sawmills. The Jews also owned 4 small metal-working enterprises; Jews rented dairy farms, taverns, and shanks in Georgia and neighboring villages. Most of the artisans were tailors and shoemakers. Departments of Zionist parties, the youth organization "Dror", and "Agudas Israel" worked. In 1917-18, anti-Semitic demonstrations by the local Polish became more active in Georgia. population, which led to the pogrom, in the course of which several were killed. Jews. The intervention of the army was able to stop the pogrom. 2nd world. During the war, a large number of refugees appeared in Georgia. The number of Jews has reached 1,000 people. On Sept. 1942 all Jews were sent to Treblinka. In the town of Yuzefov, which was part of the G.'s community, a work camp was set up, where Jews were brought from the surrounding towns and villages. In 1943 the camp was destroyed. I. Rabon.
GOVOROVO, a city in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Ostrolensky u. Lomzhinskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 1,844 Jews (88%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 1,228 (23%), in 1931 - 1,085 Jews. Jews settled in Georgia in the first half. 18th century At that time, 97 Jews lived in Georgia and were independent. a community that contained a synagogue and a cemetery. The G. community also included Jews from neighboring villages. In 1892, the Jews of Georgia included 30 artisans (out of 49): 12 tailors, 5 shoemakers, 3 tinsmiths, 2 saddlers, 2 carpenters, a watchmaker, a cooper, and others; there were also butchers and bakers. The Jewish population of Georgia consisted of the Vork, Gur, and Alexander Hasids. The rabbis of Georgia in the 19th century were Aron-Shloyme-Zalman Klepfish (? -1885), Yaakov-Yehuda Kagana-Bochan. In 1912, there was a savings and loan. t-in. During the 1st world. war rabbi G. Alter-Moishe-Mordhe Burshtein and several. community members were arrested rus. authorities on charges of spying for Germany. In the summer of 1915, G. suffered greatly from art. shelling and fires. Mn. Jews left Georgia and returned there only after parts of the Germans arrived in Georgia. army. In 1918, Polish soldiers. the army that occupied G. beat Jews, burned and destroyed their houses and property. After the end of the 1st world. war with the support of the Joint was built several. synagogues. The Jews owned sawmills, mills, concrete production plant, and a generating station. Was conducted cr. trade in timber, grain and livestock. Tradesmen and artisans united in trade unions. A branch of the Credit Bank worked. There were branches and cells of Jewish parties and movements. 8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered the city on 21 Sept. 1939 all Jews of Georgia (about 2 thousand people) were burnt alive in a synagogue. Those who managed to escape were evicted from Georgia to the territory. THE USSR. A memorial sign has been erected at the site of the burnt synagogue.
GOVRIN (Globman-Hayet) Akiva (1902, Shmekov, Podolsk province. - 1980, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. One of the founders of the Ge-Halutz movement in Ukraine. From 1922 - in E.-I. He was a worker, one of the creatures. Slave. council in Jerusalem. Founder prof. servants headed it. Member slave. council of Histadrut, one of the leaders of the professional association. An active figure in Mapai. Throughout many. years was a member. Knesset from Mapai, before factions in the Knesset and before. coalition.
GOIKHBARG Alexander Grigorievich (1883 - 1962, Moscow), lawyer. Privat Assoc. Petersburg. un-that. In 1904-17 - a member of the RSDLP (Menshevik), sred. gas. "New life". After Oct. 1917 on the side of the Sov. authorities, in 1919–24 - member. RCP (b). In 1918, members. Collegiums of the NKJu RSFSR. Participant citizen war, in 1919 in the East. fr., in 1920 p. Sib. Revolutionary Committee, ed. gas. "Sov. Siberia ", region. Commissioner of Justice, prosecutor at the process of Kolchak mines. in Omsk. In 1921-23 - member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Justice, simultaneously. member and before. Small Council of People's Commissars. From 1921 to 1924 he took part in the development of the Sov. legislation of the first period of the NEP and supervised the work on the preparation of Civil. Code of the RSFSR, was dir. Institute of Sov. rights. In the end. 1940s arrested, imprisoned until 1956. In the 1930s-40s. - in legal counseling work in the People's Commissariat of external. Trade of the USSR, Vol. law, M., 1923; Compare family law, M., 1927; Essays on households. law, M., 1927; Civil course process, M., 1928; Canada, M., 1942.
GOZENPUD Abram Akimovich (b. 1908, Kiev), musicologist, literary critic. Dr. philological Sciences (1962). Graduated in 1930 lit. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. education; studied history and theory of music. Literary critic, he began his activity under the guidance of A.I.Beletsky. In 1934–46 he taught at the higher theater, and music. uch. institutions in Kiev and Sverdlovsk, was engaged in scientific activities, appeared in print as a theater, and muses. criticism. In 1948–49 he was in charge of literary part of the Small T-ra in Moscow. Since 1953 - senior researcher. an employee of the music sector, since 1979 professor-consultant Leningrad. state in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography. G. is the author of a musicologist, philological, theater expert. works, translator into Russian. and ukr. lang. op. W. W. Shakespeare, F. Schiller, A. Mitskevich, G. Hauptmann, Lesya Ukrainka (in Russian). Posted by libre. opera by V.Ya.Shebalin "The Taming of the Shrew" (after Shakespeare, 1957). Among the most means. musicologist. G.'s works - "Musical Theater in Russia: From the Origins to Glinka" (L., 1959), "Russian Soviet Opera House (1917-1941): Essays on History" (L., 1963), "Opera Dictionary" (M. -L., 1965), "Ways and Crossroads: English and French Drama of the XX century" (1967), "Russian Opera House" (book. 1-5, 1836-1917, L., 1969), "Dostoevsky and Music" (Leningrad, 1971) and others. He studies the works of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1953), N.V. Lysenko (1954), A.K. Glazunov and P.I. Tchaikovsky (1959), M. A. Balakireva (1961).
GOZENPUD Matvey Akimovich (1903, Kiev - 1961, Novosibirsk), composer, pianist, teacher. In 1921 he graduated from the Kiev Conservatory, class of composition R.M. Glier, class of fp. - G.N.Beklemisheva (also studied under F.M. Blumenfeld). In 1933 he became a diploma holder of the 1st All-Union Union. competition of musicians-performers in Moscow. In 1929–49. taught FP classes. and compositions at the Kiev Conservatory, in 1935-49 - prof. and at the same time. (1923–49) taught php. game in Kiev muses. uch-shche. In 1951-52 - prof. Alma-Ata Conservatory, in 1953–61 he lived in Novosibirsk, where he headed the Department of Philosophy. at the conservatory. Among his students is I.N. Shamo. Author of Ch. arr. manuf. for fp., distinguished by virtuosity and complexity of texture, followed the traditions of the romantic. music, the most noticeable influence of Op. A.N. Skryabin. In the end. 1940 - early. 1950s G. paid much attention to the nar. music; he wrote suites on the theme of Hebrews. (1939), ukr. (1948), Kaz. (1953) songs. Other works include the opera Aladdin's Lamp (1947), 3 symphony. (1938, 1939, 1946), concerts with orc. for php. (1929-53), for violin; manuf. for chamber instruments. ensembles; 4 sonatas for piano; choirs, romances, songs.
GOZHANSKY Samuil Naumovich (Naftalievich) (party and literary ps. - Teacher, Joseph, Lona, etc.) (1867, village Narovlya, Grodno province - 1943), polit. activist, publicist. He graduated from teaching, seminary in Vilna (1888). From the beginning. 1890s Social-Democratic participant movement. In 1891–95 created. and hands. Heb. workers of the Social-Democrats circles in Vilna and Bialystok, author of a number of propaganda campaigns. brochures in Yiddish ("Wages", "Surplus value", "On fate"), published illegally in the 1890s. and widely used in Heb. workers' circles up to the 1910s. In the brochure Letters to Agitators (1893–94), he argued that Heb. workers will be able to achieve social. justice, speaking as an independent. detachment of the world. working movement under the hands. own. party. On Feb. 1896 G. was arrested in Bialystok, in 1897 he was exiled to the adm. order for 5 years in the Yakutsk region., for an attempt to escape transferred to Verkhoyansk. In 1902 he returned to Europe. Russia, entered the Warsaw Bund organization, and was soon co-opted into its Central Committee. In May 1905 he was arrested at a meeting of the Vilna committee of the Bund, was soon released and left for Switzerland, where he studied literary and publicist. activities. In 1906 he returned to Russia, worked in the center, the organ of the Bund gas. "Volkszeitung", participated in the elections to the 2nd State. thought. In 1907 sec. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (London). He was arrested several times. During the 1st world. war lived in Tula. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, ed. gas. Bund "Dos professional lebn". In oct. 1917 members Time. Council Ros. Rep. (Pre-parliament). In 1918 he left the Bund, from 1919 he was a member. RCP (b), but from an active polit. life has departed. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. Cit .: Zionism and the interests of Jewish. proletariat, in the same name. Sat, London, 1903; Heb. proletariat, St. Petersburg, 1906.
GRABOV, see Grabow.
GRABOVETS, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1268. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 7 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, and 105 Jews (6.8%) in 1921. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century In the beginning. 20th century most of them dealt with. x-vom, in the main. livestock and poultry farming. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.
GRABSKY Mikhail Isaakovich (1923, Kiev - 2007, St. Louis, Florida, USA), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1941. Tankman sergeant G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the battles during the liberation of the city of Fastov.
GRABOW, a city in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the town of Grabov Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 there were 8 Jews in Georgia, in 1808 - 118 (33%), in 1827 - 348 (50%), in 1857 - 514 (56%), in 1897 - 640 (63%), in 1921 - 915 (58%), in 1939 - approx. 800 Jews. In 1372-1807, Georgia had the status of a city. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Jews in Georgia were engaged in the rental of tractors. In the 1890s. Rabbi G. was Nachman Kubalsky, then his son Yehuda-Leib, in the 1900s. - Yankel Kantor. In the beginning. 1920s Rabbi G. was Yosef-Osher Fish. Last the rabbi was Elimelech Hallstock. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and youth movements. Jews of Georgia in April. 1942 were sent to the extermination camp in Chelmno.
GRACH Eduard Davidovich (b. 1930, Odessa), violinist, conductor, teacher. Initially he studied in Odessa, in muses. school to them. PS Stolyarsky, in 1942–44 (in connection with the evacuation during the war) - in the Novosibirsk muses. school with I.A. Gutman, from 1944 in Moscow to the Center. muses. school in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1958 graduate school (in connection with the death of Yampolsky - from D.F. Oistrakh). 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. competition (Budapest, 1949), 3rd ave. for the Intern. competition them. M. Long - J. Thibault (Paris, 1955). Since 1975 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Since 1990 prof. Moscow cons. Among the students A.V. Anchevskaya, L.S. Shakhmatova, E.V. Grechishnikov, E.G. Kuperman. Gives master classes in China, Hong Kong, Czechoslovakia, South. Korea. Member jury pl. int. contests. Also acts as a violist and conductor. Created by an orc. from students of Moscow. cons. (all violinists are students of his class), whose first performance took place in 1992–93 at a mono festival dedicated to memory of Yampolsky in the Great Horse Hall. (Moscow). In the repertoire of G. St. 500 manuf. He recorded 50 gramophone records. First performer pl. manuf. owls. composers (including those dedicated to him). Among them are "Poem in memory of D.F.Oistakh" by E.F. Svetlanov, concerts for violin and orchestra by N.I. Peiko, Y. -th, the latter begins with a theme built on sounds corresponding to the name of the sequence of letters in them. and the musician's family). The repertoire also includes Heb. plays: "Three Prayers" by E. Bloch, "Heb. melody "I.Akhron and others. Tours in pl. countries of the world. Honored. art. RSFSR (1974). Nar. art. RSFSR (1987). Nar. art. USSR (1991).
GRACH Rafael Davidovich (b. 1932), athlete (speed skating). Silver. (1956) and bronzes. (1960) medalist of Olympus, games in the 500 m race. Multiple. champion of the USSR.
GRADE Chaim (1910, Vilna - 1982, USA), poet, novelist. Rod. in the family of a Hebrew teacher. During the 1st world. war was brought up in Vilen. a boarding school, then an orphanage. He studied at yeshivas and schools. First. verse, published in 1932 in gas. "Vilner tog" was adopted in lit. gr. "Jung-villene", where he stood out for his talent. In 1936 he published the first in Vilna. Sat. "Yo" ("Yes"), and in 1939 - the autobiographical poem "Musernikes" ("Musarniki"). In 1941–46 he lived in Russia, where he published a collection of works. verse. "Gus" ("Hatred", 1943). He left for Poland, from where he soon moved to France. During these years he published collections of books "Doires" ("Generations", 1945), "Oif di khurves" ("On the ruins", 1947), "Der mames tsavoyu" ("Mother's Testament", 1950). The topic of the Catastrophe of Europe. having eaten Jews, his book. Shine Fun Farloche Stern (The Light of the Fading Stars, 1950). Since 1948 in the USA. In Chicago in 1955 he published the first. prosaic. manuf. "Der mames shaboisim" ("Mother's Saturday"). The author of the book. Der shul-goif (Synagogue Yard, 1958), Der Clois un di Gas (Chapel and Street, 1974), Der Stoemer Minien (Dumb Minyan, 1976), rom. "Di agune" ("Unmarried wife", 1961, in Russian translation - "Aguna", Jerusalem, 1983) and others.
GRADIZHSK (until 1789 - Gorodishche), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial city of Kremenchug district. In 1847, 789 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 1211, in 1865 - 1138 (15%), in 1897 - 1112 (11.7%), in 1910 - 963, in 1920 - 1194, in 1923 - 981, in 1928 - 722 (7.3%), in 1939 - 145 Jews. In 1859 there was a synagogue in Georgia. From 1894 Menachem-Mendel Gorodetsky (1867—?) Was the rabbi. In 1910 there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Georgia. In the 1920s. the mikvah was closed. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. dozens of Jews. In G. genus: S. Delone; Aaron Beller (b. 1912), neurosurgeon, from 1939 - in E.-I., in 1971-74 dean of medical. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem.
GRADOVKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Munich Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Feb 1942 in Georgia, apprx. 2 thousand Jews, in the end. Feb - OK. 800 Jews. March 2, 1942 ukr. policemen shot 500 Jews from Odessa in G.
GRADZEVSKY Arie Leib (1896, Lomza - 1967, Jerusalem), rabbi, society. activist and journalist. He studied at the Yeshiva Khafets Chaim in Radun and Slobodka. At the age of 16 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1913 he left for E.-I. After the start of the 1st world. G.'s wars were forced to move with his family to Egypt because of their Russian citizenship. There he took part in the creation. (on the initiative of I. Trumpeldor) in Alexandria schools for children of refugees and emigrants from E.-I. G. helped his father Shimon Chaim, who was appointed rabbi in the British exp. corps in the Middle East. In 1919 he returned to Jerusalem. In 1921 he left for Paris, where, after completing his education, he taught the Talmud as a rabbinic. seminary, beat the member. Centre. to-that org-tion of French. Zionists, before. Union of Hebrews. students, der. a school that trained young refugees for teaching; prez. Paris Union of Hebrew Teachers. G. published poems, stories and art. in Heb. and general topics in French. gas. (including in "Entrancian", where he taught special. department literature in Hebrew and Yiddish, in "Nouvelle Literer" and in "Revue du Levan"), in Heb. French-speaking gas., as well as in gas., published in E.-I. and other countries. Edited by French. column in the Parisian gas. in Yiddish "Pariser Hint". G. was engaged in Ch. arr. research in the Talmud. His first Art. on this topic were published. in f. "Ha-Torah" (1945, no. 11) in Hebrew and in f. "Gamenora" - in French. lang. He was a constant collaborator. jerusalem gas. "Ha-Mishpat" and "Ha-Mishpat Ha-Ivri". In 1935, G. returned to E.-I., where until 1937 he taught and also practiced in the rabbinical courts. Publ. monograph about Joseph ibn-Migash (1953, 1963).
GRAYEV Mark Iosifovich (b. 1922, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1944). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960). He worked in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1951–59), in Matem. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1959–66), in the Institute of Applied Mathematics (since 1966). Currently in Ying-those system. issled. RAS. Main results in the field of algebra and func. Analysis: Theory of Representations and Automorphic Functions (Moscow, 1966, jointly with I.M. Gel'fand and I.I. Pyatetskiy-Shapiro); Fourier-Weyl Operators on the Principal Affine Space of the Chevalley Group (Moscow, 1973, with S.I. Gelfand).
GRAYEVO, a city (from 1540) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1808 197 Jews (35%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 727 (57%), in 1857 - 1459 (76%), in 1897 - 4336, in 1921 - 2834 Jews (40%) Jews lived in Georgia from the second half. 17 century, the community took shape in the late. 18th century Jews owned all prom. production G .: plants for the production of rubber products, bone meal, building. materials, alcohol, and a mill. The Jews owned almost all the grocery business. In the end. 1890s began a mass departure of Jewish youth to other countries. The printing house owned by the writer Mordechai Piorca produced books and magazines in Hebrew for children and adults. He also created the heder metukan. Hebrew was a compulsory language of instruction in all heders and in the Talmud Torah in G. 20th century a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened. In 1892-1912 the rabbi of Georgia was E.-A. Mileikovsky-Samonov (E.-A. Mileikovsky-Samsonov), from 1913 - M. A. Amiel. In G. there were several. synagogues (the first was built in the early 19th century). There was a small community of Gursk Hasidim. Jews of Georgia took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In 1886 the Hovevey Zion cell was established, in 1902 - a branch of the Bund, in 1904 - Poalei Zion. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. Material assistance was provided by the Association of Immigrants from Georgia, created in 1915 in the USA. With the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened in 1924, and a mutual assistance fund in 1927. In 1915 a Jewish library was opened, in 1924 - a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" (150 students). In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia there were the "Association of Jewish merchants" and the "Association of Jewish artisans". Since 1918, "Ceirei Zion" and divisions of various branches have been operating. Jewish parties and movements. Departments "Agudas Yisroel" and Bunda functioned. At the secession of the Bund, groups of youth and children worked. movement. The organization was illegal. Communist Party, the majority of the members of a cut were Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi G. was Itskhok-Aizik Kharas, who organized a yeshiva, in which young men studied from many others. cities of Poland. 1 Sept. 1939 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops, 17 Sept. 1939 transferred to the USSR. A school with teaching in Yiddish was opened. A theater was built on the site of the burnt synagogue. Theater opening day. the school circle presented the play by Sh.Z. Galkin "Bar-Kokhba". In June 1941 several. wealthy Jewish families were deported to Siberia. June 22, 1941 was subjected to art. shelling. On the same day germ. troops occupied the city. On June 30, 1941, 100 Jews were killed, "collaborating with the Bolsheviks", on August 7. 1941 - 193 Jews. In the beginning. Aug 1941 a ghetto was created, where approx. 2 thousand people At the same time, the Judenrat was established, to-ry headed by Zalman Sotker. In the fall of 1942, approx. 600 Jews from Raigrud. 2 nov. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews were sent to the former. prisoner of war camp in Bogush. All R. Dec 1942 most of the Jews were deported to Treblinka, the remaining Jews in January. 1943 - to Auschwitz. After 1945 a residential area was built on the site of the Jewish cemetery. Ts Voislavsky, E.-M. Genikhovsky, B.-I. Levin, E. Olschwanger, S. Ravidovich, N. Rapp, I. L. Fabelinsky.
GRAYEVSKY Eliezer-Zalman (1843, Malyaty Vilna district and province - 1899, Jerusalem), rabbi, traveler and journalist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Lithuanian yeshivas. He served as a rabbi in Kletsk, later in Orsha. In 1873, having visited E.-I., he became a staunch supporter of the new settlers. Upon return, publ. in "Ha-Ivri" memories of his trip. After the creation of the Palestinian organization Mazkeret Moshe, named after Sir Moshe Montefiore, the leading rabbis of Russia advocated the appointment of G. as their representative in E.-I., for which they sent him to England in 1876. But instead he was appointed in 1877 as a rabbi in Liverpool. Visited the USA. During his travels in the USA, G. gave lectures on the need to support the idea of ​​constructing E.-I. From 1890 - in Jerusalem, where he lived until the end of his life. Among his publ. works - "Ginat Egoz" (1887), containing moralizing conversations uttered by G. in the synagogues. Together with the London religious judge Spears published in 1877 "Gnisey Kieses" Yisroel. In 1891, in Jerusalem, he published The Gagada from English. per. and your comments. At the same time he published "Kadim le-Olam" containing commentaries on the Talmud. G. provided original punctuation to the handwritten prayer book of Heb. grammar of the 17th century Sabbatai Sofer from Přemysl. Reprinted in decomp. Heb. periodicals on decomp. lang.
GRAPHIC, see Proletarian.
GRAMOSCHA, see GRAMOSCHA.
GRAMOSCHE, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Gromosch of Drissensky Vitebsk Gubernia. In May 1925, Jewish agriculture was organized in Georgia. artel "Veker".
GRAN Moisey Markovich (1867, Samara - 1940, Moscow), social hygienist, prof. In 1892 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University. From 1893 he worked as a county dignity. doctor in the Samara zemstvo, then (1896-1907) - head. dignity lip bureau. zemstvos. Initiator created (1906–07) of the Samara Starving Assistance Committee. From 1908 - sotr. epidemic. services mountains. management of St. Petersburg, in 1910-1914 - ed. g. “Bulletin of Nar. un-tov ". An active participant in the Pirogov Society of Doctors. In 1920–24 - before. commission at NKZ for inspection dignity. the aftermath of the war and the famine relief commission. In 1926-28 - scientific. sotr. department of social. hygiene Mosk. un-that, head. clinic of socialist-prof. diseases. Since 1928 - prof. department of social. hygiene of Kazan University. Cit .: Measures to combat syphilis in Samara province., Samara, 1897; NI Pirogov and his legacy. Pirogovskie congresses, St. Petersburg, 1911; Occupational health and professional pathology of teachers, M., 1928.
POMEGRANATE, brothers, publishers. From merchants. families. Alexander Naumovich G. (1861, Odessa - 1933, Moscow), graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. uch-shche (1886). In student. years has been associated with the roar. underground. From 1888 he served as a mechanical engineer in Moscow. In the 1900s. owned a paper-dyeing and finishing factory in the village. Pokrovskoe-Glebovo Mosk. at. Since 1910, members Council of Moscow. bargaining-prom. about-va of mutual credit. Ignatiy Naumovich G. (1865, Mogilev - 1941, Moscow), graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1886), left at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1906 (under ps. I. Gray) published the book. “Labor question and land. reform". Several years spent in the UK, collecting materials for dissertation. "On the question of landlessness of the cross-va in England" (defended in 1908). From 1910 until the end of the days of prof. Political Economy Mosk. un-that. In 1892 br. G. formed the publishing house. company under the brand name T-in "Br. A. and I. Pomegranate and KO ", edges released" Desktop encyclopedic. dictionary "(1st ed. - vols. 1-8, 1891-95; 2nd and 3rd stereotyped ed., 4th - revised - vols. 1-9, 1899-1903, 5th add. - 1901, 6th add. - 1903). Ch. published. share br. G. - a multivolume universal "Encyclopedic Dictionary" (vols. 1–55, 57–58, 1910–48; formally - 7th, completely revised ed.), To work on which were attracted the best scientific. strength. Until Oct. 1917 published vols. 1–33 (prepared by vols. 37–39 and 42). At the heart of ed. cereals, complex art. with reference applications, small art. are of auxiliary and reference nature. Feature of the dictionary - “text additions”: bi-ogre. dictionaries, statistical reviews, chronological. and biogr. indexes with special page numbering, sometimes - whole monographs: “Members of the State. thoughts of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd convocations "(v. 17)," Members of the State. council since 1801 " (v. 23), "Chronology of Russia" (v. 36, part 6), "Autobiographies of Russian figures. socialist movement of the 70s-80s. " (v. 40), “Figures of the USSR and Oct. Revolution "(v. 41; the last 2 appendices were reprinted in 1989 by the publishing house" Soviet Encyclopedia "under the title" Figures of the USSR and the Revolution of Russia ") and others. In 1917 T-in br. G. transformed into akts. about-in "Rus. bibliographic in-t br. A. and I. Garnet ", to-ry in 1939 joined the State. Institute of Sov. encyclopedia".
GRANAT Evgeny Efimovich (1898, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1959, Chelyabinsk), pediatrician, prof. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1923 - resident, assistant at the clinic for children. diseases of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1936–49 - head. Department of children. diseases of the Khabarovsk honey. in-that. In 1938 he defended his doctorate. diss. on the topic "Antiscorbutic effect of reindeer lichen". In 1949–56 - head. Department of Pediatrics, Novosibirsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Since 1956 head. Department of children. diseases of the Chelyabinsk honey. in-ta. Cit .: Vitamin S. Khabarovsk, 1938; Infectious diseases of children and measures for their prevention. Novosibirsk, 1951; Tissue therapy of nek-ry diseases in children. Chelyabinsk, 1959.
GRANDE Bentsion Meerovich (Meirovich) (1891, posad Sudargi, Suvalka province - 1974, Moscow), orientalist, Semitologist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1946). In 1910 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, at the same time. an Arab was engaged as a volunteer. lang. On the eve of the 1st world. war was in E.-I. In 1915 he was mobilized and sent to the front as a "mediocre doctor". After demobilization in 1918 he passed the state. exams for honey. f-those; in 1919 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army to the end. 1921 was a front-line doctor. In 1922 he passed the exams for the Moscow course. Institute of Oriental Studies, where he was left to teach. work (Arabic). Since 1928 in Ying-those ethnic. and nat. cultures, reorganizations. then in Ying t yaz. and writing of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (until 1944), where he took part in the creation. and modernization of alphabets, normalization of the spelling of languages ​​of the so-called. small peoples of Sov. East. Since 1944 teacher, since 1947 - head. Department of Arab, Philology of Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University; since 1957 in Ying-those east. lang. at Moscow State University (in 1960-74 he was a professor-consultant - history of Hebrew). The author of St. 50 tr. in Arabic. lang-knowledge (Arabic grammar, lang.), comparative-historical. Semitology as well as Hebraic studies. Ed. “Hebrew-Russian. dictionary "F.L.Shapiro (1963). Some works were published in foreign countries. lang., for example, "Yaz. Peoples of the USSR "(Halle, 1954, in German.) Works: Grammatich. tables arab. lit. language, M., 1950; Course Arab, Grammar in Comparative East. lighting, M., 1963; An introduction to compare, the study of Semitic languages, M., 1972.
GRANDICHI, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 56 Jews (10.8%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In 1942, all the Jews of Georgia were driven into Grodno and exterminated along with the local Jews.
GRANDO Alexander Abramovich (1919, Yampol - 2004, Kiev), specialist in social hygiene, health care organizer, specialist in museum affairs. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970). In 1941 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1947 assistant at the Department of Public Health Organization of Kiev honey. in-that, from 1949 to 1959 - Kiev Institute of advanced training for doctors. From 1959 to 1961 hands. dep. history of hygiene of the Kiev Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. Associate Professor of the Department of Public Health Organization of Kiev honey. Institute (1961–67), prof. department (1968–71) and its head. (1972–90). Main scientific. works are devoted to decomp. social issues hygiene, public health organization, history of medicine, improvement of honey. help to the population, doctor, ethics and honey. deontology. From the beginning. 60s was engaged in the organization of the Museum of the History of Medicine, to-ry was opened in 1982 and was accepted as a member. Europe. Association of museums of history of honey. sciences. G. hon. prev. Ukr. scientific. about-va of historians of medicine. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1983). Cit .: Development of hygiene in the Ukr. SSR, Kiev, 1975; Medical ethics and medical deontology, 2nd ed., Kiev, 1988; Medicine in the mirror of history: About the Museum of Medicine of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1990.
GRANIN (real family member Herman) Daniil Alexandrovich (b. 1918, Volyn, Kursk region), writer. Hero of Soc. Labor (1989). Rod. in the family of a forester. In 1940 he graduated from an electromechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. Worked as Art. Ing. energolab., then in the design bureau of the Kirovsky plant. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949-50 Art. Ing. Research Institute. He made his debut in literature in 1949. theme of early works. G. - romance scientific and technical. creativity, the struggle for new young progressive scientists with conservatives and bureaucrats from science. This conflict became central to the rum. "The Seekers" (1954), "Going into a Thunderstorm" (1962). Rum. "After the Wedding" (1958) also dedicated. the fate of the young inventor. - author of ist. and biographical. art document. manuf .: pov. "Yaroslav Dombrovsky" (1951), "Claudia Vilor" (1975, USSR State Ave., 1978), "This Strange Life" (1974) - about the biologist A.A. Lyubishchev, "Choice of Target" (1975) - about physics IV Kurchatov, "Zubr" - about the biologist NV Timofeev-Resovsky and others. Tracing the fate of his heroes, G. reflects on the relationship between science and morality, personality and history, on the ability of man to resist circumstances. occupies in the work of G. military. theme - pov. "My battalion commander" (1968), "The trail is still noticeable" (1985). Et al. he wrote a document with A. Adamovich. "The Blockade Book" (1979) - about the blockade and defense of Leningrad, where the Hebrews are also affected. topic. Peru G. belong to numerous. publicistic. speeches and literary criticism work, travel sketches. Prod. G. were repeatedly nominated for a job. Lenin, pr., Chl. Pres. Council of the Russian Federation. 1989–91 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. According to pl. manuf. G. put f. and performances.
GRANITNOE, a village in Telmanovskiy district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1920s. - from. Staraya Karan, the regional center. In 1926, 53 Jews did not live in the Starokaran region. 1941 - early. 1942 2 Jews were killed in Georgia.
BORDER, now part of the village of Gniewoszow (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Radom district of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kozenitsky u. In Radom Province, 325 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, 1213 (78.1%) in 1897, and 651 Jews in 1921. Leibus Tyrangel was the rabbi in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
GRANKI, see Galley-Kuta.
GRANKI-KUTY, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Proofs in the Bobrovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941-42 in G.-K. 17 Jews were killed.
GRANOT (Granovsky) Abraham (1890, Floreshty, Bessarab. Gubernia - 1962, Israel), economist, ch. Heb. nat. fund (JNF). In 1919 he was approved as secretary of the JNF. Since 1922, the manager of the JNF (Jerusalem), before the council of directors. (1945), prez. (1960). His plan to unite the lands of the JNF and the State of Israel served as the basis for the development of laws on land. possessions and management, adopted by the Knesset in 1960. In 1948, G. became a co-founder and pre. Progress. party and in 1949 was elected to the 1st Knesset, where he worked before. finance. to-that. In the works "Land use system in E.-I." (1952) and Agr. reform and characteristics of Israel "(1956) formulated DOS. principles of agrarian policy.
GRANOV, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaisinsky u. In 1765 there were 662 Jews living in Georgia, in 1776 - 146, in 1790 - 396, in 1887 - 6.7%, in 1897 - 753 Jews (10.9%). by 1738, when the Haidamaks plundered the town and killed many Jews. For the second time G. suffered from the Haidamaks in 1768. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue in G. From 1880 Dovid Shapiro (1850—?) Was the rabbi.
GRANOVSKY (real fam. Azarkh), Alexander (Abraham) Mikhailovich (1890, Moscow - 1937, Paris), actor, dir. In 1910-11 he studied in the director class of Petrograd. stage schools art, in 1911–13 he was a trainee director at the Munich theater, acad. at dir. M. Reinhardt (Munich, Berlin). First dir. work - the play "Philip II" by E. Verharn (1914) in the Riga New Theater. In 1917-18 he lived in Norway and Sweden, worked on the book. theater theory, art. In 1918 the post. "King Oedipus" Sophocles in Petrograd. In 1919 he opened the state. Heb. stage school isk-va and the Studio Theater, organized by the “Society of Friends of Hebrews. t-ra ". Among the first dir. works: "Blind" by M. Meterlinka, "Sin", "Amnon and Tamar", "Winter" by S. Asch. The acting team created by him served as the basis for creating. State Heb. chamber theater, which opened in Moscow in 1921 with the performance "Evening of Sholem Aleichem". In the same year G. post, at the circus arena the play "Mystery-Buff" by V.V. Mayakovsky (in German) for the 3rd Congr. Comintern. In 1922 there was a post, the play "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov, the premiere of which took place in the new premises on M. Bronnaya. Then there was the post. performances: "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden (1922), "200,000" by Sholem Aleichem (1923), "The Journey of Benjamin III" by M. Moikher-Sforim and others. with G.Z. Gricher-Cherikover put f. "Jewish happiness" (according to Sholom Aleichem). In 1928, together with gr. the actors toured Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, Austria and stayed abroad. In the last. years of his life he worked in the op. t-re, cinema. After the fascists came to power, he left for Paris. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1926).
GRANOVSKY Moisey Lazarevich (1890, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1941, near Yelnya), party, activist. Graduated from the Kiev Commercial Department. in-t. In 1918-19 - in Kr. Army, since 1919 managed. affairs of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine. In 1920–23 - deputy. Commissar ext. cases of the Ukrainian SSR, before. Kremenchug provincial executive committee, deputy. prev. Odessa Provincial Executive Committee. In 1923-26 - secretary. Amur Provincial Party Committee. 1927-29 - secret. Dagestan regional party committee. 1929-30 - secret. Tula Provincial Committee. 1932–34 - deputy. Commissar of Communications of the USSR. 1934–37 - member. CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU / b /. 1937 - 1st deputy. People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR. From 1940 - in Goslitizdat, deputy chief. ed. g. "30 days". Member Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Delegate to 13-16 congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1941 he volunteered for the Nar. the militia and died.
GRANOVSKY Semyon Abramovich (b. 1908, Alexandria, Yekaterinoslavskaya province), design engineer for hydraulic turbines. He graduated in 1935 without interrupting the production of Leningrad. builds. Institute at Leningrad. metallic s-de. From 1930 he worked for Leningrad. metallic s-de foreman, art. engineer, early. bureau of design department water turbines, since 1945 - deputy. ch. designer, since 1978 - deputy. early SCV "Gidroturbomash". Passed the way from the leading engineer. for the development of basic knots of the then unique rotary vane turbines with dia. impeller 9 m for Uglich and Rybinsk hydroelectric power plants to the head of the creation of the world's largest turbines decomp. types for hydroelectric power plants: Volzhsky, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Zeiskaya, Toktogul, Sayano-Shushenskaya, etc., as well as for many others. hack Hydroelectric power plants in India, Yugoslavia, Romania, Brazil and China. Became. etc. - for the creation of turbines for the Uglich and Rybinsk hydroelectric power plants (1946), the renovated Dnieper hydroelectric power station (1950). State pr. USSR for the creation of turbines for the Bratsk hydroelectric power station (1967).
GRANOVSKY Yakov Iosifovich (b. 1931, Stalino), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1972), prof. (1973). He studied at the Kazakh state. un-those (Alma-Ata). Upon graduation (1953) he worked in the Ural ped. in-those (1953-57) teacher and head. Department of Physics. Participated in the creation. Institute of Nuclear Physics Kazakh. SSR in Alma-Ata (1957–69), worked as Art. scientific. sotr. theoretical dep. 1970-93 - prof., Head. Department of Physics, Donetsk University. Since 1993 - prof., Head. dep. theoretical Physics of Slupsky ped. University (Poland). work dedicated. the unified theory of elementary particles, the theory of interactions at high energies, the precision theory of the structure of the hydrogen atom, the classification of exactly solvable problems in quantum mechanics and electronic dynamics. Author approx. 150 scientific. Art. and monographs: “Quantum e-dynamics in dispers. presentation "(1961); "Dispers. theory of interaction of elementary particles ”(1966).
GRAUBART Yehuda-Leib (1861, Zrensk, Poland - 1937, Toronto), rabbi and scholar-halachist. Rod. in a hereditary rabbinical family. Served as a rabbi in Yanov (1884–88), Makove, Lomzhinsk province. (1888-1901), Staszow, Radom province. (1901-14). In 1917 - one of the organizers of the Masores ve Herus (Tradition and Freedom) party. After Oct. the revolution opposed the plans of the Eusection concerning the Hebrews. schools, advocating the need for teaching Hebrew. In 1918 he returned to Poland. In 1920 he left for Canada, where he became the head of the Talmud Torah Etz-Chaim in Toronto. After the organization of the kegily (community) according to the type of Eastern Europe. communities became the recognized spiritual leader of the city's Polish Jews. Author of memoirs about life in Russia. "Sefer Zikaron", 1926; Yamei ha-Omer, 1936, collection of moralizing. conversations; Dvarim ki-ktavam, 1931–32, rabbinic. essay.
GRAUSMAN Levy (1884 - 1963, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). He was a rabbi in Stennitsa and Makarov (1910–20), then in 1920–36 in Kiev. In 1917-18 he was an activist of the Akhdus Yisroel (Unity of Israel) party. Sec. rabbinical congress in Korostyn (1926). Since 1936 - in E.-I. Rabbi in North. Tel Aviv.
GRAY Maurice Abraham (Moishe Gurari) (1889-1966), Canada. polit. activist. Rod. in Russia. In 1907 he emigrated to Canada and settled in Winnipeg, where he opened a travel agency. In tech. four years was a member of the board cf. schools in Winnipeg, in 1931-42 members. municipality. In 1941 he was elected to the legislature of the piece. Manitoba as a member. The State Cooperative Union and its successor, New Democratic. party. In parliament, G. was a supporter of the social. privileges for the elderly and sick citizens. Izv. Zionist and Chl. "Poalei Zion" for almost half a century. Founder of Canada. help services Heb. expats and Canada. Heb. Congr., occupied the leading admin. positions in both org-tions. Prev Communication Ob-va Zap. Canada with the Israel Labor Party.
GRAYVORON, a city (since 1838) in the Borisov district of the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 66 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Georgia.
GRAZHDANOVKA, a village in the Vradievsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the fall of 1941, a Jewish transit camp was located in Georgia, in which 4,200 people were gathered, mostly. from Bessarabia. 1,440 people died from exhaustion in the camp, 2,500 people. was shot under the pretext of fighting the typhus epidemic.
GREBENKA, city (since 1958), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895 in connection with the construction of f. village Kharkov - Kiev in Pyriatinsky district Poltava Gubernia. In 1923, 30 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 27 (2.5%), in 1939 - 77 Jews. In the spring of 1918 the troops of the Ukr. Centre. gladly staged a pogrom on the railway. Art. Comb.
GREBENKI, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1897 551 Jews (13.7%) lived in Georgia (together with the village of Salivonki), in 1939 - 122 Jews. were opened for free settlement of Jews in 1903, in exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" 1882. Oct. 21. 1905 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In the spring of 1918 a pogrom in Georgia was perpetrated by the troops of the Ukr. Centre. happy; 18 people was killed. In aug. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Georgia by units of the Volunteer Army; 7 Jews were killed, the survivors fled to [[Belaya Tserkov. 26 Aug. 1941 37 Jews of Georgia were shot in the forest near the village (children were thrown into the pit alive).
GREBNEV Anatoly Borisovich (1923, Odessa - 2002, Moscow), screenwriter. In 1940–41 the head. department of the newspaper "Young Stalinist" in Tbilisi. In 1942–44 the beginning. gas department. of the political department of the Transcaucasian fr. In 1944–49 he was a student at GITIS. In 1950-60 Deputy. head dep. gas. "Sov. art "(then" Sov. culture "). Since 1960 prof. writer. He made his debut with the script for "Wait for the Letters" (1960). Naib. Izv. scripts: "Wild Dog Dingo" (1962), "July Rain" (1967, jointly with M.M. Khutsiev), "Visit of Courtesy" (1973, jointly with Yu.Y. Raizman), "Old Walls" ( 1974), “You wrote to me” (1977), “Private life” (1982, jointly with Reisman), “Success” (1981), “Time of Desires” (1983), “Prokindiada, or Running in Place” (1983 ), "I Only Know" (1984), "The Process" (1987), etc. Honored. worker of claims in the RSFSR (1976), State. pr. RSFSR (1976), Len. etc. (1982) Vol .: Six stories for the screen. M., 1979; Film stories of different years. M., 1990.
GREBNEV Naum Isaevich (1921, Harbin - 1988, Moscow), poet-translator. Member of the 1941–45 war. Was injured. In 1949 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. Gorky. Studied east. lang. He translated more than 130 books, among which collections of folklore are Armenian, Abkhazian, Afghani, Balkar, and many others. others. Translated the classics decomp. literature: poet and prose writer, founder of the Mughal state Babur (16th century), arm. poets Kuchak, G. Narekatsi, O. Tumanyan, Avar poet Mahmud, Karakalpak poet Berdakh, and others. Translated many. verse. R. Gamzatova, incl. the well-known "Cranes". Mn. years G. collected and recorded pre-revolution. songs of Heb. townships, recruit songs of the 30s. 19th century, crying about the bitter share, lullabies, children. songs, was looking for the former. prisoners of the ghetto, bit by bit, he collected lines, folded by the martyrs of the fasc. camps. In 1986 came out Sat. “Songs of the Past: From Heb. bunk bed poetry "(comp., trans. and after. G.). In the last years of his life he translated the Psalms of David.
GREMI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1466 - the capital of the Kakhetian kingdom. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. Among the inhabitants of Georgia, Jews were first mentioned. in the letter of 1579, and in the letter of 1590 mention. Jewish serfs. The Jews of Georgia were engaged in the production and sale of raw silk, and kept dukhans (shops). During pers. the invasions of 1614-16, Georgia was ruined; later it was repeatedly raided by the Dagestanis. K ser. 17th century the Jewish community of Georgia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili
GREMYACH, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1604. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 353 Jews (10.7%) lived in Georgia in 1897, and 26 Jews in 1939. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 19th century. Main occupation - trade. In apr. 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by units of the Kr. Army; 15 Jews were killed.
GREMYACHINSK, a village in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jews were apprx. 10% of the population of Georgia at the beginning. 20th century there was a synagogue in Georgia, which was closed in the 1930s.
GRESK, a village in the Slutsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. In 1897, 207 Jews (12.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 386, in 1939 - 149 Jews. In 1926, immigrants from Georgia organized a Jewish agriculture in the Yevpatoriya district. collective "Gresskoe" (24 people) 18 dec. 1941 the entire Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed.
GRAVER Naum Solomonovich (1900, Tikhvin, Novgorod Gubernia - 1971, Leningrad), metallurgist, Dr. Sciences, prof. He graduated from Leningrad in 1928. bugle, inst. He worked in Lenghinsvetmet. In 1933 he organized and headed the research. gr. nickel at Leningrad. bugle, in-those. In 1953–71 he headed the department of metallurgy of light and rare metals in Leningrad. bugle, in-those. Main The work is related to the development of a technology for producing copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum group metals, selenium and tellurium, as well as to the development of fundamental issues of processing sulfide copper-nickel ores of the Arctic with the design and construction of mining and metallurgical industries. com-tov in Monchegorsk and Norilsk. He worked on the problem of extracting vanadium from slags and contributed to the organization of the production in the USSR Legir. special steels stamps. Generalized research. on the technology of extraction of rare metals, proposed (1942) hydrometallurgical. a method of obtaining calcium molybdate from poor substandard. concentrates, sold at the Balkhash copper-smelting plant. Author of printed scientific. works. Initiator and leading ed. collective monograph "Fundamentals of Metallurgy" in 7 volumes. Became. pr. (1942, 1946).
GRIBOV Vladimir Naumovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), theoretical physicist, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1972). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. un-t. In 1952–54 he taught at a school for working youth, and from 1954 at Leningrad State University. physical and technical in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1962 head. dep. theoretical physics. Since 1971 head. dep. Leningrad. B.P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 1969–80 prof. Leningrad. un-that. Since 1980 head. sector Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The first works on the theory of ionic dielectrics and hydrodynamics, then on the theory of the nucleus, physics of elementary particles and quantum field theory. He laid the foundations of the method of complex moments, research. behavior of high-energy scattering cross sections, substantiated an increase in the radius of strong interaction of particles with increasing energy (1961). Studied the problem of quark confinement and its connection with anomalies in gauge theories. Ch. scientific. schools. In 1971 he was the first to be awarded pr. Them. L.D. Landau. Member Amer. acad. Sciences and Arts (1973).
GRICHER-CHERIKOVER Grigory Zinovievich (1893, Poltava - 1945, Kiev), film director and screenwriter. He studied at the Poltava commercial school, then at the Kiev art. uch-shche, in 1922-1923 at the private film courses of BV Tchaikovsky. Since 1924 screenwriter at the Goskino film studio, since 1925 screenwriter and dir. to / st VUFKU. The author of scripts for his f., As well as f. "Jewish Happiness" (1925). I took off several. doc. short f. Member of the 2nd world. war. As dir. He made his debut with the film adaptation of Wandering Stars by Sholem Aleichem (1926). Heb. topic dedicated and other paintings by G.-Ch .: “On the Eve” (1928, based on the story of AI Kuprin “Gambrinus”), “Through Tears” (1928, after stories by Sholem Aleichem), “Quarters of the Suburb” (1930). Among other ph. - Screen adaptation of "Sorochinskaya Fair" by NV Gogol (1927). In the last. year of life - dir. dubbing at Kievskaya k / st.
GRICHINOVICHI, see Hrychinovichi.
GRIGORIO-PAVLOVKA, see Party.
GRIGORIOPOL, urban-type settlement (since 1924), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Vozn. in 1792. In 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Tiraspol u. Kherson province. 150 Jews lived in Georgia in 1850, 164 in 1856, 327 in 1863, 832 (10.9%) in 1897, 1109 (12.3%) in 1910, 849 in 1920, 1923 - 817, in 1926 - 796, in 1939 - 562, in 1991 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1856 there was a synagogue in Georgia. Since 1900 Moshka Taksir was the rabbi. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Georgia, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings fund. in oct. 1941 Jews of Georgia (about 500 people) were deported to Dubossary (present-day Dubasar) and were shot there.
GRIGORIPOLISKAYA, a village in the Novoaleksandrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Labinsky department Kuban Region. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Georgia. 13 Oct. 1942 St. 150 evacuated Jews.
GRIGORIEV (real fam. Katsman) Roman Grigorievich (1911, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), documentary filmmaker. In 1931 he was one of the organizers of the "Komsomol studio" of newsreels in Kharkov. In 1933 - 41 hands. dep. periodicals, then, ch. ed. Center, c / st dock. f. During the 2nd world. war headed by vol. newsreels, directed by individual gr. fr. cameramen. Filmed a number of full-length docs. f., including: "Guarding the World" (1948), "Glory to Labor!" (1949, jointly with A.I. Medvedkin and M.E. Slavinskaya), "Happiness of difficult roads" (1955), "About Moscow and Muscovites" (1956), "Light of October" (1957, jointly with I. M. Poselsky), "Brussels, 1958" (1958), "People of Blue Fire" (1961, Grand Prix of the Moscow International Film Festival in Leipzig), "Magistral" (1964), "Moscow, Gorky Street" (1966). Became. pr. (1949, 1951). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1965) and the Uzbek SSR (1971).
GRIGOROV, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 all Jews of Georgia were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.
GRIGOROVICH (Gregorovich) Karl Karlovich (1868, Petersburg - 1921, Mogilev), violinist, teacher. He learned to play the violin from an early age; at the age of 9 he made his first public appearance. In 1878–83 he studied in Moscow under V.V. Bezekirsky, then in Berlin at Vyssh. Ioachim's school of music. In 1886 he received a title at the Mendelssohn Competition in Berlin. From 1883 he gave concerts in Russia and in many others. European countries. In 1888-1910 he taught at the Musical Drama. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va (from 1904 prof.), in 1918–21 - in the Vitebsk horse. In 1910–18 he headed the famous Mecklenburg Quartet in St. Petersburg (among its members - V.R.Bakaleinikov, A.A. Brandukov, S.I. Taneev, A.B. Goldenveiser). In 1913 in Moscow under the direction of. G. Quartet took part in a cycle of concerts dedicated to. Taneyev, on which all his chamber instructors were performed. manuf., incl. php. quintet (the part of fp. was played by Taneyev). In the 1916 17 season for the first time in Russia, the quartet performed all the strings, Beethoven's quartets. performed as a soloist, was famous for brilliant virtuosity, beauty and melodious tone. Contemporaries called him "Russian Sarasate". As an ensemble player, he was distinguished by exquisite craftsmanship, deep penetration into the style and the author's intention.
GRIGOROVKA, a village in the Chaplinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In March 1942, 9 Jews of G. were deported to Askania-Nova and there were shot there.
GRIKHILES Abner Girshevich (Grigorievich) (1822, Vilna - 1905, Petersburg), medalist. Until 1838 studied. Talmud, then mastered by prof. cutter of seals. In 1871 he received permission to live in St. Petersburg. In 1875 he began working for the Imp. mint as a free carver. In 1878 in the rank of class artist. became a regular medalist. Engraved state. seals of Alexander III and Nicholas II, the eagle on the coins of Ros. imp., created. many memorable medals, incl. to the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo.
GRIKHILES Avraham Avenirovich (1852, Vilna - 1916 |), medalist and carver for dredges and stones. Son of A. Grilikhes. He studied in Vilensk. rabbi, school and rice. school, then recommended. MM Antokolsky in the Academy of Arts (1869–76). Worked as Art. medalist at Imp. coins, yard. For the portrait of Baron G. Gintsburg on topaz hon. angry. medals for worldwide exhibition in Paris (1889). Her works are kept in museums in Russia (including the State Hermitage Museum).
GRIMAYLOV, an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the Skalat district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 693 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1843 - 1729 (47.7%), in 1880 - 2931 (67.7%), in 1890 - 2977 (66.6%), in 1900 - 2700 (64.7%), in 1910 - 2435 (62%), in 1921 - 1494 (54.4%), in 1931 - 1550 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia. from the beginning. 18th century In the 1st floor. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery in G. From ser. 18th century existed independently. community. In the end. 18th century the rabbi of G. was Naftoli-Mordhe Margaliot, in 1830-52 - Shmarya-Shmerl Brandris (1780-1857, Jerusalem), in 1852-64 - his son Yosef (1800-1864), then until 1894 - Yakov Weinfeld (? -1894 ), then the son of the latter Iskhok (? -1942). In 1903 the Drushei Zion circle was founded in Georgia. During the 1st world. war, when Georgia was occupied by Rus. troops, Rabbi I. Weinfeld was arrested on charges of espionage. In 1923, a Hebrew school was opened in Georgia. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in G. was several. hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West. region Poland. Herm. troops occupied Georgia on July 6, 1941. July, the Judenrat was established. In the fall of 1941, a labor camp was created, which contained approx. 3,500 Jews. The camp was liquidated on Jan 24. 1943. After liberation, approx. 30 Jews.
GRINBAUM (Greenboim) Itzhak (1879, Warsaw - 1970, Gan Shmuel, Israel), Zionist activist, journalist. He joined the Zionist movement in Plock (1898). He studied medicine and law at Warsaw University. In 1901 publ. first art. in periodic. publications in Yiddish and Hebrew. To prevent assimilation, he advocated the closure of Heb. gas. to foreign lang. At the 3rd Congress of the Zionists of Russia (1906) was founded. rapporteur on the development of a program of Zionist activities in Heb. diaspora. During the 1st world. war lived in Petrograd, where after Feb. Revolution of 1917 ed. Zionist gas. "Togblat" banned by the authorities in January. 1918. In Sept. 1918 returned to Warsaw, where he organized the time. nat. advice for fighting for citizens. and watered, the rights of Jews in Poland, in 1919-30 dep. Polsk. Diet, in 1922 - one of the organizers of the "Bloc of Minorities", who fought for the proper representation of the nat. minorities in the Diet. The leader of the radical Zionist faction in the Sejm ("Al ha-Mishmar"), defended the secularization of Heb. life, G. - one of the organizers of the "Tarbuta" movement, dealing with the development of culture in lang. Hebrew. In 1932 he left for Paris, in 1933 - for E.-I. At the 18th Zionist Congress. (1933) elected member. Execute, to-that Heb. agency (international. Zionist opr-tion), where he headed the department. aliyah (repatriation of Jews to E.-I .; 1935–38) and labor (1935–48). In 1943 he was elected to the post. "Committee for the Salvation of the Jews of Europe" under Heb. Agency. Didn't believe the reports of death camps. After the declaration of independence of the State of Israel - min. int. affairs in Time, pr-ve (1948–49). Organizer of elections to the Knesset of the 1st convocation (1949), then treasurer (1949-50) and special. authorized Heb. agencies (1950-51). Conducted an active Zionist activity, sotr. into gas. "Al ha-Mishmar", adhered to the left polit. views.
GRINBAUM Natan Solomonovich (1916, Tomashev Mazovetsky, Poland), literary critic, specialist in ancient Greek. lit-re, ancient Greek. and Latin. languages. Graduated from Warsaw University (1938). Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Prof. (1970). Honored. active science of the Moldavian SSR (1973). Head department of classical. philology of Kishinev University (1960-1976). Cit .: Language of ancient Greek. choral lyrics (Pindar) (1973); Early forms of lit. lang. (ancient Greek) (1984); Hood. world of antique poetry (1990).
GRINBERG (married to Kon) Khristina Grigorievna (Hasya Gershevna) (1857, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1942, Moscow), participant of the roar. movement of the 1870s-80s. From an orthodox well-to-do merchant. families. She was brought up in a private boarding school. In 1876, together with F.A. Moreinis, secretly from her parents, she prepared for exams for a gymnasium course and studied shoemaking. Since 1877, a member of the circle of "laurels" in Nikolaev and others. populist. circles of South Russia, led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In 1880 she joined Narodnaya Volya; she lived illegally in Odessa, then in Petersburg, was the mistress of a conspirator. apartments; participated in the preparation of attempts on the imp. Alexander II, in 1882 - the owner of an underground dynamite workshop. Arrested on 5.6.1882, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress; according to the "process of 17" (April 1883) she was sentenced to 15 years in hard labor (by confirmation she was replaced by exile to Eastern Siberia). She lived in Verkholensk, Irkutsk province, from 1888 in Yakutia. In Jan. 1892 married the exiled F.Ya. Kon. From 1895 she lived in Irkutsk Gubernia, from 1897 - to Europe. parts of Russia (in Nikolaev, Warsaw), then in Minusinsk, where the husband was under public supervision. In 1904 she returned to Europe. part of Russia, emigrated in 1906, lived in Galicia and Switzerland, from the roar. movement moved away. After Feb. revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Member about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. Op .: To the trial of IM Kovalsky, "Byloe", 1906, No. 10; Episode from the life of the People's Will, "Proletarian Revolution", 1922, no. 7.
GRINBERG Abram Shimanovich (1841, Chisinau - 1906, Frankfurt am Main), social partner. Got a trad. Heb. education. At the end of the 1850s. carried away by the ideas of Haskala. In the 1880s. “Joined the Palestinian movement. Treasurer of the k-that "Hovevey-Zion" in Odessa, 1892-1906 his before. Organized a group that was engaged in buying up land in E.-I. One of the organizers of Yesod Ha-Ma'ala and Kastina settlements. Thanks to G.'s activities, the ban on Jews living in the 50-verst border strip was canceled.
GRINBERG Alexander-Isaak Zinovievich (1879-1938), architect. In 1928–30 he was a member of the ARU. Main works: House of Soviets in Bryansk (1924–26, with L. Velikovsky), project Center. telegraph in Moscow (1925), project of a hospital in Samarkand (1925, with P. Hoffman), project of the Palace of Labor in Yekaterinoslav (1926, with A. Vlasov), House of Soviets in Nizhny Novgorod (1930), hospital in Rostov-on-Don (1930s), Novosibirsk theater, op. and ballet (1930s, 1st stage).
GRINBERG Alexander Abramovich (1898, Petersburg - 1966, ibid.), Inorganic chemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Brother of G.A. Greenberg. Graduated from Leningrad in 1924. un-t. Until 1937 he worked at the Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the study of platinum and other noble metals. At the same time. taught from 1928 to 1947 at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (prof. from 1932), in 1941–44 - in the Kazan chemical-technol. in-those and Kazan un-those. In 1947–49 in Leningrad. un-those, in 1936-66 head. department total and inorganic chemistry in Leningrad. technol. in-those. Main scientific. works are devoted to the chemistry of complex compounds, incl. research platinum and palladium. In 1932, he proposed a new method for determining the structure of geometric. isomers (Greenberg method). Research acid-base and redox. properties of complex connections. in solutions, complex Comm. platinum metals, uranium, thorium, etc. He explained the regularity of the trans-influence of addends (Chernyaev's regularity) with the help of polarizers. representations (1932). Applied (1939) labeled atoms to study the structure and properties of complex compounds. Discovered (1957) kinetic. cisinfluence of ligands located nearby in the molecule of the complex (with Yu.N. Kukushkin). Became pr. (1946). Cit .: Introduction to the chemistry of complex connections. 3rd ed. M.-L., 1966.
GRINBERG Anatoly Pavlovich (1910, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1985, Leningrad), experimental physicist. In 1931 he graduated from the industrial. technical school in Zhitomir (Ukraine) and worked on decomp. s-dakh Zhitomir and Leningrad as an electrical technician and engineer. In 1934–39 he studied physics and mechanics. f-those Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. As a fourth-year student, he began working in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (FTI) in the lab. I.V. Kurchatov. He worked at the Physicotechnical Institute until the end of his life. In 1943–45 he took part in defense work (night vision devices). In 1946–68 he taught at the LPI. Performed important experiments. research on nuclear isometry, the structure of excited levels of the bromine nucleus (Cand. Dis., 1943). Was an active member. gr. sotr. FTI, which ensured the installation of the FTI cyclotron and its commissioning. On the cyclotron, together with others, he conducted important research. Coulomb excitation of nuclei, acceleration of heavy ions. In recent years. life also dealt with the history of nuclear physics. State pr. (1968). Works: Methods of acceleration of charged particles. M., 1950; Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov in Physics and Technology. in-those (with V.Ya. Frenkel). L., 1983.
GRINBERG Georgy Abramovich (1900, Petersburg - 1991, Leningrad), physicist, mathematician. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic Institute (1923). Prof. (1933). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935). He worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (1918-30), Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (1924–55), Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (since 1941). Main mat. results in mat. physics, in the theory of differenti. and integral equations, approximate and numerical methods. Became. pr. (1949). Cit .: Fav. questions of mat. theory of electric. and magnetic phenomena (M.-L., 1948).
GRINBERG Grigory Lazarevich (b. 1929, Chisinau), athlete and coach. The first master of sports in Moldova (1953) and hon. USSR master in table tennis. Graduated from Chisinau ped. Institute (1953), East. f-t. 4-time champion of the USSR and 34-time champion of Moldova (1945–79). Champion of the CIS (1992) among veterans. Member of a number of international. tournaments in the USSR national team. He also went in for football and tennis (bronze, medalist of the 1st USSR Championship, 1951). Works: Table tennis: technique, tactics, teaching methods. - Chisinau, 1973.
GRINBERG Isaak Moiseevich (1899, Evpatoria, Tauride Gubernia - 1938, Moscow), military leader, corps commissar (1935). He graduated from high school, was a student. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In civil war battalion commissar, military commissar of a regiment, division. In 1923–25 the beginning. political department of the 2nd Chervonno-Cossack division, 1st Chervonno-Cossack corps. In 1925–27 pom. early political department of the Ural VO. Graduated from military-polit. acad. them. N.G. Tolmacheva (1929). In 1927-30 Art. Inspector of the Political Administration Kr. Army, in 1930-34 military corps, in 1934-36 deputy. early Political Administration Leningrad. VO, in 1936–37 members. military. Special Artillery Council of the Red Army. Repressed.
GRINBERG Itzik (1901, Yaruga, Podolsk province - |), poet, publicist. Known as ps. Ber Green, A. Prince, A. Yaruger and others. After Heb. pogroms in the Ukraine fled to Romania, where in 1921-23 he worked as a teacher. Since 1923 in the USA. He worked in sewing workshops and also as a teacher. He studied at high fur boots in New York. He made his debut verse, in Hebrew and Russian. lang. He switched to Yiddish in 1924. He published poems, short stories, feuilletons, essays on literature and art in many others. periodic. ed. First. Sat. verse. Blumen Unter Schnei (Flowers in the Snow) (1939). The author of the book. "Naftole Botvin", "Yiddish Schreiber in America" ​​("Hebrew Writers in America"), "War Against War" were staged on the stage of Heb. t-ditch USA. Until the last. days he lived in New York.
GREENBERG Haim (1889, Todorashi, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1953, New York), Zionist. activist, journalist. As a teenager he moved to Odessa, where he soon distinguished himself as a Zionist, in circles as an orator and essayist who wrote in Russian. lang. and Hebrew Philos. and watered, reviews. In 1914 he moved to Moscow, where in 1915–17 he edited a weekly. “Heb. life ", which was published instead of the Zionist organ, the" Dawn "organization, which was closed by the censorship in Petrograd. After Oct. the Revolution of 1917 taught the Middle-century. literature to Kharkov, un-those. Several was once arrested for a Zionist. activity. In 1921 he went to Berlin, where he edited the officer. weekly Everyone, Zionist, of the "Ga-Olam" organization. Since 1924 in the USA. Was ed. Zionist, ed. in Yiddish "Der Yidischer Kemperer", and since 1934 - a working Zionist, every month. Juish Frantiner. Since 1934 - member. center, to-that Working Zionist. org-tion of America. During the 2nd world. the war was headed by Amer. Zionist, Extraordinary Council, since 1946 - Dir. dep. education and culture will perform, to-that Heb. Agencies in the USA.
GRINBERG Lev Pavlovich (1796, Volyn province - 1850) - doctor. Higher. honey. educated in Berlin, Dr. med. awarded in 1822 in St. Petersburg. medical-surgical acad. In 1822-29 he worked as a mountain. a doctor in Kiev and a doctor in Zaslav. From 1830 - inspector of the medical department in Kharkov and Art. resident of a hospital in Warsaw. G. studied the problems of epidemiology, clinical picture and treatment of plague. Vol .: Experience of the theory and essence of plague infection and its treatment, St. Petersburg., 1833; Universal terminological honey. lexicon in lat., ger. and Russian. lang., Berlin, 1839–42.
GREENBERG Louis (1884, Russia - 1964, USA), pianist and composer. From childhood he lived in the USA. Studied at the cons. New York, Vienna, then Berlin, where he studied under F. Busoni. He has toured as a pianist in Europe. Returning to the USA, he devoted himself entirely to composing. Known ch. arr. as an author of jazz works. He also wrote symph. and op. (naib. known op. "Green Palace"), as well as spiritual.
GRINBERG Maria (Rakhil-Maria) Izrailevna (1908, Odessa - 1978, Tallinn), pianist, teacher. She studied at the Odessa cons. from D.S. Aisenberg (until 1925). In 1926–33 she studied at Moscow. cons. from F.M. Blumenfeld, after his death (from 1931) - from K.N. Igumnov, she also attended classes with M.V. Yudina. In 1935 she graduated from graduate school under the direction of Igumnov. Since 1932 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Laureate of the 2nd All. competition of musicians-performers (2nd avenue, 1935, Moscow). During the 2nd world. war worked in Sverdlovsk. Since 1959 teacher (1970 - prof.) Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins. She gave concerts a lot. The highest achievements are the interpretation of the heroic-tragic. manuf. (fp. sonatas by L. Beethoven and others). She was the first interpreter of "Preludes and Fugues" by D. D. Shostakovich (1952). In her repertoire, works J.S.Bach, I. Brahms, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, W. A. ​​Mozart, FList (including "Mephisto Waltz") and many others. Dr. Hon. art. RSFSR (1961). She made many recordings (including all of Beethoven's piano sonatas, 1968-69).
GRINBERG Mark Iosifovich (1896, Odessa - 1957, Leningrad), specialist in the region. turbine engineering, prof. from 1935. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1922). From 1923 he worked for Leningrad. metallic s-de. From 1930 he participated in the creation. steam and gas turbines, then headed the design bureau, where projects of turbines of its design were created - condensing ones, with controlled extraction of steam at a pressure of 3 MPa (29 atm), a temperature of 400 | С. Ord. Lenin (1931). In 1931, under his hands. the project of the country's first steam turbine was released 2-5 MW with a shaft speed of 3000 rpm, then a series of condensates. turbines with variable extraction of steam of great power. at 3000 rpm. In 1934–38, according to G.'s designs, a single-shaft high-speed turbine with a powerful power was built. 100 MW. By 1941 under the hands of. G. designed and built 9 types of powerful turbines. In 1941–45 KB worked on the creation. high pressure turbines - up to 9 MPa (90 atm) at a steam temperature of 500 ° C. In 1952, the design bureau developed the country's first turbine with reheating of steam powerful. 150 MW, with parameters 17 MPa, 550–580 ° С with overheating of 520–535 ° С; in 1955–56 a powerful turbine was designed. 200 MW, the development of a turbine with a power of 300 MW supercritical steam parameters. Since 1929 at the same time. taught at the universities of Leningrad. Became. pr. (1946, 1948). Linen. pr. (1963, eat.).
GRINBERG Moisey Abramovich (1904, Rostov-on-Don - 1968, Moscow), music society. activist. In 1928 he graduated from ped. dep. muses. in-that in Rostov-on-Don, class fp. V.V.Shauba. Prominent organizer of music-conc. life and propagandist of owls. muses. lawsuit. In 1936-38 and 1941-43 he was director. muses. publishing house Muzgiz. In 1937 39 - Ch. ed. g. "Sov. music". In 1937, the organizer and first ed. gas. "Music". In 1938–39 - early. Moose. ex. Vses. to-that on cases of claims at the Council of Nar. Commissars of the USSR. In 1939–41 - deputy. thin hands. Moose. t-ra them. V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1941–49 - early. dep .; early Control. muses. broadcasting Vses. radio. From the beginning. 1950s took an active part in the organization of muses. contests, created. new muses. collectives. In 1953-68 - thin. hands. Moscow Philharmonic. He acted as a musician. critic.
GRINBERG Vladimir Arievich (1896 - 1942, Leningrad), artist, painter, graphic artist. From 1914 to 1941, a participant of pl. exhibitions in different cities of the USSR. Participated in exhibitions of owls. Isk-va in New York, Paris, Tokyo. Master of portrait and still life, mountains. landscape, mainly Leningrad. During the siege, he worked on posters for TASS Windows.
GRINBERG Zorach (1887, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province - after 1948), publicist, historian. Rod. in the Melamed family. He graduated from high school as an external student, studied in agronomics. in-those. From a young age he participated in societies, life. After the revolution, he was appointed Commissar of Education and Arts of the Northern Commune in St. Petersburg, was the "right hand" of the People's Commissar of Education AV Lunacharsky. In 1918 he moved to Moscow, participated in the work of the Hebrew. section, opposed Hebrew, especially when the question was what language. teach in Heb. school - in Hebrew or Yiddish. In apr. 1919 in Petrograd, the first issue of the public-polit. and lit.-thin. weekly "Kamph un lebn", ed. to-rogo was G. The second number w. came out in Kiev. Together with N. Buchbinder and S. Dimanshtein, G. edited a number of other social-political and literary-artistic. ed., to-rye paved the way to creation. subsequent Heb. lit. g. in Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev. In the beginning. 20s moved away from journalism, was engaged in scientific. and ped. work, taught history in a number of car washes, universities. During the 2nd world. war again returned to societies, activities, headed by East. section Heb. anti-fascist, to-that. His name stands under the appeal "To the Jews of the World", publ. into gas. Einikight June 17, 1942.
GRINEVICH Victor Petrovich (nast, first name and surname. Mikhail G. Kogan) (1874, Rostov-on-Don - 1942, USA), polit, and prof. activist. From the family of kr. merchant. He graduated from the Rostov Real School, in 1897-1901 he studied at the Berlin Polytechnic. Ing. Since 1897 - member of the Social-Democratic Party. movement, since 1900 - ch. RSDLP, since 1903 - Menshevik. During his studies in Berlin, he collaborated in the gas that was released there. "Rus. Thought ", opposed Iskra and the Iskra-ists. In 1901 he participated in the "Unite, Congress" abroad. s.-d. groups (Zurich). After returning to Russia in 1901, he participated in prof. movement, organized strike offices. He was arrested several times. During the Revolution of 1905–07 Comrade. (deputy) prev. and Treasurer of the Executive Committee of St. Petersburg. Council, before. Petersburg. center, prof. office, ed. a number of prof. g. Since 1907 in Germany. In the years of the 1st world. war "defensive". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, one of the hands. prof .; from June - before. Time. VTsPS; resigned in Sept. after the majority of participants are Democratic. meetings from prof. spoke out against a coalition with the bourgeoisie and for workers' control over the government. In the early years of the Sov. authorities - for households. and prof. work. In 1919 he left the RSDLP. In 1922 he left the country. Works: Prof. movement of workers in Russia. SPb, 1908 (3rd ed. M., 1923).
GRINEVO, a village in the Pogarsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starodubsky u. Chernigov province. In 1923, 67 Jews lived in Georgia.
GRINEVSHINA, see [[Big Grinevshchina.
GRINFELD Yona (1884, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1953, Israel), public figure. In his youth he joined the Zionist movement. Member of Tseirei-Zion. In 1917–20 p. Nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine, an active fighter for the Hebrew. autonomy in Ukraine. In the same years - deputy. prev. Council of Assistance to Victims of Pogroms in Ukraine. At the 3rd congress "Tseirei-Zion" (1920, Kharkov) elected a member. Party Central Committee. Since 1921 - one of the leaders of the left Zionist movement in Poland. From 1936 - in E.-I., Prof. activities.
GRINFEST Saul (Shaul-Chaim-Joseph) Leibovich (Notovich) (Rev. ps. - Finster) (late 1850s, Minsk - after 1900, Zurich, Switzerland), revolutionary populist. From the bourgeoisie. In the end. 1870 together with IN Getsov led the roar. propaganda in workers' circles in Minsk was associated with the roar. the organization "Black redistribution", with the help of smugglers, smuggled people and illegal traffic across the border. ed. In the end. 1880 organized an underground printing house "Black Redistribution" in Minsk. In 1882 he emigrated to Germany (Koenigsberg), in August. 1882 settled in Zurich, soon joined c. Emancipation of Labor, joined the Swiss Social-Democrats. party.
GREENFIELD Albert Monroe (1887, Kiev - 1967), Amer. financier and societies. activist. He came to the USA at the age of five. He changed many jobs before starting a real estate business and starting a company. In 1956, his company was one of the largest in the United States in real estate. In the beginning. depression of the 1930s. G. lost part of his multimillion-dollar fortune, tk. main im the trust company ceased to exist. In the 1950s and 60s. G. controlled the universal. and specialized. shops and hotels, for which he received the nickname "Mr. Philadelphia". In the 1917–20s. as a member municipal. Council of Philadelphia G. was close to William S. Ware, a prominent figure in Philadelphia. dep. Rep. party. Despite support in 1928 for the nomination of Herbert Hoover, since 1934 G. has been identified with Demrkratich. party, although he continued to provide finance. support dep. rep. candidates. From 1948 to 1964, G. took part in all the Democratich congresses. party. He was part of the Hebrews. delegation arrived at the prez. Harry S. Truman when he announced the recognition of the State of Israel by the United States. G. was close to prez. Lyndon B. Johnson and President. the 1960 elections supported his candidacy. G. never associated himself with the department. Heb. org-tions. He was the trustee of the Heb. theological. seminary and played a decisive role in the unification of three Hebrews in 1951. hospitals in Philadelphia.
GRINKISHKI, see Grinkiskis.
GRINKISHKIS, a town in the Radviliškės district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - place of Grinkishki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 431 Jews (46.6%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 250, in 1923 - 235 Jews (24%). G. from the 17th century. A wooden synagogue was built at the same time. There was a cheder, a Jewish cemetery. The Jews were engaged in trade, crafts, s. x-vom. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1876-1915 the rabbi in Georgia was Arie-Leib-Dovber Volpert (1840—?), From 1934 - Meir-Leib Matz (? —1941). Aug 1941 all Jews of Georgia (about 20 families) were taken to Krakes and on 5 Sept. 1941 shot.
GRINSHPUN Leonid Osipovich (1906, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Architect. In 1930 he graduated from the Architect-building Institute in Moscow. In 1928–30 he was a member of the ARU. Main works: project k / t Center. Houses of Kr. Army for 1000 seats in Moscow (1929, with I. Dlugach), the project of planning and development of Chardzhou (1931, with V. Kalmykov), Ing. railroad transport in Dnepropetrovsk (1931, with A. Kaplun).
GREENSTONE Julius Hillel (1873, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1955, USA), teacher, writer. Since 1894 in the USA. He studied in the mountains. College of New York and Heb. theological. seminary, where in 1900 he received the title of rabbi. In 1905 he taught Hebrew. pedagogy and religion at the Faculty of the Gratz College. In 1933–48, the director. college. In 1905 he opened a small Hebrew house in his house. books. shop where they came for the book. and consultation rabbis and those interested in Heb. education. G. was the first Amer. a Jew who created in English. lang. book by publicly available Heb. education. His book. The Religion of Israel (1902), later rewritten and supplemented, was republished in 1920 under the title. "Jewish religion". The work “The Messianic Idea in Heb. history "(1906) was the first. book in English. lang., investigating with East. tz. the idea of ​​messianism in Heb. lit-re. His comm, to bibl. book "Numbers" and "Proverbs of Solomon" appeared in ser. "Bible with commentaries", publ. Heb. publishing house (1939). G. was one of the authors of Heb. encyclopedias (1901). In tech. For 20 years he led a scientific-popul. section in the Philadelphia weekly. Juish Exhibitor. Some of his essays were collected and republished in the book. “Heb. holidays and fasts ”.
GRINTSER Pavel Alexandrovich (1928, Moscow - 2009, ibid.), Literary critic, specialist in Indian philology and historian. poetics. Graduated from Moscow State University (1951). Dr. philol. sciences (1975), scientific. sotr. IMLI. His work has made a significant contribution to the growth. and peace. indology. Laureate of the State. pr. USSR (1990). Responsible ed. ed. "Rig Veda" in Russian. lang. (1989). He wrote "Ancient Indian Epic: Genesis and Typology" (1974), "Bhasa" (1979), "Osn. categories classic Indian poetics "(1987).
GRINZAYD Itzik (1905, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1942), prose writer, journalist. He was brought up in an orphanage, graduated from ped. technical College. In 1927 he began working as a journalist. Having moved to Kharkov, he became a sotr. gas. "Junge Guard", then her otv. ed., and also ed. center, Heb. children gas. Zay Great (Kharkov). First. stories publ. in Moscow. g. "Jungvald", then published in Kharkov, literary-artistic. g. "Spilled" into the gas. Der Stern. In 1932 he released the collection. stories "Oifkum" ("Parish". Was compiled and edited by a number of books published in the Hebrew department of the rep. publishing house of Ukrnatsmenizdat. At the beginning of the war of 1941–45, he volunteered for French and died.
GRISHINO, see Krasnoarmeisk.
GRISHKABUDA, see Grishkabudis.
GRISHKABUDIS, a town in the Shakyai region (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1697. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Grishkabud Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1797 10 Jews (1.7%) lived in Georgia, in 1913 there were 30 Jewish families, in 1923 there were 92 Jews (12%), in 1940 - 8 Jewish families. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 18th century. In 1931, Jews owned a hardware, manufactory, and haberdashery shops, a sewing machine shop, and a tavern. There was a header. Most of the Jews of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. left for the USA. As a result of a fire in 1936, the synagogue and 22 houses burned down. 1941 Jews of Georgia were shot in Shakiai together with local Jews (about 4 thousand in total). A monument with an inscription in Yiddish is installed on the mass grave.
GRITSEV, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1932–35 it was the regional center of the Vinnitsa region, in 1937–54 - in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, since 1954 in the Khmelnytsky region. In 1847, 1,194 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 730, in 1897 - 979 (37%), in Jews (16%) in 1923 - 1325, in 1931 - 1150, and in 1939 - 1373. Jews have been settling in Georgia since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. All R. 17th century Jews of Georgia suffered from the atrocities of the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky; in the 18th century. - from the attacks of the Haidamaks. In the beginning. 18th century Hasidism spread among the Jews of Georgia. In the 19th century. main occupation of Jews - crafts, wholesale and intermediary trade in agricultural. products. In 1850 there were three synagogues in Georgia. Since 1845, Brener, a graduate of the Kamyanets-Podolsk rabbinical school, was a rabbi in Georgia, and Joseph Leib Derbarimdiker from 1878. In 1871 and 1900, 2 Hasidic synagogues were built. In 1907–17, underground Zionist circles operated in Georgia. In 1910 a Jewish school was opened without the permission of the authorities. 21 Sep 1917 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In the 1920s. in G. there were an OZET cell (80 members), underground youth Zionist organizations, and heders; in contrast to them, Jewish Komsomol members created dramas. circle, Jewish hut-reading room. Rabbi in Georgia in the 1920s. was Liberson, under his arms. the community built a new mikvah. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from famine. In the 1930s. there was a Gritsevsky Jewish nat. village council as part of the Gritsevsky district. In 1935 the authorities closed 16 synagogues in the region. After the occupation of Germany by the Germans. troops on Aug. 4. 1941, 286 Jews were shot, 4 Sept. - several more. hundreds of people (mass graves - in the center of G., on its outskirts, near the road G. - Polonnoye and in the tract of Trostyanets).
GRITSEVO, a village in the Tolochin district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony with 24 families in Orsha district Mogilev Gubernia. In 1898, 122 people lived in Georgia. In May 1925, approx. G. was founded by a Jewish agriculturalist. artel "New Gritsevo".
GRIVA, district (since 1959) within the city of Daugavpils (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Griva Illukskiy u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897 there were 3,027 Jews (38%) in Georgia, in 1910 - 5,207 (42%), in 1920 - 160 (6%), in 1930 - 230 Jews (4%). The Jewish population of Georgia was natives of the village. Yudovka. In 1831 approx. of the old Jewish cemetery a new one was laid. The first rabbi of G. was Yaakov Zeligman (? -1848), then his son Chaim-Dovid (1825-1849). In 1849-78 - Eliyahu-Arie Mintz (? -1878). The influence of Hasidism has noticeably increased in the community. From 1878 Issachar-Ber Rabinovich, Yehoshua Basov, E. A. Mileikovsky-Samonov (E. A. Mileikovsky-Samsonov) were rabbis. In 1878 the Jews of Georgia received permission to create a community (in fact, the Bikur Hoylim organization, the mutual assistance fund, and communal religious in-you appeared much earlier). At the same time, relations with the Hasidic minority worsened in the community. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 2nd half. 19th century - small trade and crafts. Many worked for the prom. production facilities of Dvinsk (modern Daugavpils), approx. 35 families were engaged in agricultural. production and gardening. In 1903, approx. 200 Jews died in the flood. In the beginning. 20th century a mutual credit cash office was created ("Grivsky Bank"). In the end. oct. 1905 Anti-Semitic demonstrations related to the "blood libel" took place in Georgia. In the end. 19th century in G. there were 4 synagogues, 5 Jewish doctors worked. On the eve of the 1st world. wars, there were Talmud Torah and Yeshiva. During the 1st world. G.'s war, in the region of the cut the front line passed, was destroyed, the inhabitants left it. In the 1920s. Jewish refugees began to return, the community was reestablished, the activity of "Bikur Hoylim" was resumed, houses and a bathhouse were repaired with the help of the Joint, and a mutual assistance fund was created. In the 1920s and 30s. there were 20 Jewish shops in Georgia. In 1921, the beginning. classes of a Jewish school, soon closed due to a shortage of students. With a local Latvian. the school created parallel classes with teaching in Yiddish, which operated until 1927; later, the children of Jews studied in Daugavpils. June 1941 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops at the same time. executions of Jews began. In the end. July 1941 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Daugavpils ghetto. In Georgia, genus: A.I.Kuk; Raisa Hlavnovna (Pavlovna) Gurvich (1908-1988, Daugavpils), orientalist-indologist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1944), specialist in Indian economics.
GRIVE, see Mane.
GRIVNIN Vladimir Sergeevich (b. 1923, Kharkov), orientalist, philologist and translator, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1974), prof. (1975). Graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1944). Comp., In 1954–64 head. dep. East VGBIL. Since 1964 teacher, since 1967 Assoc. Institute east. lang. at Moscow State University. Member of the 2nd world. wars in the Far East. Author of over 100 scientific. and translated works about modern. japanese. literature, book publishing, nat. science - kokugaku and others. Comp. and ed. bibl. literary pointers about the life and work of the Zarub, the writers of the East, incl. Japanese. The lane is very popular. G. in rus. lang. manuf. modern writers of Japan: Akutagawa Ryunosuke, Kobo Abe, Kendzaburo Oe and others; Works: Shimazaki Toson, Bibl. pointer, M, 1957; Natsume Soseki. Bibl. index, M., 1959; Determinant lang. world in writing, M., 1961, 1964, 1965 (jointly with R.S. Gilyarevsky); Akutagawa Ryunosuke. Bibl. pointer, M, 1961; Allowance for the lane. from japan. lang. Leke, questions per., M., 1966; Allowance for the lane. from japan. lang. in Russian Grammar. questions per., M, 1972; Akutagawa Ryunosuke: Life. Creation. Ideas, M., 1980.
Grobin, see Grobin.
GROBINA, city (since 1695) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Grobin, Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1850 465 Jews lived in Georgia and its environs, in 1857 in Georgia - 634, in 1861 - 697 (42%), in 1863 - 634 ( in the county - 2660), in 1881 - 658 (41%), in 1897 - 370 (25%), in 1910 - 258 (19%), in 1920 - 130 (10%), in 1935 - 95 Jews (9% The Jewish community of Georgia took shape at the beginning. 19th century All R. 19th century Ze'ev-Wolf Robinson (? -1879) was rabbi in Georgia, and then, until 1914, Chaim-Meir Green. In 1840 several. families moved to Jewish farmers. colonies in the Kherson province. As a result of the cholera epidemic in 1848, the number of Jews in Georgia decreased significantly. In 1857 there were 2 synagogues, in 1863 - 4 synagogues, in 1867 it was founded. hevra kaddish. From 1879 to 1886, a Jewish school, transferred from Kelm, operated in Georgia, headed by Simkha-Zisl (a student of I. Salanter). Along with the Talmud and Musar, languages, mathematics were taught in it, physical education lessons were conducted. Due to the deterioration of the economy. provisions pl. Jews in the con. 19th century moved to Libava (modern Liepaja). In 1910, Georgia had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. From the beginning. 1st world. war several. families left G. After the end of the war, the community experienced a lot. difficulties, its numbers declined sharply. In the 1930s. Jews owned 2 out of 10 prom. avenue and 15 out of 58 stores. In the 1920s and 30s. Leib Friedberg was the rabbi in Georgia, and there was a shohet. June 1941 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops, all the Jews of G. were destroyed in the end. 1941.
GROBMAN Mikhail (b. 1939, Moscow), artist, poet, collector. After leaving school, he worked as a bricklayer at a construction site, where he met V. Gershuni, who had a great influence on him. At the age of 14 he began to write poetry. In the end. 1950s G. became interested in mysticism and religion. philosophy. Regular participant of meetings in Lianozovo, at O. Rabin's. Later he began to arrange such meetings and exhibitions in his home. He began to paint at the end. 1960s, became one of Ch. participants of car washes, avant-garde. In 1959, his first personal exhibition took place at the Mukhinsky school in Leningrad. In 1967 publ. first art. oh thin. moscow avant-garde in the Czech railway from 1971 in Israel, where he continued his active creative activity, participated in exhibitions both in the country and abroad. He released the book. poetry (1992). In 1975 G. founded gr. "Leviathan", was the organizer of her thin. shares issued three numbers of gas. under the same name (1975, 1979, 1981). In 1993 he organized an exhibition of works by art. - immigrants from Russia in the Ramat Gan Museum. From the very first works, G. declared himself as a Hebrew. thin However, this was not a traditional work. solutions of Heb. themes: how thin. avant-garde G. used a new art. lang. A large number of his works belong to the so-called. "Magic symbolism" ("The Creation of the World", 1962; "The Destruction of Jerusalem", 1970). In addition, G. were created. works in a style that was later called Sotsart (Generalissimo, 1964), as well as in the style of early conceptualism (Stesina's Butterfly, 1966). Most of G.'s works after 1980 can be attributed to conceptualism ("Satan", 1980; "Quiet Ukrainian Night", 1982) and postmodernism ("Lenin's Mausoleum in Tel Aviv", 1988; "The village of Russian olim-Hadashim on the Kinneret", 1993 ).
GRODBERG Harry Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Klaipeda, Republic of Lithuania), organist. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow. cons, according to the organ class of A.F. Gedike, according to fp. from A.B. Goldenweiser. Since 1955, the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. G. is a brightly emotional musician who owns a huge repertoire, including almost all works. J.S.Bach. The first performer of a number of productions. K.S. Khachaturyan, S.M. Slonimsky, A.I. Pirumov. Participated in the international. muses. festivals. Member jury Intern. competition them. J.S.Bach in Leipzig (1972). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1983). In the spring of 1993 he organized the Bach Music Festival in Tver. G. studies old organs, specially travels to Germany to get acquainted with their mechanics and peculiarities of sound. Member Council for Organ Building under the Ministry of Culture of the USSR (1968). Compiled collection of books on org. manuf. owls. comp.
GRODEK-JAGELLONSKY, see. Town of Lviv region.
GRODETSKY Zeev (1900, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1968, Herzliya), industrialist. From 1925 - in E.-I. One of the first inhabitants of Herzliya. Created z-dov "Amia" and "Amkor". The owner of the Shimshon tire plant.
GRODISK, see [[Grodisk Mazowiecki.
Grodno, see Grodno.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГРОДНО (Гродна), город (с 1391), центр Гродненской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1128. В 13—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, в 16—18 вв. — центр повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1795—97 — уездный город Слонимской, в 1797—1801 — Литовской губ., с 1801 — губернский город. В 1920—39 — центр повета Белостокского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР, в 1939—44 — районный центр в Белостокской обл., с 1944 — обл. центр.В 1766 в Г. проживало 255 евреев, в 1816 — 8422 (85%), в 1859 — 10 300 (53%), в 1863 — 10 410, в 1887 — 27 343 (68,7%), в 1897 — 22 684 (48,4%), в 1906 — 25 191, в 1910 — 31 055, в 1916 — 15 537 (63,5%), в 1959 — 1783 (2,4%), в 1970 — 1873 (1,4%), в 1979 — 1745 евреев (0,8%).Евреи жили в Г. с 12 в. В 1389 еврейская община Г., имевшая синагогу и кладбище, получила привилегию от князя Витовта. Евреи жили на особой ул., занимались торговлей. В 1-й пол. 17 в. община Г. считалась одной из трех гл. общин Литвы (наряду с общинами Бреста и Пинска) и имела своих представителей в Литовском вааде. В сер. 17 в. в Г. поселились евреи-беженцы из Украины. В 1578 в Г. была построена каменная синагога. Кроме нее, в Г. имелось еще неск. синагог и иешива. Раввином Г. в 1572—88 был Мордхе Йоффе (1533, Прага — 1612, Познань), в сер. 18 в. — Арье-Лейб Эпштейн (1708, Гродно — 1775, Кенигсберг), затем его сын Авром-Меир Эпштейн (1722, Гродно — 1772), в кон. 18 — нач. 19 в. — Танхум бен Элиэзер (1746—1819, Гродна). В 1790 и 1816 в Г. отмечены факты «кровавого навета». В 1799 в Г. открыл типографию Борух Ромм (см. ст. Ромм). В 1803 типографию основал Г.Нахимович.Осн. занятия евреев Г. в 19 в. — торговля с.-х. продукцией, лесом и ремесла. В 1887 евреям принадлежали 88% коммерческих пр-тий, 76% ф-к и мастерских, 65% недвижимого имущества.В 1849 было открыто казенное еврейское уч-ще, затем школа для девочек, приют. В 1879 в иешиве училось ок. 120 чел. В 1886 функционировали 45 хедеров и еврейских нач. школ, 3 жен. школы. В 1906 в Г. было 100 хедеров. В 1907 для подготовки еврейских учителей с преподаванием на иврите были открыты единств. в то время в России Гродненские пед. курсы. В 1910 в Г. существовали 38 синагог, еврейское кладбище, 2 еврейские б-ки, еврейская больница, об-ва пособия нуждающимся, дет. дом, богадельня, ссудо-сберегат. кассы.С 1867 раввином в Г. был Зорух Дишкин (1824—?), с 1876 — Мойше Авромович Коткинд, в кон. 1870-х гг. — Нохум Каплан, с 1880 — Авром Гелборт (1852—?). В 1896—97 казенным раввином Г. был Ш.Х.Левин. В нач. 1910-х гг. раввином Г. был Мовша-Иегуда Рабинович (?—1914), с 1915 — Исаак Осипович Гальперн. В 1916 иешиву в Г. возглавлял И.Ш.Каганман.В 1872 было основано Об-во содействия заселению в Э.-И., с кон. 19 в. действовали сионистские кружки. В 1875—76 в Г. действовал один из первых в России еврейских рев. кружков. В 1897 был основан Гродненский к-т Бунда. Действовала орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1906 участники рабочего движения организовали еврейскую самооборону (среди ее чл. А.А.Кабак). В 1911 в Г. насчитывалось 450 чл. Бунда. В Г. получили распространение палестинофильские идеи.В 1915 казачьими частями рус. армии в Г. был устроен погром. В апр. 1915 евреи Г. были высланы из города. 17—22 июля 1920 в Г. произошел погром, учиненный польск. солдатами. В 1919 имелись ясли, дом престарелых, ремесл. школа, амбулатория, больница, кредитная касса. Раввином Г. в 1921—24 был И.-И.Унтерман. Иешиву в Г. в 1920—30-х гг. возглавлял Шимон-Иегуда Шкоп (1860—1940). В 1920—30-х гг. в Г. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.18—20 сент. 1939, перед приходом частей РККА, в Г. произошел погром; было убито 25 евреев. В 1939—40 в Г. действовала подпольная сионистская орг-ция, занимавшаяся переправкой (через Вильнюс) евреев в Э.-И.Части герм. армии заняли Г. 23 июня 1941. 5 июля 1941 произошел погром. В сент. 1941 в Г. были созданы 2 гетто, ликвидированные в нач. 1943. В гетто содержалось ок. 42 тыс. чел., большинство к-рых было отправлено в Освенцим. В нач. 1942 в гетто была создана орг-ция Сопротивления. (В 1991 на терр. бывш. гетто установлен памятный знак.)В 1950 в Г. было уничтожено еврейское кладбище. До нач. 1990-х гг. здание синагоги, постр. в кон. 16 в. и реконструир. в 1902, использовалось под худож. мастерские (в 1992 возвращено общине). С 1989 в Г. функционирует Гродненское обл. объединение еврейской культуры (пред. Григорий Ниселевич Хасид, р. 1924), с 1992 — клуб еврейской культуры им. Лейба Найдуса, еврейская воскресная школа. С 1996 действуют общинный центр, благотворит. об-во «Хесэд», с 1998 — Об-во прогрессивного иудаизма.В 1999 в Г. проживало ок. 1200 евреев.В Г. род.: Э.А.Абрамович, С.Х.Агурский, Л.С.Бакст, Г.Бублик, Н.Вилбуш, Г.Вильбушевич, М.Вильбушевич, В.Б.Вильнер, П.Гингольд, И.Я.Гинцбург, М.Дискин, М.И.-И.-Л.Дискин, Я.Зизмор, Л.П.Зусман, И.С.Иоффе, Л.Иоффе, И.Кисин, И.М.Кнорозовский, Л.Кречмер, А.Криницы, П.И.Кушнер, Э.Ливни, И.Г.Лившиц, А.А.Люблинская, А.Менес, Л.Найдус, А.Померанц, И.И.Рабин, Б.Розенблюм, М.Рубинштейн, Т.Сегал, Р.Соловейчик, Ш.Финкель, Ш.-И.Финн, А.-Ш.Фридберг, М.Чередняк, Л.Г.Шайковский, Х.-М.Шапира, К.А.Шапиро, М.-Х.Шапиро, М.А.Эйгелес, М.Эйнгорн, И.Я.Эпштейн, Я.А.Яковлев, И.Х.Яшунский; Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель (1863—1943), обществ. деятель, в 1880—90-х гг. участник палестинофильского, в 1920-х гг. — сионистского движения, с 1922 — в Э.-И., отец А.Вайншеля и Я.Вайншеля; Йосеф Валинский (1886—1973, Нью-Йорк), профсоюзный деятель, с 1915 — в США, поэт (на идише); Маня Вильбушевич-Шохат (1879—1961, Израиль), участница рев. движения в России в кон. 19 — нач. 20 в., с 1904 — в Э.-И., один из организаторов кибуцного движения в Э.-И., сестра Г.Вильбушевича, М.Вильбушевича и Н.Вильбуша; Арон-Меир-Яков Гинцбург (1820—1860, Вильна), раввин, автор коммент. к Талмуду; Лукас Гиршович (р. 1920), историк, политолог, автор работ по новейшей истории Бл.Востока и истории еврейского вопроса в СССР; Елин-Мор (Натан Фридман) (1913—1980, Тель-Авив), политич. деятель, с 1941 — в Э.-И., после смерти А.Штерна в 1943 возглавил ЛЕХИ, деп. Кнессета 1-го созыва, в 1949 примкнул к крайне левому движению «Га-Пеула га-Шемит»; Курт (Катц-Иссер) Катч (1896—1958, США), актер кино, с 1937 — в США; Самуил Наумович Конюховский (1909—1998), ген.-майор инж.-техн. службы (1963), в 1958—69 нач. кафедры в Воен. академии связи; Осип Любич (1896—1990, Париж), живописец, с 1923 — во Франции, работы хранятся в разл. галереях мира; Цви-Гирш Тарловский (1886—1943, Гродно), обществ. деятель, публицист, поэт (на идише), автор работ по истории евреев Гродно., pronunciation=ГРОДНО (Гродна), город (с 1391), центр Гродненской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1128. В 13—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, в 16—18 вв. — центр повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1795—97 — уездный город Слонимской, в 1797—1801 — Литовской губ., с 1801 — губернский город. В 1920—39 — центр повета Белостокского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР, в 1939—44 — районный центр в Белостокской обл., с 1944 — обл. центр.В 1766 в Г. проживало 255 евреев, в 1816 — 8422 (85%), в 1859 — 10 300 (53%), в 1863 — 10 410, в 1887 — 27 343 (68,7%), в 1897 — 22 684 (48,4%), в 1906 — 25 191, в 1910 — 31 055, в 1916 — 15 537 (63,5%), в 1959 — 1783 (2,4%), в 1970 — 1873 (1,4%), в 1979 — 1745 евреев (0,8%).Евреи жили в Г. с 12 в. В 1389 еврейская община Г., имевшая синагогу и кладбище, получила привилегию от князя Витовта. Евреи жили на особой ул., занимались торговлей. В 1-й пол. 17 в. община Г. считалась одной из трех гл. общин Литвы (наряду с общинами Бреста и Пинска) и имела своих представителей в Литовском вааде. В сер. 17 в. в Г. поселились евреи-беженцы из Украины. В 1578 в Г. была построена каменная синагога. Кроме нее, в Г. имелось еще неск. синагог и иешива. Раввином Г. в 1572—88 был Мордхе Йоффе (1533, Прага — 1612, Познань), в сер. 18 в. — Арье-Лейб Эпштейн (1708, Гродно — 1775, Кенигсберг), затем его сын Авром-Меир Эпштейн (1722, Гродно — 1772), в кон. 18 — нач. 19 в. — Танхум бен Элиэзер (1746—1819, Гродна). В 1790 и 1816 в Г. отмечены факты «кровавого навета». В 1799 в Г. открыл типографию Борух Ромм (см. ст. Ромм). В 1803 типографию основал Г.Нахимович.Осн. занятия евреев Г. в 19 в. — торговля с.-х. продукцией, лесом и ремесла. В 1887 евреям принадлежали 88% коммерческих пр-тий, 76% ф-к и мастерских, 65% недвижимого имущества.В 1849 было открыто казенное еврейское уч-ще, затем школа для девочек, приют. В 1879 в иешиве училось ок. 120 чел. В 1886 функционировали 45 хедеров и еврейских нач. школ, 3 жен. школы. В 1906 в Г. было 100 хедеров. В 1907 для подготовки еврейских учителей с преподаванием на иврите были открыты единств. в то время в России Гродненские пед. курсы. В 1910 в Г. существовали 38 синагог, еврейское кладбище, 2 еврейские б-ки, еврейская больница, об-ва пособия нуждающимся, дет. дом, богадельня, ссудо-сберегат. кассы.С 1867 раввином в Г. был Зорух Дишкин (1824—?), с 1876 — Мойше Авромович Коткинд, в кон. 1870-х гг. — Нохум Каплан, с 1880 — Авром Гелборт (1852—?). В 1896—97 казенным раввином Г. был Ш.Х.Левин. В нач. 1910-х гг. раввином Г. был Мовша-Иегуда Рабинович (?—1914), с 1915 — Исаак Осипович Гальперн. В 1916 иешиву в Г. возглавлял И.Ш.Каганман.В 1872 было основано Об-во содействия заселению в Э.-И., с кон. 19 в. действовали сионистские кружки. В 1875—76 в Г. действовал один из первых в России еврейских рев. кружков. В 1897 был основан Гродненский к-т Бунда. Действовала орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1906 участники рабочего движения организовали еврейскую самооборону (среди ее чл. А.А.Кабак). В 1911 в Г. насчитывалось 450 чл. Бунда. В Г. получили распространение палестинофильские идеи.В 1915 казачьими частями рус. армии в Г. был устроен погром. В апр. 1915 евреи Г. были высланы из города. 17—22 июля 1920 в Г. произошел погром, учиненный польск. солдатами. В 1919 имелись ясли, дом престарелых, ремесл. школа, амбулатория, больница, кредитная касса. Раввином Г. в 1921—24 был И.-И.Унтерман. Иешиву в Г. в 1920—30-х гг. возглавлял Шимон-Иегуда Шкоп (1860—1940). В 1920—30-х гг. в Г. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.18—20 сент. 1939, перед приходом частей РККА, в Г. произошел погром; было убито 25 евреев. В 1939—40 в Г. действовала подпольная сионистская орг-ция, занимавшаяся переправкой (через Вильнюс) евреев в Э.-И.Части герм. армии заняли Г. 23 июня 1941. 5 июля 1941 произошел погром. В сент. 1941 в Г. были созданы 2 гетто, ликвидированные в нач. 1943. В гетто содержалось ок. 42 тыс. чел., большинство к-рых было отправлено в Освенцим. В нач. 1942 в гетто была создана орг-ция Сопротивления. (В 1991 на терр. бывш. гетто установлен памятный знак.)В 1950 в Г. было уничтожено еврейское кладбище. До нач. 1990-х гг. здание синагоги, постр. в кон. 16 в. и реконструир. в 1902, использовалось под худож. мастерские (в 1992 возвращено общине). С 1989 в Г. функционирует Гродненское обл. объединение еврейской культуры (пред. Григорий Ниселевич Хасид, р. 1924), с 1992 — клуб еврейской культуры им. Лейба Найдуса, еврейская воскресная школа. С 1996 действуют общинный центр, благотворит. об-во «Хесэд», с 1998 — Об-во прогрессивного иудаизма.В 1999 в Г. проживало ок. 1200 евреев.В Г. род.: Э.А.Абрамович, С.Х.Агурский, Л.С.Бакст, Г.Бублик, Н.Вилбуш, Г.Вильбушевич, М.Вильбушевич, В.Б.Вильнер, П.Гингольд, И.Я.Гинцбург, М.Дискин, М.И.-И.-Л.Дискин, Я.Зизмор, Л.П.Зусман, И.С.Иоффе, Л.Иоффе, И.Кисин, И.М.Кнорозовский, Л.Кречмер, А.Криницы, П.И.Кушнер, Э.Ливни, И.Г.Лившиц, А.А.Люблинская, А.Менес, Л.Найдус, А.Померанц, И.И.Рабин, Б.Розенблюм, М.Рубинштейн, Т.Сегал, Р.Соловейчик, Ш.Финкель, Ш.-И.Финн, А.-Ш.Фридберг, М.Чередняк, Л.Г.Шайковский, Х.-М.Шапира, К.А.Шапиро, М.-Х.Шапиро, М.А.Эйгелес, М.Эйнгорн, И.Я.Эпштейн, Я.А.Яковлев, И.Х.Яшунский; Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель (1863—1943), обществ. деятель, в 1880—90-х гг. участник палестинофильского, в 1920-х гг. — сионистского движения, с 1922 — в Э.-И., отец А.Вайншеля и Я.Вайншеля; Йосеф Валинский (1886—1973, Нью-Йорк), профсоюзный деятель, с 1915 — в США, поэт (на идише); Маня Вильбушевич-Шохат (1879—1961, Израиль), участница рев. движения в России в кон. 19 — нач. 20 в., с 1904 — в Э.-И., один из организаторов кибуцного движения в Э.-И., сестра Г.Вильбушевича, М.Вильбушевича и Н.Вильбуша; Арон-Меир-Яков Гинцбург (1820—1860, Вильна), раввин, автор коммент. к Талмуду; Лукас Гиршович (р. 1920), историк, политолог, автор работ по новейшей истории Бл.Востока и истории еврейского вопроса в СССР; Елин-Мор (Натан Фридман) (1913—1980, Тель-Авив), политич. деятель, с 1941 — в Э.-И., после смерти А.Штерна в 1943 возглавил ЛЕХИ, деп. Кнессета 1-го созыва, в 1949 примкнул к крайне левому движению «Га-Пеула га-Шемит»; Курт (Катц-Иссер) Катч (1896—1958, США), актер кино, с 1937 — в США; Самуил Наумович Конюховский (1909—1998), ген.-майор инж.-техн. службы (1963), в 1958—69 нач. кафедры в Воен. академии связи; Осип Любич (1896—1990, Париж), живописец, с 1923 — во Франции, работы хранятся в разл. галереях мира; Цви-Гирш Тарловский (1886—1943, Гродно), обществ. деятель, публицист, поэт (на идише), автор работ по истории евреев Гродно., extra_data="{'translat...")
Grodnyanskiy Reuven (1881 - 1913, Israel), public figure. Per. to Judaism as a child together with his parents, to-rye worked on the farm of J. Dubrovin. He married his daughter Tamara. He was distinguished by his great religiosity and careful fulfillment of all religions. rituals. Was a grave. He became famous for his debates on religion. questions with the priests, to-rye tried to return the Ger to Christ. In 1903, together with the Dubrovin family, he came to E.-I. and settled on the family farm at Yesod Ha-ma'ala.
GRODZENSKAYA Nadezhda Lvovna (1892, Vilna - 1975, Moscow), teacher, activist in the region. muses. education and upbringing. In 1916 she graduated from the Higher Courses for Women in Kiev, in 1917 - the Kiev Cons. by class fp. She taught in Leningrad in Ped. in-those them. Herzen and cons. From 1928 she worked in Moscow. She taught at ped. technical schools, later in Moscow. cons. on ped. f-those (until 1932). On her initiative, the first children were opened. muses. schools, refresher courses for music teachers, general education. schools. In the 1920s she worked with B.V. Asafiev on the problem of children's music perception. audience. G. developed a methodology for muses. raising children. In 1948–69 - scientific. sotr. Ying-that thin. education APN RSFSR, since 1958 - Cand. ped. sciences. The author of a number of articles, uch. and methodical. manuals on muses. education and upbringing. Author of works “On teaching singing at the beginning. school. Methodical letter "(M., 1950); "Educational work in singing lessons" (M., 1953); “Listening to music at the beginning. school (grades I-IV) (Moscow, 1962); “Schoolchildren Listen to Music” (Moscow, 1969). Some works by G. dedicated to the mass muses. parenting, trans. to foreign yaz,
HRODZENSKY Chaim Ozer (1863, Ivye Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1940, Vilno), rabbi. Pupil of Rabbi H. Soloveichik. In 1887 he was appointed Vilna Dayan (religious judge), was one of the initiators of the Vilna Conf. 1909, which founded the orthodox, the organization "Kneses-Israel", will be a participant. conf. orthodox, religious movement "Agudas Israel" (1912, Katowice). Known for his fight against Zionism and Haskalah. With their responses (explanations) according to the Talmudic. law and ritual (book "Akhiezer", vols. 1-3, 1922, 1925, 1939) gained great authority in the circles of Orthodox, Jewry.
GRODZISK MAZOWECKI, a city (from 1522) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Grodisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province. In 1765, 157 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 635 (83%), in 1860 - 823 (80%), in 1897 - 2154 (80%), in 1909 - 2325 (66.5%). in 1921 - 2,756 (25%), in 1936 - 3,587 Jews (21%). Jews lived in Georgia from the late 17th century They earned a living by small trade, crafts, maintained inns, some were engaged in grain trade. The community was created in the beginning. 18th century At the same time, a wooden synagogue was built and a cemetery was laid. A new synagogue was built in 1860. All community organizations and khevra kaddish worked, there were kheders and talmud-torah. Jews had all the rights to purchase land, build houses, and bargain. and crafts. activity, were the founders of the industry in GM. In 1887 a factory for the production of sewing accessories was opened, supplying all [[Kingdom of Poland. The factory employed approx. 500 workers, mainly Jews. Before the 1st world. During the war, knitting of stockings and the production of berets was an important source of income. Most of the Jews of G.M. were Hasidim. In 1849-92, the rabbi of GM was Elimelech Shapiro (1826-1892), who headed the Hasidic dynasty. 20th century - Israel Shapiro, who died in Warsaw during the Holocaust. Until 1927, Rabbi G.M. was Dovid-Chaim Malinitsky, one of the leaders of Mizrahi in Poland, in the 1930s. - Aron-Itskhok Shapiro, who died during the Holocaust. In 1905, the first Zionist circles appeared in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. 14 oct. 1914 and 25 Jan. 1915 from GM was evicted apprx. 4 thousand Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. main occupations of Jews - trade, crafts and small-scale production. In 1936 Jews owned 2 workshops for knitting stockings, 2 shanks and a perfumery. There were 173 Jewish artisans. 60 families made a living by renting orchards and selling crops to Warsaw. Several dozens of Jews were engaged in carriage. There were 2 Jewish doctors (out of 8), 4 dentists (all Jews), 2 lawyers (out of 5). There were branches of almost all the Jewish parties and movements in Poland. Jewish children worked. house, 3 libraries with books in Yiddish and Hebrew. For some time there was a weekly. in Yiddish. 10 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered the GM In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was created, later - a ghetto, in which, in addition to the Jews of G.M., there were refugees from Poznan, Lodz and other cities of Poland. In nov. 1940 the ghetto contained approx. 6 thousand people On Feb. 1941 the ghetto in GM was liquidated; all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto. M. Bentov, V. Kibel, J. Flapan, J. Shapira.
GRODZNENSKY Aron-Itskhok (1891, Vekshni of Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1941, Ponary), poet, prose writer, translator. Rod. a rabbi, a family. He studied at the cheder in Vilna, then at the gymnasium. He made his debut as a poet in 1908. In 1910 he left for Belgium. He worked as a journalist. In 1914 he released the first. poetic. Sat. Einzame Klangen (Lonely Sounds). In the beginning. 1st world. war moved with his parents to Yekaterinoslav. In 1916, as a result, unhappy. case lost both legs. In 1921 he returned to Vilno. Per. A.S. Pushkin. In 1923, the opera was staged in Vilna. "Eugene Onegin" in his per. in Yiddish, which had great success. Rum came out in 1923. G. "Lebn" ("Life") and the play "Muterlehe gefiln" ("Mother's feelings"). In 1924, he began to produce evening gas in Vilna, which existed until the beginning. 2nd world. war. In 1934, Sat. short stories "In a Yidishn Dorf" ("In the Jewish Village") - a description of the life of Heb. agricultural colony in southern Russia in the early years of the revolution. Killed during the occupation.
GRODZYANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1939, 150 Jews lived in Georgia. On March 4, 1942, 92 Jews were shot in Georgia.
GROCHOLICE, a village in Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Petrokovsky u. In 1808 26 Jews (9%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 61 (8%), in 1857 - 151 (11%), in 1897 - 125 (12.5%), in 1921 - 51 Jews (5%) In 1420-1870, Georgia had the status of a city. In 1770 a Jewish family settled in Georgia, selling vodka and beer. In the beginning. 19th century there was a small community, first subordinate to the Dzyaloshina community, and later to Belhatuva. 1941 all Jews of Georgia were sent to Belchatow, from there in August. 1942 - to the Chelmno extermination camp.
GROKHOV, see Grokhuv.
GROCHUV, now part of Warsaw (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Grokhov, Warsaw u. 280 Jews (20.6%) lived in Georgia in 1897. Rabbi Yosef-Zvi was the rabbi in Georgia.
GROMBAKH Sergey Mikhailovich (1908 - 1987, Moscow), specialist in the field of hygiene of children and adolescents, professor. Graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1932), since 1933 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Health Protection of Children and Adolescents; since 1956 hands. dep. hygiene of children and adolescents Mosk. Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman. One of the initiators created. the first in the USSR Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents (1959) and Deputy. dir. his on scientific. work. tr. G. dedicated development of theoretical. bases of hygiene of children and adolescents, to-rye allowed to conduct research. health, morbidity, physical. development of children decomp. age groups, which contributed to the introduction of scientifically based operating modes decomp. children's institutions, principles of rationing of academic and labor loads, as well as rationing the impact of decomp. environmental factors in preschool institutions and schools. Ed. G. published a "Guide to the hygiene of children and adolescents" (Moscow, 1964). In addition to scientific. activities in the region. hygiene of children and adolescents G. was engaged in the study of creativity A.S. Pushkin, the result of which was the book. "A.S. Pushkin and Medicine".
GROMMER Yakov Pinkhusovich (1897, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1933, Minsk), mathematician. Studied mat. in Berlin and Marburg un-tah, later at Gettin-gen un-those, where in 1912 he received a doctorate in philosophy. In 1915-28 he was A. Einstein's assistant in Berlin. Having moved to Minsk in 1928, he became prof. Bel. State un-that, and since 1931 - sotr. physical and technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. He is the author of works on mat., General theory of relativity and relativistic mechanics. Works: Proof of the non-existence of everywhere a regular centrally symmetric field in T. Kaluza's field theory. - In the book: A. Einstein Sobr. scientific. tr. (translated from German and English), vol. 2 (Moscow, 1961); General theory of relativity (Ibid, both co-authored with A. Einstein).
LOUDSPEAK does not exist now. Main in 1857 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony of Gromokley (other name. Gromokley) in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson lips. Since 1923 - in the Bobrinets district of the Zinovievsky okr., Then in the Dnepropetrovsk and Kirovograd regions. 16 families lived in Georgia in 1856, 254 people in 1886, 334 in 1896 (48 households), in 1916 - 380, in 1924 - 487 people (103 families). In 1898, 42 families (254 people) were engaged in agriculture, having 600 dess. allotment land; in total there were 890 dessiatines under crops. (of which 573 are under wheat). On average, there were up to 6 horses and 2 cows per family. There was a synagogue and a cheder. In 1918-19, during the Civil. war, the population of Georgia was subjected to pogroms and robberies by the troops of the Directory and various. gang. Dozens of residents died in 1921-22 from hunger and epidemics, many others. the colonists fell into disrepair, but were later rebuilt with the support of the ARA and the Joint. In the 1st floor. 1920s in G. actively created t-va on the joint. land cultivation (technical assistance was provided by EKO and Joint). The synagogue was closed in 1927. Between 1929 and 1930, the collective farms Naye Leben, Rote Fane, and others were established; as a result of massive seizures of grain and other agricultural products. foodstuffs in 1932–33 were struck by hunger. In the 1930s. sowing of tech. cultures, livelihood developed (ch. arr. meat and dairy direction). Until 1938, it was in force. school with teaching in Yiddish. Jews of Georgia were destroyed during the Holocaust. In the course of the campaign to liquidate "unpromising villages" the inhabitants of Georgia were resettled to other us. items, and G. ceased to exist. I. M. Shaikin
LOUDGLUE, see Lumberglue.
LOUD, see Thunder.
GROMOV Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1943, Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Region), mathematician. Foreign member Academy of Sciences of France. Foreign member Nat. Acad. US Sciences. Foreign member Amer. Acad. of Arts in Boston. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1965), Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1965), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973). Worked at Leningrad State University (1968–74). Since 1974 - in the USA, at Stony Brook University (New York), then in France: at Paris-6 University (1981–82), since 1982 at Ying-those higher. scientific. explored. Since 1991 also in un-those units. Maryland (USA). Main the results refer to complex analysis, trim geometry, algebras, geometry. He discovered important connections between topological, differential-geometric. and algebraic. (including symplectic) structures on manifolds. In particular, it is shown that for hyperbolic. spaces, the volume is a topological characteristic. Etc. Moscow mat. about-va (1971). Etc. O. Veblena Amer. mat. about-va (1981). Etc. Elie Cartan of the Academy of Sciences of France (1984). Etc. Wolf (Israel, 1993). Works: Differential relations with partial derivatives. M. 1990, etc.
GROMOVKA, a village in Starokonstantinovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In 1941–44, a camp was set up in Georgia for Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia. 148 Jews died of hunger and disease in the camp. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 33 Jews in the camp.
GROSS Evgeny Fedorovich (1897, Kolpino Petersburg Gubernia - 1972, Leningrad), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1918, while a student in Petrograd. un-that, began to work in the State. optical in-those (GOI) at D.S. Rozhdestvensky. After graduating from un-t (1924), he continued to work at GOI. In 1936 he became Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences without protection dis. Head of department molecular physics Leningrad. un-that (since 1936; since 1938 prof., head of the department). At the same time. from 1944 head. the lab organized by him. solid state spectroscopy Leningrad. physical and technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1964 head. lab. Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. scientific. interests - optics and spectroscopy. Carried out quantities, measurements of the fine structure of the Rayleigh line. Discovered (with MF Buks) the spectra of intermolecular vibrations - "gross frequencies". Opened optic. exciton spectrum, experimentally proving the existence of excitons in crystals. Research properties of excitons and their role in decomp. physical phenomena (photoconductivity, luminescence). Discovered the diamagnetism of excitons, the splitting of their energy levels, ionization in the external. electric field, inversion of magn. exciton fields, optical analogue of the Mössbauer effect, the role of excitons in the coherent radiation of crystals. Proved the migration of excitons in the crystal. Author pl. scientific. publications. Steel, etc. (1946), Len. etc. (1966).
GROSSER Bronislav (part. Ps: Slavek, Zeltser) (1883, Mekhov of Keletskaya province - 1912, Petersburg), lawyer, polit. activist, publicist. In his youth, member. youth socialist. circles in Warsaw. Later he became a member. Bund. In 1906 he opposed the entry of the Bund into the RSDLP. Edited desks. ed .: "Glos Bundu" ("Voice of the Bund", in Polish.), "Our Hasla" ("Our Slogans", in Polish.), "Lebensfragen" ("Questions of Life", in Yiddish), sotr. in Polish. socialist gas. "Vedza" ("Knowledge"). Was a member. Central Committee of the Bund, in publicist. Art. advocated the restoration of the state. independence of Poland and in defense of the rights of the Jews. workers. In 1912, members. consultant to-that s.-d. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. G.'s funeral in Warsaw turned into a political demonstration.
GROSSMAN (Grosman) Grigory Aleksandrovich (Ruvim Alterovich) (lit. ps. Kovrov) (1863, p. Pavlovka, Pavlogradsky district. Yekaterinoslav province - |), member of the rev. movement of the 1880s, publicist. He graduated from high school in Samara. From 1883 he studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. Since 1886, members so called Military-roar. org-tion, led the roar. propaganda among pupils of petersburg. military-academic institutions. In Jan. 1887 arrested, in Sept. exiled to admin. order to Sredne-Kolymsk (Yakutia). In 1891 he returned from exile and went abroad, listened to lectures at Berne and Berlin high fur boots, from 1893 he was published in the railway station. "God's World", "Education", "North. courier "," Our life "and others. From 1906 the Berlin correspondent. gas. "Rus. statements ". After 1917 sotr. in the emigre press.
GROSSMAN Leonid Petrovich (1888, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), literary critic, writer. In 1906–10 he studied law at the Sorbonne (Paris) and Novorossiysk (Odessa) un-those, attended lectures on philology. Graduated from law. f-t Kiev, un-that (1911). From 1903 he published critical. Art. He wrote on legal issues in “Heb. encyclopedias ". In the 1910s – 1920s. acted as a poet-neoclassicist (poems on biblical motives, cycle according to the book. Job, cycle of sonnets "Pleiades", etc.). From 1921 he taught theory and history of literature in Moscow. universities. Since 1945 - prof. Ped. in-ta them. V. Potemkin. Tr. about rus. literature of the 19th century: "Lermontov and the culture of the East" (1941; work partly based on the Hebrew theme in the poet's work), "Lermontov and Rembrandt" (1946), "Turgenev Theater" (1924), "Pushkin in the theater, armchairs "(1926); belletriz. monographs "The Crime of Sukhovo-Kobylin" (1927), "Pushkin" (1939), "NS Leskov" (1945) and other biographical. rum. and rev .: "Notes of d'Arshiak" (1930), "Roulettenburg" (1932), "Velvet Dictator" (1933), "Roman Nina Zarechnaya" (1967), etc. Mn. works dedicated to the works of F. Dostoevsky: "Dostoevsky" (1965, 2nd ed.); book "Confession of a Jew" (1924; about the tragic fate of "Hebrew Pisarev", A. Kovner, includes his correspondence with F. Dostoevsky and V. Rozanov, constructed as a dispute between the cross defending Jewry and Christ thinkers who do not accept it ). Adj. to the book. - G.'s work "Dostoevsky and Judaism" - reveals the complex attitude of Dostoevsky to Jewry.
GROSSMAN Meir (1888, Temryuk, Kuban Region - 1964, Tel Aviv), Zionist, activist, journalist. Began to publish in 1905 in Russian. periodicals, from 1910 - in the period, ed. Yiddish. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, since 1913 - in Berlin, where he was a member. center, to-that Zionist. student org-tion "Ge-Haver", ed. her. in Russian lang. “Heb. student ”and humorous. gas. in Yiddish "Der ashmedai". During the 1st world. war published in Copenhagen, then in London a fortnight in Yiddish "Di Tribune", in which he supported the idea of ​​creating. Heb. legion as part of the English. army. In the beginning. 1917 returned to Petrograd, after Oct. Revolution moved to Kiev, where he was elected member. Executed, to-that Zionists of Ukraine, participated in the work of Heb. nat. meetings and Time. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. Was a member. Ukr. Centre. We are glad. During civil. war went abroad to acquaint the world. the public with critical the position of Ukrainian. Jewry. As a result of the trip, to-you help Ukrainian. Jews in England and the USA (1919). In the end. 1919 cum. with J. Landau transformed Heb. correspondent, bureau (created in 1914) in Heb. telegraph, agency. In 1925 he founded a daily in Jerusalem. gas. in English. lang. (from 1950 to now - Jerusalem Post). After creating. Zhabotinsky in 1925 was a revisionist, a Zionist, the party was his closest assistant until the split in 1933 on the issue of subordination to the World. Zionist. org-tion (BCO). G.'s supporters remained in the WZO after the revisionists left it and united in the Party of Hebrews. state-va (in 1948 both parties merged). From 1934 - in E.-I., where he headed a bank that subsidized the settlement of Jews in the country. During the 2nd world. war G. - in the United States, where he actively participated in the Hebrew. societies, life. In 1948 he was elected a member. reign Heb. agency (international. Zionist. org-tion) and was headed by econ. the Department. In 1953 he joined the party of general Zionists (the libertarian wing of the Zionist movement), which he represented (1954–61) in the performance, to-those Heb. agencies. Showed great interest in the situation of the Sov. Jews and contributed to the creation. in Israel period. ed. in Russian lang .: "Herald of Israel" (1959–62), "Shalom" (1963–67).
GROSSMAN Vasily Semenovich (nast, name Iosif Solomonovich) (1905, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Writer, prose writer. Father is a chemical engineer, mother is a French teacher. lang. In 1929, after graduating from physics and mathematics. L-ta Moscow State University went to Donbass. He worked in Makeyevka as a laboratory assistant at the Scientific Research Institute for the safety of forge, works, then - head. gas analytic lab. mines, later - an assistant chemist in the Donetsk region. in-those pathology and occupational health, an assistant in the Stalinist med. in-those. Having fallen ill with tuberculosis, on the advice of doctors, he changed his place of residence and moved to Moscow. Engineer worked. at a pencil f-ke, later head. lab. and pom. ch. Ing. The experience of the first years of labor activity is reflected in "Gluckauf" (1934), "Ceylon Graphite" (1935), "A Tale of Love" (1937). G. considered himself a student of M. Gorky. Already in one of the first publ. stories "In the city of Berdichev" (1934) was declared Heb. topic. The development of this theme was particularly influenced by the death of the mother in Heb. the Berdichev ghetto. War years - in French, corr. "Red Star". At this time, pov. "The people are immortal" (1942) and started by rum. "For a just cause." Notebooks of that time formed the basis of the book. essays "Stalingrad". The essay "Treblin Hell", published as a brochure, was distributed at the Nuremberg trials. The essay "Ukraine without Jews", publ. only in the era of publicity. Understanding war as a continuation of life in extreme circumstances forms the basis of Grossman's military theme, incl. dilogies "Life and Fate" - Ch. manuf. D. One of the strongest pages of the dilogy is the description of the life and death of Hebrews. ghetto. The tragic solution to this theme lends a sublimity to its sound, rum. becomes a passionate warning against discrimination of any kind. Second rum. dilogy was arrested. After the appeal of the writer to Khrushchev, Suslov received him, said that rum. may be published "in two or three hundred years," and promised to publish a five-volume collection. op. G. But "Life and Fate" was published. in the writer's homeland in 1988, and a year later - pov. "Everything flows" (1955-63), in a cut almost for the first time in the Sov. literature before the reader the era of the struggle against cosmopolitanism: the "summit" manifestation of state. anti-Semitism. J. "October" at first did not include in publ. "Life and Fate" Ch. on anti-Semitism and published it only six months later, after the outraged letter of the reader, to-ry attached his copy of Ch.
GROSSULOVO, see [[Great Mikhailovka.
Grojec, see Grojec.
GROZBARD David (b. 1915), military leader, political activist. Since 1932 - in E.-I. From 1934 - in Etzel, participated in pl. combat operations. In 1942 he directed the commander's courses. In 1944 - com. Tel Aviv branch. Since 1945 - in Ch. the command of Etzel. Created honey. service and secret broadcasting art. He founded plants for the production of guns, machine guns, explosives and grenades. After gaining independence - member. center, organs of the Herut party, director. gas. "Herut".
GROZINTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1652.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1903 a pogrom took place in Georgia.
Grozny, see Grozny.
GROZNY, city (since 1870), the capital of the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1818 during the Caucasus. wars of 1817-64 as a fortress Groznaya, since 1870 - the district center of the Tersk region From 1922 it was the center of the Chechen Autonomous Okrug, from 1934 - the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, in 1936-91 - the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in 1944-57 it was the center of the Grozny Region of the RSFSR). In 1866, 928 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1869 - 995, in 1874 - 1259 (14.9%), in 1890 - 1594, in 1897 - 1711 (10.9%), in 1900 - 2310 (14%), in 1910 - 2474 (9.5%), in 1926 - 2787 (2.9%), including 1475 Mountain Jews, in 1939 - 3992, in 1970 - 4791 (including 202 Mountain Jews, 13 Krymchaks and 2 Karaites), in 1979 - 3758 Jews (1%) The first (mountain) Jews settled in Georgia in the 1830s. During the Caucasus. war, the Jewish population grew at the expense of the Mountain Jews, who were loyal to the growing. to the authorities and those fleeing in Georgia from persecution by the mountain tribes of the Caucasus. In the 2nd floor. 19th century in Georgia there were 2 synagogues (the Ashkenazi synagogue, built in 1863, for Mountain Jews in 1865), 2 schools, and 2 rabbis. Since 1847 Moshe Tsarnis was the rabbi in Georgia. In the 1860s. one of the rabbis was Shaul Biniamini, from 1875 - Yisrael ben Asher. Mountain Jews lived in a special district - Slobodka, were engaged in arable farming, gardening, cattle breeding, and crafts. In 1866 they owned 155 sakles, 4 orchards and vineyards, 27 shops. In 1900, 13 children studied in the Talmud Torah. Local Zionists collected money to set up a library. In 1900 Matvey (Matityagu) Bogatyrev from Georgia took part in the work of the 4th World. Zionist Congress. In the beginning. 1900s the organization Poaley Zion operated in G. In 1906 a Mountain Jewish school was founded in Georgia with teaching in Russian. lang. The first is the director. school was an active participant in the Zionist movement in G. Akim Ishaytovich Isakovich. In 1909, E.-I. 64 families from Georgia moved and founded a community of Mountain Jews in Jerusalem. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Karaite community in Georgia. In March 1917, a group of Jews in Georgia, headed by I. Sh. Anisimov, appealed to the Jews of the Caucasus to convene a congress in support of Vrem. pr-va. In 1925, the director. of the Jewish school, the writer Z. Khudainatov initiated the romanization of the Hebrew-Tat language. In the 2nd floor. 1920s in the building of the former. the synagogue operated a club for mountain Jews. In the 1940s and 1950s. the Jews of G. contributed the meaning. contribution to the cultural life of the city. Ch. dir. A.G. Ridal was in the Grozny t-ra in 1952-62. In 1953, architect. LI Khait reconstructed the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren. In 1963 a synagogue was closed in Georgia. In Georgia, the genus: A.D. Beniaminov; Aron Benjamini (Beniaminov) (1886-1943, Tel Aviv), doctor, societies. leader, active participant in the Zionist revisionist movement, founder of Nat. Union of Doctors E.-I., the name of B. is a cardiologist. the Gadassah Hospital Center in Tel Aviv; Naami Raboevna Ifraimova (b. 1941), choreographer, organizer and director. choreography ans. "Tovushi"; Lev Nikolaevich Raaben (b. 1913), musicologist, Doctor of Arts (1968), prof. (1971), author of works and research. on the history of chamber instrumentation. music. In G. lived and worked VA Kan-Kalik (1946-1992), doctor of psychology. Sciences, prof. (1986), rector of the Chechen-Ingush state. University (1986-91). P.S. Wagner, M. I. Vdovina
GROZOV, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 765 Jews (82.4%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 686 Jews, in 1926 - 704 Jews (68.6%). In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia. The rabbi in Georgia from 1898 to 1908 was Chaim-Fishel Epstein (1874—?), After 1908 - Nachman-Joseph Krupenia (1878—?), In the 1920s. - Chaim-Leib Sachs. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. 1941 in Georgia 432 Jews were shot.
GRUBER Lazar Yakovlevich (1897, Rasputino, Irkutsk province - 1937, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, corps commissar (1935). Systematic. He did not receive an education, he worked as a handicraftsman-captain, then as an accountant at the Pilot plant in Irkutsk. In 1915 he was drafted into the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. Member Communist. party since 1917. In 1918 - political commissar and military commissar of a number of units of the 1st Army Vost. fr. In 1918–21 a military commissar in a number of districts in Siberia, in 1922–23 p. Novonikolaevsky lips. military commissar, then Altai lips. military commissar. In 1923-32 military commissar and early. political departments of a number of shooters. divisions, in 1932–33 pompolit (military commissar) of the Military Corps. institutions of Ukr. IN. Since 1933 pompolit (military commissar) of the 8th rifleman. housing. Repressed.
GRUBERT Ilya Khaimovich (b. 1954, Riga), violinist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1978) and postgraduate studies with her (1980) in the class of L.B. Kogan. 1st pr. On Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Lvov, 1977), 2nd ave. competitions them. J. Sibelius (Helsinki, 1975), 1st Ave. N. Paganini (Genoa, 1977), 1st ave. - them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1978). In the 80s. went abroad.
GRUBESHOV, see Hrubeshuv.
GRUBIAN Motl Mikhailovich (1909, Sokolovka, Kiev province - 1972, Moscow), poet. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1938 he graduated from lit. Faculty of Minsk ped. in-that. Began to publish in 1930 in Kharkov. children gas. Zay Great. In 1935 his first edition came out in Minsk. verse, sat. "Fun kehler af der zun" ("From the basement to the sun"). In 1940 G. published the second collection of works. verse. "Lyrics". In June 1941 he left for the French, in 1943 he was seriously wounded and demobilized. He worked in Heb. anti-fascist, to-those in Moscow, printed in gas. Einikite. At the end of the 40s. repressed. Returning from exile in 1956, he continued to work in the genre of poetry. miniatures, in a cut he managed to convey deep feelings, his vision of the world. In the work of G. postwar. period, especially in the 60s, naib, the tragedy of the Holocaust experienced by the Jews is clearly visible. These verses. included in his collection of books "Gezang vegn mut" ("Song of Courage", 1947), "Umruiker vint" ("Restless Wind", 1974), "House of Eybike Fire" ("Eternal Flame", 1976).
GRUDSK, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the town of Gorodok Bialystok u. Grodno province. In 1847 there were 454 Jews in Georgia, in 1897 - 2513 (78.3%), in 1921 - 1508 Jews. Since 1905, Avrom-Zelig Tsiyuni (1882—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings bank in Georgia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1941 a ghetto was created in Georgia, in which there were approx. 2500 people The ghetto was liquidated in November. 1942.
GRUEC, a city (since 1419) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the county town of Groitsy, Warsaw province. In 1808, 347 Jews (52%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 856 (50%), in 1857 - 1719 (69%), in 1897 - 3723 (63.4 %), in 1921 - 4922 Jews (60%) Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18 century, were engaged in crafts, some - the production and sale of alcoholic beverages and beer, as well as timber trade and fruit trade. Fruits were supplied to all cr. cities of the region. All R. 19th century a synagogue was built, ed. wall painting (artist David Friedlander). For some time, Israel Epstein, a magid from Kozintsy, lived in Georgia, the founder of the Kozinets Hasidic dynasty. The Hasidic court of Shragi-Faivl Danzscher (? —1849) was located in Georgia. His son Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) in 1876 founded the dynasty of Alexander Hasidim in Alexandrov (present-day Alexandruv-Ludzki). In the end. 19th century in G. were created decomp. philanthropist. org-tion. A fund for mutual assistance and credit was opened in 1907, and the first Zionist circle arose in Georgia in 1904. After a while, branches of the majority of Jewish parties and movements were opened. Before the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish state worked in Georgia. school for girls, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, in 1916 - a Jewish library, in 1917 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s. in G. were created by prof. associations of Jewish artisans. In 1922 a school and children were opened. garden of the "Tarbut" network, with the assistance of "Agudas Israel" - "Beis Yaakov" school. In 1926, a Yiddish school began to operate. Rabbi of G. in the 1890s - 1930s. was Eliyahu Lifshits8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops occupied G. In November. 1939 pl. the Jews of Georgia fled to areas under the control of the USSR. In the end. nov. 1939 The Judenrat and the Jewish Police were formed. In July 1940 a ghetto was formed, where approx. 6,000 Jews from Georgia and other cities. 28 Feb 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; a group of Jews (about 250 people) was shot on the airfield of the G. airfield, the rest were sent to the Warsaw ghetto.
GRULEV Mikhail Vladimirovich (1857, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province - 1943, Nice, France), military. historian, general-leith. (1912). Got a trad. Heb. education. Graduated from the Sebezh district school. In 1878 he entered the army as a volunteer. In 1879 he converted to Orthodoxy. He graduated from the Warsaw cadet school and in 1882 was promoted to officer. In 1888 he graduated from Acad. Gene. headquarters, in 1889 ranked among the General. headquarters, served in the Amur and Turkestan VOs, made a number of trips to India, Egypt, China, Japan, headed scientific. exp. in Manchuria, carried out the surveys necessary for the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, recommended a place for laying the city of Harbin. During Russian-Japanese. war 1904-05 commanded a regiment, then a division, distinguished himself in battles on the river. Shahe. In 1905–07 he refused to participate in the suppression of the roar. performances. In 1907–09 he worked in the military. commissions at Ch. management of General. headquarters according to the description of the Russian-Japanese. war, participated in the compilation of the "History of Russian-Japanese. war ". From 1910 to the beginning. headquarters of the Brest-Litovsk Fortress. In 1912, due to the threat of dismissal for radical speeches in the press, he resigned, settled in Nice. 1870s (poems in ancient Hebrew in the newspaper "Ha-tsfira"), from 1880 he systematically published in Russian. periodic. ed. Art. and notes on the military. questions and about their travels. Was ed. "Turkestansky vedomosti", "Izvestia" of the Turkestan branch of Rus. geogr. about-va, pom. ed. military. g. "Scout". Naib. Izv. tr. G. “At the headquarters and in the fields of the D. East” (vols. 1–2, 1908), “Rivalry between Russia and England in Wed. Asia ”(1909, translated in German and English). G.'s interest in the problems of Hebrew. life manifested itself in the series of Art. on the Dreyfus affair and in Art. “Questions nat. and the confessional in the face of war "(Russ. Bulletin, 1905-07). Income from the book. memoirs "Notes of a Jewish General" (1930) G. donated to Heb. nat. fund for the acquisition of land in E.-I.
GRUNAU, see Aleksandronevsk.
GRUNBERG (Grinberg) Avragam (1841, Chisinau - 1906), merchant and owner, Palestinophile. . One of the first rich Jews joined the Khibat Zion movement. Provided support to L. Pinsker in Odessa. In 1889 at the conf. Hovevey-Zion in Vilna was elected to the committee of trustees (among the members of the committee were S. Mogilever and S.I. Fyun), who became in Ch. movement instead of Pinsker. In 1890 he obtained permission from the tsarist administration to create. “Societies for the Aid to Jewish Farmers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine” (official name of Odessa, Hovevei-Zion). After the death of Pinsker (1892) he was elected before. about-va and left this post for several. months before death. He headed a delegation that discussed in Paris with Baron Rothschild the methods of creating agricultural. settlements in E.-I. (1901), there was a post. protector of the interests of Jews before growing up. the authorities.
GRUN, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lebedinsky u. Kharkov province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 35 Jews did not live in the Grunsk region, 35 in 1939, and 25 in 1939. 1942 4 Jewish families were shot in Georgia.
GRUSHEV, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 164 Jews lived in Georgia. In May 1942 the Jews of Georgia were deported to Lyubeshov.
GRUSHKA, a village in the Ulyanovsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk Gubernia. In 1923 there were 5 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 - 37 Jews (4.1%).
GRUSHKO Pavel Moiseevich (b. 1931, Odessa), poet, playwright, translator. Graduated from App. dep. per. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1955). Hands. creative seminar per. Hispanic lit-r in Lit. in-those. Author of cycles of poems "Simple variegation" (1986–87), "Transforms" (1992). G. own the libretto in the poem "The Star and Death of Joaquin Murieta" - based on the dramas. cantatas by P. Neruda; "The Monarch, the Harlot and the Monk" based on the novel by T. Mann "Fiorentz" and others. per. with Spanish in Russian (Luis de Gongora-y-Argote, J.R. Jimenez, F.G. Lorca, R. Alberti, etc.), from English. (Thomas, R.P. Warren, Auden, R. Wilber et al.).
GRUSHLAUKE, a village in the Kretinga district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Grushlawki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. 19th century in G. lived several. Jewish families.
PEARS, see Grushlauke.
GRUVMAN Motl Iosifovich (1916, Nemirov, Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1990, Novgorod), poet. After graduation. school went to Kharkov, entered to study in Hebrew. branch journalist, technical school. By that time are the first. G.'s publications in gas. "Zay Great", "Junge Guard". He wrote in Yiddish. In the end. 30s was drafted into the army, participated in the battles on Khalkhin Gol, the entire 2nd world. the war was in action. army, demobilized with the rank of colonel. G.'s poems were published in periodicals. print, included in collection, alm. From the beginning. exit railway "Sovetish Gameland" published poems, poems, essays in it. In 1983, the Sov. writer "released Sat. verse. G. "Jorn fun gewiter" ("The Thunderous Years"), which included Ch. arr. poems about the war.
GRUZBERG Semyon Borisovich (1918, Kamenets-Podolsky - 2000, Lvov), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Kiev art. technical school and Kharkov art. in-those at Acad. V. Kasiyan, prof. S. Besedina and others. 2nd world. war, author izv. ser. “On the roads led. Otech. war ". G.'s first appeal to Heb. the topic refers to the end. 1930s (drew the actors of the Jewish t-ditch of Kiev and Kharkov for the gas. "Red Banner" in Kharkov), then made out joint. with F. Nirod the performances "The Witch" and "Hershele Ostropoler". In the midst of anti-Semitic. campaigns to "fight homeless. cosmopolitans "G. created. “Portrait of Hon. active cult. Ukraine MI Goldblat in the role of Girsh "Glik" (the hero of the play by P. Markish "Uprising in the Ghetto"). Created a number of portraits of activists. Heb. culture, among which poet L. Pervomaisky (I.Sh. Gurevich), P. Markish, Sholem Aleichem and others. The personality and work of Sholem Aleichem is a special theme in the production. G., to-ry created many. portrait of the writer, stored, for example, in the National. museum in New York. Prod. G. publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland", he participated in pl. exhibitions. G.'s works are kept in museums on the territory. ex. USSR, as well as abroad.
LOAD, see Gruzdzhyay.
GRUZDZHIAI, a town in the Siauliai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gruzdi Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 432 Jews (37.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 142 (10%), in 1939 - 75 Jews (6%) . Jews lived in Georgia from the end. 18th century In 1861–85, Moishe Shapiro (? —1885) was the rabbi in Georgia, in 1885–88 — Israel Levin, from 1889 — A. Valkin, and from 1905 — Itskhok-Aizik Fridman (1874—?). In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia, there was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank and a Jewish school. The rabbi was Zisl Levin. 5 Aug. 1941 Lithuanian police shot 50 Jews in G. The rest were shot at the beginning. Sep 1941.
GRUZENBERG Oskar Osipovich (Oscar-Israel Iosifovich) (1866, Ekaterinoslav - 1940, Nice, France), lawyer, societies, activist. Brother of Samuel G. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1889), rejected the offer to stay at the department to prepare for a professorship because of the demands to accept Christ. He settled in St. Petersburg, soon became one of the most famous. metropolitan lawyers, but as a Jew only in 1905 received the title of attorney at law. Along with criminal cases, G. often acted as a defender at the trials of prominent writers and societies, figures (M. Gorky, K. I. Chukovsky, P. N. Milyukov, V. G. Korolenko, etc.) and in political cases (the case member of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, the case of the signing of the deputy of the 1st State Duma of the so-called "Vyborg Appeal", etc.) ... courts often rescued defendants from the gallows. Particular popularity brought G. participation in a specifically Hebrew. processes. In the case on charges of D. Blondes with attempted ritual murder (1900–02), G. achieved cassation of the first (accused) verdict and final acquittal of the defendant, Vseros. fame received G.'s speeches at the trials on the Hebrew. pogroms in Chisinau and Minsk, in the case of the attempt on the life of P. Dashevsky on the Black Hundred publicist P. Krushevan (1903). The pinnacle of G.'s career as a lawyer is participation in the case of M.-M. Beilis, a cut he likened the court. reprisals during the Inquisition. Since the fall of 1905, G. - member. party of the Cadets, in 1907 ran from the party in the 2nd State. Duma from Vilna province, but was not elected. In the same year he was assisted by a lawyer. advice gr. dep.-Jews of the 3rd State. thoughts. Since 1912, member. watered, bureau for assistance to dep.-Jews of the 4th State. thoughts. In 1917 he became close to the Zionists, was elected on a single Heb. list in dep. Vseros. Will establish. meetings. During civil. war in 1918-19 was headed by Heb. self-defense council and council for assistance to victims of pogroms. In 1920 he emigrated. In 1921–23 he lived in Berlin, in 1926–32 in Riga. Since 1929, the representative of the Jews of Latvia in the European Agency, at the same time elected a member. his Council. Last years he lived in France, worked on memoirs. In 1950, the remains of G., according to his will, were reburied in Israel. Vol .: Yesterday. Paris. 1938; Gruzenberg. Essays and speeches. N.-J., 1944.
GRUZENBERG Samuil Osipovich (1854, Kherson province - 1909, St. Petersburg), doctor, publicist, societies, activist. Oscar's brother G. Received trad. Heb. education. Graduated from the Military-med. acad. in Petersburg (1885). From the beginning. 1880s was published in petersburg. periodic. ed. In 1889, publ. in Heb. review "Art. "About physical. condition of the Jews, "fasting soon became. sotr. g. "Voskhod" and "Voskhod Books" (lit. ps: S. Dniprov, S. Osipov and others), published art. on anthropology, statistics and issues of Heb. life. From the end. 1890s often replaced ed. A.E. Landau. At the same time. worked in the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia, in 1892-96 members. They advise. bureau at Heb. colonization society, the author of the note “On certain needs of Heb. population in Russia "(1896). In 1900–04 he published gas in St. Petersburg. "Future" ("Independent body of Russian Jews"), as well as its annual. lit.-scientific. collection. Forced by finance. difficulties to stop publishing, G. departed from literary activity and last. years he was engaged exclusively in honey. practice.
GRUZENBERG Semyon-Solomon Osipovich (1875-1938), historian of philosophy, societies. activist. He studied law. and ist.-philol. f-takh Petersburg. un-that, at the end, rejected the offer to stay at un-those to prepare for a professorship, tk. this required the adoption of Orthodoxy. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s listened to lectures on philosophy in Germany, in 1904 gave a course of lectures on new philosophy at the Higher. Russian school of societies, sciences in Paris. Upon his return to Russia, he entered the Moscow Bar, but was engaged in Ch. arr. lit.-scientific. activities; read publ. lectures on philosophy in St. Petersburg and other cities, taught in private St. Petersburg. gymnasiums and Psycho-neurological. Institute for the Department of the History of New Philosophy, Chl. About Nar. un-tov, Rus. about-va normal and pathological. psychology at Voen.-med. acad. and others Philos. tr. G. are devoted to the interpretation of the teachings of A. Schopenhauer. Works: Arthur Schopenhauer, St. Petersburg, 1912; Sketches of modern. philosophy, SPb., 1911.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГРУЗИЯ, государство в центр. и зап. части Закавказья, на западе омывается Черным морем. Столица — Тбилиси (до 1936 — Тифлис). В 8—6 вв. до н. э. на терр. совр. Зап. Г. существовало Колхидское царство, в 4—3 вв. до н. э. на востоке Г. — гос-во Иберия. В 6 — нач. 10 в. терр. Г. находилась под властью перс. гос-ва Сасанидов, Византии и Арабского халифата. В 8 — нач. 9 в. сложились кн-ва Кахети, Эрети, Тао-Кларджетское, а также Абхазское царство. В 11—13 вв. — объедин. Груз. царство. В 13—14 вв. терр. Г. подвергалась нашествиям монголо-татар, Тамерлана, в 16 — нач. 18 в. — персов и турок. В 15 — нач. 19 в. на этой терр. существовали царства и кн-ва Картли, Кахети, Имеретия, Самцхе-Саатабаго, Мегрелия, Гурия и Абхазия. В 1783 Вост. Г. перешла под протекторат России. В 1801 Вост. Г., в 1803—64 Зап. Г. вошли в состав Рос. империи (позднее составили Тифлисскую и Кутаисскую губ.). В 1918 терр. Г. была оккупирована тур.-герм., затем брит. войсками. В мае 1918 образована Грузинская Демократическая Республика. В 1921 на терр. Г. вошли части Кр. Армии, в февр. 1921 образована ГССР (с марта 1922 — в составе ЗСФСР, с дек. 1922 — в составе СССР). В 1991 Г. стала независимым гос-вом.По бытующей среди грузинских евреев легенде, они являются потомками одного из десяти колен израилевых, расселение к-рых началось в 8 в. до н. э. По др. версии, евреи стали селиться в Г. после разорения Иерусалима вавилонским царем Навуходоносором II в 586 до н. э. Ряд исследователей связывает упом. пророком Овадией Сапарад (самое отдаленное место поселения евреев) с землей древнегруз. племени сасперов (Спер, Испир).Согласно древнегруз. ист. традиции переселение евреев в Г. проходило и в последующие века (в т. ч. во 2 в. до н. э. и 1 в. н. э.). В древнегруз. трактате «Обращение Грузии» (4—9 вв.) отмечено бытовавшее среди грузинских евреев предание об их происхождении из колена Бениамина. По данным древнегруз. источников, еврейская община Г. поддерживала связи с Э.-И. и др. общинами. Часть евреев (в т. ч. духовный наставник мцхетской общины Абиатар и его дочь Сидония) в 1-й пол. 4 в. оказали помощь царице Нино в распространении христианства в крае. Др. евреи, оставшиеся верными иудаизму, были вынуждены покинуть Мцхету. В 6 в. в Зап. Г. поселились евреи, прибывшие, вероятно, из Византии. После завоевания Зап. Г. Византией до 3 тыс. евреев бежали в Юго-Вост. Г., находившуюся под властью Персии. В 9 в. грузинские евреи, вероятно, поддерживали контакты с исповедовавшей иудаизм знатью Хазарского каганата. В кон. 9 в. возникла т. н. тбилисская секта, осн. Абу-Имран Мусой (Моше) аз-Зарафани, к-рый прибыл в Тбилиси из Двуречья.В 9—10 вв. одним из центров духовной жизни грузинских евреев стала Гагра. Местная община поддерживала связи с евреями Крыма (в частности, с караимами). В 1207 в Гагре жил ученый-филолог раби Иегуда бен Яаков, в трудах к-рого отразилось влияние караимской грамматич. школы. Источники 12 в. фиксируют и широкое распространение раббанитских идей среди грузинских евреев (это подтверждают сообщения Аврагама ибн Дауда, Биньямина из Туделы и Птахии из Регенсбурга). В 12—13 вв. евреи играли заметную роль в жизни Г.: в источниках упом. богатый купец Иосиф Бугфабаидзе и купец Занкан Зорабабели, к-рый сопровождал сына кн. Андрея Боголюбского Георгия, ставшего в 1185 мужем царицы Тамары. 12 в. датируется написанный на пергаменте список Торы, хранившийся в Лайлашах (т. н. Лайлашская или Сванетская библия).В 13 в. в результате монголо-татар. нашествия численность евреев в Г. резко сократилась. В 14 в. в Тбилиси жили видный талмудист Иосиф бен Давид ал-Тбилиси и его сын — философ Иешаягу бен Иосиф ат-Тбилиси (изв. также под именем Ришби), переселившийся позднее в Тебриз (Персия). В обстановке междоусобиц и войн 13—15 вв. ускорился начавшийся еще в 9—10 вв. процесс закрепощения грузинских евреев (при этом господа брали на себя обязательство не принуждать их к переходу в христианство). В 1392 крепостными Мцхетского монастыря были евреи Елиозидзе. В Базаре этому монастырю принадлежало 27 дымов евреев и армян-купцов. В правовом отношении до нач. 19 в. положение евреев Г. не отличалось от положения остального населения. Осн. занятия — с. х-во, традиц. ремесла (ткачество, крашение тканей и др.), а также торговля (гл. обр. мелочная) и отхожие промыслы. Незначит. число евреев жило в городах, где они занимались гл. обр. торговлей. Евреи-крепостные платили господам ежегод. оброк. Отсутствие единого религ.-духовного центра, разобщенность мелких общин привели к заметному снижению уровня религ. знаний грузинского еврейства. Спасаясь от войн и междоусобиц, мн. евреи бежали из Г. в Персию, Турцию, Крым. В нач. 17 в. перс. шах Аббас I угнал из Г. св. 100 тыс. чел., в числе к-рых были и евреи.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в условиях относит. стабилизации положения в крае численность евреев возросла, евреи-купцы стали играть заметную роль в экономич. жизни городов. Нек-рые евреи смогли выкупиться на волю и даже обзавестись собств. крепостными из числа грузин-христиан.После присоединения Г. к России (1801—64) состоят. грузинские евреи-купцы активно включились в экономич. жизнь страны, однако осн. масса грузинских евреев продолжала пребывать в нищете. Рос. пр-во распространило на евреев Г. ограничения, действовавшие в отношении евреев на терр. империи. С нач. 19 в. на терр. края стали селиться ашкеназы из др. р-нов страны (гл. обр. ремесленники). Пр-во пыталось ограничить этот процесс: в 1804—52 «иногородние евреи» трижды выселялись из Г., в результате 3-й высылки в Тифлисе осталось лишь 26 ашкеназийских семейств. Общая численность грузинских евреев в 1801 — ок. 6500 чел. (0,7%), в 1832 — ок. 7000 (0,7%), в 1864 — ок. 11 800 чел. (0,7%).После отмены крепостного права евреи Г. стали переселяться из сел в города, где постепенно оформились еврейские кварталы. Наиболее кр. общины сложились в Тифлисе, Кутаисе (совр. Кутаиси), Гори, Поти, Они, Цхинвале (совр. Цхинвали) и Ахалцыхе (совр. Ахалцихе), а также в селах Бануза, Карели, Кулаши, Суджуна, Сурали и др., одноврем. прекратили существование общины в Абастумани, Али, Ахалдаба, Баралети и др. селах. Занятием осн. массы евреев стала мелочная торговля, одноврем. выделилось неск. состоят. еврейских купеческих семей, к-рые вели кр. оптовую торговлю на внутр. и внеш. рынках. Представители этих семей играли заметную роль в органах гор. самоуправления, активно занимались благотворительностью и культурно-просветит. деятельностью среди еврейского населения.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. рос. власти продолжали ограничивать процесс переселения в Г. евреев из др. регионов страны, ввели ряд ограничит. мер в отношении евреев-торговцев, поддерживали антиеврейские настроения среди местного населения. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. зафиксировано ок. 20 случаев «кровавого навета» (в 1877 в Сурами, в 1884 в Суджуне), повлекшие за собой нападения на евреев. В 1879 в Кутаисе прошел суд над 9 евреями из Сапчхре, ложно обвиненными в убийстве девочки-христианки с ритуальной целью (все обвиняемые оправданы). В 1895 произошли антиеврейские «беспорядки» в Кутаисе и Вани.В 1870—1900-х гг. численность еврейского населения увеличилась как за счет естеств. прироста, так и за счет миграции евреев из др. регионов страны. В 1873 в Г. проживало ок. 11 300 евреев (0,8%), в 1887 — ок. 14 700 (0,9%), в 1897 — ок. 18 600 (0,9%), в 1913 — ок. 35 900 евреев (1,4%). К кон. 19 в. ашкеназы составляли до 1/3 от общей численности евреев Г., они объединились в самостоят. общины, к-рые находились в натянутых отношениях с общинами грузинских евреев. Последние считали ашкеназов «безбожниками», обвиняли их в недостаточно ревностном исполнении религ. обрядов и предписаний.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. почти при каждой синагоге имелся хедер, в 1860-х гг. созданы талмуд-торы в Кутаисе, Лайшашах, Тифлисе. В 1880-х гг. в Тифлисе открыты первые еврейские школы, где изучались и светские науки. В 1901 подобные школы открыты в Батуме (совр. Батуми), в 1903 — в Кутаисе, в 1910 — в Они. С 1870-х гг. дети из отдельных ашкеназийских семей стали поступать в рус. гимназии и уч-ща. В 1890-х гг. среди учеников гимназии и уч-ща появились и грузинские евреи, однако их число было незначительно. Так, в 1908 в общеобразоват. школах Кутаисской губ. обучалось 328 евреев, в 1911 — 614 (соответственно 2,6 и 4,4% от общей численности еврейского населения). Большой вклад в развитие культуры и духовной жизни евреев Г. внес цхинвалский раввин А.А.Хволес, по инициативе к-рого в 1906 в Цхинвале была открыта талмуд-тора.В кон. 1890-х гг. среди ашкеназов возникли первые сионистские кружки. В 1901 в Тифлисе прошла 1-я конф. сионистов Кавказа. Среди ее делегатов — грузинские евреи Ш.Хахмишвили из Тифлиса и Пичхадзе из Сурама. Рук. сионистского кружка в Карели Д.Баазов вместе с Н.Элиашвили (1893—1929) вскоре стал гл. распространителем сионистских идей в среде грузинских евреев. Им противостояли, с одной стороны, сторонники ассимиляции во главе с М. и И.Хананашвили, с др. — последователи ортодоксального иудаизма во главе с кутаисским раввином Р.Элуашвили.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 центром сионистского движения в Г. стал Тифлис, оживилась деятельность сионистских орг-ций в Сухуми, Поти, Батуме (в последнем в 1920 выходила газ. «Еврейский голос»). В 1917 в Тифлисе оформились орг-ция «Поалей Цион» и группа «Цеирей Цион». В том же году выходил молодежный еженед. «Юный Израиль» (№ 1—4). В Кутаисе местная орг-ция «Цеирей Цион» в 1918—19 издавала двухнед. «Хма эбраэлиса» («Голос еврея», на груз. яз.) под. ред. Ш. Цициашвили (? — 1926, Э.-И.). В сент. 1918 (накануне выборов в Нац. совет Грузии) по инициативе сионистских орг-ций Г. в Тифлисе прошло собрание всееврейского конгресса, на к-ром были представлены как грузинские евреи, так и ашкеназы. Делегаты-сионисты, избранные этим собранием (Михаэль Штрейхер, Д.Баазов и Б.Какителашвили), не были признаны Груз. избират. комиссией, к-рая утвердила в качестве депутатов М.Р.Даварашвили и А.Бузиашвили, выдвинутых прошедшим в Кутаисе собранием антисионистских орг-ций, оформившихся тогда же как движение «Агудас Исроэль». В февр. 1919 депутатами Учредит. собрания Г. избраны Э. Берштейн, И.А.Элигулашвили и М.Р.Даварашвили (все — по списку Груз. с.-д. рабочей партии). Элигулашвили занял пост зам. мин. финансов в пр-ве Г.В 1919 в Тифлисе возн. молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Бар-Кохба» и еврейская академич. корпорация «Иберия». В 1919 сионистский к-т в Тифлисе провозгласил себя Центр. к-том сионистской орг-ции Г. (ЦКСО), в 1920—21 он издавал журн. «Еврейская жизнь» (№ 1—10, ред. М. Штрейхер), в 1920 — «Бюллетень сионистской орг-ции в Грузии». В авг. 1919 и авг. 1920 ЦКСО созвал две сионистские конференции Г.После оккупации Г. частями Кр. Армии (1921) страну покинуло 1500—2000 грузинских евреев, а также мн. ашкеназы. По переписи 1926, в Г. проживало 35 500 евреев (из них 20 800 — грузинские евреи). Политика сов. властей привела к массовому разорению и обнищанию многочисл. мелких торговцев-евреев. Одноврем. был принят ряд мер по повышению культурного уровня еврейского населения: в 1921 в Тифлисе на базе хедера открыта еврейская трудовая школа № 102, в к-рой преподавался иврит. Параллельно действовала еврейская трудовая школа № 101 для детей ашкеназийских евреев (дир. С.Пайкин), в к-рой преподавание велось на идише (на иврите — только в старших классах). Вскоре подобные школы открылись в Кутаисе и Батуме. В кварталах, населенных евреями, создавались школы ликвидации неграмотности, клубы, б-ки. Первоначально сов. власти Г. почти не препятствовали деятельности сионистских орг-ций: в 1924 выходила просионистская газ. «Макавеели» (№ 1—3; на груз. яз., ред. Д.Баазов, при участии Н.Элиашвили), в 1924—25 действовала молодежная орг-ция «Авода», молодежная драм. труппа «Кадима» ставила на груз. яз. спектакли на еврейские темы.В 1922—23 в Г. были закрыты все синагоги (в 1924 многие открыты вновь). Отмечались случаи «кровавого навета» (в 1921 — в Сачхере, в 1923 — в Тифлисе и Кулаши, в 1926 — в Ахалцыхе). После подавления антибольшевист. восстания 1924 политика властей в отношении служителей культа резко ужесточилась, преследованиям подверглись раввины и учителя нелег. хедеров (сурамский раввин Давид Джанашвили в том же году был расстрелян), запрещены пропаганда сионизма и деятельность сионистских орг-ций. В окт. 1925 группа из 17 еврейских семей во главе с Д.Баазовым и Н.Элиашвили добилась разрешения на выезд в Э.-И. В марте 1926 возобновилась деятельность Совета нац. меньшинств Г., куда вошли как представители грузинских евреев, так и ашкеназов (С.Пайкин и др.). Ашкеназы получили от властей разрешение на преподавание идиша в школе № 101 в Тифлисе. Попытки грузинских евреев добиться открытия школы с преподаванием на иврите успеха не имели.С сер. 1920-х гг. власти приняли ряд постановлений, направленных на вовлечение евреев в пром. произ-во, на объединение евреев-ремесленников в кооперативы, а евреев-земледельцев — в колхозы (посл. мероприятие проводилось в соответствии с всес. планом землеустройства евреев, принятым в 1926). В 1927—28 в Г. активно действовал ОЗЕТ, был создан его груз. филиал (ГрузОЗЕТ) с отд-ниями во мн. городах и селах. В 1928 в Цителгора был образован первый колхоз грузинских евреев. К 1933 в республике действовало 15 таких колхозов (объединяли 2314 чел., в их распоряжении 1540 га земли). Создание еврейских колхозов позволило грузинским евреям сохранить традиц. общинную орг-цию и нац. традиции. Попытки части грузинских евреев переселиться в 1928 в Еврейскую автономную]] область]] или на отведенные евреям-земледельцам земли в Крыму потерпели провал. С нач. 1930-х гг. власти стали принимать меры по нарушению этнич. однородности еврейских колхозов, добиваясь тем самым ликвидации еврейских общин. С 1938 проводилась кампания объединения еврейских и груз. колхозов, тогда же начался массовый отток евреев-колхозников в города и поселки. Лишь еврейский колхоз в Цителгора просуществовал до нач. 1970-х гг.Работой по привлечению евреев в пром-сть и в кооперативы руководил Всегруз. к-т помощи еврейской бедноте (Евкомбед), к-рый возглавлял Абрам Линецкий. К 1929 значит. число евреев работало на шелкомотальной ф-ке в Кутаисе, шелкоткацкой ф-ке в Тифлисе, а также в производств. кооперативах в разл. городах и селах республики. Численность грузинских евреев-ремесленников в 1931—35 возросла с 1430 до 7 тыс. чел. Мн. кооперативы служили своеобр. прикрытием индивидуальной или семейной трудовой деятельности. Этнич. единство членов кооперативов также позволяло евреям сохранять свои традиции. Усилия властей, направленные на «интернационализацию» кооперативов, приводили, как правило, к уходу из них евреев.Евкомбед способствовал также насаждению в Г. «еврейской сов. культуры»; при его участии были открыты многочисл. еврейские б-ки, созданы самодеят. коллективы, выступавшие на идише и груз. яз. Печ. органами ГрузОЗЕТа и Евкомбеда были «Трибуна ГрузОЗЕТа» (1934) и «Трудящийся еврей» (1933—34). С 1927 в Г. создавались еврейские школы с преподаванием на груз. яз. В 1933 в Тифлисе открыт Дом культуры трудящихся евреев Г.; с целью борьбы с «религ. пережитками» в еврейских школах, б-ках, клубах регулярно проводились антирелиг. мероприятия. В 1933 был открыт Гос. ист.-этногр. музей евреев Г., ставший центром исследования истории и обычаев грузинских евреев. Вокруг музея объединилась группа молодых груз.-еврейских исследователей. Быт грузинских евреев нашел отражение в творчестве прозаика и драматурга Г.Баазова и худож.-самоучки Ш.Кобошвили.В 1936 был ликвидирован Евкомбед, в 1938 — ГрузОЗЕТ, их рук. А.Линецкий, П.Мегрелишвили, Р.С.Элигулашвили и др. репрессированы; пресекались все попытки нелег. обучения детей в духе еврейской традиции. В сент. 1937 в Сталинири (совр. Цхинвали) арестовано 9 раввинов (все убиты в тюрьме без суда), позднее сосланы в Сибирь раввины Д.Баазов, М.Давиташвили, И.Мирилашвили, А.Славин, писатель Г.Баазов погиб в тюрьме. В кон. 1930-х гг. в Г., в Кутаиси, действовала подпольная любавичская иешива. В 1930—50-х гг. закрыты мн. синагоги. В 1949 был арестован дир. ист.-этногр. музея А.Крихели, а в 1951 закрыт сам музей — посл. культурное учреждение грузинских евреев.Нек-рое оживление еврейской обществ.-культурной жизни наметилось в период «оттепели» 2-й пол. 1950-х — нач. 1960-х гг. В печати стали появляться стихи и рассказы, посв. жизни и быту грузинских евреев. Чаще других к этой теме обращался Авраам Мамиствалов (р. 1924, с 1974 — в Израиле). В 1950—70-х гг. большинство грузинских евреев продолжали регулярно посещать синагоги по субботам и праздникам, соблюдать кашрут; практически все грузинские евреи соблюдали религ. обряды обрезания, бракосочетания, погребения и др. Мн. дети грузинских евреев до 13 лет учились в подпольных хедерах. В кон. 1960-х — нач. 1970-х гг. в Г. действовало 14 синагог.В 1939 в Г. проживало 42 300 евреев (1,2%), в 1959 — 51 600 (1,2%), в 1970 — 55 400 евреев (1,2%).В 1950—80-х гг. грузинские евреи играли заметную роль в «теневой экономике» республики, одноврем. они же становились гл. обвиняемыми на «показательных процессах» по делам о «хищении социалистич. собственности» и др. В 1960-х гг. было зафиксировано неск. случаев «кровавого навета» (в 1963 — в Цхалтубо, в 1964 — в Зестафони, в 1965 — в Кутаиси).В 1950—80-х гг. значительно повысился культурный уровень грузинских евреев: мн. представители еврейской молодежи учились в вузах Г. и др. республик СССР, представители грузинских евреев занимали видные посты в парт. и сов. учреждениях, внесли заметный вклад в культуру и иск-во Г. Тогда же усилились ассимиляторские тенденции (особенно среди ашкеназов). С др. стороны, в среде молодой еврейской интеллигенции росли сионистские настроения.События Шестидневной войны 1967 способствовали росту нац. самосознания грузинских евреев. Одним из первых документов движения сов. евреев за выезд в Израиль стало письмо глав 18 семей грузинских евреев в ООН от 6 авг. 1969 с просьбой воздействовать на пр-во СССР и добиться от него предоставления евреям права на свободный выезд в Израиль. Мир. известность получила акция 29 грузинских евреев в июле 1971 в Москве, к к-рой примкнули св. 20 евреев из Москвы и др. городов СССР. В 1971 начался массовый выезд: до сер. 1981 из Г. в Израиль выехало св. 31 тыс. евреев (55,8% еврейского населения республики). В 1979 численность еврейского населения сократилась до 28,3 тыс. чел. (0,6%). Евреи из др. регионов СССР специально переселялись в Г., т. к. местные власти более лояльно относились к их желанию покинуть страну.Со 2-й пол. 1980-х гг. заметно оживилась обществ. и культурная жизнь евреев Г. В 1988 при АН ГССР создана Ассоциация груз.-еврейских взаимоотношений (ее отд-ния открыты в ряде городов Г.), возникли многочисл. школы и кружки по изучению иврита. В 1990 в Иерусалиме прошел 1-й междунар. симпозиум, посв. изучению истории грузинских евреев, груз.-еврейских и груз.-палестинских отношений. В 1991 возрожден ист.-этногр. музей евреев Г. (дир. Ш. Цицулашвили). В 1989—93 на ист. ф-те Кутаисского ун-та Д.М.Хананашвили читал спецкурс «Вопросы истории грузинских евреев и грузино-еврейских отношений». С 1991 издается ежемес. еврейская газ. «Менора» (на груз. яз., ред. Г.А.Батиашвили), выходит газ. «Шалом» (на рус. яз.). В 1991 деп. парламента Г. избран Д.Аджиашвили.Обострение внутриполитич. обстановки и ухудшение экономич. положения в Г. в 1991—94 явились одной из причин массового выезда евреев из страны (гл. обр. в Израиль, а также в Россию). Мн. общины грузинских евреев в эти годы прекратили существование. В 1999 осн. масса грузинских евреев (5—6 тыс. чел.) проживала в Тбилиси, 600—800 чел. — в Кутаиси, по неск. десятков чел. — в Ахалцихе, Гори, Карели и Сурами. С 1994 при поддержке властей Г. наметилось нек-рое оживление еврейской культурно-общинной жизни. В июле и сент. 1998 в Израиле и Г. прошли торжества, посв. 26-вековому пребыванию евреев в Г.Д.М. Хананашвили, pronunciation=ГРУЗИЯ, государство в центр. и зап. части Закавказья, на западе омывается Черным морем. Столица — Тбилиси (до 1936 — Тифлис). В 8—6 вв. до н. э. на терр. совр. Зап. Г. существовало Колхидское царство, в 4—3 вв. до н. э. на востоке Г. — гос-во Иберия. В 6 — нач. 10 в. терр. Г. находилась под властью перс. гос-ва Сасанидов, Византии и Арабского халифата. В 8 — нач. 9 в. сложились кн-ва Кахети, Эрети, Тао-Кларджетское, а также Абхазское царство. В 11—13 вв. — объедин. Груз. царство. В 13—14 вв. терр. Г. подвергалась нашествиям монголо-татар, Тамерлана, в 16 — нач. 18 в. — персов и турок. В 15 — нач. 19 в. на этой терр. существовали царства и кн-ва Картли, Кахети, Имеретия, Самцхе-Саатабаго, Мегрелия, Гурия и Абхазия. В 1783 Вост. Г. перешла под протекторат России. В 1801 Вост. Г., в 1803—64 Зап. Г. вошли в состав Рос. империи (позднее составили Тифлисскую и Кутаисскую губ.). В 1918 терр. Г. была оккупирована тур.-герм., затем брит. войсками. В мае 1918 образована Грузинская Демократическая Республика. В 1921 на терр. Г. вошли части Кр. Армии, в февр. 1921 образована ГССР (с марта 1922 — в составе ЗСФСР, с дек. 1922 — в составе СССР). В 1991 Г. стала независимым гос-вом.По бытующей среди грузинских евреев легенде, они являются потомками одного из десяти колен израилевых, расселение к-рых началось в 8 в. до н. э. По др. версии, евреи стали селиться в Г. после разорения Иерусалима вавилонским царем Навуходоносором II в 586 до н. э. Ряд исследователей связывает упом. пророком Овадией Сапарад (самое отдаленное место поселения евреев) с землей древнегруз. племени сасперов (Спер, Испир).Согласно древнегруз. ист. традиции переселение евреев в Г. проходило и в последующие века (в т. ч. во 2 в. до н. э. и 1 в. н. э.). В древнегруз. трактате «Обращение Грузии» (4—9 вв.) отмечено бытовавшее среди грузинских евреев предание об их происхождении из колена Бениамина. По данным древнегруз. источников, еврейская община Г. поддерживала связи с Э.-И. и др. общинами. Часть евреев (в т. ч. духовный наставник мцхетской общины Абиатар и его дочь Сидония) в 1-й пол. 4 в. оказали помощь царице Нино в распространении христианства в крае. Др. евреи, оставшиеся верными иудаизму, были вынуждены покинуть Мцхету. В 6 в. в Зап. Г. поселились евреи, прибывшие, вероятно, из Византии. После завоевания Зап. Г. Византией до 3 тыс. евреев бежали в Юго-Вост. Г., находившуюся под властью Персии. В 9 в. грузинские евреи, вероятно, поддерживали контакты с исповедовавшей иудаизм знатью Хазарского каганата. В кон. 9 в. возникла т. н. тбилисская секта, осн. Абу-Имран Мусой (Моше) аз-Зарафани, к-рый прибыл в Тбилиси из Двуречья.В 9—10 вв. одним из центров духовной жизни грузинских евреев стала Гагра. Местная община поддерживала связи с евреями Крыма (в частности, с караимами). В 1207 в Гагре жил ученый-филолог раби Иегуда бен Яаков, в трудах к-рого отразилось влияние караимской грамматич. школы. Источники 12 в. фиксируют и широкое распространение раббанитских идей среди грузинских евреев (это подтверждают сообщения Аврагама ибн Дауда, Биньямина из Туделы и Птахии из Регенсбурга). В 12—13 вв. евреи играли заметную роль в жизни Г.: в источниках упом. богатый купец Иосиф Бугфабаидзе и купец Занкан Зорабабели, к-рый сопровождал сына кн. Андрея Боголюбского Георгия, ставшего в 1185 мужем царицы Тамары. 12 в. датируется написанный на пергаменте список Торы, хранившийся в Лайлашах (т. н. Лайлашская или Сванетская библия).В 13 в. в результате монголо-татар. нашествия численность евреев в Г. резко сократилась. В 14 в. в Тбилиси жили видный талмудист Иосиф бен Давид ал-Тбилиси и его сын — философ Иешаягу бен Иосиф ат-Тбилиси (изв. также под именем Ришби), переселившийся позднее в Тебриз (Персия). В обстановке междоусобиц и войн 13—15 вв. ускорился начавшийся еще в 9—10 вв. процесс закрепощения грузинских евреев (при этом господа брали на себя обязательство не принуждать их к переходу в христианство). В 1392 крепостными Мцхетского монастыря были евреи Елиозидзе. В Базаре этому монастырю принадлежало 27 дымов евреев и армян-купцов. В правовом отношении до нач. 19 в. положение евреев Г. не отличалось от положения остального населения. Осн. занятия — с. х-во, традиц. ремесла (ткачество, крашение тканей и др.), а также торговля (гл. обр. мелочная) и отхожие промыслы. Незначит. число евреев жило в городах, где они занимались гл. обр. торговлей. Евреи-крепостные платили господам ежегод. оброк. Отсутствие единого религ.-духовного центра, разобщенность мелких общин привели к заметному снижению уровня религ. знаний грузинского еврейства. Спасаясь от войн и междоусобиц, мн. евреи бежали из Г. в Персию, Турцию, Крым. В нач. 17 в. перс. шах Аббас I угнал из Г. св. 100 тыс. чел., в числе к-рых были и евреи.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в условиях относит. стабилизации положения в крае численность евреев возросла, евреи-купцы стали играть заметную роль в экономич. жизни городов. Нек-рые евреи смогли выкупиться на волю и даже обзавестись собств. крепостными из числа грузин-христиан.После присоединения Г. к России (1801—64) состоят. грузинские евреи-купцы активно включились в экономич. жизнь страны, однако осн. масса грузинских евреев продолжала пребывать в нищете. Рос. пр-во распространило на евреев Г. ограничения, действовавшие в отношении евреев на терр. империи. С нач. 19 в. на терр. края стали селиться ашкеназы из др. р-нов страны (гл. обр. ремесленники). Пр-во пыталось ограничить этот процесс: в 1804—52 «иногородние евреи» трижды выселялись из Г., в результате 3-й высылки в Тифлисе осталось лишь 26 ашкеназийских семейств. Общая численность грузинских евреев в 1801 — ок. 6500 чел. (0,7%), в 1832 — ок. 7000 (0,7%), в 1864 — ок. 11 800 чел. (0,7%).После отмены крепостного права евреи Г. стали переселяться из сел в города, где постепенно оформились еврейские кварталы. Наиболее кр. общины сложились в Тифлисе, Кутаисе (совр. Кутаиси), Гори, Поти, Они, Цхинвале (совр. Цхинвали) и Ахалцыхе (совр. Ахалцихе), а также в селах Бануза, Карели, Кулаши, Суджуна, Сурали и др., одноврем. прекратили существование общины в Абастумани, Али, Ахалдаба, Баралети и др. селах. Занятием осн. массы евреев стала мелочная торговля, одноврем. выделилось неск. состоят. еврейских купеческих семей, к-рые вели кр. оптовую торговлю на внутр. и внеш. рынках. Представители этих семей играли заметную роль в органах гор. самоуправления, активно занимались благотворительностью и культурно-просветит. деятельностью среди еврейского населения.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. рос. власти продолжали ограничивать процесс переселения в Г. евреев из др. регионов страны, ввели ряд ограничит. мер в отношении евреев-торговцев, поддерживали антиеврейские настроения среди местного населения. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. зафиксировано ок. 20 случаев «кровавого навета» (в 1877 в Сурами, в 1884 в Суджуне), повлекшие за собой нападения на евреев. В 1879 в Кутаисе прошел суд над 9 евреями из Сапчхре, ложно обвиненными в убийстве девочки-христианки с ритуальной целью (все обвиняемые оправданы). В 1895 произошли антиеврейские «беспорядки» в Кутаисе и Вани.В 1870—1900-х гг. численность еврейского населения увеличилась как за счет естеств. прироста, так и за счет миграции евреев из др. регионов страны. В 1873 в Г. проживало ок. 11 300 евреев (0,8%), в 1887 — ок. 14 700 (0,9%), в 1897 — ок. 18 600 (0,9%), в 1913 — ок. 35 900 евреев (1,4%). К кон. 19 в. ашкеназы составляли до 1/3 от общей численности евреев Г., они объединились в самостоят. общины, к-рые находились в натянутых отношениях с общинами грузинских евреев. Последние считали ашкеназов «безбожниками», обвиняли их в недостаточно ревностном исполнении религ. обрядов и предписаний.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. почти при каждой синагоге имелся хедер, в 1860-х гг. созданы талмуд-торы в Кутаисе, Лайшашах, Тифлисе. В 1880-х гг. в Тифлисе открыты первые еврейские школы, где изучались и светские науки. В 1901 подобные школы открыты в Батуме (совр. Батуми), в 1903 — в Кутаисе, в 1910 — в Они. С 1870-х гг. дети из отдельных ашкеназийских семей стали поступать в рус. гимназии и уч-ща. В 1890-х гг. среди учеников гимназии и уч-ща появились и грузинские евреи, однако их число было незначительно. Так, в 1908 в общеобразоват. школах Кутаисской губ. обучалось 328 евреев, в 1911 — 614 (соответственно 2,6 и 4,4% от общей численности еврейского населения). Большой вклад в развитие культуры и духовной жизни евреев Г. внес цхинвалский раввин А.А.Хволес, по инициативе к-рого в 1906 в Цхинвале была открыта талмуд-тора.В кон. 1890-х гг. среди ашкеназов возникли первые сионистские кружки. В 1901 в Тифлисе прошла 1-я конф. сионистов Кавказа. Среди ее делегатов — грузинские евреи Ш.Хахмишвили из Тифлиса и Пичхадзе из Сурама. Рук. сионистского кружка в Карели Д.Баазов вместе с Н.Элиашвили (1893—1929) вскоре стал гл. распространителем сионистских идей в среде грузинских евреев. Им противостояли, с одной стороны, сторонники ассимиляции во главе с М. и И.Хананашвили, с др. — последователи ортодоксального иудаизма во главе с кутаисским раввином Р.Элуашвили.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 центром сионистского движения в Г. стал Тифлис, оживилась деятельность сионистских орг-ций в Сухуми, Поти, Батуме (в последнем в 1920 выходила газ. «Еврейский голос»). В 1917 в Тифлисе оформились орг-ция «Поалей Цион» и группа «Цеирей Цион». В том же году выходил молодежный еженед. «Юный Израиль» (№ 1—4). В Кутаисе местная орг-ция «Цеирей Цион» в 1918—19 издавала двухнед. «Хма эбраэлиса» («Голос еврея», на груз. яз.) под. ред. Ш. Цициашвили (? — 1926, Э.-И.). В сент. 1918 (накануне выборов в Нац. совет Грузии) по инициативе сионистских орг-ций Г. в Тифлисе прошло собрание всееврейского конгресса, на к-ром были представлены как грузинские евреи, так и ашкеназы. Делегаты-сионисты, избранные этим собранием (Михаэль Штрейхер, Д.Баазов и Б.Какителашвили), не были признаны Груз. избират. комиссией, к-рая утвердила в качестве депутатов М.Р.Даварашвили и А.Бузиашвили, выдвинутых прошедшим в Кутаисе собранием антисионистских орг-ций, оформившихся тогда же как движение «Агудас Исроэль». В февр. 1919 депутатами Учредит. собрания Г. избраны Э. Берштейн, И.А.Элигулашвили и М.Р.Даварашвили (все — по списку Груз. с.-д. рабочей партии). Элигулашвили занял пост зам. мин. финансов в пр-ве Г.В 1919 в Тифлисе возн. молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Бар-Кохба» и еврейская академич. корпорация «Иберия». В 1919 сионистский к-т в Тифлисе провозгласил себя Центр. к-том сионистской орг-ции Г. (ЦКСО), в 1920—21 он издавал журн. «Еврейская жизнь» (№ 1—10, ред. М. Штрейхер), в 1920 — «Бюллетень сионистской орг-ции в Грузии». В авг. 1919 и авг. 1920 ЦКСО созвал две сионистские конференции Г.После оккупации Г. частями Кр. Армии (1921) страну покинуло 1500—2000 грузинских евреев, а также мн. ашкеназы. По переписи 1926, в Г. проживало 35 500 евреев (из них 20 800 — грузинские евреи). Политика сов. властей привела к массовому разорению и обнищанию многочисл. мелких торговцев-евреев. Одноврем. был принят ряд мер по повышению культурного уровня еврейского населения: в 1921 в Тифлисе на базе хедера открыта еврейская трудовая школа № 102, в к-рой преподавался иврит. Параллельно действовала еврейская трудовая школа № 101 для детей ашкеназийских евреев (дир. С.Пайкин), в к-рой преподавание велось на идише (на иврите — только в старших классах). Вскоре подобные школы открылись в Кутаисе и Батуме. В кварталах, населенных евреями, создавались школы ликвидации неграмотности, клубы, б-ки. Первоначально сов. власти Г. почти не препятствовали деятельности сионистских орг-ций: в 1924 выходила просионистская газ. «Макавеели» (№ 1—3; на груз. яз., ред. Д.Баазов, при участии Н.Элиашвили), в 1924—25 действовала молодежная орг-ция «Авода», молодежная драм. труппа «Кадима» ставила на груз. яз. спектакли на еврейские темы.В 1922—23 в Г. были закрыты все синагоги (в 1924 многие открыты вновь). Отмечались случаи «кровавого навета» (в 1921 — в Сачхере, в 1923 — в Тифлисе и Кулаши, в 1926 — в Ахалцыхе). После подавления антибольшевист. восстания 1924 политика властей в отношении служителей культа резко ужесточилась, преследованиям подверглись раввины и учителя нелег. хедеров (сурамский раввин Давид Джанашвили в том же году был расстрелян), запрещены пропаганда сионизма и деятельность сионистских орг-ций. В окт. 1925 группа из 17 еврейских семей во главе с Д.Баазовым и Н.Элиашвили добилась разрешения на выезд в Э.-И. В марте 1926 возобновилась деятельность Совета нац. меньшинств Г., куда вошли как представители грузинских евреев, так и ашкеназов (С.Пайкин и др.). Ашкеназы получили от властей разрешение на преподавание идиша в школе № 101 в Тифлисе. Попытки грузинских евреев добиться открытия школы с преподаванием на иврите успеха не имели.С сер. 1920-х гг. власти приняли ряд постановлений, направленных на вовлечение евреев в пром. произ-во, на объединение евреев-ремесленников в кооперативы, а евреев-земледельцев — в колхозы (посл. мероприятие проводилось в соответствии с всес. планом землеустройства евреев, принятым в 1926). В 1927—28 в Г. активно действовал ОЗЕТ, был создан его груз. филиал (ГрузОЗЕТ) с отд-ниями во мн. городах и селах. В 1928 в Цителгора был образован первый колхоз грузинских евреев. К 1933 в республике действовало 15 таких колхозов (объединяли 2314 чел., в их распоряжении 1540 га земли). Создание еврейских колхозов позволило грузинским евреям сохранить традиц. общинную орг-цию и нац. традиции. Попытки части грузинских евреев переселиться в 1928 в Еврейскую автономную]] область]] или на отведенные евреям-земледельцам земли в Крыму потерпели провал. С нач. 1930-х гг. власти стали принимать меры по нарушению этнич. однородности еврейских колхозов, добиваясь тем самым ликвидации еврейских общин. С 1938 проводилась кампания объединения еврейских и груз. колхозов, тогда же начался массовый отток евреев-колхозников в города и поселки. Лишь еврейский колхоз в Цителгора просуществовал до нач. 1970-х гг.Работой по привлечению евреев в пром-сть и в кооперативы руководил Всегруз. к-т помощи еврейской бедноте (Евкомбед), к-рый возглавлял Абрам Линецкий. К 1929 значит. число евреев работало на шелкомотальной ф-ке в Кутаисе, шелкоткацкой ф-ке в Тифлисе, а также в производств. кооперативах в разл. городах и селах республики. Численность грузинских евреев-ремесленников в 1931—35 возросла с 1430 до 7 тыс. чел. Мн. кооперативы служили своеобр. прикрытием индивидуальной или семейной трудовой деятельности. Этнич. единство членов кооперативов также позволяло евреям сохранять свои традиции. Усилия властей, направленные на «интернационализацию» кооперативов, приводили, как правило, к уходу из них евреев.Евкомбед способствовал также насаждению в Г. «еврейской сов. культуры»; при его участии были открыты многочисл. еврейские б-ки, созданы самодеят. коллективы, выступавшие на идише и груз. яз. Печ. органами ГрузОЗЕТа и Евкомбеда были «Трибуна ГрузОЗЕТа» (1934) и «Трудящийся еврей» (1933—34). С 1927 в Г. создавались еврейские школы с преподаванием на груз. яз. В 1933 в Тифлисе открыт Дом культуры трудящихся евреев Г.; с целью борьбы с «религ. пережитками» в еврейских школах, б-ках, клубах регулярно проводились антирелиг. мероприятия. В 1933 был открыт Гос. ист.-этногр. музей евреев Г., ставший центром исследования истории и обычаев грузинских евреев. Вокруг музея объединилась группа молодых груз.-еврейских исследователей. Быт грузинских евреев нашел отражение в творчестве прозаика и драматурга Г.Баазова и худож.-самоучки Ш.Кобошвили.В 1936 был ликвидирован Евкомбед, в 1938 — ГрузОЗЕТ, их рук. А.Линецкий, П.Мегрелишвили, Р.С.Элигулашвили и др. репрессированы; пресекались все попытки нелег. обучения детей в духе еврейской традиции. В сент. 1937 в Сталинири (совр. Цхинвали) арестовано 9 раввинов (все убиты в тюрьме без суда), позднее сосланы в Сибирь раввины Д.Баазов, М.Давиташвили, И.Мирилашвили, А.Славин, писатель Г.Баазов погиб в тюрьме. В кон. 1930-х гг. в Г., в Кутаиси, действовала подпольная любавичская иешива. В 1930—50-х гг. закрыты мн. синагоги. В 1949 был арестован дир. ист.-этногр. музея А.Крихели, а в 1951 закрыт сам музей — посл. культурное учреждение грузинских евреев.Нек-рое оживление еврейской обществ.-культурной жизни наметилось в период «оттепели» 2-й пол. 1950-х — нач. 1960-х гг. В печати стали появляться стихи и рассказы, посв. жизни и быту грузинских евреев. Чаще других к этой теме обращался Авраам Мамиствалов (р. 1924, с 1974 — в Израиле). В 1950—70-х гг. большинство грузинских евреев продолжали регулярно посещать синагоги по субботам и праздникам, соблюдать кашрут; практически все грузинские евреи соблюдали религ. обряды обрезания, бракосочетания, погребения и др. Мн. дети грузинских евреев до 13 лет учились в подпольных хедерах. В кон. 1960-х — нач. 1970-х гг. в Г. действовало 14 синагог.В 1939 в Г. проживало 42 300 евреев (1,2%), в 1959 — 51 600 (1,2%), в 1970 — 55 400 евреев (1,2%).В 1950—80-х гг. грузинские евреи играли заметную роль в «теневой экономике» республики, одноврем. они же становились гл. обвиняемыми на «показательных процессах» по делам о «хищении социалистич. собственности» и др. В 1960-х гг. было зафиксировано неск. случаев «кровавого навета» (в 1963 — в Цхалтубо, в 1964 — в Зестафони, в 1965 — в Кутаиси).В 1950—80-х гг. значительно повысился культурный уровень грузинских евреев: мн. представители еврейской молодежи учились в вузах Г. и др. республик СССР, представители грузинских евреев занимали видные посты в парт. и сов. учреждениях, внесли заметный вклад в культуру и иск-во Г. Тогда же усилились ассимиляторские тенденции (особенно среди ашкеназов). С др. стороны, в среде молодой еврейской интеллигенции росли сионистские настроения.События Шестидневной войны 1967 способствовали росту нац. самосознания грузинских евреев. Одним из первых документов движения сов. евреев за выезд в Израиль стало письмо глав 18 семей грузинских евреев в ООН от 6 авг. 1969 с просьбой воздействовать на пр-во СССР и добиться от него предоставления евреям права на свободный выезд в Израиль. Мир. известность получила акция 29 грузинских евреев в июле 1971 в Москве, к к-рой примкнули св. 20 евреев из Москвы и др. городов СССР. В 1971 начался массовый выезд: до сер. 1981 из Г. в Израиль выехало св. 31 тыс. евреев (55,8% еврейского населения республики). В 1979 численность еврейского населения сократилась до 28,3 тыс. чел. (0,6%). Евреи из др. регионов СССР специально переселялись в Г., т. к. местные власти более лояльно относились к их желанию покинуть страну.Со 2-й пол. 1980-х гг. заметно оживилась обществ. и культурная жизнь евреев Г. В 1988 при АН ГССР создана Ассоциация груз.-еврейских взаимоотношений (ее отд-ния открыты в ряде городов Г.), возникли многочисл. школы и кружки по изучению иврита. В 1990 в Иерусалиме прошел 1-й междунар. симпозиум, посв. изучению истории грузинских евреев, груз.-еврейских и груз.-палестинских отношений. В 1991 возрожден ист.-этногр. музей евреев Г. (дир. Ш. Цицулашвили). В 1989—93 на ист. ф-те Кутаисского ун-та Д.М.Хананашвили читал спецкурс «Вопросы истории грузинских евреев и грузино-еврейских отношений». С 1991 издается ежемес. еврейская газ. «Менора» (на груз. яз., ред. Г.А.Батиашвили), выходит газ. «Шалом» (на рус. яз.). В 1991 деп. парламента Г. избран Д.Аджиашвили.Обострение внутриполитич. обстановки и ухудшение экономич. положения в Г. в 1991—94 явились одной из причин массового выезда евреев из страны (гл. обр. в Израиль, а также в Россию). Мн. общины грузинских евреев в эти годы прекратили существование. В 1999 осн. масса грузинских евреев (5—6 тыс. чел.) проживала в Тбилиси, 600—800 чел. — в Кутаиси, по неск. десятков чел. — в Ахалцихе, Гори, Карели и Сурами. С 1994 при поддержке властей Г. наметилось нек-рое оживление еврейской культурно-общинной жизни. В июле и сент. 1998 в Израиле и Г. прошли торжества, посв. 26-вековому пребыванию евреев в Г.Д.М. Хананашвили, extra_data="{'translat...")
GRUZMAN Shulim (Shmoil) Aizikovich (party ps. Alexander) (| - 1919, Yekaterinoslav), participant in the fight for the Sov. power in Ukraine, chl. Communist. party since 1912. During the 1st world. wars in exile in Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 at school desks, work in Donbass. Since March 1917, member. Gorlovsky committee of the RSDLP (b). From the end. Apr - secret. Gorlovsko-Shcherbinovsky RK RSDLP (b). Affairs. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (elected member. VTsP K), participated in the work of the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets with a consultant. voice (October 1917). After Oct. coup one of the organizers and hands. Bureau of military-rev. to-tos of Donbass (since January 1918 - Central Military Revolutionary Committee of Donbass) and Center. headquarters of Kr. Guards, formed and armed its detachments, participated in the suppression of weapons. performances at hand. ataman A.M. Kaledin. Since May 1918 in Moscow, member. Moscow region Bureau of the RCP (b), then worked in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the party. At the 1st (July 1918) and 2nd (October 1918) congresses of the CP (b) U in Moscow, a member was elected. its Central Committee, after the 2nd Congress of the CP (b) U, was a member of Execute, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, a cut which led the underground organizations in the occupied territory. Ukraine. From the end. oct. 1918 members Overseas. Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, worked underground in Kharkov, then in Yekaterinoslav. Killed in battle during the defense of Yekaterinoslav.
GRYADA, a village in Zhitkovichi district, Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Ridges of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In May 1925 approx. G. was organized by Jewish agriculture. artel named after Maurice Vinchevsky.
RIDES, see Ridge.
GRYAZI, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 2nd floor. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lipetsk u. Tambov Gubernia. In 1926, 26 Jews (0.3%) lived in Georgia, and in 1939 - 33 Jews.
GRYAZOVETS, a city (since 1780), a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1538. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 9 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 - 5, in 1939 - 7 Jews.
GRYCHINOVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Grichinovichi, Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 35 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1942, Jews of Georgia were shot.
GRUENSTEIN Nathan (1877, Lithuania - 1932), it. organic chemist. Comp. in chem. company in Frankfurt-am-Main, developed a method for the conversion of acetylene into acetaldehyde using mercury salts as a catalyst and with the subsequent production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, etc. Technol. the process proposed by G. was first used in the industry in 1916 and up to the middle. 60s, Ch. method of obtaining these chem. drugs. An active member of the Zionist movement.
GRZHEBIN Zinovy ​​Isaevich (1877, Chuguev, Kharkov Gubernia - 1929, Paris), publisher. In 1899 he graduated from the Kharkov art. uch-shche. In 1899-1905 he studied painting in Munich and Paris. In 1905-06 ed. satirical. g. "Bogey". In 1906-17, he was co-owner of the Rosevnik publishing house. In 1907-12 the fact. hands. publishing house "Pantheon". In 1914-15 ed. Ed. weekly illustr. g. "Fatherland". In 1916-17 sotr. founded by M. Gorky publishing house "Parus". In 1918-19 he participated in the creation. one of the first owls. publishing house "World Literature". In 1919 he founded a private publishing house in Petrograd with branches in Berlin and Moscow. In 1920, in agreement with Gosizdat, he established a publishing house in Berlin. book for Russia (published works of classics of Russian literature, book for children, scientific and scientific-popular literature). In 1923, due to the ban on the import of the book. in the USSR, the publishing house of Georgia from abroad collapsed. From 1923 he lived in France. One of G.'s daughters, Leah (b. 1906), is the heroine of KI Chukovsky's fairy tale "Crocodile" ("Lyalya's girl").
GUBELMAN Moisey Izrailevich (1884, Chita - 1968, Moscow), part. activist. Brother of Yem. Yaroslavsky. Member Communist. parties since 1902. Graduated from the district school in Chita. In 1902–03 he worked in the Chita organization of the RSDLP, in 1905–07 he was a member. Party members in Chita and Verkhneudinsk were arrested several times. In 1907 he was drafted into the military. service, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers, in June 1907 he fled from arrest. In 1907 - 10 members. Vladivostok to-that RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested, the Irkutsk military-env. sentenced to 8 years of hard labor by the court (he served in hard labor prisons in Gorny Zerentui, Kadai, Kutomar and in the Ushakovsky mines). After Feb. the roar led the roar. work in Siberia and the Far East. From Sept. 1917 members Dalnevost. regional bureau RSDLP (b) and Pres. Executive Committee of the Vladivostok Council. In 1918, members. Dalnevost. regional executive committee and DalsNK, in May-July - Commissar of the 1st Far East. socialist detachment, a representative of the DalSNK and Dalkraikom RCP (b) in the Transbaikal fr. From the end. 1918 one of the hands. Bolshevik. underground in D.Vostok, in 1919 a member. Dalnevost. regional committee of the RCP (b) and military-rev. headquarters for the preparation of weapons. rev. in Primorye. From nov. 1920 pre. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RCP (b), from April. 1921 members Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), organizer of partisans. traffic in Primorye. June 1921 - Jan. 1922 members Military. council Nar.-rev. Army Far East. rep. Further to the co-op., Part. and prof. work. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers (since 1922).
GUBER Rivka (1902, Novo-Vitebsk, Kherson district and province. - 1981, Israel), societies. activist. In E.-I. from 1925. Lost two sons during the Revolutionary War. Dedicated to facilitating the absorption of returnees, ch. arr. in the district of Lakhish. State pr. Israel in (1976) for the state. and societies. activity.
GUBERGRITS Max Moiseevich (1886, Romny, Poltava province - 1951, Kiev), therapist, professor, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from honey. faculty of Kiev un-that (1911), worked in a therapeutic. clinic V.P. Obraztsov (1911-1914). In 1915 he was sent to the lab. I.P. Pavlova, where he conducted the experiment. issl., to-rye formed the basis of their joint. the work "Reflex of Freedom" (1915). Since 1920 head. department of private pathology and therapy, from 1928 until the end of life - department of propaedeutics, internal. diseases of Kiev honey. in-that. At the same time. headed the clinic. dep. Ying-that nutrition (1930-41) and Ying-that endocrinology (1932-34) in Kiev. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1935). tr. G. dedicated ch. arr. physiology and pathology of blood circulation, digestion, as well as the problem of pain. A number of works are devoted to improving diagnostic methods, incl. auscultation of heart sounds, proposed original research methods. function of the pancreas, described a number of chronic symptoms. pancreatitis and appendicitis. I paid a lot of attention to questions to lay down. nutrition, the study of the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and cardiovascular diseases (including angina pectoris), endocrine disorders (including diabetes mellitus, Graves' disease), etc. In 1941-45, in evacuation hospitals in Tomsk and Chelyabinsk, he worked on the creation ... effective treatments for penetrating chest wounds. Deputy prev. reign of Vses. and Ukr. therapeutic. Societies: Clinical Diagnostics, Kiev, 1939; Kiev-Kharkov, 1947; Selected Works, Kiev, 1959.
GUBERMAN Aizik Shmulevich (1906, Felshtin, Podolsk province. - 1966, Moscow), poet, playwright. Graduated from Odessa ped. technical College. Worked as a teacher. He began to publish in 1928 in Zh. Odesar Arbeter. Published poetry and poems to the center. g. "Soviet Literature", "Soviet", "Stern" and others. In 1934, the first was published. book - the poem "Podolia - mine game" ("Podolia - my homeland"), in 1939 the poem "Ashtibl bam taih" ("House by the river") - about Heb. young people reaching out to big cities. In the end. 30s acts as a playwright. With great success in Heb. t-t-rah were his plays "Dos maidl fun Moscow" ("Girl from Moscow"), "A gast fun yener velt" ("Guest from the other world"), and after the war the comedy "Glichlikhe bagenishn" ("Happy meeting") , "Kedai tsu lebn af der velt" ("It is worth living in the world"), "Di erd izkayleh-dik" ("The earth is round"). 1949–56 in custody.
HUBERMAN Bronislav (1882, Czestochowa - 1947, Corsier sur Vevey, Switzerland), violinist. He studied violin from early childhood, gave concerts from 11 years old. Performed under I. Lotto in Warsaw and J. Joachim in Berlin. G. was the first to be honored to play the violin of N. Paganini in Genoa (1909). Until 1933 he lived in Berlin, after the Nazis came to power he emigrated. He taught the violin class at the School of Masters at the Academy of Music in Vienna (1934–36). Lived in E.-I .; founded in Tel Aviv symph. orc. In 1936 he published "An Open Letter to the German Intelligentsia", condemned the anti-humanist. essence of fascism. The repertoire includes violin concerts in Russian, German. classics, as well as waltzes and mazurkas by F. Chopin in his own. transcriptions. He became famous as a master of violin miniature. He has toured in the cities of Russia (since 1900) and the USSR (1926, 1928, 1929).
GUBERMAN Igor Mironovich (b. 1936, Moscow), poet, prose writer. Graduated from Moscow. in-t engineer transport. The first publication was in 1962 (in the journal Knowledge is Power). In the 1960s and 70s. worked in the genre of popular science, document. prose: "The Third Triumvirate" (on biological. Cybernetics, Moscow, 1965), "Miracles and tragedies of the black box" (on the study of the brain, Moscow, 1968), "Defeated Time" (story about N. Morozov; published under the name of M. Popovsky, M., 1975), “Bekhterev. Pages of Life "(M., 1976). G. also published a number of scripts for television and film (documentary). He owns a number of Art. and essays in pl. periodic. ed. He became known as the author of poems full of sarcasm and irony in relation to the existing regime, the poems were not published, but were widely known - sometimes even without the author's name, they were distributed in lists. Participated in the ed. illegal train "Jews in the USSR". 1979–84 in imprisonment and exile. Since 1988 - in Israel, where he continues to lit. activity. For the first time in the USSR, G.'s poems were published in 1990 in gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets ", then poetic. selections and other gas. and f. In 1992, a 2-volume edition "Gariki for Every Day" was published in Moscow, in 1994 - "The Second Jerusalem Diary". G. calls his poems-miniatures “Garikami” - as a rule, quatrains, b.ch. to-rykh - in the genre of poetry. satire, ironic. verse. They reflect the contradictions characteristic of owls. and grew. about-va 1980–90-ies, decomp. spheres of life. Poems G. are distinguished by the richness and naturalness of intonations, the depth and sharpness of thin. image, aphorism. G. writes and prose writer. manuf. - in 1994 in Moscow ed. pov. "Walking Around the Barracks", rum. "Strokes for a portrait" - about NA Bruni. Prod. G. were published in Russian. lang. abroad (including in the railway "Continent" in Paris), per. to foreign lang.
GUBNITSKY Alexander Matveyevich (1912, Lipovetsky Monastery near Kiev province - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. Rod. in the cooper's family. In the end. 20s came with his parents to Birobidzhan, where he worked as a driver. From ser. 30s in Moscow. He worked at the construction site of the subway. He made his debut with stories and essays in periodicals. ed. Der Emes, Der Stern, and others. Participant in the 1941-45 war. First. his book. "Chauffeurs" went to the lane. in Russian lang. He actively published in "Sovetish Gameland". He wrote stories and essays from life after. m., about working youth coming from Hebrews. m. for large construction sites in industrial, cities. The author of the book. stories "My. Pedigree" (1973).
GUCHKO, now part of the city of Dobromil (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 202 Jews lived in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated in the end. summer 1942.
GUDAUTA, a city (since 1926), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 31 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 44, in 1959 - 136, in 1970 - 87, in 1979 - 48 Jews (including 43 Ashkenazi). in Georgia since the 1910s.
GUDELE, see Buzz.
GUDERMES, a city (since 1941), a regional center in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Grozny env. Tersk Region In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Georgia.
GUDINISKES, a village in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Seinsky u. In Suwalki Gubernia, the gravestones of the Jewish cemetery are partially preserved in Georgia.
GUDKOVICH Zalman Markovich (b. 1925, Vitebsk), oceanologist, polar explorer. Graduated from Leningrad. Higher. arctic. pestilence. uch-shche them. adm. S.O. Makarova. Participated in the first duration. year-round drift n.-i. Art. "North. Pole-2 "under the direction of MM Somov (1950-51). Later I spent another wintering st. "North. pole ", participated in air ice reconnaissance flights, in the sea. exp. all in. Arctic approx., Incl. - on the first owl. n.-i. icebreaker "Otto Schmidt". Dr. Geogr. sciences. Specialist in the region. pestilence. currents and drift arctic. ice. Author tr. on oceanology.
GUDMAN Paul (1875, Derpt, Livland province - 1949), Zionist. and societies. activist. In 1891 G. came to England. In tech. pl. years was a secret. Heb. Spanish. and portug. communities. G. became an active Zionist after he heard the address of Theodor Herzl at his first meeting in London (1896). Occupied dec. posts in the Zionist movement in London, was almost. sec. polit. to-that (appointed by H. Weizmann and N. Sokolov before the publication of the Balfour Declaration). Together with Arthur Lewis ed. book Zionism: Problems and Views (1916), was ed. "Zionist Review" (1920–26, 1934–38), participated in the dec. Heb. encyclopedias and the Zionist, periodicals. Among his works: "Synagogue and Church" (1908); History of the Jews (1911); Moses Montefiori (1925); Zionism in England (1930); “Heb. nat. house "(1943).
GUDYALIAI, a town in the Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Gudele Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, 13 Jews (3.0%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 193 Jews. In 1931 Jews owned 2 mills, 2 sawmills, a tavern, a factory for the production of oil and a workshop for the manufacture of felt. Jews of Georgia were shot on June 23, 1941.
GUDZENKO Lev Iosifovich (1927, Kiev - 1978, Moscow), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1944 he passed the exams for Wed. school, then finished three courses of Moscow. energetic in-that (study was interrupted due to heart disease). In 1954 he graduated from Moscow in absentia. un-t. From 1950 until the end of his life he worked at Phys. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. interests - low-temperature plasma, radiophysics, theory of atomic collisions, astrophysics, quantum. electronics, biology and honey. diagnostics. Developed the theory of fluctuations in self-oscillation. systems of a general type (he established the dependence of the statistical properties of fluctuation motions in a system on its dynamic properties and formulated a general correlation approach to the solution of inverse problems in the statistical theory of oscillations). Offered origin. cyclical model solar activity. Developed a method for diagnosing cardiac activity based on correlation processing of cardiograms. Discovered a kind of auto-stabilization of the phase of the relaxation generator with internal. fluctuations. Joint. with sotr. made creatures, contributed to the problem created. plasma lasers (analysis of population inversion mechanisms in supercooled plasma, lasers in scattering molecules, X-ray lasers and reactor-lasers). Ch. scientific. schools. Author approx. 150 scientific. works. Cit .: In search of the nature of sunspots, M., 1972; Plasma Lasers, Moscow, 1978 (with S.I. Yakovenko).
GUDZENKO Semyon Petrovich (1922, Kiev - 1953, Moscow), poet. Studied at MIFLI. In 1941, he volunteered for the French, was seriously wounded. From the very first publications and the book. G. is a military poet. generation, in his poems the "trench" truth about the war sounds. In the first post-war. For years, semi-official criticism accused the book: "Fellow soldiers" (1944), "Poems and Ballads" (1945), "After the March" (1947), G.'s verses in "naturalism" and "pessimism." Naib. Izv. poems: "Before the Attack", "Ballad of Friendship", "My Generation", etc. As a journalist he traveled a lot around the country. As a result of these trips, essays and poems about Tuva, Transcarpathia, Wed. Asia, a poem about the post-war. army "Distant garrison", cycle, lyric. poetry. After G.'s death they published: “Favorites. Poems and Poems "(1957); Army Notebooks (1962); Testament of Courage (1971).
GUJUNAI, a town in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Gudzyany Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91, the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 103 Jews lived in Georgia. Aug 1941 Jews of G. were taken to Krakes and shot there on 2 Sept. 1941.
GUDZYANS, see Gujunai.
Eduard Efimovich GUFELD (b. 1936, Kiev), chess player; int. grandmaster (1967). Honored. trainer of the USSR (1981), trainer of the world champion (1978–1990) M.G. Chiburdanidze. Coach of the USSR women's national team at the Olympics (1982 and 1984). Prev FIDE Chess Aesthetics Commission. Shahm. theorist and writer. Member of eight USSR championships. Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. Tbilisi (1980), Barcelona (1979), Havana (1985). Combination style chess player. He made a valuable contribution to the theory of the Sicilian and King's Indian Defense. Works: L. Stein. M., 1980 (et al.); Seventeen Springs of Maya. M., 1980 (et al.); Sicilian Defense. Dragon variant. M., 1982; Brief Encyclopedia of Chess. debuts. Kiev, 1986; G. Kasparov. Tbilisi, 1987.
GUGEL Yakov Semenovich (1895, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1937, Kiev), state. activist, organizer of industry in the USSR. Member of the 1st world. and citizen wars. He graduated from two courses Kharkov, technol. in-that. Since 1921, in leading positions in the metallurgical. industry (in Taganrog, Donetsk, Konstantinovka). Since 1926, dir. Mariupol metallurgist w-yes to them. Ilyich. Supervised the reconstruction of the plant and the construction of a new pipe shop. The initiator of the construction of the Azov-Steel plant in Mariupol, the first beginning. "Azovstalstroy". From 1931 to the beginning. building of Magnitogorsk metallurgical combine, then deputy. early Main Directorate of Metallurgical industry of the USSR. In 1933, the beginning was again appointed. "Azovstalstroy". In 1937 he was arrested on false charges and shot. Ord. Lenin (1935).
GUKHMAN Mirra Moiseevna (1904, Baku - 1989, Moscow), linguist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1955). R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. f-t Azerb. state un-that (1925). She worked in V. Ivanov's seminar. Cand. dis. defended in 1936. Prof. (since 1940). From 1936 she worked in Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang. Upon returning from evacuation, she worked in Voyen. in-those foreign. lang. Author pl. tr. in the region. general and germ. language knowledge, grammar theory, ist. typology and theory lit. lang. Cit .: From lang. German nationalities to him. nat. lang. Part 1–2. - M., 1955-1959; Gothic language. - M., 1958; East typology and problem of diachronic constants. - M., 1981.
GUKOVO, city (since 1955) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1802. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Gukovsky Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1942, 9 Jews were killed in Georgia.
GUKOVSKY, see Gukovo.
GUKOVSKY Grigory Alexandrovich (1902, Petersburg - 1950, Moscow), literary critic, critic, Doctor of Philology. Sciences, prof. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that (1923). He taught at school and a number of universities in Leningrad, from 1935 until the end of his life - at un-those, was a professor, then head. department Russian lit-ry. At the same time. worked in Ying-those rus. literature, since 1938 head. department Institute for the improvement of teachers and sects. Leningrad Region Academy ped. sciences. In the years of the 2nd world. war taught at Saratov un-those, was the vice-rector for studies. work. Sci. worked since 1925. Ed. first systematic. course on ist. Russian lit-ry 18th century He took part in textual studies. and scientific. preparation of the meeting. op. A.N.Radishchev, D.I.Fonvizin, I.A.Krylova, G.R.Derzhavin, A.P. Sumarokov and others. about N.V. Gogol came out, unfinished. A brilliant lecturer, G., like some other outstanding philologists, was declared a cosmopolitan and antipatriot. In 1949 he was arrested. He died in the Lefortovo prison. Works: Russian poetry of the 18th century, L., 1927; Essays on ist. Russian literature and societies. thoughts of the 18th century, L., 1938; Rus. literature of the XVIII century, M., 1939; Pushkin and Russian. romance, Saratov, 1946, 2nd ed. M., 1965; Pushkin and samples. realistic style, M.-L., 1957; Realism of Gogol, M.-L., 1959; Study of lit. manuf. at school, M.-L., 1966.
GUKOVSKY Isidor Emmanuilovich (1871, Petersburg - 1921), polit. activist. Rod. to the merchant. family. He began his career as an assistant. pharmacist. Systematic received no education. Into the roar. movement since 1898, ch. group "Working banner". For belonging to the RSDLP he was sentenced to exile for 5 years in the Yenisei province. Returned from exile in 1904. Conducted party, work in Baku, Odessa. Was repeatedly arrested., Lived in exile. In October 1917 - People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR in the first composition of the Sov. gov. In 1920–21 - for a diploma. work: Plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Estonia. He died of pneumonia.
GUKOVSKY Matvey Alexandrovich (1898, Petersburg - 1971, ibid.), Historian, Dr. Sciences (1939). Brother of G.A. Gukovsky. Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1923), where he taught since 1934, (since 1937 prof., since 1953 - head of the department of history of the Middle Ages). In 1946–49 he was also a director. scientific. libraries of the State. The Hermitage. In 1949 he was arrested as a "cosmopolitan" (released in 1956). Author of works on Italian history. Renaissance. Member Int. Institute of Leonardo da Vinci (Amboise, France). Works: Mechanics of Leonardo da Vinci, L., 1947; Ital. Revival, v. 1–2, L., 1947 60, Leonardo da Vinci, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1967.
GULAK Asher (1881, borough of Dakir, Livland province - 1940, Jerusalem), Talmudic historian. rights. He studied at the yeshiva, received the title of rabbi. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. In 1919-24 he studied jurisprudence and studied the history of law in Berlin. From 1925 - in E.-I. Since 1926 - lecturer, since 1936 - prof. Heb. rights of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. Main Tr .: "Fundamentals of Heb. rights "(vols. 1-4, 1922), which are the first systematic experience. Talmudic presentation. citizen rights; "To the study. history of Heb. rights in the Talmud period "(1929), dedicated. development of Heb. land law, publication and reconstruction of Heb. jurid. acts dotalmudich. time with comments; Art. on the history of Heb. culture and nat. problems.
GULBENE, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1224.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Schwanenburg Valksky u. Livonia lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 26 Jews (1.02%) lived in Georgia, in 1930 - 65 (1.8%), in 1935 - 84 Jews (2 , 2%) The Jewish community of Georgia was formed after the 1st World. war. Main the occupation of the Jewish population was trade (Jews owned 7 shops). In July 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. Sep 30 1941 all Jews of Georgia and surrounding villages and townships were destroyed by the Latvian police.
GULISTAN (until 1922 - Hungry Steppe, until 1961 - Mirzachul), city, center of Syrdarya region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Vozn. at the end. 19th century in Jizzakh u. Samarkand Province. In 1970, 58 Jews (0.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1979 - 38 Jews (0.1%).
GULBOACA, see Hulboaca.
GULKEVICHI, city (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1875 as a village in the Labinsky department. Kuban Region In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1999 - approx. 250 Jews.
GULKO Boris Frantsevich (born 1947, Erfurt), chess player, mezhunar. grandmaster (1976). Graduated from Moscow State University, psychologist. Member of eight USSR championships; champion of the USSR (1977). Participant of the world championship competitions (since 1975); Since 1986 - in the USA. Contender for the world championship (since 1993). Winner of a number of kr. int. tournaments, incl. Vilnius (1975), Niksic (1978), Biel (1987).
GULRIPSH, an urban-type settlement (since 1975), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. From 1921 to 1991 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 26 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1970 - 5 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 1910s.
Gulyaevka, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson province. On March 13, 1942, 650 Jews from Odessa were shot in Georgia.
GULYANKA, a village in the Krasnooknyanskiy district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Partying (other name. Grigorio-Pavlovka) Tiraspol u. Kherson province. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. dozens of Jews.
GULYANKA, see Party.
GULIAI-FIELD, see Zlatopol.
GULIAIPOLE, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 1173 Jews (12.35%) lived in Georgia in 1897, 3252 (20.8%) in 1910, and 556 Jews in 1939. In 1866, the merchant Samuel of Constantinople was elected head of the community. In 1903, restrictions on the settlement of Jews in Georgia were lifted. In 1909–10 there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish husband. societies. uch-shche, there was a Jewish cemetery. Since 1916, the rabbi of G. was Mark Abramovich Yulchevsky. In 1917, a private mixed 8-class Morokhovsky gymnasium operated in Georgia; gymnasium; there was a group of Jewish people. party, a Jewish library-reading room worked. In the summer of 1917, the Organization of the Association of Jewish Youth issued two weeks in Georgia. "Jewish youth". During the Civil. war G. - the "capital" of the Makhnovist movement, in which individual Jews (VM Volin, LN Zadov-Zinkovsky, and others) occupied the hands of. posts. In 1919, the regional congress of Soviets held in Georgia adopted a resolution "Against robberies, violence, and Jewish pogroms ..." prompted by the anti-Semitic sentiments of ordinary Makhnovists. In the 1920s. in G. there was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1928 in the Gulyaypole Jewish nat. there were 14 village councils (3,651 households, 20 thousand inhabitants, of which 70% were Jews). 1943 in Georgia, apprx. 500 Jews in G. V.A.Natanson, L.A. Yukhvid, lived and worked N.Lurie.
GULYGA Alexandra Isaevna (1921, Yekaterinoslav - 1996), translator, literary critic. Ps. A. Isaeva. Father, a military doctor, was shot in 1939. In 1944 she graduated from Rom.-German. dep. philol. Faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. Lit. has been working since 1956. The author of the lane. poetry and prose from Western Europe. lang. (G. Lessing, I. V. Goethe, J. J. Rousseau, A. Dumas, T. Mann, B. Brecht, I. Bachmann and others). G. also belong to Art. about him., Scand., French. liter for children, problem. Art. about poetics and images of modern lit. fairy tales.
GUPALOVKA, does not exist now. Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Veselaya in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - as part of the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. district. In the 1950s and 60s. - the village of Gulyaypolsky District, Zaporozhye Region. 455 people lived in Georgia in 1866, 436 people in 1897, 160 people in 1924, 169 people in 1938, and 275 people in 1941. In 1897, rye and wheat were sown in Georgia barley, other cereals and tech. crops 889 dess., the inhabitants had 157 horses, 122 cows. In 1909 the Jewish beginning was opened. school. In 1929, a collective farm was formed (in 1938 it united 39 farms). troops in Georgia shot 63 Jews. After 1945, 72 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1968, in the course of a campaign to liquidate "unpromising villages", all the inhabitants of Georgia were resettled to other us. items, and G. ceased to exist. I. M. Shaikin
GUR-ARIE (Ungerleib) Israel (b.1925), state. activist and diplomat. 1959–67 consul of the State of Israel in New York. In 1962–63 hands. department in the Ministry of Defense. 1970–74 - Attaché of the Israeli Embassy in Argentina. 1974–80 - deputy. gene. dir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981–83 - Ambassador to Mexico, from 1987 - Ambassador to Canada.
GUR Yehuda (real fam. Grizovsky) (1862, Pogost - 1950), teacher and lexicographer. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. From 1887 in E.-I. At first I sat down. households working and night watchman in Rishbn Le-Zion, then clerk in Jaffa. Later became a secretary. about-va Bnei Moshe, participated in editing its ed. "Ha-Mikhtavim mi Eretz Yisrael", taught. Together with D. Idelovich he founded the first Histadrut ha-Morim ha-Ivrim (Heb. Association of teachers) in E.-I. He was one of the pioneers of the "Hebrew Be-Hebrew" method, when Hebrew is taught without the use of K.-L. other languages for an explanation. I wrote several. manuals for the study of Hebrew, Heb. history, nature. sciences, geography E.-I. Per. in Hebrew some tales by G.H. Andersen, "Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe and works. M. Twain, C. Dickens and J. Verne. In 1893, together with E. Ben-Yehuda and D. Idelovich, he edited the gas. for children "Olam Caton". In 1906-29 he worked for the Anglo-Palestinian Company, acquiring land for yeshivas in Tel Aviv and Haifa. During the 1st world. war with his family was exiled to Damascus. Naib. Izv. his works on Heb. lexicography. In 1903 he prepared, together with Klausner, a pocket dictionary, and later several. other small dictionaries. In 1920, G. and D. Elin published illustrations. Hebrew dictionary. Since 1937 he has been compiling the "Dictionary of the Hebrew Language", publ. in extension version in 1947. In 1939 he prepared the Dictionary of Foreign. words ".
GURA-KAMENCHA, see Gura-Kamenchiy.
GURA-KAMENCHIY, a village in the Floreshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gura-Kamencha, Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In July 1941, rum. soldiers killed in G.-K. several dozens of Jews.
GURA-KAYNAR, see Gura-Kainarului.
GURA-KEYNARULUI, a village in the Floreshti district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Gura-Kainar Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In July 1941, rum. soldiers killed in G.-K. a large group of Jews.
GURA GALBENA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 111 Jews lived in Georgia. In July 1941, a large group of Jews was buried alive on the mountain behind GG.
GURA KALVARIA, a city (since 1670) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1252. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Groetsky u. Warsaw province. In 1808 60 Jews (11.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 500 (40.7%), in 1857 - 1298 (71.1%), in 1897 - 2019, in 1921 - 2961 (53.9%), in 1939 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews lived in G.K. from the end. 18th century In 1847 a Jewish hospital was opened, in 1850 - a state hospital. Jewish school, in the 1860s. - Faculty of production of thales. In 1859, Yitzhok-Meir Alter (1789-1866), the founder of the Gur Hasidic dynasty, settled in GK. GK became the center of Hasidism in [[Kingdom of Poland. In 1877 the place of I.-M. Alter was taken by his grandson - Yehuda-Arie-Leib (1847-1905), the author of the book. "Sfas emes" ("The Language of Truth"), which became the basis of Gurian Hasidism. Since 1906, the dynasty was headed by Rabbi Avrom-Mordhe (1872-1948, Jerusalem). Under him, the number of Gur Hasidim reached 100 thousand people. Up to 15 thousand Hasidim gathered on Rosh Ha Shana and Yom Kippur in GK. A.-M. Alter was one of the founders of "Agudas Israel". In 1909, a synagogue with 3,000 seats was built in GK. In 1916 refugees from Pinsk in GK founded the Kadima Zionist organization. In the 1920s. in GK a kosher kitchen was opened for the Jewish soldiers of the local garrison. In the 1920s and 30s. in G.K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 8 Sept. 1939 parts of germ. armies occupied G.K. 15 January. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in February. 1940 - Jewish police, then - ghetto. On Feb. 1941 2949 Jews of GK were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. After 1945, 20 Jews returned to GK, who soon left Poland. A monument to those who perished during the Holocaust was erected at the old Jewish cemetery of G.K. Since 1940 the center of Gur Hasidism has moved to Jerusalem. In 1948-77 the movement was headed by Art. son of Avrom-Mordkhe Israel Alter (1895, Gura Kalwaria - 1977, Jerusalem), in 1977-92 - cf. son Simha-Bunim (1898, ibid. - 1992, Jerusalem), in 1992-96 - Jr. son of Pinhos-Menachem (1926, ibid - 1996, Jerusalem). Since 1996, the Gurian Hasidic dynasty was headed by the son of Simkhi-Bunim - Yakov-Arie (b. 1939, Gura Kalvariya). I.-M. Levin, V. G. Messing.
GURALNIK Uran Abramovich (1921, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1989, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Dr. philological sciences. He graduated from Heb. high school. He made his debut in Yiddish verse, in Kharkov, Heb. children gas. "Zite Great". Graduated from Moscow. ped. Institute (1941). He took part in the 1941-45 war. He worked at IMLI. He was engaged in research. works of F. Dostoevsky, N. Chernyshevsky, N. Dobrolyubov. Published in periodicals. ed. He actively collaborated with Zh. "Sovetish gameland". One of Ch. so G. was the interaction and contacts between the Hebrews. and other liters. In 1973 he published a pov. "Nechtn, gaynt, morgn" ("Yesterday, today, tomorrow"). Author of the book: “Laughter is the weapon of the strong. Sov. satirical. and humorous. literature today ”(Moscow, 1961),“ Sov. literature and cinema "(M., 1968)," Films Born by the Book "(M., 1973), etc.
GURARIY Shmariyahu (Samaria Mendelevich) (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1989, New York), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Son-in-law of I.I.Shneerson. Left Russia in 1927.Since 1940 - to the USA. For more than half a century, he headed everything. the system of Lubavitch yeshivas.
GURJAANI, city (since 1934), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century 64 Jews lived in Georgia in 1904, 23 in 1926, 40 in 1934, 5 in 1959, 18 in 1970, and 14 in 1979.
GUREVICH (Ber, Ber) Boris Naumovich (1888-1939), polit. activist. In the S.-D. the movement entered the years of the Revolution of 1905-07, a Menshevik. During the reaction period (1907-10), the "liquidator". During the 1st world. wars - centrist, then internationalist. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, supporter of Yu.O. Martov, Menshevik-internationalist, affairs. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (June, elected member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) and All-Russia. will unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug.) from the Kharkov Menshevik. org-tion. Member of the All-Russian. democratic conference (Sept.), spoke out against the coalition with the bourgeoisie; entered Time. Council Ros. Res. (Pre-parliament); member faction of the Menshevik internationalists. Oct he resolutely condemned the revolution. Dec. 1917 nominated from the RSDLP candidate. to the deputies of Ukr. will establish, meetings (elections did not take place due to the occupation of Ukraine by Soviet troops). On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec.), was a member of the editor. a commission to draft a resolution on the current situation; elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP. On Vseukr. conf. RSDLP (autumn 1918) elected to Ch. Committee of the RSDLP in Ukraine (member of the Committee until 1921). Member of the All-Russian. patr. conferences of the Mensheviks (4-14 April 1920), where he demanded to "soften the tone" of the struggle against Bolshevism, to dissociate himself from the Second International. He was repeatedly arrested by the Sov. authorities. In nov. 1920 together with 16 like-minded people he was exiled to Georgia. Upon his return he continued his semi-legal work as a meninevist. org-chi-yakh. In the summer of 1921, he approached the position of F.M. Dan, a supporter of the Democratic. reforming the Sov. authorities. During the trial in Moscow over the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (1922), he offered the Mensheviks to politically isolate themselves from the Socialist-Revolutionaries, but was chosen by the Central Committee of the RSDLP as one of the defenders at the trial. During the mass arrests of the Social-Democrats in aug. 1922 disappeared, but subsequently served more than once a prison sentence, was in exile in Turkestan and Siberia. On 8/20/1934, together with S.O. Ezhov (Zederbaum) and his wife K.I. Zakharova, sent from Kazan exile to the French. "Populler" telegram welcoming the idea of ​​Nar. fr. Until the end of his life he remained faithful to the ideas of Menshevism. He died in the Vladimir prison (according to other sources - in Sib. Link).
GUREVICH Alexander Iosifovich (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1937), deputy. People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR, one of the organizers and hands. metallurgical prom-sti. Member RSDLP since 1916. He graduated from the Bialystok private government in 1914, did not enter Moscow. un-t (did not pass the percentage rate for Jews). From 1915 he studied at Moscow. commercial in-those, actively participated in the revolution. movement (led the circle of political education, was the secretary of the district committee of the RSDLP). In 1918–27, members. Pres. Central Committee of the Union of Metalworkers. In 1927 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1927 - 30 members. Pres. CCC RCI. In 1930–37 early. Ch. management of metallurgy. prom-sti of the People's Commissariat of the heavy industry of the USSR and deputy. Commissar. Introduced means. contribution to the creation of metallurgical. industry in the country. Repressed. Vol .: V. I. Lenin and trade unions. 2nd ed. M., 1925; Theory and policy of wages. M., 1930; Party victory: Ferrous metallurgy for the VII Congress of Soviets of the USSR. M., 1935.
GUREVICH Alexander Viktorovich (b. 1930). Theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Since 1952 - at the Lebedev Physical Institute. P.I. Lebedev. Tr. on the kinetics of rarefied plasma, nonlinear theory of radio wave propagation in the ionosphere. Etc. them. L.D. Landau (1980). Etc. Eilton (Korolev, United Kingdom).
GUREVICH Anatoly Markovich (1913, Kharkov - 2009, Petersburg), intelligence officer. Participated in civil. war in Spain (1937 38) as per. Since 1939 - officer of the GRU Red Army. He worked in Europe under the name Kent (1939–42); member gr. The Red Chapel. At the end of 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo. In 1945 he returned to Moscow, was accused of treason and arrested; released in 1955. Arrested again in 1958, released in 1960.
GUREVICH Aron Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 2006, ibid.), Historian, Dr. Sciences (1963). From a family of employees. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946). In 1947-50 - a post-graduate student of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1950-66 he taught at the Kalinin ped. in-those (since 1956 - associate professor). Since 1966 - in Moscow, art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy, since 1969 - Institute of General History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1986 - leading researcher). At the same time. - prof. Moscow State University. Member Amer. academy for the study of the Middle Ages, eng. Korolyov. ist. about-va, Korolev. Norwegian scientist. about-va. Member Bureau Scientific. world history council. culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, editorial boards of a number of fatherland, and foreign scientific. editions. Author of works on social and economic. history of Scandinavia and England in cf. century, on the history of culture and social. psychology, theoretical. problems ist. Sciences. Mn. works translated into foreign. lang .: Viking Campaigns. M., 1966; Free peasantry in feudal Norway. M., 1967; Problems of the genesis of feudalism in Zap. Europe. M., 1970; History and saga. M., 1972; Middle-century problems. bunk bed culture, M., 1981; Wed-century. peace. The culture of the silent majority. M., 1990; Problem ist. synthesis and the school "Annals". M., 1990, etc.
GUREVICH Boris Lazarevich (1909, Kiev - 1980, ibid.), Geologist, Ph.D. geological and mineralogical. Sciences (1961). In 1928-30 he studied at Moscow. state un-those, in 1936 he graduated from Moscow. geological exploration. in-t. In 1932–40 he worked in geological exploration. parties (engineer, head of the party) in the North. Caucasus, in the Baikal region. In 1941–44 he headed the Srednevolzhskoe department. State specialized geophysis. trust, in 1944-50 - Ukr. dep., then worked ch. engineer Ukr. geophysis. offices. Since 1961 founded. activities related to research. oil and gas potential of the territory. in the districts of the Baikal region and Ukraine. Participated in the discovery of the Arghedinskoye oil and gas field (1949). Developed geophysics. intelligence methods in Ukrainian science and technology. geological exploration. in-those. Since 1965 he headed a number of thematic. exp., holding the position of early. Kiev exp. Author of 48 scientific. printed works, a number of geological and structural maps of oil and gas regions and tectonic. maps of Ukraine and Moldova. Became. pr. (1949). In the 70s, due to the departure of his son and daughter to Israel, he was stripped of his titles, suspended from work.
GUREVICH Boris Maksovich (b. 1931, Moscow - 1995, Moscow), athlete (classical wrestling, flyweight). Z.m.s. USSR (1952). Champion Olympus. games (1952, 1st Olympic gold medal of Soviet wrestlers), peace (1953, 1958) and the USSR (1950, 1955).
GUREVICH Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Kiev), athlete (freestyle wrestling, average weight). Z.m.s. USSR (1967). Lecturer, graduated from the Kiev state. in-t physical culture (1969). Champion Olympus. games (1968), the world (1967 and 1969), Europe (1967 and 1970) and the USSR (1957, 1958, 1961, 1965–67). Was a model for E.V. Vuchetich when creating the sculpture "We Will Beat Swords into Plowshares", which was installed in front of the UN building in New York.
GUREVICH Boris Pavlovich (1919, Kharkov), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1942). Sci. sotr. Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1943-45). Teacher Kazakh. state ped. Institute (Alma-Ata, 1945–47), sotr. g. New Times (1947–57); from 1957 in the Institute of Sinology in Moscow, from 1961 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 100 scientific. tr. on the recent history of the PRC, its external. politics. One of the main. authors of "Essays on the history of China in modern times" (Moscow, 1959). Resp. ed. collection. monographs, among them “Mezhdunar. relations to the Center. Asia in the XVII-XVIII centuries: documents and materials ”(Moscow, 1989).
GUREVICH Dmitry Borisovich (b. 1956, Moscow), chess player; int. grandmaster (1983). Since 1980 - in the USA. Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. New York (1981 and 1983), Jerusalem (1986).
GUREVICH Dora Efimovna (1904, Kharkov - 1993, Moscow), painter, artist t-ra. In 1921-22 she studied at the sculpture department of the Kharkov art. technical school at E. Bloch, teachers O. Roden, in 1922 - in the private studio of M. Tkachenko, in 1925-26 - a practitioner of the Museum of art. culture of K. Malevich. In 1927 she moved to Moscow, studied at the studio of J. Apter with V. Favorsky. Since 1919 he has been participating in art. exhibitions. In Ashgabat, during the evacuation (1941–43) G.'s theatrical activity began. She worked in the Turkmen Drama Theater and the Turkmen Philharmonic Society, at the Center. studio thin. f. in Alma-Ata. After returning to Moscow (1944) he worked in it. studio at the Moscow Cons., since 1959 he has been arranging graduation performances at the Shchukin, in 1963–72 he worked for Muz. t-re them. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. works: curtain for the play "Makhtum-Kuli", costumes for the play "Yusup Akhmet", scenery for the movie "Ivan the Terrible", costumes for "The Tsar's Bride" (1957), costumes for op. "Carmen" (1964), landscapes, series "Portraits of flowers" (1980s). Works are in the Museum of Art in Georgia, Hood. Museum of Sochi, East-artistic. Museum in N. Jerusalem, State. museum of arts in Karakalpakstan, in Elista.
GUREVICH Elena Mikhailovna (1906, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Graphic artist, sculptor, applied artist. In 1926-30 she studied at VKHUTEIN in the class of V. Favorsky. She began to study sculpture in 1934, ceramics in 1946. In 1951–62 he was a sculptor at a faience factory in Konakovo. Participant pl. thin exhibitions. works: a series of woodcuts for children (1933-35), book design. "White and Rose", fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm in Detgiz (1935), small plastic - pencil case "Sparrows" (1951), "Dog and Hedgehog", "Lev Chandr and Dog Tobik" (1950s), "Chinese Nightingale" ( 1957, silver medal of the Brussels exhibition), "Don Quixote and Sancho" (1957, silver medal of the Brussels exhibition).
GUREVICH Emmanuil Lvovich (1866-1952), polit. activist. Into the roar. movement from 1883, Narodnoye, later - Social-Democratic Living in Paris, he was close to the supporters of J. Guesde (Guedists). In 1900 before. Russian delegation to the Intern. socialist the congress of the 2nd International in Paris; Together with D.B. Ryazanov and Yu.M. Steklov, he advocated the unification of the Iskra and Rabocheye Delo organizations, one of the founders of the anti-Iskra Social-Democrats. gr. "Wrestling". After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) a Menshevik. Member ed. Center, the organ of the Mensheviks "Beginning" (1905), a participant in the conference of the Mensheviks in St. Petersburg (November 1905), a representative of the Mensheviks. faction at the Bolshevik conference in Tammerfors (Dec. 1905). During the years of reaction - "liquidator", collaborated (1907–09) in the Lieber. gas. "Comrade", one of the creators and leading comp. liquidationist railway Our Dawn. He took part in the work of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 3rd State. thought, which was the reason for the arrest (1911) and expulsion from St. Petersburg. In the years of the 1st world. wars are "defensive". In 1917-18 ed. gas. the right wing of the cooperators "Power of the People". Subsequently, he moved away from watered activities. In 1920 he managed the archive of the former. Min-va foreign affairs, from 1921 he worked at the Institute of Marx and Engels.
GUREVICH Ezekiel Bentsionovich (1861 - |), doctor, society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. He served as a physician at the Jacobstadt mountains. uch-shche. Member party of cadets. In 1912, dep. 4th State. thoughts from the Courland lips.
GUREVICH Grigory (German) Evseevich (1852, Mogilev - |), member of the roar. movements of the 1870s-80s. From a rich merchant. families. He graduated in Germany, Heb. commercial uch-shche, at the beginning. 1870s auditor jurid. Faculty of Kiev University, close friend of P.B. Axelrod and member of his mug. In 1873 he emigrated because of the threat of arrest. In 1874, members. Heb. socialist mug A.Sh. Lieberman in Berlin, together with A.I. Zundelevich arranged the delivery of illegal. literature to Russia. In 1878 the Germans were arrested. authorities and after several. month prison exiled in 1879 to Great Britain. Soon he moved to Paris, joined the Narodnaya Volya, but in 1881 broke with them due to disagreements over Hebrews. question. Supporter of the movement for the resettlement of Jews in E.-I. In the beginning. 1880s studied medicine in Paris and Zurich, collaborated in Heb. legal "Sunrise" (pseudo Gershon Badanes). In 1883 he illegally arrived in Moscow, was soon arrested, but after 16 months. released for lack of evidence, legalized in Russia, engaged in journalism. Until 1918 he held the post of dates. consul in Kiev, after the victory of the Bolsheviks emigrated, in the 1920s. lived in Paris, was engaged in Jewish affairs. emigration. Cit .: The first trial of "nihilists" in Berlin, "Byloe", 19C7, No. 10; Process Heb. socialists in Berlin, “Heb. antiquity ", 1918, no. 10.
GUREVICH Ilya (b. 1972, Kiev), chess player, international. grandmaster (1993). From the end. 1980s - in USA. World Youth Champion (1990). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, incl. New York (1993, 2-7th places) and Hastings (1991/92, 2-5th places).
GUREVICH Iosif (1905 - 1966, Moscow), translator. Lit. activity as per. manuf. Heb. literature in rus. lang. started in the second floor. 50s after the rehabilitation of the dead and the return from exile and prisons of the surviving Jews. poets and prose writers. G. per. poetry of L. Kvitko, S. Galkin, A. Kushnirov, O. Shvartsman, then poetry and prose of A. Gontar, S. Gordon, I. Rabin, M. Lev, M. Teif, I. Drucker, Z. Telesin, I. . Sternberg and many others. other writers, Vol. to-rykh were released mosk. publishing house "Sov. writer". Peru G. also belongs to the lane. in Russian lang. "Little Man" by Mendel Moicher-Sforim, "Mother" by Sholom Asch, dep. manuf. Sholem Aleichem.
GUREVICH Iosif Semenovich (1890, Vitebsk - 1956, Moscow), architect, urban planner. In 1921 he graduated from architect. Faculty MVTU. There was ch. arch. Trust Gorstroyproekt Narkomtyazhprom. Main works: the project of planning and building of the city of Prokopyevsk (1934), the general plan of Stalinsk (now Novokuznetsk, 1935).
GUREVICH Isai Izrailevich (b. 1912, Riga - 1992, Moscow), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1934). 1934–45 worked in Leningrad. radium in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1945 - in the Kurchatov Institute. Main tr. on nuclear physics, theory of nuclear reactors, physics of elementary particles. With MI Pevzner, he established the effect of repulsion of nuclear levels. He put forward a hypothesis of phase transitions of nuclear matter. Discovered the phenomenon of the two-frequency profession of muonium in magn. field. Became. pr. USSR (1949). Evil Medal of I.V. Kurchatov (1980) Vol .: On the possibility of nuclear fission by neutrons with the emission of three heavy particles. M., 1934; Theory of resonant absorption in heterogeneous systems. M., 1955 (co-authored with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk). Research superconductors by the muon method. M., 1980.
GUREVICH Isidor Yakovlevich (1882, Moscow - after 1931, Leningrad), satirist writer. Father is the headman of the synagogue, the author of tr. on Kabbalism and Bibliography. Gymnasium. the course took place at home. In 1905–07 he attended lectures at the Higher. ist.-philol. and legal. courses in St. Petersburg. Was a gas reporter. "Birzhevye Vedomosti", "Voice of the North". From 1905 publ. sa-tirich. sketches and stories in f. World Panorama, Sun of Russia, New Magazine for Everyone, Tops, Magic Lantern, Blue Magazine, Satyricon, New Satyricon, Beach. Released Sat. stories "Velvet Claws" (St. Petersburg, 1910, 1912), "Thorns of Love" (St. Petersburg, 1914), "Signal Rockets" (P., 1915). He wrote miniatures and plays, naib, the play "In a quiet intelligent family" (1912) was popular.
GUREVICH Chaim Iosifovich (b. 1916, Starobin, Minsk province), poet, prose writer. Graduated from honey. technical school, after which he was drafted into the army. Member of the 1941–45 war. He made his debut verse, in 1934 in Minsk. gas. "October", then published in other Heb. period, ed. In the 50s. lived and worked in Birobidzhan, then moved to Novosibirsk, was on a household. work. In 1940 ed. together with I. Borukhovich, S. Lelchuk and P. Plotkin pr. "Leader Zamlung" ("Collected Poems") - poet cycle. pictures of the native land. In the 60s and 80s. was regularly published in f. "Sovetish gameland". As an attachment to the train. was in 1960 ed. Sat. essays "Af der sibirer erd" ("On the Siberian land"). In 1990 in the publishing house "Sov. writer "came out Sat. verse. "Noente vaytn" ("Close to the Distance"). Since 1992 in Israel.
GUREVICH Konstantin Markovich (b. 1906, Samara - 2007, Moscow), psychologist, doctor of psychology. Sciences (1971), prof. From 1926 he worked at the Center, Institute of Labor (Moscow). In 1931 he graduated from psychotechnical. dep. ped. f-that LGPI them. A.I. Herzen. After graduating from graduate school Moscow. state Institute of Psychology (1940) defended by Cand. dis. on problems of will. Since 1949 he worked at the Research Institute of General and Ped. Psychology APN, in 1968-83 head. lab. psychophysiol. foundations prof. activity, in 1983-85 head. lab. psychodiagnostics. Center, place in the scientific. research G. is occupied with the problem of individual psychology. differences, manifested, in particular, in prof. activities. His book. “Prof. suitability and basic Properties of the Nervous System ”in 1971 was awarded the first project of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Based on critical analyzing the world. practice of psychol. testing formulated an original approach to the diagnosis of the development of intelligence and personality, implemented, in particular, in the development of a school test of skills. development) Cit .: Psychol. diagnostics, M., 1981, ed. et al.
GUREVICH Leonid Abramovich (b. 1932, Voronezh), film critic, screenwriter, director. In 1954 he graduated from Voronezh University. He was an engineer, journalist. In cinema since 1958. Worked for the Center. TV, on k / st "Kirgizfilm", in experimental. to / st "Mosfilm". Scripted more than 30 docs. and scientific-popul. f., incl. "Hurry to do good" (1975), "Experiment on yourself" (1978), "Heart" (1979), "Mraval-zhamier" (1981). Fast. television f. "In the land of discoveries" (1975, jointly with R. Islamov, in Uzbekistan), play f. "The Most Obedient" (1966, jointly with B. Abdyldaev, in Kyrgyzstan).
GUREVICH Leonid Borisovich (b. 1946), deputy of the RF Armed Forces. Rod. in the family of a serviceman. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk forge. in-t. Journalist. Supporter of radical economics, reforms. In the RF Armed Forces - Member. faction "Consent for Progress".
GUREVICH Lev Emmanuilovich (1904, Paris - 1990, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Son of E.L. Gurevich. In 1930 he graduated from electrical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI). He worked at LPI, Leningrad. state un-those, Ped. in-those, in-those ing. railroad transport, Horn. in-those. Since 1955 in Physics and Technology. Institute (Physicotechnical Institute) (1956-71 - head of the sector of the theory of solids; 1972-78 - senior research assistant since 1978 - professor-consultant). Created the theory of electron enhancement by photons (photonic wind); this effect determines a number of kinetic. effects in metals and semiconductors. Intense experimentation research confirmed his theory. Studied the problems of instability in TV. bodies and discovered new types of waves propagating in them (thermomagnet. and other waves). From ser. 40s paid great attention to the problems of astrophysics and cosmology. Somv. with AI Lebedinsky carried out important work on the theory of the formation of the solar system. Later he generalized them in relation to the condensation of stars from a gas and dust medium. Predicted the possibility of recurring thermonuclear explosions in the ext. layers of stars. Participated in the research. general laws of the evolution of stellar systems (in particular, energy release processes occurring in quasars). Work on the beginning. the state of the universe (in the development of the traditions laid by the foundation, the works of A.A. Fridman), incl. by the so-called. inflationary cosmology. Mn. G. paid attention to philosophy. Problems of Physics and Astronomy, Vol. kinetics. L., 1940; Introduction to Cosmology. M., 1978 (et al.); The origin of galaxies and stars. M., 1983 (in co-authorship). Son of G. - VL Gurevich, prof., Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. sciences, head. sector of the FTI them. A.F. Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
GUREVICH Lyubov Yakovlevna (1866, Petersburg - 1940, Moscow), lit. and theater, critic, prose writer, translator, societies, activist. Daughter of the teacher Ya.G. Gurevich. Graduated from History-Philology. Department of Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses (1888). In 1887 she met the critic and publicist A.L. Volynsky Volynsky, trans. under his arms. B. Spinoza's "Correspondence" (published in 1891). In 1891 she acquired the publishing rights. g. "North. messenger ", united many around him. prominent Russian writers. Led in the train. dep. provincial press, published a number of her stories and rum. "Highlands" (1897). After the closure of the railway. (1898) was engaged in the lane. In the beginning. 20th century participated in the liber. movement (member of the Union of Liberation). The author of the brochure “January 9th. According to the "Questionnaire Commission", in 1906 it was confiscated by the censorship. In 1907–09 sotr. g. "Union of Women", compiler of collection of books on the history of wives. movement in Russia. From the 2nd floor. 1900s was engaged in Ch. arr. theater, criticism, became close to the actors of Moscow. thin t-ra and his hands. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1911-16 post, reviewer and head. theater, dep. gas. Rech, 1912 - 14 hands. belletris. dep. g. "Rus. think". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 participated in the editing of the Protocols. investigations. Commission Time, pr-va. After Oct. 1917 worked in the theater. institutions of Petrograd, from 1920 - Moscow, studied the history of Russian. t-ra. Works: Sedok and other stories, St. Petersburg, 1904; Why it is necessary to give women all rights and freedom, St. Petersburg, 1906; Liter and aesthetics, M., 1912; K.S. Stapislavsky, M., 1929; History of Rus. theater, everyday life, vol. 1, M.-L., 1939.
GUREVICH Maxim Isidorovich (1909, Moscow - 1975, ibid.), Scientist in the region. hydrodynamics. Graduated from Moscow. state un-t (1931). Until 1951 he worked at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. in-those (TsAGI), in 1951 switched to scientific-ped. work - prof. and head. department mathematics in Moscow. technological in-t fish industry and households; in 1960–71 prof. and (until 1966) head. department theoretical mechanics Mosk. in-that engineer. railroad transport. Since 1971 - Consultant in Applied Mechanics and Hydrodynamics at Vses. n.-i. in-t of fish farming and oceanography (VNIIRO). Main scientific. research associated with the development of theoretical. and experiment. gliding problems and theoretical. issues of impact on a liquid, the theory of spaces, supersonic flows, the theory of inviscid jets and cavitation flows, as well as the application of the laws of hydrodynamics in dec. region technology. The author of the first work in the USSR on the nonlinear theory of gliding (1933). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.A. Chaplygin (1964). Works: Theory of jets of an ideal fluid, 2nd ed. M., 1979.
GUREVICH Matvey Borisovich (1878, Poltava province. - 1967, Moscow), economist, statistician, Doctor of Economics. Sciences, prof. (1927). From 1896 he worked in Poltava., Kostroma., Pskov., Penza. zemstvo statisticians the Bureau. After 1917, Yaroslav, lips. statistical the Bureau; organized by S.-kh. statistics in Ukraine in 1922–33: head. dep. village statistics. x-va, chl. Collegiums of the CSO and Pres. State Planning Committee of the Ukrainian SSR. In the years of the 2nd world. war deputy. early Statistical. ex. Kyrgyz SSR. One of the initiators and organizers of the higher. statistical education in Ukraine, with his participation in 1926 was created statistic. Faculty of Kharkov. in-that nar. x-va. Head Department of Statistics in a number of Kharkov universities: Planov and Fin.-Econ. in-takh, Ying-those owls. trade, Kharkov. state un-those. Ed. “Bulletin World. households ”(issue 1–15), 1924–1925 (Moscow, 1925). The author of a number of scientific. tr., textbooks and uch. textbooks on the theory of statistics, mat. statistics, works: Historical and Statistical. collection by Yaroslav. edge. Yarosl., 1922; Questions sovr. cross, x-va of Ukraine. Kharkov, 1927; Essays on the theory of statistics: (Econ. Research based on the works of V. I. Lenin). - Kharkov, 1959.
GUREVICH Mikhail Borisovich (1925, Oryol). Architect, specialist in the design of public buildings and structures. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1950 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Mn. years worked in the institutes "Mosproekt" and "Aeroproject". Participant and laureate of 10 arch. competitions, incl. on the monuments of the 300th anniversary of the founding of Kronstadt (1963, III pr.), Ing. troops that participated in the defense of Sevastopol (1969, II pr.). works: the project of a high-rise building in Zaryadye (1961), the international air terminal "Sheremetyevo" (1969, with G. Yelkin and others), mansions of foreign embassies (1966–70), Institute of Petrochem. and gas. prom-sti them. I.M. Gubkin (1991).
GUREVICH Mikhail Iosifovich (1893, village Rubanshchina, Kursk province - 1976, Leningrad), aircraft designer, Hero of Socialist. Labor (1957), Dr. Sciences (1964). In 1910 he graduated with a silver medal. medal to the state in Akhtyrka and entered the Kharkov University in physics and mathematics. f-t, from where he was soon expelled for participating in the student. excitement and sent out of the lips. In 1912 he went to France to continue his education, where he entered un-t in Montpellier. In the beginning. 1st world. war (1914) returned to Russia, where he worked as a draftsman, artist, private teacher. In 1918 he entered the aircraft building industry. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. Institute, to-ry graduated in 1925. Since 1925 he worked as an engineer-constructor. in the Kharkov department. about-va "Heat and power". Since 1929 in construction. bureau at the plant "Decade of October". Since 1932 in the Central Design Bureau of the plant named after I. V.R. Menzhinsky. In 1936–37 as part of the Sov. Aviation The delegation was sent to the USA at the Douglas plant. In 1937–39 he headed the sketch design team at the V.N. Polikarpov Design Bureau. In 1939–57 - deputy. ch. designer AI Mikoyan, in 1957-64 - Ch. designer. 1940 joint venture. with Mikoyan, he designed and built the MiG-1 fighter (abbreviation for Mikoyan and Gurevich), designed to conduct air. combat at high altitudes. After improvements, the MiG-3 fighter was widely used on the fronts of the 1941–45 war. After the war, G., together with Mikoyan, designed the first high-speed reactor in the USSR. fighters of the MiG-MiG-9 (1945), MiG-15 (1947), MiG-17 (1949) series, as well as supersonic. fighters MiG-19 (1955), MiG-21 (1958) and many others. other combat aircraft. Linen. pr. (1962). Became. pr. (1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1953).
GUREVICH Mikhail Lvovich (1904, Smolensk - 1943, Tarasovo, Smolensk region), painter, graphic artist, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Studied at VKHUTEIN in Moscow (1925–30) under DP Shterenberg. Participant of exhibitions OST. During one polar year he was a member of the Kara Exp. on the icebreaker "Lenin" and the campaigns "Perseus" (1933) on Greenland. the sea and to Franz Josef Land. All impressions are reflected in the paintings "Port Igarka" (1933), "Spitsbergen" (1934), etc. One of the center. places in the work of G. is occupied by the painting "Spring" (1939), with a cut beginning. the development of the theme is great. canvas "Pushkin Square", which was for G. a generalization of the creative. reflected. From 1937 he worked in lithography and uch. in exhibitions of the etching workshop. I.I. Nivinsky. In the Red Army since 1942. Kom. platoon ml. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism displayed in repelling the enemy's counterattack.
GUREVICH Mikhail Naumovich (b. 1959, Kharkov), chess player; int. grandmaster (1986). One of the coaches of G.K. Kasparov in the world championship match (1990). Champion of Ukraine (1984). Member of a number of USSR championships. USSR Champion (1985). Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. Tbilisi (1985), Eger (1987), Stockholm (1987/88). From the end. 1980s - in Belgium.
GUREVICH Mikhail Osipovich (1878, settlement Sosnitsa, Chernigov province - 1953, Moscow), psychiatrist, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944). After graduating in 1902, honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that worked there as a resident psychiatrist. clinics at hand. V.P. Serbsky. In 1904–06 he improved in Germany, in Munich. As a military doctor, he participated in the Russian-Japanese war. Since 1907 at the Department of Psychiatry in the Military Medical. Academy in St. Petersburg, where in 1908 he defended his doctorate. dis. under the hands. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1908-12 he worked as a psychiatrist. hospitals in Tver and Saratov provinces, in 1913 - as a dissector in Moscow. psychiatrist. hospital them. N.A. Alekseeva. During World War I he served as a doctor in the army. In 1918 at the Department of Psychiatry Moscow. un-that, led by P.B. Gannushkin, since 1923 prof. Medico-pediatric. in-that; head Departments of Psychiatry 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1930–36) and 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (since 1937). G. was elected before. Moscow and deputy. prev. Vses. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. In 1950–51, during a campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism," he was sharply criticized for "methodological errors" and "idealistic positions borrowed from the foreign." scientists ”, was forced to leave the institute. Osn. scientific. tr. G. dedicated questions of general psychopathology, clin. psychiatry, children. psychoneurology, forensic psychiatry. G. - one of the organizers of the child psychiatrist. aid in the country. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Cit .: Psychopathology of childhood, M., 1927; Textbook of psychiatry, M.-L., 1928, M., 1946 (jointly with M.Ya. Sereisky); Psychiatry, M., 1949.
GUREVICH Natan Lvovich (1896, Kakhovka, Dnepropetrovsk u. Tavricheskaya province - 1958, Moscow), architect-artist, specialist in the design of bridges and embankments. In 1919 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa art. school, in 1927 - Odessa architect. in-t. Worked and built in Moscow et al. with I.A. Frantsuzom. works: project of the descent at Savvinskaya emb. (1935), project of water st. for boats and motor boats (1934), a project for the location of bridges and marinas on the Moskva River (1935), a project for the construction of Smolenskaya emb. (1934).
GUREVICH Nikolay Ilyich (1871, Mogilev - 1960, Moscow), surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1898). In 1894 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1894 to 1902, an external surgeon of the female Obukhov hospital (Petersburg). In 1902-08 - head. surgeon dep. Petrozavodsk province. b-tsy. In 1903 he founded the Society of Doctors of the Olonets Province. In 1904–05 he took part as a military doctor in the Russian-Japanese war. In 1908-14 - head. surgeon dep. Smolensk lips. b-tsy. During the First World War, Art. resident of the field hospital in Lublin, ch. the doctor of the hospital for the wounded in Minsk, and then Ch. doctor of the Church of the Intercession Community (Moscow). In 1918-22 Ch. doctor b-tsy them. Berezkina (Moscow), from 1922-30, consultant surgeon of the railway. b-tsy in Orenburg, in 1930–31 - scientific. consultant of the United Dispensary (Moscow). In 1930–35 - scientific. hands. Blagushenskaya b-tsy (Moscow). In 1935-41 - prof. hospital surgeon clinics III Moscow. honey. in-that. During the war years 1941–45 - Ch. surgeon of the hospital for disabled veterans. From 1952 until the end of his life - Ch. surgeon Mosk. b-tsy them. N.E.Bauman. G. was elected deputy. prev. and post. member Moscow surgeon about-va. G.'s interests were focused on solving the problems of the surgeon. treatment of diseases of the abdominal organs. Back in the beginning. XX century he was a supporter of early surgical treatment of acute appendicitis. Developed an original method of bowel resection in strangulated hernia. He was one of the first in the country and the first in Moscow to perform a gastric resection for an ulcer. Vol .: On the viability of the descending colon when it is separated from the mesentery. - SPb., 1900. Acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity (3rd ed. 1949, 1951, 1959).
GUREVICH Petr Aronovich (1937, Kiev), organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1985), prof. Graduated in 1960 from Kazan Chemical-Technol. in-t. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. chemistry of phosphorus-containing nitrogenous heterocyclic. connections, incl. indoles, pyrroles, pyrromidines, pyrrobidines. One of the organizers and scientific. head of the All-Russia. school of young chemists "Orbital". Honored. teacher of the Republic of Tatarstan. Vice President scientific. associations prof. Tatarstan. Author of over 160 printed scientific. works and inventions.
GUREVICH Semyon (Zalman) Maksimovich (1905, Lodz, Petrokov province - 1968, Moscow), economist, statistician, publicist. Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. khoz-va and in 1930 was sent to work in the Uzbek SSR: deputy. early statistical ex. rep., since 1932 deputy. authorized TSUNKHU USSR in Wed. Asia. Since 1934, he was in managerial work at TsUNKhU, Central Statistical Administration of the USSR, from where he volunteered for French; participant in the war. After demobilization in the state. statistics. In 1952-68 deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Bulletin of statistics", where he repeatedly spoke with articles, reviews, reviews. Author of scientific. tr., problematic speeches in periodic. press: “Statistical. groupings "(M., 1956)," What is statistics | " (M., 1954, 1965), “On the question of the subject of statistical. Science "," Bulletin of statistics "1953, No. 1. Cit .: Statistics - powers. economic tool analysis, "Questions of Economics", M., 1955, no. 5; Ilenin and Socialist Statistics. state-va, M., 1963; Extended reproduction of owls. Economics, "Bulletin of statistics", 1967, No. 10; New rise of the bunk. x-va of the USSR in the post-war. five-year plan, M., 1949. Execution builds. programs of the first post-war. five-year plans, M., 1967.
GUREVICH Semyon Sholomovich (1915, Hegumen of Minsk Province - 1982, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1936. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). In fr. from July 1941. Com. communications platoon leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper.
GUREVICH Simha Berkovich (b. 1920, Oryol), specialist in the region. television technology, optoelectronics and holography, Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. since 1968. Graduated in 1945 nat. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. Since 1950 in Vses. n.-i. in-those TV, with I960 works in physical and technical. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, since 1968 - head. lab. non-broadcast TV systems (later lab. optoelectronics and holography). Since 1993 he has been an adviser to the Institute. Main scientific. work related to research. physical processes in the transmitting TV. tubes, information and energy. characteristics of TV and other light information. systems, with the creation of methods for image processing, holography and volumetric TV, with issues of information storage, as well as with the creation of non-broadcast TV systems and their application in scientific. research, incl. for transmission of holographic. images on space. stations "Salyut-6" and "Salyut-7", on which a series of experiments were carried out in 1981–85. Author of over 250 scientific. printed works, incl. 7 monographs.
GUREVICH Solomon Grigorievich (1869, metro Ulla Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - |), journalist. Graduated from Zurich University. Since 1893 sotr. gas. "Dnieper region", since 1898 - gas. "Smolensk Vestnik" (since 1900 - actual ed.). In 1907 for the publication of Art. radical direction expelled from Smolensk, was ed. gas. "North-West. voice "(Vilna), where he placed many numbers. Art. about Heb. life. In 1909 and from 1911 it was revised again. "Smolensk Bulletin". Also published in f. "North. Bulletin "," New Word "," Rus. wealth ", etc., had a reputation as one of the Naib. talented provinces. journalists and expert in rural affairs. From the end. 1890s actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. community of Smolensk, elected as a delegate to the so-called. "Coven Meeting".
GUREVICH Victor Natanovich (1925, Volkhov Center-Chernoz. Region), architect, urban planner. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Hands. design workshop in-that Giprogor. Participant pl. arch. competitions, was awarded the medal of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1976). Main works: Reception House of the Chamber of Commerce in Moscow (1965), project of the agro-town Trinity, now the Tver region. (1977, prospect SM USSR), in Gelendzhik - a boarding house "Lazurny", a boarding house of the Navy (1980s), a residential area Vspol'e in Suzdal (1992).
GUREVICH Witold (1904, Lodz - 1957, USA), mathematician. Graduated from un-t in Lodz. In 1926 he received his doctorate in Vienna. In 1927-28 he worked in Amsterdam, then at the University of Sev. Carolina (USA), since 1945 - at the Massachusetts Technol. in-those. made an important contribution to the theory of dimensions, founded the homological theory of groups, extended D.Birkgoda's ergodic theorem to spaces without an invariant measure.
GUREVICH Vladimir Abramovich (b. 1947, Leningrad) musicologist. The son of the musicologist S.M. Khentova. Studied playing php. from the age of five. In 1954–65 he was engaged in secondary special. muses. school at Leningrad. horse, class fp. M.L.Averbukh and M.I.Mekler. In 1965–71 he was a student of theoretical comp. f-the same horse; graduated with honors in musicology at hand. prof. Yu.N. Tyulina. Since 1964 he published Art. in leningr. press. In 1969–76 he worked in Turkmenistan; taught in muses. school in Ashgabat. Since 1972 Art. teacher, head. Department of the Ashgabat Institute of Arts. In 1972 he defended Cand. dis. “Orchestral editions of M. Mussorgsky's opera“ Khovanshchina ”. Since 1976 he has been working in Leningrad. Art. Lecturer, then Assistant Professor, Department of Choral Art in Vyssh. prof. school of culture; since 1986 - at the department of history and theory of culture (since 1990 prof.). After defending the doctoral dissertation. (1990) and the reorganization of prof. schools (Humanitarian University prof.) since 1992 - head. Department of Lawsuits. Osn. direction of research. work rus. music and muses. modern culture Turkmenistan. From the beginning. 1980s also dealt with the history of it. music in Russia. Author of over 300 publications, incl. - monographs about the work of the comp. N.A. Goleshchanova (L., 1979), V. Mukhatova (M., 1980), A.G. Shaposhnikova (M., 1985).
GUREVICH Yakov Grigorievich (1843 - 1906, Petersburg), teacher. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petersburg University, taught history in the city of Novgorod, then in St. Petersburg. teacher's institute, etc. cf. uch. institutions of the capital, at the same time. - privat-assoc. Department of General History of St. Petersburg. un-that. Since the 1880s. read a course in general history at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses. In 1893 he opened in St. Petersburg a private state institution (in the literature known as "Mrs. Gurevich") and a real school with her, attracted the best teachers to teach them, the author of history books (in 1880-1900 - several editions survived), the compiler of the "Reader in Russian. history "(v. 1-3) and" East. anthologies on modern history ”. Founder (1890) and ed. g. "Rus. school ”(the best pedagogue in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries), in which he placed a number of articles. on pedagogy and methods of teaching history in cf. school. G. author of the book. “The origin of the war for Spanish. inheritance "(1885)," On the question of reform cf. education (1906), "History of Greece and Rome" (10th ed., 1911) and others. pl. years G. was the treasurer “Lit. fund ". Daughter - L.Ya. Gurevich. Son G. - Yakov Yakovlevich (1869 - |) teacher and writer. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, taught in private petersburg. g-ziyah. After the death of his father - Deer. "G-zii Gurevich", ed. g. "Rus. school ”, where he published a number of his articles. on the problems of pedagogy. Under ps. Ya.Krukovsky publ. in f. "North. herald "a number of stories and other productions, the author of the drama" On the High Road "(1913), which was on the stages of St. Petersburg. t-ditch. Died in besieged Leningrad. The grandchildren of G. - the children of Catherine's daughter - writer and literary critic I.L. Andronikov and physicist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, E.L. Andronikashvili.
GUREVICH Zinovy ​​Bonich (1913, Kazan - 2005), ballet dancer, teacher-director. Since 1928 in the circus. In 1933–37 he performed in a group under the hands of. AG Rotbert, then created the number "Equilibrist with perches and ladders." In the issue, prepared in 1947, except for the most difficult balancing act. tricks introduced elements of acrobatics and muses. eccentrics. Since 1959 - teacher at GUTSEI. Issued many. new numbers, developed account. a program on the genre of balancing act. The author of the book. “On the genres of owls. circus "(1977)," Equilibrium "(1982). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1976).
GURFINKEL Victor Semenovich (b. 1922), physiologist, ac. RAS (1994). Graduated from Kirg. state honey. Institute (1944). Military doctor, participant of the 2nd world. war. 1949–67 worked at Ying-those prosthetics, Ying-those experiment. biology and medicine SB AS, Ying-those biophysics AS USSR. Since 1967 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences. Research in the region. biomechanics and mechanisms of regulation of human movements, hemodynamics, fiziol. basics of prosthetics. Tr. on aviation space. medicine. State pr. USSR (1970). Etc. R. Doe in the region. Neurosciences (USA). Cit .: System of tactile sensation of the manipulator and recognition of the shape of objects. M., 1974. Do not count the professions of a robot (ed.) M., 1987.
GURI (Gurielashvili) Efraim (b. 1955, Kulashi, Georgia), polit. and societies. activist. Since 1972 - in Israel. In 1975 he was elected chairman. Associations of immigrants from the USSR in Ashdod. In 1983 he became deputy. Mayor of Ashdod. Since 1988 dep. Knesset (1988–91 - from the Maarah party, since 1991 - from the Likud bloc).
GURIEV, see Atyrau.
GURKOV Abram Bentsionovich (1919, Lubny, Poltava province), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings and structures, residential complexes. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Member of the 1941–45 war. work: Sov. pavilion at the exhibition in Pyongyang (1959), residential complexes in Darkhan and Ulan Bator, both in Mongolia (1970s), owls. embassy in Ulan Bator (1970), reconstruction of the Paveletsky railway station in Moscow (1987, as part of a team), reconstruction of the Metropol hotel in Moscow (1991, as part of a team).
GURLYAND Ilya (Ilia-Maximilian) Yakovlevich (ps. Arseny) (1868, Berdichev, Kiev province - not earlier than 1921), publicist, statesman. Rod. in the family of a notary (in the past - half a rabbi), who then received the title of hon. citizen. He studied in the cities of Kharkov and Odessa. Graduated from the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum (1891, gold medal for a Candidate of Sciences dissertation on Roman law). Was left to lecture on bargaining. and adm. law (privat-doc., since 1901 - prof.). In 1900 at Kiev University, he defended his dis. for the title of master, in 1902 to St. Petersburg. unte - dr. dis. "Order of the great sovereign of secret affairs." He began to publish as a schoolboy in 1884–85 in satirical poetry. ed. "Bee", "Alarm Clock", decomp. Odessa gas. He performed with the theater, and lit. reviews in "News of the day", "Odessa news", "Peterburgskaya gazeta", in f. "T-r and art" and other Comedy G., publ. under the patronage of A.P. Chekhov, walked in the Small Theater. Pov .: "Caprice", "Career", "Special World", "On the Threshold". G.'s journalism left a cursory but witty picture of the mores of intelligent Moscow. Book. "Characteristic features of K.R.'s poetry" dedicated poetry led. Prince G. made a brilliant bureaucratic career, taking advantage of the patronage of Yaroslav. Governor B.V. Shtürmer, for whom, according to the testimony of the present, "thought and wrote." His book was published in Yaroslavl. "The idea of ​​patronage as an idea of ​​internal management" (1898). He converted to Orthodoxy. From 1904 - an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. Member Council min. int. cases. From Apr. 1906 - one of the closest comp. P.A. Stolypin. In 1906–07, by an unspoken order of the Prospect Island under ps. NP Vasiliev wrote brochures, pamphlets, of the nature "The Truth About the Cadets", "What are Trudoviks |", "Second Duma". Supervised ed. "Russia", having received in this capacity the reputation of the representative. "Reptilian press". In the fall of 1915 was appointed director. Bureau of the press. In 1916, when Sturmer became prime minister, G. was at the head of all imperial information. service as well as der. Petersburg, telegraph, agencies. From 1917 in Paris, published a pov. in the verse "On the Cross" (1921).
GURLAND Chaim Iona (1843, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1890, Odessa), rabbi. Graduated from vilensk. rav-vinsk. school (1860), studied in St. Petersburg. un-those Semitic languages. In 1863 he received a master's degree for his work "On the influence of the philosophy of the Muslim religion on the philosophy of Moses Maimonides." He also published 4 works under the general title “Heb. archives in St. Petersburg "(1865–67). Since 1873 inspector Zhitomirsk. Heb. teaches. in-that. In 1883 (together with Kh.I. Gokhman) he founded a city in Odessa, where he taught a course in Hebrew. stories and literature. Since 1888, the rabbi of Odessa. Prepared 7 issues. ed. “On the History of the Persecution of Jews” (1887–92), including materials on the history of the Jews of Ukraine in the 17–18 century.
GUROVICH Ilya Matveevich (1915, Lugansk, Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1991, Moscow), military leader, major general engineer-technical. service (1967). In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. industrial inst. He worked as a foreman at a construction site. In Kr. Army from 1940. In 1941–45 - com. sappers and builds. subdivisions and parts. In 1945-55 - for decomp. military engineer positions. In 1955 he was among the first builders of the Baikonur cosmodrome. Beginning productions. dep., ch. Ing. 1966–75 - early. page-va. Since 1975 - retired. Load 7th order.
GUROVICH Markus Solomonovich (| - 1889, Odessa), teacher and society. activist. All R. 19th century opened the first Hebrew in Russia. wives boarding house in Odessa, on behalf of the trustee of the Odessa school. District N.I. Pirogov was the first head of the Odessa Talmud Torah. In 1852, he was appointed a Jewish scientist under the Governor-General of Novorossiysk and Bessarabia, and conducted a survey of the mountains inhabited by Jews. south. lips. Russia, presented to the Governor-General detailed reports on the internal. life of Heb. communities, notes on the state of Heb. agriculturalist. colonies in Novoros. region, about in-those Heb. religious court, about the program of the first Russian-Heb. periodic. ed. "Dawn", etc.
GUROVICH Mikhail Ivanovich (real name and surname - Moisey Davidovich Gurevich) (1861 - 1915, Yalta), sotr. Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the beginning. 1880s studied at the Kharkov vet. in-those, then to Moscow. un-those, participated in the Narodnaya Volya. circles, led a roar. propaganda among the workers of Poltava, chl. sinks. roar. org-tion "Obschestudench. union "and a circle of" militarists ". In 1888 he was exiled to adm. order to Surgut (Tobolsk Gubernia), from where "for an unbearable impudent character" he was transferred to Yakutia with an increase in the term of exile by 2 years. In 1889 he was summoned to Yakutsk to serve his military service, in the same year he was involved in the case of compiling gr. polit, exiled addresses “Citizens Franz. rep. " in honor of the 100th anniversary of Vel. Franz. rev-tion. In the beginning. 1890s He struck up relations with the Police Department (in business he was nicknamed "Kharkovets"), soon returned to Europe. part of Russia and converted to Orthodoxy in 1894. The roar "illuminated" the work. circles in Minsk, then - petersburg. Social-Democrats, participated in the activities of many. societies. org-tions (Petersburg literacy committee, Writers' Union, etc.), was actually. ed. Marxist, legal "Beginning" (official ed. - his wife A.A. Voeikova). From the beginning. 1901, rumors began to spread about G.'s provocation; for their investigation in 1902, he was created abroad. a special commission of representatives of the roar. emigration, edges established the fact of provocation G. and made it public. In the same year, G. officially entered the service in the Police Department, in 1903–04 he was in charge of agents in Romania and Galicia, in 1904 - inspector of St. Petersburg. security department, in 1905-06 beginning. office of the assistant governor in the Caucasus for polit. Since 1906, retired in the rank of acting. state councilor.
GUROVICH Yakov Efimovich (1858 - |), member of the revolt. movement of the 1870s, son of a merchant. He graduated from the Ekaterinoslavskaya g-ziya, studied in St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. Was close to roar. org-tion "Land and Freedom". For participation in the demonstration on December 6, 1876 at Kazanskaya Square. arrested, 25.1.1877 sentenced to exile in Zap. Siberia. Settled in Berezovka, Tobolsk Gubernia, from where he can “blame. behavior ”and the intention to escape was transferred to Yakutsk. In the beginning. 1880s filed a petition for clemency with an offer of "services" to pr-wu (left without consequences). In 1884 he returned to Europe. Russia.
GURSHTEIN Alexander Aronovich (b. 1937, Moscow), astronomer, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1981). The son of A.Sh. Gurstein. He was a schoolboy in asters, in Moscow circles. planetarium. In 1959 he graduated from Moscow. in-t engineer geodesy, aerial photography and cartography. In 1960–65 in the State. asters, in-those them. Sternberg Mosk. un-that. From 1965 to a designer. bureau S.P. Korolev and Ying-those kosmich. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1981 in Ying-those history of natural science and technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Cand. dis. (1966) on instrumental problems of high-precision astrometrics. measurements. Participated in the implementation of St. cosm. research programs Moon and planets. One of the creatures. lunar astrometry (has several author's certificates on methods for determining selenodetic coordinates). Author of works on astrometric. aspects of flight operations automatic. cosm. devices to the moon. Developed by scientific. Moon study programs, hands. a number of topics under the Intercosmos program. Together with K.P. Florensky, the founder of the laboratory will compare. planetology (now the Vernadsky Geochemical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Author of works on archaeoastronomy, problems of the genesis of science, scientific. revolutions, social. stories of owls. astronomy. The author of the concept of dating the origin of the zodiacal constellations. Deals with the problems of teaching astronomy and the popularization of asters, knowledge. Resp. ed. yearbook "On the frontiers of the knowledge of the Universe." The author of the book. "The eternal secrets of the sky" (withstood three editions: 1973, 1984, 1991) and asters, an atlas for students "Man and the Universe" (1992). Member Int. asters union, vice-president. Europe. about-va of astronomy in culture.
GURSHTEIN Aron Sheftelevich (1895, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1941), literary critic. In 1913 he graduated in Vilna Heb. g-ziyu. In 1916 he studied ancient Hebrew. lit-ru to the east. f-those Petrograd. un-that. In May 1920 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. After demobilization, he worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs, and was published in its "Life of Nationalities" organ. In the 1930s, G. was a recognized theorist in the region. Heb. and Russian. lit. criticism. He lectured in Heb. branches Mosk., Kievsk., Odessa. ped. in-tov, edited by scientific. ed. on the theory and history of literature. In 1926 he published the work "The current state of the biography of I.-L. Peretz", in 1928 - "Results of research. life and work of Mendele Moicher-Sforima ”. These publications found a wide response in Heb. lit-world. In 1928, G.'s works were published: "Young Mendele in the context of the 60s." and New Direction in Mendele Research. He also published a number of works on the history of Hebrews. t-ra. In the summer of 1941 G. left for Moscow. militia and died at the end of 1941.
GURSHTEIN Toviy Vladimirovich (1877, Tiflis - 1950, Moscow), neurologist. With 15 years in the roar. movement, in 1905 takes an active part in the armed uprising., for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until February 1917. In 1918, G. entered the honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, in 1920 - mobilized in the Cheka. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1923, then worked as a neuropathologist in hospitals in Moscow, Ufa, Samarkand. From 1933 until the end of his life he worked at the Central Neurosurgical Institute (now - Institute named after N.N.Burdenko). Sci. activity of G. dedicated. in the main. the study of parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. In 1948 for the monograph "Cysticercosis of the brain", in a cut achievements in surgery of parasitic lesions of the brain were generalized and analyzed, G. was awarded ave. Burdenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.
GURVICH (on the father's side - Bukharina) Svetlana Nikolaevna (b. 1924, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1989). Father is a prominent desk. and state. leader NI Bukharin (1888-1938). In 1937, amid terror, she took her mother's surname. She studied at the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, excluded in 1946. Graduated from East. Faculty of Gorky State un-that (1954). In 1949 she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of exile (she was serving in the village of Pikhtovka, Novosibirsk Oblast). Released under the 1953 amnesty after Stalin's death. In 1956-60 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1960 she worked there (since 1969 - Institute of General History). Author of works on polit. history and history of the labor movement in France in the 20th century, as well as about the socio-polit. views of Bukharin. Cit .: Labor movement and the "left bloc" in France 1921-1926. M., 1966; The radical socialists and the labor movement in France at the beginning. XX century M., 1976. Osn. problems of modern culture. Dokl. "New and Contemporary History" 1988, no. 5; Dokl. NI Bukharin in Paris as his watered, testament, in the book: Bukharin: man, politician, scientist. M, 1990; Refutation, a cut was unnecessary ... "Kommunist", 1991, no.
GURVICH Abram Solomonovich (1897, Lutsk, Volyn province. - 1962, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Published since 1925, actively responding to Naib. significant theatrical events. After eating t-ru and dramaturgy, his book: “Three playwrights. Pogodin, Olesha, Kirshon "(M., 1936)," In search of a hero "(M.-L., 1938), which included the articles written by G. in the 30s. about the work of Yu.K. Olesha, N.F. Pogodin, I.G. Erenburg, about the plays of V.M. Gusev, A.N. Afinogenov, stories by A.P. Platonov. In the postwar years. wrote about the manuf. N.A.Ostrovsky, A.A.Fadeev, M.A.Sholokhov, D.A. Granin, G.E. Nikolaeva, V.N.Azhaev and others. In 1949, together with gr. lit. and theater critics were accused of cosmopolitanism. With the devastating art. they were addressed by many. gas. and f. After a long break, books appear. M.G .: “The features of a contemporary. Lit.-critical Art. " (M., 1958), "Literary-critical. Art. " (M., 1973). G. - the author of the theoretical. works in the field of chess: "Chess poetry" (in the book: "Etudes", M., 1961).
GURVICH Alexander (Sheftel) Iosifovich (1898, Riga - 1938), military man. engineer, brigade engineer. Graduated from electrical engineering. school in Riga, worked as a mechanic at the factory "Erickson". Since 1918 in Kr. Army. Graduated from military-engineer. technical school of the command staff of the Red Army and the Higher. military. school of communication. In 1923–24 pom. communications inspector of the Red Army. Since 1926 - in Ch. reconnaissance. management (GRU), from 1935 beginning. Research Institute for Communication Engineering GRU. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
GURVICH Alexander Gavrilovich (1874, Poltava - 1954, Moscow), biologist and histologist, brother of L.G. Gurvich. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Munich University (1897). He worked there as an assistant (1897–98), then at the department. Anatomy of Strasbourg (1899-1901) and Bernese (1901-05) un-com. Assistant to the laboratory of PF Lesgaft in St. Petersburg (1906-1907); prof. Higher wives. courses (1907-18), Tavrich. un-that in Simferopol (1918–24), head. department histology and embryology of Moscow State University (1924–29). Organized and headed the laboratory experiment, biology in Vses. in-those experiment, medicine (VIEM) (1930–45), dir. Ying experiment. biology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945–48). Sci. tr. G. are devoted to the problems of cytology, histophysiology, embryology, biophysics, and theoretical. biology. He studied the nature of the cytoplasm and the mechanism of cell division. Discovered (1923) ultra-weak ultraviolet radiation of living tissues, which stimulates cell division, and called it mitogenetic radiation. Introduced the concept of biol. (morphogenetic) field (1912), created (1944) the theory of biol. field, explaining the direction and orderliness of the development and functioning of organisms, as well as "physiology, the theory of protoplasm". Became. etc. (1941). Cit .: Mitogenetic radiation. M., 1932; Fav. tr. (theoretical and experiment, research). M, 1977; Principles of Analytical Biology and Cell Field Theory. M., 1991.
GURVICH Alexander Matveyevich (Moiseevich) (1909, Simferopol, Tavricheskaya province - 1963, Leningrad), specialist in the region. heat engineering, boiler engineering, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. from 1945. Graduated from Leningrad in 1930. polytechnic in-t. He worked in the Central Scientific and Research Institute. design and engineering institute them. II Polzunov, in 1934-63 head. lab. radiant heat transfer. Simultaneously from 1934 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those, where in 1946 - organized the department of theoretical. basics of heat engineering and until 1956 was head. department. Main the work is connected with the creation of boiler and furnace equipment, the calculation of heat transfer in the furnace chambers, research. layered furnaces and combustion devices. He supervised the development of a normative method for thermal calculations, the creation and implementation of fundamentally new designs of boilers, a gapless chain grate, participated in the development of standards for thermal calculation of boiler installations. Works: Chain mechanical furnaces. Theory, calculation and design. L.-M., 1934; Heat exchange in the furnaces of steam boilers. Theory and calculation. L.-M., 1950; Thermal calculation of boilers, units. (Normative calculation). M.-L., 1957.
GURVICH Aron Evseevich (1918, Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslav province - 1987, Moscow), one of the founders of the Sov. immunochemistry. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1962). From the family of prof. Bolshevik revolutionaries. In the 20s. his father ed. gas. "Baku Worker". He graduated from Moscow State University (1941), specializing in human and animal physiology and the dynamics of the body's development. In the fall of 1941 he volunteered for the fr. In parts of bunks. militia took part in the battles near Moscow, was wounded. As part of the regular troops, he fought near Kharkov, Stalingrad, and liberated Auschwitz. He graduated from the war in Prague with the rank of sergeant. Since 1945 in Ying-those biol. and honey. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1953, in the midst of a campaign related to the "Doctors' Plot," several months. was out of work. Since 1961, at the invitation of L.A. Zilber, he worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where he organized and headed the lab. chemistry and biosynthesis of antibodies. research devoted to the synthesis of antibodies and their accompanying nonspecific formation. immunoglobulins. In search of new approaches for determining the rate of antibody synthesis, he developed a number of methods based on the incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acids into antibodies. Work on the isolation of antibodies on immobilized antigens led to the creation. cellulose-based immunosorbents. He proved that the synthesis of antibodies occurs de novo, and not from protein precursors. In the 1960s-80s. G. actively contributed to the dissident movement. In 1968 he signed a "letter to 122 scientists", participated in fundraising to help families of political prisoners, and provided support to "refuseniks".
GURVICH Boris Ilyich (1890 - 1977, Gorky), pediatrician. In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University, later worked as a military doctor, deputy. honey-san. dep. on the evacuation of prisoners and refugees at the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Executive Committee. In 1920-27 - Ch. doctor children. hospitals in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1927 G. - assistant of the department of children. diseases of the Nizhny Novgorod University. In 1942 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Glucose-insulinosulfidine therapy of toxic dyspepsia" and was elected prof., Head. Department of Faculty Therapy and Propedeutics, children. diseases of Gorky honey. in-that. In 1953–68 - head. department of hospital pediatrics, in 1968-75 - consultant of the same department. Science. tr. G. dedicated early pathology and art. children age. G. was Ch. Gorky's pediatrician, deputy. prev. Gorky about-va children. Doctors. Vol .: Clinic, prevention and treatment of dystrophy in early childhood. aged, Gorky, 1944; Rheumatism in children, Gorky, 1960.
GURVICH Boris Isaakovich (1905, Petersburg - 1985, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist, theater designer. From 1919 he studied at the Hud.-prom. technical school, in 1921-26 - at the VKHUTEIN with MV Dobuzhinsky, KS Petrov-Vodkin, AE Karev. For some time he studied with K.S. Malevich, but the classes (1923-26) and subsequent collaboration with P.N. Filonov in the collective “Masters of Analytical Art” (1926-31), where he participated in the design of the House of Press (panel "Labor", 1926-27). Since 1932, leaving gr. Filonov, G. was engaged in painting in line with analytic. lawsuit. Participated in the design of owls. pavilion at the World. exhibition in Paris (1937), from 1938 he began to work as an artist t-ra in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Vilnius. Practically not exhibited, first look. the exhibition took place in 1990 in the halls of Leningrad. CX Osn. works: painting - "Head 1", "Head 2" (both 1932), compositions "Abstract", "Airship in a cage", "Spring", "Trays" (1960–70s); design for performances - "Youth of Taras" (1938, Kiev Youth Theater), "Women of Niskavuori", "Cornelius" (both 1940, Leningrad BDT), "City at Dawn" (1957, Leningrad Theater named after Leningrad Komsomol) , "Shadow" (1958), and "Twelve Chairs" (1960, both in the Moscow Theater of Satire).
GURVICH Georgy Davydovich (Georges) (1894, Novorossiysk, Kuban Region - 1965, Paris), sociologist. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, as well as at the Sorbonne (Paris). Prof. Tomsk and Petrograd. high fur boots (1915–21). He was a supporter of Menshevism, but in polit. did not participate in the fight; Oct the Revolution did not accept, in 1921 he emigrated. In the end. 20 - early. 30s taught at Prague University, Harvard University (USA). Since 1935 prof. Strasbourg University (France). In the years of the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USA, after the end of the war he returned to France. Since 1948 he headed the Department of Sociology at the Sorbonne. Founder of Intern. associations of sociologists of French-speaking countries (1946), Franz. nat. n.-i. center (1948), Sociol. Institute (prez. in 1953-56). Tr. dedicated problems of the history of philosophy and sociology, general theory and methodology of sociology. knowledge, sociology of morality, law, knowledge. G.'s views were formed as a result of critical. analysis and striving for integration decomp. directions of philos.-sociology. thoughts: theories mute. classic philosophy, K. Marx, A. Bergson, E. Durkheim, M. Weber and others. According to G., sociology together with ist. science is called upon to carry out the integration of various. human sciences. The subject of sociology was characterized as "holistic social phenomena" studied at all levels. The distinction he introduced between macro- and microsociology is widely recognized in scientific research. circles, although his claim that their methods were different was met with criticism. From the standpoint of pluralism, G. opposed both materialism and idealism. Relations between societies. classes considered radically irreconcilable and argued the inevitability of social antagonisms. The alternative to capitalism and technical bureaucracy considered “pluralistic. collectivism ”based on self-government of the people. G.'s ideas had a noticeable influence on the formation of left-wing radical sociology.
GURVICH Iosif Mikhailovich (1907, Kishinev - 1992, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, muralist. In 1921–25 he was engaged first in the art. R. Reingbald's school, then at the courses of isoisk under Yu. R. Bershadsky in Odessa, in 1925-30 he studied at the Odessa art. in-those at T.B. Fraerman. Since 1929 he was a member of the Association of Revolutionaries. claims of Ukraine (ARMU). He worked at Yug-ROST in Odessa (1919), taught at the Odessa Art. in-those (1930–32). After moving to Moscow (1932) he devoted himself to creative work, taught at the studio of disabled artists of the Second World War and at the Children's Art. school (1946–67), traveled a lot around the country and abroad. Member of the second world. wars (1942–45). I took part in pl. thin exhibitions, persons. exhibition at the House of Artists in Moscow in 1976. Honored. thin RSFSR (1974). works: "Rest of workers" (1929, oil on canvas), series "Girls of the Metro", "On the construction of the metro" (1932–38, oil on canvas), "Moldavian carpet weavers" (1939, oil on canvas .), “Moscow. 1941 "(1941, oil on canvas)," Barricades on Bashilovka "(1942, oil on canvas)," Liberation of Donbass "(1965–69)," Portrait of Angelica "(1982), etc. Works are in museums in Moscow, Kiev, Kaunas, Baku, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.,
GURVICH Isaak (Itskhok-Aizik) Aharonovich (Adolfovich) (1860, Vilna - 1924, USA), polit. activist, economist, publicist. In the end. 1870s studied at Petersburg. un-those, was close to roar. populists. In 1879 he was arrested and deported to Minsk. In 1880 he was arrested again and exiled to the adm. order for 4 years to Siberia. While in exile, he studied migrants. cases (the results of the research. later published in the book. "Resettlement of peasants in Siberia", M., 1888). In 1885 he settled in Minsk, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, created the first in the city of Heb. working circle. In 1887 he passed the exam for the course of Demidov's law as an external student. lyceum in Yaroslavl. In 1889 he left Russia, in 1891 he settled in the United States. In 1891–93 ed. Russian gas. Progress (New York, then Chicago). In 1893 he passed the exam for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science thesis. translated into Russian. lang. ("The economic position of the Russian village", Moscow, 1896 - one of the first studies on the agrarian question in Russia, written from a Marxist standpoint). In 1893–94 G. - privat-doc. University of Chicago in the Department of Statistics, due to leftist beliefs, he was forced to leave teaching. In 1894-1900 he was engaged in legal practice, from 1900 to the state. service. In the 1890s. G. - an active participant in the populist movement, one of the founders of Amer. s.-d. party, the leader of the left wing prof. movement. In 1905 he came to Russia, was elected an elector of the State. thought, but the results of the elections were annulled by the authorities, after which G. returned to the United States. From the end. 1890s G. collaborated in the Amer. socialist Heb. periodic. press, in 1912 published in English. lang. book "Emigration and Labor". Cit .: First Heb. workers' circles, "Byloe", 1907, No. 6.
GURVICH Chaim Khaikil (c. 1750 - 1822, Uman, Kiev province), Jewish activist. education. In the beginning. 19th century per. in Yiddish and ed. in Berdichev book. Kampa "Discovery of America", edges enjoyed great popularity among growing up. Jews. Later per. and ed. this work in OE. In tech. pl. For years he maintained friendly relations with the Karaite scholar Isaac, provided him with moral support during the period of persecutions that fell upon him from the side of religions. orthodox. G. himself was also repeatedly persecuted for "freethinking", after his death created. the legend that his sinful soul wanders around the world, finding no rest.
GURVICH Lazar-Lipman (1815 - 1852, Vilna), teacher, writer. Headed the Vilna rabbinical school, in 1841–44 ed. scientific-literary collection "Pirhe Tsafon" (jointly with S. Finn). The author of the work but the history of ancient Hebrews. poetry and research. about the book. Job.
GURVICH Lev Gavrilovich (1871, Poltava - 1926, Moscow), petrochemist. Doctor of Philosophy (1896), prof. (1920). Brother of A.G. Gurvich. Graduated in 1892 from Kiev and in 1896 from Basel un-you. Until 1897 he worked at Freiburg un-those, in the lab. chem. s-yes in Tann (Alsace). From 1899 - in St. Petersburg, where until 1904 published. g. "Chemist". From 1904 he worked at the "Dembo" refinery in Baku. In 1905–09 the head. chem. lab. Nobel plant in Baku, from 1909 in St. Petersburg. In 1920 he organized and headed the Center. chem. lab. trust "Azneft" in Baku. At the same time. taught at Azerb. un-those and Azerb. Polytechnic. in-those. Since 1924 hand. oil lab. in Moscow. teplotekhn. in-those. Osn. research belong to petrochemistry and catalytic. chemistry. Explained (1908) physical. the essence of the process of distillation of oil with water vapor. He proved that olefins are polymerized on natural aluminosilicate. He was the first to systematize experimental data on the chemistry and physical chemistry of oil. In 1911–12 he put forward a hypothesis about the existence of physicochem. the force of attraction, which is intermediate between chem. bond and molecular attraction. The results of this study. formed the basis for the development of industrial methods. purification of petroleum products and were used in works on heterogeneous catalysis (1916). Author of scientific. printed works, fundamental tr. "Sci. fundamentals of oil refining "(1913), which has not lost its scientific. and practical. values.With: Main. phenomena, laws and theories of inorganic. chemistry. L., 1926; Practical guide classes on oil technology. Baku-M., 1932.
GURVICH Moses (after the adoption of Orthodoxy - Nikolai Petrovich Guriev) (| - 1870, St. Petersburg), teacher and publicist. Taught in Russian. lang. in state Hebrews. uch-schhah, sotr. into gas. "Home Conversation", "The Day", "Voice" and others (author of the article on the Hebrew question and problems of school education). Under the influence of J. Brafman in 1865 publ. into gas. "Vilensky Vestnik" a number of Art. against the Jews (under ps. S. Pravdin), on the initiative of the trustee of the Vilna uch. district involved in the work of the so-called. "Vilnius Commission". The author of the textbook is Russian. grammar, withstood several. published by Son G. - Alexander (1864 - |), lawyer, publicist, graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, served in the Ministry of Finance (scientific secretary, then a member of the Scientific Committee), sotr. gas. "New time", "St. Petersburg. Vedomosti "," Russia "and others. The author of works" To the reform of the State. Bank "(1893)," Drinking Monopoly "(1893)," Towards the Reform of the Cross, Bank "(1894)," Reform of the den. treatment (1896), "Prom. syndicates "(1898-99)," Den. circulation in Russia in the XIX century. " (1903), "Credit institutions in Russia in the XIX century." (1903) and others.
GURVICH Osip Yakovlevich (1842, estate Kamenny Lug, Vilna province - |), teacher, publicist. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, from 1860 a teacher of Russian. lang. in Minsk Heb. uch-shche, then - the caretaker of Heb. school in the city of Vileyka, was engaged in skylight, activities among local Hasidim, published in f. "Gakarmel", "Vilensky Vestnik". Later he was a rabbi in Grodno. From 1881 - a learned Jew under the governor of Minsk and a teacher of the law in state schools. institutions. In the 1880s. under ps. Ben - Jacob was published in f. "Dawn" and "Rus. Jew". The author of the book: “Heb. Prayer Book "(2nd ed., 1870)," Heb. Faith "(1879)," History of the Jews in the Biblical Period "(1871, jointly with A. Vol)," Living morality, or the treasury of the Talmud. ethics "(1901) and others.
GURVICH Saul (1860, Uvarovichi, Mogilev province - 1922, Berlin), writer. Started lit. activity in 1881 with cooperation in Heb. period, ed. "Ha-Melitz" and "Dawn", promoting Palestinian ideas. In 1884, the lane. manuf. Moses Hess "Rome and Jerusalem" in Hebrew for f. "Ha-Magid" and wrote rep. about Nachman Krokhmal. G. also belongs to Prince. "The Jewess and Judaism" - on the position of Heb. women in the family and society according to the laws of the Bible and Talmud. His essay "On the question of the existence of Judaism" appeared in 1904 and caused a storm in Heb. press. In Art. "Two Ways" (1907) offered Judaism words. alternative: Zionism or assimilation. In the essay "On the Expansion of the Boundaries", containing a polemic with Ahad Ha-Am, he rejected the dogmatization of Judaism. Dedicated the collection published by him. "Ha-Atid" ("The Future", vols. 1–5, 1908–14; vol. 6, Berlin, 1926) discussions about scientific-theoretical. basis of Judaism. Naib. means. his essays on Judas Halevi, Hasidism, Gascal were collected in the book. "Where and where |" (Berlin, 1914). G. was one of the founders. and hands. Histadrut Hebrew, an organization dedicated to the struggle for the revival of Hebrew and Hebrew. culture. After the 1st world. war G. lived in Berlin, where he wrote about the medieval. and modern Heb. lit-re.
GURVICH Semyon Isaakovich (1923, Rostov-on-Don - 2004, ibid.), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. Graduated from the pilot school (1942). In fr. from March 1943. He fought in the assault aviation. Graduated from the Military Air. acad. (1955). Since 1966, the colonel is in reserve. Shooting trainer. Awarded 10th order. Daughter of G. - Larisa, doctor, world champion among women in clay pigeon shooting (Munich, 1975).
GURVITZ Chaim-Dov (1865, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1927, Moscow), publicist. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1881-87 he studied at the local real agronomist. uch-shche, then studied philosophy at the Vienna high fur boots. In 1900 he went to Berlin, where he studied social sciences, ch. arr. political economy. For the dis. "Development of human needs and social differentiation of society" received the title of Dr. In 1901-03 he collaborated in periodicals. in Yiddish, Hebrew and Russian. lang., printed stories, scientific-popul. Art. After graduating from un-that came to Warsaw, became a journalist. After the foundation in St. Petersburg of the first daily. gas. in Yiddish "Der Fraind" G. became her collaborator, published a publicist, Art. in the heading “From Heb. economical life ". Later, one of the theorists of Heb. cooperative movement, publ. a number of works on this issue. In the train. "Di Yiddish Welt" was ed. economical dep., and in 1913-14 ed. g. "Di Yiddish Cooperation". After the revolution he lived in Minsk, Vilna, Warsaw, where he continued his publicist and activity. Returning to Russia, he settled in Moscow, worked in economics. and farms. org-tions, released the book. (together with I. Novakovsky) “Cooperation and Heb. shtetl ", printed inn. into gas. "Der emes".
GURVITZ Shmuel (1901, m. Malyaty Vilensky district and province - 1999), agronomist. Studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1925–32 he studied agronomy in Berlin (since 1932 - Doctor of Agronomy). In 1932–54 the agronomist N.-I. s.-kh. Art. in Rehovot. From 1942 he taught at Heb. un-those in Jerusalem (prof. from 1953, honored prof. from 1970). pr. Israel (agronomy and rural. kh-vo) in 1957 for his contribution to the development of Israeli agronomy.
GURYAN Sorana (real family. Gurfinkel) (1914, Comrat of Bendersky u. Bessarabian province. - 1956, Paris), writer and journalist. After studying at un-those, she spent three years in France, then on the eve of the 2nd world. war returned to Bucharest and joined the anti-fasc. underground. After the war, she became a journalist, but in 1947 her article, which called for free expression of thoughts, led to a ban on work. In the beginning. 1949 fled Romania and settled in Paris. With the exception of two years (1949-51), spent in Israel, she lived in France. She worked in gas. and on the radio. Her first. rum. "These Days Will Never Return" (1946), written in room. lang. and which brought her fame, contained an autobiographical. a story about the life of an intelligent family in a Bessarabian town. "Events between dawn and night" (1946) - Sat. stories about obsessive sexual phobias of a single woman. First book. in French lang. The Cells of the Net (1950), a diary from 1947–49 based on real facts, was an important politician. doc-tom. In 1952 G. trans. his first rum. in French lang. and wrote its sequel "Ruthless Love" (1953), dedicated. politician life of Romania on the eve of the 2nd world. war. I ate it. book A Tale of the Struggle (1956) also bears an autobiographer. character and describes a desperate search for a cure for cancer, from which G.
GURZUF, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Yalta region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yalta u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1926 30 Jews (1.1%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 89 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia in the 2-3 centuries. In Jewish medieval monuments G. mention. as a city where Jews lived.
GUSAKOV, a village in the Mostis district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 564 Jews (42.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1900 - 629 (41.9%), in 1921 - 249 Jews (25, 6%) Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 17th century In the 17th and 18th centuries. main The occupation of the Jews of Georgia was trade; in the 19th and 20th centuries, in addition to trade, there were crafts and carriage. From the 1st floor. 18th century there was a community in Georgia. Rabbi G. in the 18th century. (until 1775) was Rabbi Meir, father of Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. All R. 19th century the rabbi was Efroim-Dovid Lengnoir, from the 1880s. - his son Yosef-Eliyahu. Since the 1910s. Zionist organizations operated in Georgia. In the 1930s. The rabbis in Georgia were Efroim-Dovid Titelboim and Meir Titelboim. On the day of the occupation by Wehrmacht units on June 22, 1941, a pogrom was staged in Georgia. Several dozens of Jews were killed and the synagogue burned. In nov. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to the ghettos of nearby towns.
GUSEV Sergei Ivanovich (real name and name Drabkin Yakov Davidovich) (1873, Sapozhok of Ryazan province - 1933, Moscow), polit. activist. He graduated from a real school in Rostov-on-Don, in 1896 he entered Petersburg. polytechnic Institute, where he studied for one year. Member RSDLP since 1896, member. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". In 1900–03 - one of the hands. s.-d. org-tion in Rostov-on-Don, from 1904 - secretary. Petersburg. Committee of the RSDLP (b), since 1906 member. Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party. He was arrested several times, was in exile, fled, lived in exile (in Geneva). In 1917 sec. Petrogr. Voenrevkoma. In years. citizen war - part. RVS of a number of fronts and armies (5th, 2nd) and members. RVS of the Republic. From March 1921 the beginning. Political administration of the Kr. Army, member. RVSR. In 1923-25 ​​he was a member. Collegium of the NK RFKI USSR, member. and secret. Central Control Commission of the RCP (b). Since 1925 the head. press department of the Central Committee of the party. In 1926 he headed Istpart, from 1929 he worked in the Comintern, member. Of the Presidium of the ECCI. Elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RCP (b) (1920–23), member. Pres. and secret. Central Control Commission of the Party (1923-27). The urn with the ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall. Works: Citizens' Lessons. war. M., 1921; Our disagreements in the military. business. M., 1925; Civil war and Kr. Army. M., 1958, etc.
GUSEVKA, see Novosibirsk.
GUSHANSKY Semyon Kanaanovich (1904, Sosnitsa, Chernigov Gubernia - 1981, Moscow), actor, director, teacher. From 1922, after graduating from the theater, studio in Kiev, he worked in the Experimental-Heroic. under the arms. B.A. Ferdinandov. In 1926-30 - actor of the First State. ped. t-ra, under the arms. G.L. Roshal. The first is the role of Herod (“Rifle No. 492116” by A.A. Kron). In 1930, joint. with ZA Sazhin, I. Doronin, A.Z. Okunchikov, he organized the T-r of working children of the Bauman district (since 1938 - the Moscow T-r for children); was an actor, director, thin. hands. Tr first post. plays by MA Svetlov "Fairy Tale" (1938), "Twenty Years Later" (1941). By this time, the roles belong: Izya ("Tokmakov Lane" by VV Smirnova, 1931), Rubinchik ("Street of Joy" by NA Zarkhi, 1932), Kuzovkin ("Freeloader" by IS Turgenev, 1935) and Dr. G. sovm. with Okunchikov post. "Distant Land" by E.L. Schwartz (1944). From 1946 he worked in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova; naib. means. works here: Belov ("Sputniki" after V.F. "N. Khikmeta, 1956), Vosmibratov (" Forest "by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1964) and others. Since 1944 hands. the first studio at the Center. children's theater, since 1946 - teacher of GITIS (actor and director f-you), dep. dir. muses. t-ra and art. muses. comedy in the Chechen-Ingush. studios. He left his memoirs (not published). Honored. art. RSFSR (1959).
GUSINO, a station in the Krasninsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. 480 Jews (73%) lived in Georgia in 1924, 427 (60.5%) in 1926, and St. 600 Jews. In 1903, Georgia was opened for the settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In the 1920s. the Jewish beginning worked in G. a school that was transformed into a Russian school in 1938. In 1933, the Jewish collective farm Zarya (16th century) operated in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust. After 1945, a memorial was created in Georgia with the names and ages of the victims engraved on the memorial plate.
GUS-KHRUSTALNY, city (since 1931), a regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a settlement at the crystal plant of A.V. Maltsev in the Vladimir province. In 1910 in G.-Kh. 6 Jews lived, in 1926 - 14 (0.08%), in 1939 - 43 Jews.
GUSMAN Israel Borisovich (1917, Nizhny Novgorod - 2003, ibid.), Conductor. The son of a famous muses. activist, etc. critic Boris Evseevich G. Studied in music. technical school them. Gnesins, at the same time. (in 1933-41) worked in symphony. orc. Moscow Philharmonic, played drums and oboe. During World War II, he led the front-line brass orcs. 4th Ukrainian Front and the Carpathian Military District. In 1944 he graduated from the military conductor faculty of Moscow. cons. in the class of M.M. Bagrinovsky (he also studied under L.M. Ginzburg). In 1946 he won the 4th Ave at Vses. review of military conductors. In 1946-57, Ch. conductor symph. orc. Kharkiv Philharmonic. From 1957 ch. conductor, symph. orc. Gorky Philharmonic. In the 1963–64 season, he conducted the performances The Queen of Spades by PI Tchaikovsky and Boris Godunov by MP Mussorgsky at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1965). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1978). G.'s extensive repertoire consists of works. different styles and classics. op. western european and Russian. composers, manuf. modern app. composers of the 20th century ("Marine Interludes" by B. Britten, suite from the opera "Peter Grimes", oratorio "Joan of Arc" by A. Onegger, symphonic poem "Death and Enlightenment" by R. Strauss, ballets "The Rite of Spring", "The Firebird "IF Stravinsky, as well as works by Soviet composers (symphony by D. D. Shostakovich, oratorios by G. V. Sviridov, symph. Productions by K. A. Karaev; php., Violin and cello concerts by A. Khachaturian, T.N. Khrennikova and others). G. - one of the first performers of the 13th symphony of Shostakovich, op. A.G. Schnittke. With his assistance and direct participation in the 1960s, the Philharmonic organized annual festivals "Contemporary Music" with the participation of prominent musicians, at which there were premieres of many new works by foreign and Soviet composers, which G. promoted.
GUSMAN Yuliy Solomonovich (b. 1943, Baku), director. In 1966 he graduated from Baku honey. in-t. He worked as an instructor of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Azerbaijan. In 1970 he graduated from the postgraduate course of the Baku University of Advanced Training for Doctors. In 1976, after graduating from the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. at the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, was dir. k / st "Azerbaijanfilm". Dir. no. satirical. to / w "Mozalan", author and dir. mass theatrical performances, one of the founders and "captains" of the television game "Club of the cheerful and resourceful." Director Center. Houses of cinematographers in Moscow. He took off f. “One Fine Day” 1976, film), “Country house for one family (1978),“ Don't be afraid, I'm with you ”(1981),“ Ice floe in the warm sea ”(1983). He has staged performances on stages in the United States. Since 1993 dep. State Duma of Russia.
GUSYATIN, a village in the Chemerovets district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Formed in 1793 after joining Ros. empire of the left-bank part of Gusyatin. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky u. Podolsk province. 229 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, 332 in 1863, 41.5% in 1887, 1,153 (40.7%) in 1897, and 546 Jews in 1923. 19th century there were 3 synagogues in Georgia. Rabbi in Georgia since the 1890s. was Itskhok Shafran (1869 -?). Born in G. I.I.Gintsburg.
GUSYATINSKY Anatoly (Toviy) Markovich (1900, Kharkov - 1940, Moscow), graphic artist, painter, theater artist. Beginning study in Poltava with his son iz. Itinerant E.G. Myasoedov, but managed to break with the tradition of late itinerant movement, which became an officer. line of owls. lawsuit. From ser. 1920s, after a year of study at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, st. an active supporter of the school of spatial composition. visions. Like a dram. space decorated. scene in the play "The Wailing Wall" (1935), staged. in GOSET, and fig. to the book. S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky "Underground Russia". The flowering of G.'s creativity falls on the 1930s. He takes part in all major. exhibitions of the country, lecturer. fig. in Moscow. in-those fig. lawsuit in Moscow. thin in-those, etc. Proizv. G. are in the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin and the State Russian Museum.
GUT (real fam. Gutman) Veniamin Grigorievich (Girshevich) (1894, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1949, Moscow), variety artist. Brother of D.G. Gutman. From ser. 1910s studied in honey. in-those Nancy (France). In 1917 he returned to Russia and first appeared on the stage in Vyatka. In 1922 he moved to Moscow and created a joint committee. with art. NS Oreshkov "Tver Theater". From 1929 he performed in concerts as an entertainer, from 1936 he worked as an actor of the original genre in Moscow. conc. association (later VGKO) - performer of comedy and parody numbers in the "theater of tantamoresok". In 1939–40 he prepared the original issue "A New Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, or Puppet Jazz" and played the role of hands. orchestra. During the war years he prepared the issue "Open Windows of TASS", in which, using the tantamoresok technique, he sharply depicted Ribbentrop, Mannerheim, Hitler's "astrologer" and others. He performed in hospitals, in French. In 1943–49, thin. hands. circus workshop VGKO, staged pop numbers for the eccentric artist IL Baida, illusionist DI Chitashvili, br. Maslyukov and others. In 1940 he starred in f. The Little Humpbacked Horse as Tsar Afron.
GUTA, see Uta.
GUTA MARIANOVKA, see Maryanovka.
Gutenmakher Lev Izrailevich (1908, Tarutino - 1981, Odessa), mathematician. A specialist in computing, technology. Graduated from Novocherkassk, Polytechnic. Institute (1931), graduate student in the same place (1934). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). Worked in Novocherkassk, Polytechnic. in-those (1931–38), Energetic. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1938–48), in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1937–62), in the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computing, Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1948–56), in the All-Union. in-those scientific. and technical information of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1957–62), from 1962 - in the All-Union. Research Institute of Natural Gases. Main results in the field of approximate and numerical. methods, will calculate. technology. Became. etc. (1948). Cit .: Electric model. M.-L., 1949.
Guterman Isay (Isaak) Grigorievich (1911, Pochep of Bryansk u.Orel province. - 1981, Moscow), aeroclimatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1938), prof. from 1968. He graduated in 1937 Moscow. hydrometeorological in-t. From 1926 he worked as an observer of the weather station in Pochep. In 1929–35, an aerologist at the polar stations, a participant in the Arctic. exp. On Franz Josef Land for the first time in the polar night, he organized a systematic. no. radiosondes into the atmosphere. In 1934 he took part in the exp. to rescue the steamer "Chelyuskin", in 1935 - in the first high-latitude exp. on the icebreaker "Sadko". At the Research Institute of Aeroclimatology, he headed the aeroclimatology sector. In 1941–44 in Kr. Army. From 1944 to the beginning. Observation Department Center. aerological observatory. Since 1955 at the Research Institute of Aeroclimatology in Moscow. work related to research. high layers of the atmosphere over the polar regions, with aerological. observations and methods of their processing, with the study of the wind regime of the free atmosphere, the issues of improving and introducing new means of aerological. research, incl. radar. All R. 50s took part in the development of a method for obtaining wind characteristics for counting and analytical. cars for the first aeroclimatic. reference book of the USSR. Cit .: Features of the structure of the atmosphere over the polar regions. L., 1938; Wind distribution over North. hemisphere. L., 1965.
GUTMAN Anatoly Grigorievich (1922, Rostov-on-Don - 1972, Borisov, Minsk region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Since Aug. 1941 in Cr. Army, from July 1942 to fr. Com. shooter. platoon, lieutenant. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism, showed. in battle when crossing the Dnieper.
GUTMAN David Grigorievich (1884, Vyatka - 1946, Moscow), director. Graduated from the Polytechnic Institute in Dresden. In 1903 he became an assistant director, then director. in t-re Nizhny Novgorod. In his early youth he worked in drama. t-rah, t-rah miniatures, music halls, pl. cities of Russia, in operetta, was dir. on the stage, in the circus. G. - one of the initiators of the creation of t-ditch miniatures. In the 1909 season - 10 hands. t-rum miniatures in Kharkov, then in Kiev, Rostov-on-Don. From 1915 he worked in Moscow at the P.P. Struisky Museum of Miniatures, in 1917 - at the Petrovsky Museum of Miniatures. The author of the Pierrot mask for A.N. Vertinsky. In 1917–19 he headed the Free Department of the Voronezh GUV ONO, in 1920–22 - Ch. dir. Moscow t-ra revolution. satyrs (Terevsat); author (with A.M. Argo and N.A. Aduev) of one of the Naib. means. political outlooks of the 1920s. "Bulbus's Journey 17-21". In 1923–24 hands. Free Satiragit in Baku (Baku workers' t-r). In 1924-26 - one of the founders and Ch. dir. Moscow., In 1926-28 - Leningrad. t-moat of satire. One of the best dir. so called small forms, he is a post, (and was co-author) several. reviews, incl. "Moscow from the point of view ..." V.Z.Mass, V.Ya.Tipot, N.R. Erdman and G. (1924), "Seven years without reciprocity" Tipot, G., Argo, Aduev (1925) , "Bear, twirl!" G., Tipota (1926) and others. In 1928-29 - dir. Moscow music hall. Author (with Tipot) and dir. revue "Miracles of the XXX century" (1928). In 1930-37 - in Leningrad. music hall and at the same time. in the T-re of satire and comedy (post. "Alien child" by VV Shkvarkin, "A glass of water" by E. Scribe). In 1941–42 he worked in the Estr. t-re "Yastrebok", where he prepared 6 programs. In the last years of his life, G. continued to write works. for stage, staged conc. rooms and programs in the Hermitage garden. Filmed in f. "Children of Captain Grant" (Glenarvan), "Peter I" (English Admiral).
GUTMAN Chaim (1887, Petrikov Mozyrsky u. Mogilev Gubernia - 1961, Miami, USA), Jewish humorist, satirist and theater critic. Known under the pseudonym "Der Lebediker" ("Merry"). He lived in Minsk province, in 1905 he emigrated to the USA. Changed many professions, opened the book. score. He wrote poetry, but is better known as the author of epigrams and humorous sketches. g. Der Kibetzer. Edited humorous. weekly "Der Kundes", led the sections of humor of New York Hebrews. gas. He enjoyed a rich, lively spoken language. a Jew from Amer. East Side, using typically English. words to enhance the local flavor. The sketches "Aza hot geret Pompadour" ("So Spoke Pompadour", 1918) were followed by seven humorous ones. collection of books. The author of the two-act comedy "Meshiyeh oif East Broadway" ("The Messiah from East Broadway"), which was occasionally staged in t-t. G.'s sketches enriched the repertoire of Hebrews. comedy actors.
GUTMAN Lev (b. 1945, Riga), chess player; int. grandmaster (1986). Since 1980 - in Israel. As part of the Israeli team, he participated in a number of Olympics (since 1982). Winner of the FIDE zonal tournament in Beersheba (1985). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Biel (1985). Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. London (1982), Baden (1985), Lugano (1986), Biel (1987).
GUTMAN Moishe (Kamenshtein Moisey Lvovich) (1883, Veper of Vilkomirsky u.Kovno province - 1938), publicist. As a young man, he came to Vilna, passed as an external student for the course of the guild, then graduated from the school of pharmacists. In the beginning. 20th century and in the years of the 1st Russian. Revolution actively participated in the labor movement, was arrested 15 times, was tried three times. After his arrest in 1910 he lived in Lodz and Warsaw, was the initiator of the Heb. school education, participated in the work of prof. Heb. teachers. He sat in prisons, then lived in Pinsk, Gomel, Minsk. In the years of the 1st world. war worked in the aid organizations of Heb. refugees. In 1917 he was a member of the Fareinikte party at the 3rd All-Russian Federation on the organization of the workers' council in Odessa. conf. in Petrograd. In the same year he was elected to Kerensky's Pre-Parliament, was a member of the Ukrainian. Centre. We are glad. From Dec. 1918 to early. 1925 lived in Warsaw, there was an act. activist in prof. movement and in cultural work, before, the commission for reforming the Hebrews. spelling. In the end. 1926 moved to Moscow. In 1927 he moved to Kharkov, was before. "Gezkulta", and since 1932 - watered. ed. Ukrnatsmenizdata. All these years he was engaged in literary-publicist. activities, released the book. and brochures on Sov. pages, printed art. in the period, print. In 1935 G. returned to Moscow, was a member. editorial board "Teacher's newspaper". Repressed.
GUTMAN Nakhum (1898, Teleneshty Bessarab. Gubernia - 1980, Tel Aviv), painter, theater designer, graphic artist. The son of the writer S. Ben-Zion. In E.-I. - from 1905. From 1913 he studied at the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts. In the end. 1st world. war entered Heb. legion in the English. army. After the war, he studied art. art-woo in Vienna, and then thin technique. press in Berlin, where he met with Heb. poet H.-N. Bialik, man. to-rogo ill. In 1926 he returned to E.-I. He painted sharply individual landscapes, portraits, street scenes (in oil, watercolors, in various printing techniques), theater, scenery, illus. manuf. decomp. writers, incl. my father. In Tel Aviv he created mosaics in Ch. rabbinate, gymnasium "Herzliya", high-rise building "Shalom". The author of children's books. with pictures, of which naib. popular "In the country of Lobengulu king Zulu" (1940). These books. marked by the State. Israel Ave (1978).
GUTMAN Natalya Grigorievna (Gutman is the surname of the repressed mother's parents), (b. 1942, Kazan), cellist. In 1964 she graduated from Moscow. cons. in the cello class with G.S. Kozolupova, in 1968 - graduate school at Leningrad State University. cons. (directed by M.L. Rostropovich). Since 1964 she has been a soloist of the Moscow Concert, since 1976 - Moscow. Philharmonic. Tours since 1962. In 1967–77 she taught at Moscow. cons. Laureate of the 7th World Festival of Youth and Students (1st Ave., 1959, Vienna), Vses. competition of musicians-performers in (2nd avenue, 1961, Moscow), Intern. Cello Competition Dvořák (1st Ave., 1961, Prague), Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (shared 3rd avenue with M.E. Khomitser, 1962, Moscow), Mezhdunar. chamber ensembles competition (1st ave. jointly with A.A. Nasedkin, 1967, Munich). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1984). G. - a constant participant in the "December Evenings" in the Museum will depict. lawsuit in them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow.
GUTMAN Teodor Davidovich (b. 1905, Kiev), pianist and teacher. Studied at the Kiev horse, then graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930) in the class of G.G. Neuhaus. Since 1928 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1930–43 he taught special. php. in Moscow. cons. (since 1962 prof.). Since 1944 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins, head. department of special php. Among the students - VM Tropp and others. Laureate of the International. competition them. Chopin, Warsaw, 1932, 3rd Ave. at the All-Union Competition of Music Performers, Moscow, 1933 G.'s son - Julian (b. 1938), pianist, honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1991). Laureate int. contests.
GUTNER Lev Mikhailovich (b. 1927, Leningrad), specialist in the region. Philos. physics. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952) and Phys.-Math. Faculty of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen (1963). In tech. for a number of years he combined teaching philosophy and physics. Since 1981 prof. Department of Philosophy North-West. polytechnic in-that. In research. G. is subjected to philos.-methodological. analysis of the integrative role of metrology in relation to modern. scientific. knowledge) Cit .: Methodological. measurement problems, L., 1972; Philos. measurement problems in modern physics, L., 1978; Measurement in structure theoretical relations, L., 1985.
GUTNIK Chaim (1921, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 2003), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid, received the traditional Heb. religious education. In 1923-28 - in E.-I .; 1928–36 in England; 1937–40 studied at the yeshiva in Telshi (Lithuania). Since 1941 - in Australia. In 1946, 57 was the rabbi of the Mizrahi synagogue in Sydney. Since 1961 - military rabbi; in 1965-68 - Ch. rabbi of the Australian army. Since 1988 - President of the Melbourne Rabbis' Association. Son - Yosef Yitzhak (b. 1953, Sydney), entrepreneur. Studied at the Lubavitch Yeshiva in Melbourne and New York. Owner of gold mines in Australia. From ser. 1980s - one of the world's largest Hebrews. philanthropists. Financed the center for spiritual absorption of immigrants from Russia "Merkaz Gutnik" in Jerusalem. One of the founders of the Seitek technology company, created to absorb scientists from Russia. On behalf of the Lubavitch Rebbe M.M. Schneerson, he repeatedly came to Israel in order to prevent territorial concessions during negotiations with the Arabs.
GUTNIK Sergey Mikhailovich (| - |), entrepreneur, financier, polit. activist. In the 1910s. prev. Odessa Exchange Committee, member. party of cadets. At the regional congress of the party (Kiev, May 8-11, 1918), he was elected to its Ch. to-that. Participated in the creation. Association Protophis (Union of representatives of industry, trade and rural economy of Ukraine). In May-Oct. 1918 minutes trade and industry in the pr-ve of Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky. After the fall of the hetman regime, he emigrated.
GUTNIKOV Boris Lvovich (1931, Vitebsk - 1986, Leningrad), violinist and teacher. In 1954 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. in 1957 - graduate school with her, in the class of Yu.I. Eidlin. Since 1959 he taught at Leningrad. cons. (since 1973 prof., since 1978 head of the department of violin and viola). Honored. art. RSFSR (1962). Nar. art. RSFSR (1979). He toured a lot in different countries. 1st ave. To Mezhdunar. contests - them. J. Slavik and Ondřicek (Prague, 1956), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (Paris, 1957), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962).
GUTNOVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna (1914, Petersburg - 1992, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1957), prof. (1958) From the family of prof. revolutionaries. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1939). In 1939–41 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–42 - in evacuation in Omsk, worked as a history teacher at school, then taught at Tomsk University at the department of Wed. centuries ist. f-that. In 1944–47 - in doctoral studies at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1947–71 she worked at the Department of History Wed. centuries ist. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. in 1951–89 - scientific. sotr., then leading scientific. sotr. Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1990-92 - the leading scientist. fellow-consultant in the same place. Member scientific. councils: “The regularity of the development of the history of society. formations and the transition from one to another ”,“ History ist. Science "at the Department of East. Science Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Member Board of the USSR Society - Great Britain, member. editorial board of collections: “Wed. century "," History and historians "(since 1971). Author of works on the history of Zap. Europe on Wed. century. Author and ed. history textbooks cf. centuries (M., 1952), ch. in the book: "World History", "History of Europe" (v.2, M., 1993) and others. Works: The emergence of English. Parliament: (From the history of the English society and state of the XIII century, M., 1960; Historiography of the Wed centuries), M., 1974; The relationship of social. relations in ideology in the middle century. Europe, M., 1983; Class struggle and societies. the consciousness of the peasantry in the middle century. Zap. Europe (XI-XV centuries), M., 1984.
GUTY, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Bogodukhovsky district of Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkov province. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Georgia.
GUTYANSKY Venyamin (1903, Glubochok Baltsky u. Podolsk province. - 1956, Kostanay), poet, playwright. Even in his youth, showing muses. ability, leaves for Odessa. He studied violin with prof. P. Stolyarsky in Odessa. In the beginning. 1920s arrives in Kiev. ped. technical school, and after graduation - on mat. faculty Kiev. un-that. Worked as a teacher. First. Sat. verse. For children released in 1936. In pre-war. years managed to release several more. book: "Geklibene Mesholim" ("Selected Fables"), "Azelkhe un azoine" ("Such-and-so"), "Farsheidene zahn" ("Various things"), etc., as well as the one-act comedy "Article 2". In 1944 his collection was published. antiwar. fables "Zalts in di oign" ("Salt in the eyes." In the mid-1930s G. wrote a play for children of younger age "Leiser der beizer" ("Leiser of the angry"). The humor and poetic beauty of this play attracted attention to it, it was staged in Ukrainian, and then in a specially created Jewish puppet theater in Kiev.Before the war and in the first years after it, many Hebrew schoolchildren of younger age studied according to the textbook “Book for reading ”G., who survived several editions, was repressed in 1949.
GUZHEL Anatoly Moiseevich (b. 1922, Iasi, Romania), poet, publicist. The child was brought by his mother to Chisinau. He graduated from the city and in 1941 entered Chisinau, ped. in-t; together with the institute he was evacuated during the war to the city of Buguruslan, where he continued his studies. After graduating from the Institute in 1945 he worked in gas. "Tinerima Moldovei", "Moldova Sochialiste", in f. "Moldova". First Sat poems "My Generation" came out in 1951. The author of numerous. collection of poetry., publ. in Kishinev, “Our change” (1952), “Window with three geraniums” (1956), “When silence speaks” (1964), “Magic lantern” (1975), and others. G. belong to the book. essays and sketches: "String, pearls" (1979), "Sincerity" (1982), etc. He also writes for children: "Green Islands" (1960), "I, Anikutsa and Radu" (1963), etc. Heb. the theme is raised in the ballad "The Ballad of Unuy Minutes", trans. in Russian lang. under the name "The agony of one minute." Honored. cultural worker of the MSSR (1971).
GUZIK Anna Yakovlevna (b. 1909, Kharkov - 1994, Tel Aviv), actress. From 1924 she performed on stage in the troupe of her father Y.S. Guzik, who played in Yiddish. She played in comedies by A. Goldfaden, in dramatized productions. Sholem Aleichem. In 1932-35 she worked in t-ts muses. comedies of Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov. However, the artist was more attracted by the stage, which made it possible to reveal her diverse stage performance. talents. From ser. 30s worked in pop-concert orga-tions, toured the country accompanied by pop music. Heb. ans. G. sang, danced, read feuilletons, performed estr. and Heb. bunk bed songs, acted as a drama, an actress of a wide creator. range. G. paid much attention to the external drawing of the role. She skillfully mastered the art of reincarnation, playing several. roles in one performance, for example, in "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem, in comp. "At the festive table" by Dorman, op-those "You are beautiful for me." She performed excerpts from music. performances "Schmendrick" (the role of Schmendrick), "The Sixth Wife" (Dvoire), "You are beautiful for me" (Sheindele and Rivkel) "Beilke" (The Waitress), etc. Since 1973 in Israel. She toured to North. and South. America, successfully performed plural. large stage venues, in the press she was called "Chaplin in a skirt." Laureate of Vses. competition art. stage (1939).
Guzikov Evgeny (Ehezkel) Mikhailovich (1887, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), violinist, teacher. He studied violin under S.I.Dochevsky, a student of I.V. Grzhimali. In 1907-13 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the class of Grzhimali (graduated with a large silver medal). In 1913–14 he trained with L. Kape in Paris. In 1915-18 he taught at the Tiflis muses. uch-shche. At the same time. participated in the quartet (1st violin) of the local department. Rus. muses. about-va. He performed in a duet with G.G. Neuhaus (he also taught at that time at the school), performing, in particular, the violin cycle. L. Beethoven's sonatas. Returning to Moscow, he gave concerts in Russian cities, as well as in Berlin and Leipzig. In 1923–60 (with a short break due to the evacuation in 1941–1943) he led to Moscow. Conservatory class of a quartet (since 1927 prof.). Honored. activist lawsuit-in cargo. SSR (1952). In his class, highly professional ensembles were formed: one of the best in the country, the Vydvizhentsev Quartet (since 1935 - the Komitas Quartet), the Solikamsk Quartet (later - the Glinka Quartet), Taneev (Moscow), them. Spendiarova, Shanidze Brothers Quartet, State quartet of Georgia, etc. Concert-performing and music-enlightenment. the activities of these groups played a great role in the development of muses. culture of the country.
GUZIKOV Michael Iosef (Mikhail Iosifovich; according to other data Echiel Michael; 1806, Shklov Mogilev, lips. - 1837, Aachen), xylophonist-virtuoso. Rod. in the family of a klezmer clarinet player. Together with his father and brothers, he played in a klezmer ensemble that performed at weddings and village holidays. In Moscow, the game of 14-year-old G. delighted the audience. In 1831, having fallen ill with tuberculosis, he left the flute. I improvised, made processing of bunk beds. songs. And he began to play on the bunk. Belarusian instr-those, the so-called. "Straw harmonica", which consisted of a set of trees, plates, pentatonic scale. G. improved its design; the sound was produced by striking two sticks. This is how the prototype of the present day was created. xylophone. From 1833 he gave concerts. G. also played in an ensemble with 2 violinists and a double bass player. Here he was heard and highly appreciated by the famous Polish violinist K. Lipiński. He toured with triumph in Kiev and Odessa (1833), in the cities of Bukovina and Galicia (1834), in Krakow and Lvov (1835), then in Vienna (a special brochure "Joseph Guzikov and his wooden-straw instrument" was published there) , in the cities of Germany (1835–37), where F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdi enthusiastically spoke of him as "an exceptional musician, standing no lower than any great virtuoso ... Guzikov is truly a genius." After concerts in Paris, F. List wrote in a letter to Georges Sand about G. as "a miracle, which is now applauded by the whole of Paris." Then he performed in the cities of Belgium. He died, according to legend, during a concert without letting go of the instrument. G. was one of the first instrumentalists of Russia who toured in Western countries. Europe. G.'s repertoire included. arrangements of pieces by N. Paganini, K.-M. Weber, arias by G. Rossini, a medley of opera melodies, improvisation, arrangements of Russian, Belarusian, Heb. bunk bed songs and dances.
GUZMAN Yakov Naumovich (1925, Odessa - 1990, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings. In 1949 he graduated from architect. the Odessa branch is building. in-that. Participated in arch. competitions, incl. for the project of the blood transfusion building of the Botkin Hospital in Moscow (1977, USSR SM Ave.). Main works: House of Party Veterans near Moscow (1950s), Palace of Science and Culture in Warsaw (1950s, co-author).
GUARDEISKY (until 1947 - Felshtin), a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1586. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 469 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 1369, in 1889 - 1345 (61.4%), in 1897 - 1885 (95%), in 1903 - 1744, in 1923 - 1003 (55.7 %), in 1939 - 1125 Jews (27.8%). in the 1st floor. 18th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, crafts, rent, contracts, agricultural trade. products. In 1889 there were 4 synagogues, heders. In the end. 19th century Israel's Rabbi was Kutiver (? —1904), and from 1904 his son Mordechai Kutiver (1874—?). Until 1919, the rabbi in Georgia was Dovid-Shloyme Novoseller (1877-1966). In 1911 a Zionist circle operated in Georgia (in the same year, his leader M. Zilberman was arrested). In 1913, Jews owned 21 factories; There were 5 synagogues, mikvahs and heders. the war the town was devastated. 16 Feb 1919 troops of the Directory staged a massacre in Georgia, during which a third of the Jewish population (686 people, including about 200 children) perished. This event went down in history as the "Felshtinsky tragedy". In the 1920s. a cell of Evkomol (18 people), a Jewish pioneer detachment (70 teenagers), a hut-reading room served 50 Jewish readers, a Jewish club and a Jewish school (closed in the late 1930s), a Jewish village council functioned. In the 1930s. St. 350 Jews were members of the collective farm, 224 artisans worked in the martels. On July 7, 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. In 1941-42 almost all Jews were killed by Ukrainian. by the police. On Feb. 1942 approx. 300 Jews were sent to the village. Matskovtsy on the building. (all died). Of the Jews who remained in Georgia, 4 people survived. After his release, several returned to G. surviving Jewish families. 1970-80-ies. all Jews of G. left for Israel. The synagogue building (built in the 19th century) and the Jewish cemetery with 19th century gravestones have been partially preserved. B. Boym, A. Sh. Guberman, I.B. Kraizman
GVOZDETS, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Gorodenkovsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 541 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1880 - 1263 (66.4%), in 1900 - 1663 (69.2%), in 1921 - 1234 Jews (61.7%). about Jews in Georgia dates back to 1635. In 1640 a wooden synagogue was built. Until 1772, Yitzhok Shor (? —1772) was the rabbi of Georgia. In 1891-1934 the rabbi in Georgia was Yosef Fridman (? -1934), in 1891-1901 - Yisroel-Matatiyahu Auerbach (? -1901), and from 1901 - his son Nachman-Zeev. In 1892, a school was opened in Georgia, funded by Baron Hirsch (in 1907, 171 students). Main occupation of the Jews of Georgia in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. A Hebrew school was opened in 1908. among the Jews of G. there were 2 doctors and 3 lawyers. In the suburb of G. 6 Jewish families (41 people) were engaged in the village. x-vom. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On 2 July 1941, Hungarian troops occupied the city. army. In the fall of 1941, they were replaced by Wehrmacht units. In the winter of 1941/42, a ghetto was created, liquidated in April. 1942.13 Apr. 1942 in G. was killed in a nearby forest and burned in the houses of St. 700 Jews, Apr 22. from G. to Kolomyya deported approx. 700 Jews. 10 Sep 1942 all Jews remaining in Georgia were taken to Belzec.
GVOZDOVKA, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In the fall of 1941 there was a Jewish transit camp in Georgia, where apprx. 2 thousand people, mostly from Bessarabia.
GYALVONAI, a town in the Shirvint region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1385.Since 1744 - a city. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gelvany Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 374 Jews (71.5%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 473, in 1939 - 450 Jews (66%). G. from the 17th century. Main lesson in the 19th century - trade in Vilna (present-day Vilnius) of agricultural products. There was a synagogue in 1863. In the beginning. 20th century Shloyme-Zalman-Pinhos Kaplan (1854—?) was the rabbi in Georgia. In May 1915, 8 Jews (including Rabbi Z. Kaplan) were taken hostage and sent to the Vilna police department. On June 25, 1915, the hostages were released. Since 1918, a Hebrew school has been operating in Georgia. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930, a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. Rabbi G. in the 1930s. was Daniel Einstein. After Lithuania annexed the USSR in 1940, Yiddish became the language of instruction at schools in Georgia. In 1941, before Germany joined Georgia. troops, the Lithuanians staged a pogrom, desecrating the synagogue. Jews G. were shot on 5 Sept. 1941.
GYANJA (in 1804-1918 - Elizavetpol, 1935-89 - Kirovabad), a city (Republic of Azerbaijan). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1846 - the district town of Tiflis province, since 1868 - the center of the Elizavetpol province. In 1918-20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920-91 - the AzSSR. In 1897 129 Jews lived in Georgia (0.7%), in 1904 - 1986 (1765 of them permanently lived Jews, temporarily lived - 221), in 1910 - 187 (0.3%), in 1926 - 379 (of which 101 are Mountain Jews), in 1939 - 742, in 1959 - 597 (0.5%), in 1970 - 617 Jews (from of them 119 Mountain Jews, 1 Krymchak) and 1 Karaite. 1897, in view of the streamlining of the registration of the Jews of the Transcaucasus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs subordinated the Jewish societies of the Elizavetpol province, which did not have their own rabbis, to the rabbi of Dzhugutlyar. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Georgia. Zvi-Hirsch Tsayman (1880 -?) Was the rabbi and shokhet in Georgia from 1902. In the spring of 1917, Jews serving in units stationed in Georgia created the "Jewish Union of Culture and Education." In the 2nd floor. 1920s anti-Semitic sentiments were noted in Georgia, manifested in the refusal to register Jews at the labor exchange and sell them goods through the state. cooperatives. In 1927 a club for Mountain Jews was opened in Georgia.
GYRTOP-MARE, see Hyrtop.
GYRTOPUL-MARE, see [[Hirtopul Mare.
GYUMRI (until 1840 - Kumayri, in 1840-1924 - Alexandropol, in 1924-91 - Leninakan), a city (Republic of Armenia). Izv. from the 5th century. BC e. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1849 - in the Erivan province. In 1918–20 it was part of the Republic of Armenia, in 1920–91 it was the Armenian SSR. In 1869, 35 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 68, in 1970 - 121 Jews (0.1%). The Jewish population of Georgia was mainly ... immigrants from Turkey, North. Persia, South. Azerbaijan.
GZHATSK, see Gagarin.
ICHKI, see Soviet.
ICHNYa, city (since 1957), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Borznensky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1910 there were 575 Jews living in I., in 1926 - 250 (2.1%), in 1939 - 148 Jews. In 1903 I. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Since 1907, Chaim-Alexander-Sender Belinka (1873—?) Was the rabbi in India. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. On Feb. 1919, a pogrom broke out in India, organized by parts of the Directory. N.E. Nosovsky.
IDELSON (Bar-Yehudi) Israel (1895, Konotop, Chernigov province. - 1965, Yagur, Israel), state. activist, one of the hands. Israeli labor movement, mining engineer. Member of the Zionist movement "Tseirei Zion" in Russia, since 1921 sec. his left faction. For the Zionist. activity was exiled by the owls. authorities to the north of Russia. After his release from 1923 - in Berlin. Together with B. Locker, he acted as secretary. World Union Zionist. workers' parties "Poalei Zion". Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. workers council of Petah-Tikva, was arrested by English. the authorities. In 1930 he joined kibbutz Yagur and became one of the leaders of the Ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad movement and the Social-Democrats. Party Mapai; as its representative participated in the work of the governing bodies of the General Federation of Hebrews. workers (Histadrut), Heb. self-government and a Zionist. movement. After the split of the party, Mapai (1944) became one of the leaders of the Akhdut ha-avoda party and represented it in the Knesset. There was a min. int. cases (1955–59) and transport (1962–65).
IDELSON Abraham Zvi (1882, Filzburg, Kurland Province - 1938, Johannesburg, South Africa), musicologist, composer, cantor (baritone). Studied in Libau the art of the cantor, then at the cons. Koenigsberg, Berlin, Leipzig. Among the teachers - S. Jadasson, Sht.Krel, G. Kretschmar, K.F. Zellner. He was cantor in the synagogues of Regensburg (1903–05), in 1905 - in Johannesburg, in 1906–21 he lived in Jerusalem. Made an important contribution to the music. culture E.-I. He founded the Institute of Hebrews there. music (1910) and the first muses. school (1919). In 1921 he traveled to Berlin, Leipzig, London. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1924-30 prof. Heb. College in Cincinnati (Ohio), where he founded the Center for Heb. musicology. Publ. book in Heb. cult music. From 1937 until the end of his life he worked in Johannesburg. I. - one of the founders of the Hebrews. musicology. He enriched Europe. traditions in the understanding of the most ancient layers of spiritual chants, establishing the similarity of folklore chants of individual Hebrews. communities, including those living in Yemen, Persia, and others, with Gregorian chants or Byzantine and Indian tunes. I. promulgated ancient chants from Yemen, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, compared them, analyzed the sounds, issled. lang., poetics, dialectal forms, applying the knowledge of tools. techniques, including these tunes in the context of the Arab-Persian culture, using the knowledge of ethnography and the history of the development of individual societies. Innovative research. the origins of early Christian chants, features of the development of the Gregorian chant, it. minnesang. I. - one of the first ethnomusicologists, publ. phonographic records (over 1000) of cult and other melodies in the "Treasury of Hebrew-Eastern Melodies" (1914–32; published in English, German, and Hebrew). He publ. The Book of Songs (vols. 1–2, 1913–22), the first in E.-I. Sat-to songs, book. "Songs and singers of the synagogue in the 18th century." (in English, 1925); “Heb. music in its ist. development ”(in English., 1929, 2nd ed. 1968),“ Heb. liturgy ”(in English, 1932, 2nd ed. 1968) and“ History of Hebrews. music "(vol. 1, 1924, vol. 2–3 in manuscript). He owns over 100 scientific. Art., processing of Hasidic melodies, including "Hava Nagila" on own. text. Author of muses. drama "Jephai" (post. Jerusalem, 1922), the first Heb. op., and a number of songs.
IDELSON Abraham (1865, Vekshni of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1921, Berlin), publicist. Having received the traditional Heb. education, at the age of 15 he became interested in secular sciences. In 1886–90 he studied at Moscow. un-those. OK. 1886 joined the Zionist. the Hovevey Zion movement. In 1889–93 he was a member. about-va "Bnei-Moshe". After the 1st Zionist. Congr. (1897) joined the polit. Zionism, in 1901 was a member. democratic faction World. the Zionist organization. In 1905-19 he lived in St. Petersburg, where he edited the Zionist periodicals. ed. ("Hebrew Life", "Chronicle", "Dawn"). He was one of the first figures who tried to combine watered, the struggle for the rights of Jews in the diaspora with the creation. Heb. nat. c. in E.-I. In 1919, when the Sov. the authorities began to fight the Zionist movement, I. went abroad as a representative of the growing up. Zionists in the leadership of the World. the Zionist organization. Participated in the work of the Heb. delegations to the Versailles Peace Conference. In 1919–20 he edited the center, a Zionist, and a weekly organ. "Ga-Olam", published in London. In 1921 he worked in Berlin. As a theorist of Zionism, I. believed that the nat. movement is a way of universal expression. aspirations that nat. conflicts do not depend on the social. that the normalization of Heb. existence will be achieved only when the Jews will live in their own. country that Heb. socialism can achieve its goal only in Heb. state-ve.
IDELSON Jerry (1893, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland Gubernia - 1974, Johannesburg), violist, composer. Studied at the School of Music in Libau (1906–10). In South Africa since 1912. Studied at the University of the Witwatersrand (1920–21), Muz. College in Cape Town (1922–23). There was a muses. dir. (United Progressive Hebrew Congr., Johannesburg, since 1933), founder and 1st Secretary for Organizational Affairs (1933), was a violist in the mountains. symph. orc. Cape Town (1916–17 and 1922–23), 1st violist at the South African Radio Broadcasting. corporation (1932–46, won her prize, 1942). Founder and 1st Secretary of the Society of South African Comp. (1944–52), his pre. (1952–54). Author of over 200 songs, incl. in Hebrew, English, Afrikaans, German lang. and Bantu choral works, instru. and orc. cit., some recorded by the South African Radio Broadcasting. corporation.
IDELSON Lev Iosifovich (b. 1930, Baku), hematologist, student of I.A.Kassirsky. Dr. med. sciences. Graduated from Azerb. honey. Institute (1953), worked as a doctor in Krasnovodsk (1953–56). In 1956 he entered graduate school at the Department of Therapy Center. in-that improvement of doctors; in 1960-71 he worked as a junior, then st. scientific. sotr. Department of Hematology and Intensive Care Center. Institute of advanced training for doctors (since 1987 prof.). Since 1990 in Israel. tr. I. dedicated. decomp. problems of hematology, incl. hematopoiesis and porphyrin formation in health and disease (doct. dis.); hypochromic anemias (showed that this is a group of anemias arising from a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis); iron-deficiency anemia, conditioned. blood loss and impaired intestinal absorption of iron; porphyrias - Ch. arr. inheritance, diseases associated with impaired porphyrin metabolism (described, independently of L. Heilmeyer, one of the forms - erythro-poetic cropporphyria, 1968). Described pathological. a kind of hemoglobin, edges is the cause of one of the forms of anemia. He proposed a classification of hemolytic. anemia (1975). State ave. USSR. Cit .: Violation of porphyrin metabolism in the clinic, L., 1968; Hemolytic anemias, M., 1975; Hypochromic anemia, M, 1981.
IDELSON Naum Ilyich (1885, Petersburg - 1951, ibid.), Physicist. Graduated from law. and physicomat. f-you Petersburg. University (1909), prof. (1933), Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences (1936). Theoretical specialist astronomy. He began his career as an assistant. attorney at law, but from 1918 he completely switched to astronomy and began to work in Astr. Institute of the Academy of Sciences, as well as at the Pulkovo Observatory. At the same time. led by teach. activities in the Military Topographic. uch-shche (1918-26), in Leningrad. un-those (since 1926), where he read not only asters, courses, but also sections of mechanics, aerohydrodynamics and geophysics, as well as in Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics (1930-37). In December 1941 he was evacuated to Kazan, having returned, he resumed work in Leningrad. un-those (since 1944) and at the Pulkovo Observatory (since 1946). Main scientific. work dedicated. compute, astronomy and astrometry. He also published the courses "Method of Least Squares" (2nd ed., 1932), "Potential theory with applications to the theory of the Earth's figure and geophysics" (2nd ed., 1936). I. paid great attention to the history of astronomy. Part of it is historical and scientific. essays were later collected in the book. "Studies in the history of celestial mechanics" (1975).
IDESHTI, see Izhevtsy.
IDLIS Grigory Moiseevich (b. 1928, Penza), astrophysicist. Dr. physico-math. Sciences (1964). In 1946, without exams, he entered the physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University. After the first year I moved to Alma-Ata and switched to physics and mathematics. faculty Kazakh, state un-that. Graduated with honors nat. and mat. branches of this faculty in two specialties (theoretical physics and mathematics), but was assigned by a physics teacher in cf. school (1951). In the same year, Acad. VG Fesenkov to full-time postgraduate studies at Astrophys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. After graduating from it, from 1954 he worked at this institute, from 1961 deputy. dir. and hands. Department of Stellar Dynamics, in 1964–72 - Dir. Since 1969 - prof. department of theoretical. physics Kazakh. state un-that. Since 1972 - at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main works are devoted to the dynamics of stellar systems, astrophysics, cosmogony and cosmology, philosophy. questions of natural science and its history. Introduced in modern. cosmology of the so-called anthropic principle (1957) and the concept of macro-microsymmetry (1964). Axiomatized math. the beginning of the science of science (1970, 1987). Revealed the same type in their symmetry and deductively determined by mat. induction of a system of fundamental structural elements of matter at all four possible sequential basic levels of its natures. self-organization - phys., chem., biol. and psychological, or mental (1985–91). Author approx. 150 scientific. Art. and monographs: “Cosm. matter "(1957)," Structure and dynamics of stellar systems "(1961)," Mat. theory of NOT and the optimal structure of scientific research institutes "(1970)," Revolutions in astronomy, physics and cosmology "(1985) and others. scientist of the Kazakh SSR (1971).
IDRITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Sebezh district of the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Sebezhsky station Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1939, 89 Jews lived in I.
IDROYTS, see Zakhozhevo.
JEHUDA (Salzman) Zvi (1888 - 1964, Israel), polit. activist. In the beginning. 20th century one of the leaders of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. Since 1906 in E.-I., an activist and one of the leaders of the "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" party, its representative in Vost. Europe. Member of a number of World. Zionist. Congr. One of the founders of the "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair - Tseirey Zion" party in the USA, one of the leaders of the Histadrut, dir. "Moshavny Fund". After creating. State of Israel (1948) - dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai party.
JEHUDA José (1892–1966), writer, journalist. Rod. in Russia. I. lived in Switzerland, where he founded the "Revue juive de Geneve". He viewed the revival of Israel as an event of universal significance, and was concerned about the disagreements between Orthodox and secular Jews, as well as between Israel and the Diaspora. The author of the novel: "From Father to Son" (1927), "Miriam" (1928), "Kingdom of Justice" (1933), book. essays: "The Calling of Israel" (1947), "Zionism and Messianism" (1954).
JERUSALEM Moishe-Nohum ben Benjamin (1855, Bershad Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. - 1916, Khorol, Poltava province.), Rabbi. Received a traditional Heb. education, by the age of 20 he was a recognized expert on the Talmud and rabbinical literature. Since 1880, a rabbi in Kamenka, Kiev province, a supporter of Palestinophilism. From 1892 the rabbi was in Ostrolenka, from 1902 in Kielce. During the 1st world. war, fleeing from the Germans, occupation, fled to Khorol. Corresponded with many others. authorities in the region. Jewish religion, was a member of the Rabbinical Commission at the Dep. spiritual affairs of foreign confessions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, participated in all congresses of rabbis that took place in Warsaw. The author of responses from all four parts of the ritual code, collection of responses and decisions of ancient scholars in relation to the slaughter of cattle. In Russian. lang. publ. I.'s sermon in Kielce for the health of the reigning house (St. Petersburg, 1913).
IETSAVA, a village in the Bauska region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bauska u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, and in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. 46 Jews (0.6%) lived in India in 1935. There was no synagogue in India; on Saturdays and holidays, Jews prayed in a private apartment. In the 1920s and 30s. Zionist activities were active in India. June 1941 India was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941 all Jews of India were killed in a nearby forest.
IGARKA, a city (since 1931) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Igarskoe Yenisei Okr. In 1939 109 Jews lived in I.
IGARIAN, see Igarka.
IGENE, a settlement in Talsensky district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Talsenskiy district Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. 1910s in I. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. During the 1st world. All Jews left I.
IGIN (real family member Ginzburg) Joseph Ilyich (1910, Propoisk, Mogilev province - 1975, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at Leningrad State University. thin technical school (1927-30) at MAGrigoriev and in the MPI (1931-35) at DS Moor and VA Favorsky. In the 30s and 40s. lived in Leningrad, worked in the railway station. "Change", "Art and Life", etc. In the 40-70s. - in sinks. ed. "Crocodile", "Art and cinema", "Lit. newspaper". In the 50s and 70s. ill. and designed the book. for the publishing house "Sov. writer ”,“ Pravda ”,“ Young Guard ”. I. is a master of satirical drawings, caricatures and friendly cartoons on cultural figures from poems. by the signatures of the poets A.I. Bezymensky, S.A. Vasiliev, M.A. Svetlov.
IGLINO, urban-type settlement (since 1963), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Arkhangelskoe, Orenburg province, since 1865 - Ufa district. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in I. Jews, mostly. retired soldiers, lived in I. from the end. 19th century In the beginning. 20th century in India there was a Jewish religion. community.
NEEDLE, see Iglyauk.
IGLIAUKA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Iglovka, Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in I. lived apprx. 50 Jews. In 1931, Jews owned a mill, an oil mill, and a water pump in India. troops in 1941 all Jews were killed.
IGNATOV (real name Ignatovsky) David (1885, Brusilov of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1954, New York), prose writer. R. in Hasid, family. In 1903 he moved to Kiev, member. RSDLP, joined the gr. Iskra-ists. Since 1906 in the USA. He worked at factories in Chicago, St. Louis, New York. First. manuf. started writing in Russian. lang., but soon switched to Yiddish. He made his debut with a story on Saturday. "Jugend" in 1907. In 1910 he began to publish the collection "Font", to-rye become lit. tribune of a new galaxy of young Hebrews. writers in America. First. book "Zvey kreftn" ("Two forces") released in 1908, the second - "Berl Proger" - in 1916, the third - "Zwishn tsvei zunen" ("Among the two suns") - in 1918. He wrote stories, children. fairy tales, rum. I. - author of the trilogy "Oif vaite vegn" ("On the distant roads"), 1932; the tragedy Far a Naer Velt (For a New World), 1939, and others. For a long time I. was the center, a figure in the Amer. Heb. literature, her skillful organizer, educator of young talents.
IGNATOVKA, does not exist now. Main in 1838 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, and from 1939 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 567 Jews (100%) lived in I., in 1898 - 461, in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. 19th century Jews owned 269 dess. land. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution in Israel. t-in. 8 Aug. In 1942, several were shot in I. hundreds of Jews.
IGNATPOL, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1694 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - in Russia. empire, the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 51 Jews (10%) lived in I. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and petty trade. Aug 1941 several were shot in I. Jews. In 1942–43, partisans operated in the I. region. arm connection. A.N.Saburov, in the composition of which 122 Jews fought.
IGREN, now part of the city of Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 301 Jews (15.7%) lived in India in 1897, and 81 Jews (7.3%) in 1926. In 1905 a pogrom took place in Indonesia. In 1916, there was a Jewish consumer society in the town of Igren, and in 1942 Jews of Israel were shot.
PLAYER, a village in the Ternopil region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in I. lived apprx. 240 Jews (12%) During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of India decreased. In 1916, 36 Jews from I. were evicted to Ternopil. During the Holocaust, Jews from I. were deported to [[Velyki Borki and were shot there.
IGUMEN, see Cherven.
IKAZN, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 78 Jews (11.6%) lived in India.
ICOR, see Dairy.
IKOR-SOTSGORODOK, see Ikor D. Vostok.
IKSHKILE, a city (since 1992) in the Ogre region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Livonian province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In the 1920s-30s. in I. lived 2 Jewish families, which belonged to several. cottages 18 Sep 1941 both Jewish families were shot by Latvian policemen (only one girl was saved).
ILAKIAI, a town in the Skuodas region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Illoki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 775 Jews (57%) lived in Indonesia, and in 1913, approx. 800, in 1923 - 409 Jews (41%). occupation of Jews I. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, s. h-in, carriage. Jews owned 2 mills. In the beginning. 20th century Zionist activities were active in India. At the same time. one of the first branches in Lithuania “Agudas Yisroel” operated. In the 1920s and 30s. the school of the Yavne network operated. There was a Talmud-Torah, a library, a mutual aid fund. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations. Rabbis I. in the late. 19 - 20 c. there were Yehoshua Leibovich, Shmuel-Yakov Rabinovich (? -1930), Meir-Mordkhe Zilberman, Nakhman Girshkovich (son-in-law of Sh.-Ya. Rabinovich), Meir Pakalnishki (? -1941). In July - Aug. 1941 Jews of Israel were shot by Lithuanian policemen at the Jewish cemetery.
ILANSKY, city (since 1939), regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1733. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kansky u. Yenisei Gubernia. In 1939 there were 64 Jews living in I. In 1915 there was a synagogue in I..
ILEK, a village, a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Ufa district. Ufa province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in I.
Iletsk, see Sol-Iletsk.
Iletsk PROTECTION, see Sol-Iletsk.
ILIMSK, does not exist since 1975. Main. in 1631. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Irkutsk province. In the 1960s and 70s. - in the Nizhneilimsk district of the Irkutsk region. In 1910, 97 Jews (10.4%) lived in India.
Elijah, see Ilya.
ILIZAROV Gavriil Abramovich (1921, Qusary, Azerbaijan - 1992, Kurgan), surgeon. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Hero of Soc. Labor (1981). After graduating from the Crimean honey. Institute (1944) worked in hospitals in Kurgan and Kurgan region. In 1965-69 hands. scientific problems. lab. Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. In 1969-71, the director. branch of Leningrad. Research Institute of Traumatology in Kurgan. Since 1971 he headed the Kurgan Research Institute of Experimental. and clinics. Orthopedics and Traumatology (prof. since 1976). He was the first to introduce into practice bloodless treatment of fractures of tubular bones using a device designed by him; created apparatus (1951), which made it possible to develop a new method of compression-distraction osteosynthesis - replacement of defects of tubular bones by lengthening one of the fragments (1967). Thanks to this method, it is possible to restore the missing parts of the limbs, including the foot, fingers, and also to lengthen the limb. In a number of countries (Italy, Spain, France) created. associations for the study and application of the method I. Len. etc. (1978), Hon. inventor of the USSR (1985). Nar. dep. USSR (1989–91), dep. VS RSFSR (1985–89). Vol .: Blood supply of the spine and the influence on its form of changes in trophism and load, Chelyabinsk, 1981 (with A.M. Markhashov).
Ilf Ilya (real name and surname Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg) (1897, Odessa - 1937, Moscow), satirist writer. R. in the family of an accountant. Graduated from Odessa Heb. crafts. uch-shche (1913), changed a number of professions. In 1918 he took up literary work. labor. In 1920-23 he was a comp. YugROSTA, gas. "Sailor", ed. humorous. g. "Syndeticon". In 1923–25 he worked as a lit. a pruner in car washes. gas. "Beep" typed into the sink. gas. and f. humorous. stories and feuilletons. From 1926 he wrote in et al. with E. Petrov. Peace. fame brought them satir. rum. "Twelve Chairs" (1928) and "The Golden Calf" (1931) - a dilogy about the "great strategist" Ostap Bender, which has become a true encyclopedia of owls. everyday life. In rum. Hebrews were present. motives and characters (Panikovsky and others). I. and Petrov also published the article. "Light Personality" (1928), a cycle of satirical. short stories "1001 days, or New Scheherazade" (1929), short stories-feuilletons in the railway station. "Eccentric", "Crocodile", "Ogonyok" and others. In 1933 they were from c. writers went to the White Sea Canal, but refused to participate in lit. collection, praising the "reforging" of prisoners at this construction site. In 1936, the book was published. "One-story America", created. after a trip to the USA, negatively received by Sov. criticism. In 1939, see. published notes, miniatures and aphorisms of I. ("Notebooks"). During the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" in 1949 I. and Petrov were subjected to sharp criticism, and their rum. banned from publication (until 1956).
Ilyin (real name Broidman) Ilya Moiseevich (1893, Ananiev, Kherson province - 1973, Kishinev), part. activist. Since the 1910s. participated in the roar. movement, fought on civilian fronts. war. In 1922-29, the household. and desks. work in Ukraine, Sverdlovsk, Moscow. In 1929-32 the 1st secretary. Moldavian regional committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine.
M. Ilyin (real name and surname. Ilya Yakovlevich Marshak) (1895/6, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslav province - 1953, Moscow), writer. Brother of S.Ya. Marshak and E.Ilyina. In 1925 he graduated from Leningrad. technological in-t. He worked as an engineer-technologist at the Nevsky stearin plant. In 1924 he began to cooperate in children. g. "New Robinson". The author is widely known. scientific-popul. book for children and youth, among them - "One hundred thousand why" (1929), "How the car learned to walk" (1930), "Stories about things" (1936), "Journey to the atom" (1948), etc. I. played prominent role in the formation of owls. scientific-popul. literature for youth and development of documentary-thin. prose of the 30s.
ILYINA Elena (real name and surname Liya Yakovlevna Preis) (1901, Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh province - 1964, Moscow), writer. Sister M. Ilyin and S. Y. Marshak. Graduated from Lenigr. Institute of Art History (1926). She made her debut in 1925. Heroic and patriotic became widely known. pov. The Fourth Height (1945). In 1955 publ. pov. "This is my school", and in 1964 - a document. pov. for children "Tireless Traveler" - about the childhood and youth of K. Marx. I. also belong to numerous. poems and verse. fairy tales for children, stories, essays, trans. She was repressed and was imprisoned for many years.
ILYINKA, a village in Krasnoperekopskiy district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1912 in Tauride Gubernia. In 1912, approx. 30 Jewish families, in the 1920s. - OK. 50 families. In 1938-40, Jews left I.
ILYINO, a village in the Zapadnodvinsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velizhsky u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1847 there were 21 Jews in India, in 1897 - 1105 (78.1%), in 1923 - 455, in 1926 - 378 (48.7%), in 1939 - 221 Jews. there was a synagogue. In the 1894-1910s. Yohonon Rudelson (1864—?) was the rabbi in India. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was created in I. In 1926 there was a Jewish club, library, reading room, and in 1931, the Jewish collective farm "New Life" (7 x-c). In the fall of 1941, approx. 80 Jews. In I. genus: N.G. Peisakhovsky; Sergei Borisovich Verkhovsky (1909-1963, Leningrad), Rear Admiral (1944), in 1941-45 com. submarine brigades.
Ilyinsky, see Ilyinsky.
ILYINSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1975) in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Ilyinskaya Bronnitsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1939, 200 Jews (3%) lived in India.
ILYINTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 25 Jews of India were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
ILNIK, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In the 1920s-30s. in I. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. Jews I. were engaged with. x-th, petty trade, carriage. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied I. in the beginning. July 1941. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of India were deported to Turku.
ILNITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Irshava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1450. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, approx. 200 Jews (5.3%), in 1938 - approx. 700 Jews (12.2 percent) In 1770 the Jewish population of India grew at the expense of Jews who had migrated from Galicia. In 1823 Jews owned 2 (out of 4) water mills. In 1938 there were two synagogues in India. The Jewish population of India was exterminated during the Holocaust.
ILPEN, a village in the Zdolbunovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 there were 5 Jews living in India.
ILYA, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Iliya Vileysky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 894 Jews lived in I., in 1897 - 829 (57.9%), in 1931 - approx. 1,200 Jews were rabbis in India in the 19th century. there were Menashe Ilier (? -1831) and Reuven Halevi (1818-1887). 2 oct. 1915 in I. there was a pogrom, staged by the retreating Cossack units of the Russian. army and local peasants; Jewish shops and houses were plundered, several. Jews killed. After occupation, a ghetto was created in India. In the winter of 1941/42, approx. 700 Jews, in the summer of 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews of India and surrounding villages who were in the ghetto (about 1,500 people) were shot. I. Dardas.
ILLAZAROV Isai Illazarovich (1920, Nalchik, Nalchik okrug. Terek region. - 1944), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army from 1941. When breaking through the enemy defense com. calculation of anti-tank. guns st. Sergeant I. replaced the out-of-order com. companies. Killed in battle during the liberation of Latvia.
ILLOKI, see Ilakiai.
ILOV, a city in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Sochachevsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1897, 320 Jews (54.4%) lived in India; in 1921, approx. 450 Jews. 25 Nov. 1914 200 Jews were arrested in I., Nov. 26. 170 Jews were released, 30 were taken hostage. 27 nov. In 1914 the hostages were released, and all the Jews were evicted from I. In the 1920s and 1930s, various divisions operated in I. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of India was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ILOVAYSK, a city (since 1938) of Khartsyzsk City Council in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1860s. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ilovaiskaya, Taganrog env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 93 Jews lived in I. In the liberation of I. on September 4. 1943 the 96th Guards took part. shooter. division under com. regiment. S.S. Levina.
ILOVAYSKAYA, see Ilovaisk.
ILOVSKY Vladimir Semenovich (b. 1954), dep. RF Armed Forces. Graduated from the Ivanovo state. un-t, teacher cf. schools in Ivanovo. In the Armed Forces - Member. faction "Consent for Progress", proclaimed. reformism is the basis of polit. activities.
Ilukste, see Ilukste.
ILUKSTE, a city (since 1892) in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Ilukst, Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897, 842 Jews (23%) lived in India, in 1910 - 1016 (28.6%), in 1920 - 4 (0.8% ), in 1925 - 30 (3%), in 1930 - 58 (5%), in 1935 - 71 Jews (5%). Jews were forbidden to settle in I. The first two Jewish tailors settled in I. in the end. 18th century In 1832 the first shohet was invited to India, and in 1845 a synagogue and a mikvah were built. In 1847-55 the rabbi in India was Moishe-Avrom from Brisk, in 1856-63 - Baikish (a follower of Hasidism), in 1866-74 - Benjamin Fuberman from Vilna, then until 1884 - Mordkhe Margolis, from 1880 - Avrom Schlosberg (a descendant of the first Jews to settle in I.). In 1865 the organization "Bikur Hoylim" was created, in 1867 the second synagogue was built, in 1880 - the third one, there were Jewish mutual aid funds, 2 Jewish doctors worked. In the end. 19th century there were the Talmud-Torah, Malbish Arumim, and Gmilus Hesed societies. In 1910 there were 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. Jews left the war in I. In the 1920s. the community was revived, the Jews owned 8 out of 71 enterprises. June 1941 I. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In July 1941, 507 Jews were shot in India, including 330 from Lithuania.
ILUV, a city (since 1506) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Sochachevsky u. In 1808, 128 Jews (57%) lived in I., in 1827 - 162 (56%), in 1857 - 258 (70%), in 1921 - 374 Jews (49%). Jews were allowed to settle in I. . in the beginning. 16th century Main occupations - small trade and crafts. The community has existed since mid. 19th century In 1860 there was a wooden synagogue in India. In the 1920s and 30s. Cells of Zionist parties and Agudas Yisroel worked in India. The rabbi was Dovid Chernochapka (? -1926), then - L. Lavi. Sep 1939 a large number of refugees arrived in India. After the occupation of I. Germ. by troops, Jews were transferred to the ghetto kr. cities, and from there in Feb. 1941 sent to the Warsaw ghetto.
ILZHA, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad, center of the Ilzhetsky district. Radom Gubernia. In 1856 531 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 2069, in 1921 - approx. 1900 Jews. 1870-90s. The rabbi in India was Pinchas Zucker; in the 1910s. - Chaim Unger. In 1907 there were 16 synagogues in the county. In 1911, the Linat ha-Tzedek society operated in India. In the 1920s and 30s. in I. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1941 a ghetto was created in India, liquidated on October 22. 1942, when c. 2 thousand Jews were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp.
IMAMKULUKEND, a village in the Qusar region (Azerbaijan Republic). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Imankulikent Kubinsky In the province of Baku. 58 Jews lived in Israel in 1856, and 88 Jews in 1867. Jews lived in Israel from the beginning. 1850s in dep. quarter. In the 1860s and 70s. there were anti-Jewish demonstrations by the local population. In 1875 there was a synagogue in India. Rabbi Akiva was Rabbi I. since 1885. In the end. 19th century Jews left I.
IMAN, see Dalnerechensk.
IMANCULIKENT, see Imamkulukand.
IMBRADOS, a village in the Zarasai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Imbrody Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 50 Jews lived in Indonesia. After the occupation of Indonesia by the Germans. troops in June 1941 all Jews were shot.
IMBRODS, see Imbrados.
IMERTSAKI, see Chernigovka.
IMYANITOV Ilya Moiseevich (1918, Torzhok, Tver province. - 1987, Leningrad), geophysicist, writer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). In 1940 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front. After being seriously wounded, he was demobilized and began working in Ch. geophysis. observatory in Leningrad, in a cut he studied until the end of his life. in the area of ​​atm. electricity in a free atmosphere. Author pl. methods and devices for studying electric. fields in the atmosphere (And inventions). The first proposed methods of active influence on the atmosphere. electricity. Author of novellas, short stories and poems (16 literary publications), DOS. theme to-rykh - the thorny path of scientists in science. Publ. 140 scientific. works. Vol .: Instruments and methods for studying the electricity of the atmosphere, Moscow, 1957; Electrification of aircraft in clouds and precipitation, L., 1970; Path in the atmosphere, L., 1982; Evenings in bad weather, L., 1991.
INBER Vera Mikhailovna (1890, Odessa - 1972, Moscow), writer. The father was the owner of the printing house and scientific. publishing house "Matezis", mother taught Russian. lang. Father I.'s cousin, L.D. Trotsky, was brought up in their house. I. studied at the Higher. wives courses in Odessa. From 1910 it was published in localities. gas., published the first. poetic. Sat. ("Sad Wine", 1914; "Bitter Delight", 1917, "Swearing Words", 1922). In the 20-30s. published a poem. Sat. "The Purpose and the Way" (1925 *), "To the Son Who Does Not ..." (1927), p. "A Place in the Sun" (1928), poems "Travel Diary" (1938), "Ovid" (1941), essays, stories for children. Some stories dedicated. Heb. life ("The Nightingale and the Rose", "The Liver of Chaim Yegudovich", 1924; "There Is an Exception", 1925, "Equation with One Unknown", 1926, etc.). During the 1941 war, 45 was in besieged Leningrad, where she published antifash. manuf. - Sat. verse. "The Soul of Leningrad" (1942), the poem "Pulkovo Meridian" (1943; Stal. Pr., 1946), the blockade diary "Almost three years" (1946). For the preparing Heb. antifash. to-volume "Black Book" I. wrote the essay "Odessa". She translated poems by R. Baumvol and others from Yiddish.
INDENBOM Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1924, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). After graduating from school (1941), he went to the front. Graduated from Smolensk art. uch-shche, in 1950 Moscow. un-t. In 1950–55 he worked at the Institute of Electrovacuum Glass. Since 1955 at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1966 head of the theoretical department). scientific. interests - internal theory. stress, dislocation theory of strength and plasticity, crystal growth, phase transformations. Constructed a theory of phase transformations between crystalline. classes and proposed a new method for describing magn. structures using representation theory. Proved DOS. theorems of the theory of dislocations in anisotropic media. The author of works that have received practical. application: theory of glass hardening; obtaining dislocation-free large-sized silicon crystals (ruby and sapphire); control of the dislocation structure of crystals when growing from solution or melt. The author of St. 250 scientific. works, including 6 monographs and 8 inventions. Member Int. to-that on physical. foundations of crystalline strength materials.
INDRA, a village in Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bolbinovo, Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1935, 46 Jews (16%) lived in India. July 1941 Jews of I. were deported to the Daugavpils ghetto and after a few. days destroyed in the Pogolyansk forest during the so-called. provincial action.
INDURA, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the beginning. 16th century, was part of the Vel. principality of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1865, 1,100 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 2,194 (82.1%), in 1921 - 1709 Jews. about Jews I. belongs to the 2nd quarter. 16th century In the 18th century. there was a Jewish community. From the end. 1900s Reuben Katz (1880 -?) was the rabbi in I. In November. 1942 all Jews of India (approx. 2 thousand people) were taken to the Kelbasin camp approx. Grodno and from there deported to Poland.
INGER Aizik Gennadievich (b. 1925, Yekaterinopol, Zvenigorodsky district, Kiev province), literary critic, historian of English. lit-ry. Cand. philol. Sciences (1963). Graduated from the Kharkov theater. Institute (1951). From 1951 to 1964 - taught at the Chita ped. in-those. Since 1965 - in Kolomenskoye ped. in-those. Assistant professor. Prepared for ed. all R. "Lit. Monuments "collection of works. O. Goldsmith (1974) and J. Swift (1981) (with V.B. Mikushevich).
INGER Grigory Bentsianovich (1910, Sarny of Rivne u. Volyn province - 1995, Moscow), graphic artist. R. is in the family of melamed, studied at the cheder. In 1926 he moved to Kiev and entered the Hebrew. prom.-thin. school, where he studied in 1926-29 with prof. M. Epstein. Since 1929 in Moscow. He studied at the faculty of advanced training of the Moscow Art Institute (1936 40) under P.V. Miturich, K.F.Yuon, A.I. Kravchenko. Created a number of portraits of Hebrew leaders. culture: D.N. Gofshtein, P.D. Markish and others, characterize. expressive manner and the desire to express the essence of a person. Many ill. (“At the Dnieper” by Ts. Bergelson, “Crazy Battle” by I. Peretz, “Lame Chip” by M. Moikher-Sforim, etc.). Already in 1926 the beginning. ill. Sholem Aleichem and received. pr. for his first Menachem-Mendel. Among his works for the production. Sholem Aleichem "Tevye the Milkman", "Boy Motl" and others. In 1941-45, in evacuation in Chuvashia, I. created a ser. "Children of War" and "War", and in 1978-80 he supplemented this theme with the triptych "The Face of Fascism". One of the most important. sides of the life and work of I. - music (middle, dedicated to Beethoven, 1956-77, Paganini, 1956-78, and others). In the end. 1970s created a cycle based on his childhood, imbued with longing for the past. A number of graphic. sheets (1960–70) I. dedicated to Ch. Chaplin. In the 1980s. created ser. compositions based on "Don Quixote" by M. Servantes. Since 1934 participates in pl. exhibitions.
INGULETS, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1809 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Kherson u. and lips. In 1923-30 - in the Shirokovsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr., In 1932-41 - in the Stalindorf Jewish nat. env. Dnipropetrovsk region (since 1928 - the center of the Jewish national village council) In 1810 573 Jews (91 families) lived in India, in 1837 - 839, in 1859 - 1396 people, in 1887 - 2134, in 1897 - 2696 Jews (96.9 %), in 1916 - 2942 people, in 1924 - 3647, in 1931 - 2496 people. (about 70% Jews). immigrants from the West. regions of Russia. To the end. 19th century was considered the most numerous. Jewish agriculturalist. colony of the empire. In 1898-99, 367 families of farmers (2262 people) worked 3426 dess. land (an average of 9.3 dess. per family). There were 2645 dessiatines under crops, including 47.4% under wheat; rye, barley, oats, millet and other crops were also sown. In the farm there were 685 horses and 523 cows. In India there were 4 synagogues, a school, a bathhouse, 17 shops, and an inn. 189 inhabitants were engaged in crafts. In the 1890s. Shneur-Zalman Novakovsky was the rabbi in I. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in India by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. the community needed funds to heat the mikvah. In 1921, demonstration trials of heders took place in India, synagogues were closed, and Torah scrolls were burned. In 1929–30, collective farms were established in India; Jewish schools, clubs, libraries, and children operated until 1938. gardens and nursery. 12 July 1942 approx. 1,400 Jews were shot in a stone quarry near I. A granite monument was subsequently erected at the site of the tragedy.
INGULKA (in 1948-60 - Bogdanovka), a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1822–57 Jews from Podolsk and Kiev Gubernia settled in I. In 1886, Jews from I. kr. the landowner was Kranufeld.
INOVLODZ, see Inovluds.
INOVLUDZ, a village in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Inovlodz Ravsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 22 Jews lived in I., in 1793 - 59, in 1808 - 80 (21%), in 1857 - 277 (30%), in 1897 - 324 (27.6%), in 1921 - 408 (31%), in 1927 - 229 (30%), in 1939 - 518 Jews. The first information about Jews in India dates back to 1537. Jews earned their living by small trade, crafts, servicing summer residents, and maintaining taverns. In the 1820s. a community was created, a stone synagogue was built. Since 1860 Nokhum Rosenblum was the rabbi in India. In 1828–62, there were restrictions on the free settlement of Jews in India. In 1908–10, Yitzhok-Meer Canal was rabbi of I., and in 1910–20, Ihezkiel Galstak. In the 1930s. Rabbi I. was A.-I. Gingold. In August. 1942 Jews of I. were deported to the ghetto in Tomaszów-Matsovecki.
INSAR, city (since 1958), regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 17th century From 1780 - the district town of Penza, from 1797 - Simbirsk governorship, from 1801 - Penza province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 2 Jews living in India, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 8 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in India.
INSTENBURG, see Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Region.
INTURKE, a place in the Utena region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Inturki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1913 250 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1940 there were 80 Jews. A Jewish community was formed in Indonesia at the beginning. 18th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, fishing. In 1884, at the expense of the community and with the support of the owner of the town, Count Tyszkiewicz, the dilapidated synagogue was restored; several Yeshiva operated in I. for years. Since 1884 the rabbis in India have been Mordkhe Zaks, Shloymo Fainzilber, Yosef Tron, Dovid Gordon, Zalman-Tuvia Markovich (until 1925), and Note Tankel. During the 1st world. During the war, some of the Jews left India, and those who remained after the end of the war received assistance from EKOPO. In the 1920s and 30s. Zionist activities were carried out, pl. Jews left for the USA, South. Africa and E.-I. In Aug. 1941 all Jews of I. were sent to Utena and shot there.
INTURKI, see Inturke.
INZA, a city (since 1946), a regional center in the Ulyanovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1897. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Korsunsky u. Simbirsk Gubernia. In 1926, 9 Jews lived in India, and in 1939, 30 Jews.
IODES, a village in Sharkovshchinsky district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vitebsk province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1921, 238 Jews lived in India. In 1903, Israel was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. .In Dec. 1941 Jews of India were shot.
Iofan Boris Mikhailovich (1891, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), architect, theorist. Brother of D.M. Iofan. In 1911 he graduated from the Odessa art. uch-shche. In 1914 he went to Paris, then to Italy, studied at the Higher. in-those of graceful claims and Vyssh. Ing. school in Rome (1914-19), worked as an assistant. arch. Brasini. In 1924 he returned to Russia, in 1931–33 he participated in architect. USSR competition - for the Palace of Soviets (Higher Ave., project accepted for execution), other competitions. Cr. specialist in the design of public buildings and residential complexes. Main works: residential buildings in Monte Verde and the Ambrogi chapel in the cemetery of San Lorenzo in Rome (1916–22), residential buildings on Rusakovskaya street. in Moscow (1925), a residential building complex on the street. Serafimovich in Moscow (1928–31, with DM Iofan), pavilions of the USSR at int. exhibitions in Paris (1937) and New York (1939), the general plan of the reconstruction and the project of the central building. Novorossiysk (1944–45), Petrochemical Institute im. IM Gubkin in Moscow (1949–56), Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow (1962–75). D.ch. WAA. Became. pr. (1941). Nar. arch. USSR (1970).
Iofan Dmitry Mikhailovich (1885, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), architect, designer. Brother of B.M. Iofan. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. He worked with ml. brother over pl. projects. Interior design specialist. Main works: The main treasury on the Fontanka, residential buildings in Leningrad (1930s), a residential building complex on the street. Serafimovich in Moscow (1928–31, with BM Iofan), the interiors of the Palace of Soviets (1931–33, with him), the Dynamo stadium in Moscow (1940).
Iofan Lev Dmitrievich (b. 1925, Moscow), architect. The son of arch. D.M. Iofan. Specialist in the design of public buildings. Main works: Novokirovsky ave. in Moscow (1973, with P. Shteller and others), the monument "50 years of Soviet power" in Penza (1967), a hospital for 400 beds of the 4th department of the Central Committee of the CPSU in Moscow (1975), the project of the monument "50 years of Soviet power »In Moscow (1957, not implemented).
IOFE Viktor Kivovich (b. 1907, Chernigov), radio engineer, specialist in the region. electroacoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970). He graduated from Leningrad in 1930. electrical engineering in-t. Since 1930, laboratory assistant of the department. acoustics Center. Radio lab. (since 1936 NIIRPA - Research Institute of Broadcasting Reception and Acoustics named after A.S. Popov), then engineer, head. lab. aeroacoustics. In 1946-73 the beginning. dep. acoustics NIIRPA (1967 - chief designer of the sound system of the Red Square in Moscow), since 1973 scientific. consultant. At the same time. from 1930 he taught at Leningrad. universities - electrical engineering. in-those communications, in-those kininzh., Military. Academy of Communications. scientific. research connected with the issues of aircraft direction finding by sound (1930), with the development of the theory of the reception range and the determination of the optimum. frequency range of direction finding; with questions of theory and calculation of electroacoustic. equipment, sounding of open spaces and premises, acoustic. measurements of speech intelligibility (since 1936). Completed theoretical. and practical. work, to-rye formed the basis. creation of the country's first loudspeakers. Since the 1980s. is engaged in research, calculation and design of acoustic. systems. In each of these directions, a number of origins were proposed. calculation and measurement techniques. Author of 80 scientific. printed works, 45 inventions. In tech. a number of years was before. owls. working group of the Committee No. 29V (electroacoustics) Mezhdunar. electrical engineering commission (IEC).
IOFFE Abram Fedorovich (1880, Romny, Poltava province. - 1960, Leningrad), physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1920) ch. pl. Academy of Sciences and Sci. about-in the world. Hero of Soc. Labor (1955). Graduated from Petersburg. technol. Institute (1902). One of the creators of owls. physical schools, pioneer issl. semiconductors. Organizer and first director. (1923–51) Physics and Technology. Institute in Leningrad (now bears his name), Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1955) and Physico-agronomical. Institute (since 1932). Vice President Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1942–45). The initiator of the creation of physical and technical. in-tov in Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk. Tr. by strength, plasticity, electric conductivity tv. body. Linen. pr. (1961, see), Steel. pr. (1942). Cit .: Physics of Crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1929; Sat. tr. by tech. physics (ed.), M.-L., 1948; Semiconductors in modern Physics, M.-L., 1964.
IOFFE Alexander Evseevich (1918, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941), taught at a school in Ryazan. In 1941–43 he worked in gas. Altayskaya Pravda, lectured on history at the Moscow branch. textile institute in Barnaul. In 1943-45 he served in the Kr. Army. In 1948 he graduated from the graduate school of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, then worked at this Institute (since 1968 - Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR). Author of works on the history of the Intern. relations in Europe, ext. policy of the USSR and internat. cultural ties Sov. Russia and the USSR in the 1920s and 30s, Works: Rus.-French. relations in 1917 (February-October), M., 1958; Ext. the policy of the Sov. Union. 1928-1932, M., 1968; Cultural ties between Sov. Russia and the Scandinavian states (1917–1924), M., 1971; Int. communication owls. science, technology and culture. 1917-1932, M., 1975.
IOFFE Boris Lazarevich (b. 1926, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1949). Since 1950 he has been working at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics (since 1977 head of laboratory). research - physics of elementary particles, theory and calculation of nuclear reactors. Developed the theory of fuel burnout in nuclear reactors (1956). Carried out calculations of the first nuclear power plant in Czechoslovakia (launched in 1973) and researched. heavy water reactors in the USSR, China and Yugoslavia. Showed (1956) that parity breaking should be accompanied by symmetry breaking. He predicted that the discovery of the experimentally odd correlations of the spins and momenta of particles means the violation of the charge symmetry (author of the discovery, 1986). Showed (1967) that the theory of weak interactions is inapplicable at energies of the order of several. GeV. This result preceded the emergence of the hypothesis of a unified electroweak interaction. He found that in the processes of deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering, the interaction region is concentrated near the light cone, and its longitudinal dimensions increase linearly with energy (author of the discovery, 1989). He proved that in quantum, chromodynamics, the occurrence of masses and anomalous magn. moments of baryons is due to the breaking of chiral symmetry. Calculated masses and magn. moments of the proton, hyperons, etc. (1981-88). The author of St. 200 scientific. works. Vol .: Hard process, vol. 1, Amsterdam, 1984 (with V.A. Hose and L.N. Lipatov); Deeply inelastic processes, M., 1983.
IOFFE Dina (real name Nadezhda) (|, Vilna - 1943, Treblinka), publicist, literary critic, historian. She graduated from lit. Faculty of Vilnius University. She specialized in the history of the Jews of Lithuania and Poland. In 1937 she published the work "Pogrom in Dolginov in 1886", research. “The fight over the will of the Vilna Heb. philanthropist of the early 19th century. " and "Baptism of minors at the beginning of the 18th century." Author pl. ist. issled., to-rye publ. in different Heb. ed. The archives of the IVO in New York contain a manuscript of her work “First Hebrews. women in the fight for ped. vocation". During it. occupation I. worked on sorting book. and archival materials collected by the Nazis in the building of the Vilna IVO. At the request of the Gestapo, together with Izv. linguists Z. Kalmanovich and G. Gordon translated the grammar of the Sov. the linguist E. Falkovich, as well as other works with Yiddish in it. language. She died in a concentration camp.
IOFFE Eliezer Lipa (1882, Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1942, Nagalal), activist of the movement for the Hebrew. settlement and development of E.-I. The young men were organized in their native place by a Zionist. circle. In 1902 publ. into gas. "Ha-Melitz" call to Heb. young people to move to E.-I. In 1904 he went to the United States to study modern. methods of villages. x-va to apply them in E.-I. In 1905 created. in Heb. s.-kh. school in pcs. New Jersey Youth Organization ("Young Farmer"), Chl. a swarm were preparing to move to E.-I. In 1910, together with several. as enthusiasts he moved to E.-I., where he soon founded an experiment. farm. In 1913, headed by I. gr. immigrants created. collective farm, processed by own. forces (later kibbutz Kinneret). Discussion of the forms of organization of labor in this settlement led I. to the idea of ​​creating. a new type of settlement, combining the beginnings of private and cooperative. x-in. Main the principles of his idea outlined in the brochure “Created. settlements of workers "(1918). In 1921 he was one of the founders of the first settlement of this type (moshav). In 1928 he participated in the creation. cooperative for the sale of agricultural products of "Tnuva", which became the largest in the country, and was his director. before 1937. During the 1st world. war entered Heb. legion, which was part of the Brit. army. He was one of the founders of the Union of agriculturalists. workers. Publ. a number of books. on s.-kh. questions, was the first ed. s.-kh. g. "Ha-Sade".
IOFFE Genrikh Zinovievich (b. 1928, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1979). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (1950). In 1950–56 he taught history at ped. school and schools of Kologriv, Kostroma region. and Moscow. In 1956–64 he worked at the State. b-ke of the USSR them. VI Lenin, in 1964-68 - in the publishing house "Science". Since May 1968 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1980 sec. Int. Commission on history grew. rev-tion at MKIN. Member Bureau Scientific. Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences "History of revolutions in Russia". Author of works on the history and historiography of the revolutions of 1917 and civil. wars in Russia. One of the founders of the study of the problem grew up. counterrev-tion, Works: Feb. the revolution of 1917 in the Anglo-Amer. historiography, M., 1970; The collapse grew. monarchic. counterrev-tion, M., 1977; Kolchak's adventure and its collapse, M., 1983; Conducted. October and the epilogue of tsarism, M., 1987; "White matter". Gene. Kornilov, M. 1989; Revolution and fate of the Romanovs, M., 1992.
IOFFE Hillel (1864, Bristovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1936, Haifa), doctor. He studied at the city of Berdyansk. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Geneva University. From 1891 - in E.-I., where he worked as a doctor. In 1895-1905 he was authorized to perform. to-that Zionist. org-tion "Hovevey Zion" (the so-called "Odessa complex") in E.-I. In 1907 he created in the village. Zichron Yaakov Hospital and Med. c. Author of a number of popular scientific works on prophylactic. medicine. Introduced means. contribution to the creation. modern honey. terminology in Hebrew. Memories, letters and diaries of I. are collected for the book. Pages of Memories (1935) and A Generation of the Daring (1939). Moshav in Verkh are named after I. Galilee and the hospital in Heder.
IOFFE Jeremiah Isaevich (1891, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1947, Bulduri, Latvian SSR), art critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1940). In 1922 he graduated from philology. dep. Ped. in-ta them. AI Herzen in Petrograd; taught there (1923–38), and later at Leningrad. un-those (since 1942 prof.). In 1935–41 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. in-ta t-ra and music. Author of works on muses. art of the 16-18th centuries, as well as about the music of owls. cinema. A significant place in the tr. I. is concerned with the problems of connecting music with other types of art. Dis. "Synthetic history of art" (L., 1939). Among the works - "From everyday comedy to historical tragedy" (in the book: "The Buffon War and the Struggle for Realism in French Music of the 18th Century", L., 1933); "Mystery and Opera" (in collection: "German Art of the XVI-XVIII centuries", L., 1937); “Music of owls. cinema. Basics of muses. drama "(L., 1938).
IOFFE Joseph (1853, Mogilev Gubernia - 1915, New York), publicist, translator. In 1870 he went to Germany to get an education. After returning, he settled in Odessa, where he began lit. activities in the gas. In the 80s. lived in Paris, worked as a painter, was one of the pioneers of the anarchist. movement among Jews. Was sred. London anarchist, gas. "Arbeiterfreind". In the beginning. 1889 New York anarchist was invited. gr. edit her organ "Di Vargate", collaborated in other Heb. ed. I. was also engaged in the lane. publicistic. op. with German, Russian, French and English. lang. in Yiddish. In 1888 he published the book. "Der vikueh" ("Dispute"), biographies izv. revolutionaries P.A. Kropotkin and P.L. Lavrov, as well as rum. about Napoleon. In the last. years of his life he was engaged in trade.
IOFFE Irina Lvovna (ps. Il'vova) (1915, Ekaterinoslav - 1989, Moscow), translator, critic, literary critic. In 1944 she graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, Cand. philol. sciences. Lit. began to engage in labor in 1938. Per. manuf. japanese. writers: "Silent Mountains" by S. Tokunaga, "From the Depths of the Future Sea" by I. Hott, short stories by I. Saikaku, R. Akutagawa, dramas by Chikamatsu, T. Kobayashi, etc. The last great work of I. - per. the epic "The Story of the House of Taira" (13th century) - published in the publishing house "Hood. liter "with its foreword. and comments. Participated in the international. forums dedicated. problems of Japanese studies. In 1988 she was awarded an order. "Noble Treasure", governments, the award of Japan for merit in the region. studying and promoting Japanese. literature in the USSR, the first of the Sov. translators, noted. och. award of Japan.
IOFFE Isaak Solomonovich (1900, Grodno - 1973, Leningrad), organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1935), prof. from 1937. He graduated in 1925 chem. Faculty of Leningrad technol. in-that, in 1925-30 assistant in-that, at the same time. taught at Leningrad. state un-those, in 1931-37 assistant prof., in 1937-41 prof. Leningrad. chemical-technol. in-that. From 1941 he worked early. Department of organic chemistry Voen.-mor. honey. academy. In 1938–42 the head. Department of organic chemistry 1st Leningrad. honey. in-ta.Osn. scientific. activities related to the study of the effects of new chemical therapy. drugs. In 1941–45 he contributed to the introduction of honey. the practice of sulfa drugs used for treatment in Chernomor hospitals. and the Baltic fleets. The author is numerous. textbooks on organic. chemistry and printing works on pharmaceutical. chemistry for doctors. Cit .: Chemistry organic. in-in, L. 1941; Chemistry in the fight against infectious diseases, L., 1944; Essays on the development and research of therapeutic. substances, L., 1948; Organic chemistry, 2nd ed., L., 1956.
IOFFE Hiena (1900, Shchuchin, Vilna province - 1958), publicist. At the age of ten she came to the USA with her parents. Received a tradition. Heb. and general education. Lit. the activity began with stories in Hebrew, but soon switched to Yiddish. The first publicist. op. published in 1916. Gradually gained fame as one of America's leading journalists. Before the 2nd world. war I. visited Vost. Europe, wrote from there reports on the life of Jews. In 1945 I. visited the former it. concentration camps, in which there were still rescued prisoners. During the crossing of Yemeni Jews to Israel, I. accompanied them from Aden and described her trip in the middle. reportages. I. traveled a lot around the world, describing in her essays naib. interesting places diff. continents. She penned interviews with famous people, theater, rec., Critical. Art. I. died during a sea voyage on a ship on the way from Hong Kong to India.
IOFFE Leib (1876, Grodno - 1948, Jerusalem), poet, publicist, translator. He studied philosophy and literature in high fur boots in Germany. From a young age he joined the Zionist. movement, promoted his ideas among students. youth, participated in all the Zionists. congresses. In 1904 he made a trip to E.-I. Lit. activity began in 1882 with verse. in Russian lang. in Russian-Heb. g. "Sunrise". In 1902 he released the first. Sat. "The Coming". Translated into Russian. lang. poems by Kh.N. Bialik, Sh.Chernikhovsky and other Heb. poets. I. published poetry in Yiddish in many. periodic. ed. under ps L. Borisov. Engaged in publishing. and ed. work, founded Rus-Heb. publishing house "Sofrut" and together with the poet VF Khodasevich released "Anthology of Hebrew poetry", an anthology of Russian poetry in Heb. themes "On the rivers of Babylon". In 1908 I. published a collection of works. verse. in Yiddish "The Leader of Farn Folk" ("Songs for the People"). During the 1st world. During the war, he worked in a group of assistance to refugees. He lived in Moscow and Vilna. From 1918 in E.-I. In 1924 ed. Sat. Geymatss-Klangen (Sounds of the Motherland). During the 2nd world. the war spent three years in New York. After the war he returned to Jerusalem, continued intensive lit. and polit. activity. Killed in the explosion of the Heb. agency in Jerusalem.
IOFFE Mikhail Fadeevich (1907, Priluki, Poltava province - 1985, Moscow), military leader. General-leith. Ing. troops (1963). Graduated from Military Electrical Engineering. academy (1937), Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters (1955). In the army since 1931. In 1942-45 - com. guards assault engineer brigades. In 1951–53 - early. Ing. troops of the East-Siberian. IN. In 1955–62 - early. Department of Military-Ing. academy. In 1962-70 - before. scientific and technical to-that engineer troops of the SA. From 1970 - retired. Specialist in electronic barriers. He was awarded the 6th order.
IOFFE Mordkhe (1899, Dusyaty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1961, New York), poet, prose writer, translator. Graduated from the real city. Since 1917 in Odessa, he worked in the department of assistance to refugees, gave lectures on Hebrew. lit-re, collaborated in periodicals. After returning to Lithuania, he was one of the founders and secretaries of the Union of Hebrews. writers and artists in Kaunas. In 1927 he emigrated to Canada, in 1937 he moved to the United States, was a staff member. gas. "Morgen-Journal". In 1953 he settled in Israel, and in 1958 he returned to New York. Author of the book: "Forgangen" ("Curtains", Odessa, 1920), "On a Zayt" ("Aside", Kaunas, 1927), "Ringen in der Keith" ("Rings in a chain", New York, 1939). For the compilation of an anthology of Hebrew poetry in Yiddish (1952) he was awarded the pr. World Heb. Congr. In 1961 he published the anthology "Eretz Yisrael in Hebrew. lit-re "(Tel Aviv).
IOFFE Vladimir Ilyich (1898, Mglin, Chernigov province. - 1979, Leningrad), microbiologist and immunologist. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1969). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1921). Since 1923 in Ying-those experiment. Medicine of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1948 - Head of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology). At the same time. in 1933-50 scientific. hands. Leningrad. Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1941–46 - flagship epidemiologist of the Baltic Fleet. Osn. tr. on microbiology, immunology, epidemiology. Gave a serologist. characteristics of hemolytic. streptococci. Research serological the variability of microbes of the intestinal group, proposed the differentiation of typhoid and dysentery pathogens by enzymatic characteristics. In 1941–45 publ. a number of works on the so-called. blockade dysentery. Dealing with the problems of childhood infections, he developed a method to compare. assessing the size of the microbial focus, the dynamics of its development and extinction, studied the microbiology and immunology of whooping cough and proposed a method for early diagnosis of this disease. Auth. monographs: "Scarlet fever" (1948), "Experience in the fight against diphtheria in Leningrad" (1962), "Immunology of rheumatism" (1962, pr. of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences named after ND Strazhesko in 1965). Works: Koklyush, M. , 1964 (et al.); Clinical and epidemiological immunology, L., 1968.
IOFFE Yuda (1873, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslav province - 1966, New York), philologist. He graduated from the classic. g-ziyu in Yekaterinoslav. After the pogroms of the 80s. family I. left Russia, lived in Paris, but soon returned to Bakhmut. Since 1891 in the USA. He studied at Columbia University, studied general philology, Indo-European. lang. Taught Latin, Russian. lang., mathematics in different. uch. institutions. He worked on the compilation of dictionaries, encyclopedias, on the lane. with other languages., wrote research. on literature and music. In 1909 he published the first. linguistic. the work “Sounds of Yiddish and Hebrews. ABC". Studied the Old Idish from ancient texts, collected a unique library in this region. He published a number of works on etymology, morphology, syntax, phonetics, dialectology and grammar of Yiddish. Sci. Controversy was caused by I.'s work "The Slavic Element in the Yiddish Language." I. belong to isl. by origin lang. and dep. its elements, about the work of Elijah Bakhur and his place in the history of Hebrews. lit-ry. I. made a great contribution to the ed. “Universal Heb. encyclopedia "in Yiddish, Big Heb. dictionary. In 1960 I. handed over his unique collection (over 1000 kn.) In Old Hebrew. lit. Heb. theological. workshop in New York.
IOFFE Yudl (1882, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1941, Moscow), prose writer. Left an orphan early, he was brought up by his sister in Nizhyn, Chernigov province, worked as an apprentice for a tailor, and joined the roar. movement and as an agitator drove around Heb. m. of Ukraine and Bessarabia. In 1903 he published an essay in illegal. ed. in Chisinau. After the revolution of 1905 in Russia, he became close to the anarchists. Lit. activity began in 1915 with the publication of the pov. "Dos eideml" ("Zyatek") in the railway station "Di Yiddish Velt". Published essays and poems in different. Heb. periodic. ed. In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Collaborated in Heb. gas., in. "Di dig Velt", "Stern", in the alm. "Sovetish". Author of the book: "Fun amol" ("Long ago"), 1928; "In keslgrub" ("In the boiler room"), 1929; “A dire” (“Apartment”), 1929; In kamph (In the Struggle), 1932; "Fun trep tsu trep" (From Steps to Steps), 1933, etc. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. Russian classics. Also known are the sculptural works of I.
IOFFE Zelik Aronovich (1903, Dashkovka Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1980, Moscow), engineer, lieutenant general (1946). R. in the family of a trackman. In 1917 he graduated from the secondary city school. He worked as an employee. In Kr. Army since 1920. Member of civil. war. He served as a minder, aircraft mechanic. He graduated from the military. aviation technical school, and in 1936 - the Air Force Academy. Member of the war in Spain (1936–37). Military advisor in China (1939). In 1939–41 and 1947–49 - Ch. Ing. VVS. In 1941-45 on the fronts - Ch. Ing. and deputy. Commander of the Air Army. Major General Aviation Engineer service (1943). Since 1949 - Deputy. early Higher Engineering Aviation School, from 1957 - beginning. computing center of the Air Force. From 1960 to 1969 - early. Research Institute of Space Technology. Awarded 10th order.
IOFIS Naum Abramovich (b. 1913, Lyutsin, Vitebsk province), mechanical engineer, specialist in the region. technologies of new materials. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1974), prof. from 1978. He graduated in 1936 Moscow. Institute of mechanization and electrification of villages. x-va, in 1967 - Moscow. Institute of Electronic Machining (in absentia). He worked from 1929, in 1936–37 engineer. at the Central Institute of Labor, until 1944 in engineering and design work, then Ch. Ing. plant of elements of electrovacuum devices "Emitron". He took part in the creation and research. new class synthetic. single crystals based on oxides of zirconium and hafnium - ion exchangers, first obtained in 1972. State. etc. (1967). Linen. etc. (1980).
IOGANISHKELI, see Ioniskelis.
IOHELES Alexander Lvovich (1912, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Pianist. In 1932 he graduated from Moscow. cons, in the class of K.N. Igumnov, also studied in the class of the chamber ensemble with A.F. Gedike. In 1935 he graduated from the School of Higher Skills (graduate school) with Igumnov. International Diploma competition them. Chopin (1932, Warsaw). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of musicians-performers (2nd avenue, 1933, Moscow). Since 1934 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1943–58, a participant in the fp. trio (with violinist M.L. Zatulovsky and cellist G.D. Tsomyk). Since 1931 assistant, in 1935-42 associate professor of the department ANS. and special php. in Moscow. cons. In 1946-52 prof. department of special php. Tbilisi cons. Since 1952 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins (in 1965–73 head of the department). - the first performer of pl. op. owls. composers - concerts for fp. with orc. O. V. Taktakishvili, O. M. Gordeli, A. P. Dolukhanyan, K.D. Makarova-Rakitin. For the first time in the USSR he performed the 3rd concert of P.I. Tchaikovsky, as well as a number of productions. for php. with orc. - Fantasy by C. Debussy, symph. poem by M. de Falla, concertino by A. Onegger, "Negro Rhapsody" by F. Poulenc for voice with instru. ans., in which I. performed fp. party. The performance of I. was distinguished by high culture, a pronounced intellectual beginning.
IOCHELES Evgeny Lvovich (1908, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Architect, urban planner. In 1930 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. In 1930 he was a member of the Association of Urban Architects (ARU). Main works: reconstruction project Trubnaya sq. in Moscow (1931, under the direction of N.A. Ladovsky), a residential house for polar explorers on Suvorovsky Blvd. in Moscow (1937), the House of Veterans of the MOPR in Zvenigorod, a school in the village. Sokol in Moscow, planning and development of the Korean settlement in Vladivostok (1960s), development of the Rostovskaya embankment in Moscow (1950s – 1960s), general plan of Togliatti (1967–68, leaders B.R. Rubanenko and V. A. Shkvarikov).
IOHELSON (ps. Goldovsky) Vladimir (Veniamin) Ilyich (1855, Vilna - 1937, New York, USA), orientalist, ethnographer and linguist, researcher of the culture of the peoples of the northeast of Asian Russia; revolutionary populist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education, had a good command of several. European lang. From ser. 70s joint with A.I. Zundelevich and A.Sh. Lieberman in Heb. roar. circles of Vilna, delivered by the propagandist. literature from abroad. In 1879–80 he was a member of the Narodnaya Volya. organization in St. Petersburg, was in charge of the production of forged passports and other documents, together with GM Gelfman kept a conspirator. apartment. In 1880 he left Russia and under the fam. Goldovsky was an agent of the Executive Committee “Nar. will "; in 1883-85 he was in charge of the Narodnaya Volya. printing house in Geneva. In 1885 he legally returned to Russia, was arrested and in 1888 exiled for 10 years to Yakutia, where he studied the life and culture of local peoples independently, as well as as part of an exp. (1908-11). Took part in Feb. rev-tion. Arrested in 1921; released at the request of M. Gorky. Since 1922 - in the USA, where he continued ethnogr. research and the publication of their results (in English). The author of several. tens of books. and Art. in Russian and English. Cit .: Materials for the study of the Yukaghir language. and folklore, St. Petersburg, 1900; A short catalog of the collections collected by V.I. Iokhelson in Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands in exp. 1908-11, M., 1914; Gesya Gelfman. Biogr. sketch, Pg., 1918, 1922; Materials for the study of the Aleut. lang. and folklore, vol. 1. Pg., 1923.
IOLLOS Grigory Borisovich (1859, Odessa - 1907, Moscow), publicist and societies. activist. From merchants. families. He graduated from the Odessa city, attended lectures in Kiev and Strasbourg high fur boots, graduated from Heidelberg University. Withstood the state. legal exam f-tu Petero. un-that and in 1886 settled in Moscow. At the invitation of M.Ya. Herzenigtein sotr. gas. "Rus. statements "and. "Legal. messenger ". Sec. Moscow jurid. about-va at Mosk. un-those. In 1886 he defended his master's thesis. on watered, economy. From 1890 he settled in Berlin, from where he regularly sent correspondence and Art. in "Rus. statements "and. "Rus. wealth "," Bulletin of Europe "," Rus. thought ", etc. In 1905 he returned to Russia - entered the editorship of. gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ”(since 1906 the head of her publishing house). In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from the Poltava lips. (nominated by the Cadet Party and the Union to achieve full rights for Jews in Russia). In the Duma, he took part in the development of the Duma order (regulations). He worked in the commissions: budgetary, on the work issue, on the preparation of the law on the press. After the dissolution of the Duma, he signed the Vyborg Appeal calling for disobedience to the authorities. At the congress of the Union to achieve the full rights of the Jews (1906) he opposed the creation of a special Hebrew. groups in the State. Duma, argued with both the Zionists and the nationalists. 03/14/1907 killed by Black Hundred terrorists. I.'s funeral resulted in polit. a demonstration, in which the delegation of the dep. 2nd State Duma, Cit .: Letters from Berlin, Moscow, 1904.
IOLOTAN, a city (since 1939) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). At 19 - early. 20th century - a settlement in the Transcaspian region. In 1939, 86 Jews lived in I. In the 1920s. A small group of Jews lived in India - the descendants of immigrants from Mashhad (Persia) who fled after their forced conversion to Islam in 1839.
IONAVA, city (since 1864), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Yanovo Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 813 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1880, c. 2500 (83%), in 1897 - 3975 (80%), in 1923 - 2701 (66%), in 1932 - 2710, in 1940 - approx. 3000 (60%), in 1959 - 10 (0.2%), in 1970 - 14, in 1979 - 12, in 1989 - 10 Jews. Jews lived in India from the second half of the year. 18th century In the beginning. 1880s a Talmud-Torah was opened with teaching in Hebrew, dozens of cheders functioned, a school for girls with teaching in Russian. lang., there were decomp. org-tion for the provision of social assistance. In 1898 Aguda Tzionis and Bnos Tsion were founded in India. 1900s the Bund organization operated. 19th century Rabbi I. was Joshua-Geshel Eliashzon (1799-1871), in 1874-92 - Moishe-Arie Levi, in 1892-1914 - Chaim Segal (? -1914), from 1915 - I.S. Rosenfeld. In 1908 in I . worked about-in benefits to poor Jews, in 1915 - wives. 2-class private Jewish school with a preparatory class. In July 1915 Jews of I. were exiled to the internal districts of Russia. After 1917, most of them returned to India. In 1918 a school of the Tarbut network was opened, later a school of the Yavne network and a school with Yiddish teaching. Children worked. garden with teaching in Hebrew, since 1939 - with teaching in Yiddish. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. In 1931, 103 out of 116 workshops and production facilities belonged to Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were more than 10 synagogues, including the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1918–30, the rabbi of I. was Chaim-Itskhok Silman (? -1930), in 1930–41 - Nokhum-Boruch Ginzburg (? -1941), who headed the association of Lithuanian rabbis. Decomp. Functioned. organization for the provision of social assistance, a Jewish hospital, a canteen for the poor. In 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, many arrived in India. refugees from Poland, including students and yeshiva rabbis from Kletsk. All R. June 1941 several. dozens of Jews of India were exiled to Siberia. Parts of the Germans. armies occupied I. on June 26, 1941. In June - Aug. 1941 executions of Jews were carried out. The remaining 208 Jews were sent on October 22nd. 1941 in the Kaunas ghetto. After 1945, a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish and Litas was erected at the site of the executions. lang. The 251st rifleman took part in the liberation of I. on July 29, 1944. division under com. regiment. Evgeny Yakovlevich Birstein. 1990s a monument with inscriptions in Hebrew, Yiddish and Literature was erected on the mass grave of the executed. lang. At the same time, a memorial sign was erected at the Jewish cemetery. I. Davidson.
IONISHKELIS, a city (since 1950) in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Ioganishkeli Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 136 Jews (22%) lived in Indonesia, in 1923 - 162 (28%), in 1940 - 210 Jews (21%). Jews settled in I. at the beginning. 18th century In the 19th century. pl. the Jews of India were engaged in the fruit trade. In India, a wooden synagogue was built with an exceptional performance "aron kodesh". From 1905 Shraga-Faivush Turits (1872—?) Was the rabbi in India. Diff. community organizations. Most of the houses on ch. street I. belonged to Jews. Jewish homes were b. including stone, with tiled roofs. In the end. 19th century some Jews left for the USA, South. Africa and in E.-I. In May 1915, Jews were evicted from I. to the int. districts of Russia. A large group settled in Penza. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to I. In the 1920s. in I. was opened early. school network "Yavne". In the 1920s and 30s. Jews were engaged in the trade in grain, flax and eggs. In 1931, Jews owned 3 grocery stores, a grocery store, a haberdashery shop, and a sawmill. In 1937 there were 17 Jewish artisans in India, including 6 tailors, 2 tanners, a shoemaker, a knitter, a tinsmith, a dyer, and others. Since 1937, Yehuda-Leib Siderer was the rabbi of I. on June 27, 1941. troops occupied I. Jews were gathered in several. houses. 26 Aug 1941 all Jews of India were shot in the forest together with the Jews of neighboring villages. 3 people were saved, to-rykh to the end. the occupation was hid by Lithuanian peasants. 1990s on the site of the Jewish cemetery of I., a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. language.
IONISHKIS, city (since 1657), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Yanishka Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 1,042 Jews lived in Indonesia, in 1897 - 2,272 (48%), in 1923 - 978 (24%), in 1940 - approx. 600 Jews (approx. 10%) Jews lived in India from the beginning. 18th century Main occupation - trade with.-kh. products. There were 3 synagogues, heder. Shoil Rabinovich was rabbi I. in 1808-47, Avrom Geler in 1860-77, and Ichil-Mikhl Wolfson (? -1900) in 1888-1900. In 1878 a volunteer fire brigade was created, which consisted of approx. 100 Jews. In the 1880s. a Palestinophil circle was active in India, and in 1898 the Aguda Zionis was founded. In the 1880-1910s. pl. Jews of I. left for Yuzh. Africa. In the 1900-10s. there were branches of "Agudas Yisroel" and Bund. In 1908, a society of benefits for poor Jews and a private husband worked in India. 1-class Jewish school. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank, a Hebrew-taught school, and children were opened in India. garden and library. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations, including the "Union of Jews - Participants in the War of Independence of Lithuania." Rabbi I. in 1900-41 was Nokhum-Bezalel Dzimitrovsky (? -1941). June 24, 1941 German. troops occupied I. On July 19, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot approx. 150 Jews, 27 Aug. 1941 - 355 Jews. 1 Sep 1941 150 Jews were sent to the agare ghetto. After 1945, a memorial sign with an inscription in lit. was installed at the place of execution. language In I. genus: M. Kottler; Eliezer Gendler-Knaani (1896-1979), one of the founders of the Ge-Halutz movement in Lithuania, one of the organizers of the Tel Yosef kibbutz; Ben-Zion Gersh (1885-1935, Johannesburg), one of the founders of the Zionist Federation of South. Africa; Chaim-Yisroel Zachs (1867-1934, Tel Aviv), one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Lithuania; Iehezkel Pularevich (1914-1995), one of the hands. Beitar in Lithuania, the author of several. books of poetry and memoirs (in Hebrew), in 1940-41 a member of the underground Zionist movement in Lithuania "Prisoner of Zion", from 1965 - in Israel, in 1969 - one of the organizers and hands. Union of Prisoners of Zion.
IONOV (real family member Bernstein) Ilya Ion (1887, Odessa - 1942), publ. worker, poet. ZI Bernstein As a boy he worked in a printing house. In 1900–05 he studied art. uch-shche (excluded for participation in the revolutionary movement). Member RSDLP since 1904. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. From 1905 he wrote poetry, published them illegally. and the legal workers' press (including in the newspaper Pravda). From 1912 he worked as a legal Bolshevik. publishing house "Priboy" (Petersburg). In 1918 he headed the board of the Petrosovet publishing house (later - Lenigr. Department of State Publishing House - Lengiz). In 1018 he released Sat. poems "Scarlet Field", in 1921 - Sat. "Kolos" was also printed in gas. "Truth", "Sold. truth "," Kr. newspaper "and others. In 1920, ed. g. "Flame", in 1921, members. editorial board "Book and Revolution". In the beginning. 1920s sent abroad as part of the Sov. mission to raise funds for the hungry, in 1922 - the organizer of the Sov. department for Intern. book exhibition in Florence. In 1928-29 the head. publishing house "Zemlya and Factory", in 1931–32 worked in the publishing house "Academia", from 1932 before. acc. about-va "Mezhdunar. book".
JORDANESTI, see Yordanesti.
IOSILOVICH Isaak Borisovich (1909 - 1972, Moscow), mechanical engineer, aircraft designer, Hero of Socialist. Labor (1972). He graduated in 1934 Moscow. Aviation Institute (evening department). From 1932 to engineer. work. In 1940 he was appointed head. engineer, then deer. Aviation W-yes. Since 1961 deputy. General Designer of the Design Bureau A.N. Tupolev. Participated in the creation of the mass high-speed aircraft TU-134, tested in 1963, and its modifications. When designing the aircraft, he proposed to use a new layout, the location of the engines on pylons in the rear of the fuselage, and horizontal tail on top of the keel. Participated in the development of the pass. supersonic aircraft TU-144 and economical three-engine. jet pass. aircraft TU-154, the first will be tested. flights to-rogo took place in 1968. State. pr. USSR (1972).
IPATOVO, city (since 1979), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1860 as c. Chemrek, later - Novogrigorievsky Winery, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. From 1935 - p. Ipatovo. In 1939, eight Jews lived in I. - Sept. 1942 in I. 54 evacuated Jews were shot, in Oct.-Nov. 1942 - 86 Jews captured in the area.
IOPS Boris Mikhailovich (1898, Tikhvin, Novgorod province - 1937, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, army commissar of the 2nd rank, member. Communist. parties since 1904. In civil. war as a military commissar of a number of units and formations, beginning. Political administration Chernomor, fleet. In 1923–25 pom. early political department Balt. fleet, military commissar of units of the Headquarters of the Red Army and Ch. management of the Red Army. In 1925-28 the deputy. early Political Administration of the Turkestan French, member. RVS and early. Political administration Central Asia. IN. In 1929–32 members. RVS and early. Political Administration Kavk. Cr. Army. In 1932–37 the beginning. Military-polit. academy. In apr. 1937 reappointed to his former position in Central Asia. VO, was soon arrested and shot. Ord. Work. Cr. Banner.
IRBIT, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1631.From 1775 - a city of Tobolsk province, from 1781 - a district town of the Perm governorate, then - a province. In 1897, 254 Jews (1.3%) lived in I., in 1910 - 62, in 1939 - 31 Jews. about Jews, 1835 granted Jews merchants of the 1st guild the right to reside in India during fairs, to wholesale and purchase, but did not allow foreign trade. goods. In 1851, this benefit was extended to Jews [[Kingdom of Poland. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. There was E. Meshuris in Irbit motorcycle plant. S.Z.Katsnelson.
IRENA, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Irena (other name. Vorstadt) of the New Alexandrian u. Lublin province. In 1897 there were 2,711 Jews living in India (79.6%), in 1921 - approx. 2,700 Jews in the 1900s. Shmul Klingeberg was the rabbi in India. 28 Sep In 1914 all Jews were evicted from India. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of India was destroyed.
IRETSKY (real fam. Glikman) Viktor Yakovleva (1882, Kharkov - 1936, Berlin), prose writer, critic, journalist. He graduated from the real school in Bialystok (1901). In 1901–05 he studied agronomics. dep. Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (expelled for participation in student riots, then entered again, did not finish the course). In 1906-08 he was a volunteer lawyer. Faculty of St. Petersburg University, in 1911-15 attended lectures in St. Petersburg. archaeological. in-those. From the beginning. 1900s published in provincial. press, from 1906 - in gas. "Speech" and its adj. “Ill. week ”, soon became one of its leading lit. critics (wrote chap. about Western-European literature, reviewed Russian translations of works by F. Nietzsche, A. Strindberg, A. France, E. Renan and others). The author is numerous. stories marked Gogolevskaya pr. (1910) at the competition of the Society of Amateurs grew. literature. Published in f. "Vestnik Evropy", "Sparks", "Waves", "The Sun of Russia", in 1915 published the collection. stories "Vanity". After Feb. Revolution of 1917, the first of the journalists interviewed the leader. book Nikolai Mikhailovich and published in the newspaper. "Speech" is his letter by them. Nicholas II with a warning of an impending catastrophe. According to the materials of the archive of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, wrote doc brochures "Okhranka (Page of Russian history)", "Romanovs (How much did they cost us)" (both - 1917). Oct did not accept the roar. In the beginning. 1920s member Committee of the House of Writers (in charge of the library), was published in Zh. "Chronicle of the House of Writers" and "Bulletin of the Literature", decomp. collection, in 1921 published collection of works. "Engravings" (stories written during the Civil War). In the fall of 1922 he was expelled from the RSFSR, lived in Berlin, sotr. in Russian periodic. publications in Berlin, Riga, New York, was friends with Yu.I. Eichenwald, VV Nabokov and others. Published novels: "The Fire Thieves" (1925), "Heirs" (1928), "Cold Coal" (1930) , "The Prisoner" (1931), many articles, collection of stories "Treachery and Love" (1936) and "She" (1937). He died of tuberculosis.
IRGER Iosif Markovich (1910, Minsk - 1982, Moscow), neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1955), brother of Yu.M. Irger. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Belarusian University (1931). He worked as an assistant at the Department of Normal Anatomy there, then served as a military doctor. From 1933 in Moscow, where he first worked as a faculty surgeon. clinic of the 1st honey. in-that under the hands. N.N.Burdenko, and then in Ying-those neurosurgery. In 1941–45, the chief of neurosurgeon. hospital departments and a leading surgeon in the army. After the war, he again worked at the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko, however, due to the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was forced to leave (1953). Organized and headed by a neurosurgeon. dep. in the hospital. S.P. Botkin. From 1962 to the end of his life, he headed the neurosurgery clinic he created in the 1st Moscow. honey. in-those (prof.). tr. I. poev, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, pathology of the spinal cord. Developed a number of new surgeons. techniques; proposed (1948, jointly with others) to register electric. cerebellar activity using needle electrodes injected into the periosteum of the occipital bone. Described a special type of ataxia in the defeat of the lobules of the middle cerebellar vermis. Author of the first textbook on neurosurgery in the USSR (Neurosurgery, M., 1971; 2nd ed., 1982).
IRGER Julius Markovich (1897, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1928), prof. (1934). Brother of I.M. Irger. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1922-30 he worked at the Belarusian University. In 1934-37 the head. Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. Anatomy, in 1937–41 head. Department of Hospital Surgery, Minsk med. in-that. Sci. hands. Research Institute of Blood Transfusion of the People's Commissariat for Health of the BSSR (1932–41). Tr. on general, clinic. and operative surgery, urology, anatomy, blood transfusion. He proposed (1928) an operative method for the treatment of hydrocephalus, as well as a modification of bone grafting. shin amputation. Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1939). Works: Postoperative and postpartum urinary retention, Minsk., 1932 (Belarusian, lang.).
IRGIZ, village, regional center in Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Turgai Region. 10 Jews lived in India in 1897, and 2 Jews in 1910. The regulation on the structure of government in the region prohibited Jews from being counted among the merchants and petty bourgeoisie of India, including those who had the right to reside in the area of.
IRKLEEV, see Irkliev.
IRKLIEV, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1601. From 1667 - a part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Irkleev, Zolotonosha u. Poltava province. In the 1920s and 30s. - a regional center. In 1859, approx. 130 Jews, in 1926 in the Irkliev district - 48, in 1939 in I. - 12, in the district - 68 Jews. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of India is trade. In 1910 Jews owned 6 trade shops, a tavern, and a wine cellar. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in I. Makhno's detachments and local peasants; Jewish houses and shops were plundered. In 1942 several were shot in Israel. Jews.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ИРКУТСК, город (с 1686), центр Иркутской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1661 как Иркутский острог. В 1764—1926 — центр Иркутской губ., с 1803 — резиденция сиб. ген.- губернатора, с 1822 — ген.-губернатора Вост. Сибири. В 1930—36 — центр Вост.-Сиб. края, с 1937 — Иркутской обл.В 1860 в И. проживало 342 еврея (1,7%), в 1863 — 283 (1%), в 1870 — 399 (1,3%), в 1873 — 561 (1,8%), в 1875 — 1008 (3,1%), в 1879 — 1401 (4,2%), в 1889 — 1320 (2,8%), в 1897 — 3642 (7,1%), в 1905 — 4836 (6,1%), в 1910 — 5072 (6,7%), в 1923 — 7896 (8,9%), в 1926 — 7164 (7,3%), в 1939 — 7100, в 1970 — 5243 (1,2%), в 1979 — 4462 еврея (0,8%).Евреи стали селиться в И. во 2-й пол. 18 в. В 1827 семья Давыдовых получила право в теч. 3 лет заниматься винокурением на местных винокуренных з-дах (с них взята подписка не склонять никого в иудейскую веру). В дальнейшем еврейская община И. пополнялась преимущественно за счет ссыльных и каторжан, а также переселенцев (купцы 1-й гильдии, ремесленники, лица с высшим образованием и др.), отставных николаевских солдат, участников рус.-япон. войны 1904—05, во время 1-й мир. войны — за счет беженцев. В 19 — нач. 20 в. евреи занимались финанс. и торг. деятельностью, добычей золота и др. ископаемых, а также ремеслами; среди евреев И. имелись представители «свободных профессий». В нач. 20 в. евреи составляли до 50% гильдейского купечества, контролировали 1/4 торг. оборота, владели 16% гор. недвижимости (среди наиб. видных евреев- предпринимателей — Я.С.Домбровский, Р.С. и С.С.Кольшееры, Л.О. и Л.С.Лейбовичи, Я.Г., Б.Г. и Л.Г.Патушинские, И.М.Файнберг, Я.Д.Фризер и др.). Евреи активно участвовали в деятельности разл. благотворит. и культурно-просветит. об-в, сотрудничали с Вост.-Сиб. отд-нием Рус. геогр. об-ва.Еврейская община в И. сформировалась в 1860-х гг. [св. 20 лет ее старостой был купец 1-й гильдии Яков Савельевич Домбровский (1794—1884)]. В 1877 завершено стр-во каменной синагоги (единственной в регионе); св. 15 лет казенным раввином в И. был С.Х.Бейлин. В 1897 открыты муж. (св. 100 уч-ся) и жен. (св. 50 уч-ся) еврейские уч-ща. В 1910 при муж. еврейском уч-ще были созданы ремесл. классы. В И. имелось неск. еврейских богаделен, приютов для бедных и стариков, работали Об-во помощи ссыльным евреям, спорт. об-во «Маккаби», Об-во распространения грамотности между евреями и др. С 1911 действовало отд-ние еврейского лит. об-ва. Проводились спектакли и концерты, сборы с к-рых шли на благотворит. цели. И.М.Файнберг пожертвовал общине неск. каменных домов и значит. капитал; М.Я.Кремер (?—1906) и Я.Д.Фризер создали ряд благотворит. фондов. В кон. 19 в. раввином в И. был Ицхок Машевицкий, до 1918 духовным раввином и шохетом был Натан-Нотэ Олевский (1871—1966, Москва). Весной 1881 иркутскому ген.-губ. Д.Г.Анучину удалось предотвратить еврейский погром. Летом 1895 иркутские евреи были обвинены в краже ребенка с ритуальной целью. Ребенок был найден, но вскоре умер от дизентерии, что дало новый повод для слухов и роста напряженности, и лишь вмешательство властей разрядило ситуацию. Во время Всерос. стачки в окт. 1905 в И. отмечено неск. попыток спровоцировать погром, во время столкновений демонстрантов с полицией 15—17 окт. погибло св. 20 чел. (в большинстве евреи). 11 июля 1906 в И. была предотвращена попытка погрома. В 1907 депутатом в Гос. Думу от И. был избран с.-д. Виктор Евсеевич Мандельберг (1870—1944).В 1903 в И. создано 2 сионистских кружка (старейшие в Сибири), насчитывавшие до 500 чел., действовал окружной к-т сионистов, состоявший из 24 чел. и разбитый на 3 группы (рук. групп — Ерманович, Шлойме Брегель и Мейер). В 1905 в И. издавался ежемес. журнал еврейской учащейся молодежи «Молодая Иудея». В годы 1-й мир. войны в И. были созданы К-т помощи беженцам и иркутский отдел ОЗЕ. В авг. 1917 в И. состоялась Всесиб. конф. Бунда. В окт. 1917 в И. проходила Всесиб. сионистская конференция. В 1918—20 в городе действовало Исполнит. бюро Нац. совета евреев Сибири и Урала (пред. М.Новомейский, секр. А.Я.Горнштейн), к-рое координировало деятельность св. 60 общин. В 1918 в И. выходил орган Палестинской комиссии при Вост.-Сиб. районной сионистской орг-ции «Земля обетованная», действовала местная орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1919—20 действовало изд-во «Еврейская свободная мысль», выходил еженед. «Еврейская жизнь». 1 апр. 1920 в И. открыт клуб им. Б.Борохова. К 1922 все ранее существовавшие еврейские орг-ции были закрыты или реорганизованы. В нач. 1920-х гг. в И. под эгидой Евсекции работали еврейский клуб «Цукунфт», еврейская школа 1-й ступени (в сер. 1920-х гг. в ней преподавали местные сионисты Левин и Гольдберг), б-ка; существовали отд-ние ОЗЕТ, об-во «Гмилас-Хаседим», устраивавшее лекции и еврейские спектакли. Организатором и первым ректором ун-та в И. в 1918—20 был М.М.Рубинштейн. В 1922 во время кампании по изъятию церковных ценностей в синагоге было реквизировано 23 изделия из серебра. В кон. 1920-х гг. все еврейские орг-ции и синагога были закрыты. В 1922—44 раввином И. вновь был Н.-Н.Олевский.В 1945 по ходатайству верующих евреев в И. была открыта синагога (раввин — Лейзер Хаимович Резник, исполнявший также обязанности моэла), в обычные дни в ней собиралось 25—30 чел., в праздники — 300—350, в Йом-Кипур — до 1 тыс. чел. Кантора в синагогу приглашали из др. городов (в 1957 — из Москвы). В 1958 синагога была закрыта.В 1992 в И. создана еврейская религ. община. С 1993 действуют воскресная школа, культурно-просветит. об-во (дир. Константин Натанович Данович). С 1995 пред. общины и раввин — Джура Исаборухович Файлаев. При поддержке Джойнта действует благотворит. орг-ция. Под рук. Владимира Рабиновича функционирует Об-во по изучению еврейской истории. С 1992 издается «Сиб. еврейский сборник». Имеется 3 еврейских кладбища. В 1998 было осквернено старое еврейское кладбище, сожжены сторожка и ритуальный зал.В 1999 в И. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В И. род.: М.К.Азадовский, Б.Г.Бархин, Н.Р.Ботвинник, Б.В.Волынов, И.Г.Гольдберг, Д’Актиль, К.В.Дубровский, Т.М.Лифшиц, М.Медзини, М.Л.Миль, А.Понве, М.И.Ромм, С.И.Хейфец, И.М.Хоммер, Л.И.Шаманский; Павел Михайлович Берлинский (1900—1976, Москва), композитор, один из основоположников бурятского проф. муз. иск-ва, автор первой бурятской оперы, нар. арт. Бурятской АССР (1943); Мария Васильевна Кленова (1898—1976, Москва), геолог, д-р геол.-минерал. наук (1937), проф. (1937), основатель сов. школы морской геологии; Иван Иванович Петров (наст. фам. Краузе) (р. 1920), певец (бас), солист Большого т-ра, нар. арт. СССР (1959), Стал. пр. (1950, 1951)., pronunciation=ИРКУТСК, город (с 1686), центр Иркутской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1661 как Иркутский острог. В 1764—1926 — центр Иркутской губ., с 1803 — резиденция сиб. ген.- губернатора, с 1822 — ген.-губернатора Вост. Сибири. В 1930—36 — центр Вост.-Сиб. края, с 1937 — Иркутской обл.В 1860 в И. проживало 342 еврея (1,7%), в 1863 — 283 (1%), в 1870 — 399 (1,3%), в 1873 — 561 (1,8%), в 1875 — 1008 (3,1%), в 1879 — 1401 (4,2%), в 1889 — 1320 (2,8%), в 1897 — 3642 (7,1%), в 1905 — 4836 (6,1%), в 1910 — 5072 (6,7%), в 1923 — 7896 (8,9%), в 1926 — 7164 (7,3%), в 1939 — 7100, в 1970 — 5243 (1,2%), в 1979 — 4462 еврея (0,8%).Евреи стали селиться в И. во 2-й пол. 18 в. В 1827 семья Давыдовых получила право в теч. 3 лет заниматься винокурением на местных винокуренных з-дах (с них взята подписка не склонять никого в иудейскую веру). В дальнейшем еврейская община И. пополнялась преимущественно за счет ссыльных и каторжан, а также переселенцев (купцы 1-й гильдии, ремесленники, лица с высшим образованием и др.), отставных николаевских солдат, участников рус.-япон. войны 1904—05, во время 1-й мир. войны — за счет беженцев. В 19 — нач. 20 в. евреи занимались финанс. и торг. деятельностью, добычей золота и др. ископаемых, а также ремеслами; среди евреев И. имелись представители «свободных профессий». В нач. 20 в. евреи составляли до 50% гильдейского купечества, контролировали 1/4 торг. оборота, владели 16% гор. недвижимости (среди наиб. видных евреев- предпринимателей — Я.С.Домбровский, Р.С. и С.С.Кольшееры, Л.О. и Л.С.Лейбовичи, Я.Г., Б.Г. и Л.Г.Патушинские, И.М.Файнберг, Я.Д.Фризер и др.). Евреи активно участвовали в деятельности разл. благотворит. и культурно-просветит. об-в, сотрудничали с Вост.-Сиб. отд-нием Рус. геогр. об-ва.Еврейская община в И. сформировалась в 1860-х гг. [св. 20 лет ее старостой был купец 1-й гильдии Яков Савельевич Домбровский (1794—1884)]. В 1877 завершено стр-во каменной синагоги (единственной в регионе); св. 15 лет казенным раввином в И. был С.Х.Бейлин. В 1897 открыты муж. (св. 100 уч-ся) и жен. (св. 50 уч-ся) еврейские уч-ща. В 1910 при муж. еврейском уч-ще были созданы ремесл. классы. В И. имелось неск. еврейских богаделен, приютов для бедных и стариков, работали Об-во помощи ссыльным евреям, спорт. об-во «Маккаби», Об-во распространения грамотности между евреями и др. С 1911 действовало отд-ние еврейского лит. об-ва. Проводились спектакли и концерты, сборы с к-рых шли на благотворит. цели. И.М.Файнберг пожертвовал общине неск. каменных домов и значит. капитал; М.Я.Кремер (?—1906) и Я.Д.Фризер создали ряд благотворит. фондов. В кон. 19 в. раввином в И. был Ицхок Машевицкий, до 1918 духовным раввином и шохетом был Натан-Нотэ Олевский (1871—1966, Москва). Весной 1881 иркутскому ген.-губ. Д.Г.Анучину удалось предотвратить еврейский погром. Летом 1895 иркутские евреи были обвинены в краже ребенка с ритуальной целью. Ребенок был найден, но вскоре умер от дизентерии, что дало новый повод для слухов и роста напряженности, и лишь вмешательство властей разрядило ситуацию. Во время Всерос. стачки в окт. 1905 в И. отмечено неск. попыток спровоцировать погром, во время столкновений демонстрантов с полицией 15—17 окт. погибло св. 20 чел. (в большинстве евреи). 11 июля 1906 в И. была предотвращена попытка погрома. В 1907 депутатом в Гос. Думу от И. был избран с.-д. Виктор Евсеевич Мандельберг (1870—1944).В 1903 в И. создано 2 сионистских кружка (старейшие в Сибири), насчитывавшие до 500 чел., действовал окружной к-т сионистов, состоявший из 24 чел. и разбитый на 3 группы (рук. групп — Ерманович, Шлойме Брегель и Мейер). В 1905 в И. издавался ежемес. журнал еврейской учащейся молодежи «Молодая Иудея». В годы 1-й мир. войны в И. были созданы К-т помощи беженцам и иркутский отдел ОЗЕ. В авг. 1917 в И. состоялась Всесиб. конф. Бунда. В окт. 1917 в И. проходила Всесиб. сионистская конференция. В 1918—20 в городе действовало Исполнит. бюро Нац. совета евреев Сибири и Урала (пред. М.Новомейский, секр. А.Я.Горнштейн), к-рое координировало деятельность св. 60 общин. В 1918 в И. выходил орган Палестинской комиссии при Вост.-Сиб. районной сионистской орг-ции «Земля обетованная», действовала местная орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1919—20 действовало изд-во «Еврейская свободная мысль», выходил еженед. «Еврейская жизнь». 1 апр. 1920 в И. открыт клуб им. Б.Борохова. К 1922 все ранее существовавшие еврейские орг-ции были закрыты или реорганизованы. В нач. 1920-х гг. в И. под эгидой Евсекции работали еврейский клуб «Цукунфт», еврейская школа 1-й ступени (в сер. 1920-х гг. в ней преподавали местные сионисты Левин и Гольдберг), б-ка; существовали отд-ние ОЗЕТ, об-во «Гмилас-Хаседим», устраивавшее лекции и еврейские спектакли. Организатором и первым ректором ун-та в И. в 1918—20 был М.М.Рубинштейн. В 1922 во время кампании по изъятию церковных ценностей в синагоге было реквизировано 23 изделия из серебра. В кон. 1920-х гг. все еврейские орг-ции и синагога были закрыты. В 1922—44 раввином И. вновь был Н.-Н.Олевский.В 1945 по ходатайству верующих евреев в И. была открыта синагога (раввин — Лейзер Хаимович Резник, исполнявший также обязанности моэла), в обычные дни в ней собиралось 25—30 чел., в праздники — 300—350, в Йом-Кипур — до 1 тыс. чел. Кантора в синагогу приглашали из др. городов (в 1957 — из Москвы). В 1958 синагога была закрыта.В 1992 в И. создана еврейская религ. община. С 1993 действуют воскресная школа, культурно-просветит. об-во (дир. Константин Натанович Данович). С 1995 пред. общины и раввин — Джура Исаборухович Файлаев. При поддержке Джойнта действует благотворит. орг-ция. Под рук. Владимира Рабиновича функционирует Об-во по изучению еврейской истории. С 1992 издается «Сиб. еврейский сборник». Имеется 3 еврейских кладбища. В 1998 было осквернено старое еврейское кладбище, сожжены сторожка и ритуальный зал.В 1999 в И. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В И. род.: М.К.Азадовский, Б.Г.Бархин, Н.Р.Ботвинник, Б.В.Волынов, И.Г.Гольдберг, Д’Актиль, К.В.Дубровский, Т.М.Лифшиц, М.Медзини, М.Л.Миль, А.Понве, М.И.Ромм, С.И.Хейфец, И.М.Хоммер, Л.И.Шаманский; Павел Михайлович Берлинский (1900—1976, Москва), композитор, один из основоположников бурятского проф. муз. иск-ва, автор первой бурятской оперы, нар. арт. Бурятской АССР (1943); Мария Васильевна Кленова (1898—1976, Москва), геолог, д-р геол.-минерал. наук (1937), проф. (1937), основатель сов. школы морской геологии; Иван Иванович Петров (наст. фам. Краузе) (р. 1920), певец (бас), солист Большого т-ра, нар. арт. СССР (1959), Стал. пр. (1950, 1951)., extra_data="{'translat...")
IRKUTSK OSTROG, see Irkutsk.
IRMINO, a member (since 1962) of Stakhanov (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 74 Jews lived in I.
IRPEN, city (since 1956) in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1902 as a settlement. Irpen Dachi at the railway I. passing on the territory. Kievsky u. In 1926, 45 Jews (1.8%) lived in I., in 1939 - 247 (4%), in 1989 - 454 Jews. Jews have settled in I. since its inception. In 1909 a two-class Jewish school was opened in India. During the Civil. As a result of pogroms, the Jewish population of India fell sharply. 24 Aug. 1941 India was occupied by Germans. troops. Before the occupation, most of the Jews of India left for Kiev. 28 Aug 1941 in India, one Jewish woman with two children was shot. In the village, the Komsomol underground operated, a cut was headed by V.M. Kaminskaya (she died during a combat mission in August 1943). 1992 conference was held in I. representatives of the Zionist movement in the states that were formerly part of the USSR. In 1999, approx. 110 Jews S. Ya. Elisabeth
IRPEN COTTAGES, see Irpen.
Irshava, city (since 1982), regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816 69 Jews (10.6%) lived in I., in 1881, 112 (11.5%), 1930 - 7078 Jews. 19th century Jews owned several in I. shops, shops, a mill, a sawmill. 1944 I. Jews were concentrated in a camp in Mukachevo and a month later deported to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated.
IRTENIEV Igor Moiseevich (b. 1947, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Lenigr. Institute of Film Engineers (1972), Higher. theater. courses (1989). Published in the USSR and abroad since 1979. One of the most prominent representatives of the so-called. ironic poetry that took shape in its own right. lit. current at the turn of the 80-90s. Using the tradition. set thin funds rus. ironic poets, in the best works. returns to this tradition the problematic breadth and existential depth lost after Sasha Cherny. Author of the book: "Agenda" (Paris, 1989), "Attempt to Text" (Moscow, 1989), "Vertical Cut" (Moscow, 1990), "Christmas Tree in the Kremlin" (Moscow, 1991), " Empire of Good "(M., 1994).
IRZHAVETS, a village in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1724. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rzhavets of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In the 1st half. 19th century in I. settled apprx. 25 Jewish families. Main lesson - p. x-in; several Jews were engaged in trade.
ISAAKOVKA GUTA, see Isakovka.
ISAEVO, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct. 1941 four Jews were killed in India.
ISAKOVA (until 1991 - Isakovo), a village in the Orhei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian Region, from 1873 to the province of 15 July 1941, 34 Jews were killed in India.
ISAKOVICH Harold Grigorievich (b. 1931, Moscow), architect. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Specialist in the design of public buildings. Main works: development of residential areas in the cities of Balashikha, Voskresensk, Dzerzhinsk, etc. (1956–59), lab. buildings of the Moscow and Kazan chemical. z-dov (1958–59), reconstruction of the ZIL plant in Moscow (1960s), development project center. squares in Tula (since 1970), the Lenin Memorial in Ulyanovsk (1970, under the direction of B. Mezentsev), the Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in Hanoi (1975). Linen. pr. (1972), Hero of Labor SRV (1975), honored. architect of the RSFSR (1984).
ISAKOVICH Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1911, Odessa - 1982, Moscow), theoretical physicist, specialist in the region. acoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1953), professor. Graduated in 1932 from Odessa Institute of Ing. water. transport, in 1938 graduate school at Moscow. state un-those. Until 1941 he taught at Moscow. and Orlovsky ped. in-takh. 1941–45 - at the aviation school. Since 1945 sotr. acoustic lab. Phys. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.M. Lebedev, in 1954–82 at Akustich. in-those. At the same time. in 1957–82 he taught at Moscow. physical and technical Institute of Science. the work carried out in the 30s is related to the problem of viscoelasticity, associated with the research. scattering of waves by rough and inhomogeneous surfaces. In the 40s. worked on the issues of sound propagation in micro-inhomogeneous media. He developed the theory of sound and vibration-insulating action of a system of identically tuned, closely spaced resonators placed in waveguides on vibrating plates, rods, and other structures. He proposed a method of sound insulation known in practice, DOS. to create on the walls of the waveguide periodic. irregularities. In the 60s. completed a series of works on vibrations and waves in rods of complex configurations, the results of which were applied when creating. new ultrasound surgeons. instr-tov. Author of 73 scientific. printed works. Since 1979, member. editorial board and author of theoretical. Art. in the small encyclopedia "Ultrasound". Works: Theory of flight, M., 1947; General acoustics, M., 1973.
ISAKOVKA, a village in Volodarsk-Volynsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Isaakovka Guta Zhitomirsky u. Volyn province. In 1941, 10 Jews were shot in I.
ISAKOVO, see Isakov.
ISAIKI, a village in Boguslavsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1579. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky district Kiev province, 1830s There were 28 Jews living in I. In 1919 there was a pogrom in I. by units of the Volunteer Army, as a result of which Jewish houses were destroyed. Most of the Jews of India moved to Boguslav.
ISBAKH Alexander (real name and family name Isaak Abramovich Bakhrakh) (1904, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1977, Moscow), writer. In 1924 he graduated from lit. dep. Moscow un-that, in 1928 - the Institute of red professors. From 1920 he worked in gas. and GROWTH. He made his debut in 1924 with the poem "Andrey Pakhomov". Participant of the International Aviation and Aviation Industry Association and VAAP. Organizer lit. associations "Working Spring" and "October". Member of the editorial board. a number of thin g. Prof. Lit. in-ta them. M. Gorky. In his first stories, images of Jewish Red Army men appear, and in his autobiographical. Sat. "Years of life" (M., 1949) depicts Heb. Dvinsk early. century. He spoke with Art. about owls. and nick. lit-re. In 1949 he was accused of "cosmopolitanism" and "Heb. bourgeois. nationalism "and sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment (the formal reason for the collection of stories" Years of Life ", 1948, in which, along with negative coverage of the life of Hebrew m., cited the texts of prayer. Details of the Hebrew religious ritual). Released in 1954. Author of the book: "Stories and stories", M., 1957; “Face the fire. Lit. portraits ", M., 1958; “On lit. barricades ", M., 1964; "My youth, my Komsomol", M., 1974, etc.
ISERLIS Julius Davydovich (1888, Chisinau - 1968, London), pianist. Moose. was educated first in Kiev by V.V. Pukhalsky; in 1900–05 he studied under VI Safonov in Moscow. cons., after the end of the cut he perfected himself in Paris with R. Pyuno. In 1911 he taught at the Odessa muses. uch-shche, in 1913-18 - in the Music-dramatic. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. In 1922 he settled in London, where he studied ped. activities, and also toured a lot. Conc. I. programs consisted of the main. from Op. Russian comp. He was a brilliant performer of productions. A.N. Skryabin, from whom he took consultations in Paris in 1907, S.V. Rachmaninov, N.K. Metner, early op. S.S. Prokofieva. Especially brightly I. showed himself in the interpretation of romantic. music, not only Russian, but Western European. - R. Schumann, FLista, French. impressionists. I. - the author of piano pieces in romantic. spirit.
ISH-SHALOM (Fridman) Mordechai (1902, Vilna - 1991), society. and polit. activist. Got a religion. education, graduated externally. He was engaged in active Zionist activities in Russia and Germany. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1935–55 - prof. activist. In 1955–59 and in 1967–69 - Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem, in 1960–66 - Mayor. In 1969–86 - before. council dir. Bank of Jerusalem. An active worker in the workers' party. Founder and previous council dir. pl. societies, org-tions, among them: Museum Sh.Y. Agnon, muses. academy, archives and museum of Jerusalem t-ra, etc.
ISHIM, a city (since 1782), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1670 as the village of Korkina. From 1st Thursday. 18th century - Korkina Sloboda, since 1782 - the district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then - the provinces. In 1865, 62 Jews lived in I., in 1910 - 111, in 1939 - 86 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in I.. B.M. Hessin.
ISHIMBAYEVA, see Ishimbay.
ISHIMBAY, city (since 1940), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Ishimbaev Sterlitamaksky u. Ufa province. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in I.
ISILKUL, city (since 1945), regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1895 as a station settlement in Omsk u. Akmola region In 1939, 23 Jews lived in I.
SPEED, see Korosten.
ISLAM-TEREK, see Kirovskoe.
ISPAS, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vyzhnytsya headman of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 there were 5 Jewish families living in I., in 1910 - c. 300 Jews, in 1930 - 143 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of India in the 19th century. - trade. In the beginning. 20th century Among the Jews there were 20 merchants and 5 artisans. In July 1941, all Jews of India were deported to Transnistria.
ISSERSON Georgy Samoilovich (1898, Petersburg - 1976, Moscow), military theorist, division commander. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from 3 courses Petrograd. un-that and the school of ensigns. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. In 1918–20 the commissar of the regiment, then brigades to the North. and Zap. fr. At the end of the War. academy named after M.V. Frunze (1924) early. operational department headquarters of Leningrad. VO, then General Staff, com. divisions, early. corps headquarters. Since 1929 the teacher is Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze, from 1931 to the beginning. her operational department. From 1936 to the beginning. Department of Operational Arts Military. Academy of the General Staff. During the Sov.-Finl. war 1939–40 early. army headquarters. I. - one of the authors of the theory of deep operations (1933), which assumed the attack at the same time. strikes to the entire operational depth of the enemy's defense by aviation, artillery, large masses of tanks and airborne troops. During the 2nd world. During the war, this theory was used by all the warring parties. In 1940, I. predicted the character and course of the German-fasc. aggression against the USSR. In 1940 he was demoted to colonel and actually removed from work. In July 1941 he was arrested for criticizing the mistakes made by the General Staff in preparation for war. He spent 10 years in camps and 4 years in exile. In 1955 in Moscow, he returned to the military-theoretical. work. Cit .: Cannes world. war, M., 1926; Lectures on deep tactics, M., 1932; Evolution of the operational claim, M., 1932; Military. lawsuit of the era nat. wars 2nd half. 19th century, M., 1933; On new ways of development of our operational art, M., 1934; New forms of struggle, M., 1940.
ISSYK-KUL (in 1909–89 - Rybachye), a city (since 1954), the center of the Issyk-Kul region. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). Main in 1884 as s. Bachino. In 1939, I.-K. 9 Jews lived.
ISTRA (up to 1589 - Safatovo, up to 1781 - Voskresenskoye, up to 1930 - Voskresensk), a city, a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. From 1781 - a district town of Moscow province, from 1791 - a provincial town, from 1796 - in Zvenigorod u. Moscow province. In the 1920s. In 1910, 17 Jews lived in I., in 1926 - 49, in 1939 - 54 (0.7%), in 1970 - 101 (0.6%), in 1989 - 98 Jews (0, 3%) In 1929 in Voskresensky district. the Jewish youth commune "Zangen" was created. The commune had a canteen, a laundry, a club, and a reading room. Ya.A. Kozlovsky.
ISUV Joseph Grigorievich (Andreevich) (1878, Vitebsk - 1920, Moscow), polit. activist. Graduated from Vilensky Teachers' Institute, worked as a teacher in Hebrew. school in Shavly; led a roar. propaganda in the local Bund organization. In 1900 he was arrested and exiled to Vitebsk. Since 1902, members RSDLP, Menshevik from 1903, led the Revolution. work in Yekaterinoslav and Kiev, from 1904 in Moscow. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07; at the end. 1905 - member. United. federate. to-that, in charge of Dec. armed uprising in Moscow. Dec. 1905 arrested, exiled in 1906, soon fled. At the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907), he was elected in absentia as Cand. in part. Central Committee, in the autumn of the same year was introduced to the Central Committee. During the years of reaction, the "liquidator", from 1910 - a member. Menshevik-liquidationist faction. Center, participated in the work of the Social-Democrats. fractions in the 3rd and 4th State. thoughts. In 1910-12 - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, organizer of St. Petersburg. "Initiative group". In 1912 he was expelled from St. Petersburg and settled in Pskov, in 1913 he entered Organizats. to-t (OK) RSDLP. In the years of the 1st world. wars are "defensive". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - one of the leaders of Moscow. Mensheviks, since March - member. to-that their mosk. org-tion, from Apr. - member Executive Committee of Moscow. Council and Moscow. region Bureau of Soviets. In the beginning. May - cases. Vseros. conf. Menshevik. and combined. org-tions of the RSDLP; elected member OK. In June - cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, one of the hands. his Menshevik. factions and org. section of the congress. In aug. cases. Unite. Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee of the RSDLP from the defense majority of the congress. On Sept. participant Democratic meetings in Oct. - member Pre-parliament. During the days of Oct. armed the uprising in Moscow acted as a mediator between the Military Revolutionary Committee and the Public Security Committee. In the end. nov. - early. Dec opposed the closure of the bourgeois. newspapers. Congress of the RSDLP (late 1917) was re-elected (in absentia) as a member. Central Committee. In 1918 he was headed by a Menshevik. faction Mosk. Council. In 1919, without leaving desks. activities, worked at the Museum of Labor. Author of works on the history and statistics of the strike movement in Russia. He died of dysentery.
ITAT, see Itatsky.
ITATSKY (until 1958 - Itat), an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Tyazhinsky district of the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Itatskoe Maryinsky okr. Tomsk province. In 1893 there was a synagogue in I.
ITATIC, see Itati.
ITELSON Lev Borisovich (1926, Baku - 1974, Vladimir), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1965), prof. Graduated from oil mechanic. f-t Azerb. industrial in-ta, f-t foreign. lang. Azerb. extramural ped. Institute (1945), jurid. f-t Azerb. un-that (1946). Ped. he began his career as a school teacher in 1946. sotr. Azerb. Research Institute of Pedagogy, since 1958 taught at Azerb. state ped. in-those them. M.F.Akhundova. From 1965 he worked in the Vladimir ped. in-those them. PI Lebedev-Polyansky, where he headed the creation. on his initiative, the Department of Psychology, as well as the lab. experimental psychology. Auth. 14 kn. and St. 100 scientific. Art. by decomp. problems of general and ped. psychology, labor psychology, Ing. psychology. His book. "Lectures on modern. problems of educational psychology "(1972) - the first systematic. presentation of ped. psychology. Auth. original developments in mat. modeling the learning process. Under the arm. I. carried out a large-scale experiment. research the viewer, perception, which made it possible to reveal certain mechanisms of color vision. The presentation of his concept of cognitive processes was devoted to "Lectures on General Psychology" (vols. 1-2, 1970-72) - a fundamental work that remained unfinished. Works: Fundamentals of the methodology of prof. teaching schoolchildren, M., 1963; Mat. and cybernetic. methods in pedagogy, M., 1964.
Itenberg Boris Samuilovich (b. 1921, Klintsy of the Surazh district of the Gomel province), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1991). R. in the family of employees. Graduated from East. Faculty of Chkalovsky ped. Institute (1942). Since 1942 in Kr. Army, graduated from the Chkalov anti-aircraft art. uch-shche, in 1943–45 at the front. Since 1945 teacher of history, since 1946 director. schools for working youth in Perovo Mosk. region Since 1957 in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute of Russian History of the RAS). From the beginning. 1960s headed by gr. on the history of societies. movement in post-reform Russia. Author of works on the history of societies, movements and societies. thoughts of Russia 2nd floor. 19th century, Russian-West-European societies. connections. Participated in the preparation of generalizing ist. tr. "Paris Commune" (vol. 2, Moscow, 1961); "First International" (part 2, Moscow, 1965); "Essays on the history of ist. science in the USSR "(v. 5, Moscow, 1985), part. of the editorial boards of the collective monographs “Russia in the rev. the situation at the turn of the 1870s-1880s ”(Moscow, 1983),“ The Emancipation of Labor Group ”and socio-polit. wrestling in Russia "(M., 1984), doc. the publication “Rev. populism of the 70s. XIX century. " (vol. 1–2, M.-L., 1964–65) and other works: Yuzhnoros. workers' union - the first proletarian organization in Russia, Moscow, 1954 (2nd ed., revised and supplemented - M., 1974); First International and the roar. Russia, M., 1964; Movement roar. populism, M., 1965; Russia and the Paris Commune, M., 1971; Lavrov, M., 1981 (with A.I. Volodin); Russia and Vel. French rev-tion, M., 1988; P.L. Lavrov in Russian. roar. movement, M., 1988.
ITIN Lev Iosifovich (1909 - 1978, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1959). Graduated from Moscow. technol. in-t (engineer-economical f-t, 1931), from that time on scientific-ped. work, since 1955 head. Department of Economics Socialist. prom-sti State. econom. in-that, then Ying-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. directions of scientific. works: efficiency of production, specialization and concentration of industry, cost accounting and ration. use of production facilities, facilities. Author and responsible ed. pl. programs, textbooks and uch. benefits for the economics of light industry, incl. “Economy of leather and footwear. industry ", L.-M., 1940 (co-author.)," Economics of light industry ", M., 1957 (co-author.)," Economics of socialist. prom-sti ", 6th ed., 1980 (co-author). Works: Ways to improve the use of production. capacities prom. pr-tiy, M., 1956; Economics of textile machinery, M., 1969 (co-author); Optimal planning. the size of the company, M., 1976 (et al.).
ITIN Vivian Azarevich (1893, Ufa - 1939), writer, poet, journalist. R. in the family of a lawyer. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. From 1919 in Siberia, in 1921-22 on desks, and owls. work in Krasnoyarsk and Kansk. From 1922 post. sotr., in 1928-29 responsible. secretary, in 1933–35 ch. ed. g. "Sib. the lights". In the 1920s. participated in the Kara Exp. and one of the flights of the icebreaker "Krasin" in Sev. pestilence. paths. The author is fantastic. the story "The Country of Gonguri" (1922), collection of verses. "Sun of the Heart" (1923), book. prose "High Way" (1927), essays "Access to the Sea" (1930), and other cases. 1st Congress of Sov. writers (1934). In 1937 he was repressed.
ITKIS Moisey Abramovich (b. 1929, Torgovitsa), sportsman (shooting sport). Z.m.s. USSR, Cand. ped. sciences. Multiple champion of the world, Europe and the USSR (in the 1950s-1960s). He set 19 world records and 75 USSR records.
ITKOVICH Moishe (1902, Minsk - 1986, Moscow), translator, publicist. He lost his hearing as a child. I was engaged in self-education. He was a laborer at a tobacco factory in Kremenchug. In 1918 he returned to Minsk, where in 1922 he worked as a editor. Heb. gas. "October". In 1925 he moved to Moscow. Works in the center. Heb. b-ke, then in Heb. section of Tsentrogosizdat. Since 1931 - editor, proofreader and translator in Moscow. publishing house "Der emes". Published in Heb. gas. Art. on the problems of language and literature. He owns the lane. in Yiddish textbook for the school "History of the Middle Ages" E. Kosminsky, a number of other scholar-popul. ed. From 1961 until he ate, he worked for days. in f. "Soviet gameland".
ICA, a village in the Ambrolaur region (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Imeretian kingdom. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, in 1840-46 - in the Kutaisi district. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, from 1846 - in Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. 1870s. a resident of I. was the Jew Joseph Buziashvili, who owned a vineyard.
ITZIKSON Miron Ilyich (1911–1985), geologist. In the 40s. conducted research. subsoil in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. Participated in the work of a geological exploration exp., Who discovered primary deposits of tin ores - Malokhingan tin ore district, which was created. preconditions for the development of the tin ore industry in the Far East and allowed to deploy the construction of the complex "Khinganolovo". In 1950 he compiled the first metallotektonich. the map of D.Vostok.
ITSHOKI Yakov Semenovich (1906, Disna, Vilna province - 1984, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. radar and pulse technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1950), professor. He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. polytechnic in-t, then graduate school. Since 1941 in Kr. Army, in 1944 transferred to the Military Vozd. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, where he worked until 1984 (until 1969 head of the department, then professor of the department). works related to radar and radar technology, with impulse technology. Developed the theory and methods of calculating pulse generators for radars. technology, as well as pulse transformers (1950). In the 60s. performed work on digital signal processing in the radar. Art. side view. Author of a number of printed scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. Works: Impulse generators, Moscow, 1944; Impulse technique, M., 1949; Nonlinear radio engineering, M., 1955; Pulse transformers: Theory, calculation, design and testing, M., 1950; Impulse devices, M., 1959; Pulse and digital devices, M., 1972.
ITSKIN Max Semenovich (1902, Slutsk, Minsk province. - 1965, Leningrad), military doctor, major general honey. service (1943). In 1919–22 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Belarus. un-that (1928). In 1928 - 33 ml., Then Art. doctor, regiment, in 1933–37 a divisional doctor. In 1937–40 the beginning. medical department and deputy. early dignity dep. Belarusian. Special VO. In 1940 the deputy. early dignity dep. Privolzhsky VO, in 1941 deputy. early dignity management of the North-West, in 1941–42 - the Bryansk fr. In 1943 the beginning. dignity management of the 2nd Baltic, fr., in 1946 - Lvov VO, in 1947–52 -Vost.-Sib. VO, in 1952 Far East. IN. Retired from 1961. In 1962-65 deputy. early n.-i. dep. VMM of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Load 7th order.
ITSKOVICH Zelman Ilyich (Isaakovich) (1902, Lubny, Poltava province. - 1965, Moscow), aircraft designer. Since 1919, without completing the mission, he worked in the red. gas. Izvestia Krasnogorsk Revolutionary Committee in Poltava region. In 1923 he began his studies at the Kharkov Technol. in-those. In 1922-27 he worked in the Poltava department of the food industry union (with a break in 1923, when he was sent to study at the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, but after the first year he was forced to combine study with work). Diploma of engineer received in 1930. In 1927–33 he worked in the experimental design bureau of the Kharkov Aviation. s-yes, having gone from timekeeper, draftsman-designer to the head. lab. testing of structures. Participated in static. and flight tests of a number of prototypes. In 1933 he went to work in the Kazan Aviation. in-t head. Department of Aircraft Structures and Design, as well as Ch. constructor. For 6 years of work at this institute, he designed, built and conducted flight tests of a five-seat pass. KAI-1 aircraft with two M-11 engines and its modifications - uch. a UBP bomber for crew training, as well as an UTI-3 trainer fighter with a 200 hp engine. In 1934–40, Ch. technologist at aviation. s-de. In 1940–43 - deputy. ch. designer V.F. Bolkhovitinov, participated in the creation of the first owls. fighter with a liquid jet engine. Since 1943 - in the Research Institute of Technology and Organization of Production (NIAT) of the Ministry of Aviation. prom-sti, where he led the team for the introduction of flow methods of production. At the same time. in 1945–48 he taught at Moscow. aviation technology in-those. Research plastic. deformation of metals Ch. ed. ser. "Aircraft" of express information in VINITI (1956–58). Vol .: Fundamentals of theory and technology. calculations of riveting in aircraft construction, M., 1948.
IUDINO, see Bondarevo.
IVANA FRANKO (until 1951 - Naguevichi), a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1424. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 76 Jews lived in I.F., in 1940 - 15 Jewish families. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade; Jews owned 2 shops and 2 restaurants. There was a synagogue. In 1914, there was a pogrom in I.F. In 1941, 72 Jews were killed in I.F. In 1942, 7 Jews from Borislav, who were hiding with the help of local residents, were shot in IF.
IVANGOROD, see Demblin.
IVANIKI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1898, in India, by 243 dess. 240 people lived in the land, in 1921 - 235 Jews. 1870s There was a synagogue in India. During the occupation of India by the Germans. troops in the summer of 1941 all Jews of I. (about 250 people) were deported to Pinsk.
IVANISKA, a city in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Opatovsky u. Radom Gubernia. 594 Jews (82.9%) lived in India in 1856, in 1897 - 1996 (83%), in 1921 - approx. 1900 Jews. 1870-90s. The rabbi in Indonesia was Gil-Yokhel Ferleger, from 1899 - Itskhok-Dovid Shapira (1872 -?). On June 1, 1942, a ghetto was created in India, which contained apprx. 1600 people With the liquidation of the ghetto in October. 1942 Jews from India were deported to Treblinka.
IVANITSA, a village in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Priluksky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1930, 6 Jews lived in I., in 1939 - 11 Jews. 1917 pogrom took place in India.
IVANIE, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1386. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 11 Jews lived in I.. 20th century Jews were engaged in petty trade, bringing goods from Dubno.
IVANKA, see Ivanka.
IVANKI, a village in Mankovsky district of Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ivanka Umansky u. In Kiev province, 704 Jews (27.2 percent) lived in India in 1897, and 206 Jews in 1923, and a pogrom took place in India in May 1919.
IVANKOV, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1589. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. Since 1923 it was the regional center of the Kiev environs, then the region. In 1847 642 Jews (27.2%) lived in I., in 1881 - 721, in 1897 - 1577 (51.9%), in 1923 - 206, in 1939 - 430 Jews. 19th century the Jews of India owned 2 trade shops and a mill. In 1865 there was a synagogue in India. In the 2nd floor. 19th century rabbi in I. in tech. Mordkhe-Doiv Levitsky was 35 years old, from 1899 - Froim Kovalenko (1875—?), From 1906 - the son of M.D. Levitsky Yankel Levitsky (1884—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution in Israel. m-in. Pogroms took place in I. on 4 and 12 November. 1917. In May 1919, a pogrom took place in I., organized by the gang of the ataman Shakilo. Sep 1919 - a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army in December. 1919 - by the gang of Ataman Struk. 19 Sept. 1941, 166 Jews were shot in India. 1941 - 29 Jews. Total in Sept. - Oct. 1941 was shot ca. 500 Jews from India and surrounding places. H. Shmaenok.
IVANKOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1904, 268 Jews lived in India, and in 1940 there were 273 Jews. 18th century In the end. 18th century the first synagogue was built, at the end. 19th century - the second. In the 19th century. Hasidism spread among the Jews of India. In the beginning. 20th century There was a Zionist organization in India, and during the Holocaust almost all Jews in India were exterminated.
IVANO-FRANKOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Yavoriv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - city (from 1611) Janov in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in I.-F. 177 Jews lived, in 1880 - 968 (53.2%), in 1890 - 865 (33.8%), in 1900 - 749 (28.1%), in 1910 - 1117 (43%), in 1921 - 490 Jews (27.1%) The first information about Jews in I.-F. refer to 1614. Jews I.-F. suffered during the raids of the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. From the end. 18th century in I.-F. there was an independent community. Since 1876, Rabbi I.-F. was Yosef Yitzchok Katz, from 1910 - Menachem Margulius. Most of the Jews I.-F. were Belse's Hasidim. In 1901 the Zionist organization “Agavas Israel” was created. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied I.-F. June 28, 1941. At the end. July 1941 the Judenrat was created, in the summer of 1942 - the ghetto, liquidated in November. 1942.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ИВАНО-ФРАНКОВСК (до 1962 — Станислав), город, областной центр (Украина). Осн. в 1662. В 17—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 1732 в И.-Ф. проживало 1470 евреев, в 1765 — 925, в 1792 — 2237 (41,2%), в 1811 — 3392, в 1857 — 6920 (59,2%), в 1869 — ок. 8000 (ок. 47%), в 1880 — 10 028 (53,8%), в 1890 — 12 144 (54,2%), в 1900 — 14 106 (46,4%), в 1910 — 15 253 (45,8%), в 1921 — 15 860 (56,2%), в 1931 — 24 823 еврея (34,3%).Евреи жили в И.-Ф. с момента основания города. Осн. занятия — торговля и ремесла. В 1662 было заложено еврейское кладбище, в 1672 была построена первая синагога, в 1692 создана хевра кадиша. В 1777 была построена вторая синагога. В 1740—50 раввином в И.-Ф. был Арье-Лейб Ойербах (1710—1750), в 1764—84 — раби Иегуда, в 1784—1844 — Арье-Лейб Горовиц (1758—1844), в 1845—81 — сын Арье-Лейба Мешулам-Иссахар (1804—1887), в 1887—1904 — сын Мешулам-Иссахара Ицхок. В 1906 в И.-Ф. была создана иешива «Ор хаим».С сер. 19 в. И.-Ф. — один из центров галицийского хасидизма. В городе жил цадик Ицхок Лейфер, затем его сын — Хаим, погибший в период Катастрофы. В нач. 20 в. в И.-Ф. жил цадик Яков-Йосеф (?—1931). Один из хасидских дворов возглавлял Хаим Хагер (1863—1932), затем его сын Исроэль-Шойлом-Йосеф (?—1944). В 1884 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Ошер-Аншел Ашкенази (?—1896), в 1896 династию продолжил его сын Цви (1870—1942). В 1874 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Нохум Брандвейн (1847—1915), в 1918 династию возглавил его сын Элиэзер (1869—1943).В 1837 Йоэль Гальперн основал еврейскую больницу. Сын Йоэля Авром, возглавлявший общину И.-Ф., в 1848 был избран в парламент Австрии. В 1860—80-х гг. действовала реформистская синагога. В 1871 был открыт еврейский дет. дом, в 1872 — еврейская школа с преподаванием на польск. яз. В 1897—1919 мэром И.-Ф. был Артур Нимхейн. В 1903 была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите «Сафа брура». В 1905 была создана орг-ция для оказания помощи евреям- беженцам из России. В нач. 1910-х гг. было создано объединение евреев-торговцев. С 1890-х гг. в И.-Ф. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1912 зажиточными евреями И.-Ф. была создана орг-ция «Эрец-Исроэль» для покупки земель в Э.-И. В 1903—04 в И.-Ф. выходил еженед. на идише сионистской ориентации «Юдишес Вохенблат» (ред. — д-р Мойше Дугилевский). В 1909—14 издавался независимый еженед. на идише «Станиславер Глаке». В 1900—14 выходили разл. периодич. издания на идише, иврите и польск. яз.В 1920—30-х гг. в И.-Ф. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, выпускалось ок. 20 еврейских периодич. изданий. С 1934 раввином И.-Ф. был Мойше Горовиц. В 1920 были основаны жен. с.-х. школа «Софиевка», гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1924 — школа «Бейс Яаков». В 1927 было заложено «новое» еврейское кладбище. В 1930-х гг. в И.-Ф. было ок. 60 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские.2 июля 1941 И.-Ф. заняли части венг. армии. После прихода частей вермахта 26 июля 1941 был создан юденрат. В нач. авг. 1941 было расстреляно неск. сотен евреев — представителей свободных профессий. В живых были оставлены 10 евреев-врачей и 13 инженеров. Осенью 1941 было создано гетто. 31 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев, в апр. — еще неск. тысяч. Летом 1942 было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. 12 сент. 1942 — ок. 5 тыс. В февр. 1943 гетто было ликвидировано, 25 апр. и 25 июня 1943 были уничтожены евреи, содержавшиеся в рабочем лагере. Неск. десятков евреев-специалистов содержалось в тюрьме И.-Ф. до весны 1944. После освобождения И.-Ф. в июле 1944 в город вернулось ок. 1500 евреев. В период Катастрофы было полностью уничтожено 25 зданий синагог, 15 — пострадали частично. В 1961 было разрушено старое еврейское кладбище, в 1967 закрыто «новое».В 1988 в И.-Ф. была открыта воскресная школа, в 1990 создана еврейская религ. община. Раввин — Мойше-Лейб (Виктор Павлович) Колесник (р. 1957, Ивано-Франковск). В 1991 общине было возвращено здание синагоги, построенное в 1899.В 1999 в И.-Ф. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В И.-Ф. род. Лео-Арье Майер (1895—1959, Иерусалим), востоковед, проф. Еврейского ун-та в Иерусалиме (1932—58), в 1943—45 ректор Еврейского ун-та., pronunciation=ИВАНО-ФРАНКОВСК (до 1962 — Станислав), город, областной центр (Украина). Осн. в 1662. В 17—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 1732 в И.-Ф. проживало 1470 евреев, в 1765 — 925, в 1792 — 2237 (41,2%), в 1811 — 3392, в 1857 — 6920 (59,2%), в 1869 — ок. 8000 (ок. 47%), в 1880 — 10 028 (53,8%), в 1890 — 12 144 (54,2%), в 1900 — 14 106 (46,4%), в 1910 — 15 253 (45,8%), в 1921 — 15 860 (56,2%), в 1931 — 24 823 еврея (34,3%).Евреи жили в И.-Ф. с момента основания города. Осн. занятия — торговля и ремесла. В 1662 было заложено еврейское кладбище, в 1672 была построена первая синагога, в 1692 создана хевра кадиша. В 1777 была построена вторая синагога. В 1740—50 раввином в И.-Ф. был Арье-Лейб Ойербах (1710—1750), в 1764—84 — раби Иегуда, в 1784—1844 — Арье-Лейб Горовиц (1758—1844), в 1845—81 — сын Арье-Лейба Мешулам-Иссахар (1804—1887), в 1887—1904 — сын Мешулам-Иссахара Ицхок. В 1906 в И.-Ф. была создана иешива «Ор хаим».С сер. 19 в. И.-Ф. — один из центров галицийского хасидизма. В городе жил цадик Ицхок Лейфер, затем его сын — Хаим, погибший в период Катастрофы. В нач. 20 в. в И.-Ф. жил цадик Яков-Йосеф (?—1931). Один из хасидских дворов возглавлял Хаим Хагер (1863—1932), затем его сын Исроэль-Шойлом-Йосеф (?—1944). В 1884 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Ошер-Аншел Ашкенази (?—1896), в 1896 династию продолжил его сын Цви (1870—1942). В 1874 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Нохум Брандвейн (1847—1915), в 1918 династию возглавил его сын Элиэзер (1869—1943).В 1837 Йоэль Гальперн основал еврейскую больницу. Сын Йоэля Авром, возглавлявший общину И.-Ф., в 1848 был избран в парламент Австрии. В 1860—80-х гг. действовала реформистская синагога. В 1871 был открыт еврейский дет. дом, в 1872 — еврейская школа с преподаванием на польск. яз. В 1897—1919 мэром И.-Ф. был Артур Нимхейн. В 1903 была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите «Сафа брура». В 1905 была создана орг-ция для оказания помощи евреям- беженцам из России. В нач. 1910-х гг. было создано объединение евреев-торговцев. С 1890-х гг. в И.-Ф. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1912 зажиточными евреями И.-Ф. была создана орг-ция «Эрец-Исроэль» для покупки земель в Э.-И. В 1903—04 в И.-Ф. выходил еженед. на идише сионистской ориентации «Юдишес Вохенблат» (ред. — д-р Мойше Дугилевский). В 1909—14 издавался независимый еженед. на идише «Станиславер Глаке». В 1900—14 выходили разл. периодич. издания на идише, иврите и польск. яз.В 1920—30-х гг. в И.-Ф. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, выпускалось ок. 20 еврейских периодич. изданий. С 1934 раввином И.-Ф. был Мойше Горовиц. В 1920 были основаны жен. с.-х. школа «Софиевка», гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1924 — школа «Бейс Яаков». В 1927 было заложено «новое» еврейское кладбище. В 1930-х гг. в И.-Ф. было ок. 60 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские.2 июля 1941 И.-Ф. заняли части венг. армии. После прихода частей вермахта 26 июля 1941 был создан юденрат. В нач. авг. 1941 было расстреляно неск. сотен евреев — представителей свободных профессий. В живых были оставлены 10 евреев-врачей и 13 инженеров. Осенью 1941 было создано гетто. 31 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев, в апр. — еще неск. тысяч. Летом 1942 было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. 12 сент. 1942 — ок. 5 тыс. В февр. 1943 гетто было ликвидировано, 25 апр. и 25 июня 1943 были уничтожены евреи, содержавшиеся в рабочем лагере. Неск. десятков евреев-специалистов содержалось в тюрьме И.-Ф. до весны 1944. После освобождения И.-Ф. в июле 1944 в город вернулось ок. 1500 евреев. В период Катастрофы было полностью уничтожено 25 зданий синагог, 15 — пострадали частично. В 1961 было разрушено старое еврейское кладбище, в 1967 закрыто «новое».В 1988 в И.-Ф. была открыта воскресная школа, в 1990 создана еврейская религ. община. Раввин — Мойше-Лейб (Виктор Павлович) Колесник (р. 1957, Ивано-Франковск). В 1991 общине было возвращено здание синагоги, построенное в 1899.В 1999 в И.-Ф. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В И.-Ф. род. Лео-Арье Майер (1895—1959, Иерусалим), востоковед, проф. Еврейского ун-та в Иерусалиме (1932—58), в 1943—45 ректор Еврейского ун-та., extra_data="{'translat...")
IVANO-VORONOVKA, (since 1964) s. Zhovten in the Shiryaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovka-Wulfov of Tiraspol district Kherson province. 1941 in I.-V. 7 Jews were killed.
IVANOPOL (until 1946 - Yanushpol), an urban-type settlement (from 1924) in the Chudnovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. as Janushpol of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. From the end. 1930s until 1954 it was a district center. In 1847 605 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 1251 (24.6%), in 1923 - 1236, in 1926 - 1369 (19.2%), in 1939 - 721 Jews. in I. there were 2 synagogues, in the late. 19th century - synagogue and talmud-Torah. Main occupation of the Jewish population - trade (including bread and cattle). On March 25-29, 1919, a pogrom broke out in India by the troops of the Directory. July 1941 India was occupied by the Germans. troops; On May 20, 1942, 680 Jews were shot, in total on the territory. 1,171 Jews were exterminated in the district. In 1989, 5 Jews lived in I. (0.1%). E. Brodsky, S. Y. Elisavetsky
IVANOV, a village in Kalinovskiy district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yanov, Vinnitsa Podolsk lips. In the 1930s. - Yanovskiy Jewish nat. In 1765, 765 Jews lived in I. and surrounding villages, in 1887 in I. - 44%, in 1897 - 2,088 Jews (37.7%), in 1923 - 1,569 Jews. In 1889 in I. there were 3 synagogues. In the end. 19th century main the occupation of the Jewish population is craft; from I. exported embroidered shirts for 3 thousand rubles. in year. On July 11-15, 1919, a pogrom took place in India; OK. 300 Jews were killed. On May 30, 1942, 814 Jews were shot in India, and in June 1942 - 194 Jews. After 1944 Jews, immigrants from India, put in order the burial place of those executed. R.Ya.Lerner, I.M. Maergoiz.Yu.N. Grigorieva
IVANOVICE, a city in the Kalisz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kaliszsky posad. 68 Jews (10.2%) lived in India in 1897, and approx. 300 Jews. The Jewish population of India was destroyed during the Holocaust.
IVANOVKA, see Yanoshi.
IVANOVKA-VULFOVA, see Ivano-Voronovka.
IVANOVO (in 1871-1932 - Ivanovo-Voznesensk), city, center of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1871 from the village. Ivanovo and Voznesensky Posad as the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk Shuisky u. Vladimirskaya lips. Since 1918, it was the center of Ivanovo-Voznesensk Gubernia, then the region. In 1926, 603 Jews (0.3%) lived in I., in 1939 - 1585, in 1970 - 1363 (0.3%), in 1979 - 1236 ( 0.3%), in 1989 - 1215 Jews. 19th century there was an officially authorized synagogue in India. In 1905 the Jewish population of India suffered from a pogrom. In 1915 there was a Jewish cemetery in India. In the end. 1915 arrived in India approx. 100 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces. On Feb. 1927 in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" was published Art. "Zhidenok", dedicated. "The Beirakh case". The article described the fact of the abuse of an underage Jewish student by artisan electricians of one of the factories, who was almost beaten to death during the 2nd world. During the war, the Jewish population of India grew due to the evacuees. In 1993, a region was created. about-in Jewish culture, a cut was headed by Klara Davydovna Zatulovskaya, since 1996 - Rudolf Iosifovich Markinson. In the 1990s. a Jewish youth club and library were opened in I., a circle for the study of Hebrew and a lecture hall on Jewish studies were organized; there is a Jewish cemetery. In 1999 a religious community was established in I. In 2000, approx. 1200 Jews in I. M. S. Neiman, N. Sarrott; lived and worked A.M. Koltun, M.L. Kurskiy.Yu.N. Grigorieva
IVANOVO-VOSNESENSK, see Ivanovo, Ivanovo Region.
IVANOVSKAYA, see Asha.
IVANOVTSY (until 1946 - Yanovtsy), a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1659. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Yanoutsi Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 267 Jews lived in India. In July 1941, all Jews in India were deported to Transnistria.
IVANTEEVKA, city (since 1938) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). First mentioned. in 1586 as the village of Vanteevo. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. Since 1928 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1926 there were 7 Jews (0.2%) in India, in 1939 - 149 (0.7%), in 1970 - 155 (0.4%), in 1989 - 163 Jews (0 , 3%).
IVANTER Benjamin Abramovich (1904, Vilna - 1942), writer. Children. and spent his youth in Kharkov. In 1920 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. In 1921 he entered the State. dir. workshops directed by V.E. Meyerhold. At the same time. worked in ROSTA, then as a reporter in gas. "Work". In 1923–25 he wrote a propaganda campaign. plays for youth clubs, school t-moats ("The Christmas of Sergei's priest", "Prayer for Sergei's priest", "The Earth Has Lit Up", "Against the Red Tie"). I. first of all children. writer: pov. "The Merry Link", play "Mamai" (both 1930), autobiographical. pov. "Shot" (1938), essay "Country of winners" (1935), book. How We Live, composed of letters from children (1940). From 1925 in the train. "Pioneer", in 1933-38 his ch. ed. (united around the railway the most talented writers, artists, popularizers of science). Book. I. for adults: "My friend" (1941), "Boys" (1941). Since Aug. 1941 worked in front-line gas. "The enemy - with a bayonet", wrote Art., Essays; died at a combat post. In the train. "Banner" (1945, No. 12) publ. I.'s letters to his wife and daughter are a vivid document of that time. In 1956 in Moscow, reissued. book "Four comrades" and "Shot".
IVASHKOV, a village in the Kodymsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1800, 6 Jews (2.4%) lived in India, in 1897 - 3 Jews.
IVASHKOVTSY, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1942–44 a ghetto was created in India for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 232 Jews in the ghetto.
IVATSEVICHI, city (since 1966), regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941 a ghetto was created in India, and in March 620 Jews were shot.
IVENETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Minsky u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 in the BSSR. In 1847, 2,342 Jews lived in I., in 1897 - 1,343 (50.3%), in 1931 - approx. 1200 Jews. 19th century the rabbis in India were Reuven Halevi (1818-1887), Joshua Lang (1837—?), in the second half. 19th century - Noach-Chaim Levin, from 1909 - Iekhizkil-Simkha Rabinovich (1866—?). In the beginning. 20th century main occupation of the Jewish population - crafts, mainly. pottery and tile production. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Israel. m-in, society of consumers in the town of Ivenets. 3 Sept. 1941 in I. 50 Jews were shot. I. genus: I. Golev; Bezalel-Yehuda Eliasberg (1800-1847, Minsk), popularizer of honey. knowledge in ancient Hebrew.
IVENITSKY Avrom (1892, Zhitkovichi Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1943, Warsaw), publicist, translator. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. In 1910 he was a private teacher in Slonim, in 1911 - a proofreader in Russian. publishing house in Warsaw. In 1914 he was drafted into the army, was at the front, then in the Austr. captivity. In the end. 1918 returned to his homeland. In 1921 he moved to Vilno, was a sotr. Heb. gas. and at the same time. studied to be a dentist. In 1923 his first was published. book "Ven di vegn kreutzn zih iber" ("When the roads cross") - a diary of Heb. a prisoner of war, which also described the life of the Jews of Croatia. In the 1920s and 30s. printed in Warsaw Hebrews. ed. novellas, rec. on the book., Chronicle, worked as an agent of Heb. publishing house I. was known as a brilliant translator into Yiddish (C. Dickens, K. Hamsun).
IVIE, an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 804 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 573 (15.7%), in 1931 - 2076 Jews. I. had 2 synagogues. In the 19th century. a yeshiva was opened in I. Since 1887 Sh.-Ya. Rabinovich was the rabbi in India, and from 1904-16 - Itskhok Kosovsky (1878-1951). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in India. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 2 Aug. 1941, 220 Jews were shot in India. On Feb. 1942 ghetto is created. In May 1942, Jews from the Ivyevsky and Yuraishtsky districts were concentrated in I., of which 2304 were on May 12, 1942. was shot, approx. 1400 imprisoned in the ghetto. In Jan. 1943 the ghetto was liquidated: 195 Jews were shot, approx. 1200 transferred to Lida, from where in Sept. 1943 taken to the Majdanek concentration camp. In 1944 the buildings of two synagogues in India were transferred to Zagotzern. H.-O. Grodzensky, L. Robins, S. Epstein.
IVNITSA, a village in the Andrushevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn Gubernia. 1,060 Jews lived in India in 1847, and 607 Jews (16.6%) in 1897. In 1865 there was a synagogue in India. In 1879–95, Mordechai Averbukh (1859–?) Was the rabbi in India.
IVOT, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Dyatkovo district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1926 there were 5 Jews living in I., in 1939 - 4 Jews.
IZA, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1772, 36 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1827 it was c. 40, in 1880 - 129, in 1921 - 112, in 1930 - 383 Jews (12%). 19th century there was a synagogue in I. Main occupation of the Jews - trade (mainly baskets, which were made by local peasants, as well as salt). Jews exported goods to Khust and other cities. In the summer of 1941 several. dozens of Jews (who did not have Hungarian citizenship) were deported to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany and died there. After the occupation of I. Germ. troops in April. In 1944, a ghetto was created, in which Jews from the surrounding villages were concentrated. In May 1944 the Jews of India were deported to Auschwitz.
ISABELIN, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Volkovyskogo u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1897, 454 Jews lived in India, and in 1921, 1709 Jews. 19th century I.-E.Spektor was the rabbi in India, Mordechai Rabinovich (1856–?) in 1881–85, and Yakov-Meir Kravchinsky (1869–?) from 1896. 1942 a ghetto was created in India, liquidated in November. 1942; Jews were taken to a camp in Volkovysk and from there deported to Auschwitz.
ISAK Grigory Davydovich (b. 1934, Leningrad), engineer, specialist in the region. acoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1989). He graduated from a technical school and served in the army, worked in shipbuilding. KB in Leningrad. In 1963 he graduated from the North-West. correspondence polytechnic. in-t. Since 1964 in the present. acoustic lab. Leningrad. in-that water. transport. Since 1971 head. lab., later headed the lab. productions, acoustics in JSC "Engineering Center of River Shipbuilding". works are devoted to the design of technical. means of noise reduction, research. on the propagation of structure-borne noise from sources is limited. sizes. He proposed vibration-insulating fastenings for ship premises, which made it possible in 1965 for the first time in the practice of shipbuilding to install a ship's superstructure on vibration insulators, and since 1988 to use a vibration insulator. fastening the articulated body to the ser. ships built in the USSR, which had no analogues in the world. practice of shipbuilding. Completed a series of works that made it possible to create methods for calculating the expected levels of noise in rooms decomp. objects, incl. on ships and inhabited space. Art. Author of over 90 scientific. printed works, incl. 6 monographs. Vice President noise abatement associations. Poch. and a valid member. St. Petersburg. union of scientific. and Ing. ob-v. Cit .: Noise on ships and methods of its reduction, M., 1987.
ISAKSON Alexander Mikhailovich (Israel Movshevich) (1899, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), one of the founders of the Fatherland. helicopter construction. After graduating from a real school in Chelyabinsk, he studied (1917-21) as a mechanic. f-those of Tomsk technol. Institute, and then at the Moscow Higher Technical School (graduated in 1926). Performed by N.-I. work in the region. rotorcraft under the arm. prof. BN Yuriev to the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI). In 1928-30 he took part in the creation of the first Sov. experimental helicopter TsAGI-1 - EA (single-rotor helicopter), in particular, performed aerodynamics. calculations associated with the choice of basic. parameters and determination of the flight characteristics of the helicopter, and also supervised the experiment. research Author of works on the history of helicopter engineering. In 1931–37 he headed the department. special designs, where the vast majority of pre-war designs of helicopters and gyroplanes were created. In 1941–45 he was engaged in the problems of aircraft construction. In the postwar period, he worked at the Mil Design Bureau, conducted research on aerodynamics. Works: Helikopters, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1947; Sov. helicopter engineering, 2nd ed., M., 1981.
IZBAN (real name Izbitsky) Shmuel (b. 1905, Gostynin), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Heb. gymnasium. In 1921 he left with his parents for E.-I. He made his debut in 1925 with a story from Arab life. Often published in different. Heb. periodic. ed., depicted the old Palestinian way of life, created vivid images of the Sephardim. Since 1937 in the USA. He worked as a editor. Heb. gas. and f. In 1947 he made a trip to E.-I. with illegal. emigrants, as a result of a cut there was a book. reports "Umlegale go trolleys of yamens" ("Illegal Jews cross the seas"). The author of the book: "Masn" ("The Masses", 1929) - rom. about rus. revolution of 1905–07; "Quer" ("In Cut", 1936) - rum. o 1st world. war and others. Stories about Palestinian life are collected in the collections "Oif rishtovanies" ("On the scaffolding", 1936) and "Tsvishn gundert toern" ("Among a hundred gates", 1942).
IZBERBASH, a city (since 1949) in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Main In 1932, 7 Jews lived in India in 1939.
Izbica, see Izbica-Kujawska.
IZBICA-KUJAWSKA, city (since 1394) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Izbitsa of the Kola district. Kalisz province. In 1764 in I.-K. 215 Jews lived, in 1808 - 296 (37%), in 1827 - 681 (48%), in 1857 - 970 (46%), in 1897 - 1250 (50.2%), in 1909 - 1542 (58%) , in 1921 - 1378 (46%), in 1939 - approx. 1600 Jews. Jews lived in I.-K. from the 17th century; engaged in trade and crafts (mainly shoemakers and bakers). In the 19th century. Jews belonged to several. small-scale production (weaving, vinegar production, etc.). Jewish traders maintained close economies. relations with I.-K. Germans. In the 19th century. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones, there was a yeshiva. In the 1920s and 30s. OK. 70% of Jews were engaged in craft. The Jews owned a mill and grain barns. In the 1920s. a mutual assistance fund was created, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. At the same time, a trade union of artisans was created; Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi I.-K. in the 1920s and 30s. was Dovid-Ber Kogan, after the death of D.-B. Kogan his son Moishe-Borukh became a rabbi. The yeshiva continued to work, and the Beis Ya'akov school operated. In 1917, a library was opened (about 5 thousand books in Yiddish, Hebrew, German and Polish), and a self-employed person worked under the library. parts of the Wehrmacht entered the I.-K. all R. Sep 1939; the Judenrat was created (formerly Eliyahu Izvitsky, formerly of the community). At the same time, a ghetto was organized, where in the beginning. 1940 Jews were gathered from the surrounding townships. In May 1940 most of the men were sent to a labor camp in Mogilno. All R. jan. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, all Jews (about 1,000 people) were sent to the extermination camp in Chelmno. After 1945 in I.-K. returned several. Jews. Later, due to anti-Semitic demonstrations of local residents, Jews left I.-K.
IZDESHKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Safonovsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). 102 Jews (14.4%) lived in India in 1926, and 31 Jews in 1939.
IZGOEV (real name. Lande) Alexander (Aron) Solomonovich (1872, Vilna - 1935, Haapsalu, Estonia), polit. activist, publicist. The son of the teacher of the Vilna rabbinical school. He graduated from the Minsk city, in 1889–94 he studied at the honey. f-those of Tomsk high fur boots. In 1893 he began to study Marxism; participated in student. movement. In 1894 he went abroad. From 1896 - in Odessa, where in 1900 he graduated from law. f-t Novoros. un-that. From 1897 he collaborated in the publications of "legal Marxists", one of PB Struve's associates; at the same time. kept in touch with the Social-Democrats. In 1903 publ. in f. "Education" article "Twenty-century tradition", dedicated. Heb. question. All R. 1904 broke with the Socialist-Democrats, participated in the creation of the Union of Liberation (a member of it in 1904-05), in the fall of 1905 - in the creation of the Odessa organization of the Cadet Party. In 1906 he moved to St. Petersburg, collaborated in a number of Struve publications. From 1906 to 1818 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, and joined its right wing. In 1907-18 - member. editorial board "Rus. thought ", post. author gas. "Speech". One of the authors of the collection "Vekhi" (1909), the first biographer of PA Stolypin. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 opposed the coalition with the socialists, supported foreign policy. the course of P.N. Milyukov. At the 8th Congress of the Cadet Party, he was re-elected to the Central Committee. After Oct. 1917 together with A.V. Tyrkova organized gas production. "Struggle", which called for arms. speeches against the Sov. authorities. In 1918-22 he was repeatedly arrested, spent in prison for a total of over 2 years, in November. 1922, together with a group of writers, publicists, scientists, was exiled to Germany. Since the mid-20s. actively collaborated in the emigrant press ("Rul", "Today"). He spent the last years of his life in Estonia. Works: Community law, St. Petersburg, 1906; Our polit. party, P., 1917; Five years in the Sov. Russia, in collection: Archive of Rus. Revolution, vol. 10, Berlin, 1925.
IZHEVSK (in 1985-87 - Ustinov), city (since 1918), capital of the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - pos. Izhevsk Plant in Vyatka province. Since 1921 it has been the center of the Votkinsk Autonomous Region, since 1932 it has been the Udmurt Region, since 1934 it has been the capital of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910 there were 147 Jews living in India, in 1970 - 1407 (0.3%), in 1979 - 1375 Jews (0.3%). In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. In 1946, Jews of India petitioned to open a synagogue, which they were denied. There is an Society for Jewish Culture in I. (headed by M.E. Gol'din). B.O.Korman and S.M.Semkov lived and worked in I.
IZHEVSK FACTORY, see Izhevsk.
IZHEVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ideshti in the Storozhinets eldership of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, Jews of India were sent to the village. Chudey (present-day Mezhirechye) were killed there too.
IZKI, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 32 Jews (5%) lived in India, in 1880 - 123, in 1930 - 275 Jews (23.7 %). 1944 Jews of India were sent to the Khust ghetto, then to Auschwitz.
RADIANT, see Radiant.
RADIANT, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1824 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Radiant (other names. Krivoye Pleso, Krivoples, Krivoplesovka) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. immigrants from the Mogilev and Vitebsk provinces. In 1923-30 - in the Sofievsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr., In 1932-41 - in the Stalindorf Jewish nat. The region of Dnepropetrovsk Region. In 1837–39, 543 people lived in I. (71 families), in 1859 - 575, in 1887 - 739 (69 households, including 7 - German colonists), in 1897 - 739 Jews (87%), in 1916 - 495 people, in 1924 - 725, in 1928 - 897 people. In 1898-99 125 families (604 people) were engaged in agriculture, having 1148 dess. allotment land (61.3% of the land was occupied by wheat, rye, barley, oats, and other crops were also sown), 301 horses and 174 cows. There was a synagogue, a school, a bathhouse and 2 shops. Between 1922 and 1924 the collective farms Pakhar, Progress, Yanov, and Trudovik were organized in India. Since 1928, I. has been the center of the Jewish nat. village council; 157 farm owned 2123 dess. land. Until 1938, a Jewish school, club, library operated. Jews I. were shot on May 30, 1942. I. M. Shaikin
IZMAIL, city, regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century like a Genoese fortress. From the 16th century. - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812-56 - as part of the Ros. empire. From 1878 - again as part of Ros. empire, the district town of the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania. In aug. - Dec. 1940 - as part of the Akkerman region. Ukrainian SSR. In 1940-54 - the center of the Izmail region. In 1827, there were 549 Jews (6.1%) in India, 1105 in 1847, 2780 (12%) in 1897, 4348 (12%) in 1910, and 1326 (6.5%) in 1930. , in 1959 - 1500 (3.2%), in 1970 - approx. 1400 (2%), in 1979 - approx. 1,100 Jews (1.3%) Jews have lived in India since the end. 18th century The first synagogue was built in 1825. From 1830 to 1847, the Savran Hasid Yosef-Yakov-Itskhok Spivak was rabbi in India, Avrom-Yoel Rabinovich from 1847 to 1864, and Yom-Tov-Lipa Landa from 1864 to 1872. In 1836 Jews expelled from Nikolaev and Sevastopol were settled in India. In 1866 an attempt was made in India to create a Jewish secular school. A Jewish hospital was opened in 1869, and a Talmud-Torah for children from poor families in 1872, which was closed by the authorities in 1888. In 1872 a pogrom took place in India. In 1900 there were 2 private Jewish schools in India - women. and husband. under the hands. Moishe Vizina (since 1893 - state rabbi I.). In the end. 19th century means. part of the Jewish population was engaged in crafts and trade. From 1872 to 1889, Dovid Yitzchok Reicher was the rabbi in India, from 1889 to 1909, his son Reuven, and from 1909 to 19042, Reuven's son Ishayahu. In oct. 1905 there was a pogrom, during which ca. 50 people In 1910 there were 3 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. there were Jewish children. kindergartens, a school of the Tarbut network, a nursing home, a hospital. In the end. 1920 - 30s in I. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties and organizations. In 1928 a pogrom took place, during which the synagogue was desecrated. After the occupation of the city, Roman-German. troops in July 1941 set up a camp in I., where Jews were delivered from different. districts of Moldova. Jews I. were shot in Bolgrad and in Vadului-Troyan. 1990s the Jewish religion began to operate in India. community In I. genus. S.O.Dulitsky, M.Rubin, Sh.-Sh. Schwarzboard, Yu.N. Grigorieva
IZMAILOV (nas. Family. Polyak) Lion Moiseevich (b. 1940, Moscow), writer. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow. Aviation in-t, in 1976 - Higher. script. courses at the USSR State Committee for Cinematography. He began to write for the stage in 1968. The beginning of the creative work belongs to 1969. commonwealth I. with izv. pop performer G.V. Khazanov, for whom he wrote a number of feuilletons. Prod. I. are also included in the repertoire of other pop performers. In 1989 I. created the Plus theater of humor. He also works on television. The author of the programs "Artloto", "Our neighbors". I. wrote a number of miniatures for "Zucchini 13 chairs". Author of the book: "Good mood" (M., 1984), "A student of the culinary college, etc." (M., 1991), "Detour along the curve" (M., 1992). Winner of the Golden Calf Prize (1973, 1976, 1979). In 1989 he received the Gold Medal for the International. humorous. the Aleko competition (Bulgaria).
IZMAILOVKA, a village in the Alexandria district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century in Alexandria y. Kherson province. In 1897 six Jews lived in I.
ABUNDANT, see Abundant.
IZOBILNY, city (since 1965), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Izobilnoe Labinsky dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in I. Aug. 18. 1942 In India, 14 evacuated Jews were shot.
ISRAELSON Yakov Izrailevich (1856, Mitava, Kurland Province - 1924, Liepaja), publicist. In 1875 he graduated from the city of Libau, entered the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-ta, studied the Semitic. lang. In 1880 he received a candidate's degree, and in 1883 - a master's degree. Lit. activity began in the railway station. “Heb. review ". In 1903-04 - sotr. g. "Sunrise". Under his editorship. g. published in Russian. per. "The Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius. I. wrote the introduction and translated part of the op. I. Flavius ​​"Against Apion". The author of a number of Art. in Heb. and muslim. stories and literature for "Encyclopedic. dictionary "Brockhaus-Efron. He published according to the manuscripts of St. Petersburg. publ. b-ki comments by Shmuel ben Hofni to the book. "Genesis" and the commentary of Yehuda ibn-Balam to the book. "Jeremiah". I. was a scientist. expert on the trial of M.M. Beilis, wrote Op. "Religious Expertise" - about the blood libel on the Jews (remains in the manuscript). He took an active part in the publishing house. “Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang. (1908-13).
ISRAELEVKA, see Berezovatka.
ISRAELI, see [[Great Colony.
ISRAILOV Tanho Selimovich (1917, Baku - 1981, Moscow), dancer, ballet master. At the age of 17 he entered the ballet school at the Baku Theater named after. M.F.Akhundova. At the end of school he became a hand. Ans. bunk bed dances in the Palace of Culture. 26 commissars (Baku). In 1934, Anse was founded and directed. dance of mountain Jews. The meeting with I.A. Moiseev determined his creator. fate, he became a soloist as well as an assistant choreographer at Anse. bunk bed dance of the USSR. In 1955 he graduated from the ballet department. GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky. Participated in fasting, Caucasian dances and Dagestan lezginka. As a post thesis, a concert program for ans. I. also worked in t-re; staged dances in the performances "Dawn over the Caspian Sea" (Theater named after M.N. Ermolova), "Grooms" by A. Tokayev (Moscow Theater of Satire), "Silk Suzane" by A. Kakhkhara (Moscow Region Drama Theater named after A.N. Ostrovsky). After graduating from GITIS, he returned to Dagestan, participated in the creation. choreography ans. bunk bed the dance of the Dagestan ASSR "Lezginka"; in 1958–78 thin. hands. and dance director. In the 40s. thin hands. Turkm. ans. bunk bed dance. Nar. art. USSR (1978).
ISRAYLEVICH Leonid Iosifovich (1909, Rostov-on-Don - 1993, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1931 he graduated from music. uch-shche in the class of pipes in Rostov-on-Don. He worked in symphony. orc. Vses. radio. In 1935–40 he studied at Lenigr. cons. by class of trumpet and by class of conducting. In 1940–44 he worked in Tuva Nar. republic, where he created the first military. brass orc. nar.-rev. army and nat. t-r Tuva. I. wrote many marches for a brass band., Created songs based on nat. melos, laying the foundations of prof. Tuvan music. In 1944-55 he worked in Frunze, was a hand. Kyrgyz state. Philharmonic, created symph. orc., wrote a number of orc. manuf. and songs to the words of Kyrgyz poets. In 1947, hand. Buryat-Mongolian state Philharmonic in Ulan-Ude. I. - one of the founders of the Buryat-Mongolian state. ans. song and dance "Baikal", Buryat Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1949–52 he worked in music. school in Rostov-on-Don, from where he was forced to leave due to increased anti-Semitism and returned to the post of thin. hands. Buryat-Mongolian Philharmonic. I. created a repertoire for the Buryat-Mongolian ans. song and dance, conducted a large cult.-skylight. work. From 1955 he worked again in. Rostov-on-Don, taught in music. uch-shche, since 1967 in music-ped. in-those at the department of wind instruments; since 1982 prof. In 1960–75 he was deputy. prev. dep. Union comp. RSFSR in Rostov-on-Don. Mn. manuf. I. for trumpet entered the repertoire of muses. uch-uch and cons. Among the main. Op .: Concerto for Trumpet and Orc., 13 Etudes for Trumpet and Orc. on Kyrgyz themes, concertino and sonata for clarinet, symph. “Sayan Cedars” (1974) and “Country of the Blue River”, suite on Tuvan themes for symphony. orc., symph. poems "The Tale of Podtelkov" (1960), "Duma of the Don" (1963), "Cossack Glory" (1983), etc .; sonata for clarinet and fp. (1983); choirs, songs. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1963). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tuva ASSR (1969). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1979). Awarded by the Tuvan hordes. Labor and hordes. Labor Kr. Banner.
IZVALTA, a village in Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Uzhvalda Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1892 Jews lived in Israel. In 1941, after the arrival of parts of the Germans. army, 10 Jews were killed in I.
Izvarino, see Izvarino.
IZVARINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) of the Krasnodon City Council in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Izvarin farm of the 2nd Donetsk okr. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in India.
IZYASLAV (before 1910 - Zaslavl), a city, a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in 987. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Kremenets povet of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1765, 2807 Jews lived in I., in 1797 - 1667, in 1805 - 2136, in 1847 - 6107, in 1857 - 6138, in 1884 - 6447, in 1886 - 6633, in 1897 - 5998 ( 47.6%), in 1902 - 4668, in 1910 - 5973 (38%), in 1912 - 6365, in 1923 - approx. 3300, in 1926 - 3820 (32.6%), in 1939 - 3208 Jews. The Jewish community existed in India from the 16th century. During the "Khmelnytsky" era, most of the Jews fled from I., first to Ostrog and Mezhirich (modern [[Velikie Mezhirichi)], then to Dubno. During the capture of I., approx. 200 Jews (sick and returned fugitives), the synagogue was destroyed and turned into a stable. In 1708 there was a pogrom by Cossack detachments. In 1747 and 1830 facts of "blood libel" were noted in India. In the beginning. 18th century The famous cantor Rabbi Mordechai, a pupil of I.Baal Shem Tov, lived in I. In the 18th century. Rabbi Dovid was the rabbi in I. After the death of Rabbi Dovid, his son-in-law Yakov-Shimon Shapiro (1772-1811) became the rabbi of I., who founded the Hasidic dynasty in I. The dynasty was continued by his son Iskhor-Doyv-Ber, then by the son of Iskhor-Doiv-Bera, Pinhos-Yosef Shapiro-Dechner (? -1874). The head of the rabbinical court from 1834 to 1888 was Rabbi Arie-Leib ben Eliyahu. 20th century - Eliezer Harif (1845—?). In 1857 there were 14 synagogues in I., in 1886 - 9, in 1889 - 10, and in 1902 - 11. In 1886, a Jewish hospital, an almshouse, the library of Mark Borukh Feld and his bookstore operated in I. In 1909 Talmud-Torah worked (closed in 1913), male, female. and mixed private Jewish schools. In the beginning. 20th century in I. lived tzadik Avrom-Yeshua Rosenfeld. 30 nov. 1917 pogrom took place in India. In the beginning. 1920s was illegal. Zionist organization. 24 Aug. 1941 in I. was shot by St. 1 thousand Jews, June 28, 1942 - c. 2 thousand Jews. 20 jan. 1943 the remaining Jewish specialists were shot in India. The 379th Division took part in the liberation of I. on March 5, 1944. communications battalion under com. Major Lazar Khonovich Blyushtein. In the 1990s. the society of Jewish culture "Einikite" was created in I. The building of the synagogue of the 16th century has survived. I.L. Laskos.Yu.N. Grigorieva
IZYUM, a city (since 1639), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1868, 77 Jews lived in I., in 1910 - 91, in 1920 - 294, in 1923 - 175, in 1926 - 266 (2.8%), in 1939 - 403 Jews. I. had a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue. In 1942, several were shot in I. Jews.
KAAKHKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1925), a regional center in the Ashgabat region. (Turkmenistan). Since 1881, it has been a non-county town in the Transcaspian Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1905, an attempt was made to evict Jews — subjects of Persia and Bukharian Jews — from Kazakhstan; police oversight was established over the Jews. A monument to the hero of Civil was erected in K. War Commissioner A.G. Ginzburg.
KAAN Avram (1860, Podberez'e Vilna province. - 1951, New York), writer, editor, societies. activist. He studied at the Vilna ped. seminaries. Since 1882 in the USA. In 1883 publ. in ed. Joseph Pulitzer's New York Ward Sr., describing the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. For some time there was an Amer. corr. decomp. Russian periodic. ed., but soon gave up this work, discovering among the immigrants a great interest in his lectures in Yiddish, in which he developed the ideas of trade unionism and socialism. Was ed. ed. Nae Zeit, Aryter Zeitung and Tsukunfg, which laid the foundation for the popul. journalism in Yiddish. He also wrote in English. lang. essays, critical Art. and pass-tales for Amer. ed. Publ. book History of the New York Ghetto (1896); "Imported groom" (1898); "White Terror and Red" (1905) and "The Rise of David Levinsky" (1917). Worked as a police reporter for Gas. "Commercial edvetiser". He was obsessed with the idea of ​​resettlement of Jews from Vost. Europe to the USA. He was also a supporter of the socialist. ideas, which was reflected in the materials issued from 1897 Heb. gas. in Yiddish "Juish Daily Forward", which K. headed for almost half a century. Gas. was the leader of the Hebrews. working. press, the organizer of the Heb. working. movement, and also introduced its readers to the modern. culture, paid great attention to Heb. lit-re in Yiddish. Among the writers whose career began and developed with the participation of K. were Sh.Ash, I. Rosenfeld, I. I. Zinger and his brother I. Bashevis-Singer. K. strongly condemned the Sov. totalitarian regime. Having visited E.-I. in 1925, he began to treat the ideas of Zionism with great sympathy. In 1933, K. was the first of the members. Amer. socialist Party supported the idea of ​​social reforms F. Roosevelt.
KABACHISHCHE, see Zelenodolsk.
KABACHNIK Martin Izrailevich (1908, Yekaterinburg - 1997, Moscow), organic chemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1978). He graduated in 1931 Moscow. chemical-technol. in-t. In 1931-39 in the lab. by research. and grows synthesis. and animal substances of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1939–52 in Ying-those organic. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1952 head. lab. in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1989 advisor to the directorate of the Institute. tr. devoted to theoretical. organic questions chemistry and the development of organophosphorus chemistry. connections. In the 50s. synthesized sulfur analogs organophosphorus. oxygen-containing compounds (jointly with T.A. Mastryukova), performed research. in the region. tautometry, gave a fundamentally new understanding of the duals. reactivity organic. compounds (with A.N. Nesmeyanov). Developed new methods for the synthesis of many. practically important compounds, as a result of which previously unknown organophosphorus compounds were obtained. connections, new reactions are discovered. Joint. with sotr. lab. synthesized more than 200 insecticides with high activity and low toxicity. Conducted a study, which served as the basis. to obtain organophosphorus. complexes with high complexing ability. An active member of the anti-Zionist. 1970s and 1980s campaigns Became. pr. (1946). Linen. etc. (1974). State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: On the mechanism of physiological. actions organophosphorus. connections, M., 1965; Organophosphorus substances, M., 1967; Phosphorus-containing complexones, M., 1989 (with N.M. Dyatlova).
KABAK Aharon Avraham (1883, Smorgon, Vilna province - 1944, Jerusalem), writer. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. From the age of 13 - an itinerant teacher. From 1901 he printed the lane. (E. Ozheshko and others), since 1904 - own. manuf. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1906 he participated in the Hebrew. self-defense of Grodno, then left for Turkey, from where he sent Art. for Heb. press. Since 1911 - in E.-I., teacher of the city. From 1914 he studied in Berlin, Geneva and Lausanne, received a doctorate in philosophy. In 1921 he returned to E.-I. and until the end of his life taught in the city of Heb. lit-ru. Rom .: "One" (1905); ist. the trilogy Shlomo Molho (1928–29); "Between the Sea and the Desert" (1933) and others. Dramas based on biblical subjects. Per. in Hebrew by Stendhal, P. Loti, J. Wasserman, D. S. Merezhkovsky, etc.
KABAKOVSK, see Serov.
KABANSK, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Selenginsky u. In Transbaikal Oblast, 354 Jews (18%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, 166 (7.4%) in 1926, and 25 Jews in 1939, and a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan in 1876. In 1881–84, the community was headed by the merchant Yevsey Fainberg. A new synagogue was built in 1907. In 1912 Wolf was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the rabbi of Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) Milstein, by order of the governor, took over the affairs of the K. community, which practically lost its independence; Since 1915 the community was under the jurisdiction of Rabbi Stolper. In 1917–19, the Bund organization operated in K. were former. politician exiles and refugees. Dec. 1918 community representatives K. Chernyavsky and Chernikhovsky took part in the All-Siberian Congress of Jewish Communities. In the 1930s. the synagogue was closed in K. The synagogue building, built. in 1907, it is under the jurisdiction of the local administration. In 2002, approx. 20 descendants of Jews who lived in Kazakhstan at the beginning. 20th century
BOOKS, see Dibrova.
KABILE, a village in the Kuldiga region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Talsensky district Kurland province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, 4 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan in 1941.
KABISHCHER Elena Arkadyevna (1903, Vitebsk - 1990, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. The wife is a sculptor. D.A. Yakerson. She studied at the School of Drawing and Painting of Yu.M. Pen and in the Vitebsk Nar. thin school (1919–21), then in the workshops of VM Ermolaeva, Yakerson. In the beginning. In the 1920s, after P.P. Falk arrived in Vitebsk, she received an invitation to work at VKHUTEMAS in Moscow. She studied there until 1924 with Falk and V.V. Rozhdestvensky. Early works K. (Vitebsk period), created. under the direct influence of Pen and the poetics of M. Chagall, they represented grotesquely lyrical, expressive images of Hebrews. life and way of life. Subsequently K. joined the so-called. moscow school of painting, with its attention to color. side of production, lyric. thin system. Works of K. are kept in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery) and private collections.
KABO Lyubov Rafailovna (1917, Moscow - 2007), prose writer, publicist, teacher. Daughter of R.M. Kabo, sister of V.R. Kabo. Graduated from Moscow. ped. Institute (1940). She worked at school for many years. Izv. his speeches in the press on the problems of education, essays about the school, defending the right of teachers to creativity and independence. First. rum. "Beyond the Dniester" (Moscow, 1952) has an autobiographer, character, and tells about the formation of the Sov. authorities in Bessarabia, where K. taught in 1940. Pov. and K.'s stories are presented in the book. “And don't forget that I love you” (M., 1987). K. author of several. doc.-public book: "Station of destination - life" (Moscow, 1964), "It is not fun to be a philistine" (Moscow, 1965), "There was a teacher in the world" (Moscow, 1970), "Alone with a friend: Conversations for Art. age "(M., 1985) and others.
KABO Rafail Mikhailovich (1886, Berdyansk, Taurida Gubernia - 1957, Moscow), geographer. Taught polit, economics and economics. geography in military studies. institutions (1919–23), Communist. un-those working people of the East (1922-35), in Ying-those nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1922–24), at Moscow State University (1924–27). Prof. MGPI them. VI Lenin (1934–54), head. Department of Economics. geography. Participated in the exp. to Tuva (1930, 1931), where he studied Nar. agriculture and the population of the republic, developed materials for agricultural and demographic. censuses. In 1945 he founded the Commission on the Geography of the Population and Cities of Moscow. branch of Geogr. about-va of the USSR. K. - one of the founders of the modern. population geography; for the first time he created and taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute and Moscow State University (1947–48) a course on this discipline. He substantiated the leading role of production in settlement, outlined sections for studying the geography of the population, developed a methodology for geogr. research population and settlements, examined the process of the emergence and development of the system of cities and analyzed the city-forming factors. Cit .: Cities Zap. Siberia. Essays on Historical and Econ. geography (XVII - first half of the XIX centuries), M., 1949; Objective links between the development of bunks. x-va, the location of the branches of production and the process of formation of districts, Izv. Vses. geogr. about-va, 1956, t.88, item 1.
KABO Vladimir Rafailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), ethnographer, specialist in primitive culture and art; Dr. East Sciences (1970). Son of R.M. Cabo, brother of L.R. Cabo. In 1945 he entered the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in Oct. 1949 arrested and sentenced to 10 years, held in Kargopollag, released by amnesty in August. 1954; in 1956 he graduated from the University. Since 1957 scientific. sotr. LO Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 70 scientific. publications on history and modern. the problems of Australians and the population of Oceania, the problems of primitive culture. Cit .: The origin and early history of the aborigines of Australia, Moscow, 1969; Tasmanians and the Tasmanian problem, M., 1975; Primitive pre-agricultural community, M., 1986.
KABULYANSKY Veniamin Abramovich (b. 1921, Verkhneudinsk, Trans-Baikal region), specialist in the region. radio electronics, Ph.D. tech. sciences. After the end of physical and mathematical. Faculty of Tomsk State un-that in 1944 began to work in the experimental design bureau of the Novosibirsk electrovacuum plant of the Ministry of Electronic Industry - engineer, designer, deputy. head of scientific. work. Under the arm. K. and with his immediate. participation developed and implemented in the production of several. ser. electronic devices and modules, Ch. arr. for microwave equipment, devices for decomp. radio electronic devices, including for space. devices (satellites, instruments for the study of the Moon, Mars). Author of scientific. printed works and a number of inventions, has copyright certificates. Linen. etc. (1966). Since 1991 in Israel.
KACHA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), is subordinated to the Nakhimov district of the city of Sevastopol of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1939, 52 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KACHANOV, see Kachanovo.
KACHANOVKA, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 22 Jews. In 1919, a pogrom was carried out in Kazakhstan by units of the Polish. army.
KACHANOVO, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Kachanov, Gadyachsky district Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KACHERGINSKY Shmarya (1908, Vilna - 1954, Mendoza, Argentina), poet, writer, literary critic. In his youth he joined the left movement, several. was arrested once. Active member gr. writers "Jung-Vilne". First stories publ. in the publishing house of this gr. in 1934–36. He also printed poetry. In 1939–40 he was a teacher in Bialystok, then returned to Vilnius. After the German invasion. troops to Lithuania wandered around the Vilna province, pretending to be deaf and dumb. In the spring of 1942 he came to the Vilna ghetto, helped to save cultural values, which he transferred abroad after the war (some of these materials are in the New York IVO). On Sept. 1943 together with gr. underground workers joined the partisans, participated in battles. Chronicle partisans. movement in the area, collected evidence of Jews who escaped extermination. In the beginning. 1946 moved to Lodz (Poland), from there to Paris. In 1949 he released the book in Paris. "Tsvishn gamer un sickle" ("Between a hammer and a sickle") about the death of Jewish culture in the USSR. Since 1950 - in Argentina. In Buenos Aires he organized the publishing house "Kiem", was published in the Jewish press. Published several. book, dedicated. ghetto. One of them is Sat. "Leader of the fun di getos un camp" ("Songs of the ghettos and camps") with lyrics and melodies; stories, reports, poems, art. about the lit-re, the drama "Zvishn falndike vent" ("Among the falling walls") are placed in the book. in memory of K., published in Buenos Aires in 1955. Died in a plane crash.
KACHEROVSKY Moishe-Chaim Shlemovich (b. 1910, Khoiniki, Rechitsa district, Minsk province), agricultural worker. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). In 1948-53 the agronomist of the state farm "Brylevo", from 1953 - before. collective farm them. AI Mikoyan (since 1957 - the collective farm "Pobeda"), since 1976 deputy. prev. collective farm "Victory", since 1979 deputy. prev. collective farm them. XXII Congress of the CPSU, Gomel region.
KACHEVAN, see Nakhichevan-on-Don.
KACHIN, a village in Kamen-Kashirsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in K. lived apprx. 30 Jews (approx. 10%), in 1897 - approx. 25 Jews (approx. 5%) In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan (18 people) were taken to Kamen-Kashirsky and shot there.
KACHKAROVKA, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kherson u. In 1913, approx. 200 Jews (approx. 4%), in 1920 - approx. 100 (approx. 3%), in 1926 in the Kachkar region - 772 Jews. in K. settled several. Jewish families. Main occupations - crafts and trade. Jews owned 2 tanneries, 6 shops, a lumber warehouse, and a grain barn. In 1882–1903, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in K. 30 Aug 1941 5 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KACHKOVKA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 four Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KACHRETI, a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1861 - part of Ros. empire, in Signagh u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KACHUG, an urban-type settlement (since 1935), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkholensky env. Irkutsk province. In 1926, 63 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 81 Jews.
KACHURIN Mark Grigorievich (b. 1923, Vologda), literary critic, teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1976), prof. (1979). 1941–45 - at the front. Graduated from fi-lol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). Since 1958, Dir. Leningrad. region in-that improvement of teachers. Since 1969 - in Leningrad. ped. in-those. Et al. textbook on literature for the 9th grade. (1964, jointly with M.A. Shneerson and D.K. Motolskaya; passed the 20th edition) and uch. manuals for grades 9-11: “St. Petersburg in Russian Literature” (with GA Kudyrskaya and DK Murin). In 1986–94 head. Department of School Management LGPI. Specialist in the region. methodologies and techniques of experimental and experimental. work at school. Vol .: Studying the language of writers of the 18th - early 19th centuries in secondary school. M., 1959 (with M.A. Shneerson); Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" in the school course. M., 1982 (jointly with A.M. Dokusov); Organization of research work of schoolchildren in literature lessons. M., 1987; Russian literature of the XI - the first half of the XIX century (for the 9th grade of lyceums with in-depth study of literature). M., 1994; The Bible and Russian Literature. SPb., 1995.
KACHUROVKA, see Trostyanets.
KADER Boris (1882, Okmeny Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1958, Chicago), playwright. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1907 he graduated from Russian. ziyu, then jurid. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In the beginning. 20s lived in the Caucasus, in 1925-1937 - in Germany. From there he came to Chicago, where he worked as a librarian. He wrote in Yiddish, Russian, German. and English. lang. Author pl. Art. about Heb. t-re. In 1921, while living in Baku, publ. the play "Laidnde Neshomes" ("Suffering Souls"), which was staged under the title. "Against the stream". In 1939 his play Der Wahung (Awakening) was published in Chicago.
KADIEVKA, see Stakhanov.
KADIYEVSKY MINE, see Stakhanov.
KADIMA, see Victory.
KADINO, a village in the Monastyrshchinsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk (in the 18th century - Mstislavsky) voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s - Kadinsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Monastyrshchinsky district. In 1832, 1,335 Jews (27.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 263, in 1880 - 472 (53.7%), in 1897 - 603 (52.5%), in 1908 - OK. 400 (about 53%), in 1925 - 586 (50.6%), in 1939 - 125 Jews. In 1814 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 2 synagogues. In 1862 Menachem Luboshits became a rabbi in K. (after the death of his father-in-law, the previous rabbi K.). In 1880 Jews owned 75 houses out of 147. In 1881 the tanneries of Sholom Lapirov (from 1853) and Doni Tovbin (from 1870) worked. In the end. 19th century In 1919, a Jewish school (150 students) was opened in Kazakhstan, evening courses in Yiddish, drama. a circle and a Jewish department under the general library. By 1936, a Jewish collective farm named after I. May 1. In 1938 the Jewish school in Kazakhstan was reorganized into a Russian one. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in the fall of 1941, approx. 400 Jews. 2 monuments were erected at the place of executions The Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan has been destroyed, and in its place is a pasture.
KADISHEV Arnold Borisovich (1895, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1968, Moscow), military. historian. Dr. East sciences. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche, in 1914-16 he studied at the Psychoneurological. in-those (Petrograd). In 1916 he was drafted into the army. In 1918 he headed the underground revolutionary committee in Berdichev, after the defeat of the Directory - before. Berdichevsky mountains. Council, then commanded a detachment as part of the 1st Ukr. owls. divisions. In 1919 he organized the publishing house Zap. fr., a cut published dozens of ed. in different languages, including Yiddish. In 1921 - early. political department Zap. fr. Since 1922 - otv. ed. g. "Political worker" and early. military-polit. dep. Higher. military. ed. advice. In 1929–32 the beginning. dep. PUR print. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1932). In 1932–47, a teacher at the Department of Military. stories in the same place. The author of several. dozens of works on the history of civil. war and Sov. Army. Editor-compiler pl. book according to military-ist. and socio-polit. Subject: What a young Red Army man should know, Moscow, 1924 (16th ed., Moscow, 1931); Journalist at War, M., 1930; History of owls. military. lawsuit. 1917-1940, M., 1948.
KADISHEVICH Menachem (1895, Beaver of Sennensky district of Mogilev province - 1937), publicist. Rod. in a Hasidic family, but was brought up in a secular spirit. Published in different. periodic. ed. From the second floor. 20s fast. sotr. Kharkiv Jews gas. In 1928 the correspondent went. from gas. Der Stern with the first echelon of Evr. migrants to Birobidzhan, published essays on the life and work of Birobidzhan people. As sotr. About-va of assistance to evr. in agriculture, he traveled to different districts of Ukraine to promote resettlement to D.Vostok. Author of brochures "Birobidzhan Today" (Vinnitsa, 1931) and others. Interesting is his large work "Birobidzhan in Literature", publ. in f. Visnschaft un revolution (Kiev, 1935-36). In 1936 he was repressed.
KADLUBITSA, see Kadlubitskaya.
KADLUBITSKAYA, now part of the city of Fastov, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kadlubitsa in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. immigrants from Fastov. Since 1925 - Kadlubitsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Fastovsky district of the Belotserkovsky okrug. In 1859, 430 people lived in Kazakhstan, in 1875 - 279 Jewish men, in 1896 - 826 Jews, in 1906 - 510 Jews, in 1931 - 515 people In the colony, some of the families were engaged in agriculture the rest - handicrafts and small trade. In 1900, a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; during the pogrom, 23 Jews were killed; 7 Jewish orphans were taken in by the peasants of neighboring villages, receiving for this the right to use the land. worked in K. early. Jewish school. The Reuter Poer (Red Peasant) collective farm was organized in the colony in 1929. On July 20, 1941, K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. 16 Jews who did not manage to evacuate were shot.
KADNIKOV, a city in the Sokolsky district of the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1492. From 1780 it was a district town of the Vologda governorship, from 1796 - gubernia. In 1910 there were 7 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1913 Jews of Kazakhstan owned a headwear shop.
KADOM, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Since 1779 - the county town, from 1787 - the provincial town of Temnikovsky u. Tambov governorship, then - lips. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement; 7 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, and 11 Jews in 1939.
KADYMO, see Victory.
KADZIDLO, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 18th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Ostrolenki u. Lomzhinskaya province. 133 Jews (14.5%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1921. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 19th century The first were 7 families of Jewish artisans (tailors, shoemakers, tanners). In 1862, plots of land were allocated to Jews. In the beginning. 20th century besides handicrafts, Jews were engaged in small trade (mainly agricultural products) and carriage. There was a cheder, a synagogue. In the 1920s. A library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew was opened. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KAFENGAUZ Boris (Bernhard) Borisovich (1894, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1969, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Brother of L.B. Kafenhaus. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1920). He was engaged in scientific. and ped. activities, worked in RANION, Ying-those nar. kh-va (1921–35), Moscow State University (1936–37), MIFLI (1937–41). In 1940-65 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Archivist, researcher and ed. ist. texts, documents, specialist in the history of Russia 12-19 centuries. and europe. the middle ages. In 1937 he published with comments. "The book about poverty and wealth" by IT Pososhkov, the monograph "IT Pososhkov. Russian publicist of the epoch of Peter I. Life and Activity ”(2nd ed., 1951), publ. with comment. some op. M.V. Lomonosov. Participated in collective tr. ("History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day", "Essays on the history of the USSR", "History of Moscow", "World history"). Ed. K. published textbooks and uch. manuals, software and methodical. development for teaching the history and history of nar. x-va, in particular "Essays on the history of the USSR in the 18th century. A guide for teachers "(1962). Cit .: Ext. Russian policy under Peter I. M., 1942; North. war and Nystadt peace (1700-1721). M. - L., 1944; Peter I and his time (1672-1725). M., 1948; History of the Demidov family in the 18th – 19th centuries. Research experience. on the history of the Ural metallurgy, vol. 1. M. - L., 1949; Essays int. Russian market of the first half. XVIII century. (Based on materials from internal customs). M., 1958; Ancient Pskov. Essays on the history of the feudal republic. M., 1969.
KAFENGAUZ Lev (Leon, Leonid) Borisovich (1885, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1940, Moscow), politician, economist. Prof. (1921). Brother of B.B. Kafenhaus. From 1904 he participated in the revolt. movement. In 1905–06, the propagandist of Moscow. org-tion of the Bolsheviks, participant in Dec. armed restore in Moscow. From 1906 - under the supervision of the police, withdrew from the political. activities. After graduating in 1910 econom. branches of jurid. Faculty of Moscow un-that left at the Department of Political Economy to prepare for a professorship; dismissed for participating in a strike to protest the actions of mines. bunk bed enlightenment L.A. Kasso. From 1911 he worked in statistics. dep. Moscow mountains. councils, in Moscow. commercial in-those. In 1911-17 sotr. gas. "Rus. statements ". After Feb. roar. 1917 members Moscow organization of the Mensheviks, criticized the April Theses of VI Lenin in the press. He defended the idea of ​​a "coalition of classes" based on mutual concessions between workers and entrepreneurs. Since May 1917, authorized by the Ministry of Food in Moscow. Since the summer of 1917 the vowel Mosk. mountains. thoughts, in Aug.-Oct. comrade (deputy) min. trade and industry Time. pr-va. Oct roar. condemned; The Bolshevik saw the way out of the crisis in liquidation. dominance ". He opposed a separate peace with Germany. In May-June 1918 he criticized finance. and prod. policy SNK, in July 1918 opposed the decree on the nationalization of a large industry. In 1919 he left the Menshevik party, worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy. In the same year, at the request of the leadership of the organization close to the cadets “Nat. center "joint. with Ya.M. Bukshpan prepared a program of economics. revival of Russia in case of the fall of owls. authorities. In 1920 he was arrested on suspicion of belonging to the "Nat. center ”, released due to lack of evidence. He worked in the department. statistics of the Supreme Economic Council, organized by ed. yearbooks "Prom-st USSR" (1921–28), simultaneously. taught at Moscow State University. In aug. 1930 arrested on charges of anti-Sov. activities until Dec. 1932 in exile in Ufa. In 1933–37 he lectured at a number of Moscow. universities, head. department in Ying-those steel, prof. Moscow State University, deputy. ch. ed. "Tech. encyclopedias ". In 1937-40 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the creation and distribution of nat. income in prom: sti. K.'s monograph “Syndicates in Russian. iron industry "(Moscow, 1910) - one of the first studies. monopolization grew. prom-sti.
KAFRIT (Kashin) Sara (1900, Minsk - 1983, Kfar Yehoshua, Israel), politician. Sister E. Kaplan. In the end. 1910s participant of the "Ceirei Zion" movement in Russia. From 1920 - in E.-I., together with her husband founded the settlement of Kfar-Yehoshua. Active worker and member. Central Committee of the Mapai Party, member. the secretariat of the moshav movement. Dep. The Knesset.
KAGALNIK, a village in the Azov district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Rostov environs. Lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1910, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1942, several were shot in K. Jews in Kazakhstan. G.M. Kramarov, M.L. Rukhimovich.
KAGALNITSKAYA, a village in the Zernograd district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Cherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, seven Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1942, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht; it was shot approx. 200 Jews (mostly evacuated).
KAGALOVSKY Konstantin Grigorievich (b. 1957, Kaliningrad, Moscow region), state. activist. Graduated from Moscow. finance. in-t. Since 1980 he worked at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee and the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1989 he created and headed the international. c. research econom. reforms. In 1990-91 he was a representative. RF for interaction with Mezhdunar. monetary fund. Since 1992 - director. Int. monetary fund from the RF.
KAGAN (nee Lubarskaya) Rachel (1888, Odessa - 1982, Haifa), society. and polit. activist. In her youth she studied in high fur boots in St. Petersburg and Odessa. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1933-47, ch. dep. welfare Heb. Municipal Council of Haifa, in 1937–47 - in Vaad Leumi. From 1946 before. Int. wives Zionist organization (MZHSO). In 1947 - Member. Provisional Prospect Island of Israel. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st and 5th convocations from the Liberal Party, in the Knesset of the 1st convocation (1949–51), member. to-t on education and law. From 1962 onwards. prez. MJSO Federation of Israel.
KAGAN Avrom Yakovlevich (1901, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1965, Kiev), prose writer, poet, playwright. Rod. in a Hasidic family, graduated from Heb. school, then commercial. uch-shche. Studied at Kiev University. He worked as a teacher in Berdichev and Kharkov, was an artist in a traveling Jew. t-re. In 1921 he made his debut verse, in Kiev gas. "Communistische background". First. Sat. verse. "Karbn" ("Scars") released in 1923. First. his pov. "Menchn fun alker" ("Alcove people") was published in 1927, and in 1932 rum. "Engineers". An important place in the work of K. is occupied by ist. themes (novel "Arn Lieberman", 1935, "At the River Rot", 1937, "Sholem Aleichem", 1961). To the events that took place around the process of M.M. Beilis, K. dedicated a rum. "Crime and Conscience" (1965). K.'s play "Energy" (1932) was staged by Heb. t-rum in Kharkov. Member of the 1941–45 war. The events of the war are dedicated to his rum. "Oif unzer erd" ("On our land", 1944). In 1945–48 he was a correspondent. gas. "Einikite" - the organ of Heb. antifash. to-that in Kiev. In 1948 he was repressed. In 1956 he returned to Kiev.
KAGAN Aizik (1906 - 1956, Bobruisk), poet, prose writer. In 1928 he graduated from the Minsk Hebrew. ped. technical school, worked as a teacher. He made his debut verse, and stories in the Minsk youth gas. Der Junger Arbeter, center, Heb. gas. Einikite. Author Sat. verse. "Leader" ("Poems", 1932) and "Oyfn with Green Thunderstorms" ("On the Green Grass", 1935). In 1949 he was repressed. Released 1956.
KAGAN Elena (1889, Tashkent - 1978, Jerusalem), doctor. In 1914 she graduated from honey. Faculty of Bernese University. From 1914 in E.-I. In 1916 she founded the first in E.-I. children b-tsu. In 1923–43, Ch. doctor children. houses for Arab children in the Old City of Jerusalem. Since 1933 - doctor of children. dep. b-tsy "Bikur-Holim" in Jerusalem. There was a member. reign of wives. Zionist. org-tion "Vico". State pr. Israel 1975 (medicine) for medical and societies. activity.
KAGAN Eli Sholomovich (1909, Minsk - 1944), prose writer. Ml. brother of Z.Sh. Kagan. After leaving school, he worked at a shoe factory. In 1928 publ. in Fig. adj. to gas. "Der emes" - "Emes-magazine" (Moscow) first. the story "A harts oif vesles" ("Heart on the oars"), dedicated. life of working youth. In 1932, the first came out in Minsk. Sat. humoresok K. "Der tseilungen un miniature" ("Stories and miniatures") - about youth. conflicts between old habits and new life. In 1935 K. went to the creative arts. a business trip to new buildings in Magnitogorsk, where many worked. Heb. young people who came from the townships of Belarus and Ukraine. The result is a book. K. “A shtot he cloisters” (“A City Without Churches”, 1936). Before the war he worked lit. ed. in the Minsk railway "Stern". In 1941 he went to the front, served in the infantry, then in the arm. gas. Killed on a command mission.
KAGAN Yehuda-Leib (1881, Vilna - 1937, New York), philologist, folklorist. In 1889 he moved with his parents to Warsaw, studied at the cheder, was a watchmaker's apprentice. Early became interested in Heb. folklore and began collecting bunks. songs. In 1901 he moved to London, where he worked as a watchmaker and collected folklore among the Jews. population. Since 1904 in the USA. Here K. also collected songs of Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk, Galician and Romanian Jews. In 1910 K. publ. first scientific. work about Heb. folklore. In 1912, the New York publishing house "Library International" published two volumes collected by K. Heb. bunk bed songs. They included 331 songs and 171 melodies. In 1929 he published the collection. “Heb. bunk bed fairy tales". He took part in the creation. in-ta I VO and was chosen by hand. his folk. commission. In 1930 K. made a trip to Vilno, where he organized a congress of collectors of Hebrews. folklore.
KAGAN Khaim Kushelevich (1897, Palichi, Mogilev province - 1976, Minsk), teacher, publicist. Lived in Minsk, worked as a teacher in Hebrew. schools, printed Art. on ped. Topics. In 1930, the center, Heb. publishing house (Moscow-Kharkov-Minsk) released its processing (jointly with Ya. Rubin) p. classic Heb. literature by II Linetskiy "Dos poilishe ingl" ("Polish boy"), a cut used as a teaching aid in Heb. schools. K. - the author of textbooks for Hebrews. schools: "Shprahkentenish" ("Linguistics", 1930) and others. with him. lang.
KAGAN Matvey Isaevich (1889, p. Pyatnitskoe, Pskov province - 1937, Moscow), social scientist. In 1897-1904 he attended Russian. school for Heb. children in Nevel, at the same time. received trad. Heb. education. In 1905 he graduated from the mountains. uch-shche. Since 1904, members RSDLP, was arrested. Higher. Philos. Educated in Germany, in 1907-14 he studied at Leipzig, Berlin, Marburg high fur boots. In 1914 he was interned as a citizen of a country that was at war with Germany. At the time of his arrest, he wrote art., Having eaten, philos. understanding the problem of war. Since then, d. scientific. interest K. - philosophy of history. Returning from Germany in 1918, he became close in Nevel with the philosophers and literary critics M.M. Bakhtin and L.V. Pumpyansky, and had a lot of influence on them. influence. In 1920 he lectured on Hebrew. mythology in Heb. un-those in Petrograd. From 1922 to 1924 he worked in the institutions of the People's Commissariat for Education, taught in Hebrew. an orphanage in Malakhovka (Moscow region). Since 1924, without stopping his studies in philosophy, he worked in the region. power engineering (compiled and edited by the Atlas of energy resources of the USSR).
KAGAN Moisey Samoilovich (1921, Kiev - 2006, St. Petersburg), specialist in aesthetics, ethics, and cultural studies. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1942), in 1946 he taught there, in 1946-60 at the East. f-those, from 1960 to philosophy. f-those. Main direction of scientific. activities - the development of a methodology for systems research. and its application in the study of the human. activities, culture, art as historically developing and self-regulating systems. Works: Beginnings of aesthetics, Moscow, 1964; Morphology of art, M., 1972; Human. activity. System research experience., M., 1974; Systematic approach and humanitarian knowledge. Fav. Art., L., 1991.
KAGAN Oleg Moiseevich (1946, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 1990, Munich), violinist. As a child he studied in Riga, in Muz. school to them. E. Darzina under the Latvian state. cons. in the violin class of I. Braun, continued his studies with B.E. Kuznetsov in the Center. muses. school at Moscow. horse. Graduated from cons. (1969) and graduate school with her (1971) in the class of D.F. Oistrakh. Since 1971, soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Performed by different eras and styles, was the first performer of a number of works. owls. authors, including dedicated to him - the 3rd concert by A.G. Schnittke (1979), the concert by S.A. Gubaidulina, as well as dedicated. to him and N.G. Gutman of concerts for violin and cello by E.M. Mansuryan (No. 2, 1979) and A. Vieru (1980). He performed in an ensemble with pianist S.T. Richter and cellist Gutman (K.'s wife). International laureate contests them. J. Enescu (1964, Bucharest), them. J. Sibelius (1st Ave., 1965, Helsinki), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (2nd avenue, 1966, Moscow), J.S.Bach (1st Ave., 1968, Leipzig). Has toured to many. European countries, the USA and Japan. Since 1985 he taught at Moscow. cons. Among the students are international laureates. competitions of violinists N. Kozhukhar and I. Min'kov.
KAGAN Pavel Solomonovich (1885, Kovno - 1938, Moscow), specialist in the region. tractor construction, production organizer. He graduated from the Polytechnic in Charlottenburg (Germany), where he studied under the hands. prof. G. Schlesinger. In 1914–16 he worked at the Putilovsky plant as an engineer-designer, from 1916 - at the military. s-dakh, in 1925–27 early tractor shop on "Krasniy Putilovets". Since 1927 - in the branch of the State. Institute for the design of metal plants, hands. project of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. In 1929 he was sent to the USA to study technology and organize the mass production of tractors, develop working drawings and purchase equipment. From 1930 - Ch. Ing. Institute for the design of automobile and tractor plants (Giproavto), in 1932–33 tech. dir. under construction Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, in 1934 - Deputy. early pages and chap. Ing. construction of the Yaroslavl plant of heavy trucks, in 1935-38 - director. United Central Institute of Automotive and Tractor Industry. Ord. Lenin (1931), Tr. Cr. Banner (1934). On Feb. 1938 arrested on false charges, shot.
KAGAN Sarra (1885, Maksimovichi Olshansky u. Vilna province - 1941, Minsk), prose writer, poet. She graduated from high school and moved to Bobruisk. Worked as the head. mountains. b-koy, made her debut in Minsk gas. "October" correspondence, and also published in it the first. poems. In 1935, K. moved to Minsk, worked and at the same time studied philology. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that. The author of several. collection of poems: "Inweg" ("On the way", 1934), "Main gameland" ("My homeland", 1938), "Unzere menchn" ("Our people", 1940). Her verse. are distinguished by sincerity and tenderness. K. belong to Prince. prose "Di ershte Prize" ("First Prize", 1940), "Der Fiedler" ("Violinist", 1941). She died in the Minsk ghetto.
KAGAN Solomon (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1959, Mexico City), journalist, writer, musician. critic. In Mexico since 1921. Master's degree, humanist. sciences. He taught at Mex. nat. ped. college (1925–39). Lecturer in the working class in the USA (1940–44). Ed. g. "The Way" in Mexico City (1945–48), post. corr. gas. “Muses. America "(New York) in Mexico (1946–56), since 1953 - ed. every month. "Tribune of Israel". Ch.-c. Heb. Academy of Arts and Sciences in New York (since 1939). The author of the book. “Emotions in Music” (1936), “Muses. Reflections "(1938)," Jewish Mexican "(1945) and others. Per. in Spanish “History of Heb. People ”by G. Gretz in 10 volumes (1942).
KAGAN Veniamin Fedorovich (1869, Shavli, Kovno province - 1953, Moscow), mathematician, founder of the tensor differential geometric school in the USSR, popularizer of science, publisher. In 1892 he graduated from Kiev University as an external student. Since 1897 pri-vat-assoc. Novoros. university (Odessa). From 1904 ed. the only specialized railway in Russia. "Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics". In 1904 joint. with S.O.Shatunovsky, A.R. Orbinsky and M. Shpentzer founded in Odessa one of the largest scientific. publishing house in Russia "Matezis", which existed until 1924. The largest scientists of that time, K.A. Posse, V.I.Shiff, and others were involved in cooperation. In 1923–33 K. - prof. Moscow State University, was actively engaged in scientific. activities. One of the founders of the 1st ed. TSB.
KAGAN Yakov Naumovich (1902, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1982, Minsk), state. activist. He studied at Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-those. In 1928, 38 on hand. work in the local industry system of Belarus. Since 1938, deputy. People's Commissar, since 1939 People's Commissar of the local industry of the BSSR. 1945–54 min. local industry of the BSSR. In 1954-62 Deputy. early Ch. management of communal services and energy under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR 1st and 2nd convocations.
KAGAN Yudith Matveevna (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1962). Daughter of M. I. Kagan. Graduated from the department. classic philology MGPI them. V.I. Lenin (1949). In 1952–55 she taught lat. lang. on Wednesday. school. In 1956-80 she taught lat. lang. in Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang. them. M. Toreza. Translated from Latin. "Faces" by G. Bebel (M., 1970); T. Mora's "Utopia" (M., 1978); “Philos. manuf. " Erasmus of Rotterdam (M., 1986). Author of the book: “IV Tsvetaev: Life. Activity. Personality ". (M., 1987); Marina Tsvetaeva in Moscow: The Path to Death. (M., 1992), a number of Art. in antique and Russian culture, including "About V.V. Rozanov" (Sat. "Ark", Moscow - Jerusalem, MP), "About Heb. theme and biblical motives of Marina Tsvetaeva: Experience in the interpretation of several. verse." (In the railway station "De Vis", No. 3, M., 1993) and others.
KAGAN Yuri Moiseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984, ch.-k. from 1970). Graduated from Moscow. engineer-phys. in-t. Since 1956 he has been working at the Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatova (head of the theoretical laboratory). At the same time. teaches at Moscow. engineer-phys. in-those (prof. from 1962). Main scientific. work on kinetic. theory of gases, theory of condensates. states, physics of low temp-r. Introduced into gas dynamics, along with the velocity vector, the vector is rotated. moment and built (with L.A. Maksimov) a general theory of transfer phenomena in the external. fields. Developed a follower. theory of the Mössbauer effect for regular and impurity crystals, predicting a number of anomalies in the temperature dependence of thermodynamic. and kinetic. quantities. He studied the interaction of nuclear radiation with crystals, predicted the effect of suppression of inelastic channels of a nuclear reaction, when the crystal becomes almost transparent to gamma radiation and neutrons. Built a microscope. theory of metals, developed the theory of irregular crystals, kinetic. phenomena in metals. Research kinetics of phase transitions near abs. zero (with I.M. Lifshitz), considering the phase transition as a process of quantum sub-barrier tunneling macroscopic. systems. Studied quantum diffusion and localization of crystal atoms at low temperature pax. Predicted the effect of changing the probability of inelastic processes in quantum gases in the presence of Bose condensation. The author is numerous. scientific. articles and monographs. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Lomonosov (1975). State pr. USSR (1976), Len. etc. (1986).
KAGAN Zalman Sholomovich (1906, Minsk - 1982, Leningrad), playwright, publicist, elder brother of E. Sh. Kagan. Graduated in 1930 Heb. lit.-ling-vistic. dep. 2nd Moscow State University. He taught Heb. lang. and lit-ru in Hebrew. dep. Kharkov state un-that and Communist. un-that. He began to publish in 1934 in the g. "Stern" (Minsk). Published Art. in decomp. periodic. ed. In 1937-1940 he studied at the screenwriting department. Vses. film academy. Member of the war 1941-45, served in art. parts, then was responsible. sec. divisional gas. Wrote for the military. gas. and radio approx. 200 essays. After the war, he wrote for Heb. stage, staged rum. Sholem Aleichem "Stempenu". In 1950 he received the 2nd pr. At a competition in Latvia for the play "Di glyklehe gas" ("Happy Street"). From 1961 he published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" essays about writers, actors, painters, war heroes. In 1987 f. released as an app. his sat. essays "Funem journalism notebook" ("From a journalistic notebook").
KAGANA Avragam (1874, Skomorokhi of Volyn province - 1946, Tel Aviv), historian, philologist, lexicographer. Systematic did not receive education, independently studied the history of Hebrews. people, their literature and language. From 1923 in E.-I., was engaged in teaching, worked in the mountains. b-ke Tel Aviv. In 1936–37, he published with his commentaries a 2-volume collection of apocrypha, author of the monograph “History of the Jews in Rome” (1901), biography of the Kabbalist M.H. Luzzato (1898), compiler of the anthology “Literature on the History of the Jews” (1922– 23), "The Book of Hasidism" (1922), Russian-Hebrew. dictionary (1907), Hebrew grammar (1931).
KAGANMAN Yosef Shlomo (known as the Ponevezh rabbi) (1886, Kuli, Kovno province - 1969, Bnei Brak, Israel), rabbi, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Telshi and Radun (Grodno province). In 1916, he headed a yeshiva in Grodno, started organizing yeshivas throughout Lithuania. Since 1919, the rabbi of Panevezys (he was for 20 years), where he founded Izv. later the yeshiva "Ogel Yitzhak", which became one of the largest in Lithuania. In 1923–25 he was a Lithuanian deputy. Diet from Orthodox Jewry, chl. Heb. Council of Lithuania. Was an active member. the orthodox party "Agudat Israel". Since 1940 - in E.-I. In 1944 he founded the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak.
KAGANOV (Kagan) Itskhak (1904, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1978, Ashdod, Israel), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied first with his grandfather-rabbi, then in the cheder and Talmud-Torah. He was fond of Hebrew and Hebrew. lit-swarm. In 1918 he created a cell in Gorki. Heb. young man. org-tion "Renaissance". In the beginning. 20s was engaged in the distribution of illegalities. Zionist. lit-ry. In 1921 he entered Petrograd. un-t, where he studied for two years. The first was published in 1926. and unity, in the USSR publication K. - mystical. the poem "Ktaim" ("Fragments"). From ser. 20-ies., After the prohibition of Hebrew in the USSR, K. temporarily moved away from lit. creativity. He worked as a teacher in Hebrew. sat down. school, in 1930-33 he studied at the theater. Studio S.M. Mikhoels in Moscow, in 1934-36 was dir. Heb. t-ditch in Simferopol and Dnepropetrovsk, then - in Russian. t-pah. During the war 1941–45 at the front, com. art. batteries. In 1947 he returned to lit. creativity. In 1948, together with gr. Heb. writers and cultural figures were arrested on charges of belonging to the "nationalist. Zionist. anti-Sov. org-tion ”and was sentenced first to 10 years, then sentenced to death, replaced by 25 years in prison. In 1955 he was released. While in prison, K. created 480 verses. in Hebrew, to-rye memorized without writing, as well as book. reflections on the history, fate and essence of Heb. people. All this material was recorded and published 20 years later in Israel: poetic. Sat. "The Voice of Shosrar" (1975) and Prince. "The Teaching of the Secret" (1978). Since 1976 - in Israel, where he worked on the book. rec. "Trails".
KAGANOV Israel Lvovich (1902, Klimovichi, Mogilev province - 1985, Moscow), specialist in the region. prom. electronics. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. After graduation in 1925 Moscow. Higher. tech. uch-schA (MVTU) worked engineer. at the Kharkov electromechanical. s-de, performed calculations of single-armature converters, then in Moscow in the State. electrical engineering trust, participated in the construction and adjustment of the first traction substations with mercury rectifiers for trams and electrifiers. transport. In 1929 - Ch. Ing. on electrical equipment of the film factory (later "Mosfilm"), taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1931 in Moscow. energetic Institute (MPEI), in 1931–40 - deputy. head Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1933–34, for the first time in the country, he began to teach a course on electronic and ion converters, and published a textbook on this course (1937). At the same time. from 1934 to 1947 he worked at Vses. electrical engineering in-those them. VI Lenin (VEI) in Moscow, was engaged in research. valve converters, rectifiers-inverters, including two-stage arts. switching, circuits to-rykh have become classic. During the 1941–45 war, he headed a group of comp. VEI in the Urals will straighten it to ensure uninterrupted operation. substations of defense enterprises. In 1943, on the initiative of K., a department was created at the MPEI and the training of specialists in ionic devices and current converters began (from 1950 the department "Industrial electronics"), headed the department until 1974. Prev. Scientific and methodical. advice on prom. electronics at the USSR Ministry of Higher Education (1961–76). Linen. pr. (1962). Cit .: Inverting direct current in three-phase, M.-L., 1941; Electronic ionic converters (Fundamentals of industrial electronics), h. 1–3, M.-L., 1950–56; Ionic devices, M., 1972.
KAGANOV Moisey Isaakovich (b. 1921, Lubny, Poltava province), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). In 1939 he entered Kharkov University, but was immediately drafted into the army. In 1939–45 he served in the Black Sea Fleet, took part in the battles in the defense of the Caucasus. After demobilization (1946) he returned to Kharkov un-t, to-ry he graduated in 1949. In 1949–70 he worked in Ukr. physical and technical in-those (head of laboratory). At the same time. from 1952 he taught at Kharkov University (prof.). Since 1970 in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. prof. Moscow un-ta. scientific. research on the theory of magnetism and the electronic theory of metals. Built a macroscopic. the theory of kinetic. phenomena in low-temperature magnets, the theory of anomalous skin effect in the norm. metals (jointly with M.Ya. Azbel and I.M. Lifshits) and the theory of galvanomagn. phenomena in metals (LAC theory). Established a relationship of behavior in a strong magn. resistance field and Hall effect with topology of the Fermi surface. Constructed the theory of electronic absorption of ultrasound (with A.I. Akhiezer and G.YaLyubarsky). The author of St. 200 scientific. works, per. his monographs have been repeatedly published. Abroad, Works: Electronic Theory of Metals, Moscow, 1971 (with M.Ya. Azbel and I.M. Lifshits); The nature of magnetism, M., 1982 (with V.M. Tsukernik); Electrons, photons, magnons, M., 1979; Quasiparticles, M., 1976, 2nd ed., 1989 (with I.M. Lifshits).
KAGANOV Samuil Yurievich (b. 1923, Zolotonosha, Poltava province), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1966). After graduating from the 1st Moscow in 1948. honey. in-that works in the Research Institute of Pediatrics and children. surgery. In 1949-52 - a graduate student, in 1952-56 scientific. sotr., in 1956–61 - Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. dir. in science, since 1961 - hands. pulmonology clinic. research K. dedicated studying the problems of nonspecific pulmonary pathology in children, including congenital and hereditary allergic lesions of the lungs; clinical sramacology; organization of pulmonary care for children. Created scientific. school children. pulmonologists. K. - deputy. ch. ed. g. "Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics". Cit .: Chronic lung diseases in children and the criteria for their diagnosis, M., 1971; Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory allergies in children, M., 1976 (et al.); Congenital and hereditary diseases in children, M., 1980 (et al.); Organization of work of the pulmonological pediatric center, M. 1982; Respiratory allergies in children, M., 1986.
KAGANOVICH Lazar Moiseevich (1893, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1991, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties in 1911–61 (excluded), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1943). Rod. in a poor family, brother of M.M. and Yu.M. Kaganovich. Systematic. did not receive education, worked for leather. and shoes. f-kah, participated in the labor movement. In oct. 1917 pre. Polesie Regional Committee of the RSDLP (b). During the civil. war member. Vseros. collegiums for the organization of Kr. Army, then to the desks. work in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh. Since 1920 p. Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), People's Commissar for Workers' Cross. Inspection of the Turkestan ASSR, head. Tashkent mountains. Council. Since 1921 instructor of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, secretary. Central Committee of the trade union of tanners. Since 1922 in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), head. org.-instructor, then org.-distribute. dep., from the beginning. 1920s was a member of the inner circle of J.V. Stalin. In 1924–25 sec. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b), in 1925-28, the general sec. CP (b) U, in 1928-39 the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), 1930-35 - 1st secretary. MK VKP (b), one of the initiators of the development and implementation of the so-called. “The plan is a Bolshevist. reconstruction of Moscow "(1934–35), personally supervised the building of Moscow. metro (until 1955 was named after K.). In 1933-34 before. Centre. commissions for checking the desks. rows. In 1934–35 before. CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1935-37 he was the People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR, in 1937-39 the People's Commissar for Heavy industry of the USSR, simultaneously. in Jan-Oct. 1939 People's Commissar of the Fuel Industry of the USSR. In 1939–40, the People's Commissar of Oil. industry of the USSR and simultaneously. in 1938–42 and 1943–44 again the People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. In 1942–45 members. State to-that defense, before. Transport to-that at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. From Dec. 1944 deputy. prev. SNK USSR, simultaneously. in 1946–47, the People's Commissar of Industry was building it. materials of the USSR. In March-December 1947 1st sec. and Chl. Politburo of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1948–52 before. State to-that on mat.-tech. supply of bunk beds. x-va of the USSR. In 1955-56 before. State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on labor and wages and simultaneously. in 1956–57 min. industry building, materials of the USSR. In 1953 - 1st deputy. prev. CM USSR. K. was elected a member. Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. Top. Council of the USSR. During the struggle for power within the parties. in 1957 received a severe reprimand as an active participant in the "antipart. group ", removed from the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Committee, removed from the higher. state posts and sent to the Sverdlovsk region., 1957 Dir. Ural Potash Plant. Retired since 1961.
KAGANOVICH Mikhail Moiseevich (1888, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - 1941, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties since 1905. Brother L.M. and Yu.M. Kaganovich. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1917, before. VRK in Arzamas, then before. Workers' Council and Cross, Dep. in Surazh. In 1923–27 before. Nizhny Novgorod Governmental Council of National Economy. Since 1930, members Pres., From 1931 beginning. Ch. machine-builds. management and deputy. prev. VSNKh. Since 1932, deputy. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR. From 1935 to the beginning. Ch. Aviation management. industry (for merits in its development and for organizing a non-stop flight Moscow - Nikolaevsk-on-Amur in 1936 was awarded the Order of Lenin). From 1936 deputy., In 1937-40 - People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR, at the same time. in 1939-40, People's Commissar for Aviation. industry of the USSR. In 1927–34 members. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b), in 1930-34 members. Pres. Central Control Commission, in 1934–41 a member. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1934–39 in part. Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1937). Fearing arrest, he committed suicide (shot himself).
KAGANOVICH Yuliy Moiseevich (1892, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - 1962, Moscow), politician brother L.M. and M.M. Kaganovich. From 1906 to 1913 (the year of conscription) he worked for hire. Member RSPRP in 1909-19, from 1919 in the RCP (b). In 1919–22 he was involved in political work in the Red Army. Since 1922 in the Nizhny Novgorod organization of the RCP (b): secretary. a number of county, district and district party committees, before. Nizhny Novgorod Regional Economic Council, 1st Secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorkovsk.) City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1934–37 chairman of Gorkovsk. regional (region) Council of Deputies, was a delegate to 14, 16-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation and a member of its Presidium. From Apr. 1937 to Jan. 1939 1st sec. Gorkovsk. regional committee of the CPSU (b), then, before retirement, in the People's Commissariat (Min-ve) external. trade of the USSR: deputy. Commissar (1939–45), trade representative of the USSR in the Mongolian People's Republic (1945–47), before. VO "Intern. book "(1947–49), early. State Inspection in terms of quality, export of goods (1949–51).
KAGANOVICH, see Dibrova.
KAGANOVSKY Efroim (1893, Warsaw - 1958, Paris), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. He studied painting as a thin artist. school. Began to publish in 1909. In 1914 came the first collection. short stories "Girls". During the 1st world. During the war, he was evacuated to Odessa, where he met M. Moikher-Sforim, about whom he later wrote memoirs. In 1921 he returned to Warsaw, where on Saturday. stories "Doors and Windows" (1921) for the first time in the literature in Yiddish portrayed the world of the "bottom" - thieves, vagabonds, etc .; later publ. cycle of stories about citizens. war and about Heb. pogroms in Russia, Sat. short stories "Flesh and Life" (1928), "Images" (1937), appeared in Heb. prints with humoresques, feuilletons, essays. In 1939 he fled from occupied Warsaw to Bialystok, from there into the interior of Russia. In 1941 in Minsk was published collection of articles. stories by K. "Altlebn" ("Old Life"). In Russia he worked on the book. "A shtot oif der Volge" ("City on the Volga") - about the defenders of Stalingrad. From 1949 - in Paris, where he wrote Ch. arr. rec. ("Hebrew writers at home", 1956; "Polish years", 1956, etc.).
KAGARLITSKY Boris Yulievich (b. 1958, Moscow), societies. activist. Son of Yu.I. Kagarlitsky. He studied theater studies. f-those GITIS (until 1980). In 1977 he entered the underground group. Marxist. sense, consisted of young historians-graduates of Moscow State University, edged to publish samizdat. g. "Options"; in 1979–82 K. also participated in the publishing house. underground typewritten w. "Left Turn" (since 1981 it was published under the title "Socialism and the Future"). In 1980 K. became a candidate. in part. KPSS, but was soon expelled from the candidate. and expelled from the Institute as a result of a search conducted at his place. The author of the book. Dialectic of Hope (1981). Arrested together with gr. like-minded people in apr. 1982. Soon, under pressure from the West. communist. and socialist. the parties under investigation were asked to write a petition for pardon, after which almost all of them, including K., were released (April 1983). In the beginning. "Perestroika" was among the founders of one of the first so-called. informal org-tions - Social Club initiatives (end 1986). Member of the Socialist Federation societies. clubs (Aug. 1987), gr. "Socialist. initiative ”(Sept. 1987), one of the leaders of Moscow. Nar. front (June 1988). Since June 1990 - one of the hands. and ideologists Socialist. party, on the basis of a cut on the initiative of K. in the fall of 1991 the Labor Party was created. 1990–93 - dep. Mossovet, leader of the dep. gr. "Mosk. left".
KAGARLITSKY Yuliy Iosifovich (1926, Moscow - 2000, ibid.), Literary critic, theater critic. Graduated from Moscow State University (1948). Dr. philol. Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). Vice President Wells Society (England, 1984). Member Association for the Study of Scientific. fiction (USA, 1972). Laureate of "Pilgrim" Ave. (USA, 1972). Prepared for publication the largest in Russia 15-volume collection. op. H. Wells (M., 1964). Art. for Comrades 3 and 7 "History of Western European Theater". Op. K. published in many. countries of the world. Author of books: "Herbert Wells: An Essay on Life and Work (1963)"; "What is fiction |" (1974); “Western European t-r of the Age of Enlightenment in the assessment of Russian. and owls. criticism. 1870 - 1930s. " (1976), Shakespeare and Voltaire (1980); "Tr for the ages: Tr of the era of enlightenment" (1987); “Looking into the future: Book. about H. Wells ”(1989).
KAGARLYK, city (since 1971), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1590. In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1861, 808 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1414 (21.1%), in the 1910s. - OK. 2000, in 1923 - 275, in 1939 - 325 Jews (3.5%). occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts, as well as wholesale and retail trade; in K. fairs for the sale of livestock were held. Most prom. pr-ty, as well as bargaining. and drinking establishments (83 in total) belonged to Jews, including 20 grocery stores (out of 24), 15 manufacturing shops (out of 16), 6 flour shops, 3 butcher shops, etc .; the Jews owned an inn. Since 1875, Zvi-Leibish Podgoretsky (1847 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1909, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a Talmud Torah. During the war, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan suffered from pogroms and looting. In Jan. 1918 the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. During the pogroms organized by local gangs, 63 Jews were killed, 3 people. was injured. During the pogrom perpetrated in June 1919 by the detachments of the ataman Zeleny, 25 Jews were killed. 30 Aug In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Kazakhstan; died approx. 30 Jews, 22 wounded. In total, in 1918–20, 131 Jews were killed, 25 were wounded, and 215 Jews died of diseases. 111 Jewish families (464 people) fled to Boguslav. 167 Jews in Kazakhstan and 48 of those who fled to Boguslav died from epidemics. In the 1920s and 30s. the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan declined as a result of the resettlement of Jews to cities. 3 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 9 In 1941 72 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. In 1999, 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, there were: A.D. Tsirlin; Semyon Moiseevich Kogan (1906–1993, Kiev), bridge builder, regiment., Early. Management "Kievavtodormost", load. 7 Order S.Ya. Elisavetsky
KAGE (Kagedan) Joseph (b. 1918, Minsk), specialist in the region. social provision. Since 1924 - in Canada. He studied at the University of Montreal, Doctor of Philosophy (1958). In 1942–45 he worked at the Institute of Baron M. de Guirche (Montreal), headed the department. providing lonely people. Since 1943 - Member. Council of the Canadian Socialist Association workers. In 1945-46 - pom. dir., teacher Heb. bunk bed schools. From 1952 publ. in periodic. print. Author of works: "Dawn of Canadian History" (1956), "200 York Hebrews. emigrants in Canada "(1960) and others.
KAGUL, see Cahul.
KAGYZMAN, a city in the Kara silt (Republic of Turkey). In 1878-1918 - as part of Ros. empire, city, center of env. In 1897, 271 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1904 - 23, in 1910 - 2 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KAINSK, see Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk region.
CAIR, a village in the Gornostaevsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. Tauride province Jews lived in K. from the middle. 19th century Main occupation - trade. Bazaars were held in Kazakhstan, and fairs were held twice a year. 1941 in K., several were shot. Jews.
KAKABETI, a village in the Sagaredzhoi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KAKHOVKA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1791 as a village. From 1802 - a settlement, from 1840 - a town in the Dnieper district. Tavricheskaya lips. Since 1920 - in the Nikolaev province, since 1922 - in the Odessa province, since 1925 - the regional center of the Kherson region, since 1932 - in the Odessa region, since 1944 - in the Kherson region. In 1897, 3003 Jews (40%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1920 - 3832, in 1923 - 2696, in 1926 - approx. 2500 (31%), in 1939 - 1072 (8.5%), in 1979 - 148, in 1989 - 121 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century, mainly doing diff. crafts and trade. After the reform of 1861, bargaining became important. center and cr. labor market in the south of Ukraine. In 1887 the entrepreneur Gurevich founded the agricultural plant. guns (in the early 20th century - 300 workers). The Jews of Kazakhstan also founded an iron foundry (Gurevich), a steam mill (Pisochin), an oil mill (Belferman), a wool mill (Spektor), a perfumery plant (Rukman), and a chemical-technological plant. production-va; owned metalwork and blacksmith workshops, tin workshops, bakeries, and others. In 1867, two synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. In 1883, Yehuda Haimovich was the rabbi. The Great Synagogue was built in Kazakhstan in 1890, the Poalei Tzedek synagogue in 1906, and the Sloboda synagogue in 1918. In K. worked several. heders, talmud-torah, state Jewish 2-class and private uch-schA, about-in "Ezras Hoylim". In 1912 there were 2 Jewish savings and loans. t-va. In 1913, Jews owned 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, approx. 60 shops (including all 5 grocery stores, all three haberdashery, only tobacco). In 1915 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jews of Kazakhstan suffered from the pogroms of units of the Volunteer Army (1919 and 1920) and various. gangs (1918–21). In the 1920s. the rabbi in Kazakhstan was Yakov Evseevich Turok. In 1922–25 synagogue buildings were nationalized. Relig. communities continued to serve in synagogues on the basis of renting premises from the state. In 1926, commissioners for European work were active in Kazakhstan. A Jewish club of handicraftsmen and a seven-year Jewish school (in 1926 - 312 students, in 1928 - 446 students) worked in Kazakhstan; the Joint allocated 500 rubles for the equipment at the school of the carpentry and turning workshop. In 1938, teaching at the school was translated into Russian. language 1 sept. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 4 Sep 1941, 40 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. 1941 - 740 Jews. In total, in 1941–42, approx. 1,000 Jews. After 1945, approx. 200 Jews. The old Jewish cemetery was destroyed, and a residential settlement named after M.A. Svetlova. A monument was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. In 2000, approx. 10 Jewish families. In K. clan: N.L. Gurevich, B.M. Zeleny; David Yakovlevich (Usherovich) Raizer (1904-1962, Moscow), state. activist, in 1940–46 - deputy. People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR for the cap. building, in 1946-50 - deputy. People's Commissar (minister) building pr-ty heavy. industry of the USSR, since 1950 - min. building pr-ty heavy. industry of the USSR, since 1954 - min. building pr-th metallurgical. and chem. industry of the USSR, since 1957 - min. Kazakh SSR building I.M.Shaikin
KAHUL (until 1990 - Cahul), city, county center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1835. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1857 St. 1,300 Jews, in 1897 in Kazakhstan there were 801 Jews (11.3%), in 1910 - 1,060 (12.5%), in 1830 - 803, in 1940 - approx. 1200, in 1989 - 295 Jews. In 1839, during the expulsion of Jews from the 50-verst border strip, Jews who lived in the Kagul district were allowed to settle in Kazakhstan. In 1872, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In 1910, Kazakhstan had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. in K. photo workshop. 1920-30-ies. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931 a Jewish school with teaching in Hebrew worked in Kazakhstan after the occupation of the Romanians. On July 20, 1941, troops in Kazakhstan set up a camp for Jews from the surrounding area. points. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1948, the Jewish religion was active in Kazakhstan. community. In 1994, the Society of Jewish Culture was created in Kazakhstan (previously Vladimir Katz, b. 1936). In the building of the former. the synagogue houses a communal house. There is an old Jewish cemetery. In 2002, approx. 150 Jews in Kazakhstan. B.V. Zakhoder.
KAKITELASHVILI Mikhail (1920, Kutaisi, Georgia - 1976, ibid.), Poet, journalist. First verse. published in 1933. Author of two. Sat. verse. His production. per. in Hebrew, Russian, Armenian lang.
KALACH, see Kalach-on-Don.
KALACH ON DON, city (since 1951), center of Kalachevsky district in Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1708 as a Cossack settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm Kalach of the 2nd Don env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939 in K. n / a. 16 Jews lived. In the autumn of 1942, 12 Jews were killed on the Stalindorf collective farm in Kalachevsky district. 1990s in K. n / d. there is a community in 2002 in K. n / a. lived St. 500 Jews.
KALACHINSK, city (since 1952), regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1792. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kalachinskaya, Omsk district Tobolsk province. In 1939, 43 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KALACHINSKAYA, see Kalachinsk.
KALAGEYA, railway siding in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway patrol of Kologuei Odessa u. Kherson province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1942 in Kazakhstan, apprx. 200 Jews from Odessa.
KALANCHAK, urban-type settlement (since 1967), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1941, eight Jews were shot in K. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in K..
KALARASH, see Kalerash.
KALASHNIKOVA Evgeniya Davydovna (1906, Kiev - 1976, Moscow), translator. In 1931 she graduated from Moscow. in-t foreign. lang. Lit. engaged in labor since 1934. Per. manuf. amer. and English. writers: E. Hemingway "Death in the Afternoon", "To Have and Not to Have", "Farewell to Arms", "The Fifth Column" (jointly with VM Toper), "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Islands in the Ocean "(With N.A. Volzhina); T. Dreiser "Oplot"; B. Show "Pygmalion" and "Devil's Apprentice"; J. Aldridge "Sea Eagle", "Heroes of the Desert Horizons", "Diplomat" (with IA Kashkin and Toper); C. Dickens "Little Dorrit"; R. Wright "Son of America"; S. Lewis "Kingsblood, Descendant of Kings" (with MF Lorie), "Gideon Plenish"; F. Scott Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender Night"; J. Steinbeck "The Winter of Our Trouble" (with Volzhina); E. Caldwell, G. Fast, W. Teckeray and others.
KALASHNIKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1932) in the Likhoslavl district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novotorzhsky u. Tver Gubernia. In 1926, one Jew lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939 there were nine Jews.
KALATA, see Kirovgrad.
KALAURI, a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1928, Jews left Kazakhstan, moving to a Jewish collective farm in the Tsitelgori district.
KALENIKI, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KALER Ilya Leonidovich (b. 1963, Moscow), violinist. Entered the Moscow. cons. in the class of LB Kogan, but graduated from it (1986) and graduate school with her (1990) as a student and graduate student of V.V. Tretyakov. Laureate of the international contests - them. N. Paganini (1st Ave., 1981, Genoa), them. J. Sibelius (1st Ave., Helsinki, 1985), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1st pr., Moscow, 1986). Tours a lot. In his repertoire, works Paganini, Sibelius, A. Vivaldi, Tchaikovsky, J.S.Bach, A.G. Schnittke and others. In 1991 he taught at the cons. Peabody in Baltimore (USA), then gave concerts in this country.
KALIGORKA WET, see Wet Kaligorka.
KALIK Mikhail (Moisey) Naumovich (b. 1927, Arkhangelsk), film director. Student dir. Faculty of State Institute of Cinematography was arrested on false charges. After several. years of imprisonment returned to Moscow. Graduated from VGIK in 1958. From 1958 dir. to / st them. M. Gorky and "Moldova Film". He made his debut as a game f. “The Youth of Our Fathers” (1958), post. joint with B.V. Rytsarev and O. P. Ulitskaya. Post with them. f. “Ataman Codr” (1959). The first independent f. "Lullaby" (1960, Honorary Diploma of the ICF in Locarno). Subsequent films: "A man follows the sun" (1962), "Goodbye, boys" (1964), "Love" (1968), "Price" (1969, TV movie). Since 1971 - in Israel, where the post. f. "Mallow". In 1991 in the USSR he shot an autobiographical f. "... And the wind returns."
KALINAVA, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in K. lived several. Jewish families. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there was an agricultural. ORT school. During the Holocaust, the Jews of K. were exterminated along with the Jews of Kaunas.
KALININ, see Tver.
KALININDORF, see Kalininskoe.
KALININDORF JEWISH NATIONAL DISTRICT, has not existed since 1939. Nowadays - the territory. modern Berislavsky and Velikoaleksandrovsky districts of the Kherson region and Snigirevsky district of the Nikolaev region. as part of Ukraine. Main in 1927 in the Kherson environs. Ukrainian SSR.K.E.N.R. formed on the territory. compact residence of Jewish farmers. In the structure of the first in the USSR Jewish national-adm. the district included 4 previously existing colonies - Kalinindorf (modern Kalininskoe), Shtendorf (modern Malaya Seidemenukha), Bobrovy Kut, Lvovo; 33 new Jewish settlers. village, main. in 1925–26, and 10 Ukrainian. and it. us. points. 9 Jewish, 2 Ukrainian were organized. and 1 German. village councils. OZET and Agrojunction provided assistance to the settlers. In 1928, collectivization covered 85% of the agricultural sector, in 1929 - 96%, in 1931 - 98.7% of the agricultural sector. Main direction with. x-va district was the cultivation of grain crops (wheat, corn) and live-in; 3 MTS worked. In 1931, pl. K.E.N.R. was 750 km2; 9500 Jews (76.6%) lived in the region. By 1933 the Jewish collective farms Der veg tsum socialism, Rosa Luxemburg, Friedrich Engels, Voroshilov, and them were operating in the Kalinindorf district. Litvinov, them. Petrovsky, them. Yakovlev, commune them. Dimanstein. In K.E.N.R. there were schools and clubs in Yiddish, the regional gas was released every other day. "Kolvert Emes" (circulation 2500 copies), in 1937 - the organ of MTS "Proletarian Emes". 1930s education in Jewish schools and office work in K.E.N.R. were translated from Yiddish into Ukrainian. lang. In 1939 the district ceased to exist as a Jewish national. - Sept. 1941 ter. K.E.N.R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The first execution in K.E.N.R. occurred approx. from. Red. In the 2nd floor. Sep 1941 on the territory. K.E.N.R. 3548 Jews were shot, including 850 people in Bobrovy Kut, 996 people in Kalinindorf, 340 people in Sternndorf, 416 people in Freileben (modern Stepovoye), and 322 people in Emes. ; in the collective farm "Hammer and Sickle" - 113 people. Kaganovich - 71 people, in the Comintern (present-day Kominternovskoe) and "May 1" - 23 people, at the Yurkino grain farm - 178 people, Yudendorf (present-day Chkalovo) - 73 people, at the "21 site" - 14 people ... Jews from the villages of Rotfeld (modern Vishnevoe), Juudendorf, Weisbrun (modern Krinichanka), Freileben, Gofintal (modern Karlo-Marxovskoe), Charivnoe, Kostomarovo, Dmitrenko, Krasnoe were shot near the village. Bruskinskoe. In the 2nd floor. oct. 1941 in K.E.N.R. it was shot approx. 200 Jews. By Nov. 1941 Jewish population K.E.N.R. was practically destroyed. In total during the occupation on the territory. K.E.N.R. was killed by St. 5,500 Jews. In 1944 K.E.N.R. was renamed to Kalininsky. I. M. Shaikin
KALININGRAD, see Korolev.
KALININO, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1926 by Jewish settlers as a Jewish farmer. colony Kalinindorf. In 1935, it was in the Larindorf District. In the fall of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942, 36 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KALININSK, see Cupchin.
KALININSKY, see Korolev.
KALININSKOE (in 1807–42 - Seidemenukha, in 1842–1927 - Bolshaya Seidemenukha, in 1927–44 - Kalinindorf), an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Seidemenukha (in Hebrew "Sde mukha" - "Field of rest") in Kherson u. Kherson lips. In 1920–23 - in the Kherson district, in 1923–24 - in the Snigirevsky district of the Kherson district, since 1924 - the center of the Jewish nat. district (the first in the USSR), since 1927 - the center of the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. Kherson environs, from 1932 - Odessa, then - Nikolaev region. In 1810, 713 people lived in Kazakhstan, in 1839 - 1336, in 1897 - 1287 Jews (82%), in 1916 - 1945 people, in 1926 - 1679 Jews (90.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1,500, in 1939 - 1,670 Jews (78.7%). founded by settlers from Vitebsk, Mogilev and Chernigov provinces. In 1840–41, a group of immigrants from Vitebsk Gubernia settled on the outskirts of the colony, after which K. divided into Bolshaya Seidemenukha and Malaya Seidemenukha. In 1850, 18 families of German colonists settled in Kazakhstan. In 1883, Irahmiel Palik was the rabbi of K.. In 1912, a Jewish two-class school was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1916, the colonists worked 5506 dess. land; there were 3 synagogues, a rabbi, heders, a library, a credit office "Gmilus Hesed". In 1917, branches of the Zionist organizations "Ceirei Zion" and "Ge-Halutz" began to operate in Kazakhstan. During the war, the colony was subjected to pogroms and looting. In 1923–24 the K. kh-va were restored with the help of the EKO and the Joint. Since 1924 the colony has been replenished with new settlers. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded apprx. K. Jewish agriculturalist. colony Rotfeld (present-day Vishnevoe). In the 1920s. material assistance to the community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. In 1928–32 an electric station, a printing house, and a hospital were built in Kazakhstan. In the end. 1920s the synagogue was closed, the building was rebuilt as a house of culture, the German colonists moved to the department. village. In 1930, the collective farm Der veg tsum socialism was created in Kazakhstan, which united 250 of the century. In 1932, unsuccessful attempts were made to force Jews to engage in pig breeding. With the help of Agrodjoint, one of the first MTSs in the Ukrainian SSR was created in Kazakhstan, and there was also a poultry farm and weaving production was established. In 1926–38 she worked cf. school with teaching in Yiddish. Gas was coming out. Colvert Emes, ed. a cut was Sh. Scheinker (1903-1954). After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in K. 17 Sept. 1941 996 Jews were shot, October 20. 1941 - 25 Jews. In 1945, 50 families and 64 demobilized families returned from evacuation. In 1948, a monument with an inscription in Yiddish and Ukrainian was erected on the mass grave of the executed. lang. In 1948–67 before. the local collective farm was Samuil Grigorievich Rukman. In 1991, a new monument to the perished Jews was unveiled at the site of the execution. 1990s 48 Jews lived in K. From the end. 1990s there is a branch of "Hesed" IM Shaikin
KALINKOVICHI, city (since 1926), a district center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rechitsa u. Minsk province. In 1924–30 and from 1939 it was a regional center (in 1939–54 - in the Polesie region, from 1954 - in the Gomel region). In 1897, 1341 Jews (100%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 2612, in 1926 - 3102 (50.4%), in 1939 - 3386, in 1947 - 1460, in 1995 - approx. 300 Jews. 19th century in K. there were 3 synagogues; one of the rabbis was Shlomo Shapiro (? - 1905), from 1905 - his son Mordukh Shapiro, from 1911 - Osher Nevakhovich Lempert. In 1912, an underground Bund printing house was set up in Kazakhstan, and a Jewish loan and savings bank was operating. t-in, in 1913 - Jewish lit. about-in, Jewish library. Jews owned 7 shops (including all 3 grocery stores). In March 1920, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, organized by the Polish. units (about 10 killed Jews), in November. 1920 pogroms were perpetrated by the detachments of SN Bulak-Balakhovich (19 killed). In 1922 the fact of disruption of sports events of the Maccabi Society during the celebration of Lag Ba-Omer was noted. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a Jewish agriculture in the Evpatoria region. collective "Proletarian" (11 people). In May 1926, 16 families (166 people) moved from Kazakhstan to the Crimea. In the end. 1930s all synagogues in K. were closed; believers prayed in a private house. 22 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 22 Sep 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan (several hundred people) were taken to the Dudichi railway. moved and shot. In the liberation of the city on January 14. 1944 was attended by historical anti-tank. art. brigades under com. lieutenant regiment. Aron Isaakovich Kopelev and regiment. Georgy Yakovlevich Kagan. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. residential building in the center. part of K. was opened a synagogue, registered "Relig. Jewish Society ”(former - AM Shnitman), the rabbi was Zalman Lipmanovich Glukhovsky (1873–?); he also acted as a moel. In 1953, a memorial sign was erected on the mass grave of the executed. In 1960 by the decision of the Gomel Regional Executive Committee “for violation of the Sov. legislation on religious affairs. cults ”the community was removed from registration, the synagogue was closed. In the 1970s-80s. The minyan met in a private house. In 1994, a religion was created in K. community "Beit-Israel" (previous - Yakov Efimovich Erenburg, since 2003 - Timofey Davidovich Shekhman, b. 1955), the community operates a mercy service (leader - Anna Komissarchik). In 1996, a monument to Jews who perished during the Holocaust was unveiled in Kazakhstan. In the end. 1990s a Jewish Sunday school began to work. In K. genus: I. A. Serebryany, Z. Telesin; Shloyme Simon (1895–?), Publicist, literary critic, wrote in Yiddish, since 1913 - in the USA, author of books for children.
KALINOVITSA, a village in the Varvinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1780. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In the 1st half. 19th century 3 Jewish families lived in K.
KALINOVKA, a village in the Gorodishchensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. In 1897, Jews accounted for 7% of the population of Kazakhstan. 20th century Jews owned 2 mills, a grinder, several. bargain. institutions.
KALINOVSKAYA (nee Beron) Dina Mikhailovna (1934, Odessa - 2008, ibid.), Writer. First production - the screenplay "The Ballad of Recklessness" (1967) - et al. with V.S. Vysotsky. The novel "Oh, Saturday!" - the saga of Heb. a family from Odessa ("Friendship of Peoples", 1980, No. 8) translated into German, English, Polish, Japanese. and other languages. A story about an artist, about the psychology of creativity "Love in a tangerine garden" ("Friendship of peoples", 1984, No. 4). Stories about the Vologda village (Novy Mir, 1983, No. 4). The play "A Party for Brother" based on the novel "Oh Saturday!" and the story "A Walk over the Abyss". VP Kataev, in the preface to the publication in "Novy Mir", noted in the work of K. the main thing for a writer - "the ability to delicately balance between the visual and the narrative."
KALINA, a village in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 15th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945 it was 91 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 - 55 Jews. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. - gardening and crafts. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАЛИШ, город в Велькопольском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. со 2 в. н. э. В 1253 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. –главный город Калишского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, в 1815–37 – центр Калишского воеводства, в 1837–44 и с 1867 – губернский город.В 1629 в К. проживало 205 евреев, в 1787 – 487, в 1808 – 2535 (37,7%), в 1827 – 3463 (28,6%), в 1857 – 4352 (36,2%), в 1897 – 7580 (32%), в 1908 – 14 318 (36,2%), в 1921 – 15 566 (34,9%) в 1931 – 15 300 (27,6%), в 1939 – ок. 25 000, в 1946 – ок. 290 евреев.В 1139 в К. переселилась группа евреев из Германии. В 1264 евреи К. получили привилегии (т. н. Калишский статут), послужившие в дальнейшем основой польск. законодательства в отношении евреев. В 1287 евреи К. выкупили у города участок земли для устройства кладбища. В том же году была основана община, к-рая считалась одной из старейших в Вост. Европе. С сер. 14 в. вся финанс. и торг. деятельность общины была сосредоточена на еврейской улице. В 1349 эпидемия чумы повлекла за собой антиеврейские настроения в городе. В 1358 евреи К. получили разрешение на постройку синагоги (уничтожена пожаром в 1857).Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 15–17 вв. – торговля (в т. ч. с Краковом и Бреславлем – Вроцлавом), ссудные операции, ювелирное и портняжное ремесла. В 1542 в К. поселились евреи из Богемии, Венгрии и Германии; этот факт спровоцировал антиеврейские беспорядки. В 1557 произошел инцидент, связанный с «кровавым наветом», в 1565 была осквернена синагога. В 1620 по ложному обвинению в оскорблении христианской религии в К. был убит еврей. В 1656 во время захвата города войсками гетмана С.Чернецкого было убито ок. 600 еврейских семей и полностью разрушен еврейский квартал. Через нек-рое время община возродилась. В 1670 общину пополнили евреи-беженцы из Вены. В 1676 король Ян III Собеский предоставил привилегии общине К.; Сейм Речи Посполитой в 1678 установил экономич. льготы евреям К. в виде частичного освобождения их от налогов. В 1706 евреи К. пострадали от пожара, в 1708 – от эпидемии чумы. В 1763 имел место факт «кровавого навета». Во 2-й пол. 18 в. экономич. положение евреев К. заметно улучшилось благодаря занятию винокурением и росту объема торговли зерном, скотом и шерстью.В 17 в. К. становится одним из важнейших духовных центров польск. евреев. В сер. 17 в. в К. жил раввин Иоханан Кремницер. В 1640–44 раввином К. был раби Шломо-Залман, в 1658–80 – Исроэль Шапиро, основавший иешиву, Авром Гомбинер (1636–1683), в 1696–1705 – Иегуда-Арье-Лейб Калиш, в 1821–31 – Мойше-Эфроим Ашкенази, много сделавший для распространения хасидизма в К. В 1835–40 раввином был Шлойме Эгер (1785–1852), в 1840–49 – И.Раголер, в 1853–56 – Цви-Гирш Хайес (1807–1856), в 1856–60 – Меир Ауэрбах (1815–1878, Иерусалим).В 1835 в К. была открыта еврейская больница (работала до 1939). До 1862 К. был закрыт для свободного поселения евреев из др. нас. пунктов Царства Польского. К нач. 1860-х гг. евреи К. владели пр-тиями по выделке сукна и дублению кожи, монополизировали торговлю шерстью, вином, открыли в городе мыловарни и возобновили винокурение. В 1870-х гг. евреи-предприниматели расширили в К. произ-во кружевных изделий, к-рые пользовались спросом в Центр. России и Китае, и изделий с вышивкой. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи основали в К. швейные мастерские, текстильные, вязальные и чулочные ф-ки, ф-ку по произ-ву игрушек (в осн. кукол). В 1870 в К. работало нач. еврейское уч-ще, в 1875 – еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз.С 1862 раввином К. был Хаим-Элиэзер Вакс (1822–?), затем Шимшон Оренштейн, в 1907–32 – Й.Лифшиц (1864–?). Большим влиянием среди евреев К. пользовался хасидизм, мн. евреи К. были приверженцами династий варковских и гурских хасидов. В 1893 в городе действовало 55 синагог, в т. ч. неск. хасидских. Изв. кантором в одной из синагог был Ноах Залюдковский (1859–1931). С 1899 действовало об-во помощи бедным евреям.В 1898 в К. был создан первый сионистский кружок, в 1900 – отд-ние Бунда. В 1908 среди евреев К. числилось св. 3 тыс. рабочих. В 1909 евреям К. принадлежало 32 пр-тия (из 67) с осн. капиталом в 1 млн. руб. (из 2 млн. 150 тыс.), на к-рых работало 2194 еврея (из 3886 чел.). Евреи владели почти половиной ремесл. мастерских города.В 1909 был создан к-т помощи евреям, уезжавшим из России.В нач. 20 в. в талмуд-торе обучение проходило 450 уч-ся. В 1913 была открыта еврейская гимназия, в 1917 – еврейская школа, позднее – еврейский дет. сад и 2 школы.В 1919 в К. были созданы отряды еврейской самообороны. Во 2-й пол. 1920-х гг. в К. усилилась антисемитская пропаганда с призывами к экономич. бойкоту еврейских торговцев и ремесленников.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. открылось 3 школы с преподаванием на идише, находившиеся под влиянием Бунда. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, культурные и рабочие ассоциации со своими просветит. учреждениями и органами печати (выходило 5 еврейских изд.).В сент. 1939 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. Ок. 20% евреев города эвакуировалось. В связи с прибытием в К. балтийских фольксдойче 20 нояб. 1939 неск. тыс. евреев К. были отправлены в р-н Люблина. В 1940 почти 7 тыс. бежавших из К. евреев попали в Варшавское гетто. К янв. 1940 в К. оставалось 612 евреев, в осн. ремесленников. В окт. 1940 в окрестных лесах были расстреляны евреи, страдавшие хронич. заболеваниями. Для остальных было создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 400 чел. В кон. 1941 ок. 200 евреев (в т. ч. дети) были отправлены в лагерь уничтожения Хелмно. В июле 1942 оставшиеся евреи К. были депортированы в гетто Лодзи.После освобождения в К. вернулось ок. 500 евреев. Были открыты синагога и обществ. столовая, при помощи Джойнта и ОРТа создано неск. кооперативов. К сер. 1950-х гг. евреи покинули К. Сохранились остатки еврейского кладбища с братской могилой расстрелянных в период Катастрофы.В К. род.: Ц.Маковский, А.С.Перетц, Х.Русак, С. Сакс, Л.Фукс; Элиягу Залюдковский (1888–1943), кантор, сын Н. Залюдковского, с 1926 – в США, автор книги о знаменитых канторах; Меир Пакнтрегер (1914–1960, Израиль), литератор, с 1942 – в Э.-И., автор книг прозы и поэзии на идише. В К. жил и работал Ц.Маковский., pronunciation=КАЛИШ, город в Велькопольском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. со 2 в. н. э. В 1253 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. –главный город Калишского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, в 1815–37 – центр Калишского воеводства, в 1837–44 и с 1867 – губернский город.В 1629 в К. проживало 205 евреев, в 1787 – 487, в 1808 – 2535 (37,7%), в 1827 – 3463 (28,6%), в 1857 – 4352 (36,2%), в 1897 – 7580 (32%), в 1908 – 14 318 (36,2%), в 1921 – 15 566 (34,9%) в 1931 – 15 300 (27,6%), в 1939 – ок. 25 000, в 1946 – ок. 290 евреев.В 1139 в К. переселилась группа евреев из Германии. В 1264 евреи К. получили привилегии (т. н. Калишский статут), послужившие в дальнейшем основой польск. законодательства в отношении евреев. В 1287 евреи К. выкупили у города участок земли для устройства кладбища. В том же году была основана община, к-рая считалась одной из старейших в Вост. Европе. С сер. 14 в. вся финанс. и торг. деятельность общины была сосредоточена на еврейской улице. В 1349 эпидемия чумы повлекла за собой антиеврейские настроения в городе. В 1358 евреи К. получили разрешение на постройку синагоги (уничтожена пожаром в 1857).Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 15–17 вв. – торговля (в т. ч. с Краковом и Бреславлем – Вроцлавом), ссудные операции, ювелирное и портняжное ремесла. В 1542 в К. поселились евреи из Богемии, Венгрии и Германии; этот факт спровоцировал антиеврейские беспорядки. В 1557 произошел инцидент, связанный с «кровавым наветом», в 1565 была осквернена синагога. В 1620 по ложному обвинению в оскорблении христианской религии в К. был убит еврей. В 1656 во время захвата города войсками гетмана С.Чернецкого было убито ок. 600 еврейских семей и полностью разрушен еврейский квартал. Через нек-рое время община возродилась. В 1670 общину пополнили евреи-беженцы из Вены. В 1676 король Ян III Собеский предоставил привилегии общине К.; Сейм Речи Посполитой в 1678 установил экономич. льготы евреям К. в виде частичного освобождения их от налогов. В 1706 евреи К. пострадали от пожара, в 1708 – от эпидемии чумы. В 1763 имел место факт «кровавого навета». Во 2-й пол. 18 в. экономич. положение евреев К. заметно улучшилось благодаря занятию винокурением и росту объема торговли зерном, скотом и шерстью.В 17 в. К. становится одним из важнейших духовных центров польск. евреев. В сер. 17 в. в К. жил раввин Иоханан Кремницер. В 1640–44 раввином К. был раби Шломо-Залман, в 1658–80 – Исроэль Шапиро, основавший иешиву, Авром Гомбинер (1636–1683), в 1696–1705 – Иегуда-Арье-Лейб Калиш, в 1821–31 – Мойше-Эфроим Ашкенази, много сделавший для распространения хасидизма в К. В 1835–40 раввином был Шлойме Эгер (1785–1852), в 1840–49 – И.Раголер, в 1853–56 – Цви-Гирш Хайес (1807–1856), в 1856–60 – Меир Ауэрбах (1815–1878, Иерусалим).В 1835 в К. была открыта еврейская больница (работала до 1939). До 1862 К. был закрыт для свободного поселения евреев из др. нас. пунктов Царства Польского. К нач. 1860-х гг. евреи К. владели пр-тиями по выделке сукна и дублению кожи, монополизировали торговлю шерстью, вином, открыли в городе мыловарни и возобновили винокурение. В 1870-х гг. евреи-предприниматели расширили в К. произ-во кружевных изделий, к-рые пользовались спросом в Центр. России и Китае, и изделий с вышивкой. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи основали в К. швейные мастерские, текстильные, вязальные и чулочные ф-ки, ф-ку по произ-ву игрушек (в осн. кукол). В 1870 в К. работало нач. еврейское уч-ще, в 1875 – еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз.С 1862 раввином К. был Хаим-Элиэзер Вакс (1822–?), затем Шимшон Оренштейн, в 1907–32 – Й.Лифшиц (1864–?). Большим влиянием среди евреев К. пользовался хасидизм, мн. евреи К. были приверженцами династий варковских и гурских хасидов. В 1893 в городе действовало 55 синагог, в т. ч. неск. хасидских. Изв. кантором в одной из синагог был Ноах Залюдковский (1859–1931). С 1899 действовало об-во помощи бедным евреям.В 1898 в К. был создан первый сионистский кружок, в 1900 – отд-ние Бунда. В 1908 среди евреев К. числилось св. 3 тыс. рабочих. В 1909 евреям К. принадлежало 32 пр-тия (из 67) с осн. капиталом в 1 млн. руб. (из 2 млн. 150 тыс.), на к-рых работало 2194 еврея (из 3886 чел.). Евреи владели почти половиной ремесл. мастерских города.В 1909 был создан к-т помощи евреям, уезжавшим из России.В нач. 20 в. в талмуд-торе обучение проходило 450 уч-ся. В 1913 была открыта еврейская гимназия, в 1917 – еврейская школа, позднее – еврейский дет. сад и 2 школы.В 1919 в К. были созданы отряды еврейской самообороны. Во 2-й пол. 1920-х гг. в К. усилилась антисемитская пропаганда с призывами к экономич. бойкоту еврейских торговцев и ремесленников.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. открылось 3 школы с преподаванием на идише, находившиеся под влиянием Бунда. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, культурные и рабочие ассоциации со своими просветит. учреждениями и органами печати (выходило 5 еврейских изд.).В сент. 1939 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. Ок. 20% евреев города эвакуировалось. В связи с прибытием в К. балтийских фольксдойче 20 нояб. 1939 неск. тыс. евреев К. были отправлены в р-н Люблина. В 1940 почти 7 тыс. бежавших из К. евреев попали в Варшавское гетто. К янв. 1940 в К. оставалось 612 евреев, в осн. ремесленников. В окт. 1940 в окрестных лесах были расстреляны евреи, страдавшие хронич. заболеваниями. Для остальных было создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 400 чел. В кон. 1941 ок. 200 евреев (в т. ч. дети) были отправлены в лагерь уничтожения Хелмно. В июле 1942 оставшиеся евреи К. были депортированы в гетто Лодзи.После освобождения в К. вернулось ок. 500 евреев. Были открыты синагога и обществ. столовая, при помощи Джойнта и ОРТа создано неск. кооперативов. К сер. 1950-х гг. евреи покинули К. Сохранились остатки еврейского кладбища с братской могилой расстрелянных в период Катастрофы.В К. род.: Ц.Маковский, А.С.Перетц, Х.Русак, С. Сакс, Л.Фукс; Элиягу Залюдковский (1888–1943), кантор, сын Н. Залюдковского, с 1926 – в США, автор книги о знаменитых канторах; Меир Пакнтрегер (1914–1960, Израиль), литератор, с 1942 – в Э.-И., автор книг прозы и поэзии на идише. В К. жил и работал Ц.Маковский., extra_data="{'translat...")
KALCHIK, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1880s. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - colony Kalchinovka Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19th century 9 Jews lived in K. Main occupation - small trade.
KALCHINOVKA, see Kalchik.
KALNE, see Kalne.
KALNENAI, a village in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Hookahs of Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century one Jewish family lived in K.
KALNIBOLOTA, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1750s. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 588 Jews (11.8%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. In 1805, approx. 10 Jewish families, immigrants from Moldova. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century there was trade. Two Jewish merchants were engaged in the wholesale purchase of grain and its sale to Novoarkhangelsk. In 1913, Jews owned 20 shops (including all 5 grocery stores and 4 manufactures). In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; as a result of the pogrom, 5 Jews were killed, the shops and houses of the Jews were plundered. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KALNIK, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 48 Jews (7.0%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1900. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KALNOE, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1473. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kalne of the Brzezansk district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 64 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 there were 10 Jews. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In June 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to Kozlov, in Sept. 1942 together with local Jews were deported to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil), then to the extermination camp Belzhets.
KALTINENAI, a place in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Koltynyany Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 130 Jews (20%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in K. in the middle. 19th century The first settler was the cantonist Dovid Kaltinger, who built a synagogue and a bathhouse with a mikvah in the town. Ezra Altshuler (1859 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan since 1884. In 1913, Jews owned all three grocery stores; Among the Jews there were 3 timber merchants. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 5 out of 9 shops and shops, 2 mills, several. taverns, wool. In 1937, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 2 butchers, a stove-maker, and a tinsmith. The last rabbi of Kazakhstan was Itskhok-Eliezer Vishnevsky (? –1941). On June 24, 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. On June 29, 1941, all Jewish men over 15 years old were sent to a labor camp and from there to the end. July 1941 - to Auschwitz and Dachau, where they were destroyed. K.'s women and children were taken out of K. and shot on 16 Sept. 1941.
KALVARIA, see Kalvaria.
KALVIAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Forged Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K. lived several. Jewish families.
Hookahs, see Kalnnai.
KALMANOVICH Gehry (1886 Dubrova Lidsky u. Vilna province - 1966, New York), playwright. At the age of 15 he came to the USA. He worked as a tailor. K. wrote about 90 plays, over 2,700 of his sketches from the middle. "Mine mooter un them" ("My mother and I") and "Dry doires" ("Three generations") were sung after the New York Hebrew. radio. Most popul. plays K. - "Di eibike mame" ("Eternal mother"), "Di neeshome fun a froy" ("Soul of a woman"), "Der spiegl fun lebn" ("Mirror of life"), "Di geshichte fun a libe" ("The Story of One Love"), etc.
KALMANOVICH Moisey Iosifovich (1888, village Rybnoe, Yenisei province - 1937), polit. activist. Into the roar. the movement entered as a teenager, from 1904 an SR. In the years of the 1st world. war in the army. In June 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b), led party work in Slutsk. From Oct. 1917 early. Minsk garrison, member. Bureau VRK Zap. fr., then his food commissioner. Delegate 1-5th North-West conf. RSDLP (b) -RKPb), in 1917-18 he was elected a member. North-West region to-that party of the Bolsheviks. From Feb 1918 prev. Council of People's Commissars Zap. region and fr. At the 1st Congress of the CP (b) of Belarus (1919) he was elected a member of the Center, Bureau of the CP (b) B. In 1919–20, People's Commissar for Food of the BSSR, member. Council of Defense and People's Commissar of Food Lithuanian-Belarusian. SSR, prev. special food. commission Zap. fr. Deputy prev. Central Executive Committee of the BSSR and member. CEC Lithuanian-Belarusian. SSR (1919). Member Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belarus (1919–20). At the 2nd Congress of the CP (b) B, he was elected to the Central Committee of the party (1920). From February 1920 to households. work in Ukraine and Siberia, 1930–34 prev. Board of the State Bank of the USSR, deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR. In 1927–30 members. Centre. control commission of the CPSU (b). Since 1930, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. The deputy was appointed. People's Commissars of Agriculture and Finance of the USSR. In 1934–37 the People's Commissar of Grain and a livestock breeder. state farms of the USSR. Repressed.
KALMANOVICH Zelik-Girsh (1885, Goldingen, Kurland province - 1944, Narva), linguist, translator. He studied at the cheder, in 1901 he graduated from the externship. In 1902–10 he studied Semitology and other sciences in Berlin and Konigsberg. In 1919 he defended his doctoral dissertation. to Petrogr. un-those. Lit. activity began in 1906 per. Yiddish. Published Art. in different periodic. ed. He taught Yiddish without teaching. courses in Minsk. K. was one of the hands. Vilensky N.-I. in-that IBO. He was also engaged in the translation: “Heb. history "S.M. Dubnov (v. 1-4, Vilna, 1909-1910)," The Jewish War "by Joseph Flavius ​​(Vilna, 1914), rom. J. London "Hearts of Three" and others. In 1941–43 - in the Vilna ghetto. He died in a concentration camp.
KALMUS Ulrich (| - |), publicist, playwright. He lived in Odessa. From 1866 he was published in Heb. gas. "Kol mevaser", then to petersburg. weekly "Idishes Folksblat" and Lviv "Isrolik". K. - the author of the pov. "Geshichte fun a zeltenem brice" ("History of rare circumcision", 1871), "A genarte hasene" ("Imaginary wedding", 1871) and many others. stories satirical. and humorous. character. K. owns the plays "Der Commissioner Velvele Tareramchik" ("Commissioner Velvele Tareramchik"), "Shmerele Trestinitser" ("Shmerele from Trostinets") and others.
KALNIBOLOTO, see Katerinopol.
KALNIBOLOTSKAYA, a village in the Novopokrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - on. 20th century - in the Caucasian department. Kuban Region. In 1939, four Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KALUGA, a village in the Bereznegovatsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1810 in the Kherson district. Kherson province. In 1850 approx. 65 Jews (approx. 8%), in 1910 - 8 Jews.
KALUSH, a city (since 1939), a regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1241. In 1549 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 1662 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1880 - 4267 (59.2%), in 1900 - 4323 (55%). in 1921 - 3121 (47.5%), in 1931 - 3967 Jews. Jews rented a salt mine in K. In 1765 they owned 135 houses. In the 2nd floor. 17th century a community was created in K. One of the first rabbis of K. was Benjamin Rapoport (1698–1771), in 1791–1809 - Yakov Lorberboim (1770–1832, Stryi). The rabbis of Kazakhstan in the 1830s. were Zvi-Hirsh Teumim and Menachem-Mendel Stern (? –1834), in 1852 - 54 - Zvi-Hirsh Hayus (1806–1855), in the 1870s. - Shimon Orenshtein. In the 18th century. the ideas of Hasidism in Kazakhstan were preached by Dovid Layfer and his nephew Itskhok (1770–1840). In the 19th century. The Hasidic court in Kazakhstan was founded by Israel Maer (1800–1880), then the dynasty was headed by his son Itskhok (1848–1940) and his grandson Israel Monzon (1880–1957, New York). From 1895 a Zionist organization operated in Kazakhstan. Zion ". In 1900 there were 6 synagogues in Kazakhstan; community taxes were paid by 600 Jews. In 1905, the Safa brura school was opened in Kazakhstan, teaching in Hebrew, and in 1911, the Tushiya school. In the beginning. 1910s in Polish. half of the students of K. gymnasium were Jews. In 1912 a trade union of Jews - construction workers was organized in Kazakhstan. During the war, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Rus. In 1916, 30 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1919, immigrants from Kazakhstan created a community in the United States. In 1920, the cavalry units of the Kr. A pogrom was perpetrated by the army in Kazakhstan, and in 1928 the Credit Bank was opened in Kazakhstan with the help of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1910–30, Yosef Babad (1875, Gologory, 1943, Manchester, Great Britain) was rabbi of K. On July 2, 1941, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In July 1941, a Judenrat was created, and later a ghetto. In the end. Aug 1941 was shot ca. 380 Jews, in Sept. - OK. 50. In July 1942 more than 200 Jewish families from the surrounding area were resettled to K. points. In the fall of 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and were shot there. In 1945, the surviving (3 families) and those who returned from the army and evacuation left Kazakhstan, leaving for Poland. In 1992, a monument to the victims was erected in Kazakhstan. Disasters. The Jewish cemetery has been preserved. 17 - early. 18th century, on which the grave of I. Layfer is located. The building of one of the former. synagogues (built in the early 20th century), requisitioned in 1939, is used as an administrative one. In 2002, a community was created in K. (previously Vladimir Natanovich Ginodman). In 2002, approx. 100 Jews in Kazakhstan. Yakov Avirovich Kampelmakher (b. 1914), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1957).
KALUSH NEW, now part of the city of Kalush, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - it. a colony of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship within Poland, since 1939 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 156 Jews lived in KN. The Jewish population of KN was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KALUSHIN, a city (since 1718) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Mazovian Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Novominsk u. In 1765, 346 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 1455 (80%), in 1857 - 3667 (86.6%), in 1897 - 6419 (76.1%), in 1921 - 5033 (82, 2%), in 1939 - approx. 5200 Jews (approx. 60%). First mention. about Jews K. refers to 1714. Osn. occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 18th century. there were crafts, small trade, distillation. In the 1870s. Jews owned factories for the production of brushes, candles, soap, oil, vinegar, 2 mills. In the end. 19th century In 1834–74 the rabbi of K. was Chaim-Yehuda Epstein (? –1874), in 1870–1900 - Ikhl-Mikhl Mikhelzon (? –1913), in 1896– 1902 - Meir-Sholem Rabinovich, then - Yehezkiel Shtulman (? –1911), in 1913–35 - Shmuel-Kopl Kliksberg (? –1935). Among the Hasidic synagogues there were synagogues of the Varkov, Gur, Kuzinets, Strikov, and other Hasidims. All R. 19th century The Hasidic court in Kazakhstan was founded by Elkhonon Mogilnets. The dynasty was continued by his son - Zelig, then Zelig's son-in-law - Naftoli Shapiro (? –1942). In the 2nd half. 19th century Bikur Hoylim, Linas Ha-Tzedek, Hevras Bahurim, Hevras Mishnaes, and other societies began to operate in Kazakhstan. philanthropist. org-tion. In 1905, a branch of the Bund was founded. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution. m-in. In 1916 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, which later became part of the "Tarbut" school network, later - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1916, the library opened by the Bund began to work, and later, the library opened by Poalei Zion. In the 1920s – 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A school for boys "Isudey Toire", a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", a yeshiva headed by Zvi Danziger (? –1942) were opened. 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In November. 1939 the Judenrat was established. Later, a ghetto was created, destroyed in December. 1942, born in K. Sh Wulman, A. Farbo, A. Shamray.
KALVARIA, a city (since 1791) in Marijampole district. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village, then the town of Kalvariya of the Grodno district of the Trok voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 1,055 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 3,072 (56%), in 1856 - 6508 (80%), in 1897 - 3581 (38 , 2%), in 1923 - 1233 (27%), in 1939 - approx. 1,000 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. In 1713 they were allowed to engage in trade and crafts without joining the local guilds, as well as to build a synagogue and lay a cemetery. Rabbi in the con. 18th century there was Aron Broido (? - 1788), then Arie-Leib Broido. In 1803 a new synagogue was built in Kazakhstan. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century. there were trade, crafts, agriculture. Almost all the shops were owned by Jews. Export of feed to Prussia and other agricultural products. products (including chickens and butter) also belonged to Jews. The owner of one of the largest mills in Lithuania was Romanov, and a tobacco factory was owned by Salomon. Rabbis in Kazakhstan were Yehoshua-Aizik Shapiro (? –1873), Arie-Leib Shapiro, in 1852–64 - Mordkhe Melzer (1797–1883, Lida), then Klyachko, from 1865 - Mordkhe Khokhman, Dovid-Shlomo Margulis, Benzion Sternfeld, in 1887-1909 Eliezer-Simkha Rabinovich (1830, Kovna - 1911, Lomzha). In 1858 the Jewish beginning was opened in Kazakhstan. school. In the 1860s. there were 7 synagogues. In the 1880s. acting decomp. Palestinophile organizations, since 1898 - a Zionist circle. In the end. 1890s A series of strikes organized by the Bund took place in Kazakhstan. In 1915 Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan. After 1920, some of them returned to the city. In 1931, out of 72 shops and workshops in Kazakhstan, 60 belonged to Jews. Jews were the owners of an electronic station, a factory for the production of butter, 4 shoe factories, 2 mills, a factory for the production of agricultural products. machines. In the 1920s and 30s. worked division of the Jewish Nar. bank, school network "Yavne" (135 students), secondary school with teaching in Yiddish (130 students), gymnasium and children. garden with teaching in Hebrew, b-ka, there were different departments. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. in K. there were 5 synagogues. Until 1938 the rabbi of K. was Zelig-Ruven Bengis (1864– ?, E.-I.), from 1938 - Moishe Mezigal. In 1939, approx. 800 Jewish refugees from the Wehrmacht-occupied part of the territory. Suwalki Voivodeship of Poland. On May 22, 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 30 Aug 1941 Jews of K. were deported to Marijampole, where 1 Sept. 1941 they were shot. In 1945, one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan. The building of one of the remaining synagogues was used as a hay storage after the war. In the 1970s-80s. in K. lived one Jew. In the beginning. 1990s in K., a destroyed Jewish cemetery was restored. In K. genus: J.-I. Blustoun, J. Yosade, L. G. Leventhal, E. S. London, M. London; Itskhok Margulis (1842-1887), rabbi, commentator. to the Talmud; Doiv-Ber Ratner (1852-1917, Vilna), rabbi, author of comments. to the Talmud; Meer-Jacob Freud (1871-1940, Tel Aviv), publicist, wrote in Yiddish, translated into Yiddish manuscript. G. Heine, W. Shakespeare, D. L. Mordovtseva; Kalman Shulman (1821-1899), a prominent figure in the Haskalah, author of the book. worldwide history and geography in Hebrew, translated the book. E. Xu "Secrets of Paris"; Elkhanan Elkis (1879–1944, Dachau), doctor, head of the Judenrat in Kaunas, actively supported the resistance movement in the ghetto.
KALYAEV Grigory Ivanovich (b. 1915, Kanev, Kiev province), geologist, specialist in the region. metallogeny. Dr. Geological-Mineralogical. Sciences (1965), prof. since 1970. In 1939 he graduated from geological and geogr. Faculty of Kharkov State un-that. In 1939-47 he conducted geological studies. research mineral resources in Turkmenistan, since 1947 - on the territory. Ukraine. Since 1959 in Ying-those geol. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1965 head. dep. geology and metallogeny, in 1969-86 was in charge of the same department. in the Institute of Geochemistry and Physics of Minerals of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1986 leading scientific. employee-consultant. scientific. tr. are devoted to solving a number of fundamental problems of the geology of the Early Precambrian, in particular, its tectonics and metallogeny. He developed methods of formation analysis of the Early Precambrian, proposed tectonic. zoning of the Ukrainian shield. Introduced means. contribution to the creation. scientific. foundations of the search for uranium deposits in Ukraine. Proposed a new solution to scientific. problems of the connection between granitization and tectonics in the early history of the earth's crust, which have received wide recognition. Author of 138 scientific. printed works. One of the authors predictive metallogenic. maps of the Ukrainian Shield, Tektonich. maps of territories USSR and Tektonich. maps of Europe. State pr. Ukrainian SSR in the region. science and technology (1973). Works: Tectonics of the Ukrainian iron ore province, Kiev, 1965; Continents and oceans, Kiev, 1986.
KALYAGIN Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1942, Malmyzh, Kirov region), film and film actor. Graduated from honey. uch-shche, worked in an ambulance. In 1965 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukina (Moscow). In 1965–67 he worked in Moscow. t-re on Taganka, in 1967–70 - in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova. Since 1971 - in the Moscow troupe. thin t-ra them. M. Gorky. Among the best roles: Chichikov ("Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol), Fedya Protasov ("Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy), Lenin ("So We Will Win!" By MF Shatrov), Jim (" The Glass Menagerie "T. Williams), Aesop (" The Fox and the Grapes "by G. Figueired), etc. Since 1967 he has been acting in films. He played the roles: Bukeev ("Premature Man", 1973), Platonov ("Unfinished Piece for a Mechanical Piano", 1977), Seifi Ganiev ("Interrogation", 1979, USSR State Ave., 1981), etc. In 1982 he starred in headlining roles in the TV / f "Aesop". Teaches at Moscow. theater. uch-shche them. BV Shchukin (since 1984), at the Moscow Art Theater School (since 1985). In 1994 he organized and headed the ETSETERA Theater, which opened with the play "Uncle Vanya" by AP Chekhov. K. creates contradictory characters, imbued with compassion and good disposition towards people. K.'s favorite genre is tragicomedy. Nar. art. RSFSR (1983).
KALYAZIN, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 12th century. like a settlement. From 1775 it was the district town of the Tver governorate, then the province. In 1910, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 17 (0.1%), in 1939 - 28 Jews.
KALUS, a village in the Novoushitsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. the village council of the Novoushitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. In 1662, 9 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1842, in 1887 - approx. 1990 (62.6%), in 1897 - 1897 (61.5%), in 1923 - 983 Jews. 17th century in K. there was a Jewish community. During the Polish-Turkish wars, the community was devastated. Later, communal life in Kazakhstan was revived. In 1809 a Jewish printing house was opened in Kazakhstan; the first book was published in 1810. In 1865 there were three synagogues in Kazakhstan. Since 1902, Shneur-Zosia Elis (1873 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914 Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, all 3 timber warehouses, 9 shops (including 5 grocery stores); a Jew rented a mill; unity. the doctor in K. was a Jew. Four synagogues operated in Kazakhstan in 1914, and in 1919 a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Kazakhstan. In 1924 there was a Zionist group (21 people). In 1925, 15 families (76 people) were registered in Kazakhstan who wished to move to the agricultural sector. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. 20 Aug 1942 240 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KALYUZHINTSY, a village in the Srebnyansk district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KALYUZHNY (real fam. Shaitelman) Naum (1885, Mirgorod, Poltava province - 1937), polit. activist and journalist. Member party Ukr. socialist revolutionaries. Formally, without going into her hands. organs, played a prominent role in the activities of its left wing, which took shape in March 1919 in the Borotbist Party. Rendered means. influence on its young leaders. From the end. Dec 1919 - ed. out in Russian. lang. gas. "Proletarskaya Pravda". Having joined the Communist Party with a part of the Borotbists (1920), he led the agitation train before. Vseukr. CEC G. I. Petrovsky, ed. gas. "Silska Bidnota", then train. "Chervoniy Shlyakh". In 1921–26 - Counselor of the Embassy of the Ukrainian SSR, later headed. ukr. section of the USSR embassy in Prague.
KAMAI, a village in Postavy district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sventsiansky district Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 239 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1766, and 155 Jews (24.9%) in 1897. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 – early. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Postavy ghetto and subsequently exterminated there along with local Jews.
KAMAYAY, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Komai Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 216 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 453, in 1897 - 944 (85%), in 1914 - 90 Jewish families, in 1923 - 336 Jews (51%), in 1939 - 60 Jewish families. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. In 1785 Rabbi Dovid ben Avraham was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In the 19th century. the rabbi was Bunim-Tsemach Silver. Hasidim had their own. rabbi and shohet. In the end. 19th century Abraham-Leib Atlas, the father of Sh. Atlas, was a shohet. Since 1884 the rabbi of K. was Avrom Girshovich (1861–?), From 1899 - Eliyahu Gordon. 20th century anti-Semitic demonstrations provoked by Lithuanian peasants have repeatedly occurred in Kazakhstan; pogroms were averted thanks to the intervention of the authorities. Before the 1st World. During the war, all trade in Kazakhstan, including the trade in flax and eggs, was concentrated in the hands of the Jews. The Jews owned shops, taverns; many were fishing. Practically all the craftsmen of K. were Jews, among whom there were 3 tailors, 2 glaziers, a roofer, a tinsmith, and a shoemaker. Unities also belonged to the Jews. in K. there is a pharmacy and a post office; the duties of a doctor were performed by a Jewish paramedic. Since 1906, Eliezer-Zeev-Wolf Luft (1871–?) was Rabbi K. Until Aug. 1914 a yeshiva founded by Luft and the rabbi Israel-Zissul the Dvorets (about 50 students) operated in Kazakhstan. In 1915, a fire destroyed almost all Jewish homes; most of the Jews (excluding 10 families) left Kazakhstan. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan; the community began to recover. There were two synagogues in Kazakhstan (including the Hasidic one); in addition, in Kazakhstan there was an "old" synagogue, in which people prayed only on autumn Jewish holidays. pl. Jews K. left for Great Britain, Canada, USA, South. America in the 1920s. several Jewish families K. received land plots from the local authorities and began to deal with. x-vom. In K. there was a cheder (18 students), a school of the Tarbut network (60 students) was opened, with a cut a library and self-employed people worked. tr. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all ten trades. shops. In 1937 there were 12 Jewish artisans in Kazakhstan, including 4 shoemakers, 3 butchers, 2 tailors, and a baker. Main small trade was a source of income for many. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including the "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" cell. The rabbi of K. was Meir Fine. The last rabbi of K. was Yehuda-Leib Seeger (? –1941). On June 26, 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the 2nd floor. Aug 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated. S. Atlas.
KAMENECHE, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk region of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KAMENETS (until 1940 - Kamenets-Litovsk), a city (since 1983), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1276. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest povet and voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1766, 886 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1451, in 1897 - 2722 (76.5%), in 1921 - 1902 (80.9%), in 1924 - 2420 (80.3%), in 1928 - 3780 Jews (85.1%). about Jews K. refers to the 1st quarter. 16th century By decree of the Lithuanian vaad in 1623, the Kamenets-Lithuanian kagal was subordinate to Brest. In 1623 the Jews of Kazakhstan were given a privilege, which was confirmed and expanded in 1661; Jews received the rights to trade, crafts, ownership of real estate, and the construction of a synagogue. In 1867–80, Joshua Blumenthal was Rabbi K. the period of the Holocaust. In 1910, Kazakhstan had a Talmud Torah, Yeshiva, and societies. Jewish library, society for helping poor Jews, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, about-in "Bikur khoylim", in 1913 - about-in assistance to the Jews of all schools. institutions. In 1913 Jews owned 2 taverns and 62 shops (including 17 grocery stores, all 8 tanneries). In 1915, during the German occupation. troops, a school with teaching in Hebrew and German was opened in K. lang. In 1926, the yeshiva "Kneses Beis Itskhok", founded in 1897 in Slobodka, moved to Kazakhstan, which was headed by Borukh-Doiv Leibovich (? –1940). In the 1930s. in K. there were 6 synagogues. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht on June 22, 1941. In the beginning. July 108 young Jews were arrested and shot. In the fall of 1941, some of the Jews were deported to the Pruzhany ghetto. 1 jan. 1942 a ghetto was created in K., in which there were approx. 450 families. Sep 9 1942 an uprising took place in the ghetto. In nov. In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews of Kazakhstan were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. After 1945, the building of one of the synagogues was converted into a district house of culture. D.Averbukh, M.E. Zhernensky, B.M. Kamenetsky, A.-G.I.Kotik, I.Kotik.
KAMENETS LITOVSK, see Kamenets.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАМЕНЕЦ ПОДОЛЬСКИЙ, город, районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1062. С 1352 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1374 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – центр Подольского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1672–99 – под властью Османской империи, с 1699 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – центр Подольской губ. В 1937–41 – областной центр.В 1661 в К.-П. проживал 261 еврей, в 1681 – 140, в 1847 – 4629, в 1856 – 9022, в 1865 – 15 424, в 1897 – 16 211 (40%), в 1910 – 22 729 (47%), в 1914 – 23 430 (47%), в 1923 – 13 450, в 1926 – 12 774 (39,9%), в 1929 – 12 777 (29%), в 1939 – 13 796, в 1959 – ок. 2600 (ок. 6,5%), в 1970 – ок. 2100 (ок. 3%), в 1979 – ок. 1800 евреев (ок. 2%).Первые сведения о евреях К.-П. относятся к 1447, когда им было запрещено под страхом тюремного заключения пребывать в городе более 3 дней. В 1518 евреям запретили скупать с.-х. продукцию в деревнях (запрет был отменен во 2-й пол. 17 в.). В 1648 тысячи еврейских семей из др. нас. пунктов нашли в укреплениях К.-П. убежище от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. Город оказался неприступным для казаков так же, как и в 1652, при вторичной осаде крепости Т.Хмельницким – сыном Б.Хмельницкого. В 1654 был издан указ об изгнании евреев из города. Несмотря на последующие запреты в 1665 и 1670, евреи продолжали жить в К.-П.В 1672 отряд солдат-евреев в составе 40 чел. участвовал в обороне К.-П. от тур. войск. Во время тур. владычества султан Магомет IV предоставил евреям свободу в выборе места жительства. Численность еврейского населения в К.-П. значительно увеличилась. С переходом в 1699 К.-П. под юрисдикцию Речи Посполитой возобновились преследования евреев. В 1750 король Август II издал указ об оставлении евреями К.-П. в теч. 24 час.; дома евреев отходили в собственность города, синагога была разрушена.В 1757 в К.-П. в теч. 8 дн. проходил открытый религ. диспут между представителями еврейской общины и франкистами. Епископ признал евреев побежденными и приказал изъять у евреев Подольской епархии все имеющиеся книги Талмуда, тысячи томов к-рого были публично сожжены на площади города.С сер. 18 в., с возникновением хасидизма, К.-П. становится одним из центров движения. В 1797 имп. Павел I издал указ, разрешавший евреям свободное поселение в городе. Численность еврейского населения К.-П. начала быстро увеличиваться; евреи заняли значит. место в торг.-пром. сфере. В 1857 в К.-П. и уезде насчитывалось 67 купцов-евреев 1-й и 2-й гильдий (христиан не было), купцов 3-й гильдии – 933 (христиан – 10). В 1832 глава гор. магистрата возбудил ходатайство о запрещении евреям проживать в К.-П. Однако К-т Министров разрешил евреям жить в городе, приобретать недвижимость и ремонтировать старые дома. Строить же новые было разрешено только в нек-рых частях города, т. н. Русских и Польских фольварках. В 1834 пр-во запретило евреям приобретать и ремонтировать дома вне фольварков. В 1859 киевский ген.-губернатор добился отмены ограничений для евреев, мотивируя это тем, что запреты тормозят торговлю в городе и сказываются на интересах казны.С 1851 в еврейской школе К.-П. работал А.-Б.Готлобер, в 1855–58 – его ученик Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим. В 1863 в К.-П. было 26 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские. В 19 в. раввинами в К.-П. были Ицхок Майзельс, отец Д.-Б.Майзельса, Залман Лернер, Дов-Бериш Элиаш (дед первого посла Гос-ва Израиль в Великобритании д-ра Мордехая Элиаша), Авром-Довид Вассерман, ученик Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева.В 1897 в К.-П. возник один из первых в России сионистских кружков, позднее – орг-ция «Бнос Цион». В 1904–05 в К.-П. действовало 6 сионистских кружков. В 1905 в К.-П. произошел погром. В 1910 в К.-П. существовали 33 синагоги, еврейское кладбище.В 1917 возникла молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». В 1917 чл. орг-ции создали одноим. оркестр с ансамблем. В результате доноса одного из чл. Евсекции в нач. 1921 оркестр прекратил существование.Евреи К.-П. пострадали в период Гражд. войны. 6 июня 1919 войска Директории захватили К.-П., к-рый с сер. июня 1919 до осени 1920 оставался адм. центром УНР. В июле 1919 в К.-П. произошел погром, продолжавшийся 3 дня, во время к-рого было убито 72 еврея. Тогда же были произведены массовые аресты евреев. Всего в результате погромов в 1919 в К.-П. погибло ок. 200 евреев. В 1920, в период оккупации города польск. частями, в борьбе против них участвовала Е.И.Рубинштейн.С 1917 до сер. 1920-х гг. в К.-П. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Цеирей Цион», «Поалей Цион», «Ге-Халуц», «Тарбут». Были открыты школы и дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите, организованы вечерние курсы по изучению иврита, еврейская б-ка, еврейский нар. дом. В 1920 создан союз преподавателей иврита. В 1920-х гг. работала еврейская комедийная труппа под рук. А.М.Сигалеско. В гор. т-ре с лекциями выступал З.Жаботинский. В нач. 1920-х гг. был открыт филиал изд-ва «Культур-Лига». До 1921 раввином К.-П. был Израиль Гутман, один из потомков И.Баал-Шем-Това. В 1921 солдатами Кр. Армии был расстрелян раввин Аксельрод.В 1925 в с.-х. коммуны в Херсонском окр. переселилось 47 еврейских семей из К.-П., 55 чел. основали с.-х. коллектив «Дер Штерн», 92 чел. – «Ново життя», 138 чел. – «Юнгер Лев». В 1926 евреи К.-П. (100 чел.) организовали с.-х. коллектив «Труд и хлеб», тогда же возник с.-х. коллектив «Продукт». В сер. 1920-х гг. работала еврейская проф. школа.К 1936 все синагоги в К.-П. были закрыты. Миньяны собирались на частных квартирах. Действовала нелег. миква в частной бане, затем – в подвальном помещении.11 июля 1941 К.-П. оккупировали венгер. войска. Во 2-й пол. июля 1941 в К.-П. были доставлены евреи из Закарпатской Украины, позднее – евреи из Венгрии, Чехословакии, Бельгии, Нидерландов. После оккупации частями вермахта в К.-П. было создано гетто. 28 авг. 1941 расстреляно ок. 24 тыс. евреев. Летом 1942 в гетто было сконцентрировано неск. тыс. евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. Гетто ликвидировано 30 окт. 1943. Всего в 1941–43 в К.-П. было уничтожено ок. 30 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. 18 тыс. евреев из Венгрии, Польши, Румынии, Чехословакии. В освобождении К.-П. 8 марта 1944 участвовал авиац. полк под ком. подполк. Израиля Яковлевича Летучего.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.-П. В 1947 община К.-П. купила 2 комнаты в частном доме для проведения молитв. собраний. В марте 1953 в К.-П. была арестована группа евреев (А.М.Перель, Я.Х.Штейншрайбер, Клейнерман, А.И.Берлянд), обвиненных в еврейском национализме.В 1992 в К.-П. создано об-во культуры «Шалом»; первый пред. Ефим Абрамович Хаят (р. 1940), с 1997 пред. Моисей Григорьевич Лам (р. 1933, Каменец-Подольский). В 1993 зарегистрирована Иудейская религ. община (пред. М.Г. Лам). В К.-П. действуют воскресная школа, отд-ние «Хэседа».В 2003 в К.-П. поживало ок. 350 евреев.В К.-П. род.: Й.Барац, Й.Барондес, С.Е.Вейсенберг, Г.Л.Гальперин, П.Д.Герман, Д.Г.Гинцбург, С.Б.Грузберг, М.И.Занд, Б.И.Збарский, М.Г.Зельдович, А.С.Карпова, М.Р.Кольпман, П.Я.Левенсон, А.Д.Левин, Г.Л.Ловцкий, У. Михаэли, Р.Б.Розенштейн, Й.Файн, М.Фишберг, Б.Шейнгаутер, С.И.Шохор-Троцкий, Л.З.Штейн, М.Штекелис, Х.М.Эйдельман; Яков Исаакович Броуд (1900–1942, Нижне-Чирская Сталинградской обл.), ген.-майор (1940), в 1941–42 – нач. артиллерии армии, нагр. 2 орд., погиб в бою; Израиль Шоломович Вассерштейн (р. 1923), хирург, д-р. мед. наук, Гос. пр. ЛатвССР, с 1980 – в США; Аврам (Альберт) Вейнбаум (1890–1943, Освенцим), художник, с 1910 – во Франции, во мн. работах присутствуют еврейская и библейские темы; Абрам Моисеевич Гольденберг (1847–1934, Ницца), юрист, обществ. деятель, с 1922 – в Германии, товарищ пред. и казначей Союза русских евреев в Германии; Абрам Ионович Дыховичный (1882–1963, Москва), инженер-строитель, проф. (1935), разрабатывал новые технологии в стр-ве кр. сооружений, автор ряда монографий; Яков Борисович Кальницкий (1915–1989, Ленинград), горн. инженер, проф., д-р техн. наук, специалист по комплексной механизации горных работ; Леонид Львович Мининберг (р. 1934), историк, автор книг «Сов. евреи в науке и пром-сти СССР в период 2-й мир. войны (1941–45)» и «Евреи в рос. и сов. спорте (1891–1991)»; Игорь Владимирович Нежный (1892–1968, Москва), театральный деятель, в 1922–58 – дир. разл. т-ров, в т. ч. МХАТа (1940–51), Центр. т-ра кукол под рук. Е.В.Образцова (1955–58) и др.; Моисей Михайлович Пистрак (1888–1937), педагог, проф., автор первого в СССР учебника педагогики для пед. вузов, кр. теоретик политехнич. образования; Моррис Шапис (1907–?), амер. историк и издатель; Фишл-Иегуда Шнеерсон (1887–1958, Тель-Авив), психиатр, работы в обл. дет. психиатрии, автор ряда книг на англ., нем., рус. яз. и иврите; Хана Штейнберг (1896–1942, Монреаль), поэт, с 1914 – в Канаде, автор сб. стих. на идише.М.Туркинец, pronunciation=КАМЕНЕЦ ПОДОЛЬСКИЙ, город, районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1062. С 1352 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1374 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – центр Подольского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1672–99 – под властью Османской империи, с 1699 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – центр Подольской губ. В 1937–41 – областной центр.В 1661 в К.-П. проживал 261 еврей, в 1681 – 140, в 1847 – 4629, в 1856 – 9022, в 1865 – 15 424, в 1897 – 16 211 (40%), в 1910 – 22 729 (47%), в 1914 – 23 430 (47%), в 1923 – 13 450, в 1926 – 12 774 (39,9%), в 1929 – 12 777 (29%), в 1939 – 13 796, в 1959 – ок. 2600 (ок. 6,5%), в 1970 – ок. 2100 (ок. 3%), в 1979 – ок. 1800 евреев (ок. 2%).Первые сведения о евреях К.-П. относятся к 1447, когда им было запрещено под страхом тюремного заключения пребывать в городе более 3 дней. В 1518 евреям запретили скупать с.-х. продукцию в деревнях (запрет был отменен во 2-й пол. 17 в.). В 1648 тысячи еврейских семей из др. нас. пунктов нашли в укреплениях К.-П. убежище от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. Город оказался неприступным для казаков так же, как и в 1652, при вторичной осаде крепости Т.Хмельницким – сыном Б.Хмельницкого. В 1654 был издан указ об изгнании евреев из города. Несмотря на последующие запреты в 1665 и 1670, евреи продолжали жить в К.-П.В 1672 отряд солдат-евреев в составе 40 чел. участвовал в обороне К.-П. от тур. войск. Во время тур. владычества султан Магомет IV предоставил евреям свободу в выборе места жительства. Численность еврейского населения в К.-П. значительно увеличилась. С переходом в 1699 К.-П. под юрисдикцию Речи Посполитой возобновились преследования евреев. В 1750 король Август II издал указ об оставлении евреями К.-П. в теч. 24 час.; дома евреев отходили в собственность города, синагога была разрушена.В 1757 в К.-П. в теч. 8 дн. проходил открытый религ. диспут между представителями еврейской общины и франкистами. Епископ признал евреев побежденными и приказал изъять у евреев Подольской епархии все имеющиеся книги Талмуда, тысячи томов к-рого были публично сожжены на площади города.С сер. 18 в., с возникновением хасидизма, К.-П. становится одним из центров движения. В 1797 имп. Павел I издал указ, разрешавший евреям свободное поселение в городе. Численность еврейского населения К.-П. начала быстро увеличиваться; евреи заняли значит. место в торг.-пром. сфере. В 1857 в К.-П. и уезде насчитывалось 67 купцов-евреев 1-й и 2-й гильдий (христиан не было), купцов 3-й гильдии – 933 (христиан – 10). В 1832 глава гор. магистрата возбудил ходатайство о запрещении евреям проживать в К.-П. Однако К-т Министров разрешил евреям жить в городе, приобретать недвижимость и ремонтировать старые дома. Строить же новые было разрешено только в нек-рых частях города, т. н. Русских и Польских фольварках. В 1834 пр-во запретило евреям приобретать и ремонтировать дома вне фольварков. В 1859 киевский ген.-губернатор добился отмены ограничений для евреев, мотивируя это тем, что запреты тормозят торговлю в городе и сказываются на интересах казны.С 1851 в еврейской школе К.-П. работал А.-Б.Готлобер, в 1855–58 – его ученик Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим. В 1863 в К.-П. было 26 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские. В 19 в. раввинами в К.-П. были Ицхок Майзельс, отец Д.-Б.Майзельса, Залман Лернер, Дов-Бериш Элиаш (дед первого посла Гос-ва Израиль в Великобритании д-ра Мордехая Элиаша), Авром-Довид Вассерман, ученик Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева.В 1897 в К.-П. возник один из первых в России сионистских кружков, позднее – орг-ция «Бнос Цион». В 1904–05 в К.-П. действовало 6 сионистских кружков. В 1905 в К.-П. произошел погром. В 1910 в К.-П. существовали 33 синагоги, еврейское кладбище.В 1917 возникла молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». В 1917 чл. орг-ции создали одноим. оркестр с ансамблем. В результате доноса одного из чл. Евсекции в нач. 1921 оркестр прекратил существование.Евреи К.-П. пострадали в период Гражд. войны. 6 июня 1919 войска Директории захватили К.-П., к-рый с сер. июня 1919 до осени 1920 оставался адм. центром УНР. В июле 1919 в К.-П. произошел погром, продолжавшийся 3 дня, во время к-рого было убито 72 еврея. Тогда же были произведены массовые аресты евреев. Всего в результате погромов в 1919 в К.-П. погибло ок. 200 евреев. В 1920, в период оккупации города польск. частями, в борьбе против них участвовала Е.И.Рубинштейн.С 1917 до сер. 1920-х гг. в К.-П. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Цеирей Цион», «Поалей Цион», «Ге-Халуц», «Тарбут». Были открыты школы и дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите, организованы вечерние курсы по изучению иврита, еврейская б-ка, еврейский нар. дом. В 1920 создан союз преподавателей иврита. В 1920-х гг. работала еврейская комедийная труппа под рук. А.М.Сигалеско. В гор. т-ре с лекциями выступал З.Жаботинский. В нач. 1920-х гг. был открыт филиал изд-ва «Культур-Лига». До 1921 раввином К.-П. был Израиль Гутман, один из потомков И.Баал-Шем-Това. В 1921 солдатами Кр. Армии был расстрелян раввин Аксельрод.В 1925 в с.-х. коммуны в Херсонском окр. переселилось 47 еврейских семей из К.-П., 55 чел. основали с.-х. коллектив «Дер Штерн», 92 чел. – «Ново життя», 138 чел. – «Юнгер Лев». В 1926 евреи К.-П. (100 чел.) организовали с.-х. коллектив «Труд и хлеб», тогда же возник с.-х. коллектив «Продукт». В сер. 1920-х гг. работала еврейская проф. школа.К 1936 все синагоги в К.-П. были закрыты. Миньяны собирались на частных квартирах. Действовала нелег. миква в частной бане, затем – в подвальном помещении.11 июля 1941 К.-П. оккупировали венгер. войска. Во 2-й пол. июля 1941 в К.-П. были доставлены евреи из Закарпатской Украины, позднее – евреи из Венгрии, Чехословакии, Бельгии, Нидерландов. После оккупации частями вермахта в К.-П. было создано гетто. 28 авг. 1941 расстреляно ок. 24 тыс. евреев. Летом 1942 в гетто было сконцентрировано неск. тыс. евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. Гетто ликвидировано 30 окт. 1943. Всего в 1941–43 в К.-П. было уничтожено ок. 30 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. 18 тыс. евреев из Венгрии, Польши, Румынии, Чехословакии. В освобождении К.-П. 8 марта 1944 участвовал авиац. полк под ком. подполк. Израиля Яковлевича Летучего.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.-П. В 1947 община К.-П. купила 2 комнаты в частном доме для проведения молитв. собраний. В марте 1953 в К.-П. была арестована группа евреев (А.М.Перель, Я.Х.Штейншрайбер, Клейнерман, А.И.Берлянд), обвиненных в еврейском национализме.В 1992 в К.-П. создано об-во культуры «Шалом»; первый пред. Ефим Абрамович Хаят (р. 1940), с 1997 пред. Моисей Григорьевич Лам (р. 1933, Каменец-Подольский). В 1993 зарегистрирована Иудейская религ. община (пред. М.Г. Лам). В К.-П. действуют воскресная школа, отд-ние «Хэседа».В 2003 в К.-П. поживало ок. 350 евреев.В К.-П. род.: Й.Барац, Й.Барондес, С.Е.Вейсенберг, Г.Л.Гальперин, П.Д.Герман, Д.Г.Гинцбург, С.Б.Грузберг, М.И.Занд, Б.И.Збарский, М.Г.Зельдович, А.С.Карпова, М.Р.Кольпман, П.Я.Левенсон, А.Д.Левин, Г.Л.Ловцкий, У. Михаэли, Р.Б.Розенштейн, Й.Файн, М.Фишберг, Б.Шейнгаутер, С.И.Шохор-Троцкий, Л.З.Штейн, М.Штекелис, Х.М.Эйдельман; Яков Исаакович Броуд (1900–1942, Нижне-Чирская Сталинградской обл.), ген.-майор (1940), в 1941–42 – нач. артиллерии армии, нагр. 2 орд., погиб в бою; Израиль Шоломович Вассерштейн (р. 1923), хирург, д-р. мед. наук, Гос. пр. ЛатвССР, с 1980 – в США; Аврам (Альберт) Вейнбаум (1890–1943, Освенцим), художник, с 1910 – во Франции, во мн. работах присутствуют еврейская и библейские темы; Абрам Моисеевич Гольденберг (1847–1934, Ницца), юрист, обществ. деятель, с 1922 – в Германии, товарищ пред. и казначей Союза русских евреев в Германии; Абрам Ионович Дыховичный (1882–1963, Москва), инженер-строитель, проф. (1935), разрабатывал новые технологии в стр-ве кр. сооружений, автор ряда монографий; Яков Борисович Кальницкий (1915–1989, Ленинград), горн. инженер, проф., д-р техн. наук, специалист по комплексной механизации горных работ; Леонид Львович Мининберг (р. 1934), историк, автор книг «Сов. евреи в науке и пром-сти СССР в период 2-й мир. войны (1941–45)» и «Евреи в рос. и сов. спорте (1891–1991)»; Игорь Владимирович Нежный (1892–1968, Москва), театральный деятель, в 1922–58 – дир. разл. т-ров, в т. ч. МХАТа (1940–51), Центр. т-ра кукол под рук. Е.В.Образцова (1955–58) и др.; Моисей Михайлович Пистрак (1888–1937), педагог, проф., автор первого в СССР учебника педагогики для пед. вузов, кр. теоретик политехнич. образования; Моррис Шапис (1907–?), амер. историк и издатель; Фишл-Иегуда Шнеерсон (1887–1958, Тель-Авив), психиатр, работы в обл. дет. психиатрии, автор ряда книг на англ., нем., рус. яз. и иврите; Хана Штейнберг (1896–1942, Монреаль), поэт, с 1914 – в Канаде, автор сб. стих. на идише.М.Туркинец, extra_data="{'translat...")
KAMENETS Yoel-Naftali (1896, Ostrov, Lomzhinsk province - 1944, Auschwitz), teacher, publicist. He founded a large school for Hebrews in Lodz. girls, wrote about issues of education, was published in the main. in ped. g. "Base Jacob". Has released several. textbooks on Jewish studies: "Judaism", Lodz, 1926-27 (manual for schools in 2 hours), "Rambam", "Religion. book Judaism in the form of fairy tales "," School of Judaism ", etc.
KAMENETSKY Baum Menachem Mendel Ben Aaron (1800, Kamenets-Litovsk, Brest u. Grodno province. - 1873), societies. activist, writer. From 1833 in E.-I. He opened a hotel in Jerusalem. K. - the author of tourist. reference book in Hebrew (1839), in Yiddish (1841). Great historical cult. the detailed information about the prof., economical is important. and the cultural situation in E.-I. ser. 19th century
KAMENETSKY Gersh Mordukhovich (1895, Chernyavka, Minsk province - 1957, Borisov, Minsk region), poet. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. He worked as a hairdresser in Borisov. In 1919 he was mobilized to the Kr. Army and participated in battles against Poland. He studied at Belorus. un-those. Then he began to write poetry in Yiddish, ch. arr. about citizen war, typed kx in gas. "October", w. "Stern", collection of books and alm. First. book verse. "Mit gleikhe vegn" ("Straight Roads") was published in 1933, then two more collections were published: "Leader" ("Poems", 1938) and "A bashtelung oif yugnt" ("Order for Youth", 1940). From 1941 to 1945, K. lived in Buguruslan. After the war, he worked as an editor. in the state. publishing house of Belarus, released in 1948 Sat. verse. "Shtarker fun aizn" ("Stronger than iron"). In 1949 he was repressed, spent 7 years in Sib. link. K. translated rum into Yiddish. B. Yasenskiy "A man changes his skin", p. M. Gorky "Childhood" and others.
KAMENETSKY Joseph (1876, Pinsk, Minsk province - |), teacher, translator. At the age of 14 he entered to study in the Vilna Heb. teaches, in-t, then studied at Berlin University. In 1896 he worked as a teacher in Nevel, Vitebsk province. Joined the roar. movement, was arrested. From 1902 he settled in Vilna and worked as a teacher of science and history in Russian-Hebrew, cf. schools. K. was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. section Vseros. union of teachers. In 1908-15 he participated in Lit. muses. ob-ve, translated songs and one-act plays for children into Yiddish, published Art. on questions of Heb. pedagogy, later worked in Heb. schools of the Nizhny Novgorod province, in Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir, etc. He wrote for Heb. several schools. plays, staged for them "Boy Motl" by Sholem Aleichem, translated into Yiddish productions. Russian classics lit-ry. Since 1932 - teacher of geography in Moscow. schools, compiled geogr. the anthology "Earth is a workshop for man" (1925-1928) from orig. descriptions. Published scientific-popular and geogr. Art. and rec. into gas. and f. In 1920 he published (with J. Tsigelnitsky) the book. "Vegetable garden", in 1932 - "Victory on the Dnieper", in 1937 - "Natural resources of the Heb. autonomous region. "
KAMENETSKY Samuil Lazarevich (1876 - 1942, Leningrad), lawyer, public. activist. From merchants. families. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, pom. attorney at law, was engaged in advocacy. Since 1900 pom. clerk Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), then secret. (until 1929). Since 1912, member. his to-that. He participated in all the events held by the OPE, since 1923, in addition, the head. his b-coy. Member Hebrew ist.-ethnogr. about-va, one of the founders of Heb. lit. about-va (1908), developed its charter, chl. ped. Council of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron DG Gintsburg, was engaged in their reorganization in 1916-17. On the instructions of the OPE, studying ancient Hebrews. manuscripts from the library about-va, trans. in Russian lang. Hittite Legislative Code. After 1929 he worked in tech. b-kakh of Leningrad, kept in touch with Heb. leaders (N.R.Botvinnik, D.G. Magid), with famous orientalists (V.V. Struve, I.Yu. Krachkovsky). However, to engage in Heb. subject matter had no opportunity. He died of hunger during the blockade.
KAMENEV (real fam. Rosenfeld) Lev Borisovich (1883, Moscow - 1936, ibid.), Part. and state. activist, publicist. Member Communist. parties since 1901. He graduated from the government in Tiflis, in 1901–02 he studied law. f-those Mosk. University, where he joined the Social-Democrats. circle. In March 1902 he was arrested and exiled to Tiflis. In 1904, members. Kavk. union committee of the RSDLP. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, left Russia in 1908; delegate to the 3rd (1905) and 5th (1907) congresses of the RSDLP, the 8th (1910) and 9th (1912) Intern. socialist Congr. In 1914, Gas was in charge. "Pravda" and a Bolshevist. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. In nov. 1914 arrested. At the trial in Feb. 1915 declared his disagreement with the Leninist slogan of the defeat of his pro-va in the war. Sentenced to exile to Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. From Apr. 1917 members Central Committee of the RSDLP (b); member Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and the Central Executive Committee, one of the editors gas. "True". He took a more moderate position than Lenin on the issue of attitude to the Time. pr-woo, etc. Was against the weapons. speeches in July 1917. On 7/7/1917 voluntarily surrendered to the authorities, placed in the prison "Kresty", released on 4 August. (in the absence of grounds for accusation). In Sept.-Oct. 1917 opposed the plan for the preparation of weapons. performances. 10/20/1917 left the Central Committee. However, from 24 Oct. participated in the leadership of the uprising., negotiated with the Left SRs about the joint. action, in the evening of 25 Oct. opened the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets. 27 oct. - 8 Nov. headed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From the autumn of 1918 before. Moscow Council. At the 8th Congress of the RCP (b) (March 1919), a member was elected. The Central Committee and the Politburo of the Central Committee (in the absence of Lenin, he usually chaired the meetings). In apr. 1922 proposed to appoint J.V. Stalin a gene. sec. Central Committee. Together with him and G.E. Zinoviev, he opposed L.D. Trotsky (in his first marriage he was married to his sister, O.D.Bronshtein). In 1922-23 he replaced the ailing Lenin in the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). From Jan. 1924 prev. ONE HUNDRED. At the 14th Congress of the CPSU (b) (May 1924) K. and Zinoviev argued the need to leave Stalin as general. secretary, but after a year and a half came into conflict with him, headed the so-called. "New opposition", edge was defeated at the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (December 1925). K. was dismissed from his posts. Politburo, before. STO, deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and before. Moscow Council. In 1926-27 - People's Commissar of Trade of the USSR. In 1927 he was appointed plenipotentiary in Italy, but on November 7. for an attempt to organize an anti-Stalinist demonstration, removed from the Central Committee, and then expelled from the party and exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1928, after a public repentance, K. was reinstated in the party, but on October 9, 1932, he was again expelled. After a second repentance, he was reinstated in the party again, returned from exile, headed the publishing house “Academia”. 12/16/1934 arrested, sentenced to 5 years in prison. Six months later, the term was increased to 10 years. Contained in the Verkhne-Uralsky political isolator, in 1936 he was taken to Moscow. 08.24.1936 in open trial. process in the case of the so-called. The "united Trotskyist-Zinoviev center" was sentenced to capital punishment, and the next day he was shot.
KAMENEVA Ninel Ivanovna (b. 1931, Uman), actress. In 1953 she graduated from the State. in-t theater. claim to them. I.K. Karpenko-Kary and began working in Rus. dram. t-re them. A.P. Chekhova (Chisinau). The performance of the actress is distinguished by subtle psychologism, she succeeds in tragic. and comedic imagery. K.'s repertoire includes roles in Chekhov's plays - Arkadin (The Seagull), Sarah (Ivanov), Charlotte (The Cherry Orchard); in the dramas of M. Gorky - Liza ("Children of the Sun"), Tatiana ("Bourgeoisie"); in production owls. playwrights - Tamara (“Five Evenings” by AM Volodin), Natalya Gavrilovna (“The Capercaillie Nest” by VS Rozov), Irresponsible (“Red Mare with a Bell” by IP Druce), etc .; in plays of Western-European and Amer. playwrights: Queen Elizabeth ("Mary Stuart" by F. Schiller), Mrs. Higgins ("Pygmalion" by JB Shaw), Lucy ("Dead Without Burial" by J.P. Sartre), Big Ma ("Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" ), Mrs. Gofford (“The Milk Wagon Does Not Stop Here Any More” by T. Williams) and Dr. K. played the roles of Heb. women - Golda ("Memorial Prayer" by GIGorin based on "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem) and Rosa Gurevich ("Sailor's Silence" by AA Galich). Participates in concerts with the recitation of Hebrew poetry. poets. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1982). Since 1989, thin. hands. Rus. dram. t-ra them. Chekhov.
KAMENITSER Solomon Efremovich (b. 1909), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (I960), prof. (1961), Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1967). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1931). Head department of the organization of planning and management of prom. pr-ty Mosk. in-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (since 1946). Main direction of scientific. works - problems of management and organization of prom. production. The author of monographs, popular textbooks and uch. manuals on the economics of the industry, methods of teaching economics. Under his editorship. and with direct. participation came out collection of works of the father. and nick. authors: “Analysis of the classification of production in the industry of the socialist countries. Commonwealth "(1988)," Theoretical. management problems prom. production "(1986)," Critical. analysis of bourgeois. theories and practice of management (based on materials of the international conference, Budapest, 1978) ”, (1980), as well as tr. MINHA - “Econ. and organiz. household problems. leadership ". Participant, organizer and hand. a number of int. conf. and meetings of economists on the problems of organization and management. Comp. with Int. Research Institute of Management Problems. A number of books. published abroad. Cit .: Course planning prom. pr-ti consistently socialist. type, M.-L., 1934; Labor productivity growth reserves for industrial pr-tiyah, M., 1956; Household. leadership prom. pr-tym, M., 1961; The economy is socialist. prom-sti, 4th ed., M., 1966; Basics of industrial management production, M., 1971.
STONE, see Teofipol.
STONE KASHIRSK, see Stone-Kashirsky.
KAMEN KASHIRSKY, city (since 1939), regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1196. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamen-Kashirsk, Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Polesie voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 in K.-K. 862 Jews lived, in 1897 - 1189 (98%), in 1921 - 617 (48.8%), in 1937 - approx. 1700 (approx. 60%) First mention. about Jews K.-K. refers to 1569. The community was run by Rabbi Kovel. In the 1890-1910s. rabbi in K.-K. there was a Trisk Hasid Peysakh-Aron Vaisman (1860–?), from 1897 - Moishe Goldschmid (1872–?). The majority of Jews K.-K. were Trisk and Kobrin Hasids. In 1904 in K.-K. began to work illegally. secession of the Zionist Socialist Party. Main occupation of Jews at the beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews K.-K. owned a pharmacy, 2 timber warehouses, a tavern, 17 shops (including 10 grocery, 3 manufacturing). Until 1914 there was a Jewish mutual aid fund; there was a cheder. During the 1st world. war in K.-K. arrived Jewish refugees from the south. districts of Volyn. On Sept. 1915 retreating parts of the Russian. armies destroyed K.-K., forcing the Jews to flee to the surrounding forests. active Zionist activity was carried out, Jewish to-t to help those in need, a club and library were opened, a self-defense squad was created, to-ry in Sept. 1920 prevented 2 attempts at pogroms undertaken by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich. Dec. 1920 the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich carried out in K.-K. pogrom, during which more than 120 Jews were killed. Since 1921, Rabbi K.-K. was Moishe-Mordhe Perlin (? –1940). occupations of Jews K.-K. in the 1920s and 30s. - small trade and crafts. There was a Jewish mutual aid fund, Nar branch. cooperative bank. In the end. 1920s the school of the Tarbut network was opened. In 1930 the Talmud-Torah worked, with a cut there was a library. In the 1920s-30s. in K.-K. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. On the second day of the Shavuot holiday in 1937 in K.-K. there was a pogrom. The local authorities stopped him, but instead of the pogrom-makers, shokhet and corr. Jewish newspaper, to-rykh sentenced to imprisonment for terms of 6 months, respectively. and 1 year. Since 1939, teaching at the Tarbut school was transferred to Yiddish. On June 26, 1941, units of the Red Army left K.-K. During the pogrom organized by the local population, 2 Jews were killed. July 6, 1941 K.-K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 22 Aug 1941 88 Jews were shot. In oct. 1941 the Judenrat was created, in May 1942 - the ghetto, where St. 3 thousand Jews from K.-K. and others us. points. 10 Aug 1942 in K.-K. it was shot approx. 1,700 Jews (up to 600 people managed to escape), 25 Nov. 1942 - 815 Jews.
STONE ON OBI (until 1933 - Stone), city (since 1915), the center of the Kamensky district in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1751. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Stone of the Barnaul environs Tomsk province. In 1939 in K. n / O. there were 23 Jews.
KAMEN RYBOLOV, village, center of the Khankaysky district in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - village, adm. center of env. Primorsky Region In 1939 in K.-R. 84 Jews lived.
KAMENCHIK, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Radiminsky district. Warsaw Province. 62 Jews (9.1%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1827, 81 (9.5%) in 1857, 170 (13.9%) in 1897, and 124 Jews (13%) in 1921. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 16th century. Main occupations in the 19th century. there were crafts, small trade, carriage, s. x-in. In 1825–62 there were restrictions on the new settlement of Jews in K. There was a synagogue. In 1912 a school with teaching in Hebrew was founded in K.. Help to Jews K. in the restoration of economic. life after the 1st world. War was rendered by the Joint. In 1930–33 a mutual aid fund was operating in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in the fall of 1941.
KAMENSK, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Kamensk (until 1870 - a city) of Petrokovsky u. In 1764 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1793 - 74 (2.4%), in 1808 - 88 (17.6%), in 1827 - 268 (35.8%), in 1857 - 563 ( 32.7%), in 1897 - 781 (42.2%), in 1921 - 856 (35.8%), in 1939 - 834 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century Main occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. were trade and decomp. crafts; among artisans, tailors predominated. In 1830 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1828–32 the rabbi of K. was Chaim Stern, in 1832–57 - Moishe-Ikhl-Berish Stashevsky, in 1857–61 - Wolf Shefes, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Yisroel Stieglitz, 1920s – 30s. - Issachar-Ierakhmiel Rabinovich. 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in Sept. 1942.
KAMENKA, see Kamenka-Dneprovskaya.
KAMENKA Alexander (1888, Odessa - 1969, Paris), film producer. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t. From 1910 he worked as an actor, then opened an acting school in St. Petersburg. Since 1918 - in France. In 1920 he founded the "Albatross" film company, edges of the original. released f. Russian directors-emigrants (V. Turzhansky, I. I. Mozzhukhina, A. Volkova and others). All R. 1920s K. released the majority of f. French avant-garde: "The Beautiful Nivernezka", "The Lion of the Mongols", "The Adventures of Robert Maker" by J. Epstein (1924, 1924, 1925), "The Late Mathias Pascal" by M. d'Herbier (1925), "Carmen" by J. Fade (1926 ), "Straw Hat" and "Two Timid" by R. Claire (1927, 1928). Among the later films: "At the Bottom" by J. Renoir (1936) and "The Bukincan Brothers" by L. Daken (1947).
KAMENKA Boris Abramovich (1855 - |), banker, commerce advisor (1901). Control. Rostov department Azov-Don Bank, since 1894 - director. of his reign, after the transfer of the bank's residence from Taganrog to Petersburg (1903) - managing director, before. reign and one of Ch. its shareholders. Changed the profile of the bank from lending to grain trade to active financing of the industry. Brought the bank to the 4th place in terms of the volume of transactions in the list of growing. commercial banks; main capital by 1914 - 50 million rubles, 70 branches. Ch. The bank's sphere of interest is Kamenneug. and metallurgical. industry, where he was patronized by 11 large companies in the Donetsk and Ural districts. K. - before. of the board of 10 companies financed by the bank (he was a member of the directorate of the Taganrog Metallurgical Society, the United Cement Plant Society, the Rossiya Insurance Society, etc.); stock department Petersburg. stock exchange and elective common Russia. org-tion of entrepreneurs - the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade. He actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. us. empire - was before. Heb. communities in Rostov-on-Don, member. households management of the community in St. Petersburg, was engaged in charitable activities to improve the lives of Jews. Played a prominent role in societies. sphere - through a relative, chl. Board of the Azov-Don Bank A.I. Kaminku, who was a member. The Central Committee of the Cadet Party, supported the activities of the People's Freedom Party and its organ - gas. "Speech". In 1920, he rejected PN Wrangel's offer to take the post of Minister of Finance in the Crimean government. After 1920 he emigrated, participated in the creation. Grew up. bargaining-prom. and the final, the union established in Paris in 1921 grew. entrepreneurs.
KAMENKA BUGSKAYA (in 1471-1944 - Kamenka-Strumilovskaya), a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1406. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lvov land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1674 she received the Magdeburg Law. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in K.-B. 552 Jews lived, in 1880 - 2922 (47.8%), in 1890 - 3142 (48.4%), in 1900 - 3164 (43.3%), in 1910 - 3549 (43.8%), in 1921 - 2685 (41.2%), in 1931 - 3283 Jews. about Jews K.-B. refers to 1465. In 1589 Jews were allowed to freely acquire in K.-B. home and trade. In 1627 it was allowed to build a synagogue. In the 1st floor. 17th century Rabbi K.-B. was Mordhe Raitsis (? –1635). During the Polish-Swedish wars, the Jewish community suffered greatly. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi K.-B. was Chaim Ratses (1687-1728, Lvov), from 1750 - Avigdor Horvits, from 1754 - Mordkhe-Zeev Urenshtein (1735-1787). In 1837, the Hasidic dynasty was founded by Sholem Rosenfeld (1800-1852), then the dynasty was headed by his son Yehoshua (1830-1898). After the death of Yehoshua, his son Sholom (1853–1930) became the head of the dynasty, in 1930 the dynasty was headed by the son of Sholom Naftoli-Shmuel-Zvi. In 1916 from K.-B. 25 Jews were deported to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). 20th century rabbi in K.-B. there was Dovid-Moishe Zayf, who died during the Holocaust. In 1924–39 in K.-B. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in K.-B. arrived several. hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West. districts of Poland. June 28, 1941 K.-B. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On June 29, 1941, 180 Jews were shot. On July 2, 1941, there was a pogrom by local Ukrainians. In July 1941, the Judenrat was established. 10 nov. 1941 in K.-B. it was shot approx. 500 Jews. Dec. 1941 in K.-B. a labor camp was established. In June 1942 in K.-B. Jews were resettled from the surrounding villages. 15 Sep 1942 approx. 1,500 Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, 28 October. 1942 - 1023 more Jews. The labor camp was liquidated on January 20. 1943. In the release of K.-B. On July 20, 1944, a tank took part. brigade under com. regiment. Isaac Naumovich Granovsky. 2003 in K.-B. there was a Jewish population. Z. Wagner
KAMENKA DNEPROVSKAYA (in 1786–93 and in 1920–34 - Kamenka, in 1793–1920 - Malaya Znamenka, in 1934–44 - Kamenka-on-Dnepr), a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1786. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1926, 1,420 Jews lived in the Kamenkodneprovsky region, in 1939 in K. lived 81 Jews. Sep 1941 in K.-D. 31 refugee Jews were shot; at the end. Feb 1942 from K.-D. taken to Nikopol and shot there approx. 20 Jews. In 2003 in K.-D. there was a Jewish population.
HEATER ON THE DNEPR, see Kamenka-Dneprovskaya.
KAMENKA SHEVCHENKOVSKAYA, see Kamenka, Cherkasy region.
KAMENKA STRUMILOVSKAYA, see Kamenka-Bugskaya.
KAMENKA HAIR, now part of the village. Lipnik Zhovkivskyi district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kamenka-Voloska of the Ravsky district of the province of Galicia in the structure of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1909, in K.-V. 85 Jews lived, in 1939 - 80 Jews. occupations of Jews K.-V. at 19 - early. 20th century - mediation and small trade.
KAMENKI, a village in the Podvolochis district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 103 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. 17 oct. 1941 a Jewish labor camp was created in Kazakhstan, whose prisoners (about 700 people) were used in road works. There were divisions of the camp in Podvolochisk, Romanov Selo and Skalat. On July 10, 1943, during the liquidation of the camp, 1,020 prisoners (including the Jews deported to Kazakhstan from the camp in Romanov Selo) were shot.
KAMENNA, see Stone.
KAMENNA WOLA, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Kamenna Volya (other name - Kamenne) Konsky u. Radom province. 329 Jews (11.3%) lived in KV in 1897. In 1914 Shulim Geldblum was the rabbi in KV. in K.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KAMENNAYA, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kamienna of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1930, 56 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Romanians occupied Kazakhstan. troops. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.
STONE ROW, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1797 - in Skvirsky district. Kiev province. In 1846, 42 Jews (10%) lived in KG.
KAMENNE, see Kamenna Volya.
STONE KOSTOVATAYA, see Kalinovka of the Dnepropetrovsk Region.
KAMENNY FORD, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 1147 Jews (65%) lived in K.B., in 1939 - 857 (37%), in 1999 - 16 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of KB in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts, crafts, petty trade. In 1914 the Jews of KB owned 22 shops (including 16 grocery stores, 3 iron-metal goods), a pharmacy, and others; the owner of the faience factory was Zusman (founded in 1877); unity. the doctor in KB was a Jew. In the end. 20th century a branch of the Bund operated in KB. During the war the Jews of K.B. suffered from robberies and pogroms. As a result of the pogrom perpetrated on July 10, 1919 by parts of the Directory, approx. 250 Jews. In July 1941, K.B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the fall of 1941, approx. 1 thousand Jews (including from neighboring villages). In 2003 there was a Jewish population in KB. Mina Smoler (1898 -?), Amer. writer, wrote in Yiddish, since 1912 - in the USA.
KAMENSK, see Kamensk.
KAMENSK SHAKHTINSKY (until 1927 - Kamenskaya), a city (since 1927), the center of the Kamensky district in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1686 as a Cossack settlement, since 1817 - the village of Donetsk env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1920 in K.-Sh. 22 Jews lived, in 1926 - 47 (0.3%), in 1939 - 197 Jews. In the summer of 1941 the majority of the Jewish population of K.-Sh. evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. July 18, 1942 K.-Sh. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. Those who remained in K.-Sh. Jews were shot in Sept. 1942.
KAMENSK URALSKY (until 1940 - Kamensk, Kamensk Plant), a city (since 1935), a regional center in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kamyshlovsky u. Perm province. In 1939 in K.-U. 143 Jews lived, in 1959 - 1111 (0.8%), in 1970 - 742 Jews (0.4%). During the period of the 2nd world. war, the size of the Jewish population K.-U. increased due to evacuees. In 1953 in K.-U. a group of Jews was arrested [L.M. Kantor (1897–?), M.Ya. Hight (1897–?), SP Chernukhin (1907–?)], Accused of being nationalistic. activity in the 1990s. in K.-U. Jewish nat. cultural autonomy (previously - Z.S. Gavrilova), in 2000 - Jewish religion. community (formerly Vladimir Meerovich Chukhman, b. 1956). In 2002 in K.-U. lived approx. 500 Jews.
KAMENSKAYA, see Kamensk-Shakhtinsky.
KAMENSKY Abram Zakharovich (1885-1938), part. and state. activist. Member Communist. party since 1917. Member of the roar. traffic in Donbass. In 1917 - member. Lugansk to-that and Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih regional committee of the RSDLP (b). In February-March 1918 - People's Commissar of the State. control of the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Republic. Participant citizen war. Since 1918, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat, in 1920 21 deputy. People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR. In 1921-22 sec. Donetsk Provincial Party Committee. At 1.922-23 p. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR. In 1927–33 he was director. Industrial academies. In 1933–36, members. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat of Light Industry. From 1936 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR. In 1925–26 he joined the Trotskyist opposition. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
KAMENSKY Alexander Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Artist. critic and historian of art. Dr. lawsuit. Studied in 1940–45 under BR Wipper and GA Nedoshivin at the Artistic Department of Phil. f-that first in Moscow. in-those philosophy, literature, history, since 1941 in Moscow. un-those. Since 1946 he appeared in the press as a thin artist. critic, at the same time. studied at the graduate school of the Museum of Fig. lawsuit in them. A.S. Pushkin (Moscow). In 1949-52 the head. Department of Art History in Hood. in-those in Vilnius. Returning to Moscow, he became an active figure in art. life of the country. Accused in 1949 of “cosmopolitanism”, he was persecuted in 1962 as a defender and ideologist of young artists of the “severe style” (the name was invented by K.). The attacks continued until the critic's death, but K. enjoyed constant prestige among artists, was on friendly terms with many. major masters, wrote about them, helped young artists, promoted their work, was elected a member. Board, Secretary of Moscow. union of artists; was the head of Moscow. org-tion of critics and art historians. Ch. meaning is critical. and historiography, K.'s activities - restoration of the prestige of genuine art. values ​​and the destruction of the inflated reputation created by the officers. owls. criticism, analysis of the ways of becoming the most important thin. individuals and directions. The civic pathos of K.'s speeches (including in print, on radio and TV), the bright talent of a polemicist, lively, figurative speech made him the greatest artist. critic of Russia 2nd floor. 20th century (collection of articles "Vernissages", 1974). In ist. tr. K. reflected his brilliant criticism. talent: "Konenkov" (1962), "Sketches about the Artists of Armenia" (Yerevan, 1979), "Martiros Saryan" (1987), "Marc Chagall. Rus. and owls. period "(1988–89)," Romantic. montage ”(1989),“ Anna Golubkina ”(1990),“ World of Art ”(jointly with VN Petrov, 1991). Honored. art worker of Russia (1992).
KAMENSKY Mikhail Davidovich (1885, Petersburg - 1970, ibid.), Specialist in the region. electrical engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1943), prof. from 1932. Graduated in 1909 from St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. Until 1917 he worked on the design and construction of power plants and electric. networks. In 1918-22 - deputy. head department of electrical engineering. prom-sti VSNKh, participant in the development of the plan State. electrification of Russia (GOELRO). In 1922–32 - deputy. tech. dir. and early. builds. management of Lenenergo. At the same time. from 1918 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (in 1930-65 - head of the department of electrical systems and networks) and in Leningrad. engineering and econom. in-those (in 1933–48 - head of the department of electrification). works related to the design and construction of power plants and electric. networks, with problems of choosing a system of current and voltage for mountains. central stations. Supervised the development of electric. parts of projects; in Gidroelektrostroy, Volgostroy, etc. He proposed methods for calculating high-voltage electric. networks with min. losses, proposed a method for determining losses in complex networks of electrical systems. Author of textbooks and uch. benefits. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1946). Vol .: Electric networks: Theory, calculation and design principles, L.-M., 1934.
KAMENSKY Zakhar Abramovich (1915, Lugansk - 1999), social scientist, Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of MIFLI (1938), sotr. IF AN SSSR (1941–49). During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was dismissed, taught logic at school (1951–57), ed., Then head. ed. philosophy of the publishing house “Sov. encyclopedia "(1957-68), art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy RAS (since 1968). Works in two directions: history of Russian. philosophy and propaedeutics of the history of philosophy. Cit .: Philosoorskie ideas of Russian education, M., 1971; Moscow circle of wisdom, M., 1980; N.I. Nadezhdin, M., 1984; T.N. Granovsky, M., 1988; History of Philosophy as a Science, M., 1992.
KAMENSKY PLANT, see Kamensk-Uralsky.
KAMENSKOYE, see Dneprodzerzhinsk.
KAMEIKA Leon (1864, Volkovyshki, Suwalk Province - 1928, Watkins Glen, USA), newspaper publisher. Since 1885 - in the USA. Studied in Heb. Theological Seminary (New York). From 1889 he published the first daily in the United States. gas. in Yiddish "Yiddish Gazette", founded in 1886 by K.H.Sarason; became his partner, and after the death of Sarason (1905) - the owner of the gas. At the same time. was vice president. the corporation that published Yiddish Morgntsaitung in New York (merged with Yiddish Togblat in 1928). In 1914 he organized a committee to support the Jews. refugees from Vost. Europe. K. was one of the founders and long-term vice-president. About-va of shelters and support for immigrants. Published gas in Chicago. "Yiddish Courier".
KAMINER Isaak Abramovich (1834, Levkov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1901, Bern, Switzerland), doctor, poet and writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, taught in Zhitomir Heb. uch-shche. All R. 1860s., Having already 6 children, entered the honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that, at the end of which (1870) was engaged in private practice in Kiev, in the 1880s. served as a zemstvo doctor in the Chernigov province. From his youth he wrote poetry and prose in Hebrew. In 1878 sotr. in f. "Ha-Emes" by A.Sh. Lieberman (Vienna). In the 1860s and 70s. K. is a supporter of the assimilation of Jews. In the beginning. 1880s member lips. Heb. commission in Chernigov, impressed by the Heb. pogroms came to the conclusion about the necessity and inevitability of the departure of Jews from Russia, in the 1890s. supported the Zionist movement. At the end of his life he bequeathed all the income from the publication of his works. in favor of the Odessa Society of Aid to the Jewish Farmers of Syria and Palestine. K.'s daughters - Augusta Tishchenko, Anna Kalman-son, Nadezhda (Esther) Axelrod and Sophia K. are active participants of the Kiev populists. circles 1st floor. 1870s Thanks to them, K.'s house became one of the centers of populists. movement in southern Russia (at K, in particular, meetings of the circle of P.B. Akselrod were held). K. himself on suspicion of "harboring propagandists" in the 1870s. subject to police supervision.
KAMINER Sergey Mikhailovich (1908, Nizhny Novgorod - 1938, Moscow), chess. composer; one of the founders of owls. sketch composition. Ed. department of studies and gas. 64 (1932-38). Graduated from chem. faculty MVTU im. N.E. Bauman (1931); process engineer. From 1924 he published St. 65 sketches, 15 of them awarded with prizes. The author of a number of Art. about the development of etude composition. Repressed.
KAMINSKAYA Esther-Rachel (1868, Porozovo, Grodno Province - 1925, Warsaw), actress, director. “Mother of Hebrews. t-ra ". Rod. in the cantor's family. She made her debut in 1892 at the Eldorado theater in Warsaw. The popularity of K. was brought by roles in the plays of D. Pinsky "Hasya the Orphan" and J. Gordin "Mirele Efros". In 1907 created. "Warsaw lit. gr. ", where she put the production. gentile classics and played ch. roles ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, Lady with Camellias "by A. Dumas," Nora "by G. Ibsen). She toured with her t-rum in St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa, in 1914 in Paris and the USA. She starred in films: "Mirele Efros" (1912) and "Vow" (1924).
KAMINSKAYA Ida (1899, Odessa - 1980, Germany), actress, director. Daughter of A. Kaminsky and E.-R. Kaminska. She made her debut on stage at the age of five (the role of Senka in the play "Mother" by D. Pinsky). In 1909–10 she toured with her parents in St. Petersburg and the USA. In 1917 she graduated from the drama. school in Warsaw. Together with her husband, dir. Z. Turkov, founded t-r "Vict", where she worked as an actress and dir. She made her film debut in 1912 with a cameo in f. Mirele Efros. She rarely starred in pre-war films: “God's Judgment”, “The Two-Married” (both - 1913), “Marriage at the Crossroads” (1916), “Vow” (1924), “Homeless” (1939). During the 1941–45 war in Frunze, she organized a Heb. theater. troupe, with a cut returned to Poland. In 1949 Heb. chamber t-r becomes State. Heb. t-rum, permanent thin. hands. to-rogo K. remained until 1968, when she was forced to emigrate from Poland. She lived in the USA, then in Germany, but was active in theater. no longer engaged in activities. Author of two plays. Per. about 60 pieces in Yiddish. authors. Staged 65 performances as a director, played 124 roles. For his role in f. "Shop on the Square" by Czechoslovak dir. Y. Kadar and E. Klos was awarded the Oscar Amer. Film Academy (1967).
KAMINSKY Abraham (Itskhok) (1867, Volya of Warsaw Province - 1918, Warsaw), actor, entrepreneur, translator. In 1887 he gathered an amateur troupe, with which he traveled around the Hebrew. small towns of Poland playing performances in Yiddish. From 1893 he played with this troupe in Warsaw, in the premises of the Russian-Polish theater Olginskaya. In 1906 he created his own t-r, for which he wrote several. small pieces. Per. in Yiddish "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, "The Robbers" by F. Schiller, "The Imaginary Patient" by J.-B. Moliere. In 1908 he united the best Hebrews. actors of Warsaw in the "Literary corpse" ("Literary troupe"), edges led by his wife E.-R. Kaminskaya until 1910 toured in many. cities of Russia (including Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg). In 1913 he opened a new theater in Warsaw, the troupe of which in 1917 toured Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and in 1918 - Poland.
KAMINKA Aharon (1866, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1950, Israel), rabbi, translator, poet, researcher of TANAKH. Active leader of the Zionist movement. Studied in high fur boots in Berlin and Vienna. 1893-97 - Rabbi of Prague. 1901–24 - lecturer, rabbi in Vienna. school. 1926–38 - lecturer. Talmud and Heb. philosophy at the University of Vienna. Since 1938 - in E.-I. One of the leading classical translators. lit-ry. The author of the research. according to the translations of the TANAKH and the history of Israel of the period of the 2nd Temple. Author of poems and plays.
KAMINKA Emmanuil Isaakovich (1902, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), artist, master of arts. the words. In the 1910s. he studied at the theater as a schoolboy. circles, participated in mass scenes in prof. t-re; played Bobchinsky in "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol, the emperor in "Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi in the Kharkov drama. t-re. In 1920 at the Modern Theater (Kharkov) he played in E. Rostan's play Romantics. In 1923 he took part in the play "Jokers" by AN Ostrovsky together with the actor VN Davydov. Having visited his concert, I felt interest in thin. By the way, in the same year I first read from the stage the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Siren". In 1924 he moved to Moscow, worked at the Zamoskvoretskiy T-re, in 1925 - in the Satire T-re, from 1926 in the T-re b. Korsha, where he played the roles of Kinkelling ("The Lost Daughter" of Fulda), Fon-Tsimpo ("Well-Sewn Tailcoat", Dregelli, Ibrahim), Gershuni ("Azef" by A.N. Tolstoy and P.E. Shchegolev), Savorn (" Madame San-Zhen ”by V. Sardou and E. Moro), Isaac (“ The Heirs of Rabourdin ”by E. Zola). In 1930, K.'s first solo concert took place in the Small Horse Hall. He read "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich quarreled" by Gogol), soon left the theater and devoted himself to concert activities. K.'s repertoire includes works by A.S. Pushkin, Gogol, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I.A.Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, I.E.Babel, M.E. Koltsov, M. Twain, G Maupassant, S. Zweig, J. London, A.N. Tolstoy, K.G. Paustovsky. Sholem Aleichem occupied a special place in K.'s repertoire, his story "If I were a Rothschild" is one of the brightest pages in the poet's work. For 40 years of work, K. prepared 15 solo programs, read 120 individual works in concerts. laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of art masters. reading. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1947).
KAMINSKAYA Berta (Beti) Abramovna (1853, Melitopol, Tavricheskaya Gubernia - 1878, ibid.), Participant of the roar. movements of the 1870s. The daughter of a wealthy merchant. Received a home education. In 1871 she left for Switzerland, studied honey. f-those in Zurich and Berne high fur boots. Member populist. circle "Fritsch", participated in the publication of the roar. g. "Forward". In the fall of 1874 she returned to Russia, entered a weaving factory in Moscow with a fake passport in the name of the soldier M. Krasnova, led a roar. propaganda among the workers, to-rye, amazed at her literacy and knowledge, took K. for a schismatic. On Feb. 1875 participated in the development of the charter of the "All-Russian. socially roar. org-tion "(group" Muscovites "). In the spring of 1875 she was arrested, and a psychotic fell ill in prison. upset, bailed to her father. 11.11.1876 the case of K. was closed by the highest order. Having recovered from her illness, K. again tried to enter the faculty. Learning from the accused. the act that she was not brought to trial, deprived of the opportunity to be with her comrades, committed suicide.
KAMINSKAYA Dina Isaakovna (1920, Yekaterinoslav - 2006, USA), lawyer. In 1943 she graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute, since 1944 member. Moscow the bar association. Defender in the trials of pl. Izv. dissidents: V.K.Bukovsky (Aug 1967), Yu.T. Galanskova (Jan 1968), A.T. Marchenko (Aug 1968), P.M. Litvinova (Sept 1968), I.Ya. Gabaya (Jan 1970). One of several. owls. lawyers (along with B.A. Zolotukhin and S.V. Kalistratova), who revived the traditions of growing. pre-rev. advocacy in polit. process: demanding an acquittal on polit. charges, refusal to add. royalties, comprehensive (and not just legal) assistance to clients. K.'s speeches on polit. processes were distributed in samizdat, included in the document. collection of books compiled by dissidents. In the beginning. 1970s K. was deprived of "admission to the secretary. office work ", which did not allow her to take part in a number of political processes. But even after that K. continued to provide legal. assistance to people persecuted by polit. motives. In nov. 1976 a search was conducted in K.'s apartment, in the course of which, in particular, a handwritten sots-iologich was seized. her husband's work, izv. lawyer K.M. Simis on corruption in the USSR. The work was considered anti-Soviet. K. and her husband were interrogated by the KGB and were soon forced to leave the country under the threat of arrest. Since 1977 in the USA, they work at the radio station. “Freedom” and “Voice of America”. K. - the author of the book: "Notes of a lawyer" (Vermont, 1984).
KAMINSKY Abram Markovich (b. 1927, Moscow), architect, urban planner, planner. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: a monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1957, sculptors S. Fedorov, O. Ikonnikov), planning and development of the state farm "Povadinsky" in Mos. region (1970s), planning and development project for the settlement. Sharapovo, Chekhov district (1984), hippodrome in Ramenskoye Mos. region (1985). Laureate of Len Ave. Komsomol (1980).
KAMINSKY Yegusha (1884, Malin Dubensky u. Volyn province - 1958, New York), prose writer, teacher. Since 1906 in the USA. Participated in the org-tion of the first. Heb. secular schools, was one of the founders of the publishing house "Matones" and "Kinder-journal". He wrote a lot for children. Among the works of K. - "Mine alefbase" ("My alphabet"), ser. children fairy tales, the textbook "I study Yiddish", etc.
KAMINSKY Grigory Naumovich (1895, Ekaterinoslav - 1938, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. party since 1913. From the family of a blacksmith. In 1915-17 he studied honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1917 sec. Tula Provincial Committee, then Moscow. region Bureau of the RSDLP (b), delegate to the 6th party congress. In oct. 1917 pre. Military Revolutionary Committee at the Tula City Committee of the RSDLP (b). In 1918–20 before. Tula Provincial Committee of the RCP (b) and lips. executive committee, adjusted the production of weapons for Kr. Armies at the Tula plants. Simultaneously, from Aug. 1919 members Military. Council of the Tula fortified, district, member. RVS of the 2nd (Western) Army. Since the fall of 1920, sec. Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Azerbaijan and before. Baku Council. In 1922-29 before. Collective farm center. In 1929 the head. department of agitation of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1930–31 sec. Moscow to-that CPSU (b), in 1932-34 before. Moscow Oblast Executive Committee. In 1934–37, People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR, in 1936–37, People's Commissar of Health of the USSR. Delegate of the 8-10th congresses of the RCP (b). Since 1925 Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Arrested, sentenced to higher. punished and shot.
KAMINSKY Ilya Yakovlevich (1900, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Tashkent), specialist in the region. water economy and hydropower. Dr. Tech. sciences. prof. since 1945. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman. He worked in Tashkent engineer., Head. design bureau, ch. Ing. and the manager of the Central Asian department. Hydroelectric project in 1927–39; deputy. ch. engineer, deputy. early Chirchikstroy in 1940–42; ch. Ing. Aktepa and Farkhad hydroelectric power plants (1942–45). Since 1946, Dir. energetic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, since 1952 headed Sredazgiprovodkhlopok. In 1956-59, Ch. Ing. Glavgolodstepstroy. In 1962-64 the beginning. management and member. collegiums of the State. cotton wool of the USSR. At the same time. from 1930 he taught at the Tashkent Polytechnic. in-those (head of the department "Hydraulics and hydraulic machines"). works are connected with the organization of the water economy, the construction of hydropower. and irrigation. structures with integrated use of natural resources. One of the first to begin the study of natural resources Wed. Asia. Author of reviews of the state of energy in this region, contributed to the preparation and publishing. multivolume work "Water-power scheme Cf. Asia ", in the work" General plan of electrification of the republics of the Middle. Asia ”was first offered by tech. solution of large water supply companies. facilities (Nurek HPP, Uch-Kurgan HPP). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Uzbek SSR (1952).
KAMINSKY Lev Semenovich (1889, Kiev - 1962, Leningrad), demographer. Dr. med. Sci., specialist in the field of honey. statistics and demography. Regiment. Member of the population census in 1918, 1920, 1923, 1926 and 1959. Prof. Department of Economics Statistics. Faculty of Leningrad State University, headed the department. dignity and honey. statistics of the Ministry of Health of the USSR. Head Department of Statistics of the VMA them. S.M. Kirov. Headed the Commission of experts a dignity. statisticians of the Ministry of Health in connection with the UN WHO. Author of over 120 tr.
KAMINSKY Semyon Davidovich (1861, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1939), ophthalmologist. In 1889 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. He worked in the Kiev clinic of eye diseases, was a practicing doctor in Minsk. In 1903 on own. funds opened a paid eye clinic. Put forward proposals for the organization of the fight against trachoma and the development of honey. assistance to the population; supported the idea of ​​creating a medical statistician. the Bureau. I paid attention to the hygienic. education of the population; organizer of (1900) public readings. The secretary of the Minsk Doctors Society, headed its commissions, participated in the work of the Pirogov congresses. For participation in the roar. Movement 1905 was arrested and exiled for 2 years. Since 1920, after the creation of the BSSR - People's Commissar of Health of the Republic. In 1923–32 - prof., Head. Department of Eye Diseases, Minsk University. In 1934 he left scientific-ped. work, continued to head the commission of the People's Commissariat of Health of the BSSR on trachoma, since 1935 he served as a rep. ophthalmologist. Cit .: Dynamic disturbances in the activity of the cerebral cortex, M., 1948.
KAMINSKY Yosef (1903, Odessa - 1972, Tel Aviv), composer, conductor, violinist. Son of E.-R. Kaminskaya. Studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin and in the New Cons. in Vienna. He made his debut in 1920 as a soloist with the Warsaw Philharmonic. orc. He played Heb. t-re in Warsaw. First violin of the Warsaw Radio Orchestra. Since 1937 in E.-I. Hands. Israeli Philharmonic. orc.; member String Quartet K.
FIREPLACES, now part of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). In the 19th century. - from. Fireplaces (other names - Comina) of Vilensky district and provinces. In 1903 K. were opened for the free settlement of Jews in exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" 1882. In the beginning. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish community.
KAMIONKA, see Kamenka, Grodno region.
KAMIONSKY Oskar Isaevich (Isaakovich) (1869, Kiev - 1917, Yalta), singer (baritone). In 1888–91 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons, K.F. Everardi, S.I. Gabel and O.O. Palechek. On the advice of A.G. Rubinstein, he perfected himself in Italy with E. Rossi. In 1892 he made his debut at the Bellini Theater in Naples, then sang at the Florence Opera Theater (part of Tonio, "Pagliacci" by RLeoncovallo) and at the Royal Theater in Athens. In 1893 he returned to Russia. He performed on opera stages in Kharkov (1893–94, 1898–99), Kiev (1894–95, 1902–04), Rostov-on-Don (1895–96), Tiflis (1896–1901), and others. ... traveling troupes. In 1904–05 he sang at the Novaya Opera in St. Petersburg (Tsereteli's entreprise), in 1905–08 - at the opera by S. Zimin in Moscow. In 1909 he made a tour of the cities of Siberia and Japan. He left the stage in 1915. K. had a relatively small but beautiful timbre voice with a wonderful upper register. Thanks ital. and Russian. wok. In schools he mastered the bel canto style, performed both lyric and drama parts. character. He was called the "Russian Battistini". In a huge repertoire (about 40 parts) the best are Don-Juan ("Don-Juan" by W.A. Mozart), Onegin ("Eugene Onegin" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Rigoletto ("Rigoletto" by Verdi), Renato (" Masquerade Ball "by G. Verdi), Gryaznoy (" The Tsar's Bride ", N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Count de Nevers (" Huguenots "by J. Meyerbeer), Wolfram (" Tannhäuser "by R. Wagner) and others. party - Figaro (The Barber of Seville by G. Rossini); according to his contemporaries, K. had no equal in Russian. scene.
KAMKOV (real family. Katz) Boris Davidovich (1885, Soroksky district of Bessarabian province - 1938, Moscow), politician, activist. Son of a zemstvo doctor. From the beginning. 1900s member Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1904 he was arrested, in 1905 he was exiled to the Turukhansk region, in 1907 he fled abroad, collaborated in the émigré press. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Heidelberg University. In the years of the 1st world. war "internationalist", participant of the Zimmerwald conference. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. From Apr. member Petrogr. to-that party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, at the beginning. May opposed the entry of the socialists in Time. pr-in. One of the founders of the Party of the Left Social Revolutionaries (PLSR). From the beginning. nov. headed (together with G.E. Zinoviev) Mezhdunar. department of the Central Executive Committee. Participated in negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the entry of the Left SRs into the SNK. In the beginning. jan. 1918 participated in the dispersal of the Founding. meetings. In apr. at the 2nd Congress of the PLCR made a report on the break of the bloc with the Bolsheviks; elected before. Presidium of the Central Committee of the PLSR. Since May, he took part in the organization of combat squads and partisans. detachments for the fight against the Germans, occupiers, in the preparation of terrorists. acts against the leaders of the Germans. army, prepared the decisions of the Central Committee, condemning the punitive policy of the Bolsheviks, the decrees on food they adopted. dictatorship and to-takh of the poor. At the 3rd Congress of the PLSR (late June - early July 1918) he called for the “revolt. the uprising of the peasantry and workers to restore the trampled gains of the revolution "; again headed the Central Committee of the PLCR. At the 5th All-Russia. the Congress of Soviets on behalf of his faction introduced a resolution of no confidence in the SNK. After the failure, armed. performances of the Left SRs in Moscow in July 1917 went underground. At the 4th congress of the PLSR (October 1918), he presented a report on polit. course of the party and, despite sharp criticism, was re-elected to the Central Committee. In nov. 1918 The Revolutionary Tribunal under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced K. to 3 years in prison in absentia. Dec. 1918, after the liberation of Lithuania from the Germans. occupation, K. created there the organization of the PLSR, in 1919 - one of the leaders of the Ukr. PLCR. In Jan. 1920 arrested in Moscow, but released in May. On Feb. 1921 arrested again. In 1923 he was exiled to Chelyabinsk, then to Tver and Voronezh; served 2 years in prison in the case of the so-called. “Labor cross. party ". Since 1933 - in exile in Arkhangelsk. Arrested again on Feb. 1937. Military. Collegium Verkh, court of the USSR on 08/29/1938 sentenced to death (the sentence was carried out on the same day).
KAMORUNAI, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Komoruntse Seinsky u. Suwalki province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population.
KAMRASH Wolf (1822, Berdichev, Kiev province - |), teacher, playwright. Graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. From 1856 he worked as a teacher in Hebrew. schools in Belaya Tserkov, then in Letichev. K. entered the history of Hebrews. culture by the fact that on November 5, 1854, together with other listeners of the rabbinical school, he staged the play "Kagal in a shtetl" in Yiddish in Berdichevsky t-re (other names also appear. "Widow", "House of the Kagal"). The play has not survived, but according to rec. she portrayed life in the town and was directed against the leadership of the kahal. The play was banned by the censorship. Its production was the first. an attempt at organizing Heb. t-ra in Russia.
KAMYANKA, see Kamenka in the city of Miropol.
KAMYK, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya gubernia. In 1897, 368 Jews (41%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 230 Jews. In 1866, an independent country was created in Kazakhstan. community, a synagogue was built in 1882. Rabbi K. in the 1880s –1920s. was Eliezer-Aba Zelinger. In 1908, 19 Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in carriage. In 1915, Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KAMYSHEVAKH, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Orekhovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1770. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1859, 28 in 1899, 13% of the population in 1913, and 4 Jews in 1939. 20th century a limestone deposit was developed in Kazakhstan; the quarry was owned by Rutenberg; Jews also owned an oil mill, a mill, 8 shops. In 1913 a synagogue operated in Kazakhstan. The Jew belonged to unity. pharmacy.
KAMYSHEVSKY, see Kamyshlov.
KAMYSHI, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zenkovsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
Kamyshin (until 1780 - Dmitrievsk), a city, a regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1668. From 1780 it was a district town of the Saratov governorship, from 1797 - a province. In 1939, 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KAMYSHINO, see Kameshnya.
KAMYSHLOV, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1668 as a prison Kamyshevsky, from 1687 - Kamyshlovskaya Sloboda. From 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorship, then - a province. In 1910 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 73 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 2002 several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. V.O. Portugalov lived and worked in K.
Kamyshlovskaya Sloboda, see Kamyshlov.
KAMYSHNYA (until 1935 - Kamyshino), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Mirgorod district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 36 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 in the Kamyshnyansky district - 15 Jews, in 1939 in the district - 56 Jews, in Kazakhstan - 5 Jews. In 1903, Kazakhstan was opened for free settlement of Jews. exemption from the "Provisional Rules" 1882.17 Sept. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, three Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KAN Dmitry Vavilievich (1925, Litin, Podolsk province. - 1989, Moscow), urologist. In 1951 he graduated from Vinnytsia honey. in-t. In 1951 - 54 - resident surgeon. dep. hospitals (station Yasinovataya). In 1954–57 - an intern at the Department of Urology, Leningrad State University. Institute of advanced training for doctors, then Center. institute for advanced training of doctors (TSIUV). In 1957–68 - head. urological. dep. hospitals them. S.P. Botkin. 1968–71 - Assoc. Professor, Head. organized by him the first in the USSR course of urogynecology TsIUV. In 1969 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Reconstructive operations on the ureter in repeated interventions." In 1971 - head. course, since 1972 - prof., head. Department of Urology Mosk. honey. dentist in-that. Member prez. Vses. and Vseros. about-in urologists, deputy. prev. Vseros. about-va of urologists. K. worked out the problems of reconstructive plastic. operations in urology. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1985). Son K. - Yakov (b. 1951), Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Department of Urology Mosk. honey. dentist in-ta. Cit .: Intestinal plastic of the ureter, M., 1968; Damage to the ureters in obstetric and gynecological practice, M., 1973; Guide to obstetric and gynecological urology, M., 1976.
KAN Ilya Abramovich (1909, Samara - 1978, Moscow), chess player; int. master (1950) and international. Arbitrator (1956). Shahm. writer and theorist, ed. chess. gas departments. "Red Star" "Soviet Warrior". A lawyer by profession. In the 1936 Moscow championship - 1–2 places. Member of ten championships of the USSR (1929-1955, the best result in 1929 - 3rd place) and three international. moscow tournaments (1935, 1936, 1937; best result - 1937 - 2nd place) Vol .: Defense in chess. parties, M., 1957; The laws of chess. battles, M., 1971; From opening to middlegame, M., 1978.
CAN Luis Isidor (1901, O. Ezel, Livland Province - 1974, New York), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. In 1915 he received US citizenship. In 1920 he graduated from the College of Art and Architecture of Pennsylvania State University, in 1925 architect. Department of the School of Laws at the same un-that. Prof. Yale (1947–57) and Pennsylvania high fur boots (1957–74), member. Amer. Academy of Literature and Arts (since 1973). Until 1947 he worked in decomp. architect. bureau, then yourself. K.'s work influenced the formation of the features of the new monumentality in Amer. architecture of the 1960s. According to K.'s projects, honey was built. laboratories at Pennsylvania State University (1957–61), Institute of Biol. research in San Diego (1959–66), the Olivetti factory in Harrisburg, pcs. California (1960s), adm. and uch. buildings in Dhaka (Bangladesh), the construction of a cut was carried out according to the general plan of K. since 1962, the Institute of Management in Ahmedabad (1963), and many others. Dr. K. also owns projects of structures associated with the Hebrew. religion and culture - Center buildings, Heb. communities in Trenton, pcs. New Jersey (1954-59), synagogues in the Chapak-kuo region, New York (1966-72), as well as non-existent. projects of the synagogue of the Mikve Israel community in Philadelphia (1961–70), reconstruction of the Hurva synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem (1968), and the Six Million Memorial in New York (1967–69).
KAN Max (1887 - 1926, New York), physician. He arrived in the United States in 1897. In 1910 he graduated from Cornell University. He continued his studies at Columbia University (Master, 1911; Dr., 1912). Soon he was appointed professor of biology at the College of Medicine and Surgery of Columbia University, in 1919 he became a junior. prof. biol. f-that of this in-that. In 1912 he organized a physiological department. Chemistry at Base Israel Hospital (New York). scientific. K.'s interests focused on questions of biological. chemistry, int. diseases and diabetes. He proposed synthetic for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. fat is intarvin.
KAN Maria Iosifovna (b. 1926, Moscow), translator. (Father - Iosif Lvovich Kan, prof., Doctor of Biological Sciences, founder and head of the Department of Animal Physiology at Lomonosov Moscow State University). In 1949 she graduated from the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute foreign. lang. Lit. has been working since 1958. The author of the lane. English-speaking writers (D. Austen, R. L. Stevenson, G. Wells, F. Weldon, D. H. Lawrence, R. Kipling, E. Wilson, A. Conan-Doyle, J. Golsworthy, F. Scott Fitzgerald, U. Faulkner and others). Continuing the tradition of I. Kashkin's seminar of the 30s, for many years together. with ED Kalashnikova and MF Lorie supervised the second translator. team. Pres. created on her initiative of the Society of Anglo-Rus. and Russian-English. translators. Organizer and participant of the international meetings of translators.
KAN Sergey Borisovich (1896, Petersburg - 1960, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a bank employee (his mother is the sister of the poet and literary critic V.F. Khodasevich). Graduated from East. department of f-that societies. Sciences of Moscow State University. In 1924–32 he taught new history to Zap. Europe at the Workers' Faculty Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, in 1934–37 and 1946–47 - to the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1941–42 at Ped. in-those them, K. Liebknecht, in 1938–41 and 1943–46 at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. And Lenin, in 1946–49 at the Higher Dipl. school. In 1944-52 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1955–59 in Moscow. mountains. ped. in-those them. V.P. Potemkina. Author of St. 80 works on the history of the labor movement in Germany 1st half. 19th century, int. relations of this period, the history of socialist. teachings (before the emergence of Marxism), the 1st International, the Paris Commune. Author of chapters in collective scientific. tr. and textbooks for universities: "Revolutions of 1848-1849" (vols. 1-2, M., 1952); "History of Diplomacy" (vol. 1, 2 ed., Moscow, 1959); "New history" (part 1, 1640-1870, Moscow, 1963, 1972, 1978) and others. Works: Two uprisings of Silesian weavers, Moscow, 1948; Revolution of 1848 in Austria and Germany, M., 1948; Him. historiography of the Revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany, M., 1962; The history of the socialist. ideas (before the emergence of Marxism), M., 1563.
KANASH (until 1920 - Shikhrany), a city (from 1925), a regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1891 in Tsivilsky u. Kazan province. In 1939, 85 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KANATKOVTSY, see Konatkovtsy.
KANAVINO, now part (since 1928) in Nizhny Novgorod (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Nizhny Novgorod province. Since 1925 it has been a city. In 1923, approx. 500 Jews On June 7, 1884, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, accompanied by robberies and murders. war, the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By 1918 several people lived in Kazakhstan. thousands of Jewish workers; the local bristle union was almost entirely Jewish. 11 oct. 1918 in the Kanavino organization of the RCP (b) there were 12 Jews. In 1919, the Poalei Zion club operated, taking care of the previously existing Jewish library. In 1923, a Jewish workers' club, a political, anti-religious, worked at the bristle factory. and dramatic. mugs; held relig. disputes in the Jewish workers' club at the union of tanners "Profintern". There was a Maccabi club in K., closed in 1925. 1924 the Jewish tailor and sewing cooperative "March 8" worked, since 1925 - the bookbinding workshop named after. Trumpeldor, organized by Ge-Halutz.
KANDALAKSHA, a city (since 1938) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 11th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kemsky u. Arkhangelsk province. 26 Jews (0.6%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, 95 in 1939, 71 in 1989, and approx. 70 Jews. From the end. 1990s K. began to provide assistance to the Jews. org-tion "Hesed" in Murmansk.
KANDAU, see Kandava.
KANDAVA, a city in the Tukums region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1231. From 1567 - part of the Duchy of Courland. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kandau Talsensky u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1861 775 Jews (51%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 620 (34%), in 1920 - 44 (4%), in 1925 - 85 (6%), in 1935 - 68 Jews (4%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century In 1841–83 the rabbi of K. was Meir Siemenson, in 1883–92 - Mordkhe Lichtenstein, in 1892–97 - Boruch-Mordkhe Izraelson, in 1897–1912 - Mordkhe-Mendel Movshevich Zak. There was a synagogue, a mikvah, a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, and 9 shops (including all 5 manufactures). In 1915 all Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan, most of the Jewish houses were destroyed. After the end of the 1st world. war in K. returned several. dozens of Jews. During the heavy period. economical provisions of assistance to the Jewish population K. provided the Joint. Despite the difficulties, the community maintained a synagogue and a shokhet. In 1922 the Jews of Kazakhstan collected 1,100 rubles. donations to the Jewish nat. fund. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews K. were engaged in the main. trade; they owned 10 shops (out of 17). During these years, active Zionist activities were carried out in Kazakhstan. 1 July 1941 Germ. troops occupied K. Part of K.'s Jews were sent to Tukums, where they were burned alive in the building of the local synagogue. The rest of the Jews of K. were shot in the cemetery. In 1967, two former Jews were convicted for participation in the murder of Jews. Latvian police officers (one was sentenced to death, the other to 15 years in prison).
KANDEL Eduard Izrailevich (1923, Odessa - 1990, Moscow), neurosurgeon. In 1940 he entered the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t, to-ry he graduated in 1944. Then he served as a military doctor at the 3rd Belorus, fr., and after the end of the war - in Belarus. military. the district. In 1946 he entered the graduate school of the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko. In 1951–65 he worked there as a scientific. sotr. and head. In 1965, K. defended his doctorate. dis. dedicated surgical treatment of parkinsonism. In the same year created. neurosurgical department at the Research Institute of Neurology, to-eye of hands. 25 years old K. - one of the founders of functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, developed methods of surgical treatment of vascular pain and tumors of the central nervous system, studied the role of the nervous system in the regulation of body functions. For the development of new methods of treatment of vascular diseases of the brain, K. was awarded the State. pr. USSR. K. elected before. Moscow about-va of neurosurgeons, chl. and ch.-c. 15 for. about-in. In 1989 he was elected vice-president. Worldwide federation of neurosurgical ob-v. Cit .: Parkinsonism and its surgical treatment, M., 1965; Deforming muscular (torsion) dystonia, M., 1971 (et al.); Cryosurgery, 1974 (et al.); Functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, M., 1981.
KANDEL Felix Solomonovich (b. 1932, Moscow), writer. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. Aviation in-t. Until 1962 he worked as a design engineer. Since 1963 - prof. writer. He wrote stories, pov., Plays and scripts for ps. Felix Kamov. Gained fame for humorous. stories and scripts of cartoons. f .; participated in the creation of scripts for ser. cartoons "Well, wait a minute!" (first seven ser.). Published in f. "New World" and "Youth", in "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Week", "Crocodile" and others. From 1973 to 1977 - in "rejection"; out of work, fam. removed from credits f. Participated in Heb. demonstrations and hunger strikes - for the right to leave; ed. samizdat railway "Tarbut"; published stories and essays in samizdat railway station. "Jews in the USSR". Since 1977 - in Jerusalem, sotr. Russian ed. radio station. "Kol Yisrael". Since 1977 he was published in the West under his own. them. in f. "Continent", "22", "Grani", "Zion", "Time and We", in gas. "Our country", "Russian thought", "New Russian word" and others. K. constantly turns to Hebrew. topic. In his Sat. “The Gates of Our Exodus” (Jerusalem, 1980) includes essays that tell about the “refuseniks” Jews, and comprehend the fate of Hebrews. culture in the USSR. K. - the author of "Sketches of Times and Events" (Jerusalem, 1988–94) - a popular story about the history of growing up. Jews. Peru K. belongs to rum. "Corridor" (Jerusalem, 1981), "First Floor" (London, 1982), "Looking at Night" (Jerusalem, 1985), p. "The Rest Zone" (Jerusalem, 1975), "People of the Passing" (Jerusalem, 1986), and others. Lyric music is characteristic of K.'s prose. manner, irony, satire, attention to everyday details and precision of details. Awarded three litas in Israel. etc.
KANE Edith (b. 1915, Balti Bessarabian ryb.), Painter, graphic artist, designer, teacher. Educated in the state. Ohio State University, Cranbrook Academy, Columbus College of Art and Design. Prev dep. sculptures of this college (1961–73). Owner and Manager of Scrap Yard (1968–74). Worked for the French. g. according to art (created cover). K naib. significant works of K. include a mohair tapestry for the King Moshoshos chapel in Lesotho (1976). Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. K.'s works are presented in decomp. collections.
KANER Emmanuil Aizikovich (1931, Kharkov - 1986, ibid.), Radiophysicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1982). Graduated from Kharkov University in 1954. In 1955–86 he worked in the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov. In 1965 he founded and headed the department. TV theory. body. Since 1966 he taught at Kharkov University (prof. Of the Department of Theoretical Physics since 1968). scientific. tr. associated with the theory of electronic resonances in metals, the propagation of radio waves in metals, magn. acoustics and the theory of phonon spectra of metals, with problems of the instability of electronic states in semiconductors and gas-discharge plasmas. He discovered in 1957 (with M. Ya. Azbel) cyclotron resonance in metals and developed a theory of this phenomenon, laying the foundation for a new direction - the radiophysics of metals. Completed priority work on ballistic. the effects of anomalous transparency of metals, as well as electronic resonances and nonlinear phenomena in metals and semiconductors. Proposed the theory of collective e-magn. excitations and magnetoacoustic. phenomena in a degenerate plasma of metals. Developed theoretical. problems of wave propagation and plasma instabilities in semiconductors. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1980). Works: Izbr. tr., Kiev, 1989.
KANEV (Kanevsky) Itskhak (1896, Melitopol, Tauride province. - 1989, Tel Aviv), health care organizer, polit. activist. In 1917-19 he studied at the un-those of Simferopol. One of the organizers of the "Ge-Halutz" movement in Russia, a colleague of I. Trimpeldor | Trumpeldor]]. From 1919 - in E.-I. Worked with.-kh. workers. In 1920 he took part in the defense of the Tel Hai settlement in the Galilee from the Arab attack. In 1923 he was elected to the executive committee of the Kupat Holim organization. After completing his education in Vienna and London, the responsible sotr. by research. in the region. social Healthcare in Kupat Holim. In 1947 he founded the Institute of Social. research under prof. association Histadrut. After the formation of the State of Israel was engaged in creating. social schemes insurance and social. service. Since 1957, on behalf of the pr-v, he developed schemes for complex honey. insurance. From 1928 a member of the executive committee, from 1955 to 1964 vice-president. Int. associations of social. insurance. K. - the author of numerous works on social issues. insurance. State pr. Israel on social. Sciences (1962).
KANEVSHCHINA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1881 in Priluksky district. Poltava province. In 1910, 21 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KANEVSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yeisk department. Kuban Region In 1939, 16 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1942, St. 300 Jews evacuated from West. districts of the USSR.
KANEVSKY Aminadav Moiseevich (1898, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province. - 1978, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, cartoonist, book illustrator, poster artist. In 1920 he joined the Kr. Army. In 1921 he was sent to Moscow to study at the Rabsrak VKHUTEMAS. In 1924-30 he studied at VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN under P.Ya. Pavlinov, N.N. Kupreyanov, V.A.Favorsky, D.S. Moor. From 1924 he began to cooperate in the railway station. "Pioneer", "Friendship of Peoples", "Art to the Masses", "Give", "Crocodile" (since 1936 constantly), gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" and others. He worked in the genre of polit. caricatures and satirical figures, in a poster, book and magazine graphics, is widely known as an illustrator of children's book. Was a member. AHRR. Nar. thin USSR (1973), part number of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1973). Main works: ill. to the book. - A.L.Barto “The girl-revushka” (1936–56), S.Ya. Marshak “That's how absent-minded” (1956–59), “Cat's house” (1955), KI Chukovsky's “Moidodyr” ( 1944-50), A. N. Tolstoy "The Golden Key or the Adventures of Buratino" (1949-62), ill. to manuf. M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin (1939), A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol (1936, aqu.), V.V. Mayakovsky (1964, 1967, ink, pen, aqu.); easel work: "On a hike!" (1937, gouache), The Provisional Government (1940, aqu.). Works are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, GLM.
DIPPERS SMALL, see Malye Kanevtsy.
KANIBADAM, a city (since 1937), a regional center in the Leninabad region. (The Republic of Tajikistan). Vozn. in the 9-10th centuries, Izv. from 1463.From 1868 - part of Ros. empire. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turkestan Territory. In 1939, 48 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KANICHI, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. In 1880, 22 Jews (2.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1908 - 33 (2.8%), in 1923 - 28 Jews. In 1881, the distillery was rented by the Jew Genin.
KANIMEKH (until 1964 - Kenimeh), an urban-type settlement (from 1935), a regional center in the Navoi region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - as part of the Bukhara Khanate. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Since 1927, 2 Jewish agricultural enterprises have not worked in the Kenimeh region. artels: them. Akhunbabaev (59 people), them. Kalinin (32 people). In 1930 in the Kenimeh env. there was a Jewish collective farm "Fruits of October" (520 people).
KANIZH, a village in the Novomirgorodsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1751. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia Jews (immigrants from Moldavia and Poland) settled in K. at the end. 18th century; settlers were exempted from taxes for 10 years. In the end. 19th century Jews owned more than half of the grocery stores, taverns, creameries, and windmills. In 1913, Jews owned a grocery and haberdashery. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev, in the course of which b. h. Jewish houses were burned; pl. Jews were injured.
KANN-NOVIKOVA (nee Kogan, after Novikov's husband) Elizaveta Isaakovna (1902, Kiev - 1975, Moscow), musicologist. In 1920–24 she studied philology. f-those of Kiev un-that. In 1924-30 she was a student of vocational pedagogy. dep. muses. technical school them. Gnesins. From 1930 she wrote to the journal. "Sov. music ", into the gas. "Sov. lawsuit ", decomp. collections, prefaces in musical editions, etc. The author of the works of Ch. arr. about rus. classic music, its connections with literature, including for youth. Published muses. and the epistolary heritage of M.I. Glinka, E.E. Lineva, V.N.Kashperov, N.P. Ogarev, B.V.Asafiev.Soch .: M.Yu. Lermonotov and music, M., 1939; M.I. Glinka. New materials and documents, no. 1-3. M., 1950–55; Collector of Russian folk songs Evgenia Lineva, M., 1952; Stories about songs (Among the flat valley ...), M., 1963; A little story about Mikhail Glinka (stories about music for schoolchildren), M., 1964, 1968; You fell a victim in a fatal struggle, M., 1968; I want the truth! (about A.S. Dargomyzhsky), M., 1971.
KANNEGISER Leonid Ioakimovich (1896 - 1918, Petrograd), poet. Son of engineer and entrepreneur I.S. Kannegiser - dir. a number of shipbuildings. and metalworking. s-dov. Graduated from Y.G. Gurevich in St. Petersburg (1913). In 1913–16 he studied economics. department of the Polytechnic. in-that. In 1914 publ. first poems and reviews in f. "North. notes ". He maintained friendly relations with S.A. Yesenin. In March 1917 he joined the militia of Time, Prospect Island, member. party of plank beds. socialists (later the Labor People's Socialist Party). In June he was enrolled as a volunteer in the Mikhailovskoye art. uch-shche, soon headed the "Union of cadets-socialists" Petrograd. IN. Oct he resolutely condemned the revolution. From March 1918 he participated in a conspiratorial. anti-Sov. org-tions. In revenge for the shot friends-officers, on 08/30/1918 killed before. PetroChK M.S. Uritsky. The Bolsheviks used this murder as a pretext for deploying the "red terror", shooting 512 hostages in Petrograd. Attempts by the investigation to prove K.'s involvement in the “counterrev. conspiracy "had no success. In oct. 1918 he was shot. Lyrics by K. publ. his friends G. Adamovich, M. A. Aldanov and G. Ivanov in collection. Leonid Kannegisser (Paris, 1928).
KANONICHI, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1872, 5 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 49 Jews, in 1926 - 35 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 18th century. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KANOVICH Grigory (real name Yakov Semenovich) (b. 1929, Kaunas), writer. Writes in Russian. and litas. lang. Rod. in the family of a tailor. In 1953 he graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Vilnius University. Published since 1949. Author of prose. manuf. in Russian lang. about the life of the Lithuanians. shtetl Jewry: Pov. "I Look at the Stars" (1959), "Personal Life" (1967), the trilogy "Candles in the Wind" (1974–79), rom. "Tears and prayers of fools" (1983), "And there is no paradise for the slaves" (1985), "A kid for two pennies" (1987), etc., as well as poetry. Sat. in Russian and litas. lang. Prose K. is distinguished by a special poetry and aphoristic, raises eternal moral problems. In particular, K. explores the drama of a personality, gradually breaking away from his people, losing touch with his spiritual covenants. 1990–91 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since 1993 - in Israel.
KANSK, a city (since 1822), a regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1628. In 1640-1822 - the Kansk prison, since 1823 - a city, the center of the district of the Yenisei province. Since 1925 it has been the center of the district of the Siberian Territory. In 1861, 134 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1864 - 96, in 1888 - 314, in 1889 - 339, in 1897 - 448, in 1910 - 812 (5.8%), in 1917 - 1100, in 1920 - 1046, in 1926 - 886 (4.6%), in 1939 - 489 Jews. In 1839 a group of Subbotniks lived in Kazakhstan. All R. 19th century the Jewish community was replenished by ch. arr. at the expense of exiles (including political ones). In 1859 a synagogue existed in Kazakhstan (authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1895); in 1861, 5 Jews studied at 2 schools. In 1900, at the expense of Jewish entrepreneurs, the beginning was opened. Jewish school (ch. arr. for children of poor Jews and homeless orphans). In 1903, several were operating in Kazakhstan. Zionist circles and organizations. In 1906 Ary Vilensky was the rabbi in K., in 1909–12 - Gersh Grose, in 1917 - L. Glitzburg. In 1910 an electronic station was built in K., funds for the construction of - the second was allocated by merchant Yakov Shmulevich. Among the Jews of K. there were 96 owners of real estate (YI Abramovich owned a gold mine). There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913–14 there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. On the eve of Feb. Revolution of 1917 formed a group of exiled Bundists (15 people). After the revolution, most of the exiled Jews left K., an exiled member. Bunda Aron Girshevich Molochnikov in 1917 headed the Council of Workers and Soldiers. dep., ran for the Yenisei province. in Founding. meeting on the list of the RSDLP (united). There was also a Zionist organization in K. In 1918, a branch "Tsukunft" was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1919 the heads of the mountains were killed in Kazakhstan. to-that Zionist organization Ya.S. Aronov and L.G. Vanne. In the 1920s. K. was a place of exile for convicted Zionists. Since 1999, a department of "Hesed" has been operating in K. In 2002, approx. 100 Jews in Kazakhstan. Moisey Izrailevich Sakharov (1905-1979), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1951), prof. (1959), head. Department of Sverdlovsk honey. in-ta, author of 150 scientific. works.
KANSKY OSTROG, see Kansk.
KANTAKUZOVKA, see Prybuzhany.
KANTEMIROVKA, urban-type settlement, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement Konstantinovka Bogucharsky u. Voronezh province. In 1939 five Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy. On July 24, 1942, a local Jewish family (3 people) and 5 evacuated Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KANTOR Anatoly Mikhailovich (b. 1923, Moscow), art critic. Studied at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov at G.A. Nedoshivin, A.A. Fedorov, B.R. Wipper. In 1952-78 - scientific. ed. publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia". Participated in the org-tion, ed. and comp. a number of scientific and reference ed., including historical-artistic. encyclopedias "Laws of the countries and peoples of the world" (vols. 1-5), "Small history of arts" (10th issue), etc. Created. a number of works on the theory and history of art. Acts as thin. critic.
KANTOR Yehezkel (Khatskel) Davidovich (1878, Rogachev, Mogilev province - |), polit. activist, diplomat. From 1897 he participated in the Social-Democrats. movement. Organizer of the first Bund group in Rogachev. In 1900–02 he studied at Berlin University. After service in Kr. Army (1918-20) was the head. dep. nat. minorities of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR (1920–25), gen. consul of the LSSSR in Konigsberg and then the general. consul in Hamburg (1925-30). Upon his return from Germany, he worked as an editor. g. "Power of the Soviets".
KANTOR Georg (1845, Petersburg - 1918, Halle, Germany), mathematician. Since 1855 - in Germany. In 1867 he graduated from the University of Berlin. Since 1869 - assistant professor at the University in Gal. In 1872-1913 he was a professor in the same place. Developed the theory of infinite sets and the theory of transfinite numbers. In 1874 he proved the uncountability of the set of all real numbers, thus establishing the existence of nonequivalent (that is, having different cardinalities) infinite sets. In 1878 he formed the general concept of the cardinality of a set. In 1879–84 he proved the existence of transcendental numbers, using considerations of cardinalities. Introduced the concept of a limit point of a derived set. He formulated the axiom of continuity, named after him. Set theory created by K. formed the basis of modern. mat. analysis and was the reason for a general revision of the logical foundations of mathematics. Set theory K. influenced the entire modern structure of mathematics.
KANTOR Georgy Mikhailovich (b. 1930, Ryazan), musicologist. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tatar ASSR. Moose. educated in the Ryazan muses. uch-shche (class fp.). In 1955 he graduated from the Kazan Cons. (class of musicology Y.M. Girshman), as well as East. Faculty of Ryazan ped. Institute (1954). In 1955-59 - taught at the Ryazan muses. uch-shche, in 1959-60 - in the Kazan muses. uch-shche. In 1960–76 - lecturer, associate professor, head. Department of History and Theory of Music Kazan ped. in-that. Since 1977 - teaches at the Kazan cons. In 1984–87 and since 1990 head. Department of Music History. Prof. (1992). Acts as a lecturer, permanent leading symphony. concerts. Main tr. in the region. muses. local history and muz.-scientific. bibliography. Among the works: "Literature on Tatar Music" (Biblical Index) (Kazan, 1983), "Musical Kazan" (1994). Ed. a number of collections, dedicated. development of the Tatar muses. culture, music. education and muses. life of Kazan. The author of Art. and reviews in rep. g. and gas. (over 200).
KANTOR Lazar Moiseevich (b. 1905, Maksatikha Tver province - 1990, Leningrad), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1926). On scientific ped. work since 1930. In 1941–45 head. Department of Economics of Industry of the Kuibyshev Planning Institute, Head. Department of Industrial Economics (1968-70), since 1970 head. Department of Pricing Leningrad. financial and economic. in-that. Region scientific. research: main. funds and their reproduction, prime cost and pricing in the industry. The author, et al. and ed. numerous. textbooks and uch. benefits, including "Features of planning and costing in the branches of the people's. x-va: Uch. manual "(1988, et al.)," Development of theory and practice of pricing in the USSR "(1989) and others. Son - Eugene (b. 1934, Leningrad), economist, Dr. econom. sciences, prof., head. department economics pr-ti SZPi (St. Petersburg). Cit .: Reconstructive shifts in Leningrad. heavy. industry, L.-M., 1934 (et al.); Main industrial funds and their use, L., 1947; The cost price in socialist. prom-sti, M., 1958; Pricing in the USSR, M., 1964; Theory and methodology of return on assets under socialism, M., 1980; Industry of the USSR during the years Otech. war, SPb., 1991.
KANTOR Lev Osipovich (real name Yehuda-Leib) (1849, Vilna - 1915, Riga), publicist. Rod. in the family of the cantor of the great Vilna synagogue. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. In 1873 he graduated from the Zhytomyr Rabbinical Seminary, then studied in Berlin and received the title of Doctor of Medicine. Studying in Berlin and being a correspondent. gas. "Voice of Moscow", has become a fact. ed. gas. "Ha-Tsfira". In 1879 he settled in St. Petersburg, where he was ed. gas. "Rus. Jew". In 1890-1904 the rabbi was in Libau, then in Vilna and Riga. K. was the founder and editor. first daily gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Yom" (1886-87). In 1887 he began to write in Yiddish for gas. "Idishes folksblat", later became its editor. He wrote editorials, lit.-ist. Art., polit. reviews, feuilletons. Also published in the first. daily Heb. gas. “Der Fraind” and other Russian-Hebrews. periodic. ed. K. was one of the founders of the feuilleton genre in Hebrew. press, introduced in Heb. literature by S. Frug and D. Frishman. He wrote for “Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang.
KANTOR Lev Yakovlevich (born 1928, Minsk), specialist in the region. technology of satellite telephone, television communication and sound broadcasting, information transmission. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1985). After graduation in 1950 Moscow. electrical engineering in-that communications organized and headed productions, lab. Moscow region radio broadcast. networks. From 1959 he worked at the Scientific Research Institute of Radio (from scientific researcher to the head of the satellite communications department). In 1960, K. proposed a system of multi-program wire radio broadcasting, and in 1968 completed work on the creation of satellite television. system "Orbit", in 1972 graduated from theoretical. development of the issue of optimizing the construction of a satellite communication system. In 1973, with the participation of K., a television broadcast of a color image from Cuba to all countries of the world was developed and for the first time carried out through the Mars satellite communications station. K. took part in the development and implementation of all satellite communication systems in the USSR - "Molniya", "Orbit", "Moscow", "Ekran" and others. K. - a representative of Ros. Federation in the Commission for Satellite Communications in International. the telecommunication union. Author of over 130 scientific. printed works and a number of inventions. Acad. Int. academy of informatization. State pr. USSR (1968, 1981). Works: Satellite broadcasting, M., 1981; Satellite Communication Handbook, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1988 (translated into English, published in the USA); Satellite communication and problematic geostationary orbits, M., 1988.
KANTOR Solomon Abramovich (1908, Braslav, Vitebsk province. - 1971, Leningrad), specialist in the region. turbine engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948). He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. polytechnic in-t. In 1935–51 he worked at the Nevsky Mechanical Engineering. s-de in Leningrad as an engineer for the regulation of turbomachines, deputy. ch. constructor s-yes. During the war years 1941–45 he was engaged in the reconstruction, adjustment and repair of steam turbines and their control systems. In 1951–61 - prof. and head. department of turbine engineering in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. Osn. work related to the design of ship turbines, ship turbine installations and systems for their regulation, as well as gas turbine power. installations decomp. appointments made according to a complex scheme, with theoretical systematization. issues, calculations and design of steam turbines. Author of articles and monographs. Became. pr. (1945, 1949). Works: Steam turbines, 2nd ed., L.-M., 1938 (in co-authorship); Regulation of turbomachines, M.-L., 1946; Theory and design of steam turbines, M.-L., 1947 (with II Kirillov); Regulation of ship thermal power plants, L., 1956.
KANTOR Vladimir Karlovich (b. 1945, Moscow), aesthetics specialist, lit. critic, prose writer. Graduated from Moscow State University (1969). Dr. Philos. Sciences (1988). Author of books: “Rus. aesthetics of the second floor. XIX century and social struggle "(1978)," The Brothers Karamazov "F. M. Dostoevsky" (1983), "Among the storms of civil and anxiety ..: The struggle of ideas in Russian. lit-re 40-70s of the XIX century. " (1988).
KANTOR Yakov (1886, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1964, Moscow), publicist, society. activist. Rod. to the merchant. family, was an activist of the Zionist Socialist Party and the Bund. Debuted Art. in Vilna Heb. press, wrote in political-economy., lit. and ped. Topics. Since 1925 - otv. sec. Komzet of Ukraine. In 1928–37 a member. editorial board ped. every month Ratnbildung. Published demographic. and statistical. works about the Jews of Ukraine. Cit .: What every citizen should know about elections to the soviets, Kharkov, 1926; To help an immigrant, Kharkov, 1928; Ten years nat. politicians owls. authorities, Kharkov, 1927; Heb. us. Ukraine, Kharkov, 1929; Heb. land management in Ukraine, M., 1929; Collectivization of the Hebrews. peasants in Ukraine, M. Kharkov-Minsk, 1930.
KANTOROVICH Anatoly Yakovlevich (ps. Ajax, N. Terentyev) (1896, Petersburg - 1944, Moscow |), orientalist, economist, journalist, Ph.D. Sciences (1936). Participant citizen war. Delegate to the 2nd Congress of Soviets. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that (1921). Comp. People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs Affairs of the USSR (1922 32), in 1924–28 at the USSR Embassy in Beijing. Head foreign dep. Izvestia, scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. policy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932–44). The author of St. 120 scientific. and publicist. works on the recent history and economy of China, foreign policy. relations in the D. East. Cit .: Foreign. capital in heavy industry of China, "New East", 1925, book. 10-11, M .; Foreign capital and railway roads of China, "Planned economy", M.-L., 1928, book. 20-21; Anglo-Japanese. agreement, "New East", 1929, book. 25; The outbreak of war in D.Vostok, M., 1934; America in the Struggle for China, M., 1935; A new stage in the development of Japan. aggression, “Peace. x-in and the world. politics ", M., 1937, No. 1.
KANTOROVICH Gershen Davydovich (b. 1937, Leningrad), architect-restorer. In 1955 he graduated from building, faculty of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that. Hands. the design department of the Perm restoration workshop. Mn. made for the study, preservation and restoration of architectural monuments of the Urals and Siberia, Perm, Solikamsk, Usolye.
KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912, Petersburg - 1986, Moscow), mathematician, economist. Prof. (1934), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964, ch.-k. from 1958). He worked in Leningrad. in-those engineers prom. page-va. (1930–39), in Leningrad. un-those (1932-64), in Leningrad. dep. Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1940–60), in the Institute of Mathematics Sib. dep. Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Novosibirsk University (1960-71), in the Institute of Management Nar. x-vom State. to-that on science and technology at the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1971–76), since 1976 in the All-Union Council. Research Institute of System Research. under the State. to-those on Science and Technology and the USSR Academy of Sciences. results - in func. analysis (introduced and investigated the class of semi-ordered spaces), in function theory, differential theory. and integra. ur-niy, in the calculus of variations and approx. methods in the field of application of mathematics in economics. Steel, etc. (1949), Len. pr. (1965), Nobel pr. (1975). Works: Approximation methods. solutions of partial differential equations, M.-L., 1936, (with V.I.Krylov); Mat. methods of organization and planning of production, L., 1939; Definite integrals and Fourier series, L., 1940; Options analysis in semi-order. spaces, M.-L., 1950 (jointly with B.Z. Vulikh and A.G. Pinsker); Options analysis in normed spaces, M., 1959, (with G.P. Akimov).
KANTOROVICH Meer (1905, Novo-Zhagory, Kovno province - 1980, Ruzaevka, Kokchetav region), researcher of TANAKH. The son of a teacher at the local yeshiva. In 1927 he graduated from Heb. g-ziyu in Kaunas, in 1927–32 he studied philosophy. dep. Kaunas un-that, listened to the Semitic course. lang. In 1941 K. was arrested and imprisoned in a camp. In 1949 he was released and sent to settle in the village. Zerenda, Kokchetav region, where he was a night watchman on a collective farm. At the request of I.G. Ehrenburg, in 1953 he was promoted to German teacher. and English. lang. at the local school. In 1964 he began to write and send polemic to Israel. Art., dedicated. research biblical texts. After in-depth research. created the work “Research. book Ecclesiastes and the Proverbs of Solomon ”(Jerusalem, 1977). After his death, Sat. tr. "Research. Bible in owls. captivity "С1984).
KANTOROVICH Solomon Ilyich (1892, Ekaterinoslav - 1937, Kiev), health care organizer. In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Rostov University. In 1919–20 he headed a dignity. service of the 12th army and the Kiev military. districts. Since 1920 head. Kharkov lips. dep. health care. In 1926-29 the deputy. People's Commissar of Health of the Ukrainian SSR, then Deputy. prev. Kharkiv Regional Executive Committee. Since 1929 People's Commissar of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1937 the deputy. People's Commissar of Health of the USSR. Thanks to K.'s activity the first medical-dignity was organized in Ukraine. parts for prom. enterprises, dignity. - epidemiological. Art., collective farm family. at home, inf. morbidity, propaganda a dignity increased. culture among villages. population, etc. In 1937 he was arrested by the NKVD in Moscow on the fabricated case of the leading workers of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health. He died during the investigation in the Kiev prison.
KANTOROVICH Vladimir Abramovich (ps. V. Kanev) (1886, Minsk - 1923, Petrograd), polit. activist, publicist. From 1904 he lived in St. Petersburg, conducted propaganda among students. After 1910 in the composition of gr. activists tried to unite the surviving parties. cells around the remaining at large members. Central Committee of the Bund, was a member of the editorial board and was sotr. legal Bund weekly. “Heb. lead. " After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Dep. Petrogr. council of workers and soldiers. dep., hands. his out-of-town department, organized the sending of delegates to the places to fight anti-Semitic demonstrations. The Central Committee of Bund was sent to the commission for preparing the convocation of Ros. Will establish. meetings. In the years of civil. war organized the collection of materials about Heb. pogroms in Ukraine. Publ. Sat. "Poems" (P., 1915), the work "The French in Odessa" (P., 1923). After K.'s death, the books written by him were published: “Chronicle of Feb. Revolution "(jointly with DO Zaslavsky, P., 1924) and" Alexandra Feodorovna. The experience of characterization ”(L., 1927).
KANTOROVICH Yakov Abramovich (1859 - |), lawyer, journalist. Publ. a number of books. in jurisprudence, author of historical-legal. tr .: "Wed-century. trials about witches "," Proceedings against animals in cf. century "," From the region. religious tolerance "," Oath of modern. teachings "," Laws of states ", etc. Publisher (last 2 issues - editor-publisher)" Judicial Review "(1902-05) - weekly. jurid. g. and its adj. “Bibliography court. Processes "(1903-05); ed., and from No. 3 for 1905 - editor-publisher of the "Bulletin of legislation and circular orders"; ed., and from No. 2 for 1905 - editor-publisher of the "Bulletin of Senate Practice" and its adj. “Decisions of the Cassation Departments of the Governing Senate” - both w. were published monthly in 1903-05.
KANTSEDIK Elisheva (b. 1922, Augustow Bialystok Voivodeship, Poland), writer. In 1939 she graduated from the Vilna Hebrew. real g-ziyu and in the same year was admitted to the post-graduate course Heb. Research Institute. Participated in illegal. Komsomol movement, spent six months in prison. First. poems published in 1940. During the war of 1941–45 she was evacuated to Kuibyshev, wrote Art. and essays for Heb. antifash. set and radio broadcasts to abroad. In 1944 she returned to Vilnius, wrote essays, stories and correspondents, worked in the local press. In the 60s and 80s. published stories and essays in f. "Sovetish gameland". In 1984 f. published as an application sb. her essays "Bletlech fun unzer lebn" ("Pages of our life"). K. - the author of several. book stories and sketches. Since 1990 in Israel.
KANTSEL Vladimir Semenovich (1896, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Artist, dir. In 1919–21 he studied at the Studio. F.I.Shalyapin and the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater. Upon graduation, he worked in Moscow. t-re "The Bat", on the stage to-rogo played the role of Napoleon in "Chosen Fate" by B. Shaw. After the closure of the theater, in 1922–37, he played in the theater them. Sun Meyerhold, them. VF Komissarzhevskaya, Revolution, "Professional club workshop", them. Lensovet, Satires. Roles played by him during this period: Dromio ("The Comedy of Errors" by W. Shakespeare, 1923); Tarelkin (“Outlived Time” based on the trilogy by AV Sukhovo-Kobylin, 1924–25, both T. Komissarzhevskaya); Glumov ("Enough simplicity for every wise man" by AN Ostrovsky, "Professional club workshop", 1928); Levinson (after "The Defeat" by AA Fadeev, Lensovet Theater, 1932). Acting as a director, he post: "The Harbor of Storms" (after O. Balzac, Lensovet Theater, 1933) and "Andersen's Tales" (Goscentuz, 1936). After the war, his post enjoyed great fame. to the Center. Dr. Kr. Army (now - Center, t-r Ros. Army): "Dance teacher" L. de Vega (1946), "On the other side" by A.A.Baryanov (1948), "Craftswoman to cook porridge" by N.G. Chernyshevsky (1952), "Dreams of Kinola" by Balzac (1954). In 1958 in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol post. performance based on the play "Saint Jeanne" Show. K. led the ped. work in Uzb. theater, studios in Moscow. The actors who graduated from this studio in 1927 formed the core of the Uzb troupe. t-ra them. Hamza. Since 1923, K. worked on the radio as a reader and director, for more than thirty years led a pedagogue. work with radio speakers.
KANTSEPOLSKY Iosif Samuilovich (1903, Zelva Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province - 1976, Tashkent), chemical technologist. Cheater of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (1968). In 1916-19 - a worker at a sawmill. Graduated in 1930 chem. dep. Central Asia. un-that. In 1930–41 the head. lab. binders of the research institute of the local industry. At the same time. in 1940-48 head. Department of Silicate Technology Central Asia. industrial in-that. In 1941-43 in Kr. Army. In 1943–75 the head. lab. chemistry of silicates of the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (prof. from 1967). Doct. chem. Sciences (1960). scientific. tr. associated with the technology of production of binders hydraulics. hardening (cements) from decomp. raw materials, with research. to intensify prom. production of cement, with creation. new types of cements based on local raw materials - dolomite-cement, loess, glezh-Portland cement, the production of which for the first time in the world was started in 1939 at the Kuvasay cement plant. Developed an understanding of the role of clay additives in the hardening and corrosion of Portland cement. Conducted work to improve the chemical. resistance of cements, the use of sulfate-resistant cements in the production of drainage pipes for saline areas. Author of scientific. and printed works and practical. manuals. Works: Gliezh-Portlandcement, Tashkent, 1941; Gliezh as an active mineral additive, Tashkent, 1958.
KANUNOVA Faina Zinovievna (b. 1922, Bryansk), literary critic, specialist in the history and theory of literature. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Prof. (1972). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1945). Head Department of Rus. and nick. literature of Tomsk University (since 1959). The author of the book. about N.V. Gogol (1962), N.M. Karamzin (1967), V.A. Zhukovsky (1990), etc.
KANUNY, a village in Novograd-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 11 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KAPCHINSKY Ilya Mikhailovich (1919, Odessa - 1993, Washington, USA, buried in Moscow), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962). Son of M.Ya. Kapchinsky. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1942). In 1943–58 he worked at the research institute for radar, in 1958–91 - head of the department. Ying-that theoretical. and experiment. Physics (prof. 1967, 1991 chief scientist.) K.'s work on the linear theory of oscillations led to the development of the theory of low-frequency narrow-band amplifiers. Developed the theory of linear ion accelerators. Joint. with V.V. Vladimirsky proposed (1959) a self-consistent theory of collective interactions in intense beams of charges. particles. Participated in the development of a 70 GeV proton accelerator at the Institute of High Energy Physics. In 1968 (with V.A. Teplyakov) invented spatially homogeneous quadrupole focusing. The author of St. 150 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1970), Len. etc. (1988). Poch. Dr. un-ta them. Goethe (1990, Germany). Works: Methods of the theory of oscillations in radio engineering, Moscow, 1954 (translated into Japanese, 1959, Chinese, 1964); Particle dynamics in linear resonant accelerators, M., 1966; Theory of linear accelerators, Moscow, 1982 (translated into English, 1986).
KAPCHINSKY Mikhail Yakovlevich (1889, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1981, Moscow), film director and organizer of the film production. Deer. Odessa cinema since its foundation (1922). Dir. f. "From darkness to light." Since 1925, dir. The first Goskino factory in Moscow (Mosfilm cinema). Hands. staging f. SMEisenstein "Battleship Potemkin" (1925). In 1927 he directed the first full-length f. "Cafe Fanconi", then - f .: "The Dam is Broken" (1928), "White Death" (1934), "Pearl of the Steppe" (1936). Since the 30s. worked in scientific-popul. cinema, staged 34 films. He was arrested three times: in 1926 (released in the same year), in 1936 (released in 1937) and in 1953 (released in 1954).
KAPCHITS Chaim (Efim Isaakovich) (b. 1937, Slutsk, Minsk region), painter, graphic artist, muralist. In 1963 he graduated from the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. V.A. Mukhina. Participant pl. grew up. unofficial. exhibitions. Heb. the theme appears in the works of K. in 1960 (a series of graphic sheets "Hebrew Alphabet" and others). In Israel since 1981. In 1982–86 he taught the course on monument, arts and graphics at the ORT-Neviim College in Jerusalem, stained glass and mosaics at the Center for Arts (ibid.). Since 1987, he strives to reveal the essence of Hebrew in color and plasticity. worldview, deeply interested in Heb. history K. created. work based on TANAKH, offers own. vision of the image of the powerful Heb. king ("King David"), created. picturesque ser. "Prophets". Author of monumental murals and stained-glass windows in Israeli synagogues (Jerusalem, Hedera, etc.), mosaics in the park of Israel, for the international. exhibition "Expo-90" in Japan (for this work K. was awarded a gold medal), etc. He is engaged in the restoration of ancient monumental works. Participant pl. Israeli and foreign, exhibitions (in the USA, Japan, France, etc.).
KAPCHIAMESTIS, a place in Alytus u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the town of Koptsiovo Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 528 Jews (40%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 187 Jews (22%), in 1940 - approx. 45 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in K. at the end. 18th century Among the main. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century trade and crafts prevailed. Almost every Jewish family had a private plot with a vegetable garden and a garden. Some Jews owned kr. land plots and dealt with. x-vom. There was a synagogue in K. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: Zvi the Director, in 1887-1900 - Avrom-Tzvi-Pinhas Eliasberg (1863–?), In 1902–13 - Tzvi-Arie Lurie (1871–?), From 1913 - Meir Stolovich (1870–? In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all 7 shops, shops, a pharmacy, a power station, 2 mills, and 2 mechanical workers. workshops. In 1938, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 5 tailors, 4 tinsmiths, 4 butchers, 2 shoemakers, a baker, a glazier, and a saddler. There was a cheder and a private school with teaching in Hebrew in K., with a library and a theater working. Studio. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1938 Menachem Mendel Sher (? –1941) has been the rabbi of Kazakhstan. On June 23, 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 15 Sep 1941 Jews of K. were sent to the ghetto approx. the village of Katkishke, where they were killed on 3 November. 1941. After 1945 a monument was erected on the mass grave.
KAPELYUSHNIKOV Matvey Alkunovich (1886, Abastumai, Akhaltsikhe district, Tiflis province - 1959, Moscow), oil engineer. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated in 1914 from Tomsk University. In 1922 joint. with S.M. Volokh and N.A. Korneev invented a turbodrill for drilling oil. wells. In 1924–31 hands. designing and building in Baku the first large oil refinery in the country. In 1933–37, the director. Azerb. Research Institute of Oil. In 1941–45 at the Institute of Fossil Fuels of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One of the authors of the development and application of methods for automation of oil drilling. wells. He developed methods of increasing oil production, to-rye were introduced in a number of fields. He proposed an original technology for the production of toluene directly. at the oil refinery. installations, which gave high savings. In 1949 he developed a method for injecting gases into oil-bearing layers, which ensured an increase in oil production. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1947).
CAPTAIN, see Kapitanovka, Odessa region.
KAPITANOVKA, a village in the Kominternovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Captain of Odessa u. Kherson province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KAPITOLOVKA, a village in the Izyum district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main on the 1st Thursday. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Izyum district. Kharkov province. In 1910, 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 2 Jews.
KAPLAN (real Roytblat) Fanny Efimovna (Feiga Khaimovna) (1887, Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1918, Moscow), participant of the rev. movement. From a family of rural melamed. She graduated from the courses for milliners. In 1906 she joined the anarchists, in the same year she was wounded in the preparation of an attempt on the life of the Kiev governor-general by the Military-field court of the Kiev garrison in January. 1907 sentenced to eternal hard labor, was held with the Social Revolutionaries (M.A. Spiridonova, A.A. Izmailovich, etc.). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Europe. Russia is seriously ill and half-blind. 08/30/1918 arrested on charges of attempted murder of V. I. Lenin. During the investigation, she admitted that she had shot at Lenin, and on September 4. by order of the Cheka, she was shot by the commandant of the Kremlin P.D. Malkov.
KAPLAN-INGEL Robert Isaakovich (1884, Kobrin, Grodno Gubernia - 1951, Leningrad). Architect. In 1914 he graduated from architect. branch of Petersburg. in-that citizen engineers, in 1913 - Archeol. Institute in St. Petersburg. He worked a lot to preserve and restore the monuments of St. Petersburg. Main work - reconstruction of the spire of the Kunstkamera building on the Neva embankment (1948).
KAPLAN Alexander Efimovich (b. 1938, Moscow), physicist. After graduation (1961) Moscow. physical and technical Institute - post-graduate student of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Candidate of dissertation 1967 at Gorky University). He worked in Phys. Institute of the Armenian SSR (1961). Since 1966 in the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1969, as a participant in the human rights movement, he was deprived of admission to secret documents and the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was also transferred. Since 1979 in the USA. Sci. sotr. Nat. magn. lab. them. F. Bitter of Massachusetts Technol. Institute (1979–82), prof. Purdue University (1982–87), J. Topkins University in Baltimore (since 1987). Invited researcher Institute M. Planck (Germany), consultant lab. Bella (1980–81), Los Alamos nat. lab. (1981) and Honiwell (1982), ch. expert Dept. scientific. research US Air Force (since 1980) and others. research on quantum electronics and nonlinear optics. Studied subharmonic. high-frequency oscillations in a two-level parametric generator, proposed their use for frequency division and phase storage in memory devices will calculate. machines. Discovered and theoretically examined the phenomena of auto-synchronization in a two-level parametric. generator, discovered the anomalous effect of soft excitation of high-order subharmonics in single-loop systems. Research features of light reflection from nonlinear media, described the nonlinearities arising from the interaction of e-magnets. fields with single electrons undergoing Larmor rotation. Member Amer. physical about-va, Amer. optical about-va and other works: Parametric generators and frequency dividers, Moscow, 1966 (jointly with Yu.A. Kravtsov and V.A. Rylov).
KAPLAN Anatoly (Tankhum) Lvovich (1902, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1980, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1918-1919 he was a drawing teacher at the Rogachev schools. Studied at VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1922–28) under AA Rylov and NE Radlov at a painting faculty, but did not become a painter. In the last. years fulfilled orders for posters and slogans, was engaged in art. decoration of interiors of societies. buildings, festivals, exhibitions, ill. book in publishing houses. In 1937–40 he was engaged in lithography under the supervision of. G.S. Vereisky in the Leningrad workshop. SH (ser. Lithographs "Kasrilevka"). In 1950–51 - Ch. thin h-yes thin. glass in Leningrad (made the stained glass "MV Lomonosov" for the main building of the Pulkovo Observatory). Naib. Izv. manuf. - large autolithographs: "The Enchanted Tailor" (1953-63), "Tevye the Milkman" (1957-61) by Sholem Aleichem, which reflect the desire for a monument. form, genre diversity. In the sheets of “Heb. bunk bed songs "(tempera, gouache, 1958-60)," Heb. bunk bed songs "(lithograph., 1962)," Sholem Aleichem "and" Song of Songs "(color. lithograph., 1962)," Goat "(color. lithograph., 1957–61) K. acted as the successor of the rich nar. traditions. In the cycle on the themes of D.D.Shostakovich's songs “From Heb. bunk bed poetry "(tempera, gouache, 1962–63) K. showed himself in the region. colors. Last work - a series of autolithographs. on rum. M. Moikher-Sforima "Chip-Lame" (1966–67) - tends to a deep figurative generalization. In 1967–69 he was engaged in ceramics: created. dishes, plates, small volumetric plastic from chamotte, painted. color glazes plots in Heb. motives ("Double portrait", "Golden wedding", "Goat", etc.). K. exhibitor. plural exhibitions in diff. cities of the world, including dedicated. 100th anniversary of the birth. Sholem Aleichem in New York (1959).
KAPLAN Arkady Vladimirovich (Aron Vulfovich) (1904, Warsaw - 2001), traumatologist and orthopedist, Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1962). After graduation in 1929 honey. Faculty of Belarus. un-that worked in the Petrikovskaya interdistrict b-tse of Mozyr u. Since 1930, the doctor of the divisional hospital, and then the clinic. resident in surgeon clinic Mosk. in-that ambulance to them. N.V. Sklifosovsky. He specialized in traumatology with a prominent Argentine surgeon and traumatologist L. Zeno invited to the USSR. Since 1933 resident, then head. surgeon and traumatology. branch of the Basmanny b-tsy in Moscow under the hands. P.A. Herzen and G.A. Reinberg. At the same time. assistant, then Assoc. faculty surgeon. clinics of the 3rd Moscow. honey. in-that, concurrently head. surgeon branch of Moscow. in-that skin tuberculosis. In 1939 he participated in the military as a surgeon. actions in the district. Khalkhin-Gol. During the war years 1941–45 ch. front-line hospital surgeon, Ch. surgeon of the 29th army. Since 1945 Assoc. hospital surgeon clinics of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, head. surgeon and traumatology. branch. He was persecuted in connection with the preparation of the "Doctors' Plot": in May 1952 he was removed from work in the clinic, for a certain time he worked as a leading surgeon at Moscow. region hospital for disabled war veterans, but in Feb. 1953 was fired. From May 1953 - Art. ed., then head. editorship of medicine publishing house "Sov. Encyclopedia". Since June 1955 - lecturer at the Department of Clinics. and military field surgery in the military. f-those Center, in-that advanced training of doctors and head. traumatological. clinic. Since July 1957 - hands. traumatology clinic Center. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO) them. M.N. Priorov. Retired since 1992. K. publ. St. 450 scientific. works, including 16 monographs. Research are devoted to the problems of emergency surgery, traumatology, reconstructive and thoracic surgery, injuries of the limbs, shock, blood transfusions, injuries of the brain and spine, injuries of blood vessels and joints, burns, frostbites, polytrauma, wound and anaerobic infections, sepsis, osteomyelitis, tetanus and endoprosthesis etc. Author of 27 original operations and 15 inventions in the field of honey. technology. Created a school of orthopedic traumatologists. Mn. years was a member. board and deputy. prev. scientific. about-va of traumatologists-orthopedists of Moscow and Mosk. region, member reign of Vses. about-va of traumatologists-orthopedists. Works: Surgical treatment of bone tuberculosis, M., 1935; Acute pyothorax and bronchial fistulas, M., 1947; Technique for the treatment of bone fractures, M., 1948; Bone and joint injuries and related internal injuries. organs, M., 1956; Closed injuries of bones and joints, M., 1967; M., 1979; Traumatology of the elderly, M., 1977; Purulent traumatology of bones and joints, M., 1985.
KAPLAN Arnold Lvovich (1919, Cherkasy, Kiev province - 1996, New York), pianist, teacher. In 1931 he entered the Special Children's Group for Gifted Children (later transformed into the Central Music School) at Moscow. horse, in the class fp. A.B. Goldenweiser; he continued to study with him in Moscow. cons. (graduated in 1944). In 1946-49 he was engaged in graduate school. Laureate of Vses. competition of pianists (2nd avenue, 1938, Moscow), 1st Intern. festival democr. youth (1st avenue, 1947, Prague). Since 1943 the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1953-59 he taught at Moscow. cons., from 1959 - in Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. He gave concerts a lot. Performed classical, and modern. manuf. Until the 80s. led an active concert activity. K.'s game is distinguished by artistry, romantic. elation, a sense of form. Most successfully performed op. R. Shuman and A. N. Skryabin. He performed in an ensemble with BE Goldstein, with LB Kogan. From the beginning. 80s abroad.
KAPLAN Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1921, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of textile enterprises. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Participated in the competition for the project of a wool spinning factory (1979, 2nd ave.). Main works: a wool-spinning combine in Kalinin (1962), a cotton combine in Kamyshin (1966), a silk combine in Tchaikovsky (1975, prospect SM USSR).
KAPLAN Eliezer (1891, Minsk - 1952, Genoa, Italy), polit. and state. activist, brother of R. Kafrit. Education - Ing. In the 1910s. member of the Zionist. movement in Russia. Member To-that Heb. delegations to the peace conference. at Versailles (1919). In 1920–23 he headed the branch of the Gitagadut party in Berlin. From 1923 in E.-I., from 1933 a member. Board of Heb. agencies. In 1948–52 min. finance and deputy. prime min. State of Israel.
KAPLAN Isaak Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1997, Petersburg), artist. In 1950 he graduated from thin. Faculty of VGIK. In cinema since 1947. Since 1953 at the Lenfilm cinema. Debuted F. "Dzhambul" (1953, jointly with VE Egorov and EE Enei). Ch. arr. with dir. IE Kheifits (he designed almost all the f. With BS Manevich): “Unfinished Story” (1955), “Rumyantsev's Case” (1956), “My Dear Man” (1958), “Lady with a Dog” ( 1960), Bad Good Man (1973). Among his works are also: "The Old Man Hottabych" (1957), "The Overcoat" (1960), "Three Fat Men" (1966), "The Player" (1973), "And Other Officials" (1976), "Torpedo Bombers" (1983 ) and others. artist of the RSFSR (1976).
KAPLAN Itskhok (1874, Pereyaslav, Poltava province - 1929, New York), playwright. I started with children. roles in the play by A. Goldfaden, then became prof. an actor. The author of plays to-rye played on Amer. Heb. scene: "Tsurik ageim kane Zion" ("Back home to Zion"), "Dos farmer-lebn" ("The life of a farmer"), "Der fisher" ("Fisherman"), "Der ganev" ("Thief"), "Der emes" ("Truth"), "Der tivel-kush" ("Kiss of the Devil"), "Der gefunener zun" ("Found son") and others. K. also belongs to the operetta "Itsik wil khasene gobn" (" Itzik wants to get married "). K. translated into Yiddish several. plays from classical. repertoire rus. drama.
KAPLAN Lazar Moiseevich (1917, Skorodnoe, Mogilev province. - 1994, Voronezh), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1936. He graduated from Leningrad. art. uch-shche (1938). Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. At the front from Aug. 1941. Deputy. com. art. regiment, Major K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage and heroism shown in the battles during the liberation of Latvia in the summer of 1944. Since 1959, Lieutenant Colonel K. - in the reserve. The author of the book. Years of Fire (Voronezh, 1970).
KAPLAN Mikhl (1882, Chernobyl, Kiev province. - 1944, New York), poet. He was a pharmacist. He made his debut in poetry literature. into gas. "Der id" in 1899. In 1912, together with B. Botvinnik, he published a collection of works. Heb. verse., dialed lat. font - in order to promote the idea of ​​introducing lat. alphabet in Yiddish. He published essays and poems, as well as Art. about the book. in different ed. Since 1905 in the USA. All my life I collected rare books. and manuscripts and early. 40s presented them to New York University. The author is poetic. collection of books "A Field" ("Violin", 1900), "Geto-Klangen" ("Sounds of the Ghetto", 1910); fav. verse., stories and sketches "Gezamlte font" (1947). 60 of his songs have been translated into English, language. and published in 1927.
KAPLAN Mordechai Menachem (1881, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1984, New York), religious philosopher. In the USA since 1890. Received early religious education in the spirit of Orthodox Judaism. Graduated from Theologic. seminary, in 1909 he began teaching, which lasted until 1959. In 1922 he founded the Society for the Spread of Judaism - c. the movement of reconstructivism created by him, which is based on the idea of ​​Judaism as a developing religion. teaching.
KAPLAN Peysakh (1870, Staviski, Lomzhinskaya province - 1943, Bialystok), prose writer, publicist. From 1888 he lived in Bialystok, was a teacher. In 1897 he graduated from teaching. courses in Grodno and opened Heb. mountains. school. He made his debut in Hebrew in Gas. "Ha-Melitz" in 1889, and from 1914 he wrote in Yiddish. Published in gas. "Der Fraind", "Der Tog" and other periodicals. ed. Art., stories, rec., feuilletons. In 1919 he founded the daily. gas. "Dos nae lebn", edges existed until the beginning. 2nd world. war. K. - the author of the book. "Yaponishe maiselekh" ("Japanese fairy tales", 1921), "Gezang-oytser far shul un game" ("Treasure of melodies for school and home", 1924), "Biblishe gezangen" ("Biblical melodies", 1933-1938) and others, was also engaged in trans. with different. He died in the ghetto.
KAPLAN Samuil Aronovich (1921, Roslavl, Smolensk Gubernia - 1978, Gorky), astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1961). Graduated from Leningrad. state ped. in-t them. A.J. Herzen (1945) and graduate school at Leningrad State University (1948). In 1948–61 he worked at Lvov University (head of the department of astrophysics at the observatory of the university, professor of the department of theoretical physics). In 1961–78 prof. Gorky un-that and scientific. employee N.-i. radiophysis. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Gorky. He was engaged in the theory of the structure of white dwarfs (stars of small size with very high density), found the limit of their density, using the principles of general relativity. Constructed the theory of cooling white dwarfs (the theory of K.-Mestel). He studied the interstellar medium, in particular, the turbulence arising in it in a magnetic field, as well as shock waves and ionization. breaks. He investigated the propagation of fast particles in interstellar magnetic fields, radiation transport in a nonstationary medium. One of the pioneers of plasma astrophysics. Joint. with VN Tsytovich calculated the probabilities of dec. plasma processes leading to the generation of powerful radio emission and to the acceleration of fast charged particles in space. sources of this radiation. K.'s calculations formed the basis of many. works on the theory of radio emission from the Sun, on the theory of pulsars (rapidly rotating neutron stars) and galactic nuclei. Author of the monographs "Interstellar gas dynamics" (1958), "Interstellar medium" (with S.B. Pikelner, 1963), "Plasma astrophysics" (with Tsytovich, 1972), "Dimensions and similarity of astrophysics. magnitudes "(jointly with EA Dibay, 1976)," Introduction to space. gas dynamics "(with FA Baum and KP Stanyukovich, 1958)," Physics of the plasma of the solar atmosphere "(with Pikel'ner and Tsytovich, 1977)," Physics of the interstellar medium "(with Pikelner, 1979 ), the popular science book "Physics of Stars" (3rd ed., 1977), etc.
KAPLAN Semyon Solomonovich (Shlemovich) (1911, Petersburg - 1983, ibid.), Ballet dancer and teacher. Graduated from Leningrad. choreography technical school (1930). In 1930–59 at the t-re im. S.M. Kirov. Main parts: Siegfried, Basil, Desiree, Romeo, Philippe ("The Flame of Paris"), Slave ("Corsair"), Armen ("Gayane"), etc. In 1936–70 and since 1978 - teacher Leningrad. choreography uch-schA. In 1959–64 he was a tutor of the Leningrad ballet. Small Opera House t-ra, in 1964–78 - t-ra im. M.S. Kirov. Scriptwriter ball. "Taras Bulba". Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1949). Became. pr. (1949).
KAPLANOVICH Dov-Pinhas (1880, Varnyan, Vilna province - 1932, Vilno), prose writer, translator. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. In 1899 he moved to Vilna. Gave private lessons. In 1903-05 he was in exile for the revolt. work. In 1904 he made his debut in St. Petersburg. gas. "Der Fride" is an essay from the life of exiles. Printed in different. periodic. ed. stories, essays, art., feuilletons on polit. and societies. themes, as well as per. First. book stories and sketches published in Vilna in 1909. The author of the book. Einzame Menchn (Lonely People, 1920), Haverim (Comrades, 1920), In a Fargliverter Shtot (In a Frozen City, 1921). He also wrote the comedy "Di erushe" ("Inheritance"). Translated into Yiddish by M. Twen, A. Konan-Doyle, P. A. Kropotkin, A. P. Chekhov, S. Zheromsky and others.
KAPLANSKY Semyon (Samuil) Yakovlevich (1897, Moscow - 1965, ibid.), Biochemist. At the end of the honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1921) worked there. Since 1931 in Biol. in-those them. K.A. Timiryazeva (Head of the Department of Biochemistry). In 1937–41 the head. dep. fiziol. chemistry, in 1938-53 head. lab. pathochemistry in Vses. in-those experiment. medicine. At the same time. (1938–53) head. Department of Biochemistry 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, since 1954 head. lab. fiziol. chemistry in Ying-those biol. and honey. Chemistry, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Tr. on enzymology, protein, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. Research hormonal regulation of amino acid metabolism. He showed that protein deficiency leads to disturbances in the action of enzyme systems and, first of all, liver enzymes, as well as to disturbances in nitrogen metabolism, established an important regulatory function of trace elements in this process. Research the relationship of blood proteins and tissues. Elucidated the role of the liver in the formation of whey proteins. Research biochemical. processes in the skin. Created scientific. School: Acid-alkaline balance in the body and its regulation, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1940.
KAPLANSKY Shlomo (1884, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1950, Haifa, Israel), one of the ideologists and Zionist leader. labor movement. As a student at the Vienna Higher. tech. schools, participated in the creation. working Zionist. Party "Poalei Zion" in Austria-Hungary (1904), later - World. association "Poalei Zion" (1907). From 1912 in E.-I., he taught mathematics in the city. Member guide Heb. nat. Foundation in The Hague, was responsible for the settlement activities in E.-I. (1913-19). One of the founders of Keren ha-Yesod - ch. finance. body of the World. Zionist. org-tion (1920). Until 1927 he headed the department. settlement activity under the Zionist rule, org-tion in Jerusalem. In 1924–29, an advisor on economics. questions of the General Federation of Hebrews. workers in E.-I. In 1929–31 members. reign Heb. agency in London. Since 1932, dir. Technion in Haifa. Member Council for the highest. education at the office of Ch. pr-va, part. Nat. council for scientific. research The author of the book. "Issues of settlement E.-I." (1923), collection of essays (1932), etc.
DROPS, see Kaplan.
KAPLAU, see Kaplava.
KAPLAVA, a village in the Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - Kaplau settlement of Illukskiy u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. in K. lived apprx. 20 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan on July 30, 1941, 30 Jews were killed.
KAPLER Alexey Yakovlevich (1904, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), screenwriter. Since 1920, actor and dir. Kiev t-ditch, organizer of the puppet t-ra and t-ra "Harlequin" (jointly with GM Kozintsev and SI Yutkevich), member. F-ki eccentric. actor (FEKS). Filmed in the films "Ferris Wheel", "Overcoat" (both 1926). In 1929 assistant A.P. Dovzhenko on the set of f. "Arsenal". Since 1928, screenwriter and dir. popular scientific f. at Kievskaya k / st. In 1930 he staged a play f. "The right to a woman." Script writer f. "Three Comrades" (1935), "Miners" (1937), "Lenin in October" (1937), "Lenin in 1918" (1939), "Kotovsky" (1943), "She defends the Motherland" (1943) and etc. In the middle. 1940s arrested on false charges, released in 1956. One of the organizers and host of the popular TV show "Kinopanorama". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969). Became. pr. (1941). Works: Izbr. Prod., vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1984.
KAPLINCE, see Kaplintsy.
KAPLINTSY, see Panotteryay.
KAPLUN Anatoly Isaakovich (1907, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Architect, theoretician. In 1930 he graduated from architect. dep. VKHUTEIN, student of N. Ladovsky. In 1928–30 he was a member of the Association of Urban Architects. In 1939–40 he worked at the excavations of Phanagoria, during the war years 1941–45 he was engaged in disguising the strategist. objects in Baku. Participated in the reconstruction project of Stalingrad. He worked at the Central Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture. The author is theoretical. tr., including ch. in “History of Rus. architecture "(1951, 1956)," General history of architecture "(1966-69), book. Cossacks (1957, et al.), Style and Architecture (1985). Main works: participation in the Avtostroy project in Nizhny Novgorod (1930), a railway station in Novosibirsk (1932), participation in the planning and development of the social city at Sinarsky metallurgist. comb-those (1933, chief architect V. Baburov), a school on Sadovnicheskaya st. in Moscow (1935), the front building of the therapeutic hospital in Alma-Ata (1937), the building of the USSR Prosecutor's Office in Moscow (1939).
KAPLUN Grigory Danilovich (1906, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1979, Moscow), shipbuilding engineer. Graduated in 1934 Nikolaevsky shipbuilding. in-t. In 1937–40, the director. shipbuilding. plant No. 202 in Vladivostok (Dalzavod). In 1940–46 deputy. People's Commissar of Shipbuilding of the USSR (in 1941, Acting People's Commissar). In 1946-53 the deputy. min. shipbuilding industry of the USSR, in 1953–57 beginning. Main Department of the Ministry of Shipbuilding. industry of the USSR, then in the Economic Council of the Khabarovsk Econ. district. Since 1966 deputy. early dep. State Planning Committee of the USSR.
KAPLUNOV Arkady Lvovich (1912, Glukhov, Chernigov province - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1934. In 1935 he graduated from the junior school. leith. Member of the Polish campaign (1939) and Soviet-Finl. war. At the front since June 1941. Deputy. com. tank. brigade Colonel K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle in the district of the village of Khodorov, Mironovsky district, Kiev region.
KAPLUNOV Rodion Pavlovich (1904, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk province. - 1975, Moscow), scientist in the region. forge. affairs. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. from 1949. After graduating from Moscow. horn, academy (1926) worked in the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin. In 1935-59 he taught at Moscow. mining institute, head. Department of Underground Mining of Ore Deposits. He proposed a classification and a method for selecting systems for the development of ore deposits, mechanization schemes. excavation of thin ore layers using boring-transport. aggregates. He substantiated the thermal method. drilling in the mining industry. Son K. - David (b. 1934, Moscow), miner. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. since 1988, acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Sciences (1993). Developed methods for the optimal design of systems for the development of ore deposits. Etc. CM USSR (1982, 1990).
KAPLYANSKY Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1930), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1953. He worked in Phys.-Tech. in-those them. AF Ioffe, went from assistant to head. department. Ch. direction of scientific. activities - the study of funds. properties tv. bodies by the optical method. spectroscopy. Linen. pr. (1966), State. pr. USSR (1975).
KAPORENKA, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rezhitskiy district Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 on the west. from K., 0.2 km from the cemetery, 3 Jewish families (7 people) were shot.
Capreshty, see Capreshty.
CAPSUKAS, see Marijampole.
KAPUSTINO, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century -from. Kapustyan Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 out of 4 grocery stores. 1942 several. Jews K. were deported to Shpola and later shot there together with local Jews.
KAPUSTINTSY, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KAPUSTIN YAR, a village in the Akhtubinsky district of the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tsarevsky u. Astrakhan province. In 1939, three Jews lived in K. Ya. In 1911, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in K. Ya.
KAPUSTYAN, see Kapustino.
KAPUSTYANY, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bratslav district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery stores in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942–44, a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. On Sept. 1943 there were 66 Jews in the camp. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In the 1940s – 1950s. the Jews of K. bought matzo in Tulchin.
KARA SUU, a city (since 1960), a regional center in the Osh region. (Kyrgyz Republic) In 1939 in K.-S. 48 Jews lived.
KARABANOVO, a city (since 1938) in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1846. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Vladimir province. In 1926, 25 Jews (0.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 9 Jews. In 1911 Jews belonged to unity. shop angry. and silver. products, units. pharmacy.
KARABASH (until 1933 - Soimanovsky), a city (from 1933) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - Soymanovsky Mine of Yekaterinburg u. Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 149 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 2002, several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews.
KARABCHIEVSKY Yuri Arkadievich (1938, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Poet, prose writer, publicist, lit. critic. After leaving school he entered the technical department. uch-shche. He worked as an adjuster of electronic equipment. Until 1988, all production. K .: poems, articles, prose publ. only abroad. Naib, the book received fame. "Resurrection of Mayakovsky", published in 1985 in Munich and hon. etc. them. V. I. Dal. In 1990 this book. publ. publishing house "Sov. writer". In 1991, the book was published. "Homesickness" (M., "Word"), which includes rum. "The Life of Alexander Zilber", pov. "Tosca but Armenia" and "Unforgettable Mishunya". K. shows the drama of an intellectual realizing his Jewishness and at the same time belonging to the Russian. culture, obsessed with love for Russia, but also painfully acutely aware of his rejection. Both in prose and in K.'s poetry, a strongly confessional beginning, deep psychologism is combined with the ability to vividly convey lyricism. feeling and complexity is human. relationships. Committed suicide. In 1992, after K.'s death, the collection was published. his verse. Farewell to Friends.
KARABDAKENT, see Karabudakhkent.
KARABUDAKHKENT, village, center of Leninsky district in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1860 - the village of Karabdakent, Dagestan Region. In 1867 105 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1886 - 71, in 1900 - 70, in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 5 Jews. about Jews K. belongs to the 10th century. Jews settled again in K. at the end. 17 - early. 18th century In the end. 18th century pl. Jews left Kazakhstan as a result of anti-Jewish actions of the local population. In the 1860s. in K. there was a synagogue, a cheder; there was a rabbi. St. 60% of Jews were engaged in leather dressing. In the 1860s. the land was confiscated from the Jews. In 1886, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 2 peddlers, 2 workers, and 12 tanners; a Jew owned a grocery store. During the war, almost all Jews left K., 2 Jewish families remained in the aul.
CARABULAT, see Leninskoe, Kherson region.
KARABUTOVO, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1570s. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop district of Chernigov province. In 1853 62 Jews (4.8%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 4 Jews.
KARACHAYEVSK (until 1944 - Mikoyan-Shahar, in 1944–57 - Klukhori), a city (since 1929) in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1926. In 1944–57 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1942, Kenya was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In Jan. 1943 62 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KARACHEV, city, regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146 c. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1897, 306 Jews (2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 147, in 1923 - 432, in 1926 - 522 (4%), in 1939 - 443 Jews. In 1910 there were synagogue and Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. war the size of the Jewish population increased due to refugees. In 1915, 173 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. 6 Oct. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, which contained approx. 100 people Dec. 1941 the ghetto was liquidated, all Jews in it were destroyed. 1990s "Hesed" operates in K. In 2003, approx. 70 Jews in Kazakhstan. David Borisovich Lokshin (b. 1921), musician-guslar, painter, soloist-guslar of Mosconcert, creator of orig. concert gusli designs, 4 pers. artist exhibitions in Moscow (1984, 1986, 1989, 1991).
KARACHINOV, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century Shmul Rubin was the rabbi of K., then his son, Osher (1865 -?) In 1914, pogroms were carried out in K. by Russian soldiers. army, as a result of which 68 Jewish houses were looted. In 1916, 2 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil).
CARADARYA, see Paishanba.
KARADZHI, see Olenevka of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
KARAFELOV Boris Benyaminovich (b. 1946, Kanzak-Kensaysk, Tashkent region), artist. In 1969 he graduated from the Crimean Arts College. In 1980-90 he worked as an artist at the Taganka Theater. Designed the play "Babel's Five Stories". Since 1990 - in Israel. In 1993 at the Merlin Theater (Budapest) he designed the play "Petersburg Tales" based on Gogol. Participant pl. exhibitions in different. countries. Works K. are in galleries and private. meetings of the CIS, Israel, USA, England, France, Belgium, Spain, Germany.
KARAGANDA, city (since 1934), the center of the Karaganda region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in the 19th century. as pos. Karaganda Mines. Since 1936 it has been a regional center in the Kazakh SSR. In 1939, 2025 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1970 - 3408 (0.7%), in 1979 - 2547 Jews (0.5%). K. was a place of exile for the former. members decomp. Jewish parties. In 1941–45, a minyan organized by Dovid-Leib Hen (1914, Nevel - 2000, Jerusalem) gathered in a specially bought house. In 1957, during the Jewish autumn holidays, Shulman, who was on tour in the synagogue, was the cantor in the synagogue. The synagogue was closed in 1958. In the 1950s. an influx of Jewish specialists into Kazakhstan was noted in connection with the development of the coal industry. Deer. manuf. the association "Karagandaugol" was FS Shneiderman, the manager of the combine "Shakhtostroy" - AM Fridlyand, director. Combine "Uglestroy" - GMPresent. A great contribution to the development of health care in K. was made by prof. Ya.L. Lazaris, N. Alberton, Ya.E. Lamm, S.V. Lokhvitskiy. In 1999, the “Jewish community of the city of Karaganda” was created in Kazakhstan; in K. there are 2 Jewish Sunday schools, Jewish schools and children. garden, "Hesed", a representative office of "Sokhnut" are functioning. Rabbi K. since 2003 - representative of M.-M. Shneerson Mattatiyahu Luis (b. 1978, Jerusalem). In 2002, approx. 1,500 Jews.
KARAGANDA COPIES, see Karaganda.
KARAINA (until 1930 - Carolina), a village in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1911, three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kiev was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. jan. 1942 Jews K. were deported to Teofipol and at the end. jan. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
KARAKLIS, see Vanadzor.
KARAKOL (before 1889 and in 1921–39 - Karakol, in 1889–1921 and in 1939–1992 - Przhevalsk), a city in the Issyk-Kul region. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). Main in 1869. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turkestan region. In 1970–88 - the center of the Issyk-Kul region. In 1885 there was 1 Jew in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 7, in 1903 - 15, in 1910 - 31, in 1913 - 45, in 1939 - 34, in 1979 - 24 Jews (0.04%). 20th century the district doctor A. Levin, who was killed during the uprising in Turkestan in 1916, lived in K. in 1934 along the Rybachye - Karakol dir road. Cholpon-Ata stud farm No. 54 Leonid Lvovich Rappoport (1897, Kerch - 1952, Riga) laid the Karagachevo-poplar alley ("Rappoport alley").
KARALNIK Lev Nikolaevich (b. 1928, Popelnya Vinnitsa env.), Dentist. In 1951 he graduated from Moscow. honey. dentist in-t. After graduating from the institute, he worked in the village for three years. hospital. Since 1958 after the end of the residency of the same institute - chap. dentist polyclinics. Hands. schools of practical dentistry, more than 250 doctors have graduated from a cut. A pioneer in the development of mass paid honey. dentistry. Vice President Moscow Association of Dentists, member. board Ros. about-va of dentists.
KARAMYK, a farm in the Mineralovodsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Karamyk, Pyatigorsk dep. Tersk region in August. 1942 K. occupied the parts of the Wehrmacht. 7 Sep 1942 3 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KARAMYK, see Karamyk.
KARAN, railway station in Telmanovskiy district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - beginning. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1939, one Jew lived in K.. 1942 in the vicinity of K., approx. 200 Jews in Kazakhstan. David Isaevich Mezhov (1893–1937, Moscow), financier, in 1935–37 - manager of the Leningrad Institute. the office of the State Bank of the USSR, in 1937 - one of the hands. State Bank of the USSR, repressed, dv. brother of M.L. Rukhimovich.
KARAPCHOV, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Moldavian kn-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Storozhinets eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1857, 98 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 112, in 1940 - 290 Jews. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in July 1941, 3 Jews were killed.
KARASH Morris Selig (1895, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1957, Copenhagen), chemist. In 1917 he graduated from the Chicago University. Prof. (1939) Chicago University. Works in the region. chemistry of free radicals. In 1940 he synthesized and studied mercury-organic compounds used in the village. x-ve and medicine. Allocated ergotocin. Created the basis for the implementation of free radical polymerization processes important for the industry. Member Nat. Academy of Sciences of the USA (1946).
KARASIK Mikhail (b. 1953, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1976 he graduated from the graphic arts. Faculty of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen. In 1978 he took part in the exhibition for the first time. Since 1987 he has been working on lithographed editions, mainly. poetic. Sat. (A.A. Akhmatova, B.L. Pasternak, Yu. Tuvim and others). In 1988 he created 7 autolithographs for Song of Songs, in 1990–72 lithographs for Russian the text in the lane. Efros and 10 - for the text in Hebrew. Works by G. are kept in the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin, the State Russian Museum, B-ke of the British Museum in London and Nat. b-ke in Jerusalem.
KARASIK Vladimir Moiseevich (1894, Samara - 1964, Leningrad), pharmacologist, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1964). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1916). In 1916–17 he was a military doctor in the Caucasus. front, in 1918-22 and in 1942-43 - in Kr. Army. In 1922–42 at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (Professor of the Department of Pharmacology and since 1932 - Head of the Department of Toxicology), at the same time. in Leningrad. pediatrician honey. in-those (in 1935-43 and from 1944). Since 1943 head. Department of Pharmacology Vses. in-that experiment. medicine in Moscow, since 1948 - in Ying-those experiment. medicine in Leningrad. Dr. med. Sciences (1935) Tr. in general and age-related pharmacology and toxicology; research interaction of pharmacol. in-in with cholinergic. structures of the body. Received data on the value of the level of macroergic. conn. in the process of rigor mortis. He was the first to show that competitive relationships exist not only between antagonists, but also between synergists. Substantiated the rational dosage of drugs, pediatric drugs. practice, proposed a number of met-hemoglobin-forming antidotes. Cit .: Past and present of pharmacology and drug therapy, L., 1965.
KARASIN, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a grocery store and a sawmill. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KARASUBAZAR, see Belogorsk of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
CARAVAI, a village in the Grebenkovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KARAYA, see Gardabani.
KARBOVKA, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. By 1900, 11 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KARCHAG, a village in the Suleiman-Stalsky district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1846 - the village of the Kyurinsky environs. Derbent province, from 1860 - Dagestan region. In 1867 146 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1890 - 255, and in 1900 - 260 Jews. Jews began to settle in Kazakhstan no later than mid. 18th century In the beginning. 19th century under Mahmad-Khan-bek Jews K. were engaged in the main. black work (repairing the roofs of houses, cleaning the stables and sheds of the bek, preparing firewood), and only 50 days a year they were free. The bek's servants took practically everything from the Jews, including food and firewood. In the 1810s. Jews K. asked Surkhov-khan to take them under his protection, after which some of them moved to Kasum-Kent (present-day Kasumkent) and Arag (present-day Arak). At the same time the Jews of K. founded the village. Mamrash and the Karchag quarter in the Jewish Sloboda (modern Krasnaya Sloboda, see Art. Cuba). In the 1840s. Rabbi K. was Yehezkel ben Nisu (? –1873), then to the end. 1850s - Rabbi Nakhshon. In the 2nd floor. 19th c. a rabbi, a synagogue, and a cheder functioned in K. In 1866, there were 22 peddlers among the Jews of the aul; Jews of K. owned 44 sakli, 30 gardens, 47 dess. arable land, 108 heads of cr. cattle and 35 horses. In 1885, Yehoshua ben Shemaria received the right to perform the duties of a rabbi (and at the same time a shohet). 1st world. During the war the Jews of K. were plundered by the gangs of Kachak-Baba Ikrimsky. The bloody events of 1918–20s are also associated with his name, when 12 people were killed. and many others Jews are wounded. During the Civil. During the war, Jews left K., having sold property, including the synagogue building.
KARCHEV, a city (since 1959) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 16th century, was a part of the Mazovian Prince. In 1548 he received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Novominsky u. Warsaw province. In 1827, 507 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1856 - 855 (49.9%), in 1882 - 933 (41.2%), in 1897 - 1025 (35.8%), in 1921 - 830 Jews. (25%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 16th century In the 2nd floor. 16th century a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. Later, another synagogue was built, the Khevra Kadisha, Bikur Hoylim, and a mutual assistance fund were founded. In the 1st floor. 19th century Rabbi K. was Eliezer Yanovsky, then - Reuven Zekhman. In 1860 in Kazakhstan there were 2 factories for the production of thales. In the winter of 1914/15, Russian soldiers. armies destroyed a synagogue built in the 16th century. In 1920, during a pogrom, organized by parts of the Polish. army, 2 Jews were killed in the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of K. were engaged in small trade, some supplied kosher meat to Warsaw; the shoemakers K. supplied the Polish. army, some families in the summer served vacationers from Warsaw. In 1922 a Jewish library was opened in Kazakhstan. Until 1926, Shaul-Ididiya-Eliezer Taub was the rabbi of K. 1876–1957, Bnei Brak, Israel). In the 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. During a pogrom in 1936, one Jew was killed. Sep 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created in December. 1940 - ghetto. In Jan. 1941 Jews of K. were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. In apr. 1942 a workers' camp was created in K., which contained apprx. 400 Jews. The camp was liquidated in Jan. 1943.
KARCHI, see Karchiai.
KARCHIAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Karchi Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1903, 37 people lived in Kazakhstan.
KARDANAKHI, a village in the Gurjaan region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904, 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1970 - 3 Jews.
KARDASHEV Nikolay Semenovich (b. 1932), astronomer. Acad. RAS (1994). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1955. In 1955 67 worked in the State. asters, in-those. In 1967–90 - at the Institute of Cosmology. research of the USSR Academy of Sciences Since 1991 - director. Astr, center of FIAN. Works in the region. radiophysics, radio astronomy, the theory of the evolution of spectro-synchrotron radio emission of galaxies and quasars. State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Interaction of the gas component of galaxies and radio galaxies with the intergalactic environment, Moscow, 1962; Strategy and future projects, M., 1977; "Radioastron" radio interferometer with the Earth-Space base, Moscow, 1986.
KARDASHI, a village in the Putivl district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Putivl u. Kursk province. In the 19th century. in K. there was a Jewish population, DOS. the occupation of which was small trade. In the mass grave of the memorial complex "Partisans of Sumy" several. Jews K., who fought in the partisans. the connection of S.A. Kovpak.
KARDASHOVKA, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkov province. In 1926, three Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews from Akhtyrka came to K. to buy agricultural products. products. Main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan is sheepskin dressing.
KARDIN Emil Vladimirovich (ps.V. Kardin) (1921, Moscow - 2008, Moscow), Russian historian. lit-ry, t-ra and cinema, lit. and theater, critic. Naib. means. critical works: "Limits of reliability: Essays on documentary literature" (with I.S. Yanskaya, 1981, 1986), "Where the dog is buried |": Polemic articles of the 60-80s "(1991). The author of the book. about P.F. Nilin (1964, 1987), L.N.Seifullina (1976), B.A. Lavrenev (1981), V.P. Kataev (1982), etc.
KARDYMOVO, a village in the Yartsevsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century village Dukhovshchinsky u. Smolensk province. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. A.G. Gurevich founded a dairy plant in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. During the Holocaust, 2 Jews were killed in K.
KARELI, city (since 1981), regional center (since 1930) (Georgia). In the 15-18 centuries. was part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1802 - in the Gori district. Georgian, from 1846 - Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1886 433 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 471 (25.4%), in 1912 - 330, in 1926 - 734, in 1970 - 838, in 1978 - 280, in 1989 - 186 Jews. According to legend, Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 16th century. (immigrants from the neighboring village of Mdzovreti). Before the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), the Jews of Kazakhstan were serfs of the princes Tsitsishvili. In the 1860s. in K. there were 25-30 Jewish fumes. Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade (woolen fabrics, tobacco, salt, cotton wool, smoked fish) and agriculture; at the end. 19th century there were 15 dukhan shops in the Jewish quarter. In the 1870s. anti-Jewish protests took place in K. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century part of the Jews moved from K. to Gori and Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvali) (in the latter one of the synagogues is called a synagogue of immigrants from Kareli). 20th century The rabbi in Kazakhstan was Meir Magalov (Magalashvili) (1879–?), a prominent figure in the Zionist movement in Georgia, who left at the beginning. 1920s in E.-I. In the beginning. 1900s In 1917, an attempt was made in Kazakhstan to provoke a "blood libel". In the beginning. 1920s in K. there were 2 synagogues. In 1929, a department of Evcombed was created in Kazakhstan, and a Jewish collective farm was formed with the help of OZET (in 1938 it was merged with a Georgian collective farm). In 1940, as a result of an earthquake, one of the synagogues was destroyed (after repairs it was used as a warehouse, matzah was baked there). In 1946 there was a synagogue; Ruben Sholomovich Moshiashvili (1879-1960) was the rabbi. On ordinary days the synagogue was attended by 30 people, on holidays - up to 150. By the rabbis of K. in the 1920s – 60s. there was Abram Tsitsuashvili, Iosif Mordekhovich Kakiashvili (1909–1995), Ieoshua Mikhailovich Shalilashvili (1923–1971). most of the Jews of Kazakhstan left for Israel. In 1992 a synagogue in Kazakhstan was damaged by a fire and was rebuilt with the help of other Jewish communities in Georgia. In 1999, approx. 10 Jewish families.D.M. Khananashvili
KARELITS Avraham Yeshaya (1878, Kosovo Slonim u. Grodno province - 1953, Bnei Brak, Israel), rabbi. Known as Khazon Ish - by name. of his 22-volume work. In 1911 he anonymously published the 1st volume of this halakhic. labor. In 1920 he moved to Vilno, in 1933 - to E.-I., where he became one of the spiritual religions. leaders. K. allowed teaching in Hebrew in uch. institutions of the Orthodox direction, where it was conducted in Yiddish, encouraged the development of a network of wives. educated. institutions. K. did not recognize the authority of the top, the rabbinate of Israel and often opposed the decisions he had made. Despite the irreconcilable attitude towards Zionism, he advocated the participation of Orthodox Jewry in the elections to the Knesset, believing that there they would be able to defend their interests. In addition to the main. cit., K. left more than 40 kn. in the region. Halakha and ethics.
KARETNIKOV Nikolai Nikolaevich (1930, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons, in the composition class of V.Ya. Shebalin (1953). One of the first in the country to turn to the composing technique of dodecaphony. The author of the op. Till Ulenspiegel (1984), The Mystery of the Apostle Paul (1986), the ballets Geologists (1956), Little Zaches, nicknamed Zinnobsr (1958, post. 1970, Hannover, Opernhaus), Vanina Vanini ( 1960); oratorios, symphonies, chamber instruments. ensembles, including a concert for wind instruments (1968), pieces for piano, arrangements of nar. songs, romances, op. "Five spiritual chants" (1970), music for dramas, performances, for f. (including "Running", 1970), t / f.
KARGAT, a city (since 1965), a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century as a Kargat outpost. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Cain environs. Tomsk province. In 1939, 34 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KARGATIAN FORPOST, see Kargat.
KARGMAN Israel (1906, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1987, Israel), polit. activist. From the beginning. 20s member of the Zionist movement, a colonist of agricultural commune "Hamishmar" in the Crimea. He was arrested and exiled to Siberia. From 1926 in E.-I. In 1956–77 - dep. Knesset from Labor Party. For 14 years - before. finance. the Knesset Commission.
KARGOPOL, a city (since 1613), a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1380. From 1784 it was the district town of the Olonets governorate, from 1801 - the gubernia. In 1910, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 36 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KARIV (Krivoruchka) Abraham-Itskhak (1900, Slobodka, Kovno province - 1976, Haifa), writer, lit. critic. Studied in yeshivas and teaches, seminary "Tarbut" (Odessa), graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1929). Since 1925 publ. verses in Hebrew in E.-I. Since 1934 - in E.-I. He worked as a teacher, became known for his harsh criticism of the writers of Haskala, in the main. Moikher-Sforima, to-rogo K. accused of distorting the appearance of the Jew Vost. Europe and "self-hatred". The images of Jews in his prose and poetry are romantic. nostalgia for the departed Heb. to the world of East. Europe. Per. in Hebrew A.I. Herzen, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.I. Kuprin, A.K. Tolstoy, L.N. Tolstoy.
KARLIN, a dynasty of Hasidic tzaddiks (spiritual leaders of the Hasidic community; real family Perlov, known from the town of Karlin - a suburb of Pinsk). ARON BEN YAKOV (1736-72). His son - Osher K. (1765 - 1826, Pinsk, Minsk province). In 1792 he moved to the town of Stolin near Karlin, after which the Karlin Hasidim were also called Stolin. Emphasizing Religion. it produces value, labor, demanded diligence from the Hasidim in all matters, condemning the Jews who exploited non-Jews. workers. In 1798 he was arrested as "the head of the sect." After his release, he returned to Karlin. ARON K. II (1802, Karlin - 1872, Stolin, Pinsk u., Minsk province) - the son of Osher K. Under him, Karlian Hasidism reached the pinnacle of influence in Polesie and Volyn. In op. The House of Aaron (1875, ed. Sing.) Taught that everyday life, like prayer, is the service of Gd, that achieving spiritual perfection brings the coming of the Messiah closer. It was then that the Naib. Izv. Karlin tunes and songs. Provided spiritual and material support to the communities of the Karlin Hasidim who settled in E.-I. In 1867 he moved to Stolin. Osher K. II (died 1873, Stolin), son of Aron II K. He was the head of the Karlian Hasidim in tech. one year. He attached particular importance to ritual ablution. ISROEL K. (1868 - 1922, Stolin), son of Osher II K. Under him the number of followers of Hasidism increased significantly. He spoke out for the study ("out of necessity") of the secular sciences and for the education of girls. Three of his sons died during the fasc. the occupation at the hands of the Nazis, including Moishe, who founded a large yeshiva in Stolin, and in 1922 headed the Karlin Hasidim from the center operating in Stolin; Avrom Elimelech led the Hasidim in Karlin. Yisroel's son Yaakov Chaim (d. 1946) emigrated after the 1st world. war in the USA, where in 1927 he became the head of the local Karlin Hasidim. Isroel's son Yochanan K. (1900, Stolin - 1955, USA) in 1924 led the Karlin Hasidim in Lutsk, after the 2nd peace. During the war, he moved to Germany, in 1947 - to E.-I., in 1949 - to the USA, where he was recognized as the head of the Karlin dynasty. Johanan's grandson - Boruch Me-ir Yaakov (b. 1955), the successor of the dynasty.
KARLO MARKSOVSKOE, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1925.Since 1927 - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Gofintal, Kalinindorf district. In 1925 in K.-M. 206 people lived. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht units in K.-M. in oct. 1941 7 Jews were killed.
KARLOVKA, see Zeleny Yar.
KARMANA, city (since 1979) in the Bukhara region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Until 1920 - the city of Kerman in the Bukhara Khanate, in 1920–24 - in the Bukhara Nar. owls. republic, since 1938 - in the Bukhara region. UzSSR. In the 1880s. in K. lived apprx. 30 Jews. The Jewish quarter arose in Kazakhstan in the first half. 19th century The synagogue was opened in 1910. From 1914 to 1919, Zion Pinkhasovich Sufichaev (1895, Kerman - 1958) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. March 2, 1918 Red Army. detachment under com. future before. The Council of People's Commissars of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, F. I. Kolesov, committed a pogrom in Kazakhstan; Jewish homes and shops were looted and 10 women were raped. in K. there were courses on the study of Hebrew. Religious work. community and synagogue. The city has a Jewish quarter; an Ashkenazi site has been allocated at the Jewish cemetery; naib. old burials date back to 1897–98. Yakhudo Dzhuraev (1901-1987, Israel), one of the founders of the Jewish collective farm "Fruits of October", in tech. For 20 years he was his leader, built a synagogue on the collective farm, was repressed, since 1973 - in Israel.
CARMEL (Zalitsky) Moshe (1911, Novominsk - 2003), military leader, state. and polit. activist. From 1924 in E.-I., worked as a typesetter, activist of the youth workers' movement "Ha-Noar ha-Oved", from 1937 a member. Kibbutz Naan created by this movement. Joining the ranks of the combat organization of Gagan, he went from com. one of the detachments to the officer of the youth battalions of Gagana. For illegal. transportation of weapons to E.-I. in 1939 sentenced to Brit. authorities to 10 years in prison (after 18 months of imprisonment, released). In 1948 during the War of Independence with the rank of brigadier general. led operations to establish control over Haifa, Akko and most of Galilee. In the 1950s. studied history and philosophy in high fur boots in Jerusalem and Paris. In 1960-65 chap. ed. gas. "La Merhav" (organ of the Akhdut ha-Avoda party). Since 1955, dep. Knesset from this party. In 1955–56 and in 1965 69 min. transport. The author of the book. "Fights in the North" (1949) and "From the Dungeons" (1965).
CARMEN (real fam. Cor (e) nman) Lazar Osipovich (1876, Odessa - 1920, ibid.), Writer, journalist. In 1892-1893 he published J. "Echo of Odessa" and "Rocket". In 1894 he became a well-known reporter in Odessa. About his thin. The essay "Savages" (1901), depicting the life of loaders, favorably responded to VG Korolenko. Experienced the influence of M. Gorky's early prose. In 1904 came the collection of books "At the bottom of Odessa". From 1906 in St. Petersburg, published in the journal: "Vestnik Evropy", "New Life", "Education". In 1912 in the middle. “Selected works Russian writers "published a collection of stories by K." Children of the Embankment ". In the beginning. 1918 returned to Odessa, worked in the political department of the 51st division. After the capture of the city by the White Guards, he was arrested, subjected to torture, to-rye undermined his health. He died after 2 months. after the liberation of Odessa.
CARMEN Roman Lazarevich (1906, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), director, cameraman. Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1976). Son of L.O. Carmen. He worked as a reporter, photo reporter. In 1932 he graduated from the cinematography department of VGIK, made his debut as director. f. "Factory-kitchen" (1930), worked as an operator and dir. newsreels. During civil. war in Spain in 1936-39 corr. chronicles in Spain; filmed scenes were included in f. "Towards Events in Spain" and "Spain" (1939). Filmed the chronicle of the Japanese whale. wars - "China in the fight" (1938–39), "In China" (1941). 1941–45 - front-line operator, head. film groups - filmed f. "The defeat of the German troops near Moscow" (1942), "Leningrad in the fight" (1942), "Berlin" (1945). Hands. filming of the Nuremberg trials, filmed f. "The Court of Nations" (1947; according to his own script). In the post-war. years operator doc. cycles in Lat. America (Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua), Vietnam: "The Burning Island" (1961, jointly with G.A. Borovik), "Blue Lamp" (1961, jointly with V.N. Kiselev), "Guest from the Island of Freedom "(1963, jointly with Borovik)," When the world hung by a thread "(1963)," The Burning Continent "(1973)," Chile - a time of struggle, a time of troubles "(1974, ave. At the Moscow City Festival in Leipzig)," Heart of Corvalan "(1975, pr. At the Moscow Art Festival in Oberhaus). Hood. hands. paintings "The Great Patriotic War ..." (1978, in the cut, at the box office - "The Unknown War", ch. pr. at the Moscow Art Festival in Leipzig, 1979); dir. f. "June 22, 1941", "Unknown Soldier". Among other fictions: "The Tale of the Caspian Oil Workers" (1953), "Conquerors of the Sea" (1959), "The Great Patriotic War" (1965), "Grenada, Grenada, My Grenada ..." (1967, ch. Pr. MKF in Leipzig, 1968), "Comrade Berlin" (1969, National pr. GDR, special pr. MKF in Leipzig). The author of the first owls. panoramic dock. f. “My country is wide ...” (1958). Since 1960 he taught (since 1970 prof.) At VGIK. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1957) and the AzSSR (1959). Nar. art. RSFSR (1965). Nar. artist of the USSR (1966), became. pr. (1942, 1947), State. pr. (1975), Len. etc. (1960). Cit .: On the countries of three continents, Moscow, 1962; About time and about myself, M., 1969; The art of film reporting, M., 1974.
CARMI Dov (1905, Russia - 1962, Tel Aviv), architect. From 1921 in E.-I. Studied at the Higher. tech. school in Ghent (Belgium). Laureate of the State. pr. Israel 1957 for his contribution to modern. architecture of Israel. Main works - in Tel Aviv: residential buildings (1930s), the Histadrut building (1953), Chamber Theater (1957), Concert Hall. F. Mann (1957, with Z. Rechter), an administrative building and an auditorium named after D. Wise in Heb. un-those (1954-56), the building of the Knesset (1967, with I. Klarvain), etc.
KARNI (real name Volovelsky) Yehuda (1884, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1949, Tel Aviv), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. Published in 1896 in gas. "Ha-Tsfira" and other ed. Since 1921 - in E.-I. From 1923 - post. member editorial board gas. "Ha-Aretz". Naib. popul. book K. "Songs of Jerusalem", where the beauty of this city is the eternal symbol of Heb. people and their destiny. Prod. K. last. years imbued with deep sorrow, dedicated. Jewish victims of the Nazi genocide.
KARNOVITZ (Karno) Israel (b. 1916, Kelma), rabbi. In 1937 sotr. weekly "Life of the Jews". 1941–46 - in Siberia. In 1946–47, he was the head of the yeshiva in Axelbenne (France). Since 1949 - Rabbi of the Bnei Yisrael Community (Chicago). In 1956-60 the secretary, member. Council dir. yeshivas (Chicago). Member Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada. Fast. sotr. rabbinical periodicals.
KARNOVSKY Mordechai (b. 1913), entrepreneur, journalist, society. activist. One of the first members. "Beitar" in Lithuania, the commander of the dep. "Bei-tar" in MemelMemel on the eve of the 2nd world. war. Member of the underground movement in the Kaunas ghetto. Co-founder of the Beitar movement and revisionist. movement in Germany (1945–48), founder and ch. ed. weekly Unser Welt (1945–48). Since 1948 in Israel. The initiator of several craft cooperatives in Jaffa. Co-founder of the lodge Z. Zhabotinsky and its ed. Ga-um. Deer. Institute of Z. Zhabotinsky in Tel Aviv.
KARO Nikodem (1871, Lodz, Petrokow Gubernia - 1935), chemist. Dr. Chemistry. Studied in Germany (Berlin). In the beginning. 20th century created his own. lab. prom. chemistry. Subsequently he became a deer. Bavarian chem. enterprises. Foreign ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935). research in the region. obtaining calcium carbide and acetylene, the production of which was of great importance for him. chem. prom-ti. He proposed a method for sampling calcium carbide (Caro's method), to-ry in the 90s. is the official technol. process by Him. standard. Joint. with A. Frank developed a method for fixing nitrogen by its reaction with calcium carbide to obtain calcium cyanamide and proposed a furnace for the production of cyanamide (Frank-Caro furnace). Author of a large number of patents, "Handbook of Acetylene" (1904) and other printed tr.
KAROLEVKA, see Korolevka Zalishchytsky district, Ternopil region.
CAROLINA, see Karaina.
CARP Max (1856, Odessa - 1898, New York), actor. Entered the troupe of the first Hebrew. under the arms. A. Goldfaden, who performed in 1879 in Odessa, and took a leading place in it. He performed in large cities of the West. Russia and Moscow. After a two-year triumphal tour in 1882, he returned to Odessa with the troupe. - one of the first performers of the role of Uriel Acosta in the same name. play by K. Gutskov in Heb. scene. In 1882, K. joined the troupe of A.V. Spivakovsky, where his skills were especially enriched. Among the best acting works of K. - roles in the performances "The Usurer", "Orphans", "Dream" by N. Shaykevich, "Menachem ben Israel" by I. Katselenbogen, the rector of the Shulim synagogue in "Fanatic", Menoah in "Sulamith", the title role in the play "Doctor Almosado, or Jews in Palermo" (premiered in 1882, St. Petersburg). K. had a beautiful, strong bass, he was characterized by the organic and natural stage performance. behavior. In 1883 Heb. tr in Russia was banned, and K. went to London, and in 1888 to New York, where he organized the Schiller Drama Society.
KARP Poel Meerovich (b. 1925, Kiev), poet, translator, critic, publicist and ballet expert. Graduated from Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Cand. lawsuit. Appears in print on modern issues. ballet t-ra and theory ball. Author of publicistic. articles in weekly. "New time" and "Book review". The author of many. per. from Western Europe. literatures. Ed. g. "World Word". Op. General notebook, St. Petersburg, 1993.
KARPILOV Grigory Khatskelevich (1891, Minsk - 1949, ibid.), Otolaryngologist. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. un-that. In 1923–27 he worked as a doctor in Moscow and Vladimir, then returned to Minsk. In 1927–34 scientific. sotr. Department of Otolaryngology of the Belarusian University and the Minsk Medical Center. in-that. In 1934–41 - head. Department of Otolaryngology, Vitebsk honey. Institute, Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1938). In 1944–49 - head. Department of Otolaryngology, Minsk med. in-ta K. dealt with issues of clinic, treatment of scleroma and other diseases of the ear, throat and nose. Cit .: Nose and accessory cavities in the lab. amphibians, birds and rodents: Topographic anatomical and histological study, Vitebsk, 1940.
KARPILOV Viktor Grigorievich (1927, Minsk - 1994), director. Son of G.Kh. Karpilov. Graduated from the Belarusian Theater Arts. Institute in 1949. In 1949–53 he was an actor of the Russian Theater of the BSSR (Minsk). From 1956 - dir. on Belarusian TV. Fast. TV performances: "Yakov Bogomolov" by M. Gorky (1959); "Theater of the merchant Epishkin" by EA Murovich (1960, 1978); "Heart in the palm" by pov. I.P. Shamyakin (1964); "The Collapse" "Conspiracy of the Empress" (1966) (based on the play by A. Tolstoy and P. Shchegolev); “Weavers” by G. Hauptmann (1969); “The train costs five minutes” by E. Weinert (1969); the TV opera Morning by G. Wagner (1968); directed by doc. f. "Biography of my republic" (1968, 2nd and 3rd series), "Monuments are not silent" (1971), art. t / f "Tar-tak" (1974). Since 1968 he has been teaching at the Belarusian Theater. in-those (now the Belarusian academician art). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1967).
KARPILOVA Basya Zalmanovna (b. 1921, Baku), ballerina. At the end of Moscow. choreography uch-schha (1939) worked in t-ts of Moscow and Baku. In 1941–61 in the Minsk Theater. Parts: Odette-Odile, Kitri, Esmeralda, Zarina and others. Honored artist of the BSSR (1961).
KARPILOVKA, now part of the town of Zhlobin, Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1727.From 1772 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev Province. 183 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 168 in 1857, and approx. 200, in 1880 - 218 (50.7%), in 1897 - 1027 (47.2%), in 1908 - 2191 Jews (48%) According to the revision of 1842, there were 97 Jewish men in Kazakhstan. There was a synagogue in 1867. In 1880 the Jews owned 6 shops and 45 houses out of 64. There were large-scale houses of Leiba Kitaev and Esel Simonovsky, many others. Jews were engaged in handicrafts. In 1889, a number of Jewish houses were destroyed by fire. In 1908 there were 7 synagogues in Kazakhstan. In 1909 the bank office of the merchant V. Dvorkin was opened. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy warehouse, a banking office, a bakery and 4 shops.
CARPINENES, see Carpineni.
KARPINOVICH Avrom Moiseevich (1913, Vilna - 2004), prose writer. He studied in a real city. During the war of 1941–45 he lived in Russia, in 1944 he returned to Vilnius. Since 1949 in Israel. Since 1952 he was in charge of the Philharmonic. orc. In 1947 he began to publish stories. Author of the book: "Der veg kane Sdom" ("The Road to Sodom"), 1959; "Baym Wilner Durhoyf" ("At the Vilna Passage Yard"), 1967; "Ha tog fun milhome" ("War Day"), 1973, etc. His drama "Itzik Witenberg" was staged in Argentina in 1958.
KARPONOSOV Aron Gershovich (1902, Upper Podolsk province - 1967, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General (1943). In Kr. Army since 1920. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1936). In 1936–38 the beginning. shooter headquarters. corps, in 1938 deputy. early headquarters of the Far East. front, in 1938–39 deputy. early headquarters of the 1st Separate Red Banner Army. Member of the Soviet-Japanese. armed conflict in the region of the lake. Hasan (1938). In 1940–46 early. Ch. organizational and mobilization. ex. General Staff (deputy head of the General Staff). In 1946–58, deputy. early headquarters of the Volga military. env. Retired from 1958. He was awarded 7 orders.
KARPONOSOV Gennady Mikhailovich (b. 1950, Moscow), sportsman (figure skating). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1980). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University, studied there in the graduate school. He began to practice figure skating in 1957. He played for Moscow. about-in "Dynamo". He joined the USSR national team in 1968. Winter Olympus champion. games (1980) in sports. ice dancing (with N. Linichuk). World Champion (1978). Bronze. medalist of the World Championship (1974, 1977). European champion (1979), silver medalist (1978), bronze. medalist of the European Championships (1974–77). USSR Champion (1976, 1979). Since 1994 - in the USA.
KARPOV Lev Yakovlevich (1879, Kiev - 1921, Moscow), chemical technologist, rev. and state. activist, one of the organizers of the Sov. chem. prom-sti. Rod. in the family of a bankrupt businessman. After graduating from the Kiev real school in 1895 he entered Moscow. tech. uch-shche, a cut he graduated only in 1910, since studies were interrupted by many. arrests and links for participating in the roar. movement (member of the RSDLP since 1898, in 1904–05 - a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, in 1906–07 - secretary of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP). Took part in the development in 1911-15 extracts. method of obtaining turpentine and rosin. He designed equipment and supervised the construction of the first enterprises in Russia for the production of rosin and turpentine, which worked by this method, in Sudogda, Vladimir province. (launched in 1912) and in Finland (1914). In 1915–17 - director. Bondyuzhsky chem. plant on the Kama, organized here the first in Russia workshops for the production of chloroform and liquid chlorine. After the revolution, he headed the department. chem. prom-sti VSNKh RSFSR, was a member. Pres. VSNKh RSFSR, before. tech. council of chem. prom-sti. Under his arms. conversion was carried out. prom-sti, new productions were created and will research. centers, in particular Center. chem. lab. VSNKh RSFSR for servicing scientific and technical. needs of chem. industry (in 1921 it was reorganized into the Chem. Institute, named after him, from 1931 - Physico-chemical. Institute named after L.Ya. Karpov). The initiator of the publication in 1920–24 of the reference book on dep. branches of the Fatherland chem. prom-sti.
KARPOV Vladimir Lvovich (1907, Kiev - 1986, Moscow), chemical technologist. One of the founders of the father. radiation chemistry of polymers. At the end of Moscow. chemical-technol. in-ta them. D.I. Mendeleev and the Military Adjunct. academy of chem. protection from 1934 he worked in N. - and. physical and chemical. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova (with a break in 1941–46, when he served in the Red Army): since 1954 - deputy. dir. in-that, since 1958 scientific. hands. Obninsk branch in-that. The first works are dedicated. study of solubility and properties of cellulose ethers. In 1936 in the lab. VA Kargina began electron diffraction. research structure and phase state of polymers, to-rye contributed to the development of principles for creating polymers with desired properties. From 1946 he worked on the study of chemical. processes caused by the action of nuclear radiation on polymers and polymeric materials. He made a significant contribution to the decision of the question of the choice of polymeric materials for use in conditions of exposure to nuclear radiation. Discovered and studied the processes of crystalline ordering. polymers, initiation of hydrogen isotope exchange in saturated polymeric hydrocarbons and low-molecular-weight liquids. Took part in the development of the first special. will investigate. nuclear reactor for chemical. research (VVRTs), its design and construction. State pr. USSR (1969). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR.
KARPOV Yuri Lvovich (b. 1912, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. experimental aerodynamics and ballistics, Cand. tech. Sciences, Assoc. He graduated in 1936 Moscow. Aviation in-t. Worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those, Flight-test. in-those, scientific research institute automatic. systems. At the same time. taught at Moscow. Aviation in-those (1948–84). In 1937–40 he participated in the development of dive bombing systems, in the creation. unique stands for aerodynamics. tests. Became. pr. (1951).
KARPOVA (nee Luvishchuk) Anna Samoilovna (Hanna Shmulyevna) (1883, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1968, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement. Member Communist. parties since 1902. Born. to the merchant. family. Graduated from the Mariinsky Wives. g-ziyu in Kamyanets-Podolsk (1900). From 1901 a propagandist at the Kiev committee of the RSDLP, in 1903 she was arrested, until 1904 she was held in the Lukyanovskaya prison (Kiev), then illegally. position, party organizer and propagandist at the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg. In May 1905 she was again arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and released in November. 1905, in Dec. of the same year, she was arrested again and after her release (April 1906) she led a party, work in Moscow among the workers of the railway. workshops (at the same time she studied at the Higher Women's Courses in Moscow). In 1915-18 she lived in the Vyatka province, led a roar. work among the workers of the Bondyuzhsky chemical. w-yes, dir. to-rogo was her husband L.Ya. Karpov. In aug. 1917 elected dep. local council. In 1918–22 she worked in Moscow. department of beds. education and in the Gubpolitprosvet. In 1922 - head. consular part in grew up. embassy in Finland. In 1922–26 - head. agitprop in Krasnopresnenskiy RKP (b) Moscow. In 1926-29 - in the department of agitation and propaganda of the Moscow. to-that VKP (b). In 1929–35, he was organizer and rector of Moscow. region courses of Marxism, reorganized in 1932 into the Higher Communist. s.-kh. school preparing desks. workers for collective farms and MTS. In 1935-40 he was a director. Moscow in-that history, philosophy and literature (MIFLI). In 1940–62 - Dir. State Historical Museum in Moscow.
KARPOVTSY, a village in the Chudnovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 3 shops.
KARS, city, adm. Ilya Kars center (Republic of Turkey). In the 10-11 centuries. - the center of the Kara state, from the 16th century. - Turkish fortress. In 1878-1918 - as part of Ros. empire, a city, and the center of the Kara Region. 437 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, 51 in 1904, and 58 in 1909. 19th century For prayer the Jews of K. gathered in private Jewish homes.
KARSAVA (until 1917 - Korsovka), a city (from 1928) in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In the 18th century. received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lyutsinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1840, approx. 700 Jews, in 1897 - 609 (47%), in 1914 - 2400 (60%), in 1920 - 910 (48%), in 1925 - 907 (46%), in 1930 - 865 (47%), in 1935 - 785 Jews (42%) The community in Kazakhstan was created in the 1820s. Jewish merchants who moved from neighboring cities. The first rabbi was Wolf Zioni. In the 1830s. a Jewish cemetery was founded in K. In 1843 the Jews lost their lands and left the village; the Jewish cemetery was saved from liquidation thanks to the intervention of the authorities. In the 1860s. Jews began to return to Kazakhstan. In 1875 a synagogue was opened, and in 1896 a mikvah was built. Ishaya-Eliyahu Toder (1850 -?) Was the rabbi in K. in 1875. In 1910 a bookstore in K. belonged to a Jew. In 1910–14, a society for helping poor Jews operated in Kazakhstan, with a pharmacy. A Christian doctor treated poor Jews for free. In 1913, the Bikur Hoylim Society was operating in Kazakhstan. The Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. hotel, watch workshop, 69 shops (including 25 grocery stores); a Jew was a unity. in K. a timber merchant. In 1914, Yankel Abramovich Vairon was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. 1st world. During the war, almost a third of Jews left K. at the same time. a large number of Jewish refugees from the frontline arrived in K. stripes. In 1920, many of those who left Korea during the First World. the wars of the Jews have returned. With the assistance of the Joint, a mutual credit fund was opened for Jewish traders and artisans. in K., the branches Ge-Halutz, Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair, Tseirei Zion, Mizrahi, and others began to function; there was a branch of the Bund. In the end. 1920s part of the Jews of K. (mainly young people) left for the USA and E.-I. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews K. owned 180 trades. pr-ty (out of 214) and one f-ka (out of 4). There was a Jewish school in K. before the beginning. 1930s - Jewish gymnasium and religion. school. In 1920–34, Jews were mayors of Kazakhstan. The rabbi in Kazakhstan was Dov-Arie Olshvang (? –1942, Samarkand). After 1934, relations between the Jewish community and the local population became strained. Attempts were made by drunken soldiers to organize pogroms; several Jews were beaten, shops were plundered. Self-defense units and the intervention of the authorities saved K. from reprisals against Jews. A prominent Jewish activist in Kazakhstan in the 1930s. there was a doctor Michael Zeidlin (? -1938), to-ry simultaneously. was the deer. Jewish plank. bank and Jewish gymnasium. 4 July 1941 Wehrmacht units occupied Kiev; a ghetto was created, where in August. 1941 was destroyed approx. 400 Jews. After the liberation in June 1944, few Jews returned to Kazakhstan, to-rye restored the Jewish cemetery and erected a monument to the victims with inscriptions in Russian. lang. and Yiddish. A minyan acted in Kazakhstan (in a private apartment) and a shohet was invited. most of the Jews of Kazakhstan left for Israel. Lev Isaakovich Izraylet (1924-1980, Riga), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1974), from 1969 - ch. occupational pathologist of the Ministry of Health of the Latvian SSR.
KARSHI (in 1926–37 - Bek-Budi), a city (since 1926), the center of the Kashkadarya region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Main in the 1st floor. 14th century Since 1867 - part of Ros. Empire, in the Turkestan general-governorship. In 1939, 148 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1959 - 57 Bukharian Jews (0.3%), in 1970 - 430 Jews (0.6%), in 1979 - 279 Jews (0 , 3%) Jews settled in Kazakhstan in the first half. 19th century In 1918 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, in the course of which many others. Jews were forcibly converted to Islam; among the Jews were killed. In 1929, in the Kashkadarya region. a native Jewish school was in operation.
KARSUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1943), a regional center in the Ulyanovsk region. (Russian Federation). Since 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the province. From 1925 it was a rural settlement. In 1910, 2 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KART Viktor Emmanuilovich (b. 1929, Berdichev), chess coach. Honored. trainer of the USSR (1973). A historian by education. He brought up a number of iz. grandmasters: A.G. Belyavsky, M.I. Litinskaya, A.B. Mikhalchishina, O.M. Romanishina. Ukrainian team coach.
CARTER Victor (b. 1910, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army), entrepreneur, philanthropist. In 1921 he was taken by his parents to the United States. Lived in Los Angeles. After the 2nd world. war has created a company builds. materials, which later included mechanical engineering. s-d and a large enterprise for the production of heavy goods. equipment. In 1959 he bought out the main share of Republic Pictures and became president. and before. the board of this company. In 1967 he retired and devoted himself to philanthropy, activities, was president, vice president, director. amer. org-tion "Joint", Amer. federation ORT. From 1962 to 1965 there was a nat. prev. Companies for American-Israeli relations, headed by international. econom. conf. to support investment in Israel (Jerusalem, 1968, 1969).
KARTSEV (real name Katz) Roman Anshelevich (b. 1939, Odessa), pop artist. With children. years he was engaged in acrobatics, then pantomime. He worked at a sewing factory, participated in art. amateur performances. In 1963 he met as a student. t-re of pop miniatures of the Odessa Institute of Ing. pestilence fleet "Parnas-2" with V.L. Ilchenko. New satirical. the duet worked until Ilchenko's death in 1992. In 1962 A. I. Raikin invited K. to his t-r. Several later Ilchenko and M.M. Zhvanetsky were also invited. In 1968–72, K. studied at the correspondence department of the acting department of GITIS (Moscow). In 1970 K., Ilchenko and Zhvanetsky organized at the Odessa Philharmonic Society of miniatures, which existed until 1978, having released several. programs for production Zhvanetsky. In 1978 they played in Moscow. t-re miniatures in performances based on production. Zhvanetsky "When we were resting" (1980), "Izbr. miniatures "(1982)," Bravo, satire! " (1987) and others. In 1985, K. performed with a solo performance "Sincerely yours" on his own. composition, which was previously shown in Odessa under the name. "A fool". In 1988 Zhvanetsky, K. and Ilchenko created their own. tr, in which they staged the performances "Bird Flight", "Political Cabaret" (1990). In 1993, K. released a one-man show "My Odessa", which included miniatures and monologues by Zhvanetsky. K. starred in f. "Heart of a Dog", "Promised Heaven", "Prediction", etc. Laureate of IV All. competition of pop artists (1970). Honored. art. RSFSR (1989).
KARTUZA BIRCH, see Birch.
KARTUZSKAYA BIRCH, see Birch.
KARTYANA, a place in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kortsyany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1662, 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 90 (17.7%), in 1923 - 35 Jews (5.6%). time Polsk. uprisings of 1830–31 in Kazakhstan, 12 Jews were seized, to-ryh the Poles wanted to hang, accusing them of assisting the authorities. At the request of a rich Jew from Salant (present-day Salantai) Eliyahu Gitkin, a local priest organized a procession with the cross on the square where the execution was to take place; the convicted Jews were saved. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a mill and a shop. In the autumn of 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed by the Lithuanian police.
KARU (real fam. Krupnik) Baruch (1889, Chernevtsy, Yampolsky district, Podolsk province - 1972, Tel Aviv), translator, lexicographer. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied at the Odessa yeshiva and until 1913 at the Oriental Studies Courses in St. Petersburg. From 1911 he published art. about science, literature, Judaism, translations. Since 1913 - in Warsaw. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he lived in Bern, from there he moved to Berlin, where in 1927 he became a member of the editor. Council of the Jewish Encyclopedia in Hebrew "Eshkol" (published vol. 1–2, 1929–32), compiled "Practical. dictionary to the Talmud, Midrash and Targum "(1927) and" Phrases "(1932), translated into Hebrew several. book, including "Notes of the Pickwick Club" by Charles Dickens. Since 1932 - in E.-I. There were published tr .: "Dictionary of Abbreviations" (1945), "Basic Practical Hebrew-English and Anglo-Hebrew Dictionary" (1963), "Israeli Encyclopedia and the World. literature "(v. 1 - 4, 1942-43, 1961) and others, trans. in Hebrew "History of the Jewish people" S.M.Dubnov, East. novels by V.G. Yan, pov. "Samson Nazarene" by Z. Zhabotinsky and others.
KARVASARY, now part of the city of Kamenets-Podilsky, Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky Podolsk province. In 1847, 752 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1887 - 575 (76.2%), in 1897 - 720 Jews (57%). In 1865 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan, and in 1889 - 3 synagogues.
KARYCHIN, see Korytsin.
KARILSKOE, a village in the Koropsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province. In 1856, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 18 Jews. 11 Feb. 1942 One Jew was killed in Kazakhstan.
KARYMSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1935), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 34 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KARYSHKOV, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Koryshkov Mogilevsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. 280 people died from hunger and disease in the camp. On Sept. 1943 227 Jews were held in the camp.
KASAVIN Ilya Teodorovich (b. 1954, Moscow), specialist in the field of the theory of knowledge. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1989), prof. The son of T.I. Oizerman. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1980). Since 1983 he has been working at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1989 hands. group "Analysis of extra-scientific. types of knowledge ". In the works of K. develops a socially oriented approach to the theory of knowledge. Medal, etc., USSR Academy of Sciences. Cit .: Rational in cognition and practice. M., 1989 (et al.); Knowledge in the world of traditions. M., 1990.
KASEL David (1881, Minsk - 1935, Warsaw), writer, poet, translator. From 1910 he lived in Warsaw. From 1901 he published articles, poems, stories, fairy tales. Author pl. book for children, as well as textbooks and anthologies for Jewish schools and self-education. He translated world poetry into Yiddish. Peru K. belongs to rum. "Indorf" ("In the Country", 1912), "Unther a Vaisn Forang" ("Under the White Curtain", 1922), where psychological. the origins of children. erotica, as well as numerous. novels on a love theme and stories about nature.
KASHARSKY Mark Lvovich (b. 1933, Kharkov), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings and structures. In 1954 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Kharkov Mining Institute. Main work in Alma-Ata: thin. gal. (1960s), Sports Palace (1960s), air terminal (1973), etc.
KASHEVKA, a village in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kashovka Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 445 Jews (42%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 there were 15 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the first half. 17th century The Jewish population suffered during the "Khmelnitsky" era: 5 Jewish houses remained in Kazakhstan. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery and unity houses. Manufacturing shops. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1943 Ukrainian police shot 20 Jews in K.
KASHIN, a city, a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1238. From 1708 it was assigned to Ingermanland, in 1719 - to St. Petersburg, in 1732 - to Moscow province. From 1775 it was a district town of the Tver governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910, 27 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 65 (0.8%), in 1939 - 85 Jews. In 2002, there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
KASHIRA, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 14th century. From 1708 - in the Moscow province, from 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1910, 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 68, in 1939 - 123 (0.7%), in 1970 - 102 (0.6%), in 1989 - 46 Jews (0.1%). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 2003, approx. 30 Jews.
KASHIROVKA, a village in the Kazankovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 23 Aug 1941 in Kazakhstan, 8 Jews were shot.
KASHOVKA, see Kashevka.
KASHPERO NIKOLAEVKA, a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a town of Kherson province. In 1827 in K.-N. settled several. Jewish families, DOS. the occupation of which was trade. Gradually, towards the end. 19th century, the town became poor. In 1910 Jews (9 families) left K.-N. In August. 1941 K.-N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941 in K.-N. 3 Jews were killed.
KASHPEROVKA, a village in the Tetievsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tarashchansky u. In 1877, 66 Jews (2.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1916 - 82 Jews (2.3%). In 1914, out of 6 grocery stores in Kazakhstan, 2 belonged to Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941 in K. 3 Jews were killed.
KASIMOV (up to 1471 - Gorodets-Meshchersky), a city, a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1152. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1860, 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 45 (0.3%), in 1922 - 25, and in 1926 - 35 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 19th century In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan, which was destroyed in the 1960s, and in 1999 a Jewish religion was established in Kazakhstan. community (previously - Mikhail Iosifovich Lipkover, b. 1943). There is a Jewish Sunday school. In 2002, approx. 400 Jews.
KASIANIK Moisey Davidovich (1910, Zhitomir - 1988), athlete (weightlifting). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. One of the strongest weightlifters of the 1930s – 1940s. Repeated champion and record holder of the USSR, winner of many others. int. competitions.
KASIANOVKA, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1925 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony. 1920s 150 Jews (62.5%) lived in K. In 1939 the Jewish colony ceased to exist.
KASLI, a city (since 1942), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1747. In 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Kaslinsky Plant of Yekaterinburg district Perm province. In 1910, two Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 17 Jews. In 2002, several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews.
KASLINSKY FACTORY, see Kasli.
Kasparov (Weinstein) Garry Kimovich (b. 1963, Baku), chess player, 13th world chess champion (1985). Int. grandmaster (1980), honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1985). Graduated from Azerb. ped. in-t foreign. languages ​​(1986). Champion of the USSR (1976 and 1977) and the world (1980) among youth. At the age of 16 he made his debut in the international. tournament in Banja Luka (1979) and took 1st place, ahead of 14 grandmasters. USSR Champion (1981, 1988); as part of the team of the USSR and Russia, the winner of a number of Olympiads (1980–92). He played 6 matches for the world championship (1984-93): in 4 he achieved victory - three times over A.E. Karpov (1985, 1986, 1990) and once over N. Short (1993), one match ended in a draw (1987 ) - with Karpov and one remained unfinished (1984/85) - with Karpov. Winner pl. int. competitions, including supertournaments in Bugoino, Tilburg, Linares, Belgrade, Amsterdam. Prev children the "Computer" club (Moscow, 1986) and the Chess Academy in Murcia (Spain); headed by a child-youth. chess. school in Podolsk (since 1986), among the graduates there are a swarm of grandmasters V.M. Kramnik and A.D. Shirov. Together with Short, he founded Professional Chess. association (1993), under the auspices of a swarm their match for the world championship in London (1993) took place. He is actively involved in polit, and societies. activities; was in the Democratic. party of Russia, was before. her Mosk. mountains. org-tion, at the beginning. 1991 left its ranks. In 2008 - one of the creation. and leaders of the United Democr. Movement "Solidarity". Cit .: Sicilian Defense. M., 1984 (et al.); The test of time. Baku, 1985; Two matches. M., 1987; Unlimited duel. M., 1988.
CASPE Abraham (1860, Cherikov, Mogilev Province - 1929, New York), politician, publicist. Since 1882 - in the USA. Worked in docks and tunnel construction. As one of the most active socialist propagandists. Idea participated in organizing the first solidarity strikes in the United States. Around 1890 he returned to Russia, where he studied nature. science in St. Petersburg. un-those. In 1894 he returned to the USA, where, after graduating from un-that in New York, he received a doctorate in medicine. Founded ed. "Daily Forward" and was prez. Association "Forward". First Art. - a popular treatise on chemistry - was publ. in every month. "Tsukunft". From that time on, Art. K. for scientific. and polit. themes appear in most radical periodicals. ed. New York in Yiddish. In 1912 he became ed. "Tsukunft". In the last. years of life was sotr. gas. Freigite.
KASPEROVTSY, a village in the Zalishchitsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1619. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1662, 20 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1921, c. 100 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. In the possession of the Jews there were several. benches and a steam mill. During the "Khmelnytsky" period, the Jewish community of K. was ruined. In 1681, 8 Jewish homeowners lived in the district of K. In the 18th century. Jewish k-va K. fell into decay; pl. Jews moved to Zalishchyky. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KASPI, city (since 1959), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939 there were 29 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1959 - 15, and in 1970 - 16 Jews.
KASPIYSK, a city (since 1947) in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1932 as a workers' settlement Dvigatelstroy. In 1939 90 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1959 - 101 Jews. 1990s In K. there are a Jewish cultural center (headed by Tatyana Malmiyeva), a branch of "Hesed". In 2002, approx. 100 Jews.
KASPLYA, a village in the Smolensk district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Porechsky u. Smolensk province. 20 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. There was a synagogue. In 1913, a Jew owned one shop in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, parts of the Wehrmacht were occupied. In July 1942, 153 Jews were buried alive in Kazakhstan.
KASSIL Grigory Naumovich (1902, Tiflis - 1986, Moscow), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938). In 1924 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. Worked as the head. lab. in Ying-those physiology. Deer. lab. neurohumoral regulations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During the 1941–45 war he was a member of the anti-shock brigade. In 1973–84 head. lab. sport. Endocrinology Research Institute of Medical Biol. sports problems. Since 1984 scientific. consultant of this in-ta. K. studied the problem of hematoencephalic. barrier, substantiated the concept of multiple barriers in the body, developed the origin. the method of intranasal electrophoresis of drugs, thanks to a cut drugs penetrate directly into the tissues of the brain. K. established that from the functional state of histohematich. barriers to a certain extent depends on the spread of antibiotics in the body. Studied the influence of biol. active substances on the central nervous system, the problem of homeostasis, in particular vegetative-humoral-hormonal relationships in the body in health and disease, the problem of pain, which contributed to deciphering the mechanisms of stress. Cit .: Hematoencephalic. barrier. M., 1963; Pain and pain relief. M., 1965; Acupuncture treatment. M., 1969; The Science of Pain. M., 1975; Histamine in biochemistry and physiology. M., 1981 (et al.).
KASSIL Lev Abramovich (1905, Pokrovskaya Sloboda of Novouzensky u. Samara province - 1970, Moscow), writer. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1965). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1923–26 he studied physics and mathematics. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. Published since 1925. In 1927 he was attracted by VV Mayakovsky to work in the journal. "New Lef", since 1930 - essayist gas. "News". Author pl. books for children and youth, including autobiography. pov. "Conduit" (1930) and "Shvambrania" (1933), in which the events preceded. and roar. years are shown through the perception of a boy from an assimilated Jewish family (in 1935 they were united into one book, where the Jewish theme was almost completely emasculated), "Cheremysh - the hero's brother" (1938), "Goalkeeper of the republic" (1938), "My dear boys "(1944)," Street of the Younger Son "(1949, jointly with M.L. Polyanovsky, Stal. Pr. 1951)," Early Sunrise "(1953)," Be Ready, Your Highness! " (1964), "The Move of the White Queen" (1956), "About a Very Good Life" (1959), "Gladiator's Cup" (1961), etc.
KASSIL Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1934, Moscow), resuscitation specialist. Dr. med. Sciences (1980), prof. (1986). Son of L.A. Kassil. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1958). Until 1966 he worked as a doctor in Moscow. mountains. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin, head. an exit center of intensive care in Moscow. In 1966–84 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. clinics of the Institute of General Reanimatology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1984 head. lab. functional diagnostics Oncologist. scientific. center them. N.N.Blokhin of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. scientific. research K. dedicated, arts. ventilation of the lungs with respiratory failure, as well as int. metabolic acidosis in patients with malignant tumors. Vol .: Methods of artificial respiration. M., 1968; Artificial ventilation of the lungs in intensive care (et al.). M., 1977; High-frequency ventilation of the lungs. M., 1992 (et al.).
KASSIRSKY Genrikh Iosifovich (b. 1929, Tashkent), therapist-cardiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. (1993). Son of I.A. Kassirsky. In 1954 he graduated from the 1st MMI. From 1954 to 1957 he worked as a doctor at the railway. transport. In 1954–59 he was a resident at the 3rd Department of Therapy Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Since 1960 - at the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery named after A.N. Bakuleva of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. K.'s interests are concentrated hl. arr. on two problems: functional diagnostics in cardiology and rehabilitation of patients, cardiac surgeon, profile. K. was one of the initiators of the development of sound, symptoms of heart disease (records were attached to the "Great Medical Encyclopedia", 2nd ed.). K. - the author (with VV Soloviev) of the first in the USSR "Atlas of clinics. phonocardiography "(M., 1983). He proposed the method of phonocardiography and expanded the scope of its application, including for the purpose of research. hemodynamics in heart disease, criteria for evaluating pulmonary hypertension in heart disease have been developed, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the indications for a surgeon. treatment of patients. Under the arm. K. developed programs for the rehabilitation of patients who underwent heart surgery, contributing to the restoration of health and social. status. Cit .: Sound symptoms of acquired heart defects. M., 1964 (et al.); Honey. rehabilitation in cardiac surgery. M., 1976 (et al.).
KASSIRSKY Iosif Abramovich (1898, New Margelan, Fergana Region, Turkestan Territory - 1971, Moscow), scientist-clinician. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1963). He studied (since 1915) in honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1918 he was mobilized into the army of A.V. Kolchak, and soon went over to the side of the Kr. Army, in a cut he served until 1920. In 1921 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University. In 1921-30, resident, assistant, Assoc. therapeutic. clinics of Turkestan (Central Asian) University (Tashkent); in 1930–34 Assoc. Prof., Head. chair tropical. diseases of the Tashkent honey. in-that. In 1934–41 hands. therapy, dep. Centre. clinics hospitals them. N.A. Semashko NKPS USSR. In 1936–38 the head. branch of the 3rd Department of Therapy Center. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1941–42 the head. Department of Therapy of the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors (Tashkent). In 1942-52 Ch. therapist railway transport of the USSR, simultaneously. head a branch of the 3rd Department of Therapy, TsIUV (1952–71 - head of the department). - one of the founders of hematology, ge-ogre. pathology, clinic. pharmacology, leukemia, cytologist, diagnostics and drugs. pathology in the USSR, was the first in the country to study genetic. and molecular hematology. He substantiated the theory of avitaminous etiology of malignancies. anemia and atavistic. the theory of blastomogenesis. He developed an informative method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, a safe method of puncture of the sternum using a "needle K.", intrasternal blood transfusion. He described acute infectious lymphocytosis as an independent nosological form. Developed the principle of planned rehospitalization of patients with rheumatism, the method of primary inhibitory therapy of chronic. leukemia. Author ist.-med. works. K. created scientific. school of hematologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, clinics. pharmacologists. Member scientific boards ob-in in the USSR and abroad. Etc. them. N.D. Strazhesko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1971), medal of the University of Lyons. Honored. Scientist of the Uzbek SSR (1939). Cit .: Clinic and therapy of malaria. M., 1948; Essays on Rational Chemotherapy. M., 1951; Diseases of hot countries. M., 1959 (et al.); Genetics in Hematology. L., 1967; About healing. M., 1970.
KASUM KENT, see Kasumkent.
KASUMKENT, village, center of Suleiman-Stalsky district in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1846 - Kasum-Kent village of the Kyurinsky environs. Derbent province, from 1860 - Dagestan region. In 1734, the Jew Shabtai-biba was appointed assistant to the local bek Yakub-pasha. In tech. 18-19 centuries the Jews of K. paid tribute annually (30 kopecks per smoke) and worked for free in the fields of the bey for 3-5 days a year. In the 18th century. Persian. the military leader Afshar Nadir-Shah drove the Jewish population of the aul to Persia. Ruza Khan ransomed the Jews of Kazakhstan and brought them back. conditions by the servants of the local bek, Jews from Karchag moved to K. In the 1860s. Rabbi Khilki was the rabbi in K.
KASVINOV Mark Konstantinovich (1910, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1977, Moscow), journalist, historian. Graduated from East. Faculty of Zinovievsky ped. in-that. Since 1933 - correspondent, head. foreign policy. dep. "Uchitelskaya Gazeta"; printed in the center. gas., prepared materials for the radio. In 1941–45 - at the front, in 1945–47 he served in Germany and Austria. In Vienna, edited the gas. owls. occupation forces "Osterreichishe Zeitung". From 1947 he worked in radio, in the broadcasting department in German. country. From the end. 1960s collected materials for the book. "Twenty-three Steps Down" (journal published in 1972; censorship removed the chapter "Evenings in a Tavern on Taganka", dedicated to the history of the Black Hundred movement). The work on the book in 1978 was completed by the wife of K.A.K. Rezanova.
KATASHIN, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. More than 500 Jews died of hunger and disease in the camp. On Sept. 1943 147 Jews were held in the camp.
Local history part of the encyclopedia
Biographical part of the encyclopedia
KATERBURG, see Katerynivka, Ternopil region.
KATERINOGRADKA, see Katerinovka, Ternopil region.
KATERINOPOL (until 1795 - Kalniboloto), an urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 16th century, had the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the county town of Kiev province, since 1798 - the town of Yekaterinopol Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In the 1930s. the center of the Jewish village council. In 1797, 1360 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1077, in 1897 - 1980 (27.5%), in 1920 - 1260, in 1923 - 1587, in 1939 - 395 Jews (6.1% The first mention. about Jews K. belongs to the 17th century. In the 17-18 centuries. the Jews of Kazakhstan have repeatedly become victims of pogroms. Main occupation of the Jewish population of K. in the late. 18th century - agriculture, crafts, trade. In 1865 there were 2 synagogues in the town, in 1895 Avrum-Itsko Nukhimovich Polonsky was the rabbi. During the war, the Jewish population suffered from pogroms and looting. In 1926, immigrants from K. in the Krivoy Rog okr. the Jewish collective farm "Trotsky" (51 people) was founded. A school with teaching in Yiddish worked in Kazakhstan. After the occupation of Kazakhstan by the Germans. troops part of the Jewish population was destroyed on the territory. K. in Oct. 1941. In May 1942, able-bodied Jews were deported to Brodetskoye, the rest to Zvenigorodka and on June 18, 1942, they were shot along with local Jews. After 1945, several returned to Kazakhstan. Jewish families S.Ya. Elisavetsky
KATERINOVKA, a village in the Lozovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1859 in Pavlograd u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1859, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 20th century - OK. 70 Jews (approx. 6%). 19th century Jews owned 2 shops. In the beginning. 20th century b. h. taverns, bargaining. the shops and mills belonged to Jews; some were engaged in grain trade.
KATERLI (Efros, nee Farfel) Nina Solomonovna (b. 1934, Leningrad), writer, publicist. Rod. in a family of writers: mother - writer Elena Iosifovna Katerli (1902-1958), author of several. rum. and p., father - Semyon Samoilovich Samoilov (Solomon Shmulevich Farfel) (1907-1985), military. journalist and documentary writer, grandfather - Samuil Grigorievich Farfel (1877-1927), was a comp. gas. "Rech", later worked in the Sov. print. K. graduated from Leningrad. technol. in-t. Mn. years worked as an engineer. First. publ. in 1973. In 1985 she was actively involved in societies and activities. In 1988, publ. into gas. "Leningrad. truth "Art. "Road to Monuments" directed against the "Memory" Society and anti-Semitic literature. A. Romanenko, the author of one of these books. ("On the class essence of Zionism", 1986), started a court against K. business. The trial caused a wide response in the press and lasted two years; in 1990, after making sure that the case could not be won, the plaintiff withdrew his claim. K. one of the initiators of the creation, member. editorial board antifash. zhurn. "Barrier" (1992). Works: Window. L., 1981; Colored postcards. L., 1986; Kurhaus. L., 1990; Sennaya Square. L., 1992.
KATILISHKE, a village in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Kotlovshchizna Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century the estate was owned by the Gordon family, then by the Bergman family.
KATKISHKE, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Seinsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan and, after its end, did not return to their former place of residence. 1941 approx. K. a ghetto was created.
CATLER Harry (1875 - 1920), industrialist, public figure. From the age of eight in the United States. Over time, he became a successful entrepreneur in the jewelry industry. in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1908-11 members. Rhode Island Legislature, then Lieutenant Colonel Nat. guard. In 1916, during the Mexican border campaign, he was adjutant to the general. D.D. Pershing. During the 1st world. war participated in the founding of the Jewish nat. philanthropist. commission, created. to help Jewish soldiers, and was before. its executive committee. One of the nine delegates sent in 1919 by Amer. Jewish Congr. to Paris to represent the interests of Jews at the Versailles Conf. He has held leading positions in leading Jewish organizations in America.
KATRINO, has not existed since the 1960s. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In the 1930s – 40s. - the village of Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in July 1941, 13 Jews were killed.
KATS-KAPLINSKY Meer Yudelevich (1874 - 1932, Leningrad), architect, specialist in the design of residential buildings. Representative of the styles of Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism in Rus. architecture. Main works in St. Petersburg: apartment buildings - at 38 Nadezhdinskaya Street (1909), at 10, 12 Batareyny Lane (1909), at the 3rd Rozhdestvenskaya Street. (1904), in Aleksandrovsky lane, 13 (1912), on Nikolaevskaya st., 2 (1914).
KATS Adam Zakharovich (1923, Odessa - 1984, Simferopol), painter. Graduated in 1950 from the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Leningrad. Main Produced by: canvas "Primorsky Boulevard" (1961), triptychs "Kobzar" (1964), "For the land, for freedom" (1967), "Still life with a violin" (1973), portraits. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1964).
KATS Adolf Iosifovich (b. 1913), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1964). Graduated from legal-econom. Faculty of Bucharest University (1933). Citizen of the USSR since 1940. Scientific. work since 1934 (in Romania), since 1952 - in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Labor under the State. to-those on labor issues, Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main subject of scientific. research - societies. reproduction, labor productivity (also in comparative terms), methodology of accounting for societies, product, econ. stimulation under socialism, the position of the proletariat in the capitalist. countries, econ. the effectiveness of new technology, optimization of the development of bunk beds. x-va. Cit .: Stimulating the efficient operation of enterprises. ML, 1964; Dynamic econom. optimum. (General criterion). M., 1970.
KATS Alexander Viktorovich (| - 1941, Ufa), civil engineer. In the beginning. 1930s deputy. ch. Ing. Kharkovtractor building. Supervised the construction of the Kharkov turbine generator plant. Then he headed the construction of the Elektrostal plant in Noginsk Moscow. region In 1939–41 - early. Ch. ex. drip building of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR.
KATS Arkady Fridrikhovich (b. 1931, Nikolaev), director. Upon graduation from the Odessa Theater. uch-schA worked as an actor in the Odessa t-re Sov. Army and Balti Rus. dram. t-re (Moldova). He served in the Navy, even before demobilization he passed, he will enter exams for dir. Faculty of Leningrad in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography. After graduating from the Institute, he worked as dir. in Izhevsk Rus. dram, t-re im. V.G. Korolenko, post. "Living corpse" by Leo Tolstoy and others. 1963 invited dir. to Riga t-r rus. drama where post. "A Serious Comedy" ("Dangerous Years") by B. Brzhezovsky. Since the end of 1964, ch. dir. t-ra, staged more than 40 performances. Among the posts: "The Story of One Love" by K. M. Simonov (1963), "West Side Story" by A. Laurents and L. Bernstein (jointly with LS Belyavsky, 1965), "Rush Hour" by E. Stavinsky (1971), "Conversations with Socrates" by E.S. Radzinsky (1974), "Duck Hunt" by A.V. Vampilov (jointly with I.Sh. Pekker, 1976), "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare (1977 ), "Strawberry Glade" by I. Bergman (jointly with AN Kazantsev, 1978), "Anna Onegina" after S.A. Esenin (jointly with Yu.G. Losev, 1981), etc. Since 1989 . works in T-re im. Evgeny Vakhtangov, where he staged performances: "Sunset" based on the production. IE Babel (1989), "Ides of March" by T. Wilder (1991), "The Marriage of Balzaminov" by AN Ostrovsky (1993), "Barbara" by M. Gorky. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Udmurt ASSR (1963). Nar. art. Lat. SSR (1976).
KATS Arnold Mikhailovich (1924, Baku, - 2007, Beijing), conductor, violinist. He studied violin in Baku, Moscow. muses. schools; in Moscow. cons. - from A.I. Yampolsky. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class conducting under IA Musin in 1951. In 1951–52 he taught conducting and at the same time. led by a brass orc. in Leningrad. cons. Since 1956, thin. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. Novosibirsk Philharmonic (since 1982 academic.). K. also acted as an opera conductor. From the end. 1950s began touring abroad. Since 1957 he has been leading Cl. operatic symphony. conducting at the Novosibirsk cons. (since 1980 prof.). In 1956–64 he was the head of a student. orc. cons. In 1992 he conducted the consolidated Russian-American. youth symphony. orc. students of six cons. CIS (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Saratov, Minsk) and students of Amer. cons. different cities. With this orc. K. toured the CIS and the USA. Conducted by the largest orcs. Israel, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Germany, France, Turkey, Mexico, USA, etc. (in 1990 K. performed with his Novosibirsk orchestra at the celebrations, opening of a new concert hall in Nantes, France). K. - the initiator of the organization in Novosibirsk muses. festival "Classics and Modernity" (since 1984). Nar. art. USSR (1988). State pr. RF (1995).
KATS Ben-Zion (1875, Doig Vilnius province –1958, Tel Aviv), journalist, historian. He wrote ch. arr. in Hebrew. He studied with his father, a rabbi, was engaged in self-education, in 1895–97 he was a volunteer in the East. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In 1898 publ. essay "To the history of Jews in Russia, Poland and Lithuania in the 16-17 centuries." In 1903 he founded gas in St. Petersburg. "Ha-Zman" and the same name. lit. quarterly (published in Vilna since 1905), in which for the first time (under a different name) was published the poem by Kh. N. Bialik "The Legend of the Pogrom" (1904). In 1905–06 he published gas in Vilna. in Yiddish "Di Zeit". In the summer of 1906 the authorities banned "Ha-Zman", and K. was sentenced to a year in prison. Participated in the preparation of the volume "History of the Jewish People" in Russian. lang. (1914), dedicated. history of Jews in Poland and Russia. In 1916 he began publishing a literary publicist in Moscow. weekly "Ha-Am", in 1917-18 - the same name. daily. gas., subsequently banned by the authorities. In 1920 he left for Kaunas, in 1922 - for Berlin; published in print in Hebrew and Yiddish. From 1931 - in E.-I., where in 1941–44 he published gas. "Ha-Zman", founded the period in 1952, Sat. "Ha-Avar", dedicated. research about Jews in Russia Brother K. - Katz-Suhi Juliusz (| - |), diplomat. Representative of Poland to the UN (1947).
KATS Elias (1901, Abo of the Grand Duke of Finland - 1947), athlete (athletics). Champion Olympus, games in 1924 in the team cross at 3000 m, silver. medalist in the 3000 m hurdle race. Installed several. peace. records. He played for the Jewish clubs "Maccabi" (Turku), "Starnan" (Helsinki). In 1925–33 in Germany, he was a member. Jewish sports. about-va "Bar-Kokhba". Participated in all Maccabiads of the 1920s. Since 1933 - in E.-I. Killed by Arab terrorists.
KATS Georgy Isaakovich (1923, Odessa - 1978, Kiev), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Kiev University (1946). He worked at the Kiev higher. aviation engineer Air Force school (1951–78). Main research results. - in func. analysis and algebra. Introduced an important class of funkts. algebras - ring algebras.
KATZ Katriel (1908, Warsaw - 1988, Israel), statesman, diplomat. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1930–32 he studied at Warsaw University. In 1933–35 s.-kh. worker in a kibbutz. In 1936–39 on the responsible. work in the Histadrut. In 1942–43 he headed the department. propaganda of Gagana. In 1948 - major, representative of the Israel Defense Forces at the pr-ve. In 1949–58 and in 1962–67 - at the Israeli Foreign Ministry: in 1949–53 head. dep., in 1953-56 Israel's chargé d'affaires in Hungary, in 1956-58 ambassador to Poland, in 1962-65 gene. consul in New York, in 1965–67 ambassador to the USSR. In 1958–62 sec. production of Israel. In 1967–72 before. board of the memorial institute and the museum of memory of victims and heroism of the Catastrophe "Yad Vashem". The author of a number of works on the outside. policy of Israel (including the book. "Budapest, Warsaw, Moscow." Tel Aviv, 1976).
KATS Lev Izrailevich (1937, Saratov - 1992, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1982), prof. (1984). Graduated in 1959 from the Saratov State. un-t. In 1959–60, engineer. lab. Electronics Research Institute of Mechanics and Physics at SSU. In 1960–62 he was an assistant at the Department of General Physics, in 1962–65 he was a graduate student at SSU. In 1966–92 he taught at SSU. He developed new principles for constructing modulators, measuring frequency deviation, quasi-optical. control devices, impact ionization lasers. Created new methods for obtaining HF and UHF magnetic fields. Author of over 200 scientific. works, including 59 inventions in the region. new physical effects in the plasma of semiconductors in a high-frequency magnetic field. Works: Interaction of electromagnetic microwave oscillations with the plasma of charge carriers in a semiconductor. Saratov, 1979 (with A.A. Safonov).
KATS Mark Lvovich (1906, Snitkov Mogilevsky u. Podolsk province. - 1990, Saratov), ​​physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). Graduated from the Odessa Institute of Nar. education (1930). In 1930–41 Assoc. Department of Physics, Odessa Agricultural in-that, simultaneously. in 1938–41 head. Department of Physics, Odessa Pharmaceuticals. in-that and head. lab. optics of Odessa University (1936–41). In 1941–43 Assoc. Special Sector Mosk. Institute of Oriental Studies. In 1944–46 the head. Department of Physics, Dagestan honey. in-that. Since 1946 head. Department of Optics, Saratov State. un-that. The author of St. 250 scientific. works in the region. optics, luminescence and solid state physics, monographs: "Luminescence and electron-hole processes in photochemically colored crystals of alkali-halide compounds" (1960) and "Optical quantum generators" (with M.A.Kovner and N.K.Sidorov , 1964). Created a method of temperature flashing for research. electronic processes in luminescent crystals, which has become an important tool for studying the spectrum of local energy levels of a solid. He proved that new luminescence centers appear in phosphorus as a result of the capture of electrons by the activator ions. He established the mechanism of annihilation of excitons and the nature of color centers in crystals. Developed a technique for measuring low-intensity radiation.
KATS Meer Itskovich (b. 1923, Mikhailovka Dubensky u. Volynskaya guo.), Agricultural worker. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). In 1951–58 he worked at the Vitebsk House Building. combine. From 1958 before. collective farm them. Cr. Army of the Vitebsk region and region. Member revision. Commission of the Communist Party of the BSSR.
KATS Meinka (1906, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1991, New York), poet. He spent his childhood in Mikhalishki, studied in the cheder and mountains. school. In 1920 he left with his parents in the United States, studied at Brooklyn College and Columbia University, at the Theologian. seminar in New York. He worked as a watchmaker, from the beginning. 1930s for forty years he was a teacher in the Jewish Nar. schools. For a long period he belonged to the "left" movement and left it after the "JAC case" in 1952. He debuted in literature in 1925, since then he has been published in dec. periodic. ed. The first book. Dry Shvester (Three Sisters) was released in 1932, followed by other editions: Dermench Intogn (A Man Begins), 1935; Brenendik Shtetl (Burning Place), 1938; "Sot dos wort mine bobe Mane" ("My grandmother Manya has the floor"), 1939; "Zu derzeiln in freudn" ("Tell in joy"), 1941 and others. Publ. also several. collection of poetry. Written by him in English. lang.
KATS Mikhail (Moishe) Abramovich (1864, Mogilev - 1941, Philadelphia), publicist, playwright, translator. He was a worker, a teacher. In 1883 he attended lectures in Moscow. un-those. He joined the People's Will, after the Kishinev pogrom (1903) he became a socialist-Zionist. Since 1888 - in the USA. Lit. activity began in 1889 as a publicist. Art. anarchist, gas. "Dee Freigite". Published in pl. Jewish periodicals ed. In 1912 he settled in Philadelphia, where he edited gas. "Di Yiddish Velt". The author of the book. "Der gangster, oder soydes fun der untervelt" ("Gangster, or Secrets of the Underworld", 1913), "Essays and Feuilletons" (1939), as well as a number of dramas. manuf. He translated the books into Yiddish: "Anna Karenina" and "Resurrection" by Leo Tolstoy, "Humiliated and Insulted" by F.M.Dostoevsky, etc.
KATS Mikhail Emmanuilovich (1908, Surazh, Vitebsk district, Vitebsk province - 1983, Moscow), process engineer, specialist in the production of armored steel. In 1941–45, Ch. technologist of the Ural military. plant No. 183. One of the organizers of the serial production of the T-34 medium tank. He proposed a new method of welding armor steel and developed a technology for manufacturing tank parts from it. After 1945 he was in a managerial position. In 1961–79 he was director. Moscow s-yes "Compressor". Became. etc. (1943).
KATS Moisey Yakovlevich (1909, Astrakhan - 1989, Moscow), physicist, instrument engineer. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1981). Until the age of 15 he did not study. At the age of 16 he graduated from school as an external student, worked at a construction site for three years, in 1930–32 at the Bolshevik plant in Leningrad. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1938), entered the postgraduate course of the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. In 1942–44 - at the front. In 1944 he was recalled from the army by I.V. Kurchatov, was engaged in the development of methods for obtaining heavy. water in Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the RRC "Kurchatov Institute"). Since 1950 in the Institute of Theoretical. and experiment. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1952 he was dismissed, after a few. months he was hired at MITHT. Since 1953 in the Institute of Ing. water. x-va, since 1957 in the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. interests - separation of isotopes, disintegration of minerals. Developed methods of obtaining and prom. production-va heavy. water. He created methods and instruments for the disintegration of rocks, the separation of minerals and for research. physical properties of minerals. Quantities offered. method of analysis of heterogeneity of minerals, method of selection synthetic. polycrystalline. diamonds and a method for sorting diamond abrasive grains. Author approx. 200 scientific. publications. Cit .: Crystalline quartz. rocks (mineralogical features and density properties). M., 1974 (with I. Simanovich).
KATS Moishe (1885, Nikolaev, Kherson province –1960, Moscow), publicist. He graduated from high school, then un-t. Participated in the roar. movement. In 1905 he was arrested as an organizer and leader. detachments of Jewish self-defense. Subsequently, he was repeatedly arrested for roaring. activity. After Oct. roar. - an active figure of Jewish culture, was at the head of the Kiev "Culture League", led the Jewish department. State publishing house of Ukraine, ed. gas. "Nae Zeit". In the beginning. 1920s - in the USA, one of the organizers of the gas. Freigite. In 1926–33 - in Moscow, one of the organizers of gas. Der emes, ed. in the publishing house "Shul un bukh", in the State. publishing house of the peoples of the USSR. Returning to New York, he continued to publish in the communist. press, often spoke with lit.-critical. Art. and research. to modern and classic. Jewish literature. The author of the book. Unzer Sholem Aleichem (Our Sholem Aleichem, 1940), A Dor, How Goth Farloirn Di Moire (A Generation That Lost Fear, 1956), and others. K. repeatedly came to the USSR.
KATS Pinya (1882, Grossulovo, Tiraspol u., Kherson province - 1959, Buenos Aires), publicist, translator. At the age of 15, he became a sign painter in Odessa. Participated in the roar. movement. Moved to Argentina. This is where lit. activity. K. wrote poetry, published in various periodicals. ed. K. belongs to the research. "Towards the History of Jewish Journalism in Argentina" (1929). Translated from Russian, English, Spanish. languages ​​in Yiddish. Among the lane. - "Don Quixote" M. Servantes.
KATS Sigismund Abramovich (1908, Vienna - 1984, Moscow), composer. Studied playing php. from E.I. Vetoshkina (student of A.G. Rubinstein. In 1922–23 he took lessons from A.B. Goldenveiser (php.). php.), by GI Litinsky (polyphony) .The first published work of K. rhythmodeclamation "Left march" (after VV Mayakovsky, 1925). He graduated from the musical technical school on class php. Gnesina, in 1929–31 studied composition in the class of MF Gnesin, studied polyphony with Litinsky, instrumentation with DR Rogal-Levitsky. He wrote music for the performances of Blue Blouse. In 1932–34 he served in a musician platoon 3 Regiment of the Moscow Proletarian Division, leaders of the amateur choir and brass band. In 1934–37 he studied at the Moscow Consulate under VA Bely. He performed in concerts as a pianist, wrote music. The main genre of creativity is songs ( to the verses of A.V.Sofronov, P.N.Shubin, A.A. Surkov, I.P. Utkin, M.A.Svetlov, A.I. Fatyanov, etc.). The most popular are "Like an old oak" (1937), “Two Maxima” (1941), “Farewell” (1941), “The Bryansk Forest rustled harshly” (1942), “Lilac Blossoms” (1944). Author of the op. “The Captain's Daughter "(After AS Pushkin, 1936 -39), op-you" Mutual Love "(1939-40), where the Jewish theme sounds, symph. and chorus. suites, music for c / f, radio shows. He made treatments for Tatars., Abkhaz., Jewish Nar. melodies, recorded the tunes of the Crimean Tatars. K. - the author of the book. "Roads of Memory" (M., 1978). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968). Became. etc. (1950).
KATS Victor Grigorievich (b. 1943, Buguruslan, Chkalovsk region), mathematician. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1968). Graduated from Moscow State University (1965). He worked in Moscow. Institute of Electronic Engineering (1968–77). Since 1977 - in the USA, in Massachusetts technol. in-those. Main research results. - in the theory of Lie groups (along with R. Moody, he introduced a new class of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras - the so-called Kac-Moody algebras, which have found important applications in physics (conformal field theory), in number theory (generalized Macdonald identities), in superanalysis ( superalgebras Katz-Moody, etc.) Medal of the College de France (1981).
KATS Vladimir Iosifovich (1899, Botosani, Romania - |), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1947), prof. (1947). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies and Sciences of Moscow State University (1922). From 1923 to practical. work, participated in the development of the 1st and 2nd five-year plans. From 1941 to scientific. work in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, NIEI at the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Main works are devoted to the methodology of nar.-households. planning, determining the optimal rates of development and proportions of reproduction, the problems of nat. wealth. Published a series of brochures scientific-popul. and practical. character: "The methodology of drawing up a single nar.-household. plan "(1936)," Nar.-household. planning "(1936).
KATS Yakov Fabianovich (1894, Vilna - 1974, Leningrad), specialist in the field of ampelography. He studied at high fur boots in Lausanne and Montpellier. In the beginning. 1st world. war returned to Russia; in 1915 he entered the natural sciences. dep. phys.-math. Faculty of Petrograd un-that, to-ry graduated in 1925. Since 1925 he worked as a correspondent. offices "Utiliexport", from 1928 - in Vses. Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures in Leningrad (head of the office, since 1929 laboratory assistant in the section of grapes and subtropical cultures). Studied the variety of grapes in decomp. r-nah Wed. Asia, as a result of which were created. unique collections Central Asia. varieties and given their morphological-biol. description. First conducted research. geogr. distribution of grape varieties: described the aboriginal varieties of the Crimea, compiled a classification of cultivated grape varieties (1940), identified 13 naib, valuable grape varieties included in the standard range of Uzbekistan. He contributed to the development of the theory of the origin and evolution of grapes. Cit .: Approbation of grape seedlings. M., 1955 (2nd ed. Tashkent, 1967, jointly with G.K. Mukhamedov).
KATS Yankel-Movsha (Yakob-Mikael) Evelevich (1887, Vologda - after 1969, Stockholm), sculptor. In 1909 he graduated from the Kazan Art. school with the title of teacher of drawing, drawing and calligraphy on Wed. uch. institutions. In 1909, in excess of the three percent rate for Jews, he was admitted to the Academy of Arts with a probationary period. From 1910 he studied to be a sculptor. branch of the Academy of Arts at V.A. Beklemishev. In 1915 he received the title of artist and a foreign pensioner for the sculpture "Blind Samson with a boy-guide" (Museum of the Academy of Arts). In 1916 he left for Italy. In the 1920s and 30s. worked in Italy, England, France. He created many portraits, busts and park sculptures. After the 2nd world. wars - in Sweden.
KATSENBOGEN Boris Yakovlevich (1906 - 1956, Moscow), economist, specialist in the field of scientific organization of production. Cand. tech. Sciences .. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1933-36 the beginning. dep. theoretical research Central Research Institute of org-tion of production and management. prom-stu Narkomtyazhprom, in 1936-49 head. Department of Economics and Organization of Production MVTU. Suspended from the leadership of the department and teaching in 1949 for "admiration for Taylorism." directions of scientific. research: organization of multi-subject production lines in serial production, operational planning. He substantiated the theory of variable-flow (synchronized and unsynchronized) lines of mechanical processing and assembly of products. Ed. K. in 1937 released the first owls. textbook on org-tion of production for tech. universities. Under the leadership of K. created and published. first uch. programs and lectures. scientific courses org-tion of production. K. was the compiler and ed. 14th and 15th volumes. Encyclopedic. reference book "Mechanical Engineering", in which for the first time fundamental questions of the economy and organization of production are systematized. For the development and implementation of variable-flow conveyor lines at the Ural plant during the war years 1941–45, K. was awarded Stal. etc.
KATSENELENBAUM Boris Zakharovich (b. 1919, Moscow), radiophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1959), prof. (1963). Son of Z.S. Katselenbaum. After graduating from Moscow State University in 1941, he went to the front, was seriously wounded. After demobilization he worked at the Center, n.-i. radio tech. in-those, then taught at the technical school. Since 1954 - at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1969–88 head of the department, since 1988 the head of the research assistant). At the same time. in 1963–85 prof. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. scientific. work on theoretical. radiophysics and mat. physics. He proposed a classification of types of excitation in dielectric. waveguides and research. flowing waves. In the theory of irregular waveguides, he developed a method of cross sections, derived a system of differentials. ur-niy, got adiabatic. solutions. Developed an asymptotic. the theory of waveguide kinks. Developed a generalized method of own. oscillations in the theory of diffraction. Carried out a constructive synthesis of antennas with semitransparent surfaces - resonator antennas. He proved the incompleteness of the system of fields created by currents on certain surfaces, and deduced the consequences of this incompleteness (non-approximability). The author of St. 100 scientific. Art. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1988). Works: Theory of irregular, waveguides with slowly varying parameters. M., 1961; High-frequency electrodynamics. M., 1966; Generalized, method of own. oscillations in the theory of diffraction. M., 1977 (jointly with N.N. Voitovich and A.N. Sivov); Foundations of the theory of diffraction. M., 1982 (with R.B. Vaganov); Electrodynamics of antennas with translucent surfaces. M., 1989 (with A.N. Sivov).
KATSENELENBAUM Zakhary Solomonovich (Zalman Shliomovich) (1885, Surazh of Vitebsk district and province - 1961, Moscow), economist. Prof. (1919). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1909). In 1911–17 he was an employee of the Azov-Don commercial unit. bank in Moscow, in 1910-13 teacher. Moscow commercial Institute, in 1917-30 - Moscow. un-that, in 1921–29 members. Board of the State Bank of the USSR. In 1930 he was repressed. After the review of the case, he was sent to the settlement, taken to work in Magadan, transferred to Moscow and appointed deputy. early fi-naps. dep. Moscow ex. Dalstroy (1933–38). In 1939–41 prof. Ying tsv. metals and gold, in 1943–46 - All. correspondence finance. Institute, in 1945–48 sotr. N.-i. finance. in-that and prof. Moscow finance. in-that. In 1948, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was dismissed. Since 1955 prof. Moscow state econom. in-ta. One of the founders of the State Bank of the USSR. In 1921-22 an active member of the dep. reforms and the creation of a hard currency - the chervonets. During the period of industrialization, it was offered as a new finance. policies issue int. loan and use of savings and lending to the industry. He was one of the first to focus on decomp. aspects of formation, rationing and analysis of working capital in bunk beds. x-ve USSR. Author of more than 20 books. Naib. means. work - "The doctrine of money and credit" (Moscow, 1921-22; 4th ed., 1928) contains a general theory of den. treatment; after the NEP period was banned. Cit .: Currency circulation in Russia in 1914–24. M., 1924; Industrialization of the economy and the problem of credit in the USSR. M., 1928; Working capital in the USSR industry. M., 1945; South Afr. gold and the aggravation of the Anglo-Amer. contradictions. M., 1954; The circulation of funds in the socialist. from. x-ve. M., 1.959.
KATSENELENBOGEN (Katzenelbaugen) Arie-Leib Iosifovich (| - 1837), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Grandson of Avrom Katzenellenbogen, who was in the 2nd half. 18th century Rabbi of Slutsk, and then Brest-Litovsk. In 1818 he took part in Vilna in the congress of the "deputies of the Jewish people" elected for the election.
KATSENELENBOGEN David-Tuviy Gertselevich (1848, Taurogen Rossiensky u. Kovno province. - 1931, Leningrad), rabbi, public figure. The son of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1877 he was a state rabbi in Verzhbolovo, from 1895 a spiritual rabbi and assistant. government rabbi in Suwalki. Author of comments. to the Talmud and Shulchan-Aruch, participated in the ed. Talmud. In 1907 he was invited by the Jewish community of St. Petersburg to the position of a spiritual rabbi. After taking office, K. participated in the meetings of the Household. reign of the Choral Synagogue, which performed in the 1900s. the functions of the community administration, in the activities of the Cemetery Administration, more than once defended the rights of Jews before the government, fought against their assimilation. After 1917, he was persecuted by the authorities, he was very worried about the anti-religion. Events. Until the end of his days he served as a rabbi, participated in the activities of the board of the Jewish religion. community until its liquidation in 1929.
KATSENELENBOGEN Nikolay Davydovich (1879, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1943, Kuibyshev), architect. In 1904 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. engineers in St. Petersburg. Mn. built in St. Petersburg - Leningrad. He worked in the Art Nouveau style, then the Neo-Renaissance. In 1935 he was exiled to Kuibyshev, soon became chief. arch. cities. Main works in St. Petersburg: apartment buildings - in Mitkovsky per., 3 (1906), at Gavanskaya st., 2 (1908), st. Zhukovsky, 31 (1908), Sezzhinskaya st., 29 (1912), Mozhaiskaya st., 18 (1913).
KATSENELENBOGEN Saul Iosifovich (| - 1825, Vilna), rabbi. Brother of A.-L.I. Katzenellenbogen. In his youth he studied the Talmud in Brest-Litovsk under the guidance of his brother. Then he lived in Polotsk and Vilna, where he became a disciple of Eliyahu from Vilna. He spoke in synagogues with moralizing conversations. Author of comments. to the Babylonian Talmud, published in the nerve Vilna edition. Talmud.
KATSENELENBOGEN S.-I. (| - |), poet, playwright, fabulist. Born in the 1840s and 50s. All R. 1880s lived in Odessa, wrote poetry, fables, plays. In 1884–85, along with Sholem Aleichem, he was published in St. Petersburg. gas. "Idishes folksblat". In 1887 he published a collection of works in Vilna. fav. poem. plays. Plays "Menachem ben Yisroel" and others were staged in the Odessa theater. troupes A. Goldfaden and K. Lerner, in 1889 - a Jewish troupe in Paris. In 1861 in the printing house of br. and the widow Romm in Vilna published the book. per. in Yiddish fables by I.A. Krylov.
KATSENELENBOGEN Tamara Davydovna (1894, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1976, |), architect, urban planner, specialist in the design of public buildings. In 1923 she graduated from architect. Faculty of Arts in Petrograd. Participated in the competition for the project of the Palace of Labor (1923). Main works: the project for the development of the TEZHE district in Kaluga (1930), the project for the planning and development of the center of Murmansk (1930), the sanatorium "New Sochi" (1933) '.
KATSENELENBOGEN Zvi-Hirsch (1796, Vilna - 1868, ibid.), Public figure. Pupil of S. I. Katzenellenbogen. (K. took the name of his teacher.) Received a trad. Jewish religion education. He also studied secular sciences. He was one of the most prominent figures in the Haskala moderate trend. In 1820, during Alexander 1's visit to Vilna, he presented him on behalf of the community with the ode "Shir Tegila" ("Song of Blessing"). He actively participated in the life of the Vilna community. In 1849–68 he was an inspector of the Vilna rabbinical school. K. - the author of odes to the death of several. prominent figures of Vilna. Left behind a lot of unpublished. The son of K. - Chaim-Leib (1814, Vilna - 1876, Vilkomir, Kovno province), teacher. In 1868–76 he was an inspector of the Vilna rabbinical school. On behalf of the OPE, together with S. Finn, he compiled the book. "Maa-marey ha-Musar le-Israel" ("The worldview of the Talmudists", vols. 1-3, 1874-76; 2nd ed. M., 1995).
KATSENELENBOGEN Yakov-Sholom (1877, New Sverzhen of Minsk District and Gubernia - 1904, Zurich), writer. Rod. in a rabbinic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at yeshivas in Mir and Slutsk. Since 1900 - in London. Comp. into gas. "Ha-Degel" in Hebrew. Published in other ed. in Hebrew. The author of the pov. Leil Khoref (Winter Night).
KATSENELBOGEN Uriy (1885, Vilna - 1980, Miami Beach, USA), poet, playwright, teacher. Debuted verse. in 1907, then printed poems, stories, Art. in decomp. ed. In 1921–26 he was a teacher. Since 1927 - in the USA. He taught in Chicago, Detroit, New York. Author of works on teaching Yiddish, was ed. several ed., post. Lithuania, translated into Yiddish and published Sat. litas. and Latvian. bunk bed songs (Toronto, 1930). The author of the drama "Kraft un libe" ("Power and Love"), as well as methodical. manuals for Yiddish lessons in schools.
KATSENELSON Yehuda-Leib-Benyomin (Lev Izrailevich, ps. Buki ben-Yogli) (1846, Chernigov - 1917, Petrograd), doctor, writer. He studied at the cheder, yeshiva, Zhytomyr rabbinical school (1866–72), medical surgeon. Academy in St. Petersburg (1872–77). In 1877–78 he took part in the Russian tour as a doctor. war. From 1878 he worked as a doctor in St. Petersburg. In his youth he wrote a poem. in Yiddish, in 1879–82 he published in the weekly Rus. Jew "feuilletons, in which he promoted agricultural. and crafts. labor as a way to make Russian Jewry more productive. Printed art., Medical-ist. and ist. tr. in Jewish periodicals in Russian. lang. and Yiddish. The author is numerous. Tr. on Jewish medicine - from Art. "Information about hemophilia in the Talmud" (1884) to the book. Talmud and Medicine (1928, singing). K. - one of Ch. ed. "Jewish Encyclopedia" (St. Petersburg, 1908-13). From 1892 - member. center, c-tov EKO and OPE (since 1910 - deputy head of the Society), deputy. prev. to-ta Ob-va lovers of language. Hebrew. From 1908 he taught at the Courses of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg, from 1910 he headed them. After a trip to E.-I. (1909) promoted the idea of ​​the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language. and the development of Jewish agriculture. settlements in E.-I.
KATSENELSON Itskhok (Ichil) (1885, Korelichi, Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1944, Auschwitz), poet. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1894 he moved to Poland. Before the beginning. 2nd world. war K. taught in Lodz. He wrote in Hebrew, and later in Yiddish, published literary criticism. Art., composed dramas. The first book. Dos Weisse Lebn (White Life) was published in 1909 in Warsaw. Later, the book came out. decomp. genres - poetry, and prose, and drama. K. wrote and poems for children. For many years he was a director. Jewish gymnasium (with teaching in Hebrew) in Lodz. After the occupation of Poland in 1939 - in the Warsaw ghetto, then in 1943–44 - in the Vittel concentration camp (France). There K. wrote the poem "Dos lid fun oysgegargetn Yiddish folk" ("Song of the murdered Jewish people"), which became world famous and translated into plural. languages ​​of the world. First ed. the poem was completed in 1945. In April. 1944 K., together with one of his sons, was deported to Auschwitz.
KATSENELSON Nison Iosifovich (1862, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1923, Liepaja, Latvia), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy. Graduated from Berlin University, specialist in the region. experimental physics. At the 3rd World. Zionist. Congr. (1899, Basel) elected director. Jewish Colonial Bank (from 1905 before its directory). In 1903 he accompanied T. Herzl on his trip to Russia. One of the founders of the "Union for the achievement of complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia" (1905). Dep. 1st State Duma from Kurland Gubernia, member. faction of cadets, worked in finance. commission. After the dissolution of the Duma, he signed the Vyborg Appeal, for which in 1909 he was imprisoned for three months in the Kresty prison (Petersburg). In the 1910s. was headed by Libavsky emigrant. to-t.
KATSENELSON Yakov (Haim-Yakov) Borisovich (1864, Stary Bykhov, Mogilev province - |), public figure. In 1884 he graduated from the Vilensky Teachers' Institute. Since 1901 - Rabbi of Eagle. In 1906 he edited a Jewish youth. zhurn. "Palm". He took an active part in societies, the life of Jews in Russia. Published in decomp. ed. (in Russian and Hebrew).
KATSENOVICH Rafail Aleksandrovich (b. 1920, Tashkent), cardiologist, physiotherapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), ch. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1979). In 1945 he graduated from the Tashkent honey. in-t. In 1945-51 resident and assistant at the therapy department of the same institute. In 1951-52, the flight doctor of the medical aviation, in 1952-53 the beginning. Medical unit Ch. Turkmen channel. In 1953–58 scientific. sotr. Tashkent Research Institute of balneology and physiotherapy, in 1958 72 deputy. dir. this in-that. In 1964–71 the head. Department of balneology and physiotherapy of the Tashkent Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors. Since 1972 head. Department of Hospital Therapy, Tashkent honey. in-ta, since 1976 director. Tashkent Research Institute of Cardiology. Main works dedicated. peculiarities of hepatitis in the conditions of Wed. Asia, problems of physiotherapy and climatotherapy of diseases of the cardiovascular system, lungs, kidneys, digestive organs. Under the leadership of K. for the first time in Wed. Asia studied issues of ischemic epidemiology. heart disease under the WHO program, childhood hypertension, non-drug methods of lowering blood pressure were developed. K. created the first in Wed. Asia Sciences School of Cardiologists, Prev. Uzbek spider of the Society of Cardiologists. Works: Hydroaeroionization and hydroaeroionotherapy. Tashkent, 1966; Pancreas and physical factors. Tashkent, 1976; Prophylactic pharmacology in cardiology. M., 1988.
Avrom KATSEV (b. 1916, Chernin, Tarashchansky district, Kiev province), poet. In 1926, together with his family, he moved to a Jewish colony in the Kherson region. In 1932 he graduated from the Jewish school in Kherson, in 1937 the Jewish language faculty. and literature of Odessa ped. in-that. He worked as a teacher in Konotop, Chernihiv region. He made his debut in literature in 1931 verse. in Jewish children. gas. Zay Great (Kharkov). Was printed in gas. "Junge Guard", "Der Shterp", "Der Emes". In 1940, the first was published in Kiev. Sat. verse. K. "Kinder Leader" ("Songs for Children"). In the 1960s-80s. regularly published in the magazine "Sovetiga gameland", in the gas. "Birobidzhaner stern", "Folkshtime" (Warsaw), translated into Yiddish Russian. and ukr. poets. K. lyric master. miniatures, deep connoisseur of children. psychology. Author Sat. verse. "Dos gute vort" ("Good Word", 1980), etc. Since 1990 - in Israel.
KATSIR (Kachalsky) Ephraim (1916, Kiev - 2009, Rehovot, Israel), biologist, fourth president of the State of Israel. Member Academy of Sciences of Israel, USA. Brother A. Katsira. From 1922 - in E.-I. He graduated from high school in Jerusalem. Member Gagany, commanded a company. In 1932–37 he studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. He worked as an assistant in the theoretical department. and macromol. chemistry, and since 1948 - in N.-I. in-those in Rehovot, where he headed the department of biophysics (1949-73), and at the Jewish University (1953-61), prof. In 1966-68 Ch. scientific. expert of the Ministry of Defense. In 1973 he was elected president. The State of Israel, in 1978, at the end of his term of office, returned to the Institute, where in 1982 he headed the department of biotechnology. Main research K. - in the region. proteins and amino acids, one of the first to synthesize insoluble enzymes (1960). Etc. them. H. Weizmann (1950). State Israel Ave (1959). Etc. them. E. Rothschild and others.
KATSIZNE Alter-Sholem (1885, Vilna - 1941, Ternopil), playwright, poet. By profession - a photographer, traveled to Poland and North. Africa, took hundreds of photographs of Jewish life. He made his debut in literature in 1909 with stories in a magazine. "Jewish World". Under the influence of I.-L. Peretz, he began to write in Yiddish. The first experience in Yiddish was a fragment of dramas. the poem "Der geist der meilech" ("Spirit of the Tsar"), published in the collection. Aigns (Kiev, 1918). K. - the author of many. dram, production, verse., stories, art. about lit-re. In the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, K. fled from Warsaw to Lvov, worked in a Jewish theater and radio, then moved to Ternopil, where he died during the occupation.
KATSKY Alexander Grigorievich (1871, Moscow - 1943, Leningrad), designer, inventor. Graduated from the Higher. tech. school in Berlin. From 1906 he worked at the IASemenov plant in St. Petersburg as an engineer, then as a plant manager. In 1919–30 manager of Leningrad. plant of precision engineering, tech. Dir., Deputy. dir. The first invention was a taximeter, to-rye was noted at the exhibition of the latest inventions in 1909 in St. Petersburg. In 1900–06 he designed several. cigarette machines, which were later equipped with all the largest tobacco factories in the world. In 1925 he invented (with L.F. Klimovich) a double-acting cigarette-filling machine, which was widely used in the tobacco industry. In 1931–32 he directed the creation of the first owls. rotats. press, designed a set of improvements for it. equipment. Proposed and built a number of polygraph. machines: in 1933 a machine for milling grooves in the shops of row casting machines, in 1936 a slotting machine for the production of collapsible rails of row casting machines, in 1937 a machine for cleaning matrices. and serial production at Leningrad. s-de of precision engineering. Max Geltz. L., 1936.
KATSMAN Evgeny Alexandrovich (1890, Kharkov - 1976, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1947). He studied at the Bogolyubovsky drawing school in Saratov (1903–06), at the drawing school of the Society for the Encouragement of Art. in St. Petersburg (1909-16), in Moscow. school of painting, sculpture and architecture with K.A. Korovin and S.V. Malyutin. Since 1908 - participant of exhibitions of the Traveling Society. thin exhibitions in St. Petersburg. He took part in exhibitions of the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Arts (1916, 1917, 1918) in Petrograd and Moscow, the Society of Washers' Artists, schools (1917, 1923, 1924, 1925), one of the initiators of the creation in 1922 of the Association of Artists Studying the Roar. everyday life (AHIRB), secret. arisen on the basis. AHIRB association AHRR - AHR (1922–32). He took part in all exhibitions of the Academy of Arts, and later often exhibited in the USSR and other countries. K. - a follower of the academy, the school of painting, worked in the genre of portrait and thematic. paintings in oil technique. painting, pastels, sanguine, coal. Created portraits of member pr-va, scientists, writers, thin. (A. V. Lunacharsky (1920), S. A. Lozovsky (1923), V. N. Perelman (1924), I. I. Brodsky (1934), etc.). Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR. Prod. K. are in pl. museums and paintings, gal. on the territory. b. USSR, including the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum.
KATSNELSON Alexander Borisovich (1896, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1988, Chelyabinsk), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1922) until 1936 worked as an oculist in Kiev. In 1936–41 Assoc., Head. Department of Eye Diseases, Kharkov honey. in-that and simultaneously. head traumatologist, department of Ukr. Research Institute of Eye Diseases in Kharkov. In 1941–45 early. eye department of the evacuation hospital. In 1945–67 head. Department of Eye Diseases of the Chelyabinsk honey. Institute of Science. tr. K. dedicated traumatism, tuberculous and allergic eye damage, as well as children. ophthalmology. Developed an original operation to transplant the stenonic duct of the parotid salivary gland for xerophthalmia. Organized by the Chelyabinsk ophthalmologist, about-in and was its head. Works: Anomalies of development and eye diseases in early childhood. M., 1957; Herpetic eye diseases. L., 1969.
KATSNELSON Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1919, Tomsk), orthopedic surgeon. In 1924 he and his parents moved to China. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Shanghai (1946). Until 1948 he worked as a surgeon in a Shanghai hospital. Since 1949 in Israel; served as a doctor in the Israel Defense Forces. In 1956–57 he specialized in orthopedics in New York. Since 1966 head. orthopedic. dep. honey. center them. Haim Shiba. Since 1984 consultant, since 1990 Ch. doctor of the hospital. Leniado in Netanya. Poch. member Society of Orthopedic Surgeons of Israel (1968–69 - prez.). Author of scientific. publ. on the problems of orthopedics.
KATSNELSON Anatoly Anisimovich (1904, Old Roads of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. - 1977, Moscow), military leader. Major General (1942). Graduated from grade 3. Jewish school, cf. school, infantry. school (1924), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1936). In Kr. Army since 1921. He was in command of the reconnaissance. divisions. In 1933, the beginning. intelligence division, in 1934-37 early. intelligence corps, in 1937-40 beginning. division headquarters, in 1940 beginning. army headquarters. In 1941 the beginning. headquarters of the Kalinin Front (during the battles for Moscow). In 1941–43 early. army headquarters. In 1944–45, deputy. early rear of the 1st Ukrainian Front, deputy. teams. army in the rear. 1945–50 Deputy. teams. Zakavk. In the rear. From 1950 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.
KATSNELSON Berl (Dov Ber, Beeri) (1887, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1944, Jerusalem), politician. In his youth, he passed exams for the title of home teacher, earned money by tutoring. During the revolution of 1905–07, he became close to Jewish socialists, participating in the parties. discussions, proved to be a talented polemicist. He worked as an apprentice tinsmith, locksmith, blacksmith in Odessa and Bobruisk. From 1909 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers, took part in the labor movement, put forward the slogan “they are independent. labor ”in Jewish settlements. In 1911 he became the head of the Committee of Agricultural Sciences. workers of Galilee, from 1912 sec. to-that s.-kh. workers of Judea. In 1914-17 he was a member. s.-kh. commune "Kinneret", collaborated in the first agricultural. magazine in Hebrew "Gan ha-Yarak" (1917-18), one of the initiators of the network will consume. cooperation in E.-I., gave lectures on literature in Hebrew. Speaking for the unification of all Jewish workers' organizations E.-I., K. developed a political. platform adopted in 1919 1st Conf. movement "Akhdut ha-Avoda", which united the party "Poalei Zion" and nonpart. workers. As his goal, K. proclaimed the creation of an independent Jewish state in E.-I., in which land and natural resources would be owned by a society of equal workers. From 1925 K. - Ch. ed. organ of the Histadrut gas. "Davar". Having become a generally recognized ideologue of the Jewish labor movement in E.-I., he insisted on strengthening the entrepreneurial and settlement. activity of Histadrut, the initiator of the creation of the bank "Ha-Poalim" by Histadrut, founded the agricultural. the association "Nir" and the publishing house of Histadrut "Amoved" (1937). Since 1920, K. actively worked in the World. Zionist. org-tion, was a member of all its congr., Chl. her board and directorate of the Jewish nat. fund. In 1939, K., together with D. Ben-Gurion, led the "activist" wing of the party, which advocated strengthening the struggle against the British. mandate authorities; initiator of the creation of an underground radio station "Kol Yisrael". With the beginning of the 2nd world. war advocated the mobilization of Jews E.-I. in the brit, the army. K. occupied an unusual Zionist for the then. labor movement position, advocating the observance of all religions. prescriptions. In 1945-50 the collection was published. op. K. (vol. 1 - 12). Kibbutz named after K., educated. complex of the party Mapai and uch. Centre.
Isidor Savvich KATSNELSON (1910, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), historian, Egyptologist. Dr. East Sciences (1969). In 1931 he graduated from the Faculty of Language and Material Culture of Leningrad State University. In 1931–36 he worked at the publishing houses of LOGIZ and GPB, 1939–40 he taught at Kiev University, IFLI, Moscow State University, Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1956–81 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 100 scientific. tr. in nubiology, the founder of a new direction in the study of history Dr. East - the so-called. meroistics. A number of works K. translated into foreign. lang. Poch. Dr. Karlova University (Prague), member. Franz. Egyptological about-va, Mezhdunar. nubiological. Society: Pharaoh Khufu and the sorcerers. M., 1958; Lyrics of Ancient Egypt. M, 1965; Napata and Meroe are the ancient kingdoms of Sudan. M., 1970.
KATSNELSON Itskhok (ps. A.D. Miral) (1890 - 1967, Moscow), publicist. He made his debut in 1912 with a feuilleton in gas. "Minsker shtime", was later ed. gas. Rovner Shtime. In the beginning. 1st world. war K. was at the front. In 1916-18, a student at Moscow. commercial uch-schA. From 1918 in Petrograd, K. actively collaborated in gas. "Dee Vargate" (later - "Der Emes"). Published articles, essays, many others. wrote about Jewish agricultural districts. In 1933, the publishing house "Der Emes" published the book. "In krimer step" ("In the Crimean steppe"), in which it was told about the formation of Jewish settlements. K. participated in the compilation of many. collection of books dedicated to topical problems and events, including Sat. "Dos bluet ruft tsu nekome" ("Blood calls for revenge") - about fasc. atrocities against the Jewish population in the occupiers. Poland (1941). In 1941–45 - corr. TASS. Published a lot in gas. EAK "Einikight". In the 1950s and 60s. K. was published abroad. Jewish press, was washing, corr. Warsaw gas. Folkshtime.
KATSNELSON Lev Abramovich (b. 1921, Saratov), ​​ophthalmologist. Graduated from the 2nd MMI (1942). In 1941–45 he served in the Kr. Army. Since 1946 at the Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz (prof., Head of the department of pathology of the retina). tr. K. dedicated dystrophic., inheritance. vascular and inflamed. diseases of the retina, diabetic. retinopathy. Developed (1964) a method of rheoophthalmography, which is widely used in clinics. and experiment. research blood circulation in the vascular system of the eye. He also proposed methods of treating inheritance. retinitis pigmentosa (with a complex of ribonucleotides - the drug "ENKAD") and retinal vein thrombosis (thrombolytic drug plasminogen). Cit .: Rheography of the eye. M., 1977.
KATSNELSON Saul Zakharovich (1903, Irbit, Perm province. - 1982, Leningrad), biologist, histologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1936). He graduated in 1926 honey. Faculty of Perm University. In 1926–29 he was an assistant at the Zoology Department of the Ural Polytechnic. Institute (Sverdlovsk), simultaneously. taught general biology in the Ural-Sib. communist. un-those. In 1932 he completed his postgraduate studies in cytology and histology at Leningrad State University. un-those. In 1932–39 he headed the Department of General Biology of the 3rd Leningrad Institute, which he organized. honey. in-that, simultaneously. (1933–38) was an assistant, Assoc. Department of Histology and Embryology of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that. In 1940–48 early. Department of General Biology Military-Mor. honey. Academy, in 1948–76 head. Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Leningrad. veterinary institute. tr. K. dedicated problems of histology (including comparative), reactivity of the epithelium of the skin and striated muscles; the history of the development of cell theory. Member reign of Vses. and Leningrad. scientific. about-in anatomists, histologists and embryologists. Works: Types of organization of animals. L., 1939; Evolutionary doctrine. Kirov, 1943; Cell theory in its historical development. L., 1963; Histology and biochemistry of adrenal chromaffin tissue. L., 1975 (et al.).
KATSNELSON Yuliy Izrailevich (b. 1928, Korma, Gomel District), architect. In 1952 he graduated from urban planning. f-t MISI, worked in those "Tomskoblproekt". Since 1958 in Ashgabat, where as an author and hands. projects participated in the development of general plans, detailed planning and development of cities and towns of Turkmenistan, as well as comprehensive programs in the field of resettlement, urban development and housing construction on the territory of the republic. Member of architect. competitions, including for the project of planning the development of the center of Ashgabat (1978, 1st Ave., diploma of the All-Union Review of the SA of the USSR, 1983). The author of Art. in the journal. "Architecture of the USSR", "Housing Construction", book. "Architecture of Soviet Turkmenistan" (M., 1987). Honored. builder Turkmen. SSR.
KATSNELSON Zinovy ​​Borisovich (1892 - 1938), an employee of the special services. State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (1935). In 1915 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. After Oct. roar. - Commissioner at the headquarters of Moscow. VO, then to the Cheka. In 1918 Art. investigator, from the fall of 1918 to the end of 1920 beginning. Special departments of the 6th, 3rd and 12th armies, deputy. early Special Department South. front. In 1920–21, deputy. early Adm.-org. ex. Cheka, from 1921 beginning. operational department Secret operational control. Cheka, then before. Arkhangelsk lips. Cheka, at the same time the plenipotentiary representative of the Cheka for North. edge and beginning. Special department for the protection of the northern borders. In 1922 the beginning. Criminal Investigation Department of the RSFSR, from July of the same year, beginning. Econ. ex. GPU-OGPU USSR (in 1924–25, part-time head of the administrative-financial department of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR, member of the board of the State Bank of the USSR). From Apr. 1925 pre. Zakavk. Cheka, since December. - border inspector. troops, then early. Ch. ex. border protection and troops of the OGPU USSR. From 1928 to the beginning. Higher frontier. schools OGPU, from May 1929 deputy. plenipotentiary representative of the OGPU of the USSR for the North Caucasus. edge, then beginning. Kharkiv region dep. GPU of the Ukrainian SSR, and since July 1934 - deputy. Commissar int. Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, later deputy. early GULAG and early. Dmitrovsky will fix it.-Labor camp. Delegate to the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b). In 1934–37 a member. Central Committee of CP (b) U. In 1937 he was repressed.
KATSOVICH Isroel-Isser (1859, Maliska, Vilna province - 1934, USA), publicist. Since 1905 in the USA. He was a farmer, studied agronomy. In 1910–25 he was one of the editors. every month. Yidisher Farmer. K. became famous. rec. "Zehtsik yor lebn" ("Sixty years of life"), published in New York in 1919. A version of this book. under the name Der litvisher ingl (Lithuanian boy), published in 1922, became popular in the Amer. Jewish schools; dep. ch. it entered the anthology. The author of the book. “Geymishe oifes” (“Poultry”, 1921), “Dos eibike folk” (“Eternal people”, 1925), “Ideale geyrat” (“Ideal marriage”, 1929), etc.
KATSOVICH Leizer Abramovich (1903, Minsk - 1953, Moscow), writer, poet, playwright. He made his debut verse in Yiddish in 1920. In 1926 he graduated from a vocational school for workers in printing houses. In 1926, the first Sat. stories by K. "Kive der Ligner" ("Kiva the liar") - humoresques for children, in 1927 the play "In yene teg" ("In those days"). After graduating from VGIK in 1939, he worked at the c / st. In the years of the 2nd world. war was ed. Vses. radio committee in Moscow. In 1946, K. published rum. "Di mishpohe" ("Family") and pov. "Fun Game Zugeim" ("From House to House").
KATTA KURGAN, see Kattagurgan.
KATTAKURGAN, city, regional center in the Samarkand region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the end. 17th century Since 1868 - part of Ros. empire, since 1887 - the district town of Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand region. In 1918–24 it was a part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1924–91 - the UzSSR. In 1893 676 Jews lived in Kazakhstan (including 645 Bukharian Jews), in 1897 - 51 Ashkenazi Jews, in 1910 - 837 (8.5 %), in 1920 - 581 Bukharian Jews (4.5%), in 1926 - 646 Jews (4.4%) (including 615 Bukharian), in 1939 - 571 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan with 1 -th floor. 19th century After joining Ros. empire Jews were equal in rights with Muslims and exempted from special payments. tax; persons who were forcibly converted to Islam (so-called chala) were given the opportunity to return to Judaism. Beginning in 1900, “foreign Jews” were allowed to settle in Kazakhstan; at the same time, the resettlement of Jews from Europe to Kazakhstan began. Russia. 19th century in K. a purchase point bargaining was opened. at home “Br. Schlosberg ", at the beginning. 20th century - branch of "Potelyhovsky bargaining. prom. t-va ", the board of which included R.Sh. Potelyakhov and his sister Esther Sholomovna Davydbaeva, the merchant of the 1st guild Shalom Davydov conducted trade with Moscow. In 1910, Kazakhstan had 2 synagogues, a cheder, and a Jewish cemetery. In 1918, a Jewish pogrom took place in Kazakhstan (Jews forcibly converted to Islam, and were killed). In the 1920s. a Bukhara-Jewish school operated in K. In the 1920s - 30s. synagogues in K. were closed (an attempt to open a synagogue in 1949 was unsuccessful), in the 1950s. the leaders of the Bukhara-Jewish community were put on trial, and in 1972 a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan (in the 1990s, Torah scrolls were destroyed in a fire). In the 1990s. acted for a short time. Hebrew courses for children and adults. In the beginning. 1990s In K. there was a shokhet. In K. the Jewish quarter ("mahalla"), a Jewish cemetery, to-rum ca. 200 years (at the cemetery - the Ashkenazi site, a monument to Jews who died during the 2nd World War).
KATEL Iosif Abramovich (1897, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Civil engineer, production manager. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School (1922). In 1922-26 the beginning. construction works of the Gosstroy VSNKh, then the beginning. building of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky melange complex. Ch. Ing. Magnetostroy (since 1930). The first building manager of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. From 1934 to the beginning. Chelyabinskstroy, after the completion of the construction - director. Chelyabinsk plant of large machine-tool building of the People's Commissariat of Heavy. industry of the USSR. In 1937 he supervised the release of the first batch of fathers. screw-cutting lathe 1D64. Ord. Lenin (1936). In 1938 he was repressed, until 1956 he was imprisoned.
Katz Azariy Yakovlevich (1883 - 1952, Leningrad), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1936). In 1923 he graduated from the Military Medical. Academy in Petrograd. In 1923-29 he worked at Scientific and Practical. dentist. in-those, in 1929–36 scientific. sotr. Department of normal anatomy in the Military-med. academy. In 1936–52 the head. orthopedic department organized by him. dentistry price Leningrad. honey. dentist. Institute of Science. tr. K. dedicated anatomy and function of the dentition, morphology and physiology of the masticatory apparatus. One of the first in the USSR began to engage in prophylactic. orthodontics, introduced fiziol into practice. methods to eliminate violations of the chewing process. Author of one of the classifications of bite anomalies. He designed a number of devices and proposed several. operations for the treatment of maxillofacial deformities. Cit .: Prosthetics. L., 1936; Orthopedic dentistry. M. - L., 1940 (co-author); On the development and increase in the size of the dental arch. M., 1945.
KATZ Leonid Zakharovich (1887, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Lawyer. After graduating from legal. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1909), entered Moscow. advocacy. Conducted by polit. and criminal cases. In 1919–20 he worked as a lawyer in the province. Since 1922, member. Moscow collegiums of defenders. He became famous as a forensic lawyer, master of court-oratory. The complaints made by him in the order of supervision eased the fate of many. convicts. In 1941–43 members. section of judicial law of the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1946 before. section of criminal law and procedure at Pres. Moscow mountains. the bar association. In the 1960s. lectured on the special course "Sov. advocacy "to jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University.
KATUNIN Ilya (Eli) Borisovich (1908, Gomel - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, posthumously). In the Navy in 1932–35 and from 1941. Deputy. com. squadrons of the air assault regiment of the Northern Air Force. Fleet captain K. sent the burning plane to the enemy transport and sank it.
KATVISHKI, see Ketaviskes.
KATYN, a village in the Smolensk district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Smolensk district. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century in K. had a Jewish population. In the spring of 1940, during the mass execution of officers of the Polish. army, 224 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan, including army rabbis. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941, four Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KATYUZHANKA, a village in the Vyshgorod district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 4 grocery stores and a ready-to-wear shop.
KAUFMAN Abram Evgenievich (1855, Odessa - 1921, Petrograd), journalist. He studied at a gymnasium and a commercial school (Odessa), attended lectures on law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. In the 1870s. collaborated in Odessa and St. Petersburg gas. Since 1889 - in Odessa, in fact. ed. "Odessa leaf" (1889-1904), "Odessa bulletin" (1889-1904) and "Odessa news" (1895-99). Initiator and ed. philanthropist, sat. "Response" (1892) to help the hungry. From 1904 in St. Petersburg. Issuing ed. "Stock Exchange". As a correspondent. represented this gas. in Prague, Turkey, Italy, Germany. In 1919 he was elected before. Board of the Society of Mutual Aid of Writers and Scientists. Headed the press of the about-va zhurn. "Bulletin of Literature" (1919–22). Mn. journalistic works of K. dedicated. Jewish themes. K. researched econ., Polit. and the legal status of Jews in Russia, studied life and problems of education. The materials provided by him formed the basis of the book "The Jewish Question in Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1883). K. collaborated in the Russian-Jewish publications "Dawn", "Voskhod", "Jewish Review", "Rus. Jew "(secretary ed., 1880–84). Author of brochures: "Friends and Enemies of the Jews" (St. Petersburg, 1907), "Tsar's Pogroms" (Pg., 1919). With the participation of K. published "Materials for the history of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia" (vol. 1. Pg., 1919).
KAUFMAN Abram Iosifovich (1885, Mglin, Chernigov province - 1971, Tel Aviv), public figure. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim, on the maternal side was the great-grandson of the founder of this movement, Schneur Zalman of Lyad. In 1903 he graduated from high school in Perm, where he became interested in the ideas of Zionism. In 1904–08 he studied medicine at Bernese University, was elected deputy. prev. Bernsky academician Fereina (Union of Jewish Students). In 1908 he returned to Russia, traveled to the cities of the Volga region and the Urals with the aim of promoting the ideas of Zionism. Was a delegate to three Zionists. Congr. In 1912 he settled in Harbin. In 1918 he was elected deputy. prev. Nat. Council of the Jews of Siberia and the Urals. In 1919-31, 1933-45 before. Harbin Jewish Community. During these years, he represented the Jewish nat. fund, engaged in the acquisition of land for Jewish settlements in E.-I., was authorized by the World. Zionist. org-tion and the Jewish Agency, before. Zionist. org-tion of China, headed almost all cultural and societies. org-tion of the Jews of Harbin. In 1921–43 he edited the weekly. in Russian lang. "Jewish life" and worked ch. a doctor at the Jewish hospital he organized in Harbin. From 1937 before. Nat. Council of Jews Vost. Asia (i.e. D. East). In 1945, when Kr. The army occupied Harbin, was arrested and taken to the USSR, where on charges of espionage and a Zionist. activity sentenced to 25 years. Released in 1956 with a settlement in Karaganda (Kazakhstan). From 1961 - in Israel, where he continued to work as a doctor. Author of memoirs and works on the history of Jewish communities in the D. East. Years of life in the USSR described in the book. "Camp Doctor" (translated into Hebrew, 1971, in Russian - Tel Aviv, 1973).
KAUFMAN Alexander Arkadievich (1864, Berlin - 1919, Petrograd), economist, statistician, public figure. Doctor of Political Economy and Statistics (1908). Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1885), was engaged in law practice. In 1887-1906 he served in the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property, studied land use and households. conditions zap.-sib. peasants. He independently developed methods and techniques of research, applied the method of sample house-to-house census, supplemented by a number of budgetary questions. Study results made up 7 volumes, and the summary work, publ. later ed. К, - "Cross, land use and farming in Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces." (1894) awarded Rus. geogr. about-vom Big Gold Medal. In 1893 research. land device sib. peasants, living conditions of peasants-settlers, as well as Russian. community. The result of these works is numerous. publications on agr. question, among which “Cross. community in Siberia "(1897)," Resettlement and colonization "(1905), and others. Participated in the work of the EKO. In 1906, K. retired and took up scientific and pedagogical work. work at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses (1907-18), in St. Petersburg. un-those (1910-12). K. is one of the organizers and leaders of the Cadet Party, the author of its agrarian program. After Feb. roar. 1917 To. Is included in the structure of Ch. land to-that and prepared the project agr. reform, later participated in the organization of the Sov. statistical organs. K.'s textbook "Theory and Methods of Statistics" (1909) was used in universities until 1930. Followed. development advocate s. x-va on the so-called. the Prussian way. Publ. OK. 400 scientific. works, including "Rus. community in the process of its origin and growth ”(1908),“ Statistical. science in Russia. Theory and methodology. 1806-1917 "(1922)," Introduction to the theoretical. statistics "(1923).
KAUFMAN Arkady Semenovich (1914, Gomel - 1995, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Science (1971). Graduated from Leningrad. east Institute (1938). In 1938–45 he worked in TASS, in 1945–51 - in the apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Since 1951 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of more than 220 works on Burma and on national issues. movement, works: State. system of Burma. M., 1959; Working class and national liberation. traffic in Burma. M., 1961; Roar. democracy and national liberation. rev-tion. M., 1976 (et al.).
Boris A. KAUFMAN (1906, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1980, New York), cameraman. Brother of D. Vertov and M.A. Kaufman. From 1919 - in Poland, in 1927 he moved to France, where he studied at the Sorbonne. He began working in cinema in 1928 as an abstract f. “March of Machines” (directed by E. Deslav). He entered the history of cinema as a cameraman f. J. Vigo "About Nice" (1930), "Taris" (1931), "Zero for Conduct" (1933) and "Atalanta" (1934). In 1939–41 he served in the French. army. From 1942 - in Canada, from 1945 - in the USA, where he took off the dock. f. about the war in Europe. Naib. means. American films: "In the Port" (1954, dir. E. Kazan), "Baby Doll" (1956, dir. Kazan), "Twelve Angry Men" (1957, dir. S. Lumet), "Splendor in the Grass" (1961, dir. Kazan), “Say You Love Me, Junie Moon” (1970, dir. O. Preminger).
KAUFMAN Iehezkel (1889, Dunaevtsy Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. - 1963, Jerusalem), historian, sociologist. He studied at the Odessa Rabbinical Seminary, at the Oriental Studies Courses in St. Petersburg, studied philosophy and Semites. lang. in Bernese un-those, where in 1918 he received a doctorate. After the 1st world. war lived in Berlin. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Since 1949 - prof. biblical studies at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Main Tr .: "Diaspora and Foreign Land" (1929-30) - the foundation. sociol. research on the history of the Jewish people; "History of the Jewish Faith" (vols. 1-8, 1937-57). In them, K. from a historical point of view considered such concepts as nation, language, religion. Ch. K. saw the merit of the Jewish people in the struggle against paganism, which opened the way for the birth of Christ and Islam. K. argued not evolutionary, but revolutionary emergence of Judaism. monotheism, emphasizing that in contrast to the pagans. religions and Hellenistic. Philos. monotheistic. concepts Gd in Judaism stands outside the laws of nature and is absolutely sovereign. Therefore, even the most ancient layers of Judaism do not contain mythological. elements, and the Bible sets out in the main. reliable descriptions of ist. events. In Russian. lang. translated by Art. K. "Biblical era", popularly setting out his "History of the Jewish religion" (in the collection "Jewish history and religion", 1982). State pr. Israel on Judaism (1958).
KAUFMAN Illarion Ignatievich (1848, Odessa - 1916, Petrograd), economist, statistician. Prof. (1893). Graduated from Kharkov University (1869). In 1873–83 he served at the Center. statistical to-those, participated in the activities of the Noble land. bank (member of the bank's council). In 1893-1916 he taught at St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) University. In 1872 K. was the first in Russia to publish. in the journal. "Bulletin of Europe" No. 5 review of the 1st volume of "Capital" by K. Marx. In the theory of money, K. was a follower of T. Took, J. Fullarton and A. Wagner. Together with Acad. N.H.Bunge (economist, min. Of finance in 1881–86) and economist-financier V.P. Bezobrazov defended metallich. theory of money. Opposed the nominalist. directions of the theory of money. K. went down in Russian history. econom. thoughts as the author of econ. justification den. reforms of 1895–97 in Russia, which marked the transition to the system of gold monometallism. Works: Theory of price fluctuations. Kharkov, 1867; Theory and practice of banking, vol. 1 - 2. St. Petersburg, 1873 - 77; Russian government finance statistics in 1862-1884 SPb., 1886; From the history of paper money in Russia. SPb., 1909.
KAUFMAN Isaak Mikhailovich (1887, according to other data 1892, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1971, Moscow), bibliographer, bibliologist. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1921 he worked as a bibliographer at the State Publishing House and its Book Center (later KOGIZ), then headed the information library. department of KOGIZ; compiled (with NV Zdoobnov) "Catalog of Publications of the State. publishing house and its branches "(1927). In 1942–59 sotr. State libraries of the USSR. V.I. Lenin. K. - ed. “Consolidated catalog rus. civil books the press of the 18th century "(v. 1-3. M., 1962-67); the catalog of the library of bibliophile NP Smirnov-Sokolsky ("My library", v. 1-2. M., 1969). In addition to the "Dictionary of pseudonyms" IF Masanov K. collected and deciphered apprx. two thousand Russian pseudonyms. writers, scientists and cultural workers. Vol .: Dictionaries and encyclopedias. Bibliographic index. Issue 1. Dorev. editions. M., 1937; Rus. biographical. and bibl. dictionaries. M., 1955; Rus. encyclopedias. General encyclopedias. M., 1960; Terminological dictionaries. Bibliography. M., 1961; Geogr. dictionaries. Bibliography. M., 1964.
KAUFMAN Lia Solomonovna (b. 1918, Orenburg), literary critic, specialist in German literature. Dr. philol. Sciences (1985), prof. (1987). In 1941 she graduated from MIFLI. Since 1956 - in the Tambov pedagogue. in-those, in 1962–78 head. chair of notches, literature. The author of the textbook "History of it. lit-ry VIII-XVIII centuries. " (with G. I. Kramorenko, 1968).
KAUFMAN Mikhail Abramovich (1897, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1980, Moscow), cameraman, film director. Brother of D. Vertov and B.A. Kaufman. Since 1922 - in Vertov's group "kinoki". Filmed subjects for the newsreels "Kino-Pravda", f. The Sixth Part of the World (1926), The Eleventh (1928), The Man with the Movie Camera (1929). Dir.-operator f. "Moscow" (1927), "A Day in the Manger" (1927), "Spring" (1929), "An Unprecedented Campaign" (1931), "Great Victory" (1933), etc. Since 1941, in the scientific popul. cinema; filmed f. on art and sports, including "At the Tretyakov Gallery" (1956), "Igor Grabar" (1957), "Boris Proporokov" (1960), "Composer Tikhon Khrennikov" (1967). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1935).
KAUFMAN Rafail Shmulevich (b. 1905, Shklov Mogilev district and province), art critic. He studied in Leningrad at the State. in-those history of claims on f-those images. lawsuit (1926–30) by O.F. Waldgauer, D.I.Shmit, N.N. Punin. He worked in the region. Museum in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, at the same time. lectured for artistic-applied artists and published art. on the current thin. critics in the journal. "Art". In 1931 he moved to Moscow, worked at the State Tretyakov Gallery, lectured at Moscow. thin in-those. Participated in the 2nd world. war. Since 1945, at the invitation of IE Grabar, he taught at the Department of History. lawsuit at Moscow State University. Since 1948 at the same time. worked at the Institute of History of Laws of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1950 he headed the author's group. multi-room ed. "History of Russian Art" (author of the 10th volume). Since 1974 - at the Department of Art Studies, Moscow State University, he read new. course "Hood. criticism". Author of monographs, among which “Rus. and owls. thin criticism from ser. XIX century. until 1941 ”,“ Sketches of the artist. critics from Batyushkov to Benois ”and others. One of the best theoretical. works K. - Art. "The History of One Picture" (collection of articles "Soviet Art History", 1974).
KAUFMAN Semyon Arkadievich (1839 - 1918, Petrograd), doctor. Doctor of Medicine. Active State Councilor. Since the 1860s. lived in Petersburg, worked as a doctor in the navy. After retiring, he practiced in city hospitals, in the Invalid Home. A prominent figure in the Jewish community of St. Petersburg, for many years headed the Cemetery Administration, member. OPE, 15 years headed its Library Commission. One of the founders (1912) and before. to-ta Society of health protection of the Jewish population.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАУНАС (до 1795 – Ковно, в 1795–1919 – Ковна), город, центр уезда (Литовская Республика). Осн. в 1030. В 1569–1795 – в Полоцком воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1796 – уездный город Виленской, в 1797–1802 – Литовской, в 1802–42 – Виленской губ., с 1842 – губернский город Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики (столица), в 1940–91 – в составе ЛитССР.В 1766 в К. числилось 969 евреев – плательщиков подушной подати; в 1797 в К. проживало ок. 1500 евреев, в 1847 – 2013, в 1864 – 16 540, в 1897 – 25 448 (36%), в 1908 – 36 628 (41,2%), в 1910 – 37 105, в нач. 1914 – ок. 40 000 (св. 50%), в 1923 – 25 044 (27,1%), в 1933 – 38 000 (29,8%), в 1959 – 4792 (2,24%), в 1970 – 4156 евреев (1,3%).В эпоху позднего Средневековья в К. находилась контора Ганзейского союза; велась оживленная торговля с Данцигом (совр. Гданьск), в к-рой евреи принимали активное участие. В 15 в. К. посещали евреи-торговцы из Украины и Польши; нек-рые хотели поселиться в городе постоянно, но не получили разрешения. Первые еврейские поселенцы пришли в К. из Троки (совр. Тракай). Одним из первых еврейских жителей К. был Даниэль, к-рый в 1450–70 арендовал в городе таможенную станцию. Его сын Зеев владел в К. недвижимостью, в т. ч. землей, на к-рой находилась т. н. гора евреев. Несмотря на официальный запрет евреям проживать в К., Даниэль и его сыновья получили от короля особые привилегии. В 1472 был введен запрет на въезд евреев в К.; однако несмотря на запрет, они приезжали в город торговать, гл. обр. хлебом и лесом, и иногда селились в К., хотя постоянно подвергались гонениям. Нек-рое время местные органы власти возглавлял крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович (позднее – мин. финансов Литвы), к-рый помогал евреям поселиться в К. Король Сигизмунд I Старый разрешил евреям-ремесленникам, а затем и другим свободно приезжать в город; среди них были фармацевт Довид, врач Тодрас. В 1558 Довид Смарлович получил право на сбор в К. налогов за воск и соль сроком на 3 года. В 1601 король Речи Посполитой Сигизмунд III Ваза резко ограничил права евреев К.; в городе было создано гетто на ул. Янова. В 1682 польск. король Ян III Собеский запретил евреям жить в К. и заниматься торговлей. В нач. 18 в. евреи получили право жить и торговать в городе, за что им вменили в обязанность платить 15-ю часть гор. налогов и сборов.С 1753 евреи жили в осн. в пригороде К. – Слободке (Вильямполь). В 1761, когда евреи из Слободки появились на рыночной пл. К., начались погромы, в результате к-рых были сожжены еврейские дома. Уцелевшие евреи бежали в Слободку, откуда их также пытались изгнать. Евреи начали суд. процесс против гор. властей. На суде, проходившем в Варшаве, евреев поддерживали семья Радзивиллов и представители литов. дворянства. Суд обязал власти К. выплатить компенсацию жертвам погрома. В 1782 изгнанным в 1761 из К. евреям было разрешено вернуться. В 1783 король Станислав Август Понятовский предоставил евреям К. особые привилегии, однако жить им разрешалось только в еврейском квартале (в 1783 существовало 2 ул., с 1803 – 4 ул.).Во время правления имп. Николая I евреям К. разрешали строить дома исключительно в пригороде. В 1858 все ограничения на жительство евреев в К. были полностью отменены. В 1862 Цви Шапиро и И.-З.Соловейчик организовали к-т помощи нуждающимся евреям К. В 1864 в городе имелись 20 синагог, еврейское кладбище. Была построена талмуд-тора на 300–400 уч-ся. В 1875 Танхель Левинзон и Зеев Фрумкин открыли еврейскую больницу на 400 коек (в год обслуживала св. 4 тыс. пациентов). Действовали еврейские дом престарелых и приют.Со 2-й пол. 19 в. К. – один из центров религ. и культурной жизни евреев Литвы. Раввинами в К. были М.И-.И.-Л.Дискин, в 1864–96 – И.-Э.Спектор, с 1896 духовным раввином К. был Ц.-Г.Рабинович. Последователи Гаскалы открыли в К. свою синагогу «Огель Яааков» (позднее размещалась в собств. здании). И.Салантер, создатель движения «Мусар», совм. с Натаном-Цви Финкелем основал в К. иешиву. В этот же период в К. жили писатель А.Мапу, лит. критик Бал-Махшовес. В 1863 была основана иешива в Слободке. Работали многочисл. хедеры, еврейские школы и б-ки. Ш.Г.Абрамсон и Л.М.Брамсон, проживавшие в К., были избраны депутатами Гос. Думы.В 1887 среди евреев К. было 445 портных и швей, 380 сапожников, 336 папиросников, 300 мясников, 445 булочников, 509 извозчиков, а также кузнецы, переплетчики, мельники, парикмахеры, печники, виноделы. Евреи работали врачами, адвокатами, инженерами, учителями.В 1908 в К. действовало 23 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская. Работали 2 иешивы. Тогда же 92% евреев К. относились к мещанскому сословию, среди них было ок. 140 купцов. Евреям принадлежали 1439 пр-тий; они вели торговлю преимущественно лесом, с.-х. продукцией, скотом, льном, хлебом. Б. ч. еврейских рабочих была занята на мелких ф-ках и в мастерских. Работали сиротский дом им. И.-Э.Спектора, муз.-драматич. певческое об-во, отд-ние ОПЕ, еврейские б-ки, в т. ч. им. А.Мапу (3 тыс. книг на 4 яз.). В 12 нач. еврейских уч. заведениях (в т. ч. 2 талмуд-торы, 2 казенных нар. уч-ща, 7 частных школ) обучалось 1462 чел. Работали еврейские ремесл. классы (кузнечно-слесарное и столярно-токарное отд-ния), жен. ремесл. уч-ще «Труд». В 1910 в К. имелось 36 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1910-х гг. среди евреев К. было 4 присяжных поверенных (из 21) и 12 их помощников (из 23), 15 врачей (из 24).С нач. 1-й мир. войны тысячи евреев К. выехали в Вильну (совр. Вильнюс) и др. нас. пункты. В 1915 евреев К., как жителей прифронтовой полосы, выслали во внутр. губернии России; дома евреев, синагоги и общинные учреждения были разрушены и разграблены частями рус. армии. После 1917 ок. 9 тыс. евреев вернулись в город. Раввином К. в 1915–18 был Исраэль-Нисон Карк (1867–?), в 1913–43 – Авром-Дойв-Бер Шапиро (1870, Кобрин – 1943, Каунас). В 1918, когда герм. армия оставляла город, Ш.Соловейчик, Ш.Вульф, Л.Гарфункель и др. образовали к-т из еврейских, польских и литовских лидеров для управления городом. В 1921 в К. открылась еврейская благотворит. столовая для интеллигенции. Создано еврейское ист.-этногр. об-во, основано еврейское изд-во «Лихт». Для поддержки еврейской кооперации был учрежден Еврейский центр. банк. Образована еврейская нар. консерватория. В Лит. политехникуме было открыто отд-ние с преподаванием на идише; организованы Высш. еврейские технич. курсы. «Культур-Лига» открыла курсы по подготовке воспитателей-учителей. «Поалей Цион» организовал еврейский отряд для отражения вторжения польск. частей. В 1922 были учреждены Высш. курсы для преподавания на идише обществ. наук, естеств. истории, математики и иврита; открыта первая еврейская театр. школа в Литве.С нач. 1920-х гг. в К. размещались центр. учреждения нац.-культурной автономии евреев Литвы (Мин-во по еврейским делам, Еврейский нац. совет и др.). В нач. 1930-х гг. выходило 5 еврейских ежедн. газет. Работали сеть еврейских дет. садов, нач. и ср. школ (в т. ч. 4 гимназии с преподаванием на иврите и школы ОРТа), иешивы, учительские ин-ты на иврите и идише. Помощь общине оказывал Джойнт. Еврейские студенч. об-ва, орг-ции «Маккаби» и «Га-Поэль» вели подготовку еврейской молодежи К. к жизни в Э.-И. В 1940 в Литовском ун-те было ок. 500 студентов-евреев (из 3041).Летом 1940 в К. было создано сионистское об-во «Иргун брит Цион» («Союз Сиона»). В дальнейшем, в гетто, эта орг-ция выпускала газ. «Ницоц», организовала б-ку с книгами на иврите (св. 1 тыс. томов), участвовала в акциях подполья.24 июня 1941, когда части РККА оставили К., литовцы начали грабить и убивать евреев. В ночь с 25 на 26 июня 1941 в К. во время погрома было убито 1500 евреев и в теч. след. неск. ночей еще 2300 чел. С 4 июля по 29 окт. 1941 герм. полиция и литовские полицейские в ходе 10 «акций» уничтожили в К. 18 223 еврея. Самая кр. «акция» была произведена 29 окт. 1941, когда было расстреляно 9200 евреев. 25 и 29 нояб. 1941 в К. было расстреляно 4934 еврея из Австрии и Германии. Всего во 2-й пол. 1941 в К. погибло ок. 27 тыс. евреев. С 15 авг. 1941 в Слободке существовало гетто, в к-ром в нач. 1942 находилось 29 700 евреев. Глава созданного в К. юденрата Эльханан Элькис (1879, Калвария – 1944, Дахау) активно оказывал поддержку движению Сопротивления в гетто. В февр. и сент. – окт. 1942 из гетто на работу в Ригу отправили св.1 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. из Австрии, Германии и др. стран Европы. В гетто создавали свои произв. художники Я.Лифшиц (1903–1944) и Эстер Лурье (р. 1913; в 1934–39 и с 1945 – в Э.-И.). В апр. 1943 в гетто находилось ок. 16 тыс. евреев. 26 окт. 1943 на работу в Эстонию вывезли 2709 чел. Тогда же гетто было реорганизовано в концлагерь. 9-й форт Каунасской крепости стал лагерем уничтожения. 25 дек. 1943 группе смертников удалось совершить побег из форта. В 1943 еврейское подполье К. (организовано в кон. 1941), состоявшее из 800 чел., начало переправлять евреев в партиз. отряды, действовавшие к югу от К. Однако из-за недостаточной воен. подготовки и враждебности местного населения мн. участники подполья и евреи-партизаны погибли. 26 марта 1944 из концлагеря в Освенцим было отправлено 1600–1800 еврейских детей. После этого в концлагере оставалось ок. 10 тыс. евреев. В июле 1944 лагерь был ликвидирован: ок. 1 тыс. евреев были убиты на месте, остальные отправлены в концлагеря Дахау и Штутгоф.В освобождении К. в авг. 1944 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. полк. Самуила Ильича Цукарева. После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.В 1948 в К. была закрыта синагога (ул. Майронио, д. 28). В 1950-х гг. раввином К. был Воркул. В 1962 в К. была закрыта последняя синагога (ул. Ожескеня, д. 9). В 1961 в К. действовала еврейская самодеят. театр. труппа. В 1963 еврейское кладбище в городе было распахано; евреям выделили участок на общегородском кладбище. В 1970-х гг. большинство евреев К. выехало в Израиль.В 1989 в К. было открыто Каунасское отд-ние Литовского еврейского культурного об-ва, в 1992 зарегистрирована еврейская община при к-рой имеются воскресная школа и клуб «Маккаби». Пред. общины – Герц Жакас (р. 1952).В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 400 евреев.В К. род.: Бал-Махшовес, И.Беттан, М.Х.Бомаш, А.М.Брамсон, Л.М.Брамсон, А.С.Вальдштейн, В.Л.Виленскис, А.М.Вольпе, А.Вольпе, Л.Гинцберг, С.Глазер, Э.Голдмэн, Г.М.Гордон, Ш.Б.Гордон, А.И.Дамский, Д.А.Дейч, И.А.Дембо, М.Л.Елин, Х.Л.Елин, Х.А.Зута, И.-А.Иш-Шалом, П.С.Каган, В.Кайзер, Г.Канович, Л.Крестин, Д.Левин, И.Б.Левинсон, И.-Э.Лейзерович, Л.А.Леонтьев, Н. Лифшиц, А.-М.Лунц, К.Магид, И.Ф.Манасевич-Мануйлов, М.Э.Мандельштам, Х.Надель, Л.С.Пейрос, М.А.Пумпянский, И.Рабинович, Л.Л.Рабинович-Кемпнер, Б.Ревель, Ф.А.Ротштейн, Г.Х.Рубинович, Е.Сердацкая, М.Соловейчик, О.Стерелиц, Н.Файнберг, Д.Ф.Фейнберг, Ц.-Г.Фербер, К.Форнберг, [[Ц.-[[П.Франк, И. Фридлендер, Г.Хацкелес, А.А.Хволес, Б.Шан, Р.О.Шор, А.Эмбер, И.Эпштейн; Арон Барак (Брик) (р. 1936), юрист, с 1947 – в Э.-И., д-р, проф., с 1974 – декан юрид. ф-та Еврейского ун-та, с 1995 – пред. Верх. суда Гос-ва Израиль, Гос. пр. Израиля (1974); Кама Миронович Гинкас (р. 1941), театр. режиссер, один из крупнейших реж. России кон. 20 – нач. 21 в.; Лея Гольдберг (1911–1970), поэт, писатель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., перевела на иврит произв. М.Горького, Л.Н.Толстого, А.П.Чехова и др.; Джон-Александр Дайч (1867–1939), проф. деятель, с 1900 – в США, один из лидеров проф. движения в США, автор кн. «Большевизм в американских профсоюзах» (1926); Сара Дорон (Сандлер) (р. 1922), политич. деятель, с 1933 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 9–12-го созывов от партии Ликуд, мин. без портфеля (1983–84); Давид Аркадьевич Каган (1865–1937, там же), журналист, в 1917 издавал в Москве газ. «Вечерний курьер» и «Час»; Эммануэль Левинас (1906–1995, Париж), автор ориг. филос. доктрины, значит. место в тр. занимают проблемы еврейской этики; Ефрем Залманович Майминас (р. 1932), экономист, д-р экономич. наук (1968), проф. (1969), специалист в обл. соц.-экономич. политики, автор более 160 науч. работ, один из авторов первого в СССР учебника по экономич. кибернетике; Абрагам Меламед (р. 1923), политич. деятель, с 1948 – в Израиле, деп. Кнессета 7–10-го созывов от партии МАФДАЛ; Марк Мрачный (Кливанский) (1892–1975, Нью-Йорк), обществ. деятель, журналист, д-р медицины (1934), в годы Гражд. войны – в армии Н.И.Махно, с 1928 – в США, в 1934–40 – ред. газ. «Фрайе арбатер штиме»; Ицхак Ольшан (1895–1983, Иерусалим), юрист, с 1912 – в Э.-И., с 1943 – чл. Верх. Суда, в 1954–65 – пред. Верх. Суда Израиля; Герцль-Нафтоли Розенблюм (1903–1991, Тель-Авив), журналист, с 1935 – в Э.-И., в 1948–86 – гл. ред. газ. «Едиот Ахронот»; Мойше Рубинсон (1923–1978, Вильнюс), журналист, писал на идише и лит. яз.; Борис Александрович Страшун (р. 1929), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., специалист в обл. конституционного права, с 1988 – зав. кафедрой МГЮА, с 1992 – в аппарате Конституционного Суда РФ, рук. гр. советников, автор неск. книг; Исроэл-Яков Шварц (1886–1971, Нью-Йорк), поэт, переводчик, писал на идише, с 1906 – в США, перевел на идиш произв. Х.-Н.Бялика, У.Шекспира, еврейскую поэзию Средневековья; Иехезкиель Штрайхман (1906–1993), художник, с 1924 – в Э.-И., четыре пр. им. М.Я.Дизингофа, Гос. пр. Израиля (1990); Элиэзер Шульман (1837–1904, Киев), историк лит-ры на идише., pronunciation=КАУНАС (до 1795 – Ковно, в 1795–1919 – Ковна), город, центр уезда (Литовская Республика). Осн. в 1030. В 1569–1795 – в Полоцком воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1796 – уездный город Виленской, в 1797–1802 – Литовской, в 1802–42 – Виленской губ., с 1842 – губернский город Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики (столица), в 1940–91 – в составе ЛитССР.В 1766 в К. числилось 969 евреев – плательщиков подушной подати; в 1797 в К. проживало ок. 1500 евреев, в 1847 – 2013, в 1864 – 16 540, в 1897 – 25 448 (36%), в 1908 – 36 628 (41,2%), в 1910 – 37 105, в нач. 1914 – ок. 40 000 (св. 50%), в 1923 – 25 044 (27,1%), в 1933 – 38 000 (29,8%), в 1959 – 4792 (2,24%), в 1970 – 4156 евреев (1,3%).В эпоху позднего Средневековья в К. находилась контора Ганзейского союза; велась оживленная торговля с Данцигом (совр. Гданьск), в к-рой евреи принимали активное участие. В 15 в. К. посещали евреи-торговцы из Украины и Польши; нек-рые хотели поселиться в городе постоянно, но не получили разрешения. Первые еврейские поселенцы пришли в К. из Троки (совр. Тракай). Одним из первых еврейских жителей К. был Даниэль, к-рый в 1450–70 арендовал в городе таможенную станцию. Его сын Зеев владел в К. недвижимостью, в т. ч. землей, на к-рой находилась т. н. гора евреев. Несмотря на официальный запрет евреям проживать в К., Даниэль и его сыновья получили от короля особые привилегии. В 1472 был введен запрет на въезд евреев в К.; однако несмотря на запрет, они приезжали в город торговать, гл. обр. хлебом и лесом, и иногда селились в К., хотя постоянно подвергались гонениям. Нек-рое время местные органы власти возглавлял крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович (позднее – мин. финансов Литвы), к-рый помогал евреям поселиться в К. Король Сигизмунд I Старый разрешил евреям-ремесленникам, а затем и другим свободно приезжать в город; среди них были фармацевт Довид, врач Тодрас. В 1558 Довид Смарлович получил право на сбор в К. налогов за воск и соль сроком на 3 года. В 1601 король Речи Посполитой Сигизмунд III Ваза резко ограничил права евреев К.; в городе было создано гетто на ул. Янова. В 1682 польск. король Ян III Собеский запретил евреям жить в К. и заниматься торговлей. В нач. 18 в. евреи получили право жить и торговать в городе, за что им вменили в обязанность платить 15-ю часть гор. налогов и сборов.С 1753 евреи жили в осн. в пригороде К. – Слободке (Вильямполь). В 1761, когда евреи из Слободки появились на рыночной пл. К., начались погромы, в результате к-рых были сожжены еврейские дома. Уцелевшие евреи бежали в Слободку, откуда их также пытались изгнать. Евреи начали суд. процесс против гор. властей. На суде, проходившем в Варшаве, евреев поддерживали семья Радзивиллов и представители литов. дворянства. Суд обязал власти К. выплатить компенсацию жертвам погрома. В 1782 изгнанным в 1761 из К. евреям было разрешено вернуться. В 1783 король Станислав Август Понятовский предоставил евреям К. особые привилегии, однако жить им разрешалось только в еврейском квартале (в 1783 существовало 2 ул., с 1803 – 4 ул.).Во время правления имп. Николая I евреям К. разрешали строить дома исключительно в пригороде. В 1858 все ограничения на жительство евреев в К. были полностью отменены. В 1862 Цви Шапиро и И.-З.Соловейчик организовали к-т помощи нуждающимся евреям К. В 1864 в городе имелись 20 синагог, еврейское кладбище. Была построена талмуд-тора на 300–400 уч-ся. В 1875 Танхель Левинзон и Зеев Фрумкин открыли еврейскую больницу на 400 коек (в год обслуживала св. 4 тыс. пациентов). Действовали еврейские дом престарелых и приют.Со 2-й пол. 19 в. К. – один из центров религ. и культурной жизни евреев Литвы. Раввинами в К. были М.И-.И.-Л.Дискин, в 1864–96 – И.-Э.Спектор, с 1896 духовным раввином К. был Ц.-Г.Рабинович. Последователи Гаскалы открыли в К. свою синагогу «Огель Яааков» (позднее размещалась в собств. здании). И.Салантер, создатель движения «Мусар», совм. с Натаном-Цви Финкелем основал в К. иешиву. В этот же период в К. жили писатель А.Мапу, лит. критик Бал-Махшовес. В 1863 была основана иешива в Слободке. Работали многочисл. хедеры, еврейские школы и б-ки. Ш.Г.Абрамсон и Л.М.Брамсон, проживавшие в К., были избраны депутатами Гос. Думы.В 1887 среди евреев К. было 445 портных и швей, 380 сапожников, 336 папиросников, 300 мясников, 445 булочников, 509 извозчиков, а также кузнецы, переплетчики, мельники, парикмахеры, печники, виноделы. Евреи работали врачами, адвокатами, инженерами, учителями.В 1908 в К. действовало 23 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская. Работали 2 иешивы. Тогда же 92% евреев К. относились к мещанскому сословию, среди них было ок. 140 купцов. Евреям принадлежали 1439 пр-тий; они вели торговлю преимущественно лесом, с.-х. продукцией, скотом, льном, хлебом. Б. ч. еврейских рабочих была занята на мелких ф-ках и в мастерских. Работали сиротский дом им. И.-Э.Спектора, муз.-драматич. певческое об-во, отд-ние ОПЕ, еврейские б-ки, в т. ч. им. А.Мапу (3 тыс. книг на 4 яз.). В 12 нач. еврейских уч. заведениях (в т. ч. 2 талмуд-торы, 2 казенных нар. уч-ща, 7 частных школ) обучалось 1462 чел. Работали еврейские ремесл. классы (кузнечно-слесарное и столярно-токарное отд-ния), жен. ремесл. уч-ще «Труд». В 1910 в К. имелось 36 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1910-х гг. среди евреев К. было 4 присяжных поверенных (из 21) и 12 их помощников (из 23), 15 врачей (из 24).С нач. 1-й мир. войны тысячи евреев К. выехали в Вильну (совр. Вильнюс) и др. нас. пункты. В 1915 евреев К., как жителей прифронтовой полосы, выслали во внутр. губернии России; дома евреев, синагоги и общинные учреждения были разрушены и разграблены частями рус. армии. После 1917 ок. 9 тыс. евреев вернулись в город. Раввином К. в 1915–18 был Исраэль-Нисон Карк (1867–?), в 1913–43 – Авром-Дойв-Бер Шапиро (1870, Кобрин – 1943, Каунас). В 1918, когда герм. армия оставляла город, Ш.Соловейчик, Ш.Вульф, Л.Гарфункель и др. образовали к-т из еврейских, польских и литовских лидеров для управления городом. В 1921 в К. открылась еврейская благотворит. столовая для интеллигенции. Создано еврейское ист.-этногр. об-во, основано еврейское изд-во «Лихт». Для поддержки еврейской кооперации был учрежден Еврейский центр. банк. Образована еврейская нар. консерватория. В Лит. политехникуме было открыто отд-ние с преподаванием на идише; организованы Высш. еврейские технич. курсы. «Культур-Лига» открыла курсы по подготовке воспитателей-учителей. «Поалей Цион» организовал еврейский отряд для отражения вторжения польск. частей. В 1922 были учреждены Высш. курсы для преподавания на идише обществ. наук, естеств. истории, математики и иврита; открыта первая еврейская театр. школа в Литве.С нач. 1920-х гг. в К. размещались центр. учреждения нац.-культурной автономии евреев Литвы (Мин-во по еврейским делам, Еврейский нац. совет и др.). В нач. 1930-х гг. выходило 5 еврейских ежедн. газет. Работали сеть еврейских дет. садов, нач. и ср. школ (в т. ч. 4 гимназии с преподаванием на иврите и школы ОРТа), иешивы, учительские ин-ты на иврите и идише. Помощь общине оказывал Джойнт. Еврейские студенч. об-ва, орг-ции «Маккаби» и «Га-Поэль» вели подготовку еврейской молодежи К. к жизни в Э.-И. В 1940 в Литовском ун-те было ок. 500 студентов-евреев (из 3041).Летом 1940 в К. было создано сионистское об-во «Иргун брит Цион» («Союз Сиона»). В дальнейшем, в гетто, эта орг-ция выпускала газ. «Ницоц», организовала б-ку с книгами на иврите (св. 1 тыс. томов), участвовала в акциях подполья.24 июня 1941, когда части РККА оставили К., литовцы начали грабить и убивать евреев. В ночь с 25 на 26 июня 1941 в К. во время погрома было убито 1500 евреев и в теч. след. неск. ночей еще 2300 чел. С 4 июля по 29 окт. 1941 герм. полиция и литовские полицейские в ходе 10 «акций» уничтожили в К. 18 223 еврея. Самая кр. «акция» была произведена 29 окт. 1941, когда было расстреляно 9200 евреев. 25 и 29 нояб. 1941 в К. было расстреляно 4934 еврея из Австрии и Германии. Всего во 2-й пол. 1941 в К. погибло ок. 27 тыс. евреев. С 15 авг. 1941 в Слободке существовало гетто, в к-ром в нач. 1942 находилось 29 700 евреев. Глава созданного в К. юденрата Эльханан Элькис (1879, Калвария – 1944, Дахау) активно оказывал поддержку движению Сопротивления в гетто. В февр. и сент. – окт. 1942 из гетто на работу в Ригу отправили св.1 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. из Австрии, Германии и др. стран Европы. В гетто создавали свои произв. художники Я.Лифшиц (1903–1944) и Эстер Лурье (р. 1913; в 1934–39 и с 1945 – в Э.-И.). В апр. 1943 в гетто находилось ок. 16 тыс. евреев. 26 окт. 1943 на работу в Эстонию вывезли 2709 чел. Тогда же гетто было реорганизовано в концлагерь. 9-й форт Каунасской крепости стал лагерем уничтожения. 25 дек. 1943 группе смертников удалось совершить побег из форта. В 1943 еврейское подполье К. (организовано в кон. 1941), состоявшее из 800 чел., начало переправлять евреев в партиз. отряды, действовавшие к югу от К. Однако из-за недостаточной воен. подготовки и враждебности местного населения мн. участники подполья и евреи-партизаны погибли. 26 марта 1944 из концлагеря в Освенцим было отправлено 1600–1800 еврейских детей. После этого в концлагере оставалось ок. 10 тыс. евреев. В июле 1944 лагерь был ликвидирован: ок. 1 тыс. евреев были убиты на месте, остальные отправлены в концлагеря Дахау и Штутгоф.В освобождении К. в авг. 1944 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. полк. Самуила Ильича Цукарева. После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.В 1948 в К. была закрыта синагога (ул. Майронио, д. 28). В 1950-х гг. раввином К. был Воркул. В 1962 в К. была закрыта последняя синагога (ул. Ожескеня, д. 9). В 1961 в К. действовала еврейская самодеят. театр. труппа. В 1963 еврейское кладбище в городе было распахано; евреям выделили участок на общегородском кладбище. В 1970-х гг. большинство евреев К. выехало в Израиль.В 1989 в К. было открыто Каунасское отд-ние Литовского еврейского культурного об-ва, в 1992 зарегистрирована еврейская община при к-рой имеются воскресная школа и клуб «Маккаби». Пред. общины – Герц Жакас (р. 1952).В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 400 евреев.В К. род.: Бал-Махшовес, И.Беттан, М.Х.Бомаш, А.М.Брамсон, Л.М.Брамсон, А.С.Вальдштейн, В.Л.Виленскис, А.М.Вольпе, А.Вольпе, Л.Гинцберг, С.Глазер, Э.Голдмэн, Г.М.Гордон, Ш.Б.Гордон, А.И.Дамский, Д.А.Дейч, И.А.Дембо, М.Л.Елин, Х.Л.Елин, Х.А.Зута, И.-А.Иш-Шалом, П.С.Каган, В.Кайзер, Г.Канович, Л.Крестин, Д.Левин, И.Б.Левинсон, И.-Э.Лейзерович, Л.А.Леонтьев, Н. Лифшиц, А.-М.Лунц, К.Магид, И.Ф.Манасевич-Мануйлов, М.Э.Мандельштам, Х.Надель, Л.С.Пейрос, М.А.Пумпянский, И.Рабинович, Л.Л.Рабинович-Кемпнер, Б.Ревель, Ф.А.Ротштейн, Г.Х.Рубинович, Е.Сердацкая, М.Соловейчик, О.Стерелиц, Н.Файнберг, Д.Ф.Фейнберг, Ц.-Г.Фербер, К.Форнберг, [[Ц.-[[П.Франк, И. Фридлендер, Г.Хацкелес, А.А.Хволес, Б.Шан, Р.О.Шор, А.Эмбер, И.Эпштейн; Арон Барак (Брик) (р. 1936), юрист, с 1947 – в Э.-И., д-р, проф., с 1974 – декан юрид. ф-та Еврейского ун-та, с 1995 – пред. Верх. суда Гос-ва Израиль, Гос. пр. Израиля (1974); Кама Миронович Гинкас (р. 1941), театр. режиссер, один из крупнейших реж. России кон. 20 – нач. 21 в.; Лея Гольдберг (1911–1970), поэт, писатель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., перевела на иврит произв. М.Горького, Л.Н.Толстого, А.П.Чехова и др.; Джон-Александр Дайч (1867–1939), проф. деятель, с 1900 – в США, один из лидеров проф. движения в США, автор кн. «Большевизм в американских профсоюзах» (1926); Сара Дорон (Сандлер) (р. 1922), политич. деятель, с 1933 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 9–12-го созывов от партии Ликуд, мин. без портфеля (1983–84); Давид Аркадьевич Каган (1865–1937, там же), журналист, в 1917 издавал в Москве газ. «Вечерний курьер» и «Час»; Эммануэль Левинас (1906–1995, Париж), автор ориг. филос. доктрины, значит. место в тр. занимают проблемы еврейской этики; Ефрем Залманович Майминас (р. 1932), экономист, д-р экономич. наук (1968), проф. (1969), специалист в обл. соц.-экономич. политики, автор более 160 науч. работ, один из авторов первого в СССР учебника по экономич. кибернетике; Абрагам Меламед (р. 1923), политич. деятель, с 1948 – в Израиле, деп. Кнессета 7–10-го созывов от партии МАФДАЛ; Марк Мрачный (Кливанский) (1892–1975, Нью-Йорк), обществ. деятель, журналист, д-р медицины (1934), в годы Гражд. войны – в армии Н.И.Махно, с 1928 – в США, в 1934–40 – ред. газ. «Фрайе арбатер штиме»; Ицхак Ольшан (1895–1983, Иерусалим), юрист, с 1912 – в Э.-И., с 1943 – чл. Верх. Суда, в 1954–65 – пред. Верх. Суда Израиля; Герцль-Нафтоли Розенблюм (1903–1991, Тель-Авив), журналист, с 1935 – в Э.-И., в 1948–86 – гл. ред. газ. «Едиот Ахронот»; Мойше Рубинсон (1923–1978, Вильнюс), журналист, писал на идише и лит. яз.; Борис Александрович Страшун (р. 1929), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., специалист в обл. конституционного права, с 1988 – зав. кафедрой МГЮА, с 1992 – в аппарате Конституционного Суда РФ, рук. гр. советников, автор неск. книг; Исроэл-Яков Шварц (1886–1971, Нью-Йорк), поэт, переводчик, писал на идише, с 1906 – в США, перевел на идиш произв. Х.-Н.Бялика, У.Шекспира, еврейскую поэзию Средневековья; Иехезкиель Штрайхман (1906–1993), художник, с 1924 – в Э.-И., четыре пр. им. М.Я.Дизингофа, Гос. пр. Израиля (1990); Элиэзер Шульман (1837–1904, Киев), историк лит-ры на идише., extra_data="{'translat...")
KAUNATA, a village in Rezekne district (Republic of Latvia). Main in the beginning. 20th century as the town of Kovnaty Rezhitskogo u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 66 Jews (38%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1925 - 67, in 1935 - 63 (37%), in June 1941 - approx. 50 Jews. Since 1901 Shloimo Magarama was Rabbi of K.. In 1920, with the help of the Joint, a mutual assistance fund was opened in Kazakhstan. In the 1930s. there was a synagogue; the rabbi was Shloymo Orbach. In 1933 before the court on charges of underground communist. In 1935 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 12 out of 15 shops and workshops. Jews of Kazakhstan were shot in Sept. 1941 by Latvian policemen.
KAUNATAVA, a village in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century –The place of Kovnatovo, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. one Jewish family lived in K.
CAUSHANS, see Causeni.
CAUSHANS KNOW, see Causeni.
KAVA Shloyme-Leib (real name and fam. Moyshe-Joseph Dikshtein) (1889, Kotsk Lukovsky u. Siedleck province - |, Warsaw), critic, publicist. In 1905 he made his debut with a story in gas. "Telegraph". In 1909-12 he was deputy. prev. union of Heb. writers and journalists in Warsaw, the founder of the publishing house "Literatur-Fund". Printed stories, essays, Art. about lit-re in different periodicals. ed. Among the productions, ed. they are separate. book - “Self-instruction book is mute. language ”for Jews,“ German-Yiddish Dictionary ”. Mean. value has its Sat. "Bai unz idn" ("We Jews") is one of the most important works on Hebrews. folklore. K. was also a translator from Europe. lang. in Yiddish. He died in the Warsaw ghetto.
KAVARSKAS, city (since 1956) in Utena district. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from ser. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kovarsk Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 342 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 976 Jews (63%) in 1897, and 436 Jews (42%) in 1923. Jews lived in Kazakhstan. from the 18th century From ser. 19th century there was a community that contained a rabbi and a shohet. In 1865, two synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade in flax, wheat, timber, export of poultry and fruits. Dozens of families were engaged in felling and timber rafting. Jews K. belonged to the majority of the CD. shops and bargaining. houses, grocery and manufactory shops. In 1899-1907 Israel-Jehoshua Segal (1864–?) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, in 1907–10 - Yosef Kanovich, in 1910–13 - Chaim Rudne (1867–?), from 1913 - Shmuel Krieger (1872 -?) In 1915, the retreating units of the Russian. armies committed pogroms in Kazakhstan. Jews were evicted from the town; after 1918, only half of them returned to their former place of residence. A new synagogue was built in Kazakhstan, and in 1920 a branch of the Jewish Narod was opened in Kazakhstan. bank. In 1925 a Jewish doctor worked in the town. In 1931, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 11 out of 15 stores, 2 wool-beaters, 2 mills, a tannery, a plant for soft drinks, and a bakery. A Lithuanian, a native of K., who lived in the United States, donated it in 1930 and 1936. amounts for the construction of a synagogue in the town as a sign of good-neighborly relations between Jews and Lithuanians K.; he also allocated money for the purchase of equipment for the Jewish fire brigade. In 1935, a school of the Yavne network, a Jewish library, and self-employed people worked in Kazakhstan. tr. In 1937, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 24 artisans, including 7 tailors, 3 shoemakers, 3 potters, 2 tinsmiths each, a hairdresser, and a butcher, as well as a miller, a feller felt boots, a saddler, and a tanner. ... in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were Dov Schnitzer (? –1941) and Dov Sukmansky (? –1941). On July 26, 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews K. were sent to Ukmerge and shot there on 5 Sept. 1941 together with Jews from around us. points In the beginning. 1990s OK. e. Pompochai, a monument to the Jews who died there during the occupation K.
KAVERIN Nikolay Veniaminovich (b. 1933, Moscow), virologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1988). Son of V.A. Kaverin. Graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1957). Since 1970 head. lab. subviral structures, since 1987 head. lab. physiology of viruses Ying-that virology them. D.I. Ivanovsky. Main works by K. dedicated. molecular biological aspects of virology, research. biosynthesis of viral RNA (hl. arr. paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses). Research the specificity of protein interactions in the formation of subviral structures of the influenza virus in mixed infection, as well as molecular genetic. basic virulence of influenza viruses for different hosts.
KAVERIN Veniamin Aleksandrovich (real family member Zilber) (1902, Pskov - 1989, Moscow), writer. Brother L.A. Zilber. He graduated from the Institute of East in Petrograd. lang. (1923), historical philology. f-t un-that (1924) and graduate school under him. In 1921, together with L.N. Luntz, M.L. Slonimsky, and others, he formed the literary work. gr. "The Serapion brothers", accused of formalism by the official criticism. In the main. K.'s work is dedicated to the life of owls. intelligentsia (novel "Fulfillment of Desires", 1934-36; trilogy "Open Book", 1949-56, etc.). In a number of productions. K. there is Heb. theme (story "Engineer Schwartz", 1923; pov. "The End of the Khazy", 1925; rom. "Artist Unknown", 1931, etc.). Rum is widely known. K. "Two Captains" (1938–44; Steel pr. 1946). In autobiographical. manuf. (Trilogy "Illuminated Windows", 1970-75; memoirs "Hello, brother. It's very difficult to write", 1965; "Interlocutor", 1973; "Evening Day", 1980; "Writing Desk", 1985; "Happiness of Talent", 1989 ; "Epilogue", 1989, etc.). K. wrote about many. Jews, writers and scientists, with whom he was friends and met. Peru K. also belongs to rum. "Nine Tenths of Fate" (1925), "Brawler, or Evenings on Vasilyevsky Island" (1928), "Double Portrait" (1966), "Before the Mirror" (1971), "Two Hour Walk" (1978), "Science of Parting" (1983), pl. pov., stories, plays, art. about the literature and others. Critical. K.'s attitude to morals. state of owls. about-va found reflection in the pov. "Seven Unclean Pairs" and "Oblique Rain" (both - 1962), in the "Speech not delivered at the 4th Congress of Writers" (1967, Samizdat), directed against censorship, in the signing of protests against the trials of dissidents (con. 60 -x years).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАВКАЗ, историческое название территории между Черным, Азовским и Каспийским морями. Включает Б. и М. Кавказ, Предкавказье и Закавказье. Предкавказье, почти весь сев. склон Б. Кавказа и целиком его зап. оконечность составляют ист.-этногр. обл. Сев. Кавказ. В 9–6 вв. до н. э. на терр. К. (Армянское нагорье) находилось гос-во Урарту, в 6–2 вв. до н. э. на Ю.-З. Закавказья – Колхидское царство, в 4–3 вв. до н. э. – Иберия, в 6 в. до н. э. – 387 на Ю. Закавказья – Армения Великая, в 4–3 вв. до н. э. в Вост. Закавказье – Албания Кавказская, с 3 в. – Ширван. В 7–11 вв. народы Закавказья были под властью Арабского халифата. В сер. 7 – кон. 10 вв. сев.-вост. области Сев. Кавказа входили в состав Хазарского каганата. В кон. 9 – нач. 13 вв. в центр. части Сев. Кавказа существовало гос-во Алания (выделилось из Хазарского каганата). В 80-х гг. 10 в. Абхазское царство, Тао-Кларджетское кн-во, гос-во Картли и др. объединились в Грузинское царство. В кон. 15 в. на терр. Дагестана было основано Тарковское шамхальство. В 16 в. на Сев. Кавказе появились рус. поселения. После падения Астраханского ханства (1556) юж. граница России продвинулась до р. Терек. В результате персидского похода 1722–23 рус. войска заняли зап. побережье Каспийского м. с Баку и Дербентом. В результате рус.-тур. войны 1768–74 было подтверждено сохранение в составе Рос. империи Кабарды и присоединена Сев. Осетия. В 1801 Вост. Грузия присоединилась к России. В результате рус.-персидских войн 1804–13 и 1826–28 к России были присоединены азерб. ханства и часть Армении; после рус.-тур. войн 1806–12 и 1828–29 – часть Зап. Грузии. Ныне на терр. К. находятся р-ны Краснодарского и Ставропольского краев, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика, Ингушская Республика, Республика Дагестан, Республика Северная Осетия – Алания, Чеченская Республика, входящие в состав Российской Федерации, а также суверенные гос-ва – Азербайджанская Республика, Республика Армения и Грузия.Докум. источники прошлых веков, в частности древняя ист. арм. и груз. лит-ра, передают предание о том, что евреи впервые появились на К. в период изгнания десяти колен израилевых, расселение к-рых началось в 8 в. до н. э.; мн. представители аристократич. христианских семей Армении и Грузии считают себя их потомками. По др. сведениям, начало еврейских поселений на К. относится к эпохе Второго храма. В ист.-геогр. описании Грузии (1745) царевича Вахушти Багратиони высказывается предположение, что после разрушения Храма в 70 г. н. э. часть евреев поселилась в Мцхете – столице Картлийского царства. Ср.-век. арм. историк Моисей Хоренский утверждает, что царь Тигран II Великий поселил мн. иудейских пленников в городах Армении. Позднее на эту терр. продолжалось переселение эллинизированных евреев. Во время массового насильств. выселения жителей арм. городов в Иран (360–370 н. э.) евреи составляли большинство среди изгнанников.С завоеванием К. мусульманами мн. евреи были вынуждены принять ислам. Убежищем для евреев, страдавших от преследований мусульман и христиан, были сев. часть терр. К., находившаяся под властью Хазарского каганата. С падением Хазарского каганата и распространением мусульманства на К. жители мн. еврейских селений перешли в ислам. От них ведут свое происхождение таты-мусульмане. В 1254 фламанд. путешественник монах Виллем Рубруквис отмечал наличие большого числа евреев в вост. р-нах К. Евреи К. поддерживали контакты с еврейскими общинами бассейна Средиземного м. (напр., в Кубе до нач. 20 в. хранились книги из Венеции 16 в.). На С. Азербайджана и Ю. Дагестана существовала полоса еврейских поселений. Одна из долин ок. Дербента была заселена гл. обр. евреями, и окружающее население называло ее «Джухуд-Ката» («Еврейская долина»), наиб. крупное поселение – Абасова. В кон. 18 в. поселения Еврейской долины были разрушены.Европ. путешественники, проезжавшие через К. в 18 в., сообщали о тяжелом положении евреев, живших под властью мусульман и христиан. Евреи платили спец. налоги; их заставляли выполнять наиб. обременительные и унизительные работы. В многочисл. царствах и кн-вах, к-рые располагались на всей терр. К., евреи, по существу, считались крепостными местных правителей. С нач. Кавказской войны (1817–64) и распространением идей мюридизма большое количество евреев бежало в р-ны, находившиеся под юрисдикцией рус. армии. Мн. еврейские поселения были покинуты; в противном случае их население насильственно обращалось в ислам. В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. набеги на еврейские поселения и погромы устраивали отряды Шамиля и Кази-Муллы.В 1804 евреям было разрешено селиться в Кавказской губ. и приобретать земельную собственность. Однако большинство евреев переселилось в Грузию, гл. обр. в Тифлис (совр. Тбилиси). Среди осн. занятий евреев преобладали разл. ремесла (шапочное, портняжное, сапожное и др.) и с. х-во. В 1825 евреям было запрещено жить на терр К., и в 1827 они были высланы. Из-за резкого вздорожания предметов ремесленного произ-ва в 1831 евреи-ремесленники вновь появились на К. по разрешению главноуправляющего Грузией, Кавказской и Закавказской обл. В 1835 К. был исключен из местностей, открытых для свободного поселения евреев. В 1835 в Грузии и закавказских нас. пунктах существовало 23 общины (12 234 чел.), действовали 32 синагоги, 19 еврейских школ, имелись 12 шохетов и 44 моэла. В 1837 по ходатайству главноуправляющего были оставлены на постоянное жительство горские евреи; ашкеназийским евреям (кроме ремесленников) было запрещено селиться на К. Горские евреи получили привилегии горского населения, за исключением права на повсеместное проживание в Рос. империи. В 1860 на Закавказье было распространено право на повсеместное проживание, предоставленное купцам 1-й гильдии, а также группе иностранных евреев. Позднее К. был открыт для других категорий евреев, пользовавшихся правом повсеместного проживания. В 1864–83 на К. было отменено крепостное право.После присоединения к Рос. империи на терр. К. неоднократно отмечались случаи «кровавого навета». В 1814 в Баку имели место беспорядки, направленные на евреев – выходцев из Ирана, в 1877 – в Сурами, в 1878 – в Кубе, в 1879 – в Кутаиси и Вани, в 1911 – в Тарки и т. д.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. стали налаживаться контакты между горскими евреями и евреями из центр. р-нов России. Еврейская пресса начала публиковать статьи (в частн., И.Ш.Анисимова) о горских евреях К. В 1870-х гг. раввин Дербента Яаков Ицхаки (1848–1917, Беер-Яаков, Э.-И.) установил связи с рядом еврейских ученых Санкт-Петербурга. Неск. евреев К. учились в иешивах Литвы и затем стали раввинами в своих общинах. Среди горских и ашкеназийских евреев в кон. 19 в. начали распространяться сионистские идеи. Одним из активных сторонников идей сионизма на К. был Асаф Пинхасов. В нач. 20 в. на терр. К. открываются школы для горских евреев с преподаванием на рус. яз.В 1897 на К. проживало ок. 57 тыс. ашкеназийских, горских и грузинских евреев (0,6%). На терр. К. имелись также небольшие общины этнич. русских, принявших иудаизм («иудействующие»).В ходе Гражд. войны евреи К. неоднократно страдали от погромов. В этот период К. служил перевалочным пунктом для евреев, уезжавших в Э.-И. В авг. 1917 прошла конференция сионистов К.В 1920-х гг. была запрещена деятельность всех сионистских орг-ций и связанных с ними культурно-просветит. учреждений. В 1920–30-х гг. на Сев. Кавказе так же, как и в др. регионах СССР, было запрещено религ. образование, закрывались синагоги, преследовались раввины. Одноврем. происходил процесс создания «советской культуры горских евреев». Были созданы клуб горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа в Баку, еврейский клуб в Кубе и др. В 1930 на Сев. Кавказе были организованы 23 еврейские сельхозартели (477 семей).Во время 2-й мир. войны части вермахта заняли нек-рые терр. Сев. Кавказа, в т. ч. Краснодарский, Ставропольский края и др. В этом регионе оказалось большое кол-во эвакуированных евреев из зап. р-нов СССР; всего на оккупированных терр. К. было уничтожено ок. 30 тыс. евреев. В то же время на терр. Закавказья нашли спасение мн. евреи из оккупированных р-нов СССР.В 1959 на К. проживало ок. 125 тыс. евреев (ок. 1%), в т. ч. ок. 25 тыс. горских евреев, ок. 35 тыс. грузинских, подавляющее большинство остальных – ашкеназийские евреи. Тремя самыми кр. еврейскими центрами К. были Баку (26 623 чел.), Тбилиси (17 311 чел.) и Дербент (ок. 12 700 чел.). По переписи 1989 число горских евреев в СССР составляло 18 500 чел., из к-рых 11 300 проживало в РСФСР.В 1970-х гг. численность еврейского населения начала сокращаться за счет выезда мн. семей в Израиль.В 1980-х гг. большие общины существовали в Дагестане – в Буйнакске, Дербенте, Кизляре, Махачкале, Хасавюрте; в Азербайджане – в Кубе и Огузе.В 1990-х гг. полностью исчезла община Грозного, резко сократилась численность еврейского населения Моздока, Нальчика и др. Большинство евреев из этих городов выехали в Израиль, Германию, Канаду, США или переселились в кр. города Российской Федерации. О евреях К. см. также в статьях об отд. нас. пунктах этого региона., pronunciation=КАВКАЗ, историческое название территории между Черным, Азовским и Каспийским морями. Включает Б. и М. Кавказ, Предкавказье и Закавказье. Предкавказье, почти весь сев. склон Б. Кавказа и целиком его зап. оконечность составляют ист.-этногр. обл. Сев. Кавказ. В 9–6 вв. до н. э. на терр. К. (Армянское нагорье) находилось гос-во Урарту, в 6–2 вв. до н. э. на Ю.-З. Закавказья – Колхидское царство, в 4–3 вв. до н. э. – Иберия, в 6 в. до н. э. – 387 на Ю. Закавказья – Армения Великая, в 4–3 вв. до н. э. в Вост. Закавказье – Албания Кавказская, с 3 в. – Ширван. В 7–11 вв. народы Закавказья были под властью Арабского халифата. В сер. 7 – кон. 10 вв. сев.-вост. области Сев. Кавказа входили в состав Хазарского каганата. В кон. 9 – нач. 13 вв. в центр. части Сев. Кавказа существовало гос-во Алания (выделилось из Хазарского каганата). В 80-х гг. 10 в. Абхазское царство, Тао-Кларджетское кн-во, гос-во Картли и др. объединились в Грузинское царство. В кон. 15 в. на терр. Дагестана было основано Тарковское шамхальство. В 16 в. на Сев. Кавказе появились рус. поселения. После падения Астраханского ханства (1556) юж. граница России продвинулась до р. Терек. В результате персидского похода 1722–23 рус. войска заняли зап. побережье Каспийского м. с Баку и Дербентом. В результате рус.-тур. войны 1768–74 было подтверждено сохранение в составе Рос. империи Кабарды и присоединена Сев. Осетия. В 1801 Вост. Грузия присоединилась к России. В результате рус.-персидских войн 1804–13 и 1826–28 к России были присоединены азерб. ханства и часть Армении; после рус.-тур. войн 1806–12 и 1828–29 – часть Зап. Грузии. Ныне на терр. К. находятся р-ны Краснодарского и Ставропольского краев, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика, Ингушская Республика, Республика Дагестан, Республика Северная Осетия – Алания, Чеченская Республика, входящие в состав Российской Федерации, а также суверенные гос-ва – Азербайджанская Республика, Республика Армения и Грузия.Докум. источники прошлых веков, в частности древняя ист. арм. и груз. лит-ра, передают предание о том, что евреи впервые появились на К. в период изгнания десяти колен израилевых, расселение к-рых началось в 8 в. до н. э.; мн. представители аристократич. христианских семей Армении и Грузии считают себя их потомками. По др. сведениям, начало еврейских поселений на К. относится к эпохе Второго храма. В ист.-геогр. описании Грузии (1745) царевича Вахушти Багратиони высказывается предположение, что после разрушения Храма в 70 г. н. э. часть евреев поселилась в Мцхете – столице Картлийского царства. Ср.-век. арм. историк Моисей Хоренский утверждает, что царь Тигран II Великий поселил мн. иудейских пленников в городах Армении. Позднее на эту терр. продолжалось переселение эллинизированных евреев. Во время массового насильств. выселения жителей арм. городов в Иран (360–370 н. э.) евреи составляли большинство среди изгнанников.С завоеванием К. мусульманами мн. евреи были вынуждены принять ислам. Убежищем для евреев, страдавших от преследований мусульман и христиан, были сев. часть терр. К., находившаяся под властью Хазарского каганата. С падением Хазарского каганата и распространением мусульманства на К. жители мн. еврейских селений перешли в ислам. От них ведут свое происхождение таты-мусульмане. В 1254 фламанд. путешественник монах Виллем Рубруквис отмечал наличие большого числа евреев в вост. р-нах К. Евреи К. поддерживали контакты с еврейскими общинами бассейна Средиземного м. (напр., в Кубе до нач. 20 в. хранились книги из Венеции 16 в.). На С. Азербайджана и Ю. Дагестана существовала полоса еврейских поселений. Одна из долин ок. Дербента была заселена гл. обр. евреями, и окружающее население называло ее «Джухуд-Ката» («Еврейская долина»), наиб. крупное поселение – Абасова. В кон. 18 в. поселения Еврейской долины были разрушены.Европ. путешественники, проезжавшие через К. в 18 в., сообщали о тяжелом положении евреев, живших под властью мусульман и христиан. Евреи платили спец. налоги; их заставляли выполнять наиб. обременительные и унизительные работы. В многочисл. царствах и кн-вах, к-рые располагались на всей терр. К., евреи, по существу, считались крепостными местных правителей. С нач. Кавказской войны (1817–64) и распространением идей мюридизма большое количество евреев бежало в р-ны, находившиеся под юрисдикцией рус. армии. Мн. еврейские поселения были покинуты; в противном случае их население насильственно обращалось в ислам. В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. набеги на еврейские поселения и погромы устраивали отряды Шамиля и Кази-Муллы.В 1804 евреям было разрешено селиться в Кавказской губ. и приобретать земельную собственность. Однако большинство евреев переселилось в Грузию, гл. обр. в Тифлис (совр. Тбилиси). Среди осн. занятий евреев преобладали разл. ремесла (шапочное, портняжное, сапожное и др.) и с. х-во. В 1825 евреям было запрещено жить на терр К., и в 1827 они были высланы. Из-за резкого вздорожания предметов ремесленного произ-ва в 1831 евреи-ремесленники вновь появились на К. по разрешению главноуправляющего Грузией, Кавказской и Закавказской обл. В 1835 К. был исключен из местностей, открытых для свободного поселения евреев. В 1835 в Грузии и закавказских нас. пунктах существовало 23 общины (12 234 чел.), действовали 32 синагоги, 19 еврейских школ, имелись 12 шохетов и 44 моэла. В 1837 по ходатайству главноуправляющего были оставлены на постоянное жительство горские евреи; ашкеназийским евреям (кроме ремесленников) было запрещено селиться на К. Горские евреи получили привилегии горского населения, за исключением права на повсеместное проживание в Рос. империи. В 1860 на Закавказье было распространено право на повсеместное проживание, предоставленное купцам 1-й гильдии, а также группе иностранных евреев. Позднее К. был открыт для других категорий евреев, пользовавшихся правом повсеместного проживания. В 1864–83 на К. было отменено крепостное право.После присоединения к Рос. империи на терр. К. неоднократно отмечались случаи «кровавого навета». В 1814 в Баку имели место беспорядки, направленные на евреев – выходцев из Ирана, в 1877 – в Сурами, в 1878 – в Кубе, в 1879 – в Кутаиси и Вани, в 1911 – в Тарки и т. д.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. стали налаживаться контакты между горскими евреями и евреями из центр. р-нов России. Еврейская пресса начала публиковать статьи (в частн., И.Ш.Анисимова) о горских евреях К. В 1870-х гг. раввин Дербента Яаков Ицхаки (1848–1917, Беер-Яаков, Э.-И.) установил связи с рядом еврейских ученых Санкт-Петербурга. Неск. евреев К. учились в иешивах Литвы и затем стали раввинами в своих общинах. Среди горских и ашкеназийских евреев в кон. 19 в. начали распространяться сионистские идеи. Одним из активных сторонников идей сионизма на К. был Асаф Пинхасов. В нач. 20 в. на терр. К. открываются школы для горских евреев с преподаванием на рус. яз.В 1897 на К. проживало ок. 57 тыс. ашкеназийских, горских и грузинских евреев (0,6%). На терр. К. имелись также небольшие общины этнич. русских, принявших иудаизм («иудействующие»).В ходе Гражд. войны евреи К. неоднократно страдали от погромов. В этот период К. служил перевалочным пунктом для евреев, уезжавших в Э.-И. В авг. 1917 прошла конференция сионистов К.В 1920-х гг. была запрещена деятельность всех сионистских орг-ций и связанных с ними культурно-просветит. учреждений. В 1920–30-х гг. на Сев. Кавказе так же, как и в др. регионах СССР, было запрещено религ. образование, закрывались синагоги, преследовались раввины. Одноврем. происходил процесс создания «советской культуры горских евреев». Были созданы клуб горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа в Баку, еврейский клуб в Кубе и др. В 1930 на Сев. Кавказе были организованы 23 еврейские сельхозартели (477 семей).Во время 2-й мир. войны части вермахта заняли нек-рые терр. Сев. Кавказа, в т. ч. Краснодарский, Ставропольский края и др. В этом регионе оказалось большое кол-во эвакуированных евреев из зап. р-нов СССР; всего на оккупированных терр. К. было уничтожено ок. 30 тыс. евреев. В то же время на терр. Закавказья нашли спасение мн. евреи из оккупированных р-нов СССР.В 1959 на К. проживало ок. 125 тыс. евреев (ок. 1%), в т. ч. ок. 25 тыс. горских евреев, ок. 35 тыс. грузинских, подавляющее большинство остальных – ашкеназийские евреи. Тремя самыми кр. еврейскими центрами К. были Баку (26 623 чел.), Тбилиси (17 311 чел.) и Дербент (ок. 12 700 чел.). По переписи 1989 число горских евреев в СССР составляло 18 500 чел., из к-рых 11 300 проживало в РСФСР.В 1970-х гг. численность еврейского населения начала сокращаться за счет выезда мн. семей в Израиль.В 1980-х гг. большие общины существовали в Дагестане – в Буйнакске, Дербенте, Кизляре, Махачкале, Хасавюрте; в Азербайджане – в Кубе и Огузе.В 1990-х гг. полностью исчезла община Грозного, резко сократилась численность еврейского населения Моздока, Нальчика и др. Большинство евреев из этих городов выехали в Израиль, Германию, Канаду, США или переселились в кр. города Российской Федерации. О евреях К. см. также в статьях об отд. нас. пунктах этого региона., extra_data="{'translat...")
KAVTISKHEVI, a village in the Kaspi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, 1921–91 - the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in Kazakhstan in the first centuries AD. e. Later they settled again in K. at the end. 19th century In the beginning. 1920s Jews left the village.
KAYA Isaak Samoilovich (1887, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1956, Odessa), teacher, linguist, historian. Graduated from Vilensky Teachers' Institute. In 1910–21, dir. schools in Karasubazar (Crimea), later - on teaching work in Simferopol and Odessa. Collector of materials on the history and folklore of the Krymchaks. Publ. textbook of the Crimean Tatars. lang. joint with A.A. Abadash (Simferopol, 1924) and several. Art. about Krymchaks in Russian and Crimean Tatars. yaz.Syn K. - Leo (1912, Karasubazar of Simferopol u. Tauride province. - 1988, Simferopol), collector of materials on the history of Krymchaks and Karaites, chemical engineer by profession In 1943 he was repressed. The author of several. Art. on the history of the Krymchaks and Karaites.
KAYDANOV Grigory Zinovievich (b. 1959, Berdichev), chess player; int. grandmaster (1988). At the age of 21, the champion of the Lokomotiv society (1980). 4-time winner of the Moscow championship region (1977–82). Winner Intern. tournaments in Moscow (1986), Lvov (1988), Philadelphia (1992). Since 1991 in the USA Winner of the World Championship (1993) with the USA team.
KAYMELE, see Kaymelis.
KAYMYALIS, a village in Marijampole district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - v. Kaimele Seinsky u. Suwalki Gubernia. In 1797, 8 Jews (4.6%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KAYISHADORIS, a city (since 1946) in Kaunas district. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Koshedary Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 317 Jews (38%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 659, in 1923 - 596 Jews (31%), in 1940 - approx. 60 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in K. in the 2nd half. 19th century OK. railroad station. The first 4 families were engaged in timber trade, maintained an inn, taverns. From 1881 Benjamin Maisel (1855–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1890–1902 - Zvi-Hirsch Horwitz. In 1903, K. was opened for free settlement of Jews. 20th century a synagogue functioned in K.; the community contained a rabbi, a shohet and a moel. In K. there was a cheder metukan and a Jewish library. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. drive-in yard, 7 shops (including both manufactory). In May 1915 several. Jews K. were taken by Rus. troops were taken hostage and sent to Troki (present-day Trakai); They were released on June 24, 1915. During the 1st world. war Jews were expelled from K. After the end of the war, many. of them returned to their former place of residence. occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s. - trade and other crafts. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 15 out of 20 shops and shops, 9 out of 11 industrial. pr-th; In 1937 there were 27 Jewish artisans in Kazakhstan, including 5 tailors, 5 butchers, 3 bakers, 3 hairdressers, 2 shoemakers, 2 shoe cutters, a glazier, a bookbinder, a tinsmith, a tanner, and a saddler. There was a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. In the 1930s. part of the Jews of Kazakhstan left for the USA, Uruguay, South. Africa, E.-I. In the 1930s. in K. worked a cheder (15 students), a school of the "Tarbut" network (42 students), there were various departments. Sholom-Itskhok Shchupak was the rabbi in Kazakhstan in 1922–29, and Aron-Dovid Ioffe in 1934–41. On June 24, 1941, K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. 26 Aug 1941 in Kazakhstan, approx. 2,100 Jews, later 1,800 women and children. After 1945, monuments were erected on both graves of the executed. In 1990, on the initiative of the local authorities, new fences were made on the graves and a sculptural composition "Pain" was installed (sculptor - Vidmantas Kapachunas).
William Kaiser (1876, Kovno - 1939 New York), poet. Since 1893 in the USA. Lived in New York. He made his debut in 1893 verse. "Autumn" in the "Yiddish Gazetn". Then his poems publ. in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. USA and Europe, especially in the "Folks Advocate" and in "Hoyce Freund" (ed. M. Spector). For some time he collaborated in New York. ed. Juish Forward. Author Sat. verse. "Leader un poezi" ("Songs and Poetry"), New York, 1895. He belonged to the school of poets social. directions, is considered the pioneer of Heb. poetry in the USA. Some of the Naib. Izv. manuf. K. had eaten, the plight of the emigrant laborers in sweatshops and their longing for a quiet life at home in Russia.
KAYZERMAN Grigory Yakovlevich (1868, Odessa - after 1922), writer. He graduated from the classic. g-ziyu in Kherson, studied law. f-those Novoros. university (Odessa). In 1889–97 he was assigned to the III Chancellery of the Civil Department. Odessa District Court. He was engaged in private practice. After moving to St. Petersburg, he worked as an assistant attorney at law, in 1908-10 - inspector of the Russian-Asian Bank, and since 1915 - head. its Odessa branch and vice director. Published in f. Odessa and Baku, performed with poetry and children. stories. Conceived by him in 1890 own. g. "Children's World" was not allowed to be published. due to the youth and Jewish faith of the publisher. In 1905 sotr. in satirical. g. "Ax", "Argus", "Almanac", "Masks", "Mirror", "Spectator", "Gadfly". In 1906 the collection of his fables "The Fables of the Mower" (St. Petersburg) was published.
KAZACHENOK Alexander Grigorievich (1924, Zalesye of Verkhnedvinsky district, Vitebsk province - 1982, Minsk), economist, statistician. Dr. econ. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980). Graduated from Belarus. state in-t Nar. x-va (BGINH) (1950). Lecturer, Assoc. (1962), head. Department of Statistics (since 1965), Vice-Rector (until 1982) BGINKh. Member of the 1941–45 war. Author of scientific. works, textbooks and uch. manuals on statistics: "Statistics" (1969, 1976), "Problems of labor productivity" (1973), "Problems of economics. statistics "(1975); et al. collective tr. "Econ. analysis of the use of main. productions. funds "(1971)," System analysis of labor productivity in the industry "(1979). Cit .: Statistics main. funds, Kuibyshev, 1963; The history of the development of state. statistics in the BSSR, Minsk, 1969 (et al.).
COSSACK CAMPS, a village in the Tsyurupinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. Tauride province. In 1860, Jews constituted 2.5% of the population of KL, in 1897 - approx. 3%. In 1860 the Jews of KL owned 2 shops, in 1897 - 7 shops, 10 windmills. In 1913, the unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 7 shops (including all grocery and manufacturing) belonged to the Jews of K.L. in the 1930s. pl. Jewish families left K. L. During the Holocaust, the Jews of K. L. were shot in Tsyurupinsk.
COSSACK LOPAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dergachevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1939, 18 Jews lived in KL. 1942 2 Jews were killed in K.L.
COSSACK SLOBODA, a village in the Shatsk district of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Shatskiy u. Tambov province. In 1911, 58 Subbotniks lived in K.S.
KAZACHKOV Mikhail Petrovich (b. 1944, Leningrad), physicist, member of the human rights movement. In 1966 he graduated from Leningrad State University with a degree in theoretical. physics". He worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those them. A.F. Ioffe. In the beginning. 1970s The KGB tried to attract K. to "cooperation", but he refused. In 1975 he decided to emigrate from the USSR. Refused owls. citizenship. In the same year he was arrested and sentenced to 15 years in the camps. He served his sentence in the Perm political camps and the Chistopol prison. In prison, he actively participated in the struggle of political prisoners for their rights. In 1981, while in prison, he received a new term - "for hooliganism", added to the unserved part of the previous term. He was not released during the 1987 amnesty. In aug. 1990 Verkh, the court of the Tatar ASSR overturned the verdict of 1981, and in the fall of the same year Pres. Top. The Soviet of the USSR made a decision to pardon K. In November. 1990 K. is released and soon left for the USA; works at Harvard Law School, makes reports and Art. In 1991, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR found K. not guilty. In conclusion, he wrote two literary-philosophies. essay; one of them - "Mobius strip" - publ. in f. Friendship of Peoples (1991, No. 5).
KAZACHKOV Semyon Abramovich (b. 1909, Perevoz, Chernigov province), chorus. conductor. Prof. (1970). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tatar ASSR (1957) and the RSFSR (1968). He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. muses. technical school them. M.P. Mussorgsky, conducting class of I.A.Musin. In 1940 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. choir class. conducting at V.P. Stepanov, at the same time. was engaged in symph. conducting by Musin. In 1940–42 - thin. hands. Chuvash state chorus. In 1942–45 - at the fronts. In 1945–47 - thin. hands. Ans. songs and dances of the Baltic Fleet. In 1947–92 - teacher, prof. and head. choir chair. conducting of the Kazan cons. K. is a prominent figure in the choir. art-va in the Tatar ASSR, organizer and in tech. 45 years of permanent hands. chorus. chapel of the Kazan cons. Among the students of K. - pl. chorus. conductors. Execute. K.'s manner is characterized by deep penetration into thin. the essence of production, academicism, an intellectually restrained manner of managing the choir. K. - a prominent theoretician choir. lawsuit. Author of the book: "The conductor's apparatus and its production" (Moscow, 1967); "From Lesson to Concert" (Kazan, 1990); Choir Conductor (Kazan, 1994).
KAZAKEVICH Avrom Lvovich (1883, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1960, Fastov, Kiev region), publicist, playwright. Most of the products. signed ps. A. Gindes and S. Schneiphal. In 1905 he left for the USA, lived in New York, worked in gas. "Forverts", where he published art. and feuilletons, published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. In 1908 he returned to Russia, settled in Warsaw. From 1925 he lived in Kharkov, worked as a feuilletonist in gas. Der Stern. K. - the author of the collection of feuilletons "Tomer iz dos a got" ("Maybe it's God", 1929), "In roysh funtog" ("In the noise of the day", 1931), in 1937 in Kiev was published his comedy "From dos geist blof" ("This is a lie"). During the war of 1941–45 he wrote materials for the Soviet Information Bureau and the press bureau of the Evr. antifash. to-that, was printed in gas. Einikite. After the defeat, the committee settled in Fastov.
KAZAKEVICH Emmanuil Genrikhovich (1913, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1962, Moscow), writer. Son of G. Kazakevich. In 1930 he graduated from the Kharkov machine-building. technical College. In 1931 he left for Birobidzhan, where he was at the beginning. construction, chairman of the Jewish collective farm, director of the Jewish. youth theater. He began his creative work. the way to 1932 verse, in Yiddish to gas. "Birobidzhaner stern", edited by his father, and Sat. verse. "Birobidzhanstroy". From 1938 he lived in Moscow, where he published a collection of works in Yiddish. poems "Big World" (1939) and rom. into verse. Shalom and Hawa (1941). In 1941–45 he was at the front, going from an ordinary intelligence officer to a pom. early intelligence army. First production K. in rus. lang. - pov. "Zvezda" (1947, Stal, etc., 1948) -was one of the naib, honest books. about war. Military. pov. “Two in the Steppe” (1948) and “Heart of a Friend.” (1953), which sharply raised the problem of duty and honor, guilt and freedom of choice, were defeated in the Sov. criticism, as well as published in the era of "thaw" two collection. "Literary Moscow" (1956), ch. ed. to-rykh was K. "Blue Notebook" (1961) and the story "Enemies" (1962) K. for the first time in the Sov. lit-re showed polit. figures G.E. Zinoviev and L. Martov in non-caricatured form. Peru K. belongs to rum. "Spring on the Oder" (1949, Stal, pr., 1950) and "House on the square" (1956), stories, book. travel notes "Hungarian Meetings" (1955). In the end. 50s - early. 60s he again spoke critically in Yiddish. notes and art. in the gas produced in Poland. Volkshtime and Zh. "Yiddish font". He translated the verse into Yiddish. A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, V.V. Mayakovsky. Of great interest are the published emissaries, diaries, notebooks, letters to K. (Listening to the Time, 1990).
KAZAKEVICH Genakh (1883, Elovka, Chernigov province - 1935, Birobidzhan), publicist, critic. Rod. in the family of a farmer. In 1912 he graduated from a teacher in Grodno. courses. He worked in a bunk bed. schools. After the revolution, ed. Heb. dep. Grew up. telegraph, agencies (ROSTA). Was the founder and editor. a number of gas. and f. ("Communistische von", 1919; "Communistische veg", 1921; "Der stern", 1925; "Di royte Velt", 1924, etc.). In the 20s. K. was one of the prominent lit. critics and otl. ed. a number of pedagogical, lit. collection of books, textbooks, reference books. He was also involved in translations. Mean. contributed to the development of K. and Heb. t-ra, having processed and published a number of plays in Heb. classic repertoire. In 1932 he moved to Birobidzhan, where he became the editor. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", created the Hebrew-Rus. gas. in the districts of the region. One of the centers in the city is named after him. streets.
COSSACKS, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. During the Holocaust, a Jewish workers' camp was created in Kazakhstan, which contained approx. 3 thousand people On July 21, 1943, the camp was liquidated.
KAZAKISHKI, nowadays do not exist. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vilensky district Vilna province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were evicted from K.
KAZAKOVA Rimma Fedorovna (1932, Sevastopol - 2008, Moscow), poet. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1954). She worked in Khabarovsk as a lecturer, ed. newsreel studios. She made her debut in 1955. K.'s early poems reflected her fascination with Siberia. An important place in K.'s poetry is occupied by love poetry, spiritual morality. searches of modern. person. K. author pl. poetic. collection of books: "Let's meet in the East", Khabarovsk, 1958; "Where you are", M., 1960; Poems, M., 1962; "I remember", M., 1974; "Get off the hill", M., 1984, etc.
KAZALINSK (until 1867 - Fort No. 1), a city in the Kyzyl-Orda region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1853. In 1867 - 1924 - the district town of the Syrdarya region. In 1886 in the Kazalinsky district. 260 Jews lived in 1906 in Kazakhstan - 183 (1.7%), in 1910 - 266 (2.2%), in 1926 - 201 (3.1%), in 1939 - 110 Jews. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
KAZANCHUK, see Kazandzhik.
KAZANDZHIK (until 1990 - Kazanzhik), a village in Lapushnovsky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kazanchuk Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. In July 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan, several of them. dozens of Jews were deported to the Chisinau ghetto (modern Chisinau).
KAZANIN Mark Isaakovich (ps. M. Tanevsky) (1899, Krivoy Rog, Kherson province - 1972, Moscow), orientalist, geographer, historian. Studied at Vost. in-those (Vladivostok), Leipzig un-those, graduated from Vost. Institute at the University of London (1927). First secret. Dipl. mission Dalnevost. Rep. in Beijing (1920–21), sotr. military. mission and headquarters of Ch. military. Advisor to the NRA of China V.H. Blucher (1926–27). Since 1927 scientific. sotr. Research Institute for China in Moscow, Ying-that world. x-va and the world. policy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. lecturer Communist. un-ta of working people of China, Communist. un-that workers of the East, Ying-that red professors, Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies and Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. The author of St. 60 scientific. and scientific and publicistic. works, including per. Chinese, Japanese, English lang. One of the founders of econ. geography of China ("Essay on the economic geography of China", M.-L., 1934-35), regional geography of China. Works: Notes of the secretary of the mission. Pages of the history of the first years of the Sov. diplomacy, M., 1962, 1963; At Blucher's headquarters. Memories of a whale. revolution 1925–27, M., 1966.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАЗАНЬ, город, столица Республики Татарстан (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1177. В 1438–1552 – столица Казанского ханства. С 1552 – в составе Рус. гос-ва, с 1708 – центр Казанской губ. В 1920–90 – столица Татарской АССР.В 1830 в К. проживало 40 еврейских семей, в 1861 – 184 еврея, в 1865 – 141, в 1897 – 1467 (0,98%), в 1910 – 1057 (0,6%), в 1914 – 1679, в 1920 – 5081, в 1923 – 4038 (2,5%), в 1926 – 4164 (2,3%), в 1939 – 5278, в 1970 – 8661 (1%), в 1979 –7671 (0,8%), в 1989 – 7247 евреев.Первыми евреями, поселившимися в К. после 1827, были отставные николаевские солдаты. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в К. проживало неск. сотен крещеных евреев. Дир. Казанской 1-й муж. имп. гимназии был действительный статский советник Владимир Владимирович Владимиров (1827, Кременчуг – ?). В 1890 в К. действовало 2 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская. Официально еврейская община была учреждена в 1897.С сер. 19 в. частные пр-тия евреев К. были связаны в осн. с аптечным делом. В кон. 19 в. евреи К. занимались торговлей, мед. и юридич. практикой, владели типографиями, граверными мастерскими, з-дом искусств. мин. вод и шипучих напитков.В окт. 1905 в К. произошел погром.В 1908 в К. было открыто Об-во пособия бедным евреям, с 1913 действовали отд-ние ОПЕ с б-кой, сионистский кружок. До 1914 раввином К. был Пицнер, с 1915 – Авром-Гирш Хацкелевич Лейкин и Гершон Менделевич Кассиль. В 1915 было построено новое здание синагоги (к 1917 – 303 пост. прихожанина-мужчины). В 1915 при синагоге действовала Комиссия помощи жертвам войны. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1915 по инициативе жительницы К. Буран была открыта мастерская по пошиву казенного белья; вырученные деньги шли на помощь евреям-беженцам.В 1917 в К. была создана молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Кадима», впоследствии ставшая всероссийской. В 1917–18 в К. издавался еженед. «Еврейская мысль», в 1918 – газ. «Еврейский голос», в 1919 – журн. «Гашахар». В 1918 Союз евреев-воинов К. организовал дачи и санаторий для больных бывш. евреев-военнопленных. Действовал рабочий клуб им. Б.М.Борохова. В 1918–20 функционировало отд-ние сионистской орг-ции «Ге-Хавер», в 1920 – отд-ние «Поалей Цион», орг-ция Бунда. Работали еврейские школа, дет. сад, еврейская секция при к-те РКСМ. В 1923 функционировали еврейский клуб им. К.Либкнехта и клуб нац. меньшинств им. И.Сталина. В 1926 действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТа. В 1929 была закрыта синагога.С кон. 1-й мир. войны до 1944 раввином в К. был Бенцион Циони (Зильбер) (1870–1944), отец И.-Й.Зильбера.В 1930 – 40-х гг. в частном доме в р-не оз. Кабан действовал миньян. В период 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась в связи с эвакуацией большого числа пр-тий из Москвы и Ленинграда (совр. Санкт-Петербург), а также беженцев из зап. р-нов СССР.В 1945 Совнарком ТатАССР отклонил ходатайство верующих евреев об открытии синагоги. В 1950–60-х гг. раввином К. был Б.Столов (ум. в сер. 1960-х гг.). В обычные дни на службу собиралось 10–14 чел., в праздники – до 100 чел. В 1962 синагога вновь была закрыта. До сер. 1960-х гг. существовала хевра кадиша.В 1989 в К. был организован Клуб еврейской культуры «Менора» (в 1993 преобразован в Казанский еврейский культурный центр), по инициативе Л.Д.Сонца создан анс. «Симха». С 1990 существует дет. вок. анс. «Файерлах», с 1991 – студенч. вок.-инструм. анс. «Лехаим». В марте 1990 официально зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община К. С 1990-х гг. действует еврейское кладбище. В 1993 организованы спорт. об-во «Маккаби», еврейский благотворит. фонд «Мост», в 1994 – еврейский лекторий, жен. еврейский клуб, клуб евреев – ветеранов войны и труда; работает молодежный танц. коллектив «Шма Исраэль». В 1995 создан благотворит. центр «Хесэд Менахем», в 1997 – «Хесэд Моше». В 1997 общине возвращена синагога. С 1997 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Нохум-Ицхок Горелик (р. 1974, Кирьят-Малахи, Израиль). В 1998 была открыта еврейская школа (145 уч-ся), в 2001 – еще одна; работает еврейский дет. сад.В 2003 в К. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Р.А.Авербух, В.П.Аксенов, И.Д. Бельман, А.В.Вишневский, С.Г.Вульфсон, З.Б. Гуревич, Н.Г.Гутман, И.-Й.Зильбер, Э.П.Котляр, Ф.А.Коцюбинский, А.Л.Литвин, А.Г.Лундин, А.Р.Лурия, М.И.Мастбаум, Г.А.Мирлин, Г.Г.Натансон, А.Натанэль, М.С.Рабинович, А.Г.Ротберг, М.М.Рощин, Г.С.Турок, Д.Б. Фукс, А.С.Шварц, Е.Л.Шварц; Давид Львович Волосов (1905–1971, Ленинград), актер, с 1929 – в Ленингр. Красном т-ре (позднее – Т-р им. Ленинского комсомола), снимался в кино, засл. арт. РСФСР (1956), Стал. пр. (1949, 1951); Моше Гимейн (р. 1949), художник, в 1978–79 – гл. художник Камерного еврейского муз. т-ра (Москва), с 1989 – в Израиле; Борис Соломонович Горобец (р. 1942), геолог, д-р геол.-минерал. наук (1984), проф. (1990), разработал основы люминесцентной спектроскопии минерального сырья; Елена Михайловна Готлиб (р. 1949), химик, д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. эпоксидных смол, автор более 120 науч. работ; Ноах Давидович Дерчинский (1898–?), врач, канд. мед. наук, подполковник, в 1943–45 – гл. гинеколог 2-го Белорус. и 3-го Прибалт. фронтов; Борис Афроимович Львович (р. 1947), режиссер, актер, литератор, автор и исполнитель в жанре авторской песни, засл. арт. ТатАССР (1984); Борис Евгеньевич Шацкий (1889–1941, Чили), экономист, юрист, приват-доцент Петерб. ун-та, проф. Тифлисского ун-та, в 1920-х гг. – проф. Франко-рус. ун-та в Париже, с 1930-х гг. – в Чили, преп. в ун-те Сантьяго; Вадим Габриэлевич Шершеневич (1893–1942, Барнаул), поэт, переводчик.И.В.Герасимов, pronunciation=КАЗАНЬ, город, столица Республики Татарстан (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1177. В 1438–1552 – столица Казанского ханства. С 1552 – в составе Рус. гос-ва, с 1708 – центр Казанской губ. В 1920–90 – столица Татарской АССР.В 1830 в К. проживало 40 еврейских семей, в 1861 – 184 еврея, в 1865 – 141, в 1897 – 1467 (0,98%), в 1910 – 1057 (0,6%), в 1914 – 1679, в 1920 – 5081, в 1923 – 4038 (2,5%), в 1926 – 4164 (2,3%), в 1939 – 5278, в 1970 – 8661 (1%), в 1979 –7671 (0,8%), в 1989 – 7247 евреев.Первыми евреями, поселившимися в К. после 1827, были отставные николаевские солдаты. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в К. проживало неск. сотен крещеных евреев. Дир. Казанской 1-й муж. имп. гимназии был действительный статский советник Владимир Владимирович Владимиров (1827, Кременчуг – ?). В 1890 в К. действовало 2 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская. Официально еврейская община была учреждена в 1897.С сер. 19 в. частные пр-тия евреев К. были связаны в осн. с аптечным делом. В кон. 19 в. евреи К. занимались торговлей, мед. и юридич. практикой, владели типографиями, граверными мастерскими, з-дом искусств. мин. вод и шипучих напитков.В окт. 1905 в К. произошел погром.В 1908 в К. было открыто Об-во пособия бедным евреям, с 1913 действовали отд-ние ОПЕ с б-кой, сионистский кружок. До 1914 раввином К. был Пицнер, с 1915 – Авром-Гирш Хацкелевич Лейкин и Гершон Менделевич Кассиль. В 1915 было построено новое здание синагоги (к 1917 – 303 пост. прихожанина-мужчины). В 1915 при синагоге действовала Комиссия помощи жертвам войны. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1915 по инициативе жительницы К. Буран была открыта мастерская по пошиву казенного белья; вырученные деньги шли на помощь евреям-беженцам.В 1917 в К. была создана молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Кадима», впоследствии ставшая всероссийской. В 1917–18 в К. издавался еженед. «Еврейская мысль», в 1918 – газ. «Еврейский голос», в 1919 – журн. «Гашахар». В 1918 Союз евреев-воинов К. организовал дачи и санаторий для больных бывш. евреев-военнопленных. Действовал рабочий клуб им. Б.М.Борохова. В 1918–20 функционировало отд-ние сионистской орг-ции «Ге-Хавер», в 1920 – отд-ние «Поалей Цион», орг-ция Бунда. Работали еврейские школа, дет. сад, еврейская секция при к-те РКСМ. В 1923 функционировали еврейский клуб им. К.Либкнехта и клуб нац. меньшинств им. И.Сталина. В 1926 действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТа. В 1929 была закрыта синагога.С кон. 1-й мир. войны до 1944 раввином в К. был Бенцион Циони (Зильбер) (1870–1944), отец И.-Й.Зильбера.В 1930 – 40-х гг. в частном доме в р-не оз. Кабан действовал миньян. В период 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась в связи с эвакуацией большого числа пр-тий из Москвы и Ленинграда (совр. Санкт-Петербург), а также беженцев из зап. р-нов СССР.В 1945 Совнарком ТатАССР отклонил ходатайство верующих евреев об открытии синагоги. В 1950–60-х гг. раввином К. был Б.Столов (ум. в сер. 1960-х гг.). В обычные дни на службу собиралось 10–14 чел., в праздники – до 100 чел. В 1962 синагога вновь была закрыта. До сер. 1960-х гг. существовала хевра кадиша.В 1989 в К. был организован Клуб еврейской культуры «Менора» (в 1993 преобразован в Казанский еврейский культурный центр), по инициативе Л.Д.Сонца создан анс. «Симха». С 1990 существует дет. вок. анс. «Файерлах», с 1991 – студенч. вок.-инструм. анс. «Лехаим». В марте 1990 официально зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община К. С 1990-х гг. действует еврейское кладбище. В 1993 организованы спорт. об-во «Маккаби», еврейский благотворит. фонд «Мост», в 1994 – еврейский лекторий, жен. еврейский клуб, клуб евреев – ветеранов войны и труда; работает молодежный танц. коллектив «Шма Исраэль». В 1995 создан благотворит. центр «Хесэд Менахем», в 1997 – «Хесэд Моше». В 1997 общине возвращена синагога. С 1997 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Нохум-Ицхок Горелик (р. 1974, Кирьят-Малахи, Израиль). В 1998 была открыта еврейская школа (145 уч-ся), в 2001 – еще одна; работает еврейский дет. сад.В 2003 в К. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Р.А.Авербух, В.П.Аксенов, И.Д. Бельман, А.В.Вишневский, С.Г.Вульфсон, З.Б. Гуревич, Н.Г.Гутман, И.-Й.Зильбер, Э.П.Котляр, Ф.А.Коцюбинский, А.Л.Литвин, А.Г.Лундин, А.Р.Лурия, М.И.Мастбаум, Г.А.Мирлин, Г.Г.Натансон, А.Натанэль, М.С.Рабинович, А.Г.Ротберг, М.М.Рощин, Г.С.Турок, Д.Б. Фукс, А.С.Шварц, Е.Л.Шварц; Давид Львович Волосов (1905–1971, Ленинград), актер, с 1929 – в Ленингр. Красном т-ре (позднее – Т-р им. Ленинского комсомола), снимался в кино, засл. арт. РСФСР (1956), Стал. пр. (1949, 1951); Моше Гимейн (р. 1949), художник, в 1978–79 – гл. художник Камерного еврейского муз. т-ра (Москва), с 1989 – в Израиле; Борис Соломонович Горобец (р. 1942), геолог, д-р геол.-минерал. наук (1984), проф. (1990), разработал основы люминесцентной спектроскопии минерального сырья; Елена Михайловна Готлиб (р. 1949), химик, д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. эпоксидных смол, автор более 120 науч. работ; Ноах Давидович Дерчинский (1898–?), врач, канд. мед. наук, подполковник, в 1943–45 – гл. гинеколог 2-го Белорус. и 3-го Прибалт. фронтов; Борис Афроимович Львович (р. 1947), режиссер, актер, литератор, автор и исполнитель в жанре авторской песни, засл. арт. ТатАССР (1984); Борис Евгеньевич Шацкий (1889–1941, Чили), экономист, юрист, приват-доцент Петерб. ун-та, проф. Тифлисского ун-та, в 1920-х гг. – проф. Франко-рус. ун-та в Париже, с 1930-х гг. – в Чили, преп. в ун-те Сантьяго; Вадим Габриэлевич Шершеневич (1893–1942, Барнаул), поэт, переводчик.И.В.Герасимов, extra_data="{'translat...")
KAZANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1910, 1,028 Jews (7.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 in the Kazankovsky district - 420, in 1939 in Kazakhstan - 75, in the district - 342 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1840s In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in K. After the occupation in the fall of 1941, several Wehrmacht units in K. were shot. Jews in Kazakhstan. Sh.Yavnieli.
KAZANOV, see Kazanuv.
KAZANUW, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kazanov Ilzhetskiy u. Radom province. In 1827, 170 Jews (26.5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 469 (47.3%), in 1897 - 816 (61.1%), in 1921 - 336 Jews (41.2%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century Main occupations - trade, crafts, transportation. In the 1870s - 1900s. the rabbi was Yakov Weinberg, in the 1910s. - Avrom Goldman. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were expelled from K. to Ivangorod (present-day Demblin) on charges of attacking Russian units. army. After the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of Kazakhstan received help from the Joint. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. in Sept. 1939. Soon, approx. 180 Jews. The rest were shot in the end. 1942.
KAZANZHIK, see Kazandzhik.
KAZARNOVSKY Isaak Abramovich (1890, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1981, Moscow), chemist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). From 1900 he lived in Switzerland, graduated from the government in Bern and chem. Faculty of Zurich University (1914). Until 1917 he taught chemistry at the Institute "Minerva" in Zurich and at the same time. studied at chem. f-those of the Zurich Polytechnic. in-that. In 1917 he returned to Russia, worked as engineer. at the Shlisselburg gunpowder plant. In 1918-21 he worked as a chemist in Gore. dignity office in Sevastopol. In 1922–81 the head. lab. n.-i. physical and chemical in-ta them. L.Ya. Karpov in Moscow. One of the founders of the structural direction in inorganic. chemistry. Developed a theory of inorganic education. compounds (hydrides, chlorides and metal oxides). Discovered in 1936 peroxides and ozonides of alkali metals (novoxid, potassium oxide, etc.). Developed prom. method of production of novoxide and its use as an effective means for oxygen regeneration in closed life support systems (submarines, gas masks, etc.), proposed a new systematics of peroxides, established (1969) the mechanism of formation of hydrogen peroxide from free hydroxyl radicals, and also the mechanism of ozone decay. He was also engaged in electrochemistry and industrial development. methods of producing anhydrous aluminum chloride (1933) and obtaining sodium peroxide (1942); studied the solubility of gases in liquids and the solvation of ions. Became. pr. (1941).
KAZATIN, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1734.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district In Kiev province, 35 Jews lived in Kiev in 1897, and 18 Jews in 1910. In 1913, the Jews of Kiev owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, a photographic workshop, and 12 shops (including all 7 manufacturing shops).
KAZATSKOE, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kozach Valley (other name - Kozatskoe) of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan belonged to unity. a pharmacy and 5 out of 7 grocery stores. In June 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed.
KAZAVCHIN, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1914, Jews owned all 3 mills in Kazakhstan. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KAZDAN Chaim-Shloyme (1883, Kherson - 1979, New York), teacher, publicist, translator. He studied as an external student, worked as a teacher. Introduced the teaching of Yiddish in the Kherson prof. school for girls. Since 1918 - one of the hands. "Culture League" first in Kiev, from 1920 in Poland. Printed Art. about school, about children. literature, about teaching methods. In 1918-1920 K. was one of the editors. ped. g. "Shul un lebn" (Kiev), author of pl. textbooks and anthologies on Heb. lang. and literature, methodical. benefits. In 1939 he fled from the occupiers. Germans of Poland. Since 1941 in the USA. He taught Heb. literature and methodology in New York Heb. teacher's seminar. K. belong to the "History of Hebrews. school affairs in independent Poland ”, monographs about Heb. writers.
KAZENNAYA CURVE ORE, see Curve Ore.
KAZHBER Gersh-Leib (real name and family name Gersh Weinstein) (1906 - 1942, Samarkand), prose writer. Rod. in a family of poor farmers in Bessarabia. He studied in the Chisinau city. He was a teacher in Balti, then in Chernivtsi. He made his debut with a story in gas. "Chernovitser Blather". Published stories and art. in Warsaw weekly. "Literary Bleter". In 1937 his book was published in Chernivtsi. "State gymnasium". Died of hunger in evacuation.
KAZHDAN Alexander Peisakhovich (1922, Moscow - 1997, Dumberson-Oko, USA), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1962). In 1939–41 he studied history. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1941 he was evacuated to Ufa, where he graduated from the Bashkir Pedagogical University. Institute (1942). In 1943–46 he was a graduate student of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1946–49 he taught at Ivanovsky, in 1949–52 in Tula, in 1953–56 at Velikie Luki ped. in-takh. From 1956 ml., From 1959 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1968 - Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1970 - Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1978 he has been working at the Visant Center. research Harvard University Dumbarton Oaks in the USA. Author of works on social and economic. history of Byzantium and the south. Slavs, the history of religion (a number of tr. published in foreign languages.) Works: Agr. relations in Byzantium of the XIII-XIV centuries, M., 1952; Essays on the history of Byzantium and the south. Slavs. A guide for teachers, M., 1958 (in co-authorship); Village and city in Byzantium IX-X centuries. Essays on the history of the Byzantine. feudalism, M., 1960; Byzantium. culture, M., 1968; Social the composition of the ruling class of Byzantium XI-XII centuries. M., 1974; It will centripet. and centrifugal forces in byzant. World, Aachen, 1976.
KAZHDAN Dmitry (David) Alexandrovich (b. 1946, Moscow), mathematician. Son of A.P. Kazdan. Graduated from Moscow State University (1967). Cand. physical-mat. Sciences (1969). Worked at Moscow State University (1969–75). Since 1975 in the USA. Works at Harvard University. Main results - theory of representations of groups and algebras, geometry. Member Nat. Academy of Sciences of the USA, Collected Works: On the connection between the dual space of a group and the structure of its closed subgroups, Funkts. analysis and its applications ”, 1967, v.1, v.1.
KAZHILOTI Reuven (b. 1948, Tbilisi), composer. Graduated with honors from the Tbilisi Cons. In 1972–92 he taught composition and polyphony in cons, and music. uch-shchah. One of the founders and hands. Heb. cultural center Georgia and muses. creative association "Derekh" (1987–92). Collected and recorded prayers and chants of the Jews of Georgia. Since 1992 - in Israel. Mn. op. K. were ed. in Moscow: symphony-triptych, 3rd string quartet, a number of chamber and choral works; OK. 20 of his works. ed. in Georgia. The author of music for performances, films, for stage.
KAZI YURT, see Kaziyurt.
KAZILAY, a village in Siauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kazily Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. An old Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Kazakhstan.
KAZILY, see Kazilay.
KAZIMERZ, see Kazimierz Dolny.
KAZIMEZH DOLNY (Jewish name - Kuzmir), a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Kazimierz posad Novoaleksandriyskogo u. Lublin province. 17th century in K.-D. lived approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1765 - 415 Jews, in 1810 - 464 (33.5%), in 1827 - 1192 (56.8%), in 1857 - 1555 (56.9%), in 1897 - 1772 (52% ), in 1921 - 1382 Jews (40.6%). about Jews K.-D. refers to ser. 14th century In 1406 Jews were forbidden to bring to K.-D. certain goods for sale and live in the district of the market. In 1656 practically the entire Jewish population of K.-D. was destroyed by S. Chernetsky's detachments. Over time, communal life in K.-D. revived, however, in relation to the Jews, decomp. will limit. measures. In 1672, Jews were forbidden to sell fruit, bread and herring. However, in 1677 Jews were allowed to build houses in the marketplace and on all mountains. streets, to be engaged in the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. At the same time in K.-D. there was a synagogue. In 1778 the Jews were equalized in rights with the local population. In 1815 the disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" Iehezkel Taub (? –1856) founded in K.-D. Hasidic court. After his death, the dynasty was headed by his son - Ephraim (? –1904). In 1875-1905 in K.-D. was the Hasidic court of Mordkhe of Tver (? -1913). Jews K.-D. took an active part in Polsk. uprisings of 1830–31 and 1863–64. In 1903 the rabbi in K.-D. there was Chaim Zilberman. In the beginning. 1900s in K.-D. the Hovevei Zion circle (about 100 members) worked, since 1905 the Bund organization functioned, from 1906 - the Poalei Zion group. In 1925 in K.-D. a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened, in 1927 - a school with teaching in Hebrew. in K.-D. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 K.-D. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was soon established. In the spring of 1940 a ghetto was created, in which up to 2 thousand people were kept. In March 1942, the ghetto was destroyed. genus. Zvi Tadmor (b. 1923), animal painter, since 1936 - in E.-I.
KAZIMEZHA WELKA, a city (since 1959) in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1326. In the 16th - 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 Posad Pinchovsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1921 in K.-V. lived 293 Jews (13%). occupations of Jews K.-V. in the beginning. 20th century there were small trade, crafts, and transportation. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a synagogue and a Jewish school. 1939 K.-W. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created. Jewish population K.-V. was destroyed in Dec. 1942.
KAZIMIROVA SLOBODA, now a part (since 1978) of Mstislavl, Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kazimirovo Mstislavsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1832, 181 Jews lived in K.S., in 1842 - 163, in 1847 - 160, in 1880 - 417 (59.3%), in 1908 - 754 Jews (84.8%). K.S. there was a wooden synagogue. In the 19th century. main occupation of the Jewish population - agricultural trade. products and livestock. Jews owned 73 out of 92 houses. From 1860 the talis factory of Gershon Lokshin operated, from 1878 - the brewery of Daniel Elkonin, in 1891 - Leizer Gurevich's grain mill. In 1893, the KS had a cheder of Hillel Schechter, and in July 1941 KS occupied Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 Jews of KS were shot together with the Jews of Mstislavl.
CASIMIZATION, see Kuzmovka.
KAZIMIROVO, see Kazimirova Sloboda.
KAZINETS Isai Pavlovich (Yehuda Pinkhusovich) (1910, Genichesk of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1942, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1965). Graduated from the Kiev Oil Institute (1938). In 1939-41 - Ch. Ing. Glavneftesbyta in Bialystok. In 1941, retreating to the east, he ended up in Minsk. The organizer of an underground group. The secretary was elected. Minsk underground. city ​​party committee. One of the hands. Minsk underground. Firing back upon arrest, he killed and wounded several Gestapo men. He was hanged in the city square together with a group of underground workers on 7/7/1942.
KAZIURT, a village in the Babayurt District of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Kazi-Yurt, Tersk Region. In 1840, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1867 - 1 Jewish family (5 people). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the first half of the year. 19th century In the 1870s. Jews left K.
KAZLU RUDA, city (since 1950) in Marijampole district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from ser. 18th century, was part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Kozlova-Ruda Mariampolsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K.-R. lived several. hundreds of Jews. A Jewish community existed in K.-R. from the 2nd floor. 19th century; there was a synagogue. In 1910, the rabbi in K.-R. was Shmuel-Yosef Goichberg. occupations of Jews K.-R. in the 1920s and 30s. - trade, decomp. crafts, service for vacationers (the town was a popular holiday destination). In 1931 Jews owned 15 out of 18 shops, 8 out of 16 industrial. pr-ty, 3 sawmills, 2 mills, furniture and shoe factories, resin factory. In 1937, among the Jews K.-R. there were 3 butchers, 3 bakers, a shoemaker, a saddler, a photographer. There was a separate cash desk for mutual credit for Jewish peasants. From 1930 in K.-R. there was a cell "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". In the 1930s. Rabbi K.-R. was Chaim-Eliyahu Movshovich (? –1941). In winter 1939 in K.-R. arrived approx. 50 Jewish refugees from occupied Germany troops of the districts of Poland. June 23, 1941 K.-R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Until the end. Aug 1941 all Jews living in K.-R. were killed. In the vicinity of K.-R. germ. units built a work camp, in which approx. 400 Jews from Vilnius, Kaunas and others. points. In June 1944 approx. 150 Jews, the rest were sent to Auschwitz.
KAZOKISKES, a place in Vilnius u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozakishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century K. had a Jewish population, and the Jewish population of K. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КЕДАЙНЯЙ, город (с 1588) в Каунасском у. (Литовская Республика). Изв. с кон. 14 в. В 16–18 вв. – город кн-ва Жемайтия в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Кейданы Ковенского у. Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1764 в К. проживал 501 еврей, в 1816 – 868, в 1847 – 2987, в 1897 – 3733 (61%), в 1923 – 2499 (34%), в 1959 – 24, в 1970 – 23, в 1979 – 15, в 1989 – 14 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с кон. 15 в. после изгнания их из Шотландии. В нач. 16 в. в К. существовала еврейская община. В 16–17 вв. осн. занятия еврейского населения – разл. ремесла, ростовщичество, приз-во и продажа спиртных напитков; существовали отд. цеха евреев-ремесленников. Евреи жили в особом р-не К. (ул. Рынковая, Песмильская, Жидовская, одна сторона Кривой ул.). Во время польско-шведской войны 1656–57 еврейское население страдало от погромов. В 1685 евреям принадлежало 42 дома в городе (11%). В 1698 евреи К. подвергались преследованиям. В нач. 18 в. материальное положение еврейской общины ухудшилось. 30 июля 1707 кредитор Гурский, к-рому евреи должны были неск. тысяч злотых, приказал запереть всех евреев во время субботней молитвы и запечатать синагогу. В 17 в. раввинами К. были Цви-Гирш Горвиц, Иехескель Каценельбоген (1668–1749).С нач. 18 в. в К. действовала иешива, в к-рой учился Элиягу из Вильны. В 1784 была построена синагога. С 1758 раввином К. был Мешулам-Залман Каценельбоген (?–1770), в 1770–78 – его сын Менахем-Нохум (?–1790), в 1780–95 – Мойше-Мордхе Каценельбоген (?–1810).В 19 в. раввинами К. были Рефоил-Йом-Тов–Липман Гальперин, Авром-Шимон Тройб, Шлоймо-Залман-Симха Тройб. В 1884 при помощи выходцев из К., проживавших в Нью-Йорке, была открыта талмуд-тора «Огель Мойше», назв. в честь М. Монтефиоре (в 1888 преобразована в школу). В 1884–85 из К. в Великобританию, США и Юж. Африку выехало ок. 600 евреев. Лидером палестинофильства в К. в 1880-х гг. был Шмариягу Маркель. В 1890 в К. были созданы сионистские орг-ции «Агуда Ционит», «Пирхей Цион», «Бней Цион». В кон. 19 в. начало действовать отд-ние Бунда.В 1888 в К. была организована добровольная пожарная команда, большинство членов к-рой были евреи. В кон. 1880-х гг. было построено здание для «Бикур хойлим». В 1898 в К. функционировали 7 синагог. В 1899 действовали «Кнесес орхим» и «Гмилус хэсед». Большинство евреев составляли огородники и ремесленники, остальные – мелкие торговцы; евреям принадлежали кожевенный и кирпичный з-ды. В 1900 в Нью-Йорке выходцами из К. было создано Кейданское землячество. В 1908 в К. действовало одноклассное еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой, еврейское об-во взаимопомощи на случай болезни «Линас га-Цедек», в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В апр. 1915 евреи были высланы из К. После окончания 1-й мир. войны две трети беженцев вернулись. С 1927 в К. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕ, при помощи к-рого содержался еврейский дет. дом. В 1931 в К. 86% мастерских и магазинов принадлежали евреям. В 1935 ок. 50 еврейских семей занимались с. х-вом. В К. действовали отд-ния «Объединения еврейских ремесленников Литвы» и «Объединения еврейских фермеров Литвы». В 1935 в К. было 2 еврея-врача (из 8) и 2 дантиста (из 4). Функционировали 2 еврейских банка. Работали школа сети «Тарбут», гимназия с преподаванием на иврите и школа с преподаванием на идише. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.С 1924 раввином К. был Шлоймо Файнзильбер (1871–1941).В 1-й пол. 1940 в городе находилась иешива, ученики к-рой переселились в К. после занятия Мира частями РККА.После оккупации К. 24 июня 1941 частями вермахта 125 евреев были расстреляны литовцами в 8 км от города. 23 июля 1941 в 10 км от К. литовцами было расстреляно ок. 200 евреев. В кон. июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром, кроме евреев К., было сконцентрировано ок. 1 тыс. евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 2076 евреев гетто были расстреляны 28 авг. 1941.После 1945 на месте расстрела установлен памятный знак. В сохранившихся зданиях 3 синагог разместились складские помещения.В К. род.: Г.Д.Блоштейн, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, М.Прозер, Б.Г.Ричардс, Э.И.Ромм, К.Л.Рудницкий, И.П.Смильг, М.П.Шафир, Б. Шлезингер, И.-И.Эйнгорн; Довид Вольпе (р. 1908), писатель, поэт, писал на идише, с 1951 – в Йоханнесбурге; Шнеер Закш (1816–1892), историк еврейской лит-ры Средневековья; Мойше Маргалиот (?–1781, Броды, Галиция), раввин, автор коммент. к Иерусалимскому Талмуду; Арье Сариг (Сиркин) (р. 1913), с 1936 – в Э.-И., с 1948 – ген. директор Мин-ва обороны Израиля, один из основателей ин-та Вингейта; Шмуэль Шляпоборский (1882–1949, Петах-Тиква, Израиль), журналист, один из лидеров сионистского движения в Литве., pronunciation=КЕДАЙНЯЙ, город (с 1588) в Каунасском у. (Литовская Республика). Изв. с кон. 14 в. В 16–18 вв. – город кн-ва Жемайтия в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Кейданы Ковенского у. Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1764 в К. проживал 501 еврей, в 1816 – 868, в 1847 – 2987, в 1897 – 3733 (61%), в 1923 – 2499 (34%), в 1959 – 24, в 1970 – 23, в 1979 – 15, в 1989 – 14 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с кон. 15 в. после изгнания их из Шотландии. В нач. 16 в. в К. существовала еврейская община. В 16–17 вв. осн. занятия еврейского населения – разл. ремесла, ростовщичество, приз-во и продажа спиртных напитков; существовали отд. цеха евреев-ремесленников. Евреи жили в особом р-не К. (ул. Рынковая, Песмильская, Жидовская, одна сторона Кривой ул.). Во время польско-шведской войны 1656–57 еврейское население страдало от погромов. В 1685 евреям принадлежало 42 дома в городе (11%). В 1698 евреи К. подвергались преследованиям. В нач. 18 в. материальное положение еврейской общины ухудшилось. 30 июля 1707 кредитор Гурский, к-рому евреи должны были неск. тысяч злотых, приказал запереть всех евреев во время субботней молитвы и запечатать синагогу. В 17 в. раввинами К. были Цви-Гирш Горвиц, Иехескель Каценельбоген (1668–1749).С нач. 18 в. в К. действовала иешива, в к-рой учился Элиягу из Вильны. В 1784 была построена синагога. С 1758 раввином К. был Мешулам-Залман Каценельбоген (?–1770), в 1770–78 – его сын Менахем-Нохум (?–1790), в 1780–95 – Мойше-Мордхе Каценельбоген (?–1810).В 19 в. раввинами К. были Рефоил-Йом-Тов–Липман Гальперин, Авром-Шимон Тройб, Шлоймо-Залман-Симха Тройб. В 1884 при помощи выходцев из К., проживавших в Нью-Йорке, была открыта талмуд-тора «Огель Мойше», назв. в честь М. Монтефиоре (в 1888 преобразована в школу). В 1884–85 из К. в Великобританию, США и Юж. Африку выехало ок. 600 евреев. Лидером палестинофильства в К. в 1880-х гг. был Шмариягу Маркель. В 1890 в К. были созданы сионистские орг-ции «Агуда Ционит», «Пирхей Цион», «Бней Цион». В кон. 19 в. начало действовать отд-ние Бунда.В 1888 в К. была организована добровольная пожарная команда, большинство членов к-рой были евреи. В кон. 1880-х гг. было построено здание для «Бикур хойлим». В 1898 в К. функционировали 7 синагог. В 1899 действовали «Кнесес орхим» и «Гмилус хэсед». Большинство евреев составляли огородники и ремесленники, остальные – мелкие торговцы; евреям принадлежали кожевенный и кирпичный з-ды. В 1900 в Нью-Йорке выходцами из К. было создано Кейданское землячество. В 1908 в К. действовало одноклассное еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой, еврейское об-во взаимопомощи на случай болезни «Линас га-Цедек», в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В апр. 1915 евреи были высланы из К. После окончания 1-й мир. войны две трети беженцев вернулись. С 1927 в К. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕ, при помощи к-рого содержался еврейский дет. дом. В 1931 в К. 86% мастерских и магазинов принадлежали евреям. В 1935 ок. 50 еврейских семей занимались с. х-вом. В К. действовали отд-ния «Объединения еврейских ремесленников Литвы» и «Объединения еврейских фермеров Литвы». В 1935 в К. было 2 еврея-врача (из 8) и 2 дантиста (из 4). Функционировали 2 еврейских банка. Работали школа сети «Тарбут», гимназия с преподаванием на иврите и школа с преподаванием на идише. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.С 1924 раввином К. был Шлоймо Файнзильбер (1871–1941).В 1-й пол. 1940 в городе находилась иешива, ученики к-рой переселились в К. после занятия Мира частями РККА.После оккупации К. 24 июня 1941 частями вермахта 125 евреев были расстреляны литовцами в 8 км от города. 23 июля 1941 в 10 км от К. литовцами было расстреляно ок. 200 евреев. В кон. июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром, кроме евреев К., было сконцентрировано ок. 1 тыс. евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 2076 евреев гетто были расстреляны 28 авг. 1941.После 1945 на месте расстрела установлен памятный знак. В сохранившихся зданиях 3 синагог разместились складские помещения.В К. род.: Г.Д.Блоштейн, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, М.Прозер, Б.Г.Ричардс, Э.И.Ромм, К.Л.Рудницкий, И.П.Смильг, М.П.Шафир, Б. Шлезингер, И.-И.Эйнгорн; Довид Вольпе (р. 1908), писатель, поэт, писал на идише, с 1951 – в Йоханнесбурге; Шнеер Закш (1816–1892), историк еврейской лит-ры Средневековья; Мойше Маргалиот (?–1781, Броды, Галиция), раввин, автор коммент. к Иерусалимскому Талмуду; Арье Сариг (Сиркин) (р. 1913), с 1936 – в Э.-И., с 1948 – ген. директор Мин-ва обороны Израиля, один из основателей ин-та Вингейта; Шмуэль Шляпоборский (1882–1949, Петах-Тиква, Израиль), журналист, один из лидеров сионистского движения в Литве., extra_data="{'translat...")
KEDULI, see Kiduliai.
KEFALI Yakov Osipovich (1876, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1967), military doctor. Doctor of Medicine (1914). Rear Admiral. Graduated from the Military-mor. honey. academy. Member of Russian-Japanese. and 1st world. wars. He distinguished himself in the defense of Port Arthur (1905) and in the battles on the Turkish front (1916). Since 1917 - in exile.
KEGATI Pinchas (1910, Rovno Volyn province - 1977, Jerusalem), rabbi, researcher of the Mishna. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1926–32 he studied at the yeshiva in Warsaw. In 1932 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From his youth he took part in the activities of religious organizations. Zionism "Ha-Shomer ha-Dati" (in 1932-36 a member of its all-Polish council) and "Ha-Halutz ha-Mizrahi". S. 1936 - in E.-I., studied mathematics, physics, philosophy at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Since 1937, member. board of the youth organization "Bnei Akiva". He taught at a school in Tel Aviv, in 1940–75 he worked at the Mizrahi Bank. From ser. 1940s was engaged in research. Mishny, from 1966 published its new edition. with their comments. "Mishna K." - the most popular ed. Mishnas in Israel. K, is also known as a composer, author of 35 songs to words from TANAKH; Hasidic motives are noticeable in K.'s music.
KEGICHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Konstantinogradsky u. Poltava province. In 1912, 6 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan and nearby farms, in 1926 in the Kegichevsky district - 39 Jews, in 1939 in Kazakhstan - 11 Jews. 1941 in K. 2 Jews were shot.
KEXHOLM, see Priozersk.
KELCHIGLEV, see Kelchigluv.
KELCHIGLOW, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Kelchiglev of Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 240 Jews (43%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 255 Jews. in K. lived several. Jewish families. Jews were engaged in crafts, livestock trade. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan in 1932, and in July 1942, after the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated.
KELDYSH Leonid Veniaminovich (b. 1931, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). After graduating from Moscow State University (1954) - at FIAN, he worked as a junior, then as an art. scientific. sotr., head. sector, in 1989–94 - director. Since 1991 acad.-secretary. Dept. General Physics and Astronomy RAS. At the same time. Rev. at Moscow State University, since 1969 - prof., since 1978 - head. department. research on quantum systems theory pl. particles, physics tv. body, semiconductor physics, quantum radiophysics. Constructed a systematic theory of tunneling phenomena in semiconductors. Predicted by the so-called. indirect (involving phonons) tunneling effect and the effect of the shift of absorption bands in semiconductor. crystals under the influence of electric. fields (Franz - Keldysh effect). Showed that multi-quantum photoelectric effect and high-frequency tunneling effect are limiting cases of one process. Proposed to use spatially periodic. fields (superlattices) for exercise. electronic spectrum and electronic properties of crystals. Developed mat. the apparatus for considering strongly nonequilibrium states is quantum-statistical. systems. Predicted the condensation of excitons with the formation of electron-hole drops. He predicted a new type of collective excitations - phonoriton (bound state of polariton and phonon). The author of St. 200 scientific. works. Etc. them. MV Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1963). Etc. Europe. physical about-va (1974). Linen. pr. (1974). Works: Electron-hole drops in semiconductors. M., 1988 (et al.); Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. M., 1989 (jointly with YuAIlyinsky).
KELEBERDA, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1910, 48 Jews lived in Kiev. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kiev by units of the Volunteer Army; the houses of the Jews were plundered.
KELARASH (until 1991 - Kalarash; Romanian - Claras-Targ), a city (since 1940) in Ungheni u. (The Republic of Moldova). Main in 1716.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1847, approx. 300 Jews, in 1897 - 4593 (89.1%), in 1930 - 3662 (76.7%), in 1989 - 492, in 1991 - 185 Jews. the sphere of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade in wine, fruit and timber. Khevra Kaddish and a Jewish cemetery operated in K. org-tion. After the drought of 1900, the Jews of Kazakhstan were forced to turn in 1901 for help from the Committee to help the poor in Chisinau (present-day Chisinau). 20th century the number of Jewish artisans - carpenters, glaziers, builders, hats, furriers, as well as small traders - increased. After the opening of the railway in K. messages pl. Jews began to rent land and build houses next to the railway. station. In 1905, the Poalei Zion organization functioned. Jewish children of Kazakhstan were educated in a cheder and are members. Jews sent their children to study in Chisinau. In the 1890s. Jewish private schools and gymnasiums were opened in K. Acting organization "Tarbut", mountains. library with books in Hebrew, Yiddish, Rus. and it. In 1905 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. A self-defense squad was organized. Members of self-defense held the rioters several. hours, but then were forced to retreat. Jewish houses and shops were looted, burned ca. 500 Jewish houses, in synagogues 40 Torah scrolls were torn and destroyed; 59 Jews were killed, 220 were wounded, many others. women were abused. The thugs left K. only after the soldiers arrived. After the pogrom, the Assistance Committee was created, to which donations were received from decomp. provinces of Russia and other countries. Then approx. 500 Jews from Kazakhstan left for the United States, 60 for Canada, and 53 for Argentina. Zevin was the rabbi of K. in 1913; worked Jewish hospital, Jewish wives. early Uch-shche Reiselman-Galperina. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. m-in. By the beginning. 1st world. war Jews accounted for 75% of the total population. After Kazakhstan's annexation to Romania, attempts at pogroms (without human casualties) were undertaken in 1924–26. In 1919, a school for preparing young people for life in E.-I. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1938, a Jewish school in Yiddish operated in Kazakhstan. During the Holocaust, several were destroyed in Kazakhstan. thousand Jews. In 1944, several returned to Kazakhstan. Jewish families. In 1946 a synagogue was opened (Lenin St., 4); the rabbi was Froim-Moishe Abramovich Dezengov (1871–?). On ordinary days, 10-15 people gathered for service, on holidays - 50-60 people. In the end. 1980s - early. 1990s most of the Jews left the K.V. K. clan. I. Giladi, Z. Mogulesko, S. G. Shlyakhu; Grigory Abramovich Brovman (1907-1984, Moscow), literary critic, member of the USSR Writers' Union since 1934, author of several. books about rus. owls. lit-re, head. a branch of criticism zhurn. "New world".
KELBER Michel (b. 1908, Kiev), cameraman. Studied architecture at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. In cinema since 1928. Author of avant-garde films. He worked as an assistant cameraman in the companies "Gumont" and "Paramount". He has been shooting independently since 1932. He most willingly collaborated with dir. K. Otan-Lara, M. Allegre and J. Duvivier. K.'s fame was brought by the following phrases: "Ballroom Notebook" (1937, directed by Duvivier), "The Devil in the Flesh" (1947, directed by Otan-Lara), "Terrible Parents" (1948, directed by J. Cocteau) and " French Cancan "(1957, directed by J. Renoir). Other fictions include The Beauty of the Devil (1949, dir. R. Claire), Main Street (1956, dir. H.A.Bardem), Bitter Victory (1957, dir. N. Rey).
KELBER Yakov Isaakovich (1837, Brailov, Podolsk province - |), entrepreneur. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was engaged in the development and extraction of lime in the Podolsk province .; was one of the largest timber merchants in the Southwest Territory. In 1870 he took up the flour-milling business. In 1901, he built an automatic steam mill in Kiev with a capacity of 6,000 poods of wheat per day. In the beginning. 1900s this mill was uch. base of modern. flour-grinding production for students of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. For the high quality of products K. was awarded several. gold medals for the international exhibitions.
KELMAN Veniamin Moiseevich (b. 1915, Kiev), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1948), prof. (1953), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1962). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1937), worked in the laboratory. shock stresses Ukr. physical and technical Institute (Kharkov, 1937–41). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1945–62 sotr. Leningrad. physical and technical Institute (since 1952 head of laboratory of nuclear spectroscopy)). In 1953-60 prof. Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. Since 1962 - head. lab. mass spectrometry of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (Alma-Ata). He created a new direction in electronic optics - prismatic electronic optics. On the basis of electronic and ionic prisms he created, he developed prismatic beta and mass spectrometers of high resolution and luminosity for nuclear research. Has dozens of copyright certificates for inventions, the author is approx. 200 scientific. Art. and several. monographs.
KELME, a city (since 1947) in Šiauliai district. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kelma Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1764 there were 1,019 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1784 - 839, in 1847 - 759, in 1880 - 1600 (89%), in 1897 - 2710 ( 69%), in 1923 - 1599 (55%), in 1939 - approx. 2000 (about 54%), in 1959 - 21 (0.4%), in 1970 - 11, in 1979 - 9, in 1989 - 4 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 16th century. The first synagogue was built in mid. 18th century Since 1810 Eliezer Gutman was rabbi of K., later Elikum-Getzl Gurevich (? –1873), in 1874–84 - Eliezer Gordon, in 1884–1926 - Zvi-Yankel Openheim (? –1926). Since 1850, Moishe-Itskhok Darshan ("The Kelm Magid") (1828, Ozernitsa - 1899, Lida) was the magid in Kazakhstan. In 1874 Simkhoy-Zisel of Kelmsky (? –1898) founded a synagogue for followers of the Musar and yeshiva teachings, which was led by Zvi-Hirsh Broyde (1865–1913). K. becomes the center of the Musar movement; followers of S.-Z. Kelmsky propagandized his teachings in the communities of Lithuania. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts, trade, p. x-in. Since 1886, the textile trade was concentrated with Avroma-Moishe Horvits; grocery - from Zalman Ziv and Rafael Greenberg. From the end. 19th century a Zionist organization operated in K. In the beginning. 20th century in K. there were 4 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah, a Yeshiva, and “Linas ha-Tzedek”. In 1915 the "Heder-Kloli" society worked. In 1919, a Hebrew school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a school network "Yavne", a school for girls "Shulamis", children. garden with teaching in Hebrew; operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The Jewish plank was opened. bank; the monopoly on transport services was concentrated in the hands of the Jews, who owned 20 cars. In 1926–41, Kalman Beinushevich (? –1941) was the rabbi of K., the leader of the Musar movement - Daniel Movshovich. On June 26, 1941, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K.. In July - Aug. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot. 1990 at the Jewish cemetery of K. a monument to those shot with inscriptions in Hebrew and lit. language In K. genus. I. I. Merats, S.-Ya. Rabinovich, P.-L. Simon, A.-L. Frumkin; in K. lived and worked Y.-Ts. Sobel.
KELMENTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 318 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The first Jews in Kazakhstan were immigrants from Moldavia. From the beginning. 19th century a synagogue and a Jewish philanthropist existed in K. Society, Jewish cemetery. In 1911, Jews owned the only grocery, haberdashery, and bakery. After the occupation of Kazakhstan by the German-Romanians. In parts, in the summer of 1941, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria, where most of them perished. After 1945, the surviving Jews of Kazakhstan moved to Kamyanets-Podolsk, Mogilev-Podolsky, and Chernivtsi.
KELMES, see Kelme.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КЕЛЬЦЕ, город (с 1364), адм. центр Свентокшиского воеводства (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1084. В 1364 получил Магдебургское право. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – г. Кельцы, центр Келецкой губ.В 1857 в К. проживал 101 еврей (2,6%), в 1873 – 974, в 1897 – 6173 (30,2%), в 1908 – 11 151 (36,2%), в 1921 – 15 530 (37,6%), в 1931 – 18 083 (31%), в 1939 – ок. 25 000 евреев.Евреи К. впервые упом. в связи с изгнанием их в 1535 при получении городом статуса епископского владения. Запрет селиться в К. оставался до 1818. Небольшое число евреев, осевших в К. в 1833, было выселено в 1840-х гг. Запрет на свободное поселение в К. был отменен в 1862. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в К. была создана община. В 1868 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1899 была открыта еврейская проф. школа, в 1903 – синагога, в 1904 – еврейская школа.С 1900 функционировала орг-ция «Союза сионистов», в нач. 1900-х гг. активно действовали отд-ния Бунда и «Поалей Цион».Первым раввином К. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. (в теч. 36 лет) был коцкий хасид Тувья Рапопорт (?–1902), с 1902 – его сын Абель (1879–?), в 1902–16 – М.-Н.Иерусалимский. В кон. 19 в. раввином К. был Ицхок Хорберг, с 1907 – Алтер Хорберг (1875–?), ставший раввином после смерти своего отца.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. было неск. хасидских дворов. Первым цадиком, поселившимся в К., был Хаим-Шмуэль Гуревич. Династию продолжили поочередно его сыновья и зять одного из них. В К. жил Мордхе Тверский (?–1917), после его смерти в 1921 династию продолжил Нисон-Иегуда-Лейб Тверский (?–1940). В К. жил Хаим-Меир Финкель (?–1917) и продолжатели династии – его сыновья Пинхас-Иссахар и Ицхок. В нач. 20 в. в К. жили Довид Гольдман (?–1924), его сын Ишаягу и Элимелех-Яков-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1925).В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали объединения еврейских купцов и ремесленников, сиротский дом, дом престарелых, еврейские типография и б-ка. В 1908 в К. была открыта еврейская больница, при к-рой работала бесплатная амбулатория. В 1913 действовало об-во пособия бедным больным.В мае 1918 в К. прошли погромы, устроенные польск. легионерами. 11 нояб. 1918 погром учинили солдаты герм. армии, в ходе к-рого 4 еврея были убиты и многие ранены.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. С 1929 работали курсы по подготовке евреев к физич. труду в Э.-И.Раввинами в К. в 1920–30-х гг. были Авром Рапопорт, Алтер-Йосеф-Борух Гохберг, Мойше Трейтман, Цви-Гирш Гриншпан. В сер. 1920-х гг. была открыта еврейская школа, в 1931 – хасидская иешива «Кесер тойрэ». В 1920-х гг. работал еврейский т-р, в 1932–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Келцер цайтунг».4 сент. 1939 части вермахта заняли К. 21 сент. 1939 был создан юденрат, затем – еврейская полиция. Осенью 1939 – весной 1940 в К. прибыло более 7 тыс. евреев из зап. р-нов Польши, весной 1941 – ок. 4 тыс. евреев из Лодзи и Кракова и ок. 7500 евреев из Вены. В апр. 1941 было создано гетто, уничтоженное в 1943. В освобождении К. в янв. 1945 принимали участие арт. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Сергея Давыдовича Сонина, арт. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Виктора Борисовича Хусида (1903–1974), арт. полк под ком. подполк. Наума Юрьевича Нотариуса.После освобождения в К. вернулось ок. 250 евреев. Была создана община. 4 июля 1946 в К. произошел погром, спровоцированный «кровавым наветом»; в результате погибло более 60 евреев и ок. 100 было ранено. Это событие вызвало значит. эмиграцию евреев из К. и др. нас. пунктов Польши.В К. на еврейском кладбище сооружен памятник жертвам погрома 1946.В К. род.: Ф. Бимко; Борис Иосифович Шрейбер (1904–1979, Минск), кинорежиссер, автор ряда науч.-попул. и игровых кинофильмов., pronunciation=КЕЛЬЦЕ, город (с 1364), адм. центр Свентокшиского воеводства (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1084. В 1364 получил Магдебургское право. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – г. Кельцы, центр Келецкой губ.В 1857 в К. проживал 101 еврей (2,6%), в 1873 – 974, в 1897 – 6173 (30,2%), в 1908 – 11 151 (36,2%), в 1921 – 15 530 (37,6%), в 1931 – 18 083 (31%), в 1939 – ок. 25 000 евреев.Евреи К. впервые упом. в связи с изгнанием их в 1535 при получении городом статуса епископского владения. Запрет селиться в К. оставался до 1818. Небольшое число евреев, осевших в К. в 1833, было выселено в 1840-х гг. Запрет на свободное поселение в К. был отменен в 1862. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в К. была создана община. В 1868 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1899 была открыта еврейская проф. школа, в 1903 – синагога, в 1904 – еврейская школа.С 1900 функционировала орг-ция «Союза сионистов», в нач. 1900-х гг. активно действовали отд-ния Бунда и «Поалей Цион».Первым раввином К. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. (в теч. 36 лет) был коцкий хасид Тувья Рапопорт (?–1902), с 1902 – его сын Абель (1879–?), в 1902–16 – М.-Н.Иерусалимский. В кон. 19 в. раввином К. был Ицхок Хорберг, с 1907 – Алтер Хорберг (1875–?), ставший раввином после смерти своего отца.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. было неск. хасидских дворов. Первым цадиком, поселившимся в К., был Хаим-Шмуэль Гуревич. Династию продолжили поочередно его сыновья и зять одного из них. В К. жил Мордхе Тверский (?–1917), после его смерти в 1921 династию продолжил Нисон-Иегуда-Лейб Тверский (?–1940). В К. жил Хаим-Меир Финкель (?–1917) и продолжатели династии – его сыновья Пинхас-Иссахар и Ицхок. В нач. 20 в. в К. жили Довид Гольдман (?–1924), его сын Ишаягу и Элимелех-Яков-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1925).В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали объединения еврейских купцов и ремесленников, сиротский дом, дом престарелых, еврейские типография и б-ка. В 1908 в К. была открыта еврейская больница, при к-рой работала бесплатная амбулатория. В 1913 действовало об-во пособия бедным больным.В мае 1918 в К. прошли погромы, устроенные польск. легионерами. 11 нояб. 1918 погром учинили солдаты герм. армии, в ходе к-рого 4 еврея были убиты и многие ранены.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. С 1929 работали курсы по подготовке евреев к физич. труду в Э.-И.Раввинами в К. в 1920–30-х гг. были Авром Рапопорт, Алтер-Йосеф-Борух Гохберг, Мойше Трейтман, Цви-Гирш Гриншпан. В сер. 1920-х гг. была открыта еврейская школа, в 1931 – хасидская иешива «Кесер тойрэ». В 1920-х гг. работал еврейский т-р, в 1932–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Келцер цайтунг».4 сент. 1939 части вермахта заняли К. 21 сент. 1939 был создан юденрат, затем – еврейская полиция. Осенью 1939 – весной 1940 в К. прибыло более 7 тыс. евреев из зап. р-нов Польши, весной 1941 – ок. 4 тыс. евреев из Лодзи и Кракова и ок. 7500 евреев из Вены. В апр. 1941 было создано гетто, уничтоженное в 1943. В освобождении К. в янв. 1945 принимали участие арт. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Сергея Давыдовича Сонина, арт. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Виктора Борисовича Хусида (1903–1974), арт. полк под ком. подполк. Наума Юрьевича Нотариуса.После освобождения в К. вернулось ок. 250 евреев. Была создана община. 4 июля 1946 в К. произошел погром, спровоцированный «кровавым наветом»; в результате погибло более 60 евреев и ок. 100 было ранено. Это событие вызвало значит. эмиграцию евреев из К. и др. нас. пунктов Польши.В К. на еврейском кладбище сооружен памятник жертвам погрома 1946.В К. род.: Ф. Бимко; Борис Иосифович Шрейбер (1904–1979, Минск), кинорежиссер, автор ряда науч.-попул. и игровых кинофильмов., extra_data="{'translat...")
KELCE, see Kielce.
KELLER Gersh Iosifovich (1924, Anenberg, Poland - 1954), political prisoner. In 1944 he was sentenced to 10 years in prison “for participation in the Ukrainian. nationalistic. org-tion ". In 1948, while in Karlag, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison "for embezzlement of state property." In 1950 K. was convicted "for the murder of a cook in the camp." One of the hands. uprising in the Steppe camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (KazSSR) in May-June 1954. Shot after the suppression of the uprising.
KEMELISHKI, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1897 101 Jews (19.9%) lived in Kazakhstan. "Provisional rules" 1882. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. During the Holocaust, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. 24 oct. 1943 more than 500 Jews from Kazakhstan and the surrounding area were shot. points.
KEMERI, now part of the city of Jurmala (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kemmern in Riga Livonia lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1921 the Jews owned a boarding house; among the Jews of K. there were 2 doctors.
KEMEROVO, city (in 1925–32 - Shcheglovsk), the center of the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). It was formed in 1925 from the villages of Scheglovo (founded in 1720) and Kemerovo (founded in 1863). 589 Jews (0.4%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, 1768 (0.5%) in 1970, and 1979 1505 Jews (0.3%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 1910s Most of the Jews arrived in Kazakhstan during the years of the 2nd world. wars from the west. districts of the USSR. In the 1940s. there was illegal activity in K. minyan. In 1947, Meir Moishevich Goldstein and Abram Izrailevich Shur made an attempt to legalize the Jewish religion. community, open a synagogue; in requesting places. the authorities refused. Jews (up to 40 people) gathered for prayers in the house of H.L. Pesina. In 1991, a society of Jewish culture was established in Kazakhstan (the first was I.M.Raskin), under which a Jewish Sunday school and library were opened. In 1992, with the assistance of the Joint, a relief service was organized to help the elderly. A club of Jewish youth was organized in Kazakhstan. The Jewish religion was established in 2000. community (formerly Ilya Petrovich Bondarenko, b. 1957). In 2002, approx. 2 thousand Jews in Kazakhstan. G.A.Rotman, L.B. Shkolnik, V.L. Kaganov
KEM, city, regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. From ser. 16th century - Posad of the Solovetsky monastery in the Kola district, from 1764 - the city of Arkhangelsk, from 1784 - Olonets province, from 1785 - the district town of Arkhangelsk province. In 1897, 1 Karaite lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 33 Jews (0.5%) , in 1939 - 104 Jews.
KEMMERN, see Kemeri.
KENA, see Kana.
KONIGSBERG, see Kaliningrad.
KENIGSON Vladimir Konstantinovich (1903, Vilna - 1952, Leningrad), radio engineer. He graduated from Leningrad in 1930. polytechnic in-t. In Electrophys. in-those began to develop receiving equipment, calculations of the receiving part of televisions. In 1938 he took part in the creation of the first TV set in the country, the VRK, to receive the Leningrad program. telecentre with a standard of 240 lines. In 1941–45 he worked at a defense plant in Tomsk. Since 1947, he headed the lab at the All-Russian Research Institute of Television. on the development of a mass TV with a standard for image decomposition of 625 lines. From 1948 ch. designer of the development of the KVN-49 television (KVN - the beginning letters of the names of the developers of Kenigson, Varshavsky, Nikolaevsky). Author of scientific. printed works, the first of to-rykh publ. in the beginning. 1930s
KENIMEKH, see Kanimekh.
KEPLAN, a village in Tiginsky u. (The Republic of Moldova). In 19-early. 20th century - from. Kaplans of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In oct. 1902 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In 1911 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and unity. tobacco shop in K.
KEPRESHT (until 1991 - Kapreshty), a village in Soroksky u. (The Republic of Moldova). Main all R. 19th century as a Jewish farmer. colony in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, the MSSR. In 1851, 211 Jews (100%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 866 (86.4%), in 1930 - 1812 (90%), 1940 - c. 1,500 Jews. In 1899 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan. Since 1892, Jonah Kaplevatsky (1862 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1911 unity. the pharmacy in K. belonged to a Jew. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. m-in. 1920-30-ies. in K. operated a school of the "Tarbut" network, branches of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, Talmud Torah, dec. about-va to help those in need. June - early. In July 1941, part of the Jews fled across the Dniester, the rest in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria. G.L. Ryvkin.
KERBEL Lev Efimovich (1917, Semenovka Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov province - 2003, Moscow), sculptor. Acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1975). Hero of Socialist Labor (1985). Studied at the Academy of Arts and Moscow. thin in-those (1937–42) at L.V. Shervud, V.N.Domogatsky, R.R. Iodko. In 1942–45 military. thin Political department North. fleet. Teaches at MGHI since 1962, prof. (1963). Main works: reliefs "Victory Parade", "Listening to Lenin" (1948–49, plaster cast, under the direction of NV Tomsky), portraits of twice Hero of Owls. Union of V.S. Petrov (1951, marble), Dolores Ibarruri (1979, bronze), Fidel Castro (1981, marble), a monument to I.M.Sechenov in Moscow (1958, bronze, granite), monuments to V.I. Lenin - in Gorki Leninskih (1959, granite), in Sofia (1971, granite), Havana (1983) and Moscow (1986), monuments to Karl Marx in Moscow (1961, granite) and Karl-Marx-Stadt (1971, bronze) , "Victims of Fascism" in Rudnya, Smolensk region. (1965, granite). Prod. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of the Revolution in Moscow, the State Russian Museum, Tallinn Art. museum, Dresden gal. Nar. thin USSR (1977). Became. etc. (1950). Linen. pr. (1962).
KERBUTOVKA, a village in Borznyanskiy district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century –The village of Sosnitskiy u. Chernigov province. 18 March 1943, a Jewess K. was killed in the village. The settlement.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КЕРЧЬ, город в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). Осн. в 6 в. до н. э., наз. Пантикапей, был столицей Боспорского царства. В др.-рус. источниках именовался Корчев. В 1475 захвачен турками, в 1771 взят рус. войсками. С 1774 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1821 – центр Керчь-Еникальского градоначальства Таврической губ.В 1863 в К. проживало 1496 евреев и 12 караимов, в 1865 – 1808 евреев и 37 караимов, в 1889 – 3402 еврея и 193 караима, в 1897 – 4774 еврея (14%), включая крымчаков и караимов, в 1910 – 6173 еврея (11,7%), в 1926 – 3674 (10,6%), в 1939 – 5573 (5,3%), в 1957 – ок. 1700 (1,7%), в 1970 – ок. 1600 (1,3%), в 1979 – ок. 1400 евреев (0,9%).Евреи селились в К. со времен Боспорского царства. В Эрмитаже в Санкт-Петербурге хранится найденная при раскопках в окрестностях К. мраморная доска с греч. надписью, сообщающей о существовании в К. в 81–80 до н. э. еврейской общины и синагоги. В К. обнаружены надгробия: 2–3 вв. н. э. (в греч. надписи упомянуто имя погребенного – Шимон) и 3–4 вв. н. э. (с двуязычной греко-еврейской надписью). В ходе войн рус. князей с хазарами и греками в 10–11 вв. евреи покинули К.; в городе оставалась небольшая община караимов. В еврейских ср.-век. источниках К. упоминается как город, в к-ром жили евреи.После завоевания К. рус. войсками (1771) возникла еврейская община, состоявшая из крымчаков и поселившихся в городе ашкеназийских евреев. Осн. занятиями еврейского населения в 19 в. являлись торговля и ремесла, а также добыча соли и сушение рыбы. В 1837 в К. была сооружена синагога. Во время Крым. войны 1853–56 большинство евреев покинуло К. и вернулось по окончании боевых действий. В 1859–60 два еврея были избраны членами коммерч. суда (позднее власти прекратили утверждать кандидатуры избранных евреев).В 1863 раввином был Шлема Аронович Марков; в городе действовало 6 хедеров (58 уч-ся). Хазаном в синагоге крымчаков был Давид Абрамович Чапичо. В 1875 была построена вторая синагога. В 1886 начато стр-во синагоги крымских евреев. Раввинами в К. в это время были Ш.А.Марков, Зеев-Арон Фишгал, казенным раввином – Йоэль Лазаревич Гальперин. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовало 7 синагог (в т. ч. крымчакская, ремесленников и нижних чинов), Об-во пособия бедным, еврейская больница, дешевая столовая и др. еврейские благотворит. орг-ции, а также талмуд-тора (осн. в 1859; 160 уч-ся), крымчакская обществ. еврейская проф. школа для девушек (св. 150 уч-ся), частное муж. уч-ще, жен. субботняя школа. При синагоге имелась б-ка. В нач. 1890-х гг. в К. работали палестинофильский кружок, об-во «Ховевей сфас койдеш». В апр. 1900 в К. начал действовать сионистский кружок. В 1901 имелись отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Кадимы», «Доршей Цион».31 июля – 1 авг. 1905 в К. произошел погром (кроме неск. евреев погиб христианин-гимназист П.Н.Кириченко, примкнувший к еврейской самообороне).В К. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы М.Мишураты (1909), И.Эбенгольца (1913), И.Адлера и Д.Фахлера (1914), И.Цукера (1915–16), Д.Менделевича (1917) и др., действовал театр. кружок под рук. владельца типографии Я.Б.Нутиса (в его репертуаре пьесы «Жидовка» Э.Скиба в пер. И.-И.Лернера, «Клара Штейнберг» И.Тенеромо, «Дер Батлан» Н.Ракова, «Дас Пинтеле ид» Б.Томашевского, «Семка Лец» Г.Майзеля и др.).В нач. 20 в. раввинами в синагогах К. были Й.Л.Гальперин, Иосиф Иошуович Езерницкий, Абрам Исаакович Осятинский, Моисей Абрамович Лившиц, Н.Л.Розенталь, И.Л.Бакиш, газаном – Соломон Давидович Карга. В 1912 в К. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1915 раввином Старой синагоги был Герцель Абрамович Эмануэль, духовным раввином – Шмая Давидович Юнович; раввином крымчакской синагоги – Абрам Яковлевич Хонду, с 1916 – Пинхус Исаакович Борохов; в Новой синагоге раввином был Моисей Израилевич (Александрович) Баумгольц, в синагоге ремесленников – Ицко Лейбович Файнберг, в синагоге нижних чинов – Герш Моисеевич Иоффе.В нач. лета 1917 в К. открылось отд-ние «Маккаби», действовали отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Га-ноар га-Ломед га-Циони». В 1918 Союз демобилизованных солдат-евреев организовал отряд самообороны во главе с Ицхоком Шлосбергом. В 1919 К. посетил З.Жаботинский. В 1922 была арестована гр. сионистов, в 1923 закрыта синагога. В кон. 1920-х гг. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТа.16 нояб. 1941 К. была оккупирована частями вермахта. 22 нояб. 1941 началась регистрация евреев, было создано гетто. 1–3 дек. 1941 было расстреляно ок. 2500 евреев, 29 дек. 1941 – еще неск. сотен евреев. В освобождении К. 30 дек. 1941 принимал участие дивизион канонерских лодок под ком. капитана 3-го ранга Григория Исааковича Гинзбурга и канонерская лодка «Красная Абхазия» под ком. капитан-лейт. Леонида Самойловича Шика. 15 мая 1942 К. вновь была оккупирована частями вермахта. В мае 1942 было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Всего за время оккупации в К. и прилегающих нас. пунктах было уничтожено 14 087 евреев, из них 7 тыс. расстреляны в т. н. Багеровском рву, 2269 – в Аджимушкайских каменоломнях, 1609 – в руднике з-да им. Войкова, 700 – в Старокарантинских каменоломнях и Камышбурунском рву. В 1945 в К. вернулась часть евреев.В кон. 1990-х гг. в К. было создано неск. еврейских обществ. орг-ций (пред. – Борис Яковлевич Капустин, р. 1936). Действуют община «прогрессивного иудаизма», «Хесэд», еврейская воскресная школа, восстановлена синагога, построенная в 1868.В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3500 евреев.В К. род.: В.А.Ашкинази, А.Н.Бернштам, Г.М.Вайндрах, Н.М.Варшавский, И.С.Кая, А.Ф.Липскеров, И.В.Нестьев, Н.А.Нотович, О.К.Нотович, И.Пиастро, М.Пиастро, Б.И. Ходоров, Б.Н.Хольцов, Т.А.Чужбинов, Н.И.Эльяш; Яков Моисеевич Айваз (1861–?), основал в 1911 на базе кустарной мастерской по изготовлению патронных гильз машиностроит. акционерное об-во, в составе к-рого организовал в 1913 отд. осветит. электрич. ламп «Светлана», ныне – объединение электронного приборостроения «Светлана»; Абрам Львович Бродский (наст. имя и отчество Авраам Лейбович) (1882–1943, Ташкент), биолог, проф. (1919), в 1921–26 – ректор Туркестанского ун-та в Ташкенте, в 1936–38 – зам. наркома просвещения УзССР, деп. ВС УзССР 1-го созыва (1930–32); Леонид Львович Рапопорт (1897–1952, Рига), конезаводчик, создатель школы сов. коневодства («рапопортовская школа»), чл. ЦИК Киргизской АССР, в 1937 был репрессирован, нагр. орденами и поч. оружием; Иосиф Моисеевич Резниченко (р. 1930), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., автор более 100 работ, засл. юрист РФ. В К. жили и работали Ф.Г.Раневская и Б.И.Харитон., pronunciation=КЕРЧЬ, город в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). Осн. в 6 в. до н. э., наз. Пантикапей, был столицей Боспорского царства. В др.-рус. источниках именовался Корчев. В 1475 захвачен турками, в 1771 взят рус. войсками. С 1774 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1821 – центр Керчь-Еникальского градоначальства Таврической губ.В 1863 в К. проживало 1496 евреев и 12 караимов, в 1865 – 1808 евреев и 37 караимов, в 1889 – 3402 еврея и 193 караима, в 1897 – 4774 еврея (14%), включая крымчаков и караимов, в 1910 – 6173 еврея (11,7%), в 1926 – 3674 (10,6%), в 1939 – 5573 (5,3%), в 1957 – ок. 1700 (1,7%), в 1970 – ок. 1600 (1,3%), в 1979 – ок. 1400 евреев (0,9%).Евреи селились в К. со времен Боспорского царства. В Эрмитаже в Санкт-Петербурге хранится найденная при раскопках в окрестностях К. мраморная доска с греч. надписью, сообщающей о существовании в К. в 81–80 до н. э. еврейской общины и синагоги. В К. обнаружены надгробия: 2–3 вв. н. э. (в греч. надписи упомянуто имя погребенного – Шимон) и 3–4 вв. н. э. (с двуязычной греко-еврейской надписью). В ходе войн рус. князей с хазарами и греками в 10–11 вв. евреи покинули К.; в городе оставалась небольшая община караимов. В еврейских ср.-век. источниках К. упоминается как город, в к-ром жили евреи.После завоевания К. рус. войсками (1771) возникла еврейская община, состоявшая из крымчаков и поселившихся в городе ашкеназийских евреев. Осн. занятиями еврейского населения в 19 в. являлись торговля и ремесла, а также добыча соли и сушение рыбы. В 1837 в К. была сооружена синагога. Во время Крым. войны 1853–56 большинство евреев покинуло К. и вернулось по окончании боевых действий. В 1859–60 два еврея были избраны членами коммерч. суда (позднее власти прекратили утверждать кандидатуры избранных евреев).В 1863 раввином был Шлема Аронович Марков; в городе действовало 6 хедеров (58 уч-ся). Хазаном в синагоге крымчаков был Давид Абрамович Чапичо. В 1875 была построена вторая синагога. В 1886 начато стр-во синагоги крымских евреев. Раввинами в К. в это время были Ш.А.Марков, Зеев-Арон Фишгал, казенным раввином – Йоэль Лазаревич Гальперин. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовало 7 синагог (в т. ч. крымчакская, ремесленников и нижних чинов), Об-во пособия бедным, еврейская больница, дешевая столовая и др. еврейские благотворит. орг-ции, а также талмуд-тора (осн. в 1859; 160 уч-ся), крымчакская обществ. еврейская проф. школа для девушек (св. 150 уч-ся), частное муж. уч-ще, жен. субботняя школа. При синагоге имелась б-ка. В нач. 1890-х гг. в К. работали палестинофильский кружок, об-во «Ховевей сфас койдеш». В апр. 1900 в К. начал действовать сионистский кружок. В 1901 имелись отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Кадимы», «Доршей Цион».31 июля – 1 авг. 1905 в К. произошел погром (кроме неск. евреев погиб христианин-гимназист П.Н.Кириченко, примкнувший к еврейской самообороне).В К. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы М.Мишураты (1909), И.Эбенгольца (1913), И.Адлера и Д.Фахлера (1914), И.Цукера (1915–16), Д.Менделевича (1917) и др., действовал театр. кружок под рук. владельца типографии Я.Б.Нутиса (в его репертуаре пьесы «Жидовка» Э.Скиба в пер. И.-И.Лернера, «Клара Штейнберг» И.Тенеромо, «Дер Батлан» Н.Ракова, «Дас Пинтеле ид» Б.Томашевского, «Семка Лец» Г.Майзеля и др.).В нач. 20 в. раввинами в синагогах К. были Й.Л.Гальперин, Иосиф Иошуович Езерницкий, Абрам Исаакович Осятинский, Моисей Абрамович Лившиц, Н.Л.Розенталь, И.Л.Бакиш, газаном – Соломон Давидович Карга. В 1912 в К. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1915 раввином Старой синагоги был Герцель Абрамович Эмануэль, духовным раввином – Шмая Давидович Юнович; раввином крымчакской синагоги – Абрам Яковлевич Хонду, с 1916 – Пинхус Исаакович Борохов; в Новой синагоге раввином был Моисей Израилевич (Александрович) Баумгольц, в синагоге ремесленников – Ицко Лейбович Файнберг, в синагоге нижних чинов – Герш Моисеевич Иоффе.В нач. лета 1917 в К. открылось отд-ние «Маккаби», действовали отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Га-ноар га-Ломед га-Циони». В 1918 Союз демобилизованных солдат-евреев организовал отряд самообороны во главе с Ицхоком Шлосбергом. В 1919 К. посетил З.Жаботинский. В 1922 была арестована гр. сионистов, в 1923 закрыта синагога. В кон. 1920-х гг. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТа.16 нояб. 1941 К. была оккупирована частями вермахта. 22 нояб. 1941 началась регистрация евреев, было создано гетто. 1–3 дек. 1941 было расстреляно ок. 2500 евреев, 29 дек. 1941 – еще неск. сотен евреев. В освобождении К. 30 дек. 1941 принимал участие дивизион канонерских лодок под ком. капитана 3-го ранга Григория Исааковича Гинзбурга и канонерская лодка «Красная Абхазия» под ком. капитан-лейт. Леонида Самойловича Шика. 15 мая 1942 К. вновь была оккупирована частями вермахта. В мае 1942 было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Всего за время оккупации в К. и прилегающих нас. пунктах было уничтожено 14 087 евреев, из них 7 тыс. расстреляны в т. н. Багеровском рву, 2269 – в Аджимушкайских каменоломнях, 1609 – в руднике з-да им. Войкова, 700 – в Старокарантинских каменоломнях и Камышбурунском рву. В 1945 в К. вернулась часть евреев.В кон. 1990-х гг. в К. было создано неск. еврейских обществ. орг-ций (пред. – Борис Яковлевич Капустин, р. 1936). Действуют община «прогрессивного иудаизма», «Хесэд», еврейская воскресная школа, восстановлена синагога, построенная в 1868.В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3500 евреев.В К. род.: В.А.Ашкинази, А.Н.Бернштам, Г.М.Вайндрах, Н.М.Варшавский, И.С.Кая, А.Ф.Липскеров, И.В.Нестьев, Н.А.Нотович, О.К.Нотович, И.Пиастро, М.Пиастро, Б.И. Ходоров, Б.Н.Хольцов, Т.А.Чужбинов, Н.И.Эльяш; Яков Моисеевич Айваз (1861–?), основал в 1911 на базе кустарной мастерской по изготовлению патронных гильз машиностроит. акционерное об-во, в составе к-рого организовал в 1913 отд. осветит. электрич. ламп «Светлана», ныне – объединение электронного приборостроения «Светлана»; Абрам Львович Бродский (наст. имя и отчество Авраам Лейбович) (1882–1943, Ташкент), биолог, проф. (1919), в 1921–26 – ректор Туркестанского ун-та в Ташкенте, в 1936–38 – зам. наркома просвещения УзССР, деп. ВС УзССР 1-го созыва (1930–32); Леонид Львович Рапопорт (1897–1952, Рига), конезаводчик, создатель школы сов. коневодства («рапопортовская школа»), чл. ЦИК Киргизской АССР, в 1937 был репрессирован, нагр. орденами и поч. оружием; Иосиф Моисеевич Резниченко (р. 1930), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., автор более 100 работ, засл. юрист РФ. В К. жили и работали Ф.Г.Раневская и Б.И.Харитон., extra_data="{'translat...")
KERENSHTEIN Osher (1886, Minsk - 1975, Afula, Israel), rabbi. He studied at yeshivas in Mir and Slobodka. Then he was a rabbi in Minsk. After 1917 he was arrested several times. In 1930 he signed a letter about the persecution of Judaism in the USSR. Since 1936 - in E.-I. Rabbi of Afula.
KERETSKI, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1383. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1872, 68 Jews (6.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 188 Jews (8.8%). in 1939, Jews constituted 8% of the population of Kazakhstan. 19th century main occupation of Jews - agriculture, later - trade. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. There was a yeshiva in Kazakhstan. In 1939, approximately 30-40 Jews left Kazakhstan for the USSR. 1944 Jews of Kazakhstan (41 families; 298 people) were deported to the Mukachev ghetto and in May 1944 taken to Auschwitz, where almost all of them were destroyed. After 1945, 6 Jews returned to Kazakhstan.
KERKENITIDA, see Evpatoria.
KERKI, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Chardzhou region. (Turkmenistan). From 1869 - Russian. fortification in the Bukhara Khanate under the protectorate of Ros. empire. In 1921, approx. 1000 Bukharian Jews, in 1939 - 179 Ashkenazi Jews. Nov-Dec. 1917 some Jews K. took an active part in the establishment of owls. authorities. The artilleryman M. Feldman, a member of the RSDLP (b), was appointed commandant of the fortress K. In 1921 a collegium of the Jewish community began to operate in K.. In the 1920s. a Jewish school operated in K. In the 1930s. all Jewish organizations ceased to exist. In 1995, 15 Jewish families left Kazakhstan for Israel. In 1996, a small number of Jews lived in Kazakhstan. D.S. Komissarov
KERKIS Julius Yakovlevich (1907, Kiev - 1977, Novosibirsk), geneticist. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1930). In 1930–41 he worked at the Bureau of Genetics and Eugenics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, transformed. first to Genetic. lab., hands. NI Vavilov, and then at the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940, after the arrest of Vavilov, he was forced to leave the Institute and from 1941 worked in the trib. livestock breeder, Sovkh. Taj. SSR. Since 1957 - at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the laboratory of radiation genetics). tr. on spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis in animals. Formulated (1940) the idea of ​​violations of intracellular fiziol. homeostasis as DOS. cause of mutations. changes in the genome. For the first time in a direct experiment, he established a radiation dose that doubles the mutation frequency. He developed the idea of ​​the existence at the level of cells and the body of mechanisms for controlling the radiosensitivity of chromosomes. Dealt with the problems of environmental protection, participated in the exp. on the lake. Baikal.
KERLER Iosif Borisovich (1918, Gaysin, Podolsk province - 2000, Jerusalem), poet, writer. He spent his school years in a Jewish collective farm in Crimea. In 1934–37 he was a student of the Odessa Jewish machine-building. technical school. First verse, publ. in 1935 in gas. Odesar Arbeter. In 1937–41 he studied at the Jewish theater, a studio at the GOSET, and immediately after graduation he volunteered for the front, after being wounded in 1944 he was demobilized. In the same year, the first book was published. verse. "Far mein erd" ("For the native land"), which consisted of the main. from production, dedicated. war. Was printed in gas. EAK "Einikite" and alm. "Geimland". In 1947 he moved to Birobidzhan, in 1950 he was arrested and exiled for 10 years to Vorkuta. He returned after rehabilitation to Moscow (1955). He wrote songs, miniatures, sketches and one-act plays for the stage. In 1957 he went to the lane. in Russian lang. Sat. "My Father's Vineyard", in 1965 - Sat. "I want to be kind." From the beginning. ed. zhurn. Sovetish Gameland began to publish poetry and essays in it. For six years he fought for the right to leave for Israel. Since 1971 - in Israel. The author of the book., Ed. in Israel: "Dos gezang zwishn tsein" ("Song through teeth", 1971), "Zet ir doh ..." ("As you can see ...", 1972), "August 12, 1952" (1978), "Di ershte zibn yor "(" The first seven years ", 1979), and others. Since 1973 K. - ed. yearly. "Jerusholaimer Almanac".
KERMAN, see Karmana.
KERMINE, see Navoi.
KERNER Michael (1902, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Mathematician. He studied and worked in Warsaw. Main tr. relate to differenti. ur-niyam, variaz. calculus, abstract spaces and differenti. geometry in infinite-dimensional space. He died in the ghetto.
KERNOVO, see Kernava.
KERNOZIA, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Gostynsky u. Warsaw province. In 1808, 48 Jews (29.6%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 123 (29.5%), in 1860 - 156 (44.3%), in 1897 - 222 (41.4%). , in 1921 - 284 Jews (39.1%) .In the 1870s. Jews owned 8 shops and 11 workshops in K. There were 2 synagogues. Rabbi K. at the end. 19th century was Avrom-Noach Neiman. 7 Nov. 1914 before the German offensive. All the residents left K., 2 days after the counterattack, the Jews were not allowed to return. In 1916, several. Jews were executed for the fact that a telephone was found in their house, allegedly connecting them with German. positions In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there was a cheder, a detachment of Beitar operated. The rabbi was Moishe-Bezalel Percal, who died during the Holocaust. 16 Sept. 1939, during the bombing of K. germ. aviation, the synagogue was destroyed, 20 Jews suffered. Sep 18 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied Kazakhstan. In March 1940 a ghetto was created. In July 1940, approx. 240 Jews from the surrounding area. points. Dec. 1940 the ghetto of K. contained apprx. 650 Jews. In March 1941, Jews were deported to the Warsaw ghetto.
CARPINENI, a village in Lapushnskoe u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Carpinens of Kishinev u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 271 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1911 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. pharmacy warehouse, units. bakery and 10 shops (including all 6 grocery stores); among the Jews there were 2 tailors, 1 timber merchant. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KERTMAN Lev Efimovich (1917, Kiev - 1987, Perm), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1962), prof. (1962). Graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev University (1940). In 1940–42 - in Kr. Army, in 1941–42 - at the front, demobilized from injury. In 1942–44 he taught at Kazan University, studied in graduate school under the direction of. E.V. Tarle. Since 1944 Assoc. department of modern history of Kiev un-that, in 1949 during the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was dismissed for "ideological sympathy antipatriotic. geeks. " From the end. 1949 Rev. Molotovsky (from 1957 - Perm) University, head. Department of Modern and Contemporary History. He headed the Perm school of historians-angloved. Member Nat. to-that of historians of the USSR, member. Sci. history council ist. Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the history of England in modern times; on the problems of the methodology of history, theory and history of culture, methods of teaching history, participated in writing textbooks on modern and contemporary history for cf. schools. Cit .: Labor movement in England and the struggle of two tendencies in the Labor Party (1900-1914). Molotov, 1957; Struggle of currents in English. worker and socialist. movement in the con. XIX - early. XX century M., 1962; Geography, history and culture of England. M., 1968; Bourgeoisie Zap. Europe and North. America at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. (On the road to a general crisis of capitalism). Uch. allowance. M., 1984; Joseph Chamberlain and Sons. M., 1990.
KERVA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Shatursky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 7 Jews (0.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1989 - 2 Jews (0.05%).
KESALO, a village in the Gardaban region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. and lips. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KESHELMEZE, see. Koshelevo.
KESHET (Katsenelebogen) Ben-Zion (1914, Riga - 1984), politician. In the beginning. 1930s activist of the Beitar youth movement in Latvia. From 1934 - in E.-I., in 1935–37 a member. Beitar's reign in E.-I. In 1942–43 members. the headquarters of ETsEL. In 1944 the Brit. authorities (until 1948 in exile in Kenya and Eritrea). After 1948 one of the founders of the Herut party, member. her reign. There was a dep. Knesset and deputy. his before.
KESHET Yeshurun ​​(real name and surname Yaakov Kopelevich) (1893, Minsk, Plonsky u. Warsaw province. - 1977, Jerusalem), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1920–25 he studied at different. un-takh Zap. Europe. Since 1913 he began to publish a poem, and essays in periodical. ed. He gravitated towards modernism, although he adhered to the tradition. forms of versification. The author is poetic. collection of books "Wanderer" (1932), "Elegies" (1944), "Hidden Life" (1959), critical. essays, monographs about the writer M.I.Berdichevsky (1958), trans. in Hebrew manuf. European literature, including "Enchanted Soul" by R. Rolland, "East. miniatures ”by A.Strindberg,“ Trial ”by F.Kafka. In 1961–63 ed. lit. zhurn. "Moznaim".
KESSEL Alexander Rakhmielevich (b. 1935, Odessa), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974), prof. (1981), acad. AEN RF (1991). Head lab. resonance phenomena of Kazan Phys.-Tech. Institute (1975). Sci. research according to the theory of magn. phenomena. He predicted transient processes of a new type in spin systems. Proposed the theory of magn. resonance of a magnet with a strong exchange interaction of the Ising type and gave analytic. confirmation of the hypothesis of the existence of spin temperature and abbreviated. statistical descriptions. Developed a method for finding the potentials of indirect interaction localization. quantum particles without the assumption that their connection with the interaction carrier fields is small. Discovered electroacoustic. echo to piezoelectric materials and established its nature. The author of St. 160 scientific. Collected Works: Nuclear Acoustic. resonance. M., 1969; Magnetic resonance of Ising magnets. M., 1979.
KESSEL Joseph (1898, Clara, Argentina –1979, Paris), writer. Rod. in Jewish s.-kh. settling in the family of a doctor who emigrated from Russia. In 1905 the K. family returned to Russia (to Orenburg). From 1908, K. - in France. He began to publish in 1915. During the 1st World. During the war he fought in the ranks of the French Air Force. After demobilization he graduated from Philology. Faculty of the Sorbonne. In the beginning. 1920s wrote in Russian for gas. "Last news". K.'s first novels "The Crew" (1923) and "Wind of the Desert" were dedicated. aviation. In K. wrote the story "Makhno and his Jewess", in - book. about Zionism "Land of Love". Rum. The Beauty of the Day (1929; Russian translation, 1930, Riga) was filmed in 1967 by L. Buñuel (Grand Prix at the Venice Festival in 1967). In the years of the 2nd world. war K. - a pilot of the "Free French". Author (with A. Druon) of the popular Song of the Partisans (1943). Events 2nd world. war dedicated. book "Army of Shadows" (1944) and "Heavenly Battalion" (1947), the creation of the State of Israel - "Land of Fire" (1948), the events of the Israeli-Arab war in 1967 - "Sons of the Impossible" (1970). Member Franz. academy (1962).
KESSELBRENNER Gabriel Leonidovich (b. 1921, Stavrovo, Odessa province), orientalist, historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1959). Graduated from VIIYa (1950), East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). Rev. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1949–54), VIIYa (1950–55), MGIMO (since 1955, associate professor since 1965). Member of the 1941–45 war. Author approx. 70 scientific. tr. on the history of Indonesia, Indonesia. and Malay. lang., including "Zap. Irian is an integral part of Indonesia "(Moscow, 1958)," Zap. Irian "(M., 1960)," Reader of Malay Texts "(M., 1967). In the end. 1980s - early. 1990s publ. several research on the history of Russia and grew up. diplomacy. Translated by thin. manuf. with indones. in Russian lang., wrote a number of literary scholars. works, including "Anthology sovr. indonesian. novel "(Moscow, 1966).
KETAVISKES, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ketovishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 12 Jews (5%) lived in Kazakhstan. Grocery and manufactory shops in K. were owned by a Jew who lived in the town of Troki (present-day Trakai). The Jews of K. were killed in the summer of 1941.
KETILARI, a village in the Abash region (Georgia). Since 1867 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Senaki u. Kutaisi province. In the 2nd half. 19th century in K. lived Jews, to-rye owned several. shops. The local toponym testifies to the presence of Jews in Kazakhstan in the previous period.
KETOVISHKI, see Naujoses Ketaviskes.
KETROSU (until 1990 - Ketrosy), a village in Soroksky district. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ketrosy Verkhniye Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 140 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KETROS, see Ketros.
KETROS UPPER, see Ketros.
KETURVLOKI, see Kyaturvalakiai.
KEUSHENI (until 1991 - Causeni, Romanian. - Causeni-Noui), a city (since 1965) in Tighinsky district. (The Republic of Moldova). Main in the 17th century. Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, since 1818 - the town of New Kaushany, Bendery u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1760 641 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 950 (36%), in 1897 - 1675 Jews (44.9%), in 1912 - approx. ... 800 Jewish families, in 1930 - 1870 Jews (35.1%), in 1991 - 6 Jews. Until 1865 Jewish farmers of Kazakhstan (75 people) were assigned to the bourgeoisie of Bender, then they formed a separate society for payment and the execution of duties. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - wine and grain trade, small crafts. In 1899, the authorities rejected a request by 50 Jews to acquire land for occupation with. x-vom. A Jewish school and 2 Jewish libraries worked in K. In 1910, the beginning was in operation. husband. Jewish school, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, tavern, 12 shops (including all 3 manufactures); there were 3 timber merchants among the Jews. the position of the Jews of Kazakhstan after the 1st world. the war was unstable, pl. the Jews of the town suffered from poverty and hunger. In 1922 Romanians. The Red Cross opened a dining room in Kazakhstan for poor children (for 80 people). Most of the Jews gave their children to the state. Romanian. schools; 50 children studied in the Talmud Torah. Yisroel Geller (? –1928) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan until 1928, and Yosef Yatom from 1928. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1930s anti-Jewish demonstrations by the Christian population took place: Jews were beaten in the streets and windows were broken in their houses. During this period, six synagogues existed in Kazakhstan: the Big (center), Zionist, old, tailors, shoemakers, and Hasidic. Khevra kadisha, mikvah, talmud-torah, heder, and a nursing home were in operation. After K.'s occupation by parts of the Romanians. The Jewish army of Kazakhstan was gathered by local Ukrainians in a cemetery and burned. In 1944, 3 Jewish families returned to Kazakhstan. All Jewish houses were destroyed, the "new" cemetery was desecrated; the remains of one synagogue and part of the old Jewish cemetery survived. In 1949 a synagogue was closed in Kazakhstan and the Jewish religion was deregistered. community due to "lack of the necessary number of believers for the formation of the" twenty ". In K. clan. Ya.M. Kopansky.
KEVESH Haim Leizerovich (Efim Lazarevich) (1899, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1982, Leningrad), radiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1956). After graduating from Kharkov honey. Institute (1922) worked as a district doctor in the Gomel province. From 1926 in Leningrad, he specialized in radiology. In 1936–44 scientific. sotr. Centre. radiologist., radiologist. and cancer institute, then until 1956 - st. scientific. sotr. Military medical academy. In 1941–45 hands. in Leningrad hospital. In 1956–75 the head. Department of Radiology and Radiology of the Kuibyshev Med. Institute of Science. tr. K. dedicated problems of X-ray diagnostics, including with gunshot wounds of the chest, diseases of the lungs, heart and large vessels. Was a member. board of Leningrad. and Vses. about-in roentgenologists. Vol .: Tomography of the lungs. L., 1941; X-ray examination for blind gunshot wounds of the chest. Leningrad, 1948; son of K. - Lazar Efimovich (b. 1925). Dr. med. sciences, head. Department of Radiology and Radiology Leningrad. sanitary-hygienic honey. in-that.
KEYBALOVKA, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. Apr 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were killed along with the Jews of Piryatin.
KEYDANS, see Kedainiai.
KEILIS-BOROK Vladimir Isakovich (b. 1921, Moscow), geophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1965), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). He graduated in 1943 Moscow. geological prospecting inst. Since 1943 at the Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1948 junior scientific researcher, since 1963 head of the department of computer geophysics). In 1989 he organized the International. Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mat. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR and became his director. Pres. Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (1989–91). Created a principle, new models of the dynamics of the lithosphere. Developed techniques for forecasting earthquakes, edges successfully tested for basic. seismically active regions of the USSR and districts of the strongest earthquakes of the entire globe, recognition of possible foci of strong earthquakes and atomic explosions, assessment of the degree of seismic risk by methods of mat. statistics. Organized the automation of the Soviet seismological service. Author approx. 150 scientific. Works, Vol .: Interference of surface waves. M., 1960.
KEIMAKH David Ilyich (1906, Odessa - 1943), a member of the partisan movement. In 1932 he graduated from the State. electromash-builds. in-t them. Ya.F. Kagan-Shabtai in Moscow. Taught on decomp. courses, was deputy. dir. Institute of advanced training engineer-tech. workers electromash-builds. in-that. From Sept. 1941 - commissar of the partisans. detachment operating on the territory. Belarus. Repeatedly led groups of demolitions. From Sept. 1942 - com. partisan. detachment. On Feb. 1943 took part in organizing the assassination attempt on the Gauleiter of Belarus V. Kube. Killed in a plane crash.
HAES Herman (1879-1933, New York), dentist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1890 - in the USA. In 1900 he graduated from the dentist. college in New York. In 1908 he invented the mount for removable dental bridges. Created several. dentist instr-tov. He headed the movement for the organization of dentistry. clinics at the state. schools. Taught in decomp. honey. educational institutions of the USA and other countries. Author of works on the theory and practice of dentistry.
CHAFETS CHAIM (Pupko Yisroel-Meir) (1838, Dyatlovo Slonim district of Grodno province - 1933, Radun, Poland), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna. In 1868–69 he headed the yeshiva in Vasilishki (near Vilna). In 1869 he created and headed a yeshiva in Radun of Grodno province. One of the founders of the Agudas Yisroel party in Poland. Authority in the region. religious ethics. The author of a number of books. on the regulated ethics of Judaism, including "Chafetz Chaim" ("Life", 1873). Sympathizing with the Hovevei Zion movement, he refused to support Zionism. The name H.H. wears a religion. kibbutz in the south of Israel.
HAGI Dov-Berele (1892 - 1954, Johannesburg), cantor. He sang in synagogue choirs in Riga and Dvinsk, cantor in Smolensk. Later, the cantor in dec. US cities. He was considered one of the most famous cantors in the United States. Cantor in Johannesburg. Has recorded many records.
KHAIN Victor Efremovich (b. 1914, Baku), geologist. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1947), prof. (1949), bp. (1966), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). After graduating in 1935 Azerb. industrial institute in Baku worked in different. geol. org-tions Baku. In 1945–54 head. dep. region. geology Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR. In 1954-59 - at Moscow State University, head. dep. Museum of Geosciences, since 1960 prof. geol. f-that, at the same time. ch. scientific. sotr. Geol. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1992 Ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of the Lithosphere RAS. Since 1996 honored. prof. Moscow State University. Main scientific. work is associated with the establishment of general patterns of structure and development of the earth's crust of continents and oceans, with the definition of the role of tectonic. factor in the formation and distribution of oil and gas deposits. Certain types of fossil molluscs are named after H. State pr. USSR (1987). State pr. RF (1995). Works: General geotectonics. M., 1973; Regional geotectonics. In 5 t. M., 1987; Historical geotectonics. 3 t., M., 1988–95.
KHAIT Boris Grigorievich (b. 1951, Grodno), entrepreneur, public figure. In 1974 he graduated from power engineering. Faculty of MIIT. In 1974–77, Ch. power engineer Center. clinics basements No. 1 of the Ministry of Railways; in 1977–87 in Moscow. n.-i. X-ray radiological in-those (head of department, deputy director). In 1988 - one of the hands. cooperative "Infex"; since 1989 - one of the founders of the MOST JV. From 1991 to. of the Board of Directors of MOST-Bank. 1996 prez. "MOST-bank". Vice President Russian Jewish Congress.
KHAIT David Markovich (1899, Ekaterinoslav -?), Writer. The first story publ. in 1913 in gas. "Tavrichanin". In the 1920s. was published in the journal. "Komsomol", "Krasnaya Niva", in collections "Under the sign of the Komsomol", "Nedra", etc. In the work of Kh. There was a Jewish theme. Works: Factory everyday life. M., 1925; Family of David Brondes. M., 1927; Blood. M., 1928.
HAKTIN Ruth (1901, Sosnitsa, Chernigov province - 1991, Ein Harod, Israel), politician. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Member kibbutz Tel Yosef. In 1946–48 - in Europe, uch. in the organization is illegal. the arrival of Jews in E.-I. Member sec. United. kibbutz movement, part. of the leadership of the women's organization of the Labor Party, member. Centre. counter. Commission of the Histadrut. Dep. Knesset of the 3rd-6th convocations (1955-69). Deputy prev. Knesset of the 6th convocation.
KHALATNIKOV Isaak Markovich (b. 1919, Yekaterinoslav), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1952), prof. (1954), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk University (1941). 1941–45 - in the army. Since 1945 - in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Initiator of creation and dir. (since 1965) Institute of Theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1992 Honorary Dir.). Created the theory of relaxation. processes in liquid helium, constructed the hydrodynamics and kinetics of helium-3 and helium-4 solutions; proposed a theory of a temperature jump at the interface between liquid helium and solid. body (Kapitsa's jump). The work of H. (jointly with LD Landau) on the theory of sound absorption formed the basis of the dynamic. the theory of phase transitions. Solved (with Landau and A.A. Abrikosov) the problem of asymptotic behavior of Green's f-tions at large momenta of particles; formulated functional methods. integration for Fermi fields. He opened (with E.M. Lifshitz) a new shake. type of behavior near special points; found a solution to the problem of stochastic. properties of evolution of homogeneous models of the Universe; offered qualities. research methods. Universe taking into account dissipative processes. The author of St. 120 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1953). Etc. them. L.D. Landau, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974), Works: Problems of Relativistic Cosmology. M., 1963; Superfluidity theory. M., 1971; On the influence of matter and physical. fields on the nature of the cosmological. singularities. M., 1981; About stochastic. properties of relativistic cosmological. models near the singular point. M., 1983.
KHALDEI Evgeny Ananievich (1916, Makeevka of the Taganrog district of the Don Cossack Region - 1997, Moscow), photojournalist. Since 1936 photocorr. TASS. 1941–45 - at the front, photo correspondent. gas. Pravda and TASS photo chronicles. Photographed at the Potsdam Conf. and the Nuremberg Trials. In the 1950s-80s. photocorr. gas. "Truth and" Sov. culture ". Participant pl. photo exhibitions. Personal exhibition took place in 1995 in Moscow. Works: From Murmansk to Berlin. Murmansk, 1979.
KHALETSKY Yakov Arkadevich (b. 1918, Chernobyl of Radomysl district. Kiev province), actor, poet, screenwriter. In 1936 he entered the theater. uch-shche at the Center. Dr. Kr. Army and simultaneously. in the troupe of this t-ra, where he played more than 100 comedy and character roles. H. wrote songs for almost 100 performances of the Central Theater Center, including: "Dragonfly" by M. Baratashvili, "Rinaldo goes to battle" by Garinea and Giovannini (music by D. Modugno, 1956), "Law of Lycurgus" by T. Dreiser ( music by K.V. Molchanov, 1959) and others. op. "Dorothea" (1981) and "The Golden Calf" (1988), both - TN Khrennikova, "The Three Sisters of the Prozorovs" (1995) by AV Tchaikovsky, op-t "Buy a Pass to Paradise" by N.G. Mincha (1979), "Apple Lady" by A.G. Flyarkovsky (with A.B.Borisov, 1981), etc .; screenplays "We Remember Roads" (music. Molchanov, 1959), "Duenya" (1978), "Money Box" (1981), both - music. Khrennikov and others; t / f "The Major's Matchmaking" (music by E.P. Krylatova, 1990). The author of several. verse. collection of books, including "Somewhere near the curtain" (1952), "Gravity" (1968), "Moscow, my Moscow" (1974), "My footprint on the ground" (1984), "Lives song in the world ”(1991), collection of works. songs for music. Khrennikov (1986). Honored. art. Russia (1993).
KHALFIN Alexander Mendelevich (1907, Vitebsk - 1994, Petersburg), a specialist in the field of television transmission technology. Cand. tech. Sciences (1951). Graduated in 1930 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1934 head. lab. in Ying-those signaling and communication NKPS. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1943-68 he taught at the Military-Vozd. academy. Since 1968 Rev. and hands. lab. educational television in the North-West. polytechnic in-those. For the first time in the USSR, he proposed using television for applied purposes (1933) - he developed a dispatching installation for 30 lines and tested it at the Belorussky railway station in Moscow. In 1937–38 he took part in the creation of the first electronic television center in Moscow. Developed electronic-optical. converter (11935). Carried out the research. spectral characteristics of the iconoscope (1939), fluctuation interference in television (1940), proposed a rational scheme for compensating the black spot of the iconoscope (1941). He was one of the first in the USSR to introduce educational programs on television. Vol .: Photocells and their application. M., 1936; Mechanical and electronic television. M., 1937; Fundamentals of television technology. M., 1955 (study guide); Television technology (basics and applications). L., 1971.
KHALFIN Naftula Aronovich (1921, Kiev - 1987, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1962), prof. (1973). Graduated from lit. Faculty of North-Osset. ped. Institute (1942). In 1945–57 he taught in history. and east. f-takh of the Central Asian state. un-that. In 1946–49 scientific. sotr. Institute of History and Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, in 1957–87 - Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of works on the politics of Russia, Great Britain and the United States in Wed. Asia and the countries of Wed. East, on the history of oriental studies. A number of tr. H. translated into foreign. lang .: English colonial policy on Wed. East (70s of the XIX century). Tashkent, 1957; Creation and collapse of the British Colonial Empire. M., 1960; Fight for Kurdistan. Kurdish question in the international relations of the XIX century. M., 1963; Accession of Central Asia to Russia in the 60-90s of the XIX century. M., 1965; Russia and the Khanates Wed. Asia. (First half of the 19th century). M., 1974; England against Afghanistan. Pages of history. M., 1981; Dawn of freedom over Kabul. M., 1985.
KHALIFMAN Alexander Valerievich (b. 1966, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1990). European champion (1985/86) and USSR (1982, 1984) among youths. Member of a number of USSR championships and interzonal tournaments. Winner and medalist pl. int. competitions.
KHALIFMAN Joseph Aronovich (1902, Mogilev-Podolsky - 1988, Moscow), writer. Cand. biol. sciences. Graduated from TSKhA in 1932. Author of popular science. book for children on entomology. Cit .: Bees. M., 1950; Crossed antennas password. M., 1958; Fabre. M., 1966; Operation Forest Ants. M., 1974; Through the thickness of the years. M., 1982 (et al.).
KHALIP Yakov Nikolaevich (1908, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), photojournalist. Graduated from VGIK with a degree in operator. Until 1931 he worked in the cinema as an assistant cameraman and photographer. Studied photography under A.M. Rodchenko, A.S. Shaikhet, S.O. Fridlyand, M.V. Alpert. The first publication was in 1926. Master of a genre photo essay and doc. reportage. In 1938 he participated in the exp. I.D. Papanin in the North. pole, created ser. essays about her. In 1938–41, the leading photojournalist of zhurn. "USSR at a construction site", responsible. ed. zhurn. "Sov. a photo". In 1941–45 corr. gas. Krasnaya Zvezda, Sovinformburo. In 1946–54 he worked for a journal. "Ogonyok", "Change", since 1954 - magazine. "Sov. Union ”, collaborated in gas. "Pravda", "Izvestia" and others. Creativity of H. 1950–70s. includes a large ser. works dedicated. post-war. restoration, photo essays about scientists and cultural figures, the life of peoples decomp. countries. In London, at the first exhibition of owls. photographs, 70 works by H. (1960) were presented. Personal exhibitions in Moscow (1967, 1968), Czechoslovakia (1963, 1965, 1967), Finland (1975).
KHALO Vladimir Alekseevich (1922, Lubny, Poltava province. - 1993, Odessa), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In 1942 he graduated from the Kharkov tank. uch-shche. From 1942 - at the front. Com. company st. Lieutenant H. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown during the Kharkov offensive in March 1943, when, being wounded, he fought for six hours in a wounded tank. In 1945–49 he was a customs inspector in Odessa. In 1949–56 - in the Sov. Army. From 1956 - major in the reserve. He was awarded 4 orders.
HALSMAN Philip (1906, Riga - 1979, USA), photographer. In 1924-28 he received an engineer-technical. education in Dresden. In 1931–40 he worked in the decomp. French zhurn. Since 1940 - in the USA. In 1941–79 he collaborated in the Amer. magazines "Life", "Bow" and others. Among the naib. Izv. works portraits of D. Eisenhower, John, Robert and Edward Kennedy, L. Johnson, R. Nixon, T. McMillan, E. Roosevelt. Portraits of A. Einstein, D. Steinbeck, diplomat A. Stevenson were reproduced in the USA on postage stamps. In France, a postage stamp was issued with a portrait of A. Gide made by H. In 1958, according to the results of the international. a survey conducted by the journal. "Popular photography", H. named one of the 10 most outstanding photographers in the world. H.'s works were presented at exhibitions in Paris, New York, Tokyo. Coll. manuf. H. are kept in the Metropolitan Museum (New York), Smithsonian Institute and B-ke of the US Congress (Washington), Nat. b-ke (Paris).
KHAMADAN Alexander (real name and surname Alexander Moiseevich Fayngar) (1908, Derbent, Dagestan region - 1943), journalist. In the end. 1920s - in Germany, led a roar. propaganda among workers; was expelled from the country. He headed the information bureau in the Sov. consulate in Harbin, deputy. head foreign dep. gas. Pravda (1932–37). In 1941–42 corr. TASS, reported from the partisans. detachments besieged Odessa, Leningrad, Sevastopol. After the fall of Sevastopol, he was captured. Under the fam. Mikhailov headed the anti-fascist underground group. in a hospital for prisoners of war, was betrayed, shot.Crisis and aggravation of the class struggle in the Japanese countryside. M., 1934 (co-authored with G. Smolyaninov); American silhouettes. M., 1935; To you, Motherland. Frontline sketches. M., 1942; Correspondent's notes. M., 1968.
HAMARMER Yakov Semenovich (1920, Tashkent - 1987, Leningrad), director. In 1937 he entered the studio of the T. Linen. Komsomol. In 1940–46 he was in the army. Since 1946 - in the Tomsk region. dram. t-re, played the role of Meshem ("A Glass of Water" by E. Scribe), Tsarevich Ivan ("The Great Sovereign" by VA Solovyov), etc. In 1947 he entered dir. Faculty of Leningrad theater. in-ta them. A.N. Ostrovsky. After graduation, he worked in the Krasnodar drama. t-re (from 1951), ch. dir. Velikie Luki region dram. t-ra (1955–58), ch. dir. Chelyabinsk dram. t-ra (1958-60). In 1961–66, Ch. dir. Leningrad. Small dram. t-ra, in which he staged performances: "The Fugitive" by VV Blinov (1961), "The Diary of a Woman" by K. Ya. Finn (1963), "Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare (1965), " The winter of our alarm ”after D. Steinbeck (1966) and others. In 1966–87, Ch. dir. Leningrad. t-ra drama and comedy ("Tr on Liteiny"). Among the post. X .: "Strange Mrs. Savage" by J. Patrick (1963), "Cavalry" after IE Babel (1970), "Sotnikov" after VV Bykov (1978), "And in the morning they woke up" by V. M. Shukshin (1979), “Hotel Astoria” by A.P. Stein (1984), “Look Who Came” by V.K. Arro and others. The first in Leningrad to turn to the drama of A.V. Vampilov (“Appointment in suburb ", 1972). Author of plays (ps. S. Yasnykh) "Sailors" (1st degree diploma at the Leningrad Festival of Arts "October Dawns", 1967) and "Favorite" (1972). Since 1982 he taught at LGITMIK, led the Mordovian studio. Nar. art. RSFSR (1978).
HAMMER Julius (1873, Odessa - 1948, USA), entrepreneur, public figure. Since 1877 - in the USA. Graduated from honey. School of Columbia University. Socialist activist. party. In 1907, at the international. congress socialist. parties in Stuttgart, met with V.I. Lenin. In 1919 - one of the organizers of the left wing of the US Communist Party. In 1918, one of the first Amer. entrepreneurs began trading with the Sov. Russia. In the beginning. 1920s - in Moscow. Collaborated with B.I. Reinstein. Son H. - Armand (1898 - 1990), entrepreneur. Since the 1920s. carried out bargaining-economic. contacts with the USSR.
KHANANASHVILI Daniel Moiseevich (1933, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR - 2005, Israel), historian. In 1957 he graduated from East. Faculty of Kutaisi State ped. in-that. In 1958–62 scientific. sotr. Ist.-ethnogr. Museum of Kutaisi. In 1963–90 he was a tour guide. Bureau of Kutaisi. Deputy prev. on science of the Kutaisi branch of the Association for Georgian-Jewish Relations. Author of over 60 scientific. works, including "The international image of the pre-revolutionary Georgian theater" (1980, on the Jewish theme of the Georgian theater in the first quarter of the 20th century), "Herzel Baazov and Kutaisi" (1984), "Ilya Chavchavadze and the Jewry of Georgia" ( 1987), “The problem of the Jewish diaspora in Georgian poetry” (1989) and many others. etc. Since 1993 - in Israel. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Drosha" (in cargo. Language). Member ch. the editorial board of the "Encyclopedia of the Jews of Georgia". Prepared for ed. 3-volume. "Bibliography on the Jewry of Georgia".
KHANIN Alexander Grigorievich (Ishuya Girsh-Bunimovich) (1888, Shklov, Mogilev province - 1976, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Brother of E.G. Shumsky. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1914 he graduated from St. Petersburg. technological in-t. In 1914–22 he worked at the Northern Mechanic. and a cable plant in Petrograd. In 1923–41 ch. designer Leningr. car building. w-yes. In 1941–44 the beginning. design gr. at the Uralskiy car building. plant in Nizhny Tagil. In 1944-63 Art. scientific. sotr. carriage department TsNII MPS. In 1923–41, he supervised the creation of new carriage designs. In 1927 he invented a new type of carriage bogie. Since 1955, the bogie of the TsNII-KhZ-O system has been the base one for the construction of cargo. wagons in the USSR and a number of other countries.
Isaak Lazarevich KHANIN (1911, Chausy, Mogilev province - 1990, Kuibyshev), geologist. From 1928 he worked at the enterprises of the oil industry. In 1937 he graduated from the Azerbaijan Industrialist. in-t. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1945-60 and 1963-75 in the Kuibyshevneft association. From 1949 ch. geologist of the Stavropolneft trust, since 1955 deputy. ch. the geologist of the association, since 1963 Ch. geologist and deputy. early associations. In 1960–63, Ch. geologist and deputy. early management of the oil and gas industry of the Kuibyshev Economic Council. Linen. etc. (1966).
KHANIN Mikhail Alexandrovich (b. 1927, Leningrad), physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1954), Dr. sciences. (1959), prof. (1968). Son of A.G. Khanin, nephew of E.G. Shumsky, dv. brother of L.B. Itelson. In 1948 he graduated from engineer-phys. Faculty of Moscow mechanical in-that. In 1949–62 he worked at the enterprise of the Ministry of the Environment. machines in the Urals (senior laboratory, senior scientific assistant, chief laboratory). In 1962–65 - in the Podolsk Scientific and Research Institute. technol. in-those (creator and head of the theoretical department). In 1965–68 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Current Sources (beginning of the department). In 1968–73 - in the All-Union Union. correspondence mechanical engineering. in-those, since 1973 - at MATI. In the 1950s - mid. 1960s participated in the theoretical. and supervised the experiment. works, to-rye led to the discovery of a new direction in nuclear technology. From the end. 1960s scientific. research dedicated development of mat. models in theoretical. biology. Linen. pr. (1960) Vol .: Mathematical model of populations of microbacteria. M., 1976; Extreme principles in biology and physiology. M., 1978; Optimal biomechanical systems. M., 1989.
KHANUKAEV Avenir Avysalumovich (1894, Derbent, Dagestan region - 1938), politician. In 1917, before. union of winegrowers, member. mountains. thoughts and prez. Council of the slave. and a soldier. deputies in Derbent; after Oct. revolution of 1917 before. Council in the same place. Member RSDLP (b) from Nov. 1917. Participant Grad. war. He commanded the partisans. detachment. In 1919 he was put on trial by the Revolutionary Military Tribunal for banditry displayed during the seizure of Ashgabat, sentenced to death, acquitted. Since 1919, the political plenipotentiary of the Turkcommission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for Kashgar, Bukhara and Khiva. From 1920 members, then before. Turkestan Regional Committee of the Persian Communist Party "Adalet". Member of the so-called. Gilyan Revolution: member. Central Committee of the Iranian Communist Party, political representative of the Persian Kr. Army. In 1921–24 he studied at the Communist. un-those working people of the East and East. branches of the Military. academy, then instructor, head. orgotd. and the sector nat. minorities of the Central Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), head. orgotd. Chechen Regional Committee. Occupied dec. positions in the Kuznetsk regional committee and the Ivanovo regional committee, secretary. Vichugsky and Yalano-Kataysky district committees of the CPSU (b). Since 1934, dir. grain farm in the Samara (Kuibyshev) region. Repressed.
KHANUKOV Alexander Pavlovich (1867 - 1918), military leader. Major General (1914). Graduated from Mikhailovskoe art. uch-shche and the Academy of the General Staff. In 1899-1903 Art. adjutant of the infantry headquarters. divisions, then corps, in 1905-13 early. division headquarters. In 1913-16 com. infantry. regiment, from 1916 beginning. corps headquarters. Shot for refusing sl. in Kr. Army.
KHANUKOV Evgeny Davydovich (1906 - 1980, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1957). Graduated in 1930 transport. department of econom. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. In 1931–36 - in Leningrad. regional plan, head. the transport and communications sector, chl. prez. Oblplana. From 1937 - in Moscow, in 1938–40 deputy. early Ch. cargo. management of the NKPS. From 1940 he taught at MIIT. At the same time. member scientific and technical Council of the NKPS (Ministry of Railways of the USSR), member. Academic Council Ying-that complex. transport problems. In 1957-80 the head. Department of Transport Economics at MIIT. Sci. tr. in the region. transportation economics. Developed a methodology for organizing normal cargo flows on the railway. etc., optimization of cargo transportation, rational use of cargo. rolling stock. Introduced means. contribution to the development of the problem of interaction of all modes of transport. Author and scientific. ed. a number of textbooks and uch. manuals. Cit .: Transport and location of production. M., 1955; Transport economics. M., 1956; Railway transport economics. M., 1969; Fundamentals of the interaction of railways with other modes of transport. M., 1972 (et al.).
KHANYUTIN Yuri Mironovich (1929, Kharkov - 1978, Moscow), film critic, screenwriter. Graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of GITIS (1952). Published since 1950. Worked at “Lit. gas. ”, Research Institute of the History of Art, Research Institute of Theory and History of Cinema. Member editorial board and responsible. ed. historical and theoretical. Sat. "Voprosy kinoisk-va", "Cinema and Time". One of the authors of the script "Ordinary Fascism" (with MI Romm and MI Turovskaya, 1966), as well as a number of doc. scripts written jointly. with Turovskaya: "Without extenuating circumstances ..." (1966), "Today and every day", "About our theater" (1975), "Peter Martynovich and the years of a great life", "Cinema and stars" (for Bulgaria, both - 1976). Author of Art., Publ. on Sat. "Questions of cinema", "On the screens of the world", "Cinema and Time", as well as a number of books, including: "Sergei Bondarchuk" (1962), "Warning from the Past" (1968), "Sovr ... doc. cinema "(1970)," The reality of the fantastic world. Problems of Western Science Fiction "(1977).
KHANZEL Iosif Alexandrovich (1909 - 1985), actor, director. In 1927-30 he studied singing in Moscow. muses. technical school them. A.N. Skryabin and at the same time. (in 1928–29) - to Dram. studios them. V.D. Polenov. From 1929 he worked in live gas. "Blue blouse". In 1932–36 - at the Rostov Music Hall, Moscow. Chamber t-re under the hands. A.Ya. Tairova, in the T-re-studio under the hands of. Yu.A. Zavadsky. Since 1936 - in Leningrad. t-re comedy. The first means. role - Teodoro ("The Dog in the Manger" by Lope de Vega, 1936). He became famous in the role of Robert Kaplen ("Dangerous Turn" by J. Priestley, 1939). Among other roles played by H. in T-re comedy: Doctor ("Shadow" by E.L. Schwartz, 1940), MacPherson ("Russian Question" by K.M. Simonov, 1947), Richard Foss ("Physics" F Dürrenmatt, 1962). First dir. work - "Mr. Peak Died" by Sh. Shalui (with NP Akimov, 1940). Among themselves. post: "Krechinsky's Wedding" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (1943), "Last Stop" by E. -M. Remark (1957). Honored. art. Tajik SSR (1944).
KHANZIN Mordechai (1905, Konotop, Chernigov province - 1997, Israel), public figure. From the end. 1920s participated in youth. the Zionist movement. Since 1929, member. Centre. Council of the United Zionist Movement in the USSR. In 1935 he was arrested, until 1939 - in custody. In 1941, while in exile, he was arrested again. Released in 1951. Arrested in 1953, released in 1955. In 1956–65 secretary. Jewish religion. communities of Moscow. Since 1965 - in Israel, taught at the University of them. Bar-Ilana. In the 1970s. prev. Unions of the prisoners of Zion.
Kharats Meer Haim-Leibovich (1912, Shuri, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1993, Jerusalem), poet. Studied in Hebrew teaches. in-those in Chernivtsi. In 1949 he was repressed, in 1955 released. Since 1972 - in Israel. First verse. publ. in 1934 in gas. "Chernovitser Blather". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed., including in gas. "Einikite", in Warsaw gas. "Folkshtime", in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In Israel, 12 poets were published. collection of books. H. Laureate of a number of lit. premiums.
KHAREL (Girshovich) Ben-Zion (1892, Goldingen, Kurland Province - 1972, Israel), politician. Doctor of Medicine. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at chem. f-those of Zurich University. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Bernese University. Zionist activist in Switzerland. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In 1923–34 he was a doctor at Kibbutz Ein Harod. Founder and hands. b-tsy in Emek-Ezriel, ch. doctor "Kupat Holim" in the north E.-I. From 1935 - before. union of doctors. In 1936 he founded the Asuta b-tsu in Tel Aviv. In 1948–49 - gen. dir. Ministry of Health. In 1949 he founded and headed the Elisha business center. Dep. Knesset of 2-3 convocations (1951-59) from the party "General Zionists".
KHARIK Izi (Isaak Davydovich) (1898, Zembin of Borisovsky district, Minsk province - 1937), poet. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1934). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1917 he was in charge of the beginning. school, worked in library, actively participated in prof. movement. Participant of Civil. war. He studied at the Higher. lit.-artist in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov in Moscow (1921–23), at Moscow State University (since 1926). In 1928–37 ch. ed. zhurn. "Stern" in Minsk. Member Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1931–37). Published since 1920 under ps. A. Zembin. First verse. published in the journal. "Di communistische von" in Moscow. First Sat verse. "Ziter" ("Awe") ed. in Minsk in 1922. Then came out: Sat. verse. "Af der erd" ("On the ground". Moscow, 1926), poems "Mit laib un lebn" ("Soul and body". Minsk, 1928), "Af a fremder khasene" ("At a strange feast", 1936 ) and others. In the poem "Kaylekhdike vokhn" ("Round Weeks". Minsk, 1932) he tried to display the history of Belarus from the time of serfdom to the beginning of industrialization. In production used elements of Jewish folklore. Prod. H. were included in the account. programs of schools and in-tov. In 1937 he was repressed.
KHARITON Boris Iosifovich (1876 - after 1940), journalist. Graduated from un-t in Kiev. In 1901–02 he published and edited a gas in Kerch. Yuzhny Kurier, considered one of the best in the province, was edited by gas in Yekaterinoslav. "Bulletin of the South". From 1904 - to St. Petersburg. gas. In 1906 he edited The Illustrated Week - app. to gas. "Rech" and "Reform", ed. organ of the Cadet Party "Rech". In 1907 ed. "Reforms". In 1919–20 p. Collegiums of the House of Writers in Petrograd. Took part in the publication of the Chronicle of the House of Writers. In 1922 he was exiled abroad together with gr. writers and philosophers. In 1922–24 - in Germany, edited the journal. "Flashes". Since 1924 - in Latvia. He worked in Riga gas. "People's Thought" and "Monday". Fast. ed. gas. "Tonight" (evening issue of the newspaper "Segodnya"), which came out before July 15, 1940. Participated in the work of the publishing house "Life and Culture". Edited by Sobr. op. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Pushkin. Arrested in 1940.
KHARITON Yuliy Borisovich (1904, Petersburg - 1996, Moscow), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). The son of B.I. Khariton. In 1925 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. From 1921 at the Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, student of N.N. Semenov. In 1926–28 he trained with E. Rutherford at the Cavendish Lab. (Cambridge, UK). In 1931–41 - at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory). In 1941–43 - at the Ying-those ammunition in Moscow. Among the first, I.V. Kurchatov was involved in work on the creation of atomic weapons. Since 1943 - at the VNII experimental. Physics (Arzamas-16), scientific. hands. In 1923–26 he completed (with Semenov and AI Shalnikov) a series of works on kinetic. temperature of adsorption. In 1926 joint. with Z.F. Walta laid the experiment. fundamentals of the kinetics of branched chain reactions. Investigated the nature of scintillations under the influence of decomp. nuclear radiation, as well as the threshold of sensitivity of the eye. Author of funds. works on the physics of explosion (kinetics, detonation; 1928–43). Developed (1937) the general theory of separation of gas mixtures in the process of their centrifugation. In 1939–41 joint. with Ya.B. Zel'dovich he calculated the branched chain reactions of the decay of uranium nuclei and revealed the most important features of this process. He was engaged in the problem of laser thermonuclear fusion. Co-author of textbooks for higher education. schools, including a problem book on the course of general physics, published in 1925 and withstood approx. 15th ed. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1950–89). Evil medal to them. MV Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1983). Became. pr. (1949, 1951, 1953). Linen. pr. (1957).
KHARITONOV Mark Sergeevich (b. 1937, Zhitomir), writer, translator. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1960). He worked as a teacher at school, responsible. sec. large-circulation, editor at the publishing house. He began to publish in 1967. He studied literature. criticism and translations from it. lang. (S. Zweig, F. Kafka, E. Kanetti, G. Hesse and others). The first publication of H.'s prose - pov. "Day in February" in the magazine. "New World" (1974, no. 4). In 1988 she came out with the same name. book. Ch. theme of manuf. H. - a province as a way of existence and attitude to life. H. - the first laureate of lit. Booker Ave. in Russia (1992), awarded for rum. "Lines of Fate, or Milashevich's Trunk" (magazine "Friendship of the peoples", 1992, No. 1–2). Works: Izbr. prose. In 2 t. M., 1994; Study about masks. Kharkov, 1994.
KHARITONOV Moisey Markovich (1887, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1948), politician. From 1903 - in the rev. movement. Member RSDLP since 1905. Subjected to arrest and exile. In 1912-17 - in Switzerland, where he graduated from the Polytechnic. in-t. In 1917–25 at the desk. work: secret. district committee in Petrograd, secretary. Perm, Sverdlovsk, Saratov provincial committees. In 1923–25 sec. Uralburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), secretary. Perm and Saratov provincial committees of the CPSU (b), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1926–34 members. Board of Glavhlopka, Art. Inspector of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - NK RKI, member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, before. Electroimport, deputy. Trade Representative of the USSR in Great Britain. In 1927 he was expelled from the party on charges of Trotskyism, and in 1929 he was reinstated. Exiled in 1935 and arrested in 1936. He died in prison.
KHARKATS Yuri Isaakovich (b. 1941, Smela, Cherkasy region), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1985). He graduated from MEPhI (1964) and Moscow State Technical University (1983), where he specialized in automation of scientific. research Since 1964 - in the Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, leading scientific. sotr., ch. scientific. sotr. Main tr. by quantum mechanical. theory of the elementary act of chem. and electrochem. reactions in polar media, theory of superionic conductivity of solids. He developed the theory of bridging reactions of electron transfer, the theory of phase transitions of ionic crystals to the state of superionic conductivity. He created the theory of amplification of the migration current during the flow of parallel electrochemistry. reactions. The author of St. 250 scientific. Publications: Superionic Conductivity of Solids. M., 1987 (in co-authorship with Yu.Ya. Gurevich); Migration currents in electrochemical systems. M., 1991; Superionic conductors. M., 1992 (in co-authorship with Gurevich).
HARLAP Miron Grigorievich (1913, Lodz, Petrokovskaya Gubernia - 1994, Moscow), musicologist, pianist, literary critic. In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. from V.N. Argamakov. In 1935–73 he was the accompanist of the Moscow conducting classes. cons. from K. S. Saradzhev, G. A. Stolyarov, K. P. Kondrashin, A. V. Gauk, N. P. Anosov, I.B. Markevich, G. N. Rozhdestvensky, L. M. Ginzburg and others In 1944-50 Art. scientific. sotr. Scientific research office Mosk. cons. (headed by B.V.Asafiev). Creator ist. theory of rhythm and the origin of the fret. Author tr. (all published in Moscow) in the region. the theory of the evolution of music and its language, muses. and verse rhythm, including "About verse" (1966), "Beethoven's rhythm", in collection: "Beethoven" (issue 11, 1971), "The Russian folk musical system and the problem of the origin of music", in collection: "Early forms of art" (1972), "Time system of musical rhythm", in collection: "Problems of musical rhythm" (1978), "On the concepts of" rhythm "and" meter ", in the book:" Russian versification "(M., 1985)," Rhythm and meter in the music of the oral tradition "(1986)," Theoretical musicology and related sciences ", in the collection:" Methods of studying early music "(1992). H. also owns works about the work of A.S. Pushkin.
KHARON Yakov Evgenievich (1914, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Sound engineer. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s - in Germany. He graduated from three courses of the Berlin cons., Studied with P. Hindemith. In 1932 he returned to the USSR. He worked in the first noise brigade at the Mosfilm cinema. Arrested in 1937. In 1947 he was released. He worked as a sound engineer at the Sverdlovsk c / st. In 1948 he was again arrested and sentenced to indefinite exile. Released in 1954. Sound technician at the Mosfilm studio, teacher. VGIK. The author of Art. by muses. and sound. solution f., book. poems (with J. Weinert) "The Evil Songs of Guillaume du Ventre" (published by AK Simonov in 1989). Naib. means. f .: "Petersburg Night" (1934), "New Gulliver" (1935), "Dawns of Paris" (1937), "Restless Spring" (1956), "Poem of the Sea" (1958), "The Tale of Fiery Years" ( 1960), "Stars of the Day" (1968) and others. Works: Notes of a sound engineer. M., 1987.
HARPAZ (Goldberg) Nathan (1893, Kosov, Sedletskaya province - 1970, Israel), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1909 - in E.-I. Member Party "Poalei Zion". He worked in the agricultural sector. and road works. In 1913-14 - member. slave. council of Judea. Since 1914 - member. Centre. to-that "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair". In 1919 - one of the founders of the Akhdut ha-Avoda party. One of the founders of Histadrut. Affairs. National Assembly and member. supreme body of self-government of Jews E.-I. - National Council. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation.
HARSHAV (Hrushovsky) Benjamin (b. 1928, Vilno), literary critic, translator. In 1940–46 - in the USSR, in 1945–46 a student at Chkalovsky ped. in-that. Since 1946 - in Poland. Since 1948 - in Israel. Member of the War of Independence. In 1949–57 he studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, in 1957–60 - at the doctoral studies at Yale University in the USA. In 1954, 1957, 1960–66 he taught at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1966 he organized a poetics department at Tel Aviv University. In 1966–71 the head. department of poetry and compare. literature in the same place. In 1975–87, the director. Institute of poetics and semiotics. Porter. Founded and edited by scientific. zhurn. on the theory and history of literature in Hebrew and English. lang. The author of the book. on the theory of literature and the history of poetry in Hebrew. He translated poetry into Hebrew with dec. lang., including from Yiddish. Since 1987 prof. lit-ry in Hebrew and compare. literature at Yale University in the USA. Member Amer. academy of arts and science.
HARTZFELD (Postrelko) Avragam (1891, Stavishche of Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. - 1973, Tel Aviv), politician. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1906 - in the Zionist Socialist Party. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. From 1914 - in E.-I. Member Party "Poalei Zion". In 1919 - one of the founders of the Akhdut ha-Avoda party. One of the founders of Histadrut. Dep. Knesset 1-5 convocations (1949-65).
KHASHIN Alexander (ps .; real name and family name. Tsvi Averbukh) (1888, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province. - 1938), critic, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member Poaley Zion. Published since 1911. In 1912 he edited the journal. "Ha-Akhdut". After 1914 - in the USA. Edited weekly. "Yidisher Kemfer", collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Russia. In 1919–24 - in Germany, Poland, Austria. Since 1924 - in Russia. Gas edited. "Der Emes" in Moscow. Author lit.-critical. Art., wrote the foreword. to Sobr. op. Sholem Aleichem (in Yiddish, in 3 volumes). Repressed.
KHASIN Abram Iosifovich (b. 1923, Zaporozhye), chess player, coach. Shahm. theorist. Int. master (1964), grandmaster of the ICChF (by correspondence, 1972), honored. trainer of the USSR (1958). Participant in the 1941–45 war, received heavy. injured and lost his legs. Winner of the World Series. chess. Olympiads by correspondence as part of the USSR national team, in the 8th personal world championship by correspondence (1975–80) took 4th place. Among the pupils of H., world champion ON Rubtsova, grandmasters E.I.Bareev, Yu.S. Razuvaev, N.V. Konopleva, E.A. Fatalibekova. Coach of the USSR national team for student. world championships (1966–67). Winner of the "Invachess" tournament for disabled people (1995). Author pl. Art. on chess theory.
KHASIN Avrom (1899, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province - 1955, Rio de Janeiro), poet, translator. From the cantor's family. He was a chorister with his father. First verse. published in children. zhurn. "Grininke beymelech" in Vilna. Since the 1920s. - in Brazil. He taught at the Jewish Gymnasium in Rio de Janeiro. Sec. edition of gas. "Yiddishe Folkszeitung" published the poem. for children, per. artist manuf. from portug. lang. in Yiddish. Verse. H. were included in anthology and poetry. collections.
KHASIN Viktor Yakovlevich (1915, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1944, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Graduated from the Odessa military. Aviation pilot school (1939). From June 1941 - at the front. Com. squadron captain H. by March 1943 made 659 sorties, conducted 257 air. battles, personally shot down 10 and in the group - 5 enemy aircraft. 10 planes were destroyed at airfields. In the air. the battle in the Vitebsk region was shot down. H. landed on the territory occupied by the enemy, and several. days got to the front line. He died in hospital from his wounds.
KHASMINSKY Rafail Zalmanovich (b. 1931, Kuntsevo, Moscow region), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1968). He worked in Moscow. forestry engineering. in-those (since 1956), then in Ying-those problems of information transmission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Comp. University of Detroit (USA). Main research results in the region. theory of probability and differential. Equations: Stochastic Approximation and Recursive Estimation. M., 1972 (co-authored with M.B. Nevelson); Asymptotic estimation theory. M., 1979 (in co-authorship with I.A. Ibragimov); Stability of differential systems ur-ny at random perturbations of their parameters. M., 1989.
HASKIND Max Danilovich (1913, New Bug of the Kherson district and gubernia - 1963, Odessa), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. In 1937 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University. In 1937–41 he taught at Nikolaevsky shipbuilding. in-those. In 1943-50 he worked at TsAGI. Since 1950 - at the Odessa Electrical Engineering. in-those (head of the department). Main scientific. works related to the theory of waves and wave resistance. From the end. 1930s was engaged in the issue. theories of ship pitching on excitement. He significantly improved the rolling theory developed by A.N. Krylov. Developed the provisions of the theory of gliding, research. unsteady motion of bodies in fluid. Carried out the research. wing vibration in a subsonic gas flow (1947). Member Commission on Acoustics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. N. Krylova, Works: Hydrodynamic theory of ship pitching. M., 1973.
KHASMAN Solomon Abramovich (1886, Orsha, Mogilev province -?), Party leader. Since 1904, members RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1905 hands. combat squad in Sormovo. He was repeatedly arrested, in 1910 he was imprisoned in St. Petersburg. military. prison, after a year and a half he was exiled to the Narym region. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Yekaterinburg Council slave. dep. (under the name Shulman). From the spring of 1917 to school desks. work in the Vitebsk province. Affairs. 6th All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (1918). In 1919-21 before. Vitebsk Gubchek. In 1921–24 deputy. prev., then prev. North Caucasus. regional council of national economy. Since 1925 the head. organizational department of the Don Provincial Committee of the Party, in 1927-28 before. Don Control Commission of the CPSU (b) - RCI. At the 15th Party Congress (1927) elected a member. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b). Since 1929 sec. Chechen Regional Committee, member. Bureau Sev.-Kavk. regional committee and before. the regional Control Commission of the CPSU (b). From 1932 to the desk. work in Leningrad, since 1934 member. Collegiums of the CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in Leningrad. region Affairs. 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934).
KHATAEVICH Mendel Markovich (1893, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1937, Moscow), party and statesman. Member RSDLP since 1913, Bolshevik, led the roar. work in Gomel, in 1914 he was arrested and exiled to the Yenisei province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Europe. Russia, deputy. prev. Polesskiy k-that RSDLP (b), from Sept. 1917 members South-West. region to-that RSDLP (b); member Pres. Gomel Council slave. and a soldier. dep. In 1918, before. Samara City Committee and member. Provincial Committee of the RCP (b), in 1919–21 as a military commissar of a number of divisions of the Kyrgyz Republic. Army. Since 1921 sec. Gomel, then Odessa provincial party committees, later worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). Since 1925 sec. Tatar Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), from 1928 1st secretary. Middle Volga Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), secretary. Central Committee of CP (b) U. Since 1933 1st sec. Dnepropetrovsk Regional Committee, 2nd secretary. Central Committee of CP (b) U. Affairs. 8-17th Congresses of the CPSU (b), since 1925 members. Centre. Revision Commission, since 1927 Cand. in part. Central Committee, since 1930 member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1932–37 a member. Central Committee of the CP (b) U; member Vseukr. CEC and CEC of the USSR. Awarded hordes. Lenin. Repressed.
KHATENEVER Leonid Moiseevich (1896, Minsk - 1948, Moscow), microbiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1940). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1925). In 1925–29 he worked at Dermatovenerologic. in-those People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR, in 1929–30 teacher. Department of Microbiology honey. Faculty of Belarusian University. In 1933–35 the head. experimental dep. Dermatovenerologic. in-that and simultaneously. dir. Sci. control in-that serums and vaccines of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. In 1935–38 - in the Red Army. Since 1937 head. lab. Vses. in-that experiment. medicine. The author of St. 50 scientific. works, including 7 monographs, dedicated. problems of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tularemia. On the initiative of H., the first tularemia lab in the USSR was organized in Moscow. (1928) Cit .: Tularemia and its prevention. M., 1942; Tularemia infection. M., 1943 (ed. Of a number of chap. And ed.).
HATZKELES Gelena (1882, Kovna - 1973, ibid.), Teacher, publicist, translator. Party roar. movement. She studied at the East. f-those of the Bestuzhev courses in Petrograd. She taught in Kovna on Jewish ped. courses. In 1918–20 - in Moscow. Participated in the development of new school programs. Returning to Kovno, she continued ped. activity. Published Art. on questions training and education of children. Edited app. for children to gas. Folksblat. In 1944–48 she worked at the only Jewish school in Kaunas. Author of the textbook for schools "Di natur arum undz" ("Nature around us". Berlin, 1922), book. in geography: "Di erd un di velt" ("Earth and the world", ibid., 1924), "Groise dergreyhungen un derfindungen" ("Great achievements and discoveries", 2 hours M., 1927). Translated into Yiddish Russian, English, French children lit-ry. Honored. teacher of the Lithuanian SSR.
KHATSKEVICH Alexander Isaakovich (1895, Novoselki Borisov u. Minsk province. - 1943), statesman. Member of the 1st world. war. In 1917, members. soldier. to-that one of the armies. From 1918 before. Loshnitskiy volrevkom (volostpolkom) of Borisov district, from 1920 before. Borisov executive committee, from 1924 - Mogilev regional executive committee. Since 1925, the People's Commissar of Internal. affairs of the BSSR, then a representative of the BSSR at the USSR pr-ve. Since 1927 Prev. Central Executive Committee of the BSSR, since 1931 People's Commissar of Finance of the BSSR. In 1935-37 sec. Council of Nationalities of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed.
KHATSKEVICH Wolf Berkovich (1908, Parafievka, Chernigov province - 1959, Darinskoe, Priuralsky district, Ural region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). From 1931 - in the Red Army, from 1941 - at the front. Com. regiment regiment. H. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the capture and holding of the bridgehead when crossing the Dnieper. From 1955 he was a reserve colonel. He was awarded 6 orders.
KHATSKILEVICH Mikhail Grigorievich (1895, Nizhny Novgorod - 1941), military leader. Major general tank. troops (1940). Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, during the Civil. war commanded a regiment, early. brigade headquarters. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924). In 1926-28 the beginning. headquarters brigades, in 1928–31 com. kav. shelf, pom. inspector of the cavalry of the Red Army, in 1931-36 early. kav. schools, in 1936–38 com. kav. divisions, cav. housing. Divisional Commander (1938). In 1938–40 he commanded a tank. division, since 1940 - fur. body. June 25, 1941 burned down in a tank in a battle near Bialystok. He was awarded 4 orders.
KHATSREVIN Zakhar Lvovich (1908, Vitebsk - 1941, near Kiev), writer, publicist. In 1919–25 he studied Orientalism in Moscow and Leningrad (majoring in Iranian studies), and for some time worked in Tehran. Joint. made a comment with B.M. Lapin. per. from Hafiz (New Hafiz, 1933). On the basis of Kh .'s film script (with LISlavin and BM Lapin) "His name is Sukhe-Bator" in 1942, the f. A.G. Zarkhi and I.E. Kheifits. In 1941, the military. corr. gas. "The Red Star". Died, leaving the encirclement, works: Tehran. M., 1933; Summer in Mongolia. M., 1939 (in co-authorship with Lapin and Slavin); Frontline essays on the Great Patriotic War. M., 1957.
Isaak Borisovich KHAVIN (1885, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1988, Moscow), endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1937), prof. (1937). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1911) and honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1916). In 1916-30 he worked as an infectious disease specialist and therapist in Gomel. In 1930–84 Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. dir., scientific. consultant Vses. Institute of endocrinology (later - Institute of experimental endocrinology and chemistry of hormones of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). Sci. tr. H. dedicated. problems of diabetes mellitus, endogenous exhaustion of the body, dysfunctions of the pituitary gland, pathology of the thyroid gland, etc. One of the first in the USSR began to investigate the problem of obesity. Works: Endogenous exhaustion and its treatment. M., 1940; Diseases of the thyroid gland. M., 1969 (et al.); Acromegaly and metabolism. Chisinau, 1970; The main endocrine diseases and their treatment. Tashkent, 1975 (et al.).
KHAVIN Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1931, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (1961). A student of Y.B. Belopolsky, hands. workshop in-that "Mosproject". Main work: Circus on ave. Vernadsky in Moscow (1969), Memorial ans.-monument to war heroes in Novorossiysk (1982), Youth Palace on Komsomolsky Avenue. in Moscow (1988), the complex grew. acc. about-va "Gazprom" in Moscow (1993). Honored. architect of the Russian Federation (1993). Linen. etc. (1984).
KHAVKIN Oskar Grigorievich (b. 1923, station Mezhevaya, Yekaterinoslav province), architect. In 1948 he graduated from Dnepropetrovsk engineer-constructor. in-t. Main work in Dnepropetrovsk: lived. massifs Zapadny (1956–58), Solnechny (1970–80), Pobeda (1970–83) - all in co-authorship; schools, lay down. complexes. Honored. architect of the Ukrainian SSR (1976). State pr. USSR (1983).
KHAVKIN Samuil Tevelevich (party ps. Kunov, Khavysh) (1893, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1976), party leader. Since 1911, members RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1917 - in Kiev, member. City district committee and Kiev mountains. to-that party. After the occupation of the city by Austro-German. troops - in clandestine work, participated in the preparation of the 1st Congress of the CP (b) U, headed the Polesie underground committee of the RCP (b). In 1919 - in the Front Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1919–20 before., Then deputy. prev. Gomel committee of the RCP (b), labor commissar. In 1921–23 sec. Klintsovsky Party Committee. In 1924–25 he studied at the workers' faculty of Moscow State University. In 1926-29 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1929–31 sec. Klintsovsky district committee of the CPSU (b), before. Western region Commission of the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b). In 1931–34 deputy. head dep. CCC - RCI. In 1934–39 members. Party commissions. control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1939–57 at the administrative-household. work. Affairs. 11th, 12th, 16th and 17th Party Congresses.
KHAVKIN Vladimir (Markus-Wulf) Aharonovich (1860, Odessa - 1930, Lausanne, Switzerland), bacteriologist, epidemiologist. Dr. nature. Sciences (1892). A student of I.I. Mechnikov. In 1884 he graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa), worked at the Odessa zoologist. museum. Student student roar. movement, activist gr. self-defense during the Jewish pogroms (1881), chl. party "Narodnaya Volya". In 1888 - in Switzerland. In 1889–93 - in France, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris: librarian, assistant lab. tech. microbiology prof. E.Ru. In 1893–1915 (with a break in 1904–07), at the invitation of the British government he worked in India. State bacteriologist of the Indian production (1893-1904). Deer. (1896-1904) created on his initiative, the anti-plague lab. in Bombay (since 1925 - Bacteriological Institute named after Khavkin). In 1907-15 - in Calcutta. Since 1915 - in France, director. philanthropist. fund for students, participated in the Zionist movement. Main research work cholera and plague. Proved infectious. the nature of cholera. He was the first to develop an effective vaccine against cholera (1892), tested it on himself and then widely used it in India during epidemics (1893–95). He created a vaccine ("Khavkin's lymph") against plague (1896), which made it possible to sharply reduce mortality during epidemics (1896-1902). In English. honey. special literature appeared. the term "havkinization", the press called H. "a great philanthropist", "benefactor of mankind." In 1904–06 he was gassed. for the alleged harmful effects of vaccinations on humans. Author of scientific. works on the problems of variability and adaptation of microorganisms. Etc. Parisian honey. academy (1909).
HAVKINA Lyubov Borisovna (1871, Kharkov - 1949, Moscow), bibliographer, librarian. Dr. ped. Sciences (1949). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1890-1912 librarian, scientific. sotr., since 1902 p. board of the Kharkiv society. library, in 1903 organized the first in Russia scientific. dep. library science. In 1913 she headed the first library courses in Russia at the Nar. un-those of A.L. Shanyavsky in Moscow. In 1920-28, the director. N.-i. cabinet (since 1924 - Ying-ta) of library science in Moscow. Was headed by Ros. library society (Moscow). Author tr. on the theory and practice of librarianship; was applied to the Russian. lang. “Three-digit author. Ketter's tables "(1931), to-rye played a large role in the organization of funds of the father. b-k. Book. H. "Libraries, Their Organization and Technology" (1904) and "A Guide for Small Libraries" (1911) withstood a number of reprints. and several. served for decades Ch. manuals for the training of librarians. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1945).
KHAYCHENKO Grigory Arkadievich (1923, Priluki, Poltava province. - 1984, Moscow), theater expert. Doctor of Lawsuit (1974), prof. In 1952 he graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of GITIS. Since 1958, the scientific secretary. All-Union Research Institute of Art Studies (Moscow), taught the history of owls. t-ra in GITIS. The works of H. dedicated. dram. t-ru, stage and circus. Works: The main stages of development of owls. theater. M., 1962; Sov. dram. theater for 50 years. M., 1967; Rus. bunk bed theater of the late XIX - early XX century. M., 1975; The main ways of development of owls. dram. art. M., 1981, 1982.
KHAIKIN Boris Emmanuilovich (1904, Minsk - 1978, Moscow), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1935). Son of E.M. Khaikin (1870-1935), agronomist, hon. a citizen of Minsk, who created the “Minsk private Jewish school of E.M. Khaikin,” on the basis of which the Minsk agricultural school was formed. in-t. Brother of S.E. Khaikin. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (according to K. S. Saradzhev's class). In 1928–35 he was a conductor at the Opera House named after K.S. Stanislavsky (since 1933 head of the musical section, since 1935 the chief conductor). Participated in the post. op .: "The Tsar's Bride" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, "Bohemia" by G. Puccini, "The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini. At the same time. conducted conductor's class. in Moscow. cons. In 1935–36 he was a conductor of the Moscow State University. cons. opera studio. In 1936–43 artist. hands. and ch. conductor of the Maly Opera House in Leningrad. At the same time. taught conducting at Leningrad State University. cons. In 1944-53 Ch. conductor and artist hands. Leningrad. t-ra op. and the ball. them. Kirov, where he participated in the post. op. "Iolanta" (1943) and "The Maid of Orleans" (1945) by PI Tchaikovsky, "Duenna" by SS Prokofiev (1946), "The Taras Family" by D.B. Kabalevsky (1950), "The Decembrists" by Yu. A. Shaporin (1953). In 1954–78, conductor of the Bolshoi Theater, where he staged The Wedding of Figaro by W.-A. Mozart, Faust by Charles Gounod, The Barber of Seville by Rossini, The Tsar's Bride by Rimsky-Korsakov, Mother by T.N. Khrennikov (1957), The Flying Dutchman by R. Wagner (1963), The Unknown Soldier by K.V. Molchanov (1967) and others. The author of the book. “Conversations about conducting business. Articles "(M., 1984), Art. into gas. and zhurn. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1940). Nar. art. USSR (1972). Became. etc. (1946 - twice, 1951).
KHAIKIN David Solomonovich (b. 1927, Moscow), artist, graphic artist. In 1952 he graduated from the Moscow State Art Institute. V.I.Surikov. From 1950 he worked in the publishing houses "Det. liter "," Kid ". For ed. "Wonderful Treasure" ("Children's Songs of the Peoples of the Caucasus", 1975) and "Multicolored Book" (collection of verses by S.Ya. Marshak, 1982) were awarded diplomas of the 1st and 2nd degrees of the All-Russia. competition children. books. At the same competition in 1996 he received a diploma for an artist. decoration and ill. to the "ABC" by GV Sapgir (publishing house "Rosmen").
KHAIKIN Grigory Moiseevich (b. 1929, Moscow), lawyer, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1983), prof. (1985). In 1952 he graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. In 1953–65 he worked in the Office of the Moscow State University, in 1965–84 - in the Research Institute of Economics of the State Construction Committee of the USSR, since 1984 he was the head department at the Center. interdepartmental institute of advanced training of executives and specialists of construction at MISS (Moscow State Construction University). Region scientific. interests - investment. and builds. activities, pricing policy formation, pricing practice. The author of St. 200 scientific. works. Cit .: Improving pricing in the building. M., 1971; Reserves for increasing the efficiency of investments. complex. M., 1984; Estimated business in the building. M., 1991.
KHAIKIN Moisey Semenovich (1921, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1989), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Son of S.E. Khaikin. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1947. Since 1945 - in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. taught at Moscow State University (1947–50), then at MIPT. One of the organizers of the magazine. "Instruments and Experimental Techniques" (since 1988, Ch. Ed.). Main tr. on physics of low temperature and physics of metals. He created a dilatometer (1968), developed a method for measuring the surface resistance of metals at low temperatures (1961), a method for growing oriented metal. single crystals of a given shape. Conducted precision research. cyclotron resonance in certain metals (1959–73). Opened the magn. surface levels (1960; Lomonosov pr., USSR Academy of Sciences, 1970). Discovered cyclotron resonance in non-extreme orbits. Investigated the stability of the charged surface of liquid helium. Discovered the superconductivity of the twinning plane in metals.
KHAIKIN Moishe-Avigdor (1852, Shklov, Mogilev province -?), Rabbi. In 1882–87 - in France, in 1884–87 the rabbi of the Russian community. Jews in Paris. In 1889–90 a rabbi in Rostov-on-Don; expelled from Russia in 1890. In 1892 the rabbi in Sheffield (Great Britain), since 1902 the rabbi of the Kneset Yisroel community in London. Among publ. works of X .: "Apology of the Jews: ist. or T. essays polit. and the social status of the Jews from the fall of Jerusalem to 1306 "(Paris, 1887).
KHAIKIN Semyon Emmanuilovich (1901, Minsk - 1968, Leningrad), physicist, astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. (1935). B.E. Khaikin's brother. In 1919–24 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Moscow State University (1928), in 1930–46 he taught there, from 1937 as head. Department of General Physics. In 1931–33, deputy. dir. Institute of Physics, Moscow State University. In 1945–53 - in Phys. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the sector). In 1948–49 he directed the creation of the first radio master in the USSR. stations in the Crimea. The founder of the owls. experimental radio astronomy. Organizer (1953) and hands. dep. radio astronomy at the Pulkovo Observatory. Under the arm. H. created a radio master. equipment, including the world's first radio telescope with a variable profile antenna (Pulkovo, 1956), with the help of which the circular polarization of the radiation of active regions on the Sun was discovered and studied, the radio emission of the Moon, Venus, Jupiter was investigated, the exact coordinates of extragalactic particles were determined. sources of radio emission. Author of works on radio engineering, textbooks "Physical Foundations of Mechanics" (in the early 1950s he was sharply criticized by orthodox physicists and philosophers) and "Theory of Oscillations" (co-authored with AA Andronov and AA Witt). Medal to them. A.S. Popov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1965).
KHAIKIN Zalman (real name and family name Zalman Abramson) (1888, Minsk - 1919, Vilna), politician, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1905 - in the Jewish labor movement, was arrested. Collaborated in gas. "Freint", in 1912, opposed the project of replacing the Hebrew alphabet with Latin. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 joined the Bolsheviks. Member Oct. roar. events in Moscow. From the beginning. 1918 worked in the Commissariat for Jewish nat. affairs, created the Jewish communist. section in the province, collaborated in gas. "Warhite". In 1918 in Smolensk he organized a printing house and established a publishing house. zhurn. Der Stern. Killed in street battles from the Polish. legionnaires.
KHAIKINA Deborah (Dora) Girsh-Kalmanovna (b. 1913, Chernigov), poet, writer. Began to publish in 1931. Author of the collection "Leader" ("Poems", 1938), "Leader un balades" ("Poems and Ballads", 1941), "Fun ale meine vegn" ("From all my roads", 1975 ), Sat. stories and short stories "Lucies libe" ("Lucine love", 1983), collection of works. essays "Briv tsu kumenlike doires" ("Letters to Future Generations", 1988). Since 1993 - in Israel. Vol .: Loyalty. M., 1964.
KHAYKIS (Gaikis) Leon Yakovlevich (1898 - 1937), diplomat. Studied at Warsaw University. As a young man, he joined the PPS (Levitsa), from 1917 a member. RSDLP (b). In 1920, at the Sov. and desks. work in the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1921-22 sec. owls. delegation to the Russian-Ukrainian-Belarusian-Polish mixed border. commission, then to the center. the NKID apparatus. In 1923–24 sec. G.V. Chicherina. In 1924-28 1st sec. plenipotentiary, charge d'affaires of the USSR in Mexico (concurrently in 1926–27, trade representative in the same place). In 1929–33 he worked in the Profintern, then again in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. In 1935-36 the gen. Consul of the USSR in Istanbul (Turkey), then adviser to the embassy. In 1937 the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Spain. Repressed.
HAIN Leon (1910, Warsaw -?, Ibid.), Public and statesman. He studied at Warsaw University, those, participated in the work of youth socialist. org-tions. Since 1939 - in the USSR. Since 1943, member. leadership of the Union of Polish. patriots, participated in the formation of the 1st Army of the Polish Army. From 1944 - in Poland, in 1945-49 vice-min. Justice, in 1949-53 vice-pre. Top. control chamber, in 1953-57 vice-min. labor and social. provision. Since 1944, dep. Seimas, since 1957 State council of the NDP. In 1945–61 Gen. sec. Central Committee Democratic. party of Poland, then his vice-chairman. Author tr. on the history of Freemasonry.
HITE Arkady Iosifovich (1938, Moscow - 2000, Germany), writer, playwright. Graduated from MISS in 1961. At the same time he began to lit. activity. One of the authors (together with A.E. Kurlyandsky and A.S. Levenbuk) of variety programs: "Open Day" (1968), "Three went on stage" (1973), etc., texts for the performances "Little things in life "(1978)," Obvious and incredible "(1981) GV Khazanov," A kind word and the cat is pleased "EV Petrosyan (1980)," Is there an extra ticket? .. "VN Vinokura ( 1982) and others. The author of TV programs for children: "In the country of multi-console", "Sports passions in the country of multi-console", "Birthday of the cat Leopold", etc. Proizv. Kh. Were included in the radio programs "Twenty-Five Again", "Good Morning", and the radio cycle "Merry Lessons of the Russian Language, or the Baby Monitor." The author of several. plots of "Wick" (jointly with Kurlyandsky), one of the authors (jointly with Kurlyandsky, E.N. Uspensky and F.S.Kandel) ser. cartoons "Well, wait!". Among the products. H. - plays for children: "Miracles with home delivery" (co-authored with Uspensky, 1975), "Golden Key" (1979), for T-ra dolls "Well, Wolf, wait!" (in co-authorship with Kurlyandsky, 1985) and others. In Moscow. the Jewish theater "Shalom" staged Kh .'s plays "The Train for Happiness" (1988), "Jewish Songs of the Perestroika Period" (1989), "The Enchanted Theater" (co-authored with Kandel, 1991), "Nationality? Yes!" (1993); author of the text (jointly with Levenbuk) for the play "Tum-balalaika" of the Birobidzhan chamber Jewish muses. t-ra. Author of the book: "The Sixth Sense" (1971), "Under One Roof" (with Kandel, Kurlyandsky, Uspensky, 1972), "Little things in life" (1979), "No ovation" (1982), "30 years later ”(1991) and others. pr. USSR (1985).
HITE Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1933, Moscow), historian and theorist of architecture. Doctor of lawsuit, prof., Ch.-k. MAA. In 1957 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. He worked in the workshop that designed the Palace of Soviets on the Lenin Hills. Since 1997 director of the Institute of Theory of Architecture and Urban Development. Rev. in MARCHI. Author of books and articles on issues. theory and history of architecture. Architecture specialist Lat. America. Main works: "Sovr. architecture of Brazil "(M., 1973); "Oscar Niemeyer" (1st ed. M., 1963, in collaboration with O. Yanitsky; 2nd ed. M., 1986).
HITE Julius (Ilya) Abramovich (1897, Kiev - 1966, Moscow), composer. In 1921 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University. Took lessons in composition from M.I. Pruslin. In 1920 he worked at the Kiev evacuation point (together with PD Herman), performed in the cafe "KhLAM" ("Artists - Writers - Artists - Musicians"). From 1921 - in Moscow, where in 1923–43 he worked in organizations for the protection of copyright of the Sov. composers. Was repressed. He is the author of songs and marches, including "Red Sailors" (1933), "Battle Banners" (1938), "Krasnoflotsky March" (1939), "Marine Guard" (1942), "Hello to the Winners" (1945). Naib. Izv. the song "Higher, Higher and Higher ..." announced in 1933 as the official march of the USSR Air Force (written in 1921 in Kiev in the words of Herman). Among other products. - Op. for small symphony. and pop orchestras.
Khayutin David Moiseevich (1896, Odessa - 1957, ibid.), Pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1934). In 1920 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University in Odessa. In 1920–41, 1945–57 - in the Odessa honey. in-those (in 1945–57 head of the department of pathological anatomy). At the same time. (1924–41 and 1945–57) pathologist. branch of the Odessa region. hospitals. In 1941–45 the head. Department of pathological anatomy of Samarkand med. in-that and art. Rev. Department of pathological anatomy of the evacuated Leningrad. VMA. Main scientific. tr. H. dedicated. pathology of malignancy. tumors and helminthiasis. He described the development of metastases of cancer of the ovaries, bladder, lungs, as well as rare cases of congenital heart defects. Cit .: On the casuistry of congenital heart defects. Kharkov, 1922; Towards the doctrine of multiple primary tumors. Odessa, 1925; About cancer metastases in the ovaries. Odessa, 1925. Son of H. - Alexander (b. 1934, Odessa), linguist. In 1962–89 - at Samarkand University, since 1989 - in Moscow (since 1990 Assoc. Prof. Gorn. Institute). Main works - on terminology, lexicography, history of phraseology; per. from French, English and other languages.
Khayutin German Moiseevich (1904, Minsk - 1985, Moscow), metallurgical engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1960). He graduated from Leningrad in 1929. polytechnic in-t. In 1930–41 - at the Leningrad Institute. plant "Bolshevik" (engineer, head of metallurgical production, chief metallurgist). In 1941–48 early. metallurgical dep., then the Office of metallurgy. production of the USSR People's Commissariat of Armaments. In 1948-60 - at the Research Institute of Defense. prom-sti. Since 1960 on the teaching job - Assoc. correspondence Energetic. Institute (1960–63), Moscow. Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (1963–74). In the 1930s and 40s. supervised the development of production of a number of special brands. steel for the military. technology, decomp. types of rental, in particular. pipes for mortar barrels. Participated in the introduction of new materials (including titanium alloys) in decomp. region technology. In the 1950s – 60s. took part in the development of the first powerful continuous casting plants. Author of a number of prints. scientific. works, inventions, uch. manuals on metal technology and metal science Brother H. - Semyon (1899, Minsk - 1967, Yaroslavl), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1945), prof. (1948). In 1923 he graduated from the Military Academy in Petrograd. In 1941–45 early. the eye department of the hospital. In 1946–48 the head. ophthalmologic. clinic of the Sverdlovsk Institute will restore. surgery, in 1948–57 head. Department of Eye Diseases Yaroslavl honey. in-that. Sci. tr. H. dedicated. question prof. eye pathology, pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma, will restore. treatment for combat lesions of the eyes, clinics of eye tuberculosis, etc. He offered a number of eye plastic. operations.
KHAZAN Dora Moiseevna (1894, Riga - 1961, Moscow), statesman. Wife of desks. and state. figure A.A. Andreev. Member RSDLP since 1912. In 1914-16 he was an accountant of the health insurance fund at the Putilovsky plant in Petrograd, at the same time. conducted clandestine work in Reval. In 1916 she was arrested and sentenced to life in Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 released from Revel prison. Member city ​​party committee, participated in the organization of the Kr. guard. Participant of Civil. war, later - on the desks. and prof. work in the Urals, Ukraine, North. Caucasus, in Moscow. After graduating from the Industrial Academy from 1934 beginning. Ch. management of the woolen industry of the USSR, since 1935 member. council under the people's commissar of light industry, later - deputy. People's Commissar of Light Industry of the USSR. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
KHAZAN Shmuel (1901, Lutsk, Volyn province - 1942, ibid.), Publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Instructor at the Center. Union of Craftsmen of Poland and Volyn. Member mountains. council of Lutsk. One of the founders of gr. young writers of Volyn and zhurn. Sprozungen. In 1923–39 he was published in Warsaw gas. "Moment". Edited weekly. Volyn (1926–27), Volyner Presse (1928–29). In 1928 he published the work Geshichte fun der Yidischer presse in Lutsk (History of the Jewish Press in Lutsk).
KHAZAN Yaakov-Arie (1899, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1992, Mishmar ha-Emek, Israel), politician. Since 1923 - in E.-I. One of the founders of kibbutz Mishmar ha-Emek. One of the leaders of the socialist. movements in E.-I. One of the founders of "Gashomer ha-Tsair". Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1-7th convocations. State Israel Ave (1989).
KHAZANI (Kantorovich) Yaakov-Michael (1913, Bendin, Petrokov Gubernia - 1975, Petakh-Tikva, Israel), public, political and statesman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. One of the founders of religions. the Zionist organization "Ha-Shomer ha-Dati". Since 1932 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of religions. Zionist settler. s.-kh. movement. Member reign of the Mafdal party. Dep. Knesset of the 2-8th convocations. 1969–70 deputy. min. culture and education, in 1970–75 min. social providing Israel.
KHAZANOV Alexander Borisovich (1906, Yekaterinburg - 1984, Moscow), choral conductor and teacher. Prof. (1962). He graduated in 1935 Moscow. cons. by class chorus. conducting by P.G. Chesnokov. The choir taught. conducting in the Muses. uch-shche at Moscow. cons. (from 1934), in Moscow. cons. (1935–41 and from 1948), in Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins (from 1946). In 1937–78 he was choirmaster of the Bolshoi Theater. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1959), the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the RSFSR (1960). Nar. art. RSFSR (1966).
KHAZANOV Anisim Timofeevich (1903 - 1992, Israel), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948), colonel of the medical service (1950). He graduated in 1928 from the State. in-t honey. knowledge in Leningrad. In 1930–40 he was a dissector at the Obukhov hospital, in 1941–53 he was an assistant, docent. department of pathological. Anatomy Military-mor. honey. academy in Leningrad. In 1953, ch. pathologist of the 5th Military-mor. fleet. Head departments of pathological. Anatomy of Arkhangelsk (1954-60) and Ternopil (1960-87) med. in-tov. Since 1992 - in Israel. Main tr. H. dedicated. pathological anatomy of lung diseases (primarily chronic pneumonia) and pulmonary heart disease, pathologist. diagnosis of infectious diseases. Described the morphogenesis of pulmonary heart in pulmonary tuberculosis, heart defects. He pointed out the role of skeletal muscles and the diaphragm in the regulation of blood circulation in conditions of pathology. characteristics of the most important lung diseases. L., 1965; Pathological anatomy and questions of the pathogenesis of the pulmonary heart. L., 1971; A guide to the pathologist. diagnostics of the most important human infectious diseases. L., 1980 (et al.); Sectional Course Guide. 3rd ed. L., 1984 (et al.).
KHAZANOV Boris Abramovich (1903, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province. - 1995, Moscow), military engineer. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). In 1931 he graduated from fur. Faculty of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that, in 1932 - VMA in Leningrad. In 1932–40 - for decomp. positions in the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense Industry. Since 1940 - in Ch. management by sea. and heavy. artillery of the USSR People's Commissariat of Arms (chief engineer, first deputy chief of the department), in 1941 authorized by the State Defense Committee. In 1942–45, the director. art. w-yes to them. K.E. Voroshilov. In 1947-50 the deputy. early tech. Department of the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR. In 1951–57 the beginning. Centre. bases of military equipment of the Guards mortar units. In 1957–71, deputy. early dep. State Planning Commission of the RSFSR, since 1971 Deputy. ch. Ing. Design Bureau (headed by General Designer A.E. Nudelman). Awarded 8 orders. Vol .: The feat of one plant. M., 1990.Syn H. - Isaac (1928, Kiev - 1994, Moscow), mechanical engineer. In 1952–59 - at TsNII-58, in 1959–94 - at OKB-1 (later NPO Energia), in 1974–92 Ch. engineer. Etc. CM USSR (1981). State pr. USSR (1985).
KHAZANOV Boris Moiseevich (real name and surname Gieronim Faibusovich) (b. 1928, Moscow), writer. Cand. honey. sciences. In 1945–49 he studied at Moscow State University for philology. f-those. In 1949 he was arrested on charges of "cosmopolitanism", released in 1955. In 1961 he graduated from Kalinin honey. in-t. In tech. For 15 years he worked as a doctor in the countryside, then in Moscow. In 1976–81 - in the editorial office of the journal. "Chemistry and Life". The author of the book. about I. Newton in ser. ZhZL. Translated into Russian. lang. letters from G.-W. Leibniz. In the 1970s-80s. participated in the dissident movement in the USSR. He took part in Jewish samizdat. Since 1982 - in Germany. In the 1980s. edited by sovm. with K.A. Lyubarsky and E. Finkelstein zhurn. "Country and World". Author of rum. "Hour of the King", "Fear" and others. H. there are Jewish motives.
KHAZANOV Gennady Viktorovich (b. 1945, Moscow), variety artist. In 1964–65 he studied at MISS, in 1965 he entered the stage department of the State. uch-schA circus. and pop art, at the same time. studied at the theater. MSU studios. In 1969–71 an entertainer at the State. pop orc. under control L.O. Utesova, since 1971 - at the Mosconcert. The first avenue at the 5th Vses. competition of pop artists (1974). In the repertoire of H. ch. arr. manuf. A.I. Khayt, parodies. In 1978, the first solo performance "Little Things in Life" took place in the T-re of the Variety Stage, in 1981 - the second: "The Obvious and the Incredible" (the author of the lyrics is Hayt). Since 1987 H. - hands. and the actor of t-ra "Mono", where he staged "Little Tragedies" ("Confession at the Barrier without Intermission") by M. Gorodinsky and in 1989 - "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow." In 1992, at the invitation of dir. S.Yu.Yursky took part in the performance of the Moscow Art Theater "Players XXI" by N.V. Gogol. In 1993 he starred in the movie "The Little Giant of Big Sex". Since 1997 artist. hands. T-ra stage (Moscow). Nar. art. RSFSR (1991). State pr. RF (1995).
KHAZANOV Yuri Samuilovich (b. 1920, Moscow), writer. He studied at Leningrad State University. military transport academy (1938–41). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1952 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Lenin, until 1957 he was a teacher, from 1953 he began to publish. The author of St. 20 kn. for children and adults, including: "How I went on a business trip" (M., 1964), "Cap, come here!" (M., 1965), "I and Robin Hood" (M., 1972); Sat. verse. "A fig taken out of a pocket" (M., 1991), which includes a cycle about the fate of Jews in Russia and about Israel. In 1989, a pov was published in Israel. H. “The Life and Adventures of Maels Kandidov”. Author of plays for t-ra, radio and television.
KHAZANOVA Vigdaria Efraimovna (b. 1924, Moscow), art critic. Dr. lawsuit. In 1947 she graduated from art critic. department of filol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1947–49 he was in charge of the building of the Palace of Soviets (department of artistic and finishing works), in 1949–57 scientific. sotr. dep. owls. architecture State. Museum of Russian. architecture them. A.V. Shchusev, since 1958 - in the Institute of Art History of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR (later - the Institute of Art of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation). The author of the book. and many others publications on the history of owls. architecture of the 20th century Main works: "From the history of owls. architecture. Documents and materials. 1917-1925 "(M., 1963)," Owls. architecture of the first years of October. 1917-1925 "(M., 1970)," Owls. architecture of the first five-year plan "(M., 1980). Son H. - Mikhail Dyvydovich (b. 1951, Moscow), architect. In the end. 1980s took an active part in the creation of "paper", conceptual architecture. 1st avenue for several int. competitions for a number of projects, including "Glass House", "Museum of Sculpture".
KHAZANOVICH Amalia Mikhailovna (1912 - 1986), explorer of the North. In her youth she lived in Siberia and the Urals, worked as a secretary. village council, head. hut-reading room. After moving to Moscow, she entered a tool grinder. s-d. In 1936–37 she roamed with the Nganasans in the Taimyr tundra, was in charge of the "red plague", treated and taught the aborigines of the North to read and write. In 1941–45 - on Taimyr, she spent several. wintering as a meteorologist and sotr. decomp. search exp. Later she visited the Arctic as a writer and commissioner. Centre. statistical management during the whole session. population census. Book. My Friends Nganasans was published in two editions. and marked ave. According to Kh .'s will, she was buried in the tundra on the banks of the Taimyr River.
KHAZANOVICH Joseph Aronovich (1844, Goniondz of Bialystok u. Grodno province, according to other data, Grodna - 1919, Yekaterinoslav), public figure. From 1866 he studied honey. f-those of Konigsberg un-that, during the Franco-Prus. wars 1870–71 led the infirmary for the French. prisoners of war in Berlin. After graduating from un-that (1872) he returned to Russia, lived in Bialystok, became widely known as a doctor and philanthropist. Supporter of the Hovevei Zion movement. In 1890, on the instructions of the "Odessa Committee", he studied Jewish settlements in E.-I. Upon his return, he put forward a plan to create a Jewish nat. library in Jerusalem, launched a campaign to collect the book. and den. donations to her. In 1895 he handed over his collection to the Jerusalem library "Midrash Abravanel" (founded in 1892). book (8.8 thousand tons, ch. Arr. In Hebrew), after which the library was renamed "Midrash Abravanel ve-Ginzei Yosef" (now - the Jewish national and university library in Jerusalem). In the end. 1890s joined the Zionist movement. In 1903 he supported the plan to create a Jewish nat. hearth in Uganda (the so-called plan of Uganda). Affairs. from the Jews of Russia on a number of Worldwide. Zionist Congr.
KHAZANOVICH Leon (ps .; real name and surname. Kasriel Shub) (1882, Shirvinta Vilensky district and provinces - 1925, Volovets, Czechoslovakia), journalist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1904 - member. "Poaley Zion". In 1906 he was arrested and fled abroad. In 1907–08 - in Vilna, Krakow. From 1908 - in Austria-Hungary, ed. gas. Der Yidisher Arbeter in Lviv. Participated in the 1st conf., Dedicated. lang. Yiddish in Chernivtsi (1908). In 1909, as a representative of Poalei Zion, he traveled to North. America, Argentina for an introduction to life in Jewish settlements. Founded in Argentina several. gas. and zhurn. For critical statements about the order in the Jewish settlements was expelled by the government of Argentina from the country. He returned to Lviv. In Art., Publ. in Der Yidisher Arbeter, continued to criticize the actions of the hands. Jewish settlements. In 1912, he edited gas in Canada. Folkszeitung. In 1913-14 - in Vienna, secretary. Worldwide council "Poalei Zion" (until 1919). In 1914 he founded the publishing house in The Hague. "Dee Yiddish Arbeter Correspondent." He worked in Great Britain, USA, from 1917 - in Germany. Author of the book: "Der crisis fun der Yidischer colonization in Argentina" ("Crisis of Jewish colonization in Argentina", 1910), "Di Poliche Judenprogram in November und Desember 1918" ("The Jewish program in Poland in November-December 1918", 1919 ), "Der Yidisher Khurbn in Ukraine" ("The Death of Jewry in Ukraine", 1920).
KHAZAZ Khaim (1898, Sidorovichi of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province –1973, Jerusalem), writer. After 1917 he worked in gas. "Ha-Am" (Moscow). In 1920–21 - in Turkey, in 1921–22 - in Germany, in 1922–31 - in France, sotr. publishing house "Shtibl". Since 1931 - in E.-I. Began to publish in the journal. "Ha-Shiloah". From 1924 he published in the journal. "Ha-Tkufa" stories about the impressions of the period of the Revolution and Civil. war. After 1931 founded. theme of manuf. H. - life in E.-I. The story "Rumier and Shalom" in trans. in Russian lang. publ. on Sat. "Stories of Israeli Writers" (Moscow, 1965). In 1977, the Sobr. op. H. in 14 volumes. Israel Ave (1953).
KHAZIN Alexander Abramovich (1912, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1976, Leningrad), poet, playwright. In 1933–40 he worked at the Kharkov Electromechanical. s-de. In 1939 he graduated from the Kharkov Electronic Engineering. in-t. Since 1931 he published in periodicals. print poems, essays, feuilletons. Has released several. poetic. book: "Stamp" (1931), "Nord-Ost" (1933), "Lit. parodies "," Friendship "(both - 1934). 1941–42 - at the front. In 1946 he was sharply criticized in the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad "for satirical. the poem "Eugene Onegin"; not published until 1958. In the late. 1950s head lit. part of Leningrad. t-ra miniatures at hand. A.I. Raikin. Mn. monologues, sketches, miniatures by H. were performed by others. pop artists, including M.V. Mironova and A.S. Menaker ("Angel"). The author of the plays: "Second Date" (1954), "Where are you guys?" (1956), “Where the tracks lead” (1966), “Artem” (“Ashes of Klaas”) (1970), “A Distant Relative” (1971) and others, which went to many. t-pax and on television, as well as rum. "I.O." “A machine gun was heard,” poetic. collection of collections and collection of variety works: "Countrymen" (1945), "Current affairs" (1958), "Magicians live nearby" (1967), "Stories, feuilletons, plays" (1974), published in collection. "Word from the Stage" (1975). Based on H.'s scripts, the films "The Tale of the Newlyweds" (1959) and "Nevsky Melodies" (1960) were filmed.
KHELEMSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1943, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1975), prof. (1984). Son of Ya.A. Helemsky. In 1964 he graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. Lecturer at Moscow State University. Main results in the region. functional analysis, in particular, in the theory of Banach algebras. Works: Banach and polynormalized algebras. M., 1989.
KHELEMSKY Yakov Aleksandrovich (Aizikovich) (1914, Vasilkov, Kiev province - 2003, Moscow), poet, writer, translator. Studied in Lit. in-those (1933-36). Began to publish in 1931 in gas. "Kiev Pioneer". He worked there, then in gas. Pionerskaya Pravda (1932–40), Koms. truth ”(1940–41). 1941–45 - at the front. First Sat verse. - "On the Oryol land" (1944), then came the collection "Veterans" (1957), "Foliage" (1972), "Late conversations" (1986) and others. Military. years dedicated H.'s prose "A ringing pipe on a dark tree" (1971). He translated poetry from Belarusian, Polish. lang., Yiddish. Songwriter, created by in collaboration with the comp. IO Dunaevsky, BA Mokrousov, OB Feltsman, - "When a distant friend sings", "This is for you, romantics" and others. about MA Svetlov "The Eternal Subject of Poetry" (1966). Honored. cultural worker of the BSSR (1968). State pr. BSSR im. J. Kolas (1980).
HEN Yehizkiel (1888, Boroslav - 1952. Israel), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at teaches. in-those about-va "Tarbut" in Kiev. Taught at teaches. in-those them. Levinsky. Dep. Knesset of the 2nd convocation (1951–52).
KHENKIN Gennady Markovich (b. 1942), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1964). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973). Worked at the Center. econ.-mat. in-those. Since 1990 - at un-those Paris-7. Main results in function theory pl. complex variables and math. Physics (applications of the theory of functions of many complex variables, Penrose transformations to the equations of field theory). Works: Zeros of holomorphic functions of finite order and new estimates for the solution of the d-equation. Krasnoyarsk, 1977.
KHENKIN Vladimir Yakovlevich (1883, Ivanovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1953, Moscow), actor. Scenic activity began in 1902 in Feodosia. In 1908-11 - in the t-re op-you "Buff" (Moscow) under the direction of. A.E. Blumenthal-Tamarina, then led the end. activity, performed in t-ts of Odessa, Kiev, Rostov-on-Don and other cities. He was one of the best actors of the conversational genre on the stage, read stories of humorist writers A.T. Averchenko, N. Teffi and others, short stories related to Jewish life, many others. of them he wrote himself and published in the magazine. "Satyricon". Since 1916 he worked in the Odessa theater op-ty, in the pop theater "Jimmy's Curve" under the hands. K.A. Mardzhanova. In 1919–21 he was the head of the Kavk Political Department. fr. In 1922-23 the artist. hands. moscow t-ra "Palace", where he performed with pop numbers, played in one-act plays, sang in a comic. operas. In 1924-28 he worked mainly on the stage. Introduced the stories of M.M. 3oshchenko into the repertoire. In 1928–34 - in Moscow. t-re op-you, in 1934–53 - in Moscow. t-re satire. At the same time. performed on the stage, read and recorded works on the radio. decomp. authors, including Sholem Aleichem, G. de Maupassant, A.P. Chekhov, Averchenko, V.E. Ardov. Nar. art. RSFSR (1946).
HENKINA Mirra (1900, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1960, Moscow), poet. Member Association roar. Jewish writers. Collaborated with the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture at the VUAN. She taught. First verse. published in 1923 in the Kiev youth publishing house "Di Fray Yungt". Published in the magazine. "Di dig Velt", "Prolit", "Soviet Literature", gas. "Der emes", "Einikite". The author is poetic. collection of books: "Leader" ("Poems". Kharkov, 1928), "Decade" (Kiev, 1932), "Moskver Freeling" ("Moscow Spring", Moscow, 1936) and others. H. were included in school anthologies and anthologies. In 1983, Zh. "Sovetish Gameland" published ch. from rum. H. "In the Petliura capital".
KHENTOVA Polina A. (?, Vitebsk - 1933, London), painter, graphic artist. Graduated from the Royal Academy of Brussels. In the beginning. 1900s worked in Munich and Paris. Before the 1st world. returned to Russia during the war. Participated in the exhibition of the artist. association "World of Art" in Petrograd (1917), 24th exhibition Moscow. t-va of artists, an exhibition of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists (both - 1918, Moscow). Since 1920 - in Germany, she taught painting and worked in the region. book. graphics (ill. to the production: "Tales" by A. N. Afanasyev, "Gavriliada" by A. Pushkin, "Sentimental Journey" by L. Stern, "Round Dance" by A. Schnitzler). From 1923 - in France, exhibited her works in the Autumn Salon (he was a member); together with gr. Russian artist participated in exhibitions in the Rotunda. Since 1930 - in Great Britain. Personal exhibitions H. held in the gallery B. Davis (painting) and Bloomsbury (graphics).
KHENTOVA Sofya Mikhailovna (b. 1922, Vitebsk), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1984), prof. (1985). In 1949 she graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class php. Since 1949 Rev. specialist. php. at a ten-year school at Leningrad. cons. Since 1954 - in Leningrad. cons. Author approx. 40 books, including "Shostakovich the Pianist" (L., 1964), "Stories about Shostakovich" (Moscow, 1976), "Shostakovich. Life and Work "(v. 1-2. L., 1985-86)," Shostakovich and Siberia "(Novosibirsk, 1990)," Amazing Shostakovich "(L., 1993). Among tr. about fulfill. mastery monograph. about E.G. Gilels (1959), L.N. Oborin (1962), A.G. Rubinstein (1965), M.L. Rostropovich (1993), collection of art. "Musicians about their art" (1969), "About music and musicians of our days" (L., 1976), "Favorite music" (Kiev, 1989). Author of muses. multiop edition. DD Shostakovich "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" (post. 1980, Small Theater, Operations and Ball., Leningrad). Ed.-comp. a number of collections, including "Chopin, as we hear him", "Outstanding performer teachers about their art", "Solovyov-Sedoy".
HERTZ Benedict (1872, Warsaw - 1952, Podkova Lesna, Poland), poet, satirist. Collaborated in the socialist. gas. and zhurn., released many others. collection of fairy tales, satirical. essays and sketches: "Tales" (1903), "Tales and Satires" (1911), "Tales of Bygone Days" (1919), "Jokes in earnest" (1930), "Tales" (1950), "Satires" ( 1952). Translated into Polish. lang. "Fables" by IA Krylov (1952), published "Anthology of Polish Fables" (1952).
HERTZUVNA Amelia (1879, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Cultural historian, playwright. She studied chemistry, mathematics and Egyptology in high fur boots in Germany. Author of works on the history of culture Dr. East, in particular. region of the Persian Gulf, and classic. tr. "The Role of Religion in Ancient Greek Civilizations" (in French, 1935), plays based on the ist. motives and myths: "Ruins of Tyr", "The Great King". In 1941, the Gestapo was arrested.
KHESIN-LURIE Roman Beniaminovich (1922, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Geneticist, biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1955), prof. (1964), bp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). Son of B.R. Khesin. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1945 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University and until 1948 worked there as an assistant at the Department of Genetics. After Aug. session VASKHNIL (1948) was dismissed from Moscow State University as a supporter of the classic. genetics. In 1949-53 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Biol. and honey. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1954–56 head. Department of organic and biol. chemistry of Kaunas honey. in-that, in 1956-59 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. gr. biochem. genetics Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1959–85 beginning. sector biol. dep. Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatov, at the same time. since 1978 head. lab. molecular. bases of genetics Ying-that molecular. genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main tr. on genetics, biochemistry, molecular. biology. He proved the change in the functions of genes in the process of their development, the influence of the ovum cytoplasm on the manifestation of zygote genes in the embryonic development of Drosophila ("maternal effect"). For the first time in the USSR he carried out work on fractionation of structural cellular components, localization of enzymes in them, and protein synthesis. He contributed to the deciphering of the mechanism of regulation of gene activity based on changes in the structure of RNA polymerase. State pr. USSR (1982). Linen. pr. (1986). Cit .: Biochemistry of the cytoplasm. M., 1960; Genome volatility. M., 1984.
KHESIN Arkady Yakovlevich (1923, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 2000, Moscow), an expert in the field of television technology. Cand. tech. Sciences (1967). In 1941 he graduated from Leningrad. military-mor. specialist. school. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1947 he graduated from the Higher. radar. officer classes. Since 1953, as a teacher at the Institute of Citizens. aviation in Riga. In 1957–61 engineer, then the beginning. workshops of the out-of-studio complex of the Riga TV Center. Since 1961 sotr. The Institute of Electronics will calculate. technology of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, where for the first time in the USSR he organized and headed the laboratory. TV. diagnostics. In 1976–91 head. the sector of reportage means of the All-Russian Research Institute of television and radio broadcasting. Author of over 250 scientific. print works, including 16 monographs. State pr. LatvSSR (1972). State pr. USSR (1978).
KHESIN Beniamin Romanovich (1883, Tula - 1955, Moscow), surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1912), prof. (1935). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1907) worked there in the surgeon. clinic. During the Civil. war head. surgeon department of the evacuation hospital in Moscow, participated in the work of the Center. College for Refugees and Prisoners (1918–22). In 1921-29, assistant hospital surgeon. clinics of the 1st Moscow State University, in 1927–31 organizer and leader. advanced training courses for doctors in Moscow, on the basis of which the CIUV was created. In 1930-50 the head. Department of Surgery San.-hygienic Faculty of the 1st MMI. In 1950, he was dismissed during the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism." The works of H. dedicated. pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, inguinal hernia, prof. pathology, examination of the ability to work. Developed a technique for peripheral operations. nerves, introduced plastics of the liver fascia during its resection, was one of the first in the USSR to use paravertebral injections for angina pectoris, designed an apparatus for a surgeon. operations with increased pressure in the chest cavity. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR.
KHESSIN Alexander Borisovich (1869, Petersburg - 1955, Moscow), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1939). Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1894) and Petersburg. cons. (class composition N.F. Soloviev, 1899). Studied conducting under A. Nikisch in Leipzig (1899-1900), studied under F. Motl in Karlsruhe. In 1901 and 1902–04 he conducted symphony. concerts Imp. Rus. muses. about-va in St. Petersburg and Philharmonic. about-va in Moscow. In 1901–02 he conducted at the op. Breslavl. In 1904–05, dir. Moose. dram. uch-schA Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. He toured the cities of Russia (from 1906), in London, Paris, Berlin (1910–12), directed the organization of concerts in Pavlovsk (near St. Petersburg, 1907–10). Artist. hands. and ch. conductor Muz.-Ist. about-va them. Count AD Sheremetev (1910–15) in St. Petersburg, opera conductor Nar. at home (1915–17), the Mariinsky Theater (1918–19). Since 1920, dir. State orc. in Petrograd. In 1921–23 he was a conductor in Kharkov and Moscow. Participated in the premieres of many. manuf. Russian composers. From 1924 he taught at decomp. muses. institutions in Moscow, in 1935–41 - in Moscow, in 1941–43 - in the Sverdlovsk cons. In 1943–53 hands. and consultant Anse. modern opera WTO in Moscow (prepared over 20 operas. composers). The author of the book. From My Memories (1959). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1929).
KHESSIN Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1920, Ishim, Tobolsk province), journalist, organizer of television production. In 1939–44 - in the army. In 1944–45 corr. gas. "Ural worker". In 1945–49 head. dep. information gas. "Coms. true". Since 1949 - in the Committee for broadcasting of the USSR Council of Ministers, Ch. ed. radio gas. "Pionerskaya Zorka", then corr. "Youth edition". One of the organizers and Ch. ed. sound journal. "Horizon" and children. app. to this journal. "Kolobok". In 1957 he graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (ed. f-t). In 1970–95, the director. creative Association "Ekran" Gosteleradio. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1975), honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1981).
HET Nakhum (1896, Odessa - 1990, Haifa), sports figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University in Odessa. One of the founders of sports. about-va "Maccabi" in Odessa. In 1912 and 1915 he was arrested for Zionist activities. In 1917-19 the deputy. prev. Vseros. sport. about-va "Maccabi" and chl. of the editorial board of the journal. Maccabi. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1920–25 sec. Jewish world. ships in Jerusalem. In 1929–39 before. Centre. Board of the Maccabi Society E.-I. From 1939 prez. about-va "Maccabi" E.-I. In 1935–51, sec. Olympus. Committee E.-I. During the 2nd world. war before. commission for the recruitment of volunteers in Britain. troops in Haifa. In 1951-56 prez. Worldwide of the Maccabi Council. In 1965 he was awarded the title of Hon. a citizen of Haifa, etc. Dova Khoza for her services in the development of Israeli sports. Since 1975 hon. prez. Worldwide of the Maccabi Council. Dep. Knesset of the 2nd convocation.
KHETSROV Ilya Romanovich (1887, Yuzovka Bakhmutskiy u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1938, Moscow), hygienist. Prof. (1933). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1913). The dignity worked. doctor in different zemstvos (1913-17), in Moscow (1917-18), where at the same time. was secret. Pirogovsky about-va of doctors. In 1918–20 military. doctor in Kr. Army, in 1920–22 an epidemiologist in the Caucasus. fr. and at the same time. pom. dir. San.-Bacteriological. in-that in Rostov-on-Don. Since 1922 - in Moscow. In 1926–31, dir. San. in-ta, in 1931–38 head. dep. protection of water and soil in the same place. At the same time. (since 1933) prof. the first department of communal hygiene in the USSR at the 1st MMI. Sci. tr. H. dedicated. decomp. question hygiene of the environment, communal hygiene, first of all dignity. protection of reservoirs and water supply sources, including protection of artesian waters, chlorination of waste water, creation of security dignity. zones. In 1933–35 he headed gr. on the development of a dignity. measures at the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal; developed a set of measures for the protection of the bass. Volga and its tributaries. In 1938 he was repressed, shot. Works: Artesian ground waters of Moscow. M., 1937.
KHEIFETS Abram Yakovlevich (party ps. Guralsky) (1890, Riga - 1960), politician. Graduated from Commercial. in-t. Since 1904, members Bund, in 1906–08 headed his Riga organization, at the same time. entered the region. to-t S.-d-tii of the Latvian region. He was arrested several times. In 1912 he was exiled abroad for 3 years. Participant of the 9th Conf. Bunda, in the same year returned illegally to Russia, was again arrested. In 1914-16 - in Austria-Hungary, Italy, from 1916 - in Switzerland, he studied societies. science at Lausanne un-those. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, led the party. work in Odessa, elected member. prez. Ch. to-that Bunda in Ukraine, Cand. in part. Central Committee, then member. Central Committee of the Bund. Was part of the Ukr. Centre. We are glad to have participated in the work of the Pre-Parliament. In oct. 1917 supported the Bolsheviks, member. Odessa Revolutionary Committee. After the occupation of Ukraine by Austro-German. troops - for illegal. position, was arrested. In 1919-21 the representative of the ECCI in Germany, France, then - in the apparatus of the ECCI in Moscow. Affairs. 3rd and 5th Congr. Comintern. Adjacent to the so-called. left opposition in the RCP (b). In 1926 he was removed from work in the ECCI and worked at the Ying-those of Marx-Engels. At the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1927) he was expelled from the party as a Trotskyist.
KHEIFETS Felix Solomonovich (b. 1927, Smolensk), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1973). Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1949). In 1947-50 he was a legal adviser in the Ministry of Railways of the USSR. Since 1951, members Tula region Bar Association, until 1955 worked in law. consultations of the Tula region. Since 1956, member. Moscow mountains. Bar Association (MGKA). In 1961–87 the head. jurid. consultation, in 1987–89 deputy. prev., in 1989–93 prev. prez. MGKA. Since 1993 he has been working as a lawyer. bureau "Helby". Vice President Int. union of lawyers. In tech. pl. years taught at MIIT, the author of uch. manuals on owls. the right for non-legal students. universities. Honored. lawyer of the RSFSR (1991). Daughter H. - Elena (b. 1958), lawyer, member. MGKA since 1982, sotr. lawyer. bureau "Helby". Son H. - Leonid (b. 1953), attorney, member. MGKA since 1991, sotr. lawyer. bureau "Helby".
KHEIFETS Grimmeril (Grigory) Markovich (agent nickname Charon) (1899, Riga - 1958, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Since 1922 in the organs of the Cheka-GPU. In 1926-28 he worked as an agent in Turkey and Italy, from 1929 - in France, from 1932 - in the USA, from 1936 - again in Italy. In 1937–41 he worked at the center. intelligence apparatus in Moscow. In 1941–45, the resident of the Sov. intelligence in San Francisco (USA). In 1951 he was arrested on charges of violating socialist norms. legality and sentenced to 25 years in prison. In 1953 he was released.
KHEIFETS Leonid Efimovich (b. 1934, Minsk), director. After graduating from the Belarusian Polytechnic. in-that worked as an engineer-designer; in 1958 he entered dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of A.D. Popov and M.O. Knebel). The first is independent. fast. - “Who Made a Miracle” by U. Gibson (Riga Youth Theater, 1962). In 1963–71, dir. TsTSA (Moscow). Already in his early works, a clear solution to the stage, characteristic of H. space, masterful staging: "My poor Marat" by A.N. Arbuzov (1965), "Death of Ivan the Terrible" by A.K. Tolstoy (1966), "Masters of Time" ("The Watchmaker and the Chicken") by I.A.Kochergi ( 1967). After moving to the Small Theater (1971) H. turned Ch. arr. to the classic dramaturgy: "Krechinsky's Wedding" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (1971), "Before Sunset" by G. Hauptmann (1973), "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare (1979). As a result, creative. union with the playwright A.M. Galin staged performances "Retro" in the Small Theater (1981), "Eastern Stand" in "Sovremennik" (1983). On television, Kh. Staged performances: "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, "A Profitable Place" by A.N. Ostrovsky, "Break" by I.A.Goncharov, "Rudin" by I.S. Turgenev. In 1988–94 chap. dir. TsTSA, staged the play "Paul I" by DS Merezhkovsky (1989). Among the post. in other volumes: "Antigone in New York" by Y. Glovatsky (Moscow theater "School of Modern Play", 1995), "The Running Wanderer" by A.N. Kazantsev (Theater named after Mossovet, 1996 ). Since 1980 Rev. in GITIS. Nar. art. Russia (1993). State pr. USSR (1991).
KHEIFETS Lev Isaevich (1902, Vitebsk - 1981, Moscow), business manager. Alexander Minkin's grandfather. In 1919–20 p. city ​​committee of the Komsomol in Vitebsk. In 1920–21 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1921–23 sec. Turkestan Bureau of the Komsomol, in 1923–28 a member. Executive Committee of the Proletarsky District of Moscow. In 1928–31 the head. dep. zoning VSNKh, at the same time. sec. party bureau of the Supreme Economic Council. In 1932–46, the director. plant "Platinopribor" (Moscow), in 1946-51 the manager of the meat industry trust, in 1951-65 - the chemical trust. prom-sti (Moscow).
KHEIFETS Mikhail Ruvimovich (b. 1934, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen (1955), taught Russian. lang. and literature in the village. schools. From ser. 1960s was published in the journal. "Aurora", "Star", "Knowledge is Power", author of rom. "Secretary of the Secret Police" (1967), a number of screenplays (script for the film "Hero of" Narodnaya Volya "in 1973 was marked by Leningrad Komsomol Ave.). In the beginning. 1970s H. prepared for "samizdat" collection. poems by I.A. Brodsky, the author of the entry. Art. “Joseph Brodsky and Our Generation”. In 1974 he was arrested on charges of anti-Sov. agitation and propaganda, sentenced to 4 years in prison and 2 years in exile. Since 1980 - in Israel. 1982–90 scientific. sotr. Center for the Study of Eastern Europe. Jewry Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Comp. in the Russian-language press. The author of the autobiography. essay "Time and Place" (Paris, 1978), collection of works. essays "Ukrainian Silhouettes" (1984, 1993) and others. Works: Prisoner of War Secretary. London, 1985; Looking from Jerusalem. Jerusalem, 1988; Regicide in 1918. Tel Aviv, 1991; Memories of a sad scroll. Jerusalem, 1996.
KHEIFETS Pavel Solomonovich (b. 1931, Leningrad), teacher. Cand. econom. Sciences (1988). In 1937–40 he and his parents were in exile in Kazakhstan, in 1941–43 - in besieged Leningrad. Graduated from the Higher. prof. school of culture. Creator and hands. (over 30 years old) Lyceum Trad. culture in Leningrad-Petersburg, whose work largely determined the development trends of prof. education in Russia. Vol .: Pedagogy of the modern vocational school. L., 1987; The unity of general and vocational education. L., 1991; The principles of organizing the educational process in a higher vocational school. M. - L., 1991.
KHEIFETS Semyon Ilyich (b. 1909, Irkutsk), Hero of the Soviet Union (1946). In 1939–40 and from 1943 - in the Red Army, a participant in the battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). In 1944 he graduated from the Trans-Baikal mortar school. Com. company ml. leith. H. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the crossing of the Danube in March 1945. leith. stock. He worked at the bakery industry. He was awarded 4 orders.
KHEIFETS Vladimir (1893 - 1967, USA), composer, conductor. Studied at Petersburg. cons. by class comp. from S.M. Lyapunov. Accompanying F.I.Shalyapin on tours across Russia, Europe and the USA. Since the 1920s. - in USA. He wrote music for the Jewish ph: "Green Fields", "Mirele Efros", etc. The author of the op. "Pharaoh" and oratorios "Golem", pl. manuf. for the choir. In tech. pl. years was a conductor bunk. Jewish choirs in the United States.
KHEIFETS Yasha (Joseph Robertovich) (Ruvimovich) (1901, Vilna - 1987, Beverly Hills, USA), violinist, teacher. In 1911-16 he studied at St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) Cons. in cl. L.S. Auer. H.'s performances in Berlin with the Berlin Philharmonic. orc. under control V.I.Safonov and A.Nikish (1912) marked the beginning of a tour of Europe. Has performed with the leading orc. and conductors. From 1917 - in the USA, successfully debuted at Carnegie Hall. In the 1930s. one of the best violinists in the world. In 1934 - in the USSR, gave 6 concerts in Moscow and Leningrad. Since 1959 prof. California un-that; among the students of H. - E. Friedman (laureate of the International Competition named after P.I. Tchaikovsky, 1966). H.'s repertoire covered almost the entire world. violinist. lit-ru. He also gave concerts as an ensemble with A. Rubinstein, G.P. Pyatigorsky, U. Primroz and others. Mn. composers wrote and dedicated their works to Kh., including I.Yu. Achron - The Third Concerto for Violin and Orc., F. Waxman - fantasy on themes of op. "Carmen". H. - the author of the violinist. plays, pl. transcriptions for violin, including 5 fragments from op. "Porgy and Bess" by J. Gershwin, "Flight of the Bumblebee" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, "Dance with Sabers" from the ball. A.I. Khachaturian "Gayane", plays by A.S. Arensky, A.P. Borodin, S.V. Rachmaninov, S.S. Prokofiev.
KHEIFITS Joseph Efimovich (1905, Minsk - 1995, Petersburg), film director. Hero of Socialist Labor (1975). In 1928–30 he studied at the Leningrad Film Department. in-that history of arts and in the College of screen arts. From 1928 dir. k / st "Lenfilm". He made his debut short. f. "Song of the Metal" (1928, jointly with A.G. Zarkhi and others). In subsequent years (until 1952) he staged f. joint with Zarkhi; naib. means: "Hot days" (1935), "Deputy of the Baltic" (1937, Grand Prix at the International Exhibition in Paris, 1937; Brass medal at the 7th Moscow Art Festival in Venice, 1946), "Member of the Government" (1940) , "His name is Sukhe-Bator" (1942). Among the films filmed independently, the most famous are "Big Family" (1954, Honorary Diploma of the International Film Week in Mexico City, 1955), "The Rumyantsev Case" (1956, ave. On the 9th Moscow Film Festival in Karlovy Vary, 1956), "My dear man" (1958), film adaptation of the production. A.P. Chekhova - "The Lady with the Dog" (1960, honorary diplomas at the Moscow IFF in London, the 13th Moscow IFF in Cannes), "In the city of S." (based on the story "Ionych", 1967, "Capitoline Jupiter", pr. Mkf in Rome, 1967), "Bad good man" (pov. "Duel", 1973, prize of the 10th Mkf in Chicago). Author doc. f. The Defeat of Japan (1946). Nar. art. USSR (1964). Became. pr. (1941, 1946) Soch: About cinema. L. - M., 1966; Life in the cinema (co-authored with I. Savvina). M., 1978; The Purple Goose and Other Movie Stories. L., 1970.
HEIN Avrom (Yehuda) (1877, Chernigov - 1957, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the hereditary rabbinical family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. From 1910 to 1818 - Rabbi of Novozybkov. In 1919–24 - in Poland, a rabbi in Sopot, in 1924–35 - in France. Since 1935 - in E.-I. From 1939 he headed the religious. Department of self-government of Jews E.-I. In 1948–54 - head. dep. religious education in the Ministry of Education of Israel. Author of works on philosophy and ethics of Judaism.
HEIN Shloyme-Menachem-Mendel (1880, Chernigov - 1919, Nizhyn, Chernihiv province), rabbi. Rod. in the hereditary rabbinical family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. [Father - Chaim-David-Zvi - head of the rabbinical court of Chernigov.] He studied at the yeshiva "Tomhei Tmimim" (Lubavichi). Since childhood, he had phenomenal abilities. He knew the entire Talmud by heart. Since 1907, rabbi in Nizhyn, head of the yeshiva. In 1910 he took part in the work of the Rabbinical Commission in St. Petersburg. Killed by Denikinites.
HEYNMAN Solomon (Semyon) Aronovich (1902, Kiev - 1994, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1962), prof. (1967). Graduated from the MINH (1931). In 1928–39 - at the Central Statistical Administration and the State Planning Committee of the USSR; from 1939 - at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. conducted teaching work in Moscow. econom. universities. Main scientific. research - statistics and economics of labor, labor productivity, organization and efficiency of industrial. production-va, scientific and technological revolution and technical. politics. Author of a large number of monographs, ed. a number of works, including “Organization of production at prom. production in the USA "(in 2 volumes. M., 1960, 1961). Cit .: On the issue of labor productivity in the USSR. M., 1933; Automation issues in the USA. M., 1960; Econ. problems of organizing prom. production. M., 1961; Scientific and technical revolution today and tomorrow. M., 1977.
KHIDEKEL Lazar Markovich (1904, Vitebsk - 1986, Leningrad), architect, painter, graphic artist. In 1918 he studied at the Vitebsk Nar. artist school (class M.V.Dobuzhinsky and M.Z. Shagal), in architect. workshop at L.M. Lisitsky, at the same time. conducted teaching work. An active supporter of UNOVIS, the Vitebsk association of K.S. Malevich's followers. With I.G. Chashnik issued a lithographer. Sat. "AERO" (1920). In 1922, together with Malevich and other members. UNOVIS moved to Petrograd, where he graduated (1930) from the Institute of Citizens. architects and at the same time. worked hand in hand. Malevich in the State. in-those artist. culture. In 1923, members. UNOVIS, participant of the "Exhibition of paintings by Petrograd artists of all directions". In 1930-85 he taught architecture at the Institute of Citizens. engineers. Participated in architect. contests, was engaged in the machine. graphics. One of the first to transfer the style of Suprematism to architecture. The initiator of the town planning. searches related to vertical zoning ideas. Developed the idea of ​​creating a house, raised on supports, and a surface city on railroad concrete. pontoon. Main works: sports club "Metallist" (1927), Dubrovskaya hydroelectric power station and a residential village with it (1934), House of radio (1934), c / t "Moscow" (1939), Jurid. Institute (1954) - all in Leningrad. Graphic. and picturesque productions. H. are kept in the State Russian Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery, private collections in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
KHIGRIN Boris Lvovich (1909, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1941, Mogilev region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1941). From 1931 - in the Red Army. Graduated from Moscow. art. school (1933). From June 1941 - at the front. Com. Division Captain H. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in the battle on July 5, 1941 in the area of ​​the Bobruisk-Mogilev highway at the turn of the river. Drut. Replacing the wounded gunner, H. personally knocked out 4 enemy tanks. Killed in this battle.
KHIL Eduard Anatolyevich (b. 1934, Leningrad), pop singer. Studied at Leningrad State University. polygraph. technical school, participated in the art. amateur performances. Graduated from Leningrad. cons., performed as an opera and chamber singer (baritone). Since 1960 - on the stage. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. festival of pop songs (Sopot, 1965). Kh .'s repertoire includes songs by A.P. Petrov ("And people go to sea", "Blue cities"), A.I. Ostrovsky ("Moonstone", "How to see off the ships"), V.E. Basner ( "Birch sap", "Where does the Motherland begin?"), Etc. H.'s performance is imbued with a cheerful attitude. Also acts as a chamber singer performing works by classics - L. van Beethoven, F. Schubert, G. V. Sviridov, D. D. Shostakovich. Acted as singer and reader in Petrov's Pathetique Oratorio (1974). Nar. art. RSFSR (1974). Etc. them. Linen. Komsomol (1976).
HILLMAN Sydney (1887, Zhagory Shavelsky, Kovno province - 1946, New York), trade union and public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1907 - in the USA. Active member of the Jewish slave. movement. From 1915 prez. united trade union of workers of the garment industry. Supervised a number of kr. strikes of garment workers, to-rye led to the improvement of working conditions and the reduction of slaves. weeks to 44 hours (1919). In 1921 he visited the Sov. Russia with the aim of helping the starving. During the economic period. crisis in the United States created a fund to help the unemployed. In the 1930s. supported the new course of F. Roosevelt. In 1941–45 he actively advocated stepping up aid to the USSR. Member Amer. academy watered. and social Sciences (1942).
KHIN Rachel Mironovna (1858, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1928, Moscow), writer, playwright. She graduated from high school in Moscow, studied honey. courses in St. Petersburg, in 1880-82 listened to lectures in historical literature. branches at the Sorbonne. Becoming a wife iz. attorney O.B. Goldovsky, traveled a lot in Zap. Europe and Russia. She began publishing in 1881 (the story "The Music Teacher" in the journal "Woman's Friend"). Stories and stories H. published in the journal. "Rus. Thought "," Bulletin of Europe "," Sunrise "," Week "and collection of books. In 1894, Sat. stories and pov. "Silhouettes", in 1900 coll. stories "Downhill". Mn. manuf. H. dedicated. life of the Jewish intelligentsia. A number of memoir essays have been written about meetings with I.S.Turgenev, A.I.Urusov, N.I.Storozhenko and others. Kh .'s plays "Porosl", "Icebreaker" (both - 1905), "Heirs" (1910) were staged on the stage of the Maly Theater in Moscow. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 was practically not published.
KHINCHIN Alexander Yakovlevich (1894, Kondrovo, Kaluga Gubernia - 1959, Moscow), mathematician. Prof. (1921), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), acad. APN RSFSR (1944). Son of Ya.G. Khinchin. Graduated from Moscow State University (1916). He worked at the Ivanovo Polytechnic. in-those (1918–26), at Moscow State University (since 1922), in Mat. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1939). Main research results. in the region. probability theory (limit theorems, the law of the iterated logarithm, theory of random stationary processes, etc.), mat. queuing theory (one of its founders), information theory, function theory (the concept of an asymptotic derivative, a generalization of the concept of an integral, etc.), number theory (Diophantine approximations, etc.), mat. logic. One of the creators of owls. schools of probability theory and mat. statistics. Became. pr. (1940). Comp .: Asymptotic laws of probability theory. M. - L., 1936; Limit laws for sums of independent random variables. M. - L., 1938; Mat. grounds statistic. mechanics. M. - L., 1943; Mat. foundations of quantum statistics. M. - L., 1951; Works on mat. queuing theory. M., 1963.
KHINCHIN Yakov Grigorievich (1858, Spinchintsy Berdichevsky u. Kiev province - 1941, Moscow), a specialist in the field of pulp and paper industry. Prof. (1920). In 1887 he graduated from St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. In 1887–96 he worked as a chemist at the Kondrovskaya boom. f-ke (Kaluga province). Organized one of the first laboratories in Russia for product quality control. In 1896-1918 the manager. Kondrovsky boom. factories for tech. parts. Established the production of a new type of paper, awarded at the Nizhny Novgorod Exhibition (1896) and the World Exhibition in Paris (1900). From 1918 before. technical and economy. Council of the Glavbum VSNKh, member. Collegiums of the Glavbum. In 1918 he organized and headed the State. boom. tested station. In 1920-30 the head. department at the MINH. At the same time. in 1928–30 head. dep. in NIIdrevesiny. In 1930–41 scientific. consultant of the Institute of paper and cellulose. Author tr. on the technology of paper production, including on the study of the influence of the content of pentosans in the fiber on paper sizing. Developed a process for the production of electrical insulating paper types.
KHINCHUK Lev Mikhailovich (1868, Poltava - 1939, Moscow), politician. He studied to be a philosopher. f-those of Bernese un-that. From 1889 - in the S.-D. movement. In 1891–93 - in prison, in 1893–99 - in exile in the Yakutsk Region. In 1901 he was arrested again, in 1902 he was exiled to the Yenisei province. In 1903 he escaped from exile. From 1903 - Menshevik. Participated in the creation. Menshevik. org-tions in Kiev and St. Petersburg. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, organizer of the first Social-Democratic Party in Russia. club. In 1906, at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP, he was elected to the Central Committee of the party. In 1917, before. Moscow Council. Member Central Committee of the RSDLP (minor). From 1920 - in the RCP (b). In 1922-26 before. Tsentrosoyuz, in 1926–27 the trade representative of the USSR in Great Britain, in 1927–30 deputy. People's Commissar of Trade of the USSR, in 1930–34 the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Germany, in 1934–39 People's Commissar of Internal. trade of the RSFSR, in 1938 Ch. Arbitrator of the State Arbitration Council of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed.
HINDUS Maurice-Gershon (1891, Bykovo Ananievsky u. Kherson province. - 1969, New York), writer, publicist. Since 1905 - in the USA. He graduated from Harvard University (1917) and at the same time began writing. activity. In 1923 he came to the USSR as a correspondent. zhurn. "Century Magazine". Since then, he has visited the USSR many times, life in which has become Ch. theme of creativity H. Author of the book: "Russian peasantry and the revolution" (1920), "Red bread" (1931), "Fathers and children" (1940). In 1941 he released the book. "Hitler will not be able to defeat Russia." In 1942–44 corr. in Sov.-German. front. Impressions from the experience were included in the book. "Mother Russia" (1943) and "Cossacks" (1945). Rus. the theme is also present in the postwar period. manuf. X .: “In Search of the Future” (1948), “Magda. The crisis in the Kremlin "(1954).
KHINKIS Viktor Alexandrovich (1930, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), writer-translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). Editor at the publishing house "Art. literature ”, translated from Norwegian, Swedish, Italian. and English. lang. manuf. classics (K. Hamsun, D. Jerome, R. Kipling, A. Conan Doyle, F. Cooper, M. Twain, H. Wells, E. Hemingway, B. Shaw) and masters of modern. prose (W. Golding, D. Joyce, D. Aldridge, D. Steinbeck, W. Faulkner). H. masterfully conveyed the stylistics of such novels as "Village" (with S.P. Markish) and "City" (with R.Ya. Wright) Faulkner, "Centaur" by J. "Green Hills of Africa" ​​(with N. Volzhina) Hemingway. In 1993 rum was published. Joyce "Ulysses", trans. to-rogo carried out by H. sovm. with S. Horuzhim. Participated in the human rights movement, defended A.I.Solzhenitsyn, A.I. Ginzburg, Yu.T. Galanskov.
HIRSCHFELD Ludwik-Moritz (1816, Nadarzhin Blonsky u. Warsaw province. - 1876, Warsaw), physician, anatomist. In 1833 he went on foot to Paris, earning a living by playing the violin. He worked as a morgue doctor and anatomist. theaters in Paris. In 1848 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the Sorbonne. Author of the manual on nerve anatomy. systems, ed. in 1853 in Paris in French. lang. From 1859 - in Warsaw; head Department of Anatomy in Mediko-Surgical. academy, then at the Main School, after the closure of the cut was prof. Warsaw University. Author of 4 volumes. “Descriptive Anatomy of the Human Body” (1860–70, in Polish).
HIRSCHFELD Maurice (1872 - 1946, New York), painter. From 1890 - in the USA, worked as a tailor and shoemaker. After 1937 he devoted himself entirely to painting; artist-primitivist. In 1939 the first exhibition of H.'s works was held in the Museum of Modern Art. lawsuit. Author of over 70 paintings, ch. arr. religious content. Main the motives of these productions. - the symbolism of TANAKH, decorated with the stars of David, images of the Torah scrolls, richly embroidered curtains and seven-branched candelabra.
KHITRIK Moisey Samuilovich (1922, Petrograd - 1994, Moscow), specialist in the field of aircraft control systems. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. In 1948 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1948 - in NII-885 (later - NPO Automation and Instrumentation); from 1965 - deputy. ch. constructor. Linen. pr. (1957), State. etc. (1977).
KHITRUK Fedor Savelyevich (b. 1917, Tver), film director, animator, artist. Graduated from the State. artist technical school OGIZ (1936), Institute of advanced training of graphic artists (1938). Since 1938 he was an animator at the Soyuzmultfilm film studio (he took part in the filming of more than two hundred f.). Since 1962, dir. the same studio. 1941–47 - in the army. He made his debut as dir. f. "For adults" "The story of a crime" (1962). In subsequent years, he removed a number of f. for children: "Trample" (1964), "Boniface's Vacation" (1965), "Winnie the Pooh" (1969), "Winnie the Pooh Comes to Visit" (1971), "Winnie the Pooh and a Day of Troubles" (1972) ... Among other ph. - "A man in a frame" (1966), "I give you a star" (1974). Naib. means. director's work: "Film, film, film!" (1968), “The Island” (1973, Grand Prix at the Ikf in Krakow and Cannes, 1973), “Icarus and the Wise Men” (1976), “Olympioniki” (1982), “The Lion and the Bull” (1983). One of the organizers and hands. animation workshop at Vyssh. script and directing courses and school-studio "Sharm". Nar. art. USSR (1987).
KhMARA Grigory Mikhailovich (1883, Poltava - 1970, Paris), actor, director. Since 1910 - at the Moscow Art Theater. Among the roles: Gerd ("The Death of Hope" by G. Geyermans), Stolz ("Holiday of Peace" by G. Hauptmann), Fedorovich ("Thought" by L. Andreev). Naib. Izv. the role of John Piribingle ("Cricket on the stove" by Charles Dickens). Since 1920 - in Germany. In the beginning. 1920s starred in the role of Raskolnikov in the movie "Crime and Punishment", in 1924 with A. Nilsson - in the movie "Joyless Lane", in 1953 - in the movie R. Ober "Goldfish". From the beginning. 1930s - in France. Actor and dir. in Russian t-re. Staged performances "A Month in the Country" by IS Turgenev, "Madame" by NN Berberova and others. He also staged performances for the French. actresses S. Monfort and A. Merry. In the 1960s. directed the theater. Studio Brothers H. - Alexander (1893-1987) and Semyon (1901-1989), actors of the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov.
KHMELIK Alexander Grigorievich (1925, Alupka, Yalta district of the Crimean ASSR - 2001, Moscow), playwright, screenwriter. Began to publish in 1948. Mn. years collaborated in children. and a young man. ed. (essays, stories, feuilletons). Author of a number of plays and screenplays: "Beat the drum!" (1962, jointly with S. Ermolinsky), "Trains are passing by the windows" (1966, jointly with L.R. Kabo), "Yesterday, today and always" (1972, based on the novel F.A. Vigdorova) , "Poor Masha" (1982). In 1963–69 chap. ed. creative association "Yunost" k / st "Mosfilm". Since 1974, Ch. ed. children humorous. newsreel. "Yeralash". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1983). Works: Kolka is resting. M., 1957; My friend, Kolka. M., 1960; Bubbles. M., 1965; Fedyakin close-up. M., 1972; Men, wear men's hats. M., 1977.Daughter H. - Maria (b. 1961, Moscow), screenwriter. Scriptwriter for the films "Little Vera" (1987), "In the city of Sochi, dark nights" (1989), "Dreams of an idiot" (1993).
KHMELNITSKAYA Elizaveta Leonidovna (1902, Moscow - 1969, ibid.), Economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1946). In 1925 she graduated from the econom. department of the Institute of red professors. Region scientific. research - methodology of econ. science, in particular. economics industry. In the end. 1920s for the first time raised the question of the need to develop problems, as well as methods of teaching specific economics. disciplines. A number of works dedicated. the economy of the countries of the West. Europe, the economy of the USSR. Ed. textbooks and collection of articles of art. "Economics of Industry" (Moscow, 1926, jointly with A. Leontiev), "Essays on the Economy in Transition" (L., 1927), "Sov. economics "(Moscow, 1929). Cit .: The military economy of Germany. 1914-1918 Theoretical experience. analysis of the military economy. M. - L., 1929; Monopoly. capitalism Zap. Germany. M., 1959; Essays on Modern Monopoly. M., 1971.
KHMELNITSKY Alexander Anatolyevich (b. 1924, Kharkov), painter. In 1953 he graduated from the Kharkov artist. in-t, since 1978 prof. Kharkov art-prom. in-that. Main works: paintings "Forever Together" (1953), "Victory" (1961), "In the Name of Life" (1967), "Night Trains" (1980), "Scorched by War" (1985), triptych "Confrontation" (1988) , "Loneliness" (1989), ceramic. panel in Kharkov t-re op. and the ball. (1986–88, et al.) And others. Nar. artist Ukrainian SSR (1984).
KHMELNITSKY Alexander Isaakovich (1889, Odessa - 1919, Moscow), statesman, lawyer. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1911). Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b), ed. gas. "Voice of the Proletarian" (Odessa), from June - before. Odessa mountains. to-that RSDLP (b). In 1918 one of the hands. armed uprising in Odessa, after his victory - Commissioner of Justice. During the occupation of the city by Austro-German. troops - in underground work. In 1919, the People's Commissar of Justice Time. worker cross. pr-v of Ukraine, member. Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) U, member. Pres. VUTSIK, authorized by the Defense Council in Volyn, deputy. early Political Administration Troops internal protection of the RSFSR, legal adviser to the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The author of the first works on owls. state right. He died of typhus.
KHMELNITSKY Boris Moiseevich (1885, Kharkov - 1959, ibid.), Phthisiatrician. Prof. (1931). In 1910 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. Until 1914, internist therapeutic. clinics in the same place. In the years of the 1st world. war doctor in the army. In 1918–21 the head. Tuberculosis Section of the Kharkiv Provincial Health Department, Head. dep. on the fight against tuberculosis of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR; in 1921–31 as an assistant, in 1931–59 as head. Department of Tuberculosis, Kharkiv honey. in-that; at the same time. (1940–55) dir. Ukr. in-that tuberculosis. In 1941–45 he organized and headed a specialized hospital for the treatment of diseases and injuries of the chest organs. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis, early diagnosis of tuberculosis. Introduced means. contribution to the organization of the fight against tuberculosis in the army. Cit .: Early forms of open pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. Kharkov, 1932; Pulmonary tuberculosis. Kharkov, 1940 (et al.).
KHMELNITSKY Meilekh (1885, Konstantinovka, Kiev province - 1946, New York), poet, translator. Doctor of Medicine. In 1912 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Vienna University. Printed Art. for honey. Topics at Juish Daily Forward in New York. He began to write (in Polish. Lang.) In the gymnasium, translated from Hebrew into Polish. lang. manuf. Jewish poets. In 1904 he switched to Yiddish. From 1919 he devoted himself entirely to lit. labor. Published in Jewish and Polish. ed. Galicia. Gas edited. Lemberger Togblat. Since 1939 - in the USA. The author of the book: "Oyf a stiler stitch" ("On a quiet path". Vienna, 1921); "Der dwarf" (poem, ibid, 1936), "Ru un die" ("Peace and Trouble". New York, 1948).
KHMELNITSKY Rafail Pavlovich (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1964, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General (1940). Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1926). Participant of Civil. war, fought as part of the 1st Kon. army. In 1921–25 the adjutant of K.E. Voroshilov - teams. North Caucasus. IN. In 1926-29 com. 1st and 2nd shooters. regiments of Moscow. Span. shooter. Div., in 1929-30 and 1935-40 adjutant of the People's Commissar of Defense Voroshilov. In 1931–34 com. Moscow Span. shooter. div. Corps Commander (1938). Since 1940 teams. shooter. housing. After being wounded, from 1942, beginning. Management Center. partisan headquarters. movement. In 1943-44 - in the General Staff, in 1944-46 beginning. exhibitions of samples of captured weapons in Moscow, since 1946 the head of the Academy art. sciences. From 1948 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
KHODASEVICH Vladislav Felitsianovich (1886, Moscow - 1939, Paris), poet, literary critic. Grandson of Ya.A. Brafman. In 1904–05 he studied law, then philology. f-takh Mosk. un-that. He began to publish in 1905. In 1908 the first book was published. verse. "Youth". In 1906–17 he collaborated in gas. and zhurn. as an author, reviewer and editor. In 1918–20 - at the theater-music. section Mosk. Council, theater. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, head. Moscow branch of the publishing house "World Literature", head. Book Chamber Mosk. Council. From 1922 - in Germany, from 1923 - in Czechoslovakia, from 1924 - in Italy, where he lived with M. Gorky, from 1925 - in France. He actively collaborated in Russian. emigrant periodicals publications. The author is poetic. collection of books: "Happy House" (1914), "By the Way of Grain" (1920), "Heavy Lyre" (1922), "Collection of Poems" (1927); lit.-ist. research "Articles on Russian Poetry" (1922), "Pushkin's Poetic Economy" (1924), "Derzhavin" (1931), "On Pushkin" (1937); book rec. Necropolis (1939); per. from Polish., French. poetry. Critical articles and literary critic. manuf. H. are distinguished by objectivity of observation and subtlety of analysis. In the work of H. expressed interest in Jewish topics: Sat. From Jewish Poetry (1921), Art. memory H.-N. Bialik, in the "Necropolis" dep. chapters dedicated. Russian historian literature to M.O. Gershenzon and S.V. Kissin. In a number of verses. H. used the motives of TANAKH: "Evening" (1913), "Traces of Rachel" (1916), "I get up relaxed out of bed ..." (1923).
KHODORKOVSKY Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1963, Moscow), financier. Graduated from Moscow Art Institute. In 1987–89, the director. Center for scientific and technical youth creativity (Youth Initiative Foundation). In 1989-90 before. board of commercial. innovative bank scientific and technical progress. Since 1990 gen. dir. Interbank Association "Menatep", from 1991 to. council dir. associations of credit and finance. pr-ty "Menatep", since 1997 prez. council dir. Rosprom JSC.
KHODOROV Abram Evseevich (1886, Odessa - 1949), orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1947). Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1912). In 1919–22 he worked in China. Rev. MIV since 1923, Military. Academy of the Red Army - from 1924, LVI, MGPI - from 1945. Member. Sci. Association of Orientalists (1926–39). Was arrested twice. He died in prison. Cit .: World imperialism and China. (Experience of political and economic research). Shanghai, 1922; The national economy of China. M., 1926.
KHODOROV Boris Izrailevich (b. 1922, Kerch, Crimean ASSR), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1963). In 1944 he graduated from the Tashkent honey. in-t. In 1944–45 - at the front. In 1946–57 he was an assistant at the Department of Physiology of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Lenin, from 1957 ml., Art. scientific. sotr., hands. lab. biophysis. research Institute of Surgery. A.V. Vishnevsky. Sci. tr. H. dedicated. question ionic and molecular. the mechanisms of action of biologically active substances on excitable cells, the interaction of conditioned and unconditioned motor defensive reflexes, the mechanisms of nerve conduction. impulses for geometrically and functionally heterogeneous tissues, ionic mechanisms of nerve death. cells with oxygen deficiency, etc. Author of the textbook "Human Physiology" (1966), translated into plural. foreign lang. Organizer and hand. section of cell physiology at Moscow. fiziol. about-ve. State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: The problem of excitability. M., 1969; General physiology of excitable membranes. M., 1975; Natural neurotoxins - activators of sodium channels of excitable membranes of nerve and muscle cells. M., 1990.
KHODOROVSKY Iosif Isaevich (1885 - 1940), party leader. From 1903 p. RSDLP, Bolshevik, participant in the revolution of 1905–07, was repeatedly arrested and exiled, from 1912 sotr. Bolshevik. zhurn. "Education". Participant Oct. armed uprising in Moscow. In 1918, members. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Labor of the RSFSR, in 1918 the beginning. political department, at the same time. member RVS South fr., RVS of the 9th army. In 1920, before. Kazansky, in 1920-21 - Tula provincial executive committees, in 1921-22 sec. Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1922-28, members. collegiums, simultaneously. since 1924 deputy. People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, head. Ch. management prof.-tech. education, chl. scientific-polit. section of the State. Academic Council of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1928–32, the trade representative of the USSR in Italy, then in Turkey. In 1932–34, deputy. prev. To the highest. tech. education at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, then early. Medical-dignity. management (Lechsanupr) SNK USSR. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Repressed.
KHODOS Chaim-Ber Gershonovich (1897, Kurenets of Vileisky u. Vilna province - 1995, Irkutsk), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1935). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1916 he entered honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1918 he entered the student. Zionist organization "Ha-Haver". In 1922 he was excluded from the university as an "alien element." In 1924 he graduated from Irkutsk University, left at the department of nerve. diseases: resident, postgraduate student, assoc. (1929), prof., Head. department (1935–76), scientific. department consultant (1977–88). Sci. tr. H. dedicated. decomp. aspects of clinics. neurology: pathology of cerebrospinal fluid, pathology of the nerve. systems, peripheral injuries. nerves, san.-resort. treatment for diseases of the nerve. systems, as well as the history of the father. neurology. The works of H., dedicated. epilepsy, epidemic. and tick-borne encephalitis, dysgenesis. Described the sensitized Rossolimo reflex as an early sign of damage to the pyramidal system, changes in the psyche in epilepsy. Poch. citizen of the city (1967). Poch. h. of the reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. In Irkutsk ethnographer. the museum has an exposition dedicated to H. Hon. doctor of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1957) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1962). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1967) Vol .: Traumatic injuries and gunshot wounds of the nervous system. Irkutsk, 1943; Peaceful and wartime neuroses. Irkutsk, 1947; Nervous diseases. M., 1965; 3rd ed. Tashkent, 1981; Multiple sclerosis. Irkutsk, 1980 (et al.); Encephalitis A in Eastern Siberia. Irkutsk, 1982 (et al.).
KHODOSH Inessa Aleksandrovna (1922, Minsk - 1995, Moscow), historian, bibliographer. Cand. ist. Sciences (1955). In 1946 she graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1946–53, an assistant to FA Rothstein, she also worked in the secretariat of Ch. edition of the "History of Civil. war ", since 1953 - in the FBS of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1964 deputy director). Participated in the creation of Ying-that scientific. information on societies. Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1968–87, deputy director for scientific work). Author of works on the history of Africa and information problems in the region. societies. sciences.
KHODOSH Shepshel Shepshelevich (1896, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1951), leader of the trade union movement. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). In 1918, members. Minsk Underground Regional Committee of the RCP (b). In 1918-19, members. Minsk lips. Military Revolutionary Committee, the Defense Committee of Minsk, one of the organizers of the 1st Minsk Workers' Regiment named after Minsk Council of Trade Unions. From 1920 to. Minsk lips. Council of Trade Unions, since 1924 - Center. Council of Trade Unions of Belarus. In 1921–24 members. Central Committee of the CP (b) B, in 1924–25 a member. Central Committee and Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) B. From 1925 to prof. work.
KHODZHASH Andriana-Svetlana-Gulef Samuil-Izmailovna (b. 1923, Evpatoria of the Crimean ASSR), orientalist. Doctor of Oriental Studies (1991). Rod. in a Karaite family. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1945). From 1944 - in the Pushkin Museum, from 1959 head. dep. East. Since 1952 participant (since 1959 - beginning) annually. archeol. exp. Pushkin Museum in Erebuni (ArmSSR). Author of over 100 works on Egyptology. Works: Artistic Crafts of Ancient Egypt. M., 1959 (et al.); Cairo. M., 1973; Egyptian plastic of small forms. M., 1985.
HOFFENSTEIN Samuel (1889 - 1947, USA), screenwriter. One of the leading Amer. screenwriters of the 1930–40s. Author and co-author of the film: "American Tragedy" (1931), "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", "Love Me Tonight" (both - 1932), "Song of Songs" (1933), "Big Waltz" (1938) , "Tales of Manhattan", "The Love of Edgar Allan Poe" (both 1942), Phantom at the Opera, His Butler's Sister (both 1943), Laura (1944). "Sentimental Journey" (1946), "Carnival in Costa Rica" (1947).
KHOKHLOV Moisei Zalmanovich (b. 1923, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Cand. phys.-math. sciences. In the Red Army - from 1941, at the front - from 1942. Kom. detachment sergeant H. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the crossing of the Dnieper in the Kiev region. In 1950 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in the Crimean Astrophysics. observatory, in 1985–87 st. scientific. sotr. Institute of cosmology. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1996 - in the USA.
KHOLDIN Samuil (Semyon) Abramovich (1896, Yanovka, Odessa u., Kherson province. - 1975, Leningrad), oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1941), prof. (1941), bp. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1957). In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1920–22 - in Kr. Army. In 1922–23 he was a doctor at Klinich. in-those, in 1923–26 scientific. sotr. Pathologist. in-that in Odessa. From 1926 resident, in 1953–73 head. clinics branch in Oncologich. in-those in Leningrad, at the same time. (1934–53) Assistant Professor, Head. Department (since 1945) of Oncology Ying-that for advanced training of doctors in the same place. In 1941–45, the leading surgeon of one of the Leningrad. hospitals. Let's experiment. research H. dedicated. oncogenic action of coal tar and other oncogenic factors; for the first time in the world received transplantable sarcoma of chickens. In the region. clinics oncology has developed methods of sparing operations on the sigmoid and rectum for cancer, electrosurgery. a method of treating lesions of the stomach and intestines, radiosurgery. a method of treating skin cancer of the eyelids. Proposed classification of rectal cancer; established the indications for surgery and the scope of surgery for breast cancer. For the first time in the USSR he summarized the experience of treating hemangiomas. Improved the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. tumors of the thyroid gland. Designed an apparatus for automatic stitching the walls of the stomach and intestines. Member prez. reign of Vses. about-va of oncologists, before. Board of the Society of Oncologists of Leningrad and Leningrad. region Vol .: Hemangiomas and their treatment. L., 1935; Malignant formations of the rectum. L., 1955; Advanced radical surgery for breast cancer. L., 1975 (et al.); Neoplasms of the rectum and sigmoid colon. M., 1977.
HOLTSMAN Wolf Semenovich (1886, Moscow - 1939, ibid.), Phthisiatrician. Prof. (1931). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). Until 1916, internist therapeutic. clinics in the same place. In 1916–28 he was a phthisiatrician (since 1918, deputy chief physician) at the Vysokie Gory tuberculosis sanatorium. In 1928–35, the director. Inst. Social. diseases (Moscow Research Institute of Tuberculosis). In 1931–38 the head. organized by him by the Department of Tuberculosis TSIUVa, in 1935-39 Dir. Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis. Sci. tr. H. dedicated. problems of early diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; one of the first in the USSR began to use collapse therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis, proposed criteria for differentiation. diagnosis of the pleural-glandular form of tuberculosis. He took an active part in organizing measures to combat tuberculosis in the USSR. Prev Vseros. scientific. about-va phthisiatricians. Cit .: Problems of the pulmonary cavity. M., 1927 (et al.); Tuberculosis. M. - L., 1936 (co-author).
KHOLTSOV Boris Nikolaevich (Nissonovich) (1861, Kerch, Feodosia u.Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1940, Leningrad), urologist. Doctor of Medicine (1892), prof. (1916). Scientific creator schools. Student of S.P. Kolomnin and A.A. Troyanov. Graduated from natural sciences. Faculty of Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1884) and Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg (1887). Since 1887, a surgeon at the Obukhov hospital in St. Petersburg, where in 1910 he organized and headed the first urologist in the city. separation. Head created by him the Department of Urology Psychoneurological. Institute (now - San. Hygienic. Medical Institute) (1916-26), beginning. organized by him specialized. hospital for the provision of urological. assistance to the wounded. In 1926-40 the head. Department of Urology LIDUV. He developed a number of surgical methods, including removal of prostate adenoma, resection of the urinary tract. channel with nek-ry forms of its narrowing (Marion-Holtsov's operation), an operational method of treatment of chronic. contractures of the bladder neck, etc. Prev. Vses. scientific. about-va of urologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1936) Vol .: On stopping bleeding in case of large vein injuries and on ligation of the common femoral vein in particular. SPb., 1892; Damage and disease of the prostate gland. SPb., 1909; Diagnosis of diseases of the genitourinary organs. SPb., 1911; Gonorrhea and its complications. Pg., 1920; Urology manual. L., 1924; Private urology. L., 1928.
KHOLODENKO Shifra Naumovna (1909, Bartkov-Rudnya, Volyn province - 1974, Moscow), poet, writer. Sister of D.N. Gofshtein. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. Participated in scientific. exp. to the North, which was later reflected in the work of H. First verse. published in 1922 in the journal. "Storm". First Sat verse. published in 1937. The author of the book: "Leader" ("Poems", 1940), "Ganzfri" ("Dawn". Stories, 1940), "Unzer Craft" ("Our Power", 1941), "Dos Wort" ( "The Word", 1974).
KHOLODOV (real name Mirovich) Efim Grigorievich (1915, Mitava Doblensky u. Kurland province - 1981, Moscow), theater critic, literary critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1969). He began to publish in 1935. In 1937 he graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of GITIS. Since 1939 - edited by the journal. "Theater". 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949, during the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was dismissed from his job, criticized in the press, along with Y.I. Yuzovsky, A.S. Gurvich, A.M. Borschagovsky, I.L. Altman, G.N. Boyadzhiev, Ya.L. Varshavsky, L.A. Malyugin. Since 1953 - again in the journal. "Theater"; in 1957–63 editorial board. Since 1964 Art. scientific. sotr. All-Union Research Institute of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. The author of the book., Art. and theater. reviews. Member the editorial board of the Full. collection op. A. N. Ostrovsky. Op .: Composition of the drama. M., 1957; Ostrovsky's skill. M., 1963; Plays and Years. M., 1967; Playwright for all time. M., 1975; The face of the theater. M., 1979.
CHOMITSER Mikhail Emmanuilovich (b. 1935, Kharkov), cellist, teacher. Prof. (1990). In 1958 he graduated from Moscow. cons. Since 1957 soloist of the Moscow. philharmonic society; the first performer in the USSR of a number of concerts for cello and orc., including T.N. Khrennikov (Concert No. 2), B. Martinu, J. Iber, J. Akutagava, A. Dyutiye, J. Kokkonen, in the repertoire also concerts of A.I. Khachaturian and D.D.Shostakovich. Played fp. trio with D.F. Oistrakh and S.T.Rikhter, with I.S.Bezrodny and D.A. Bashkirov. 1st pr. Mezhdunar. competition them. G. Vigan (1955, Prague), 3rd ave. Intern. competition them. PI Tchaikovsky (1962, Moscow), 1st pr. competition them. P. Casals (1963, Budapest). Member jury Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1978). In 1961–90 he taught at Moscow. cons. In 1986–87 prof. Moose. academy named after J. Sibelius in Helsinki. Nar. art. RSFSR (1987).
HOMMER Ilya Markovich (1873, Irkutsk - 1926), doctor. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. He worked in Blagoveshchensk. In the 1900s. created the first "school of midwives" in the Far East, and opened a school for midwives in 1921. Author of a guide to caring for newborns. Organized a nursery for foundlings. In 1917–21 he was active member. pro-Kadet Union of Amur Republicans.
KHOMSKY Pavel Osipovich (b. 1925, Moscow), director, actor. Prof. (1990). In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. Opera-drama. studio them. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1953–58 he studied at GITIS. In 1948–52, the actor and dir. Riga t-ra rus. dramas. Staged performances: "Twenty years later" by MA Svetlov (1949), "They don't joke with love" by P. Calderon (1950). From 1952 ch. dir. Riga Youth Theater. Staged performances: "The Marriage" by N.V. Gogol (1952), "Les Miserables" by V. Hugo (1953), "Little Dorrit" by Charles Dickens (1954), "The Devil's Disciple" by B. Shaw (1955). In 1959–61, Ch. dir. Riga t-ra rus. dramas. Among the post. X .: "The Naked King" by E.L. Schwartz (1960), "Ocean" by A.P. Stein, "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan (both - 1961). From 1961 ch. dir. Leningrad. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. Staged here: "Farewell to the White Nights" by V. Panova (1961), "Before Dinner" by VS Rozov (1963), "Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht (1963), etc. Since 1966, ch. dir. Moscow Youth Theater. During the work of H., the theater's repertoire included performances: "Get ready, your highness!" L.A. Kassilya (1966), "Star" after E.G. Kazakevich (1967), the musical "My brother plays the clarinet" by A.G. Aleksin (1968), "Hey, hello!" G.S. Mamlin (1969) and others. From 1973 dir., From 1985 ch. dir. T-ra them. Mossovet; staged: "Halfway to the Top" by P. Ustinov (1976), "The Kingdom of the Earth" by T. Williams (1978), "The Brothers Karamazov" (after F. M. Dostoevsky, dramatized by H., 1979), "Quote" by L. G.3orin | 3orina]] (1986), “The Importance of Being Serious” by O. Wilde (1991), “White Guard” by M.A.Bulgakov (1993), “One Night's Mistakes” by O. Goldsmith (1994), “ Foma Opiskin ”after Dostoevsky (1995). H. staged performances in Moscow. t-rah: im. M.N. Ermolova ("Alpine ballad" after V. Bykov, 1975), in TsTSA ("Optimistic tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1981), in T-re satire ("Kramnegel" after the novel by Ustinov, 1983) ... Since 1969, Rev. in GITIS. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
KHOROL David Moiseevich (1920, Kiev - 1990, Moscow), specialist in the field of aircraft control systems. Hero of Socialist Labor (1981). Graduated from Kiev University (1941) and Voen.-Vozd. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1944), worked in the design bureau of the defense industry. Gene. constructor. Became. etc. (1950). State pr. USSR (1970). Linen. etc. (1976).
KHOROL Dvoira Sholomovna (1894, Okhrimovo, Kiev province - 1982, Moscow), poet. D.R.Bergelson's niece. Studied in natural sciences. f-those un-that in Kiev. Graduated from Ped. Institute in Kiev (1929). She worked as a teacher. First verse. published in the journal. "Shtrom" (1922, no. 3). First Sat verse. "Leader" ("Poems") was published in 1928. The author of the book. for children ml. age. Verse. H. translated into Russian. lang. EA Blaginina, Ya.L. Akim, VS Shefner, E.Ya. Tarakhovskaya and others. verse. included in the anthology for the beginning. schools; set to music comp. M.I. Krasev, Z.A. Levina, M.S. Rauchverger. In 1968–71 in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" publ. rec. H. "Lirisher Geftn" ("Lyric Notebooks") Works: Car. M., 1961; Goat. M., 1971; Girl in the woods. M., 1972.
GOOD Mordukh Leibovich (1899, Odessa - 1937, Moscow), army political worker. Corps Commissar (1935). Since 1918 - in the Red Army, in the City. during the war he commanded a detachment, was the commissar of the combat area. At the end of the Military-political. Institute (1927) - early. political department div., then corps. In 1932-36 Art. inspector, early. dep., deputy. early Political administration of the Red Army. In 1936–37, deputy. early Political administration of the Kiev VO. Repressed.
KHOROZELSKY Isaac (1901, Volkovyshki, Suvalka province. - 1965, Ryazan), politician. Party roar. movement in Lithuania since 1919. In 1920 he joined the underground Komsomol. organization, in 1921 - to the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1921 he was arrested and imprisoned in a concentration camp, in 1922–23 - in the army, in 1923–24 - for illegal work. school desks. work (led the trade union of workers-shtinnikov, Volkovysh underground district party committee). Since 1924 - in the USSR. Graduated from Communist. un-t nat. minorities of the West, was sent to work underground in Poland (Grodno, Brest, Pinsk, Bialystok), in 1929 arrested, sentenced to 6 years in prison. In 1936 he was exiled to Lithuania, from there - again to Poland. In 1937 he was arrested and exiled to the USSR, where he was repressed. Released 1956.
KHORUZHENKO (nee Agranovskaya) Alla Yurievna (b. 1962, Kharkov), checker player. Master of Sports (1977). USSR champion in 100-cell drafts - 6th championship (Vilnius, 1980). Five-time champion of Ukraine, champion of Belarus in 100-cell drafts among women.
HORWITZ Maximilian (ps. Henryk Walecki) (1877, Warsaw - 1938), politician. Doctor of Philosophy. In 1898 he graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t un-that in Ghent (Belgium). Since 1895, members Belgian slave. party, member. Overseas. Union of Polish. socialists. From 1898 - in Warsaw, an active figure in the teaching staff. Conducted propaganda work among Jewish workers. In 1899 he was arrested, in prison he translated Prince. A. Poincare "Science and Hypothesis". Exiled to Vost. Siberia, fled. In 1902–05 - in Switzerland. In 1904, members. Polish delegations to congr. 2nd International (Amsterdam). In 1905 he was elected to the leadership of the teaching staff. While under arrest in 1905, he wrote a brochure "On the Jewish Question". Party roar. events of 1905–07. In 1907-14 - in Vienna, sotr. decomp. Polish roar. magazines. In 1915-18 - in Switzerland. From 1918 - in Poland, in 1918-19 and 1923-25 ​​members. Central Committee Kom. slave. party of Poland. Since 1920 - in Russia. In 1921–25 the representative of Kom. slave. the party of Poland in the Comintern. In 1922 a member. Pres. Comintern. In 1922 on the instructions of the Comintern - in the USA, in 1923 in Germany. Since 1923 - in the apparatus of the Comintern. In 1935–37 ed. zhurn. "Communist International". Arrested in 1937.
KHOTINSKY Alexander Abramovich (1850 - 1883, Claran, Switzerland), a member of the revolutionary movement. In the beginning. 1870s entered the Medico-Surgical. Academy in St. Petersburg. In 1874 he left the academy, took part in "going to the people". With the beginning of the Herzegovina-Bosnian Uprising of 1875–78, he went to Serbia as a medic. In the end. 1876 ​​returned to Russia; one of the creators and hands. roar. Society "Earth and Freedom", chl. its Council, organizer and participant of the Saratov and Tambov settlements of landowners. From the end. 1877 for illegal. position, after the split of "Land and Freedom" (Aug. 1879) one of the hands. roar. org-tion "Black redistribution". In the end. 1879 because of the threat of arrest he emigrated to Switzerland, graduated from honey. Faculty of Bernese University.
KHOTINSKY Evgeniy Semenovich (1877, Petersburg - 1959, Kharkov), organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1936), prof. (1934). Graduated in 1904 from un-t in Geneva. In 1904–06, a chemist at a soda plant in Slavyansk, then at a sugar plant in Kursk province. In 1906–07 he was an assistant at the University of Geneva, in 1907–09 privat-doc. In 1909, upon his return to Russia, he taught at Kharkov University (until 1911 assistant, in 1911–20 the head of the department of inorganic chemistry, in 1944–59 the head of the department of organic chemistry). Main scientific. research in the region. synthetic organic chemistry. Completed orig. work on the recovery and bromination of pyrrole, as well as the recovery of its derivatives. Developed a method for obtaining pyrrole from mucus ammonium salt. Carried out the synthesis of intermediates and dyes from the components of coal tar. Completed a cycle of works on chemistry of organoelement. connections. Author of textbooks and uch. chemistry manuals. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1949). Cit .: Course in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Kharkov, 1959.
Hovel Osip (Joseph) (1897, Uman, Kiev province -?), Sculptor. Since 1910 - in the USA. He was engaged in art. school Cooper Union at J. Brewster and in Nat. Academy of Drawing by R. Eytken. The follower is realistic. directions, H. became the author of numerous. sculpt. portraits, among which are the bas-reliefs "King Ferdinand of Romania", "Dowager Queen of Romania Maria", bronze. bust eng. conductor Albert Coates; executed by the sculptor. figures for post. prom. exhibitions at the New York Museum of Science and Industry. In New York, he exhibited works at Khudozhn. Union of the Bronx (1927), Community House Center. synagogues (1928, 1933), Brooklyn Museum (1930), Nat. the Academy of Drawing (1929–31), the Jewish Museum (1945–50), Medalik Art (1952), etc. The sculptures of H. are installed at Carnegie Hall, Yeshiva College, New School for Social Research (New York), White house (Washington).
KHOZAK Rafail Matveyevich (1928, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Composer. Graduated from muses. uch-shche at Moscow. cons., then Muz.-ped. in-t them. Gnessin (1958), studied composition with N.I. Peiko. Main region creativity - music for dramas. t-ra; naib. the music for the play "The Continuation of the Legend" by A.V. Kuznetsov (T-r "Sovremennik", 1958) is known. Among the works: suites for orc. - "Biblical" and "Heroes of Sholem Aleichem", "Jewish Lyric Dances" for strings. orc., concert for violin "Music Risen from the Ashes", "Soul of a Choreographer" (Jewish wedding pantomimes for viola and fp.), music for the theater. action "Poem of Bratsk".
KHOSE Samuil Efimovich (1913, Warsaw - 1995, Moscow), teacher. Dr. East Sciences (1983), prof. (1991). 1941–45 - at the front. Graduated from East. Faculty of MOPI (1949). In 1955–74 - at school number 345 (Moscow), since 1957 - director. 1974–90 - at the Research Institute of General Problems of Education of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. The author of the book. (all ed. in Moscow) on the problems of children. and a young man. movement, management modern. school, democratization and humanization of the educational process: "Teaching history in a school with industrial training" (1970), "Growing up in business" (1980), "School director" (1989), "In the teaching staff" (1993), etc. Author of more than 400 articles. the theme to-rykh was the development of creative. the personality of the child. Honored. school teacher of the RSFSR (1961). Awarded honey. KD Ushinsky (1984) and A.S. Makarenko (1990).
KHRABROVITSKY Daniil Yakovlevich (1923, Rostov-on-Don - 1980, Moscow), screenwriter, film director. In 1940–42 he studied in Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky. In 1942–45 - in the army. After demobilization he worked in gas. "Pionerskaya Pravda", zhurn. "Ogonyok". In 1957 he graduated from the Higher. scenario courses. Among X's scenarios: "To Believe Corrected" (1959), "Clear Sky" (1961), "Nine Days of One Year" (1962, in collaboration with MI Romm, State avenue of the RSFSR), "Postal novel "(1970). As dir. debuted in 1965 f. "Roll call". Staged the f: "The Taming of Fire" (1972, Grand Prix "Crystal Globe" at the Moscow Art Festival in Karlovy Vary); "Silver Siren" (pr. MKF in Sorrento, 1972), "The Tale of the Human Heart" (1974), "Poem of Wings" (1979).
HRAKOVSKY Victor Samuilovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1955). Since 1961 - at the Institute of Linguistics of the Leningrad Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The author of St. 30 scientific. tr. in Arabic, Semitic, general and compare. linguistics, in particular, on problems of typology. Ed. H. ed. collective monograph. and collections. Vol .: Essays on the General and Arab. syntax. M., 1973; Semantics and typology of the imperative. L., 1986 (in collaboration with A.P. Volodin); Typology of iterative constructions. L., 1989.
KHROMCHENKO Solomon Markovich (1907, Zlatopol, Kiev province - 2002), singer (tenor), teacher. In 1932 he graduated from the Kiev Higher. music-dram. in-t (vocal class). Laureate of Vses. competition of musicians-performers (1933, Moscow, 3rd Ave.). Soloist of the Bolshoi Theater (1934–57). Main operatic parts: Lensky ("Eugene Onegin" by P. Tchaikovsky), Berendey ("The Snow Maiden" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Foolish ("Boris Godunov" by M. P. Mussorgsky), Vladimir Igorevich ("Prince Igor" A.P. Borodin), Duke ("Rigoletto" by G. Verdi), Alfred ("La Traviata" by Verdi), Almaviva ("The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini), Gerald ("Lacme" by L. Delibes). Conducted a large concert and performing activity. In the repertoire of H. wok. manuf. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninoff, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms. He toured a lot. Since 1961 he taught at the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins (from 1974 Assoc.). Since 1991 - in Israel. Honored. art. RSFSR (1947). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1984).
Khaim Mordekhovich KHUBELASHVILI (b. 1931, Tskhakaya, Georgian SSR), public figure. In 1956 he graduated from the Tbilisi Polytechnic. in-t. Since 1972 - in Israel. In 1972–92 he worked in the Tel Aviv municipality. In 1980 he founded and headed the journal. "Drosha" for the cargo. lang. From 1989 to. Int. associations of immigrants from Georgia.
HUDAYDATOV Rafail (1899, Samarkand - 1988, Kiryat-Malakhi, Israel), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since the 1930s. was associated with the movement of the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1941–45 he helped refugees from Poland and Europe. parts of the USSR. In the 1940s and 60s. supported illegal. network of Jewish religions. education in the UzSSR. Since 1971 - in Israel.
KHUKHASHVILI Georgy Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Bandza, Georgian SSR), poet, playwright, screenwriter. Graduated from Tbilisi University (1947). First production publ. in 1947. Author of 29 books, including collection of works. verse. "Biblical melodies". According to X's scripts, 5 films were filmed. State pr. Georgia (1993).
KHURGIN Alexander Zinovievich (b. 1952, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk forge. Institute (1974). Published since 1977. Stories and stories by H. (among them "Country Australia" and "Door") publ. in the journal. "Banner", "New World", "Friendship of Peoples", "Youth", "Rainbow" (Kiev), "Ogonyok" and others. Humorous. stories - in “Lit. gas. ", journal. "Crocodile", "Zhvanetsky's Store" and other ed. Since 1995 Resp. ed. region. app. to gas. "Arguments and Facts" "AiF in the Dnieper". Etc. SP of Ukraine (1992) and Mezhdunar. fund zhurn. "Banner" (1993).
KHURGIN Isaiah Yakovlevich (1887, Priluki, Poltava province - 1925, Long Lake, USA), diplomat. Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t un-that in Kiev (1911). Member SERP, was repeatedly arrested, was under the secret police surveillance. In 1917, members. Ukr. Centre. We are glad and will fulfill it. org. - Malaya Rada, in 1917-18 pom. M.I. Zilberfarb in Gen. Secretariat (pr-ve Ukr. Nar. Republic). Participated in the development of bills for Jewish autonomy in Ukraine. From 1920 - in the RCP (b). From Sept. 1921 - 1st Counselor of the Embassy and Trade Representative of Ukraine in Poland. Since 1923, the representative of Derutra (Russian-German transport society with the participation of American capital) and Sovfrakht in the United States, actually served as plenipotentiary. At H.'s proposal, a Soviet-Amer. about-in Amtorg, its first before. In 1925, Kh. Obtained an entry visa to the United States for V.V. Mayakovsky and settled him in his house. He died together with E.M. Sklyansky.
HURGIN Pinchas (1894-1957, Israel), public figure, historian, teacher. From 1907 - in E.-I. In 1910 he studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Interested in sovr. lit-swarm in Hebrew and Zionist religion. thought, entered into correspondence with the founder of the Mizrahi movement I.-Ya. Reines. In 1912 he returned to E.-I. From 1915 - in the USA, taught Hebrew in New Jersey, then in New Haven (Connecticut), collaborated in the publishing house. in Hebrew "Ga-Ivri" and "Ga-Toren", where he published East. essays and journalistic. Art., as well as in the Anglo-Jewish press and publications in Yiddish. Since 1920 he taught at Pedagogich. college in New York (dean since 1924), contributed to the formation of Yeshiva-un-ta, headed the Committee for Jewish Education, participated in the creation of a number of day schools with teaching in Hebrew in New York and other cities of the United States. From 1949 prez. Amer. org-tion Mizrahi, initiated the creation of un-that Bar-Ilan in Israel. Since 1955 - in Israel. In 1934–55 he edited the quarter he founded. "Khorev". Author of works on the history of the Second Temple period.
HUSID Solomon Efimovich (1912, Odessa - 1989, Leningrad), specialist in the field of automation of metallurgical production. Graduated from Magnitogorsk Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. in-t. In 1931–72 at the Magnitogorsk mining and metallurgical department. plant, since 1956 deputy. ch. energy. In 1972–85, Ch. Ing. projects of the State. design institute "Project-automatics" (Magnitogorsk). Became. etc. (1948). State pr. USSR (1969).
KHUZMAN Alexander Grigorievich (b. 1962, Zhitomir), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1991). Silver. medalist of the USSR Championship among youths (1979). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, including in Eger (1988, 1–2 m.), Baku (1988, 1 st.).
KhVESIN Tikhon Serafimovich (1894, Orenburg - 1938), military and statesman. Since 1911, members RSDLP, Bolshevik. Member of the 1st world. war, non-commissioned officer. In 1917, a participant in the establishment of the Sov. authorities in Saratov, a military commissar. From 1918 - in the Red Army, early. headquarters, in Sept. – Nov. 1918 room 4th Army Vost. fr. In 1919 he commanded the 8th Army of the South. fr., then gr. troops on the Don, pom. teams. Orenburg gr. troops and teams. 1st Army of the Turkestan fr. In 1920 pom. teams. Special gr. troops of the Turkestan French, during the Soviet-Polish war, 1920 teams. Mozyr gr. troops West. fr. Load och. weapons and hordes. Cr. Banner. In 1921–23 pom. teams. Priuralsky VO, gubernatorial commissar in Saratov, military affairs manager. academies of the Red Army, member. Small Academician military-pedagogical. council of all the military. academies. In 1924-26 the gen. representative of the Gostorg of the RSFSR in Berlin, in 1926–31 before. State Planning Committee of the USSR, deputy. prev. Mossovet, ed. dep. military. Literature State Publishing House, early. management of the building of social cities SNK RSFSR. In 1932–37 he was commissioned. Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR and management of "Stalingradstroy", member. Bureau of the Lower Volga Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), 1st Deputy. Commissar of the communal economy of the RSFSR. Affairs. 17th Congress of the CPSU (b), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed. Vol .: How industry is organized and works during the war. M. - L., 1928.
KHVOLES Avraham Aleksandrovich (1854, Kovna - 1931, Tskhinvali, GRSSR), rabbi. Student of I.E. Spector. On his instructions, in 1890 he went to the Caucasus to collect donations for the yeshiva in Slobodka. He stayed in Tskhinvali, where he became a rabbi. In 1906 he opened the first Talmud Torah in Georgia. I bought equipment with my own money and invited craftsmen to teach the craft to students.
HVOLSON Daniil Avraamovich (1819, Vilna - 1911, Petersburg), orientalist-Semitologist, Hebraist, philologist, archaeologist, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1855), Ph.D. (1858) and hon. h. (1908) Petersburg. AN. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from un-t in Breslau (Germany). In 1855, members. Commission on the "Saratov case", presented a note on the groundlessness of accusations of Jews in ritual murders. Since 1895 head. chair of Jewish, Syrian and Chaldean literature to the east. f-those Petersburg. un-that; taught at St. Petersburg. theological academy of the Old Jewish language. and biblical archeology, in St. Petersburg. Roman Catholic academies - Old Hebrew. Author of scientific. tr. on the history of the East, the history of writing, in Old Hebrew, Assyrology; carried out scientific. per. TANAKH for Brit. bibl. about-va. A number of works by H. dedicated. history and analysis of blood libel. Comp. "Collection of Jewish inscriptions containing gravestone inscriptions" (1884). A number of books. H. on philosophy and religious studies publ. On him. lang. Petersburg and Leipzig. Vol .: Eighteen Jewish gravestone inscriptions from the Crimea. SPb., 1866: Ibn-Dast, Abu-Ali Ahmed Ben Omar and news about the Khozars, Burtases, Bulgarians, Magyars, Slavs and Russians. SPb., 1869.
HVOLSON Orest Danilovich (1852, Petersburg - 1934, ibid.), Physicist. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1895), hon. acad. Grew up. AN (1920), Hero of Labor. Son of D.A. Khvolson. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1873). In 1873–74 he trained in Leipzig with K. Neumann. From 1876 he taught at St. Petersburg. un-those, at the Bestuzhev courses and in other uch. institutions of St. Petersburg. Sci. research on optics, magnetism, theory of heat. H.'s work on the theory of light diffusion in the so-called. milk glasses is of great importance in modern times. the theory of multiple light scattering. In his lectures he paid great attention to physical. experiment. Author of 63 textbooks on decomp. sect. physics, including 5-volume. "Course of physics", which withstood several. editions.
HUBNER (Khibner) Juliusz (b. 1912, Gzhimalov-Tarnopolsk, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 2002), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Brigadier General (1958). Dr. Physics. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from Lviv Polytechnic. in-t. In 1937–39, a citizen. wars in Spain. In 1939 - in an internment camp in France. Since 1940 - in the USSR. Since 1943 com. regiment of the division them. T. Kostyushko of the Polish army. Was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for personal courage and heroism shown in the battle of Lenino. Since 1966 - retired. He taught physics at Lodz University. Since 1971 - in the USA.
KIBARTAI, a city (since 1923) in Marijampole district. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1856, from 1867 - the village of Kybarty Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 533 Jews (45%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910, approx. 1000 (approx. 20%), in 1923 - 1253 Jews (19%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan since the 1860s. In the end. 19th century in K. there were 2 synagogues; in 1880 the beginning of the 19th century was opened. Jewish school. From the end. 19th century Zionist circles worked in Kazakhstan. Since 1900, Yosef-Nehemiah Goldman (1867 -?) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1906 one of the hands. Abram Iogelevich Glazomitsky was a branch of the Bund in K. In 1911 a Jewish philanthropist functioned. Society, in 1912 there was a Jewish cemetery. 1920s in the center of K. a new synagogue was built. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. worked divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1932–36, a center for prof. preparing young people for life in E.-I. In 1925, a school of the Tarbut network (150 students) was opened, with a cut there were children. garden. Functioned Jewish plank. bank (manager - Benzion Brodny). In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi K. was one of the founders of the network "Yavne" Borukh-Nokhum Ginzburg, in the 1930s. - Rabinovich (? - 1940). In 1940, teaching at the school was switched from Hebrew to Yiddish. On June 22, 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, Jewish men were shot in Kazakhstan. in the fall of 1941 - women and children. a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. is erected on the mass grave of those executed in 1941. lang. The Jewish cemetery was restored in 1991. I.I. Levitan.
KIBARTS, see Kibartai.
KIBEL Ilya Afanasevich (Efraimovich) (1904, Saratov - 1970, Moscow), mathematician, specialist in the field of hydromechanics and meteorology. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1949), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943). Graduated from Saratov University in 1925. Until 1943 sotr. Ch. geophysical observatories; in 1943–58 he worked at the Center. in-those forecasts; in 1958–61 - at the Institute of Applied Geophysics, head. dep. weather forecasts; in 1961 - in Compute. meteorological center of the USSR. tr. in the region. determination of hydrodynamic. short-term weather forecasts (in 1940 he was the first to propose a practical method of making weather forecasts for up to a day based on the use of hydrodynamic equations), methodology in hydromechanics and hydrodynamics in determining weather forecasts. Investigated climate problems, in part, proposed the theory of average annual temperature distribution, the theory of moisture rotation. In 1941–42, practical. the methods proposed by K. were applied in calculating the pressure on the ice when laying the "Road of Life" in besieged Leningrad along Lake Ladoga. K. - the founder of scientific. schools in meteorology. Became. pr. (1941) Vol .: Introduction to hydrodynamic methods of short-term weather forecast. M., 1957; Theoretical hydromechanics. 6th ed., Vol. 1–2. M., 1963 (jointly with N.E. Kochin and N.V. Roze).
KIBEL Wolf (1903, Grodisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province - 1938, Cape Town, South American), painter. Rod. in the family of the cantor and shochet. Since 1923 in Austria. While living in Vienna, he took private painting lessons. In 1925 he left for E.-I. He lived for some time in Jerusalem, then in Tel Aviv. In 1929, at the invitation of his brother, the cantor of the Cape Town synagogue, he moved to South Africa. In 1931–37 several were held. exhibitions K. Since 1934 he worked in the same studio with L. Lipshitz.
KIBINTSY, a village in Mirgorodsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1688. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1941 one Jew was killed in K.
KIBLICH, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kiblich (other name - Kublich) of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 290 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1887 - 820 (34%), in 1897 - 1067 Jews (34.5%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the first half of the year. 17th century During the "Khmelnytsky" era, the Jewish community of K. was destroyed. Jews settled again in K. in the middle. 18th century In 1784 four Jewish families from Kazakhstan lived in Granov. In the end. 19th century there were 2 synagogues in K. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade; Jews owned most of the shops in Kazakhstan. In March 1919, a pogrom by parts of the Directory took place in Kazakhstan, during which 30 Jews were killed and 50 women were subjected to violence; in the same year there was a pogrom, staged by the gangs of ataman Volyntsi, as a result of which 95 Jews were killed.
KIBRIK Boris Semenovich (1884, Tiraspol - 1938), politician. Member RSDLP since 1903, Menshevik. During the revolution of 1905–07, an active participant prof. movement. Held by St. one and a half years in prisons and 3 years in exile. After Feb. roar. 1917 members Executive Committee of Moscow. Council, one of the leaders of the Union of Printers. Delegate Unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917). Oct did not accept the roar. He worked in the trade unions of Moscow. Delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec. 1917), elected Cand. in part. Central Committee. He advocated the participation of the Mensheviks in the Soviets, but will oppose their entry into the Soviets. Bolshevik bodies. authorities; demanded to disassociate from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. At the 1st All-Russia. the congress of trade unions (Petrograd, January 7-14, 1918) defended the idea of ​​the independence of trade unions. During the years of Civil. war was in the Volga region. The further fate is unknown.
KIDANOVKA, a village in Boguslavsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1722.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1845, 5 Jewish families lived in Kiev. In 1914 Jews owned a grocery and a manufactory, a timber warehouse. In 1918, a pogrom broke out in Kiev, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev; several Jewish homes were burned. 1941 5 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KIDYOSH (until 1946 - Kideshev, until 1992 - Zmievka), a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kidios of the province of Ugrian Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939 - 44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. In 1944, 10 Jews were sent from Kazakhstan to Auschwitz and exterminated there.
KIDESHEV, see Kidos.
KIDIOSH, see Kidyosh.
KIDULIAI, a village in Shakyai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Keduli Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 307 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1931, Jews of Kazakhstan owned 2 taverns. The Jews of Kazakhstan were killed in the summer of 1941.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КИЕВ, город, центр Киевской обл., столица Украины. Изв. с 860. В 9 – нач. 12 в. – столица Киевской Руси. В 1240 разрушен монголо-татарами. С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1654 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 1708–81 и в 1797–1925 – центр Киевской губ., с 1925 – Киевского окр., с 1932 – Киевской обл. В 1934–91 – столица УССР.В 1792 в К. проживало 73 еврея, в 1815 – ок. 1500, в 1874 – 13 803 (11%), в 1897 – 31 801 еврей (13%) и 308 караимов, в 1910 – 58 387 евреев, в 1917 – 87 240 (18,6%), в 1919 – 114 524 (21%), в 1923 – 128 441, в 1926 – 140 256 евреев и 204 караима, в 1939 – ок. 175 000 евреев (ок. 20%), в 1959 – 153 466 евреев (13,8%) и 144 караима, в 1970 – 151 993 евреев (9,3%), в 1979 – 132 197 евреев, в т. ч. 19 крымчаков и 33 караима, в 1989 – 100 584 еврея (3,9%).Евреи появились в К., вероятно, во 2-й пол. 8 в. в связи с завоеванием восточнославянских земель хазарами, исповедовавшими иудаизм. Вместе с хазарами в К. поселились евреи из Византийской империи, Персии, Крыма и Кавказа. После взятия города варягами в 882 мн. евреи бежали в Хазарский каганат и Крым. Оставшиеся развивали торговлю. В «Летописи временных лет» зафиксирован факт обращения в 986 хазарских евреев к киевскому кн. Владимиру с предложением принять иудаизм. Тогда же евреям было разрешено свободно селиться в К. и заниматься торговлей.В 11 в. в К. проживало уже значит. число евреев, положение к-рых было достаточно прочным; в городе существовало 2 еврейских квартала – Козары и Жидове, в гор. стенах, построенных в 1037, имелись Жидовские ворота. Православные священнослужители, в т. ч. основатель и игумен Киево-Печерского монастыря Феодосий, как повествует летописец Нестор, посещали евреев, с к-рыми вели религ. споры. К кон. 11 в. во время 1-го крестового похода численность евреев К. пополнили беженцы из Зап. Европы.В нач. 12 в. в К. существовала большая еврейская община, действовало неск. синагог. Развивалась духовная жизнь еврейского населения. Торговля в городе была сосредоточена в осн. в руках евреев. Евреи из К. получали образование в разл. знаменитых иешивах Франции.В 1113 во время антикняжеского восстания в К. были разгромлены еврейские дома. Это был первый в истории России еврейский погром. После подавления восстания кн. Владимиром Мономахом и пожара 1124, во время к-рого выгорел еврейский квартал, мн. евреи покинули К.В 1240 в ходе завоевательных походов Батыя монголо-татарские ханы предоставили евреям К. разл. привилегии, в т. ч. разрешили собирать подати, что вызывало враждебное отношение со стороны христиан.В 1362 после присоединения К. и украинских земель к Вел. кн-ву Литовскому численность еврейского населения значит. увеличилась; евреи К. получили значит. привилегии. Киевская еврейская община того времени была представлена мн. изв. учеными и мыслителями, в числе к-рых был раввин Мойше бен Яков Ашкенази (1449–1529) – автор коммент. к соч. Моше Ибн Эзры.После объединения (1569) Польши и Литвы в одно гос-во – Речь Посполитую, куда вошел и К., положение евреев ухудшилось. В 1578 король Стефан Баторий запретил евреям, приезжавшим в К. из др. городов, заниматься розничной торговлей. Тогда же вышел закон, по к-рому евреи были обязаны носить на улице желтые шапки. В 1619 указом короля Сигизмунда III евреям запрещалось проживать в К. Приезжавшие в К. по торг. делам евреи имели право останавливаться только в спец. ночлежных домах.Во времена «хмельнитчины» еврейская община К. была уничтожена. Войска Б.М. Хмельницкого, вступившие в К. в 1648, убили в городе практически всех евреев и поляков. Лишь немногие спаслись в православных монастырях. По условиям Белоцерковского мирного договора (1651) евреям было разрешено вернуться в К. и владеть недвижимым имуществом. Однако уже в 1654 и 1660 царем Алексеем Михайловичем евреям было запрещено селиться в К. В 1700 избиение киевскими студентами приезжего еврея Бени Абрамова и защита его местными мещанами привели к конфликту между студентами и мещанами.Еврейская община в К. начала вновь возрождаться в кон. 18 в. В осн. евреи занимались разл. ремеслами; им было разрешено приобретать недвижимое имущество при условии уплаты двойной пошлины по сравнению с христианами. В 1798 раввином К. был Авром-Абе бен Нафтоли.В 1801 гор. магистрат ходатайствовал перед губернскими властями о выселении из К. всех евреев. Имп. Павел I приказал (февр. 1801): «…евреев, никуда не переселяя, оставить на жительство в Киеве». В 1810 магистрат повторил ходатайство. Но Александр I приказал оставить евреев в К. К 1815 община содержала 2 синагоги, приют для бездомных, еврейское кладбище. В 1814–16 раввином К. был Довид Слуцкий. В 1827 имп. Николай I постановил выселить всех евреев из К.; на определенное время в К. разрешалось приезжать только евреям-купцам 1-й и 2-й гильдий. Исполнение указа оттягивалось до 1835. Киевский, подольский и волынский ген.-губернатор В.В. Левашов, поддерживая просьбу евреев, ходатайствовал перед пр-вом о разрешении евреям проживать в одной из частей К. (на левом берегу р. Лыбедь), мотивируя это тем, что как только начиналось выселение евреев, все товары в К. резко дорожали. Но к 1 февр. 1835 все евреи вынуждены были покинуть К.В 1843 Николай I разрешил временное проживание евреев в К. Приезжавшие в К. евреи имели право останавливаться только в 2 заезжих дворах, арендаторами к-рых могли быть только христиане. Продукты евреи обязаны были покупать у арендаторов; плата за постой была высокой и вносила существ. вклад в гор. бюджет. Заезжие дворы просуществовали до 1857.В 1861 имп. Александр II разрешил свободное поселение вне черты оседлости нек-рым категориям евреев, однако в К. евреи имели право жить только в 3 р-нах (Лыбедском, Подольском и Плосском). Приезжавшие в К. евреи также могли проживать только в этих р-нах.В 1862–63 казенным раввином К. был Борух Ройзен, в 1863–98 – Евсей Авраамович Цукерман (1840, Староконстантинов – ?). В 1865 в К. действовало 4 синагоги, работали еврейские бесплатная больница, благотворит. и уч. заведения. С 1870 раввином К. был Арон-Вульф Вайл (1845–?). К кон. 19 в. евреи составляли 40% купеч. сословия К., принадлежавшие им пр-тия изготовляли 25% выпускаемой в городе продукции. Известны по всей России были сахарные и мукомольные з-ды Бродских, И.М. Зайцева (1827–1907) и Д.С.Марголина, много сделавшего для развития К. Л.С.Поляков основал в К. Юж.-рус. пром. банк.В кон. 19 в. в К. действовали более 20 синагог, 2 талмуд-торы, еврейские дет. приют и казенное уч-ще. Ок. 40% евреев-бедняков получали пособия от общинных благотворит. об-в. Пред. общины был Лазарь Бродский, его зам. – М.Э.Мандельштам.23 и 26–28 апр. 1881 в К. происходили еврейские погромы. Были разграблены мн. еврейские дома, пострадало 265 еврейских семей.В 1887 евреям-купцам 1-й гильдии, к-рые прожили в К. не менее 5 лет, было разрешено приобретать недвижимость в любых р-нах города. В престижной части К. – Дворцовой (ок. царской резиденции и дома ген.-губернатора) в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. появились особняки, к-рыми владели Бродские, М.Б.Гальперин, И.М.Зайцев, М.Р.Закс, С.П.Либерман.В 1896 И.М.Зайцев построил для общины еврейскую хирургич. больницу, при к-рой была синагога. В 1890-х гг. братья Лев и Лазарь Бродские построили в центре К. Хоральную и купеч. синагоги; на их средства были также построены здания Политехн. и Бактериологич. ин-тов, ремесл. уч-ща им. Бродского, Бессарабского рынка, мельница и неск. домов. В К. работали мн. евреи-писатели (в т. ч. Шолом-Алейхем), учителя, юристы, врачи, что в целом способствовало развитию интенсивной просветит. деятельности. ОПЕ содержало в К. образцовый хедер, 2 дет. сада, субботнюю школу для взрослых, еврейскую б-ку (6,5 тыс. книг) и др. Еврейские дети составляли 7–9% уч-ся в общих ср. уч. заведениях города (в ун-те К. в 1911 ок. 17% студентов были евреи).В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином был Овсей Абрамович Цукерман, газаном – Иосиф Исаакович Султанский, с 1900 казенным раввином – врач Петр Абрамович Ямпольский. С 1902 раввином К. был Нохум Вайсблат (1865–1925), с 1907 – Меир Дубинский (1883–?). С 1905 казенным раввином К. был Соломон Лурье. Раввином К. в 1906–21 был Ш.Аронсон.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовали местный к-т Бунда, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион» и др. сионистских орг-ций, эмиграционное бюро Еврейского территориального об-ва, к-рое занималось переселением евреев в США (рук. – М.Э.Мандельштам), работали отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТа, разл. благотворит. орг-ции: богадельня, дешевая столовая, об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам, об-во пособия бедным евреям, об-во призрения для престарелых евреев; функционировали 2 ссудо-сберегат. т-ва, вспомогат. сберегат. кассы, талмуд-тора, еврейская б-ка, еврейская больница, сиротский дом, хевра кадиша и др.18–20 окт. 1905 в К. произошел еврейский погром, во время к-рого было убито 40 чел., разграблены мн. еврейские магазины, дома и квартиры. В 1905 был образован к-т для оказания помощи пострадавшим от погромов.В 1910 в К. действовали 26 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.В 1911–13 в К. прошел суд. процесс по делу М.М.Бейлиса.В сент. 1911 в К. возникла предпогромная ситуация, вызванная убийством М.Г. Богровым пред. Совета Министров России П.А.Столыпина.В 1915 власти разрешили селиться в К. евреям, высланным из р-нов воен. действий. При к-те отд-ния ОПЕ в К. была образована врем. комиссия для сбора пожертвований в пользу еврейских литераторов и журналистов, лишившихся во время войны средств к существованию. Раввином в К. был Довид Бляхер. В кон. 1910-х гг. одним из раввинов К. был Авром-Яков Житник (1890–?). После 1917 в К. переехала иешива из Новогрудка, к-рую возглавлял Йосеф Гуревич.В 1917 в К. действовал к-т «Маккаби». После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в К. наряду с Центр. радой был создан Совет объединенных обществ. орг-ций К., в к-рый вошли и представители еврейских орг-ций. Параллельно возник Совет объединенных еврейских орг-ций К. В июне 1917 Центр. рада образовала пр-во – Ген. секретариат, в состав к-рого вошло вице-секретарство по еврейским делам. С окт. 1917 при нем возникла Еврейская нац. рада, объединившая деятельность еврейских орг-ций. В К. в это время действовали районный к-т Бунда, сионистские партии и орг-ции, ортодокс. религ. партии «Ахдут» и «Агудат Исраэль». Евреи активно участвовали и в деятельности общеполит. партий, гл. обр. социалистических. В состав Киевского большевист. к-та входили Д.И.Иткинд, И.М.Крейсберг, М.М.Майоров, в большевист. ревком, возглавивший в окт. 1917 вооруж. восстание против Врем. пр-ва, – Я.Б.Гамарник, А.Б.Горвиц, И.М.Крейсберг, И.Ю.Кулик. Они же вошли в состав ревкома, руководившего в янв. 1918 восстанием против Центр. рады, захватившей власть в нояб. 1917. В К. установилась сов. власть. В числе ее руководителей (комиссаров) были И.М.Крейсберг и Г.И.Чудновский.1 марта 1918 К. захватили герм. войска. Пришедшие с ними отряды Центр. рады учинили в К. 20-дневный еврейский погром, принесший много жертв. В апр. 1918 герм. командование привело к власти гетмана П.П.Скоропадского; в дек. 1918 власть в К. захватила укр. Директория, войска к-рой также устроили еврейский погром. В февр. 1919 восстановилась сов. власть. Однако евреев К. продолжали терроризировать повстанч. банды. Так, в апр. 1919 в результате нападения банды Зеленого на предместье К. Куреневку было убито 15 евреев и 20 ранено. В кон. авг. 1919 К. захватили части Добровольческой армии. В сент.-дек. 1919, пока они находились в К., почти ежедневно происходили грабежи и убийства евреев.В условиях Гражд. войны в К. продолжалась еврейская обществ. жизнь, развивалась еврейская культура. Выходили еврейские газ. на идише и рус. яз., изд-во Б. Фукса выпускало еврейскую лит-ру на рус. яз. Издавались лит. сб-ки на идише, где печатались Д.Р.Бергельсон, Дер Нистер, Д.Н.Гофштейн, П.Д.Маркиш и др. «Культур-Лига» организовала в 1918–19 в К. 5 еврейских светских школ (из них 3 – для взрослых, 2 – для детей) и Еврейский нар. ун-т. Обществ. раввином К. в этот период был Я. Алешковский. В 1921 здание Галицкой синагоги, построенной в 1909, было закрыто, в 1930 передано з-ду «Транссигнал».В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. активно действовали рабочие и молодежные сионистские орг-ции. 3 окт. 1921 (в Рош-га-Шана) Евсекция устроила публич. суд над еврейской религией. Суд проходил в зале бывш. окр. суда, где в свое время шел процесс над Бейлисом. 4 мая 1922 делегаты проходившего в К. в синагоге «Морио» съезда «Цеирей Цион» были арестованы; 26 авг. 1922 состоялся показательный процесс.В февр. 1922 на Подоле произошел погром еврейских торговцев местными крестьянами, поддержанных красноармейцами, в результате к-рого 7 евреев погибли, 24 были ранены.До 1924 в К. действовали отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» и гимназия сети «Тарбут» (до 1928 продолжали работать нелегально; в 1925 одним из рук. отд-ния «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» являлся Эля Гушанский).В 1925 выходцы из К. основали в Херсонском окр. 8 еврейских земледельч. коллективов; в 1926 в Криворожском – 3.В 1925 в К. прошел суд над организатором подпольной иешивы Мойше Винярским. В 1926 была закрыта Хоральная синагога, в к-рой был организован клуб еврейских кустарей, затем – кукольный т-р. К кон. 1920-х гг. были закрыты и др. синагоги города (в 1922 в К. было 97 синагог, в т. ч. 55 на Подоле). В 1926 представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Б.-Э. Городецкий был организатором подпольной иешивы и талмуд-торы на Подоле. В 1931 была открыта одна из закрытых ранее синагог. Подпольная любавичская иешива действовала в 1929–34, в 1937–38, в т. ч. на квартире М.З.Раппопорта (1890–1941). В 1938 был осужден моэл Манилевич.После 1917 ряд представителей разл. хасидских династий вынужден был переехать в К., в т. ч. раби Бенцион-Иегуда-Лейб (1868–1951, Чикаго) – цадик из Горностайполя, Гдалья-Арон Рабинович (1880, Монастырище – 1919), Хаим-Ицхок Тверский (1886, Лоев–1943), к-рый в 1937 был осужден и выслан в Казахстан, Яков-Ицхок Тверский (1896, Макаров – 1945, Чикаго), возглавлявший макаровскую династию, жил в К. в 1919–23, Нисон-Иегуда-Лейб Тверский (?–1940), к-рый в 1915 был взят в заложники, затем – один из раввинов К. и впоследствии раввин в Кельце. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. жил глава чернобыльской ветви хасидизма цадик Шломо-Бенцион Тверский (1870, Чернобыль – 1939, Киев), в квартире к-рого была хасидская синагога. В 1920-х гг. одним из раввинов в К. был Хаим Матусов. В 1928 в подпольных хедерах училось 300 уч-ся.В 1920–30-х гг. К. являлся одним из кр. центров сов. культуры на идише. В городе дейст–вовали УкрГОСЕТ (с 1928), еврейский ТЮЗ, Еврейский т-р рабочей молодежи, Еврейский вокальный ансамбль УССР (дир. – комп. Шейнина), первый Еврейский кукольный т-р при Киевском дворце пионеров и школьников. Работали еврейские школы, худож. техникум, еврейские отд-ния в совпартшколе, Ин-те нар. х-ва, театр. техникуме, еврейские проф. клубы; в проф. школе им. Ратманского в 1925 обучалось 105 уч-ся-евреев. В К. функционировали еврейские изд-ва, выходили периодич. издания на идише. Действовали еврейские науч. учреждения: Еврейская историко-археографич. комиссия УАН (1919–29), Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры УАН (1930–36), Кабинет еврейской культуры АН УССР (1936–49), Еврейская секция в Центр. ист. архиве К., Центр. еврейская б-ка им. М.Винчевского (с 1924). Евреи составляли 30,3 % парт. и сов. работников К. В К. жили и работали еврейские писатели, писавшие на идише, – Д.Ф.Бергельсон, Д.Н. Гофштейн, П.Д.Маркиш, И.С.Фефер и др. В 1937–38 практически все еврейские учреждения были ликвидированы.19 сент. 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В сент. 1941 в Бабьем Яре (р-н К.) было произведено массовое уничтожение евреев. По официальным нем. данным, 29–30 сент. в Бабьем Яре был расстрелян 33 771 еврей; расстрелы производили спец. подразделение СС и укр. полиция. По мнению ряда исследователей Катастрофы, число евреев, расстрелянных в К. в 1941–1943, значит. превышает эту цифру. В К. действовало антифаш. подполье, одним из рук. к-рого был. секр. подпольного горкома КП(б)У Семен Григорьевич Бруз (1905–1942), погибший в перестрелке с гестаповцами.В освобождении К. 6 нояб. 1943 принимали участие танк. полк под ком. подполк. Дмитрия Лазаревича Гойзмана, арт. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Даниила Михайловича Краснокутского, арт. бригада под ком. полк. Н.И. Брозголя, танк. бригада под ком. Д.А.Драгунского.4 сент. 1945 ст. лейт. И.Розенштейн подвергся нападению двух военнослужащих-антисемитов и, защищаясь, застрелил их. Состоявшиеся 7 сент. 1945 похороны убитых переросли в беспорядки, в ходе к-рых избиению подверглось ок. 100 евреев, 5 чел. скончались.После 1945 в К. действовала синагога (ул. Щекавицкая, 29). В обычные дни синагогу посещало ок. 150 чел., в субботу – до 300, в осенние еврейские праздники – св. 10 тыс. чел. Раввином К. был Ицхок Гершкович Шехтман (1887–?), моэлом – Хаим-Йосель Мошкович Эдельман (1891–?), кантором – Шломо-Нисель Шмульевич Глазман (1891–?). В кон. 1940-х гг. предпринимались безуспешные попытки открыть вторую синагогу.Посл. еврейские учреждения К. были окончательно ликвидированы в годы «борьбы с космополитизмом». УкрГОСЕТ был переведен в 1944 в Черновцы и затем закрыт. В 1949 распущено киевское объединение еврейских писателей, закрыт альм. на идише «Дер штерн», ликвидирован Кабинет еврейской культуры АН УССР, почти все его сотрудники арестованы. Арестованы и расстреляны писатели и поэты Д.Н.Гофштейн, И.С.Фефер, И.Н.Кипнис. В 1952 в К. была арестована группа «еврейских националистов», в нач. 1953 уволены мн. евреи-медики. Тогда же по распоряжению гор. властей было уничтожено старое еврейское (Лукьяновское) кладбище. В 1952 была предпринята попытка передать часть здания действовавшей синагоги баптистам.В 1956 были осуждены за «антисов. агитацию и пропаганду» А.Парташников (р. 1935), А.Фельдман (р. 1935), М.Гарцман (р. 1935). В 1957 в К. были арестованы и осуждены за сионистскую деятельность Б.М.Вайсман (1887–?), М.И.Дразнин (1897–?), Г.Ш.Ременник (1910–1986, Израиль), И.Я.Фридман (1902–?). В нач. 1960-х гг. в К. прошло неск. суд. процессов по «экономич. преступлениям», где обвиняемыми были преимущественно евреи. До 1957 раввином К. был Авром Панич. В 1958, накануне Йом-Кипур, на еврейском кладбище было осквернено неск. десятков могил, распространялись антисемитские листовки.Однако еврейская обществ. жизнь в К. постепенно возрождалась. С кон. 1960-х гг. Бабий Яр становится местом ежегод. траурных мероприятий, на к-рые приезжали участники еврейского нац. движения из разл. городов СССР. В 1976 в Бабьем Яре открыт памятник погибшим, в надписи на к-ром не были упомянуты еврейские жертвы. В 1991 (к 50-летию массового расстрела) был воздвигнут памятник в виде меноры, в 2001 – памятник погибшим детям.С 1972 начался выезд евреев К. в Израиль.В кон. 1980-х гг. в К. вновь создаются еврейские учреждения науки и культуры, обществ. орг-ции: Кабинет еврейской истории и культуры АН Украины, с 1993 в К. действует Ин-т иудаики (дир. – Л.К.Финберг, р. 1948, Киев), Еврейский педагогич. центр, Междунар. Соломонов ун-т (1993), еврейские т-ры «Мазлтов» и «Семь стульев», 3 еврейские школы, хедер (109 уч-ся), еврейские б-ки, в т. ч. Еврейская науч. б-ка (1994), разл. еврейские об-ва, в т. ч. Киевское гор. об-во еврейской культуры (1988), затем преобразованное в республиканское. В Ин-те театр. иск-ва открыто отд-ние подготовки актеров еврейского т-ра (1992), в пед. ин-те введена специальность «еврейский яз. и лит-ра» (1992).В К. имеются 3 синагоги, в т.ч. реставрированная при поддержке Вадима Рабиновича Хоральная синагога, торжественно открытая 22 марта 2000. Действуют благотворит. фонд «Турбота-Хесэд Авот», Еврейский общинный культурный центр «Кинор». В 1998 был открыт первый в мире памятник Шолом-Алейхему.Раввинами в К. были: с 1987 – И.Фукс, с 1990 – Яков-Дов Блайх, в нач. 1990-х гг. – Михоэль Менис (р. 1957, Москва), Берл Карасик. С 1995 раввин возвращенной общине Хоральной синагоги – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Моше-Реувен Асман (р. 1966, Ленинград). С нач. 1990-х гг. выходят газ. «Еврейские вести», «Возрождение», «Хадашот», «Эйникайт». С 1994 издается газ. «Родник», с 1995 – худож.-публицистич. альм. «Егупец» (гл. ред. – Гелий Ефимович Аронов, р. 1932, Киев), в 1995–96 – газ. «Мабат Ханоар», с 1996 – газ. «Бат-Коль», «Шма Исроэль», «Ор Самеах», «Шахар», «Машиах рухани», с 1998 – «Еврейский меридиан» (орган Еврейского Конгресса Украины). В 2002 здание Галицкой синагоги возвращено общине К., в 2003 передано Еврейскому Агентству.В 2003 в К. проживало ок. 100 тыс. евреев., pronunciation=КИЕВ, город, центр Киевской обл., столица Украины. Изв. с 860. В 9 – нач. 12 в. – столица Киевской Руси. В 1240 разрушен монголо-татарами. С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1654 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 1708–81 и в 1797–1925 – центр Киевской губ., с 1925 – Киевского окр., с 1932 – Киевской обл. В 1934–91 – столица УССР.В 1792 в К. проживало 73 еврея, в 1815 – ок. 1500, в 1874 – 13 803 (11%), в 1897 – 31 801 еврей (13%) и 308 караимов, в 1910 – 58 387 евреев, в 1917 – 87 240 (18,6%), в 1919 – 114 524 (21%), в 1923 – 128 441, в 1926 – 140 256 евреев и 204 караима, в 1939 – ок. 175 000 евреев (ок. 20%), в 1959 – 153 466 евреев (13,8%) и 144 караима, в 1970 – 151 993 евреев (9,3%), в 1979 – 132 197 евреев, в т. ч. 19 крымчаков и 33 караима, в 1989 – 100 584 еврея (3,9%).Евреи появились в К., вероятно, во 2-й пол. 8 в. в связи с завоеванием восточнославянских земель хазарами, исповедовавшими иудаизм. Вместе с хазарами в К. поселились евреи из Византийской империи, Персии, Крыма и Кавказа. После взятия города варягами в 882 мн. евреи бежали в Хазарский каганат и Крым. Оставшиеся развивали торговлю. В «Летописи временных лет» зафиксирован факт обращения в 986 хазарских евреев к киевскому кн. Владимиру с предложением принять иудаизм. Тогда же евреям было разрешено свободно селиться в К. и заниматься торговлей.В 11 в. в К. проживало уже значит. число евреев, положение к-рых было достаточно прочным; в городе существовало 2 еврейских квартала – Козары и Жидове, в гор. стенах, построенных в 1037, имелись Жидовские ворота. Православные священнослужители, в т. ч. основатель и игумен Киево-Печерского монастыря Феодосий, как повествует летописец Нестор, посещали евреев, с к-рыми вели религ. споры. К кон. 11 в. во время 1-го крестового похода численность евреев К. пополнили беженцы из Зап. Европы.В нач. 12 в. в К. существовала большая еврейская община, действовало неск. синагог. Развивалась духовная жизнь еврейского населения. Торговля в городе была сосредоточена в осн. в руках евреев. Евреи из К. получали образование в разл. знаменитых иешивах Франции.В 1113 во время антикняжеского восстания в К. были разгромлены еврейские дома. Это был первый в истории России еврейский погром. После подавления восстания кн. Владимиром Мономахом и пожара 1124, во время к-рого выгорел еврейский квартал, мн. евреи покинули К.В 1240 в ходе завоевательных походов Батыя монголо-татарские ханы предоставили евреям К. разл. привилегии, в т. ч. разрешили собирать подати, что вызывало враждебное отношение со стороны христиан.В 1362 после присоединения К. и украинских земель к Вел. кн-ву Литовскому численность еврейского населения значит. увеличилась; евреи К. получили значит. привилегии. Киевская еврейская община того времени была представлена мн. изв. учеными и мыслителями, в числе к-рых был раввин Мойше бен Яков Ашкенази (1449–1529) – автор коммент. к соч. Моше Ибн Эзры.После объединения (1569) Польши и Литвы в одно гос-во – Речь Посполитую, куда вошел и К., положение евреев ухудшилось. В 1578 король Стефан Баторий запретил евреям, приезжавшим в К. из др. городов, заниматься розничной торговлей. Тогда же вышел закон, по к-рому евреи были обязаны носить на улице желтые шапки. В 1619 указом короля Сигизмунда III евреям запрещалось проживать в К. Приезжавшие в К. по торг. делам евреи имели право останавливаться только в спец. ночлежных домах.Во времена «хмельнитчины» еврейская община К. была уничтожена. Войска Б.М. Хмельницкого, вступившие в К. в 1648, убили в городе практически всех евреев и поляков. Лишь немногие спаслись в православных монастырях. По условиям Белоцерковского мирного договора (1651) евреям было разрешено вернуться в К. и владеть недвижимым имуществом. Однако уже в 1654 и 1660 царем Алексеем Михайловичем евреям было запрещено селиться в К. В 1700 избиение киевскими студентами приезжего еврея Бени Абрамова и защита его местными мещанами привели к конфликту между студентами и мещанами.Еврейская община в К. начала вновь возрождаться в кон. 18 в. В осн. евреи занимались разл. ремеслами; им было разрешено приобретать недвижимое имущество при условии уплаты двойной пошлины по сравнению с христианами. В 1798 раввином К. был Авром-Абе бен Нафтоли.В 1801 гор. магистрат ходатайствовал перед губернскими властями о выселении из К. всех евреев. Имп. Павел I приказал (февр. 1801): «…евреев, никуда не переселяя, оставить на жительство в Киеве». В 1810 магистрат повторил ходатайство. Но Александр I приказал оставить евреев в К. К 1815 община содержала 2 синагоги, приют для бездомных, еврейское кладбище. В 1814–16 раввином К. был Довид Слуцкий. В 1827 имп. Николай I постановил выселить всех евреев из К.; на определенное время в К. разрешалось приезжать только евреям-купцам 1-й и 2-й гильдий. Исполнение указа оттягивалось до 1835. Киевский, подольский и волынский ген.-губернатор В.В. Левашов, поддерживая просьбу евреев, ходатайствовал перед пр-вом о разрешении евреям проживать в одной из частей К. (на левом берегу р. Лыбедь), мотивируя это тем, что как только начиналось выселение евреев, все товары в К. резко дорожали. Но к 1 февр. 1835 все евреи вынуждены были покинуть К.В 1843 Николай I разрешил временное проживание евреев в К. Приезжавшие в К. евреи имели право останавливаться только в 2 заезжих дворах, арендаторами к-рых могли быть только христиане. Продукты евреи обязаны были покупать у арендаторов; плата за постой была высокой и вносила существ. вклад в гор. бюджет. Заезжие дворы просуществовали до 1857.В 1861 имп. Александр II разрешил свободное поселение вне черты оседлости нек-рым категориям евреев, однако в К. евреи имели право жить только в 3 р-нах (Лыбедском, Подольском и Плосском). Приезжавшие в К. евреи также могли проживать только в этих р-нах.В 1862–63 казенным раввином К. был Борух Ройзен, в 1863–98 – Евсей Авраамович Цукерман (1840, Староконстантинов – ?). В 1865 в К. действовало 4 синагоги, работали еврейские бесплатная больница, благотворит. и уч. заведения. С 1870 раввином К. был Арон-Вульф Вайл (1845–?). К кон. 19 в. евреи составляли 40% купеч. сословия К., принадлежавшие им пр-тия изготовляли 25% выпускаемой в городе продукции. Известны по всей России были сахарные и мукомольные з-ды Бродских, И.М. Зайцева (1827–1907) и Д.С.Марголина, много сделавшего для развития К. Л.С.Поляков основал в К. Юж.-рус. пром. банк.В кон. 19 в. в К. действовали более 20 синагог, 2 талмуд-торы, еврейские дет. приют и казенное уч-ще. Ок. 40% евреев-бедняков получали пособия от общинных благотворит. об-в. Пред. общины был Лазарь Бродский, его зам. – М.Э.Мандельштам.23 и 26–28 апр. 1881 в К. происходили еврейские погромы. Были разграблены мн. еврейские дома, пострадало 265 еврейских семей.В 1887 евреям-купцам 1-й гильдии, к-рые прожили в К. не менее 5 лет, было разрешено приобретать недвижимость в любых р-нах города. В престижной части К. – Дворцовой (ок. царской резиденции и дома ген.-губернатора) в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. появились особняки, к-рыми владели Бродские, М.Б.Гальперин, И.М.Зайцев, М.Р.Закс, С.П.Либерман.В 1896 И.М.Зайцев построил для общины еврейскую хирургич. больницу, при к-рой была синагога. В 1890-х гг. братья Лев и Лазарь Бродские построили в центре К. Хоральную и купеч. синагоги; на их средства были также построены здания Политехн. и Бактериологич. ин-тов, ремесл. уч-ща им. Бродского, Бессарабского рынка, мельница и неск. домов. В К. работали мн. евреи-писатели (в т. ч. Шолом-Алейхем), учителя, юристы, врачи, что в целом способствовало развитию интенсивной просветит. деятельности. ОПЕ содержало в К. образцовый хедер, 2 дет. сада, субботнюю школу для взрослых, еврейскую б-ку (6,5 тыс. книг) и др. Еврейские дети составляли 7–9% уч-ся в общих ср. уч. заведениях города (в ун-те К. в 1911 ок. 17% студентов были евреи).В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином был Овсей Абрамович Цукерман, газаном – Иосиф Исаакович Султанский, с 1900 казенным раввином – врач Петр Абрамович Ямпольский. С 1902 раввином К. был Нохум Вайсблат (1865–1925), с 1907 – Меир Дубинский (1883–?). С 1905 казенным раввином К. был Соломон Лурье. Раввином К. в 1906–21 был Ш.Аронсон.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовали местный к-т Бунда, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион» и др. сионистских орг-ций, эмиграционное бюро Еврейского территориального об-ва, к-рое занималось переселением евреев в США (рук. – М.Э.Мандельштам), работали отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТа, разл. благотворит. орг-ции: богадельня, дешевая столовая, об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам, об-во пособия бедным евреям, об-во призрения для престарелых евреев; функционировали 2 ссудо-сберегат. т-ва, вспомогат. сберегат. кассы, талмуд-тора, еврейская б-ка, еврейская больница, сиротский дом, хевра кадиша и др.18–20 окт. 1905 в К. произошел еврейский погром, во время к-рого было убито 40 чел., разграблены мн. еврейские магазины, дома и квартиры. В 1905 был образован к-т для оказания помощи пострадавшим от погромов.В 1910 в К. действовали 26 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.В 1911–13 в К. прошел суд. процесс по делу М.М.Бейлиса.В сент. 1911 в К. возникла предпогромная ситуация, вызванная убийством М.Г. Богровым пред. Совета Министров России П.А.Столыпина.В 1915 власти разрешили селиться в К. евреям, высланным из р-нов воен. действий. При к-те отд-ния ОПЕ в К. была образована врем. комиссия для сбора пожертвований в пользу еврейских литераторов и журналистов, лишившихся во время войны средств к существованию. Раввином в К. был Довид Бляхер. В кон. 1910-х гг. одним из раввинов К. был Авром-Яков Житник (1890–?). После 1917 в К. переехала иешива из Новогрудка, к-рую возглавлял Йосеф Гуревич.В 1917 в К. действовал к-т «Маккаби». После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в К. наряду с Центр. радой был создан Совет объединенных обществ. орг-ций К., в к-рый вошли и представители еврейских орг-ций. Параллельно возник Совет объединенных еврейских орг-ций К. В июне 1917 Центр. рада образовала пр-во – Ген. секретариат, в состав к-рого вошло вице-секретарство по еврейским делам. С окт. 1917 при нем возникла Еврейская нац. рада, объединившая деятельность еврейских орг-ций. В К. в это время действовали районный к-т Бунда, сионистские партии и орг-ции, ортодокс. религ. партии «Ахдут» и «Агудат Исраэль». Евреи активно участвовали и в деятельности общеполит. партий, гл. обр. социалистических. В состав Киевского большевист. к-та входили Д.И.Иткинд, И.М.Крейсберг, М.М.Майоров, в большевист. ревком, возглавивший в окт. 1917 вооруж. восстание против Врем. пр-ва, – Я.Б.Гамарник, А.Б.Горвиц, И.М.Крейсберг, И.Ю.Кулик. Они же вошли в состав ревкома, руководившего в янв. 1918 восстанием против Центр. рады, захватившей власть в нояб. 1917. В К. установилась сов. власть. В числе ее руководителей (комиссаров) были И.М.Крейсберг и Г.И.Чудновский.1 марта 1918 К. захватили герм. войска. Пришедшие с ними отряды Центр. рады учинили в К. 20-дневный еврейский погром, принесший много жертв. В апр. 1918 герм. командование привело к власти гетмана П.П.Скоропадского; в дек. 1918 власть в К. захватила укр. Директория, войска к-рой также устроили еврейский погром. В февр. 1919 восстановилась сов. власть. Однако евреев К. продолжали терроризировать повстанч. банды. Так, в апр. 1919 в результате нападения банды Зеленого на предместье К. Куреневку было убито 15 евреев и 20 ранено. В кон. авг. 1919 К. захватили части Добровольческой армии. В сент.-дек. 1919, пока они находились в К., почти ежедневно происходили грабежи и убийства евреев.В условиях Гражд. войны в К. продолжалась еврейская обществ. жизнь, развивалась еврейская культура. Выходили еврейские газ. на идише и рус. яз., изд-во Б. Фукса выпускало еврейскую лит-ру на рус. яз. Издавались лит. сб-ки на идише, где печатались Д.Р.Бергельсон, Дер Нистер, Д.Н.Гофштейн, П.Д.Маркиш и др. «Культур-Лига» организовала в 1918–19 в К. 5 еврейских светских школ (из них 3 – для взрослых, 2 – для детей) и Еврейский нар. ун-т. Обществ. раввином К. в этот период был Я. Алешковский. В 1921 здание Галицкой синагоги, построенной в 1909, было закрыто, в 1930 передано з-ду «Транссигнал».В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. активно действовали рабочие и молодежные сионистские орг-ции. 3 окт. 1921 (в Рош-га-Шана) Евсекция устроила публич. суд над еврейской религией. Суд проходил в зале бывш. окр. суда, где в свое время шел процесс над Бейлисом. 4 мая 1922 делегаты проходившего в К. в синагоге «Морио» съезда «Цеирей Цион» были арестованы; 26 авг. 1922 состоялся показательный процесс.В февр. 1922 на Подоле произошел погром еврейских торговцев местными крестьянами, поддержанных красноармейцами, в результате к-рого 7 евреев погибли, 24 были ранены.До 1924 в К. действовали отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» и гимназия сети «Тарбут» (до 1928 продолжали работать нелегально; в 1925 одним из рук. отд-ния «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» являлся Эля Гушанский).В 1925 выходцы из К. основали в Херсонском окр. 8 еврейских земледельч. коллективов; в 1926 в Криворожском – 3.В 1925 в К. прошел суд над организатором подпольной иешивы Мойше Винярским. В 1926 была закрыта Хоральная синагога, в к-рой был организован клуб еврейских кустарей, затем – кукольный т-р. К кон. 1920-х гг. были закрыты и др. синагоги города (в 1922 в К. было 97 синагог, в т. ч. 55 на Подоле). В 1926 представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Б.-Э. Городецкий был организатором подпольной иешивы и талмуд-торы на Подоле. В 1931 была открыта одна из закрытых ранее синагог. Подпольная любавичская иешива действовала в 1929–34, в 1937–38, в т. ч. на квартире М.З.Раппопорта (1890–1941). В 1938 был осужден моэл Манилевич.После 1917 ряд представителей разл. хасидских династий вынужден был переехать в К., в т. ч. раби Бенцион-Иегуда-Лейб (1868–1951, Чикаго) – цадик из Горностайполя, Гдалья-Арон Рабинович (1880, Монастырище – 1919), Хаим-Ицхок Тверский (1886, Лоев–1943), к-рый в 1937 был осужден и выслан в Казахстан, Яков-Ицхок Тверский (1896, Макаров – 1945, Чикаго), возглавлявший макаровскую династию, жил в К. в 1919–23, Нисон-Иегуда-Лейб Тверский (?–1940), к-рый в 1915 был взят в заложники, затем – один из раввинов К. и впоследствии раввин в Кельце. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. жил глава чернобыльской ветви хасидизма цадик Шломо-Бенцион Тверский (1870, Чернобыль – 1939, Киев), в квартире к-рого была хасидская синагога. В 1920-х гг. одним из раввинов в К. был Хаим Матусов. В 1928 в подпольных хедерах училось 300 уч-ся.В 1920–30-х гг. К. являлся одним из кр. центров сов. культуры на идише. В городе дейст–вовали УкрГОСЕТ (с 1928), еврейский ТЮЗ, Еврейский т-р рабочей молодежи, Еврейский вокальный ансамбль УССР (дир. – комп. Шейнина), первый Еврейский кукольный т-р при Киевском дворце пионеров и школьников. Работали еврейские школы, худож. техникум, еврейские отд-ния в совпартшколе, Ин-те нар. х-ва, театр. техникуме, еврейские проф. клубы; в проф. школе им. Ратманского в 1925 обучалось 105 уч-ся-евреев. В К. функционировали еврейские изд-ва, выходили периодич. издания на идише. Действовали еврейские науч. учреждения: Еврейская историко-археографич. комиссия УАН (1919–29), Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры УАН (1930–36), Кабинет еврейской культуры АН УССР (1936–49), Еврейская секция в Центр. ист. архиве К., Центр. еврейская б-ка им. М.Винчевского (с 1924). Евреи составляли 30,3 % парт. и сов. работников К. В К. жили и работали еврейские писатели, писавшие на идише, – Д.Ф.Бергельсон, Д.Н. Гофштейн, П.Д.Маркиш, И.С.Фефер и др. В 1937–38 практически все еврейские учреждения были ликвидированы.19 сент. 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В сент. 1941 в Бабьем Яре (р-н К.) было произведено массовое уничтожение евреев. По официальным нем. данным, 29–30 сент. в Бабьем Яре был расстрелян 33 771 еврей; расстрелы производили спец. подразделение СС и укр. полиция. По мнению ряда исследователей Катастрофы, число евреев, расстрелянных в К. в 1941–1943, значит. превышает эту цифру. В К. действовало антифаш. подполье, одним из рук. к-рого был. секр. подпольного горкома КП(б)У Семен Григорьевич Бруз (1905–1942), погибший в перестрелке с гестаповцами.В освобождении К. 6 нояб. 1943 принимали участие танк. полк под ком. подполк. Дмитрия Лазаревича Гойзмана, арт. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Даниила Михайловича Краснокутского, арт. бригада под ком. полк. Н.И. Брозголя, танк. бригада под ком. Д.А.Драгунского.4 сент. 1945 ст. лейт. И.Розенштейн подвергся нападению двух военнослужащих-антисемитов и, защищаясь, застрелил их. Состоявшиеся 7 сент. 1945 похороны убитых переросли в беспорядки, в ходе к-рых избиению подверглось ок. 100 евреев, 5 чел. скончались.После 1945 в К. действовала синагога (ул. Щекавицкая, 29). В обычные дни синагогу посещало ок. 150 чел., в субботу – до 300, в осенние еврейские праздники – св. 10 тыс. чел. Раввином К. был Ицхок Гершкович Шехтман (1887–?), моэлом – Хаим-Йосель Мошкович Эдельман (1891–?), кантором – Шломо-Нисель Шмульевич Глазман (1891–?). В кон. 1940-х гг. предпринимались безуспешные попытки открыть вторую синагогу.Посл. еврейские учреждения К. были окончательно ликвидированы в годы «борьбы с космополитизмом». УкрГОСЕТ был переведен в 1944 в Черновцы и затем закрыт. В 1949 распущено киевское объединение еврейских писателей, закрыт альм. на идише «Дер штерн», ликвидирован Кабинет еврейской культуры АН УССР, почти все его сотрудники арестованы. Арестованы и расстреляны писатели и поэты Д.Н.Гофштейн, И.С.Фефер, И.Н.Кипнис. В 1952 в К. была арестована группа «еврейских националистов», в нач. 1953 уволены мн. евреи-медики. Тогда же по распоряжению гор. властей было уничтожено старое еврейское (Лукьяновское) кладбище. В 1952 была предпринята попытка передать часть здания действовавшей синагоги баптистам.В 1956 были осуждены за «антисов. агитацию и пропаганду» А.Парташников (р. 1935), А.Фельдман (р. 1935), М.Гарцман (р. 1935). В 1957 в К. были арестованы и осуждены за сионистскую деятельность Б.М.Вайсман (1887–?), М.И.Дразнин (1897–?), Г.Ш.Ременник (1910–1986, Израиль), И.Я.Фридман (1902–?). В нач. 1960-х гг. в К. прошло неск. суд. процессов по «экономич. преступлениям», где обвиняемыми были преимущественно евреи. До 1957 раввином К. был Авром Панич. В 1958, накануне Йом-Кипур, на еврейском кладбище было осквернено неск. десятков могил, распространялись антисемитские листовки.Однако еврейская обществ. жизнь в К. постепенно возрождалась. С кон. 1960-х гг. Бабий Яр становится местом ежегод. траурных мероприятий, на к-рые приезжали участники еврейского нац. движения из разл. городов СССР. В 1976 в Бабьем Яре открыт памятник погибшим, в надписи на к-ром не были упомянуты еврейские жертвы. В 1991 (к 50-летию массового расстрела) был воздвигнут памятник в виде меноры, в 2001 – памятник погибшим детям.С 1972 начался выезд евреев К. в Израиль.В кон. 1980-х гг. в К. вновь создаются еврейские учреждения науки и культуры, обществ. орг-ции: Кабинет еврейской истории и культуры АН Украины, с 1993 в К. действует Ин-т иудаики (дир. – Л.К.Финберг, р. 1948, Киев), Еврейский педагогич. центр, Междунар. Соломонов ун-т (1993), еврейские т-ры «Мазлтов» и «Семь стульев», 3 еврейские школы, хедер (109 уч-ся), еврейские б-ки, в т. ч. Еврейская науч. б-ка (1994), разл. еврейские об-ва, в т. ч. Киевское гор. об-во еврейской культуры (1988), затем преобразованное в республиканское. В Ин-те театр. иск-ва открыто отд-ние подготовки актеров еврейского т-ра (1992), в пед. ин-те введена специальность «еврейский яз. и лит-ра» (1992).В К. имеются 3 синагоги, в т.ч. реставрированная при поддержке Вадима Рабиновича Хоральная синагога, торжественно открытая 22 марта 2000. Действуют благотворит. фонд «Турбота-Хесэд Авот», Еврейский общинный культурный центр «Кинор». В 1998 был открыт первый в мире памятник Шолом-Алейхему.Раввинами в К. были: с 1987 – И.Фукс, с 1990 – Яков-Дов Блайх, в нач. 1990-х гг. – Михоэль Менис (р. 1957, Москва), Берл Карасик. С 1995 раввин возвращенной общине Хоральной синагоги – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Моше-Реувен Асман (р. 1966, Ленинград). С нач. 1990-х гг. выходят газ. «Еврейские вести», «Возрождение», «Хадашот», «Эйникайт». С 1994 издается газ. «Родник», с 1995 – худож.-публицистич. альм. «Егупец» (гл. ред. – Гелий Ефимович Аронов, р. 1932, Киев), в 1995–96 – газ. «Мабат Ханоар», с 1996 – газ. «Бат-Коль», «Шма Исроэль», «Ор Самеах», «Шахар», «Машиах рухани», с 1998 – «Еврейский меридиан» (орган Еврейского Конгресса Украины). В 2002 здание Галицкой синагоги возвращено общине К., в 2003 передано Еврейскому Агентству.В 2003 в К. проживало ок. 100 тыс. евреев., extra_data="{'translat...")
KIKOIN Isaak Konstantinovich (Kushelevich) (1908, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province –1984, Moscow), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Hero of Socialist Labor (1951, 1978). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1930). In 1929–36 he worked at Leningrad State University. physical and technical in-those and taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. In 1936–43 the head. lab. Ural Phys.-Tech. in-that. In 1937–44 - prof. and head. Department of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that. In 1943, K. was one of the founders of the Lab. No. 2 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the RSC "Kurchatov Institute"), where the hands. work on the separation of uranium isotopes. Discovered the so-called. the Kikoin-Noskov effect. He developed methods for measuring electrical quantities at significant direct currents, created a new type of ammeter for measuring very strong currents. K. - founder and chief. ed. zhurn. "Quant", author of textbooks on physics for schools and universities. Became. pr. (1942, 1949, 1951, 1953). Linen. pr. (1959). State pr. USSR (1967, 1980). Evil medal to them. I.V. Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1971). Etc. them. P.N. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), Works: Physics of metals. L. - M., 1933 (et al.); Molecular physics. M., 1983 (et al.); Stories about physics and physicists. M., 1986.
KIKOIN Mikhail (1892, Director of Vitebsk province - 1968, Paris), painter. In 1909–12 he studied art. schools in Vilna and Minsk. In 1912, together with H. Sutin and P. Kremen, he left for Paris, where he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts under F. Cormon. Member of the 1st world. war. From 1914 he exhibited his works. in the salons of the Independent and the Autumn, since 1926 - in the salon of the Tuileries. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in pl. group exhibitions rus. artists who worked in Paris. Person. K.'s exhibitions took place in Paris in Gal. Sharon (1915, 1918), Lycorn (1917), Bernheim (1927), Biye (1933), in New York in gal. Brumer (1929). In 1928, three paintings by K. were exhibited in Russian. department of the exhibition Sovr. French art-va in Moscow. Author ser. color lithographs "Children of Israel" (1956).
KIKOL, see Kikul.
KIKUL, a village in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad Kikol Lipnovsky u. In 1856, 402 Jews (79.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 347 (38.7%), and in 1921 - 350 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century In 1823–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. K. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 2nd floor. 19th century The rabbis of K. were Ikhl-Mikhl Goldshlyak and Shloyme Makonin, in 1908–34 - Avrom-Doiv Berliner (? –1934). In the 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust. A.-L. Fuchs.
KILIANOVKA, see Kilyanovka.
KILIKIEV, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1847, 267 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 576 (29.9%), in 1923 - 653 Jews. In 1914, all three grocery stores belonged to Jews. In the summer of 1941, Jewish men were shot in a field outside the village. in winter 1942 - women with children. In total, St. 200 Jews.
KILIA, city, regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century In 1812–56 and from 1878 - as part of Ros. empire, provincial town of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1827 249 Jews (6.8%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 there were 211 Jewish families, in 1897 there were 2,153 Jews (18.5%). in 1910 - 3018 (20%), in 1930 - 1969 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - crafts and trade. In 1895, after the death of his father, Shabatai-Sheptil Gurvich, Eli-Chaim-Joseph (1856–?) Became a rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1910 in Kazakhstan there were 4 synagogues, 2 husbands. Jewish schools, society of benefits to poor Jews, Jewish cemetery. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 2 warehouses of first aid kits. goods, unity. bakery, 2 hairdressers, unity. laundry, 2 bookstores, 2 music shops. tools, 25 shops (including all 3 haberdashery, all 3 tobacco); among the Jews there were 4 timber merchants, a dressmaker. 1917 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, during which the city was inflicted. material damage. In 1931 a Jewish school and children worked in Kazakhstan. garden with teaching in Hebrew. Since 1930, Nathan Landa (1880–1940) was Rabbi K. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 b. including the Jewish population of K. was shot by soldiers of the Romanians. army (there is a monument at the place of execution). In aug. 1941 Jews remaining in the city (281 people) were placed in a camp and in October. 1941 deported to Transnistria. 1950s. a minyan was going to K. From the end. 1990s a branch of "Hesed" works. There is an old Jewish cemetery. In 2002, approx. 50 Jews in Kazakhstan. Friedrich Tovievich Grinbaum (1896–1961, Moscow), microbiologist, epidemiologist, Dr. med. sciences, cr. researcher in the region. microbiology of intestinal infections.
KILIANOVKA, a village in the Litinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kilianovka (other name - Kilyanovka) in Litinsky district. In 1859, 142 people lived in Kazakhstan, 76 in 1893, 135 in 1905, and 152 in 1925. The founders of Kazakhstan were 11 families of immigrants from cities and towns of Podolsk province. Engaged in the main. trade and crafts. The colonists leased their land (184 dess.) To the peasants of the surrounding villages. After the cross. reforms of 1861 Jewish colonists dispersed to neighboring towns and cities; 92 dec. the land they owned was appropriated by a neighboring landowner. In the beginning. 1880s part of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan during the Civil. the wars of the K. colonists fell into decay. In the 1st floor. 1920s moved to K. St. 15 Jewish families from neighboring townships, in 1929 the collective farm "Pershe Serpnya" was created. During the Holocaust, the Jews of K. were exterminated in the Litin ghetto. IM Shaikin
KIMILTEI, a village in the Kuytunsky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station and the village of Nizhneudinsky env. Irkutsk province. 19th century in K. there was a Jewish cemetery.
KIMRY, a city (since 1917), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1546. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Korchevsky u. Tver Gubernia. 1910 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, 90 (0.5%) in 1926, and 125 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KIMYAGAROV Bension Arievich (1920, Samarkand - 1979, Dushanbe), actor, director. In 1934–36 he was an actor and assistant director. Youth Theater in Kokand. In 1936–39 he studied at the Stalinabad Ped. in-those, worked prep. on Wednesday. school. In 1944 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. At the same time. while studying at VGIK he worked as a teacher at GITIS (1939-1941) and secretary. city ​​committee of LKSM in Alma-Ata (1942-1943). From 1944 dir. Stalinabad cinema (from 1957 "Tajikfilm"). Filmed more than 20 documents. f. The first game f. - "Dohunda" (1956, based on the novel by S. Aini). Staged more than 10 playable pictures, ch. arr. adaptations of the classic. east poems by Ferdowsi. The last work is a film adaptation of rum. B. Yasenskiy "Man changes his skin" (1977). Nar. art. Taj. SSR (1960). Became. pr. (1952). State ave. Taj. SSR.
KIN Cecilia Isaakovna (1906, Mogilev - 1992, Moscow), literary critic, publicist. She began to publish in 1925. Together with her husband, the writer V. Kin, she lived in 1931–36 in Italy, France, worked in the branches of TASS. The largest specialist in Italian. literature and culture. Lit.-publicist. K.'s work is marked by the depth of penetration into the main. problems ital. societies. and cultural life. Author of the book: "Myth, Reality, Literature" (M., 1968), "Italian Chiaroscuro" (M., 1975), "Choice or Fate: Italian Culture on the Eve of the XXI Century." (M., 1988), "Italian Rebus" (M., 1991) and others. Memoirs of K. "Pages of the Past" ("New World", 1969, No. 5, 6) were published in Italy by the department. ed.
KINBER Boris Evseevich (1922, Petrograd - 1991, Chistopol of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, buried in Moscow), radio physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1966), prof. (1972). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1948). In 1948–51 he worked at one of the defense enterprises in Leningrad. Since 1951 at the Research Institute of Min. prom. communication facilities of the USSR. In 1956–62 in Moscow. n.-i. radio engineering. in-those. In 1962–78 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Physics and Technology. and radio engineering. measurements (sector start). Since 1991 Ch. scientific. sotr. Design and technology. bureau "Vector" (Chistopol). At the same time. (1968–91) taught at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Obl. scientific. interests - antenna theory, development and application of geometric. optics and diffraction theory. Created a method for calculating and synthesizing reflector antennas and curved diffraction. lattices, including the self-consistency method. fields for calculating multiple diffraction and scattering on bodies of complex shapes. Developed methods for evaluating and suppressing lateral radiation of horn and reflector antennas. Gave a description of fields in wide smoothly irregular waveguides based on geometric representations. optics. Author of 220 scientific. works. State USSR pr. (1990). Cit .: Geometric. diffraction theory. Moscow, 1978 (with V.A. Borovikov; English translation 1994).
KINEL, a city (since 1944), a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1837. In 19 - early. 20th century - Kinel-Cherkasskoye settlement of Buguruslansky u. Samara Gubernia. 16 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and 30 Jews in 1939.
KINEL CHERKASSKAYA, see Kinel-Cherkasy.
KINEL CHERKASSKOE, see Kinel.
KINEL CHERKASY, village, regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Kinel-Cherkasskaya settlement of Buguruslansky district Samara province. In 1939 in K.-Ch. lived 31 Jews.
KINESHMA, city, regional center in Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1429. From 1777 - the district town of the Kostroma governorship, then - the province. From 1918 - in Ivanovo-Voznesensk Gubernia, from 1929 - in Ivanovo Region. In 1923, 212 Jews (1.3%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 313 (1.4%), in 1939 - 293 Jews (approx. 3%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the second half of the year. 19th century Main the sphere of economic. activities of Jews K. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century - decomp. crafts (saddlery, tailoring, shoemaking); Among the Jews of K. were hairdressers, photographers, pharmacists, jewelers, doctors, and teachers. In the beginning. 20th century a synagogue functioned in K. Jews also gathered for prayer in a house on Pesochnaya Street. There was a Jewish cemetery (demolished in 1953 during the construction of a dam). 20th century in K. there were several. pogroms. In 1941–45 the size of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased and amounted to approx. 7% at the expense of refugees from Poland and evacuees from the West. districts of the USSR. 1990s the Society of Jewish culture "Meeting" was created in K. (leader - L.Sh. Shlyundina). In 2002, religions operated in Kazakhstan. community (previous - Vladimir Georgievich Mladenov, b. 1942), Sunday school, department of "Hesed". In 2002, approx. 300 Jews.
KINGISEPP, see Kuressaare.
KINKULKIN Albert Timofeevich (b. 1917), historian, teacher. Cand. ist. Sciences (1947). Since 1937 student of history. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1941–42 - took part in the defense of Moscow. After graduating from Moscow State University (1943) he taught at un-those and other uch. institutions, freelance scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the authors. multivolume "History of Moscow" (Moscow, 1949-1959). Since 1950 at the Research Institute of the APN, head. and a direct participant in the study. by theoretical. and applied problems of schools. education, author and ed. OK. 300 kn. and art .: scientific. basics, content and methodology ist. and social and humanitarian education; studying at school the history of Russia of the 20th century, the latest history of the zarub. countries, social science; system of studying the most important ideas of Marxist philosophy. and polit. thoughts, state. and desks. documents; ist. consciousness and ways of its formation among young people. Since the late 1980s. participates in the development of theoretical. foundations of modern social scientist, education. In the 1980s. member Scientific Council Center. Lenin Museum. Member of the editorial board of the journal. Teaching History at School (1959–93).
KIO (real fam. Hirschfeld-Renard) Emil Teodorovich (1894, Moscow - 1965, Kiev), circus artist, illusionist. He first appeared on the stage in 1917. He worked as an actor on exits in the t-re of miniatures "Odeon" in Moscow. The debut as an illusionist took place at the A. Liniselli circus in Poland. The number was called "Rejuvenation". At the same time, he found himself a sonorous ps. - Kio. In 1922 K. returned to Moscow, worked in the Aquarium garden, and then in the Hermitage. He toured for two years. sites in the province. In 1923 he arrived in Petrograd, where he showed his numbers in cinemas after the sessions. Then he toured the provinces again. In 1932 he returned to Leningrad. Tours in Moscow were of fundamental importance in K.'s life, after which he was invited to work in the circus. This required the artist to change his repertoire, to abandon old stereotypes. In 1961 in London K. was awarded Zol. medal Intern. artistic. lodges. K. - the author of the book. "Tricks and magicians" (M., 1958), in which he revealed many. secrets of illusions. tricks. Nar. art. RSFSR (1958).
KIO Emil Emilievich (b. 1938, Ordzhonikidze), circus performer, illusionist. Son of E.T.Kio, brother of I.E.Kio. He began to enter the arena at the age of five. Graduated from MISS, worked at a construction site in Ryazan. In 1961 he returned to the circus and worked with his father, and then with his brother, from 1966 - independently. Keeping the repertoire of his father, he created a number of new interesting tricks in the attraction "I give you a miracle". In the repertoire of K. St. 30 tricks. Nar. art. RSFSR (1990).
KIO Igor Emilievich (b. 1944, Moscow), circus performer, illusionist. E.T.Kio's son, E.E.Kio's brother. From 1959 he performed with his father. In 1966 he began to work independently. First, in the main. with his father's repertoire, but in 1976 he created a new attraction "One, two, three ..." according to the script of O.Yu. Levitsky. In 1970 the Royal Circus in Brussels awarded K., unity. from the illusionists of the world, Oscar Ave. Honored. art. RSFSR (1979).
KIPEN Alexander Abramovich (1870, Melitopol, Tauride province - 1938, Odessa), writer. In 1894 he graduated from Nat. school with. x-va in Montpellier (France). In the 1910s. taught at St. Petersburg. (Petrograd) s.-kh. courses, since 1920 - prof. Odessa s.-kh. in-that. The author of a number of scientific. tr. for viticulture. Lit. activity began in 1903. Ch. arr. in lit. zhurn. Marxist. and populist. directions, as well as in Russian-Jewish periodicals. ed. ("Jewish World", etc.). In his work he acted as a writer of everyday life in the south of Russia, paid special attention to the roar. events of 1905–07. Means. a place in K.'s work is occupied by a Jewish theme: doc. pov. In October (1905) describes the Jewish pogrom in Odessa; the hero of the story "Liverant" (1910) rejects the idea of ​​accepting Christ as a deliverance from Jewish lawlessness; in the story "Gangrene" K. sees a solution to the Jewish question, along with getting rid of all kinds of obshcheros. lack of rights in the overthrow of the autocracy Brother K. - Gregory (1881 - after 1933), economist. Party roar. movement. After Feb. roar. 1917 - deputy. prev. Moscow Council; from the end. 1917 to 1920 - secret. Moscow org-tion of the Mensheviks. In the 1920s. taught at universities in Moscow. In 1930–33 he was imprisoned, after which he was exiled to Tomsk.
KYPER Motl (1896, Chernyakhov, Zhitomir district, Volyn province - 1938), publicist, journalist, public figure. He studied at the cheder, was engaged in self-education. From an early age he worked as a tailor in Chernyakhov, Kiev, Saratov, Zhitomir. From 1912 he was a member of the Bund. After the revolution was before. Volyn Provincial Committee, worked in Jewish sections in Kharkov and Zhitomir. In 1921 he was appointed People's Commissar for the Affairs of Nationalities of Belarus, and later edited a weekly in Gomel. Der Communistisher Veg. Since 1924 sec. Evsection at the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. He often performed in periodicals. ed. The author of the book. “On the Jewish question in the Sov. Union and about the Zionist "victories" (1926), "Birobidzhan" (1928), "Jewish Town in Ukraine" (1929), "Anti-Semitism and Jewish Nationalism" (1929), etc. Repressed in 1936.
KIPERCHEN, a village in Orhei u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kipercheny Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 208 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. In 1941, 47 Jews were killed on the outskirts of K., the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KIPERCHENY, see Kiperchen.
KIPNIS Alexander Moiseevich (1891, Zhitomir - 1978, Westport, USA), singer (bass). Graduated from the Warsaw Military Music. uch-shche (1912). He improved in Berlin in class. prof. E. Grenzbach (1912–15). In 1915 he made his debut at the Hamburg Opera. He sang in the Wiesbaden Theater (1916–18). Soloist of the Berlin Opera House and the Berlin State operas (1919–35). He performed at the Chicago Opera (1923–31), which opened the door to peace for K. fame, sang at La Scala (Milan), Grand Opera (Paris), Covent Garden (London), in t-re Colon (Buenos Aires). In 1924–35 he was permanent. participant of the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth. K.'s repertoire includes the best parts in German, Italian, French, Russian. opera classics, numerous. chamber manuf. 2nd floor 1930s became the pinnacle of the artist., career. K. worked with such masters of conducting art as A. Toscanini, K. Muk, L. Blech, V. Furtwängler, B. Walter. Since 1939 - in the USA, soloist (until 1952) of the Metropolitan Opera (New York).
KIPNIS Itzik Nokhumovich (1896, Slovechno Ovruchsky u. Volyn province - 1974, Kiev), writer. He studied at the cheder. He was a leatherworker. He made his debut in 1922 in Moscow. zhurn. "Shtrom" and Kharkov children. every month Freud. In the same year, Sat. "Fairy Tales for Small Children", and in 1923 - Sat. verse. "Oxn" ("Oxen"). K. brought fame. "Khadoshim un tag" ("Months and Days", 1926), depicting life after. Jewish town with colorful nat. characters, events Civil. wars, Jewish pogroms. In production "Haele un Pinele", "Di stub" ("House"), "Unterwegs" ("In Passing"), etc. K. showed a talented tragic. and comic. in the life of the Jewish people. Member of the 1941–45 war. Author pl. books, K. was repeatedly persecuted for "nationalism", was expelled from the joint venture. In 1948 he was repressed. In 1958 he returned to Kiev. Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In 1969 in Moscow. publishing house “Sov. writer "came out Sat. stories by K. "Tsum lebn" ("To life"), and in 1971 - a two-volume short story "Main shtetetle Sloveshne" ("My shtetetle Slovechno") in the Tel Aviv publishing house named after. I.-L. Peretz.
KIPNIS Levin (1894, Ushomir of Zhytomyr district of Volyn province - 1990, Tel Aviv), writer. M.Kipnis's nephew. The cantor's son. He wrote Ch. arr. in Hebrew. Since 1913 - in E.-I. Studied at the School of Arts and Crafts in Jerusalem. In 1919–20 he edited ped. zhurn. Gameinu, published songbooks and brochures for kindergarten teachers. In 1922 he studied pedagogy in Germany and from 1923 taught at the teachers' seminary in Tel Aviv. In 1938-59 ed. zhurn. "Gad ga-gan"; Author pl. songs, stories, fables, fairy tales, plays. State pr. Israel.
KIPNIS Menachem (1878, Ushomir of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1942, Warsaw), folklorist, publicist, singer. Rod. in the cantor's family, he became an orphan early, was brought up in the house of his uncle - L. Kipnis, studied in the Talmud-tora. He graduated from the Zhytomyr Choir School, eventually becoming a soloist with famous cantors, with whom he traveled to cities and towns of Ukraine, Bessarabia, Lithuania and Poland. In 1900 he entered the Warsaw Cons. In 1902–18, K. was the first Jewish tenor in the Warsaw opera. Together with his wife Zmira Seligfeld he gave concerts in Poland and the West. Europe. From 1913 he collected Jewish bunks. songs, wrote Art. about Jewish folklore. K. published works on outstanding composers in Jewish periodicals. ed., printed humoresques and feuilletons. Main manuf., released by dep. book: "Di veltbarimte Yiddish musician" ("World famous Jewish musicians"). Warsaw, 1910; "80 folk songs". Warsaw, 1925; "Helemer maises" ("Chelm stories"). Warsaw, 1930; “100 Folks Leader” (“100 Folk Songs”). Buenos Aires, 1949.
KIPNIS Shmuel (1883, Norinsk Ovruch u. Volyn province - |), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a local rabbi. He studied at the Lubavitch yeshiva in Bobruisk. In 1907 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From 1907 to the end. 1920s rabbi in Ovruch. From 1934 - in E.-I. He was a rabbi of one of the districts of Jerusalem.
KIRDANY, a village in the Tarashchansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. In 1855, approx. 12 Jewish families, 1900 - c. 60 Jews, in 1910 - 78 Jews. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan was the dressing of sheepskin and the sewing of clothes. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by local gangs; Jewish houses were plundered, several. houses burned.
KIREEVKA, see Kireevsk.
KIREEVSK, city (since 1956), regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kireevka Bogoroditsky u. Tula province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1990s in K. there is a branch of "Hesed".
KIRENSK, city (since 1775), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1630 as a winter quarters, from 1665 - Nikolsky pogost, then - Kirensky ostrog, from 1783 - county, from 1822 - the district center of Irkutsk province. 125 Jews lived in the district (there were no Jews in Kazakhstan), 16 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1863, 137 (5.8%) in 1878, 140 in 1897, 202 (10%) in 1910, and 1926 - 262 (5.6%), in 1939 - 88 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan and the district from the beginning. 19th century (up to 1837 without restrictions). Later, the community was replenished at the expense of exiled settlers, formerly. cantonists and retired soldiers, as well as persons who had the right to free movement and residence on the territory. empire. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade, intermediary activity, distilling, so-called. liberal professions. In 1915, there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan.
KIRENSKY OSTROG, see Kirensk.
KIRICHANSKY Pinya Nukhimovich (1921, Malin of Radomyslensky u. Kiev province. - 1986, Kiev), poet. From 1934 he lived in Kiev. He graduated from Jewish Wed. school, published in Jewish children. and youth press. In 1935 L.M. Kvitko included a verse. K. on Sat. "Kinder Shafung" ("Children's Creativity"). 1941–45 - at the front. After demobilization he returned to Kiev, worked at a tannery, a factory, continued creative. activity. Since 1961 he collaborated with the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In 1981, the publishing house "Sov. writer "released Sat. verse. K. "Zunike shtamen" ("Solar roots"), dedicated. man in war. K. is the author of the collection “Dawn” (1974) and “Apple Ringing” (1982).
KIRILLOV, city, regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 14th century. like a monastery settlement. From 1776 it was the district town of the Novgorod governorship, then the province. 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, 14 Jews (0.3%) in 1926. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. G.A. Landau, I.M. Maisky.
Kirillov Igor Leonidovich (b. 1932, Moscow), announcer of Central Television. Prof. (1990). Upon completion of the Theater. uch-schA them. MS Schepkina (1955) worked for two years in Moscow. t-re drama and comedy. Since 1957 TV announcer. In 1968-91, thin. hands. and head. department of speakers. Was one of the hosts of the "Time" program and other programs. Since 1990 he has been the head of the department of rhetoric and oratory at the Institute for Advanced Training of TV and Radio Workers. Since 1991 the host of the TV program "VID". Was a member. to-that on Len. and State. pr. USSR at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Nar. art. USSR (1988). State pr. USSR (1977).
KIRILLOVA Esfir Samoilovna (1903, Rostov-on-Don - 1978, Moscow), actress. Since 1924, after graduating from a theater, a technical school in Rostov-on-Don, an actress of the 1st Mobile Workers' t-ra. From 1927 she worked in Moscow. t-re improvisation "Semperanto". In 1933–36 in Moscow. dram. under the arms. V.S.Smyshlyaev; performed the roles of Mavra Tarasovna ("Truth is good, but happiness is better" by A. Ostrovsky, 1934) and Lena ("Six beloved" by A. N. Arbuzov, 1935). In 1936 she joined the troupe of T-ra-studio under the direction of. N.P. Khmeleva. From 1937 she worked in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova. One of its leading actresses. She played roles in the plays of the classical repertoire - Liza Protasova (Children of the Sun by M. Gorky, 1937), Audrey (As You Like It by W. Shakespeare, 1940), Maria Lvovna (“Summer Residents” by Gorky, 1949); modern writers - Valya ("Russian people" by K. M. Simonov, 1942), Yulia Dmitrievna ("Companions" after V. F. Panova, 1947), Varvara Ogarnova ("Happiness" by P. A. Pavlenko, 1948). In plays, a cut. Drama performed the roles: Kay ("Time and the Conway Family" by J. Priestley, 1940), Rose ("Saturday, Sunday, Monday" by E. de Filippo, 1962), Lady Haef ("Ball of Thieves" by J. Anuya, 1966), Amanda ("The Glass Menagerie" by T. Williams, 1968) and others. art. RSFSR (1947).
KIRILLOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Akimovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Kherson province. In 1864 30 Jews (9.0%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1884 - 46 Jews (6.1%). 20th century in K. a mud bath was built. The Jews owned 4 bargains. shops and a tavern.
KIRILLOVKA, see Shevchenkovo, Cherkasy region.
KIRNASOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bratslav district In 1897, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 6 Jews. In 1897, there were 5 artisans and 5 merchants among the Jews in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a kerosene warehouse. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
KIROV (until 1781 - Khlynov, until 1934 - Vyatka), city, center of the Kirov region. (since 1936) (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1374. From 1708 - in Simbirskaya, from 1727 - in Kazan province, from 1780 - the center of Vyatka governorship, from 1796 - province. In 1929–36, it was in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory. In 1861, 160 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1863 - 187, in 1897 - 182 (0.73%), in 1910 - approx. 600, in 1923 - 675, in 1926 - 740 (2.4%), in 1939 - 776, in 1970 - 906 (0.27%), in 1979 - 818 Jews (0.21%). In 1852 in Kazakhstan a synagogue was opened, officially authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases in 1896. In the 1870s. V.O. Portugalov worked as a zemstvo doctor in K. In the 1910s. the rabbi in K. was Moisey Evelievich Khaimovich. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1915, a Jewish society for aid to war victims was founded, and in 1921 a Jewish library was organized in Kazakhstan. The synagogue was closed in 1923. 1990s in K. mountains were discovered. lecture hall of Jewish culture, club of Jewish culture "Shalom". Religious has been active in Kazakhstan since 1999. community (previously - David Solomonovich Khaitov, b. 1934). In 2001, Jewish sites on two mountains were cleaned up. cemeteries. There is a branch of "Hesed". In 2002, approx. 1500 Jews. In K. genus: D.G. Gutman, V.S. Krepkina, M.I. Pevzner, Rachel; Vladimir Samuilovich Minkin (b. 1947), chemist, Dr. of chem. Sciences (1988), prof. Kazan chemical-technological un-that, specialist in the region. chemistry and physics of macromolecular compounds.
KIROVABAD, see Ganja.
KIROVAKAN, see Vanadzor.
KIROVGRAD (until 1936 - Kalata), a city (from 1932) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1910 as a settlement at the Kalatinsky copper-smelting plant in the Yekaterinburg district. Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 89 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. V.L. Pokrovsky.
KIROVO, see Kirovograd.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КИРОВОГРАД (в 1782–1918 – Елисаветград, в 1918–24 – Елизаветград, в 1924–34 – Зиновьевск, в 1934–39 – Кирово), город (с 1939), центр Кировоградской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1754 как крепость. С 1797 – уездный город Новороссийской, с 1802 – Николаевской, с 1803 – Херсонской губ.В 1799 в К. проживало 398 евреев, в 1803 – 574, в 1835 – 3414 (28,1%), в 1851 – 4699 (34,9%), в 1858 – 5802, в 1861 – 8073, в 1897 – 23 967 (39%), в 1910 – ок. 29 000 (ок. 39%), в 1923 – 18 871, в 1926 –18 358 еврея и 24 караима, в 1939 – 14 641 еврей, в 1959 –5702 (4,5%), в 1970 – 5202 (2,7%). в 1979 – 4460 евреев (ок. 2%).Евреи жили в К. с кон. 18 в. В 1850 была открыта казенная школа для евреев. В 1865 в К. действовало 9 синагог; одним из раввинов был Самуил Маркович Кауфман. Работали караимское и еврейское 1-го разряда уч-ща, талмуд-тора, 4 жен. и 2 муж. частн. еврейских уч-ща. В 1870-х гг. из 166 купцов 1-й гильдии 120 были евреями. В 1880-х гг. казенным раввином в К. был Григорий Шапиро, в 1883 – Борух Китайский. В 1880-х гг. Я.М.Гордин организовал в К. «Духовно-библейское братство», официально зарегистрированное в 1885 и имевшее своего «раввина». В эти же годы в К. выступала еврейская драм. труппа А.Голдфадена.15–17 апр. 1881 в К. прошли погромы, послужившие сигналом к антисемитским выступлениям в др. городах Украины. В результате беспорядков в К. были избиты мн. евреи, серьезные повреждения получили ок. 500 домов и св. 100 лавок.В 1889 в К. была открыта еврейская больница. В 1892–1906 одним из раввинов К. был Х.Берлин, с 1896 – Абрам Карклинский (1862 – ?). Казенным раввином в К. в 1893–1917 был В.И. Темкин, организовавший в городе палестинофильские кружки.В 1896 в К. было 11 синагог, в одной из к-рых в 1904–09 кантором служил Д.Ройтман. В городе действовали талмуд-тора с ремесл. отд-нием, реорганизованная в 1904 в еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, еврейская богадельня с амбулаторией, ночлежное отд-ние Попечит. об-ва бедным евреям.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – торговля с.-х. продукцией и швейное произ-во. Большинство мельниц, винокуренных з-дов и табачных ф-к принадлежали евреям. В 1901 в К. работали пивоваренный з-д Г.О.Зельцера, ф-ка турецкого табака и папирос И.С. Рофе. В 1895–1928 в К. частной мед. практикой занимался С.А.Вейсенберг.В 1900 было создано Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1902–03 в К. выходило «Сионистское обозрение». В нач. 20 в. одним из раввинов К. был Довид Шапиро (1880–1934).После Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в К. прошли многочисл. погромы. В 1905 в К. жил К.М.Эрделевский, занимавшийся подготовкой терактов и изготовлением бомб.В 1909 в К. работали 17 еврейских школ (кроме хедеров), талмуд-тора, еврейские общеобразоват. и проф. уч-ща, субботняя школа, выступала передвижная «группа П.Гиршбейна». В сер. 1910-х гг. существовало любительское Т-во драм. искусства (рук. – М.Кранц и Ш.Бастянский). Евреям К. принадлежало большинство аптек города; в К. функционировали хим.-бактериол. кабинет, ф-ки по произ-ву сухих и масляных красок, искусств. и минерал. вод и квасов, паровая ф-ка халвы и тахинного масла, типография; имелись 13 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, еврейская больница.В дек. 1915 в К. на собрании еврейской молодежи были организованы кружки по изучению истории (рук. – И.Гольберг) и ТАНАХа (рук. – преподаватель «сионистского» хедера Шульман); в их учреждении принимал участие В.И.Темкин.В 1916 в К. действовали талмуд-тора, еврейское муж. ремесл. уч-ще, жен. школы, муж. и жен. вечерние школы, подготовит. ремесл. школа, проф. курсы, школы для детей евреев-беженцев.Летом 1917 в поисках якобы спрятанных продуктов в К. были осквернены неск. десятков еврейских могил.В 1917 в К. начал действовать «Ге-Халуц». В 1920 функционировала орг-ция по подготовке молодежи к с.-х. труду в Э.-И.В годы Гражд. войны в К. прошли еврейские погромы. 3 февр. 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный воинскими частями Директории. Весной и летом того же года в ходе погрома, учиненного отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева, было неск. сотен убитых и столько же раненых. Тогда же был учинен погром частями Добровольческой армии. В период Гражд. войны в К. действовал отряд самообороны.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. существовали об-во «Тарбут», отд-ние «Культур-Лиги», еврейский дет. сад, гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 в К. работали еврейский т-р, школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1920-х гг. были организованы швейная и вязальная мастерские, а также создана артель «Огородник». Всего в 1926 в р-не существовало 19 еврейских с.-х. объединений. В том же году выходцы из К. (10 семей) организовали в Херсонском окр. еврейское зелмледельч. т-во. В 1922 среди евреев К. числилось 2748 рабочих (16,5%).До 1925 одним из раввинов К. был Дов Кук – брат А.И.Кука.4 авг. 1941 К. заняли части вермахта. С 23 авг. до 5 сент. 1941 было расстреляно 435 евреев, 6–12 сент. – 290, в осн. из числа интеллигенции. 19 сент. 1941 были расстреляны евреи-мужчины (по нек-рым данным – более 1 тыс. чел.). 30 сент. 1941 расстреляно 4200 евреев, вкл. 600 евреев-военнопленных. За год в городе было уничтожено ок. 6 тыс. евреев. Православная церковь использовала угрозу уничтожения оставшихся в живых евреев для массового обращения их в христианство; ежедневно крестилось до 70 чел. В освобождении К. 8 мая 1944 принимали участие инж.-саперная бригада под ком. полк. Давида Шамовича Цепенюка и 110-я танк. бригада под ком. полк. Ефрема Яковлевича Вишмана.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В окт. 1946 в частном деревянном доме (ул. Калинина, 33) была открыта синагога, раввином в к-рой был Аврум Гершкович Перламутер; он же исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Еврейская община насчитывала 786 чел.; в обычные дни синагогу посещали 15–20, в праздники – до 200 чел. Перед закрытием синагоги (1957) в праздничные дни ее посещали от 700 до 1 тыс. чел.С 1990 в К. работает Ассоциация еврейской культуры, с 1991 действует синагога. В 1994 создана еврейская община (пред. – Константин Николаевич Щедров, р. 1951). С 1997 начал функционировать «Хесэд Шломо» (рук. – Леонид Эльберт, с 2002 – Виталий Анатольевич Кахнов, р. 1944). С 1998 работает Еврейский муз.-драм. т-р «Тхия»; имеются воскресная и еврейская школы. В здании синагоги находятся экспозиции музея «Евреи Елисаветграда».Раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Дан Закута.В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: И.Я.Айзеншток, А.М.Арго, С.М. Блинков, П.Брунов, С.А.Вейсенберг, И.Г.Венецкий, И.М.Верховский, Н.И.Верховский, Я.М. Галицкий, М.Гомберг, Г.М.Гончарь, Дионео, Дон-Аминадо, Е.Я.Дорош, Э.Е.Зайденшнур, Г.Е.Зиновьев, Златопольские, Г.Золотарев, И.-И.Золотаревский, А.И.Зонин, А.М.Каневский, М.К.Касвинов, С.Г.Корсунский, А.Г.Лемберг, Г.М.Лемберг, Ю.С.Мейтус, Ш.Непом, А.М.Нюренберг, А.Островский, М.Подолофф, А.Е.Разумный, М.А.Розенберг, М.И.Рубинштейн, И.-Б.Рыбак, И.И.Склярский, Д.Л.Талмуд, М.А.Тарловский, В.И.Темкин, И.И.Фисанович, А.Л.Шабадаш, К.М.Эрделевский, С.М. Ямпольский; Владимир Александрович Альфиш (р. 1925), энергетик, участвовал в стр-ве Саратовской, Нижнекамской, Балаховской и др. ГЭС и ТЭЦ, Пр. СМ (1986), нагр. 5 орд., засл. энергетик СССР (1985); Олег (Самуил) Маркович Белаковский (р. 1921), спортивный врач, в 1970–87 – зам. нач. ЦСКА по мед. обеспечению, полк. мед. службы, нагр. 6 орд.; Рудольф Ильевич Бершадский (1909–1979, Москва), поэт, писатель, чл. СП СССР (с 1934); Мейер Боданский (1896–1941, США), биохимик, брат О.Боданского, с 1907 – в США, д-р медицины (1935), проф. Техасского ун-та (с 1930), автор работ и неск. книг в обл. биохимии заболеваний и химии физиологии; Оскар Боданский (1901–1977, Нью-Йорк), биохимик, брат М.Боданского, с 1907 – в США, д-р медицины (1938), в 1942–45 возглавлял Отдел биохимии Службы хим. вооружений армии США, автор св. 200 статей и неск. книг по проблемам биохимии заболеваний; Борис Михайлович Гессен (1893–1936, Москва), физик, историк науки, проф. (1929), д-р физ.-матем. наук (1935), ч.-к. АН СССР (1933), в 1933–34 – первый декан физ. ф-та МГУ, в 1936 арестован, расстрелян; Моисей Маркович Златин (1882–1952, Нью-Йорк), дирижер, до 1917 – гл. дирижер оперы С.М.Зимина в Москве, аккомпаниатор Л.В. Собинова, в 1919–24 – в Болгарии, муз. дир. и гл. дирижер Болгарской оперы, с 1925 – дирижер т-ра «Летучая мышь» Балиева, дирижер в «Метрополитен-опера»; Давид Львович Златопольский (р. 1919), юрист, д-р юрид. наук (1963), проф. МГУ (1964), специалист в обл. федеративно-гос. стр-ва, автор св. 200 науч. работ; Петр Наумович Ойфа (1907–1987, Ленинград), поэт, переводчик, автор мн. стих. сб-ков; Юлиан Александрович Панич (р. 1931), артист т-ра и кино, радиокомментатор, с 1972 – в Израиле, с 1976 – в Германии; Иосиф (Абрам) Израилевич Побережский (1897–1938, Москва), бригадный инженер, дир. авиац. з-да, репрессирован; Наум Исаакович Пруслин (1877–1943), композитор и дирижер, автор оперетты «Вий», музыки к спектаклям, засл. арт. УССР (1940); Леонид Осипович Равич (1908–1957, Ленинград), поэт, публицист, автор восп. о В.В.Маяковском; Макс Леонидович Райхман (р. 1915), специалист в обл. приборостроения, канд. техн. наук (1963), автор св. 100 науч. работ и 15 изобретений в обл. атомного машино- и приборостроения, Стал. пр. (1951), Лен. пр. (1961); Аарон Шулов (1907–1997, Иерусалим), зоолог, с 1926 – в Э.-И., основатель и дир. (в 1950–83) Иерусалимского Библейского зоологич. сада, автор св. 140 науч. работ по зоологии, энтомологии и токсинологии.Е.С.Мосолова, pronunciation=КИРОВОГРАД (в 1782–1918 – Елисаветград, в 1918–24 – Елизаветград, в 1924–34 – Зиновьевск, в 1934–39 – Кирово), город (с 1939), центр Кировоградской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1754 как крепость. С 1797 – уездный город Новороссийской, с 1802 – Николаевской, с 1803 – Херсонской губ.В 1799 в К. проживало 398 евреев, в 1803 – 574, в 1835 – 3414 (28,1%), в 1851 – 4699 (34,9%), в 1858 – 5802, в 1861 – 8073, в 1897 – 23 967 (39%), в 1910 – ок. 29 000 (ок. 39%), в 1923 – 18 871, в 1926 –18 358 еврея и 24 караима, в 1939 – 14 641 еврей, в 1959 –5702 (4,5%), в 1970 – 5202 (2,7%). в 1979 – 4460 евреев (ок. 2%).Евреи жили в К. с кон. 18 в. В 1850 была открыта казенная школа для евреев. В 1865 в К. действовало 9 синагог; одним из раввинов был Самуил Маркович Кауфман. Работали караимское и еврейское 1-го разряда уч-ща, талмуд-тора, 4 жен. и 2 муж. частн. еврейских уч-ща. В 1870-х гг. из 166 купцов 1-й гильдии 120 были евреями. В 1880-х гг. казенным раввином в К. был Григорий Шапиро, в 1883 – Борух Китайский. В 1880-х гг. Я.М.Гордин организовал в К. «Духовно-библейское братство», официально зарегистрированное в 1885 и имевшее своего «раввина». В эти же годы в К. выступала еврейская драм. труппа А.Голдфадена.15–17 апр. 1881 в К. прошли погромы, послужившие сигналом к антисемитским выступлениям в др. городах Украины. В результате беспорядков в К. были избиты мн. евреи, серьезные повреждения получили ок. 500 домов и св. 100 лавок.В 1889 в К. была открыта еврейская больница. В 1892–1906 одним из раввинов К. был Х.Берлин, с 1896 – Абрам Карклинский (1862 – ?). Казенным раввином в К. в 1893–1917 был В.И. Темкин, организовавший в городе палестинофильские кружки.В 1896 в К. было 11 синагог, в одной из к-рых в 1904–09 кантором служил Д.Ройтман. В городе действовали талмуд-тора с ремесл. отд-нием, реорганизованная в 1904 в еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, еврейская богадельня с амбулаторией, ночлежное отд-ние Попечит. об-ва бедным евреям.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – торговля с.-х. продукцией и швейное произ-во. Большинство мельниц, винокуренных з-дов и табачных ф-к принадлежали евреям. В 1901 в К. работали пивоваренный з-д Г.О.Зельцера, ф-ка турецкого табака и папирос И.С. Рофе. В 1895–1928 в К. частной мед. практикой занимался С.А.Вейсенберг.В 1900 было создано Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1902–03 в К. выходило «Сионистское обозрение». В нач. 20 в. одним из раввинов К. был Довид Шапиро (1880–1934).После Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в К. прошли многочисл. погромы. В 1905 в К. жил К.М.Эрделевский, занимавшийся подготовкой терактов и изготовлением бомб.В 1909 в К. работали 17 еврейских школ (кроме хедеров), талмуд-тора, еврейские общеобразоват. и проф. уч-ща, субботняя школа, выступала передвижная «группа П.Гиршбейна». В сер. 1910-х гг. существовало любительское Т-во драм. искусства (рук. – М.Кранц и Ш.Бастянский). Евреям К. принадлежало большинство аптек города; в К. функционировали хим.-бактериол. кабинет, ф-ки по произ-ву сухих и масляных красок, искусств. и минерал. вод и квасов, паровая ф-ка халвы и тахинного масла, типография; имелись 13 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, еврейская больница.В дек. 1915 в К. на собрании еврейской молодежи были организованы кружки по изучению истории (рук. – И.Гольберг) и ТАНАХа (рук. – преподаватель «сионистского» хедера Шульман); в их учреждении принимал участие В.И.Темкин.В 1916 в К. действовали талмуд-тора, еврейское муж. ремесл. уч-ще, жен. школы, муж. и жен. вечерние школы, подготовит. ремесл. школа, проф. курсы, школы для детей евреев-беженцев.Летом 1917 в поисках якобы спрятанных продуктов в К. были осквернены неск. десятков еврейских могил.В 1917 в К. начал действовать «Ге-Халуц». В 1920 функционировала орг-ция по подготовке молодежи к с.-х. труду в Э.-И.В годы Гражд. войны в К. прошли еврейские погромы. 3 февр. 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный воинскими частями Директории. Весной и летом того же года в ходе погрома, учиненного отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева, было неск. сотен убитых и столько же раненых. Тогда же был учинен погром частями Добровольческой армии. В период Гражд. войны в К. действовал отряд самообороны.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. существовали об-во «Тарбут», отд-ние «Культур-Лиги», еврейский дет. сад, гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 в К. работали еврейский т-р, школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1920-х гг. были организованы швейная и вязальная мастерские, а также создана артель «Огородник». Всего в 1926 в р-не существовало 19 еврейских с.-х. объединений. В том же году выходцы из К. (10 семей) организовали в Херсонском окр. еврейское зелмледельч. т-во. В 1922 среди евреев К. числилось 2748 рабочих (16,5%).До 1925 одним из раввинов К. был Дов Кук – брат А.И.Кука.4 авг. 1941 К. заняли части вермахта. С 23 авг. до 5 сент. 1941 было расстреляно 435 евреев, 6–12 сент. – 290, в осн. из числа интеллигенции. 19 сент. 1941 были расстреляны евреи-мужчины (по нек-рым данным – более 1 тыс. чел.). 30 сент. 1941 расстреляно 4200 евреев, вкл. 600 евреев-военнопленных. За год в городе было уничтожено ок. 6 тыс. евреев. Православная церковь использовала угрозу уничтожения оставшихся в живых евреев для массового обращения их в христианство; ежедневно крестилось до 70 чел. В освобождении К. 8 мая 1944 принимали участие инж.-саперная бригада под ком. полк. Давида Шамовича Цепенюка и 110-я танк. бригада под ком. полк. Ефрема Яковлевича Вишмана.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В окт. 1946 в частном деревянном доме (ул. Калинина, 33) была открыта синагога, раввином в к-рой был Аврум Гершкович Перламутер; он же исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Еврейская община насчитывала 786 чел.; в обычные дни синагогу посещали 15–20, в праздники – до 200 чел. Перед закрытием синагоги (1957) в праздничные дни ее посещали от 700 до 1 тыс. чел.С 1990 в К. работает Ассоциация еврейской культуры, с 1991 действует синагога. В 1994 создана еврейская община (пред. – Константин Николаевич Щедров, р. 1951). С 1997 начал функционировать «Хесэд Шломо» (рук. – Леонид Эльберт, с 2002 – Виталий Анатольевич Кахнов, р. 1944). С 1998 работает Еврейский муз.-драм. т-р «Тхия»; имеются воскресная и еврейская школы. В здании синагоги находятся экспозиции музея «Евреи Елисаветграда».Раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Дан Закута.В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: И.Я.Айзеншток, А.М.Арго, С.М. Блинков, П.Брунов, С.А.Вейсенберг, И.Г.Венецкий, И.М.Верховский, Н.И.Верховский, Я.М. Галицкий, М.Гомберг, Г.М.Гончарь, Дионео, Дон-Аминадо, Е.Я.Дорош, Э.Е.Зайденшнур, Г.Е.Зиновьев, Златопольские, Г.Золотарев, И.-И.Золотаревский, А.И.Зонин, А.М.Каневский, М.К.Касвинов, С.Г.Корсунский, А.Г.Лемберг, Г.М.Лемберг, Ю.С.Мейтус, Ш.Непом, А.М.Нюренберг, А.Островский, М.Подолофф, А.Е.Разумный, М.А.Розенберг, М.И.Рубинштейн, И.-Б.Рыбак, И.И.Склярский, Д.Л.Талмуд, М.А.Тарловский, В.И.Темкин, И.И.Фисанович, А.Л.Шабадаш, К.М.Эрделевский, С.М. Ямпольский; Владимир Александрович Альфиш (р. 1925), энергетик, участвовал в стр-ве Саратовской, Нижнекамской, Балаховской и др. ГЭС и ТЭЦ, Пр. СМ (1986), нагр. 5 орд., засл. энергетик СССР (1985); Олег (Самуил) Маркович Белаковский (р. 1921), спортивный врач, в 1970–87 – зам. нач. ЦСКА по мед. обеспечению, полк. мед. службы, нагр. 6 орд.; Рудольф Ильевич Бершадский (1909–1979, Москва), поэт, писатель, чл. СП СССР (с 1934); Мейер Боданский (1896–1941, США), биохимик, брат О.Боданского, с 1907 – в США, д-р медицины (1935), проф. Техасского ун-та (с 1930), автор работ и неск. книг в обл. биохимии заболеваний и химии физиологии; Оскар Боданский (1901–1977, Нью-Йорк), биохимик, брат М.Боданского, с 1907 – в США, д-р медицины (1938), в 1942–45 возглавлял Отдел биохимии Службы хим. вооружений армии США, автор св. 200 статей и неск. книг по проблемам биохимии заболеваний; Борис Михайлович Гессен (1893–1936, Москва), физик, историк науки, проф. (1929), д-р физ.-матем. наук (1935), ч.-к. АН СССР (1933), в 1933–34 – первый декан физ. ф-та МГУ, в 1936 арестован, расстрелян; Моисей Маркович Златин (1882–1952, Нью-Йорк), дирижер, до 1917 – гл. дирижер оперы С.М.Зимина в Москве, аккомпаниатор Л.В. Собинова, в 1919–24 – в Болгарии, муз. дир. и гл. дирижер Болгарской оперы, с 1925 – дирижер т-ра «Летучая мышь» Балиева, дирижер в «Метрополитен-опера»; Давид Львович Златопольский (р. 1919), юрист, д-р юрид. наук (1963), проф. МГУ (1964), специалист в обл. федеративно-гос. стр-ва, автор св. 200 науч. работ; Петр Наумович Ойфа (1907–1987, Ленинград), поэт, переводчик, автор мн. стих. сб-ков; Юлиан Александрович Панич (р. 1931), артист т-ра и кино, радиокомментатор, с 1972 – в Израиле, с 1976 – в Германии; Иосиф (Абрам) Израилевич Побережский (1897–1938, Москва), бригадный инженер, дир. авиац. з-да, репрессирован; Наум Исаакович Пруслин (1877–1943), композитор и дирижер, автор оперетты «Вий», музыки к спектаклям, засл. арт. УССР (1940); Леонид Осипович Равич (1908–1957, Ленинград), поэт, публицист, автор восп. о В.В.Маяковском; Макс Леонидович Райхман (р. 1915), специалист в обл. приборостроения, канд. техн. наук (1963), автор св. 100 науч. работ и 15 изобретений в обл. атомного машино- и приборостроения, Стал. пр. (1951), Лен. пр. (1961); Аарон Шулов (1907–1997, Иерусалим), зоолог, с 1926 – в Э.-И., основатель и дир. (в 1950–83) Иерусалимского Библейского зоологич. сада, автор св. 140 науч. работ по зоологии, энтомологии и токсинологии.Е.С.Мосолова, extra_data="{'translat...")
KIROVSK (until 1934 - Khibinogorsk), a city (from 1931) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1929, 209 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, 66 in 1989, and 40 in 1999.
KIROVSKOE, an urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony Neidorf (other name - Islyam-Terek) Feodosiya u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s and 30s. - from. Islyam-Terek of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan and 76 Jews in the region. In the fall of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. In the beginning. 1942 the remaining 6 Jews were shot.
KIRPICHNIKOV Moisei El'evich (1913, Gomel - 1995, Petersburg), botanist, specialist in the field of plant taxonomy. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1965). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1939) and graduate school Bo-tanich. in-that. Member of the 1941–45 war. Sci. activity began at the Department of Botany in student. years. He worked as a botanist. exp. in the Caucasus, Tien Shan, in the Transcaucasia, in the bass. the Pechora river, as well as in the union. Sov.-kit. exp. in the south-west China. In 1949-51 academic. sec. Botanich. in-that, since 1951 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. taxonomy and geography higher. plants. Author of 263 scientific. works and approx. 600 st. for encyclopedias. Monographs and reference books K. contain valuable material for the study of higher. plants. Among them is the "Reference book on taxonomy higher. plants "(1954)," Atlas of descriptive morphology of higher. plants. Liszt ”(1956), noted by Pr. them. V.L. Komarov Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Participated in the compilation of ed. "Flora of the USSR". 1 genus and 4 species of plants are named after K.. Works: Atlas of Descriptive Morphology of Higher. plants. M. - L., 1956 (jointly with A.A. Fedorov and Z.T.Artyushenko); Russian-Latin dictionary for botanists. L., 1977 (with N.N. Zabinkova).
KIRPOTIN Valery Yakovlevich (1898, Kretingen, Kovno province - 1997, Moscow), literary critic, critic. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (Philosophy Department). In 1928–32, dir. Institute of literature and language Kom. academy. In 1932–36 the head. sector thin. literature of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and simultaneously. (1932–34) sec. Organizing Committee of the First Congress of Sov. writers. In 1956–74 he headed the department of Russian. liter Lit. in-ta them. A.M. Gorky, prof. K. is a representative of the orthodox Marxist-Leninist aesthetics and methodology in the teaching and analysis of literature. manuf. First book. - "Radical commoner DI Pisarev" (1929). Author of about 30 books, among which: "Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin" (1936), "M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin" (1939), "The theme of culture and war in the works of I.G. Erenburg" (1943), etc. . Over time, established. the theme of K.'s research becomes the work of F.M.Dostoevsky: “Young Dostoevsky” (1947), “F.M.Dostoevsky. The creative path (1821-1859) ”(1947),“ The disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov ”(1970),“ The World of Dostoevsky ”(1980), etc. Tr. K. entered the three-volume collection. op. "Fav. work ”(1978).
KIRS, a city (since 1965), the center of the Verkhnekamsky district in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1729 as a settlement. Kirsinsky Plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slobodskoy u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1926, one Jew lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939, five Jews.
KIRSANOV, city, regional center in the Tambov region. (Russian Federation). First mentioned. in 1702.Since 1779 it has been a district town of the Tambov governorship, since 1796 it has been a province. In 1897, 263 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 573, in 1920 - approx. 700, in 1926 - 214 (0.8%), in 1939 - 66 Jews. In 1903 a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1915, approx. 550 Jewish refugees from West. provinces of Russia; in the same year with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened. In 1916, the Jewish community of K., without its own rabbi, was run by the Tambov community. By 1917 in K. Mosk. a department of ORT organized a labor office. Since 1919, an Evsection has been operating in Kazakhstan; in 1919–20, members of the Evsection were Rappoport, Z. Ginzburg, Gaver, in 1920–21 - IE Arm, Vitin, Pershin, Zeitlin. Jewish children worked in K. garden, children. hearth, library, school, workers' club, Jewish drama. circle, to-ry staged plays by Ya.M. Gordin, Sholem Aleichem. Evsection actively fought against EVOPO, held conferences, including working Jewish women, campaigns against the re-evacuation of refugees from Lithuania. However, on March 24, 1921, the Evsection made a decision to self-liquidate in view of the re-evacuation of refugees; library and archive were transferred to the Jewish department of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. 2000 in K. there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2003 there was a Jewish population in K.. A.Ya. Avrekh.
KIRSANOV Semyon Isaakovich (1906, Odessa - 1972, Moscow), poet. In 1925 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Odessa Institute of Nar. education. He began publishing in 1922. In 1921 he organized the Southern Association of Futurists in Odessa, in 1924 - Yugolef. In 1925 he moved to Moscow, collaborated in a journal. "Lef". Was close to V.V. Mayakovsky and N.N. Aseev. In the beginning. 1930s published a number of poetry. sb-kov agit. verse on socialist themes. pages ("Construction Lines", 1930; "Poems in the System", 1932; "Shock Quarter", 1932, etc.). In the end. 1930s, after the death of his wife, publ. lyric. cycle ("Your Poem", 1937; "Moan in a Dream", 1937–39; "The Last of May", 1939). During the 1941–45 war, there was a correspondent army gas., hands. brigade "Windows of TASS", wrote a soldier lubok "The cherished word of Foma Smyslov" (1942). Poetry K. is distinguished by an attraction to fantasy and fabulousness, allegorical. images with the use of mythology, as well as biblical motives (the poem "Eden", 1945), passion for verbal games, virtuoso technique of versification ("Quest. Poems and Poems 1923-1965", 1967), which often led to accusations of formalism. As "politically immature" she regarded the Sov. criticism of the poem "Seven Days of the Week" (1956), in a cut K. rebelled against privileges for parties, the bureaucracy. In 1974–76, 4 volumes were published. op. K. Steel. etc. (1951) for the poem "Makar Mazai" (1947).
KIRSHENSHTEIN-SHEVINSKA Irena (b. 1946, Leningrad), athlete (athletics; running). Lives in Poland. Champ. Olympus. games (1964 - relay race 4 x 100 m; 1968 - 200 m; 1976 - 400 m) and Europe (1965 - 3 gold medals, 1974 - 2 gold medals). Silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1964 - 200 m and long jump) and bronze. prize-winner Olympus. games (1968 - 100 m, 1972 - 200 m). Multiple world record holder (1965–78) in sprinting.
KIRSHON Vladimir Mikhailovich (1902, Nalchik Tersk region - 1938), playwright. He studied in St. Petersburg, from 1917 - in Kislovodsk. In 1918 he voluntarily left for Kr. Army, participated in the Civil. war. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1923). In 1923–25 he lived in Rostov-on-Don, from 1926 - in Moscow. He made his debut in 1923 with the film Fight for the Ultimatum. Was one of the hands. RAPP. In 1930–34 holes. ed. zhurn. "Height". Author of a number of plays, prev, life of owls. people in the 1920s and 30s: "Konstantin Terekhin" (1927, et al.), "The rails are buzzing" (1928), "City of Winds" (1929), "Bread" (1930), "Court" (1933) , "Wonderful Alloy" (1934), "Big Day" (1936), etc. Arrested in 1937, shot.
KIRSI PLANT, see Kirs.
KIRZHACH, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1778 - the district town of the Vladimir governorship, since 1796 - the provincial town of Pokrovsky district. In 1904, 17 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 13, in 1926 - 3, and in 1939 - 11 Jews. 20th century the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was made up of merchants and members of their families.
KIRZHNER David Mironovich (1877, Shepetovka Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1962, Moscow), specialist in the field of economics and organization of mining. Prof. (1939). Graduated from the Kiev Commercial Department. Institute (1914). He worked in the mines of Donbass. In 1924 he was transferred to Moscow to work in the Central Committee of the trade union of workers of the coal industry. From 1930 he taught at Moscow. mining institute. In 1943-44 - in the Bureau of General. Donbass recovery plan. Main tr. in the region. economics and planning organization of production in the coal industry; author of a number of textbooks.
KIRZHNITS Abram (Avrom) Davidovich (1888, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1940, Moscow), publicist, journalist, bibliographer, historian. Studied at the Bialystok commercial. uch-shche, was expelled from there for the roar. activity. He worked actively in the Bund, published from 1906 in Russian. press in Minsk, Gomel, Bobruisk, as well as in Jewish periodicals. ed. Before the 1st world. During the war, he edited the first textbook in Yiddish on library science. For the roar. exiled in 1915 to Siberia. In 1919 he attempted to publish the first gas in Siberia. Bundist direction "Bund Responses". In 1920 he returned to Belarus, continued his journalistic and bibliographic work. In 1924 he moved to Moscow, was ed. zhurn. "Moscow Proletarian", worked on the history of the Jewish labor movement, at the same time. collected materials on ist. Jewish print. Since 1925 - sotr. Jewish gas. "Der emes", was the correspondent. gas. in Birobidzhan. The author of the bibl. works: Der Yidisher Arbeter (Jewish Worker, 1925-28); The Jewish Press in the Soviet Union (1928); "Jewish Press in Belarus" (1929); "The Jewish press in the former Russian Empire" (1930). In 1937 he was arrested and soon released.
KIRZHNITS David Abramovich (1926, Moscow - 1998, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). After graduating from Moscow State University (1949) worked as engineer. at the plant. Since 1954 at FIAN (since 1975 head of the sector). Region scientific. research - physics of extreme states of islands (including superconductivity), nuclear physics, physics of elementary particles, astrophysics, cosmology. Developed a generalization of the Thomas-Fermi method with applications to the theory of highly compressed and hot matter. Showed that the stars of white dwarfs are in crystalline. state, and in-in pulsars is penetrated by a system of vortex filaments. He proposed a method for describing quantum objects (evolution in the coupling constant) with applications to nonlocal field theory and to nuclear physics of low and high energies. He substantiated the possibility of the existence of environments with denial. dielectric permeability and refuted the statement about the impossibility of high-temperature superconductivity (1976). Predicted phase transitions in unified particle theories (1972). On this basis, he proposed a picture of phase transitions in cosmology, which led to the modern. inflation. theory. The author of St. 200 scientific. works. Etc. them. M.V. Lomonosov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1978), Works: Field methods of the theory of many particles. M., 1963 (translated into English); The problem of high-temperature superconductivity. M., 1977.
KISELEU, see Kiselev.
KISELEV, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kiseleu province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 20th century in K. lived apprx. 200 Jews (approx. 8%), in 1930 - 113 Jews. 20th century Among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 20 merchants and 10 artisans. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941 killed 48 Jews in Kazakhstan.
KISELEV Iosif Moiseevich (1905, Shiryaevka, Chernigov province. - 1980, Kiev), writer, literary critic. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1927). The author of a number of poetry. collection of books (Interview, 1928; Lights, 1947), as well as collection of critical works. and theater critic, Art .: "Conflicts and Characters" (1953), "Epic Poetry" (1958), "First Leaders" (1964), "Playwrights of Ukraine" (1967), etc.
KISELEVKA, a village in the Belozersk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1856 in the Kherson district. Kherson province. In 1887, 5 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 there were 28 Jews, in 1939 - 46 Jews. OA Sheintsis.
KISELEVSK, a city (since 1936) in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1932, on the site of the villages of Cherkasovo and the village of Afonino. 56 Jews lived in 1939, 110 Jews (0.09%) in 1970. In 2002, there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
KISELIK, see Kisilin.
KISELGOF Zusman (Zinovy) Aronovich (1884, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1939, Leningrad), teacher, folklorist. After graduating from a Jewish teacher's seminary in Vilna, he worked at a Russian-Jewish school in Vitebsk. In 1905 he was invited to the position of a teacher at the OPE school in St. Petersburg. At the same time. K. conducts a Jewish choir, participates in dec. ethnographic exp., in which he writes music. Jewish folklore. He used his notes in the "Collection of songs for the Jewish school and family" (St. Petersburg - Berlin, 1912). K. was one of the founders of the Jewish People's Society. music. Graduated from Natural Mathematics. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1925). He worked as a teacher at a school, was a director. 2nd Jewish nat. schools in Leningrad. In the archive St. Petersburg. theater. library is kept “Abstract on Jewish Nar. music "K., written in Yiddish.
KISHENKI, a village in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kishenka Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1926, 25 Jews lived in the Kishenkovsky district, in 1939 - 41, in Kazakhstan - 1 Jew. In 1905, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan; Jewish homes were burned down. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KISHENKA, see. Kishenki.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КИШИНЭУ (до 1991 – Кишинев), город (с 1818), столица Республики Молдова. Изв. с 1466. С 16 в. – под властью Османской империи (Молдавское кн-во). С 1812 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1818 – центр Бессарабской обл., с 1873 – губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Румынии, в 1940–91 – столица МССР.В 1774 в К. проживало 540 евреев (7%), в 1847 – 10 509 (21,8%), в 1857 – 18 733, в 1867 – 18 327, в 1897 – 50 237 (46,3%), в 1910 – ок. 52 000, в 1930 – 41 405 (36%), в 1959 – 42 934 (19,88%), в 1970 – 49 910 евреев (14%), в т. ч. 5 крымчаков и 11 караимов, в 1979 – 42 313 евреев (8,5%), в 1989 – 35 745 евреев (5%).Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к нач. 18 в. В 1773 в К. существовала еврейская община; в том же году 144 чл. общины подписали устав хевры кадиши.Первым раввином К. был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това Залман бен Мордхе из Шаргорода (?–1782). Позднее раввинами К. были также ученики И.Баал-Шем-Това – раби Исхар (зять раби Залмана) и раби Фолик (?–1782). В 1812 ученик одного из первых проповедников хасидизма Ихла-Михла из Золочева раввин Хаим Тирер из Черновиц (1760–1817, Цфат) основал в К. Большую синагогу; одноврем. была открыта еврейская больница. С 1819 раввином К. был ученик «Провидца из Люблина» Арье-Иегуда-Лейб (1757 – 1825). После его смерти раввином К. стал ученик Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева Мойше-Цви Гитерман (1775–1837).В 1838 в К. была учреждена обществ. еврейская школа с общеобразоват. программой (в 1850 преобразована в 2 казенных уч-ща). Первым ее директором был Бецалель (Василий) Штерн (1798, Тарнополь – 1853, Одесса), позднее – Я.Голденталь и Я.М.Эйхенбаум. В 1852 ученым евреем при новороссийском и бессарабском ген.-губернаторе был назначен М.С.Гурович. В 1858 в К. функционировали (помимо 2 казенных уч-щ) жен. уч-ще (70 уч-ся), 46 хедеров (730 мальчиков и 150 девочек). В 1860 в К. возникла одна из первых в Бессарабии иешив, к-рую возглавляли любавичский хасид Шабсай-Мойше и карлинский хасид Авром-Бер. В 1864 в К. действовало ок. 100 хедеров. В 1872 была основана талмуд-тора с преподаванием иврита, рус. и нем. яз., математики.В 1879–83 в К. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы под рук. А.Голдфадена, И.-И.Лернера и др. С 1880 гл. кантором в хоральной синагоге К. был П.Минковский, в 1884–96 кантором в одной из синагог был Я.-Ш.Мороговский. В 1882 И.Рабинович создал в К. иудео-христианскую общину и открыл при ней молитв. дом, где служба велась на идише. В 1884 в К. была открыта еврейская типография, в 1890 – еврейская гимназия Скоморовской.С 1886 в К. действовало отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» во главе с М.Я.Дизенгофом. В 1897–1907 в К. функционировало т. н. Почтовое бюро, осуществлявшее связь между сионистскими орг-циями России (рук. – Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган).В 1898 евреям К. принадлежали 29 кр. пр-тий (из 38), 6 паровых мельниц (из 7), 5 табачных ф-к (из 7), 4 типографии (из 5). Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности мн. евреев города – извоз (450 чел.), работа носильщиками, поденщиками, грузчиками (400 чел.), работа на виноградниках (500 чел.), изготовление одежды (3072 чел.), обработка дерева (631 чел.), торговля с.-х. продукцией (2470 чел.), тканями и одеждой (1011 чел.).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовали 16 еврейских уч-щ (св. 2100 уч-ся), в т. ч. 4 талмуд-торы (в старейшей из них числилось св. 300 уч-ся, имелось ремесл. отд-ние), Об-во пособия бедным евреям, дешевая столовая с чайной, еврейская больница с богадельней, отд-ние помощи роженицам, Об-во вспоможения приказчиков (с 1886) с б-кой (1500 тт.), уч-ще (220 уч-ся), ремесл. мелкоторг. ссудо-сберегат. т-во (с 1901).6–7 апр. 1903 в К. произошел погром, спровоцированный «кровавым наветом» в Дубоссарах (совр. Дубэсарь) и ред. газ. «Бессарабец» П.Крушеваном. Отряды еврейской самообороны под рук. Я.М.Бернштейна-Когана были разоружены войсками и полицией, еврейские активисты арестованы. Во время погрома было убито 44 чел. и ранено ок. 600, разгромлено св. 1500 еврейских домов и лавок. Пожертвования пострадавшим поступали со всей России, мн. стран Европы и Америки. Сессия особого присутствия Одесской суд. палаты рассмотрела (кон. 1903 – нач. 1904) дело о погроме. Интересы потерпевших защищали адвокаты О.О.Грузенберг, С.Е.Калманович, М.П.Карабчевский, А.С.Зарудный, С.С.Соколов и др. Погромщиков приговорили к минимальному наказанию. С резким осуждением погромщиков и пр-ва выступили в своих статьях Л.Н.Толстой, В.Г.Короленко, В.Д.Набоков. Х.-Н.Бялик посвятил кровавым событиям в К. поэму «Сказание о погроме».В окт. 1905 во время очередного погрома, несмотря на сопротивление отрядов самообороны, было убито 19 и ранено 56 евреев.В 1907 в К. было основано «Об-во взаимного вспоможения уч-ся и учившимся в еврейских школах Бессарабии».С 1909 раввином К. был Л.-И.-М. Цирельсон, основавший в городе отд-ние «Агудас Исроэль» (1912), к-рое объединяло раввинов Бессарабии, в 1919 – еврейскую гимназию и семинарию «Маген Давид».В 1-й пол. 20 в. в К. более 40 лет находился хасидский двор Иосифа Иерусалимского (?–1941). Другой хасидский двор с 1911 возглавлял Арон-Менахем-Нохум Тверский (?–1941). Во главе еще одного хасидского двора стоял Исроэль Рабинович (1905–1971, Тель-Авив).В 1910 в К. действовали 3 талмуд-торы (130 уч-ся), 1 казенное обществ. и 7 частных (муж.) уч-щ, 8 общеобразоват. и 1 проф. (жен). уч-ща. В хедерах занималось 2500 уч-ся. В 1913 в К. работали еврейские б-ка и еврейское уч-ще об-ва приказчиков. В К. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1911 И.М. Красильщиков основал в К. биоэнтомологич. станцию. В 1912–13 в К. издавалась газ. «Еврейская хроника» (ред. – И. Разумовский).Во время 1-й мир. войны отступавшие войска рус. армии подвергли разграблению еврейские дома.В 1916 в К. открылись частные еврейские высш. и ср. уч-ща Л.Л. Кулина. В 1917 начал работать сионистский центр.В установлении сов. власти в К. активно участвовали И.Э.Якир и первый нач. Кишиневского гарнизона Ф.Левензон (1893–1938).После 1918 численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет евреев, бежавших от погромов на Украине в годы Гражд. войны. В нач. 1920-х гг. помощь беженцам оказывали Палестинский к-т и Джойнт, организовавший дет. колонию (на 100 детей), дет. площадку (на 350 детей), курсы кройки и шитья. Активно действовало отд-ние Лондонской федерации помощи украинским евреям. В 1920–30-х гг. раввином в К. был Ицхок Тверский, цадик из Сквиры.В 1920 в К. состоялась 1-я конф. бессарабских сионистов. Одним из видных деятелей еврейского нац. движения Бессарабии был М.И. Готлиб. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали группы «Ге-Халуц», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Работали школы сети «Тарбут» и «Явне», школы с преподаванием на идише. Действовал еврейский нар. ун-т, ректором к-рого был деп. румын. парламента Михаэль Ландау (1896–?). С 1922 выходила ежедн. газ. на идише «Дас Ворт», в 1922–38 – ежедн. газ. «Унзер цайт».В 1940, после присоединения Бессарабии к СССР, в К. был открыт ГОСЕТ Молдавии под рук. Я.М.Штернберга, среди основателей к-рого были М.-Г.А.Сакциер и С.Таль.После оккупации К. частями вермахта и румын. войсками (16 июля 1941) в городе неск. дней происходил погром. В нач. авг. 1941 евреи К. были заключены в гетто; в авг. – сент. того же года на еврейском кладбище было расстреляно 837 чел. В окт. 1941 все заключенные гетто были депортированы в Транснистрию, где большинство из них погибло. В освобождении К. в авг. 1944 принимали участие 521-й арт. полк под ком. подполк. Абрама Борисовича Рохлина и 8-й полк связи под ком. подполк. Анания Лазаревича Фанштейна.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в К. в частном доме (Якимовский пер., 8) действовала синагога, раввином был Иосиф Ицкович Табачник (1877–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 100–150 чел., в праздники – до 1200 чел.; в 1948 в Йом-Кипур в синагоге молилось 4 тыс. чел. В 1949 во время праздника с наружной стороны синагоги было установлено 3 репродуктора. Раввином К. с кон. 1940-х гг. был И.Ш.Эпельбойм.В нач. 1960-х гг. в К. было закрыто еврейское кладбище. Действовала одна синагога.В 1966–72 в К. работал Еврейский нар. муз.-драматич. т-р под рук. Рувима Левина.В 1967 за отказ осудить «израильскую агрессию» из ун-та К. были исключены неск. евреев-студентов. В 1969 «за ведение сионистской пропаганды» был арестован Я.И.Штрамвассер (р. 1932). 21–30 июня 1971 в К. проходил суд. процесс над евреями, боровшимися за право выезда в Израиль. Д.Маоян (Черноглаз) был приговорен к 5 годам, А.Гольдфельд (р. 1946) – к 4, А.Гальперин (р. 1946) – к 2,5 года лишения свободы. В 1970–80-х гг. евреи К. активно боролись за право на выезд в Израиль и за возрождение еврейской культуры.В кон. 1976 в К. проходил семинар по вопросам еврейской культуры. В окт. 1988 в помещении ср. школы № 56 были открыты курсы идиша, одним из преподавателей был Б.С.Сандлер. Тогда же была создана инициативная группа по организации Еврейского культурного об-ва. С 1985 в К. работает Т-р еврейской песни под рук. Ефима Черного. В 1989 была образована творч. группа «Ворт ун нигн» («Слово и мелодия») под рук. д-ра Серго Бенгельсдорфа (р. 1937, Биробиджан), сына Л.Ш.Вассерман. В том же году создано Об-во еврейской культуры, к-рое выпускало (с 1990) ежедн. газ. «Унзер кол» на идише и рус. яз, позднее стала выходить как ежемес. газ. «Наш голос» на рус. яз. С 1990 действует служба милосердия «Хесэд Иегуда». С 1991 под рук. А.Я.Бацмановой (р. 1955, Балта) работает б-ка им. И.Мангера, ставшая центром еврейской культуры Бессарабии. В 1991 и 1992 были открыты 2 еврейские общеобразоват. школы. С 1990 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман-Лейб Абельский (р. 1920, Фромушика Ботошанского у.).В 1999 в К. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: А.М.Аникст, И.Л.Бальцан, Х. Бальцан, О.Банчик, Л.И.Бахман, С.В.Бернштейн-Коган, Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган, И.Б.Берсукер, Л.Бланк, А.М.Бразер, Л.Г.Брайковская, С.Бронстон, С.М.Бубновский, А.В.Вейсбейн, З.Вильнаи, М.О.Гершензон, Х.С.Герштейн, С.Г.Гинтер, О.Голдес, А.Б.Гольденвейзер, М.И. Готлиб, А.Ш.Гринберг, Г.Л.Гринберг, И.М.Гурвич, Э.Дорон, П.Я.Зальцман, С.Земурай, Ю.Д. Исерлис, Н.И.Клейман, Д.Кнут, Л.М.Коган-Бернштейн, И.Корн, И.М.Красильщиков, Л. Ларский, Г.М.Левенталь, И.Э.Левит, А.Либерман, С.В.Ливент-Левит, Х.Н.Лившиц, Ш.Марлин, С.Т.Махлина, Э.Мейтос, Ц.Мильштейн, З.О.Мичник, Ш.Надив, Б.Поляк, Л.И.Ремпель, Д.И.Ройтман, А.Б.Рубинштейн, И.Б.Сапир, С.Г.Сибиряков, Д.Э.Скалов, М.А.Соколовский, М.Столяр, З.М.Ткач, А.Тумаркина, З.Фейнман, И.Ф.Фихман, Г.А.Франк, У.Ф.Фридман, А.Н.Фрумкин, Л.А.Чижик, И.С.Шварцев, Н.В. Эльштейн, С.Л.Эрлих, И.Э.Якир, Х.Ясский; Элиас-Йосеф Бикерман (1897–1981, Тель-Авив), историк, д-р философии (1926), в 1921–34 – в Германии, в 1934–40 – во Франции, с 1940 – в США, проф. (1952) древней истории Колумбийского ун-та, автор ряда работ по др.-еврейской истории; Илья Алексеевич Британ (1885–1941, Париж), поэт, в 1923 выслан из СССР, автор неск. сб. стихов, расстрелян в числе евреев-заложников; Сергей Григорьевич Гингер (1870–1937, Томск), архитектор, представитель модерна и неоклассицизма Петербурга–Ленинграда, автор неск. десятков проектов, в т. ч. более 20 кр. жилых домов; Шмуэль Глузберг (1898 – ?), литератор, с 1905 – в Аргентине, в 1930–40-х гг. – ред. лит.-критич. журн. «Бабель», основатель (1930) и первый секр. Аргентинского союза писателей; Меир Зореа (Зродинский) (1923–1995, Мааган-Михаэль, Израиль), ген.-майор, один из основателей партии ДАШ, деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва; Лев Наумович Карлик (1898–1975, Рязань), патофизиолог, д-р мед. наук, проф. (1931), отец М.Л.Левина, автор более 130 науч. работ, в т. ч. 13 монографий; Нахум Кремер (Шедми) (1898–1985), с 1921 – в Э.-И., в кон. 1930-х гг. – один из рук. Гаганы, в 1946 – ее представитель в Европе, затем глава Высш. воен. суда, полковник; Ефим Левит (р. 1921), литературовед, д-р филол. наук, автор более 300 работ по истории молд. лит-ры; Иосиф Ильич Либерштейн (р. 1927), агроном, д-р с.-х.наук, проф., автор более 300 работ по проблемам полевых культур Молдавии; Веньямин Тучинский (1898–1972, там же), литературовед, писал на идише, в 1920–30-х гг. публиковался в кишиневских еврейских изданиях, автор книг о лит-ре на идише; Эль Наумович Шляхов (р. 1920), эпидемиолог и иммунолог, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф. (1967), создатель и рук. кафедры эпидемиологии Кишиневского мед. ин-та, с 1990 – в Израиле, автор ок. 400 науч. работ; Михаил Яхинсон (1894–1942, Транснистрия), журналист, сотр. еврейских газ. на разн. яз. в разл. странах, в 1917 – ред. сионистского еженед. «Еврейская мысль» (Одесса).Е.С Мосолова, pronunciation=КИШИНЭУ (до 1991 – Кишинев), город (с 1818), столица Республики Молдова. Изв. с 1466. С 16 в. – под властью Османской империи (Молдавское кн-во). С 1812 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1818 – центр Бессарабской обл., с 1873 – губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Румынии, в 1940–91 – столица МССР.В 1774 в К. проживало 540 евреев (7%), в 1847 – 10 509 (21,8%), в 1857 – 18 733, в 1867 – 18 327, в 1897 – 50 237 (46,3%), в 1910 – ок. 52 000, в 1930 – 41 405 (36%), в 1959 – 42 934 (19,88%), в 1970 – 49 910 евреев (14%), в т. ч. 5 крымчаков и 11 караимов, в 1979 – 42 313 евреев (8,5%), в 1989 – 35 745 евреев (5%).Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к нач. 18 в. В 1773 в К. существовала еврейская община; в том же году 144 чл. общины подписали устав хевры кадиши.Первым раввином К. был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това Залман бен Мордхе из Шаргорода (?–1782). Позднее раввинами К. были также ученики И.Баал-Шем-Това – раби Исхар (зять раби Залмана) и раби Фолик (?–1782). В 1812 ученик одного из первых проповедников хасидизма Ихла-Михла из Золочева раввин Хаим Тирер из Черновиц (1760–1817, Цфат) основал в К. Большую синагогу; одноврем. была открыта еврейская больница. С 1819 раввином К. был ученик «Провидца из Люблина» Арье-Иегуда-Лейб (1757 – 1825). После его смерти раввином К. стал ученик Леви-Ицхока из Бердичева Мойше-Цви Гитерман (1775–1837).В 1838 в К. была учреждена обществ. еврейская школа с общеобразоват. программой (в 1850 преобразована в 2 казенных уч-ща). Первым ее директором был Бецалель (Василий) Штерн (1798, Тарнополь – 1853, Одесса), позднее – Я.Голденталь и Я.М.Эйхенбаум. В 1852 ученым евреем при новороссийском и бессарабском ген.-губернаторе был назначен М.С.Гурович. В 1858 в К. функционировали (помимо 2 казенных уч-щ) жен. уч-ще (70 уч-ся), 46 хедеров (730 мальчиков и 150 девочек). В 1860 в К. возникла одна из первых в Бессарабии иешив, к-рую возглавляли любавичский хасид Шабсай-Мойше и карлинский хасид Авром-Бер. В 1864 в К. действовало ок. 100 хедеров. В 1872 была основана талмуд-тора с преподаванием иврита, рус. и нем. яз., математики.В 1879–83 в К. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы под рук. А.Голдфадена, И.-И.Лернера и др. С 1880 гл. кантором в хоральной синагоге К. был П.Минковский, в 1884–96 кантором в одной из синагог был Я.-Ш.Мороговский. В 1882 И.Рабинович создал в К. иудео-христианскую общину и открыл при ней молитв. дом, где служба велась на идише. В 1884 в К. была открыта еврейская типография, в 1890 – еврейская гимназия Скоморовской.С 1886 в К. действовало отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» во главе с М.Я.Дизенгофом. В 1897–1907 в К. функционировало т. н. Почтовое бюро, осуществлявшее связь между сионистскими орг-циями России (рук. – Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган).В 1898 евреям К. принадлежали 29 кр. пр-тий (из 38), 6 паровых мельниц (из 7), 5 табачных ф-к (из 7), 4 типографии (из 5). Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности мн. евреев города – извоз (450 чел.), работа носильщиками, поденщиками, грузчиками (400 чел.), работа на виноградниках (500 чел.), изготовление одежды (3072 чел.), обработка дерева (631 чел.), торговля с.-х. продукцией (2470 чел.), тканями и одеждой (1011 чел.).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. действовали 16 еврейских уч-щ (св. 2100 уч-ся), в т. ч. 4 талмуд-торы (в старейшей из них числилось св. 300 уч-ся, имелось ремесл. отд-ние), Об-во пособия бедным евреям, дешевая столовая с чайной, еврейская больница с богадельней, отд-ние помощи роженицам, Об-во вспоможения приказчиков (с 1886) с б-кой (1500 тт.), уч-ще (220 уч-ся), ремесл. мелкоторг. ссудо-сберегат. т-во (с 1901).6–7 апр. 1903 в К. произошел погром, спровоцированный «кровавым наветом» в Дубоссарах (совр. Дубэсарь) и ред. газ. «Бессарабец» П.Крушеваном. Отряды еврейской самообороны под рук. Я.М.Бернштейна-Когана были разоружены войсками и полицией, еврейские активисты арестованы. Во время погрома было убито 44 чел. и ранено ок. 600, разгромлено св. 1500 еврейских домов и лавок. Пожертвования пострадавшим поступали со всей России, мн. стран Европы и Америки. Сессия особого присутствия Одесской суд. палаты рассмотрела (кон. 1903 – нач. 1904) дело о погроме. Интересы потерпевших защищали адвокаты О.О.Грузенберг, С.Е.Калманович, М.П.Карабчевский, А.С.Зарудный, С.С.Соколов и др. Погромщиков приговорили к минимальному наказанию. С резким осуждением погромщиков и пр-ва выступили в своих статьях Л.Н.Толстой, В.Г.Короленко, В.Д.Набоков. Х.-Н.Бялик посвятил кровавым событиям в К. поэму «Сказание о погроме».В окт. 1905 во время очередного погрома, несмотря на сопротивление отрядов самообороны, было убито 19 и ранено 56 евреев.В 1907 в К. было основано «Об-во взаимного вспоможения уч-ся и учившимся в еврейских школах Бессарабии».С 1909 раввином К. был Л.-И.-М. Цирельсон, основавший в городе отд-ние «Агудас Исроэль» (1912), к-рое объединяло раввинов Бессарабии, в 1919 – еврейскую гимназию и семинарию «Маген Давид».В 1-й пол. 20 в. в К. более 40 лет находился хасидский двор Иосифа Иерусалимского (?–1941). Другой хасидский двор с 1911 возглавлял Арон-Менахем-Нохум Тверский (?–1941). Во главе еще одного хасидского двора стоял Исроэль Рабинович (1905–1971, Тель-Авив).В 1910 в К. действовали 3 талмуд-торы (130 уч-ся), 1 казенное обществ. и 7 частных (муж.) уч-щ, 8 общеобразоват. и 1 проф. (жен). уч-ща. В хедерах занималось 2500 уч-ся. В 1913 в К. работали еврейские б-ка и еврейское уч-ще об-ва приказчиков. В К. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1911 И.М. Красильщиков основал в К. биоэнтомологич. станцию. В 1912–13 в К. издавалась газ. «Еврейская хроника» (ред. – И. Разумовский).Во время 1-й мир. войны отступавшие войска рус. армии подвергли разграблению еврейские дома.В 1916 в К. открылись частные еврейские высш. и ср. уч-ща Л.Л. Кулина. В 1917 начал работать сионистский центр.В установлении сов. власти в К. активно участвовали И.Э.Якир и первый нач. Кишиневского гарнизона Ф.Левензон (1893–1938).После 1918 численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет евреев, бежавших от погромов на Украине в годы Гражд. войны. В нач. 1920-х гг. помощь беженцам оказывали Палестинский к-т и Джойнт, организовавший дет. колонию (на 100 детей), дет. площадку (на 350 детей), курсы кройки и шитья. Активно действовало отд-ние Лондонской федерации помощи украинским евреям. В 1920–30-х гг. раввином в К. был Ицхок Тверский, цадик из Сквиры.В 1920 в К. состоялась 1-я конф. бессарабских сионистов. Одним из видных деятелей еврейского нац. движения Бессарабии был М.И. Готлиб. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали группы «Ге-Халуц», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Работали школы сети «Тарбут» и «Явне», школы с преподаванием на идише. Действовал еврейский нар. ун-т, ректором к-рого был деп. румын. парламента Михаэль Ландау (1896–?). С 1922 выходила ежедн. газ. на идише «Дас Ворт», в 1922–38 – ежедн. газ. «Унзер цайт».В 1940, после присоединения Бессарабии к СССР, в К. был открыт ГОСЕТ Молдавии под рук. Я.М.Штернберга, среди основателей к-рого были М.-Г.А.Сакциер и С.Таль.После оккупации К. частями вермахта и румын. войсками (16 июля 1941) в городе неск. дней происходил погром. В нач. авг. 1941 евреи К. были заключены в гетто; в авг. – сент. того же года на еврейском кладбище было расстреляно 837 чел. В окт. 1941 все заключенные гетто были депортированы в Транснистрию, где большинство из них погибло. В освобождении К. в авг. 1944 принимали участие 521-й арт. полк под ком. подполк. Абрама Борисовича Рохлина и 8-й полк связи под ком. подполк. Анания Лазаревича Фанштейна.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в К. в частном доме (Якимовский пер., 8) действовала синагога, раввином был Иосиф Ицкович Табачник (1877–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 100–150 чел., в праздники – до 1200 чел.; в 1948 в Йом-Кипур в синагоге молилось 4 тыс. чел. В 1949 во время праздника с наружной стороны синагоги было установлено 3 репродуктора. Раввином К. с кон. 1940-х гг. был И.Ш.Эпельбойм.В нач. 1960-х гг. в К. было закрыто еврейское кладбище. Действовала одна синагога.В 1966–72 в К. работал Еврейский нар. муз.-драматич. т-р под рук. Рувима Левина.В 1967 за отказ осудить «израильскую агрессию» из ун-та К. были исключены неск. евреев-студентов. В 1969 «за ведение сионистской пропаганды» был арестован Я.И.Штрамвассер (р. 1932). 21–30 июня 1971 в К. проходил суд. процесс над евреями, боровшимися за право выезда в Израиль. Д.Маоян (Черноглаз) был приговорен к 5 годам, А.Гольдфельд (р. 1946) – к 4, А.Гальперин (р. 1946) – к 2,5 года лишения свободы. В 1970–80-х гг. евреи К. активно боролись за право на выезд в Израиль и за возрождение еврейской культуры.В кон. 1976 в К. проходил семинар по вопросам еврейской культуры. В окт. 1988 в помещении ср. школы № 56 были открыты курсы идиша, одним из преподавателей был Б.С.Сандлер. Тогда же была создана инициативная группа по организации Еврейского культурного об-ва. С 1985 в К. работает Т-р еврейской песни под рук. Ефима Черного. В 1989 была образована творч. группа «Ворт ун нигн» («Слово и мелодия») под рук. д-ра Серго Бенгельсдорфа (р. 1937, Биробиджан), сына Л.Ш.Вассерман. В том же году создано Об-во еврейской культуры, к-рое выпускало (с 1990) ежедн. газ. «Унзер кол» на идише и рус. яз, позднее стала выходить как ежемес. газ. «Наш голос» на рус. яз. С 1990 действует служба милосердия «Хесэд Иегуда». С 1991 под рук. А.Я.Бацмановой (р. 1955, Балта) работает б-ка им. И.Мангера, ставшая центром еврейской культуры Бессарабии. В 1991 и 1992 были открыты 2 еврейские общеобразоват. школы. С 1990 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман-Лейб Абельский (р. 1920, Фромушика Ботошанского у.).В 1999 в К. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: А.М.Аникст, И.Л.Бальцан, Х. Бальцан, О.Банчик, Л.И.Бахман, С.В.Бернштейн-Коган, Я.М.Бернштейн-Коган, И.Б.Берсукер, Л.Бланк, А.М.Бразер, Л.Г.Брайковская, С.Бронстон, С.М.Бубновский, А.В.Вейсбейн, З.Вильнаи, М.О.Гершензон, Х.С.Герштейн, С.Г.Гинтер, О.Голдес, А.Б.Гольденвейзер, М.И. Готлиб, А.Ш.Гринберг, Г.Л.Гринберг, И.М.Гурвич, Э.Дорон, П.Я.Зальцман, С.Земурай, Ю.Д. Исерлис, Н.И.Клейман, Д.Кнут, Л.М.Коган-Бернштейн, И.Корн, И.М.Красильщиков, Л. Ларский, Г.М.Левенталь, И.Э.Левит, А.Либерман, С.В.Ливент-Левит, Х.Н.Лившиц, Ш.Марлин, С.Т.Махлина, Э.Мейтос, Ц.Мильштейн, З.О.Мичник, Ш.Надив, Б.Поляк, Л.И.Ремпель, Д.И.Ройтман, А.Б.Рубинштейн, И.Б.Сапир, С.Г.Сибиряков, Д.Э.Скалов, М.А.Соколовский, М.Столяр, З.М.Ткач, А.Тумаркина, З.Фейнман, И.Ф.Фихман, Г.А.Франк, У.Ф.Фридман, А.Н.Фрумкин, Л.А.Чижик, И.С.Шварцев, Н.В. Эльштейн, С.Л.Эрлих, И.Э.Якир, Х.Ясский; Элиас-Йосеф Бикерман (1897–1981, Тель-Авив), историк, д-р философии (1926), в 1921–34 – в Германии, в 1934–40 – во Франции, с 1940 – в США, проф. (1952) древней истории Колумбийского ун-та, автор ряда работ по др.-еврейской истории; Илья Алексеевич Британ (1885–1941, Париж), поэт, в 1923 выслан из СССР, автор неск. сб. стихов, расстрелян в числе евреев-заложников; Сергей Григорьевич Гингер (1870–1937, Томск), архитектор, представитель модерна и неоклассицизма Петербурга–Ленинграда, автор неск. десятков проектов, в т. ч. более 20 кр. жилых домов; Шмуэль Глузберг (1898 – ?), литератор, с 1905 – в Аргентине, в 1930–40-х гг. – ред. лит.-критич. журн. «Бабель», основатель (1930) и первый секр. Аргентинского союза писателей; Меир Зореа (Зродинский) (1923–1995, Мааган-Михаэль, Израиль), ген.-майор, один из основателей партии ДАШ, деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва; Лев Наумович Карлик (1898–1975, Рязань), патофизиолог, д-р мед. наук, проф. (1931), отец М.Л.Левина, автор более 130 науч. работ, в т. ч. 13 монографий; Нахум Кремер (Шедми) (1898–1985), с 1921 – в Э.-И., в кон. 1930-х гг. – один из рук. Гаганы, в 1946 – ее представитель в Европе, затем глава Высш. воен. суда, полковник; Ефим Левит (р. 1921), литературовед, д-р филол. наук, автор более 300 работ по истории молд. лит-ры; Иосиф Ильич Либерштейн (р. 1927), агроном, д-р с.-х.наук, проф., автор более 300 работ по проблемам полевых культур Молдавии; Веньямин Тучинский (1898–1972, там же), литературовед, писал на идише, в 1920–30-х гг. публиковался в кишиневских еврейских изданиях, автор книг о лит-ре на идише; Эль Наумович Шляхов (р. 1920), эпидемиолог и иммунолог, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф. (1967), создатель и рук. кафедры эпидемиологии Кишиневского мед. ин-та, с 1990 – в Израиле, автор ок. 400 науч. работ; Михаил Яхинсон (1894–1942, Транснистрия), журналист, сотр. еврейских газ. на разн. яз. в разл. странах, в 1917 – ред. сионистского еженед. «Еврейская мысль» (Одесса).Е.С Мосолова, extra_data="{'translat...")
CHISINAU, see Chisinau.
KISHINEVSKY Solomon Yakovlevich (1862, Odessa - 1942, ibid.), Painter. In 1879–93 he studied at the Odessa Drawing School, in 1884–88 he attended the Academy of Arts in Munich, Paris, and Rome. Main works: genre paintings "Could be a man ..." (1891), "Complaint" (1893), "In the jail" (1897); sketches, dedicated. Revolution of 1905–07: "The uprising on the battleship Potemkin", "The last minutes of Matyushenko", "Farewell of Lieutenant Schmidt to his son" (1927–29).
KISHLA SALIEVA, see Podvornoye of the Chernivtsi Region.
KISHELNITSA, a village in Orhei u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930 105 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KISILIN, a village in the Lokachinsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kiselik Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 87 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1790 - 136, in 1897 - 873 (98%), in 1921 - 94 Jews (20.5%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. Main classes - decomp. crafts, trade. Since 1897, Aron-Zeev Wulf (1861 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, then - Aron-Mordkhe Sochachevsky. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, a tavern, and 25 shops (including 8 grocery stores and 3 manufacturing shops). In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 16 Aug 1942 St. 500 Jews from K. and Ozyutichi.
KISIN Evgeny Igorevich (b. 1971, Moscow), pianist. Since 1977 he studied at Moscow. Wed specialist. muses. school to them. Gnesins on cl. php. from A.P. Kantor. In 1984 he performed for the first time in the Great Hall of Moscow. cons., performing two concerts for FP. Chopin with orc. under control D. Kitaenko. From ser. 1980s K. began touring abroad. In 1988 with orc. under control G. von Karajan performed the 1st concert for php. with the orchestra of P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1989 K. graduated from music. school and entered Ros. Academy of Music. Gnesins also in class. Cantor. From the beginning. 1990s - in the USA, then in the UK.
KISIN Iekusiel (real fam. Garnitsky) (1886, Grodna - 1950, Dayton, USA), writer, literary critic, translator. In 1892 he came with his parents to Kovna, studied at the cheder, then with private teachers. From 1904 - in the USA, where his lit. activity. He published poems, stories, essays, literary criticism. Art. and per. in periodic. press, 25 years was a staff member. into gas. Forverts. K.'s poems were included in collection and alm. The author of the book. Edgar Allan Poe, 1919; "Gezamlte fontn" ("Favored works"), 1922; Leader fun der milhome (Songs of War), 1943. Composed by poetry. "Anthology", which includes the poems of St. 200 poets of different nations, ch. arr. in his lane. (1953). Translated into Yiddish by book. M. Goldschmidt, E. Po, P. A. Kropotkin, verses by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, G. Heine, O. Khayyam, etc.
KISLICHEVATAYA, a village in Tomakovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region (Ukraine). Main in 1740.Since 1802 - in the Yekaterinoslavsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1897 more than 80 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century - small trade. In 1918 local gangs established several. pogroms.
KISLOVODSK, city (since 1830) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1803. From 1860 - a countyless town of the Pyatigorsk environs. Tersk Region In 1926 640 Jews (2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 766 Jews. In 1913 Jews owned a kerosene shop and both ready-made clothing shops. in K. there was a community of Mountain Jews. Shokheti in Kazakhstan in the 1920s – 1930s. there were Lubavitch Hasidim Arie-Leib Gorelik (1888–?), who died during the Holocaust, and Yosef Gurfinkel, who died in exile in Fergana. In 1929, the rule of the mountains. branch of OZET issued gas. "Voice of OZET". In August. 1942, after the city was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht, a Judenrat was created in K. - Moisey Samoilovich Beninson (1878–?), Who hoped to save the lives of Jews by paying an indemnity. At the same time, the registration of the entire Jewish population was announced. Jews between the ages of 16 and 60 were sent to be forced. work. 7 Sep 1942 approx. 2 thousand Jews were sent from Kazakhstan to Mineralnye Vody, where they were shot together with Jews from Essentuki and Pyatigorsk (a total of about 6300 people). In 1948 the petition of Jewish believers to open a synagogue in Kazakhstan was rejected. K. created a religion. community (previous - Victoria Mikhailovna Lanovaya, b. 1947), courses on the study of Hebrew are working. On two mountains. cemeteries have Jewish sites. There is a Jewish Sunday school. In 2002, approx. 1,500 Jews in Kazakhstan. David Markovich Axelbant (1925–2000, Moscow), lawyer, Ph.D. jurid. Sciences (1946), participant of dec. politician processes of the 1960–70s.
KISLOVSHCHINA, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1854 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Disnensky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the BSSR. In 1898 70 people lived in Kazakhstan, in 1905 - 127 people. In 1898, 77 dessiatines belonged to the Jews of Kazakhstan. land.
KISLYAK, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in K.
KISLYUK Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1951, Bachaty, Kemerovo region), political and statesman. Graduated from the Kuzbass Polytechnic. in-t. He worked as a mining foreman, early. plot, ch. technologist and ch. economist at coal mines of Kuzbass; deputy. early planned and economical department "Kemerovougol". He taught at the Kuzbass Polytechnic Institute, in-those. In the end. 1980s member Of the Workers 'Council of Kuzbass, one of the authors of the charter and program statement of the Kuzbass Workers' Union. 1990–93 - dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Member faction "Workers' Union of Russia", member. "Coalition of Reforms". Since 1991 - Head of the Kemerovo Region Administration.
KISORICHI, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1673. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 70 Jews (10.2%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century In the 19th century. Jews owned several. shops, drinking establishments, small enterprises (sawmill, 2 mills). During the 1st world. war economical the position of the Jews deteriorated; pl. of these left Kazakhstan in the summer of 1941, the city occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 24 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KISSIN Abram Ananievich (1885, Kokhanovo, Orshansky district, Mogilev province - |), political and statesman. In 1901, in Minsk, he joined Poalei Zion. In 1904, in Warsaw, he joined the Bund. In 1924 he joined the CPSU (b). In 1922-30 - the representative of the USSR in the Executive Committee of the Intern. cooperative. alliance, in 1930–34 members. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, from 1935 - before. Vses. Association "Exportkhleb".
KIT-VITENKO Ilya Pavlovich (1898, Trudavag Zolochevsky district, Austria-Hungary - 1977, Moscow), military leader. The brigade commander. He graduated from high school. At the beginning of the 1st world. war drafted to Austro-Hungarian. army, graduated from the officer's school (1915), lieutenant, got into the Russian. captivity. Until 1922 he served in the ml. command positions in parts of the Cheka and GPU in Siberia. Since 1922 in the Red Army, com. and a military commissar shooter. shelf. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1926). Since 1928, Adjunct of the Academy, then prof. The author of a number of works on military. art, history and theory, one of the reformers of the Red Army in the 1930s. From 1934 to the beginning. headquarters of the Academy. Frunze, from 1936 beginning. shooter headquarters. divisions. In 1937–56 he was imprisoned. In stock since 1956. Engaged in societies. and scientific. activities in the Military-scientific. about-ve at CDSA.
KITAB, a city (since 1976), a regional center in the Kashkadarya region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Was a city in the Bukhara Khanate. Jews settled in Kazakhstan in the 19th century. In 1939, 29 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
CHINA Moishe-Mikhl (1886, Riga - 1942), journalist, translator. From 1893 he lived in Zhagori, studied at the cheder, in 1901 he returned to Riga. He wandered a lot in Europe and Russia. In 1921 he came to Riga, in the 1930s. lived in Warsaw. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to Sweden, then to the USSR. In 1910 he made his debut in verse, in gas. "Di Yiddish Shtime", then wrote feuilletons, theater. reviews, art. on lit. Topics. K.'s journalistic activities were especially active in Riga gas. Frimorgn (since 1926) and Warsaw Weekly. "Literary Bleter" (from 1934), ed. to-rogo was in 1937. Author of the book: "Unzere schreiber un kinstler" ("Our writers and artists", 1936). In 1929 he published rum in Riga. "Alts tsulib career" ("All for the sake of a career").
KITAIGOROD, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in 1607. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ushitsky u. In 1662, 2 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1887 - 1144 (52%), in 1897 - 1087 (48.9%), in 1923 - 1381, and in 1926 in Kitaygorodsky district - 1152 Jews. existed in K. from the 1st floor. 17th century The Jewish population suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In 1681 there were 27 Jewish householders in Kazakhstan. In 1875, 2 synagogues functioned. In 1889–94, Zvi Bedrikovetsky (1860–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1900, Yakov-DoyvBer Lerner (1878–?). In 1914 three synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. The Jews owned 6 shops (including all 3 manufactory, a single grocery and a haberdashery). June 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by parts of the Directory; OK. 80 Jews perished. In 1925, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized in the Kherson Okr. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Naye Lebn" (38 people); in addition, 13 families (70 people) were registered in K. wishing to move to the agricultural sector. colonies. In the same year, a Zionist cell (9 people) operated in K. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Kamenets-Podolsk and executed there.
KITAIGORODSKY Alexander Isaakovich (1914, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Crystal physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). Son of I.I. Kitaygorodsky. After graduating from Moscow State University (1935), he worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental. medicine, head. X-ray structural laboratory. During the war years 1941–45 - at the production facilities of the defense industry. In 1944–54 - at Ying-those organic. chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1954 in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was engaged in X-ray structural analysis of amino acids and organic. crystals. In the 1940s and 50s. laid the foundations for organic. crystal chemistry. Under the arm. K. developed the problem of using resonant research methods. organic crystals. Formulated the principle of close packing of molecules in a crystal. Author of monographs, textbooks, popular books. Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1949). Etc. them. E.S. Fedorova of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1967). Works: Organic. crystal chemistry. M., 1955; The theory of structural analysis. M., 1957; Molecular crystals. M., 1971; Introduction to Physics. M., 1973; Mixed crystals. M., 1983; Order and disorder in the world of atoms. 6th ed., M., 1984; The method of atom-atomic potentials in physics and chemistry organic. molecular solids. Moscow, 1985 (with A.I. Pertsin).
KITAIGORODSKY Isaak Ilyich (1888, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1965, Moscow), inorganic chemist, specialist in glass technology. Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic in 1910. in-t. Until 1918, engineer. Zaprudnensky stack. plant near Moscow, where he was engaged in the creation of compositions and technology for the production of electric lamp glasses, in 1918-26 at the Higher. council bunk. x-va in Moscow. From 1926 he headed the first department of glass technology in the USSR at the Ministry of National Economy. In 1933-65 prof. and head. Department of Glass Technology, Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology. Main works are related to the chemistry of silicates. Formulated (1946) the rule of packing molecules in organic. crystals. Developed methods for the production of new types of glass, in particular. foam glass (1938–44) and heavy-duty arts. stone (corundum microlite). Created a new class of glass-crystalline. materials - sitalls. Author of articles, monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1959). Became. pr. (1941, 1950). Linen. (1963). Vol .: Theory of glass formation and methods of glass melting. M., 1935; Glass technology. 4th ed. M., 1967.
KITOV (Mokotovsky) Avraham Eliyahu (1912, Warsaw - 1976, Jerusalem), rabbi, writer. In the 1st floor. 1930s one of the leaders of the Agudas Yisroel party in Poland. Since 1935 - in E.-I., lived in Jerusalem, one of the founders of the PAY party, ed. her organ is gas. "Ha-Kol". In 1941 he opened a religion in Jerusalem. school for girls. All R. 1950s from polit. activity departed, created. publishing house, author of a number of popular books. by religion questions. Book. K. "You and Your Home" translated into Russian. lang. and published by the publishing house "Shamir" (Jerusalem, 1985; 2nd ed. Riga, 1989).
KITSMAN, a city (since 1940), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1413. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Kotzman, Bukovina province within Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 666 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1930 - 647 Jews (16.9%). 19th century several arrived in K. Jews from Galicia, but Austr. the authorities did not allow them to settle in the city. The Jewish community was formed in K. at the end. 19th century The Jews of the surrounding area also belonged to the Jewish community of K. points - Luzheni, Nepokolovtsev and Orasheni. In the beginning. 20th century In K. there were 3 synagogues, Bikur Hoylim, and 2 other philanthropists. institutions, Jewish hospital and printing house; in the printing house was printed popular. in the edge of the Jewish calendar. Jews K. studied in the main. local agricultural trade. products and handicrafts (tailoring and shoemaking). In 1926–36, Borukh Hager (1899–1941), a member of the Vizhnitsa tsaddik dynasty, was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. He founded the Talmud Torah in the town. During the same period, the Zionist organization "Dorshei Zion" was created in Kazakhstan. In 1941, for Zionist sentiments and the observance of the "Sabbath", a Jewish school was closed. On July 5, 1941, Romanians occupied Kazakhstan. troops. On July 9, 1941, 27 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan. In oct. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan (560 people) were deported to Transnistria. After 1945, 8 Jewish families returned to Kazakhstan. Later, most of them left for Israel. There was a Jewish cemetery in K. S. D. Abramovich, Yu. G. Tkachev
KIVERTSY, city (since 1951), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1870. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 175 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1914 Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy and 4 grocery stores. In 1915 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. arranged by the Cossack units of the Russian. Army. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On June 2, 1942, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated.
KIYANOVKA, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. On 1 Sept. 1943 79 Jews were held in the camp.
KIYASHKI, a village in the Kremenchug region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan. 1941 three Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KIYSKOE, see Mariinsk.
KIZEL, a city (since 1926) in the Perm Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1788. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Kizelovsky Plant of Solikamsk u. Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 49 Jews (0.1%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KIZELOVSKY PLANT, see Kizel.
KIZLYAR, city, regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1609.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1860 - a city, the center of the Kizlyar environs. Tersk region From 1922 - a part of the DagASSR, in 1937–44 - in the Ordzhonikidze region. 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1869, 173 (1.6%) in 1910, and 319 (including 62 mountain residents) in 1926. in 1939 - 232, in 1959 - 330 Jews. 19th century in K. there was a synagogue. In 1901 the first Zionist circle was organized. Heder acted. In the beginning. 20th century Rabbi Meir Khanukaevich Rafailov (? –1951) opened a “Jewish-Tat” school in Kazakhstan, where, along with secular subjects (mathematics, Russian and Tat, and others), they taught Hebrew and studied the Torah. In 1913, Jews owned 6 shops and stores in Kazakhstan (including a single jewelry store). During the war, Jewish refugees from the surrounding villages arrived in Kazakhstan. During this period, land plots were requisitioned from many Jews. In 1927 in the Kizlyar Okr. for mountain Jews-farmers, a plot of 7 thousand dessiatins was allotted. land. Schools and reading rooms for Mountain Jews were opened in the district. 43 Jewish families from Kazakhstan moved to the allotted land plots. In 1930 the settlement was closed down due to its non-viability. In 1928–31, branches of OZET and KOMZET operated in Kazakhstan.
KIZYL ARVAT, a city (since 1935) in the Balkan velayat (Turkmenistan). Since 1881 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Askhabad u. Transcaspian region In 1897 in K.-A. lived 33 Jews, in 1939 - 13 Jews. After joining Ros. empire in K.-A. Ashkenazi Jews settled, among whom artisans, merchants, and employees prevailed.
KLADKOVKA, a village in the Kulikovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1608.Since 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chernihiv u. In 1856, 5 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 18 Jews. 28 Feb. 1943 in Nizhyn, 2 Jewish women from K.V.K. were killed. B.I. Levin.
KLARASH TARG, see Kalerash.
KLASSEN Willy Ivanovich (1913, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of mineral processing. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1955), prof. After graduating from Moscow. forge. Institute (1935) raootal in Donbass pom. beginning, and then beginning. coal preparation. f-ki. In 1941, as a German (on his father's side) he was exiled to Wed. Asia, where he worked until 1945. coal preparation. f-ki and arsenic plant at Brich-Mullinsky mining and metallurgy. com-those, in-those "Sredaztsvetmetrazvedka" until 1947. Upon returning to Moscow, he worked at the Institute of mining and chemical. raw materials, since 1953 - in Ying-those horn. affairs of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then in Ying-those fossil fuels head. lab. gravitats. methods of mineral processing. Since 1971, deputy. dir. Institute of mining and chemical. raw materials. He taught at Moscow. forge, in-those, gave a course of lectures on the theory of flotation. Author of over 400 scientific. tr., including 17 monographs and textbooks, had approx. 60 copyright certificates for inventions. Vol .: Introduction to the theory of flotation. 2nd ed. M., 1959; Coal flotation. M., 1963.
KLAUZNER Yosef-Gdalia (1874, Olkeniki of Troksky u. Vilna province - 1958, Tel Aviv), literary critic, historian, linguist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He wrote in Hebrew. From 1897 he studied history, philosophy, languages ​​at Heidelberg University (since 1902, Doctor of Philosophy), after which he lived in Warsaw. He made his debut in the press of Art. about the development of lang. Hebrew ("Updated Words", 1893). Delegate of the 1st (1897) and a number of other Zionists. Congr., joined the Democratic. faction Zionist. movement (1901). Ed. zhurn. Ha-Shiloakh (1903–26). In the beginning. 1917 invited to lecture at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1925 he headed the department of literature in Hebrew at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), in 1944 - the department of history of the Second Temple period. Was an active member. K-ta language. Hebrew, from 1950 Ch. ed. 2–5, 7–8 volumes of "Hebrew Encyclopedia", in 1932–33 ed. every month "Beitar". K. - the author of many. tr. in decomp. region Lit.-critical essays on the work of a number of Jewish writers are collected in the three-volume Creators and Creators (1925–28). K. believed that the culture in Hebrew should be open to Europe. influences, and called for the synthesis of Judaism with the common man. values. Considering the history of the Hebrew literature in the capital tr. “History is new. literature in Hebrew ”(vols. 1–6, 1930–49), emphasized its connection with general trends in the world. lit-re. In his works on linguistics (Hebrew is a living language, 1914–15, and others), K. advocated the revival of Hebrew, believing that this was one of the conditions for the revival of the Jewish people, and called for expanding its vocabulary. On serious ist. sources based on research. K. "History of Israel" (1900), "History of the Second Temple" (v. 1-5, 1949), collection of works. Art. “When a Nation Fights for Its Freedom” (1936). State Israel Ave (1958).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КЛАЙПЕДА (до 1923 и в 1939–45 – Мемель), город, центр уезда (Литовская Республика). Осн. в 1252. С 1525 – в составе Пруссии, в 1618–1701 – в составе Бранденбурга, с 1701 – в составе Прусского королевства, с 1871 – в составе Герм. империи. В 1920–23 – под упр. гос-в Антанты. С 1923 – в составе Литовской Республики, с 1939 – Германии, в 1945–91 – ЛитССР.В 1818 в К. проживало 35 евреев, в 1855 – 289, 1867 – 887, в 1875 – 1040, в 1885 – 903, в 1910 – 2008 (24,4%), в 1928 – 4500, в 1938 – ок. 6000 (ок. 12,5%), в 1939 – ок. 9000 (ок. 17%), в 1970 – ок. 1000 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к 15 в., последующее – к 1567 в связи с изгнанием евреев из города. В 1664 по особому разрешению курфюрста Бранденбургского в К. жил кр. торговец голландский еврей Моше Якобсон де Йонге, к-рому было дозволено иметь свою синагогу, содержать для себя шохета, кантора и меламеда; однако вскоре он был вынужден покинуть К. До 1812 (год, когда евреям разрешили жить в К.) евреи имели право находиться в городе только во время ярмарок, где торговали в осн. мехами, а также книгами на иврите. Среди первых поселенцев были семьи Бера Когана и Йосефа Валда.В 1847 в К. была построена первая, т. н. польская синагога. В 1860 в К. поселился И.Салантер, к-рый основал в городе синагогу для «литовских» евреев. В том же году Ицхоком Рюльфом (1831–1902) была построена синагога для «немецких» евреев. Община К. возникла в 1862, тогда же была учреждена хевра кадиша. В 1865–98 раввином в К. был И.Рюльф, основавший еврейские школу (1879) и больницу; он же являлся основателем (1872) и издателем еврейской ежедн. газ. «Мемелер дампфбот». В 1881–82 еврейское население К. помогло тысячам евреев, бежавшим из России от погромов. В 1886 в ответ на высылку из Ковны (совр. Каунас) подданных Герм. империи из К. были высланы все подданные Рос. империи, в т. ч. евреи. В К. осталось ок. 100 еврейских семей (в осн. евреи-купцы из Литвы). В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. раввинами в К. были Эммануэль Карлебах, с 1906 – Исаак Штейн (1879–1915). В К. действовали 6 благотворит. об-в и Об-во еврейской истории и лит-ры.Осн. сферой экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 – нач. 20 в. являлась торговля. В 1914 после нач. 1-й мир. войны был издан указ об изгнании всех рус. евреев из К. Благодаря усилиям Мин-ва торговли и губернатора большинство «иностранных» евреев избежали выселения. После поражения Германии в 1-й мир. войне франц. губернатор для решения проблем еврейской общины учредил в К. «Совет четырех», в к-рый вошли два еврея (Мориц Альтшуль и Леон Ростовский), один немец и франц. чиновник (пред.). Раввинами в К. были Лазарус, Мордхе-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1920).В 1927 в К. были образованы орг-ция «Бейт ге-Халуц» и Еврейский культурный союз. Работали спорт. орг-ции «Бар-Кохба» (пред. – Герман Якобсон) и «Маккаби». В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бейтара, Мизрахи, социал-сионистов. Работало Об-во говорящих на иврите (осн. Арье Шейнхойзом); при об-ве существовал дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. Функционировал центр по подготовке евреев к физич. труду в Э.-И. В 1927 была открыта талмуд-тора, в 1936 – светская еврейская школа. «Немецкие» и «польско-литовские» евреи имели своих раввинов. В 1920–30-х гг. раввинами были Д.П.Шалзингер, Элиэзер-Иегуда Рабинович – последний раввин в К. В кон. 1930-х гг. осн. часть евреев К. занималась торговлей лесом, льном и др. продукцией. В нач. 1939 евреи К. владели 330 ф-ками, в т. ч. по произ-ву пива, табака, шоколада, текстиля, мыла, специй, пр-тиями по добыче и обработке янтаря, деревообработке. Работали Еврейский нар. банк (пред. – М.Ландау) и частные еврейские банки.С кон. 1930-х гг. в К. постоянный характер носили антисемитские акции. К весне 1939 К. покинуло неск. тысяч евреев.22 марта 1939 К. была оккупирована частями вермахта. Евреи К. были уничтожены в период Катастрофы.В кон. 1980-х гг. в К. была создана еврейская община. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище, к-рое является памятником архитектуры; захоронения производятся на терр. гор. кладбища, где есть еврейский участок. С сер. 1990-х гг. ежегодно, в день рождения А.Гитлера, на стене здания еврейской общины появляется антисемитская надпись.В К. род.: Г.Я.Гродберг, М.Рольникайте; Исай-Меир Шапиро (1828–1887, Чортков), публицист, обществ. деятель, представитель движения Гаскалы в Галиции., pronunciation=КЛАЙПЕДА (до 1923 и в 1939–45 – Мемель), город, центр уезда (Литовская Республика). Осн. в 1252. С 1525 – в составе Пруссии, в 1618–1701 – в составе Бранденбурга, с 1701 – в составе Прусского королевства, с 1871 – в составе Герм. империи. В 1920–23 – под упр. гос-в Антанты. С 1923 – в составе Литовской Республики, с 1939 – Германии, в 1945–91 – ЛитССР.В 1818 в К. проживало 35 евреев, в 1855 – 289, 1867 – 887, в 1875 – 1040, в 1885 – 903, в 1910 – 2008 (24,4%), в 1928 – 4500, в 1938 – ок. 6000 (ок. 12,5%), в 1939 – ок. 9000 (ок. 17%), в 1970 – ок. 1000 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к 15 в., последующее – к 1567 в связи с изгнанием евреев из города. В 1664 по особому разрешению курфюрста Бранденбургского в К. жил кр. торговец голландский еврей Моше Якобсон де Йонге, к-рому было дозволено иметь свою синагогу, содержать для себя шохета, кантора и меламеда; однако вскоре он был вынужден покинуть К. До 1812 (год, когда евреям разрешили жить в К.) евреи имели право находиться в городе только во время ярмарок, где торговали в осн. мехами, а также книгами на иврите. Среди первых поселенцев были семьи Бера Когана и Йосефа Валда.В 1847 в К. была построена первая, т. н. польская синагога. В 1860 в К. поселился И.Салантер, к-рый основал в городе синагогу для «литовских» евреев. В том же году Ицхоком Рюльфом (1831–1902) была построена синагога для «немецких» евреев. Община К. возникла в 1862, тогда же была учреждена хевра кадиша. В 1865–98 раввином в К. был И.Рюльф, основавший еврейские школу (1879) и больницу; он же являлся основателем (1872) и издателем еврейской ежедн. газ. «Мемелер дампфбот». В 1881–82 еврейское население К. помогло тысячам евреев, бежавшим из России от погромов. В 1886 в ответ на высылку из Ковны (совр. Каунас) подданных Герм. империи из К. были высланы все подданные Рос. империи, в т. ч. евреи. В К. осталось ок. 100 еврейских семей (в осн. евреи-купцы из Литвы). В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. раввинами в К. были Эммануэль Карлебах, с 1906 – Исаак Штейн (1879–1915). В К. действовали 6 благотворит. об-в и Об-во еврейской истории и лит-ры.Осн. сферой экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 – нач. 20 в. являлась торговля. В 1914 после нач. 1-й мир. войны был издан указ об изгнании всех рус. евреев из К. Благодаря усилиям Мин-ва торговли и губернатора большинство «иностранных» евреев избежали выселения. После поражения Германии в 1-й мир. войне франц. губернатор для решения проблем еврейской общины учредил в К. «Совет четырех», в к-рый вошли два еврея (Мориц Альтшуль и Леон Ростовский), один немец и франц. чиновник (пред.). Раввинами в К. были Лазарус, Мордхе-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1920).В 1927 в К. были образованы орг-ция «Бейт ге-Халуц» и Еврейский культурный союз. Работали спорт. орг-ции «Бар-Кохба» (пред. – Герман Якобсон) и «Маккаби». В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бейтара, Мизрахи, социал-сионистов. Работало Об-во говорящих на иврите (осн. Арье Шейнхойзом); при об-ве существовал дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. Функционировал центр по подготовке евреев к физич. труду в Э.-И. В 1927 была открыта талмуд-тора, в 1936 – светская еврейская школа. «Немецкие» и «польско-литовские» евреи имели своих раввинов. В 1920–30-х гг. раввинами были Д.П.Шалзингер, Элиэзер-Иегуда Рабинович – последний раввин в К. В кон. 1930-х гг. осн. часть евреев К. занималась торговлей лесом, льном и др. продукцией. В нач. 1939 евреи К. владели 330 ф-ками, в т. ч. по произ-ву пива, табака, шоколада, текстиля, мыла, специй, пр-тиями по добыче и обработке янтаря, деревообработке. Работали Еврейский нар. банк (пред. – М.Ландау) и частные еврейские банки.С кон. 1930-х гг. в К. постоянный характер носили антисемитские акции. К весне 1939 К. покинуло неск. тысяч евреев.22 марта 1939 К. была оккупирована частями вермахта. Евреи К. были уничтожены в период Катастрофы.В кон. 1980-х гг. в К. была создана еврейская община. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище, к-рое является памятником архитектуры; захоронения производятся на терр. гор. кладбища, где есть еврейский участок. С сер. 1990-х гг. ежегодно, в день рождения А.Гитлера, на стене здания еврейской общины появляется антисемитская надпись.В К. род.: Г.Я.Гродберг, М.Рольникайте; Исай-Меир Шапиро (1828–1887, Чортков), публицист, обществ. деятель, представитель движения Гаскалы в Галиции., extra_data="{'translat...")
KLEBANOV Dmitry Lvovich (1907, Kharkov - 1987, ibid.), Composer, teacher. Prof. (1960). In 1926 he graduated from the Kharkov music-drama. Institute for cl. comp. from S.S.Bogatyrev. In 1927–28 he played the viola for the orc. Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet, then was the conductor of Kharkov t-dv - t-ra small forms "Merry Proletarian", Muz. comedy as well as symph. orc. Kharkiv region radio-ta. From 1934 he taught theoretical. items, since 1944 - also a composition in the Kharkov cons., since 1970 head. Department of Composition and Instrumentation of the Institute of Arts (since 1973 prof.-consultant). Among the students - Ukrainian comp. V.S.Gubarenko, I.S. Polsky, B.L. Yarovinsky. In 1945 K. wrote a symphony. the poem "Babi Yar", for which he was later accused of "cosmopolitanism" and Jewish nationalism. In 1947 he was a member of the group of computers that created the State. anthem of the Ukrainian SSR. Author op. "Aistenok" (1934), "One Life" (with OA Sandler, 1947, Kharkov), "Vasily Gubanov" ("Communist", 1966, ibid.), "Red Cossacks" (1970); ballets - "Aistenok" (1937, Bolshoi Theater, Moscow), "Svetlana" (1939, ibid.), music. comedy; 5 symph. (1945–62); concerts with orc. - for violin, cello, domra; 6 string quartets; wok. cit .; music for dramas. t-ra and cinema; chamber instruments. ans. and others. K. generalized his teaching experience in the monograph-textbook "Isk-vo instrumentation" (Kiev, 1972). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1967).
KLEBANSKY Alexander Lvovich (Leibovich) (1898, Merkin, Vilna province - 1986, Leningrad), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1947), prof. (1957). He studied at chem. department of Yuryevsky un-that, since 1922 in Kiev un-those. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1928), at the same time. worked in the State. Institute of Applied Chemistry (engaged in the synthesis of organic compounds under the supervision of Academician AE Favorsky). From 1936 to the beginning. research lab. Leningrad. experimental plant synthetic. rubber, in 1938–45 hands. scientific. research at the plant. In 1945–86 he headed the lab. at VNII synthetic. rubber price Leningrad. Sci. research Until 1932, they were associated with the development of methods for producing antipyrine and pyramidone from available raw materials, with the synthesis of ethylene and propylene glycols. From 1932 he worked on the problem of obtaining synthetic chloroprene. rubber (cov-prena) from acetylene. Supervised the creation of a pilot plant and subsequently a plant for the production of oil-resistant rubber. In 1940, in Yerevan, he actively participated in the commissioning of the plant according to vol. polychloroprene rubber, to-ry during the war of 1941–45 was unity. in the country by a company that produced such products. In 1955 he proposed an improvement. technology and participated in the development of higher quality rubber production (nairite). In the end. 1940s carried out the synthesis of dimethyldichlorosilane and siloxane rubber, as well as a number of other rubbers and rubbers combining high thermal and frost resistance with oil and gas resistance and other valuable properties. Author of scientific. printed works, more than 100 copyright certificates and patents. Became. pr. (1943). Cit .: Acetylene in the synthesis of organic. fatty compounds. L. - M., 1947.
KLEBISKIS, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the Troksky farm Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 10 Jews (7%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1923. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KLEECK, see Kletsk.
KLECHEV, a city (since 1366) in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Slupetsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764, 262 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 496 (43.5%), in 1827 - 802 (51%), in 1857 - 985 (56%), in 1897 - 734 (31%). in 1921 - 894 (32.6%), in 1939 - approx. 1000 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the second half of the year. 18th century In 1819, the rabbi of K. was Nachman Amsterdam, then - Yehoshua Polak, in the 1880s. - Eliezer Pearl, in the 1890s - Shlomo Oyerbach. In the 1910s. there were 3 synagogues in K. in the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; The rabbis were Shlomo-Tzvi Koifman and Tzvi-Hirsch Zabludover. 15 Sept. 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. The Judenrat was created. In aug. 1940 Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to ghettos in other cities and subsequently exterminated. A. Moses.
KLECHSK, see Kletsk.
PLUG, see Clubbing.
KLEMES Yakov Davidovich (1880, Zaslai, Vilna province - 1953, Jerusalem), rabbi, public figure. He studied at the yeshivas of Vilna and Kovna, was a rabbi in the townships of the Kovno province. In 1915 he was evacuated deep into Russia. In the end. 1910s rabbi in Bogorodsk Mosk. lip., then moved to Moscow, owned a brewery, was a member of. reign Mosk. religious Jewish community, maintained contacts with the Lubavitch religion. underground. In 1928–33 the rabbi of Moscow. From 1933 - in E.-I., was a member. The top, of the rabbi E.-I., headed the committee of assistance to the refugee rabbis from the USSR. He founded the Shhunat Tarabanim quarter in Jerusalem.
KLEPACHI, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn Gubernia In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 two Jewish families were sent to Annopol, from there to Slavuta, where they were killed on June 25, 1942.
KLEPAROV, now part of Lvov (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kleparów, Lviv district, province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, from 1939 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 1120 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KLEPARUV, see Kleparov.
KLEPFISH Shmuel-Zanvel (1820, Nemirovo Velsky u. Grodno province. - 1902, Warsaw), rabbi. From ser. 1840s headed one of the Warsaw yeshivas. In 1873-1902 - Ch. rabbi of Warsaw. The author of responses and comments. to Shulchan Aruch and Talmud.
KLESCHELE, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, the provincial town of Klescheli Belsky u. Bialystok region, from 1842 - Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1847, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1890 - 571, in 1897 - 710 (35%), in 1910 - 410, in 1921 - 621 Jews. In 1561, Isaac Wart and Yakub Dlukgach received the drinking ransom in Kazakhstan. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Since 1903, Refoil-Mordhe Nightingale (1872–?) Was the rabbi in K. In 1913, Jews owned 3 shops (including a single manufacturing, a single grocery). in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, in which apprx. 1 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated on 6 Nov. 1942.
PLIERS, see PLIERS.
PLIERS, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 7 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KLESHCHOV, see Kleshchuv.
KLESCHUW, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Kleshova Petrokovsky u. 226 Jews (44.1%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, and 232 Jews (38.9%) in 1921. 19 - early. 20th century Jews K. were engaged with. x-th, petty trade, decomp. crafts. 1920-30-ies. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KLESOV, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 20th century in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 142 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 grocery stores in Kazakhstan. From 1924 to 1937, Jews were trained to work in E.-I. OK. 8 thousand young Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. 26 Aug 1942 Jews of K. (580 people) were sent to Sarny and 28 Aug. 1942 shot.
KLETNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1935), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1881 as a station settlement. Lyudinka of Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia In 1912, 12 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 308 Jews (16%), in 1926 - 386 (19%), in 1939 - 286, in 1992 - approx. 30 Jews in the 1900s. in K. there was a synagogue. Among the main. occupation of the Jewish population was dominated by various. crafts. In 1928–33 there was a Jewish agricultural activity. commune "Red Banner". The synagogue was closed in 1930. In 1935-37 a Jewish hut-reading room worked. 10 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by the Germans. troops; in the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created. The ghetto contained approx. 400 people In apr. 1942 more than 100 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. 1990s In K. there is a branch of "Hesed". By 2003, there were approx. 50 Jews.
KLETSK, city (since 1940), regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 11th century as Klechesk (Klechsk) - the center of the specific book. From 1142 - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1555 4 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 2138, in 1897 - 3415 (72.9%), in 1921 - approx. ... 6,000 Jews. The Jewish community in Kazakhstan was first mentioned. in 1552. In 1566 there were 6 Jewish houses in Kazakhstan. By decree of the Lithuanian Vaad of 1623, K. was a part of the Pinsk kagalny okr. In the end. 17th century a synagogue was built in K. In 1786, with the assistance of the owners of K., the princes Radziwills, Ch. synagogue (the building was destroyed during the 2nd World War). Until 1762, the rabbi in Kazakhstan was Mikhoel Eisenstadt, in 1762–95 - his son Moishe (? –1795), in the 1860s. - Eliezer-Zalman Graevsky, from 1876 - Eliezer Strashun (1840–?); in 1875–79, Wolf Turbovich was the head of the rabbinical court. In 1865 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - decomp. crafts (including the manufacture of horny ridges). In 1904, a society of benefits for poor Jews operated in Kazakhstan. In 1910, K. had a husband. private Jewish school with wives. change; there were 3 synagogues. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in K. In 1920–30s in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931 at the Yeshiva "Etz Chaim" apprx. 270 people Yeshiva was closed in 1939, after the annexation of the West. Belarus to the USSR. Main the composition of the study, headed by A. Kotlyar, left for Vilnius. A small group of those remaining at hand. Rabbi Benjamin Govberg continued her studies underground. On June 26, 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. 20 Aug 1941 35 Jews were shot, October 30. 1941 - more than 3 thousand Jews of Kazakhstan, the rest, approx. 2 thousand people were imprisoned in a ghetto. On June 22, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated; during the liquidation of the ghetto, 1,360 Jews were shot. On the eve of the execution, an uprising began in the ghetto, during which several. dozens of prisoners managed to escape. 25 Jews were released in 1944. The 1st fur took part in the liberation of Kazakhstan. building under com. Memorial steles have been erected at the site of executions in K. In 2003, 6 Jews lived in K. In K. Barzilai, Ya.A. Brafman, Ya.K. Goldblum, H. I. Gurlyand, A.-Ts. Rosenkrantz, B. Eisenstadt; Aviezer-Yaakov Kantorovich (1890-1961, Tel Aviv), artist, from 1905 - in E.-I., organizer of the artist. schools for the manufacture of carpets.
KLECKI Pavel (Paul) (1900, Lodz - 1973, Liverpool), conductor, composer. In 1914–19 he was a violinist at the Lodz Philharmonic. orchestra. In 1919 he received the first prize of the Warsaw Philharmonic. orc. for his musical op. In 1919–21 he studied at Warsaw University, at the same time. studied in the cons. comp. from I. von Mlynarski. Since 1921 - in Germany. In 1921-24 he studied comp. in the Higher. muses. school at F.E. Kokh. In 1929–33 he lived in Berlin and conducted various orc. In 1931–33, at the invitation of W. Furtwängler, he conducted the Berlin Philharmonic. orc. In 1935–38 he taught comp. and instrumentation at Vyssh. School of Music in Milan. Since 1938 - in Switzerland. Since 1940 prof. in cons. Lausanne. After 1945 he conducted the best orcs. Europe, USA and Israel. In 1954–58 music. dir. and conductor of the Dalas Symphony. orchestra. In 1967-1970, dir. and conductor orc. "Romanesque Switzerland" in Geneva (successor to E. Ansermet). K. is the author of 3 symphonies, violin and piano concertos, violin sonata and other productions.
KLETSKIN Boris (1875, Settlement of Novogrudok u. Minsk province - 1937, Vilno), publisher. In 1885 he and his family moved to Vilna. Here K. was one of the founders of the "slang committees", who set themselves the task of spreading Jewish literature among Jewish workers, creating a library and publishing house. scientific-popul. book., thin. lit-ry. Member Bund, participated in the organization of the Bund publishing. Der Veker and Folkszeitung, Di Velt Publishing House. In 1910 he founded the "Vilna Publishing House of BA Kletskin", a cut of which existed many. years and played a huge role in publishing. book Yiddish. He also published magazines, including the first child. zhurn. in Yiddish "Grininke beymelech". In the years of the 1st world. war lived in diff. cities, in 1919 he returned to Vilna and resumed the work of the publishing house. In 1925 he transferred the publishing house to Warsaw. In the 1920s and 30s. K. published hundreds of Jewish artists. and scientific-popul. book, a huge amount of translated literature from the world. classics.
KLEVAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rivne district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1458. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lutsk district of the Volyn voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1766 973 Jews lived in Kazakhstan and its environs, in 1787 152 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1187, in 1897 - 2432 (65%), in 1921 - 1545 Jews (47%). about Jews K. belongs to 1563. Among the main. occupations prevailed trade in bread, honey, handicrafts. products. Subjected to ruin during the "Khmelnytsky", pl. Jews left Kazakhstan in 1654, some of them returned, and in 1865 two synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. Until 1870 the rabbi of K. was Yosef Lerner, from 1883 - Avrom-Moishe Steinman (1855-1936). In 1889, K. had an almshouse and a pharmacy that belonged to the pharmacist Ponel. In the end. 19th century in K. a circle "Hovevei Zion" arose. In 1905, branches of the Bund and the Zionist parties began to operate. occupation of the Jewish population at the beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1910 a private husband worked in Kazakhstan. Jewish school, in 1913 - a Jewish hospital. In 1914 Jews owned 2 pharmacies, ateliers, a kerosene warehouse, a bookstore, a water mill, an inn, 2 taverns, 88 shops (including 41 grocery stores, all 12 manufactures); unity. the dentist in K. was a Jew. Main in the USA, the Society of Mutual Aid for Natives of K. (1902) provided assistance to the Jews of the town after the end of the 1st World War. war. In May 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Bogunsky regiment of the Kr. Army. In the same year, a Jewish pogrom, accompanied by offensive bullying, was perpetrated by parts of the Polish. In 1924, children were opened in K. garden and school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. of Jewish parties and org-tions. On 3 July 1941, Wehrmacht units entered Kazakhstan. On the second day of the occupation in K. there was a pogrom, during which 50 Jews were burned in the synagogue and several. hundreds were shot. The Judenrat was created. 11 Apr 1942, together with 18 Poles, 30 Jews were shot as hostages. All the Jews who remained in Kazakhstan (about 1,500 people) were shot on May 15, 1942 in the forest, 1 km from the village. A group of Jews from Kazakhstan, headed by Joseph Garenstein, Zusya Haychik and Abram Cooper, fought independently for 3 months, then joined the partisans. S.A. Kovpak's compound. Sh.-Z. Feder.
KLEVANSKY Alexander Kharitonovich (1921, Kremenchug - 1985, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). In 1940–46 - in the Red Army (in 1941–45 at the front.). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1951). In 1951–57 he taught at Wed. school, studied in correspondence postgraduate study at the Department of History of the South. and app. Slavs ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1957 at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1968 senior scientific researcher). Member editorial board "Short messages", "Uch. notes "of this institute and zhurn. "Sov. Slavic studies ". Participated in the preparation of a generalizing tr. "History of Czechoslovakia" (v. 2-3. M., 1959-60); reference ed. “Internationalists. Working people of foreign countries - participants in the struggle for the power of the Soviets ”(v. 1–2. Moscow, 1967–71); compiler and ed. publications “Documents and materials on the history of Soviet-Chekhosl. relations "(t. 1-3. M., 1973-78) and the book. “A Brief History of Czechoslovakia from Ancient Times to the Present Day” (M., 1988). The author of St. 120 works on the history of Czechoslovakia in the 1920s and 30s. 20th century, Soviet-Chekhosl. relations between the wars. period, works: Chekhosl. internationalists and the sold corps (Czechoslovak political organizations and military formations in Russia). 1914-1921 M., 1965.
KLEIMAN Naum Ikhilievich (b. 1937, Kishinev), film critic, film historian. In 1949 he was deported with his parents from Chisinau to Wed. Asia. In 1955 he studied mat. f-those of the Kyrgyz University in Frunze. In 1961 he graduated from the Film Studies Department of VGIK. In 1961-66 scientific. sotr. State Film Fund of the USSR. Since 1967, curator of the Scientific and Memorial Cabinet of S.M. Eisenstein at the Union of Cinematographers. Since 1986 head. dep., since 1992 dir. Centre. museum of cinema in Moscow. Sci. reconstruction consultant f. Eisenstein "Bezhin Meadow" (jointly with S. Yutkevich, "Old and New", "October", "Battleship Potemkin". Prepared for publication and wrote a comment. in the theory and history of cinema, organizer of film exhibitions in many countries, awarded the orders "Art and Literature" (France, 1991) and the European film company "Felix" (1993).
KLEIN Alexander Ivanovich (1879, Petersburg - 1961, Haifa), architect. Prof. Designed and built in the neo-renaissance style. From 1921 in Germany, from where he moved to France in 1933, from 1935 to E.-I. In Germany, he is known as an innovator in the region. planning and construction of low-rise residential buildings. In E.-I. taught at the Technion (Haifa). Main buildings - in Russia: in St. Petersburg - the hospital. Peter the Great, a profitable residential building on Kronverksky Avenue, as well as the Zakharya hospital in Moscow, etc.
KLEIN Boris Ilyich (1874, Smorgon Oshmyanskogo. Vilna province. - 1976, Kiev), microbiologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. f-that (1896) and honey. Faculty (1901) Kiev University. Since 1902 in the Kiev bacteriol. in-those Tr. on virology, bacteriology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. diseases, ch. arr. intestinal. Investigated the role of bacteriophage in the variability of bacteria. Relying on Evolution. principles, investigated the phylogeny and taxonomy of microorganisms. Studied the properties of the causative agent of dysentery - Grigoriev-Shiga stick, isolated dysenteric endotoxin, received anti-dysentery serum, which he successfully used to treat patients. Applied microbial endotoxins to obtain vaccines and specific. serums. He proposed methods for staining tuberculosis pathogens and cultivating anaerobic bacteria.
KLEIN Lev Samuilovich (b. 1927, Vitebsk), archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1993). In 1944–45, a civilian worker in construction. parts of the 3rd Belarusian. front. In 1945–47 he studied at the Faculty of Languages. and literature of the Grodno ped. in-ta, since 1947 at Leningrad State University at East. f-those (under the direction of MI Artamonov) and philology. f-those (under the direction of V.Ya. Propp). In 1951 he graduated from history. Faculty of Leningrad State University in the Department of Archeology. In 1951–57 he taught at Wed. school. Since 1957 postgraduate student, since 1962 teacher, since 1974 Assoc. Department of Archeology East. Faculty of Leningrad State University; participated in 16 archaeologists. exp. (5 of them headed). The author of St. 200 scientific. works on the archeology of the Bronze Age, the culture of the Scythians, the Norman question, the problem of the origin of the Slavs; occupied independent, scientific. position, in contrast to the prevailing point of view, emphasized the influence of the Normans on the Russian. history, opposed the announcement of a number of archaeologists. crops on the territory. Ukraine Slavic without sufficient reason. He published a lot in the West, which irritated the authorities. In 1981 he was arrested and convicted on charges of homosexuality, the sentence was canceled at the same time; under the new sentence, he was sentenced to one and a half years in prison. After his release, he was deprived of scientific. degrees and titles, dismissed from work. Prison memory. publ. in 1988 in the journal "Neva" (under ps. L. Samoilov), in revised form - in the book. The Upside Down World (1991, in German, 1993 - in Russian), argued in them that his “case” was fabricated by the KGB. Retired since 1987. In 1989 he taught at the University of Zap. Berlin, in 1993 at Daraham University (Great Britain), has lectured several times in other countries. un-takh. The initiator of the establishment in St. Petersburg org. to the creation of Europe. un-that. In 1992 he placed in the journal "Neva" Art. with an analysis of the theories of L.N. Gumilyov and criticism of his anti-Semitic conclusions, works: Archeol. sources. L., 1978; Archeol. typology. L., 1991; The phenomenon of owls. archeology. SPb., 1993.
KLEINBOK Yakov Isaakovich (1908, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1961, Alma-Ata), a scientist in the field of veterinary medicine. Dr. vet. Sciences, prof. (1942), bp. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1954). Graduated from the Alma-Ata zoovet. Institute (1932). In 1932–33 he worked at the Alma-Ata biocombine, in 1933–61 - at the Alma-Ata zooveterinary institute (assistant, head of the department). In 1941–53 members. prez. Kazakh. branch of VASKHNIL, hands. vet. section. Main research associated with the problems of the pathology of the horse's gastrointestinal tract. He developed methods of prevention and treatment of pulmonary and gastrointestinal diseases of calves using antibiotics. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Kazakh SSR (1945). Works: Diagnostics, clinic and therapy of diseases of the stomach in horses. A.-A., 1949; Winter maintenance with.-kh. animals and measures for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. A.-A., 1951.
KLEINBORT Lev Naumovich (real name and surname Leib Nakhmanovich) (1875, Kopyl of Slutsky district of Minsk province - 1950, Leningrad), publicist, memoirist. Studied at Petersburg. un-those on physical-mat., then on legal. f-those, expelled in 1901 for participating in student. and roar. movement. Was subjected to arrests, imprisonment. Published in "Vestnik Evropy", "Bulletin of Knowledge", "Modern World", "New Life", "Contemporary", etc. In the journal. "Education" (1904, No. 11) published an article-response to the stories of D. Ya. Aizman, in which he spoke about the Jewish question in Russia, in the journal. "God's World" (1905, No. 4) - Art. Capitalism and the Jewish Question. Author of the book: "In Prison and Exile" (1906), "Essays on the Workers' Intelligentsia" (vols. 1-2, 1923 - 24), "Essays on Popular Literature" (1924), "Russian Reader-Worker" (1924), "Young Belarus" (1928).
KLEINMAN Moshe (1870, Golovintsy, Podolsk province - 1948, Jerusalem), public figure, writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1890 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi, at the same time. was engaged in self-education. In the end. 1890s joined the Zionist. movement. In 1916 he was arrested in Odessa for participating in illegal activities. Zionist. activity after 7 months. exiled to Siberia. After Feb. roar. 1917 pre. reign Mosk. Jewish community, then a member. Centre. Bureau of Zionists of Ukraine, participated in the work of the National. conf. Jews of Ukraine. From 1921 he lived in Lithuania, Germany, France, from 1936 - in E.-I. Participated in the work of the World. Zionist. Congr. The author is numerous. publicistic. Art. in Hebrew, Yiddish, Rus. and it. lang. in the Jewish periodical. stamps of different countries. Among the works of K. - works on the history of Zionism, including monographs about T. Herzl and H. Weizmann.
KLIBANOV Alexander Ilyich (1910, Borisov, Minsk province - 1994, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1962). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1928 publ. the brochure "The class face of the present. sectarianism ". Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences LSU (1932). During his studies, he released the book. "Adventists" (L., 1931), "Mennonites" (M., 1931), and others. In 1932–33 and 1946–47 he worked in Leningrad. publishing houses, the Museum of the History of Religion of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1934–36 he studied at the doctorate of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1936–41, he was imprisoned on charges related to the “enemy of the people” prof. NM Matorin (director of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1942–45 he taught history in Wed. school in the Omsk region. and in Krasnoyarsk ped. in-those. In 1947 he was hired at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1948 he was arrested on the same charge, until 1954 in prison. In 1954 he was reinstated at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the history of Russian. spiritual culture (history of Christ, societies, thought and folk. free-thinking of the 14-20th centuries). He was one of the first to develop questions of religions. sectarianism in Orthodoxy, the problem of the genesis of the reform. movements and related flows. humanistic. thoughts 15–1st floor. 16th century; introduced the concept of "popular social utopia"; tried to compare the ideas of Rus. and Western European humanists, the culture of the peasants of the 14-17 centuries. with spiritual culture democratic. strata of the city and society, the thought of the ruling class of Russia. Established the authorship of a number of Op. Ermolai-Erasmus, Maxim the Greek, Zinovy ​​Otensky, Andrei Kurbsky and others. exp. to Tambov, Lipetsk and Voronezh regions. (1959–61), studied the state of religions. beliefs among rus. population of the Caucasus. Etc. them. B.D. Grekov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1980). State pr. USSR (1983). Cit .: Reform. movement in Russia in the XIV – 1st half. XVI centuries. M., 1960; History of religions. sectarianism in Russia (60s of the XIX century - 1917). M., 1965; Religious sectarianism and modernity (sociological and historical essays). M., 1969; Religious sectarianism in the past and present. M., 1973; From the world of religious sectarianism. M., 1974; Nar. social utopia. The period of feudalism. M., 1977; Nar. social utopia in Russia in the 19th century. M., 1978.
KLIBANOV Hillel (1847, Borisov, Minsk province - 1895, ibid.), Poet, badchen. Since childhood, he was paralyzed. He began to write poetry in 1867, telling in them about the life around him, touching upon moral and ethical. Topics. Op. K. enjoyed success with the Badchens, to-rye often ordered poems from him for performance. Over time, K. became one of the populations. bunk bed poets Zap. the edges. Record op. assisted by his nephew, who lived with him, and Badchen A. Gurevich. K.'s poems were published by dep. collection in 1883-1908, often reprinted after his death. K. - the author of several. plays on scenes from TANAKH, ed. in Vilna. Until the 2nd world. war in Belarus. state Museum (Minsk) kept unpublished manuscripts. op. TO.
KLIBANOV Yaakov (1887, Poltava - 1966, Haifa), politician, lawyer. He studied at high fur boots in Russia, Germany, Switzerland. In 1907–20 ed. zhurn. "Dawn", the author of a number of art. in the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-16. SPb., 1908-13). Since 1921 - in E.-I., he was engaged in private law practice, member. of the Board of the Union of Lawyers E.-I. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 2nd and 3rd convocations from the party of "common Zionists", deputy. prev. Knesset of the 2nd convocation.
KLICHEV, urban-type settlement (since 1938), regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klichevo Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1939, 433 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1897 there was one synagogue in Kazakhstan, and in 1909 there were two synagogues. In 1913 Jews owned 7 grocery and units. tobacco shops in the 1920s. (until 1929) Oizer Paley (1869 -?) was the rabbi in K. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in 1941, a ghetto was created in K., which contained approx. 600 people In 1942 the cemetery was destroyed approx. 300 Jews of the ghetto. In 1965, a stele was erected in front of the cemetery. In 2003, several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews.
KLICHEVO, see Klichev.
KLIDZJONIS, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Klidzi Vilenskogo u. and lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 9 Sept. 1941 approx. K. Lithuanian policemen shot apprx. 1400 Jews.
KLIDZI, see Klijionis.
CLIKOLY, see Click.
KLIKOLIAI, a village in Šiauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1757 he received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. In the 19th - early 20th century. - the town of Klikoli, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 794 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 582 (93%), in 1923 - 40 Jewish families, in 1939 - 30 Jews (12% Jews lived in K. from the 2nd half. 18th century; at the same time, a synagogue and a cemetery were built. Main occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (including cattle). From the end. 19th century pl. Jews of Kazakhstan left for the United States and other countries. Rabbi Moishe (1816–97) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan in 1851–97, and Yakov Katz (? –1933) in 1906–14. In 1915, Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan. the end of the 1st world. During the war, the community in K. was restored; the community was headed by Shloyme Goldblat. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 2 shops and pharmacies. In 1937 there were three artisans among the Jews of Kazakhstan. In the 1920s and 30s. the rabbi was Aron-Aba Rabinovich (1901 -?). In the 1930s. the number of Jews leaving for other countries increased sharply, mainly. in South. Africa. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht, the Jews of K. 8 Aug. 1941 were killed at the Jewish cemetery in Mazeikia. 1990s a memorial sign was erected at the site of the Jewish cemetery in K.
KLIM Romuald Iosifovich (b. 1933, Khvoevoe, Nesvizh district, Minsk region), athlete (athletics). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1964). Champion Olympus. games (1964, with an Olympic record), Europe (1966), the USSR (1966–68, 1971). Silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1968) in hammer throw. World record holder (1969).
KLIMAUTSI, see Klimauti.
KLIMEUTS (until 1990 - Klimautsy), a village in Edinet u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Klimovtsy Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 - early. 20th century in Kazakhstan there was a Jewish population. After the occupation of the Romanians. More than 500 Jews were killed by troops in Kazakhstan on July 12, 1941. Semyon Mikhailovich Vainshtok (b. 1947), entrepreneur, vice-president. OJSC "NK Lukoil", General dir. manuf. association "Lukoil - Zap. Siberia ", Acad. Academy of Geol. Sciences (1994), since 1999 - prez. AK "Transneft".
KLIMONTOV, see Klimontov.
KLIMONTUW, a village in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Sandomierz povet and voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Klimontov of Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1765, 858 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1856 - 1096 (64.3%), in 1897 - 2443 (71.7%), in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. In 1656, the Jewish community of Kazakhstan suffered from the atrocities of the detachments of S. Chernetsky. In 1823–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1870s-90s. The rabbi in Kazakhstan was Meer-Shaya Gelerenter, from 1901 - Simcha Gelerenter (1872 -?), from 1914 - Iosek Unger. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1942 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, in which more than 4 thousand Jews of Kazakhstan and those around us were kept. points. Oct. – Nov. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; upon liquidation approx. 4 thousand people were sent to Treblinka and approx. 300 - in the Sandomierz ghetto. In Kazakhstan, family: B. Yasensky; Ignatiy Petrovich Kalina (real fam. Eisenbuch) (1884–?), Physician, diplomat, brother of SP Kalina, in 1925–26 - director. State obstetric and gynecological. Institute in Leningrad, in 1926–33 - General. consul of the USSR in Danzig, repressed; Stanislav Petrovich Kalina (real fam. Eisenbuch), diplomat, brother of I. P. Kalina, in 1921–29 - diplomat. work in Germany, Estonia, Austria.
KLIMOVICHI, city, regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Mstislavl Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the county town of Mogilev, in 1919–23 - Gomel province. Since 1924 - a regional center, in 1927–30 - in the Mogilev region, since 1938 - in the Mogilev region. In 1784 in the Klimovichi district. 1,107 Jews lived, in 1787 - 1,200, in 1797 - 757, in 1847 in Kazakhstan - 528, in 1865 - 660, in 1897 - 2263 (48%), in 1910 - 3292 (50.3%), in 1923 - 2584, in 1926 - 2587 (33.9%), in 1939 - 1693 Jews. In 1865 two synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1898–1917, Zvi-Girsh Livshits was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. Main occupation of the Jewish population at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - crafts (leather, etc.). In 1910, Kazakhstan had 5 synagogues (including 2 Hasidic ones) and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, both bakeries, all 9 hotels and 70 shops (including 45 grocery stores, only one bookstore). In 1926 a Jewish agriculture was founded in Kazakhstan. artel "Blyung". In 1922 yeshivas and heders were closed in Kazakhstan. In the end. 1920s synagogues closed; in the building of one of them a house of culture was located, in the other - children. tech. school. Created in the 1920s. Jewish schools were closed in the 2nd half. 1930s 10 Aug 1941 K. was occupied by the Germans. troops. 6-7 nov. 1941 in Kazakhstan, approx. 900 Jews. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. 1950s a monument with the image of a six-pointed star was erected at the place of the execution, funeral meetings were held annually (in 1967 the six-pointed star was shot down at the request of the authorities, restored in the late 1980s). In the end. 1940s - 1950s unregistered religions gathered in private houses. community K. under the hands. Abram Yudovich. 1990s in K. a branch of "Hesed" was opened. In 2002, approx. 100 Jews. In K. genus: I.L. Kaganov, A.Yu. Lurie, A.A. Matskovsky, A.A. Pevzner, B.G. Skundin; Abram Moiseevich Genin (b. 1922), specialist in the region. aerospace medicine, Dr. Biol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1965), regiment. honey. service, participant in the preparation and conduct of the first space missions. human flight, d.h. Int. Academy of Astronautics (1974), State. pr. (1978), load. 4 orders; Mikhail Yudimovich Lurie (1896–1980, Moscow), specialist in the region. heat engineering, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1941), brother of A.Yu. Lurie, Stal. pr. (1946).
KLIMOVKA, see Klimovsk.
KLIMOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 541 Jews (10.7%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, 552 in 1923, 431 (8.5%) in 1926, and 224 Jews in 1939. In 1886, a pharmacy in Kazakhstan belonged to a Jew. From 1889 Menachem Levin (1868 -?) Was the rabbi in K. In 1923 a synagogue was closed in K. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in K. on 29 August. 1941, 27 Jews were shot, in the end. Feb 1942 - 280 Jews. N.S. Chernyakov.
KLIMOVSK, city (since 1940) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Klimovka, Podolsky u. Moscow province. In 1939, 42 Jews (0.3%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1989 - 173 Jews (0.3%).
Klimauts, see Klimauti.
KLIN, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1234. From 1781 it was a district town of the Moscow governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1878 38 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 94 Jews (1.1%), in 1939 - 300 (1.1%), in 1970 - 292 (3.6%), in 1989 - 167 Jews (10.2%) In 1878 a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan. 23 Nov. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate. In the autumn and winter of 1941, all Jews remaining in Kazakhstan were killed. In 2003, approx. 150 Jews in Kazakhstan. Yu.P. Lisitsyn, M.I. Prudkin.
KLINBERG Markus Avraham (Marek) (b. 1918, Warsaw), biologist. Prof. Studied at Warsaw unte. Graduated from Minsk honey. in-t. From May 1941 - in the Red Army, military doctor, captain. In 1945–48 he lived in Poland. Since 1948 - in Israel. In 1953, K. headed the Center for Biology. research The author of the book. on epidemiology. In 1983 he was arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison for espionage for the USSR.
KLINOVKA, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1428. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 42 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KLINOVOE, a village in the Golovanevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In March 1943 one Jew was killed in K.
KLINTSY, city (since 1925), regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1707. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Surazhsky u. In 1897, 2065 Jews (34.3%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 4973 (29.8%), in 1926 - 5248 (23.5%), in 1939 - 6505, in 1990 - approx. 1500 Jews. From the end. 19th century In K., Bund activists (including Abram Lifshits) were campaigning. In the beginning. 1900s in K. there were several. synagogues. 21-22 oct. 1905 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In the beginning. 1920s in K., with the help of the Joint, a Jewish child was discovered. house. In 1923, a split occurred in the local Bund organization. In 1925, 45 Jewish families were sent from Kazakhstan to the Crimea for resettlement, and they created the Khor-Leben collective farm. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized Jewish farmers in the Dzhankoy District. t-va "Naye veg" (39 people) and "Zunen shtral" (95 people). In the end. 1920s in the region of K. 2 Jewish farmers were created. collective: "Plowman" and them. Dzerzhinsky. In 1937–38, illegal activities operated in Kazakhstan. Lubavitch yeshiva, in which Yosef Golberg taught (1914, Tiraspol - 1985, Paris). 20 Aug. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht entered Kazakhstan. In the end. Sep 1941, 165 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 3 thousand people Dec. 1941 during the liquidation of the ghetto, all prisoners were shot. At the site of the execution in the 1960s. A monument was erected. After 1945, some Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In the end. 1940s in K. lived apprx. 500 Jews. March - Apr. 1946 the authorities rejected a petition by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in K. In June 1946, a synagogue was registered in K. (Lermontov St., 84), which was attended by 40–60 people on ordinary days, and up to 300 people on holidays. The rabbi was Adriel Haimovich Voronov (1879–?). In the 1960s-90s. minyan gathered in rented private houses. Since the 1990s. in Kazakhstan, a Jewish community began to operate (previously, Max Mendelevich Pinsky, b. 1931). There is a Sunday school and a Jewish cemetery. In the building of one of the synagogues - sports. hall of the textile technical school. Hesed Tikva began to work in 1991. In 2002, approx. 1500 Jews. In K. genus: O.B. Bron, F.N. Klotsvog, S.B. Okun, V.V. Polischuk, I.Ya. Rakhlin, I.I.Slutsker, B.S.Shtenberg, S.M. Yudovich; Berta Borisovna Grave (1900–1972, Moscow), in 1935–36 - prof. IFLI, in 1938–40 - prof. State ped. in-ta them. K. Liebknecht, in 1940–48 she was repressed; Vasily Leontievich Gutin (1909-1939), Hero of the Sov. Union (1940), ml. political instructor, participant of the Soviet-Finnish war; Jacob Kramer (1892-1962, Leeds, Great Britain), painter, in whose work the Jewish theme is presented, since 1900 - in Great Britain.
KLIONSKY Efim Evseevich (1892, Gorodok, Vitebsk province - 1961, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1943), prof. (1943). After graduating from Psychoneurological. in-ta them. V.N.Bekhterev (Petersburg) (1919) until 1921 served as a doctor in the Red Army. In 1921–23 the resident of infectious diseases. dep. mountains. hospitals in Vitebsk, at the same time. head school-dignity. dep. Vitebsk city health department. In 1923–33 scientific. sotr. Petrogr. (Leningrad) Institute of tuberculosis. At the same time. in charge of the Jewish almshouse. Was a member. Museum Commission of the Jewish Historical Ethnography about-va (EIEO) and the Circle of Museum Friends. One of the organizers of the EIEO commission for the study of the psychophysics of Jews, lectured on honey. themes ("Tuberculosis in Jews", etc.). In 1933–38, Assoc. Department of Tuberculosis LIDUV. In 1938–43 Assoc. Department of Tuberculosis, in 1943–61 prof. Department of Faculty Therapy (course of tuberculosis) 2nd Leningrad. honey. Institute of Science. tr. K. dedicated questions of clinic and treatment of tuberculosis of the lungs and larynx, including adolescents, as well as statistics, clinical examination and lay down. nutrition of tuberculosis patients. Elected before. board of Leningrad. about-va phthisiatricians and chl. reign of Vses. about-va phthisiatricians. Cit .: Assessment of the working capacity of a tuberculosis patient. L., 1934; Evaluation of tissue therapy for pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis. M., 1950 (et al.).
KLISHKOVTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, approx. 1000 Jews (13%), in 1930 - 452 (6.3%), in 1944 - approx. 240 Jews. The Jewish community in Kazakhstan was created in the 18th century, at the same time a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery was opened. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - trade (Jews accounted for 73% of the village's merchants) and crafts (mainly tailoring and shoemaking). In 1911 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in K. At the beginning. 20th century Nukhim Liberson (1873 -?) was the rabbi in K. In the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there was a Jewish school, which was also attended by children of Jews from the neighboring villages of Malintsy and Shilovtsy; operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941 after the occupation of the German-Romanians. troops, most of the Jews of K. were deported to the ghetto Chernivtsi (present-day Chernivtsi) and to a camp of approx. Kamenets-Podolsk, where almost all of them perished. After 1944, the surviving Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1945, approx. 60 Jews. In the end. 1940s a synagogue functioned in K. The rabbi was Mordkhe Itskovich Khazin (1918–?). On ordinary days, 20-30 people gathered for service. In subsequent years, pl. Jews K. moved to Chernivtsi, some left for Israel. Y. G. Tkachev
CLITENIK Shmuel (1904 - 1940), literary critic, publicist. In the 1930s. studied at the 2nd Moscow State University and at the same time. worked as the head. dep. culture in red. gas. "Emes", where he published articles, reviews, lit. reviews. Some of them were included in the book. K. "Verk un Schreiber" ("Works and Writers". M., 1935). In 1936, publ. the monograph "Mendele Moicher-Sforim". Since 1936 K. in Birobidzhan, ed. lit.-critical. and thin. zhurn. "Outpost", in which publ. a number of important materials, including “Art problems. literature. in Birobidzhan ". In 1937 he was repressed. In lit. Heritage K .: compiled together with M. Wortman collection. lit.-critical. Art. about the work of M. Gorky (M., 1932), foreword. to t. 12 "Fav. manuf. " Sholem Aleichem (M., 1937), creative artist. processing, foreword. and comments. a number of manuf. Jewish writers I.-M. Weissenberg, M. Daniel, D. Pinsky for Jewish cf. schools. Together with Wortman compiled Sat. “On the methodology of lesson literature at school” (Kiev – Kharkov, 1933 - commissioned by the Institute of Jewish Culture at the VUAN).
KLIVODIN, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1503. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. July 1941 K. occupied the Romanians. troops. In the 2nd floor. 1941 all the Jews of K. were deported to Transnistria, where approx. 75 people of them died.
KLVOV, see Klvow.
KLVUW, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad Klvov Opochensky u. Radom province. In 1827, approx. 300 Jews (32.6%), in 1856 - 410 (37.9%), in 1897 - 467 (43%), in 1921 - 297 Jews (30%), in 1939 - approx. 80 Jewish families in the 19th century. in K. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1901, Hil-Wulf Blumstein was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan, together with the Jewish refugees who were in the village (about 300 people) were sent (about 500 people in total) to Treblinka.
KLOBUCK, a city in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Klobucko of Czestochowa u. In 1808, 64 Jews (6.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 255 (13.8%), in 1857 - 444 (22.2%), in 1862 - 548 (25%), in 1897 - 1027 (28.7%), in 1921 - 1647 Jews (31.5%). about Jews K. belongs to the 2nd floor. 18th century In the 1st floor. 19th century a synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. Rabbi K. in the 1830s. was Itskhok Zhyalovsky. the occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan were trade (including timber), decomp. crafts, carriage. The Jews owned a mill, a brewery, a factory for the production of vinegar. In 1823–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. During Polsk. the uprisings of 1863–64, the Jews of Kazakhstan actively supported the rebels. In 1873-1902 the rabbi of K. was Yakov-Yosef Rabinovich, from 1912 - Yitzhok-Genokh Goldberg. 20th century a branch of the Bund operated in Kazakhstan. The Talmud Torah was founded in 1910, and the Cooperative Bank was opened in Kazakhstan with the help of the Joint in 1924. In 1928, courses were organized to prepare for physics. labor in E.-I. In 1924, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened, in 1929 - a school of the "Tarbut" network. In the 1920s and 1930s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1 Sept. 1939 parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In the end. oct. 1939 the Judenrat was established. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created, liquidated in 1943. In 1990, one monument remained intact in the old Jewish cemetery.
KLOBUTSKO, see Klobutsk.
KLODAWA, a city (since 1430) in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lenchitsky Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. In 1764 19 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 221 (23.5%), in 1827 - 443 (22.2%), in 1857 - 585 (24.2%), in 1897 - 874 ( 29.6%), in 1921 - 1148 (29.4%), in 1939 - approx. 1350 Jews. First mention. about Jews K. refers to 1487. From 1647 Jews were forbidden to settle in K. Jews settled again in K. in the end. 18th century Among the main. occupations of the Jews were dominated by various. crafts. In 1826, Benjamin Wolf was Rabbi of K., and from 1865 - Ephraim-Boruch Engelman (1836–?). A stone synagogue was built in 1860; Rabbi K. in the 1920s. was Shlomo Wolf. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tionsDuring the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in January. 1942.
KLOTSVOG Felix Naumovich (1934, Klintsy, Bryansk region), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1987), prof. (1990). In 1955 he graduated from LFEI, Faculty of Economics of Industry. In 1960-91 he worked at the Scientific Research Institute under the USSR State Planning Committee, since 1991 the head. lab. Inst. Nar.-household. forecasting RAS. An expert in forecasting and economic and mathematical modeling of dynamics, structure and inter-branch relations of the national economy. K. - author of the book: "Methods of planning intersectoral proportions" (1965); "Inter-sectoral balance and proportions of the national economy" (1969); "Methods for optimizing the structure and intersectoral relations of the national economy" (1986). State pr. USSR (1968).
KLOVAN, see Klovainiai.
KLOVAINIAI, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klovany Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 21 Jews (2.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1940 there were 4 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of K. in the beginning. 20th century - trade and s. x-in. The Jewish community of Kazakhstan belonged to the community of the city of Pokroe (present-day Pakruois). The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KLOVSKY Daniil Davidovich (1929, Grodno - 2004), an expert in the field of communication theory and transmission of discrete messages over radio channels. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). In 1941, K. ended up in a ghetto, then in a concentration camp, from which he fled. He returned to the USSR in 1947. Graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t communication them. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich (1953). Since 1960, a teacher of the Kuibyshev electrical engineering. in-that communications, since 1964 - head. department. K. developed the mat. models of stochastic space-time channels reflecting Ven. the exact properties are real. channels. He was the first to develop a method for element-by-element reception of discrete messages in multi-beam radio channels. Author of over 200 scientific. tr. and inventions, including 7 monographs and 6 textbooks for universities, among them: “Transfer of discr. messages on radio channels ". 1st ed. M., 1969; 2nd ed., 1982; "Theory of signal transmission". M., 1973; "Models of continuous communication channels based on stochastic differential equations". M., 1984 (with V.Ya. Kantorovich, S.M. Shirokov). In 1994, the book was published. rec. K. "The road from Grodno" (Samara, 1994). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1991).
KLOZNER Yehuda-Arie (1910, Odessa - 1979, Jerusalem), literary critic. He studied at un-those in Vilno. Since 1933 - in E.-I. Doctor of Philosophy of the Jewish University in Jerusalem (1942) and the University of London (1958). Chief bibliographer Nat. libraries of Israel. Author of a number of works, including "Novella in Hebrew Literature in the Haskala Period" (1947); "History of Literature" (in 4 volumes, 1952–54); "Life of Shakespeare" (1965) and others. Son of K. - Amos Oz (b. 1939, Jerusalem), writer. Prof. literature (1987) un-ta im. Ben Gurion in the Negev (Beer Sheva). Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Continent". Laureate of a number of Israeli lit. pr., including pr. them. H.-N. Bialik (1987).
KLUBOVKA, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Klubovka (other name - Klembovka) Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in K. In May 1921, a pogrom broke out in K. by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich, during which 19 Jews were killed.
KLUBOVTSY, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 39 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 4, in 1939 - 5 Jews. 20th century The Jews of Kazakhstan owned a shop and an inn. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied a Hungarian. troops. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
Klukhori, see Karachaevsk.
KLUMEL Meir (1875, Vidzi, Kovno province - 1936), public figure. Studied Semitic Linguistics in Strasbourg. From 1902 he lived in Warsaw and actively participated in the Zionist. movement. During the 1st world. war K. dealt with the problems of school Jewish education. In 1917-24 before. Zionist. org-tion of Poland. Since 1932 - in E.-I.
KLUPT Veniamin Solomonovich (1897, Baku - 1963, Leningrad), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1939). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1928), taught at Leningrad. finance-econ. in-those (prof., since 1933 head of the department of economic geography), taught classes on econ. geography and other universities of the city. He brought up a number of iz. in the subsequent teachers and scientists. In the 1930s. was persecuted as a "geopolitician", a follower of his teacher V.E.Den, and in 1949–52 as a "cosmopolitan." geography to the number of social and economic. sciences, substantiated the primacy of the econ. approach to the interpretation of zoning issues: "Transcaucasia" (M. - L., 1927), "Ukraine" (M. - L., 1928). Theoretical and methodical. and practical. character was his work "Flooding with a large hydraulic power" (Leningrad, 1934, jointly with MB Wolf. Together with Wolf compiled "Statistical reference book on the economic geography of the capitalist world", which went through four editions ( L., 1934–59) Author of many textbooks and teaching aids, including "Lectures on the economic geography of the USSR" (Leningrad, 1957, with VM Volpe) and others.
KLYACHKIN Evgeny Isaakovich (1934, Leningrad - 1994, Israel), poet, composer. One of the founders of the author's song in the USSR. Education - civil engineer. In 1961 he began to write songs based on the poems of Leningrad. poets. K. performed songs at concerts on poems by I.A. Brodsky during and after his trial. He wrote music for his own. poetry. In some songs K. there is a theme of Jewish immigration. Since 1989 - in Israel. He worked as an engineer, wrote songs, gave concerts. Cit .: Don't look back ... SPb., 1994.
KLYACHKIN Rafael (1905, Volkovyshki, Suwalki province. - 1987, Tel Aviv), actor. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Since 1922 he played in the "Ga-teatrop ha-ivri b'retz-Israel", since 1928 - in the "Habima" theater, where his first successes are associated with participation in performances: Btuel in "The Eternal Jew" by D. Pinsky ( directed by V. Mchedlov, 1923), Sholem in "The Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem (directed by AD Dikiy, 1928), Fabian in "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare (directed by M. Chekhov, 1930). Among the best roles: Figaro ("The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais), Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" by Nikolai Gogol), Smerdyakov ("The Brothers Karamazov" after FM Dostoevsky), Arie-Leib ("Sunset" by I. In the plays of Israeli playwrights he performed mainly comedic roles.
KLYACHKIN Yaakov (1882, Kartuzskaya Birch of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province - 1948, Vevey, Switzerland), public figure, historian of philosophy. Doctor of Philosophy (1912). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1900 he studied at high fur boots in Germany and Switzerland. In 1909-1 1 ed. Zionist, eater. On him. lang. "Di Velt", at the same time. published philosophy. essays in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1912-14 he was a member of the leadership of the Jewish nat. Foundation in Cologne. In 1915-19 he published in Switzerland "Bulletin Juif", covering the situation of the Jews in the years of the 1st world. war, founded in the same publishing house "Al ha-mishmar", which published the book. on Jewish themes on it. and French. lang. In 1920–22, together with N. Goldman, he published a Zionist in Heidelberg (Germany). zhurn. Freie Zionistische Bletter, in 1923 together with him founded the Eshkol publishing house in Berlin. In 1925 he began to prepare the "Yudaik Encyclopedia" (in German.) And "Israelite Encyclopedia" (in Hebrew), in the last edition. - Ch. ed., led the sections of philosophy, philosophy of religion, Kabbalah, Hasidism. In 1934 he moved to Switzerland, in 1941 to the United States, taught at the College of Jewish Studies (Chicago) and in New York. In 1947 he returned to Switzerland. - the creator of the peculiar. "Philosophy of life", based on a cut the primacy of the intuitive and instinctive over the intellectual. The means of expressing the spontaneous vital instinctive force of man are, according to K., religion and art, and not rational research. Humanity's striving for self-preservation requires a fight against excessive intellectualization. These views of K. are reflected in the book. The Sunset of Life (1925), The Striving for Knowledge as the Principle of Life and Death (1935, in German). In the works "Problems of modern. Jewry "(1918)," The Crisis and the Solution in Jewry "(1921) K. argued that the desire for self-preservation gave rise in the Jewish environment to the desire to revive the nat. life and nat. lang. In your country. According to K., his nat. Jewishness can preserve its individuality only within the framework of being independent. state-va. K. compiled "Anthology of Jewish Thinkers" (1926, jointly with M. Zobel) and philos. dictionary (v. 1-4, 1928-33), which includes the terminology of Jewish philosophers of the Middle Ages.
KLYACHKO Lev Abramovich (b. 1917, Moscow), thermal physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1968), prof. (1977). Brother V.A. Klyachko. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). He worked at TsAGI (1941–44), NII – 1 (1944–48). From 1948 at CIAM - early. sector, leading scientific. sotr. He taught at MIPT (1956–74). Leading spec. in the region. theory of combustion processes and the working process of combustion chambers of jet and rocket engines, in the region. hydraulics of nozzles and spraying of liquids. Founder of Sci. directions for research. processes of ignition and combustion of fuel aerosols. Author of over 80 publications, several. book Silver. medal, etc. them. N.E. Zhukovsky (1969). Member Sci. Combustion Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1977), hon. member Grew up. section Int. Institute of Combustion (since 1990). Works: Combustion chambers of aircraft gas turbine engines. M., 1957 (et al.); Sawing liquids. 3rd ed. M., 1977 (et al.).
KLYACHKO Lev Moiseevich (1873 - 1934, Leningrad), journalist, publisher. In the 1900s and 10s. collaborated in gas. "Stock Exchange News", "New Life", "Rech" (corr. At the State Duma) iodine ps. L. Lvov and others. Was considered the "king of reporters". In 1906 ed. petersburg. weekly "The Voice of the Pharmacist". In 1919, before. Union of Journalists of the RSFSR. In 1921 he collected and edited the memoirs of tsarist dignitaries. In 1922 he founded in Petrograd the private publishing house "Raduga", which existed until 1930 (published up to 120 books a year, main arr. Children's literature, - the first books by K.I. Chukovsky, S.Ya. Marshak, B.S. Zhitkova, V.V. Bianki, A.L. Barto and others; books were illustrated by Yu.A. Annenkov, B. Kustodiev, V.V. Lebedev, S. Chekhonin and others). In 1923-26. K. edited the collection "Jewish Chronicle", published in the publishing house "Rainbow". The author of the book. “Behind the scenes of the old regime. Memoirs of a Journalist "(vol. 1. L., 1926); "Tales of the Past" (L., 1929). The book "Jewish Anecdotes Told by Emperor Nicholas II" remained unpublished.
KLYACHKO Mark Petrovich (1924, Rostov-on-Don - 2000, Moscow), graphic artist, illustrator, painter. In 1942–44 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov. Illustrated many books for the publishing house "Art. liter ", Detgiz," Owls. writer "," Inostr. literature "and others. Among them:" The Old Man and the Sea "by E. Hemingway (1956)," Novella "by L. Pirandello (1959)," Sandwich "by KI Chukovsky (1961, together with L. Zbarsky), "Peter I" by AN Tolstoy (1963, not published), "The Adventures of Shipov, or Old Vaudeville" by B.Sh. Okudzhava (1975). K. owned cycles of easel work based on the production. IE Babel (1967), VG Rasputin (1984–85), landscape painting, still lifes. Member of the All-Union and int. exhibitions (Brno, Bratislava, etc.). K.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the museums of Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.
KLYACHKO Samuil (Semyon) Lvovich (1850, Vilna - 1914, Vienna), revolutionary populist. From the end. 1860s student honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1871–72 he headed the Moscow. branch of petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky", kept in touch with the Russian. emigrants. Arrested in April. 1872, soon released under secret police surveillance. In 1873 he emigrated, collaborated in a journal. "Forward", lived in Paris, Vienna, in the 1890s. - in USA. Was associated with the Free Russian Foundation. press (London), published in Russian. legal magazines.
KLYACHKO Vitaly Abramovich (1914, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Specialist in the field of water purification and desalination. Dr. Tech. spider (1954), prof. (1955). Brother L.A. Klyachko. Graduated from MISS (1938). Since 1940 - hands. lab. VNIIvodgeo. In 1941 hand. construction of fortifications of one of the sections on the outskirts of Moscow. Developed methods of ion-exchange softening and water demineralization. Initiator and developer of technol. water analyzes. With K.'s participation, projects were developed and the country's largest water treatment plants were built. Prev water desalination section Nauch. council for the integrated use and protection of resources of the State. Committee on Science and Technology under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, expert of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Publ. more than 130 scientific. tr., 12 books Vol .: Purification and disinfection of water in agricultural areas. M. - L., 1944; Desalination of water. M., 1967; Purification of natural waters. M., 1971 (with I.E. Apeltsin).
KLYARFELD Boris Nikolaevich (1904, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Experimental physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1922. From 1922 he worked at the All-Union Union. e-tech. in-those them. VI Lenin as a laboratory assistant, scientific. sotr., since 1932 head. lab, obl. scientific. interests - physics gas. discharge. Main work dedicated. the study of physical. processes in low-temperature plasma. K. belongs to the priority in deep and systematic. application of the probe method for plasma diagnostics. Research processes of radiation of a positive column - received power balance diagrams of all kinds of radiation. losses of gas-discharge plasma. The possibility of the existence of four types of glow discharge is shown. In 1938 he created a gas-discharge light source with high luminous efficiency - a sodium arc lamp with helium and neon fillers. Publ. more than 100 works.
KLYASTITSY, a village in the Rossony District, Vitebsk Region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century as a village in the Polotsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Driessensky u. Vitebsk province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan, and a synagogue was opened in 1909. There was unity among the Jews. in K. a timber merchant. In 1913 the Jews of Kazakhstan belonged to unity. a grocery store in the villages of Obitoki and Ushchelenki. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KLYATSKIN Isai Gertsevich (1895, Warsaw - 1978, Leningrad), a specialist in the field of radio engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938), prof. (1930). Major General Tech. troops (1943). Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, since 1920 - radio technician at the construction of the first radio stations in the USSR (named after the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, etc.). From 1923 engineer, early. dep., deputy. early Research Institute of Communications of the Red Army, then in leadership positions in the NKO of the USSR. He graduated in 1924 from the Moscow Higher Technical School. He was one of the initiators of the creation of a relay in the country. radio links. From 1928 he taught at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, at the Academy of Telecommunications. VN Podbelsky, from 1932 in Moscow. in-those Ing. communications, in 1945–53 deputy. early management, deputy. early scientific and technical to-that Ch. Communications Department of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in ~ 1954–73 Head. Department of the theory of linear electric. chains price LEIS. One of the first began to give lectures on the theory of e-magn. oscillations, propagation of radio waves, theoretical. the basics of radio engineering, radio transmitters. In 1937–51 he worked in the scientific section. problems of telecommunication of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. tr. associated with the creation of the theory of long-wave and medium-wave antennas and with the methods of their calculation, with the development of a quasilinear interpretation of the lamp generator, with research. the issue of transmitting the side frequencies of a radiotelephone transmitter. Supervised the creation of a number of military samples. radio engineering. Participated in the development of the system of units of measurement (SI) in 1954-57. Author of over 100 scientific. printed works, monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. He was awarded 5 orders.
KLYATSKIN Mikhail Gertsevich (1897, Warsaw - 1926, Moscow), chess player, chess composer, lawyer. He successfully took part in the All-Russian side tournament. chess. Olympiads (1920, 1–2 nd); won the match against master A.F. Ilyin-Zhenevsky (1926). Developed the foundations of the opening introduced in chess. practice A.A. Alekhin (1921) and received the name. "Protection of Alekhine". From 1921 publ. OK. 30 etudes. Author of a number of original ideas in chess. compositions.
KLYATSKIN Saul Markovich (1908, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1982, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1969). In 1931–33 he studied at the Institute of Ing. communal building. In 1933–38 he was a student and then a graduate student of Higher. schools of the NKVD. In 1938–40 in graduate school at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1940–42 he taught at the Higher. school of the NKVD. In 1942–54 - in the army (in 1942–45 - at the front). In 1953 he graduated from the military-polit. Academy named after V.I. Lenin. In 1954–55 he worked for the magazine "East. archive ”, in 1955–68 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1962-67 - academic. sec. Sci. of the Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR “History Conducted. Oct socialist, revolutions. " Since 1968 he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Vol .: On the Defense of October. Organization of the regular army and militia construction in the Sov. rep. 1917-1920. M., 1965; USSR in Vel. Otech. war. 1941 - 1945 Brief Chronicle. M., 1964; 2nd ed. M., 1970.
KLYAVER Mikhail Isaevich (1895, Nikolaevsk, Primorsky region - 1988, Tel Aviv), public figure, journalist. He graduated from a real school in Nikolaevsk, studied law. Faculty of Tomsk University. Participated in the roar. movement, chl. combat organization of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. During the Civil. war worked in Khabarovsk in cooperation, ed. edge gas. Socialist-Revolutionary Party "Nashe Slovo". Elected from Khabarovsk dep. Nar. meetings of the Far Eastern Republic (according to the list of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party). From 1922 he lived in Harbin, worked as an accountant at the Chinese Eastern Railway, then in private companies. Collaborated in the Society of Study I of the Manchurian Territory, ed. anniversary collection, dedicated to 25th anniversary of the CER. From 1933 he lived in Tianjin, worked in a bank, one of the activists of the Jewish club "Kunst", gave lectures on polit. and societies. Topics. Since 1950 - in Israel. OK. For 10 years he worked as a cash collector in the "Ha-Kibbutz ha-Artsi" association. From 1962 ed. Bulletin of the Society "Iigud Yotsei Sin" ("Union of Immigrants from China"). In the 1970s - 80s. was printed in gas. “New Russian. word "(New York).
KLYAZMA, a holiday village in the Pushkin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. 81 Jews (5.2%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, 730 in 1939, and 36 Jews (0.9%) in 1989. 1940s - early. 1950s In K., a minyan (30-40 people) who gathered every day acted, the organizer of which was Shaya Gershevich Edelman. In 1958, GD Zilberman (1876–?) Was arrested in K. for his connection with the Israeli embassy and private lessons in Hebrew. In the 1960s. In K., a minyan operated in the house of Srul Zelmanovich Olidort (1899, Tepliki, Podolsk province - 1994, Jerusalem) and Volka Mordukhovich Sirota (b. 1928, Tashkent).
KLYUCHARKI, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1773. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 18 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1840, 26 Jews in 1897, and 14 Jews in 1940. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in the period of the Holocaust.
KLYUCHEVSKOE, a village in the Trunovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of the Stavropol u. and guberniya.After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in K. in August. 1942 6 Jews were shot.
KLYUVINTSY, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the end. 16th century The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KNAANI (Handelsky) David (1912, Warsaw - 1982, Merhavia, Israel), literary critic. From 1934 - in E.-I. Member Kibbutz Merhavia. The first is critical. Art., dedicated. works by Spengler, was published in "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" (Warsaw, 1932). K. is a representative of the "Marxist school" in criticism of the new Hebrew literature. Author pl. books, including "I will not die because I live", dedicated. owls. Jewish Writers (1957). Ch. ed. sociological. encyclopedia "Ha-Encyclopedia of Lemadey Ha-Khevra". Lit. etc. them. A. Shlyonsky (1958).
KNAIFEL Alexander Aronovich (b. 1943, Tashkent), composer. In 1961 he graduated from special. muses. school at Leningrad. cons. by class cello, in 1961–63 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class cellos and compositions. In 1967 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class comp. from B.A. Arapov. K. is fluent in all styles of compositional technique, including dodecaphony, aleatorics, sonoristics, etc., often turns to extra-musical means of expression - graphics, words. This is especially evident in the music for children (the cycle "The Stupid Horse"). K.'s music is distinguished by expressionism, combined with a rational principle; ch. role in production K. play rhythm and timbre. Member Association of modern musicians. Among the Op. - comic. op. The Canterville Ghost (based on O. Wilde, 1974, Leningrad), the ballets Aspiration (1965) and Medea (1968); "Petrograd Sparrows" (1979, Leningrad), cantata "Pictures of the Time" (to texts by Hervé Bazin), "Military Music", "Monody" for a female voice (to words by J. Buchanan), symph. "Jeanne" (1978), instr. and wok. -instrument. manuf. "Yes" (1980), "Accidental" (1982), "Nika" (1984) and others, chamber-instr. ans; choirs; children music; music for drama performances. t-ra, k / f and t / f.
KNEBEL Joseph (Osip) Nikolaevich (1854, Buchach, Galicia, Austria - 1926, Moscow), publisher, bookseller, public figure. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Vienna University (1876) and the Academy of Commerce. Sciences in the same place (1878). From 1880 - in Moscow, in 1882, together with PF Grossman, opened a bookstore under the firm "Grosman and Knebel", in 1885 - a paid library. After the death of Grossman (1890) - the sole owner of the company, specialized in the sale of ed. by claim. In 1894–95 he began publishing. activity (produced chap. translations and scientific-popul. liter). From the end. 1890s specialized in ed. illustr. book for children, visual aids for schools (created on the basis of the School Museum publishing house), since the 1900s. - books on images. art (for scientific guidance attracted art. and art historian I.E. Grabar). Mn. ed. K. are awarded with diplomas of all-Russian. and int. exhibitions. K. - one of the shareholders of the T-va of the fast printing AA Levenson (one of the best printing houses in Moscow), member. Moscow Society of Art Lovers (since 1888), one of the founders of the Society of Booksellers (1901) and others. In 1915, during the "patriotic." demonstrations against “it. dominance ”publishing house K. was defeated. In 1894-1918 the firm K. released St. 700 kn. In 1918–19, K.'s production facilities were nationalized. In 1921–26 K. took part in the work of the State Publishing House and other publishing houses; in 1925–26 he headed the publishing house. dep. Tretyakov gal.
KNEBEL Maria Osipovna (Iosifovna) (1898, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Actress, director, teacher. Prof. (1960). Daughter of I. N. Knebel. In 1918 she entered the Theater. Studio M.A. Chekhov, in 1921 - in the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1924 she was admitted to MXAT, where she worked until 1950. She played poignant roles: The Crazy Lady ("The Thunderstorm" by AN Ostrovsky) - in the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater; at the Moscow Art Theater - Mrs. Snitch ("The Battle of Women" by Charles Dickens), Karpukhin ("Uncle's Dream" but F.M.Dostoevsky), Gornostaeva ("Love Yarovaya", K.A. Trenev) and others. In 1935 she began dir ... activity. Post, in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Yermolova's performances "The Art of Intrigue" by E. Scribe (with M.A. Tereshkovich, "Stepmother" by O. Balzak and "The Long Road" by A.N. Arbuzov (1936), "The Last" by M. Gorky ( 1937), “Children of the Sun” by Gorky (with NP Khmelev, 1937), “As You Like It” by W. Shakespeare (1940), “Guest from the Night” by L. Ashkenazi (1962). performances of the Moscow Art Theater: "Difficult Years" by A.N. Tolstoy (with A.D. Popov, 1946), "A Nameless Star" by M. Sebastian (with P.A.Markov, 1957), etc. Since 1950 - dir., in 1955-60 - chief director of the Central Children's Theater Post-production: "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov (1951), "The Little Humpbacked Horse" by P.P. Ershov ( jointly with A.A. Nekrasova, 1952), "Pages of life" by V.S. Rozov (1952), "Bourgeois in the nobility" by J.-B. Moliere (1954), "The three of us went to the virgin lands" N.F Pogodin (1955), "Oliver Twist" after Dickens (1956), and others. Constant. Of many performances and in other Moscow theaters: "Ivanov" by A.P. Chekhov (Theater named after A. S. Pushkin, 1954), "The Cherry Orchard" by Chekhov (Central Theater of the Soviet Army, 1965), "Uncle's Dream" after Dostoevsky (Theater named after Vl. Mayakovsky, 1972), etc. From 1932 she was engaged in ped. activities. From 1940 she taught at the Theater. uch-shche them. M.S. Schepkina, from 1948 - dir. f-those of GITIS. The author of the book. and the article: "On the actual analysis of the play and the role" (Moscow, 1951, 1961, 1982), "All life" (Moscow, 1967), "About what seems to me especially important" (Moscow, 1971) , "Poetry of Pedagogy" (M., 1976). Nar. art. RSFSR (1958). State pr. USSR (1978).
KNIZHNIK Vadim Genrikhovich (1962, Kiev - 1987, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1986). Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1984). After graduating from graduate school Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1986) - Jr. scientific. sotr. this in-that. K. left a bright mark in science, the author of apprx. 10 scientific. works. A.M. Polyakov proposed to student K. a particular problem: to obtain the spectrum of anomalous dimension of the Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model as a conformal theory of Virasoro algebra. Already 2 weeks later, K. obtained the desired spectrum, but by a different method - he drew on the apparatus of the representation theory of the non-Abelian Kats-Moody current algebra. Working together. with A.B. Zamolodchikov, built a beautiful and complete theory, DOS. ur-nie a cut - ur-niye of the Knizhnik - Zamolodchikov - for the multipoint correlation function has caused hundreds of studies. Last K.'s work is devoted to the problem of the relationship between gauge fields and two-dimensional gravity.
KNOROZOVSKY Isai Moiseevich (1858, Grodno - 1914, Lausanne), music critic, publisher, composer. In 1885 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Comp. took place in St. Petersburg. cons. He was engaged in advocacy and journalistic activities. Ed. muses. dep. zhurn. "Theater and Art". In 1904–05 ed. and ed. zhurn. "Theater Russia" and "Musical World". In 1905 he founded a satirist. zhurn. "Strela", in connection with which he was convicted and imprisoned in the fortress with a ban in tech. 5 years to be an editor-of-the-date. In 1908, K. resumed cooperation with the journal. "Theater and Art". In 1911-14 before. About-va Jewish Nar. music. K. author of a number of orcs. manuf. and romances, including "Jewish Melody" to the words of J. Byron. He wrote lit. the work "Tannhäuser" by R. Wagner. Muz.-Crete. etude "(St. Petersburg, 1901).
KNUT Dovid (lit. ps, real name and family member David Mironovich Fikhman) (1900, Chisinau - 1955, Tel Aviv), poet. In the end. 1910s made his debut in the Chisinau press. In 1919, ed. zhurn. "Young Thought". From 1920 - in France, in 1922 he organized a poetry. group "Chamber of Poets", published in Russian. emigrant journals. "Will of Russia", "Numbers", "Meetings", "Chimes". In 1925 he published a collection of works. verse. "My Millennium", imbued with biblical motives. Author of the collection "The Second Book of Poems" (1928), "Parisian Nights" (1932), "Daily Love" (1938), stories about childhood, the life of Bessarabian Jews. Impressions of visiting in the 1930s. E.-I. permeated the cycle "Ancestral Homeland" (partly in the book "Selected Poems", 1949). After the occupation of France (1940), K. was one of the founders of the Jewish Resistance movement (the Jewish Army, later the Jewish Combat Organization), to whose activities he dedicated Prince. “Contribution to the history of the Jewish Resistance in France. 1940–1944 ”(1947, in French). From 1949 - in Israel, studied literature, wrote poetry in Hebrew. K.'s wife - Ariadne (after adopting Judaism - Sarah) (1905, Bagliasco, Italy – 1944, Toulouse), poet. Daughter of the composer A.N. Skryabin. Author Sat. Poems (1924). Since 1940, an active member of the Jewish Combat Organization, transported a group of Jewish refugees from France to Switzerland. She died in July 1944 in battle with the French. collaborators. See. awarded by Military. cross and Medal of Resistance.
KNYAGINENOK, see Lighthouses of the Volyn region.
KNYAGINICHI, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1440. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rogatinsky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 648 Jews (41.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 689 (41.3%), in 1921 - 414 Jews (27.8%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century Main classes at 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and small trade. There was a synagogue in K. Rabbi in the 1st floor. 19th century was Rabbi Yudl, in 1865–68 - Benjamin Weiss, in 1881–1907 - Avrom Langer, in 1907–08 - his son Uri, in the 1910–20s. - Doiv-Ber Kimel. In 1916, 147 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1923 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1929 a mutual assistance fund was organized. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. Chaim-Zelig Pole was the rabbi of K. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In apr. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Bukachevtsi. Remains of the Jewish cemetery of the late 19th century 18th century
KNYAGININ, see Knyaginino of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
KNYAGININ COLONY, now in the city of Ivano-Frankovsk (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony of Stanislavsky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and from 1939, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 1200 Jews. 20th century Jews owned 4 building warehouses. materials and grain, 8 bakeries, 3 meat and 13 bargaining. shops, 9 restaurants and shanks. In the 1920s – 30s. in KK there were various divisions. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of KK was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KNYAGININO, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in K.
PRINCE GRIGOROVKA, a village in Velikolepetikhsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tauride province. In 1923 approx. K.-G. 4445 dessiatins were allocated. land for new Jewish settlers.
PRINCE YARD, see Knyazhdvor.
PRINCE, see Princes.
PRINCE KRINITSA, see Princess Krinitsa.
KNYAZHDVOR (in 1946–93 - Nizhnee and Upper), a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Prince Dvor of the Kolomyia district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 106 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Kolomyia.
KNYAZHE, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupation of Jews at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1913 Jews owned four shops, including three manufacturing shops. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 15 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KNYAZHEPOL, see Radyanskoe, Vinnytsia region.
PRINCES, see Knyazhitsy.
KNYAZHIKI, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1793 Jews bought the lands of K. - br. Forlan and Jozef Abramovich.
KNYAZHINSKY Alexander Leonidovich (1936, Moscow - 1996, ibid.), Cameraman. He worked at the plant, in the publishing house. In 1960 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK. Worked at the Tsentrnauchfilm cinema. He made his feature film debut in 1965. Naib means f .: "I come from childhood" (1966), "You and me" (1972), "Autumn" (1975), "Wounded" (1977), "Stalker" (1980), "From the Life of Vacationers" (1981), "Sunset" (1991). Honored. activist of the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1980), nar. art. RF (1993).
KNYAZHITSY, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. since 1501, were part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Knyazhichi Mogilevsky u. In 1841, 202 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1844 - 453, in 1847 - 473, in 1865 - 379 (71.5%), in 1880 - 242 (47.8%), in 1897 - 668 (91 , 4%), in 1908 - 250 (41.9%), in 1923 - 277 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the end. 18th century In 1798-1800 Jews owned 26 households, in 1880 - 49 houses out of 93, there was a synagogue, a cheder. In 1841 there were 2 synagogues, 2 heders, and there was a rabbi. In 1880–89, Shloyme-Zalman Altshuler (1847–?) Was a rabbi in Kazakhstan, from 1883 - S. Kagan, in 1889–92 - Mordukh Movshovich (1862–?) , in 1892–98 - Zvi-Girsh Livshits, from 1898 - Shloyme-Yehoshua Krumer (1872–?) and Benjamin Gershovich Velkovich (1866–?). Until the 1st world. During the war, the rabbi in Kazakhstan was Yosef-Zalman Melzer. there was illegal activity in K. Heder. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 25 1941 32 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
PRINCE FIELD, does not exist now. Main in 1853 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Rivne u. Volyn province. 19th century 7 Jewish families lived in KP. To the end. 19th century - 5 Jewish families (36 people), who worked 18 dess. land. During the 1st world. war, due to economic. decline, the colony ceased to exist.
KNYAZHYA, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Prince Zvenigorodsky Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a grocery and a manufactory.
KNYAZHYA KRINITSA, a village in the Monastyrischensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Prince Krynitsa Lipovetsky Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in K.-K. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned a pharmacy and 2 grocery stores. In 1914 in K.-K. there was a synagogue.
KNYAZHPOL, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, one of the two mills in Kazakhstan was rented by a Jew, and in July 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied it. In 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Kamenets-Podolsk and executed there.
KNYSZIN, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, provincial town of Bialystok u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1847 985 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1865 - 1067, in 1897 - 1878 (48.6%), in 1910 - approx. 1800, in 1921 - c. 1,500 Jews. In 1845–57 an attempt was made to evict Jews from other cities from Kazakhstan. In 1865, two synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. In the 1890s. Eliyahu-Akiva Rabinovich (1862–?) was the rabbi in K. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, a watch workshop, 32 shops (including all 11 grocery stores, all 7 beer shops); among the Jews there were 3 timber merchants, 2 tailors. June 8, 1915, Rabbi K. and several. Jews were taken hostage; the subscription, which the hostages gave, provided for personal and property (with mutual responsibility) liability in case of manifestation of an unfriendly attitude towards Russian. army. 1920-30-ies. in K. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, 1,500 Jews were shot in the vicinity of K. In July 1941 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, which contained apprx. 2 thousand Jews. With the liquidation of the ghetto in December. 1942 some of the prisoners were sent to Bialystok, 70 people. was killed, 80 Jews managed to escape. I.I.Kulesko, S.T. Miller.
KNYSHOVKA, a village in the Gadyachsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KOBAKI, a village in the Kosiv district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kosovo powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Feb 23 1942 Jews of K. (16 people) were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated there. In the end. 1942 30 Jews in hiding were discovered and shot in a cemetery in Kosovo.
KOBASNA (until 1990 - Kolbasna), village, administrative-terr. unit of the Left Bank of the Dniester (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1926, 94 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. After the occupation of the German-Romanians. troops in 1941 in Kazakhstan for 3 months. more than 3,500 Jews were killed, who were brought in in groups of 100-200 people.
KOBELYACHEK, a village in the Kremenchug district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KOBELIAKI, city (since 1803), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1647. From 1803 it was a district town of Poltava province. In 1847 322 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1859 - approx. 300 (4%), in 1864 - 695, in 1897 - 2119 (20.2%), in 1920 - 1907, in 1926 - 1400 (12%), in 1939 - 360 Jews (3.85%). Jews lived in K. since the 18th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in the 18th and 19th centuries. - trade, decomp. crafts (shoe-making was especially widespread). In the end. 18th century K. bargaining becomes important. and a handicraft center in the south of Poltava province. Bargaining took place through K. the way to Yekaterinoslav (modern. Dnepropetrovsk), Kremenchug, Poltava. In terms of the number of fairs, K. occupied one of the first places in the province. The Jews owned 15 trades. houses and 10 restaurants. In 1891, trade was engaged in approx. 100 Jews (out of 300 merchants in Kazakhstan) A synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan in 1859, and in 1865 there were 3 synagogues. In the end. 19th century I. Fischer was the rabbi in K. in the 1900s. - A.K. Dreizin. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan suffered during the pogroms of 1905. 20th century in K. there were 2 Jewish schools. In 1905, the Poalei Zion branch operated. In 1909, a society of benefits for poor Jews was organized. In 1910, private husbands were opened. and wives. Jewish schools. Jews owned all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 3 bakeries, 2 hairdressers, both photographic workshops and more than 50 shops (including 8 manufactory, all 4 grocery). There were 6 tailors among the Jews. In K. there were 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Isaac Samuilovich Rabinovich was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1919, pogroms took place in Kazakhstan, staged by units of the Directory and detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In the 1920s. Rabbi K. Genchin with the support of J.-I. Schneerson carried out the repair of the mikvah. 15 Sept. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht entered Kazakhstan. 21 and 26 Jan 1942 101 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan, in March 1942 the remaining 25 children and old people were killed (by injecting morphine). In Kazakhstan: OA Rabinovich, AM Trakhtman; Zakhar Ilyich Volovich (1900-1937), an employee of the special services, art. Major of State Security (1936), at the end. 1920s - Resident of the OGPU in Paris; Mikhail Borisovich Golman (1894–1938), part no. and owls. activist, economist, in 1918 - before. Mogilev Provincial Executive Committee, in 1919–20 - before. Simbirsk Gubernia Tribunal, Rector of the Simbirsk State un-that, in 1922 - the representative of the ECCI in Turkey, since 1923 - in Persia, the author of a number of books on the problems of political economy, in 1929 - repressed; Abram Khatskelevich (Yakovlevich) Dubinsky (1908–1989), geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences (1957), in 1948–53 - Ch. geologist of the Azov-Black Sea and North-Caucasian geol. E.S. Mosolova
KOBETSKY Mikhail Veniaminovich (1881, Odessa - 1937, Moscow), politician, diplomat. After graduating from the Odessa gymnasium (he studied with K.I. Chukovsky, entered the Phys.-Math. Faculty of Novorossiysk University. Participated in student riots, was twice expelled from the university, in 1902 he was sent under police supervision to Sevastopol In the RSDLP from 1903. At the end of 1906 and 1907 he was arrested, emigrated to Denmark in 1908. He taught Russian in Copenhagen, was engaged in the transfer of Bolshevik literature to Russia, organized the sending of party correspondence from Russia. In the summer of 1917 he returned to Russia, worked at a machine-gun plant in Kovrov. Then in Petrograd, an employee of the Danish-Russian Chamber of Commerce; head of the editorial staff of the journal “Communist International.” In 1920–21, secretary of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, was a member of a small bureau Department of the ECCI Since 1924 the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Estonia, Denmark (1924–33), Greece (1934–37) and concurrently in Albania (1935–37).
KOBLENTS Alexander Naftalievich (1916, Riga - 1993, ibid.), Chess player, coach. Master of Sports of the USSR (1945), Hon. trainer of the USSR (1960). Champ. Riga (1937, 1951, 1979) and Latvia (1941, 1945, 1946, 1949). Coach-second M.N. Tal. (1955–79). Contributed to the development of the popularity of chess in Latvia; dir. rep. chess. club (1966–72). Ch. ed. zhurn. Shah Jernal (Berlin, 1991). Author pl. book and Art. Works: The Magic World of Combinations. M., 1980; Chess lessons. strategy. M., 1983; Memories of a chess player. M., 1986.
KOBOLCHIN, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940 - 91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 29 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 14 Jews. After the occupation of the Romanians. in July 1941, 7 Jews were killed in parts in Kazakhstan.
KOBOSHVILI Shalom (1880, Akhaltsikhe, Tiflis province - 1943, Tbilisi), primitivist painter. The ability to draw manifested itself from childhood, thin. received no education. He worked on different tech. positions. Since 1938, the administrator of the Historical and Ethnogr. Museum of the Jews of Georgia. K.'s painting, a cut were decorated with almost all the halls of the museum, attracted the attention of visitors. Most of K.'s works were exhibited at the exhibition "History and Culture of the Jews of Georgia" in the Museum "House of Diaspora" in Tel Aviv. The book was published there. "History and Culture of the Jews of Georgia" (1992; in Hebrew and English), illustr. manuf. TO.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОБРИН, город (с 1795), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1287. С 1-й пол. 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 16–18 вв. – город Брест-Литовского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1817 в К. проживало 899 евреев (63%), в 1847 – 4184 (64,3%), в 1864 – 4469, в 1878 – 4431 (56,9%), в 1897 – 6738 (64,8%), в 1910 – 6683, в 1921 – 5431 (66,2%), в 1928 – 5799 (61,5%), в 1999 – ок. 50 евреев.Первое упом. о еврейской общине К. относится к 15 в. В 1563 евреям К. принадлежали 22 дома, ок. 20 фруктовых садов и огородов. Имелась синагога. Осн. занятия евреев К. – торговля, пивоварение, откуп таможенных пошлин, аренда корчем. В 1589 евреи К. получили равные с остальным населением права в торговле. Евреи К. пострадали во время рус.-шведской войны (1656–58). Позднее экономика К. пережила кризис, что отразилось на положении еврейской общины. Обедневшая часть еврейского населения К. занималась в нач. 18 в. торговлей вразнос и разл. ремеслами; более зажиточные евреи торговали солью, зерном и лесом. Запрет еврейской аренды в черте оседлости (1882) и водочной монополии (1897) сильно подорвал благосостояние евреев К.; многие из них (в осн. ремесленники) выехали в США.В 17 – нач. 18 в. среди духовных руководителей еврейской общины К. были наиб. известны: раввин Бецалель Даршан (?–1678) и раввин Яков Шапиро (?–1718), основавший в К. иешиву. В 19 в. раввинами в К. были: Яков Иоффе (глава раввинского суда), в 1857–73 – Меир Шафит (?–1873), с 1876 – сын последнего Арон Меирович Шафит, затем – Пинхас Шик, в 1892–97 – Х.Берлин, в 1897–1905 – Яир Атлас, в 1906–23 – Довид Гринберг (1850–?), в 1910-х гг. казенным раввином был Гилель-Янкель Шоломович Пановка.В 1833 Мойше Рабинович (1784–1858) основал в К. хасидский двор, после его смерти династию продолжили раби Ноах-Нафтоли (1836–1889), раби Довид-Шлойме (?–1918), раби Мойше-Арон (1900–1942). В США династию продолжил зять Довида-Шлойме – Борух-Йосеф Зак (?–1949). В сер. 19 в. религ. судьей в К. был автор коммент. к Талмуду и ТАНАХу Ноах-Хаим Левин (1834–?).В 1884–96 в К. находился хасидский двор Менахема-Нохума Эпштейна (1846–1918), переселившегося затем в Белосток.В 1865 в К. было 14 синагог, в 1910 – 17, в т. ч. кобринских, слонимских и др. хасидов; имелось еврейское кладбище. Действовали об-во пособия бедным евреям, дом престарелых, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще. В 1873 были открыты еврейская больница и богадельня, в 1882 – еврейская школа, в 1904 – талмуд-тора, в 1910 – иешива.После рев-ции 1905 в К. возникли орг-ции Бунда, ССРП, «Поалей Цион». В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, 5 аптечных складов, 14 гостиниц, 2 булочные, трактир, синематограф, 143 лавки (в т. ч. все 14 мануфактурных, все 9 галантерейных), оба ювелирных и единств. книжный магазины. Среди евреев числились 9 портных, единств. в К. лесопромышленник. В 1914 был создан к-т помощи семьям мобилизованных в армию, затем к-т помощи беженцам. Действовало частное одноклассное еврейское уч-ще.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. работали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора, школа сети «Тарбут», мастерские ОРТа. В 1920–30-х гг. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. С 1928 издавалась газ. «Кобринер штиме», с 1934 – «Кобринер вохенблат». До 1929 работала школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1920–30-х гг. – школа с преподаванием на иврите, школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков», дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1923–39 действовала иешива. Работали проф. школа системы ОРТа, дет. дом (60 детей), центр подготовки к физич. труду в Э.-И.В 1905–42 раввином в К. был Михл Шмойш (1880–1942), в 1923–40 – Пейсах Прускин (?–1940).24 июня 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. Вскоре в К. было убито ок. 170 евреев. Были созданы юденрат и еврейская полиция. Осенью 1941 еврейское население К., численность к-рого возросла к тому времени до 8 тыс. чел. (за счет беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши), было заключено в 2 гетто (туда же перевели и евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов): гетто «А» – для специалистов, гетто «Б» – для женщин, детей, больных. В кон. 1941 в К. было расстреляно более 1 тыс. евреев. В нач. июня 1942 евреи из гетто «Б» были вывезены для уничтожения на Бронную гору. 15 окт. 1942 на юж. окраине К. было расстреляно 4,5 тыс. чел.; группу евреев-ремесленников уничтожили в тюремном дворе летом 1943. Ок. 100 евреев сумели бежать в леса, где вступили в партиз. отряды им. А.В.Суворова и К.Е.Ворошилова.После освобождения К. в июле 1944 в город вернулось 64 еврея.В 1950-х гг. еврейской общине К. было отказано в официальной регистрации; здание синагоги переоборудовали под пивной з-д. В 1975 на юж. окраине К., на месте расстрела евреев, был установлен обелиск.В 1990-х гг. в К. была создана еврейская община, к-рой возвратили здание синагоги.В К. род.: Г.Аллон, А.Бекер, Я.Д.Веселовский, Я.-М.Залкинд, Р.И.Каплан-Ингель, Я.Г. Пановко, Я.Прегер, Я.-Д.Ридбаз; Исроэль-Хаим Билецкий (1914–1992), поэт, литературовед, с 1935 – в Э.-И., автор св. 30 сборников поэзии и лит. критики на идише; Элиас-Мендель Гроссман (1898–?), гравер, в творчестве к-рого активно присутствовала еврейская тема, с 1911 – в США, работы находятся в галереях и музеях разл. стран; Оскар Зарецкий (1899–?), математик, проф. разл. ун-тов США, в 1969–70 – през. Амер. матем. об-ва; Авром-Дойв-Бер Шапиро (1870–1943, Каунас), раввин в Смолевичах (1896–1913), в Каунасе (1913–43)., pronunciation=КОБРИН, город (с 1795), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1287. С 1-й пол. 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 16–18 вв. – город Брест-Литовского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1817 в К. проживало 899 евреев (63%), в 1847 – 4184 (64,3%), в 1864 – 4469, в 1878 – 4431 (56,9%), в 1897 – 6738 (64,8%), в 1910 – 6683, в 1921 – 5431 (66,2%), в 1928 – 5799 (61,5%), в 1999 – ок. 50 евреев.Первое упом. о еврейской общине К. относится к 15 в. В 1563 евреям К. принадлежали 22 дома, ок. 20 фруктовых садов и огородов. Имелась синагога. Осн. занятия евреев К. – торговля, пивоварение, откуп таможенных пошлин, аренда корчем. В 1589 евреи К. получили равные с остальным населением права в торговле. Евреи К. пострадали во время рус.-шведской войны (1656–58). Позднее экономика К. пережила кризис, что отразилось на положении еврейской общины. Обедневшая часть еврейского населения К. занималась в нач. 18 в. торговлей вразнос и разл. ремеслами; более зажиточные евреи торговали солью, зерном и лесом. Запрет еврейской аренды в черте оседлости (1882) и водочной монополии (1897) сильно подорвал благосостояние евреев К.; многие из них (в осн. ремесленники) выехали в США.В 17 – нач. 18 в. среди духовных руководителей еврейской общины К. были наиб. известны: раввин Бецалель Даршан (?–1678) и раввин Яков Шапиро (?–1718), основавший в К. иешиву. В 19 в. раввинами в К. были: Яков Иоффе (глава раввинского суда), в 1857–73 – Меир Шафит (?–1873), с 1876 – сын последнего Арон Меирович Шафит, затем – Пинхас Шик, в 1892–97 – Х.Берлин, в 1897–1905 – Яир Атлас, в 1906–23 – Довид Гринберг (1850–?), в 1910-х гг. казенным раввином был Гилель-Янкель Шоломович Пановка.В 1833 Мойше Рабинович (1784–1858) основал в К. хасидский двор, после его смерти династию продолжили раби Ноах-Нафтоли (1836–1889), раби Довид-Шлойме (?–1918), раби Мойше-Арон (1900–1942). В США династию продолжил зять Довида-Шлойме – Борух-Йосеф Зак (?–1949). В сер. 19 в. религ. судьей в К. был автор коммент. к Талмуду и ТАНАХу Ноах-Хаим Левин (1834–?).В 1884–96 в К. находился хасидский двор Менахема-Нохума Эпштейна (1846–1918), переселившегося затем в Белосток.В 1865 в К. было 14 синагог, в 1910 – 17, в т. ч. кобринских, слонимских и др. хасидов; имелось еврейское кладбище. Действовали об-во пособия бедным евреям, дом престарелых, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще. В 1873 были открыты еврейская больница и богадельня, в 1882 – еврейская школа, в 1904 – талмуд-тора, в 1910 – иешива.После рев-ции 1905 в К. возникли орг-ции Бунда, ССРП, «Поалей Цион». В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, 5 аптечных складов, 14 гостиниц, 2 булочные, трактир, синематограф, 143 лавки (в т. ч. все 14 мануфактурных, все 9 галантерейных), оба ювелирных и единств. книжный магазины. Среди евреев числились 9 портных, единств. в К. лесопромышленник. В 1914 был создан к-т помощи семьям мобилизованных в армию, затем к-т помощи беженцам. Действовало частное одноклассное еврейское уч-ще.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. работали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора, школа сети «Тарбут», мастерские ОРТа. В 1920–30-х гг. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. С 1928 издавалась газ. «Кобринер штиме», с 1934 – «Кобринер вохенблат». До 1929 работала школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1920–30-х гг. – школа с преподаванием на иврите, школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков», дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1923–39 действовала иешива. Работали проф. школа системы ОРТа, дет. дом (60 детей), центр подготовки к физич. труду в Э.-И.В 1905–42 раввином в К. был Михл Шмойш (1880–1942), в 1923–40 – Пейсах Прускин (?–1940).24 июня 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. Вскоре в К. было убито ок. 170 евреев. Были созданы юденрат и еврейская полиция. Осенью 1941 еврейское население К., численность к-рого возросла к тому времени до 8 тыс. чел. (за счет беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши), было заключено в 2 гетто (туда же перевели и евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов): гетто «А» – для специалистов, гетто «Б» – для женщин, детей, больных. В кон. 1941 в К. было расстреляно более 1 тыс. евреев. В нач. июня 1942 евреи из гетто «Б» были вывезены для уничтожения на Бронную гору. 15 окт. 1942 на юж. окраине К. было расстреляно 4,5 тыс. чел.; группу евреев-ремесленников уничтожили в тюремном дворе летом 1943. Ок. 100 евреев сумели бежать в леса, где вступили в партиз. отряды им. А.В.Суворова и К.Е.Ворошилова.После освобождения К. в июле 1944 в город вернулось 64 еврея.В 1950-х гг. еврейской общине К. было отказано в официальной регистрации; здание синагоги переоборудовали под пивной з-д. В 1975 на юж. окраине К., на месте расстрела евреев, был установлен обелиск.В 1990-х гг. в К. была создана еврейская община, к-рой возвратили здание синагоги.В К. род.: Г.Аллон, А.Бекер, Я.Д.Веселовский, Я.-М.Залкинд, Р.И.Каплан-Ингель, Я.Г. Пановко, Я.Прегер, Я.-Д.Ридбаз; Исроэль-Хаим Билецкий (1914–1992), поэт, литературовед, с 1935 – в Э.-И., автор св. 30 сборников поэзии и лит. критики на идише; Элиас-Мендель Гроссман (1898–?), гравер, в творчестве к-рого активно присутствовала еврейская тема, с 1911 – в США, работы находятся в галереях и музеях разл. стран; Оскар Зарецкий (1899–?), математик, проф. разл. ун-тов США, в 1969–70 – през. Амер. матем. об-ва; Авром-Дойв-Бер Шапиро (1870–1943, Каунас), раввин в Смолевичах (1896–1913), в Каунасе (1913–43)., extra_data="{'translat...")
KOBRIN Leon (1872, Vitebsk - 1946, New York), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. He studied at the cheder. Since 1892 - in the USA. He was a worker, a gas seller. He began publishing in 1893–94 in gas. In 1898, the first Sat. stories "Yankle Boyle", in 1899 post. K.'s first play "Minna". Author of over 30 plays, including East Side Ghetto (c. 1900), Enemies (1912), Doctor's Wives (1917), Riversize Drive (1918), rom. "Immigrants" (1909), "Ore-Beard" (1918), "Awakening" (1920), "Lost Melody" (1948) and others. subject of production K. - social. and family conflicts of Jewry in Russia and the United States. Translated into Yiddish by I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, V. Hugo, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant (with his wife P. Segal). He left his memoirs "Vp. Jewish playwright "(v. 1-2, 1925)," My fifty years in America "(v. 1-2, 1955-66).
KOBRIN Vladimir Borisovich (1930, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1983), prof. (1986). In 1951 he graduated from history. Faculty of Moscow State University, until 1955 worked in Stalino. Upon returning to Moscow in the middle. 1950s met with the historian A.A. Zimin, to-ry had a significant impact on the formation of scientific. interests K. Since 1957 he worked in the Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books GBL, from the beginning. 1960s - At the Department of History of the USSR, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Since 1988 - prof. Moscow Historical and archival institute. Author approx. 150 scientific. works on the history of Russia 15-16 centuries. (including on the problem of the emergence of a system of local land tenure), participated in the preparation of a number of textbooks on the course of the history of the USSR from ancient times to 1861, one of the authors (together with G.A. Leontyeva and P.A. Morin) of the textbook " Auxiliary ist. discipline "(M., 1982), comments. to the messages of the book. A. Kurbsky (in the book: "Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky". M., 1981) and other works: Power and property in medieval Russia (XV-XVI centuries). M., 1985; Ivan the Terrible. M., 1989; To whom are you dangerous, historian | M., 1992.
KOBRINSKY Aron Efimovich (1915, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1992, Los Angeles), a specialist in the field of precision mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Brother of N.E. Kobrinsky. He graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1939. In 1939–46 engineer-constructor, leading engineer. experienced design bureau and lab. pr-th aviation. prom-sti. Since 1946 - at the Institute of Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1989 - in the USA. In 1949, joint. with M.G.Breido proposed, developed and subsequently introduced into production numerical programmed control of machine tools. Participated in the creation and implementation of elements and systems of a discrete drive with stepper motors in the industry. Conducted research. in the region. biomechanics and mechanisms of regulation of human movement, one of the creators of the forearm prosthesis with bioelectric control. The author is numerous. Art., monographs, scientific popul. book State pr. USSR (1967). Works: Mechanisms with elastic connections. Dynamics and stability. M., 1964; 2D Vibration Impact Systems: Dynamics and Stability. M., 1981 (jointly with An.A. Kobrinsky); Robot Manipulation Systems: Device Basics. elements of theory. M., 1985 (jointly with Kobrinsky).
KOBRINSKY Natan Efimovich (1910, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1985, Moscow), scientist in the field of precision mechanics, cybernetics. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1951). Brother of A.E. Kobrinsky. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of silicates and building materials (1931), worked at MAI (Assoc.), since 1935 head. Department of the Theory of Mechanisms and Machines MATI. Since 1939 - at the Institute of Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1951-59 prof. department of counting and mathematics. machines and devices of the Penza Polytechnic. in-that. In 1959 he was appointed deputy. early Calculate. center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, then early. dep. on the introduction of mat. methods and calculates, techniques in plank beds. x-in. In 1965-68 the head. the department will calculate. technology and programming MIEI. In 1968–85 he worked in Moscow. economic and statistical. in-those (until 1974 head of the Department of Economic Cybernetics). - one of the founders of the new scientific. directions - theory of accuracy of mechanisms. He developed methods and created instruments for measuring angular velocities and accelerations (1940–42), proposed the theory and principles of constructing analog calculators. machines (1948–52). Author of scientific. Art., monographs, textbooks. Works: Mat. continuous machine. M., 1954; Fundamentals of Economics cybernetics. M., 1959; Models and methods of economics. cybernetics. (Questions of synthesis of the economic system). M., 1982; Econ. cybernetics. M., 1982 (et al.).
KOBRYANSKY Mozi Bentsionovich (1911, Khosovo, Kiev province - 1989, Jerusalem), writer. He graduated from the Kiev Jewish College, after which for many years. years worked as a mechanic. He made his debut in literature as a story in 1932 in a Kharkov magazine. "Spilled". Published in literary-artistic. zhurn. "Farmest", "Soviet Literature", in different. alm, and sb-kakh, in Kiev gas. Der Stern. First. book "Dem kovels tochter" ("The Blacksmith's Daughter") was published in 1940. In the beginning. 1941–45 war, he was evacuated to the Urals, then returned to Kiev, worked as an accountant. In the 1960s and 70s. in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" appear pov. "A fardorbener kern" ("Spoiled seed"), "A gute nakht, guterbruder" ("Good night, good friend"), "In shtetele Lyubava" ("In the town of Lyubava"), "Di zaverukhes" ("Zaveryuhi" ), "A Guter Mench" ("The Good Man"), the play "Velvele Gavriels" and other productions. K. especially succeeded in female images. Since 1977 - in Israel. Worked on rum. from the life of repatriates, but did not manage to finish it. Ch. from this manuf. publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland".
KOBULETI, a city (since 1944), a regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgia). Main In 1904, 9 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, 42 in 1939, 56 in 1959, 132 in 1970, and 40 in 1979, including 16 Georgian Jews. In 1929, the OZET Batumi branch in K. was organized by a Jewish collective farm, which included 16 families (72 people). In 1932 the collective farm took 1st place among 66 farms in the district, exceeding the plan of crops by 178%. After the abolition of GruzOZET (1938), the Jewish collective farm was liquidated by merging with other farms.
KOBYLETSKAYA POLYANA, urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Ugorskaya Rus in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848 135 Jews (15.7%) lived in KP, in 1910 - St. 200 (approx. 13%), in 1921 - 62 Jews (3.9%). 20th century main occupations of the Jews of KP - trade and gardening. KP had a synagogue and a school. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jews left the village, and the Jewish population of KP was exterminated during the Holocaust.
MALE, see Sweet water.
KOBYLNIK, see Naroch, Minsk region.
KOBYZHCHA, a village in the Bobrovitsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozeletsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1920, Jews constituted 0.1% of the population of Kazakhstan; in 1939, 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1886, there was an Olenburger pharmacy in Kazakhstan. Since the 1890s. Mordechai Zachs (1856 -?) was the rabbi in K. In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army in Kazakhstan organized a pogrom.
KOBZAREV Igor Yur'evich (1932, Leningrad - 1991, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966), prof. (1971). Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1955). Since 1956 in Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he completed his postgraduate studies with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, worked as a scientific. sotr. At the same time. from 1967 he taught at MEPhI. scientific. interests - physics of elementary particles, gravity, history of science. Calculated the lifetime and the probabilities of the dep. decay channels of the K-meson. Formulated a hypothesis of limited universality of weak interactions. He proposed a mixing mechanism for a vector meson ("vecton") and a gamma quantum and analyzed the generalization of the vector model leading to neutral currents. He made one of the first attempts to classify vector particles according to SU (3) -multiplets, gave an analysis of the renormalization of vector constants, indicated the possibility of the existence of the so-called. exotic. states. Klas-sich. work on gravity: gave an analysis of the interaction of fermions with gravitons and spin precession in gravitats. field, formulated low-energy. theorems for gravitons. Considered a cosmologist. consequences of discrete symmetry breaking. He was the first to carry out a complete study of the possible variants of the neutrino mass matrix. He studied the phenomena caused by the confinement of quarks. Cit .: Newton and his time. M., 1978; Einstein's theory of gravitation. General principles and experiments consequences. M., 1989 (with A.V. Berkov); Applications of Einstein's theory of gravitation to astrophysics and cosmology. M., 1990 (jointly with Berkov).
KOBZAREVKA, a village in the Valkovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Brachovka Valkovsky u. Kharkov province. In 1850, 38 Jews (15.2%) lived in Kazakhstan. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - the cultivation of sunflower. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; Jewish homes were looted.
KOBZAREVSKY Pavel Semenovich (real family member Gordon) (1909, Mogilev - 1970, Leningrad), poet, translator. He has been publishing poetry since 1928. Participant in the 1941–45 war. Translated from Belarusian, lang. prose Z. Byaduli, F. Pestrak and others. Comp. anthologies "Belarusian stories" (1948, 1952, 1971), "Belarusian dramaturgy" (1949), "Belarusian fables" (1959), "Belarusian stories" (1971).
KOBZON Joseph Davidovich (b. 1937, Chasov Yar, Dnepropetrovsk region), pop singer. Prof. (1992). Graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk Mining College (1956). In the army he served in Anse. songs and dances Zakavk. military. env. In 1958–63 he studied (graduated in 1973) at the State. music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. In 1959–62 the soloist Vses. radio, since 1963 - Mosconcert. The first ave. To the Mezhdunar. pop song festivals in Sopot (Poland, 1964) and "Golden Orpheus" (Bulgaria, 1968), at Intern. pop song competition (Budapest, 1966). He toured a lot in the USSR and abroad. K.'s performance is distinguished by a restrained, noble, sincere manner, which attracts many. comp., who entrusted him with the first performance of their songs. Among them are A.N. Pakhmutova, A.I. Ostrovsky, Ya.A. Frenkel, E.S. Kolmanovsky, M.L. Tariverdiev. K. constantly performs in concerts Jewish bunks. songs. The first performer of OB Feltsman's cycle "Songs of the Past" (four Jewish songs per folk. Texts). Since 1984, thin. hands. vok.-pop department of the State. music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins, where he has been teaching since 1985. In the 1990s. took up entrepreneurial and philanthropic. activities - headed by commercial. firm "Moskovit" (permanent sponsor of the Moscow chamber music theater under the direction of BAPokrovsky). Nar. art. USSR (1987), Nar. art. Ukraine (1991). State pr. USSR (1984). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1976).
KOCHETOK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Chuguevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1641. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zmievsky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. 1939 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in the fall of 1941 they were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 one Jew was killed in Kazakhstan.
KODAKI, a village in Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1850 49 Jews (8.0%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - approx. 100 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, crafts, sheepskin dressing. All R. 19th century Jews owned 2 drinking establishments, several. shops; in 1914 - grocery and manufacturing shops.
KODEN, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1511 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16th –18th centuries. - in the Brest powiat and voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Belsky u. In 1766, 435 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 665 (33%), in 1857 - 748 (34%), in 1897 - 1057 (38.1%), in 1921 - 541 (32%). by Sept. 1939 - c. 100 Jews. By the decree of the Lithuanian Vaad of 1623, the kagal K. became part of the Brest kagal okr. In 1705, "Koden with its tenants" contributed to the amount of 215 zlotys. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade with.-kh. products, handicrafts (shoemaking was especially widespread), the maintenance of restaurants, and the service of tourists (K. was a resort). Since 1885, Naftoli-Yosef Fraind (1861 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. 20th century a synagogue was built in K. (burned down during the First World War). In 1929, with the assistance of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1940 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. In September 1942 the Jews of K., together with 105 Jewish refugees from Krakow, were taken to the ghetto in Miedzyrzec Podlaski, from where in October. 1942 sent to Treblinka. YN Grigoriev
KODESS Petr Efimovich (1911, Onikshty Vilkomirsky u. Kovenskaya province. - 1987, Leningrad), designer of hardware and studio equipment. After graduating in 1937 Leningrad. polytechnic in-that took part in the design of the experienced Leningrad. telecentre with a standard of 240 lines. In 1948–50 he took part in the creation of an electronic television center in Moscow with a standard for image decomposition of 625 lines. As Ch. the designer of VNII TV supervised the development of new television centers of various modifications, including Stolitsa, Gorod, Rayon, and the design of new equipment for Leningrad. a television center, a complex for the Kremlin Palace of Congresses in Moscow, a unique hardware-studio complex for an all-Union television. center in Moscow. Became. etc. (1950).
KODNYA, a village in the Zhytomyr region of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1301, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. Since 1926 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1847, 529 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 688 (26.8%), in 1923 - 760 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the times of the Commonwealth. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts, handicrafts, small trade. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy, a mill, and 9 shops (including 7 grocery stores). Zemsky and K.'s dentists were Jews. In 1919, K. Jews suffered from pogroms perpetrated by units of the Directory. On 8 July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied K.. 1941, 185 Jews were shot in K. Y. Elisavetsky
KODRA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. In 1820, 24 Jews (4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 68 (8%), in 1939 - 109 Jews (3.8%). In 1894, the owner of a sawmill in Kazakhstan was Gersh Yankelevich Bialik. In 1914 Jews owned 7 out of 9 grocery stores, as well as a sawmill (15 workers) and 2 out of 3 glass factories. On July 6 and 13, 1919, pogroms were organized in Kazakhstan. several were killed. Jews.
KODREN (until 1990 - Kodryany), a village in Edinet u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 – beg. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, the Jews of K. were shot in the forest approx. sat down.
KODRYAN, see Codren.
KODYMA, city (since 1979), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1754 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1784, 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1787 - 21, in 1790 - 8, in 1800 - 17, in 1847 - 325, in 1862 - 825, in 1897 - 2041 (48%), in 1923 - 1691 , in 1939 - 1671 (16.5%), in 1993 - approx. 30 Jews. 1780s. the Jews of K. were assigned to the community of the town of Kryty (present-day Krutye), in the 1790s. - to the Rashkova community. In 1800 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 2 wooden inns and a distillery, and 5 houses. In 1845, there were 3 heders (42 students). In 1852 there were 12 Jewish artisans in Kazakhstan. In 1853 a synagogue operated in Kazakhstan; Avrom-Chaim Shimelman was the rabbi. In the 1880s. there were 2 synagogues in K. in the 1890s. - 3, in 1911 - 4. In 1898–1934 Nison Titievsky (1866–1934) was the rabbi of K. 19 - early. 20th century local Jewish merchants (5 timber and 7 grain merchants) sent their goods to Odessa. In K. there were Jewish factories that sold agricultural products. machines and tools, as well as cooperatives that bought up agricultural. products. In 1912, savings and loans were operating in Kazakhstan. m-in. In 1914, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned warehouses for kerosene and coal, 5 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 timber warehouses, a bakery, a bristle workshop, 2 hotels, and 67 shops (including all 14 grocery stores). Among the Jews of K. there were a dentist and a pharmacist. On May 18, 1919, peasants from neighboring villages staged a two-day pogrom in K., during which approx. 120 Jews. Kav. A squadron of the Directory, sent to K. to restore order, continued to plunder Jewish homes. Jews fleeing from K. were killed at st. Ivanovka by detachments of ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In 1920, there was a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army. 1920 rev. K. was headed by the local worker A. Rosenmeer. A Jewish school was opened. In 1928 there were 523 Jewish farms in Kazakhstan. In 1935, a school was housed in the building of the synagogue. On July 22, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan. More than 100 Jews were immediately shot. 1 aug. 1941 another 97 Jews were shot. 1 oct. 1941 the deportation of the Jews of Kazakhstan to Transnistria began. 3 jan. 1942 195 Jews were killed. Several were placed in a labor camp in K. in the summer of 1943. hundreds of Jews from Romania. Upon learning of the impending deportation, some Jews gave their daughters in marriage to Ukrainians, but soon these girls were killed. In total, 1107 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan during the occupation. A monument has been erected on the mass grave of the victims. In 1992, the Society of Jewish Culture was established in Kazakhstan. A Jewish cemetery with gravestones from the 19th century has survived. L. Feinberg, E. I. Shargorodsky.
KOJORI, urban-type settlement (since 1968) in Gardaban region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the city of Kodzhora in Tiflis u. In 1904 10 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 2, in 1970 - 11 Jews.
KOJORI, see Kojori.
COHEN Morris Genrikhovich (1910, New York - 1995, Moscow), an employee of the special services. In 1933 he joined the Communist as a student. youth league of Illinois un-that (USA), soon expelled from un-that for the spread of communist. leaflets. Since 1935, member. US Communist Party. In 1937–38 under the name of Israel Altman - in Spain in the international brigade. A. Lincoln. In 1938, owls were recruited in Barcelona. intelligence (ps. Louis), upon returning to the United States - a liaison and hands. agent group "Volunteers". In 1942 he attracted to cooperation with the Sov. intelligence wife - Leontina Teresa (nee Patke; ps. Leslie); collected information about the creation in the lab. Los Alamos, the world's first atomic bomb. In 1950, due to the failure of the Sov. agents in the USA and Canada were taken with his wife to the USSR. After the course special. training in the Sov. The intelligence center was abandoned with his wife in the UK under the guise of businessmen from New Zealand, spouses Peter and Helen Krogers. Was a radio operator Brit. agents of Gordon Lonsdale (Soviet resident K. Molodoy). In 1961 the K.'s spouses were arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison. In 1970 exchanged for British citizens arrested in the USSR. In 1971 they took USSR citizenship. Hero of Russia (1996).
COFMAN Rafael Moiseevich (1909, Odessa - 1988, Moscow), chess composer. Int. master (1973) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess composition. Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1967). Ed. dep. compositions in the magazine. Chess in the USSR (1954–71). Author approx. 400 compositions of different genres. Bronze, winner of three USSR championships (1948, 1955, 1959). Awarded by St. 150 differences per unit. and int. competitions, including received 42 first prizes. Vol .: Vses. championship in chess composition. M., 1956; Fav. S. Loyd's problems. M., 1960; Fav. sketches by S. Kaminer and M. Liburkin. M., 1981; Fav. compositions. M., 1985 (et al.).
KOFMAN Roman (Avram) Isaakovich (b. 1936, Kiev), conductor, composer, teacher, violinist. In 1961 he graduated from the Kiev cons. by class violin by P.N. Makarenko, in 1971 - by class. conducting by M.M. Kanerstein. In 1963–66 he worked as a concertmaster in the Kiev Chamber Orc., In 1966–78 - as an orc concertmaster. and conductor Akademich. ans. dance of Ukraine. Since 1978 leads the class. conducting in the Kiev cons., in 1980–93 hands. student orc., who first performed symph. V.V. Silvestrov. Since 1991 Ch. conductor of the Kiev Chamber Orc. and at the same time. Seoul Symphony. orc. From the 2nd floor. 1970s K. conducted the largest orc., Including Academic. orc. Leningrad. Philharmonic, State. symph. orc. USSR, Academic. symph. orc. Moscow Philharmonic, symph. orc. Moscow, decomp. mountains. Ukraine, Georgia and others. As a conductor he performs in many. countries of the world, constant. conductor orc. radio Munich and France. In addition to the production. classic K.'s repertoire includes op. modern composers. Performs in all countries nat. composers. K. - the author of the music for the film, dramas. performances, produc. for symphony. and children. orc. Author of the monograph "Psychological Problems of Conducting". Published Sat. verse. and prose.
KOGAN-BERNSTEIN Faina Abramovna (1899, Yuriev - 1976, Moscow), historian, translator. Dr. East Sciences (1943), prof. (1956). Since 1922 head. cabinet G.V. Plekhanov in Ying-those K. Marx and F. Engels. Worked at the Institute of History Communist. academy, taught in East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1956–71 she taught at Moscow. historical-archival institute. Author of works on the history of societies, thought of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. Translator, author joins, Art. and comments. to tr. L.Olshki “History of scientific. lit-ry in new languages. " (v. 1, 3. Moscow - L., 1933–34); A. Pirenna "Netherlands Revolution" (M., 1937); E. La Boesi "Discourse on Voluntary Slavery" (Moscow, 1952); F. Bacon "New Atlantis" (Moscow, 1954); M. Montaigne "Experiments" (book 1–2. M., 1954–58) and others.
KOGAN-BERNSTEIN Lev Matveevich (1862, Kishinev - 1889, Yakutsk), a member of the revolutionary movement. Studied at Petersburg. un-those. At a university meeting (1881) he delivered an anti-government speech. He was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. Returning in 1885 to Europe. Russia, joined the Narodnaya Volya movement and in 1887 was again sent into exile. In Yakutsk, he took an active part in the armed resistance to polit. exiled ("Yakut tragedy"), was seriously wounded. A military court sentenced to death by hanging.
KOGAN-BERNSTEIN Matvey Lvovich (1886, Derpt, Livland province - 1918, Black Zaton of Syzran u. Simbirsk province), politician. Son of L.M. Kogan-Bernstein. Graduated from high school in Krasnoyarsk; from the 7th grade participated in the roar. mug. In 1904 he settled in Germany. In 1909 he graduated from Heidelberg University, then defended the dock. dis. He worked abroad. gr. Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (AKP), went to Russia (finally returned in 1909). On the eve of the 1st world. war headed the organization of the AKP in Rostov-on-Don. In 1914 he was arrested and exiled to Voronezh. In the fall of 1916 he was drafted into the army, in January. 1917 demobilized due to illness. After Feb. roar. 1917 headed the Voronezh province committee of the AKP, vowel mountains. thoughts and dep. Voronezh Council. Delegate of the 3rd Congress of the AKP. In June, the delegate of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets; member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In Aug.-Sep. prev. Voronezh Council. All R. nov. elected to the Founding. collection. As an enemy of the Bolsheviks, he rejected the weapons. fighting them. From Jan. 1918 rev. zhurn. Central Committee of the AKP "Part, Izvestia", delegate of the 3rd and 4th All-Russia. Congresses of Soviets; member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 6/14/1918 he was deprived of his deputy mandate. In aug. illegally switched to the territory. Komucha. He criticized the right wing in the AKP, was removed from work in the Central Committee (according to other sources, he left the Central Committee himself). On Sept. defiantly left the Ufa state. meeting, which headed for the overthrow of the Sov. authorities. I decided to return to the Sov. Russia. He crossed the front line, was shot on the verdict of a military-field court as a Right Socialist-Revolutionary and a member of Will establish. meetings.
KOGAN-YASNY Victor Moiseevich (1889, Poltava - 1958, Kharkov), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1924), prof. (1930). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1913), then served as a doctor in the army (1914-17). Since 1918, a resident of the faculty therapeutic. clinics of Kharkov honey. Institute, since 1921 assistant, since 1925 Assoc. the same clinic. For the first time in the USSR (1923) he received insulin and applied it in the clinic. practice. Since 1930, at the Department of General Therapy of Kharkov honey. in-that, then head. departments of faculty and hospital therapy in the same place. With V.Ya.Danilevsky in 1919 he founded Organotherapeutic. Institute (now Ukrainian Institute of Endocrinology). In 1930 he organized and headed the first endocrinologist in the USSR. clinic. scientific. work dedicated. the study of diseases of the endocrine glands (diabetes mellitus, Graves' disease), hypertensive. and peptic ulcer, pneumonia, issled. metabolic disorders. K.-Ya. was one of the organizers and otv. ed. zhurn. "Medical business". Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1941). Cit .: Fundamentals of therapy and therapeutic prevention, v. 1–3. Kharkov, 1934 (jointly with E.A. Chernikov); Diabetes. Kiev-Kharkov, 1945; Diabetes. M., 1957.
KOGAN Alexander Borisovich (1912, Rostov-on-Don - 1989, ibid.), Physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1947), prof. The son of Boris Alexandrovich Kogan (1882-1960), therapist, Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Rostov honey. in-that. In 1932 K. graduated from the Rostov medical center. in-t and until 1942 worked there. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1945-47 he taught at the Rostov State. un-those. From 1947 until the end of his life the head. Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Rostov honey. in-that. At the same time. in 1971 he organized and until 1986 headed the Research Institute of Neurocybernetics as part of the North Caucasus. scientific. center of higher. schools. One of the first in the experiment to apply the methods of chronic. implantation of electrodes into the brain, first investigated the correlation of electric. brain activity with the behavior of animals, developed an express method for determining the types of higher. nervous activity, described 2 phases of sleep inhibition. He put forward a hypothesis about probabilistic-statistical. the principle of functioning of neural cells in the brain. Author of 9 monographs and 7 textbooks on human and animal physiology, biol. cybernetics, electrophysiology, physiology higher. nervous activity, etc. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1982). Cit .: Method of chronic implantation of electrodes for the removal of potentials and brain irritation. M., 1952; Electrophysiology. (Textbook for students of biological specialties of high fur boots). M., 1969.
KOGAN Alexander Grigorievich (1865, Rostov-on-Don - 1929, Zaporozhye), power engineer, production organizer. Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic in 1886. Until 1917 he worked on the design and construction of a power plant. in Yekaterinoslav, Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog and other cities. After 1917 he was a member. prez. Center, electrical engineering council, member. Collegiums of the Bureau for the Development of Projects of Regional Power Plants on Coal Near Moscow, Member. colleges builds, exercise. for the construction of the Kashirskaya power plant, tech. dir. Electric Society of Donetsk bass. at the Center. econom. advice. Since 1920 he participated in the development of the State. plan for the electrification of Russia (GOELRO): comrade (deputy) before. Commission for the preparation of the plan, prepared a report on the southern region of the country. Member prez. State Planning Committee of the RSFSR (1921). In 1928-29 he took part in drawing up the first five-year plan for the development of the Nar. x-va of the USSR.
B. KOGAN (| - |), publicist, journalist. In the 1930s. was one of the editors. every month. "Bagershn di technician" ("Master the technique"). Published Art. in the Jewish press about work in the countryside and about Jewish nat. districts of Ukraine. In 1932 he released the book. about collective farms, in 1935 - book. about the Stalindorf Jewish district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. Together with G. Orland and H. Gildin compiled collection of articles. "Shlakhtn" (Kharkov-Kiev, 1932).
KOGAN Boris Borisovich (Unker-Borukh Berkovich) (1896, Zhitomir - 1967, Moscow), therapist. Prof. (1939). Brother of M.B. Kogan. In 1916 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Participant of Civil. war, headed in 1917-18 to-t of the Bolshevik Party in Zhitomir, before. underground Zhytomyr Revolutionary Committee, in secret. Volyn Provincial Committee. In 1923–26, medical resident. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, worked in the clinic of social. and prof. diseases. Since 1931 at the Department of Hospital Therapy of the 1st MMI. As a consultant to the Lechsanupra Kremlin, in 1952 he was arrested under the so-called. "Doctors' cause", in 1953 he was released and rehabilitated. He returned to the department of hospital therapy. tr. K. dedicated issues of occupational pathology (research. lead and arsenous poisoning) and social. hygiene, allergic and nonspecific lung diseases, pharmacotherapy of pulmonary hypertension, myocardial infarction and heart aneurysm, funkts. diagnostics of the liver, renal hypertension, etc. Research. the problem of the so-called "Pulmonary heart" (1944), described its varieties in carcinomatosis, chorionepithelioma, Pickwick's syndrome, offered clinical fiziol. classification of chronic. pulmonary heart failure. A number of works by K. dedicated. general issues of medicine and health care, history of medicine ("Nek-ry issues of modern clinics", 1934; "Soviet therapists in the Fatherland. War", 1945; "AA Ostroumov", 1958). K. was one of the founders and deputy. prev. reign (1930–40) Vses. about-va therapists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). Cit .: Life of working youth. M., 1929; Bronchial asthma. M., 1950; 2nd ed., 1959.
KOGAN David Isaakovich (1838, Odessa - 1915, ibid.), Historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Publ. in Hebrew means. number of tr. to Wed-century. Jewish poetry and philosophy, on the history of Jewish mysticism, a monograph on the history of Jewish enlightenment in Russia. Author of a two-volume work on the history of the Kabbalists, Sabbatians and Hasidism.
KOGAN Efim Efimovich (1920, Odessa - 1973, ibid.), Chess player, coach. Master of Sports of the USSR (1963), Hon. trainer of the USSR (1968) and the Ukrainian SSR (1969). Medalist of the championships of Ukraine (1951, 1954). Coach of the world champion E. I. Bykova (1958).
KOGAN Efim Moiseevich (ps. Senechka Redkin) (1908 - 1976), artist, clown. Initially, he worked in a circus as a clown in decomp. rooms. In 1935 K., together with A.Ya.Baratov, created an original clown duet: Ivan Ivanovich and Senechka Redkin. Senechka portrayed the switchman, and the partner - the station master. All comedic situations, conflicts that arise between clowns, as it were, were illustrated from. expression: "The switchman is to blame for everything." Then K. worked independently, as 1941 - with partners in the role of a satirist clown and coupletist (solo and with partners) on the stage and in the circus.
KOGAN Evgeny Isaakovich (1906, Zenkov, Poltava province - 1983, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at VKHUTEIN in Leningrad (1927–30). In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. polygraph. in-t. Disciple of L.G. Brodata, V.P. Savitsky, V.A. Favorsky. Participant of exhibitions since 1937. Designed and illustrated. book for ed. "Hood. liter "," Sov. writer "," Det. liter ", etc. K. are designed and illustrated. book: B. Brecht "Chihi and Chukhi" (1936), J. Golsworthy "The Forsyte Saga" (1937), G. Mann "The Youth of King Henry IV" (1939), N.S. Rybak "Honoré de Balzac's Error "(1957), G. Boccaccio" Decameron "(1963), S. Rustaveli" The Knight in the Panther's Skin "(1964), as well as manuf. L.E. Razgon, L.A. Kassilya, L.I. Lagin, L.V. Ginzburg. He worked on new samples of a hand-drawn font: book. "Alphabet" (1965), "Project of occidental typesetting" (1971), etc. With the help of fonts, ornaments, emblems, introduced into the composition of images, he developed. motives K. sought parallelism thin. registration book. and their content. He also designed the book. Jewish writers (in Yiddish and translated into Russian): PD Markish “Izbr. poetry "(1957), A.Yu. Gontar" Pigeons on the Roof "(1969), Sh.V. Gordon" At the Vineyard "(1976), T.G. Gene" The Road Leaving into the Distance "(1977), R .Rubin "The Thread Is Curling" (1978) and others. 1st pr. At the country fonts competition - member. CMEA (Dresden, 1971).
KOGAN Evgeny Vladimirovich (1954 - 2007, Tallinn), politician. Graduated from Tallinn Polytechnic Institute, inst. Worked as the head. lab. labor protection association "Estrybprom" in Tallinn. 1989–91 - bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. He was one of the naib, active representatives of the conservative-communist forces in the USSR Armed Forces.
KOGAN Evgeniya Solomonovna (1886, Uman, Kiev province - 1937), politician. V.V. Kuibyshev's wife. Member RSDLP since 1907. In 1908 she was arrested and exiled for two years to Yarensk (Vologda province). In 1910–12 - at desks, work in Nikolaev, Odessa, Kherson, in 1913 in Kiev (party ps. Galya) - member, secretary. mountains. to-that RSDLP. In 1914 she was arrested again, exiled for two years to Poltava province, in 1915 to Samara under the public supervision of the police. After Feb. roar. 1917 - member, secretary Samara Provincial Party Committee, member. Samara Executive Committee, at the same time. sotr. gas. "Privolzhskaya Pravda". In 1918–20 p. Revolutionary Tribunal of the 1st Army operating in the Volga region, secretary. Samara Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In 1920-21 sec. Tashkent city party committee. In 1921-26 the head. agit.-prop. dep. Rogozhsko-Simonovsky, and then Sokolniki RK VKP (b) in Moscow, in 1926-30 head. dep. Moscow regional party committee. Since 1930 sec. MK VKP (b), from Feb. 1931 sec., In January. 1934 - May 1935 2nd sec. MGK VKP (b), from July 1936 deputy. prev. Mossovet. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Central Committee of the CPSU (b), delegate to the 13-17th Congresses of the CPSU (b). Repressed.
KOGAN Feiga Izrailevna (ps. A. Talin) (1891, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Poet. She studied at Nar. un-those A.A. Shanyavsky, at the recitation courses of V.K. Serezhnikov. In the first book. poems "My soul" (Moscow, 1912) noted the influence of AABlok. In 1917 she collaborated with a Jewish, theater, studio, from which the Habima trade center grew. After Oct. roar. was the head. repertoire section of TEO Proletkult. She studied, then taught at the State. in-those words. In 1920 she was a member of the circle of young poets. Author Sat. verse. The Flamenick (M., 1923). Supervised by dec. creative studios.
KOGAN Grigory Mikhailovich (1901, Mogilev - 1979, Moscow), pianist, teacher, musicologist, art critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1940). In 1914–20 he studied at the Kiev cons. by class php. from A.N.Shtoss-Petrova and V.V. Pukhalskiy, in composition - from R.M. Glier. After graduation until 1922 he was a lecturer (faculty), in 1922–26 a prof., In 1922–24 also a vice-rector of the Kiev cons. At the same time. taught at the Kiev music and drama. in-those them. N.V. Lysenko. From 1920 he gave concerts as a pianist. Performed by French harpsichordists, Op. little known comp. Developed and taught a course in the history and theory of pianism. K. - the founder of the Sov. performing sciences. In 1926–30 he was a teacher, in 1932–43 a professor, in 1936–43 he was a head. Department of History and Theory of Pianism Moscow. cons. In 1927–32, music was played. section GAKhN, in 1946–48 sotr. and head. Sector of Theory and History of Pianism Research Institute of Art. education APN RSFSR. In 1949–56 prof. Kazan cons. In 1932-68 he taught a course in the history and theory of pianism in decomp. cons. - in Leningrad, Kharkov, Minsk, Riga, Tbilisi, and others. K. is known as a researcher whose interests are associated with related areas of art, the psychology of creativity. The problems of performance were considered by him in the context of the general laws of creativity. process in the context of the era. K. - the author of books and articles-portraits about A.G. Rubinstein, S.V. Rachmaninov, F. Busoni, F.I.Shalyapin, as well as theoretical. works: "School of Piano Transcription" (M., 1937); "At the Gates of Mastery" (Moscow, 1958); "On the piano texture" (Moscow, 1961); "The Work of a Pianist" (Moscow, 1963). A number of Art. K. entered Sat. "Fav. articles "(M., 1985).
KOGAN Khlavno (1900, Kazan-Gorodok - 1943), writer. He studied at the Brest yeshiva, then at one of the Vilna technical schools. K. made his debut in 1930 in the weekly. "Literary Tribune" (Lodz), then his stories were published in dec. collection of books and alm. In 1935 a pov came out. "Oifn Taih" ("On the River"). In 1929 he came to Warsaw, where he became one of the founders of a group of leftist Jewish writers. In 1937 he moved to Paris. After the occupation of Paris, he was interned in the Pitivier camp, from there he was deported to one of the death camps. Among K.'s manuscripts hidden before the arrest, rum has been preserved. "Moonshine" - about Grazhd. the war in Russia, as well as the play Poilisher Strike (The Polish Strike).
KOGAN Lazar Iosifovich (1889 Elovka, Yenisei province - 1939), an employee of the special services. Art. Major of State Security (1935). In 1905-06 he was a member. organization of anarchist communists in Krasnoyarsk and Kherson provinces, participated in expropriations. In 1908 he was arrested and sentenced to death, commuted to indefinite hard labor. He served his sentence in Elizabethan (1908-Y) and Kherson (1910–17) prisons. From 1918 in the Red Army, then in the Cheka, early. Special Department of the 9th Army. Since 1921 pom. early troops of the Cheka. In 1924 he was transferred to the Counterintelligence Department. OGPU USSR. From 1930 beginning. GULAG OGPU USSR. In 1931 he headed the Belomorstroy of the NKVD of the USSR. Since 1936 2nd deputy. People's Commissar of the USSR Forestry Industry. Repressed.
KOGAN Leonid Borisovich (1924, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1963). From 1933 he studied at the Special Children. group (from 1936 Central musical school-ten-year at the Moscow cons.) by class. violin at A.I. Yampolsky under his leadership in 1948 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1953 - graduate school. Since 1944 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. In K.'s concert repertoire, violin music from J.-S. Bach, W.-A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms, N. Paganini to A. Berg, S. S. Prokofiev and D. D. Shostakovich ... K. equally succeeded in both monumental, large-scale works, and miniatures with fine detailing. 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. violin competition them. Queen Elizabeth of Belgium (Brussels, 1951). Since 1951 he has toured to many. European countries, USA, Latin America countries, Australia and New Zealand. From 1952 he taught at Moscow. cons., in 1969–80 head. department. Among the students of K. - laureates of international. contests V.Mullov, A.B. Korsakov, V.I. Zhuk. Nar. art. USSR (1966). Linen. etc. (1965).
KOGAN Lev Lazarevich (1927, Baku - 2007), composer. In 1952 he graduated from the State. music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. Author of the first Moldavian ("Sisters", 1959) and the first Kabardino-Balkarian ballets ("Lyalutsa", 1964; "Aminat", 1966; "Mountain Legend", 1967), "Jewish Rhapsody" (1961), music. comedies, music for performances, songs. K.'s Jewish songs were published in Moscow in 1967 and 1969. The Melodiya firm released 12 K.'s discs, including eight with Jewish songs. Since 1972 - in Israel. Author pl. productions based on Jewish muses. folklore.
KOGAN Lev Naumovich (1923, Yekaterinburg - 1997, ibid.), Culturologist. Dr. Philos. sciences, prof., acad. AEN RF (1990). Graduated from East. Faculty of the Ural University (1945). Since 1945 he has been working at the Ural University; prof. Department of Social and Political Sciences Philosophy. f-that. Ed. K. published collective monographs: "Cinema and the Spectator" (Moscow, 1968); The Spiritual World of the Soviet Worker (Moscow, 1972); "Cultural Activity" (M., 1981); "Politics and Culture" (Sverdlovsk, 1991) and others. Scientist of the RSFSR (1983). Works: Labor and Beauty. M., 1962; Essays on the theory of the socialist. culture. Sverdlovsk, 1972; Soviet socialist. culture: results and prospects. M., 1979; The purpose and meaning of human life. M., 1984; Man and his destiny. M., 1988; Sociology of culture. Sverdlovsk, 1992.
KOGAN Marat Mikhailovich (1924, Poltava - 1990, Kiev), checker player. Master of Sports of the USSR (1941), Intern. master of 100-cell checkers (1966). In 1942–45 - at the front. Champ. USSR in Russian drafts (Moscow, 1949), won 2nd place four times, 3rd once, participated in 9 national championships. Winner of the First Intern. tournament in hundred-cell drafts (Moscow, 1956).
KOGAN Mikhail Borisovich (1893, Kiev - 1951, Moscow), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1940). Brother of B.B. Kogan. After finishing honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1919) served in the Red Army. In 1921–25 clinics. Resident of the Department of Hospital Therapy, 1st Moscow State University. From 1938 to the Center. in-those improved doctors - prof. department int. diseases, head. 2nd department of therapy, deputy. dir. on nauch.-to lay down. parts (from 1944), at the same time. scientific. hands. Centre. clinic Lechsanupra Kremlin. See. was ranked among the group of doctors - "killers in white coats". Science. tr. To. Are devoted to hl. arr. cardiovascular diseases, including hypertensive. diseases, myocardial infarction, as well as diseases of the joints, lungs, etc. He proposed the term "coronary disease". Cit .: Hypertension. Clinic, genesis and treatment. M., 1946.
KOGAN Mikhail Saulovich (1898 - 1942, Leningrad), chess historian and writer. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Collected a large fact. material for the book. on the general history of chess in the USSR. One of the first to study the biography of the champion of Russia M.I. Chigorin. Author pl. Art .: History of the chess game in Russia. L., 1927; Chess in the life of Russian writers. L. - M., 1933; Essays on the history of chess in the USSR. M. - L., 1938.
KOGAN Moses (1879, Orhei, Bessarabian province - 1942), sculptor, graphic artist. Since 1903 in Germany. He studied medal art and pottery, wood and stone carving in Munich. He made a living by drawing for embroidery and fabrics. In 1909 he became a member. Munich New Society of Artists. Participated in the 1st and 2nd salons of V.A. Izdebsky (in 1909/10 and 1911), showed bronze reliefs there. Since 1910 - in France. He was engaged in the main. sculpture. Received high marks from A. Mayol and O. Roden. Naib. famous works - female nudes and torsos in wood and terracotta. K. is a master of woodcuts and linoleum, as well as lithography. In 1913 and 1914, personal exhibitions were held in the Munich gal. G. Golts. K. participated in the Paris Autumn Salon (from 1908), in many. group exhibitions in Munich, Weimar, Cologne, Hagen, in the Berlin Secession (1909, 1911, 1912, 1926). In 1925, K. was elected vice-president. The Salon d'Automne is an unusual honor for a non-Frenchman. In 1928, K.'s works were shown in Russian. department of the exhibition "Sovr. art of Europe ”in Hamburg. He died in a concentration camp.
KOGAN Naum Lvovich (1863, Yekaterinoslav province - 1893, ibid.), Writer. He studied at the Kharkov vet. in-those. In Nikopol, together with his wife, he opened the beginning. school and library. In 1888 he moved to the Crimea. Gave private lessons in Yalta and Simferopol. Collaborated in gas. "Crimea", "Crimean Bulletin". In Yalta I met with A.P. Chekhov. With the help of V.G. Korolenko publ. his ch. manuf. "In a remote place." First. name - "In a Jewish place" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1892, No. 11; separate ed. - St. Petersburg, 1893, under the dog N. Naumov)
KOGAN Pavel Davydovich (1918, Kiev - 1942), poet. In 1936 he entered MIFLI, from 1939 he studied in Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky. From 1941 - at the front, died in the battles near Novorossiysk. The author of the words of the song "Brigantine". During his lifetime he was not published. K.'s poems began to appear in print in the 2nd half. 1950s In 1960 the collection was published. verse. "Thunderstorm" (in an additional form, reprinted in Moscow in 1989). Unfinished. poem "The first third" (1940–41) publ. in 1964.
KOGAN Pavel Leonidovich (b. 1952, Moscow), violinist, conductor. Son of L.B. Kogan and E.G. Gilels. In 1974 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violins by Yu.I. Yankelevich and by class. conducting by L. M. Ginzburg. 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. the J. Sibelius Violin Competition in Helsinki (1970). Performs as a conductor, as well as a solo violinist and in ans. In 1980–83 he was conducting the Moscow. chamber. orc., from 1988 - ch. conductor and artistic director hands. Zagreb Philharmonic. orc., since 1989 artistic director hands. and ch. conductor Mosk. state academic. symph. orc. Russia, with which he tours in different countries. In 1988–90 he conducted opera performances at the Bolshoi Theater. In 1976–88 he taught at Moscow. cons. Honored. art. RSFSR (1987).
KOGAN Pavel Simonovich (b. 1931, Leningrad), film director. In 1956 he graduated from the econom. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He worked as an economist for Leningrad. newsreel studios, wrote voice-overs for newsreels, essays, stories, worked as an assistant director. In 1964 he graduated from the theater studies department of GITIS. Since 1964, dir. Leningrad. studio doc. f. Author doc. ph .: "Look at the face" (1966, Honorary diploma of the Moscow Art Festival in Leipzig), "Day by Day" (1967), "Military Music Orchestra" (1968, jointly with P.M. Mostov, ave. "Golden Dove "ICF in Leipzig)," Big Hockey "(1969)," Theme with Variations "(1970)," Flight "(1972)," In the Non-Black Earth Region "(1976)," Secret Order "(1981)," Soap Mom frame "(1982) and many others. Dr. Post. t / f "The Limit of the Possible" (1984, jointly with Mostov), ​​game f. "The House Is Under Construction" (1978, jointly with Mostov). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1980).
KOGAN Petr Semenovich (1872, Lida, Vilna province - 1932, Moscow), literary historian. Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1896). Taught at Moscow. ped. courses, at the Orphan Institute, at the Moscow School. philharmonic. about-va, in Nar. University of Shanyavsky. Author of "Essays on the history of Western Europe. literature "(withstood 12th edition, last 1943)," Essays on the history of modern Russian. literature ”(7th ed., last - 1929). After passing the master's examinations in 1911, K. was approved as a privat-doc. Petersburg. un-that. At the same time. elected prof. Higher. wives courses to them. P.F. Lesgaft. Member Society of lovers of rus. literature, since 1910 - d. h. Neofilol. about-va at Petersburg. un-those. In 1913-14 in Germany he studied the work of Heine Heine. As a scientist, he developed under the influence of Marxism, adhered to the methodology of cultural-ist. schools. Author of the book: "Belinsky and His Time" (1911), "Prologue: Thoughts on Literature and Life" (1915, 1923), "Intelligentsia and the People" (1917), "Essays on the History of Ancient Literatures" (1907–37) , "Essay on the History of General Literature" (1930), and others. The methods of the "diligent Marxist" (B. Eichenbaum) declared by K. were at odds with his immediate. experience of literary work, a cut was not characteristic of simplified sociologism. After the rev-tion of prof. and Chl. reign of Smolensk un-that, in 1921-30 - prof. 1st and 2nd Moscow State University, All-Union in-that archeology and lawsuit. Prev thin Committee of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. From 1921 - prez. GAHN K.'s son - Kuleshov (Nolle) Alexander (1921, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Sports journalist. The author of the book. about sport. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
KOGAN Sarra Yakovlevna (1919, Odessa - 1989, Moscow), seismologist, mathematician. Dr. Math. Sciences (1972). In 1937 she entered physics and mathematics. Faculty of Kharkov University. She graduated from Tbilisi University in 1941, in 1944 graduated from Moscow State University. 1945–50 early. will calculate. bureau Mosk. mechanical in-that. Since 1950 - in the department of dynamic. Meteorology Geophys. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956–89 - at the Institute of Physics of the Earth named after. O.Yu. Schmidt of the USSR Academy of Sciences. work in the region. theory of elasticity, dynamic. meteorology, seismology. Developed approximate methods for determining the energy of seismic. waves of different types in high-altitude, air, contact and underground explosions, theoretically substantiated the phenomenon of seismic absorption. waves (1972), proposed methods for determining and assessing the accuracy of dynamic. parameters of seismic. sources (explosions and earthquakes). Cit .: Seismich. energy and methods of its determination. M., 1975.
KOGAN Semyon Arkadievich (b. 1928, Bobruisk), conductor. Studied at Leningrad State University. cons. by class violins by I.A. Lukashevsky (1952–57) and by class. operatic symphony. conducting with IA Musin (1955-59), he also studied in correspondence. graduate school (1963–65). Since 1961 K. Ch. conductor of symphony organized by him in Omsk. orc. In 1969 he trained at symphony. orc. Moscow Philharmonic at K.P. Kondrashin, Since 1976, ch. conductor and artistic director hands. symph. orc. in Rostov-on-Don. The repertoire included, in addition to works. Western-European and Russian. classics, op. P. Hindemith, I. F. Stravinsky, A. G. Schnittke and S. A. Gubaidulina. Since 1978 prof. department of opera and symphony. conducting of Rostov music-ped. Institute (Rostov State Cons. named after S.V. Rachmaninov). In 1993 K. received the Grand Prix and Zol. medal for the International competition ch. conductors in the DPRK. Nar. art. RSFSR (1988).
KOGAN Shulim Meerovich (b. 1930, Cetatya-Albe, Romania), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1969), prof. (1983). After graduating from the Ural University in Sverdlovsk (1953) he taught physics in Wed. school. In 1956–59 he was a postgraduate student at Moscow State University. Since 1959 he worked at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1980 head of the laboratory). At the same time. taught at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Moscow State University. Since 1992 he has been working in Los Alamos (USA). scientific. interests - the theory of fluctuations. phenomena (noise), TV photoconductivity. tel, phototherm. ionization, spectroscopy. Constructed (with A.Ya. Shulman) the theory of quasi-classical. fluctuations in nonequilibrium gases containing hot electrons, and developed a general method for calculating correlations. functions in these systems. Predicted that the spectrum of the equilibrium magn. noise in spin glasses is inversely proportional to frequency. Developed the theory of low-frequency fluctuations of resistance caused by jumping defects. Constructed a theory of noise in loosely coupled superconductors. Developed (with T.M. Lifshitz and F.Ya. Nadem) methods of photothermal spectroscopy. He introduced the concept of the photoconductivity tensor and built (with Yu.S. Gal'pern) a theory of anisotropic photoconductivity in homogeneous conductors with isotropic dielectric. permeability and conductivity. Discovered (jointly) the electronic photothermomagnetic effect. The author of St. 100 scientific. publications.
KOGAN Solomon Yakovlevich (1913 - 1986, Moscow), cinematographer, film director. In cinema since 1930. In 1933 he graduated from the camera courses at "Mosfilm". Filmed doc. f. ("On the storming of Elbrus", 1934; "Mannerheim's Line", 1939). During the 2nd world. war front-line cameraman. The author of the 1st military. reportage filmed on 24 June 1941. Participated in the filming of F. "Defense of Odessa" (1941), "Day of War" (1942), "Victory in the South" (1944), "Liberation of Belgrade", "Battle of Budapest" and "Yugoslavia" (all - 1945). In the post-war years, director-operator doc. ph .: "Soviet Whalers" (1951), "Hunters of the Southern Seas" (1956), "Teacher of Champions" (1958), "Championship in Budapest" (1966) and many others. dr. Became. pr. (1941, 1952).
KOGAN Vladimir Ilyich (b. 1923, Petrograd), theoretical physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1995). After graduating from MEPhI (1947), he worked at the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1990, a leading scientific researcher). At the same time. teaches at MEPhI. scientific. interests - quantum mechanics, theory of plasma radiation. Author of works on spectrum broadening, lines in hot plasma (multiparticle ion dynamics) and calculations of radiation. losses of fusion plasma on impurities. Built qualities. the theory of radiation transfer in plasma. Considered bremsstrahlung of electrons in a non-Coulomb atomic potential. Proposed and developed a method of approximation. descriptions of electron-atomic radiative-collision. processes. Author approx. 120 scientific. Works: Problems in Quantum Mechanics. M., 1956 (jointly with V.M. Galitsky); Broadening of spectral lines in high-temperature plasma. - In collection: Plasma Physics and the Problem of Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions, vol. 4. Moscow, 1958.
KOGAN Yuri Matveevich (b. 1928, Moscow), economic geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1978). In 1950 he graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in Hydroproject (1956–62), Energosetproekt (1962–81), Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky (now JSC "ENIN") (since 1981). Since 1960 he participated in the preparation of all major state. programs in the region. development of the electric power industry. Author of over 100 scientific. works, including monographs. Among them - "Economic problems of electrification" (1976, co-authored with AA Beschinsky). Etc. them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984).
COGEN-MINZ Edith (nee Mints) (b. 1913, Riga), sportswoman (tennis). Latvian tennis champion. In E.-I. from 1940. Multid. champion of Israel in singles, doubles and mixed discharges. Participant of ten Maccabiads, since 1935. Son of K.-M. - Tankum (b. 1939, Riga), sportsman (basketball). Sport, activity began in tennis, became the champion of Israel among youth. He played as a basketball player for the Maccabi team (Tel Aviv). He played in the national team of Israel, was its captain. One of the most prolific players in Israeli basketball history. In 1964 he was included in the starting five of the European team. Basketball "stars". In 1961, 1963 and 1964 he was elected in Israel "Sportsman of the Year".
KOGEN-TSEDEK (Katz) Yosef (b. 1904, Vilna), teacher, poet, translator, politician. From 1925 - in E.-I. He taught Hebrew and mathematics. Founder of the Rehavia Gymnasium in Jerusalem. Published Art. on pedagogy in Israel and abroad. press. Translated many others. manuf. A.S. Pushkin in Hebrew. Songwriter (text and melody). Active participant of the International Esperanto movement, translator of Hebrew poetry into Esperanto. One of the creators of Beitar in E.-I. Since 1944 - in ETsEL. One of the prominent figures of Herut in Jerusalem.
KOGEN Isaac Cadmi (1892, Lodz - 1944), writer, lawyer. He studied at the Herzliya gymnasium in Tel Aviv, then lived in Paris, where he became a lawyer. Adhering to leftist beliefs, he was at the same time. extreme right Zionist and surpassed the revisionists, proclaiming in his Op. State of Israel (1930) the need to establish a Jewish empire stretching from the Nile to the Euphrates. In 1941–42 he was interned in Compiegne, organized there by a Zionist. a club to counter the predominant belief in the need for assimilation among Franco-Jewish intellectuals. Believing that the victory of the Nazis was inevitable, he expressed the consideration that the Germans could agree to a mass evacuation of Europe. Jews in E.-I., and presumably sent Hitler a memorandum, in which he recommended this "solution." He was deported to the Gleiwitz concentration camp and most likely died in Auschwitz. K.'s son - Jean-Francis Steiner (b. 1938), writer. The author of the book. "Treblinka" (1966), based on the documents, to-rye S. studied in "Yad Vashem", and conversations with those who survived the concentration camp.
COGEN Lyon (1868, Budnika, Suwalki province - 1937), entrepreneur, public figure. Came to Canada in children. age. In 1906 he began to work in the region. sewing industry, later - prez. Montreal Garment Manufacturers Association. In 1897, together with Samuel W. Jacobs, founded the Juish Times, the first Canadian Jewish periodical. ed., until 1910 was his director. In 1908-12 prez. Ying-that of Baron M. de Hirsch; in 1919 the first prez. Canadian Jewish Congr .; was also prez. Canadian EKOPO.
COGEN Morris Raphael (1880, Minsk - 1947), culturologist, writer. Since 1892 - in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. In 1912–38 he taught philosophy at City College (New York). In 1928 prez. Amer. Philos. associations. In 1938–41 prof. University of Chicago. In 1933 he founded Conf. according to the interests of the Jews "- an org-tion engaged in scientific research. research Jewish problems. The activity of this organization was described in his autobiography "The Dreamer's Journey" (1949), which is interesting for the characteristics of the Jews - contemporaries given in it. in the region. philosophy of law, criticized the conservative anti-labor legislation. Author of monographs on natural philosophy. Particularly famous was the joint editorial board written by him. with E. Nagel the textbook "Introduction to logical. and scientific. methods "(1934).
KOGEN Simon (Sam) (1890 - |), entrepreneur. From 1906 - in the South-West. Africa, lived in Swakopmund, after 1st World. wars - in Windhoek. Creator and hands. a number of trade., agricultural, mining, transport. and fishing companies, had branches in South Africa, Rhodesia and other countries. "The uncrowned king" of the South-West. Africa, K. played a prominent role in accelerating the economy. development of the country. Poch. prez. Jewish community of Windhoek.
KOGEN Zvi (1860, Suwalki Province - 1950, Mastvernon, Canada), rabbi. Rod. in a hereditary rabbinical family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at yeshivas in Volkovyshki, Vilna and Volozhin. Since 1889 - in Canada. In the 1890-1940s. - a rabbi in Montreal. Created a system of Jewish religions. uch. establishments in the city. In the years of the 1st world. war helped refugees from Europe. He initiated the creation of a fund to help Jewish orphans in Ukraine; helped send them to Canada. In 1923 created. The Council of Rabbis of Montreal and headed it. Was a member. Association of the rabbis of the USA and Canada and poch. prez. the Mizrahi movement in Canada.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОКАНД, город (с 1876) в Ферганской обл. (Республика Узбекистан). Изв. с 10 в. как Хавакенд. С 1740 – столица Кокандского ханства. С 1876 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Ферганской обл. В 1918–24 – в составе Туркестанской АССР, в 1924–91 – УзССР.В 1888 в К. проживало св. 1000 евреев, в 1897 – 1029 (1,3%), в 1910 – 1341 (1,2%), в 1926 – 3551 (5,1%), в 1939 – 3196, в 1959 – 567 бухарских евреев (0,5%), в 1970 – 3677 евреев (2,8%).С 1867 в К. существовало еврейское кладбище, на к-ром впоследствии у ашкеназийских евреев был свой участок. В 1870-х гг. началось массовое переселение в К. бухарских евреев. С кон. 19 в. евреи К., гл. обр. бухарские, занимались торговлей хлопком, а также ремеслами и мелкой торговлей. В кон. 19 в. был открыт закупочный пункт торг. дома «Бр. Шлосберг». Предприниматель Р.Ш.Потеляхов владел в К. маслобойным, хлопкоочистит., мыловаренным з-дами и табачной ф-кой. В нач. 20 в. в К. открыто отд-ние «Потеляховского торг.-пром. т-ва на паях». В К. также жили изв. предприниматели Сион Вадьяев и Малла Симхаев. В 1906 среди ашкеназийских евреев действовали сионистские кружки.В 1909 в К. прошла постановка пьес Ш.Аша «С волной» и А.Рейзина «Друзья». В 1910 была открыта типография, имевшая еврейский шрифт. В том же году в К. действовали 3 синагоги, в 1915 – 6 синагог. В 1916 на средства Исхарова и Абрамова был основан т-р на туземно-еврейском яз. (закрыт в 1920-х гг.). В 1917 открыт т-р на иврите «Тарбут», создана молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Тарбут», работала школа с преподаванием на иврите и рус. яз. В 1918 Потеляхов и Вадьяев вошли в качестве министров в состав пр-ва Кокандской автономии. В 1918 во время погрома мусульманскими экстремистами был убит раввин Абу Джанка.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. было осуществлено кооперирование ремесленников-евреев. В 1927 действовала трудовая еврейская артель (21 чел.), имущество оставшихся кустарей в 1930 конфисковано, все еврейские кооперативы ликвидированы в 2-й пол. 1930-х гг. В 1930 в К. имелись артели ОЗЕТа, объединявшие 400 семей (2000 чел.). В 1920-х гг. работал Туземно-еврейский рабочий дом, в 1930 открыт Туземно-еврейский пед. техникум (с 1937 – Узб. жен. пед. техникум). В 1920–30-х гг. работала школа для бухарских евреев. В 1930-х гг. бухарские евреи составляли большинство рабочих хлопкоочистит. з-да. В 1927 по инициативе Й.-И.Шнеерсона была создана иешива «Тиферет бахурим», закрытая в 1928.С 1928 в К. активно велась антирелиг. кампания, к кон. 1930-х гг. были закрыты 2 синагоги, раввин Эзра Якубов, много сделавший для спасения арестованных сов. властями евреев, в 1936 выехал в Э.-И. С 1930-х гг. в К. действовала 1 синагога (открытая в 1904). После 1945 в праздники ее посещало до 1 тыс. евреев. Раввином в К. был Исаак Елевич Рискинд (1869–?). Рискинд и Израиль Абаяшевич Шейхет (1862–?) выполняли функции шохета и моэла; при синагоге действовала миква (в 1941 отремонтирована любавичским хасидом Йосефом-Иегудой Хеном). В 1947 власти отклонили ходатайство общины об открытии второй синагоги.В 1984 во время пожара в синагоге сгорело 9 свитков Торы. В 1990-х гг. раввином К. был Аврех Катанов, он же исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Старинный еврейский квартал Кофровот в К. снесен, на еврейском кладбище – мемориал с именами 200 евреев, погибших в 1941–45. В 1989–94 из К. в Израиль выехал 1371 чел. В 2001 в К. действовали синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 2001 в К. проживало ок. 120 евреев.В К. род.: А.А.Колен, Л.С.Пейсиков; Александра Яковлевна Давыдова (урожд. Борухова) (р. 1926), адвокат, с 1992 – в США; Александр Мармен (р. 1957), тренер по легкой атлетике (прыжки в высоту, тройной прыжок), засл. тренер УзССР, с 1990 – в Израиле, среди учеников – чемпионы и рекордсмены СССР и Израиля; Сараджан Михайловна Юсупова (1910–1965, Душанбе), геохимик, д-р геол.-минералогич. наук (1948), проф. (1948), акад. АН ТаджССР (1951), обл. науч. интересов – минеральные и термальные источники, нефтегазоносные структуры Таджикистана, проблемы физ.-коллоидной химии., pronunciation=КОКАНД, город (с 1876) в Ферганской обл. (Республика Узбекистан). Изв. с 10 в. как Хавакенд. С 1740 – столица Кокандского ханства. С 1876 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Ферганской обл. В 1918–24 – в составе Туркестанской АССР, в 1924–91 – УзССР.В 1888 в К. проживало св. 1000 евреев, в 1897 – 1029 (1,3%), в 1910 – 1341 (1,2%), в 1926 – 3551 (5,1%), в 1939 – 3196, в 1959 – 567 бухарских евреев (0,5%), в 1970 – 3677 евреев (2,8%).С 1867 в К. существовало еврейское кладбище, на к-ром впоследствии у ашкеназийских евреев был свой участок. В 1870-х гг. началось массовое переселение в К. бухарских евреев. С кон. 19 в. евреи К., гл. обр. бухарские, занимались торговлей хлопком, а также ремеслами и мелкой торговлей. В кон. 19 в. был открыт закупочный пункт торг. дома «Бр. Шлосберг». Предприниматель Р.Ш.Потеляхов владел в К. маслобойным, хлопкоочистит., мыловаренным з-дами и табачной ф-кой. В нач. 20 в. в К. открыто отд-ние «Потеляховского торг.-пром. т-ва на паях». В К. также жили изв. предприниматели Сион Вадьяев и Малла Симхаев. В 1906 среди ашкеназийских евреев действовали сионистские кружки.В 1909 в К. прошла постановка пьес Ш.Аша «С волной» и А.Рейзина «Друзья». В 1910 была открыта типография, имевшая еврейский шрифт. В том же году в К. действовали 3 синагоги, в 1915 – 6 синагог. В 1916 на средства Исхарова и Абрамова был основан т-р на туземно-еврейском яз. (закрыт в 1920-х гг.). В 1917 открыт т-р на иврите «Тарбут», создана молодежная сионистская орг-ция «Тарбут», работала школа с преподаванием на иврите и рус. яз. В 1918 Потеляхов и Вадьяев вошли в качестве министров в состав пр-ва Кокандской автономии. В 1918 во время погрома мусульманскими экстремистами был убит раввин Абу Джанка.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. было осуществлено кооперирование ремесленников-евреев. В 1927 действовала трудовая еврейская артель (21 чел.), имущество оставшихся кустарей в 1930 конфисковано, все еврейские кооперативы ликвидированы в 2-й пол. 1930-х гг. В 1930 в К. имелись артели ОЗЕТа, объединявшие 400 семей (2000 чел.). В 1920-х гг. работал Туземно-еврейский рабочий дом, в 1930 открыт Туземно-еврейский пед. техникум (с 1937 – Узб. жен. пед. техникум). В 1920–30-х гг. работала школа для бухарских евреев. В 1930-х гг. бухарские евреи составляли большинство рабочих хлопкоочистит. з-да. В 1927 по инициативе Й.-И.Шнеерсона была создана иешива «Тиферет бахурим», закрытая в 1928.С 1928 в К. активно велась антирелиг. кампания, к кон. 1930-х гг. были закрыты 2 синагоги, раввин Эзра Якубов, много сделавший для спасения арестованных сов. властями евреев, в 1936 выехал в Э.-И. С 1930-х гг. в К. действовала 1 синагога (открытая в 1904). После 1945 в праздники ее посещало до 1 тыс. евреев. Раввином в К. был Исаак Елевич Рискинд (1869–?). Рискинд и Израиль Абаяшевич Шейхет (1862–?) выполняли функции шохета и моэла; при синагоге действовала миква (в 1941 отремонтирована любавичским хасидом Йосефом-Иегудой Хеном). В 1947 власти отклонили ходатайство общины об открытии второй синагоги.В 1984 во время пожара в синагоге сгорело 9 свитков Торы. В 1990-х гг. раввином К. был Аврех Катанов, он же исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Старинный еврейский квартал Кофровот в К. снесен, на еврейском кладбище – мемориал с именами 200 евреев, погибших в 1941–45. В 1989–94 из К. в Израиль выехал 1371 чел. В 2001 в К. действовали синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 2001 в К. проживало ок. 120 евреев.В К. род.: А.А.Колен, Л.С.Пейсиков; Александра Яковлевна Давыдова (урожд. Борухова) (р. 1926), адвокат, с 1992 – в США; Александр Мармен (р. 1957), тренер по легкой атлетике (прыжки в высоту, тройной прыжок), засл. тренер УзССР, с 1990 – в Израиле, среди учеников – чемпионы и рекордсмены СССР и Израиля; Сараджан Михайловна Юсупова (1910–1965, Душанбе), геохимик, д-р геол.-минералогич. наук (1948), проф. (1948), акад. АН ТаджССР (1951), обл. науч. интересов – минеральные и термальные источники, нефтегазоносные структуры Таджикистана, проблемы физ.-коллоидной химии., extra_data="{'translat...")
KOKCHETAV, see Kokshetau.
KOKCHETAVSKAYA, see Kokshetau.
KOKENHAUSEN, see Koknese.
KOKHANOE, a village in the Tokmak district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - German farmer. colony Rosenthal Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia In the fall of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 11 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KOKHANOVICHI, a village in the Verkhnedvinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century as a village in Polotsk Voivodeship. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Driessensky u. Vitebsk province. In 1838, 163 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1843 - 71, in 1849 - 47, in 1876 - 73, in 1881 - 109 (64.9%), in 1896 - 99 Jews (41%). occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1834, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a cheder (in 1838, three heders). All the Jews of K. were Hasidim. In 1876 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan and there was a Jewish cemetery; Jews owned 13 households. From 1889 Leiba Mostov was the rabbi, from 1900–14 Movsha Ginzburg was the spiritual rabbi. In 1914, Jews owned 2 manufacturing shops. 1941 a ghetto was created in K., liquidated in January. 1942. During the liquidation, approx. 350 Jews.
KOKHANOVKA, a village in the Zbarazh district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1628. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. In 1919 - 39 - a part of Poland, in 1939 - 91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1867 22 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19th century 8 Jewish families moved to K. In the beginning. 20th century pl. Jews left Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Zbarazh, where they were exterminated along with the local Jews.
KOKHANOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Tolochinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from ser. 16th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. In 1924–26 it was the regional center of the Mogilev Okrug, in 1946–56 - in the Vitebsk Region. In 1865, 117 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 3,014 (63.8%), in 1923 - 603, in 1926 - 480 Jews ( 38.4%) In 1865 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1880, Jews owned 35 houses out of 60. Since 1894, Avrom-Chaim Idelchik (1863–?) Was the rabbi of K. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in K. was Reuven Glick. In 1908, 2 synagogues functioned. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy warehouse, both bakeries, both hotels and more than 50 shops (including all 13 grocery stores, all 5 manufactures) and shops. Among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. On Feb. 1916 53 Jewish refugees from the West lived in Kazakhstan. provinces of Russia. June 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In Sept. 1941 a ghetto was created. In Jan. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, more than 300 prisoners were shot. A.A. Kissin.
KOKHMA, a city (since 1925) in the Ivanovo district of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1619. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Shuisky u. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 there were 9 Jews, and in 1911 a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in K.
KOKIN Mikhail Davidovich (1906, Lodz - 1937, Leningrad), orientalist, historian. Graduate (1929) and since 1932 teacher, head. Department of LVI, head. Department of Oriental History LIFLI, author of a number of works and methodical. manuals on the history of China. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
KOKINO, a village in the Bryansk district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). In 2000, approx. 20 Jews.
KOKNEZE, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in Aizkrauklei district (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1205. In 1608–55 - as part of Sweden, in 1655 - Tsarevichev-Dmitriev as part of Rus. state-va, since 1661 - part of Sweden. Since 1710 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - Kokenhausen town of Riga u. Livonia lips. In 1918 - 40 - part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - of the Latvian SSR. In 1925 7 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930–26, and in 1935–16 Jews (2.5%). The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in July 1941.
KOKOSHKINSKY, a holiday village in Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 38 Jews (0.4%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KOKOVCHINO, a village in the Senno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in July 1941 it was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 16 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KOKSHETAU (until 1993 - Kokchetav), city, regional center (Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1824 as the village of Kokchetavskaya, the center of the district of the Region of the Siberian Kirghiz, since 1854 - in the Akmola region. In 1926, 31 Jews lived in Kazakhstan (0.3%), in 1959 - 158 (0.4%), in 1970 - 159 (0 , 2%), in 1979 - 145 Jews (0.1%). In 1911–13 a Jew owned a cinematography in Kazakhstan. In 1993, a Jewish cultural center "Einikite" was organized in Kazakhstan, and a Jewish Sunday school began operating. Religion was created in 1999. community; "Hesed" is operating.
KOKUY, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Sretensky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Barguzinsky env. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jews living in exile lived in K. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOL (Kolodny) Moshe (1911, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1989, Jerusalem), politician. From 1932 - in E.-I., studied sociology, history, Jewish literature at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), participated in the youth movement. Of the Executive Committee of the Histadrut, in 1946–66 - of the Executive Committee of the World. Zionist. org-tion. In 1948, as a member. Nar. Board participated in the signing of the Declaration of Independence of Israel. In the same year - one of the founders of the Progressive Party, from which he was elected to the Knesset. Since 1962, vice-president. Liber, the International, which included the Progressive Party. In 1948–64, he headed the Aliyat ha-Noar. From 1965 before. the newly created Independent Liberator. party that continued the policy of the Progressive Party. Since 1966 min. tourism and development, 1969–77 min. tourism. One of the founders of Yad Vashem, was before. pl. societies. org-tions. The author of a number of books. (including devoted to youth immigration), memoirs.
KOLA, city (since 1965), a regional center in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1264. From 1784 - the district town of the Arkhangelsk governorship, then - the lips, from 1899 - the provincial town of the Aleksandrovsky district. Arkhangelsk lips. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1989, 50 Jews.
KOLAKI KOSCZCHELNE, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Kolaki Kostelné omrzynski u. In 1897 136 Jews (27.6%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - approx. 200 Jews. 1920–30s. in KK there were various divisions. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of KK was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KOLAKI KOSTELNE, see KOLAKI KOSCHELNE.
KOLAROVKA, a village in the Primorsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Romanovka, Mariupol u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 34 Jews did not live in the Kolarovsky District. In 1942, one Jew was killed in Kazakhstan.
KOLAY, see Azov.
KOLBASINO, a village in the Grodno district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Grodno district of the Troki voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. In 19-early. 20th century - in Grodno district and lips. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. about Jews in Kazakhstan belong to 1529. In the middle. 16th century There were 5 Jewish landowners in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, a prisoner of war camp was established in Kazakhstan. In the beginning. nov. 1942 Jews from the districts of Grodno (9322 people) and Sokolka (over 14 thousand people) were concentrated in Kazakhstan. In total, approx. 23.5 thousand Jews. In the beginning. Dec 1942 In Kazakhstan, another 1,500 Jews were deported from the Grodno ghetto. From 24 nov. until 12 Dec. 1942 More than 21 thousand Jews were sent from Kazakhstan to Treblinka. Several hundreds of Jews died in Kazakhstan; 3 thousand surviving Jews in the middle. Dec 1942 were sent to the Grodno ghetto. The camp existed until 1944.
SAUSAGE, see Kobasna.
KOLBEL, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Novominsky u. In 1856, 485 Jews (80.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1721 (79%), in 1921 - 1,130 Jews. In 1894, a doctor ZO Baranetsky worked in Kazakhstan. Since 1894 Nathan Duner (1860–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1912, there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in Kazakhstan. m-in. 1920-30-ies in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Kolbino, see Kolbino.
KOLBINO, a village in the Repyevsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Kolbin Korotoyaksky settlement Voronezh province. In 1915, 132 Jewish refugees arrived in Kazakhstan.
KOLCHINSKY Alexander Leonidovich (b. 1955, Kiev), athlete (classical wrestling). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1976). Olympus. champion (1976, 1980), world champion (1978), champion of the USSR (1974, 1976–78).
KOLDYCHEVO, a village in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1942, an extermination camp was set up in Kazakhstan, which existed until June 1944. In the camp, St. 22 thousand people, among whom there were first prisoners of war, then Jews. In the camp there was an underground organization headed by Shloyme Kushnir, who died during a group escape in March 1944. In 1964, a monument was erected at the camp site.
COLEMAN Edward Davidson (1891, Suwalki - 1939, USA), writer, bibliographer. From ser. 1890s - in USA. Studied at Harvard University. Since 1931 the librarian Amer. Jewish ist. about-va, later his secretary. and pom. prez. Took part in the organization of the Herzl Zion club, the first Zionist. youth org-tion in the USA. Among his works: “The Bible in English. drama "(1931) and" Plays about Jews in Amer. stage (1752 1821) "(1934).
KOLEN Aaron Abramovich (1893, Kokand, Fergana region, Turkestan region - 1978, Moscow), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). In 1918 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University and worked as a doctor in hospitals. Since 1922, an ophthalmologist at a polyclinic in Gatchina, since 1924 an assistant, since 1928 privat-doc. Department of Eye Diseases Leningrad. in-that honey. knowledge (later Leningrad sanitary-hygienic medical institute). Since 1929 head. Department of Eye Diseases of the Tomsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, since 1931 - the Novosibirsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. At the same time. (since 1937) head. Department of Eye Diseases, Novosibirsk honey. in-that. Since 1943, deputy. dir., since 1944 dir. Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases. Helmholtz. From 1951 again head. department eye diseases of Novosibirsk honey. in-that, since 1967 prof.-consultant Mosk. Research Institute of Eye Diseases. Helmholtz, K. publ. OK. 140 scientific. works devoted to Ch. arr. plastic. operations and treatment of combat eye injuries, as well as issues of trachoma treatment; proposed new types of plastic. operations, including plastics with a free mucocutaneous flap, at the same time. restoration of the eyelids and conjunctival cavity. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1958). Works: Guide to plastic surgery in the region. eyes. M., 1950.
KOLENBERG Lazar Lvovich (1905, Nikolaev - after 1929), assassin of General Ya.A. Slashchev. During the Civil. war during the occupation of Nikolaev by parts of Dobrovolch. army, having survived the pogrom and death of his brother, vowed to kill the teams. 2nd Army Corps of Slashchev, who "put things in order" in the city. In 1920–26 and 1928, K. served in the Kr. Army, then - in the paramilitary guard. Having met Slashchev, who returned in 1921 to the Sov. Russia and the commanding officer "Shot" who taught at the courses, K. 11.1.1929 killed him with three shots from a revolver and surrendered to the authorities. During the investigation in the summer of 1929 he was declared insane and released from custody. The further fate is unknown.
KOLENDOVA, see Agafiyevka.
KOLENKOUTSY, see Kolienkoutsy.
KOLENKOVTSY (until 1966 - Kolinkovtsy), a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1771. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kolenkautsy Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 103 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1911, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in K. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, 6 Jews were killed by units in Kazakhstan, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KOLENTSI, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 there was one timber merchant among the Jews of Kazakhstan.
KOLESETS, a village in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. like a place called Wheeled. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. In 1834 four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in the manufacture of boots and clothes for sale. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KOLESISHCHE, a village in the Lida district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 28 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
WHEEL, see Wheel.
Kolesnev Samuil Georgievich (1896 - 1970, Moscow), agrarian economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934), acad. VASKHNIL. Graduated from the Landmark Institute (1921). In 1928–36, the rector of Sib. s.-kh. Academy, transformed in 1930 into Sib. in-t s. x-va (Omsk). In 1936–70 in Moscow. s.-kh. academy named after KA Timiryazev (in 1936–39 and 1942–43 rector, in 1939–41 prof., Since 1943 head of the department of the organization of agricultural production). The author of works on organization and economics of agricultural. production, problems of increasing the productivity of agricultural. labor and specialization of agricultural production. A number of tr. translated into foreign lang. Responsible ed. collective tr .: “New in the organization and payment for tr. on collective farms "(1954)," Victory socialist. from. kh-va in the USSR "(1958)," To each according to his work "(1963) and others. German agricultural academy in Berlin (1955). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1958) Vol .: Labor productivity in the village. x-ve USSR and ways to improve it. M., 1957; Organization socialist. s.-kh. enterprises. 3rd ed. M., 1968.
KOLESNIKI, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. In May 1942, the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed along with the Jews of Priluk.
KOLESNIKOVKA, a village in the Stanichno-Lugansk district of the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Cossack farm Kolesnikovsky Donetsk env. Lands of the Don Army, since 1870 - Areas of the Don Army. 4 Aug. 1942 5 Jewish refugees were shot in Kazakhstan.
KOLESNIKOVSKY, see Kolesnikovka.
WHEEL, see Kulevcha.
KOLINKOVTSY, see Kolinkovtsy.
KOLCHINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1979) in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 17 - 1st half. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. Jews K. were engaged in the main. petty trade. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Kolchugino, see Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
KOLMAN Ernest (Arnosht) Yaromirovich (1892, Prague - 1979, Stockholm), politician, historian of mathematics. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1934), prof. (1939). Graduated from Karlov University in Prague (1913). Member of the 1st world. war, from 1915 - in Russian. captivity. In 1917 the deputy. prev. Vseros. a set of former prisoners of war of the Social-Democratic internationalists, in 1921-23 on an illegal basis. work in Germany, in 1925-29 dir. publishing house "Moscow worker". In 1932-36 members. prez. Communist. academy, dir. Institute of the red professors of natural science, in 1936–38 head. dep. Science Mosk. mountains. to-that VKP (b), then worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (193.9–45). Ch. ed. zhurn. Natural Science and Marxism. Pres. Moscow mat. about-va (1931). One of Ch. ideologues of the Sov. science in the 1930s. After the war of 1941–45, he worked in Czechoslovakia, at Prague University (1945–48). In 1948–52 he was repressed. In 1952–53 he worked in Moscow. auto mechanic in-those, in 1953-59 in the Institute of the history of natural science and technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1959, Dir. Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1959–62). Acad. AN Czechoslovakia (1960). In 1968 he condemned the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Sov. troops. Since 1976 - in Sweden. Vol .: Subject and method of modern. mathematics. M., 1936; Bernard Bolzano. M., 1955; History of mathematics in antiquity. M., 1961.
KOLNO, city (since 1425) in Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1222. In 1425 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Lomzhin province. In 1808, 98 Jews lived in Kazakhstan (8.9%), in 1827 - 784 (37.6%), in 1857 - 2084 (62.2%), in 1897 - 2863 (56.6%), in 1921 - 2216 Jews (49.3%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 18th century In the 1820s. in K. there was a community, a synagogue, and a Jewish cemetery. In 1823–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 2nd floor. 19th century in K. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. The first rabbi K. was Moishe Gunzburg, in the middle. 19th century - Moishe-Yosef, after whose death his son Dovber-Aron Brizman (1863–?) Became a rabbi in 1889, in 1869–1906 - Dovid Levin, the head of the rabbinical court was Ikhl-Mikhl Burenstein. In 1892, out of 41 artisans, 36 were Jews. In the 1880s. a yeshiva was founded in K. in the 1900s. - Heder Metukan with teaching in Hebrew, in 1916 - a Jewish library. In the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1929 a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew, then two more - the Tarbut network and with teaching in Polish. lang. In the 1930s. magazine was published. in Yiddish "Kolner Zeitung" (ed. - Yakov-Zvi Horowitz). In 1927, a pogrom was organized at the Jewish cemetery. In 1905–41, the rabbi of K. was Shmuel Yisroel Kaplan (1878–1941). 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. The Center was set on fire. synagogue. Some of the young Jews were sent to a labor camp in Germany. A month later, K. occupied the Red Army. On June 22, 1941, Wehrmacht units re-occupied Kazakhstan. On July 4, 1941, Jews were forced to destroy the monument to V.I. Lenin and "bury" him in the Jewish cemetery. On the same day, 37 Jews were shot. On July 15, 1941, young Jews were shot. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in June - August. 1941 In K. genus: A.Sh. Gershberg, I. Suwalsky, Z.-V. Yavits; Shloyme Schwartz (Charny) (b. 1907), poet, wrote in Yiddish and English. lang., since 1920 - in the United States, the author of a number of poetry. collections.
Koltsaty Arkady Nikolaevich (Abram Kopelevich) (b. 1905, Odessa), cameraman, film director. In 1927 he graduated from the camera department of Leningrad. film and photo technical college and film directing department Higher. courses Leningrad. in-that history of claims. In the cinema since 1927 - assistant. operator, 2nd operator at the "Belgoskino" terminal. Debuted F. Rubicon (1931). In 1934 he removed f. "Lieutenant Kizhe", then f .: "Children of Captain Grant" (1936), "Great Citizen" (1937–39), "Musical History" (1940), "Great Turning Point" (1945), "Taras Shevchenko" (1951 , jointly with DP Demutsky and I. Shekker), "49 days" (1961) and many others. etc. In 1932 he made his debut as dir. f. "Glory to the World". Fast. f .: "House in the dunes" (1963), "Through the icy haze" (1965, jointly with L. Rudnik, 1st ave. on the Moscow Television Foundation in Alexandria, Egypt), "Border silence", "No and yes "(both - 1966)," The Mysterious Monk "(1967)," Old Acquaintance "(1969, jointly with I.V. Ilyinsky)," SOS "over the taiga" (1976, jointly with V.Perov) ... In 1981 he emigrated. Honored. art. BSSR (1935), honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968). Became. pr. (1946, 1951, 1952).
KOLTSEVOE, a village in the Saki region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 20th century in Evpatoria u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. 12 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and units of the Wehrmacht occupied it in autumn 1941. In 1941, almost all the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed in Saki.
KOLTSINA Galina Ivanovna (1933, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Sound engineer. In 1953 she graduated from music. uch-shche them. M.M. Ippolitova-Ivanova. In 1953–58 she studied at Moscow. state cons. (theoretical-comp. f-t). At the same time. with her studies she worked as a teacher Muz. schools them. I.O.Dunaevsky, since 1957 - sound engineer. CT. Since 1966, K. - thin. hands. dep. sound engineering of the Central Television, since 1969 - Ch. sound engineer CT. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1984).
KOLTSOV Mikhail Efimovich (real family member Fridlyand) (1898, Kiev - 1940, Moscow), journalist. Brother of B.E. Efimov. In 1915 he entered Petrograd. psychoneurol. in-t. Began to publish in 1916. Member Feb. and Oct. rev., Civil. war, the chronicle to-rykh reflected in the essays included in the book. "Petlyurovshchina" (1922), "Creation of the World" (1928), etc. Since 1920 he worked in the department. press of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. affairs of the RSFSR, from 1922 - in gas. "Pravda", where K.'s feuilletons on internal issues were constantly published. and ext. politicians. He also specialized as polit. international commentator. Was one of the naib. popul. owls. journalists. Ed. founded by him in 1923 zhurn. "Ogonyok", satirical. zhurn. "Eccentric" (1928-30) and "Crocodile" (1934-38), sred. zhurn. Abroad (1932–38), member. editorial board gas. "Pravda", headed the joint-stock publishing house. Society "Ogonyok" (1926–31), magazine and gas. unification (1931–38), Foreign. Commission of the Union of Sov. writers since 1934. In et al. with A. Bragin wrote a brochure “The fate of the Jewish masses in the Sov. Union "(1924), was a member. the editorial board of the body 03ET gas. “Tribune of the Jewish owls. public ”(1927–37), participated in the campaign against anti-Semitism in the late 1920 - early. 1930s During civil. war in Spain corr. "Pravda" (articles of this period were included in the book "Isp. Diary", 1938), polit. Counselor at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain and Rep. pr-va. In nov. 1937 recalled to Moscow, in 1938 dep. The RSFSR Armed Forces; in dec. 1938 repressed.
KOLTSOVA (real family member Ravicher) Mira (Miriam) Mikhailovna (b. 1938, Moscow), dancer, choreographer. In 1957 she graduated from Moscow. choreography uch-shche, in 1973 - a theater expert. Faculty of GITIS. After graduation, she began to work in choreography. ans. "Birch" and soon became its soloist, in 1977–80 - a teacher-tutor, since 1980 - artistic director. hands. After working in tech. pl. years in close collaboration with N.S. Nadezhdina, organizer of ANS. "Birch", K. develops the traditions of this group. Builds performance ans. based on dance. numbers from the heritage of Nadezhdina and new choreography. compositions in own. staging. Nar. art. RSFSR (1978), nar. art. USSR (1989).
KOLK, see Pegs.
KOLKER Acheksandr Naumovich (b. 1933, Leningrad), composer. In 1956 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering Institute, at the same time. took computer lessons. from I.Ya. Pustylnik and I.G.Admoni. One of the first composer's experiences was music for students. the play "Spring at LETI" (Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute). In the beginning. 1950s together with A.S. Badkhen he organized the Youth Pop Ense. at the House of Culture of Industrial Cooperation, for which he wrote the first songs that soon became hits: "Rain", "Do not rush", etc. In the 1950s – 60s. ch. genre in the creativity of K. songs of a varied nature: dances, lyric, romance ("A guy is walking", "Spring Leningrad", "Karelia", "Satisfy my sorrows", "Night tram", "The girls are standing"), about the war ("Your peers", "Fog-fog"). K.'s songs were performed by Izv. artists M.L. Pakhomenko, L.R.Klement, M.V. Kristalinskaya, as well as wok. ans. "Accord" and others. In the 1970s and 80s. K. writes music for dramas. performances Leningrad. t-dv, including "I'm going into a thunderstorm", "Interview in Buenos Aires", creates a trilogy based on the plays of A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (all post, in Leningrad. BDT: the musical "Krechinsky's Wedding" (1973 ), musical drama "Delo" (1977) and op.-farce "Death of Tarelkin" (1982); musicals "Seize the moment of luck" (1970, Leningrad), "About Emelya" (children, 1971, Leningrad). - Author of music for films and television films, including Truffaldino from Bergamo (1977) Honored Worker of Art in the RSFSR (1981) Leningrad Komsomol Ave. (1968).
KOLKI, a village in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish population, DOS. occupations to-rogo were trade and crafts. In 1914, Jews owned a lumber warehouse and a grocery store, and in July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied units of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1942 approx. 30 Jews K. joined the partisans. compound S.A. Kovpaka.
KOLMANOVICH Lazar Vladimirovich (1883, Kozelets, Chernigov province - 1946, Chernivtsi), actor. He began his stage activity in 1899 in mobile Jewish theaters and collectives. In the 1907-10-ies. worked in the troupe of Rudolf Zaslavsky in Kiev; in 1910–15 he was an actor in the Warsaw Jewish Nar. t-re; in 1917–22 actor and dir. in the Poltava Jewish t-re "Culture-League". In 1922 he organized in Kiev the first stationary Jewish theater "Kunst-Winkle" ("Corner of Art"). In 1928 he entered the troupe of the Kiev state. Jewish T-ra, where he worked until 1946 (in 1944 the Kiev State Jewish T-R was transferred to Chernivtsi). K. was characterized by a soft comedic style, coming from bunks. origins. The roles played: Gersh-Ber ("Green Fields" by P. Hirshbein, Shimele ("200000"), Shimen-Ele ("The Enchanted Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem, Evdokim ("Poem about an Ax" by N.F. Pogodin), Stanislav ( "Yulis" by M.M. Daniel, Tzadik ("Recruits" by L. Reznik after I. Aksenfeld, Nohemtse ("Mirele Efros" by Y.M. Gordin, Tasker ("Donya" by Reznik), Zayvl Ovadis ("Family Ovadis" P D. Markish. Honored Art. USSR (1930).
KOLMANOVSKY Eduard Savelyevich (1923, Mogilev - 1994, Moscow), composer. In 1936–41 he studied at the music school and the Uch. Gnesins. He wrote music. In 1941–43 he studied at the school, then at the cons. in Sverdlovsk, where he continued his studies on the computer. from M.P. Frolov, learn the instrumentation from V.N. Trambitsky, polyphony - from S.S.Bogatyrev. In 1943–45 he studied at Moscow. horse, cl. comp. from V.Ya.Shebalin. In 1947 - 52 holes. ed. muses. broadcasting Vses. radio. Songwriter, including "I love you, life" (1958), "Do the Russians want wars" (1961), "Alyosha" (1966), "Waltz about waltz" (1964), "Men" (1973) , "A couple of whitening birches", etc. K.'s songs combine lyrics and citizenship. K. - author of op. "Snow White" (1965, Moscow), music. comedies, including "Convent" (1963, Moscow), music for performances, radio and television shows, cartoons. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1963), people's. art. RSFSR (1981). State pr. USSR (1984).
KOLO, a city (since 1362) in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the ęczycki district of the Kalisz voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a county town of Kalisz province. In 1764 256 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 802 (31.9%), in 1827 - 1184 (37.2%), in 1857 - 2318 (50.3% ), in 1897 - 4013 (42.9%), in 1921 - 5159 (45%), in 1931 - approx. 6000 (approx. 43%), in 1939 - 4987 Jews. about Jews K. belongs to the 16th century. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts. A synagogue was built in 1765, and another one in 1860. In the 1820s. Rabbi K. was Ephroim Segal, in 1846–59 - Meir Oyerbach (1813–1878, Jerusalem), in the 2nd half. 19th century - Dovid Fligeltaub, in the 1880s. - Leibus-Vigdor Leventhal. In 1887, a society of immigrants from Kazakhstan, Khevra ahavat ahim bnei Kolo, was established in New York, which provided material assistance to the Jews of Kazakhstan. In 1898, a Zionist organization was created in Kazakhstan, and in 1907 - branch "Poalei Zion", in 1911 - a school with teaching in Hebrew, in 1916 - 4 Jewish schools. The Jews owned a salotopnya, a brick plant; a Jew rented a mill; Tailoring, shoemaking, and hosiery prevailed among the crafts. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. have worked. point for preparing Jews for physical. To labor in E.-I. In 1893-1939 the rabbi of K. was Chaim-Dovid Zilber-Margalot (? -1940, Lublin). 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 20 1939 the synagogue was burned down, later the Judenrat was created. Dec. 1939, 1139 Jews were deported to Kazakhstan, in October. 1940 - 150 more families. Dec. 1940 ghetto is created. In the beginning. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated. In the release of K. in January. 1945 tank took part. regiment under com. lieutenant regiment. Veniamin Aronovich Mindlin. After his release, several returned to K. dozens of Jews.
KOLO MIKHAILOVKA, now part (since 1984) of the urban-type settlement Strizhavka, Vinnytsia region, Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kolomieva Mikhalevka Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. In July 1941 K.-M. occupied the German-Romanians. parts. From the spring of 1942 to the end. 1943 in K.-M. there was a Jewish labor camp. The first prisoners of the camp were approx. 300 Jews taken out of Lutsk on March 18, 1942. In April. 1942 a group of Jews from Vinnitsa was brought to the camp, in the summer of 1942 - several. hundreds of Jews deported from Chernivtsi (present-day Chernivtsi) in June 1942. The prisoners of the camp were used to work in the quarry. Several people died in the camp. hundreds of people.
KOLODENTSE, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939 12 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KOLODEZHE, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1594. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Wells of Lutsk district Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 18th century, rented land from the landowner Koshirsky and subleased it to the peasants; They built a mill and a corrugator in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot in the Senkevichevka camp.
Wells, see Wells.
KOLODEZHNO, a village in the Dzerzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1914 a Jew belonged to unity. brick plant in K .; The Jew also rented a water mill. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1941 Ukrainian police arrested 9 Jews in hiding (8 women and 1 child) in K., who were deported to Miropol and shot there.
KOLODIEVKA, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Galician land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kalush district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 5 Jewish families living in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 28 Jews, in 1941 - 8 Jews. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KOLODISTOY, a village in Talnovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery stores.
WELL, see Kolodnoe.
KOLODNOE, a village in the Zbarazh district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kolodno Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one of the two grocery stores in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Zbarazh, then to the Belzec extermination camp.
KOLODNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1937), subordinate to the Zadneprovsky District Council of Smolensk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Smolensk district. Smolensk Gubernia. 11 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and 125 in 1939. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Smolensk ghetto and in July 1942 they were exterminated along with local Jews.
KOLODROBKA, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1570. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. In 1765 three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KOLODYANKA, a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In 1941, 7 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. In 1941, after the occupation of Kazakhstan by units of the Wehrmacht, able-bodied Jewish men were used on the construction of a highway, then they were taken out for logging, where they were subsequently destroyed. By rail the station brought Jews from the surrounding villages; they were placed in a cellar and after 5 days. shot in two pits approx. station. Total in Sept. 1941, 46 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KOLOGEYA, see Kalageya.
KOLOGRIV, city, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). From 1778 it was a district town of the Kostroma governorship, then a province. In 1910, four Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939, four Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KOLOKOLIN, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1463. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by a Hungarian. parts. In apr. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.
KOLOMAK, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. At 19 - early. 20th century - Valkovsky settlement Kharkiv province. In 1926, 28 Jews did not live in the Kolomak region, in 1939 there were 12 Jews in Kazakhstan. In 1913 a Jew belonged to a unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. 1941 one Jew was killed in K.
KOLOMIEVA MIKHALEVKA, see Kolo-Mikhailovka.
Kolominsky Yakov Lvovich (b. 1934, Narovlya, Gomel region), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1981), prof. (1987). After graduating from Minsk ped. Institute (1955) teacher of pedagogy and psychology at ped. school in Novogrudok, Grodno region. From 1963 he worked in Minsk ped. in-those, since 1978 - head. department of general and children. psychology. Organizer and scientific. hands. Department of Psychology Nat. Institute of Education of Belarus. Research K. dedicated ped problems. interaction, relationships in children. the team. Let's experiment. K.'s work contributed to the introduction of social methods. psychology in the study of issues traditionally included in the circle of age and ped. psychology. Organizer of cooperation with Amer. specialists in the provision of psychology. assistance to victims of the Chernobyl disaster. Cit .: Psychology of relationships in small groups: (General and age characteristics). Minsk, 1976; Psychology of the children's collective. The system of personal relationships. Minsk, 1984; Man: psychology. M., 1986.
KOLOMNA, a city, a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1177.From 1781 it was a district town of the Moscow governorship, then a province. In 1865, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 50, in 1926 - 103 (0.3%), in 1939 - 383, in 1970 - 617 ( 0.5%), in 1989 - 413 Jews (0.3%). 1990s in K. there is a branch of "Hesed", there is a Jewish Sunday school. In 2002, approx. 700 Jews in Kazakhstan: Z.Ya. Litvin-Sedoi, A.D. Raichstein; Nikolai Semenovich Epstein (b. 1919), ice hockey coach, honored. coach of the USSR, in tech. 20 years of Art. coach com. "Chemist" (Voskresensk).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОЛОМЫЯ, город (с 1405), районный центр в Ивано-Франковской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1240. В 16 – 18 вв. – гл. город одноим. повета Русского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – город, центр повета провинции Галиция в составе Австрии, с 1867 – Австро-Венгрии. В 1919 – 39 – в Станиславском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1569 в К. проживало 120 евреев, в 1765 – 1072, в 1854 – 8231 (51,7%), в 1869 – 8232, в 1880 – 12 002 (52,3%), в 1900 – 16 568 (49,3%), в 1907 – 16 750, в 1910 – 18 930 (44,3%), в 1921 – 14 544 (45,9%), в 1931 – 14 332 (42%), в 1939 – ок. 18 000, в 1959 – ок. 1000 (ок. 3%), в 1970 – ок. 800 (ок. 2%), в 1979 – ок. 500 евреев (ок. 1%).Евреи жили в К. с 15 в. В 1565–66 корчму в К. арендовал еврей. В 1569 еврейская община К. получила привилегию на равные с остальным населением города права, к-рые предусматривали участие евреев в гор. управлении, но не освобождали их от уплаты пошлин в гор. казну и исполнения гор. повинностей. В 16–17 вв. евреи К. занимали доминирующее место в торг. сфере города. Арендуя солеварни у местной шляхты, евреи успешно торговали солью, занимались выделкой кожи и др. ремеслами, проводили арендные операции с землей. Многие заключали договор об аренде на 3 года, в их числе были Довид Венгрин, Гейзик Гешкович, Мошко Зельманюх, Абрамко и Мошко Тавельманы, Нута Лейбович, Борох Йоськович.В нач. 17 в. раввином К. был Авром Вольфиш. В 1648–49 еврейская община была разгромлена казацкими отрядами Б.М. Хмельницкого (ок. 300 чел. было убито). Через нек-рое время общинная жизнь в К. возродилась. В кон. 17 в. влиянием среди евреев К. пользовались последователи Саббатая Цви. В 1664 в К. была построена синагога (земельные участки были выделены еврейской общине под синагогу и кладбище в 1616). Евреи занимались арендой лесных угодий и оптовой торговлей строит. лесом, в т. ч. с Валахией и Молдовой. В 1715 между евреями и мещанами К. состоялось соглашение об уплате кагалом 3/4 суммы податей. В 1730 в К. нек-рое время, по преданию, жил И. Баал-Шем-Тов, среди ближайших учеников к-рого был раввин Яков-Копл Хагер (1730–1787). Во 2-й пол. 17 в. раввином К. был Хаим из Кракова.После присоединения к Австрии К. становится важным звеном торг. экспорта в соседние страны. В 1782–95 раввином К. был Ицхок Эпштейн (1730–1795), затем его сын Нахман-Цви (1750–1829), в 1829–49 – сын последнего Ицхок-Зеев (1775–1849), с 1849 – Хеския-Нохум Тойбель (1820–1870). После окончания стр-ва в 1866 ж.-д. ветки Львов – Черновицы в К. открылось неск. пр-тий, в т. ч. 2 типографии, одна из к-рых принадлежала Якову Оренштейну (с 1870-х гг.), вторая – Алтеру Тайхеру, затем – его сыну Шимону. Шимшон Гелер (1840–1910) владел ф-кой по произ-ву талесов.В 1788–1809 в К. действовала гос. нач. школа для еврейских детей с преподаванием на нем. яз., учрежденная в ходе реформ австр. эрцгерцога Иосифа II. В 1854 была открыта еврейская больница. В 1866 по инициативе «Исраэлитише альянс» в К. начала работать еврейская нач. школа, перешедшая в ведение фонда барона Гирша (в 1908 – 273 уч-ся). Ряд еврейских деятелей представляли К. в сейме Галиции: в 1861–65 – Лазар Дукс, в 1865–70 – Макс Ландсберс, в 1873–79 – Оскар Генигсман, в 1879–83 – Шимон Шрайбер, раввин Кракова, и в рейхсрате: в 1885–95 – д-р Иосиф-Шмуэль Блох, в 1895–1900 – Макс Трахтенберг (1846–?), в 1901–06 – Натан Зейнфельд. В 1878 евреи, получив большинство голосов на муниципальных выборах, выдвинули в мэры К. д-ра М. Трахтенберга.В 1894 в К. было 23 хедера. В 1900-х гг. существовало более 30 синагог, в т. ч. боянских, вижницких, жидачовских, косовских и чортковских хасидов. В К. – одном из центров хасидизма в Галиции – жили цадики Ошер Лехман, погибший в период Катастрофы, и Шолом Рабинович (1851–1911). В 1867 – 91 раввином К. был Гилель Лихтенштейн (1814–1891), в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – Исроэль Либерзон (1840–1911). В нач. 20 в. главой раввинского суда был Яков Теумим (?–1910), с 1910 раввином К. стал сын Я.Теумима Хаим-Герш (1878–?), с 1911 – чортковский хасид Довид Райз (1870–1941).В нач. 20 в. евреям принадлежали 1/3 всех торг. домов (из 237), 2 типографии, работали многочисл. благотворит. учреждения, имелось 3 еврейских кладбища. В 1904 выходцами из К. в США было создано землячество.В 1902 первые уч-ся-евреи поступили в укр. гимназию, в 1906 – в жен. семинарию. В 1913 кол-во еврейских уч-ся в гимназиях составило 6%, к 1920 – 43% (223 еврея).После нач. 1-й мир. войны, перед вступленим рус. войск в К., мн. евреи покинули город. В 1916 из К. в Тарнополь (совр. Тернополь) было выслано 3 еврея.В 1919 при поддержке Джойнта в К. был открыт Кооперативный банк. В нач. 1920-х гг. действовало еще неск. еврейских банков. Еврейские ремесленники и рабочие были объединены в неск. профсоюзов. Действовали разл. благотворит. орг-ции, дет. дом, дом престарелых, отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, издавались газеты на идише и польск. яз. В 1924 была основана еврейская жен. гимназия, в 1934 – муж., в 1935 – проф. школа для девочек. Работали школы «Исудей га-Тора» и «Бейс Яаков». С 1931 раввином К. был чортковский хасид Исроэль-Йосеф Лау (1888, Львов – 1942), дядя гл. раввина Израиля – Израиля-Меира Лау (р. 1937).После нач. 2-й мир. войны в К. прибыли беженцы из зап. р-нов Польши. В 1939–40 работала школа с преподаванием на идише. В 1940 преподавание в части еврейских школ перешло на укр. яз. В 1939–41 действовало сионистское подполье. В 1941 была закрыта синагога.30 июня 1941 части РККА покинули К. 4 июля 1941 город заняли войска венгер. армии. 1 авг. 1941 в К. вошли части вермахта. Был создан юденрат. В авг. 1941 в К. было депортировано ок. 2 тыс. евреев из Венгрии. 12 окт. 1941 было расстреляно 2850 евреев, 6 нояб. – еще неск. сотен, 23 дек. 1941 – ок. 1200, 24 янв. 1942 – 400 евреев. В марте 1942 было создано гетто. 3 апр. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. евреев были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. При проведении этой «акции» погибло более 300 чел. 7 сент. 1942 в Белжец было депортировано 4769 евреев, при этом погибло ок. 300 чел. 10 окт. 1942, при депортации в Белжец, ок. 4 тыс. евреев погибло ок. 1 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано в янв. 1943.После 1945 в К. вернулась часть евреев. В 1950–70-х гг. действовал нелег. миньян. В нач. 1950-х гг. было разрушено одно из еврейских кладбищ, в 1988 – разрушено второе. Фундамент и постамент пам. В.И. Ленину (снесен в 1990) были сложены из десятков надгробных плит. В 1967 на месте массовых расстрелов установлен памятник жертвам Катастрофы. В 1988 на памятнике была выбита шестиконечная звезда, в 1992 сделана надпись на идише.В 1993 в К. была организована еврейская община (пред. – Александр Ефимович Бабиченко, р. 1950). Действует синагога (возвращена в 1996), в к-рой, по преданию, молился И. Баал-Шем-Тов. Раввином К. с 1993 является раввин Ивано-Франковска Мойше-Лейб Колесник. С 1996 в К. работает воскресная школа, с 2000 – благотворит. столовая. Сохранились 5 зданий синагог и остатки одного из трех еврейских кладбищ.В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 150 евреев.В К. род. Дов Ной (р. 1920), специалист по еврейскому фольклору, проф. ун-та в Иерусалиме, основатель и дир. Музея этнографии в Хайфе. В К. жил и работал Л.Тобиаш., pronunciation=КОЛОМЫЯ, город (с 1405), районный центр в Ивано-Франковской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1240. В 16 – 18 вв. – гл. город одноим. повета Русского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – город, центр повета провинции Галиция в составе Австрии, с 1867 – Австро-Венгрии. В 1919 – 39 – в Станиславском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1569 в К. проживало 120 евреев, в 1765 – 1072, в 1854 – 8231 (51,7%), в 1869 – 8232, в 1880 – 12 002 (52,3%), в 1900 – 16 568 (49,3%), в 1907 – 16 750, в 1910 – 18 930 (44,3%), в 1921 – 14 544 (45,9%), в 1931 – 14 332 (42%), в 1939 – ок. 18 000, в 1959 – ок. 1000 (ок. 3%), в 1970 – ок. 800 (ок. 2%), в 1979 – ок. 500 евреев (ок. 1%).Евреи жили в К. с 15 в. В 1565–66 корчму в К. арендовал еврей. В 1569 еврейская община К. получила привилегию на равные с остальным населением города права, к-рые предусматривали участие евреев в гор. управлении, но не освобождали их от уплаты пошлин в гор. казну и исполнения гор. повинностей. В 16–17 вв. евреи К. занимали доминирующее место в торг. сфере города. Арендуя солеварни у местной шляхты, евреи успешно торговали солью, занимались выделкой кожи и др. ремеслами, проводили арендные операции с землей. Многие заключали договор об аренде на 3 года, в их числе были Довид Венгрин, Гейзик Гешкович, Мошко Зельманюх, Абрамко и Мошко Тавельманы, Нута Лейбович, Борох Йоськович.В нач. 17 в. раввином К. был Авром Вольфиш. В 1648–49 еврейская община была разгромлена казацкими отрядами Б.М. Хмельницкого (ок. 300 чел. было убито). Через нек-рое время общинная жизнь в К. возродилась. В кон. 17 в. влиянием среди евреев К. пользовались последователи Саббатая Цви. В 1664 в К. была построена синагога (земельные участки были выделены еврейской общине под синагогу и кладбище в 1616). Евреи занимались арендой лесных угодий и оптовой торговлей строит. лесом, в т. ч. с Валахией и Молдовой. В 1715 между евреями и мещанами К. состоялось соглашение об уплате кагалом 3/4 суммы податей. В 1730 в К. нек-рое время, по преданию, жил И. Баал-Шем-Тов, среди ближайших учеников к-рого был раввин Яков-Копл Хагер (1730–1787). Во 2-й пол. 17 в. раввином К. был Хаим из Кракова.После присоединения к Австрии К. становится важным звеном торг. экспорта в соседние страны. В 1782–95 раввином К. был Ицхок Эпштейн (1730–1795), затем его сын Нахман-Цви (1750–1829), в 1829–49 – сын последнего Ицхок-Зеев (1775–1849), с 1849 – Хеския-Нохум Тойбель (1820–1870). После окончания стр-ва в 1866 ж.-д. ветки Львов – Черновицы в К. открылось неск. пр-тий, в т. ч. 2 типографии, одна из к-рых принадлежала Якову Оренштейну (с 1870-х гг.), вторая – Алтеру Тайхеру, затем – его сыну Шимону. Шимшон Гелер (1840–1910) владел ф-кой по произ-ву талесов.В 1788–1809 в К. действовала гос. нач. школа для еврейских детей с преподаванием на нем. яз., учрежденная в ходе реформ австр. эрцгерцога Иосифа II. В 1854 была открыта еврейская больница. В 1866 по инициативе «Исраэлитише альянс» в К. начала работать еврейская нач. школа, перешедшая в ведение фонда барона Гирша (в 1908 – 273 уч-ся). Ряд еврейских деятелей представляли К. в сейме Галиции: в 1861–65 – Лазар Дукс, в 1865–70 – Макс Ландсберс, в 1873–79 – Оскар Генигсман, в 1879–83 – Шимон Шрайбер, раввин Кракова, и в рейхсрате: в 1885–95 – д-р Иосиф-Шмуэль Блох, в 1895–1900 – Макс Трахтенберг (1846–?), в 1901–06 – Натан Зейнфельд. В 1878 евреи, получив большинство голосов на муниципальных выборах, выдвинули в мэры К. д-ра М. Трахтенберга.В 1894 в К. было 23 хедера. В 1900-х гг. существовало более 30 синагог, в т. ч. боянских, вижницких, жидачовских, косовских и чортковских хасидов. В К. – одном из центров хасидизма в Галиции – жили цадики Ошер Лехман, погибший в период Катастрофы, и Шолом Рабинович (1851–1911). В 1867 – 91 раввином К. был Гилель Лихтенштейн (1814–1891), в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – Исроэль Либерзон (1840–1911). В нач. 20 в. главой раввинского суда был Яков Теумим (?–1910), с 1910 раввином К. стал сын Я.Теумима Хаим-Герш (1878–?), с 1911 – чортковский хасид Довид Райз (1870–1941).В нач. 20 в. евреям принадлежали 1/3 всех торг. домов (из 237), 2 типографии, работали многочисл. благотворит. учреждения, имелось 3 еврейских кладбища. В 1904 выходцами из К. в США было создано землячество.В 1902 первые уч-ся-евреи поступили в укр. гимназию, в 1906 – в жен. семинарию. В 1913 кол-во еврейских уч-ся в гимназиях составило 6%, к 1920 – 43% (223 еврея).После нач. 1-й мир. войны, перед вступленим рус. войск в К., мн. евреи покинули город. В 1916 из К. в Тарнополь (совр. Тернополь) было выслано 3 еврея.В 1919 при поддержке Джойнта в К. был открыт Кооперативный банк. В нач. 1920-х гг. действовало еще неск. еврейских банков. Еврейские ремесленники и рабочие были объединены в неск. профсоюзов. Действовали разл. благотворит. орг-ции, дет. дом, дом престарелых, отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, издавались газеты на идише и польск. яз. В 1924 была основана еврейская жен. гимназия, в 1934 – муж., в 1935 – проф. школа для девочек. Работали школы «Исудей га-Тора» и «Бейс Яаков». С 1931 раввином К. был чортковский хасид Исроэль-Йосеф Лау (1888, Львов – 1942), дядя гл. раввина Израиля – Израиля-Меира Лау (р. 1937).После нач. 2-й мир. войны в К. прибыли беженцы из зап. р-нов Польши. В 1939–40 работала школа с преподаванием на идише. В 1940 преподавание в части еврейских школ перешло на укр. яз. В 1939–41 действовало сионистское подполье. В 1941 была закрыта синагога.30 июня 1941 части РККА покинули К. 4 июля 1941 город заняли войска венгер. армии. 1 авг. 1941 в К. вошли части вермахта. Был создан юденрат. В авг. 1941 в К. было депортировано ок. 2 тыс. евреев из Венгрии. 12 окт. 1941 было расстреляно 2850 евреев, 6 нояб. – еще неск. сотен, 23 дек. 1941 – ок. 1200, 24 янв. 1942 – 400 евреев. В марте 1942 было создано гетто. 3 апр. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. евреев были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. При проведении этой «акции» погибло более 300 чел. 7 сент. 1942 в Белжец было депортировано 4769 евреев, при этом погибло ок. 300 чел. 10 окт. 1942, при депортации в Белжец, ок. 4 тыс. евреев погибло ок. 1 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано в янв. 1943.После 1945 в К. вернулась часть евреев. В 1950–70-х гг. действовал нелег. миньян. В нач. 1950-х гг. было разрушено одно из еврейских кладбищ, в 1988 – разрушено второе. Фундамент и постамент пам. В.И. Ленину (снесен в 1990) были сложены из десятков надгробных плит. В 1967 на месте массовых расстрелов установлен памятник жертвам Катастрофы. В 1988 на памятнике была выбита шестиконечная звезда, в 1992 сделана надпись на идише.В 1993 в К. была организована еврейская община (пред. – Александр Ефимович Бабиченко, р. 1950). Действует синагога (возвращена в 1996), в к-рой, по преданию, молился И. Баал-Шем-Тов. Раввином К. с 1993 является раввин Ивано-Франковска Мойше-Лейб Колесник. С 1996 в К. работает воскресная школа, с 2000 – благотворит. столовая. Сохранились 5 зданий синагог и остатки одного из трех еврейских кладбищ.В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 150 евреев.В К. род. Дов Ной (р. 1920), специалист по еврейскому фольклору, проф. ун-та в Иерусалиме, основатель и дир. Музея этнографии в Хайфе. В К. жил и работал Л.Тобиаш., extra_data="{'translat...")
ISAAC'S COLONY does not exist now. Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Colony of Isaac (other name - Isaakovka) in Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland. From 1939 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1898 221 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 142 Jews. In 1898 Jews owned 452 dess. land. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust; the colony ceased to exist.
COLONSCHINA, a village in the Makarov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 grocery stores.
KOLONTAEV, a village in the Krasnokutsk district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1926 12 Jews did not live in the Kolontaevsky district. In the fall of 1941 Jews of K. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR.
KOLOSOV (real fam. Zaika) Pavel Iosifovich (1898, Yekaterinoslav - 1979, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major General (1957). Member Communist. parties since 1917. He graduated from a 2-class school at an orphanage. Member of the 1st world. war. From 1918 - in the Red Army. To Grazhd. During the war he served in the political department of the 35th rifleman. division, was the commissar of the brigade. In 1922 he graduated from command courses, served as a district military commissar, a military commissar of a brigade, and a number of infantry. courses and schools. In 1923–27 he was a military commissar of a division, corps headquarters, and corps. After the end of the War. academy named after MV Frunze (1930) sent to the order of Ch. reconnaissance. ex. and until 1934 he worked abroad. One of the most brilliant analysts of owls. strategy, intelligence. From 1934 - in Moscow, in the leadership of the GRU. Ch. military. censor of the Red Army and deputy. authorized by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for the preservation of military. secrets in print. In 1936–37 pom. early GRU, worked with Ya.K. Berzin and S.P. Uritsky. In 1937–55 he was imprisoned. In 1957 (among the four rehabilitated former high commanders), K. was awarded the rank of general.
KOLOSOV Mark Borisovich (1904, Mogilev - 1989, Moscow), writer. Participant of Civil. war. He began publishing in 1920 in Polish. front. In 1930 he graduated from lit. branch of the 1st Moscow State University. One of the ed. (participants in the creation of the text) rum. NA Ostrovsky "How the steel was tempered". The main theme of K.'s work in the 1920s – 1930s. - factory Komsomol. AV Lunacharsky called K. "the most Komsomol of all writers." 1941–45 - soldier. corr. Events of the 2nd world period. war dedicated. some manuf. K. in the 1940s – 1950s. Works: Thirteen. M., 1924; Lucky youth. M., 1927; Drum. M., 1931; People and feats. M., 1942; Letters from the factory. M., 1949; Comrade general. M., 1956; Difficult life. M., 1961.
Kolosovka, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 16 Feb 1942 770 Jews from Odessa (out of 800 people) were shot in Kazakhstan; 30 Jews managed to escape.
KOLOTOVO, see Kulautuva.
KOLPAKCHI Vladimir Yakovlevich (1899, Kiev - 1961), military leader. General of the Army (1961). Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Uch. 1st world. war, ml. non-commissioned officer. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1928). From 1928 he commanded units and formations. Participant citizen war in Spain (1936–38), then commanded a corps, from December. 1940 early. headquarters of the Kharkov VO. From June 1941 the beginning. army headquarters. In 1942–45 he commanded the armies for various fronts. In 1945 teams. troops of the Baku Military District. Graduated from the Higher. acad. courses at the Military. Academy of the General Staff (1951), commanded the army, in 1954–56 - the troops of the North. IN. From 1956 in the center, the apparatus of the USSR Ministry of Defense (head of the Chief Directorate of Combat Training of the Ground Forces). Awarded with 12 orders. Killed in a plane crash.
CAPS do not exist now. Main in 1852 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Velizhsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1898 42 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. occupation of Jews at the beginning. 20th century - cr. trade; Jews owned 102 dess. land, in x-vakh hired labor was used.
KOLPASHEVO, city (since 1938), regional center in the Tomsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1722.Since 1878 - the village of Tomsk u. and lips. From 1926 it was a "pristansky settlement", from 1933 it was a workers' settlement, in 1932–44 it was the center of the Narym Okrug. In 1939, 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOLPINO, a city (since 1912) in the Leningrad Region, subordinated to the St. Petersburg Mountains. administration (Russian Federation). Main in 1722. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Tsarskoselsky u. Petersburg province. In 1910, approx. 100 Jews (0.6%), in 1926 - 44 Jews (0.3%). Since 1897 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution. t-in. K. genus. E.F. Gross.
COLTON Abram Yudovich (1914, Petrograd - 2007), specialist in the field of hydrodynamics. Prof. (1964). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1938). From 1939 he worked for Leningrad. Metallichesky Z-de (since 1962 the beginning of the Bureau of Hydraulic Calculations and Research of Design Bureau of Water Turbines). Simultaneously taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. Main tr. associated with the creation of the foundations of the theory and hydrodynamics. calculations of water turbines. Contributed to the research. and the development of the flow path of direct-flow turbines. Linen. pr. (1959). Works: Fundamentals of theory and hydrodynamic calculation of water turbines. M.L., 1958 (with I.E. Etinberg).
COLTON Solomon Isaakovich (1908, Ekaterinoslav - 1979, Odessa), singer (baritone). In 1930 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk muses. technical College. Soloist of opera houses in Dnepropetrovsk (1931–34), Voroshilovgrad (1934–36), Gorky (1936–38), Alma-Ata (1938–49), Odessa (1949–66). Parts: Prince Igor ("Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin), Onegin ("Eugene Onegin" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Mazepa ("Mazepa" by Tchaikovsky), Gryaznoy ("The Tsar's Bride" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov ), Rigoletto (“Rigoletto” by G. Verdi) and others. Director of the performances “Tosca” by G. Puccini (1946) and “Aida” by Verdi (1948), the first performer of the part of Macbeth in the USSR in the same name. op. Verdi (1959). In 1959–75 he taught at the Odessa muses. school, in 1975–78 hands. Opera Studio of the Odessa House of Officers. Nar. art. KazSSR (1944).
KOLTSKY, see Kalinovka, Zhytomyr region.
RING, see Kalinovka, Zhytomyr region.
KOLTUN Anatoly (Isaak) Moiseevich (1888 - 1976, Moscow), politician. From 1906 p. RSDLP, Bolshevik. For participation in the roar. movement was repeatedly arrested. In 1909 he was drafted into the military. service, deserted in 1913 and soon emigrated, took part in the work of the Bolshevik. sections and groups in Switzerland and France. In May 1917 he returned to Russia. In oct. in Kr. guard, then before. underground desks. to-that and secret. RVC in Yekaterinoslav, before. trade union of tobacco and cardboard workers. In 1921-23 at the desk. work in Tsaritsyn, in 1923–25 in Yaroslavl. In 1925–27 he was a student of Marxism-Leninism courses in Moscow, then at the head. work in the system of the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b), in 1927-28 at the party. work in Kazakhstan, in 1929–32 in Yaroslavl and Ivanov, in 1932–34 in Moscow and Moscow. region In 1930–34 members. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b). In 1935–46 he worked in court. authorities in Moscow. Since 1947 - director. Research Institute.
KOLTUNOV Vladimir Ilyich (1930, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Graphic artist, illustrator. In 1950 he graduated from Moscow. Wed thin school, in 1955 - Moscow. polygraph. Institute (workshop of P.G. Zakharov). Created ch. arr. easel works: pencil portraits and interiors, but in 1959–86 a lot of illustrations. and designed the book. in publishing houses “Hood. liter "," Progress "," Sov. writer "," Det. literature "and others (" Tsar-fish "by VP Astafiev," Selected "by H. Wells," Stories "by MM Zoshchenko," Poems "by Yu. Tuvim, etc.). Since 1954 constant. participant pl. exhibitions, including two personal exhibitions K. in 1977 and 1983 took place in Moscow.
KOLTYNYANY, see Kaltinenay.
COLUMNA, now part of the town of Lask, Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Laskom u. Petrokovskaya province. In the 1st half. 20th century in K. there were several. synagogues. In the 1920s and 30s. K. was a resort town where the tzadik from Radosice preferred to rest, to whom thousands of Hasidim came on the Jewish autumn holidays. In 1935 and 1937, during the Jewish autumn holidays, pogroms were organized in Kazakhstan. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in September. 1939 Jews of K. were sent to the ghetto for more than cr. us. points. In oct. 1942 a Jewish workers' camp was created in K., destroyed in August. 1943.
KOLYBAN, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941, three Jewish families were shot at a cemetery in Kazakhstan. After 1945, a stone slab was installed on the grave of Jews who perished.
KOLYCHEV (real family member Sirkes) Osip (Joseph) Yakovlevich (1904, Odessa - 1973), poet. Studied at Ying-those Nar. education. Began to publish in 1920. The first book. verse. came out in 1930. One of the main. themes of creativity in the 1930s. - Civil. war, author of the poems Izora (1938), Oleko Dundich (1942). 1941–45 - at the front. During this period, the military predominated in K.'s work. topic. Author pl. songs, including those written specially for the Red Banner Anse. songs and dances of Owls. Army. A number of products K. dedicated Russian artists, in particular II Levitan (poem "The Singer of Russia"). The author of ill. to own products. Translated from Yiddish (collection "From Jewish Poets", 1935), Belarusian, Lezgin. and other languages.
KOLISHKI, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16th - 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vitebsk u. Vitebsk lips. In 1926–35 - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1838, 263 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1849 - 437, in 1881 - 802, in 1897 - 1127 (71.8%), in 1923 - 1047, and in 1926 - 1006 Jews (73.27%). the community was formed in K. in the second half. 18th century For the maintenance of families, pl. Jews left K. to work; the rest were engaged in agriculture, carpentry, petty trade, and maintained drinking establishments. All the Jews of Kazakhstan were Hasidim. In 1849 there were two synagogues in Kazakhstan. Since 1867, Meir Lieven (1845, Kreuzburg -?) Was Rabbi K. Abel Golderman's tannery worked in 1869. In 1885 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 147, and in 1889 - 165 wooden houses. In 1881 the Jews belonged to the Unities. drinking establishment. In 1896, there were 2 merchants, 62 artisans, and 15 small traders among the Jews of Kazakhstan. In the end. 19th century in K. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in the beginning. 20th century - 5 synagogues. In the 1900-1910s. the rabbi of K. was Hirsch Noe. On July 9, 1905, a demonstration with the slogans “Down with autocracy” and others took place in the market square of K. One of the participants in the demonstration, Zalman Meerzon, was arrested; gathered Jewish and Russian. youth (over 100 people), armed with stakes and revolvers, freed him. Before a company of soldiers arrived in K., the demonstrators fled from the town. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, bank office, 22 shops (including all 8 manufacturing, all 6 grocery). In 1915, approx. 100 shops in Kazakhstan were owned by Jews. 1917, a group of the RSDLP (b) operated in Kazakhstan, which included the Ruskin sisters, Rosa Sandler, and others. The Kr. Guards, which included Fridman, Yakov Yudkin (? –1918), Shavel Blyakher, Samuil Oportsev and others, participated in the fight against pogroms. In 1918, several appeared in the town. months were in circulation local paper money with inscriptions on the Belarusian. lang. and Yiddish. In 1920, the property of Shokhet Esel Pudavik was confiscated for illegality. ritual slaughter and the kosher meat trade. In the 1920s and 30s. A Yiddish-taught school operated in Kazakhstan. On July 10, 1941, Wehrmacht units entered Kiev. On March 17, 1942, the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot. After 1945, several people lived in Kazakhstan. Jewish families. Remnants of an old Jewish cemetery have been preserved in Kazakhstan. V.E. Nezlin, S.E. Nezlin, E.M. Fomin.V. N. Pervyshin
KOLUSHKI, a city (since 1949) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in the Brezinovsky district. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 387 (29.1%), in 1939 - 475 Jews. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war, several arrived in K. hundreds of Jewish refugees, to-rye continued to arrive in Kazakhstan in 1940–41. In the spring of 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 3 thousand Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in Oct. 1942; the Jews who were in it were sent to Treblinka.
KOMANDELI, a village in the Onskoy region (Georgia). Since 1804 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - in Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. 19th century Jews lived in K., who later left the village and moved to the main. in They.
KOMAN, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province. In 1866, several. Jewish families, in 1910 - 39 Jews. main occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan - crafts (2 tailors, a shoemaker), trade (2 shops). Army; Jewish houses and shops were looted.
KOMAR, a village in Velikonovoselkovsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1778. At 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony of Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia, Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since 1848.
KOMAR Vitaly Anatolyevich (b. 1943, Moscow), painter. In 1967 he graduated from MVPHU (former Stroganovskoe). Participant of the "bulldozer" exhibition (Moscow, 1974). In 1979 he was expelled from the Union of Artists of the USSR. Since 1978 - in the USA. Works with A.D. Melamid. K. and Melamid developed and approved a new direction in the art of "sotsart". Uch. pl. exhibitions in Russia (the so-called unofficial) and abroad.
KOMARGOROD, a village in Tomashpolskiy district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1459. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav Voivodeship within Poland. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Komaygorod (Jewish name - Komeirid) in Yampolsky u. In 1765, 86 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1784 - 61, in 1790 - 46, in 1847 - 173, in 1889 - 300, in 1897 - 481 (25%), by June 1941 - approx. 400 Jews. About the residence of Jews in Kazakhstan in the 1st half. 17th century Izv. from the responses of the rabbi from Lvov Avrom Rappoport. In June 1648, the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky destroyed most of the Jews of Kazakhstan. In 1765, Shmirka Abramovich was the rabbi in Kazakhstan; Jews owned 21 houses, in 1776 - 9 houses. In 1852 there were 8 Jewish artisans in Kazakhstan; in 1853 a synagogue functioned, in 1889 - 2 synagogues. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Itskhok Segal was a rabbi in K., and from 1905 his son-in-law Dovid-Mordkhe Rubinfayn (1863–?), a moralistic author. op. "Kol kore" ("The calling voice"). Jews G. Langnus and I. Shafir owned a pasta factory. In 1914, Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 5 shops (including all 3 manufactures). wars pl. Jews of Kazakhstan fled to Bessarabia. means. part of the school teachers and economics. technical school, as well as honey. the hospital staff were Jews. In 1924 a collective farm was organized in K. GI Petrovsky (specialized in growing grain crops). In 1941 before. The collective farm was Dovid Shenkelman. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Aug 9 1941 Romanians. the soldiers shot 7 Jews of K., as well as a family of Bessarabian Jews. 15 oct. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, and after the liberation on March 16, 1944, communal life resumed in Kazakhstan. Until mid. 1960s in K., a minyan gathered in a private house. There was a Jewish collective farm (previously - Brover), which in 1952 was united with the Ukrainian one. In the 1960s and 70s. the collective farm was headed by the agronomist Volokh. To the end. 1960s most of the Jews left K. In the middle. 1990s under the hands. native of K., before. Of the Tomashpol Jewish community of M.Spektor, the Jewish cemetery in K.
KOMARICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Sevskiy station Oryol Gubernia. In 1923, 90 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 172 (11.7%), in 1939 - 81 Jews. 1941 in K., several were shot. Jews.
KOMARIN, a village in the Kremenets district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a water mill in Kazakhstan belonged to a Jew. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Kremenets ghetto and in August. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
KOMARNO, a city (since 1940) in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1563, approx. 10 Jews, in 1765 - 686, in 1880 - 2084 (40.9%), in 1900 - 2507 (about 50%), in 1910 - 2716 (44.2%), in 1921 - 2004 (40%), in 1931 - 2,390 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 1530s. In 1550 the Jews of Kazakhstan received from the Polish. King's privileges that expanded Jewish self-government. In the beginning. 17th century in K. was organized independently. community. In 1620, the construction of a stone synagogue began, and in 1644 a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1648 the population of Kazakhstan, including Jews, resisted the troops of B.M. Khmelnitsky, who besieged the city. Many Jews perished during the siege. In the 17-18 centuries. main occupations of Jews K. - crafts, ch. arr. shoemaker (out of 147 shoemakers, more than 50% are Jews). 18th century the rabbi in Kazakhstan was Menachem-Pinhos Horowitz, in 1764–77 - Meir Margulius (1700–1790), then - Yakov Banes (1740–1803) and Arie-Faibush Kagana (? –1806), in the beginning. 19th century - Mordkhe Gilberstam (1750-1827, Brody), in the 1810s. - Yehoshua-Geshel Frenkel-Teumim (1780–1843), from 1827 - Eliezer-Simcha Viteles (1770–1840). After the death of the latter, his place was taken by his son-in-law - Mordkhe-Itskhok Glants (1810-1898), in the middle. 19th century - Shimon Tenea, from 1899 - Alter-Sholem-Dovid Zuckerberg (1868–?). Sh. Tenea's son-in-law - Avrom-Yakov Yoles (1833, Lviv - 1910) from the beginning. 1860s Until 1878 he headed the Hasidic court in Kazakhstan. In 1898–1927, the rabbi of K. was the son-in-law of M. I. Glantz, Yakov-Israel Langenaer (1863–1927), in 1927–41, the son of the latter, Efroim-Doiv (1882–1941). In 1812, Alexander founded the Hasidic court in K. -Sender Safrin (1770-1818). After his death, the dynasty was headed by the son of Yitzhok-Aizik-Yehuda-Ikhl-Mikhl (1806-1874), then - the son of the latter Eliezer-Tzvi (1830-1898). After the death of E.-Ts. Safrin, the dynasty was headed by his son Yakov-Moishe (1861-1929), then - the son of the latter, Sholom (1893-1937) and grandson Boruch (1913-1943). After the 2nd world. The war dynasty was headed by E.-Ts. Safrin's grandson Tzvi-Chaim-Yakov (1892-1969, Jerusalem), then - the son of the latter Menachem-Mendel (1918-1990). In 1902, the Zionist organization Dorshei Zion ". In 1907, a Hebrew school was opened. In 1916, 9 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1919, a Hebrew school was opened. In the beginning. 1920s a bank was founded in K. with the help of the Joint. In 1920, the Talmud Torah began to work, in the middle. 1920s - School for girls "Beis Yaakov". All R. 1930s the yeshiva was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. Several were killed. Jews. After 2 weeks, units of the Red Army entered Kiev. In the autumn of 1939, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in Kazakhstan. On June 30, 1941, Kazakhstan was again occupied by the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat, a Jewish workers' camp, was established. In the fall of 1941, 470 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot in the Bereznyak forest. In July 1942, approx. 1,800 Jews. In nov. 1942 some of the Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, the rest were resettled to the Rudkov ghetto. Of the Jews hiding 61 people. was shot at the Jewish cemetery.
KOMAROV, see Komarov-Siege.
KOMAROV Eric Naumovich (b. 1927, Moscow), orientalist, historian. Cand. ist. sciences. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950). Lecturer at Moscow State University (since 1950), scientific. sotr. (since 1954) Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956, 1959–61 for a diploma. work in India. Participant pl. int. conf. Author approx. 200 scientific. works on history, economics, social and political. and ideol. problems of India. Took part (art., Commentary) in the issue. 12-volume collection op. R. Tagora (Moscow, 1961–66). Cit .: Worldview of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. M., 1969; Problems of the history of India and countries Cf. East. M., 1972.
KOMAROVICHI, a village in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 74 Jews (13.9%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. In 1913, a Jew belonged to a unity. A grocery store in Kazakhstan In May 1921 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, in the course of which five Jews were killed. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in K. Jews.
KOMAROVKA, see Komarovka.
KOMAROVO, see Sasov.
KOMAROVTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province, 1920s The Ge-Halutz farm was organized on 40 hectares in K. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 one Jew was killed in Kazakhstan; 17 Jews K. were shot in Bar in August. 1942.
KOMARUW OSADA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 1st floor. 18th century as a town of the Brest-Litovsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Komarov Tomashovsky u. Lublin province. In 1766 in K.-O. 247 Jews lived, in 1856 - 943 (57%), in 1897 - 1568 (60%), in 1921 - 1752 Jews (61%). The community existed in K.-O. from the beginning. 18th century; there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1823–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. All R. 19th century in to. there were several. synagogues of Kotsk Hasidim. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews K.-O. at 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts, poultry farming, production of alcoholic beverages. By rabbis in K.-O. were: in the 2nd floor. 18th century - Yehuda-Aron Kluger, from 1903 - Iosif Goldfarb, from 1905 - Itskhok-Dovid Shulevich (1872–?), From 1909 - Dovid Engelsberg. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. By 1914 in KO. Jewish philanthropists worked. org-tion, mutual assistance fund. 8 Aug. 1920 the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich carried out in K.-O. pogrom, during which 16 were killed and St. 60 Jews. 1920–30s. in to. Jewish trade unions of artisans were created, a branch of the Jewish trade was opened. bank, philanthropist. cash desk, Jewish library. Active Zionist activities were carried out. Rabbi K.-O. in the 1920s and 30s. was Yehoshua Alterman. 13 Sept. 1939 K.-O. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1939 in K.-O. delivered 200 Jews from Lodz and others. Us. points of Poland, in the spring of 1941 - 400 Jews from Zamosc and 700 - from Czechoslovakia. In the summer of 1941 in K.-O. a ghetto was created. On May 23, 1942, Jewish refugees were sent to the extermination camp in Lazhechi; the rest of the Jews were killed in the ghetto in the fall of 1942. genus. Solomon Kluger (1778-1869, Brody), rabbi of a number of communities of Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland, one of the largest specialists in the region. Jewish law, son of I.-A. Kluger.
KOMARUWKA, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the end. 1880s as the town of Komarovka Radinsky u. Lublin province. In 1883, 15 Jews (7%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 412 Jews (40%). occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. The Jew belonged to unity. distillery plant (founded in 1861). There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan together with the Jewish refugees from the surrounding area. items were sent to the ghetto in Miedzyrzec Podlaski and from there to Treblinka.
KOMAI, see Kamayai.
KOMAYGOROD, see Komargorod.
COMMANDERATION, see Commandant Second.
KOMENDANTOVKA SECOND, now in the composition (since 1957) with. Commandant of Kobelyaksky district, Poltava region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Komendantovka II Kobelyaksky u. Poltava Region In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
COMEIRID, see Komargorod.
KOMINTERNOVSKOE (until 1933 - Antonovo-Kodintsevo), an urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1802. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Odessa u. Kherson lips. In the 1930s. - collective farm them. In 1939, 74 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 25 1941 82 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
COMINS, see Fireplaces.
KOMISSAROV Daniil Samuilovich (b. 1907, Kerki, Bukhara Khanate), orientalist, philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968). Graduated from fi-lol. Faculty of Leningrad Institute of Linguistics and History (1934). Lecturer, deputy. Dean of Philology Faculty of Leningrad State University (1936–41). Dipl. work in Iran (1941–50), at the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1950–54). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1937–41 and since 1954). Honored. scientist Taj. SSR (1977). Cit .: Essays sovr. Persian. prose. M., 1960; Persian. liter. M., 1963; About modern. Iranian literary criticism. M., 1980; Ways of development of a new and modern Persian lit-ry. M., 1982.
KOMISSARZHEVSKY (real name. Lokshin) Grigory Matveyevich (1878 - 1955), singer (lyric and dramatic tenor). Scenic He began his career in 1905. He appeared on opera stages in Minsk and Vitebsk (1907), Petersburg (People's House, 1907), Moscow (Russian Private Opera, 1908; S. Zimin's opera, 1910–12, 1913–15), Yekaterinburg (1908–10, 1912–13, 1919), Perm, Astrakhan, Yekaterinoslav, Kursk. In the 1920s. organized by the Moscow team. opera artists "Art Opera", with which he toured the mountains. Russia.
KOMMUNARSK, see Alchevsk.
KOMORUNZE, see Camorunai.
KOMPANETS Aba Girsh-Leibovich (1870 - |), actor, entrepreneur, playwright. He began performing on stage at the age of 12. At the end of the 19th century. K. leading actor and manager of the troupe Y. Spivakovsky. For the first time he began performing with his troupe in Elizavetgrad (1899), staged plays by A. Goldfaden, I. Letiner, N. Shaikevich. Later he began to appear as an original playwright: K.'s comedy "Young Wives, Old Husbands", the drama "The Blind Orphan", life pictures "Street Children", etc. were staged in many Jewish troupes. Gradually K. appeared on the stage less and less, giving energy and time to entrepreneurship. After 1917 he lived in Latvia.
KOMPANEETS Alexander Solomonovich (1914, Yekaterinoslav - 1974, Palanga, Lithuanian SSR), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1945), prof. (1945). Son of S.M. Kompaneets. Graduated from Kharkov mech.-mash-build. Institute (1934). In 1934–41 and 1944–45 he worked at the Kharkov Physics and Technology Institute. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–44 - in Phys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (Tashkent). Since 1946 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. taught at Kharkov University (1935–41 and in 1944), Tashkent Polytechnic. in-those (1941 - 44), MEPhI (1947–74). scientific. interests - continuum mechanics, electrodynamics, theory of accelerators, quantum theory of many-electron systems, interaction of radiation with plasma, astrophysics. Fund. research on the theory of detonation, strong explosion, explosion in an inhomogeneous atmosphere, shock waves in plastic. environments. Derived ur-tion for equilibrium of radiation with in-vom (ur-tion Kompaneets). He extended the Thomas-Fermi equation to inhomogeneous systems, which was further developed in modern times. density functional method. The author of St. 80 scientific. works, as well as scientific-popul. books, works: Theoretical. physics. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1965. Laws of physical. statistics. M., 1970; 2nd ed. M., 1976; Theoretical course. Physics, v. 1–2. M., 1972; Phys.-chem. relativistic gas dynamics. M., 1977; Symmetry in micro- and macrocosm. M., 1978.
KOMPANETS Solomon Markovich (1873 - 1941, Kharkov), otorhinolaryngologist. Doctor of Medicine (1912), Prof. (1921). He graduated in 1897 honey. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1900 he worked in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912 he defended doc. dis. "To the question of the frequency of feigned deafness among victims of accidents and the methods of their detection", which became a guide for the examination of hearing loss and deafness. Since 1920, at the Department of Ear, Throat and Nose Diseases, Yekaterinoslavskiy honey. in-that. From 1930 dir. clinics of ear, nose and throat diseases of the 1st Kharkov honey. in-that and Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors. At the same time. (in 1930–38) Departments of Ear, Throat and Nose Diseases Kharkiv Stomatologic. in-that and a neuropsychiatrist. Institute (until 1932) in Kharkov. Since 1938 scientific. hands. Ukr. Central Research Institute of Ear, Throat and Nose (Kharkov). In 1941 he was appointed head. otorhinolaryngologic. Department of the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors and Dentistry. Institute in Kiev. tr. K. dedicated in the main. physiology and pathology of auditory and vestibular analyzers. Great practical the value was studied. on the physiology of the otolith apparatus and the clinic of its diseases, ear contusions and injuries of the upper respiratory tract. ways. A number of studies. refers to the problems of deafness, senile hearing loss, research methods. hearing. Prev Ob-va of otorhinolaryngologists of the Ukrainian SSR and the Skleroma Committee of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. Works: Materials on the question of the influence of air contusion on the functions of the auditory and vestibular apparatus. Ekaterinoslav, 1925; Ear diseases. Kharkov, 1934; Otorhinolaryngology. Kiev, 1936; Diseases of the ear, nose and throat. M., 1942; Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Kiev, 1949.
KOMPANEETS Zinovy ​​Lvovich (1902, Rostov-on-Don - 1987, Moscow), composer. The son of a musician. In 1920–22 he studied at the Baku cons. by class php. from ND Nikolaev. In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class comp. from R.M. Glier. Creative He began his career as a pianist-illustrator, played orc. to / t. In the 1920s and 30s. created a number of products. on Jewish folklore material, in to-rykh Jewish nar. the motives were based on the rhythm of owls. mass song. So, in these years, songs arose on the verses of the Jewish poets I.S.Fefer, I.D.Kharik, A.D. Kushnirov, S.Z.Galkin, A.A. Vergelis, etc.). He also used melodies of other peoples - Kazakh, Bashkir, Moldavian - "Fantasy on Bashkir themes" (1936), "Kazakh Rhapsody" for orc. bunk bed instr-tov (1942), symphonietta "Kazakhstan" and "Moldavian dances" (1949-50). To the Jewish nat. topic K. again turned in the 1960s. - created “Five songs to the words of Jewish owls. poets "(1960), publ. his adaptations (collection "Jewish folk songs", 1961), a rhapsody on Jewish themes (1983). In the 1970s. - "Eight Jewish Songs" on the lyrics. HW Beider (1977), "Four highlights" on the bunk. Jewish melodies (1977). At the same time K. made a collection of articles. "New Jewish Songs" (1970). Publ. Art. "Jewish owls. music "," Sounding monument "," Ways of research. Jewish muses. culture ". K. - muses. consultant zhurn. "Sovetish Gameland", one of its authors. Children take a large place in creativity. subject. Author of 4 children. op., cycles det. songs on the next A.A. Blok, S.Ya. Marshak.
KOMPANEEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 50 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Kazakhstan were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. In aug. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed in the winter of 1941/42.
COMRAT, city (since 1957), center of the autonomous territory. education Gagauzia (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bulgarian. colony of Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 392 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1989 - 79 Jews. In 1913, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in K. In 1920–30s in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust. After 1945, part of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. 1980s - early. 1990s practically all Jews left K.V. K. genus: S. Guryan; Reuven Sheri (Shraibman) (1903-1989, Jerusalem), state. activist, since 1925 - in E.-I., dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations from the MAPAI party, in 1950-51 - deputy. min. transport.
KOMSOMOLSK ON AMUR, a city (since 1932), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Built on the site with. Permskoe, main. in 1860 in the Primorsk region. In 1939 in K. on / A. 749 Jews lived, in 1959 - 1,062 (0.6%), in 1970 - 807 Jews (0.4%). The Jewish population in Kazakhstan on / A. appeared in connection with the settlement of the Jewish Autonomous Region and the development of industry in the region. The first manager of the building K. on / A. was I.A.Kattel. Among the Jewish intelligentsia, actively involved in the cultural life of the city, was S.S. Vitukhnovskaya. In 1999 in K. on / A. the cultural center "Yahad" was created (headed by Grigory Samuilovich Leizerovich, in 2000 - by the religious community "Yahad" (previously by Viktor Pavlovich Ivanov). In 2002, about 1 thousand Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOMSOMOLSKAYA (until 1964 - Pukovo), a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 in the district of K., approx. 40 Jews. In 1950, a monument was erected on the grave of the victims - a sculpture of a woman with a child.
KOMSOMOLSKOE, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Zmievsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine) In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
COMYAN, do not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ponevezhsky u. Kovno province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were evicted from K.
KON-FOSSEN Stefan Emmanuilovich (1902, Breslau, Germany - 1936), mathematician. He worked in Göttingen and Cologne high fur boots. In 1934 he emigrated to the USSR; was prof. Leningrad. un-that and scientific. sotr. Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main works belong to differenti. geometry. Author of funds. tr. in the region. bending theory and topology. Author (with D. Hilbert) popul. book "Visual geometry" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951; 3rd ed. Moscow, 1981).
KON Adolf (| - 1907, Petersburg), journalist. Graduated from Warsaw rabbinical school and law. Faculty of Warsaw University. He was one of the leading comp. Jewish ed. in Polish lang. "Israelita". He was published in various Polish publications. For several years there was a secret. at the center, to-those EKO in St. Petersburg. The author of several. book on the Jewish theme. Translated from Russian. and it. lang. into Polish.
KON Alexander Feliksovich (1897, Kharkov - 1941), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1935). Son of F.Ya. Kon. He studied law. Faculty of Kharkov University. From 1919 he was a teacher at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and Communist. academy (doctoral student, since 1930 member of the bureau of the economic section). Since 1935 K. worked on the preparation of a new edition. econom. the works of K. Marx. Ed. K. published the 1st volume of "Capital". K. isl. problems watered. economy and theory of owls. x-va. In 1941 - at the front, he died during the defense of Moscow. Works: Theory prom. capitalism. M., 1923; Political Economy Course. 3rd ed. M.-L., 1929; Reproduction and accumulation of capital. M., 1938.
Felix Yakovlevich KON (1864, Warsaw - 1941, Moscow), politician. He studied at Warsaw University, those, participated in the student. movement. Since 1882, members Party "Proletariat". In 1884 he was sentenced to military service. court to 10 years and 8 months. penal servitude, which he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia. In 1891 - 1904 - in a settlement in Yakutia; conducted by an anthropologist. and ethnogr. issled., for which he was awarded evil. medals of the Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers. In 1904 he returned to Warsaw, joined the left wing of the PPS. It was edited by the legal organ "Courier Zodzenny". In 1905 he directed the work of the party among the Russian. soldier, ed. illegal. "Soldier's leaf", represented the teaching staff at the meeting of the roar. parties of Russia, in December. 1905 participated in the work of the joint committee of the PPP, SDKPiL and RSDLP. At the 8th Congress of the PPS (1906), a member was elected. Central Committee. After the congress, K. was arrested, soon released on bail, fled to Galicia (Austria-Hungary), where he continued to work in local organizations of the PPS. After the beginning. 1st world. wars - in Switzerland, where he joined the internationalists - "Zimmerwald". After Feb. roar. 1917 returned to Russia, participated in the work of the organization of the Menshevik internationalists in Petrograd, then in the Ukraine. On Sept. - participant Democr. meetings in Oct. - member Provisional Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). In the beginning. 1919 in Kiev, led by the Polish Communist. org-tsy, ed. gas. "Voice of the Communist" (in Polish.), Chl. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. After the capture of Kiev by the troops of the general. A.I.Denikin left for Moscow, Chl. Collegiums of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In the end. 191.9 returned to Kiev, chl. Kiev Provincial Committee, then (until 1922) member. and secret. Central Committee of the CP (b) U and at the same time. member VUTSIK. During the Soviet-Polish period. wars 1920 p. Polrevkoma (Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee). In 1922–23 sec. Executive Committee of the Comintern, at the same time. member Pres. Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1924–35 members. ECCI. In 1925-28 ed. gas. "Krasnaya Zvezda", in 1928-30 ed. "Workers' newspaper". In 1930–31 head. sector of lawsuit-in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in 1931-33 before. Vses. radio department, in 1933–37 head. muses. dep. People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. In 1937–41 ed. zhurn. "Our country".
Igor Semenovich KON (b. 1928), psychologist, sociologist. Cand. ist. Sci., Dr. of Philos. Sciences (1959), acad. APN USSR (1986). Graduated from Leningrad. ped. Institute (1947). He worked in the Vologda ped. in-those (1950–53), Leningrad. chem.-pharmaceutical in-those (1953–56). The author of Art. about social psychology. the roots of ethnic prejudice, including anti-Semitism, "The Psychology of Prejudice" ("New World", 1966, No. 9). In 1969–72 head. sociol. department Ying-that sociol. research Since 1974 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the present. time ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Science. interests - the history of sociology, the methodology of the social sciences, social psychology, the problem of personality, sexology. Works: Opening "I". M., 1978; Psychology of adolescence. M., 1979; Social psychology of personality. M., 1979; Introduction to Sexology. M., 1988.
KON Naftole-Hertz (1910, Storozhinets, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary - 1971, Jerusalem), poet. He made his debut with poetry in gas. "Chernovitser Bleter" in 1929. In the same year he was forced to flee to Poland because of the persecution of the authorities for his roar. activity. In Poland he was arrested, in 1932 exchanged for polit. prisoner in the USSR. In 1937 he was repressed. Released in 1941, but in 1948 he was again arrested and sentenced to 25 years. In 1956 he was rehabilitated; went to Israel. In 1959 he came to Poland, was arrested, several. years spent in prisons. K.'s poems were included both in the USSR and in Poland in collections and alm., Were published in gas. Einikite. In 1932, Sat. verse. and poems by K. "Trot noh trot" ("Step by step"), but was immediately confiscated. In 1966 in Tel Aviv was published Sat. verse. and the poems Farshribn in zikorn (Recorded in Memory). In 1965 he was rehabilitated and returned to Israel.
KON Shmuel (1865, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province - |), doctor. The author of a number of Art. for honey. topics in gas. "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Measef". In the beginning. 20th century - societies. rabbi in Velizh, Vitebsk province.
KON Jozef Geimanovich (b. 1920, Krakow, Poland), musicologist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1988), prof. (1980). In 1940 he graduated from music. school in Lvov (class. fp.), in 1948 - historical-theoretical. Faculty of Tashkent Cons. Since 1947 he taught in the same music-theoretical. discipline. At the same time. in 1947–49 scientific. sotr. Institute of Art History of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. In 1963 he moved to Novosibirsk, taught at Novosib. cons. (1963–69). Since 1970 he has been teaching at the Department of Music Theory at the Petrozavodsk branch of the Leningrad State University. cons. The author is numerous. Art., dedicated. bunk bed uzb. music and played a significant role in the theoretical. development and understanding of the specifics of the Uzbek. folklore. Dr. sphere of scientific. interests of K. - the problem of the modal originality of the muses. lang. modernity, in particular production. comp. 20th century - I.F. Stravinsky, B. Bartok, J. Xenakis, A. Schoenberg and others. figure of lawsuit-in Karel. ASSR (1980). Cit .: Certain questions of the modal structure of the Uzbek. bunk bed songs and harmonization. Tashkent, 1979; Analysis questions of modern. music. L., 1982.
KONARSKY Shimon (1808, Dobkishki Avgustovsky u. Suwalki province. - 1839, Vilna), politician. Member of the Polish uprising of 1830–31. In 1834, the Italian took part in the campaign. carbonarii to Savoy. In the same year in Bern he took part in the creation of the roar. org-tion "Young Poland", which was part of the international. unification roar. org-tion "Young Europe". In 1835 joint. with J. Chinsky published gas in Paris. Pulnots. In 1836 he led the roar. org-tion "Union of the Polish People". In 1838 he was arrested by the police, executed by a court sentence.
KONATKOVTSY, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kanatkivtsi Mogilevsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Between 1942 and 1944 there was a ghetto in Kazakhstan for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 42 Jews were held in the ghetto.
KONAZHICE, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Lomzhinsky u. In 1897 58 Jews (11%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KONDOLI, a village in Telavsky district (Georgia). In the 18th century. - in the Kakhetian kingdom. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. 18th century in K. lived a Jew who owned serfs.
KONDOPOGA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Petrozavodsk u. Olonets province. In 1939, 69 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1990s In K. there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2003, approx. 20 Jews.
KONDRASHIN Kirill Petrovich (1914, Moscow - 1981, Amsterdam), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1976). Rod. in a family of musicians. Mother is a violinist, the first woman to qualify for the competition in the Bolshoi Theater, my father played the viola, in particular, in the GOSET. In 1931–36 he studied in class. conducting with BE Khaikin in Moscow. cons. In 1932–34 he worked as an assistant conductor at Det. t-re, in 1934–37 - in Muz. t-re them. Vladimir I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Here in 1934 he made his debut as a director-conductor in R. Plunket's op-te "Corneville Bells". From 1937 he worked as a conductor at the Maly Opera House in Leningrad, where in 1937–41 he conducted the first performance of op. AF Paschenko "Pompadours", post. performances "The Girl from the West" and "Chio-Cio-san" by G. Puccini, conducted op. classic Western-European, Russian and owls. repertoire. In 1943–56 he was the conductor of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, where the post. op. "The Snow Maiden" and "The Tsar's Bride" by N. Rimsky-Korsakov, "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by M. Glinka, "Iolanta" by P. Tchaikovsky, etc. At the same time. performed in symphony. concerts with decomp. orc., headed by Moscow. youth symph. orc., to-ry in 1949 won the "Grand Prix" of the Budapest Festival. From 1956 he performed only as a symphony. conductor. Having no property. orc., constantly toured. He performed with S.T.Rikhter, D.F. Oistrakh, E.G. Gilels, M.L. Rostropovich, LB Kogan. In 1958, after participating in the work of the 1st International. competition them. PI Tchaikovsky in Moscow became the first owl. conductor, who performed in the USA (together with H.L. Cliburn. In 1960-75 he was chief conductor of the symph. orc. Moscow Philharmonic, with whom he performed both classical and modern programs. symph. and "Execution of Stepan Razin" by D. D. Shostakovich, produced by G. V. Sviridov, M. S. Vainberg, R. K. Shchedrin, B. A. Tchaikovsky. 1950–53 and 1972–78 taught at the Moscow Consulate. In the 1960s – 70s he toured extensively in Europe and the USA. Since 1978 - in the Netherlands. In 1979–81 he was the head of the orchestra “Concertgebouw” in Amsterdam. competition of young conductors named after K. K.'s interpretations are marked by restraint, drama, gravitation towards lyricism of images. His characteristic romantic impulses and improvisation have always been distinguished by a sense of proportion and logic. K. is the author of the book "On the art of conducting" (L.-M. , 1970), which summarized his performance and pedagogical experience.In 1989, the book of dialogues K. with the musicologist and conductor VG Raazhnikov was published: "Kirill Kondrashin tells" (Moscow, 1989). . USSR (1972). Became. pr. (1948, 1949). State pr. RSFSR (1969).
KONDRATIEVKA, see Kondratovka.
KONDRATOVKA, a village in the Sumy region of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kondratyevka Sumskiy u. Kharkov province. In winter 1941/42, 9 Jews were killed in K.
KONDRATYUK Yuri Vasilievich (real name and surname Alexander Ignatievich Shargei) (1897, Poltava - 1941, Kozelsky district, Kaluga region), theorist of cosmonautics. In 1916 he entered Petrograd. polytechnic in-t, soon drafted to the military. service. In 1917 he graduated from the school of warrant officers, fought on the Turkish front; in 1918 - an officer in the White Army. In 1919–30 he worked as a car lubricator on the railway. etc .; a technician at a sugar plant; mechanic, engineer on the page of a number of elevators. In 1930 he was arrested on charges of sabotage, sentenced to 3 years in prison, then replaced by exile in Zap. Siberia, which he served while working in the Design Bureau No. 14 of the OGPU of the USSR at Kuzbassstroy. In 1932 he presented to the All-Union Union. competition project of a wind farm. In 1934, in connection with the adoption of the project, he moved to Moscow, where he worked in the design departments. trusts of the People's Commissariats heavy. industry and electrical industry of the USSR. K. created a project of the most powerful in the world for that time, the Crimean wind farm on Ai-Petri. He had 9 copyright applications for elevator equipment, wind turbines and mechanisms for them. Died at the front. In 1916–17, K. prepared a manuscript (published only in 1929 in Novosibirsk under the title "On Interplanetary Travel"), where he substantiated the possibility of overcoming gravity by flying on a multistage apparatus such as a rocket with a jet engine running on liquid oxygen-hydrogen fuel controlled by a system of gyroscopes. In an original way, he deduced the main equation of the rocket movement (the movement of a point with variable mass). In order to save fuel, he proposed using the atmospheric drag to slow down the rocket during descent, and expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of launching spaceships into the orbit of their arts during flights to celestial bodies. satellites. A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after K.. Vol .: The Conquest of Interplanetary Space. 3rd ed. M, 1964.
KONDROVO, a city (since 1938), the center of the Dzerzhinsky district in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kaluga Gubernia. 14 Jews (0.5%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, 46 Jews in 1939. A.Ya.Khinchin; lived and worked Ya.G. Khinchin.
KONDRYA Konstantin Abramovich (real name Kon) (b. 1920, Dorokhoy, Romania), poet, playwright. Since 1940 - in Chisinau. Graduated from Chisinau ped. Institute in 1945, worked as a editor. gas. "Tinerima Moldovei", "Skyntea Leninista", "Nistru" and "Kiperush". He began to write in the postwar period. years. First Sat verse. "Tinerece" ("Youth") came out in 1949. It was followed by a number of collections. The best early poems are collected in the book. Versur (1958). In the 1950s – 60s. separate ed. came out humorous. verses K. As a playwright, he made his debut in 1957 with a play on the East. the material "Zile de Coupene" ("Days of Trials"). The author of the book. for children and youth.
KONELA, a village in Zhashkovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. In Kiev province 445 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 744 (36.2%) in 1897, 225 in 1923, and in the 1930s. - St. 100 Jews. In 1865, two synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 pharmacies, 2 timber warehouses, mills, 9 shops (including 4 manufactures, 2 grocery stores). 1942 Jews of K. were shot in the pits of the salotopka.
KONEN (Konen) Valentina Josephovna (1909, Baku - 1991, Moscow), music historian. Doctor of Lawsuit (1946). From ser. 1910s - in emigration. In 1921–31 - in New York. In 1929 she graduated from the Juilliard Music. school in New York by class. php. Since 1931 - in the USSR. In 1931–33 she studied at Baku and Moscow. oil. in-takh. Graduated from historical-theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. (1933–38), taught there in 1938–41 and in 1944–49, at the same time, in 1944–49, in the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. During the period of the “struggle against cosmopolitanism” she was dismissed from her job and later (except 1949–51 - acting professor of the Ural Cons., Sverdlovsk) was not allowed to teach. In 1960-88 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Laws of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of 10 books, more than 60 p. on questions ist. musicology, on the history of music of the countries of Europe and the USA and their connection with the music of Africa and Asia. In 1927–44 she was published in the USA, collaborated as a musician. critic in "Musical Courier" and "Moscow News". Works: History of foreign music of the XIX century. Issue 1. M., 1958; Ways of American Music. M., 1961; Theater and symphony. The role of opera in the formation of a classical symphony. M., 1968; The birth of jazz. M., 1981; Third layer. New mass genres in 20th century music. M., 1994.
KONEZPOL, a city (since 1443) in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of Sieradz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia In 1764, 394 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 445 (24%), in 1827 - 444 (30.2%), in 1857 - 726 (41.4%), in 1897 - 886 (45% ), in 1921 - 1077 (45.3%), in 1939 - approx. 1,100 Jews. In 1675 Jewish merchants from Kazakhstan participated in the Leipzig fairs. In 1764 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. Until 1724, the rabbi of K. was Avigdor Margaliot (? –1741), in the middle. 18th century - Shlomo Wolf (? –1761), later his son-in-law - Eliezer, in the beginning. 19th century - Itskhok Lisk, at the end. 19th century - Dovid-Doyv-Ber Taub. 1920–30s. in K. there were 5 synagogues, including the Aleksandrovsk, Radomyslensk and Gur Hasids. The rabbis during this period were Chaim-Osher Burenstein, who died during the Holocaust, Dovid Klinefletz (? –1936), then the son of D. Klinefletz. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were several. heders, yeshiva of the Gur Hasidim. After the occupation of Kazakhstan by units of the Wehrmacht in September. 1939 the Judenrat was established. On Sept. 1942 Jews from the surrounding area were resettled to K. points. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in October. 1942. After liberation, 4 Jews returned to Kazakhstan. One of them was killed during the pogrom in Kielce in July 1946. On the trail. the day after the pogrom, 3 Jews who survived left K.
KONIN, a city (from the end of the 13th century) in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kalisz Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Kalisz province. In 1764 168 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 369 (18.3%), in 1827 - 862 (24.2%), in 1857 - 2006 (38.9% ), in 1897 - 2482 (31.7%), in 1921 - 2902 (28.9%), in 1939 - approx. 3000 (approx. 23.1%), in 1945 - 46, in 1946 - 60, in 1965 - 2 Jews. about Jews K. refers to 1397. In the 15th century. in K. in 12 houses lived apprx. 180 Jews. In the 17th century. Jews lived in dep. quarter, on Jewish street. A synagogue was built in 1766, and another one in 1870. In K. there were several. Hasidic synagogues. In the end. 19th century in K. there were “Bikur Hoylim”, “Ha-Kneses Orkhim”, “Kneses Kalo”, and a mutual assistance fund. In the end. 19th century in K. was opened state. Jewish school. In 1810–49, the rabbi of K. was Zvi-Hirsch of Amsterdam, who founded a yeshiva in the city, in 1849–83 - Zvi-Hirsch Urbach, in 1884–1905 - the Kotsk Hasid Zvi-Hirsch Bizhunsky, in 1906–14 - Yakov Lifshits Since 1905, a Bund organization has been operating in Kazakhstan. In 1913 a Zionist organization was created in Kazakhstan, and in 1914, a branch of Poalei Zion. In 1918, a school of the Yavne network and a bilingual Jewish gymnasium, prof. ORT school. In the 1920s. a new Jewish cemetery was laid. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1939 a ghetto was created, liquidated in October. 1941. After the liquidation of the ghetto in its place in March 1942, a labor camp was created, where more than 800 Jews were taken. An underground group was organized in the camp, which committed in August. 1943 arson of several. After the liberation, some Jews who remained alive returned to Kazakhstan. A local Jewish council was created. I.-E. Ronch.
KONITS Henryk Samuilovich (1860 - |), lawyer, public figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University, was a sworn attorney, participated in the publishing house. weekly "Court. gas." (Petersburg). In 1907, dep. 2nd State Duma from Polotsk Gubernia, being a Catholic, joined the Polish "Kolo". During the discussion on the Jewish issue in the Polish press (1909-11), he pointed out the need to oppose those elements of Jewry that were supposedly dangerous to the interests of the Polish nation and its culture. Author of the works "Agriculture and Trade during the Duchy of Warsaw", "Community Self-Government", "The History of Marital Law in the Kingdom of Poland", "Guide for Community Authorities", etc.
KONSKE, a city (since 1748) in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the county town of Konsk, Radom province. In 1827, 1703 Jews (51%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 4453 (54.8%), in 1921 - 5031 (62%), in 1939 - approx. 6,500 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 16th century. In 1588 Jews were granted the privilege of trading in food. All R. 18th century a wooden synagogue was built in K. Main source of income for Jews in the 19th century. there was also trade, including wholesale trade in metal products, manufactory, food products, wine and vodka. Almost all trade in Kazakhstan was concentrated in the hands of the Jews. In 1863, most of Kazakhstan's artisans were Jews. Many were engaged in carriage. In the beginning. 20th century Jews owned 2 metalworking plants, a sawmill, a mill, and manufactories. 19th century Rabbi K. was a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" Rabbi Iekutiel, in the 2nd half. 19th century - Moishe-Ikhl Stashevsky and Pinkhos Rabinovich (? –1901), who founded the Hasidic court in Kazakhstan. After the death of the latter, the dynasty was continued by his son, Nosn-Dovid. In the 1890s. Moishe Boim was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1896 - Yoav-Yehoshua Weingarten (1847–1922). In 1905, the wooden synagogue was repaired and partly covered with stone. 20th century Zionist circles were active in Kazakhstan. In 1904 immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a community in the USA. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings system operated in Kazakhstan. t-in, "Linas ha-Tzedek", Jewish Society for Mutual Aid in Illness. In 1914 Khaya Shmulyevna Krasnoperka worked as a dentist in Kazakhstan. In 1920–22, several were founded. Jewish banks. In the 1920s and 30s. open several. Jewish schools, Talmud Torah, in 1928 - yeshiva. In K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi K. in the 1920s – 1930s. was the son of J.-I. Weingarten - Meir, who died during the Holocaust. In 1939, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. The Judenrat was created, later - a ghetto, in which in the summer of 1942 was kept approx. 7,500 people, in the fall of 1942 - approx. 9 thousand people The destruction of the ghetto began in November. 1942 and was completed in Jan. 1943. After liberation, several people lived in K. Jewish families.
KONSKOVOLIA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century as a rural settlement of Vitovska Volya. In 1532-1869 - a city. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Konsko-Volya Novoaleksandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1661, 34 Jews (13.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1674 - 56 (21%), in 1765 - 569, in 1787 - 560 (50%), in 1827 - 872 (44%). in 1856 - 1,070 (53.3%), in 1897 - 1,453 (52.3%), in 1921 - 876 Jews (51%). Jews began to settle in Kazakhstan in the 17th century. In the 18th century. a community was created, a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery was laid. Until 1782, the first rabbi of K. was a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" Avrom-Abba (? - 1832), whom he later headed. religious court in Warsaw, then his son Fishl. The rabbis of K. were the disciples of the "Seer from Lublin" Itamar Volglerner (? - 1831), Avrom Lerman, Meir-Yehoshua Gllernter, from 1903 - Dovid Weigenshper, from 1910 - Yehoshua-Alter Wildman. spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, crafts, maintenance of taverns and shanks, garrison service Rus. army. There were groups of Zionists, Bund, youth organizations. A department of the Jewish cooperative bargaining worked. bank, in 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings. In 1922, a branch "Agudas Israel" was opened in K., with a Talmud-Torah and a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" working under it. The Bund organized a library, with a cut there was drama. circle. In 1925 in the mountains. council K. 6 Jews were elected. Since 1932, the rabbi of K. was Yehoshua Salzberg, who died during the Holocaust. 1939, approx. 2 thousand Jewish refugees from Warsaw, Pulaw and other cities of Poland. In the beginning. 1941 the Judenrat was created, at the end. 1941 - ghetto. In K. there was a workers' camp for 400 people. (destroyed in the summer of 1942). In apr. 1942 Jews were brought to Kazakhstan from Kuruv; On May 1, 1942, all members of the Judenrat were arrested. 1,600 Jews were sent to Sobibur. In June 1942, approx. 3 thousand Jews from Czechoslovakia, later from Lublin and Warsaw. In total, there were approx. 5 thousand people In oct. In 1942, 1,600 Jews were shot, the rest in May 1943 were sent to labor camps in the Lublin region. Mikhl-Berl Sokolov (1902-1942, Treblinka), poet, writer in Yiddish.
KONKOLOVICHI, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Antopol Minsky u. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. 23 Sep 1942 approx. K. Jews from the Stolbtsy ghetto were shot.
KONONOVICH Lev Mironovich (1922, Petrograd - 1988, ibid.), Specialist in the field of radio broadcasting technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1972). In 1941 from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-that went to the front as a volunteer. Graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute. He was engaged in research. and the development of ultra-shortwave radio broadcasting. equipment with frequency modulation. In 1959 he invented the stereo system. radio broadcasting with polar modulation. K.'s system, along with the Amer. system with a pilot signal has become widespread and recognized by Intern. advisory kit on the radio. Since 1960 this system has been operating in Russia and other countries b. THE USSR. Author approx. 100 prints scientific. works, a number of inventions. Cit .: Stereophonic radio broadcasting. M., 1974; Stereo sound reproduction. M., 1981.
KONONOVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan. 1941 in K. 3 Jews were shot.
KONOSHA, urban-type settlement (since 1931), a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Velsky u. Vologda Province. In 1939, 29 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОНОТОП, город (с 1648), районный центр в Сумской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1638. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Черниговской губ.В 1847 в К. проживал 521 еврей, в 1862 – 1209, в 1886 – 1545, в 1897 – 4426 (23%), в 1920 – 4461, в 1923 – 6205, в 1926 – 5763 (17%), в 1939 – 3941 (8,6%), в 1959 – ок. 1600 (3,5%), в 1970 – ок. 1400 (2,1%), в 1979 – ок. 1000 евреев (1,2%).В июне 1794 евреям из бывш. польск. земель было разрешено селиться в Черниговской губ. К нач. 19 в. в Конотопском у. числилось св. 80 евреев-мещан. После постройки Московско-Киево-Воронежской ж. д. (1859) К. стал крупным ж.-д. узлом; численность еврейского населения заметно возросла. Евреи-купцы активно участвовали в конотопских ярмарках (в 1850 было продано ок. 1 млн. пудов хлеба, 1/3 к-рого реализовали еврейские торговцы), занимались экспортом с.-х. продукции, владели мельницами, маслобойнями, крупорушками. Во 2-й пол. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. большинство врачей и значит. часть адвокатов были евреями.Осн. занятия большинства еврейского населения – ремесла (из 283 ремесленников ок. 180 – евреи) и мелкая торговля. В 1862 в К. действовала 1 деревянная синагога, в 1886 – 1 каменная и 2 деревянные. В 1881 в К. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого один еврей был убит (евреи К. попытались организовать самооборону). В сер. 1880-х гг. возникли первые еврейские социалистич. кружки, рев. пропаганду среди рабочих вел Ш.-Л.Х. Беркович. С 1892 в К. работала еврейская больница. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. имелись 3 синагоги и 4 хедера, в нач. 20 в. – талмуд-тора, жен. частное еврейское уч-ще. Раввином в К. с 1880 был Арье-Лейб Гафт. В 1910-х гг. лидером сионистских орг-ций был врач Арон Маршов. В 1913 в К. имелось об-во вспомоществования.В ходе Гражд. войны еврейское население К. пострадало от погромов, грабежей, голода и эпидемий. В 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный частями Директории; в сент. 1919 части Добровольческой армии учинили в К. погром, в ходе к-рого 5 евреев были убиты, 10 ранены.В 1917 местная орг-ция Бунда издавала в К. газ. «Известия», в 1918 действовали орг-ция «Цеирей Цион», об-во «Тарбут». В 1922 состоялся суд над преподавателями иешивы; были закрыты хедеры. В 1923–28 нелег. сионистские орг-ции («Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц») организовали выезд молодежи в Э.-И. Весной 1923 была закрыта синагога. В 1928 в К. прошли массовые аресты сионистов.В 1922 среди евреев К. было 962 рабочих (52% от общего кол-ва). В 1920-х гг. в городе был создан ряд еврейских культурно-просветит. учреждений, в 1926–27 работал еврейский т-р. В 1919–22 действовал еврейский дет. дом, в 1920–39 – школа с преподаванием на идише. В 1925 в Херсонском окр. выходцами из К. был организован еврейский земледельч. коллектив «Земля и труд» (171 чел.), в 1926 в Криворожском окр. – «Фрайфельд» (63 чел.). До 1930-х гг. раввином в К. был Шимон Тейцлин.3 сент. 1941 К. оккупировали герм. войска. В нояб. 1941 в К. было расстреляно ок. 200 евреев, 1 дек. 1941 – 95 евреев из лагеря для военнопленных.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946–47 еврейская община объединяла ок. 300 верующих, в 1948 – 70 чел.В 1994 в К. начала издаваться газ. «Лебн» (первый ред. – Давид Плацер). В 1999 созданы отд-ние «Хесэд Эстер» и религ. община. Имеется клезмерский анс., раз в месяц транслируется еврейская программа по местному телевидению.В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 300 евреев.В К. род.: М.Г. Вайнштейн, И.Идельсон, И.Писаревский, В.Розанко, А.М.Утевский, М.Ханзин, Е.Г. Цитовский, С.П.Ярмоненко; Давид Абрамович Батуринский (наст. фам. Гальперин) (1888–1961, Москва), экономист, д-р экономич. наук, проф., проректор Моск. финанс. ин-та (1939–48), чл. ЕАК (1941–45), отец В.Д.Батуринского., pronunciation=КОНОТОП, город (с 1648), районный центр в Сумской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1638. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Черниговской губ.В 1847 в К. проживал 521 еврей, в 1862 – 1209, в 1886 – 1545, в 1897 – 4426 (23%), в 1920 – 4461, в 1923 – 6205, в 1926 – 5763 (17%), в 1939 – 3941 (8,6%), в 1959 – ок. 1600 (3,5%), в 1970 – ок. 1400 (2,1%), в 1979 – ок. 1000 евреев (1,2%).В июне 1794 евреям из бывш. польск. земель было разрешено селиться в Черниговской губ. К нач. 19 в. в Конотопском у. числилось св. 80 евреев-мещан. После постройки Московско-Киево-Воронежской ж. д. (1859) К. стал крупным ж.-д. узлом; численность еврейского населения заметно возросла. Евреи-купцы активно участвовали в конотопских ярмарках (в 1850 было продано ок. 1 млн. пудов хлеба, 1/3 к-рого реализовали еврейские торговцы), занимались экспортом с.-х. продукции, владели мельницами, маслобойнями, крупорушками. Во 2-й пол. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. большинство врачей и значит. часть адвокатов были евреями.Осн. занятия большинства еврейского населения – ремесла (из 283 ремесленников ок. 180 – евреи) и мелкая торговля. В 1862 в К. действовала 1 деревянная синагога, в 1886 – 1 каменная и 2 деревянные. В 1881 в К. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого один еврей был убит (евреи К. попытались организовать самооборону). В сер. 1880-х гг. возникли первые еврейские социалистич. кружки, рев. пропаганду среди рабочих вел Ш.-Л.Х. Беркович. С 1892 в К. работала еврейская больница. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. имелись 3 синагоги и 4 хедера, в нач. 20 в. – талмуд-тора, жен. частное еврейское уч-ще. Раввином в К. с 1880 был Арье-Лейб Гафт. В 1910-х гг. лидером сионистских орг-ций был врач Арон Маршов. В 1913 в К. имелось об-во вспомоществования.В ходе Гражд. войны еврейское население К. пострадало от погромов, грабежей, голода и эпидемий. В 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный частями Директории; в сент. 1919 части Добровольческой армии учинили в К. погром, в ходе к-рого 5 евреев были убиты, 10 ранены.В 1917 местная орг-ция Бунда издавала в К. газ. «Известия», в 1918 действовали орг-ция «Цеирей Цион», об-во «Тарбут». В 1922 состоялся суд над преподавателями иешивы; были закрыты хедеры. В 1923–28 нелег. сионистские орг-ции («Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц») организовали выезд молодежи в Э.-И. Весной 1923 была закрыта синагога. В 1928 в К. прошли массовые аресты сионистов.В 1922 среди евреев К. было 962 рабочих (52% от общего кол-ва). В 1920-х гг. в городе был создан ряд еврейских культурно-просветит. учреждений, в 1926–27 работал еврейский т-р. В 1919–22 действовал еврейский дет. дом, в 1920–39 – школа с преподаванием на идише. В 1925 в Херсонском окр. выходцами из К. был организован еврейский земледельч. коллектив «Земля и труд» (171 чел.), в 1926 в Криворожском окр. – «Фрайфельд» (63 чел.). До 1930-х гг. раввином в К. был Шимон Тейцлин.3 сент. 1941 К. оккупировали герм. войска. В нояб. 1941 в К. было расстреляно ок. 200 евреев, 1 дек. 1941 – 95 евреев из лагеря для военнопленных.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946–47 еврейская община объединяла ок. 300 верующих, в 1948 – 70 чел.В 1994 в К. начала издаваться газ. «Лебн» (первый ред. – Давид Плацер). В 1999 созданы отд-ние «Хесэд Эстер» и религ. община. Имеется клезмерский анс., раз в месяц транслируется еврейская программа по местному телевидению.В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 300 евреев.В К. род.: М.Г. Вайнштейн, И.Идельсон, И.Писаревский, В.Розанко, А.М.Утевский, М.Ханзин, Е.Г. Цитовский, С.П.Ярмоненко; Давид Абрамович Батуринский (наст. фам. Гальперин) (1888–1961, Москва), экономист, д-р экономич. наук, проф., проректор Моск. финанс. ин-та (1939–48), чл. ЕАК (1941–45), отец В.Д.Батуринского., extra_data="{'translat...")
KONOVALOV Vladimir Konstantinovich (Wolf Kalmanovich) (1911, Nadezhnoe, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 1967, Leningrad), military leader. Rear Admiral (1966). Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In 1950 he graduated from the Military. academy. In the navy since 1932. In 1943–45 - com. submarine Balt. fleet. Sank 9 enemy ships. I installed my own. world record, sinking in 1945 it. transport with 8 thousand soldiers. In 1950–55 early. Department of the 2nd Balt. VVMU, in 1955–58 beginning. headquarters, com. submarine brigades, in 1958–61 deputy. early uch. dep. UVVMUZ, in 1961-66 deputy. early headquarters of the North. fleet, in 1966-67 deputy. early VVMU diving. He was awarded 8 orders.
KONOVALOVO, a village in the Gadyachsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KONSHTAM Aron Moiseevich (1860, Plock - |), teacher. He was in charge of the Talmud-Torahs in Lodz and St. Petersburg. Supervised the first Jewish pedagogues in Russia. courses in Grodno. He was the founder of Jewish teachers' associations in Grodno and Lodz.
KONSK, see Konsk.
Horse strife, a village in Pologovskiy district, Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, five Jews lived in KR. In 1911, a synagogue operated in KR. 1942 in KR several were killed. Jews.
KONSKO WILL, see Konskowola.
KONSTANTINOGRAD, see Krasnograd.
KONSTANTINOPOLSKY Alexander Markovich (1910, Zhitomir - 1991, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1983), int. Master (1966) in the game by correspondence. Honored. trainer of the USSR (1957), trainer for women. teams of the USSR (1954–76). Shahm. theorist and writer. Five-time champion of Kiev (1932–36). Member of six USSR championships (1937–52), the best results: 1937 - 2-3rd, 1945 - 4-6th, 1950 - 5-6th. USSR Champion in the game by correspondence (1948 –51). As part of the USSR team, the winner of the 3rd World. correspondence Olympiads (1958–61). Successfully spoke at the international. tournament in Amsterdam (1966, 3–5th m.) Vol .: Defense of Caro-Kann. M., 1983 (et al.); Sat. parties. M., 1985.
KONSTANTINOV (real fam. Posner) Vladimir Konstantinovich (b. 1930), playwright, poet. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1953), taught at school (1953–58). Began to publish in 1955. Since 1957 he wrote in co-authors. with B.M.Ratser. For almost forty years of cooperation they have written 60 plays, published 12 books. satirical. verse, and feuilletons. From naib. Izv. Comedy "Smile, Light!" (1964), “Khanuma” (translated from the Georgian play by A.A. Tsagareli) (1972), “Lefty” (based on NS Leskov) (1973), “Beautiful Elena” (1977). According to the script by K. and Razer, f. "Screen Star" (1973) and others. Works: Scourge of mockery. M., 1963 (et al.); Incognita. M., 1966 (et al.); In the evening after work. M., 1971 (et al.); Country romance. M., 1978 (et al.); Long-liver. M., 1979 (et al.).
KONSTANTINOVKA, see Kantemirovka.
KONSTANTINOVO, see Kvedarna.
KONSTANTINOVSKY Alexander Iosifovich (1906, Kiev - 1958, Leningrad), theater designer, graphic artist. In 1920-22 he studied at the Kiev art. in-those, in the Jewish theater. studios with I.M. Tchaikov, N. Shifman, I.M. Rabinovich, A.G. Tyshler. He began his creative activity in the T-re of studio productions with V. Kozhych and I. Chuzhiy, where he designed two performances in 1924–25. In 1923 he left for Moscow, where he studied at the theater. department of the painting faculty of VKHUTEIN (1926-30) at DP Shterenberg, Rabinovich, AA Osmerkin and at the same time. visited the theater, the studio of V.G. Sakhnovsky. In 1930–35 he worked in Sverdlovsk, designed more than 20 performances (op., Bal. And dram.). From 1935 he lived and worked in Leningrad, designed the performances of the t-drov of Kiev, Kharkov, Saratov, etc. Among the naib. Izv. works "The Tricks of Scapin" by J.-B. Moliere and "The Marriage of Balzaminov" by AN Ostrovsky in Leningrad. TRAM, where K. turned to the traditions of the open-air booth. A participant in the 1941–45 war, after demobilization he lived in Novosibirsk and designed performances and was evacuated. t-dv, including for BelGOSET ("Musician" by Sh.Z. Galkin, "Orphan Khasia" by Ya.M. Gordin. In 1948–58, after returning to Leningrad, he designed more than 20 operas and ball. Leningrad and Moscow t-dv ("Mazepa" by P. Tchaikovsky, "Spartak" by A. I. Khachaturyan, "Don Carlos" by G. Verdi, etc.). At the same time he worked in the region. K. are kept in museums and collections on the territory of the former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the State Central Theater Museum, etc.).
KONSTANTINOVSKY Ilya Davidovich (1913, Vilkov, Izmail u. Bessarabian province. - 1995, Moscow), writer, translator. In 1936 he graduated from law. Faculty of Bucharest University. Participated in the roar. movement. He began to publish in 1930 in the press on Romanians, lang. After 1940 he wrote in Russian. lang. In 1941, publ. Sat. essays "Hitler in Romania". Autobiogr. K.'s trilogy "The First Arrest" (1960), "Return to Bucharest" (1963), "Chain" (1969) covers real events in Romania in the 1930s. In his prose, K. dealt with the topic of the Holocaust. Translated from Romanians, lang. Soch .: Statute of limitations. M., 1966; Travel book. M., 1972; Memory book. M., 1982; Judgment Day. Confessions of a Soviet Jew. Jerusalem, 1990.
KONSTANTYNOW, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 17th century as with. Kozirji. In 1744 it received the status of a city and sovr. name In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Konstantinov Konstantinovsky u. In 1827, 517 Jews (64%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 671 (76%), in 1897 - 1027 (89.5%), in 1921 - 783 (79%), by 1939 - approx. 1,200 Jews. The community existed in Kazakhstan from the second half of the year. 18th century Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In 1826, there were 35 merchants, 17 tailors, and 6 bakers among the Jews. In the 19th century. Jews built mills in K. and several. prom. pr-ty, including the distillery plant. Rabbis in Kazakhstan were Ihezkiel Weinberg, Pinchas Freydiger, since 1893 - Dov-Nachman Shapiro (1861–?), Nathan Veltfreund. In 1912 a Jewish loan functioned in Kazakhstan. save. m-in. There were departments of Zionist parties and youth organizations, and from 1925 there was a branch of Agudas Yisroel, which opened the Beis Yaakov school for girls in 1932. Jewish philanthropists worked. org-tion and hevra kaddish. Chaim Derzhinsky was the rabbi of K. from 1929. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1940, a Judenrat was established in Kazakhstan, headed by Moshe Roizman and the last rabbi, K. Yaakov Sheinkind. In the end. 1940 a ghetto was created. On Sept. 1942 K. Jews were deported to the ghetto in Biala Podlaska. In 1942, on the holiday of Sukkot, old and sick Jews were shot, the rest were sent to labor camps and ghettos in Miedzyrzec Podlaski, from where on October 17. 1942 deported to Treblinka.
KONSTANTYNOW LUDZKI, a city (since 1924) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 1820s, since 1867 - Posad Konstantinov of Lodz u. Petrokovskaya province. In 1827 in K.-L. 516 Jews lived, in 1857 - 631 (21%), in 1897 - 1091 (19.5%), in 1921 - 942 (16.4%), in 1939 - approx. 13,000 Jews. In 1825 in K.-L. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1830s. the head of the rabbinical court in K.-L. was Pinhus Freudenreich, in 1823–32 - Yehezkiel Naumberg, who in 1832 became the first rabbi of K.-L. Since 1835, the rabbi K.-L. there was P. Freudenreich, in 1885–90 - Shmuel Weiss (1849 -?), from 1890 - Menachem-Dovid Greenboim (1841–?), who founded the Hasidic dynasty, then - Yakov-Aron Levi, who founded the yeshiva. In K.-L. there were several. synagogues, all Hasidic. In 1912 in K.-L. In 1925, a Jewish loan and savings company operated in K.-L. a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi K.-L. was the son-in-law of J. Levy - Chaim Radzinsky. The Hasidic dynasty was continued by the son of M.-D. Greenboima - Ephraim, then - Ishayahu Horowitz (died during the Holocaust in the Lodz ghetto). 1939 K.-L. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created. Dec. 1939 Jews K.-L. were deported to the Lodz ghetto.
Kontakuzovka, see Kantakuzovka.
Alexey Emilievich Kontorovich (b. 1934, Kharkov), geologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1991). In 1956 he graduated from Tomsk University. He taught at school, worked as an assistant at the university. In 1958–88 - at the Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mine. raw materials of the USSR Ministry of Geology (engineer, scientific worker, head of laboratory, director). Since 1990 deputy. dir. Institute of Geology of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. scientific. tr. in the region. theories of oil and gas formation, geochemistry of sedimentary rocks. Contributed to the research. oil geology Zap. Siberia. Author of scientific. Art., monographs. Honored. geologist of the USSR.
KONTSEVOY Yuliy Abramovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1974), prof. (1992). In 1952 he graduated from physics. Faculty of Moscow State University. After teaching at Tuchkovsky forestry engineering. technical school (1952–53) worked at the Research Institute of Semiconductor Electronics (Research Institute "Pulsar"), from 1960 beginning. laboratory basic scientific. activities related to the physics and technology of semiconductor materials and devices. Invented a method of ellipsometric. microscopy, which made it possible to create fundamentally new methods for controlling the parameters of semiconductor materials and structures. Introduced creatures. contribution to technology and improvement of equipment for mass production of semiconductor devices. Author of over 150 scientific. printed works, including 18 kn. and reviews, 30 inventions, 3 patents. Poch. radio operator of the Russian Federation (1994). Linen. pr. (1966) Vol .: Measurement of parameters of semiconductor materials. M., 1970 (jointly with N.F. Kovtonyuk); Plasticity and strength of semiconductor materials and structures. Moscow, 1982 (with Yu.M. Litvinov and E.A. Fattakhov); Defects of silicon structures and devices. M., 1987 (with N.D. Filippov).
KONTSEVOY Zinovy ​​Abramovich (1903, Nikopol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1990, Moscow), military leader. Major General Ing. troops (1944). Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Cand. military. sciences. Since 1920 - in the Red Army. Graduated from military-engineer. school (1926), in 1926–30 was commanded by Ing. subdivisions and units. In 1935 he graduated from the Military-Ing. Academy, in 1936–40 - division engineer, in 1941–42 beginning. headquarters of the sapper army, in 1942-43 beginning. headquarters of eng. troops of Stalingrad and Center. fronts, in 1944-45 early. Ing. army troops. In 1948 he graduated from the Higher. military. Academy, in 1948-50 early. Ing. troops of the Kuban Military District, in 1951-60 Art. military teacher Academy of the General Staff (Assoc.), in 1960–61 beginning. n.-i. dep. Military-Ing. academy. Retired from 1961. He was awarded 8 orders.
KONVELISHKI, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Konvolishki, Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. Since 1904, Shloyme-Yosef Sliosberg (1876–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1913, Jews owned all three grocery stores, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1942 the surviving Jews of K. (108 people) were sent to Voronovo and on May 11, 1942, they were shot together with the local Jews.
CONVOLISHKI, see Konvelishki.
KONYUKHI, a village in the Kozovskiy district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 137 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 30 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in July 1941, in Kazakhstan in the 2nd floor. 1941 16 Jews were killed.
KONYUS Esfir Mironovna (1896, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Pediatrician, medical historian. Dr. med. Sciences (1943). In 1918 she graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Moscow Higher. wives courses, in 1923 - honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1923–27, the clinic resident, children. diseases of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1927–37 he was an assistant at the Center, Institute for the Protection of Mothers and Infants. In 1937–39 he was an assistant at the Institute for the protection of children and adolescents, in 1939–52 the head. Department of the History of Medicine Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Dismissed from her job in connection with the "doctors' case". K. was the initiator of the organization of rooms for mothers and children at railway stations, led a demonstration consultation at the Center. in-those for the protection of mothers and infancy, participated in the creation of a service for the protection of mothers and infants in Buryatia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Donbass, Ivanovo, etc. Sci. tr. K. are devoted to children. helminthology and history of pediatrics. Cit .: Mother and child. M., 1939; The origins of Russian pediatrics. M., 1946; Ways of development of owls. protection of motherhood and infancy. M., 1954.
KONYUSHKI SEMENOVSKY, see Luke.
KOPACHEV, a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1856 five Jewish families lived in Kiev. Jews moved to Kiev from Galicia. Main lesson - p. x-in. In 1914, a Jew of Kazakhstan owned a grocery store. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; all Jewish families were ruined; pl. Jews left Kazakhstan. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the fall of 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KOPACHI, a village in the Chernobyl region of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. In 1910, 4 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930 - 6 Jews.
KOPACHOVKA, a village in the Rozhischensky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1866 5 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 226 Jews (34.8%), in 1921 - 274, in 1931 - 350 Jews. In 1900–08, Mordechai Tsiker (1877–?) Was the rabbi in K. The Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in handicrafts and small trade; one of them owned a mill. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to Rozhische and there in August. 1942 destroyed.
KOPANI, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zlochevsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In March 1942 a Jewish workers' camp was established in Kazakhstan, which was liquidated in July 1943.
KOPANKA, a village in Tiginsky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bendery u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 149 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KOPANS Garry Isaakovich (b. 1935, Termez, Surkhan-Darya region), architect-bridge builder. In 1957 he graduated from MISS and in 1969 VKhPU (former Stroganovskoe). Participated in the competition for the designs of the pedestrian bridge in Krylatskoye in Moscow (1989, 1st Ave.). Main works: in Moscow - an overpass in Biryulevo (1975), a bridge in Shchukino-Strogino (1988), a project of a bridge over the Kura in Tbilisi (1986), combined. car-railway-d. bridge in Yerevan (1989), bridge d. 1000 m across the Amu Darya in Termez (1988), bridge long. 1400 m across the Dnieper in Kherson.
KOPANSKY Yakov Mikhailovich (1930, Causeni, Bessarabia, Romania - 2006, Chisinau), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1978), prof. Graduated from East. Faculty of Chisinau State un-that (1954). In 1956–91 scientific. sotr., then head. dep. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. In 1979–89 he taught at the Chisinau state. ped. in-those them. I. Creanga. Since 1992, the presenter, and since 1993, ch. scientific. sotr. dep. history and culture of the Jews of Moldova Ying-ta nat. minorities of Moldova AN Rep. Moldova. Author approx. 200 works on the history of Bessarabia and international. inter-military relations. period, series ist.-biogr. essays about the participants of the roar. movement (including about Jewish revolutionaries), participates in the preparation for the ed. documents on the Jewish pogroms of 1903–05 in Bessarabia. Vol .: Life is like a torch (Khaya Livshits). Chisinau, 1967; Society of Bessarabians in the USSR and unions of Bessarabian emigrants (1924-1940). Chisinau, 1978; Activities of the workers Workers' Cross. block in Bessarabia. Chisinau, 1984; The bloody events of 1903 and peace. demo public. - In collection: Chisinau pogrom 1903 Chisinau, 1993.
KOPATKEVICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 1,310 Jews (74.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1919 - approx. 1600, in 1923 - 1057, in 1926 - 820 (31.3%), in 1939 - 881 Jews. 19th century the rabbi in K. was Berka Mikhlin. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, a pharmacy warehouse, and 16 shops (including all 7 grocery stores, all 3 manufactures). In 1919, a Jewish pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of S.N.Bulak-Balakhovich; there were 13 victims. On June 10, 1920, the same detachments staged another Jewish pogrom, which resulted in 175 casualties. On July 9, 1921, as a result of a pogrom perpetrated in Kazakhstan, there was approx. 120 victims. In 1923 a school with Yiddish teaching was operating in Kazakhstan. In the beginning. 1920s the majority of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was engaged in trade. In May 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a Jewish farmer in the Evpatoria region. collective "Gorepashnik" (59 people) In the 1920s. Until 1934 Ikhl-Mikhl Tribukh was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In the end. 1920s the mikvah was destroyed. In 1937 the Jews of Kazakhstan bought for 4 thousand rubles. A synagogue was set up in the house. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In March 1942, 23 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan; 12 Jews were burnt alive at the Jewish cemetery. In 1968, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the perished Jews. In 2003, one Jew lived in Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan: B. Glazman; Arkady Beniaminovich Tsfasman (b. 1936), historian, Dr. Sciences (1979), prof., head. Department of General History of the Chelyabinsk State. ped. in-that, the author of more than 100 scientific. works.
KOPAYGOROD, urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1624 as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kopaygorod (other name - Novgorod) of Mogilev u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 - the center of the Kopaigorod Jewish nat. In 1847, 617 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1720 (58.3%), in 1923 - 1021, in 1939 - 1075 Jews (37.4%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan. from the 18th century Since 1886 Michel Mireini (1860–?) Was the rabbi. In 1889, three synagogues and a Jewish cemetery functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned. m-in. In 1914 Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. a kerosene warehouse, 2 timber warehouses, and 33 shops (including all 16 manufactories, all 7 grocery stores). Jewish agricultural m-in them. Lekkert (8 families). In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941 there were approx. 300 Jews. From the fall of 1941 to the spring of 1944, a ghetto existed in Kazakhstan, which also contained Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina (1295 people as of September 1, 1943). In the winter of 1941/42, apprx. Died of hunger and disease in the ghetto. 2,800 Jews, from July 1942 to Feb. 1944 9 Jews were shot, including 6 from K. In 2003, K. had a Jewish population. B. Miller.
KOPE Rivka (real name Kopelovich) (b. 1910, Warsaw), poet, writer. Graduated from prof.-tech. school. Since 1931 - in France. Debuted verse, in gas. "Nae Presse" in 1937. Since then she has published poems, stories, lit. essay decomp. Jewish ed. In 1951 she released the first collection of articles. verse. "Toy fun shtilkite" ("Dew of silence"). The author of the book. "A nai lebn" ("New Life"), 1959; Stern in Main Shoub (Stars in My Window), 1961; Kolirn un klangen (Colors and Sounds), 1967; "Intimate mitn bukh" ("Alone with the book"), 1973, etc.
KOPELEV Lev Zinovievich (1912, Kiev - 1997, Cologne, Germany), writer, translator. R.D. Orlova's husband. Cand. philol. sciences. In 1933–35 he studied at Kharkov University as a philosopher. f-those. In 1935 he graduated from it. f-t MGPII. Lecturer at IFLI. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945 he was arrested on charges of "promoting bourgeois humanism and pity for the enemy." In 1956 he was rehabilitated and reinstated in the CPSU. In 1957-60 he taught the history of the foreign language. press in Moscow. polygraph. in-those. In 1960–69 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Art History. In 1968 for signing letters of protest against the persecution of dissidents and speaking in defense of A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel was fired, expelled from the CPSU and the USSR Writers' Union. Since 1977 he was deprived of the opportunity to publish and teach. Since 1980 - in Germany. Supervised the research. the project "History of Russian-German spiritual ties" at Berg University, Poch. Doctor of Philosophy at Cologne University (1981). Since 1973, approx. 20 books by K. Pr. Peace Union it. booksellers and publishers (1981). Served as a prototype for Rubin in the story of AI Solzhenitsyn "In the first circle." M., 1958; Brecht. M., 1966; Keep forever. Ann Arbor, 1975; We lived in Moscow: 1950-1980. Ann-Arbor, 1987 (with R.D. Orlova).
KOPELEVICH Benya (1891 - 1941), teacher, linguist, publicist. As a child, he moved with his parents to Minsk. In 1908 he entered the History of Philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk University in Odessa. In the beginning. 1st world. war returned to Minsk. After 1917 he taught at Jewish schools and orphanages, studied at the Jewish philological department. Faculty of Minsk University. After graduating from un-that continued ped. activity, printed art. on pedagogy and Jewish linguistics. In 1932 he moved to Birobidzhan, worked as a teacher at ped. technical school and ch. methodologist at the department. bunk bed formation of the regional executive committee, published in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern" Art. on pedagogy and methods of teaching Hebrew. at school, worked on comp. a Hebrew textbook. in Russian schools. In 1935, the publishing house "Der Emes" published the textbook K. "Rus. lang. in a Jewish school "; was ed. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". K.'s last work was a Russian-Jewish dictionary, which was published in 1941, ed. E. Falkovich. In the same year he was repressed.
KOPELMAN Solomon Yulievich (1881 - 1944, Moscow), publisher, editor. Graduated from the trade school of St. Petersburg. merchant society (1899), was a student of jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In 1902 he was arrested for illegal distribution. literature among students and workers, in 1903 released on bail. He secretly left the country, lived in Germany, then in France, attended lectures at the Sorbonne. Returning to Russia after the amnesty (October 1905), together with ZI Grzhebin founded the publishing house "Rosehip" (1906–18), was its co-owner and Ch. ed. In 1922 he issued a new collection. almanac "Rosehip", further release to-rogo was banned by the censor. Worked ed. in Moscow. publishing house.
KOPELOVICH Alexander Davidovich (1915, Petrograd - 1990, Jerusalem), painter. Rod. in a military family. doctor. In 1925 the family emigrated to Latvia. In Riga, K. studied painting with S.A. Vinogradov. He first exhibited his works in 1930 at a studio exhibition of Vinogradov's students. K.'s abilities were noted by M.V. Dobuzhinsky. In 1935, K. left for Paris, where he took painting lessons from O. Friese. At the same time. took a course on making paints at the Paris Academy of Arts. In the 1930s. K. several. once visited E.-I., where he created a series of paintings. In 1939 he published the album "Jewish Portraits and Landscapes" (introductory article by S.M. Dubnov. Since 1940 - in E.-I., where he founded the largest factory for the production of paints in the Near East. Often exhibited in galleries in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, repeatedly participated in Paris art exhibitions, Honorary Diploma of the International Art Association in New York (1983).
KOPELYAN Efim Zakharovich (1912, Rechitsa, Minsk Province - 1975, Leningrad), actor. He studied architecture. f-those AH. In 1935 he graduated from the studio at the BDT in Leningrad and joined the troupe of this t-ra. In 1941–43 - in Leningrad, in T-re nar. militia, went to the front as part of propaganda platoons. Here the roles were played: Khripun ("Front" by AE Korneichuk), Bagration ("Commander Suvorov" by IV Bakhterev and AV Razumovsky). From 1943 to the end of his life in the BDT, where he played more than 40 roles, the best of them: Alexander Ilyin ("Five Evenings" AM Volodin, 1959), Roma ("The career of Arturo Ui" by B. Brecht, 1963), Illarion ("I, grandmother, Iliko and Illarion "NV Dumbadze and GD Lordkipanidze, 1964), Afanasy (" Last summer in Chulimsk "by AV Vampilov, 1974) and others. Since 1932 he acted in films, playing approx. 50 roles, including: Savva Morozov ("Nikolai Bauman", 1968), Svidrigailov ("Crime and Punishment" after F.M. Dostoevsky, 1970), Dorn ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, 1971) and others. Participated in TV. post .: Blake (“Thunder on Platanov Street” by R. Rose, 1961), Galileo (“The Life of Galileo” by Brecht, 1965), Commissioner Jensen (“31st Division” after P. Valais, 1967) and others. Nar. art. USSR (1973).
KOPELZON (Kopelson) Tsemakh (Tsarel Mordukhovich, Timofey Markovich) (1869, Vilna - early 1930s, Moscow), publicist, historian, politician. He studied at the Panevezys real school, where he created a circle for the study of polit. economy and promoted socialist among young people. ideas. In 1886 he met I. Dembo, a member of the People's Will, and got illegal from him. socialist ed. and a year later he organized, together with other socialists, the first Social Democratic Party. org-tion in Vilna. Arrested twice for roaring. activity. Since 1897 - in Switzerland. Member Of the Berne group of Social-Democrats (1898-1900 secret of the Union of Russian Social-Democrats abroad). In 1900–05 members. Bund leadership abroad. Organized the Bund legally. publishing houses "Di Velt" and "Tribune". In 1905 he illegally returned to Russia, founded the Jewish publishing house "Di Velt" in Vilna and headed it until 1908. From 1908 - in the USA. One of the founders of the Amer. socialist gas. "New World", chl. her editorial board. In 1912–20 before. Jewish section Socialist. party. In 1920, members. Execute. to-that Jewish socialist. federation. From 1923 - in the USSR, worked at the State Publishing House, later was a member of section on the study of the history of the Jewish slave. movement at Vses. about-ve of former political prisoners and exiled settlers. I left it. about roar. movement in Russia 1887–90 "Di ershte sprotsungen" ("First shoots"). Killed in a car accident.
KOPEYSK, a city (since 1933) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 20th century from the group of workers' settlements of the Chelyabinsk coal mines. 94 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, and 412 Jews (0.3%) in 1970. Since 1999, a branch "Hesed Nehama" began to operate in Kazakhstan. Alexander Borisovich Gradsky (b. 1949), composer, singer, poet, author of music for the ballet "Jewish Ballad" (1991), pl. art. RF (1999), State. pr. RF (1999).
KOPIEVKA, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 19-early. 20th century - in Bratslav district Podolsk province. In 1765 nine Jews lived in K. Jews lived in K. from the first half. 17th century During the "Khmelnytsky" period, the Jewish community was destroyed; some Jews were saved in Tulchin. All R. 18th century Jews of K. were assigned to the Tulchin community. 1941 Jews of K. were deported to the Pechera camp, in which b. h. of them died.
KOPMAN Benjamin D. (1887, Vitebsk - 1965, Teanek, New York, USA), painter, graphic artist. He studied in thin. school at I.M. Pen. From 1903 - in Paris, then in the USA. Studied at Nat. Academy of Drawing in New York. In the 1910s. was a member of some Amer. thin associations, from 1912 participated in pl. group exhibitions. Since the late 1920s. and until 1964 K.'s exhibitions were arranged in New York almost annually: in gal. New Art Sekle, Erah New House, AC-Hey, Heller, The Wold House, etc. Also exhibited in Chicago, Washington and other mountains. USA. Critics called K.'s style "Jewish expressionism." In the later period he painted urban outskirts and figures in the interior: "Woman with a Mirror", "Dressing Up", "Painter", "Dance Lesson", "Reading" and others. K. came to a clear composition, devoid of tragic tension. He was engaged in graphics, illustrator. book, drew cartoons. In 1947, an exhibition of his lithographs was held at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. K.'s works were acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Modern Art and the Brooklyn Museum in New York.
DOPPER, see Kopjevka.
KOPSHIVNICA, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1185. In 1308 received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1772-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Koprivnitsa Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1856 230 Jews (22%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 836 (38.8%), in 1921 - approx. 1,200 Jews. In 1,456 Jews were forbidden to settle in Kazakhstan; the ban was in effect until 1862. In 1891, Gil Tsinamon was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. In the 1980s, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded a community in the United States. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KOPSHTEIN Aron Iosifovich (1915, Ochakov, Odessa u. Kherson province. - 1940), poet. Was brought up in an orphanage. He worked at the plant, one of the first poems was printed in a large circulation. In the beginning. 1930s K.'s poems appear in the Kharkov press. Since 1932 - in Kharkov, he studied literature. work. He wrote in Ukrainian. and Russian. lang. First book. in Ukrainian lang. published in 1933, during his lifetime and sing, came out several more. book In the lane. in Russian lang. poems by K. publ. in the book: "Joyful Coast" (1939), "Poems" (1956), in collection. verse, poets who died in the war. He also studied poetry. per. In 1939, K. entered Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. In 1939 - to Finl. front, died in the region of the lake. Suoyarvi, trying to take out from under the fire a wounded friend, poet N. Otrada.
KOPSHTEIN Brokha (b. 1909, Priluki, Poltava province), poet. At the age of 11 she became an orphan, lived with her grandfather in Chisinau. From 1924 - in Canada, in 1933 she moved to New York, worked, studied in the evenings. Since 1949 - in Israel. She made her debut in 1935 Verse, in the Warsaw Weekly. "Literary Bleter", then printed in decomp. periodic. ed., was presented in an anthology of Jewish poetry. The author is poetic. collection of books "Shtark bin them" ("Strong I"), 1939; "Zing, mein harz" ("Sing, my heart"), 1943; Dos folk from do (There are people), 1951; “Yomtev un vokh in Yisroel” (“Holiday and Weekdays in Israel”), 1965, etc. Together with her husband Benjamin she edited the anthology of Jewish lullabies “Uter Yankeles Vigele”, 1976. Book. verse. K. in the lane. appeared in Hebrew in Tel Aviv in 1959.
KOPTEVSHCHINA, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in Kazakhstan In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 in K. 3 Jews were shot.
KOPTI, a village in Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1746.Since 1802 - in the Kozeletsky district. Chernigov Gubernia. 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1866, and 4 Jews in 1926.
KOPTSEVICHI, urban-type settlement in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1926, 279 Jews (26.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 504 Jews. In 1913, Jews owned grocery, haberdashery, and manufactory shops. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. Sep 1941 in K. 25 Jews were shot, in October. 1941 - 71 Jews. In 2003, one Jew lived in Kazakhstan.
KOPTSIOVO, see Kapchyamestis.
KOPYCHYNTSE, see Kopychintsy.
KOPYCHYNTSY, a city (since 1939) in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1564 - a place. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Kopycince in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 346 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1880 - 2253 (36.2%), in 1890 - 2467 (35.4% ), in 1900 - 2197 (30.5%), in 1910 - 2109 (29.4%), in 1921 - 2471 (31.2%), in 1931 - 2592 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 17th century. - Crafts (sewing clothes and shoes), in the 18-19th centuries. - trade. All R. 18th century in K. was created independently. community. In the end. 1760s Rabbi K. was Yehuda-Leib Margaliot (1747-1811, Frankfurt). In the end. 19th century Moishe Feldman (1850–1910) was rabbi in Kazakhstan, Yakov-Shimon Rosenberg (1832–1916) in 1870–1916, and his grandson Avrom (1878–1943) in 1904–43. In 1894 he founded the Hasidic court Itskhok-Meir Geshel (1862, Medzhibozh - 1935). The dynasty in Vienna from 1935 was continued by the son of I.-M. Geshel - Avrom Yehoshua (1888, Kopychintse - 1967), since 1969 - the son of the last Moishe-Mordhe (1927, Vienna - 1975, New York). In 1895 immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a community in the USA. In the beginning. 20th century There were 5 synagogues in Kazakhstan (all Hasidic). In 1908, pro-Zionist circles opened a club in Kazakhstan, and in 1909, a school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1916, 6 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1920, during a pogrom, several were killed. Jews. 1920-30-ies. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931, children were opened. The garden with teaching in Hebrew was occupied by Wehrmacht units on July 7, 1941. On the same day, 7 Jews were shot as “Sov. functionaries ". The Judenrat was created in July 1941. 8 nov. 1941 approx. 200 Jews were sent to the Kamenka camp in November. - Dec. 1941 another group of Jews was sent to the Velikiye Borki camp. March 20, 1942 approx. 150 Jews were assigned to clear snow on the roads, then sent to Chortkiv, from where, after 3 days, 100 people. were transported to the Kamenka camp, and 50 to the Great Glubochek camp. In March 1942, some of the Jews from Gusyatin were resettled in K. June - more than 100 Jews from Chortkov, as a result of which the number of Jews in Kazakhstan increased to 3123 people. Sep 30 1942 to the extermination camp Belzec was deported St. 1,000 Jews and over 50 Jews were killed on the spot. In oct. 1942 Jews from Probezhnaya, Khorostkov, and neighboring villages were resettled in Kazakhstan; the number of Jews in the city increased again and amounted to 2915 people. From Dec. In 1942, a ghetto existed in Kazakhstan, which was liquidated in July 1943. After the liberation of Kazakhstan by units of the Red Army in March 1944, approx. 20 Jews, to-rye soon left for Poland.
KOPYL, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1847, 1824 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 2671 (59.8%), in 1923 - 1573, in 1926 - 1680 (42.8%), in 1939 - 1435 (27.96%), in 1948 - 48 Jews. The first mention. about Jews K. refers to the 1st quarter. 17th century In the 16-17 centuries. K. was kr. a trade center where fairs were held. In 1639, the Lithuanian Vaad decreed that specials should be present at fairs in Kazakhstan. community representatives to deal with conflicts between Jewish traders. In 1865 there were three synagogues in Kazakhstan. In the 19th century. the Jewish population of K. was engaged in the main. crafts, weaving was especially developed. In the 1900s. the rabbi in K. was Yakov-Meir Kravchinsky (1869–?). In 1905 an organization of social-Zionists operated in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues in Kazakhstan and a private Jewish school. In 1913, Jews owned all 5 factories and unions. wine shop. In 1925, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded a community in the United States, a cut provided support to various. Jewish organizations in K. In 1929 in K. in the Jewish farm im. Peretz, with the help of OZET, discovered a Jewish child. garden. In 1938, the Jewish school was transformed into a Belarusian one. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in the fall of 1941, a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 2 thousand Jews. During the creation of the ghetto, 26 Jews were killed. On March 25, 1942, 1,300 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. On July 23, 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, its prisoners resisted, as a result of which 3 Belarusian policemen were killed, houses in the ghetto were set on fire, approx. 200 Jews fled, the rest were killed. In 2003, 3 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan there were I.E. Drabkin, A. Zinger, L.N. Kleinbort, Mendele Moicher-Sforim, A. I. Peperna; Zalman-Vigdor Khrapovsky (1883–1924, Minsk), collector of Yiddish folklore; Konstantin Vladimirovich Shur (1882 -?), State. activist, member RSDLP (Mensheviks) from 1903, in 1929–31 - before. State Planning Committee of the UzSSR, in 1932–37 - early. Center., From 1936 - Ch. control of measures and weights.
KOPYLOV, a village in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 out of 5 grocery stores.
KOPYS ', urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1059. In the 12th century. - the city of Polotsk, later the Smolensk Prince, from the 2nd half. 14th century - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Orsha district of the Trok voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. In 1772–96 and in 1802–61 - the county town of Mogilev province, then - the provincial town of Goretsky u. Mogilev province. In 1924-30 - the regional center of the Orsha environs. In 1766, 304 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1783 - 554, in 1803 - 1213, in 1847 - 1564, in 1856 - 1661, in 1863 - 1761, in 1897 - 1399 (41.3%), in 1908 - 1883 (33.2%), in 1910 - 1876 (33.2%), in 1923 - 1573, in 1926 - 813 (22.7%), in 1939 - 405 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 2nd Thursday 17th century The Jewish community suffered during the Khmelnytsky land. There was a synagogue in 1782. Rabbi K. at the end. 18th century was a student of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich Rabbi Moishe. In 1807, a Jewish printing house was opened in Kazakhstan, in which the first naib was published in 1815. complete biography of I. Baal Shem Tov. In 1847 there were 4 synagogues and 4 heders. In 1866, the son of Tzemakh Tzedek Yehuda-Leib Schneerson (1811–1866) settled in Kazakhstan and founded a Hasidic court. In 1866 the dynasty was headed by the son of I.-L. Shneerson Shloymo-Zalman (1830 - 1900). After K. received the status of a provincial city, the outflow of the Jewish population to other cities and towns began. In the 2nd floor. 19th century pl. Jews were engaged in handicrafts (mainly pottery, manufacturing of tiles and tiles; in 1863 - 99 masters), went to crafts in other cities. In 1869 the Mordukh Vyazmer brewery and three tiled factories operated in Kazakhstan. In 1880 Jews owned 111 out of 366 houses; In 1881 the distilleries of M. Vyazmer (founded in 1848) and Leiba Livshits, Zalman Magin and Eidli Glikinova (founded in 1872), the tiled plants of Itska Peselnik (founded in 1874), Yankel Ginzburg (founded in 1872) operated. in 1876) and Movsha Gurevich (founded in 1876). In the summer of 1891, 4 Jewish families (20 people) were evicted from Moscow in Kazakhstan. In 1895 the merchants I. Peselnik, Abram Shapiro, Leiba Kosoy, Leia Gurevich, Elya Alperin, and Risya Ginzburg owned 6 tiled factories (61 workers), I. Peselnik a steam mill (10 workers). In 1902, K. branch of the Bund (headed by Dr. Binkin). In 1905 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there were 5 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, 2 husbands. private Jewish schools. In 1913, the bookstore of Movsha Shmuylovich Rubanovich, two bookstores (Sora Yankelevna Zaretskina and Khaya Moiseevna Magina), and the library of Zalman Itskovich Peselnik worked in Kazakhstan; Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods and more than 30 shops (including all 9 grocery stores, both wine shops). In 1918–35, the rabbi in Kazakhstan was the Lubavitch Hasid Shmuel Notik (1890, Kraslavka - 1949, Lvov). In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a Jewish agriculture in the Yevpatoriya district. collective "Erd-arbetr" (49 people). In 1935 in the building of one of the closed synagogues the October club worked. In 1935 S. Notik was arrested. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan a ghetto was created, liquidated in January. 1942 (about 250 Jews were shot). In 1973 a memorial plaque was installed on the grave of the perished Jews. Fanya Isaakovna Shabshina (b. 1906), orientalist, specialist in the history of Korea, Ph.D. ist. sciences (1963), honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1969) V. N. Pervyshin
KOPYSTYRIN, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a bakery in Korea In July 1941, Kiev was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–43, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. Most Jews died of hunger and disease. On 1 Sept. 1943 5 Jews remained in the camp.
KOPYTMAN Mark Ruvimovich (b. 1929, Kamenets-Podolsky), composer, musicologist. Prof. Graduated from Chernivtsi honey. in-t (1952), Lviv cons. (1955), graduate school of Moscow. cons. (1958). Taught comp. and the theory of music in the Alma-Ata cons. (1958–63) and the Kishinev Institute of Laws (1963–72). Since 1972 - in Israel; rector of the Academy of Music. S. Rubin, prof. Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Among the early works. K. - symph. the poem "Traditions of the Old Fortress" (1954), the choral cycle "Beyond the Far Distance" on the verses of AT Tvardovsky (1960), wok. cycle on verses by S. B. Kaputikyan "Songs of difficult love". In a number of productions. used the themes of Ukrainian, Kazakh, Mold. folklore; Jewish themes - in the 2nd quartet (1964–65; in memory of his father; revised for cello and strings, orc., 1968 - under the name Kaddish). In a number of productions. used avant-garde, composition means in combination with tradition. elements: "October Sun" (1974, for mezzo-soprano and chamber ensem.) on I. Amikhai's poems about the Yom Kippur War, music for the play about the heroine antifash. Resistance in Hungary Hanne Senesh "Wings" (1979), "Voice of Memory" (1981) with authentic melodies of Yemenite Jews, op. “Chamber scenes from the life of Suskind from Trimberg” (1982–83) and others. Author of musical-theoretical. tr. "Musical Forms and Genres" (Alma-Ata, 1959), "On Polyphony" (Moscow, 1961), "Choral Writing" (Moscow, 1971), etc. Pr. them. S.A. Koussevitsky (1986) for music. manuf. "Memori".
KOPYTOV, a village in the Koretsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. The mill in K. was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Korets ghetto.
KORABELNIKOV Grigory Markovich (b. 1904, Korop Krolevetsky district, Chernigov province), literary critic, literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1935). Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1934). Published since 1924. Since that time he has been working in decomp. societies, and lit. org-tions. Affairs. First Congress of Sov. writers. In 1935-41 and 1945-49 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. literature them. M. Gorky. 1941–45 military. corr. Per. from Kazakh. lang. book verse. D. Dzhabayev "Bullet to the enemy" (1941). In 1945–60 members. editorial board alm. (since 1955 journal.) "Friendship of Peoples". Member editorial board, head. dep. "Lit. newspapers "(1960–63). Cit .: End of the Chekhovian theme. M., 1934; The road to the image. Reflections of a critic. M., 1975; Suleiman Stalsky: A Literary Portrait. M., 1979.
KORALNIK Abram (1883, Uman, Kiev province - 1937), publicist, literary critic. He studied at high fur boots in Kiev, Florence, Berlin, Bonn and Vienna. During his travels he mastered 12 languages. From 1904 ed. Vienna organ of the Zionists "Di Velt". Ed. also periodic. ed. in Agram and Chernivtsi, was the correspondent. German and Russian. gas. in Rome, Berlin, Copenhagen. In 1915 - in the state of the weekly. ed. Der tog in Yiddish, where he worked until the end of his life. In 1917–20 he took part in editing Russian. zhurn. in Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev. He wrote in Yiddish. In his op. argued that in civilization there is much more irrational than rational, and tried to explore the irrational essence of creativity and nat. self-awareness. In 1928, K.'s essays were published in 5 volumes; 3 more volumes were published posthumously.
KORALLOV Marlen Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), critic, publicist. Cand. philol. sciences. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1955. Author of works on the history of the esthetician. thoughts of con. 19 - early. 20th century (prepared for publication a number of tr. K. Liebknecht, R. Luxemburg, P. Lafargue and others about literature and art, including in the collection “History of aesthetic thought”, “History of aesthetics in monuments and documents "); critical and publicist. Art. in the journal. "New World", "Inostr. liter "," Theater "and others; reviews of the book. N.Ya. Eidelman, V.F. Panova, S.P. Zlobin and others, wrote about the ist. prose, about camp memoirs (V.T.Shalamov, A.I.Solzhenitsyn and many others); about Georgians, liter (in Georgian periodicals).
KORALLOVKA, see Korolevka Borshchevsky district, Ternopil region.
KORBUTOVKA, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - farm of Zhitomir district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. sawmill plant
KORCHAK Janusz (real name and surname Henryk Goldschmidt) (1878, Warsaw - 1942, Treblinka, Poland), teacher, writer, public figure. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University (1903), as a military man. doctor participated in Russian-Japanese. war 1904–05. Until 1911 he worked as a doctor in a Jewish children. hospital, educator in summer children. colonies, was a member. Jewish philanthropist. About-va to help orphans. In 1911 he founded the Jewish Orphanage in Warsaw, which he directed until the end of his life. In 1926–32 ed. weekly "Mali pshegland" (children's supplement to the Zionist newspaper "Our pshegland"). He spoke with a series of programs "Conversations of the Old Doctor" on the radio, lectured at the Free Polish University and at the Higher. Jewish ped. courses, worked in the court for juvenile delinquents. Since 1934 - non-Zionist. the representative of Poland in the International Jewish agency. In 1940 German. occupier. the authorities transferred the "Orphans' House" to the territory. Warsaw ghetto. During these years K. turned down the repeated offers of his non-Jewish friends to hide him. In aug. 1942 K., together with 200 inmates of the Orphans' Home, came to the railway station. a station allegedly for deportation; from there they were sent to the Treblinka death camp. - author of pov. "Children of the Street" (1901), "Child of the Living Room" (1906), "Pugs, Ioski and Sruli" (1910), "King Matt I" (1923), etc., as well as short stories by St. 20 kn. on education, including "How to love a child" (1914), "The child's right to respect" (1929) and others. Works: Izbr. ped. manuf. M., 1979; Ped. heritage. M., 1990.
KORCHEV, see Kerch.
KORCHEVA, does not exist since 1937 (it was flooded during the construction of the Ivankovsky Reservoir.). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1926 there were 4 Jews. V.F. Minorsky.
KORCHEVYE, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. 22 Aug 1942 in Kazakhstan, apprx. 2 thousand Jews from the Stepan district, 23 Aug. 1942 - 1868 Jews from Derazhnyanskiy district.
KORCHEVTSY, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1462. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Korcesti of the Storozhinets headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 65 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, 5 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KORCHIN, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1446. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish population. In 1920, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan; during the Holocaust, the peasants of Kazakhstan saved all the Jews in the village (7 families).
KORCHMAR Alexander Ilyich (1911, Odessa - 1974, Moscow), a specialist in the field of television systems and radar weapons. Graduated from MEIS in 1936. In the beginning. 1930s to Mosk. radio broadcaster. node was engaged in the development and implementation of the first in the USSR 30-line mechanical system. TV. From 1936 he worked in "Radiostroy", one of the leading designers and specialists in the design and construction of Moscow. electronic television center on Shabolovka. In 1937–41 the leader, then Ch. Ing. Moscow telecentre. He made a number of fundamental improvements in TV systems, proposed a method of high-frequency pre-correction with the help of arts. delay lines in a distortion compensation device, which is widely used. In 1941–44 - at the front, from 1944 he was engaged in the creation of radars. weapons. In 1949, joint. with Ya.B. Shapirovsky and G.M. Kunyavsky created a radar. aircraft bombsights "Cobalt" and "Rubidium". Developed a number of radar systems. and other weapons. Author of printing scientific. works, a number of inventions. Became. pr. (1949).
KORCHNOI Viktor Lvovich (b. 1931, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1956). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad un-that (1953). Four-time champion of the USSR (1960, 1962/63, 1964/65, 1970); winner of a number of Olympiads (1960, 1966–74) as part of the USSR team. St. 30 years (1962–94) participated in pl. competitions for the world championship, including playing 2 matches up to six wins for the title of world champion. Since 1976 - in Switzerland. From the beginning. 1980s leads the Swiss team at some of the largest internationals. competitions, including at the World Championship (1985), the Olympics (since 1982). Winner pl. int. tournaments, including: in Budapest (1961), Leningrad (1967), Biel (1979), Wijk aan Zee (1984, 1987), Brussels and Tilburg (1985), Amsterdam (1988), Antwerp (1993 Cit .: Anti-chess. M., 1992.
KORCHOVKA, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in Korea. In July 1941, Kenya occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Jewish camp in Krasilovo and in July 1942 they were shot together with other Jews.
KORCHYN, see Korchin, Radekhiv district, Lviv region.
KORDELEVKA, a village in the Kalinovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk Gubernia. 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, and 24 Jews in 1910. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in the Kalinovka ghetto.
KORDONSKY Shik Abramovich (1915, Voznesensk, Kherson province - 1943, Constanta, Romania). Hero of the Soviet Union (1990). From 1935 - in the Red Army. Graduated from school mor. pilots. Participated in battles since June 22, 1941. Kom. link of the mine-torpedo regiment of the aviation. bombs, brigades of the Black Sea Fleet. K. in 1941–42 repeatedly participated in raids on objects on the territory. Romania. Squadron navigator, Captain K. sent the burning plane to the enemy transport and sank it.
KORDUNER Anatoly Iosifovich (literary ps. A. Kord) (1935, Kiev - 1994, Moscow), director, teacher, playwright. In 1962 he graduated from the actor. branch of the Kharkov theater. in-that and simultaneously. Kharkov state cons. by class violins. During his studies he worked as an actor in the Kharkov drama. t-re, played orc. opera t-ra, was an assistant to Ch. dir. and ch. conductor. In 1967 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. At the same time. worked as a stage director at Mosconcert, Rosconcert, Mosk. t-re operetta, Leningrad. t-re muses. comedy. In 1968–70 Ch. dir. Novosibirsk t-ra muses. comedy, 1977–79 chap. dir. Sverdlovsk t-ra muses. comedy. Prev Music Commission t-ram STD and vice-president. Association of Musical Workers. t-ditch of Russia. In 1968 K. began ped. activity. In 1968–70 the actor taught the course. skill in the theater. school of Novosibirsk, in 1970–76 hands. course of actors muses. comedy in Moscow. muses. uch-shche them. Gnesins. K. is known as a playwright and theater critic. Art. K. publ. in periodic. theater, and music. ed., as well as in specialized collections. The author of the libretto of muses. performances "Tales of Hoffmann", "An Ordinary Miracle", "The Bat", "The Agabo Family".
KORDYSHEV, a village in the Shumsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a water mill in Kazakhstan was rented by a Jew, and in July 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied the city. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Shumsk ghetto and in August. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
KORDYSHEVKA, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned two grocery stores, and in July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied the city. On Sept. 1941 in K. 3 Jews were shot.
COREIZ, an urban-type settlement (since 1930), subordinated to the Yalta City Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec. 1941 in Kazakhstan, a small group of Jews remaining in the occupation was shot.
KORELICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1765 336 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1840 (81.4%), in 1921 - 535 Jews. about the Jews K. refers to the last. Thursday 17th century In 1865, two synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1853–99, the rabbi in Kazakhstan was the Lubavitch Hasid Doiv-Ber Karasik (? –1899); from 1899, his son-in-law Sh.-I.-L. Medal, in the 1870s. - Mordhe Weizel (1839–?), From 1887 - Mordhe Rosenblat (1837–1906), from the 1890s. - Avrom-Itskhok Kagan (1852 -?). In 1905 a pogrom was perpetrated in Kazakhstan. In 1913 the Jews of Kazakhstan belonged to the unity. a pharmacy, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a hotel, 32 shops (all 14 grocery, all 9 manufacturing). In the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. The rabbi of K. was Mendl Dubrovsky. During the occupation by the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in K. on March 1, 1942. In 1943 the Jews of K. were shot in Novogrudok. In 2003 there were 2 Jews living in K.. In K. were born in B.I. Girshovich, B.E. Girshovich, I. Katsenelson; Moishe Shulstein (1911-1982, Paris), poet, wrote in Yiddish, since 1937 - in France; David Eingorn (1886–?), Poet, wrote in Yiddish, since 1912 - in exile, since 1940 - in the USA, author of several. poetic. collections.
Korenevo, a village in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century In 1939, 52 Jews (0.9%) lived in Moscow.
KORENOVSK, a city (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1794. At the end. 19th century - Stanitsa Korenovskaya Caucasian department Kuban Region, Oct. 1942 120 evacuated Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
Korenovskaya, see Korenovsk.
KORENTSVIT Efim (partisan dog Evgeny Pavlovich Volyansky) (1921, Odessa - 1988, Kiev), a member of the partisan movement. In 1939 he entered the Odessa Technol. in-t food. prom-sti, in the same year drafted to Kr. Army. In 1941 - ml. leith. In the summer of 1941 he was surrounded, from Sept. 1941 participated in partisans. movement in the Smolensk region. From Apr. 1942 room reconnaissance and sabotage group. In 1943 - com. intelligence in partisans, Y. Melnik's unit. In aug. 1944 the Ukr. the headquarters of the partisans. movement on the territory. Slovakia, led a partisan, a brigade (15 detachments, 1600 fighters), participated in the Slovak anti-tifash. uprising, in the fall of 1944 - in the diplomatic. actions related to the preparation of an armistice between Hungary and the USSR. In the beginning. 1945 during winter battles and campaigns in the Carpathians he froze his legs, was transferred to the reserve with the rank of captain. After the war he graduated from the Odessa Technol. in-t, worked at the production facilities of Kiev. Poch. citizen of the Slovak mountains. Ruzomberoka, Banska Bystrica, Zvolena, Mikulas and Nova Banya.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОРЕЦ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1150. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Луцкого повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – в Новоград-Волынском у. Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1629 в К. проживало ок. 560 евреев (ок. 8%), в 1765 – 937, в 1847 – 3832, в 1897 – 4608 (76,0%), в 1910 – 9134 (66,5%), в 1921 – 4120, в 1937 – 4895 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с 16 в. Еврейская община К. пострадала во времена «хмельнитчины». В 1655 в К. оставалось 10 еврейских домов. В кон. 17 в. в К. была построена синагога; 17 в. датируется старейшее надгробие на еврейском кладбище. В нач. 18 в. евреи вновь пострадали во время рус.-швед. войны. В 18 в. осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесла и торговля; евреям принадлежали 2 пр-тия по выделке кожи, 14 лавок. С 1776 в К. действовала типография, в к-рой в 1780 вышла кн. Яакова-Йосефа из Полонного «Толдот Яаков-Йосеф» – первая книга, содержавшая основы философии хасидизма. В 1794 была основана вторая еврейская типография. В 1-й пол. 18 в. в К. жил Дойв-Бер из Межирича. В 1760–91 в К. жил ученик И. Баал-Шем-Това, основатель неск. хасидских династий Пинхос Шапиро (1726, Шклов – 1791, Шепетовка). В нач. 19 в. раввином К. был ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Ошер-Цви.В 1865 в К. действовали 10 синагог, казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1881 сгорели все существовавшие в К. 13 синагог, постепенно они были вновь отстроены (6 из 13 были хасидскими). С 1883 в К. работала еврейская больница с богадельней, с 1886 – обществ. талмуд-тора (100 уч-ся), с 1899 – богадельня, с 1902 – б-ка-читальня, с 1906 – 2 ссудо-сберегат. т-ва.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. жил цадик Ихл-Михл Ерусалимский (1858–1916). После его смерти династию возглавил сын Элиэзер (?–1942). В 1864–1923 раввином К. был Нехемия Хершенгорн (1833–1923).В нач. 20 в. в К. существовали хевра кадиша, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще (С.Н.Гринфельд) и жен. частное еврейское уч-ще (М.Б.Слепой). В 1910 в К. было 15 синагог. В 1901–31 раввином в К. был Мордхе Лидский (?–1931).С нач. 1900-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния «Цеирей Цион» и «Поалей Цион», с 1905 – орг-ция Бунда. В 1914 работало об-во пособия бедным ремесленникам-евреям. Евреям принадлежали 4 аптечных склада, аптека, единств. б-ка, все 3 книжных магазина, кожевенный з-д, все 3 лесных склада, все 3 медоваренных з-да, обе паровые мельницы, 2 суконные ф-ки, 2 склада пива, единств. типография, 4 фотографии и 84 лавки (в т. ч. все 22 мануфактурные, 21 бакалейная). Среди евреев было 6 врачей (в т. ч. 3 дантиста). В 1918 в К. была открыта школа сети «Тарбут». В 1919 создан отряд самообороны.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1921 работала еврейская школа, при к-рой были хор, оркестр, т-р. В 1920 в К. переехала иешива из Новоград-Волынского во главе с Йоэлем Шурином.5 июля 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В нач. июля 1941 в К. было расстреляно 7 евреев, 15 и 23 авг. 1941 – неск. сотен евреев. В ходе новой «акции» 21 мая 1942 (в канун праздника Шавуот) было уничтожено ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Оставшиеся в живых евреи 24 мая 1942 были заключены в гетто, ликвидированное 25 сент. 1942; при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Уцелевшие евреи во главе с М.Гильденманом ушли в лес. В 1943 группа воевала в соединении А.Н. Сабурова, создав отд. роту под ком. Г. Розенблата.В 1948 здание бывш. синагоги (ул. 17 сентября, 10) было передано в распоряжение горсовета К. для переоборудования под к/т.В К. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище с памятниками 17 в.В К. род.: М.Гильденман, М.И.Мышь, Н.Сигал, М.Шапиро; Хаим Брегель (1922–1985), живописец, с 1946 – в Э.И. В К. жил и работал У.С.Розенцвейг., pronunciation=КОРЕЦ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1150. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Луцкого повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – в Новоград-Волынском у. Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1629 в К. проживало ок. 560 евреев (ок. 8%), в 1765 – 937, в 1847 – 3832, в 1897 – 4608 (76,0%), в 1910 – 9134 (66,5%), в 1921 – 4120, в 1937 – 4895 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с 16 в. Еврейская община К. пострадала во времена «хмельнитчины». В 1655 в К. оставалось 10 еврейских домов. В кон. 17 в. в К. была построена синагога; 17 в. датируется старейшее надгробие на еврейском кладбище. В нач. 18 в. евреи вновь пострадали во время рус.-швед. войны. В 18 в. осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесла и торговля; евреям принадлежали 2 пр-тия по выделке кожи, 14 лавок. С 1776 в К. действовала типография, в к-рой в 1780 вышла кн. Яакова-Йосефа из Полонного «Толдот Яаков-Йосеф» – первая книга, содержавшая основы философии хасидизма. В 1794 была основана вторая еврейская типография. В 1-й пол. 18 в. в К. жил Дойв-Бер из Межирича. В 1760–91 в К. жил ученик И. Баал-Шем-Това, основатель неск. хасидских династий Пинхос Шапиро (1726, Шклов – 1791, Шепетовка). В нач. 19 в. раввином К. был ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Ошер-Цви.В 1865 в К. действовали 10 синагог, казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1881 сгорели все существовавшие в К. 13 синагог, постепенно они были вновь отстроены (6 из 13 были хасидскими). С 1883 в К. работала еврейская больница с богадельней, с 1886 – обществ. талмуд-тора (100 уч-ся), с 1899 – богадельня, с 1902 – б-ка-читальня, с 1906 – 2 ссудо-сберегат. т-ва.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в К. жил цадик Ихл-Михл Ерусалимский (1858–1916). После его смерти династию возглавил сын Элиэзер (?–1942). В 1864–1923 раввином К. был Нехемия Хершенгорн (1833–1923).В нач. 20 в. в К. существовали хевра кадиша, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще (С.Н.Гринфельд) и жен. частное еврейское уч-ще (М.Б.Слепой). В 1910 в К. было 15 синагог. В 1901–31 раввином в К. был Мордхе Лидский (?–1931).С нач. 1900-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния «Цеирей Цион» и «Поалей Цион», с 1905 – орг-ция Бунда. В 1914 работало об-во пособия бедным ремесленникам-евреям. Евреям принадлежали 4 аптечных склада, аптека, единств. б-ка, все 3 книжных магазина, кожевенный з-д, все 3 лесных склада, все 3 медоваренных з-да, обе паровые мельницы, 2 суконные ф-ки, 2 склада пива, единств. типография, 4 фотографии и 84 лавки (в т. ч. все 22 мануфактурные, 21 бакалейная). Среди евреев было 6 врачей (в т. ч. 3 дантиста). В 1918 в К. была открыта школа сети «Тарбут». В 1919 создан отряд самообороны.В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1921 работала еврейская школа, при к-рой были хор, оркестр, т-р. В 1920 в К. переехала иешива из Новоград-Волынского во главе с Йоэлем Шурином.5 июля 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В нач. июля 1941 в К. было расстреляно 7 евреев, 15 и 23 авг. 1941 – неск. сотен евреев. В ходе новой «акции» 21 мая 1942 (в канун праздника Шавуот) было уничтожено ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Оставшиеся в живых евреи 24 мая 1942 были заключены в гетто, ликвидированное 25 сент. 1942; при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. Уцелевшие евреи во главе с М.Гильденманом ушли в лес. В 1943 группа воевала в соединении А.Н. Сабурова, создав отд. роту под ком. Г. Розенблата.В 1948 здание бывш. синагоги (ул. 17 сентября, 10) было передано в распоряжение горсовета К. для переоборудования под к/т.В К. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище с памятниками 17 в.В К. род.: М.Гильденман, М.И.Мышь, Н.Сигал, М.Шапиро; Хаим Брегель (1922–1985), живописец, с 1946 – в Э.И. В К. жил и работал У.С.Розенцвейг., extra_data="{'translat...")
KORETSKY Vladimir Mikhailovich (1890, Yekaterinoslav - 1984, Kiev), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1939), prof. (1920), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Hero of Socialist Labor (1980). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University (1916). Since 1919 - as a scientific teacher. work. In 1919–41 and 1944–49 he taught at the universities of Kharkov, in 1941–44 - at the Tashkent juridical. in-those. In 1949–69 head. sector, in 1969–74 deputy. Dir., 1974–84 Dir. Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Legal. counselor of owls. delegations to Gen. assemblies of the UN (1946, 1947, 1949), the UN Security Council (1946), in 1957-69 members. Permanent Chamber of the Intern. arbitration, in 1961-70 members. (in 1967–70 deputy. pre.) Intern. UN courts. Author tr. according to int. law and general history of state and law. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1947), Ph.D. Institute of International law (Geneva), hon. including a number of other foreign scientific. ob-v, in 1948–52 - member. prez. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. The name K. was assigned to the Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Works: Essays in the international. households rights. Kharkov, 1928; Essays by Anglo-Amer. doctrines and practices of international private law. M., 1948; "General principles of law" in the international. right. Kiev, 1957. K.'s son - Yuri (1911, Yekaterinoslav - 1941), poet, translator. Author Sat. verse, stories "We'll be back" (1934) and Sat. verse, for children "The Tribe of the Brave" (1935). Translated into Ukrainian. lang. manuf. J. Byron, W. Shakespeare, W. Scott.
KORF Rafail Grigorievich (1893, Vyatka | - 1941), actor, director. He studied at the wok. department of the Odessa cons. Scenic He began his activity in Odessa in 1913. In 1922 he was an actor of the Revolutionary Theater in Moscow. In 1924–41 the actor and dir. Moscow t-ra satire, where he played Nabaldashnikov ("Article 114" by V.E. Karaulov ("The Wedding" by A.P. Chekhov, 1939), Iznankin ("The Last Judgment" by V.V.Shkvarkin, 1939). Et al. with A.M. Argo, E.B. Krasnyansky, M.Ya. Trieger wrote review plays "Enough, quit" (1929), "Sorry for the harshness" (1930). Together with NM Gorchakov, he staged the performances "Alien Child" by Shkvarkip (1934), "Sashka" by K. Ya. Finn (1940). In the 1930s. K. performed on the stage with Ya.M. Rudin, participated in the creation of the original repertoire, and was unified. dir. of this "theater for two" (the performers deliberately abandoned makeup, wigs, props, making the principle of their pop duet an actor's reincarnation, topicality of themes and plots). On Sept. 1941, together with Rudin, as part of the front-line acting brigade, left for the West. front. In oct. 1941, together with the troops, were surrounded in the Vyazma region and died. Honored. art. Rep. (1934).
KORF Yakov-Srul (1880, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province - 1952, Boston), rabbi. Descendant of I. Baal Shem-Tov, son of Medzhibozh tzaddik. From 1907 - tzadik and rabbi in Novograd-Volynsky. Since 1924 - tzaddik in Boston.
KORF Yehoshua (b. 1905, Kremenchug), rabbi. In 1917–28 he studied at the Lubavitch yeshivas in Kremenchug, Rostov-on-Don, Poltava, Kharkov. From 1929 he headed an underground yeshiva in Kharkov. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1952 - in the USA. Son of K. - Gdalia, one of the hands. org-tion "Ezras-Achim", which provided assistance to the Jews of the USSR.
KORICHINTSY, a village in the Derazhnyansky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Korichintsy Domsko-Rymovye Letichevsky u. Podolsk province. In 1850, 25 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1855 - 226 Jews. In 1850–52 a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in Kazakhstan. colony Veselets (the main population - immigrants from Podolsk province). Unlike other Jewish s.-kh. colonies that were created on state land in Kazakhstan, land (260 dess.) was leased for 25 years from the landowner A.I. Charkovsky for 750 rubles. silver a year. Due to the lack of agricultural. skills, lack of equipment and draft animals, the colonists cultivated only a small part of the land and did not have the opportunity to pay rent. In 1860 the Arbitration Court (it included the rabbi of the Old Maidan Sh.S. Rosenblit) declared the colonists insolvent, and the contract with Charkovsky was terminated and obliged the colonists to leave Kazakhstan until May 1, 1861 (12 families tried to stay in the colony, but were deprived of this right decision of the Letychivsky district court). By the beginning. 1862 the Jewish colony in Kazakhstan ceased to exist (most of the colonists moved to Proskurov and Yaltushkov). VB Lyubchenko
DOMSKO RIM CROWNS, see Korichintsy.
KORIK Ilya Izrailevich (1876 (|), Kherson - 1947, Baku), actor, director, entrepreneur, playwright. From childhood he was engaged in drawing, painting, early began to organize amateur performances. In 1905, together with his wife E.L. Evina, they began a theater, activity in private troupes. K. played the roles of hero-lovers and resonators: Vladimir ("Hasya an orphan" by Ya.M. Gordin, Rabbi Todres ("Talmudist" by II Zolotarevsky, accountant Salmen ("Mirele Efros" by Gordin) and many others. In 1910 created his own troupe, in which he acted as an actor and director.Staged the following performances and played the roles in them: "Love and Jealousy" by M. Richter (Nicolas), "Marianne" by E. Drexler (Bartil), "Jewish pride "by BV Tomashevsky (Katses)," Satan "by Gordin (main role); his own production -" Over the Abyss "(Moishe-Yakov)," Tramp "(main role). Then K. organized Jewish troupe in Nikolaev, supervised by circles in slave clubs of Kherson, Minsk, Odessa and others. In 1927 he created a Jewish troupe in Simferopol under the National Minority Theater, which later became the basis of the Crimean mobile theater. the beginning of the 1930s K. - in Baku, where he organized and headed the self-motivated collective, which soon became a prof. Baku Jewish slave t-r, in 1936 transformed into the Baku Jewish t-r. K. remained in him as an actor, director and artist Last years of life , after the closure of the Jewish t-ra, K. worked in the Baku Youth Theater and the Azerbaijan Puppet Theater. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the AzSSR (1934).
KORISTOVA (in 1963–94 - as part of the city of Volochisk), a village in the Volochissky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In 19-early. 20th century - v. Korostava Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in K. 1942 Jews K. were deported to Volochisk and in Sept. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
KORITSKY German Emilievich (1877, Vyazma, Smolensk province. - 1949, Moscow), pathologist. Prof. (1937). In 1911 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, left by pom. dissector at the department of pathological. anatomy. In 1916–29 he was an assistant at this department. At the same time. from 1911 - dissector, and then head. pathological. department of Ying-that for the treatment of tumors at honey. f-those Mosk. un-that (now the Oncological Institute named after P.A. Herzen). In 1944–49 the head. cabinet transform. pathology of this in-ta.Nauch. work preim. on oncology. Supporter of transformation. the theory of cellular pathology, according to a cut the possibility of metaplasia of the epithelium in the joint was allowed. the cloth. Created a classification of bone tumors, according to a cut distinguish os-theogenic sarcomas (from soft and hard bone tissues) and osteoplastic. sarcomas (from transformed periosteal, tendon and muscle tissues) .Cit .: Experience trans. cellular pathology. Transform. theory of tumors. M., 1926.
KORKHOV Mikhail Vladimirovich (b. 1936, Odessa), checker player. Int. master (1962), grandmaster of the USSR (1971). Two-time USSR champion in 100-cell drafts (1958, 1960). Participated in 23 USSR championships.
KORKIN, see Ishim.
KORKINA SLOBODA, see Ishim.
KORKINO, a city (since 1942) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Cossack post. 1990s in K. there is a branch "Hesed Nehama". A community was created in 2001 (previously, Semyon Abramovich Nukhimzon). In 2002, several people lived in Kazakhstan. dozens of Jews.
KORKMAZY, see Krokmaz.
KORMA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Minsk Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. In 1919–24 - the village of the Gomel province. RSFSR, since 1924 - in the BSSR, since 1938 - a regional center. 587 Jewish men lived in Kazakhstan in 1842, 1175 Jews in 1847, 1268 in 1865, 1328 in 1897 (86.6%), in 1908 - 1464, in 1923 - 1221, in 1926 - 1248 (71.4%), in 1939 - 981 Jews. In 1865 three synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1880 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 126 villages. houses (out of 149). Main the sphere of economic. activities of Jews K. - decomp. handicrafts, grain and timber trade; in K. the sale of processed leather was concentrated. The Jews of K. owned a large-grain plant (owner - Shevel Kreinin) and a brick plant (owner - Leizer Zeitlin). In the 1880s. societies existed. home of a shelter for local and visiting poor Jews. 19 - early. 20th century The rabbi in Kazakhstan was the Lubavitch Hasid Schneer-Zalman Dukhman (? –1910), from 1910 his son was Gdalya Dukhman. In 1913, Jews owned 8 shops (including all 4 grocery, one wine shop). There was a Yiddish school in K. During the Holocaust, two ghettos were created in K. (on Obaturov Street and Shkolnaya Street), which contained approx. 700 and approx. 800 people In nov. 1941 at the cemetery (Lenin Street) approx. 700 Jews. In total, approx. 1,500 Jews. In 1966 an obelisk was erected at the place of execution in Kazakhstan. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. There is a branch of "Hesed" in operation. Yu.I. Katsnelson, G. Zeitlin, V. N. Pervyshin
KORMAN Boris Osherovich (1922, Rechitsa, Gomel province - 1989, Izhevsk), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1967). Graduated from Leningrad. ped. Institute (1944). Conducted teaching work in universities: Borisoglebsk ped. in-those, Izhevsk state. un-those. Contributed to the study of Russian. lyric poetry of the 19th century, the works of N.A. Nekrasov, E.A. Baratynsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.A. Fet, and others, revealing the typology of various. poetic. systems. Mn. paid attention to the problem of the author, the narrator in the literature, having released 4 collection on this topic. (Voronezh, 1967–74). Vol .: Lyrics and Realism. Irkutsk, 1986.
KORMAN Ezra (1888, Kiev - 1959, Detroit, USA), poet, translator. In 1906 he graduated from the bargaining. uch-shche. Together with N. Maisel he founded the publishing house "Kiever Farlag", worked in the "Culture League" in Kiev and Warsaw. In 1919 - secretary. Jewish section Vseukr. lit. to-that. In 1923 he lived in Berlin, then moved to the USA (Detroit). Lit. activity began with the lane. in Kiev Sat. "Yidisher Almanac". Published poetry, reviews, trans. in decomp. periodic. ed. The first book. verse. released in 1932. In 1959 in Tel Aviv came out a volume of fav. manuf. K. did a lot to popularize literature in Yiddish, published dec. anthologies of new Jewish poetry in Kiev (1921), Berlin (1923), Chicago (1928).
FOOD, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Khotyn eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1859, 14 Jews (4.8%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 22 Jews, and in 1939 there were 34 Jews. In July 1941, Romanians occupied Kazakhstan. troops. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in Sokiryany.
KORMANOVA Zhanna (1900, Lodz, Petrokiv province - |), historian, politician. In 1926 she graduated from East. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1920–39, the teacher cf. schools. In 1940–41 - at the Institute for Improvement of Teachers (Bialystok). Sci. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943–44), hands. det., then dir. Department of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of Poland (1944–48). Sci. sotr. Institute of History of Warsaw University (1948-70). Member Pres. Int. demo Federation of Women (1945–48). Main works - on the history of the Polish slave. movement. The author of the book. rec. "People and Life" (Warsaw, 1982).
KORMER Samuil Borisovich (1923, Kostyukovichi, Mogilev okr., BSSR - 1982, Arzamas-16, Gorky region), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). After graduating from school during the war, he worked as a milling machine operator for the repair of tanks, then he was at the front. Sent to Military-Ing. art. Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky (graduated in 1946). He worked (since 1946) at the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental. Physics ("Arzamas-16"). research - on physics tv. body, high pressure physics, quantum electronics, laser thermonuclear fusion. Let's experiment. research thermodynamic. properties of metals and ionic crystals in extreme conditions, built an ur-state for the region. high temp. Determined isentropic in a wide range of densities and pressures. compressibility of hydrogen, obtained experiment. data on its transition to metallic. state. Developed methods for studying optical. properties of shock-compressed dielectrics. Became. pr. (1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1959). State pr. USSR (1980).
KORMOVOE, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1895 as s. Togailly Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1930s. - in the Freidorf Jewish nat. district In 1895, approx. 30 Jews, in the 1930s. - OK. 200 Jews. In 1930 an agricultural group was organized in Kazakhstan. Colony, in which the official language was Yiddish. In the fall of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. In 1942, several were shot in K. Jews.
CORN Yitzhak (1911, Chisinau - 1994, Tel Aviv), public and political figure. Received higher education. jurid. education, was engaged in private law practice, secretary. Movement "Tseirei Zion" in Bessarabia, member. Pres. Zionist, org-tion of Bessarabia. From 1940 - in E.-I., in 1943 - 60 sec. Moshav associations. Prev associations of immigrants from Romania. Dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. Deputy min. finance. Author of a number of books, including "Jews of Kishinev" (Hebrew. Tel Aviv, 1950).
KORNALOVICHI, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1375. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1857, 91 Jews (7.6%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1900 - 135 Jews. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. - from. x-in, crafts; Among the Jews there were three merchants. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. During the Holocaust several. Jewish families were deported to the Rudkov ghetto and destroyed there. Partisans operated not far from K. compound A.F. Fedorov, in which a Jewish detachment was created under com. D. Epelbaum.
KORNBLIT Zisel (1872, Teofipol Staro-Konstantinovsky district. Volyn province - 1929, New York), playwright, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1892 - in the USA. Debuted verse. and stories in Amer. Jewish press, published by St. 30 rum., A lot of art. about t-re. In 1903 he began to write for the Jewish t-ra. Author of 25 plays, among them - "Der Tiger" ("Tiger"), "Dos emese glick" ("Real happiness"), "Di Yiddishe Tochter" ("Jewish daughter"), "Di mume fun america" ​​("Aunt from America ”), which were staged on the stages of Amer. t-ditch. In 1928 he published the book. "Dramatishe Kunst" ("Dram. Art"), in which lectures and discussions about t-re are presented.
KORNEEVKA, see Korneevo.
KORNEEVO, now part of (since 1967) s. Petrovka, Nikolaevsky district, Odessa region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Korneevka Ananievsky u. Kherson province. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in K. in August. 1941 30 Jewish refugees were killed.
CORNESHT (until 1990 - Corneshty), a city in Ungenskiy district. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Beletsky district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1897, 552 Jews (20.5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930 - 338 Jews (13.7%). ... in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 approx. 200 Jews of K. were interned in a collection camp and in the fall of 1941 deported to Transnistria.
CORNESTS, see Cornesti.
KORNFELD Mark Iosifovich (Osipovich) (1908, Zhitomir - 1993, Petersburg), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. In 1920–24 - in Poland and E.-I. Upon his return to the USSR, he worked at the factories in Kiev. From 1929 - in Leningrad. He was in charge of the lab. at the plant "Sevkabel". Graduated from 3 courses of Leningrad State University. Since 1932 sotr. Ural Phys.-Tech. institute, before the transfer to Sverdlovsk, located on the territory. Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, in which K. moved in early 1937. was among the first group of owls. physicists, at the beginning of 1943 attracted by IV Kurchatov to work on the problem of uranium (head of sector Lab. No. 2, head of sector Lab. No. 3, scientific supervisor of a special object). In 1953–55 the head. Department of Experimental. Physics un-that in Molotov. From 1955 - in Leningrad, at the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the laboratory), in 1972–82 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute (in 1976–81 - professor-consultant). Completed important applications. work on the development of technology for obtaining wires from aluminum, investigated mechanic. properties tv. bodies, rubbers and polymers, properties of tv. and liquid bodies under ultrafast deformations. Works: Elasticity and Strength of Liquids. M.-L., 1951.
KORNFELD Yakov Abramovich (1896, Berdichev - 1968, Moscow), architect. Ch.-c. Academy of Architecture of the USSR. In 1924 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. Author pl. publ. on architecture and urban development. Main works: Palace of Culture. Gorbunov in Moscow (1930), c / t them. A.S. Pushkin in Chelyabinsk (1937, jointly with T. Zaikin), the Palace of Culture of the Tractor Plant in Stalingrad (1940).
KORNIN, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1926 - 19 Jews. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. Petty trade and handicrafts. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42 the Jews of Kazakhstan perished in the Rovno ghetto.
KORNITSA, a village in the Belogorsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1765, approx. 300 Jews, in 1847 - 345, in 1897 - 517 (41.3%), in 1923 - 322 Jews. In 1649 the Jewish community of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Tatars' raid. Later, communal life in Kazakhstan was revived. In 1865 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan, and in 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. a warehouse for pharmacy goods, 5 shops (including all 3 grocery stores). In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Lyakhovtsev ghetto (present-day Belogorye) and in June 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
KORNYANU Leonid Efimovich (real family member Kornfeld) (1909, Konvitsa Bessarabian province - 1957, Chisinau), poet, playwright, folklorist. In 1932 he graduated from Lit. Institute in Kharkov. From 1936 he worked at Nauch. in-those MSSR in Tiraspol and simultaneously. taught at the Moldavian ped. in-those. Collected mold. folklore. In 1939, the book was published. "Kinteche norodniche moldovenesht" ("Moldovan folk songs", jointly with DG Gershfeld in 1941 "Proverbe shi zikator norodniche moldovenesht" ("Moldovan folk proverbs and sayings"). K.'s first poems were published. in the journal "Moldova Literature" in 1929. Early verses were included in the collection "Versur felurite" ("Various poems", 1930), "Avintur" ("Inspiration", 1933), "Kinteche shi poezii" ("Songs and poems ", 1939) and others. Participant in the war of 1941–45. K. - author of the plays" Yn veile Moldovei "(" In the valleys of Moldova ", 1945, jointly with J. Kutkovetsky)," Ferichiria Marioarei " ", With V. Gerken, 1951)," Izvorul Fretsii "(" Origins of Brotherhood ", 1956), etc. All the plays were staged on the stages of Moldovan t-dv. V. V. Mayakovsky, A. I. Bezymensky and others.
KOROBCHINO (until 1820 - Pechka, Pechkino), a village in the Novomirgorodsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1910, 46 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews from Moldova and Poland settled in Kazakhstan. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and both manufactory shops. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
KOROBOCHKINO, a village in the Chuguevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1745.From 1765 - in the Slobodsko-Ukrainian province, from 1835 - in the Zmievsky u. In Kharkov province. In 1900 there were 44 Jews living in Kazakhstan. In 1915, Jews who were deported from Galicia arrived in Kazakhstan; later, many of them were deported to Kazan province. In 1942–43 there was a camp in K. in which Jews were kept.
KOROBOVKA, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KOROCHA, city, regional center in the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1638. In 1708 - in the Kiev province, from 1718 - in the Belgorod province of the Kiev province, from 1779 - the district town of the Kursk governorship, then - the province. In 1926, 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 11 Jews. In 1915 59 Jewish refugees from the West arrived in K. provinces of Russia.
KOROGODSKY Zinovy ​​Yakovlevich (b. 1926, Tomsk), director. Prof. (1976). Graduated from Leningrad. theater, in-t on cl. B.V. Zone (1950), worked as dir. in the Kaluga region. dram. t-re. From 1955 Ch. dir. Kaliningrad region dram. t-ra. From 1959 - in Leningrad. BDT. In 1962 he was appointed head. dir. Leningrad. Youth Theater. He began teaching in 1950, having organized studios at the ts of Kaluga and Kaliningrad; from 1961 - in Leningrad. theater. in-those where with the students he put St. 20 performances. Author of over 150 art. and 7 books. about the problems of directing, pedagogy and children. t-ra. In 1991 he created the "T-r Generations", in 1992 he founded the department of directing in St. Petersburg. Humanitarian University. Participated in numerous. nick, theater. festivals. In 1993 he starred in the movie "Sunset" after IE Babel, where he played Ben-Zharia. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980). Works: Director and actor. M., 1967; Study and school. M., 1975; Your theater. M., 1984.
KOROLEV (in 1938–96 - Kaliningrad), a city in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). It was formed in 1938 on the basis of the village. Kalininsky (formerly Podlipki). 409 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, 1129 (1.1%) in 1959, 120 (1%) in 1970, and 952 Jews (0.6%) in 1989. there is a Jewish philanthropist in K. canteen. In 2000-2002 they were held annually in K. int. conf. on Jewish studies, organized by the center "Sefer". In K. genus. K.G. Kagalovsky.
KOROLEVKA, now part of the urban-type settlement Kornin, Popelnyansky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. 22 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan in 1859, 37 Jewish families (235 Jews) in 1898. The colony was founded on 220 dessiatins bought from a local landowner. land on which the sah was grown. beet. In 1900 Jews owned 251 dess. land; 5 out of 37 families worked with. x-vom. In the 1890s. the rabbi in K. was Menachem-Nokhum Kagan (1869 -?). 22 Apr. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, staged by the gang of Ataman Sokolovsky. the Jewish colony ceased to exist.
KOROLEVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1947) in Vinogradovskiy district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774, 3 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 424 Jews (13.4%). x years. in K. there were divisions of various. There were 132 Jewish families (over 600 people) deported from Kazakhstan to Auschwitz in 1944. After 1945, 12 Jews returned to Kazakhstan.
QUEEN, see Korolyovka, Borshchevsky district, Ternopil region.
KOROP, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1153 as Horobor. In the 13th century. - as part of Novgorod-Seversky, then - Bryansk Prince. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. Since 1782 - the district town of Novgorod-Seversky governorship, since 1796 - the town of Krolevetsky u. In 1862, 218 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1865 - 255, in 1886 - 681, in 1897 - 873 (13.9%), in 1910 - 1102, in 1920 - 1014, in 1923 - 979, in 1926 - 787 (12.1%), in 1939 - 350 Jews (5.6%). 18th century K. was the center of the tannery production of the region, in which in the main. Jews worked. From 119 bargaining. avenue K. more than half belonged to Jews. In the 19th century. the Jews owned shoemakers, tailors, hat, blacksmiths, carpentry workshops. In 1862, Kazakhstan had a wooden synagogue; in 1886, a stone synagogue; in 1910, 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Yakov-Yoel Sorkin (1850 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan since 1894. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. t-in. 10 and 18 nov. 1917 pogroms took place in Kazakhstan. In 1918 the retreating Austro-German. units perpetrated a pogrom in K., in the course of which Jewish houses were damaged, the bargaining was plundered. shops. 8 Feb. 1942 in K. were shot several. dozens of Jews. 9 Feb 1942 Ukrainian police shot practically all the remaining Jews in Kazakhstan - 111 people. The last 4 Nov. In 1942, a Jewish dentist was killed. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. G.M. Korabelnikov.
KOROPETS, a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1421. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1820, 68 Jews (3.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1880 - 140 (3.3%), in 1900 - 295 (5.5%), in 1921 - 176 (3.7%), in 1939 - 240 Jews (3.5%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 1st half. 17th century Main occupations - trade and crafts. In the 19th century. Jews owned a pharmacy, 3 taverns, 5 shops, rented 2 mills. There were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan. In 1886–1907, Chaim-Boruch Gokhberg (1865–1929) was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1907, his son-in-law Chaim-Arie Alshtat (1885–?). In 1909 immigrants from Kazakhstan created a community in the USA. In 1916, 16 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. Rabbi Avrom-Chaim Tetelboim was K. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a Judenrat headed by Benzion Miler was established in Kazakhstan. On March 24, 1942, the Jews of K. were sent to Monastyriska and in October. 1942 together with local Jews - to Buchach. After the liberation of K. in March 1944, approx. 10 Jews.
KOROST, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1520. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1872 49 Jews (6.8%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 39 Jews, in the 1930s. - 8 Jewish families. 12 July 1941 in K. 2 Jews were killed, the rest were sent to Stepan, from where in August. 1942, together with other Jews of the Stepansky ghetto, were deported to Kostopol and shot there. Several Jews K. fought in partisans. the connection of S.A. Kovpak.
KOROSTAVA, see Koristov.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОРОСТЕНЬ (до 1923 – Искоростень), город (с 1926), районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 945. С 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Овручского у. Волынской губ.В 1847 в К. проживал 331 еврей, в 1897 – 1266 (48,2%), в 1923 – 4322, в 1926 – 6089 (50,7%), в 1939 – 10 991 (35,7%), в 1959 – ок. 6800 (ок. 18%), в 1970 – ок. 6200 (ок. 11%), в 1979 – ок. 5000 (ок. 8%), в 1992 – ок. 4000 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в К. относится к 965. В сер. 17 в. казацкие отряды Б.М. Хмельницкого почти полностью уничтожили еврейское население К. Еврейская община возродилась в 18 в. В 1865 в К. имелось 2 синагоги. В 1914 единств. заезжий дом принадлежал евреям; действовало 6 синагог.В февр. 1918 воинские части Центр. рады учинили в К. еврейский погром, 13 марта погром устроили части Кр. Армии, 20 июня 1919 – банда Соколовского.В 1918 в К. действовала орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1925 функционировали отд-ния разл. сионистских орг-ций. Работали 2 клуба, в к-рых велась работа на идише, 5 хат-читален на идише, 4 еврейские б-ки, 5 еврейских отд. при общих б-ках, 15 кружков еврейской молодежи.В 1925 выходцами из К. в Херсонском окр. было организовано 7 еврейских земледельч. коллективов: «Червоный хлебороб» (53 чел.), «Ройтер Поер» (98 чел.), «Новый быт» (44 чел.), им. Раковского (77 чел.), «Нае Лебн» (34 чел.), «Красный труженик» (100 чел.), «Ушера Шварцмана» (18 чел.).В 1926 по инициативе Ш.Кипниса и с разрешения сов. властей в К. прошла Раввинская конф. (участвовали 50 раввинов из разл. регионов СССР), поч. пред. заочно был избран Й.-И.Шнеерсон. Конф. приняла решение об объединении еврейских религ. общин для противодействия угрозе безверия и ассимиляции; был избран исполнит. к-т. Сразу после конф. Кипнис был арестован, а исполнит. к-т фактически распущен. В 1929 в подпольных хедерах училось 80 детей, раввином в К. был Хаим Матусов.8 авг. 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. 10 авг. 1941 в К. было расстреляно 53 еврея, 20 авг. – 160, 27 авг. – 238, 10 сент. 1941 – ок. 1 тыс. евреев. В 1941–42 в К. было убито более 6 тыс. евреев. 29 апр. 1943 в К. были сожжены и расстреляны неск. сотен больных тифом венгер. рабочих. В р-не К. действовали партиз. отряды, в составе к-рых сражалось св. 200 евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в К. была открыта синагога (ул. Кирова, д. 55); в обычные дни на молитву собиралось 30–50 чел., в субботу – 70–80, в праздники – до 400 чел. Шохетами и активистами общины были Або Аврумович Фарович (1880–?) (он же исполнял обязанности моэла), Герш Айзикович Карант (1885–?) и Б.И.Шлейфман (1885–?).В кон. 1940-х гг. община собирала средства на ремонт синагоги, оказывала помощь нуждавшимся евреям, организовывала артели по выпечке мацы, проводила поминальные службы на братской могиле расстрелянных. В кон. 1940–50-х гг. действовало неск. миньянов в частных домах. В 1957 была закрыта синагога. В кон. 1970-х – нач. 1980-х гг. в К. действовал нелег. миньян; имелся шохет. С кон. 1980-х гг. начался активный выезд евреев К. в Израиль и др. страны.В 1989 в К. было создано Об-во еврейской культуры. В 1992 основаны об-во «Мицва», еврейская воскресная школа, в 1994 – клуб «Мазлтов». С 1992 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Арон Бергер (р. 1963, Израиль). В 1994 начала работать еврейская школа, в 1995 была открыта синагога, при к-рой имелись небольшая иешива и миква. Существует еврейское кладбище. На двух братских могилах жертв Катастрофы в 1990 и 2000 установлены памятники.В 2001 в К. проживало ок. 1200 евреев.В К. род.: Иосиф Ефимович Самусенков (Мейлахштейн) (1928–1991, Москва), футболист, в 1966–87, 1989–91 – тренер и гл. тренер Упр-ния футбола Спорткомитета РСФСР, в 1981–87 – отв. секр. Федерации футбола РСФСР, судья всесоюз. категории (1964); Ефим Аронович Тартаковский (р. 1928), хирург, автор более 30 работ по хирургии актиномикозов и осложнений сах. диабета, засл. врач РФ (1997).С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=КОРОСТЕНЬ (до 1923 – Искоростень), город (с 1926), районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 945. С 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Овручского у. Волынской губ.В 1847 в К. проживал 331 еврей, в 1897 – 1266 (48,2%), в 1923 – 4322, в 1926 – 6089 (50,7%), в 1939 – 10 991 (35,7%), в 1959 – ок. 6800 (ок. 18%), в 1970 – ок. 6200 (ок. 11%), в 1979 – ок. 5000 (ок. 8%), в 1992 – ок. 4000 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в К. относится к 965. В сер. 17 в. казацкие отряды Б.М. Хмельницкого почти полностью уничтожили еврейское население К. Еврейская община возродилась в 18 в. В 1865 в К. имелось 2 синагоги. В 1914 единств. заезжий дом принадлежал евреям; действовало 6 синагог.В февр. 1918 воинские части Центр. рады учинили в К. еврейский погром, 13 марта погром устроили части Кр. Армии, 20 июня 1919 – банда Соколовского.В 1918 в К. действовала орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1925 функционировали отд-ния разл. сионистских орг-ций. Работали 2 клуба, в к-рых велась работа на идише, 5 хат-читален на идише, 4 еврейские б-ки, 5 еврейских отд. при общих б-ках, 15 кружков еврейской молодежи.В 1925 выходцами из К. в Херсонском окр. было организовано 7 еврейских земледельч. коллективов: «Червоный хлебороб» (53 чел.), «Ройтер Поер» (98 чел.), «Новый быт» (44 чел.), им. Раковского (77 чел.), «Нае Лебн» (34 чел.), «Красный труженик» (100 чел.), «Ушера Шварцмана» (18 чел.).В 1926 по инициативе Ш.Кипниса и с разрешения сов. властей в К. прошла Раввинская конф. (участвовали 50 раввинов из разл. регионов СССР), поч. пред. заочно был избран Й.-И.Шнеерсон. Конф. приняла решение об объединении еврейских религ. общин для противодействия угрозе безверия и ассимиляции; был избран исполнит. к-т. Сразу после конф. Кипнис был арестован, а исполнит. к-т фактически распущен. В 1929 в подпольных хедерах училось 80 детей, раввином в К. был Хаим Матусов.8 авг. 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. 10 авг. 1941 в К. было расстреляно 53 еврея, 20 авг. – 160, 27 авг. – 238, 10 сент. 1941 – ок. 1 тыс. евреев. В 1941–42 в К. было убито более 6 тыс. евреев. 29 апр. 1943 в К. были сожжены и расстреляны неск. сотен больных тифом венгер. рабочих. В р-не К. действовали партиз. отряды, в составе к-рых сражалось св. 200 евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в К. была открыта синагога (ул. Кирова, д. 55); в обычные дни на молитву собиралось 30–50 чел., в субботу – 70–80, в праздники – до 400 чел. Шохетами и активистами общины были Або Аврумович Фарович (1880–?) (он же исполнял обязанности моэла), Герш Айзикович Карант (1885–?) и Б.И.Шлейфман (1885–?).В кон. 1940-х гг. община собирала средства на ремонт синагоги, оказывала помощь нуждавшимся евреям, организовывала артели по выпечке мацы, проводила поминальные службы на братской могиле расстрелянных. В кон. 1940–50-х гг. действовало неск. миньянов в частных домах. В 1957 была закрыта синагога. В кон. 1970-х – нач. 1980-х гг. в К. действовал нелег. миньян; имелся шохет. С кон. 1980-х гг. начался активный выезд евреев К. в Израиль и др. страны.В 1989 в К. было создано Об-во еврейской культуры. В 1992 основаны об-во «Мицва», еврейская воскресная школа, в 1994 – клуб «Мазлтов». С 1992 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Арон Бергер (р. 1963, Израиль). В 1994 начала работать еврейская школа, в 1995 была открыта синагога, при к-рой имелись небольшая иешива и миква. Существует еврейское кладбище. На двух братских могилах жертв Катастрофы в 1990 и 2000 установлены памятники.В 2001 в К. проживало ок. 1200 евреев.В К. род.: Иосиф Ефимович Самусенков (Мейлахштейн) (1928–1991, Москва), футболист, в 1966–87, 1989–91 – тренер и гл. тренер Упр-ния футбола Спорткомитета РСФСР, в 1981–87 – отв. секр. Федерации футбола РСФСР, судья всесоюз. категории (1964); Ефим Аронович Тартаковский (р. 1928), хирург, автор более 30 работ по хирургии актиномикозов и осложнений сах. диабета, засл. врач РФ (1997).С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data="{'translat...")
KOROSTOV, see Ukrainian.
KOROSTYATIN, see Krynitsa, Ternopil region.
KOROSTYATYN, see Krynitsa, Ternopil region.
KOROSTYSHEV, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1471, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania. Since 1569 - the town of the Zhytomyr district of the Kiev voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1765, 316 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 2657, in 1852 - 2800, in 1897 - 4160 (52.9%), in 1923 - 2825, in 1926 - 3017 (37.3%), in 1939 - 2170 (19.3%), in 1989 - 215 (0.77%), in 1995 - 70 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 16th century. A synagogue existed in 1602. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Rabbi Meir, a disciple of one of the preachers of Hasidism in the Ukraine Zeev-Wolf from Zhitomir (? –1798), lived in K. In the beginning. 19th century The Hasidic dynasty in Kazakhstan was founded by the grandson of M.-N. of Tver, Moishe (1789–1866). After his death, the dynasty was continued by his son Mordkhe (1842–1916), then by the grandsons Menachem-Nokhum-Yosef-Bentsion and Yitzhok-Avrom-Moishe. In 1885 there were three synagogues in Kazakhstan. Since 1892 Shraga Gorodetsky was the rabbi in K., in the 1900s. - Menachem Byalik. In 1894 N.M. Bialik owned 3 sawmills, in 1895 I.D. Baru is a match factory. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings company operated in Kazakhstan. In 1914 there were 6 synagogues in Kazakhstan; Aron-Srul Berkovich Ratner was the rabbi. There was a Jewish hospital; all 4 doctors were Jewish. Unity. a pharmacy in K., all 5 pharmacy stores, 22 out of 24 grocery stores, 8 out of 9 haberdashery, 17 manufactory, all 12 flour shops, all 5 metal shops, all 3 timber warehouses, units. stationery shop, both parquet workshops, 3 out of 6 cloth factories, resin plant belonged to Jews. 1918 a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by the troops of the Directory; in Feb In 1919, a pogrom was perpetrated by Sokolovsky's gang. In 1920, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a fellowship in Detroit (USA), which supported the Committee with assistance to victims of the pogroms in Kazakhstan. In 1925, Jews who came from Kazakhstan in the Kherson environs. communes were organized by them. Volodarsky and them. Vinchevsky, collective farms "Renaissance" and them. Leckert. In K. itself in February. 1925 the commune was created. Volodarsky. In the 1920s. schools teaching in Yiddish were opened in Kazakhstan (they were liquidated in the late 1930s) On July 9, 1941, Kenya occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. July 1941, 40 Jews were shot, August 31. 1941 - c. 1200, Sept. 1941 - 60, in the fall of 1941 approx. 2 thousand Jews. In total, during the occupation, ca. 3,600 Jews (including those from neighboring settlements). After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1946, a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan (Krasnaya Sq., 36; on ordinary days it was attended by 20–25 people. , on Saturday - 30–35, on holidays - 100–125 people). The rabbi was Mordke Leibovich Goldstein (1876–?), The cantor was Shaya Borukhovich Gornstein (1876–?), The shohet was Aron Moiseevich King (1882–?), He was also a moel. In 1953, A.M. was arrested on charges of "establishing contact with an American Jewish organization". King. In the end. 1980s - early. 1990s b. of the Jews K. left for Israel and other countries. In 2003, K. had a Jewish population. D.N.Gofshtein, P.I.Dashevsky, Y.Ts.Forzun.S. Y. Elisavetsky
KOROTCHENKOVO (until 1969 - Pogribki), a village in the Shostkinsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1552.From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov province. 19th century in K. lived apprx. 30 Jews. occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - decomp. crafts. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan.
KOROTICH, see Korotych.
KOROTKOVO, a village in the Krasnochikoisky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhneudinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 20th century in Korotkovskaya Vol. lived Jewish peasants.
KOROTOYAK, a village in the Ostrogozhsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Voronezh province. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. a pharmacy and a hotel in Kazakhstan. In 1915, 180 Jewish refugees arrived in Kazakhstan, including 59 children; in the same year with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in Kazakhstan, a school and a hearth were opened.
KOROTYCH, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Korotich Kharkovsky In 1939, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. lived in the main. Jewish artisans (tailors, furriers, furriers). A ghetto was created in Kazakhstan during the Holocaust. In 1942, more than 300 Jews were shot - local and evacuated from the West. districts of the USSR.
SHORT, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - farm of Zhitomir district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913, two Jews rented a steam mill.
KOROVINTSY, a village in the Nedrigailovsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 10 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KORSAKOV (in 1905–46 - Otomari), a city (since 1946), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1853.Since 1869 - Korsakov post, adm. center of the Korsakov env. Sakhalin Islands. In 1905–45 - as part of Japan, in 1945–91 - in the RSFSR. 1990s in K. there is a Jewish community (previously Leonid Konstantinovich Mironov). There is a branch of "Hesed". In 2002, approx. 200 Jews.
KORSHEV, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Korshov Lutskiy u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a grocery store in Kazakhstan belonged to a Jew. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Lutsk ghetto and there they were killed along with local Jews.
KORSHEVETS, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 68 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a mill, a leather workshop, and 2 shops. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 the Jews of K. were sent to Torchin and executed there.
KORSHOV, see Korshev.
KORSHUN Mirra Osipovna (1900, Vilna - 1958, Moscow), analytical chemist. She graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University in 1929. She worked as a chemist at the plant. Since 1935 in Ying-those organic. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1937 head. lab. microanalysis. Since 1954 she headed the lab. microanalysis in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main scientific. activity associated with work on elementary microanalysis organic. connections. Joint. with V.A. Klimova developed a method for determining carbon and hydrogen in organic matter. connections (the Korshun-Klimova method, 1947), was engaged in the implementation in the prom. practice of standard microanalytical. equipment and scales. Created scientific. School of Microanalysis, Works: Instruments for Quantities. elementary microanalysis. M.-L., 1947; New methods of elementary microanalysis. M. - L., 1949.
KORSOVKA, see Karsava.
KORSUN, see Korsun-Shevchenkovsky.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОРСУНЬ ШЕВЧЕНКОВСКИЙ (до 1944 – Корсунь), город (с 1938), районный центр в Черкасской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1032. В 1584 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – в Киевском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Каневского у. Киевской губ.В 1737 в К.-Ш. проживал 1 еврей, в 1765 – 187, в 1784 – 153, в 1847 – 1456, в 1864 – ок. 2000, в 1897 – 3799 (45,9%), в 1923 – 2357, в 1926 – 2449 (51,2%), в 1939 – 1329 (14,2%), в 1998 – 202 еврея.Первые сведения о евреях К.-Ш. относятся к нач. 17 в. Осн. источником доходов евреев была аренда. Во времена «хмельнитчины» в местечке происходили массовые убийства евреев. В 1702 захватившие К.-Ш. казаки уничтожили еврейское население. Евреи вновь поселились в К.-Ш. в 1721. В 1734 гайдамаки убили в К.-Ш. 27 евреев. Евреи вернулись в К.-Ш. в 1750-х гг. В 1768 еврейское население пострадало от «колиивщины».В 1855 еврейский купец, почетный гражданин Болоховский пожертвовал деньги для рус. армии. В 1860 Болоховский купил сах. з-д. В 1862 казенным раввином в К.-Ш. был Ицко Портной. В 1865 в К.-Ш. действовало 2 синагоги. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. С.С. Поляков основал в К.-Ш. первое в России горное техн. уч-ще. В 1894 выходцы из К.-Ш. создали в США землячество, оказывавшее поддержку благотворит. орг-циям в К.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. осн. занятиями евреев К.-Ш. были разл. ремесла, винокурение, шинкарство; евреи арендовали также суконную ф-ку. В 1896 в К.-Ш. действовало 5 синагог; имелась еврейская баня. Евреи К.-Ш. владели 20 купеч. домами и 105 магазинами, арендовали 8 из 9 водяных мельниц.В кон. 19 в. в К.-Ш. неоднократно бывал Шолом-Алейхем.В 1900 в К.-Ш. действовало 3 синагоги, в 1910 работали талмуд-тора, 2 муж. и 2 жен. частных еврейских уч-ща, еврейское отд-ние при 2-классном министерском уч-ще. В 1901–09 раввином в К.-Ш. был Мошко Мордков. В 1907–09 местные евреи Е.Г.Островский и Б.Майстровский построили 2 крупорушки с нефтяным двигателем. В 1912 в К.-Ш. действовало ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 2 склада аптечных товаров, 2 булочные, 3 лесных склада, 2 медоваренных з-да, 5 мельниц, пивоваренный з-д, 3 постоялых двора, 2 часовых мастерских, 82 лавки (в т. ч. все 28 бакалейных). Среди евреев было 2 дантиста, 11 скупщиков зерна. Казенным раввином был врач Берко Пинский, членом мещанской управы – Герш Нисонович Медвинский.В 1917 в К.-Ш. произошел погром. В мае 1919 погром учинили отряды атамана Н.А.Григорьева; 26 авг. 1919 в К.-Ш. произошел погром, устроенный частями Добровольческой армии, особыми зверствами отличалась офицерская рота; во время этого погрома был убит раввин. При отступлении частей Добровольческой армии был создан отряд еврейской самообороны, сумевший предотвратить очередной погром. После разоружения отряда самообороны в К.-Ш. вновь был учинен погром. В 1920-х гг. в К.-Ш. действовало отд-ние Евсекции.30 июля 1941 К.-Ш. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В нояб. 1941 украинской полицией было расстреляно 543 еврея из К.-Ш. и Канева. В теч. осени 1941 было уничтожено 2278 евреев, в осн. женщины, старики и дети. На месте их гибели установлен мемориальный знак. После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.В 1988 в К.-Ш. была создана еврейская община, открыта еврейская б-ка, организован анс. «Лехаим». В 1989 создано Об-во еврейской культуры. С 1993 работает регион. еврейская воскресная школа, к-рую посещают не только дети из К.-Ш., но и из др. городов Черкасской обл. С 1995 издается еврейская газ. «Надежда» на рус. и укр. яз. В 1990-х гг. К.-Ш. становится центром регион. ассоциации еврейских общин малых городов Украины.В К.-Ш. род.: Е.С.Добин, Д.Я.Слобожан, А.Юдицкий; Моисей Иосифович Базилевский (1840–1902, Одесса), писатель, автор книг и статей по еврейской истории; Абрам Борисович (Беркович) Козлов (1880–1933, Париж), живописец, брат Б. Козлова, с 1919 – во Франции, в посл. период творчества в произв. преобладали сцены из еврейской жизни на Украине; Бенедикт Козлов (?–1945, Париж), художник, скульптор, брат А.Б. Козлова; Михаил Юрьевич Цирульников (1907–1990), конструктор артиллерийского и ракетного оружия, проф. (1967), Стал. пр. (1946)., pronunciation=КОРСУНЬ ШЕВЧЕНКОВСКИЙ (до 1944 – Корсунь), город (с 1938), районный центр в Черкасской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1032. В 1584 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – в Киевском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Каневского у. Киевской губ.В 1737 в К.-Ш. проживал 1 еврей, в 1765 – 187, в 1784 – 153, в 1847 – 1456, в 1864 – ок. 2000, в 1897 – 3799 (45,9%), в 1923 – 2357, в 1926 – 2449 (51,2%), в 1939 – 1329 (14,2%), в 1998 – 202 еврея.Первые сведения о евреях К.-Ш. относятся к нач. 17 в. Осн. источником доходов евреев была аренда. Во времена «хмельнитчины» в местечке происходили массовые убийства евреев. В 1702 захватившие К.-Ш. казаки уничтожили еврейское население. Евреи вновь поселились в К.-Ш. в 1721. В 1734 гайдамаки убили в К.-Ш. 27 евреев. Евреи вернулись в К.-Ш. в 1750-х гг. В 1768 еврейское население пострадало от «колиивщины».В 1855 еврейский купец, почетный гражданин Болоховский пожертвовал деньги для рус. армии. В 1860 Болоховский купил сах. з-д. В 1862 казенным раввином в К.-Ш. был Ицко Портной. В 1865 в К.-Ш. действовало 2 синагоги. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. С.С. Поляков основал в К.-Ш. первое в России горное техн. уч-ще. В 1894 выходцы из К.-Ш. создали в США землячество, оказывавшее поддержку благотворит. орг-циям в К.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. осн. занятиями евреев К.-Ш. были разл. ремесла, винокурение, шинкарство; евреи арендовали также суконную ф-ку. В 1896 в К.-Ш. действовало 5 синагог; имелась еврейская баня. Евреи К.-Ш. владели 20 купеч. домами и 105 магазинами, арендовали 8 из 9 водяных мельниц.В кон. 19 в. в К.-Ш. неоднократно бывал Шолом-Алейхем.В 1900 в К.-Ш. действовало 3 синагоги, в 1910 работали талмуд-тора, 2 муж. и 2 жен. частных еврейских уч-ща, еврейское отд-ние при 2-классном министерском уч-ще. В 1901–09 раввином в К.-Ш. был Мошко Мордков. В 1907–09 местные евреи Е.Г.Островский и Б.Майстровский построили 2 крупорушки с нефтяным двигателем. В 1912 в К.-Ш. действовало ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 2 склада аптечных товаров, 2 булочные, 3 лесных склада, 2 медоваренных з-да, 5 мельниц, пивоваренный з-д, 3 постоялых двора, 2 часовых мастерских, 82 лавки (в т. ч. все 28 бакалейных). Среди евреев было 2 дантиста, 11 скупщиков зерна. Казенным раввином был врач Берко Пинский, членом мещанской управы – Герш Нисонович Медвинский.В 1917 в К.-Ш. произошел погром. В мае 1919 погром учинили отряды атамана Н.А.Григорьева; 26 авг. 1919 в К.-Ш. произошел погром, устроенный частями Добровольческой армии, особыми зверствами отличалась офицерская рота; во время этого погрома был убит раввин. При отступлении частей Добровольческой армии был создан отряд еврейской самообороны, сумевший предотвратить очередной погром. После разоружения отряда самообороны в К.-Ш. вновь был учинен погром. В 1920-х гг. в К.-Ш. действовало отд-ние Евсекции.30 июля 1941 К.-Ш. был оккупирован частями вермахта. В нояб. 1941 украинской полицией было расстреляно 543 еврея из К.-Ш. и Канева. В теч. осени 1941 было уничтожено 2278 евреев, в осн. женщины, старики и дети. На месте их гибели установлен мемориальный знак. После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К.В 1988 в К.-Ш. была создана еврейская община, открыта еврейская б-ка, организован анс. «Лехаим». В 1989 создано Об-во еврейской культуры. С 1993 работает регион. еврейская воскресная школа, к-рую посещают не только дети из К.-Ш., но и из др. городов Черкасской обл. С 1995 издается еврейская газ. «Надежда» на рус. и укр. яз. В 1990-х гг. К.-Ш. становится центром регион. ассоциации еврейских общин малых городов Украины.В К.-Ш. род.: Е.С.Добин, Д.Я.Слобожан, А.Юдицкий; Моисей Иосифович Базилевский (1840–1902, Одесса), писатель, автор книг и статей по еврейской истории; Абрам Борисович (Беркович) Козлов (1880–1933, Париж), живописец, брат Б. Козлова, с 1919 – во Франции, в посл. период творчества в произв. преобладали сцены из еврейской жизни на Украине; Бенедикт Козлов (?–1945, Париж), художник, скульптор, брат А.Б. Козлова; Михаил Юрьевич Цирульников (1907–1990), конструктор артиллерийского и ракетного оружия, проф. (1967), Стал. пр. (1946)., extra_data="{'translat...")
KORSUNKA, a village in Talnovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in K. by units of the Volunteer Army, as a result of which several. Jews were wounded.In 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
KORSUNSKAYA Bronislava Davydovna (1909, Kiev - 1986, Moscow), defectologist. Ped. She began her career in 1926 as a teacher in a school for the deaf. After the end of the defectological. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1935) worked at the Research Institute of Defectology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, where until 1961 she headed the lab created on her initiative. preschool deaf pedagogy. Under the arm. K. developed the first state. program of 5-year education and training of deaf preschoolers. K. created the original. speech formation system for children with hearing impairments. K. generalized her experience in the book. Raising a Deaf Preschooler in a Family (1970). Scientific and practical K.'s developments formed the basis for the education and upbringing of deaf children in Russia. Vol .: Teaching speech for deaf preschoolers. M., 1960; Methods for teaching deaf preschoolers to speak. M., 1969.
KORSUNSKY Moisey Izrailevich (1903, Rostov-on-Don - 1976, Alma-Ata), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1941), prof. (1944), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1962). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1926), then worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those. One of the founders of Sib. physical and technical Institute in Tomsk (1929), where he organized an X-ray and then a nuclear laboratory. At the same time. taught at Tomsk University. In 1934–38 the head. lab. one of the research institutes in Leningrad and at the same time. and about. prof. at the department of experimental. physics Leningrad. industrial in-that. In 1938–52 the head. lab. shock voltages of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Kharkov), edges in 1939 joined the Kharkov physical and technical. in-t. At the same time. (since 1944) prof. and head. department in Ying-those cements. In 1952–62 the head. Department of Kharkov Polytechnic. in-that. Since 1962 hand. Dept. physics tv. body and semiconductors of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (Alma-Ata). tr. on nuclear physics, TV physics. body and physics of semiconductors. I found out the possibility of building electrostatic. and magn. high-resolution deflecting analyzers. Completed a cycle of exam. on the use of multiply charged ions in nuclear physics. He proposed a model for the electronic structure of transition metals and their alloys. Studied photoelectric. properties of selenium and discovered that its photoconductivity depends only on the wavelength and does not depend on the intensity of the incident light. Head of scientific. schools. The author of St. 250 art., Several. monographs and textbooks. Vol .: Atomic Nucleus. M., 1956; Abnormal photoconductivity and spectrum. memory in semiconductor systems. M, 1978.
KORSUNSKY Saul Grigorievich (1901, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - |), specialist in the field of musical acoustics, acoustics of the singing voice. Cand. lawsuit (1946). In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by spec. muses. acoustics. In 1930–32 scientific. sotr. dep. Moscow cons. In 1950–61 he worked at the Research Institute of Sound Recording and Radio Broadcasting. In 1961, he constructed a harp-sounding electronic tuning fork, where instead of strings, tuning forks were used. Vol .: Some problems of the course of harmony in the light of the theory of polybasicity. M., 1934 (jointly with S.S. Skrebkov); Electromusical instruments. M.-L., 1957 (with I.D. Simonov).
KORSUNSKY Wolf Borukhovich (1923, Bakhmut, Donetsk province - 1950, ibid.), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1940. He graduated from the pilot school in 1942. Deputy. com. squadron, air navigator. shelf st. leith. K. made 152 sorties to attack enemy personnel and military equipment. He was awarded 6 orders. Killed in a plane crash.
KORTELESY, a village in the Ratnovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 141 Jews (12.7%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 there were 195 Jews. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a synagogue, a cheder, early. a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1942 Jews of K., along with all the inhabitants of the village, were shot for helping partisans.
KORTSESTI, see Korchevtsy.
KORTSYANS, see Kartyana.
KORYAKOVSKAYA, see Pavlodar.
KORYSHKOV, see Karyshkov.
KORYST, a village in Koretsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1577. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 89 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 49 Jews. During the Catastrophe, the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in the Korets ghetto.
KORYTISCHE, a village in the Volodarsko-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine) In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 6 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KORYTNITSA, a village in the Vladimir-Volynsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 there were 77 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 384, in 1870 - 260 (40.1%), in 1921 - 279 (78.6%), in 1931 - 350 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 16th century. In 1628 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. In 1648 the Jewish community of K. was defeated by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In the end. 18th century in K. there were 2 synagogues. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1913 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 6 shops and a tavern. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KORYTNOE (until 1946 - Vilavche), a village in the Vizhnitsa district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1433. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vyzhnytsya eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 320 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in July 1941, 64 Jews were killed (buried in Banilov), the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KORYTNYANY, a village in the Uzhgorod region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1315. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 29 Jews (5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 34 Jews (5.2%). ... 1944 Jews of K. were deported to Uzhgorod and in May 1944 sent to Auschwitz.
KORYCIN, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, the provincial town of Koritsyn (other name - Karychin) Sokolsky u. Bialystok region, from 1842 - Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1890, 516 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 411 (60.1%), in 1921 - 265 Jews. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KORYUKOVKA, city (since 1958), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1657. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Sosnitsky u. In 1897, 381 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 796, in 1926 - 712 (10.7%), in 1939 - 475 Jews (4.9%). the Shokhet in K. was the Lubavitch Hasid Labnovsky. J.-I. Schneerson helped the mikvah repair. 22 Dec. 1941 in Kazakhstan, approx. 90 Jews. More than 40 Jews were deported to Chernigov and killed there; OK. 70 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan on March 1–2, 1943. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
N. KORZHAVIN (nast, name and surname. Mandel Emmanuil Moiseevich) (b. 1925, Kiev), poet. First published in 1941. In 1946 he entered Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (graduated in 1959). Arrested in 1947 and released in 1952. In 1955 he graduated from a mining technical school in Karaganda, returned to Moscow. He published poetry and literary criticism. Art. to the center. print. Means. part of the verse. and journalism circulated in samizdat. In 1963 a collection of works was published in Moscow. verse. “Years” is the result of 20 years of work. On Sat. included a verse about the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry in the years of the 2nd world. war ("The World of Jewish Towns", 1945; "Children in Auschwitz", 1961). In 1973 he was expelled from the USSR JV, and left the country. Since 1974 - in the USA. In the West came out poetry. Sat. "Times" (1976) and the poem "Plexus" (1981), in a cut K. draws the image of his orthodox grandfather from a Jewish shtetl and reflects on his own. the fate of the Jewish emigrant, rus. intellectual. The Jewish theme is also present in a number of other works. K .: Philos. drama “Once in the twentieth” (1967; published), the poem “Abram Pruzhiner. The Legend of the Old Bolsheviks of Novorossia and the New Washers, the Slavophiles "(1971)," The Poem of Existence "(in the samizdat" Babi Yar "), Art. “Experience int. biography "(1968), directed against the anti-Zionist. and anti-Semite. campaigns in Sov. and the Polish press; “Song of Russian. owls. the writer Grigory Svirsky, which he will perform under the organ in the seaside tavern "Birch" (Tel Aviv, 1976) - ironic. ballad about owls. Jewish emigrants yearning for anti-Semites; essay "Psychology sovr. enthusiasm ”(1976) - about the ambivalent morality of the left intelligentsia towards Israel.
KORZHI, a village in the Romny district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. In 1897 there were 6 Jewish households (out of 110) in Kazakhstan. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade. In 1916, pl. Jews left for Kremenchuk.
SHINS, see Shchors.
KOSAYA GORA, urban-type settlement (since 1927), subordinated to the Central District Council of Tula (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tula u. Tula province. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in KG.
KOSBERG Semyon Arievich (1903, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1965, Voronezh), designer of aircraft and rocket engines. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959). Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). After the end of service in Kr. Army in 1927 entered Leningrad. polytechnic Institute, in 1929 he was transferred to MAI. After graduating from the Institute in 1930–41 he worked at the Center. in-those aviats. engine building (from 1936 beginning. department), from 1941 Ch. experimental design bureau designer. Supervised the creation of fuel supply and control units and systems for aviation. engines installed on fighters La-5, La-7 and other military. planes. After the war 1941–45 under the hands of. K. created ser. liquid-propellant rocket engines (including the first Soviet-era oxygen-kyrosine engine) for the upper stages of launch vehicles that launched manned spacecraft into space. ships, arts. Earth satellites and automatic planetary stations. Killed in a car accident. A crater on the far side of the moon is named after K. Linen. pr. (1960).
KOSENOVKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all four grocery stores in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in Kazakhstan. Jews.
KOSEUTS (before 1990 - Kosoutsy), a village in Soroksky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - part of Romania, in 1940–91 - MSSR. During the Catastrophe in the forest, approx. K. was killed approx. 6 thousand Jews.
KOSEVO, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - village Koshevo Lomzhinsky u. 149 Jews (28.2%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, and approx. 200 Jews. 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KOSHARINTSY, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. Of the 428 Jews placed in the camp, 317 died of hunger and disease.
KOSHEDARS, see Kaisiadoris.
KOSHELEVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1450. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Keshelmeze of the province of Ugrian Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. Apr 1944 Jews of K. were deported to the Iza ghetto. A month later, the Jews of the ghetto were transported to Khust to the brick plant, then from Khust, two days later, they were deported to Auschwitz, where most of them died.
KOSHEVICHI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 1941 there were 12 Jews living in Kazakhstan, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 Jews from K. were deported to Pinsk and shot there.
KOSHEVO, see Kosevo.
KOSHILOVTSE, see. Koshylovtsy.
KOSHYLOVTSY, a village in Zalishchitsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1575. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kosilovets of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 19 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish community in Kazakhstan, and in July 1941 a Hungarian occupation was made. troops. In the beginning. July 1941 after the departure of the Red Army and before the arrival of the Hungarian units again. army practically all the Jews of K. were killed.
KOSHICE, a village in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1374 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Pinchovsky u. In 1827, 24 Jews (4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1856 - 32 (5.5%), in 1897 - 366 (34.8%), in 1921 - 678 (48%), in 1931 - OK. 900 Jews. 19th century in K. a community was organized, there were several. synagogues, there was a Jewish cemetery. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (including grain), handicrafts (tailoring, shoemaking, carpentry). Jews belonged to several. bakeries. The doctor Yankel Pugerman worked in Kazakhstan in 1891. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: from 1878 - Naftoli Vayblank, Mordkhe-Itskhok Stashevsky, and from 1924 - Chaim-Meir Tsinman. In 1926, a philanthropist was founded. cash desk, a Jewish library is open. Active Zionist activities were carried out. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 5 Sept. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. On Sept. 1942 K. Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.
KOSHLANY, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lipovetsky district. Kiev province. In 1897 there were 4 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 6 Jews.
KOSHNITSA, a village in Chisinau district (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tiraspol u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In 1926, approx. 240 Jews. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KOSHTOVOE, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 in K. was deported approx. 1300 Jews from Odessa, of which approx. 70 people.
KOSINI, see Koson.
KOSKOV, a village in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one grocery store in Kiev. In July 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Kiev. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Shepetovka ghetto and in June 1942 they were shot there together with local Jews.
KOSMACH, a village in the Kosiv region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 there were 26 Jews, and in 1926 there were 4 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
KOSOGORKA, a village in the Yarmolinetsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Frampol, Kamenetsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 570 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1216 (98%), in 1923 - 1094 Jews. In 1889 there were 4 synagogues in Kazakhstan. Main Jewish occupations - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods and 30 shops (including all 14 manufactures, all 10 grocery stores). In 1925, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist Colony Nadezhda (55 people) In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Yarmolintsy and shot there.
KOSON (until 1995 - Kosini), a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38, it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 301 Jews (14.6%) lived in Kazakhstan; in 1938, St. 650 Jews (approx. 24%). In 1707, there were several. Jewish x-in. In 1765 among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 3 tailors, a tanner, 3 shoemakers, and 2 innkeepers. Mn. Jewish families were engaged in viticulture. In 1860, among the Jews of Kazakhstan, there were 24 artisans and merchants, including 4 innkeepers, 2 merchants, 2 tailors, and 3 shoemakers. In 1921, among the Jews of K. there was 1 doctor (out of 3), 3 lawyers (out of 6). Jews owned 2 banks and a steam mill. In 1944 the Jews of Kazakhstan (631 people) were sent to Auschwitz and subsequently destroyed.
KOSOUTSI, see Koseuts.
KOSOV, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chortkovsky povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in July 1941, all Jews - 75 people - were killed in Kazakhstan.
KOSOVER Mordkhe (1908, Vilna - 1969, New York), journalist, literary critic, historian. In 1926 he graduated from the gymnasium in Vilna, from 1928 - in E.-I., studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Since 1938 - in the USA. Deer was the first. libraries IVO. Since 1950 he has taught Hebrew literature at Brooklyn College. Throughout many. years engaged in journalism and research. work, participated in the compilation of the 1st volume of the Great Yiddish Dictionary. Among the research. K: "Int. trade of Polish Jews in the 16-17th century ”,“ Vilna-Lithuanian Jerusalem ”,“ Jewish dishes ”. For the "General Encyclopedia" (New York, 1963), being one of its editors, wrote Art. "Press History in Hebrew".
KOSOVO, see Kossovo.
KOSOVSCHINA, a village in the Sumy district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sumy district Kharkov province. In 1900, 46 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. occupation of Jews in Kazakhstan in the 19th century - purchase and sale of agricultural products price Sumy. In the beginning. 20th century some Jews were engaged in gardening.
KOSOVSKAYA POLYANA, a village in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38, it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. the occupation of the Jews of KP - gardening and small trade. In May 1944 the Jews of KP were sent to Auschwitz, where most of them perished.
KOSOY Gedal Davidovich (1903, Khashchevatoe Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. - 1991, Vinnitsa), writer. Since 1920 - in the USA. He was a handyman. In 1924 he returned to the USSR. In tech. For 7 years he worked at the Jewish collective farm "Nit Gedayget", Odessa region. He began to publish in 1935 in the Kiev Jewish gas. and zhurn. During the 2nd world. wars - at the front. After the war, publ. stories in Kiev Zhurn. Der Stern. In 1946 in Vinnitsa he published a collection of works. stories "In the shadow of skyscrapers" in the lane. in Ukrainian lang. He began to publish stories in Yiddish with the beginning of the publication of magazines. "Sovetish gameland". In 1985, as an appendix to it, Sat. humoresok K. "In yorn arum" ("Years later").
KOSSOV, see Kosuv Lyatsky.
KOSSOVO, a city (since 1940) in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16th - 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Kosovo Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847, 985 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1878 - 1279 (60%), in 1897 - 2028 (65,%), in 1921 - 1473 (60.5%), in 1924 - 1740 (57.5%), in 1928 - 1992 (58.2%), in 1931 - 2200 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the end. 16th century In the end. 19th century in K. there were 4 synagogues, a Talmud Torah. Since 1883, the rabbi was Shmerel-Yosef Karelitz (1852 -?), The father of A.-I. Karelitsa. At the same time. Rabbi K. from the 1880s. until 1922 there was Menachem-Mendel Shershevsky (? –1929). After the death of S.-J. Karelitsa, his son Yosef took his place; Shershevsky's place after his departure to E.-I. was occupied by his son-in-law Meir Leikin. the doctor in K. was a Jew. Jews owned 2 pharmacies, 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 20 stores (including all 6 grocery stores, all 6 manufacturing). The school of the Tarbut network was opened in 1920, and in the 1920s. a school with teaching in Yiddish and a yeshiva worked in the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 26, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Kazakhstan. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created. In the beginning. oct. 1941 Jews from the surrounding area were brought to Kazakhstan. points. All R. 1941 three ghettos were created in Kazakhstan. In spring - summer 1942 in the Yalovasto tract approx. K. was shot apprx. 200 Jews. 2 aug. 1942 partisans. detachment under com. P.V. Pronyatina attacked K. More than 200 Jews fled to the partisans. 25 Aug 1942 1400 Jews were shot in the Merechovshchina tract, 1.5 km from K. the ghettos were liquidated. A fur took part in the liberation of K. in July 1944. building under com. S.M. Krivoshein. In K. genus. A.-I. Karelits.
KOSSOVSKY Vladimir (real name and surname Mendel Yakovlevich Levinson) (1867, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1941, New York), politician. He studied at the gymnasium in Kovno, joined the roar. circle. In 1894 in Vilna he joined the Social-Democrats. In 1896, members. Vilensky S.-D. to-that. Edited by S.-D. zhurn. "Yidisher Arbeiter". In 1907, ch. ed. legal Bund newspapers "Veker" and "Volkszeitung". In the 1898-1900s. was imprisoned. In 1900–05 - abroad. After Oct. roar. lived in Poland. In the beginning. 2nd world. war emigrated to the United States.
KOSTANAY (in 1893–95 - Nikolaevsk, in 1895–1994 - Kostanay), city, center of Kostanay region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1883. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 17 Jews (0.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1959 - 399 (0.5%), in 1970 - 374 (0.3%), in 1979 - 316 Jews (0 , 2%) The first Jews who settled in Kazakhstan were retired Nikolayev soldiers. In the end. 19th century in K. there were Jewish sewing and shoe workshops for the servicing of peasant migrants. In the 1880s and 90s. Isai Shor owned a watch workshop. During the 2nd world period. During the war, evacuated Jews began to arrive in Kazakhstan. In the 1st floor. 1940s in the Kostanay theater dir worked. E.Ya. Lishansky. In the 1950s, during the development of virgin lands, the number of the Jewish population increased. In 1993, a Jewish cultural center was organized in Kazakhstan, and later a Jewish community was created; there is a Jewish Sunday school, Hesed is functioning.
KOSTEK, a village in the Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, from 1860 - in the Khasavyurt env. Tersk Region In 1866, 37 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1886 there were 37 Jewish families (293 Jews). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 19th century. In the 1860s. Rabbi K. was Shimon ben Ephraim. During the Civil. Jews left K.
Andrei KOSTELYANETS (1901, Petersburg - 1980, New York), conductor. In 1920-22 he studied at the cons. in Petrograd. Since 1922 - in the USA. Taught at a college in Albion (1939), cons. in Cincinnati (1945). An orc conducted. US Armed Forces (1944–45), New York Symphony. orc., symph. orc. Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, etc., as well as many others. orc. Europe, Canada, South America, Israel.
KOSTEV, a village in the Valkovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Valkovsky u. Kharkiv province. 43 Jews (9.8%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1810. In 1897 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a distillery plant, 2 mills, a grinder, and several. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army.
KOSTICHANY, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1619.Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1859 49 Jews (8.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1930 - approx. 70 Jews (6%). occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century - from. x-in. Economical the situation of the Jewish population deteriorated sharply during the 1st world. war.
KOSTILNIKI (until 1991 - Kostylniki), a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Koscielniks of Buchatsky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, eight Jews were killed in K.
KOSTYNTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 296 Jews (12.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930 - 274 (12.1%), in 1941 - 450 Jews. in K. from the end. 19th century Main occupations - fruit trade, p. x-in. There were 3 synagogues in Kazakhstan, mikvah, and 3 heders. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After K. Romanians' occupation. troops in the con. June 1941 Jews (about 420 people) were gathered in the school building and shot after 3 days. The Jews found in the vicinity were sent in October. 1941 to Transnistria.
KOSTOLEVSKY Igor Matveyevich (b. 1948, Moscow), actor. After leaving school, he studied at MISS for two years, then in 1969-73 - at GITIS on an acting and directing course under the direction of. A.A. Goncharova. Since 1973 - in Moscow. dram. t-re them. Vladimir Mayakovsky. The first roles of K. were lyric-romantic, later in the repertoire there were sharp-character and comedic characters. He played more than 50 roles, among which: Misha Rumyantsev ("Relatives" by E.V. Braginsky and E.A. Ryazanov, 1974), Mechik ("The Defeat" by A.A. Fadeev, 1974), Treplev ("The Seagull "A.P. Chekhova, 1978), Golubkov (" The Run "by M.A.Bulgakov, 1978), hairdresser King (" Look who has come! "V.K. Arro, 1982), Edik (" The Isleman "A. A. Yakovleva, 1988) and others. In 1991 K. took part in the play internat. troupe "Oresteia" Aeschylus, staged in Bergen (Norway) dir. F. Rocher (roles of Apollo, Messenger and Old Man). In 1994 K. played Apollo in "Oresteia" directed by P. Stein (Center, Russian Army Theater, Moscow). He starred in films and on television. Naib. known roles: Lieutenant Annensky ("Star of Captivating Happiness", 1974), Zhenya Stoletov (TV series “And this is all about him”, Len. Komsomol Ave., 1978), teacher (TV series “Nameless Star”, 1979) ... Honored. art. RSFSR (1984).
KOSTOMAROVO, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In Sept. 1941 Jews of K. were shot and thrown into a well near the village. Bruskinskoe.
KOSTOMUKSHA, a city (since 1983) in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1977 as an urban-type settlement. In 1995 the Jewish society "Shabes" was established in Kazakhstan. Since 1998, Hesed Agamim has been operating. In 2002, approx. 100 Jews.
KOSTOPOL, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 153 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1101 (64.5%), in 1921 - 1185 (39.6% ), in 1931 - 2609 (39.9%), in 1937 - 3920 (40%) Jews. among the main. occupations of Jews K. prevailed diff. crafts (tailor's, shoemaking, etc.). Since 1884, Shmuel Zilberstein (1860 -?) Was the rabbi in K., then his son Osher (? - 1932). In 1910 there was a private Jewish wife. uch-shche, there was a synagogue, in the beginning. 20th century a Hebrew-teaching school began to operate. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy and unity. pharmacy warehouse, 44 out of 45 grocery stores, units. sawmill plant, unity. furniture factory, glass and cast iron foundries. In 1918, a Jewish self-defense detachment was created. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. 180 out of 260 K.'s shops belonged to Jews. In 1928, the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened. In 1932–37, Moishe Shterenberg was rabbi of K., and from 1937, Krieger. In the beginning. 1920s a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew, then - a Jewish child. garden. In 1939, Yiddish became the language of instruction. On July 5, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan. In July, local Ukrainians committed a pogrom in K., in the course of which 6 Jews were killed. The Judenrat was established in K. 16 Aug 1941 in Kazakhstan, 460 Jewish men and 20 women were shot. Total in Aug. - Dec. 1941 in the city, approx. 12 thousand Jews, including from Antonovka. 5 oct. 1941 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, with the liquidation of which on August 26 1942 was shot ca. 1500 people At the same time, the workers' camp in K. (700 people) was liquidated as a result of the mass escape of prisoners. Mn. Jews of Kazakhstan in 1941–44 fought in partisans. detachments. After release in Jan. 1944, ca. 270 Jews. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
KOSTRIZHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1780. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.
KOSTROMA, city, center of the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 12th century. Since 1719 it has been a city, the center of the province of Moscow Gubernia, since 1778 it has been a provincial city. 184 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1865, 556 in 1897, 480 in 1910, 697 in 1923 (1.2%), and 1926 666 (0.9%), in 1939 - 454, in 1970 - 570 (0.3%), in 1979 - 528 Jews (0.2%). about Jews K. refers to 1858. Among Jews K. in the end. 19th century the majority were artisans; there were also retired soldiers. The rabbi in K. was the former. Nikolaev soldier Vilensky. Since the 1880s. Rabbi K. - Tsvi-Girsh Aronovich Shneiderman (? –1925, Kostroma), who also performed the duties of a moel. Dombek was the state rabbi. In 1903, a synagogue was officially allowed to open in Kazakhstan (before that there was a prayer house). In 1910, a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery were located in Kazakhstan. At the synagogue, the “Economic Board of the Jewish Prayer House” functioned (formerly DG Plotnik), which was engaged in philanthropy. activities. Under the rule of the 1st world period. During the war, the "Department of Assistance to Jewish Refugees" worked, then - to-t Assistance to Jewish Refugees. By 1916, the set was legalized under the name. "Kostroma Jewish Society for Aid to War Victims" (previous - Plotnik). In 1916, there were 350 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia, registered to-volume. In the end. 1910s - early. 1920s Zionist organizations and a Bund cell operated. 1920s K. was a place of exile for convicted Zionists. In 1927 J.-I. Schneerson was in exile in K. In 1929 a synagogue was closed in Kazakhstan. In the 1930s-40s. The minyan was going to the Shochet house of Gerakhmel Kugel. In the 1960s. The minyan continued to meet in private homes. There was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. The Jewish community in Kazakhstan was revived in 1994; the synagogue building was gradually (in parts) returned. In 1996, the Community Center began to work (previously - Lev Isaakovich Kogan, b. 1915), since 1997 - Obl. Jewish national-cultural autonomy (president - head of the Jewish community Andrey Valerievich Osherov, b. 1966, Kostroma). In 1998, the synagogue building was completely returned to the community. Since 2000, a Jewish Sunday school, an ulpan, and a Jewish samodeyat have been operating in Kazakhstan. Dr. (director - Boris Golodinitsky), philanthropist. center "Hasdey Zion", East-lit. museum. Since 2002 a Jewish child has been working. garden, published every month. gas. "Kol echad". Rabbis K. - representatives of M.-M. Schneerson: in 1997-2002 - Moishe Tamarin (b. 1964, Moscow), since 2002 - Nison Ruppo (b. 1978, Lyubertsy). In 2002, approx. 1,500 Jews. In K. genus: I. M. Bezprozvanny, B. S. Vilensky, I. A. Musin; Boris Aronovich Aizin (b. 1919), historian, Dr. Sciences (1974), main. tr. dedicated a lion. s.-d. movement in Germany; Mikhail Romanovich Mogendovich (1900-1979, Perm), specialist in the region. cosm. medicine, Dr. med. Sciences (1941), in 1945–72 - head. Department of Normal Physiology of Perm honey. in-that. D.M. Mansky, Z.G. Frenkel, G.M. Skarzhinskaya lived and worked in K.
KOSCELNIKI, see Kostelniki.
KOSTYLEVKA (until 1946 - Berlebash), a village in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 9 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 55 Jews. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
CRUSHES, see Bones.
KOSTYUKOVICHI, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Mstislavl Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. From 1919 - in the Gomel province, from 1924 - the regional center of the Kalininsky district, in 1927-30 - the Mogilev region, from 1938 - the Mogilev region. In 1841, 856 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1865 - 1047, in 1880 - 1196 (64 %), in 1897 - 2186 (65.2%), in 1908 - 1894 (62.4%), in 1923 - 1666, in 1926 - 1608 (49.6%), in 1939 - 1134 Jews. There were 4 synagogues and 8 kheders (9 in 1844) in Kazakhstan; there were 2 rabbis. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts (hl. Arr. Tanning). In 1880 Jews owned 163 out of 340 houses; they owned 5 tanneries, tallow, 3 hemp breweries and 2 breweries, 2 groats. Joseph Kagan (1845 -?) Was the rabbi in K. in 1881. In 1895, a class husband was opened in K.. Jewish school. In 1899-1902 Jews owned 234 houses out of 243, as well as 46 commercial-industrial. institutions (in 1907 - 64). In 1910 there were 2 private husbands. Jewish schools, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1911, pl. the shops belonging to the Jews were destroyed by fire. In 1913 the bookstores of Zalman Manevich and Nota Gitovich worked; Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. bakery, more than 40 shops (including 9 grocers, all 7 manufactures) and shops. In 1916–17, a branch of the EKOPO functioned. In 1920, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by parts of the Polish. In 1927, there was a cheder (10 students) in Kazakhstan. Rabbi K. at the end. 1920s was Yisroel Movshovich. 14 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan (380 people) were shot in the Gorely Pen 'tract. After 1945, part of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan; some moved to Gomel. In 1963 A.Kh. Genin erected a monument with a six-pointed star and the inscription: "Eternal memory to the executed Jews" at the place of execution (now Karobanovskaya street). At the direction of the authorities, this monument was removed, and an obelisk with a five-pointed star and no inscription was erected in its place. In the post-war. years in K. was going to be difficult. Minyan. In 2002, approx. 60 Jews. In K. genus: S.B. Kormer; Moshe-Nehemya Kaganov (1817-1887, Jerusalem), rabbi, from 1864 - in E.-I., from 1866 headed the Yeshiva "Etz Chaim", author of books on religions. legislation.
KOSUW LYATSKY, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1778 he received the Magdeburg Law. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Kossov Sokolovsky u. In 1827, 315 Jews (100%) lived in KL, in 1857 - 786 (97%), in 1897 - 1258 (98%), in 1921 - 1316 Jews (97%). Jews lived in K L. with ser. 18th century At the same time, a community was organized, a synagogue was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid. The first rabbi of KL was Matatiyahu Korman, a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin", Simkhi-Bunim from Pshish (1767-1827) and Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk (1787-1859). Since 1907, KL's rabbi was Arie-Mordkhe Rabinovich (later - the first chief rabbi of Bnei Brak, Israel). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. 1920-30-ies. in KL there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a header. Some Jewish children studied in Polish. school. Rabbis KL in the 1920s and 30s. were Paltiel-Ididia Lubelchik and Jeruham-Fishl Dan. Sep 1939 KL was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat and the ghetto were created, in a cut at the beginning. 1941 brought Jews from Kalisz. 10 oct. 1942 Jews from the ghetto were deported to Treblinka. N. Khariaz.
CAT MARCULESTA, see Marculesti.
KOTELEVKA, a village in the Krasnokutsk district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Lopukhovaty Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkov province. In 1910, 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOTELNICH, a city, a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1143. From 1780 it was a district town of the Vyatka governorship, then a province. In 1900, 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 39, in 1926 - 14, in 1939 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1900 a synagogue was officially opened in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews owned a hotel, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, and a beer shop in Kazakhstan. Among the Jews of Kazakhstan there was a tailor. A.I. Peisakhovich.
KOTELNIKI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. 33 Jews (0.5%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, 75 Jews in 1970, and 51 Jews (0.3%) in 1989.
KOTELNIKOV II, see Kotelnikovo.
KOTELNIKOVO, city (since 1955), a regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Cossack farm Kotelnikov II Donskoy okr. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOTELVA, urban-type settlement (since 1971), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkov province. In 1925 - 30 - the regional center of the Poltava Okrug. In 1900 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 25, in 1925 - 14, in 1939 - 10 Jews. main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan - the dressing of sheepskin and the production of products from it, as well as the sale of these goods to Poltava, Romny, and Kharkov. 9 October. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed at the Spasskoye cemetery.
KOTELIANSKY Lev Osipovich (Ariy Iosifovich) (1852, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1879, Petersburg), writer. In 1878 he graduated from law. f-t Petersburg. un-that. Joined the populists. From 1870 he published in a number of Russian. periodic. ed. The main theme of Art. K. - the plight of the Russian. peasantry. K.'s work was influenced by works. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In 1878–79 hands. int. dep. gas. "Rus. true".
KOTIK Avrom-Gersh Iehezkelevich (1867, Kamenets-Litovsk, Brest u. Grodno province. - 1933, Kharkov), teacher, publicist. Son of I. Kotik. In 1898 he graduated from the farm. Faculty of Warsaw University. From a young age he joined in the roar. traffic. From 1892 he lived in Bialystok, Minsk, Vilna, spent two years in the United States. Since 1894, together with A. Bresler published ser. scientific-popul. book in Yiddish ("How people lived several thousand years ago", "Labor and Capital", etc.). In 1900 he founded the Folks-building publishing house. In 1904 he settled in Minsk, organized a circle, which was to be engaged in publishing. textbooks in Yiddish. In 1912-17 he lived in Bialystok and Warsaw, was the editor. a number of ed., then became the limit, petersburg. gas. "Rus. statements ". After 1917 he settled in Yaroslavl, worked as head. published. dep. Cooperative Union. In 1920 he left for Poland, was engaged in journalism, in 1923 - in Warsaw, founded a journal. Folks-Gezunt then left for the USA. In 1926, K. - in Moscow, held leading posts in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. In 1927 he moved to Kharkov, collaborated in gas. Der Stern, in a cut publ. a number of scientific-popul. articles.
KOTIK Bluma Abramovna (1908, Vilna - 1968, Moscow), editor, translator. Daughter of A.-G. I. Kotik. She worked in the publishing house "Der emes" ed. thin lit-ry. Since the 1960s. sotr. zhurn. "Sovetish Gameland", edited prose. Ed. rum. PD Markish "Trot fund doires" ("The step of generations"), published in 1966 by the publishing house "Sov. writer". She translated into Yiddish "Treblin Hell" by VS Grossman, the story "Shabos-nahama" by IE Babel, "Notes of a test pilot" by ML Gallay.
KOTIK Iehezkel (1847, Kamenets-Litovsk, Brest u. Grodno province. - 1921, Warsaw), memoirist. Rod. in a wealthy Hasidic family, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. At one time he lived in Kiev, then settled in Warsaw. Jewish writers gathered in K.'s house. By that time, Op. K. in Yiddish and Hebrew. Engaged in publishing. activities, in particular, issued the Jewish calendar. The name K. became popular thanks to his memoirs in 3 volumes "Meine Zichroines" ("My Memories", 1st volume - Warsaw, 1913–14). Rep. give a versatile picture of Jewish life in Russia in the 1st half. 19th century and are among the best products. of this genre. 2nd vol. came out to sing, in Berlin in 1922, the 3rd - remained in the manuscript.
KOTIN Joseph Yakovlevich (1908, Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslav province - 1979, Moscow), designer. Colonel General Engineer (1965). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1943), Hero of Socialist Labor (1941). In 1932 he graduated from the Military-technical. acad. them. F.E. Dzerzhinsky. In 1932–37 - engineer, then early. design bureau n.-i. Department of Military. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. In 1937 - Ch. designer of the Kirovsky plant in Leningrad. He headed the work on creating. heavy. tanks SMK and KV. In 1941–43 - deputy. People's Commissar Tank, Industry of the USSR, Ch. designer tank, plant in Chelyabinsk. He headed the work on creating. heavy. tanks KV-2, KV-16, KV-85, IS-1, IS-2, heavy. self-propelled art. installations U-152, ISU-152, ISU-122. After 1945, K. led the development of heavy. tanks IS-4, T-10, amphibious tank PT-76, amphibious armored personnel carrier BTR-50P, skidder KT-12, wheeled tractor K-700, etc. Since 1968 - deputy. Minister of the Defense Industry of the USSR. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1946-50, 1966-70). Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1968). Became. pr. (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948). Awarded with 16 orders.
KOTKI, a village in the Dyatlovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kotski Slonimsky u. Grodno province. During the Holocaust, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. In the autumn of 1942, all the prisoners (about 2,500 Jews) were shot, and in 1964 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the shot.
KOTLAS, a city (since 1917), a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1890. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Solvychegodsky u. Vologda Gubernia. In 1939, 47 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. K. served as a place of exile for convicted Zionists. 1990s in K. there is a branch of "Hesed".
KOTLOVINA, a village in the Reni district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolbok Khotinsky Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1897, 89 Jews (10.7%) lived in Kazakhstan.
BOILER SUPPLY, see Katilishke.
KOTLYAR Aharon (1892, Sislavichi Vilna province - 1962, Lakewood, USA), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a local rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva "Kneses Israel" (Slobodka). He taught at a yeshiva in Slutsk. In 1921, together with the yeshiva, which he soon headed, he moved to Klotsk (Poland). In 1939, with the arrival of the owls. troops, fled with a yeshiva to Lithuania. After the establishment of the Sov. the power yeshiva was closed. K. with gr. students through Japan came to the United States and founded a yeshiva in Lakewood, which became one of the largest in the country.
KOTLYAR Alexander Iosifovich (b. 1914, Pliskov, Lipovetsky u. Kiev province.), Military and economic leader. Lieutenant General Intendant. service (1981). In 1938 he graduated from the Military-Ing. uch-shche, in 1942 - Military-legal. academy. In 1942–87 he served at the Center. finance. ex. Ministry of Defense of the USSR: in 1958–64 deputy. early pension. dep., in 1964 –79 early. pension, dep., in 1979–87 deputy. early ex. Since 1987 - retired.
KOTLYAR Elmira Peisakhovna (1925, Kazan - 2006), poet. Graduated from preschool. branch of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1953). In 1954–61 she taught at Moscow. ped. uch-shche methodology Russian lang. and children. lit-ru. Published since 1955. First book. verse. "Vetka" was published in 1958. Lyric. K.'s poems are collected in the book. "City Light" (1965, additional ed. 1989) and "Watercolors" (1973). He also writes for children. Among the collections: "Gingerbread House" (1971), "Island of Animals" (1972), "Andryusha with Kiryusha" (1976), "Burn, burn, amber" (1978), "And how the deer ran" (1979) , "Daruma and Vanka-Vetanka" (1991), etc. Not published. cycles on the Jewish theme "Luxurious Place" and "Childhood of Khanka" (both - 1993), dedicated. memory of the mother. She translated a number of books. from Belarusian, Hungarian, Slovak, Bulgarian, Chuvash. lang.
KOTLYAR Joseph Solomonovich (1908, Berdichev - 1962, Vilnius), poet. Graduated from Kharkov ped. in-t. In the end. 1920s worked in ed. Jewish gas. "Zay Great", "Yung Guard", at the State Publishing House of Ukraine. The first verses publ. all R. 1920s in the Berdichev gas. "Di voh". Since then he has been publishing in the journal. "Prolit", "Farmest", "Soviet Literature" and in Jewish gas. Verse. K, masters of sounding verse, deep lyricism, are set to music. K. did a lot in the region. children lit-ry. Half of those published in the 1930s. verse, collection of books (there are over 20) addressed to children. Main collection: "Lichtiker gebeurn" ("Bright birth", 1930), "Enthusiast" (1932), "Kinder fun mine land" ("Children of my country", 1934), "Glenzndieker wind" ("Excellent weather", 1935), "Mine Welt" ("My World", 1939), "Oisgeleiste Erd" ("The Liberated Land", 1948). K.'s poems are translated into Russian, Ukrainian, lit. lang. After the war he lived in Vilnius. Published in the local press in Russian. lang.
KOTLYAR Leonty Zakharovich (1901, Tomsk - 1953, Moscow), military leader. Colonel General Ing. troops (1944). Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Graduated from military-engineer. school (1922), Military-technical. academy (1930). In Kr. Army - since 1920. Com. sapper company, early. dep. f-ta engineer armament Military-tech. academy. In 1937–39 he was an inspector of the control group at an NCO. In 1940 the beginning. ex. defense building Ch. military-engineer ex. Red Army, in 1941 beginning. Ing. troops of the Red Army. In 1942-45 the beginning. Ing. troops of a number of fronts. In 1945-51 the beginning. Military-Ing. academy, then early. departments of this academy. Awarded with 11 orders.
KOTLYAR Solomon Osipovich (1890, Malin Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1967, Moscow), politician. Roar. started his activity in 1907; Bund. 1st sec. Orenburg (1919–20), Vologda (1921–23), Tersk (1923–25) provincial committees of the RCP (b), 1st secretary. Tersk Provincial Committee of the CPSU (b) (1925-27), Oryol Okrug Committee of the CPSU (b) (1929-30), before. Central Committee of the Union of Government Employees (1931–37, 1939–44), head. dep. social insurance of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1937–39). Deer. publishing house gas. "Einikite" (1945), exercise. affairs of the EAK (1945, 1946), head. dep. corr. the network of the Sovinformburo (1946–49). Member Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Arrested in 1949 in the EAK case; sentenced to 10 years in prison. Released 1956.
KOTLYARSKY Boris Moiseevich (1914, Nastashka of Kiev province. - 1993, Kiev), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Armies since 1935. In 1938 he graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). At the front since June 1941. Com. art. regiment, Lieutenant Colonel K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown during the forcing of a number of rivers on the territory. Poland. In 1952 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. Since 1960 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
KOTOV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 18 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KOTOVKA, a village in the Magdalinovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1768.Since 1828 - the town of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1885, 97 Jews (4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1908 - 69 (3%), and in 1939 - 24 Jews. 19th century in K. lived several. families of Jewish merchants. In 1848 the Jews owned part of the tannery, brewing, distillery and brick production, as well as bargaining. warehouses and wine shops. In 1913 Jews belonged to unity. a pharmacy and three shops. In 1918, parts of the Directory organized a pogrom in Kazakhstan. By 1939 Jewish families had left Kazakhstan.
KOTOVSK (until 1935 - Birzula), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century Since 1792 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 95 Jews (10.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 2205, in 1926 - 2507 (25.1%), in 1939 - 2735 Jews (16.3%). In 1882 - 1903 K. was closed for a new settlement of Jews under the "Provisional Regulations". In 1905 anti-Jewish riots broke out in Kazakhstan. In the beginning. 20th century Mordechai Shrabmakhen was rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1919, a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Kazakhstan. In 1926, Commissioners for European work were active in Kazakhstan. Since 1927, Joseph Shlemovich Diment was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. 5 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 in Kazakhstan, approx. 50 Jews, the rest were deported to Dubossary (present-day Dubasari) and shot there. In July 1942 a group of Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina arrived from Obodovka to work in K. On 1 Sept. In 1943 there were 95 Jews in Kazakhstan (10 people from Bessarabia and 85 from Bukovina) .After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1946, a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan (Lenina street, 58). The rabbi was Itskhok Naftulovich Frukter (1917–?). On ordinary days, 10-15 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - 60-70 people.
KOTOVSKOE, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1799. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Kotovsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Zhovtnevy district of the Odessa okr. In 1897, the Jews were St. 50% of the population of Kazakhstan; in 1910 approx. 400 Jews (approx. 60%), in 1931 - approx. 800 Jews (approx. 80%). 19 - early. 20th century the Jewish population was engaged in DOS. from. x-vom and trade with.-kh. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On March 16, 1942, 120 Jews from Odessa were shot by the Ukrainian police in K.
KOTS Arkady (Aron) Yakovlevich (1872, Odessa - 1943, Sverdlovsk), mining engineer, poet. In 1893 he graduated from the mining school in Gorlovka. He worked at brown coal mines in the Moscow region and Donbass. In 1897-1902 he studied at the Gorny Institute in Paris. In 1902 he was translated into Russian. lang. E. Potier's "International". In 1906 he prepared a collection of works. their verse. "Songs of the Proletarians" destroyed by the authorities. In 1906–36 he worked in the mining industry. Later he devoted himself entirely to studying poetry and transl. He wrote under the ps. A. Bronin and A. Shatov. Author of rep. about meetings with Leo Tolstoy, Vol. “The struggle for universal elect. law in Belgium "(1906)," Songs of the proletarians "(1907)," Poems "(1957).
KOTSKI, see Kotka.
KOTSK, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1417 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Lublin Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Lukovsky posad. In 1765, 793 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1856 - 1612 (32%), in 1861 - 1653 (36%), in 1883 - 1694 (31%), in 1897 - 3014 (40%), in 1921 - 2,092 (35%), in 1927 - 2,529 Jews (40%) Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. All R. 17th century K. - cr. Jewish religion. Centre. In 1670 Rabbi K. was Rabbi Lima, the son of Rabbi Moishe, Ch. Rabbi of Vilna (modern Vilnius). Then the rabbis of K. were: from 1717 - Dovid Katzenellenbogen, Mordhe ha-Levi (? - 1751), Matatiyahu Carper from Kosuva. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 18th century. - trade and crafts. In 1765, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 15 tailors, 2 hatters, 4 butchers, an embroiderer, a jeweler, 2 tanners, and a baker. There was a rabbi. In May 1809, the Jew K. Berek Yoselevich was killed in battle. the commander (1794) of a Jewish detachment in the troops of T. Kosciuszko; at the entrance to the city a monument was erected to him, ch. st. K. was named after him. 19th century K. became one of the most important centers of Hasidism after M.M. Morgenstern's arrival there. The Hasidic dynasty was continued by the sons of Morgenstern: Dovid (1809–1873), Chaim Yisroel (1840–1906), Yosef (? –1939). The rabbis of K. in the same period were Menachem-Zeev Jaruzelemsky from Lodz, Chaim-Dovid ha-Levi, Doiv-Zeev Rappoport (Morgenstern's son-in-law) and his son Moishe Rappoport. Doiv-Berish Kersh (1871 -?) Was the rabbi in K. in 1902. In 1912, the first Jewish library was opened in K., and a Jewish loan-savings bank operated. t-in, in 1918 - a school with teaching in Hebrew (closed in 1920, when most of the teachers were drafted into the Polish army; classes resumed in 1922, when the school became part of the Tarbut network); the school had a dining room for poor students funded by the Joint. In 1921 "Agudas Israel" founded a yeshiva (about 50 students) and a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" (in 1932 - over 100 students). At the same time, on the initiative of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" children began to work. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1922, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Crafts was opened. bank. In 1928 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 124 stores, 13 bakeries, and 10 butchers. Jews were leading kr. timber trade and agricultural products. Among the Jews of K. were 91 carpenters, 70 shoemakers, 42 tailors, 9 tinsmiths, 5 saddlers, 4 hatters, and 2 porters. The Bund organization was actively working, with the support of a cut a Jewish public was opened. library and department of "Culture-League". There were philanthropists. org-tion. Sep 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat and the Jewish police were formed. In the winter of 1940, St. 1,000 Jewish refugees; as a result, the number of Jews in Kazakhstan reached 3,000. The men were sent to work camps, where they were based. were engaged in drainage of swamps. In aug. - Sept. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the ghetto in uków and from there to Treblinka. Several of the Jews survived in the destroyed Jewish cemetery in K. gravestones in K. genus. Sh.-L. Kava.
KOTSYUBINSKY Florian Abramovich (1921, Kazan - 1991, Kiev), sculptor. Grandson of ukr. the writer M.M. Kotsyubinsky. Graduated in 1952 from Kiev Art. in-t. Main production: the monument of Glory in Kalush, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (1970), a monument to owls. soldiers at Saur-Mogila in Snezhnoye, Donetsk region. (1967, et al.), Monuments to M.M. Kotsyubinsky (1955) and Yu.M. Kotsyubinsky (1970), comp. Intermezzo (1983). The last three are in Chernigov. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1964).
KOTTLER Moisey (1896, Janishki Shavelsky u. Kovno province - |), sculptor, painter. He studied painting at Bezalel in Jerusalem. He was engaged in sculpture independently. From 1912 he continued his studies in Munich. He worked in Paris and London. Since 1915 - in South Africa. In 1929–32 he undertook a tour of Europe, worked and exhibited his works. in London. In 1932 he settled in Cape Town, became a member. The new group is naib. influential association thin. in the history of South African art. K. received recognition as one of the leading sculptors in South Africa. The bronze group "Sir Quentin Brand and Sir Pierre van Rienwald" (in memory of the flight of these pilots from London to Cape Town in 1920) was installed at the Johannesburg airport. K. is the author of a large number of sculptors. portraits. Among them is a bust of the Shahinshah of Iran. He often turned to the subjects of TANAKH. Sculptures K. are presented in most gal. South Africa, paintings are in the South African National. gal. in Cape Town, Johannesburg Art. gal. and etc.
KOTTSMAN, see Kitsman.
KOTUN, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1775-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Sedletskiy district. Sedletskaya Province. 138 Jews (19%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1921. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
CATS, now in the composition (since 1973) Chernigov (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chernigov u. 56 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, and 4 Jews in 1910. 1942 several. Jews were deported to Chernigov and shot there.
KOTYUZHANI, see Kotyuzheniy Mary.
KOTYUZHANI MAR, see Kotyuzheniy Mary.
KOTYUZHENY MAR (until 1990 - Kotyuzhany), a village in Soroksky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kotyuzhany-Mare Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 367 Jews lived in KM. 20th century KM had a Jewish population. In 1911 the manager of the unity. Pharmacy in KM was a Jew. In the 1920s – 30s. in KM there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of KM was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KOTYUZHINTSY, a village in the Kalinovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned two out of three grocery stores; in July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. On May 1942, a group of Jews was shot in K.
KOVALE, see Kovley.
KOWALE PANSKE, a village in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - posad of Turek u. Kalisz province, 1930s in the vicinity of KP lived several. Jewish families. Oct. 1941 in the region of KP a "rural ghetto" was created, in which apprx. 4 thousand Jews from Brudzev, Vladislavuv, Dobra, Turek and other us. points. In nov. 1941 approx. 1,100 Jews were sent to the extermination camp. In July 1942, the ghetto was liquidated.
KOVALEVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In the 1930s. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 there were 36 Jews in the Kovalevsky district. In 1913, Jews owned 5 shops (including 3 grocery stores). In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan. ...
KOVALEVSKAYA, see Novodarovka, Zaporozhye region.
FORGED, see Kalviai.
KOVALIN, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, three Jewish families (0.9%) lived in Kazakhstan. In 1913, Jews belonged to a unity. grocery store in K.
KOVAL (real family. Kavalerchik) Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1926, Bobruisk), writer, publicist, public figure. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of the Belarusian State un-that (1952). Published since 1949.Since 1959 - in Latvia. Ch. theme of creativity - the history of Belarusian and Latvian Jews, the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry. One of the organizers of the Latvian Society of Jewish Culture in Riga (1988), organizer and leader. the first Society of Ghetto Prisoners in the USSR. From the end. 1980s organizer and pres. Jewish community of Jurmala. Rum. K. "Ston" (1980), "Roots of a Wild Pear" (1988), two-volume book "The Book of Salvation" (1993, Riga) - doc. -Publ. research about the Catastrophe of the Jews in the USSR, the history of anti-Semitism in Germany and Ros. empire.
KOVARSK, see Kavarskas.
KOVARSKI Lev (1907, Petersburg - 1979), physicist. Graduated from the Sorbonne (Paris, 1931). In 1929–37 he worked as a design engineer in Paris, in 1937–40 - at the National Center for Scientific Research. researcher, in 1934–40 assistant F. Joliot-Curie at the Institute of Radium and the College de France, in 1940–46 he worked at the University of Cambridge (Great Britain) and Montreal (Canada); in 1946–52 scientific. dir. Commissioner for Atomic Energy (Paris). In 1952–72 - at CERN (Geneva). scientific. research - in neutron physics, design of nuclear reactors, scientific. instrumentation. He was one of the first to discover (1939) the emission of neutrons in a nuclear fission reaction. In 1940 joint. with H. Halban proved the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction in a system with uranium and heavy. water, put forward the idea of ​​using a movable cadmium rod to regulate a nuclear chain process. He took part in the construction of the first nuclear reactors in France and Canada.
KOVARSKY Anatoly Efimovich (1904, Popovka, Konotop district, Chernigov province - 1974, Chisinau), breeder. Dr. S.-kh. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940), acad. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1967). In 1924 he graduated from Kharkov agricultural. in-t. In 1924–30 he worked in the Askania-Nova nature reserve (from 1926 he was the head of the experimental field, later the head of the phyto-selective st.). Since 1931 Assoc. Department of Plant Growing, Kharkov Institute of Mechanization and Electrification p. x-va. In 1933 he headed the work of the support point of the Institute of soybeans and new crops in Kharkov. Since 1935 in the Kherson agricultural. in-those (since 1938 head of the department of selection and seed production). In 1944–74 he headed the department of selection and seed production in Chisinau agricultural. in-those. In 1957–74 head. dep. Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. tr. in the region. breeding wheat (Askania-Nova, 1926–29), barley (1924–30), peanuts (1933–40), as well as in the region. seed-growing, cultivation technologies of agricultural cultures, their biology, flowering, fruit formation. He was engaged in the introduction of new crops of wheat, beans and corn in the conditions of Moldova and in the south of Ukraine. Has developed new mutant varieties of corn. Author of over 250 scientific. printed tr. Pres. Mold. Society of Geneticists and Breeders (1968). Dep. VS MSSR (1963). Honored. worker of science and technology of the MSSR (1946).
KOVARSKY Ilya Nikolaevich (1880, Dinaburg, Vitebsk Province - 1962, New York), politician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. Since 1899, members AKP. Led a roar. work in Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Moscow, participant of the roar. 1905–07. In May 1909, the 5th Council of the AKP elected a member. Central Committee. On the eve of Feb. roar. 1917 worked in Moscow dignity. doctor at mountains. council. Since 1917, member. Moscow mountains. to-ta AKP, member. Moscow Of the Council of Workers' Dep., Comrade (deputy) of the city. heads. Oct roar. did not accept. Repeatedly spoke with anti-Bolsheviks. positions at meetings of the mountains. Duma, fought against its dissolution. In nov. 1917 elected dep. Will establish, elect Mogilevsky meetings. env .; in dec. entered the leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary faction in the Founding. meeting. In 1918 he moved to Moscow, where he joined the "Union of the Renaissance of Russia", and in May entered the editorial board. gas. Revival. In 1919 he emigrated to France, opposed the outlined readiness of some of the Social Revolutionaries to cooperate with the Sov. power in the fight against foreigners. intervention. Published in Russian. émigré publishers, founded by Russian. publishing house "Rodnik". Member, then before. Mechnikovsky honey. about-va. Since 1940 - in the USA, for many years he headed the Society of Ros. doctors in New York.
KOVARSKY Nikolay Aronovich (1904, Minsk - 1974, Moscow), literary critic, screenwriter. Began to publish in 1925. Was engaged in research. creativity rus. and owls. poets. The author will enter. Art. to a number of poetic. Sat. and works on cinematography. The author of screenplays based on the film. production: "Mother" (1956, with M.S.Donsky, "The Captain's Daughter" (1958), etc.
KOVARSKY Victor Anatolyevich (1929, Kharkov - 2000, Kishinev), physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of Moldova (1992). Son of A.E. Kovarsky. Graduated from Chisinau University (1952). He worked at the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. Since 1969 head. lab. kinetic. Physics Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. Main research in the region. multiquantum processes, quantum biophysics, synergetics, theory of interaction of ultrashort pulses of laser radiation. Works: Kinetics bezluchaat. processes. Chisinau, 1970; Non-adiabatic. transitions in a strong electro-magn. field. Chisinau, 1980 (et al.); Multi-quantum processes. M., 1985 (et al.); Optical properties of molecular systems in the field of low-frequency laser radiation. Chisinau, 1989.
KOVASSO, see Kvasovo.
KOVCHIN, a village in the Kulikovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1667. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chernihiv u. Chernigov Gubernia. 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, 16 in 1910, and 2 in 1926.
Sheep, see Kovtich.
KOVDOR, a city (since 1965), a regional center in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КОВЕЛЬ, город (с 1518), районный центр в Волынской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1310. В 1518 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – город Владимирского повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в К. проживало 827 евреев, в 1790 – 428, в 1847 – 2647, в 1884 – 5182, в 1897 – 8521 (48%), в 1902 – 10 454, в 1910 – 11 748 (45,6%), в 1912 – 12 542, в 1921 –12 758 (61,2%), в 1931 – 12 842 (ок. 50%), в 1970 – ок. 250 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с нач. 16 в. В К. имелись раввин, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1556 евреям отвели для проживания отд. улицы, обязав их откупить для себя дома у христиан. В 1569 евреи пострадали от произвола кн. А.Курбского, владевшего городом. В 1614 евреи получили право селиться и владеть домами во всех частях города. В 1618 еврейские портные и меховщики были подчинены христианским ремесл. цехам. Еврейское население К. пострадало во времена «хмельнитчины». В 1650 община К. была восстановлена. В 1651 в К. имелось 20 еврейских домов, в 1660 была построена синагога (сгорела в 1744). Среди раввинов К. и глав иешивы в 16–17 вв. наиб. известны Шимшон и Ицхок Шапиро. В 1717 две еврейские семьи из К. поселились в Меджибоже.Раввином К. во 2-й пол. 18 в. был последователь хасидизма раби Мордхе (1748–1800), затем – его сын Яков-Арье Шапиро (1780–1830). После 1795 рос. власти разрешили выбирать помощника гор. головы из числа евреев. Пожар 1857 уничтожил почти весь город (в т. ч. синагоги), однако вскоре К. был отстроен и вновь стал важным центром торговли.В 1865 в К. было 4 синагоги, в 1889 – 8, в 1902 – 10 (в т. ч. 7 хасидских), в 1910 – 13 синагог. В К. функционировали еврейские больница (с 1880), талмуд-тора (с 1885), об-во взаимного кредита (с 1891), ночлежный приют (с 1899), богадельня (с 1901), 3 частных муж. и 2 жен. еврейских уч-ща, об-во попечения о детях евреев (с 1909); имелись 2 еврейских кладбища (на старом сохранились надгробия 1550).В 1894 в К. была образована группа «Ховевей Цион». В нач. 1900-х гг. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 в К. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В 1913 действовало еврейское жен. уч-ще.С 1903, после смерти своего тестя, раввина Мойше Закхема, раввином в К. стал Йомтов-Липман Шик (1870–?). В 1910-х гг. в К. поселился цадик из Триска Яков-Лейб Тверский (?–1918). В 1914 духовным раввином был Ицхок Краузе, казенным раввином – Иосиф Брик.В 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный частями Директории, в 1920 – отрядами С.Н. Булак-Балаховича.В 1921 в К. была открыта гимназия сети «Тарбут», действовали 2 школы и дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1923 ОРТ открыл в К. проф. школу. Выходили еженед. на идише «Ковлер штиме» (1927–39) и «Унзер лебн» (1936–39). Работали 3 еврейские б-ки, драматич. студия и кружок им. И.-Л. Перетца, 3 спорт. об-ва, школа ОРТа. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Евреи К. работали на пр-тиях легкой пром-сти, на пивоваренных и кожевенных ф-ках, в стр-ве, занимались разл. ремеслами и торговлей. Муниципалитет К. на 50% состоял из евреев.Раввинами К. в 1920–30-х гг. были Элиэзер Ницберг (?–1935) и Исроэль-Мойше Ягодник (?–1937).28 июня 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта; евреев заставили сжечь ок. 200 свитков Торы, собранных из синагог города. 17 авг. 1941 было расстреляно 25 евреев. 16 апр. 1942 создано 2 гетто (в городе – для трудоспособных, в пригороде Пяски – для остальных). В гетто из окрестных нас. пунктов было помещено ок. 24 тыс. евреев – жителей К. и беженцев. 25 мая 1942 нетрудоспособные евреи были собраны в отд. гетто. В 1942 в гетто была создана боевая группа. 3–5 июня 1942 было расстреляно 8600 евреев, 19 авг. 1942 – еще ок. 6 тыс. евреев. Спасшиеся из гетто евреи пытались укрыться в окрестных лесах, но большинство из них были убиты местными жителями; часть из оставшихся в живых евреев влилась в партиз. отряды.В освобождении К. в июле 1944 принимали участие штурм. бригада под ком. М.Ф.Иоффе, арт. полк под ком. майора Льва Абрамовича Либмана. После освобождения К. частями РККА 7 июля 1944 в город вернулось ок. 40 евреев. В 1959 рассматривался план стр-ва з-да на месте еврейского кладбища.В 2003 в К. имелось еврейское население.В К. род.: И.М.Гиллер, К.Лис, Ш.Б.Чернявский; Моше Горали (Бронзафт) (р. 1910), музыковед, педагог, с 1935 – в Э.-И., ред. и изд. мн. муз. сборников, автор кн. «Библия в музыке»; Хаим Познер (1899–1981), обществ. и политич. деятель, в 1937–40 – рук. бюро по организации выезда евреев в Э.-И. в Германии, с 1940 – в Женеве, в 1945–48 – представитель Сохнута в Европе, в 1948–53 – первый консул Израиля в Швейцарии; Эли Райзман (1904–1975, Щецин, Польша), поэт, автор неск. поэтич. сборников на идише, изд. в 1950–70-х гг., pronunciation=КОВЕЛЬ, город (с 1518), районный центр в Волынской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1310. В 1518 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – город Владимирского повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в К. проживало 827 евреев, в 1790 – 428, в 1847 – 2647, в 1884 – 5182, в 1897 – 8521 (48%), в 1902 – 10 454, в 1910 – 11 748 (45,6%), в 1912 – 12 542, в 1921 –12 758 (61,2%), в 1931 – 12 842 (ок. 50%), в 1970 – ок. 250 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с нач. 16 в. В К. имелись раввин, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1556 евреям отвели для проживания отд. улицы, обязав их откупить для себя дома у христиан. В 1569 евреи пострадали от произвола кн. А.Курбского, владевшего городом. В 1614 евреи получили право селиться и владеть домами во всех частях города. В 1618 еврейские портные и меховщики были подчинены христианским ремесл. цехам. Еврейское население К. пострадало во времена «хмельнитчины». В 1650 община К. была восстановлена. В 1651 в К. имелось 20 еврейских домов, в 1660 была построена синагога (сгорела в 1744). Среди раввинов К. и глав иешивы в 16–17 вв. наиб. известны Шимшон и Ицхок Шапиро. В 1717 две еврейские семьи из К. поселились в Меджибоже.Раввином К. во 2-й пол. 18 в. был последователь хасидизма раби Мордхе (1748–1800), затем – его сын Яков-Арье Шапиро (1780–1830). После 1795 рос. власти разрешили выбирать помощника гор. головы из числа евреев. Пожар 1857 уничтожил почти весь город (в т. ч. синагоги), однако вскоре К. был отстроен и вновь стал важным центром торговли.В 1865 в К. было 4 синагоги, в 1889 – 8, в 1902 – 10 (в т. ч. 7 хасидских), в 1910 – 13 синагог. В К. функционировали еврейские больница (с 1880), талмуд-тора (с 1885), об-во взаимного кредита (с 1891), ночлежный приют (с 1899), богадельня (с 1901), 3 частных муж. и 2 жен. еврейских уч-ща, об-во попечения о детях евреев (с 1909); имелись 2 еврейских кладбища (на старом сохранились надгробия 1550).В 1894 в К. была образована группа «Ховевей Цион». В нач. 1900-х гг. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 в К. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В 1913 действовало еврейское жен. уч-ще.С 1903, после смерти своего тестя, раввина Мойше Закхема, раввином в К. стал Йомтов-Липман Шик (1870–?). В 1910-х гг. в К. поселился цадик из Триска Яков-Лейб Тверский (?–1918). В 1914 духовным раввином был Ицхок Краузе, казенным раввином – Иосиф Брик.В 1919 в К. произошел погром, устроенный частями Директории, в 1920 – отрядами С.Н. Булак-Балаховича.В 1921 в К. была открыта гимназия сети «Тарбут», действовали 2 школы и дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1923 ОРТ открыл в К. проф. школу. Выходили еженед. на идише «Ковлер штиме» (1927–39) и «Унзер лебн» (1936–39). Работали 3 еврейские б-ки, драматич. студия и кружок им. И.-Л. Перетца, 3 спорт. об-ва, школа ОРТа. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Евреи К. работали на пр-тиях легкой пром-сти, на пивоваренных и кожевенных ф-ках, в стр-ве, занимались разл. ремеслами и торговлей. Муниципалитет К. на 50% состоял из евреев.Раввинами К. в 1920–30-х гг. были Элиэзер Ницберг (?–1935) и Исроэль-Мойше Ягодник (?–1937).28 июня 1941 К. был оккупирован частями вермахта; евреев заставили сжечь ок. 200 свитков Торы, собранных из синагог города. 17 авг. 1941 было расстреляно 25 евреев. 16 апр. 1942 создано 2 гетто (в городе – для трудоспособных, в пригороде Пяски – для остальных). В гетто из окрестных нас. пунктов было помещено ок. 24 тыс. евреев – жителей К. и беженцев. 25 мая 1942 нетрудоспособные евреи были собраны в отд. гетто. В 1942 в гетто была создана боевая группа. 3–5 июня 1942 было расстреляно 8600 евреев, 19 авг. 1942 – еще ок. 6 тыс. евреев. Спасшиеся из гетто евреи пытались укрыться в окрестных лесах, но большинство из них были убиты местными жителями; часть из оставшихся в живых евреев влилась в партиз. отряды.В освобождении К. в июле 1944 принимали участие штурм. бригада под ком. М.Ф.Иоффе, арт. полк под ком. майора Льва Абрамовича Либмана. После освобождения К. частями РККА 7 июля 1944 в город вернулось ок. 40 евреев. В 1959 рассматривался план стр-ва з-да на месте еврейского кладбища.В 2003 в К. имелось еврейское население.В К. род.: И.М.Гиллер, К.Лис, Ш.Б.Чернявский; Моше Горали (Бронзафт) (р. 1910), музыковед, педагог, с 1935 – в Э.-И., ред. и изд. мн. муз. сборников, автор кн. «Библия в музыке»; Хаим Познер (1899–1981), обществ. и политич. деятель, в 1937–40 – рук. бюро по организации выезда евреев в Э.-И. в Германии, с 1940 – в Женеве, в 1945–48 – представитель Сохнута в Европе, в 1948–53 – первый консул Израиля в Швейцарии; Эли Райзман (1904–1975, Щецин, Польша), поэт, автор неск. поэтич. сборников на идише, изд. в 1950–70-х гг., extra_data="{'translat...")
KOVLI, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kovale Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K. lived several. Jewish families.
KOVNA, see Kaunas.
KOVNATOVO, see Kaunatava.
KOVNATI, see Kaunata.
KOVNER Aba (1918, Sevastopol - 1987, Ein-ha-Khoresh, Israel), poet, member of the partisan movement. After graduating from high school with teaching in Hebrew in Vilna, he studied plastic arts. In his youth he joined "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", led an underground Zionist. work (1940–41). After the occupation of Vilna by the Germans, he took part in the organization of the Jewish Resistance, was a member. headquarters of the association of Jewish partisans. In July 1943 he became the head of the organization. During the last action to destroy the Vilnius ghetto (September 1943) from c. underground workers went to the Rudnik forests. He commanded a Jewish partisan detachment, which included fighters of the Vilnius ghetto and the Jewish brigade "Avenger". After the liberation of Lithuania, he was one of the organizers of Operation Briha. In 1945 he illegally entered E.-I., was arrested by the British and imprisoned. Having freed himself, he settled in the kibbutz Ein-ha-Horesh. During the War of Independence - educational officer in the Givati ​​Brigade, ed. "Battle leaf" of the brigade. After the war he returned to the kibbutz, took up lit. activities. Publ. two sat. prose and several. poetic. collection of books. Was before. Israel Writers' Union. One of the founders of the Museum of Memory. M. Anilevich and the Museum of the Diaspora. State pr. Israel by lit-re (1970).
KOVNER Avraham-Uri (Arkady Grigorievich) (1842, Vilna - 1909, Lomza), publicist, literary critic. He wrote in Hebrew. Studied at Lithuanian yeshivas. In 1860-65 - in Kiev, where he was engaged in self-education, in 1886-70 - in Odessa. From 1862 he began to speak with literary criticism. Art. in the Jewish periodical. print. He called on Jewish literature to devote creativity only to the dissemination of natural science. and ist. knowledge, he considered literature in Hebrew and Yiddish only a transitional stage on the way of turning Jewish writers to the main. lang. country of residence. In 1875 he was sentenced to 4 years of hard labor for forgery and exile to Siberia, where he accepted Christ. However, in a polemic with F.M.Dostoevsky about anti-Semitism, in letters to L.N. Tolstoy, V.V. Rozanov and other writers, he emphasized that he was acting as a Jew. In 1894 he returned from Siberia, served as a state. an official in omжеa. Art. K. in Hebrew are collected in the book. "Study of the Question" (1865), "Bouquet" (1868). K. - the author of the memoirs "Notes of a Jew" (1903).
KOVNER Mikhail Arkadievich (b. 1910, Smolensk), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1960). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1930–35). He worked at Voronezh un-those (1935–41), in the Voronezh aviator evacuated to Tashkent. in-those (1941–45) and in Saratov un-those (1945–82), where he performed with his students numerous. calculations of vibrational spectra decomp. classes of polyatomic molecules. Since 1982 he has been studying the history of physics. The author of St. 200 scientific. works, including monographs: "Opt. quantum generators "(with ML Kats and NK Sidorov, 1964); "Electronic Theory and Theory of Relativity" (1967); "Vibrational Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules" (with LM Sverdlov and BP Krainev, 1970, reprinted in the USA); A Brief History of Masers and Lasers (1991).
KOVNER Savely Grigorievich (Saul Girshovich) (1837, Vilna - 1896, Kiev), doctor, historian of medicine. Studied at the Vilna rabbinical school; after the end of honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1865) worked in the Tobolsk province, in Yalutorovsk, then (until 1884) as a zemstvo doctor in the Chernigov province; during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–78 was Art. the doctor of the hospital Kr. Cross, since 1890 - a doctor in Kiev. K. devoted all his life to the study of the history of medicine. Since 1878 in the Kiev "University Izvestia" began to publish essays K. on the history of medicine, to-rye laid the foundation for publishing. a number of issues, which were one of the first in Russian. lang. handbooks on the history of medicine. Cit .: Spinoza: His life and works. Kiev, 1862; History of Medicine. Issue 1-3. Kiev, 1878–88; History of Arab Medicine. Kiev, 1893; History of Medieval Medicine. Issue 1-2. Kiev, 1893–97; Surgery in the second half of the Middle Ages (13-15 centuries). Kiev, 1895; Syphilis in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Kiev, 1896.
KOVNO, see Kaunas.
KOVRAI, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 6 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
CARPET, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 12th century. From 1764 it was an economic village, from 1778 it was a district town of Vladimir province, in 1796 it was abandoned by the state, in 1803 it was restored. In 1904, 55 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 53, in 1926 - 128 (0.5%), in 1939 - 328, in 1970 - 210 Jews (0.2%). 20th century the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was 5 people. hereditary and personal honorary citizens and members. their families, as well as 48 bourgeois. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1911 a Jew belonged to a unity. in K. pharmacy. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased at the expense of Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In 1915, approx. 100 Jewish refugees in K. from the end. 1990s there is a department of "Hesed". MV Kobetsky lived and worked in K.
KOVSHEVATAYA, a village in the Tarashchansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Tarashchansky u. In Kiev province, 959 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 1265 (22.3%) in 1897, and 204 Jews in 1923. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1865 there were two synagogues in Kazakhstan. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts, small and intermediary trade. In 1914, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a mill, a pharmacy, and 37 shops (including 20 grocery stores, 7 manufactures). In 1917–19, the Jewish population suffered from the pogroms of the Grebenka, Zeleny, and chieftain N.A. Grigoriev, units of the Volunteer Army, decomp. rebel troops. Part of the property of the Jews was plundered, the rest was burned (about 70 houses were burnt down). In particular, a wave of pogroms took place in Kazakhstan on July 17-24, 1919. In addition to widespread open robbery, there were night and day raids by local bandits, mainly from the Tsvetkovsky gang; 30 Jews were killed. During the period of the pogroms, 63 people were killed, 42 were wounded, 50 women were subjected to violence, the rest fled to Boguslav. Jewish handicraftsmen were united in a cooperative, some of the Jews moved to the cities. In the end. In 1928, a Jewish collective farm was created in Kazakhstan (later it was disbanded, and a collective farm named after V.I.Lenin was formed in its place). In the end. 1930s 30 Jewish families remained in Kazakhstan. On July 23, 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941, 48 Jews were shot in K. S. Y. Elisavetsky
KOVTICHI, a village in the Svetlogorsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kovchitsa Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1897, 528 Jews (97.0%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 150 Jewish families. In 1898 Jews owned 302 dess. land; from. x-in was not the main. occupation of the Jews. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. In July 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, staged by Polish soldiers. army, July 16, 1921 - a pogrom perpetrated by S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich (84 Jews were killed) In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942, 318 Jews were shot at the cemetery of K.
KOVTUNOVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 6 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KOVYLNOE, a village in the Razdolnensky region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1912 in the Tavricheskaya province. In the 1930s. - in the Freidorf Jewish nat. In 1930 St. Twenty Jewish families. In the fall of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 3 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KOIDANOVO, see Dzerzhinsk, Minsk region.
KOIGEN David Markovich (1879, Vakhnyaki Volyn province - 1933), sociologist, historian of philosophy. Studied in Germany. In 1901 he received the title of Doctor of Philosophy in Bern. Early works are devoted to the philosophy of the Young Hegelians, later - to the philosophy of culture. In 1914 he came to Russia, from 1921 prof. Department of Philosophy and Sociology of Kiev Institute of Nar. education. All R. 1920s returned to Germany, ed. Philos. zhurn. "It with". In the last years of his life he was engaged in the problems of Judaism and culture, created. philosopher-sociol. a theory that included elements of the philosophy of G.V.F. Hegel and sociology of M. Weber.
Fishel Mordkovich COYGEN (Fedor Markovich) (party ps. Ionov, Ion, Ryzhiy) (1870 - 1923), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. All R. 1880s was fond of Tolstoyism. Received a dentist diploma in Odessa. Into the roar. movement since the 1890s. In 1895 he organized a circle of Jewish locksmiths in Odessa, led a socialist. propaganda. In May 1897 he was exiled for 4 years to Vost. Siberia. Upon his return, he joined the Bund, chl. his Central Committee. In 1907, the representative of the Bund in the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Delegate of the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP from the Bund. In July 1908 he was exiled for 3 years to the Vologda province, but due to illness he was expelled abroad. Participated in the Paris General. conf. RSDLP (Jan 1909). 1st world. war lived in Italy. He belonged to the left wing of the Bund. In 1916-19 - in Geneva. Oct roar. at first he did not accept, sympathized with the Mensheviks, but gradually switched to the Bolshevik. position. In the end. 1919 (according to other sources - at the beginning of 1920) returned to the Sov. Russia, joined the RCP (b), worked in the Votsk (Udmurt) regional party committee. Having fallen ill with tuberculosis, he went abroad for treatment. He died in Italy (according to other sources - in Berlin), occupying the post of consul of the USSR.
KOIRANSKY Alexander Arnoldovich (Aaronovich) (1884, Moscow - 1968, Palo Alto, California, USA), writer, artist, theater worker. In 1909 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. At the same time. studied at Moscow. school of painting, sculpture and architecture with K.F. Yuon. Together with his brothers Boris (1882-1920) and Heinrich (1883 - |) he was close to Moscow. symbolist. circles. First appeared in print with a cycle of verse. "Songs of loneliness" (alm. "Reflections". M., 1902). In 1903 he entered lit. circle at ed. "Vulture", in alm, to-rogo sotr. both as an author and as an artist. Published poems, stories, reviews in many. Russian periodic. ed. 1900–10 Participated in exhibitions of the Union of Russian. thin and "Moscow Salon". In K.'s poetry there was the influence of V.Ya.Bryueov, in prose - S. Pshibyshevsky and A. Bely. In the 1910s. actively performed as a theater. critic. In 1913 - one of the organizers of the Society for the spread of French. lang. Translated from French. lang. rum. K. Farrer "Soul of the East" (M., 1917) and A. de Regnier "Comedian" (M., 1917). In 1918-19 - in the south of Russia. Since 1919 - in exile, he lived in Paris, London, Berlin. In 1922, together with the t-rum "The Bat", where he worked, he left for the USA. In 1923 he was the translator of K.S. Stanislavsky during the Moscow Art Theater tour in the USA. Edited by English. per. book Stanislavsky's My Life in Art (Boston, 1924). After 1945 he taught Russian. lang. and literature in Boulder. In the 1950s. published in the "New Journal".
KOZACH VALLEY, see Cossack, Cherkasy region.
KOZAKISHKI, see Kazokiskes.
KOZAKOV Mikhail Emmanuilovich (1897, Romodan of Mirgorodsky district of Poltava province - 1954, Moscow), writer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1922), in the same year it began to be published. In production K. 1920s describes the life of the townspeople and Jews after the revolution. Dept. denied. the images of Jews (in the novel Abram Nashatyr, the owner of the hotel, 1927; the story “Suicide bombers”, 1925; The Tale of the Dwarf Max ..., 1926) provoked heated controversy, including accusations of K. of anti-Semitism. A great response was caused by pov. "A Man Falling Down" (1929) - about the nature of uterine anti-Semitism in the Sov. Russia. All R. 1930s K. was forced to move away from the Jewish theme. But even in an epic rum. "Nine Points" (book 1-4, 1929-37; fully published under the title "The collapse of the empire", parts 1-4, 1956) one of the main. The storylines remain the story of a Jewish family. The author of a number of works. to the source-rev. themes: the plays "Chekists" (1939), "Furious Vissarion" (1948), pov. "Petrograd Days" (1957), etc.
KOZAKOV Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1934, Leningrad), actor, director. Son of M.E. Kozakov. In 1956 he graduated from the School-Studio. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Gorky. In 1957-59 in the Theater named after. Vladimir Mayakovsky, in 1959–70 at Sovremennik, in 1971–72 at the Moscow Art Theater, in 1972–81 at the Theater on Malaya Bronnaya. 1990–96 - in Israel. Created Own Theater "Russian Entreprise". Among the theater. roles - Hamlet ("Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare), Cyrano ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan), Aduev Sr. ("An Ordinary History" by I.A. Goncharov). He starred in more than £ 30, including Murder on the Rue Dante (1956, Charles), Eugene Grandet (1960, Charles), Shot (1966, Silvio), All the King's Men (1971, Jack Barden), "Walking Through the Torment" (1974, Bessonov). Fast. TV show "Trustees" (1982), TV series "Nameless Star" (1978), "Pokrovskie Gates" (1982), "According to Lopot-Khin" (1983), "Lady's Visit" (1989), etc. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980). State pr. USSR (1967). State pr. RSFSR (1983). Works: Fragments. M, 1989.
KOSAR, see Kozari.
KOZARI, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1449. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kozar Rohatyn Povet of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In apr. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.
KOZAROVICHI, a village in the Vyshgorod district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery and 2 manufacturing shops.
KOZAROVKA, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. 19th century 3 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 there were 11 Jews.
KOZATSKOE, see Cossack, Cherkasy region.
KOZEGLOVY, city (since 1950) in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1527 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Sandomierz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Bendinsky u. In 1897, 206 Jews (9.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 343 (14%), in 1939 - 55 (2%), in 1940 - 229 Jews. From 1747 to 1862 Jews were forbidden to settle VC.; in 1862 a community was organized. The first rabbi of K. was Itshok Gottenstein. In K. there were 2 synagogues, a mikvah, a Talmud Torah, a yeshiva, and a philanthropist. cash desk. spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and various crafts (gl. arr. tailor's); up to 1st world. wars pl. the Jews of K. were involved in smuggling. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were Arie-Zvi Frumer (1884 - the period of the Holocaust), who later became the head of the Hohmei Lublin yeshiva, Meir Gottenstein. In the spring of 1942, the Jews of Kazakhstan were sent to the ghetto in Zawiercie and from there to Auschwitz.
KOZELETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - as part of Ros. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Chernigov province. Since 1923 - the regional center of the Nezhinsky district, since 1932 - the Chernihiv region. In 1766, Jews accounted for approx. 8% of the inhabitants of Kazakhstan (out of 2273 people), in 1847 there were 658 Jews in Kazakhstan, in 1862 - 1129, in 1886 - 1305, in 1897 - 1634 (31.8%), in 1910 - 2072, in 1920 - 907, in 1923 - 986, in 1926 - 748 (21.5%), in 1939 - 394 Jews (8.8%). In 1666 in Kazakhstan there were several. Jewish houses (4 belonged to artisans, the same - to merchants). All R. 19th century Jews owned more than half of the bargaining. pr-th (out of 181), and also means. part of f-k and z-dov. In 1862 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan. October 22. In 1905 a pogrom took place in K. Since 1908, Yehuda-Itskhok Reznikov (1876–?) Was the rabbi in K.. In 1910 in Kazakhstan there were 2 synagogues, a Talmud Torah, and a private husband. Jewish school, Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. In 1918 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, during which Jewish shops were plundered. In 1925, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony "Nye Ort" (44 people) 17 and 25 Sept. 1941 in K. 5 Jews were shot. 22 oct. 1941, with the participation of the Ukrainian police, the remaining 125 Jews were shot. Several Jews fought in partisans. detachment in the woods approx. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. In K genus: L.V. Kolmanovich, Yu.D. Levitansky, L.-I.-M. Tsirelson; Avraam Efremovich Karlinsky (b. 1923), linguist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1982), prof. (1985), scientific. research in the region. interaction of languages, as well as Germanic studies.
KOZELSHCHINA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. From 1923 - in the Brigadirovsky (since 1933 - Kozelshchinsky) district of the Kremenchug region, in 1932–37 - in the Kharkov region, from 1937 - in the Poltava region. In 1939, 43 Jews (1.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, -not - 101 Jews. 15 Sept. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Jewish population of K. was exterminated in the end. 1941 - early. 1942.
KOZELSK, city, regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146.From 1708 - in Smolensk, from 1719 - in Moscow province, from 1776 - a district town of Kaluga governorate, then - province. 120 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, in 1926 - 415 (2%), in 1939 - 56 Jews. In 1910, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, 30 Jewish refugees from the West arrived in Kazakhstan. provinces of Russia. In 2002, approx. 40 Jews in Kazakhstan. G.M. Shegal.
KOZENICE, a city, center of a powiat in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from ser. 12th century In 1549 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16th - 18th centuries. - in the Radom powiat of the Sandomierz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a county town of Radom province. In 1611 12 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1726 - 630, in 1765 - 1365, in 1827 - 1185 (60%), in 1857 - 1980 (68%), in 1893 - 2561 (54%), in 1897 - 3700 (64%), in 1921 - 3811 (57%), in 1931 - 4550 (58%), in 1939 - 4780, in January. 1940 - 4209 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 17th century The majority earned their living in trade and crafts. In 1765, a resident K. Peisakh Haimovich was a financial advisor to the Polish. King. From the end. 18th century K. became one of the most important centers of Hasidism after Israel settled there and founded the Hasidic court (1736–1814), “Magid of Kuzhnitsa,” a student of Doiv-Bera from Mezhirich. In 1812 I. Gofshtein headed the Hasidic delegation at the negotiations for the liberation of the Polish. Jews from the military. service in the army of Napoleon. In Jan. 1812 Jews were exempted from military service by Napoleon. From 1814 the Hasidic dynasty was continued by the descendants of I. Gofshtein: Moishe-Elyakim (1757-1828), Eliezer (? -1861), Ichil-Yakov (1846-1866), Irahmiel-Moishe (1860, Grodzisk - 1909, Kishinev), Osher- Elimelech (? - 1936, Paris) In 1860 a new synagogue was built in K. Wolf Kromblach was rabbi in 1875 and Leibus Mandelbaum in 1891. In 1898, among the Jews of Kazakhstan, there were 128 merchants, 48 ​​factory workers, 38 tanners and shoemakers, 28 tailors, 18 joiners and carpenters, 10 builders, 7 printing workers, 13 butchers, 12 tinsmiths, 3 watchmakers, and 13 innkeepers. Several Jews were engaged with. x-vom. There were 4 rabbis, 11 melamed and teachers in the community. Since 1901, the rabbi was Yankel-Hirsch Weinberg, from 1910 - Yosef-Yehuda Mintzberg, who was arrested in 1914 and sent to the internal office. In 1917, a Zionist organization was created in Kazakhstan, under which a library was opened in 1927. In the 1920s. Trade unions of Jews - tailors and shoemakers, were organized under the influence of the Bund. In 1926–37, a branch of the Jewish Mutual Credit Bank operated. In 1928, a branch of Beitar was opened, and in 1930 a cell "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" was created. Several acted. synagogues decomp. currents of Hasidism. At the same time, "Agudas Israel" opened a school for girls "Beis Yaakov". The last rabbi of K. was Nokhum-Shloymo Perlov (? - 1942, Stolin). 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. In 1939, the Judenrat was created (Ch. - Chaim Berman, then - Hirsch Pearl), at the same time the Great Synagogue was burned down. In the fall of 1940, the Jewish police and ghettos were organized. In total, the ghetto contained approx. 8 thousand people, including Jews from other us. points. Sep 20 1942 ghetto prisoners were sent to Treblinka.
KOZHAN GORODOK, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897 in K.-G. 1597 Jews lived (48.4%), in 1921 - 783 (29%), in 1931 - approx. 1200 Jews. Jews lived in K.-G. from ser. 17th century Since 1859, the rabbi in K.-G. was Avrum-Dovber Berkovich. At 19 - early. 20th century in K.-G. there was a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century several hundreds of Jews K.-G. moved to Luninets. In the beginning. 1920s part of the Jews K.-G. left for Argentina. 1900–20-ies. Rabbi K.-G. was Ichil-Gilel Gorelik, who founded the yeshiva, which operated until 1915 (in 1922 I.-G. Gorelik left for the USA). In the 1920s and 30s. rabbis K.-G. there were Yakov Danishevsky, Yosef Berkovich, Berman. In K.-G. there were 3 synagogues, including the Stolin Hasidim. In the 1920s – 30s. in K.-G. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust in K.-G. a ghetto was created. 3 Sep 1942 ghetto prisoners were taken to the outskirts of the village and shot ca. Jewish cemetery. In total, 937 Jews were killed. In 1971, a stele was installed on the grave of the executed, reconstructed in 1993. genus. H. Kogan.
KOZHANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1972) in the Fastovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In the 1920s. In 1897, four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 44 Jews, and in 1926 in the Kozhanka district there were 308 Jews. In 1914, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a mill and a worm. In 1920, a pogrom occurred in Kazakhstan, during which Jewish houses were plundered, many others. Jews left K. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in K. in 1941, several were killed. Jews.
KOZHUKHOV, a village in the Litinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all five grocery stores.
KOZHUSHNER Mordtko Avrumovich (b. 1937, Novograd-Volynskiy Zhitomir region), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973), prof. (1982). Graduated from MEPhI (1961). Since 1961 he has been working at Ying-those chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1992 - Chief Scientific Researcher). scientific. interests - chem. physics and physics tv. body. The predicted effect is dynamic. cooling the nuclear spin system. Developed microscopic. theory of particle migration over the surface of crystals, non-adiabatic system. effects in the tunneling of electrons and heavy. particles. Developed a correct method for calculating the asymptotics of multielectron wave functions. Author approx. 100 scientific. works.
KOZIGORA, now part of the urban-type settlement of Tolstoye Zaleshchitsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In the end. June 1943, approx. 180 Jews, to-rye were used in the cultivation of kok-sagyz. Some of the women escaped, but later they returned and were killed in the con. 1943 - early. 1944.
KOZIN, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Lutsk district of the Volyn province in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 332 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 495, in 1897 - 972 (53.4%), in 1921 - 525 Jews (51.4%). occupation of the Jewish population in the 16th century. - crafts and trade. In 1583 in Kazakhstan there were 5 Jewish artisans out of 10. In 1652 the Jewish community was destroyed by the Tatars who attacked Kazakhstan; after the pogrom, 2 houses that belonged to Jews survived. In 1837, a winery and a mill were opened in Kazakhstan, which were leased by Jews. There was a synagogue in 1865. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy, 6 grocery stores, and a manufactory. On July 17, 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by a gang of Ataman Zeleny. In 1919, another pogrom was perpetrated in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On May 22, 1942, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan (about 1,500 Jews). On May 30, 1942, approx. 300, in Oct. 1942 - c. 700 Jews. A total of 1,029 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. Some of the Jews hiding (132 people) were shot in Khotyn in October. 1942.
KOZINSKY Shaya (1903, Borodyanka of Kiev district and province - 1969, Chernivtsi), journalist. Member of the Civil. war. In 1931 he graduated from the Odessa ped. in-t and settled in the Novozlatopol Jewish national region, where was the director. s.-kh. technical school, then to the desks. and owls. work. Since 1937 K. Ch. ed. Ukrnatsmenizdat in Kiev, since 1940 ed. rep. gas. Der Stern. In 1941 - 45 - at the front. After the end of the war he settled in Chernivtsi, worked in the region. ukr. gas. In the beginning. 1950s ed. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", then returned to Chernivtsi.
KOZINTSEV Grigory Mikhailovich (1905, Kiev - 1973, Leningrad), director, theoretician of cinematography. He studied at the painting school of AA Exter [[]] in Kiev, worked as an artist. in the Kiev t-re Solovtsov, t-re "Harlequin", participated in the organization of street performances and plank beds. action In 1920–21 he studied at Petrograd. OH. In 1921, joint. with L.Z. Trauberg, S.I.Yutkevich and G.K. Kryzhitsky organized the F-ku eccentric. actor (FEKS), the concept of a cut was formulated in the collective collection. Eccentrism (1922). In 1924 the participants of the FEKS became part of the Lenfilm cinema, where K. and Trauberg made their debut f. "The Adventures of Oktyabrina" (1924). The principles of eccentric. Cinematography K. and Trauberg (jointly until 1945) realized in the films: "Ferris Wheel", "Overcoat", "Brother" (all - 1926), "SVD" (1927), "New Babylon" (1929). From ser. 1930s K. and Trauberg worked primarily. in the classic style. realism: "One", "Youth of Maxim", "Return of Maxim", "Vyborg Side" (1935, 1937, 1939). After the war, K. worked independently, took off his largest paintings: "Don Quixote" (1957, honorary diploma at the 1st International Film Festival in Vancouver, avenue of the Union of Film Critics of Spain and the Federation of Film Clubs at the 12th International Film Festival in San Sebastian, 1964) , "Hamlet" (1964, Gold medal of Wiesbaden, 1964, special pr. 25th Moscow International Film Festival in Venice, special prize and others. Federation of Spanish Film Clubs at the 13th Festival in San Sebastian, honorary diploma of the Polish club. film critics, etc., 10th San Francisco Film Festival "Golden Laurel Wreath", etc.). Like a theater. dir. K. staged performances "King Lear" (1941), "Othello" (1943), and others. Taught at the FEKS workshop in Leningrad. in-those scenic. lawsuit in VGIK. Nar. art. USSR (1964). Became. pr. (1941, 1948). Linen. pr. (1965). Works: Collected. cit., v. 1 - 5. Moscow, 1982–86.
KOZIRDZI, see Constantynow.
KOZIRYANS, see Kozyryany.
KOZMODEMYANSK, a city (since 1609), the center of the Gornomariysky district in the Republic of Mari El (Russian Federation). Main in 1583.From 1708 - in the Kazan province, from 1719 - in the Sviyazhsk province, from 1781 - the district town of the Kazan governorship, then - in the province. 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, and 16 Jews in 1939.
KOZLIN, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all 8 grocery units. manufactory shops, sawmill.
KOZLOV, see Michurinsk.
KOZLOV Genrikh Abramovich (1901, Vilna - 1981, Moscow), economist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Participant of Civil. wars; in 1920-22 sec. Central Committee of the Komsomol of Belarus. After the end of the economy. department of the Institute of Red Professors (1926) led the scientific. and ped. activities in universities and scientific. institutions of the country. Worked at the USSR State Planning Committee (1928–29), ed. gas. "Pravda", State Bank (member of the board), in 1934–37 in the party. apparatus, in the Commission of Parties, control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1946–78 the head. department polit. economy of the HPS under the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1956–81 members. of the editorial board of the journal. "Questions of Economics". Member editorial board of the encyclopedia "Political Economy" (vols. 1-4, 1975-80). Osn. directions of scientific. issl .: problems of polit. economy of socialism and capitalism (commodity production, the law of value and monetary circulation; the nature of the operation of economic laws; methodological issues of political economy). He took part in the creation of a number of accounts. manuals and courses of lectures on polit. savings. Ed. K. published the textbook "Political Economy" (vols. 1-4. M., 1970-73). In 1986 the 1st volume was published. works ". Cit .: The course of political economy. M., 1938; Household. calculation, cost, price and profit in socialist. x-ve. M., 1945; The first steps in the development of commercial production. M., 1957; Subject and method of political economy. M., 1968; East advantages of the economy of developed socialism. M., 1981 (jointly with L.I. Abalkin).
KOZLOV Nikolai Illarionovich (1814, Orenburg - 1889, ibid.), Doctor. A valid privy councilor. The son of a baptized merchant. Graduated from Kazan University. He received his M.D. from Dorpat. Since 1839 in the military office. min-va. Then prof. in Kiev. Vice-director. honey. Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1856–69 he became vice-director. honey. department of military. min-va. From 1869 beginning. Medical surgeon. academy. In 1871–81, ch. military-honey. inspector. He took an active part in the reforms of the military medical. service. One of the initiators and creators of wives. honey. courses (1872). For merits in the military organization-dignity. parts in Russian-tour. War of 1877–78 was awarded hordes. St. Alexander Nevsky. Author pl. tr. but medicine. Great-grandson of K. - V.V. Nabokov (1899 1977), writer.
KOZLOVA RUDA, see Kazlu-Ruda.
KOZLOVICHI, a village in the Kalinkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1844 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Bobruisk district Minsk province. In 1898 301 people lived in Kazakhstan. Jews of Kazakhstan owned 308 dessiatins. land. Among the main. occupations - forestry, live-in; among the farms there were well-to-do farmers. courtyards In 1920, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan; 46 Jews were killed. The Joint provided assistance to the victims.
KOZLOVKA, a village in the Senno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 30. 1941 0.4 km southeast. K. 980 Jews - prisoners of the ghetto in Senno were shot. In 1984, a stele was installed on the grave of the shot.
KOZLOVSHCHINA, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Dyatlovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozlovshchizna Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1897 325 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 328 Jews. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. biennium in K. there were divisions of various. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan in 1941. 24 nov. 1941, 1 km from K., approx. 300 Jews; 25 nov. 1941 at a cemetery in K. 18 Jews who had previously escaped were shot. In 1944, after the liberation, 2 Jews remained alive. In 1967, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed.
Kozlovshchina, see Kozlovshchina.
KOZLOVSKY Yakov Abramovich (1921, Voskresensk, Moscow Province - 2001), poet, translator. Member of the 1941–45 war. The first verses publ. in 1941. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. The author is poetic. books: "Liaison Officer", "Heather", "Arena", "Eyes", "Autumn harvest", "Favorites" and others. Master of play verse. He translated about 100 books, ch. arr. poetry, the peoples of the Caucasus and Wed. Asia, as well as Jewish poets: A. Goldfaden, O. Shvartsman, Z. Telesin, I. Amikhai and others. Publ. the cycle died down. on Jewish themes: "Old Russian Jew" ("Jewish Gaz.", 1992, No. 13/14) and the cycle "Noah" in the book. "Multi-tribal rumor".
KOZLYAKEVICH, now a part (since 1958) of Pinsk, Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 in the vicinity of K. was shot approx. 1200 Jews from Pinsk. In total, 10,671 Jews were shot in K.
KOZLYANICHI, a village in the Sosnitsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, two K. Jews were killed in Koryukovka.
KOZMIN, a city in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1318 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Kozminek Kalisz u. In 1808 135 Jews (16.3%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 147 (13.4%), in 1857 - 213 (17.8%), in 1897 - 473 (27.5%) , in 1921 - 729 Jews (32%). 18th century most of the Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in petty trade. Among the artisans were shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, butchers and bakers. In 1882–91 the rabbi of K. was Shaul-Moishe Zilberman (1852–?), In the beginning. 1900s - Avrom-Zvi Zilberman. In 1917 the Zionist circle Bnei Zion was founded in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s. the rabbi was Shlomo Merker, in the 1930s. - Sh.Kogenstam. In K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat, the Jewish police, was created. In the beginning. 1940 ghetto is created. To the end. 1940 the ghetto contained approx. 1,800 Jews. In nov. 1941 Jews (600 people) were taken out of Kazakhstan for extermination. The ghetto was liquidated at the beginning. Aug 1942.
KOZMINEK, see Kozmin.
KOZOVA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1440.Since 1514 - a town. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in the Kagal environs. There were 364 Jews in Kazakhstan, in 1880 in Kazakhstan there were 1510 (37.1%), in 1900 - 1529 (29.5%), in 1910 - 1504, in 1921 - 1391 (28.3%), in 1931 - 1570 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan since the end of the 20th century. 17th century Since 1798, Jacob Reinman (1778–1814) was Rabbi K. In 1840–52, the brother-in-law of Zvi-Hirsch Aikhenstein from Zhidachiv, Yosef Rotenberg (? –1852), was the rabbi of K., and his son Alexander (1821–1878) in 1852–70. In 1887–1937, Rotenberg's grandson Yakov (? –1937) was Rabbi K. In 1909, a Hebrew school was opened in Kazakhstan. In the beginning. 20th century tzadik Moishe Langner (1878–1945) lived in Kazakhstan. In 1916, 57 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1937, Pina Shtabsfeld has been the rabbi of Kazakhstan. On 3 July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Kazakhstan. On 5 July, 4 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan. 16 oct. 1941 was shot ca. 300 Jews. By the spring of 1942, approx. 2,700 Jews. 21 Sep 1942 to the extermination camp Belzec was deported approx. 1 thousand Jews. From Dec. 1942 There was a ghetto in Kazakhstan (about 2 thousand Jews), during the creation of which 18 sick Jews were shot. In the ghetto April 9. 1943 100 Jews were shot, April 17. 1943 - more than 1,000, June 12, 1943, when the ghetto was finally liquidated - c. 1,000 Jews. In 2003, Kazakhstan had a Jewish population.
KOZOVKA, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 12 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KOZYANY, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Vilna lips. In 1920 - 39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939 - 91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 139 Jews (18.7%) lived in Kazakhstan. 1915 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; Jewish houses and shops were plundered, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1942 on the outskirts of K. was shot approx. 700 Jews. In 1967, a stele was installed at the place of execution.
KOZYRI, a village in Logoisk district of Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 20 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KOZYRYANY, a village in the Kelmenetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Koziryany, Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in K. after the occupation by parts of the Romanians. army in K. in July 1941 were killed 2 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KRAEVSKY Boris Izrailevich (1888, Shydlovets Konsky u. Radom province. - 1937), politician. Member RSDLP since 1903. In 1909 he was arrested and exiled to the Narym region. In 1913 he fled from there, then went to Germany, then to the USA. After Feb. roar. 1917 returned to Russia. Participant of Civil. war, in 1919 he was awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. In 1922 deputy., In 1923 before. Ukrsovhoztrest. In 1924, members. Board of "Amtorg", since 1925 its representative in Argentina. In 1926, he negotiated the establishment of a diploma. relations with Uruguay, since 1926 the trade representative of the USSR in Uruguay. In 1927-30 before. board of the "Yuzhamtorg" society. In 1930–32 members. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade. In 1932–37 before. reign of Vses. Association "Exportkhleb". In 1934 he was awarded an order. Work. Cr. Banner. Repressed.
KRAKES, a place in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kroki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 399 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1,090 (59%), in 1914 - approx. 800, in 1923 - 659, in 1930 - 550, in 1941 - 470 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 17th century In 1863–76 Zalman-Simha Troib was the rabbi of K., from 1880 - Meir Rabinovich, in 1897–1907 - Eliyahu-Meir Faivelzon (1867–1928), in 1907–15 - Benzion Notalevich. 20th century in K. there were 3 synagogues. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century pl. Jews left for the USA and South. Africa. In 1908 immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a fellowship in the USA. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Kazakhstan. m-in. In 1915, pl. Jews were exiled to int. lips. Russia; the property of the Jews was plundered. occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 1920s – 1930s. there were crafts, carriage, agricultural trade. products. Jews owned 18 out of 20 shops and workshops, 2 mills, a confectionery factory. Both doctors and unity. the pharmacist were Jews. In the beginning. 1920s the Jewish narcotic began to operate. bank. Rabbi K. in the 1930s. was Dovid Goldberg (? –1941). The school of the "Tarbut" network worked, several. heders, yeshiva, Jewish library, samodeyat. tr, the divisions acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. Jews K. were shot in Sept. 1941, born in K. Sh.G. Gershman.
KRAKHMALNIKOVA Zoya Alexandrovna (1929, Kharkov - 2008), publicist, literary critic. Cand. philol. sciences. In 1954 she graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. In the 1960s and 70s. publ. in the journal. "New World", "Banner", "Young Guard". In 1974–82 ed. religious samizdat. zhurn. "Hope". Arrested in 1982. In 1982–83 she was imprisoned, in 1983–87 - in exile. From the end. 1980s actively publ. in decomp. periodic. ed. Art. about modern position of Russian. Orthodox Church. Compiled and one of the authors of the collection. "The Russian Idea and the Jews" (M., 1994). The author of the book. "Blagovest" (1983), "Listen, prison!" (1991), "In Search of the Promised Paradise" (1993).
KRAKINOVO, see Kryakyanava.
KRAKOVETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1423.Since 1425 - a town. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yavoriv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 318 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 680 (38.2%), in 1910 - 668 (37.8%), in 1921 - 529 (38%), in 1931 - 340 Jews. about Jews K. refers to 1640. In the middle. 18th century Rabbi K. was Pinkhos Katzenelbogen, in the beginning. 19th century - Mordhe Gimpel, in the 2nd half. 19th century - Meir Hurwitz, until 1875 - Avrom-Yehoshua Ashkenazi (1850-1900), in the 1880s. - Pinhos-Eliezer Tyker. In the 1830s. the head of the rabbinical court in K. was Yakov Lieberman, from 1906 - Yisroel Kliger (1867-1942). 19th century among the Jews of K. there were 4 shoemakers, 5 tailors, 2 Jewish families engaged in trade, approx. 40 Jews - by carriage. By the beginning. 20th century in K. there were 3 synagogues and 2 Jewish cemeteries. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 65 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan; remaining in Dec. 1942 sent to the Yavorov ghetto. In Jan. 1943 More than 20 Jews in hiding were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRAMAROV Grigory Moiseevich (1887 Kagalnik region. Don Troops - 1970, Moscow), politician. Member RSDLP since 1907. For the Revolution. activity (from 1902) was sentenced to four years of hard labor (1907) and imprisonment. In 1912 he escaped from prison and emigrated to the United States. Was a member. Russian section Amer. socialist party. In February 1917 he returned to Russia. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1917-18), Art. food inspector. to the 5th Army (1919–20). Ed. zhurn. "Union of Consumers" (1920). In 1921-30 for households. work. Prev prez. Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communications (1924–25), in the work of which KE Tsiolkovsky, FA Tsander, VP Vetchinkin and others participated. propaganda Intern. Lenin School (1930–32). Deer. branches of the Museum Rev. and State. East museum (1932–43). Since 1943 - retired.
KRAMAROV Yuri Markovich (1929, Moscow - 1982, Krasnoyarsk), violist, teacher, conductor. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class viola by I.L. Levitin (1953). He performed as a soloist and ensemble player. He gave concerts in the USSR and abroad. As a soloist, he performed with the leading conductors - E.A. Mravinsky, N.G. Rakhlin, A.K. Yanson, K.I. Eliasberg and others; played in ans. with pianist PA Serebryakov, violinists BL Gutnikov, MI Vaiman, and others. K.'s performing skills contributed to the emergence of new op. for the viola, to-rye sounded for the first time in his interpretation. K. dedicated about 20 works, including a suite and plays by S.M. Slonimsky, concerts by V.I.Tsytovich and V.N. Gurkov, sonata by V.M. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, etc. Since 1954 he taught at Leningrad. cons. Among the students are international laureates. competitions V.I.Shulga, V.I.Stopchiev, M.B. Kugel (1st avenue at the International Competition in Budapest, 1970; later a prof. of the Musical Academy in Jerusalem), etc. He worked a lot with the orc. as accompanist: in 1953–57 in the orc. Leningrad. Philharmonic, in 1958–63 he was accompanist of the Akademich violin group. symph. orc. Leningrad. Philharmonic. Later he conducted chamber orcs. Leningrad, was the conductor of symphony. orc. Karelian radio and television. K. belong to ed. and transcriptions of manuf. for viola, including 6 suites for cello solo by J.-S. Bach. 1st ave. At the competition of the 6th World festival of youth and students (1957, Moscow). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1981).
KRAMATORSK, city (since 1932) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Izyum district. In Kharkov province. In 1923 71 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 136 (2.2%), in 1939 - 1849 (1.96%), in 1959 - approx. 1200 (approx. 1%), in 1970 - approx. 1200 (approx. 0.8%), in 1979 - approx. 1000 Jews (approx. 0.6%). 27 Oct. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jan 26. 1942, 139 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. 1990s in K. there is a Jewish community (previously - Eduard G. Matveev), philanthropist. the Hesed Moriya Foundation, a Jewish Sunday school. In 2002, approx. 2 thousand Jews.
KRAMER Efim Naumovich (b. 1920, Odessa), astronomer. Prof. (1975). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University (1949). In 1949-50 he worked in astro-physical. lab. Turkm. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1950 - in astronomy. observatory and teaches at physical. Faculty of Odessa University, Osn. directions of scientific. activities - research. movement, physical. characteristics, origin and evolution of small bodies of the solar system (comets and meteors). Designed an improved meteor patrol with automatic. registration of the moment of flight of the meteor. One of the authors of the method for shooting meteors with instantaneous exposure. The processing of photographs and observations of meteors by this method made it possible to obtain (with P.B.Babadzhanov) new data on the interaction of meteoric matter with the Earth's atmosphere. Took part in the development of the theory of the motion of small interplanetary bodies under the influence of gravity. disturbances from the planets and radiation. effects (e.g. Poynting-Robertson effect). Author of monographs: "Comet radiants and the connection of meteor showers with comets" (1953), "Technique and some results of photographic. research meteors "(with Babadzhanov, 1963)," Meteoric matter in the Earth's atmosphere and near-solar space "(with IS Shestaka, 1983).
KRAMER Samuel Hoax (Simcha-Noyakh) (1897, Zhashkov, Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. - 1988, Philadelphia), historian, philologist. Since 1906 - in the USA. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the army. Studied at the Hebrew College. In 1929 he defended doc. dis. by research. Akkadian verb. Researcher in the region. Assyrology. From ser. 1930s - Sumerologist. In the 1930s and 70s. prof. a number of high fur boots (Chicago, Istanbul, Baghdad, Philadelphia). The author of the book. on the history of the Sumerians and the Sumerian literature, which formed the basis of modern. Sumerology, cit .: History begins in Sumer, Moscow, 1965.
KRAMOLOV, see Kromoluv.
KRAMOV Alexander Grigorievich (1884, Kiev - 1951, Kharkov), actor, director. Prof. (1948). After graduation from the Kiev theater. School E.A. Lepkovsky (1905) worked in the theater of N.N. Solovtsov, at the same time. graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1908). On the stages of Kherson (1909–12) and Samara (1912–13) he played the characteristic roles and roles of simpletons: Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol), Schastlivtsev ("The Forest" by A.N. Ostrovsky), Mitrofanushka ("The Minor "DI Fonvizin), Nukhim (" Anatema "by LN Andreev), Erkele (" Treason "by AISumbatov-Yuzhin), Motele (" Satan "by Ya.M. Gordin and many others. 1913 - in St. Petersburg and Moscow.After 1917 he worked in t-t-t-ts: Demonstration, Revolution, named after MGSPS.Best roles: Pompey ("Measure for Measure" by W. Shakespeare), Raevich ("Storm" by V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky , Chapaev (after D.A. Furmanov), Ashug ("The City of Winds" by V.M.Kirshon, miner Patsyuk ("Voice of the Subsoil" by Bill-Belotserkovsky), etc. In the 1920s he acted in films: worker Gesler in adventure f. "Red Rear" (1924), Colonel Riemann in the historical-revolutionary picture "The Machinist Ukhtomsky" (1926), Senator Marusevich in the melodrama "The Soloist of His Majesty" (1927), commander Ivan Lech in the f. "Captives sea ​​"(1928). Since 1933 K. actor and director, since 1936 artistic director of the Kharkov Russian Drama Theater named after A. S. Pushkin. A work of roles, realism of crowd scenes. From the actor, Naib works, they got fame: Polezhaev ("Restless Old Age" by L.N. Rakhmanov), Globa ("Russian People" by K.M. Simonov), Lenin ("Man with a Gun" and "Kremlin Chimes" by N.F. Pogodin) and others. Since 1947 teacher, then head. Department of Acting at the Kharkov Theater. in-those. Nar. art. USSR (1944).
KRAMSHTYK Isaac (1814 or 1816, Warsaw - 1889, ibid.), Public figure. In 1832–36 he attended the Warsaw rabbinical school, where he later taught the Talmud. In 1852 he founded a synagogue in Warsaw, where they first began to pray in Polish. lang. In 1861 he was sentenced to imprisonment for participation in the Polish uprising, in 1862 he was exiled to Siberia. Returning to Poland, he collaborated with the Marquis A. Velepolski in the development of methods of education, a cut that was supposed to lead to the complete elimination of the differences between Jews and Poles. In 1863 he was exiled to Serdobsk for 4 years. After returning to Poland he devoted himself to lit. work. He collaborated in Warsaw publishing houses, around which the Jewish intelligentsia and the Polish patriotic were grouped. orientation: first in "Yutshenka", and from the middle. 1860s in Israelite. The author of a number of books. in Polish lang. about the basics of Judaism.
KRAMSHTYK Zygmunt (1849, Warsaw - 1920, ibid.), Ophthalmologist, public figure. The son of I. Kramshtyk. In 1852 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University, was engaged in private practice. From 1873 he worked in the ophthalmological clinic of Warsaw University. Hands. the eye department of the Jewish hospital. Published and edited every month. zhurn. "Criticism of the medicinal" (1897-1907), which became the center of Polish honey. thoughts. In 1880-1905 - co-owner of the newspaper "Medicines". Came out of the Warsaw honey. about-va, when anti-Semite intensified in it. trends, and organized the T-in social medicine. Publ. many works in ophthalmology. He also studied Polish literature, wrote a number of studies. about A. Mitskevich, Y. Slovatsky and others.
KRANICHFELD (nee Tsederbaum) Nadezhda Osipovna (1875, Istanbul - 1923, Moscow), public figure. Sister of Yu.O. Martov, V.O. Levitsky and S.O. Ezhova. She graduated from high school in St. Petersburg. In the S.-D. movement from the end. 1890s Together with her husband, trade unionist S.N. Kranichfeld, she handed over all the inheritance received from his relatives to the organization of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). After the congress, she joined the Mensheviks, collaborated in the Social-Democrats. print, helped the brothers in their roar. activities. In 1918 she moved with her family to Moscow, supported the arrested and exiled Mensheviks; K.'s apartment was searched several times. Under the influence of her son A.S. Kranikhfeld, she contributed to the illegal activities of the Union of Social-Democrats. slave. youth.
KRANIKHFELD Alexander Sergeevich (1902, Kharkov - late 1930s), politician. Son of N.O. Kranikhfeld. From 1909 he lived with relatives in St. Petersburg, studied at the gymnasium. In 1918 - in Moscow, entered the Moscow. un-t. Under the influence of uncle S.O. Ezhov, in 1920 he joined the youth Social-Democrats. movement, soon became a leader and secretary. Centre. organizing bureau of the Union of Social-Democrats slave. Youth (SSDRM) - the youth branch of the RSDLP, organized its cells in Ukraine, Moscow and other cities, kept in touch with the illegal. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), in 1921-22 led the publishing house. zhurn. "Young Proletarian", as well as leaflets and bulletins of the SSDRM. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. Died in custody.
KRANTS (Ventsov) Semyon Ivanovich (1897, Director of the Vitebsk province - 1937, Moscow), military leader. The brigade commander. Uch. 1st world. war. He graduated from the school of warrant officers. From 1918 - in the Red Army. Commissioner and brigade commander, early. headquarters of the Minsk region of defense. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1923). The author of a number of tr. on the reform and structure of the army ("The military system of modern France", "The national economy and defense of the USSR", etc.). In the 1930s. early headquarters of the BVO, MVO, military attaché in France, com. 62nd shooter. division .. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. Repressed in 1937. K.'s granddaughter - Irina Rafailovna Margolina (b. 1953, Roslavl, Smolensk Region), screenwriter, film director. Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1975). The author of St. 100 scripts cartoon. and advertising. f., including: "An Unwritten Letter" (1987, diploma of the ICF in Hiroshima), "KOAPP" (1984-90, 18th ser.), "Billiard History" (1992, diplomas at the ICF in Oberhausen, Istanbul) and others. From the beginning. 1990s works like dir. doc. f., ch. arr. with her husband - M.P. Lyakhovetsky: "Grouping Companions" (1990), "Save Russia ..." (1991) - a film essay about the fate of Jews in Russia, etc.
KRANZ Philip (real name and surname Yakov Borukhovich Rombro) (1858, Khodaki, Podolsk province - 1922, New York), publicist, historian. In 1872 he entered the Zhytomyr rabbinical school, in 1873 he moved to the Kremenchug real school, which he graduated from in 1879. He studied at St. Petersburg. technol. in-those. Participated in the roar. movement, in 1877 he was serving a prison sentence. In 1881 he fled to France because of his connections with the revolutionaries who attempted the assassination of Alexander II. In Paris he was a volunteer at the Sorbonne and one of the founders of the Jewish slave. union. Lit. activity began in 1880 Art. in the journal. "Dawn". Publ. in "Rus. Jew "," Sunrise "," Kiev Dawn "and other ed. In 1883 he moved to London and began to write in Yiddish. K. was busy. 1st Congr. II International, ed. a number of Jewish publications. In 1890 he left for New York, where he became the editor. gas. "Arbeiter-frind" and "Arbeiter-Zeitung". From 1894 ed. "Di tsukunft", as well as a number of other Jewish publications. In 1906 he left for Warsaw, where he edited a new journal. "Di proletarian velt", in which the most prominent Jewish writers collaborated. In 1907 he returned to New York. Author pl. tr. on Jewish history, among them "Di kultur-geshikhte" ("History of culture") in 3 volumes; ser. biographies of prominent personalities, brochures on nat. question ("What is a nation", "Clear conversation", etc.). The works "History of Socialism", "Slang Literature in America", "Jewish Language. Yiddish, its literature, writers, readers ”and others.
KRAPIVKA, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
NETTLE, see Nettle.
KRAPIVNIK, a village in the Dolinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 5 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KRAPIVNYA, a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in K. 1941 in K., several were shot. Jews.
KRASAVICHI, a village in the Klimovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 19th - early 20th century. - the village, then the town of Krasovichi Cherikovsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1841, 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1844 - 44, in 1847 - 50, and in 1908 - 50 Jews. In 1841 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan.
DYEKER, see Anthracite.
KRASENOVKA, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KRASHUTY, a village in the Rossony district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century as a village in Polotsk Voivodeship. Prince of Lithuania. Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Polotsk u. Vitebsk province. In 1852–54, 11 families of Jewish agriculturalists settled in Kazakhstan, and 11.5 des. for arable land, 1 dess. to the garden and 5 dess. for mowing, as well as an allowance for acquiring a farm (50–100 rubles per family). With this money, the settlers bought housing and households from local peasants. buildings, as well as horses, cows and small livestock. Arable land was planted with cereals and potatoes. Due to the lack of experience in conducting agricultural. works Jews were engaged in Ch. arr. crafts and petty trade (land was leased to peasants). 20th century there were no Jews in K. In 1913 the unity. a fish store in K. belonged to a Jew from Polotsk.
KRASIEV, a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1464. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Buchach district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 45 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 18, in 1939 - 2 Jews. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to Monastyriska and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
Krasilshchikov Isaak Borisovich (Itzhak, Aizik ben Dov Ber) (1888, Krichev of Cherikovsky district of Mogilev province - 1965, Moscow), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Mir. In the 1910s. - rabbi in Gadyach, after Oct. roar. - in Poltava and Kryukov (a suburb of Kremenchug). From 1929 he worked as an accountant in Moscow. Book. K. "Tvuna" ("Reason", Poltava, 1926) - the last rabbinical. manuf., ed. in USSR. Fully publ. in 1976 in Jerusalem. Consists of comments. to the Code of Maimonides and the Jerusalem Talmud. Dr. tr. K., in which the conditions of the Jewish religion are reflected. life in the USSR, publ. on Sat. Keepers of the Fire (1966). The comments were widely known. K. to the Jerusalem Talmud "Toldot Yitzchak".
Krasil'shikov Isaak Matveevich (1857, Kishinev - 1921, ibid.), Entomologist. Doctor of Biology (1882). Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa. In 1911 he organized a bioentomologic. Art. in Chisinau. tr. on fungal diseases of insects. He put forward the idea of ​​exterminating harmful insects through the development of arts, epidemics. Conducted entomology, research. in Bessarabia, in the Ukraine, in the North. The Caucasus. He was engaged in the development of methods for combating locusts and phyloxera. Member Bessarabian Society of Naturalists, Vol .: Fungal diseases as a means of fighting insects that damage beet plantations. Kiev, 1885.
KRASILOV, city (since 1964), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1444.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. 1737 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 2563 (36.9%) in 1897, 1180 in 1923, and 1250 in 1939. 19th century tzadik Rabbi Yisroel settled in K. (? - 1895); the dynasty was continued by his son Boruch Zak (1887–1949, USA), who left in 1913 for E.-I. In 1886, pharmacist Kulikovsky worked in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914, Jews owned a rope factory, 2 timber warehouses, a mill, 76 shops (including 17 manufactures, all 35 grocery stores), 2 pharmacies, and a Jewish library; a Jew was a unity. a dentist in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there was a private Jewish wife in Kazakhstan. uch-shche. In 1914, the state rabbi was Joseph Gershkovich Tsykman. In the beginning. 1920s There was a Zionist organization in Korea, and in July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Kenya. In the beginning. In 1942, a camp was set up in Kazakhstan, in which Jews from Kazakhstan and neighboring villages were gathered (over 2 thousand people). The camp was liquidated in July 1942; all Jews were shot near the village. Manivtsy. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan.
KRASILOVKA, a village in the Stavishchensky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Kiev district of the Kiev voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. In 1910, 38 Jews lived in Kiev.
KRASINO, a village in the Krivoy Rog region of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. village council of the Stalindorf Jewish district of the Krivoy Rog okr., from 1932 - the Dnepropetrovsk region. In 1931, approx. 500 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KRASINSKY Georgy Davidovich (1890, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1955, Moscow), polar explorer. From 1904 after the end of the beginning. uch-schcha - a student in a bookbinding workshop. Participated in the roar. movement, part. Bund. In 1906 he was arrested for distributing leaflets, exiled to Siberia for 4 years, and escaped from exile. In 1912, with the assistance of Art. brother went to England. In 1913 he returned to Russia, after Oct. roar. worked at Tsentrosoyuz; in 1919 he was sent to Zap. Europe. In 1920-21 the beginning. supply Political RVS Rep. Since 1921 in the People's Commissariat of the Russian Federation, then a special commissioner for the North. pestilence paths. In the summer of 1922 he took part in the 1st sea. hike from Petrograd to the mouth of the Yenisei North. pestilence by way. In 1923 he carried out the first distant sea. flight from Petrograd to Vladivostok. In 1926 he headed the Far East. exp. on the steamer "Stavropol". In 1927 he took part in the 1st sea. the voyage of cargo ships from Vladivostok to the mouth of the Lena River and in the flight from Tiksi Bay to Irkutsk (as part of the crew of O.A. Kolvitsa's plane). In 1928, on the instructions of OSOAVIAKHIM, he organized the Transarctic. flight from Vladivostok to Cape Dezhnev and further along the entire coast of North. Arctic Ocean. In 1929 he organized a reconnaissance mission. flights to North. along the coast from Cape Dezhnev to the mouth of the Lena River with an approach to Wrangel Island. In 1930 he was a member of the research. a group of the Sovtorgflot to survey the port of Igarka with a view to its reconstruction. In 1932–37 he was authorized by the Glavsevmorput in the North-East. sector of the Arctic. In 1937 he was arrested on charges of sabotage. Until 1941 he worked at Glavsevmorput, then retired, was engaged in the history of the North and Siberia. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (1927). Cit .: On owls. ship in the Arctic Ocean. (Hydrographic research on Wrangel Island). M., 1925.
KRASKINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1947) in the Khasansky District of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
Kraskovo, a holiday village in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1939, 267 Jews (3.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1970 - 279, and in 1989 - 126 Jews (1%). 1940s - early. 1950s In K. there was a minyan (about 20 people gathered on Saturdays). V.Sh. Ganelin.
KRASLAV, see Kraslava.
KRASLAVA, city (since 1923), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - The city of Kraslav in the Inflant book-ve as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the city of Kreslavel, later the town of Kreslavka, Pskov province, from 1778 - Polotsk governorship, from 1796 - in the Belarusian province, then - in Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1920–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - of the Latvian SSR. In 1766, 840 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1483, in 1868 - c. 2000, in 1887 - 3160, in 1897 - 4051 (51%), in 1920 - 1446 (41%), in 1925 - 1716 (38%), in 1930 - 1550 (36%), in 1935 - 1444 Jews (34 %) The Jewish community was organized in Kazakhstan in 1764. In the first half. 19th century The rabbis of K. were Naftoli Zioni, Moishe Klitsner, from 1860 - Yosef Ravinson (1828–?), from 1893 - Avrom-Yosef Lurie (1861 -?). 19th century in K. there were followers of the Hovevei Zion movement. In the beginning. 1890s was created by the Jewish trade union of bristle-workers, through several. years - a branch of the Bund, in 1901 - "Poalei Zion". In 1903, after the pogrom in Chisinau, member. Bunda and "Poalei Zion" created a self-defense unit, which consisted of approx. 250 people. 20th century Levinson opened a private husband in K. Jewish school. In 1903 "Bikur Hoylim" was founded. In 1910, a Jewish society of benefits to the poor and loans and savings operated in Kazakhstan. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, 2 pharmaceutical warehouses, a bathhouse, 2 bakeries, 2 jewelry stores, 2 bookstores, 2 hotels, 2 hairdressers, photography, a watchmaker's, and 25 shops (all 3 grocery, all 3 haberdashery). Among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 2 tailors, 2 dressmakers, and a timber merchant. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930, a Jewish child was opened. garden, at the beginning. 1930s - early. school with teaching in Hebrew. 1920–30s. the rabbi in K. was J. Ravinson's son-in-law - Moishe-Dovid Shub. The rabbi of the Hasidic community was Yakov-Kopl Klyatskin. On July 3, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan. On July 29, 1941, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Daugavpils ghetto. The remaining several. Jewish families (mostly artisans) were shot in Sept. 1941 After liberation, approx. 40 Jews. Thanks to their efforts, the mass grave was put in order, a memorial sign was installed. In 1947 a synagogue was opened (Shkolnaya st., 10). The rabbi was Isaac Khaimovich Padva (1885–?). The synagogue was attended by 50–70 people. In 2003, several people lived in Kazakhstan. Jews.In K. genus: N.L. Aronson, M.R. Borok, M.S. Vovsi, A. Pann, B. Steinman, H. T. Eidus; Mikhail Gerasimovich Imyanitov (1897–1937, Leningrad), physician, director. Leningrad. in-that improvement of doctors, head. Leningrad. region dep. health care, repressed.
KRASNA ILSKI, see Krasnoilsk.
RED PUTNA, see Krasnoputna.
RED, see Krasneshen.
RED, see Krasnoe, Poltava region.
KRASNAYA GORA, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 64 Jews lived in KG. In 1932, a Jewish collective farm (33 farms) was created in KG. The Jewish population of KG was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KRASNAYA LUKA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1859 in the Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. In 1900, 19 Jews lived in KL, in 1910 - 5 Jewish families, in 1926 - 2 Jews.
KRASNAYA RECHKA, a village in the Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Krasnorechenskoe Maryinsky okr. Tomsk province. In 1893 a synagogue functioned in KR.
KRASNAYA SLOBODA, see Krasnoslobodsk of the Mordovian Republic.
KRASNAYA Slobodka (until 1946 - Germanovskaya Slobodka), a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1861, 48 Jews (5.3%) lived in K.S., in 1910 - 20 Jews. By 1939, Jews left K.S.
RED, see Krasnoe Vinnitsa region.
KRASNICHIN, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the village of Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province. 323 Jews (54.3%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, and approx. 480 Jews. First mention. about Jews K. refers to 1618. In the 1st half. 20th century a synagogue functioned in K. In the 1910s. Rabbi K. was Naftoli Rothstein, in 1927–37 - Shmul Yeselena. In the 1920s. all 30 shops and units. the factory (for the production of furniture) belonged to Jews. Beginning in 1933, Bikur Hoylim and a mutual aid fund operated. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan in September. 1939. Then K. occupied parts of the Red Army; after a while - again parts of the Wehrmacht. In the summer of 1941, a large group of Jewish refugees arrived in Kazakhstan; in March 1942, approx. 500 Jews from Czechoslovakia, in April. 1942 - a large group of Jews from the West. districts of Poland. A ghetto was created in K., which contained apprx. 2 thousand Jews. In June 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.
KRASNIK, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a city of the Lublin Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1772-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Yanovskiy u. In 1661, 114 Jews (13.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1765 - 921, in 1827 - 1961 (55.5%), in 1857 - 1778 (54.7%), in 1897 - 3261 ( 49.4%), in 1913 - 4642 (53.9%), in 1921 - 4200 Jews (50.7%). Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the end. 16th century The Jewish population of Kazakhstan suffered during the "Khmelnytsky land". In the 17th century. the first synagogue was built. Among the rabbis of Kazakhstan in the 18th century. - Azriel Gurevich, 19th century - Naftoli-Hertz Gelberstatt. In 1903, Aizik-Fishkl Cieslä was the rabbi. In 1897, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded a community in the United States. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened in 1929; the Talmud Torah and the Beis Yaakov girls' school were founded. Rabbi K. in the 1920s – 1930s. was Dovid-Yosef Weisbrot. 15 Sept. 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In October. 1939 the Judenrat and the Jewish police were created, in August. 1940 - ghetto liquidated in summer 1944.
RED Pinchas (1881, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1939), public and statesman. Member reign of the Jewish Nar. party (Volkspartey), participated in the organization of Jewish schools in Ukraine. During the Civil. war (in Feb. 1919 - Nov. 1920) min. Jewish Affairs Directory Ukr. bunk bed rep. He emigrated, later returned to the USSR. Shot on charges of creating and leading anti-Sov. Zionist. terrorist. organization.
KRASNOARMEYSK (until 1926 - Naked Karamysh, until 1942 - Balzer), a city (from 1918), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1766. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kamyshinsky district. Saratov province. In 1922–41, it was a part of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. During the Second World period. war, the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased due to the evacuation of the prom. pr-ty from Moscow, Leningrad (modern. St. Petersburg), as well as due to the arrival of refugees from the West. districts of the USSR. After 1945 founded. part of the refugees re-evacuated, the remaining part of the Jewish refugees in Kazakhstan moved to the main. in Saratov. In 2002, approx. 15 Jews.
RED ARMY, see Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Region.
RED ARMY, see Krasnoarmeysk, Donetsk Region.
KRASNOBROD, see Krasnobrud.
KRASNOBRUD, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Krasnobrod of Zamostsky u. Lublin province. 424 Jews (48.5%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1827, 753 (57.7%) in 1856, 1378 (75.8%) in 1897, and 1148 Jews (56.4%) in 1921. Jews lived in K. from the 2nd half. 16th century Then the Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1648 the Jewish community of Kazakhstan was destroyed by the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. After the revival of communal life by Rabbi K. in the 18th century. there was Zvi-Hirsh Mints, then his son Iekutiel (? –1772), from 1884 - Zvi-Iehezkel Michelson (1863–?), Nohum Feigenboim (? –1917), from 1903 - Israel Shnorman. In 1822–62, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. 20th century pl. Jews left for the USA. In 1912 in New York, the First Society for Aid to Natives of Kazakhstan was founded. In 1917–24, Meir Zilberman was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1924, Menachem Margaliot, who died during the Holocaust. The Jews of K. were Ruzhin, Trisk, Gurian, and Belzevian Hasidim. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school of the network "Yavne", heders, a Jewish library worked. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. 25 Sept. 1939. Several times. days they were replaced by units of the Red Army, then 2 weeks later the Germans entered Kazakhstan again. troops. On Feb. 1940 the Judenrat was established. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.
KRASNODAR (until 1920 - Yekaterinodar), city (from 1867), the center of Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1793.Since 1860, the center of the Kuban Region. In 1881, 612 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 562, in 1910 - 580 (0.6%), in 1926 - 1758 (1.2%), including 7 Crimean, 5 Mountain Jews, and 116 Karaites, in 1939 - 1931 Jews, in 1970 - 2486 (0.5%), in 1979 - 2153 (0.4%), in 1989 - approx. 8,000 Jews. On the 2nd Thursday. 19th century to the North. Caucasus, including in K., were expelled from Europe. Russian members of the sect "Judaizing". In 1869, approx. 100 families of "Jews", among them were tailors, hatters, jewelers, photographers, merchants, contractors; Chaim Tokhlovkin was a shokhet. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a small number of Jews lived in K., mainly. children and grandchildren of the Nikolaev soldiers, intelligentsia and artisans; there were many crossings among them. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. All R. 1920s On the initiative of J.-I Schneerson, a mikvah was built in K. Yaakov-Itskhok Minkovich (1887, Nevel - 1940, Paris). synagogues in K. were closed and buildings confiscated. In 1930, on the initiative of the Regional Committee, 2 Jewish artels were organized, which entered the general system of cooperation. 12 Aug. 1942 K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. 21 Aug 1942 More than 3,000 local and evacuated Jews were killed in Kazakhstan; at the same time. All Karaites were shot. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1946, a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan, which was closed in 1950. In the same year, the Jewish community was liquidated. In 1975, A. Silnitsky (b. 1952) was sentenced to 3 years in prison. ) for refusing to go through the military. services due to the intention to leave for Israel. Since 1992 the Jewish city community "Makor", the Society of Progressive Judaism, Sunday school, since 1997 - the regional Jewish national-cultural center "Aviv", a synagogue (rabbi - Adolf Goltsberg), Hesed branch, youth. club them. Nikolay Rappoport, from the beginning. 2000s - Jewish religion. community (previously - Yuri Gersikhovich Rubinov, b. 1977). The Jewish cemetery located in the center of the city is closed. In 2002, approx. 7 thousand Jews in Kazakhstan: Yu.V. Livshits, L.M. Mikhailov, V.E. Motylev, Ya.L. Fogel, A.I.Shvarts, V.L. Einis; Arkady Timofeevich Lidsky (1890-1973, Sverdlovsk), doctor, surgeon, prof. (1924), Dr. med. Sciences (1945), ch. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1946), head. Department of Sverdlovsk honey. institute, author of St. 200 scientific. works, including 13 monographs.
KRASNODON (until 1938 - Sorokino, Sorokinsky Mine), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main In 1914 as a workers' settlement. In 1939 107 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. - Sept. 1942 in K., apprx. 60 Jews, who were subsequently taken to Lugansk and executed there. In 2000, the community "Ha-Tikva" was created in Kazakhstan (previously - Yuri Valentinovich Litvinets, b. 1954). Valeria Davidovna Borts (1927-1996, Moscow), a member of the underground youth. org-tion "Young Guard", after 1944 - in Moscow, was a military man. translator, lieutenant colonel., worked in Cuba.
RED, see Mikulichi, Gomel region.
RED ON THE VOLGA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), the center of the Krasnoselsky district in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). 2000s in K. n / a. a branch of "Hesed" operates.
RED FIRST, a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Krasnoe Kievsky u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century in K.-P. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one shop out of two.
KRASNOE SELO, now part of (since 1973) St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tsarskoye Selo district. Petersburg Gubernia. In 1904, 22 Jewish families lived in K.S., in 1926 - 58 Jews. 20th century main part of the Jewish population of KS were the lower ranks who served in the army. In the 1900s. Jews KS applied for a temporary prayer house during the holidays, which were satisfied by the authorities. In 1916, K.S. had a synagogue; the rabbi came from Petrograd.
RED SECOND, see Germanovka.
RED BANNER, a village in the Snigirevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) In 1926, 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOFLOTSKY, see Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Region.
KRASNOGORKA, a village in the Golovanevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In the 19th century. in K. lived several. Jewish families who owned 2 grocery stores.
KRASNOGOROVKA, city (since 1938) in Maryinsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main In the 1870s 121 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939. 1942 70 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOGORSK, a city (since 1947) in the Tomarinsky District of the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main after 1905. In 1905–45 - a part of Japan, in 1945–91 - the RSFSR. From the end. 1990s In K. there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2002, several people lived in K. dozens of Jews.
KRASNOGRAD (until 1922 - Constantinograd), a city (from 1797), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of Poltava province. 18th century in Constantinograd u. lived 150 Jews, in 1847 in Kazakhstan - 234, in 1864 - 722, in 1897 - 1099 (53.4%), in 1910 - 848, in 1920 - 2014, in 1923 - 1839, in 1926 - 1576 (12, 4%), in 1939 - 547 Jews. In 1865 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. Since 1903, Yehil-Dovber Gindes (1875–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1905, the Poalei Zion branch operated in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues, a Talmud Torah, and societies. school for the poor, private husband. Jewish school, Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, both bakeries, both teahouses, 5 hotels, 6 inns, both hairdressers, both coffee shops, 2 photo workshops, library and 60 shops (including all 3 jewelry, 4 haberdashery) and shops. Among the Jews there were 6 tailors and unity. in K. engraver. In 1918, the Poalei Zion organization resumed its activity in Kazakhstan. During the pogrom of 1918, one Jew was killed in Kazakhstan. In 1919, another pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. June 1942, 90 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. E.M. Gofung, L.S.Pervomaisky.
KRASNOGVARDEYSK, see Gatchina.
KRASNOGVARDEYSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1975), a regional center in the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of Biryuch, Voronezh province. In 1910 32 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. During the 1st world. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased at the expense of Jewish refugees (196 people had arrived in Kazakhstan by September 1915). In 1915 in Kiev with the assistance of the Moscow. A school and a hearth were opened in OPE branches. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; 7 Jews were killed.
KRASNOILSK, urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1431. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krasna-Ilski of the Storozhinets headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 97 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported by troops to Chudey (present-day Mezhirechye, Chernivtsi Region) and were subsequently exterminated there.
KRASNOKOKSHAISK, see Yoshkar-Ola.
KRASNOKUTSK (until 1780 - Krasny Kut), an urban-type settlement (since 1925), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1651. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Bogodukhovsky u. In Kharkov province, 3 Jews lived in 1910, 5 in 1920, 9 (0.09%) in 1926, and 33 in 1939. 1942 2 Jewish women were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOKUTSKY Khaim Meerovich (1904, Smila Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1982, Kiev), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). In Kr. Army since 1926. In 1930 he graduated from the courses for the preparation of com. infantry. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). Com. battalion captain K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for battles during the Soviet-Finl. war. Since 1940 - com. regiment, since 1943 - com. divisions, then - early. dep. combat training of the army. After 1945 - early. military. department in-that. Since 1953 - in stock. He was awarded 5 orders.
KRASNOLESNY, an urban-type settlement (since 1928), subordinated to the Railway District Council of Voronezh (Russian Federation). In 1939, 18 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOLESY, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century - main. the occupation of the Jewish population is trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 shops. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in July 1941, 16 Jews were shot.
KRASNOLUKA, a village in Lanovetsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a water mill in K. was rented by a Jew. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to the Lanovtsev ghetto and in August. 1942 were shot there together with local Jews.
KRASNOLUKI, a village in the Chashniki district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 519 Jews (65.9%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. From 1886, Yitzhak-Dovid Vidrevich (1861–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and Abram Pinkhosik (1859–?) From 1890. There was a pogrom. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On March 6, 1942, the Jews of Kazakhstan (305 people) were gathered in one house, then they were taken to the quarry of a brick plant (1 km from Kazakhstan) and there they were shot. Yehuda Aver (1901–1942, Riga), rabbi in Nevel.
KRASNOMAYSKY (in 1938–39 - Krasny May), an urban-type settlement (since 1925) in the Vyshnevolotsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Klyuchinsky Vyshnevolotsky Tver province. In 1926 there were 2 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 12 Jews.
KRASNOPARTIZANSK, see Belogorsk, Amur Region.
KRASNOPAVLOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1972) in the Lozovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869 in Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1900, 60 Jews (12.5%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOPEREKOPSK, city (since 1966), regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1932, 29 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in November. 1941 several were killed. Jews. In 2003, Kazakhstan had a Jewish population.
KRASNOPOL, a village in the Chudnovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. In 1897, 373 Jews (11.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 167 Jews. 20th century main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan is trade. In 1913 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy and 9 shops (including 5 grocery stores); there was unity among the Jews. doctor in K. In 1926 immigrants from K. (45 people) founded in the Krivoy Rog okr. Jewish agriculturalist artel "Roitfeld". In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42, 35 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOPOL'E, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1640. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkiv province. 19 - early. 20th century Jews were apprx. 3.5% of the population; in 1920 there were 8 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1939 there were 39 Jews. Certain Jewish families of K. were engaged in handicrafts. In 1942, several were killed in K. Jewish families.
KRASNOPOLKA, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. There was a manufacturing shop in Kazakhstan. During the Holocaust, a workers' camp was established in Kazakhstan. 10 oct. 1942 80 Jews were shot in K., January 15. 1943 - c. 200, 10 Dec. 1943 - c. 100 Jews.
KRASNOPUSCHA, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 7 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Berezhany and in 1942–43 they were exterminated along with the local Jews.
KRASNOPUTNA, now a part (since 1954) of the urban-type settlement Krasnoilsk, Storozhinets district, Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Krasna Putna of the Storozhinets headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 160 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The first Jews in Kazakhstan were immigrants from Galicia who arrived in 1820. Mn. Jews worked as employees in a sawmill built by a Swiss company and sold to Romanians. the prince. 4 families led the CD. timber trade, supplying them with the Northern Bukovina. Jews K. owned prom. production, including s-house for the production of glass and slaked lime. Germans from Germany worked at the plant, who built their own. the village of Althütte. The owner of the plant purchased a plot of land for a Jewish cemetery, which was opened in 1890. The first synagogue in Kazakhstan was built in 1825. In 1890, one of them paid for it. Jews K., who held the post of deputy. head of the administration, a new synagogue was built. Another synagogue was built after the 1st World. war. At the same time, a mikvah and a bathhouse were built. In K. there were several. heders, where children trained in the state. school, in the evening received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The community paid for children from poor families. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.
KRASNORECHENSKOE, see Krasnaya Rechka.
KRASNOSELIE, a village in the Goshchansky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 29 Jews (6.7%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 there were 41 Jews. Jewish families were taken to Goscha and shot there; some of the Jews went to the partisans and fought in the Jewish unit of M. Vokalchuk.
KRASNOSELSKY Mark Alexandrovich (1920, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1997, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951), prof. (1953). Graduated from the United Ukr. un-t (1942, Kyzyl-Orda). In 1942–46 he was in the army. He worked at the Kiev Highway Institute (1946–47), at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1947–52), at the Voronezh University, the head. department (1952–68), at the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences; lab. (Moscow, 1968–91). Since 1991 - at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Etc. them. A.A. Andropov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1983). He created a number of new directions in the region. linear and nonlinear functional analysis, the theory of differenti. and integra. ur-niy, theory of oscillations, theory of bifurcation, mat. hysteresis theory, general control theory, nonparametric identification. Chapter Mat. schools. Author of 12 monographs and more than 300 articles of works: Topologies, methods in the theory of nonlinear integr. ur-ny. M., 1956; Operator of shift along trajectories of differenti. ur-ny. M., 1966; Systems with hysteresis. M., 1983 (jointly with A.V. Pokrovsky); Analysis of the stability of desynchronized discrete systems. M., 1992 (et al.).
KRASNOSELEC, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main at the end. 18th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Makovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1827, 221 Jews (32.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 604 (61.6%), in 1897 - 1331 (63%), in 1921 - 926 (47.7%), in 1931 - c. 1200 Jews in the 19th century. among the main. The occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan was dominated by trade. In the end. 19th century in K. there were several. synagogues, mostly Hasidic. In the beginning. 20th century there were Zionist organizations. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1915 a Jewish library was opened, in 1924 - a school for girls "Beis Yaakov". In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi K. was Yitzhok-Yosef Zilberberg. 4 Sept. 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied K. on September 8. 1939 several were shot. dozens of Jews. In the end. Sep 1939 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to the Sov. the zone of occupation, in the district of Bialystok.
KRASNOSELKA, see Krasnoselovka.
KRASNOSELKI, see Krasnoselka, Zhytomyr Region.
KRASNOSELOVKA, a village in the Pologovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Krasnoselka in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. Since 1923 - the center of the Jewish national. village council in the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. In 1858, 623 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 515 Jews (81.1%), in 1931 - St. 600 Jews (approx. 75%) K. founded by immigrants from Belarus and Volyn. Allotment land - 1260 dess. (Of these, 421 dessiatins were sown in 1861, and 1090 dessiatins in 1897; the main crops were rye, winter, spring wheat, barley, etc.). In 1897, the farm kept 208 horses and 176 cows. In the end. 19th century colonists rented 190 dess. land; societies worked in K. school, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. July 2, 1924 approx. K. were organized by 2 Jewish farmers. colonies - to them. Kamenev and "Energy". In 1929 a collective farm was created (in 1938 it united 110 farms, 475 people). The synagogue was closed in 1930. 1941 110 Jews were shot in K. I. M. Shaikin
KRASNOSCHEKOV (real name and surname Abram Moiseevich Tobinson) Alexander Mikhailovich (1880, Chernobyl of Radomysl district of Kiev province - 1937), politician. Since 1896, a member of the roar. movement in Ukraine, was repeatedly arrested. In 1902 he left Russia, from 1903 - to the USA. In 1912 he graduated from law. and econ. f-you of the Chicago Unt. In 1904-17, members. Amer. socialist party, sotr. school desks. and prof. print (in English, Russian and Yiddish). Since 1915, the rector and teacher of the Workers' University. In June 1917 he returned to Russia (to Vladivostok), a participant in the struggle for the owls. power in the Far East and Siberia. In May 1919 he was arrested by the Kolchak people and was held in the Irkutsk prison. After release (Dec. 1919) Dalburo RCP (b), then Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Min. foreign cases (from April 1920) and before. (from May) Time, Prospect Island Dalnevost. rep. (DVR) in Verkhneudinsk, then the head of the DVR production. The center was accused by the authorities of legalizing the parties of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, of attracting their representatives to the DRV, in an effort to establish a personal dictatorship and to break the FER from the RSFSR; all R. 1921 recalled to Moscow. Since 1922 2nd deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR, member. Pres. VSNKh RSFSR, before. Prombanka, one of the founding members of JSC Dobrolet. In 1923 he was arrested on charges of abuse of power (he spent over a year in prison, where he translated the works of W. Whitman into Russian). The story of K.'s arrest is reflected in the play by B.S.Romashov "Air Pie" (1925). Since 1929 in the apparatus of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture (head of the Chief Administration of New Bast Crops). Repressed, works: Sovr. amer. bank. M., 1926.
KRASNOSLOBODSK (in 1571 - 1780 - Krasnaya Sloboda), a city (from 1706), a regional center in the Mordovian Republic (Russian Federation). From 1780 it was a district town of the Penza governorship, from 1801 - a province. In 1926 there were 2 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 3 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOSTAV, see Krasnystav.
KRASNOUFIMSK, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1736. From 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorship, then a province. In 1910, 47 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939, 30 Jews. In 1910, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
KRASNOURALSK (in 1925–31 - the settlement of Uralmedstroy), a city (since 1932) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 61 Jews lived in Kazakhstan; in 2002, approx. 15 Jews.
KRASNOV Peter (1887 or 1890 - after 1965, Los Angeles), painter, graphic artist, sculptor. He spent his youth in a Jewish town in the south-west of Russia. The only teacher was his father, a provincial interior designer. Since 1907 - in the USA. He was engaged in painting. Before the beginning. 1930s the expressionist painted pictures from the life of the New York suburbs (Snow Sweepers, Penny Coffee Drinkers, etc.) and Jewish settlements in Russia. From 1931 to 1934 he lived in France, where new themes appeared in K.'s work: the villages and provinces of the Dordogne and the Parisian circus. In the beginning. 1940s under the influence of news of the Holocaust, he performed a large ser. fig. pen depicting human bodies in agony. In 1935–43 he was engaged in woodcarving. Sculptures K. - from small desktop to two-meter - in the main. abstract. Solo exhibitions took place in Los Angeles (1931, 1943, 1946, 1965) and Pasadena (retrospective, 1954).
KRASNOVODSK, see Turkmenbashi.
KRASNOVOL, now part of the city of Warsaw (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Warsaw u. Warsaw province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1911, a Jew owned a brick factory.
KRASNOVSKY Alexander Abramovich (1913, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), biochemist and biophysicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). After graduating from the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology (1937) - a graduate student in the same place (1937–40), then scientific. sotr. (1941–44). Since 1944 - at the Institute of Biochemistry named after A.N.Bach of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1959 head of laboratory of photobiochemistry). At the same time. (since 1959) prof. Department of Biophysics, Moscow State University, since 1967 - in Ying-those Biol. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. tr. on the study of the primary stages of photosynthesis, photochemistry of chlorophyll, the state and formation of pigments in organisms. One of the founders of photobiochemistry. Discovered the reverse photochemistry reaction. restoration of chlorophyll (reaction K.). Explained the mechanism of the photosensitizing effect of chlorophyll in redox. transformations of the components of the electron transfer chain. He offered a number of models of chem. evolution of photosynthesis. Member German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1975). Etc. them. A.N.Bach of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950, 1975). State pr. USSR (1991) Cit .: Transformation of light energy during photosynthesis. Molecular mechanisms. M., 1974.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КРАСНОЯРСК, город (с 1822), центр Красноярского края (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1628 как острог. С 1719 – в Енисейской провинции, с 1782 – в Колыванском наместничестве, с 1797 – в Тобольской губ., с 1804 – уездный город Томской губ., в 1822–1925 – губернский город Енисейской губ. С 1934 – краевой центр.В 1861 в К. проживало 362 еврея (в Енисейской губ. – 1569), в 1864 – 331, в 1897 – 1137 (4,2%), в 1910 – 1665 (2,4%), в 1917 – 2345, в 1920 – 2380, в 1926 – 2442 (3,4%), в 1939 – 1853, в 1970 – 3302 (0,5%), в 1979 – 2820 (0,4%), в 1989 – ок. 1800 евреев.В 1822 в К. существовала еврейская община, имелась синагога (официально разрешена в 1878). В 1824 было заложено еврейское кладбище. С 1855 раввин К. – Пейсах Файбишевич Колманович. В 1874 создано новое еврейское кладбище. В 1888 в К. имелась талмуд-тора (19 уч-ся). С 1889 раввин К. – Копл Исаакович Шмеркович. В 1895 были учреждены «Врем. правила для еврейской молельни в Красноярске», устанавливавшие состав и порядок выборов чл. правления общины. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. основателем и гл. врачом Николаевского роддома, а с 1900 – дир. фельдшерско-акушерской школы в К. был Яков Львович Гинзбург (1867–1941).В 1903 в К. действовало неск. сионистских кружков и орг-ций. В этом же году было открыто 2-классное еврейское уч-ще (дети евреев учились также в общих уч. заведениях). В 1904 открылась еврейская школа. В 1909–10 работала еврейская драматич. труппа. В 1910 владельцами недвижимого имущества в Красноярском у. числилось 42 еврея. В 1910 в К. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1913–14 существовало Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1913 сложилась группа сионистов (пред. – Ицхок Лазаревич Розеншток, секр. – Ихиель Гершевич Марксон); в ее создании участвовал студент Томского ун-та Розельман, уехавший в 1914 в Э.-И. В марте 1914 все чл. группы были арестованы, в февр. 1916 оправданы судом. В 1914–16 численность еврейского населения в К. возросла за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России (в 1916 зарегистрировано 77 евреев-беженцев); была создана комиссия помощи беженцам.7 мая 1916 в К. произошел еврейский погром (разгромлена 41 еврейская лавка). В 1917 пред. правления синагоги избран Исай Иосифович Гефтер.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в К. активизировалась деятельность сионистов, в мае была создана орг-ция Бунда, в кон. апр. – нач. мая – объединенный к-т еврейской общины (15 чел., входили представители от всех политич. партий и обществ. орг-ций). На собрании 1 июня 1917 большинство членов к-та высказалось против выдвижения отд. списка еврейских кандидатов на выборах в гор. думу и призвало голосовать за социалистич. партии, меньшинство на отд. собрании выдвинуло собств. список еврейских кандидатов. В сент. 1917 была открыта еврейская б-ка-читальня им. Фруга, издавался лит. двухнед. «Первый луч» (орган внепарт. кружка еврейской молодежи; ред. – Иехиель Кацнельсон). На выборах делегатов Всерос. еврейского съезда баллотировались Бер Гершевич Гигус (от Бунда) и Борис Семенович Нови (от сионистов). Орг-ции Бунда и сионистов действовали в К. в 1918–19. В 1918 было открыто отд-ние «Цукунфт». Тогда же в К. существовали еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во, богадельня, еврейское уч-ще, еврейская б-ка, гимнастич.-спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1920-х гг. в еврейской школе преподавание велось на рус. яз. (один из предметов – идиш). В помещении школы работали еврейская б-ка и клуб «Цукунфт», в к-ром проводились лит. вечера, читались лекции о творчестве еврейских писателей, действовали драматич. кружок, хор, веч. курсы идиша, ряд кружков (чл. клуба было 50 чел., собиралось 150–200). В 1920-х гг. К. был местом ссылки осужденных сионистов. В 1930-х гг. синагога была закрыта, свитки Торы переданы в краевой музей. В 1940-х гг. численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет высланных из Латвии и Литвы и эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР. В 1956 в К. был арестован З.А.Мангейм (р. 1910) за распространение сионистской лит-ры.Большой вклад в становление и развитие инфраструктуры К., и в частности здравоохранения, внесли: Исай Исаакович Гительзон (1896–1965), дерматолог, организатор кожно-венерологич. службы в Красноярском крае, отец И.И. Гительзона; Ефим Исаакович Прахин (р. 1938), педиатр, д-р мед. наук (1985), проф. (1989), с 1987 зав. кафедрой дет. болезней леч. ф-та Красноярского гос. мед. ин-та, чл. Союза педиатров России, с 1993 – пред. Проблемной комиссии по мед. аспектам питания РАМН, акад. Рос. академии естествознания (1995), с 1993 – зам. дир. по науч. работе НИИ мед. проблем Севера РАМН, разработал нормативы физич. развития детей разл. этнич. групп и сбалансир. питания детей на Севере; Абрам Танхелевич Пшоник (1900–1974), ученый-физиолог, д-р биол. наук (1952), проф. (1953), основатель изв. в России и за рубежом физиол. науч. школы; Жан Жозефович Рапопорт (р. 1930), д-р мед. наук (1969), проф. (1970), один из основателей красноярской науч. школы педиатров. Новаторские методы в систему организации и обеспечения авиаперелетов и авиаперевозок края внедрил Борис Михайлович Абрамович (р. 1960), ген. дир. ОАО «Авиакомпания «Красноярские авиалинии», «Отличник воздушного транспорта России», «Засл. работник транспорта РФ», «Поч. гражданин г. Красноярска».В 1990 в К. была организована еврейская религ. община (пред. в 1997–2002 – Яков Вольфович Бриль, р. 1948, Жмеринка, с 2002 – Юрий Самуилович Лившиц, р. 1956, Брянск). В 1990 в К. была открыта синагога (по субботам собирается 35–40 чел., в праздники – 600–800 чел.). Действует еврейское кладбище. С 1990 существует Об-во еврейской культуры «Гаскала» (с 1998 – Красноярская краевая еврейская нац.-культурная автономия «Гаскала»). В 1999 при «Гаскале» открыт общинно-благотворит. центр «Хесэд Эстер Красноярск». В 1998 построено новое здание синагоги. В 1997–98 раввином К. был представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шмая Глик. С 1999 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Беньямин-Лейб Вагнер (р. 1980, Иерусалим).В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Ю.Алешковский, Д.И.Гольдберг, Е.А.Давидович, В.В.Крайнев, М.И.Литвин, Ю.И.Любич, Э.Э.Найдич; Леонид Яковлевич Гинзбург (1901–1976, Москва), юрист, проф. (1930), д-р юрид. наук (1935), сын Я.Л.Гинзбурга, специалист в обл. сов. трудового права, автор более 300 науч. работ, в т. ч. 5 моногр., в 1934–54 был репрессирован; Юрий Яковлевич Грицман (1921–1994, Москва), хирург, онколог, д-р мед. наук (1963), проф. (1968), одним из первых в СССР осуществил операцию по пересадке почки и реплантацию конечности, разрабатывал вопросы ранней диагностики злокачеств. опухолей; Ян (Яков) Борухович Фрид (Фридлянд) (р. 1908), кинорежиссер, в 1926–28 – худож. рук. ТРАМа в Новосибирске, с 1938 – реж. «Ленфильма», среди к/ф – «Балтийская слава» (1957), «Сильва» (1980), «Дон Сезар де Базан» (1989) и др.; Абрам Григорьевич Шацкий (1900–1938), политич. деятель, секр. Смоленского обкома, дел. 16-го и 17-го парт. съездов ВКП(б), репрессирован., pronunciation=КРАСНОЯРСК, город (с 1822), центр Красноярского края (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1628 как острог. С 1719 – в Енисейской провинции, с 1782 – в Колыванском наместничестве, с 1797 – в Тобольской губ., с 1804 – уездный город Томской губ., в 1822–1925 – губернский город Енисейской губ. С 1934 – краевой центр.В 1861 в К. проживало 362 еврея (в Енисейской губ. – 1569), в 1864 – 331, в 1897 – 1137 (4,2%), в 1910 – 1665 (2,4%), в 1917 – 2345, в 1920 – 2380, в 1926 – 2442 (3,4%), в 1939 – 1853, в 1970 – 3302 (0,5%), в 1979 – 2820 (0,4%), в 1989 – ок. 1800 евреев.В 1822 в К. существовала еврейская община, имелась синагога (официально разрешена в 1878). В 1824 было заложено еврейское кладбище. С 1855 раввин К. – Пейсах Файбишевич Колманович. В 1874 создано новое еврейское кладбище. В 1888 в К. имелась талмуд-тора (19 уч-ся). С 1889 раввин К. – Копл Исаакович Шмеркович. В 1895 были учреждены «Врем. правила для еврейской молельни в Красноярске», устанавливавшие состав и порядок выборов чл. правления общины. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. основателем и гл. врачом Николаевского роддома, а с 1900 – дир. фельдшерско-акушерской школы в К. был Яков Львович Гинзбург (1867–1941).В 1903 в К. действовало неск. сионистских кружков и орг-ций. В этом же году было открыто 2-классное еврейское уч-ще (дети евреев учились также в общих уч. заведениях). В 1904 открылась еврейская школа. В 1909–10 работала еврейская драматич. труппа. В 1910 владельцами недвижимого имущества в Красноярском у. числилось 42 еврея. В 1910 в К. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1913–14 существовало Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1913 сложилась группа сионистов (пред. – Ицхок Лазаревич Розеншток, секр. – Ихиель Гершевич Марксон); в ее создании участвовал студент Томского ун-та Розельман, уехавший в 1914 в Э.-И. В марте 1914 все чл. группы были арестованы, в февр. 1916 оправданы судом. В 1914–16 численность еврейского населения в К. возросла за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России (в 1916 зарегистрировано 77 евреев-беженцев); была создана комиссия помощи беженцам.7 мая 1916 в К. произошел еврейский погром (разгромлена 41 еврейская лавка). В 1917 пред. правления синагоги избран Исай Иосифович Гефтер.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в К. активизировалась деятельность сионистов, в мае была создана орг-ция Бунда, в кон. апр. – нач. мая – объединенный к-т еврейской общины (15 чел., входили представители от всех политич. партий и обществ. орг-ций). На собрании 1 июня 1917 большинство членов к-та высказалось против выдвижения отд. списка еврейских кандидатов на выборах в гор. думу и призвало голосовать за социалистич. партии, меньшинство на отд. собрании выдвинуло собств. список еврейских кандидатов. В сент. 1917 была открыта еврейская б-ка-читальня им. Фруга, издавался лит. двухнед. «Первый луч» (орган внепарт. кружка еврейской молодежи; ред. – Иехиель Кацнельсон). На выборах делегатов Всерос. еврейского съезда баллотировались Бер Гершевич Гигус (от Бунда) и Борис Семенович Нови (от сионистов). Орг-ции Бунда и сионистов действовали в К. в 1918–19. В 1918 было открыто отд-ние «Цукунфт». Тогда же в К. существовали еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во, богадельня, еврейское уч-ще, еврейская б-ка, гимнастич.-спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1920-х гг. в еврейской школе преподавание велось на рус. яз. (один из предметов – идиш). В помещении школы работали еврейская б-ка и клуб «Цукунфт», в к-ром проводились лит. вечера, читались лекции о творчестве еврейских писателей, действовали драматич. кружок, хор, веч. курсы идиша, ряд кружков (чл. клуба было 50 чел., собиралось 150–200). В 1920-х гг. К. был местом ссылки осужденных сионистов. В 1930-х гг. синагога была закрыта, свитки Торы переданы в краевой музей. В 1940-х гг. численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет высланных из Латвии и Литвы и эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР. В 1956 в К. был арестован З.А.Мангейм (р. 1910) за распространение сионистской лит-ры.Большой вклад в становление и развитие инфраструктуры К., и в частности здравоохранения, внесли: Исай Исаакович Гительзон (1896–1965), дерматолог, организатор кожно-венерологич. службы в Красноярском крае, отец И.И. Гительзона; Ефим Исаакович Прахин (р. 1938), педиатр, д-р мед. наук (1985), проф. (1989), с 1987 зав. кафедрой дет. болезней леч. ф-та Красноярского гос. мед. ин-та, чл. Союза педиатров России, с 1993 – пред. Проблемной комиссии по мед. аспектам питания РАМН, акад. Рос. академии естествознания (1995), с 1993 – зам. дир. по науч. работе НИИ мед. проблем Севера РАМН, разработал нормативы физич. развития детей разл. этнич. групп и сбалансир. питания детей на Севере; Абрам Танхелевич Пшоник (1900–1974), ученый-физиолог, д-р биол. наук (1952), проф. (1953), основатель изв. в России и за рубежом физиол. науч. школы; Жан Жозефович Рапопорт (р. 1930), д-р мед. наук (1969), проф. (1970), один из основателей красноярской науч. школы педиатров. Новаторские методы в систему организации и обеспечения авиаперелетов и авиаперевозок края внедрил Борис Михайлович Абрамович (р. 1960), ген. дир. ОАО «Авиакомпания «Красноярские авиалинии», «Отличник воздушного транспорта России», «Засл. работник транспорта РФ», «Поч. гражданин г. Красноярска».В 1990 в К. была организована еврейская религ. община (пред. в 1997–2002 – Яков Вольфович Бриль, р. 1948, Жмеринка, с 2002 – Юрий Самуилович Лившиц, р. 1956, Брянск). В 1990 в К. была открыта синагога (по субботам собирается 35–40 чел., в праздники – 600–800 чел.). Действует еврейское кладбище. С 1990 существует Об-во еврейской культуры «Гаскала» (с 1998 – Красноярская краевая еврейская нац.-культурная автономия «Гаскала»). В 1999 при «Гаскале» открыт общинно-благотворит. центр «Хесэд Эстер Красноярск». В 1998 построено новое здание синагоги. В 1997–98 раввином К. был представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шмая Глик. С 1999 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Беньямин-Лейб Вагнер (р. 1980, Иерусалим).В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Ю.Алешковский, Д.И.Гольдберг, Е.А.Давидович, В.В.Крайнев, М.И.Литвин, Ю.И.Любич, Э.Э.Найдич; Леонид Яковлевич Гинзбург (1901–1976, Москва), юрист, проф. (1930), д-р юрид. наук (1935), сын Я.Л.Гинзбурга, специалист в обл. сов. трудового права, автор более 300 науч. работ, в т. ч. 5 моногр., в 1934–54 был репрессирован; Юрий Яковлевич Грицман (1921–1994, Москва), хирург, онколог, д-р мед. наук (1963), проф. (1968), одним из первых в СССР осуществил операцию по пересадке почки и реплантацию конечности, разрабатывал вопросы ранней диагностики злокачеств. опухолей; Ян (Яков) Борухович Фрид (Фридлянд) (р. 1908), кинорежиссер, в 1926–28 – худож. рук. ТРАМа в Новосибирске, с 1938 – реж. «Ленфильма», среди к/ф – «Балтийская слава» (1957), «Сильва» (1980), «Дон Сезар де Базан» (1989) и др.; Абрам Григорьевич Шацкий (1900–1938), политич. деятель, секр. Смоленского обкома, дел. 16-го и 17-го парт. съездов ВКП(б), репрессирован., extra_data="{'translat...")
KRASNOZAVODSK, a city (since 1940) in the Sergiev Posad district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1989 55 Jews (0.2%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KRASNOZNAMENSK (until 1946 - Lazdenen), a city, a regional center in the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1734. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Vost. Prussia as part of Germany. Since 1945, it has been a part of the RSFSR. In 1989, 5 Jews lived in the region, and in 2003 there were 12 Jews in Kazakhstan.
KRASNYANKA, a village in the Tyvrovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1794. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district Podolsk lips. Since 1924 - the center of the Jewish national. the village council of the Tyvrovsky district of the Vinnitsa okr., from 1932 - the Vinnitsa region. In 1897 33 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 418 Jews, in 1910 - 611, in 1939 - St. 1000 Jews (64.1%). 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan was petty trade. By 1939 many. Jews left K.
KRASNYANSKY Emmanuil Borisovich (1891, Tiflis - 1982, Moscow), director. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917). From 1912 he was an actor, in 1920–21 dir. People's House in Tiflis. Since 1922 - in Moscow. t-re Glavpolitprosvet, in the Zamoskvoretsky drama. t-re. In 1923-24, thin. hands. opera workshop "Young Creativity", where he staged op. "Pagliacci" R. Leoncavallo. In 1924-30 dir. Moscow t-ra satire, staged performances "House at the Crossroads" by M.Ya. Trieger (1927), "Lear for Rent" by V.V.Shkvarkin, "Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev (both - 1928) and others. staged satire and comedy at the Theater (Leningrad). In 1930–41 dir., Then thin. hands. The first mobile worker (later Moscow Theater named after NE Bauman), staged: "Icebreaker" by K. Gorbunov (1930), "Aristocrats" by NF Pogodin (1936), "Uncle Vanya" AP Chekhov (1941) and others. In 1942 and in 1944–60 Ch. dir. Moscow satire (in 1943-44 artistic director of the Drama Theater named after S.M. Zwilling in Chelyabinsk), post: "Lev Gurych Sinichkin" after D.T. Lensky (1948), "The Comedy of Errors "W. Shakespeare (1949)," London Slums "by B. Shaw (1950)," Monsieur Duroy "after G. de Maupassant (1951)," Where is this street, where is this house | " VA Dykhovichny and MR Slobodsky (1953), “The Golden Calf” based on I. Ilf and E. Petrov (1958), etc. Since 1960 he has staged performances in various theaters and on television. Honored. a figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1956). Cit .: Meetings on the way. M., 1967; Servants of the Three Muses. M '1987.
RED WINDOWS (up to 1919 - Windows), an urban-type settlement (from 1959), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century Since 1792 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 182 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1530 (62.9%), in 1923 - 1528, in 1939 - 1258 Jews (27.3%). 3 synagogues. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade. In the summer of 1941, KO occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Sep 20 1941 more than 2 thousand Jews were deported from KO to Dubossary (present-day Dubasar) and there were shot. In KO family: IM Gelfand; Zinovy ​​Stolyar (b. 1924), musicologist, historian of mold. music, author of the works "Folk music of the Jews of the Republic of Moldova", "Under one sky. Jews and Musical Culture of Moldova ”(Chisinau, 1993).
KRASNYSTAV, a city (since 1394) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Krasnost in the Lublin province. In 1857, 151 Jews (4.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1933 (19.6%), in 1913 - 2254 (23.4%), in 1921 - 1754 Jews (19.6%). about Jews K. belongs to the 15th century. In 1584–1765 Jews were forbidden to live in Kazakhstan. In 1799 a synagogue was built. In the 1870s. another building was erected; at the same time a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbis in Kazakhstan were Naftoli Chervonykamen (1870–?) and Shlema Goltsvaig. In 1915, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a community in the United States; in 1920, the Jewish Credit Bank was founded in Kazakhstan, and later two more banks. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 14 Sept. 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied K. In the first days 13 Jews were killed. 24 Sep 1939, units of the Red Army entered Kazakhstan, leaving it after 2 weeks. Part of the Jews left the city together with the troops of the Red Army. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in August. 1940 - ghetto. In apr. 1942 approx. 2 thousand Jews from the K. ghetto were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. Last Jews in Sept. 1942 were sent to the camp in Travniki.
RED MAY, see Krasnomayskiy.
KRASNY-ADMONY Grigory Yakovlevich (Goivish Notovich) (1881, Genichesk of Melitopol district, Tavricheskaya province - 1970, Leningrad), lawyer, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-that (1906). In 1907 he passed the external exams for the course in law. Faculty of Kharkov University. From 1908 pom. attorney at law at St. Petersburg. court. chamber, since 1910 attorney at law. The author of Art. on the history of the Jewish people. Since 1896, members OPE, was elected to his committee, participated in the organization of the Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va and about-va for scientific. Jewish ed., was included in the ed. "Jewish Encyclopedia", wrote a number of articles for it. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he took part in organizing aid to Jewish refugees from the front-line districts. After 1917, one of the organizers of Petrograd. in-that higher. Jewish knowledge, read the course “Dr.-Semitic. right". Member Commissions for scientific ed. documents of ritual processes in Russia, headed the Commission for the study. history of Jews in Russia. Under the arm. K.-A. the 1st volume of "Materials for the history of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia" was published. From ser. In the 1920s, unable to deal with Jewish issues, he switched to work in the legal profession, from which he was expelled in the 1950s during the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism."
RED HILL, a city, a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1776 - the district town of the Tver governorship, since 1796 - the provincial town of Vesyegonsky district. Tver province. In 1926, 27 Jews (0.5%) lived in K. Kh., In 1939 - 20 Jews.
RED Lev Isaakovich (b. 1911, Petersburg), geologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. mining institute Worked early. geology, exp. in D.Vostok, head. dep. East Institute of Geology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector Geological. Institute in Leningrad. scientific. tr. in the region. regional geology, geology, cartography, tectonics, mineralogy, metallogeny. Compiled geology, maps of the Pacific Ocean. Author of scientific. printed works, monographs. Linen. (1964). Cit .: Geology and Mineral Resources of Western Priokhotye. M., 1960; Tectonic problems. taxonomy. M., 1972; Geology of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Region. M., 1980; Geology and Mineralogy of the USSR. L., 1991.
RED RAY (until 1920 - Kryndachevka), a city (from 1926) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1880s. in the Taganrog env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939, 918 Jews lived in KL, in 1970 - 629 Jews (0.6%). 1942 in K.L. several were shot. dozens of Jews. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to KL. In the 1950s – 60s. in K. L. in a specially rented house an illegal was operating. minyan under the arm. Lubavitch Hasid D. Okunev; until 1969 there was an unofficial shohet. In Okunev's house, a mikvah was arranged in an unheated storeroom. In K.L. there is a Jewish cemetery. Since 1998, the community "Or-Menachem" has been operating in KL (formerly Yakov Khaimovich Basin, b. 1941). In 2002, approx. 300 Jews. KL genus. Lazar Yurievich Shlyafer (b. 1930), production organizer, vice-president. South-Russian branch of Acad. mining sciences, honored. miner RF.
RED OCTOBER, now in the city of Yenakiyevo, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 83 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
RED UNDER, a village in Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1926 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony. In the 1930s. - in the Stalindorf Jewish nat. env. Dnipropetrovsk Region The first colonists of KP were Jewish settlers from the village of Ingulets. In 1942, a small group of Jews was shot in KP.
RED PROFINTERN, now part of the city of Yenakiyevo, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 58 Jews lived in KP.
RED Sasha (lit. ps; real name and surname. Alexander Davidovich Bryanskiy) (1882, Sevastopol - 1995, Moscow), poet. In 1908 he entered the Odessa Art. uch-shche (class of painting). After graduation he performed on the stage, from 1911 as an actor of the theater "Around the World" he took part in tours across Russia. First Sat verse, came out in 1912. Member of the 1st world. war, was wounded, awarded Georg. cross of the IV degree. Participant of Civil. war, served in the protection of V. I. Lenin. In the 1920s. worked in gas. "Beep". Created an agit. the pop group "T-r Sasha Krasny", with which he toured in the 1920s and 30s. One of the founders of the "Blue Blouse" movement. Cit .: Blue Blouse. M., 1923; Contrasts. M., 1990; Only about love. Tula, 1993.
RED SULIN (until 1926 - Sulin), a city (from 1926) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1797. In 1939, 54 Jews lived in K.S.
KRASNY YAR, a village, a regional center in the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). Since 1785 - the district town of the Astrakhan province. Since 1925 - a rural settlement. In 1864, 28 Jews lived in K. Ya., In 1910 - 39 (0.3%), in 1926 - 31 (0.3%), in 1939 - 7 Jews. In 1898, in Krasnoyarsk ... 9 Jews lived. part of the Jewish population of K. Ya. in the 19th century. were the lower ranks and artisans.
KRASOVICHI, see Krasavichi.
KRASYATICHI, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all four grocery stores and a distillery plant (founded in 1896). 1941 three Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KRATOVO, a village in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. 341 Jews (3.4%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, 28 Jews (0.5%) in 1989.
KRAVETS Alexander Samuilovich (b. 1939, Yartsevo, Smolensk region), specialist in the field of philosophy of natural science. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. (1977). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Voronezh University (1961). Since 1966 he has been working at the department. philosophy of Voronezh University (since 1977 head of the department). In the works of K. issl. problems of determinism, the ideas of the specific are substantiated. the probabilistic structure of natural processes, socio-cultural problems of the development of science are considered. Vol .: Probability and systems. Voronezh, 1970; The nature of probability. (Philosophical aspects). M., 1976; Unity and communication physical. theories. Voronezh, 1987; Ideals and idols of science. Voronezh, 1993.
KRAVETS Mordukh (Mikhail) Pinkhusovich (1920, Melitopol - 2005, Podolsk), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. In 1942 he graduated from the auto-motorcycle school. At the front - from June 1942. Kom. reconnaissance tank platoon. brigades, Art. leith. K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his courage shown in battles during the crossing of the Dnieper and during the liberation of Fastov. In 1951 he graduated from the Military. academy armored. and mechanics. troops. Colonel K. has been in reserve since 1971. He was awarded 6 orders.
KRAVETS Samuil Mironovich (1891, Vilna - 1966, Moscow), architect. In 1922 he graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in Petrograd. Main works: the building of the Gosprom in Kharkov (1925–28, jointly with S. Serafimov, M. Felger), Art. Moscow metro "Kropotkinskaya" (outer lobby, former Palace of Soviets, 1935), "Airport" (1938, with B. Vilensky, V. Ershov), residential buildings in Leningrad, etc.
KRAVITSKY Yosef (1869, Berezovka, Poltava province. - 1939, Haifa), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at yeshivas in the townships of Mir and Volozhin. In the 1890s. settled in Chernigov, was engaged in trade, was one of the founders of a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew. In 1917 he was elected. Jewish community of Chernigov, at the same time. led by a local Zionist. org-tion. The Zionist continued. activity and after its prohibition, was repeatedly arrested. From 1925 - in E.-I., headed the branch of the Mizrahi movement in Haifa.
KRAVTSOV Aron Abramovich (1896, Tagancha Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1942), painter, graphic artist. In 1918–21 he was an art illustrator for children. book in Odessa. In 1922–28 he studied at VKHUTEMAS under VA Favorsky, an assistant to which he worked in 1936–40 at the Institute for Advanced Training of Artists. Since 1928 participated in the exhibition "Art to the masses", "Second All-Ukrainian. exhibition ", etc. In the 1930s. K. was accused of formalism. After K.'s death at the front, his works were acquired by a number of museums, including the Pushkin Museum.
KRAVTSOV Gershon Abramovich (1906, Chernevtsy of Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. - 1981, Moscow), graphic artist, woodcut, painter. He studied in Moscow at the orphanage. K. Marx for the artist. gifted teenagers. Having mastered typography and bookbinding, he chose the specialty of woodcut engraver thin. book In 1929–35 he studied at VKHUTEMAS - VKHUTEIN under VA Favorsky. Then he worked in the publishing house "Sov. writer ", Detgiz and others. K. illustrated and designed over 400 editions, including:" Song of Roland "(1938)," Conversations with loved ones "by L.M. Kvitko (1939)," Armenian poetry "( 1946), “Fav. translations "S.Ya. Marshak (1958)," Word about Igor's regiment "(1961). In addition to books. graphs izv. engravings on linoleum, pl. pencil drawings, oil and monument, painting. As a master of the Hebrew type, K. created new typefaces (primarily for the magazine "Sovetish Gameland", with which he collaborated since 1961). From the beginning. 1930s K. made out many. book Jewish writers both in Yiddish and in per. in Russian lang .: "Brothers" by PD Markish (1933), "Treasure" by IS Fefer (1939), "Kolev Ashkinazi" by M. Wiener (1938), "Jewish folk songs" (1949), collection. op. Sholem Aleichem (1957) and others. K. - the author of St. 200 bookplates in woodcut technique, dedicated to I.S. Zilberstein, Favorsky, Yu.A. Gagarin, etc., as well as purely type bookplates, including with text in Yiddish for A.Yu. Gontar, M. Shulman, G.L. Roshal, A. .A. Vergelis. From the end. 1920s constantly participated in art. exhibitions. In the last years of his life he worked on the Jewish primer m.
KRAYCHIK Moris Borisovich (1882, Minsk - 1957, Belgium), mathematician. He worked in Liege, Brussels, New York. Author of a textbook on number theory and collection of works. classic and new problems of entertaining arithmetic. In 1931 he created a journal dedicated to mat. entertainment (his publication ceased during the 2nd World War). On the initiative of K., two international conferences were organized and held. Congr. in entertaining mathematics (1935, Brussels; 1937, New York).
KRAYMAN Matus Iosifovich (b. 1912, Nikolaev, Kherson province), teacher. In 1931–37 the head. dep., deputy. dir. the Nikolaev House (then the Palace) of pioneers. At the same time. studied at geogr. f-those ped. in-that. In 1938–41 - to the Center. children excursion tourist. station (Moscow): instructor, head. dep. 1941–50 - dispatcher, early. shifts to defense, production. Since 1962 hand. dep. tourism in Moscow. mountains. Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren. Organizer tourist-ethnographer, exp. schoolchildren "My homeland is the USSR". Methodist Experiment. center of local history, ethnography and excursions. D. h. Ros. geogr. about-va. Author pl. manuals on issues. tourism, local history, organization of school museums: "Tourist minimum" (1954), "Know and love your city" (1984), collection of works. "Young defenders of Moscow" (1985), ref. "School museums in Moscow and the Moscow region" (1993), etc. (all works published in Moscow).
KRAINEV Vladimir Vsevolodovich (b. 1944, Krasnoyarsk), pianist, teacher. Prof. (1992). In 1962 he graduated from the Center. muses. ten-year school at Moscow. cons. by class f-p. In 1962–67 he studied at Moscow. cons. G.G. and S.G. Neigauzov, in 1969 graduated from graduate school there. Since 1966 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic, since 1987 teaches at Moscow. cons. Since 1994 - at the Higher. School of Music in Hannover (FRG). K. often performs in the chamber. ans. both with instrumentalists and with singers, and he builds many programs according to the "sleepy principle". Performing style K. is distinguished by emo. richness, veracity of the created arts, images. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. piano competition in Leeds (Great Britain) (1963), 1st place at the International. competition them. J. Viana da Mota in Lisbon (1964), 1st premiere, at the Intern. pianist competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1970). Nar. art. RSFSR (1984). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1976). State pr. USSR (1986).
EXTREMELY FIRST, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in Keletsky district. Keletskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 108 Jews (5.7%) lived in KP, in 1939 - 5 Jewish families. Jews have lived in KP since the 19th century. Main The occupations were handicrafts and carriage. In the fall of 1942 the Jews of KP were deported to Bodzentin, then to Treblinka.
THE EXTREME MARTYNKA, a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, approx. 10 Jewish families. The Jewish population of KM was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KRAYSK, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk province, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1847 152 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 549 Jews (87.2%). Z. Tsur.
STEAL, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Crozi Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 1,048 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1888 - 1125 (33%), in 1897 - 906 (51%), in 1923 - 470, in 1929 - 535 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi K. was Yakov Shur, in the middle. 18th century - Itskhok Hurwitz, at 18 - early. 19th century - Yehuda-Leib Ziv, at the beginning. 19th century - Mordkhe Rabinovich, Simkha Gorvits (? - 1894), Zvulon-Leib Lipman, Itskhok Lipkin (son of I. Salanter). All R. 19th century there were 2 synagogues, several. heders, Jewish cemetery. In 1880 there were 192 Jewish artisans in Kazakhstan (including 52 tailors, 30 bristle workers, and 25 shoemakers). In 1888 the Dorshei Zion Palestinian Society was created. In 1921 a school with Hebrew teaching was opened in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. In 1885-1921 Zeev-Wolf Turbovich (1846-1921) was rabbi of K., in 1921-23 - Yosef-Avigdor Lipman, in 1932-34 - Eliyahu-Mordkhe Volkovsky, Eliyahu Kremerman (? - 1941) Jews K. were shot on 25 July and 2 Sept. 1941, born in K. M.-D. Magid.
KRECHMER Louis (1876, Grodno - 1964, New York), playwright. Since 1888 - in the USA. Until 1902 he participated in the Jewish slave. movement, then became a professional actor and theater. dir. in NYC. At the age of 14, he composed his first play, then wrote sketches and monologues for the Jewish scene. Among the naib. popul. dram. manuf. K., put. on stage: "Der cienist" ("Zionist"), "Fremde mames" ("Foreign mothers"), "Di farshpetikte hupe" ("Belated wedding"), "Dos umgliklikhe meidl" ("Unhappy girl"), "Mendl Baileys "," Der greener Hosn "(" The Green Bridegroom ")," Schneider Spieln Theater "(" Tailors Play the Theater ") and others. about the history of the Jewish t-ra in the USA.
RUNNING, see Krichev.
KREER Vitold Anatolyevich (b. 1932, Moscow), athlete (athletics). Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, Honored Trainer of the USSR. He played for Dynamo Society (Moscow region). Bronze medalist Olympus. games 1956, 1960 and 1964. Two-time champion of the USSR 1960 and 1961. Mn. years was the coach of the USSR national team. The author of the book. "Triple jump", "Looking for a like-minded person." Awarded hordes. "Badge of honor".
KREIN Selim Grigorievich (Gershkovich) (1917, Kiev - 1999), mathematician. Dr. Tech. Sciences 950), prof. (1955). Brother of M.G. Kerin. Graduated from Kiev University (1940). He worked in the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1941–51), in the Krivoy Rog Mining Institute (1952–54), in the Voronezh Forestry Engineering Institute. in-those (1954–62), from 1962 - in Voronezh University. Main research results. in the region. function theory, func. analysis, variats. calculus, differenti. Ur-Niy, Applied Mathematics, Works: Linear Differentials. ur-tion in a Banach space. M., 1967; Linear equations in Banach space. M., 1971; Interpolation of linear operators. Moscow, 1978 (with Yu.I. Petunin and E.M. Semenov).
KREKHAEV, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1712. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kozeletsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897 60 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 16 Jews. 1941 11 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KREKHOVICHI, a village in the Rozhnyatovsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a small town in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 308 Jews (15.3%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 175 Jews (8%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan. with ser. 18th century In 1758 a Jew owned an inn in K. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and transportation. In 1897 the Zionist circle "Zion" was formed in Kazakhstan. 20th century Jews owned an inn, a brewery and a sawmill, where many worked. Jews. Minyan was going to the Shohet's house. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied a Hungarian. troops. The Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in the summer of 1942.
KRELIN (real family. Kreindlin) Julius Zusmanovich (b. 1929, Moscow), writer, surgeon. Cand. honey. sciences. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1954 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. Published since 1964. In his works. K. raises specific problems of medical work. Cit .: Seven days a week. Surgeon's notes. M., 1967; Surgeon. M., 1974; Transfusion of forces. From the life of surgeons. M., 1977; Diagnosis game. M., 1982.
KREMENCHUG, a village in Soroksky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kremenchuk Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 121 Jews (29.5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930 - 105 Jews. 19th century 68 Jewish families of Kazakhstan were engaged in tobacco growing. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated.
KREMENCHUK, see Kremenchuk, Republic of Moldova.
KREMENCHUKI, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 3 shops, unity. brick factory In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the camp with. The Great Eagles were shot in July 1942.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КРЕМЕНЕЦ, город, районный центр в Тернопольской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1226. Со 2-й пол. 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1552 в К. проживало 240 евреев (10,6%), в 1578 – ок. 500, в 1629 – 854 (15%), в 1765 – 649, в 1847 – 3791, в 1857 – 3726, в 1864 – 4261 (49,8%), в 1884 – 4391, в 1897 – 6539 (37%), в 1902 – 6990, в 1910 – 8178 (36,3%), в 1921 – 6616 (41,4%), в 1931 – 7256 (36,5%), в 1941 – св. 8500, в 1942 – 9340 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к 1438. В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из города и вернулись в К. в 1503. В 1536 по требованию гор. магистрата вел. князь литовский запретил евреям пользоваться привилегиями, установленными для горожан. В 1551 еврейское население было освобождено от уплаты «серебрщины» наравне с др. литов. общинами. В 1563 в К. существовали 2 синагоги, еврейская больница, иешива, еврейское кладбище. Врачом был Элеазар Коген. Община К. участвовала в «Вааде четырех земель». В 1648–49 мн. евреи были уничтожены казацкими отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, в результате чего община пришла в упадок. В 1650 община была восстановлена.В 16–17 вв. известностью пользовались раввины К. Авром Хазан (?–1510), Ицхок Шапиро (?–1573), Мордхе Йоффе, с 1587 – Шимон бен Бецалель, в нач. 1660-х гг. – Нахман Рапопорт, в кон. 18 в. – Мордхе Гальперин.Во время Сев. войны евреи К. в 1708 пострадали от проходивших через город войск.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в К. сложилась община хасидов, к-рую возглавил сын Ихла-Михла из Золочева Мордхе (1746–1820).В 1857 в К. действовало 9 синагог, в 1889 – 10 синагог (4 каменных и 6 деревянных), еврейская больница, богадельня. В 1-й пол. 19 в. раввинами К. были Довид-Цви Ойербах, Цви-Гирш Рокеах, в 1878–81 – внук Д.-Ц. Ойербаха Нафтоли-Герц Беренштейн. В 1890-х гг. в К. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион» во главе с Г.Н.Прилуцким и д-ром Тувьей Хиндесом. Благодаря деятельности И.Б.Левинзона К. стал одним из центров Гаскалы. В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции; функционировало отд-ние Бунда.В 1910 в К. имелись 13 синагог, хедеры, талмуд-тора, нач. казенное еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, частное жен. уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. Торговля и ремесла практически полностью были сосредоточены в руках евреев. В 1913 в К. работали еврейская больница (осн. в 1842) с богадельней и амбулаторией, дамский кружок, оказывавший помощь «бедным родильницам». Тогда же евреям принадлежали 5 гостиниц, 4 типографии, кирпичный, меловой, пивоваренный, чугунолитейный з-ды, спичечная ф-ка и ф-ка с.-х. машин, мебельная и ювелирная мастерские, 8 лавок (в т. ч. 5 книжных). В 1914 действовали еврейское об-во вспомоществования бедным, ссудная касса; казенным раввином был Борис Израилевич Кунин. Раввином в К. в 1907–27 был Янкель-Хаим Шендерович (?–1927). В 1915 выходцы из К. основали в США землячество.В дек. 1917 отряд еврейской самообороны предотвратил в К. погром. 12 мая 1919 погром в К. учинили части Директории.В 1925 в К. был создан Еврейский нар. банк, ставший отд-нием Еврейского кооперативного кредитного банка. В 1922–28 в К. работала гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1928–39 – школа сети «Тарбут». В 1920–30-х гг. имелись школа ОРТа, дет. сад, талмуд-тора, иешива, неск. еврейских б-к, самодеят. т-р и оркестр. В 1927–31 раввином К. был Ицхок Рапапорт (?–1931), в 1931–41 – его зять Мордхе Мандюк (?–1941).В 1931–33 выходила еженед. газ. «Кременицер штиме», в 1932–33 – «Кременицер вохенблат». В 1933 обе газ. объединились в еженед. газ. «Кременицер лебн», выходившую до 1939. В 1920–30-х гг. продолжали работать отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Еврейская молодежь активно участвовала в подпольных коммунистич. орг-циях.В сент. 1939, в первые дни после начала 2-й мир. войны, в К. оказались тысячи беженцев, среди к-рых были президент Польши И.Мосьцицкий и члены пр-ва. 22 сент. 1939 К. заняли части РККА; мэром К. нек-рое время был местный коммунист-еврей. Школа сети «Тарбут» была преобразована в школу с преподаванием на идише.3 июля 1941 К. заняли герм. войска. В тот же день украинская полиция устроила погром, в ходе к-рого было расстреляно ок. 500 евреев. В авг. 1941 в К. был создан юденрат во главе с д-ром Бенционом Кацем (вскоре расстрелянным за неподчинение герм. властям), тогда же уничтожена вся еврейская интеллигенция (неск. сотен чел.), взорвана Гл. синагога, разрушено еврейское кладбище. Массовые расстрелы евреев продолжались в окт. 1941. 1 марта 1942 уцелевшие евреи (9340 чел.) были заключены в гетто. 10 авг. 1942 из К. в Белую Криницу было переведено ок. 1500 евреев-ремесленников. 11 авг. 1941 в К. началось уничтожение гетто, длившееся неделю, в ходе к-рого погибло св. 6400 чел. Во время этой «акции» подпольщики гетто оказали сопротивление, ранив неск. немцев и украинских полицейских. После освобождения К. в марте 1944 в живых оставалось ок. 20 евреев.В К. на еврейском кладбище сохранились памятники 17 в.В 2003 в К. имелось еврейское население.В К. род.: Й.Авидар, А.П.Гринберг, М.С.Караш, Л.О.Котелянский, И.-Б.Левинзон, Г.Н. Прилуцкий, Д.Ройхель, И.Стерн, Я.Шейфер; Юлиан Евсеевич Барац (1889–1938, Москва), физик, проф. МЭИ, репрессирован; Михаил Яковлевич Вайнберг (Соколов) (1899–1938), сотрудник ГРУ, бриг. комиссар (1936), в 1937–38 – нач. 3-го отд. Разведуправления, нагр. орд. Кр. Знамени (1928), репрессирован.З.Вагнер,Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=КРЕМЕНЕЦ, город, районный центр в Тернопольской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1226. Со 2-й пол. 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1552 в К. проживало 240 евреев (10,6%), в 1578 – ок. 500, в 1629 – 854 (15%), в 1765 – 649, в 1847 – 3791, в 1857 – 3726, в 1864 – 4261 (49,8%), в 1884 – 4391, в 1897 – 6539 (37%), в 1902 – 6990, в 1910 – 8178 (36,3%), в 1921 – 6616 (41,4%), в 1931 – 7256 (36,5%), в 1941 – св. 8500, в 1942 – 9340 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. относится к 1438. В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из города и вернулись в К. в 1503. В 1536 по требованию гор. магистрата вел. князь литовский запретил евреям пользоваться привилегиями, установленными для горожан. В 1551 еврейское население было освобождено от уплаты «серебрщины» наравне с др. литов. общинами. В 1563 в К. существовали 2 синагоги, еврейская больница, иешива, еврейское кладбище. Врачом был Элеазар Коген. Община К. участвовала в «Вааде четырех земель». В 1648–49 мн. евреи были уничтожены казацкими отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, в результате чего община пришла в упадок. В 1650 община была восстановлена.В 16–17 вв. известностью пользовались раввины К. Авром Хазан (?–1510), Ицхок Шапиро (?–1573), Мордхе Йоффе, с 1587 – Шимон бен Бецалель, в нач. 1660-х гг. – Нахман Рапопорт, в кон. 18 в. – Мордхе Гальперин.Во время Сев. войны евреи К. в 1708 пострадали от проходивших через город войск.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в К. сложилась община хасидов, к-рую возглавил сын Ихла-Михла из Золочева Мордхе (1746–1820).В 1857 в К. действовало 9 синагог, в 1889 – 10 синагог (4 каменных и 6 деревянных), еврейская больница, богадельня. В 1-й пол. 19 в. раввинами К. были Довид-Цви Ойербах, Цви-Гирш Рокеах, в 1878–81 – внук Д.-Ц. Ойербаха Нафтоли-Герц Беренштейн. В 1890-х гг. в К. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион» во главе с Г.Н.Прилуцким и д-ром Тувьей Хиндесом. Благодаря деятельности И.Б.Левинзона К. стал одним из центров Гаскалы. В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции; функционировало отд-ние Бунда.В 1910 в К. имелись 13 синагог, хедеры, талмуд-тора, нач. казенное еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, частное жен. уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. Торговля и ремесла практически полностью были сосредоточены в руках евреев. В 1913 в К. работали еврейская больница (осн. в 1842) с богадельней и амбулаторией, дамский кружок, оказывавший помощь «бедным родильницам». Тогда же евреям принадлежали 5 гостиниц, 4 типографии, кирпичный, меловой, пивоваренный, чугунолитейный з-ды, спичечная ф-ка и ф-ка с.-х. машин, мебельная и ювелирная мастерские, 8 лавок (в т. ч. 5 книжных). В 1914 действовали еврейское об-во вспомоществования бедным, ссудная касса; казенным раввином был Борис Израилевич Кунин. Раввином в К. в 1907–27 был Янкель-Хаим Шендерович (?–1927). В 1915 выходцы из К. основали в США землячество.В дек. 1917 отряд еврейской самообороны предотвратил в К. погром. 12 мая 1919 погром в К. учинили части Директории.В 1925 в К. был создан Еврейский нар. банк, ставший отд-нием Еврейского кооперативного кредитного банка. В 1922–28 в К. работала гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1928–39 – школа сети «Тарбут». В 1920–30-х гг. имелись школа ОРТа, дет. сад, талмуд-тора, иешива, неск. еврейских б-к, самодеят. т-р и оркестр. В 1927–31 раввином К. был Ицхок Рапапорт (?–1931), в 1931–41 – его зять Мордхе Мандюк (?–1941).В 1931–33 выходила еженед. газ. «Кременицер штиме», в 1932–33 – «Кременицер вохенблат». В 1933 обе газ. объединились в еженед. газ. «Кременицер лебн», выходившую до 1939. В 1920–30-х гг. продолжали работать отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Еврейская молодежь активно участвовала в подпольных коммунистич. орг-циях.В сент. 1939, в первые дни после начала 2-й мир. войны, в К. оказались тысячи беженцев, среди к-рых были президент Польши И.Мосьцицкий и члены пр-ва. 22 сент. 1939 К. заняли части РККА; мэром К. нек-рое время был местный коммунист-еврей. Школа сети «Тарбут» была преобразована в школу с преподаванием на идише.3 июля 1941 К. заняли герм. войска. В тот же день украинская полиция устроила погром, в ходе к-рого было расстреляно ок. 500 евреев. В авг. 1941 в К. был создан юденрат во главе с д-ром Бенционом Кацем (вскоре расстрелянным за неподчинение герм. властям), тогда же уничтожена вся еврейская интеллигенция (неск. сотен чел.), взорвана Гл. синагога, разрушено еврейское кладбище. Массовые расстрелы евреев продолжались в окт. 1941. 1 марта 1942 уцелевшие евреи (9340 чел.) были заключены в гетто. 10 авг. 1942 из К. в Белую Криницу было переведено ок. 1500 евреев-ремесленников. 11 авг. 1941 в К. началось уничтожение гетто, длившееся неделю, в ходе к-рого погибло св. 6400 чел. Во время этой «акции» подпольщики гетто оказали сопротивление, ранив неск. немцев и украинских полицейских. После освобождения К. в марте 1944 в живых оставалось ок. 20 евреев.В К. на еврейском кладбище сохранились памятники 17 в.В 2003 в К. имелось еврейское население.В К. род.: Й.Авидар, А.П.Гринберг, М.С.Караш, Л.О.Котелянский, И.-Б.Левинзон, Г.Н. Прилуцкий, Д.Ройхель, И.Стерн, Я.Шейфер; Юлиан Евсеевич Барац (1889–1938, Москва), физик, проф. МЭИ, репрессирован; Михаил Яковлевич Вайнберг (Соколов) (1899–1938), сотрудник ГРУ, бриг. комиссар (1936), в 1937–38 – нач. 3-го отд. Разведуправления, нагр. орд. Кр. Знамени (1928), репрессирован.З.Вагнер,Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
KREMENETSKY Johann (Johanan) (1850, Odessa - 1934, Vienna), businessman, politician. Graduated from Berlin Technol. in-t. Participated in the construction of w. the village of Baku-Tiflis. Several years worked in Paris together with P.N. Yablochkov, invented a method of signaling on the railway. In 1880 he settled in Vienna, where he built the first electric lamp plant in Austria-Hungary and the largest in Europe. He was a friend and assistant to T. Herzl. On the 1st Zionist. Congr. (1897) elected to the board of the World. Zionist. org-tion (he held this post until 1905), at subsequent congr. (1905-13) was elected member. Will execute it. to-that. Based on the memorandum proposed by K. 5th Zionist. Congr. (1901), the Jewish nat. fund for the acquisition and development of land in E.-I. (K. headed it until 1907). After the 1st world. During the war, K. built a plant of electrical appliances in Tel Aviv, and in 1920 (with B. Goldberg a plant for building materials.
FLINT Pavel (Pinkhus) (1890, Stomach of Vilna province - 1981, Kere, France), painter. In 1908-12 he studied at the Vilnius Art. school together with H. Sutin and M. Kikoin. Since 1912 - in France. He was engaged in sculpture, painting. Participated in the Paris Salons - Autumn, Independent and Tuileries. In 1922 - in the "Exhibition of Thirteen" Russian. poets and artists in the Chameleon cafe. In 1923, together with Russian. by the Parisians, he organized the "Blow" exhibition group and arranged the first solo exhibition. In 1928 he presented three paintings at the exhibition of Contemporary Art in Moscow. Personal exhibitions in Parisian gal. Van Leer (1927, 1931), Druet (1932), Gerbeau (1936). Participated in group exhibitions with Soutine, L. Volovik and others. He painted landscapes, portraits and still lifes in the manner of P. Cezanne, V. Van Gogh, Soutine. In subsequent years, he remained faithful to the style that developed in the 1920s. After the 2nd world. war solo exhibitions were held in Paris - gal. Grüse (1946) and Durand-Ruelle (1960) and in London gal. Redfern (1954).
KREMER Aron (Arkady) Iosifovich (party ps. Alexander) (1865, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1935, Vilno), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1891–97, the organizer and leading propagandist of the Jewish Social-Democratic Party groups in Vilna, author of the brochure "On Agitation" (published in 1894 under the editorship of Yu.O. Martov, in which he was the first to raise the question of the need to switch from propaganda in workers' circles to agitation based on the economic demands of workers. K.'s pamphlets became a turning point not only for the Jewish, but also for the all-Russian slave movement.K. was one of the founders of the Bund (1897) and the RSDLP, at the 1st Congress (1898) he was elected a member of the Central Committee. arrested. After his release (1900) left Russia. Abroad was a member of the Central Committee of the Bund, a member of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) with a consultative voice. In 1905 he returned to Russia, participated in the Revolution of 1905–07, later from political From 1912 to 1921 he worked as an engineer in France.Later he returned to Vilno, was engaged in teaching, from 1928 he again worked in the Bund, enjoyed great authority in its ranks.
KREMER Gidon Markusovich (b. 1947, Riga), violinist. Rod. in a family of musicians. From 1951 he studied under the hands. father - violinist-teacher M.F. Kremer. From 1954 he studied music. ten-year school at the Latvian horse, class. Ya.B. Torgonsky, in 1957–65 - at V.L. Sturesep. In 1971 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class D.F. Oistrakh and P.A. Bondarenko, in 1973 - postgraduate studies under the direction of. Oistrakh. Since 1965 he gave concerts, in which he promoted both classical and modern. music. Since 1974 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Since 1978 - in Germany. Founder (1981) and art director. Int. chamber music festival in Lockenhaus (Austria). From the beginning. 1990s lives in Paris, pl. tours. International laureate violin competitions: them. the Belgian Queen Elizabeth in Brussels (1967, 3rd avenue), in Montreal (1969, 2nd Ave.), them. N. Paganini in Genoa (1969, 1st ave.), Them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1970, 1st Ave.).
KREMER Ilya Semenovich (b. 1922, Gomel), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1971). Son of S.D. Kremer. In 1939–40 he studied history. f-those of Leningrad State University, in 1940–41 at the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–43 he worked at a defense plant, in 1943–45 at the front. In 1948 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University, worked at the Political Publishing House. literature, taught history at the technical school, in 1957-66 sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1966–74 head. dep. history in Ying-those mezhdunar. slave. movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1974–91 prof. Institute of societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1994 - prof. Linguistic. un-that in Moscow. From 1982 secret, from 1991 - gene. sec. Int. Federation of Resistance Fighters (Vienna). Member Board of the Society "Russia-Germany" and "Ros. associations of European scientists ”. Author of works on the history of Germany and international. otnosheniya. Cit .: FRG: internal policy. struggle and ext. orientation. M., 1977; Germany - stages "east." politicians. M., 1986.
KREMER Iza Yakovlevna (c. 1890, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1956, Argentina), singer (lyric soprano). Extraordinary muses. K.'s abilities appeared early. Improved the wok. craftsmanship in Italy. After a successful debut (the part of Mimi in G. Puccini's Bohemia) in 1910 on the stage of one of the Ital. t-ditch sang in opera t-ts of small provinces. cities. In 1912-14 she took lessons from the famous Milanese prof. L. Ronzi. Returning to Russia in 1914, she made her debut in the part of Mimi on the stage of the Odessa Opera House; among other parties - Violetta ("La Traviata" by G. Verdi). From 1914 she sang in an operetta. From 1915 she performed as a pop singer, soon becoming one of the pop stars in Russia. She has toured in Petrograd and Moscow. K.'s success was promoted by the genre she created - the so-called. "Mood songs" - on own. texts or made by her. from French, German, Italian lang. with an unpretentious lyric. or humorous. plot and memorable melodies, the author of which was the accompanist E. Simtses most often. K. also performed urban and gypsy romances. Since 1919 - in France. Has toured to many. countries of the world, starred in films. In the 1930s. for the first time she performed one of her most significant songs - "Russia", imbued with drama and deep homesickness. She spent the last years of her life in Argentina. She was an active member. About-va Argentino-owls. friendship.
KREMER Simon Davidovich (1900, Gomel - 1990, Odessa), military leader. Major General (1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). He graduated from the military. Faculty of Communist un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1922), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1934). In Kr. Army since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. He commanded cavalry units. In 1938–42 pom. military. attaché in the UK. In 1942–43 the beginning. app. f-that Military. in-that foreign. languages. From 1943 - at the front. Com. fur. brigade Colonel K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the skillful leadership of the battles of the brigade during the liberation of Siauliai and Jelgava. After the war - com. mechanic. divisions. He was awarded 8 orders. Since 1956 - in stock.
KREMNO, a village in the Luginsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores; in 1941, Jews of Kazakhstan (5 people) were killed during the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht.
KREMYANKA, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - German farmer. colony of Zhitomir district Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 10 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KRENTZEL Boris Abramovich (1913, Moscow - 1997, ibid.), Organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1960), prof. (1963). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. In 1937–38 and 1940–41, engineer. Giproazot in Moscow. In 1938–40, Assoc. chemical-technol. Institute in the city of Rubezhnoe (Voroshilovgrad region), in 1940–44 he worked at the production of PO Box No. 16 (Dzerzhinsk, Gorky region). In 1944-46 Art. Ing. Ch. ex. Narkomkhimprom; since 1947 in the Institute of Oil of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1992 in the Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis named after A.V. Topchiev RAS). Since 1962 head. lab., from 1987 Ch. scientific. employee, advisor in-ta. scientific. research in the region. petrochemistry, catalysis, chemistry of macromolecular and biologically active compounds. One of the creators of the original method of polypropylene production, first implemented in 1963 and widely used in oil refining. prom-sti. Author and co-author approx. 400 scientific. works, including 15 monographs, 90 inventions. Linen. pr. (1962). Etc. them. S.V. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1987), Works: Organic. semiconductors. M., 1963 (et al.); Chlorination of paraffinic hydrocarbons. M., 1964; Chemistry of liquid crystals and mesomorphic polymer systems. M., 1981 (jointly with Y.B. America); Allenic hydrocarbons. Obtaining, properties and application. M., 1987 (with E.A. Mushnina and A.M. Taber).
KREPKINA Vera Samoilovna (b. 1933, Vyatka), athlete (athletics). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. Olympus, long jump champion (Rome, 1960). Peace. record holder in 100 meters running. champion and medalist of European and USSR championships. Winner and prize-winner of many large int. sprinter, running and long jump competitions.
KREPS Evgeny Mikhailovich (1899, Petersburg - 1985, ibid.), Physiologist, biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1934), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). He graduated from the Military Medical Institute in 1923. academy. In 1923–33 an adjunct, lecturer at the Department of Physiology of the Military Medical Academy, at the same time. head the lab organized by him. to study the nerve. activity of lower organisms Murmansk Biol. Art. In 1930–31 K. worked at the Plymouth Biol. Art. in Cambridge (England). Returning to the USSR, he worked in decomp. scientific. institutions of Leningrad. In 1937 he was repressed, released in 1940. In 1940–41 the head. lab. mountains. polyclinics in Magadan, then in Luga (Leningrad region). In 1941–43 scientific. sotr. Institute of Physiology. In 1960–75, the director. Institute of Evolutionary Physiology. I.M.Sechenov, academician-secretary Dept. physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Elected before. Leningrad. Islands of biochemists and Ch. ed. founded by him special. zhurn. K. investigated the autonomic functions of the body, the respiratory functions of the blood, developed the problem of the influence of hypoxia on the metabolism of the body during underwater work. He proposed one of the methods for the early diagnosis of sepsis. He was one of the first in the USSR to study the role of cell membrane lipids in stress. He substantiated the danger of burying radioactive substances in the World Ocean. Etc. them. L.A. Orbeli of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1967). Medal J.E. Purkinje (1971). Works: Development of oxidative phosphorylation of the brain in the evolution of vertebrates. M., 1957; Cell membrane lipids: Evolution of brain lipids. L., 1961.
KHRESCHATIK, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krzhischatek of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. July 1941 K. occupied the Romanians. troops. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.
KRESLAVEL, see Kraslava of the Republic of Latvia.
KRESLAVKA, see Kraslava of the Republic of Latvia.
KRESNESHEN (until 1990 - Krasnasheny), a village in Orhei district. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. During the Holocaust, 151 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KRESTIN Lazar (1868, Kovna - 1938), painter. Studied in Munich and Vienna. Lived in Vienna. The fame was brought by paintings depicting genre scenes from Jewish life, and portraits of Jewish societies. figures.
KRESTISCHE, a village in the Krasnograd district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konstantinograd u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KRESTITELEVO, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 10 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KRESTYANOVKA, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1928 by immigrants from the Chernigov and Kiev environs. in K. lived apprx. 46 Jewish families. In the fall of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan who remained in the occupation were shot.
CREST Leon David (1900, Warsaw - 1963), lawyer, politician. From the beginning. 1900s - In Canada. In 1926 he was admitted to the Quebec Bar Association. In 1950 he was elected to the Canadian Federal Parliament from the Liberal Party. In 1922–26 ed. Canadian Juish Chronicle. He actively participated in the work of the Canadian ORT and the Jewish community of Montreal, in both organizations he held the post of priest. prez. Wrote and publ. report on the history of Jewish schools in Quebec.
CROSSES, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Since 1776 - the district town of the Novgorod governorship, then the province. Since 1917 it has been a rural settlement. 34 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1865, 19 in 1910, and 25 in 1926 (0.8 percent). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.
KRETINGA, city (since 1609) in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kretingen Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1,738 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1202 (35%), in 1923 - 904 (36%), in 1934 - approx. 800 (17%), in 1940 - approx. 1000, in 1959 - 15 (0.15%), in 1970 - 7, in 1979 - 5, in 1989 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 17th century In the end. 19th century in K. there were 3 synagogues. In 1860 there was a Jewish school, in 1902 a cheder metukan was opened, in 1910 - a private husband. Jewish 2-class school. From ser. 1890s there were Palestinian circles. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Rabbi K. was Shloymo-Zalman Zachs (? –1876), in 1878–1902 - Arie-Leib Lipkin, nephew of I. Salanter, from 1903 - Tsvi-Girsh Shor. with the help of ORT, a cooperative was founded for the production of brushes. In 1931, out of 77 stores in Kazakhstan, 64 were owned by Jews, and 18 out of 26 workshops. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish People was opened. bank. In 1928, the bank rented a building that became a cultural and economic center. life of Jews K. In addition to the bank, the building housed a school with teaching in Hebrew, Jewish children. garden, hall about-va "Maccabi", department VITSO, library and other Jewish organizations. Gmilus Hesed and Bikur Hoylim functioned in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi of K. in this period was Benjamin Persky (? –1941). His son Ber, along with two other Jews, was convicted in 1935 for communism. activity. Among other charges, possession of the communist was charged. literature in the synagogue. In 1936, as a result of the "blood libel" a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In 1939 the Jews of Kazakhstan provided assistance to refugees from Memel (present-day Klaipeda). On June 22, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Kazakhstan. On June 26, 1941, approx. 210 Jewish men, June 28 - 63 Jews, after a few. days - 15 more, in the middle. July - 120, in mid. Aug 1941 - 20 Jews. In total, during the Holocaust in Kazakhstan, more than 1,000 Jews were shot, including 356 at the Jewish cemetery. In Kazakhstan, family: V.Ya. Kiriotin; Berek (Doiv-Ber) Ioselevich (1764-1809), Polish colonel. army, com. Jewish kav. regiment during the T. Kosciuszko uprising, Chevalier Poch. legion (1805), ord. Virtuti military; Eliyahu Levinzon (1822-1888), banker, Jewish society. activist; Eliezer Schulman (1837–1904), philologist, historian of Yiddish literature.
KRETINGEN, see Kretinga.
KREVNO, see Kryaunos.
KREVO, a village in the Smorgon district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1847 438 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 809 Jews (36.7%). 19th century Shloyme-Itskhok Kabak was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1882 it was Itskhok-Elkhonon-Handel Plotnik (1841–?). In the beginning. 20th century in K. operated several. synagogues. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 25 shops (including all 11 grocery, all 5 manufacturing). In 1915, Kaman was a rabbi in K.. 5 Sept. 1915 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army and lasted 6 days; Jewish homes were plundered, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 Jews of K. were deported to the Smorgon ghetto and subsequently exterminated along with local Jews. 20th century in Kazakhstan genus. Hillel Mileikovsky (1819–1899, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), rabbi in Kreva, Ponevezha, Shklov, Khislavichi, Mstislavl.
CRAIN Alexander Abramovich (1883, Nizhny Novgorod - 1951, Staraya Ruza, Moscow region), composer. Brother G.A. and D.S. Kreinov. Born into the family of a violinist and tuner, a collector of Jewish bunks. songs. In 1897-1908 he studied at Moscow. cons. From 1908 he played in the orc. In 1912-17 he taught at Nar. cons. Participated in the activities of Moscow. branch of the "About-va Jewish Nar. music ", commissioned to-rogo in 1910-11 wrote 2 suites for clarinet and string quartet," Jewish sketches ", DOS. in Jewish muses. folklore. In 1922 he wrote a cantata for tenor, chorus and orc. "Kaddish", dedicated. memory of parents (the score was considered lost, was found and performed in 1992 in Vilnius and Moscow). In the 1920s. wrote music for the performances of Jewish Moscow. dram. t-dv: "Habima", GOSET, as well as dramas, t-dv of Belarus and Ukraine. The music for the play based on the play by I.-L. Peretz "Night in the Old Market" (1925, GOSET) enjoyed great success. Between 1924 and 1929, at the regularly held chamber concerts of the Society of Jewish Music, Op. K., G.A. Kerin, M.F. Gnesin, A.M. Veprik. In 1930 in the Bolshoi Theater was staged op. K. "Zagmuk". In 1939 Leningrad. t-rum opera and ballet them. S.M. Kirov a ball was staged. Laurencia (based on Lope de Vega's play The Sheep Spring). The music for the performance "Dance Teacher" based on the play by Lope de Vega (1946, Central Theater of the Soviet Army, Moscow) gained wide popularity. In works related to the Jewish theme, intonations are reflected. system, modal specificity and melodic. turns of Jewish folklore. Among the Op. 2 symph. (1927, 1946), symph. poem "Salome" (after O. Wilde, 1914), symph. fragments "Rose and Cross" (after A. Blok, 1925), dance. suite (1928); chamber instr. ans. - two quartets (1910 and 1951); "Jewish Caprice" for violin and fp. (1917); "Jewish melody for cello with php." (1927); sonata for fp .; wok. production, including 2 Jewish songs (1918), "I am Narcissus Sarona" (fragment from "Song of Songs", 1918) and others. figure in lawsuit in the RSFSR (1934):
CRAIN David Sergeevich (Abramovich) (1869, Kurland Gubernia - 1926, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Brother A.A. and G.A. Kreinov. As a child, he studied violin with his father. After the family moved to Nizhny Novgorod, he studied with iz. teacher V.Yu. Villuan. In 1888 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violins by I.V. Grzhimali. He performed as an ensemble player with famous musicians, including S.V. Rachmaninov. While still a student, he became a member (2nd violin) of strings, the Mosk. branch of Rus. muses. about-va (1885–93). For 30 years (1894-1924) played izv. Moscow php. trio (fp. D.S.Shor, cello R, I. Erlich). At the same time. (1898-1926) worked as a concertmaster in the orc. Big t-ra. In 1918-26 prof. by class violin and quartet Mosk. cons. Honored. art. RSFSR (1924).
CRAIN Grigory Abramovich (1879, Nizhny Novgorod - 1955, Repino, Leningrad Region), composer, violinist. Brother A.A. and D.S. Kreinov. He studied violin in music. uch-shche in Nizhny Novgorod. In the end. 1890s several years worked in an orc. Tiflis Opera House. In 1900–05 he studied at Moscow. cons. from I.V. Grzhimali (violin class). In 1907-08 he studied the theory of computers. at the Leipzig Cons. from M. Reger, took lessons from R. M. Glier. Until 1917 he taught violin and comp. In Moscow, was engaged in composing. Early Op. K., performed in Moscow at the "Evening of sovr. music ”, attracted the attention of N.Ya. Myaskovsky, BV Asafiev. In 1926–34 he lived in Vienna and Paris with his son Yu. G. Kerin, who was sent there to improve his composer and perform. skill. In 1939-40, thin. hands. Vses. touring and concert. associations. K.'s composer style was formed under the influence of the work of A.N. Scriabin, later - the French. impressionists, as well as Jewish muses. folklore, the originality of k-poro was reflected in the "Jewish Rhapsody" for sextet (1926), Quartet for clarinet, violin, cello and fp. (1947), nn. pieces for clarinet, flute, etc. Among other op. - symph. (1946), 2 poems (1928, 1929) and a ballad (1947) for orc .; concert (1934), concert. fantasy (1939) and 2 poems for violin and orc. (1922, 1934); chamber instr. ans. for decomp. compositions, including strings. quartet (1915), sonata (1913), poem (1922), 2 pieces on Yakut themes (1945) for violin and piano; 2 sonatas (1906, 1924) and pieces for fp. and other tools. plays; romances, vocalizations, etc.
CRAIN Mark Grigorievich (1907, Kiev - 1989, Odessa), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1934), bp. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Brother of S.G. Kerin. He graduated from the postgraduate study of the Odessa Institute of Nar. education (1929). He worked at Odessa University (1930–41), in the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1940–41, 1944–51), in the Kuibyshev Industrial Institute. in-those (1941–44), in the Odessa Institute of Ing. pestilence fleet (1944–54), in Odessa engineer-building. in-those (since 1954). The founder of the school in the region. func. analysis and its applications. Author of fundamental results in the theory of oscillators. matrices, differenti. operators, theory of moments, theory of parametric. resonance, spectrum theory, differential functions. operators, theory of integr. ur-ny. Member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences. Poch. part Amer., Mosk., Kharkovskiy and Kievskiy mat. about-in. Etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1987). Works: Oscilliats. matrices and cores and small vibrations of mechanical. systems. 2nd ed. Moscow - Leningrad, 1950 (with F.R. Gantmakher, Lectures on the theory of stability of solutions of differential equations in a Banach space. Kiev, 1964 (with I.Ts.Gokhberg Introduction to the theory of linear non-self-adjoint operators in Hilbert space. Moscow, 1965; Stability of solutions of differential equations in a Banach space. Moscow, 1970 (with Yu.L. Daletskiy).
CRAIN Julian Grigorievich (1913, Moscow - 1996), composer, musicologist. Son of G.A. Kerin. He studied with his father as a child. Some early php. op. K. were published - sonata (1926), 8 preludes (1928). The People's Commissariat for Education organized K.'s business trip abroad for muses. education, and in 1926 K. with his father went to Vienna, in 1927 - to Paris. In 1928–32 he studied computer. at P. Duke in the Paris "Ecole normal de music". In Paris he performed with success in concerts as a performer and author of his op. Since 1934, having returned to Moscow, he taught a course of special. instrumentation in Moscow. horse, (until 1937), gave concerts as a pianist and author of his works. Collaborated as a musician. criticism and musicologist in zhurn. "Sov. music ", as well as in French. zhurn. La Revue Musical. Moose. K.'s style is adjacent to the romantic. direction Russian. music; also close to French. impressionism. In chamber instrumentation, ch. arr. early works, using Jewish intonations. K.'s music was enriched by an appeal to Russian. muses. folklore (symphonic tale "The Silver Hoof" after PP Bazhov, 1959; symphonic poem "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" after AS Pushkin, 1970, etc.). Major Op. - ball. Galatea (1934); wok-symph. the paintings "Rembrandt" (based on the drama by DB Kedrin for orc., soloists and chorus, 1969); "Spring Symphony" (1935, 2nd ed. 1959) and many others. etc. Among the music-vedch. tr. - "Manuel de Falla" (1960), "Symph. manuf. Maurice Ravel "(1962)," Symph. manuf. Claude Debussy "(1962)," Chamber Instrument. Ensembles of Debussy and Ravel "(1966)," Alexander Crane "(with NI Rogozhina, 1964), many others. Art. in the journal. "Sov. music".
KREYNES Mikhail Alexandrovich (1903, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944), prof. (1945). Graduated from Moscow State University (1923). He worked in Moscow. autotractor institute (1929–33), in the Military. academy (1932–37) and at Moscow State University (from 1937). Main research results. relate to nomography, theory of approximation of functions, mat. theory of mechanisms. Became. etc. (1946). Cit .: Gear mechanisms. Mat. basics of choosing optimal. schemes. M., 1965 (with M.S. Rozovsky).
KREININ Miron (Meir Nakhumovich or Meir Menachemovich) (1866, Bykhov, Mogilev province –1939, Jerusalem), public figure. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t with a degree of Cand. rights. In 1905 he entered the Center. to-t of the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia. Participated together with S.M. Dubnov in the organization of the Jewish Nar. Party (Folksparty). In 1914 he entered the OPE and became deputy. his before .. Then he took part in the organization of EKOPO. In 1917, before. preparatory committee for the convocation of the All-Russian. Jewish Congress. In 1918 the deputy. prev. Union of Jewish Communities in Russia. In 1921 he left Russia. First he lived in Berlin, from 1927 - in Paris. From 1925 prez. United to-that Jewish emigration. After a trip to South America, publ. in 1928, notes on the possibilities of Jewish immigration. Since 1934 - in E.-I.
KREISBERG (Isaakov) Isaak Mironovich (1898, Kiev - 1919, Poltava), politician. From 1912 he participated in the roar. movement. Since 1914 in Kiev, member. to-that RSDLP Mountains. district. In 1915 he was arrested and sentenced to military service. court by 2 years 8 months. hard labor (served in prison companies in Kiev, released in the days of the February Revolution). From March 1917 sec. Kiev committee of the RSDLP (b), in April-June, member. District Committee RSDLP (b) South-West. region and the Executive Committee of the Kiev Council slave. dep. 27 oct. elected to the Kiev Revolutionary Committee, October 28. arrested, soon released. 01/15/1918 became part of the general city. Military Revolutionary Committee for leading the uprising in Kiev, participated in battles with the forces of the Center. happy. In Jan-Feb. 1918 People's Commissar of Finance of Kiev, Deputy. bunk bed sec. finance in Nar. Secretariat (Soviet pr-ve Ukraine). At the 1st and 2nd congresses of the CP (b) U, he was elected to the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1918 - in underground work in Odessa (member of the underground revolutionary committee) and in Kharkov, one of the hands. uprising against the Directory in Yekaterinoslav (27-28.12.1918), participated in the work of the Poltava province. cross. Congress, identified by adherents of the Directory, captured and shot.
CRETZBURG, see Krustpils.
KREITSER Leonid Davidovich (1884, Petersburg - 1953, Tokyo), pianist. He studied at a German gymnasium in St. Petersburg, then in St. Petersburg. cons. by class php. from A.N. Esipova, comp. - from A.K. Glazunov. From 1905 he gave concerts. In 1906 he taught in Leipzig. From 1908 he lived in Berlin. He performed as a pianist and conductor. In 1921–33 prof. Berlin higher. schools of music. In 1933–38 he worked in the USA, from 1938 in Japan. He taught at the Imperial Academy of Music in Tokyo. K.'s play was distinguished by originality of interpretation, virtuoso performance technique. Ped. K.'s principles were based on knowledge of physiology, on the connection of sound, playing style with the anatomy of the hand, and the work of muscles, to which K. attached great importance. Like symph. the conductor performed with Russian. programs. K. - the author of tr. according to the theory and methodology of playing on FP. (published in German in Berlin): “The Right Piano Pedal” (1915; 2nd ed., 1928), “The Essence of Piano Technique” (1923). K. belong to ed. php. manuf. F. Chopin and F. Liszt, as well as manuals on playing fp.
KREITSER Victor Leonidovich (1908, Dresden, Germany - 1966, Leningrad), a specialist in the field of television technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946), prof. Son of L.D. Kreutzer. Graduated in 1932 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. In the 1930s. started working in physical and technical. lab., headed by A.A. Chernyshev. Since 1937 at VNII TV, where under the hands of. K. created a project of an experienced Leningrad. telecentre, on which the standard of decomposition of the image into 240 lines is applied. From 1946 he headed one of the departments. in-that TV, participated in the development of Moscow. a telecentre with a standard for image decomposition of 625 lines. From 1950 ch. constructor dep. color TV, led the development and implementation for the first time in the USSR of an incompatible color transmission system. images at Leningrad. television center (1952). At the same time. began preparing a compatible color system. TV. In 1959 he created and headed the lab. do not communicate. TV systems in Phys.-tech. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1948–66 he taught at Leningrad State University. electrical engineering in-those communications, in the North-West. polytechnic in-those. Author of articles, monographs on TV systems, video amplifiers, including "Video amplifiers" (Moscow, 1952). Became. etc. (1950).
KREISER Yakov Grigorievich (1905, Voronezh - 1969, Moscow), military leader. General of the Army (1962). Hero of the Soviet Union (1941). Graduated from the infantry. school (1923), Higher. command courses "Shot" (1931), courses at the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941), accelerated. military course. Academy of the General Staff (1942), Higher. academies, courses at the Higher. military. Academy of the General Staff (1.949). In Kr. Army from 1921. In 1923–41 he served in Moscow. span. shooter. divisions. Passed the way from a com. platoon to com. divisions. He distinguished himself in defensive battles in the summer of 1941 in the West. direction. The first (from the beginning of the war) in the shooter. troops awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union. In 1941–47 and 1949–55 teams, the army. In 1955–63 teams, dec. IN. In 1963–69 the beginning. Higher. officer courses "Shot". He was awarded 13 orders. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 6th convocation.
KRICHEV, city (since 1932), regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1150 c. like Krechut. From the 2nd floor. 14th century - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. Since 1924 it has been the regional center of the Kalinin Okrug, since 1938 - the Mogilev Region. In 1841 there were 1215 Jews in Kazakhstan, in 1865 - 1460, in 1869 - 1687, in 1881 - 1886 (41.3%), in 1897 - 2566 ( 38.6%), in 1908 - 2785 (37.1%), in 1923 - 1588, in 1926 - 1546 (24.3%), in 1939 - 1362 Jews. about Jews K. refers to 1494. Jews lived in K. from the 3rd quarter. 17th century Main occupations - crafts and trade. In 1740–43 the community suffered from the raids of Vasil Vashchilo's detachment. In 1777 a synagogue existed in Kazakhstan; in 1841 there were 5 synagogues, 10 heders, and a rabbi. In 1869 - 4 synagogues. In 1875 the tannery of Khatskel Lurie began to operate in Kazakhstan, in 1877 - Shmuily Magidson; in 1881 the breweries of Honon Gurevich, Girsh Genkin, Gdali Tsypkin, the grocery shop of Girsh Frumkin, Shai Simin, Berka Libin, and Mendel Shuba functioned. In 1881 Jews owned 247 out of 754 houses; there were 4 synagogues. Since 1890, Yehuda Leib Krendel and Chaim Yehuda Kagan have been rabbis in Kazakhstan. In 1891–92 6 Jewish families were deported from Moscow to Kazakhstan. In 1894 a one-class Jewish husband was opened. I. Kaparik's school. In 1908, five synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. t-in, in 1913 - Jewish philanthropist. about-in, the bookstore of Elya Mikhelevich Chernin and the library of Aron Zelikovich Rokhlin; unity. the doctor in K. was a Jew, both dentists were Jews. The Jews owned both kits. warehouse and 70 shops (including all 22 grocery, all 12 manufacturing). In 1919, a Jewish school was opened in Kazakhstan, a Jewish department was operating at the Krichevsky library, children. garden, dram. circle, evening courses. In the 1920s. in K. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. The rabbi of K. in 1928 was I.-L. Pretzel After the occupation by the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, the prisoners of which worked to repair roads. In the fall of 1941, 80 Jewish families were shot near the plant management of the Krichevcementshifer Production Association. 1941 in the moat approx. flax factory - another 130 Jews; One woman managed to escape, but after a month of searching, she was caught and shot. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan in the 1950s, according to the Commissioner of the Council for Religious Affairs. cults, in K. there was a group of Jewish believers, to-rye gathered in private houses to conduct religions. rituals for the dead. In 2000, approx. 80 Jews. In K. genus: I.B. Berkhin, A.M. Gindin, I.B. Krasil'shchikov, Sh.-I. Feigin; Iona Borisovich Berkhin (1865–1889, Orsha, Mogilev province), historian, author of a number of works on the history of Jews in Russia; Solomon Lvovich Polyakov (Litovtsev) (1875-1945, New York), writer, since 1917 - in Great Britain, an active member of Russian. and Russian-Jewish emigration in diff. European countries, in 1932 - the founder of the New All-Jewish Union (Paris), since 1940 - in the USA, an active member of the Union of Russian Jews.
KRICHOVER Igor Moiseevich (b. 1950, Kuibyshev), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1983). Graduated from Moscow State University. He worked in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1975–89), in the Institute of Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1989–90), Institute of Theoretical Sciences. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1990). Main scientific. achievements: design periodic. and quasiperiodic. solutions of integrable systems in the theory of solitons; introduced the concept of general Baker-Akhiezer functions, which has become a classic. in the theory of integr. systems and quantum field theory; solved the problem of classifying commutative rings of ordinary trim operators; constructed a theory of commuting rings of arbitrary ranks; Floquet spectral theory of two-dimensional periodic. differential operators; algebraic-geometric. averaging theory for two-dimensional integral equations of the theory of solitons; deduced Whitham's equations for such systems and their exact solutions; established an isomorphism between the orbits of the universal Whitham hierarchy and topological. models of quantum field theory; joint with SP Novikov carried out the operator quantization of interacting bosonic strings; proposed a generalization of the elliptic. genera of spinor manifolds that are indices of Dirac-type operators on the loop space. Publ. St. 80 scientific. works. Etc. Moscow mat. about-va (1976). Etc. Department of Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1990).
KRICHEVO, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 34 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 - 20 Jews. occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - gardening and crafts (among the Jews there were 2 shoemakers). In May 1944 the Jews of K. were deported to Auschwitz.
KRICHEVSKY Alexander Moiseevich (1896, Romny, Poltava province. - 1956, Kharkov), dermatovenerologist. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1919). In 1920–24 he worked as a dermatovenerologic specialist. polyclinics (Kiev, Kharkov). In 1925-30 Art. Assistant of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases diseases of the Kharkov honey. in-that; in 1930–37 head. Department of Dermatovenereology Ying-that advanced training of doctors in Kharkov. In 1937–41, in 1944–56 and until the end of his life as director. Ukr. dermatovenerologic. in-that. In 1941–44 he was a consultant for evacuation hospitals and Vses. Institute of Pathology, Therapy and Intoxication (Moscow). Osn. scientific. tr. K. has eaten. decomp. problems of dermatovenerology; proposed an etiopathogenetic classification of skin diseases, showed the role of sensitization and viruses in the pathogenesis and etiology of certain skin diseases. In 1926, for the first time in the USSR, he received a rat sarcoma strain (Krichevsky-Sinelnikov strain). He proposed an original method for treating soft chancre. He introduced into practice the method of electrocoagulation of skin cancer, developed and implemented a method for combating pustular skin diseases at the plant. For the first time in the USSR, he described Reiter's disease in detail and obtained it experimentally. model. One of the first in the USSR to use radioactive phosphorus in the treatment of skin diseases. Prev Ukr. branch of Vses. dermatological about-va. Cit .: Methods of organizing the fight against pyoderma in production. Kiev, 1937.
KRICHEVSKY Ilya Lvovich (1885, Yekaterinoslav - 1943), microbiologist, immunologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1935). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kharkov University (1908) and honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). He worked at Bacteriological. in-those them. G.N. Gabrichevsky. From 1918 to the beginning. Bacteriological branches Ch. dignity ex. Cr. Army, in 1919 hands. Department of Microbiology Higher. honey. schools, since 1920 prof. Department of Microbiology honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. From 1923 dir. organized by him Research Institute of Microbiology of the People's Commissar of Millet of the RSFSR, since 1933 head. separate, simultaneously (since 1930) in Chem.-Pharm. in-those them. S. Ordzhonikidze. Arrested in 1938. on antigenic differentiation of tissues and organs in the processes of ontogenesis, embryogenesis, research. antigenic features of tumor tissues, immunity in infections caused by spirochetes, pneumococci, filterable viruses. Developed an original cellular theory of anaphylactic. shock. Participated in the creation of the Fatherland. chemical-therapeutic preparations and organization of their biol. control. Representative of the USSR in Pres. Int. about-va of microbiologists, reviewer of the Nobel committee, before. Vses. associations of microbiologists. Founder of scientific. schools. Honored. active Science of the RSFSR. Vol .: Microbiology of infectious diseases. human diseases. M.-L., 1930; Textbook honey. microbiology. M.-L, 1936.
KRICHEVSKY Ilya Maratovich (1963, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Hero of the Soviet Union (1991). Graduated from Archyt. in-t. Killed during the 1991 putsch in Moscow. He wrote poems collected in the book. "Red Demons" (Kiev, 1992).
KRICHEVSKY Isaak Ruvimovich (1901, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1.937), prof. Graduated from Odessa Polytechnic Institute (1924). In 1923–25 he worked at the plant of chemical products and explosives in the Donbass, in 1926–28 - at the Institute of Chemical Products. defense in Moscow, in 1928–31 - in Moscow. Institute of Applied Mineralogy, in 1931–90 - at the Institute of Nitrogen (since 1943 State Scientific and Research Institute for Design Institute of Nitrogen Prometry and Organic Synthesis Products). work in the region. chem. thermodynamics. He showed that the laws of Henry and Dalton (1935) are not fulfilled at high pressures in liquid-gas systems. He discovered and explained the existence of the maximum solubility of gas in liquid (1937) and minimum solubility of liquid in gas (1939). Introduced the concept of gas. solution (1939) and found that such solution is subject to the same thermodynamic. regularities as liquid. Discovered the phenomenon of gas separation. r-ditch (1941). Established the fact of almost complete termination of the pier. diffusion in critical. point of the binary system (1954). Discovered anomalous properties of diluted solutions near critical. solvent points (1968). Study results used in the development of new processes and devices for the nitrogen industry. Became. pr. (1943).
KRICHILSK, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1562. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 44 Jews (2.9%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1921 - approx. 100 Jews. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - from. farming and petty trade. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of K. were sent to the Stepani ghetto and, together with other prisoners of the ghetto, were shot near the village. Krochevye 22 Aug 1942.
KRICHKA, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1780s At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bogorodchansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In May 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan (55 people) were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and were subsequently exterminated there.
KRICHUNOVO, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In the 19th century. in K. lived 2 Jewish families who were engaged in sewing clothes.
KRIKHELI Aharon (1906, Tskhinval, Tiflis province - 1974, Israel), historian, ethnographer, linguist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Tiflis University. In 1928–33 he worked in the Ministry of Education of the Georgian SSR. In 1934–49 scientific. sotr., then director. State ist.-ethnogr. Museum of the Jews of Georgia (Tbilisi). In 1949 he was arrested during a campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism", sentenced to 10 years in prison, released in mid. 1950s In the 1960s. compiled Hebrew-Georgian-Russian. dictionary, Since 1973 - in Israel.
KRIKHELI Joseph Mikhailovich (1931, Tskhinvali - 1988, Gori, Georgian SSR), chess player. Grandmaster (1984). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1962). Graduated from physical and technical. Faculty of Tbilisi University (1957). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1962). Multiple champion of Georgia and the USSR in chess composition, winner of over 400 prizes.
KRIMMER Eduard Mendelevich (1900, Nikolaev - 1974, Leningrad), graphic artist, applied artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. in-those (1918–22) at W. Mueller. From 1923 he lived in Leningrad. In 1927-28 he designed the book. in the publishing house "Raduga", Detgiz, etc. Since the 1930s. was engaged in lithography. Participated in decomp. exhibitions of easel graphics and autolithographs. In 1928 he headed the modeling and design workshop, at the same time he created ISORAM in Leningrad. In the beginning. 1930s exposition ISORAM was represented by owls. section on decorative arts exhibitions abroad. From 1931 to 1938, K. designed performances in the t-ts of Leningrad. Participated in the 1941–45 war. From 1948 he worked in the region. thin glass: first to Leningrad. s-de thin. glass, since 1950, on the recommendation of V. Mukhina, - to Leningrad. z-de them. MV Lomonosov art. on porcelain. He created a number of works, the plots of which are inspired by the motives of naive provincial signs. tea and bakery ("Rooster", "Firebird", etc.). K.'s works are kept in museums on the territory. b. USSR (including the Russian Museum).
KRINCINAS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krinichin Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 300 Jewish families, in 1923 - 37 Jews (12.9%), in 1940 - 5 Jewish families. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and crafts. In the end. 19th century Jews accounted for more than half of the population of Kazakhstan. There was a synagogue. 1941 Jews of K. were shot in Pasvalis.
KRINDACHEVKA, see Red Ray.
KRINICHANKA, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1920s. as a Jewish farmer. colony of Weisbrunn. Since 1930 - in the Kalinindorf district. 1941 Jews of K. were shot and thrown into a well near the village. Bruskinskoe.
KRINICHIN, see Krinchinas.
KRINICHNOE, a village in the Belogorsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Simferopol u. Tauride Gubernia. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1923 approx. K., a group of 102 families (642 people) organized a Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Der Emes". In nov. 1941, after the occupation of Kazakhstan by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews were deported to Belogorsk and shot there.
KRINYTSA (until 1976 - Korostyatin), a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Korostyatyn Buchachsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 6 Jews. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942, the Jews were deported to Monastyriska, in October. 1942 - to the extermination camp Belzec.
KRINITSY Avraham (1886, Grodno - 1969, Ramat Gan, Israel), political and public figure. From 1904 - in E.-I. He founded the first in E.-I. sawmill. One of the founders of the Poaley Peony party. During the 1st world. war - officer of the Turkish army. One of the founders of the Tel Aviv police. From 1925 before. local council of Ramat Gan, then - mayor. Member Central Committee Lieber. party. Killed in a car accident.
KRINKA, see Krynka.
KRINKI, see Krynki.
KRINKI LARGE, see Great Krynki.
KRINSKY Magnus (Yakov) (1863, Ruzhany Slonimsky district of Grodno province - 1916, Warsaw), teacher, publisher. Until the age of 19 he studied in yeshivas, then studied secular sciences. He taught Hebrew in Kiev, then in Bialystok and other cities. In Lodz, he opened a 4-grade school for boys. From 1903 he lived in Warsaw, in 1908 he founded the first Jewish gymnasium there with teaching in Russian, then Polish. lang. and ped. publishing house "Ga-Op", in which published several. anthologies in Hebrew. Hebrew textbooks brought K. fame, a number of which withstood 150 reprints. In 1907–08 he published the first illustrator in Warsaw. weekly in Yiddish "Roman Zeitung", was one of the founders of the daily. gas. "Der moment". In 1906 he published the textbook Der Yiddish-Lerer, which survived several. ed .; Sat. jokes and anecdotes "Der humorist" (1908). In the publishing house of Ha-Op in dep. "Biher fal ale" ("Book for all") were published in the middle. manuf. Sholem Aleichem, A.K. Reisen, D.Kasel and others.
KRIPSHTEIN Shimon (b. 1928, Vinnitsa), athlete (athletics). Multiple champion and record holder of the Ukrainian SSR, medalist of the USSR championships in hurdles. Coach of the national teams of the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and Israel in athletics. Since 1980 - in Israel.
KRISHCHINTSY, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - in Russia. empire. At 19 - early. 20 - in Bratslav district Podolsk Gubernia. In 1900 there were 8 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 14 Jews. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the peasants of Kazakhstan hid a Jewish family.
KRISHTALIK Lev Isaevich (b. 1927, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1967). Graduated in 1948 from the Moscow Art Institute. In 1948–64 at the Institute of the Chlorine Industry, since 1964 at the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1965–85 head of the laboratory, since 1985 the chief scientist). scientific. tr. associated with the study of electrode processes. He predicted and experimentally proved the existence of barrier-free electrode processes. Confirmed by quantum mechanical. the theory of proton transfer. He discovered a special case of the electrode process - the thermionic emission of an electron from a metal into a solution with the subsequent formation of a solvated electron. Distributed the concept of quantum mechanical. theory on enzymatic reactions, revealing their specificity. features. Author of over 300 scientific. printed works and monographs. Works: Electrode reactions. The mechanism of an elementary act. M., 1979; 2nd ed. 1981.
KRISHTOL Leon (1894, Shargorod Mogilev u. Podolsk province - 1959, New York), journalist, theater critic, translator. At the age of 14 he came to Odessa, studied as an external student, and gave private lessons. Since 1914 - in the USA. The first two years he worked at factories, in the evenings he attended Cooper-Union-in-t in New York. In 1919 he became a director. Kunst-t-ra M. Schwartz. In 1916 he made his debut with stories in gas. "Tog" then became a theater. critic, Since 1922 sotr. gas. Forverts. K. was the first Jewish journalist, to-ry, after a trip to Moscow in 1956, reported on the death of the leaders of the Jewish owls. culture. Translated for New York Jewish t-dvs by pl. plays classical. dramaturgy (L.N. Tolstoy, O. Dymov, W. Shakespeare, L. Pirandello and others), staged in Yiddish for the Jewish theater. FM Dostoevsky "The Idiot" and a number of other works.
KRISS Grigory Yakovlevich (b. 1940, Kiev), athlete (fencing with epee). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1964). Lecturer, graduated from the Kiev state. in-t physical culture (1972). Champion Olympus, games (1964), world (1967–71) and the USSR (1964–70), silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1968) in individual and team competitions.
KRISTALEVKA, does not exist now. Main as a Jewish farmer. colony Kristalievka (other name - Kristalievskaya) in Radomysl u. Kiev province. 20th century in K. lived 2 Jewish families (13 people), who had 2 dess. arable land. Small areas of arable land did not allow for profitable farming, as a result of which in the beginning. 20th century the colony ceased to exist.
KRISTALEVSKAYA, see Kristalevka.
KRISTALINSKAYA Maya Vladimirovna (1932, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Pop singer. Graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute. Participated in the film. amateur performances. She performed in ans. TsDRI "First steps" at hand. Yu.S. Saulsky. Laureate of the World fest. youth and students in Moscow (1957). In 1960 she was a jazz orc soloist. under the hands. O.L. Lundstrem. In the beginning. 1960s began performing independently on the stage. Has gained wide popularity. K.'s repertoire includes songs by E.S. Kolmanovsky, A.Ya. ("Garden Ring"), A. Babajanyan and others. K.'s performance was distinguished by warmth, sincerity, sincerity, lightness and freedom. Translated (from English) book. M. Dietrich "Reflection" (Moscow, 1985). Honored. art. RSFSR (1974).
KRISTINOPOL, see Chervonograd, Lviv region.
KRISTOL Lyubov Danielovna (b. 1944, Leningrad), chess player. Int. correspondence master among women (1976) and men (1984). Chemical engineer by profession. World correspondence champion (1978–84). Since 1976 - in Israel.
KRITSMAN Lev Natanovich (1890, Odessa - 1937), economist, journalist. In growing up. roar. movement from 1905, persecuted, emigrated. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Zurich University. Member the utilization commission at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR (then the STO), which was in charge of the allocation of resources (in 1920–21 it was earlier); member prez. State Planning Committee of the RSFSR (1921). Since 1923, member. editorial board of "Pravda", pres. Communist. academy. Since 1928, dir. Agr. in-that; in 1926–31 members. college, since 1928 deputy. Head of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR, in 1931–33 deputy. prev. State Planning Committee of the USSR. In 1926–29 holes. ed. zhurn. “On agr. front ", chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Problems of Economics", part. editorial board of TSB (1926–36), ed. "Economic Encyclopedia"; ch. ed. Sat. “Materials on the history of agr. roar. in Russia "(1928). Main scientific. work dedicated. development issues and socialist. reconstruction with. x-va, as well as criticism of the anti-Marxist, theories in polit, economics. Repressed, works: Society. the labor of the worker and the individual (family) labor of the peasant. M., 1921; New econ. policy and planned distribution. M., 1922; Rural agriculture on the way of restoration. M., 1925.
KRITSMAN Maria Grigorievna (1905 - 1971, Moscow), biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Odessa honey. Institute (1926). She worked at Biochemistry. in-those People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. Since 1933 in Vses. in-those experiment. medicine, since 1945 in Ying-those biol. and honey. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where she organized and headed the lab. enzymes, since 1952 in Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (head of laboratory of biochemistry). Main tr. on enzymology, nitrogen metabolism. Discovered (1937, with AE Braunstein, transamination reactions, which play one of the central roles in the metabolism of substances. atherosclerosis. Steel. pr. (1941). Cit .: Ways of protein synthesis. M., 1965 (co-author.); Induction of enzymes in norm and pathology. M., 1968 (co-author.).
CRIULENI (until 1990 - Criuleni), a city in Chisinau u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 338 Jews (16.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1930 - 240 Jews (9%). In 1865 a synagogue existed in Kazakhstan. 1920-30s in K, there were different branches. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
CRIULENI, see Criuleni.
KRIVA, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1378. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 18 Jews (4%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 there were 24 Jews. 1944 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Khust, and in May 1944 to Auschwitz.
KRYVAYA RUDA, a village in Globinsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in KR.
KRIVCHE, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kshivce Gurne of the Borshchevsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 719 Jews (35%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1900 - 483 (26%), in 1921 - 362 Jews (20 %) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 1st half. 17th century During the "Khmelnytsky" period, the Jewish community of K. was destroyed. In 1661, a certain number of Jews lived in Kazakhstan. All R. 18th century Francoists were active in Kazakhstan. In 1759, the majority of the Francoists of Korea converted to Catholicism. In the 18th century. main the source of their earnings was trade, with. x-in, decomp. crafts (among the Jews were tailors, furriers, hatters). Rabbi K. at the beginning. 19th century was Arie-Leib Broyde (1770-1830), in the beginning. 20th century - Shimon-Hirsch Weiner. 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1928, the Nar was built with money from one of the natives of Kazakhstan. The club, which became the center of the cultural life of the Jews in the village, was occupied by Wehrmacht units on 3 July 1941. The Judenrat was created. In the fall of 1941, able-bodied Jews were sent to labor camps. In oct. 1942 the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed.
KRIVCHIK, a village in the Dunaevetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 154 Jews (14%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1889. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in K.
KRIVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Myadel district of the Minsk region (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krivichi (other name - Krzhivichi) Vileika u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. In 1897 457 Jews (83.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 there were 278 Jews. In 1920, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded in United States fellowship that provided material support to philanthropists. institutions K. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. Apr 28 1942 was destroyed approx. 200 Jews (the remains of the victims were buried in a mass grave); 20 people managed to escape to the partisans. detachment. 13 Sep 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; during the liquidation, 130 Jews were killed.
KRIVILEVO, a village in the Rossony district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Polotsk district. Vitebsk province. 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941, 15 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRIVIN, see Old Krivin.
KRIVIN Felix Davidovich (b. 1928, Mariupol), writer. Born into a family of a journalist. At the end of filol. Faculty of Kiev ped. Institute (1951) 3 years taught at schools Zhdanov Russian. lang. and lit-ru. He began to publish in 1946. K. owns collection of poems. "Around the Cabbage" (1960) and "Glorious Things", collection of books. miniatures, fairy tales, fables "Pocket School" (1962). Heroes - things, tradition. fable characters from the animal world, but the allegories are transparent, and the words are capacious, full of multi-layered meaning and bizarre shades. K.'s satire and humor are directed against vulgarity, bureaucracy, opportunism, and the ugly phenomena of polit. life of owls. and posts. about-va. K. - the author of the book. "Kaleidoscope" (1965), "Scientists Tales" (1967), "Frivolous Archimedes" (1971), "Circles in the Sand" (1983), "Inventor of Eternity" (1985) and others. Writes for children: "Tales obtained out of the ground "(1981)," Stubborn Horizon "(1982) and others. Comp., the author of the entry. Art. and note. to Sat. Russian satire and humor 19 - early. 20th century "Little things in life" (M., 1990).
KRIVITSKY Alexander (Zinovy) Yurievich (1910, Kursk - 1989, Moscow), writer, publicist. Graduated from Communist. Institute of Journalism (1933), at the same time began to be published. In 1941–45 corr. gas. "The Red Star". Military. the topic occupies an important place in the work of K.: kn. "In the Bryansk forests" (1943), "Traditions of Russian officers" (1945), "Night and Dawn" (1965), etc. The author of numerous. Art., feuilletons according to international. problematics. Vol .: Red number in the calendar. M., 1963; Timeless. M., 1973; The point at the end ... M., 1978; Coll. op. In 3 t. M., 1984; On the margins of books. Publicist's monologues. M., 1986.
KRIVITSKY Walter Germanovich (real name and surname. Samuel Ginzburg; ps. Walter) (1899, Podvolochisk, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 1941, New York), an employee of the special services. Participant of Civil. war. In 1920 it was illegal. work behind enemy lines in Zap. front. Graduated from special. military courses. Academy of the Red Army (1922), worked in the military. intelligence. In 1923 he was sent to Germany, where he laid the foundations of the Sov. agent network. In 1925–26 he taught at the Higher. military training school. scouts, then again sent to Germany. In 1933–34, the director. Ying-that military. prom-sti. Since 1934 sotr. foreign dep. Ch. ex. State security NKVD USSR, sent to Austria and Germany, received valuable information about the Italian. submarines, acquired Japanese codes. Dipl. ciphers, secret information about the negotiations of the personal representative of A. Hitler I. Ribbentrop with the Japanese. military. Attache H. Osima and the correspondence of the latter with the higher. leadership in Tokyo. In 1937 he was a resident of the NKVD of the USSR in Holland. In the same year, fearing for his life, he refused to return to the USSR. In 1939, an attempt was made on K.'s life; its publication in the West. printing owls. the propaganda is declared to be false. In 1939, K., fearing new assassination attempts, moved to the United States; in 1940, for the same reasons, he moved to Great Britain. In 1941 he came to the United States to see his acquaintance at work in Germany. 02/10/1941 committed suicide (according to another version, killed by agents of the NKVD).
KRYVOEPLESO, see Radiant.
CURVE LAKE, urban-type settlement (since 1970), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1925 - Jewish nat. pos. Council of the Krivoozersk district of the Odessa okrug In 1847, 1116 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1863 - 2257, in 1897 - 5478 (69.9%), in 1923 - 3939, in 1926 - 3917, in 1939 - 1447 Jews In 1865 three synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1881 a pogrom took place in Kiev. Since 1896 Nokhum-Zeev Tabachnik (1867–?) Was the rabbi in KO. In 1910, 6 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and a private Jewish school existed in KO, and in 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution. m-in. In 1914 Leiba Eiselevich Lemberg was the state rabbi. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned 3 pharmacies, a hotel, 10 timber warehouses, 2 butter mills, and 113 shops (including 23 grocery stores, 33 manufactures). Among the Jews were merchants, 2 doctors, a jeweler, 20 blacksmiths, 20 carpenters, 9 tinsmiths, 12 glaziers, 5 bakers, 7 hairdressers. Jews owned 50 tailoring workshops (100 people), 50 shoe shops (60 people), 10 oil mills (100 people). 1919 in K.O. several. weeks continued the pogrom, staged by units of the Volunteer Army. During the pogrom, Jewish houses, workshops, shops were plundered; OK. 600 Jews were killed, hundreds maimed; many, fleeing from KO, froze on the way. Dozens of Jews died of typhus, which began after the pogrom, approx. 100 children were left orphans. After these events, approx. 600 families left KO. In the 1920s. Jewish farmer. team approx. KO was supported by a fellow countrymen founded in the United States in 1918. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht on 28 August. 1941 45 Jews were shot in KO. In oct. 1941 most of the Jews of KO were deported to the Bogdanovka camp. 1 jan. 1942 186 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. the bodies of the victims were reburied at the Jewish cemetery. A monument is erected at the burial site. In the 1990s. in K.O., a religion was created. community (previous - Alexander Abramovich Anchipolovsky, b. 1934). In 2002, 6 Jews lived in KO. In KO family: I.S. Paskhaver; Eliezer Sherman (1886–1946, Philadelphia, USA), publicist, literary critic, from 1908 - in the USA, actively collaborated in the press in Hebrew and Yiddish.
KRIVOKAMENKA, a village in the Zhovkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1909, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 12 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were resettled to Zhovkva (present-day Zhovkva) and exterminated there along with the local Jews.
KRIVONOS Vladislav Shaevich (b. 1947, Baku), literary critic, historian of Russian literature, culturologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1989), prof. (1990). Graduated from Saratov University (1971). Since 1989 head. Department of Rus. literature in Yeletsk ped. in-those. Specialist in the work of N.V. Gogol, problems of perception of thin. lit-ry.
KRIVONOSOVKA, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KRIVOPLES, see Radiant.
KRYVOPLESOVKA, see Radiant.
KRIVOROVNIA, a village in the Verkhovynsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 28 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In the end. 1941 - early. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to Kolomyia and shot there.
KRIVORUTSKY Pyotr (Peysakh-Leizer) Moiseevich (1920, Berdichev - 1987, ibid.), Sculptor, painter, graphic artist. Studied as a sculptor. f-those of Odessa thin. uch-schA (until 1940). Since 1940 - in the army. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1944, after Berdichev was released, K. was granted leave. After visiting home, I learned about the death of my relatives. The painting "Death and Life" (1944) became a kind of requiem for the victims. In memory of the perished Jews, he created the sculpture "Mourning" (1973). From 1945 he lived in Leningrad. Author pl. monument. monuments - in Staraya Russa, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Yemen. Favorite sculptor. portrait, main. works: poets H.V. Bader, A.A. Vergelis, A.Yu. Gontar, M.M. Grubian, writers Z. Vendrov, I.H. Drucker, shipbuilder A. Zinkovetsky (1974, Metropolitan Museum, New York) and others. In 1982, a personal exhibition took place in Leningrad.
KRIVOSHEEV Mark Iosifovich (b. 1922, Poltava), specialist in the field of television measurements. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968), ch. Academy of Technol. Sciences of the Russian Federation (1993). Graduated in 1946 Moscow. electrical engineering in-t of communications and headed the studio complex Mosk. telecentre, then dep. TV NII radio in Moscow. In 1946 he developed a device that made it possible for the first time to receive a television. image of the new standard of 625 lines, in 1948 he first broadcast a television program with this standard. He supervised the development of a television complex for satellite communications of the Molniya system, which has been used since 1965 for relaying television programs, long-distance telephone, telegraph and phototelegraph radio communications, and television. complex for communication systems Olympus. television complex in Moscow (1981). Founder of Sci. school of TV-measurements, supervised the development of measuring, complexes and devices, to-ry with television centers, isl. lab. and pr-tia. Since 1970 vice-pre. Int. advisory committee on the radio, from 1974 to study group on TV, dealing with the coordination of international. television standards. broadcasting. Author of over 250 articles, monographs, over 90 inventions and patents. K. - hon. ch. pl. hack scientific. about-in and in-tov, acad. Int. academy of informatization. Honored. inventor of the RSFSR (1972), Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1984). State pr. USSR (1981).
KRIVOSHEIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1893, Samara - 1941), military doctor. Brig doctor. In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University. He served as a military doctor on the Romanian front. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army doctor of the regiment in the Chapaevsk division; on the Turkestan front. In 1922–34 he served in army hospitals. In 1934–38 the beginning. dignity service of VVMU. From 1939 to the beginning. medico-san. dep. Balt. fleet. He died on August 28, 1941 during the passage of ships from Tallinn. K. - the author of works dedicated. questions of the organization of honey. service on ships and use of hospital ships.
KRIVOSHEIN Semyon Moiseevich (1899, Voronezh - 1978, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General of Tank Forces (1943). Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1931), Higher. courses at the Military. Academy of the General Staff (1952). In Kr. Army since 1918. Member of civil. war as part of the 1st Kon. army. In 1937, a member of the Civil. wars in Spain. In 1937–39 com. tank, brigade. Participant of the battles on the lake. Hasan. In 1939, together with Guderian, he hosted a joint parade of owls. and germ. troops in Brest. Member of the Soviet-Fin. war. In 1941–46 com. mechanic. housing. In 1946–49 the beginning. department in the Military. academy named after MV Frunze, 1950–53 teams. armored vehicle. troops of the Odessa Military District. From 1953 - retired. He was awarded 9 orders. Vol .: Through the storms. M., 1959; A true story. M., 1962; Chongars. M., 1975.
KRIVOSHIN, a village in the Lyakhovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942, 6 Jews from the village of Zaluzhie, Minsk Region, were shot 2 km south of Kazakhstan.
KRIVOTIN, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan belonged to unity. grocery and unity. sawmill plant in Sept. 1941 a small group of Jews was shot in Kazakhstan.
Krivoy Rog, a city (since 1919), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1775.Since 1820 - military. settlement, since 1860 - the town of Kherson u. Kherson province. In 1897, 2672 Jews (17.9%) lived in KR, in 1910 - 4800 (26.7%), in 1920 - 7646, in 1923 - 3948, in 1926 - 5730 (6.2% ), in 1939 - 12,745 (9.8%), in 1959 - 10,700 (2.3%), in 1970 - 10,500 (1.8%), in 1979 - 9,100 (1.4%), in 1989 - 7369 Jews. In 1882-1903 KR was closed for free settlement of Jews. In oct. 1883 anti-Jewish riots broke out in KR. In the end. 19th century in the town are open offices of the EKO and the "Jewish Emigration Society". In the beginning. 20th century KR's rabbi was Asir Yanovsky. In oct. 1905 the Jewish population suffered from the pogrom. In 1910, KR had 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a Talmud Torah, and societies. women, 13 private husbands and 2 private mixed Jewish schools, as well as a Saturday school, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned both pharmacies, 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a hotel, 2 photo workshops, more than 60 shops and stores (including 3 jewelry stores, 5 grocery stores, and a single weapons store). There were 3 timber merchants among the Jews. In 1919–30, A.S. Yudasin was the rabbi in KR. In 1922, there were 1,376 workers among the Jews of KR. By 1924 in the Krivoy Rog env. a Jewish farmer was founded by local colonists and 4 settlers (altogether 14 families). collective "Yakov" (299 people), there was a Jewish farmer. colony them. Lekkert (in 1925 - 366 people). In 1925 approx. KR was organized by Jewish agriculture. artel "New Way" (243 people). In nov. 1926 in KR there was a mass arrest of members of "Ge-Halutz". In 1930, a Jewish theater was opened (artistic director - M.Spektorov). In 1936–38, the Lubavitch yeshiva “Tomkhei Tmimim” operated in KR, in which, in particular, a group of Jews from Berdichev studied (among the teachers - Rabbi Yisroel-Yehuda Levin, b. 1912). 1941 KR was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Aug 1941 105 Jews were shot in KR. In tech. Sep 1941 destroyed several more. dozens of Jews, Oct. 14-15. - OK. 4-5 thousand. Later several more were shot. hundreds of Jews. (The corpses of dead and living people were dumped into deep pits. A tank regiment under command of Major Naum Mendelevich Pshenigner took part in the liberation of KR on February 22, 1944. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to KR. A synagogue was opened in the 1960s, a minyan operated in a private apartment. Since 1992, Hesed Khan (headed by Yuri Shifrin) has been opened. In 1994, the newspaper Igeret began to appear. Since the end of the 1990s. A Jewish Sunday school began to operate (director - Raisa Palchikova). In K.R., genus: V.M. Boguslavsky, M.A.Vainman, M.I. Kazanin, Ya.Meerzon, I.I.Shifrin ; Boris Naumovich Ginzburg (1933–1963, Kiev), book graphic artist, author of illustrations for works by L. Ukrainka and T. G. Shevchenko; Yuriy Yakovlevich Karpeysky (1924–1994, Moscow), specialist in aerogasdynamics, Dr. engineering science (1970), basic research relates to aerogasdynamics of air-jet engines, Leningrad Ave. (1966); Lazar Naumovich Sidelkovsky (born 1920), specialist in the field of industrial heat power engineering, fuel and boiler technology, D.Sc. p technical sciences, prof. (1972), ed. Op of St. 200 scientific. works, including textbooks and manuals for universities, Pr. Council of Ministers of the USSR (1985). Ya.I. Vesnik, IZ.Novakovsky, L.A. Yukhvid lived and worked in K.R.
KRIVULIN Victor Borisovich (b. 1944, Voroshilovgrad region), poet. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In the 1970s. - one of the prominent figures of Leningrad. samizdat (journal "37"), first published in Russia by H.L. Borges, Derrida, and others. In 1981 he released in Paris "Selected" in 2 volumes. book "Appeal" (1990), "Concert on request" (1993), "Borderlands" (1994). Genre definiteness ("meditative elegy") and an organic combination of irony and pathos are characteristic of K.'s poems.
KROKI, see Krakes.
KROKMAZ, a village in Tiginsky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Korkmazy Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1911, Jews owned 5 out of 6 grocery stores. 1941 a small group of Jews was killed in Kazakhstan.
KROL David Arnold (1900, Mogilev - |), lawyer, politician. Since 1903 - in Canada. In 1925–29 he practiced law in Windsor, mayor of the city. In 1934 he was elected to the legislature. body of the province of Ontario. In 1934–37 min. labor, societies. welfare and municipal affairs in the provincial pr-ve. During the 2nd world. war, retaining a place in the legislature. Ontario Authority, served in the Canadian Army, Colonel. In 1945 he was elected to the Canadian parliament. In 1955, the first Jew in Canada became a senator. Participated in the activities of the Jewish community of Canada.
KROLEVETS, city, regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1601 as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. In 1781–97 - the district town of Novgorod-Seversky governorship, from 1802 - the district town of Chernigov province. 18th century in K. lived several. Jewish families, in 1862 - 727 Jews, in 1866 - 944, in 1897 - 1815 (17.4%), in 1920 - 1711, in 1923 - 1682, in 1926 - 1304, in 1939 - 619 Jews (4.5% Jews lived in Kazakhstan since 1735. In 1860, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were approx. 150 artisans and approx. 90 merchants. The Jews owned part of the prom. avenue of the city (vodka and tannery, steam mill, grain mill). Jewish traders in Kazakhstan sold the products of local weavers to other countries. points. In 1862, 1 wooden synagogue operated in Kazakhstan, and in 1866, 2 stone synagogues. 19–20 October. 1905, after the announcement of the Manifesto on October 17. on civil liberties, a pogrom took place in K. In 1910, five synagogues functioned in Kazakhstan, a society of allowances for poor Jews, and a Jewish cemetery. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by parts of the Directory. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. November 3. In 1941 the 73 Jews of Kazakhstan who remained in the occupation were shot by the Ukrainian police. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. Belinsky, G.A. Vinogradov, A.Sh. Gurshtein, Sh.-Ya.M. Nepomnyashchy; Abram Zinovievich Khrakovsky (1898–?), Builder, in the 1930s - Ch. engineer of the building of the Kharkov Tractor Plant, from 1941 - Glavuralstroy.
KROL Mikhail Borisovich (1879, Minsk - 1939, Moscow), neuropathologist. Doctor of Medicine (1918), acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1931), part-candidate USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1901); from 1904 he improved in clinics Zap. Europe; after returning to Moscow, he worked in the clinic of L.S. Minor. One of the organizers of honey. Faculty of the Belarusian State University (BSU) in Minsk (1921), its dean and head. chair nerve. diseases (since 1923). Was one of the attending physicians of V.I. Lenin (1923). Since 1930, the rector of the Minsk medical center. in-that created on the basis of honey. Faculty of BSU; since 1932 head. Department of Nerve, Diseases of the 2nd MMI and at the same time. (from 1933) Dir. clinic nerve. diseases Vses. in-that experiment. medicine and hl. doctor of the Kremlin hospital (1934–38). Participated in the exp. on the study of taiga encephalitis (1937–38). tr. K. dedicated questions of localization of functions in the cerebral cortex, speech disorders, voluntary purposeful actions, recognition of objects and surroundings (agnosia); nerve lesions. systems at diff. infections (rabies, typhus, leprosy); synergy, and tonic. reflexes; adaptive role of the autonomic nerve. systems, etc. Prev. reign of Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists, otv. ed. zhurn. "Neuropathology and Psychiatry" (1935–39). Cit .: Neuropathological syndromes. 2nd ed. M. - L., 1936; A textbook of nervous diseases. M.-L., 1939 (et al.).
KROL Moisey Aaronovich (1862, Zhitomir - 1942, Nice), political and public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then graduated from high school, studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that (expelled for participation in student revolutionary circles, graduated as an external student in 1887). Since 1880, members Party "Narodnaya Volya", from 1882 led the roar. work in Odessa. In 1887 he was arrested, after three years in prison he was exiled to Transbaikalia, studied the ethnography of the Buryats, collaborated in a journal. "New word" and in "Izvestia" Vost.-Sib. dep. Rus. geogr. about-va. In 1896 he returned to Russia, soon settled in St. Petersburg. In 1897 he participated in the exp. on the study of econ. the position of the villages. us. Transbaikalia. Later he was engaged in advocacy, defended 36 Jews - participants in self-defense (Oct. 1904 - Jan. 1905, Gomel). One of the founders of the "Union for the achievement of complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia" (1905). In 1908 he moved to Irkutsk, headed the Society for the Study of Siberia, and provided assistance to polit. exiled, was close to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1917, dep. Will establish. meetings on the list of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. From July 1918 - Member. Sib. region Duma (Tomsk), after the coming to power of the adm. AV Kolchak, due to the threat of arrest, went to Harbin, then to Beijing. Since 1925 - in France. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the activities of ORT, the Committee for helping Jewish refugees-intellectuals, the Federation of Jewish societies in Paris, etc., collaborated in an emigrant. periodic. ed. "Will of Russia", "Free Siberia" and others. In their art. sharply criticized the plan to create a Jewish Autonomous Region in the Far East of the USSR. From 1928 one of the editors. and leading sotr. zhurn. "Tsukunft" (New York), from 1933 before. Associations of the Russian-Jewish intelligentsia. In the last. years of his life worked on the memoirs "Pages of my life" (vol. 1. New York, 1944; vol. 2 unpublished.) Works: Marriage law of foreigners of the Selenginsky okr. Irkutsk, 1895; On the forms of land use in Transbaikalia. SPb., 1898; What is the correct bunk. representation | SPb., 1906.
KROL Yuri Lvovich (b. 1931, Leningrad), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1991). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1951). Since 1957 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. branch of Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the history of ancient China, Confucianism. Compiled, commented. and per. from Korean book "The rose and the scarlet lotus: Korean novels (XVII-XIX centuries)" (M., 1974). Works: Han Country: Essays on the culture of ancient China. L., 1959 (et al.); Sima Qian is a historian. M., 1970; Kit fund catalog. xylographers of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences; The Salt and Iron Dispute is a cultural monument of the Han era. L., 1991.
KROLL Anatoly Osherovich (b. 1943, Chelyabinsk), composer, arranger, conductor, pianist. Graduated from muses. uch-shche in Chelyabinsk, class. php. In 1961–63, Ch. conductor and musician hands. State pop orc. UzSSR, in 1964–70 hands. of the big band of the Tula Philharmonic, in 1971–90 - Moscow. jazz orc. "Contemporary". Simultaneously, in 1980–88, Art. lecturer, thin. hands. extramural stage department Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins. Hood. hands. Union theater festivals programs. figures of Russia (1990–92). Since 1992 K. creator, ch. conductor and artistic director hands. "ISS Big Band" - the first to grow. jazz orc., who participated in 1994 in the Montreux Jazz Festival (Switzerland) and was awarded the Certificate "For Outstanding Festival Performance". K. systematized DOS. principles of working with a jazz orc., brought up a constellation of highly professional. jazzmen. Author of music for jazz orc. and to / f. Laureate of the 1st and unity. in the USSR Intern. jazz festival (1967, Tallinn). Released 12 records and 3 laser discs with manuf. K. performed by orc. under the hands. K. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1989). cit .: "A Life-Long Road", 1965; Concertino for double bass with orc. "Two characters", 1969; Mysterious Island, 1973; Concert "Major in Minor", 1981; Journey to Jazz, 1982; Blues of the Old Arbat, 1983; "Smiles of Old Moscow", 1985; music to f. We Are From Jazz, 1982 (awarded the Silver Medal at the 1st International Competition for Jazz Music in Lodz); "Winter Evening in Gagra", 1983; The Innocent, 1993; Dreams, 1994; American Daughter, 1995.
CROMANS, see Noviny.
KROMOLUV, now part of the city of Zawiercie in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - posad Kramolov Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya gubernia. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews (approx. 23%), in 1921 - approx. 400 Jews. 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KROMY, urban-type settlement (since 1959), regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147. From 1778 - the county town of the Oryol governorship, then - the province. Since 1917 it has been a rural settlement. In 1910, 103 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 56 (1.1%), in 1939 - 6 Jews. In 1910, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
KRON Alexander Alexandrovich (real family Crane) (1909, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Writer, playwright. Son of A.A. Kerin. In 1930 he graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences 1st Moscow State University. He made his debut with the play "Rifle No. 492116" (1929). In 1941–45 he served in the Balt. navy, participated in the defense of Leningrad, worked in the military. print. Author of the plays "Coward" (1935), "Our Weapon" (1937), "Deep Intelligence" (1941), "Navy Officer" (1944), "Party Candidate" (1950), "Second Wind" (1956), books essays on a trip to Indonesia "On the Move and at Anchor" (1961), collection of articles. Art. "Writer's Notes" (1956), rom. "House and Ship" (1964), "Insomnia" (1977), p. "Sea Captain" (1983), rec. "About peers" (1978).
KRONENBERG Leopold (Label) (1812, Warsaw - 1878, Nice), banker, industrialist, public figure. The son of Samuel Leizer K. (| - 1825), who founded a bank in Warsaw in 1822. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, attended also a Catholic school. K. - a supporter of assimilation, supported the roar. movement and idea of ​​the revival of independent Poland. Later he sought reconciliation with the Russian. the authorities. In 1846, K. converted to Christianity, but continued to maintain relations with the Jewish community and stood up for the Jews before the authorities. Influenced in both Jewish and Polish finance. and prom. circles and gained the trust of Rus. pr-va. In contrast to Varshavskaya Gaz., Which opposed the influence of assimilated Jews on Polish culture and art, he founded in 1859 Polish Gas. and invited to edit it from. writer Yuri Krashevsky. K. belonged to the company in decomp. branches of industry. In 1869 he received the right to expand the railway. the network that existed between Warsaw and Vienna, towards Germany and Russia. K. participated in the creation. Commercial Bank of Warsaw. In 1875, on the initiative of K., the Higher was established in Warsaw. commercial school, in which students were admitted regardless of their religion. Son K. - Stanislav (1846–94) was president. Commercial Bank of Warsaw.
KRONENBERG Leopold Leopoldovich (Leopold Julian) (1849, Warsaw - 1937, Brzezin, Poland), financier, composer, public figure. Son of L. Kronenberg. He studied law in Warsaw, then at Bonn University, and also sat down. farm in Popels-Dorf. On his estate, K. arranged schools and shelters for peasants and created an exemplary farm. Since 1874 hands. branches Varshavsk. commercial bank in St. Petersburg. In 1893 he received the title of baron. Was elected to the State. Council of Russia from the landowners of the Kingdom of Poland (1906 - 10), where he adjoined gr. center, staying outside the polit. parties. K. - one of the founders of the Warsaw Philharmonic, financed its construction (1898-1901). After its opening, one of the conductors was an orc. Philharmonic. K. author pl. wok. manuf., as well as op. for orc. and fp. He released the book. in French lang. “The last years of the reign of Napoleon III. Memoirs and impressions of an eyewitness ”(Warsaw, b), as well as“ Memoirs ”in Polish. lang. (Warsaw, 1933).
KRONFELD Arthur (1886, Berlin - 1941, Moscow), psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine (1910), Doctor of Philosophy (1912), Prof. (1936). He studied medicine and philosophy at Jena (1904–05), Munich (1905), Berlin (1906–08) and Heidelberg (1908–09) high fur boots. In 1909–13, assistant psychiatrist. clinics of Heidelberg University. In 1914-18, a military psychiatrist. infirmary. In 1919–27 he was a freelance doctor in Berlin. In 1927–33 privat-doc. Berlin University. In 1932 he was brought before the Munich court as an expert psychiatrist in the court. the case of W. Abel, who was accused of libel against A. Hitler. The recognition of Abel as mentally ill would have allowed Hitler to win the trial. K. found the defendant mentally healthy. In 1933–35 - in Switzerland, from 1935 in the USSR, where he was headed by N.-I. clinics branch of Moscow. mountains. neuropsychol. in-ta them. P.B. Gannushkina (1936–41). On October 17, 1941, with the introduction of a state of siege in Moscow, K. and his wife committed suicide. scientific. works by K. dedicated. the problem of syndromic education, schizophrenia and its treatment with insulin shock, sexopathology, hypnosis and psychotherapy, psychodiagnostics and test methods for the selection of pilots, philos. aspects of psychology and psychiatry. K. - member. pl. scientific. (medical, psychiatric., psychol. and aesthetic.) about-in Germany, Austria and the USSR. Works: Hypnosis and suggestion. M. - L., 1927; The degenerates are in power. M., 1941.
KRONGAUZ Anisim Maksimovich (1920, Kharkov - 1987, Moscow), poet. In 1938–41 he studied in Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky. Published since 1936. In 1942–43 - the first books. verse. "Echelons", "Poems about the House". Rep. about the war - one of the main. motives of the poet's lyrics. For half a century of K.'s work in the literature, a number of collection, naib. means. Memories of the Future (1967), Canvases (1975). K. translated poems of poets of various owls. rep.
CROWN, see Kruonis.
KRONROD Alexander Semenovich (1921, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949; the degree was awarded by the Council of Mechanics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University, bypassing the candidate's), prof. (1966). Member of the 1941–45 war. Conducted at Moscow State University Math. a circle for schoolchildren, in which many were engaged. later famous mathematicians. He worked in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the RNTs "Kurchatov Institute"), in Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After in 1968 K., among the 99 owls. mathematicians signed a letter against the forced confinement in a psychiatrist. hospital watered. motives of A.S. Yesenin-Volpin, was fired from his job. Worked at Ying-those patent information, since 1974 at the Center. geophysis. exp. Min-va oil. and gas. industry of the USSR. achievements - valid in the theory of functions. variable, where K. belong to the results of research. in the region. functions of two variables, in compute. mathematics and programming. Became. pr. (1953).
KRONROD Yakov Abramovich (1912, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1955). After graduating from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1934) worked in the State Planning Committee and the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Since 1940 in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945 Art. scientific. sotr., head. sector of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author tr. by theoretical. problems watered. economy, theory of history of capitalist. cycles and crises, commodity production, money and den. treatment, households. calculation, extended reproduction, research methodology. polit. savings. Under his editorship. collection published. monographs and collection of works. Vol .: Strengthening den. circulation in the USSR, inflation in capitalist countries. M., 1950; Socialist money about-ve. Essays on Theory. 2nd ed. M., 1960; Produces. forces and societies. own. M., 1987; Essays on the Social-Economic. development of the XX century. M., 1992.
KRONSHLOT, see Kronstadt.
KRONSTADT (until 1723 - Kronshlot), a city, subordinated (since 1997) to the administrative-terr. management of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). Main in 1703. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Peterhof u. Petersburg, from 1914 to Petrograd province. 181 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1865, 331 in 1881, 487 in 1883, 991 in 1897, 733 in 1899, 465 (0.9%) in 1910. in 1923 - 214 (0.8%), in 1926 - 308 Jews (1%). part of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan were artisans, as well as retired ranks of the army and navy. In 1899, a synagogue was officially allowed, and there was also a synagogue for Jewish soldiers and sailors (in the 1890s - 320 people). In 1888–95 the rabbi in Kazakhstan was Joachim Kreines, until 1894 - Mordukhovich, from 1899 - Ilya Pines, from 1902 Tsemakh Kroin was the spiritual rabbi (in 1912 he was elected a public rabbi), in the 1900s. Livshits was also a rabbi in the 1890s. MVVladimirov founded the Society of Lovers of Music and Singing in Kazakhstan. In the end. 1890s In K. there was a Zionist circle, which was led by Yitzhok Fortmantman (he also acted as cantor and shokhet), and funds were collected for the publication of Zionist literature. In 1905, during the riots in Kazakhstan, the shops and shops owned by Jews were destroyed. In 1905-06 rev. propaganda in K. was conducted by a member. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries Yu. Zubelevich (party ps. Dasha). In 1910, K. had a Talmud-Torah and a Jewish cemetery. K. has a branch of the "Hesed". In 2003, approx. 130 Jews. In K. genus: A.A. Gershun, M.S. Sominsky; Alexander Yakovlevich Gomelsky (b. 1928), basketball coach, honored. trainer of the USSR (1956), prof. (1978), coach of the USSR national team, before. nat. Basketball Federation, author of scientific and methodological and popular publications; Abram Yakovlevich Kameraz (1904-1991, Leningrad), breeder-potato grower, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences (1961), prof. (1970), os. tr. in the region. breeding potatoes on the basis of interspecific hybridization, in 1941 saved the collection of species and varieties of potatoes VIR, created the first in the USSR late blight-resistant ("Kameraz-1") and virus-resistant varieties, Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1969), Steel. pr. (1949). A.L. lived and worked in K. Gershun, A.M. Lyubovich, S.G. Roshal, E. Soloveichik, E.Z. Yarchuk.
KROPILNIKI, a village in the Mostis district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1446. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 2 Jews were exiled from Kazakhstan.
KROPINA, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania. 1930s in K. there was a Jewish community.
KROPOTKIN (until 1921 - Romanovsky Khutor), a city (from 1921) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1771. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Caucasian department. Kuban Region 42 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and 109 Jews in 1939. 1942 K. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In Aug.-Sep. 1942 in Kazakhstan, several were destroyed. hundreds of evacuated Jews. In 1998, approx. 250 Jews.
KROSHIN, a village in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Minsk province. 151 Jews (15.6%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 grocery stores, all 3 tobacco ones. Manufacturing shops. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
KROSHIN Grigory Maksovich (real fam. Kremer) (b. 1939, Moscow), journalist, satirist writer. Graduated from MISS (1961). Published since 1959 (stories, feuilletons, articles, interviews, scripts for radio, television, cinema). Publ. humorous. and satirical. collection: "There is no one to chat with" (1986), "Say for all" (1989). Since 1989 watered. journalist "Crocodile", from Aug. 1991 journal. "Capital". Comp. in the journal. Balagan (Tel Aviv), gas. "New Russian Word" (New York), on Radio Liberty.
KROSHNER Mikhail Efimovich (1900, Kiev - 1942, Minsk), composer. In 1918–21 he studied at the Kiev muses. uch-shche (class. php. V.V. Pukhalsky). Continued muses. education in Moose. uch-shche them. A. N. Skryabin in Moscow, F. M. Blumenfeld in Kiev, in class. comp. from V.A. Zolotarev in the Sverdlovsk muses. uch-shche (since 1930); in his class. studied at the Minsk cons. (1933), graduated in 1937. Simultaneously. worked as accompanist of the ballet troupe of the Minsk Opera Studio (later transformed into the Theater of Opera and Ballet), which made it possible to study in detail the specifics of ballet music. On trips to districts and townships of Belarus, K. collected Jewish and Belarusian. folklore (about 200 songs and dances), to-ry used in his works. The processing of bunks has become very popular. songs, incl. "Three Jewish songs of the old way of life" (1939). To Belarusian. folklore built the music of the first Belarusian. ball. "Nightingale" (post. 1939, Odessa). In 1941 K., not having time to evacuate from Minsk, ended up in the ghetto. The fate of Op. K: only the score of the ball has been preserved. "Nightingale", all the rest of the legacy was lost during the war. K. also wrote the cantata "The Drowned Man" (1937), the suite "Belarusian. symph. dancing "(1937), strings. quartet, variations for Belarusian. theme for fp., romances, treatment of Jewish and Belarusian. bunk bed songs. Honored. art. BSSR (1940).
KROSHNYA, now part of (since 1971) Zhitomir (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 3 out of 6 grocery stores in K.
KROSNEWICE, a city (from the 1st half of the 15th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kutnovsky u. In 1576, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1765 - 79, in 1794 - 96 (35%), in 1808 - 236 (45%), in 1827 - 250 (60%), in 1857 - 717 (60 %), in 1897 - 1050 (48.5%), in 1921 - 1259 (36%), in 1939 - approx. 1,300 Jews Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 16th century. In the 18th century. there was a Jewish community. Most of the Jews were artisans (tailors and furriers). In 1793, 13 of the 26 artisans of Kazakhstan were Jews; 11 Jews were engaged in trade. In 1849–64, the rabbi of K. was Shimshon Orenstein, then Avrom Landau, in 1866–76 - Avrom Borenstein (1839–1910), an Alexander Hasid, in 1877–1901 - Gershon Engelman, then his son Shlomo (? –1941) , from 1889 - Chaim Lerman (1867 -?). In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, Jewish clubs worked, b-ka, self-workers. T. 15 Sept. 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. The Judenrat was established. A ghetto was created in 1940. In the fall of 1941 most of the young Jewish men were sent to a labor camp c. Poznan. In March 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp. After liberation, approx. 80 Jews. To the end. 1945 almost all Jews left Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, the buildings of the synagogue and mikvah are preserved. R. Palatnik.
KROSSER Paul (1902, Vindava, Kurland province - |), economist. In 1921-28 he studied at Berlin University and Econ. in-those. Since 1934 - in the USA. In 1935–36 he took part in the development of the Amer. unemployment programs. Since 1943 advisor on foreign affairs. econom. and labor problems in the Military. min-ve. Since 1956 prof. Economics University Adelphi (New York). Author of works on the history of economics. thoughts and methodology of econ. analysis. Cit .: Economic functions. Criticism of the subjectivist economic. theory. M., 1962.
SHORT Emil (real name and surname Emmanuil Yakovlevich German) (1892, Zinkovtsy Kamenetsky u. Podolsk province. - 1963, Moscow), poet, satirist. Born into a family of a lawyer. From 1912 he collaborated in Odessa periodicals. ed. Published in "New Satyricon", "Letopis" and other journals, in gas. "New Life" (published by M. Gorky). In 1917 publ. first feuilletons, roar. lyrics. In 1918 he worked in Kharkov at Ukrosta. Since 1920 in Moscow, head. moscow branch of the publishing house "World Literature". In 1918–20 the books were published: The Melted Pole, A Conversation with Wilson, and The Scythian Coast. Main a place in K.'s work was occupied by satire: epigrams, parodies. Mn. aphorisms (cycle "Fragments from the Unwritten"), puns acquired the character of folklore works, having lost the name of the creator. In 1933 he was exiled for 3 years to Kamen-na-Obi, in 1936–41 - in Mozhaisk. Since the 1930s. K. - post. author of journal. "Crocodile": The "Crocodile" Library published books: "Portrait and Mirror", "Satirist in Space", "In the Disorder of Discussion". K. translated from Alb., Est. and other languages. satirical. poems.
KROTOVO, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). 1941 there were 8 Jews living in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 Jews of K. were sent to Pinsk and killed there.
MOLE, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Pyryatin ghetto and at the beginning. Apr 1942 shot together with the local. Jews.
LEATHER, see Steal.
KRUCHA, a village in the Kruglyanskiy district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841 123 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1844 - 148, in 1869 - 267, in 1897 - 713 (77.6%), in 1908 - 805 (89%), in 1923 - 380, in 1926 - 297 Jews (52.4%) Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since 1820. classes - decomp. crafts. In 1841 a synagogue and a cheder functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1844 there were two heders in Kazakhstan. In 1880, 51 villages belonged to Jews in Kazakhstan. house (out of 62). In 1891, 3 Jewish families (9 people) evicted from Moscow arrived in the town. In 1895 there were 6 melamads in Kazakhstan. In 1908 there were 2 synagogues, in 1910 there were societies. exemplary cheder with teaching general subjects. In 1913, Jews owned both pharmacies, unity. pharmacy warehouse, 13 stores (including all 6 grocery stores). All four timber merchants in Kazakhstan and both tailors were Jews. In 1913–23, Shloyme-Zalkind Landres (1869, Abbot - 1962, Ramat-Gan, Israel) was a rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1922–29, P. Minkin (1882 - 1947, Petah-Tikva, Israel), in 1929–34 - Joseph Katz (1900–1987). In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded a Jewish agriculturalist in the Evpatoria region. the collective "Nae Broche" (71 people) In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. 10 oct. 1941, 114 Jews were shot in the vicinity of K. During the Holocaust, 169 Jews perished in Kazakhstan; in 1968, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution. S. Aronson, Ben-Adir.
KRUGER Yakov Markovich (Yankel Mordukhovich) (1869, Minsk - 1940, ibid.), Painter. In 1888–95 he studied in Paris at the Academy of R. Julien, in 1897–1900 - at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg under V.E. Makovsky. In 1904 he opened drawing and painting courses in Minsk, which in 1906 was transformed into a studio school. Gained fame as a portrait painter, author of intimate psychology. portraits of Belarusian representatives. and the Jewish intelligentsia. works: portrait of the violinist Zhukhovitsky (1897), painting "Pogrom" (1905, destroyed by the gendarmes), portraits of Yakub Kolas, Yanka Kupala (both - 1923). Works are stored in the State. thin Museum of Belarus, Lit. Yanka Kupala Museum in Minsk, private collections. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1939).
KRUGLIKOV Solomon Lazarevich (1899, Penza - 1938), economist, statesman. In 1922–25 - in Kr. Army. After the end of the economy. Faculty of the Institute of Red Professors (IKP) headed the Institute for training in IKP, was a member of Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1930–34), worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR. Since 1932, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Heavy. industry of the USSR, early. center, plan, sectors of the People's Commissariat (1934–36), member. Council under the People's Commissar (1935–36). In 1936-37 before. Board of the State Bank of the USSR, Deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR, member. Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR. Repressed.
KRUGLOE, urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the village of Orsha district in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841, 308 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1844 - 401, in 1869 - 408, in 1897 - 553 (38.4%), in 1908 - 600, in 1923 - 428, in 1939 - 238 Jews. 1841 in Kazakhstan there was a synagogue, a rabbi, and a cheder functioned. In 1880, Jews owned 40 houses. In 1881 the Jews Kagantsev and Ganelis rented 2 felt factories. In 1890, three Jewish families were expelled from Moscow and Bogorodsk to Kazakhstan. In 1907, Eliyahu Merkin (1857–?) Became rabbi in Kazakhstan. ... 40 years. In 1908, two synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. After the occupation in 1941 by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, in which there were local Jews, as well as Jews from Teterin and Khotkovo. In oct. 1941 in K. 28 Jews were shot, in the end. 1941 - 515 Jews. In 1962, 2 monuments were installed on the grave of the executed Jews.
KRUKENICHI, a village in the Mostis district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 231 Jews (14%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1921. In the 19th century. The K. were known for their skillful Jewish shoemakers. In the 1st floor. 20th century the Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in timber trade, petty trade, carriage, and crafts; they rented a brewery and a sawmill. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to Mostiska, where they were subsequently exterminated.
KRUKI, see Kryukay Šiauliai u.
KRUONIS, a place in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kroni Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 126 Jews (23%) lived in Kazakhstan. - OK. 25 Jewish families. In 1903, K. was opened for the free settlement of Jews as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1913, Jews owned 3 shops (including both grocery stores). There was a synagogue. May 29, 1915 in K. several. Jews were taken hostage and sent to Troki (present-day Trakai). On June 24, 1915, the hostages were released. Aug 1941 25 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KRUOPIAI, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krupe Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 3 Jews (1.5%) lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there was a Jewish community. In 1931 a mill in Kazakhstan belonged to a Jew.
KRUPE, see Kruopiai.
KRUPETS, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. in K. lived apprx. 100 Jewish families in the 19th century. in K. there were 3 Jewish shops, goods for which were brought from Brod. In 1916, 2 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KRUPKA, see Krupki.
KRUPKI, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century as a town of Orsha district of the Vitebsk voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krupka Sennensky u. Mogilev province. In 1857, 289 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1865 - 661 (94.3%), in 1897 - 1080 (71%), in 1908 - 1150 (63.6%), in 1923 - 754, in 1926 - 885 (42.6%), in 1939 - 870 Jews. In 1686 the Jews of Kazakhstan received from the owner of the town T. Sangushko an act for the allotment of land for a synagogue, a bathhouse, and a cemetery. In 1865 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan, and in 1869 there were two synagogues. In 1880, 103 out of 151 houses belonged to Jews; in K. there were 3 synagogues. Moishe Barkhin (1863 -?) Was rabbi since 1893. In 1906 a private Jewish school (36 students) worked in Kazakhstan. In 1925, a Jewish agriculturalist was established in the vicinity of Kazakhstan. artel "New Life". In 1929 a mikvah functioned. In the 1920s and 30s. a Jewish school operated in Kazakhstan (in 1937 one of the buildings was requisitioned from the school, there was no director and history teacher, the first class was not recruited). In 1941, troops in Kazakhstan created a ghetto. Sep 18 1941 Jews K. and other us. items (approx. 1900 people) were collected approx. buildings of mountains. councils. After checking the lists of Jews, they were shot in the pits of peat-mining ca. The village of Lebedevo. In 1969, a stele was installed at the place of execution. In 2002, approx. 20 Jews. In K. genus: R. Ya. Levin; Leibush Hashmal (1891-1942, New York), writer, from 1907 - in the USA, author of several. books, sat. poetry and journalism in Yiddish.
KRUPNIK Igor Ilyich (b. 1951, Rostov-on-Don), ethnographer, ethnohistorist, specialist on national minorities. Cand. ist. Sciences (1977), Dr. Biol. Sciences (1990). Son of IN Krupnik. Graduated from Moscow State University (1973). Comp. Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1976. Conducted field ethnographers. research peoples of Siberia, Arctic, Transcaucasia, D.Vostok. Since 1991 he has been working at the Smithsonian Institute (Washington), teaching in the Amer. un-takh. One of the founders (1981) Jewish Historical Ethnogr. commission in Moscow (EIEK). Publ. ser. Art. about the history of ethnogr. studying grew. Jews; about Jewish museum and archival funds; identified Jewish collections of the State. Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR as a part of the ethnography collection considered lost. exp. S. An-sky. As a secretary scientist. EIEK (1981–87) and the Commission of Ethnography Moscow. branch of Geogr. about-va USSR contributed to the publication of Art. in history, ethnography, culture grew. Jewry. He was the organizer and before. first for pl. decades int. Jewish conf. in Moscow "The historical fate of the Jews in Russia and the USSR: the beginning of a dialogue" (1989). The author of Art. “Lakhlukhs - Kurdistan Jews in Transcaucasia” (with MS Kupovetsky “Soviet Ethnography”, 1988, No. 2); "Problems of the Ethnographic Study of Jews in the USSR" ("Sovetish Heimland", 1982, No. 8). Cit .: Whale Alley. Antiquities of the islands of the Senyavin Strait. M., 1982 (with S.A. Arutyunov and M.A. Chlenov Arctic ethnoecology. M., 1989.
KRUPNIK Ilya Naumovich (b. 1925, Rostov-on-Don), writer. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). From 1941 he worked at a mine plant, served in the navy. First production publ. in 1957. K.'s stories were published in the journal. "October", "Youth", in "Lit. gas.". In 1962 the first book was published. stories "Snow charge", in 1967 - Sat. "On this land." In the next 20 years, production. K. were not published, having fallen under the ban after his speeches in defense of the writers YM Daniel and AD Sinyavsky; a certain role was played by the fact that the strange, surreal, but quite recognizable modern. world manuf. K. did not fit into the stream of officers. lit-ry. In 1989, the book was published. “The beginning of good times. Almost Realistic Stories ”, partially reissued. by the Paris publishing house "Pierre Ore". In 1993, in the journal. "Zvezda" is printed on The Eagle of the Sixth Legion.
KRUPNIK Haim-Aharon (1888 - 1942, Haifa), economist, publisher. In E.-I. since 1925. One of the founders of the publishing house "Dvir". One of the founders and the first director. gas. "Davar". In 1926-42 sec. Technion in Haifa, where he taught economics.
KRUPNIKOV Alexander Markovich (1892, Zhirovichi of Slonimsky u. Grodno province - 1976, Khabarovsk), military leader. Lieutenant General (1958). Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. In 1926 he graduated from courses at the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze. He commanded a company, battalion, regiment. In 1937–41 com. divisions. From 1939 the brigade commander, from 1940 the major general. In 1941 - 42 deputy. teams, the army in the rear. In 1942–43 the beginning. headquarters rear Zakavk., and then the Central fronts. In 1944–45, deputy. teams. Zakavk. front to the rear. In 1945-48 Deputy. teams, the army in the rear. In 1948–58, deputy. com. troops of the Trans-Baikal, and then the Far Eastern Military District in the rear. From 1958 - retired. Awarded with 7 orders.
KRUPODERINTSY, a village in the Orzhitsk district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In 1910 four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KRUPODERNITSY, see Krupoderyntsi of the Vinnytsia region.
KRUPOVO, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. in K. lived 2 Jewish families, DOS. which was occupied by small trade. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In aug. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.
KRUPSKOE, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 7 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KRUSHINKA, a village in Vasilkovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 16 Jewish families lived in Kiev in 1910. Jews K. belonged to b. h. bargaining. institutions and decomp. kind of households. (including shops, an inn, a workshop for sewing clothes and shoes, a mill, an oil mill). In 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by parts of the Directory, Jewish houses and shops were destroyed, and goods were burned.
KRUSHINOVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1914, a Jew rented a unit. a mill in Kazakhstan In July 1941, Kiev was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. Of the 350 Jews placed in the camp, 275 died of hunger and disease.
KRUSTPILS (until 1917 - Kreitzburg), now part of (since 1962) Jekabpils (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1237. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Inflant Prince in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847, 1,090 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 3164 (75%), in 1920 - 1204 (63%), in 1925 - 1331 (38 %), in 1930 - 1,149 (36%), in 1935 - 1,043 Jews (29%). Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the end. 17th century, at the same time a synagogue was built. In 1772, Jews constituted 46% of the population of Kazakhstan. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: in the 1820s. - Yakov Ga-Cohen, then his son Tsadok Ga-Cohen (1823–?), In the 1850s. - Moishe-Hirsh Ziv, author of the comment. to Maimonides "The Philosophy of Moshe" (Vilna, 1866). 1890s in K. Jewish beginnings were discovered. school, mutual aid fund, in 1910 - state Jewish nar. uch-shche, loan-save. t-in, in 1913 - a Jewish library. A detachment of the Bund was in operation. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 5 shops (including all 3 manufactures), a bookstore. In 1910, Moishe-Hirsh-Dovid Gilbelbrandt was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1918, a community of immigrants from Korea was organized in the United States. Jews, first world refugees, began to return to K. war, to-eye was assisted by the Joint. Main The occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan at that time was small trade and handicrafts. In 1921 there were 8 synagogues in Kazakhstan, including the Hasidic one. In 1922 the beginning was opened. a school with teaching in Yiddish (in 1926 it became part of the Tarbut school network). An active Zionist activity was carried out, the branches of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", Beitar, the youth organization "Herzliya" worked. In 1922, 2,100 rubles were collected. donations to the Jewish nat. Fund. In 1935 Jews K. owned apprx. 50% of shops (out of 217); Jews were 2 doctors out of 4 in K. and a dentist. Rabbis in K. in 1920 - mid. 1930s were Reuven Levin, Itskhok Gwautin (? –1941). June 29, 1941 K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In the summer and fall of 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan and Jewish refugees from other cities and towns of Latvia were killed. After 1944, approx. 200 Jews. A monument with inscriptions in Russian was erected on the mass grave where the ashes of the dead were transferred. lang. and Yiddish. In K. genus: D. Druk; Yakov Borisovich Bykin (1888-1938, Moscow), party leader, in 1904-11 - member. Bund, from 1912 - RSDLP, in 1912-18 - in Switzerland, in 1919-29 - on prof. and desks. work in Belarus, in Voronezh and Yaroslavl provinces, in 1929–37 - 1st secretary. Bashkir Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1923-28 - member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee, load. ord. Lenin (1935), arrested in 1937, shot. I. Meizakh lived and worked in K.
KRUTKI, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1637.From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the end of the 19th century. 17th century In 1919, a pogrom broke out in K.I. Makhno. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
HIGH MOUNTAIN, see Dzerzhinsk, Minsk region.
Krutoyarovka, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Priluk ghetto and in May 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
COOL, see Steep.
STEEP, a village in the Kodymsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kruty Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. village council of Kodymsky district Mold. In 1849, 2,068 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 2,389 (49.7%), in 1923 - 1963, and in 1931 - approx. 1,800 Jews (90%). The Jewish community in Kazakhstan has existed since the 1780s; the Kodymy community was assigned to it. In 1900, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 18 merchants and 18 artisans; x-vom. Since 1905, Arie-Leib Braverman (1872–?) Was the rabbi of K. In 1910 there was a Talmud Torah. In 1914 there were 5 synagogues in Kazakhstan. Jews owned both pharmacies, unity. pharmacy warehouse, 2 timber warehouses, hotel, mill, 54 shops (including all 16 manufactures, all 11 grocery stores); among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KRYACHKOVKA, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KRYAKYANAVA, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krakinowo Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 344 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 594, in 1897 - 1505 (69%), in 1923 - 527 Jews (50%). in 1940 - c. 60 Jewish families. Jews lived in K. from the end. 17th century Main occupations in the 19th century. there were small trade, carriage, s. x-in. In 1800-50 the rabbi of K. was Moishe-Mikhl Lurie, in 1860-85 - his son Nosn-Note (? - 1885), in 1900-15 - Moishe Haskin (1873, Chernigov - 1950, Jerusalem). In the 1880s. In K. there were 3 synagogues, a yeshiva (founded by M. Khaskin), and a Talmud-Torah. In 1915, the Gmilus Hesed Society was operating in K.. In May of the same year, the Jews were expelled from K. After the end of the 1st World. war in K. returned approx. a third of Jews. In 1920, branches of the Jewish People were opened. bank, school network "Tarbut" (about 170 students), library. In 1931, Jews owned both mills and a tar plant, and all 12 stores in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including "Maccabi", "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". The rabbi was Benjamin Movasha. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust. In 1991, the old Jewish cemetery was restored in Kazakhstan. A. Shaban.
KRYAUNOS, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krevno Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish community.
KRYLOS, a village in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 28 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - 18, and in 1939 - 10 Jews. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KRYLOV, see Wing.
KRYLOV Victor Solomonovich (b. 1925, Perm), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963). Graduated from Molotov honey. Institute (1945) and postgraduate studies in topographic. Anatomy and Operative Surgery ibid (1945–48). In 1948–58 he worked as a surgeon in the Molotov region. hospital. In 1959–73 the head. dep. vascular surgery of the Department of Faculty Surgery of the 1st MMI; in 1969–86 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. dep. microsurgery (since 1975) All. scientific. Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1986–92 head. Department of Microsurgery Center. in-that improvement of doctors in Moscow. Since 1993 - in Israel. For the first time in the USSR, he performed bypass bypass surgery for occlusion of the femoral artery. Developed a microsurgeon. method of surgery on the periphery. nerves of small-caliber vessels. Dealt with the problems of organ and tissue transplantation: one of the authors of the method for kidney transplantation; carried out transplantation of skin and subcutaneous flaps using microsurgery. techniques for burns; together with sotr. performed (1984) the first operations on the transplantation of four toes on the hand. Member Int. about-in surgeons and angiologists. State pr. USSR (1982) for the development of emergency microsurgery. operations for traumatic. amputations of fingers and hands (joint) Vol .: Permanent bypass grafting and prosthetics in vascular surgery. M., 1962 (doc. Dis); Aortic arch branch surgery. M., 1970 (et al.); Microsurgery. M., 1976 (et al.).
KRYLUV, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Krylov Grubeshovsky u. Lublin province. In 1856, 537 Jews (44%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1512 (65%), in 1921 - 750 Jews. In 1823–62, Kazakhstan was closed for a new settlement of Jews. From 1898, Irakhmiel-Mordechai Weinberg (1863 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan, and from 1903 - Isser Yavits. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КРЫМ, историческое название терр. Крымского п-ова, омывается Черным и Азовским морями. В 5 в. до н. э. на прибрежной терр. К. возникло Боспорское царство со столицей Пантикапей, в степной части К. в 4 в. до н. э. – Скифское гос-во. С 10 в. вост. часть К. – в составе Тмутараканского кн-ва. В 13 в. после вторжения монголо-татар в К. образовался Крымский улус Золотой Орды; в 1443 возникло Крымское ханство (с 1475 – вассал Турции). С 1783 К. – в составе Рос. империи. В 1921–45 – Крымская АССР, с 1946 – Крымская обл. в составе РСФСР, в 1954–91 – Крымская обл. в составе УССР. С 1991 – Автономная Республика Крым в составе Украины, столица – Симферополь.Первые сведения о евреях К. относятся ко 2–1 вв. до н. э., когда они появились в греч. городах-колониях, а затем в 1 в. – в Боспорском царстве. В надписи на мраморной плите 81 г. упоминаются еврейская община и синагога в Пантикапее (совр. Керчь). В источниках 300 г. упоминается еврейская община Херсонеса (древний город на окраине совр. Севастополя). Осн. занятиями евреев в те времена являлись торговля и разл. ремесла; евреи состояли на гос. службе, служили в армии. В 7–8 вв. б. ч. К. была завоевана Хазарским каганатом, осн. религией к-рого был иудаизм. В документах 8–10 вв. упоминаются еврейские общины в Алубике (совр. Алупка), Алусе (совр. Алушта), Грузиве (совр. Гурзуф), Кафе (совр. Феодосия), Согдии (совр. Судак), Солхате (совр. Старый Крым), Каркери (Чуфут-Кале, в пер. с крымско-татар. яз. – «иудейская крепость») и др. В сер. 13 в. в Кафе и Боспоре, в сер. 14 в. – в Судаке и Балаклаве были еврейские общины, к-рые пользовались нац.-религ. автономией, закрепленной уставом 1449 для генуэзских колоний. Евреи жили также в христианском кн-ве Феодоро на Ю.-З. К.В 15 в. приморский К. становится одним из центров междунар. торговли; в К. приезжали евреи из Персии, Египта, Италии и др. стран. Евреи К. продолжали заниматься торговлей, ремеслами (превалировала выделка кожи), с. х-вом (виноградарство, сад-во, огородничество). В Солхате, столице Крымского ханства, в 1358 Авраам Кирсеми написал коммент. к Торе – «Язык истины»; в кон. 15 в. Моше бен Яаков составил общий молитвенник для живших в К. евреев – «Молитвенник ритуалов Кафы».В эти времена в К. образовалась община караимов. Еврейское население К. составляли ашкеназы и крымчаки. В 17 в. в Чуфут-Кале, вероятно, находилась иешива; здесь же начала работать первая караимская типография.В 1783 в К. проживало ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев и ок. 1,5 тыс. караимов. С 1791 евреям официально было разрешено селиться в К., к-рый в 1804 вошел в черту оседлости. В 1795 караимы были освобождены от двойной подати, в 1863 были уравнены в правах с рос. подданными. Большинство караимов проживало в Евпатории и Феодосии; в 1850-х гг. – ок. 500 семей (2,5 тыс. чел.). Во время Крымской войны 1853– 56 евреи участвовали в обороне Севастополя. После окончания войны в К. увеличился приток евреев, среди к-рых было много николаевских солдат. В 1863 в К. проживало 5 тыс. евреев, в 1897 – 28 703 еврея и ок. 4500 караимов.Осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесла, торговля и с. х-во. В 1880-х гг. в К. развивается еврейское просвещение, открываются синагоги, общественные учреждения, школы. Тогда же в К. появились кружки «Ховевей Цион», в кон. 1890-х гг. – сионистские группы. В 1890-х гг. В. Якобсон был одним из видных палестинофилов в К., а позднее – уполномоченным Всемирной сионистской орг-ции в Симферопольском окр. В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали ячейки Бунда, «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион».Во время рев-ции 1905–07 произошли еврейские погромы в Евпатории, Керчи, Симферополе, Феодосии (дважды). Еврейская самооборона в ряде случаев сумела оказать серьезное сопротивление погромщикам.К нач. 1914 в К. проживало св. 40 тыс. евреев (в т. ч. 6500 крымчаков) и св. 8 тыс. караимов. В нач. 1-й мир. войны в К. прибыли евреи-беженцы из зап. губерний России. К нач. 1917 в К. проживало 68 159 евреев (8,4%). В это время в еврейском нац. движении возросло влияние сионистов; на выборах советов еврейских общин и местных органов самоуправления осенью 1917 они получили большинство голосов. Тогда же в К. начали возникать группы «Ге-Халуц», готовившие молодежь к отъезду в Э.-И. Весной 1917 возобновили свою деятельность отд-ния Бунда (лидеры – С.Рабинсон, Е.Н.Эйдельман и др.), в рядах к-рого было ок. 700 чел., и «Поалей Цион» (лидеры – А.Б.Иткин, Н.М.Асаркин, Н.Тернер и др.), насчитывавший 500–600 чел. Действовал Еврейский обществ. совет; видными деятелями РСДРП (меньшевиков) К. были Н.А.Кантарович, Б.Я.Лейбман Е.И.Рабинович и др., партии эсеров – М.А.Хаит, большевиков – А.И.Слуцкий, кадетов – Даниил Самойлович Пасманик (1869, Гадяч Полтавской губ.–1930, Париж).Во время Гражд. войны, несмотря на частую смену властей, положение евреев К. было относительно стабильным. В янв. 1918 большевики в союзе с левыми эсерами и анархистами при поддержке значит. части матросов Черноморского флота начали в К. «красный террор». Среди его жертв –обществ. деятель Г.А.Бронштейн, предприниматель А.Я.Гидалевич, художник М.М.Казак и мн. др. Бунд, «Поалей Цион» и др. еврейские партии были выведены из Симферопольского совета, был разоружен еврейский батальон, образованный для защиты евреев Симферополя от погромов. В период герм. оккупации (апр. – нояб. 1918) обществ. жизнь евреев К. немного оживилась, в Симферополе состоялся съезд еврейских общин К., к-рый принял решение о создании Крымского краевого совета еврейских общин и образовал союз общин во главе с Д.С.Пасмаником. В нояб. 1918 после ухода герм. войск было создано Крымское краевое пр-во во главе с караимом С.С. Крымом, опиравшееся на Добровольческую армию А.И.Деникина и англ.-франц. войска; мин. внешних сношений был М.М.Винавер. В К. функционировало ОЗЕ, имевшее санатории в Евпатории и Ялте.Поток беженцев из Украины и центр. р-нов России увеличил численность еврейского населения К. до 100–150 тыс. чел. Усилилась деятельность сионистских орг-ций, чему способствовало пребывание в К. в мае – авг. 1919 И. Трумпельдора, создавшего в р-не Джанкоя центры по подготовке к с.-х. труду в Э.-И. Была также основана школа по изучению основ мореплавания и рыболовства. В окт. 1919 в Балаклаве прошло совещание сионистских орг-ций Юга России с участием М.Я.Дизенгофа.С апр. 1920 функционировали еврейские кооперативные орг-ции, об-ва взаимопомощи, культурно-просветит. об-ва, школы сети «Тарбут», дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите. В нояб. 1920 после занятия К. частями Кр. Армией обл. ревком возглавил Б.Кун, обком РКП(б) – Р.С.Землячка. В 1920-х гг. в К. запрещаются или самораспускаются орг-ции еврейских политич. партий. Мн. евреи покинули К. с армией ген. П.Н.Врангеля, выехали в Э.-И. или вернулись на прежнее место жительства.В 1921 в К. проживало 50 043 еврея, в 1922 – 49 000, в 1923 – 39 815 евреев. К кон. 1920-х гг. были ликвидированы все сионистские орг-ции, спорт. об-во «Маккаби», с.-х. коммуны «Ге-Халуц», репрессированы мн. члены «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».В 1923–24 в степной части К. были созданы 34 еврейские земледельч. колонии, получившие от гос-ва ок. 15 тыс. дес. земли. Большую помощь переселенцам из Украины, Белоруссии, Азербайджана, Смоленской, Вологодской и др. губерний оказывали Джойнт и Агроджойнт. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. активно действовали представители Й-И.Шнеерсона. В 1927 еврейские с.-х. поселения имели 64 трактора, 20 паровых молотилок, 5 молокозаводов, кожевенные и черепичные з-ды. В 1928 поселенцы подняли 68 тыс. га целинных земель, заложили 80 га виноградников. В 1926 в с.-х. поселениях проживало 4463 еврея (из 45 926 всех евреев К.), в 1933 – ок. 22 тыс. евреев. Были созданы еврейские нац.-адм. единицы: 2 р-на (Фрайдорфский – в 1930 и Лариндорфский – в 1935), 14 еврейских сельсоветов (в 1930). Мн. еврейские поселения носили назв. на иврите, в т. ч. «Авода», «Агудас-Ахим», «Ахдус» (совр. Ленинское), «Бейс-Лехем» (совр. Хлебное), «Войо Нова» (совр. Листовое), «Ганон», «Гатыкво», «Эциро», «Икор», «Кадима» (совр. Победное), «Мааян», «Мишмар», «Тель Хай», «Хаклай» (совр. Майское), «Хейрус», «Шолейм». В 1931 на терр. К. действовали 4 с.-х. коммуны, 81 с.-х. артель, 10 товариществ по совм. обработке земли (ТОЗы).В 1927 в К. работало 25 еврейских школ, в 1933 – 70, в сер. 1930-х гг. – 87 еврейских школ и 2 техникума. Действовали еврейские клубы, избы-читальни, б-ки, передвижной драматич. колхозно-совхозный т-р, выходили газеты на идише. В кон. 1930-х гг. все эти учреждения были ликвидированы, уч. заведения закрыты или переведены на рус. яз. обучения. К нач. 1941 в К. проживало ок. 70 тыс. евреев (в т. ч. в 86 еврейских колхозах – ок. 17 тыс. чел.).В кон. окт. – нач. нояб. 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. Мн. евреям удалось эвакуироваться (в т. ч. из Симферополя, Севастополя, Керчи, Феодосии и Ялты). Ок. 35% семей из еврейских колхозов Фрайдорфского р-на и значит. часть еврейских колхозников из др. р-нов были эвакуированы (часть – на Сев. Кавказ, где позднее были уничтожены). Первый расстрел произошел 15 нояб. 1941 в с. Перецфельд Фрайдорфского р-на (103 чел.). Во 2-й пол. нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 1235 евреев в 13 нас. пунктах; в 1-й пол. дек. 1941 – более 13,5 тыс.В целях использования евреев на осенне-полевых работах уничтожение евреев-колхозников было отложено до кон. 1941 в р-нах Фрайдорфа (совр. Новоселовское), Джанкоя и Майфельда (совр. Майское). Всего в 1941 в К. было уничтожено ок. 17 тыс. евреев.В янв. – июне 1942 в К. было уничтожено ок. 5 тыс. евреев. После оккупации Севастополя (июль 1942) было убито ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев и 1029 евреев из лагеря для военнопленных и лагеря для беженцев в Бахчисарае. Всего в период оккупации в К. было убито неск. десятков тысяч евреев и крымчаков. Караимы К. не подвергались преследованиям. После 1945 в 80 местах гибели и захоронения жертв Катастрофы были установлены памятники.В 20 еврейских колхозов К. вернулось из эвакуации ок. 50% евреев. Численность еврейского населения в колхозах достигла 600 семей. В 1945 большинство еврейских колхозов и поселков было переименовано. В дек. 1947 из-за антисемитских настроений населения К. 252 еврейские семьи переехали в Еврейскую автономную область.В 1959 в К. проживало 26 374 еврея (2,2%), в 1970 – 25 614 (1,4%), в 1979 – 22 597 (1,1%), в 1989 – ок. 18 000 (ок. 0,7%), в 1995 – ок. 12 000 евреев.В 1989 в Симферополе было основано Крымское об-во еврейской культуры, создано об-во «Зибн лихт», к-рое в 1992 официально оформлено как Объединенная еврейская община К. (пред. совета общины – А.Д.Глубочанский-Беренсон). На базе общины образована Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций и общин К., в к-рую входят ок. 6 тыс. чел. С 1997 работает об-во «Яд эзра». С 1992 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ицхок Лифшиц (р. 1947, Нью-Йорк). В 2002 общины действовали в Джанкое, Евпатории, Керчи, Севастополе, Ялте.В.С.Левин, pronunciation=КРЫМ, историческое название терр. Крымского п-ова, омывается Черным и Азовским морями. В 5 в. до н. э. на прибрежной терр. К. возникло Боспорское царство со столицей Пантикапей, в степной части К. в 4 в. до н. э. – Скифское гос-во. С 10 в. вост. часть К. – в составе Тмутараканского кн-ва. В 13 в. после вторжения монголо-татар в К. образовался Крымский улус Золотой Орды; в 1443 возникло Крымское ханство (с 1475 – вассал Турции). С 1783 К. – в составе Рос. империи. В 1921–45 – Крымская АССР, с 1946 – Крымская обл. в составе РСФСР, в 1954–91 – Крымская обл. в составе УССР. С 1991 – Автономная Республика Крым в составе Украины, столица – Симферополь.Первые сведения о евреях К. относятся ко 2–1 вв. до н. э., когда они появились в греч. городах-колониях, а затем в 1 в. – в Боспорском царстве. В надписи на мраморной плите 81 г. упоминаются еврейская община и синагога в Пантикапее (совр. Керчь). В источниках 300 г. упоминается еврейская община Херсонеса (древний город на окраине совр. Севастополя). Осн. занятиями евреев в те времена являлись торговля и разл. ремесла; евреи состояли на гос. службе, служили в армии. В 7–8 вв. б. ч. К. была завоевана Хазарским каганатом, осн. религией к-рого был иудаизм. В документах 8–10 вв. упоминаются еврейские общины в Алубике (совр. Алупка), Алусе (совр. Алушта), Грузиве (совр. Гурзуф), Кафе (совр. Феодосия), Согдии (совр. Судак), Солхате (совр. Старый Крым), Каркери (Чуфут-Кале, в пер. с крымско-татар. яз. – «иудейская крепость») и др. В сер. 13 в. в Кафе и Боспоре, в сер. 14 в. – в Судаке и Балаклаве были еврейские общины, к-рые пользовались нац.-религ. автономией, закрепленной уставом 1449 для генуэзских колоний. Евреи жили также в христианском кн-ве Феодоро на Ю.-З. К.В 15 в. приморский К. становится одним из центров междунар. торговли; в К. приезжали евреи из Персии, Египта, Италии и др. стран. Евреи К. продолжали заниматься торговлей, ремеслами (превалировала выделка кожи), с. х-вом (виноградарство, сад-во, огородничество). В Солхате, столице Крымского ханства, в 1358 Авраам Кирсеми написал коммент. к Торе – «Язык истины»; в кон. 15 в. Моше бен Яаков составил общий молитвенник для живших в К. евреев – «Молитвенник ритуалов Кафы».В эти времена в К. образовалась община караимов. Еврейское население К. составляли ашкеназы и крымчаки. В 17 в. в Чуфут-Кале, вероятно, находилась иешива; здесь же начала работать первая караимская типография.В 1783 в К. проживало ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев и ок. 1,5 тыс. караимов. С 1791 евреям официально было разрешено селиться в К., к-рый в 1804 вошел в черту оседлости. В 1795 караимы были освобождены от двойной подати, в 1863 были уравнены в правах с рос. подданными. Большинство караимов проживало в Евпатории и Феодосии; в 1850-х гг. – ок. 500 семей (2,5 тыс. чел.). Во время Крымской войны 1853– 56 евреи участвовали в обороне Севастополя. После окончания войны в К. увеличился приток евреев, среди к-рых было много николаевских солдат. В 1863 в К. проживало 5 тыс. евреев, в 1897 – 28 703 еврея и ок. 4500 караимов.Осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесла, торговля и с. х-во. В 1880-х гг. в К. развивается еврейское просвещение, открываются синагоги, общественные учреждения, школы. Тогда же в К. появились кружки «Ховевей Цион», в кон. 1890-х гг. – сионистские группы. В 1890-х гг. В. Якобсон был одним из видных палестинофилов в К., а позднее – уполномоченным Всемирной сионистской орг-ции в Симферопольском окр. В нач. 20 в. в К. действовали ячейки Бунда, «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион».Во время рев-ции 1905–07 произошли еврейские погромы в Евпатории, Керчи, Симферополе, Феодосии (дважды). Еврейская самооборона в ряде случаев сумела оказать серьезное сопротивление погромщикам.К нач. 1914 в К. проживало св. 40 тыс. евреев (в т. ч. 6500 крымчаков) и св. 8 тыс. караимов. В нач. 1-й мир. войны в К. прибыли евреи-беженцы из зап. губерний России. К нач. 1917 в К. проживало 68 159 евреев (8,4%). В это время в еврейском нац. движении возросло влияние сионистов; на выборах советов еврейских общин и местных органов самоуправления осенью 1917 они получили большинство голосов. Тогда же в К. начали возникать группы «Ге-Халуц», готовившие молодежь к отъезду в Э.-И. Весной 1917 возобновили свою деятельность отд-ния Бунда (лидеры – С.Рабинсон, Е.Н.Эйдельман и др.), в рядах к-рого было ок. 700 чел., и «Поалей Цион» (лидеры – А.Б.Иткин, Н.М.Асаркин, Н.Тернер и др.), насчитывавший 500–600 чел. Действовал Еврейский обществ. совет; видными деятелями РСДРП (меньшевиков) К. были Н.А.Кантарович, Б.Я.Лейбман Е.И.Рабинович и др., партии эсеров – М.А.Хаит, большевиков – А.И.Слуцкий, кадетов – Даниил Самойлович Пасманик (1869, Гадяч Полтавской губ.–1930, Париж).Во время Гражд. войны, несмотря на частую смену властей, положение евреев К. было относительно стабильным. В янв. 1918 большевики в союзе с левыми эсерами и анархистами при поддержке значит. части матросов Черноморского флота начали в К. «красный террор». Среди его жертв –обществ. деятель Г.А.Бронштейн, предприниматель А.Я.Гидалевич, художник М.М.Казак и мн. др. Бунд, «Поалей Цион» и др. еврейские партии были выведены из Симферопольского совета, был разоружен еврейский батальон, образованный для защиты евреев Симферополя от погромов. В период герм. оккупации (апр. – нояб. 1918) обществ. жизнь евреев К. немного оживилась, в Симферополе состоялся съезд еврейских общин К., к-рый принял решение о создании Крымского краевого совета еврейских общин и образовал союз общин во главе с Д.С.Пасмаником. В нояб. 1918 после ухода герм. войск было создано Крымское краевое пр-во во главе с караимом С.С. Крымом, опиравшееся на Добровольческую армию А.И.Деникина и англ.-франц. войска; мин. внешних сношений был М.М.Винавер. В К. функционировало ОЗЕ, имевшее санатории в Евпатории и Ялте.Поток беженцев из Украины и центр. р-нов России увеличил численность еврейского населения К. до 100–150 тыс. чел. Усилилась деятельность сионистских орг-ций, чему способствовало пребывание в К. в мае – авг. 1919 И. Трумпельдора, создавшего в р-не Джанкоя центры по подготовке к с.-х. труду в Э.-И. Была также основана школа по изучению основ мореплавания и рыболовства. В окт. 1919 в Балаклаве прошло совещание сионистских орг-ций Юга России с участием М.Я.Дизенгофа.С апр. 1920 функционировали еврейские кооперативные орг-ции, об-ва взаимопомощи, культурно-просветит. об-ва, школы сети «Тарбут», дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите. В нояб. 1920 после занятия К. частями Кр. Армией обл. ревком возглавил Б.Кун, обком РКП(б) – Р.С.Землячка. В 1920-х гг. в К. запрещаются или самораспускаются орг-ции еврейских политич. партий. Мн. евреи покинули К. с армией ген. П.Н.Врангеля, выехали в Э.-И. или вернулись на прежнее место жительства.В 1921 в К. проживало 50 043 еврея, в 1922 – 49 000, в 1923 – 39 815 евреев. К кон. 1920-х гг. были ликвидированы все сионистские орг-ции, спорт. об-во «Маккаби», с.-х. коммуны «Ге-Халуц», репрессированы мн. члены «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».В 1923–24 в степной части К. были созданы 34 еврейские земледельч. колонии, получившие от гос-ва ок. 15 тыс. дес. земли. Большую помощь переселенцам из Украины, Белоруссии, Азербайджана, Смоленской, Вологодской и др. губерний оказывали Джойнт и Агроджойнт. В 1920–30-х гг. в К. активно действовали представители Й-И.Шнеерсона. В 1927 еврейские с.-х. поселения имели 64 трактора, 20 паровых молотилок, 5 молокозаводов, кожевенные и черепичные з-ды. В 1928 поселенцы подняли 68 тыс. га целинных земель, заложили 80 га виноградников. В 1926 в с.-х. поселениях проживало 4463 еврея (из 45 926 всех евреев К.), в 1933 – ок. 22 тыс. евреев. Были созданы еврейские нац.-адм. единицы: 2 р-на (Фрайдорфский – в 1930 и Лариндорфский – в 1935), 14 еврейских сельсоветов (в 1930). Мн. еврейские поселения носили назв. на иврите, в т. ч. «Авода», «Агудас-Ахим», «Ахдус» (совр. Ленинское), «Бейс-Лехем» (совр. Хлебное), «Войо Нова» (совр. Листовое), «Ганон», «Гатыкво», «Эциро», «Икор», «Кадима» (совр. Победное), «Мааян», «Мишмар», «Тель Хай», «Хаклай» (совр. Майское), «Хейрус», «Шолейм». В 1931 на терр. К. действовали 4 с.-х. коммуны, 81 с.-х. артель, 10 товариществ по совм. обработке земли (ТОЗы).В 1927 в К. работало 25 еврейских школ, в 1933 – 70, в сер. 1930-х гг. – 87 еврейских школ и 2 техникума. Действовали еврейские клубы, избы-читальни, б-ки, передвижной драматич. колхозно-совхозный т-р, выходили газеты на идише. В кон. 1930-х гг. все эти учреждения были ликвидированы, уч. заведения закрыты или переведены на рус. яз. обучения. К нач. 1941 в К. проживало ок. 70 тыс. евреев (в т. ч. в 86 еврейских колхозах – ок. 17 тыс. чел.).В кон. окт. – нач. нояб. 1941 К. оккупировали части вермахта. Мн. евреям удалось эвакуироваться (в т. ч. из Симферополя, Севастополя, Керчи, Феодосии и Ялты). Ок. 35% семей из еврейских колхозов Фрайдорфского р-на и значит. часть еврейских колхозников из др. р-нов были эвакуированы (часть – на Сев. Кавказ, где позднее были уничтожены). Первый расстрел произошел 15 нояб. 1941 в с. Перецфельд Фрайдорфского р-на (103 чел.). Во 2-й пол. нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 1235 евреев в 13 нас. пунктах; в 1-й пол. дек. 1941 – более 13,5 тыс.В целях использования евреев на осенне-полевых работах уничтожение евреев-колхозников было отложено до кон. 1941 в р-нах Фрайдорфа (совр. Новоселовское), Джанкоя и Майфельда (совр. Майское). Всего в 1941 в К. было уничтожено ок. 17 тыс. евреев.В янв. – июне 1942 в К. было уничтожено ок. 5 тыс. евреев. После оккупации Севастополя (июль 1942) было убито ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев и 1029 евреев из лагеря для военнопленных и лагеря для беженцев в Бахчисарае. Всего в период оккупации в К. было убито неск. десятков тысяч евреев и крымчаков. Караимы К. не подвергались преследованиям. После 1945 в 80 местах гибели и захоронения жертв Катастрофы были установлены памятники.В 20 еврейских колхозов К. вернулось из эвакуации ок. 50% евреев. Численность еврейского населения в колхозах достигла 600 семей. В 1945 большинство еврейских колхозов и поселков было переименовано. В дек. 1947 из-за антисемитских настроений населения К. 252 еврейские семьи переехали в Еврейскую автономную область.В 1959 в К. проживало 26 374 еврея (2,2%), в 1970 – 25 614 (1,4%), в 1979 – 22 597 (1,1%), в 1989 – ок. 18 000 (ок. 0,7%), в 1995 – ок. 12 000 евреев.В 1989 в Симферополе было основано Крымское об-во еврейской культуры, создано об-во «Зибн лихт», к-рое в 1992 официально оформлено как Объединенная еврейская община К. (пред. совета общины – А.Д.Глубочанский-Беренсон). На базе общины образована Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций и общин К., в к-рую входят ок. 6 тыс. чел. С 1997 работает об-во «Яд эзра». С 1992 раввин К. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ицхок Лифшиц (р. 1947, Нью-Йорк). В 2002 общины действовали в Джанкое, Евпатории, Керчи, Севастополе, Ялте.В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
Crimea Solomon Samoilovich (1867, Feodosia, Tauride Gubernia - 1935, Paris), agronomist, public and political figure. Born into a Karaite family. In 1884 he graduated from high school in Feodosia, entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, soon moved to Petrovskaya agricultural. academy, which he graduated from in the beginning. 1890s In 1890 for participation in the student. unrest was arrested. Returning to Crimea, he was engaged in gardening, viticulture and winemaking, was before. S.-kh. about-va, conducted experimental research. at the Karadag scientific. station. K. was repeatedly elected a vowel of the Feodosia Mountains. thoughts, as well as the vowel of the Tavrichesky lips. and Theodosia district zemstvos, was almost. peace. judge. Initiator created. and dir. mountains. public library. Member of the Obshchezemsky Congress (July 1905) and the Congress of Zemsky and Mountains. figures (Sept. 1905) in Moscow. Since the fall of 1905, members. party of the cadets, one of the hands. her Tavricheskaya lips. org-tion. Dep. 1st and 4th State. Duma from Tavricheskaya lips. In 1918 at the Congress of the lips. zemstvo vowels, representatives of cities., uyezd and volost zemstvos in Simferopol was elected before. Council min. Crimean regional pr-va, one of the initiators of the creation. Tavrichesky University in Simferopol. K. took an active part in the life of the Karaite community of the Crimea. In 1911 he was nominated as a candidate for the post of Tavrichesky and Odessa Karaite khakham, but refused to run. In 1919 he emigrated.
KRYMCHAK, see Orlovka.
KRYMNO, a village in the Starovyzhevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish population, DOS. to-rogo's occupations were trade and crafts; Jews owned 5 shops (including 3 grocery stores). In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In May 1942 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, in which there were approx. 400 Jews. 6 Sep 1942 during the liquidation of the ghetto, 386 Jews were shot.
KRYMOV Yuri Solomonovich (real fam. Beklemishev) (1908, Petersburg - 1941), writer. Son of S.Yu. Kopelman. Sailed a cabin boy on the Black Sea, was a minder. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University, worked in Moscow. oil. in-those. He showed himself as a talented engineer, experimental scientist. First pov. K. "Feat", in a cut set acute moral problems, publ. only in 1961 in the alm. "Tarusa Pages". Naib. Izv. pov. "Tanker" Derbent "(1938): filmed, withstood about 20 editions, translated into plural. lang. In 1941, publ. pov. K. "Engineer". From June 1941 - at the front. Published military. Art. and essays K. Killed in Ukraine.
CRIMEAN, a village in the Slavyanoserbsk district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Sixth Company of the Slavyanoserbsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1900, 11 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KRYNKA, a village in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Krinka Bobruisk u. Minsk province. 1942 Jewish children (82 people) from the Krynka sanatorium were shot in Kazakhstan. In 1975, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the dead children.
KRYNKI, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Prince Zemaitia in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krinki, Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1766, 1285 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1856, in 1897 - 3542 (71.4%), in 1921 - 3495 (67.2% ) Jews. The first mention. about Jews K. refers to 1662. In 1687 a meeting of the Lithuanian Vaad took place in Kazakhstan. In 1745 the Jews were given a charter permitting them to build houses in Kazakhstan and to maintain religions. institutions; fair day was moved from Saturday to Thursday. In the end. 18th century Rabbi K. was Rabbi Arie-Leib. In 1865 three synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. Since 1903 Shloyme-Zalman-Sander Shapiro (1851 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1910, 2 men worked. Jewish schools (state and private), in 1911 - yeshiva, in 1912 - Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1913 the Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 35 shops (including all 15 manufactory, all 10 haberdashery). In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi was Mishkovsky. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan at the end. June 1941 the first executions were carried out. Dec. 1941 ghetto is created. Subsequent executions took place in the spring and autumn (November) 1942. After the liberation, 7 Jews remained in Kazakhstan. Yu.I.Antsiss, S.Fel-Elin.
KRUGER Emmanuil Eduardovich (1865, Tver - 1938, Leningrad), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1908). Studied at Moscow. cons. by class violins by I.V. Grzhimali, later by L.S. Auer in Petersburg. cons. (graduated in 1887). Has performed as a soloist and chamber ensemble player. In 1891–92 he was a member (2nd violin) of the St. Petersburg quartet. branch of Rus. muses. about-va, led by Auer (1st violin) and considered one of the best quartets in Europe. In 1892 he organized and headed the so-called. The Young Quartet, which soon gained recognition. Since 1895, soloist orc. ballet of the Mariinsky Theater (Leningrad Theater of Opera and Ballet named after S.M. Kirov). In 1900-29 he led the class. violins in Petersburg. (Leningrad) cons. At the same time. (from 1900) taught also in instr. cl. Court singer. chapels. In 1920–37 he taught in music. school. Among the students - A.M. Ryvkin. Honored. art. state acad. t-ditch. (1920), Hero of Labor (1927).
KRYUKAY, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kruki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 450 Jews (66.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1914, approx. 200 Jewish families, in 1923 - approx. 100, in 1939 - c. 200 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century main the occupation of the Jewish population is trade. In 1889 a Jew owned a pharmacy in K. 1915 Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan; at the same time. in K. there was a pogrom, staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army and local peasants. 1920s main Petty trade with peasants from nearby us became the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan. points. Means. number of Jews K. left for the United States, South. Africa, E.-I. The remaining Jews received help from relatives abroad. A synagogue and a school of the Yavne network operated in K. Doiv-Shloymo-Zalman Kuk and Meir Verzhbolovsky (for 17 years) were the rabbis in Kazakhstan. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish People's Republic was opened in Kazakhstan. bank. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KRYUKOV, see Kryukovo as part of the city of Kremenchug, Poltava region.
KRYUKOVO, now part of the city of Kremenchug, Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Kryukov of Kremenchug district Poltava province. In 1910, 437 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 1319 Jews, in 1926 - 1753 Jews. In 1882-1903, Kazakhstan was closed for free settlement of Jews, according to the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882. In 1910 in Kazakhstan. a private Jewish school worked. In 1913 Jews owned all 4 pharmacies, all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, all 3 inns, a photo workshop, and 7 shops (including a single haberdashery). In May 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev; 10 Jews were killed. Until 1929 I.B. Krasil'shchikov was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate. 7 nov. 1941, 124 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1948, illegal activities were in force. minyan, born in K. M.S.Boguslavsky, N.Labkovsky, B.Rubshtein, A.Shlensky.
KRYUKOVSHCHINA, a village in the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1840 Jews accounted for approx. 8% of the population of Kazakhstan; in 1900, approx. 150 Jews. 19th century main occupation of the Jewish population - agricultural trade. and crafts. products in Kiev. In 1914 Jews in Kazakhstan owned three grocery stores and a manufactory. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan (23 families, 109 people) founded in the Krivoy Rog okr. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Trudovik".
KRYVELEV Iosif Aronovich (1906, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Historian of religions. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1964). Graduated from Moscow. Historical Philosophy Institute (1934). He taught philosophy since 1932. Worked at the Center, the Council of the Union of Militant Atheists (1934–36), Center, antirelig. Museum (1936–39), Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939–41, 1947–49), Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1959). Tr. K. dedicated problems of atheism, history of religion and culture. During the campaign "to combat cosmopolitanism" some polemic. K.'s statements served as the basis for accusing him of racism. Cit .: Book about the Bible. M., 1958; Excavations in "biblical" countries. M., 1965; History of religions, v.1-2. M., 1975–76; 2nd ed. M., 1988.
KRYZHANOVKA, a village in the Kominternovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 19th century. in Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. 280 Jews (about 12%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1900. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, a small group of Jews was shot in Kazakhstan.
KRYZHOPOL, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in 1866. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1897, 668 Jews (60%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 1360, in 1926 - 1538 (51.1%), in 1939 - 1400 (37%), in 1993 - approx. 140, in 1996 - approx. 100, in 1998 - approx. 40 Jews. 20th century in K. there were 2 synagogues. Since 1907, Shaul Gelman (1868–?) Was the rabbi. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 2 inns, 4 timber warehouses, 3 - kerosene, 2 - pharmacy goods, a beer warehouse, a workshop of straw caps, 38 shops (including all 8 manufactures). Among the Jews of K. were doctors, veterinarians, paramedics, pharmacists. In 1910, the Jewish writer and poet Moshe Glazer lived in Kiev, and in May 1919, Kiev was captured by a gang of neighboring peasants. The Jews of K., warned of the preparation of the pogrom, managed to hide; bandits ransacked their homes and shops. In aug. 1919 K. was captured by another gang. Jews K. fled to Peschanka, where 40 people. was killed during the pogrom; 20 Jews who survived died later in Kazakhstan. In 1923, a Jewish school (director - Dovid Gonorovsky) was opened in Kazakhstan. 1930s “At the request of the parents of the students”; Jewish children continued to study in Ukrainian. school. Some families tried to give their children a tradition. religious education, inviting melamed people to the house. The synagogue was demolished and a club was built in its place. Jews gathered in the "small" synagogue on the street. Budgos (Bannaya St.). By 1931 a Jewish collective farm and an agriculturalist were working in Kazakhstan. artel "Yidisher Poyer" ("Jewish peasant"). was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht on July 22, 1941; on the same day, 14 Jews were shot. Civil power was transferred to Romanians. administration. Jewish houses were burned down, residents were moved to special. quarter on the street Budgos (several families in each house). Ivan Paraschuk was appointed head of K., to whom the Ukrainian police were subordinate; he warned Jews about the plans of the occupation authorities and was removed from office six months later. The K. administration used the Jews to coerce. works (cleaning of cesspools, street cleaning, timber loading, etc.). In the summer of 1942, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, in which, in addition to local Jews, there were several. Jewish families deported from Romania. In 1943, 1200 local and 74 Romanians were held in the ghetto. a Jew. The "small" synagogue and the center were demolished. st. K. was paved with tombstones from the Jewish cemetery. K. was a transit point for many. thousand Romanians Jews deported to Transnistria. Most of them died of typhus; after the liberation of K. on March 17, 1944, they were reburied at the Jewish cemetery of K., where two monuments were erected. After 1944, Jews from neighboring villages moved to K.; Jews worked in schools, consumers' union, district adm. institutions, a mill, an elevator. The rabbi in K. was the Maggid. In 1948, local authorities rejected a petition by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in Kazakhstan. Until mid. 1960s in K. there was a shohet, before the end. 1980s minyan was going. A Jewish cemetery with gravestones from the 19th and 20th centuries has survived. In 1992, the Jewish community of Kazakhstan was officially registered (formerly Yakov Rabin, then Isaac Milman). The premises of the printing house on Privokzalnaya street were used for meetings and celebrations. (director - member of the community council Grigory Furer).
KRYZHOVKA, a village in the Minsk region of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Minsk u. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. 29 oct. 1941 approx. railroad 35 Jewish women from the Zaslavl ghetto were shot at the station. In 1999, a stele was installed on the grave of the dead.
KRZHEPICE, see Krzepice.
KRZHISCHATEK, see Khreshchatyk.
KRZHIVE, see Krivoye Ternopil region.
KRZHIVICHI, see Krivichi.
KSAVEROV, a village in the Malinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. since 1634, was part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1847, 330 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 455 (36.7%), in 1923 - 448 Jews. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and small trade. There was a synagogue in 1865. Since 1908, Aron Kaminker (1881–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. a bakery, 17 shops (including all 14 grocery stores). On July 20, 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. Until the end. 1920s There was a mikvah in Kazakhstan, and in July 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. Jews K. were shot on 17 Sept. 1941, born in K. B.G. Sapozhnikov.
KSAVEROVKA, see Lyubomyrovka.
KSENIEVSKY, see Asino.
KSENIEVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1939) in the Mogochinsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 33 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
Ksi the Great, see Ksён Wielki.
KSЁ WELKI, a village in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1120. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Ksenzh Veliky Mekhovsky u. In 1731, 155 Jews (28.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 392 (44.9%), in 1856 - 487 (51.4%), in 1897 - 729 (51.6%). %), in 1921 - 852 Jews (49.6%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. In 1742 there was a Jewish cemetery. In the 1840s. KV had a synagogue, a Talmud Torah, a Jewish hospital, and a mikvah. In the 1860s. In KV there were 2 synagogues — the Gurian and the Alexander Hasidim. In the 1st floor. 19th century Rabbis of KV were Rabbi Yosef Doiv (? –1843) and Rabbi Moishe (? –1832), in 1860–67 - Simcha Hayus, from 1869 - Yakov-Itskhok-Teumim Frenkel (? –1893). In the 1890s. the state rabbi was Ishiyahu Fish (? - 1899), the spiritual rabbi - Moishe-Nosn Shapiro (? - 1936). After the death of M.-N. Shapiro, Avrom Singer, who died during the Holocaust, became Rabbi K.V. In the beginning. 20th century In KV there was a Zionist group. in K.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed in the fall of 1942.
Kszepice, a city in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Krzepice of Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia In 1808, 322 Jews (21.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 846 (43.2%), in 1857 - 1057 (48.8%), in 1897 - 1395 (43.3%) , in 1921 - 1772 Jews (42.5%). 17th century in K. there was a Jewish community. There was a Jewish cemetery in 1681. In 1765 a synagogue, a mikvah, and a cheder functioned in Kazakhstan. Main the occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan were crafts, trade, and carriage. The rabbi of K. in 1863–97 was Avrom-Abba Bamats, in 1897–1927 - his son Zeev-Chaim, since 1927 - the son of the latter, Dovid-Shloimo. In the beginning. 20th century A branch of the Bund and Zionist circles operated in Kazakhstan. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, and in 1925 a Jewish Cooperative Bank was established in Kazakhstan. In the same year, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1 Sept. 1939, units of the Wehrmacht occupied K. After the occupation, a ghetto was created in K.. On June 22, 1942, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Auschwitz. The remaining Jews (4 Jewish families of artisans) were deported in 1943. In 1942–43 in K. there was a working camp for Jews, which contained approx. 50 people.
KSHESHUV, a village in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Kreshov of Belgoraisky u. Lublin province. 17 Jews (5.8%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1662, 590 (54%) in 1827, 650 (54.4%) in 1867, and 281 Jews (38.8%) in 1921. The Jewish community of Kazakhstan suffered during the "Khmelnytsky land". In the 1st floor. 18th century in K. the Jewish community was revived. A synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1832–36 the rabbi of K. was Shmul Geler (? –1859), then Aron-Nosn Geler, in 1876 - Moishe Maiselis, at the beginning. 20th century - Arie-Leibush Tetelboim, son-in-law of the tzadik from Gorlitsa, in 1910 - Gabriel-Zeev Eseln. In the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi of K. in these years was Chaim Reichman. The Jewish population of K. was exterminated in November. 1942.
KSHIVTSEGURNE, see Kryvche.
KTOROVA Alla (real name and surname Victoria Ivanovna Shandor, nee Kochurova) (b. 1926, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Faculty of English. lang. Moscow in-that foreign lang. (1954). She worked as a teacher. Since 1958 - in the USA. She taught Russian. lang. in un-those them. J. Washington (1962–86). Publ. manuf. to emigre. periodic. ed. ("Grani", "New Journal", "Renaissance", "Contemporary", etc.). Ch. manuf. K. - "The Face of the Firebird" (magazine "Grani", 1964) - about the love of Russian. translator to a foreigner and her departure from the USSR. Cit .: Nettle detachment. Washington, 1974; The exhibit is silent. Munich, 1974.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУБА, город, районный центр (Азербайджанская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. В 1744–89 – столица Кубинского ханства. С 1813 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1846 – уездный город Дербентской, с 1859 – Бакинской губ. В 1918–20 – в составе Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920–91 – АзССР.В 1832 в К. проживал 2671 еврей, в 1835 – 2718, в 1856 – 3041, в 1867 – 5579, в 1873 – 5127, в 1886 – 6282, в 1897 – 6662 (43,3%), в 1910 – 14 611, в 1926 – 6285 (46,1%), в 1939 – 5486, в 1959 – ок. 12 000, в сер. 1970-х гг. – ок. 7000 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с нач. 18 в. Во время правления Кази-Кумуха (1717–20) евреи и армяне должны были носить на одежде желтые отличит. знаки. В сер. 18 в. в К. переселились евреи из Гилготы, построившие в 1810-х гг. свою синагогу. В нач. 19 в., во время Кавказской войны 1817–64, мн. евреи покинули К.Еврейская слобода (совр. Красная Слобода) была основным местом проживания евреев К. Община состояла из неск. общин, организованных по принципу землячеств. К. называли «Кавказским Иерусалимом». После 1814 в К. переселились евреи из Баку; вскоре после этого в К. был спровоцирован «кровавый навет».В 1835 в Кубинском у. существовало 6 синагог, в 1863 – 10 синагог, в 1865 – 8 синагог и 5 еврейских уч-щ, в 1910 – 11 синагог. В 1860-х гг. в К. было 10 раввинов, в т. ч. раби Беньямин и его брат раби Симха, раби Израиль бен Хаим, раби Гершон бен Реувен, раби Шломо бен Йоханан, раби Моше бен Габриэль (?–1867). В 1880-х гг. имелась миква.Осн. занятия евреев К. в нач. 19 в. – виноградарство, виноделие, разведение марены, из корней к-рой получали красный краситель. В 1865 евреям принадлежали 23 мануфактурные лавки, 15 – мелочной торговли, все 3 ковровых магазина, 5 из 7 духанов. В 1888 ок. 100 евреев занимались с. х-вом, из них ок. 30 выращивали табак, остальные разводили сады. 86 евреев были заняты в сфере торговли, 37 занимались разл. ремеслами (среди них имелось 7 ювелиров, 5 шляпников, 6 маляров и др.). Извозом зарабатывали на жизнь 23 чел.; среди них 8 евреев были грузчиками. В кон. 19 в. – нач. 20 в. увеличилось число мелких торговцев, одноврем. в К. выделились и зажиточные евреи-торговцы. В 1914 из 36 магазинов, продававших одежду, 15 принадлежали евреям, в т. ч. 4 – семье Мишаевых. В кон. 19 в. из 4 компаний, занимавшихся экспортом ковров, 3 принадлежали евреям – Песаху Ицхакову, Иову Маирову, Рувину Урилову. Семья Дадашевых владела компанией по экспорту свежих и сухих фруктов.В 1878 в результате «кровавого навета» были арестованы десятки евреев К. «Кровавый навет» имел место также в 1884 и в 1886.В К. до нач. 20 в. хранились еврейские религиозные книги, напечатанные в Венеции в кон. 16 – нач. 17 в.В 1908 в К. открылась школа для горских евреев с преподаванием на рус. яз., в к-рой наряду с религ. изучались и светские дисциплины. В нач. 20 в. действовала сионистская орг-ция «Доршей Цион». В 1913 в К. было 12 раввинов и 6 шохетов. В мае 1917 на совещании горских евреев в Хасавюрте участвовало 3 представителя К. – раби Ицхак Рафалов, Симанди Симандуев, Асаф Пинхасов.В 1920-х гг. в К. был открыт еврейский клуб. Раввином в К. был Ицхак Мизрахи (1850–?). В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции, открыт еврейский дет. сад. В 1922 в К. работали 2 еврейских школы – для мальчиков (5 классов) и для девочек (1 класс). В кон. 1930-х гг. школы были закрыты. В 1925 евреи К. обратились с письмом, подписанным 155 семьями, к Пред. СНК СССР А.И.Рыкову, в к-ром рассказали о фактах антисемитизма. В 1929 еврейский р-н был выделен из К. Был создан совет горских евреев. В 1933 совет возглавил Антил Антилов. В 1931–38 в К. выходил еженед. на азерб. и татско-еврейском яз. «Колективлеше Нолу» (ред. еврейской части – Миши Осипов).В 1926–27 евреи К. занимались с. х-вом (63%), торговлей (10%), ремеслами (7%). Безработными были 20% евреев. В 1925 ок. 300 га земли было выделено 160 еврейским семьям. Помощь евреям-земледельцам оказывал ОЗЕТ. В 1929 евреи К. (12 семей) организовали с.-х. кооператив; затем в кооператив вошла еще 31 семья. Позднее кооператив был преобразован в колхоз «Бакинский рабочий». В 1930 евреи К. образовали 3 колхоза, в т. ч. «им. 28 апреля» и «им. 16-го съезда партии», к-рый возглавил Фардил Фардилов. В 1932 был организован четвертый еврейский колхоз.В 1920-х гг. в К. были закрыты синагоги. В зданиях разместились чулочная, мебельная ф-ки, ликбез, клуб, кн. магазин. В 1930-х гг. в одной из закрытых синагог находилась текстильная ф-ка.В 1946 в К. была открыта синагога. В 1963 пред. общины был С.Шабтиев, раввином – Яфиэль Садиков, в 1971 – И.Исаков.В сер. 1970-х гг. начался выезд евреев К. в Израиль.В 1994 в К. работали курсы иврита. В 2001 в К. начали действовать синагога, еврейский общинный центр. В том же году в К. прошла выездная сессия междунар. науч.-практич. конф. «Горские евреи Кавказа».В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 3500 евреев.В К. род. И.-И.Шамаилов, Ю.Л.Шаулов., pronunciation=КУБА, город, районный центр (Азербайджанская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. В 1744–89 – столица Кубинского ханства. С 1813 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1846 – уездный город Дербентской, с 1859 – Бакинской губ. В 1918–20 – в составе Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920–91 – АзССР.В 1832 в К. проживал 2671 еврей, в 1835 – 2718, в 1856 – 3041, в 1867 – 5579, в 1873 – 5127, в 1886 – 6282, в 1897 – 6662 (43,3%), в 1910 – 14 611, в 1926 – 6285 (46,1%), в 1939 – 5486, в 1959 – ок. 12 000, в сер. 1970-х гг. – ок. 7000 евреев.Евреи жили в К. с нач. 18 в. Во время правления Кази-Кумуха (1717–20) евреи и армяне должны были носить на одежде желтые отличит. знаки. В сер. 18 в. в К. переселились евреи из Гилготы, построившие в 1810-х гг. свою синагогу. В нач. 19 в., во время Кавказской войны 1817–64, мн. евреи покинули К.Еврейская слобода (совр. Красная Слобода) была основным местом проживания евреев К. Община состояла из неск. общин, организованных по принципу землячеств. К. называли «Кавказским Иерусалимом». После 1814 в К. переселились евреи из Баку; вскоре после этого в К. был спровоцирован «кровавый навет».В 1835 в Кубинском у. существовало 6 синагог, в 1863 – 10 синагог, в 1865 – 8 синагог и 5 еврейских уч-щ, в 1910 – 11 синагог. В 1860-х гг. в К. было 10 раввинов, в т. ч. раби Беньямин и его брат раби Симха, раби Израиль бен Хаим, раби Гершон бен Реувен, раби Шломо бен Йоханан, раби Моше бен Габриэль (?–1867). В 1880-х гг. имелась миква.Осн. занятия евреев К. в нач. 19 в. – виноградарство, виноделие, разведение марены, из корней к-рой получали красный краситель. В 1865 евреям принадлежали 23 мануфактурные лавки, 15 – мелочной торговли, все 3 ковровых магазина, 5 из 7 духанов. В 1888 ок. 100 евреев занимались с. х-вом, из них ок. 30 выращивали табак, остальные разводили сады. 86 евреев были заняты в сфере торговли, 37 занимались разл. ремеслами (среди них имелось 7 ювелиров, 5 шляпников, 6 маляров и др.). Извозом зарабатывали на жизнь 23 чел.; среди них 8 евреев были грузчиками. В кон. 19 в. – нач. 20 в. увеличилось число мелких торговцев, одноврем. в К. выделились и зажиточные евреи-торговцы. В 1914 из 36 магазинов, продававших одежду, 15 принадлежали евреям, в т. ч. 4 – семье Мишаевых. В кон. 19 в. из 4 компаний, занимавшихся экспортом ковров, 3 принадлежали евреям – Песаху Ицхакову, Иову Маирову, Рувину Урилову. Семья Дадашевых владела компанией по экспорту свежих и сухих фруктов.В 1878 в результате «кровавого навета» были арестованы десятки евреев К. «Кровавый навет» имел место также в 1884 и в 1886.В К. до нач. 20 в. хранились еврейские религиозные книги, напечатанные в Венеции в кон. 16 – нач. 17 в.В 1908 в К. открылась школа для горских евреев с преподаванием на рус. яз., в к-рой наряду с религ. изучались и светские дисциплины. В нач. 20 в. действовала сионистская орг-ция «Доршей Цион». В 1913 в К. было 12 раввинов и 6 шохетов. В мае 1917 на совещании горских евреев в Хасавюрте участвовало 3 представителя К. – раби Ицхак Рафалов, Симанди Симандуев, Асаф Пинхасов.В 1920-х гг. в К. был открыт еврейский клуб. Раввином в К. был Ицхак Мизрахи (1850–?). В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции, открыт еврейский дет. сад. В 1922 в К. работали 2 еврейских школы – для мальчиков (5 классов) и для девочек (1 класс). В кон. 1930-х гг. школы были закрыты. В 1925 евреи К. обратились с письмом, подписанным 155 семьями, к Пред. СНК СССР А.И.Рыкову, в к-ром рассказали о фактах антисемитизма. В 1929 еврейский р-н был выделен из К. Был создан совет горских евреев. В 1933 совет возглавил Антил Антилов. В 1931–38 в К. выходил еженед. на азерб. и татско-еврейском яз. «Колективлеше Нолу» (ред. еврейской части – Миши Осипов).В 1926–27 евреи К. занимались с. х-вом (63%), торговлей (10%), ремеслами (7%). Безработными были 20% евреев. В 1925 ок. 300 га земли было выделено 160 еврейским семьям. Помощь евреям-земледельцам оказывал ОЗЕТ. В 1929 евреи К. (12 семей) организовали с.-х. кооператив; затем в кооператив вошла еще 31 семья. Позднее кооператив был преобразован в колхоз «Бакинский рабочий». В 1930 евреи К. образовали 3 колхоза, в т. ч. «им. 28 апреля» и «им. 16-го съезда партии», к-рый возглавил Фардил Фардилов. В 1932 был организован четвертый еврейский колхоз.В 1920-х гг. в К. были закрыты синагоги. В зданиях разместились чулочная, мебельная ф-ки, ликбез, клуб, кн. магазин. В 1930-х гг. в одной из закрытых синагог находилась текстильная ф-ка.В 1946 в К. была открыта синагога. В 1963 пред. общины был С.Шабтиев, раввином – Яфиэль Садиков, в 1971 – И.Исаков.В сер. 1970-х гг. начался выезд евреев К. в Израиль.В 1994 в К. работали курсы иврита. В 2001 в К. начали действовать синагога, еврейский общинный центр. В том же году в К. прошла выездная сессия междунар. науч.-практич. конф. «Горские евреи Кавказа».В 2002 в К. проживало ок. 3500 евреев.В К. род. И.-И.Шамаилов, Ю.Л.Шаулов., extra_data="{'translat...")
KUBBEL Lev Evgenievich (1929, Leningrad - 1988, ibid.), Historian, ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1975). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1951), in 1957-60 and 1963-65 taught there. In 1957-66 scientific. sotr. (since 1969 - senior scientific worker) Leningrad. departments of the Institute of Ethnography, in 1966–72 of the Institute of Africa, in 1972–88 of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Prepared, translated into Russian. lang. and published Sat. "Arab. sources "(issue 1–3. Moscow - Leningrad, 1960–85, jointly with VV Matveev) and" Sudanese chronicles "(Moscow, 1984). Author of works on the history of Africa (7-16 centuries), ethnography of Mali, Niger, Zap. and Center. Sudan and other countries. Cit .: Country of Gold. M., 1966; The way to Timbuktu. M., 1971; Looking for Niger. (History of discovery and research). M., 1972; Songhai state. Research experience. M., 1974; Essays on Protestant Political. ethnography. M., 1988.
KUBILUNAI, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kubilyuny Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K. lived several. Jewish families.
KUBILUINS, see Kubilyunai.
KUBINKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1989, 24 Jews (0.3%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KUBLANOV Dov (1897, Mogilev - 1975, Israel), engineer, public figure. One of the founders of the Ge-Haluts movement in Russia. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He created a system for draining the swamps in Hula, planned a water supply to 11 settlements of the Negev, created in 1946.
KUBLICH, see Kiblich.
KUBLICHI, a village in the Ushachsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century as a village in the Polotsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1834, 149 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 181, in 1881 - 876, in 1897 - 935 (72.4%), in 1923 - 728, and in 1926 - 546 Jews (58.8%). In 1834 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. Main occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. - small trade, arable farming, maintenance of drinking establishments. Since 1870, Shaul Bloch (1840–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1876 there were three synagogues. In 1875 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 111 wooden houses on leased land, in 1889 a stone house and 59 wooden houses on their own. land and 51 wooden houses - on rented. In 1896, there were 5 merchants and 22 artisans among the Jews of Kazakhstan; some were engaged in trades and small trade. There were spiritual and state rabbis, 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 1900s in K., there was a branch of the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomchey Tmimim". Since 1909 there was a society for helping poor Jews, in 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1913 the Jews owned a pharmacy, 17 shops (including all 8 manufacturing). 1920s In connection with a sharp increase in unemployment, the resettlement of the Jews of Kazakhstan to cities began. At the same time, K. had a mikvah. In the 1920s and 30s. A Jewish school in Yiddish operated in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews K. were shot on January 14. 1942 in Ushachi.
KUBRYAKI, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson province. In 1923 approx. K. was allocated 3073 dessiatins. land for new Jewish settlers.
KUCHAR Ales (real name Aizik Evelevich) (1910, Prudishchi Borisov u. Minsk province - 1996), literary critic, playwright. Studied at MIFLI. Published since 1928. From 1932 he worked as a editor. rep. gas. Belarus. In the 1930s. was criticized for "vulgar sociologism". Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked as a deputy. ed. gas. “Literature and Art”, at the State Publishing House of the BSSR, at the Belarusfilm cinema. Writes in Belarusian and Russian. lang. The author of the book., Ed. in Minsk: "The Great Perestroika" (1933), "Literary-critical. articles "(1953)," On the artist. prose "(1961); plays: "Hostages" (post. t-rom. Y. Kupala in Minsk in 1945, t-rom. Y. Kolas in 1944), "It was in Minsk" (post. t-rom. Y. Kupala in 1949); scripts for the film: "Red Leaves" (co-authored with A. Kuleshov, 1958); "The clock stopped at midnight" (1958, in co-authorship with A. Figurovsky), "Letters to the Living" (1965).
KUCHBORK, see Kuchbork-All.
KUCHBORK VES, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Kuchbork Mlavsky u. Plock province. In 1897 in K.-V. there were 135 Jews (25.5%).
KUCHEROV Samuil Lvovich (1892, Kiev - 1972, Washington), lawyer, public figure. From 1911 he studied law at Kiev University. During the 1st world. war served in the army. Since 1919 - in Germany. In 1925-29 he studied law at Berlin University. In 1933–38 he was a member of the board of directors. Hilfsfein - an organization that provided assistance to Jews who emigrated from Germany. In 1938–42, the representative of Hilfsferein in France. Since 1942 - in the USA, worked at the Institute of War and Peace Problems Amer. Jewish to-that. Od-novr. taught Russian. story in New York Unt. In 1948–55 he was engaged in research in the region. int. rights at Columbia University. The author of the book. on the theory and practice of jurisprudence in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR.
KUCHURUL-MARE, see Great Kuchurov.
KUCHYUNAI, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kutsony Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 20 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KUDARA, a village in the Kabansky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the Baikal-Kudarinskaya vol. Selenginsky okr. Transbaikal region. 20th century in the Baikal-Kudarinskaya vol. Jews lived.
KUDELKA, see Asbestos.
KUDINOV Mikhail Pavlovich (1922, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Poet, translator. In 1945 he entered the Romano-German. department of filol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1948 he was sentenced to 10 years “for group anti-Sov. agitation ". Participated in the uprising. prisoners in Dzhezkazgan, was tried again. In 1954 he was released. In 1955 he completed his education. From 1956 he studied literature. translations. Translated manuf. French classics and modern. poets. Per. K. entered several. book "B-ki of the world literature". The most significant books translated by K. are: G. Apollinaire (1967); A. Rembo (1982, for the first time in Russian. All works); J. de Nerval (1984., comp., Introductory article, commentary, trans.); Voltaire (1987, "Poems and Prose", comp., Introductory article, translated verse.), R. Desnos, B. Sandrard, R. Keno, J. Tardier, A. Frenot, J. Prever. Opened Russian. to the reader, the works of the French poet of the 19th century. T. Corbiera (1986, comp., Introductory article, translated verse). Translated P. Corneille's plays (1984), poems for children (Belgian poet M. Karem, etc.). He also translated from English. and isp. Sat. per. verse. A. Boske "Words and People" came out to sing. (1994).
KUDIRKOS NAUMESTIS (until 1934 - Vladislavov), a city (from 1645) in Marijampole district. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1643. In the 16-18 centuries. - in Prince Zemaitija as part of the Commonwealth. From 1795 - the city of Naestadt as part of Prussia, in 1807–15 - as part of the Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Suwalki province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1800 in K.-N. 2,320 Jews lived (approx. 60%), in 1856 - 4368 (79.8%), in 1890 - 4900 (79.2%), in 1897 - 2091 (45.5%), in 1925 - approx. 1000, in 1934 - 991, in 1941 - approx. 700 Jews (23%). 17 - 1st floor. 18th century Jews were forbidden to settle in K.-N. However, already at the end. 18th century Jews significantly strengthened their economics. positions: expanded trade, hired houses and shops. According to the privilege, Jews could settle only in places specially designated for them: on the street. High, Kevdenskaya and on the fourth part of the mountains. market; These restrictions were carried out formally. In 1823–62 K.-N. was closed for the free settlement of Jews. naib. common occupations among Jews are trade and processing of fibrous materials. In 1870 the Jewish population of K.-N. It suffered greatly from the fire, but instead of wooden houses, stone ones were built. A synagogue was built in 1880. The rabbis in K.-N. there were Nathan Stern, Arie-Leib-Yehiel Luria, Eliyahu-Yehuda Daikhes, in 1884–97 - Yisroel-Chaim Daikhes. Since 1900, the rabbi in K.-N. was Shmuel Gauchberg (1877–?), from 1904 - Eliezer Ronin (1873 -?). In 1904–05 many. Jews K.-N. left for the USA and South. Africa. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were evicted from K.-N., more than a quarter of the mountains. buildings burned down in a fire. After 1918, Jewish refugees returned to K.-N. and began to rebuild with the assistance of the Joint and the Jewish Nar. bank. Translated by admin. center from K.-N. in Sakiai, as well as economical. pressure on the Jews led to a decrease in the Jewish population of KN; pl. families left for the USA and South. Africa, young people to Kaunas. Most of the Jews K.-N. was employed in trade, including the sale of agricultural products. products; OK. 20 families existed at the expense of agriculture. Among the Jews K.-N. there were also artisans - blacksmiths, watchmakers, shoemakers and others. Jews owned 7 works, 4 mills, etc. In the community of K.-N. there were 3 synagogues, mikvah, 2 shohets, one of which was also a cantor. There were philanthropists. about-va "Bikur khoylim", "Linas ha-Tzedek"; heder worked, early. school of the "Tarbut" network, 2 libraries (in Hebrew and Yiddish), a school with teaching in Hebrew, closed in 1927 due to financial difficulties. In the end. 1930s a yeshiva was opened. Most of the youth participated in the work of Zionist organizations, branches of Maccabi (since 1924), Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair (since 1926) and Ge-Halutz (since 1932). In the local council there were 3 Jewish representatives (out of 9 members). In the 1920s and 30s. rabbis in K.-N. Itzhok Ash, Nehemia Fortman. July 1941 in K.-N. all male Jews (192 people) were shot, 16 Sept. 1941 - the rest of the Jews (650 people). genus. G. Bernstein, C. G. Bernstein, S. Puher.
Sergey KUDRIN (b. 1959, Novosibirsk), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1984). A mathematician by profession. Since 1978 - in the USA. International Winner tournaments in Geusdal (1983), London (1984), Las Vegas (1986), etc.
KUDRYAVITSKY David Abramovich (1919, Khislavichi, Mogilev province - 1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1939. Com. company leith. K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and courage shown during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
KUDRYAVTSEVKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslavskaya province. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 16 Feb 1942 770 Jews from Odessa were shot in Kazakhstan.
KUDYMKAR, a city (since 1938), the center of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 16th century. Since 1925 - the center of the national. districts; since 1931 it has been an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 42 Jews (0.3%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KUGEL (pas: Kvidam, Debutant, Someone K-el, etc.) Alexander (Avraham) Rafailovich (1864, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1928, Leningrad), literary and theater critic, playwright. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. In 1886 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Lit. started his career in 1882 as a journalist. In 1897-1918 ed.-ed. zhurn. "Theater and Art", in which collaborated FK Sologub, AI Kuprin, AV Lunacharsky, VM Doroshevich, EP Karpov and others. In 1908 he founded the joint venture. with the artist ZV Kholmskoy and until 1928 headed the T-p parody "Crooked Mirror". In owls. time was published periodically. ed. The author of the book. on questions of t-ra and literature, including monographs about actors: "Yuriev", "Orlenev", "Monakhs", "Kachalov". Op .: Lit. memories. P.-M., 1923; Theatrical portraits. P.-M., 1923; Theatrical stories. M., 1926; Profiles. M., 1929.
KUGEL Chaim (1897, Minsk - 1953, Holon, Israel), public figure. He studied at the Herzliya gymnasium in Tel Aviv, but was forced to stay in Russia on vacation to his parents because of the beginning of the 1st world. war. He studied at high fur boots in Moscow and Kazan. During the Civil. war left Russia and settled in Prague, received a doctorate. degree in philosophy and economics. In Prague he founded a club of language lovers. Hebrew, and in Mukachevo a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew. Since 1935, dep. Parliament of Czechoslovakia. Since 1939 - in E.-I. - the first (since 1950) mayor of Holon.
KUGULTA, a village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1817. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kugultinskoe, Stavropol u. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 in K. in gas. 53 evacuated Jews were killed in the cell of the special vehicle.
KUGULTINSKOE, see Kugulta.
CUGURESHTA HIGHER, see Cuhuresti de Sus.
KUIZOVKA, see Kuizauka.
KUK Avraham Yitzhak ha-Kogen (1865, Mane of Illuketsky u. Kurland province - 1935, Jerusalem), rabbi. Born into the family of Rabbi Shloyme-Zalman K. (1844 - 1929). In 1884–86 he studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1888 he was appointed rabbi in Zheimel (Koven province), in 1895 - in Bausk (Kurland province). From 1904 - in E.-I., where he became the rabbi of Jaffa. Supported by the Zionist. traffic. For the purpose of communion orthodox. Jewry to Zionism K. left in 1914 in Europe for a conf. Orthodox, movement Agudas Yisroel. Pach. 1st world. war prevented the return to E.-I., and K. temporarily headed one of the Jewish communities in London. After returning to E.-I. became ch. Rabbi of Jerusalem (1919); with the formation of Ch. rabbinate elected (1921) Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi E.-I. K. developed religious philosophy. the concept of Zionism and its role in Jewish history. He believed that the return of the Jewish people to E.-I. means the beginning of the period of the coming of the Messiah. The cornerstone of social. philosophy K. is his doctrine of harmony between religions. piety and natures. morality, about filling the material life of religions. meaning. K. called for the synthesis of religions. and secular knowledge, because engaging only in science is fraught with the threat of alienation from the eternal values ​​of religion. K. dreamed of creating a renewed yeshiva, in which the TANAKH, the Talmud and secular sciences would be studied. In 1924 he founded the yeshiva "Merkaz ha-rav" in Jerusalem. K. - the author of numerous. Religious Philosophy tr., collected later in the book. "Fires of Repentance" (1955), "Fires" (1961), "Fires of Holiness" (vol. 1–3, 1963–64), Epistols of R. Abraham Yitzhak Gakogen (vol. 1–3, 1962–65) and others. Excerpts from tr. K. in rus. lang. publ. in the collection “Selected” (1981, Jerusalem) and “The Land of Israel and the People of Israel in the Teachings of Rabbi AI Hakogen Cook” (Jerusalem, formerly) K.'s son - Zvi Yehuda (1890, Zheimeli, Kovno Province . - 1982, Jerusalem), from 1904 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshiva in Jerusalem, helped his father in organizing the yeshiva "Merkaz ha-rav", after his death he headed it. Author pl. Art., partially collected in the book. Towards the Ways of Israel (1967). Edited and prepared for publication. manuf. father. Ideologist of the "Gush Emunim" movement. Brother K. - Dov (1871, Griva of Illukstsky u. Kurland province - 1950, Jerusalem), rabbi in Elizavetgrad. From 1925 - in E.-I. His son Raphael (1900 –1971), from 1948 - ch. rabbi of Tiberias; BHVK SHLOMO (1929, Jerusalem - 1971, ibid.), In 1968–71 - ch. Rabbi of Rehovot.
KUKARKA, see Sovetsk.
KUKAVKA, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kukovka, Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44 there was a ghetto in K. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 184 Jews were held in the ghetto.
KUKES Vladimir Grigorievich (b. 1934, Leningrad), therapist, pharmacologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1973), ch. RAMS (1993). After graduating from the 1st MMI (1957) he worked as a therapist in the Magadan region. hospital. In 1960–63 he was a graduate student, in 1963–71 he was an assistant at the Department of Propaedeutics, int. diseases of the 1st MMI, in 1971–85 head. dep. clinics pharmacology, since 1985 head. department of clinics. pharmacology in the same place and simultaneously. (since 1991) dir. Research Institute of Trad. methods of treatment. tr. K. dedicated questions of clinics. pharmacology, drugs, pathology, methods for determining pharmacokinetic. indicators of drugs. drugs, their negative effects on the body and the establishment of the optimal therapeutic. doses; took part in the creation. a number of drugs, drugs. Etc. them. GF Lang of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1977) for the monograph "Chronic circulatory failure" (M., 1973, jointly with II Sivkov). State pr. USSR (1980, jointly with others) for the development and implementation in honey. practice of modern diagnostic methods early. stages of heart failure, mechanisms of their development, prevention and treatment. Cit .: Functional state of some neuro-endocrine systems in patients with chronic circulatory failure. M, 1970 (doc. Dis.); Clinical Pharmacology. M, 1986.
KUKEZOV, a village in the Kamenko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Kukizuv in the Rzecz Pospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Karaites settled in K. in 1692 and received a letter from Jan III Sobieski. In the 17th century. the Karaite writer Mordechai Kukizov lived in K. After 1831 the Karaites moved to Galich. At 19 - early. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of K. were deported to the ghetto in Novy Yarychev and in January. 1943 shot.
KUKHARI, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned both grocery units. manufactory shops, sawmill plant.
KUKHURESHTI DE SUS (until 1990 - Upper Kugureshty), a village in Soroksky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kugureshty Higher Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 93 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. June 1941 b. including Jews K.-de-S. was evacuated, the rest in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
KUKIZUV, see Kukezov.
KUKLES Isaak Samoilovich (1905, Kharkov - 1977, Samarkand), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944), prof. (1944), bp. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1960). Graduated from Rostov University (1930). He worked at Rostov University (1930–31), at Moscow State University (1931–34), at Far Eastern University (1934–35), Moscow. in-those fine chem. technologies (1935–39), in Moscow. Aviation technol. in-those (1939–47), in Samarkand un-those (from 1947). Organizer and prev. Samarkand Mat. about-va. Main research results. in the theory of differenti. ur-ny and mechanics. Honored. scientist of the UzSSR (1957).
KUKOLOVKA, a village in the Alexandria district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandria district. Kherson province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (approx. 8%), in 1910 - 68 Jews. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A.Grigoriev.
KUKONESTI NOY (until 1991 - New Kukoneshty), a village in Edinets u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kukoneshty Beletskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. In July 1941, 12 Jews were killed in KN.
KUKONESHTA, see Kukonesti Noah.
COOKIE, see COOKIE.
KUKTISHKES, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kukutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 172 Jews lived in Kazakhstan and its environs; by June 1941, in Kazakhstan, c. 25 Jewish families. Jews K. were shot together with the Jews of Utena on August 29. 1941.
KUKULLU Amaldan (real name and surname Amal Danilovich Kukuliev) (1935, Khasavyurt, Dagestan ASSR - 2000, Moscow), poet, folklorist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1970). Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Rostov-on-Don University. Published a number of studies. on the Mountain Jewish folklore (fairy tales, legends, legends, proverbs, sayings, etc.). In 1974 he published a collection of works in Moscow. tales of mountain Jews "Golden Chest" (in Russian). Lyrics by K. publ. in the collection of books "Choosing the Way" (M., 1965), "Tell Me, Dad" (M., 1972), "Stubborn Sparrow" (M., 1972), "My Continuation" (M., 1990), "The Legend of the Song" (M., 1991).
KUKUSHKINA Elena Iosifovna (b. 1925, Rostov-on-Don), social scientist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. (1989). Graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. V.P. Potemkin (1948). She worked in the State. b-ke them. VI Lenin (in 1953–67, ch. Bibliographer), on philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1987–89). From 1989 to sociology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the works of K. issl. everyday consciousness and everyday knowledge as universal forms of human spiritual mastery of the world, which are a prerequisite for the formation of all other forms of consciousness. The active role of the common language is revealed. as a means of cognition, self-knowledge and self-expression. Vol .: Dialectic. materialism. General problems of the theory of knowledge. M., 1982; Knowledge, language, culture. M., 1984; Worldview, knowledge, practice. M., 1989 (et al.).
KUKUTISHKI, see Kuktishkes.
KULACHEVKA, does not exist now. Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kulachevka (other name - Kumachevka) in the Baltsky u. Podolsk province. 35 families lived in Kazakhstan in 1848, 784 people in 1859, 484 people in 1863, 73 people in 1893, 67 people in 1898, and 73 people in 1905. In 1859, without skills s.-kh. labor and not having received from the state benefits for the acquisition of agricultural. inventory and draft animals, the colonists rented out land to neighboring peasants "ispolu" (for half the harvest). Main petty trade, handicrafts, and partly livestock became occupations. In 1863 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1870, by the decision of the lustration commission, the colonists were deprived of arable land and hayfields (only estates and pastures were left, which were later plowed up). In 1898–99, 9 out of 13 Jewish families were engaged in agriculture. In 1905, there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. As a result of the events of the 1st world. and Grazhd. of wars the colony ceased to exist. I. M. Shaikin
KULACHIN, now part of (since 1979) the town of Snyatyn, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kulachyn, Snyatinsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan (8 people) were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
KULACHKOVTSE, see Kulachkovtsy.
KULACHKOVTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kulachkovce, Kolomyisky powiat of the province of Galicia, as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislavsky Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in Kazakhstan and the environs. 164 Jews lived in villages, in 1880 in Kazakhstan there were 266 Jews (11.5%), in 1900 - 279 (10%), in 1921 - 124 Jews (4.7%). About Jews K. belongs to 1637. In 1911 immigrants from K. organized a fellowship in the United States. In the summer of 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Apr 13 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan (56 people) were deported to Kolomyia and killed there.
KULACHYN, see Kulachin.
KULAKOVTSY, a village in Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1610 in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУЛАШИ, поселок городского типа в Самтредском р-не (Грузия). Изв. с 16 в., входили в состав Имеретинского царства. С 1810 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1846 – село Кутаисского у. и губ.В 1883 в К. проживало 937 евреев (14,2%), в 1911 – 1836, в 1926 – 2407, в 1939 – 3333, в 1970 – 5327, в 1979 – 557 евреев.По преданию, евреи поселились в К. в 1-й пол. 18 в., являясь крепостными князей Микеладзе, несли в их пользу разл. повинности. Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 1-й пол. 19 в. – мелкая торговля и отчасти земледелие. В нач. 19 в. мн. евреи переселилось в К. из Ткачири, однако к 1853 их было всего 20 дымов. После отмены крепостного права в Кутаисской губ. (1865) началось массовое переселение евреев в К. Евреи жили в отд. квартале, где находились синагоги (т. н. старая сооружена в сер. 18 в., новая построена в 1860-х гг.) и рядом размещалось еврейское кладбище. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. евреи К., кроме торговли и земледелия, занимались сбором вторич. сырья, в т. ч. старых галош, медного лома и др. В 1881 неск. евреев были арестованы в результате «кровавого навета». «Кровавый навет» вновь имел место и в 1900. В 1906 при синагоге была открыта талмуд-тора, где преподавались также светские дисциплины. С 1897 в К. проводилась ярмарка, в 1913 открыт новый базар-ярмарка, вокруг к-рого начали селиться евреи.В 1916 в К. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого пострадали принадлежавшие евреям лавки и дома. Раввинами К. в 1860-х – 1920-х гг. были Ицхак Мошевич Джанашвили, Элиягу Аронович Ботерашвили (1838–1904), Ицхак Михелашвили (1886–1967), Михаил Ботерашвили (1842–1938), Элия-Йосеф Генкин (1850–?), в 1917–18 – Х.Д.Элиашвили. В 1917–25 раввином К. был представитель Ш.-Д.-Б.Шнеерсона А.-Л.Славин.В июле 1917 представители еврейской общины К. были избраны в органы местного самоуправления и в суд. органы. В 1923 в ходе антирелиг. кампании власти закрыли в К. все 5 синагог (вновь открыты в июле 1924). Местный хедер действовал полулегально. В 1930 в К. создано отд-ние Евкомбеда, открыты еврейские кустарные мастерские и мелкие пр-тия, в том же году образован еврейский колхоз, в к-рый вступило 10 семей (в 1938 слит с груз. колхозом). В кон. 1939 в К. было организовано отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим». Одним из рук. отд-ния был Йосеф-Мойше Морозов (р. 1920, Екатеринослав).В 1946 в К. действовало 4 синагоги. В кон. 1952 они были закрыты, открыты вновь в апр. 1953. В первой синагоге раввином был Иосиф Абрамович Левиашвили (1879–?); в обычные дни в ней собиралось до 100 чел., в праздники – до 270. Во второй – раввин Михаил Шамуелович Тетруашвили (1906–1977); в обычные дни собиралось до 80 чел., в праздники – до 180. В третьей – раввин Арон Елоевич Елишакашвили (1864–?); в обычные дни в ней собиралось до 80 чел., в праздники – до 150. В четвертой – раввин Шабтай Абрамович Михелашвили (1899–1967); в обычные дни собиралось до 70 чел., в праздники – до 140. Среди раввинов К. в 20 в. были Арон Елович Ботерашвили (1881–1949), Иосиф Финхазович Мирилашвили (1897–1938), Аврам Шебетаевич Михелашвили (1876–1954).В 1968 в Израиль выехали раввины бр. Михелашвили с семьями. В 1969 представители 18 семей евреев Грузии (в т. ч. и неск. семей евреев К.) подписали обращение в ООН с просьбой помочь им получить разрешение на выезд в Израиль (т. н. письмо 18-ти). В 1971 евреи К. входили в делегацию, обратившуюся в приемную Президиума ВС СССР с требованием разрешить им выехать в Израиль. В 1970-х гг. начался массовый выезд евреев К. в Израиль. В кон. 1970-х гг. сгорела одна из синагог К. В нач. 1980-х гг. в К. проживало ок. 80 еврейских семей. В обстановке политич. и экономич. нестабильности нач. 1990-х гг. евреи К. выехали из Грузии. В К. сохранилось здание деревянной синагоги.В К. род.: Э.Гури, С.И.Модзгвришвили, Р.И.Элашвили; Авраам Шабатович Сапир (Сепиашвили) (1913–1979), поэт, журналист, обществ. деятель, с 1972 – в Израиле, основатель и ред.-издатель газ. и журн. «Алиони» (с 1996), основатель и пред. «Об-ва дружбы Израиль – Грузия им. Руставели» (1976) и «Всемир. федерации евреев – выходцев из Грузии» (1981).Д.М.Хананашвили, pronunciation=КУЛАШИ, поселок городского типа в Самтредском р-не (Грузия). Изв. с 16 в., входили в состав Имеретинского царства. С 1810 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1846 – село Кутаисского у. и губ.В 1883 в К. проживало 937 евреев (14,2%), в 1911 – 1836, в 1926 – 2407, в 1939 – 3333, в 1970 – 5327, в 1979 – 557 евреев.По преданию, евреи поселились в К. в 1-й пол. 18 в., являясь крепостными князей Микеладзе, несли в их пользу разл. повинности. Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 1-й пол. 19 в. – мелкая торговля и отчасти земледелие. В нач. 19 в. мн. евреи переселилось в К. из Ткачири, однако к 1853 их было всего 20 дымов. После отмены крепостного права в Кутаисской губ. (1865) началось массовое переселение евреев в К. Евреи жили в отд. квартале, где находились синагоги (т. н. старая сооружена в сер. 18 в., новая построена в 1860-х гг.) и рядом размещалось еврейское кладбище. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. евреи К., кроме торговли и земледелия, занимались сбором вторич. сырья, в т. ч. старых галош, медного лома и др. В 1881 неск. евреев были арестованы в результате «кровавого навета». «Кровавый навет» вновь имел место и в 1900. В 1906 при синагоге была открыта талмуд-тора, где преподавались также светские дисциплины. С 1897 в К. проводилась ярмарка, в 1913 открыт новый базар-ярмарка, вокруг к-рого начали селиться евреи.В 1916 в К. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого пострадали принадлежавшие евреям лавки и дома. Раввинами К. в 1860-х – 1920-х гг. были Ицхак Мошевич Джанашвили, Элиягу Аронович Ботерашвили (1838–1904), Ицхак Михелашвили (1886–1967), Михаил Ботерашвили (1842–1938), Элия-Йосеф Генкин (1850–?), в 1917–18 – Х.Д.Элиашвили. В 1917–25 раввином К. был представитель Ш.-Д.-Б.Шнеерсона А.-Л.Славин.В июле 1917 представители еврейской общины К. были избраны в органы местного самоуправления и в суд. органы. В 1923 в ходе антирелиг. кампании власти закрыли в К. все 5 синагог (вновь открыты в июле 1924). Местный хедер действовал полулегально. В 1930 в К. создано отд-ние Евкомбеда, открыты еврейские кустарные мастерские и мелкие пр-тия, в том же году образован еврейский колхоз, в к-рый вступило 10 семей (в 1938 слит с груз. колхозом). В кон. 1939 в К. было организовано отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим». Одним из рук. отд-ния был Йосеф-Мойше Морозов (р. 1920, Екатеринослав).В 1946 в К. действовало 4 синагоги. В кон. 1952 они были закрыты, открыты вновь в апр. 1953. В первой синагоге раввином был Иосиф Абрамович Левиашвили (1879–?); в обычные дни в ней собиралось до 100 чел., в праздники – до 270. Во второй – раввин Михаил Шамуелович Тетруашвили (1906–1977); в обычные дни собиралось до 80 чел., в праздники – до 180. В третьей – раввин Арон Елоевич Елишакашвили (1864–?); в обычные дни в ней собиралось до 80 чел., в праздники – до 150. В четвертой – раввин Шабтай Абрамович Михелашвили (1899–1967); в обычные дни собиралось до 70 чел., в праздники – до 140. Среди раввинов К. в 20 в. были Арон Елович Ботерашвили (1881–1949), Иосиф Финхазович Мирилашвили (1897–1938), Аврам Шебетаевич Михелашвили (1876–1954).В 1968 в Израиль выехали раввины бр. Михелашвили с семьями. В 1969 представители 18 семей евреев Грузии (в т. ч. и неск. семей евреев К.) подписали обращение в ООН с просьбой помочь им получить разрешение на выезд в Израиль (т. н. письмо 18-ти). В 1971 евреи К. входили в делегацию, обратившуюся в приемную Президиума ВС СССР с требованием разрешить им выехать в Израиль. В 1970-х гг. начался массовый выезд евреев К. в Израиль. В кон. 1970-х гг. сгорела одна из синагог К. В нач. 1980-х гг. в К. проживало ок. 80 еврейских семей. В обстановке политич. и экономич. нестабильности нач. 1990-х гг. евреи К. выехали из Грузии. В К. сохранилось здание деревянной синагоги.В К. род.: Э.Гури, С.И.Модзгвришвили, Р.И.Элашвили; Авраам Шабатович Сапир (Сепиашвили) (1913–1979), поэт, журналист, обществ. деятель, с 1972 – в Израиле, основатель и ред.-издатель газ. и журн. «Алиони» (с 1996), основатель и пред. «Об-ва дружбы Израиль – Грузия им. Руставели» (1976) и «Всемир. федерации евреев – выходцев из Грузии» (1981).Д.М.Хананашвили, extra_data="{'translat...")
KULAUTUVA, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - village Kolotovo Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1930, 16 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 20th century Hundreds of Jewish families from Kovno (present-day Kaunas) and other cities came in summer to rest in Kazakhstan, the edge of which was already considered a popular vacation spot (since 1933 - a resort). All R. 1930s Jews were apprx. 80% of vacationers. Main The source of earnings for the Jews of Kazakhstan was the service of holidaymakers. In K., the Ishurun ​​sanatorium for Jewish children worked all year round (in the summer, about 400 children were treated there). A synagogue was built in Kazakhstan in 1935. During the Holocaust, some of the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed by Lithuanians, and the rest were sent to the Kaunas ghetto.
KULAZHINTSY, a village in the Grebenkovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУЛДИГА, город (с 1362), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1242. В 1561–1795 – резиденция Курляндского герцогства. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гольдинген Курляндской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1797 в К. проживало 26 евреев-мужчин (34%), в 1835 – 2330 евреев (54%), в 1850 – 2534 (55%), в 1881 – 2713 (34%), в 1897 – 2543 (26%), в 1920 – 567 (11%), в 1925 – 783 (11%), в 1930 – 728 (11%), в 1935 – 648 евреев (9%).Евреи-торговцы начали селиться в К. в 16 в. Гражданские права евреи К. получили в 1799. В 1801 была организована хевра кадиша, что считается временем официального создания еврейской общины в К. Раввином стал Иегуда-Исроэль Израэльсон. В 1-й пол. 19 в. действовала развитая сеть благотворит. орг-ций.В 1826–30 раввином в К. был Арон бен Эльханан, в 1830–49 – Зеев-Вольф Липкин (?–1858), в 1849–53 – раби Мойше-Ицхок, в 1853–1904 – Шнеур-Залман Гиршович, один из первых последователей И.Салантера.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 в. – торговля, разл. ремесла; евреям принадлежала спичечная ф-ка. В 1840 из К. в еврейские колонии в р-не Херсона переехали 22 семьи.В 1888 была открыта талмуд-тора (позднее хедер мэтукан) для детей из бедных семей, при к-рой работало (с 1900) Об-во вспомоществования бедным ученикам еврейских училищ, помогавшее в оплате учебы. С 1898 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям.С кон. 19 в. начался выезд евреев К. в др. страны.В 1901 в К. работали частные еврейские школы: одна – для мальчиков и две – для девочек. С сер. 19 в. и до нач. 1-й мир. войны в К. была также еврейская гос. школа для мальчиков (одна из пяти в Курляндии). Однако среди богатых евреев К. эта школа популярностью не пользовалась из-за низкого уровня обучения, у бедных – из-за высокой платы за него. Дети из состоят. еврейских семей учились в местной нем. гимназии. В 1902 была открыта профессиональная школа, где учились и еврейские дети.В 1902 в К. начали функционировать сионистские орг-ции, ячейка Бунда. С 1905 раввином в К. был Шмуль-Нафтоли Дубицкий (1862–?). В 1910 в К. имелись синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 1915 евреи были высланы из К.; разрушению подверглись синагоги и частные еврейские дома. После окончания 1-й мир. войны в К. вернулось ок. 30% евреев. Экономич. положение их было крайне тяжелым. При поддержке Джойнта община начала возрождаться: был приглашен раввин Дубицкий, воссозданы общинные орг-ции, открылось сберегат.-кредит. касса.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. действовали 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище (в 15 км от города). В 1920–30-х гг. раввином был Эльяким-Цви Герцфельд, в 1930–41 – Цви-Гирш Волин.В 1935 евреи К. владели 95 торг. пр-тиями (из 205). Среди евреев были 2 врача (из 10) и 2 дантиста (из 5). Работала еврейская нач. школа с преподаванием на нем. яз. Большинство детей учились в не еврейских школах. Велась активная сионистская деятельность; работали отд-ния «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бейтар, «Маккаби» и др. еврейские орг-ции.1 июля 1941 в К. вошли части вермахта. После оккупации К. евреи были собраны в синагоге и позднее расстреляны в окрестных лесах.После 1945 в К. возвратилось неск. еврейских семей. Останки погибших были перенесены на еврейское кладбище. До сер. 1950-х гг. собирался постоянный миньян; затем свитки Торы были проданы, и на полученные деньги на кладбище был установлен памятник погибшим евреям.В К. род.: М.Вайнрайх, З.-Г.Калманович, Р.И.Сифман, Б.-Ц.Харель; Август Юльевич Давыдов (1823–1885, Москва), математик, проф. (с 1862), брат К.Ю.Давыдова, автор ряда учебников по математике; Карл Юльевич Давыдов (1838–1889, Москва), виолончелист, композитор, брат А.Ю.Давыдова, в 1876–87 – дир. Петерб. конс., проф., основатель рус. классич. виолончельной школы, автор симф. поэмы «Дары Терека», 4 конц. для виолончели с орк., пьес для виолончели и др., pronunciation=КУЛДИГА, город (с 1362), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1242. В 1561–1795 – резиденция Курляндского герцогства. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гольдинген Курляндской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1797 в К. проживало 26 евреев-мужчин (34%), в 1835 – 2330 евреев (54%), в 1850 – 2534 (55%), в 1881 – 2713 (34%), в 1897 – 2543 (26%), в 1920 – 567 (11%), в 1925 – 783 (11%), в 1930 – 728 (11%), в 1935 – 648 евреев (9%).Евреи-торговцы начали селиться в К. в 16 в. Гражданские права евреи К. получили в 1799. В 1801 была организована хевра кадиша, что считается временем официального создания еврейской общины в К. Раввином стал Иегуда-Исроэль Израэльсон. В 1-й пол. 19 в. действовала развитая сеть благотворит. орг-ций.В 1826–30 раввином в К. был Арон бен Эльханан, в 1830–49 – Зеев-Вольф Липкин (?–1858), в 1849–53 – раби Мойше-Ицхок, в 1853–1904 – Шнеур-Залман Гиршович, один из первых последователей И.Салантера.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 19 в. – торговля, разл. ремесла; евреям принадлежала спичечная ф-ка. В 1840 из К. в еврейские колонии в р-не Херсона переехали 22 семьи.В 1888 была открыта талмуд-тора (позднее хедер мэтукан) для детей из бедных семей, при к-рой работало (с 1900) Об-во вспомоществования бедным ученикам еврейских училищ, помогавшее в оплате учебы. С 1898 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям.С кон. 19 в. начался выезд евреев К. в др. страны.В 1901 в К. работали частные еврейские школы: одна – для мальчиков и две – для девочек. С сер. 19 в. и до нач. 1-й мир. войны в К. была также еврейская гос. школа для мальчиков (одна из пяти в Курляндии). Однако среди богатых евреев К. эта школа популярностью не пользовалась из-за низкого уровня обучения, у бедных – из-за высокой платы за него. Дети из состоят. еврейских семей учились в местной нем. гимназии. В 1902 была открыта профессиональная школа, где учились и еврейские дети.В 1902 в К. начали функционировать сионистские орг-ции, ячейка Бунда. С 1905 раввином в К. был Шмуль-Нафтоли Дубицкий (1862–?). В 1910 в К. имелись синагога и еврейское кладбище.В 1915 евреи были высланы из К.; разрушению подверглись синагоги и частные еврейские дома. После окончания 1-й мир. войны в К. вернулось ок. 30% евреев. Экономич. положение их было крайне тяжелым. При поддержке Джойнта община начала возрождаться: был приглашен раввин Дубицкий, воссозданы общинные орг-ции, открылось сберегат.-кредит. касса.В нач. 1920-х гг. в К. действовали 2 синагоги, еврейское кладбище (в 15 км от города). В 1920–30-х гг. раввином был Эльяким-Цви Герцфельд, в 1930–41 – Цви-Гирш Волин.В 1935 евреи К. владели 95 торг. пр-тиями (из 205). Среди евреев были 2 врача (из 10) и 2 дантиста (из 5). Работала еврейская нач. школа с преподаванием на нем. яз. Большинство детей учились в не еврейских школах. Велась активная сионистская деятельность; работали отд-ния «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бейтар, «Маккаби» и др. еврейские орг-ции.1 июля 1941 в К. вошли части вермахта. После оккупации К. евреи были собраны в синагоге и позднее расстреляны в окрестных лесах.После 1945 в К. возвратилось неск. еврейских семей. Останки погибших были перенесены на еврейское кладбище. До сер. 1950-х гг. собирался постоянный миньян; затем свитки Торы были проданы, и на полученные деньги на кладбище был установлен памятник погибшим евреям.В К. род.: М.Вайнрайх, З.-Г.Калманович, Р.И.Сифман, Б.-Ц.Харель; Август Юльевич Давыдов (1823–1885, Москва), математик, проф. (с 1862), брат К.Ю.Давыдова, автор ряда учебников по математике; Карл Юльевич Давыдов (1838–1889, Москва), виолончелист, композитор, брат А.Ю.Давыдова, в 1876–87 – дир. Петерб. конс., проф., основатель рус. классич. виолончельной школы, автор симф. поэмы «Дары Терека», 4 конц. для виолончели с орк., пьес для виолончели и др., extra_data="{'translat...")
KULEBAKI, a city (since 1932), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Kulebaksky Plant of Ardashevsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. 13 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and 31 Jews in 1939.
KULEBAK PLANT, see Kulebaki.
KULESHI, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews of Latvia owned 6 grocery stores. 1941 in Kazakhstan, 18 Jews were shot.
KULESHOV, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kuleshovo Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In the 1st half. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in July 1941 it was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan (6 people) were deported to Pogrebishche and shot there.
KULESHOVKA, a village in the Klimovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Klimovichi district. Mogilev province. 1941 in the forest approx. K. the family of the blacksmith Leib Uglev (6 people) was shot.
KULESHOVO, see Kuleshov, Vinnytsia region.
KULESKO Isaak Iosifovich (1902, Knyshyn of Belostoksky u. Grodno province - 1980, Kharkov), epizootologist. Dr. vet. Sciences (1952), prof. (1955), bp. VASKHNIL (1956). In 1928 he graduated from the Kharkov vet. in-t. In 1938-77 the head. dep. in Ukr. in-those experiment. veterinary medicine. Author of scientific. tr. by infec. diseases of pigs. Became. etc. (1947).
KULEVCHA (in 1946–95 - Wheeled), a village in the Saratsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). In 19-early. 20th century - Bulgarian colony of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. In 19-early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1911, Jews owned 3 out of 8 grocery stores and 1 out of 5 wine shops. 1941 several were killed in K. Jews.
KULEVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kulouc Kotsmansky headman of the province of Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 13 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. After the occupation in July 1941 by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.
KULGAT, a settlement in the Cuban region (Republic of Azerbaijan). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Kubinsky district In 1870, 4,390 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there were 4 synagogues, there were 4 rabbis. 19th century Jews left K. Most of the immigrants from K. moved to Cuba.
KULI, see Kulyai.
KULIK Ivan Yulianovich (Israel Yudelevich) (1897, Shpola of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. - 1941), politician, writer, diplomat. Member RSDLP since 1914.Since 1911 he studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. Since 1914 - in the USA. Participated in the activities of the Social-Democrats. US party. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Ukraine. In oct. 1917 - member. Kiev Revolutionary Committee, from December. 1917 - member. Ch. to-that s.-d. Ukraine, CEC of the Soviets of Ukraine. He advocated the creation of an autonomous communist. party of Ukraine. In 1918-19 in Ukrainian. dep. People's Commissariat, member. collegiums, then the plenipotentiary of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1919–20 he became an underground Bolshevist. work in Poland (in Western Ukraine), in 1920 members. Galician Revolutionary Committee. In 1924–26 he was the consul of the USSR in Canada. Published since 1918, wrote in Ukrainian. lang. In 1923 he entered the group. writers "Garth". From 1926 one of the hands. Vseukr. union of proletarian writers. Since 1934 1st before. Union of Writers of Ukraine. Affairs. First Congress of Sov. writers (1934). The author of several. poetic. collection of books ("My Kolomyiki", 1921, "Recovery", 1923; poems "Green Heart", 1923, "Black Epic", 1929, etc.); prosaic. manuf. ("The Adventures of Vasil Rolenko", 1932, "Fourteenth Pipe", 1932; "Notes of the Consul", 1934), critical. works and memoirs. Compiled and trans. “Anthologies of Amer. poetry "(1928). In 1937 he was repressed.
KULIKOV, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Zhovkiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian land as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 268 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1880 - 1124 (34.8%), in 1906 - 1211 (33.0%), in 1910 - 1,067 (27.2%), in 1921 - 509 (17.6%), in 1931 - 602 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 16th century In the 17-18 centuries. the Vaad of the Russian land met in K. repeatedly. In the 17th century. a synagogue was built in K. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi K. was Rabbi Yakov (? –1739), in the beginning. 19th century - Solomon Kluger (1788–1869), Rosenfeld, then his son Nosn (? –1890), in 1892–1916 - Arie-Leib Stickler (1870–1916), from 1916 - Nosn Rosenfeld (? –1942). In 1920 –30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. June 1941 K. occupied the Wehrmacht units. On July 1, 1941, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by the Ukrainian police. In July 1941, the Judenrat was established. On Sept. 1941 2 workers' camps were established in the surrounding villages. 25 nov. 1942 some of the Jews (586 people) were sent to the Belzhets extermination camp, the rest to the Zhovkva ghetto (present-day Zhovkva).
KULIKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine) In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KULIKOVO FIELD, see Andreevo-Ivanovka.
KULINICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century in Kharkov district In 1900, four Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. 20th century main the occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan is small retail trade. In the 1920s. the Jews of K. moved to Kharkov.
KULISH Savva Yakovlevich (b. 1936, Odessa), cinematographer, film director. In 1959 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK. In 1959-60 operator Center. television, then the operator / st. Mosfilm. Passed dir. internship at f. MI Romma "Ordinary Fascism". Since 1967 dir. k / st "Mosfilm". Doc. f. "Last Letters" (1966, jointly with Kh. Stoichev). He took off scientific-popul. f. First Starts (1980). Dir. on the radio. The first feature film is “Off Season”. F .: "Committee of 19" (1971), "Vzlet" (1979, Silver prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival in Moscow), "Tales ... fairy tales ... the tales of the old Arbat" (1982), "Tragedy in style rock "(1988). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1984).
KULISHER Alexander Mikhailovich (1890, Petersburg - 1942, Drancy, France), lawyer, Zionist activist. Son of M.I.Kulischer. From 1917 he lived in Paris, sotr. gas. "Last news". An active participant in the revisionist Zionist movement, a supporter of Z. Zhabotinsky, at the end. 1930s top. arbiter of the "New Zionist Organization". After the occupation of France, German fasc. troops imprisoned in a concentration camp.
KULISHER Anna Semyonovna (1888, Petersburg - 1961, ibid.), Translator. Graduated from East. Faculty of Brussels University and Leningrad. in-t foreign. lang. (1928). In 1919–20 she translated from French. lang. for the publishing house "World Literature". Translated from Russian. lang. On him. Ed. Coll. op. M. Gorky in 6 volumes on it. lang. (1934 37). Author per. in Russian lang. manuf. O. Balzac, V. Hugo, Stendhal, A. Zegers, S. Zweig and others.
KULISHER Evgeniy Mikhailovich (1881, Kiev - 1956, USA), lawyer. Son of M.I.Kulischer, brother of I.M. Kulischer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1906). In 1907, during a business trip abroad, he studied the problems of alcoholism from the point of view of criminal law. In their tr. dealt with issues of Jewish law. Since 1917 - in Germany, lectured in Russian. law at Berlin University. After the Nazis came to power (1933) he lived in France, from 1940 - in the USA.
KULISHER Iosif Mikhailovich (1878, Kiev –1934, Leningrad), economist, historian. The son of M.I.Kulischer, brother of E.M. Kulischer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1900), where from 1908 he taught the course of economics. stories. In the 1920s and 30s. prof. LSU, Lestekhn. academy (Leningrad), Leningrad. finance-econom. in-that. Specialist in the region. economy, history nar. x-va Zap. Europe and Russia, economics of trade, finance, the world. x-va. In the early tr. criticized K. Marx's theory of labor and surplus value, denied his conclusion about the inevitability of the death of capitalism. Ch. tr. K. - "Lectures on the history of economics. life Zap. Europe "(St. Petersburg, 1909; 8th ed. Revised and supplemented." History of the economic life of Western Europe ", v. 1–2. M.-L., 1931). From the end. 1890s K. sotr. in the journal. "Sunrise", where he placed a number of Art. about econ. position of the Jews in the West. Europe ("Jews in England in the last three centuries", 1897; "The expropriation of Jews in the Middle Ages and its reasons", 1899; "The economic position of the Jews in the Middle Ages", 1901, etc.). K. - member. Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va, in zhurn. "Jewish antiquity" publ. works "Jews in Prussia of the XVIII century" (1916, No. 9) and "Jews in the Prussian silk industry of the XVI11 century" (1924, No. 11). Cit .: The evolution of capital gains in connection with the development of industry and trade in Zap. Europe, vols. 1–2. SPb., 1906–08; Industry and the working class in the West in the XVI-XVIII centuries. SPb., 1911; History of Rus. bunk bed x-va, v. 1–2. M., 1925; Essay on econ. stories dr. Greece. L., 1925.
KULISHER Mikhail Ignatievich (1847, Sofiyivka of Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1919, Petrograd), ethnographer, historian, public figure. R.M. Kulischer's nephew. He studied at the rabbinical school in Zhitomir and in the Kamenets-Podolsk gymnasium. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1872). From the 2nd floor. 1860s collaborated in the journal. Iskra, gas. The Day (Odessa), St. Petersburg. Vedomosti ”, etc. In 1879 one of the founders and fact. ed. Jewish journal. "Dawn". In 1880, ed. gas. Pravda (Odessa), published gas in Kiev in 1880–86. Zarya. From 1876 he published Art. on the history of the Jews, ethnography, anthropology, the history of law in the journal. "Word", "Sunrise", "Rus. thought "," Bulletin of Europe "," Rus. wealth ", etc., as well as in it. scientific. zhurn. In his early work "The Life of Jesus - Legend" (1876, in German), he criticized. analysis of the Gospel texts. One of the founders of the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va (1908), in its printed organ zhurn. "Jewish antiquity" placed v. "Poland with Jews and Russia without Jews" (1910), "History of Rus. legislation on Jews in connection with the system of collecting taxes and serving duties ”(1910) and others. tr. K. paid a lot of attention to the problem of the relationship diff. peoples to the Jews, believed that the basis of this attitude - the issue of economic. benefits that could be derived from the Jews. The author of the book. The Myth of Ritual Murder (1901). Member Centre. to-tov OPE and EKO. Works: Compares Essays, Ethnography and Culture. SPb., 1887; Divorce and the position of a woman. SPb., 1896; Essays on Jewish history and culture. SPb., 1912; Conducted. French rev-tion and the Jewish question. Pg., 1924.
KULISHER Ruvim (Reuven) Moiseevich (1828, Dubno, Volyn province - 1896, Kiev), doctor. Graduated from Med.-Surgical. Academy in St. Petersburg (1856), one of the first Jews to receive the post of military doctor. Publ. a number of scientific. works on medicine (in other Hebrew and Russian), Art. on issues of Jewish life. In 1869–76 he studied issues of hygiene and military dignity. affairs. Author of the memoir “Results. The hopes and expectations of the advanced part of the Russian Jews in 50 years (1838-1888) "(for the first time in the journal" Voskhod ", 1891-94).
KULBAK Moishe Solomonovich (1896, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1940), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he lived in Kovn, was a Hebrew teacher, gave private lessons. In 1916 he made his debut verse. in Yiddish "Shtendl" ("Star"), which later became popular nar. song. The first book. verse. "Shirim" ("Poems") published in Vilna in 1920. In 1920–23 - in Berlin, created his best works. - the poem "Reisn" ("Belarus"), the drama "Jacob Frank", rom. "Moshiyeh ben Efraim" and others. In 1923-28 - in Poland, where he actively participated in the general. or T. life without leaving ped. activities. In 1928, the book was published. fav. manuf. K. Since 1928 - in Minsk, was published in the magazine. Stern and gas. "October". In the beginning. 1930s created his own ch. manuf. - rum. "Zelmenyane", in which, with great humor, he depicted the vicissitudes of the fate of the small-town Jewish population in conv. owls. reality. In 1933, the poem "Disner Childe-Harold" ("Childe Harold from the town of Diene") was published, in which K. depicted the crisis of the bourges. culture in Germany on the eve of fasc. dictatorship. In 1935 K. finished his drama Boytre, which was staged in the GOSET the following year. In the same year he translated Nikolai Gogol's comedy “The Inspector General” for BelGOSET. The last piece, written before the arrest, is a play about the Jewish revolutionary "Benjamin Magidov". In 1937 he was repressed. He died in the camp.
KULCHIN, a village in the Turia region of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1838, 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. handicrafts developed in Kazakhstan; Among the Jews there were tailors, shoemakers, leather-dressing craftsmen, and others. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 all the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot in the village. Lukov.
KULCHINY, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1847, 1,281 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 2031 (47.4%), in 1923 - 923 Jews. In 1865 a synagogue operated in Kazakhstan. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the rabbi in K. was Menachem-Nochum Humpbacked, after his death in 1882 - the son of Yisroel-Chaim (1858–?). Main occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 3 forest warehouses, unity. bakery, 60 shops (including all 35 grocery stores); Jew rented unity. a water mill in Korea. In July 1941, Kiev was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 all Jews of Kazakhstan (several hundred people) were placed in a camp and in July 1942 they were shot ca. Manevtsev.
KULCHYTSY, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 10 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941–43 the Jews of Kazakhstan were sent to the Sambir ghetto.
KULDUR, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Obluchensky District of the Jewish Autonomous Region (Russian Federation). In 1939, 96 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KULPARKOV, now part of Lvov (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kulparkuv Lviv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and from 1939 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 343 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KULSK, a village in the Khorinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). In 19-early. 20th century - from. Kul Verkhneudinsky okr. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jews accounted for 2.6% of the population of the Kul vol. Most of them were exiled settlers.
KULSKY, see Kulsk.
KULOUTS, see Kulevtsy.
KULYABOVKA, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan.
KULIAI, a place in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kuli Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 180 Jews (29%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1921 - approx. 100, in 1923 - 142 Jews (25%), in 1939 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in K. in the middle of the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century practically all trade (including timber) was concentrated in their hands; Jews owned shops and taverns. Each Jewish family of K. had a vegetable garden, a cow, and a well. In 1931 the Jews of K. owned all 10 shops, as well as trade. houses, a mill. In 1937, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 3 butchers, 2 shoemakers, 2 bakers, and a potter. There was a synagogue in K. The rabbis were Spitz, Moishe-Yomtov Vakhtfogel (? –1951; later was a rabbi in Montreal, Canada), Dovid-Gershon Rubinstein (? –1941). Jewish children studied in litas. school, trad. Jewish religion educated at home. Beitar's cell operated in Kazakhstan. pl. Jews K. left for the USA, E.-I., Yuzh. Africa. On June 23, 1941, K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. On June 29, 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed. In Kazakhstan, the genus: I. Sh. Kaganman; Levi Spitz (1867-1941), one of the largest rabbis in Lithuania, 1st half. 20th century
KUMACHEVKA, see Kulachevka.
KUMANEVKA, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kumanovka Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 369 Jews (33.8%) lived in Kiev.
KUMANOVKA, see Kumanivka.
KUMARI, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1792 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson province. In 1859 38 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of K. - crafts; 2 Jews were engaged in petty trade.
Kumarov, see Komarov.
KUMAIRI, see Gyumri.
KUMISI, a village in the Gardaban region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tiflis district. Tiflis province. In 1904, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KUMOK Yakov Nevakhovich (b. 1932, Minsk), writer. In 1955 he graduated from the Central Asian University in Tashkent. Published since 1967. In 1988 in lit. Sat. "Year after year" publ. Philos. essay "Black Sun Kogelet". Mn. worked in the genre of rom. biography: "Gubkin" (Moscow, 1968), "Evgraf Fedorov" (1971), "Karpinsky" (1978). Rum. Melimoe (Moscow, 1994) covers the history of three generations of a Jewish family. One of the founders (1988) and a member. Board of MEKPO. Organized and directed lit. section MEKPO.
KUHN Bela (1886, Siladchekh, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary - 1939, Moscow), politician. Since 1902, members s.-d. party of Hungary, led by the roar. propaganda among workers and students (he studied at Kluzh University). In 1914 he was mobilized to the Austro-Hungarian. army. In 1916 he was captured, in a prisoner of war camp in Tomsk, he established contact with a local committee of the RSDLP, joined the Bolshevik Party. After Feb. roar. 1917 participated in the work of the Tomsk committee of the RSDLP (b), member. ed. Bolshevik. zhurn. "Sib. worker "and gas. "Banner of the revolution". In 1918 one of the founders of the Hungarian. group of the RCP (b), from May - before. Center, federations of foreign groups of the RCP (b), as part of the internat. detachment participated in the suppression of the uprising of the Left SRs in Moscow (July 1918). In aug. 1918 Commissioner internat. detachment to the East. front, then the military commissar of the 3rd brigade of the Central Ural Div. In nov. 1918 is not easy. returned to Hungary, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Hungary and its predecessor. After the proclamation of Hungary by the Sov. rep. - People's Commissar for Foreign. and military. business. After the defeat of the Hung. revolution fled to Austria, then to Russia. In oct. - nov. 1920 p. RVS South front, before. Crimean region the revolutionary committee. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. In 1921–23 he was at the leading desks, working in the Urals. Since 1921, members Executive Committee of the Comintern, from 1923 authorized by the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in the Central Committee of the RKSM, at the same time. led by an illegal. the work of the Communist Party of Hungary. Member Pres. To the CEC. Author tr. on the history of int. slave. movement. Repressed. Vol .: Lessons of the proletarian revolution in Hungary. M., 1960.
KUNA, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaisinsky u. In 1887, Jews constituted 19.5% of the population of Kazakhstan, in 1897 206 Jews (11.6%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1923 there were 7 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 19th century. Main classes - decomp. crafts. In 1889 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery. In the 1920s. practically all Jews moved to Gaisin.
KUNEL CHERKASSKAYA, see Kinel-Cherkasy.
KUNEV, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. 618 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 1661 (56.5%) in 1897, and 1,029 Jews in 1923. A synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan in 1865, and a Jewish loan and savings bank in 1912. m-in. Main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 3 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 27 stores (including all 13 grocery stores). The doctor of the zemstvo hospital was a Jew, and in July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 4 Aug 1941 in K. 159 Jews from K. and Malaya Radogoscha were shot, in June 1942 - several more. hundreds of Jews.
KUNGUR, city, regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1668.Since 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorship, from 1796 it was a province. In 1939 123 Jews (0.3%) lived in Kazakhstan. In 1910 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. ; Yakov Fomich Askin (b. 1926), specialist in the region. methodology of science, Ph.D. sciences, prof., osn. directions of research. - Philosophy. aspects of the problem of time.
KUNICHIE, a village in the Kryzhopolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 19-early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia Jews lived in K. from the 1st half. 17th century During the "Khmelnytsky" period, the Jewish community of K. was destroyed.
KUNIKOV Caesar Lvovich (1909, Rostov-on-Don - 1943, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Territory), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Graduated from Moscow. prom. Academy and Moscow. machine-builds. in-t. Since 1938 - director. Central Research Institute of Machine Technologies, otv. ed. gas. "Mechanical Engineering". From June 1941 - in the Navy. At the front since Sept. 1941. Com. detachment of pestilence. infantry, Major K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles in the region of Novorossiysk ("Small Land").
KUNIN, a village in Zhovkivsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1926 7 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Zhovkva (present-day Zhovkva) and in 1942–43 they were exterminated along with local Jews.
KUNIN Vladimir Vladimirovich (b. 1927, Leningrad), writer, screenwriter. In 1944–51 he was in the army. In 1952–55, a student at the Institute of Physical Education and Sports. Lesgaft in Leningrad, trainer in acrobatics of the Zenit Sports School, Master of Sports of the USSR. In 1955–61, the artist of the Soyuz State Circus was an acrobat-voltiger. In 1961-63 special correspondent, journal. "Soviet circus". In 1963–65 director-trainer of the "Circus on the Stage" program. The author of St. 40 scripts doc. f. and approx. 30 thin. He made his debut with a script by F. "I am a taxi driver" (1963). Among the naib. from: "Chronicle of a Dive Bomber" (1967), "Allow Takeoff" (1971), "Things of the Heart" (1976), "Three on the Highway" (1980), "Adam's Rib" (1990), "Crazy" (1991) ). The author of the book. (prose) - "Real Men" (1965), "First Class Pilot" (1969), "Vendetta" (1970), "Intergirl" (1987), "Halt" (1987), "Honeymoon Trip" (1991) and other Ave. Linen. Komsomol (1967). Silver. medal to them. A. Dovzhenko.
KUNOV, see Kunow.
KUNTSEVO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). Main in 1925 in Moscow province. In 1926 437 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 2,375 Jews. Jews settled in Kazakhstan in the 1920s. During this period, the Jews owned sewing workshops, workshops for the production of paints, belts, etc. In the beginning. 1930s there was a detachment "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". In the 2nd floor. 1940s gr. believing Jews rented (according to other sources - acquired) a private house on the street. Nekrasovskaya, 17. In the beginning. 1947, its representatives asked the authorities to open a synagogue there. The request was denied twice. Despite this, the believers actually performed prayers. meetings at this address. At the same time. in K. there was one more minyan (about 60 people), who gathered every day; the organizers were O.Yu. Tsipman and A.Sh. Katsevich. 1980s - early. 1990s in K. was the Institute for the Study of Judaism (the so-called Yeshiva Steinsalts), one of the centers of the Jewish religion. life of Moscow. In 2002, the Jewish religion was registered in Kazakhstan. community In K. genus. R.Z. Khasminsky.
KUNUW, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 12th century In the 15th century. received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Kunov of Opatovsky u. Radom province. In 1827, 115 Jews (16.5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1856 - 211, in 1857 - 208 (20%), in 1897 - 397, in 1921 - 510 (25%), in 1939 - 495 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century a synagogue and a nursing home operated in K. Jews K. studied in the main. small trade, crafts, s. x-vom. In 1912, the rabbi of K. was Avrom Landa, then his brother Yakov-Itskhok-Dan Landa, who died during the Holocaust. In 1926, with the assistance of the Joint, a philanthropist was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1931, peasants from neighboring villages tried to organize a pogrom in Kazakhstan, which was averted thanks to police intervention. In the 1930s-40s. Rabbi K. was Dovid Tenenboim. Sep 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. All Jews were sent to Ostrovets and Zakshtein's farm, but were soon released home. In March 1941, approx. 100 Jews from Vienna. On July 13, 1942, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, liquidated in October. 1942. During the liquidation of the ghetto, old and sick Jews were killed, ca. 500 people deported to Treblinka.
KUPCHIK Zvi (1876, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1960, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a local rabbi. He was close to Palestinian circles. In 1900–25, the rabbi of the White Church. He founded and headed the yeshiva. Was among the founders of a Jewish hospital and an orphanage. In the years of the 1st world. war headed the local branch of EKOPO. From 1925 - in E.-I., actively participated in the spread of Hebrew as a spoken language.
KUPCHIN (until 1991 - Kalininsk), a city in Edinets u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In July 1941, 6 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KUPCHINTSY, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1564. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 85 Jews (5.7%) lived in K. Jews lived in K. from the 18th century. In 1916, 40 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУПЕЛЬ, село в Волочисском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1573. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Староконстантиновского у. Волынской губ. С 1923 – центр еврейского нац. сельсовета. В 1924–30 – в Войтовецком р-не Проскуровского окр., в 1932–37 – в Волочисском р-не Винницкой, в 1937–45 – Каменец-Подольской, с 1945 – Хмельницкой обл.В 1847 в К. проживало 1170 евреев, в 1897 – 2720 (52,8%), в 1923 – 1530 евреев.Евреи жили в К., вероятно, со времен Речи Посполитой. В кон. 18 в. при поддержке местного помещика С.Вислоцкого в К. была основана еврейская типография (одна из первых в России). В нач. 19 в. в К. имелось неск. синагог, действовало неск. хедеров. По ходатайству еврейского населения в К. была открыта почтовая станция (упом. с 1852). Осн. занятие евреев К. в 19 в. – ремесла (портные, сапожники, скорняки, бондари, кузнецы и др.). С 1859 раввином в К. был Койфман, в 1880-х гг. – Лейзер Хариф, в кон. 19 в. – Иосель-Лейб Глейзер. В 1865 в К. существовало 3 синагоги, в 1871 было открыто одноклассное нар. уч-ще, в 1907 – еврейская школа. В 1910-х гг. предприниматели Гольдберг, Вейгман, Маргулис, Каплан и Шварцман арендовали паровые мельницы. Зубным врачом в К. работал Мендель Янкелевич Стружа. В 1914 евреям принадлежало 3 аптеки, трактир, 47 лавок (в т.ч. все 11 мануфактурных, все 21 бакалейная и др.); среди евреев был единств. скотопромышленник. В К. действовала сионистская орг-ция.В годы 1-й мир. войны представители еврейской общины подверглись преследованиям по обвинению в шпионаже. Во время Гражд. войны еврейское население К. пострадало от налетов банд Тютюнника и др., для противодействия грабежам евреи пытались создать отряды самообороны.В 1923 в К. продолжали действовать хедер и синагога, ячейка «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», группы «Цофим», к-рые вскоре перешли на нелег. положение (видную роль в них играли сыновья и дочери раввина И.-Л. Глейзера). Евреи-коммунисты добивались закрытия хедеров и удаления меламедов (учитель Бускес продолжал тайно преподавать идиш и иврит группе из 10 детей). Построенная после рев-ции 1917, синагога была конфискована под клуб. Члены сионистских орг-ций создали орг-цию по обучению навыкам с.-х. труда, получили участок земли и занялись табаководством. В 1927 прошли аресты сионистов.В сер. 1920-х гг. была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише, одноврем. закрыта синагога. В 1930 созданы артели по произ-ву чуней (веревочных лаптей), плетению сетей и др. В нач. 1930-х гг. при участии ОЗЕТа была организована отправка переселенцев в Биробиджан, 20 семей в 1931 переселились в Крым. Всего в 1930-х гг. из К. выехало 1630 евреев, 38 семей вступило в укр. и польск. колхозы. В 1935 был создан еврейский колхоз, синагога обращена в «хату-читальню» (при ней работали еврейские драматич. и муз. кружки).В июле 1941 К. оккупировали герм. войска; было создано гетто. 5 июля 1941 было убито неск. десятков евреев, в авг. 1941 в один из торг. ларьков было помещено 50 стариков-евреев, к-рые погибли от удушья. 11 сент. 1942 большинство евреев К. было расстреляно в р-не еврейского кладбища (в числе погибших – раввин Глейзер). Уцелевшие евреи (600 чел.) были отправлены в Волочиск, где позднее также были уничтожены. Еще 172 скрывавшихся еврея были убиты после поимки осенью 1942 и зимой 1942/43.В 1990-х гг. на братской могиле погибших установлен памятник. Еврейское кладбище было уничтожено.В К. род. Х.В.Бейдер, Ш.Р.Гольденберг; жил и работал А.М.Лизен.Х.В.Бейдер, pronunciation=КУПЕЛЬ, село в Волочисском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1573. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Староконстантиновского у. Волынской губ. С 1923 – центр еврейского нац. сельсовета. В 1924–30 – в Войтовецком р-не Проскуровского окр., в 1932–37 – в Волочисском р-не Винницкой, в 1937–45 – Каменец-Подольской, с 1945 – Хмельницкой обл.В 1847 в К. проживало 1170 евреев, в 1897 – 2720 (52,8%), в 1923 – 1530 евреев.Евреи жили в К., вероятно, со времен Речи Посполитой. В кон. 18 в. при поддержке местного помещика С.Вислоцкого в К. была основана еврейская типография (одна из первых в России). В нач. 19 в. в К. имелось неск. синагог, действовало неск. хедеров. По ходатайству еврейского населения в К. была открыта почтовая станция (упом. с 1852). Осн. занятие евреев К. в 19 в. – ремесла (портные, сапожники, скорняки, бондари, кузнецы и др.). С 1859 раввином в К. был Койфман, в 1880-х гг. – Лейзер Хариф, в кон. 19 в. – Иосель-Лейб Глейзер. В 1865 в К. существовало 3 синагоги, в 1871 было открыто одноклассное нар. уч-ще, в 1907 – еврейская школа. В 1910-х гг. предприниматели Гольдберг, Вейгман, Маргулис, Каплан и Шварцман арендовали паровые мельницы. Зубным врачом в К. работал Мендель Янкелевич Стружа. В 1914 евреям принадлежало 3 аптеки, трактир, 47 лавок (в т.ч. все 11 мануфактурных, все 21 бакалейная и др.); среди евреев был единств. скотопромышленник. В К. действовала сионистская орг-ция.В годы 1-й мир. войны представители еврейской общины подверглись преследованиям по обвинению в шпионаже. Во время Гражд. войны еврейское население К. пострадало от налетов банд Тютюнника и др., для противодействия грабежам евреи пытались создать отряды самообороны.В 1923 в К. продолжали действовать хедер и синагога, ячейка «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», группы «Цофим», к-рые вскоре перешли на нелег. положение (видную роль в них играли сыновья и дочери раввина И.-Л. Глейзера). Евреи-коммунисты добивались закрытия хедеров и удаления меламедов (учитель Бускес продолжал тайно преподавать идиш и иврит группе из 10 детей). Построенная после рев-ции 1917, синагога была конфискована под клуб. Члены сионистских орг-ций создали орг-цию по обучению навыкам с.-х. труда, получили участок земли и занялись табаководством. В 1927 прошли аресты сионистов.В сер. 1920-х гг. была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише, одноврем. закрыта синагога. В 1930 созданы артели по произ-ву чуней (веревочных лаптей), плетению сетей и др. В нач. 1930-х гг. при участии ОЗЕТа была организована отправка переселенцев в Биробиджан, 20 семей в 1931 переселились в Крым. Всего в 1930-х гг. из К. выехало 1630 евреев, 38 семей вступило в укр. и польск. колхозы. В 1935 был создан еврейский колхоз, синагога обращена в «хату-читальню» (при ней работали еврейские драматич. и муз. кружки).В июле 1941 К. оккупировали герм. войска; было создано гетто. 5 июля 1941 было убито неск. десятков евреев, в авг. 1941 в один из торг. ларьков было помещено 50 стариков-евреев, к-рые погибли от удушья. 11 сент. 1942 большинство евреев К. было расстреляно в р-не еврейского кладбища (в числе погибших – раввин Глейзер). Уцелевшие евреи (600 чел.) были отправлены в Волочиск, где позднее также были уничтожены. Еще 172 скрывавшихся еврея были убиты после поимки осенью 1942 и зимой 1942/43.В 1990-х гг. на братской могиле погибших установлен памятник. Еврейское кладбище было уничтожено.В К. род. Х.В.Бейдер, Ш.Р.Гольденберг; жил и работал А.М.Лизен.Х.В.Бейдер, extra_data="{'translat...")
KUPENSKY Boris Izrailevich (1916, Ochakov, Odessa u., Kherson province - 1982, Leningrad), shipbuilding engineer. Graduated from Leningrad in 1940. shipbuilding. in-t. He worked in the KB. In 1955–79, Ch. designer of the North. KB in Leningrad. Main work related to the creation of a large anti-submarine ship "Komsomolets Ukrainy". Linen. etc. (1966).
COOPER Emil Albertovich (1877, Kherson - 1960, New York), conductor. Rod. in the family of a music teacher (fam. Father Kuperstok). He studied at the Odessa muses. uch-shche to play the violin (from G.L. Freeman) and fp. At the age of 14 he left for Berlin; in 1891–93 he studied at the Vienna cons. in cl. I. Helmesberger Jr. (violin), R. Fuchs (comp.). He gave concerts as a violinist. In 1896 he was a concertmaster orc. Kiev Opera House. Since 1897, conductor in the theaters of Odessa, Kharkov, Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don. In 1900–07 he was a conductor of the Kiev Opera House. In 1907–09 he worked at the Opera House of S. I. Zimin, where, under his supervision. in 1909 the premiere of the op. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "Golden Cockerel" and the first post in Russia. op. "Nuremberg Meistersingers" by R. Wagner. In 1908-18 he conducted concerts of the Moscow. branch of Rus. muses. about-va. In 1908–09, Ch. conductor of SP Diaghilev's entreprise "Russian Seasons" in Paris and London. In 1910-1919 he was the conductor of the Bolshoi Theater. Since 1918 prof. Moscow cons. member Moscow council of muses. figures. From 1919 ch. conductor of the Theater of Opera and Ballet in Petrograd, Petrograd. Philharmonic, prof. Petrogr. cons. Since 1924 in exile. Conducted operas in Buenos Aires, at the Royal Opera House in Madrid, Lisbon, London, Paris, Rome, Helsinki, in 1925–28 ch. conductor lat. nat. operas (Riga). In 1929–32 Ch. conductor of the opera house of Chicago, in 1932–36 - of the Parisian “Grand Opera”, the Milan theater “La Scala”. Since 1938 in the USA; taught at the Dzhul-Yard muses. school. In 1942 he staged in the New York Mountains. opera "Sorochinskaya Yarmarka" by MP Mussorgsky. In 1944–50, he conducted at the Metropolitan Opera and held a post. op. Boris Godunov, Khovanshchina by Mussorgsky, Parsifal by Wagner, Aida by G. Verdi. From 1950 ch. conductor symph. orc. in Baton Rouge, headed the choral singing school; at the same time. ch. Conductor of the Opera House of Montreal (Canada). In the years of the 2nd world. war member. Amer.-rus. cultural association. Honored. art. Rep. (1923). Awarded hordes. Legion of Honor (1936). Brother K. - Max Albertovich K. (1884-1959), opera conductor and choirmaster. In 1921–26 the conductor was Leningrad. Maly Opera House, in 1931–45 ch. choirmaster of the Bolshoi Theater (Moscow), then a music teacher. school at Moscow. cons.
KUPERMAN Iser Iosifovich (1922, Khabno, Kiev province - 2006, Boston, USA), checker player. Int. International Grandmaster checkers (1958). Honored. master of sports of the USSR (1960), grandmaster of the USSR (1961). Since 1978 - in the USA. 7-time world champion in 100-cell drafts (1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1975), European champion (1965) in 100-cell drafts. 4-time champion of the USSR in Russians and 5-time champion of the USSR in 100-cell drafts. Vol .: New theory of drafts openings. M.-L., 1949; Strategy in 100-cell checkers. M., 1964; Tactics in 100-cell checkers. M., 1967; School of the game of hundred-cell checkers. 2nd ed. Kiev, 1970; The fate of the champion. Tel Aviv, 1984.
KUPERNIK Lev Abramovich (1845, Vilna - 1905, Moscow), lawyer, publicist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, was a sworn attorney in Moscow (until 1876), then in Odessa and Kiev. One of the most popular. lawyers of the South and South-West of Russia. He became famous thanks to his participation in major criminal proceedings (including in the case of "Jacks of Hearts"). In 1880 he acted as a defender at the so-called. In the Kutaisi trial in the case of accusing a group of Jews of murdering a peasant girl S.Modebadze for ritual purposes (K.'s speech at the trial was repeatedly republished as an example of court eloquence). In the future, he acted as a defender at the proceedings in cases of “agr. riots ”, and also participated in the trial. processes associated with the Jewish pogroms in Chisinau (1903) and Gomel (1903). K. collaborated in the journal. "Legal. bulletin ", gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ”,“ Kievskaya Zarya ”,“ Kievlyanin ”,“ Yurist ”, etc. (the“ Jewish question ”occupied a prominent place in K.'s journalism).
KUPERSHMID Sholem (1889, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1968, ibid.), Folklorist, literary critic. In the 1920s. was a teacher in Jewish schools. Throughout many. years worked in ethnogr. section of the Institute of Jewish culture VUAN. Many Jewish bunks. songs K. recorded in the years of the 2nd world. war, publishing in 1944 on their basis Sat. "Folksleader vegn der fotherlendischer milhome" ("People's songs about the Patriotic War"). Among the works of K.: "Sholem Aleichem in the White Church", "Di Yiddish sovishishe folkslid" ("Jewish Soviet. Nar. Song"), etc., as well as a number of works in the language. Yiddish, in Jewish idiom.
KUPERSHTEIN Israel Grigorievich (1915, Cherkassy - 1995, Chelyabinsk), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Member of the Soviet-Fin. war. In 1943 he graduated from the tank, school. Com. tank, leith. K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his courage shown in the battles during the liberation of Kiev. Since 1962, Lieutenant Colonel K. - in the reserve.
KUPICHEV, a village in the Turia region of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 236 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in the 1930s. - OK. 30 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of K. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy and 9 shops (including 8 grocery stores). In the 1920s and 30s. K. acted divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930, a Jewish library worked in Kazakhstan, and in the summer of 1941 it was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1942 several were shot in K. hundreds of Jews.
KUPIN, a village in the Gorodok district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky Podolsk province. In 1765, 405 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 923, in 1897 - 1351 (96.5%), in 1923 - 670, in 1926 - 1089 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century In 1865 1 synagogue functioned, in 1889 - 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. Main occupation of the Jewish population - small trade and crafts (especially pottery and brick production). In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy warehouse, both timber warehouses, 26 shops (including all 14 manufactory, all 8 grocery stores); a Jew was a unity. doctor in K. On March 6–7, 1919, a pogrom took place in K. Army. In 1925, 35 Jewish families (96 people) were registered in Kazakhstan, who wanted to move to the Kherson environs. In the 1920s. in K. acted early. school with teaching in Yiddish. In the 1920s. a Jewish collective farm was created. The mikvah was closed in 1927, and a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan after the occupation by Wehrmacht units. In aug. In 1942 more than 300 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot (buried in a mass grave at the Jewish cemetery). The building of a stone synagogue (late 18th century) has survived in Kazakhstan, and several others at the Jewish cemetery. dozens of decorated tombstones.
BUYING, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1943 in K. there was a "hospital" for sick Hungarians. Jews from the workers' battalions attached to the Hungarian. army. The patients lay in open sheds, they did not receive medicines and food. Dozens of people died of typhus every day; their bodies were piled like firewood against the wall of the neighboring stable. Apr 29. 1943 military. the authorities decided to "end" this source of infection. One of the sheds, in which there was approx. 600 people were set on fire, Jews trying to escape were shot. A small group of Jews managed to escape. A commission to investigate and identify the perpetrators concluded that "the fire was accidentally caused by Jews who smoked."
KUPISHKI, see Kupiskis.
KUPISHKIS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kupishki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1,350 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897, 2,661 (71%), in 1921, 1,500, in 1923, 1,444 (54%), 1938 - 1200 (42%), in 1959 - 4 Jews (0.1%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century In the 19th century. in K. there were 4 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones. The rabbis in Kazakhstan in the 19th century. were Meir Epstein, in 1839–84 - Sender Kaplan (? –1884), in 1884–89 - Aba-Yakov Borukhov (1848–?), who founded a yeshiva in K., Yehuda-Leib-Sholem Tsinobel, in 1898–1906 - Yehuda-Leib Fine (1871–?), In 1893–1902 - Avrom-Zvi Brudno (1850–?), From 1907 - Eliyahu-Meir Favelzon (1867–1928). 19th century pl. Jews K. left for the USA, South. Africa and other countries. In 1898, Jews who left Kazakhstan for the South. Africa, founded in K. "Bikur Hoylim". In 1899 there were approx. 100 p. "Hovevey Zion". There was a branch of the Bund. In 1915, a state-owned Jewish school operated in Kazakhstan. In the same year, part of the Jews moved to Vilna (present-day Vilnius). In 1921, the authorities took measures to prevent the pogrom. in K. there were 3 synagogues, various branches operated. Jewish parties and organizations, Talmud-Torah, Yeshiva, schools of the network "Yavne" and "Tarbut", a school with teaching in Yiddish, children. garden with teaching in Hebrew, Jewish library "Linas ha-Tzedek", credit. t-in, Jewish pl. bank, Jewish cemetery. In 1928–41, E.-M. Faivelzon’s son-in-law Zalman Partsovsky (? –1941) and Israel-Noah Khatskevich (? –1941) were rabbis in Kazakhstan. On June 26, 1941, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied K. In the middle. July 1941 a ghetto was created, destroyed in Sept. 1941 In 1953, a monument with inscriptions in Russian was erected on one of the mass graves of the executed. or T. languages ​​In K. genus. N. Sverdlin.
KUPKA, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1429. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 71 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. After the occupation in July 1941, 13 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
KUPOVETSKY Mark Semenovich (b. 1955, Moscow), ethnodemographer, ethnographer, historian. Graduated from Moscow. economical-stat. Institute (1978). Since 1979, an active member of the Jewish nat. movement. One of the initiators created. Jewish Historical Ethnogr. commission in Moscow (1981), Jewish East. about-va (1987), Jewish University in Moscow (1991). Since 1990, dir. Sci. Center of the Association of Judaica and Jewish Culture, since 1993 scientific. hands. specialization "Jewish history and philology" Ros. state Humanities University and Ch. ed. "Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow." Since 1994 Dean of East. Faculty of Jewish University in Moscow and scientific. sotr. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay RAS. K. - the author of numerous. scientific. publications on demogr. and ethnic. stories of owls. and grew. Jewry. Main publications: "Dynamics of the number and settlement of the Karaites and Krymchaks over the past 200 years" (1983); “On the ethnic history of the Krymchaks”; "The Jewish population of Moscow in the 15th-20th centuries." (1987); “Jews from Mashhad and Herat in Central Asia” (1992); "Features of the ethno-demographic development of the Jewish population of Ukraine in the second half of the XX century" (1993); "Estimation of Jewish losses in the USSR during World War II" (1994), etc.
KUPRELISHKI, see Kupryalishkis.
KUPRITS Yakov Nikolaevich (1880, Revel - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the field of flour-grinding technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946), prof. (1938). Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute (1903). In 1903–04 - in the army. In 1904-16 he worked in a number of machine-building. firms (in Berlin, Dresden, Kiev and Kharkov). In 1916-17 at the military. service (including in the chem. com. of the Chief Art. Directorate in Petrograd), was engaged in the design of cylinders and fan installations to repel gas attacks. In 1918 he resumed work on equipping mills in Kharkov, then he was appointed head. production of mills in Ukraine, member. board of Ukr. flour mill trust. In 1924–30 ch. Ing. state joint-stock company "Melstroy". In 1931–37 ch. Ing. trust "Soyuzprodmashina", in 1937–41 deputy. dir. by scientific. parts of the All-Russian Research Institute of grain and products of its processing. Supervised the development of projects and construction of dozens of large commercial mills. The founder of the science of technology management. properties of grain. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1963). Became. pr. (1948). Works: Phys.-Chem. the basis of grain grinding. M., 1946; Milling technology. M., 1951; Grain processing technology. M., 1965 (2nd ed., 1977).
KUPRYALISKIS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kuprelishki Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K. lived several. Jews. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KUPYANSK, a city (since 1779), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1655. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Kharkov province. In 1785 Jews accounted for approx. 5% of the population of Kazakhstan, 38 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1868, 20 in 1910, 56 in 1920, 41 in 1923, 152 (1%) in 1926, and 124 in 1939. 17th century main occupations of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan - production and sale of soap, candles, clothes, vodka. In 1767, 6 out of 12 shops belonged to Jews. 18th - 19th centuries main occupation of Jews - agricultural trade. products. The Jews belonged to b. h. bargaining. pr-ty (out of 20) and visiting houses (out of 8). In 1910 a Jewish cemetery existed in Kazakhstan. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unity. laundry room and both watch shops. A Jewish school operated in 1916. During the war, a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Kazakhstan. In 1942 the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. S.B. Mezhinsky; Philip Rav (1908-1973, New York), Amer. literary critic, since 1922 - in the USA, in 1957–73 - prof. University of Brandyce (Massachusetts), author of works on the work of N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy.
KUPYANSK UZLOVOY, an urban-type settlement (since 1925), subordinated to the Kupyansk City Council of the Kharkiv Region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kupyanskiy u. Kharkov province. In 1939 in K.-U. 34 Jews lived in 1919 in K.-U. there was a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army. In the autumn of 1942 in K.-U. several were shot. Jews.
KURAKIN Avragam (1822, Slodniki, Astrakhan province. - 1927, Sejara), public figure. Rod. in Russian cross, family. In his spiritual quest, he became close to Chl. sect "Subbotniks", and then converted to Judaism. He studied at one of the Lithuanian yeshivas. In the beginning. 1890s in ch. a group of his followers came to Odessa. From 1898 - in E.-I., lived in Jaffa and Heder, from 1901 on the Sejara farm. Son of K. - Yitzhak (1858 - 1951, Israel), one of the founders of the first Jewish guard detachments in the north of E.-I. for the defense of settlements from the attack of the Arabs. The grandson of K. (son of Yitzhak) - Reuven (1889 - 1954, Beit Gan, Israel), continued his father's work to protect Jewish settlements. In 1911 he was arrested by the Turkish authorities and spent a year in prison. Killed in a skirmish with the Arabs.
KURCHATOV, a city (since 1983), a regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in connection with the construction of the Kursk nuclear power plant. In 1998, approx. 150 Jews (0.1%) In 1996, philanthropists began to operate in Kazakhstan. org-tion "Hesed Baruch".
KURCHITSA, a village in Novograd-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In 19-early. 20th century - from. Kurchitsy Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 19 – beg. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. sawmill and unity. glassworks; unity. in K., the mill was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 several were killed. Jews.
KURCHITS, see Kurchitsa.
KURENETS, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847, 844 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1613 (90.9%), in 1921 - approx. 1,500 Jews. Since 1884, Moishe-Yehuda-Leib Landa (1855–?), The father of J. Landa, was the rabbi in K. Some of the Jews of Kazakhstan were Lubavitch Hasidim. Main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade. In 1919 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 27 shops (including all 14 grocery stores). In the 1910s. J. Landa was the rabbi of K. In 1922 a fair was liquidated in Kazakhstan, which caused damage to local Jewish merchants. In 1932, Kazakhstan had a Talmud-Torah, financial assistance was provided by the rabbi from the USA Zalman-Mendel Tsipelevich. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 24, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Kazakhstan; the Judenrat was created, led by a refugee from Austria Schatz. After the occupation, a youth organization "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" was created in Kazakhstan, headed by K. Shpektor. The group members had weapons (2 revolvers), as well as printing equipment and fonts stolen from the local printing house. Several were printed and distributed by the group. leaflets; the organization kept in touch with the partisans. 14 oct. 1941 in Kazakhstan, 54 Jews (artisans and members of their families) were shot. On March 15, 1942, 13 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan, on March 27 - 32 Jews. Sep 9 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were taken out of Kazakhstan; OK. 600 people were shot; more than 200 were burned alive, the rest were sent to the Vileika ghetto, where on November 6. 1942 were destroyed. On Feb. 1942 Rabbi Aron-Movsha Feldman was shot in Kazakhstan. After 1945, approx. 120 Jews. In K. genus: J. Landa, H.-B.G. Khodos, B. Tsukerman.
KURENEVKA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 – beg. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In the 1st floor. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by a detachment of the ataman Zeleny, as a result of which 15 Jews were killed and 20 wounded.
KUREN, a village in the Bakhmach district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews, in 1900 - 14, in 1910 - 4 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century
KURENKA, a village in the Chernukhinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 6 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.
KURESSAARE (until 1917 - Ahrensburg, in 1952–88 - Kingisepp), city (from 1563), the center of the county (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from the 12th century Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ezel district Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91, the Estonian SSR. In 1881, 110 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1922 - 39 (1.2%), in 1934 - 22 (0.5%), in 1935 - 15 Jews. The first Jews settled in K. in the middle. 19th century Main classes - decomp. crafts and fishing; among the Jews K. was several. representatives of the liberal professions. In the summer of 1941, the Jews of K. who did not have time to evacuate were killed.
KURGAN, city, center of Kurgan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1662 as a fortified settlement Tsarevo Gorodishche. From 1738 - Kurgan Sloboda, from 1782 - the district town of the Tobolsk governorship, from 1796 - the province. Since 1943 it has been the center of the Kurgan Region. 107 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, 105 Jews in 1939, 921 (0.4%) in 1970, and 780 Jews (0.3%) in 1979. Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s. in K. there was a branch of the Evsection. During the 2nd world. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased due to those evacuated from the West. districts of the USSR. 1970s. K. received world renown thanks to scientific. achievements of the Research Institute of Experimental and clinics. Orthopedics and traumatology, which since 1971 was headed by G.A. Ilizarov. In 2001, a Jewish religion was established in Kazakhstan. community (previously - Gary Evelevich Dobrusin, b. 1939). There is a youth club. In 2002, approx. 1200 Jews. In K. genus: I.L. Frenkel. Solomon Mikhailovich Shalyutin (born 1921), Doctor of Philosophy works in K. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980), author of several books on philosophy. problems of cybernetics.
KURGAN TYUBE, city, center of Kurgan-Tyube region. (The Republic of Tajikistan). Main in the 17th century. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turkestan Territory. In 1939 in K.-T. 32 Jews lived.
KURGANINSK, a city (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kurgan, Labinsky dep. Kuban Region. 10 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan at the end of the year. Aug 1942 was shot ca. 300 evacuated Jews.
KURGANNAYA, see Kurganinsk.
Kurgan Sloboda, see Kurgan.
KURGANTSEV (Grisman) Mikhail Abramovich (1931, Moscow - 1990, Pitsunda, Abkhazian ASSR), orientalist, journalist, translator. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1954). Comp. MGPI (1954–58). Lit. sotr. (since 1958), head. dep. literature and art (1960), deputy. ch. ed. (since 1970) zhurn. "Asia and Africa Today". Author of over 400 works, ch. arr. per. in Russian lang. with Arabic, Beng., French. and other languages, including “Sovr. Arab. poetry "(M., 1961)," Young Arab poets. countries "(M., 1965)," Branch of the Olive. Arab, poetry of the XX century. " (Tashkent, 1970), "Poems of the Arab, poets" (M., 1970), "From Afr. Lyrics "(M., 1967)," Voices at Dawn. Afr poetry. poets "(Alma-Ata, 1972). Cit .: Torches and springs. Articles, essays. M., 1973.
KURILOVTSYMURANTS, see Murovannye Kurilovtsy.
KURISOVO POKROVSKAYA, see Petrovka, Odessa region.
KURITSKES Yakov Moiseevich (1893, Chernigov - 1964, Moscow), military engineer. Major General Aviation Engineer service (1943). Dr. Tech. sciences. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kiev University (1918). Since 1920 in Kr. Army, graduated from Military-vozd. Ing. academy (1926) and postgraduate studies at it (1928). Since 1928, teacher and assistant. early Faculty of the Academy. In 1931–57 the beginning. f-that in the same place. As a student at the academy, he participated in the creation of the world's first metal. glider. From 1957 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.
KURKLE, see Kurklyai.
KURKLECHIAI, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1844 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kurklese (village Kurkletsy) Novoaleksandrovsky u. Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century 92 Jews (12 families) lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KURKLEECE, see Kurklečiai.
KURKLETS, see Kurklečiai.
KURKLYAI, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). In 1564 he received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century –The place of Kurkle Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 257 Jews (32%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 184 Jews (24%), in 1940 - approx. 50 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in K. at the end. 18th century The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: from 1894 - Yitzhok-Moishe Braver (1870–?), Then Yakov-Yosef Diamant. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a manufacturing and a butcher shop, two mills, and a pharmacy. In 1937, 6 Jewish artisans worked in the town: a baker, a stove-maker, a tailor, a shoemaker, a tinsmith, etc. In 1927–40 there were 2 synagogues, a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. 1920-30-ies. pl. Jews K. left for the South. Africa, USA, Brazil, Cuba. The education of the children of the Jews of K. took place in the cheder and litas. school. A Jewish library worked in K. Active Zionist activities were carried out. For some time in K. there was a school for preparing young people for life in E.-I. 5 Sept. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
KURLAND David (| - 1941), critic, literary critic. In the 1920s. worked in the Jewish sector of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus. In the end. 1930s - in Kiev, in the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture VUAN, published Art. in his publishing., participated in the compilation of the uch. manuals for the Jewish school. From June 1941 at the front. Author of works on Jewish literature: "The first Jewish workers poets M. Vinchevsky, M. Rosenfeld, D. Edelyitat, I. Bovshover" (collection of works, compiled by K., with his foreword. Minsk, 1931); “David Bergelson at school” (with M. Goder, teaching aid for schools. Minsk, 1933); “Biblical-critical. review of a liter about P. Markish "(in the collection" Literary critic zamlbluh ". Minsk, 1934); “About a folk tale and its related genres” (journal “Stern”. Minsk, 1940, No. 7–8); “On the issue of legendary subjects in the production. I.-L. Peretz "(ibid., 1940, No. 10) and others. Coll. with M. Goder and E. Kapchits compiled lit. a reader for the 6th grade of the Jewish school (Minsk, 1930).
KURLYANDSKY Alexander Efimovich (b. 1938, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (1960), worked as a foreman (1960–62), served in the army (1962–65). As a student, he began to write for the pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House", and later collaborated on radio and television. Prod. K. (sometimes together with A.I. Khayt were included in the repertoire of famous performers: L.O. Utesov, P.V. Rudakov and V.P. Nechaev and others. K.'s stories were published in periodicals. with A.S. Levenbuk and Hayt) in the creation of variety programs and (with F.S. Kandel, E.N. Uspensky and Hayt) performances.Since the 1970s he has been working in the cinema. with Kandel, Uspensky and Hight) of the animated series "Well, you wait!" (1968 onwards). In total, K. wrote about 50 scripts for cartoons, including those awarded with prizes at international festivals: "Thank you, stork!" (Bulgaria, Italy), ave. "Nika" ("Return of the prodigal parrot") Author of plays for children and puppet theaters and several books (advantages, in co-authorship): "Sixth Sense" (1971), “Under one roof” (1972), “Tandem” (1981) State pr. USSR (1988).
KURLYANDSKY Veniamin Yurievich (1908, Stavropol - 1977, Moscow), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences (1945), prof. (1947). After graduating from the 1st MMI in 1935, he specialized in dentistry in the same place until 1939. In 1939–41 the head. Department of Orthopedic. dentistry of Perm (Molotovsky) honey. in-that. In 1941–45 was the beginning. maxillofacial hospital in Moscow. In 1945–52 Assoc. 1st MMI and at the same time. head dep. Maxillofacial Surgery Center, in-that examination of the working capacity of disabled people. In 1952–77 the head. Department of Orthopedics. dentistry Mosk. honey. dentist Institute of Science. tr. K. dedicated preim. problems orthopedic. dentistry, developmental anomalies and acquired pathology of the dentition. He proposed one of the classifications of occlusion anomalies (1958), methods of treating jaw fractures, fixing prostheses on the edentulous jaw, etc. He contributed to the study of dentoalveolar pathology in children. Proposed (jointly with Gr. Ing.) New dentists. metal alloys and impression materials. Cit .: Prosthetics of toothless jaws. M., 1955; Orthopedic dentistry. Atlas, vol. 1–2. M., 1963–70; A guide to practical exercises in orthopedic dentistry. M., 1973.
KURMAN KEMELCHI, see Krasnogvardeyskoe of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
KURMAN Mikhail Veniaminovich (1905, Lepel, Vitebsk province - 1980, Kharkov), demographer. Graduated from mat. dep. phys.-math. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1928). In 1927–32 he worked in Leningrad. statistical ex., since 1932 at the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. In 1955–65, deputy. early, early dep. population and health care of the Kharkiv region. statistical ex. In 1965–71 (with a certain break) scientific. hands. lab. labor, resources at the Kharkov branch of Geogr. about-va. Sci. Combined work with teaching: in 1929–32 he taught statistics in a number of Leningrad institutes. universities, in 1932–37 in Moscow. planned in-those, in 1948-49 Art. teacher of mathematics at the Rubtsovsk branch of the Altai Institute of Agricultural Sciences machine-nia; in the 1960s – 70s. read a course in statistics in the Kharkov state. un-those, in the Kharkov Avtodor. in-those, etc. Scientific. tr. ch. arr. by demographic. processes in cr. cities, problems of tr. resources, pendulum migration in the USSR, methods of population registration. Constructed tables of the intensity of worker retirement depending on the length of service at the enterprise. Cit .: The population of a large socialist. cities. M., 1968 (jointly with I.V. Lebedinsky); The movement of workers in prom. enterprises. M., 1971; Demographic topical issues. M., 1976.
Kurmany, a village in the Nedrigailovsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan. In the winter of 1941/42, one Jew was killed in Kazakhstan.
KURMYSH, a village in the Pilninsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Simbirsk province. In 1910, 1 Jew lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 4 Jews.
KURNIKI, a village in Tyvrovsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district Podolsk province. In 1900, 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. M.F. Schwartzman.
KUROPATNIKI, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1445. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 20 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 16th century. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot in Berezhany.
KUROV, see Kuruv.
KUROVICHI, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1443. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kurovice of the Przemyslansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. Main occupations - trade, purchase of products of local weaving production and their sale in Brody, Zlochev (present-day Zolochev), Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil), and others. In 1916, 11 Jews were exiled from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of K. left for other us. points of the country and beyond. In the summer of 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941 in K. in the household. buildings of the former. estate of Count Potocki, a Jewish labor camp was created, the prisoners of which (at first 170, then 200 people) were used in the main. on road works. On July 21, 1943, the camp was liquidated; b. including prisoners were transferred to the Yaktorov camp and there they were shot, a small group was sent to the Yanovsky camp in Lvov.
KUROVISHCHE, a farm in the Smolevichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). 1941 in Kazakhstan, Jewish men from Smolevichi were shot.
KUROVITSE, see Kurovichi.
Kurovskoe, a city (since 1952) in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1646. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moscow province. From 1931 it was a workers' settlement, from 1929 to 1959 it was a regional center. In 1939, 63 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1989 - 18 Jews (0.08%).
KUROVTSY, a village in the Zboriv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1810, approx. 70 Jews (12%). occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. - crafts and trade. In 1916, 16 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed.
KUROZVANY, a village in the Goshchansky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 18 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 there were 22 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were killed.
KUROZWENKI, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Stopnitsky u. In 1766 there were 66 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 136 (17%), in 1857 - 196 (28%), in 1897 - 265, in 1921 - 224 Jews (20%). Jews lived in Kazakhstan. from ser. 16th century In 1823–62, K. were closed for free settlement of Jews. All R. 19th century there was a synagogue and a shelter for the poor. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. - nov. 1942 K. Jews were sent to Treblinka.
KURSHANS, see Kursenai.
KURSHENAI, a city in Siauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kurshany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 1,542 Jews (48%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 841, in 1939 - approx. 900 Jews (approx. 30%). The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: in 1840–80 - Ikhl-Mikhl Kagan-Shapiro, in 1879–99 - Shmul-Moishe Shapiro, from 1901 - Shloimo-Nosn Kotlyar (later - a rabbi in Jerusalem ). In 1879 a new synagogue was built (burned down in 1915). In 1880, the Talmud Torah was discovered, where Russian was also studied. and it. language Basic spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century - trade in grain, flax, timber and livestock, p. x-in. Before the 1st world. war pl. Jews K. left for the South. Africa and the USA. During the war, 255 Jewish homes were destroyed. After the war, the community was restored, in 1921 - 2 synagogues. The rabbis were Yisroel Reef (1870-1941), in 1914-24 - Yitzhok-Aizik Fridman (since 1935 - rabbi in Tel Aviv), since 1929 - Irahmiel Litvin (? -1941). 1920s in K., a school was founded with teaching in Hebrew (about 150 students; from 1927 - in the "Tarbut" system), with which a library worked. Since 1925, there was a branch of the Jewish People's Republic. bank. In 1925 a Jewish doctor and dentist practiced in Kazakhstan. In 1927, children were opened. a garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 50 out of 55 shops and 26 out of 44 workshops and small businesses. In 1937, 37 Jewish artisans worked, including 10 shoemakers, 6 tailors, 6 butchers, 3 tinsmiths, 3 hairdressers, 2 hatters, 2 knitters, 2 shoe cutters, a baker, a glazier, and a tanner. Jewish philanthropists acted. org-tion and mutual aid fund. Departments of many Zionist parties, VITSO, youth organizations, sports worked. club "Maccabi". On June 24, 1941, K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On July 16, 1941, 150 Jewish men were shot. Women and children were placed in the ghetto, 15 Aug. 1941 taken to агagare and killed there. Arie Kubovitsky (Kubovi) (1896-1955), lawyer, politician. activist of the World Jewish Congr., Ambassador of Israel to Czechoslovakia, head of Yad Vashem.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУРСК, город, центр Курской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1032. С 1508 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1708 – в Киевской, с 1727 – в Белгородской губ., с 1779 – центр Курского наместничества, с 1797 – Курской губ.В кон. 18 в. в К. проживало 8 евреев, в 1897 – 1689, в 1910 – 2381, в 1923 – 3376 (3,9%), в 1926 – 4163 (4,2%), в 1939 – 5143, в 1970 – 4370 (1,7%), в 1979 – 3856 евреев (1%).В 1892 евреи К. были причислены к ведомству раввина Конотопа. В 1895 получили разрешение на устройство синагоги в частном доме (в 1901 открыта вторая синагога). До 1897 раввином К. был Х.Гинзбург.20 окт. 1905 в К. произошел еврейский погром.В 1910 в К. действовали 2 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская, имелось еврейское кладбище. Раввином был Исроэль-Ноах из Нежина. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России; в 1915 в К. прибыло 780 евреев. К 1919 численность еврейского населения К. достигла 7 тыс. чел. В 1917 Моск. отд-ние ОРТа создало в К. бюро труда. Работали еврейские школа, дет. сад, неск. клубов, находившихся под влиянием левых сионистов.В 1919 в К. произошел еврейский погром.В 1918–31 обязанности раввина исполнял шохет любавичский хасид Самуил Лейбович Залманов (1888–1957, Тель-Авив). Залманов открыл в К. талмуд-тору и хедер. В 1930-х гг. шохетом был любавичский хасид Мойше-Реувен Зархин. В 1929 и1936 в К. были закрыты обе синагоги. В 1939 в здании одной из синагог располагались магазин и закусочная, в другом – Дом физкультурника, затем – хлебозавод; здание второй синагоги снесено в кон. 1980-х гг. В 1931–40 в К. действовала любавичская иешива, осн. Б.-Э. Городецким.4 нояб. 1941 части вермахта заняли К. Большинству еврейского населения удалось эвакуироваться. В нач. нояб. 1941 еврейским детям, собранным в нем. комендатуре, были сделаны смертельные инъекции. Было расстреляно ок. 150 евреев. Летом 1942 расстреляно 443 еврея. Позднее недалеко от места расстрела установлен памятник.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в купленном деревянном доме, построенном в 1915, была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 20–25 чел., по субботам – 60–100, в праздники – 400– 500 чел. Раввином был Авром-Гессель Беркович Шумяцкий (1883–?), шохетом и моэлом – Моисей Меерович Лабок (1873–?).В 1973 в К. было закрыто старое еврейское кладбище. С 1970 действовало второе еврейское кладбище (закрыто в 1996). В 1997 на старом еврейском кладбище было повалено 40 надгробий и неск. разбито. С кон. 1990-х гг. захоронения производятся на новом еврейском кладбище. До сер. 1980-х гг. действовала синагога. Здание синагоги сохранилось. С 1994 в К. начал работать информ.-культурный центр «Еврейский Дом», с 1995 – воскресная школа (40 уч-ся), с 1996 – созданный при поддержке Джойнта центр милосердия «Хесэд» (дир. – Игорь Бухман), с кон. 1990-х гг. – еврейский молодеж. клуб, еврейская б-ка. В 2001 в К. создана религ. община (пред. – Борис Михайлович Динер, р. 1970).В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Л.И.Ботович, С.Л.Вайнштейн, В.Н.Винокур, В.В. Гинзбург, А.Э.Зильберт, А.Ю.Кривицкий, М.А.Персиц, А.А.Петуховский, Г.М.Свердлов, Р.Б.Фарбман, С.Я.Фрейдлин; Лев Петрович Василевский (1904–1979, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, полк., в 1937–38 – рук. диверсионных операций в Испании, ст. советник особого отд. Мадридского фронта, в 1934–41 – резидент внешней разведки в Париже, в 1951–53 находился под следствием по делу о «сионистском заговоре в МГБ»; Валентин Хацкелевич Лосев (1907–1942), писатель; Фома Григорьевич Портнов (р. 1921), биохимик, физиотерапевт, д-р мед. наук (1962), проф. (1971), Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1982); Лея Нотович Посик (р. 1915), инж.-геофизик, д-р техн. наук (1970), специалист в обл. рудничной радиометрии; Игорь Борисович Скляр (р. 1957), артист т-ра и кино, исполнитель эстрадных песен; Лев Ильич Уманский (1922–1983), психолог, д-р психол. наук, проф., зав. кафедрой Курского, затем – Костромского пед. ин-тов, специалист в обл. изучения социально-психол. проблем детей и первичных коллективов; Евгения Иосифовна Шендельс (р. 1916), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1965), проф. (1966), автор учебников и монографий по грамматике нем. яз. В К. жили и работали: А.И.Зарецкий, Б.И.Ласков, Х.-Г.Рапопорт, С.Б.Фрид., pronunciation=КУРСК, город, центр Курской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1032. С 1508 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1708 – в Киевской, с 1727 – в Белгородской губ., с 1779 – центр Курского наместничества, с 1797 – Курской губ.В кон. 18 в. в К. проживало 8 евреев, в 1897 – 1689, в 1910 – 2381, в 1923 – 3376 (3,9%), в 1926 – 4163 (4,2%), в 1939 – 5143, в 1970 – 4370 (1,7%), в 1979 – 3856 евреев (1%).В 1892 евреи К. были причислены к ведомству раввина Конотопа. В 1895 получили разрешение на устройство синагоги в частном доме (в 1901 открыта вторая синагога). До 1897 раввином К. был Х.Гинзбург.20 окт. 1905 в К. произошел еврейский погром.В 1910 в К. действовали 2 синагоги, в т. ч. хасидская, имелось еврейское кладбище. Раввином был Исроэль-Ноах из Нежина. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения К. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России; в 1915 в К. прибыло 780 евреев. К 1919 численность еврейского населения К. достигла 7 тыс. чел. В 1917 Моск. отд-ние ОРТа создало в К. бюро труда. Работали еврейские школа, дет. сад, неск. клубов, находившихся под влиянием левых сионистов.В 1919 в К. произошел еврейский погром.В 1918–31 обязанности раввина исполнял шохет любавичский хасид Самуил Лейбович Залманов (1888–1957, Тель-Авив). Залманов открыл в К. талмуд-тору и хедер. В 1930-х гг. шохетом был любавичский хасид Мойше-Реувен Зархин. В 1929 и1936 в К. были закрыты обе синагоги. В 1939 в здании одной из синагог располагались магазин и закусочная, в другом – Дом физкультурника, затем – хлебозавод; здание второй синагоги снесено в кон. 1980-х гг. В 1931–40 в К. действовала любавичская иешива, осн. Б.-Э. Городецким.4 нояб. 1941 части вермахта заняли К. Большинству еврейского населения удалось эвакуироваться. В нач. нояб. 1941 еврейским детям, собранным в нем. комендатуре, были сделаны смертельные инъекции. Было расстреляно ок. 150 евреев. Летом 1942 расстреляно 443 еврея. Позднее недалеко от места расстрела установлен памятник.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в К. В 1946 в купленном деревянном доме, построенном в 1915, была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 20–25 чел., по субботам – 60–100, в праздники – 400– 500 чел. Раввином был Авром-Гессель Беркович Шумяцкий (1883–?), шохетом и моэлом – Моисей Меерович Лабок (1873–?).В 1973 в К. было закрыто старое еврейское кладбище. С 1970 действовало второе еврейское кладбище (закрыто в 1996). В 1997 на старом еврейском кладбище было повалено 40 надгробий и неск. разбито. С кон. 1990-х гг. захоронения производятся на новом еврейском кладбище. До сер. 1980-х гг. действовала синагога. Здание синагоги сохранилось. С 1994 в К. начал работать информ.-культурный центр «Еврейский Дом», с 1995 – воскресная школа (40 уч-ся), с 1996 – созданный при поддержке Джойнта центр милосердия «Хесэд» (дир. – Игорь Бухман), с кон. 1990-х гг. – еврейский молодеж. клуб, еврейская б-ка. В 2001 в К. создана религ. община (пред. – Борис Михайлович Динер, р. 1970).В 2002 в К. проживало св. 3 тыс. евреев.В К. род.: Л.И.Ботович, С.Л.Вайнштейн, В.Н.Винокур, В.В. Гинзбург, А.Э.Зильберт, А.Ю.Кривицкий, М.А.Персиц, А.А.Петуховский, Г.М.Свердлов, Р.Б.Фарбман, С.Я.Фрейдлин; Лев Петрович Василевский (1904–1979, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, полк., в 1937–38 – рук. диверсионных операций в Испании, ст. советник особого отд. Мадридского фронта, в 1934–41 – резидент внешней разведки в Париже, в 1951–53 находился под следствием по делу о «сионистском заговоре в МГБ»; Валентин Хацкелевич Лосев (1907–1942), писатель; Фома Григорьевич Портнов (р. 1921), биохимик, физиотерапевт, д-р мед. наук (1962), проф. (1971), Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1982); Лея Нотович Посик (р. 1915), инж.-геофизик, д-р техн. наук (1970), специалист в обл. рудничной радиометрии; Игорь Борисович Скляр (р. 1957), артист т-ра и кино, исполнитель эстрадных песен; Лев Ильич Уманский (1922–1983), психолог, д-р психол. наук, проф., зав. кафедрой Курского, затем – Костромского пед. ин-тов, специалист в обл. изучения социально-психол. проблем детей и первичных коллективов; Евгения Иосифовна Шендельс (р. 1916), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1965), проф. (1966), автор учебников и монографий по грамматике нем. яз. В К. жили и работали: А.И.Зарецкий, Б.И.Ласков, Х.-Г.Рапопорт, С.Б.Фрид., extra_data="{'translat...")
KURSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1795. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mozdok department. Terek Region In 1939, 26 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19 October. 1942 In Kazakhstan, 250 Jews evacuated to the region were shot.
KURSKY Mikhail Lvovich (1892, Belgorod, Kursk province - 1942, Chimkent), actor, director. Studied for honey. Faculty of Odessa University. Participated in loves. performances. In 1909, leaving his studies, he entered the troupe iz. actor and entrepreneur V.I. Nikulin. From 1917 he was engaged in directing. He worked in t-ts Orel, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl and others. Among the roles: Uriel Acosta ("Uriel Acosta" K. Gutskov, 1927), Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol, 1927), Godun ("Rift "BA Lavreneva, post. K., 1928), Napoleon (" Madame San-Zhen "V. Sardou, 1929) - all in the Yaroslavl t-re im. F.G. Volkova. In 1929–31 he worked at the Omsk Drama Theater. t-re. K. founder (1933) and thin. hands. (until 1940) Ivanovo region dram. t-ra. Fast. here a number of spectals, performed in them ch. roles: Chatsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1935), Don Guan ("The Stone Guest" by A.S. Pushkin, 1937) and others, played the role of Hamlet ("Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare), Plato Krecheta ("Platon Krechet" by A.E. Korneichuk), both - 1935; Ferdinand ("Guile and Love" by F. Schiller, 1936), Oswald ("Ghosts" by G. Ibsen, 1940), post. performances: "Anna Karenina" after Leo Tolstoy (1936), "The Covetous Knight" by Pushkin (1937). Since 1940 in the troupe Moscow. T-ra them. Mossovet, successfully played the comedic role of Lelio ("Liar" by K. Goldoni, 1940), drama. the roles of Carloo van der Noot ("Flanders" by Sardou, 1940), Mamlok ("Professor Mamlok" by F. Wolf, 1941). Honored. art. RSFSR (1934).
KURT Vladimir Gdalevich (b. 1933, Moscow), astronomer. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1955. In 1955–67 he worked at the State. asters in-those them. PK Sternberg, in 1967–91 at the Institute of Cosmology. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 in Astrokosmich. center Phys. in-ta them. P.N. Lebedev Russian Academy of Sciences. scientific. research in physics of the upper atmospheres of the Earth and planets, interplanetary and interstellar medium, X-ray and ultraviolet astronomy. Determined the density of the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere by observing the diffusion of a cloud of sodium vapor released from high-altitude rockets. Research with the help of instruments installed at interplanetary stations, scattering of ultraviolet radiation in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Earth. He studied the emission of certain gases in the spectra of Mars and Venus, as well as (with co-workers) in X-rays of solar flares and flares of neutron stars. Developed instruments for observing celestial bodies in ultraviolet and X-rays. Medals of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M.V. Lomonosov (1969) and them. S.I. Vavilov (1986). State pr. USSR (1984).
KURTOVYANY, see Kurtuveniai.
KURTS Aron-Shmuel (1891, Osvey, Vitebsk province - 1964, New York), poet. Since 1911 - in the USA. Lived in New York, Philadelphia, Long Beach. In Philadelphia he made his debut in 1916 verse., Began to actively publish in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. He founded a number of publishing houses, where publ. in the main. their production ("Kurzn Notitsn" ("Brief Notes"), "Der Zweig" ("Branch"), etc.). The publishing house "Gaintik Leader" existed from 1957 to 1964. K. was a modernist, pro-communist poet. orientation, also wrote dramas. manuf., essay on the literature.
KURTUVENIAI, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kurtovyany, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1841, approx. 160 Jews (approx. 25%), in 1923 - 103 Jews (35%). occupation of Jews K. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In 1909 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned one of three shops. There was a synagogue. 14 Sept. 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan, together with Jews from neighboring settlements (about 500 people in total) were exterminated.
KURUW, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1442, at the same time received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Lublin Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Kurov of Novoaleksandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1765, 1,092 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 1,090 (51%), in 1857 - 1,564 (60%), in 1897 - 2107 (52.9%), in 1921 - 2,230 Jews (57%) . Jews lived in K. from the 2nd half. 16th century (several families). In 1656 the community suffered from the troops of Hetman S. Chernetsky: many Jews died. In the 17th century. In the 18th century a synagogue was built and a cemetery was opened. K. - one of the centers of Hasidism, where Rabbi Shmul lived, one of the closest disciples of the "Seer from Lublin"; Moishe Rokeach (1815-1882), son of the founder of the Hasidic dynasty, Sholom Rokeach (1783-1855) from Belz; Rabbi Noach, a disciple of Rabbi Shmul from Kazakhstan; Yehuda-Leibush Halperin-Morgenstern and his son Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk. spheres of economic. activities of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (timber, grain, eggs, leather), handicrafts (tailor, shoemaker, joinery, carpentry, bakery). Jews K. owned a monopoly on the trade in alcoholic beverages, they owned a candle plant, a flax processing factory, and a workshop for the production of thales. 19th century in K. the society "Bikur khoylim" was created. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a new synagogue was opened in K. The rabbis were Aron-Shmul Kaidanover (later - the rabbi in Brest, Frankfurt am Main and Krakow), Avrom Abish (later - the rabbi in Frankfurt am Main), Ichiel Goldberg (was the rabbi of St. 30 years). 20th century Zionist activity became more active in Kazakhstan. In 1912 a Jewish public was opened. b-ka, in 1915 "Thia" was founded, with a cut an orchestra with a choir was organized. In 1918, the Ge-Halutz branch was created, in 1920 - the Agudas Yisroel branch with a youth organization, in 1924 - the Hashomer ha-Tsair cell, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Beitara, "Ga-Noar ha-Ivri", "Poalei Zion", "Mizrahi". In 1926, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened, philanthropists worked. org-tion. In K. there were a cheder and a Talmud-Torah, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", a school "Yavne", and a school. establishments of the Tarbut chain. 15 Sept. 1939, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Kazakhstan. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in February. 1942 - ghetto, from where all Jews were deported to Konskovolya and then to Sobibur. In nov. 1942 who remained in the labor camp of K. c. 30 Jews were killed. In the winter of 1942, several. young Jews K. fled from the ghetto and organized partisans. detachment.
KURYANY, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 111 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939, 30 Jews. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Berezhany and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
KURZHELEV, see Kuzheluv.
KUSAR TEA, see Kusarchay.
KUSARCHAY, a village in the Khachmas region (Republic of Azerbaijan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Qusar-Chai of Cuban y. Baku province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. fish store in K.
KUSARY, city (since 1938), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kubinsky u. In 1926, 120 Mountain Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939 there were 241 Jews. In 1731, the Persian military leader Afshar Nadir-Shah, who seized Kazakhstan, converted all the remaining Jews to Islam. In the 2nd floor. 18th century the Jews of K. were accused of ritual consumption of the blood of Muslims (the first "blood libel" in the Caucasus). In the end. 18 - early. 19th century means. some of the Jews left K. and moved to Cuba. In the 1860s. there was a shohet in K. In 1865, Jews owned 7 shops (including 2 manufactures). In the 1880s. 10 Ashkenazi Jews lived in Kazakhstan - retired soldiers and 10 Mountain Jews. In 1946 a request by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in Kazakhstan was rejected. most of the Jews of Kazakhstan left for Israel. In Kazakhstan, the genus: G.A. Ilizarov; Timofey Mikhailovich Borshchev (1901–1956), an employee of the special services, lieutenant general (1945), in 1938–41 - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. affairs of the Turkmen SSR, in 1952–53 - at the desk. work in the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Azerbaijan, award. 7 orders, in 1955 - arrested, shot.
KUSEVITSKY Moshe (1899, Smorgon Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1966, New York), cantor, singer (lyric tenor). From 1924 he served at the B. Vilna synagogue, then studied in Warsaw, from 1927 - the chief cantor of the Warsaw synagogue. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to the USSR, where he performed in concerts. Since 1947 - in the USA. He gave concerts in the USA, South Africa, Israel. Since 1952 cantor of the Beth-El synagogue in Brooklyn (USA). High skill brought K. fame as the largest cantor of his time, performer of opera arias, Polish, Russian, as well as Jewish songs (he sang in Yiddish). Performing K. recorded on numerous. gramophone records.
KUSEVITSKY Sergei Alexandrovich (1874, Vyshny Volochek, Tver province - 1951, Boston), conductor, double bass player, composer. He studied music under the guidance of his father, a provincial. musician. From the age of 6 he played the viola, then the cello, from the 13 - the double bass. In 1891 he entered the Musical Drama. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. From 1892 - in the orc. Moscow Private Russian operas by S.I. Mamontov, since 1894 - in the orc. Bolshoi Theater (from 1901 accompanist). In 1896 he appeared in St. Petersburg as a soloist. From 1902 he gave concerts in the cities of Russia, then Zap. Europe. He was recognized as one of the world's best virtuoso contrabass players. The debut of K.-conductor took place in Berlin in 1908. K. was the first performer of plural. op. A.N. Skryabin, S.S. Prokofieva. N.Ya. Myaskovsky, R.M. Glier. In 1914, K. organized the first Bach celebrations in Russia. In 1909 he founded Rus. muses. publishing house ”, opened muses. shops in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1909-11 he organized his symphony. orc., performing under the name. "K.'s Concerts"; orc. distinguished by brilliant performance. In 1910 he founded the Concert Bureau, the task of which was to invite foreign. artists; introduced subscription concerts. In 1910-16 he performed with his orc. concert trips to provinces. mountains. Russia. From 1917 ch. conductor Gos. symph. orc. in Petrograd; elected to the Muses. Council of Moscow, took part in the work of the Muses. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, the Expert Commission of the 1st All-Russia. competition of bowed instruments. In 1919, ch. conductor of the Bolshoi Theater. Since 1920 - in Paris. In 1921 he founded the society “Symphony. K.'s concerts ”, a cut held annual concert cycles in the“ Grand Opera ”theater (up to 1930). Since 1924 - in the USA, headed by the Boston Symphony. orc. (until 1949). He promoted a new Russian. music, for the first time in the USA he performed the 4th and 5th symph., 3rd concert for ph. with orc., "Scythian Suite" by Prokofiev, 7th (Leningrad) symph. D.D. Shostakovich. In 1940 he organized the Berkshire Music. Centre. In 1941–45 he took an active part in organizing aid to the USSR. There was a prez. muses. section Nat. Council of Amer.-Sov. friendship, organizer (1946) Amer.-Sov. muses. about-va. K. was elected prof. and Dr. lawsuit-in pl. high fur boots USA. Awarded hordes. Legion of Honor (1924), order. White Rose (1936; Finland's highest award).
KUSHAK Yuri Naumovich (b. 1936, Moscow), poet, translator. Studied in Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky. He began to publish in 1956. The author of the book. and plays for children: "A boat is sailing to visit" (1986), "An invitation to the ear", "Playing with soldiers", "Postal story", "Ant lamppost", "Sausage, Boatswain and others" (play, prize International. festival in Lyon, France). He was awarded a diploma. H.C. Andersen for the book. "House of Friends". On the initiative and with the participation of K. published the book. "Children paint the world." The first translator verse. Musa Jalil for children. Engaged in publishing. activities: created and headed the publishing house "Golden Key".
KUSHAKOVSKY Max Solomonovich (1922, Zvenigorodka, Cherkasy region - 1992, St. Petersburg), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). From 1941 in the army. After graduating in 1947 Leningrad. military-honey. Academy was left as an adjunct at the Department of Therapy, where he worked until 1974. In 1974-92 head. Department of Therapy LIDUV. tr. K. dedicated electrocardiographic. diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, etiology and treatment of hypertensive patients. illness; proposed a concept for the development of myocardial dystrophy, including in athletes. One of the authors of the first in the USSR atlas on arrhythmias and heart blockages. Etc. them. A.L. Myasnikova, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1977). Cit .: Essential hypertension and secondary arterial hypertension. M., 1982; Arrhythmias of the heart. SPb., 1992.
KUSHCHINSK, see Novopodolskoye.
KUSHELEVSKY Boris Pavlovich (1890, Perm - 1976, Sverdlovsk), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). After graduating in 1914 honey. Faculty of Kazan University participated in the 1st world. war. In 1918–20 he served in the Kr. Army regimental doctor. In 1920-28 he worked a dignitary. doctor on the Yekaterinburg railway Then he headed the department of infectious diseases. diseases honey. Faculty of the Ural University. In 1934-68 the head. Department of Faculty Therapy of the Sverdlovsk Med. in-that. In 1941–47, Ch. therapist of the Ural VO. works by K. dedicated. arthritis, hypoxemia of various etiologies, anticoagulant therapy, diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction. K. described one of the signs of sacroiliitis ("symptom K."). For the monograph “Clinic of rheumatic and non-rheumatic infections. arthritis "(1938) was awarded the 1st pr. Vses. to-that to combat rheumatism. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1967). State pr. USSR (1969). Cit .: Infec. joint diseases. M.-Sverdlovsk, 1945; Essays on anticoagulant therapy. M., 1958; Angina pectoris and their differentiated therapy (co-authors). M., 1971.
KUSHELEVSKY Samuel (| - |), doctor. Doctor of Medicine (1824). The first Jewish student of Vilnius University. He worked as a doctor in Nesvizh, Minsk province. As a doctor, he was especially popular among the Jewish population, he treated a cut free of charge. Cit .: Tables of recognition of diseases of the lungs and heart by percussion and listening. Kiev, 1848.
KUSHINTSY, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. In 1897, 28 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1918 a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, organized by parts of the Directory; Jewish houses were looted, 5 people were injured.
KUSHKA, city (since 1967) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). Main in 1890 as a fortress in the Mervsky district. Transcaspian Region. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KUSHNAREV Joseph Grigorievich (1886 - 1926), politician. Member RSDLP since 1905. After Feb. roar. 1917 worked in Vladivostok, before. railroad to-that of the Union of Craftsmen and Workers, member. Center, Board of the Union, member. Vikzhedora. In 1917-18 dep. Vladivostok Council, member. Dalnevost. regional bureau of the RSDLP (b), commissioner of the Vladivostok port and railway node. In 1919–20 before. Dalnevost. underground regional committee of the RCP (b), member. underground Military-roar. headquarters for the leadership of the armament. struggle, chl. Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (Vladivostok) and before. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921–22 he was a representative of the Far Eastern Republic in Moscow.
KUSHNER (Knyshev) Pavel Ivanovich (1889, Grodno - 1968, Moscow), politician, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1947), prof. Member RSDLP since 1905. During his studies at the gymnasium he participated in the roar. work. In 1915–17 he worked at Ch. reign of the Union of Cities, attended lectures in Nar. University of A.L. Shanyavsky. In the days of February. roar. 1917 elected to Moscow. Council and its Executive Committee, worked in the department. labor. In oct. member Moscow VRK, organized the food supply of the population of the city and parts of the garrison. In the beginning. 1918 members collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Labor. Participant of Civil. war. In the spring of 1920 he was appointed to Turkestan before. K-ta for tr. conscription of the Turkestan ASSR, soon became the beginning. Political department Turkestan front. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b) (1921). In 1921–23 he taught at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov and the State. in-those journalism, worked as a editor. gas. "Working Moscow", "Krasnaya Tataria", "New Village". In 1931–34, the trade representative of the USSR in Lithuania, in 1934–35 in Norway, then the beginning. east sector of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the USSR, member. Council under the people's commissar, later - deputy. prev. scientist to-that at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, in 1941–44 ed. Gospolitizdata. Since 1944 head. sector of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. For the first time in the world. science has developed the principles of mapping the phenomena of the world. culture in their historical. development.
KUSHNER Alexander Semenovich (b. 1936, Leningrad), poet. In 1959 he graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad ped. in-ta them. AI Herzen, until 1970 worked as a teacher in an evening school. Published since 1957. For Philos. Lyrics K. is characterized by the disclosure of the common man. in ordinary prose, the tension and drama of spiritual life, associativity, play of thought. The author is poetic. collection of books "First Meeting" (1957), "First Impression" (1962), "Night Watch" (1966), "Signs" (1969), "Letter" (1974), "Direct Speech" (1975), " A City as a Gift ”(1976),“ Tauride Garden ”(1984),“ Day Dreams ”(1986),“ Hedgehog ”(1989), etc. Jewish theme in verse. K. appears only in references and allusions (an exception is the verse. "When that Polish teacher ..." - about J. Korchak. K. responded to the mass departure of Jews from the USSR. "And next time I want to live in Russia. .. "," Let's go! Let's go! - they say ... "," I don't like the East, I don't understand ... "and others, reflecting the principle, position of K. - not to leave Russia, while not expressing support for the authorities.
KUSHNER Boris Anisimovich (1888, Vitebsk - 1937, Moscow), writer. In the beginning. 1910s debuted book. verse. "Semaphores". After 1917 - futurist, sotr. zhurn. "The Art of the Commune" and "Lef". K. was called "the poet of machine technology." Arrested in 1935, executed by firing squad: One hundred and three days in the West. M.-L., 1928; Southern Lights. M.-L., 1929.
KUSHNIR Alla Shulimovna (b. 1941, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1976). A contender for peace. championship in the 1960s – 70s. Graduated from ed. Faculty of Moscow polygraph. Institute (1969). Since 1973 - in Israel. Champion of the USSR (1970). As part of the USSR team, the winner of two Olympics (1969 and 1972). Winner of the European Cup. champions (1973). Participant of three world championship matches with N. Gaprindashvili (1965, 1969, 1972). Chess player of fine positions. style. Since the late 1970s - in Sweden.
KUSHNIROV Aron Davidovich (1890, Boyarka, Kiev province - 1949, Moscow), poet, writer, playwright. In 1914-17 - in the army, awarded to Georg. cross. The first poems in Russian belong to that time. and Yiddish. In 1920 he voluntarily left for Kr. Army. He made his debut verse, in the Red Army. gas. First Sat verse. "Vent" ("Walls") was published in Kiev in 1921. In 1922 he moved to Moscow, where he became a member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Shtrom". On Sat. "October" (1925) publ. the story “Kinder fun ein folk” (“Children of one people”). In 1926–27, together with M. Litvakov, he headed the literature. gr. Jungwald. In 1928 he took an active part in the work of the Minsk journal. "Stern", where he published poems, stories, dramas. Then he wrote the drama "Hirsch Lekkert", post, in pl. Jewish t-ral of the USSR and other countries. The plays of K. "Der urteil kumt" ("The verdict follows") and "Folk" ("The people") were successful. The poem "Azkore" ("Memorial") conveyed the pain and despair in connection with the recent Jewish pogroms. Creativity K. is imbued with roar. pathos, romance, polit. passion, poems are minted in form. In tech. 1930s a number of collections are published. K. - ed. decomp. ed. ("Sovetish" and other collection of books - before the war, "Einikite" - during the war, "Gameland" - in 1947–48). In July 1941, K. volunteered for the front. Military. impressions are reflected in the book. verse. "Fother commander" ("Father commander"). He translated into Yiddish "The Word about Igor's Campaign", M. Gorky's poem "The Girl and Death", verse. A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, drama, production. W. Shakespeare and Lope de Vega.
KUSHNITSA, a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1881 72 Jews (8.6%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 96 Jews. In May 1944, Jews in K. were deported to Auschwitz.
KUSHVA, a city (since 1925) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1735. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. The Kushvin Plant of Perm Gubernia. In 1910, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939 - 14 Jews.
KUSHVINSKY PLANT, see Kushva.
KUSKOVO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. Since 1925 it has been a city, since 1938 it has been a part of the city of Perovo. In 1926 680 Jews (11.7%) lived in Kazakhstan. In K., there was an officially registered minyan on Glavny Proyezd, in the house of V.D. Yakovleva. In the 1940s and 50s. there were several. daily gathering minyan, to-rye visited residents of K. and neighboring Perov and Novogireev. Minyans gathered in private houses and constantly changed their place of stay. Sometimes the K. minyan gathered in Perov. The organizer of one of the minyan was G.Sh. Tsikhotsky.
KUSLIK Mikhail Isaakovich (1898, Vitebsk - 1965, Leningrad), surgeon, orthopedic traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1932). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1925). In 1925–32, graduate student, resident, head. orthopedic. department of the Research Institute of Traumatology, in 1932–41 prof. Institute of Physical Education, simultaneously. (1938–65) head. Department of Orthopedics and Prosthetics of LIDUV. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–65 head. orthopedic. department of the Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics and at the same time. scientific. hands. at the Research Institute of Orthopedics and Prosthetics in Leningrad. tr. and practical. activity K. dedicated. study and surgical treatment of foot deformities, including flat feet, curvature of the spine, osteomyelitis gunshot, benign bone tumors. He offered a number of operational techniques, including plastic. operations for paralytic. deformation; designed pads for orthopedic manufacture. shoes. Member board of Leningrad. about-va of orthopedists and traumatologists and Vseros. about-va surgeons. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1947) Vol .: Orthopedic treatment of spastic paralysis. L., 1957; Surgical treatment of giant cell tumors. L., 1964.
KUSTOLOVO, see Kustolovo-Sukhodolka.
KUSTOLOVO DRYDOLKA, a village in Mashevsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kustolovo (other name - Grinevschina) Constantinograd district Poltava province. In 1910 in K.-S. there lived one Jewish family.
KUSTOVNITSA, now a part (since 1978) of the settlement. Krynichny, Mozyr District, Gomel Region (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1897, 80 Jews (16%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KUTAIS, see Kutaisi.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КУТАИСИ (в 1810–1917 – Кутаис), город (Грузия). Изв. с 6 в. до н. э. В 6–2 вв. до н. э. – в составе Колхидского царства, в 8–10 вв. – столица Абхазского царства. С 1259 – столица Имеретии, в 14–15 – в Картлийском царстве. С 1462 – вновь столица Имеретии. С 1810 – в составе Рос. империи, в 1840–46 – центр Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 – Кутаисской губ. В 1918–21 – в составе Грузинской Демократической Республики, в 1921–91 – ГССР.В нач. 1840-х гг. в К. проживало 840 евреев (25%), в 1852 – 1105 (32,5%), в 1863 – 1261 (28%), в 1885 – 2488 (10%), в 1897 – 3464 (10,7%), в 1903 – 4364 (10%), в 1908 – 6266 (12,9%), в 1910 – 8408 (16,3%), в 1912 – 9559 (17%), в 1915 – 10 479 (18%), в 1922 – 4788 (10%), в 1926 – 4982 (9,8%), в 1939 – 6906 (8,9%), в 1959 – 7981 (6,2%), в 1970 – 8941 (5,5%), в 1979 – 4024 (2,1%), в 1989 – 4030 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. датируется 1644. Во 2-й пол. 18 в. численность еврейского населения резко возросла, возникла Еврейская слободка, была построена первая, т. н. Маленькая синагога, рядом со слободкой было заложено еврейское кладбище. В нач. 19 в. из 195 дымов в К. еврейскими были 57 (29%). В связи с увеличением численности еврейского населения и ростом Еврейской слободки в 1863 была сооружена т. н. Верхняя синагога (при обеих синагогах существовали хедеры). В 1838 власти выделили участок земли к северу от города для нового еврейского кладбища (закрыто в нач. 1890-х гг., терр. застроена). К сер. 19 в. была открыта синагога для служивших в К. солдат-евреев.Осн. род деятельности евреев К. – мелкая торговля (лишь неск. чел. вели крупную, в т. ч. внешнюю, торговлю, а также занимались ростовщичеством). После отмены крепостного права в Кутаисской губ. (1865) началось массовое переселение евреев в К. из окрестных сел. В 1881 в К. действовали 3 еврейские школы (к 1893 число уч-ся возросло со 105 до 155 чел.). Большой вклад в распространение просвещения среди евреев К. внес раввин Симон Рижинашвили (1854–1902), изд. в 1892 в Иерусалиме иврит-грузин. учебник-разговорник. В 1887 в К. была открыта Большая синагога, в 1895 заложено новое еврейское кладбище. После введения гор. самоуправления (1874) из 22 гласных гор. думы 7 были евреями (по Городовому положению 1892 евреи лишились права участвовать в гор. самоуправлении).В 1877, 1884, 1885, 1909 были попытки спровоцировать «кровавый навет» (наиб. известно т. н. Сачхерское дело или дело Сарры Модебадзе, закончившееся в 1879 оправданием обвиняемых евреев). В 1895 властям удалось предотвратить попытку еврейского погрома.В кон. 19–нач. 20 в. евреи стали селиться за пределами Еврейской слободки (в т. ч. и в центре города, где был открыт ряд еврейских магазинов). В 1903 открылась еврейская школа, где наряду с традиционными предметами велось преподавание светских дисциплин. В 1908 пожар уничтожил 80 принадлежавших евреям домов (300 семей остались без крова). Евреи К. участвовали в создании (1914) Кавказского торг.-пром. банка в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси). Евреи входили в руководящие органы ряда гор. благотворит. учреждений.В нач. 20 в. в К. возник сионистский кружок, в к-ром больщинство составляли ашкеназийские евреи. Активизация сионистской деятельности в сер. 1910-х гг. связана с именем Д.Баазова, к-рый уделял особое внимание К. как одному из центров еврейства Закавказья. Баазову противостояли, с одной стороны, ортодоксальные евреи во главе с раввином Р.Элуашвили, с другой – ассимиляторски настроенные евреи во гл. с Иосифом и Михаилом Хананашвили. С 1912 шохетом в К. был Шнеур-Залман Альтшулер (?–1955). В 1917 ортодоксальные круги еврейства примкнули к партии «Агудат Исраэль»; сионисты образовали ячейку «Цеирей Цион» и в 1918–19 издавали двухнед. газ. «Хма эбюраелиса», распространявшуюся по всей Грузии. Ред. газ. был Шломо Цициашвили (?–1926, Э.-И.). После обретения Грузией независимости (кон. 1917) членами Нац. совета от К. были избраны И. и М.Хананашвили. В 1918 в К. прошло Всегрузинское собрание евреев, выдвинувшее кандидатами в депутаты Нац. совета кутаисцев М.Р.Даварашвили и А.Бузиашвили. В 1919 в парламент Грузии от К. были избраны Даварашвили и И.А.Элигулашвили. В 1920 при активном участии евреев в К. был открыт Западно-Груз. банк. В 1915–25 главой иешивы в К. был Шмуэль Левитин (1884–1973, Нью-Йорк).После установления сов. власти в Грузии (1921) значит. часть состоят. евреев выехала из страны. В 1922 в еврейском квартале была открыта еврейская амбулатория, в 1925 – гор. еврейская б-ка и школа для еврейских детей. В 1928 пожар уничтожил 240 домов (ок. 1 тыс. чел. остались без крова). В том же году в К. открылось отд-ние Евкомбеда, в 1929 – отд-ние ОЗЕТа, с помощью к-рых было организовано 12 еврейских пром. артелей (св. 440 рабочих). В 1929 при Евкомбеде был создан клуб (местный драматич. кружок в 1932 победил на респ. смотре худож. самодеятельности). В 1931–38 ок. К. действовал еврейский колхоз (17 семей).В 1920–30-х гг. раввинами в К. были М.Давиташвили, Я.Даварашвили, М.Даварашвили, Х.Д.Элиашвили, Хубелашвили, Я.Папиашвили, Х.Цхвирашвили, Х.Фаникашвили, Ш.Пичхадзе и др. В 1925–39 раввином ашкеназийской общины К. был А.-Л.Славин. В 1924 и в 1926–27 в К. жил представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Симон Якобсон (Якобошвили) (1900, Кутаиси – 1953, Торонто). Одноврем. власти всячески препятствовали отправлению религ. культа, подвергали преследованию раввинов. В 1939 были арестованы М.Давиташвили и А.-Л.Славин, однако все 3 синагоги продолжали функционировать. В нелег. хедерах в кон. 1920-х гг. обучалось ок. 300 детей.В 1931–33 в К. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива «Томхей Тмимим», к-рой руководил Шнеер-Залман Левитин (1906, Гадяч – 1977, Нью-Йорк). С 1938 раввином в К. был любавичский хасид Хаим-Мордехай Перлов (1890, Херсон – 1978, Мельбурн). В кон. 1930-х гг. любавичскую иешиву в К. возглавляли Йосеф Голдберг (1914, Тирасполь – 1985, Париж) и М.Липскер.После 1945 в К. действовало 3 синагоги. Первая – ул. Шаумяна, д. 8, раввин – М.Р.Даварашвили; в обычные дни на службу собиралось 200 чел., в праздники – до 400. Вторая – ул. Шаумяна, 8, раввины: Яков Абрамович Хубелашвили (1886–1950), Х.Д.Елиашвили, Мордехай Шамелашвили (1910–1999), Исаак Михелашвили (1939–1984), Шолом Фаникашвили (р. 1944), Давид Пичхадзе (р. 1934); шохеты: любавичский хасид Залман Гершович Альтшуллер (1873–?), Елохим Михайлович Фаникашвили (1900–1971); моэлы: Тевель Борухович Вейт (1870–?), Я.Р.Даварашвили, Израиль Локшин (1913–?); в обычные дни в синагоге собиралось до 300 чел., в праздники – до 800. Третья – ул. Шаумяна, д. 39, раввин – Шмуэль Фаникашвили (р. 1952); функции шохета, моэла выполняли служители соседней синагоги; в обычные дни в синагоге собиралось до 200 чел., в праздники – до 600 чел.В 1952 власти предприняли попытку закрыть синагоги, что вызвало резко негативную реакцию еврейской общественности (в 1953 синагоги были открыты). Продолжались преследования раввинов. В 1965 в К. имел место «кровавый навет».В 1960–80-х гг. евреи играли видную роль в «теневой» экономике города, в еврейском квартале действовал черный рынок, на к-ром шла торговля «дефицитом» и импортными товарами. В 1971 из К. в Израиль выехали первые 13 еврейских семей. Евреи К. участвовали в массовых акциях евреев-«отказников» в Москве (1971). В 1970-х гг. из К. в разл. страны выехало ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В 1981 в К. действовало 3 синагоги. Экономич. трудности и политич. нестабильность нач. 1990-х гг. привели к массовому выезду евреев из К.В 1999 в К. проживало ок. 150 еврейских семей.В К. род.: И.Аджиашвили, И.Бабаликашвили, М.Я.Валянский, М.Давиташвили, М.Какителашвили, А.И.Рижинашвили, Ш.М.Сепиашвили, Р.Тавдидишвили, И.Г.Фрих-Хар, Д.М. Хананашвили, А.Я.Цициашвили, Б.М.Чиквашвили, Ш.Д.Чиквашвили, Ш.М.Элиашвили, И.А.Элигулашвили, Р.Ш.Энукашвили; Джемал Шалвович Бениашвили (р. 1941), врач, д-р мед. наук (1981), проф. (1994), д. ч. Нью-Йоркской АН (1995), с 1996 – в Израиле, специалист в обл. онкологии; Эммануил Львович Кохман (1894–?), врач, полк. мед. службы, в 1941– 44 – нач. сан. службы Упр-ния погранич. войск НКВД СССР; Захария Абрамович Топчиашвили (р. 1926), врач, д-р мед. наук (1965), проф. (1965), автор ок. 100 науч. тр., в т. ч. монографии; Рафаэль Иосебович Цициашвили (р. 1929), экономист, д-р экономич. наук (1989), проректор Тбилисского высш. уч-ща бизнеса (с 1994)., pronunciation=КУТАИСИ (в 1810–1917 – Кутаис), город (Грузия). Изв. с 6 в. до н. э. В 6–2 вв. до н. э. – в составе Колхидского царства, в 8–10 вв. – столица Абхазского царства. С 1259 – столица Имеретии, в 14–15 – в Картлийском царстве. С 1462 – вновь столица Имеретии. С 1810 – в составе Рос. империи, в 1840–46 – центр Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 – Кутаисской губ. В 1918–21 – в составе Грузинской Демократической Республики, в 1921–91 – ГССР.В нач. 1840-х гг. в К. проживало 840 евреев (25%), в 1852 – 1105 (32,5%), в 1863 – 1261 (28%), в 1885 – 2488 (10%), в 1897 – 3464 (10,7%), в 1903 – 4364 (10%), в 1908 – 6266 (12,9%), в 1910 – 8408 (16,3%), в 1912 – 9559 (17%), в 1915 – 10 479 (18%), в 1922 – 4788 (10%), в 1926 – 4982 (9,8%), в 1939 – 6906 (8,9%), в 1959 – 7981 (6,2%), в 1970 – 8941 (5,5%), в 1979 – 4024 (2,1%), в 1989 – 4030 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях К. датируется 1644. Во 2-й пол. 18 в. численность еврейского населения резко возросла, возникла Еврейская слободка, была построена первая, т. н. Маленькая синагога, рядом со слободкой было заложено еврейское кладбище. В нач. 19 в. из 195 дымов в К. еврейскими были 57 (29%). В связи с увеличением численности еврейского населения и ростом Еврейской слободки в 1863 была сооружена т. н. Верхняя синагога (при обеих синагогах существовали хедеры). В 1838 власти выделили участок земли к северу от города для нового еврейского кладбища (закрыто в нач. 1890-х гг., терр. застроена). К сер. 19 в. была открыта синагога для служивших в К. солдат-евреев.Осн. род деятельности евреев К. – мелкая торговля (лишь неск. чел. вели крупную, в т. ч. внешнюю, торговлю, а также занимались ростовщичеством). После отмены крепостного права в Кутаисской губ. (1865) началось массовое переселение евреев в К. из окрестных сел. В 1881 в К. действовали 3 еврейские школы (к 1893 число уч-ся возросло со 105 до 155 чел.). Большой вклад в распространение просвещения среди евреев К. внес раввин Симон Рижинашвили (1854–1902), изд. в 1892 в Иерусалиме иврит-грузин. учебник-разговорник. В 1887 в К. была открыта Большая синагога, в 1895 заложено новое еврейское кладбище. После введения гор. самоуправления (1874) из 22 гласных гор. думы 7 были евреями (по Городовому положению 1892 евреи лишились права участвовать в гор. самоуправлении).В 1877, 1884, 1885, 1909 были попытки спровоцировать «кровавый навет» (наиб. известно т. н. Сачхерское дело или дело Сарры Модебадзе, закончившееся в 1879 оправданием обвиняемых евреев). В 1895 властям удалось предотвратить попытку еврейского погрома.В кон. 19–нач. 20 в. евреи стали селиться за пределами Еврейской слободки (в т. ч. и в центре города, где был открыт ряд еврейских магазинов). В 1903 открылась еврейская школа, где наряду с традиционными предметами велось преподавание светских дисциплин. В 1908 пожар уничтожил 80 принадлежавших евреям домов (300 семей остались без крова). Евреи К. участвовали в создании (1914) Кавказского торг.-пром. банка в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси). Евреи входили в руководящие органы ряда гор. благотворит. учреждений.В нач. 20 в. в К. возник сионистский кружок, в к-ром больщинство составляли ашкеназийские евреи. Активизация сионистской деятельности в сер. 1910-х гг. связана с именем Д.Баазова, к-рый уделял особое внимание К. как одному из центров еврейства Закавказья. Баазову противостояли, с одной стороны, ортодоксальные евреи во главе с раввином Р.Элуашвили, с другой – ассимиляторски настроенные евреи во гл. с Иосифом и Михаилом Хананашвили. С 1912 шохетом в К. был Шнеур-Залман Альтшулер (?–1955). В 1917 ортодоксальные круги еврейства примкнули к партии «Агудат Исраэль»; сионисты образовали ячейку «Цеирей Цион» и в 1918–19 издавали двухнед. газ. «Хма эбюраелиса», распространявшуюся по всей Грузии. Ред. газ. был Шломо Цициашвили (?–1926, Э.-И.). После обретения Грузией независимости (кон. 1917) членами Нац. совета от К. были избраны И. и М.Хананашвили. В 1918 в К. прошло Всегрузинское собрание евреев, выдвинувшее кандидатами в депутаты Нац. совета кутаисцев М.Р.Даварашвили и А.Бузиашвили. В 1919 в парламент Грузии от К. были избраны Даварашвили и И.А.Элигулашвили. В 1920 при активном участии евреев в К. был открыт Западно-Груз. банк. В 1915–25 главой иешивы в К. был Шмуэль Левитин (1884–1973, Нью-Йорк).После установления сов. власти в Грузии (1921) значит. часть состоят. евреев выехала из страны. В 1922 в еврейском квартале была открыта еврейская амбулатория, в 1925 – гор. еврейская б-ка и школа для еврейских детей. В 1928 пожар уничтожил 240 домов (ок. 1 тыс. чел. остались без крова). В том же году в К. открылось отд-ние Евкомбеда, в 1929 – отд-ние ОЗЕТа, с помощью к-рых было организовано 12 еврейских пром. артелей (св. 440 рабочих). В 1929 при Евкомбеде был создан клуб (местный драматич. кружок в 1932 победил на респ. смотре худож. самодеятельности). В 1931–38 ок. К. действовал еврейский колхоз (17 семей).В 1920–30-х гг. раввинами в К. были М.Давиташвили, Я.Даварашвили, М.Даварашвили, Х.Д.Элиашвили, Хубелашвили, Я.Папиашвили, Х.Цхвирашвили, Х.Фаникашвили, Ш.Пичхадзе и др. В 1925–39 раввином ашкеназийской общины К. был А.-Л.Славин. В 1924 и в 1926–27 в К. жил представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Симон Якобсон (Якобошвили) (1900, Кутаиси – 1953, Торонто). Одноврем. власти всячески препятствовали отправлению религ. культа, подвергали преследованию раввинов. В 1939 были арестованы М.Давиташвили и А.-Л.Славин, однако все 3 синагоги продолжали функционировать. В нелег. хедерах в кон. 1920-х гг. обучалось ок. 300 детей.В 1931–33 в К. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива «Томхей Тмимим», к-рой руководил Шнеер-Залман Левитин (1906, Гадяч – 1977, Нью-Йорк). С 1938 раввином в К. был любавичский хасид Хаим-Мордехай Перлов (1890, Херсон – 1978, Мельбурн). В кон. 1930-х гг. любавичскую иешиву в К. возглавляли Йосеф Голдберг (1914, Тирасполь – 1985, Париж) и М.Липскер.После 1945 в К. действовало 3 синагоги. Первая – ул. Шаумяна, д. 8, раввин – М.Р.Даварашвили; в обычные дни на службу собиралось 200 чел., в праздники – до 400. Вторая – ул. Шаумяна, 8, раввины: Яков Абрамович Хубелашвили (1886–1950), Х.Д.Елиашвили, Мордехай Шамелашвили (1910–1999), Исаак Михелашвили (1939–1984), Шолом Фаникашвили (р. 1944), Давид Пичхадзе (р. 1934); шохеты: любавичский хасид Залман Гершович Альтшуллер (1873–?), Елохим Михайлович Фаникашвили (1900–1971); моэлы: Тевель Борухович Вейт (1870–?), Я.Р.Даварашвили, Израиль Локшин (1913–?); в обычные дни в синагоге собиралось до 300 чел., в праздники – до 800. Третья – ул. Шаумяна, д. 39, раввин – Шмуэль Фаникашвили (р. 1952); функции шохета, моэла выполняли служители соседней синагоги; в обычные дни в синагоге собиралось до 200 чел., в праздники – до 600 чел.В 1952 власти предприняли попытку закрыть синагоги, что вызвало резко негативную реакцию еврейской общественности (в 1953 синагоги были открыты). Продолжались преследования раввинов. В 1965 в К. имел место «кровавый навет».В 1960–80-х гг. евреи играли видную роль в «теневой» экономике города, в еврейском квартале действовал черный рынок, на к-ром шла торговля «дефицитом» и импортными товарами. В 1971 из К. в Израиль выехали первые 13 еврейских семей. Евреи К. участвовали в массовых акциях евреев-«отказников» в Москве (1971). В 1970-х гг. из К. в разл. страны выехало ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В 1981 в К. действовало 3 синагоги. Экономич. трудности и политич. нестабильность нач. 1990-х гг. привели к массовому выезду евреев из К.В 1999 в К. проживало ок. 150 еврейских семей.В К. род.: И.Аджиашвили, И.Бабаликашвили, М.Я.Валянский, М.Давиташвили, М.Какителашвили, А.И.Рижинашвили, Ш.М.Сепиашвили, Р.Тавдидишвили, И.Г.Фрих-Хар, Д.М. Хананашвили, А.Я.Цициашвили, Б.М.Чиквашвили, Ш.Д.Чиквашвили, Ш.М.Элиашвили, И.А.Элигулашвили, Р.Ш.Энукашвили; Джемал Шалвович Бениашвили (р. 1941), врач, д-р мед. наук (1981), проф. (1994), д. ч. Нью-Йоркской АН (1995), с 1996 – в Израиле, специалист в обл. онкологии; Эммануил Львович Кохман (1894–?), врач, полк. мед. службы, в 1941– 44 – нач. сан. службы Упр-ния погранич. войск НКВД СССР; Захария Абрамович Топчиашвили (р. 1926), врач, д-р мед. наук (1965), проф. (1965), автор ок. 100 науч. тр., в т. ч. монографии; Рафаэль Иосебович Цициашвили (р. 1929), экономист, д-р экономич. наук (1989), проректор Тбилисского высш. уч-ща бизнеса (с 1994)., extra_data="{'translat...")
KUTKI, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Two Jewish families (8 people) lived in Kazakhstan in 1941. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942 the Jews of K. (2 women and 4 children) were sent to Berezdov; one Jew was killed in the village.
KUTNO, a city (from the middle of the 15th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a county town of Warsaw province. In 1800, 1401 Jews (61.5%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1808 - 1357 (64.6%), in 1827 - 2859 (61.9%), in 1857 - 3859 (65.8%), in 1897 - 5169 (49.9%), in 1921 - 6784 (42.4%), in 1931 - 6440 (27.6%), in 1939 - approx. 6,700 Jews. First mention. about Jews K. refers to 1513. In the end. 19th century in K. there were 8 synagogues, including 6 Hasidic, Talmud-Torah. One of the leaders of the Haskalah in K., doctor Jozef Hendelson, was actively involved in Polsk. uprising 1863–64 and in 1865 he was exiled to Siberia. In the 1880s. Gur Hasidim opened a mutual aid fund. 18th century Rabbi K. was Moishe-Iekutiel Kaufman, at the end. 18 - early. 19th century - Tuvia Brik (? –1819), in 1820–31 - Eliezer Berish (? –1831), in the 1840s. - Moishe-Aron Kutner (? –1853), in the 1850s. - Moishe-Yehuda-Leib Zilberberg (? –1865, Jerusalem), in 1861–92 - Yisroel-Yehoshua Trunk (1821–1892), after which his son Moishe-Pinchas (? –1912) became a rabbi, then Yitzhok -Yehuda Trunk (? –1939). In the 1820s. a secular Jewish school was opened in K. In the yeshiva K. at the end. 19th century studied N. Sokolov and Sh.Ash. In 1872, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a fellowship in the United States. In 1894 there were 2 doctors among the Jews; a Jew owned a steam mill. From the end. 19th century the Palestinophil organization Bnei Zion operated in Kazakhstan, in 1906 - a branch of the Poalei Zion, Bund, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1916 a school was opened with teaching in Yiddish, in 1917 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew, in 1918 - the gymnasium "Am ha-Sefer", in 1919 - state. Jewish school. In 1925 the Jewish people began to operate. un-t, local branch of IVO. In 1928 a school was opened with teaching in Yiddish, then religions began to work. schools: for boys - "Isudey ha-Tora", for girls - "Beis Yaakov". In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Aron-Shloyme Ahlberg (1882-1969, Tel-Aviv) was one of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in Kazakhstan and in Poland. In the 1930s. Rabbi K. was Avrom Burenstein (? –1942, Otwock). In Sept. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1939 the Judenrat was established. In June 1940 a ghetto was created. The ghetto housed Jews from different. us. points of Poland. In the spring of 1942, the K. ghetto was destroyed. In the release of K. in January. 1945 the fur took part. building under com. S.M. Krivoshein, tank. brigade under com. E. G. Vainruba. Oct. 1945 in K. lived apprx. 50 Jews. In K. genus: Sh.Ash, I.G. Okrutny, I. Trunk; Mikhail Grigorievich Girshovich (1904-1947, Khabarovsk), Major General of Artillery (1944), since 1943 - Deputy. commander of the air defense army, in 1945–47 - deputy. Commander of the Amur Air Defense Army, then - early. headquarters of the Far East. env. Air defense; Yisroel-Yehoshua Trunk (real fam. Trunk) (1901-1943), specialist in the region. psychoanalysis, brother of I.-I. Trunka, author of works on issues. psychoanalysis and pedagogy, since 1940 - in the USSR; Moishe-Ichil Shatan (1887-1967, Montreal, Canada), writer, since 1926 - in Canada, author of a number of books in Yiddish.
KUTSENOK Boris Samoilovich (1887, Starovichi Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1981, Kiev), orthopedic surgeon. Prof. (1960). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1924). In 1926–46 the head. clinic of osteoarticular tuberculosis in Vseukr. state children orthopedic. in-those; in tech. 27 years old was Ch. specialist in osteoarticular tuberculosis of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR and at the same time. taught a course on osteoarticular tuberculosis at the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors. tr. K. dedicated pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis with streptomycin (doct. dis, 1957), experimental. surgery, clinic, conservative and surgeon. treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis.
KUTZONS, see Kuchunai.
KUTSOVKA, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 there were two timber merchants among the Jews of Kazakhstan. 1942 5 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.
KUTSOVSKY Solomon Borisovich (b. 1923, Yekaterinoslav), violinist, conductor, teacher. The cantor's grandson. In 1941 he graduated from special. muses. ten-year school at the Odessa cons. by class violins by P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1941–45 he worked for the military. s-de. In 1945-50 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class violins by A.I. Yampolsky and Yu.I. Yankelevich and at the same time. by class chamber ans. from A.F. Gedike. After the end of the cons. played orc. Magnitogorsk Philharmonic. In 1953–65 he worked in Petrozavodsk, performed as a soloist-ensemble player and conductor of symphonic music. orc. Rep. radio and television Karel. ASSR. Since 1967 he has been teaching at the department (since 1969 head of the department) of strings, instruments of the Rostov music-pedagogue. in-that, since 1990 prof. Among the students of K. - laureates of international. and fatherlands, competitions, including I.H. Grubert. Honored. art. Karelian. ASSR (1964). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1989).
KUTULIK, an urban-type settlement (since 1944), the center of the Alarsky district of the Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Irkutsk region (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kutulikskoe of the Balagan foreign department of Irkutsk province. Jews lived in Kazakhstan since the end of the 20th century. 19th century In 1939, 13 Jewish men lived in Kazakhstan.
KUTULIK, see Kutulik.
KUTUR-OGLY, see Berdyansk.
KUTUZOVO, see Volodarsk-Volynsky.
KUTY, a village in the Busk district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1441. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941–42 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot apprx. urban-type settlement Olesko.
KUTYANKA (until 1946 - Lyakhov), a village in the Ostroh district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. Empire. 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1884, 38 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1919 - more than 50 Jews. In 1798, out of 60 houses in Kazakhstan, 5 belonged to Jews. In the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were shot; the village was burned down for helping the partisans. connection A.Z. Oduhi, in which 43 Jews fought.
KUVSHINOVO, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1926, 17 Jews (0.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 28 Jews.
KUIBYSHEV, see Samara.
KUIBYSHEVKA VOSTOCHNAYA, see Belogorsk, Amur Region.
KUIBYSHEVO (until 1925 - Tsarekonstantinovka), an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1782 by settlers from the Poltava province. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1859, approx. 250 Jews (approx. 5%), in 1897 Jews accounted for approx. 8% of the population, in 1939 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19th century most crafts. workshops and bargaining-prom. avenue K. belonged to Jews. In 1911 a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1942 several were killed in Kazakhstan. remaining in the occupation of Jews. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. Ts.Nishri.
KUITUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station and with. Kuytunskoe Nizhneudinsky env. Irkutsk province Jews lived in K. from the end. 19th century In 1939, 16 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.
KUITUN, see Kuitun.
KUIZEUKA, a village in Orhei u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kuizovka Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 127 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.
KUZEMIN, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zenkovsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 One Jew was killed in Kazakhstan.
KUZHELUW, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1285 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Kurzhelev Vloshchovsky u. In 1827, 88 Jews (9%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 62 (6%), in 1897 - 179 (14.9%), in 1921 - 191 (13%). 1939 - 119 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century Until 1862, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. There was a synagogue in K. Sep 1939 K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. The Jews of K. were subordinated to the Judenrat, which was created in Wloschovo. On Feb. 1940 275 Jews from Wloclawek were deported to Kazakhstan. A society was created for them in March. the kitchen that existed before sept. 1940. In Sept. 1942 In Kazakhstan, 13 Jews were shot, the rest were deported to the Wloszchov ghetto, and later to the Treblinka extermination camp.
KUZHI, see Kuzhyay.
KUZHORSKAYA, a village in the Maikop region of the Republic of Adygea (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Maykop department. Kuban region In the end. Aug 1942 32 evacuated Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.
KUZHAYA, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kuzhy Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war, 6 Jewish families lived in K. 30 April. 1915 command of units of Russian. army, stationed in K., spread a message, in which the Jews of the town were accused of complicity with the Germans. army (supposedly the Jews were hiding in their homes the German soldiers who attacked the headquarters of the Russian troops). A.F. Kerensky, who arrived in the town, established that the Jews had left K. before the arrival of the Rus. army, thereby confirming the inconsistency of the accusation. During the Holocaust in the vicinity of K. was killed. 5 thousand Jews of Siauliai. The local priest hid 5 Jews.
KUZKOVSKY Yosef (1902, Mogilev - 1970, Petakh-Tikva, Israel), painter, film designer, graphic artist. He did not visit the cheder for a long time, worked as a painter in a sign workshop. In 1918 he volunteered for the Kr. Army, after demobilization he lived in Kiev and studied in art. in-those (1927-29), worked as an artist. film and film advertising. In 1941–45 - in Uzbekistan, where he wrote on local subjects ("Farkhadstroy", "Chaikhansk", etc.). In the end. war 1941–45 made a number of sketches about the mass extermination of Jews by the Nazis ("Action", "Shooting", etc.), comp. about the tragedy of Babi Yar "On the last journey" (1945–48). From the end. 1945 in Riga. He created linocut engravings on a Jewish theme ("Hava nagila", "We will live!"). After the Six Day War, he created the pastel "David and Goliath" and the linocut "Transistor" (both - 1967). From the end. 1969 - in Israel, where he wrote the pastel "Simchat Torah in Kfar Chabad"; became a popul. poster "Let my people go!", painting "On the last journey", permanently exhibited in the building of the Knesset.
KUZMIN, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn Gubernia. 641 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1847, 830 (28.2%) in 1897, and 453 Jews in 1923. In 1865 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy, a brick factory, an inn, a shop, and a mill; one more mill was leased by a Jew. July 7, 1918, a pogrom took place in K. Army In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 15 Feb 1942 Jews of K. were sent to Krasilov and in July 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
KUZMINKA, now part of the village. Stone Savransky district, Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Olgopolsky u. In 1859, 43 families lived in Kazakhstan, 35 families in 1870, 148 people in 1893, 162 people in 1898, 155 people in 1905, and 3 families in 1914. x. works and did not receive an allowance from the state for the purchase of agricultural products. inventory and draft animals, the colonists rented land to the peasants of neighboring villages. Main the occupation of the Jewish population is petty trade. By the decision of the lustration commission in 1870, arable land and hayfields were taken away from the colonists, estates and pastures were abandoned (the latter were later plowed up for sowing corn). In 1905 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. In the 1900s. b. of the colonists left K., by 1914 the colony had virtually ceased to exist.
KUZMINTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1897, approx. 60 Jews (approx. 5%). In 1918, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, during which 6 Jews were killed. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a workers' camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. 225 Jews died of hunger and disease in the camp. On 1 Sept. 1943 128 Jews were held in the camp.
KUZMOVKA, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kazimirovka Rovensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century Kazakhstan had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were sent to Stepan and in August. 1942 exterminated along with local Jews.
KUZMIR, see Kazimierz Dolny.
KUZNETS Efim Iosifovich (b. 1918, Moscow), specialist in the field of occupational health and aerospace medicine. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1993). Colonel honey. service. Graduated from the 2nd MMI (1940). 1941–45 - at the front. Ch. scientific. sotr. Vseros. Center for Disaster Medicine. One of the founders and member. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky (1991). Since 1993 deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Emergency Medicine". Sci. tr. K. dedicated occupational health, aerospace medicine, disaster medicine.
Blacksmith Simon (Simon) Smith (1901, Kharkov - 1985, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), economist. Doctor of Philosophy (1926). In the USA since 1922. In 1924 he graduated from Columbia University, in 1926 graduate school and became a scientific. sotr. Research Council in the region. societies, sciences. In 1927–61 in the National. bureau of economics research USA led the program for the study of nat. income. At the same time. taught at Pennsylvania State University (from 1930, in 1934–54 prof. of economic statistics), Johns Hopkins University (1954–60, professor of political economy), Harvard University (1960–71, professor of economics). Repeatedly acted as an economist. advisor and consultant, was before. M. Falk's project on econ. research in Israel (1953–63). Osn. part of scientific. heritage K. dedicated. economic problems development and growth, evolution of the world. economy. He identified "long waves" of economic rates. growth ("Kuznets' cycles") - 20-year periods of alternation of accelerated and decelerated growth of scientific and technological progress, number. population and nat. income. Means. paid attention to the role of accumulation and investment: “Quantities, aspects of economics. growth of nations "(ser. from 20 journals. Art., 1956-67)," Sovr. econom. growth "(1966)," Econ. growth of nations: aggregate product and production. structure "(1971). K. introduced to the scientific. turnover of the term GNP, one of the first to highlight the role of "human. capital ", and also derived a law (" Kuznets' law ") for econ. development of the countries of the "third world". K. belongs to the research. social and econ. history grew. Jewry "Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States: Preconditions and Structure" (1975). Poch. prof. Harvard University, holder of honors. scientist, degrees and titles of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Columbia and other high fur boots of the USA and other countries, as well as decomp. nat. and int. pr. Chl. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, ch. Brit. academy, hon. h. Amer. econom. Association (in 1954 its president), member. Economic associations stories, Amer. finance. about-va, Mezhdunar. statistical Institute and other Nobel pr. (1971) on econ. sciences “for empirical substantiation. interpretation of econ. growth, a cut led to a new, deeper understanding of how econom. and social structures and development process ”.
KUZNETSK, see Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region.
KUZNETSOV (Shapiro) Boris Grigorievich (1903, Ekaterinoslav - 1984, Moscow), historian of science, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1936), prof. (1936). Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk University (1927). In 1930–31 deputy. early sector of electrification of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1931–33 dir All-Russian Research Institute of Energy and Electrification. From 1933 he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1930–39 the head. department MEI. In 1941–42 he was a member of the Commission for the Mobilization of Resources in the Urals, West. Siberia and Kazakhstan for defense needs. From 1942 - at the front. In 1944, having been demobilized due to injury, he took an active part in the organization of the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in which he then worked until 1984. tr. according to forecasts of energy development, philos. problems of natural science, history of science and technology. In the 1930s. developed the first scheme of the USSR unified high-voltage network. All R. 1950s formulated a new approach to historical and scientific. research, calling it "non-classical retrospective." Acad. Int. Academy of Science History (1962), before. Int. Einstein's committee (1963). Became. pr. (1942) Vol .: Fundamentals of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics in their history. development. M., 1957; Essays nat. atomistics of the XX century. M., 1966; Science in 2000. M., 1969; Einstein: life, death, immortality. 5th ed. M., 1979; Newton. M., 1982; Meetings. (Essays). M., 1984.
KUZNETSOV Eduard Samuilovich (b. 1939, Moscow), writer, journalist. He studied philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1961 he was arrested and charged with anti-Sov. activities. Until 1968 he was imprisoned. In 1970, together with his wife and nine friends, he tried to hijack a plane with the aim of escaping abroad (the so-called "aircraft business"). Sentenced to death, but under pressure from the world. public Top. the RSFSR court replaced the shooting with 15 years of imprisonment. From the camp, K. forwarded the prison diary (published abroad in 1973). For the transfer of K.'s manuscript to the West, the writer G. Superfin was arrested and repressed. In 1974, K. was awarded the French. lit. Ave "Gulliver". Since 1979 - in Israel. Ch. ed. gas. "Vesti".
KUZNETSOV Isai Konstantinovich (b. 1916, Petrograd), actor, screenwriter, writer. In 1936–41 he was an actor in a number of t-drov, including Moscow. t-ra-studios at hand. A.N. Arbuzov and V.N. Pluchek. Published since 1948. Author of plays (with AT.Zak): "Two Colors", "Adult Children", etc. Based on scripts written by the Soviet Union. with A.G. Zak, staged films: "Lullaby" (1960), "Morning Trains" (1963), "Summer is Gone" (1964), "Moscow - Cassiopeia" (1974), "Children of the Universe" (1975) and others. Script writer f. "Disappearance" (1978), "The Apprentice of the Healer" (1984), "Bring Grandma Back" (1986), etc. The author of the novel. "Ladders". M., 1990. Taught at VGIK (1969–1994). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1986). State pr. RSFSR (1977).
KUZNETSOVO, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .In the end. jan. 1942 St. 700 Jews from Odessa.
FORGE, a city in Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1842 - a provincial town of Sokolsky u. In 1766, 434 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 807, in 1890 - 740, in 1897 - 780 (57.9%), in 1910 - 740, in 1921 - 450 Jews. From 1623 by decree of the Lithuanian Vaad the Jewish community of K. was under the jurisdiction of the Grodno kagal. In 1867 there were 2 synagogues in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 3 synagogues; There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1892–1903, Aizik-Leib Stolyar (1858–?) was the rabbi in K., and from 1907, Chaim Shapira (1874–?). In the 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
KVAKHVRELI, a village in the Gori region (Georgia). In the 17th century. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In a document dated 1699, concerning land use in Kazakhstan, reference. the toponym "uriuli" ("Jewish").
KVARELI, city (since 1964), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1886, 2 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 50 Jews (including 48 Georgian), in 1939 - 1, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 1 Jew. Jews lived in K. from the 1st half. 19th century In the end. 1910s several moved to K. Jewish families from Vost. Georgia. A temporary synagogue operated in the house of the chaham Rafael Zizov.
KVARTIN Zvulun (Zvul) (1874, Novoarkhangelsk, Elizavetgradsky u., Kherson province –1953, New Jersey, USA), cantor, composer. From childhood he sang in the synagogue choir. In 1896 he acted as a cantor, then studied in Vienna, served in the synagogues of Odessa, Vienna, Budapest, Petersburg. Since 1919 - in the USA. He was a cantor in Brooklyn. From 1926 - in E.-I., cantor in synagogues, gave concerts. In 1937 he returned to the United States and became a cantor in New Jersey. Prod. K. were published in the collection "Chants of Zvulun" (vols. 1–2, 1928), "Prayers of Zvulun" (1938). The author of the book. rec. in Yiddish "My Life" (v. 1–2, 1952).
KVASHA Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1928, Moscow), economist, demographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1974), prof. (1979). Son of Y.B. Kvasha. In 1947–55 - in the Sov. Army. Graduated from Moscow. economical-statistical Institute (1960). Since 1968 at the Center for the Study of Population Problems econ. Faculty of Moscow State University. Compiled by several. no. “Demographic. the situation in the USSR "(1976, 1977, etc.); worked out the problems of econ. demography, demographic. politicians, read new special courses "Actual problems of population in the USSR", etc. The author of St. 100 scientific. and scientific-popul. works, including "Demographic. analysis "(1972)," Problems of economic and demographic. development of the USSR "(1974)," Problems of demographic. optimum "(1974); one of the authors of "Fundamentals of Demography" (1980, 1989), "Fundamentals of Statistics" (1980), "Course of Demography" (3rd ed., 1985; all jointly with A.Ya.Boyarsky and D.I.Valentey) ... Ed. Valentey and K. published a collective monograph "Management of the development of population in the USSR (Problems and prospects)" and other works: How many people on earth will there be by 2000, Moscow, 1968; Demographic. politics in the USSR. M., 1981; What the population censuses tell about. M., 1983 (jointly with G.P. Kiseleva).
KVASHA Igor Vladimirovich (b. 1933, Moscow), actor, director. After graduating from the Moscow Art Theater School in 1955, he left to work in the theater, where he played episodic. roles. At the same time. rehearsed in the studio of young actors the play by V.S.Rozov "Forever Alive", which became the first performance of the "Sovremennik" theater, born from the studio. All further fate of K. is connected with this t-rum, one of the creators of which he is. In the first years of work in the "Contemporary" in the repertoire of K. in the main. the role of his peers, then the role of the First Minister in the play "The Naked King" by E. Ya. Schwartz (1960), which brought him popularity. Of the subsequent roles, it should be noted: Cyrano (Cyrano de Bergerac "by E. Rostan, 1964), Jimmy Porter (" Look Back in Anger "by J. Osborne, 1965), Luca (" At the Bottom "by M. Gorky, 1968), Leduc ( "The Case in Vichy" A. Miller, 1987) and others. One of the works of K. - Meer-Shimon Gold in the play by the Israeli playwright Yosef Bar-Yosef "Difficult People" (1992). Starting with the play "Cyrano de Bergerac", to-ry K. post. joint with ONEfremov, tries himself in directing: "Cabal of the holy" (1981) and "Days of the Turbins" (1984) by MA Bulgakov, "Home cat of average fluffiness" by VI Voinovich and GIGorin (1989) and others. K. is known as a performer of poetry. manuf. (A.S. Pushkin, B.L. Pasternak and others) on the radio, as well as his works in films and on television, starred in the films: "A Year is Like Life" (1966), "Adventures of a Dentist" ( 1967), "Property of the Republic" (1972), "Man from Boulevard des Capucines" (1986), and others. Nar. art. RSFSR (1978).
KVASHA Yakov Bentsionovich (1903, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province. - 1976, Moscow), economist, statistician. Dr. econ. Sciences (1966). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences 1st Moscow State University (1926). In 1925–38 he worked at the Central Statistical Administration and the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1955 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant in the development of the program of annual surveys of the industry (1925–28), hands. software-methodological. and methodical. works of Vses. equipment censuses in 1932 and 1934. Developed a classification. schemes of industries of industry, plank beds. x-va, equipment. Main scientific. research on the general problems of reproduction, labor productivity, capital intensity, efficiency of the use of basic. funds in the industry, concentration of production, industry. statistics, Cit .: Course prom. statistics. Equipment movement accounting. M., 1937; Statistical. study of labor mechanization. M., 1959; Depreciation and service life of basic funds. M., 1959; Reserve power. M., 1971; The time factor in societies. production-ve. Economic and statistical essays. M., 1979.
KVASOV, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1872, 11 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 2 Jews. In 1872, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 3 resellers, a shoemaker, and a tailor. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Gorokhov and killed there.
KVASOVO, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Covasso of the province of Ugrian Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1944, K. Jews (31 people) were sent to Auschwitz and subsequently exterminated.
KVASS (Tisoborkut in 1939–46), a village in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1684. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Borkut of the province of Ugorskaya Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 there were 28 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 38 Jews. In 1700 there were approx. 40 households, including 5 Jewish. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.
QUATER Efim Ilyich (1894 - 1972, Moscow), obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. He graduated in 1919 honey. Faculty of Kazan University. In 1921 - 23 he headed the publishing department. People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR and at the same time. external doctor at the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology at the 1st Moscow State University. In 1931-56 Assoc., Head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 1st MMI. From 1956 he worked as head. endocrinology department Vses. in-that obstetrics and gynecology. Osn. tr. K. are devoted to the problems of pain relief in childbirth, the study of exchange in-in in obstetric and gynecological. clinic, toxicosis of pregnancy, malignant tumors of the genital area of ​​women. Cit .: Cancer of the female genital area. M. - L., 1931 (et al.); Pain relief during labor. M. - L., 1937 (et al.); Hormonal diagnostics and therapy in obstetrics and gynecology. M., 1967.
QUATER Joseph Solomonovich (Sholomovich) (1911 - |), engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1946). He graduated from Leningrad in 1933. polytechnic in-t. Until 1941 he worked as a metallurgical engineer at the Kirovsky plant in Leningrad. From 1941 deputy. ch. metallurgist of the Ural plant heavy. machine (Uralmash) in Sverdlovsk, later Ch. metallurgical plant. works related to the term. metal processing. In 1941–45 joint. with sotr. The plant developed a technology for the manufacture of tank turret hulls by casting, which made it possible to increase their armor resistance compared to previously manufactured welded ones. Participated in the development of production technology, manufacture and development of energy. equipment (rotors and turbine discs) for power turbines 25-800 thousand kW. Became. etc. (1945). Linen. pr. (1963).
KVEDARNA, a place in Taurage u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the small town of Konstantinovo (other name - Khveidany) Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 186 adult Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 229 Jews, in 1897 - 671 (56%), in 1923 - 394 (41%) , in 1938 - 350 Jews (32%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 17th century. Since 1872, the rabbi of K. was Arie-Leib Rapoport, in the 1890s. - Itzhok-Zvi Krieger, since 1900 - Moishe Rozin. During the 1st world. During the war the Jews left Kazakhstan. After 1918, part of the Jews returned. Among the Jews there were several. wealthy timber merchants, 12 families were engaged with. h-vom, the rest - trade (mainly agricultural products) and crafts. in K. there were a synagogue, a Talmud-Torah, 3 heders, a school of the Tarbut network, a Jewish library, and a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank, there was a mutual assistance fund, philanthropist. about-in "Linas ha-Tzedek", branches "Maccabi", "Bnei-Akiva". Rabbi K. in the 1920s – 1930s. There was Shraga-Fivel Gavron, who died during the Holocaust. June 29, 1941, all Jewish men were arrested in Kazakhstan and sent to work in Vost. Prussia. On Sept. 1941 women and children were shot in Kazakhstan. The Torah scrolls were kept by a local priest. They were transferred to Jews who returned to Kazakhstan after 1945. 20th century lived A.-I. Karelits.
KVETISHKIS, a village in Marijampole district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 97 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1941, the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
FLOWERS, see Kvyatkai.
KVINIKHIDZE (real name Fayntsimmer) Leonid Aleksandrovich (b. 1937, Leningrad), film director. Son of A.M. Feintsimmer. In 1955–56 he worked as a mechanic for the repair of imaging equipment at the Lenfilm cinema. In 1962 he graduated from dir. Faculty of State Institute of Cinematography (workshop of I.P. Kopalin). In 1958-60 he worked as dir. to the Center. television, where he put f. The Youth of Our Ballet (1958). In 1960–63, dir. to the Center. studio doc. f. and on Leningrad. newsreel studios. I took off a number of docs. f., including "Czechoslovakia in Moscow" (1960), "The city meets the morning" (1961), "Georgy Sedov" (1962), etc. Since 1963, dir. k / st "Lenfilm", where he debuted f. “The First Visitor” (1965, about V. Lenin). In 1968 post. f. Moabit Notebook, Mission in Kabul (1970). From the beginning. 1970s - on television ("The collapse of engineer Garin", 1973; "Heavenly Swallows", 1976; "Friend", 1987; "White Nights", 1992, etc.).
QUIRILES, see Zestafoni.
KVITKO Leib Moiseevich (1890, Goloskovo Baltsky u. Podolsk province. - 1952), poet, writer. He debuted in literature in 1916. In 1917 the first book was published in Kiev. children verse. K. "Lidelakh" ("Songs"), in 1919 coll. verse. "Treat" ("Steps") and several. book for kids. He worked in the "Culture League" and in a Jewish orphanage. From 1921 he lived in Germany, where he published collections of "Ukrainian folk tales" and "Belarusian folk tales" in his own. per. in Yiddish, and also Sat. verse. 1919 (1923). In 1923–25, while working in the port of Hamburg, he carried out assignments of the Soviet ex. intelligence. Since 1925 in the USSR. Worked otv. sec. zhurn. "Di dig Velt" in Kharkov. In 1930 he published a prose writer. book "Lam and Petrik". A year earlier, Saturday came out in Kharkov. verse. and the poems "Gerangl" ("Fight"), which caused a storm of discussions because of the section "Cartoons", in which the poet criticized a number of lit. leaders, as a result of which he was accused of "right deviation", fighting "against the party leadership in culture", and removed from office otv. sec. zhurn. "Di dig Velt." In 1933, the first volume of the elect was published in Kharkov. production, and in 1934 - book. "Raises un poemes" ("Travels and poems"). K. was busy. First Vses. Congress of Writers (1934). In 1936 he moved to Moscow, where he became one of the hands. section of Jewish writers SP USSR. In 1941–48 he was a member. EAK. In 1941, the book was published. verse. "Fi-er oyf di sonim!" ("Fire at the enemy!"), In 1947-48 in the publishing house "Der emes" two poetic. Sat: "Gezang fun mein gemit" ("Song of my soul"), which included a verse. 1941–46, and "Geklibene Verk" ("Favored works"). Author pl. book for children and youth, rum. into verse. "Junge yorn" ("The Young Years", 1941) and other works. Poems by K. in the lane. in Russian lang. S.Ya.Marshak, E.A.Blaginina, M.A.Svetlova, S.V. Mikhalkov ("Letter to Voroshilov", "Anna-Vanna Brigadier", "Horse", etc.) at the end of the 1930s. gained immense popularity. Arrested in 1948. In 1952 he was shot.
KVITNYY Yehuda (| - |), bibliographer. In 1918-19 he studied in Kiev at the teachers' seminar "Culture-League". Since 1928 - postgraduate student of Philology. section of the Institute of Jewish Culture at VUAN, was in charge of his library. After the closure of the Institute in 1936 he lived in Birobidzhan. The author of several. bibl. works: "Leniniana", "Book production in the USSR for 1917-21.", "Publishing house. Institute of Jewish Culture ”,“ Recommended lists of social and economic. and thin. lit-ry for mass libraries for the 17th anniversary of Oct. revolution ”, publ. in the journal. and collection of books (1930–34).
Kvyatkaj, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kvetki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. A Jewish community was created in Kazakhstan in the middle. 19th century Among the main. occupations of the Jews of the town were dominated by trade and various. crafts. Since 1898, Moishe-Leib Ogents (1866–?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned a pharmacy, a mixed trade shop, and a tavern. In 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated.
KVYATKOVSKAYA (nee Gordon) Faina Markovna (1911–1991), composer, translator. In the 1920s and 30s. lived in Warsaw. The author of the music for the song "At the samovar, I and my Masha" (1931). In 1939–43 - in the Warsaw ghetto. Since 1945 - in the USSR. From 1947 she worked at Lengosestrada. She translated from Polish. Author of music and libretto for several. operetta.
KYAKHTA, city, regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Main in 1727 as the Kyakhta outpost. Since 1743 - a trading settlement. In 1934, the present-day was formed. As a result of the unification of Troitskosavsk and Kazakhstan, 46 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1939, and a Jewish Community Council operated in Kazakhstan in 1919. S.A. Stolerman.
KYAKHTA FORPOST, see Kyakhta.
KYANA, railway station in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Ken Vilensky and lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914 there were 5 farmers among the Jews, after 1921 - 30. 1942 in Kazakhstan there was a Jewish workers' camp, whose prisoners were engaged in peat extraction. On June 8, 1943, approx. 240 Jews, the camp was liquidated.
KYARNAVA, a place in Vilnius u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kernovo Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century in K. lived several. Jewish families. Jews of K. were exterminated during the Holocaust.
KYATURVALAKIAI, a place in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Keturvloki Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 6 Jews (2.2%) lived in Kazakhstan.
KYATURYASDYASHIMT TOTORIU, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Forty-Tatars of Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish labor camp in KT, prisoners to-rogo (c. 100 people from Vilnius) were engaged in logging. On March 23, 1943, the camp was liquidated, the prisoners were returned to the Vilnius ghetto.
KYSHTYM, a city (since 1934) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1757. In 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Kyshtym Plant of Perm Gubernia. In 1910 four Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939 - 37 Jews.
KYSHTYM PLANT, see Kyshtym.
KYURDAMIR, city (since 1938), regional center (Republic of Azerbaijan). 20th century - the village of Geokchay u. In Baku Province, 43 Mountain Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, and nine Jews in 1939. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 19th century. In 1913 a Jew owned a pharmacy. A. Vainschel.
KYUSS Max Avelyevich (Averyanovich) (1874, Shavli - 1942, Odessa), composer, military conductor, teacher. Studied at the Odessa muses. uch-shche. In 1903-27 the military. Kapellmeister. In the years of the 1st world. war - in the 5th Cossack division, in the Department. battalion of St. George's Knights. After the roar. 1917 served in the ranks of the Kr. Army, leading the military. orc. in Odessa, Simferopol, Kharkov, Moscow. The last post of K. in Kr. Army - com. music platoon (transformed into an exemplary orc. of the Kremlin company of the guard of honor). After being demobilized, he worked in various. orc. Odessa, from 1937 taught (clarinet class) in the Odessa military-muses. school. K. - the author of St. 100 manuf. for wind orchestra, among them - "March of the Regiment" (1908), waltzes "Dreams of Love", "My Secret", "Broken Life", dance "Airship" and others. Waltz "Amur Waves", written in Vladivostok ( published there in 1907–09), was a great success; later K.B. Vasiliev and S.A. Popov wrote a poem to him. text. The initial melody of the waltz was taken as the call sign of the Mosk. radio for listeners of Siberia and D. Vostok. In 1942 he was shot in Odessa by fasc. invaders.
KYZYL (until 1918 - Belotsarsk, until 1926 - Hem-Beldyr), city, capital of the Republic of Tyva (Russian Federation). Main in 1914.Since 1921 - the capital of the Tuva People's Republic, since 1944 - the Tuva Autonomous Region of the RSFSR, in 1961 - 91 - the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1970, 42 Jews lived in Kazakhstan (0.08%), in 1979 - 46 Jews (0.07 %).
KYZYL BURUN, see Siazan.
KYZYL KIYA, a city (since 1938) in the Osh region. (Kyrgyz Republic) In 1939 in K.-K. there were 27 Jews.
KYZYLORDA (in 1820–53 - Ak-Mechet, 1853–1925 - Perovsk, in 1925–93 - Kyzyl-Orda), city, center of the Kyzylorda region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1820 as a fortress of the Kokand Khanate. Since 1853 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - a city in the Syrdarya region. In 1910, 95 Jews (1.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 489 (2.2%), in 1939 - 406, in 1959 - 865 (1.3% ), in 1970 - 811 (0.7%), in 1979 - 585 Jews (0.4%). The first Jews appeared in Kazakhstan at the end. 19th century In 1910 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s. K. was a place of exile for convicted Zionists. In 1946 a synagogue was opened in K., rabbi - David Yagudayevich Babaev (1878–?). On ordinary days the synagogue was attended by 12-15 people, on holidays - up to 40-50 people. in K., Jewish society became more active. a life. A Jewish community was created in Kazakhstan, and a Jewish Sunday school is operating.
KZYL ORDA, see Kyzylorda.
L. was founded by settlers from Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces. In the 1840s - 60s. in the colony lived paramedic Moses Israilson, who saved many. colonists during the cholera epidemic and the scurvy outbreak (loaded with 2 silver medals). Elya Sverdlov (1855–?) Was the rabbi in L. since 1885. In 1898–99, 118 families (1140 people) were engaged in farming, to whom 2402 dessiatins belonged. allotment land (an average of 12.3 dess. per family). 18.8% of the sown area was sown with wheat, 36.5% - rye, 37.2% - barley; in the farm there were 453 horses and 249 cows. occupation of Jews in L. at the beginning. 20th century - trade, crafts, peddling. In 1906, there were nine shops in Leningrad, a timber warehouse, an oil mill, a cheese-making plant, and several. workshops, tavern. In 1912, two synagogues operated in Leningrad, a Jewish loan and savings institution. t-in, a Jewish 2-class school (founded in 1869), a Russian-Jewish library-reading room, 83% of the inhabitants were literate. In 1914 unity. the pharmacy in L. belonged to a Jew. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in L. by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In 1921, 169 people died of starvation. On Feb. 1922 out of 2 thousand inhabitants of Leningrad, 1725 starved, in March - 1802. (1250 people were sick). In Jan. 1922 in Leningrad, 18 people died, in February. - 63, in March - 81 people. X-va fell into decay; Assistance to victims of pogroms and starving people was provided by the Joint and ARA. Between 1922 and 1923 a communal committee, a village council, and a Jewish consumer service operated in Leningrad. on-in, were created 5 small agricultural. artels (farms were restored with the support of EKO and Joint; new agricultural equipment came through Agrojunction, KOMZET, and agricultural credit cooperative). In 1926 there were 2 teachers and 113 students in a Jewish school. In 1927–28, the authorities closed the synagogues, which were transferred in 1923 for “unlimited, free use” to the community. In 1928, 40 percent of the economies were middle peasants, and 51 percent were poor; there was a t-in viticulture and beekeeping. In 1929 a collective farm was created in Leningrad (united 160 farms). In 1931, some of the Jews of Latvia (77%) were collective farmers. In 1939, the MTS was opened in Leningrad. 7 Sept. 1941 in Leningrad, 3 Jews were shot. - 404, 11 Oct. - 70, 2 Nov. 1941 - 87 Jews. A total of 564 Jews were shot in L. A monument was erected at the site of the execution. 1990s in L. lived several. Jewish families.
LABANORAS, a place in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Labonary Sventsianskiy u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in L. lived several. dozens of Jews. The rabbi of L. was Eliyahu Ozband (? –1941). Jews of L. were shot in the fall of 1941.
LABAS Alexander Arkadevich (1900, Smolensk - 1983, Moscow), painter, theater designer. From 1912 - in Moscow; in the same year he entered the Stroganov School. In the summer of 1916 he studied in the studio of I.I. Mashkov. At the end of 1917 he began to study at the State. free thin workshops at P.P. Konchalovsky. During the years of Civil. wars - in Kr. Army. He began to participate in exhibitions since 1921. He graduated from VKHUTEMAS (1924), where he taught painting and color studies. In 1925 - one of the founding members of the Society of Easel Workers. A romantic of urbanism, L. strove to convey the multidimensionality of the surrounding space, which opened up to the passengers of planes, airships, and high-speed trains. At the same time, he largely remained a follower of the French. pictorial school of the 20th century. with her post-impressionism and expressionism. In the 1930s. often turned to trad. landscape, made numerous trips around the country. In the 1920s and 40s. created numerous sketches for performances, to-rye were on the stages of the T-ditch them. V.F.Komissarzhevskaya, M.N. Ermolova, GOSET, Moscow. t-ra revolution and Moscow. t-ra them. Lenin Komsomol, as well as a number of compositional portraits of cultural figures (among the best are the portraits of the German artist G. Vogeler (1935), P.R. Markish, artist V.E. Tatlin, etc.) Author of panels, panoramas and stained-glass windows for pavilions Worldwide exhibitions in Paris (1937), pavilions of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1937–40), World. exhibitions in Brussels (1958), etc.
LABINSK, a city (since 1947), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1841 as a fortress. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Labinskaya Labinsky dep. Kuban Region In 1926, 72 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1939 - 27 Jews. 1942 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1942, 540 evacuated Jews were shot in Leningrad. R.B.Barshai.
LABINSKAYA, see Labinsk.
LABKOVSKY Nakhum (1908, Kryukov, Kremenchug district, Poltava province - 1982, Paris), rabbi. In 1922-29 he studied at the underground yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim" in Kremenchug. In 1930–36 he was a spiritual leader. underground Lubavitch yeshivas "Tomchey Tmimim" in Vitebsk and Dnepropetrovsk. Since 1946 - in France. Spiritual hand. yeshiv "Tomchey Tmimim" in Paris.
LABONARS, see Labanoras.
LABUNAVA, a place in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Labunov, Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1865, several people lived in Lithuania. Jewish families; there was a synagogue, there was a shohet. In 1888 all Jews were expelled from Leningrad by order of the owner of the town. Some time later, Jews settled in L. in the 1920s – 1930s. in L. lived several. Jewish families. During the Holocaust, a local peasant hid 20 Jews.
LABUN, see Novolabun.
LABUNOV, see Labunava.
LABUSHNOE, a village in the Kodymsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1910, three Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LADAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1619.From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish families living in Leningrad, in 1939 - 85 Jews. On May 20, 1942, all the Jews of Leningrad (20 people) were shot in Priluki. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad.
LADEZHINSKY Wolf Isaakovich (1899 - 1975, Washington), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934). From 1920 - in Romania, from 1922 - in the USA. He worked as a laborer, glass washer, bakery worker, newspaper seller, etc. He graduated from Columbia University with a degree in economics. x-va. Since 1935 - in the Ministry of Agriculture with. x-va USA, an expert on Asian issues and problems p. x-va of the USSR. Joint. with experts from the State Department developed a memorandum on agr. Questions for Japan (1945). Since 1946 hand. development of a new agrarian reform, edges was approved by the gene. D. Macartur and adopted by the Japanese. parliament. Participated in the preparation and conduct of the agr. reforms in Taiwan, worked in the Amer. embassy in Tokyo. In 1955, he was an adviser on land reform and the program of resettlement of refugees in South Vietnam under the President. Ngo Dinh Dieme. In the 1950s – 60s. prepared expert recommendations for many developing countries, including for India. Collected a collection of items east. lawsuit transferred by will to the Jerusalem Museum.
LADOVSKY Nikolai Alexandrovich (1881, Moscow - 1941, ibid.), Architect, teacher. Prof. (1922), bp. BAA (1934). In 1914 he graduated from Moscow. school of painting, sculpture and architecture, received the diploma of architect. Prof. he began his activity during his studies. In 1919–20 he was a member of the innovative group, united in Zhivskulptarh (commission of pictorial-sculptural-architectural synthesis under the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education). Created Association of New Architects. (1922) and the Association of Urban Architects (1928), who proposed a fundamentally new concept of a dynamic city. From 1920 he taught at VKHUTEMAS VKHUTEIN, where he taught the course "Space", then at the Moscow Architectural Institute. Under the arm. L. VKHUTEMAS students developed a project for the Red Stadium (Grand Prix of the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts in Paris, 1925). Participant pl. competitions, including a closed one - for projects of the Green City (1930, 1st Ave.), the Palace of Soviets (1931), a synthetic building for Sverdlovsk (1932–33), the general plan of Moscow (1932). Main buildings (in the style of constructivism) in Moscow: pavilion D. Vostoka na Vseros. s.-kh. and handicraft-prom. exhibition (1923), ground lobby st. metro "Red Gate" (1934–35), platform hall, st. "Dzerzhinsky Square" (1935).
LADOZHSKAYA, a village in the Ust-Labinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar department Kuban Region. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in Leningrad. 1942 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. After the occupation, approx. 3 thousand evacuated Jews.
LADYZHENSKY Efim Bentsionovich (1911, Odessa - 1982, Jerusalem), painter, graphic artist, theater designer. He studied at the theater, department of the Odessa art. in-that. He has designed over 70 performances in the theaters of Krasnodar, Odessa, Ashgabat, Saratov, Moscow. In the design of the performances, the experience of constructivism was combined with an attraction to color and painting. In 1936 he worked at the Mosfilm film studio on the paintings Moryana and The Last Night; participated in the design of the pavilions of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. In the 1950s. created a series of watercolors and engravings on linoleum: "Russian architecture of Suzdal", "Around Latvia", "Around Tashkent", "Spring", "Old Riga". Since the early 1960s. created cycles of easel paintings: "Babel - Cavalry" (he addressed Babel's themes more than once), "Odessa - the city of my childhood", "Roots", "Lublin cemetery", "Monuments", "In our yard", etc. In 1968 performed the cycle Fig. to "Duma about Opanas" by E.G. Bagritsky, in which the heroism and drama of Citizens are clearly reflected. war. Since 1978 - in Israel. Before leaving, he destroyed about 2 thousand works due to the inability to pay for their removal. Completed the cycles "Eternal Jew", "Self-portraits". Three solo exhibitions took place in Israel.
LADYZHIN, city (since 1973) in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1362. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1925 it has been the center of the Jewish settlement council of the Trostyanetsky district of the Uman okrug. 287 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1765, 238 in 1776, 453 in 1784, 634 in 1790, 942 in 1847, and c. 2000, in 1897 - 3212 (48.7%), in 1923 - 1731, in 1939 - 720 Jews (13%). Jews lived in Leningrad from the beginning. 17th century There were 300 Jewish householders in Latvia. In 1648, during the capture of L. by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky, the Jewish community was destroyed. Jews settled in Leningrad again at the beginning. 18th century All R. 18th century the Jews of L. were repeatedly attacked by the Haidamaks. In the 1760s. Meer Misunovich was the rabbi in L. In 1765, Jews owned 67 houses. The trial lasted from 1791 to 1811. proceedings in the case initiated by the owner of the town Severin Pototsky against his debtors Ya.Medzhibozhsky, Z. Sapsovich and A. Eizikovich. Osn. spheres of economic. activities of the Jews of Latvia in the 19th century. - lesson decomp. crafts and trade. In 1852 there were 49 artisans among the Jews of Latvia. In 1871, Jews owned a tannery, 6 mills, inns, and shops. Cr. the tenants were the Zilberstein and Erlikhson families. In 1885, three synagogues functioned in Leningrad. 20th century - 4 synagogues, a 2-class Jewish school, a Jewish hospital, there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. A Jewish pogrom broke out in Leningrad in 1905. In 1913, 94% of the members of the Savings and Loans were Jews. t-va (previously - Joseph Loshak). In 1914 the Jews owned a distillery plant (owner - A. Altman), a pharmacy, 7 timber warehouses, 2 bakeries, unity. hotel, 2 bookstores, more than 50 shops (including 16 grocers, all 12 manufactures). Unity. a mill in L. was rented by a Jew. war Jews of L. suffered from pogroms and robberies, perpetrated by various. gangs, the troops of the Directory (in 1919), and units of the Volunteer Army. In 1920, a Jewish child was opened in Leningrad. house. In 1924 there were approx. 150 handicraftsmen, 128 hired workers, 82 employees. In 1925, people from Leningrad (108 people) organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony "Zarya". In the 1920s and 30s. there was a Yiddish school in Leningrad. In 1930–40 there was a Jewish collective farm. On July 26, 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Later, the management of L. was transferred to the Romanians. military. authorities. 12 Sep 1941 in Leningrad, approx. 500 Jews; after this "action" the Jews of the Trostyanets district (450 people) were concentrated in L.; in Jan. 1942 b. h. Jews was transferred to the Pechera camp; Jewish specialists with their families remained in L. In the beginning. July 1942, approx. 600 Jews from Chernivtsi (modern Chernivtsi) and approx. 400 from Dorokhoi (Romania). 19 Aug 1942 approx. half of the Jews were handed over to the Germans for use to force. works, 540 people remained in L. 26 Aug 1942 of them were shot approx. 60 psychic sick. 15 Sep 1942 for forced. works were transferred to approx. 300 deported and approx. 250 local Jews. 30 nov. 1942 in L. was delivered approx. 600 Jews from Yampol. In total, during the occupation in Leningrad, apprx. 3,500 Jews. After 1945, several returned to Leningrad. Jewish families. On the territory. In the Jewish cemetery, a memorial sign was erected on the mass grave. In 1998, 8 Jews lived in Leningrad. D.P. Schwartz.
LADYZHINKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1726 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev province. In 1795, approx. 400 Jews, in 1847 - 754, in 1897 - 1173 (31.5%), in 1939 - 101 Jews (2%). 20th century there was a synagogue in Leningrad. Main spheres of activity of the Jewish population - crafts and trade (several wealthy families were engaged in renting). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1914 the Jews of Leningrad owned 8 shops, 2 taverns, a restaurant, and a pharmacy. On May 12, 1918, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by the gang of Ataman Sokolovsky; Jewish homes were looted and 99 Jews killed. On Sept. In 1919, a pogrom in Leningrad was perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. As a result of migration, the number of the Jewish population of Latvia by 1939 had decreased by more than 10 times. 1941, 5 Jews were killed in Leningrad. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
LAETSKY-BERTOLDI Yakov Zeev Wolf Elyasovich (Wolf-Wilhelm) (literary ps. Bertholdi) (1881, Kiev, - 1940, Tel Aviv), publicist, politician. Immediately after the birth of L.-B. his parents, fleeing the pogroms, moved to Riga. L.-B. graduated from a real school, studied at the Riga Polytechnic, in 1901 he was expelled for participating in a student. unrest. He continued his education in Berlin, where he joined the group of Zionist socialists "Herus". In 1902 he returned to Russia, lived in Dvinsk, joined the Renaissance group, and soon became one of the ideologists of the Socialist Zionist Party. Led the party. work in Vilna, Riga, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Minsk and other cities. After Feb. roar. 1917 one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish People. party. In 1918 min. on Jewish affairs, pr-va Ukr. Centre. Rada, after hetman P.P. Skoropadsky came to power, resigned. In the same year he founded the Jewish publishing house "Folkefarlag" in Kiev, in which he published the collection. their publicists. works "Erdgeist" ("Spirit of the Earth") and the book. "Federalism un di meluhe-ideas" ("Federalism and the state. Idea", both - 1918). Author of publications on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. In 1920 he moved the publishing house to Berlin. In 1923–25, on the instructions of the Organization for Aid to Jewish Refugees, he visited Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay in order to find out the possibility of Jewish colonization in the countries of South America. On his return he visited Poland and Lithuania, where he gave lectures. In the end. 1925 settled in Riga, was published in many. periodic. ed., issued brochures on polit. questions, published travel notes. From 1935 - in E.-I .; published Art. about literature, painting, theater in the local press.
LAGIN (real family member Ginzburg) Lazar Iosifovich (1903, Vitebsk - 1979, Moscow), writer. He began publishing in 1921. He worked at Pravda and Krokodil. Naib. L. became famous for the first story "The Old Man Hottabych" (1938). He wrote in the genre of social pamphlets "Patent" AV "(1947)," Atavia Proxima "(1956)," Blond Beast "(1963), etc. Author of fairy tales for children and adults, memoirs about V.V. Mayakovsky" Life Ago "(1974).
LAGODEKHI, city (since 1962), regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - Russian headquarters army in Sighnaghi u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 14 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1939 - 6, in 1959 - 13, in 1970 - 18 Jews. Jews of L. moved to Tsitelgori, where a Jewish collective farm was created.
LAGOV, see Lagow.
LAGUMAS, see Ligumay.
LAGOW, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1453 - a city. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the city of Lagov, from 1869 - posad Opatovsky u. Radom province. In 1827, 60 Jews (4%) lived in Leningrad, in 1857 - 142 (10%), in 1897 - 1233 (50.5%), in 1921 - 1269 (50%), in 1939 - approx. 1,400 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the beginning. 19th century Until 1862 L. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a sub-spiritual possession. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century were small trade and crafts. In 1913, Jews owned the only leather and crockery shops, all 3 shops selling chintz. 20th century a synagogue was built in L. The rabbis in Lithuania were: in 1891 - Berk-Gersh Eliyashevich Rosen, in 1908–24 - Zvi-Doiv Razin, in 1924–37 - Issakhar-Doiv Schwartz (? –1937). in L. acted several. synagogues, including the Alexander and Gur Hasids. In the same period, pl. the Jews of L. left for other countries, ch. arr. in USA. Departments worked. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in March 1942 - the ghetto. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of L., together with the Jews of Radom, began to be sent to the ghetto razn. us. points in the district of Radom. In July 1942, 460 young Jews were taken out of the L. ghetto and disappeared without a trace. 27 oct. 1942 Jews from L. were deported to Kielce and from there to Treblinka. J. Reifman.
LAKERNIK Mark Moiseevich (1913 - 1979, Moscow), metallurgical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1968). Graduated from Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold (1936). In 1929–31 he worked as a mechanic at the Center plant. aerohydrodynamic Institute, in 1936–39 - at the Chimkent lead plant (furnace foreman, head of the shop). In 1941–46 in Kr. Army. Since 1946 in the State. Research Institute tsv. metals (in 1960–71 deputy director, since 1971 head of the laboratory of the theory of metallurgical processes). work in the region. theory and practice of metallurgy polymetallic. materials, copper, zinc, lead, to-rye formed the basis of prom. technologies. Developed a method for continuous lead refining. He took part in the development and implementation of a fundamentally new technology for the extraction of noble metals using electrochemistry methods, which ensure an increase in the production of gold and silver. Author of textbooks and uch. color manuals. metallurgy. State pr. USSR (1971). Works: Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. M., 1957 (jointly with N.N. Sevryukov); Lead and cadmium metallurgy. 2nd ed. M., 1965; Electrothermia in the metallurgy of copper, lead, zinc. 2nd ed. M., 1971.
LAKHOVER Jeruham Fishl (1883, Horzheva Prasnyshsky u. Plotskaya province. - 1947, Tel Aviv), literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He began publishing in 1904. In 1908–21 he lived in Warsaw. Participated in the ed. book in Hebrew, released lit. zhurn. in Hebrew "Sifrut" (with DS Frishman and "Netivot", taught literature in Hebrew at school. From 1921 - in Germany, worked in the publishing house of A.I.Shtybel. From 1927 - in E .-I. The author of the 4-volume textbook "Toldot ha-sifrut ha-Hebrew ha-hadash" ("The history of new literature in Hebrew", 1928–48). In 1935–39 L. published letters in five volumes to H.- N. Bialik with his comments, in 1936–46 - the annual memory of Bialik “Knesset.” He translated into Hebrew a number of works of the world classics and several parts of the Kabbalistic book “Zohar.” Author of many articles, Crete and research works on Jewish and world literature.
LAKHOVSKY Arnold Borisovich (Aaron Berkovich) (1880, Chernobyl of Radomysl u. Kiev province. - 1937, New York), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. school with K.K. Kostandi and G.A. Ladyzhensky, from 1904 - in St. Petersburg. OH. In 1908, 10 - in E.-I., taught in art. school "Bezalel". From 1912 - in St. Petersburg. Prof. watercolor painting at the Higher. wives architect. courses (since 1912). He painted landscapes of Russia, Norway, Holland in oil and watercolors, E.-I. Int. exhibition in Venice in 1915 watercolor L. "Rainy Day" was acquired by Italian. pr-vom. L. was repeatedly honored with pr. At the Spring Exhibitions in St. Petersburg. Reproductions of L.'s paintings were published in the magazine. "Niva", "Ogonyok", "Tops", etc. In 1915 L. one of the founders of the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Arts, participated in auctions in favor of Jews - victims of the war, in an exhibition of Jewish art (1918, Moscow), entered the Higher. Council of the House of Arts in Petrograd. Decorated children. Prince, including "Moidodyr" KI Chukovsky. Since 1926 - in Paris, participated in exhibitions of the Salon d'Automne and Tuileries, as well as exhibitions in Berlin, Copenhagen, Brussels. In 1927 in Paris in gal. Charpentier held a personal exhibition of L. and in the same place in 1937 - a memorial one. Since 1935 - in the USA. Prod. L. are in the Luxembourg Museum, the Muse de Pomme in Paris, in the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, etc.
LAKHTA, now part of (since 1963) St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in St. Petersburg district St. Petersburg province. In 1939, 443 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LAKHVA, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. 157 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1765, 1057 (43.5%) in 1897, and 1400 Jews in 1921 (32.9 %) Jews lived in Leningrad from the late 17th century In the 19th century. OK. a quarter of the Jews of L. were Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. In 1859–99, tzadik Avrom-Doiv-Ber Berkovich was the rabbi in L., and in 1899–1934, his son Itshok-Tzvi Berkovich (? –1934). In 1867 there was a synagogue in Leningrad. 19th century - 3 synagogues, yeshiva started working. From 1890 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1895, members of the "Khibat Zion" opened a library. In 1910 the Bookchin brothers founded a school with teaching in Hebrew, and a Talmud-Torah worked. In 1914, Jews owned 12 shops (including all 4 grocery stores, both haberdashery). In 1920, a branch of the Cooperative Narod was opened in Leningrad. bank. In 1928, the Yavne school began operating. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. From 1934 the rabbis of L. were I.-Ts. Berkovich's sons-in-law, Chaim-Zalman Osherovich and Eliezer-Arie Lichtenstein. On July 8, 1941, L. took over parts of the Wehrmacht; the Judenrat was created, headed by Berl Lopatin. Apr 1 1942 A ghetto was created in Leningrad. In the ghetto, underground resistance groups operated under the hands. Itskhok Rokhchin, Osher Kheifets, Moishe-Leiba Kheifets, Dovid Feinberg and Aron Ushman. Underground groups collaborated with the Judenrat and the Jewish police. During the Holocaust from July 1941 to 3 Sept. 1942 197 Jews were shot in Leningrad. 3 Sep 1942 it. gendarmes and local policemen attempted to lead the columns of Jews out of the ghetto to a previously dug trench on the territory. Lakhvovsky fish farm for execution. Jews resisted the punishers; the uprising in the ghetto was led by I. Rokhchin and B. Lopatin. From approx. 600 Jews who fled from the ghetto approx. 150 people joined the partisan. detachments (including B. Lopatin, who died soon during mining). During the liquidation of the ghetto, 1,946 Jews were shot, and in 1973 a stele was installed on the grave of the perished Jews in Leningrad (reconstructed in 1992). A Jewish cemetery has survived in L.
LAKSHIN Vladimir Yakovlevich (1933, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Writer. Dr. philol. sciences. In 1955 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. He began publishing in 1958. From 1958–61 he taught at Moscow State University; in 1961–62 - head. department in “Lit. newspaper "; in 1962–70 - in Novy Mir (member of the editorial board, since 1967 deputy chief editor); 1970–86 - consultant for journal. "Foreign literature"; 1987–89 - first deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Banner"; in 1991–93 - Ch. ed. zhurn. "Foreign literature". Was before. Chekhov Commission of the Council for the History of the World. Culture of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works: The Art of the Psychological Drama of Chekhov and Tolstoy. M., 1958; Tolstoy and Chekhov. M., 1963; Biography of the book. M., 1979; Five great names. M., 1988; Journal paths. M., 1990; "New World" at the time of Khrushchev. M., 1991.
LAMDAN (Lerner) Hana (1905, Bessarabia - 1995, Holon, Israel), politician. Since 1926 - in E.-I. Member leadership Akhdut ha-Avoda. In 1937–40 she headed the wives. dep. Slave. Council of Tel Aviv, in 1944–49 - member. secretariat. From 1944 - in secret. "Council of Women Workers". In 1948 - member. Mapam, in 1952 - left Mapam, since 1954 - member. Mapai. Member Knesset of the 1-5th convocations (1949-65).
LAMDAN Yitzhak (1899, Mlynov of Dubensky u. Volyn province - 1954, Tel Aviv), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. Received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. In 1918 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army, but soon fled to Mlynov, where he taught at a Jewish school and first appeared in print with poetry. Since 1920 - in E.-I. He worked on the construction of roads, in the agricultural sector. farms, published a verse, in zhurn. In the poem Masada (1927), he expressed the aspirations of the first post-war immigration, its nostalgic longing for the house lost in Russia. In lyric. verse (collection "Triple Harness", 1930; "The Path of Scorpions", 1945; cycle "From my poems on the back of the sheet", 1951) asserted the idea of ​​the subordination of the personal principle to the goals of nat. revival. In 1933–54 L. published lit. zhurn. "Guillonot".
LAMDEN Yosef (1864, Annopol Ostrog u. Volyn province - 1927, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. In 1889-1903 the rabbi in the town of Goshcha Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province; in 1903–23 - in the town of Popelyany, Shavelsky district. Covenskaya lips. He actively supported Hovevei Zion. L. - one of the founders of the Mizrahi movement. Since 1923 - in the USA. He was a rabbi in Youngstown (Ohio). Since 1926 - in E.-I.
LAMM Yakov Eshirovich (b. 1929, Dnepropetrovsk), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1973). After graduating from Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-that (1950) until 1956 worked as a surgeon in Karaganda; in 1956–71 resident, assistant, assoc. Department of General Surgery, since 1971 head. Department of Faculty Surgery, Karaganda med. Institute of Science. tr. and practical. activity of L. dedicated. the problem of lung resection in tuberculosis, traumatology. He proposed a method for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism; proved the need for urgent surgery in the development of amyloid nephrosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Organized the first in the Karaganda region. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vol .: Traumatic professional bursitis. M., 1966; Spontaneous pneumothorax. Karaganda, 1986.
LANCHIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nadvornyansky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nadvornyansky povet in the province of Galicia in Austria-Hungary In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, approx. 800 Jews, in 1921 - 383 (9.3%), in 1931 - approx. 500 Jews. In 1910 there were 7 synagogues in Leningrad. Rabbi L. at the beginning. 20th century was Sholem Rubinstein. 1920-30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Lithuania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LANCHKHUTI, city (since 1961), regional center (Georgia). Since 1804 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Lanchkhuti, Ozurgeti district. Kutaisi province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Latvia, in 1939 - 11, in 1951 - 1 Jew.
LANCHKHUTY, see Lanchkhuti.
LANDA Alexander Fedorovich (Fishelevich) (1903 - 1960, Moscow), specialist in the field of metal technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1941), prof. (1934). Since 1925, at the Lyubertsy plant of agricultural works. cars them. A.V. Ukhtomsky, combined work with study in Moscow. forge, academy, to-ruyu graduated in 1929. In 1932–39 he worked at the Central Research Institute of Technology Heavy. machine (senior scientific worker, assistant director of the Institute for scientific and technical part). In 1937, ch. Ing. on the development and installation of ruby ​​stars on the towers of Mosk. The Kremlin. In 1941–45, Ch. Metallurgist of the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition. At the same time. taught (since 1931 associate professor of Moscow Institute of Steel, Head of the Department of Moscow Horn, Institute). In 1945–48, dir. Moscow mechanical Institute (since 1953 MEPhI). In 1943-60 the head. Department of "Technology of metals" MIKhM.Osn. tr. dedicated questions of theory and practice of production of high quality. cast iron. He made a contribution to the development of the theory of graphitization of ductile iron and to the development of the technology of its production at Mosk. automobile plant (1930s). In the 1940s. studied the theory and practice of the production of magnesium cast iron. He was the first to prove the solubility of magnesium in metal. based on cast iron, revealed the relationship between the electronic structure of elements and their graphitizing ability. He was engaged in issues of increasing strength (nitriding of magnesium cast iron, heat treatment of alloys in a pseudo-boiling bed). Author of textbooks and uch. benefits. Became. etc. (1942) .Cit .: Higher quality cast iron and ammunition casting. M., 1945; The basics of obtaining high quality cast iron: composition, structure, heat treatment. M., 1960.
LANDA Malva Noevna (b. 1918, Odessa), human rights activist. Graduated from Moscow. geological exploration. in-t. She signed the call. and individual, petitions and appeals in defense of dissidents, political prisoners, collected information for human rights defenders. samizdat. bulletins - "Chronicle of Current Events" and others. She joined the Group for Assistance to the Implementation of the Helsinki Agreements in the USSR (Moscow Helsinki Group) since its inception in May 1976, having stipulated its disagreement with a number of provisions of its declaration. After the arrest of A.I. Ginzburg in February 1977, she became one of the managers of Rus. societies. Fund for Assistance to Political Prisoners in the USSR. Fire in L.'s room in Krasnogorsk Mosk. region served as the reason for the arrest. L. in December 1976 was sentenced to 2 years of exile (May 1977). In March 1978 she was amnestied, settled in Petushki, Vladimir region. She was arrested again in 1980, sentenced to 5 years of exile, for which she was serving in Kazakhstan. Upon her return she settled again in Petushki; since 1989 - gas employee. "Express Chronicle", ed. A.P. Podrabinek.
LANDA Mikhail Markovich (Moiseevich) (1890, Belynichi Mogilevsky district and province - 1938, Moscow), political worker. Army Commissar 2nd Rank (1935). Studied at Moscow State University, worked as a teacher. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, during the Civil. war commissar of an armored train, military commissar of a number of connections. Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army in the South. and South-West. fronts. In 1920-21 the beginning. political department of the 6th army, in 1921 -26 deputy. early Political department RKKA. Since 1927, member. Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, until 1928 Political department Belarusian. VO, then Sib. IN. Graduated from higher courses. command staff at the Military-Political. Academy and Institute of Red Professors (1928). In 1928-30 the military. Prosecutor Top. Ships of the USSR, in 1930–37 Ch. ed. gas. Krasnaya Zvezda, zhurn. "Banner", simultaneously. in 1934–36 beginning. Department of the Political Department. RKKA. Author and ed. tr. on technical problems. retrofitting Kr. Army and personnel training (book "Tankists". M., 1936, etc.). In 1937 he was repressed. Cit .: Polit, preparation of the country for defense. M., 1926.
LANDA Yaakov (1893, Kurenets Vileiskogo. Vilna province - 1986, Bnei-Brak, Israel), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the rabbi, the Lubavitch Hasid Movshe-Leib L. (1855- |). He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. After the death of his father, he became a rabbi in Kurenets. From the beginning. 1920s - in Moscow, on the initiative of J.-I. Schneerson, he created and headed an underground yeshiva "Tiferes bohurim". Since 1928 - in Latvia, rabbi in Liepaja. From 1934 - in E.-I., rabbi of Bnei Brak.
LANDAU Adolf Efimovich (Aron Khaimovich) (1842, Rossiens, Koven province - 1902, Berlin), publicist, publisher. He studied at the Vilna rabbinical school, law. f-those Petersburg. un-that (1863–67). From 1860 he published Art. on the situation of Jews in Russia in the journal. "Dawn", "B-ka for reading", in gas. "North. mail ”,“ Sovr. leaf ”,“ St. Petersburg. Vedomosti ”and others. In 1869–71 under ps. Gambbit has collaborated in gas. The Day (Odessa), where he published lit. reviews and essays. In 1870 he was translated into Russian. lang. and published the book. A. Jellinek "The Jewish tribe" and E. Deitsh's study "What is the Talmud |". From 1871 ed. and ed. collection of books "Jewish library" (vols. 1-8, 1871-80), attracted many others for cooperation. prominent Jewish writers and scholars. In 1881–99 he published a journal. "Voskhod", since 1882 - its adj. "Weekly Chronicle of" Sunrise ". Published tr. Joseph Flavius, G. Karpeles, M. Mouse, “Systematic. decree. Russian literature about Jews in rus. language. " In 1899 L. sold Voskhod to a group of journalists, and in 1901 he published the 9th volume of the Jewish Library (volume 10, prepared by L., published in 1903 by his son GA Landau. Sharing the views of moderate assimilators L. believed that Jews are obliged to master Russian culture, while remaining faithful to the national-religious values ​​of Judaism.
LANDAU Georgy Alexandrovich (1883, Kirillov, Novgorod province - 1974, Moscow), writer, translator. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1908 he graduated from Ing. uch-shche in Moscow. Published since 1910. From 1911 he worked in the journal. "Satyricon", since 1913 - secretary. ed. "New Satyricon". In 1910–17 he published humor, stories in various. zhurn. From 1917 to mid. 1930s worked Ing. In the 1930s. returned to lit. activities. Author of memoirs and several. scientific-popul. books. Translated from English. WJ Locke "Where is love" (M., 1916), S. Leacock "Funny stories" (Moscow, 1935). He wrote plays for puppet t-dv. Cit .: Alya-Temptations of Life ... St. Petersburg, 1912; The muscles of humanity. Cast iron, iron, steel. M. - L., 1927.
LANDAU Grigory (Gavriel) Adolfovich (1877, Petersburg - 1941, Surmog camp of Usollag, Molotov region), publicist, public figure. Son of A.E. Landau. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1902). Published in Russian-Jewish ("Jewish library", "Voskhod", "Jewish world") and Russian. periodic. publications. One of the founders of "Jewish Democratic Party. group "(1904) and the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia (1905). From the end. 1905 a prominent figure in the Cadet Party. At the same time. worked in the OPE (in 1915, 18 chap. of his committee, from 1920 ml. Council of the Society), participated in the creation of the Higher. schools of Jewish knowledge. In December 1917 he was elected a member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Jewish community on the list of "Jewish Democratic Party. groups ". In May 1918, ch. commission for convening a congress of Jewish communities in Moscow. Emigrated to Germany, in 1921–31 deputy. ed. cadet gas. "Rul" in Berlin, by art. "Revolutionary Ideas in the Jewish Community" in Sat. "Russia and the Jews" (1924). In 1938 he emigrated to Latvia, settled in Riga, worked for gas. "Today". In 1941 he was arrested by the organs of the NKVD of the USSR, on 6/14/1941 he was expelled from Riga. Author of the book: “Powerlessness is nationalistic. creativity. To criticism nat. Zionist programs, and Jewish nar. parties "(1907); "Polish-Jewish Relations" (1915); "Twilight of Europe" (1923); Epigraphs (1927).
LANDAU Itskhok-Eliyahu Shmulevich (1801, Vilna - 1876, ibid.), Rabbi. In 1861 - member. rabbinical commission. Since 1868 - member. religious court in Vilna. Author pl. books, including commentaries on various treatises of the Talmud, the Pentateuch, the books of the prophets, the Passover Haggadah and others. Brother L. - Eliezer (1805–1883), rabbi. Commented on Shulchan Aruch.
LANDAU Leopold (1848, Warsaw - 1920, Berlin), doctor, public figure. Prof. (1893). Descendant of Yehezkil Landau, Talmudist and spiritual hand. Jewish communities of Bohemia. He studied in Breslau, Würzburg and Berlin. In 1872–74 he was an assistant to a gynecologist. clinic Breslau, in 1874–76 Assoc. in un-those Breslau, since 1876 Assoc. at Berlin University. In 1892 L., together with his brother Theodore, founded wives. a clinic that has gained wide popularity in Germany. Here L. performed many studies., The most important of which are dedicated. myoma and radical vaginal surgery. Kakchl. mountains. Council of Berlin (from 1901) L. participated in the decision of the main. local health issues. Since 1896 an activist of the "Ezra" organization, contributed to the Jewish colonization of E.-I., participated in the creation. Nat. Jewish library in Jerusalem. Entered the hands. Jewish community of Berlin and was one of the founders of the Berlin Acad. Judaica, which he headed in the 1910s.
LANDAU Lev Davidovich (1908, Baku - 1968, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934), prof. (1935), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1954). In 1922 he entered Baku University, where he studied physics and chemistry; after 2 years he was transferred to physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University, to-ry he graduated in 1927, having published. by that time 4 scientific. work. At the same time he entered the postgraduate course of the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. In 1929–31 he was in scientific. a business trip in Germany, England, Denmark and Switzerland, communicated with the founders of quantum mechanics. Returning to the USSR, he worked as head. theoretical dep. in Ukr. physical and technical in-those (Kharkov). In 1937 by invitation. P.L. Kapitsa became head. theoretical dep. Inst. Nat. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, at the same time. was engaged in teaching. Created a school of owls. theoretical physicists. In 1938 he was arrested, but released in 1939 at the request of Kapitsa. In 1962 he was seriously injured in a car accident, after which he could no longer return to an active creative life. in pl. region physics: magnetism; superfluidity and superconductivity; structure atomic core and elementary. particles, plasma; quantum electrodynamics; space problems. physicists and others. Royal Academy of Sciences (Denmark, 1951), Netherlands Royal Academy of Sciences (1956), foreign. member National Academy of Sciences (USA, 1960), member. The German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1964), and others. The name of L. named the Institute of Theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Became. pr. (1946, 1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1962). Nobel pr. (1962). Works: Collected. tr., v. 1–2. M., 1969. Theoretical. physics. In 10 volumes, 4th ed. M., 1988 (co-authored with E.M. Lifshits and others).
LANDAU Yekutiel-Zalman Yankelevich (1821, Vilna - 1894), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He headed a yeshiva and was a rabbi in Vitebsk. Since 1878 a rabbi in St. Petersburg. The author of the book. responses "Makor Baruch".
LANDE Lev Semenovich (1901, Moscow - 1976, New York), politician. Since 1919, a Menshevik, one of the leaders of the Moscow. Union of Social-Democrats youth, a member of the Menshevik. underground in the Sov. Russia, was repeatedly arrested. Since 1922 sec. Ch. to-that RSDLP in Ukraine. In 1923 he was arrested, escaped from an escort and soon went abroad illegally. In Berlin sotr. to the center. organ of the Mensheviks zhurn. "Socialist Bulletin". Since 1933 - in France, on the eve of the occupation of Paris (1940) he emigrated to the USA. Participated in the so-called. An interuniversity project for the study of the history of Menshevism (adopted in 1959 on the initiative of the American historians in chapters with L. Himeson). Author of rep. and Art. on the history of growing up. s.-d.
LANDIS Evgeniy Mikhailovich (1921, Kharkov - 1997, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1961). Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Since 1954 he has been working at Moscow State University, at the same time. from 1959 - at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research results. relate to the theory of functions is valid. perm. and to differenti. ur-niyam with partial derivatives. Works: Supplement. chapters to the course of lectures on the theory of partial differential equations. M., 1966; Second-order ur-elliptic and parabolic types. M., 1971.
LANDMAN Isaac (1880, Sudilkov Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1946), public figure. Since 1889 - in the USA. He graduated from Hybru Union College and worked in the reformist Jewish communities of Philadelphia (1906–16) and New York (1917–28 and 1931–46). As a secret. Reform Center. conf. amer. rabbis and New York executive committee of the Union of Jewish Communities L. represented these organizations in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conf. In 1926 he was one of the organizers of the World. union of progressive Judaism. In 1927 he organized the Constant. commission for better understanding between Protestants, Catholics and Jews, was its executive secretary. In 1918–37 ed. weekly "American Jew" (in English), who held an anti-Zionist during this period. position and called for better relations between Jews and Christians. In 1928 L. began work on the General Jewish Encyclopedia. There was ch. ed. this ed. L. publ. research "Moshe Haim Luzzato - the first Jewish playwright," wrote et al. with his brother Michael L. a number of plays.
LANDO Isroel (1882, Zhitomir - |), teacher, publicist. There was prof. stories in Jewish and Russian. uch. institutions of Ukraine. In 1933 he published the textbook "Geography of the Ukrainian SSR" for the 7th grade of Jewish schools, which withstood several. editions. He translated a number of textbooks for Jewish schools into Yiddish. The author of Art. on the history of the Jewish slave. traffic in Kiev gas. Der Stern.
LANDOVSKA Wanda Alexandra (1879, Warsaw - 1959, Lakeville, Connecticut, USA), harpsichordist, pianist, musicologist. She studied in Warsaw with A. Mikhalkovsky, in Berlin with G. Urban. From 1900 she lived in Paris. In 1900–13 she taught at the Schola Cantorum (Paris). She toured a lot. The name of L. is associated with the revival of the harpsichord at the present time. concert. stage. L. founded a school of early music in Saint-Leu-la-Forêt (near Paris). Since 1941 - in the USA. Concerts for harpsichord and orc were written for her and dedicated to L. M. de Falla (1926) and F. Poulenc (1929). L. - the author of orc_ and fp. plays, choral songs, cadenzas to concerts by J. Haydn, W.-A. Mozart. Author of a number of works on I.-S. Bach and harpsichord music.
LANDSBERG Grigory Samuilovich (1890, Vologda - 1957, Moscow), physicist. Prof. (1924), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1913). In 1913-18 he worked there, in 1918-20 the head. physical lab. Omsk village - x. in-that. In 1920–23 scientific. sotr. Institute of Physics and Biophysics of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. In 1925–41 hands. Optical lab. Research Institute of Physics, Moscow State University, organizer and leader. Optical lab. FIAN (1934–57), prev. Commission on Spectroscopy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1936–57). with LI Mandel'shtam discovered the phenomenon of Raman scattering of light (1928). OK. 250 scientific. works dedicated. classic problems. light scattering, the use of combinations. scattering for analytic. goals, research. aggregate states of matter, metal optics, ferroelectricity, spectral analysis. The author of the book: "Sovr. theory of magnetism "(1929, jointly with BA Vvedensky)," Optics "(1935, 6th ed. 1957)," Basic parameters of spectra of combinations. dispersion of hydrocarbons "(1956, jointly with PA Bazhulin and MM Sushchinsky)," Determination of the individual, hydrocarbon composition of straight-run gasolines by the combined method "(1959, et al.). Ed. "Physical Dictionary" (vol. 1–2, 1936–37). Became. etc. (1940).
LANDVAROVO, see Lentvaris.
LANGBARD Iosif Grigorievich (1882, Belsk, Grodno province - 1951, Leningrad), architect. Doctor of Architecture, prof. (1939). In 1914 he graduated from art-hit. Faculty of Arts in St. Petersburg with prof. AN Pomerantsev, received the title of architect-artist for the project "Building of the State Council". In the 1920s. participated in the design of the roar. holidays. In 1935-50 he taught at the INZhSA (since 1939 - the professor-manager of the workshop of the architect. Faculty). Participant pl. architect. competitions, including for the project of the monument-lighthouse in Petrogr. port (1920), monuments to V.I. Lenin at the Finland Station in Leningrad (1925) and in Odessa (1925), H. Columbus in Santo Domingo (1929), a complex of adm. buildings in Kiev (1930s), the Palace of Soviets in Moscow (1932). Main buildings: House of Prospect in Minsk (1929–33), monument to V. I. Lenin in Minsk (1934, sculptor M. G. Manizer, House of the Red Army in Minsk (1934), monument to T. G. Shevchenko in Kharkov (1935, jointly with Manizer), Opera and Ballet Theater in Minsk (1935–39), the building of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1935), the House of Soviets in Mogilev (1938–39), the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine in Kiev ( 1939), c / t "Pobeda" in Minsk (1947) Honored Artist of the RSFSR, Honored Worker of Arts and Architecture of the BSSR (1934).
LANGE Veniamin Yakovlevich (b. 1910), director. In 1935 he entered the studio dir. A.D. Dikogo, then worked as an assistant dir. in BDT (Leningrad), from 1937 - in Rus. dram. t-re in Stalinabad, from 1941 - thin. hands. In 1951-59, Ch. dir. Tallinn Russian dram. t-ra, in 1959–61 again in the Stalinabad t-re. In 1961 -63 chap. dir. Tajik dram, t-ra them. Lakhuti (Dushanbe), since 1963 - in Dushanbe Russian. dram, t-re. Among the posts: "Windsor Pranksters" by W. Shakespeare (1941), "Plato Krechet" (1941), "Front" (1943) by A.E. Korneichuk, "Talents and Admirers" (1944), "Guilty Without Guilt" ( 1962) A. N. Ostrovsky, "Kremlin chimes" by N. F. Pogodin (1947), "Russian question" by K. M. Simonov (1948), "Egor Bulychov and others" by M. Gorky (1953), "Rift" B. Lavrenev (1961), "Treachery and Love" by I.-F. Schiller. Honored. worker of arts (1941), nar. art. Tajik SSR (1945).
LANGMAN Arkady Yakovlevich (1886, Kharkov - 1968, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of large public buildings. In 1911 he graduated from architect. branch of the Highest. tech. school in Vienna. For two years he practiced in St. Petersburg, in 1913 he returned to Kharkov, in 1922 he moved to Moscow, worked at the building of the Kashirskaya GRES, then architect. acc. about-va "Standartstroy", since 1927 Ch. arch. "Stroydombyuro". More than 50 buildings were built according to Leningrad's designs, 21 in Moscow. Main buildings in Moscow: the Gostorg house at 47 Myasnitskaya Street (1925, jointly with BM Velikovsky, MO Barshch and others), the Dynamo stadium (1927–28, jointly with L.Z. Cherikover, House of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (1932–33, jointly with I. Bezrukov), Service Station House in Okhotny Ryad (1932–36), residential building at 8 Orlikov Lane (1951, jointly with L. I. Lopovk) ) and etc.
LANKIN Eliyahu (1914, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1994, Jerusalem), lawyer, politician, diplomat. In 1920–33 he lived in Harbin. Since 1938 - in E.-I., graduated from law. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem (1953). Member of the ETsEL organization, in the 1940s. one of her hands., in 1947–48 beginning. ETsEL headquarters in Europe. In 1948 com. the ship "Altalena", which delivered weapons and equipment for the detachments of ETsEL and was destroyed by artillery fire on the orders of D. Ben-Gurion. In 1949-52 dep. Knesset from the Herut party. In 1954–82 he was engaged in a private lawyer, practice. All R. 1980s Ambassador of the State of Israel to South Africa. L. - member. hands. Israeli television and radio broadcasting, member. Board of Trustees of the Jewish University in Jerusalem and the Directorate for the restoration of the old Jewish quarters of Jerusalem. Author publ. during. press and book. "Memoirs of the commander of the Altalena."
LANN (real fam. Lozman) Evgeniy Lvovich (1896, Kharkov - 1958, Moscow), writer, translator. Translated, edited translations and commented on works. C. Dickens, J. Conrad, S. Kerin, G. Lawson, T. Hardy. Author of literary books "D. Konrad" (1924), "The Writer's Fate of Maximilian Voloshin" (1926), "Dickens" (1946), East. rum. Mac Cumgal's Guard (1938) and Old England (1943). Committed suicide.
LANOVTSY, an urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1444. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 523 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1870 - 287 (46%), in 1897 - 1174 (46%), in 1921 - 649 (30% ), in 1937 - 760, in 1942 - 1833 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the end. 16th century The community was first mentioned. in 1767. Est. spheres of economic. activities of Jews L. in the late. 18 - early. 20th century - trade (mainly agricultural products, including tobacco), crafts; some were engaged with. x-vom. A synagogue functioned in Latvia in 1867; a Jewish pogrom took place in Leningrad in 1905, and in 1914 the Jews of Leningrad owned a pharmacy and all trade in iron and leather goods, bread and grain, and unity. in L. a mill and a timber warehouse. There were 3 synagogues. From the end. 19th century the rabbi was Aron Rabin, from the 1920s. at the same time. with him - Goltshager (both died during the Holocaust). In 1917, active Zionist activity began in Leningrad. There were divisions of the parties of general Zionists, revisionists, Mizrahi, Beitar, Ge-Halutz, Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair movements. In the 1920s. in Leningrad, a yeshiva and a school of the Tarbut network were opened, which had a library (approx. 10 thousand volumes). Loves to work. dramatic. On July 3, 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Immediately after the occupation, 60 Jews were killed in L. Later, the Judenrat and the Jewish police were established. On Feb. In 1942, a ghetto was created, in which, in addition to the Jews of L., there were Jews from Belozirka and other us. points. 2 aug. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; 1833 people were shot during the liquidation. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. I. Tsinberg.
LANTRATOVKA, a village in the Troitsk district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kupyanskiy u. In Kharkiv Gubernia, Jews have lived in Leningrad since the 1840s. immigrants from the Volyn and Mogilev provinces. In the end. 19th century in L. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families.
LAPENITSA, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1847, 88 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. nov. 1942 Jews of the village were sent to the Volkovysk camp and at the beginning. 1943 deported to an extermination camp in Poland.
LAPICHI, now a part (since 1967) of the village of Lapichi, Osipovichi district, Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lapichi (other name - Lapichki) of the Igumensky district Minsk province. 74 Jews (11.3%) lived in Leningrad in 1897.
PAWS, see Lapichi as part of the village Lapichi.
LAPID Mordechai (Blum Mark) (1937, Kharkov - 1993, Hebron, Israel), public figure. After 1945 he settled with his family in Riga. He studied at the Riga Polytechnic, in-those, graduated from fur. Faculty of Latvian agriculture academy. In the 1960s. activist of the Jewish revival movement in Riga. He was one of the initiators and active participants in the creation of a memorial at the site of the mass executions of Jews in Rumbula (near Riga). In 1966 he was arrested and sentenced to 2 years on charges of assaulting a policeman and organizing riots after a concert of the Israeli singer Geula Gil in Riga. Released by amnesty in 1967.Since 1968 in Israel. He worked as an engineer, studied in yeshivas. In 1973 he became an active participant in the Gush Emunim settlement movement. In 1975 he wrote and published a brochure with a proposal to create a city in Samaria for immigrants from the USSR. In the 1990s. studied at the yeshiva of the Kabbalists in Hebron. Then he completed unpublished. work, in which he outlined the original concept of Jewish and world-wide. history in the light of the theory of evolution, consistently combining the principles of modern. genetics with tradition. concepts of Kabbalah. Killed together with his son Shalom by Arab terrorists.
LAPIDUS Iosif Abramovich (1899 - 1941), economist. Prof. Graduated from Moscow State University (1924). He taught a course in political economy in decomp. universities of Moscow. The author of one of the first textbooks on polit. savings for universities, communist party schools and self-education “Political economy in connection with the theory of Sov. x-va "(with K. V. Ostrovityanov, 1926; 7th ed. - 1932), the textbook" Political Economy "(parts 1 2, 1933–34, translated into a number of foreign languages), uch ... manuals "The subject and method of political economy" (1930); ed. Sat. "On the First Tractor Plant" (1930, on the Stalingrad Tractor Plant). In the summer of 1941 he joined the Nar. militia, died in October 1941 in battles near Moscow.
LAPIDUS Lev Iosifovich (1927, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965). Son of I.A. Lapidus. After graduating from Moscow. fur. Institute (1948) worked at the United Institute of Nuclear Research, Deputy. dir. by scientific. work Lab. nuclear problems (1958–80). Science. research - in the region. physics of elementary particles and high energies. He proposed to use Cherenkov radiation for precision measurement of the energy of relativistic protons. Developed a dispersion. the theory of the Compton effect on the proton and the deuteron, the theory of near-threshold features of particle scattering. One of the authors of the theory of complete experiment for nucleon-nucleon interactions. He was working on the quark-parton scheme of strong interactions. He proposed a method of his own. states for calculating the effects of inelastic screening in hadron-nuclear reactions. Research effects of quantum chromodynamics in reactions involving hadrons and nuclei. Discovered the phenomenon of the permeability of the nuclear medium for compressed hadronic configurations. The author of St. 60 scientific. Art.
LAPIDUTZON Alexander-Moishe (1819 - 1906, Rossiens, Kovno province), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was a rabbi in Janov and Rossiens (1866-1906). One of the ideologists of the Palestinian movement. L. actively sotr. in Jewish periodicals of the late 19th century.
LAPIN Ber (1889, Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province. - 1952, New York), publicist, poet, translator. In 1895–99 - in Argentina. First verse. publ. in 1903.Since 1904 in the USA. Printed correspondence in various Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1910 he published the first collection of articles. verse. “Umetike vegn” (“Sad roads”). He was engaged in translations into Yiddish ("Victoria" by K. Gamsun, "Life of a Man" by L. Andreev, etc.). In 1919 he published the anthology "Russian Lyrics" in Yiddish, which included verses of 22 poets. In their books. "Zeichns" ("Signs". New York, 1934) and "Us Leader" ("New Poems", ibid., 1940) included trans. from Russian, English and Amer. poetry. Last book verse. Der Fuller Circle (Full Cup) was published in 1950. In 1953, the trans. sonnets by W. Shakespeare, on which L. worked for 8 years.
LAPIN Boris Matveevich (1905, Moscow - 1941), writer. I. G. Ehrenburg's son-in-law. First Sat verse. "Molnijanin" publ. in 1922. Since mid. 1920s worked in geobotanich. exp. on Wednesday. Asia, in a fur trading post in Chukotka, a navigator's apprentice on ships MOJ). fleet. At the same time. was printed in gas. Personal impressions of L. formed the basis of the books "The Tale of the Pamir Country" (1929), "Pacific Diary" (1929). Since the 1930s. wrote in et al. with ZL Khatsrevin "America borders on us" (1932), "Far Eastern stories" (1935), "Journey" (1937). Member of the Soviet-Japanese. conflict at Khalkhin Gol (1939). Author (with Khatsrevin and LI Slavin of the script for "His name is Sukhe Bator". From June 1941 - at the front, correspondent of the newspaper "Krasnaya Zvezda" 1947; Selected. M., 1958.
LAPINSKY Evgeny Valentinovich (b. 1942, Krasnoe Zagorye, Voronezh Region), athlete (volleyball). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1968). He played for Burevestnik (Odessa). In 1965–72 he was a member of the so. teams of the USSR. Champion Olympus. games (1968). Bronze. prize-winner Olympus. games 1972 and world championship 1966. Champion of the USSR (1967). World champion 1967 and 1971.
LAPIR Georgy Naumovich (b. 1928, Moscow), architect. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: Engineer-build. Institute in Kuibyshev (1968), experimental. school for 1170 people in Moscow (1975, pr. SM USSR), Phys.-tech. Institute in Dnepropetrovsk (1982), polytechnic. in-you in Kursk (1982), Ulyanovsk (1992).
LAPITSKY Joseph Mikhailovich (literary ps. Mikhailov) (1876, Minsk - 1944, Moscow), opera director, theoretician of opera art. In 1903–06, dir. t-ra Solodovnikov (Moscow), simultaneously. spoke with the art., in which he substantiated the need to reform the opera house. In 1906–08, dir. Big t-ra. In 1908-11 he worked in troupes of Perm, Samara, Irkutsk and others. Founder, artistic director. hands. and dir. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) T-ra muses. dramas (1912-19). In 1919, dir. petrograd. Small state opera, in 1920–21 - Moscow. t-ra muses. dramas. In 1921-28 (with interruptions), the director. and ch. dir. Big t-ra. He was one of the organizers of the Kiev (1926) and Stalin (1941) opera t-dv. The best productions of L. are marked by a high stage culture and realistic orientation. Among them: "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1908); Carmen by J. Bizet (1913); The Queen of Spades by PI Tchaikovsky (1914); Rimsky-Korsakov's The Snow Maiden (1914); Aida by G. Verdi (1915); "Parsifal" by R. Wagner (1916); The King Amuses himself (Rigoletto) by Verdi (1925); "Khovanshchina" by MP Mussorgsky (1928); Wagner's Meistersingers of Nuremberg (1929); "Quiet Don" by II Dzerzhinsky (1936); "Shchors" by BN Lyatoshinsky (1938). Honored. art. Rep. (1936).
LAPSHIN, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1578 as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 47 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1939 - 20 Jews. Jews settled in Leningrad in the end. 16th century In the 1850s and 60s. a mill was built in L., owned by a Jew; Jews were also engaged in handicrafts, small trade, mainly. carried goods from Berezhany. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Berezhany and then shot there in the surrounding forests.
PAWS, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1826 - in Bialystok u. Grodno province. 623 Jews (17.8%) lived in Leningrad in 1921. Jews lived in Leningrad from the 19th century. In the end. 19th century a community was formed. There was a synagogue. Rabbi L. at the end. 19th century there was Yisroel Rabinovich. Main The occupation of the Jews of Lithuania was the agricultural trade. products and crafts. 1920-30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1942, 32 Jews were deported to Grodno. The Jews of L. were shot in November. 1942.
LARIN Y. (real name and family. Lurie) Mikhail (Ikhim-Mikhoel) Alexandrovich (Zalmanovich) (1882, Simferopol - 1932, Moscow), economist, politician, writer. Father - writer-Palestinophile Shneur Zalman Lurie (1851-1908). Member RSDLP since 1900. One of the organizers of the Crimean Union of the RSDLP (1901). In 1902 he was arrested and exiled to the Yakutsk Region, in 1904 he fled abroad and joined the Mensheviks. In 1905 he participated in the organization of the first trade unions in St. Petersburg, conducted illegal work in the Ukraine and the Caucasus. Since 1908 "liquidator". In 1913 he was arrested in Tiflis and a year later exiled from Russia. After Feb. roar. 1917 returned to Russia. After October 1917 the head. dep. legislative assumptions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from 1918 before. K-that household politics of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, member. prez. VSNKh, since 1921 members. prez. State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. One of the authors of the project for the resettlement of Jews to the Crimea and southern Ukraine. Member leadership of KOMZET, first prev. OZETa (1925 - 26), one of the initiators of the campaign against anti-Semitism in the USSR (1926 - 31). D. h. Kom. academy, member. and cand. in part. Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of a number of convocations. Buried at Red Square. in Moscow. The name of L. named Jewish nat. district in Crimea - Larinsdorf Jewish National District (1935). - the author of a number of books. and Art. on the theory and practice of the socialist economy and econ. science, numerous. publications against anti-Semitism. Member ch. ed. TSB (1926 32). Vol .: Workers of the oil business. M., 1909; War and land program. Pg., 1917; Peasants and workers in the Russian revolution. Pg., 1918; Private capital in the USSR. M., 1927; Jews and anti-Semitism in the USSR. M., 1929.Daughter of L. - Larina-Bukharina Anna (b. 1914). Since 1934, the wife of N.I. Bukharin. Arrested in 1938, released in 1956. Author of memoirs "Unforgettable". M., 1989.
LARINDORPH JEWISH NATIONAL REGION, nowadays does not exist. Main in 1935 on the territory. Crimean ASSR as part of the RSFSR. Since 1944 - Pervomaisky district in the Crimean ASSR, since 1945 - in the Crimean region, since 1991 - in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1935, approx. 9000 Jews (about 60%), in 1938 - 3752 (32.9%), in 1939 - 3492 Jews. E.N.R. comprised 12 village councils of the Freidorf district, 6 - Dzhankoysky, 2 - Ishunsky. Of the 18 village councils of L.E.N.R., 7 were Jewish. In 1938, by the decision of the Bureau of the Crimean Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Budennovsky, Luxemburgsky, Najdorfsky, Sverdlovsky Jewish nat. village councils. oct. - early. nov. 1941 ter. L. E. N. R. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. The occupation authorities used the Jewish collective farmers who did not have time to evacuate in the autumn field work. In the 2nd floor. 1941 the executions of Jews began (in the village of Voroshilov, 24 Jews were shot). In the 1st floor. Dec 1941 in Sverdlovsk, 121 Jews were shot, in Vesely - 10, in Batbek - 2 Jews. In Jan. 1942 in Kamenka, 61 Jews were shot, in February. 1942 - 119 Jews in the villages of Judendorf (modern Oktyabrskoe), Der Emes (modern Pravda), Frunze, Vakup, Lekkert, Ostrovskoe, in April. 1942 - 36 Jews in Kalinindorf (modern Kalinino) In 1944 L.E.N.R. was renamed. In 1944–48 other names. got 42 of us. item ex. L. E. N. R.
LARINOVKA, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1671.Since 1802 - in the Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 35 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1910 there were 49 Jews.
LARSKII L. (real name and surname Lev Solomonovich Leibovich) (1883, Chisinau - 1950, Moscow), writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from high school. In 1900–08 he was engaged in the roar. activities, was arrested, then emigrated, lived in France, Belgium, Switzerland (until 1913, when he returned to Russia). In 1914 he was mobilized into the army. After the war - in Moscow. Collaborated in the Socialist-Revolutionary Gas. "Labor" (1918-19). The author of the book: "Woman at the Crossroads" (1928); The Duel (1931); autobiogr. “Notes by Samuel Berg. The Life of a Jew "(1930), etc. After 1935 in journalistic work. Daughter L. - Leibovich Sarra (b. 1914, Moscow), literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1943). In 1957–73 ed. in publishing house. "Hood. liter ". Author comments. in the book. E. and J. Gonkurov “Diary. Selected Pages ”(Moscow, 1964), compiler and commentary. book fav. statements by G. Flaubert "On Literature, Art, Writer's Work" (Moscow, 1984).
LASAVIN Leyser (1906, Odessa - 1981, Buenos Aires), writer. At the age of 8, he left with his parents to Beirut, where he studied in a cheder, in Russian. private school, etc. uch. institutions. Since 1926 - in the USA. Studied in Jewish teaching. college in New York. He made his debut in 1930 as a story for children in Kinder Magazine. He printed stories, travel notes and reviews in decomp. periodic. ed. In 1936, Sat. L.'s stories for children "Tsu der Zun" ("Towards the Sun"), in 1958 - collection of works. stories in Buenos Aires. In the 1950s and 60s. worked in Jewish schools in Miami Beach (USA).
LASCHOV, see Laschuv.
LASCHUV, a city (since 1549) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from ser. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Laschov Tomashovsky u. Lublin province. In 1765, 360 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1864 - 948 (93%), in 1897 - 1626 (90%), in 1921 - 1041 Jews (91%). Jews lived in Leningrad from the middle. 17th century In the beginning. 18th century a community and 2 synagogues existed in L. In 1812, the rabbi of L. was Mordkhe Ziskind, one of the most famous Hasidic rabbis in Poland at the beginning. 19th century Most of the Jews of L. were Hasidim. Synagogues of the Belzevsky, Gusyatinsky, Rudzin, and Trisk Hasids operated in Latvia. In the 19th century. there was a Jewish printing house in L. In 1909, Icutiel-Shmuel Glass was the rabbi of L. In 1913, Jews owned 14 shops (including all 5 manufactory, only one haberdashery). In 1920, S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments committed several pogroms, as a result of which 60 Jews were wounded and subjected to violence approx. 100 Jewish women; after these events, pl. Jews left L. Osn. occupations of the Jews of Latvia in the 1920s – 1930s. small trade, handicrafts, and carriage appeared. The "Kupos Gmilus Hasdim", "Bikur Hoylim", "Linas Ha-Tzedek" functioned, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened, branches of various branches operated. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On the third day of the occupation, Jewish men were sent to a labor camp. The Judenrat was established in 1940. On May 17, 1942, the Jews of L. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
LASHEVICH (real family. Gaskovich) Mikhail Mikhailovich (1884, Odessa - 1928, Harbin), political and military leader. The participant is illegal. student circles, expelled from the gymnasium for the roar. propaganda. Since 1901, members RSDLP, from 1903 Bolshevik. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile in the Vologda province. and the Narym region. In 1915 he was mobilized into the army, wounded twice at the front, and received the rank of non-commissioned officer. After Feb. roar. 1917 dep. Petrogr. Board, one of the hands. Bolshevik. factions. In June - a delegate to the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. At the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b), he supported the draft resolution on the appearance of V.I. Lenin and G.E. Zinoviev for trial. Participated in the work of Demokr. meetings (September) and Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-Parliament) (October). Member Petrogr. VRK, on ​​Oct. roar. Commissioner of the Kexholm reserve regiment, hands. the seizure of the telegraph, post office, State Bank, Pavlovsky military. uch-schA. At the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets re-elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee (since December, member of the Pres.). Delegate to the 7th Congress of the RCP (b) (March 1918). After the move owls. Prospect Island in Moscow remained in Petrograd as a member. Petrogr. Bureau of the Central Committee. During the Civil. war - part. RVS of armies and fronts. Represented front-line party organizations at the 9th and 10th congresses of the RCP (b). In 1918-19 and 1923-25 ​​members. Central Committee (Candidate in 1925-27). In 1922-27, members. Central Executive Committee of the USSR, until 1925 commander of the Sib. IN. From 1924 he was a member, in 1925–27 he was the 1st deputy. prev. Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, 1st Deputy. People's Commissar for Military. and pestilence. affairs of the USSR. Member of the so-called. Trotskyite-Zinoviev opposition, L. was removed from all posts, at the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) was expelled from the party and sent to Harbin by comrade (deputy) before. Board of the CER. He admitted "his mistakes" and in 1928 (shortly before his death) was reinstated in the party. Buried on the Field of Mars in Leningrad (in the mid-1930s the tombstone was removed).
LASHKOVKA, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1503. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 there were 77 Jews living in Leningrad (10.8%), in 1937 - 31 Jews (1.8%). In 1910 there were 4 artisans, 9 merchants; trade was conducted mainly. matches, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, kerosene, etc. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, Lithuanian Jews were deported to Transnistria by troops.
LASK, a city (since 1422) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in Sieradz Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a district town of Petrokovskaya province. In 1764 891 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1793 - 1327 (77.2%), in 1808 - 1260 (38.4%), in 1827 - 1270 (63.7% ), in 1857 - 2646 (71.6%), in 1897 - 2862 (67.7%), in 1921 - 2623 (53.6%), in 1939 - 3864 Jews. Jews have lived in Latvia since the 16th century. Then the Jewish cemetery was laid. Main occupation of Jews in the 17th century. there were small trade, crafts, several. families owned inns. In 1624 a synagogue burned down in Leningrad. All R. 17th century a new one was built. In the 2nd floor. 18th century another synagogue was built. In 1790 a new Jewish cemetery was laid. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi L. was Israel ben Itamar (? –1728), in 1726–42 - Rabbi Meir (1686–1738), in 1738–40 - his son Eliakim (? –1740), in 1780–1826 - Meir Tseilakhets (? - 1826), in 1840–47 - Moishe-Yehuda-Leib Zilberberg. In 1813–62, Jews were forbidden to live on certain streets of L. In the 1840s. Yeshivas and synagogues of the Kotsk and Vorka Hasidim were opened in L. In 1893, another cemetery was laid. The first Hasidic rabbi of L. was Dovid-Doiv Maizelis (? –1876). In 1876–1932, the son of D.-D. Maiselis Zvi-Arie-Yehuda (? –1932) was a rabbi, and in 1932–42, the son-in-law of the latter, Leib Eisenberg (? –1942). Since 1900, Zionist circles have been operating in Leningrad. In 1913 a Jewish library was opened. Jews owned 2 bakeries, unity. confectionery, more than 50 shops (including all 7 haberdashery, all 8 manufactory, both tobacco). There was a Jewish Book Society in L. In 1927 heder matukan began to work. In the 1920s. schools of the Tarbut and Beis Yaakov network were opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied L. The Judenrat was created. In the fall of 1940, the sending of Jews to labor camps began. In 1940, a ghetto was created, destroyed in August. 1942, when c. 3 thousand Jews were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp. G. Redlich.
LASKARZHEVEN, see Laskazhev.
LASKAZHEV, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In 1509 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Laskarzhevin Garvolinsky u. Sedletskaya Province. In 1827, 36 Jewish families lived in Leningrad, in 1857 - 157 Jews (15%), in 1897 - 1258 (45%), in 1921 - 1352 Jews (40%). 18th century In the 2nd floor. 19th century a stone synagogue was built, the Talmud Torah was opened. Main occupation of Jews L. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century were small trade and crafts. There were organizations to provide material and social assistance. The Jews of L. were Hasidim. A new synagogue was built in 1893. Since 1900, Hanoch-Geneh Orner (1872–?) Was the rabbi. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1915 a Jewish library was opened, the Bund and Zionist dramas functioned. mugs. In 1927, with the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened. A cheder and a girls' school "Beis Yaakov" worked. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 2nd world. war group of Jewish and Polish. workers organized detachments of citizens. self-defense, to-rye at the request of the Polish. the authorities were also engaged in the construction of fortifications. 17 Sep 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Immediately after the occupation, 38 Jews who took part in the defense of L. were shot in November. 1939 - 27 more Jews. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat is created, in October. 1940 - ghetto. By March 1942 in Leningrad there were (together with refugees) approx. 1,300 Jews, 400 of which 30 Sept. 1942 were deported to Treblinka, another 800 people. were soon shot. The ghetto was liquidated on 8 Nov. 1942. After the liberation of Leningrad in October. 1944 17 Jews returned to the city. In the beginning. 1945 three Jews were killed in Leningrad; the rest left L.
LASKER Haim (1906, Minsk - 1935, ibid.), Poet. In 1927 he made his poetry debut in youth gas. Der Junger Arbeter, later printed in gas. "October", journal. "Stern". L.'s only book "Tsum Mayak" ("Towards the Lighthouse") was published in Minsk in 1935.
LASKIN Boris Savelyevich (1914, Orsha, Mogilev province. - 1983, Moscow), writer. In 1935 he graduated from the script department of the State Institute of Arts. Published since 1938. The first book. - "Songs" (Tashkent, 1943). Author of humor, stories, estr. interludes, plays, screenplays, including "Carnival Night" (1956, jointly with V. Polyakov and "Give a book of complaints" (1965, jointly with A. A. Galich. Works: School comrades. M., 1945; Major's matchmaking. M., 1955; Laughter in the hall.M, 1964.
LASKOS Isabella Lvovna (1830, according to other data 1833, Zaslav of Volyn province - 1877, Petersburg), writer. Daughter of L.P. Greenberg. She made her debut with the play Poor Niece (1862). From the beginning. 1860s collaborated in dec. periodic. ed. In 1862 - 69 music. reviewer gas. "News", spoke with Art. about the position of women. The author is fictional. manuf. ("Memories of a Samovar" (1869), "Magnolia" (1871), "At Court" (1876 - 77), etc.), for which melodramas are characteristic. plots from foreign, high society life. From 1874 - in Vienna, continued to cooperate with gas. "Citizen" and "Moskovskie vedomosti", in a cut published Art. "Jews in Vienna" (1875).
LASKOV Boris Izrailevich (1920, Omsk - 1988, Kursk), neurologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. Rod. in a family of doctors. In 1942 he graduated from Omsk honey. in-t. In 1942–43 - at the front. After re-heavy. wounded demobilized (1943), was in charge of the medical department in the Omsk region. Since 1945, a neurologist of the Omsk region. clinics hospitals. Since 1955 assistant, since 1962 head. chair nerve. diseases of Kursk honey. Institute of Science. research L. dedicated issues of clinic, treatment and examination of enuresis. Author of the methodology and designer of devices for the treatment of enuresis. He worked out the problem of improving the treatment of central paresis and paralysis, proposed a method of prevention and treatment of atonic. uterine bleeding, created a serially produced apparatus, which was widely used in obstetric practice. Member prez. boards of Vses. and All-Russia., before. Kursk scientific. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists.
LASKOV David (1903, Omsk - 1989, Israel), military engineer. Brigadier General. Rod. in the family of a doctor; received a Zionist, education. In 1922–24 he studied honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. Was expelled for a Zionist. activity. In 1924–27 he studied architecture in Leningrad. Was a member. illegal Zionist. org-tion "Ge-Halutz". In 1927, together with his wife, he tried to cross the border with China, but was arrested and sentenced to 2 months. forced works. After his release, L. crossed the Soviet-Chinese border illegally. Since 1928 - in E.-I. In 1932 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Technion (Haifa). The architect worked. in Haifa. In 1940–45 a volunteer in the ranks of the British. army. Demobilized with the rank of sergeant. Since 1948 in the Israel Defense Forces. During the War of Independence - Ing. brigade "Golani". Since 1957, deputy. teams, Ing. by the Israel Defense Forces. L. - the author of 100 inventions in the region. military equipment. State Israel Ave (1964). Etc. Ministry of Defense (1972, 1974).
LASKOV Haim (1919, Borisov, Minsk province - 1982, Tel Aviv), military leader. Lieutenant General (1958). From 1925 in E.-I. In 1930, L.'s father was killed in Haifa by the Arabs. From ser. 1930s - in Gagan. Was deputy. com. specialist. company Gagana, conducting retaliation operations in the region of Haifa. Since 1940 - volunteer in Britain. army. He fought in Africa, Italy, Belgium, Holland, commanded a company in the Jewish Legion (major). After demobilization (1945) he remained in Europe, was engaged in the illegal transportation of Jews to E.-I. and retaliation operations in Germany. After returning to E.-I. - Officer-instructor in Gagan. Member of the War of Independence - com. first motorized regiment of the IDF. Com. brigades, in 1951–53 - teams. Air Force. In 1953–55 he studied military. business, economics and philosophy in the UK. In 1955-56 the deputy. early General Staff, in 1956 teams. armored troops. L. directed the transformation of the armored forces of the Israel Defense Forces from auxiliary units attached to the infantry into an independent branch of the army. During the Sinai campaign, he commanded a division. In 1956–57 teams. South district. In 1958–61 the beginning. General Staff. In 1961-72 the beginning. Control. Israeli ports. From 1972 to the beginning. dep. complaints of the Ministry of Defense.
LASKOVTSY, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Terebovlianskiy povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 126 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1942 Jews from L. were deported to Trembovl (present-day Terebovlya).
LASOCHIN, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1549 she received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Opatovskiy u. Radom Gubernia. In 1827, 17 Jews (3%) lived in Leningrad, in 1857 - 10 (1.5%), in 1921 - 123 (13%), by September. 1939 - c. 100 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the beginning. 19th century In the 1920s and 30s. There was a Jewish mutual aid fund in Leningrad. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of Leningrad were sent to the Ozharuva ghetto, from where in October. 1942 deported to Treblinka.
LASTIK Shloyme (1907, Alexandria of Rovensky u. Volyn province - 1962), publicist, literary critic. As a child, he moved with his parents to Rovno, where he studied at the cheder, in Russian. folk school, then graduated from the Polish real gymnasium. In 1926–29 he studied at a Jewish teacher, a seminary in Vilna, after graduating from a cut he was a teacher in Bialystok, Warsaw and other cities. He made his debut in Bialystok gas. Art. about painting, was sotr. gas. Wilner tog (until 1938), from 1946 - gas. Folkshtime (Warsaw). Published lit.-critical. Art. in pl. periodic. ed. diff. countries. L. - the author of several. textbooks and anthologies for Jewish schools, literary books: "Di Yiddish Literature Biz Di Klasiker" ("Jewish Liter to the Classics"), "Mitn understand tsum morgn" ("Face to Tomorrow"), as well as Art. about Sholem Aleichem, Sh. Ashe and other Jewish writers in the Polish "Encyclopedia of Vspulchesna".
LASTOVKA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 18 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LASTOVTSY, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district. Podolsk province. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. mill and unity. grocery store in L.
LATACH, see Litachi.
LATAVA, a village in Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lotovo Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. there was a small Jewish community in L. the rabbi was Avrom-Abel Yoffe (? –1820). In 1915, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by the Cossack units of the Rus. army. 1941 Jews of Leningrad were killed. Kalman-Itskhok Kadishovich ("Lotover") (1875-1941), head of the rabbinical court in Anyksciai.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛАТВИЯ, историческое название Латвийской Республики. Столица – Рига. Включает терр. трех ист. областей – Курляндию (Курземе и Земгале), часть терр. Лифляндии и Латгалию. В 13 в. образовано Ливонское гос-во (конфедерация 5 феод. гос-в: Ливонский орден, Рижское архиепископство, Курляндское, Дерптское и Эзельское епископства), в 1561 разделилось на Курляндское герцогство (вассал Польского кор-ва, затем – Речи Посполитой), Пилтенскую обл. (входившую в состав самостоят. Курляндского епископства). С 1561 Латгалия и Лифляндия – в составе Польского кор-ва (с 1569 – Речи Посполитой), с 1629 Лифляндия – в составе Швеции. На протяжении 18 в. терр. Л. вошла в состав Рос. империи: с 1710 – Рига, с 1721 – Лифляндия, с 1772 – Латгалия, с 1795 – Курляндское герцогство и Пилтенская обл. В 1920 образована независимая Латвийская Республика. В июле 1940 на терр. Л. введены сов. войска; 21 июля 1940 образована ЛатвССР, с авг. 1940 – в составе СССР. С весны 1990 – Латвийская Республика (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).В 12–13 вв. герм. рыцари завоевали терр. совр. Л.; в 1306 евреям было запрещено селиться в созданном на этой терр. Ливонском гос-ве. Однако обнаруженные близ Митавы (совр. Елгава) еврейские надгробия 14 в., а также бухгалтерская запись от 1536 рижского купца о продаже «еврею Якову» ткани и одежды свидетельствуют о том, что запрет не всегда соблюдался. После распада Ливонского гос-ва в Курляндском герцогстве и Лифляндии гильдии нем. купцов и ремесленников, опасаясь конкуренции из-за ожидаемого наплыва евреев из Польского кор-ва и Вел. кн-ва Литовского, добились включения в соглашение о капитуляции (28 нояб. 1561) запрета евреям «заниматься в Ливонии торговлей и откупом налогов и пошлин», а также пользоваться какими-либо правами. Однако именно во 2-й пол. 16 в. евреи из Речи Посполитой стали развивать торг. деятельность в Лифляндии. Города, особенно Рига, ходатайствовали об изгнании евреев (в 1593 евреям было запрещено проживать в Риге). Но евреи не покидали страну, приезжая в т. ч. и в Ригу. Курляндское герцогство, заинтересованное в увеличении доходов в гос. казну, стремилось привлечь туда евреев. Несмотря на сопротивление церкви, купечества и ремесленников, в обход указа 1306 и обязательства 1561 евреям было разрешено проживать в герцогстве на правах «иностранцев».Иным было положение евреев Пилтенской обл. Для увеличения доходов от своих владений (до продажи владений в 1559 датскому королю) епископ разрешил селиться в области богатым евреям. Проживание в епископстве, личном владении датского, а с 1585 – польск. королей, освобождало евреев от мн. ограничений; они получили право постоянного проживания, организации общины (первой на терр. Курляндии), занятия торговлей и ремеслами. По мнению нек-рых историков, с 1570 евреи пользовались правом гражданства.В Латгалии евреи поселились позднее, чем в др. областях Л. Во 2-й пол. 17 в. часть польско-литовского еврейства, уцелевшая во времена «хмельнитчины» и бесчинств рус.-казацкого войска, осела в Латгалии. В 16–17 вв. евреи занимались здесь откупом таможенных пошлин, арендой корчем, посредничеством, мелкой торговлей, а также торговлей лесом и зерном, коробейничеством.В кон. 17 в. в Курляндском герцогстве задолжавший кр. суммы герцог Фридрих Казимир был вынужден отдать евреям на откуп пошлины. Изданный в 1713 по требованию горожан указ герцога Фердинанда об изгнании евреев из страны был исполнен лишь в Митаве. Не полностью выполнялись и дополнит. указы (дек. 1713 и март 1714), предписывавшие евреям под угрозой ареста и ежедневного штрафа в один талер покинуть герцогство в теч. шести недель. Пребывание евреев в герцогстве при условии уплаты в казну ежегодного налога в 400 талеров было фактически разрешено мандатом в 1719 (отменен в 1739). Однако часть еврейского населения была вынуждена покинуть Курляндию после решения ландтага (дек. 1727) об изгнании евреев из-за накопившихся у них к тому времени недоимок в 2 тыс. талеров.В 1737 герцогом Курляндии стал Э.И.Бирон. В его отсутствие (он постоянно жил в Санкт-Петербурге) финансами герцогства управлял придворный еврей Л. Липман. После ссылки Бирона в Сибирь (1741) отношение к евреям ухудшилось, хотя постановления об их изгнании, как и раньше, не выполнялись. Б. ч. евреев из-за запрещения постоянно жить на одном месте скиталась по стране в поисках источников существования. В 1760 был принят указ об изгнании евреев; все они были обязаны покинуть Курляндию в теч. шести недель, а посещение ими герцогства на неск. дней для торговли допускалось лишь с особого разрешения властей. Евреи смогли вернуться в герцогство в 1762, после возвращения Курляндии под власть Бирона. В 1782 земский сейм предоставил евреям право пребывания в герцогстве.В Пилтенской обл. в 1717 евреи были обложены ежегодной подушной податью в два, с 1719 – в четыре талера. Изданные указы (1727, 1730, 1731 и 1738) об изгнании евреев не были приведены в исполнение, но нек-рая часть еврейского населения покинула область. В 1750 Польск. сейм разрешил евреям «пребывать» в области за ежегодную подать в 1 тыс. талеров, сбором к-рой занимались еврейские откупщики. Кол-во евреев в области резко сократилось, и в 1783 подати были уменьшены: ежегодно 400 талеров платили в казну и каждые 3 мес. 40 талеров – муниципалитетам.В Латгалии в кон. 17 – нач. 18 в. большинство евреев проживало в селах, относительно большое число их проживало в гор. Динабурге (совр. Даугавпилс), Крейцбурге (совр. Крустпилс), Краславе. Среди осн. занятий евреев преобладали аренда поместий, ремесла.После присоединения к Рос. империи Риги, а затем Лифляндии все прежние постановления о евреях остались в силе. В 1727 был издан указ об удалении евреев из Рос. империи. В 1742 издан новый указ об изгнании евреев (подтверждавший указ 1727). Против выступили дворянство и купечество Риги, предвидя ущерб торг. деятельности. Протесты были отвергнуты, и в марте 1743 подавляющее большинство евреев было вынуждено уехать. С воцарением Екатерины II положение евреев не изменилось. В 1764 указом губернатора запрещалось нанимать евреев на любую работу; в 1766 губернатор приказал евреям в теч. месяца покинуть Лифляндию. В 1772 терр. Латгалии была присоединена к Рос. империи (входила в состав Псковской, с 1777 – Полоцкой, с 1802 – Витебской губ.). Положение евреев до 1778 определялось декретом 1772, где было оговорено, что «общины евреев будут пользоваться религ. и обществ. правами, к-рыми они до сих пор обладали».В 1795 Курляндское герцогство и Пилтенская обл. вошли в состав Рос. империи. Таким образом, вся терр. совр. Л. оказалась в составе России.В 1799 евреи Курляндии получили право на жительство (с ежегодным обновлением паспорта), занятие торговлей и ремеслами (с уплатой налогов вдвое больших, чем платили христиане), на вступление в гильдии, учреждение религ. общин, постройку синагог и приобретение под них и еврейские кладбища земельных участков, устройство ритуальных скотобоен, равные с др. гражданами права на участие в выборах.Согласно принятому рос. положению о евреях (1804), указ 1791 об ограничении права на жительство евреев не распространялся на Лифляндскую и Курляндскую губ. Однако по требованию бюргеров сенат России постановил, что закон 1799 относится лишь к евреям Курляндии, прожившим на ее терр. до его издания; в результате Курляндская и Лифляндская губ. в черту оседлости не вошли. Согласно этому же положению евреи были выселены из деревень и сел Витебской губ. (бывш. Латгалия) и сконцентрированы в городах и местечках черты оседлости, что привело мн. из них к обнищанию.В 1835 было принято положение, ставшее осн. законом, определявшим права еврейского населения Курляндской и Лифляндской губ., и остававшееся в силе до распада Рос. империи. Положение 1835 разрешало евреям этих двух губерний постоянное жительство, занятие торговлей, ремеслами и свободными профессиями, но запрещало евреям-ремесленникам обучать ремеслу кого-либо, кроме своих сыновей (пункт отменен в 1850). Покинувшим край запрещалось когда-либо возвращаться. Запрещалось переселение в эти губернии евреев из др. областей Рос. империи.В 1840 св. 2,5 тыс. курляндских евреев переселились в с.-х. поселения на юге России. При проведенном в 1893 по всей России массовом водворении на место евреев, покинувших черту оседлости, евреи, нелегально поселившиеся в Лифляндской и Курляндской губ., получили разрешение остаться там. Осн. занятия курляндских евреев в 18–19 вв. – торговля, нелегальное посредничество, ремесла, коробейничество, винокурение, аренда корчем. Однако пребывание евреев в губернии не имело юридич. основания.В Витебской губ. евреи составляли 71% ремесленников. Среди ремесел наиболее распространенными были портняжное, обувное, столярное, слесарное. Земледелием занималось 3,3% евреев. По данным ЕКО, 18,5% еврейских семей нуждались в материальной помощи, и этот процент постоянно увеличивался. В Динабурге работали 2 еврейские профшколы, частично субсидируемые ОРТом и ЕКО. Во всех городах функционировали хедеры и талмуд-торы традиц. типа. Еврейство Латгалии принимало активное участие в деятельности орг-ций Бунда и «Поалей Цион», рев. выступлениях 1905, еврейской самообороне, сионистском движении.Среди раввинов Курляндии и Лифляндии были известны М.Элиасберг, А.И.Кук, Л.Б.Овчинский, Латгалии – раввин Двинска Меир-Симха га-Коген (1842–1926) и И.Розин. Видное место в религ.-сионистском движении Латгалии занимала семья Дон-Ихье. В Л. работали видные деятели еврейской культуры: историки Р.И.Вундербар (1812–1868), И.Иоффе (1871–?), композитор и музыковед Ш.Розовский и др.С кон. 19 в. в Л. активно действовали еврейские партии и обществ. орг-ции: Бунд, ОПЕ и др. Во всех четырех Гос. Думах от Курляндии было по одному депутату-еврею. Евреи Л. деятельно участвовали в сионистском движении. Группы «Ховевей Цион» работали в Риге, Либаве (совр. Лиепая), Двинске, Крейцбурге и др.; члены этого движения были среди основателей Хадеры в кон. 19 в. и мн. кибуцев в 20 в.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. выработался тип «курляндского еврея», для к-рого родным был нем. яз. Евреи Латгалии принадлежали к литовско- белорус. еврейству; большое влияние на них оказывал любавичский хасидизм.В нач. 20 в. евреи Л. активно развивали экспорт леса в Великобританию; впоследствии эта отрасль стала одной из ведущих в Л.Перед 1-й мир. войной на терр. Л. проживало ок. 190 тыс. евреев (7,4%). В кон. апр. – нач. мая 1915 евреи были высланы из Курляндии. С выселением евреев была ликвидирована мануфактурная и хлебная пром-сть. Всего во время войны было выселено во внутр. губернии России 75% евреев Л.В 1919, при кратковременном сов. пр-ве, мн. евреи вернулись в Л.; численность еврейского населения увеличилась за счет иммиграции в Л. евреев из разл. губерний России.В 1920 в Л. проживало 79 644 еврея (5%), в 1925 – 95 675, в 1930 – ок. 95 тыс., в 1935 – 93 470 евреев (4,8%).В 1925–35 из Л. выехало ок. 6200 евреев, св. 4500 из них – в Э.-И. Местные власти и сионистские орг-ции оказывали помощь переселенцам в Э.-И., уезжавшим из Л. через портовые города.В 1919 евреи Л. получили культурную автономию. Еврейский отдел при Мин-ве просвещения, руководивший широкой сетью школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише, возглавлял инженер Я.Ландау. Большинство школ с преподаванием на идише находились в ведении Центр. еврейской школьной орг-ции, школы с преподаванием на иврите – в ведении орг-ции «Га-Море», объединявшей учителей-сионистов. В 1920 в Л. было 8 еврейских гимназий (950 уч-ся); пр-во Л. содержало 2 еврейские гимназии, еврейские органы самоуправления – 1, еврейские орг-ции – 3, частн. лица – 2 гимназии. В 1922 в Л. – 52 еврейских нар. школы (8117 уч-ся); местное самоуправление содержало 31 школу. В 1928–29 в 85 нач. еврейских школах обучалось ок. 10,5 тыс. детей, работали 599 учителей. Действовали 4 проф. школы (300 уч-ся, 37 преподавателей). Преподават. кадры готовили в гос. ин-тах. Функционировали курсы для воспитателей дет. садов, нар. ун-ты, вечерние школы для рабочей молодежи, просветит. клубы, т-р на идише (с 1927). Выходили газеты на идише: «Дос Фолк», «Фриморгн», «Овнт пост» (в провинции – «Моргн пост»), еженед. «Найер фрайтиг» и др. Известны были Я.-З.-В.Э.Лаецкий-Бертольди – ред. «Дос Фолк» и «Фриморгн»; Я.Гельман, И.Винник (1895–1942, ум. в лагере в Сибири) – видный сионистский и обществ. деятель, один из основателей и ред. газ. «Идише фолькштиме», ред. газ. «Дос Фолк», «Унзер вег», «Дер Руф» и «Фриморгн». Журналисты-евреи активно печатались в рус. газ. «Сегодня» и «Сегодня вечером».Важнейшими еврейскими политич. партиями Л. 1920–30-х гг. являлись партии общих сионистов, сионистов-ревизионистов (Л. была первой страной, где в дек. 1923 после визита З.Жаботинского были созданы партия сионистов-ревизионистов и Бейтар), Мизрахи, «Цеирей Цион», «Нац. демократы», Бунд, «Агудат Исроэль». Со времени образования независимой Л. эти партии имели своих представителей в органах гос. власти, среди к-рых М.Дубин, М.Я.Лазерсон, Н.Майзель (1891–1956), П.М.Минц, М.Нурок. Еврейские партии были представлены в Нац. совете (7 деп. в 1918–20), Учредит. собрании (8 деп. в 1920–22). В 4 парламентах, действовавших в Л. в 1923–33, число депутатов-евреев постоянно уменьшалось (6 чел. в 1-м парламенте, 5 – во 2 и 3-м, 3 – в 4-м).В Л. работали сионистские, молодежные и спорт. орг-ции: Бейтар, «Гордония» (отделилась в 1930 от рус. филиала «Га-Шомер га-Цаир»), «Нецах», «Ге-Халуц», «Хашмонаи», «Галилея», «Ге-Хавер», «Га-Шахар», «Герцлия», «Цофим», «Маккаби», «Га-Коах» и др. «Нецах» (в 1932 – 1800 чел. в 29 гор. и местечках Л.) и Бейтар имели земледельч. фермы для подготовки желающих заниматься с. х. трудом в Э.-И.; на принадлежавшем Бейтару судне проходила стажировку молодежь, готовившаяся заниматься в Э.-И. мореходством. Активную деятельность в Л. развернули ОЗЕ, запрещенное на терр. СССР, а также еврейские больничные кассы. Финансовую помощь оказывали еврейские ссудные кассы.В 1920-х – нач. 1930-х гг. евреи Л. способствовали возобновлению экспорта леса (75% всего латвийского экспорта был почти полностью в руках евреев) и льна, развитию деревообрабатывающей, пищевой, табачной, текстильной, кожевенной и обувной пром-сти. Евреями был организовал импорт в Л. нефтепродуктов и каменного угля. Им принадлежали крупнейшие банки (в 1924 в 6 банках, основанных евреями, было сконцентрировано 60% всех банковских капиталов Л.). Банкиры-евреи обеспечили приток в экономику Л. капиталовложений из Великобритании, Германии, США, Швеции и др. стран. В 1930 в средней и мелкой торговле были заняты 48,6% евреев, в пром-сти – 28,7%, 7,3% составляли юристы, врачи, журналисты, 2,2% евреев Л. работали на транспорте, 1,1% – в с. х-ве. Однако доступ евреев на службу в гос. учреждения был закрыт. В 1931 в объединении еврейских кооп. об-в было 15 800 чел. При поддержке ЕКО и Джойнта была создана сеть еврейских кредитных банков и ссудных касс.После гос. переворота в Л. (май 1934) еврейская культурная автономия была ограничена. Еврейские политич. партии были объявлены вне закона (за искл. Бейтара и «Агудас Исроэль», к-рым пр-во поручило руководство всей системой еврейских школ). Светские школы с преподаванием на идише, находившиеся под влиянием Бунда, были закрыты; программы светских школ с преподаванием на иврите были пересмотрены в сторону усиления религ. направления. В 1934–40 евреи юридически не подвергались дискриминации, однако на практике пр-во К.Ульманиса проводило антиеврейскую экономич. политику. Тяжело отразилось на евреях Л. введение гос. монополии на хлеботорговлю, лишение еврейских коопераций гос. поддержки, ограничения на получение евреями кредита в гос. банках, обложение их более высокими налогами по сравнению с неевреями. Часть еврейских банков, пром. пр-тий и торг. фирм была национализирована.В 1930-х гг. фашистские орг-ции Л. активно вели антисемитскую пропаганду и устраивали антиеврейские демонстрации.В 1939, к нач. 2-й мир. войны, в Л. проживало ок. 95 тыс. евреев. После включения Л. в состав СССР остатки еврейской автономии были ликвидированы. Лит-ра на иврите и сам язык были объявлены вне закона; книги на иврите изымались из библиотек. Преподавание в школах было переведено на идиш, на к-ром издавались правительств. газ. «Камф», двухнед. «Ойфбой» и функционировал еврейский т-р. Ок. 5 тыс. активистов еврейских партий и обществ. орг-ций, представителей крупной и средней буржуазии были высланы в разл. р-ны Сибири.К 8 июля 1941 Л. была оккупирована частями вермахта. На оккупированной терр. оказалось ок. 75 тыс. евреев. Небольшая часть евреев Л. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны СССР. Активное участие в уничтожении евреев принимали латышские националисты. 4 июля 1941 члены «Перконкрустса» сожгли в Хоральной синагоге Риги 500 евреев, бежавших из Шяуляя. В тот же день в Риге местными националистами было сожжено и уничтожено более 20 синагог. Летом – осенью 1941 члены литовских националистич. формирований на спец. автобусах выезжали в провинцию, разыскивая и убивая евреев и коммунистов в Абрене (совр. Пыталово), Балви, Бауске, Валке, Вилянах, Екабпилсе, Елгаве, Круспилсе, Кулдиге, Резекне, Талси, Тукумсе. Только в Вилянах 4 авг. 1941 националистами было уничтожено ок. 400 евреев. В расстреле евреев Вентспилса участвовали только латыши.27 июня 1941 частями вермахта были произведены расстрелы в окрестностях Елгавы и Лиепаи, 8 июля 1941 началась «акция» в Даугавпилсе. К сер. дек. 1941 в Л. было уничтожено более 70 тыс. евреев. В этот период была проведена стерилизация сотен латышских женщин, состоявших в браке с евреями; неск. десятков мужчин-полукровок были кастрированы. 23 окт. и 21 нояб. 1941 в Риге были произведены массовые расстрелы евреев – подданных нейтральных стран (Ирана, гос-в Юж. и Сев. Америки, вкл. США). В гетто Риги (где к кон. нояб. 1941 было ок. 38 тыс. заключенных) в живых осталось 2500 чел., в гетто Даугавпилса – 950 чел. В кон. июня 1942 было создано гетто Лиепаи (ок. 800 заключенных). С дек. 1941 гетто Риги стало местом концентрации и последующего уничтожения евреев из Австрии, Германии, Чехословакии. Только в дек. 1941 туда было направлено 19 тыс. чел. Всего через гетто Риги прошло 25 тыс. евреев из др. стран. В Рижском гетто действовало подполье, в к-ром активную роль играли евреи-полицейские (расстреляны осенью 1942). Обнаружив в гетто склад оружия, фашисты расстреляли 300 евреев и ускорили ликвидацию гетто. Группы Сопротивления действовали и в гетто Даугавпилса. В окт. 1943 гетто на терр. Л. были ликвидированы, уцелевшие узники были переведены в концлагеря Кайзервальд и Саласпилс, пригород Риги. Большинство из них были расстреляны накануне прихода частей РККА или отправлены в Освенцим, концлагерь Штутгоф (Германия), разл. концлагеря на терр. Л. и Эстонии. Общее число жертв на терр. Л. (с учетом беженцев из Шяуляя и евреев из др. городов Литвы) составляет ок. 77 тыс. чел. Неск. тыс. евреев Л. воевали в рядах РККА (в т. ч. в т. н. Латышской дивизии), партиз. отрядах. К моменту освобождения в Л. оставалось в живых 150 евреев.В 1945–46 в Л. действовала орг-ция «Бриха», занимавшаяся нелег. выездом евреев в Э.-И. В 1959 в Л. проживало 36 600 евреев (1,75%); из них ок. 10 тыс. – уроженцы Л., остальные – выходцы из др. мест СССР. Ок. 48% евреев Л. считали родным языком идиш, ок. 50% – рус. и неск. сотен евреев – латыш. яз.В кон. 1960-х гг. Л. становится одним из центров пробуждения нац. самосознания евреев СССР. В 1970 в Риге вышло 2 номера первого журн. еврейского «самиздата» «Итон», в 1979–85 – ок. 10 номеров журн. еврейского «самиздата» «Хаим» и 4 номера журн. правого направления «Дин у-мациут».В 1970–90-х гг. тысячи евреев Л. выехали в Германию, Израиль, США и др. страны.В 1979 в Л. проживало ок. 28 тыс. евреев, в 1989 – 22 900, в 1996 – 14 551, в 2002 – 10 190 евреев.В начавшейся в кон. 1980-х гг. борьбе за восстановление независимости Л. принимали активное участие Маврик Вульфсон, Абрам Клецкиц, Григорий Крупников, Рута Марьяш, Борис Цилевич и др.В 1988 было образовано Латвийское об-во еврейской культуры (ЛОЕК). В 1990–2003 гл. раввин Риги и Л. был представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Натан Зусманович Баркан (1923–2003). В 1998 создан Центр изучения иудаики Латвийского ун-та (пред. Р.Фербер), в 2003 – Совет еврейских общин Л. (пред. – Аркадий Сухаренко). В 2003 действовали общины в Вентспилсе, Екабпилсе, Елгаве, Лиепае, Лудзе, Резекне, Риге, Талси. (См. ст. об отд. гор. Л.), pronunciation=ЛАТВИЯ, историческое название Латвийской Республики. Столица – Рига. Включает терр. трех ист. областей – Курляндию (Курземе и Земгале), часть терр. Лифляндии и Латгалию. В 13 в. образовано Ливонское гос-во (конфедерация 5 феод. гос-в: Ливонский орден, Рижское архиепископство, Курляндское, Дерптское и Эзельское епископства), в 1561 разделилось на Курляндское герцогство (вассал Польского кор-ва, затем – Речи Посполитой), Пилтенскую обл. (входившую в состав самостоят. Курляндского епископства). С 1561 Латгалия и Лифляндия – в составе Польского кор-ва (с 1569 – Речи Посполитой), с 1629 Лифляндия – в составе Швеции. На протяжении 18 в. терр. Л. вошла в состав Рос. империи: с 1710 – Рига, с 1721 – Лифляндия, с 1772 – Латгалия, с 1795 – Курляндское герцогство и Пилтенская обл. В 1920 образована независимая Латвийская Республика. В июле 1940 на терр. Л. введены сов. войска; 21 июля 1940 образована ЛатвССР, с авг. 1940 – в составе СССР. С весны 1990 – Латвийская Республика (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).В 12–13 вв. герм. рыцари завоевали терр. совр. Л.; в 1306 евреям было запрещено селиться в созданном на этой терр. Ливонском гос-ве. Однако обнаруженные близ Митавы (совр. Елгава) еврейские надгробия 14 в., а также бухгалтерская запись от 1536 рижского купца о продаже «еврею Якову» ткани и одежды свидетельствуют о том, что запрет не всегда соблюдался. После распада Ливонского гос-ва в Курляндском герцогстве и Лифляндии гильдии нем. купцов и ремесленников, опасаясь конкуренции из-за ожидаемого наплыва евреев из Польского кор-ва и Вел. кн-ва Литовского, добились включения в соглашение о капитуляции (28 нояб. 1561) запрета евреям «заниматься в Ливонии торговлей и откупом налогов и пошлин», а также пользоваться какими-либо правами. Однако именно во 2-й пол. 16 в. евреи из Речи Посполитой стали развивать торг. деятельность в Лифляндии. Города, особенно Рига, ходатайствовали об изгнании евреев (в 1593 евреям было запрещено проживать в Риге). Но евреи не покидали страну, приезжая в т. ч. и в Ригу. Курляндское герцогство, заинтересованное в увеличении доходов в гос. казну, стремилось привлечь туда евреев. Несмотря на сопротивление церкви, купечества и ремесленников, в обход указа 1306 и обязательства 1561 евреям было разрешено проживать в герцогстве на правах «иностранцев».Иным было положение евреев Пилтенской обл. Для увеличения доходов от своих владений (до продажи владений в 1559 датскому королю) епископ разрешил селиться в области богатым евреям. Проживание в епископстве, личном владении датского, а с 1585 – польск. королей, освобождало евреев от мн. ограничений; они получили право постоянного проживания, организации общины (первой на терр. Курляндии), занятия торговлей и ремеслами. По мнению нек-рых историков, с 1570 евреи пользовались правом гражданства.В Латгалии евреи поселились позднее, чем в др. областях Л. Во 2-й пол. 17 в. часть польско-литовского еврейства, уцелевшая во времена «хмельнитчины» и бесчинств рус.-казацкого войска, осела в Латгалии. В 16–17 вв. евреи занимались здесь откупом таможенных пошлин, арендой корчем, посредничеством, мелкой торговлей, а также торговлей лесом и зерном, коробейничеством.В кон. 17 в. в Курляндском герцогстве задолжавший кр. суммы герцог Фридрих Казимир был вынужден отдать евреям на откуп пошлины. Изданный в 1713 по требованию горожан указ герцога Фердинанда об изгнании евреев из страны был исполнен лишь в Митаве. Не полностью выполнялись и дополнит. указы (дек. 1713 и март 1714), предписывавшие евреям под угрозой ареста и ежедневного штрафа в один талер покинуть герцогство в теч. шести недель. Пребывание евреев в герцогстве при условии уплаты в казну ежегодного налога в 400 талеров было фактически разрешено мандатом в 1719 (отменен в 1739). Однако часть еврейского населения была вынуждена покинуть Курляндию после решения ландтага (дек. 1727) об изгнании евреев из-за накопившихся у них к тому времени недоимок в 2 тыс. талеров.В 1737 герцогом Курляндии стал Э.И.Бирон. В его отсутствие (он постоянно жил в Санкт-Петербурге) финансами герцогства управлял придворный еврей Л. Липман. После ссылки Бирона в Сибирь (1741) отношение к евреям ухудшилось, хотя постановления об их изгнании, как и раньше, не выполнялись. Б. ч. евреев из-за запрещения постоянно жить на одном месте скиталась по стране в поисках источников существования. В 1760 был принят указ об изгнании евреев; все они были обязаны покинуть Курляндию в теч. шести недель, а посещение ими герцогства на неск. дней для торговли допускалось лишь с особого разрешения властей. Евреи смогли вернуться в герцогство в 1762, после возвращения Курляндии под власть Бирона. В 1782 земский сейм предоставил евреям право пребывания в герцогстве.В Пилтенской обл. в 1717 евреи были обложены ежегодной подушной податью в два, с 1719 – в четыре талера. Изданные указы (1727, 1730, 1731 и 1738) об изгнании евреев не были приведены в исполнение, но нек-рая часть еврейского населения покинула область. В 1750 Польск. сейм разрешил евреям «пребывать» в области за ежегодную подать в 1 тыс. талеров, сбором к-рой занимались еврейские откупщики. Кол-во евреев в области резко сократилось, и в 1783 подати были уменьшены: ежегодно 400 талеров платили в казну и каждые 3 мес. 40 талеров – муниципалитетам.В Латгалии в кон. 17 – нач. 18 в. большинство евреев проживало в селах, относительно большое число их проживало в гор. Динабурге (совр. Даугавпилс), Крейцбурге (совр. Крустпилс), Краславе. Среди осн. занятий евреев преобладали аренда поместий, ремесла.После присоединения к Рос. империи Риги, а затем Лифляндии все прежние постановления о евреях остались в силе. В 1727 был издан указ об удалении евреев из Рос. империи. В 1742 издан новый указ об изгнании евреев (подтверждавший указ 1727). Против выступили дворянство и купечество Риги, предвидя ущерб торг. деятельности. Протесты были отвергнуты, и в марте 1743 подавляющее большинство евреев было вынуждено уехать. С воцарением Екатерины II положение евреев не изменилось. В 1764 указом губернатора запрещалось нанимать евреев на любую работу; в 1766 губернатор приказал евреям в теч. месяца покинуть Лифляндию. В 1772 терр. Латгалии была присоединена к Рос. империи (входила в состав Псковской, с 1777 – Полоцкой, с 1802 – Витебской губ.). Положение евреев до 1778 определялось декретом 1772, где было оговорено, что «общины евреев будут пользоваться религ. и обществ. правами, к-рыми они до сих пор обладали».В 1795 Курляндское герцогство и Пилтенская обл. вошли в состав Рос. империи. Таким образом, вся терр. совр. Л. оказалась в составе России.В 1799 евреи Курляндии получили право на жительство (с ежегодным обновлением паспорта), занятие торговлей и ремеслами (с уплатой налогов вдвое больших, чем платили христиане), на вступление в гильдии, учреждение религ. общин, постройку синагог и приобретение под них и еврейские кладбища земельных участков, устройство ритуальных скотобоен, равные с др. гражданами права на участие в выборах.Согласно принятому рос. положению о евреях (1804), указ 1791 об ограничении права на жительство евреев не распространялся на Лифляндскую и Курляндскую губ. Однако по требованию бюргеров сенат России постановил, что закон 1799 относится лишь к евреям Курляндии, прожившим на ее терр. до его издания; в результате Курляндская и Лифляндская губ. в черту оседлости не вошли. Согласно этому же положению евреи были выселены из деревень и сел Витебской губ. (бывш. Латгалия) и сконцентрированы в городах и местечках черты оседлости, что привело мн. из них к обнищанию.В 1835 было принято положение, ставшее осн. законом, определявшим права еврейского населения Курляндской и Лифляндской губ., и остававшееся в силе до распада Рос. империи. Положение 1835 разрешало евреям этих двух губерний постоянное жительство, занятие торговлей, ремеслами и свободными профессиями, но запрещало евреям-ремесленникам обучать ремеслу кого-либо, кроме своих сыновей (пункт отменен в 1850). Покинувшим край запрещалось когда-либо возвращаться. Запрещалось переселение в эти губернии евреев из др. областей Рос. империи.В 1840 св. 2,5 тыс. курляндских евреев переселились в с.-х. поселения на юге России. При проведенном в 1893 по всей России массовом водворении на место евреев, покинувших черту оседлости, евреи, нелегально поселившиеся в Лифляндской и Курляндской губ., получили разрешение остаться там. Осн. занятия курляндских евреев в 18–19 вв. – торговля, нелегальное посредничество, ремесла, коробейничество, винокурение, аренда корчем. Однако пребывание евреев в губернии не имело юридич. основания.В Витебской губ. евреи составляли 71% ремесленников. Среди ремесел наиболее распространенными были портняжное, обувное, столярное, слесарное. Земледелием занималось 3,3% евреев. По данным ЕКО, 18,5% еврейских семей нуждались в материальной помощи, и этот процент постоянно увеличивался. В Динабурге работали 2 еврейские профшколы, частично субсидируемые ОРТом и ЕКО. Во всех городах функционировали хедеры и талмуд-торы традиц. типа. Еврейство Латгалии принимало активное участие в деятельности орг-ций Бунда и «Поалей Цион», рев. выступлениях 1905, еврейской самообороне, сионистском движении.Среди раввинов Курляндии и Лифляндии были известны М.Элиасберг, А.И.Кук, Л.Б.Овчинский, Латгалии – раввин Двинска Меир-Симха га-Коген (1842–1926) и И.Розин. Видное место в религ.-сионистском движении Латгалии занимала семья Дон-Ихье. В Л. работали видные деятели еврейской культуры: историки Р.И.Вундербар (1812–1868), И.Иоффе (1871–?), композитор и музыковед Ш.Розовский и др.С кон. 19 в. в Л. активно действовали еврейские партии и обществ. орг-ции: Бунд, ОПЕ и др. Во всех четырех Гос. Думах от Курляндии было по одному депутату-еврею. Евреи Л. деятельно участвовали в сионистском движении. Группы «Ховевей Цион» работали в Риге, Либаве (совр. Лиепая), Двинске, Крейцбурге и др.; члены этого движения были среди основателей Хадеры в кон. 19 в. и мн. кибуцев в 20 в.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. выработался тип «курляндского еврея», для к-рого родным был нем. яз. Евреи Латгалии принадлежали к литовско- белорус. еврейству; большое влияние на них оказывал любавичский хасидизм.В нач. 20 в. евреи Л. активно развивали экспорт леса в Великобританию; впоследствии эта отрасль стала одной из ведущих в Л.Перед 1-й мир. войной на терр. Л. проживало ок. 190 тыс. евреев (7,4%). В кон. апр. – нач. мая 1915 евреи были высланы из Курляндии. С выселением евреев была ликвидирована мануфактурная и хлебная пром-сть. Всего во время войны было выселено во внутр. губернии России 75% евреев Л.В 1919, при кратковременном сов. пр-ве, мн. евреи вернулись в Л.; численность еврейского населения увеличилась за счет иммиграции в Л. евреев из разл. губерний России.В 1920 в Л. проживало 79 644 еврея (5%), в 1925 – 95 675, в 1930 – ок. 95 тыс., в 1935 – 93 470 евреев (4,8%).В 1925–35 из Л. выехало ок. 6200 евреев, св. 4500 из них – в Э.-И. Местные власти и сионистские орг-ции оказывали помощь переселенцам в Э.-И., уезжавшим из Л. через портовые города.В 1919 евреи Л. получили культурную автономию. Еврейский отдел при Мин-ве просвещения, руководивший широкой сетью школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише, возглавлял инженер Я.Ландау. Большинство школ с преподаванием на идише находились в ведении Центр. еврейской школьной орг-ции, школы с преподаванием на иврите – в ведении орг-ции «Га-Море», объединявшей учителей-сионистов. В 1920 в Л. было 8 еврейских гимназий (950 уч-ся); пр-во Л. содержало 2 еврейские гимназии, еврейские органы самоуправления – 1, еврейские орг-ции – 3, частн. лица – 2 гимназии. В 1922 в Л. – 52 еврейских нар. школы (8117 уч-ся); местное самоуправление содержало 31 школу. В 1928–29 в 85 нач. еврейских школах обучалось ок. 10,5 тыс. детей, работали 599 учителей. Действовали 4 проф. школы (300 уч-ся, 37 преподавателей). Преподават. кадры готовили в гос. ин-тах. Функционировали курсы для воспитателей дет. садов, нар. ун-ты, вечерние школы для рабочей молодежи, просветит. клубы, т-р на идише (с 1927). Выходили газеты на идише: «Дос Фолк», «Фриморгн», «Овнт пост» (в провинции – «Моргн пост»), еженед. «Найер фрайтиг» и др. Известны были Я.-З.-В.Э.Лаецкий-Бертольди – ред. «Дос Фолк» и «Фриморгн»; Я.Гельман, И.Винник (1895–1942, ум. в лагере в Сибири) – видный сионистский и обществ. деятель, один из основателей и ред. газ. «Идише фолькштиме», ред. газ. «Дос Фолк», «Унзер вег», «Дер Руф» и «Фриморгн». Журналисты-евреи активно печатались в рус. газ. «Сегодня» и «Сегодня вечером».Важнейшими еврейскими политич. партиями Л. 1920–30-х гг. являлись партии общих сионистов, сионистов-ревизионистов (Л. была первой страной, где в дек. 1923 после визита З.Жаботинского были созданы партия сионистов-ревизионистов и Бейтар), Мизрахи, «Цеирей Цион», «Нац. демократы», Бунд, «Агудат Исроэль». Со времени образования независимой Л. эти партии имели своих представителей в органах гос. власти, среди к-рых М.Дубин, М.Я.Лазерсон, Н.Майзель (1891–1956), П.М.Минц, М.Нурок. Еврейские партии были представлены в Нац. совете (7 деп. в 1918–20), Учредит. собрании (8 деп. в 1920–22). В 4 парламентах, действовавших в Л. в 1923–33, число депутатов-евреев постоянно уменьшалось (6 чел. в 1-м парламенте, 5 – во 2 и 3-м, 3 – в 4-м).В Л. работали сионистские, молодежные и спорт. орг-ции: Бейтар, «Гордония» (отделилась в 1930 от рус. филиала «Га-Шомер га-Цаир»), «Нецах», «Ге-Халуц», «Хашмонаи», «Галилея», «Ге-Хавер», «Га-Шахар», «Герцлия», «Цофим», «Маккаби», «Га-Коах» и др. «Нецах» (в 1932 – 1800 чел. в 29 гор. и местечках Л.) и Бейтар имели земледельч. фермы для подготовки желающих заниматься с. х. трудом в Э.-И.; на принадлежавшем Бейтару судне проходила стажировку молодежь, готовившаяся заниматься в Э.-И. мореходством. Активную деятельность в Л. развернули ОЗЕ, запрещенное на терр. СССР, а также еврейские больничные кассы. Финансовую помощь оказывали еврейские ссудные кассы.В 1920-х – нач. 1930-х гг. евреи Л. способствовали возобновлению экспорта леса (75% всего латвийского экспорта был почти полностью в руках евреев) и льна, развитию деревообрабатывающей, пищевой, табачной, текстильной, кожевенной и обувной пром-сти. Евреями был организовал импорт в Л. нефтепродуктов и каменного угля. Им принадлежали крупнейшие банки (в 1924 в 6 банках, основанных евреями, было сконцентрировано 60% всех банковских капиталов Л.). Банкиры-евреи обеспечили приток в экономику Л. капиталовложений из Великобритании, Германии, США, Швеции и др. стран. В 1930 в средней и мелкой торговле были заняты 48,6% евреев, в пром-сти – 28,7%, 7,3% составляли юристы, врачи, журналисты, 2,2% евреев Л. работали на транспорте, 1,1% – в с. х-ве. Однако доступ евреев на службу в гос. учреждения был закрыт. В 1931 в объединении еврейских кооп. об-в было 15 800 чел. При поддержке ЕКО и Джойнта была создана сеть еврейских кредитных банков и ссудных касс.После гос. переворота в Л. (май 1934) еврейская культурная автономия была ограничена. Еврейские политич. партии были объявлены вне закона (за искл. Бейтара и «Агудас Исроэль», к-рым пр-во поручило руководство всей системой еврейских школ). Светские школы с преподаванием на идише, находившиеся под влиянием Бунда, были закрыты; программы светских школ с преподаванием на иврите были пересмотрены в сторону усиления религ. направления. В 1934–40 евреи юридически не подвергались дискриминации, однако на практике пр-во К.Ульманиса проводило антиеврейскую экономич. политику. Тяжело отразилось на евреях Л. введение гос. монополии на хлеботорговлю, лишение еврейских коопераций гос. поддержки, ограничения на получение евреями кредита в гос. банках, обложение их более высокими налогами по сравнению с неевреями. Часть еврейских банков, пром. пр-тий и торг. фирм была национализирована.В 1930-х гг. фашистские орг-ции Л. активно вели антисемитскую пропаганду и устраивали антиеврейские демонстрации.В 1939, к нач. 2-й мир. войны, в Л. проживало ок. 95 тыс. евреев. После включения Л. в состав СССР остатки еврейской автономии были ликвидированы. Лит-ра на иврите и сам язык были объявлены вне закона; книги на иврите изымались из библиотек. Преподавание в школах было переведено на идиш, на к-ром издавались правительств. газ. «Камф», двухнед. «Ойфбой» и функционировал еврейский т-р. Ок. 5 тыс. активистов еврейских партий и обществ. орг-ций, представителей крупной и средней буржуазии были высланы в разл. р-ны Сибири.К 8 июля 1941 Л. была оккупирована частями вермахта. На оккупированной терр. оказалось ок. 75 тыс. евреев. Небольшая часть евреев Л. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны СССР. Активное участие в уничтожении евреев принимали латышские националисты. 4 июля 1941 члены «Перконкрустса» сожгли в Хоральной синагоге Риги 500 евреев, бежавших из Шяуляя. В тот же день в Риге местными националистами было сожжено и уничтожено более 20 синагог. Летом – осенью 1941 члены литовских националистич. формирований на спец. автобусах выезжали в провинцию, разыскивая и убивая евреев и коммунистов в Абрене (совр. Пыталово), Балви, Бауске, Валке, Вилянах, Екабпилсе, Елгаве, Круспилсе, Кулдиге, Резекне, Талси, Тукумсе. Только в Вилянах 4 авг. 1941 националистами было уничтожено ок. 400 евреев. В расстреле евреев Вентспилса участвовали только латыши.27 июня 1941 частями вермахта были произведены расстрелы в окрестностях Елгавы и Лиепаи, 8 июля 1941 началась «акция» в Даугавпилсе. К сер. дек. 1941 в Л. было уничтожено более 70 тыс. евреев. В этот период была проведена стерилизация сотен латышских женщин, состоявших в браке с евреями; неск. десятков мужчин-полукровок были кастрированы. 23 окт. и 21 нояб. 1941 в Риге были произведены массовые расстрелы евреев – подданных нейтральных стран (Ирана, гос-в Юж. и Сев. Америки, вкл. США). В гетто Риги (где к кон. нояб. 1941 было ок. 38 тыс. заключенных) в живых осталось 2500 чел., в гетто Даугавпилса – 950 чел. В кон. июня 1942 было создано гетто Лиепаи (ок. 800 заключенных). С дек. 1941 гетто Риги стало местом концентрации и последующего уничтожения евреев из Австрии, Германии, Чехословакии. Только в дек. 1941 туда было направлено 19 тыс. чел. Всего через гетто Риги прошло 25 тыс. евреев из др. стран. В Рижском гетто действовало подполье, в к-ром активную роль играли евреи-полицейские (расстреляны осенью 1942). Обнаружив в гетто склад оружия, фашисты расстреляли 300 евреев и ускорили ликвидацию гетто. Группы Сопротивления действовали и в гетто Даугавпилса. В окт. 1943 гетто на терр. Л. были ликвидированы, уцелевшие узники были переведены в концлагеря Кайзервальд и Саласпилс, пригород Риги. Большинство из них были расстреляны накануне прихода частей РККА или отправлены в Освенцим, концлагерь Штутгоф (Германия), разл. концлагеря на терр. Л. и Эстонии. Общее число жертв на терр. Л. (с учетом беженцев из Шяуляя и евреев из др. городов Литвы) составляет ок. 77 тыс. чел. Неск. тыс. евреев Л. воевали в рядах РККА (в т. ч. в т. н. Латышской дивизии), партиз. отрядах. К моменту освобождения в Л. оставалось в живых 150 евреев.В 1945–46 в Л. действовала орг-ция «Бриха», занимавшаяся нелег. выездом евреев в Э.-И. В 1959 в Л. проживало 36 600 евреев (1,75%); из них ок. 10 тыс. – уроженцы Л., остальные – выходцы из др. мест СССР. Ок. 48% евреев Л. считали родным языком идиш, ок. 50% – рус. и неск. сотен евреев – латыш. яз.В кон. 1960-х гг. Л. становится одним из центров пробуждения нац. самосознания евреев СССР. В 1970 в Риге вышло 2 номера первого журн. еврейского «самиздата» «Итон», в 1979–85 – ок. 10 номеров журн. еврейского «самиздата» «Хаим» и 4 номера журн. правого направления «Дин у-мациут».В 1970–90-х гг. тысячи евреев Л. выехали в Германию, Израиль, США и др. страны.В 1979 в Л. проживало ок. 28 тыс. евреев, в 1989 – 22 900, в 1996 – 14 551, в 2002 – 10 190 евреев.В начавшейся в кон. 1980-х гг. борьбе за восстановление независимости Л. принимали активное участие Маврик Вульфсон, Абрам Клецкиц, Григорий Крупников, Рута Марьяш, Борис Цилевич и др.В 1988 было образовано Латвийское об-во еврейской культуры (ЛОЕК). В 1990–2003 гл. раввин Риги и Л. был представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Натан Зусманович Баркан (1923–2003). В 1998 создан Центр изучения иудаики Латвийского ун-та (пред. Р.Фербер), в 2003 – Совет еврейских общин Л. (пред. – Аркадий Сухаренко). В 2003 действовали общины в Вентспилсе, Екабпилсе, Елгаве, Лиепае, Лудзе, Резекне, Риге, Талси. (См. ст. об отд. гор. Л.), extra_data="{'translat...")
LAUKUWA, a place in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lavkovo Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 418 Jews (55%) lived in Lithuania, in 1923 - 305 (42%), in 1940 - approx. 300 Jews (approx. 37%) Jews began to settle in Lithuania in the 18th century. In the end. 19th century There was a synagogue, a Talmud Torah, and a Jewish cemetery in L. x years. in L. worked a school of the "Tarbut" network, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish, Jewish Nar. bank. At the same time, the departure of the Jews of L. to the USA, Yuzh. Africa and E.-I. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The community had social assistance organizations and philanthropists. institutions (including "Linas ha-Tzedek", credit. t-in). In the 1930s. most of the Jews of L. were engaged in trade. In 1931 they owned 6 out of 7 shops, 4 mills, a wool workshop, a bakery, and a sawmill. A small number of Jews were engaged in crafts and s. After the occupation of Lithuania by Wehrmacht units on June 29, 1941, all Jewish men were taken to a labor camp in Mastovarn, from where in July 1943 the survivors were sent to Auschwitz. July 12, 1941 Jewish women and children of L. and those around us. points were taken to the Giruliai camp, where on August 30. 1941, 1,580 Jews were killed; the survivors were deported to the Telšiai ghetto and on 24 December. 1941 shot in Rainiai.
LAUKZHAMES, a place in Klaipeda u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lavkozhemy Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. Jews lived in Lithuania from the beginning. 19th century There was a Jewish cemetery in L. Later, the Jews were expelled from L., most of them moved to Dorbyany (present-day Darbenai). In July 1941, ca. 10 Jews.
LAVI (Levkovich) Shlomo (1882, Plonsk, Plock province - 1963, Ein Harod, Israel), politician. From 1905 in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. and prom. workers. In 1920 L. - in "Gdud ha-Avoda", in 1921 participated in the creation of the kibbutzim Ein Harod and Tel Yosef. In 1927 one of the founders of the "Ha-Kibbutz ha-meuhad" movement. In 1942 he volunteered for the Jewish Brigade, which operated as part of the British. army. In 1953 one of the founders and leaders of the Mapai party; delegate pl. Zionist, Congr., one of the founders of the Histadrut, dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations. Author Sat. publicistic. Art. (1944), stories, book. on the history of kibbutz Ein Harod (1947), autobiogr. rum. The Repatriation of Shalom Laiish (1956).
LAVKOVO, see Laukuva.
LUKOZHEMES, see Laukjames.
LAVOCHKIN Semyon Alekseevich (Aizikovich) (1900, Smolensk - 1960, Moscow), aircraft designer. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Major General Aviation Engineer service (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956). He served in Kr. Army until 1920. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. He worked (until 1929) at P.E. Richard's Design Bureau (French engineer, invited to Moscow to build a seaplane), where he dealt with issues of aircraft strength. At the Central Design Bureau of V.A. Chizhevsky, he designed a stratospheric aircraft with a pressurized cabin. Since 1935 - Ch. aircraft construction designer, since 1939 hands. KB, since 1956 - gene. constructor. In the beginning. 1940s supervised the creation of fighter aircraft: LaGG-3 (1940), La-5 (1942), La-7 (1944), which showed high combat qualities during the war years 1941-45 and played an important role in the course of the war. action. In 1946–49 he created new jet technology, incl. jet fighters La-150 and La-160 - the first owls. jet fighter with swept wing 1060 km / h. In 1949, the La-176 aircraft was created at the Leningrad Design Bureau, the first in the USSR to reach the speed of sound, and then the La-190 supersonic fighter and the all-weather La-200. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3-5th convocations (1950-60). Became. pr. (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948). He was awarded 6 orders.
LAVOCHNOE, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1591 as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Striyskiy povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 - in Stanislavskaya Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 140 Jews lived in Leningrad. In 1916, 3 Jews were deported from Leningrad to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil). In the summer of 1941 L . occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 2 aug. 1942 in Leningrad, all Jews in the village were shot.
LAVONSKY Shalom (1877, Kiev province - 1947), entrepreneur. Owner of a chain of mills in Ukraine. In 1900, L. took an active part in the activities of the Zionist. org-tions in Ukraine. From 1911 - in E.-I. In 1913 he took part in the work of the 11th Zionist. Congr. in Vienna. Member Central Committee of the Union of General Zionists. One of the founders and creators of gas. "Ga-Boker", bank "Ashray", was a member of the board of directors. He died in E.-I.
A. LAVRETSKY (real name and surname Iosif Moiseevich Frenkel) (1893, Vilna - 1964, Moscow), literary critic. He began to publish in provincial. press (1912). Early works dedicated. A.I. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev. In the 1920s and 30s. sotr. "Literary encyclopedia", "Literary heritage", zhurn. "Literary critic", hereinafter - Ying-that world. literature them. M. Gorky Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He paid much attention to the work of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, took part in the publishing house. his op., in preparation for the meeting. op. VG Belinsky, three-volume "History of Russian Literature" (1958–64). Works: Shchedrin - literary critic. M., 1935; Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov in the fight for realism. M., 1941; Belinsky's aesthetics. M., 1959; Aesthetic views of Russian writers. M., 1963.
LAVRI Mark (1904, Riga - 1967, Haifa), composer, conductor. Rod. in a family of musicians. Studied at the cons. Riga and Leipzig by class. php. and conducting, took comp. from A.K. Glazunov in Petrograd. In 1927–32 he worked in Germany, conducted symphony. orc. in Saarbrücken and Berlin. In 1932–35 hands. symph. orc. and orc. Lat. nat. operas in Riga. Has toured to many. European countries and Egypt. Since 1935 - in E.-I. In 1941–47, the conductor of the Palestinian People. opera, in 1947–49 - bunk. symph. orc. In 1950–59 he directed the music. part of the broadcasts of the radio station World. Zionist. org-tion, since 1962 - conductor of the Haifa Symphony. orc., Israeli Philharmonic. orc. and Israeli Orc. radio. L. - prez. Association comp. Israel, author approx. 350 muses. op. Among the products. - op. Dan the Guardian (1945) and Tamar and Yehuda (1958); oratorios, cantatas; program symphony, including Warsaw Ghetto (1945) and Liberation (1949); symph. the poems Emek (1937), Stalingrad (first performed in 1946 in Moscow) and Carmel (1963); overture; concerts with orc. - for piano, violin and viola; suites - "Israeli Country Dances" and "Gideon" for orc .; chamber instr. ensembles; pieces for FP.
LAVROV Nikolai Mikhailovich (real name and surname Naum Markovich Shinkover) (| - 1934, Samara), opera singer (tenor). In 1907-17 he performed at the theater. scenes of Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Saratov, Tiflis, Petersburg, Kiev, Astrakhan, in the 1920s and 30s. - Kiev and Samara. Main parts: Herman, Lensky (The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin by PI Tchaikovsky), Raul (The Huguenots by J. Meyerbeer), Alfred (La Traviata by G. Verdi), Duke (Rigoletto by Verdi); Lohengrin ("Lohengrin" by R. Wagner).
LAVSTON (Loveston) Jay (present, name and surname Yaakov Liebstein) (1898 - |), politician. In children. of age came with his parents to the United States, lived in New York. In his youth, he joined the left wing of the Socialist. US party. In 1919, one of the founders of the Communist Party of America, in 1927-29 the general. secret, created the theory of "Amer. communism ", according to the cut of the United States are" atypical case "and the fall of capitalism should not be expected in the country. L.'s theory was sharply criticized by the Comintern, L. was expelled from the party and soon created an opposition. the Communist Party, which later joined the Labor League. From the beginning. 1930s L. - one of the prominent figures. trade union movements in the USA. During the Korean War, he participated in the CIA's operations to create. agent network within the intern. associations slave. parties, later spoke in support of the military. US shares in Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Vietnam, seeing them as a means of fighting the communists. expansion.
LAVUT Alexander Pavlovich (b. 1929, Moscow), human rights activist. The son of P.I. Lavyma. Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1951). He taught on Wednesdays. uch. institutions (Kazakhstan) and universities (Moscow), in 1966–69 he worked in the lab. mat. methods of geology of Moscow State University. Since 1969 - member. Initiative gr. protection of human rights, participant in the fight against the persecution of dissidents, nat. and religion. movements, including the movement of the Crimean Tatars for the return to Crimea. Among others, he expressed an open protest against the court verdict against the demonstrators in Red Square in connection with the Sov. armed invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968). 1974–80 jointly. with TM Velikanova, SA Kovalev and others, the compiler of the "Chronicle of Current Events". In 1980 he was sentenced to 3 years in prison. At the end of his term of imprisonment, he was sentenced to 5 years of exile. After serving his sentence, he returned to Moscow, since 1987 a programmer at the Center. geophysis. expedition, continued to work in societies. human rights organizations.
LAVUT Pavel Ilyich (1898, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1979, Moscow), writer. The son of a merchant of the first guild, owner of a bookstore and a small printing house. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche (1918). In the beginning. 1920s was an actor, drove around with t-rami on decomp. cities. Then he worked as an administrator, organizer of touring trips, in particular, numerous. tour of V.V. Mayakovsky across the country. Organized lit. evenings at the Moscow State University club and the Writers' Union. He opened a paid lecture hall at Moscow State University and attracted prominent scientists and cultural figures to participate in it. He promoted the work of Mayakovsky, speaking with memories of him. Author of the memoirs "Mayakovsky Rides the Union" (Moscow, 1963).
LAYBISHKES, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1854 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Laibishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 it was the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898, 103 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1905 there were 116 Jews. there was a synagogue in L. In 1898 Jews owned 208 dess. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Lithuania were sent to the Vilnius ghetto and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
LAYBISHKI, see. Laibishkes.
LAYLASHI, a village in Tsagersky district (Georgia). Izv. from the 18th century In 1803-1857 it was part of the Megrelian kn-v. Since 1857 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Lechkhum u. Kutaisi province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1886 497 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 464 (54.3%), in 1904 - 609, in 1908 - approx. 500, in 1910 - 491, in 1926 - 533, in 1939 - 235, in 1959 - 39, in 1970 - 20 Jews. According to legend, 40 Jewish fumes moved to Leningrad from Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe) at the beginning. 16th century; according to another version, the Jews, exhausted by the difficult road, stopped for the night in the town, which became their post. a haven and got its name from the Hebrew word "layla" - night. In the 2nd floor. 18th century some of the Jews were resettled from L. to Bandzu and Sujun. Osn. The occupations of the Jewish population of Lithuania were trade, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Until 1865, the Jews of Lithuania were serfs of the princes Dadiani and Gelovani, as well as of a number of monasteries, in favor of which they carried the meaning. duty. In the 1860s. a new synagogue was built in Leningrad. A 12th-century Torah scroll was kept in Latvia. (the so-called Lailash, or Svanetian, Bible, is now in the State Museum in Tbilisi), to which local Jews attributed miraculous properties. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Jews L. several. once became victims of the "blood libel." In 1917, a building of villages was built in Leningrad with the funds of Yakov Sepiashvili (1867–1919). uch-schA. On the initiative of Ilya Modzgvrishvili, a post office, a telegraph office was created, and a library began to work. The synagogue was closed in 1923 (reopened in 1924). In 1929, a department of Evcombed was created, with the help of which a number of Jewish artels and workshops were opened (including sewing and shoe workshops). In the 1920s. the resettlement of Jews from L. to kr began. cities of Georgia (formerly in Kutaisi). In 1945 there was a synagogue in Leningrad, the rabbi was Yelo Aronovich Khaliashvili (1885–?). On weekdays 60 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - up to 120 people. In 1999 there was one Jewish family living in Leningrad. Ilya Davidovich Sepiashvili (1904-1971, Kutaisi), Knight of the Order. Glory of 3 degrees.D.M. Khananashvili
LINER Abram Ilyich (1904, Litin, Podolsk province - 1973, Moscow), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1950), prof. (1952). Brother V.I. and D.I. Linerov. Graduated from Moscow. horn, academy (1927). Since 1938 head. Department of Light Metals Metallurgy Mosk. in-that non-ferrous metals and gold, since 1954 prof. Moscow in-that steel. Main tr. dedicated technologies of production of alumina; developed methods for desiliconization of aluminate solutions, methods for obtaining rare metal concentrates. Author of over 400 scientific. Works, Vol .: Alumina production. M., 1961.
LINER David Ilyich (b. 1909, Litin, Podolsk province), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1957). Brother A.I. and V.I. Linerov. Graduated from Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold (1937), from 1938 he taught there. The creator of a new direction in the technology of obtaining metals and alloys, taking into account the effect of small additives and impurities on the properties of the materials obtained. Under the arm. L. in 1952 created a new alloy SKM (Soviet cuprox copper). direction of tr. - research. structure of electrodeposited alloys, structure and properties of semiconductor. materials, catalyst alloys chem. reactions, textures of metals and alloys, structure and technology of production of microzinc for polygraph. industry, technology of production of bimetals, multilayer materials, ultrathin foil (method of evaporation and condensation in vacuum), development of a method for metal deposition on nonmetal. Author of over 200 scientific. printed tr., 62 inventions. Became. pr. (1951). Etc. CM of the USSR (1952).
LINER Vladimir Ilyich (1899, Volochisk of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province - 1980, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electroplating. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. Brother A.I. and D.I. Linerov. After graduating from Ying-ta nar. x-va since 1930 in Ying-those tsv. metals and gold (later Ying-that steel and alloys). The founder of the application of electroplating in Russia. He developed the technology of two-layer chromium plating processes for textile production, tableware coatings (the so-called "white bronze" deposition), electrodeposition of precious metals on aluminum and its alloys. Author approx. 200 scientific. works. Cit .: Modern electroplating. M., 1967; Basics of electroplating. M., 1979 (jointly with N.T. Kudryavtsev).
LINER Yuri Abramovich (b. 1943, Moscow), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1988), prof. (1990). The son of A.I. Liner. Graduated from Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold (1957). Works in Ying-those metallurgy them. I.P. Bardin of the USSR Academy of Sciences. tr. dedicated issues of complex processing of aluminum-containing raw materials; development of methods for purification of sulfate, chloride, aluminate solutions from impurities, methods for the extraction of germanium concentrates from coal ash, for the production of aluminum oxychloride and oxysulfate for the purification of drinking water and waste water. Author of over 300 printed scientific. works, including 12 monographs. Works: Nifelins - complex raw materials for the aluminum industry. M., 1962 (co-authored with I.N. Kitler); Complex processing of aluminum-containing raw materials by acid methods. M., 1982.
LEINGER Svetlana Romanovna (1930, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Historian and orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1976). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953), since 1957 scientific. sotr. Institute of Sinology, then - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 60 scientific. works on the problems of Chinese emigration to the countries of D. East, South-East. Asia, Lat. America: From the history of the Chinese emigration movement: ser. XIX - early. XX century M., 1992.
LYONS Eugene (1898, Uzlyany of Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1985, New York), writer. Since 1907 - in the USA. Studied at Columbia University. He worked as a reporter (1919), freelance journalist in France and Italy (1920–21), ed. in illustr. ed. "Sov. Russia ”(1922–23), TASS bureau (1924–27), in 1928–34 corr. United Press in Moscow, ed. “Amer. Mercury "(1939–44)," Reader Digest "(since 1945). Prev Amer. to-that liberation from Bolshevism (1951–52). Among the products. L .: "The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti", 1927; Moscow Carousel, 1936; "A Quest in Utopia", 1937; "Stalin - the king of all Russia", 1940; “Our Secret Allies: People of Russia”, 1953, etc.
LAYZHEVO, see LAYZHEVO.
LAYZHUVA, a place in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Laizhevo, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1879, 75 Jews lived in Lithuania, in 1897 - 434 (46%), in 1923 - 127 (15%), in 1940 - 50 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the 1st half. 18th century During Polsk. the uprisings of 1831–32, the rebels forced the Jews of Lithuania to help them and forced the heads of the community to sign a document of loyalty to the rebels. In the 1860s. a synagogue functioned in L., and a Jewish cemetery was founded. The rabbis in L. were Yosef Grab, Yitzhok Grab, and Tsvi Pashdam (? –1922). the occupation of the Jews of Latvia in the 19th century - decomp. crafts, trade, including bristles. In the beginning. 20th century pl. Jews of L. left for the USA, Yuzh. Africa and E.-I. In 1931 the Jews of Lithuania owned a butcher, a manufacturing, and a hardware store. The Jewish population of Lithuania was exterminated in the summer of 1941.
LAZAR-LITAH Chaim (1914, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1997, Israel), journalist, public figure. In 1941–44 he was a member of the Resistance in the Vilna ghetto, com. partisas. detachments in the forests of Lithuania and Belarus. After the 2nd world. war one of the leaders of the operation "Briha" in Poland, Chl. sec. associations of refugees in Romania, led the Beitar movement in Italy, was engaged in the illegal dispatch of Jews to E.-I. From 1947 - in E.-I., published in decomp. ed. Sec. of the Kupat Holim le-ovdim leumim hospital fund. Prev Associations of former partisans. Member directorate "Yad Vashem". Since 1967 - Ch. ed. zhurn. “Publications of the Museum of Ghetto Fighters and Partisans”. Author pl. books. Lit. etc. them. Z. Zhabotinsky for the book. Afal pi (In spite of everything. Tel Aviv, 1957).
LAZAREV (real name Shindel) Lazar Ilyich (b. 1924, Kharkov), literary critic. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Since 1961 - Responsible. secretary, deputy. ch. ed., since 1992 ch. ed. zhurn. "Questions of Literature". The author of the book. about K.M.Simonov, V.V. Bykov, about the literature, dedicated. war 1941–45. Compiled by the 12-volume Collected Works. op. Simonov (1984–87), “Repr. about Ilya Ehrenburg "(1975, jointly with GA Bela). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1977).
LAZAREV Alexander Zakharovich (1870, Mirgorod, Poltava province - 1951, Kiev), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1921). Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (1893). In 1901–02 he improved his pediatrics in Germany. Participant in Russian-Japanese. and 1st world. wars. One of the creatures. Kiev clinic. in-that, in which since 1921 he headed the department of children. diseases; at the same time. (since 1930) was scientific. hands. Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection. In 1941–44 the head. Department of Pediatrics, Tomsk honey. Institute of Science. tr. L. dedicated problems children. neuropathology, phthisiology, children. infections, etc. Author of a monograph on tuberculosis in children and the manual "Semiotics and diagnostics of childhood diseases" (Kiev, 1947). One of the founders of the Kiev scientific. about children. doctors, later - before. and post. prev. this about-va. Member prez. and before. pediatric commission Uch. honey. Council of the People's Commissariat of Health (Ministry of Health) of the Ukrainian SSR. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1941).
LAZAREV Eduard Leonidovich (b. 1935, Sverdlovsk), composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions by S.S.Bogatyrev (1959). Since 1960 - in Chisinau, worked in the state. cultural institutions, including in 1970-72 in the repertoire-ed. Collegiums of the Ministry of Culture, in 1973–75 in script-ed. Collegiums of the Committee on Cinematography. Author of state. anthem of the MSSR (with the use of music by Sh. Nyaga, 1980). Main production: op. "Bedbug" (after VV Mayakovsky, Novosibirsk, 1963), "Summoned by the Revolution" (after Mayakovsky, 1970, Moscow, 1979), "Dragon" (after EL Schwartz, Chisinau, 1976); ball. "Cliff" (Kuibyshev, 1959), "Broken Sword" (ibid., 1960), "Antony and Cleopatra" (after W. Shakespeare, ibid., 1965), "Arabesque" (ibid., 1970), "Idol" (1980), "The Master and Margarita" (after MABulgakov, Tallinn, 1985); the cantatas “The Story of the Red Motel” (after IP Utkin, 1957), “Alive - on behalf of the dead” (text by IL Sel'vinsky, 1961); for symphony. orc. - "Moldavian Capriccio" (1959), Concerto for voice with orc. (1959), Concerto for php. with orc. (1959); Symph.-portrait with bass solo (1986); romances; music to c / f, etc. Nar. art. MSSR (1978). State pr. MSSR (1966).
LAZAREVA (nee Gdovskaya) Daria (Dora) Iosifovna (1867, Tavricheskaya province - |), singer. In 1875–80 she studied at Moscow. cons. from A. Alexandrova-Kochetova. In 1882–89 L. was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater, 1889–90 - a soloist of St. Petersburg. Mariinsky Imp. opera t-ra. She became famous for her performance of lyric opera parts. plan. Since 1890 she has given concerts in many places. mountains. Russia. From 1893 to ped. work; in 1903-13 she taught in the music. school V.Yu. Zograf-Plaksina.
LAZAREVKA, a village in the Monastyrisky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Lazarovka Buchach district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 19 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1900 - 29, in 1939 - 10 Jews. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942 the Jews of Leningrad were transported to Monastyrisk and to the end. oct. 1942, together with local Jews, were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
LAZAROV Yehuda-Leib (1868, Vorni Telshevsky u. Koven province - 1939, Paterson, USA), rabbi, publicist, folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi; traveled around the cities and towns of Zap. edge, speaking in synagogues. Since 1900 - in the USA. One of the organizers of the Jewish religion. education in the USA. L. - the author of books in parallel. texts (Hebrew-Yiddish) on Judaism. The first book. released in 1902 in Chicago. In 1913 he published a two-volume edition of his moralizing talks. In 1922–23 he published a weekly. "Di Bime" (42 issues published). In 1928 he published the "Encyclopedia of Jewish Jokes and Hasidic Sayings"; in 1934 - a collection of fables, proverbs and sayings in 7 volumes; translated the prayer book into Yiddish.
LAZAROVKA, see Lazarevka.
LAZDENEN, see Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Region.
LAZDIYAI, city (since 1579) in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1570. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-1815 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Lozde Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 363 Jews lived in Lithuania, in 1856 - 1546 (60%), in 1860 - 1520 (63%), in 1897 - 1439 (57 %), in 1923 - 1141 (48%), in 1939 - 1212 Jews (40%). Jews lived in L. from the end. 16th century All R. 16th century there was a Jewish cemetery in L. In 1718, King August II deprived Jews of the right to take part in city government. In the 19th century. a synagogue was built in L. The rabbis of Lithuania in the 19th century were Rabbi Abraham-Moshe (? –1825), from 1872 - Yehuda-Leib Ginzburg, Avrom Ioffe, from 1908 - the son of the last Yehuda-Leib (1862–?). In the 1880s. There was a Palestinophile circle in Leningrad. In 1914 Jews were expelled from Leningrad after the end of the First World War. During the war, Jews returned to the city. In 1918, a series of pogroms took place in Lithuania, connected with territorial disagreements between the Republic of Lithuania and Poland. occupations of the Jewish population in the beginning. 20 century were decomp. crafts and trade; Jews owned 3 mills, electric. station. OK. hundreds of families were employed in the village. x-ve. In the 1920s. pl. Jews left Latvia in the 1920s and 1930s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions: "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Beitar", "Maccabi", "Ha-Poel", "Tiferet bakhurim" and others. Various worked. philanthropist. org-tions: "Lehem Aniim", "Ezras Hoylim", credit. cash desk, department of the Jewish plank. bank, as well as a school of the network "Yavne" (300 students), yeshiva (50 students). There were four synagogues in Leningrad. The rabbi was Yakov-Arie Gerstein (? –1941). On June 22, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. 1941 the Jewish population of L. was destroyed. After 1945, a memorial plate with an inscription in lit. lang. In 1991, a monument was erected with inscriptions on lit. lang. and Yiddish. In L. genus. I.Yu. Achron.
LAZERSON Max (Maxim) (real name Matetiyahu) Yakovlevich (1887, Mitava, Courland province - 1951, New York), lawyer, politician. In 1916 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petrograd un-that; in 1917 he served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs Time. pr-va. Since 1920 in Latvia, he taught at Commerce. college in Riga. In the 1922-31's. - dep. latv. Diet from the Zionist, slave. party "Tsirei-Zion". After his arrest in 1934, he left for E.-I., where he taught at the School of Law and Economics in Tel Aviv. Since 1939 in the USA - an employee of the Ministry of Justice and prof. Columbia University; sotr. in Ying-those Jewish problems. Sci. tr. devoted to the theory and history of law, Jewish history, international legal relations. In Russian. lang. ed. book L. "To the international. statement of the Jewish question (with attached documents) "(Pg., 1917)," Nationality and state. system (Legal-political. Essays) "(Pg., 1918)," The right to banality. The experience of substantiating labor Zionism ”(Riga, 1925),“ General Theory of Law: An Introduction to the Study of Law ”(Riga, 1930),“ The Philosophy of Law of Maimonides ”(1939). Works: Voiny i mezhdunar. politics. Pg., 1917; Revolution and law. Riga, 1926; Mandate, Constitution and Legislation. Council of Palestine. Tel Aviv, 1936; Russia and Western peace. Tel Aviv, 1945.
LAZESHCHINA, a village in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in L. lived apprx. 70 Jews, in 1910 - 82 Jews. In May 1944 the Jews of Latvia were deported to Auschwitz.
LAZIK Isroel-Itzik (1916, Riga - 1942), publicist, playwright. He wrote poems, humoresques, dramas, sketches, printed them in communist. illegal. ed .; founded drama circles, to-rye staged his plays. After the occupation of Latvia, the Sov. troops became one of the leading sotr. daily gas. "Der kamf" (Riga), edited humorous. adj. to her "Reuter Fefer". In 1941 - at the front. Killed in battle.
LAZORKI, a village in the Orzhitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In the 1930s. In 1910, 12 Jewish families lived in Leningrad with the Zagrebeli farm; in 1939, 39 Jews lived in the Lazorkovsky district, and 3 Jews lived in Leningrad. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 2 Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LAZOVERT (Lyazovert) Samuel (1885 - 1937), politician. From 1904 - member. Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. Member Oct. events of 1917 in Moscow, part. Warsaw Committee (1910-12) and Ch. reign (1912-14) SDKPiL. In 1919, members. CEC of the Lithuanian-Belarusian Republic. In 1919–20 - secretary. and Chl. Polish Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In the 1920s and 30s. on desks. work in the Ukrainian SSR, then director. Institute of Polish proletarian culture VUAN. In 1935–37 he was a state arbiter at the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR. Member Central Control Commission KP (b) U (1927–34). In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
LAZURKINA Dora Abramovna (party ps. Sonya) (1884, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1974, Leingrad), politician. Member RSDLP since 1902. She led the party. work in Odessa, Yekaterinoslav, St. Petersburg, Moscow, was repeatedly arrested. Active participant in the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1908-17, members. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) Committee of the RSDLP (b), in 1917 member. Petrogr. mountains. thoughts. In 1918-22 on the responsible. work in the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, in 1922-28 head. Petrogr. (Leningrad) lips. (obl.) Soviet Union School, in 1928–32 dir. Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. AI Herzen, in 1934–37 head. dep. schools Leningrad. GK VKP (b). Delegate of the 6th congress of the RSDLP (b), the 17th congress of the CPSU (b), the 22nd congress of the CPSU. In 1937 she was repressed, spent 17 years in prison and exile.
LAZY, a city in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main all R. 19th century, from 1867 - railway station Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 234 Jews (15%) lived in Leningrad, in 1931 - approx. 300, in 1941 - 363 Jews (including refugees). Jews lived in Leningrad from the middle of the 19th century. Main occupations - small trade and crafts. In 1894, a sawmill operated in Leningrad (owner V. Beshinsky, manager Schm. Spiegel). On June 16, 1942, the Jews of Leningrad were deported to Auschwitz.
LEBEDEV Daniil Vladimirovich (b. 1915), biologist. Rod. in the family of a rural doctor. In 1938 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1941–45 - at the front, early. shooter headquarters. regiment, major. In 1945–49 head. b-coy Botanich. in-ta them. V.L. Komarov of the USSR Academy of Sciences; in 1949–53 deputy. and and. about. dir. Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad). Being an active opponent of T.D. Lysenko, he was repeatedly criticized. From 1953 - to Botanich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 1950s and 60s. actively collaborated with Botanich. zhurn. ".
LEBEDEV Lev Kuselevich (b. 1929, Nevel, Velikoluksky district of the Western region), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1976), prof. (1976). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad ped. in-ta them. M.N. Pokrovsky (1952). In 1952–62 he was a history teacher, in 1955–62 he was director. Wed schools in Chudovo, Novgorod region. In 1964 he graduated from the postgraduate course of the Department of General History of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute, taught there. In 1981–92 prof. Leningrad. Institute of advanced training of teachers of social sciences at Leningrad State University. Prev editorial board Scientific-methodical. associations on common problems ped. education ped. universities of Russia, deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Museums of Russia". Author approx. 140 scientific. works on the history of Germany, political science, political. theory and practice international. relations, theory of culture. Cit .: Politics of the SED in the region. culture. L., 1974; Political Science Program for Ped. in-tov. L., 1991.
LEBEDEV Victor Vladimirovich (b. 1940, Leningrad), Semitologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1980). In 1962 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1962–90 he was the curator of the Hebrew manuscript. fund, since 1982 also head. sector east. manuscripts of the State. publ. libraries of the USSR. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. At the same time. lecturer at Leningrad State University (1972–73, 1982–84), where for the first time in the USSR he read a special course "Jewish Manuscripts". Initiator created and dir. Institute of Judaism and Jewish Culture in Leningrad (1991–92). Researcher of the handwritten and folklore heritage of the Middle East. Jews and Arabs, discovered unknown. records of folklore of the 14-18th centuries L. - the author of a large number of scientific. tr. on the history of Jewish culture and cultural relationships of the peoples of Bl. East, arabespeaker researcher. works by Jewish authors, including catalogs "Arab documents of the IX-XX centuries." (1978). L. described and under his editorship. ed. the documents are in Arab. lang. east dep. Nar. library "Cyril and Methodius" in Sofia (1984). Participated in writing collective tr. "Semitic languages" (issue 2, 1965), "Books. Archives. Autographs ”(Moscow, 1973) and others. Since 1992 - in Israel. Works: Late Middle Arabic language (XIII-XVI11 centuries). M., 1977; Arabic Works in Jewish Graphics: Catalog of Manuscripts. L., 1987.
LEBEDEVKA (until 1960 - Sloboda-Chernetskaya), a village in Novograd-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Chernitsa Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Leningrad (14 people) were deported to Novograd-Volynskiy and shot there.
LEBEDEVO, a village in the Molodechno district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847, 470 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 1232 (54.1%), in 1921 - approx. 900 Jews. In 1913 a Jew belonged to a unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. 5 Sep 1915 a pogrom broke out in Leningrad, staged by the Cossack units of the Rus. army; Jewish houses and shops were plundered, the Torah scrolls were desecrated. in L. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Leningrad. On July 24, 1942, ghetto prisoners (949 people) were shot in the vicinity of L. In 1968, a stele was installed on the grave of the shot.
LEBEDIN, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chigirinsky district Kiev province. In 1816, approx. 280 Jews (about 10%), in 1899 - 120 Jews. In 1816 the Jews of Latvia owned 3 mills and 5 shops. In the beginning. 20th century a sugar plant was built (owner Brodsky). In 1914 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, iron-scrap, timber industry, 6 manufactory, 19 grocery stores. Unity. the doctor in L. was a Jew. In May 1919 a pogrom took place in L.; Jewish houses, shops, and also a sugar plant were destroyed; 70 families in the village and 28 people. at the sugar plant were killed. 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Shpola and in the middle. 1942 killed along with local Jews.
LEBEDINTSY, a village in the Srebnyansk region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad.
LEBEDYAN, a city (since 1613), a regional center in the Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 16th century From 1708 - in the Azov province, from 1725 - in the Voronezh province, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1910, 82 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1926 - 53 (0.4%), in 1939 - 26 Jews. In 1910 a Jewish cemetery operated in Leningrad. In 1915, approx. 240 Jewish refugees, including more than 50 children. In the same year in Leningrad, with the assistance of Moscow. branches of the OPE opened a school and a hearth. Tikhon Vasilievich Churilin (1885–1946, Moscow), poet.
LEBENSON (Lebenzon) Avrom-Doyv-Ber (ps. Adam - abbreviation: Avrom-Doiv Michalishker) (1794, Vilna - 1878, ibid.), Poet. He wrote in Hebrew. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 13 he lived in Mikhalishki, Vilna province, where he independently studied the Talmud, Kabbalah, middle-century. philosophy, mathematics and it. lang. OK. In 1820 he returned to Vilna, worked as a home teacher (including about ten years in the house of C.-G. Katzenellenbogen, as a broker. In 1847–64 he taught Hebrew and Aramaic, TANAKH at the Vilna rabbinical school. Literary activity began in 1822, having written “Shir ha-vivim,” a laudatory ode to the wedding of Count Tyshkevich, followed by “Evel Kaved” - to the death of SI Katzenellenbogen. L. used in his works characteristic for the Jewish liter of the early 19th century. and Eudo-Biblical vocabulary, rhetorical pathos, flowery style. Lyrics L., included in the collection "Poetry of the Sacred Language", v. 1–2 (1842–56), "Other Poems of Adam" (1870), imbued with a sense of the ephemerality of happiness and inevitability In the choral synagogue opened by the supporters of the Haskala movement, L. made speeches in which he denounced obscurantism. works of L. (vols. 1–6, 1895) include works by his son M.-I. Lebenson.
LEBENSON Micha-Joseph (Mikhl) (1828, Vilna - 1852, ibid.), Poet. Son of A.-D.-B. Lebenson. He wrote in Hebrew, translated from Russian, German, French, Polish. lang. into Hebrew. (including I.-V. Goethe), according to him. per. J.-F. Schiller translated most of the second book. Virgil's Aeneids. In 1847 he went to Berlin for treatment, where he met with Jewish educators. On the advice of L. Tsunz, he switched from translations to orig. poetic. creativity. In 1850 he wrote six poems that made up the book. Shirey Bas Zion (Songs of the Daughter of Zion). L. created images of love lyrics, which were included along with other verse. on Sat. Kinor Bass Zion (Harp of the Daughter of Zion, 1870). L.'s work had a noticeable influence on the Jewish poets of the next generation, including I.-L. Gordon. Rus per. the poem "Yehuda ha-Levi" was published in the weekly. "Russian Jew" (1881).
LEBYAZHE, an urban-type settlement (since 1945), a regional center in the Kurgan region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 52 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LEDYANKA, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in Leningrad In July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of L. were killed.
LEFIN (Levin) Menachem-Mendel (1749, Satanov of the Podolsk Voivodeship, Rzeczpospolita - 1826, Nikolaev Letichevsky district of the Podolsk province), publicist, teacher. Also known as Mendel Satanover and Mendel Micolaever. For two years he lived in Berlin, where he met with figures of Jewish education in Germany, studied mathematics, physics, philosophy, studied European languages., Collaborated with the publishing house. in Hebrew. In 1789 he published the collection. scientific-popul. articles. Returning from Berlin, he lived in Brody, then in Nikolaev, which belonged to Prince. Czartoryski, with whom L. had established friendly relations and whose patronage he enjoyed. Under the influence of Czartoryski L. wrote in French. lang. brochure, which outlined a plan to reform the life of Jews in Poland (published in 1792). In subsequent years he published several more. book., in the main. translations. In the end. 1790s became close to izv. Jewish philanthropist I. Zeitlin and for some time taught his grandson G.A. Peretz. In the estate of Zeitlin L. wrote tr. "Heshbon ha-nefesh" ("Self-report"), in which he outlined the ethic. rules according to the Franklin system (published in 1811). According to contemporaries L., Prince. had such an influence that in pl. Jewish communities of Galicia and Podolia formed brotherhoods, which were guided by the rules of morality set forth in it. In contrast to other enlighteners of that time, L. attached great importance to Yiddish and translated TANAKH into it, which aroused the discontent of his friends and associates. Publ. them in 1812 trans. Proverbs, Psalms, Songs of Songs and Ecclesiastes have become a new word in the region. Yiddish spelling.
LEFKO Joseph (1904 - |), public and political figure. By education - a mechanical engineer. Pres. Association of Jews - war veterans in Finland; och. prez. Jewish community of Helsinki. Executive Director "Helsingin Turkisteollisuus Oi" (1943–84). Pres. Finnish Association of Fur Manufacturers (1975–80). Pres. center, Council of Jewish Communities of Finland (1968–71). He was awarded 5 Finnish orders.
LEFSCHETZ Solomon (1884, Moscow - 1972, Princeton, USA), mathematician. Doctor of Philosophy (1911), prof. Received Ing. education at the Center. school of arts and crafts in Paris. Moved to the USA, where he started working as an engineer. As a result of an accident, he lost both hands. After that he began to study mathematics. He worked in the high fur boots of the states of Nebraska (1911–13), Kansas (1913–24), Princeton University (1924–53), at the Institute of Mathematics of the University in Mexico City (1944–66). research results. in algebras, geometry and topology (general theory of intersection of cycles in varieties, algebraic. theory of continuous mappings), as well as the qualitative theory of differentials. ur-niy and theory of stability. Member Nat. US Academy (1925). Foreign member Royal Island of London, Academy of Sciences of France. Pres. Amer. mat. about-va (1935–37). Etc. them. Borden of the Academy of Sciences of France (1919). Etc. Boher (Amer. Math. Society, 1924). Etc. Feltrinelli (Dei Lynchey National Academy of Sciences, 1956).
LEGEDZINO, a village in Talnovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. steam mill in L.
LEGOSHIN Vladimir Konstantinovich (b. 1940, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow. architect. in-t. Specialist in the construction of societies. buildings. Main works: planning and development Protvino (1968–73, Gosstroy USSR Ave.), Vses. cardiologist, scientific. Center (1973–84), Research Institute of Urology, bldg. 1st MMI and others. Competition entries: Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery (1984), 2nd Tokyo National. t-r (1986), Moscow. ballet doctor (1993). Honored. architect of the Russian Federation (1993). State pr. USSR (1989).
LEKAREV Leonid Grigorievich (1907 - 1982, Vinnitsa), health care organizer, medical historian. Dr. med. Sciences (1950), prof. After graduating from Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-that worked a dignity. a doctor in Dnepropetrovsk; from 1941 head. Dnepropetrovsk regional health department. In 1941–45 he served as a doctor in the active army. In 1946–82 the head. Department of Social Hygiene and Health Organization of Vinnytsia honey. Institute of Science. tr. L. dedicated problems of health care organization in villages. localities, the history of health care and medicine in the Vinnitsa region, as well as major public health and medicine figures - N.A. Semashko, Z.P. Soloviev, N.I. Pirogov, D.K. Zabolotny. In 1961 create (with GA Batkis a textbook for students of medical institutes "Theory and organization of Soviet health care" (avenue named after N.A.Semashko, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 1963). studying the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, tuberculosis, causes of disability, morbidity and mortality of children, working conditions and health status of workers in the industry, etc.
LEKHNOVKA, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish families living in Leningrad, and in 1916 - 3-4 Jewish families. the occupation of the Jews of L. was flour-grinding; Jews owned several. windmills.
LEKHTTSIR (Lehitser) Samuil Rivinovich (1901-1937), writer. He studied at the Chernivtsi unte. Since 1928 - Member. associations of mold. the writers of Rasaritool. The author of the first plays in mold. owls. literature ("Codreanu", 1930; "Birunitsa", 1933). Since 1934 - Member. Board of the Writers' Union Mold. ASSR. In 1934 - cases. 1st All-Union Congress of Sov. writers. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
LEKKERT (Lekert) Girsh Davidovich (1879, Onushkis Troksky u. Vilna province - 1902, Vilna), a member of the revolutionary movement, an activist of the Bund. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s led a roar. propaganda among Jewish workers and artisans in Dvinsk, Kovna, Yekaterinoslav, Vilna. In 1900 he led the attack of several. hundreds of Jewish workers to the police station on the outskirts of Vilna to free the arrested comrades. In 1902 on his own. initiated by shots from a revolver wounded the Vilna governor V.V. von Valya, on whose order the Cossacks dispersed the May Day demonstration in Vilna, and approx. 30 of its participants (the majority are Jews) were punished with rods. Military. the court sentenced L. to death. The dramas of G. Leivik (1927) and A. Kishnirov (1929, Russian translation by E.G. Bagritsky, 1930) are dedicated to the memory of L. M.Rafes "A Story about the Royal Rods" (Moscow, 1922). In 1922 a memorial was opened in Minsk. L. (not saved).
LELYOV, see Leluw.
G. LELEVICH (real name and family name Labori Gilelevich Kalmanson) (1901, Mogilev - 1937), poet, critic. Son of Tumbleweed. He began to write in 1914. From 1918 he worked as an editor. a number of gas., head. lips. dep. GROWTH, secret. district committee, before. opertroyki to combat banditry, head. lips. party schools, etc. From 1920 appeared in print as a poet. In 1923 - one of the organizers and editor. zhurn. "At the post". In 1924–26 - one of the hands. VAPP and MAPP. Since 1926 - in Saratov, member. lips. court, reverend. in Saratov University. In 1928 he was expelled from the VKP (b), later restored. In 1934 - a delegate of the First All-Union Union. Congress of Sov. writers from pisat. org-tion of Dagestan. He was arrested in January. 1935. Executed. Works: Hunger. Gomel, 1921; In Smolny. M., 1925; S. Yesenin. Gomel, 1926.
LELIKOVO, a village in the Kobrin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobrin district Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 35 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Divin and in August. 1942 killed along with local Jews.
LELCHITSY, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 180 Jews (20.2%) lived in Leningrad, in 1919 - approx. 300, in 1922 - c. 100 Jewish families, 542 Jews in 1923, and 746 Jews in 1939. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. Main occupation of Jews at the beginning. 20th century - trade. In 1914 Jews owned all 4 grocery and manufactory and units. manufacturing shops. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich; as a result of the pogrom, the town was destroyed. 1920s Zionist organizations enjoyed great influence among the Jewish youth of Lithuania. 1941 in the vicinity of Leningrad, approx. 790 Jews. Until June 1942, a ghetto existed in L. On Sept. 1941 and June 1942 at the Jewish cemetery of Leningrad, approx. 700 Jews; The ghetto was liquidated. In 1965 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad.
LELCHUK Petr Yakovlevich (1898, Rostov-on-Don - 2005), obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. spider (1935), prof. (1938). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Donskoy (now Rostov) University (1922), where he then completed his residency at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. One of the founders of the North Caucasus Research Institute of Maternity and Infancy (now Rostov Research Institute of Obstetrics and Pediatrics), deputy. dir. to-rogo was in 1935–55; at the same time. (since 1937) head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostov med. in-that. In 1941–45 he worked in a military hospital. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1963). tr. L. dedicated issues of obstetrics and gynecology, including neuroendocrine disorders in gynecology, diseases, precancerous conditions and tumors of the female genital organs, perinatal fetal protection.Daughter L. - Yurovskaya Valentina (b. 1932, Rostov-on-Don), obstetrician-gynecologist ... Dr. med. Sciences (1972), prof. (1974). Graduated from Rostov honey. Institute (1956), where from 1963 she worked at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, from 1972 - Head. Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics. Sci. tr. dedicated endocrine pathology in diseases of the female genital organs, polycystic ovaries, perinatal protection of the fetus. Author of the textbook "Gynecology" (M., 1985).
LELCHUK Shimon (1918 - 1941), poet. Graduated from Wed. school, until 1940 he lived in Minsk, was a worker. In the end. 1940 was drafted into the army. He made his debut verse, in 1938 in the journal. "Stern", then printed in gas. "October". In 1940, Sat. "Leader-zamlung", where L. was presented the 8th verse. Killed at the front. On Sat. Lyra (M., 1985) publ. 10 verse. L., dedicated. native places, nature of Polesie.
LELCHUK Vitaly Semenovich (b. 1929, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1983), prof. (1983). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). In 1952-59 he taught history in Wed. school. Since 1959 in the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "National history". Prev Int. Association "Study of the origins, causes and consequences of Stalinism" (since 1990). He is the author of works on the history of the industry and the working class of the USSR. industry in the USSR. (From the history of socialist industrialization). M., 1964; Socialist. industrialization in the USSR and its coverage in the Sov. historiography. M., 1975; Industrialization of the USSR: history, experience, problems. M., 1984.
LELUW, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a city, the center of the county of the Krakow Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Lelev Vloshchovsky u. In 1765, 231 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1808 - 263 (27%), in 1827 - 339 (38%), in 1857 - 480 (52%), in 1897 - 720 (58.2%). in 1921 - 638 Jews (51%) Jews lived in L. from the middle. 18th century At the same time, Dovid Leizerovich lived in L., Jewish representation in the Diet of the Commonwealth. Since 1737, Rabbi Itzik of Lithuania occupied a leading position in the leadership of the Vaad of the Four Lands. In the 18th century. Lithuania became one of the centers of Hasidism in Poland at the time when Dovid Biderman (1746–1813), a disciple of Elimelech from Lizhansk and the "Seer from Lublin", settled there. D. Biderman's son Moishe (1777-1851, Jerusalem) founded the Hasidic dynasty in L. Moishe's grandson, Dovid-Yosef Biderman (1827–1897), became a rabbi in Leningrad in 1850, and in 1876 became the head of the dynasty. Jews from all over the territory came to D.-J. Biderman. Poland that at the same time. contributed to the improvement of economic. the position of local Jews, pl. of which the pilgrims were served. D. Biderman's descendants continued the dynasty in E.-I. Until 1862 there was no registered community in L. because of restrictions on Jews living in villages. district. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue and a nursing home in L. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews in Latvia in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In the beginning. 20th century Jews opened a glass-blowing plant in Leningrad, 2 tanneries, and a sawmill. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including Bund. There was a Talmud-Torah, in 1927 a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. From 1928 a Jewish library worked. 2 Sept. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. By the time of the occupation, approx. 350 Jews, the rest fled to our neighboring countries. points and forests. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat was established. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of L. were sent to Konetspol and from there to Treblinka.
LELYAKI, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 Jews from L. were deported to the Piryatin ghetto and killed along with local Jews.
LELIAI, a place in Šiauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lale Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya gubernia. In 1847, 129 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LEMBERG, see Lviv.
LEMBERG Alexander Grigorievich (1898, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province. - 1974, Moscow), cameraman. In the cinema since 1914. Since 1916 - the operator of the game f. (with his father, GM Lemberg. During the 1st World War - a front-line operator. Filmed the chronicle of the Civil War, known for filming V.I. He was a member of the group of "cinematographers" under the direction of D. Vertov, took part in the filming of the film "The Sixth Part of the World" (1926). In 1938–41 and from 1946 - a cameraman and photo correspondent at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.
LEMBERG Grigory Moiseevich (1873, Elizavetgrad - 1945, Moscow), cameraman. In 1888-1911 he was a photographer. Since 1910 the operator of the film companies AO Drankov, R. Persky, "Kino-Alpha", "Biochrome" and others. In 1914 he shot the first fiction film. "Gold, Tears and Laughter". Until 1917 he removed St. 30 play f., Including "Andrei Toboltsev" (1915), "Urmyazhnaya Rus rocked up and began to breastfeed for a holy cause" (1915), "Arshin-mal-Allan" (1916), "Georgy Gapon", " Jackals of Power ”(both - 1917). In 1917–20 he was a newsreel operator, in 1920–21 the head. film section at the agitation trains of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, since 1923 - the operator of the "Goskino". In the 1920s. took off several. scientific-popul. f. as operator and dir.
LEMBERG Joseph Khaimovich (b. 1914, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1938). In 1938–41 he taught at Ped. Institute of the Komi ASSR (Syktyvkar). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1946 collaborator, since 1967 head. sector, since 1971 head., since 1984 leading scientific. sotr. He was the initiator of extensive systematic studies of the Coulomb excitation of nuclear levels, on the basis of which the shell structure of collective nuclear states and the deformation of light nuclei were discovered and explained. Carried out neutron activation analysis by registering gamma rays for chemical analysis of substances. He studied the high-spin states of nuclei excited in reactions with heavy ions. Author of over 150 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1966).
LEMESHEVICH, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. 4 Sep 1915 Jews left Leningrad; 2 km from Leningrad, the Cossack detachments of the Rus were attacked on the Jews crossing by barges. army. The Jews were robbed; women were abused.
LEMESHOVKA, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 5 Jewish families lived in Leningrad.
LEMIN Joseph Mikhailovich (1897, Teplik Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. - 1968, Moscow), historian-orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1941), prof. (1954). In 1919–20 in Kr. Army. In 1933–48 he worked at Ying-those mir. x-va and the world. politics, in 1948–56 at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1956 at the Institute of World. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 200 scientific. and scientific-popul. works on international issues. otnosheniya, Cit .: War propaganda in Japan and Germany. M., 1934; Aggravation of the crisis Brit. empire after the second world. war. M., 1951; The Suez question is imperialistic. aggression against Egypt. M., 1957.
LEMKE Lev Isaakovich (b. 1931, Leningrad), artist, theater director. Graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk theater, school (1959). He worked in Dnepropetrovsk Russian. dram. t-re them. M. Gorky (1959-60), in Moscow. New t-re miniatures (1960–62), in Leningrad. T-re comedy (1962–89), Leningrad. T-re im. Lenin Komsomol ("Baltic House", 1989-91), in 1991 he returned to the T-p comedy them. N.P. Akimova. As dir. put several. performances. Filmed in f. "City of Masters", "Serf Actress", "Blockade" and others. Works a lot on television. To petersburg. In the Jewish theater "Simha" L. staged the musical by B.M. role (1994). Honored. art. RSFSR (1974).
LEMZAL, see Limbazi.
LENCHICA, a city in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Kalisz province. In 1564 460 Jews (30%) lived in Leningrad, in 1611 - 30 Jewish families, in 1764 - 457 Jews, in 1800 - 1029 (38.2%), in 1827 - 1797 (45%), in 1857 - 2286 (44.3%), in 1897 - 3444 (41.1%), in 1921 - 4051 (39.4%), in 1939 - approx. 4200 Jews. First mention. about the Jews of L. refers to 1453. In 1639 two Jews of L. were accused of murdering the Polish. boy for ritual purposes. The Jewish population of Lithuania suffered during the Russian-Swedish war of 1656-58. In 1676, the synagogue was rebuilt, which burned down in 1652. Rabbi Shlomo-Ephraim (1545-1619) was the first known rabbi of Lithuania. Later, the rabbi of L. was Leib Prager, then his son Sender. In the 1st floor. 18th century Rabbi L. was L. Prager's grandson Chaim Karo (? –1750), in 1750–1809 - H. Karo’s son-in-law Zeev Urbach (1696–1809), in 1810–11 - Avrom Tiktin, from 1812 - Chaim Urbach (? –1839 ), the grandson of Z. Urbakh, in 1839–46 - the son of Kh. Urbakh Yitzhok (? –1846), who founded a yeshiva in L. In 1905–42, the grandson of I. Urbach Shlomo (? –1942) was a rabbi, and Eliezer Auerbach (1866–?) From 1908. 20th century the Zionist organization Khibat Zion was founded in Leningrad, and a branch of the Bund operated. In 1907 a library in Hebrew was opened, in 1915 - a Jewish school. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned a hotel and 24 shops (including both tobacco and 4 grocery stores). In 1928 an Association of Jewish Merchants was organized in Leningrad, which founded the Jewish Nar. bank. In 1924 the Beis Yaakov girls' school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The ghetto created in L. was destroyed in the spring of 1942.
LENCHNA, a city (from 1766) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 14th century. In the 2nd floor. 15th century received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1866 - in Lyubart u. Lublin province In 1764 490 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 1506 (60%), in 1857 - 1679 (65%), in 1897 - 2446 (65%), in 1921 - 2049 (63%), in 1939 - OK. 2,300 Jews. Jewish families lived in L. from the middle. 16th century In 1639, a trial was held in Leningrad on charges of two Jews murdering a Christian child. Both Jews were sentenced to death. In the beginning. 18th century a synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. The rabbis in L. were: from the 1680s. - Naftoli-Hirsch Wolf, then - Simcha Gelberstat (? –1768), Shlomo-Yehuda-Leib Lenchner (? –1843), at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Eliezer-Ezra Kirschenboim, Simcha-Moishe Rappoport. In the 19th century. Hasidic yeshiva was founded. spheres of economic. activity of Jews in L. in 18 - early. 20th century - small trade, handicrafts, maintenance of shinks and taverns. The Jews had the right to collect money for traveling across the bridge connecting parts of L. With the end. 19th century Zionist circles began to operate in Latvia. Organizations for the provision of social and finance worked. help, "Bikur Hoylim", mutual aid fund. In the beginning. 20th century Jews opened a weaving factory, a sawmill, and a mill in Leningrad. In 1913, Jews owned 44 shops (including all 14 manufactory, all 12 flour shops, and one haberdashery). In 1906–32, the rabbi of L. was Avrom-Irahmiel Bromberg (1877–?). During the 1st world. wars were organized by Jewish libraries, dramatic. studio and sports. circles. In 1926, with the support of the Joint, a branch of the Jewish commerce was opened in L. bank, the mutual assistance fund resumed its work. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1927, a girls' school "Beis Yaakov" was opened. The rabbi of L. was I.I. Berman. In the 1930s. The Hasidic court of Aron-Iosek Rabinovich was located in Leningrad. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 23 Sep 1939 soldiers staged a pogrom in the synagogue, tearing the Torah scrolls and killing several. Jews. The synagogue was burned down. In Jan. 1940 the Judenrat was established. In May 1942, approx. 1500 Jews from decomp. us. points, including from Lublin. In oct. 1942 to Treblinka were sent approx. 3 thousand Jews, approx. 700 Jews L. and approx. 800 Jewish refugees. In nov. 1942 1260 Jews were shot, the remaining 330 people. in apr. 1943 were sent to Sobibur and Treblinka.
LENDY, a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. In 1925, immigrants from Leningrad founded the Kherson environs. Jewish agriculturalist. collective them. Petrovsky (111 people).
LENIN, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from ser. 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 753 Jews (64.1%) lived in Leningrad, in 1921 - 928 (61%), in 1939 - 1070 Jews (52.5%.) Jews lived in Leningrad from the beginning. 18th century The rabbi of L. in 1860–1926 was Yehuda of Turkey. In 1867 there was a synagogue in Leningrad, and in 1904 there were 2 synagogues. In 1897 a Zionist circle began to work in Leningrad. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 10 shops in Leningrad (including all 4 grocery, all 3 haberdashery). In the 1920s and 1930s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. At the same time, the Gmilus Hesed credit office was operating. In 1926–29, Nachman Vaserman was Rabbi of L., in 1929–42 - Moishe Milstein (? –1942). There was a Hebrew school in Leningrad. In 1939, teaching at the school was transferred to Yiddish. On July 18, 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. During the occupation in Leningrad, 7 Jews of Komsomol members of the underground were shot, who were hiding property and livestock from the invaders. 6 nov. 1941 families of servicemen of the Red Army Gorodetsky and Flat (5 people) were shot. In May 1942 a ghetto was created in Leningrad. 14 Aug 1942 During the liquidation of the ghetto on the outskirts of Leningrad, 1,850 Jews were shot. After the liquidation of the ghetto, 28 people remained alive. All R. Sep 1942 they were liberated by partisans. formations initiated by Jewish partisans. In 1973, a stele was erected on the grave of executed ghetto prisoners in a preserved Jewish cemetery; in 1989, a monument-sculpture of a grieving mother was erected. In 1981, a stele was erected on the grave of the executed members of the families of servicemen, in 1987 - on the grave of the Komsomol members, with a dedication: "To the heroes of the Komsomol who died during the Great Patriotic War in the town of Lenin." A.Singalovsky.
LENIN, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine) In 1942, 21 Jews were killed in L.
LENINABAD, see Khujand.
LENINAKAN, see Gyumri.
LENINDORF, see Leninskoe, Kherson region.
LENINGORI, see Akhalgori.
LENINGRAD, see St. Petersburg.
LENINGRADSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umanskaya, Yeisk department. Kuban Region. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the fall of 1942, approx. 300 evacuated Jews.
LENINO, see Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
LENINSK, see Chardzhou.
LENINSK KUZNETSKY (until 1922 - Kolchugino, in 1922–25 - Lenino), a city (from 1925), a regional center in the Kemerovo Region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century as a settlement at the Kolchuginsky coal mine of the Kuznetsk env. Tomsk province. In 1939 in L.-K. 128 Jews lived, in 1970 - 106 Jews (0.08%).
LENINSKOE, a village in the Skadovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Lenindorf, center of the Jewish nat. village council in the Skadovsk district of the Kherson environs. In 1931, 867 people lived in Leningrad. Agrojoint provided help to settlers in Leningrad. By 1940, the Lenindorf Village Council united 5 villages - approx. 1 thousand Jews (80%) and was one of the best in the region. Aug 1941 the number of Jews in the Lenindorf Village Council increased to 2 thousand people, due to the evacuated Jews from the lion. the banks of the Dnieper. 2 oct. 1941 a punitive detachment arrived in Leningrad. All Jews were gathered at the school and 4 October. 1941 shot.
LENKORAN, city, regional center (Republic of Azerbaijan). In the 18th century. - the capital of the Talysh Khanate. Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1859 - the district city of Baku province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1860, 4 Jews lived in Leningrad, 250 Subbotniks and Geres, in 1900 - 149 Mountain Jews, in 1910 - 75 Jews (13%), in 1920 - St. 50 Jewish families, in 1926 - 38 Mountain Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Leningrad. In 1911 Jews and Geres owned a tavern, warehouses of kerosene and pharmaceutical goods, and 7 shops (including 2 manufacturing).
LENKOUTSY, see Lenkovtsy.
LENKOVTSY, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1559.From 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - v. Lenkautsy, Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1817 68 Jews (10%) lived in Leningrad, in 1930 - 134 Jews. In 1897 Jews of Leningrad owned an oil mill, several. wind and several. water mills. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, 24 Jews were killed by troops in Leningrad, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
LENSKY (real name. Shtilman) Semyon Davidovich (1875 - |), singer (lyric and dramatic tenor). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1897) studied vocal with K. Everardi (Kiev), then improved in Milan with V. Vanzo. In 1901 he made his debut in the part of Radames (Aida by G. Verdi) in Reval, and later performed in Mitava, Riga, Moscow, Kharkov, Tiflis, Petersburg, Kiev, Tambov, Helsingfors. L.'s repertoire was wide enough, which was noted by muses. criticism of the time. Recorded on gramophone records (8 productions) in Moscow (1901, Gramophone). After 1907, he left the stage and took up law. activities.
LENSKY Chaim (1905, Slonim, Grodno province - 1943), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education in the grandfather's house. After his death in 1921 he moved to Vilna, where he studied in Jewish teaches, in-those. In the fall of 1923, the Polish-Sov. border and at the end. 1924 reached Baku, where father L. worked. He taught Hebrew, published stories and poetry. Yiddish. In 1925–34 he worked in Leningrad as a metal worker in a Jewish artel. Verse. L. at this time were published in E.-I. in lit. almanac. In 1934 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in the camps for composing works. in Hebrew and sending them abroad. After his release in 1939 he settled in Malaya Vishera. In 1941 he was arrested again. Information about L. ends in 1943. L.'s manuscripts, preserved by friends, were brought to Israel in 1958. Verses, ballads, trans. in Hebrew "Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov published by one book. under the name "On the Other Side of Summer" (1969), letters publ. in 1974–78, the poem On a Snowy Day, sent in 1985, was included in the 2nd ed. one-volume (1986). The poetry of L. is characterized by musicality, concreteness of images, colorful depiction of landscapes, and accuracy in describing everyday life, especially in the camp.
LENTSMAN Yakov Abramovich (1908, Vilna - 1967, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965). In 1927 he entered Warsaw University, in 1930 he was arrested for communist. activity. Since 1932 - in the USSR. In 1932–34 he worked at the Polish gas office. "Tribune Radzetskaya", in 1934-36 - in the Red Army, in 1936-39 he studied in history. f-those MGPI. 1941–45 - at the front. Main scientific. interests - ancient history, evolution of antiquity. slavery. Author of more than 80 works. Cit .: The origin of Christianity. M., 1958; Slavery in Mycenaean and Homeric Greece. M., 1963; Comparing the Gospels. M., 1967.
LENTVARIS, a place in Vilensky u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Landvarovo Troksky u. Vilna province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish community in L. From 1888 Borukh-Itskhok Khodosh (1862–?) Was the rabbi. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, tavern, hotel, both grocery and manufactory shops. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were expelled from L. After 1918, the community did not revive.
LENSON Victor Markovich (b. 1951, Moscow), composer. Cand. lawsuit (1983), prof. (1995). In 1975 he graduated from Moscow. cons. Cl. php. He studied with T.P. Nikolaeva and M.G. Sokolov, in the history of music - with B.M. Yarustovsky. In 1983 he completed his postgraduate studies at the Research Institute of Art History (under the direction of D.V. Zhitomirsky). In the 1980s and 90s. organizer and hand. a number of Jewish muses. and theater, ensembles - "Hava Nagila" (1986, Moscow), "Lidele in Yiddish" (1988, Moscow), "Mitsva" (1992, Moscow-Munich), music. hands. ans. "Firelach" (1991–92, Vilnius), hands. children klezmer ans. at the Jewish Center for the Arts (1995, Moscow). Author of a series of recordings on CDs "Music of Jewish Holidays", including "Yom Kippur" (1991, London), "Hanukkah" (1992, London), "Shabbat" (1995, Moscow), etc. Arranger, composer, performer on fp. and the harpsichord. Author of fourteen programs covering Jewish liturgy, folklore, classical. and pop music. L. owns more than 30 publications on Jewish music and theater, including the middle. Art. “Music in lit. works of Jewish writers "," Music in the life and work of the classics of Jewish theatrical culture "," Music of the Jewish professional and folklore tradition ", as well as books in Yiddish" Music in our life "(1987).
LEON Zhidovin (| - 1490, Moscow), doctor. He arrived in Moscow from Venice. He was a physician in charge of the Prince Ioann Vasilievich. Executed after the death of a patient - his son led. prince. L. - a prototype of the production. I.I.Lazhechnikov ("Basurman") and S.T.Aksakov ("Leon-doctor").
LEONCHIN, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Sochachevsky u. Warsaw province. 20th century in L. lived apprx. 30 Jewish families, in 1921 - 129 Jews (51.7%). 20th century engaged in carriage, crafts, s. h-vom, contained drinking shops. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the winter of 1940/41, the Jews of Lithuania were deported to the Nowy Dvur ghetto.
LEONIDOV Leonid Mironovich (real family member Wolfenzon) (1873, Odessa - 1941, Moscow), actor, teacher, director. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1939). He performed in amateur performances in Odessa. In 1894–96 he studied at Moscow. imp. Theater. uch-shche. He played in the t-ts of NN Solovtsov (1896–1901, Kiev, Odessa) and F. AKorsh (1901–03, Moscow). From 1903 he made his debut at the Moscow Art Theater as Ash (At the Bottom by M. Gorky). I played a lot. dram. and comedic roles. L.'s art was distinguished by a tragic intensity, temperament, combined with a bright everyday characteristic, generalization of images. Among the best roles of L. - Lopakhin ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, 1904), Dmitry Karamazov ("The Brothers Karamazov" after F.M.Dostoevsky, 1910), Peer-Gynt ("Peer-Gynt" by G. Ibsen , 1912), Cain ("Cain" by J. Byron, 1920), Othello ("Othello" by W. Shakespeare, 1930), Plyushkin ("Dead Souls" after N.V. Gogol, 1932). Since 1918 he has acted in films: Ivan the Terrible ("Wings of a Servant", 1926), Governor von Wal and the Rabbi ("His Excellency", 1928), Gobsek ("Gobsek", 1937), etc. Since 1935 he taught at GITIS, in 1939 –41 his thin. hands. Staged at the Moscow Art Theater "Dostigaev and Others" by M. Gorky (with IM Raevsky, 1938), "Kremlin Chimes" by NF Pogodin (with MO Knebel, 1942) and others. art. Rep. (1925), nar. art. Rep. (1928), nar. art. USSR (1936).
LEONOV (real family member Gurevich) Mikhail Andreevich (Abramovich) (1902, Ekaterinoslav - 1952, Moscow), historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philosophy. postgraduate studies at the Communist. unte them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1933). Head chair of dialectic. materialism in a number of washes, universities, specialized in the region. general theoretical. philosophy and history of Marxist-Leninist philosophy. In 1945-50 the head. sector dialectic. materialism Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Under total. ed. L. and M.M. Rosenthal published several. ed. "A Brief Philosophical Dictionary".
LEONPOL, a village in the Miory district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1921, 138 Jews lived in Leningrad. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. Benzion Perelman (1887 -?) Was the rabbi in L. since 1905. During the Holocaust, more than 140 Jews died in L. during the Holocaust.
LEONTIEV Lev Abramovich (1901, Kovna - 1974, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934), prof. (1934), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1917–21 he was in the Komsomol work (in 1919–21 he was a member of the Central Committee of the RKSM). Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1925), taught polit. economy and economics of industry in Moscow. universities. In 1931–35 he worked at the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1939–46 the head. department polit. economy VPSh, in 1946-52 - GA at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), at the same time. head dep. and Chl. editorial board gas. Pravda, in 1943–57, ch. ed. zhurn. "New time". 1972–74 members. editorial board of the encyclopedia “Polit. saving". Author of works on the methodology, subject and method of polit, the economy of capitalism and socialism, the methodology of teaching it. Textbook written by L. "Initial course polit. savings ”in 1927–62, a number of reprints were made. Works: From falling money to hard money. M.-L., 1924; Goering's green folder. M., 1942; Dollar imperialism in Zap. Europe. M., 1949; The cherished goal is close. About material and technical. the basis of communism. M., 1960; "Capital" K. Marx and sovr. era. M., 1968; Lenin's theory of imperialism. M., 1969; Convergence theory and its true essence. M., 1972.
LEONTIEV Vasily Vasilievich (1906, Petersburg - 199, New York), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1928), prof. (1946), foreign. member USSR Academy of Sciences (1988). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1925), continued his studies at Berlin University, at the same time. worked as a scientist. sotr. in Ying-those world. Economics of Kiel University (Germany). In 1929, the adviser to the Ministry of Railways. roads of China in Nanjing. In 1931 he emigrated to the United States, worked in the National. bureau of economics research During many. years taught at Harvard University, where in 1934 he founded the Center for Economic Analytic. research and later headed the department of polit. savings. In 1975 he retired and took over as director. and prof. economics Institute of economics. analysis of New York University (since 1985 - researcher. ibid.). Throughout many. years worked under the auspices of the United Nations, as an advisor collaborated with many. hack countries. From the beginning. 1930s L. developed and improved the method of economic-mathematics. analysis "input-output", created by him to study intersectoral relations, the general structure of the economy and drawing up the input-output balance. The method is based on the general theory of economics. balance, developed by L. empirical. level in 1931. To compile analytic. tables "input-output" L. for the first time in 1935 applied a large mechanic. will calculate. machine, in 1943 (also for the first time) - electronic. In 1948 L. was appointed director. Economical services research USA. In the 1950s and 60s. the use of powerful computers made it possible to switch to the compilation of nat. balances (chess tables of input-output balance) for other countries and their nat. economies (the so-called "Leontief type model"). By 1963 under the hands of. L. tables "input-output" have been developed for more than 40 state-v. Among scientific. tr. L. - monographs "Essays on economics: theory and theorizing" (1966), "Structural approach to the analysis of international. econom. interdependence "(1971)," Econ. system in the age of absence of regularities "(1976)," Military. expenses ”(1983) and others L. - member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amer. econom. about-va, Amer. statistical about-va, Amer. Philos. about-va, Amer. econom. Assembly, Brit, Academy, Royal Statistical Office of London. about-va, Mezhdunar. statistical in-ta and others. Dr. Brussels, New York, Louvain Catholic. high fur boots and the Sorbonne (Paris). Nobel Ave (1973). Ord. Of the Legion of Honor (1968). Cit .: Research. structures of amer. economy. M., 1958; The future of the global economy. Dokl. gr. UN experts. M., 1979; Econ. essay: Theories, research, facts, politics. M., 1990.
LEONTOVICH Evgeniya (1900, Odessa - |), actress. From 1918 she worked in Berlin, in the troupe of G. Ratov. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1930 L. played the role of Grushinskaya in the play "The Grand Hotel" by V. Baum, staged at the Broadway theater. Among the roles of L. - Tatiana ("Comrade", 1935, London), the Dowager Empress ("Anastasia", 1954, New York). In 1953 she organized a td in Los Angeles. From 1964 she worked in drama. Goodman School (Chicago).
LEOVA, a city (since 1940) in Lapushnsky district. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Leovo, Izmail u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1847 there were 77 Jewish families living in Leningrad, in 1897 - 2,773 Jews (56.8%), in 1930 - 2,326 (35.6%), in 1940 - c. 1600, in 1989 - 121 Jews. In the 2nd half. 19th century in L. founded the Hasidic dynasty Doyv-Ber Friedman (1817–1876). Main occupations of the Jews of Latvia in the 19th century. there were crafts and trade, including grain. In 1865 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, hotel, tavern, unity. a laundry, 2 photographic workshops, a watch workshop and 85 shops and stores (including 14 grocery, 9 manufacturing). There were 6 tailors among the Jews. In the end. 19th century a synagogue, heders, a Talmud-Torah functioned in L., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In tech. For 50 years, Yankle Blank was the cantor in L. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. In 1919, a Jewish school named after V.I. I. Steinberg with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1941, fleeing the occupation, pl. the Jews of L. tried to escape, but the Romanians were killed. gendarmerie and troops in the surrounding area. points. The Jews of L. who managed to reach Odessa were destroyed after the occupation of the city by the German-Romanians. troops. On July 15, 1941, Lithuania was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht; the 1,558 Jews remaining in Lithuania were deported to the Chisinau ghetto (present-day Chisinau); 55 people were shot on the way. Of the nearly 600 Jewish families of Leningrad, 30 survived. After the liberation in 1944, some Jews returned to Leningrad. In 1945, a synagogue was opened in Leningrad (Pogranichnaya Street). The rabbi was Naftule Faivelevich Pasterman (1886–?). On ordinary days 10–20 people gathered for service, on holidays - 100–150 people. M.-G.A. Saktsier.
LEOVO, see Leova.
LEPEL, a city (since 1802), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1439. In the 16-18th centuries. - a town of the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1802 - a district town of Vitebsk province. In 1799 558 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 1509 Jews, in 1857 - 1143, in 1885 - 3342, in 1897 - 3379 (53.9%), in 1910 - 4712 (63%), in 1923 - 1678, in 1926 - 1923, in 1939 - 1919 Jews. In 1812 the Jewish community helped 29 wounded Russian. soldiers expelled by the French from the hospital. 16 oct. 1812 Jews of L. own. initiative was restored for the advancing Rus. troops destroyed by the French bridges approx. cities. spheres of economic. activities of Jews in Latvia in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1867 there were 4 synagogues, a state-owned Jewish school. In 1910 there were 8 synagogues in Leningrad, the Jewish beginning. uch-shche (with cooking and craft classes), bunk bed. wives uch-shche, about-in benefits to poor Jews (opened in 1903), loan-savings. t-in, Jewish cemetery. Jews owned 4 libraries and a bookstore in L. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, 7 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 hotels, a jewelry store, 3 hairdressing salons, photography and watch workshops, and 59 shops and stores (including all 15 manufactory, all 12 grocery, one electrical supply store). Among the Jews were 8 timber merchants, 5 tailors, and 2 dressmakers. The rabbis of L. were: in 1889–95 - Zalman-Zisel Sheinkin (1856–?), In 1895–1905 - Avrom Reinin (1860–?), In 1907–15 - I.Ya.Bogatin. In 1910–14, Wolf-Itskhok Rabinovich was a spiritual rabbi, and Berka-Pinkhus Volosov was a state rabbi. During the 1st world. war Jews L. was denied the exchange of money in the government. institutions. In 1915, a branch of the Society for Aid to War Victims was created, and in 1920 a Jewish agriculture was organized in Leningrad. artel, a cut was provided by the Joint. In 1921, 300 houses were burnt down in Leningrad (almost all of them were Jewish). In 1922 the European Union Committee subsidized 2 children in L. garden (100 people), item for children. food, outpatient clinic. A Jewish school of the second level and a Jewish library worked in L. In 1924 a new synagogue was built. In the same year, members of the Evsection filed a trial. case against Melamed, who taught the child Torah. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. The rabbi in Leningrad during this period was A.R. Lubanov. On 3 July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Leningrad (Vokzalnaya, Kanalnaya, and Lepninskaya streets), which contained St. 4.5 thousand people Between 1941 and 28 Feb. 1942 in the mountains. garden "Dynamo", between st. Soviet and K. Marx, more than 1,000 Jews were shot. 28 Feb 1942 during the liquidation of the ghetto in the Jewish cemetery, approx. 1,000 Jews. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Latvia. In 1947, the authorities rejected a request by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in Leningrad; prior to official registration, prayer was prohibited. meetings. In 1948, an unregistered synagogue operated in the private house of Chaim Movshevich Slavin. Prayer. meetings, to-rye attended by up to 40 Jewish believers, were also held in other private apartments under the hands. Kh.M. Slavin and Movshe Kastrinich Ankhir. In 2003, 27 Jews lived in Leningrad. In Leningrad: M.V. Kurman, S.S. Maisel, B.S. Meilakh, V.Ya. Motyl; Chaim-Meer Gelman (1856–?), Historian, author of the first history. books about Lubavitch Hasidism "Beis Rebbe".
LEPESOVKA, a village in the Belogorsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew rented a unit. a water mill in Leningrad In July 1941, Lebanon was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. On June 1942, the Jews of L. were shot along with the Jews of the Lyakhovtsev (present-day Belogorye).
LEPLAUKE, a village in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 1920s in L. lived apprx. 15 Jewish families. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were expelled from L. After 1918, some of the Jews of L. returned to their former place of residence.
LEPLAKE, see Leplauke.
LEPLEVSKY Grigory Moiseevich (Girsha Movshevich) (1889, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province –1939), statesman. Brother of I.M. Leplevsky. He studied at the cheder, then at the 4-class mountain sleep. uch-shche. From 1902 - member. Bund. Dec. 1905 expelled from the school for speaking at a rally. He continued his studies in a private business. uch-shche. In 1915 he graduated from the econom. branch of Kiev commercial in-that. In 1908 he left the Bund due to disagreements over the org. and nat. issues (opponent of the idea of ​​"cultural autonomy"). Feb he met the revolution in Gomel, joined the Bolsheviks, from May 1917 - member. Polesskiy k-that RSDLP (b), then deputy. prev. Executive Committee of the Gomel Soviet of Workers and Soldiers. dep., led by a Bolshevist. propaganda among the soldiers of the Gomel garrison. Affairs. Vseros. demo meeting (Sept. 1917) from the Executive Committee of the Soviets Zap. front and region. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets. After Oct. Revolution was headed by the Gomel Military Revolutionary Committee and the Council. In nov. 1917 elected dep. Vseros. Will establish, meetings from the Mogilev province. Affairs. 3rd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets. From March 1918 - deputy .. before. gubernia executive committee and mountains. Council in Samara. Since May in Moscow: member. Collegiums and head. org.-instructor department. NKVD RSFSR, acting deputy. Commissar. C - member, then prev. Small Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, from the beginning. 1923 - prev. admin finance Commissions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1934–39, deputy. gene. Prosecutor of the USSR. Author of memoirs "On the work of V. I. Lenin in the Council of People's Commissars in 1921-1923." Repressed.
LEPLEVSKY Israel Moiseevich (1894, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province. - 1938), an employee of the special services. State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (1935). Brother of G.M. Leplevsky. In 1909-14 members. Bund, since 1917 member. RSDLP (b). From July 1918 in the organs of the Cheka. Beginning Podolsk city department of the GPU (until 1925); 1925-29 early. Odessa special department. GPU; in 1929–34 holes. worker in the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR, early. OGPU of the USSR, plenipotentiary representative of the OGPU of the USSR in the Saratov region. In 1934–36, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. affairs of the BSSR; in 1936–37 - deputy. early 5th special dep. GUGB in June 1937 - People's Commissar of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR. Awarded hordes. Lenin (1937), Kr. Banner (1923, 1935), Cr. Stars (1935), Pbch. the sign of the Cheka-OGPU (1935). In Jan. 1938 recalled to Moscow, appointed early. 6th (transport) dep. Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR. In March 1938 he was arrested and shot.
LEPONIS, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Leipuna in Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1851, 123 Jews (about 90%) lived in Lithuania, in 1897 - 134, in 1921 - 160 Jews. The colony was created on the state. lands. In 1863–80 there was a Jewish agriculturalist. community "Peasants Desna", which included L. and the village of Panashishki (modern Zhidkaimis). Main the occupation of the Jewish population of L. was with. x-in; in 1898 Jews worked 424 dess. land. A side trade is carriage. In the end. 19th century part of the Jews of Latvia left for the United States. In the 1920s and 1930s. 6 Jewish families owned land plots, 5 families worked on leased land plots. A synagogue and a mikvah functioned in L. Shohet performed the duties of a moel; the dead were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Valkininkai. The rabbi of L. was Isaac Stanfer (? –1941). In 1941 the Jewish population of L. was exterminated. N. Buchwald.
LEPSKY Efim Moiseevich (1879, Smila Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1955, Kazan), pediatrician, organizer of public health. Doctor of Medicine (1915), prof. (1924). Studied for honey. f-those of Kiev un-that. He took part in a student anti-government strike, after which he was forced to leave for Germany. In 1905 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Berlin University. Returning to Russia, he worked as a doctor at the Kremenchug zemstvo hospital. In 1906 he passed the state. exams at Kazan University, he became a resident of the department of children. diseases honey. f-that. On the initiative and with the active participation of L., the Society for the Fight against Children was organized in Kazan. mortality, created by several children. lay down. institutions, as well as nurseries, shelters. Since 1919 - head. subdivision of maternity and infancy protection of the Kazan provincial health department. Since 1926 - Scientific Secretary and Head. uch. part of the Kazan Institute for the improvement of doctors. In 1932, on the initiative of L. in the Kazan honey. in-those pediatric faculty is open, the first dean to-rogo was L. Until 1953 - the head. Department of children. diseases of this in-that. Was before. Scientist honey. Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the TASSR. In 1967 the name of L. was given to children. clinic of Kazan Institute for advanced training of doctors. Author of more than 100 scientific. works dedicated. problems of vitamin deficiency, rickets, spasmophilia, tuberculosis in children, prevention of diphtheria, etc. children. infections, the organization for the protection of mothers and children, etc.
LEPYANSKIE, a family of folk musicians-cymbalists. Joseph Isaevich L. (1873, Shlisselburg - |). He studied with a famous cymbalist from the town of Surazh, Vitebsk province. Pushkin. In 1898 he played cymbals in St. Petersburg, specially ordered by him to the Vitebsk Jews-handicraftsmen. In 1902 - for ethnographic. exhibition in the Tauride Palace, in 1907 - at the Handicraft Exhibition, in 1909 - at a concert of Jewish music in St. Petersburg. Performed his own. arrangements of Jewish religions. and plank beds. melodies, playing by ear (did not know musical notation). Sons of L. - Michael, Mordechai, Yehoshua and Shimon - they also did not know musical notation, studied with their father; all R. 1920s performed with his father in an ensemble (the first group of cymbalists in Russia) in ethnogr. demonstrations organized. By the Commission for the Study of Nar. music Rus. geogr. about-va, performed songs and dances. bunk bed Jewish melodies.
LERER Ichil (1910, Mrozi, Warsaw Province - 1943, Treblinka, Poland), poet. In early childhood, together with his parents, he moved to the town of Zhelekhov, where he studied at the cheder and with private teachers. After leaving the parental home, he worked as a watchmaker, woodcutter, builder. He settled in Warsaw. He debuted in literature in 1928, was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1931 the first book was published. L. - poetic. Sat. Shoal un Dovid (Saul and David). L. fame brought production. Shtilkite un shtrem (Silence and Storm, 1932); Brunems Infeld (Wells in the Field, 1933) and Mine Game (My Homeland, 1937). During the occupation of Warsaw, Germ. troops continued to write in the ghetto, published in the illegal press. In the winter of 1943 he was sent to the Treblinka concentration camp.
LERMAN Ilya (1899, Radom - 1941), writer, playwright. He graduated from high school, was a trade clerk. During the 1st world. war moved to Warsaw. Lit. He began his activity with correspondence in Warsaw Jewish newspapers, collaborated on a daily basis. gas. "Der Moment", "Gaynt" and others, published entertaining rums in them. "Hasidishe tekhter" ("Hasidic daughters"), "Dingst-meidleh" ("Servants"), "Der yeshive-boher" ("Yeshibotnik") and others. "Der zakaznik" ("Hostage"), "Paragraph 140", "A sho noh der hupe" ("An hour after the hupa"), etc. In 1939, after the occupation of the Germans, he fled to Bialystok by the troops of Warsaw, worked in gas. Der Stern. In the beginning. 1941–45 war joined the partisan. detachment stationed in the Belarusian. forests. Killed in battle.
LERMAN Leon (Leib) (1904 - 1967, Moscow), writer, poet. He was a worker. In 1923 he came from Poland to the USSR, lived in Kharkov, then moved to Moscow. Studied for the humanities. Faculty of Second Moscow State University. From 1928 he published stories and poems in car washes. gas. "Der emes", khark. gas. Der Shtern, in zhurn. "Di dig Velt" et al. Ed. The first book. "Fabrik-gesl" ("Fabrichny lane") was released in 1931 in Moscow. publishing house "Der emes". The author of the book. short stories "Zigl" ("Bricks", 1932); "Torfer" ("Peat Bogs", 1933); "Zucker Plantations" ("Sugar Plantations", 1936). Repressed in 1937, after his release in the middle. 1950s returned to Moscow.
LERMAN Moisey Markovich (b. 1905, Vitebsk), architect. Graduated from Vitebsk decorative art. in-t. Pupil of K.S. Malevich and M.Z. Chagal. After moving to Petrograd, he studied at the Institute of Citizens. Ing. (1923-30), at the same time. studied at the Academy of Arts. After graduating from the institute he worked in the institute "Voenproekt". Participated in the Intern. a furniture competition (1930, 1st avenue), a competition for the design of the Kursk railway station in Moscow (4th avenue). Main works: an ensemble of residential buildings in the area of ​​Smolenskaya square. in Moscow (1983, jointly with B.G.Barkhin and N.I. Gaigarov), the project of the Summer Theater in the CDSA park in Moscow (1989). The author of the book. "Wooden parts for residential buildings" (Moscow, 1944).
LERNER Joseph-Yehuda (1847, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1907, Odessa), publicist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1861 he attended a gymnasium in Zhitomir. In 1862 he made his debut in Odessa. gas. "Kol mevaser". In 1866 he settled in Odessa, was an auditor in law. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that. In tech. 10 years was a sotr. gas. "Odessa Bulletin", published in other periodicals. ed. In Russian. wrote to the press about Jewish problems, lit-re in Hebrew and Yiddish, emphasized the importance of Yiddish. In 1869 he published a brochure in Russian in Odessa. lang. about the works of I. Aksenfeld. L. one of the pioneers of lit. critics in Yiddish (article in the St. Petersburg newspaper "Yidishes Folksblat" on Jewish poetry, folklore and music). During the Russian-Turkish war, together with other journalists, he accompanied the Russian. army and in tech. 1878 published in Bucharest every day. gas. "Citizen's Notes". After returning to Odessa, he created his own t-r, for which he processed and translated dramas into Yiddish. manuf. with Jewish themes ("Zhidovka" E. Scriba, "Uriel Acosta" K. Gutskov, etc.), and also wrote a number of orig. plays. Later he returned to lit. activities, worked as a correspondent. moscow gas. "Rus. statements ". He translated "Jewish History" by G. Gretz, but managed to publish only one volume. Author ist. essays "Jews in the Novorossiysk Territory" (1901).
LERNER Hana (1893 - |), teacher. During the 1st world. war lived in Odessa. On Sat. "Mendele un zain zait" ("Mendele and his time". Moscow, 1940) contains her recollection. "Conversations on everyday topics" about meetings with M. Moichep-Sforim. She lived in Kiev and Moscow, worked as a teacher. First. Art. publ. in Odessa. Jewish gas. "Gut Morgen" (1913), after the revolution, performed with Art. on ped. topics in gas. Der Stern (Kiev) and Der Emes (Moscow). Author (with M. Shapiro and H. Leutzker of several manuals for students of Jewish schools.
LERNER Konstantin Zaivelevich (b. 1950, Odessa), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1986). Champion of the Ukrainian SSR (1978, 1982). Member of five USSR championships; best results: 1984 - 2nd m., 1986 - 2-7th m. Winner of a number of international. tournaments, including in Odessa (1973), Polyanitsa-Zdroj (1985 and 1986), Moscow and Tallinn (1986).
LERNER Nikolay Osipovich (1877, Odessa –1934, Leningrad), literary historian. Son of I.-I. Lerner. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University. He was a sworn attorney. Published in the journal. "Russian antiquity", "Russian archive", "Historical bulletin", "Byloe" and others. about the life and work of VG Belinsky, AA Grigoriev, NS Leskov and others. Center. place in East-lit. L.'s activities are occupied by works about A.S. Pushkin. L.'s book "Pushkin, Works and Days" (Moscow, 1903) - the first scientific. biography of the poet. Prepared and published. a number of unpublished texts by Pushkin, comments. some of his productions. L.'s main method is to create an image of the writer based on his biography and views. Sov. criticism was characterized as a representative of "creeping empiricism". Cit .: Belinsky. M., 1910; Stories about Pushkin. L., 1929.
LERNER Ruvim Yakovlevich (1912, Yanov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province - 1972, Kiev), linguist, folklorist. Cand. philol. sciences. Since 1933 - postgraduate student of the language section. Ying-that Jewish culture at VUAN, dealt with the history of the language. Yiddish and participated in the lexicogr. work of the section. The first scientific. work L. was research. lang. manuf. H. Hurwitz "Discovery of America" ​​(by I. Kampa), which became an important contribution to the history of the language. Yiddish. In 1936–41 and 1945–49 L. - Art. scientific. sotr. sections lang. Cabinet of Jewish Culture at VUAN. In 1947, on a business trip, the Cabinet visited many. cities and towns of Vinnytsia region. and recorded 70 unknown. bunk bed fairy tales and 86 plank beds. songs. Together with the folklorist M.Ya.Beregovsky he worked on the theme “Jewish Nar. TV in the days of the war. In 1949 he was repressed. Released in mid. 1950s From 1961 he was published in gas. "Sovetish gameland". From L.'s works on the history of the language. Yiddish were publ. "To the history of the genitive-possessive", "To the history of lit. language at the beginning. XIX century "," Intonation-stylistic. features of the language of Sholem Aleichem "and others. Participated in the work on" Orfogr. dictionary "AI Zaretsky," Administrative-legal dictionary "and a large" Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) dictionary "(1984).
LERT Raisa Borisovna (1906, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1985, Moscow), journalist, human rights activist. She studied at the gymnasium, from where she was expelled for refusing to kneel during a prayer service in honor of the victory of Denikin's army. From 1922 in Moscow, she studied at the Communist. in-those journalism. From the end. 1920s collaborated periodically. ed. ("Pravda", "Rabochaya Moskva", "Construction newspaper" and others). In 1941 in the department. counter-propaganda TASS, international journalist. Fired in 1949 during the anti-cosmopolitan campaign. She worked lit. sec. gas. "Mosk. builder". From the second floor. 1960s accepted the act. participation in the human rights movement, in ser. 1970s published (with R.A. Medvedev the alm. "XX century", then became one of the founders and editors of the uncensored magazine "Search". She also collaborated in other uncensored publications. ("Memory" She signed a number of collective petitions in defense of those persecuted for political reasons. In 1979 she was expelled from the CPSU. L. - author of articles and essays, among which are especially famous: "Shtemenko against Shtemenko" (1969), "Treatise on the delights of the whip" (1970–71), "Do we want to return to the 16th century" (1974), "Speaking frankly" (1976), "Round and round ..." (1977), published in the collection "On that stand" (M ., 1991) She adhered to left-socialist views in her works.
LESER Avraham-Yaakov-Gershon (1834, Mir Novogrudok u., Minsk province. - 1924, Cincinnati, USA), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at yeshivas in Mir, Minsk and Pinsk. In 1855–82 - rabbi in dec. townships North-West. the edges. Since 1882 - in the USA. In 1882-1900 - a rabbi in Chicago; from 1900 - in Cincinnati. In 1903 he was elected the first president. Association of rabbis of the USA and Canada. The author of several. book on questions Jewish law.
LESH Itskhok (real family Leshchinsky) (1887, Kharkov - 1948, New York), playwright. He studied at yeshivas in Lomza, Radin, Novogrudok and Volozhin. From 1902 in the USA, he studied at yeshivas in New York and Cleveland. He was a prompter in a Jewish theater, published poetry and essays in various. periodic. ed., then became popul. Jewish playwright. His melodramas and muses. comedies were successfully performed on the Jewish stage in the USA and other countries. Was a member. of the editorial board of the journal. B. Tomashevsky "Di Yiddish Bine" and Chl. editorial board of the 1st volume "Lexicon of the Jewish T-ra" Z. Zilberzweig. L.'s plays were published: "Levka fellow" (Warsaw, 1925), "Oifn veg kein Buenos Aires" ("On the way to Buenos Aires". Warsaw, 1931).
HAZEL, see Letichev.
LESHCHINSKY Joseph (real fam. Khmurner) (1884, Settlement of Kiev province - 1935, Otwock, Poland), publicist, public figure. Brother of Y. Leshchinsky. Until the age of 14 he studied at cheder and yeshivas. Since 1899 in Odessa, he joined the Zionist movement. In 1903 he came to Warsaw, gave private lessons, became a popul. activist Zionist, slave. movement, one of the theorists of territorialism in the Jewish slave. movement. In 1905-10 he lived in Vilna, then in Kiev. Studied at the Sorbonne. At the end of 1912 he returned to Russia. In 1914-15 he accompanied the trains with Jewish refugees. In 1917 he was a representative of the Fareinikte party in the Kiev Council, in the Center. Rade, then participated in the creation of the "Culture League", edited its edition. From 1920 in Warsaw, where he became one of the acts. leaders of the Bund, worked in the region. bunk bed education. Lit. started his activity in 1903, was sotr. Kiev. gas. "Dos folk", as well as "Kiever Worth" and others. As a corr. Warsaw gas. "Der Fraind" was present at the trial of M. Beilis (1913). Author pl. Art. on culture and schools, p. L.'s pamphlet "Voye Lernen unz di geshenishn in Palestine" ("What the events in Palestine teach us", 1929) caused a sharp controversy. Translated into Yiddish by book. "Ferdinand Lasalle" by E. Bernstein (1922), "History of Socialism" by M. Beer (1926–30), "Communist Manifesto" by K. Marx and F. Engels (1931), "Fascism" by I. Silone (1931). Essay L. “Nat. question "in Russian. lang. was included in the encyclopedia of NA Rubakin "Among the books" (1911).
LESHCHINSKY Oskar Moiseevich (1892 - 1919), politician. Member RSDLP. In the beginning. 1918 authorized by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for the organization of Kr. Army in the North. The Caucasus. On Sept. 1918 a detachment of Red Army men under the command of L. knocked out of Kislovodsk the troops of the general. A.V. Shkuro. Dep. 6th All-Russia: Congress of Soviets (Moscow). In Jan-Feb. 1919 members RVS of the 11th Army, in April. 1919 sent to Dagestan to help the local underground regional committee of the RCP (b), member. regional committee of Dagestan, one of the hands. armed uprising against the so-called. Gorsky Prospect. In May 1919 he was arrested in Temir-Khan-Shura, after several. month imprisonment in August was shot by Denikinites.
LESHCHINSKY Rostislav Samuilovich (b. 1957, Kiev), checker player. Master of Sports of the USSR (1972), Grandmaster of the USSR (1980), Intern. grandmaster (1980), international grandmaster in Brazilian drafts (1987). European champion in 100-cell drafts (1977, Brussels). Bronze medalist of the World Championship in Brazilian Drafts (1987, Sao Laurenzo, Brazil). Author of the book: “Victory of the Sov. checkers in Bamako "(Kiev, 1984)," Strategy and tactics in international drafts "(Kiev, 1988)," Stars of checkers in Kiev "(Kiev, 1990).
LESHCHINSKY Yaakov (1876, Settlement of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1966, Jerusalem), sociologist, economist, public figure. Brother of I. Leshchinsky. In 1896, he fled from home to Odessa, earning private Hebrew lessons. Under the influence of the teachings, Ahad ha-Ama traveled to cities and towns, organized a Zionist, circles. Together with his brother Joseph, he founded a Hebrew school in Gorodishche. In 1901 he left for Switzerland, studied at high fur boots in Bern and Zurich. Returning to Russia, he became one of the leaders of the Zionist Socialist Party. Several was arrested once. After the Revolution of 1905, he led gas to Warsaw. "Gaynt" we save, heading. Sci. works published from the beginning. 1900s: 1903 - Art. in Hebrew "Statistics of one shtetl", first research. in this region; 1906 - works in Yiddish "The Jewish Worker in London", "The Jewish Worker in Russia". The author of the research. about statistical and sociology. aspects of the conversion of Jews to Christianity (1911), about demogr. trials among the Jews of Germany (1912). Until 1914, he headed the ORT labor office in Warsaw for Jewish refugees, after Feb. Revolution of 1917 participated in the creation of the United Jewish Socialist. Workers' Party "Fareinikte", was a member. editorial board of her journal. Naye Zeit. In 1921 he moved to Berlin, fully devoting himself to scientific. work. Works L. 1920 - early. 1930s (The Jewish People in Figures, 1922; The Problem of the Population Movement among the Jews, 1926; The Migration of Jews in the Last 25 Years, 1927; Migration and Resettlement of the Jewish People in the Last Hundred Years, 1928, etc.) laid the foundations Jewish sociology and demography. L. - one of the initiators of the creation in Vilno IVO, where he headed the economic and statistical. section and edited by ed. "Yiddishe Economics un statisticians", "Economishe Font" and others. In 1933 he was expelled from Germany; settled in Poland, but in 1937 he was exiled for publishing materials about the plight of Jews in the country. From 1938 he lived in New York, where he headed the department. economics and statistics in Ying-those Jewish problems at the World. Jewish Congress. The author of the book: "Sov. Jewishness ”(1941; one of the first studies on this topic),“ The Jewish Catastrophe ”(1944),“ At the Edge of the Abyss ”(1947),“ Crisis, Catastrophe and Survival: Jewish Balance Sheet, 1914–48 ”). Since 1959 - in Israel.
LESHINTSY, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a timber warehouse.
LESHNEV, a village in Brody district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1471. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Rzecz Pospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Brodsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 696 Jews (31.6%) lived in Leningrad, in 1900 - 513 (25.6%), in 1911 - OK. 800, in 1921 - 179 (9.5%), in January. 1942 - 269 Jews. Jews settled in Leningrad at the beginning. 17th century; at the same time a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the 17-18 centuries. main Jewish occupations - crafts and trade; Jews brought goods from Brod and Berestechka. From 1756 the rabbi of L. was Itskhok-Mordkhe Reitses (? –1799), from 1760 - Yoel Halperin, in the 1770s. - Menachem-Mendel Gurevich-Rubin, in the middle. 19th century - Zvi-Hirsh Ramraz, in 1893-1914 - Shloyme-Yankel Kutn (1873–?). In the 1820s and 30s. a synagogue was built in L. In 1903 immigrants from Latvia founded a fellowship in the USA. in L. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1942 a ghetto was created in Leningrad, liquidated on April 17. 1943 when Jews were deported to Brody. After liberation, 19 Jews returned to L.
LESHNO, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the village of Blonsky u. Warsaw province. In 1897, 146 Jews (20%) lived in Leningrad, in 1921 - approx. 300 Jews. occupation of Jews at 18 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In the end. 18th century among the Jews there were 32 tailors (out of 51). In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. tobacco shop. 1920–30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Lithuania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LESHNYA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in L. lived apprx. 40 Jews. occupation of the Jews at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - trade; The Jews of Lithuania owned an inn and a shop. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported through Drohobych to the Belzec extermination camp.
LESIN Avraham, (real fam. Valt) (1872, Minsk - 1938, New York), poet, publicist. He wrote in Yiddish. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva, was expelled. In the 1890s. approached the roar. circles, in 1897 participated in the creation of the Bund. From 1897 in the USA, where he was printing in gas for 17 years amer. socialist party "Forverts" in Yiddish verse., Art., work, in which called for the preservation of the "Jewish spirit" in the socialist. movement. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 at first sympathetically reacted to Bolshevism, then sharply criticized it, in particular the activities of the Jewish section of the RCP (b). He actively fought against Zionism, considering its ideas unrealizable, but in the last. years supported the Jewish settlement of E.-I. From 1913 to the end. life edited every month. "Tsukunft", which became the leading literary society. zhurn. in Yiddish in the USA. He published his poetry in it. production, distinguished by musicality, richness of images, trans. in Yiddish verses dumb. and Russian. poets. In poems and ballads he sang nat. heroes and martyrs (Maccabees, Bar-Kokhbu, G. Lekkert, etc.). Most of the poet. manuf. L. entered Sat. "Poems and Poems" (1938, with a drawing by MZ Shagal. See, L.'s memoirs "Memories and Pictures of Experiences" (1954) were published.
LESKI, a village in the Cherkassk district of the Cherkassk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a grocery and a manufactory.
LESKI, a village in the Mensk district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. 19th century Three Jews from L. were engaged in buying and selling tobacco in Mena.
LESKONOGI, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia Jews lived in L. from the end. 19th century Among the main. occupation was dominated by trade; several Jews were engaged with. x-vom.V L. genus. Ya.G. Feigin.
LESMAN Joseph Antonovich (1885, Warsaw - 1955, Gorky), violinist, teacher, methodologist. Cand. lawsuit (1954). In 1910 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class violins by L.S. Auer. In 1911-16 he taught at St. Petersburg. (Petrograd) bunk. cons. gave concerts. In 1918–32 he played an orc. Petrogr. (Leningrad.) Of the Small Opera House. Organized in 1929 and headed the strings. quartet them. Auer (performed until 1935). He taught in the 2nd and 3rd muses. technical schools, then cons. - Leningrad. (1933–35), Alma-Ata (1935–51) and Gorkovskaya (1951–55). Developing the traditions of the Auer school, L. developed a number of provisions that played a progressive role in the development of rhythm and intonation when learning to play the violin. L. - author of books and manuals: “Violin technique and its development in the school of prof. L.S.Auer "(St. Petersburg, 1909); "On the setting of the violin" (ibid., 1911); "On playing the violin" (Pg., 1914); "School of violin playing" (L., 1924); "Essays on the method of teaching violin playing" (Moscow, 1964).
LESMAN Max (real name and surname Marek Rubin) (1859, Riga - 1926, Menton, France), publisher. In 1889 in Hamburg L. founded a printing house and publishing house. In 1897 he published Hamburger Familienblat, in 1898 Izraelitishe Familienblat.
Boleslav LESMYAN (real name Lesman) (1877, Warsaw - 1937, ibid.), Poet. He wrote in Polish. and Russian. lang. Rod. into the assimilators. family. From childhood he lived in Kiev, where he graduated from high school, in 1903 - law. f-t un-that. Began to publish in the 1890s. In 1901–07 he collaborated with the Polish Symbolist. zhurn. "Chimera"; publ. the cycles are verse. in Russian lang .: "Songs of Vasilisa the Wise" (1906), "Moonlit Hangover" (1907). In 1904-06, 1913-14 he lived in France. In 1911 he founded an experiment in Warsaw. Hood. tr, in 1914-18 was lit. hands. t-ra in Lodz. In 1918–22 he worked as a notary in Hrubešov, in 1922–34 in Zamoć. In 1933 he was elected a member. Polish Academy of Literature. In 1935 he returned to Warsaw. In the poetry of L., the interweaving of the fabulous and the real, fantasy and grotesque, irony and pathos, enthusiasm. world perception and deep philosophicalism (collection "Garden at the Crossroads", 1912; "Meadow", 1920) is often realized in the images of Slavic folklore painted with mysticism, in motives of the East. legends (The Tale of Sesame, 1913; The Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor, 1914). L. opposes the purity and richness of nature to the spontaneity of feelings, the tragedy of human fate and the hopelessness of death (collection "Ice Drinking", 1936, etc.).
FORESTRY, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 in Leningrad from hunger and disease, apprx. 300 Jews deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina.
LESNICHOVKA, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century - trade. During the Holocaust the Jews of Lithuania were exterminated in the Balta ghetto.
FORESTRIES, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 4 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1939 - 5 Jews. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Latvia were deported to Berezhany and subsequently exterminated.
FOREST (until 1946 - Manzyr), a village in the Tarutinsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 310 Jews (28.7%) lived in Moscow, in 1930 - 193 Jews (9.6%). In 1865, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in L. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in August. 1941 Jews who remained in L. were deported to Tarutino, and in October. 1941 - to Transnistria.
LESNOVKA, a village in the Saki region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1927 by immigrants - Jews and Ukrainians from the Poltava and Zhitomir regions. in L. lived apprx. 45 Jews. In the fall of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942, 5 Jews were shot in L.
LESNOY, an urban-type settlement (since 1954) in the Pushkin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989 32 Jews (0.3%) lived in Leningrad.
FOREST TOWN, a holiday village in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 14 Jews (0.3%) lived in LG.
LESOKHIN Abram Falkovich (1895, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1950, Leningrad), hydraulic machine-building engineer. Prof. (1949). He graduated from Petrograd in 1923. technol. in-t, taught there in 1934–41 and 1945–50, head. Department of Hydromachines in 1946-50. At the same time. headed at Leningrad. metallic s-de lab. on testing hydraulic turbines in 1935–41. In 1941–45 early. settlement group at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant Osn. scientific. works in the region. theory of blade guide-ravlich. machines, methods of calculating axial hydraulic turbines. He took part in the design of turbines for Rybinsk, Uglich, Dneprovsk, Svir and other hydroelectric power plants. Became. pr. (1943) Vol .: Approx. methods for calculating lattices with infinitely thin profiles. L., 1935; Calculation of lattices of profiles of finite thickness. L., 1940 (et al.).
LESOVICHI, a village in the Tarashchansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1654 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. In 1861, approx. 40 Jews (3%), in 1910 - 18 Jews. 19th century Jews owned 2 trades. shops and a tavern. 1941 in Leningrad, several were shot. Jews.
LESOZAVODSK, city, regional center in Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation). Main In 1938, 71 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1939.
LESSER Alexander (1814, Warsaw - 1884, ibid.), Artist. He studied at the Faculty of Arts of Warsaw University, in Dresden and Munich. The author of a number of paintings with subjects from Polish. stories. For portraits 40 Polish. kings to the book "Portraits of Polish Kings" (Warsaw, 1860) was elected member. Krakow Academy of Sciences. The author of a number of critics. articles and ist. essays in decomp. Polish zhurn.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛЕТИЧЕВ, поселок городского типа (с 1924), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Осн. во 2-й пол. 14 в. как Лещин, входил в состав Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1466 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Подольского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Подольской губ. С 1926 – центр еврейского нац. поселкового совета.В 1707 в Л. проживала 21 еврейская семья, в 1753 – 83 еврейские семьи, в 1765 в Л. и окрестностях проживало 652 еврея, в 1783 в Л. проживал 341 еврей (еще 103 жили в окрестных деревнях и были приписаны к общине Л.), в 1839 – 1403, в 1847 – 1852, в 1856 – 1934, в 1867 – 2188, в 1897 – 4108 (57%), в 1910 – 5911, в 1923 – 2332, в 1926 – 2434 (34%), в 1928 – 2160, в 1939 – 1946 (36,4%), в кон. 1980-х гг. – ок. 10 евреев.Еврейская община Л. впервые упом. в 1581. В 1648 евреи Л. пострадали от нападения отряда казаков М.Кривоноса, в 1655 – от русско-казацкого войска, в 1664 остатки польск. и еврейского населения Л. были уничтожены казаками. В кон. 17 в. община Л. возродилась. В 1702–04 еврейское население вновь пострадало от налетов казацких отрядов. В 1765 евреям принадлежало 87 домов, 12 винокурен и 8 магазинов, в 1789 – 75 домов из 232 (из них 36 располагались в центр. части Л. на Рыночной пл., в ниж. этажах – еврейские лавки и магазины). Численность общины Л. резко сократилась в результате эпидемии чумы 1770 и нападения гайдамаков в 1777.В кон. 18–19 вв. осн. занятия еврейского населения – торговля и ремесла; евреи сосредоточили в своих руках всю экономику города, что вызвало рост антиеврейских настроений. В 1793 в Л. имелась синагога, в 1838 – 4 синагоги, баня и миква, действовали об-ва по уходу за больными, сбору приданого бедным невестам, хевра кадиша, гостиница («заезд») со своим благотворит. к-том. В 1867 в Л. имелось 5 синагог. В 1851–74 работало казенное еврейское уч-ще. В 1859 членами гор. магистрата являлись Шая Ройхман и Моисей Розентул, в 1888 из 39 гласных гор. думы 12 были евреями. 30 и 31 марта 1882 в Л. произошел погром (пострадали 4 шинка, неск. лавок, 8 еврейских домов). В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. гл. врачом гор. больницы был Григорий Габай; евреи занимались адвокатурой, служили страховыми агентами, владели рядом пром. пр-тий (в 1885 в Л. действовали винокуренный з-д Рабиновича, табачная ф-ка Цудечкиса, махорочная – Ейвина, в 1904 – пивоваренный з-д Асниса и табачная ф-ка Малкимона), Герц Френкель арендовал мельницу. В 1904 было открыто частное еврейское муж. уч-ще Лейба Перельмитера. В 1906 создано отд-ние Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России, к-рое возглавил казенный раввин Самуил Бурштейн. В 1907 общине удалось откупиться от черносотенцев и избежать погрома. В 1910 в Л. действовало 7 синагог, имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1913 в Л. работала фольклорно-этнографич. экспедиция С.Ан-ского. В 1914 казенным раввином в Л. был Йоэль Малкиман. В Л. работала еврейская больница. Евреям принадлежали 4 аптечных склада, булочная, 5 гостиниц, 2 книжных магазина, 2 лесных склада, мельница, 2 типографии, трактир и 88 лавок (в т. ч. все 28 мануфактурных, 19 бакалейных); среди евреев было 2 зубных врача.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в Л. активизировались еврейские партии. После Окт. рев-ции 1917 мн. евреи Л. работали в сов. учреждениях, в т. ч. в состав исполкома уездного совета входили члены Бунда и РСДРП Наум Сандлер, Ратнер и Гольдштейн. В годы Гражд. войны евреи Л. неоднократно становились жертвами грабежей и издевательств; в янв. 1919 и 12 марта 1919 погром в Л. учинили войска Директории; еврейские дома и лавки были разгромлены, среди еврейского населения было много убитых, женщины подверглись насилию. После Гражд. войны в Л. был открыт приют для еврейских сирот, в 1925 создано «Дет. еврейское местечко им. Ф. Энгельса», в состав к-рого входили дет. дом и школа с преподаванием на идише (позднее преобразована в 10-летку, закрыта в 1938). В 1928 грамотность еврейского населения Л. превышала 70%; среди евреев Л. было 200 кустарей, 50 торговцев, 25 рабочих, 24 служащих, 9 представителей свободных профессий, 8 земледельцев, 196 безработных, 10 нищих.В 1920-х гг. ок. Л. был создан еврейский колхоз. Все колхозники жили в Л. Колхоз объединял 76 семей (в т. ч. 66 – еврейских); из них 54 семьи были заняты в с. х-ве, 12 – на пр-тиях по произ-ву сельтерских вод, хлебопекарне, круподерне и маслобойне; работало также 3 буфета с 3 служащими. Эти пр-тия вследствие их прибыльности позволяли покрывать убыточность с.-х. части промколхоза. В 1933 правление колхоза, не заинтересованное в с. х-ве, отдало 75 га, в 1935 – еще 50 га. Убыточность с.-х. сектора привела к тому, что колхоз к 1933 лишился почти половины работоспособных колхозников и нанимал на работу до 30–40% украинцев.17 июля 1941 Л. оккупировали части вермахта. 22 сент. 1941 было создано гетто. С весны 1942 все работоспособные евреи использовались на работах в каменоломне в 10–12 км от Л. В мае 1942 был создан концлагерь (на терр. бывш. доминиканского костела) для евреев, доставленных из Бессарабии, а также для трудоспособных евреев из Деражни (ок. 200 чел.) и Меджибожа (ок. 100 чел.). В сент. 1942 гетто в Л. было ликвидировано, в нояб. 1942 – ликвидирован концлагерь. 30 янв. 1943 были расстреляны последние евреи-ремесленники в оврагах у с. Залетичевка. В числе погибших во время «акций» последний раввин Л. – Мойше Гольдин (после 1945 на месте трагедии воздвигнут обелиск). Всего за годы оккупации в Л. уничтожено ок. 7 тыс. евреев.После освобождения (март 1944) в Л. из эвакуации вернулось неск. еврейских семей, однако общинная жизнь не возродилась. Житель поселка Перец Евсеевич Цирюльник (1903–1994) собрал коллекцию документов о евреях Л. – участниках Гражд. и 2-й мир. войн.В центр. части Л. сохранились неск. бывш. еврейских домов, здания двух синагог, в т. ч. хоральной (сооружены в 19 в., ныне используются как торг. помещение и склад), новое (открытое в нач. 20 в.) еврейское кладбище.В Л. род.: Л.Н.Невахович; Ирина Борисовна Гурвич (1911–1995, Киев), кинорежиссер, автор мн. мультфильмов, засл. деят. искусств УССР (1973); в Л. жил и работал В.Камраш., pronunciation=ЛЕТИЧЕВ, поселок городского типа (с 1924), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Осн. во 2-й пол. 14 в. как Лещин, входил в состав Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1466 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Подольского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Подольской губ. С 1926 – центр еврейского нац. поселкового совета.В 1707 в Л. проживала 21 еврейская семья, в 1753 – 83 еврейские семьи, в 1765 в Л. и окрестностях проживало 652 еврея, в 1783 в Л. проживал 341 еврей (еще 103 жили в окрестных деревнях и были приписаны к общине Л.), в 1839 – 1403, в 1847 – 1852, в 1856 – 1934, в 1867 – 2188, в 1897 – 4108 (57%), в 1910 – 5911, в 1923 – 2332, в 1926 – 2434 (34%), в 1928 – 2160, в 1939 – 1946 (36,4%), в кон. 1980-х гг. – ок. 10 евреев.Еврейская община Л. впервые упом. в 1581. В 1648 евреи Л. пострадали от нападения отряда казаков М.Кривоноса, в 1655 – от русско-казацкого войска, в 1664 остатки польск. и еврейского населения Л. были уничтожены казаками. В кон. 17 в. община Л. возродилась. В 1702–04 еврейское население вновь пострадало от налетов казацких отрядов. В 1765 евреям принадлежало 87 домов, 12 винокурен и 8 магазинов, в 1789 – 75 домов из 232 (из них 36 располагались в центр. части Л. на Рыночной пл., в ниж. этажах – еврейские лавки и магазины). Численность общины Л. резко сократилась в результате эпидемии чумы 1770 и нападения гайдамаков в 1777.В кон. 18–19 вв. осн. занятия еврейского населения – торговля и ремесла; евреи сосредоточили в своих руках всю экономику города, что вызвало рост антиеврейских настроений. В 1793 в Л. имелась синагога, в 1838 – 4 синагоги, баня и миква, действовали об-ва по уходу за больными, сбору приданого бедным невестам, хевра кадиша, гостиница («заезд») со своим благотворит. к-том. В 1867 в Л. имелось 5 синагог. В 1851–74 работало казенное еврейское уч-ще. В 1859 членами гор. магистрата являлись Шая Ройхман и Моисей Розентул, в 1888 из 39 гласных гор. думы 12 были евреями. 30 и 31 марта 1882 в Л. произошел погром (пострадали 4 шинка, неск. лавок, 8 еврейских домов). В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. гл. врачом гор. больницы был Григорий Габай; евреи занимались адвокатурой, служили страховыми агентами, владели рядом пром. пр-тий (в 1885 в Л. действовали винокуренный з-д Рабиновича, табачная ф-ка Цудечкиса, махорочная – Ейвина, в 1904 – пивоваренный з-д Асниса и табачная ф-ка Малкимона), Герц Френкель арендовал мельницу. В 1904 было открыто частное еврейское муж. уч-ще Лейба Перельмитера. В 1906 создано отд-ние Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России, к-рое возглавил казенный раввин Самуил Бурштейн. В 1907 общине удалось откупиться от черносотенцев и избежать погрома. В 1910 в Л. действовало 7 синагог, имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1913 в Л. работала фольклорно-этнографич. экспедиция С.Ан-ского. В 1914 казенным раввином в Л. был Йоэль Малкиман. В Л. работала еврейская больница. Евреям принадлежали 4 аптечных склада, булочная, 5 гостиниц, 2 книжных магазина, 2 лесных склада, мельница, 2 типографии, трактир и 88 лавок (в т. ч. все 28 мануфактурных, 19 бакалейных); среди евреев было 2 зубных врача.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в Л. активизировались еврейские партии. После Окт. рев-ции 1917 мн. евреи Л. работали в сов. учреждениях, в т. ч. в состав исполкома уездного совета входили члены Бунда и РСДРП Наум Сандлер, Ратнер и Гольдштейн. В годы Гражд. войны евреи Л. неоднократно становились жертвами грабежей и издевательств; в янв. 1919 и 12 марта 1919 погром в Л. учинили войска Директории; еврейские дома и лавки были разгромлены, среди еврейского населения было много убитых, женщины подверглись насилию. После Гражд. войны в Л. был открыт приют для еврейских сирот, в 1925 создано «Дет. еврейское местечко им. Ф. Энгельса», в состав к-рого входили дет. дом и школа с преподаванием на идише (позднее преобразована в 10-летку, закрыта в 1938). В 1928 грамотность еврейского населения Л. превышала 70%; среди евреев Л. было 200 кустарей, 50 торговцев, 25 рабочих, 24 служащих, 9 представителей свободных профессий, 8 земледельцев, 196 безработных, 10 нищих.В 1920-х гг. ок. Л. был создан еврейский колхоз. Все колхозники жили в Л. Колхоз объединял 76 семей (в т. ч. 66 – еврейских); из них 54 семьи были заняты в с. х-ве, 12 – на пр-тиях по произ-ву сельтерских вод, хлебопекарне, круподерне и маслобойне; работало также 3 буфета с 3 служащими. Эти пр-тия вследствие их прибыльности позволяли покрывать убыточность с.-х. части промколхоза. В 1933 правление колхоза, не заинтересованное в с. х-ве, отдало 75 га, в 1935 – еще 50 га. Убыточность с.-х. сектора привела к тому, что колхоз к 1933 лишился почти половины работоспособных колхозников и нанимал на работу до 30–40% украинцев.17 июля 1941 Л. оккупировали части вермахта. 22 сент. 1941 было создано гетто. С весны 1942 все работоспособные евреи использовались на работах в каменоломне в 10–12 км от Л. В мае 1942 был создан концлагерь (на терр. бывш. доминиканского костела) для евреев, доставленных из Бессарабии, а также для трудоспособных евреев из Деражни (ок. 200 чел.) и Меджибожа (ок. 100 чел.). В сент. 1942 гетто в Л. было ликвидировано, в нояб. 1942 – ликвидирован концлагерь. 30 янв. 1943 были расстреляны последние евреи-ремесленники в оврагах у с. Залетичевка. В числе погибших во время «акций» последний раввин Л. – Мойше Гольдин (после 1945 на месте трагедии воздвигнут обелиск). Всего за годы оккупации в Л. уничтожено ок. 7 тыс. евреев.После освобождения (март 1944) в Л. из эвакуации вернулось неск. еврейских семей, однако общинная жизнь не возродилась. Житель поселка Перец Евсеевич Цирюльник (1903–1994) собрал коллекцию документов о евреях Л. – участниках Гражд. и 2-й мир. войн.В центр. части Л. сохранились неск. бывш. еврейских домов, здания двух синагог, в т. ч. хоральной (сооружены в 19 в., ныне используются как торг. помещение и склад), новое (открытое в нач. 20 в.) еврейское кладбище.В Л. род.: Л.Н.Невахович; Ирина Борисовна Гурвич (1911–1995, Киев), кинорежиссер, автор мн. мультфильмов, засл. деят. искусств УССР (1973); в Л. жил и работал В.Камраш., extra_data="{'translat...")
LETICHEVSKY (in some sources Lebichevsky) Isaac Natanovich (1874 - |), singer (tenor). From 1893 he acted as a performer of gypsies, songs, took part in performances of the Kremenchug summer mountains. t-ra. In 1894–98 he sang in concerts, in quartets and choirs in various. mountains. Russia. He graduated from the Kiev muses. school Blumenfeld (1898-1901), after which he spoke in Ukrainian. troupe Svetlov. Since 1902 - a soloist of the Kiev Opera House, has toured in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Saratov, Tiflis, Vilna, Kislovodsk, as well as in Berlin and Paris. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1931).
LETKOVKA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1910 there were 2 Jews. In July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 Jews of L. were transported to Ladyzhin and in January. 1942, together with other Jews, were deported to the Pechera camp.
LETNIK, a village in the Peschanokopsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Letnikov farm of the 2nd Don okr. Lands of the Don Army, since 1870 - Areas of the Don Army. 9 Aug. 1942 in Leningrad, several were shot. Jews.
Letnikov, see Letnik.
LETNYA, a village in Drohobych district of Lviv region (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in L. lived apprx. 50 Jews. In July 1941, most of the Jews of L. were killed during a pogrom organized by local Ukrainians; several people survived, hiding from reprisals in the forests.
SUMMER RATE, a village in the Turkmen region of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1854. In 19 - early. 20th century - The headquarters of the Kirghiz-Trukhmen police station in Novogrigorievsky district. Stavropol province. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in LS. 1942 in LS, 156 evacuated Jews were shot.
LETSKI, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad. 1941 in Leningrad, several were killed. remaining in the occupation of the Jews.
LETTIN, see Litene.
LETUCHIY Alexander Yakovlevich (1908, Dobroe, Kherson province - 2002, Pushkin, Leningrad region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). In Kr. Army - since 1931. In 1932 he graduated from the military. Aviation pilot school. Pom. com. squadrons, Art. leith. L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - at the front - com. squadrons, deputy. com. bombs. Aviation divisions. He flew 81 combat missions. From 1957 - Colonel in the reserve. He was awarded 6 orders.
LETYNYA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 25 Jews lived in L. In July 1941, L. Jews were killed.
LEV Abe (1882, Skidel of the Grodno District and Gubernia - 1959, Moscow), publicist, historian. Until the age of 11 he studied at the cheder. He worked as a tanner. From a young age participated in the roar. movement, several. was arrested once. He lived in Vilna, Warsaw, Odessa, Kiev and Moscow. He served in the army. Together with S. An-sky traveled across Galicia and helped him to collect materials for the book. Khurban-Galizia. From 1928 he studied the history of the Jewish slave. movement, was a member. bibl. and ist. section at the Academy of Sciences. Lit. he started his activity with correspondence in Vilnius. gas. "Garbershtime" (1908), then published Art. in other ed. Since 1918 he actively collaborated in the Jewish owls. press. L. - the author of the works "On the history of our press", "The Jewish workers 'movement in Minsk before 1900", "Jewish clericalism against the workers' movement" and others. After returning to Moscow from evacuation, he was repressed. Released 1956.
LEV Boris Davydovich (1911, Tishkovka of Elizavetgradsky u.Kherson province - 1971, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Major General (1958). Since 1933 - in Kr. Army. From August 1941 - at the front. Com. regiment Lieutenant Colonel L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Dnieper. From September 1944 - com. divisions. In 1952 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. Art. Lecturer at the Department of Operational Arts of this Academy. Since 1970 - in stock. He was awarded 8 orders.
LEV Efim Borisovich (| - 1971, Chelyabinsk), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Lieutenant Colonel (1944). Com. shooter. regiment L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the skilful leadership of hostilities when crossing the Vistula. From 1952 in reserve, lived in Chelyabinsk. In the beginning. 1960s arrested and convicted. By decree of Pres. The USSR Armed Forces on November 22, 1961, upon the submission of the court, was stripped of the title of Hero of Owls. Union.
LEV Isrozl-Avrom Leibovich (1845, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1920, Tel Aviv), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since the 1870s. was engaged in oil trade. Living in Baku, Saratov, Kiev, he actively participated both in communal life and in the activities of the Palestinophiles, and then a Zionist. org-tions. From 1911 - in E.-I. He took an active part in the construction of Tel Aviv. He headed the societies. council of the Herzliya gymnasium - the first Jewish gymnasium in E.-I. In 1919 L. was elected a member. Time. Council of Jews E.-I. - higher. body of Jewish self-government. Was a member. Top. E.-I. L. - one of the founders of ped. College of the Mizrahi Movement in Jerusalem.
Lev Misha (Mikhail Andreevich) (b. 1917, Berdichevsky burial ground near Kiev province), writer. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical University, worked as a editor. gas. "Der emes", then in the publishing house "Der emes". He made his debut with stories in 1936. From the fall of 1941, as a cadet in the Podolsk infantry. uch-schcha, L. sent to the front; was captured, fled to the partisans, was early. partisan headquarters. connections. Military. events, partisans. struggle, heroism of the people in the fight against Nazism became Ch. post-war themes. creativity L. First book. "Partisanite vegn" ("Partisan paths") was published in 1948. release of journals. "Sovetish Gameland" L. - member. his editorial board and responsible. sec. Publ. pl. manuf. L .: "Wen nit di freint meine ..." ("If not for my friends ..."), 1961; "Kimat a Legend" ("Almost a Legend"), 1964; "Di jugnt-yorn fun Jacques Albro" ("The youthful years of Jacques Albro"), 1965; "Feather Rus", 1967; "Cadet" ("Cadets"), 1973, etc. Works in the genre of doc. prose, author of the book, published by the publishing house “Sov. writer ":" Der mishpet nohn urteil "(" The trial after the verdict "), 1980; Lange Shotns (Long Shadows), 1988.
LEV Rafail Froimovich (1918, Odessa - 1943, Dmitrievsky, Vyshgorodsky district, Kiev region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Since 1942 - in Kr. Army. Com. company st. Lieutenant L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
LEV Ziskind (1896, Zhidachev, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 1937), writer. Member of the 1st world. war, lived in Vienna. In 1920 he came to Berlin and joined the German Communist Party. He took an active part in the left movement of Poland, Austria, Germany. He made his debut verse, in 1914 in the Lviv gas. "Togblat", then publ. stories and poems in different. left ed. In 1919 he published the book. "Revival of Eretz Yisroel" (Vienna), in 1924 - Sat. "Oifgang" ("Sunrise"), which includes short stories and poems. Being a permanent collaborator. gas. Morgen Freigite (New York), publ. it contains rum. "The Way to the Revolution of Getzla Safran" (1931) and "The Rise of Svent Sarne" (1932), as well as ser. reports “What I saw in Galicia”. In the journal. "Gamer" was printed rum. L. "Andrew and Pop". In 1931 he came to the USSR and settled in Minsk, where he was a co-worker. gas. "October". L.'s stories and stories were published in the newspaper. "Der emes", in the alm. "Sovetish". L. is the author of the novel. “Fir menchn zuhn di revolution” (“Four people are looking for a revolution.” Minsk, 1933), collection of works. stories "Fun velt zu velt" ("From the world to the world". M., 1936). In 1936 he was repressed.
LEVANDA Lev Osipovich (real name Yehuda Leib) (1835, Minsk - 1888, Petersburg), writer. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school (1854), until 1860 he taught at the Minsk state Jewish school, in 1860–86 he held the post of a Jewish scholar under Vilnius. general-governor. Began publishing in “Minsk Guberniya. vedomosti ", where he performed with feuilletons. In 1860 joint. with O.A. Rabinovich developed the program of journals. Dawn was his employee. In their art. advocated the improvement of citizens. the position of the Jews, their equality and full integration into Russian. society by reforming Jewish education and way of life while maintaining commitment to Judaism. The same ideas were carried out in the book. “Hot time. A novel from the last Polish uprising ”(1871–73), in which he called on Jewish youth to become Russian in everything except religion, in the essays“ Travel impressions and notes ”(1873; about a trip along the Pale of Settlement),“ Essays on the past ”( 1875), ist. pov. "The Anger and Mercy of the Magnate" (1885), "Avraam Iosefovich" (1887), and others. The pogroms of 1881 forced L. to admit the collapse of hopes for a merger of Jews with Russian. people and become a supporter of Palestinianism. The last year of his life was a psychiatrist. hospital, where he died. Brother L. - Vitaly Osipovich (1840, Minsk –1920), lawyer. The author of Art. on the Jewish question in the "Jewish library", "Rus. Jew "and other ed. Compiled "Complete chronological collection. laws and regulations concerning Jews, from the code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to the present, time. 1649-1873. Extract from Poly. collection laws Ros. empire "(St. Petersburg, 1874). He took an active part in the life of the Jewish community of Yekaterinoslav.
LEVARTOVSKY Józef (nast, name and surname. Aron Finkelysptein) (1895, Belsk, Grodno province - 1942, Warsaw), politician. In his youth he joined Poale Zion. In 1921–22 he became close to Polish. the Communist Party, led the roar. propaganda in the Jewish quarters of Warsaw. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s sec. Centre. Jewish Bureau at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland, acted in the communist. press criticizing the policies of the Bund and Poaley Zion. In March 1942 by the decision of the underground Central Committee of the Polish slave. party sent to the Warsaw ghetto, where he headed the party. a cell formed from the surviving Jewish communists.
LEVAVI (Leibman) Arie (Arus) (b. 1912, Vilna), diplomat. In 1931–32 he studied at the University of Heidelberg (Germany). From 1932 - in E.-I., graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem (1936). In 1936–38 he was a representative of the Ge-Halutz organization in Germany. In 1938-48 members. Gagany, participant of the 2nd world. wars in the British. army. In 1948 the consul of the State of Israel in Moscow, in 1954–57 the attaché in Belgrade, in 1958–60 the ambassador to Argentina, in 1953 and 1960 the representative of the State of Israel in the UN. Since 1960 deputy. gene. dir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel. Teaches at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), Chl. About-va Slavic studies, author of works on external issues. politics and diplomacy.
LEVCHENKI, a village in the Romensky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1716. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, four Jewish families lived in Leningrad, and in 1910, 25 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century among the main. occupations of the Jews of L. prevailed diff. crafts. 1942 2 Jews were killed in L.
LEVENBUK Alexander (Albert) Semenovich (b. 1933, Moscow), actor, director. A student of the 1st MM And participated in the art. amateur performances, where the duet of L. and A.B. Livshits was formed. After graduating from the Institute (1957) he worked at Mosestrad. The first program "Children's Poems for Adults" (1957) consisted of works. K.I. Chukovsky ("Tsokotukha Fly", "Telephone"), S.Ya. Marshak ("Baggage"), S.V. Mikhalkov ("Crystal Vase"). Slightly shifting the semantic accents of verse., L. and Livshits sought associations with modern. life. The duo were distinguished by virtuoso mastery of synchronous reading technique, culture of speech. The further repertoire includes works. AIKhayt, E.N.Uspensky and others. Programs were prepared "To all the children-trullyats" (based on the production of Marshak, D. Harms, BV Zakhoder, 1962), "Bang-bang, or Satyr. shots on misses ”(1970) and others. In the same years L. and Livshits conducted a cycle of children on the radio. programs "Baby Monitor" (Hayt's text), where with the help of songs and interludes they explained the rules of grammar, etc. Later L. and Livshits performed with a variety program "Baby Monitor for Adults" (1975). Since the 1980s. L. - dir., Staged programs of variety performances based on production. Hayt "A kind word is pleasant for a cat" (for E.V. Petrosyan, 1980), "Is there an extra ticket |" (for VN Vinokur), the play "Tumbalalaika" (Jewish musical chamber theater, Birobidzhan, 1985). Since 1987 he headed the Moscow. Jewish t-r "Shalom", staged the performances "The Train for Happiness" by Hayt (1988), "Enchanted Theater" by FS Kandel and Hayt (1991), "Nationality | Yes!" Hayt (1993), “Take, Yanke and Kadyr” by V.I. Popa (with V.S.Magonet, 1994), where he played the role of Yanke. Honored. art. RF (1993).
LEVENFISH Grigory Yakovlevich (1889 - 1961, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1947). Graduated from St. Petersburg, technologist. Institute, chemical engineer. One of the strongest owls. chess players in the 1920s and 30s; champion of the USSR (1934/35, 1937). Prominent chess. theorist in the region. opening and endgame. He is the author of a number of books, including Modern Opening (1940), The Book of a Beginner Chess Player, Theory of Rook Endings (both 1957), Izbr. parties and memories "(1967).
LEVENSON Boris (1884, Akkerman of Bessarabian province - 1947, New York), composer. Graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. (1907). Since 1920 - in the USA. He wrote symphonic, chamber, vocal music. Written by orc. suite "Palestine" (1927), east. symph. poem "Night in Baghdad", symph. poems "Volga", "Jewish suite".
LEVENSON Lev Borisovich (1878, Kiev - 1955, Moscow), mechanical engineer, specialist in the field of mining technology. Prof. (1915). Graduated in 1903 from St. Petersburg. forge. in-t. In 1903–10 he worked at a machine-building plant. s-dakh. From 1911 he taught at St. Petersburg. forge, in-those, in 1919 was the initiator of the mining-mechanic organization. f-that. One of the founders in 1920 in Petrograd Ying-that mechanical processing of minerals ("Mekhanobr"), until 1930 deputy. dir. in-that. Since 1930 in Moscow. forge. in-those, head. Department of Applied Mechanics. In 1941–43 - in Magnitogorsk mining-mstallurgich. in-those head. Department of General Machine-Building. Since 1943 head. Department of General Machine-Building in Moscow. in-those of steel. scientific. tr. in the region. theory and calculation of mining and processing machines, their kinematics, statics and dynamics of mechanisms (the first works were carried out in the 1920s). He took part in the development of the first crushers and screens in the country. Author of a number of textbooks. Vol .: Machine parts: A short course for students of mining universities. M., 1938; Crushing and screening of minerals. M.-L., 1940; Crushing and sorting machines and plants for the processing of stone materials. M., 1952.
LEVENSON Osip (Joseph) Yakovlevich (1839, Odessa - 1892, Moscow), music critic, theatrical figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1864), then a judicial investigator, a lawyer in Moscow. At the expense of L., his wife, A.A. Brenko, created the Pushkin t-r in Moscow (1880–82). In 1878–85, he led the department of music. critics in "Russkiye vedomosti" and other gas. and zhurn. The author of the book. “In the Concert Hall” (issue 1–2. M., 1878–81) and “From the Field of Music” (M., 1885). Committed suicide. Sister L. - Alexandrova-Levenson Anna Yakovlevna (1856, Odessa - 1930, Tomsk), music critic. A. N. Alexandrov's mother. In 1879 she graduated from Moscow. cons. From 1900 she lived in Tomsk; gave concerts and taught. Acted as a musician. critic in decomp. Siberian period. ed.
LEVENSON Pavel Yakovlevich (1837, Kamenets-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1894, St. Petersburg), publicist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. He actively collaborated in the journal. "Dawn", "Sunrise", "Russian Jew". Published Art. by decomp. issues of Jewish life. Conducted departments in the "Judicial Bulletin" and "Journal of Civil and Criminal Law". Consisted of a member. set of dec. Jewish societies, org-tions. He was one of the initiators of the creation of the Ob-va to help the Jewish agriculturalists in Syria and Palestine.
LEVENTHAL Eleazar (Leiser) (c. 1856, Mogilev - after 1927), Nachman (c. 1854, Mogilev - 1876, Berlin), participants in the revolutionary movement of the 1870s. From the family of a Jewish teacher. They graduated from the Mogilev gymnasium, in 1872 they came to Kiev, where L.E. entered the un-t. In the same year they entered the roar. populist. circle of P.B.Akselarod G.E. Gurevich, led a roar. propaganda in workers' artels, preparing for "going to the people", they studied crafts. In May-June 1874 L.E. participated in the creation of the roar. populist. circle in Chernigov, L.N. - a prominent member of the "Kiev Commune" circle (one of the centers of "going to the people" in southern Russia). Due to the threat of arrest in October 1874 br. L. emigrated. L.N. due to personal troubles, he committed suicide. L.E. later he came to Russia illegally, actively participated in the life of growing up. roar. emigration to Switzerland, in 1878 was a member of the ed. zhurn. "Community" (Geneva). Later he moved away from the roar. movement, graduated from honey. Faculty of Geneva University, headed the Department of Histology at Lausanne University.
LEVENTAL Grigory Mordkovich (b. 1919, Chisinau), architect, specialist in the design of residential buildings. In 1940 he graduated from the Academy of Architecture in Bucharest, in 1946 Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Main works in Chisinau: residential buildings, buildings st. Pushkin (1950s). State pr. MSSR.
LEVENTAL Lev (Leiba) Grigorievich (Girshevich) (1856, Kalvariya, Suwalk province - 1910), a populist revolutionary. In the 1870s. studied at honey. and legal. f-takh Mosk. un-that. Member roar. organization "Land and Freedom", conducted propaganda among students, was engaged in the delivery of illegal. lit-ry. Arrested in January 1879, was held in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In May 1880 he was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor (by confirmation, the term was reduced to 6 years), was held in the Kariysk convict prison in Transbaikalia, from 1884 - in a settlement in the Yakutsk Region. Participated in the exp. A.M. Sibiryakova. In 1898 he returned to Russia, worked in the zemstvo statistician. office in Poltava.
LEVENTHAL Solomon (František Saleri) (1839, according to other data 1841, Wloclawek, Warsaw province - 1902, Wiesbaden, Germany), publisher. Graduated from the rabbinical school in Warsaw (1856). He worked in the publishing house of J. Glucksberg. In 1862 he acquired a printing house. In 1865–90 he published ill. weekly "Klosi", which played a significant role in lit. life of Poland in the 19th century. L. published other literature. zhurn., printed production. leading modern. Europ., including Polish. authors. In 1887 L. became a co-owner of the gas. Courier Warszawski. Member reign of the Warsaw Jewish community, one of the founders of the synagogue on Tlomackaya Street, in which they prayed in Polish. lang., and a long-term curator of the Jewish hospital. In 1900 for participation in the Polish. nat. movement expelled from Poland.
LEVENTAL Valery Yakovlevich (b. 1938, Moscow), theater designer. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1989). In 1962 he graduated from thin. Faculty of VGIK. He made his student debut as artistic director f. "Goodbye pigeons." In op. "Hari Yanosh" (Z. Kodai, Moscow Music Theater named after K.S. Stanislavsky and Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko), the style of theater was manifested, L.'s works - "theater in theater" and "symphonic thinking" ... Since 1965 in the State Academic Bolshoi Theater of the USSR he designed the op. "Cio-Cio-san" by G. Puccini (1966), op.-ball. "The Snow Queen" by M.R. Rauchverger (1969), ball. “Anna Karenina” by RK Shchedrin (1972), “Macbeth” by KV Molchanov (1980) and others. the language of L.'s art changes from "mood scenery" to the so-called. "Active scenography", which coincides with his hobby of t-r AP Chekhov ("The Cherry Orchard", T-p drama and comedy on Taganka, 1974). The ball was decided in the same manner. The Seagull (music by Shchedrin, State Academic Bolshoi Theater, 1980). L. worked on productions abroad: "Komische Oper" (Berlin), Bolshoi Theater (Warsaw), Nat. t-r (Weimar), t-r "Toen" (Japan), etc. Since 1988 - Ch. thin Bolshoi Theater. Since 1983 L. teaches (prof.) At the Studio School at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Gorky; created the faculty of training theater, thin. Prev scenographic Commission of Sov. center WISTET (international organization of scenographers and theater technicians). Works in easel painting (series of landscapes "Safonovo", "Walk", portraits of his daughter, I. Yasulovich, Y.B. Norshtein. L.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, Theater. Museum named after A.A.Bakhrushin, Museum music culture named after M.I. Glinka and other People's Artists of the USSR (1989).
LEVENZON Philip (Figael) Yakovlevich (1893, Orhei, Bessarabian province - 1938), military leader. Divisional Commissioner (1935). In 1914-17 - in the army, he was wounded. In 1917 he was a Left Socialist-Revolutionary. Since 1918 - member. RCP (b). After the February roar. 1917 members Executive Committee of the Chisinau Council of Workers and Soldiers, dep .; from September - member. Bessarabian Provincial Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers, Dep.; since December, the commandant of the Chisinau garrison and member. front department Center. will execute. to the Soviets of the Romanian Front, the Black Sea Fleet and the Odessa Region. (Rumcherod) 2nd convocation. In 1918, members. Roar. headquarters of owls. general sp. troops of the Bessarabian region, then the beginning. headquarters of the Tiraspol detachment, commissar, then com. brigades. After Grazhd. wars in command positions in units and formations of the Kr. Army; in 1934–36 beginning. military-builds. ex. People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, at the end of 1936 he was seconded to the Primorsky Group of Forces. From 1929 before. Centre. Council of the Society of Bessarabians in the USSR, ed. zhurn. "Red Bessarabia". Awarded hordes. Lenin and Kr. Banner. Repressed.
Moishe LEVERTOV (1929, Moscow - 2006, New York), public figure. Rod. in the family of an active participant in the Lubavitch underground, Shoikhet and moel L. Dovber (1885–1949, camp in the Potma district). Traditions. Jewish religion Educated at home and in the underground yeshivas "Tomkhei Tmimim" in Samarkand and Kutaisi. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1950 - in the USA, one of the hands. opr-tion "Ezras Achim", created to help Jews in the USSR.
LEVI Isroel (1842, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1905, Vilkomir, Koven province), publisher, publicist. He studied at the cheder, in Russian. gymnasium. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Until 1874 he lived in Vilkomir and Kovna, was a supporter of Jewish agricultural colonies in Russia. He contrasted the Jewish land colonization in Russia with emigration from the country. In 1874 he settled in St. Petersburg, was a secretary. reign of St. Petersburg. Jewish community. In 1880 he created a large printing house with different typefaces, including Hebrew, where the gas was printed. in Hebrew. "Gamelitz" and "Idishes folksblat". In 1887 90 ed. and the author of Idishes Folksblat. After the termination of the release of "Idishes Folksblat" in March 1890 L. as a result of bankruptcy was forced to close the printing house, then he was arrested for lack of residence rights and was expelled from St. Petersburg. L. left for E.-I. with the aim of settling there forever, but he returned to Russia. At one time he lived in Kovn, then in Vilkomir. For several. years before his death, he became an adherent of Hasidism.
LEVI Ludwig Mavrikievich (1854 - 1927, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the field of rolling stock of railway transport. In 1874 he graduated from Warsaw University, in 1877 - Petersburg. in-t engineer ways of communication. He worked on a number of railways. Russia (head of rolling stock and traction services, head of workshops). All R. 1880s joint with A.P. Borodin developed a method of linear testing of steam locomotives. In 1898 he created a project for a steam locomotive of type 1-4-0 ser. 0 with tandem compound machine. Participated in the improvement of a type 2-2-0 steam locomotive. Author tr. for the unification of parts and assemblies of steam locomotives. Active participant of congresses Ing. traction service. After 1918, members. Scientific and technical to-that NKPS.
LEVI Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1938, Moscow), psychotherapist, writer. Cand. honey. sciences. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1961). He worked as a doctor in a psychiatrist. clinics, in a neuropsychiatric. dispensary, scientific. sotr. Institute of psychiatry in Moscow. The author of a number of scientific. and scientific-popul. book on the problems of emotional self-regulation, personal psychohygiene, children. Psychology, Vol .: Hunt for Thought. M., 1967; I and we. M., 1969; The art of being yourself. M., 1973; The art of being different. M., 1980; Unusual child. M., 1983; The color of fate. M., 1988.
LEVIANT Israel (b. 1914, Gomel, Mogilev province), engineer. Dr. Tech. sciences. In 1924 - in France. In 1933–35 he studied at the Higher. polytechnic, school (Paris), in 1936–38 in the Nat. school of bridges and roads (Paris). From 1938 he worked as engineer. in the region. road building. From 1939 he served in the French. army, participant of the 2nd world. war. From 1944 - in the USA, in 1946-47 pres. Franz. Security Council (Washington). Since 1948, gen. dir. firm "Vacuum Concrete" (Paris), since 1959 advisor to the corporation "Bagtle" (San Francisco). Author of works on hydropower. Cavalier of hordes. Of the Legion of Honor.
LEVIAS Kaspar (1860, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province. - 1934, New York), Hebraist. In 1893–94 he studied at the department of the East. lang. Columbia un-that, in 1894–95 - at the department of Semitic languages. Johns Hopkins University (USA). In 1895-1905 he taught at uch. institution for the training of rabbis in Cincinnati, in 1910–20 dir. Jewish School in Newark (New Jersey). A convinced Zionist, L. did a lot for the propaganda of the present. lit-ry in Hebrew. L.'s main interests are Semitic philology and grammar. L. belongs to the research. on the grammar of the Aramaic idioms contained in the Babylonian Talmud (1900). In 1930 he published it in Hebrew in a revised form ("Dikduk Aramit Oavlit"). In 1914–15 he published two parts of Hebrew-German-English. dictionary of Jewish philology. terminology. Compiled a dictionary of honey. terms found in Hebrew lit-re.
LEVICH Akim Davydovich (b. 1933, Kamenets-Podolsky), painter, graphic artist. Graduated from Kiev art. Institute (1959). The representative of the "underground", which is why he did not exhibit in 1970-85, was engaged in book graphics, illustrating children's literature. L.'s painting is characterized by attention to the most ordinary manifestations of life, sophistication of execution. At the same time, L.'s work is purely individual, it cannot be associated with any specific direction in art. And although in the works of L. there are almost no external signs of a Jewish theme, the Jewish nat. spirit, nat. perception of the world. This is especially felt in many. Kiev plots, primarily in works dedicated to. the district of Kiev - Podol (1982), as well as in paintings on biblical themes (1963–65). Main works: "House on the corner" (1959), "Painters" (1961), "City" (1969), "Kiev funeral" (1970), "Spring in the hospital yard" (1981), "Windows" (1983), "At the Countryside" (1984), "Old Woman with a Goat" (1992), "Boy with a Snake" (1992), "Old Woman Feeding Birds" (1993), "Blind" (1994), etc. In 1991 (et al. . with the architect Y. Paskevich and his son Alevich) created in Babi Yar at the place of the execution of Kiev Jews in Sept. 1941 monument of sorrow - "menorah". Had two personal exhibitions in Kiev (1992, 1994), participated in several. exhibitions, incl. in Odense (Denmark, 1990), London (1992), Toulouse (1993).
LEVICH Veniamin Grigorievich (1917, Kharkov - 1988, Fort Lee, New Jersey, USA), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Khark. un-t (1937). Worked at Ying-those physical. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1940–58) and the Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958–72). At the same time. teaching at MGPI (1940–49), MEPhI (1950–64, prof. from 1951) and Moscow State University (1964–72, head of the department). In 1972, after submitting documents to travel to Israel, he was dismissed from the post of head. department. In 1977 he headed a seminar for refusenik scientists. Since 1978 in Israel. Since 1979 head. Department of Tel Aviv University and at the same time. A. Einstein College in New York. L. one of the founders of physical and chemical. hydrodynamics. Developed the theory of the transfer of substances to the interface, the theory of concentration polarization when the current passes through solutions, issled. the effect of surface-active substances on the movement of liquids. L. proposed a theory of nonequilibrium double electric. layer. Considered the coagulation of aerosols and colloids in turbulent flows. Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1963), Works: Physico-chemical hydrodynamics. M., 1959; Theoretical course. Physics, v. 1–2. M., 1969–71 (et al.).
LEVIEV Minasay Betianovich (1912, Namangan, Fergana region - 1990, Tashkent), composer. As a child, he learned to play the Uzbek. bunk bed instr-tah. In 1937 he graduated from Leningrad. muses. technical school on class. comp. from P.B. Ryazanov and M.A. Yudin, in 1937–41 he studied at Leningrad State University. cons. from Kh.S. Kushnarev (class of composition) and D.D. Shostakovich (class of orchestration). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1943 he resumed interrupted studies at the cons. (was evacuated to Tashkent) and graduated from it the same year. In 1953–59 he was responsible. sec. SK of UzSSR. L. made a great contribution to the development of muses. culture of Uzbekistan. In his works. used uzb. muses. folklore. Author of muses. dramas and comedies "Sherzod and Guldosh" (1943), "Golden Lake" (1948), "Songs of the Heart" (1953), "To Whom Woe, To Whom Happiness" (1963), "Tashkent Beauty" (1979), "Immortality" (1982, all - Tashkent) and others; ball. "Suhail and Mekhri" (after A. Navoi, 1948); symph. suites “Uzbekistan is 20 years old” (1944); wok-symph. the suite "Poem about Cotton" (1974), "Bukhara at the Holiday" (1974); the cantata "The Light Way" (1947), "White Gold" (1948); suite in uzb. and taj. themes for strings, quartet (1950, 1951); pieces for orc. uzb. bunk bed instr-tov, for php .; romances, arrangements of Uzbek. bunk bed songs; music for performances and c / f. Nar. art. UzSSR (1972). State pr. UzSSR (1979).
LEVIK Boris Veniaminovich (1898, Kiev - 1976, Moscow), musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1941). Studied at the Kiev cons. (1913–22) by class fp. from K.N. Mikhailov, class. comp. from R.M. Glier, then from B.N. Lyatoshinsky. He continued his studies with Glier in Moscow. Graduated in 1928 from music and science. branch Moscow. cons. by class M.V. Ivanov-Boretsky. Taught music theory and history at Moscow. cons. (1930–49; from 1935 Assoc.), In Correspondence music-ped. in-those (1936–41), at the Higher. uch-shche military. conductors (1943–46), in Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins (1946–48 and 1953–56 Head of the Department of Music History). Sci. L.'s interests were primarily related. with the study of it. and Austr. muses. cultures. L. owns works about K.V. Gluck, I.-S. Bach, F. Schubert, R. Wagner and others. manuals on the hack, music for muses. uch-uch and for musicological faculties cons. (et al.), Art. about Western-European composers, works about A.F. Gedick.
LEVIK Sergey Yurievich (1883, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province - 1967, Parnu), singer (baritone), writer, translator. He studied singing in Kiev at the Higher. opera and dramas. courses from M.E. Medvedev. In 1909–12 he was a soloist of the Nar Opera House. at home in St. Petersburg, in 1912–16 - in T-re muses. dramas. In the years of the 1st world. war was a member. Vseros. Union of cities, was engaged in fundraising, evacuation of the population from the front line, assisted Russian. prisoners and wounded. In 1922 he headed the Commission for Assistance to the Unemployed. In 1923, due to a sore throat, he left the stage. In 1938–39 he taught at Leningrad State University. cons. scenic claim. L.'s performance was distinguished by simplicity, sincerity, flexibility and a wide range of voice. The repertoire featured dramas, images: Rigoletto (opera of the same name by J. Verdi), Demon (opera of the same name by A.G. Rubinstein, Tokyo ("Pagliacci" by R. Leoncavallo), Beckmesser ("Nuremberg Meistersingers" by R. Wagner) , Klingsor ("Parsifal" by Wagner), Amonasro ("Aida" by Verdi), Escamillo ("Carmen" by J. Bizet) In 1901 L. began his literary activity, translated equirrhythmically from Italian, French, German texts "Othello", "Don Carlos", "Troubadour", "Sicilian Vespers" by Verdi, "Salome" by R. Strauss, "Tales of Hoffmann" by J. Offenbach, "Turandot" by G. Puccini, oratorio "Samson" to [[]] "Judas Maccabee" by GF Handel, "The Seasons" by J. Haydn. The author of the texts of the op. "Cyrano de Bergerac" by BV Asafiev and "Dawn" by DG Frenkel. Since 1913 he acted as a musical critic in periodicals, in 1921 - the 22nd edition of the journal "Bulletin of Theater and Arts", in 1929-39 the correspondent of the Parisian journal "Le Menstrel". L. belong to the articles, essays, published in various collections . In his memoirs "Notes of an opera singer. From the history of the Russian opera scene" (Moscow, 1955) gave an idea of ​​the state of the opera ltury dorev. Russia and vivid portraits of Rus. and Western European performers. L. belong to isl. Art. about vocal art, about the specifics of translating opera librettos.
LEVIK Wilhelm (William) Veniaminovich (1907, Kiev - 1982, Moscow), translator, literary critic, painter. In 1921-22, attending a free artist studio. In 1924 he moved to Moscow, entered biol. Faculty of Moscow State University and VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (graduated in 1930), studied painting with A.A. Osmerkin, I.I.Mashkov. Follower of Russian. realist. tradition in painting, he painted portraits, landscapes and nudity. Main paintings: self-portrait (1946), portraits of his wife (1952), Leonid Martynov (1962), Mikhail Kudinov (1965), Yuri Dombrovsky (1971), "Tamara" (1958), landscapes "Old and New Moscow" (1961), “Vasilievskaya street. Rain "(1968)," Street in Tarusa "(1972)," Borovsk. Autumn "(1975). Rarely participated in exhibitions (early works were lost before the war, later ones were stolen from the workshop); the last exhibition took place at the Central House of Writers in Moscow (1983). Since 1933 - translator. Translated classic. and modern poetry: Op. W. Shakespeare, J.G. Byron, J. du Bellay, J. La Fontaine, G. Heine, P. Verlaine, P. Ronsard, C. Baudelaire, I. V. Goethe, J.-F. Schiller and others. This means that some of the translations were included in the collection "From European poets of the 16th-19th centuries." (M., 1956), "From European Poets" (M., 1967), "Magic Forest" in the middle. "Masters of Poetic Translation" (M., 1974), "Fav. translations ”(in 2 volumes. Moscow, 1977–78). Critical Art. devoted to the problems of thin. translation and creativity of Baudelaire, L. Camoens and others. editorial boards annually. "The skill of translation", zhurn. Int. org-tion of translators (FIT) "Babel". Lit. etc. in the GDR, Poland, Hungary. Etc. FIT.
LEVIN-EPSHTEIN Eliyahu Zeev (1863, Volkovysk - 1932), public figure. From a young age, member. Hovevey Zion in Warsaw. From 1890 - in E.-I. One of the founders of Rehovot. In 1896 he participated in the creation of the Carmel company for the supply of wines to Russia. In 1900 he founded a branch of the firm in New York and headed it for many years. An active Zionist. traffic in the USA.
LEVIN Alexander (b. 1915, Pinsk, Minsk province), teacher. Prof. In 1937–39 he was an educator at the Orphanage of J. Korczak in Warsaw. During the 2nd world. war in Kr. Army. In 1944–46, the director. Polish orphanage in the Urals. In 1948 he graduated from the pedagogy department of Warsaw University. In 1947 - 50 hands. Center for education and training courses in Bartoszyce. One of the founders and hands. Ying-that ped. research in Warsaw, since 1967 hands. Research Sector educational systems. Member prez. and before. scientific. commissions Int. about-va them. Ya Korchak. Sci. ed. Poly. collection op. Ya Korchak. Author of about 300 scientific. tr., dedicated. history and theory of education and upbringing.
LEVIN Alexander Mikhailovich (1861 - 1932, Leningrad), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1899), prof. (1899). After graduating from the Military Medical Institute in 1895. Academy in St. Petersburg worked there as a resident, then as a private professor. therapeutic. clinics (1895–99); in 1899-1916 head. organized by him by the Department of diagnostics, diseases of female honey. in-that. Since 1916 - in Baku, where he was the head physician of the mountains. hospitals and simultaneously. (1919–26) head. departments of diagnostics internal. diseases and faculty therapy of Baku honey. in-that, created on his initiative. In 1926-29 the head. Department of Diagnostics and Private Pathology with Therapy at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute of Science. tr. L. has eaten. ch. arr. issues of diagnostics int. diseases. Designed (with A.I. Yarotsky) a device for determining the mean. blood pressure using the oscillographic method. Works: Diagnostic course. Baku, 1921; Introduction to the clinic of internal medicine, parts 1-2. M.-L., 1926–27.
LEVIN Alexander Shlyomovich (b. 1957, Moscow), poet. Graduated from MIIT (1979). First book. verse. - "Biomechanics" (1995). The author of the experiment. texts synthesizing the traditions of Futurism and Oberiuts. Long-term creative collaboration with V.Ya. Strochkov found expression in the joint conference. work “Lingvoplasty. Polysemantics. An attempt to analyze and systematize "(1988–90), combining the features of scientific. and game texts. In a number of productions. L. there is a Jewish theme.
Arie LEVIN (1885, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1969, Jerusalem), rabbi. From 1905 - in E.-I. Spiritual hand. Talmud-Torah at Yeshiva "Etz-Chaim" in Jerusalem. "Rabbi of prisoners", L. - one of the brightest personalities in Jerusalem of the 1940s – 1950s. During the period of Britons, the Mandate constantly visited Jews in hospitals and prisons. L.'s grandson - Kugel Avraham-Menachem (b. 1948), rabbi, heads the Jerusalem yeshiva "Shvut Ami", created. specially for immigrants from the USSR.
LEVIN Aron Vulfovich (1905, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1974, Leningrad), power engineer, specialist in the field of turbine construction. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated in 1929 Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, in 1931 energomash-builds. Faculty of Vses. boiler and turbine institute in Leningrad. In 1931–74 - at the Leningrad Theater. Metallich. plant, where in 1944–69 he headed the department. calculation of design bureau of steam turbines. At the same time. taught at the plant-technical college at Metallich. s-de.Osn. work related to research. strength and vibration of turbine blades and discs. He proposed new methods for calculating blades and disks, supervised the calculation of the blades of the last stages of turbines manufactured in 1936–41, which were distinguished by high reliability. In 1941–45 under the hands of. L. in KB created projects of a series of high-pressure turbines. In the 1950s. thermal and strength calculations of all turbines produced by the plant, including turbines К-200–130, as well as design of a turbine for 1200 MW, were carried out. Became. etc. (1948). Linen. etc. (1963) Vol .: Working blades and disks of steam turbines. M.-L., 1953.
LEVIN Avrom (1893, Warsaw - 1943), historian, teacher. He became an orphan early. He taught Hebrew and Jewish history at the Jewish girls' gymnasium. Known as the author of the book. "Cantonists" (Warsaw). After the occupation of Poland, he remained in Warsaw, secretly taught children Hebrew, Jewish literature and history in the ghetto, and helped the historian E. Ringelblum to establish the center. archive of the ghetto. Shocked by the "deportation" of his wife and 16-year-old daughter, he tried to commit suicide, but was soon sent to a death camp too. After the war, L.'s diary was found in the underground archive of the ghetto ("Ringelblum's Archive") (the first part in Yiddish, the second in Hebrew with inserts in Yiddish). Part of the diary was published. in "Bleter headlights geshichte" Jewish ist. Institute in Warsaw.
LEVIN Baruch-Itskhak (b. 1911, Graevo, Shchuchinsky district, Lomzhinskaya province), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since the 1930s. - in E.-I., the rabbi of the districts of Makor Baruch and Kiryat Shmuel in Jerusalem, headed the rabbinical court for property. affairs, yeshiva "Makor Chaim". Author of Art., Book. and comments. to tr. Maimonides.
LEVIN Benjamin-Menashe (1879, Gorodichi Mogilev province - 1944, Jerusalem), teacher, researcher of Jewish literature of the Talmud period. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. He studied at the yeshivas of Zhlobin, Rogachev, Bobruisk, passed the exam for the title of rabbi. He served in Russian. army. Gave lessons to A.-I.Kuk's son Zvi-Yehuda. In 1906 he studied at the rabbinical seminary (Berlin). Studying at the University of Bern, he founded the association of Jewish Orthodox students "Tahkemoni". From 1912 - in E.-I .; dir. school "Nedah Yisrael" in Petah Tikva. In the 1930s. left teaching and devoted himself to work on the creation of a multivolume edition. "Otsar ga-gaonim" - collection Jewish literature of the Talmud period. During his lifetime, 12 volumes were published. He founded the society "Aluma" for the study of Judaism and created under him a yeshiva of a new type, where the study of religions. disciplines combined with secular subjects.
LEVIN Boris Iosifovich (1904, Kladkovka, Chernigov province - 1976, Moscow), civil engineer, organizer of transport construction. Cand. tech. Sciences (1938). In 1920–26 - at the Komsomol and prof. work. After graduating in 1934 from the Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Ing. railways - in the system of the People's Commissariat of Railways at Ing. positions., then on hands. work: headed Hargiprotrans, Mosgiprotrans, Soyuztransproekt, hands. technical and expert department NKPS USSR. In 1941–45 deputy. early Ch. ex. military-will restore. works, hands. construction of the Kizlyar-Astrakhan line with the construction of crossings across the Volga; took part in the restoration of the railway. lines to Leningrad. front. From 1943 to the beginning. Center, planning and economic. ex. NKPS USSR. In 1953–55 members. Bureau for Transport and Communications under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1955–72 in the USSR Ministry of Transport and Construction (head of technical management, head of technical council, member of the collegium of the ministry, deputy min.). In 1950-60 ch. ed. zhurn. Construction Economics. Author of scientific. Art. and publ. by transport page-woo.
LEVIN Boris Mikhailovich (1898, Zagorodino, Vitebsk province - 1940, near Suomus-Salmi, Finland), writer. In 1918–22 - in Kr. Army. In 1930 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. He began to publish in 1923. The first major work was the story "Two Comrades Lived" (1931). This means that the Jewish theme occupies a place in L.'s work. The novel "Young Man" (1933) dedicated. adaptation of the intellectual in the Sov. about-ve. Author of plays and screenplays. Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. Killed in battle.
LEVIN Boris Ruvimovich (1919, Yuzovka Bakhmutskiy district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1991, Moscow), specialist in the field of radio engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). He graduated from Moscow State University in 1941 and in 1945 Military-air. academy. In 1946–68 he worked at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Radio Engineering. industry and communications of the USSR. At the same time. in 1964–91 he taught at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications. tr. by statistical communication theory, theoretical. the basics of radio engineering. He developed methods, with the help of which he received new algorithms for signal processing and research. their characteristics. Created scientific. school of researchers in the region. asymptotic methods in statistical. radio engineering. Completed a cycle of works on statistical. theory of radio systems. Since 1987 hon. h. Weight, scientific and technical. about-va radio engineering, electronics and communications them. A.S. Popov. State pr. USSR (1988). Cit .: The theory of random processes and its application in radio engineering. 2nd ed. M., 1970; Theoretical basics statistic radio engineering. 3rd ed. M., 1989.
LEVIN Boris Savelievich (b. 1922, Roslavl, Smolensk province. - 2006, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Cand. military. sciences. In Kr. Army since 1940. In 1942 he graduated from the Balashov military. aviation school of pilots. From July 1942 - at the front, in the assault aviation. He flew 170 combat missions. In 1949 he graduated from the Military-Vozd. Academy, in 1957 - courses at the Military-Air. Ing. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. He was awarded 8 orders.
Boris Yakovlevich LEVIN (b. 1906, Odessa - 1993, Kharkov), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939). Prof. (1939). He graduated from un-t in Rostov-on-Don (1931) and graduate school there (1935). He worked at Odessa University (1935–41), Odessa Institute of Water Transport Engineers (1937–49), Kharkov Mining Institute (1949–55), Kharkov University (since 1955), Phys.-tech. Institute of Low Temperatures of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1968). The main results of the research. relate to the theory of functions and func. analysis, Cit .: Distribution of the roots of entire functions. M, 1956.
LEVIN Boris Yulievich (1912, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1956). Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1937). In 1936–41 he taught astronomy at Moscow. ped. in-those them. K. Liebknecht, in 1944–49 he worked in the State. astronomical. in-those them. PK Sternberg at Moscow State University, in 1945–73 - at the Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1974–82 - at Astronomich. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The first chapter. ed. zhurn. “Letters to the Astronomical Journal” (1974–85). Osn. works - in the region. physics of meteoric phenomena, physics of comets and cosmogony of the solar system. In 1939–56 he significantly developed physical. theory of meteors, the author of the book. "Phys. the theory of meteors and meteoric matter in the solar system ”(1956). Since 1945 - closest collaborator. O.Yu. Schmidt, together with whom he put forward a hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from a cold gas-dust cloud. Studied the structure, composition and thermal. the history of the Earth and the Moon, their evolution. Contributed to the theory of the origin of meteorites. He revealed the regularities of changes in the brightness of comets depending on their distance from the Sun and (with L.E. Gurevich the possibility of the formation of certain double stars by the capture of one star by another in the gravitational field of a third star in star clusters. Gold medal named after I.I. Kepler American Association for the Advancement of Science (1971) F. Leonard American Meteor Society Medal (1984).
LEVIN David Abramovich (1863 - |), journalist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. He spoke with Art. on jurisprudence in periodical. ed. - "Legal. newspaper ”,“ Law ”and others, collaborated in gas. "Sunrise". Was a member. editorial board, since 1906 - ed. daily society-polit., lit. and econ. gas. "Our Life" (1904-06) and its weekly. lit.-scientific. applications. He was one of the founders and editor-in-chief of the weekly. Freedom and Equality (1907). In 1906-18 he was printed in gas. "Speech".
Levin Dov (b. 1925, Kaunas), historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1971), prof. In 1943–44 he fought in the partisans. detachment, in 1944–45 he was engaged in identifying the Lithuanians who collaborated with him. occupier. the authorities; participated in the organization of illegal transportation of Jews from Lithuania to E.-I. Since 1945 - in E.-I. Member of the War of Independence. In 1951–71 he worked in the Jerusalem municipality. Since 1971 - at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), is engaged in research. history of Jewish communities Vost. Europe, including the Baltics. Member of the Yad Vashem government. The author of the book. on the history of Eastern Europe. Jewry.
LEVIN Doyvber (Boris Mikhailovich) (1904, Lyady Goretsky near the Mogilev province - 1942), writer. He studied at Petrograd. un-those (1921) and at the theater, f-those State. Institute of History of Art (1922). Was included in lit. gr. OBERIU (1927 - 31). The absurdist prose The Adventure of Theocritus has not survived. The author of the book. for children "Flight of Herr Dumkopf" (Moscow, 1930). Rum was popular. Shoemakers Street (1932). In pov. "Ten carriages" on behalf of Jewish teenagers from Leningrad. orphanage told about the street children. From 1941 - at the front. He died near Leningrad.
Levin Emmanuil Borisovich (1820, Minsk - 1913, St. Petersburg), teacher, lawyer, public figure. Supporter of Jewish enlightenment, in the 1840s. compiled and published a textbook in Russian. grammar for Jewish schools, taught at the exemplary Talmud-torah in Minsk, then at the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. From the beginning. 1860s - in St. Petersburg, with the assistance of G.O. Gintsburg published in 1883 and 1885 collection of grew. laws on Jews, in 1902 - "Sat. will limit. laws and regulations about Jews. " On behalf of Gunzburg, compiled for submission to governments. institutions a number of notes on the situation of the Jews with the justification for the need to expand their rights. One of the first to put forward the idea of ​​creating an OPE, was its first secretary, participated in the works of ist. and library commissions, bequeathed to the library about-va his extensive collection of Prince. and doc.
LEVIN Evgeny Ilyich (b. 1913), specialist in rolling equipment. In 1936 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1937, 41 worked in the Design Bureau of the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense Industry; 1941–45 - in the Red Army; in 1945–49 - in VNIiP metallurgist, machinery. In 1950–57 he worked in the GDR. Since 1957 - in the State. scientific and technical to-those of the USSR. Participated in the creation. new technology for rolling round profiles. Linen. etc. (1964).
Levin Faivus Aronovich (1868, Shavli, Kovno province - 1940, New York), biochemist. In 1891 he graduated from the Military Medical. academy. Since 1892 - in the USA. Until 1896 he practiced medicine in New York (East Side), then went to work at the Institute of Pathology, but due to illness he was forced to leave for Europe. OK. years spent in Switzerland, then several. years in Germany, where he continued his education with A. Kossel (Marburg University) and E. Fischer (Berlin University). Returning to New York, he continued his work (until 1905) at Yn-te pathology. From 1905 he worked at the Rockefeller Institute of Medicine. research (New York), in which he was in charge (until 1907) biochem. lab., then (until 1939) hands. dep. chemistry. scientific. research L. are associated with cell biochemistry, the study of the structure of nucleic acids. Author of works on creation. methods of biochem. analysis in the clinic. medicine.
Levin Fedor Arkadievich (1878, Moscow - 1944, ibid.), Flutist. Brother of I.A. Levun. In 1891–96 he studied class. flute in Moscow. cons. from V.V. Krechman. Played an orc. provincial t-ditch. In 1909-11 he was an artist of the Bolshoi Theater, in 1911-14 he was an artist of symphony. orc. under control S.A. Koussevitsky, who toured a lot in Russia. In 1922–32 he was an artist of Persimfans (the First Symphony Ensemble of the Mossovet), in 1936 - the State. symph. orc. THE USSR. At the same time. played in a quartet of woodwind instruments Vses. radio. Honored. art. Rep. (1934).
LEVIN Gad-Osher (1816, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1878, ibid.), Public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was one of the first large Jewish industrialists in Belarus. Created a vocational education system for Jewish orphans with teaching religions. disciplines. Adhering to Palestinian views, L. bequeathed 35 thousand rubles. for the redemption of land by Jews in E.-I.
LEVIN Gersh-Leib (real name Yehuda-Zvi) (1853, Yanov Sokolsky u. Grodno province - 1934, New York), writer, publicist. He was a private teacher of Hebrew in Warsaw, Lublin, Radom. From 1906 - in the USA, lived in New York, gave private lessons. From 1885 he wrote to children. stories in Hebrew, published the book. "The Man of Glass", since 1899 wrote stories in Yiddish, feuilletons, children. fairy tales. Author of collections: "Der gunt, di kats un di moiz" ("Dog, cat and mouse"), 1907; "Gevis un megleh" ("Surely and possibly"), 1916; Mine bobes mayses (Tales of my grandmother), 1920.
LEVIN Gershon (1868, Lublin - 1939), physician, writer. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. He wrote for gas. “Ha-Tsefira”, “Ha-Tsofe” (in Hebrew) and “Gaynt” (in Yiddish). From 1895 - in Warsaw, participated in Jewish societies. life and was a member of the leadership of the Warsaw cultural. association "Ha-Shomer", Jewish cultural. about-va, T-va of health protection. Participant in Russian-Japanese. and 1st world. wars, military. doctor. Author of rep. about I.-L. Peretz (1919), "At the World War" (1923), "In the Good Old Times" (1925) about Sholem Aleichem (1926), in 1937 he wrote "The Book of My Life" (all in Yiddish) ...
LEVIN Grigory Mikhailovich (1902, Antsir of Kansky u. Yenisei province. - 1983, Barnaul), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Army in 1921 - 32 and from 1941. In 1922 he graduated from the infantry. school. In 1929 he took part in battles on the Chinese Eastern Railway. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. regiment Colonel L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the skillful leadership of troops when crossing the Oder in the region south of Stettin. Since 1954 - in stock. He was awarded 6 orders.
LEVIN Yehuda-Leib (1894, Nikopol, Ekaterinoslav province - 1971, Moscow), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Studied at Nezhinsky and Slobodsky (Kovna) yeshivas. Since 1916, the rabbi in the village. Grishino (Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya), in the 1920s. - in Yekaterinoslav, in 1923–46 - in decomp. Jewish communities, ch. arr. in Georgia and Uzbekistan, in 1946–53 - in Dnepropetrovsk. Since 1957, Rabbi Mosk. choral synagogue. Forced to protect owls. politics in the Jewish question, L. in March 1971 was among the organizers of the conf. representatives of the Jewish clergy and Jewish religions. communities of the USSR, convened in Moscow to discuss "the attitude of the believing Jews of the USSR to the provocative actions of the international. Zionist. org-tions and their fabrications about the situation of Jews in the USSR ”.
LEVIN Yehuda-Zvi (1852, Yanovo of Pinsky district of Minsk province - 1934, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1885-1906 he taught at Jewish schools in Pinsk, Smolensk and other cities. From 1906 - in the USA, he taught in Philadelphia. From 1915 he lived in New York, studied literature. activities. First book. "Yadid Yeladim" ("Friend of Children". Warsaw, 1894) consisted of stories and verse. for kids. L. processed a number of biblical stories for children (in Hebrew).
Levin Joseph Arkadievich (1874, Oryol - 1944, New York), pianist, teacher. F.A. Levin's brother. As a child, he took php lessons. games with A.G. Rubinstein, then studied in Moscow with N.S. Zverev. In 1889 he made his debut in a concert with an orc, conducted by Rubinstein. In 1892, with evil. he graduated from Moscow with a medal. cons. by class php. from V.I.Safonov (entered on the Marble Board of Honor). In 1895 he took part in the 2nd Intern. competition of pianists and composers on Rubinstein ave. in Berlin. In 1900–02 he taught at the Tiflis muses. school at Rus. muses. about-ve. In 1902–05 prof. Moscow cons. He toured since 1905. From 1906 he lived in Berlin, where he taught (until 1919), gave many concerts. In the repertoire of L. ch. arr. manuf. romantics - F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. List. From 1919 he lived in New York, from 1922 he taught at the Juilliard Muses. school. He performed as a pianist, as well as in a piano duet with his wife R. Levina. L. - one of the most famous virtuosos of his time. L.'s performance was distinguished by an exceptionally fast tempo, sparkling passages, and brilliant octave technique. The author of the book. "The basic principles of playing the piano."
Levin Joseph Davidovich (1901, Warsaw - 1984, Moscow), lawyer, political scientist, culturologist. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). Graduated from Philosophy. department ist.-philol. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1922), where he attended courses and studied in the seminars of I.A. Ilyin, S.L. Frank and G.G. Shpet; in 1920 he participated in philosophy. or T. (in Hebrew) circles. In 1922–27 he worked at Kom. academy, in 1927-83 - in the Institute of Sov. p-va (since 1959 Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences), and also taught at Moscow State University. Dismissed in 1949 during the anti-cosmopolitan campaign, then reinstated. L. - the author of apprx. 150 scientific. works (including 10 monographs) on the problems of state-political. devices, nat. and interstate. relationship to the mark. East, the textbook "State. right of the bourgeois. countries "(1962), comp. and ed. Sat. “The Constitution of the State of Bl. and Wed. East "(1956), ed. collective monographs "Imperialistic. state and capitalist. economy "(1963)," Konst. the mechanism of the dictatorship of monopolies "(1964) and others. Philos. the Latvian system was formed in the 1920s and 1950s. and developed in the 1960s – 70s. Philos. tr. L. ("Metaphysics", "Philosophy of Art", "Ethics" and "On Culture"), not published during his lifetime, works about growing up. Jewry ("About Jewry" and "Notes of a Madman"), as well as Philos. autobiography "The Sixth Plan" was included in Op. (vols. 1-2. M., 1994). From the beginning. 1920s and until 1970, L. collected home philosophy. circle.Cit .: Preparing the war in the Arab East. M., 1937; War and nat. question in Europe. Tashkent, 1943; Coerced, labor and slavery in capitalist countries. M., 1952 (et al.); State system of the countries of the Arab East. M., 1957; Modern bourgeois. state science rights. Criticism of the main. directions. M., 1960.
LEVIN Yitzhak-Meir (1894, Gura-Kalwaria, Warsaw province - 1971, Jerusalem), public figure. Rod. in the family of Gur Hasidim, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1929, member. Worldwide council of the orthodox movement "Agudat Isroel", since 1937 deputy. prev. his Worldwide. will execute. to-that. From 1940 - in E.-I., participated in actions to rescue Jews from European countries occupied by the Nazis. In 1947 he headed the department "Agudat Isroel" in E.-I. There was a dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation and min. social provision in the first pr-ve of the State of Israel. In 1952 he retired in protest against the adoption of the law on the introduction of religions. girls so-called nat. service instead of military service. From 1954 prez. Worldwide to-that actions and before. Worldwide performed by "Agudat Yisroel".
Levin Israel Solomonovich (b. 1908, Orsha, Mogilev province), organizer of the aviation industry. Major General Aviation Engineer service (1944). In 1931 he graduated from the Academy of Air. fleet them. N.E. Zhukovsky. In 1938 - 40 dir. Irkutsk Aviation w-yes. In 1940-50 dir. Saratov Aviation s-yes, led the organization of production of fighters Yak-1 (1941–42), Yak-3 (1943). In the beginning. 1943 under the hands. L. at the z-de carried out the translation of the production of main. aircraft units for flow-bench assembly, the transition to a mechanic is prepared. flow lines with rhythm synchronization, as a result of vol. aircraft in 1942 increased almost threefold compared to 1941. In 1950-53 Deputy. dir. industry research institute. After 1953 - for decomp. hands. positions of the Ministry of Aviation. prom-sti. He was awarded 4 orders.
LEVIN Chaim (1885, Mogilev - 1941, Vilnius), publicist. Brother of L. Levin. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. In 1903, corr. petersburg. gas. "Der Fraind" in Mogilev and some Russian. provincial gas. In 1911-14 he collaborated in the Vilna Jewish gas. After the beginning. 1st world. war was secret. Military-prom. to-that. After the Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in gas. "Petrograder togblat", then he lived in Moscow, in 1919 he returned to Vilna, published articles, feuilletons, essays, wrote also on the East. themes, translated manuf. Russian humorists. Before the beginning. 2nd world. war released vn. "Amol un gaynt" ("In the old days and now"). During the occupation of Vilnius, Germ. troops kept a diary in the ghetto.
LEVIN Chaim Sholomovich (1907, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1942, Leningrad), poet, journalist. In the beginning. 1920s L. studied at the Gomel Jewish ped. technical school, then in the Minsk Jewish ped. technical school. Then he began to write poetry and publish them in Jewish periodicals. ed. He also wrote stories, publ. them in the Minsk rep. gas. "October". Main themes manuf. L. were associated with the transformative processes in the Jewish town, with the Revolution and Grazhd. war. In the beginning. 1930s left for the Jewish Autonomous Region, worked on a collective farm, publ. essays and correspondence in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern" and "Der Emes". In 1937 he participated in the Arctic. voyage on the icebreaker "Ermak". Returning to Leningrad, he collaborated in gas. "Sov. Baltika "and at the same time. studied by correspondence. separate lit. Faculty of Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (graduated in 1941).
LEVIN Leonid Mendelevich (b. 1936, Minsk), architect. After the end of the Belarusian state. polytechnic Institute (1960) works in Minsk. Main architect. works in Minsk: building of the State. t-ra dolls of the BSSR, c / t "Pioneer" (1964, jointly with G.V. Zaborsky), pavilion of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the BSSR (1968, jointly with SB Botkovsky and Yu.M. Gradov). The main place in his creative work is occupied by monumental works: the monument to Katyusha in Orsha (1964, jointly with V. Zaborsky), the memorial ensemble in Khatyn (1969, jointly with Gradov, V. Zankovich, sculptor SI Selikhanov); memorial complex "Breakthrough" near the village. Ushachi, Vitebsk region (1974, with Gradov, A. Anikeichik). From the beginning. 1990s activist of the Jewish nat. Movement of Belarus, in 1993 he headed it. Etc. Linen. Komsomol of the BSSR (1967). Linen. etc. (1970).
LEVIN Leonid Tikhonovich (Leon Tankhelevich) (1869, Vysoko-Litovsk, Brest u. Grodno province. - 1944, Leningrad), otorhinolaryngologist. Doctor of Medicine (1902). Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (1894); in 1896-1901 he improved abroad. Since 1908 Assoc. Clinic. Institute of advanced training for doctors in St. Petersburg; from 1914 prof. Psychoneurological. in-that, in 1917–44 head. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Petrograd. (Leningrad) institute for advanced training of doctors. Founder of the school of otorhinolaryngologists (chief obr. Surgical profile). Developed a number of surgeons. operations (including the method of general cavity radical ear surgery, the method of opening the labyrinth, etc.), as well as tools for their implementation. L. is the author of the foundation. manuals "Surgical ear diseases and their surgical treatment" (t. 1-2. M., 1928; 3rd ed. M., 1948). On L.'s initiative, St. Petersburg was created. otorhinolaryngologic. about (1906); L. - one of the organizers of the 1st All-Russia. (1908) and the 1st Vses. (1924) Congresses of otorhinolaryngologists. In tech. pl. years edited the "Monthly of ear, nose and throat diseases." Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1935). The name of L. was assigned to the otorhinolaryngology clinic of St. Petersburg. in-that improvement of doctors.
LEVIN Lev Grigorievich (Asher-Leib Gershevich) (1870, Odessa - 1938, Moscow), doctor. Prof. He graduated from the natural department of physics and mathematics. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa) and honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1896). In 1896–97 he worked as a doctor in clinics in Berlin and Paris. Since 1897 - in Russia, an attending physician and consultant in Moscow hospitals, he had a private practice (family doctor of L.O. Pasternak's family. In 1907-19 a factory doctor. in the Red Army. Since 1920 in the Kremlin hospital (doctor-resident, head of the therapeutic department, consultant Lechsanupra Kremlin). Later he worked as a doctor and consultant in the medical unit of the OGPU - NKVD USSR. Physician F.E.Dzerzhinsky, V .R.Menzhinsky, G.G.Yagody, etc. Arrested in 1937. At the trial in the case of the "anti-Soviet Pravotrotsky bloc" (1938) was accused of the murder of M.A.Peshkov, Menzhinsky, V.V. Kuibyshev and M.Gorky Shot.
LEVIN Leib (1914, Kampulung, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary - 1983, Netanya, Israel), actor, composer. In his youth - member. youth Zionist. org-tion "Gordonia". He sang in the boys' synagogue choir. All R. 1930s began to speak with reading works. Jewish poets in diff. mountains. Romania. At the same time. wrote song music. In 1941–42 - in Kr. Army, then, as a former Romanian citizen, - in the labor army. In 1942–56 he was imprisoned. In the 1950s and 60s. performed as a reader at concerts of Jewish songs. Since 1972 - in Israel. Author of about 80 songs to the words of Jewish poets.
LEVIN Lipman (1877, Mogilev - 1946, Moscow), writer. Brother of H. Levin. Worked as a teacher. He began to write in Hebrew, but under the influence of D. Pinsky switched to Yiddish. In 1900 he came to Warsaw, where he made his debut with the story "Dos Yoseml" ("The Orphan"). He was actively published in the Jewish press. In 1904 he moved to St. Petersburg, sotr. into gas. Der Fraind, settled in Vilna in 1908, edited Jewish editions. and the journalist continued. activity. In 1909, two t. Fav. manuf. L. At the beginning. 1916 Mobilized into the army. After Oct. roar. could not adapt to the new conditions, he wrote. about Warsaw writers and lit. surrounded by I.-L. Peretz and only in 1932 began to publish in the Sov. zhurn. and gas. Main manuf. L. before the revolution - "Der freeling fun der velt" ("Spring of the world") - a trilogy, written in Hebrew and dedicated. the period of the eve of the Revolution of 1905. In 1934, the publishing house "Der Emes" released rum. "Doires dervakhte" ("Awakening of generations"), in 1939 - rom. “Dem strem antkegn” (“Towards the storm”). I ate, book. stories by L. "Teg fargangene" ("Days of the past") was published in 1941. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. M. Gorky and other rus. and nick. writers.
LEVIN Maxim Grigorievich (1904, Slonim, Grodno province. - 1963, Moscow), anthropologist, ethnographer, archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1958), prof. (1960). Conducted field research. in Tuva (1926), North. Cisbaikalia (1927), Altai (1929), Amur and Sakhalin (1947), Chukotka (1957–61). In 1944–63, deputy. dir. Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Developed the doctrine of historical ethnography. region and household-cultural types.
LEVIN Michael (b. 1914, Pinsk, Minsk province), artist, writer. Graduated from Wed. Jewish school "Tarbut" in Pinsk (1932). Since 1935 - in E.-I. Until 1950 members kibbutzim Shaar ha-Golan and Ein Shemer. In 1958 he graduated from the Military. the Israel Defense Forces Academy; served on decomp. command positions, lieutenant colonel. Since 1962 Art. sotr. dep. org-tion and information World. Zionist. org-tion, missions in Europe and Lat. America. L.'s paintings were exhibited at various. group and solo exhibitions in Mexico, USA and Israel (first solo exhibition in Mexico City, 1976). Author Sat. stories "Ship and Shore" (in Hebrew and Yiddish). Lit. etc. them. F. Heno (Mexico City, 1977). Etc. Independent Association of Art Critics of Mexico City (1978).
LEVIN Mikhail Aronovich (1903, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1975, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Aviation Engineer service (1946). Since 1921 - in Kr. Army. In 1925 he graduated from the Academy of Air. fleet. Served on decomp. military-engineer positions in the army. In 1941–45 early. Control. engine building and fuel Ch. headquarters of the Red Army Air Force, in 1945–52 - as a teacher. work in the Military-Vozd. academy. From 1952 - retired. Decorated with 9 orders.
LEVIN Mikhail Lvovich (1921, Saratov - 1992, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1955). Son of R.S. Levina and L.N. Karlik. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1944). In 1944 he was arrested, released in 1945. In 1945-50 he taught at the Gorky State. un-those, in 1951–55 - in the Tyumen ped. in-those. In 1955-56 prof. Ivanovsky ped. in-that. Since 1956 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1960 head. lab., since 1989 head. theor. dep. Radio engineering Institute (since 1977 Moscow Radio Engineering Institute) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. activities - antenna theory, interaction of electron plasma with a high-frequency field, theory of thermal radiation, physics of accelerators, history of science. Ed. L. was first published in Russian. lang. complete translation of "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" by J.K. Maxwell. Author of over 110 scientific. works, monographs, memoirs about BL Pasternak, MA Leontovich, AD Sakharov (in the book "Mikhail Lvovich Levin. Life, memories, creativity". Nizhny Novgorod, 1995). Cit .: Theory of equilibrium thermal fluctuations in electrodynamics. M., 1967 (in co-authorship with S.M. Rytov).
LEVIN Moisey Zelikovich (1896, Vilna - 1946, Leningrad), theater and film designer. In his youth he worked in the workshop of his father - a bookbinder. In 1911-14 he studied art. school in Vilna. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army early. dignity trains. In 1921 he moved to Petrograd, where he worked in various t-ras; attended VKHUTEMAS (class of N.I. Altman. In 1921–22 he worked in the art workshops of the Political Department of the Red Army, designed the performances: "The Man Who Laughs" after V. Hugo (Ligovsky State Drama, t-r, 1921), "Death of Tarelkin" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin (T-p of a new drama, 1922), "Tricks of Scapin" by J.-B. Moliere (T-p of a young spectator, 1924). In the same years he tried himself in the cinema: the first f. - "Trading house" Antanta and K0 "(1923). In 1925-30 he worked in t-t-ts of comedy, puppets, where he carried out 33 productions. From 1932 - chief art. BDT in Leningrad. In the 1930s . worked in cinema as an art director and director: "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Conspiracy of the Dead" (Soyuzkino, 1930). At the Lenfilm film studio, he shot the films "Journey to Arzrum" (1936), "Reikha" (1940, script by M. Auezov) In 1945 he designed the op. "Eugene Onegin" by PI Tchaikovsky at the Leningrad Academician of the Small Opera House. He was engaged in easel graphics. In 1944 he created a cycle of drawings "The City and the Fortress". exhibitions, including the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts (Paris, 1925), People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1943).
Moishe LEVIN (ps. Ber Sarin) (1907, Vilna - 1942, Minsk), poet, writer. In the years of the 1st world. war wandered across Russia, then returned to Vilna. In 1922 he graduated from 7 classes, worked as a retoucher for a photographer, in 1928 he graduated from teaching. in-t. Until 1934 he worked as a teacher. After the police banned to engage in ped. activities he painted portraits, posters, illustr. Jewish ed., was sotr. publishing house for the release of literature for children, was included in lit. group "Jung-villene". Back in school. years published poetry in youth publishing., from 1927 publ. stories and short stories in the period. print. In 1936 he released the first book. short stories and humoresques "Freeling in keler-stub" ("Spring in the basement"), in 1937–39 he published children. fairy tales in verse "A denkmol baim taykhl" ("Monument by the river"), "Der wagon" and "Di kats derzeilt" ("The cat tells") with their ill. Was sotr. gas. "Wilner Emes", "Kovner Emes" and zhurn. "Shtraln", as well as Sat. Blather. When the Germans approached Vilnius, he fled to Minsk, where during the occupation he was a liaison between the underground members of the ghetto and partisans. Arrested by the Nazis. Part lit. L.'s heritage (the novel “The Revolution of 1905 in Smorgon”, the drama “Dos Farnumene Ort” (“The Occupied Place”), etc.) has been lost.
LEVIN Nakhum (1905, Vitebsk - 1967, Israel), public figure, engineer. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Graduated from the Technion (first issue). Member center, bodies of the trade union "Ha-Haver" in Russia. Prev associations of Technion students. Active worker, member. Knesset of three convocations from the Herut party. There was a deer. s-yes "Paradise", Chl. prez. union council prom. workers.
LEVIN Naum Yakovlevich (1904, Minsk - 1950), publicist, translator. Graduated from the Jewish department of the 2nd Moscow State University (1932). He taught history and literature at Jewish schools in Gomel and Minsk. There was a correspondent. gas. "Der emes" in the Crimea. Jewish collective farms, then in charge of her lit. department, taught a course in theater aesthetics. studios at mosk. GOSET, for whom he translated plays by J.-B. Moliere and C. Goldoni into Yiddish. He also translated "The Life of Klim Samgin" by M. Gorky, "The Oppenheim Family" by L. Feuchtwanger and other works. L. - the author of Art. in the Jewish press, prefaces to works. Jewish writers. 1941–45 - at the front. After the war, ed. in the JAC and the publishing house "Der Emes", was in charge of lit. dep. gas. Einikite. In 1949 he was arrested, in 1950 he was shot.
LEVIN Robert Markovich (1903, Odessa - 1938, Karaganda), linguist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education; graduated from high school. All R. 1920s left for Leningrad, worked as a librarian, studied at a number of universities. In the end. 1920s repressed for contact with a Zionist. org-tions. After his release, he was a member. circle of friends of the Jewish ethnogr. Museum at the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-ve. In the beginning. 1930s entered to study at the department of Hebraic studies Leningrad. in-that history, philosophy and literature. Together with the poets H. Lensky, A. Zarkhin and others, he was a member of a circle for the study of Hebrew and literature on it. lang. In 1934 he was arrested and sentenced to 3 years in labor camps "for Zionist activities." He served his sentence in the Karaganda camp (Dolinka village), where he established contact with the Zionist-minded prisoners, prepared declarations and Art. on the position of Jews in the USSR with "criticism of the party's policy on the national question", illegally transferred them for publication in the country and abroad, for which he was convicted again.
Levin Ruvim Yakovlevich (1898, Krupki Sennensky u. Mogilev province. - 1937, Moscow), statesman. In 1929–30 members. prez. State Planning Committee of the USSR, before. State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, in 1930–37 deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR, at the same time. in 1937 before. Board of the USSR Prombank. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
Levin Semyon Samuilovich (1904, Baku - 1972, ibid.), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Since 1921 - in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the Military. infantry. uch-shche in Tiflis. Company commander, battalion commander. In 1939–40, during the Soviet-Finl. war, beginning. regiment headquarters. From June 1941 - at the front, early. division headquarters. The divisional commander, Colonel L., was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for organizing the breakthrough of fortifications in Vost. Prussia. Since 1953 - in stock. He was awarded 8 orders.
LEVIN Shmarya (Shmaryahu) Khaimovich (1867, Svisloch, Bobruisk u., Minsk province. - 1935, Haifa), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Minsk real school (1886). He attended lectures at Heidelberg and Berlin un-tah, at Konigsberg un-tah received a diploma of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1896–97 he was a state rabbi in Grodno, in 1898–1904 societies, a rabbi in Yekaterinoslav. Member of the 5th Zionist. Congr. (1901), later joined the so-called. practical direction in Zionism. On the 6th Zionist. Congr. opposed the Ugandan project. In 1905 he was one of the founders of the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia. He was engaged in journalism, in 1900–01 led the department "int. life ”in“ Ha-Shiloakh ”. In 1906, dep. 1st State Duma from Vilna, member. faction of the cadets. Said in the Duma several. speeches on the Jewish question. After its dissolution, he signed the Vyborg Appeal calling for disobedience to the authorities. From 1908 he lived in Germany, actively participated in Jewish communities and life. One of the initiators of the creation of the Technion in Haifa (until 1913 a member of his reign). On the 10th Zionist, Congr. (1911) was elected member. board of the World. Zionist. org-tion. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the USA. Ed. together with I.-D. Berkovich gas. "Ga-Toran". Since 1918 - in Germany, closest sotr. H. Weizmann, founded together with H. N. Bialik the publishing house "Dvir" in Berlin. From 1924 - in E.-I .; from polit. activity has moved away. The author is poetic. Sat. "Asara Shirim" ("Ten Poems", 1899) and rec. in English. lang. (Childhood in Exile, 1929; Youth in the Revolution, 1930; Arena, 1932).
LEVIN Shmuel Chaim (1849, Bialystok, Grodno province - |), poet. He lived in Odessa, Warsaw and Lodz, was from. Badchen and published poetry, parodies and other works. in the first Jewish gas. in Yiddish "Kol mevaser" (Odessa), as well as other ed. Some of these publications were included in the poetry. Sat. "Shirey gazman, oder folks-leader" ("Songs of the Time, or Folk Songs. Warsaw, 1901).
LEVIN Shneer Mendelevich (1897, Dagda Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1969, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East sciences. Graduated from general education. f-t Psycho-neurological. Institute in Petrograd (1917). In student. for years adjoined the Social-Democrats. internationalists. In 1923 he graduated from the socialist. Faculty of Petrograd ped. in-ta them. A.I. Herzen. In 1919–20 an archivist in Petrograd. ist.-rev. archive; in 1925–26 deputy. ed. zhurn. "The Past"; in 1927–30 ed. in leningr. branch of the State Publishing House; in 1929 35 ed. and a consultant to the publishing house Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. In 1930–33, consultant and author of pl. Art. biobibl. dictionary "Figures roar. movement in Russia ”. From 1934 he worked in Leningrad. Department of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. One of the authors of the 2nd volume of the textbook "History of the USSR" for universities (1940). He spent the winter of 1941–42 in besieged Leningrad, where he wrote and published two brochures: "Brusilov Breakthrough" (M.-L., 1941) and "Great People's Militia" (co-author M.-L., 1941). In 1942–45 he was evacuated in Tashkent. In May 1945 he returned to Leningrad, worked at LOII. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history of Russian. societies, thoughts of the 19th century. and stories roar. movement in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Working at Leningrad. archives, identified and introduced into the scientific. turnover means the number of documents on the history of societies, movement in Russia (published in the journals "Red Archive", "Krasnaya Chronicle", "Hard labor and exile", etc.) Works: Dmitry Aleksandrovich Klements. Essay roar. activities. M., 1922; Bourges. reforms of the 1860s. M., 1947 (et al.); Societies, movement in Russia in the 60-70s of the XIX century. M.-L., 1958; Essays on the history of Russian. societies, thoughts. 2nd floor XIX - early. XX century. L., 1974.
LEVIN Victor (1892, Minsk - after 1955), biochemist. Since 1898 - in the USA. In 1914 he graduated from Columbia University. He taught at leading high fur boots, hands. a number of large N.-i. lab. Headed 10 N. - and. exp. to the Arctic (first in 1921). In the years of the 2nd world. wars - in the army. Main scientific. research dedicated questions of vitaminology and exchange of vitamins. Author of monographs "Sunlight, Nutrition and Metabolism" (1931), "Vitamins" (1935) and more than 150 st. in decomp. ed., including in the "Arctic Encyclopedia". Member Royal Society of Arts and Sciences (UK), Amer. geogr. about-va, etc.
LEVIN Victor Davidovich (b. 1915, Odessa - 1997, Jerusalem), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1964), prof. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t. In 1937–40 he studied at the graduate school of the IFLI. From 1940 he taught at the Ivanovo ped. in-those, in 1950-65 he worked at the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One of the comp. Dictionary language A.S. Pushkin. In 1965–71 the head. dep. stylistics and lit. lang. in Ying-those rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. At the same time. taught at Moscow State University. Supported by a dissident. movement, for which in 1971 he was dismissed from Moscow State University and from the Institute of Russian. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1976 - in Israel. Prof. Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Author of a number of monographs and art. on questions stylistics rus. lit. lang .: A brief outline of the history of the literary language. M., 1958; Questions of the language of modern Russian literature. Sat. Art. M., 1971; Stylistic studies. Based on the material of the modern Russian language. Sat. Art. M., 1972.
LEVIN Victor Iosifovich (1909, Mogilev - 1986, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). Graduated from the Higher. tech. school in Berlin (1932). Worked at MPEI (1938–49), Penza Industrial Institute. Institute (1949–51), Moscow. correspondence ped. in-those (1951–59), Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1959–62), in Moscow. ped. Institute (since 1962). Main research results. relate to the theory of functions is valid. perm., mat. Physics and History of Mathematics, Works: Differents. ur-niya mat. physics. M., 1951 (with Yu.I. Grosberg); Complex variable functions and their applications. Moscow-Leningrad, 1951 (with B.A. Fuchs Metody matem.fiziki. 1956.
LEVIN Vladimir Konstantinovich (b. 1929), mathematician, specialist in the field of computer technology. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1989). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1950). Since 1954 at the Scientific Research Institute "Kvant" - engineer, early. lab., ch. Ing. SKB, deputy. dir., dir. The main works - high-performance computers, their structural and technical. construction and element base. He was one of the first in the USSR who began to master the semiconductor element base, developed the Viasna computer. Linen. pr. (1957). State pr. USSR (1983).
LEVIN Yakov (real name Leib) (1884, Tolochin, Orshansk district, Mogilev province - 1958, New York), publicist, teacher. Until the age of 14, he studied at his father's cheder and attended Russian. private school. In 1898 he came to Minsk, studied at the yeshiva, studied secular sciences. In 1906 he published the first art. in vilenskaya gas. Having received a teacher's diploma, in tech. studied agronomy for three years and at the same time. visited the Institute of East. lang. In 1911 he visited E.-I., then publ. to petersburg. gas. "Der Freind" ser. Art. "The position of Jewish workers in E.-I.", in the journal. "Di Yiddish Welt" - "Jewish colonization in E.-I." Before the 1st world. war L. lived in Warsaw, where he was one of the founders of the Jewish secular school, taught Yiddish in a private gymnasium for girls. Since 1915 - in the USA. In New York, he led the first Arbeter Ring school in Harlem and Hebrew-taught schools. L. - the author of a number of textbooks and anthologies for the Jewish school. For 30 years he was a director. children summer camps "Kinderland", "Nivet" and "Zumerland". L. also belong to the book: "Kultur-geshikhte" ("History of culture"), 1920; Blumen (Flowers, texts for singing in Jewish schools), 1922–28; Mayses un legends fun der Yidischer Geshichte (Legends of Jewish History), 3 hours, 1928–34; Yiddish Geshikhte Far Kinder (Jewish Story for Children), 1946, etc.
LEVIN Yankel (1888, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1938), publicist, public figure. From a young age participated in the roar. movement, chl. "Small Bund". Several was arrested once. In 1913-14 he worked in the Bund org-tions in Warsaw, during the 1st World. wars - in Ukraine, in 1917 - in Belarus. After the split of the Bund (1920), he joined the left minority, which created the Kombund. In the 1st floor. 1920s - In Minsk. Was one of the leading employees of the gas. Der Veker (1917–25), chl. editorial board literary-artistic. zhurn. "Stern". In 1925, L. became the head of the Jewish branch of the national. minorities in Kharkov, actively cooperated with gas. Der Stern, Junge Guard, Zai Great. In the 2nd floor. 1920s participated in the organization of the resettlement of Jews in the Crimea, in the nat. Jewish districts of Ukraine and the Jewish Autonomous Region. Was sent to party work in Birobidzhan. The author of Art. and resettlement brochures. In 1933 L., as a former Bundist, was expelled from the CPSU (b), returned to Moscow, and worked in the center. Board of OZET. In 1937 he was repressed.
LEVIN Yehoshua-Geshel Elievich (1818 - 1883, Paris), rabbi. Grandson of H. Volozhiner. He taught at the Volozhin yeshiva. From 1871 - rabbi in Warsaw, then rabbi of the community of immigrants from Russia in Paris. Author of comments. to individual treatises of the Mishna, to Pirkei Avot. Compiled a concordance of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds.
LEVIN Yuri Davidovich (1920, Petrograd - 2006), literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1948–53 he worked at the publishing house of Leningrad State University; in 1953–56 - lecturer at the Department of In. lang. Leningrad. in-that engineer. water transport. Since 1956 - at the IRLI Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Published since 1947. The author of the translations is verse, Western European. poets. Compiled by the 20-volume Collected Works. op. V. Scott (1965), collections of M. L. Mikhailov in the "Poet's Library" (1953, 1957, 1969). Responsible ed. (together with M.P. Alekseev, D.S. Likhachev and B.N. Putilov) tr. VM Zhirmunsky (1977–81). Poch. Doctor of Literature, Oxford University (1988). Works: Ossian in Russian. literature (late 18th - first third of the 19th century). L., 1980; Rus. translators of the 19th century and development thin. translation. L., 1985; Shakespeare and Rus. liter of the XIX century. L., 1988; Perception of English. literature in Russia. L., 1990.
Zalman Isaakovich LEVIN (b. 1923, Vetka of the Gomel district and province), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1972). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1947). In 1947–52 and 1957–80 - in the Sov. Army. In 1953–57 and since 1980 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 50 scientific. works on the history of societies. thought, philosophy, culture, national religion. Arab problems. countries, about the place of Islam in modern times. the politics of the countries of the East. Participated in the preparation of tr. "History of Philosophy" (v. 4-5, 1959-61). Cit .: Philosopher from Fureiki. M., 1965; Development of the main tech. socio-political thoughts in Syria and Egypt: (New time). M., 1972; Development of Arab, societies, thoughts. M., 1984; Islam and nationalism in foreign countries. East. M., 1988; Development of societies. Thoughts in the East: The Colonial Period. XIX-XX centuries. M., 1993.
LEVINA (Bessie-Levina) Rozina (Rozina Yakovlevna) (1880, Kiev - 1976, New York), pianist, teacher. She studied under S.M. Remezov, in 1898 graduated from Moscow. cons. by class V.I.Safonov. Has toured with leading orcs. Europe, performed as a soloist in Vienna (1910), Petersburg (1911), Berlin, where she lived in 1914-19. Since 1910 she performed a lot in a duet with her husband I.A. Levin, performing works for 2 fp. After Levin's death in 1944, she continued to perform as a soloist. Since 1919 - in the USA, since 1938 prof. Juilliard muses. schools, led by cl. higher pianist. skill in cons. Los Angeles. In ped. practice followed the traditions of Russian. php. schools. She strove to understand the character of the student, to take into account the individual characteristics of his temperament, intellect, mental and emotional mood. Among the students of L. - H. Cliburn, D. Pollack. D. Browning, M. Dichter, E. Auer, J. Davies, T. Bowden, E. Raskin. Author of "Notes" (excerpts published in the journal "Mus. Life", 1962, No. 9).
LEVINA-ROSENGOLTS Eva Pavlovna (1898 - 1975, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. A.P. Rozengoltsa's sister. From 1917 - in Moscow, studied with S.D. Erzya, then with A.S. Golubkina. In 1921 she entered VKHUTEMAS, studied under R.R. Falk. Since 1924 - member. Society "Moscow painters", which set the goal of "real synthesis of modern. content and modern. forms ". In 1925 the first exhibition of the society took place, where L.-R. ("Old men"). In the same year she participated in the first All-Belarusian Art. exhibition in Minsk, in 1930 - in the exhibition of acquisitions of the state. commissions for 1928-29. From 1926 - in London, where she studied the art of W. Turner. In the 1930s, upon returning to Moscow, she worked a lot in the pastel technique (here her passion for Turner was reflected). Leningrad's graphics are represented by two genres: landscape and figurative composition (Pipes at Night, 1931; Pipes and Roofs, 1930–31). She took part in the design of owls. pavilion at the World exhibition in Paris (1937). In 1949 she was repressed. In 1956 she returned to Moscow. In the 1970s. created rice. ink: "Rembrandt series" (from the cycle "People"), "Wind" (from the cycle "Sky") and in the pastel technique: "Plastic compositions" (1970-74). Almost all the works of L.-R. are in the collection of the L.
LEVINA Khan (1897, Romny, Poltava province - 1985), public figure. She studied at the cons. Moscow and Odessa. Since 1923 - in E.-I. One of the first in E.-I. British women officers. army. During the War of Independence - Major, Ch. female mobilization officer. Member Directorate WITSO in Israel. Member board of the World. VITSO. In 1956–59 the mayor of Rishon LeZion.
Hana Mironovna LEVINA (1900, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Kharkov), poet. She graduated from the Teaching Institute, taught in Jewish schools. She began to write poetry early, first in Russian. lang., but under the influence of L. Naidus switched to Yiddish in 1915. In 1918 she published her first poems in St. Petersburg. weekly Folksblat. During the years of Civil. the war was in Kr. Army. From the beginning. 1920s was published in Jewish journals, alm., collection of books. In 1928, L.'s poems were presented in the book. E. Karman "Anthology of Jewish Poetesses" (Chicago). First book. verse. "Zushtaer" ("My contribution") was published in 1929. In subsequent years, many were published. poetic. Sat. L., ch. arr. poems for children. She was one of the authors of journals. "Sovetish Gameland" since its foundation. L. also belongs to prose writers. manuf. (collection of stories "Oyf shrit un trit" ("At every step". M., 1943).
LEVINA Olga Vadimovna (b. 1961, Kharkov), checker player. Master of Sports (1977), Grandmaster of the USSR (1982), Intern. grandmaster (1984). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1988). Two-time champion of the USSR in 100-cell drafts (1981, 1984). Four-time world champion in 100-cell drafts (1981, 1987, 1989, 1993).
LEVINA Revekka Saulovna (1899, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovenskaya province. - 1964, Moscow), economist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from the Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov and the Institute of the Red Professors. In 1918–22 sotr. agitprop of the Saratov Provincial Committee, in 1923–24 head. gubernial department, in 1924–26 he was a teacher at the Komvuz in Saratov, in 1926–30 he was a Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov and MINH. In 1931–48 the head. agrarian sector (in 1939–47 deputy director) of the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1948 she was arrested under the so-called. "Alliluyev case", released in 1954. Author of about 50 scientific. works and two monographs on p. x-woo USA and Germany, based on the materials of their own statistical research on the organization and development of p. kh-va in these countries. Cit .: New materials to the work of V.I. Lenin "New data on the laws of the development of capitalism in agriculture." M., 1937; German imperialism. Moscow, 1947 (in co-authorship with I.I.Gol'dshtein). Son L. - Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1938, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Specialist in the region. functional analysis and theory of extreme problems, the author of the book. "Convex analysis in spaces of measurable functions and its application in mathematics and economics" (Moscow, 1985).
LEVINA Roza Efimovna (1908, Nizhyn, Chernigov province. - 1987, Ulyanovsk), botanist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1959). Graduated from Voronezh University (1931). In 1931–33 she taught at the workers' faculty and at ped. technical school in Novozybkov, in 1933–41 - in Voronezh University. Since 1943 - at the Department of Botany of the Ulyanovsk ped. in-that; since 1959 head. lab. biology of seed reproduction (since 1987 bears the name of L.). scientific. research dedicated questions of dispersal of seeds, carpology (developed a hierarchical classification of fruits). Author of works on reproductive biology of plants, a lecture course in general ecology. Vol .: Methods for the distribution of fruits and seeds. M., 1957; Morphology and ecology of fruits. L., 1987.
LEVINA Roza Yakovlevna (1900, Mogilev - 1970, Moscow), organic chemist. Prof. (1942). She graduated from Moscow State University in 1925, then studied in graduate school under the direction of. N.D. Zelinsky. In 1930–70 at Moscow State University. In 1945–70 she headed the lab. organic synthesis. research belong to the chemistry of hydrocarbons. In the 1940s. established the generality of reactions of irreversible catalysis for all six-membered mono- and bicyclic. hydrocarbons having multiple hydrocarbon bonds in the ring or in the side chain; discovered (1947) the isomerizing effect of chromium (III) oxide in relation to unsaturated hydrocarbons; proposed a method for the synthesis of cyclopropane hydrocarbons based on. dihydrobromides of conjugated dienes. Discovered (1950) the acetylene-diene rearrangement, the reaction of cyclopropane opening under the action of mercury lars, the aromatization of adducts of diene synthesis (1953), as well as adducts of dienes with acrylic acids. Developed methods for the synthesis of transalkenes and alkynes with a center, position of a multiple bond (1960), acrylcycloalkanes and bicycloalkanes (1967), aromatic. hydrocarbons of the trypticene series (1970). Works: Synthesis and contact transformations of unsaturated hydrocarbons. M., 1949; Life and work of academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky. M., 1953 (with Yu.K. Yuriev).
Levin Teya Rubinovna (1896, Vilna - 1937, Moscow), politician. Member RSDLP (b) since 1916. She graduated from 3 courses of honey. f-that, worked as a secretary. Proletarian Red Cross (1917), secretary. commission for the elimination of illiteracy in Saratov (1918–20). In Moscow - since 1921: graduated from the courses of Marxism in Kom. academy (1924), worked as responsible. sec. "Coms. truth "(1925), zhurn. "Bolshevik" (1925-27), "Pravda" and "The Poor" (1928-29). Member right opposition (1928–33), was expelled from the party twice (1929, 1932). She headed the department and taught at the Middle Volga University, ped. and s.-kh. in-takh in Samara (1929-31), Nizhnevolzhsky un-those in Saratov (1932-33), ed. gas. Komvuzovets (1932–33). Organized illegal. connection with the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" (the so-called group MN Ryutin) during the preparation of the program "Stalin and the Crisis Overflight, Dictatorship" and "Appeals to all members of the CPSU (b)". Arrested in Saratov, in 1933 she was sentenced to 3 years in prison. Convicted for the second time in 1936, shot.
LEVINA Zara Aleksandrovna (1906, Simferopol - 1976, Moscow), composer, pianist. She began composing music at the age of 8. FP game. studied with A.Ya. Podolskaya, then at the Odessa cons. in cl. php. at D.B. Dronseiko-Mironovich. After graduating from the horse, with angry. medal (1923), started performing, activity. In 1925-30 she studied at Moscow. cons. by class compositions by R.M. Glier, then by N.Ya. Myaskovsky. At the same time. improved in class. php. from F.M. Blumenfeld. Participated in Production. collective of student composers Mosk. cons., was one of the authors of the collective work. - the oratorio "The Way of October" (1927; L. belongs to the fragment "Petrel" to the text of M. Gorky). In 1925-30 she taught at the Mus. technical school them. AN Skryabin, in 1930–32 - at the workers' faculty at Moscow. cons. L. fame brought her children. songs (about 250) and op. in the genre of lyric. romance (about 100) on the verses of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.Isahakyan, S.A.Esenin, S.Ya. Marshak and others. Among other works. - 2 sonatas for fp. (1925, 1953; 2nd dedicated to the memory of her husband - composer N.K. Chemberdzhi), 2 sonatas for violin and fp. (1925, 1952), pieces for fp., Cello, viola; music to dramas. performances, processing of plank beds. songs (Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Italian, etc.), symph. waltzes (1945), 2 concerts for fp. with orc. (1945, 1975), oratorio "Ode to the Soldier" (1964). Has performed in concerts with solo programs and in ensembles. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1967).
LEVINBERG Zalman (1909, Telshi, Kovno province - 1983, Israel), politician. Graduated from Riga University. An active figure in Beitar, headed the movement directorate in Latvia, was a member of directorate worldwide Beitar. Since 1939 - in E.-I. During the 2nd world. During the war he was engaged in the mobilization of volunteers in the Britan, the army, was one of the initiators of the creation of the Jewish underground "Am Lohem". Member "Center of the Diaspora", revisionist, movement for organizing the delivery of European Jews to E.-I. After the creation of the state - one of the directors. gas. "Maariv".
LEVINE (Levine) Eugene (Eigen) (1883, Petersburg - 1919, Munich), politician. Rod. in the assimilated merchant. family. From 1896 he lived in Heidelberg (Germany), where he graduated from Wed. school and studied at un-those. In 1904 he returned to Russia, member. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, member of the Revolution of 1905–07, several. was arrested once. In 1908 he emigrated to Germany, worked at the plant in Mannheim, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, from 1910 he was engaged in journalism, published feuilletons, essays, short stories in Germany. s.-d. print. Adjoined the left wing of the Social-Democrats. party of Germany. In 1914-16 he participated in the 1st World. war, then joined the independent Social-Democrats .. later - to the roar. "Union of Spartacus". Member of the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany and the January 1919 battles in Berlin. Delegate will establish. Congress of the Communist Party of Germany (January 1919), from March 1919 rev. communist. gas. "Rote Fane", hands. communist. org-tion in Bavaria. In April 1919 he headed the production of the Bavarian owls. republic, after its defeat was shot. In memory of L. dedicated. the story of ML Slonimsky "The Story of Levine" (1935).
LEVINSKY Abram-Leonid Grigorievich (Girshovich) (1909, Minsk - 1975, Moscow), civil engineer, statesman and business leader. In 1934 he graduated from Zap.-Sib. builds. in-t. Until 1941 he worked for engineer. positions at the largest construction sites in the country (Kuzbasshakhtstroy, Gorky Avtoz-d). 1941–44 - at the front. In 1944 he was directed to the restoration of the Leningrad industry in Glavleningradstroy (manager of the construction trust, then chief engineer of Glavleningradstroy). In 1957–65, deputy. prev. Leningrad. economic council. Since 1966 deputy. min. electrical engineering industry of the USSR. Participated in the creation of prefabricated reinforced concrete. casings of industrial manufacture. State pr. USSR (1967).
LEVINSKY Elkhanan Leib (1858, Podberezye Vileisky u. Vilna province. - 1910, Odessa), publicist, journalist. He studied at the cheder, attended the gymnasium in Kovno for three years, in 1880 he entered as a volunteer at Kharkov University, in 1882 after the pogroms he moved to E.-I. Returning soon due to illness in Russia, he took part in the activities of "Hovevei Zion". He published essays on Jewish settlements in E.-I. into gas. "Gamelitz" and ed. in Hebrew. The author of the utopia "Travel to Eretz Israel in 2040", where a picture of a revived and flourishing Zion was painted in bright and joyful colors. From 1895 he lived in Odessa, combined the work of an agent of wine-making enterprises E.-I. with a Zionist. activities. He performed with feuilletons in periodical. stamps in Hebrew and Yiddish. Participated in the creation. publishing house "Moria" (1901), was one of the founders of the Federation for the dissemination of Hebrew "Ivria" (1907), opened the first daily in Odessa. gas. in Yiddish "Gut Morgen". Coll. op. L. published in 1911–13.
LEVINSKY Yom-Tov (1899, Zambrov of Lomzhinsky district and province - 1973, Israel), folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1924–35 - in Belgium, he studied history and orientalism at the University of Liege. From 1935 he was engaged in research. Jewish folklore. He edited many volumes. "Sefer ha-Moadim" ("Book of Times") - collection. Jewish folklore, formed on the basis of the Jewish calendar. He was one of the founders of the "Yeda am" society, which was engaged in research. Jewish folklore.
LEVINSON-LESSING Franz Yulievich (1861, Petersburg - 1939, ibid.), Geologist. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1914), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1925). L.'s father - Yuliy Dmitrievich L. (1832 - 1897), Art. Doctor of the Mariinsky Hospital (Petersburg). In 1883 L.-L. graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, in 1889-92 he taught there. In 1892-1902 prof. Derpt (Yuryevsky) University. In 1898 he defended doc. dis. In 1902–20 prof. Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses. In 1902-30 prof. Petersburg. (Leningrad) Polytechnic. in-that, where in the 1900s. organized the first lab in Russia. experimental petrography. Since 1921 head. Department of Petrography Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-that. In 1925-29 the first director. Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, creator (1930) and director. (until 1938) Petrography, Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During the study. in the region. theoretical petrography substantiated the idea of ​​petrography, provinces (1888), created the first chemical. classification of rocks (1898). Author of works in the region. crystallography, mineralogy, volcanology, etc. Poch. h. Amer. geol. about-va (1927), part. London Geol. about-va. Geol. about-va (Belgium) and other works: Fav. tr., v. 1-4. M.-L., 1949–55.
LEVINSON Andrey Yakovlevich (1887, Petersburg - 1933, Paris), critic, ballet historian. In 1913 he graduated from Historical Philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Collaborated in the "Yearbook of the Imperial Theaters", in the journal. "Apollo", "Art", gaz., Publishing materials about Russian. and Western European ballet. He was one of the first in Russia to strive for a serious analysis of choreography. lawsuit. Explored roots and aesthetics. nature of the academy, ballet, was an active opponent of modernist trends in ballet. He sharply criticized the works of A. Duncan, M.M. Fokin, V.F. Nizhinsky, J. Balanchine. From 1919 he lived in Lithuania, Germany, from 1921 - in Paris, where he edited the theater, dep. zhurn. "Comedy", collaborated in the journal. "Candide" and "News of Literature, Art and Science". Translated by French. poets in rus. lang .: Ballet masters. Essays on the history and theory of dance. SPb., 1914; Old and new ballet. Pg., 1917.
LEVINSON Boris (Bernhard) Leopoldovich (1919, Moscow - 2002), actor, director. Theater. Educated at the Opera Drama. KS Stanislavsky's studio, where he played one of his best roles - Izakiel Mendozo (“The Day of Wonderful Deceptions” by R. Sheridan, 1943). In 1948–57 in Dram. t-re them. KS Stanislavsky created images: Griboyedov ("Griboyedov" by S.A. Ermolinsky, 1950), Blandua ("Little Dorrit" after Charles Dickens, 1953), Richard ("Devil's Apprentice" by B. Shaw, 1957) and others In 1957 he moved to Moscow. t-r them. Vladimir Mayakovsky. The most significant roles in this t-re are Novoseltsev ("Co-workers" by EV Braginsky, 1972), Leader ("The Man from La Mancha" by D. Wasserman and D. Dorion, 1974). The last work in the T. Vladimir Mayakovsky - solo performance "Notes of a Young Doctor" based on M.A.Bulgakov (1981). As dir. L. worked on pop programs and in art. amateur performances. Post, one-man show by AI Khayt "Little things in life" (1978) for GV Khazanov "Believe it or not" by AA Trushkin for GM Dudnik and E. Arnoldova (1985); performance in the T-re stage "Citizens, whose child |" Trushkina (1987) and others. pl. years L. supervised student. amateur t-rum MAI. Created a solo performance "Laughter and Tears of" Theatrical Novel "based on Bulgakov, who plays in the theater" At the Nikitsky Gate ". Honored. art. RSFSR (1954).
LEVINSON Evgeny Adolfovich (1894, Odessa - 1968, Leningrad), architect. Doctor of Architecture (1946), prof. (1947). Ch.-c. VAA (1941–57), ch. ASiA USSR (1957 - 64). In 1915-16 he studied architect. f-those In-that citizen Ing. in Petrograd, from where he was mobilized to the front in 1916. From 1918 he worked in Odessa theater, artistic, in 1924 he returned to Leningrad. In 1927 he graduated from VKHUTEIN, class. I.A.Fomin and V.A. Shchuko. Together with Fomin in 1932 he headed the architectural planning workshop of the Lenproekt trust. In 1932–45 he taught at Leningrad. engineer-building in-those, in 1945–68 at INZhSA. Participated in many. architect. competitions, including for the project for the development of New Murmansk (1930, 1st ave.), pavilion "Housing" for the International 1937 exhibitions in Paris (1st ave.), the Palace of Culture. Lensovet (1st avenue), Bratsk cemetery in Mogilev (1951, 1st avenue). He headed the design work of Pushkin and a number of Leningrad districts. works: pavilions for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow (1940), a monument to T.G. Shevchenko in Kiev (sculptor M.G. Manizer), railway station in Pushkin (1950, together with A.A. Grushka), in Leningrad - st. metro "Avtovo" (1955), a memorial at the Piskarevskoye cemetery (1948–60, jointly with A.V. Vasiliev, sculptors V.V. Isaeva, R.K. Taurit), the city center "Sovetskaya" (1968) ... Became. pr. (1951). Evil medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1963).
LEVINSON Georgy Ilyich (1918, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Historian and orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1969). Rod. in the family of a famous lawyer. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–46 the head. Dalnevost. dep. VOKS. Since 1950 he worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1957 senior scientific researcher). The author of St. 220 scientific. works on recent history, international. relations, social and economic problems of the countries of the South-East. Asia. Participant in the preparation of a number of collective tr., Including "Agr. relations in the countries of the East "(1958)," Awakening of the oppressed "(1968)," Comintern and the East "(1969), etc. Ed. collective monograph “Chinese ethnic groups. groups in South-East countries. Asia "(1986). Ed. translation into Russian. lang. book historian E. Abaya "The Untold History of the Philippines" (1970). Cit .: Philippines. M., 1953; Labor movement in the Philippines. M., 1957; Philippines between the first and second world. wars. M., 1958; Philippines yesterday and today. M., 1959.
LEVINSON Joshua Benjaminovich (born 1932, Kaunas), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. After graduating from Vilnius University (1954) he worked at Phys.-Tekhn. in-those AN Lit. SSR. In 1954–56 in the Sov. Army. In 1956–67 at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1968–85 at Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. LD Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then in Ying-those problems of technology of microelectronics and highly pure substances. Since 1990 - in Israel, prof. Institute them. H. Weizmann in Rehovot. Sci. research on the theory of atomic spectra, physics of semiconductors, theory of nonequilibrium phonons. Author approx. 100 scientific. works.
Levinson Isidor (1840, Plock - 1873, Varogava), public figure. Visited Polish. military. school in Genoa, fought in the detachments of D. Garibaldi. In 1863 he took an active part in the Polish. uprising, was seriously wounded, arrested, fled to the United States. In San Francisco, he founded a Polish community. In 1870–71 he took part in the Franco-Prussian War in Poland. volunteer units on the side of France. Then he again joined the movement of Garibaldi. Later, after a short stay in California and Hawaii, he returned to Warsaw and became one of the leading figures in the assimilation movement. Brother L. Ludwig (1845, Plock - 1873, Warsaw), lawyer, economist, specialist in civil law and French. jurisprudence, leader of the Polish. s.-d.-tii.
LEVINSON Yakov Borisovich (1873, Kiev - 1945, Moscow), doctor, hygienist. Doctor of Medicine (1900). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1897). In the years of the 1st world. war served as a soldier. doctor, in 1918-19 - in the Red Army. Organized by Ex. dignity supervision of the Kremlin (1919) (later Lechsanupr), a cut headed until 1936, until 1939 deputy. early Sci. tr. L. dedicated question sanitation and hygiene. In the beginning. 1930s created (with N.F. Chernoshchekov) a stationary disinfection chamber. Cit .: Protozoa of the human intestine. M., 1914; Disinfection for tuberculosis. M., 1927; Hospital business. M., 1941 (et al.).
LEVINTOV Iosif Iosifovich (1916, Odessa - 2001), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1956), prof. (1976). Graduated from chem. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). 1941–42 - at the front, demobilized from injury. In 1942–56 laboratory assistant, Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr. Institute chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1956 hands. cyclotron, simultaneously. since 1960 head. lab., since 1990 hl. scientific. sotr. Ying-that theoretical. and experimental. Physics, and formulated a theorem on the weak dependence of the polarization of nucleons on the radius of the nucleus during scattering by nuclei (the Keller - Levintov theorem). He was the first to quantitatively describe spin-orbit interactions in binary processes based on modern concepts of the phenomenology of confinement - quark confinement. Experimental initiator polarization studies at nuclear interactions and transformations of elementary particles, experiment. research programs at the Serpukhov accelerator. Author of about 100 scientific. works.
LEVINTSY, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1677.From 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1854 Groisman rented the land of Leningrad. 20th century Rafalovich bought them. July 1941 Lithuania was occupied by the Romanians. troops. In 1942 the Jews who remained in Latvia were deported to Transnistria.
LEVINZON (Levizon) Ludwig (Leibush, Arie-Leib) (Zamosc, Lublin province - 1904, Warsaw), playwright. In the 1850s. lived in Rava-Russkaya, Kutno and Mlawa, where he was a private teacher in Russian, Polish. and it. lang. From 1880 - in Warsaw, was associated with the leaders of the Haskala; started writing stories in Hebrew in East. themes, publ. pov. "Daughter of Iftakh" and other works In 1880 he wrote a comedy in Yiddish "Di Vayberish knipleh" ("Women's knots"), which survived several. ed. and repeatedly. staged on the Jewish stage. For collection of books, ed. I.-L. Peretz L. translated into Yiddish E. Ozheshko's novel "Gedali" and scientific-popul. articles.
LEVINZON Itskhok-Ber (1788, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1860, ibid.), Publicist, public figure. He wrote ch. arr. in Hebrew. From 1807 he lived in Radzivilov (Volyn province), where he studied foreign. lang., gave private lessons. In 1812 he was a translator from the Hebrew language. and Yiddish in Russian. military. the commandant of the city. OK. In 1813 he went to Tarnopol for treatment, passed the exam for the title of teacher, then taught the Hebrew language until 1820. at the Jewish school in Brody (East Galicia). Having fallen under the influence of the Galician followers of the Haskala, he returned to Russia to participate in the "enlightenment" of the Russian. Jewry. In 1820–23 he was a home teacher in Berdichev, Ostrov, Nemirov, Tulchin. In 1823 he returned to Kremenets. Despite a serious illness (he was bedridden for 12 years), he continued to be a publicist. activity. In the book. Teuda be Israel (Mission in Israel, 1828) criticized the haphazard teaching and use of corporal punishment in cheders, limiting their program to the study of the Talmud, and encouraged young men to study secular sciences as well. In the book "Beis Yehuda" ("House of Yehuda", 1829) L. suggested conc. life transformation program grew. Jewry: the creation of the early. schools teaching religions. and general image. objects, and Ch. arr. with training in crafts; the establishment of an elective position of the supreme rabbi and the consistory under him for the administration of religions. the affairs of the Jews; entrusting preachers with the responsibility of teaching the people the rules of ethics and encouraging them to engage in crafts; allotment of land to at least one third of the Jewish population to occupy with. x-wom; prohibiting Jews from displaying luxury items. Hoping to bring this program to life with the help of Russian. pr-va, L. [[]] presented his ideas in the report. notes to the great book. Konstantin Pavlovich (governor of the Kingdom of Poland; 1823), min. bunk bed education (1831), Nicholas 1 (1834), and others. After accusing the Jews of Zaslav (Volyn province, 1830) of ritual murders L. petitioned the authorities for the arrested and wrote Tr. Ephesus Damim (No Blood, 1837). In the book. Zrubavel (1863–64) opposed attacks on the Talmud. Peru also belongs to L. satyr, op. "Decisions of the Righteous" (1830), lexicogr. work "Treasury" (1840), polemic tr. "The Seer Ahija ha-Shiloni" (1863), exposing the ignorance of Christians. about-va, talking about the depravity and immorality of Jewry; op. about the Karaites "The Scribe's Razor" (1863) and others.
LEVINZON Yaakov (1876, Linkovo ​​of Ponevezhsky u. Kovno province - 1955, New York), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. One of the first activists of the Mizrahi movement in Lithuania; in 1903 he headed the department "Mizrahi" in the town of Salanty Kovenskaya rv6. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1907-1919, the rabbi of the Bnei Yisroel synagogue in Chicago; headed the department of "Mizrahi" in Chicago. In 1919–23 the rector teaches. Institute "Mizrahi" in New York. In 1927-30 prez. "Mizrahi" USA. In the years of the 2nd world. War was headed by the Committee for the Rescue of the Jews of Europe. L. was a member of several. Zionist. Congr. For dozens of years he collaborated in the Amer. Jewish press. The author of several. book by decomp. question Jewish religion. life.
LEVINZON Yehoshua (1843, Veshinty Vilkomirsky u. Koven province - |), teacher. In 1865–75 he was a teacher at the Mitavsky Jewish school. From 1875 - inspector at the Tukkum school. First publ. L. in the journal. "Ha-Magid" in 1857. The author of a number of books. in Hebrew, including about the geography of Russia, collection of works. essays on Jewish history, monographs about prominent Jewish figures. L. was also printed in gas. On him. lang., published in Riga.
LEVISON Vasily Andreevich (1807, Germany - 1869, Petersburg), translator. He became interested in Orthodoxy under the influence of the one translated into it. lang. book AN Muravyov "Letters on the Divine Services of the Russian Church". In 1839 he came to St. Petersburg, converted to Orthodoxy. Since 1840 - prof. Hebrew Petersburg. theological academy (teaching also German). One of the authors of the note, in a cut, argued the groundlessness of accusations of Jews in the alleged ritual use of the blood of Christians during the investigation of the similar Saratov case in mid. 1850s Participated in the translation of the Bible from Hebrew into Russian. lang. Was on the commission for the consideration of Jewish studies. books at the Min-ve Nar. education. Cit .: Jerusalem Letters. SPb., 1864.
LEVIT Izyaslav Elikovich (1922, Chisinau - 2006, Four Lee, New Jersey), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1983). Graduated from Mold. state ped. Institute (1945). Since 1945 he worked at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (in 1962–87 he was the head of the department of history of the countries of South-Eastern Europe). Since 1991 - Ch. scientific. sotr. and and. about. head dep. history and culture of the Jews of Moldova Ying-ta nat. minorities of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. In 1980–87 he gave a course of lectures on contemporary history at the Chisinau state. ped. in-those them. I. Kryangi. The author of St. 130 scientific. and scientific-popul. works on the recent history of Romania, Moldova, international. relationships, stories 2nd world. war, participated in the preparation of a number of generalizing ist. tr. and collective monographs. From the beginning. 1990s deals with the history of the Holocaust in Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transnistria and other problems of the history of the Jews of the 20th century. docs on the history of the Jews of Bessarabia. State pr. MSSR (1972). Cit .: Participation of fasc. Romania in aggression against the USSR. Chisinau, 1981; The collapse of the policy of aggression of the Antonescu dictatorship. 1942–44 Chisinau, 1983; The last pogrom (History of the Chisinau ghetto). In collection: Kishinev pogrom of 1903. Chisinau, 1993.
LEVIT Moisey Markovich (1919, Odessa - 1979, Moscow), historian of medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. The nephew of S.G. Levit. He graduated from the military. Faculty of the 2nd MMI. In 1941 - 45 early. front-line hospital. In 1948–51 scientific. sotr. dep. history of medicine in the Research Institute of social. hygiene and health care organization in Moscow. In 1952–79 at the 2nd MMI - assistant, associate professor, prof. and head. Department of the History of Medicine (since 1972). Sci. tr. L. dedicated history of societies. medicine in Russia and its role in the development of health care, honey. periodic. press in Russia, history of scientific. honey. schools, etc. For many years he was responsible. sec. zhurn. "Soviet health care"; member prez. Vses. and deputy. prev. Moscow about-in historians of medicine.
LEVIT Solomon Grigorievich (Shliom Girshevich) (1894, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1938), geneticist. In 1915 he entered law. Faculty of Petrograd un-ta, transferred to honey. Faculty of Moscow un-ta, to-ry graduated in 1921. Was a member. Bund. In 1919-21 - in the Red Army. In 1921-28 he worked in the hospital therapy clinic of Moscow. un-that. In 1924 on honey. f-those organized and headed the "Circle of Materialist Doctors". In 1925 L. went to Germany, where he specialized in physical. and colloidal chemistry; in 1930–32 (on the Rockefeller scholarship) L. trained in the USA in the lab. G. Meller. In 1928 he organized a lab. on the study of heredity and human constitution, edges in 1930 was transformed into Mediko-biol. Institute (since 1935 - Medical Genetic Institute named after M. Gorky); in 1930–37 dir. this in-that. In 1938 he was arrested. paid special attention to the development of problems of anthropogenetics and honey. genetics. Research genetics of diabetes mellitus, problems of dominance in humans. Participated in the research. the complex structure of the gene in the lab. A.S. Serebrovsky. Under the arm. L. conducted research. the role of heredity and habitat in the development of diseases, observations of twins were conducted, research. the consequences of closely related marriages.
LEVIT Vladimir Semenovich (1883, Talalaevka Romensky u. Poltava province. - 1961, Moscow), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Major General Med. service (1943). At the end of the honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1906) worked in the Ardatovsky zemstvo of the Simbirsk province. traveling doctor, then surgeon. Since 1914 head. surgeon, department of the Simbirsk lips. hospitals. Since 1919, assistant professor. faculty surgeon, clinics of Tomsk University. Since 1922 head. Department of Faculty Surgery, Irkutsk University. In 1926-53 the head. Department of Hospital Surgery, 2nd Moscow State University (from 1930 - 2nd MMI). In 1941–43, the district surgeon Moscow. VO, in 1943 - 50 deputy. ch. surgeon Kr. Army. Since 1951, Professor-Consultant Ch. military. hospital them. P.V. Mandryki. tr. L. dedicated surgeon treating goiter and stomach. For the first time in the USSR in 1928 made a resection of the cardiac part of the stomach for cancer. Developed by a surgeon. method of treating bilateral pulmonary echinococcosis and diaphragmatic hernia, original methods of treating gunshot wounds of the extremities and chest. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1936). He was awarded 6 orders. Vol .: Textbook of private surgery, v. 1–2. M., 1944–47 (with S. S. Girgolav).
LEVITAN Boris Moiseevich (b. 1914, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). Graduated from Kharkov University (1936). He worked at Kharkov University (1938–41). In 1941–45 in Kr. Army. In 1945–61 prof. Military-Ing. art. academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky. Since 1961 prof. Moscow State University. research results. relate to functions. analysis. Discovered a class of functions known as generalized almost periodic Levitan functions. L. owns the results of research on the spectral analysis of differential. operators and the theory of generalized shift operators, as well as the general theory of unitary representations of locally compact groups. The Gelfand-Levitan equation is of fundamental importance in the theory of scattering. Linen. pr. (1962). Cit .: Decomposition by own. functions of the second order level trim. M.-L., 1950; Almost periodic functions. M., 1953; General operators. shift and some of their applications. M., 1962; The theory of generalized shift operators. M., 1973.
LEVITAN David (b. 1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), sports figure. In the beginning. 1st world. He studied war in Novorossiysk, then in Moscow. At the end of Moscow. physical education, technical school received a diploma of a physical education instructor. From 1921 he worked actively in Moscow. sport, about-ve "Maccabi" (since 1922 - in leadership positions). Participated in the creation of Moscow. about-va of amateurs of gymnastics and sports. In 1924 the secretary was elected. Maccabi. In 1925–26 he was mobilized in Kr. Army, served as a physical instructor. preparation. After demobilization he was sent to study at Moscow. Institute of Physics. culture, from which it was excluded in 1928; arrested on charges of being a Zionist. activities in sports. about-wah "Maccabi" and "Halutz", sentenced to exile in Shadrinsk in the South. Urals, where he worked as a gymnast. and athletics. circles. From 1930 in E.-I., he was an instructor in physics. education in sports, about-ve "Ha-Poel", combining this activity with work on construction sites and plantations. In 1932 he was elected a member. sports leadership, about-va "Ha-Poel". In 1934–50 he headed the department. branch of about-va, dep. physical culture and sports in the movement "Aliyat ha-Noar" of the Jewish Agency. One of the organizers of mass sports and physical. education in Israel.
LEVITAN Joseph (Jose) (1894, Petersburg - 1976, Paris), ballet critic. Dr. is right. Graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. In the 1920s. lived in Berlin. Published in local periodicals. press st. about ballet, founded and edited monthly. zhurn. Der Tantz is the first magazine in Germany dedicated to dancing as a social. phenomenon and means of communication. In 1935 L. emigrated to France, then to Morocco. Since 1947 - in the USA. In 1949–68 he worked as a translator at the UN.
Isaak Ilyich LEVITAN (1860, Kybarty Volkovyshsky u. Suvalka province - 1900, Moscow), painter. Studied at Moscow. school of painting, sculpture and architecture (since 1873) with AK Savrasov and VD Polenov, in 1880-81 he graduated from the full-scale class. uch-schA, but pictures for the title of cool thin. did not fulfill and in 1884 left school with a diploma as a drawing teacher. Since 1898 hands. landscape class MUZhVZ Acad. painting (1898). Since 1879 in connection with the eviction of Jews from Moscow, he lived in the suburbs. village Saltykovka. He was a friend of A.P. Chekhov, K.A. Korovin, V.A. Serov. Participant of exhibitions of the Association of Wanderers (since 1884, since 1891 - member), Moscow. Society of Art Lovers (1886, in 1911 the Society organized a retrospective exhibition of L.), the Munich Secession (since 1897), United. "World of Art" (since 1898). Together with Korovin and N.A. Klodt, he stood at the origins of artistic. mug "Wednesday". Creative perception rus. the tradition of landscape painting led L. from detailing and genre-narrative interpretation to the so-called. landscape of mood. None of the landscape painters could convey a typical Russian with such simplicity and poetry. motives. Author of over 1000 works, including: “Autumn day. Sokolniki "(1879, acquired by P. Tretyakov from a student exhibition)," Jewish cemetery "(1881)," Evening on arable land "(1883, Tretyakov Gallery)," After the rain. Plyos "(1889, State Tretyakov Gallery)," Dilapidated Courtyard "(1890, State Tretyakov Gallery)," At the Pool "(1892)," Vladimirka "(1892, presented by the artist to P.M. Tretyakov)," Over Eternal Peace "(1893), March (1895, Tretyakov Gallery), a cycle of landscapes reflecting travel impressions from trips abroad (1895–97), Sunny Day. Lake "(1899-1900, State Russian Museum). Took part in illus. book MP Fabricius "The Kremlin in Moscow" (1883), publ. your rice. in the journal. Rainbow and Epoch (1883–87). In 1885, based on sketches by V.M. Vasnetsov and V.D. Polenov, he completed the scenery for the Private Opera of S.I. Mamontov. Prod. L. are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, many others. thin museums and private collection the world.
LEVITAN Mikhl (1882, Nadezhnaya, Mariupol district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1937), publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of Jewish colonists. Externally he graduated from a real school in Berdyansk, became a teacher. From an early age he participated in the roar. Movement, an activist of Poalei Zion, was arrested. One of the initiators of the struggle for the creation of Jewish schools. In 1911, together with gr. like-minded people created a Jewish school with teaching in Yiddish on the outskirts of Kiev Demievka. After the revolution of 1917, L. became a prominent figure in the Fareinikte party, and then became close to the communists. In 1919 - in Kr. Army as amended. front gas. Demobilized, he worked in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, member. thin Council of GOSET. In 1920–21 members. Center, Jewish Bureau under the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since 1925 Deputy. People's Commissar of Education of the Ukrainian SSR. L. was ed. rep. daily gas. Der Stern, ed. lit. every month "Di dig Velt" and a number of other ed., One of the leading sotr. Institute of Jewish Culture at VUAN, the author of textbooks for the Jewish school. In the beginning. 1930s accusations of L. of "deviations", of "forced Yiddishization", etc. appeared in the press. Repressed.
LEVITAN Vladimir Samoilovich (1918, Stallion of Tavricheskaya province - 2000), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Since 1937 in Kr. Army. In 1939 he graduated from the Sevastopol military. aviation school of pilots. From June 1941 - at the front, fighter pilot. He flew more than 300 sorties, shot down more than 20 enemy aircraft. From 1959 - Colonel in the reserve. He worked at a VAZ in Togliatti and at a VAZ car center in Zaporozhye.
LEVITAN Yuri Borisovich (1914, Vladimir - 1983, Moscow), radio announcer. Passed a competition of announcers at the Radio Committee (1931) and was enlisted as a studio attendant in the department. release of programs. Soon he began to broadcast news broadcasts at night, then concerts. Gradually L. began to instruct the reading of important documents, government messages. From 1932 he worked as a editor. "Latest News", simultaneously. studied in the studio of T. Evgeny Vakhtangov. In 1934 he read on the air a report by J.V. Stalin at the 17th Party Congress. L. broadcast by radio messages about the commissioning of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station, about the Papanin people, the flight to America of the crews of V.P. Chkalov and M.M. Gromov, from 1935 he conducted reports from Red Square, in 1941 he transmitted the rules, a message about the beginning of the war. In the military. years became the leading announcer of the country, read the messages "From the Soviet Information Bureau", announced in May 1945 the end of the war. In peacetime, I read reports about the launch of the 1st arts, the Earth satellite, the flight of Yu.A. Gagarin, etc. He conducted many programs both on the radio: the cycle "Find a Man" (for 5 years), "Heroic deeds of the people", and on TV: "Our biography", "Veterans are writing", etc. He made a soundtrack to the newsreel, read the narration in the films "The Great Patriotic War", "Soldiers of Freedom", "Liberation". One of the last works - "Do you remember, comrade |" (August 1983). Read on the radio poems by V.V. Mayakovsky, R.I. Rozhdestvensky, J.A. Helemsky, N.K. Dorizo ​​and others. art. USSR (1980).
LEVITANSKY Yuri Davydovich (1922, Kozelets, Chernigov region - 1996, Moscow), poet. Studied at IFLI. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from the Higher. lit. courses at the USSR SP (1957). He began publishing in 1943 in front-line gas. First Sat verse. "Soldier's Road" was released in 1948. Lyrics L., strongly evolved from the first poetic. collection of books, where the author did not avoid moralistic. rhetoric and public. pathetics, associated with the usual everyday life, around the common man. values, everyday joys and worries. Kindness, mercy is ethical. the priorities of L.'s poetry, the originality of a cut is most clearly expressed in the collection of books "Cinematograph" (Moscow, 1970), "Day such and such" (Moscow, 1976). The author is poetic. book: "Leaves are flying" (Irkutsk, 1956); "Earthly Sky" (Moscow, 1963); "Selected" (M., 1982), etc. Translated from Romanian, Greek, Latvian, language. State pr. RF (1995).
Levitin Anatoly Emmanuilovich (1915, Baku - 1993, Lucerne, Switzerland), human rights activist. Graduated from Leningrad. ped. in-t. From 1935 he taught literature and Russian. lang. at school. A parishioner, and then a deacon of the so-called. "Renovationist" church. In 1943 he returned to Orthodox. Orthodoxy. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in labor camps, in 1956 he was released. Worked as a teacher again; in 1956–58 publ. in the "Journal Mosk. patriarchy ". In 1958 he began to publish in the church. samizdat for ps. Krasnov. He was fired from school and denied the opportunity to publish. He worked as a watchman in the church. In 1968 he signed several. letters of protest against polit. persecution in the USSR. Since 1969, member. The Initiative Group for the Protection of Human Rights; in the same year he was arrested on charges of “slandering the Sov. build ". In 1971 he was sentenced to 3 years in labor camps. Since 1974 - in Switzerland, collaborated in exile. press. Author of the book, publ. in the West. Main works (in samizdat): Copper Stomp (Moscow, 1964); Sick Church (M., 1965); "Face to Face" (M., 1965); "Stromats" (M., 1968) and others.
LEVITIN Grigory Mikhailovich (1914 - 1982, Leningrad), art critic, collector, doctor. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. Institute (1936). 1941–45 - at the front. In the 1940s and 70s. surgeon in decomp. honey. uchr. Leningrad, head. surgeon, tuberculosis department. hospitals in Pavlovsk. At the same time. did a lot of work in the region. teat.-decoration art, compiled a card index of Leningrad. theater. artist, arranged exhibitions in the Union of Artists and the House of Actors, wrote and compiled catalogs for them. L. - the author of numerous. Art. and essays on the stage designers of Leningrad. The theater collected a collection. sketches, easel graphics and painting, among which the works of K.A. Korovin, B.M. Kustodiev, N.S. Goncharova, K.A. Somov, N.I. Altman, A.G. Tyshler, S. B.Virsaladze and many others. other. By the will of L., the collection was transferred to the Russian Museum and Leningrad. museum theater. and muses. lawsuit. The author of the book. about V. Dorer (L., 1977) and T. Bruni (L., 1986).
LEVITIN Mikhail Zakharovich (b. 1945, Odessa), director, writer. In 1967 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of Yu.A. Zavadsky). During his studies he staged a Bolshoi drama at the Kazan. t-re them. V.I.Kachalov "Warsaw Melody" by LG Zorin and in the Riga Youth Theater "Blue Bird" by M. Meterlink. The graduation performance "About how Mr. Mokinpott got rid of his misfortunes" P. Weiss staged in Moscow. t-re drama and comedy on Taganka. Then he staged performances at the Center. Dr. Sov. Army "Billy Pilgrim's Wanderings" by K. Vonnegut (1969), "I Choose Courage" by G. Slavskaya (1975), "Faryatyev's Fantasies" by L. Sokolova (1977); at the Moscow Youth Theater - "Pippi - Long Stocking" by A. Lindgren (1970); in leningr. T-re comedy "Concert for ..." MM Zhvanetsky (1974); in T-re Balt. Fleet - "Alice in Wonderland" by L. Carroll (1982). Since 1978 dir. Moscow t-ra miniatures, since 1986 Ch. dir. t-ra "Hermitage". Staged performances: “Harms, Charms! Shardam! or the School of Clowns "by D. Harms (1982)," An Evening in a Madhouse "by L.I. " according to I. Babel (1995) and others. L. - the author of plays based on the famous literature. Produced by: "Alice in Wonderland" by L. Carroll, "Les Miserables" by V. Hugo, "Chekhov in the Hermitage" and others. The author of the book. "Someone else's performance" (Moscow, 1982) and collection of works. novellas and short stories "Bolero" and "My friend believes" (Moscow, 1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1991).
LEVITIN Yakov Karpovich (1915, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1988, Moscow), journalist, writer. Graduated from Communist. Institute of Journalism. Pravda (1938) and Center. gas. courses at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1939). Since 1939 - corr. gas. "True". After the war, working in gas., At the same time. made reports on the radio. In 1953–64 he collaborated in the journal. "Moscow". He wrote under the ps. Ya.Karpov. Author of the book: "Hard alloy" (M., 1972), "Far Eastern lighthouse" (M., 1975), "The story of the great engineer" (M., 1978), "Tin meridian" (M., 1980), "Loyal to the title" (M., 1981) and others.
LEVITIN Yuri Abramovich (1912, Poltava - 1993, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1935) and graduate school (1937) in class. php. from S.I.Savshinsky; in 1942 he graduated from cons. by class comp. from D.D. Shostakovich. He worked as a pianist in Leningrad. state stage and Leningrad. Philharmonic Society (1931–41). Head of the muses. part of the T-ra stage in Tashkent (1941–42). Since 1942 - in Moscow. The author of the op. "Monna Marianna" (after M. Gorky, 1939), "Red Kalina" (after V. M. Shukshin, 1983), op. for children "Moidodyr" (after KI Chukovsky, 1963). A number of op. associated with the military. themes - the oratorio "The Holy War" (1942), Requiem for the memory of fallen heroes (1946); pl. vocal symphony. op. patriotic. character, including "Fatherland", "Lights over the Volga" (1951). L. owns software symphony. productions, concerts for wind instruments and other instruments with orc., 14 quartets, 5 suites for pop orc. ("Youth", "Russian", "Ballet", "Sports", "Ukrainian", chamber instrumental ensembles, choirs, vocals cycles on words of Russian and Soviet poets, as well as on poems by R. Burns; music film, including the film "Quiet Don" (after MASholokhov) People's art of the RSFSR (1980). Steel, pr. (1952).
Levitina Irina Solomonovna (b. 1954, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1976). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1986). A contender for peace. championship in the 1970s – 90s. USSR champion among girls (1969) and women (1971, 1978–80). As part of the USSR team - the winner of two Olympics (1972, 1974). Participant in the world championship match with M. Chiburdanidze (1984, 5.5: 8.5). The winner of a number of kr. int. tournaments (Leningrad, 1972; Belgrade, 1977; Moscow, 1979; Yayce, 1987, etc.). Since 1991 - in the USA; champion of the USA (1992).
LEVITSKY (real family member Tsederbaum) Vladimir Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1883, Petersburg - 1938, Ufa), politician, publicist. Brother of Yu.O. Martov, S.O. Ezhova, L.O. Dan. From 1897 he participated in the Social-Democrats. movement. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, in 1901 for the student organization. demonstrations arrested and expelled from the capital. Since 1902 - gas agent. Iskra was arrested several times. He emigrated in 1904. In 1905 he returned to Russia, led the roar. work in St. Petersburg. In 1906 he was a delegate to the 4th (unification) Congress of the RSDLP. Member Petersburg. to-that RSDLP. After the revolution of 1905–07 - "liquidator". One of the authors of the collective work “Societies, movement in Russia at the beginning. XX century. " (1909-14). During the 1st world. war supported the "defencists". After Feb. revolution of 1917 one of the hands. moscow org-tions of Mensheviks. Was a member of the ed. Menshevik. gas. Vperyod and Rabochaya Gazeta. In August - a delegate of the United. Congress of the RSDLP, elected member. Central Committee. Oct did not accept the roar; after Rabochaya Gazeta came out in support of an agreement with the Bolsheviks, he left the editorial office. In the end. Nov.-early. Dec 1917 on Excessive. Congress of the RSDLP again opposed an alliance with the Bolsheviks and "accommodating the spontaneous mood of the masses." Since 1918 he was arrested several times. He died in prison. Author of rep. “In a Quarter of a Century” (v. 1, parts 1-2. Moscow, 1926-27) - about the history of the Social-Democrats. Movement in Russia, Vol .: Struggle of Evrop. workers for freedom of coalition. M., 1917; East sketch of the development of Ros. s.-d. workers' party. M., 1918.
Levitsky Asher (Gershon-Zelich) (1903, Kherson - 1959, Israel), lawyer. Since 1912 - in E.-I. He studied at the Herzliya gymnasium. In the 1920s. - at the University of London, studying law and economics. From 1928 to 1929 he was headed by a Zionist. youth organization of Great Britain. In 1930 sec. Nat. Council of Jews E.-I. In 1933–48 he was engaged in private law. practice. Repeatedly defended the interests of the arrested members. Gagans and ETsELA; jurid. consultant to a number of Jewish organizations. During the War of Independence, he was a liaison officer between the IDF and UN officials. He taught at the Higher. jurid. school (Tel Aviv) and in the State. jurid. school (Jerusalem).
LEVITSKY Shlomo Yosef (1878, Kherson -1920), politician. From 1906 - in E.-I. Member Central Committee of the "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" party. During the 1st world. war sent to Egypt.
LEVKOV, a village in the Zhytomyr region of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. 118 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1923, and a synagogue functioned in Leningrad in 1867. Since 1909 Zeev Ziserman (1884–?) Has been a rabbi in L. In 1913 a pharmacy in L. belonged to a Jew. I.A.Kaminer.
LEVKOV Vladimir Izrailevich (1895, Rostov-on-Don - 1954, Moscow), inventor. Prof. (1929). After graduating from the Don Polytechnic. in-that in Novocherkassk in 1921 remained to work there. In 1926 he organized and headed the aerodynamics department. lab. for experiments with models of ships on air. pillows (SVP). In 1930–34, dir. Novocherkassk Aviation in-that. Since 1934 prof. Department of Applied Aerodynamics at MAI. In 1939–52 hands. SLE boats for air. pillow, then a consultant. Creator of the first owls. SVP. In 1934, a demonstration of the first model of the SVP took place, in 1935 - testing of a full-scale model of the three-seater boat L – 1 (weighing 1.5 tons). Under the leadership of L. built 15 experimental boats with a displacement. from 2 to 15 tons, designed by SVP with a displacement. up to 30 tons. In 1941, after the start of the war, the built boats were destroyed in the Baltic Sea. After the end of the war, work in the SKB under the leadership of L. resumed.
LEVKOVICHI, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 grocery stores. A steam mill. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 13 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
LEVKOVKA, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Levkivtsi Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 28. 1941 in Leningrad, 6 Jews were shot.
Levkovka, see Levkovka.
Levman Semyon Semenovich (1896, Vitebsk - 1943), chess composer, writer. Ed. chess. dep. into gas. Pravda and Trud in the 1920s One of the initiators of the publication of the collection "Problems and Studies" (1927–29). From 1923 publ. St. 250 problems, of which 32 were awarded first prizes. The author of several. stories and collection of stories. Killed at the front. Brother L. - Boris (1900-1972), chess player, responsible. sec. zhurn. "64" in the end. 1920s - early. 1930s; author of the book. "Chess and checkers circle in the workers' club" (Moscow, 1926).
LEVNER Israel-Benjamin (1862, Trudolyubovka in Aleksandrovsky district of Yekaterinoslav province - 1916, Lugansk of Slavyanoserbsky district of Yekaterinoslav province), writer, publisher. The son of a Jewish colonist. In his youth he worked as a teacher in Odessa. In the beginning. 1880s publ. first art. in "Gamelitz". In 1895 he began to publish stories. He wrote fairy tales, translated into Hebrew works. F. Cooper, V. Hugo and others. At the invitation of Ben-Avigdor in 1897 worked as an editor. children literature in the publishing house "Tushiya". In 1898 he started publishing. his ch. labor - "Kol Agadot Israel" (5 volumes of retelling of the Agadic narratives from the Talmud), which was translated into plural. lang. and was reprinted several times. In 1905–06 he released children. weekly "Ha-Chaim ve ha-Teva". Since 1906 he was a society, a rabbi in Lugansk, he also published children there. zhurn. "Ha-Prahim" (in Hebrew), "Young Israel" (in Russian) and children. the library "Ha-Tikva" (in Hebrew). In 1907 he released an apologetic. brochures "Protest" and "The Truthful Word about Jews and Their Teachings" (in Russian).
LEVONTIN Meshulam (1886, Mogilev - 1957, Israel), doctor. Son of Z.D. Levontin. He studied in high fur boots in Moscow and Munich. From 1911 - in E.-I. In the years of the 1st world. war - a military doctor in the Jewish units of the Britons, the army. From the beginning. 1920s and until 1933 headed the hospital "Gadasa" in Tel Aviv. One of the founders and hands. ambulance service "Red Shield of David". In the years of the 2nd world. war was included in the leadership of the citizen. defense in E.-I.
LEVONTIN Zalman David (1856, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1940, Tel Aviv), politician. Rod. in a wealthy Hasidic family, received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. After the pogroms of 1881 he joined the Hovevey Zion movement, made a trip to E.-I., where it was decided to create a new settlement, Rishon LeZion, for wealthy immigrants who did not need finance. support. In 1882 L. in ch. a group of immigrants came to E.-I., acquired land and headed the council of a new settlement. In 1883 he returned to Russia, headed bank branches in a number of cities of the Pale of Settlement. In 1897 he joined the newly created World. Zionist. organization, supported the idea of ​​settling E.-I. on the basis of a private initiative. In 1903, on behalf of the organization, he founded in E.-I. Anglo-Palestinian Company - Ch. finance. establishment of the country's Jewish population. During the 1st world. During the war, he lived in Alexandria, where he founded the Egyptian branch of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, contributed to the creation of the Jewish Legion as part of the British. army. In 1918 he returned to E.-I. and until his retirement (1924) he continued to acquire land for new Jewish settlements. Author of memoirs "To the land of our fathers" (v. 1–3, 1884–1928). Son of L. - Eliyahu (1890, Mogilev - 1966, Tel Aviv), banker. From 1904 - in E.-I. From 1926 he headed the Tel Aviv branch of the APEC bank (Anglo-Palestinian Company). Was a member. council dir. Bank le-taasia, member Council of the Tel Aviv Trade Exchange. Brother L. - Ichiel (1861, Orsha, Mogilev province. - 1936, Tel Aviv), writer, public figure. Graduated from the Imperial Techn. school in Moscow (1888), then worked on the railway. He was close to the Palestinophiles. From 1922 - in E.-I. Was engaged in creating. cooperatives. Published in periodicals. ed. in Russian lang. and Hebrew. Author of books.
LEJASTSIEMS, a village in the Gulbene region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Valksky u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. The Jewish community in Latvia emerged in 1867. At the same time, a synagogue was built and a cemetery was laid. Through several. years, the Jews left L. In the 1920s and 1930s. one Jew lived in L.
LEYBENGRUB Pavel Solomonovich (1915, Kaluga - 1984), historian, teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1982). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). In 1937-73 he taught history in schools in Moscow, at the same time. from 1948 Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Teaching Methods (Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods) of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Author of 30 monographs and St. 100 Art. on the methods of teaching history, programs, textbooks on the history of the USSR for the 7th (in 1966–84 - 18th edition) and 8th (in 1968–84 - 4th edition) classes, hands. creative Seminars of methodologists and history teachers. Honored. teacher of the RSFSR school, excellent student of the nar. education of the USSR. 1st pr. APN USSR (1967, 1984). Cit .: About repetition in history lessons in the VII-X grades. M., 1954 (4th ed. M., 1987); Didactic. history lesson requirements on cf. school. M, 1960; History teaching methodology in cf. school, vol. 1–2. M., 1978 (et al.); Topical issues of teaching methods of history. M., 1984 (et al.).
LEIBENSON Leonid Samuilovich (Leib Shmulevich) (1879, Kharkov - 1951, Moscow), mathematician, specialist in the field of hydrodynamics and applications. mechanics. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1901) and mechanical. department of the Imperial tech. school in Moscow (1906). Then he worked in Kusinsky aerodynamic. in-those, in 1906–08 - at the Tula Mechanic. factory. In 1908-11 - Assistant Professor. Moscow un-that. In 1911–13 in Build. At the office of A.V. Bari in Moscow, he was engaged in the calculations of tanks and pipelines. In 1913-14 at the Department of Experimental. physics of Tiflis higher. women's courses. In 1915–18 at Yuryevsky University (professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics since 1916). In 1919 - prof. Tiflis Polytechnic. in-ta, in 1921 - prof. and dean of the oil industry. Faculty of Baku Polytechnic. in-that. Since 1922 at Moscow State University and at the same time. in 1922–30 prof. Moscow horn, academy. In 1925 he organized and headed the country's first oil field lab. In 1932–36 at TsAGI, he was developing methods for calculating the strength of an aircraft, at the same time. in 1934–36 dir. Research Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University. In 1936 he was arrested, in 1937–39 - in exile. Since 1939 at Moscow State University, prof. and head. Department of the Theory of Elasticity, since 1945 - Head. Department of Hydromechanics. tr. in the region. hydrodynamics, applied mechanics. Completed fundamental work on underground hydraulics, oil development. deposits, as well as in the region. the theory of viscous liquids, the theory of gas movement in a porous medium, the theory of filtration of carbonated liquids (1932–41), on which the modern is based. technology for the development of oil, gas and gas condensate fields. In 1930 brought differential. ur-tion of gas movement (ur-tion of Leibenzon). In the region. applied mechanics developed the theory of non-girder floors (1915), proposed approx. method for solving problems of the theory of elasticity (1943). He was engaged in the study of variational methods of the theory of elasticity, with the help of which he estimated the influence of the inhomogeneity of the earth on the value of the modulus of hardness of the globe as a whole (1940). Became. etc. (1943) Vol .: The movement of natural liquids and gases in a porous medium. M.-L., 1947; Coll. works. In 4 volumes. M., 1951–55.
LEIBOVICH David (1904, Tomsk - 1969, Israel), engineer, inventor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Tomsk Polytechnic. in-those, from a young age participated in the Zionist. movement, one of the founders of the Ge-Halutz and Maccabi movements in Tomsk (1921). In 1925 he joined "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair", tried to illegally leave the USSR. He served in Kr. Army. From 1927 in E.-I., worked as a mechanic in agricultural. school "Mikve-Israel", designed dozens of machines and mechanisms for the village. x-va. He entered Gagana, where he occupied the dec. command posts, one of the founders of the pro-tii military. prom-sti in E.-I., author of uch. manuals for the shooter. weapons and explosives. From the beginning. War of Independence - Armament Officer in the South. front Constructed heavy. a mortar, the shell of which carried 37 kg of explosives (the soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces named it in honor of the creator "Davidka"). L. mortars played an important role in the battles for the liberation of Haifa, Safed, and others. Since 1950, he headed the Ha-Mashbir ha-Merkazi vehicle fleet, and later opened his own. plant for the repair of agricultural technology.
LEIBOVICH Yeshayagu (1903, Riga - 1994, Jerusalem), biochemist, publicist, public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1924), Doctor of Medicine (1934), prof. (1942). Graduated from Berlin and Bassel un-you. From 1.935 - to EI. In 1935–94 he taught at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Author tr. on organic problems chemistry, biochemistry, neurophysiology, as well as in the region. Judaism ("Torah and Commandments in Our Time", 1954; [[]] "Faith of Maimonides", 1980, etc.), political science ("Judaism, the Jewish people and the State of Israel", 1975, etc.), philosophy of science (" Body and soul. Psychophysical problem ", 1975) and other humanitarian sciences. L. ed. "Encyclopedias of Hebrew" by eet. sciences (v. 1–21) and its chap. ed. (v. 10-21). The concept of the essence of the Jewish people, developed by L., asserts that Jewry has self-determined and retained its originality solely thanks to a way of life based on practical. fulfillment of the instructions of the Halakha, regulating religious, family and civil. life of the Jews. Attaching self-sufficient importance to the prescriptions and prohibitions of Judaism, L. saw in their voluntary acceptance of the greatest feat, surpassing any achievements of science, culture and social. justice. Denying Zionism a religion. and ist. roots, L. interpreted it only as natural. the desire to get rid of the power of non-Jews, and not as a way to preserve the continuity of Jewish history.
LEIBOVICH Mikhail Yakovlevich (party ps. Skvortsov, Aurel) (1908, Chimishliya, Bendery u., Bessarabian province. - 1941, Mikautsy, Strashensky district, MSSR), politician. In 1926-29 in France, member. Communist Party of France, activist of the Union of Bessarabian emigrants in France. Since 1930 - Responsible. employee of the Communist Party of Romania: secretary Bucharest City Committee, instructor of the Central Committee, member. Bessarabian Regional Committee. In July 1934 he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment. After his release (May 1937), he again headed the Bucharest City Party Committee, then elected a member. Central Committee and Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940), member. Organizing Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in Bessarabia, then worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the MSSR. At the beginning of the war, he was appointed deputy. sec. Part. center for work in the occupied territory. Moldavia. Killed in September 1941.
LEIBOVICH Nehama (1905, Riga - 1997, Jerusalem), teacher. Sister of I. Leibovich. She studied at high fur boots in Berlin and Marburg. TANAKH and comments. studied independently. She taught in Jewish religions. schools in Berlin, since 1930 - in E.-I. Since 1957 he has been teaching at Tel Aviv University. Since 1951 he has published annotated brochures every week. weekly Torah portion. State Israel Ave (1957).
LEIBOVITZ Rene (1913, Warsaw - 1972, Paris), composer, musicologist, conductor. From the age of 4 he studied violin, at 9 he gave his first concert. From 1926 he lived in Paris. Harmony and comp. studied with A. Webern in Vienna (1931–32), instrumentation with M. Ravel, conducting with P. Monte in Paris (1934). Conductor's debut took place in 1937. In 1939–45, L. wrote musical-theoretical. work. Since 1945 he resumed conducting activities. He toured a lot. L. - adherent, ideologist and theorist of the dodecaphonic system. In 1945–46 he gave lectures on 12-tone technique to young composers. Among the listeners of his seminar were P. Boulez, M. Le Roux, A. Kazanova, J.-L. Martinet, S. Nigg, M. Filippo. In 1947 he organized the Intern. festival of modern. chamber music in Paris, on which Op. young composers-dodecaphonists. Book L. "Schoenberg and his school" in French. lang. (Paris, 1947) - one of the first works about him. In 1948 he visited Schoenberg in the USA. Hands. summer seminars in Ying-those sovr. music in Darmstatt. wrote his op. in 12-tone technique, which he interpreted in the spirit of the philosophy of existentialism, developed the methods of serial composition. Among the works: "Chamber Symphony" (1948), "Funeral Symphony" (1955), "Dramatic Symphony" (1958), concerts for fp. (1954), viola (1954), violins, fp. and 17 instr-tov (1942), chamber instr. ensembles. L. - author of three operas, wok. music, Op. for fp., choirs. Among the theoretical. works (all published in Paris in French) "Introduction to 12-tone music" (1949), "The artist and his conscience" (1950), "Evolution of music", "From Bach to Schoenberg" (1951), The History of the Opera (1957); Schoenberg (1969).
LEYDERMAN Naum Lazarevich (b. 1939, Bershad, Vinnitsa region), literary critic, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Odessa University (1962). Moved to Svedlovsk, worked in the Uralsk ped. in-those and zhurn. Ural. L.'s interests as a literary critic are associated with the development of an original theory of the genre, substantiated in the monograph "The movement of time and the laws of the genre" (1982). Lit.-critical Art. publ. Ural, Lit. Review ”,“ New World ”and others. A number of L.'s works touches upon the Jewish theme. To the destinies of Russian Jewry and its role in Russian. culture is dedicated to Art. "Confessions of a Prosperous Jew" (1992). Head department of modern. Russian literature in the Ural ped. in-te.Syn L. - Mark (b. 1964, Sverdlovsk), literary critic. Investigated the meaning of the Jewish theme in rum. VS Grossman "Life and Fate".
LEYKIN Grigory Alexandrovich (b. 1923, Moscow), astronomer. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1952). Graduated from Moscow State University (1948). In 1952–56 he worked as a editor. zhurn. "Nature", 1956–86 in Astronomich. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Sci. tr. by research. Salts, systems. Showed that at is defined. Under conditions, stars can develop corona similar to the sun. Participated in the org-tion and carrying out optich. observations of the first arts, satellites of the Earth and in issl. bodies of the Sun. systems using space. devices. Research (jointly) development, evolution and formation features of impact craters. He showed that the hydrogen present in the lunar soil is of solar origin. He hypothesized about the existence on the moon means. deposits of volatile substances in the remains of lava tubes. Showed what in the implementation of solar-terrestrial tropospheric connections means. the role is played by the ocean. convection. Participant in the publication of "First panoramas of the surface of the Moon" (vol. 1, 1966; vol. 2, 1969) and "First panoramas of the surface of Venus" (1979).
LEYKINA-SVIRSKAYA Vera Romanovna (1901, Batum - 1993, Petersburg), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1963). Studied in history-philology. f-those Petrograd. un-that. At the same time. worked at the Museum Oct. Revolution, where later headed the department. Civil war. In 1937, after the arrest of her brother and husband (S. Svirsky), she was dismissed, was engaged in scientific research. and teaching activities. Author tr. on the history of societies. movement in Russia in the 1840s. and research. on the history of Russian. intelligentsia 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century, compiler, ed. and the author of the note. doc. publ. The Case of the Petrashevtsy (vols. 1-3. M.-L., 1937-51). Cit .: Petrashevtsy. M., 1965; The intelligentsia in Russia in the second Iol. XIX century. M., 1971; Rus. intelligentsia 1900-1917 M., 1981.
LEYMAN Shmuel (1886, Warsaw - 1941, ibid.), Folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was an employee, a merchant. In 1902 he began collecting Jewish folklore. The first works on folklore publ. on Sat. N. Prilutsky (1912-17). In 1914 he published a collection of works. songs "Arbeit un freigayt" ("Labor and Freedom"). In 1922 publ. on Sat. M. Shalita collection of proverbs, anecdotes, legends and tales about the war, and in Sat. "Bai unz, idn" ("We Jews", Warsaw, 1923) - collections of thieves' folklore, children. counting rhymes and games with notes. In 1928 he published with. "Ganovim-Leader" ("Thieves' Songs"), in which he put songs of thieves and convicts, providing them with comments. Of great value are four collections of L. - "The bottom of society and its songs", "Ilya the prophet in folk fantasy", "City and country in the folk language", "Folk tales and fairy tales with melodies" - in collection. "Archives of Jewish Linguistics, Literary Studies and Ethnology" (Warsaw, 1933). During the German occupation of Poland, L. was in the ghetto, where he continued to record folklore.
LEYN Anatoly Yakovlevich (b. 1931, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1968). Mathematician. Member of five USSR championships; the best results - 1964/65 and 1966/67 - 6th. Since 1976 - in the USA; participant in a number of national championships. International Winner tournaments in Sarajevo (1968), Novi Sad (1973 and 1977), Rome (1976), Zap. Berlin (1984).
LEYN Evgeny Mikhailovich (b. 1947, Moscow), director. Son of M.L. Lane. In 1973 he graduated from a theater expert, faculty, in 1978 Higher. dir. courses and in 1980 postgraduate studies at GITIS. In 1973–90 director-director, since 1987 ch. dir. Rosconcert. The first means work is fasting. concert of the laureates of the 5th All-Union Union competition of pop artists (1975), then staged pop performances, concerts, show programs in Moscow and other cities. There was ch. dir. festivals of arts for BAM builders “Highway Lights” (1.976–84), variety programs with the participation of notches, performers “Golden Autumn”, “Melodies of Friends”, programs for Finland, Vietnam, Algeria, Cambodia, Mongolia, Japan, etc. In 1993 - director of show programs at the Center. house of filmmakers, concert, dedicated. the closing of the 18th Moscow. ICF, evenings in memory of A.I. Raikin. L. - Ch. dir. open festival "Kinoshock-93", New Year's masquerade ball "Kinoshock", programs "Lotto-Million" and others. stage at GITIS, in 1984–89 (with a short break) led the course at the department of mass performances in Moscow. in-those culture, worked at the Institute for advanced training of creative workers of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR (f-t dir. muz. t-ra).
LEYN Mikhail Lvovich (1914, Rostov-on-Don - 1992, Moscow), director. In 1935 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. In 1935–36 - thin. hands. Second Sovkh.-Colch. t-ra of the Azov-Black Sea region. In 1936–37 in the army, he graduated from the pilot-observer school. After demobilization, he entered the Maly Theater as an assistant. Together with VV Tsygankov, he staged The Game of Interests (Comedians) by H. Benavente-y-Martinez. 1941–45 - in the army, in the aviation. In 1945-48 he worked in the film actor's theater, participated in the first productions of the theater: "For those who are at sea!" BALavreneva, "Young Guard" by A.A. Fadeev. In 1949–60 in Moscow. t-re them. A.S. Pushkin. Staged performances: "In a busy place" by A.N. Ostrovsky (with O.A. Viklandt, 1952), "Shadows" by M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin (with A.D. Dikim, 1953), " Trees die while standing ”by A. Kasona (with I. Tumanov, 1957),“ White Lotus ”(based on the epic Shudrak, 1960), and others. In 1960–65 he worked at the All-Russian. tour concert. association, after its liquidation - dir. and ch. dir. Perm region dram, t-ra (1965-68). Staged: "Enough simplicity for every wise man" by AN Ostrovsky (1967), "The Scarlet Flower" after ST Aksakov (with M. Sokolova, 1967). In 1968–70 Ch. dir. Moscow lit. t-ra, creator of the play "Gray Hair Urgently Needed" based on YM Nagibin. In 1970–76, dir. Mosconcert. Since the 1950s. dir. various holidays, concerts in the Kremlin, the Column Hall, organizer and director of many others. creative evenings in the Central House of Arts and the House of the Actor.
LEINER Mordkhe Joseph (Izbitsky Rebs) (1801 - 1854, Izbitsa Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province.), Rabbi. He was a student of Simcha Bunem from Pshisukha and M.-M. Morgenstern. In 1840 he settled in Tomashov, Lublin province, and then in Izbica, founding a new Hasidic dynasty. The author of the book of comments on TANAKH.
LEIPALINGIS, a place in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1503. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Grodno district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Leipuny Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 99 Jews lived in Lithuania, in 1897 - 182, in 1923 - 153 Jews. there was a synagogue in Leningrad. Since 1892 Mordechai-Meir Zilberman (1865–?) Has been the rabbi in L. During the 1st world. wars 1 apr. 1915 Jews were expelled from Leningrad; by 1919, 18 families had returned, to which 8 Jewish families from Merkinė had joined. A voluntary Jewish fire brigade was formed in 1920. Among the Jews of Latvia in 1921 there were 10 shopkeepers, 6 butchers, 4 fishermen, 3 cabbies, 2 peddlers, 2 tailors, 2 shoemakers, 2 glaziers, and a carpenter. In 1931, Jews owned most of the bargaining. pr-th; they also owned a wool workshop, a bakery, a mill, and a generating station. In Leningrad, there were divisions of Gordonia and Beitar. In the 1930s. Aizik Stelepner was the rabbi in L. (? –1941). 11 Sept. 1941 in Leningrad, 155 Jews were shot, the rest, together with the Jews around us. points shot on 27 Sept. 1941.
LEYPUNSKY Alexander Ilyich (1903, Dragli Grodno province. - 1972, Obninsk, Kaluga region), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, prof., acad. VUAN (1934). Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1926). From 1924 he worked at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. In 1934–35 at the Cavendish Lab. from E. Rutherford (Great Britain). In 1928–41 - in the Ukrainian Phys.-Tech. Institute in Kharkov (arrested in 1938, released in the same year). In 1941–52 deputy. dir., dir. Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1952 scientific. hands. Physical and energetic. Institute in Obninsk. One of the founders, prof., Head. Department of MEPhI. Experimentally investigated "collisions of the second kind" in gases, when excited atoms in collisions transfer energy to electrons without radiation. He took part in the development of linear accelerators. He studied beta decay and neutrino physics, proposed and substantiated a decisive experiment to prove the existence of neutrinos. He put forward and implemented the idea of ​​the possibility of reproducing nuclear fuel in fast reactors (formation of plutonium from uranium-238). He supervised the design of a nuclear power plant on the Mangyshlak Peninsula (launched in 1955), designed to generate electricity, obtain nuclear fuel and desalinate sea water. Linen. etc. (1966).
LAYPUNES, see Leponis.
LEITES Lev Semenovich (b. 1927, Dnepropetrovsk), engineer, specialist in the field of telecentre equipment operation. Brother of N.S. Leites. After graduating in 1949 Moscow. electrical engineering the Institute of Communications works at a television center in Moscow. 1950 - early. mobile TV station (MTS); carried out by tech. supervising the conduct of the country's first television broadcasts of football matches from the Dynamo stadium, performances from the Bolshoi Theater, including with the use of infrared illumination of the darkest scenes (1951), showing for the first time on television the visible part of the lunar surface with high magnification through a telescope State astronomical. in-ta them. P.K. Sternberg (1963). From 1962 - the first beginning. dep. TV center OB van. In 1967 he participated in the creation of the Center for Mobile Technology. means of TV, appointed Ch. Ing. Center. 1970–83 early. service technol. Ing. provision, then the beginning. repair service of the television center. Since 1983 - Ch. TV center specialist. Author of over 20 publications on the technology and history of television. broadcasting, including a textbook on television technology for technical schools of communication. "Honorary Radio Operator" (1958). Works: Television broadcasting technology. M., 1962; Black-and-white television signal forming equipment. M., 1970.
LEYTES Natalia Samoilovna (b. 1921, Zaporozhye), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1978). Graduated from Moscow State University (1945). Published since 1946. She worked in Zaporozhye (1946–49) and Izhevsk (1953–63) ped. in-takh, Perm University. From the beginning. 1990s - in the USA, works: Novels by Anna Zegers. Perm, 1966; German novel 1918–45. The evolution of the genre. Perm, 1975; From Faust to the present day. From the history of German literature. M., 1987; Finite and endless. Reflections on the literature of the XX century. Worldview and poetics. Perm, 1992.
LEITES Natan Semenovich (b. 1918, Yekaterinoslav), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1971). L.S. Leites' brother. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1945). Since 1948 he has been working at the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (now the Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education). Author of works on the problems of abilities and giftedness in children. age. Developed orig. experimental techniques in the region. psychophysiology. Research the ratio of age and individual characteristics of the psyche. development. 1st pr. APN USSR (1972). Cit .: On mental giftedness. M., 1960; Intelligence and age. M., 1971; Abilities and giftedness in childhood. M., 1984.
LEYTES Samuil Moiseevich (1899 - 1972, Moscow), pathophysiologist-endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1930). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1923), worked there as an assistant of the Department of Pathophysiology. Head departments of pathophysiology of Smolensk honey. in-that (since 1930) and Kharkov in-that advanced training of doctors (1933–41) and hands. clinical and physiological lab. and dep. pathology, chemistry of the Ukrainian Institute of Endocrinology. From 1941 - head. Department of Pathophysiology, Alma-Ata honey. in-that and consultant of evacuation hospitals of the Kazakh SSR. In 1945-51 the head. clinical and physiological lab. Institute of Nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. At the same time. (until 1961) head. dep. pathophysiology Ying-that endocrinology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and deputy. dir. this institute (1953-60). Since 1961 - head. Department of Pathophysiology Center. Institute of advanced training for doctors in Moscow. Osn. scientific. tr. L. dedicated pathology of metabolism in-in and the endocrine system. Revealed the phenomenon of autoregulation of fat and nitrogen metabolism, established the nature of its violation in diseases of the liver and endocrine system. Proposed and substantiated (1934) the so-called. the rule of the initial state as a factor determining the direction of metabolic reactions under the action of stimuli, in particular hormonal ones; studied the pathogenesis of alipotropic and toxic. fatty liver; identified two pathogenetic. forms of diabetes. Research the relationship between lipid and lipid metabolism and determined the role of a number of organs, in particular the lungs, in this interaction. Based on experiment. and clinics. research proposed a new concept for the pathogenesis of obesity. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1969) Vol .: Obesity. M., 1948; Physiology and pathology of adipose tissue. M., 1954; Essays on the pathophysiology of metabolism and the endocrine system. M., 1967 (with N.N. Lapteva).
LEITES Józef (1901, Warsaw - 1983, Los Angeles), film director. Studied in muses. school to them. Chopin in Warsaw. Participated in the Polish-Soviet war (1920), studied philosophy. Faculty of Jagiellonian University in Krakow and at the same time. in a private film school (1922-23) and chem. f-those un-that. He worked as a laboratory assistant at the Vienna company "Sasha-Film", was an assistant to M. Curtis and R. Vine. He made his debut as a director f. "Hurricane" (1928), the most significant production. Polish silent cinema dedicated to the anti-Russian uprising of 1863. Post. the first Polish sound f. "Wild Fields" (1931), then "Young Forest" (1934, diploma of the Moscow City Fund in Moscow, 1935), "The Day of the Great Adventure" (1935, St. Novolipok "(both - 1937, pr. Kf in Lvov, 1938)," Border "and" Signals "(both - 1938), etc. In Sept. 1939 fled from Warsaw to Egypt and E.-I., where he organized a film group of the Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade (1940–42). He took off f. "From Homs to Tobruk", which did not appear on the screens. In E.-I. wrote (co-authored) the book. about his friend Y. Korchak "Pan doctor did not return" (1945). By order of the World. Zionist, org-tion removed f. The Great Promise (1946–47) on the immigration of European Jews to E.-I., and then doc. f. “No Choice” - about the first Arab-Israeli war (1948). In 1947–52 in England, where he shot f. "Faithful City" (1952). Then he moved to the USA, worked on TV, filmed the first Amer. TV series.
LEITEISEN Gabriel Davydovich (party ps. Valeria, Lindov, Lindov-Leiteisen) (1874, Ekaterinoslav - 1919, Ozinki, Ural region), politician, publicist. Since the 1890s. - member s.-d. circles, led the roar. work in Yekaterinoslav and Tula, was repeatedly arrested. In the beginning. 1900s emigrated, joined c. "Emancipation of Labor", then - Chl. “Union of Rus. s.-d. Abroad". After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Bolshevik, published in gas. "Iskra", "Vperyod", "Proletarian" and others. Participant in the roar. the events of 1905–07 in Russia; dacha L. "Vaza" in the village. Kuokkala, Vyborg province. - one of the centers of the conspiratorial work of the Bolsheviks. Delegate of the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907), at which he supported V.I. Lenin. Soon after returning to Russia, he was arrested in Tula, and in custody fell seriously ill. After Feb. revolution of 1917 was adjacent to the ed. gas. "New life" and to the Menshevik internationalists, at the same time. actively cooperating with the Bolsheviks in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After Oct. revolution called on the Menshevik internationalists to defend the Sov. authorities. Since 1918, member. RCP (b), Commissioner of the 4th Army Vost. front. Killed during the anti-Bolshevik. mutiny in the 22nd division. The author of the first textbook on political work in the Kyrgyz Republic. Army (during the Civil War, several editions passed.) Works: Struggle for the Elect. law in France. SPb., 1907; A brief outline of the history of the RSDLP. Pg., 1917; Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the Revolution. s.-democracy. M., 1917; About political work and political workers at the front. Samara, 1918.Daughter of L. - Lydia (b. 1910, Tula), a specialist in the field of photoelectronics. Cand. tech. Sciences (1954). Graduated from MPEI (1938). In 1938–93 she worked in the Special Construction. bureau Mosk. light bulbs. s-yes (1960–77 - head of the laboratory). Developed a photomultiplier tube for use in nuclear physics (1952) and for spacecraft guidance elements. stations "Venera" and "Mare" (1960s). Became. pr. (1953).
LEYTEISEN Maurice Gavriilovich (1897, Yekaterinoslav - 1939), diplomat, designer. Son of GD Leiteisen. Member Oct. events of 1917 in Moscow. In 1918–23 sotr. People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs cases: in 1918 - part. owls. Dipl. mission in Switzerland, then sent to Stockholm. At the end of 1918, on his return to Russia, he was arrested by the Finnish authorities on suspicion of roaring. propaganda, imprisoned in Helsinki. Released at the beginning. 1919 at the insistence of the Sov. pr-va and personally V.I. Lenin. From 1923 to scientific. work: secret. section of interplanetary communications of the Academy of military-air. fleet. Together with F.A. Tsander and other scientists, he worked on the creation of projects for rocket engines and space. ships, corresponded with K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Repressed, works: Nietzsche and finance. capital. M.-L., 1928.
LEYTIN Boris Natanovich (1893, Vyazhskoe, Yaroslavl Gubernia - 1972, Moscow), poet, translator. In 1918 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. During the years of Civil. wars - in Kr. Army. In 1919, publ. Sat. verse. "Invented love". Translated into Russian. lang. from English (J. Byron, P.B. Shelley, W. Shakespeare), head. lang., Yiddish (together with B. Divinskaya I. Gordon's novel "Three Brothers" and his own story "General's Mother"), Kyrgyz., lit., German. (G. Heine, I. V. Goethe), Romanian, Czech. languages.
LEIVIK G. (real name and family name Levik Halpern) (1888, Abbot of Minsk province - 1962, New York), poet, playwright. Rod. in the Melamed family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1905 he joined the roar. movement, was arrested and several. years spent in prison. At the same time, he wrote poems and dramas "Di kaitn funmoshiyah" ("Shackles of the Messiah") and "Dort, wu di freigite" ("Where there is freedom"). He was exiled to Siberia, from where he fled to the USA in 1913. The story of this escape is captured in the "Siberian Poems" L. He worked in New York as an upholsterer, then in Philadelphia at the children's clothing factory. Published the first Sat. verse. "Intern schloss" ("Under the lock"). Was included in lit. gr. "Di yung", was published in her publishing house. From 1917 to 1920, L.'s four poems about the pogroms and his work on a monumental drama, the poem Der Goyle (Golem, 1921), which caused a wide public resonance, are related. Between 1921 and 1929 Leningrad created the dramas Shmates (Rags), Andersh (Otherwise), Di oreme meluhe (Poor State), Bankrupt, Shap (Workshop ")," Hirsch Leckert "," Caithn "(" Chains "), staged. to Amer. Jewish scene. In 1925 L. made a trip to Europe and the USSR. Returning to the United States, he became sotr. communist. gas. Freigite, published his dramas in communist. zhurn. "Der gamer", however, after the Jewish pogroms in E.-J. in the fall of 1929 he broke with the communist. press. Since 1936 he published together with I. Opatosu lit. collection of articles "Zamlbikher", which played a significant role in the development of Jewish literature. In 1937 he left for Europe, and from there to E.-I. Was a participant in the World. Jewish Cultural Congr. in Paris, where he was elected to the center, the board of the World. Jewish Cultural Union. On the events of the 2nd world. war L. responded to Prince. “In Treblinke bin their nit geven” (“I was not in Treblinka”), and after visiting the death camps in 1946 - the mystery of “Di hasene in fernwald” (“A wedding in the forest”). I ate. book verse. "A blat oif an epl-boym" ("Leaf on an apple tree") was released in 1955.
LEYZEROVICH Grigory Yakovlevich (Yankelevich) (1902, Pyatigorsk, Tersk region - 1978, Moscow), specialist in the field of technology for obtaining tsv. metals. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1961). In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In 1929–78 he worked at the State. Research Institute tsv. metals, more than 10 years - Ch. Ing. in-ta.Osn. work related to research. and the development of processes for roasting ore col. metals in a fluidized bed, to-rye began to lead in the 1920s. He proposed a technology for smelting copper concentrates in suspension, brought it to semi-industrial. tests. Organizer and hand. the first lab in the country. on the study of fluidization processes (fluidized bed). He developed the technology of roasting in a fluidized bed of zinc and other types of raw materials. metals, was the initiator of the widespread introduction of this process in the industry of tsv. metals. Author of scientific. works, 25 copyright certificates for decomp. inventions. Became. etc. (1943) Vol .: Firing in a fluidized bed. M., 1956; Firing of zinc concentrates in a fluidized bed. M., 1959 (et al.).
LEYZEROVICH Itzhok-Eliezer (1883, Kovna - 1927, Paris), journalist, publicist. I passed the exams for the gymnasium course. He began to write in Hebrew and Yiddish at the same time. He made his debut in 1904 in St. Petersburg. gas. "Tog", was later sotr. Vilna gas. "Zeit" was published in Warsaw and Riga Jewish newspapers. He studied medicine in Leipzig, continuing as a journalist. activity. In ód gas. "Naer Morgenblat" published fairy tales on Jewish history. themes, feuilletons and led children. dep. In 1913 Warsaw gas. "Gaynt" sent him to correspondent. to Kiev to cover the progress of M. Beilis's trial. In the years of the 1st world. War and Revolution of 1917 he lived in Russia, from 1920 in Kaunas, in 1922 he arrived in Berlin, from there he sent materials for the New York gas. Forverts. From 1923 in Paris, continuing to write for the Forverts and the local press. Among the products. L .: "Der veg tsum eibikn glik" ("The Road to Eternal Happiness"), the ballads "Di vslfishe khasene" ("Wolf's Wedding"), ser. bunk bed fairy tales "From an old source", etc.
LEZANOVKA, see Lezhanovka.
LEZERN, see Liesere.
LEZHANOVKA, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Lezanovka of the Skalat district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in Leningrad, on July 5, 1941, 2 Jews were killed.
A. LEZHNEV (real name and surname Abram Zelikovich Gorelik) (1893, Parichi, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1938, Moscow), literary critic. Studied at mo; d. f-those un-that in Geneva. In 1922 he graduated from the Yekaterinoslavsky honey. in-t. Published since 1922. In the middle. 1920s - early. 1930s theorist lit. gr. "Pass", advocating the preservation of the continuity of the relationship of the Sov. liters with the best traditions of rus. and peace. lit-ry. In the book. "Questions of Literature and Criticism" (1926), "Contemporaries" (1927), "Lit. weekdays ”(1929) and others. defended organic. fusion in art-ve ideology and aesthetic. the beginning, the idea of ​​a big tragic art. After a trip to Belarus (1930) published the book. essays "Wooden key" (M., 1932) about the Belarusian. Jewry in the "era of industrialization." The author of the book. “Two poets. Heine. Tyutchev "(Moscow, 1934)," Pushkin's Prose "(Moscow, 1937). In 1938 he was repressed. Died in custody.
I. LEZHNEV (real name and surname Isai Grigorievich Altshuler) (1891, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1955, Moscow), publicist, literary critic. In 1906–09 a member. RSDLP, sided with the Bolsheviks, was arrested twice. Then he left the politician. activities. In 1910 he left Russia. In 1914 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Zurich University, returned to Russia, collaborated in gas. Nikolaev, Tsaritsyn, Petrograd. During the years of Civil. war worked in the Red Army. press, was in charge of the department. information in the gas. "Izvestia VTsIK". In 1922 he organized a journal. "New Russia", in which he acted as the ideologist of National Bolshevism. In 1926, journal. was closed, and L. was expelled from the USSR; worked in the Sov. bargain. representation in Berlin. In 1930 he returned to the USSR. In 1933 he finished the 1st volume of his memoirs "Origins", in which he described the path of the Jewish provincial. young men to Marxism and renounced their previous views. Then he sent this book. in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) as an "Extended application for admission to the party" and was adopted on the recommendation of JV Stalin. In 1935–39 as head. dep. lit-ry and art-va gas. "Pravda" was led by an ideologist, "purges". Served with ser. works, in which lit. creativity was considered as a socio-political. movement dictated by the writer's worldview. Author of the monograph "Mikhail Sholokhov" (1948) and other books. about the writer.
LEZHNEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1925) in the Ivanovo district of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kovrovsky u. Vladimir Gubernia. 1 Jew lived in Leningrad in 1926, and 5 Jews in 1939.
LEZNYOVO, now part of the city of Khmelnitsky (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish labor camp in Leningrad, whose prisoners (several hundred Jews from Gorodok, Zinkov, Cherny Ostrov, Yarmolintsev) were used to repair and build the road. Several died. hundreds of people. After 1945, an obelisk was erected in the Leningrad region at the site of the mass execution of Jews.
LYozno, see Liozno.
LIAKUMOVICH Alexander Grigorievich (b. 1931, Bobruisk), chemist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1968), prof. Graduated from MITHT (1954), worked as engineer. at production facilities prom-sti. Was deputy. dir. experienced petrochemist. s-yes (Sterlitamak, Bashkiria). Since 1975 in the Kazan Chemical-Technol. in-those them. S.M. Kirov; head Department of Rubber Technology, Dir. Elastomer Development Center. Specialist in the region. petrochemistry and technology synthetic. rubbers. Has about 600 copyright certificates, 80 nicknames. patents, 350 publications. Naib, major works are associated with a complex of research. on the synthesis of phenol and other phenolic antioxidants, methods of isolation and purification of isoprene, butadione, styrene, chemical production. additives for polymers and petrochemicals. synthesis and creation. small productions based on them. State etc. (1989).
LIBAVA, see Liepaja.
LIBEDINSKY Yuri Nikolaevich (1898, Odessa - 1959, Moscow), writer. Rod. in the family of a doctor. He graduated from high school in Chelyabinsk (1918), from 1920 - in Kr. Army. It was printed from the beginning. 1920s In the 1920s. was one of the hands. VAPP and RAPP. Was included in lit. group "October". In 1941–45 he was a military man. corr. In the works of L., Jewish themes were reflected in the stories "Week" (1922), "Tomorrow" (1923), "Commissars" (1925), "Guards", in the drama "Height". The author of the essay "Sholem Aleichem" (1958). Works: Izbr. prod., v. 1–2. M., 1958; Link of times. Memories. Stories. Essays. Stories. M., 1962.
LIBER Mark (nast, name and surname. Mikhail Isaakovich Goldman) (1880, Vilna - 1937, Alma-Ata), politician. Son of I.M. Goldman, brother of B.M. Gorev. Since 1896, members s.-d. party of Lithuania, one of the founders and leaders of the Bund (1897). Arrested in 1899, emigrated in 1900, entered Zagran. to the Bund, achieved the inclusion in the Bund program of items on the struggle for the nat. law and cultural-nat. autonomy. He headed the Bund delegation at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), advocated the recognition of the Bund of Unities. the representative of the Jewish workers in the RSDLP. From 1904 in the Central Committee of the Bund. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Represented the Bund at the 4th (1906) and 5th (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP, at the last. elected member Central Committee of the RSDLP. After the defeat of the revolution - "liquidator". In 1910 he was exiled to Vologda province for 3 years, fled and soon emigrated. In 1912 he participated in the Vienna General Party. conf. RSDLP, on a cut anti-pain reliever was created. ("August") block. From the beginning. 1st world. war returned to Russia, joined the "defencists". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council, from Apr. - member his Bureau. The leader of the right wing of the Bund, called for supporting Vrem. pr-in, but opposed the participation of the Social-Democrats in it. At the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (June) elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee (later - member of the President and Deputy Chairman). Member Pre-parliament. After Oct. Revolution left the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec. 1917) came up with the idea of ​​creating. broad anti-Bolshevist. front. In the beginning. 1918 left for Kiev, joined the Bund faction Center. We are glad. To Vseros. meeting of the RSDLP (May 1918) again entered the Central Committee. In the same year, due to political. disagreements left the party, but in 1922 he applied for a return to the RSDLP and was accepted. Then he entered the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, was one of the hands. Centre. the Menshevik apparatus. underground in the USSR. Since 1923 he was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In the end. 1920s from polit. activity moved away, was in the household. work. In 1937 he was repressed.
LIBER Maurice (1884, Warsaw - 1956), rabbi, historian. Since 1888 - in France. In 1907 he graduated from the Rabbinic school in Paris and began teaching Jewish history there. In 1911 he was appointed assistant. ch. rabbi of Paris. Served as a rabbi in the army during the 1st peace. war was awarded the Cross "For Military Merit". In 1920 he became a rabbi in one of the Parisian synagogues. From 1921 he taught the history of Judaism at the Ecole Pratik (from 1927 - prof.). Since 1928 - Member. Center, to-that World. Jewish Union. In 1932 he headed the rabbinical school in Paris. In 1934 he became Ch. rabbi of France. During the 2nd world. War L. did much to preserve the rabbinical school, evacuated to the south of France. In tech. for a long time L. edited one of the leading Jewish journals. France "Universal hieraelite". Ch. theme of scientific. research L. - the history of the Jews in France. His biography of Rashi (1905) was widely known. Based on archival sources, wrote ser. Art .: "The Jews and the Convocation of the States General" (1912-13) and "Napoleon and the Jews" (1920-21).
LIBERBERG Iosif Izrailevich (1897, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province. - 1937, Khabarovsk), historian, bibliographer, public figure. Ch.-c. VUAN (1934). Studied at Kiev University. In 1918 in Kr. Army. In 1919 he worked underground in the Poltava and Kiev provinces, then at the desk. work in Berdichev. From 1918 he wrote articles in Yiddish, Russian. and ukr. lang. In 1919, in the journal. Bichter-Velt (Kiev) publ. his bibl. the work "The Jewish Press in Ukraine during the Revolution, February 1917 - February 1919". In 1920, he taught a course in the foreign language. stories on Jewish ped. courses and at higher desks. school, then taught at the Kiev Institute of Nar. kh-va (since 1925 - prof.). In 1927, publ. several works on the history of the French. revolution and the book "1848 in Germany" (used in universities in Ukraine as a textbook) and "Econ. and social history of England (1760-1850) ”in Yiddish, Russian, Ukrainian. lang. Since 1926 - head. Department of Jewish Culture VUAN, since 1929 - Dir. Institute of Jewish proletarian culture VUAN. One of the initiators of the closure of the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va in Leningrad and the Jewish Commission in Kiev in 1928-30. The author of Art. "The tasks of Jewish bibliology", "B-ka and the press archive of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture" (both - in the "Bibliological collection", 1930), "Jewish scientific. work in the Sov. Union "(" Jews in the USSR ", 1935). From 1935 before. Of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In July 1936 he was arrested in Birobidzhan on charges of leading the "Trotskyist opposition" in Ukraine. Shot.
LIBERITS, see Lyubertsy.
LIBERMAN Alexander Semenovich (1912, Kiev - 1999), painter, sculptor, photographer, publisher. The son of a banker. He emigrated to France, where he studied architecture. f-those of the School of Fine Arts. Hood. ed. and ed. Vu Pari (1931–36). Since 1941 - in the USA. Hood. ed. zhurn. mod (1941–43); thin ed. (from 1943), from 1962 ed.-dir. own publishing house "Conde Nast". A personal exhibition of photographs was held in the New York Museum of Modern Art. art (1959), a retrospective exhibition of drawings and sculptures - in art. gal. Concoran (Washington, 1970). Sculpt. manuf. L. are installed in a number of mountains. USA. The author of the book. "An artist in his studio" (1960).
LIBERMAN Aron Shmuel (1845, Lunna of the Grodno District and Gubernia - 1880, Syracuse, USA), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1857 he lived in Suwalki, where he became interested in the ideas of Haskala. Graduated from Vilenskoe rabbi. uch-shche (1861–67), received a teacher's diploma, taught and was secretary. Jewish community in Suwalki. In 1869 he became a volunteer at St. Petersburg. technol. in-that, got close to the roar. circle of PL Lavrov (in his journal "Vperyod" published in 1873 correspondence on the situation of Jewish workers in Belarus). OK. 1872 returned to Vilna, joint. with A.I.Zundelevich and V.I. Iokhelson created a circle of Jewish socialists; working fear. agent, used trips to the villages for the socialist. propaganda among the peasants. In the beginning. 1870s turned with the socialist. an appeal to students of yeshivas. In 1875 he fled, fleeing arrest, to London, where he worked as a typesetter and lit. sotr. in the journal. Vperyod, in 1876 founded the Union of Jewish Socialists. After the skirmish, Chl. "Union" with the police (1876) fled to Vienna, where in 1877 he published the first socialist. zhurn. in Hebrew. "Ga-Emes" (No. 1-3), in which there was a main. by the author. Arrested in 1878. In 1880 he returned to London and, not receiving the consent of the leaders of the Narodnaya Volya for his visit to Russia, he left for the USA, where he committed suicide. In his articles he fought against anti-Semitism Ukrainian. nationalists in Vienna and Russian. revolutionaries.
LIBERMAN Avigdor (Evet Lvovich) (b. 1958, Chisinau), politician. Since 1978 - in Israel. In 1980, while studying at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, he joined the Likud movement. Was one of the hands. gr. Likuda at the Jewish University. In 1983 he graduated from the Faculty of Intern. relationships. Occupied dec. posts in the Likud movement, since June 1993 dir. Likud movement. 1996–7 - gene. der-r min-va ch. pr-va. 2001–2 - Minister of National Economy. infrastructure, in 2003–4 - Ministry of Transport, since 2009 - Deputy. Prime Minister, Min. cases.
LIBERMAN Efim Arsenievich (b. 1925, Moscow), biophysicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1959). Dr. Biol. Sciences (1963), prof. (1989). After graduating from Moscow State University (1949), he worked as a radio engineer. In 1955–67 scientific. sotr. Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1967, since 1994, h. scientific. sotr. Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. ex. scientific. activities: electric. energetics of living and molecular. cellular computers. L. discovered the effect of coding in the nerve. sist. (1957); found out the role of calcium in the synaptic. transfer (1966); for the first time by the method of penetrating ions proved electric. energetics of a living organism (1969). In 1972 he expressed the idea of ​​molecular. computer and in 1975 experimental. proved that the neuron works on molecular, intracellular. level. Develops the idea of ​​biophysics and mathematics. principles of the universe. For the discovery of a new function of proteins as generators of electricity. current received the State. pr. USSR (1975). Author of over 150 scientific. Art. and 5 books. In the journal. "Lechaim" (No. 21-22) publ. Art. "To the truth", in a cut he gave a new interpretation of the translation of the Torah, concerning the first five days of the creation of the world. Vol .: Dosimetry of radioactive isotopes. M., 1958; How a living cell works. M., 1990.
LIBERMAN Evsey Grigorievich (1897, Slavuta Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1981), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1957), prof. (1958). Graduated from Kiev University (1920) and Kharkov engineer-economist. Institute (1933), taught in decomp. universities. In 1947–63 the head. Department of Economics and Organization of Machine-Building. promet of Kharkov engineer-econom. in-ta, since 1963 - prof. Department of Statistics, Kharkov State. un-that. In the end. 1950 - early. 1960s - one of the leading participants in the discussion on ways to improve the effectiveness of Sov. economy. Developed the concept of industrial management, the ideas of a cut formed the basis of the so-called. "Kosygin" reform of 1965. Author of works on the problems of basic. funds, prom. planning, comprehensive mechanization, stimulation of production and households. activities prom. enterprises, et al. and ed. a number of textbooks and uch. manuals for universities, including the textbook "Organization and planning machine-build. enterprises "(1960). Cit .: Regulatory accounting in production. M., 1932; Intrafactory households payment. M., 1949; About planning profit in the industry. M., 1950; The efficiency of the prom. enterprises (Statistical indicators). Moscow, 1973 (jointly with Z.L. Zhitnitsky).
LIBERMAN Chaim (1890, Dombrovitsa of Rivne u. Volyn province - 1963, New York), literary critic, publicist, teacher. Since 1905 in the USA. He gave Hebrew lessons in private homes, went to college. He made his debut in the Jewish press in 1906. Was sotr. gas. "Tageblat", later one of the founders of New York Jewish schools with teaching in Yiddish, secretary. Jewish teaches. seminar and a Yiddish teacher. In 1912 he released the book. "Dos problems fun der Yidischer erzung" ("The problem of Jewish education"). In 1921–23 he was in Germany, after returning to New York in 1924 he became a sotr. gas. Forverts. In 1928-29 he lived in Paris. He traveled a lot, visited E.-I., wrote reports from there. Publ. Art. on lit., ped. and polit. Topics. In 1927 L. released the book. "Sheidim in Moscow" ("Devils in Moscow"), in which the communist was exposed. regime in the USSR and its defenders in America. Mn. L.'s works were polemical in nature and caused heated discussions in the Jewish press. Among his books: "Dichter un veltn" ("Poets and Worlds"), 1923; Literary Silhouettes (Literary Silhouettes), 1924; “Ween di velt got gobrent” (“When the world was burning”) and others.
LIBERMAN Leonid Aizikovich (b. 1952, Gomel), athlete (classical wrestling). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1973). In 1975 he graduated from the Belarusian Institute of Physical Education. World champion (1973) and the USSR (1970, 1972), European champion among youth (1970) and youth (1972). International Winner tournament them. I.M. Poddubny (1971).
LIBERMAN Motl (1879, Slonim, Grodno province - |), bibliographer. During the 1st world. war together with his parents moved to Minsk. He was a teacher in Jewish schools in Belarus. Since 1925 - sotr. center, Jewish gas. "October" and zhurn. "Stern". Published Art. on ped. and anti-religious themes, bibl. materials. In 1932 he published the book. "Libraries zu dinst der socialistischer boyung" ("Libraries for the service of socialist construction"), and in 1936 (with G. Zalzman and others) lit. Sat. for children. gardens.
LIBERMAN Nohum-Benyomin (1893 - 1983, Slavuta, Khmelnytsky region), rabbi. From ser. 1920s rabbi in Slavuta. Participant of the congress of rabbis in Korosten (1926). In 1941–44 he was evacuated. In the 1950s and 60s. actively opposed the closure of synagogues. After 1945 - one of the few rabbinical authorities in the USSR.
LIBERMAN Shaul (Sol) (1898, Motol Kobrin district of Grodno province - 1983, USA), researcher of Talmudic literature. Doctor of literature (1942), prof. (1940), acad. Academy of Sciences of Israel. He studied at the yeshiva (Slobodka), at the honey. f-those of Kiev un-that. In 1928–31 he studied at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), where he later taught the Talmud. In 1935–40 he headed the Institute of Talmudic Studies in the same place. Since 1940 - in the USA, as a rabbi. seminary them. Schechter in New York (dean from 1949, rector from 1959). Mn. years was a prez. Amer. Academy of Jewish Studies. Member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences, hon. h. Academy language. Hebrew. L.'s works cover all basic. Talmud spheres, liters. Main tr .: "Tosefta in a popular presentation" - a multivolume commented edition. Tosefta. State Israel Ave (1971).
LIBERMAN Zalman Ruvimovich (1903, Krasnopolye Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province - 1940, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist. In 1918–20 he attended the artist. studio in Gomel at the section of fine arts of the laboratory. In 1927 he graduated from a sculptor. branch of VKHUTEMAS on cl. I.M. Tchaikova. In 1927-28 he worked at the Moscow Art Theater, taking part in the post. as a prop sculptor. Made by a sculptor. t-ra emblem. In 1933–35 he studied as a sculptor. studios them. N.A. Andreev (at the Moscow Union of Artists) under the leadership of A.T. Matveev. During these years he completed a number of orders: a frieze for the building of the mountains. hospitals in Tula (1931), a sculpture for a fountain in one of the Prokopyevsk squares (1936). For the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow he created a number of sculptures ("Electric welder", "Krasnoarmeets", "Kolkhoz Woman-Flax Vodka", bas-relief "Papanintsy", 1938). L. was engaged in graphics, possessed various techniques. Six fig. nudity (ink, pen, 1930) are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery. In 1938–39 he visited a number of collective farms in Ukraine. The result was ser. expressive fig. from nature sanguine and pastels (Pasha, 1937, portraits "The Old Man" and "Boy", 1938). In 1934 his works were presented at the exhibition of young artists of Moscow in the Historical Museum. The participant is thin. Association "Thirteen".
LIBEROV Saadia (1900 - 1983, Antwerp), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the "Tomkhey-Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. In the 1920s and 30s. activist Lubavitch. underground movement. In 1946 he left the USSR. In 1948–53 - in France, in 1953–65 - in Morocco, he was alone. networks of Jewish religions. education. Since 1965 - in Belgium, spirit. hands. Hasidic community of Antwerp.
LIBERT Yakov Grigorievich (1872, Warsaw - 1946, Kiev), actor, director. From 1884 to 1885 he was a chorus boy in the troupe of A. Goldfaden. In 1891 he organized an amateur circle, which included E.-R. and A. Kaminski, I. Berman, M. Trilling. In 1893 they joined. in Warsaw to the troupe of J. Spivakovsky and A. Fishzon. Here L. worked until 1905, creating a diverse role, predominantly. in Jewish classic. repertoire. After the dissolution of the troupe L. became a companion of Fishzon. With equal success he played roles in East. and modern repertoire: Ben Akiba in Uriel Acosta, ch. role in Second Haman, an orthodox old man in Goldfaden's Fanatic. In 1908 Kamiński invited L. to his troupe. He toured with them across Russia and abroad, created the images of Tsalel Rapoport ("Slaughterhouse" by Ya.M. Gordin, Krogstad ("A Doll's House" by G. Ibsen), Satin ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky), Dzharsky ("For the sake of happiness "S. Pshibyshevsky), Uriel Mazik (" Hershele Dubrovner "by Gordin) and others. In 1916 he organized the 1st Jewish People's Theater, toured with him across Russia. After the October Revolution he created a Jewish theater in Kiev "Unzer Winkle". Since 1934 - actor of the All-Ukrainian GOSET. Of the most interesting works of this period - tzaddik in "The Jewish Recruit" by L. Reznik, de Silva in "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov, Zaivl Ovadis in "Ovadis Family" In 1936 he starred in the film "Koliivshchina" (directed by IP Kavaleridze).
LIBERZON Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1965). Participant of three USSR championships (the best result in 1970 - 10-12th) and the interzonal tournament in Biel (1976). Since 1973 - in Israel, member. nat. teams in the 1970s-80s, winner of a number of international. tournaments, including in Netanya (1977), Lone Pine (1975 and 1979).
LIBIN S. (real name and family name Yisroel-Zalman Hurwitz) (1872, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1955, New York), writer, playwright. The first stories were written in Russian. lang. In 1891 he went to London, then to the USA. He worked as a hat-maker, a newspaper seller. Then he began to write in Yiddish, was published in New York. gas. In 1900 he made his debut as a playwright with the play Di far-shpetikte hupe (Late huppah). L. created several. dozens of drams. productions, to-rye went with success in Jewish t-ts: "Gebrochene Herzer" ("Broken Hearts"), 1903, "Di Vilde" ("Wild"), 1905, "Di fremde" ("Aliens"), Der Troymer (The Dreamer), both - 1906. Pos. the play "Un gekont zain glickleh" ("And could be happy") he wrote in 1931. From prose. op. L. were published "Geklibene skitsn" ("Selected sketches"), 1902, "Geklibene font" ("Selected works"), 1910, etc.
LIBIN Yakov Solomonovich (1910, Khlopinichi, Bobruisk u. Mogilev province. - 1947, Moscow), explorer of the Arctic. Comp. scientific. polar st. on Franz Josef Land (1932–33) and on Cape Chelyuskin (1934–35), led by ID Papanin. Participated in the creation on about. Rudolf (architect. Franz Josef Land) base for air. expeditions to the North. pole. In 1941 L. was appointed director. Arctic. in-that in Leningrad. In the spring of 1941 he headed the air. exp. to the Pole of Inaccessibility (East. Arctic). In 1941–47, the first deputy. early Ch. management of the hydrometeorological service under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. He committed suicide while awaiting arrest.
LIBINZON Efim Borisovich (Evel Berkovich) (1883, Orsha, Mogilev province. - 1965, Rostov-on-Don), gynecologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1911). During the 1st world. war military. surgeon. Since 1921 - obstetrician-gynecologist in Rostov-on-Don. Organized the construction of the Don region. hospitals, where he was in charge of obstetric and gynecologist. branches until 1953. Hero of Labor (1927). Author of over 30 scientific. Daughter L. - Rakhil (b. 1918, Nesvizh Slutsk district. Minsk province.), biochemist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1948). In 1941 she graduated from the 2nd MMI. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949-71 in Chelyabinsk-40 - head. lab. biochemistry and deputy. dir. branch of the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. 1978–88 - head. lab. new drugs, means of research institutes for biol. chemical test. connections. She dealt with the problems of radiation influence on biochemists. processes in a living organism, radiation. protection, created. new drugs. Author of over 70 scientific. works, including 24 inventions. Daughter L. - Anna (b. 1923, Rostov-on-Don), microbiologist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1950). Graduated from Rostov honey. Institute (1946). In 1946–61 - in the Rostov honey. in-those, in 1961–89 in the Rostov anti-plague institute. One of the largest cholera specialists in the USSR. Author of 150 scientific. works and 18 inventions.
LIBINZON Zalman Haimovich (Zinovy ​​Efimovich) (1918, Dubrovny Gorkinsky u.Mogilev province. - 1992, Nizhny Novgorod), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1974), prof. (1974). In 1938 he graduated from the Jewish department. philol. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, then studied there in the graduate school (from 1939). 1941–45 - at the front. After the war he returned to graduate school. Until the end of his life, he taught a nickname. literature in the Gorky ped. in-those. L. - the author of “History of it. literature from the XVIII century ”, pl. research according to Western Europe literature, including about the work of I.-F. Schiller, Art. about him. writers in "Brief lit. encyclopedias ". Since the 1970s. was published in the journal. "Sovetish Heimland" (works about DR Bergelson and Mendel Moicher-Sforim, travel sketches "A Month in Berlin", etc.) Works: "Insidiousness and Love" by Schiller. M., 1969; Friedrich Schiller. M., 1990; Classics and modernity. Nizhny Novgorod, 1993.
LIBKIS Dina Nokhumovna (real family member Kipnis-Shapiro) (1900, Slovechno Ovruchsky u. Volyn province - |, Kiev), poet. Sister I. Kipnis and M. Shapiro. Received a tradition. Jewish and general education. She graduated from Jewish ped. courses in Kiev. She worked in an orphanage, then in a Jewish Wed. school, was deputy. dir. Kiev Jewish library them. M. Vinchevsky. Under the influence of her brother, she began to write and in 1922 she made her debut verse, in a magazine. "Communistische background". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed., was a member. Association roar. Jewish writers of Ukraine. The cycle is verse. L. entered the anthology "Yiddish Dichterns" by E. Corman (Chicago, 1928). During the 2nd world. war was evacuated to Wed. Asia. After the war she returned to Kiev.
LIBMAN Mikhail Alexandrovich (1921, Rostov-on-Don - 1945, Czestochow, Poland), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Graduated from special. art. school. In Kr. Army from 1939. In 1941 he graduated from Leningrad. art. uch-shche. From Oct. 1941 - at the front Kom. art. regiment Major L. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles during the crossing of the Oder.
LIBMAN Mikhail Yakovlevich (b. 1920, Riga), art historian. Cand. lawsuit (1962). Studied as a sculptor. f-those of the Latvian Academy of Arts. In 1941 –43 at the front. In 1943–44 he studied to be a sculptor. branches of Moscow. thin in-ta them. V.I.Surikov, from 1944 to art critic. dep. philol. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1945, he combined his studies with work at the State Museum and I. Since 1960 - scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Laws of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He studied Italian art of the Renaissance (monograph on the work of Donatello, 1962). From the beginning. 1960s ch. sphere of scientific. interests - it. art-in 15-16 centuries. L. - the author of a number of attributions of works. German Isk-va from the collections of the Pushkin Museum and the State. The Hermitage, the monographs "Art-in Germany XV-XVI centuries." (1964), “Prod. German artists of the 15th-16th centuries in the collections of the USSR "(1965)," Durer and his school "(1972)," It. sculpture of the 1350-1550s. " (1972). Since 1990 in Israel.
LIBOKHORA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1553 as Aleksanka. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turciansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 250 Jews lived in Leningrad. in L. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42, 21 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
LIBOSHITS Osip Yakovlevich (| - 1824), doctor. In 1808 he graduated from Dorpat University. From 1812 he was a court doctor in St. Petersburg. He founded a hospital for poor children. The author of several. works on botany.
LIBSON Vladimir Yakovlevich (1910, Vitebsk - 1991, Moscow), architect-restorer, publicist. In 1932 he graduated from the Higher. architect-build in-t. About 35 years of hands. restoration workshop in-that "Mosproekt". Under the arm. and with the direct participation of L., projects for the restoration of dozens of architectural monuments in Moscow, including the Triumphal Arch of 1812 (1968), a comprehensive project for the restoration of ul. Gorky, restoration of architectural monuments on the street. Razin (1970s), restoration of the monuments of the Moscow Kremlin (1960–70s), the Column Hall (1980s), Tsaritsyno estate (1970s), many others. dwelling houses of the 18-19th centuries. The author of the book. and Art. on the protection of historical and cultural monuments, including: "On the banks of the Istra and its tributaries" (M., 1974), "Bolshoi Theater of the USSR" (M., 1982, jointly with A.I. Kuznetsova), "The revived treasures of Moscow" (M., 1984) and others. Honored. arch. RSFSR (1980). State pr. RSFSR (1978).
LIBSTER Solomon Alexandrovich (1905, Murom, Vladimir province - 1988, Ryazan), architect, teacher. In 1939 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. He worked at the Institute "Hydroproject" in Moscow, then in Ryazan (since 1953). He taught special disciplines in Ryazan building, technical school and building school. masters. One of the authors of the projects of Volgostroy, Tagilstroy, Giprovuz. From 1954 to the beginning. mountains, since 1955 inspection of the State. architect-build control (GASK). Hands. service of the State. architect-build control.
LIBURKIN Mark Savelyevich (1910, Vitebsk - 1953, Moscow), chess composer. Graduated from special. courses of accountants (1933) and worked as ch. accountant in Moscow. From 1927 publ. St. 100 sketches, 12 of them were awarded first prizes. 23 sketches were included in FIDE albums (1914–1955). USSR chess champion. compositions (1948 and 1952). Ed. dep. etudes in the magazine. "Chess in the USSR" (1945–53). Cit .: Soviet chess etude. M., 1955 (co-ed.).
LIDA, city (since 1796), regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1380, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania. In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the powiat of the Vilna Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1776 1167 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1797 in Leningrad and the district - 4361, in 1847 in Leningrad - 1980, in 1867 - 1377, in 1897 - 5294 (56.8%), in 1910 - 6952 (63.7%), in 1921 - 5419 (40.4%), in 1939 - 6700 Jews. about Jews L. belongs to the 1st quarter. 17th century By decree of the Lithuanian Vaad of 1623, the community of Lithuania was under the jurisdiction of the Grodno kagal. The rabbis in Latvia in the 18th century there were Rabbi Dovid (later - the rabbi in Amsterdam), then his son Petahye and grandson Dovid; Tzadik Rabbi Benjamin of Lida became famous. In 1867 four synagogues operated in Leningrad, and in 1881, a one-class synagogue. Jewish school with cook. class. In the 19th century. The rabbis in Leningrad were Ilya Shik (1809–1876), in 1882 - Moisei Grigorievich Kramnik, until 1899 - Moishe-Itskhok (“Magid from Kelm”), in 1885–1915 - I.-Ya. Reines, from 1915 - D .B. Dubovsky. In 1910 there were 20 synagogues in Leningrad (including Hasidic ones), a Jewish cemetery, and a Talmud-Torah, beginning of the 19th century. state Jewish husband. school (opened in 1852), 2 private wives. school and yeshiva, created in 1905 by I.-Ya. Reines (in a cut also studied secular sciences), in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the 1910s. In Leningrad, the Bund and Poalei Zion departments operated; in 1913 there was a Jewish hospital. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, 6 pharmacy warehouses, 10 hotels and restaurants, 2 bakeries, 3 bookstores, unity. hairdresser, unity. laundry, watch workshop, all 3 jewelry stores and 136 different. shops and shops (including 20 grocery, 13 manufacturing). 17 Apr. 1919, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad, organized by units of the Polish. army, during which 39 Jews were killed. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A yeshiva worked in 1931 (about 80 students). In the 1930s. The rabbi of L. was Aron Rabinovich (? –1942). On June 27, 1941, L. was occupied by the Germans. troops; After the occupation, a ghetto was created in the city, liquidated in the fall of 1943. On May 2, 1942, after torture at the L. cemetery, 8 people were shot. - representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia (including lawyers Karzner and Tsiderovich, teacher Likhtshan). On May 8, 1942, 5670 ghetto prisoners were shot in the vicinity of L. On June 3, 1942, 155 people were killed in the powder magazines. - representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia. During the occupation, 16,000 Jews were exterminated in the Leningrad region. In 1967, an obelisk and a memorial plate were installed on the graves of the executed, and in 1992 a memorial complex was opened. In 1994, a charity service was established in Leningrad under the Lida region. memorial and cultural society; There is a Sunday school. In 2003, 111 Jews lived in Leningrad. In Leningrad: D. Blaushtein, S. L. Gordon, B. Gorin, S. Horowitz, P.S. Kogan, A.B. Migdal, Sh. Rubin, M. L. Shirvindt; Khaim Ariev (Krupsky) (1895-1957, Tel Aviv), society. and polit. activist, since 1912 - in E.-I., during the 1st world. war - officer of the Turkish army, in 1931–51 - before. Farmers Union, dep. The Knesset of the 2nd and 3rd convocations from the party of general Zionists; Shmuel Ben-Haim (b. 1916), artist, since 1947 - in E.-I .; Sholom Kholavsky, historian, during the Holocaust - a member of the Jewish underground movement, since 1948 - in Israel, the author of several. books on the history of the Jewish partisans. movement in Belarus; Mordhe-Bezalel Schneider (1865–1941, Vilnius), author of textbooks for schools in Hebrew.
LIDIEVKA, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 - early. 1942 During an overnight stay in Leningrad, 81 Jews from those deported to Transnistria froze to death. On March 5, 1942, 270 Jews from Odessa were shot in L.
LIDIN Vladimir Germanovich (real fam. Gomberg) (1894, Moscow - 1979, ibid.), Writer. He studied at the Lazarevsky Institute of East. languages. In 1916 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Published since 1908. In 1918–21 in Kr. Army. In the 1920s and 30s. was published in many owls. periodic. ed. and collection of books. In the end. 1920s was a member. VSP Board. During the 2nd world. war military. corr. Izvestia (1941–43), published collection of works. sketches "Winter 1941" (1942). One of L.'s essays caused dissatisfaction with J.V. Stalin, was expelled from Izvestia and transferred to one of the fr. gas. Author pl. prosaic. manuf., including rum. "Ships are coming" (1926), "Apostate" (1927), "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" (1932), "Great or Quiet" (1933), "Exile" (1947), "Two Lives" (1950), book. stories "The Road to the West" (1940), "The Window Opened to the Garden" (1975), Vol. rec. "People and Meetings" (1957) and others. The story "Jewish Happiness", included in the collection. "Mouse weekdays" (1923), dedicated. the fate of the Jews after the Civil. war. In the "Black Book" about the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry in the years of the 2nd world. war included an essay by L. Talnoe.
LIDOVYANY, see Liduvenai.
LIDUVENAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the end. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20 c - the town of Lidovyany Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 90 Jews (16%) lived in Lithuania, and in 1940 there were several. dozens of Jews. Jews lived in L. from the 17th century. The number of Jews in Lithuania began to increase after Polsk. uprisings of 1831–32. In 1854 several. families moved to the Jewish colony of Preny. All R. 19th century a synagogue operated in L.; Rabbi Avrom was the rabbi in 1889-1929. In the 1930s. the Jew was the owner of a carpentry workshop and a mill in L. Jews L. together with the Jews around us. points were shot 15-16 Aug. 1941 In the beginning. 1990s a memorial plaque with an inscription in Yiddish was installed at the place of execution.
LIDZBARSKI Mark (Avraham-Mordechai) (1868, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1928, Göttingen, Germany), Semitologist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. At the age of 14, he left his parental home. He studied at the gymnasium in Poznan. Then he studied philology at Berlin University. Since 1896 privat-doc. at the department east. lang. in un-those Kiel; from 1907 prof. in Greifswald, from 1917 - in Göttingen. L. - founder of the scientific school of Semitic epigraphy, author of a two-volume textbook of North Semitic epigraphy (1898). L. made an important contribution to the study of Hebrew grammar. Research was of great importance. Mandeanism, such as the Book of Mandean John (vols. 1-2, 1905-15) and the work on Mandean synagogue music (1920). In 1927 L. anonymously publ. autobiogr. book "On a thorny path."
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛИЕПАЯ, город (с 1625), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1253. С 1609 – в составе Курляндского герцогства. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – г. Либава Гробинского у. Курляндской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1795 в Л. проживало 19 евреев (0,4%), в 1850 – 1218, в 1863 – 1700 (17%), в 1881 – 6651 (22,5%), в 1897 – 9454 (14,6%), в 1911 – 10 308 (12%), в 1915 – 7163 (16,4%), в 1920 – 9758 (19%), в 1925 – 9851 (16,2%), в 1930 – 7908 (13,8%), в 1935 – 7379 евреев (12,9%).Евреи имели право жить в Л. с 1799. Тогда же была создана община и построена первая синагога (совр. ул. Иоахима, д. 5). В 1802 впервые упом. хоральная синагога. В 1803 в Л. существовало еврейское кладбище. В 1814 была открыта синагога, в 1828 – еще одна. С 1835 в Л. работала еврейская богадельня. В 1839 Авром Данцигер открыл благотворит. кассу. В нач. 1830-х гг. начала работать талмуд-тора, позднее – «Бикур хойлим».Раввином Л. в нач. 19 в. был Авром Бояр, в 1833–40 – Мойше-Ицхок Леви, в 1840–44 – Цви-Гирш Буренштейн, затем – Мендель Израэльсон, в 1856–82 – Йосеф Герценберг.В 1851 в Л. была открыта еврейская школа. В 1867 создана хевра кадиша. В 1868 перестроена хоральная синагога. В 1873 вместо синагоги, построенной в 1828, была выстроена новая. В 1879 была возведена еще одна синагога. В 1890 в Л. была открыта хасидская синагога, в 1911 – синагога «Поалей Цедек».В 1881–90 раввином Л. был уроженец Германии д-р Гигель Кляйн. Одноврем. раввинами в Л. были Авром Гелер, с 1887 – Яков Денезон, Меир Атлас, в 1890–1904 – Л.О.Кантор, с 1907 – д-р Арон-Бер Нурок, брат М.Нурока.В 1890-х гг. при общине был создан ряд орг-ций социальной помощи. В 1893 был основан к-т помощи евреям, уезжавшим из России через порт Л. Деятельность к-та расширилась в 1905, когда кол-во мест в общежитии для уезжавших было увеличено с 14 до 100. В 1907 через порт Л. прошло 2797 евреев, в 1908 – 1367, в 1909 – 2100, в 1910 – 1660 евреев.В 1885 в Л. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В том же году раввин Г.Кляйн основал в Л. отд-ние «Ховевей Цион». С 1898 работало еврейское жен. благотворит. об-во «Помощь». В кон. 19 в. было открыто второе еврейское кладбище (совр. ул. Ценконес, д. 20). С нач. 20 в. действовало отд-ние Бунда. В 1904 в Л. функционировали еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда, два еврейских жен. уч-ща 2-го разряда, муж. еврейское уч-ще 2-го разряда, 3 еврейских муж. и два жен. уч-ща 3-го разряда. В 1909 основано об-во «Гмилус хесэд», в 1911 – еврейское ремесл. кредитное благотворит. об-во «Поалей Цедек». В 1913 работала еврейская жен. гимназия Штерн-Троцкой. Евреям принадлежали аптека, 13 складов аптечных товаров, 3 трактира, единств. буфет, 2 фотомастерские, более 130 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 25 рыбных, 29 дровяных, 27 мануфактурных), ок. 25% всех з-дов в Л.В 1918 в Л. была открыта еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. (позднее рус. яз. был заменен на нем. яз.). В 1919 начала работать школа с преподаванием на идише. Позднее при поддержке «Агудас Исроэль» была открыта школа «Тойрэ вэ дерех эрец». В 1920 при помощи Джойнта был открыт дет. дом. В 1920-х гг. была основана школа сети «Тарбут», в 1935 – иешива «Бейс Йосеф».В 1920 в к-т «Еврейского съезда помощи Латвии» были избраны от Курляндии раввин А.-Б.Нурок и проф. Гольдблатт. В 1921 на 12-м Всемир. сионистском конгрессе в Карлсбаде в Комиссии разбиралось дело Нурок – Кацнельсон. Раввин обвинял банкира Кацнельсона в нецелевом использовании амер. помощи родственникам в Латвии. В 1921 на гор. выборах Еврейская нар. партия получила 5 мест, сионисты – 1. В 1922 в пользу Еврейского нац. фонда было собрано более 35 тыс. руб. пожертвований.В 1920 в Л. было основано Об-во для содержания еврейских приютов для престарелых, в 1922 – об-во «Маккаби», еврейское культурное об-во, в 1924 – Лиепайское еврейское об-во для усовершенствования работы Палестинской культуры, Лиепайское еврейское об-во по уходу за больными, в 1929 – Лиепайское об-во обеспечения одеждой, в 1930 – Лиепайское об-во врачей-специалистов (в 1935 – пред. д-р Макс Вейнрейх), в 1931 – Об-во изучения наук и нравов (в 1935 – пред. Алите Бенцион), в 1933 – об-во «Бейт Лехем» (в 1935 – пред. д-р Абрам Липперт).В 1920-х гг. в Л. было основано неск. еврейских банков. В 1930 48% евреев Л. занимались торговлей, 29% работали в пром-сти, 7% составляли юристы, журналисты и др., 1% евреев был занят в с. х-ве.В 1920–23 раввином Л. был Хаим-Фишл Эпштейн (1874–?), в 1928–41 – Менахем-Иссер Полонский. В 1930-х гг. одним из раввинов Л. был Я.Ланда. В 1936 в Л. было 12 синагог, в т. ч. хасидская.В 1920–30-х гг. в Л. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.27 июня 1941 части вермахта заняли Л. В тот же день были произведены расстрелы в окрестностях Л. В нач. июля 1941 было расстреляно 35 евреев. В теч. осени 1941 расстрелы евреев продолжались. В дек. 1941 было расстреляно ок. 2700 евреев. В нач. 1942 учрежден «Совет старейшин». В июле 1942 создано гетто (более 800 чел.), ликвидированное осенью 1943; евреи (ок. 800 чел.) были переведены в концлагерь Саласпилс. С 4 окт. 1943 по 10 марта 1945 в погребе своего дома прятал 11 евреев Роберт Седул. В мае 1945 в Л. были расстреляны последние евреи на терр. Латвии (ок. 300 чел.), куда они были направлены из РигаРиги на стр-во оборонительных сооружений весной 1944. После освобождения Л. 9 мая 1945 в живых оставалось ок. 20 евреев города.В 1950–60-х гг. в Л. проживало неск. сотен евреев.В 1989 в Л. была создана еврейская община (с 1989 – пред. Владимир Бан, с 1993 – Леонид Розенберг, с 1996 – Илана Иванова). В 1993 была открыта еврейская воскресная школа (дир. – Розалия Сухарь), в 1994 – клуб пенсионеров (пред. – Мирон Тишман). Работают клуб еврейской семьи, ульпан. Ежегодно 4 июля и 17 дек. отмечаются дни памяти жертв Катастрофы ок. памятника погибшим евреям.В Л. род.: Б.П.Бланк, Я.Векслер, А.Ю.Давидов, Д.Идельсон, Г.Лурье, Г.Маннгейм, В.Д.Медем, С.М.Нахимсон, И.Ньюмен, Л.С.Рабинович, М.Стерн, Й.-Д.Страшунский, Р.А.Фальк, Б.Фишер, Л.С.Штерн, С.П.Шубин; Михаил Львович Кантор (1884–1970, Париж), литератор, с 1920 – в Германии, с 1923 – во Франции, ред. журналов «Звено» и «Встречи», сост. (совм. с Г.В.Адамовичем) первой антологии эмигрантской поэзии «Якорь» (Париж, 1936); Максим Соломонович Киселев (1902–1963), ген.-майор (1944), ком. арт. корпуса; Герасим Александрович Левин (1900–1941, Москва), писатель, репрессирован; Анна Семеновна (Симоновна) Присманова (Присман) (1892–1960, Париж), поэт, писатель, с 1922 – во Франции; Авром-Михл Шарканский (1869–1907, Нью-Йорк), поэт, драматург, с 1891 – в США, автор мн. пьес на идише., pronunciation=ЛИЕПАЯ, город (с 1625), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1253. С 1609 – в составе Курляндского герцогства. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – г. Либава Гробинского у. Курляндской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1795 в Л. проживало 19 евреев (0,4%), в 1850 – 1218, в 1863 – 1700 (17%), в 1881 – 6651 (22,5%), в 1897 – 9454 (14,6%), в 1911 – 10 308 (12%), в 1915 – 7163 (16,4%), в 1920 – 9758 (19%), в 1925 – 9851 (16,2%), в 1930 – 7908 (13,8%), в 1935 – 7379 евреев (12,9%).Евреи имели право жить в Л. с 1799. Тогда же была создана община и построена первая синагога (совр. ул. Иоахима, д. 5). В 1802 впервые упом. хоральная синагога. В 1803 в Л. существовало еврейское кладбище. В 1814 была открыта синагога, в 1828 – еще одна. С 1835 в Л. работала еврейская богадельня. В 1839 Авром Данцигер открыл благотворит. кассу. В нач. 1830-х гг. начала работать талмуд-тора, позднее – «Бикур хойлим».Раввином Л. в нач. 19 в. был Авром Бояр, в 1833–40 – Мойше-Ицхок Леви, в 1840–44 – Цви-Гирш Буренштейн, затем – Мендель Израэльсон, в 1856–82 – Йосеф Герценберг.В 1851 в Л. была открыта еврейская школа. В 1867 создана хевра кадиша. В 1868 перестроена хоральная синагога. В 1873 вместо синагоги, построенной в 1828, была выстроена новая. В 1879 была возведена еще одна синагога. В 1890 в Л. была открыта хасидская синагога, в 1911 – синагога «Поалей Цедек».В 1881–90 раввином Л. был уроженец Германии д-р Гигель Кляйн. Одноврем. раввинами в Л. были Авром Гелер, с 1887 – Яков Денезон, Меир Атлас, в 1890–1904 – Л.О.Кантор, с 1907 – д-р Арон-Бер Нурок, брат М.Нурока.В 1890-х гг. при общине был создан ряд орг-ций социальной помощи. В 1893 был основан к-т помощи евреям, уезжавшим из России через порт Л. Деятельность к-та расширилась в 1905, когда кол-во мест в общежитии для уезжавших было увеличено с 14 до 100. В 1907 через порт Л. прошло 2797 евреев, в 1908 – 1367, в 1909 – 2100, в 1910 – 1660 евреев.В 1885 в Л. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В том же году раввин Г.Кляйн основал в Л. отд-ние «Ховевей Цион». С 1898 работало еврейское жен. благотворит. об-во «Помощь». В кон. 19 в. было открыто второе еврейское кладбище (совр. ул. Ценконес, д. 20). С нач. 20 в. действовало отд-ние Бунда. В 1904 в Л. функционировали еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда, два еврейских жен. уч-ща 2-го разряда, муж. еврейское уч-ще 2-го разряда, 3 еврейских муж. и два жен. уч-ща 3-го разряда. В 1909 основано об-во «Гмилус хесэд», в 1911 – еврейское ремесл. кредитное благотворит. об-во «Поалей Цедек». В 1913 работала еврейская жен. гимназия Штерн-Троцкой. Евреям принадлежали аптека, 13 складов аптечных товаров, 3 трактира, единств. буфет, 2 фотомастерские, более 130 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 25 рыбных, 29 дровяных, 27 мануфактурных), ок. 25% всех з-дов в Л.В 1918 в Л. была открыта еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. (позднее рус. яз. был заменен на нем. яз.). В 1919 начала работать школа с преподаванием на идише. Позднее при поддержке «Агудас Исроэль» была открыта школа «Тойрэ вэ дерех эрец». В 1920 при помощи Джойнта был открыт дет. дом. В 1920-х гг. была основана школа сети «Тарбут», в 1935 – иешива «Бейс Йосеф».В 1920 в к-т «Еврейского съезда помощи Латвии» были избраны от Курляндии раввин А.-Б.Нурок и проф. Гольдблатт. В 1921 на 12-м Всемир. сионистском конгрессе в Карлсбаде в Комиссии разбиралось дело Нурок – Кацнельсон. Раввин обвинял банкира Кацнельсона в нецелевом использовании амер. помощи родственникам в Латвии. В 1921 на гор. выборах Еврейская нар. партия получила 5 мест, сионисты – 1. В 1922 в пользу Еврейского нац. фонда было собрано более 35 тыс. руб. пожертвований.В 1920 в Л. было основано Об-во для содержания еврейских приютов для престарелых, в 1922 – об-во «Маккаби», еврейское культурное об-во, в 1924 – Лиепайское еврейское об-во для усовершенствования работы Палестинской культуры, Лиепайское еврейское об-во по уходу за больными, в 1929 – Лиепайское об-во обеспечения одеждой, в 1930 – Лиепайское об-во врачей-специалистов (в 1935 – пред. д-р Макс Вейнрейх), в 1931 – Об-во изучения наук и нравов (в 1935 – пред. Алите Бенцион), в 1933 – об-во «Бейт Лехем» (в 1935 – пред. д-р Абрам Липперт).В 1920-х гг. в Л. было основано неск. еврейских банков. В 1930 48% евреев Л. занимались торговлей, 29% работали в пром-сти, 7% составляли юристы, журналисты и др., 1% евреев был занят в с. х-ве.В 1920–23 раввином Л. был Хаим-Фишл Эпштейн (1874–?), в 1928–41 – Менахем-Иссер Полонский. В 1930-х гг. одним из раввинов Л. был Я.Ланда. В 1936 в Л. было 12 синагог, в т. ч. хасидская.В 1920–30-х гг. в Л. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.27 июня 1941 части вермахта заняли Л. В тот же день были произведены расстрелы в окрестностях Л. В нач. июля 1941 было расстреляно 35 евреев. В теч. осени 1941 расстрелы евреев продолжались. В дек. 1941 было расстреляно ок. 2700 евреев. В нач. 1942 учрежден «Совет старейшин». В июле 1942 создано гетто (более 800 чел.), ликвидированное осенью 1943; евреи (ок. 800 чел.) были переведены в концлагерь Саласпилс. С 4 окт. 1943 по 10 марта 1945 в погребе своего дома прятал 11 евреев Роберт Седул. В мае 1945 в Л. были расстреляны последние евреи на терр. Латвии (ок. 300 чел.), куда они были направлены из РигаРиги на стр-во оборонительных сооружений весной 1944. После освобождения Л. 9 мая 1945 в живых оставалось ок. 20 евреев города.В 1950–60-х гг. в Л. проживало неск. сотен евреев.В 1989 в Л. была создана еврейская община (с 1989 – пред. Владимир Бан, с 1993 – Леонид Розенберг, с 1996 – Илана Иванова). В 1993 была открыта еврейская воскресная школа (дир. – Розалия Сухарь), в 1994 – клуб пенсионеров (пред. – Мирон Тишман). Работают клуб еврейской семьи, ульпан. Ежегодно 4 июля и 17 дек. отмечаются дни памяти жертв Катастрофы ок. памятника погибшим евреям.В Л. род.: Б.П.Бланк, Я.Векслер, А.Ю.Давидов, Д.Идельсон, Г.Лурье, Г.Маннгейм, В.Д.Медем, С.М.Нахимсон, И.Ньюмен, Л.С.Рабинович, М.Стерн, Й.-Д.Страшунский, Р.А.Фальк, Б.Фишер, Л.С.Штерн, С.П.Шубин; Михаил Львович Кантор (1884–1970, Париж), литератор, с 1920 – в Германии, с 1923 – во Франции, ред. журналов «Звено» и «Встречи», сост. (совм. с Г.В.Адамовичем) первой антологии эмигрантской поэзии «Якорь» (Париж, 1936); Максим Соломонович Киселев (1902–1963), ген.-майор (1944), ком. арт. корпуса; Герасим Александрович Левин (1900–1941, Москва), писатель, репрессирован; Анна Семеновна (Симоновна) Присманова (Присман) (1892–1960, Париж), поэт, писатель, с 1922 – во Франции; Авром-Михл Шарканский (1869–1907, Нью-Йорк), поэт, драматург, с 1891 – в США, автор мн. пьес на идише., extra_data="{'translat...")
LIEZERE, a village in Madona region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Leserne of Vendensky u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 4 Jews lived in Latvia.
LIF (Lifshitz) Zalman (1900 - 1950, Israel), photographer, cartographer. One of the founders of cartography and photometry in E.-I. Studied in Moscow. Prepared maps by E.-I. Created the Institute of Photometry. Activist of the Society of Local Lore and Archaeologists of Israel. State Adviser to the Jewish Agency borders.
Lifshits (Lifshitsaite) Nehama (b. 1927, Kaunas), singer (lyric-coloratura soprano). She studied in Hebrew. school, graduated from cons. in Vilnius (1951). After the persecution of Jewish culture in 1949–52, she was one of the first in the USSR to give concerts of Jewish songs (since 1956). The repertoire includes nar. songs and productions Jewish comp. Despite the hostile attitude of the officer. org-tions, L. managed to turn her tours into plural. cities as a means of promoting Jewish culture and awakening nat. self-awareness. Two LPs with recordings of her performance (1960–61) were reproduced many times. Since 1969 - in Israel. In 1969–72 she toured in several countries in Europe, America, and Australia. In the 1970s-80s. worked at the Tel Aviv Music Library.
A. L. Lifshits (| - |), linguist. Brother of I.-M. Lifshits. He graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school, was a teacher. Participated in the roar. movement, was repeatedly arrested. Author of the textbook “Rusishe grammar oif Yiddish” (“Russian grammar in Yiddish.” Zhitomir, 1875). The manuscript contains a lexicon compiled by L. “Explanations in Yiddish by foreign. words used in Russian. language ". He died in Kiev shortly before the beginning. 1st world. war.
Lifshits Evgeniy Mikhailovich (1915, Kharkov - 1985, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). Brother of I.M. Lifshits. In 1933 he graduated from the Kharkov mechanical engineering and construction. in-t and began to work in the Kharkov physical and technical. in-those at hand. L.D. Landau. Since 1939 - in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1943 at the same time. on teaching work at universities in Moscow, prof. (1949). Sci. research on solid state physics, low-temperature physics, theory of gravitation, cosmology. In 1934 joint. with Landau carried out work on the theory of pair production in collisions. Brought the main. ur-nie of the theory of ferromagnetism (ur-nie of Landau-Lifshitz). Constructed a theory of ferromagnets. resonance and domain structure of ferromagnets. Developed a new approach to the theory of forces of intermolecular interaction. Author of funds. works on the theory of gravitation: created a classification of perturbations, research. the general nature of the features. These creatures work. changed the concept of relativistic collapse. The author of the "Course theoretical. Physics "(translated into 16 languages), on which L. worked approx. 50 years old (with Landau and his students). Deputy ch. ed. “Experimental magazine. and theoretical. Physics ”(1946–49 and from 1955). State pr. USSR (1953). Etc. them. MV Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958). Linen. etc. (1972).
LIFSHITS Fedor Davydovich (1897, Vilna - 1975, Moscow), economist. Cand. econom. Sciences (1939). In 1921 he graduated from the econom. Faculty of Odessa Polytechnic Institute, in-that. In 1922–23 he worked in the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR (USSR), in 1924–31 in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR, in 1931–41 in Moscow. credit and economy. in-those (1935–37 head of the department of statistics). From 1942 he taught at the Correspondence Credit and Economics. in-those (since 1956 - VZFEI), where in 1943–46 he was the dean of the faculty. L. - the founder of the owls. banking and credit statistics; author of works on the general theory of statistics, on financial and economic. statistics, author of the vocabulary and initiator of the first ed. statistical dictionary (Moscow, 1965). In 1955–75, members. of the editorial board of "Scientific notes on statistics" of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cit .: Basic systems of credit statistics. M., 1926; Banking statistics. M., 1940; Household calculations. M., 1957; Statistical tables. M., 1958; Computer Engineering. M., 1971.
Lifshits Ilya Mikhailovich (1917, Kharkov - 1982, Moscow) theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1967), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). Brother of E.M. Lifshits. Graduated from Kharkov un-t (1936) and Kharkov mechanic-machine-building. Institute (1938). In 1937–68 he worked at the Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those (head of department). At the same time. since 1944 prof. Kharkov University. Since 1969 in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. dep. Since 1964 prof. Moscow State University. Main scientific. research on the general theory of condensers. states of the islands, including dynamic. the theory of crystalline. lattice, electronic theory of metals, the problem of energetic. spectrum of disordered systems, the theory of quantum crystals, the theory of phase transitions, etc. In 1954–65 (with M. Ya. Azbel and others) he constructed an electronic theory of metals. For the first time analyzed energetic. spectrum of crystals with structural defects, discovered local and quasilocal levels, constructed the thermodynamics of layered and thread-like structures. Developed the theory of twinning (1948) and the theory of diffuse-viscous flow of polycrystals. Created the theory of phase transitions at low temp-pax in quantum crystals. Predicted by the so-called. phase transition of "two-half kind" and the phenomenon of quantum diffusion. The creator is modern. dynamic solid state theory and physics of quantum crystals. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1982). Etc. them. L.I. Mandelstam of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1952). Etc. them. F. Simon (1962, Great Britain). Linen. pr. (1967). Works: Electronic theory of metals. M., 1971 (jointly with Azbel and others); Introduction to the theory of disordered systems. M., 1982 (with S.A. Gredeskul and L.A. Pastur).
Lifshits Mendel Nokhumovich (1907, Nestanovichi of Borisovsky district, Minsk province - 1983, Krasnogorsk, Moscow region), poet. He studied at Belorus. state un-those (Minsk). Since 1923 publ. poems in Jewish periodicals. ed. Minsk and Moscow. Citizens occupied a prominent place in L.'s poetry. and philosophy. lyrics. After the war, it was printed in gas. Einikite. The first book. poems "Mit geisn trot" ("With a hot step") published in Minsk in 1932. The author is a poet. collection of works "Meine un aere leader" ("My and your poems"), 1934; Nae Leader (New Poems), 1936; Mit Alemen Tsuzamen (Together with All), 1939; Unther a Mazldikn Stern (Under the Lucky Star), 1940; “Iber Toyznt Vestn” (“Through a Thousand Versts”), 1947; “Bai zih in der game” (“At home”), 1967, etc. In the 1960s – 80s. actively collaborated in the journal. "Sovetish gameland".
LIFSHITS Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905, Melitopol, Tauride province - 1983, Moscow), literary critic, publicist. Dr. Philos. sciences. Acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1975). In 1923 he entered the Higher. hud.-tech. in-t. Since 1925 he has been teaching. and scientific. work on philosophy in universities and scientific. institutions of Moscow. In the 1930s. actively participated in the struggle against "vulgar sociologism" in the Sov. literary criticism. In 1937–38, Ch. ed. publishing house "Academia", deputy. dir. State Tretyakov Gallery parts, in 1938–41 Ch. ed. ser. "Life of Wonderful People". The compiler of the collection "Marx and Engels on Art" (1933, jointly with F.P.Shiller), "Lenin on Culture and Art" (1938). Member of the 1941–45 war. Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1954-58), Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1958) and simultaneously. (since 1963) Institute of History of Art. He opposed modernism in art. As a brilliant polemicist, in the 1950s – 60s. participated in discussions about realism, defending it as a figurative expression of truth, societies. ideal disclosed in conc. form. In tr. about G.V.F. Hegel, I.I. Winkelman, G.E. Lessing, L.N. Tolstom and others, in research. about antique mythology developed the dialectic. culture concept. Works of L. 1960–70s. were connected preim. with modern problems. owls. and nick. culture and worn by the public. character. Gold medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1971) Vol .: On the development of Marx's views on art. M., 1933; Questions of art in philosophy. M., 1935; Art and the modern world. M., 1973; Ancient and modern mythology. M., 1980; Coll. op. in 3 volumes. M., 1984–88.
Lifshits Moishe (1894, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1940), poet, publicist, playwright. He studied at the cheder, then at the gymnasium. In 1910-12 he lived in Warsaw, where he was a secretary. at I.-L. Peretz, then in Galicia. He made his debut in 1914 with poetry in lions. gas. Published poetry, critical. Art. in different periods, ed. L.'s play "Der waldkeiser" ("Forest Tsar", Kiev, 1918) was staged in schools and orphanages in Russia and Ukraine. The play "A ber tant" ("The Bear Dances", Riga, 1922) was popular. In 1921 L., together with L.M. Kvitko and Nister, published a collection of works in Berlin. "Geendik" ("On the Go"), in the same place he wrote the drama "Sdom" ("Sodom") and other works reflecting the conflicting moods of the Jewish community of that time. In the beginning. 1930s vilen. theater. the troupe staged L.'s comedy "Hershele Ostropoler". He lived in different mountains. Europe. He died in E.-I.
Lifshits Shiya (Yeshayagu) Mordkhe (1829, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1878, ibid.), Philologist. Brother of A.L. Lifshits. He studied at cheder, then studied mathematics, physics and chemistry. Under the influence of Mendele-Moicher-Sforim, he began to write in Yiddish. By 1867 L. had prepared Yiddish German. dictionaries, but had no opportunity to publish them. In 1869 a Russian-Yiddish dictionary of L. was published, in 1876 - a Yiddish-Russian dictionary. vocabulary, both of which have become a signified phenomenon in Jewish lexicography. Into the gas. "Kol mevaser" was published. a number of scientific-popul. Art. L., written in the form of dialogues. L. also owns a physics textbook in Yiddish. Organized in Berdichev "Society for the protection of women", the purpose of which was the fight against prostitution and the correction of morals with the help of societies. useful work. In the open sewing workshop, where he and his children worked, the workers were the owners' companions. L. - the author of the satirical propaganda of vegetarianism. the story "Di Gintishe Comedy" ("Dog Comedy"), circulated in the manuscript, as well as socialist. brochures "Der tate un der zun" ("Father and Son").
LIFSHITZ Sholem-Ber (b. 1930, Unecha, Chernihiv region), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Since 1936 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshiva. Since 1965, he has been the head of the Yad le Achim organization, which is engaged in the dissemination of knowledge about Judaism among Jews who came to Israel from Russia and the fight against Christian missionary work.
Lifshits Teodor Moiseevich (1920, Irkutsk - 2004), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Irkutsk State un-that (1941). Since 1941 - in Kr. Army, in 1942–45 - at the front. In 1946–54 scientific. sotr. lab. electronics Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1954 head. lab. photoelectronic phenomena, since 1971 head. dep., since 1986 leading scientific. sotr. Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1969–88 he taught at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. He was engaged in the development of electron multipliers for registering various. corpuscular and X-ray radiation. Investigated the spectral density of electrical noise at sound and infra-low frequencies. Discovered electron photoemission in strong external electric fields. Investigated the behavior of "hot" electrons. One of the founders of a new method for spectroscopy of impurities in semiconductors - photothermoionization spectroscopy (with Sh.M. Kogan, F.Ya. Nadem, etc.). Author of over 100 scientific. works, one discovery, 13 inventions and one monograph. Etc. them. A.S. Popov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968), Works: Electron multipliers. M., 1952.
Lifshits Tovye (b. 1928, Riga), conductor. Graduated from the Lithuanian cons. (1951) in Vilnius. Taught (1951-53) in music. school in Jelgava and in a number of others. Wed muses. schools of the Latvian SSR (1953–69). Hands. Chamber Orc. Philharmonic Society (since its foundation, 1967–69) in Riga. Nar. art. Latvian SSR (1976).
Lifshits Vladimir Alexandrovich (1913, Kharkov - 1978, Leningrad), writer. Graduated from Leningrad. finance-econ. Institute (1933). Debuted in print verse. in 1934. Lyric poetry predominates in L. poetry. motives, contemplation, a number of productions. dedicated to the Komsomol construction projects, citizens. the war in Spain ("The Ballad of the Notepad", 1938), 2nd world. war ("Glow over the Bay", 1945; "Victory Morning", 1946). Author pl. books for children (Republicans, 1939; Poems for Children, 1954, etc.), satirical. verse, and parodies ("Cranberries in sugar", 1963, etc.), stories "The Petrograd Side" (1947), "Seven Days" (1948) and others. Works: Poems and Poems. L., 1950; Open notebook. M., 1962; Take-off track. M., 1964; There was a war. Stories and stories. M., 1965.
LIGAT, see Ligatne.
LIGATNE, a city (since 1992) in the Cesis region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Ligat, Riga u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 11 Jews lived in Leningrad. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units on July 17, 1941, the Jews of Leningrad were shot.
LIGOVO (in 1925–39 - Uritsk), now in the structure (since 1963) of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - holiday village of Tsarskoselsky u. St. Petersburg province. Since 1925 it has been a city. In 1926, 43 Jews (0.5%) lived in Leningrad, and in 1939 there were 393 Jews.
LIGUMAI, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ligumy (other name. Lagumy) Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1876, 350 Jews lived in Lithuania, in 1897 - 482 (60%), in 1914 - approx. 60 Jewish families, in 1923 - 240 Jews (32%), in 1940 - 120 Jews. Jews have lived in Latvia since the 18th century; were engaged in the main. petty trade and decomp. crafts. In the end. 19th century in L. there were 2 synagogues, a cheder. The rabbis of Lithuania in the 19th century were Zvi-Yehuda Rabinovich, until 1888 - Dov Rabinovich, in 1888-1902 - Mordkhe-Itskhok-Aizik Rabinovich, in 1907-15 - Moishe Horvits. Before the 1st world. war pl. Jews of L. left for Great Britain, the USA, South. Africa. In the summer of 1915, the Jews of the town were expelled from L. After 1918, approx. 50 Jewish families. 20th century among the main. The occupation of the Jews of L. was dominated by small-scale trade, handicrafts, and p. farming (almost every Jewish family had a subsidiary farm). In 1931, Jews owned a butcher and grocery store and a dye shop. In 1937, among the Jews of L. there were 2 butchers, a tailor, a shoemaker, and a tinsmith. In the 1920s. In Leningrad, a school with teaching in Hebrew worked for some time. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi was Yehuda-Leib Laba. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in August. 1941 Jews of Leningrad were shot. In Leningrad: Rafael Rabinovich (1897–?), Director of the teachers' institute of the “Tarbut” network in Kaunas, since 1932 in E.-I, one of the participants in the adapted edition of the Talmud; Mordechai-Bezalel Schneider (1865-1941, Vilnius), teacher, Zionist activist, author of the book. "Hebrew and its Historical Development".
LIGUMAS, see Ligumay.
LIKHODEEV Leonid Izrailevich (real family. Lides) (1921, Yuzovka - 1994, Moscow), writer. From a family of Jewish farmers-colonists. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1952). He made his debut as a poet. Sat-ki verse. L. "Conquest of the Desert" (1953), "With My Own Eyes" (1955), "Open Window" (1957) are notable for their journalism. In the 2nd floor. 1950s started writing prose. He gained fame as a master of feuilletons permeated with social and political. motives. L. - the author of the collection "Volga flows into the Caspian Sea" (1960), "Art is art" (1971), "Law and custom" (1980), etc., p. "The story of a trip" (1964), "I am a conscious guy" (1965), rom. Me and My Car (1972), the plays Footsteps at Dawn (1961) and The Blue Giraffe Hotel (1968). He turned to Jewish topics in his autobiography. pov. “Once upon a time there was a grandfather and a woman” (1993), which depicts a picture of the life of a Jewish farmer. colonies, the fate of Jewish peasants from the Yekaterinos colonies is traced. lips. during the Civil. and after the war.
LIKHOLETY, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad.
LIKHOSLAVL, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1926 there were 8 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1939 - 23 Jews.
LIKHOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Pyatikhatsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1740. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1913 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. The Jew belonged to unity. in L. pharmacy.
LIKHTENBERG Eleonora Yakovlevna (b. 1925, Kharkov), architect. Daughter of J.G. Lichtenberg. In 1949 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, in 1956 the Faculty of Improvement as an Architect (FLU) Main works: the Palace of Pioneers on the Lenin Hills in Moscow (1962, et al.), Research Institute of Electronics in Zelenograd (1965, et al.), uch. corpus Ying-that foreign. lang. in Moscow (1969), Leonid Brezhnev's dacha in the District of Moscow (1969), the Medic stadium in Kuntsevo and sports, academician school. rowing (1980), Kurgan Research Institute experimental. and clinics. orthopedics them. G.A. Ilizarova (1985).
LIKHTENBERG Yakov Grigorievich (1899, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1982, Moscow), architect. In 1926 he graduated from the Kharkov Polytechnic. in-t. Main work: Art. Moscow metro "Palace of the Soviets" (1935, jointly with L.N.Dushkin), "Dynamo" (1938, jointly with D.N. Chechulin), pos. Butyrsky khutor (1947), a hospital in Dorokhovo near Moscow (1964). Became. pr. (1941).
LICHTENBEIM Yosef (1895, Warsaw - 1968, Israel), translator, poet, playwright. In 1913 he published the first poems in Hebrew. In Moscow, he was associated with the "Habima" t-rom. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Author pl. verse, collection of books and literary books. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. peace. Literature A. Mitskevich, A. Strindberg, L. Feuchtwanger, F. Schiller, R. Kipling, R. Rollan, I. S. Turgenev and others). Lit. etc. them. Sh.Chernikhovsky.
LIKHTENSHTEIN Efrem Isaakovich (1910, Volochisk, Volyn province - 1973, Kiev), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1959), prof. (1963). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1936). In 1941–45 he served as a doctor in the active army. From ser. 1940s worked in Kiev honey. in-those (since 1959 head of the Department of Therapy of the Sanitary and Hygienic Faculty), where he organized and headed (1960 73) the clinic by prof. diseases. tr. L. dedicated exudative pleurisy in heart disease, pathogenesis and therapy of bronchial asthma, myocardial infarction, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary and heart failure, honey issues. deontology. Cit .: Remember the patient. A guide to medical deontology. 2nd ed. Kiev, 1978.
LICHTENSTEIN Israel (1874, Suwalki –1949, Israel), industrialist. One of the largest entrepreneurs in Vilna. Since 1932 - in E.-I. He founded the first in E.-I. plant for the manufacture of nails. One of the creators and director. s-yes "Itzgar". Established large orange plantations near Kfar Sava. Active worker of the association of industrialists, member. directorate gas. "Ga-Boker".
Lichtenstein Leon (1878, Warsaw - 1933, Zakopane, Poland), mathematician, specialist in the field of hydrodynamics. Doctor of Philosophy (1909). Graduated from the Higher. tech. school in Berlin (1907). He worked at the Higher. tech. school in Berlin (since 1910), at Münster University (since 1920), at Leipzig University (since 1921). In 1919-28 - publisher "Matematische Zeitshrift". Osn. research results. in potential theory, differential theory. elliptical partial differential equations, theory of nonlinear integral equations, incompressible fluid hydrodynamics.
LIKHTENTAL, see Svetlodolinskoe.
LIKHTERMAN Boleslav Vladimirovich (1902, Simferopol, Tavricheskaya province - 1967, Yalta, Crimean region), physiotherapist, neurologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). After finishing honey. Faculty of Crimean un-that (1925) served as a doctor in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1926-28 the head. psychoneurologist, dispensary in Beloretsk (Bashkiria). Since 1929 in Ying-those physical. methods of treatment them. IM Sechenov in Sevastopol (since 1944 in Yalta) (since 1932 head of the clinical department and neurological clinic.). tr. dedicated problems of physiotherapy (reflex-segmental theory of the action of physical factors and electrophoresis of drugs, in-in, the influence of the UHF electric field on a healthy and sick organism, etc.), as well as balneology. Developed new methods of using electrophoresis, UHF therapy, physiotherapeutic. treatment of muscular dystopia, migraine, the consequences of trauma center, and peripheral. nervous system, etc. Cit .: On the therapeutic use of short waves. Sevastopol, 1936; Ultra-high-frequency therapy of military-traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves. M., 1948; Treatment of patients with neurasthenia in a sanatorium. M., 1958; Treatment of initial cerebral atherosclerosis in a sanatorium. M., 1969.
LIKHTERMAN Leonid Boleslavovich (b. 1931, Sevastopol), neurologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1972), prof. (1977). Son of B.V. Likhterman. After graduating from the Crimean honey. Institute (1956) worked as a neuropsychiatrist in Aktyubinsk. Enrolled in graduate school at the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N.N.Burdenko in Moscow (1958), after finishing a cut from 1962 to 1984 he worked at the Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics in Gorky (senior scientific researcher, head of the scientific and patent department). On the initiative of L. in Gorky, Mezobl. neurosurgeon center (1963) and Center for medical. thermal imaging (1983). Since 1984 at the Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery in Moscow (Chief Scientific Researcher). tr. L. dedicated problems of neurooncology, neurotraumatology, deontological aspects of neurology and neurosurgery. He proposed a classification of craniocerebral injuries and their consequences; described the so-called. symptoms of dissociation of the cerebral hemispheres and subcortical-stem structures; introduced the method of thermal imaging (thermography) in neurosurgery. One of the hands. all. scientific and technical Central Nervous System Injury Program (1986–90). State pr. RF (1995). Cit .: Traumatic intracranial hematomas. M., 1973 (et al.); Combined traumatic brain injury. Gorky, 1977; Ultrasound tomography and thermal imaging in neurosurgery. M., 1983; Around the patient. M '1994.
LIKHTSIER Israel Borisovich (1908, Priluki, Poltava province. - 1983, Ryazan), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1929). In 1929–41 resident, Assoc. hospital therapist clinics in the same place. In 1941–44, Ch. therapist and early. therapeutic. departments of a number of evacuation hospitals. In 1944–49 Assoc. department of hospital therapy of the 2nd MMI, in 1946–49 head. cardiologist, sector of the Research Institute of Therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. From 1949 to 1961 head. Department of Faculty Therapy of the Tajik med. in-that, simultaneously. in 1951–61 chap. therapist of the Ministry of Health of the Tajik SSR; in 1961–73 head. Department of Faculty Therapy, Ryazan honey. in-that, since 1973 scientific. consultant of the Ryazan region hospitals. Sci. research L. dedicated questions of cardiovascular diseases, endocrinology, gastroenterology, geogr. pathology, etc. Hon. Scientist of the Tajik SSR. Works: Materials on pulmonary heart syndrome. M., 1948; Hypertension (Questions of pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment). M., 1950; Pulmonary heart syndrome (Pulmonary heart). M., 1976.
Likino, see Likino-Dulyovo.
LIKINO DULYOVO, a city (since 1937) in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Likino, Moscow province. In 1930 it was merged with the village. Dulyovo. In 1939 in L.-D. 39 Jews lived, in 1989 - 32 Jews (0.09%).
LILIENBLUM Moishe Leib (1843, Keidany of the Kovensky district and province - 1910, Odessa), publicist, playwright, public figure. Studied at yeshivas in Keidan and Vilkomir. In 1865 he opened his own in Vilkomir. yeshiva. In the 2nd floor. 1860s began to publish in "Ha melits", opened a small library with a book. in the spirit of the Haskala. In 1869 he left for Odessa. Collaborated in "Gamelitz" and weekly. in Yiddish "Kol mevaser" (his ed., in 1871 - ed.). In the 1870s. L. is one of the most popular Jewish publicists in Russia. Granting Jews equal rights with the rest of the population was considered a prerequisite for progress in the Jewish environment, but not a guarantee of the disappearance of anti-Semitism. Impressed by the pogroms of the beginning. 1880s turned to Palestinophilism and became an activist for Hovevei Zion. Zionist, ideas permeate all recent Op. L., among whom the most famous was the drama "Zrubabel, or Return to Zion" (1887, in Yiddish). After L.'s death in 1910–14, the Sobr. op. in 4 volumes.
LILIENTAL Andor (Andre Arnoldovich) (b. 1911, Moscow), chess player. Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1948), Intern. grandmaster (1950). One of the world's leading chess players in the con. 1930-1950s In 1913–35 and from 1976 - in Budapest. At the age of 19 he made his debut at the international. tournament in Paris (1930, 4-5th). Successfully played for the Hungarian team at three Olympics (1933, 1935, 1937). Champion of Moscow and the USSR (1940). Participant in the Candidates Tournament (1950, 8-10th). Chess player of bright combinations. style.
LILIENTHAL Max (Menachem) (1815, Munich - 1882, Cincinnati, USA), public figure. Graduated from Munich University. In 1839–40 he headed the Riga Jewish school. In 1841 he was summoned to Petersburg min. bunk bed education by S.S. Uvarov for the preparation of a program for the reform of Jewish education. While in this position, he came into conflict with the Jewish Orthodox community because of his extremely reformist position. In the summer of 1842, L. toured the cities of the Pale, agitating Jews to support governments and reform policies. In 1843 he took part in the work of the "commission established by the Highest for the education of the Jews." In 1844 he left Russia. Since 1845 - in the USA. He was a rabbi in New York, and from the 1850s. in Cincinnati.
LIMANETS, see Kirovo.
LIMANSKOE (until 1944 - Zeltsy), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Razdelnyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony Selts (other name - Uspenskoe) in Odessa u. Kherson province. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Leningrad on 25 August. 1941 6 Jews were shot.
LIMBAZI, city (since 1783), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1223. From 1629 - part of Sweden. Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Lemzal, Wolmar u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1887, 159 Jews (7%) lived in Latvia, in 1910 - 250 (7.1%), in 1920 - 95 (4%). in 1925 - 98 (3%), in 1930 - 105 (4%), in 1935 - approx. 100 Jews (approx. 3%) Jews have lived in Leningrad since the 1860s. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Leningrad, and in 1920, with the help of the Joint, a philanthropist was opened in Leningrad. cashbox. There was a synagogue and a mikvah. In 1922, in favor of the Jewish nat. Fund collected 610 rubles. donations. In apr. 1923 Jewish student M. Kosten was beaten by an anti-Jewish mob, and the edges were dispersed by the police. On 4 July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 12 Sep 1941 Jews of L. were shot.
LIMNA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1519. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 200 Jews. Jews lived in Leningrad from 1700. 20th century there were 3 synagogues in Leningrad. In 1906, part of the land in Leningrad was owned by Israel-Ber Engelmeier, Ihel Engelmeier, Lieber Kampf, and Boruch Kampf. in L. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported through Turku to the Belzec extermination camp.
LIN (Linkovsky) Baruch (1898, Bessarabia - 1964, Israel), politician. One of the founders and ideologists of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" and Mapam. In 1912 the family moved to a Jewish agricultural settlement near Kushta. From 1919 - in E.-I. He was an active figure in "Ha-Kibbutz ha-Artsi". The ideologist of the movement. Represent. movement in Histadrut, chl. its governing bodies. One of the leaders of Mapam.
LINDER Isaak Maksovich (b. 1920, Vienna), chess historian, writer. Cand. ist. Sciences (1973). Since 1925 - in the USSR. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1942). In 1950–62 ed. chess. dep. in the journal. "Knowledge is power" and zhurn. APN "Sputnik" (since 1978). He was the first to investigate the work of Russian masters of the 19th century (A.D. Petrov, K.A. Yanish, D.S. and S.S. Urusovs, I.S.Shumova). Joint. with his son Vladimir (b. 1953, Moscow) wrote a trilogy about the life and work of E. Lasker, H.R. Capablanca and A.A. Alekhin, published in Germany in 1988–92 on it. lang. The author of St. 400 publications on decomp. questions of chess. culture: history, archeology, ethnography, aesthetics, etc. Cit .: Alexander Dmitrievich Petrov - the first Russian chess master. M., 1953; Chess artist Shumov. M., 1959; Chess in Russia. M., 1975; Chess aesthetics. M., 1981.
LINDER N.B. (real name and fam. Naftali Blinder) (1885, Berdichev - 1960, New York), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, later studied in commercial. school in Lodz. Since 1903 - in the USA. In 1906 he made his debut with a story in one of the Jewish gas. In 1916 he edited the weekly together with M. Vinchevsky. Gleichgeit, from 1921 - sotr. gas. "Tog", then - New York "Tog-morgn-magazine", where he published novels, plays, publics. Art., as well as the lane. manuf. L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov and other rus. writers. In the summer of 1914 he got acquainted with Sholem Aleichem, about which he left behind. L. - the author of the memoirs "In yene teg" ("In those days"), 1957.
LINETSKY Itskhok-Yoel (1839, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1915, Odessa), writer, publicist, poet. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In 1855 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. He was carried away by the ideas of Haskala and fled to Odessa, where he gave lessons in Hebrew. At the insistence of his father he returned home, but soon left for Zhitomir, where he briefly studied at the rabbi, school. Lived several. years in Kiev, taught, wrote poetry, to-rye later entered the collection. Der Beizer Marshalik (Evil Joker, 1879). Wandered, changing professions (teacher, accountant, employee in a wine cellar, etc.), printed poetry in Odessa gas. "Kol mevaser". In it in 1867 it was published. pov. L. "Dos Poilishe Ingl" ("Polish Boy"), containing a caustic satire on trad. Hasidic way of life. In 1875, together with A. Goldfaden, he published gas in Lvov. "Isrolik", which soon ceased to exist due to the ban of Russian. censorship on its import into Russia. I tried to release gas in Romania. Yiddish. Produced in Odessa ser. "Linetskis ksovim" ("Works of Linetskiy", 2 issues were published). Impressed by the pogroms of the beginning. 1880s became an ardent supporter of Palestinian ideas, published several. brochures on this topic. In 1888 Sholem Aleichem published a rum in the 1st volume of Yiddish Folks Libraries. L. "Der thief in hrein" ("Worm in a horseradish"). On the eve of the 1st world. war collaborated in the Odessa daily. gas. "Unzer Lebn". Per. in Yiddish by G. Gretz, G.E. Lessing.
LINEV (real name Arecht) Dmitry Alexandrovich (ps. Dalin) (1853, Bogorodsk, Moscow province - 1920, Kiev), writer. In 1865 he left home, was baptized, and took the name of his godfather. Entered the military. volunteer service. In 1872 he was arrested and imprisoned for fraud. After his release in 1873, hiding a criminal record, he re-entered the service and passed the exam in the Mikhailovskoye art. school. After the fact of the criminal record was disclosed, he was dismissed. Traveled for 2 years in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain and France, posing as a lieutenant prince. Chavchavadze. In 1875 he was convicted in St. Petersburg for "imposture and fraud." After serving his sentence, he lived under supervision. He has been repeatedly referred to for violation of the rules of conduct. In 1882 he was released from public supervision, and from 1883 he lived in Moscow. The first publication was written in the genre of a rogue novel - "Confessions of a Criminal" (1876). The novels Along the Paths (1877), The Bronze Business (1883) and Among the Outcast (1888) were written in this genre. In the 1880s and 90s. printed journalistic. articles in mosk. and petersburg. periodic. publications. At the end of the 1880s. unofficial. ed. gas. "Russian Courier". From 1893 he headed the second (provincial) edition of the gas. "Stock Exchange". At the beginning of the 20th century. worked in an insurance company. Cit .: Brand. M., 1886; Not fairy tales, v. 1–3. SPb., 1895-1900.
LINOVO, see Linovo.
LINKMYANIS, a village in Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lyngmyany Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In the 1920s and 30s. the temporary border between Lithuania and Poland passed through L. In 1939–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 there were 297 Jews living in Lithuania (approx. 30%), in 1909 - 200 (50%), in 1923 - approx. 280 (including 200 - in the Polish unit), in 1940 - 40 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the middle. 19th century Main occupations - fishing and timber trade. Resident L. Meir Gavanda became one of the largest timber traders in Lithuania and supplied timber to Hamburg and Danzig (present-day Gdansk, Poland). Dr. spheres of economic. deyatelnosti Jews L. - small trade, decomp. crafts (tailoring, shoemaking, saddlery), work as forest carters. Mn. Jewish families had subsidiary economies. Yehuda-Leib Zagorya (1850 -?) Was the rabbi in L. since 1878. In L. in the 1st half. 20th century there were 2 synagogues, including the Hasidic one. In the 1920s and 30s. L. became a meeting place for Jewish relatives on both sides of the border. In Tisha b'Av and Gedalya post, Jews were allowed to meet at the cemetery. Meetings were banned in 1938, and the Jewish population of Lithuania was exterminated during the Holocaust. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution.
LINKOV Yakov Iosifovich (1909, Bogorodskoe, Gorbatovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod province - 1966, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966). Rod. in the family of an engineer. Since 1925 he was a gas writer. "Young Leninist" in Moscow. In 1927-29 he was a teacher at the party school and pedagogue. technical school in Tver. In 1929–32 he taught at the Soviet Union's school and at the metallurgical technical school in the Ivanovo region. In 1932–37 he studied at MIFLI. In 1935-40 he taught in history. Faculty of Moscow State University, ed. gas. "For the proletarian cadres." In 1940–49 he served in the army, took part in hostilities. In 1950-60 he worked at the Institute of Museum Studies of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR. Since 1960 - in the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the history of the roar. and the mass movement in Russia mid. 19th century and on the problems of museology. Vol .: Peasant movement in Russia during the Crimean War. 1853-1856 M., 1940; Essays on the history of the peasant movement in Russia in 1825–61. M., 1952; Roar. the struggle of AI Herzen and NP Ogarev and the secret society "Land and Freedom" of the 1860s. M., 1964.
LINKOVO, see Linkuva.
LINKUVA, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Linkovo ​​Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 872 Jews living in Lithuania, in 1897 - 1213 (61%), in 1923 - 625 Jews (34%). Jews lived in L. from the beginning. 18th century The rabbis of L. in 19 - early. 20th century there were Yoel-Itskhok Katsenelbogen, Zvi-Hirsh Rabinovich, Meer Rabinovich, Tankhum-Shraga Ravel, Tzvi Levitas, Nosn-Irakhmiel Litvin. In 1883, a wooden synagogue burned down during a fire. It was soon rebuilt. In the beginning. 20th century there were 3 synagogues in Leningrad. Since the 1880s. Palestinophile circles operated in L. from the beginning. 20th century - Zionist. occupations of Jews in the 1st half. 20th century there were crafts, trade, s. x-in. The Jew belonged to unity. a mill and a pharmacy in Leningrad In 1924 there was a "blood libel" in Leningrad. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. A Jewish plank worked in L. bank. The last rabbi in Lithuania was Ikutiel-Zalman Levitas. On June 23, 1941, units of the Red Army left Lithuania. On June 24, 1941, Lithuanian nationalists began the extermination of the local Jewish population, which ended by July 23, 1941. Ya.Levinson, G. Rabinovich.
LINOVITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629.Since 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1869 there were 4 Jewish families in Leningrad, 39 Jews in 1900, and 9 Jewish families in 1910. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Leningrad were deported to the Priluk ghetto and in May 1942 were shot together with local Jews.
LINOVO, a village in the Pruzhany district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Linevo Pruzhansky district Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921 96 Jews lived in Leningrad. In 1903 Leningrad was opened for free settlement of Jews as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1913, Jews owned everything. Eight grocery stores and a tavern. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942, one Jewish family - eight people - was shot in Leningrad.
LION D'OR (real name and surname Abram (Arie-Leib) Levin) (1793, Vilna - 1846, ibid.), Linguist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was engaged in self-education, studied languages, after which he became a teacher of Hebrew, Polish. and French. lang., translated documents for vilen. lower judicial institutions. He was one of the first leaders of the Haskala in Vilna. In 1827 he published a textbook of the Yiddish language, which survived several. reissued. The author of the first Polish-Yiddish dictionary.
LION Dmitry Borisovich (1925, Kaluga - 1993, Moscow), graphic artist. In 1943–52 he served in the army, a participant in the 1941–45 war. Graduated from thin. branch Moscow. polygraph. in-that. Collaborated in the journal. "Knowledge is Power" and "Chemistry and Life", designed books. Until the 1980s. L.'s work rarely appeared at exhibitions, since the late 1980s. began to exhibit at Moscow. ("Diaspora", 1992) and not. exhibitions (Paris, 1989, 1990, 1991; Vienna, 1990; Ravenna, "New Realism", 1990; Madrid, 1991; Tokyo, 1991). Personal exhibitions in Jerusalem (1990) and in Moscow (1990). Since 1990 he has collaborated with gal. Artmodern (Moscow). He worked in the region. easel graphics (etchings, drawings with ink, pen and reed sticks, lithography), book graphics; showed interest in creating frescoes. Main prod .: cycles “Destiny of rus. poets "(1959, ink, pen); Visible in the Invisible (1961–67, ink, pen); Bless the Walking Ones (1959–88, ink, feather, reed sticks); The Biblical Cycle (1977, etching); Three Lives of Rembrandt (1971–79, etching); cycles fig. to manuf. Sholem Aleichem (1956; 1972; ink, pen); to "The Chosen One" by F. Kafka (1966, ink, pen, not published); to "Confession" by J.-J. Rousseau (1966, ink, pen, not published); to G. Melville's story "Typee" (Moscow, 1967); ill. to T. Mann's novel “Joseph and His Brothers” (1978–85, autolithography, unpublished); ill. to the lyrics of Catullus (M., 1989, mixed technique.); sketches of the fresco cycles "Walking into the Furnace" (1963, cardboard, mixed technique); "Apocalypse" (1963, cardboard, mixed technique) and others. Works of L. - in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the Pushkin Museum, in the London National. gallery, in the Museum of modern. arts in Tokyo and in private collections abroad.
LIOZNER Lev Davidovich (1909, Vitebsk - 1979, Moscow), biologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1940). Graduated from Moscow State University (1931), then worked as a scientific. sotr. in Ying-those experiment. morphogenesis of Moscow State University. In 1935–46 he taught at the 2nd MMI. From 1957 - head. lab. growth and development in Ying-those human morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. L. experimentally proved that the regenerative capacity of organs in the process of evolution of animals does not decrease, but acquires dec. forms of its manifestation. Scientific creator schools in the region. studies of organ regeneration. Cit .: Regeneration and Development. M., 1982; Regeneration processes and their study in the USSR. M., 1990 (et al.).
LIOZNO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vitebsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lezno Orshansky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1766, 82 Jews lived in Leningrad, 572 in 1847, 787 in 1851, 678 in 1869, 997 in 1880, 1665 in 1897, 1780 in 1908, 1417 in 1923, and 1417 in 1926. 1204 (46.3%), in 1939 - 711 Jews. The Jewish community arose in Leningrad in the beginning. 18th century In 1782–1801 Schneer-Zalman from Lyad lived in Leningrad. In 1851 there were 3 synagogues and 7 Jewish schools in Leningrad. In the end. 1850s - early. 1860s Rabbi in L. was Levi Hein, from the beginning. 1860s - Leiba Loboc. In 1869 there were 2 synagogues in Leningrad, and in 1880 there were 3 synagogues. 135 out of 216 wooden houses belonged to Jews. In March 1892, 2 Jewish families (9 people) were expelled from Moscow and Yaroslavl to live in Leningrad. In 1898, a private Jewish wife. The Orthodox Lyubov Petrovna Gardenina opened a school in L., which provoked a protest from the Jewish community. Since 1900, Yankel Masharsky (1856–?) was the rabbi of L. In 1901, at the request of the community's authorized representative, Abram Moiseevich Bramson, a 10-class Jewish plank was opened in Leningrad. uch-shche with wives. change. From 1904 in Leningrad, the Vitebsk Bund Committee organized meetings. In 1908 there were 8 synagogues in Leningrad. In 1912, a 1-class Jewish plank was opened. school (2 teachers, 115 students). 1916, 632 Jewish refugees from the West arrived in Leningrad. provinces of Russia. A Jewish committee for aid to war victims and a Jewish loan-savings agency operated in L. t-in (previous - Rabbi Katselenbogen). In 1922, the European Community Committee provided material support to children. garden (50 children, 2 personnel) .After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Leningrad in 1941. Feb 23 1942 Jews were taken to the bank of the river. Moshna, to the Adam's Moat. In the course of the "action" more than 1,000 people were shot. In 1982, a stele was installed on the grave of Jews killed in the Holocaust. In 2003, several people lived in Leningrad. Jews. Genus L. Schneer-Zalman.
LIOZNOVA Tatiana Mikhailovna (b. 1924, Moscow), director. In 1949 she graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1948–49, a trainee director at the Soyuzdetfilm film studio and a film actor's t-ra studio, in 1950–51 he was an assistant director, from 1952 dir. to / st them. Gorky, in 1951–52 - T-ra them. Eug. Vakhtangov. In 1962 she taught at VGIK, in 1975–80 hands. (with L.A. Kulidzhanov) director-actor workshop of VGIK. Participated in the filming of doc. f. Liberated China, New Beijing (1950). Dir. f .: "Memory of the Heart" (1958), "Evdokia" (1962), "They Subdue the Sky" (1963, ave. "Golden Wing" at the 1st Moscow Aviation Film Festival in France), "Early in the morning" (1966), "Three poplars on Plyushchikha" (1968, ave. International Catholic jury at the 9th Moscow Art Festival in Mar del Plata), "Seventeen Moments of Spring" (1976, after Yu.S. Semenov, 12 ser., State. pr. RSFSR named after br. Vasilievs), "We, the undersigned" (1981, after AI Gelman, "End of the world followed by a symposium" (1987). People's art of the USSR (1984).
LIPAVSKY Leonid Savelyevich (ps. L. Savelyev) (1904, Petersburg - 1941), writer. In 1926 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. Lit. activity began as a poet. In 1922 publ. to the alm. "Guild of Poets" "Dialogue Poem". Author ist. and scientific-popul. book for children ("Hours and Maps of October", 1930; "Footprints on the Stone", 1936; "Storming the Winter", 1938, etc.), as well as unpublished linguals, the treatise "Theory of the Word" and philosophy. The study of Horror. From ser. 1920s and up to the end. 1930s entered together with A.I. Vvedensky, Y.S. Druskin and D.I. Kharms in Leningrad. Philos. esoteric circle "Chinarei". Killed at the front.
LIPCHA, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1350. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 5–6 Jewish families lived in Leningrad. In May 1944, the Jews of Leningrad were deported through Khust to Auschwitz.
LIPEN (until 1920 - Kholui), a village in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Igumensky u. Minsk province. 441 Jews (58%) lived in Leningrad in 1926. A synagogue functioned in Leningrad in 1873. In 1913, Jews owned all 7 grocery and units. tobacco shops. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Leningrad (Kunko Street). In the end. In 1941, during the liquidation of the ghetto, 207 Jews were shot, and in 1983 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the dead.
LIPETS Julius Grigorievich (b. 1931, Moscow), specialist in the field of social geography. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1990). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1954). In 1967–80 he worked at the Center. economic-mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1960–66 and since 1980 - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1987 head. lab. geography world. x-va and regional studies. Main tr. on the geography of Africa, modeling of geosystems and global problems.
LIPETSK, city, center of Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century From 1709 - the settlement Lipetsk Factories, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, from 1796 - the provinces. In 1910 there were 111 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1926 - 162 (0.8%), in 1939 - 285, in 1970 - 945 ( 0.3%), in 1979 - 833 Jews (0.2%) In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Leningrad. In the years of the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of Latvia increased due to refugees (by 1915, up to 140 Jewish refugees from the western provinces of Russia had arrived in Latvia). In 1945, a group of Jewish believers in Leningrad was refused permission to open a synagogue. 1990s religion operates in L. community (previously - N.S. Shakhnyuk, b. 1952, Birobidzhan). In 2001, a Jewish youth organization was created. Isaak Naumovich Altshuller (1870–1943, New York), a doctor, founded a hospital for tuberculosis patients in Yalta, was the attending physician of L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, author of the book. about them, one of the founders of Mezhdunar. leagues for the fight against tuberculosis, from 1920 - in Turkey, then - in Germany, Czechoslovakia, USA.
LIPETSK FACTORIES, see Lipetsk.
LIPETSKY, a village in the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Leningrad. a bakery in L. belonged to a Jew. In the summer of 1941, L. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1942 Romanians. the gendarmes transported Jews from Kamenka-on-Dniester to Leningrad and placed them in a stable. Soon these Jews were shot.
LIPIN Lev Alexandrovich (1908, Vitebsk - 1970, Leningrad), historian, linguist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1964). In 1938 he graduated from philology. Faculty of LIFLI, specialized in history and languages ​​Dr. East. He taught at the Kalmyk ped. Institute (1941–43 - deputy director), worked at Leningrad State University (1944–1970). The author of works on ist. ancient Assyria and Akkadian language. Cit .: Clay books. 2nd ed. P., 1956 (et al.); Akkadian language. M, 1964.
LIPINY, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1897, three Jews lived in Leningrad. 20th century - 6 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of Latvia in 19 - early. 20th century In the summer of 1941, Lebanon was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of Lithuania perished in the Lutsk ghetto.
LIPKANI (before 1990 - Lipcani), a city in Edinet u. (The Republic of Moldova). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 17th century Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - the town of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 there were 4,410 Jews living in Leningrad (64.2%), in 1930 - 4,693 (79.9%), in 1940 - approx. 5000, in 1991 - 35 Jews. Jews began to settle in Latvia in the 17th century. at the invitation of the owners of the Lipchinsky settlement. In the 1st floor. 19th century in L. lived a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" and the grandson of I. Baal-Shem-Tov's disciple Meir from Peremyshlyan (? –1777) - Rabbi Meir (? –1850). In 1867 five synagogues functioned in Leningrad. Eliezer Harif (1845–?) Was the rabbi since 1873. Main the sphere of economic. activities of Jews in Latvia in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, decomp. crafts, rental of estates; Jews owned mills and factories for the production of oil and soap. Jews were leading kr. trade with.-kh. products with Austria, Germany and other European countries; leather and furs were sold in the United States. All artisans were united in trade unions. 19 - early. 20th century in L. there were several. heders, at the beginning. 20th century Heder Metukan was opened. Sometimes unemployed workers came to Leningrad. Christian workers who set fire to Jewish houses to secure jobs. In 1905, the creation of a self-defense unit prevented a Jewish pogrom in Latvia. in Leningrad there was a branch of the Jewish Mutual Credit Bank. In 1912 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, warehouse of goods, laundry, 2 hairdressing salons, 2 photo workshops, 3 hotels, jewelry and bookstores, 139 decomp. shops and shops (including 24 grocery, all 17 tobacco, all 14 wine, all 18 flour). Among the Jews there were 5 timber merchants, 2 tailors. There was a Jewish loan and savings service. m-in. In 1914–15, the Hebrew language lovers youth association and the cells of Zionist parties and movements functioned. After the beginning. 1st world. During the war, refugees from Ukraine settled in L. In 1917, a synagogue, a Talmud Torah, a Jewish hospital, a nursing home, and a mikvah from societies functioned. baths. A philanthropist functioned. organization, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1919, a large number of refugees from Ukraine arrived in Leningrad, for whom a help team was created. In the 1920s. in L. it was approx. 20 synagogues; there was a Jewish cemetery and a khevra kaddish. Each Hasidic movement, as well as professional associations, had their own synagogues. In the same years, a 6-grade school of the Tarbut network was opened in Leningrad, in the 1930s. - a private gymnasium, where they also studied Jewish disciplines. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1936, anti-Semitic demonstrations sharply escalated, especially among the peasants from the surrounding area. clauses calling for the expulsion and killing of Jews. In July 1941, after the occupation of the Romanians. 83 Jews were killed by troops in L. The rest of the Jews were deported to Transnistria. In the beginning. Aug 1941 part of the deported Jews (1698 people) were returned to Bessarabia and placed in a camp in Sokiryani. Dozens of Jews died during the transportation. In oct. 1941 Jews were deported to the Vinnitsa region, where most of them perished. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Leningrad. In 1947 there was a registered Jewish community in Leningrad. In Leningrad: M.E. Altman, I. Dan, Ya. .M. Sternberg; Eliezer Greenberg (1896-1977), poet in Yiddish, since 1913 - in the USA; Grigory Mendelevich Stambulsky (b. 1931), photo artist.
LIPCANI, see Lipcani.
LIPKI, see Stare Lipki.
LIPKIN Aron Samoilovich (b. 1918, Kaluga), specialist in the field of automatic control systems. Cand. tech. sciences. Graduated from Moscow. machine tool Institute (1941). In 1941–45 - at the front, then he worked at the Research Institute of the Defense Industry. Linen. etc. (1958).
LIPKIN Mordechai (Matvey Isaakovich) (1954, Moscow - 1993, Tekoa, Israel), painter, graphic artist. Graduated from art-graphic. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1977). He worked as a teacher in Kizlyar (Dagestan). Since 1988 - in Israel, since 1990 thin. ed. A short Jewish encyclopedia in Russian. lang. Participant of youth exhibitions in Moscow (1979–80) and Jerusalem (1990–93). Main works: ill. to "Cavalry" and "Odessa stories" by IE Babel (1976), ser. graphical works "Bukhara" (1981), "Old cemetery in Samarkand" (1981, engraving), ser. linocut to the poems of Omar Khayyam (1980–83), ill. to pov. D. Kalinovskaya "Oh, Saturday" (1981), over 60 canvases on a Jewish theme (late 1980s), painting and graphic ser. "My Jerusalem" (1990), book design. Jewish writers for the publishing house "Library Aliya" and others. July 8, 1993 killed by Arab terrorists. See. exhibitions were held in 1993–94 in Efrat, Alon-Shvut, Tekoa.
LIPKIN Semyon Izrailevich (1911, Odessa - 2003, Moscow), poet, translator. He studied at the cheder and the gymnasium, from 1926 - at the artistic director. prof. school. He graduated in 1937 Moscow. economical engineer in-t. Early poems publ. in Odessa. In 1929 he began to publish in Moscow. periodicals. Mn. engaged in translations, studied the history and culture of the peoples of the East. Translated east. epics: "Dzhangr" (Kalm.), "Magnanimous Manas" (Kirghiz.), "Geser" (Buryat.), "Idegei" (Tatar.); "Mahabharatu", poems by A. Navoi, Ferdowsi and others. He translated from Yiddish H.-N. Bialik, Sh.Z. Galkin, PD Markish, M. S. Kulbak, Z. M. Axelrod. In 1957, in Novy Mir, publ. poems about the Warsaw Jewish tailor, to-rye were criticized in the Sov. press, which later happened more than once when L. touched on the Jewish theme. First Sat poems "Witness" was published in 1967, the second - "Eternal Day" in 1977; participated in the uncensored almanac "Metropol" (1979), which was the reason for the persecution. In 1980 Leningrad, together with his wife I.L. Lisnyanskaya, left the USSR JV. After this poetry L. began to appear in the West. period, rus. print, in 1981 in ed. "Ardis" was published Sat. poems "Will" (compiled by IA Brodsky in 1983 in New York - pov. "Decade" (about the deportation of Caucasian highlanders), in 1984 - collection of poems "Nomadic fire", publishing house "Ardis", in 1986 ibid - the book of prose "Stalingrad by Vasily Grossman" (about the life of the Jewish intelligentsia in the USSR in the 1930s – 1950s). Since the end of the 1980s, Leningrad has been published in Russia: collection of poems "Lear" (1989 ), "Moonlight" (1991), "Letters" (1991) Biblical and Jewish themes are present in many verses by L.
LIPMAN Bere (1914, Riga - 1993, New York), mathematician. Prof. Columbia University. Headed the department of mathematics Nat. US Academy of Sciences, Pres. Amer. mat. about-va, hands. mat. branch of Columbia University. Main work - on the theory of functions of a complex variable and differential. ur-niyam with partial derivatives. One of the initiators of the creation of "Research. groups on school mathematics ”.
LIPMAN Jacob (1874, Friedrichstadt, Kurland Province - 1939, New Brunswick, USA), soil scientist, biochemist, public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1903), prof. (1910). Since 1888 - in the USA. He studied in the village - x. school of Baron de Guirche in Woodbine (1894), then at Rutgers College (1898) in 1903 he graduated from Cornell University. At the same time. (1898–99) worked for Eksperim. s.-kh. Art. in New Jersey (pcs. New York); from 1911 - director. this Art. From 1902 he was a teacher at Rutgers University, dean of the Faculty of Agronomy (from 1915). L. was a director. Jewish s.-kh. org-tion. In 1928, as a member. The expert commission was visited by E.-I. to study the possibilities of establishing Jewish settlements there; in 1929 L. became one of the non-Zionist members. Jewish Agency. scientific. research L. dedicated soil bacteria and their effect on improving the fertility of cultivated land. Was before. First Intern. Congress of Soil Scientists (Washington, 1927), head of the Amer. delegation at the 3rd Congress of Soil Scientists (Oxford, Great Britain, 1935). Brother L. - Charles Bernard, plant physiologist. Prof. (1913), dean of one of the faculties of California un-that.
LIPMAN Levy (| - |), financier. Ober-Hoff Commissioner (1734), Camera Agent (1736). First came to St. Petersburg from Courland in 1721 (|). In 1727 he became a financial agent at the imperial court. During the reign of Anna Ivanovna, he managed all the finances of Courland.
LIPNIK, see Kamenka-Voloska.
LIPNIKI, a village in the Luginsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Latvia owned all four grocery stores. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 in Leningrad, several were killed. Jews. In L. genus: I. Ginzburg, P. Ginzburg, S. Ginzburg; Emmanuel Shekhtman (1900-1941, front), painter, one of the founders of the Ukr. Museum of Jewish Culture, author of the series of works "Pogroms".
LIPNISHKI, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766, 225 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 249, in 1897 - 612 (44.4%), in 1921 - approx. ... 500 Jews. 19th century there were 3 synagogues in Leningrad. From 1909–15, M. Shatskes was the rabbi in L. In 1914 Jews owned 2 pharmacy warehouses, 16 shops (including all 3 grocery stores, all 3 manufacturing). Among the Jews of Leningrad there were 15 farmers, after 1921 - 80 farmers. in L. there were divisions of various. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Leningrad were deported to the Ivya ghetto and in May 1942 were shot together with local Jews. R.-M. Barishansky, H. Peisakhovich.
LIPNO, a city (since 1349) in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Plock Province. In 1808 707 Jews (77.1%) lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 892 (30.8%), in 1857 - 1558 (40.1%), in 1897 - 2079 (33.4%), in 1910 - 2984, in 1921 - 2443 Jews (28.8%) Jews lived in Leningrad from the 18th century. In the beginning. 19th century a community was created, a synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. From 1824 the Jews of L. had to live in special. area. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Another synagogue was built, in 1874 there was a Jewish school, in 1889 “Hevras Bikur Hoylim” was created, in 1903 - “Kupas gmilus Hesed”. 19th century The rabbi of L. was Michl Berlin, from 1877 - Yehuda-Leib Schwarzberg, from 1895 - Ephraim-Shloyme-Zalman Weinget, then (until 1928) - Shmul Bradt (at the same time he was the deputy of the Seim of Poland). 20th century acted state. Jewish school. In 1913 Jews owned 4 bakeries, a restaurant, all 3 watch workshops, a hairdresser, unity. photo workshop, approx. 70 shops and stores (including one jewelry store, all 7 tobacco shops, all 5 beer shops). Among the Jews there were 5 timber merchants. In 1921, with the help of the Joint, a philanthropist was opened. kitchen, in 1929 - a mutual aid fund. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1931, Zuckerkoren was the rabbi of L.. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1939 Jews from L. were deported to Warsaw. Gershele, J. Meridor.
LIPNYAKI, now part of the urban-type settlement Baryshevka, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - suburb of Baryshevka Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 four Jewish families lived in Leningrad.
LIPNYAZHKA, a village in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 18 Jews were killed in Leningrad.
Lipov ROG, a village in the Nezhinsky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 14th century In the 16-17 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Nezhinsky district. Chernigov Gubernia Jews lived in L.R. from the 16th century. The burial of the Jews of L.R. took place at the Jewish cemetery of Nizhyn, opened at the end. 17th century Main the occupation of the Jewish population is small trade. In the 19th century. in L.R. there were 8 bargaining. shops and small shops. 1919 retreating parts of the Germans. armies defeated and plundered Jewish bargaining. institutions.
LIPOVA VALLEY, urban-type settlement (since 1961), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 12 Jewish families lived in LD, in 1939 - 10 Jews. 1942 2 Jews were shot in LD.
LIPOVENKA, see Lipovenskoe.
LIPOVENSKOE, a village in the Golovanevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lipovenka Baltsky Podolsk lips.
LIPOVETS, a village in the Kagarlyk district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 28 Jews (8.9%) lived in Leningrad in 1848, and 59 Jews (9.5%) in 1900. the occupation of the Jews of Latvia in the 19th century. were with. production and trade. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Leningrad, as a result of which many others. Jewish homes were looted.
LIPOVETSKAYA Malvina Davydovna (b. 1915, Odessa), architect, urban planner. In 1939 she graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa Construction Institute. Mn. years was an assistant. et al. arch. E.L. Iocheles. Member of the International competition for the development of the center of Ulan Bator in Mongolia (1979, 4th avenue). Main works: the development of the Korean settlement in Vladivostok (1972), the planning of a residential district for 300 thousand people in Togliatti (1990), the development of the Levoberezhny district for 150 thousand people in Ulyanovsk (1975–93).
LIPOVKA, a village in Tomashpolskiy district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1900, 36 Jews lived in Leningrad. In July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 Jews of L. were deported to Tomashpol.
LIPOVO, a village in the Talalaevsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 7 Jewish families lived in Leningrad. 1941 two Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LIPOVSKY Nakhum (1874, Nesvizh Slutsk district. Minsk province - 1928, Vilno), publicist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the end. 1880s went to Moscow, studied drama, courses, was an extra in the Maly Theater. In 1891 he played in a Jewish traveling troupe, then in A. Kaminsky's theater. In 1904 he left for Germany, was a volunteer at the Darmstadt Polytechnic. He possessed a phenomenon, memory, performed on stage in the genre of mnemonics. After returning to Russia, he founded a Jewish Nar. tr, which existed until the beginning. 2nd world. war, wrote plays for him and staged them himself. He performed with a demonstration of his phenomenon. abilities in Europe. and Amer. un-takh. From 1924 he continued the theater. activities in Vilna. Author pl. dram. Prod., among which: "Zi got basigt" ("She won"), "Der Damen-Schneider" ("Ladies' tailor"), "An advocate oif an galber sho" ("Advocate for half an hour"). He translated plays into Yiddish with dec. lang.
LIPSHITS Grigory Iosifovich (1911, Odessa - 1979, Kiev), film director. In 1936 he graduated from VGIK (workshop of S.M. Eisenstein. In 1936–37 he was a cadet of the aviation school in Rzhev. In 1937–41 he was assistant director, director at the Kiev c / st. In 1941–45 - in the Red Army. 1945 directed at Kievskaya k / st. Filmed a number of documents and scientific-popul.f .: "Koksagyz" (1949), "Green Street" (1951), "Sports Ukraine" (1951), "A Lesson for Life "(1952)," Our Champions "(1953). He made his debut in fiction films in 1956" Journey to Youth "(with VV Krainichenko). Then he made several feature films on his own, including. comedy films "Katya-Katyusha" (1959), "The Artist from Kokhanovka" (1961). In the 1970s, he shot fiction films for television: "No Way Back" (1970), "Being a Brother" (1977), etc. ...
LIPSHITZ Israel (1903 - |), sculptor. Since 1908 - in South Africa. In 1928–32 he studied in Paris. Participated in many. exhibitions in South Africa, London, Paris, Rome, Venice, Amsterdam, Brussels, Washington, Sao Paulo, Munich. The works of L. are inherent in philosophy. comprehension of biblical texts - "The End and Beginning", "The Tree of Life" and others. Author of a number of monumental works, including a memorial in honor of the centenary of the appearance of settlers from Germany in southern Africa (granite, 1960). In the 1950s – 60s. taught the theory of sculpture at the University of Cape Town.
LIPSHITS Sergey Yulievich (1905, Vilna - 1983, Leningrad), botanist, historian of science. Cand. biol. Sciences (1936). In 1926 he graduated from a botanist. branch of Moscow State University. As a florist, he took part in numerous. exp., including to the South. Ural (1927), in Wed. Asia (1928–32), to Kamchatka (1935), as a result of which he described growing. communities South. Ural, gave a detailed analysis of the flora of some districts Wed. Asia. In 1930–35 he also worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Rubber and Gutta-percha, where he was engaged in the search for and introduction into the culture of fatherlands. rubber plants (koksagyz, tausagyz). In 1937-50 - Scientific Secretary of the Moscow. about-va of nature testers. From 1955 he worked at Botanich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, L. author of St. 100 scientific. works, ch. arr. on plant taxonomy, and ed. 18 monographs. L. received great fame as the creator of the unique dictionary "Russian botany", which contains detailed information about the scientific., Ped. and societies. activities pl. fatherlands. botanists. Only 4 volumes of the Dictionary were published; in the beginning. 1953 set of the 5th volume was scattered, ed. discontinued. Cit .: Literary sources on the flora of the USSR. L., 1975.
LIPSHITZ Sh. (| - |), publicist. He lived in Ukraine, worked in OZET in the social-economic. section of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at VUAN. Was printed in gas. Der Stern, zhurn. "Di dig Velt", ch. arr. on the problems of the Jewish settlement in Ukraine and the social-economic. questions. In 1932, the book was published. L. "Vegn shtetl" ("About the shtetl"), in which he argues with a number of other authors on the prospects for the development of the Jewish shtetl. According to some information, in 1937 he was repressed.
LIPSHITS Yakov (1838, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1921, Kaunas), rabbi, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1870 he lived in Kovna, was a secretary. I.-E.Spektor. Publishing in "Ha-Kerem", "Ha-Peles" and other Jewish periodicals. ed., was an active opponent of the Haskala. In 1884 L. published a collection of works in Warsaw. Art. "Dibrey Shoilom Veemes" ("Word of Peace and Truth"), directed against attempts to create reformed rabbinical seminaries. In 1897 he published Spector's biography "Toldos Itskhok". In 1925–31, the son of L. Note publ. his father's memoirs "Zichron Yakov", containing material on the history of the conflict between Orthodox Jewry and the Haskalah. Brother L. - Judas (1829, Vilkomir, Kovno province - |), rabbi. Until 1884 - rabbi in Podzelva, Kovno province, from 1884 - in Merech, Vilna province. He actively collaborated with decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. The author of several. books.
LIPSHITZ Jacques (Chaim-Yakov) (1891, Druskeniki, Grodno district and provinces - 1973, Capri, Italy), sculptor. In 1909–11 he studied in Paris at the school of fine arts with J.-A. Enjalbert, at the academy of R. Julien with R. Verlet and at the academy of F. Colarossi. The initial stage of creativity is marked by following the classic. traditions: "Little Italian" (1911), "Woman with gazelles" (1912). Having experienced the influence of avant-garde artists (P. Picasso, A. Modigliani, H. Sutin, H. Grice), he turned to plastic. a system close to Cubism: "Sailor with a Guitar", "Girl with a Braided Braid", "Toreador" (all - 1914). In 1920 in gal. L. Rosenberg - the first person. Exhibition. In 1924 he accepted the French. citizenship. In 1925 - the first so-called. "Ghostly" sculptures. In 1928 he participated in the Russian. dep. exhibitions sovr. French art-va in Moscow. In the 1930s-50s. created a monument. manuf. on mythol. and biblical subjects: "Hercules" (1933), "David and Goliath" (1934), "Prometheus" (1936-37), "The Abduction of Europa" (1938), "Prometheus fighting an eagle" (1943-44), "Song of Songs" (1946) and others. Created a number of comp. in memory of the victims of the Catastrophe: "Mother and Child" (1941–43), "Prayer" and "Wanderer" (both - 1943). Performed in classic. portraits of G. Stein, J. Cocteau, R. Rediguet and others. Since 1941 - in the USA. He turned to small forms, completing ser. fantastic. bronze figures "Melancholy" after eating. To the 500th anniversary of A. Dürer. Among the best works: "Miracle" (1948, Israel), "The Tree of Life" (1963), "Between Heaven and Earth" (1964), the monument to JF Kennedy (1965, London), "Our Tree of Life" (1970 , Israel), "Bellerophon Adorning Pegasus" (1972, Columbia University, USA). Knight of the hordes. Legion of Honor (1946), hon. Dr. Columbia and Tel Aviv University. Gold medal Amer. Academy of Arts and Literature, Amer. in-that architecture.
LIPSHUTS Alexander (1883, Riga - after 1960, Santiago), physiologist, oncologist. Got honey. education in high fur boots of Berlin, Zurich and Göttingen (1901–07). He worked as a doctor in a shelter for epileptics in Switzerland (1908); was an assistant at the departments of pharmacology and physiology in high fur boots of Göttingen, Bonn, Bern; in 1915-1919 privat-doc. Department of Physiology, Bern University; in 1919–26 prof. and dean of the Department of Physiology at Tartu University in Estonia. From 1926 in Chile at the University of Concepcion (Santiago), where he worked until 1936. In 1937–60 he was director. Inst. Experiment. medicine Nat. Chilean health services. There was a prez. Chilean Society of Cultural Relations with the USSR. tr. L. dedicated problems of physiology, endocrinology, experimental. medicine, oncology, physiology of death (1915), int. secretion of the gonads (1924), ovarian transplantation (1930), the effect of steroid hormones on the tumor process (1950). Mn. years L. was engaged in experiment. tumors and carcinogenic and antitumor effects of sex hormones. The author of the book: “Why We Die” (1914, Russian translation, 1925), “Science and the Universe” (1939), “Three Modern Physicians Pavlov, Freud, Schweitzer” (1958) and others. Poch. h. Royal honey. about-va (Great Britain).
LIPSK, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Avgustovsky u. Suvalki Gubernia. In 1897, 312 Jews (25%) lived in Leningrad. S. Liptsin.
LIPSKER Arie-Zeev (1905, Poltava - 1975, Lod, Israel), rabbi. In 1920–25 he studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Poltava and Kharkov, in 1926–29 - a spiritual leader. of the Lubavitch yeshivas in Nevel and Vitebsk. In 1946 he left the USSR, since 1949 - in Israel. Brother L. - Michael (1907, Poltava - 1985, New York), a rabbi, studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Nevel and Kremenchug, then led the underground yeshivas in Kiev and Kutaisi. In 1946 he left the USSR. In 1951–69 he headed the Lubavitch schools. establishments in Morocco. Since 1969 - in the USA.
LIPSKEROV Abram Yakovlevich (1851 - 1910), journalist. In 1883 he founded a daily newspaper in Moscow. gas. “News of the Day” and published it before closing in 1906. In 1884–89 he published “Russian Satirical Leaflet”, in 1891–99 - News of Foreign Literature, in 1892–1905 - journal. "Family", published as a supplement to "News of the Day"; in 1908-10 - "News of the theater, sports and so on." In 1909 he was revised. daily gas. "News".
LIPSKEROV Alexander Fedorovich (1883, Kerch Tavricheskaya, province - 1958, Moscow), lawyer. B1906 graduated from law. Faculty of Paris University, in 1908 - an external lawyer. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). From 1908 he worked in Moscow. court. ward; after 1917 - in the Collegium of Advocates, in the Collegium of defenders, prosecutors and representatives of the parties in civil. process, in Moscow. Revolutionary Tribunal (head of the consultation of defenders). From 1939 he was appointed member. Commission for the development of the draft Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. As a forensic lawyer, he participated in major court proceedings. processes: in the case of Glavtop, Tsentrosoyuz, the Council of United Parishes of Moscow, etc.
LIPSKEROV Konstantin Abramovich (1889, Moscow - 1954, ibid.), Poet, translator. Son of A.Ya. Lipskerov. He was engaged in painting in the studio of K.F. Yuon. Participated in exhibitions of the Moscow Society of Artists and the Moscow Salon (1911–13). The first is poetic. published in 1910. He was close to the Acmeists. L.'s work is the poet's sad look at the outgoing, crumbling world. Verses L. are characterized by precise rhyme and classical. sizes. On Sat. the sonnets "The Sixth Day" (St. Petersburg, 1922) contain biblical motives. In the beginning. 1920s L. moved from poetry to drama. The first play - "Carmencita and the Soldier" (1923), based on the novel by P. Merimee, was staged by Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Translated into Russian. lang. with arm., cargo., azerb. lang., including the epic "David of Sasun". Cit .: Sand and roses. M., 1916; Golden palm. M., 1922; Nadezhda Durova. M.-L., 1942 (co-authored with A.S. Kochetkov).
LIPSKY Ilya Efimovich (| - |), entrepreneur. In 1875 he founded a brewery in Vilna, techn. improvement to-rogo was engaged in being the manager-manager. In 1896 at All-Russia. exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod pr-ty, which became the largest in the North-West. region (400 thousand buckets per year), was awarded the Big Silver. medals; in 1902 it became the largest in Russia (more than 2 million buckets per year). On decomp. int. exhibitions zd received more than 30 medals, including Zol. medal at the World exhibition in Paris (1900). For his charitable work, L. in 1909 was awarded the title of hereditary honorary citizen.
LIPSKY Yuri Naumovich (1909, Dubrovno Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1978, Moscow), astronomer. He graduated from Moscow State University (1938), then graduate school with him and was appointed head. Kuchinskaya astrophysicist. observatory of the State. asters in-ta them. P.K. Sternberg (GAISH) at Moscow State University (1941). In 1942–45 - at the front. Since 1945 he worked at GAISH (since 1963 he headed the department of physics of the Moon and planets) and at the same time. taught at Moscow State University. Improved the technique of polarimetric. observations and developed new methods of spectrophotometric. research., took an active part in the research. The moon using cosmic. aircraft, hands. created the first map of the far side of the moon and the world's first globe of the moon.
LIPSKO, a city in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the end. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Rzecz Pospolita. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in the Ilzhetsky district. Radom province. In 1765, 310 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 766 (47%), in 1857 - 779 (54%), in 1897 - 1468 (60%), in 1921 - 1376 Jews (56%). lived in L. from the 1st half. 18th century Main the occupation was small trade. Rabbi L. at the beginning. 19th century there was Rabbi Yehuda-Leib, a disciple of Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. A synagogue and a Talmud Torah functioned in 1860. In 1875, Joseph Rosenberg was the rabbi in L. and in 1891, Leibus Rosenberg. In 1913 Jews owned the only leather, manufactory and flour shops. In 1915 the majority of Jews left Latvia in the 1920s. Zionist activities were active in Latvia. The rabbi was Avrom-Dovid Rotfeld. Departments worked. Jewish parties and org-tions. 9 Sept. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1940 German. the authorities organized a work camp in L., in which in October. 1940 there were 130 Jews. Dec. 1941, a ghetto was created, where St. 3 thousand Jews from L. and other us. points. 17 oct. 1942 Jews were sent from L. to the Tarnów ghetto, then to Treblinka.
LIPSON Mordechai (1885, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1958, Israel), journalist, researcher of folklore. Rabbi. From 1905 he lived in Belgium, from 1913 - in the USA, studied literature. activities. Ed. and ed. gas. Yiddish. An active Zionist. movement. Since 1930 in E.-I. Headed ed. religious daily gas. "Ha-Tsofz" from the time of its foundation (1937) to 1944. Collector of Jewish folklore.
LIPTSIN Sam (Shepsl) (1893, Lipsk of Avgustovsky u. Suwalki province. - 1980, New York), poet, writer. He wrote in Yiddish. Since 1909 - in the USA. He worked in a tailor shop in New York, in his free time he was engaged in self-education. Took part in the socialist. movement. Began to publish in gas. Dee Vargate. In 1920 he published every month. Der humorist. From 1922 until the end of his life he was sotr. gas. "Freigite" ("Morgen-Freigite"), was also published in another edition. The first book. humoresque, verse. and aphorisms "Oif laitish gelekhter" ("Good laugh") released in 1923. The author of many. book, among which: "Dig Feferlech" ("Red Peppers", 1926), "Ikh lakh fun der velt" ("I laugh at the world", 1927), "Lebedik un lustik" ("Lively and merrily" , 1933) and others.
LIPTSIN Sol (Shloyme) (b. 1901, Satanov of Proskurovsky district of Podolsk province), linguist. Since 1910 - in the USA. Received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. Graduated from Columbia University. He was engaged in scientific. and ped. activities. In the 1940s. on the initiative of L. in City College (New York) language courses were introduced. Yiddish, for the first time in the history of higher. education in the United States has become a full-fledged subject. L. - the author of works in "IVO-Bleter", also published the book. manuf. I.-L. Peretz in Yiddish with parallel English text. Was before. ed. advice from the Great Yiddish Dictionary. From the beginning. 1970s - in Israel.
LIPTSY, a village in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1655. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kharkovsky u. and lips. 19th century in L. lived apprx. 100 Jews, in 1939 - 16 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - trade; Jews owned 2 shops, a tavern, and a wine cellar. In 1941, 3 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
LIPYAGI, a village in the Ternovsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisoglebsk u. Tambov province. In 1911, 32 subbotniks lived in Leningrad.
LIS Avrom (b. 1913, Bialystok, Grodno province), literary critic, publicist. He graduated from the local Jewish gymnasium. He made his debut in 1935 in Bialystok. gas. "Unzer Lebn". Since 1936 - in E.-I. Printed literary-critical. materials in decomp. Jewish period. ed. In 1941 he published a collection of works. "Unzers" ("Our"), was ed. lit. pages to tel aviv. weekly "Unzer Gaynt". Since 1938 - Member. prez. lit. and a journalist. club, one of the founders of "Sholem Aleichem culture-gesellschaft", before. About-va of friends of IBO in Israel. He gave lectures on the new Jewish literature, hosted the programs "Writers and Works", "In the Jewish World" and "Guests at the Microphone" at the "Voice of Israel" radio station. In 1960, the book was published. L. "Heim un Doer" ("Home and Life") - an essay about writers. The author of several. collection of lit.-critical. Art. Deer. "Houses of Sholem Aleichem" in Tel Aviv.
LIS Kalman (1903, Kovel, Volyn province - 1942, Otwock, Poland), poet. He studied at the cheder, then at the Polish gymnasium, studied pedagogy at the Vilna and Warsaw higher. uch. institutions, specialized in raising handicapped children. Back in school. years the verse debuted. into gas. Woliner woh. Recognition L. brought the poem "Grooms". In 1927 he arrived in Warsaw, was published in the Bund. gas. Folks Zeitung, was close to the left circles, but after the trial. processes in Moscow in the middle. 1930s broke up with them. He published poems and poems in plural. Jewish periodicals ed. The first book. "Woliner shlyakhn" ("Volyn Roads") was released in Warsaw in 1930, then the book was published. "Winter in dorf" ("Winter in the village", 1933), "Freelings vintn" ("Spring winds", 1934), the poem "Dos lid fun farm laborer" ("Song of the farm laborer", 1935), for children - "Kind un rind "(" Star and Young ", 1936), as well as a number of ed. on pedagogy. Translated into Yiddish by A.S. Pushkin. On September 1, 1939, he was wounded during the bombing of Warsaw, then he left for Otwock, where he headed a school for raising handicapped children. Killed. After the war, the Warsaw underground archive. In the ghetto were found poems by L., written during the occupation.
LISAGOR Solomon Abramovich (1898 - 1937, Moscow), architect. In 1928 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1932 he took part in competitions for the projects of the Palace of Soviets in Moscow (1931–32, et al.), The building of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry (1934, jointly with M.Ya. Ginzburg. Main works: the "Rabochiy" residential house in Saratov (1928–29 , with I. Popov) and a residential building in Rostokin, Moscow (1928–30, with Ginzburg), a sanatorium named after S. Ordzhonikidze in Kislovodsk (1937, jointly with Ginzburg) .In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
LISAKOVSK, a city (since 1971) in the Kostanay region. (Republic of Kazakhstan). In 2001, there was a Jewish community in Leningrad (previously - Vyacheslav Shvets).
LISANEVICHEVO, see Bratolyubovka.
LISETS, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Tysmenytsya district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1491. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Stanislavsky powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 126 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1880 - 983 (41.6%), in 1900 - 1095 (43.8% ), in 1921 - 275 Jews (17.6%). Since 1870 Yehuda-Gershon Pikgolts (1840–?) was the rabbi of L., in the 1910s. - Nakhman Gurevich, then - Efraim-Fishl Gurevich. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Lithuania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LISEVICH Igor Samoilovich (1932, Moscow - 2000, ibid.), Literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1981). Graduated from the Institute of Intern. relations (1955). In 1956-59 he taught at the Institute for Foreign Languages ​​at Moscow State University, since 1963 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member Society for the Study of the Carved Dragon of Chinese Thought (Shanghai, 1989). Compiled by Sat. "From the Book of the Wise Men: The Prose of Ancient China" (1987), "Aphorisms of Old China" (1990). Works: Ancient Chinese Poetry and Nar. song. M., 1969; Literary thought in China: At the turn of antiquity and cf. centuries. M., 1979.
LISHANSKAYA Batya (1910, Malin Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1992, Tel Aviv), sculptor. Since 1910 - in E.-I. She studied at the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts in Jerusalem under B. Schatz and A. Pann (1919–20). In 1920 she left for Rome, studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, then in Berlin and Paris under H. Orlova. The first success came to L. at the 1923 exhibition in Berlin, where several were exhibited. wooden figurines. In 1929 she returned to E.-I., and continued to work in various genres of sculpture. Exhibitions were held in Jerusalem, Cairo, Paris, Zurich. Main works: portraits of mother and father (both - 1933), portrait of I. Ben-Zvi (1955), portraits of G. Sold, D. Ben-Gurion, sculptures "Refugees" (1944), "Victims of pogroms in Ukraine" (1959) , a number of monumental monuments in Hulda (1929), Tel Monde (1933), Kfar Sava (1942), Kfar Yehoshua (1952) and others. The permanent exhibition is in "Beit ha Shomer", Kfar Giladi. Etc. them. Dizengoff (1944, 1957). State Israel Ave (1985).
LISHANSKY Efim Yakovlevich (1905, Kiev - 1982, ibid.), Director, teacher. In 1925 he graduated from the 3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1925-26 he worked in the Kiev theater "Berezil", in 1927 - in the theater of the young spectator named. I. Franko, in 1927–32 dir. in decomp. t-rakh Kiev. In 1941–45 he worked in the Kustanai, Altai, in the Dnepropetrovsk T-re im. Gorky. L. - founder, thin. hands. and dir. T-ra Kr. Army of the Kiev special military. district (1931–41) and the Opera Studio at the Kiev cons. (1938–81 with interruptions). He also staged performances in other Kiev theaters, in operas and dramas. performances L. strove to create organic. whole on the basis of the unity of drama, thin. design, music. Already at the beginning. 1930s he used unexpected angles, cinema and split screens. In the post, the opera introduced the principles of drama, performance, rejecting static. The best works - staged in the Kiev Theater of Opera and Ballet op. G. Puccini and MP Mussorgsky, as well as "North Wind" by LK Knipper, staged at the Opera Studio. L. was the director of the first Ukrainian owls. op. BK Yanovsky's "Black Sea Duma" (Kiev Opera and Ballet Theater, 1929). Among the dramas, performances - a post, in t-re Kr. Army: "A profitable place" by A.N. Ostrovsky, "To be continued" A.Ya. Brushtein, "Intervention" by L.I.Slavin, "Days of the Turbins" by M.A.Bulgakov. Department of directing Kiev theater, in-that. In 1947–82 at the department of opera training in Kievsk. horse, (in 1947–52 head of the department, since 1950 prof.). Among the students of L.A. Rudenko, D.M. Gnatyuk, E.S. Miroshnichenko and others. In 1974–76 he taught a course of radio lectures on the skill of an actor and director. for plank beds. t-ditch. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1938).
LISHIN (real family. Liechtenstein) David (1910, Rostov-on-Don - 1972, Los Angeles), ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher. Studied with B.F. Nizhinskaya. In 1–928 he danced in the troupe of I.L. Rubinstein, in 1930 by A.P. Pavlova, in 1932–41 he performed solo parts in the ballets of leading t-dv Zap. Europe. Acted as a choreographer: G. Balanchina ("Cotillion" to the music of A.E. Shabriet, "Bourgeois in the Nobility" to music by R. Strauss (scene from the comedy by J.-B. Moliere), L. F. Myasin ( "Children's Games" to music by J. Bizet) and others. In 1933 he made his debut as a choreographer, staged more than 10 ballets. In 1953 he created his own ballet troupe in Los Angeles. In 1954–72 he taught at his own school in Los Angeles. ...
LISHNEVKA, a village in the Manevichsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 292 Jews (21.5%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. Since 1884, Jacob Katsenelenson (1857–?) Was the rabbi in L. Main the occupation of the Jews of L. was trade. In 1914, Jews owned 9 shops (including 7 grocery stores). In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Manevichi and to St. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
LISHNYA, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in L. In the summer of 1941, L. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Latvia were killed.
LISYCHANSK (until the 1830s - Lisiy Ravine), a city (since 1938) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1710. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1923, 202 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1926 - 330 (4.9%), in 1939 - 333 (1.3%), in 1970 - 264 Jews (0.2%). . there was a Jewish pogrom. In 1913 Jews belonged to the unity. a pharmacy, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a photographic workshop, a watch workshop, 9 shops and stores (including a single jewelry store, 3 fish stores). On July 10, 1942, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. In 1942, more than 20 Jews were shot in Leningrad, and in 2000 a religion was created in Leningrad. community (previously - Boris Froimovich Ershengoren, b. 1947); there are Jewish Sunday school and a youth club. A.B. Derman.
LISICHEVO, a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1823, 48 Jews (11.9%) lived in Leningrad, in 1900 - 68 (8.2%), in 1938 - 111 Jews (9.2%) In May 1944 the Jews of Latvia were deported to Auschwitz.
FOX, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine) In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, two Jewish families were killed in Leningrad.
HUNDREDS, a village in Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1641 in the Chernograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Leningrad from the beginning. 17th century In 1765, 17 Jews lived in Leningrad. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Tolstoy and in 1943 they were killed along with the local Jews.
LISINICHI, a village in Pustomyty district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1441. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Latvia were deported to the Lvov ghetto.
LISITSKY (ps. El Lissitzky) Lazar Markovich (1890, Pochinok, Smolensk province - 1941, Moscow), architect, artist, graphic artist. In 1909-14 he studied architect. f-those Higher. polytechnic schools in Darmstadt (Germany) by I. Olbrich, in 1915–16 at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those evacuated to Moscow. In 1916 in Moscow he participated in the exhibition "The World of Art", exhibitions of the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Arts (1917, 1918), was among the organizers of the arts section of the "Culture League" in Kiev, began working as an artist. book (1916). In 1917 he published the book for children in Moscow. M. Broderzon "Sihas hulin" ("Everyday conversation about the Prague golem"), formalizing it as a tradition. the scroll of Esther in a wooden case, and the text, performed by the Torah scribes, surrounded by micro-ornamental illustrations. (in 20 copies they were hand-painted by L.), inspired by the motives of Jewish miniatures and murals of synagogues. Fig. book IG Erenburg "Six stories about easy ends", a book-game "Tale of two squares", made a lithograph for publishing. songs "Had Gadya", designed by ed. poem "Good!" V.V. Mayakovsky. In 1919–20 he lived in Vitebsk, was one of the founders of the artistic association. "Hardeners of the new art", began to work in the art of the poster ("Hit the whites with a red wedge"). In 1922 joint. with Ehrenburg created a journal. "Thing" (Berlin), which became a tribune of constructivism, with M. Stam - zhurn. "ABS" (Switzerland). In 1924 he became interested in photography and photomontage. He taught at Vitebsk art-practical. in-those (1919), from 1921 - prof. VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN in Moscow. Member INHUK, Dutch gr. "Style". Since 1926, member. ASNOVA. Participated in competitions for projects of the House of Textiles in Moscow (1925), residential complexes in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1926), House of Industry in Moscow (1930). He designed pavilions for the international exhibitions (Dresden, 1925, Hanover, 1927), ch. thin owls. pavilions for the international exhibitions in Paris (1925), Moscow (1927), Cologne (1928), Stuttgart (1929), Dresden (1930), Leipzig (1930). Developed projects for high-rise buildings, transformable furniture. L. author of the book. and Art. on the theory of architecture and graphics, photo albums. Prod. L. are in the State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, GNIMA, in many. world museums and private collections.
LISSITSKY Ephraim E. (1885, Minsk - 1962, New Orleans, USA), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Slutsk. Since 1900 - in the USA. Studied at the yeshiva; studied chemistry and pharmacy. in un-those. He lived in New Orleans, where he was a deer until the end of his life. schools with teaching in Hebrew. Ch. the themes of L.'s poetry are feelings of loneliness, frustration of hopes, protest against injustice. In their verse. used negroes. and Indian folklore. Main Produced: poems "The Struggle of God" (1934), "Dying Bonfires" (1937), "In the Days of the Catastrophe and Destruction" (1960), Vol. Art. on literature and education "On the paths of life and literature" (1961), autobiogr. book "Such is the Life of Man" (1949).
LISITSYN Yuri Pavlovich (b. 1928, Klin, Moscow province), historian of medicine, sociologist-hygienist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1966), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). Graduated from 1 MMI (1952). In 1955-65 - Jr., Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. dir. Vses. in-that organization of health care and history of honey. them. N.A. Semashko (since 1963); from 1964 - head. department social hygiene and health care organization of the 2nd MMI; 1972–81 - director. All-Russian Research Institute of Medical and Medico-Technical information; in 1981–88 dir. publishing house "Medicine"; since 1993 dir. Institute of the history of medicine. L.'s works are devoted to the problems of social hygiene, the history of medicine, the theory and organization of health care, the study of alcoholism in the social. aspect, criticism zap. medicine, demography and ecology.
RAVINE FOX, see Lisichansk.
LISKI (in 1928–43 - Svoboda, in 1943–65 and from 1991 - Liski, in 1965–91 - Georgiu-Dezh), a city (from 1937), a regional center in the Voronezh Region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1870. In 19 - early. 20th century - Ostrogozhsky settlement Voronezh Gubernia. In 1926 there were 31 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1939 - 27 Jews. In 1913 Jews owned 3 shops (including a haberdashery and a leather shop).
LISNYAKI, now part of (since 1957) Yagotin, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Foresters of Pyriatinsky u. Poltava province. In the 1930s – 40s. - as part of the urban-type settlement Lisnyaki, Yagotynsky District, Kiev Region, 34 Jewish families (85%) lived in Leningrad in 1910. In 1910 there were a carpenter, 2 tailors, 3 cabbies, day laborers, and others among the Jews of Latvia.
LISNYANSKAYA Inna Lvovna (b. 1928, Baku), poet. She began to write poetry since childhood. From 1948 she was published in Baku Russian. ed., since 1957 - in Moscow. zhurn. Sat. verse .: "Loyalty" (1958), "Not Just Love" (1962), "From the First Mouth" (1966). In 1978, the book was published in a greatly abbreviated form. "Grape Light". L. - member of the alm. "Metropol". In 1980 L., together with her husband S.I. Lipkin and V.P. Aksenov, left the joint venture. Since 1980 published abroad - in the magazine. "Time and We", "Continent". In 1983, Sat. verse. L. "Rains and Mirrors" (Paris), in 1985 - Sat. "At the Edge of Sleep" (USA). In so. "Rains and Mirrors" - a series of verses. on biblical themes: "Ruth", "Bathsheba. Dusk. Rain"; about the fate of Jewry in the USSR - "Hostage", "My father is a military doctor", "Above the sanatorium department"; on Sat. "At the edge of sleep" - "Yes, such a time." Along with the lyrics in the works of L. epic. manuf. - the poem "Circle", "In the hospital of a facial injury." Lyrics by L. on civil. themes are devoid of placards, deeply lyrical. Author of the book: "Air layer", the poem "Steps", collection of works. "Poems", research. “The Mystery of the Music of Anna Akhmatova's Poem Without a Hero”.
LISOVIKI, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1498. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Lysobyka Lukovsky posad. Sedletskaya province. In 1766, approx. 120 Jews, in 1827 - 269 (28%), in 1857 - 443 (40%), in 1862 - 356 (35%), in 1897 - 506 (36%), in 1921 - 438 Jews (31%). 19 - early. 20th century among the main. small trade and handicrafts prevailed among the Jews of Lithuania. in L. there were divisions of various. During the Holocaust, most of the Jews of Latvia fled to Luków, where they were exterminated along with the local Jews.
LISSIM Simon (Semyon Mikhailovich) (1900, Kiev - 1981, New York), painter, graphic artist, set designer, art and theater critic. He studied at the gymnasium and at the same time. visited thin. school A.S. Monko, later cons. by class violins. In 1920 he studied at the Berlin Art. Reiman school. In 1920 he entered the secretary. in Russian thin publishing house A.E. Kogan, where he met G.K. Lukomsky, S.Yu. Sudeikin, A.N. Benois, L.S. Bakst. Aesthetic principles of the "World of Art" and a kind of perception of bunks. arts were reflected in all of L.'s subsequent work. Since 1921, in Paris. He independently studied the history of decorative arts and t-ra, became an expert on the East. ornament. In 1920-22 he participated in numerous. exhibitions in Berlin, Paris, London, Vienna, New York, Barcelona. In 1923 he was invited as a decorator to the Parisian theater L'Evre, for which he designed, among other plays, "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare (silver medal at the international exhibition of decoration art in Paris, 1925). From 1924 he collaborated with the porcelain factories in Sevres and Limoges, from 1925 - with the silk factory of Bar in Lyon. Personal exhibitions L. held in Paris in Gal. Charpentier (1927, 1931, 1935) and New York in gal. Wildenstein (1936, 1937). Exhibited sketches of scenery, artistic. ceramics, fabrics, watercolors. In 1923–25 L. - secretary. int. theater, revue L'Evre, in which publ. Art. about Bakst (1924). In the 1930s. published articles L. on decorative arts and t-ra, about rus. artists. Since the 1940s. - in NYC. He was engaged in easel painting and applied arts, was fond of Prince. graphics, in particular illustrated in Russian. fairy tales. In 1944–71 he taught a course in scenography in the mountains. college. In 1979–80 a traveling exhibition "The World of Simon Lissim" was held in the USA. Prod. L. are represented in museums in Paris, London, New York, Washington and many others. other museums in Europe, USA, Canada.
LISTOPADOVO, a village in the Novomirgorodsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1772. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 20th century 28 Jews lived in L. occupation of the Jewish population of L. in the beginning. 20th century There was petty trade. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Leningrad; 2 Jewish shops were destroyed. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1942 in Leningrad, several were shot. Jews.
LISTOV Konstantin Yakovlevich (1900, Odessa - 1983, Moscow), composer. The son of a gymnast who performed in a traveling circus. In 1917 he graduated from music. uch-shche Rus. muses. about-va in Tsaritsyn. In 1919–22 he studied at the Saratov cons. from I.A.Rosenberg (php.) and from L.M. Rudolph (composition). From 1923 he worked in the t-re at the All-Russian. Proletkult in Moscow, wrote music for dramas. performances, collaborated with the "Blue Blouse", "T-p Reviews", performed as a conductor and accompanist. In the 1930s. the most famous songs of L. were written (about 800 songs in total) - "Song of the cart", "Little Makhorochka", "Grenada" (1968, 2nd ed. 1972), the military ("We went on campaigns", etc.), soldiers' songs, including the cycle “Amur Red Banner Flotilla in Songs”, “Salt Water”, etc. Since 1941, serving in the Navy, he created songs: “If I don’t come back”, “Three Doves”, “Oh, wave, wave of the sea ”,“ Riders of the Seas ”,“ Native Sevastopol ”, as well as front-line songs-posters“ Not a step back ”,“ No, we will never be slaves ”,“ Infantrymen ”, etc. L.'s song“ In the dugout "(Lyrics by A. A. Surkov). In the 1950s and 60s. L. wrote ch. arr. patriotic. songs, songs, memories of the war, the army ("Mother Infantry", "Sevastopol Waltz"). Author of muses. comedies "The Queen Was Wrong" (1928, t-r "Blue Blouse"), "Ice House" (1938, after II Lazhechnikov), "Dreamers" (1949, Moscow. forest "(Karelian folk melodies are used)," Sevastopol Waltz "(1961, Volgograd Theater of Musical Comedy)," Heart of a Baltic "(1964, Moscow Theater of Operetta). Nar. art. RSFSR (1973).
LISTOV Viktor Semenovich (b. 1937, Moscow), historian, art critic, playwright. Cand. ist. Sciences (1968), Doctor of Law (1990). In 1961 he graduated from Moscow. state historical and archival inst. Works on the theory of screen art, on the history of early Russian. and owls. cinema. In the beginning. 1970s spoke in scientific. ed. on the problems of history and sociology of architecture. In the 1980s and 90s. publ. tr., dedicated. creativity and biography of A.S. Pushkin. Script writer f. "Power Solovetskaya" (1988, jointly with D.N. Chukovsky, directed by M.E. Goldovskaya, scripts for the f. Historical and doc. Trilogy directed by V.P. Lisakovich "Reform on Blood", "After Stolypin", "Fault Curve" (1991–94) and others. Scriptwriter and host of the television cycle "XX century - in and behind the scenes" (Russian television, 1991–94). Works: History looks into the lens. M., 1974; Lenin and cinematography. M., 1986; Russia. Revolution. Cinematography. M., 1995.
LISTOVOE, a village in the Saki region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1928 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the commune "Voio nova" in the village of Ozgul, Evpatoria district. In 1930, 182 people lived in Leningrad, in 1932 by 2025 dessiatins. land inhabited by 100 families. The commune was founded by the group of M. Elkind from "Gdud ha-Avoda", who left E.-I. In 1933 the commune was transformed into a collective farm, and the Jewish population of Latvia was exterminated in the winter of 1941/42.
LISYANSKAYA Anna Grigorievna (1917, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1999), actress. Rod. in a family of actors. At the age of 6, she began performing on the stage of the Nikolaev Jewish Theater. She graduated from the studio at the Kiev Youth Theater (1936). She worked in the Nikolaev Youth Theater (1931-33), the Kiev Youth Theater (1933-41). From 1942 she began acting in films, making her debut in f. IA Savchenko "The Young Years", where she performed ch. role. After that, she starred in pl. f., which brought L. fame. Since 1949 actress Leningra. academic. t-ra drama them. A.S. Pushkin. Mn. worked on television. Among the roles of L. - M. I. Ulyanov ("Stories about Lenin" by S. I. Yutkevich, 1958), N. K. Krupskaya ("Lenin in Poland" by Yutkevich, 1966), mother of a large Jewish family ("Go away") , Madame Weiner ("Sunset" after IE Babel. Since 1968 - in Leningrad Theater of Musical Comedy. At the same time in the Experiment Theater she has prepared a solo performance "Odessa Wedding" after MM Zhvanetsky. 1993 - in Israel.
LISYANSKY Mark Samoilovich (1913, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), poet. Published since 1929. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Journalism. 1941–45 - at the front. One of the most popular owls. songwriters. Among the naib. Izv. songs L. - "My Moscow" ("I walked around the world a lot ...", 1941), "When the soldiers sing" (1960), "Konakovo" (1961). Works: Bereg. Yaroslavl, 1940; My golden Moscow. M., 1951; After spring - spring. M., 1959; Such a time. M., 1968; My dear capital. M., 1977; Signal fire. M., 1983.
LISYANSKY Saul Abramovich (1862 - 1885, Kharkov), a member of the revolutionary movement. In the beginning. 1880s - student of St. Petersburg. un-that, student student. Narodnaya Volya circles. Because of the threat of arrest, he left un-t and went into illegality. position. In the beginning. 1885 - one of the organizers of the Kharkov group. "Nar. will ”, kept illegal in his apartment. printing house, literature, bombs, weapons. When arrested, he was armed. resistance (killed a police officer and wounded a gendarme). In 1885 he was sentenced to death by the Kharkov military district court; hanged.
LISYATICHI, a village in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 133 Jews lived in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Stryi.
LITENE, a village in the Gulbene region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Lettin Valksky u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1925, 2 Jews lived in Latvia, and in 1930 - 16 Jews. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. L. was a collection point for Jews from the surrounding area. points before being sent to the place of execution.
LITICHEVSKY Joseph (1890, Kremenchuk, Poltava province - 1960, Copenhagen), publicist, publisher. Was a typographic worker in Yekaterinoslav. From 1910 he lived in Copenhagen, worked in a printing house. May 21, 1911 released the first issue of gas. in Yiddish "Vochenblat", the first Jewish gas. in scand. countries, for ed. a swarm created his own. typography. Since 1914, Vochenblat was published in Yiddish and Danish. (existed until the beginning of the 1920s).
LITIN, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1431. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Podolsk province. In 1616, 12 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1765 - 481, in 1802 - 229, in 1847 - 1804, in 1897 - 3874 (4.1%), in 1910 - 4919, in 1923-1980 , in 1926 - 2487, in 1939 - 1410 Jews (27.76%). In 1569 Jews were allowed to come to the fair in Leningrad. 17th century in L. there was a Jewish community, destroyed in 1648. In the 18th century. the community was revived. In 1762, Jews owned 53 houses and enjoyed privileges in distilling. In 1802, there were 22 merchants among the Jews (out of 54). All R. 19th century Jews owned 2 mills, a tannery, a mead-brewing plant, a brewery, a cigarette factory, more than 50 shops. Among the Jews, there were 150 artisans. In 1851–74, a state-owned Jewish school operated in Leningrad. In 1867 there were 3 synagogues in Leningrad; in 1910 there were 6 synagogues in Leningrad, a Jewish school (with the support of the OPE), and one husband. and one wives. Jewish private schools, there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1914 a Jewish hospital (with an almshouse), a Jewish outpatient clinic, a society of benefits for the poor, and an overnight shelter at a synagogue operated in Leningrad. Jews owned 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a bakery, both hotels, unity. a lumber warehouse, a tobacco factory, a tea house and 85 shops and shops (including 27 grocery stores, all 18 manufactory, all 3 wine shops). There were unities among the Jews. in L. a jeweler and a timber merchant, all 3 midwives and unity. dentist. 26 Oct 1917 Russian soldiers. armies and local peasants staged a pogrom in L. Peasant gathering in Litinsky district decided to evict the Jews. On May 13–16, 1919, a pogrom in Leningrad was perpetrated by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev, during which Jewish houses and enterprises were destroyed, 400 people were killed; more than 4 thousand Jews suffered in total. OK. L. a Jewish collective farm (60 families) was created, which was turned into a mixed one in 1932; In 1934 it was liquidated. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in July 1941, approx. 800 Jews. Aug 18 1941 57 Jews were shot. In the fall of 1941, a ghetto was created in Leningrad, in which Jews from neighboring villages were placed, as well as those deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina. Dec 19. 1941 in Leningrad, 1986 Jews were shot, December 29. 1941 - 116, June 12, 1942 91 Jews were killed. A total of 2,250 Jews were killed in L. From 1942 to 1943 a Jewish workers' camp existed in Leningrad. 12 Sep 1942 580 prisoners were killed, 20 Sept. - 520, 10 Oct. - 260, 25 Oct. 1942 - 96, 18 Sept. 1943 - 89 Jews. A total of 1,542 prisoners were killed in the camp. In 2003, L. had a Jewish population. D. S. Berthier, D. V. Kahn, A. I. Liner, D. I. Liner, I.-Z. Trubnik.
LITINSKY Genrikh Ilyich (1901, Lipovets, Kiev province - 1985, Moscow), composer, musicologist, teacher. In 1928 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class comp. from R.M. Glier. In 1928–43 he taught at Moscow. cons. music theory and polyphony (from 1933 prof., in 1932–37 and 1939–43 head of the department of composition and dean of the computer department). In 1944–47 hands. consultation. center at the organizing committee of the Union of Sov. composers of the USSR. Since 1947 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins on cl. comp. and polyphony. At the same time. (1949–64) taught the same subjects at the Kazan cons. L. played an important role in the education of the nat. frames of composers. Among his students A.G. Arutyunov, A.A. Babadzhanyan, N.G. Zhiganov, E.M. Mirzoyan, A.P. Kereselidze, Ch.Nurymov, F.Z. Yarullin and others L. is one of the professional creators. music of the Yakut people. Based on music and folklore materials by M.N. Zhirkov and in collaboration with him, he created the first Yakut national. music-scenic manuf. - op. Olonkho (1947), ball. Sir Smiege (Wildflower, 1947). A number of other productions, including operas, ballets, many others. instr. cit., based on the motives of the Yakut muses. folklore. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Chuvash ASSR (1963). Nar. artist of the Yakut ASSR and TASSR (1964). Works: Polyphonic composition. M, 1951; Sov. polyphonic art, parts 1–3. M., 1952–54; Polyphony problems for composers, parts 1-3. M., 1965–67; Formation of imitations of strict writing. M., 1971.
LITINSKY Menachem-Nakhum (1852, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1900, Mogilev), poet, writer, playwright. From the age of 14 he wrote correspondence in Jewish gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Magid", "Ha-Tsefira" and others. In 1877 he published Jewish gas in Yassy. The author of the book: "Der dance tsum toit" ("Dance to death"), "Di betribte kale" ("The saddened bride"), "Di geimnisn fun Vinice" ("Secrets of Vinnitsa"), "Dos rusishe Kind" (" Russian Child ") and others. In 1883 he published a collection of works in Odessa. satirical. bunk bed songs. In "Yiddish Folks Libraries" (vol. 1) Sholem Aleichem publ. essay L. about the history of the Jews of Podolia, and in collection. M.Spektor "Goisfreind" (No. 3) - an essay on the persecution of Jews.
LITMAN Alexey Davidovich (1923, Staraya Sinyava of Litinsky u. Podolsk province - 1993, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1975). In 1940–41 he studied at MIFLI. 1941–45 at the front. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). In 1951–56, the scientific secretary. Dept. societies, sciences and pres. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. From 1957 he worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (from 1987 leading scientific researcher). The author of St. 80 scientific. works on the history of philosophy. thoughts, religion, ideology national-liberate. traffic in India. Responsible ed. collection of collections and collective monographs "Religion and Atheism in India" (1973), "Hinduism: Traditions and Modernity" (1985), "Societies. Thought of India: Past and Present ”(1989),“ Societies. Thought of India: Problems of Man and Society ”(1992) and others. them. Jawaharlal Nehru (1974) Cit .: Worldview of M.K. Gandhi. M., 1969 (co-ed.); S. Radhakrishnan. M., 1983; Philos. views of J. Nehru. M., 1987 (et al.).
LITOVEZH, a village in the Ivanichevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 17th century in L. lived apprx. 70 Jews (10%). In the days of "Khmelnitsky" the Jewish community means. suffered from pogroms in the 1920s. pl. Jews left Latvia in the summer of 1941, and occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 5 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛИТВА (в еврейской традиции – Лита), историческое название Литовской Республики. Столица – Вильнюс (в 1919–40 – Каунас). С 13 в. – Вел. кн-во Литовское, включавшее в себя с 14 в. Белоруссию, часть терр. совр. Украины (в т. ч. Волынь) и зап. рус. земель. По Люблинской унии 1569 объединилась с Польским кор-вом в Речь Посполиту. С 1795 терр. совр. Л., кроме Мемеля (совр. Клайпеда), – в составе Рос. империи. В февр. – авг. 1919 – Литовско-Белорусская ССР (Литбел). В авг. 1919 образована независимая Литовская Республика. Часть терр. Литвы, т. н. Виленский край, входила в состав Польши. В 1939, после нач. 2-й мир. войны, Виленский край был передан сов. властями Л. В июне 1940 в Л. были введены сов. войска; 21 июля образована ЛитССР, с 3 авг. 1940 – в составе СССР. В июне 1941 оккупирована частями вермахта, освобождена Кр. Армией в июле 1944 – янв. 1945. С весны 1990 – Литовская Республика (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).По нек-рым сведениям, евреи жили в Л. с 8 в., однако первое упом. о евреях Л. относится к 997. С присоединением к Л. Волыни (1-я пол. 14 в.) численность еврейского населения возросла. В кон. 14 в. вел. князь Витовт переселил часть караимов из Крыма в Троки (совр. Тракай), ставший впоследствии караимским центром Речи Посполитой. Общины караимов возникли также во Владимире-Волынском и Луцке. В 1388–89 Витовт даровал евреям нек-рых гор. Л. хартии, к-рые гарантировали свободу вероисповедания, защиту жизни и имущества, освобождение еврейских домов от воен. постоя, право на занятие торговлей и ремеслами, а также подсудность непосредственно великокняжескому суду или суду старосты-еврея. Запрещался «кровавый навет».В 1495 вел. князь Александр Ягеллон издал указ об изгнании евреев и караимов из Л. и конфискации их недвижимости. В 1503 указ был отменен. Евреи получили право селиться на всей терр. Л.; им были возвращены дома, синагоги и кладбища; за возвратившимися было признано право взыскивать оставшиеся неоплаченными долги и выкупать конфискованную недвижимость у новых владельцев по цене, уплаченной последними гос. казне. Евреи были освобождены от воинской повинности (льготу отменили при Николае I); в случае принятия католичества еврей становился военнообязанным.В 1-й пол. 16 в. начинается период экономич. и политич. расцвета литовского еврейства. С 16 в. нек-рые общины получили признание в качестве автономных единиц как в юридич., так и в налоговом отношении; их старейшины отвечали за сбор налогов в гос. казну. В 1529 король Сигизмунд I Старый подтвердил хартии Витовта. Согласно 1-му Литовскому статуту (1529) убийство еврея, также как и дворянина или горожанина, каралось смертной казнью; семья убийцы была обязана платить семье убитого пеню – 100 грошей, как и за убийство дворянина (за убийство горожанина – лишь 12 грошей). Крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович (1450–1519) был министром финансов («земским подскарбием») у Сигизмунда I. Наибольшим влиянием среди откупщиков пользовался его брат Ицхок-Михл Юзефович (? – ок. 1529), назначенный старейшиной евреев Л. и в 1525 получивший потомств. дворянство (единств. случай в Л. возведения в дворянство некрещеного еврея). Однако евреи Л. отказались признать И.-М.Юзефовича своим главой.В сер. 16 в. численность еврейского населения росла; были созданы общины в Клецке, Кобрине, Новогрудке, Остроге, Слониме, Тыкоцине. К 1560-м гг. были заложены основы Литовского ваада. Кр. общинами в этот период были общины Бреста, Гродно и Пинска. Евреи Л. занимались в осн. торговлей (в т. ч. экспортной), ремеслами и земледелием; они также брали на откуп великокняжеские доходы, ссужали в рост деньги, хотя ростовщичество не играло значит. роли в их экономич. жизни. После Люблинской унии 1569 из состава Л. вышли Волынь и Подолия, к-рые были присоединены к Польше.С сер.16 в. в Л. отмечен рост антисемитских настроений. В 1540 евреи Л. были обвинены в обращении христиан в иудаизм. В 1563 евреи были обложены ежегодной подушной податью в 1 злотый. В 1566 были внесены ограничения в Литовский статут: евреям запрещалось носить дорогую одежду и оружие, предписывалось носить отличит. знак. В 1569 в Л. проживало ок. 120 тыс. евреев. В 16 – нач. 17 в. происходили многочисл. «кровавые наветы» и обвинения в осквернении гостии: в 1564 – в Бельске (совр. Бельск-Подляски), в 1566 – в Расощи, в 1617 – в Сельце.В 1648 казаки Б.М.Хмельницкого, при поддержке местных крестьян и горожан, тысячами убивали или насильственно крестили евреев. Казацкие союзники – татары – брали евреев в плен и продавали в рабство. Пострадали общины Бреста и Пинска; многим евреям Гомеля, Стародуба, Чернигова и др. нас. пунктов удалось бежать. Русско-казацкое войско, вступившее в Л. в 1659–60, подвергало избиению евреев и изгоняло их из городов. Однако по экономич. причинам королевская власть была заинтересована в восстановлении общин; король Ян Казимир разрешил насильственно крещеным евреям вернуться в иудаизм. К кон. 17 в. община Бреста уступила главенствующее положение Виленской общине. Во 2-й пол. 17 в. вновь имели место многочисл. «кровавые наветы». В нек-рых гор. Л. (напр., Пинске и Вильнюсе в марте 1666) прошли манифестации приверженцев лжемессианского учения Саббатая Цви, вызвавшие антиеврейские акции; 6 мая 1666 Ян Казимир запретил ношение по улицам портретов лжемессии и приказал местн. властям положить конец беспорядкам.В 16 в. раввинами и духовными лидерами евреев Л. были получившие образование в иешивах Центр. Европы: раби Ицхок бен Бецалель (1542–1576) – во Владимире-Волынском, Шломо Лурия – в Бресте и Остроге, Мордхе Йоффе (1533–1612) – в Гродно и Кременце. Изв. был хахам караимской общины Ицхок бен Авраам из Трок. С сер. 17 в. раввинами кр. общин становятся уроженцы и воспитанники литовских иешив: Шабсай бен Меир га-Коген, Довид бен Шмуэль га-Леви, М.Ривкес (?–1671), А.Ш.Кайдановер (1614–76), И.Гейльприн (1660–1746).Сев. война между Россией и Швецией (1700–21), внутренняя междоусобица отрицательно сказывались на положении евреев Л.; они постоянно подвергались посягательствам шляхты, купечества и ремесл. цехов; взимаемые с евреев налоги были значительно увеличены.Опасаясь влияния идей франкизма, нек-рые кр. общины и «Ваад четырех земель» в июне 1757 наложили херем на основателя секты и его последователей. После сокращения в 1764 функций «Ваада четырех земель» и Литовского ваада сейм возложил ответственность за погашение огромных долгов общин на управления кагалов. Все евреи (за искл. детей до 1 г.) были обложены подушной податью в 2 злотых в год. Такому налогообложению подлежали в Л. ок. 150 тыс. евреев.В 1792 в Л. проживало ок. 250 тыс. евреев. В 1795 Л. вошла в состав Рос. империи; была образована Виленская губ., вошедшая в черту оседлости.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. ведущим авторитетом среди евреев Л. был Элиягу из Вильны («Виленский гаон»). В 19–20 вв. его ученики и последователи основали изв. иешивы в Вилькомире (совр. Укмерге), Воложине, Кейданах (совр. Кедайняй), Мире, Пинске, Слободке (ныне пригород Каунаса), Слуцке, Тельшяе и др. Во главе этих иешив в 19–20 вв. стояли И.Салантер, Й-Б.Соловейчик, И.Розин, Х.О.Гродзенский, И.-З.Мельцер (1870–1954), А.И.Карелиц, А.И. Кук, И. Сарна и др. В 1808–10 в Э.-И. приехали 3 группы последователей «Виленского гаона», поселившиеся в Иерусалиме, Тверии, Цфате и Хевроне.В кон. 18 в. в Л. распространяется хасидизм, в т. ч. любавичский, карлинский, слонимский. В 1777 группа хасидов во главе с Менахемом-Мендлом из Витебска переселилась в Э.-И.В кон. 18 в. в Л. начинают проникать идеи движения Гаскалы, к-рое к сер. 19 в. оказывало значит. влияние на культурную жизнь евреев Л. Среди последователей движения – писатели на иврите и идише А.Д.-Б.Лебенсон, И.-Л.Гордон, А.Мапу, П.Смоленскин, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим, А.-М.Дик, Я.Динензон; критики и публицисты А.-У.Ковнер, А.И.Паперна, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, Э.-Ц.Цвейфель и др. Цель деятелей Гаскалы – распространение рус. культуры среди еврейской молодежи и развитие еврейской культуры. Движение постепенно становилось полярным – от призывов к ассимиляторству и участия в рус. рев. движении до национализма и создания самостоят. соц. движения.В 1870-х гг. А.-Ш.Либерман совм. с А.И.Зунделевичем и В.И.Цохельсоном создали в Вильне еврейский рев. кружок. Бунд, осн. в 1897 в Вильне, активно участвовал в создании отрядов самообороны в период рев-ции 1905–07. Среди руководителей Бунда в Л. были А.И.Кремер, С.Н.Гожанский, А.Я.Мутник, И.Милл (1870 – 1952).В 19 в. в Л. широкий отклик нашли идеи палестинофильства и сионизма. Их распространению активно содействовали Бен-Авигдор, К.-В. Высоцкий (см. Высоцкие), Д.Гордон, А.Друянов, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, М.Э.Мандельштам, Ш.Могилевер, И.З.Ольшвангер (1820–96), Ш.-П.Рабинович (1845 – 1910), И.-Я.Рейнес, Э.Цунзер, Г.Шапира, М.Г.Яффе (1820–91).С нач. 20 в. евреи Л. начали уезжать в гор. Царства Польского, где шла интенсивная индустриализация (гл. обр. в Белосток и Варшаву). Резко увеличилось кол-во уезжавших в Великобританию, США, Юж. Африку и Австралию.В 1915 большое кол-во евреев было выслано во внутр. губернии России. В период 1-й мир. войны еврейское население Л. подверглось грабежам и погромам со стороны частей рус. армии и местного населения. После 1918 мн. евреи вернулись в Л.Во время существования Лит.-Бел. ССР многие евреи занимали ответств. посты в руководстве республики, в т. ч. в 1919 наркомом по военным делам Лит.-Бел. ССР был И.С.Уншлихт. После образования независимой Литовской Республики евреям Л. была предоставлена автономия во главе с Еврейским нац. советом (пред. – С.Я.Розенбаум), действовавшим в сотрудничестве с Мин-вом по еврейским делам. Общины обладали правом налогообложения своих членов, автономией в религ. и образоват. сферах, делах соц. обеспечения. В 1923 в Л. проживало ок. 154 тыс. евреев (7,6%). В первом пр-ве Литовской Республики было три министра-еврея: С.Я.Розенбаум, Я.Выгодский (1856–1941) и Н.Рахмилевич (1876–1941).В 1923 ок. 23 тыс. евреев Л. были заняты в торговле (в осн. мелкой) и банковском деле, ок. 18 тыс. – в пром-сти и ремесл. произ-ве, ок. 5 тыс. – в с. х-ве, ок. 4 тыс. – в свободных профессиях, ок. 2 тыс. – на транспорте.В 1922 из-за коммунистич. ориентации были закрыты школы, принадлежавшие «Культур-Лиге». В 1924 были упразднены Мин-во по еврейским делам и Еврейский нац. совет. Ок. 90% еврейских детей Л. обучались в школах сетей «Тарбут», «Явне» или в школах идишистско-социалистич. направления. В 1936 в 108 нач. школах этих сетей обучалось 14 тыс. детей; преподавание велось на иврите и идише. Работали иешивы, хедеры, еврейские дет. сады.В 1919–26 среди евреев Л. наиболее влиятельными были партии «Цеирей Цион», общих сионистов, Мизрахи, «Агудас Исроэль», Нар. партия (левое крыло «Поалей Цион»). В 1931 в молодежных (в осн. сионистских) орг-циях состояло ок. 9 тыс. чел.; действовали спорт. орг-ции «Маккаби» и Бейтар. Выходили газеты и журналы на иврите и идише.После гос. переворота 17 дек. 1926 власти Л. выдвинули лозунг: «Литва – литовцам» и начали вытеснять евреев из экономики. В 1920–30-х гг. из-за ухудшения экономич. положения Л. покинули св. 20 тыс. евреев (св. 9 тыс. выехали в Э.-И.). В 1930-х гг. участились антиеврейские выступления. В Л. действовали иешивы в Клецке, Ломже, Мире, Радуне, Слониме. Центром духовной жизни евреев оставался оккупированный Польшей Вильнюс. Школы с преподаванием на идише содержала ЦИШО (Центр. орг-ция идишских школ). Активно действовали сионистские и халуцианские молодежные движения.С нач. 2-й мир. войны в Л. прибыло св. 140 тыс. польских евреев. В рамках советизации в Л. были ликвидированы все еврейские орг-ции, не связанные с компартией. Крайне негативно на евреях Л. отразилась национализация; им принадлежали 57% пром. и 83% торг. национализированных пр-тий. Однако, нуждаясь в квалифицированных кадрах, сов. режим предоставлял евреям-интеллигентам посты в адм., экономич. и юридич. учреждениях. В авг. 1940 по просьбе З.Варгафтига японский консул выдал ок. 5 тыс. виз евреям-беженцам из Польши, ученикам иешив и мн. местным евреям, что позволило им выехать через Владивосток в Японию, а оттуда – в Э.-И., США и др. страны. Воссозданные в Э.-И. Слободская и Поневежская иешивы способствовали развитию здесь религ. образования. Среди объявленных сов. режимом политич. неблагонадежными и в сер. июня 1941 депортированных из Л. в Сибирь и др. отдаленные р-ны СССР было много еврейских политич. и обществ. деятелей. Только 14–15 июня 1941 депортации подверглось 3% евреев Л. Ок. 5 тыс. литовских евреев были интернированы в лагеря принудит. труда.К 22 июня 1941 на терр. Л. находилось ок. 250 тыс. евреев, вкл. ок. 15 тыс. беженцев из Польши. Терр. Л. была полностью оккупирована частями вермахта в первую неделю войны. Число беженцев из Л. было крайне невелико; на терр. Л. оставалось ок. 225 тыс. евреев. 22 июня 1941 в р-не Кретинги и Паланги местные евреи были уничтожены частями вермахта. 22 июня 1941 после ухода частей РККА началось уничтожение евреев литовскими националистами в 40 нас. пунктах Л. 25 июня 1941 ими был устроен погром в Каунасе, в ходе к-рого было убито ок. 800 евреев, сожжены еврейские дома и осквернены синагоги. К кон. июня 1941 литовцами в Каунасе было убито 3800 евреев, в др. нас. пунктах – 1200. Общее число жертв к сер. окт. 1941 составило ок. 80 тыс. евреев. К 1 дек. 1941 в Л. оставались только евреи, заключенные в гетто: в Шяуляе – ок. 4,5 тыс., в Каунасе – ок. 17 тыс., в Вильнюсе – ок. 20 тыс. К кон. янв. 1942 общее число жертв Катастрофы на терр. Л. составило ок. 185 тыс.В нач. 1942 во мн. гетто были созданы орг-ции Сопротивления, осуществлявшие диверсии и акты саботажа. В 1942 акции массового уничтожения временно прекратились, что позволило руководителям гетто организовать в них небольшое пром. произ-во, открыть дет. сады и школы, ремесл. курсы и курсы высшего образования. Однако неск. тыс. евреев погибло от голода и болезней. В 1942 были также ликвидированы евреи-специалисты и члены их семей в небольших гетто Вильнюсского края.Еврейское сопротивление организовало в лесах под Вильнюсом четыре партиз. отряда (с командирами-евреями), объединенных в бригаду. Евреи составляли большинство бойцов 16-й Литовской дивизии, воевавшей в составе РККА.Осенью 1943 были уничтожены все нетрудоспособные евреи, в т. ч. старики и дети, в Вильнюсе, Каунасе, Шяуляе. Каунасское и Шяуляйское гетто были преобразованы в концлагеря. Большинство оставшихся в живых узников гетто Вильнюса были депортированы в концлагеря в Латвию (Кайзервальд/Саласпилс) и Эстонию (Клоога, Вайвара и др.). Таким образом, с февр. 1942 до зимы 1943 в Л. было убито ок. 25 тыс. евреев. Зимой 1943/44 более 10 тыс. литовских евреев было уничтожено на терр. Латвии, Эстонии и Германии.Терр. Л. (в частности, 9-й форт в Каунасе) была использована как место массовых депортаций и уничтожения евреев Европы. В кон. 1941 на терр. Л. было депортировано 5 тыс. евреев из Германии, Австрии, Чехословакии. В 1942–44 в 9-м форте было уничтожено неск. тыс. европ. евреев. Ок. 2 тыс. евреев из пересыльного лагеря Дранси (Франция) были депортированы для уничтожения в Каунас летом 1944.Общее число погибших литовских евреев – ок. 220 тыс. чел.Большинство евреев Л., переправленных воен. администрацией зап. держав в лагеря для перемещенных лиц в Центр. и Юж. Европе, выехало в Э.-И., США и др. страны. В 1959 в Л. проживало ок. 25 тыс. евреев (менее 1%).В 1960–70-х гг. в Л. действовало 2 синагоги. В 1960-х гг. Л. становится одним из центров еврейского нац. движения. В 1977 в Вильнюсе была организована любит. театр. труппа, игравшая на идише. Еврейские темы были отражены в творчестве писателей-евреев, писавших на лит. (И.Мерас, М.Слуцкис) и рус. яз. (Г.Канович, Э.Севела). Большую роль в возрождении еврейской культуры в Л. сыграла Н.Лифшиц.С нач. 1970-х гг. тысячи евреев Л. выехали в Израиль, в т. ч. в 1991–2000 – 6 тыс. чел.В 1979 в Л. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев (0,4%), в 1995 – ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В кон. 1980-х гг. в Л. началось возрождение еврейской культурной и обществ. жизни. (См. ст. об отд. гор. Л.), pronunciation=ЛИТВА (в еврейской традиции – Лита), историческое название Литовской Республики. Столица – Вильнюс (в 1919–40 – Каунас). С 13 в. – Вел. кн-во Литовское, включавшее в себя с 14 в. Белоруссию, часть терр. совр. Украины (в т. ч. Волынь) и зап. рус. земель. По Люблинской унии 1569 объединилась с Польским кор-вом в Речь Посполиту. С 1795 терр. совр. Л., кроме Мемеля (совр. Клайпеда), – в составе Рос. империи. В февр. – авг. 1919 – Литовско-Белорусская ССР (Литбел). В авг. 1919 образована независимая Литовская Республика. Часть терр. Литвы, т. н. Виленский край, входила в состав Польши. В 1939, после нач. 2-й мир. войны, Виленский край был передан сов. властями Л. В июне 1940 в Л. были введены сов. войска; 21 июля образована ЛитССР, с 3 авг. 1940 – в составе СССР. В июне 1941 оккупирована частями вермахта, освобождена Кр. Армией в июле 1944 – янв. 1945. С весны 1990 – Литовская Республика (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).По нек-рым сведениям, евреи жили в Л. с 8 в., однако первое упом. о евреях Л. относится к 997. С присоединением к Л. Волыни (1-я пол. 14 в.) численность еврейского населения возросла. В кон. 14 в. вел. князь Витовт переселил часть караимов из Крыма в Троки (совр. Тракай), ставший впоследствии караимским центром Речи Посполитой. Общины караимов возникли также во Владимире-Волынском и Луцке. В 1388–89 Витовт даровал евреям нек-рых гор. Л. хартии, к-рые гарантировали свободу вероисповедания, защиту жизни и имущества, освобождение еврейских домов от воен. постоя, право на занятие торговлей и ремеслами, а также подсудность непосредственно великокняжескому суду или суду старосты-еврея. Запрещался «кровавый навет».В 1495 вел. князь Александр Ягеллон издал указ об изгнании евреев и караимов из Л. и конфискации их недвижимости. В 1503 указ был отменен. Евреи получили право селиться на всей терр. Л.; им были возвращены дома, синагоги и кладбища; за возвратившимися было признано право взыскивать оставшиеся неоплаченными долги и выкупать конфискованную недвижимость у новых владельцев по цене, уплаченной последними гос. казне. Евреи были освобождены от воинской повинности (льготу отменили при Николае I); в случае принятия католичества еврей становился военнообязанным.В 1-й пол. 16 в. начинается период экономич. и политич. расцвета литовского еврейства. С 16 в. нек-рые общины получили признание в качестве автономных единиц как в юридич., так и в налоговом отношении; их старейшины отвечали за сбор налогов в гос. казну. В 1529 король Сигизмунд I Старый подтвердил хартии Витовта. Согласно 1-му Литовскому статуту (1529) убийство еврея, также как и дворянина или горожанина, каралось смертной казнью; семья убийцы была обязана платить семье убитого пеню – 100 грошей, как и за убийство дворянина (за убийство горожанина – лишь 12 грошей). Крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович (1450–1519) был министром финансов («земским подскарбием») у Сигизмунда I. Наибольшим влиянием среди откупщиков пользовался его брат Ицхок-Михл Юзефович (? – ок. 1529), назначенный старейшиной евреев Л. и в 1525 получивший потомств. дворянство (единств. случай в Л. возведения в дворянство некрещеного еврея). Однако евреи Л. отказались признать И.-М.Юзефовича своим главой.В сер. 16 в. численность еврейского населения росла; были созданы общины в Клецке, Кобрине, Новогрудке, Остроге, Слониме, Тыкоцине. К 1560-м гг. были заложены основы Литовского ваада. Кр. общинами в этот период были общины Бреста, Гродно и Пинска. Евреи Л. занимались в осн. торговлей (в т. ч. экспортной), ремеслами и земледелием; они также брали на откуп великокняжеские доходы, ссужали в рост деньги, хотя ростовщичество не играло значит. роли в их экономич. жизни. После Люблинской унии 1569 из состава Л. вышли Волынь и Подолия, к-рые были присоединены к Польше.С сер.16 в. в Л. отмечен рост антисемитских настроений. В 1540 евреи Л. были обвинены в обращении христиан в иудаизм. В 1563 евреи были обложены ежегодной подушной податью в 1 злотый. В 1566 были внесены ограничения в Литовский статут: евреям запрещалось носить дорогую одежду и оружие, предписывалось носить отличит. знак. В 1569 в Л. проживало ок. 120 тыс. евреев. В 16 – нач. 17 в. происходили многочисл. «кровавые наветы» и обвинения в осквернении гостии: в 1564 – в Бельске (совр. Бельск-Подляски), в 1566 – в Расощи, в 1617 – в Сельце.В 1648 казаки Б.М.Хмельницкого, при поддержке местных крестьян и горожан, тысячами убивали или насильственно крестили евреев. Казацкие союзники – татары – брали евреев в плен и продавали в рабство. Пострадали общины Бреста и Пинска; многим евреям Гомеля, Стародуба, Чернигова и др. нас. пунктов удалось бежать. Русско-казацкое войско, вступившее в Л. в 1659–60, подвергало избиению евреев и изгоняло их из городов. Однако по экономич. причинам королевская власть была заинтересована в восстановлении общин; король Ян Казимир разрешил насильственно крещеным евреям вернуться в иудаизм. К кон. 17 в. община Бреста уступила главенствующее положение Виленской общине. Во 2-й пол. 17 в. вновь имели место многочисл. «кровавые наветы». В нек-рых гор. Л. (напр., Пинске и Вильнюсе в марте 1666) прошли манифестации приверженцев лжемессианского учения Саббатая Цви, вызвавшие антиеврейские акции; 6 мая 1666 Ян Казимир запретил ношение по улицам портретов лжемессии и приказал местн. властям положить конец беспорядкам.В 16 в. раввинами и духовными лидерами евреев Л. были получившие образование в иешивах Центр. Европы: раби Ицхок бен Бецалель (1542–1576) – во Владимире-Волынском, Шломо Лурия – в Бресте и Остроге, Мордхе Йоффе (1533–1612) – в Гродно и Кременце. Изв. был хахам караимской общины Ицхок бен Авраам из Трок. С сер. 17 в. раввинами кр. общин становятся уроженцы и воспитанники литовских иешив: Шабсай бен Меир га-Коген, Довид бен Шмуэль га-Леви, М.Ривкес (?–1671), А.Ш.Кайдановер (1614–76), И.Гейльприн (1660–1746).Сев. война между Россией и Швецией (1700–21), внутренняя междоусобица отрицательно сказывались на положении евреев Л.; они постоянно подвергались посягательствам шляхты, купечества и ремесл. цехов; взимаемые с евреев налоги были значительно увеличены.Опасаясь влияния идей франкизма, нек-рые кр. общины и «Ваад четырех земель» в июне 1757 наложили херем на основателя секты и его последователей. После сокращения в 1764 функций «Ваада четырех земель» и Литовского ваада сейм возложил ответственность за погашение огромных долгов общин на управления кагалов. Все евреи (за искл. детей до 1 г.) были обложены подушной податью в 2 злотых в год. Такому налогообложению подлежали в Л. ок. 150 тыс. евреев.В 1792 в Л. проживало ок. 250 тыс. евреев. В 1795 Л. вошла в состав Рос. империи; была образована Виленская губ., вошедшая в черту оседлости.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. ведущим авторитетом среди евреев Л. был Элиягу из Вильны («Виленский гаон»). В 19–20 вв. его ученики и последователи основали изв. иешивы в Вилькомире (совр. Укмерге), Воложине, Кейданах (совр. Кедайняй), Мире, Пинске, Слободке (ныне пригород Каунаса), Слуцке, Тельшяе и др. Во главе этих иешив в 19–20 вв. стояли И.Салантер, Й-Б.Соловейчик, И.Розин, Х.О.Гродзенский, И.-З.Мельцер (1870–1954), А.И.Карелиц, А.И. Кук, И. Сарна и др. В 1808–10 в Э.-И. приехали 3 группы последователей «Виленского гаона», поселившиеся в Иерусалиме, Тверии, Цфате и Хевроне.В кон. 18 в. в Л. распространяется хасидизм, в т. ч. любавичский, карлинский, слонимский. В 1777 группа хасидов во главе с Менахемом-Мендлом из Витебска переселилась в Э.-И.В кон. 18 в. в Л. начинают проникать идеи движения Гаскалы, к-рое к сер. 19 в. оказывало значит. влияние на культурную жизнь евреев Л. Среди последователей движения – писатели на иврите и идише А.Д.-Б.Лебенсон, И.-Л.Гордон, А.Мапу, П.Смоленскин, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим, А.-М.Дик, Я.Динензон; критики и публицисты А.-У.Ковнер, А.И.Паперна, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, Э.-Ц.Цвейфель и др. Цель деятелей Гаскалы – распространение рус. культуры среди еврейской молодежи и развитие еврейской культуры. Движение постепенно становилось полярным – от призывов к ассимиляторству и участия в рус. рев. движении до национализма и создания самостоят. соц. движения.В 1870-х гг. А.-Ш.Либерман совм. с А.И.Зунделевичем и В.И.Цохельсоном создали в Вильне еврейский рев. кружок. Бунд, осн. в 1897 в Вильне, активно участвовал в создании отрядов самообороны в период рев-ции 1905–07. Среди руководителей Бунда в Л. были А.И.Кремер, С.Н.Гожанский, А.Я.Мутник, И.Милл (1870 – 1952).В 19 в. в Л. широкий отклик нашли идеи палестинофильства и сионизма. Их распространению активно содействовали Бен-Авигдор, К.-В. Высоцкий (см. Высоцкие), Д.Гордон, А.Друянов, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, М.Э.Мандельштам, Ш.Могилевер, И.З.Ольшвангер (1820–96), Ш.-П.Рабинович (1845 – 1910), И.-Я.Рейнес, Э.Цунзер, Г.Шапира, М.Г.Яффе (1820–91).С нач. 20 в. евреи Л. начали уезжать в гор. Царства Польского, где шла интенсивная индустриализация (гл. обр. в Белосток и Варшаву). Резко увеличилось кол-во уезжавших в Великобританию, США, Юж. Африку и Австралию.В 1915 большое кол-во евреев было выслано во внутр. губернии России. В период 1-й мир. войны еврейское население Л. подверглось грабежам и погромам со стороны частей рус. армии и местного населения. После 1918 мн. евреи вернулись в Л.Во время существования Лит.-Бел. ССР многие евреи занимали ответств. посты в руководстве республики, в т. ч. в 1919 наркомом по военным делам Лит.-Бел. ССР был И.С.Уншлихт. После образования независимой Литовской Республики евреям Л. была предоставлена автономия во главе с Еврейским нац. советом (пред. – С.Я.Розенбаум), действовавшим в сотрудничестве с Мин-вом по еврейским делам. Общины обладали правом налогообложения своих членов, автономией в религ. и образоват. сферах, делах соц. обеспечения. В 1923 в Л. проживало ок. 154 тыс. евреев (7,6%). В первом пр-ве Литовской Республики было три министра-еврея: С.Я.Розенбаум, Я.Выгодский (1856–1941) и Н.Рахмилевич (1876–1941).В 1923 ок. 23 тыс. евреев Л. были заняты в торговле (в осн. мелкой) и банковском деле, ок. 18 тыс. – в пром-сти и ремесл. произ-ве, ок. 5 тыс. – в с. х-ве, ок. 4 тыс. – в свободных профессиях, ок. 2 тыс. – на транспорте.В 1922 из-за коммунистич. ориентации были закрыты школы, принадлежавшие «Культур-Лиге». В 1924 были упразднены Мин-во по еврейским делам и Еврейский нац. совет. Ок. 90% еврейских детей Л. обучались в школах сетей «Тарбут», «Явне» или в школах идишистско-социалистич. направления. В 1936 в 108 нач. школах этих сетей обучалось 14 тыс. детей; преподавание велось на иврите и идише. Работали иешивы, хедеры, еврейские дет. сады.В 1919–26 среди евреев Л. наиболее влиятельными были партии «Цеирей Цион», общих сионистов, Мизрахи, «Агудас Исроэль», Нар. партия (левое крыло «Поалей Цион»). В 1931 в молодежных (в осн. сионистских) орг-циях состояло ок. 9 тыс. чел.; действовали спорт. орг-ции «Маккаби» и Бейтар. Выходили газеты и журналы на иврите и идише.После гос. переворота 17 дек. 1926 власти Л. выдвинули лозунг: «Литва – литовцам» и начали вытеснять евреев из экономики. В 1920–30-х гг. из-за ухудшения экономич. положения Л. покинули св. 20 тыс. евреев (св. 9 тыс. выехали в Э.-И.). В 1930-х гг. участились антиеврейские выступления. В Л. действовали иешивы в Клецке, Ломже, Мире, Радуне, Слониме. Центром духовной жизни евреев оставался оккупированный Польшей Вильнюс. Школы с преподаванием на идише содержала ЦИШО (Центр. орг-ция идишских школ). Активно действовали сионистские и халуцианские молодежные движения.С нач. 2-й мир. войны в Л. прибыло св. 140 тыс. польских евреев. В рамках советизации в Л. были ликвидированы все еврейские орг-ции, не связанные с компартией. Крайне негативно на евреях Л. отразилась национализация; им принадлежали 57% пром. и 83% торг. национализированных пр-тий. Однако, нуждаясь в квалифицированных кадрах, сов. режим предоставлял евреям-интеллигентам посты в адм., экономич. и юридич. учреждениях. В авг. 1940 по просьбе З.Варгафтига японский консул выдал ок. 5 тыс. виз евреям-беженцам из Польши, ученикам иешив и мн. местным евреям, что позволило им выехать через Владивосток в Японию, а оттуда – в Э.-И., США и др. страны. Воссозданные в Э.-И. Слободская и Поневежская иешивы способствовали развитию здесь религ. образования. Среди объявленных сов. режимом политич. неблагонадежными и в сер. июня 1941 депортированных из Л. в Сибирь и др. отдаленные р-ны СССР было много еврейских политич. и обществ. деятелей. Только 14–15 июня 1941 депортации подверглось 3% евреев Л. Ок. 5 тыс. литовских евреев были интернированы в лагеря принудит. труда.К 22 июня 1941 на терр. Л. находилось ок. 250 тыс. евреев, вкл. ок. 15 тыс. беженцев из Польши. Терр. Л. была полностью оккупирована частями вермахта в первую неделю войны. Число беженцев из Л. было крайне невелико; на терр. Л. оставалось ок. 225 тыс. евреев. 22 июня 1941 в р-не Кретинги и Паланги местные евреи были уничтожены частями вермахта. 22 июня 1941 после ухода частей РККА началось уничтожение евреев литовскими националистами в 40 нас. пунктах Л. 25 июня 1941 ими был устроен погром в Каунасе, в ходе к-рого было убито ок. 800 евреев, сожжены еврейские дома и осквернены синагоги. К кон. июня 1941 литовцами в Каунасе было убито 3800 евреев, в др. нас. пунктах – 1200. Общее число жертв к сер. окт. 1941 составило ок. 80 тыс. евреев. К 1 дек. 1941 в Л. оставались только евреи, заключенные в гетто: в Шяуляе – ок. 4,5 тыс., в Каунасе – ок. 17 тыс., в Вильнюсе – ок. 20 тыс. К кон. янв. 1942 общее число жертв Катастрофы на терр. Л. составило ок. 185 тыс.В нач. 1942 во мн. гетто были созданы орг-ции Сопротивления, осуществлявшие диверсии и акты саботажа. В 1942 акции массового уничтожения временно прекратились, что позволило руководителям гетто организовать в них небольшое пром. произ-во, открыть дет. сады и школы, ремесл. курсы и курсы высшего образования. Однако неск. тыс. евреев погибло от голода и болезней. В 1942 были также ликвидированы евреи-специалисты и члены их семей в небольших гетто Вильнюсского края.Еврейское сопротивление организовало в лесах под Вильнюсом четыре партиз. отряда (с командирами-евреями), объединенных в бригаду. Евреи составляли большинство бойцов 16-й Литовской дивизии, воевавшей в составе РККА.Осенью 1943 были уничтожены все нетрудоспособные евреи, в т. ч. старики и дети, в Вильнюсе, Каунасе, Шяуляе. Каунасское и Шяуляйское гетто были преобразованы в концлагеря. Большинство оставшихся в живых узников гетто Вильнюса были депортированы в концлагеря в Латвию (Кайзервальд/Саласпилс) и Эстонию (Клоога, Вайвара и др.). Таким образом, с февр. 1942 до зимы 1943 в Л. было убито ок. 25 тыс. евреев. Зимой 1943/44 более 10 тыс. литовских евреев было уничтожено на терр. Латвии, Эстонии и Германии.Терр. Л. (в частности, 9-й форт в Каунасе) была использована как место массовых депортаций и уничтожения евреев Европы. В кон. 1941 на терр. Л. было депортировано 5 тыс. евреев из Германии, Австрии, Чехословакии. В 1942–44 в 9-м форте было уничтожено неск. тыс. европ. евреев. Ок. 2 тыс. евреев из пересыльного лагеря Дранси (Франция) были депортированы для уничтожения в Каунас летом 1944.Общее число погибших литовских евреев – ок. 220 тыс. чел.Большинство евреев Л., переправленных воен. администрацией зап. держав в лагеря для перемещенных лиц в Центр. и Юж. Европе, выехало в Э.-И., США и др. страны. В 1959 в Л. проживало ок. 25 тыс. евреев (менее 1%).В 1960–70-х гг. в Л. действовало 2 синагоги. В 1960-х гг. Л. становится одним из центров еврейского нац. движения. В 1977 в Вильнюсе была организована любит. театр. труппа, игравшая на идише. Еврейские темы были отражены в творчестве писателей-евреев, писавших на лит. (И.Мерас, М.Слуцкис) и рус. яз. (Г.Канович, Э.Севела). Большую роль в возрождении еврейской культуры в Л. сыграла Н.Лифшиц.С нач. 1970-х гг. тысячи евреев Л. выехали в Израиль, в т. ч. в 1991–2000 – 6 тыс. чел.В 1979 в Л. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев (0,4%), в 1995 – ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В кон. 1980-х гг. в Л. началось возрождение еврейской культурной и обществ. жизни. (См. ст. об отд. гор. Л.), extra_data="{'translat...")
A. LITVAK (real name and surname Chaim-Yankel Gelfand) (1874, Slutsk, Minsk province. - 1932, New York), literary critic, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Early joined the socialist. movement. Was a member. Bund. He began to publish in 1894. Nesk. years worked as a teacher. Was imprisoned in the Vilna politician. prison, was exiled to Yekaterinoslav, from where he sent Art. in the bund, ed. In 1900 he was arrested again and in 1902 he was exiled to Siberia. After his release (1905) he edited the Bund in Warsaw. gas. He was considered the best publicist of the Bund. From 1915 he was the representative of the Bund in the United States. After the revolution of 1917 he came to Petrograd, then to Minsk, where he was one of the editors. gas. Der Veker. After the German occupation, by the troops of Minsk (1918) he moved to Kiev, took part in the work of the "Culture League", ed. a number of ed .; wandered around Russia, was repeatedly arrested. For some time he lived in Vilna, where he continued to work. and ed. activity. Since 1925 - in the USA. Author of works on the history of the Jewish slave. movement and Jewish culture: "On the field of culture", "Jewish literature in 1924", "Winter evenings", "On the banks of the Thames", "What happened" (sketches and rec.), "Literature and struggle" (lit. essay).
LITVAK Leonid Borisovich (1889, Tiraspol, Kherson province - 1970, Kharkov), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). After graduating from Odessa honey. Institute (1924) taught at the psychoneurologist, faculty of the 2nd Khark. honey. in-that. From 1941 head. Department of Nervous Diseases 1st Khark. honey. in-that. In 1941–45, Ch. neuropathologist of evacuation hospitals in Chkalov. In 1945–53 - head. Department of Neurology, Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors and simultaneously. head Department of Neurology and Deputy. dir. Ukr. neuropsychiatrist. Institute in Kharkov. tr. L. dedicated problems of localization of functions in the brain, movement disorders, impaired sensitivity, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in tumors, infectious diseases. diseases of the brain, craniocerebral trauma, cerebral circulation disorders in hypertension and atherosclerosis and their early diagnosis. Member reign of Vses, Ukr. and Khark. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists, chl. prez. Vses. about-va of neurosurgeons. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1959).
LITVAKOV Moisey (Moishe) Ilyich (1880, according to other data 1875 Cherkasy, Kiev province - 1937), literary critic, publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. I passed it as an external student for the gymnasium course. In 1902–05 he studied philosophy, history and literature at the Sorbonne. In 1904, members. Central Committee of the Zionist Socialist Party. After the revolution of 1905–07 he returned to Russia, published in the party. press in Vilna. In 1908 as lit. the critic collaborated at the liber. gas. "Kiev thought". In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he was involved in organizing aid to Jewish refugees. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - one of the founders of the Jewish Social-Democrats Party "Farinikte" in Kiev, member. Ukr. Centre. We are glad. During the years of Civil. war - hands. Jewish section Vseukr. lit. to-that; after the split, Fareinikte was headed by its left wing, which joined the Communist. Bund (Kombund). In 1921 he moved to Moscow, where he edited the communist. gas. in Yiddish "Ems" and was one of the hands. moscow Jewish section of the RCP (b). How lit. critic in his art. turned to the work of almost all owls. Jewish writers, advocated the eradication of religions, traditions, against the study of Jewish classical. heritage. Comp. in Ying-those Jewish proletarian culture VUAN, prof. Jewish literature and the history of the Jewish branch of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1924-28, the director. publishing house "Shul un bukh" in Moscow, ed. ill. ed. "Emes-magazine". Participated in the creation. GOSET. In 1931 he was accused of Jewish separatism and nationalism, after "admitting mistakes" in 1932 he was reinstated in the post of ed. gas. Emes. Arrested in 1937. Rshot. Among the Op. L. - Sat. Art. "Into the storm" (v. 1-2, 1919-26), essay "Five years of the State. Jewish chamber theater "(1924) and others.
LITVIN-SEDOY Zinovy ​​Yakovlevich (real name and family name Zvulon Yankelevich Litvin) (1879, Kolomna, Moscow province - 1947, Moscow), politician. Rod. in the family of a worker. By profession - a metal worker. In 1893 he entered the Prechistenskie slaves. courses in Moscow, where he joined the roar. movement, in 1897 - a member. sinks. "Workers' Union", since 1898 member. RSDLP, led the roar. work in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Tiflis. He was repeatedly arrested and deported. In June 1905 he was arrested, imprisoned in the Taganskaya prison, in October. released under amnesty, included in the agitation-prop. Collegium MK RSDLP, in December. - one of the hands. armed uprising in Presnya. After its suppression, he left for Finland, in 1906 he participated in the Sveaborg uprising of soldiers and sailors. At the end of 1906 he went to Switzerland for treatment, later he lived in Canada, USA, France. He returned to Russia in 1917, member. Kiev Council of the slave. deputies, during the Civil. war commissar of the regiment. In 1919 he worked at the Center, military administration. structures, then in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR. In 1921 - 39 dir. chl.-boom. technical school in Moscow. Member Mossovet of all convocations, cases. 4th, 10th, 11th, 13-16th congresses of the party, at the 10th congress elected a member. Central Control Commission of the RCP (b). Since 1939 - a personal pensioner.
A. LITVIN (real name and surname Shmuel Hurwitz) (1862, Minsk - 1943, New York), journalist, folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He worked as a carpenter, typesetter, accountant, and private teacher. From 1901 - in the USA, where he worked at a shoe factory and published [[]] in gas. verse in Yiddish. and Art. on Jewish history. In 1905 he returned to Russia. In 1909–12 he published a journal in Vilna. in Yiddish "Lebn un Wienschaft", in which the most prominent writers of that time were published. Was one of the founders of the first slave circle. Zionist. Party "Poalei Zion" in Minsk. In Poland, Lithuania, Galicia in 1905–14 he collected a lot of folklore material about different. sides of Jewish life, to-ry, after returning to the United States (1914) used in his tr. Yiddish Neshomes (Jewish Souls, 6 volumes, 1916–22). Was ed. publishing house "Folks-building", where he published scientific-popul. book on Jewish history; in the 1920s. sotr. in Jewish newspapers, continued to collect Jewish folklore.
LITVIN Alter Lvovich (b. 1931, Kazan), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1976). Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Kazan University (1955). In 1954–61 he taught history at school, at the same time. (in 1957–62) scientific. sotr. State Museum of Tataria. In 1962–79 he taught at the Kazan State. ped. in-those, in 1979–85 - at the Kazan Chemical-Technol. in-those (since 1979 prof.), since 1985 at Kazan University (since 1989 head of the department of historiography and source study). Prev Volga section Scientific. RAS Council on Historiography and Source Study. Sci. interests are related to the study of the history of Civil. war, problems of historiography, punitive policy of the Sov. state-va. Honored. Scientist of the TASSR (1986). Works: Peasantry Cf. Volga region in the years of Grazhd. war. Kazan, 1972; Sov. historiography Grazhd. wars in the Volga region. Kazan, 1988; Kazan: the time of Grazhd. war. Kazan, 1991; Prohibition on life. Kazan, 1993.
LITVIN Mikhail Iosifovich (1892, Krasnoyarsk - 1938, Leningrad), an employee of the special services. State Security Commissioner of the 3rd rank (1937). Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. In 1920-21 in Kr. Army, commissar of the operational management of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the Far Eastern Front. After demobilization, he worked as a secretary. Dalburo of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, then headed by prof. org-tion in the Oryol province. and the Kazakh Territory, the Central Asian Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1930–31, he was a member. and head. dep. personnel of the Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1931 - deputy. head dep. personnel of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) N.I. Yezhov, then - the head. dep. cadres of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U (member of the Central Committee since June 1933), in September-October. 1936 - 2nd sec. Kharkiv Regional Committee of the KP (b) U. From Oct. 1936 - early. dep. personnel of the NKVD of the USSR, in 1937 appointed early. 4th (secret-polit.) Department of Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR. From Jan. 1938 - early. management of the NKVD of the USSR for Leningrad. region Affairs. 14th, 15th and 17th congresses of the CPSU (b), dep. The USSR Armed Forces (1937–38) and the RSFSR (1938). Committed suicide.
LITVIN Savely Konstantinovich (real name and surname Sheel Haimovich Efron) (1849, Vilna - 1926, Petkovic monastery, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1870 he graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school. The first publication is an essay on Jewish life ("Bulletin of Western Russia", 1869). In 1871 he worked as a teacher at a Jewish school in Slutsk. In 1871–73 he was a student of the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. In the late 1870s - early. 1880s continued to publish essays on Jewish life in Russian. gas. While working for Sovremennye Izvestia, he was baptized. After the baptism, the anti-Semitic orientation of the works increased. L. Plays L., written in et al. with VA Krylov, "Smugglers" (1900) caused one of the largest scandals in the history of Russian. theater. The premiere of this openly anti-Semitic play was disrupted by the audience. L.'s further work continued to be anti-Semitic. Publ. Art., in which he fought for the purity of Orthodoxy. After the revolution, he moved to Serbia and became a monk.
LITVIN Zalman Vulfovich (1908, Verkhneudinsk, Trans-Baikal Region - 1993, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Graduated from the whale. branch east. Faculty of Far Eastern University (1926). He worked in the system of the People's Commissariat of External. trade of the USSR. In 1930–34 in China, he performed important reconnaissance. assignments to collect information about plans and military. potential of Japan. Since 1934 in Kr. Army, in 1936–46 on illegal. work in the USA, in 1946-53 he was a teacher of the Military-Dipl. academy. In the beginning. 1953 in the course of the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" dismissed from work and from the ranks of the Sov. Army. In 1956–93 scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS).
LITVINETS, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1910 - 22 Jews. In 1919 there was a pogrom in Leningrad, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
LITVINOV (real name Gurevich) Lev Markovich (1899, Minsk - 1963, Kazan), director. He began his creative activity in 1919 in Jewish and Russian. theater. amateur groups of Yekaterinburg, in 1921–23 he headed the theater. dep. People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR. In 1923–26 he studied at the Belarusian studio (Moscow), which became the basis of BelGOSET. In 1926–32 and in 1942–43 - actor and dir. BelGOSET, where he staged "The Sheep Source" by L. de Vega (1927), "Jim Kuperkop" by S. Godiner (1930), "Sender Blank" by Sholem Aleichem (1940), etc. Simultaneously. staged in the GOSET in Kiev "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden (1940), "Tevye the Milkman" and "The Enchanted Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem. In 1932–37 and 1943–50 - Ch. dir. Of the First Belarusian Drama, t-ra (since 1945 named after Y. Kupala), in which L. staged the performances "The End of Friendship" by K. Krapiva (1934, jointly with L. G. Rakhlenko, "Dog in the Manger" by L. de Vega (1943), Late Love by AN Ostrovsky (1943), Pavlinka by Nettle (1944), Romeo and Juliet by W. Shakespeare (1946J). in rejection of the realistic method of K.S. Stanislavsky and preventing the appearance of Soviet plays on the stage. M. Dyakonov (1950), "Enemies" by M. Gorky (1952), "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" by A. K. Tolstoy and others. Honored Art. BSSR (1934). Honored Worker of Arts in BSSR (1946) , TASSR (1953).
LITVINOV Alexander (Samuil) Alexandrovich (1861, Moscow - 1933, Kazan), violinist, conductor, teacher, public figure. In 1873–79 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class violins by F. Laub; graduate I.V. Grzhimali. He studied music theory with PI Tchaikovsky. During his studies he was a scholar of N. G. Rubinstein and Tchaikovsky. In 1879–82 he improved his violin at St. Petersburg. cons. from L.S. Auer, attended classes on the computer. from N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1882, having received the title of free artist, he became a concertmaster in the orc. Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, where he served until 1902. He performed as a solo violinist. Took lessons in conducting from A. Nikish. Since 1886 he was engaged in conducting activities, supervised by a student. orc. Moscow un-that; from 1889 headed the Moscow. association of orchestral musicians "Comrade". In 1895 he founded the Society of Orchestral, Chamber and Vocal Music Lovers in Moscow, directed it until 1917. He played in Yasnaya Polyana for Leo Tolstoy. He performed with dec. orc. in St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan. In 1918–21 he worked in Nizhny Novgorod, was in charge of the provincial music. dep., was a director. Nizhny Novgorod cons. Since 1921, dir. muses. uch-schA, head. muses. section thin. education in Kazan. In muses. the orc was teaching. cl., taught violin. Created symph. orc., carried out the post. the first Tatar operas "Sania" (1923) and "Eshche" (1930) by G.S. Almukhametov. As a conductor, he possessed a great will, a bright temperament, and possessed a huge repertoire. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the TASSR.
LITVINOV Alexander Isaakovich (b. 1926, Zaporozhye), conductor and teacher. In 1970 he graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Art. 1973–79 hands. song and dance ensemble "Donbass" in Donetsk. Since 1979 he has been teaching at the Kharkov Institute of Arts. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1978).
LITVINOV Maxim Maksimovich (real name and surname Meir-Genokh Moiseevich Ballakh) (1876, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1951, Moscow), statesman, diplomat. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then graduated from a real school. Since 1898, members RSDLP, conducted propaganda in workers' circles, in 1900 members. Kiev committee of the RSDLP, then arrested. In 1902 he escaped from the Lukyanovskaya prison (Kiev), emigrated, was engaged in delivering a roar. literature to Russia. In 1904 he came to Russia illegally, a participant in the revolution of 1905–07, one of the founders of the legal Bolyevist. gas. "New Life" (October 1905), cases. 3rd Congress of the RSDLP (1905). Since 1906 in exile. In 1907 sec. London gr. RSDLP, secretary delegation of the RSDLP at the Stuttgart Congress of the 2nd International; representative from the Bolsheviks in the International socialist the Bureau. In 1918 - the representative of the RSFSR in Great Britain, arrested by the Brit. authorities, exchanged for English. intelligence officer B. Lockhart. Since 1918, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Foreign. Affairs of the RSFSR, in 1920-21 plenipotentiary, trade representative and authorized SNK of the RSFSR for currency transactions in Estonia, since 1921 deputy. People's Commissar of Foreign. cases., concurrently member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' Cross. inspection and deputy. prev. Glavkontsesskom. In 1922 the deputy. heads of owls. delegation to the Genoa Conf., Head of Sov. delegation to the Hague Conf. In 1923, before. Moscow int. conf. for disarmament, deputy. prev. Glavkontsesskom at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, participated in the conclusion of a number of bargaining. agreements with europ. countries. In 1927-30 the head of the Sov. delegation to Prepare. commission to conf. on disarmament in Geneva. In 1930–39 - People's Commissar for Foreign. Affairs of the USSR, headed by Sov. delegations to the conference. League of Nations for Disarmament (1932), on Peace. econom. conf. in London (1933), in 1934–38 he represented the USSR in the League of Nations. Since 1934, member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b), expelled in 1941. Member Central Executive Committee and the USSR Supreme Soviet of the 1st and 2nd convocations. In 1941–46 deputy. People's Commissar of Foreign. affairs of the USSR, simultaneously. in f941–43, the USSR ambassador to the USA and in 1942–43, the USSR envoy to the Republic of Cuba.
LITVINOV Pavel Mikhailovich (b. 1940, Moscow), human rights activist. Grandson of M.M. Litvinov. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1961), taught at the university. In Jan. 1968 made an address “To the world. public "(with L.I.Bogoraz-Brukhman on the trial of A.S. Ginzburg and Yu.T. Galanskov. For participation in the demonstration on Red Square on 08/25/1968 against the invasion of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia, arrested and sentenced to 5 years of exile (served in Transbaikalia) In 1967 L. published in samizdat a documentary collection "Justice or punishment |" Bukovsky, V.N.Delone and E.I.Kushev Compiled by L. 2nd collection "The Trial of Four" (about the case of Galanskov, Ginzburg, AADobrovolsky and V.I.Dashkova) is completed and released in samizdat after the arrest of L. L. returned to Moscow in 1972, emigrated to the United States in 1974, where he teaches physics at college.One of the leading contributors to the Chronicle publishing house (New York), which published human rights literature in Russian, official A foreign representative of the samizdat newsletter Chronicle of Current Events (republished in the USA until 1983). Prev. Friends of Memorial Society, created in 1992 for the purpose of action for human rights and historical education. associations of Russia.
LITVINOVKA, a village in the Zhashkovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1st floor. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district In Kiev province, the Jews of L. were engaged in petty trade, buying essential goods in Zhashkiv and selling them in L. In 1894 Jews in L. owned two sawmills (merchant Naftul Gorenshtein and honorary citizen Lazar Brodsky). biennium most of the Jews of L. moved to Zhashkiv. 1942 Three Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LITVINOVSKY Pinchas (1894, Novogeorgievsk, Alexandria district. Kherson province - 1985, Jerusalem), painter, graphic artist. In 1910-12 he studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche, in 1913-16 in the Academy of Arts in Petrograd. In 1912, at the invitation of B. Schatz, he came to E.-I. and for over a year he studied at the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts in Jerusalem. In 1919 he settled in Jerusalem. In the 1920s. was under the influence of Rus. avant-garde ("Yemenite Jews", 1924; portrait of Leah Dankenblum, 1925; "At the Western Wall", 1925; "Arab with a Flower", 1926, etc.). From the end. 1930s a multicolored palette, a deep perspective with expressionistically outlined figures against an abstract background (Daughters, 1939; Mothers, 1939, and others) were identified, characteristic of L.'s work. In the last. years of life in the artist's work prevailed Jewish motives (ser. prints "Rabbis", 1980). State Israel Ave (1980).
LITVINSKY Boris Anatolyevich (b. 1923, Tashkent), historian, archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1971), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR (1985). In 1943–45 in Kr. Army. Graduated from East. f-t Central Asia. state un-that in Tashkent (1946), In 1947-51 he taught there, in 1950-51 deputy. dir. Institute of Art History of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, in 1951–71 head. sector of archeology and numismatics of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, hands. excavations of the Buddhist complex Ajine-Tepa, Saka burial mounds, Kushan monuments, etc. Since 1971 scientific. sotr., since 1989 - head. Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1973 beginning. South Taj. archeol. exp. Author of scientific. works on archeology and history Cf. Asia from the era cf. bronzes to the early Middle Ages. Honored. Scientist of the Tajik SSR (1983), Ph.D. German Institute (1981), Italian Institute of the Near and Wed. East (1988). Cit .: Archeol. study of Tajikistan owls. science. Dushanbe, 1954; Antiquities Kairak-Kum. Dushanbe, 1962; Ancient nomads. M., 1972; Tepai Shah. Culture and connections of the Kushans of Bactria. M., 1983 (with A.V. Sedov).
LITHUANIA, a village in the Lubensky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In 1910 three Jewish families lived in Leningrad. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 Jews of L. were killed along with the Jews of Lubny.
LITYACHI, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1424. In the 16-18th centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Latach in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Leningrad from 1641. In 1765, 5 Jewish families lived in Leningrad. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Tolstoy, and in 1943 they were killed there along with the local Jews.
LITYATIN, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 16 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1939, 10 Jews. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Berezhany and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
LIV, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1446 she received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Vengrovsky In 1864, 175 Jews (14.3%) lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 168 (14.4%), in 1921 - 125 Jews. Jews lived in Leningrad from the beginning. 17th century Among the main. small trade and handicrafts predominated. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Lithuania were sent to Treblinka.
LEBANONS, a city (since 1926) in the Preili region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1533. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Livengof Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847, 186 Jews lived in Latvia, in 1897 - 1406 (52%), in 1920 - 632 (33%), in 1925 - 1032 (34 %), in 1930 - 1010 (31%), in 1935 - 981 Jews (28%). 19 - early. 20th century Israel's rabbi was Isser-Yakov Klyachkin (1845–?). In 1910, he worked in Leningrad. E. Wasserman's shop. In 1913, Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a bathhouse, a hotel, 2 hairdressers, a watch workshop, 27 shops (including 6 grocery stores, 4 manufactures, 3 flour shops). Among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants, 6 dressmakers, 3 tailors. In the beginning. 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews left Latvia. In 1915, all the remaining Jews were deported from Leningrad. After 1918, approx. 75% Jews. With the participation of the Joint, the Jewish community was restored. The mutual loan office was opened. In 1922, in favor of the Jewish nat. fund in L. was collected 677 rubles. Most of the Jews of L. were engaged in dec. crafts and small trade. In 1935 Jews owned 44% of the trade. and crafts. production. In the 1920s – 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a club operated at the "Tseirei Zion" cell, branches "Ge-Halutz", "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Gordonia", Beitar, Bund. In 1921 the Jewish beginning was opened. school with teaching in Yiddish, in 1929 - in Hebrew, in 1927 - the Lubavitch yeshiva, in 1930 - children. garden with teaching in Yiddish. 1920–30s. in L. there were 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Until 1925, Zvi-Hirsch Mayofis was the rabbi of Lithuania, and from 1925–39, Avrom-Benjamin Gaitz was occupied by Wehrmacht units on June 29, 1941. Most of the Jews were shot on 4 Sept. 1941. Part of the Jews - sent to the ghettos of Daugavpils and Riga. 7 Jews were hid by a local Catholic. priest. After 1944, 7 Jews returned to Leningrad. There is a monument on the mass grave of the executed. In L., born: Natan Zusmanovich Barkan (Barkman) (1923-2003), rabbi, since 1969 - in Israel, since 1990 - ch. the rabbi of Riga and the Republic of Latvia; Yuda Nisonovich Kremer (1907–1979, Riga), biologist, Dr. Biol. Sciences (1967), prof. (1969), State. pr. LatvSSR (1972).
LIVENGOF, see Lebanon.
LIVENT-LEVIT Samuil Volfovich (1898, Chisinau - 1938, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Captain of the state security. The son is dumb. communist, owls. intelligence officer VM Livent-Levit-Nord (1873-1938). He graduated from high school in Berlin (1918). Since 1918, member. CP of Germany, in 1919-21 imprisoned for the communist. activity. In 1921–25 sotr. trade mission of the USSR in Germany, ed. "Ukr. econom. magazine "(Berlin), ed. Photographic Printing Service Bureau (Berlin and Vienna). Member KP of Austria (since 1923). In 1925–37 sotr. Foreign dep. OGPU-NKVD USSR, illegal. work in the Balkans, Turkey and China. Repressed in 1937.
LIVERTOVSKY Efim Moiseevich (1910, Tarashcha, Kiev province - 1978, Moscow), mechanical engineer, specialist in the field of weapons. Engineer-under-colonel (1944). Studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School (1928–31), at the Leningrad State University. military-mechanical in-those, to-ry graduated in 1934 with a degree in design, research. and production of art. systems. He worked for art. plant number 8 in Podlipki (Moscow region) - foreman, deputy. early shop, technologist s-yes, deputy. ch. Ing. In 1939–42 at Stalingr. s-de "Barricades" (chief technologist, deputy chief engineer). In 1942 he was appointed head. Ing. plant number 592 in Mytishchi (Moscow region), then deputy. dir. Center, art. KB. Since 1944, authorized by the State Defense Committee on the 1st Belorussian Front, head. evacuation of equipment. Since 1946 one of the scientific. hands. Centre. technologist. in-that defense industry. In 1957, he was appointed head. Ing. the plant "Barricades", which produced equipment for the nuclear power industry, builds shipbuilding. and oil. prom-sti. In 1964–78 at the Center. technologist. in-those of the Min-va of the defense industry in Moscow, was engaged in the introduction of advanced technology at the enterprises of the defense industry.
LIVNE (Livenstein) Eliezer (1902, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1975, Jerusalem), politician, publicist. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1923–39, members. Kibbutz Ein Harod. In the 1930s. Representative of the Histadrut in Germany. Took part in the organization of the departure of the Jews of Germany to E.-I. Headed the department. propaganda of Gagana. In 1939–42 - ed. zhurn. "Maarahot"; in 1942–47 he worked in the underground press. In 1948–55 dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. In 1955 he left the party for ideological reasons. considerations. After the Six Day War - one of the founders of the Movement for a United Eretz Yisrael. Author of books on the history of Zionism.
LIVNI Eitan (1919, Grodno - 1991), public and political figure. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1938 he joined ETsEL, in 1944 Art. operational officer, chl. gene. command. Planned and took personal part in pl. combat operations. In 1946 the Brit. authorities and sentenced to 15 years in prison. In 1947 he organized a mass escape of prisoners, sent by ETsEL to Europe to coordinate work in the local branches of the organization. In 1948, the organizer of the explosion in Britain. officers' club in Vienna. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), he returned to the country, commanded the ETsEL regiment and as part of the Givati ​​brigade. After demobilization he was engaged in desks. activity, since 1974 dep. Knesset from the Herut party.
LIVNY, city (since 1708), regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1586.Since 1778 it was a district town of the Oryol governorship, from 1796 it was a province. In 1910 there were 423 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1923 - 343 (1.7%), in 1926 - 302 (1.5%), in 1939 - 140 Jews. In 1910 a synagogue operated in Leningrad and there was a Jewish cemetery. In the end. 1915, approx. 200 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By 1917 Moscow. A branch of ORT organized a labor office in Leningrad. In 1919, Eusektsia, the Eukomissariat (Livensky Emissariat of the Oryol Provincial Commissariat for Jewish Affairs), and a Jewish worker socialist worked in Leningrad. club them. Shimeliovich. In 1919, there was a pogrom in Leningrad by units of the Volunteer Army. 1920s the L. community appealed to J. I. Schneerson with a request to provide financial assistance for the repair of the mikvah. In L., genus: D. M. Mansky; Sergei Mikhailovich Belotserkovsky (b. 1920), lieutenant general-engineer (1975), Dr. sciences, prof, early. Department of Military-air. Ing. academies; Israel Matveevich Lovi (1904-1938, Moscow), early. Glavtorga of the RSFSR, repressed; Leonid Mikhailovich Roshal (b. 1933), pediatric surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1980), since 1990 - member of Brit. associations children. surgeons, since 1992 - organizer and pre. Int. to-that help to children in disasters and wars Worldwide. associations emergency aid and disaster medicine, by approx. 200 scientific. works, "Children's Doctor of the World" (1995).
LIVSHITS Alexander Borisovich (b. 1933, Moscow), variety artist. He graduated from the 1st MMI, participated in the film. amateur performances, where the duet of L. and A.S. Levenbuk was formed. From 1957 L. - artist of the Mosconcert. In the first program "Children's poems for adults" (mainly based on the works of KI Chukovsky L. and Levenbuk, rearranging the semantic accents and finding an extraordinary reading of the poems, made them topical and satirically poignant. The duet was distinguished by high performing culture, masterly mastery of synchronous reading , expressive mise-en-scènes, rich facial expressions and plastics The duet's repertoire included works by FS Kandel, E.N.Uspensky, A.I. Khayt, etc. and others), the artists created concert programs: for children - "To all the kids, trullyats" (1962) and adults - "Bang-bang, or Satirical shots on the misses" (1970). Since 1970, L. and Levenbuk conducted a regular radio broadcast "Baby Monitor ", Where in a funny, entertaining way they explained to children the complex rules of grammar and other school subjects. Winner of the All-Union (1960) and All-Russian (1962) contests of pop artists. Since 1978 - in the USA. Works as a programmer at the Medical Center in New York, periodically takes part tie in radio plays at the radio station "Freedom".
LIVSHITS Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1946, Berlin), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1988), prof. (1990). Graduated from the MINH (1971). In 1974–92 he taught at Moscow. machine tool. in-those, in 1992–94 deputy. hands. Analytic. Center for General Policy of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, in 1994 head. gr. experts under the President of the Russian Federation. Since 1994 pom. President for Economics. questions. 1996–7 - min. Finance of the Russian Federation, in 2000-1 - before. ruled Bank "Russian Credit", since 2001 - Deputy. gene. director "Russian aluminum". Main directions of scientific. research: econ.-mat. methods and models, the concept of econ. reforms, economics in transition, scientific. the basis for the development of econ. strategies taking into account social and political. factors. L. - the author of about 150 publ. works, including monographs.
LIVSHITS Arkady Vladimirovich (b. 1937, Baku), neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1976), prof. (1978). Graduated from Azerb. honey. Institute (1961), worked as a surgeon in the Vladimir region. Since 1966 in the Institute of Surgery named after A.V. Vishnevsky of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, where he organized the department of spinal cord injury; since 1977 - at the Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N.N. Burdenko. On the initiative of L. in this in-those created Vses. center of spinal injury, on the basis of which in 1990 L. created the center "Spinal neurosurgery and electrostimulation of organs." In 1990–93, deputy. dir. in-that. Since 1993 - in Israel. tr. L. dedicated spastic and pain syndromes in spinal cord injuries, issues of neurosurgery, restoration of the innervation of the vascular network and plastic surgery of the pelvic organs. Developed a method of radiofrequency stimulation of recovery processes with complete and partial interruption of the spinal cord. Created a school of specialists in spinal neurosurgery. Works: Spinal cord surgery. M., 1990.
LIVSHITS Benedikt Konstantinovich (Naumovich) (1886, Odessa - 1938), poet, translator. He studied at the Richelieu gymnasium in Odessa. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev (1912). He began publishing in 1909. From 1910 he collaborated in a journal. Apollo in St. Petersburg. In 1912 he entered the group. Russian futurists "Gilea", one of the theorists of this movement. Published on Sat. "Slap in the face of societies, taste", "Trap of judges", "Roaring Parnassus" and others. book verse. "Flute Marsyas", where the influence of the French. Symbolists, came out in 1911 in Kiev. In 1912 he entered the military as a volunteer. service. In 1914, Sat. verse. L. "Wolf Sun", in the same year was called up from the reserve and took part in the 1st world. war. After being wounded and concussed, he was sent to Kiev to serve in the rear. From 1922 he lived in Petrograd. The departure of L. from futurism, which was outlined in 1913, manifested itself in the use of new poetry. receptions and themes in verse. included in Sat. "From the swamp blat" (1922), "Patmos" (1926), and others. L. "One and a half-eyed archer", in which lit. life at the beginning of the century and, in particular, the history of Russian. futurism. The Jewish theme in the poetry of L. - only in satirical. verse, about the case of M. Beilis "Both anti-Semites" (1913). In the 1930s. He was mainly engaged in translations (works by J. Racin, A. Gide, O. de Balzac, V. Hugo, A. Barbusse and others). In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
LIVSHITS Boris Lazarevich (1909, Yekaterinoslav - 1986, Moscow), civil engineer. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1962). He graduated in 1932 Moscow. builds. in-t. After service in Kr. Army since 1935 working as engineer. at a construction site. Since 1938 - in Kr. Army, com. builds. and Ing. parts. In 1945–56 com. builds, connections and start. builds. control decomp. fleets. In 1956, the beginning. management building North. fleet, in 1964–73 Ch. Ing. Ch. military-builds. Department of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. He was awarded 5 orders.
LIVSHITZ David (1898 - 1973, Israel), politician. He graduated from high fur boots in Kiev and Paris. Activist of the youth movements "Dror", "Ge-Halutz" in Poland. Since 1926 - in Paris, one of the leaders of the Poale Zion in France, he published parts. gas. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Sec. branch of the Mapai party in Tel Aviv. Member The Knesset. He was engaged in lit. work and translations. Author of anthologies on the philosophy of socialism.
LIVSHITS Debora Grigorievna (1903, Nizhny Novgorod - 1988, Leningrad), translator. In 1926 she graduated from Leningrad. phonetic. in-t foreign. languages. In 1929–40 he was a bibliographer in libraries of Leningrad. Translated: "Les Miserables" by V. Hugo, "The Three Musketeers" by A. Dumas, "The Thibault Family" by R. Marten du Tar, "The Nun" by D. Diderot, production. R. Bradbury, C. Dickens, A. Conan Doyle, G. de Maupassant, J. Simenon and others.
Elena LIVSHITS (Helen) Yakovlevna (b. 1930, Leningrad), pianist. From 1937 - in Moscow, studied at the Center. muses. school at T.A. Bobovich. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class S.E. Feinberg (1953) and postgraduate studies in class. V.V. Sofronitsky (1959). Since 1960 she has been a soloist of the Mosconcert. She gave concerts in pl. mountains. USSR and abroad as a soloist and in an ensemble with a violinist M.L. Yashvili. She performed together with B.E. Goldstein, M.E. Khomitser, M.Fudzikava. The repertoire of L. sonatas by W.-A. Mozart and L. van Beethoven, fp. op. F. Chopin, 1st volume of "The Well-Tempered Clavier" by J.-S. Bach. L.'s performance is distinguished by expression, sincerity, refined inspiration and self-forgetfulness, combined with high professionalism.
LIVSHITZ Hillel Volfovich (1844 - 1905, Lublin), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1897 - rabbi in Lublin. Author Sat. responses "Beis Hillel" (1889). Son of L. - Yeheskel (1864 - |), rabbi. He was a rabbi in Plock, Kalisz. Participated in the work of the Warsaw Congress of Rabbis in 1910.
LIVSHITS Giler Markovich (Mordukhovich) (1909, Daraganovo, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1983, Minsk), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1961), Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1977), prof. (1962). Graduated from the socialist-economic. Faculty of Minsk ped. Institute (1934), then taught there. In 1941 - in the army. In 1941–44, a teacher at the Kyzyl-Orda pedagogue. in-that. In 1944–83 in the Belarusian state. un-those, at the same time. taught at ped. and legal. in-takh of Minsk. Author of scientific. tr. on the history of dr. Rome and the East, the history of religion, Judaism, biblical studies, Qumran studies, etc., including "The class struggle in Judea and the uprisings against Rome" (1957), "Qumran manuscripts and their ist. meaning "(1959)," Origin and reaction. the essence of Judaism "(1962)," The origin of Christianity in the light of the Dead Sea manuscripts "(1967)," Essays on the historiography of the Bible and early Christianity "(1970), and others. Scientist of the BSSR (1979). Works: Ludwig Feuerbach's Atheism. Minsk, 1978; Essays on the history of atheism in the USSR. 20-30s Minsk, 1985.
LIVSHITS Isaak Grigorievich (1896, Grodno - 1970, Leningrad), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1963). In 1919–23 he studied honey. and ist.-philol. faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1925 he graduated from the Faculty of Societies and Sciences of Leningrad State University. In 1925–48 scientific. sotr. Ying language. and thinking at the same time. in 1929–31 he taught at IlyaZV, in 1938–39 at Leningrad State University and other universities. In 1955-59 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1948-50 and 1959-70 - Leningrad. branch of Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 40 scientific. works on Egyptology, translator, ed. and the author of the comments. to the book. J.-F. Champollion “About Egypt. hieroglyphic. alphabet "(M., 1950).
LIVSHITS Haya Nakhmanovna (party ps. Zhenya, Malaya) (1903, Chisinau - 1929, Cluj, Romania), a member of the underground communist movement in Bessarabia. She graduated from the 2nd Chisinau Jewish wives. prof. uch-shche. Activist of the youth roar. movement, secret. Chisinau underground city committee of the Komsomol (1924–25), at the same time. in 1925 - member. Chisinau K-that CP of Romania. In 1926-28 the 1st sec. Central Committee of the Komsomol of Romania. In 1928 she was arrested and brought in as a defendant in the "114" trial (took place in Cluj). Sentenced to 8 years in prison and 10 years in prison. In prison, she took part in a 45-day hunger strike announced by political prisoners in order to obtain amnesty. She died of exhaustion shortly after the victory of political prisoners.
LIVSHITS Mikhail Ilyich (1914, Penza - 1987, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). He graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1941. He worked in the design bureau of the defense industry - designer, deputy. ch. constructor to test new technology. Author of a number of inventions. Linen. pr. (1959).
LIVSHITS Vladimir Aronovich (b. 1923, Petrograd), orientalist philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1965), prof. (1973). 1941–44 - at the front. He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1948). In 1952–58 scientific. (since 1955, senior scientist) sotr. Ying language. and literature of the Tajik SSR, since 1958 - Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 100 scientific. works on deciphering, analyzing and commenting on ancient Parthian, Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian texts. Ch.-c. Brit. academy (1977). Cit .: Yagnob texts. M.-L., 1957 (et al.); Documents from Nisa. 1st century BC e. M., 1960 (jointly with I.M. Dyakonov); New findings of documents in Staraya Nisa, in collection: Peredneasiat. Sat, vol. 2.M., 1966.
LIVSHITS Yakov Abramovich (1896, Mozyr - 1937, Moscow), statesman. In 1913–15 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, from March 1917 member. RSDLP (b). Participant of Civil. war. In 1919 - early. secret-operational department, deputy. prev. Kiev province. Cheka. Since Aug. 1919 deputy. prev., prev. Chernigov province. Cheka. In 1920 the beginning. operational headquarters of the All-Ukrainian Cheka, deputy. prev. Kharkov province. Cheka. In 1921-22 before. Kiev province. Cheka. Awarded hordes. Of the Red Banner. In 1923–24 deputy. prev. GPU of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1924, deputy. manager of the Donugol trust in Kharkov, from 1930 beginning. Yuzh., Then Sev.-Kavk. and Moscow-Kursk railway. Since 1935, deputy. People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. In 1923-28, a member of the Trotskyist, opposition, in January. 1928 expelled from the party, in Feb. 1929 restored after admitting "mistakes". In 1936 he was arrested, in January. 1937 at the trial in the case of the so-called. "Parallel Trotskyist Center" was sentenced to capital punishment. Shot.
LIVSHITS Yakov Davydovich (1907, Kiev - 1987, ibid.), Civil engineer, specialist in the field of structural mechanics and bridge construction. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1955), prof. (1956). Graduated in 1930 from the Faculty of Ing. ways of communication of the Kiev Industrial Institute. Engineer worked. in the Office for the construction of large bridges. Since 1932 Assoc. Kiev Aviation in-that. Since 1945 he taught at the Kiev Automobile and Road Institute (since 1955 head of the department of building structures and bridges). tr. on the issues of calculating Zh.-b. bridge structures. Created scientific. school of specialists in the design of bridges, taking into account the influence of long-term processes. The author of the course builds, the mechanics of aircraft (1944), the monograph “Calculation of the railway. structures taking into account the effect of shrinkage and creep of concrete ”(1971). Honored. active Science of the Ukrainian SSR (1977). Works: Road bridges (roadway). Kiev, 1980 (co-author); Examples of calculation of w.-b. bridges. Kiev, 1986 (et al.)
LIVSHITS Yuri Vladimirovich (b. 1921, Krasnodar), architect, specialist in the design of industrial buildings and structures. In 1952 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: Akhan-Garansky complex is building. materials and plastics in the UzSSR (1957), Volzhsky avt. zd (VAZ, 1970), Kamsky automobile plant (KamAZ, 1975), project of the Tobolsk chemical. comb-that (1983).
LIZEN Alexander Mikhailovich (real family member Lizenberg) (1911, Gaidaki of Starokonstantinovsky district of Volyn province - 2000, Lvov), writer. In 1923 L. joined "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", continued the Zionist. activities in Moscow. In 1929 he was arrested. In 1930–33 he was imprisoned in the Chelyabinsk political isolator, then three years in exile. After his release he lived in Kiev. Member of the 1941–45 war. Externally graduated from Lviv econom. Institute, worked as an accountant. He made his debut in the literature with a story in Ukrainian. lang. in the journal. "Zhovten". He began publishing in Yiddish in 1970 in a journal. "Sovetish gameland", then into gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". Mn. manuf. L. talk about the fate of the Jewish town in Ukraine, about the war. L. - the author of stories, essays, literary critic. articles. Among the book. L. in ukr. lang., publ. in 1966–90 in Lviv: “Monument”, “Root of Good”, “And Spring Has Come Again”, etc., in Yiddish: “Nohemke Esreg” (M., 1981), “Ale kolirn funem regnboign” (“All colors rainbow ". M., 1984). In 1988 he organized in Lvov the Society of Jewish Culture. Sholem Aleichem.
LEDOV Constantine (real name and surname Vitold-Konstantin Rosenblum) (1862 - 1937, Brussels), writer, translator. Rod. in the family of a doctor. From the beginning. 1880s was printed in decomp. humorous. ed. In the 1890s. spoke with critical art. In 1890 publ. verse, cycle "On Biblical Themes." In 1892 the first rum was published. L. "Litsedei". In the late 1880s and in the 1890s. was published in the journal. "Sunrise". The author of several. Sat. stories for children. Sat. verse. "Echoes of the Soul" (1899) was awarded in 1901 lit. etc. them. A.S. Pushkin. Translated from him. and Polish. lang. In the 1910s. was engaged in a computer. activities, composing romances and plays for FP. Since 1914 - in exile (France, Switzerland, Belgium). Released in Brussels several. book about rus. poets of the 19th century (in French) Vol .: A large book for small children. St. Petersburg - M., 1884; Poems. SPb., 1890; The desert listens. SPb., 1903; Without size and consonance. SPb., 1911; Against the stream. From the said and the unsaid for 50 years. Brussels, 1926.
L'GOV, city, regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 12th century like Olga. From 1779 it was the district town of the Kursk governorship, then the province. In 1910, 88 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1926 - 183 (2.5%), in 1939 - 73 Jews. In 1910 Leningrad had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.27 oct. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of L. who did not have time to evacuate were shot. 1990s there is a Hesed branch in Leningrad.
LVOV (real family member Kogan) Mikhail Lvovich (1928, Odessa - 1989, Moscow), actor. He lost his father early, to-ry in 1935 was arrested and shot. At the end of the acting department Leningrad. theater. Institute (1949) - in Moscow. t-re satire. Here he played Mishka in "Wedding with a Dowry" by N.M. Dyakonov (1950). After serving in the army (1954) - in the troupe of the Moscow. t-ra them. Mossovet. Played by St. 50 poignant and dramas, roles. A brilliant comedian, L. successfully performed the roles of Skotinin ("The Minor" by D.I.Fonvizin, 1960), Falstaff ("The Little Wives of Windsor" by W. Shakespeare, 1967), Mr. Lazic ("Both" by B. Nushich, 1981) and Dr. Subtlety psychologist. analysis noted the performance of the roles of Kazarin ("Masquerade" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1967), Svidrigailov ("Petersburg Dreams" by F.M.Dostoyevsky, 1969), King Philip ("Don Carlos" by F. Schiller, 1976) and others. , significant work in t-re - chief of police ("The King and the Police" S. Mrozhek, 1988). Nar. art. RSFSR (1981).
LVOV Alexander Abramovich (1912, Yekaterinoslav - 1994, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1973), prof. (1980). After graduating from the Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Ing. railroad transport in 1938 assistant of the department "Carriages", then graduate student. 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945, assistant of the department "General course of f. etc. ", since 1949 Assoc. department "Cars", at the same time. deputy. early n.-i. sector, then Art. lecturer of the department "Wagon economy". Since 1963 at the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways in Moscow (senior scientific worker, since 1972 head of the laboratory of the department of complex tests). scientific. work related to priority research. stability of movement of rolling stock. Developed a theoretical. foundations of the stability of the movement of cars, proposed new methods for testing cars and calculating the dynamics and longitudinal vibrations. Author of over 125 scientific. works, 4 inventions.
LVOV Arkady Lvovich (b. 1927, Odessa), writer. Graduated from Odessa University (1951). Worked as a teacher. Published since 1965. In production. L. means that the place is occupied by the Jewish theme. In 1966–72, collections of stories and novellas were published in Moscow and Odessa: “The collapse of the Odessa patent”, “Celacanthus Boulevard”, “The Big Sun of Odessa”, “Two Deaths of Caesar Rossolino”, “Summer in Odessa”, “Tell Yourself, Who are you". Since 1976 - in the USA. Rum written before emigration. Dvor (1968–72) was first published. in French lang. (1979), in Russian. - in Munich, in 2 books, in 1981–82. On Sat. "A businessman from Odessa" (Munich, 1981) includes stories written in the West, telling about the clashes between emigrants from the USSR and Amer. reality. Six art., Dedicated. "Russian-Jewish" writers (IE Babel, EG Bagritsky, MA Svetlov and others), compiled collection of articles. Satisfied with Sorrow (New York, 1984).
LVOV Pavel Pesakh Ruvimovich (1880, Kiev - 1913, Nervi, Italy), composer. Studied at the Kiev muses. school at S.M. Blumenfeld by class. php. and music theory. In 1903 he studied in Moscow under the direction of. S.I. Taneeva counterpoint. In 1911 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class comp. and music theory from N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.K. Lyadov and M.O.Steinberg. Was one of the founders (1908) of the Jewish Nar. music in St. Petersburg. L. author of symph., Symph. poems "Bacchanalia", "Eastern Tale", chamber instrumental. production, romances. Did processing of Jewish bunks. songs. Together with A.M. Zhitomirsky he harmonized the Jewish nar. melodies collected by Z. Kiselgof.
LVOVICH Mark Isaakovich (b. 1906, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya province), hydrologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1942), prof. (1947). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. In 1924–52, while working at the State. hydrological institute (in 1943–48 - deputy director of the institute). In 1930–34 hands. research in the D. East and Center. all. service hydrologist, forecasts (1937–41). In 1941–45 he took part in a hydrologist, providing for the army. Since 1952 - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1960 - Head of the Department of Hydrology). tr. dedicated peace. water. balance and waters. the balance of the USSR, the typology of the regime of the rivers of the USSR and the globe, the basics of the integrated use and protection of waters. resources, methodology of long-term forecasts of water conditions. resources, water. components of the natural environment. The author of the first world in the USSR. river runoff maps and method for calculating river runoff transformations and water balance agronomical. and forest reclamation measures. He founded the "soil" direction in hydrology. Theoretically substantiated the important role of soil infiltration capacity. In 1930–36 he was engaged in the study and artificial activation of the processes of accumulation of heavy metals. minerals in channel deposits of gold-bearing rivers. Pres. Surface Water Commission Int. Association of Hydrological Sciences (1971–74). Vol .: Elements of the water regime of the world's rivers. M.-Sverdlovsk, 1945; Man and water. M., 1963; Rivers of the USSR. M., 1971.
LVOV, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1841 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Kherson u. and lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. village council of Berislavsky district, Kherson env. (since 1930 - in the Kalinindorf Jewish national district of the Kherson environs.) In 1859, 1060 people lived in Leningrad, in 1887 - 1356 people, in 1897 - 1338 Jews (95.4%), in 1926 - 1356 (96.5%), in 1931 - 908 Jews (58.6%).
LVOVSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Podolsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 28 Jews (0.2%) lived in Leningrad.
LYUTON Val (Leventon Vladimir) (1904, Yalta, Tauride Gubernia - 1951, Los Angeles), screenwriter, producer, writer. In 1911 he emigrated with his parents to the United States. In the cinema from the beginning. 1930s, assistant to D. Selznik. Published rum. and poems under ps. K.Kate and K.Forbs. Since 1942 - hands. dep. the "Radio Corporation" company for the production of "horror films". Issued many. f., which have become classics in this genre, including "The Feline People" (1942), "The Seventh Victim" (1943), "The Curse of the Feline People" (1944), "The Island of the Dead" (1945), "Psychiatric Hospital" (1946), "Please, believe me" (1950).
LOBACHOV, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery stores and 2 timber warehouses.
LOBACHOVKA, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn Gubernia. 193 Jews (19.6%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. In 1942 the Jews of Leningrad were deported to the Gorokhov ghetto and at the beginning. Sep 1942 shot together with local Jews.
LOBEL (Löbel) Solomon Moiseevich (1910, Iasi, Romania - 1981, Chisinau), composer, teacher. He studied law. f-those of Yassky un-that and simultaneously. was engaged in cons. I. Sibianu and A. Burado (php.), K. Djordgescu (music theory). From 1931 he lived in Bucharest. In 1938–40 he studied at the Bucharest muses. Academy under F. Muzichesku (fp.), M. Zhora (counterpoint), did not graduate, because in 1940 he was arrested as a communist. Having moved illegally to the USSR, he continued his studies at the cons. in cl. comp. Sh.Nyagi. In 1941–45 in the army, hands. ans. Red Army amateur performances. In 1949 he graduated from the Chisinau cons. by class comp. L.S.Gurova, in a cut since 1948 taught a course of special. harmony (since 1979 prof.). Symphony prevails in composing. genres. L. - the author of the first symph., In a cut used intonation. build bunk. Moldovan music. Among the Op. - 7 symphony. (1949–77); concerts with orchestra - for violin (1956), fp. (1978); 3 strings, quartets (1968–78); 4 sonatas and other pieces for piano, romances, songs, arrangements of nar. songs; choirs, including "The Poem of Chaya Lifshits" to the words of A. Delyan for mixed choir without accompaniment and soloist (1965). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the MSSR (1960).
LOBINO, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Velizhsky u. Vitebsk lips. In the 1930s. - in Smolensk, from 1944 - in the Velikie Luki region. In 1898, 40 Jews lived in Leningrad, renting 100 dess. land.
LOBKOV Zalman Iudovich (1898, Tobolsk - 1919, Ufa), revolutionary. In the Tyumen commercial uch-shche became interested in Tolstoyism; was expelled from the school. In 1914 he was arrested for spreading anti-war. leaflets. After his release, in 1915, he became close to the Social-Democrats. in circles. After Feb. revolution of 1917 before. Omsk organization of the RSDLP (b), after Oct. Revolutionary Commissioner of Finance in Omsk. In 1918, members. Ural region to-that RCP (b). From Dec. 1918 illegal. work. He was arrested and shot.
LOBNYA, city (since 1961) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1902 as a settlement at the railway. stations in Moscow province. In 1989, 166 Jews (0.3%) lived in Leningrad.
LODEYNOE POLE, city, regional center in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1702.Since 1785 - a district town of the Olonets governorate, since 1796 - a provincial town of Novgorod province, since 1801 - a district town of Olonets province.In 1910, 13 Jews lived in LP, in 1926 - 93 Jews (1.3%) ...
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛОДЗЬ, город, центр Лодзинского воеводства (Республика Польша). В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – уездный город Петроковской губ.В 1793 в Л. проживало 11 евреев (5,8%), в 1808 – 58 (13,3%), в 1820 – 259, в 1827 – 397 (14%), в 1856 – 2286 (11,7%), в 1897 – 98 676 (31,8%), в 1910 – 166 628 (40,7%), в 1921 – 156 155 (34,5%), в 1931 – 202 497 (33,5%), в 1939 – ок. 233 000 (ок. 30%), в 1946 – ок. 15 000, в сер. 1980-х гг. – ок. 50 евреев.Евреи жили в Л. со 2-й пол. 18 в. В 1809 сформировалась община, в 1811 было заложено еврейское кладбище, в 1822 построена первая синагога. В 1825 были введены нек-рые ограничения для евреев (отменены в 1862). Среди евреев Л. были александровские, гурские, коцкие хасиды. Раввинами в Л. были: в 1818–24 – Пинхас Гелер, в 1825–32 – Мендл-Вольф Иерозолимский, в 1832–56 – коцкий хасид Иехезкель Номберг (?–1856), в 1857–73 – Мойше Лившиц (?–1873), в 1873–1912 – Элиягу-Хаим Майзель (1841–1912), к-рый основал в 1873 первую в городе талмуд-тору, с 1913 – гурский хасид Элиэзер-Элиягу Трайстман (?–1923). В 1899–1912 действовала иешива «Махзикей дас», в 1912 была открыта иешива «Торас хесэд».После выселения евреев из Москвы (1891–92) нек-рые еврейские фабриканты перевели свои предприятия в Л.С 1885 в Л. действовали еврейские приюты для девиц на 350 мест и летняя колония. Функционировала еврейская б-ка, устраивались публичные лекции. С 1890 работала еврейская больница Познанского на 100 коек (за год в ней лечилось св. 1500 чел., в амбулатории – ок. 70 тыс. пациентов). В 1898 было основано Еврейское об-во благотворительности, при к-ром имелись ссудная касса, дешевая кухня, дом трудолюбия, приют для калек и паралитиков, дешевые квартиры, ночлежный дом. Действовали также об-ва помощи на случай болезни «Линас га-Хойлим» и «Линас га-Цедек», об-ва беспроцентных ссуд для женщин. В 1902 выходцы из Л. организовали в США землячество. С 1905 раввином был Йосеф Розенберг (1876–?).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди еврейских рабочих Л. активно действовали Бунд, «Поалей Цион», Польск. соц. партия. С 1897 в Л. работали сионистские кружки, позднее ставшие основой для орг-ций «Атерес Цион», «Тиквос Цион», «Бнос Цион», «Кадима», «Анафей Цион». Сионистскими кругами была основана талмуд-тора, в к-рой училось ок. 800 чел. В 1900 действовала подпольная типография Бунда. 1 мая 1901 Бунд организовал первую в Л. кр. политич. демонстрацию (2 тыс. участников); еврейские рабочие принимали активное участие в рев-ции 1905–07.К нач. 20 в. евреям Л. принадлежали 159 из 305 пром. пр-тий. В 1914 евреи Л. владели 175 ф-ками (33,3%), из к-рых 150 были текстильными. Среди рабочих города было 27 385 евреев (32,9%). В 1910 был открыт Еврейский банк взаимопомощи, основан первый профсоюз еврейских ремесленников. В 1912 Бунд организовал в Л. забастовки протеста против антисемитской политики правительства и дела М.М.Бейлиса. В 1912 в Л. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. Деп. Гос. Думы от Л. был избран М.Бомаш.В мае 1910 было открыто информбюро для эмигрантов. Работало еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, уч-ся к-рого устроили кооперативную ф-ку, считавшуюся образцом для подобных пр-тий. Работали еврейские больницы, б-ки; лит.-муз. об-во «Га-Замир» пропагандировало культуру на иврите. В 1911 И.Каценельсон основал ср. школу с преподаванием на иврите, в 1912 он же организовал в Л. т-р на иврите «Габима га-Иврит» (были также драм. труппы на идише). В 1912 Мордхе Брауде основал гимназию с преподаванием на иврите (первую в Рос. империи). Выходили газеты на идише: «Лодзер тогблат» (1908), «Лодзер моргнблат» (1912), «Лодзер фолксблат» (1915).В 1916 была открыта школа для девочек с преподаванием на иврите и польск. яз. В 1918 Бунд открыл школу и дет. сад им. В.Медема. В 1922 в Л. работало еврейское изд-во «Лазарь Кон». В 1923 начала выходить газ. «Найе Фольксблат».В июле 1922 уланы 18-го Торнского полка напали на евреев на Калишском вокзале Л.; вмешательство полиции предотвратило погром. В 1929 в Л. резко усилились антисемитские настроения со стороны поляков и немцев. Отмечены случаи нападения на евреев, их избиений и убийств.В 1930-х гг. основные сферы экономич. деятельности евреев Л. – текстильная пром-сть, торговля, столярное ремесло; многие работали в стр-ве, в т. ч. дорожном. Большое влияние имели сионистские партии, Бунд, «Агудас Исроэль». В кон. 1930-х гг. в Л. действовал центр подготовки к труду в Э.-И. Работали театральные группы, т-р сатиры под рук. М.Бродерзона, создавшего в Л. первый в мире кукольный т-р на идише «Га гадья».8 сент. 1939 части вермахта оккупировали город, к-рый был присоединен к Германии под назв. Лицманштадт. С сент. 1939 по май 1940 мн. евреи бежали из Л. в Варшаву и на терр. СССР. В февр. 1940 было создано гетто. На терр. в 4 кв. км было размещено 164 тыс. евреев Л., к к-рым вскоре присоединили 20 тыс. евреев и 5 тыс. цыган из Германии, Австрии, Чехословакии и Люксембурга. Был создан юденрат, к-рый возглавил Х.-М.Румковский. В гетто нелегально работали разл. еврейские орг-ции. В подполье действовали десятки миньянов. В 1940–43 выходным днем в гетто была суббота. В янв. – мае 1942 была проведена массовая депортация евреев в лагерь смерти Хелмно. С янв. по окт. 1942 население гетто сократилось со 162 681 до 89 446 чел. Еврейское самоуправление и часть созданных им орг-ций были ликвидированы. Гетто стало лагерем принудит. труда; к апр. 1943 в нем было 119 ф-к, где работало 90% узников гетто, в т. ч. дети с 8 лет. В июле – авг. 1944 почти все население гетто было депортировано в Освенцим.В освобождении Л. в янв. 1945 принимал участие понтонно-мостовой полк под ком. подполк. Артема Михайловича Трахтенберга. К освобождению Л. сов. войсками в янв. 1945 в гетто оставалось ок. 900 евреев. После освобождения был создан еврейский совет – Центр. еврейская комиссия. В 1946–47 Л. – один из центров концентрации спасшихся евреев Польши перед их выездом из страны. Работали еврейский т-р, множество еврейских орг-ций, выходило ок. 20 переводных изданий на иврите, идише и польск. яз. В 1945 была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. В кон. 1950-х гг. языком преподавания стал польский. В 1950 деятельность всех еврейских орг-ций была прекращена. В 1956–57 б. ч. евреев города выехала в Израиль, большинство оставшихся покинули Л. в 1968–69. В 1969 была закрыта еврейская школа.В Л. род.: О.Н.Абдулов, Я.-Я.Адлер, И.Арази, И.Берлинер, Я.М.Букшпан, П.Голдхар, В. Гуревич, С.М.Гуревич, Б.Зильберштейн, Н.Каро, А.Кацир, П.Клецки, И.К.Коген, М.Д.Кокин, Ж.Корманова, Э.Ливнэ, С.Г.Маковер, Б.Минц, Б.А.Песис, А.И.Плеснер, З.Рабан, И.Райзнер, Д.Э.Розенталь, А.Рубинштейн, И.Рыбкинд, А.В.Сломянский, И.-М.А.Сохачевский, И.Табаксблат, А.Тансман, М.Таубе, А.Тененбойм, Ю.Тувим, Ж.Файтлович, М.Фактор, Ш.Франк, В.Фришман, М.Г.Харлап, А.С.Чапский, Б.Е.Черток, Р.Шалит-Маркус, А.Шик, А.-З.Эшколи, И.С.Яссер; Иегуда-Меер Абрамович (р. 1914), один из лидеров партии «Агудат Исраэль», с 1935 – в Э.И., деп. Кнессета 7–9-го созывов; Гирш Берлинский (1908–1944, Варшава), один из руководителей восстания в Варшавском гетто; Морис Блюм (1899–1974, Кламар, Франция), художник, с 1924 – во Франции; Тувья Божиновский (1911–1959), один из основателей музея в кибуце «Лохамей га-Гетаот», автор кн. «Среди падающих стен»; Лев Александрович Борович (Розенталь) (1896–1937), сотрудник воен. разведки, дивизионный комиссар (1935), репрессирован; Казимеж Брандыс (р. 1916), писатель, автор тетралогии «Между войнами» (1947–51), Гос. пр. Польши (1950); Артур Браунер (р. 1918), кинопродюсер, с 1946 – в Зап. Германии, продюсер более 200 фильмов; Рафаэль Варди (р. 1922), ген.-майор, с 1932 – в Э.-И.; Аврагам Вердигер (р. 1921), политич. деятель, с 1977 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 6–8-го, 11–12-го созывов от «Поалей Агудат Исраэль» и «Мораши»; Хаим Гловинский (1902–1986), с 1920 – в Э.-И., в 1938–54 – пред. Федерации футбола Э.-И., затем Израиля, в 1959–65 – пред. Федерации спорта Израиля, в 1968–73 – пред. Федерации баскетбола Израиля; Аврагам-Рафаэль Дрори (Кузинецкий) (1919–1964, Тель-Авив), с 1934 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 4–5-го созывов от партии «Херут»; Цви Замир (Жаржевский) (р. 1925), ген.-майор (1961), с 1925 – в Э.-И., в 1968–74 – рук. Моссада; Иосиф Исаевич Зильберт (1899–1939, Москва), дивизионный комиссар (1935), в 1924–26 – воен. советник в Китае, сотрудник воен. разведки, нач. науч.-испытат. ин-та ВВС РККА, репрессирован; Регина Каплан (Зося Львовна Цитрин) (1908–?), парт. деятель, с 1932 – на нелег. работе в Польше, в 1933–39 – в заключении в Польше, с июля 1941 – отв. ред. польск. ред. Всесоюз. радиокомитета, в 1944 – нач. политотдела Польск. партиз. штаба, в 1946–47 – зав. отд. истории партии ЦК ППР, нагр. орд. «Крест Грюнвальда»; Йоханан Коэн (р. 1917), с 1937 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 3-го созыва от Прогрессивной партии, в 1960–83 – сотрудник МИДа, в т. ч. посол в Румынии и Финляндии; Рудольф Морис Левенстейн (1908–1976), психоаналитик, д-р медицины (1923), с 1942 – в США, в 1950–52 – през. Нью-Йоркского психологич. ин-та, в 1957–58 – през. Амер. психоаналитич. ассоциации, в 1965–67 – вице-през. Междунар. психоаналитич. ассоциации; Цви Лурье (1906–1968, Эйн-Шомер, Израиль), с 1925 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» и МАПАМ, подписал Декларацию Независимости Гос-ва Израиль; Моше-Цви Нерия (1913–1995), раввин, с 1930 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров религ. сионизма, деп. Кнессета 7-го созыва от МАФДАЛ, Гос. пр. Израиля (1978); Густав (Яков) Карлович Рваль-Винтер-Райхер (1900–1938, Москва), представитель Политбюро ЦК КП Польши при Политбюро ЦК КП Испании, репрессирован; Нюта Тейтенбаум (1918–1942), активный участник Сопротивления в Польше, посм. нагр. орд. «Крест Грюнвальда»; Шмуэль Флато-Шарон (Шаевич) (р. 1930), с 1972 – в Израиле, деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва; Шмуэль Хиршенберг (1865–1908), художник, в посл. 10 лет жизни в его творчестве преобладала еврейская тема; Александр Форд (1908–1980, Флорида, США), кинорежиссер, сценарист, один из организаторов и рук. к/ст Войска Польского (1943), Гос. пр. ПНР (1954, 1960), в 1969 выехал из Польши; Сара Штерн-Катан (р. 1919), с 1947 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва от МАФДАЛ, в 1984–96 возглавляла жен. религ.-сионистскую орг-цию «Эмуна», Гос. пр. Израиля (1998). В Л. жили и работали И.Каценельсон, И.-И. Трунк, Д.С.Фришман., pronunciation=ЛОДЗЬ, город, центр Лодзинского воеводства (Республика Польша). В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – уездный город Петроковской губ.В 1793 в Л. проживало 11 евреев (5,8%), в 1808 – 58 (13,3%), в 1820 – 259, в 1827 – 397 (14%), в 1856 – 2286 (11,7%), в 1897 – 98 676 (31,8%), в 1910 – 166 628 (40,7%), в 1921 – 156 155 (34,5%), в 1931 – 202 497 (33,5%), в 1939 – ок. 233 000 (ок. 30%), в 1946 – ок. 15 000, в сер. 1980-х гг. – ок. 50 евреев.Евреи жили в Л. со 2-й пол. 18 в. В 1809 сформировалась община, в 1811 было заложено еврейское кладбище, в 1822 построена первая синагога. В 1825 были введены нек-рые ограничения для евреев (отменены в 1862). Среди евреев Л. были александровские, гурские, коцкие хасиды. Раввинами в Л. были: в 1818–24 – Пинхас Гелер, в 1825–32 – Мендл-Вольф Иерозолимский, в 1832–56 – коцкий хасид Иехезкель Номберг (?–1856), в 1857–73 – Мойше Лившиц (?–1873), в 1873–1912 – Элиягу-Хаим Майзель (1841–1912), к-рый основал в 1873 первую в городе талмуд-тору, с 1913 – гурский хасид Элиэзер-Элиягу Трайстман (?–1923). В 1899–1912 действовала иешива «Махзикей дас», в 1912 была открыта иешива «Торас хесэд».После выселения евреев из Москвы (1891–92) нек-рые еврейские фабриканты перевели свои предприятия в Л.С 1885 в Л. действовали еврейские приюты для девиц на 350 мест и летняя колония. Функционировала еврейская б-ка, устраивались публичные лекции. С 1890 работала еврейская больница Познанского на 100 коек (за год в ней лечилось св. 1500 чел., в амбулатории – ок. 70 тыс. пациентов). В 1898 было основано Еврейское об-во благотворительности, при к-ром имелись ссудная касса, дешевая кухня, дом трудолюбия, приют для калек и паралитиков, дешевые квартиры, ночлежный дом. Действовали также об-ва помощи на случай болезни «Линас га-Хойлим» и «Линас га-Цедек», об-ва беспроцентных ссуд для женщин. В 1902 выходцы из Л. организовали в США землячество. С 1905 раввином был Йосеф Розенберг (1876–?).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди еврейских рабочих Л. активно действовали Бунд, «Поалей Цион», Польск. соц. партия. С 1897 в Л. работали сионистские кружки, позднее ставшие основой для орг-ций «Атерес Цион», «Тиквос Цион», «Бнос Цион», «Кадима», «Анафей Цион». Сионистскими кругами была основана талмуд-тора, в к-рой училось ок. 800 чел. В 1900 действовала подпольная типография Бунда. 1 мая 1901 Бунд организовал первую в Л. кр. политич. демонстрацию (2 тыс. участников); еврейские рабочие принимали активное участие в рев-ции 1905–07.К нач. 20 в. евреям Л. принадлежали 159 из 305 пром. пр-тий. В 1914 евреи Л. владели 175 ф-ками (33,3%), из к-рых 150 были текстильными. Среди рабочих города было 27 385 евреев (32,9%). В 1910 был открыт Еврейский банк взаимопомощи, основан первый профсоюз еврейских ремесленников. В 1912 Бунд организовал в Л. забастовки протеста против антисемитской политики правительства и дела М.М.Бейлиса. В 1912 в Л. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. Деп. Гос. Думы от Л. был избран М.Бомаш.В мае 1910 было открыто информбюро для эмигрантов. Работало еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, уч-ся к-рого устроили кооперативную ф-ку, считавшуюся образцом для подобных пр-тий. Работали еврейские больницы, б-ки; лит.-муз. об-во «Га-Замир» пропагандировало культуру на иврите. В 1911 И.Каценельсон основал ср. школу с преподаванием на иврите, в 1912 он же организовал в Л. т-р на иврите «Габима га-Иврит» (были также драм. труппы на идише). В 1912 Мордхе Брауде основал гимназию с преподаванием на иврите (первую в Рос. империи). Выходили газеты на идише: «Лодзер тогблат» (1908), «Лодзер моргнблат» (1912), «Лодзер фолксблат» (1915).В 1916 была открыта школа для девочек с преподаванием на иврите и польск. яз. В 1918 Бунд открыл школу и дет. сад им. В.Медема. В 1922 в Л. работало еврейское изд-во «Лазарь Кон». В 1923 начала выходить газ. «Найе Фольксблат».В июле 1922 уланы 18-го Торнского полка напали на евреев на Калишском вокзале Л.; вмешательство полиции предотвратило погром. В 1929 в Л. резко усилились антисемитские настроения со стороны поляков и немцев. Отмечены случаи нападения на евреев, их избиений и убийств.В 1930-х гг. основные сферы экономич. деятельности евреев Л. – текстильная пром-сть, торговля, столярное ремесло; многие работали в стр-ве, в т. ч. дорожном. Большое влияние имели сионистские партии, Бунд, «Агудас Исроэль». В кон. 1930-х гг. в Л. действовал центр подготовки к труду в Э.-И. Работали театральные группы, т-р сатиры под рук. М.Бродерзона, создавшего в Л. первый в мире кукольный т-р на идише «Га гадья».8 сент. 1939 части вермахта оккупировали город, к-рый был присоединен к Германии под назв. Лицманштадт. С сент. 1939 по май 1940 мн. евреи бежали из Л. в Варшаву и на терр. СССР. В февр. 1940 было создано гетто. На терр. в 4 кв. км было размещено 164 тыс. евреев Л., к к-рым вскоре присоединили 20 тыс. евреев и 5 тыс. цыган из Германии, Австрии, Чехословакии и Люксембурга. Был создан юденрат, к-рый возглавил Х.-М.Румковский. В гетто нелегально работали разл. еврейские орг-ции. В подполье действовали десятки миньянов. В 1940–43 выходным днем в гетто была суббота. В янв. – мае 1942 была проведена массовая депортация евреев в лагерь смерти Хелмно. С янв. по окт. 1942 население гетто сократилось со 162 681 до 89 446 чел. Еврейское самоуправление и часть созданных им орг-ций были ликвидированы. Гетто стало лагерем принудит. труда; к апр. 1943 в нем было 119 ф-к, где работало 90% узников гетто, в т. ч. дети с 8 лет. В июле – авг. 1944 почти все население гетто было депортировано в Освенцим.В освобождении Л. в янв. 1945 принимал участие понтонно-мостовой полк под ком. подполк. Артема Михайловича Трахтенберга. К освобождению Л. сов. войсками в янв. 1945 в гетто оставалось ок. 900 евреев. После освобождения был создан еврейский совет – Центр. еврейская комиссия. В 1946–47 Л. – один из центров концентрации спасшихся евреев Польши перед их выездом из страны. Работали еврейский т-р, множество еврейских орг-ций, выходило ок. 20 переводных изданий на иврите, идише и польск. яз. В 1945 была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. В кон. 1950-х гг. языком преподавания стал польский. В 1950 деятельность всех еврейских орг-ций была прекращена. В 1956–57 б. ч. евреев города выехала в Израиль, большинство оставшихся покинули Л. в 1968–69. В 1969 была закрыта еврейская школа.В Л. род.: О.Н.Абдулов, Я.-Я.Адлер, И.Арази, И.Берлинер, Я.М.Букшпан, П.Голдхар, В. Гуревич, С.М.Гуревич, Б.Зильберштейн, Н.Каро, А.Кацир, П.Клецки, И.К.Коген, М.Д.Кокин, Ж.Корманова, Э.Ливнэ, С.Г.Маковер, Б.Минц, Б.А.Песис, А.И.Плеснер, З.Рабан, И.Райзнер, Д.Э.Розенталь, А.Рубинштейн, И.Рыбкинд, А.В.Сломянский, И.-М.А.Сохачевский, И.Табаксблат, А.Тансман, М.Таубе, А.Тененбойм, Ю.Тувим, Ж.Файтлович, М.Фактор, Ш.Франк, В.Фришман, М.Г.Харлап, А.С.Чапский, Б.Е.Черток, Р.Шалит-Маркус, А.Шик, А.-З.Эшколи, И.С.Яссер; Иегуда-Меер Абрамович (р. 1914), один из лидеров партии «Агудат Исраэль», с 1935 – в Э.И., деп. Кнессета 7–9-го созывов; Гирш Берлинский (1908–1944, Варшава), один из руководителей восстания в Варшавском гетто; Морис Блюм (1899–1974, Кламар, Франция), художник, с 1924 – во Франции; Тувья Божиновский (1911–1959), один из основателей музея в кибуце «Лохамей га-Гетаот», автор кн. «Среди падающих стен»; Лев Александрович Борович (Розенталь) (1896–1937), сотрудник воен. разведки, дивизионный комиссар (1935), репрессирован; Казимеж Брандыс (р. 1916), писатель, автор тетралогии «Между войнами» (1947–51), Гос. пр. Польши (1950); Артур Браунер (р. 1918), кинопродюсер, с 1946 – в Зап. Германии, продюсер более 200 фильмов; Рафаэль Варди (р. 1922), ген.-майор, с 1932 – в Э.-И.; Аврагам Вердигер (р. 1921), политич. деятель, с 1977 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 6–8-го, 11–12-го созывов от «Поалей Агудат Исраэль» и «Мораши»; Хаим Гловинский (1902–1986), с 1920 – в Э.-И., в 1938–54 – пред. Федерации футбола Э.-И., затем Израиля, в 1959–65 – пред. Федерации спорта Израиля, в 1968–73 – пред. Федерации баскетбола Израиля; Аврагам-Рафаэль Дрори (Кузинецкий) (1919–1964, Тель-Авив), с 1934 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 4–5-го созывов от партии «Херут»; Цви Замир (Жаржевский) (р. 1925), ген.-майор (1961), с 1925 – в Э.-И., в 1968–74 – рук. Моссада; Иосиф Исаевич Зильберт (1899–1939, Москва), дивизионный комиссар (1935), в 1924–26 – воен. советник в Китае, сотрудник воен. разведки, нач. науч.-испытат. ин-та ВВС РККА, репрессирован; Регина Каплан (Зося Львовна Цитрин) (1908–?), парт. деятель, с 1932 – на нелег. работе в Польше, в 1933–39 – в заключении в Польше, с июля 1941 – отв. ред. польск. ред. Всесоюз. радиокомитета, в 1944 – нач. политотдела Польск. партиз. штаба, в 1946–47 – зав. отд. истории партии ЦК ППР, нагр. орд. «Крест Грюнвальда»; Йоханан Коэн (р. 1917), с 1937 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 3-го созыва от Прогрессивной партии, в 1960–83 – сотрудник МИДа, в т. ч. посол в Румынии и Финляндии; Рудольф Морис Левенстейн (1908–1976), психоаналитик, д-р медицины (1923), с 1942 – в США, в 1950–52 – през. Нью-Йоркского психологич. ин-та, в 1957–58 – през. Амер. психоаналитич. ассоциации, в 1965–67 – вице-през. Междунар. психоаналитич. ассоциации; Цви Лурье (1906–1968, Эйн-Шомер, Израиль), с 1925 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» и МАПАМ, подписал Декларацию Независимости Гос-ва Израиль; Моше-Цви Нерия (1913–1995), раввин, с 1930 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров религ. сионизма, деп. Кнессета 7-го созыва от МАФДАЛ, Гос. пр. Израиля (1978); Густав (Яков) Карлович Рваль-Винтер-Райхер (1900–1938, Москва), представитель Политбюро ЦК КП Польши при Политбюро ЦК КП Испании, репрессирован; Нюта Тейтенбаум (1918–1942), активный участник Сопротивления в Польше, посм. нагр. орд. «Крест Грюнвальда»; Шмуэль Флато-Шарон (Шаевич) (р. 1930), с 1972 – в Израиле, деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва; Шмуэль Хиршенберг (1865–1908), художник, в посл. 10 лет жизни в его творчестве преобладала еврейская тема; Александр Форд (1908–1980, Флорида, США), кинорежиссер, сценарист, один из организаторов и рук. к/ст Войска Польского (1943), Гос. пр. ПНР (1954, 1960), в 1969 выехал из Польши; Сара Штерн-Катан (р. 1919), с 1947 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 9-го созыва от МАФДАЛ, в 1984–96 возглавляла жен. религ.-сионистскую орг-цию «Эмуна», Гос. пр. Израиля (1998). В Л. жили и работали И.Каценельсон, И.-И. Трунк, Д.С.Фришман., extra_data="{'translat...")
LOEV, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Rechitsa district of the Minsk voivodeship in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. In 1766, 194 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 1653, in 1897 - 2150 (46%), in 1923 - 1170, in 1926 - 1064 (25.2%), in 1939 - 535 Jews. ... about Jews in L. refers to 1737. From 1880, Yeshua-Zelik Zak (1840–?) was the rabbi in L., and from 1890, Itzhok-Yosef Darginsky (1860–?). In 1895, all synagogues (4 buildings) burned down during a fire. In 1908, the Society of Benefits to Poor Jewish Craftsmen was created in Leningrad. In 1910 there were wives. private Jewish school, in 1912 - 2 loans and savings. t-va, in 1913 - synagogues, Jewish library, society "Bikur khoylim", Talmud-Torah. The Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy and unity. a wine shop in Leningrad In 1923 a synagogue was closed in Leningrad, 2 synagogues remained active. In 1926, immigrants from Leningrad founded a Jewish agriculture in the Dzhankoy region (Crimea). The Vperyod company (43 people) In the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Lithuania. In 1943, 87 Jews were shot at a cemetery in Leningrad (in 1967 an obelisk was erected on the grave of those shot). Most of the Jews who returned to L. subsequently moved to Rechitsa. In 2003 L. had a Jewish population. In L. the genus: M.A.Gluskin, A.E. Tversky; Natan Veniaminovich Margolin (1895-1938, Moscow), secretary. Dnepropetrovsk regional committee of the CP (b) U, repressed.
LOGISHIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847, 1,240 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 1,587 (47.5%), in 1921 - 168 (8.5% ), in 1928 - 310 Jews (10.8%) Jews lived in L. from the middle. 17th century In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. From ser. 19th century the rabbi in L. was Yosef Rabinovich (? –1891), then his son Meer Rabinovich (1854–?). In 1913, Jews owned both grocery and manufactory shops. During the 1st world. wars pl. the Jews left the town. In the beginning. 1920s some of them returned to Latvia in the 1920s – 1930s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1935 immigrants from Leningrad founded a community in the United States. On June 27, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Leningrad. Aug 1941 in Leningrad, approx. 500 Jews. In 1990, a memorial sign was erected at the place of execution in Leningrad. N.B. Shatsky.
LOGOISK, urban-type settlement (since 1938), regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 223 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1766, 1509 in 1847, 1442 (62.8%) in 1897, 1027 in 1923, 1032 (47.5%) in 1926, and 864 Jews in 1939. In the end. 19th century there were 2 synagogues in L. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in L. Aug. 30 1941 in the vicinity of Leningrad, approx. 1200 Jews; a small part of the Jews managed to escape. On Sept. 1941 in the same place, approx. 100 Jews in hiding. There were no partisans in Logoisk district. brigade "Assault", a cut in 1944 commanded by Joseph Vogel (before that - the chief of staff of the brigade). In 1967, an obelisk and a gravestone were installed on the graves of the executed. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. M. Belkind, M. Belkind; Joseph Naumovich Lieberman (1905-1960), doctor, Ph.D. honey. Sciences (1939), in 1940–53 - Dir. Sverdlovsk Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.
LOGVIN, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kiev district of the Kiev voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 46 Jews (7.7%) lived in Leningrad in 1910. The Jews of Leningrad were engaged in petty trade, buying up handicrafts from local craftsmen and agricultural workers. products; In June 1919, detachments of atamans Lazenyuk and Struk carried out pogroms in Leningrad four times, after which the Jews left the village.
LOGVINOV Igor Iosifovich (b. 1933, Simferopol), teacher, specialist in the field of didactics and public education management. Dr. ped. Sciences (1992), ch. Grew up. Academy of Education (RAO) (1992). After graduation. phys.-math. Faculty of the Stavropol State ped. Institute (1953) taught at schools in Stavropol and Moscow. region From 1964 he worked in the Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. In 1978–91, the director. Ch. inform.-comput. center of the Ministry of Education of the USSR and a member. State to-that on plank beds. formation of the USSR (since 1988). Since 1992 chap. scientific. sotr. Institute of the theory of education and pedagogy of the Russian Academy of Education. L. created a new direction in pedagogy: the use of econ.-mat. methods and comput. equipment in ped. research and management of bunk beds. education. Vol .: Science and academic subject. (Some questions of the theory of the academic subject). M., 1968; Modeling the process of handwriting recognition. M., 1980; About school reform, ped. science, worries about the education of the people, or Subjective notes of the interested person about the struggle of our innovators with our conservatives. M., 1990, etc.
LOIVTS, nowadays do not exist. In 1672–99 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In the 18th century. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kamyanets-Podolsk Podolsk province. In 1681 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad.
LOKACHI, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1542. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Volodymyr district of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 907 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 1150, in 1897 - 1730 (75%), in 1921 - 1265 Jews. about Jews L. refers to 1569. In the 1st half. 18th century the rabbi in L. was Shaul Levenshtam (later, the rabbi in Amsterdam). In 1885, five synagogues operated in Leningrad. The rabbis in Lithuania were traditionally the Lyudmir Hasidim. From the end. 19th century the rabbi was Sholem Yosef Feigenboim (1862–?). In 1886 pharmacist Elberg worked as a pharmacist. Main the occupation of the Jews of L. was trade in timber, agricultural. products, decomp. crafts, winemaking and brewing. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy warehouse, mead brewing plant, both steam mills, agricultural repair shop. machines, more than 40 shops (including 17 grocery, all 14 manufactory). 1st world. During the war, a large number of Jewish refugees arrived in L. at the same time. a cholera epidemic broke out. In 1914, Russian soldiers. armies perpetrated a Jewish pogrom in L. S. An-sky, who visited Leningrad in July 1915 as a representative of the "Jewish Committee for Assisting the Exiled", assessed the situation in Leningrad as pre-huge. a school of the Tarbut network was opened in L. There was a Jewish library to them. I.-L. Peretz, which was supported by the local branch of the Bund. There were 4 synagogues (including 3 Hasidic ones). In 1927, a Jewish orphanage aid committee was created, later a Jewish youth club was opened. The cells "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Ge-Halutz", Beitar, and Mizrahi were in operation. On June 23, 1941, Lithuania occupied units of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created, in October. 1941 - ghetto, when liquidated on 13 Sept. 1942 all Jews of L. and those around us were shot. points - 1350 people in total. Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich.
LOKERMAN Alexander Samoilovich (1880, Azov - 1937), politician. Into the roar. movement from the 2nd floor. 1890s, part. RSDLP since 1898, was a member of the Rostov Party Committee. Delegate to the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), at which he joined the Mensheviks. Led a roar. work in Kiev, Yekaterinoslav, Kharkov, Moscow, St. Petersburg, was repeatedly arrested. During the revolution of 1905–07 he opposed the practice of "expropriation". In the years of the 1st world. wars are an internationalist. In 1917–20 one of the hands. Donskoy Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. Author of the brochure “74 Days of Sov. authorities (From the history of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks in Rostov-on-Don) "(1918), in which the Bolshevik made sharp criticism. regime. Arrested in 1920, in 1921 Upper. roar. a tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced to 5 years of correctional labor. In 1923 he was released early from prison and exiled to Vyatka. In 1931 he was exiled for 3 years to Vost. Siberia. In exile, he restored ties with the "Union Bureau" of the Mensheviks, elected a member. underground Central Committee of the RSDLP (m), hands. an organization of exiles in Yeniseisk, kept in touch with “Polit. Red cross ". Upon his return from exile he lived in Moscow. region In 1937 he was arrested in Kashira and charged with “anti-Sov. sabotage and terrorist. activity ”, was shot.
LOKHOVO, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1241. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 26 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1910 there were 44 Jews. The Jewish population of Leningrad was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LOKHVITSA, city (since 1781), regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1320. From 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Poltava province. In 1847, 927 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1865 - 1615 (26.7%), in 1867 - 1829, in 1897 - 2465 (52.9%), in 1920 - 2687, in 1923 - 2570, in 1926 - 2095 (19.3%), in 1939 - 614 Jews. In 1636, the Cossack detachments that attacked Lithuania killed approx. 50 Jews; In 1648, B.M. Khmelnitsky's Cossack formations exterminated practically the entire Jewish population of L. Gradually, the community in L. revived. In the end. 18th century Jews belonged to several. mills, wax mills, breweries. There were 20 merchants among the Jews of L. In 1859 there was one synagogue in Leningrad, and in 1865 there were two synagogues. In the 1900s. Efroim Abramovich Efroimson was the rabbi in L. In 1910, four synagogues functioned in Leningrad, the Jewish beginning. wives private school, Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned 3 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 bakeries, unity. bath, both hotels, electrical engineering. office, both hairdressers, both coffee shops and approx. 50 shops (including 5 grocery stores, both jewelry). The Jew was unity. in Leningrad, a timber merchant. In 1917 he came out every month. zhurn. Zarya, ed. union of learning Jewish cf. schools. Since 1922 Shimon-Moishe Diskin (1872–1930) was the rabbi in L. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews of L. moved to the kr. cities of Ukraine. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Leningrad were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. 12 Sep 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On May 12, 1942, 287 Jews were shot in L.. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in L.. In L., the families: V.M. Gordon, Sh.Gorelik, I.O.Dunaevsky; Lev Isaakovich Dunaevsky (1900-1981, Moscow), urologist, surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1945), worked out the problems of military-field urology, surgical treatment of the prostate gland; Boris Pavlovich (Faivelevich) Likhovetsky (b. 1919), design engineer, specialist in the region. radio electronics, since 1996 - in the USA, "Honorary Radio Operator", State. pr. Ukrainian SSR (1976), State. pr. USSR (1988).
LOKNITSA, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1561. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1900, 44 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LOKNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1941), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pskov province. In 1926, 368 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1939 - 193 Jews. In L., there was an underground cheder. Material assistance in the construction of the mikvah was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. 1941, after the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Leningrad, a ghetto was created in a private house. On Feb. 1942 was shot ca. 50 Jews. After 1945, a stele was installed at the place of execution.
Lokot, urban-type settlement (since 1938), the center of the Brasovsky district in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, approx. 50 Jews.
LOKSHIN Daniil Lvovich (1907, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1966, Moscow), musicologist, choral conductor. Doctor of Lawsuit (1962). Graduated from Moose in 1930. technical school them. A.N. Skryabin on class. php. at V.N. Argamakov, in 1934 - music-ped. Faculty of Moscow cons. In 1937 he graduated from graduate school under the direction of. V.N.Shatskoy. In 1928–40 he worked with children., A young man. and adult choirs. Since 1932 scientific. sotr. Institute for children. communist. movement at the Central Committee of the Komsomol. In 1935 he was 37 assistant, in 1937–43 he was a teacher of Moscow. cons. by class chorus. conducting, choir. literature, readings choir. scores, methods of muses. school work and muses. education. At the same time. in 1937–39 the dean of music and pedagogy. Faculty of Belarus, cons. In 1943–48 the choirmaster of Moscow. Philharmonic Society and the Choir of the Ministry of Cinematography. With the participation of L. sounded films "Ivan the Terrible", "Kutuzov", "Russian question", "At 6 pm after the war", "Young Guard" and others. In 1949–61 sotr. Research Institute thin. education APN RSFSR. In 1950–61 he was a teacher (since 1965 prof.) Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins. Since 1958 hands. the experiment he created. young man. chorus. L. studied the peculiarities of singing adolescents, summarizing his observations in works on children. muses. education, including "On the singing of young men in the period of mutation" (in the collection "Development of children's voice". M., 1963), "Leadership of the mixed choir of senior schoolchildren" (Moscow, 1960). The author is methodical. tr. and art., essays on the leaders of the choir. Isk-va, compiler of anthologies, chorus. Sat, Sat treatments and arrangements for children. and a young man. Choirs, Op .: Outstanding Russian Choirs and Their Conductors. M., 1953; Leningrad State Academic Capella M.I. Glinka. M., 1955; D.S. Vasiliev-Buglay. M., 1958; Choral creativity of Marian Koval. M., 1967.
LOKSHIN Efraim Yudovich (1904 - 1967, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1955), prof. (1957). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1931), taught at a number of Moscow universities. Since 1948 head. Department of Economics and Planning of the State. supply, since 1953 - the department of material and technical. supply of MINH. The author of St. 120 works on the history of planning, the sectoral structure of the industry and material and technical. supply in the USSR, participated in the creation. a number of textbooks, uch. manuals and uch. programs for universities ("Material and technical supply to the national economy of the USSR", 1957, 1966; "Economics of material and technical supply", 1963, etc.) Works: USSR industry in the first five-year plan. M., 1934; The Bolshevik Party in the Struggle for the Industrialization of the USSR. M., 1946; Logistics planning supply bunks. x-va of the USSR. M., 1952; Essay on the history of the industry of the USSR (1917-1940). M., 1956; Industry of the USSR. 1940-1963. History sketch. M., 1964.
LOKSHIN Eon (Leon) Markovich (1898 - 1952, Moscow), statesman. Member of the Civil. war. From 1920 - to desks. and prof. work. From 1931 to. Central Committee of the trade union of chemical workers. prom-sti, then early. Glavkhimprom People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR. Since 1939, deputy. Commissar (min.) chem. industry of the USSR.
LOKSHINA Khesya Alexandrovna (1902, Roslavl, Smolensk province - 1982, Moscow), director, screenwriter. Studied for economics. f-those Mosk. un-that (1919-22). In 1929 she graduated from the Higher. theater. workshops of V.E. Meyerhold. She was an assistant dir. and an actress in his t-re. From 1929 dir. to / st "Lenfilm", from 1940 to / st. "Soyuzdetfilm". Joint. with her husband E.P. Garin post. performances in the T-re-studio of the film actor "Mandat" NR Erdman (1956) and the T-re of satire in Moscow "Shadow" by EL Schwartz (1958). Dir. dubbing f. Joint. with Garin wrote a number of screenplays, post. f .: "Marriage" (1937), "Doctor Kalyuzhny" (1939), "The Prince and the Pauper" (1943), "Sinegoriya" (1946), "An Ordinary Miracle" (1964), "Merry Rasplyuevskie Days" (1966) ...
LOKTEV Lev Abramovich (1908, Kiev - 1981, Kaliningrad, Mytishchi district, Moscow region), mechanical engineer, designer of anti-aircraft automatic guns. In 1934 he graduated from Leningrad. military-mechanical in-t. He worked in the design department. dep. plant number 8 (Podlipki, Moscow region), since 1940 ch. constructor. In the end. 1930s - early. 1940s supervised the creation of automatic. anti-aircraft guns caliber 37-mm (sample 1939) and 25-mm (sample 1940), 37- and 45-mm deck anti-aircraft guns, 37-mm twin deck and 37-mm turret automatic. anti-aircraft guns adopted by the Sov. Army and Navy. After 1945 he continued to work in the defense industry. Became. pr. (1941, 1943, 1950).
LOKTYSHI, a village in the Gantsevichy district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 20th century in L. lived several. Jewish families. 1915, during the 1st peace. war, Jews were expelled from L.
LOMAZY, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from ser. 15th century In 1568 she received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Belsky u. In 1766, 475 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 725 (37%), in 1864 - 1218 (51%), in 1897 - 1793 (56%), in 1921 - 829 Jews (39%). lived in L. from the end. 16th century The community existed from the 1st floor. 17th century; at the same time a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews in Latvia in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (including large-scale - timber and grain), crafts, rent of orchards. Most of the Jews had subsidiary farms, where they grew vegetables and fruits, bred dairy cows and goats. In the end. 19th century the Jews of Latvia opened factories for processing leather, making candles, a soap-making plant, and an oil mill. Jewish organizations of social assistance and philanthropists worked. cash desk and cash desk for mutual credit. The rabbis in Leningrad in 19 - early. 20th century there were the grandson of the "Seer from Lublin" Dovid Horvits, Zeev-Wolf Cohen, in 1903–09 - Yakov Rabinovich, Elyakim-Getzl Samberg, since 1924 - Yitzhok Grinberg, who died during the Holocaust. In the beginning. 20th century The Hasidic court of Zvi-Hirsch Morgenstern (1852–1926), the grandson of the tzaddik Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk, was located in Leningrad. pl. the Jews of L. left for other countries. In 1916 immigrants from Leningrad organized a fellowship in the USA, which after the first peace. war assistance to the community of L. In the 1920s – 30s. in L. worked heders, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", library with books in Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish. In 1934, on the holiday of Shavuot, a Jewish pogrom was perpetrated in Leningrad; government intervention stopped the mass bloodshed. 13 Sept. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 26 Sep 1939 Leningrad was occupied by parts of the Red Army, but German troops soon re-entered Leningrad. troops. In the beginning. In 1940 a ghetto was created in Leningrad, where by May 1942 there were 1,700 people. At the same time, some of the Jews were sent to the Shineiki camp (3 km from L.). 17 Aug 1942 Jews from ghettos and camps were shot.
LOMONOSOV (until 1948 - Oranienbaum), a city (from 1780), a regional center in the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1714. In 1780–96 and 1802–48 - the district town of St. Petersburg province. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of the palace department of the Peterhof district. Petersburg province. 55 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1867, 121 (2.2%) in 1897, 71 (1.3%) in 1910, 101 (1.2%) in 1926, and 402, in 1959 - 312 Jews. Since 1861 an officially unregistered synagogue has existed in Leningrad, attached to the deceased hospital of the training battalion. In 1872 the synagogue was transferred to the Eliseev house on Dvortsovy prospect. In 1890 the synagogue was closed by the provincial government. In 1898 a synagogue was officially opened in Leningrad; the duties of the rabbi were performed by the pharmacist from Kronstadt Ilya Pines. In addition to permanently residing Jews, there were 150 Jews of lower ranks in L. who served in the 147th Samara Regiment. 1990s "Hesed" is operating in Leningrad.
LOMONOSOVA (nee Rosen) Raisa Nikolaevna (1888, Poltava province - 1973, Great Britain), a public figure. She took part in the roar. events of 1905 in Odessa. In the years of the 1st world. war served in the Tsarskoye Selo hospital established by the empress. It was actually. the chief of the infirmary. From the beginning. 1920s (together with her husband Prof. YV Lomonosov) - in Berlin. Together with the wife of B. Kellerman, she organized a lit. bureau, the purpose of which was to establish links between owls. writers and Western publishers. In 1925–38 she was in correspondence with BL Pasternak and provided him with material assistance (the correspondence was briefly renewed in 1946).
LOMZHA, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 11th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - a provincial city. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–46 it was the BSSR. In 1808, 157 Jews (10.3%) lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 948 (29%), in 1857 - 2608 (44.3%) , in 1897 - 8752 (45.5%), in 1921 - 9131 (41.5%), in 1931 - 8912 Jews (35.6%). About Jews L. refers to 1494. In 1556 Jews were forbidden to live in L. In 1598 Jews were again expelled from L. Jews began to return to L. in the 1st half. 18th century In 1812, Napoleon, who was in L., lived in the house of Yudl Blomovich, the largest house in L. During this period, the community was recreated. In 1822 Jews were ordered to live in a separate block. The prescription was canceled after Polsk. uprisings of 1830–31. In 1833 the Jewish cemetery was laid and the Khevra Kaddish was founded. Jews L. actively participated in Polsk. uprising 1861–63. Among the 150 arrested in 1863, there were 100 Jews. In 1818–40, Rabbi Shloymo-Zalman (? –1840) was Rabbi of L. , in 1881 - another one. There were synagogues of the Alexander, Gur, Sokolov and other Hasids. In the 1880s. the rabbi was Eliezer-Simcha Rabinovich. A nursing home was opened in 1894. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a Jewish hospital was founded, headed by Dr. Efraim Edelstein and Dr. Londinsky. There were social assistance organizations. In 1898 a Jewish school was opened with teaching in Russian. lang. In 1897-1901 there was a school for girls "Yehudiya". From 1897 a branch of the Bund functioned, from 1903 - "Poalei Zion". In 1913 a Jewish hospital operated. In 1887-1910, the rabbi was Malchiel Tenenboim (? -1910), from 1909 - Abram-Joseph Tsinovich (1859–?), From 1910 - Chaim Gelir (1879-1960, New York), in 1914 –25 - Yehuda-Leib Gordon (? –1925), in 1925–30 - Aron Baksht (? –1942), from 1931 - Moishe Shatskes. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931 there was a yeshiva in Leningrad (240 studies). 10 Sept. 1939 Wehrmacht troops occupied Leningrad and remained in the city for 18 days. During this time, several were desecrated. synagogues. 28 Sep 1939 units of the Red Army entered Leningrad. On June 24, 1941, Lithuania was again occupied by Wehrmacht troops. All R. July 1941, the Judenrat was created, headed by Mendl Muszynski. 12 Aug 1941 a ghetto was created, liquidated on November 1. 1942. In the release of L. in Sept. 1944 the regiment took part under com. lieutenant regiment. David Samoilovich Shapirovsky. In L. genus: I. Herzog, A. L. Gradzevsky, I. Elin, A. Mark, B. Mark, A. Rives, I. Rosenberg; Genokh Aizenshtat (1883–1958, Tel Aviv), one of the founders of Mizrahi in Poland, hands. communities in L., head of the Mizrahi organization in L., since 1936 in E.-I.
LONDINSKY Shmuel-Yakir (1889, Semyatichi Velsky district. Grodno province - 1956, New York), poet, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. At the age of 15, he joined the Poalei Zion movement in Vilna. In May 1905 he was arrested, several. months was in prison. He made his printing debut in Yiddish in 1907. In 1910 he was a Warsaw reporter. gas. "Der Moment", also published in another period, ed. In 1911 - 13 he studied in Bern and Geneva, then worked as a teacher in Nar. school in Warsaw. At the end of 1915 he joined the Bund. In 1919 he left watered. activity and devoted himself entirely to literature, published poetry in lit. zhurn. and gas. From 1924 he lived in Paris. In 1938 he headed the travel agency, a cut was engaged in illegal work. ferrying Polish Jews to E.-I. In the summer of 1939 he returned to Poland, where he was caught by the war. Since 1942 - in the USA. Among the book. L. naib. Izv. "Kinder-Leader un kinder-gedichtn" ("Children's Songs and Children's Poems", 1919). A collection of poems was published in Warsaw. L. "Flamen" ("Flame"), 1920; The Leader of the Fun Yiddish Zelner (Songs of Jewish Soldiers), 1938; "In Paris" ("In Paris").
LONDOCO, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Obluchensky district of the Jewish Autonomous Region (Russian Federation). Main In 1910. In 1939, 317 Jews lived in Leningrad. From 1932 to 1934, the production of bricks (the number of employees was 200 people) and cement (400 people) was established in Leningrad, a lime plant was in operation; logging was carried out. In 1937 the director was arrested and shot. Londokovsky lime plant Georgy Zelmanovich Sakovsky.
LONDON Efim Semenovich (1868, Kalvariya, Suwalka province. - 1939, Leningrad), pathophysiologist, biochemist, radiobiologist. Doctor of Medicine (1900). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University (1894). From 1895 until the end of his life he worked at Ying-those experiment. medicine (since 1918 head of the department of general pathology). At the same time. (since 1918) in the State. roentgenologic. and radiological in-those. Prof. Leningrad State University (since 1924), where in 1928 he organized the Department of Biochemistry. He studied the effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms. Introduced the method of autoradiography into practice. Author of the world's first monograph on radiobiology (Radium in Biology and Medicine, 1911). Research bactericidal properties of blood. He made a significant contribution to the study of the physiology and pathology of digestion. The method developed by L. for the temporary shutdown of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract (polyfistular technique) made it possible to study the process of digestion under normal conditions and experimentally caused pathology (removal of the stomach, etc.). He proposed and introduced a number of methods (angiostomy, organostomy, sinusostomy, etc.), which laid the foundation for the in vivo study of intravital metabolism in the organs of experimental animals. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1935). Poch. of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" in Halle (1925), the Harvey Society in the USA (1928), the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston (1929). Vol .: On the physiological significance of radium. SPb., 1903; Physiology and pathology of digestion. Pg., 1916; Radium and X-rays. P., 1923 (et al.); Metabolism in the body of animals and humans. M.-L., 1938 (et al.).
LONDON Meer (1871 or 1872, Suwalki Province - 1926, New York), politician. Since 1891 - in the USA. Received legal. education, became a lawyer, represented mainly the interests of trade unions. Participated in the organization of strikes in New York in 1912 and 1914. In 1915-19 and 1921-23 members. US Congress (first Socialist Congressman).
LONDON Noyakh (1888, Motol Kobrin district. Grodno province - after 1937), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1905 he joined the roar in Vilna. movement, was arrested. In 1909 he served in the army. Since 1910 - in the USA. In 1915 he graduated from engineer. uch-shche, worked in the mountains. management of New York, participated in the socialist. movement. After the revolution of 1917 in Russia, he collaborated in the communist. press, printed in car washes. gas. "Der emes", in Khark. gas. Der Stern, edited a number of Jewish leftists in New York. In the end. 1920s came to the USSR, worked as engineer. and a journalist. In 1929 he traveled with the Amer. exp. to Birobidzhan, in 1930 he published a brochure about this trip.
LONKA, see Lugi.
LOPATE (Lopatin) Shloyme (1902, Belilovka Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1943), poet. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. bunk bed school. During the Civil. war served in Kr. Army. In 1924 he settled in one of the Jewish colonies in the Kherson region, was engaged in agriculture. In 1925 he entered the workers' school. He made his debut in 1928 in verse, in Khark. zhurn. "Spilled", then printed in gas. "Stern", "Di Royte Velt" and in other Jewish editions. His verse. "Yidisher man" ("Jewish man"), dedicated. farmers, it became bunks. song. In 1935 he released the first collection. verse. "Tsvei mol geboirn" ("Twice born"). Author of the poem "Dos gezang vegn frintshaft" ("Song of Friendship"), 1937; Oif mein glicklicher erd (In my happy land), 1939; "Reignboigns" ("Rainbows"), 1940, etc. In June 1941 he went to the front, died in battle.
LOPATIN, urban-type settlement (since 1956) in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1366. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Brodsky povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, there were 332 Jews (14.4%) living in Leningrad, in 1890 - 537 (19.8%), in 1900 - 508 (17.5%). %), in 1910 - 505 (15.3%), in 1921 - 400 (12.5%), in 1931 - 502, in May 1942 - 450 Jews. 19th century the rabbi of L. was Menachem-Mendel Laschover, from 1898 - Chaim-Yehuda-Leibush Hemerling (1870-1942). There were 2 synagogues - Belzevsky and Gusyatinsky Hasidim; a Jewish cemetery was laid. Bikur khoilim and khevra kadisha were active. From the beginning. 1910s the Zionist organization "Ha-Tikva" functioned. From 1922 to 1924, a Hebrew school operated in Leningrad. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 24, 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created. 22 oct. 1942 approx. 400 Jews were deported to Sokal and from there to the Belzec extermination camp. After release on April 3. 1944, 5 Jews returned to Leningrad, to-rye soon left the village. Asher Barash (1889-1952, Tel Aviv), writer, literary critic, author of novels in Hebrew.
LOPATINSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Voskresensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 22 Jews (0.2%) lived in Leningrad.
LOPATTO Mikhail Iosifovich (1892, Vilna –1981, Florence), poet, literary critic. In 1917 he graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. Studied under S.A. Vengerov. Was a member. burlesque circle "Omphalytic Olympus". He began to write in the gymnasium; published - in 1916. From 1920 - in Italy, was engaged in entrepreneurial activity. In the years of the 2nd world. of the war participated in antifash. movement. In 1977 he published in ed. per. in Italian. lang. the first part of the rum. "The Devil's Son of Russia: 1904-1928". Cit .: Excess. Pg., 1916; Round table. Pg.-Odessa, 1919; Poems. Paris, 1959.
LOPAVSHE, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 38 Jews lived in Leningrad. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Leningrad were deported to Mlinow and in September. - Oct. 1942 shot together with local Jews. A resident of the village V.I.Krasova saved the lives of 10 Jews by hiding them in a cellar.
LOPUKHIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1952, Moscow), statesman. In 1975 he graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1977–83 ml. scientific. sotr., head. lab. Ying-that national farm. forecasting of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1991 - deputy. min. economy of the RSFSR, in 1991–92 min. fuel and energy of the Russian Federation, at the same time. deputy. prev. Specialist. commissions of the Russian Federation for the operational regulation of resource supply. Since 1992 Counselor Prev. Production of the Russian Federation.
LOPUKHOV (until 1946 - Brusturi), a village in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in L. lived apprx. 40 Jews (6%). occupation of the Jewish population of Lithuania in the 19th century. - from. farming and crafts. The Jewish population of Lithuania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
BURDLE, see Pot.
LOPUSHNO, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 16th century. as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in Keletsky district. Keletskaya province. In 1887 587 Jews (70%) lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 462 (54%), in 1921 - 397 (70%), by September. 1939 - c. 150 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century the Jewish population concentrated all trade and handicrafts in L. In the 1920s. Rabbi L. was Meir Kopel (? –1927), until 1939 - Elimelech Eibushitz. There was a Zionist circle in Leningrad. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of L. were sent to the Khanchins and from there to Treblinka.
LOPUSHNYA, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rogatinsky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Leningrad from the end. 16th century Main crafts and small-scale trade were his occupations. In 1915, immigrants from Latvia organized a fellowship in the United States. In 1916 one Jew was deported from Leningrad to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil).
LOPIANKA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 224 Jews (53.2%) lived in Leningrad in 1921. Jews lived in Leningrad from the middle. 19th century The majority of the Jews of Lithuania at the beginning. 20th century was engaged in crafts. Some were employed in trade. Builders, joiners, carpenters, tinsmiths predominated among Jewish artisans; there were several. tailors and shoemakers. There was a synagogue and 3 heders in L. In the 1920s and 30s. there were branches of Poalei Zion and Bund. ”In Sept. 1942 Jews from L. were deported to Treblinka.
LORENTSON Yuri Evgenievich (b. 1930, Leningrad), athlete (academic rowing). International Master of Sports class. He played for Trud (Leningrad). Silver medalist Olympus. games in 1976 at the "deuce". Bronze medalist Olympus. games of 1968 at the G8. European Champion 1967 at the "eight". Silver medalist of the 1962 World Championship and the 1963, 1964, 1973 European Championship at the G8. USSR Champion 1964 and 1968.
LOSEV Lev Vladimirovich (1937-2009), poet, literary critic. The son of VA Lifshits. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Leningrad State University in 1959. Before emigration he worked as head. sport. dep. in leningr. children zhurn. "Bonfire". Since the 1970s. known as children. playwright (the play "The Unknown Feats of Hercules" was staged in dozens of volumes). He began writing poetry in 1974.Since 1976 - in the USA, ed. publishing house "Ardis", prof. Slavic studies at Dartmouth College (New Hampshire). The first means a selection of poems publ. in the journal. Echo (Paris, 1979). Published in the journal. "Continent" (Paris) and "22" (Tel Aviv). Has released two poetry. Sat. - "Miraculous landing" (1985) and "Privy Counselor" (1987). Publ. several op. memoir. character ("Zhratva, or Closed Distributor", 1984; "Memories of Eugene Schwartz", 1988), as well as collection. Art. "Poetics of IA Brodsky" (1986), where he was a compiler, ed. and one of the authors.
LOSEVO, a village in the Pavlovsk district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Pavlovsky u. Voronezh Gubernia. 1 Jew lived in Leningrad in 1910, and 1 Jew in 1939.
LOSHA, a village in the Uzdensky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. Since 1885, Yakov-Meir Kagan (1860–?) Was the rabbi in L. In 1913, Jews owned all 6 grocery stores.
LOSHINSKY Lev Ilyich (1913, Warsaw - 1976, Moscow), chess composer. Int. grandmaster (1972) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess. compositions. Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1962). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin (1941). Higher lecturer mathematics. From 1928 publ. OK. 500 compositions of different genres, 166 of them were awarded first prizes. 14-time champion of the USSR (1948–69), winner of the FIDE competitions (1958–60, 1960–62) and Olympus. competition (1960) for dec. sections of chess. compositions. OK. 200 problems L. publ. in the "FIDE Album (1914–79)". The author of a number of theoretical. works that influenced the development of chess. compositions.
LOSHKAREVKA (in 1924–30 - Chemerinsk, in 1930–44 - Stalindorf, in 1944–56 - Stalinsk, from 1956 - Zhovtnevoe), a village in Nikopol district of Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1924 as a rural settlement in the Sofievsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1931, 535 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1939 there were 748 Jews (47.7%). founded by settlers from Vinnitsa, Vitebsk, Zhitomir, Kamenets-Podolsk and Proskurov (modern Khmelnitsky). The Jewish population was mainly engaged in agriculture and handicrafts. Some of the residents have united in t-va on the joint. cultivation of the land, then in agricultural. t-va. In 1929 the collective farm "Ukr. Red Cross". There were Jewish cf. school (30 teachers, 400 students), hospital, children. garden, nursery, etc. In 1930, the Radiant Jewish nat. rn, in the same year we renamed. to Stalindorf (in 1931–44 - the center of Stalindorf). In 1930–37, regional gas was produced in L. "Stalindorfer emes", Jewish schools and Jewish pedagogues worked. technical school (in 1937–38 transformed into Russian and Ukrainian), paperwork was partially conducted in Yiddish. 16 Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by the Germans. troops and rename. to Friesendorf. The entire Jewish population of the region was concentrated in a labor camp and was used for heavy work on the construction of roads and fortifications. On May 2, 1942, 450 prisoners of the camp were shot. In total during the Holocaust on the territory. 3911 Jews were killed in the district. There is a monument on the mass grave of the executed.
LOSHNITSA, a village in the Borisov district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population; There was a synagogue in operation. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, all Jews of Lithuania who remained in the occupation were shot.
Elk Sloboda, see Losino-Petrovsky.
LOSINO PETROVSKY, a city (since 1951) in the Shchelkovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 18th century. like Losinaya Sloboda. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow province. From 1925 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939 in L.-P. there were 39 Jews, in 1989 - 42 Jews (0.1%).
Losinoostrovsk, see Babushkin of the Moscow region.
Losinovka, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Nezhinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1627. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chernigov province. In 1920, Jews constituted 0.2% of the population of Leningrad, in 1939 19 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LOSICE, a city in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Melnik land of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Lositsy Konstatinovsky u. Sedletskaya province. In 1765, 482 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 654 (41%), in 1857 - 838 (47%), in 1862 - 917 (53%), in 1884 - 1487 (57%), in 1897 - 2396 (71.7%), in 1921 - 2708 (70%), in 1939 - approx. 3000 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the beginning. 16th century All R. 16th century Jews received privileges for the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. During the Khmelnytsky land, the Jewish population of Lithuania increased significantly at the expense of Jewish refugees. In the beginning. 18th century a synagogue was built in L. In the 1870s. Rabbi L. was Mordkhe-Zvi-Girsh Goldberg (? –1910), since 1920 - Jonathan Eibshits, a follower of Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk. 20th century the shoe industry began to develop in Leningrad; b. including shoes were bought by Jewish merchants from the center. districts of Russia and supplied with this product rus. army. In L. there were several. Jews - kr. timber merchants. The Jewish workers of Lithuania took an active part in the revolution of 1905. The Bund enjoyed great influence. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy warehouse, both grocery and unity. manufactory shop. During the 1st world. war part of Russian. army requisitioned the property of pl. Jewish families. 1920 parts of Polish. armies perpetrated a 4-day pogrom in L. 1920s the Jewish workers' movement in Lithuania was headed by the organizations of the Bund and the Communists; at the same time a trade union of Jewish tailors was created. In 1921, among 180 members. illegal. communist. the majority of the party in Lithuania were Jews. Among the Jewish artisans of Lithuania, tailors predominated (over 200 in 1921); there were also masons, saddlers, bakers and others. Nesk. families traded in tobacco (in the 1930s they were deprived of this source of income due to the introduction of the state monopoly). In 1926, a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. Cells "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Dror", "Tseirei Zion", "Agudas Yisroel", Mizrahi worked. A school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. Several acted. synagogues, including Kotsk and Sokolov Hasidim. Rabbi Yosef Bloshtein, a Kotsk Hasid, enjoyed great influence. Itzhok Reisenberg and Arie-Leib Lipshitz were the rabbis in L. (they died during the Holocaust). 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 29 Sep 1939, units of the Red Army entered Leningrad, after several. days L. again occupied germ. troops; with Kr. Army L. left many. young Jews. In 1940, a large number of Jews were brought to Leningrad from Aleksandruv, Kalisz, and Lodz. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in December. 1940 - ghetto and Jewish police. To the end. 1940 in the L. ghetto there were approx. 4 thousand Jews, by May 1942 - approx. 6 thousand people Jews of the ghetto 22 Aug 1942 were sent to Scheidlitz and from there to Treblinka.
ELECTRONICS, see Losice.
LOSYACH, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 104 Jews lived in Leningrad. - Oct. 1942 Jews from L. were deported to Borshchev, and later to the extermination camp Belzec.
LOTMAN Yuri Mikhailovich (1922, Petrograd - 1993, Tartu, Estonia), philologist, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). In 1940–46 - in the army, during the war years - at the front. In 1950 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1950–54 he worked as a teacher in Tartu. in-those, since 1954 in Tartu University. In 1960–77 the head. Department of Rus. lit-ry. Founder of the Tartu Semiotics School. Organized a summer school on secondary modeling systems, in which many participated. prominent scientists, including R.O. Yakobson since 1964 supervised the release of ser. "Proceedings on sign systems." works by L. Russian history literature and societies. thoughts of con. 18 - early. 19th century, history and typology of Russian. culture, literature theory, semiotics. Foundation, tr. L. - "Lectures on structural poetics" (issue 1, 1964), "The structure of art. text "(1970)," Analysis of poetry. text "(1972)," Semiotics of cinema and the problem of cinema aesthetics "(1973)," Culture and explosion "(1992) and others - substantiated the principles of structural-semiotic. research in the region. literature and art, as well as culture in general. Author of monographs on the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, N.M. Karamzin. Member Royal Sci. about-va (Great Britain), part. Norwegian Royal Academy, a number of nicks, scientific. about-in and the editorial board of the international. scientific. zhurn. In 1993–94, a three-volume edition of the elect. works of L. Sister L. - Lydia (b. 1917, Petrograd), literary critic, specialist in the history and theory of Russian. lit-ry 19 - early. 20th century Dr. philol. Sciences (1974). Author of the monograph “Realism Rus. literature of the 60s of the 19th century. " L., 1974.
LOTOSHINO, urban-type settlement (since 1951), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Staritskiy u. Tver Gubernia. 20 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1939, and 1 Jew in 1989.
LOTOVO, see Latava.
LOTVA, a village in the Myadel district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vilensky district Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, and in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 100 Jews lived in Leningrad. The Jewish population of Latvia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LOWICZ, a city (from the 13th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 12th century In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a district town of Warsaw province. In 1808 60 Jews (2.5%) lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 405 (11.4%), in 1837 - 676 ​​(10.1%), in 1857 - 1161 (21.2%), in 1862 - 2061 (35%), in 1897 - 3552 (34.8%), in 1908 - 4011 (34.5%), in 1921 - 4517 (28.6%), in 1931 - 4,339 Jews (24.6%) Jews lived in Leningrad from the 15th century. In 1516 Jews were expelled from Leningrad and before the beginning. 18th century lived in the vicinity of the city. In the 1820s. a community was established in Leningrad, a synagogue was built in 1829, and a Jewish cemetery was founded at the same time. Another synagogue was built in 1897. In the 1830s. Rabbi L. was Rabbi Moishe-Menachem-Mendel (? –1842), from 1842 - a Hasid and disciple of Simkhi-Bunim from Pshiski Shmuel Shinyaver, in the 1860s. - Yosef-Shaul Buki, later - Mikhl-Dovid Vayngat (? –1889), then - Nosn-Shloyme-Bezalel Biderman. In 1863 the Jews of Leningrad actively helped the Polish. rebels. In 1894 the Jews owned a steam mill, pottery and vodka factories. In 1898 a Zionist organization was founded in Leningrad. 1900s - branch of the Bund. In the end. 1900s a Jewish library was opened, self-taught. tr, school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 hotels, 3 taverns, a hairdresser, a coffee shop, 3 laundries, approx. 100 shops and shops (including 19 bread shops, 8 manufacturing shops, one jewelry store). In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi of L. was Avrom Khalbo. In 1926, the Hasidic court in Lithuania was founded by Doiv-Ber Kalisz, the son of a tzaddik from Skierniewice. D.-B.Kalish opened a yeshiva in L. In 1935–38 a weekly was published. in Yiddish "Mazovicher Vohenblat". In the end. 1931 a Jewish pogrom took place in Leningrad. 13 Sept. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. In the fall of 1939, a Judenrat was created, headed by Borukh Shapiro, and later a ghetto. In the 1st floor. 1941 most of the Jews were deported from L. The remaining 100-150 Jews in Sept. 1941 were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. After liberation, approx. 40 Jews. In the end. 1946 Jews left L.
LOVIN, see Lovyn.
LOVSHA, a village in the Shumilinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lovzha Polotsk Vitebsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1913, one of the two grocery stores was owned by a Jew.
LOVTSKY German Leopoldovich (1871, Kamenets-Podolsk - 1957, Zurich), composer, musicologist. In 1903 he graduated from St. Petersburg. horse, cl. comp. (in the class of harmony and counterpoint he studied under N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). Before the 1st world. emigrated to Switzerland during the war. In 1921–33 he lived in Germany. Founder (1921) and pre. Russian muses. about-va in Berlin "Glinka Commonwealth". In 1933–39 he lived in France, from 1939 - in E.-I. The author of several. operas, art. about music, literature, philosophy. Published Art. in Russian and it. periodicals.
LOVTSKY Moyzhesh (Moishe Leopoldovich) (1881 - 1940, Poland), chess player. Known in the beginning. 20th century grew up. master, lived in Kiev, from 1918 - in Warsaw. He made his debut at Vseros. tournament (1903, 6-7th). The most successful was at the international. tournaments in Cologne (1911, 1st), San Remo (1911, 2nd), Warsaw (1916, 1-2nd). Participant of 4 championships in Poland (1926–37), best result: 1926 - 3–7 th. During the occupation, he was arrested by the Gestapo in Warsaw and died in a concentration camp.
LOVYN, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lovin Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 231 Jews (16%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. In 1837, a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in Leningrad on purchased land. settlement (in 1898 - 151 people). In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad. To the end. 19th century the land was practically not cultivated, which led to the mean. deterioration of economic. the position of the Jewish farmers L.
LOVZHA, see Lovsha.
LOIKI, now part of the city of Siemiatyche (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - suburb of the town of Semyatichi Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1897, 175 Jews (33.7%) lived in Leningrad.
LOYTER Efraim Barukhovich (1889, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1963, Moscow), director, teacher. Brother of N.B. Leuter. In 1906 he began lit. activity in vilenskoy gas. "North-West Voice", printed stories in it, theater. reviews. He was close to the Zionist Socialist Party. In 1911 publ. in Yiddish story in alm. "Knospn", in 1912 - mid. essays and legends about the participation of Jews in the Patriotic War of 1812. During the 1st World. War - authorized by EKOPO to the Center. Russia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 published together with Yu.K. Baltrushaitis alm. Jewish literature translated into Russian. lang. Joint. with A.M. Sobol edited lit. Sat. "Jewish World" (Moscow, 1918). In 1919–24 one of the hands. and dir. sinks, the Jewish t-ra-studio "Kultur-League", where in 1920-21 he staged plays by I.-L. Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, P. L. Hirshbein. In 1924–25, Rabbi was in charge in Baku. t-rum and Jewish theater. studio, where he staged the play "Menshen" based on Sholem Aleichem. In 1925 he created GOSET in Kharkov, director. and ch. dir. (until 1928). In 1924-29 he was thin. hands. Kharkiv GOSET. In 1929, together with S.M. Mikhoels, he participated in the creation. theater. schools at mosk. GOSET, taught there until 1935. In 1935–41, 1945–49 - artistic director. hands. GOSET in Odessa, staged "The Sheep Source" by L. de Vega (1935), "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem (1940), "Freilekhs" by Z. Schneier and others. In 1941–45 in car washes. GOSET, staged the play "Hamza" by K. Yashe-na and A. Umari (1943, Tashkent). After the liquidation of the Jewish t-ra worked in Russian. and ukr. t-pah. In 1956 joint. with V.E. Ardov translated into Russian. lang. “The big win of Sholem Aleichem and put in Moscow. touring t-re comedy. In the beginning. 1960s was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Honored. art. UzSSR (1943).
LOYTER Moisey Nukhimovich (1923 - 1986, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. sciences. Since 1953 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member Bureau Scientific. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the problem "The effectiveness of the basis. funds, capital investments and new technology ”, ed. his publication "Methods and practice for determining the effectiveness of capital investments and new technology." In the 1970s. participated in the work of the State. expertise of the USSR State Planning Committee. One of the authors of the project "Typical methodology for determining the effectiveness of capital investments", which was widely used in the USSR, a number of other methodological. developments and instructions. Cit .: Natural resources and the efficiency of capital investments. M., 1974.
LOYTER Naum Borisovich (Nakhum Borukhovich) (1890, Berdichev - 1966, Riga), director. Brother of E.B. Leuter. In 1919 he studied at the theater. K.A. Mardzhanov's studio in Kiev, in 1922 he graduated from the State. higher. theater, workshops at hand. V.E. Meyerhold. In 1924 - member. reign of t-ra. In 1925-29 - Ch. dir. sinks. T-ra Proletkulta, where the post. performances: "Rubber" by G. Bivaly, "Power" by AG Glebov (both - 1927), "Deaf Wall" by B. Nikonov and V. Naumov (1929), etc. In 1929 he worked in the Leningrad theater. state bunk bed at home, in 1930 he headed the GOSET of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov. From 1935 to 1936, L. directed the Gorky Regional Drama. t-rum, post. "Capital" by E.G. Yanovsky (1935) and "Glory" by V.M. Gusev (1936). Returning to Ukraine, he was thin. hands. Jewish t-moats of Odessa (1936), Kiev (1937). In 1938–40 - thin. hands. Moscow modern t-ra; fast. "Consul General" br. Tour and L.R.Sheinina, "Lermontov" ("Masks") by N.N.Alibegova (both - 1939), "Lies" by E. Scribe (1940). In 1940–57 chap. dir. Second Belarusian. state t-ra in Vitebsk. Staged the performances "Nesterka" by VF Volsky (1941), "Egor Bulychov and others" by M. Gorky, "Front" by AE Korneichuk (all - 1942), "Tested by Fire" by K. Krapiva (1943), " Inspector "N.V. Gogol (1945)," Without naming surnames "V.P. Minko," Dangerous companion "by A.D. Salynsky (both - 1953)," Warm heart "by A.N. Ostrovsky (1955), "Fortress over the Bug" by S.S.Smirnov, "Platon Krechet" by Korneichuk (both - 1956), "The Humiliated and Insulted" after F.M. Dostoevsky (1957), etc. He staged performances in other t-t-ts, including h. “The Enchanted Tailor” by Sholem Aleichem (1941), “The Forests Are Noisy” by A.Brat and GMLinkov (1947) at BelGOSET, “Students” by I. Fink (1948), “Shining, but not warming »Ostrovsky (1949) - in Moscow. dram. t-re and others. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1945). Became. pr. (1946).
LOYTSKER Chaim (1898, Kanev, Kiev province - 1970, Kiev), literary critic, linguist, teacher. Cand. philol. Sciences (1937). In the beginning. 1920s teacher in a Jewish orphanage, then a teacher in Jewish schools. After graduating from the Jewish department ped, faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1930), he worked in linguistic. section of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at VUAN. In 1948 he was arrested, released in the middle. 1950s L. - the author of many. scientific. works, a number of textbooks and uch. manuals on the methodology of teaching Yiddish and the Jewish liter at school, including: "On vocabulary and word formation in David Gofshtein" (1934), "On the development of language in Art. classes "(1935)," On the state of language lessons in Art. classes "(1935)," On the state of language lessons at school "(1937), and others. book published works L .: "Exercises in language" (1936), "Yiddish in school" (1936) and others. L. also belongs to the work on the language. D.R.Bergelson, P.B. Markish, Art. about Jewish literature in Ukr. owls. encyclopedias ". In the 1960s. pl. was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland".
LOYTSYANSKY Lev Gerasimovich (1900, Petersburg - 1991, ibid.), Specialist in the field of mechanics. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1929). Graduated from the Crimean University in Simferopol (1921). He worked in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those where he created the department of hydroaerodynamics (since 1934 head., since 1975 professor-consultant). At the same time. worked at the Center, aerohydrodynamic. in-those them. NOT. Zhukovsky (1933–45) Deputy. prev. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1972–82). Main scientific. research in the region. dynamics of viscous liquids and gases, the theory of the laminar boundary layer (approximate method of calculation by L. – Dorodnitsyn), the theory of turbulent motions, hydro- and gas-dynamic. theory of bearings and suspensions for navigation. instrumentation. The author of the textbook “Course theoretical. mechanics "(1937), which survived the 8th edition. Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1968). D. h. Intern. Academy of Astronautics (1970). Became. pr. (1946). Works: Theoretical. mechanics, v. 1–3. Leningrad, 1933–34 (jointly with A.I. Lurie, Mechanics of liquid and gas. M.-L., 1950; Aerodynamics of the boundary layer. M.-L., 1941; Laminar boundary layer. Moscow, 1962.
LOZANOVKA, a village in the Primorsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1862 in Berdyansk district. Tauride Gubernia. In 1897, 24 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1910 - 8, in 1924 - 2 Jews. 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LOZDE, see Lazdiyai.
LOZINSKY Semyon (Samuil) Horatsievich (1874, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1945, Leningrad), historian, public figure. In 1895–99 he studied history and philology. f-those un-that in Kiev, expelled for participation in the student. unrest. In 1899-1904 he continued his education in France, Spain, Belgium, Germany, graduated from the Higher. school of social. sciences in Paris (1903). In 1904-06 ed. foreign dep. gas. "Kiev responses". From 1906 in St. Petersburg, sotr. "Polit, encyclopedias" by LZ Slonimsky, sotr. “New Encyclopedic. dictionary "(the author of the article" Anti-Semitism ", etc.), one of the editors. "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-16, 1908-13). In 1917–22 prof. Petrogr. un-that. Since 1910 he participated in the activities of the OPE, taught at the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, member. commissions for their reorganization. Dec. 1917 elected to the Execute, to-that Petrograd. Jewish community. In 1919, members. commission for publishing. documents of ritual processes in Russia; participated in the revival of the Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va, was deputy. his before. and one of the ed. zhurn. "Jewish antiquity" and collection of books "Jewish chronicle". L. - one of the creatures. Jewish un-that (from 1920 - Petrograd Institute of Higher Jewish Knowledge) and its rector until closing (1925); lectured on modern and contemporary Jewish history; at the same time. in 1921-22 prof. Department of the history of the Jewish people Belarus, state. un-that. In 1921-26 prof. Inst. education, read courses "History of the class struggle in the West in the XIX and XX centuries.", "History of households. life in Zap. Europe ". After the closure of these accounts. institutions went to Rostov-on-Don, until 1930 taught in the North-Kavk. un-those. In 1931–39 prof. Leningrad State University and Planning Institute, in 1938–41 - Art. scientific. sotr. Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism in Leningrad. In 1941 he was evacuated to Kirov, where he taught at ped. in-those. L. author of works on the history of Zap. Europe in modern times ("History of the second French republic", 1904; "Polit, parties and the national question in Austria", 1907; "History of Belgium and Holland in modern times", 1908, etc.), the history of Catholicism and the Inquisition ( "History of the Inquisition in Spain", 1914; "Holy Inquisition", 1927; "History of the Papacy", 1934, additional ed. - 1961 and 1986, etc.). In 1919 L. published a collection of works. ist.-biogr. essays "Jews of the West in the struggle for right and freedom", in 1920 - a description of documents from the archive of the former. Min-va nar. education - "Treasury Jewish schools" (v. 1). In 1924, in the journal. "Jewish antiquity" L. placed Art. “About econom. the role of Jews in cf. century ", in 1929 released the book. "Social. the roots of anti-Semitism in cf. centuries and modern times ”. L. - one of the authors of Art. "Jews" in the 1st ed. TSB (v. 24, 1932). Brother L. - Moses (Chaim-Moishe) (1873, Bobruisk - 1903, ibid.), A public figure. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. Since the end of the 1890s. - Zionist participant. movement; sec. M.Mandeliitama. Head of [[]] the affairs of the Jewish Colonization Bank in London.
LOZKI, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629. In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1857 there was 1 Jewish family in Leningrad, in 1910 - 18 Jews. During the Holocaust, the Jews of Leningrad were deported to Vladimir and in August ... 1942 killed along with local Jews.
LOZNA, a village in the Khmelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Lozny Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned two grocery stores; in July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Lithuania. In 1942 the Jews of Latvia were killed.
VINES, see Vines.
LOZOVA, see Petrovka, Perevalskiy district, Luhansk region.
LOZOVIK Louis (1892, Ludvinovka - 1973, South Orange, New York, USA), graphic artist, painter, critic. In 1904–06. studied in the Kiev art. school. Since 1910 - in the USA. In 1912–15 he studied at the Nat. Academy of Drawing in New York by L. Kroll and I. Oglinsky. Graduated from History and Philology. Faculty of Ohio University (1915-18). In the beginning. 1920s lived in Germany, joined the avant-garde "November group". During this period, he created ser. "Cities", began the cycle "Machine Ornaments" (1922-27). In 1923 he came to Russia and became interested in constructivism. In the 1920s. the style of L. was formed, characterized by decorativeness, the contrast of light and shadow, the play of volumes, and also the industrial theme was defined. In 1924 he returned to the USA, collaborated in a journal. "Nation", "Nyo Masses", "Little Review", "Arts", etc. In 1925 he released the book. “Let's lie. Russian art". In 1927 he visited the USSR, in 1928 in the State. the Museum of New Western Art in Moscow hosted a Persian, L.'s exhibition. In 1926–80 - eight Persians, exhibitions in New York and Paris (1928). He achieved his greatest success in lithography. Author of about 270 works: "High Voltage" (1928), "Hudson Bridge" (1929), "Factory Canal" (1930), "Inside of Manhattan" (1939), "Black Butterfly" (1949), "Dark Skies" ( 1956), "Interior" (1973), etc. L.'s works are kept in the National Gallery of Fine Arts and the Library of Congress (Washington), the Museum of Modern Art. arts and the Museum of Amer. art-va Whitney (New York), Boston and Philadelphia art museums, Pushkin Museum (Moscow).
LOZOVITSA, a village in the Klimovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Mstislavl Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. In 1841, there were 24 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1844 - 117, in 1860 - 159, in 1880 - 17 (15.5%), in 1908 - 49 Jews (24.6%). there was a synagogue. In the 1870s. almost all Jews left L. (the proximity of Klimovichi impeded trade); the synagogue was closed. In 1907, two shops belonged to Girsh Lieberman and Faivish Zalmanov, and the mill belonged to Wolf Zalmanov. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 a small group of Jews was shot in Leningrad.
LOZOVSKY (real family member Dridzo) Solomon Abramovich (1878, Danilovka of Alexandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1952, Moscow), politician. Dr. East Sciences (1939). Member RSDLP since 1901. Member of the Revolution. events of 1905–07. Arrested in 1906; in 1908 he fled on the way to exile. In 1909-17 - in Geneva and Paris. Member French socialist. party. From May 1917 - in Russia; in July 1917 was elected secretary. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1918 - 21 holes. sec. trade unions of textile workers, railway workers, before. MGSPS. In 1921–37, gen. sec. Profintern. 1937–39 dir. Goslitizdat. In 1939–46 - deputy. People's Commissar (Minister) Foreign. affairs of the USSR. 1941–48 - deputy. early, early Sovinformburo. In 1940–49 the head. Department of History of Intern. relations and foreign policy of the USSR Higher. party schools at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). From 1941 p. EAK. Delegate of the 8-18th party congresses, at the 15-17th he was elected a candidate for member. Central Committee, for the 18th member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Delegate to the 2-7th Congresses of the Comintern, member of the ECCI. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 1st and 2nd convocations. In 1949 he was arrested in the JAK case. Shot.
LOZOVY YAR, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 12 Jewish families lived in L. Ya. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in L. Ya. In October. 1941 3 Jews were killed.
LOZYANSKY, a village in the Mezhgirsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1842, approx. 30 Jews (6%); in 1900 Jews constituted 5% of the population of Latvia. The Jewish population of Latvia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LUBANA, city (since 1992) in Madona region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vendensky u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1925 there were 4 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1930 - 41, in 1935 - 53 Jews. All Jews of Latvia were killed in the fall of 1941.
LUBANOV Abram Ruvimovich (1888, Sverzhen Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1973, Leningrad), rabbi, public figure. Relig. educated in the Hasidic yeshiva. In the beginning. 1930s moved to Leningrad, lived in the building of the Choral synagogue under the guise of a watchman, in fact was an assistant. a rabbi. In 1942 he was arrested and soon released. In 1943–73 (with interruptions) Rabbi Leningr. Choral synagogue. Arrested in 1951. From ser. 1960s (after the amputation of the leg) led the community without leaving his home.
LUBNY, city (since 1783), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 988. From 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, had Magdeburg Law. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Poltava province. In 1792 15 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 363, in 1865 - 765 (26.7%), in 1897 - 3006 (29.8%), in 1910 - 7406, in 1920 - 6061, in 1923 - 5336, in 1926 - 5341 (25.1%), in 1939 - 2883 Jews (10.5%) In 1648 the Jewish community of Leningrad suffered from the troops of BM Khmelnitsky; a rabbi was burnt alive by the Cossacks. In the 1720s. Jews from other cities came to Leningrad with goods to fairs. Among the Jews of L. at the beginning. 19th century there were 18 merchants, 96 artisans (including 44 shoemakers). The Jews owned 10 shops. In 1865, two synagogues functioned in Leningrad. In 1881–83, Sholem Aleichem was the state rabbi in Leningrad. 19th century - Meir Shapira, after the death of the latter in 1909 - his son Yakov-Isroel (1885–1938). In 1900 there was a Talmud-Torah in Leningrad, in 1910 - 5 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned both pharmacies, all 7 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a bakery, unity. bathhouse, 5 hotels, both laundries, 3 hairdressers, more than 90 shops and shops (including all 3 jewelry, all 3 beer halls). Among the Jews there were 7 tailors, unity. jeweler in L. In 1916 she worked as a library to them. Kh. N. Bialik. In 1919, pogroms broke out in Leningrad by units of the Directory (16 victims) and the Volunteer Army. In 1904–22, Shimon-Moishe Diskin (1872–1930) was the rabbi in Leningrad. In the 1920s. a Jewish labor school was opened. In 1922 a conf. Jewish workers to resolve the issue of creating a Jewish cultural center for workers in L. (there were 1,068 Jewish workers in L.). 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. Some of the Jews were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. All R. oct. 1941 in Leningrad, more than 1,500 Jews were shot; in November. 1941 - 73, in May 1942 - several more. Jews. In total, approx. 2 thousand Jews. After 1945, part of the Jews returned to Leningrad. In 1946 a synagogue was opened (Dostoevsky St., 7), in the same year a community was registered (previously Lev Moiseevich Grinberg); the rabbi was Iosif Leibovich Leonov, the cantor was Mordukh Abramovich Brontvan. On ordinary days, 10–12 people gathered for service, on holidays - 25–30 people. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. In Leningrad: S.A. Vengerov, A. B. Gurkov, Z.I. ... Itskovich, M. I. Kaganov, V. A. Halo; Alexander Grigorievich Aronov (1919-1994, Moscow), cameraman, one of the founders of the TV school. operator's art in the USSR, Ch. TV operator (1956–85) Moscow. TV Center and Central Television, "Honorary Radio Operator" (1958); Vladimir Lvovich Volshansky (1903-1979, Leningrad), Major General (1944), in 1941-43 - com. brigade pestilence. infantry of the Black Sea Fleet; Ilya Moiseevich Zaks (b. 1911), designer of aircraft power plants, since 1934 worked at the A.N. Tupolev, in 1940–86 - at the P.O. Sukhoi, State. pr. USSR (1975).
LUBOTSKY David (1887 - 1942, Lida, Grodno region), teacher, linguist. Graduated from Vilen. Jewish teaches, in-t and mat. f-t Vilen. un-ta, was a teacher in Jewish schools in Kovna and Vilna. In 1920, together with Izv. by philologist Z. Reisen and G. Pludermacher edited by Wilen. ped. every month "Di nae shul." L. - the author of a number of textbooks for Jewish schools and gymnasiums, among them - "Geometry for the 2nd grade of the gymnasium" (Vilno, 1935). He actively participated in the development of mat. and tech. terminology in Yiddish. After the occupation of Lithuania, Kr. The army participated in the organization of a network of schools with teaching in Yiddish. He died in the ghetto.
LUBYANA, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lubyana of the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 4 Jews were deported from Lithuania to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
LUBYANAYA, see Lubyana.
LUBYANKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. jan. 1942, 330 Jews from Odessa were deported to Leningrad and on March 6, 1942.
BEAM does not exist now. Main in the beginning. 1930s as a Jewish farmer. village in Skadovsky district of Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In the beginning. oct. 1941 the entire population of Leningrad was destroyed.
LUCHANKI, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Luchenki Ovruchsky u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 13 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
LUCHANSKY Yaakov (1876, Vinnytsia - 1978, Givat Brener, Israel), sculptor. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche, from 1903 he lived in France, studied at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. Since 1949 - in Israel, he lived and worked in the Kibbutz Givat Brener. In his work he was guided by the classic. traditions. Main production: statues "Young Girl" (1914), "Accordionist" (1914–20), "Awakening" (1937); sculpt. portraits of B. Katsnelson (1952), T. Herzel (several versions), self-portrait (1964); animalistic sculptures "Horse" (1931), "Wounded Lion" (1953), "Mule" (1954); relief "Symphony of Life" (1959) and many others. other works L. are in museums in Israel, France (Paris), USA (New York) and in private. collections.
LUCHENKI, see Luchanka.
LUCHIN, a village in the Popelnyansky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a grocery and a manufactory, and in the summer of 1941, Lebanon was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 the Jews of Latvia were shot.
LUCHINCHIK, a village in the Murovanokurilovets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in Leningrad. 986 people died from hunger and disease in the camp. On 1 Sept. 1943 95 Jews were held in the camp.
LUCHINETS, a village in the Murovanokurilovets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Letychivsky district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 432 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 1154, in 1897 - 1050 (41.4%), in 1923 - 667 Jews. In 1825 a synagogue burned down in Leningrad, in 1855 a ban was imposed on building in the new one. In 1867, there was one synagogue in Leningrad, and in 1889 there were two. Since 1895, Yosef Zuckerman (1865 -?) Was the rabbi in Leningrad. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. timber warehouse, pharmacy warehouse, 26 stores (including all 12 grocery stores). There were three synagogues in Leningrad, and in July 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. In 1941–44 there was a ghetto in Leningrad for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. 1,698 people died of hunger and disease in the ghetto. On 1 Sept. 1943 1,007 Jews remained in the ghetto; in 2003 there was a Jewish population in L.
LUCHINS, see Lugins.
LUCHKA, a village in the Lokhvitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 the Jews of L. were shot along with the Jews of Lokhvits.
LUCHNOE, a village in the Cherven district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1898, 143 people lived in Leningrad, who owned 340 dess. The Jewish population of Lithuania was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LUDEN Itskhok (b. 1925, Warsaw), publicist, public figure. Graduated from a Jewish school. Activist in children. and the youth organizations of the Bund in Warsaw. After the start of the 2nd world. fled to the USSR, lived in Central Asia. In 1946 he returned to Poland. Since 1949 - in Israel. Publicist, started his career in Poland. In Israel sotr. into gas. "Lecte Nice", where he printed the lane, travel notes. Published articles, reviews in the Bund magazine. Lebns-Fragn, ed. to-rogo later became. The author of the book. "Pearl Fun Ganeidn" ("Pearls of Paradise", 1987) - Art. and an essay on Jewish art and artists.
LUDZA, city (since 1777), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1177.From 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Dvina province of the Pskov province, from 1778 - in the Polotsk governorship, from 1796 - in the Belarusian province, from 1802 - the county town of Lyutsin, Vitebsk province. In 1920–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. In 1772 66 Jews (29%) lived in Latvia, in 1784 - 80, in 1815 - 1176 (65.3%), in 1847 - 2299 , in 1868 - 1915 (53.2%), in 1885 - 2403, in 1897 - 2803 (54.5%), in 1910 - 2987, in 1920 - 2050 (40.7%), in 1925 - 1907 (34 %), in 1930 - 1634 (30.2%), in 1935 - 1518 Jews (27%). Jews lived in Latvia from the 16th century. In 1765, the tailor Moishe ben Dovid, who refused to be baptized, was accused of attacking Christianity. In the end. 18th century The first synagogue was built in Leningrad, the second in 1804, and the Hasidic synagogue in 1827. In 1850 the Khevra Kaddish was established. In 1786–1806 Zeev-Wolf Altshuler (? –1806) was the rabbi of L., in 1806–10 - Dovid Tzioni (1762–1810), in 1810–56 - his son Naftoli (? –1856) (great-grandfather of I. Zilber) , in 1856–76 - the son of Naftoli Aron-Zelig (? –1876). After the death of AZ Tsioni, his son-in-law Eliezer Don-Ihye (1838–1926) became the rabbi of L. State rabbi in the 1910s. there was Joseph Leizerovich Borovik. The author lived in L. several. books - comments. to the Talmud, Rabbi Israel Zeligman (? –1908), the grandson of Naftoli Zioni. OK. 60 Jewish families moved to the colonies of the Kherson province. Most settled in the Krasnoselka colony. In 1865, a Jewish school of Russian was opened in L. literacy for boys (director B. Magel, in 1887 - 53 students) and the Talmud-Tora, in 1887 - another Talmud-Tora, in which they studied mathematics and Russian. lang. There were 2 synagogues. In the 1890s. another Jewish school began to work, in 1910 - a school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1883, Chaim Moer opened a Jewish book store, later a library worked at the store. In 1907 he also founded Unity in L. in Latgale a Jewish printing press. In 1904–05, Bund activists organized several. strikes. In the 1910s. The Poalei Zion branch began to operate. In 1910 there were 5 synagogues in Leningrad, there was a Jewish cemetery, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings fund. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, units. a bathhouse, both bakeries, 3 hotels, both hairdressers, more than 100 shops (including 21 grocery stores, all 14 manufactures, all 3 jewelry stores). Among the Jews there were 3 timber merchants, 2 tailors. In 1914, the Society for Benefits to Poor Jews was created (organized by the merchants of the 2nd guild, Shmuila Izrets and Abram Karelits). In the years of the 1st World. war several. hundreds of Jews left Latvia. In 1920, refugees began to return. Community life has revived with the support of the Joint. A Hebrew school was opened. In the gymnasium founded in 1922 with teaching in Russian. lang. 80% of the students were Jews. In favor of the Jewish nat. fund the community collected 1297 rubles. donations. In the 1920s. several years Jewish children worked. house. In 1935, out of 302 shops and workshops of L., 191 belonged to Jews. 3 out of 6 doctors and 3 dentists were Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. there were 7 synagogues in L. In 1926–41, the rabbi of L. was the son of E. Don-Ihye, Benzion (1871–1941). Departments of various types operated in L. Jewish parties and organizations. On July 3, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. On July 20, 1941, a ghetto was created. 17 Aug 1941 shot approx. 800 Jews, 27 Aug. 1941 - 120 Jews, October 27. 1941 - 120 Jews. The last Jews of L. were shot in May 1942. During the Holocaust, approx. 1250 Jews. 1950s in L. lived apprx. 100 Jews, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1960s. N. Shmukler was a shokhet. In the 1970s. the Jews of L. left for Israel. N.A.Iofis, G.V. Frank, I.G. Chashnik, I. Shapiro.
LUFER Abram Mikhailovich (1905, Kiev - 1948, ibid.), Pianist, teacher. Graduated from Kiev muses. technical school in the class of G.N. Beklemishev (1925) and Higher. music-drama, in-t them. NV Lysenko (1928), where he taught (1928–34, since 1929 head of the department of special faculty). In 1934–41 and 1944–48 he was director, from 1935 - prof. Kiev cons. In 1941–44, dir. Sverdlovsk cons., Head. department of special php. Pianist-soloist of the Kiev Philharmonic (1929-31), radio (1931-41 and 1944-46). 1st Ave on Vseukr. competition of pianists (Kharkov, 1930), 3rd ave. at the Intern. pianist competition them. Chopin (Warsaw, 1932). L. was the first performer and promoter of many. manuf. ukr. comp. V.S.Kosenko, B.N. Lyatoshinsky, L.N. Revutsky. The author of Art. on questions of muses. education, pianism, etc. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1945).
LUGA, city (since 1777), a regional center in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. From 1781 it was a district town of St. Petersburg, in 1914–24 - Petrograd province. In 1897, 382 Jews (6.8%) lived in Leningrad, 346 in 1899, 379 (2.6%) in 1926, and 1939 - 554 Jews. Jews settled in L. from the beginning. 1850s in connection with the beginning. building of the Petersburg-Warsaw railway In 1860 a Jewish cemetery was established. In the beginning. 1890s a military unit was placed on the site of the cemetery, a new site was allocated for burials. From 1871 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad (closed in 1898), and the state rabbi of Leningrad permanently resided in St. Petersburg. The synagogue was reopened in 1899. In 1900–17, the duties of the state rabbi were performed by the spiritual rabbi Israel Atkin (1862–1938). After 1904, Jewish contractors took part in the creation of the Sergievsky art. polygon. In the 1920s. I. Etkin was the rabbi of L. in the 1930s. children enjoyed fame in the city. doctor B.A. Shmerko, director. mountains. House of Culture was Maiman, hands. dramatic. theater - dir. Magpie, conductor of strings. orchestra - M.S. Zeberg. All R. 1930s the synagogue in L. was closed. 24 Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Germans. troops; in the fall of 1941 all the Jews of the city (about 600 people) were exterminated. In the release of L. February 12. 1944 took part 613th dep. anti-aircraft battalion under com. Major Mordko Naumovich Gorodetsky. For years the organization of Jewish funerals was carried out by M.B. Kogan (he also kept order at the Jewish cemetery). In 1995, a Jewish community was created in Leningrad (headed by Vera Ishitskaya). In 1996 and 1997, a Jewish cemetery was desecrated. B.I.Marshak, A.L. Yakobson; I.Ya. Zlatkin lived and worked.
LUGANOVSKY (real family. Portugeis) Emmanuil Viktorovich (1885 - 1940), politician. Member RSDLP since 1902. Member of the Revolution. the events of 1905–07 in Yekaterinoslav and Lugansk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kharkiv committee of the RSDLP (b) and ed. time. "Proletarian", was removed from their membership after speaking out against the "April Theses" of V. I. Lenin and calling for unification with the Mensheviks. From June 1917 he worked as a Bolshevik. faction of the Kharkov mountains; thought, headed by mountains. food. I'll manage. In the first owl. pr-ve Ukraine - people's secretary. finance. In 1920, an extreme. authorized by the Defense Council for the supply of North. front. From 1921 to the beginning. builds. dep. VSNKH OSFER (USSR). Repressed.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛУГАНСК (в 1935–58 и в 1970–90 – Ворошиловград), город (с 1882), областной центр (Украина). Осн. в 1795 как поселок при Екатеринославском чугунолитейном з-де, с 1797 – пос. Луганский Завод в Славяносербском у., с 1882 – уездный город Луганск Екатеринославской губ. С 1932 – в Донецкой обл., с 1938 – областной центр.В 1864 в Л. проживало 156 евреев, в 1897 – 1505 (1,5%), в 1910 – 4554 (7,6%), в 1920 – 8188, в 1923 – 5106, в 1926 – 7132 (9,9%), в 1939 – 10 622, в 1959 – 7700 (2,8%), в 1970 – 7432 (2%), в 1979 – 6661 еврей (1,4%).С 1897 раввином в Л. был Абрам Фридман. В 1901 в Л. действовали еврейские муж. уч-ща А.Вишневского и А. Ривлина.23 окт. 1905 в Л. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было разграблено 35 магазинов и лавок, из них 11 сожжено.С 1906 обществ. раввином в Л. был И.-Б. Левнер, к-рый в 1907 начал издание дет. журн. «Га-Прахим» и дет. библиотечки «Га-Тиква» (все на иврите). В 1909–12 в Л. выходил на рус. яз. дет. журн. «Юный Израиль» (изд.-ред. Ц.Р. Лейфер), в 1912–13 – дет. журн. «Цветник Иудеи» (изд.-ред. И.С.Житомирский).В 1910 в Л. действовали обществ. смешанное и 2 частных муж. еврейских уч-ща, жен. субботняя школа, 3 синагоги, еврейское лит.-худож. об-во, еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – Мелкоторговое еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 3 аптеки, 6 складов аптечных товаров, 2 булочные, 3 парикмахерские, синематограф, обе прачечные и более 90 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 9 мануфактурных, 8 кожевенных). Во время 1-й мир. войны уроженец города Г. Константиновский был награжден 2 Георгиевскими крестами. В 1917 Луганская орг-ция Объединенной еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии издавала журн. «Еврейский социалист».После 1917 раввинами в Л. были Мордехай Кроль (1879, Ромны – 1948, Ленинград), затем – Меир Шарф (1880–?), к-рый неоднократно подвергался преследованиям со стороны сов. властей и в 1925 выехал в США. В 1920 в Л. были организованы еврейская б-ка и драматич. кружок.Летом 1941 большинство еврейского населения Л. эвакуировалось в вост. р-ны СССР. 17 июля 1942 Л. оккупировали части вермахта. В сент. 1942 герм. администрация зарегистрировала в Л. 1038 евреев. 1 нояб. 1942 были расстреляны евреи Л., а также евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов (всего ок. 1800 чел.).После освобождения Л. часть евреев вернулась в город. В мае и июле 1945 власти отклонили ходатайства верующих евреев об открытии в Л. синагоги.В 1992 в Л. открылись гор. культурный центр «Нэр» (дир. – Екатерина Семеновна Чекановкина, р. 1935, Кадиевка), воскресная школа (дир. – Алла Кроль). С 1997 действует «Хесэд нэр» (рук. – Галина Иосифовна Рыбникова), с 1999 – еврейская школа «Бейт Менахем», еврейский дет. сад, еврейская религ. община (пред. – Иосиф Аронович Ловин, р. 1960, Луганск). С 1999 начала работать Луганская областная община (пред. – Г.И.Рыбникова). С 2000 издается журн. «Мир еврейских женщин» (гл. ред. – Хана Гопин). В Л. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище. Раввин Л. с 1998 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шолом Гопин (р. 1974, Ашкелон, Израиль).В 2002 в Л. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В Л. род.: И.М.Гурович, З.А.Каменский, М.Л.Матусовский, А.Я.Сахнин, Л.А.Сахнович, А.Г.Шапиро, М.Г.Шапиро, А.Б.Шнейдер; Марк Абрамович Батунский (р. 1933), историк-исламист, канд. филос. наук (1962), специалист в обл. западно-европейской исламистики, автор св. 100 работ; Юлий Яковлевич Иоффе (р. 1940), политич. деятель, в 1992–93 – вице-премьер-министр Украины, нар. депутат Украины 12–13-го созывов; Александр Матвеевич Крупчицкий (1902–1985, Москва), ген.-майор мед. службы (1944); Абрам Давидович Макаров (1897–1984, Москва), пианист, засл. артист РСФСР; Дов Фейгин (1907–?), израильский скульптор, с 1927 – в Э.-И.; Владимир Аронович Якобсон (р. 1930), историк-ассириолог, д-р ист. наук (1989), специалист в обл. ассирийского права. В Л. жили и работали С.И.Колтон, И.-Б.Левнер, Э.В.Лугановский, Ю.Д.Сабинин., pronunciation=ЛУГАНСК (в 1935–58 и в 1970–90 – Ворошиловград), город (с 1882), областной центр (Украина). Осн. в 1795 как поселок при Екатеринославском чугунолитейном з-де, с 1797 – пос. Луганский Завод в Славяносербском у., с 1882 – уездный город Луганск Екатеринославской губ. С 1932 – в Донецкой обл., с 1938 – областной центр.В 1864 в Л. проживало 156 евреев, в 1897 – 1505 (1,5%), в 1910 – 4554 (7,6%), в 1920 – 8188, в 1923 – 5106, в 1926 – 7132 (9,9%), в 1939 – 10 622, в 1959 – 7700 (2,8%), в 1970 – 7432 (2%), в 1979 – 6661 еврей (1,4%).С 1897 раввином в Л. был Абрам Фридман. В 1901 в Л. действовали еврейские муж. уч-ща А.Вишневского и А. Ривлина.23 окт. 1905 в Л. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было разграблено 35 магазинов и лавок, из них 11 сожжено.С 1906 обществ. раввином в Л. был И.-Б. Левнер, к-рый в 1907 начал издание дет. журн. «Га-Прахим» и дет. библиотечки «Га-Тиква» (все на иврите). В 1909–12 в Л. выходил на рус. яз. дет. журн. «Юный Израиль» (изд.-ред. Ц.Р. Лейфер), в 1912–13 – дет. журн. «Цветник Иудеи» (изд.-ред. И.С.Житомирский).В 1910 в Л. действовали обществ. смешанное и 2 частных муж. еврейских уч-ща, жен. субботняя школа, 3 синагоги, еврейское лит.-худож. об-во, еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – Мелкоторговое еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 3 аптеки, 6 складов аптечных товаров, 2 булочные, 3 парикмахерские, синематограф, обе прачечные и более 90 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 9 мануфактурных, 8 кожевенных). Во время 1-й мир. войны уроженец города Г. Константиновский был награжден 2 Георгиевскими крестами. В 1917 Луганская орг-ция Объединенной еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии издавала журн. «Еврейский социалист».После 1917 раввинами в Л. были Мордехай Кроль (1879, Ромны – 1948, Ленинград), затем – Меир Шарф (1880–?), к-рый неоднократно подвергался преследованиям со стороны сов. властей и в 1925 выехал в США. В 1920 в Л. были организованы еврейская б-ка и драматич. кружок.Летом 1941 большинство еврейского населения Л. эвакуировалось в вост. р-ны СССР. 17 июля 1942 Л. оккупировали части вермахта. В сент. 1942 герм. администрация зарегистрировала в Л. 1038 евреев. 1 нояб. 1942 были расстреляны евреи Л., а также евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов (всего ок. 1800 чел.).После освобождения Л. часть евреев вернулась в город. В мае и июле 1945 власти отклонили ходатайства верующих евреев об открытии в Л. синагоги.В 1992 в Л. открылись гор. культурный центр «Нэр» (дир. – Екатерина Семеновна Чекановкина, р. 1935, Кадиевка), воскресная школа (дир. – Алла Кроль). С 1997 действует «Хесэд нэр» (рук. – Галина Иосифовна Рыбникова), с 1999 – еврейская школа «Бейт Менахем», еврейский дет. сад, еврейская религ. община (пред. – Иосиф Аронович Ловин, р. 1960, Луганск). С 1999 начала работать Луганская областная община (пред. – Г.И.Рыбникова). С 2000 издается журн. «Мир еврейских женщин» (гл. ред. – Хана Гопин). В Л. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище. Раввин Л. с 1998 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шолом Гопин (р. 1974, Ашкелон, Израиль).В 2002 в Л. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В Л. род.: И.М.Гурович, З.А.Каменский, М.Л.Матусовский, А.Я.Сахнин, Л.А.Сахнович, А.Г.Шапиро, М.Г.Шапиро, А.Б.Шнейдер; Марк Абрамович Батунский (р. 1933), историк-исламист, канд. филос. наук (1962), специалист в обл. западно-европейской исламистики, автор св. 100 работ; Юлий Яковлевич Иоффе (р. 1940), политич. деятель, в 1992–93 – вице-премьер-министр Украины, нар. депутат Украины 12–13-го созывов; Александр Матвеевич Крупчицкий (1902–1985, Москва), ген.-майор мед. службы (1944); Абрам Давидович Макаров (1897–1984, Москва), пианист, засл. артист РСФСР; Дов Фейгин (1907–?), израильский скульптор, с 1927 – в Э.-И.; Владимир Аронович Якобсон (р. 1930), историк-ассириолог, д-р ист. наук (1989), специалист в обл. ассирийского права. В Л. жили и работали С.И.Колтон, И.-Б.Левнер, Э.В.Лугановский, Ю.Д.Сабинин., extra_data="{'translat...")
LUGANSK FACTORY, see Lugansk.
LUGANSKOE, see Pavlograd.
LUGI (in 1939–44 - Lonka), a village in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1439. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1780, 44 Jews (10.3%) lived in Leningrad, in 1840 - 55, in 1910 - St. 80 Jews. 18 - early. 19th century several Jewish families were engaged in gardening; Among the Jews of L. there were 2 timber merchants. The Jewish population of L. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LUGINKI, a village in the Luginsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 10 Jews were killed in Leningrad.
Lugins, an urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Luginy (other name - Luchins) of Ovruch u. Volyn province. Since 1926 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1847, 1,154 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 1,599 (64%), in 1923 - 1709, in 1939 - 857 (37%), in 1989 - 20 Jews (0.37%). 17th century there was a Jewish community in L. In 1648 m. Jews fled from L., fleeing raids by the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In 1721 the Jewish community was revived. In 1867, two synagogues functioned in Leningrad. Main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts (mainly sewing and shoemaking, woodworking) and small trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, unity. kerosene warehouse, 71 stores (including 37 grocery, 15 manufacturing). 1918 a pogrom in Leningrad was perpetrated by Russian soldiers. army; May 8 pogrom 1918 prevented by Jewish self-defense squads. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by units of the Directory; Jewish houses were destroyed, 11 people. died in the 1920s. there was a Jewish school in L. In 1925, immigrants from Leningrad (10 Jewish families - 56 people) organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Emes". In August. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied Leningrad; 726 Jews were shot. After the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, L. found themselves in a zone of radioactive contamination; means. part of the inhabitants left the village. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in L. L. genus: Kh.A. Vaynerman; Zodek Tuzman (1908–1942, front), poet, wrote in Yiddish; Semyon Ionovich Sherman (b. 1934), specialist in the region. Geodynamics, Dr. Geol.-Mineral. Sciences (1977), prof. (1980), academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1995).
LUGOV, see. Meadow, Vinnytsia region.
Lugovaya, a summer cottage settlement in the composition (since 1976) of the city council of Lobnya, Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1989, 20 Jews (0.5%) lived in Leningrad.
LUHOVIKI, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1719. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Radomysl u. Kiev province. 18 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1910, and 30 Jews in 1910. 1941 in Leningrad, several were killed. Jews.
LOUI Victor Evgenievich (1928 - 1992, Moscow), journalist. In 1946–47 he worked as a messenger at the Brazilian Embassy in Moscow. In 1947 he was repressed. He served a sentence of approx. 10 years, after which he returned to Moscow. Moscow worked. corr. English gas. Sandy Express. L. was the first to report to the West about the removal of N.S. Khrushchev from the post of first secretary. Central Committee of the CPSU, handed over to the publishing house "Grani" hands. rum. AI Solzhenitsyn "Cancer Ward", organized by the publishing house. in the West, book. SI Alliluyeva “Twenty Letters to a Friend” and memoirs “Khrushchev Remembers”, sent to “Bild” a hidden camera film about AD Sakharov's stay in exile in Gorky.
LUKA, a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 51 Jews (5.1%) lived in Leningrad, in 1900 - 47 Jews (3.6%). In 1916, from Leningrad to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil) 14 Jews were deported.
LUKA BARSKAYA, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 18th century in L.-B. lived 4 Jewish families. In 1914 Jews owned 2 out of 3 grocery stores, unity. cast iron mechanic z-d. During the Holocaust, Jews L.-B. were deported to the Bar ghetto and in August. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
LUKA MELESHKOVSKAYA, a village in the Vinnitsa district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district Podolsk province. In 1897 in L.-M. 48 Jews lived, in 1910 - 8 Jews. In July 1941 L.-M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 Jews L.-M. were shot.
LUKACHER Ierakhmiel (1895, Tashkent - |), politician. Graduated from the Herzliya gymnasium, Chl. about-va "Ga-Shomer". During the 1st world. war officer of the Turkish army. In 1923 he killed the former. early Police of Jaffa Tufik-bey, Ch. the culprit of the Jewish pogrom in the city. All R. 1920s studied military. business in Germany at hand. gene. G. von Seeckt. Upon returning to E.-I. - one of the founders of the military. schools in Tel Yosef and st. teacher in courses organized for chl. "Work brigade". During his stay in Germany, he became close to the Communists, in E.-I. secretly joined the Palestinian Communist Party, where he was responsible for the conspirator. and opera. work. In 1931 he was exiled to the USSR. According to some information, in 1942 he was drafted to the Kr. Army, further fate is unknown.
LUKANOVKA, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 49 Jews (10.2%) lived in Leningrad in 1897, and 80 Jews (13.4%) in 1910. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Leningrad, staged by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev; Jewish homes were looted. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 11 oct. 1941, 156 Jews were shot in Leningrad.
LUKASHEVO, a village in the Zaporozhye region of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Ekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1897, and 20 Jews in 1910.
LUKASHOVKA, now part of (since 1958) Bobrovitsa, Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kozeletsky u. Chernigov province. 15 nov. 1941 one Jewish woman L. was shot in Bobrovitsa.
LUKHOVITSY, a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Moscow province. 11 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1939, and in 1989 - 23 Jews (0.07%).
LUKI (until 1960 - Konyushki-Semenovskie), a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1443. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rudetsky powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews of Lithuania were shot in 1941 after the occupation of the village by units of the Wehrmacht.
LUKYANOVKA, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Leningrad in the fall of 1941, one Jew was killed.
LUKNIKI, see Luoke.
LUKOMYE, a village in the Orzhitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1178.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lubensky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 2 Jewish families lived in Leningrad, in 1910 - 12 Jewish families, in 1926 - 6 Jews. 19th century main Jewish occupations are sheepskin dressing and leather goods sewing. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 two Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LUKOML, a village in the Chashniki district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1078. In the 14th century. - a fortress city (destroyed during the Livonian War in 1563 by the Russian troops of Ivan IV). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Orsha district of the Vitebsk voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sennensky u. Mogilev province. In 1766 there were 131 Jews in Leningrad, in 1841 - 524, in 1847 - 503, in 1851 - 471, in 1859 - 413, in 1869 - 350, in 1880 - 587 (50.7%), in 1897 - 813 (51%), in 1908 - 737 (45.2%), in 1923 - 640 Jews. in the acts of the beginning. 18th century In 1841 a synagogue, three heders operated in Leningrad, and there was a rabbi. In 1880, 71 out of 185 houses belonged to Jews. In 1881 there were 8 shoemakers (out of 9), 4 carpenters, 5 blacksmiths, and 2 Jewish families dyeing fabrics and threads. In 1903 the Jewish community petitioned for the opening of a heder matukan in L. In 1908 there were three synagogues in Leningrad. The rabbi was Joseph-Chaim Yakobson. In 1912, the heders contained the melamed Leib Ryzhik and Irman Raik. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, all 5 manufactory, both tobacco and unity. a grocery store. In 1926 a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in the vicinity of Latvia. artel "Prishchepovka". In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 13 Sep 1941, 138 Jews were shot in Leningrad. Boris Alexandrovich Dolgoplosk (1905–1994, Moscow), chemist, Dr. of chem. Sciences (1944), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1963), research. in the region. chemistry of macromolecular compounds and organometallic catalysis, Steel. pr. (1941, 1949), Len. etc. (1984).
LUKOMSKY Genrikh Ilyich (b. 1925, Moscow), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963). Son of I.G. Lukomsky. He graduated from the 1st MMI (1947), until 1957 worked as a surgeon. In 1957–63 - assistant professor, prof. department Faculty Surgery of the 1st MMI. In 1963–71 - Dean of the 2nd Medical Faculty, in 1971–72 Prof., in 1972–93 Head. department faculty surgery, since 1993 - scientific. consultant of the 1st MMI. One of the founders of bronchology in the USSR. Proposed (1964) a controlled collapse of the lung under anesthesia; in 1979 he proposed (with co-workers) chromobronchoscopy. Designed (with I.V. Krishtul) a respiratory bronchoscope for diagnostics. and therapeutic bronchoscopy. Member of the Board of the Society of Surgeons of the Russian Federation, member. Int. associations of surgeons. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1979). For the monograph "Nonspecific empyema of the pleura" (M., 1976) was awarded pr. Them. S.I. Spasokukotsky of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1981) Vol .: Bronchoscopy in surgeon. clinic. M., 1963; Endoscopic technique in surgery. M., 1967 (et al.); Bronchology. M., 1975 (et al.); Bronchopulmonology. M., 1982 (et al.); Volemic disorders in surgical pathology. M., 1988 (et al.).
LUKOMSKY Ilya Abelevich (1906, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1954, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1920 he worked as a draftsman-designer in the decoration workshops of the political department of the army (Mogilev), at the same time. studied in the Red Army art studio under the hands. M. Tsekhanovsky. In 1922 he was enrolled in the testing and preparatory department of VKHUTEMAS, from 1923 he studied at the painting faculty under P.V. Kuznetsov, LABruni, V.A. Favorsky. From 1929 he took part in the exhibitions "Art and the Masses" (middle "Canton Commune"). In 1930 he graduated from the separate monument. painting. The first, presented at the exhibition "XV Years of the Red Army", work - "On the assault on coal" (1932) (collection of the State Tretyakov Gallery). The trend is epic. reflection of life manifested itself in the canvases "On a New Construction Site" (1934–35), "Factory Party Committee" (1937), "Lenin's speech at a workers rally" (1939–41). From 1941 - in the Red Army, from 1942 - at the front; was part of the Military Studio. thin them. M.B. Grekova. R. created a monument, compositions: "In the days of the capture of Berlin" (1947), "The oath of the Stalingradists" (1948), "Admission to the party in a tank unit" (1948), "I want to go into battle as a communist" (1953). He made a large number of portraits (coal, watercolors) of war participants. Member of many all and nick. exhibitions. L.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Artillery Museum (Petersburg), State. lit. Museum (Moscow), Military Studios. thin them. Grekov.
LUKOMSKY Ilya Genrikhovich (1893, Warsaw - 1958, Moscow), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1927). After graduating from the Warsaw dental school (1914) until 1917 - in the army. In 1918 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, to-ry graduated in 1922, and was left at the department of propaedeutic surgery. In 1926-52 the head. Department of Dentistry of the 1st MMI. works by L. issues of odontogenic tumors, tuberculosis of the oral cavity, oral sepsis, odontogenic osteomyelitis, diseases of the oral mucosa, salivary glands, military. trauma to the maxillofacial region. Developed a method for the prevention of dental caries by local and general use of sodium fluoride. He proposed a classification of chronic. periodontitis. From 1939 before. Moscow Society of Dentists, since 1940 Responsible. ed. zhurn. "Dentistry". Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1947) Vol .: Odontogenic tumors. M., 1927; Tuberculosis of the mouth. M., 1931; Surgical dentistry. M., 1950; Therapeutic dentistry. M., 1958.
LUKOMSKY Iosif Ilyich (1908 - 1981, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1949), prof. In 1932 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. 1941–46 - in the Red Army (1941–42 - at the front). In 1946 he participated in the organization of the Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, was deputy. dir. in-that for clinics. parts. In 1951–57 the head. Department of Psychiatry, Arkhangelsk honey. in-that. Since 1957 hands. clinic for the study of alcoholism, department of clinics. and social narcology Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. tr. dedicated issues of alcoholism, affective pathology, traumatic. and infectious psychosis, psychotherapy, etc.
LUKOV, see Lukow.
LUKOV Leonid Davydovich (1909, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1963, Moscow), film director. In 1928 he graduated from the workers' school. The correspondent worked. gas. “Nasha Pravda”, “Kochegarka”, “Komsomolets Ukrainy”. He began his work in cinema as the author of the script "Roly and the Avenger" (1927). Was one of the organizers of the collective of working youth "Kinokomsomol" in Kharkov. Filmed a cycle of 5 documents. f. "My homeland is the Komsomol." In 1930–41, dir. Kiev c / st, in 1941 - 43 Tashkent c / st, then the studio. M. Gorky. The short film debuted in feature films. f. "Scum" (1930, jointly with G. Starchevsky). Naib. Izv. ph .: "I love" (1936), "Big life" (1st ser., 1939), "Alexander Parkhomenko" (1942), "Two fighters" (1943). 2nd ser. f. "Big Life" (1946) was subjected to devastating criticism in one of the ideological decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and was sent to the "shelf". Released in screens in 1958. Post-war years. f. "Donetsk miners" (1951, pr. MKF in Karlovy-Vary), "Different destinies" (1956), several. f.-performances. Carried out the first joint. production with Yugoslavia - "Oleko Dundich" (1958). He died on the set of F. "Believe me, people" (f. Completed by director I. Ya. Gurin and VB Berenshtein). Nar. art. RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1941, 1952).
LUKOVA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-1815 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Belgoraisky u. Lublin province. In 1921, 174 Jews (5.5%) lived in Leningrad. 19th century in L. lived several. Jewish families, DOS. occupations to-rykh were small trade and crafts; some families had subsidiary farming. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of Leningrad and refugees from other us. points (224 people in total) were sent to the Tarnów and Józefów ghettos. In June 1942, the Jews who were in the Józefuwa ghetto were exterminated. Jews from the Tarnów ghetto in November. 1942 deported to the extermination camp Belzec.
LUKOVETS, see Lukovets-Vishnevsky.
LUKOVETS VISHNEVSKY, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Lukovets of the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, L.-V. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In apr. 1942 Jews L.-V. were sent to Bukachevtsy and subsequently destroyed.
LUKOVO, see Lukov.
LUKOYANOV, city, regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). From 1779 it was a district town of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, then a province. In 1870 14 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1881 - 2, in 1913 - 2, in 1926 - 55 (0.9%), in 1939 - 23 Jews. 150 Jewish refugees arrived in L.
LUXEMBOURGS, see Bolnisi.
LUKSHIAI, a place in Marijampolė u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-1815 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Vladislavovsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - in the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1884, approx. 60 Jews, in 1923 - 42 Jews (11%). occupation of Jews in L. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and various crafts. Most of the Jews of L. before the beginning. 1st world. wars left for other countries or moved to different. In 1931, the Jews of Leningrad owned a manufactory shop, a wool workshop, and a tavern. In June 1941, after the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Leningrad (several families) who had not managed to evacuate were sent to the Shakiai ghetto, where on September 13. 1941 were shot along with 4 thousand Jews of the ghetto. After 1945, a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected on the mass grave.
LUKUV, a city (since 1403) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Lukov, Sedletskaya province. In 1765, 911 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1820 - 1254 (51.1%), in 1827 - 2023 (60.2%), in 1840 - 1877 (64.9 %), in 1857 - 2114 (67.7%), in 1897 - 4799 (54.7%), in 1907 - 7094 (63.3%), in 1910 - 7792 (62.4%), in 1921 - 6145 Jews (48.9%) Jews lived in L. from the middle. 13th century In the 15th century. Jews received the right to build houses and lay a cemetery. The Jews of Leningrad suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era, and the synagogue was burned down. In 1659, permission was obtained to build a new synagogue. Main occupations of Jews in the 18-19th centuries. were crafts and small trade. In 1585–87 the rabbi of L. was Yoel Sirkis, in the beginning. 18th century - Avrom Nisser, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Meer Rapoport (1849-1921). Most of the Jews of L. were Kotsk and Aleksandrovsk Hasidim. Yeshiva was operating. In the beginning. 20th century Ichil Mintzberg founded another yeshiva in Leningrad. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Leningrad. t-in and other organizations of social assistance. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy warehouse, a bakery, 3 hotels, more than 30 shops and stores (including a single toy store, all 3 grocery, 2 haberdashery, both manufactory shops). There were 3 timber merchants among the Jews. Since 1916, branches of Bund, Poalei Zion, Mizrahi, and Agudas Yisroel operated in Leningrad. In the 1920s and 1930s. in L. worked departments of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, nursing home, children. house, Jewish plank bed. bank, Bank "Agudas Israel". In 1924 a Yiddish school was opened. In 1927 there was a weekly. Dos Lukover Worth, 1931 - weekly. gas. "Di Lukover Nice", then "Lukover Zeitung." 1939 L. in tech. several days was occupied by parts of the Red Army. Together with the owls. troops left the city approx. 500 young Jews. In the end. Sep 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1940, a ghetto was created, destroyed in May 1943.
LUKVITSA (until 1946 - Prislop), a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Przislup of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942, 33 Jews were deported from Leningrad to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk).
LUNACHARSKAYA-ROSENEL Natalia Alexandrovna (nee Sats) (1902 - 1962, Moscow), actress, translator. Step sister of I.A. Sats. The wife of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky. She studied at the Kiev Theater, Academy. She made her debut in car wash, theater "Romaneks", played on the stage of Maly Theater (1923–39), in b. T-re Korsha, T-re im. MGSPS, Leningrad. t-re "Comedy". She starred in films: "Bear's Wedding" (1926), "Mess Mend" (1926), "Salamander" (1928) and others. t-pax, the plays translated by her were staged by the French. and it. playwrights.
LUNDIN Arnold Gennadievich (b. 1926, Kazan), physicist. Graduated from radio engineering. Faculty of Power Engineering in 1947. In 1947-50 he worked at the Institute of Physics. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1950–63 - in radio engineering. industry in Krasnoyarsk (since 1959 - chief engineer of the Special Design Bureau of the Ministry of Radio Industry). In 1963–79 Deputy. dir. by scientific. work of the Institute of Physics Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. department of radio spectroscopy. Since 1980 - prof. Department of Physics Sib. technologist, institute (Krasnoyarsk); in 1980–90 - head. this department. From 1949 he taught at Moscow State University, then at the Krasnoyarsk State. un-those (1966–79) and Sib. technologist. in-those. Osn. works belong to the region. nuclear magn. resonance resonance (NMR) in crystals, as well as to radio electronics. Constructed a theory and explained the features of the spectra R MP associated with molecular. diffusion, was confirmed by a series of experiments. He developed a technique for determining the structural features of crystals using NMR, which is comparable in accuracy to neutron diffraction. methods. Author of over 150 scientific. works and inventions. Cit .: Nuclear magnetic resonance. Basics and Applications. Novosibirsk, 1980 (with E.I. Fedin); Int. mobility in tv. body. Novosibirsk, 1986 (with S.P. Gabuda); NMR spectroscopy. Moscow, 1986 (with E.I. Fedin).
LUNDIN Avraam Grigorievich (1929, Leningrad - 1994, ibid.), Orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1969). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1951). Since 1958 - scientific. sotr. Leningrad. branch of Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main direction of research. - the history of South Arabia. Cit .: South Arabia in the VI century. M. - L., 1961; State of mukarribs Saba: (Sabean eponym). M., 1971; A Brief History of Schleen. Aden, 1977 (in Arabic, lang., Jointly with G.M. Bauer); The origin of the Ugaritic alphabet, Meroe. M., 1989; Deciphering the Protossinai letter. M., 1991.
Lungin Pavel Semenovich (b. 1949, Moscow), screenwriter, film director. Son of S.L. Lungin and L.Z. Lungina. Graduated from Moscow State University (Department of Structural Linguistics, Philological Faculty, 1971). In 1971–73 he worked as a mathematician-programmer at the Institute of Sociology. research In 1973 ed. department of science "Literary newspaper". In 1974–75 he studied at the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. in Moscow. Since 1977 professional. screenwriter. Debuted F. "It's all about brother" (1977). In 1990, post. his first game f. "Taxi Blues" (St. Mkf in Cannes, 1991), then f. Luna Park (1992). In both f. Jewish issues are considered in philosophy. plan, investigates the dissimilarity of the human personality, its difference from others. I took off the doc. f. "GULAG - the secret of happiness" (1991). Author pl. screenplays and plays. Since 1992 - in France.
Lungin Semyon Lvovich (1920, Serpukhov - 1996, Moscow), screenwriter. Graduated from GITIS (1943). From 1943 he worked in opera and drama. studios them. K.S. Stanislavsky in Moscow, trans. then to Moscow. dram. t-r them. K.S. Stanislavsky. He taught at Moscow. mountains. theater, school. In 1949, during the "fight against cosmopolitanism," he was dismissed from the t-ra and the school. In cinematography he worked as a co-author. with I.I. Nusinov. Most famous. f. "Warrant Officer Panin" (1960), "Clouds over Borsk" (1961), "Welcome, or No Unauthorized Entry" (1964), "Attention, Turtle!" (1970), Telegram (1972), Agony (1981). After the death of Nusinov, he works independently. Among f. 1970s-90s "Joke" (1977), "Julia Vrevskaya" (1978), "I am an actress" (1981), "Department" (1982). The author of several. plays et al. with Nusinov. Hands. script workshop at Vyssh. scriptwriting courses and at VGIK. Honored. activist of lawsuits in the RSFSR (1981). Works: Goose feather. Fav. plays. M., 1984 (et al.).
L. Lungina (ps .; real name and surname. Liliana Zinovievna Markovich) (1920, Smolensk - 1998), translator. In 1945 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1948 - postgraduate study at IMLI named after M. Gorky. Published since 1952. Translated by art. lit-ry with it., French. and scandal. lang. Translated rum. "Nosho Faber" by M. Frisch, "Mysteries" by K. Hamsun, "The word of a madman in his defense" by A. Strindberg, collection of works. novellas by G. Böll "The City of Familiar Faces" manuf. A. Dumas, H. von Doderer, J. L. Curtis, Colette, A. Zegers, B. Vian, G. Hauptmann's play "Before Sunset" and F. Schiller's play "The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa." The translations of works brought her fame. for children: "Kid and Carlson", "Pippi Longstocking", "Ronya, the robber's daughter" by A. Lindgren, "Emil and the detectives" by E. Kestner, "A story that has no end" by M. Ende (with A. Isaeva). Many years of hands. together with N.V. Naumov, a seminar for young translators of French. liters. The author of the book. in French lang. "Moscow Seasons" (Paris, 1991), which received the annual pr. Zhurn. "El" (Paris).
LUNIN, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. 138 Jews (10.1%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. The Jewish population of Latvia was exterminated during the Holocaust. After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave of the executed.
LUNINETS, a city (since 1940), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 283 Jews (9.2%) lived in Leningrad, in 1921 - 2045 (24.7%), in 1924 - 2370 (33.2%). %), in 1928 - 2,041 (24%), in 1931 - 2,232 Jews (22.3%) In 1895 the first synagogue (of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim) was built in Leningrad. In 1898–1941, Alter Yehuda Zulyar (1866–1941) was the rabbi of L. In 1905, a synagogue of Gorodok Hasidim was opened, and in 1910, another synagogue. 20th century Among the Jews of L. there were 40 shoemakers, 20 carpenters, 18 tailors, 10 were engaged in carriage, and the rest - in petty trade. The Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 20 shops (including all 10 grocery stores, both manufacturing). From the beginning. 20th century there was a branch of the Bund. In 1913 "Bikur Hoylim" worked. In Sept. 1915 a pogrom broke out in Leningrad; Jews were evicted from a number of settlements in the vicinity of L. Since 1915, a branch of the Committee for Assistance to Refugees has been operating. In 1917 a Jewish library was opened, Jews - Russian servicemen. armies created the "Zionist military. council "headed by the military. by the physician Dr. Peker. In 1919 a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In 1921 the Jewish Nar. cooperative bank ". Between 1923 and 1927 the Beis Yaakov girls' school operated; there was a yeshiva "Or le Yisroel". In 1929 a yeshiva of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim was opened, in which E. Shah taught. In 1931, Left Zionists opened a school in Leningrad. In the 1920s and 30s. there were 4 synagogues in Leningrad, credit offices "Gmilus Hesed" were operating; Jewish parties and organizations. On July 10, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Lithuania. The Judenrat was created. 10 Aug 1941 Jewish men (1312 people) were shot. In March 1942, a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. - Sept. 1942.4 Sep. 1942 2,932 Jews were shot. After 1945 some of the Jews returned to Leningrad. 1940s in L. lived apprx. 180 Jews. In 1967 an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. Moshe Ben-Zeev (Budenkin) (1911–1995, Jerusalem), lawyer, from 1935 - in E.-I., in 1963–68 - lawyer. adviser to the Israeli government.
LUNNA, a village in the Mostovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766, 636 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 543, in 1897 - 1364 (74.3%), in 1921 - 1373 , in 1931 - c. 2,500 Jews. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods and 23 shops (including 7 haberdashery, 5 manufactory, only one wine shop). In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Leningrad in 1941. During the liquidation of the ghetto in the winter of 1942/43, 1,549 Jews were exterminated. In Leningrad: E. Goldin, A. Sh. Lieberman; Moishe Efron (1883–1944, New York), writer, from 1903 - in the USA, wrote in Yiddish.
LUNSKY Heikl (1881, Slonim, Grodno province - 1942), publicist, literary critic, bibliographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1892 he came to Vilna, where at the end. 1895 became a librarian and head. M. Strashun's libraries. Collected old books, unique, manuscripts, ist. doc. In the end. 1918 helped S. Ansky to create in Vilna the Jewish historical ethnogr. Society, collecting documents for him, books, paintings, chronicles, folklore material. Was a member. bibliography commissions at IVO Lit. started his activity in 1905, sotr. in a number of gas. and zhurn., published in scientific. collection of articles and ed. IVO. In 1920 he published the book. "Fun Wilner Ghetto" ("From the Vilna Ghetto"), publ. rec. about An-skom and A. Weiter. In 1931 his book was published in Vilna. "Geonim un gdoilim funnoentn ovar" ("Great people of the recent past"), consisting of essays about famous. rabbis. L. compiled a catalog of Strashun's library, a bibliography of Op. A.-M. Dick. Thousands of collected books. transferred to L. Jewish un-tu in Jerusalem. He died in the Vilna ghetto.
LUNTS Avraham-Moishe (1854, Kovna - 1918, Jerusalem), historian, geographer, publicist, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1869 he was sent by his father to E.-I., studied at the yeshiva in Jerusalem, got acquainted with the works of the ideologists of Haskala, participated in the organization of the circle of her followers and the library of them. M. Montefiore (1873–74) in Jerusalem. Lit. He began his activity in 1873 (author of numerous articles on the history and geography of E.-I.). In 1876 he published in Hebrew the first guide to Jerusalem - The Paths of Zion and Jerusalem. In 1879 he became blind, but continued to study. research and publishing. activity. From 1882 published collection of works. "Jerusalem. Yearbook published for the dissemination of accurate information about the ancient and modern E.-I. " (during his lifetime, 12 volumes were published, and he also owns a significant part of the publication in the collection of articles). In 1893–94 L. collective. with the agronomist M. Meerovich published the quarterly Der Colonist (in Yiddish and Hebrew). In 1895 L. released the book in Yiddish. "Through Palestine", in a cut gave a detailed geogr. description E.-I. and its attractions. In 1895-1915 L. published lit. alm. "Luach Eretz Yisrael", attracted many people to cooperate in it. writers E.-I. and other countries. L. also published a number of op. Jewish Middle-century. authors, documentary materials about E.-I .; author of the work "Jewish Colonies of Palestine" (1902, in German), in which he traced the history of Jewish colonization by E.-I. He actively participated in the activities of K-ta yaz. Hebrew (later - Academy of lang. Hebrew), was one of the founders and the first dir. Educational Center for the Blind (1902). During the 1st world. war was arrested by the Turkish authorities, and his printing house was closed for printing Sat. Zionist poetry.
LUNTS Boris Grigorievich (1908, Dresden, Germany - 1997, Moscow), Heroes of the Soviet Union (1943). Rod. in a family of political emigrants. In 1915 he returned with his family to Russia. In Kr. Army in 1926-30 and from June 1941. In 1928 he graduated from the military. Aviation pilot school. Participant in battles at the Chinese Eastern Railway (1929). In 1930–41 he was a civil pilot. aviation. During the war years he made more than four hundred combat missions (bombing, delivery of goods to partisans, landing of paratroopers). From 1946 - major in the reserve. Test pilot. Honored. test pilot of the USSR (1964). He was awarded 8 orders.
LUNTS Lazar Adolfovich (1892, Yuriev, Livland province - 1979, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1947), prof. (1947). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1916) and was left at the faculty to prepare for the title of prof. In 1918–40, consultant to the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance, at the same time. taught at Moscow State University, Academy of external. trade, Ying-those external. trade, in uch. institutions at the State Bank of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Affairs of the USSR, in Ying-those mezhdunar. relationships. From 1941 Art. scientific. sotr. Vses. in-that jurid. Sciences (since 1963 - All-Russian Research Institute of Soviet Legislation). tr. in the region. int. private law, family and inheritance law. L. participated in the development of the Fundamentals of Civil. legislation and Fundamentals of civil. court proceedings of the USSR and the union, republics. Author of over 80 scientific. works. For the creation of the first fatherland. "The course of the international. private law "(v. 1–3, 1959–66) was awarded the State. pr. USSR (1970). Member K-that experts on conventions Intern. org-tion of labor. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1967). Works: Osn. conflict issues owls. family and inheritance, law. M., 1941; Cash. obligation in civil. and conflict of laws capitalist. countries. M., 1948; General doctrine of commitment. M., 1950 (et al.); Insurance. M., 1960 (et al.).
LUNTS Lev Natanovich (1901, Petersburg - 1924, Hamburg), writer. In 1922 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that; was left at the Romano-German. departments for specialization in Spanish lit-re. In 1919–20 he attended lit. studio headed by N.S. Gumilev. Collaborated with t-rum "Habima". One of the founders (together with VA Kaverin, ML Slonimsky and theorist of the literary group "The Serapion Brothers" (1921), in which he represented the "western" wing. Began publishing in 1922. In 1923 it was hard fell ill and left for treatment in Germany. In his art. defended the principle of the intrinsic value of art, the artist's right to serve him, and not “publicism.” Plays L. “Out of the law”, “Bertrand de Berne,” “Monkeys are coming” (all - 1923), "City of Truth" (1924, ed. Sing.) Were banned by the Soviet authorities, but went abroad. From the prosaic production published only the short story "Outgoing No. 37" (1922), feuilletons about "grimaces of roaring tion ”and the story“ Rodina ”(1923) to the ideas of Zionism.
LUNTS Roman Osipovich (1871, Minsk - 1947, Moscow), pediatrician. Doctor of Medicine (1911), prof. (1922). After graduation from the Faculty of Medicine Mosk. un-that (1894) worked as a doctor in a zemstvo hospital in the Tambov province. In 1898-1901 he specialized in pediatrics in clinics in England and Germany, then worked as a pediatrician in Moscow; since 1918 head. children consultation, from 1922 Art. the doctor of the Infant Protection Home ibid. Since 1924 at the Department of Physiology, Hygiene and Dietetics of a Young Child of the Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy; since 1931 head. Department of Propedeutics, children. diseases of the 2nd MMI. He actively participated in the creation of one of the first pediatricians in the country. f-comrade Scientific tr. L. dedicated bacillary dysentery, anatomical and physiologist. peculiarities and diet of the child, clinic for children. diseases and other problems of pediatrics. Cit .: Feeding a child from birth to five years of age. M, 1908; Recognizing and treating diarrhea in infants. M.-L., 1931; Physiology and dietetics of an infant. 5th ed. M. - L., 1935.
LUOKE, a place in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lukniki, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 556 Jews lived in Lithuania, in 1847 - 949, in 1897 - 798 (49%), in 1923 - 513 (40%), in 1941 - c. 300 Jews. Jews lived in Leningrad from the 17th century. In 1888 a "blood libel" took place in Leningrad. In 1903 the Dorshei Zion Zionist circle was founded. Rabbi L. in the middle. 19th century was Shloyme-Zalman Zaksh (1814-1876), then Shloyme-Nosn Kotlyar (1855-1945, Jerusalem). in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, there were branches of the Jewish people. bank, school of the network "Yavne", 2 synagogues. The last rabbi of L. was Shloyme Kravitsky (? –1941). On June 25, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied L. On July 17, 1941, the Jews of L. were shot.
LUPAREVO, a village in the Zhovtnevoy district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 23 Jews from a home for the disabled were shot in Leningrad.
LUPOLOVO, a village in the Ulyanovsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk Gubernia Jews lived in Leningrad from the 19th century. Main lesson in the con. 19 - early. 20th century - trade with.-kh. production. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by the gang of Ataman Tyutyunnik; Jewish homes were destroyed; means. part of the Jews of L. moved to Odessa. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1942 Jews of L. were shot.
LURIA Alexander Romanovich (1902, Kazan - 1977, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1937), Dr. med. Sciences (1943), prof. (1944), acad. APN RSFSR (1947) and APN USSR (1968). Son of R.A. Lypuu. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Kazan University (1921), then entered the honey. Faculty (graduated from 2 courses), at the same time. studied at ped. in-those, founded the psychoanalyst. circle. Since 1923 - in Moscow. in-those psychology, at the same time. head lab. psychology in Ying-those communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya. In 1937 he graduated from the 1st MMI. Since 1947 hand. lab. experimental and will restore, the psychology of the AMS. Since 1967 head. Department of Neuropsychology, Psychologist, Faculty of Moscow State University. tr. L. dedicated decomp. issues of psychology. In 1924–34 joint. with LS Vygotsky he worked on the problems of the development of the psyche, developing, in particular, psychophysiol. methods of studying affective processes. L. one of the founders of neuropsychology. Author of the theory of system localization. Some research. L. formed the basis of psycholinguistics. Author of scientific-popul. book and textbooks on psychology. Foreign member US Academy of Sciences (1968). In 1969–72 he was vice-president. Int. union of scientific. Psychology, Vol .: Restoration of brain functions after military trauma. M., 1948; Problems of higher nervous activity in a normal and abnormal child, vols. 1-2. M., 1956–58; Human Brain and Mental Processes, vol. 1–2. M., 1963–70; Fundamentals of Neuropsychology. M., 1973; Stages of the traversed path. Sci. autobiography. M., 1982.Daughter L. - Elena (1938, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Biologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1972). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1960). In 1960–92 at the Institute of Epidermology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow (since 1970 senior researcher). Sci. tr. L. dedicated problems of cell biology - Ch. arr. cells of the hematopoietic system and lymphoid tissue. Cit .: My father A.R. Luria. M., 1994.
LURIA Roman Albertovich (1874, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1944, Moscow), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1902), prof. (1922). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1897) worked in the village. doctor, head. therapeutic. branch of the Kazan province. zemstvo hospital, at the same time. taught at the paramedic school. During the Russian-Japanese years. wars of 1904–05 and the 1st world. war served as a doctor in the army. In 1920 he organized in Kazan Institute for the improvement of doctors of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR and in tech. 10 years was his deer. and head. department int. diseases (the therapeutic clinic was named after L.). In 1930, on the initiative of L., a Center was created, an institute for advanced training of doctors in Moscow, in which he was deputy. dir. and headed the Department of Therapy until the end of his life. tr. L. dedicated respiratory innervation (dis, 1902), decomp. questions of the clinic int. diseases, primarily of the digestive system. Created new ideas in the doctrine of chronic. gastritis and its connection with peptic ulcer, in the understanding of functional and organic diseases of the stomach. He described digestive disorders as a result of an allergic reaction of the body, developed a clinic for syphilitic lesions of the stomach. One of the first to point out the role of iatrogeny in the internal. diseases. On the initiative of L. in 1937, a journal was founded. "Soviet medicine", responsible. ed. to-rogo was until the end of his life. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1935) Vol .: Edema disease. Kazan, 1922; Syphilis and stomach. M., 1928; Diseases of the esophagus and stomach. M.-L., 1933, 1941; Internal picture of the disease and iatrogenic diseases. M.-L., 1935; M., 1941, 1977.
LURIE Alexander Lvovich (1903 - 1970, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1963). Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Oil and Gas (1924), taught at a number of car washes and universities. In 1959–63 scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1960–70. taught at econ. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the beginning. period of scientific. activity developed algorithms for solving transport-economic. tasks and problems of econ. efficiency, author of tr. on the theory of probability and justification of the sampling method, theoretical. questions of formulation and solution of problems of optimal planning of production under socialism, Works: On Mat. methods of solving problems at the optimum in planning socialist. x-va. M., 1964; Econ. analysis of planning models socialist. x-va. M., 1973
LURIE Alexander Yudimovich (1897, Klimovichi, Mogilev province. - 1958, Kiev), obstetrician-gynecologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1921) worked as an intern at a gynecological clinic in the same place. In 1924–32 he was an assistant at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Head. organized by him wives. consultation in Moscow. Centre. in-those protection of motherhood and childhood. In 1932–38 scientific. hands. Sverdlovsk Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection and at the same time. head Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sverdlovsk honey. in-that. In 1938–58 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kiev honey. in-ta, ch. obstetrician-gynecologist of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1949). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1958). tr. are devoted to the issues of maternal mortality, labor pain relief, prevention of cancer of the female genital organs, organization of obstetric care. L. - the author of the first method, a guide to the work of wives. consultations (1930), initiator of mass labor pain relief in the USSR. Developed methods of using various contraceptives. Became. etc. (1941). Cit .: Hygiene of girls, girls and women, 4th ed. M.-L., 1929; Working methods of consultation for women. M.-L., 1930; Pain relief during labor. Sverdlovsk, 1936; Cancer prophylaxis at antenatal clinic. Kiev, 1948; Fav. works. Kiev, 1960.
LURIE Anatoly Isakovich (1901, Mogilev - 1980, Leningrad), specialist in the field of mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1935), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1960). After graduating from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1925) taught in it. In 1942–44 in the Ural Industrial. in-those. Deputy prev. Nat. to-that on theoretical. and applied. mechanics (1961–66). Sci. research on the theory of elasticity, theory of stability of systems automatic. control (flight dynamics, design of optimal control systems), analytical. mechanics. Proposed symbolic. method for solving problems of the equilibrium of an elastic body, author of approx. 150 scientific. Art. and the textbook "Course theoretical. mechanics "(1937, jointly with LG Loitsyansky, which survived the 8th edition of Works: Theoretical Mechanics, vol. 1-3. Leningrad, 1933-34 (jointly with LG Loitsiansky); Operational calculus and its applications to problems of mechanics, Moscow-Leningrad, 1938; 2nd ed., Moscow-Leningrad, 1950; Certain nonlinear problems of the theory of automatic control, 1951; Spaces, problems of the theory of elasticity. ., 1955; Analytical mechanics. Moscow, 1961; Theory of elasticity. Moscow, 1970; Nonlinear theory of elasticity. Moscow, 1980.
LURIE Aron Naumovich (b. 1913, Propoisk of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province.), Literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). In 1941–42 - ed. lit. broadcasting in Lenradioq-tete. In 1944–45 at the front. He taught at Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute and other universities of Leningrad, actively participated in the work of the mountains. about-va "Knowledge", having released several. brochures on topical issues of literature. The main works are devoted to the poetry of the post-October era, the development of the genre of the poem. Works: Roman Sholokhova "Virgin Soil Upturned". L., 1958; Creativity V. Sayanov. L., 1959; Writers of Leningrad. Bibliography decree. L., 1964 (jointly with V.M. Abramkin); Poetic epic of the revolution. L., 1975. Son L. - Samuel (b. 1942, Sverdlovsk), writer. In 1964 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Since 1967 - ed. dep. prose zhurn. "Neva".
LURIE Arthur Sergeevich (Naum Izrailevich) (1892, Petersburg - 1966, Princeton, USA), musicologist, composer. He graduated from horseback in St. Petersburg (1916). In 1918–20 governments, commissioner, head. muses. dep. ed. section of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. He emigrated in 1922. He lived in Paris (1924–40), from 1941 - in the USA. The author of the op. "Arap of Peter the Great" (1935). Cit .: A simple word about music. Pg., 1920; Scriabin and Russian music. Pg., 1921; Biography of S.A. Koussevitsky. New York, 1931.
LURIE Dmitry Efimovich (1921, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1993, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings. In 1941, after completing three courses at the Moscow Architectural Institute, he went to the front. He fought in partisans. detachment in Belarus. After the 2nd world. war, having finished his education, he began to work in the Institute "Mosproekt" in the studio of IE Rozhin, then in the TsNIIEP of societies, buildings at BS Mezentsev. Member of architect. contests. Main works: House of Culture and Science in Warsaw (1953–54, et al.), a swimming pool in Luzhniki (1956, coauthors), Institute of Mir. Economics (1960) in Moscow, the Wedding Palace in Ulan Bator (1963).
LURIER Eugene (Eugene) (1905 - |), artist. Since 1921 - in France. He worked in theaters, in the troupe of S.P. Diaghilev. In cinema since 1934. Assistant to set designer Zh. Vakevich in f. Madame Bovary. He worked independently from 1935 (f. "Crime and Punishment" by P. Chenal). From 1936 he began to work with dir. J. Renoir ("On the Bottom"), in 1939 left for the USA with him. Designed by St. 40 play films, including The Great Illusion (1937), The Man-Beast (1938), Werther (1938), The Rules of the Game (1939), This Land is Mine (1943) , "Maid's Diary" (1946), "River" (1951), "Ramp Lights" (1952), "Napoleon" (1954), "Bronco Billy" (1980). In the beginning. 1950s debuted as dir. science fiction f. Naib. the famous "The Monster at a Depth of 20,000 Feet" (1953). Autobiographical author. book "My work in the cinema" (1985).
LURIE Felix Moiseevich (b. 1931, Leningrad), historian, bibliographer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1977) .M. Lurie's son. Graduated from Leningrad. Gorny Institute (1956). In 1956-59 he worked in mines in the Kaluga region. Since 1959 in the Central Research Institute "Proektstalkonstruktsiya" (Leningrad), engineer, head. lab. In 1987 he left the Institute and devoted himself entirely to studying the history of societies and movements in Russia. L. compiled and published indexes: "The magazine" Among collectors "(L., 1986)," Magazines "Byloe" and "Past years" (issue 1-3. M., 1987), "Magazines" Antikvar "and" Russian bibliophile "(M., 1989)," Journal "Old Years" (St. Petersburg, 1995). Published with his entry. Art. and comments. forbidden owls. censorship No. 36, 37 zhurn. "Past" (book. 1-2. L., 1992), collection of works. works of the historian P.E. Shchegolev "Security guards, agents, executioners" (M., 1992), "Diary" of the manager of the 3rd Department L.V. Dubelt (in the collection "Ros. Archive", vol. 6. M. , 1995), etc. The author of St. 50 works on the history of the roar. movement, ed. affairs in Russia 19 - early. 20th century et al. Cit .: Keepers of the past. The magazine "Byloe": history, editors, publishers. L., 1990; Policemen and provocateurs. Polit, detective in Russia. 1649-1917. SPb., 1992; Creator of destruction. A documentary story about S.G. Nechaev. SPb., 1994.
LURIE Harry (1875, Libava, Kurland Gubernia - 1973, Johannesburg, South Africa), entrepreneur, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1895 he emigrated to the South. Africa, soon became the largest entrepreneur in the country (engaged in jewelry, diamonds, optics). In 1897 he founded the Association of Jewish Youth in Johannesburg and became its first treasurer, was also a member. to-that of the Johannesburg Jewish Higher. schools (since 1912 Honorary examiner in Hebrew). In 1927-28, members. Execute, Committee of the South African Jewish Chamber of Deputies. Since 1919 - member. Performed, to the South African Zionist, federation, participated in the creation. The South African Palestinian Company (Haifa), invested in a number of other companies E.-I. L. - one of the founders of the Department of Hebrew University of Johannesburg, during many years. years headed the Society of South African Friends of the Jewish University in Jerusalem (since 1939 member of the Board of Trustees of the University). Son L. - Arthur (1903, Johannesburg - 1966, USA), a public figure. He studied at Johannesburg, Harvard and Cambridge, was engaged in law. practice, participated in the Zionist. movement, was watered, secretary. Jewish Agency (London). Since 1940 - in the USA. Since 1943 sec. Excessively. to-that on E.-I. affairs. Son L. - Norman (b. 1909, Johannesburg), societies. activist, graduated from the Higher. econom. school in London (1929), during his studies he created the movement "Ha-Bonim" and in 1942 headed it.
LURIE Hirsh-Shmuel (1878, Vitebsk - 1937), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1897, members Bund. Was arrested for polit. activity, in 1903 he was exiled to Siberia. In 1904 he participated in the Yakutsk uprising. polit. exiled and sentenced to another 12 years in hard labor. In 1905 he was released by amnesty. In 1907 he was an activist of the Warsaw lit. about-va ", passed the exams for legal. Faculty of Warsaw University. During Feb. Revolution of 1917 vice-pre. mountains. Council. Since 1917, member. Central Committee of Bund, ed. Bund, organ in rus. lang. "Our Voice", from 1918 one of the editors. Bund, weekly Der Glock. In 1921 the Cheka was arrested at a joint meeting of the Bund and the Mensheviks. In the 1920s. released a number of books. and brochures in Yiddish and Russian. lang. On anti-relay. and ist.-rev. themes: "Karl Marx, his life and work", "Shabes", "Torah, its development", "Yom Kippur", "Passover". Together with S. Dimanshtein and O. Meer prepared collection of works. "Roar. movement among Jews ”, published in 1934 in Moscow. Took part in the issue. zhurn. "Hard labor and exile." Repressed.
LURIE Yosef (1871, Pompians of Ponevezhsky u. Kovno province - 1937, Jerusalem), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1896). He studied history and philosophy at the University of Berlin. Participated in the Palestinian movement. Together with Sh. Levin and L. Motskin he founded the Union of Jewish Students. In the end. 1890s led the reformed cheder in Warsaw. In 1899-1903 ed. weekly gas. Der Yud. Participated in the work of the 1st Zion. Congress. In 1903-06 ed. lit. dep. daily gas. Der Frand. Member Zionist. center in Vilna. L. was among the organizers of the "Democratic faction" in the Zionist. movement. In 1907 ed. in Vilna weekly. Zionist. orientation "Dos Yiddish folk". From 1907 - in E.-I. He taught history at the Herzliya Gymnasium in Jaffa. The chairman was elected. union of teachers. In 1915 he was expelled by the Turkish authorities from E.-I. After returning in 1918 he headed the department of education in the Vaad Leumi - center. organ of the Jewish population in E.-I. during the period of Brit. mandate.
LURIE Isidor Mendelevich (Mikhailovich) (1903, Minsk - 1958, Leningrad), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1946). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences LSU (1925). In 1927–58 scientific. sotr. State Hermitage, deputy. dir. by scientific. parts, head. dep. East (1939–46). At the same time. taught at Leningrad State University (1937–38), MOP I (1948–51). Author of more than 50 scientific. works on Egyptology. Works: Leather processing in Dr. Egypt. L., 1931; Essays on Ancient Egypt. rights of the 16th-10th centuries BC. Monuments and Research. L., 1960.
LURIE Moisey Aronovich (1876, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1964, Moscow), chemist. Party roar. movement. In 1896 he was arrested and exiled to Yakutia. From 1902 on an illegal position, he worked in the RSDLP committees (in Yekaterinoslav, Yekaterinburg, Perm and other cities). Graduated in 1911 from St. Petersburg. technologist. in-t. From 1911 sec. ed. tech. encyclopedias in the publishing house "Education". In 1914-18 the head. production and technical. part of the plant for the processing of alkaline and oily waste in Baku. Since 1918 in the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR. In 1920 he headed the plant "Bogatyr" in Moscow, then was a member. Board of the Rubber Trust of the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR and Dir. asbestos factory in Pereslavl-Zalessky. Since 1931 he headed the technical department. dep. in the management of construction and operation of synthetic plants. of rubber of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR. In 1934, he supervised the creation, and then headed the department of synthetic. rubber in Ying-those fine chemical. technologies them. M.V. Lomonosov. In 1939 he organized the training of a specialist in synthetic technology. rubber in Prom. academy named after I.V. Stalin. In 1941–42 he worked at the Leningr evacuated to Kazan. s-de synthetic rubber. In 1942–53 the beginning. sector of the People's Commissariat of the Rubber Industry of the USSR. scientific. research associated with the development of synthetic technology. rubber, created. catalyst for the polymerization of divinyl using pyrolysis of oil cuts, with the development of methods for purifying divinyl from impurities, using copper salts.
LURIE Moishe (1897, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1941), publicist, historian, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1924). He studied at the cheder and with his father, Melamed. At the age of 13, he left home, was a trade clerk in Glusk and Osipovichi, then he lived in Lodz and Vilna, was engaged in self-education. From 1920 he studied in Berlin and Göttingen east. and antique. history. Printed in different. Jewish ed. polit. Art .; to berlin. Jewish journal. "Milgroim" publ. ist. research, for berlin. publishing house "Yidisher kultur-farlag" translated into Yiddish "The Suffering of Young Werther" by I.-V. Goethe (1922) and the first three parts of "The Brothers Karamazov" by FM Dostoevsky. In 1925 he came to the USSR, worked at Moscow State University. Author of works on history: "Social relations and social movement in the people of Israel" (1926), "Materialistic. questions of the history of the Jewish religion ”(1929) and others. The further fate is unknown.
LURIE Note (Natan Mikhailovich) (1906, Roskomnaya in Aleksandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1987, Odessa), writer. He studied at the cheder. In 1919 he moved to Gulyai-Pole, from 1922 he wandered around Ukraine and Belarus. He worked in the agricultural sector. farm near Minsk, at the same time. studied for eternity. courses, then in the Minsk Jewish ped. technical school. Was a member. lit. gr. Jünger Arbeter. In 1925 he published in Moscow. zhurn. "Jungwald" first story. In 1926, 31 studied in Hebrew lit. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University, worked as a editor. zhurn. "Pioneer" and "Jungwald". Ch. the theme of L.'s work is the life of the Jewish village. The first rum brought fame to L. Der Step Roof (The Wall Calls, 1932). L.'s speech at the First Vses. congress of owls. writers (1934) was dedicated to the Jewish owls. lit-re. In 1931–41 he lived in Odessa. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1948, the publishing house "Der Emes" published the second part of the rum. Der Step Roof. In 1949 he was repressed. After being released in mid. 1950s returned to Odessa. Was a member. editorial board and the author of journals. "Sovetish gameland". Among the products. L. stand out "Giml un erd" ("Heaven and Earth", 1963); "Di geshichte fun a libe" ("The Story of One Love", 1975).
LURIE Noyakh Gershelevich (1886, Blashki Kaliszsky district and province - 1960, Moscow), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1905 he joined the Bund, in 1907–08 in prison. He wrote first in Hebrew, then in Yiddish. In 1911 he made his debut with stories in Warsaw. and vilen. Jewish ed. In 1917-18 he was published in the Bund. ed. Der Veker (Minsk), Der Glock (Odessa) and other gas. and zhurn. In 1918 he moved to Kiev, was a member. "Culture-League", participated in the org-tion of the uch. institutions, worked as a teacher. Did a lot for the development of children. lit-ry in Yiddish. Publ. short stories, dramas, sketches, fairy tales, translations. The author of the book. Brikn Brenen (Bridges Are Burning), 1929; Elter mit a nakht (A Night Older), 1934; A Geweinlech Lebn (Ordinary Life), 1935; Einer fun der rank (One of the rank), 1936; rum. Shoel-Gersh, 1937; "Ele Yorsh", 1938, etc. Translated into Yiddish the tales of H.-K. Andersen, V. Gauf, br. Grimm, short stories by M. Gorky, JB Moliere's comedy "The Imaginary Patient" and others. L.'s drama "Wiedersstand" ("Resistance") was staged in Warsaw. Jewish state. t-rom. Daughter L. - Tamara (1911 - 1990, Moscow), translator. Graduated from the Jewish department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1936). Translator from Polish. (E. Ozheshko, G. Senkevich) and from Yiddish (I. N. Kipnis). Granddaughter of L., daughter of Tamara L. - Julia Viner (b. 1935, Moscow). Since 1971 - in Israel. Per. from English, French, German and other languages. Poems in rus. lang. published in Israeli magazines.
LURIE Osher Veniaminovich (1908, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1985, Leningrad), a specialist in the field of television technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1953), prof. (1955). He graduated from Leningrad in 1932. polytechnic in-t. All R. 1930s completed the fundamental research. in television, including on distortions during the transmission of moving objects, on the frequency band of the television channel with interlaced scanning, on the transmission of low frequencies by the transmission method of the post component. In 1935 he developed an improved television system with optical-mechanical. scanned for 96 lines. In the end. 1930s hands. in Kiev with the building of a television center of low-line TV with optical-mechanical. decomposition. Ch. direction of research. L. - theory and calculation of broadband video amplifiers. Since 1977, he conducted research. in the region. general theory of amplifiers for general use. He taught at Leningrad State University. electrical engineering in-those, where he founded the first department of electro-medical in the USSR. equipment. Vol .: Video frequency amplifiers. 2nd ed. M., 1961; Integrated microcircuits in amplifying devices. Analysis and calculation. M., 1988.
LURIE Semyon Gertsevich (Grigorievich) (1853 - 1890, Claran, Switzerland), revolutionary populist. Graduated from the 2nd husband. gymnasium in Kiev (1872) and entered the honey. Faculty of Kiev University. Since 1872, members populist. circle P.B. Akselrod, in 1873 Kiev branch of St. Petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky". Established contacts with Russian. roar. emigration, arranged delivery to Russia is illegal. lit-ry. In 1874 he entered the roar. populist. circle "Kiev Commune", participated in the preparation of "going to the people" in the South of Russia. Arrested in 1874 in Kiev, in 1876 escaped from the building of the Kiev gendarme administration, soon emigrated with the help of L.G. Deutsch. In the 1880s. graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Genoa (Italy), worked as a doctor in a psychiatrist. clinic, collaborated in ital. scientific. zhurn.
LURIE Solomon Yakovlevich (1890, Mogilev - 1964, Lviv), historian, philologist. Dr. East Sciences (1934), Dr. Sciences (1943). He graduated from the classic. department ist.-philol. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that (1913). In 1919–20 prof. Samara un-that, in 1921–23 prof. Lenigr. ped. in-ta them. L.I. Herzen. In 1922-30, 1935-42, 1943-49 prof., Head. department of history. Greece and Rome LSU. In 1932 -35 Art. scientific. sotr. Commission on ist. natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1935–49 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–43 prof. Irkutsk state un-that. In 1950–53 prof. Odessa ped. in-that foreign. lang., in 1953–64 prof. Lviv state un-ta. Author of scientific. works on general linguistics, classical. Philology, East. Greece, ancient philosophy and ist. antique science, in which he sought to give a synthetic picture of the life of Ancient Greece, exploring the problems of its social. and polit., history., literature, folklore, language., philosophy, science and religion. He studied the legacy of Antiphones, Archimedes, Lucretius and medieval mathematicians, identified and introduced a number of new fragments of op. Democritus and testimonies about him. Translator and commentator op. Plutarch and Archimedes. Author ist. novellas for children "Letter from a Greek Boy" (1930), "Talking Tablets" (1960), "Restless" (1962). L. owns a number of works on the history of the Jews, incl. research “Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World. Attempts to explain it in science and its causes ”(1922), p. on Sat. "Jewish antiquity" and "Jewish thought". In the beginning. 1960s on the initiative of L., work began on the preparation for the publication of the manuscript mat. the treatise of Avner from Burgos (1270 1350) "Meysher Yakov" ("Straightening Curve", 1983) in Hebrew, to a cut L. wrote part of the commentaries. Author of over 200 scientific. works and monographs.
LURIE Yakov Solomonovich (1921, Petrograd - 1996), literary critic, historian. Dr. philol. Sciences (1962). Son of S.Ya. Lurye. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). Published since 1939. Worked at teaches, in-takh Yeniseisk (1941–43), Kolomna (1943–44), Arkhangelsk ped. in-those (1944–46). Since 1946 - in N. - and. and uch. Institute of Leningrad. In 1957–82 - at the IRLI (Pushkin House) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Prepared a number of texts for ser. "Literary Monuments": "The Epistles of Ivan the Terrible" (1951, jointly with DS Likhachev), "Alexandria" (1965, jointly with OV Tvorogov), "Stefapit and Ichnilat" (1969, jointly with O.P. Likhacheva) .Cit .: Antifeudal heretical movements in Russia XIV - early XVI century. M.-L., 1955 (co-authored with N.A. Kazakova); Ideological struggle in Russian journalism of the late 15th - early 16th centuries. M.-L., 1960; Russian contemporaries of the Renaissance. Book writer Euphrosynus. Clerk Fyodor Kuritsyn. L., 1988.
LURIE Zinaida Mikhailovna (1909, Kharkov - 1987, Kiev), ballerina, teacher. In 1923 she graduated from the ballet studio in Kharkov. In 1925–33 she was a soloist. Khark. t-ra, in 1934–35 - the Dnepropetrovsk theater, in 1936–56 - the Kiev Opera and Ballet Theater. T.G. Shevchenko. Main parts: Odette-Odilia, Raymonda, Gayane, Laurencia and others. In 1957–70 he was a teacher at the Kiev choreography. uch-shche, since 1970 - ballet-tutor of the Kiev operetta theater. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1941).
LURIE Zinoviy Lvovich (1897, Vitebsk - 1980, Moscow), neurologist. Prof. (1939). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kazan un-that (1921) worked as a district doctor in the Yelets district of Oryol province, then scientific. sotr. Moscow region n.-i. clinics in-that (MONIKI) them. M.F. Vladimirsky. Since 1931 at the Department of Nervous Diseases Center. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1953-60 scientific. hands. neurologist, department of Moscow. mountains. clinics Hospital No. 4, in 1960–63 head. department of acute vascular pathology of the brain in Ying-those neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1963–80 scientific. hands. and a consultant to the Hospital No. 1 of the 4th Ch. management at the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. Sci. tr. L. dedicated benign. tumors - craniopharyngiomas (Ph.D. thesis), questions of vascular pathology of the brain, temporal (giant cell) arteritis, etc. Cit .: Damage to the nervous system with internal. diseases. M., 1960.
LUSHKOW, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Luzhkov Grubeshovsky u. Lublin province. 110 Jews (14.9%) lived in Leningrad in 1897.
LUTANSKY Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1936, Chudnov, Zhytomyr region), teacher, psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1991). In 1958 he graduated from law. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1958–61 he worked as an investigator in the Vologda prosecutor’s office, in 1961–63 in the Zhytomyr region. In 1963–81 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Research Institute of Adult Education, USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. In 1981–90 Assoc. Department of Pedagogy and Psychology Leningrad. higher. schools of culture of trade unions, in 1990–92 head. this department (since 1991 prof.). Since 1993 prof. Petersburg. technologist. in-that service. L. - one of the founders of the new social system. protection of persons with deviant behavior, the foundations of penitentiary pedagogy and psychology, the concept of creation. social-ped. services. Ch.-c. Int. academy acmeologist. Sciences (1993). The author of St. 120 scientific. works.
LUTAYKA, a village in the Grebenkovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Leningrad.
LUTINSK, see Lyutinsk.
LUTOVINOVKA, a village in Kozelshchinsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. 19th century 3 Jewish families lived in Leningrad, and in 1910 there were 7 Jewish families. Main Petty trade was the occupation of the Jews of L.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛУЦК, город, центр Волынской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1085. С 12 в. – центр удельного Луцкого кн-ва. С 1321 – в составе Литвы, в 1432 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – центр повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1765 в Л. проживало 1012 евреев и 104 караима, в 1778 – 521 еврей и 81 караим, в 1847 – 5010 евреев (60%), в 1857 – 5381, в 1884 – 11 360, в 1886 – 11 379 евреев и 83 караима, в 1897 – 9468 евреев (60%), в 1902 – 16 493 еврея и 39 караимов, в 1910 – 21 231 еврей (27,7%), в 1912 – 24 398, в 1921 – 14 860 (70%), в 1931 – 17 366 (48,5%), в 1937 – 15 879 евреев (44,9%) и 62 караима (0,12%), в 1939 – ок. 19 000 евреев (ок. 46%), в 1959 – 777 (1,4%), в 1970 – 813 (0,9%), в 1979 – 700 евреев (0,5%) и 8 караимов.Еврейская община Л. впервые упом. в 1388 в привилегиях, дарованных евреям Л. наместником Литвы, будущим великим князем литовским Витовтом. С 1392 в Л. поселились караимы. Община Л. временно прекратила свое существование в период изгнания евреев из Литвы (1495–1503). В кон. 15 в. в Л. было еврейское кладбище, в нач. 16 в. имелись синагога и кинасса.Бедственное экономич. положение еврейского населения Л. вынуждало власти ослаблять налоговое бремя для евреев. В 1527 польск. король Сигизмунд I Старый освободил евреев Л. (наравне с христианами) от уплаты податей. В 1552 евреям принадлежало более 50 домов. В 1556 король Сигизмунд II Август, опасаясь, что из-за экономич. трудностей евреи покинут город, уравнял их в правах с горожанами-христианами. В 1560-х гг. среди более чем 200 ремесленников Л. преобладали евреи; мн. из них были объединены в цеха. Ок. 1569 мн. евреи Л. за неуплату податей, возложенных на общину, были заключены в тюрьму; их дома и синагога опечатывались.С 1570-х гг. благосостояние евреев Л. начало возрастать. Они брали на откуп гос. пошлины, арендовали корчмы и трактиры, поташные ф-ки, торговали лесом и с.-х. продукцией (в т. ч. хлебом, рыбой, воском), организовывали ремесл. цеха (портных и др.). Из-за конкуренции часто возникали конфликты между ремесленниками – христианами и евреями; местные власти пытались их разрешить. Нередки были и конфликты между общиной Л. и христианским населением города по поводу размера налогов, взимавшихся с евреев.После включения Л. в состав Речи Посполитой Сейм и король Стефан Баторий уравняли евреев и христиан в уплате гор. налогов; было запрещено облагать евреев новыми налогами без их согласия. В 1600 община Л. получила от короля Сигизмунда III Вазы право на самоуправление для еврейского квартала. Часть старинной крепости Л. была передана евреям для переоборудования под синагогу, но община создала там укрепленный пункт с артиллерией и вооруж. охраной. В 1648 евреям принадлежало 84 дома, караимам – 20. Мн. евреи и караимы Л. погибли во времена «хмельнитчины», их дома и имущество были разграблены. В 1650 в Л. существовало 29 еврейских и 3 караимских дома. Через нек-рое время община Л. восстановилась; вскоре она становится одной из двух волынских общин, посылавших своих делегатов на съезды «Ваада четырех земель». В 1765 в Л. 178 еврейских и 19 караимских домов. Во времена «колиивщины» и распространения разл. эпидемий во 2-й пол. 18 в. численность еврейского населения Л. уменьшилась. В 1789 на еврейской улице находились 68 домов, 3 синагоги, больница, на караимской – 25 домов и одна синагога. В 1787 в Л. была открыта типография, печатавшая также книги на иврите. Осн. занятия еврейского населения – крупная и мелкая торговля, ремесла; большинство откупщиков Л. были евреями.В 1-й пол. 17 в. раввином Л. был Яков Шор. Среди раввинов Л. в 17–18 вв. были известны Мойше бен Иегуда га-Коген, Йоэль Гальперин («Йоэль Великий»), Элиаким Гецель (?–1715), Мордхе бен Шлоймо (?–1723). В немногочисл. караимской общине Л. были известны С.Луцкий (?–1776), М.Султанский, А.С.Фиркович.В 1764 в Л. отмечен факт «кровавого навета», во время к-рого погиб раввин Иегуда-Зеев бен Тувья; в 1768 еврейская община пострадала от погромов, устроенных гайдамаками.После присоединения к Рос. империи в 1795 в Л. переехали мн. евреи из нас. пунктов черты оседлости. Большинство домов в Л. принадлежало евреям. После издания в 1844 закона о запрещении евреям проживать в 50-верстной полосе вдоль границы империи Л. был включен в число местностей, запрещенных для проживания евреев; еврейская община находилась под постоянной угрозой изгнания. В 1867 в Л. действовало 12 синагог, в т. ч. трискских, садигурских, карлин-столинских и др. хасидов, и одна кинасса. В 1820–30 раввином Л. был Йосеф Каценельбоген, с 1831 – Дойв-Бер Ашкенази, в 1848–50 – раби Элиэзер, с 1850 – Ицхок Ландау. В 1886 в Л. – 14 синагог (5 каменных и 9 деревянных) и одна кинасса. Работали книжные лавки Сруля Фишера, казенного раввина Мойсея Мена, типолитография Самуила Бойка. В кон. 19 в. из 10 з-дов города более половины принадлежали евреям. В 1893 евреи составляли св. 50% из 444 ремесленников Л., pronunciation=ЛУЦК, город, центр Волынской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1085. С 12 в. – центр удельного Луцкого кн-ва. С 1321 – в составе Литвы, в 1432 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – центр повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1765 в Л. проживало 1012 евреев и 104 караима, в 1778 – 521 еврей и 81 караим, в 1847 – 5010 евреев (60%), в 1857 – 5381, в 1884 – 11 360, в 1886 – 11 379 евреев и 83 караима, в 1897 – 9468 евреев (60%), в 1902 – 16 493 еврея и 39 караимов, в 1910 – 21 231 еврей (27,7%), в 1912 – 24 398, в 1921 – 14 860 (70%), в 1931 – 17 366 (48,5%), в 1937 – 15 879 евреев (44,9%) и 62 караима (0,12%), в 1939 – ок. 19 000 евреев (ок. 46%), в 1959 – 777 (1,4%), в 1970 – 813 (0,9%), в 1979 – 700 евреев (0,5%) и 8 караимов.Еврейская община Л. впервые упом. в 1388 в привилегиях, дарованных евреям Л. наместником Литвы, будущим великим князем литовским Витовтом. С 1392 в Л. поселились караимы. Община Л. временно прекратила свое существование в период изгнания евреев из Литвы (1495–1503). В кон. 15 в. в Л. было еврейское кладбище, в нач. 16 в. имелись синагога и кинасса.Бедственное экономич. положение еврейского населения Л. вынуждало власти ослаблять налоговое бремя для евреев. В 1527 польск. король Сигизмунд I Старый освободил евреев Л. (наравне с христианами) от уплаты податей. В 1552 евреям принадлежало более 50 домов. В 1556 король Сигизмунд II Август, опасаясь, что из-за экономич. трудностей евреи покинут город, уравнял их в правах с горожанами-христианами. В 1560-х гг. среди более чем 200 ремесленников Л. преобладали евреи; мн. из них были объединены в цеха. Ок. 1569 мн. евреи Л. за неуплату податей, возложенных на общину, были заключены в тюрьму; их дома и синагога опечатывались.С 1570-х гг. благосостояние евреев Л. начало возрастать. Они брали на откуп гос. пошлины, арендовали корчмы и трактиры, поташные ф-ки, торговали лесом и с.-х. продукцией (в т. ч. хлебом, рыбой, воском), организовывали ремесл. цеха (портных и др.). Из-за конкуренции часто возникали конфликты между ремесленниками – христианами и евреями; местные власти пытались их разрешить. Нередки были и конфликты между общиной Л. и христианским населением города по поводу размера налогов, взимавшихся с евреев.После включения Л. в состав Речи Посполитой Сейм и король Стефан Баторий уравняли евреев и христиан в уплате гор. налогов; было запрещено облагать евреев новыми налогами без их согласия. В 1600 община Л. получила от короля Сигизмунда III Вазы право на самоуправление для еврейского квартала. Часть старинной крепости Л. была передана евреям для переоборудования под синагогу, но община создала там укрепленный пункт с артиллерией и вооруж. охраной. В 1648 евреям принадлежало 84 дома, караимам – 20. Мн. евреи и караимы Л. погибли во времена «хмельнитчины», их дома и имущество были разграблены. В 1650 в Л. существовало 29 еврейских и 3 караимских дома. Через нек-рое время община Л. восстановилась; вскоре она становится одной из двух волынских общин, посылавших своих делегатов на съезды «Ваада четырех земель». В 1765 в Л. 178 еврейских и 19 караимских домов. Во времена «колиивщины» и распространения разл. эпидемий во 2-й пол. 18 в. численность еврейского населения Л. уменьшилась. В 1789 на еврейской улице находились 68 домов, 3 синагоги, больница, на караимской – 25 домов и одна синагога. В 1787 в Л. была открыта типография, печатавшая также книги на иврите. Осн. занятия еврейского населения – крупная и мелкая торговля, ремесла; большинство откупщиков Л. были евреями.В 1-й пол. 17 в. раввином Л. был Яков Шор. Среди раввинов Л. в 17–18 вв. были известны Мойше бен Иегуда га-Коген, Йоэль Гальперин («Йоэль Великий»), Элиаким Гецель (?–1715), Мордхе бен Шлоймо (?–1723). В немногочисл. караимской общине Л. были известны С.Луцкий (?–1776), М.Султанский, А.С.Фиркович.В 1764 в Л. отмечен факт «кровавого навета», во время к-рого погиб раввин Иегуда-Зеев бен Тувья; в 1768 еврейская община пострадала от погромов, устроенных гайдамаками.После присоединения к Рос. империи в 1795 в Л. переехали мн. евреи из нас. пунктов черты оседлости. Большинство домов в Л. принадлежало евреям. После издания в 1844 закона о запрещении евреям проживать в 50-верстной полосе вдоль границы империи Л. был включен в число местностей, запрещенных для проживания евреев; еврейская община находилась под постоянной угрозой изгнания. В 1867 в Л. действовало 12 синагог, в т. ч. трискских, садигурских, карлин-столинских и др. хасидов, и одна кинасса. В 1820–30 раввином Л. был Йосеф Каценельбоген, с 1831 – Дойв-Бер Ашкенази, в 1848–50 – раби Элиэзер, с 1850 – Ицхок Ландау. В 1886 в Л. – 14 синагог (5 каменных и 9 деревянных) и одна кинасса. Работали книжные лавки Сруля Фишера, казенного раввина Мойсея Мена, типолитография Самуила Бойка. В кон. 19 в. из 10 з-дов города более половины принадлежали евреям. В 1893 евреи составляли св. 50% из 444 ремесленников Л., extra_data="{'translat...")
LUTSKY Aron (real family member Zucker) (1894, Demidovka, Dubensky district, Volyn province - 1957, New York), poet. At the age of 12 he left for Lutsk, was a chorister at the cantor's, learned to play the violin. He studied at the yeshiva. He worked as an accountant, then as a Yiddish teacher. Since 1914 - in the USA. First verse. publ. in 1917. He published poetry in gas. Forverts. In 1918 he was mobilized into the army, took part in the battles for Verdun in France. In 1919 he returned to New York, continued lit. activity. The author of several. poet. collection of books (the first came out in 1927), book. "Portraits of Writers, Artists, Musicians, Actors and Labor Leaders" (1945).
LUTSKY Vladimir Borisovich (1906, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1962, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1935). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies. N. Narimanov in 1930. Taught at the MIV (1931–48), simultaneously in LVI (1932–37), on the East. Faculty of Moscow State University and IVYa at Moscow State University (1956–58). Sci. sotr. MAI (1932–36), Institute of History (1939–48), Institute of Ethnography (1956–59), Institute of Africa (1960–62) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. Author of over 100 scientific. works, ch. arr. on the new and recent history of the countries of the Arab East and Africa, et al. ed. "New history of colonial and dependent countries", v. 1, 1940; "New history of the countries of the foreign East", v. 1 - 2, 1952; Peoples of Africa, 1954; "Recent history of the countries of the foreign East", vol. 1-4, 1954-60; "Peoples of Asia Minor", 1957; "World History", v. 5, 1958; Essays on the History of Arab Countries, 1959; "Recent history of the Arab countries", 1965; "History of the countries of Asia and Africa in modern times", 1971. Vol .: Uzbekistan and Egypt. Results of the two systems. M., 1934; Failure of fascist plans in Africa and the Middle East. Tashkent, 1943; Palestinian problem. M., 1946; National Liberation War in Syria, 1925-27 M., 1964.
LUZ (Lozinsky) Kadish (1895, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1972, Dgania, Israel), political and statesman. Studied economics and social. science in St. Petersburg. un-those, then agronomy and nature. science in high fur boots of Odessa and Yuriev. During the 1st world. war soldier rus. army, after Feb. rev-tion officer. In 1917 one of the founders of Vseros. Union of Jewish Warriors, participated in the Ge-Halutz movement. From 1920 - in E.-I., worked on draining swamps and laying roads. From 1921 until the end of his life, member. Kibbutz Dgania Bet; active leader of the Ma-pai party, since 1935 member. its Central Committee and the Executive Committee of the Histadrut. In 1951–62, dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. In 1955-59 min. sat down. x-va, in 1959–69 before. The Knesset. The author of Art. on the issues of the workers' and kibbutz movement, Vol. "One of the Twelve" (1970), "A Man by the Road" (1974), etc. Poch. Doctor of Philosophy, Jewish University in Jerusalem, Brother L. - Lozinsky Shabtai (1896, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1947), a public figure. Since 1920 - in E.-I. One of the dir. company "Even Vesid" under Histadrut, headed the company "Mashbir". He was sent by the Prison to Italy to organize camps for Jewish refugees who survived the Holocaust. Killed in a car accident.
LUZHANY, urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1453. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 374 Jews (15.4%) lived in Leningrad. Jews lived in Leningrad from the end of the 20th century. 18th century In the beginning. 20th century there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. During the 1st world. During the war in Leningrad, the mikvah was destroyed. Since 1920, Berl Teitelboim was the rabbi in Leningrad. In 1925, a Jewish cemetery was laid, a site for a cut was donated by one of the members. Jews. There were 2 synagogues, each of which had a library, 2 heders. 1920s all trade (including grain) and crafts. manufactures in L. were concentrated among the Jewish population; Jews also owned factories for the production of alcohol and beer. A community was formed in 1930. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. After 2 days, the Jews of L. and those around us. items were collected and closed in the barn, where they were kept several. days. Then approx. 300 Jews were sent to Orasheni and from there to extermination camps on the territory. Poland. In oct. 1941 several. thousand Jews of L. and neighboring us. points were deported to Transnistria.
LUZHKI, a village in Sharkovshchinsky district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Polotsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 96 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 458, in 1897 - 761 (45.5%), in 1921 - approx. ... 600 Jews. In 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy, unity. warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, 7 shops (including both haberdashery, 2 beer shops); among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. in L. there were several. synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones; operating divisions decomp. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created in Leningrad. The Judenrat was headed by Aba Kazliner. On June 1, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated; 528 Jews were shot by the local police at the cemetery. E. Ben Yehuda.
LUZHKOV, see Lushkow.
LYADOV (real family man. Mandelstam) Martyn Nikolaevich (1872, Moscow - 1947, ibid.), Politician. From 1891 he took part in the work of populists. circles, one of the founders of the Social-Democrats organization "Workers' Union" (1894), organizer of the first May Day washes, workers on April 30, 1895. In July 1895 he was arrested and after 2 years in prison he was exiled for 5 years to the Yakutsk region. In 1903 he emigrated, at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP he joined the Bolsheviks. In the spring of 1905 he took part in the preparation and conduct of the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP. From Oct. 1905 - in Moscow, member. Execute, commissions MK RSDLP on hand. armed restore In 1906 he represented the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Siberia, Moscow and Finland, a participant in the 4th Congress of the RSDLP and Conf. military. and military organizations of the RSDLP in Tammerfors. At the same time. L. worked on the history of growing up. s.-d.-tii and in 1906 published the book. “History of Ros. s.-d. Workers' Party "(parts 1-2. St. Petersburg.) - one of the first works on the history of the RSDLP. In 1907 he was a delegate to the 5th Congress of the RSDLP. Since 1908 in exile, he joined the otzovists, a member. fractional gr. "Forward", taught at the desk. schools in Bologna and on. Capri. In 1911 he returned to Russia, worked in Baku. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - Comrade. prev. Baku Soviet, sided with the Mensheviks. In 1918 - before. joint headquarters of Kr. guards of the fishing districts of Baku, member. Pres. of the Baku Economic Council. Until 1923 he worked at Glavtopliv, VSNKh, then - before. Glavnauki, in 1923–29 the rector of the Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, before. Council of the Museum of the Revolution. Cand. in part. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1932, personal pensioner, Brother L. - Mandelstam Nikolai Nikolaevich (Emmanuil Lvovich) (1886, Moscow - 1929, ibid.), Politician. From the beginning. 1900s member s.-d. circles. He was repeatedly arrested and deported. Party roar. events in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war from polit. activity has moved away. After Oct. 1917 worked in the Moscow Soviet.
LYADOVA, a village in the Mogilev district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in L.
LYADSKOE, see Chervone, Ternopil region.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛЯДЫ, деревня в Дубровенском р-не Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). В 16–18 вв. – местечко Оршанского повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Горецкого у. Могилевской губ.В 1766 в Л. проживало 207 евреев, в 1847 – 2137, в 1851 – 1986, в 1869 – 2198, в 1880 – 4391 (85,4%), в 1897 – 3763 (83,9%), в 1908 – 4704, в 1923 – 2406, в 1926 – 2020 (55,7%), в 1939 – 897 евреев.Еврейская община в Л. сформировалась во 2-й четв. 18 в. В 1777 действовала синагога. В 1782–83 евреям Л. принадлежало 90 дворов. С 1801 Л. – резиденция Шнеера-Залмана. До 1812 в Л. жил Дойв-Бер из Любавичей, позднее Л. были резиденцией сына Цемах Цедека – цадика Шнеера-Хаима-Залмана Шнеерсона (1814–1879), затем сына последнего – Ицхока-Дойв-Бера Шнеерсона (1835–1910) и зятя – Леви-Ицхока Гутермана (?–1905). В 1851 в Л. было 4 синагоги (из них т. н. Большая хасидская построена до 1835, сгорела в 1893, тогда же отстроена заново), 2 хедера, в 1869 – 5 деревянных синагог.В 1870 действовали круподерни Лейвика Шнеерсона и Либы Бумштейновой, кожевенные з-ды Залмана Израилевича, Залмана Гиршевича и Ноты Гиршевича Эйдиных. В 1880 евреям принадлежали 371 дом из 497, а также 3 кожевенных з-да, 4 круподерни, пивоваренный з-д; мн. евреи занимались кустарными промыслами: скорняжным – 1, портняжным – 2, гончарным – 15 чел. Действовало 8 синагог. В 1891 почтовую станцию с 2 ямщиками содержал Берка Гугель. В 1887–92 работало частное еврейское нач. уч-ще 3-го разряда Азриэля Боруховича Ривлина (закрыто из-за малого кол-ва уч-ся). В 1891 в Л. из Москвы и Вязьмы были высланы на жительство 7 еврейских семей (20 чел.). В 1894 из соображений пожарной безопасности был закрыт ряд принадлежавших евреям пенькотрепальных мастерских. В 1898 в Л. действовала адвокатская контора Мордуха Израилевича Шнейдера (участвовал в проведении переписи 1897).В 1894 в Л. имелось 4 синагоги, в 1908 – 6 синагог. С 1899 раввином в Л. был Иоффе. В 1894 открылось одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще Х. Иоффе (в 1912 – 3 учителя и 73 уч-ся). В 1903 в Л. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1909 в Л. были направлены инструкторы районной орг-ции Бунда. В 1912 имелось 11 хедеров. В 1913 евреями были единств. врач в Л., оба зубных врача, все 4 акушерки. Евреям принадлежали единств. аптека и склад аптечных товаров, более 80 лавок (в т. ч. все 26 бакалейных, все 12 мануфактурных). К 1 мая 1916 в Л. поселилось 4 еврея-беженца. В 1916–17 действовало еврейское об-во пособия бедным (оказывало, в частности, помощь евреям-беженцам).С нач. 1920-х гг. до 1937 в Л. работала еврейская школа. В 1925 в окрестностях Л. была основана еврейская земледельч. артель «Еврейский пахарь». В 1928 шохетом в Л. был Резвин; имелись синагога, миква.15 июля 1941 Л. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 была расстреляна небольшая группа евреев-мужчин из числа интеллигенции и активистов. В нач. марта 1942 в Л. было создано гетто; подростки гетто создали подпольную орг-цию; часть евреев умерла от голода и тифа, остальные (более 2 тыс. чел.) – расстреляны 2–3 апр. 1942. Неск. спасшихся от расстрела евреев сражались в партиз. отряде «В» под ком. С.В.Гришина.В июле 1966 на месте расстрела установлен памятник, сооруженный на средства родственников погибших.В Л. род.: Р.Брайнин, Дойв-Бер, Д.Левин, З.И.Онойхи, А.-З.Рабинович, Ш.-З.Фрадкин; Моше Арам (наст. фам. Безерновский) (1896–1978, Тель-Авив), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров МАПАМ, деп. Кнессета 1–3, 5, 6-го созывов; Михаил Семенович Лазуркин (1883–1937, Ленинград), гос. и хоз. деятель, муж Д.А. Лазуркиной, чл. РСДРП с 1903, в 1917 – секр. большевистской фракции Петрогр. гор. думы, в 1931–33 – дир. Ленингр. физ.-мех. ин-та, в 1933–37 – дир. ЛГУ, репрессирован; Абрам Саулович Шевелев (р. 1917), врач, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф., зав. кафедрой микробиологии Смоленского мед. ин-та, автор более 150 науч. работ., pronunciation=ЛЯДЫ, деревня в Дубровенском р-не Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). В 16–18 вв. – местечко Оршанского повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Горецкого у. Могилевской губ.В 1766 в Л. проживало 207 евреев, в 1847 – 2137, в 1851 – 1986, в 1869 – 2198, в 1880 – 4391 (85,4%), в 1897 – 3763 (83,9%), в 1908 – 4704, в 1923 – 2406, в 1926 – 2020 (55,7%), в 1939 – 897 евреев.Еврейская община в Л. сформировалась во 2-й четв. 18 в. В 1777 действовала синагога. В 1782–83 евреям Л. принадлежало 90 дворов. С 1801 Л. – резиденция Шнеера-Залмана. До 1812 в Л. жил Дойв-Бер из Любавичей, позднее Л. были резиденцией сына Цемах Цедека – цадика Шнеера-Хаима-Залмана Шнеерсона (1814–1879), затем сына последнего – Ицхока-Дойв-Бера Шнеерсона (1835–1910) и зятя – Леви-Ицхока Гутермана (?–1905). В 1851 в Л. было 4 синагоги (из них т. н. Большая хасидская построена до 1835, сгорела в 1893, тогда же отстроена заново), 2 хедера, в 1869 – 5 деревянных синагог.В 1870 действовали круподерни Лейвика Шнеерсона и Либы Бумштейновой, кожевенные з-ды Залмана Израилевича, Залмана Гиршевича и Ноты Гиршевича Эйдиных. В 1880 евреям принадлежали 371 дом из 497, а также 3 кожевенных з-да, 4 круподерни, пивоваренный з-д; мн. евреи занимались кустарными промыслами: скорняжным – 1, портняжным – 2, гончарным – 15 чел. Действовало 8 синагог. В 1891 почтовую станцию с 2 ямщиками содержал Берка Гугель. В 1887–92 работало частное еврейское нач. уч-ще 3-го разряда Азриэля Боруховича Ривлина (закрыто из-за малого кол-ва уч-ся). В 1891 в Л. из Москвы и Вязьмы были высланы на жительство 7 еврейских семей (20 чел.). В 1894 из соображений пожарной безопасности был закрыт ряд принадлежавших евреям пенькотрепальных мастерских. В 1898 в Л. действовала адвокатская контора Мордуха Израилевича Шнейдера (участвовал в проведении переписи 1897).В 1894 в Л. имелось 4 синагоги, в 1908 – 6 синагог. С 1899 раввином в Л. был Иоффе. В 1894 открылось одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще Х. Иоффе (в 1912 – 3 учителя и 73 уч-ся). В 1903 в Л. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1909 в Л. были направлены инструкторы районной орг-ции Бунда. В 1912 имелось 11 хедеров. В 1913 евреями были единств. врач в Л., оба зубных врача, все 4 акушерки. Евреям принадлежали единств. аптека и склад аптечных товаров, более 80 лавок (в т. ч. все 26 бакалейных, все 12 мануфактурных). К 1 мая 1916 в Л. поселилось 4 еврея-беженца. В 1916–17 действовало еврейское об-во пособия бедным (оказывало, в частности, помощь евреям-беженцам).С нач. 1920-х гг. до 1937 в Л. работала еврейская школа. В 1925 в окрестностях Л. была основана еврейская земледельч. артель «Еврейский пахарь». В 1928 шохетом в Л. был Резвин; имелись синагога, миква.15 июля 1941 Л. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 была расстреляна небольшая группа евреев-мужчин из числа интеллигенции и активистов. В нач. марта 1942 в Л. было создано гетто; подростки гетто создали подпольную орг-цию; часть евреев умерла от голода и тифа, остальные (более 2 тыс. чел.) – расстреляны 2–3 апр. 1942. Неск. спасшихся от расстрела евреев сражались в партиз. отряде «В» под ком. С.В.Гришина.В июле 1966 на месте расстрела установлен памятник, сооруженный на средства родственников погибших.В Л. род.: Р.Брайнин, Дойв-Бер, Д.Левин, З.И.Онойхи, А.-З.Рабинович, Ш.-З.Фрадкин; Моше Арам (наст. фам. Безерновский) (1896–1978, Тель-Авив), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров МАПАМ, деп. Кнессета 1–3, 5, 6-го созывов; Михаил Семенович Лазуркин (1883–1937, Ленинград), гос. и хоз. деятель, муж Д.А. Лазуркиной, чл. РСДРП с 1903, в 1917 – секр. большевистской фракции Петрогр. гор. думы, в 1931–33 – дир. Ленингр. физ.-мех. ин-та, в 1933–37 – дир. ЛГУ, репрессирован; Абрам Саулович Шевелев (р. 1917), врач, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф., зав. кафедрой микробиологии Смоленского мед. ин-та, автор более 150 науч. работ., extra_data="{'translat...")
LYAKHOV, see Kutianka of the Rivne region.
LYAKHOVICHI, a city (since 1940), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 729 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 1071, in 1897 - 3846 (76.6%), in 1921 - 1656 Jews. Jews lived in L. from the middle. 16th century In 1623 the Jewish community of Lithuania was under the jurisdiction of the kagal of Pinsk. In 1867 there were 5 synagogues in Leningrad. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade; dressing of horny ridges was especially widespread. In 1899, immigrants from Latvia founded a fellowship in the United States. In 1905 there was a branch of the SSRP in Leningrad. In 1910, a Talmud Torah, a private husband, operated in Latvia. and plank beds. Jewish schools, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in; in 1914 the Society for Issuing Interest-Free Loans to Poor Jews was created. Jews owned 2 taverns and 26 shops (including all 9 manufactory, all 6 flour shops). In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a Jewish school was in operation. On June 26, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Leningrad; in June 1941 a ghetto was created in Leningrad. In July 1942, approx. 1 thousand Jews. In the spring of 1943, during the liquidation of the ghetto, 4,725 Jews were shot. During the "action", the ghetto prisoners provided arms. In 1993 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed in Leningrad. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. In Leningrad: A. Mukdoini, I. Slutsky, L. Ya. Talmi, I.-M. Tykotsinsky; Yosef Tkoa (Tukochinsky) (1925-1991, Israel), diplomat, from 1949 - in Israel, in 1967-75 - post. representative of the State of Israel to the UN, in 1960–62 - ambassador to Brazil, in 1962–65 - ambassador to the USSR, President, Hon. prez. University named after D. Ben-Gurion (1975–81).
Lyakhovo, see Mostovoye.
LYAKHOVTSY, see Belogorie, Khmelnytsky region.
LYAKUB Petr Moiseevich (| - 1891, St. Petersburg), journalist. A lawyer by training. He began to publish in 1858 ("Odessa Bulletin"). Art., Dedicated. decomp. issues of Jewish life, published in Jewish ("Dawn", "Zion", "Sunrise") and Russian. period, editions. The author of several. Art. about the Krymchaks.
LYALE, see LYALE.
Lyalichi, a village in the Surazh district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1936 a Jewish collective farm named after V. Dzerzhinsky. 1942 Jews of L. were deported to Surazh and to the end. March 1942, they were shot there together with local Jews.
LYANDA Julius Avraamovich (1892, Minsk - 1960, Leningrad), specialist in the field of military veterinary medicine. Lieutenant general vet. service (1944). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from the Kharkov vet. Institute (1915). Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1925–41 the beginning. vet. departments of a number of military. districts. With the outbreak of the war 1941–45, the veterinarian North (1941) and Leningrad. (1942–45) fronts. From 1945 to the beginning. vet. Department of Leningrad. IN. Since 1949 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
LANDAU Konstantin Yulianovich (1890, Petersburg - 1969, Hergenrath, Belgium), poet, director. Studied in history-philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that. He began to publish in 1916 in the "New Journal for All". In 1916 he was among the founders of the "Phelana" publishing house, which released several. poem. Sat. From the beginning. 1920s in emigration. He lived in Germany, France, Belgium. He worked in decomp. theaters, published in Russian. gas. Europe, Cit .: At the Dark Door. M., 1916.
LYANDRES Semyon Alexandrovich (1907, Borovino, Mogilev Gubernia - 1968, Moscow), organizer of the publishing business. Graduated from Prom. academy. In 1930–41 in the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR and the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry of the USSR: printing sector, org.-plan. and foreign import. departments, pom. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR S. Ordzhonikidze. One of the organizers of the exhibition "Our achievements", associations scientific and technical. ed., gas. "For industrialization", "For technology", zhurn. "Tech. propaganda". In 1941–42 - deputy. otv. ed. Izvestia, in 1942–43 deputy. prev. OGIZ. In 1944–45, authorized by the State Defense Committee at the 1st Ukr. and 1st Belorussian, fronts. Organized by the publishing house of Sov. military. administration in Germany (1946). L. one of the initiators of the creation. Publishing house of foreign. lit-ry: acting dir., ch. ed. (1946–49). Repressed (1951–54). Deputy dir. Goslitizdat (1955–58): promoted publication after years of bans on works. A.S.Grin, Yu.K. Olesha, I.E.Babel and others; as a member of com. by lit. the legacy of M.A. Bulgakov was promoted by ed. his book. and rec. about him. In 1963–68 he was a consultant at the secretariat of the USSR Writers' Union.
LYANTSKORONA, see Zarechanka.
LYANTSKORUN, see. Zarechanka.
LYASCHOVKA, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 9 Jewish families lived in Leningrad.
LYASKOVICHI, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1897 67 Jews (9.2%) lived in Leningrad.
LYASOCIN, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Opatovsky u. Radom Gubernia. 8 Jews (1.2%) lived in Leningrad in 1856, 92 (11.5%) in 1897, and 125 Jews in 1921. In 1823–62, Leningrad was closed for free settlement of Jews. L. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LYASS Abram Moiseevich (1911 - 1976, Moscow), metallurgist, specialist in the field of foundry. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated in 1931 from Moscow State Technical University. In 1931–32 he worked at the State. in-those non-ferrous metals and gold, in 1932–38 - at the aviation plants. prom-sti. In 1938–44, dir. Center, n.-i. lab. Soyuzformolite. Since 1944 at the Central Research Institute of Machine Technology. scientific. work related to creation. and the introduction into production of self-hardening liquid mixtures for the manufacture of molds and cores. One of the founders of the modern. the science of molding materials. Participated in the development and implementation of chemically hardening mixtures in the foundry in the 1950s. Supervised the development of a fundamentally new class of molding materials - cold-hardening mixtures with decomp. binders. In the beginning. 1960s outlined the foundations of the theory of the strength of molding sands and gave an experiment. evidence of adhesive-cohesive hardening. Linen. pr. (1967). Cit .: Binding materials and their scope. M., 1955; Cold-hardening mixtures with liquid glass. M., 1965; Molds and rods from cold-hardening mixtures. M., 1978 (et al.); Liquid self-hardening mixtures. M., 1979 (et al.).
LYASS Miron Akimovich (1899, Vilna - 1946, Moscow), therapist. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of 1st Moscow State University, then postgraduate studies in Medico-Biol. in-those. Therapeutic assistant clinics 1st (1928-30) and 2nd (1930-34) Moscow. honey. in-tov. In 1934–38 prof. department propaedeutic. therapy of Irkutsk honey. in-that, in 1939–41 Vitebsk honey. in-that. During the war years 1941–45 he served as Ch. therapist of the 33rd Army, Karelian and 3rd Baltic fronts; after the war ch. therapist Ch. clinics military. hospital them. N.N.Burdenko. Scientific. works by L. septic sore throat, heart defects ("Heart defects", 1932, jointly with VF Zelenin), problems of the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, blood diseases. The author of a number of works on military. medicine: “Organization of evacuation and treatment in fr. of patients with general nutritional disorders "(1942)," Materials for the study of vitamin deficiencies and alimentary exhaustion "(1943)," Treatment of gastritis in the military district "(1945, jointly with A.M. Markov)," Prevention the most important hypo- and avitaminosis in the troops "(1947)
LJATOVICH, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Cherskaya land of the Mazovian Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Novominsky u. In 1820, 61 Jews (5.7%) lived in Latvia, in 1856 - 138 (13.2%), in 1897 - 423 (22.5%), in 1921 - 416 Jews (19%). Jews lived in L. from the middle. 16th century In 1596 Jews were forbidden to live in L. In 1599 a decree was issued on the expulsion of Jews from L. in the tech. 6 months In 1640 Jews are again mentioned among the inhabitants of Latvia. Jews settled in Latvia again in the 19th century. In 1827–62, Jews lived in a special quarter, were engaged in petty trade and crafts. Rabbi L. in the middle. 19th century was the grandson of the "Seer from Lublin" Yakov-Itzhok Weinberg. In the 1920s and 30s. in L., there were different departments. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad on October 14. 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
LYATSKAVA, a place in Telšiai u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lyatskovo, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 830 Jews (70%) lived in Lithuania, in 1923 - 200 (3%), in 1939 - approx. 10 Jewish families, in 1940 - 35 Jews. Jews lived in Leningrad from the 18th century. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade (mainly agricultural products). In the end. 19th century the Jew belonged to the unity. a pharmacy in L. In L., there was a synagogue. In 1864–89, Avrom-Horvits was the rabbi in L., and Shlomo-Yakov Shein (1855–?) From 1898–1934. Bnos Zion was founded in 1901. In 1915, Jews were expelled from L. After 1918, some of the Jews returned to L. In L., the Shas and Mishnayot societies worked. The last rabbi of L. was Yakov Avelson (? –1941). On June 22, 1941, L. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 5 Aug 1941 Jews of L. were shot.
LYATSKOVO, see Lyatskava.
LYAUDONA, a village in Madona region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Madona district. Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1935, 38 Jews (7%) lived in Latvia. There was shokhet in Leningrad and Zionist activities were carried out. In July 1941, Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the Jews of L. were shot by the Latvian police. Tuvier Krumer resisted, shooting from the roof and wounding several. police officers.
LYNGMYANS, see Linkmenis.
LYNTUPY, urban-type settlement (since 1967) in the Postavy district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR.
LYSAK Malka (1900 - |), writer, playwright. She studied in Polish. school, at the age of 11, she composed a play in Polish. lang. In 1915 she wrote in Yiddish the drama Aingefalene Vent (Collapsed Walls). In 1921 she came to the Sov. Russia. Published in the Jewish period, ed. (journal "Jungvald", alm. "Sovetish", etc.). The author of the book. "Oyfn Roitn Platz" ("On Red Square", 1923), "A Vakh-Booth" ("The Watchbox", 1923), the play "Welt-Winkl" ("Corner of the World", 1923). Its fate after 1935 is unknown.
LYSAYA GORA, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1751. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1885, approx. 230 Jews (about 5%), in 1923 - 591, in 1939 - 315 Jews. 19th century Jews in L.G. belonged to b. including water and windmills, shops, taverns, oil mills, wine cellars, etc. In 1914 the Jews were owned by the unity. pharmacy, both agricultural shops. guns. 1941 LG was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 13 Sep 1941 in LG, 255 Jews were shot. In 1941–42 there was a Jewish workers' camp in LG, which was liquidated on June 15, 1942; during the liquidation, all prisoners (about 400 people) were shot. Yakov Moiseevich Nemirovsky (b. 1911), Major General of Aviation (1958), warrant. 7 ord.
LYSENKO Anatoly Grigorievich (b. 1937, Vinnitsa), TV journalist. Graduated from MIIT (1960). He worked as a technologist, deputy. early plan. dep. Lublin Foundry and Mechanic. s-yes (1960–64). Taught economist. discipline in the All. correspondence industry and Mosk. evening mechanic technical schools (1965–67). On television - since 1968, in Ch. ed. programs for youth: Art. ed. script-ed. dep., dep. society-polit. programs, editor-consultant, deputy. ch. ed. Since 1991 - gene. dir. Vseros. state TV and radio company. Initiator created TV program "Look", author of more than 20 scripts doc. f., including "Our biography". State pr. USSR (1978).
LYSENKO Evgeniya Mikhailovna (1919, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 2004, Moscow), translator. Cousin and wife of L.E. Pinsky. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1948. Coll. with Pinsky prepared ed. manuf. Spanish writers of the “golden age”: “Guzman de Alfarache” by M. Aleman (M., 1963), “Lame demon” by L. Beles de Guevara (M., 1964), “Pocket oracle. Criticism "B. Graciana (M., 1981). Translated from Spanish. (Lope de Vega, M. Delibes, B. Perez Galdos, C.H. Sela, J.L. Borges, H. Cortazara), Polish. (G. Senkevich, J. Ivashkevich, J. Parandovsky), French. (J.J. Rousseau, G. Flaubert, M. Blok).
LYSHCHE, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, 14 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 20, in 1920 - 8 Jews.
LYSCHITSY, a village in the Brest district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno province. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 756 people were shot in the vicinity of L. of different nationalities, most of whom were Jews. In 1956, an obelisk was installed on the grave of the executed.
LYSZKOWICE, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Lovichsky u. In 1883, 434 Jews lived in Leningrad, 373 in 1897, and 545 (30%) in 1921. In 1852 Herman Epstein built a sugar plant in Leningrad, which was headed by his son M.G. Epstein. Rabbi L. in the 19th century. there was Sokolov, N. Sokolov's uncle. Main occupations of the Jews of L. in the 1st half. 20th century there was petty trade and transportation. In the 1930s. there was a mutual assistance fund. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created in 1940, destroyed in March 1941.
LYSVA, city (since 1926), regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Lysvensky Plant of Perm u. In 1910, 11 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LYSVENSKY FACTORY, see Lysva.
LYSKOVO, a city (since 1922), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Makaryevsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1870, approx. 20 Jews, in 1881 - St. 30, at the beginning. 1915 - 2 Jewish families, in 1926 - 7 Jews, in 1939 - 7 Jews. During the 1st world period. During the war, the Jewish population of Lithuania increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By oct. 1915, approx. 550 Jewish refugees. In 1915 in Leningrad, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a center for refugee children were opened.
FISHES, see Foxes.
LYSOVICHI, a village in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1371. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1860 46 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1910 - 88 Jews. about the Jews of Lithuania belongs to the 17th century. (Several Jewish families lived in Leningrad, whose main occupation was trade.) In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, approx. 50 Jews.
LYSOVTSY, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1418. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Leningrad from the 1st half. 17th century In 1765, 15 Jews lived in Leningrad, and in 1921 there were 104 Jews. In July 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. On June 1943, 25 Jewish women were shot in Leningrad, to-rye were used in the work of growing kok-sagyz. In March 1944 approx. 200 Jewish women were liberated by the Red Army.
LYSYANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1965), regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1593. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Podolsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 1,442 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 2,845 (39.5%), in 1923 - 844, and in 1939 - 215 Jews (5%). Jews lived in Leningrad from the 17th century, traditionally practicing crafts (carpentry, leather, blacksmithing) and small trade. In 1702 the Haidamaks exterminated almost all Jews in L. The Jewish population of Lithuania suffered greatly in 1768 during the "koliivshchina". In 1867 there were 3 synagogues in Leningrad, in the 1890s. - Jewish almshouse. In the 1890s. the spiritual rabbi of L. was Mordko Teplitsky, in 1895, assistant. state rabbi - Mordko Vaytburd. Since 1907, Moishe Vayserman was Rabbi of L., and in 1914 - Meer-Aron Berkovich Pribysh. In 1900–04, Yakov Isaakovich Belitsky worked as a doctor in Leningrad. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. occupation of the Jewish population of L. in the beginning. 20th century there was trade. Jews owned 7 flour stores, 6 grain crops, 3 timber warehouses, a mill, and practically all the shops in Leningrad (including 9 grocery stores, 9 tanneries, 12 manufactures). During the war, pogroms took place in L., which, together with hunger and epidemics, led to a significant. reduction of the Jewish population of the town. On July 5, 1918, during a pogrom by peasant rebels, approx. 40 Jews and approx. 50 were seriously wounded. Later, a pogrom in L. was perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. the mikvah was destroyed in Leningrad. In 1925 immigrants from Leningrad (5 families) organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. the Lysenkovsky collective farm. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Leningrad in the fall of 1941 and the spring of 1942, Jews were massacred. After 1945, the surviving Jewish front-line soldiers and those who were able to take refuge during the executions returned to Leningrad. In 1998, 25 Jews lived in Leningrad.
LYTKARINO, city (since 1957), subordinated to the Lyubertsy City Council of the Moscow Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1939, 39 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1989 - 200 (0.4%), in 2002 - approx. 15 Jews.
LYUBAN Isaak Isaakovich (1906, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1975, Moscow), composer. Was brought up in an orphanage. From 1920 he studied at a school-commune for children of poor peasants and artisans, where he mastered the muses. literacy and play on decomp. instr-tah, organized self-taught. ensemble, made recordings and processing Belarusian. bunk bed songs. In 1924-28 he studied at the Minsk muses. technical school on class. comp. from Ya.V. Prokhorov. Since 1928, thin. hands. muses. broadcasting of the Belarusian radio, where he organized symph. orc., conducted music-skylight. work. Included in the music. radio programs own. arrangement of planks. songs for decomp. will execute. compositions. One of the organizers of the section (1928–32), then the Union of Composers of the BSSR (in 1932–37 before). In 1937 he organized the Belarusian Ensemble, Nar. song and dance, was his thin. hands. until 1941. In 1941–45, Commissioner of the Song and Dance Ensemble Zap. front, participated in partisans. movement. Since 1945 in Moscow. In 1949–55, thin. hands. Song and Dance Ensemble Center, House of Culture for Railwaymen. In a composite. creativity (gl. arr. song) relied on the Belarusian, muses. folklore. Posted by approx. 50 songs for voice and fp. (ensemble, orchestra), over 70 - for choir. Naib, "Be Healthy" (1937), "Our Toast", "Song of Dukor Partisans" are popular. Among other op. - suites "The Border in Songs" for soloists, choir and symphony. orc. (1935), “Old Belarusian, wedding ceremony” (18 solo, choral, orc. And dance. Numbers on own text, 1937), etc .; music for dramas, performances (including the play "Nesterka", 1944, Minsk), film ("Live, dear Belarus", "New House", jointly with I.O.Dunaevsky, etc. ). L. belong to numerous. arrangements of songs (gl. arr. Belarusian and several. Jewish) for choir, solo, wok. ensembles. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1942). Became. pr. (1946).
LYUBAN, a city (since 1968), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1897, 732 Jews (95.6%) lived in Leningrad, in 1923 - 992, in 1926 - 1,031 (47.7%), in 1939 - 1,077 Jews. In 1867 there were 2 synagogues in Leningrad. Nehemiah Eruzelimsky (1854 -?) Was the rabbi in L. since 1896. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings fund. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned all three manufacturing shops. In 1920, a pogrom took place in Leningrad; 84 Jews were killed. In May 1921 the Jews of Latvia suffered from a pogrom, during which more than 100 people were killed, Jewish houses were plundered, approx. 400 Jews were forced to leave the town. The victims were assisted by the Joint. From 1921 to 1936 M. Feinstein was the rabbi in L. In 1923, immigrants from Leningrad organized a fellowship in the United States. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in Leningrad, which contained approx. 2200 people In nov. 1941, 785 Jews were shot on the street. Kalinin. In 1941–43, ghetto prisoners were regularly transported west of Leningrad, to a swamp; as a result of these "actions" 1400 people were killed. In June 1942, 1,150 Jews were shot at the Lubanskaya MTS estate. After 1945, some of the Jews who had left Latvia during the occupation returned. The Jewish community of L. was headed by Yankel Kustanovich. In 1964 on the street. Kalinin, a monument in the form of the figure of a grieving woman is erected. In the beginning. 1970s the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in L. L. genus: S. Asaf, RB Feigenberg, Z. Epstein; Solomon Abramovich Rossin (1902-1996, Vladikavkaz), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1948), neuropathologist, head. Department of North-Ossetian honey. in-that; Itzhak Epstein (1862-1943, Jaffa), linguist, writer, from 1886 - in E.-I., developed the theory of teaching Hebrew in Hebrew, in 1919-23 - dir. Ped. in-ta them. E.L. Levinsky.
LYUBAR, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 14th century like Lyubartov. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. Since 1926 - the Lyubarsk Jewish settlement council of the Lyubarsky district of the Berdichev okrug. In 1847 there were 3,770 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1897 - 5435 (43.4%), in 1910 - 8648 (43.6%), in 1923 - 3035, in 1926 - 4146 (35.3%), in 1939 - 1857 (70.3%), in 1989 - 10 Jews. In 1491 a synagogue was built in Leningrad. In the end. 17th century the Jewish population fled from L., fleeing Cossack detachments. In 1703, only 7 Jews returned to Leningrad. In 1717, 5 Jewish families moved from Leningrad to Medzhibozh. In 1765, there were 405 Jews in Leningrad who were the payers of the poll tax (during this period, the local community was in charge of the Jews of neighboring Novo-Ostropol). 19th century L. means. economical center, where 8 fairs were held annually, a number of prom. pr-th. In the end. 19th century Jews owned 4 shops. In 1867 there were 7 synagogues, in 1886 - an almshouse, in 1891 - an almshouse and a hospital, at the beginning. 20th century - 9 synagogues, a Talmud Torah and a private Jewish school. Since 1880, Chaim-Hirsch Feldman was the rabbi in L. A Jewish hospital was founded in 1893. In 1895, immigrants from Latvia founded a community in the United States. In 1910 there were nine synagogues in Leningrad and a Jewish cemetery. In 1905 a Zionist circle functioned. In 1913 there was a circle for the care of the sick. In 1914, Jews owned 5 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, units. b-ka, all 5 timber warehouses, units. oil mill, mead plant, printing house, both photo workshops, unity. tr, approx. 60 shops (including all 23 manufactures, all 5 haberdashery). During the war, the Jewish population of Lithuania suffered from pogroms and wars. action. In May 1920, a Jewish pogrom in Leningrad was perpetrated by soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army, during which approx. 50 people was killed, St. 180 were wounded, hundreds of women were subjected to violence. In 1922 an attempt was made in Leningrad to open a Jewish child. house; there was a yeshiva and a Jewish school. In the 1920s. pl. young Jews left L. to work and study in the kr. cities. In 1926, immigrants from Leningrad founded the Jewish artel "New Life" in the Krivoy Rog region. (7 families, 42 people.) On July 6, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. In July 1941, 8 Jews were shot. A ghetto was created in L., August 9. 1941 shot approx. 300 Jewish men, 13 Sept. 1941, 3 km north-west. L. 1199 Jews - residents of the village and 180 Jews from the surrounding area were shot. points. Discovered hiding Jews were placed in the former. children house and used in various jobs. In the end. oct. In 1941 all of them (about 250 people) were shot. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Leningrad. A.A. Vergelis, I.Sh. Falikman.S. Y. Elisavetsky
LYUBARSKY Vladlen Markovich (b. 1931, Kiev), hydraulic engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1987), prof. (1990). From 1955 he worked at the Institute "Fundamentproekt". In 1960–66, Ch. Ing. project in-that "Giprokommunvodokanal", since 1969 - at the Academy of Municipal Economy named after KD Panfilov (researcher, deputy director of the Institute of municipal water supply and water treatment), since 1988 deputy. dir. on science. All R. 1950s dealt with the problem of deep dewatering, which became the basis of the project for organizing the extraction of iron ore by the open method at the Kursk magn. anomalies. Main scientific. activity is associated with theoretical. the problems of natural water sediment processing in order to improve the ecology, the situation. He put forward a number of ideas, the implementation of which led to the development and implementation of new ones for the world. practices of technol. natural water purification processes, in particular the process of continuous thin-layer freezing and thawing. For inventions in the region. sludge treatment technology received more than 50 copyright certificates and patents. Vice President Housing and Communal Academy (1991) Vol .: Sediments of natural waters and methods of their treatment. M., 1980.
Lyubartov, see Lyubartov.
LYUBARTUV, a city (since 1543) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a city of the Lublin Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Lubart, Lublin province. In 1726, approx. 500 Jews, in 1764 - 765, in 1827 - 2074 (57.5%), in 1857 - 1820 (50.2%), in 1892 - 2623 (53.1%), in 1921 - 3269 Jews (53.6 %) Jews lived in Lithuania from the 16th century. The Jewish population of L. suffered during the Khmelnytsky land. In the 18th century. most of the Jews of Latvia were engaged in trade and crafts. In 1765 a Jewish doctor worked in Leningrad. All R. 18th century Rabbi L. was Yakov Landa (? –1762), later - Itzik-Aizik Landa (? –1794), then - his son Yehuda-Leibush, in the beginning. 19th century - Meir Horowitz (1790–1841, Lvov), Nosn Levinstein (? –1834). One of the preachers of Hasidism in L. was Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. 18th century a synagogue was built in Leningrad, and a second was built in 1840. During Polsk. the 1863 uprising, the Jewish population of Lithuania helped the rebels. In 1903, Shlema Pud was the rabbi in Leningrad. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1913 Jews owned 44 shops (including all 11 manufactory, both haberdashery, all 5 tanneries). In 1925 the Beis Yaakov girls' school was opened in Leningrad. A Jewish cooperative bank was founded in 1928. In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi L. was Avigdor-Yehuda Gelblum (? –1942); Jewish parties and org-tions. 17 Sept. In 1939, Wehrmacht units occupied Leningrad. In 1940 the Judenrat was created. In apr. 1942 approx. 800 Jews were deported to the extermination camp. Shortly thereafter, approx. 1600 Jews from Slovakia. In June 1942 there were 3,134 Jews in Leningrad, including 2,000 who were deported from other places. At the same time, a ghetto was created in L. In oct. 1942 deported to extermination camps ca. 3 thousand Jews, approx. 500 were shot at the Jewish cemetery. Through several. days the remaining 290 Jews were deported. The last 10 Jews of L. were shot at the Jewish cemetery in February. 1943 After the liberation of Leningrad in July 1944, several returned to the city. dozens of Jews. Soon all the Jews left L. On the territory. the old Jewish cemetery is det. playground, on the territory. Residential houses were built. M. Naidin, A. I. Peretz, I. Rothenberg.
LYUBASHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1868, approx. 180 Jews (26%), at the beginning. 20th century - OK. 200 Jewish families, in 1939 - 671 Jews. Since 1895 Shmuel-Zeev Shekhter (1875–?) Has been the rabbi in L. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a pharmacy in Leningrad. In 1919 a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by detachments of the Volunteer Army; some of the Jews escaped by fleeing to Ivanovka. 50–60 Jewish families remained in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in L. On Sept. 1941 shot approx. 350 Jews.
LYUBASHEVSKY Leonid Solomonovich (ps. D. Del, A. Zhulengo) (1892, Vyshny Volochek, Tver province - 1975, Leningrad), playwright, screenwriter, actor. Graduated from drama. courses by A.L. Zagarov (1915). From 1925 he worked in Leningrad. TYuZe, from 1936 in Leningrad. new Youth Theater. In 1945-75 in Dram, t-re im. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. The author of the plays "The Musician Team" (1935), where he played the role of Sergeant Major Wet, "Bolshevik" (1937), the role of YM Sverdlov, "In the gardens of the Lyceum" (1957) and others. Among the roles of L. - Shuisky ("Boris Godunov "by A.S. Pushkin, 1938), Orgon (" Tartuffe "by J.-B. Moliere, 1944). L. author et al. screenplays f. "Counter" (1932), "Deputy of the Baltic" (1937), "Franz Liszt" (1972). The first film role was a Jewish smuggler in f. "Border" (1935). He played the role of Sverdlov in f. "Yakov Sverdlov" (1940), "Vyborg side", "Lenin in 1918" (both - 1939), "Hostile whirlwinds" (1956), "Baltic glory", "The first day" and "In the days of October" (1958 ). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1939). Honored. art. RSFSR (1940). Became. pr. USSR (1941). Cit .: Stories about theater and cinema. L.-M., 1964; Plays. L., 1970.
LYUBAVAS, a village in Marijampole district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 2nd floor. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Lyubava Kalvariysky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 90 Jews (17%) lived in Lithuania. 19 - early. 20th century most of the Jews of Latvia were engaged in petty trade. In the 1920s. a secular community was created. A council of 5 people was elected. The number of Jews in Leningrad was constantly decreasing, and by 1941 several Jewish families remained in Leningrad. In the summer of 1941 the Jews of Leningrad, together with Rabbi Elkhanan Rosengolts, were killed. Ephraim Greenberg (1895–1942), editor and publisher of the daily. gas. "Das Vort" (Kaunas), a member of the center of the Zionist Socialist Party of Lithuania.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЛЮБАВИЧИ, село в Руднянском р-не Смоленской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1521. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Бабиновичского, с 1840 – Оршанского у. Могилевской губ. С сер. 1920-х гг. – Любавичский еврейский нац. сельсовет Руднянского р-на Смоленской губ.В 1851 в Л. проживало 710 евреев, в 1863 – 978 (64,5%), в 1869 – 747, в 1881 – 1289 (63,2%), в 1897 – 1660 (61,2%), в 1908 – 2325 (68,8%), в 1921 – 1320 (58%), в 1926 – 967 (50%), в 1939 – 1069 евреев.В 17 в. в Л. существовало еврейское кладбище. В 1799–1800 в Л. имелись 99 еврейских дворов и синагога. Раввином Л. во 2-й пол. 18 в. был ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Иссахар-Бер. С приездом в 1813 сына Шнеера-Залмана раби Дойв-Бера Л. стали центром любавичского хасидизма. С 1832 раввином Л. был Иссахар-Бер Гуревич. В 1847 еврейское население Л. пострадало от эпидемии холеры.Осн. занятие еврейского населения в 19 в. – торговля льном, др. источник дохода – предоставление жилья приезжавшим в Л. многочисл. хасидам. В Л. проходили две ярмарки в год (т. н. Крещенская была общегубернской, ее оборот в сер. 19 в. превышал 500 тыс. руб.). В 1851 в Л. было 5 синагог, 5 хедеров, в 1853 существовало 2-классное казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1881 евреям принадлежало 238 домов из 382, действовал кожевенный з-д Менделя Песькина (осн. в 1870).С 1882 раввином в Л. был Довид Якубсон. В 1894 меламедские свидетельства с правом открытия хедеров получили Гирш и Довид Скобло, а также Гершон Израилевич Итсон. В 1895–96 в Л. числилось 7 меламедов. В 1897 Ш.-Д.-Б.Шнеерсон основал в Л. иешиву «Томхей Тмимим».В 1900 пожар уничтожил мн. принадлежавшие евреям лавки. В нач. 1900-х гг. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1904 в Л. устраивал собрания Витебский к-т Бунда. В нач. 20 в. еврейское казенное уч-ще было преобразовано в 2-классное нар. уч-ще, при нем открыты жен. смена и ремесл. отд-ние (в 1913 – 3 учителя и 118 уч-ся). В 1908 в Л. имелось 5 синагог, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916–17 действовал Еврейский к-т помощи жертвам войны. В 1918 иешива переехала в Кременчуг.В 1918 евреи захватили 400 дес. земли бывш. имения и организовали с.-х. коллектив «Пахарь» (в 1925 – 43 семьи, 246 чел.). К 1922 в результате конфликта с крестьянами у евреев осталось 160 дес., на к-рых под вывеской коллектива велись единоличные х-ва.В 1920 в Л. работали еврейская школа 1-й ступени (140 уч-ся), дет. сад (40 детей), вечерние курсы, еврейский отд. при б-ке. В 1921 пожаром было уничтожено св. 300 домов. В 1923 во время пожара сгорело здание школы. К 1925 были закрыты клубы им. Воровского и «Ге-Халуц»; работали хедеры. «Ге-Халуц» организовал с.-х. коммуну «Тель-Цур» в бывш. совхозе «Белозерье» (32 чел., в осн. не местные). В 1925 в Л. числилось 205 еврейских семей, из них земледельцев – 43, кустарей – 80, торговцев – 27; среди семей евреев было 8 зажиточных, 57 середняцких, 134 бедных, 6 семей содержались за обществ. счет. Среди кустарей (кроме двух, все одиночки) было 20 сапожников, 9 кузнецов, 6 портных. В 1925 была организована ссудо-сберегат. касса, действовали артель кузнецов; с.-х. и потребит. кооперативы. В нач. 1920-х гг. религ. евреи подверглись гонениям со стороны Евсекции. В 1926 выходцы из Л. основали еврейский с.-х. коллектив «Новый путь» (7 семей, 49 чел.) в Евпаторийском р-не. В 1938 в Л. была закрыта еврейская нач. школа.Летом 1941 Л. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 в Л. было создано гетто (500 чел.), тогда же было расстреляно 17 евреев-мужчин. 4 нояб. 1941 в Л. было расстреляно ок. 500 евреев.После 1945 на месте расстрела установлен памятный знак. Могилы Цемах Цедека и Ш.Шнеерсона, находящиеся на разрушенном еврейском кладбище, являются местом паломничества. В кон. 1980-х гг. моск. хасидская община приобрела дом, «Бейт хабад», предназначенный для нужд паломников. В 2001 в Л. открыт музей истории любавичского хасидизма.В 2002 в Л. проживала одна еврейка.В Л. род. И.Бовшовер, Й.-И. Шнеерсон, Ш.Шнеерсон, Ш.-Д.-Б. Шнеерсон, Цемах Цедек., pronunciation=ЛЮБАВИЧИ, село в Руднянском р-не Смоленской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1521. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Бабиновичского, с 1840 – Оршанского у. Могилевской губ. С сер. 1920-х гг. – Любавичский еврейский нац. сельсовет Руднянского р-на Смоленской губ.В 1851 в Л. проживало 710 евреев, в 1863 – 978 (64,5%), в 1869 – 747, в 1881 – 1289 (63,2%), в 1897 – 1660 (61,2%), в 1908 – 2325 (68,8%), в 1921 – 1320 (58%), в 1926 – 967 (50%), в 1939 – 1069 евреев.В 17 в. в Л. существовало еврейское кладбище. В 1799–1800 в Л. имелись 99 еврейских дворов и синагога. Раввином Л. во 2-й пол. 18 в. был ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Иссахар-Бер. С приездом в 1813 сына Шнеера-Залмана раби Дойв-Бера Л. стали центром любавичского хасидизма. С 1832 раввином Л. был Иссахар-Бер Гуревич. В 1847 еврейское население Л. пострадало от эпидемии холеры.Осн. занятие еврейского населения в 19 в. – торговля льном, др. источник дохода – предоставление жилья приезжавшим в Л. многочисл. хасидам. В Л. проходили две ярмарки в год (т. н. Крещенская была общегубернской, ее оборот в сер. 19 в. превышал 500 тыс. руб.). В 1851 в Л. было 5 синагог, 5 хедеров, в 1853 существовало 2-классное казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1881 евреям принадлежало 238 домов из 382, действовал кожевенный з-д Менделя Песькина (осн. в 1870).С 1882 раввином в Л. был Довид Якубсон. В 1894 меламедские свидетельства с правом открытия хедеров получили Гирш и Довид Скобло, а также Гершон Израилевич Итсон. В 1895–96 в Л. числилось 7 меламедов. В 1897 Ш.-Д.-Б.Шнеерсон основал в Л. иешиву «Томхей Тмимим».В 1900 пожар уничтожил мн. принадлежавшие евреям лавки. В нач. 1900-х гг. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1904 в Л. устраивал собрания Витебский к-т Бунда. В нач. 20 в. еврейское казенное уч-ще было преобразовано в 2-классное нар. уч-ще, при нем открыты жен. смена и ремесл. отд-ние (в 1913 – 3 учителя и 118 уч-ся). В 1908 в Л. имелось 5 синагог, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916–17 действовал Еврейский к-т помощи жертвам войны. В 1918 иешива переехала в Кременчуг.В 1918 евреи захватили 400 дес. земли бывш. имения и организовали с.-х. коллектив «Пахарь» (в 1925 – 43 семьи, 246 чел.). К 1922 в результате конфликта с крестьянами у евреев осталось 160 дес., на к-рых под вывеской коллектива велись единоличные х-ва.В 1920 в Л. работали еврейская школа 1-й ступени (140 уч-ся), дет. сад (40 детей), вечерние курсы, еврейский отд. при б-ке. В 1921 пожаром было уничтожено св. 300 домов. В 1923 во время пожара сгорело здание школы. К 1925 были закрыты клубы им. Воровского и «Ге-Халуц»; работали хедеры. «Ге-Халуц» организовал с.-х. коммуну «Тель-Цур» в бывш. совхозе «Белозерье» (32 чел., в осн. не местные). В 1925 в Л. числилось 205 еврейских семей, из них земледельцев – 43, кустарей – 80, торговцев – 27; среди семей евреев было 8 зажиточных, 57 середняцких, 134 бедных, 6 семей содержались за обществ. счет. Среди кустарей (кроме двух, все одиночки) было 20 сапожников, 9 кузнецов, 6 портных. В 1925 была организована ссудо-сберегат. касса, действовали артель кузнецов; с.-х. и потребит. кооперативы. В нач. 1920-х гг. религ. евреи подверглись гонениям со стороны Евсекции. В 1926 выходцы из Л. основали еврейский с.-х. коллектив «Новый путь» (7 семей, 49 чел.) в Евпаторийском р-не. В 1938 в Л. была закрыта еврейская нач. школа.Летом 1941 Л. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 в Л. было создано гетто (500 чел.), тогда же было расстреляно 17 евреев-мужчин. 4 нояб. 1941 в Л. было расстреляно ок. 500 евреев.После 1945 на месте расстрела установлен памятный знак. Могилы Цемах Цедека и Ш.Шнеерсона, находящиеся на разрушенном еврейском кладбище, являются местом паломничества. В кон. 1980-х гг. моск. хасидская община приобрела дом, «Бейт хабад», предназначенный для нужд паломников. В 2001 в Л. открыт музей истории любавичского хасидизма.В 2002 в Л. проживала одна еврейка.В Л. род. И.Бовшовер, Й.-И. Шнеерсон, Ш.Шнеерсон, Ш.-Д.-Б. Шнеерсон, Цемах Цедек., extra_data="{'translat...")
LOVE, see Lyubavas.
LYUBCHA, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Lyubche, Novogrudok Voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766, 369 Jews lived in Leningrad and its environs, in 1847 in Leningrad - 973, in 1897 - 2463 (72.9% ), in 1921 - c. 1500 Jews. First mention. about the Jews of Leningrad dates back to 1721. In 1867 two synagogues functioned in Leningrad. Since 1905, Yosef-Elya Bunimovich (1855–?) Was the rabbi. In 1910 a Talmud-Torah worked in Leningrad, and in 1912, the second Jewish loan-savings institution. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 25 shops (including all 8 grocery, all 7 manufactory, one beer). In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, there was a yeshiva "Beis Yosef". In August. 1941 in Leningrad approx. the cemetery was created by the ghetto. In the spring of 1942, 375 Jews were shot near the cemetery. On June 13, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated; During the liquidation of the ghetto on the outskirts of Leningrad, 1,532 Jews were shot, and in 1958 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the perished Jews.
LOVE, see Lyubcha.
LYUBECH, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 882. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. From 1654 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov province. In 1897, approx. 280 Jews (8%), in 1917 - approx. 260 (approx. 6%), in 1926 - 26, in 1939 - 18 Jews. Jews lived in Leningrad from the second half. 17th century In the 18-19 centuries. main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts (leather dressing, shoemaking, etc.) and trade (timber, bread, salt, etc.). Since 1894, Zusman-Benzion the Grocer (1872–?) Has been the rabbi in L. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. m-in. In 1913 Jews owned 7 shops (including both grocery and 4 manufacturing). In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Leningrad by units of the Volunteer Army. D.A. Kudryavitsky was buried there.
LYUBEL, a village in the Zhovkivskyi district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1649. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 26 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1910 - 42, in 1921 - 112 Jews. in L. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1942 Jews of Leningrad were sent to the Zhovkva ghetto (present-day Zhovkva).
LOVE, see Luben-Kujawski.
LUBEN KUJAWSKI, a city in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Lyuben Wloclawski u. Warsaw province. In 1808 in L.-K. 120 Jews lived (34%), in 1827 - 251 (35%), in 1857 - 410 (42.7%), in 1897 - 661 (53.7%), in 1921 - 797 Jews (37.6%) .The Jews lived in L.-K. from the 2nd floor. 18th century In the beginning. 19th century in L.-K. there were 2 synagogues. Main crafts and trade were the occupations of the Jews. in L.-K. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931, with the help of the Joint, the Jewish Nar was opened. bank. Sep 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied L.-K. In nov. 1939 Jews were deported from L.-K.
LOVE THE GREAT, see Great Luben.
Lyubertsy, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1621 as the village of Liberitsa. Since 1632 - a village. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1926 there were 63 Jews living in Leningrad, in 1939 - 941, in 1970 - 2285 (1.6%), in 1989 - 1868 Jews (1.1%). In 1999 there was a Jewish philanthropist in Leningrad. ... dining room. Vladimir Grigorievich Dobin (b. 1946), poet, journalist, since 1992 - in Israel.
LYUBESHOV, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1484. In the middle. 16th century received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Lyubishov, Pinsk povet, Brest Voivodeship, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1766 385 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1847 - 831, in 1886 - c. 1800, in 1897 - 1888 (70%), in 1910 - 2171 (33.7%), in 1914 - approx. 2000, in 1936 - c. 1500 Jews. First mention. about the Jews L. belongs to the middle. 17th century, when in 1648, during the "Khmelnitsky", they managed to escape from the city and escape. In 1867, one synagogue functioned in Leningrad. At 19 - early. 20th century main spheres of economic. The activities of the Jews of L. - small trade and crafts. In 1913 the Jews owned 5 shops (including both manufactures) and a shipping company. There were 4 synagogues. The Weingarten family has traditionally been rabbis. In 1907-14 the rabbi was E.-L. Klepfish (1878–?), In the beginning. 20th century - M.-M. Perlin. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Leningrad. t-in. During the 1st world. war Jews L. (except for one family) were deported by the Germ. authorities deep into Poland. Jews began to return to Leningrad in 1924. In the 1920s and 1930s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, community philanthropists. org-tion, including "Linas ha-Tzedek". There was a Jewish library. The last rabbi of L. was L.-I.-A. Weingarten (died during the Holocaust). July 1941, after the departure of parts of the Red Army, Ukrainian. the nationalists tried to arrange a pogrom in L., to-ry repelled a detachment of Jewish self-defense. Leningrad was occupied by Wehrmacht units on July 26, 1941. Immediately after the occupation, 45 Jews were shot (including those from the village of Lyubyaz); on July 25, 1941, c. 70 Jews from the local intelligentsia. On Feb. 1942 a ghetto was created, where, in addition to the Jews of L., there were Jews from our neighboring countries. points. An underground group was organized in the ghetto. 15 Aug 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; SD team with the assistance of germ. gendarmerie and ukr. police shot 1,700 Jews; 70 artisans were left alive, 230 Jews managed to escape, but were captured in the end. nov. 1942 shot together with artisans.
LUBETKIN Tsivya (1914, Byten of Slonimsky u. Grodno province - 1978, kibbutz Lohamei ha-Getaot, Israel), member of the Jewish Resistance movement in Poland, public figure. She studied at the Tel-Hai school in Pinsk, member. Zionist, youth movement "Dror-Freiheit", later worked at the Warsaw center of the movement "Ge-Halutz". After the occupation of the east. Polish lands of owls. troops (1939) led an underground Zionist. work in Kovel and Lviv. In Jan. 1940 illegally returned to Warsaw, worked in a Jewish anti-Fash. underground, one of the first to advocate active resistance to the Nazi plans to destroy the Polish. Jewry. In 1943, together with her husband I. Tsukerman, she was a member. headquarters of the Jewish military opr-tion, which led the revolt. in the Warsaw ghetto. After the suppression of the revolt. with a group of fighters through sewers left the ghetto, fought in the partisans. detachment, member of the Warsaw Uprising. (Aug 1944). After the liberation of Poland, she organized the transfer of Jews from the countries of East. Europe in E.-I. (Operation "Briha"). Since 1945 - in E.-I., one of the founders of kibbutz Lohamei ha-Getaot ("Fighters of the Ghetto"), delegate of the 22nd Zionist. Congr. (1946), an active member of the Ghetto Fighters' Organization. In 1966-68 members. Board of the Jewish Agency from the executive committee of the movement "Ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad". She gave testimony at the trial of the Nazi criminal A. Eikhman (1961–62, Jerusalem).
LUBETSKY Itskhok-Isaac (1872, Turek Kalisz province - 1921), writer, cantor, conductor. Studied at the Milan cons. For some time there was prof. Budapest Royal Cons. Until 1914 - conductor at the Great Synagogue of Vienna. Lit. he began his activity in 1898 with an open letter to M. Nordau, published every month. "Ha-Shiloah". Publ. in the journal. in Hebrew, Yiddish and German. lang. Art. on the society. polit. topics, mainly on the problems of Zionism. Publ. the popular brochure "What is Zionism |" (Yiddish).
LUBETSKY Lev Grigorievich (b. 1920, Sevastopol), actor. In 1941 he graduated from the Crimean Theater, school. 1941–45 - in the army. After the war he worked in the t-ts of Tashkent, Tallinn, Leningrad, etc. Among the roles: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, 1954), Oleko Dundich ("Oleko Dundich" by A.G. Rzheshevsky and A.F. Kats , 1956). Since 1956, the actor Center. t-tra Sov. Army, played the roles of Schmidt (“The Last Stop” by E.-M. Remark, 1957), Sheshcheev (“Declaration of Love” by I. Shtok, 1964), Yynya (“The Wild Captain” by Yu. Smuul, 1966). Since 1967 in Moscow. t-tre them. M.N. Ermolova. Among the roles: Korzukhin ("The Run" by M. Bulgakov, 1967), Satynsky ("I give you life" by D. N. Valeev, 1973), Lakirev ("Stars for the Lieutenant" by E. Ya. Volodarsky, 1975), General Blinov ("Mountain Nest" after D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, 1978), Miller ("Deep Blue Sea" by T. Rettigan, 1984) and others. He starred in films (Commissar Shmakov - "The Living and the Dead", 1964), works on radio and TV. Honored. art. RSFSR (1979).
LUBICH, a village in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Lipnovsky district. Plock Gubernia. In 1897, 405 Jews (47%) lived in Leningrad, in 1921 - 362 Jews (41.8%). Since 1904, Itshok Klepfish (1877–?) Was the rabbi of Leningrad. Main occupations of the Jews of L. in the 1st half. 20th century there were crafts and small trade. In 1913 Jews owned 23 shops (including 4 haberdashery, both tobacco, one tannery). Among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 8 Sept. 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied Leningrad. In October. - nov. In 1939 the Jews of L. were deported to Lipno, then to Warsaw.
LYUBICH-KOSHUROV Ioasaf Ariaiovich (1872, Fatezhsky u. Kursk province. - 1937, Moscow), writer. Published from the beginning. 1890s in decomp. humorous. jury. From ser. 1890s - essayist. Since the 1900s. began to write stories and stories, published in the journal. "Ant", "Children's reading" and in Sat. "Essays by Bronnaya" (1901), pl. books for children, incl. stories and stories about "poor people" ("Living Souls", 1901; "Pobirushka", 1914, etc.), fairy tales ("The Crow and Her Friends", 1901; "Magic Book", 1904, etc.), adventure ( "In the Manchu steppes and wilds", 1905) and historical. ("Tushinskie Wolves", 1913) novels. The Jewish theme sounds in the story "Living Violin" (1906), the plot of which is the death of a Jewish boy violinist during a pogrom. Author of "Pictures of Modern Life" (1902) and others. After 1917, almost no print.
LYUBICH Yuri Ilyich (b. 1931, Krasnoyarsk), mathematician. Graduated from Kharkov University (1952). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). He worked at Kharkov University (since 1956). In 1990–93 - in the USA, prof. un-that pcs. New York. Since 1993 - in Israel, prof. Technion (Haifa). Main research results. - in func. analysis, differenti. ur-niyah with partial derivatives, integr. ur-niyah and mat. Methods in Biology (in Russian): Mat. structure in popul. genetics. Kiev, 1983.
LYUBIKOVICHI, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 33 Jews lived in Leningrad. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a shop; in the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied the city. In 1942 the Jews of Lithuania were deported to Sarny and shot there.
LYUBIMOV-LANSKOY (real fam. Gelibter) Evsey Osipovich (1883, Odessa - 1943, Moscow), actor, director, theater worker. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1902–04 he studied at the Kharkov drama. school P. Bogdanov. He first appeared on stage in 1904 in Ostashkov. In 1904–06 he served in the army. In subsequent years he worked in t-ts many. large mountains. Russia. He played the roles of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (the play of the same name by A.K. Tolstoy), Prince Myshkin ("The Idiot" after F.M.Dostoyevsky), Governor ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol), Famusov ("Woe from Wit" S. Griboyedov), Richard III (the play of the same name by W. Shakespeare) and others. In 1914 he first turned to directing in Kherson, where he headed the T-in of actors. In 1915-18 hands. acting collectives in Batum, Sukhum, Baku and others. In 1918–22 he headed the theaters of Astrakhan and Saratov. In 1922–40 he worked at the T. MGSPS (since 1938 - named after the Mossovet), at the beginning dir., In 1925–40 - dir. and thin. hands. In the t-re were staged "Storm" (1925) and "Calm" (1927), "Life Calls" (1934) VN Bill-Belotserkovsky, "Cement" by FV Gladkov (1926), "Rails are buzzing ”(1928),“ City of Winds ”(1929) by VM Kirshon,“ Fury ”by EG Yanovsky (1929),“ Snow ”by NF Pogodin (1932), and others. L.-L. continued to work as an actor, playing Chadov ("Life Calls"), prof. Mamlok (“Professor Mamlok” by F. Wolf, 1935), Professor Polezhaev (“Restless old age” by L. N. Rakhmanov, 1939), Okaemov (“Mashenka” by A. N. Afinogenov, 1941). In 1941–43 he was an actor in the Small Theater. Nar. art. Rep. (1933).
LYUBIMOV Alexander Lvovich (b. 1918, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1968), prof. (1991). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army. In 1946–56 he worked in a lab. cosm. rays of FIAN. Since 1956 - in the Lab. high energy JINR (Dubna). activities - research. electron-nuclear showers, development of the first in the USSR gas Cherenkov counters, research. at the JINR synchrophasotron. At the Serpukhov accelerator, he was engaged in models of structural quarks, proposed an experiment to search for charmed particles. Author of about 150 scientific papers.
LYUBIMOVKA, a village in the Kakhovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1804. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1856, four Jewish families lived in Leningrad, and in 1900 there were 28 Jews.
LUBIN (stage ps; real name Mashkovich) Yakov Moiseevich (| - 1914), singer (lyric and dramatic tenor), entrepreneur. He graduated from a real school in Bucharest. As a teenager, he moved to Odessa, where he studied singing. In 1880–83 he continued his education in St. Petersburg. cons. (Cl. K. Everardi). In 1883 he made his debut on the opera stage in St. Petersburg. In 1884–86 he performed in Kazan, in 1887 he made his debut in the part of Faust (Faust by C. Gounod) on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater. Later he sang in plural. mountains. Russia. In 1895–99, together with M. Saltykov, he kept private. opera troupe, with a cut he toured. In 1902 in St. Petersburg. He staged the "Orleans Maid" by PI Tchaikovsky in the People's House. In the last. years of his life led ped. activity.
LYUBIN Dmitry Rafailovich (1880, Samara - 1951, Kazan), actor. After graduating from the Samara real school, with the support of the entrepreneur A.P. Gruber, in 1897 he made his debut at the Samara theater, worked until 1900. In 1900–33 - in the cities of Simbirsk, Tiflis, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kiev, etc. From 1934 until the end of his life - in Kazan Rus. dram. t-re. I played a lot. roles, including Famusov ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1935), Boatswain ("Optimistic tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1936), Dr. Bulavin ("Walking through the agony" by A.N. Tolstoy, 1936), Flor Fedulych ("The Last Victim" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1938), Serebryakov ("Uncle Vanya" by L.P. Chekhov, 1940), Kharitonov ("Russian People" by K.M. Simonov, 1944 ), Belobrov ("Officer of the Fleet" A.A. Krona, 1944), Lynyaev ("Wolves and Sheep" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1949). Steam. art. TASSR (1939), Hon. art. RSFSR (1940).
LUBINSKI-FRIDBERG Alla (Lilka) (1908, Warsaw - 1959, Israel), politician. She grew up in an assimilated cosmopolitan family. left glances. She studied literature and language. at Montpellier and Sorbonne. A meeting with Z. Zhabotinsky led L.-F. to Zionism. House L.-F. became a meeting place for ETsEL envoys in Poland. There was a secretary-ed. print body of ETsELa in Polish. lang. The author of the ETZEL emblem is a map of Israel and on top of it is a hand holding a rifle. After joining Poland, Kr. Army husband L.-F., G. Shtrasman, was captured and was executed along with other Polish. officers in Katyn. Since 1940 - in E.-I., she married one of the leaders of the ETsEL lawyer H. Lyubinsky and continued her activity as a revisionist. movement.
LYUBISHOV, see Lyubeshov.
LYUBITSKOE, a village in the Novonikolaevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1856. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1897, several people lived in Leningrad. Jewish families.
LYUBKOVTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Hungary was occupied by Hungary. troops. In 1942 the Jews of Leningrad (4 people) were deported to Snyatyn and subsequently exterminated.
LUBLIN, does not exist now. Main in 1842 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, since 1940 - in the MSSR. In 1887, 390 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 512 (99%), in 1899 - 556, in 1919 - 877, in 1930 - 274 Jews. the settlers in L. were Jews from the Kiev and Yekaterinoslav provinces. In the initial period of their activities, the colonists were directly involved with. h-vom (mainly tobacco growing) and processed 324 dess. land. To the end. 19th century the Jews of L., especially the newly arrived ones, began to engage in trade and various. crafts. A conflict arose between the "colonists" and "immigrants". In 1899 p. 68 Jewish families (out of 97) were engaged in farming. They grew corn, wheat; then DOS. grapes and tobacco became crops; there were 90 cows. By the beginning. 20th century L. became the center of handicrafts. Mn. Jews were engaged in shoemaking and tailoring, and in 1910 a Jewish school was opened in Leningrad. A colony practically destroyed during the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars, was restored at the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint. In the fall of 1941, the Jews of Leningrad who did not have time to evacuate were deported to Transnistria.
LUBLINER Ludwik (Ozias, Joshua) (1809, Warsaw - 1868, Brussels), public figure. In 1830 during the Polish. restore joined the nat. guard. For the courage shown in the battle of Patrotny (1831), he was promoted to ensign. Having distinguished himself in the defense of Warsaw (1831), he received the "Silver Cross". After the suppression of the revolt. arrested, but soon released. Entered the Krakow University; under threat of another arrest, he fled to Belgium. In 1835 he entered un-t in Louvain. He graduated in 1838, became a lawyer at the Court of Appeal in Brussels. In the same place he released a study. “Jews in Poland” (in French). He took an active part in the political life of the Polish. emigration, fought anti-Semitism among emigrants. L. was an ardent supporter of the "polonization" of the Jews, believing that if Poland gains independence, the Jews in a free republic will become free citizens. In November 1862 L. called on the Polish. Jews participate in the insurgency. The author of numerous books. and art., dedicated. the position of the Jews, the independence of Poland, various jurid., social., polit. questions.
LUBLINO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. and lips. Since 1925 it has been a city. 14 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1926, and 1,026 Jews in 1939. 1940 - early. 1950s In L., there was a minyan who gathered every day (about 30 people constantly attended). In 1958 L. B. was arrested in L. Bershadsky (b. 1924) for distributing Zionist literature and organizing youth meetings.
LYUBLINSKAYA Anna Alexandrovna (1903, Grodno - 1983, Leningrad), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Since 1924, after graduating from Leningrad. ped. Institute of preschool education, worked at LGPI, in 1963–75 head. Department of Pedagogy and Methodology, early. schools. Author approx. 150 scientific. works dedicated. problems of minds. child's activity, the role of speech in sensory cognition and practice. Naib, the book received fame. L. "Essays on the mental development of the child" (1959) - the first owls. uch. manual for the psychology of a preschool child. She also worked out questions of developmental education, moral education. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR, Works: Family Relations and Their Influence on Children. M., 1940; Child psychology. M., 1971.
LYUBOIVANOVKA, a village in the Arbuzinsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, three Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LYUBOKHINY, a village in the Starovyzhevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 out of 3 grocery stores. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Latvia were killed.
LYUBOMIRKA, a village in the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1905, 6 Jewish families lived in Leningrad. 20 Sept. 1905 a pogrom took place in Leningrad, as a result of which Jewish houses were looted. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. manufactory and unity. bread shops. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 in Leningrad, several were killed. Jews.
LYUBOMIRSKY Yegushe (1884, Brusilov of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1977, Moscow), theater expert, literary critic. Graduated from commercial. Institute in Kiev. Worked as a teacher. In his youth he wrote dramas. sketches, after Oct. Revolution of 1917 actively participated in the creation. Jewish t-ra. He was engaged in research. Jewish classic drama, became one of the first lit. critics in the region. owls. Jewish theater. lawsuit. Wrote Art. about t-re and literature, published in the center, periodicals in the Sov. Union and abroad. L.'s works reflect the history of the Jewish t-ra. In 1926 his book was published. "Der revolutionary theater" ("Revolutionary theater") with a preface dir. A.M. Granovsky, in 1930 - "Cinematography", in 1931 - "State Jewish Theater in Ukraine", in 1933 - "Theater-Reconstruction", in 1937 - "How to Prepare a Performance" (manual for drama circles). In 1938 he wrote a monograph about S.M. Mikhoels. In the beginning. 1941–45 war went into the militia. After returning to Moscow after being wounded, he joined the work of the EAK, became a member of his ist. section. In the 1960s and 70s. Art. about t-re were published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In 1976 the book was published. "Oif di lebns-vegn" ("On the roads of life") - memoirs and essays about literature and t-re, writers, actors and directors.
LYUBOML, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1287. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kholmsk land in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1701, 527 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1765 - 1226, in 1847 - 2130, in 1897 - 3297 (73.7%) , in 1921 - 3141 (94.4%), in 1937 - 3162 Jews (62%). about the Jews of L. refers to 1370. The community of L. was considered one of the oldest on the territory. Commonwealth. All R. 16th century 400-450 Jews lived in Leningrad. In 1557 the kagal L. decided to ban the acquisition of real estate by non-Jews within the mountains. walls, in order to avoid complications with Christians. The rabbi of L. in 1570–77 was Avrum Polak, from 1597 - Moishe Mat. Rabbinical court in the 1570s headed by Shimon Auerbach, in the 1580s. - Yoel Sirkis, in the 1590s. - Moishe Katzenelbogen. The Jews of L. suffered during the "Khmelnitsky" era. In 1729, during a fire that destroyed all Jewish houses, the synagogue building survived. Main Jewish occupations - trade and crafts (among the Jews were tailors, jewelers, glaziers, barbers, bakers, etc.) In 1858–1915, Yehuda-Arie-Leib Finkelstein (1830–?) was the rabbi in L. In 1889 an almshouse functioned in Leningrad. In 1898, a Talmud Torah was opened for children from poor families. In 1913 the unity. the doctor (zemstvo) in L. was a Jew. Jews owned 2 pharmacies, as well as 19 grocery stores, 4 haberdashery, 4 leather goods, 4 iron-metal goods, 2 evils. and silver. products, 11 manufactory shops, 2 taverns, etc. In 1918–36 the rabbi of L. was Arie-Leibush London, in 1936–42 - his grandson Benzion London. a Jewish polyclinic was opened in L. In 1920, the school of the Tarbut network began operating, teaching in Hebrew. All R. 1930s a school of the Yavne network was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Polish soldiers. the armies perpetrated reprisals against the Jews of L.; 13 people were killed. On June 25, 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 22, 1941, approx. 400 Jews, 12 Aug - as many. Dec 6 1941 a ghetto was created in Leningrad. By the summer of 1942, a battle group had formed in the ghetto. 1-3 oct. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; shot approx. 3 thousand Jews; several hundreds of Jews were able to escape. After the liberation of Leningrad on July 19, 1944, several returned to the city. dozens of Jews, most of whom soon left for Poland. Since 1944 there has been illegal activity in Leningrad. a minyan meeting in private apartments. In oct. 1954 a minyan (17 people) was dispersed in Leningrad. liter seized. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in L. L. genus. F. Rosenblat.
LYUBONICHI, a village in the Kirov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. 506 Jews (100%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. The Jewish population of Leningrad was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LYUBOSHITS Anna Saulovna (1887, Odessa - 1975, ibid.), Cellist. From early childhood she learned to play the cello at hand. father. In 1904 she graduated from the Odessa muses. uch-shche Rus. muses. about-va on cl. cello by O. A. Wulfius; studied at Moscow. cons. in cl. A.E. Glen (cello) and D.N. Weiss (fp.). L. - the first woman cellist who graduated from Moscow. cons. She was awarded a gold medal (with her name inscribed on a marble plaque), as well as a cello by Guadagnini. She has performed successfully in Russia and abroad. She has performed with famous musicians, including F.I.Shalyapin, A.B. Goldenveiser, with conductors A. Nikish, E.A. Cooper. In 1910-16 she took part in philanthropy. concerts organized by L.V. Sobinov for the benefit of needy students. From 1909 she acted as part of the FP. trio Luboshits. The trio constantly performed in the so-called. ist. concerts organized by S.A. Koussevitsky, decomp. philanthropist. and public concerts. L. actively gave concerts as a soloist. In 1920 - early. 1930s toured the USSR. In 1924-29 she performed on the radio. In 1933 L., the first of the owls. cellists, was awarded the title of merit. artist Rep. Sister L. - Leah (Leah) (1885, Odessa - 1965, Philadelphia), violinist, teacher. In 1898 she graduated from the Odessa muses. uch-shche by class. violins by E. Mlynarsky, in 1903 - Moscow. cons. from I.V. Grzhimali. Performed abroad; creatively communicated with major musicians - E. Izai, P. Casals and others. Returning to Russia, she gave many concerts as a soloist and ensemble player in the Lyuboschits trio. Since 1925 - in the USA. From 1927 she taught in Philadelphia at Moose. in-those Curtis. Brother L. - Peter (1891, Odessa - 1971, Rockport, Maine, USA), pianist, ensemble player. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1912) according to cl. php. from K.N. Igumnov. He performed as a pianist with the Luboschits trio. Since 1926 - in the USA. He gave a lot of concerts, including joint. with E.A. Tsimbalist, G.P. Pyatigorsky, and also (since 1937) in fp. duet with his wife Zh.Nemenova.
LYUBOSHITSKY Aron (1874, Rozhany, Grodno province - 1942, Warsaw), poet, teacher, publisher. Rod. in the family of a Palestinophile. Received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. Since 1889 sotr. in Hebrew periodicals. The first poet. Sat. graduated in 1894. Taught at Jewish schools in Brest, Smolensk, Lodz. Hands. Jewish school with teaching in Hebrew "Ga-Ivri" in Warsaw. On suspicion of involvement in the roar. activity was briefly arrested in 1907. In the 1910s. opened a school in Smolensk with teaching in Hebrew. Since 1922 - in Poland. L. participated in the creation. Jewish publishing house "Aviv". In 1923 he founded and until 1929 ed. children lit. and scientific-popul. zhurn. "Ga-Kohav". In the 1930s. taught in Brest, Volkovysk, Lodz. He died in the Warsaw ghetto.
LYUBOTIN, a city (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Valkovsky u. Kharkiv province. 42 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1926, and 118 Jews in 1939. 19th century Jews rented a distillery, 2 mills in the vicinity of L. Osn. occupations were trade, crafts, gardening and sale of dried fruits. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. In 1919 a Jewish pogrom took place in Leningrad. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht on 20 October 1941 Jews of L. were shot.
LYUBOVICH Artemy Moiseevich (1880, Zhitomir - 1938, Moscow), statesman. Member RSDLP since 1907. Until 1917 he was engaged in the roar. activity among telegraph operators in Kiev and a number of mountains. Ukraine. In 1914 he was mobilized as a private in the railway. battalion, then to the telegraph company in Kronstadt. In 1917 - organizer and before. Executive Committee of the Kronstadt Soviet. In June 1917 at the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets elected to the president. VTsIK; participated in the ed. gas. "Post and Telegraph Tribune" (organ of the prof. Organization of the Petrograd Post Office). In October 1917, he organized the capture of Ch. the telegraph office of Petrograd. From October 1917, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraph; in 1918-19 before. Central Committee of the Union of Postal and Telegraph Workers. In 1919 the beginning. Communications Department Kr. Army. In 1919–33, deputy. People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraph of the RSFSR (later Deputy People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR; in March 1920 - May 1921 and November 1927 - May 1928, Acting People's Commissar). Since 1935, deputy. prev. SNK BSSR and before. State Planning Committee of the BSSR. Author of a number of works on communication organization problems. He was the initiator of the development of the state plan. radio network, the creator and first before. Friends of the radio. Affairs. VII (April) All-Russia. conf. RSDLP (b) (April 1917), 6th congress of RSDLP (b) (July-August 1917), 7th and 10th congresses of the RCP (b), 15th congress of the CPSU (b). In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
LYUBOVNY Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1931, Moscow), economic geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1983). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow region ped. in-that. Since 1966 - head. department in the Center, econ. Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the Russian Federation. Hands. Scientific method. center "Cities of Russia" at the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. Works on terr. planning and urban development.
LYUBOVSKY Leonid Zinovievich (b. 1937, Kamenka, Kiev region), composer, teacher. Moose. educated in Lviv muses. uch-shche and Kazan cons., which he graduated in 1967 in class. comp. from A.S. Lehman. From the same year he teaches at the Kazan cons. music-theoretical disciplines (since 1987 assoc.). As a comp. works fruitfully in all muses. genres, owns the art of building complex symphons. manuf. lyric philosophy. character, freely uses a variety of express. means. Publishes Art. about muses. Isk-ve, acts as a lecturer. Main op .: the operas The Feast of St. Jorgen (1967) and The Commander's Cloak (1972) - both non-permanent, the musical Dunno in the Sun City (1978, Kazan); 4 symph., Symph. the legend "Syyumbeki Tower"; concerts for piano, cello and other instruments; wok. cycles, chamber instruments. cit., including sonatas for various instruments, quartets. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the TASSR (1983).
LUBRANETS, a city in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Wloclaw Posad u. Warsaw province. In 1808, 475 Jews (47%) lived in Leningrad, in 1827 - 1148 (60.8%), in 1857 - 987 (57.9%), in 1897 - 816, in 1821 - 834 (38% ), in 1939 - 1050 Jews. about Jews in L. refers to 1691. In ser. 18th century the community was organized. In the beginning. 19th century a new synagogue was built. All R. 19th century there were “Bikur Hoylim”, a mutual assistance fund. One of the rabbis of L. in the 19th century. there was Itzhok-Yehuda Tronk, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century the rabbi was Yakov-Chaim-Zelig Goldschlag (? –1926). In the 1920s and 1930s. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. the rabbi was Klughouf. 10 Sept. 1939 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The synagogue was turned into a warehouse. In June 1941, almost all Jewish men were deported to dec. camps in the region of Poznan. In July 1941, women and children were deported to the Lodz ghetto. In the fall of 1941, the last Jews of L. were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. A. Poznansky, Sh.-A. Poznansky.
LYUBYAZ, a village in the Lyubeshiv district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1366. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1797 there were 4 Jewish families living in Leningrad, in 1897 - 77 Jews (9.2%). In July 1941, 20 people were killed during a pogrom in Leningrad. Jews. In 1942, 25 Jews were brought to Leningrad from Lyubeshov to build a bridge; after the completion of the work, the Jews were shot.
LYUDENEVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lyudzenevichi Mozyrsky u. Minsk province. 167 Jews (16.9%) lived in Leningrad in 1897. In 1913, all three haberdashery units belonged to the Jews of Leningrad. manufactory and unity. grocery and manufactory shops. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. - Dec. 1941, 105 Jews were shot in the vicinity of L. A.P. Bregman.
LYUDINKA, see Kletnya, Bryansk region.
LYUDINOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Zhizdrinsky u. Kaluga province. 69 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1923, 189 in 1926, and 232 in 1939. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 in Leningrad, a small group of Jews remaining in the occupation was killed.
LYUDMIR, see Vladimir-Volynsky.
LUDVINAVAS, a town in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - settlement Ludvinovo Kalvariysky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1662 there were 8 Jews living in Lithuania, in 1856 - 1,055 (69%), in 1897 - 369 (34%), in 1923 - 85 Jews ( 14%), in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in Leningrad from 1662. spheres of economic. the activities of the Jews of Latvia in the 18th and 19th centuries. - trade and s. x-vom. In 1886, two synagogues burned down during a fire. In 1882 another fire destroyed practically all the property of the Jews of Latvia. 19th century Rabbi L. was Avrom-Gershon Leser (1835–?), at the end. 19th century - Shloyme Gordon (1850–?), In the 1910s. - Yehuda-Leib Ostrinsky (1874–?). During the 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews left Latvia. After 1918 many others. Jews of L. left for the USA and South. America. In 1940, on a farm in the vicinity of L., a group was organized for training in physics. labor in E.-I. (existed until December 1940). After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the end. June 1941 the Jews of L. were sent to Marijampolė, where they were shot on 1 September. 1941 together with Jews from around us. points.
LYUDVINOVO, see Ludvinavas.
LUDVIOPOL, see Sosnovoye Rivne region.
LUDVIPOL Avraham (1865, Novograd-Volynsk, Volyn province - 1921, Tel Aviv), journalist. Took part in the Hovevey Zion movement in Odessa. From 1880 - in France; Parisian correspondent "Gamelitz". During the trial of A. Dreyfus, corr. gas. "Odessa leaf". In the end. 1890s publ. Art. about polit. Zionism in French. gas. Returning to Russia, he worked in a magazine. "Sunrise" and "Ha-Zman". In 1902 he was invited to Warsaw to edit the gas. "Ha-Tsofe". In 1905–06 he collaborated in St. Petersburg. zhurn. "Son of the Fatherland". Into the gas. "Fraind" publ. ser. Art. about the Jews of the time of the French. rev-tion. From 1908 - in E.-I., edited the youth newspaper. "Moledet" and was a member. ed. gas. "Ha-Aretz". He also collaborated in "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" and "Ha-Shiloah", where publ. every month polit. reviews under ps. Medinai. In 1899 in Yekaterinoslav L. publ. in Russian lang. the brochure "IA Kremie", in 1900 in St. Petersburg - "Bernard Lazar".
LYUDZENEVICH, see Ludenevichi.
LYUKHCHA, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1577 as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1856 2 Jewish families lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 20 Jews, in 1921 - c. 40 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of L. were deported to Sarny, where in the end. Aug 1942 shot together with local Jews.
LUXEMBOURG Eli (b. 1940, Bucharest), writer. Brother of G.M. Luxemburg. In the years of the 2nd world. During the war, the L. family fled to the USSR and settled in Tashkent. In 1963 L. graduated from the Uzbek state. in-t physical culture, then studied for philology. Faculty of Tashkent University. He started writing in 1964.Since 1972 - in Israel. Author of the book: "The Third Temple" (Jerusalem, 1975), "The Tenth Famine" (London 1985), "The Constellation of Mordechai" (Jerusalem, 1988). Etc. them. Sapira (1979). Etc. them. Raphaeli (1984).
LUXEMBOURG Grigory Matveevich (b. 1944, Kyzyl-Kiya, KirgSSR), poet. Brother. E. of Luxembourg. In 1968 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Tashkent University. Since 1972 - in Israel. Seven-time Israeli boxing champion. Champion Maccabiad. The deeply lyrical poems and stories of L. are permeated with love for man and E.-I. Per. from Hebrew verses by the Israeli poet W.-Ts. Greenberg: Poems and Prose. Tel Aviv, 1975; Gaza Gate. Jerusalem, 1985.
LUXEMBOURG Rose (1871, Zamosc, Lublin province - 1919, Berlin), politician, publicist. From the end. 1880s member Polish socialist, the Proletariat party, soon emigrated to Switzerland due to the threat of arrest, studied at Zurich University, and led a roar. work among students-emigrants, participated in the creation. s.-d-tii of the Kingdom of Poland (1893), ch. ed. her print. organ "Robot's Right" (Zurich). In 1897 she defended doc. dis. "Prom. Development of Poland ”(published in Russian in 1899) and moved to Germany. Remaining one of the leaders of the Polish Social-Democratic Party, L. soon occupied a prominent place in the Social-Democratic Party. party of Germany. In the end. 1905 - early. 1906 participated in the roar. events in the Kingdom of Poland, was arrested, but soon released on bail. Upon returning to Germany, L. became one of the leaders of the left wing of the 2nd International, at the same time. was included in Ch. board of the S.-d-tii Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, sotr. in the Polish Social-Democrats print. With the beginning of the 1st world. The war took up sharply anti-war. position. In the same year she took part in the organization of the "Union of Spartacus", which united the extreme left elements of the Germans, Social-Democratic-tii, was one of the Ch. theorists of the organization (author of the series of leaflets "Letters of Spartacus"). After Oct. revolution in Russia L. sharply opposed the one-party dictatorship established by the Bolsheviks. After the victory of the revolution in Germany (November 1918), L., together with K. Liebknecht and others, participated in the organization of the Communist Party of Germany. In Jan. 1919 L. - one of the hands. restore workers in Berlin. After his suppression, she was arrested and killed on the way to prison. - the author of a number of works on polit. economy, history of literature (including about the work of A. Mitskevich, L.I. Tolstoy, etc.), numerous. publ. Art. on slave problems. Movement, Cit .: Speeches. M.-L., 1929; Fav. cit., v. 1, h. 1–2. M.-L., 1928-30; Capital accumulation. M., 1934; Introduction to polit. savings. M., 1960; About the lit-re. M., 1961.
LYULEV Lev Veniaminovich (1908 - 1985, Sverdlovsk), a specialist in the field of precision mechanics. Dr. Tech. sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966, 1985). In 1941 on art. plant number 8 named after Kalinin (Podlipki, Moscow region) directed the development of automation systems, in 1941–45 Ch. the designer of this plant, evacuated to Sverdlovsk, where in the post-war years he directed the creation of some types of missile weapons. Became. etc. (1948). Linen. etc. (1967). State pr. USSR (1977).
LYUMKIS Aron Izrailevich (1904, Zhivotovo, Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. - 1988, Moscow), painter. A student of I.I. Mashkov. In the end. 1920s member AHRR. In the 1930s. artistic designer of public events. 1941–45 - at the front. In the 1960s. created a monumental painting "Requiem", dedicated to. in memory of the victims of the Holocaust.
LYUMKIS Ilya (b. 1908, Kiev province), journalist, publicist. After leaving school, he was a worker at a factory, at the same time he began to write to the correspondent. on factory life in the Jewish period, ed. (newspaper "Yung Guard", "Der Stern", "Der Emes", magazines "Prolit", "Di Roite Velt", etc.). In the beginning. 1930s L. - sotr. gas. "Jung Guard", in the 2nd floor. 1930s gas. Der Stern. In 1939, the book was published in Kiev. L. "The Pianists" (essays about Y. V. Flier, E. G. Gillels, A. Lufer, R. Tamarkina. In 1940–41 - own correspondent of the newspaper Der Stern in Chernivtsi. Participant in the 1941– 45. Not long before the end of the war, he was invited to Moscow to lead the department of culture of the newspaper “Einikite.” In 1947, as a correspondent for this newspaper, he accompanied new settlers to Birobidzhan, published essays and reports, in 1948 the publishing house “Der Emes” It was published by the book “Echelonen geen kane Birobidzhan” (“Echelons go to Birobidzhan”) After the gas was closed he left for Riga, was repressed in 1948. After his liberation (1956) he returned to Riga, but did not do journalism anymore
LYUSHKOV Genrikh Samoilovich (1900, Odessa - 1945, Dairen, China), an employee of the special services. State Security Commissioner of the 3rd rank (1935). From July 1917, member. RSDLP (b), a participant in the struggle for the establishment of Sov. authorities in Odessa, after the occupation of the city by Germ. troops (1918) in underground work. In 1919–20, political officer Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1920–31 on hand. operational work in the organs of the Cheka-OGPU in Ukraine and in Moscow. In 1931–34 pom. early Secret-watered. Department of the OGPU USSR, early. 2nd branch In 1934–36 deputy. early Secret-watered. Department of Ch. ex. state security of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1936–37 the beginning. Control. NKVD for the Azov-Black Sea region, in 1937-38 beginning. Directorate of the NKVD for the Far East. edge. Awarded hordes. Lenin (1937). On June 12, 1938, Lithuania crossed the border and in 1938–45 was an adviser to the Japanese. special services. Killed by the Japanese shortly before Kr. Army in Dairen.
LYUSINO, a village in the Gantsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. 20th century in L. lived several. Jewish families. In 1915, Jews were expelled from L.
LYUSTERNIK Eva Yakovlevna (1904, Sudilkov, Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1991, Petersburg), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). Graduated from the Society of Economics. dep. ped. Faculty of Saratov State un-that (1931). Teaching at LGPI (1934–56), Leningrad State University (1938–91). Author of over 100 scientific. tr. on the colonial history of India, Russian-Ind. relations of the 16th – 19th centuries; et al. works “New history of countries beyond the ruble. Asia and Africa "(1959, 1971)," The recent history of the foreign countries. Asia and Africa "(1963). A number of works have been translated into foreign languages. language Works: Rus.-Ind. econom. communications in the XIX century. M., 1958; Rus.-Ind. econom., scientific. and cultural ties in the 19th century. L., 1966; Russia and India. M., 1986 (et al.).
LYUSTERNIK Lazar Aronovich (1899, Zdunskaya Volya of Sieradzsky u. Kalisz province - 1981, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1930), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). He graduated from the 1st Moscow State University (1922), graduate school there. He worked at Moscow State University (1931–81) and Mat. in-those them. VA Steklov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–48). research results. relate to differenti. partial differential equations (solution of the Dirichlet problem using the finite difference method), function theory, func. analysis, variats. calculus "in the large" and topology (solution, jointly with LG Shnirel'man, A. Poincaré's problem on closed geodesic lines), approximate, and numerical methods, programming and history of mat. Poch. h. Moscow. mat. about-va. Became. pr. (1946) Vol .: Topological methods in variational problems. M., 1930 (jointly with Shnirelman); The questions will be calculated. mathematics and compute. technology. M., 1963; A short course in functional analysis. M., 1982.
LYUTENKA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lyutenka Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 16 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1897, 154 in 1910, and 18 Jews in 1939. In 1882–1903 Leningrad was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910 a synagogue functioned in Leningrad, and from 1916 a consumer society operated. 1941 Lithuania was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 two Jews were killed in Leningrad.
LYUTENKA, see Lyutenka.
LUTENSKIE BUDISCHA, a village in Zenkovsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zenkovsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, approx. 50 Jews. 20th century several Jewish families moved to LB from Zenkov. Main the occupation was agricultural trade. In July 1919, pogroms took place in L.B., staged by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941 LB occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 3 Jews were killed in LB.
LUTEZH, a village in the Vyshgorod district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century L. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 grocery stores.
LYUTINSK, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. in the Pinsk powiat of the Brest voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lutinsk Rovensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, Jews were apprx. 5% of the population of Latvia, 46 Jews lived in Leningrad in 1900. The Jewish population of Latvia was exterminated during the Holocaust.
LUTOMIRSK, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 11th century. In 1274 she received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Laskom u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 404 Jews lived in Leningrad, in 1793 - 566 (52.4%), in 1808 - 657 (52.9%), in 1827 - 1102 (51.2%), in 1857 - 999 ( 46%), in 1921 - 775 (35.3%), in 1939 - approx. 750 Jews. Jews have lived in L. since the end. 17th century In the 18th century. a third of the Jews of Latvia were engaged in handicrafts. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Jews owned approx. 40% of all workshops L. All trade was concentrated in the hands of the Jews. Some of the Jews were engaged with. x-vom, including breeding cr. cattle. In 1787, Pinkhos Isralovich founded a manufactory in L. (the first industrial enterprise opened in Poland by a Jew). In the beginning. 1780s A wooden synagogue was built in Leningrad. Until 1781, Yehuda Yoskovich was the rabbi of Leningrad, and until 1791 - Yehuda Frenkel, Rabbi Meir (? –1832), Israel Dubzhinsky, and Pinhos-Eliyahu Maizelis (? –1894). Meer Varshavyak (1872 -?) Was a rabbi since 1891. In 1894 a cheder metukan was opened in Leningrad, in the 1900s and 10s. a Jewish school worked. Most of the Jews of Lithuania were Hasidim. in L. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. From 1934 to 1942, Irahmiel of Walbromsky was Rabbi of Lithuania. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Leningrad in 1940, which was destroyed in July 1942.
LYUTOMSKAYA Inna Lvovna (b. 1925, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of residential and public buildings. In 1950 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: House of Culture and Science in Warsaw (1953–54, as part of a team), in Moscow - a swimming pool in Luzhniki (1956, et al.), development of the Troparevo district (1980), a residential complex on Nagatinskoe highway (1986), a complex residential buildings in Orekhov-Borisov (1993). Honored. arch. RF (1992).
LUCIN, see Ludza.
LYUTUTOV, see Lututov.
LUTUTW, a city (since 1843) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Lututov Veliunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1857, 135 Jews (30.7%) lived in Leningrad, in 1897 - 829 (57.4%), in 1921 - 1466 (68.7%), in 1939 - approx. 1,600 Jews. Jews have lived in Latvia since the 17th century. In the lane. floor. 19th century a synagogue was built, a cemetery was laid, and a mutual assistance fund was operating. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Rabbi L. was Itskhok-Zeev Froman (? –1905), from 1905 - his son Shloymo (1864–?). In 1914 Jews owned 9 shops (including all 3 ready-to-wear shops, one tobacco shop). In 1915 Jewish sports were founded in Leningrad. about. In 1916 a Zionist circle was organized, a school with teaching in Hebrew was founded in 1917. In July 1921 a pogrom took place in Leningrad, in the course of which approx. 100 Jews. In the beginning. 1920s the Jewish Cooperative Bank was founded. In the 1920s and 30s. there were branches of various Jewish parties and organizations. In the 1930s. Rabbi L. was I.-L. Schwer. 2 Sept. 1939 Wehrmacht units occupied Lithuania. The Judenrat was created, headed by Aizik Ehrlich. Later, a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942.
MAAYAN, does not exist now. Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. a commune in the Crimea. In 1926, 22 people lived in Moscow. Jews owned 732 dess. land.
Steppe, a village in the Poltava region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poltava u. In 1863 3-4 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 8 Jewish families. occupations of Jews M. in the late. 19th century there were crafts, sewing shoes. The products were sold at fairs, which were held in Moscow 3 times a year. In 1882–1903, a new settlement of Jews was prohibited in Moscow.
MACHERET Alexander Veniaminovich (1896, Baku - 1979, Moscow), film director, screenwriter, film theorist. In 1914–15 he studied at the Paris University. In 1922 he graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences 1st Moscow State University. In 1924-28 dir. and thin. hands. t-ra "Blue Blouse", in 1928-30 dir. and Chl. board of the club "Red Star" (Berlin). In 1930–48 dir. at various c / st, including art. hands. Tashkent (1942–43), Sverdlovsk (1944). In 1949-51 the head. lit. part of the Film Actor Studio, in 1951–55 deputy. dir. by scientific. parts of the USSR State Film Fund. From 1956 ed. and dir. at Mosfilm. He made his film debut as one of the screenwriters Doc. f. "Turksib" (1929), directed by f. "Deeds and People" (1932). Staged the f: "The Private Life of Peter Vinogradov" (1934), "The Motherland Calls" (1936), "Swamp Soldiers" (1938), "Engineer Kochin's Mistake" (1939), "Colored Film Novels" (1941), "I - Chernomorets "(1944)," Pages of Life "(with BV Barnett, 1948). M. is the author of scripts for almost all of his f. Honored. activist of lawsuits in the RSFSR (1940). Works: Actor and screenwriter. M., 1955; Artistic trends in Soviet cinema. M., 1963; The reality of the world on the screen. M., 1968; The artistry of the film. M., 1975; On the poetics of cinematography. M., 1981.
MADIEVSKY Abram Lvovich (Leibovich) (b. 1924, Gomel), theatrical figure. Great-grandson of A. Madievsky. From 1931 he lived in Leningrad, in 1941 he entered the acting department of the Theater. in-ta them. A.N. Ostrovsky. During the blockade, he worked at a factory. In June 1942 he was evacuated to Nizhny Tagil, worked for the military. z-de, since 1944 he studied at the Leningrad acting studio. New t-ra (graduated in Leningrad in 1947), from 1947 - at dir. f-those Leningrad. theater, in-that (graduated in 1952). In 1952–58 - dir. in dram. t-rakh Ulyanovsk, Kirov, Ordzhonikidze. In 1958–69 he lived in Alma-Ata, where he successively headed (chief director) the Theater for Children and Youth, the Kazakh Acad. Drama them. M.Auezov, Rus. acad. Drama them. M.Yu. Lermontov. At the same time. in 1959–69 he taught directing at the Kazakh Theater, in-those. In 1969–72 he worked at the department of directing of the Institute of Culture named after. N.K. Krupskaya in Leningrad. In 1972–78 - Ch. dir. T-ra North. fleet (Murmansk), in 1978–85 - T-ra of the Red Banner Tikhook. fleet. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Kazakh SSR (1963). State etc. them. K. Baiseitova KazSSR (1967).
MADIEVSKY Avrum (1813 - 1888, Khorol, Poltava province), rabbi. One of the most prominent followers of Lubavitch Hasidism, ser. 19th century From ser. 1840s rabbi in Khorol, Poltava province; in 1879–82 a learned Jew under the governor-general of Kharkov. In 1858 he was a member. rabbinical commission at the Ministry of Internal Affairs son M. - Eliezer-Moishe (1850, Khorol, Poltava province. - 1936, Snovsk, Chernigov region) from 1888 to mid. 1920s rabbi in Khorol. In 1910 he took part in the work of the Congress of Societies. leaders of the rabbinical commission.
MADIEVSKY Samson Abramovich (b. 1931, Rostov-on-Don), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1983). Graduated from Chisinau. state un-t (1953), taught history at the technical school, then worked at Prez. Mold. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1959 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR. Author of works on the history of scientific. and cultures. ties of Moldova with the foreign countries. countries, on the modern and recent history of Romania, on the problems of historiography and methodology of history. knowledge. Since the end, 1980s studies the history of the Jews of Bessarabia. Since 1996 - in Germany. Works: Methodology and methods of studying social. groups in ist. science. Chisinau, 1973; Polit, Romanian system. The last third of the XIX - early. XX century (Monarchy, parliament, production). M., 1980; The legal status of the Jews of Bessarabia by the beginning. XX century - In collection: Chisinau pogrom 1903 Chisinau, 1993.
MADYAR Mahmud Pasha (nast, name and surname. Fi-shel Freund) (1828, Breziny, Petrokov province - 1885, Beirut), statesman, military leader. In his youth he traveled to cities and towns of the Kingdom of Poland and other countries. Having settled in Hungary, under the name of Ferdinand Freund he served in a wine shop. With the beginning of Hung. national-will release. restore 1848–49 joined the rebels, distinguished himself in battles with Austr. troops, received an officer rank. After the defeat of the revolt. fled to Turkey, where he converted to Islam. Under the name of Mahmud Hamid, he entered the service of the Turkish army. During the Serbo-Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876–77, he distinguished himself in the battle of Montenegro (1876), was promoted to colonel, and soon received the title of Pasha. After the defeat of Turkey in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–78, together with the former. military. min. and other disgraced officers exiled to Fr. Rhodes. In exile, he often visited the local rabbi, conducted discussions with him on biblical and Talmudic topics. In the beginning. 1880s returned from exile and appointed governor of Syria, where he pacified the unrest of the Druze and Maronites.
MADONA, city (since 1926), regional center (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Livonian province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1941–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 19 Jews (3%) lived in Moscow, in 1925 - 36 (3%), in 1930 - 97 (4%), in 1935 - 115 Jews (5%) On July 2, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Moscow on August 7-8. 1941 in the surrounding forests, all the Jews of M.
MAJALIS, village, center of the Kaitag district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1580. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village, center of the Kaitago-Tabasaran environs. Dagestan Region In 1867, 439 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1886 - 529, in 1890 - 529, in 1897 - 512 (35.6%), in 1900 - 530, and in 1926 - 306 Jews. in M. there existed a mikvah and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1850s. there was a synagogue and a Jewish school. In the 1840s. the rabbi in M. was Hanukkah ben Chaim, then his son Raphael, in the 1860s. - the son of Raphael Hanuk and Rabbi Daniel from Derbent. In 1886 the Jews owned 4 grocery and 5 manufacturing shops, 70 own. sakley, 12.5 dess. arable land, 9 dess. mows, 3 gardens, 30 heads of cr. cattle, 25 horses; 25 Jews were engaged in leather dressing. In 1930, a Jewish agriculturalist was established in Moscow. artel "Kirmiza" (12th century).
MAERGOYZ Isaak Moiseevich (1908, Yanov, Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. - 1975, Moscow), economic geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1964), prof. (1945). At the end of the ped. College in Zhitomir worked as a teacher in Ovruch. In 1937 he graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1940–41 the head. department of economics. geography in the Institute of Geography of the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR (Kiev). In 1941–43 - in Kr. Army, demobilized due to illness. From 1943 he taught at geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. from 1945 to 1955 he taught at MIMO. M. developed a methodology for the study of geogr. the position of cities, issues of regional geography, put forward a provision on the typical relationship between the social-economic, sectoral and territorial structure of the Nar. x-va, defended the thesis that it is the territorial structure that constitutes the subject of economics. geography, developed by industrial-typologist. approach to the study and mapping of the industry. M. created a scientific. school in the region. geogr. city ​​studies and regional studies Vost. Europe. Author of a number of textbooks and uch. benefits for econ. geography. Poch. h. Geogr. about-in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Great medal to them. Humboldt University of Berlin, Cit .: Czechoslovakia. M., 1954; Czechoslovak Socialist. Republic. Econ. geography. M., 1964; Energy geography socialist, foreign countries. Europe. M., 1969; Key questions prom. zoning. M., 1978; Territorial structure of the farm. Novosibirsk, 1986.
MAYEVSKAYA, see Kamenka of the Dnepropetrovsk region.
MAGADAN, city (since 1939), center of Magadan region. (Russian Federation). Main In the 1930s, 804 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939, 750 (0.8%) in 1970, and 344 (0.6%) in 1979. The Jewish population of Moscow in the 1930s. formed in the main. from the exiles. Means. a contribution to the development of the cultural life of the city was made by representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia, including G.M. Sorin. 1990s in M., the society of Jewish culture "Sholom" was created. (Prev - A.G. Beloborodov). In 1995 the center of Jewish culture and religion "Ariel" was founded (previously - Zhanetta Vladimirovna Vishnevskaya, b. 1951, Odessa). A Sunday school has been operating since 1995. In 1999 the Jewish religion was created. Society (formerly Boris Samuilovich Levin, b. 1940, Leningrad). In 2002, approx. 800 Jews.
MAGARILL Sofia Zinovievna (1900 - 1943, Alma-Ata), actress. In 1925 she graduated from Leningrad. in-t scenic lawsuit. She worked in Leningrad. New t-re, was engaged in the play "The Shrine of Marriage" by N.P. Akimov by E. Scribe (Leningrad Music Hall, 1933). M.'s debut in cinema took place in f. "Hearts and Dollars" (1924, dir. NV Petrov). Filmed at dir. G.M. Kozintseva and L.Z. Trauberg "S.V.D." (Vishnevskaya, 1927) and "New Babylon" (actress, 1929); VR Gardin - "Kastus Kalinovsky" (Panna Yadviga, 1928); EV Chervyakova - “Cities and Years” (Marie Urbach, 1930); VA Braun - "Our Girls" (Nina, 1930), V. Schmitgof - "Happy Kent" (Zyuzi Morten, 1930); "The Secret of the Firm" (engineer Levina, 1934); IZ Trauberg "There is work for you" (Anna, 1932) and "A special case" (Lyubov Aborina, 1933); A.V. Ivanovsky - "Enemies" after M. Gorky (Tatiana Lugovaya, 1938); SA Gerasimov "Twenty-two misfortunes" (artist Margarita, 1930) and "Masquerade" (Baroness Shtral, 1941). Honored. art. Rep. (1935).
IAEA Moisey Abramovich (1898, Vilna - after 1941), oncologist, pathophysiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. Rod. in the family of the People's Will. Studied in nature. f-takh Petrograd. (1915–18) and Kiev (1918–19) un-com. In 1919–21 he served in Kr. Army. In 1922, having received a biology diploma, he entered the 3rd year of honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that, which he graduated in 1925. Since 1925 in Kiev NI. X-ray radiologist. and oncol. in-those (since 1930 head of laboratory of experimental cancer, since 1933 head of department of experimental medicine and biology). In 1941 in Kr. Army, Art. doctor regiment. Missing in action. tr. M. dedicated ch. arr. experimental questions. oncology, including the influence of X-rays and carcinogenic substances on the culture of normal and tumor cells, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and physical and chemical. properties of cancer tissue, experiment. cancer therapy; one of the first to discover in cultures a morphologist, changes under the influence of a carcinogenic substance, similar to the transformation of viral origin. A number of works dedicated. genetics of tumor cells, hormone therapy for cancer, etc.
SHOP Mark Yakovlevich (1789-1858), doctor. Participant in the war of 1812-14. Participated in the battles at Borodino, for Leipzig, Paris. The author of Art. by honey. statistics and hygiene in translated ed. I wrote several. book, including on the dangers of drunkenness. Cit .: Toxicological map, or the latest review of herbs. Kiev, 1831; About household dishes in relation to health. SPb., 1841; Commemorative forensic honey. book. SPb., 1852.
MAGAZINER Yakov Samuilovich (Samoilovich) (1883, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1941, Kiev), violinist. Studied in muses. school in Odessa (1898-1903). Graduated from Leipzig (1908) and St. Petersburg. conc. (1911). Played symphony. orc. Petersburg, Riga, Baku, in Moscow was the second concertmaster of the orc. S.A. Koussevitsky. Since 1922 prof. Kiev conc. Was interested in Jewish muses. folklore. A number of melodies recorded by M. were used by M.Ya.Beregovsky. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1938).
SHOP, a village in Krasnoperekopskiy district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from 1830. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939, several people lived in Moscow. Jewish families.
MAGDAGACHI, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 55 Jews lived in Moscow.
MAGDALINOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - station Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Moscow. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 3 grocery and manufactory shops.
MAGEN (Shif) Joseph (b. 1909, Edinets of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province), publicist. He studied at the Jewish and Romanian gymnasiums, then at Chernivtsi un-those, was one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Romania. From 1938 in E.-I., he worked in kibbutzim. From the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, he served in the British, the army, participated in the battles in the Italian. front. From 1931 he collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed. Since 1950, members editorial board gas. "Davar" (Tel Aviv), in 1958 ch. ed. Parisian gas. Unzer Worth and ed. "Illustrirte Weltwoh", then ed. weekly Nae Zeitung (Tel Aviv). The author of several. publicistic. collection of books.
A. MAGEN (real name and family name Avrom-Moishe Grubstein) (1900, Petrokov - 1944, Auschwitz), publicist, poet, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the years of the 1st world. war worked as a compositor in a Jewish gas., then opened his own. printing house and publishing house in Lodz (1924). In 1922-39 he was published in different. Jewish periodicals ed. (poems, stories, dramas. productions). In 1927 he published the 1st part of the language textbook. Yiddish for Jewish schools, in 1928 the 2nd and 3rd hours came out. Translated into Yiddish ist. M. Lehman's stories ("Rabbi Akiva", "Martyrology from Mainz", "In Eternal Imprisonment", "At War"), published in Yiddish and Hebrew the book. about I. Baal-Shem-Tov (1932). During the 2nd world. During the war, he was in the Lodz ghetto, from where he was deported to Auschwitz.
MAGEROV, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Zhovkivskyi district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rawa-Russky povet of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 440 Jews lived in Moscow and its environs, in 1789 there were 62 Jewish families in Moscow, in 1861 - c. 800 Jews (approx. 40%), in 1880 - 1138 (40.6%), in 1890 - 1050 (33.2%), in 1900 - 1322 (41.8%), in 1910 - approx. 1500, in 1921 - c. 600 Jews (approx. 25%) In 1581 Jews were forbidden to live in M. However, later Jews settled in M. First mention. about Jews M. refers to 1629. In the end. 18th century among the main. occupations of the Jewish population were dominated by crafts (leatherworking, tailoring) and trade; Jews owned 2 shops, 5 wine cellars, a mill. 20th century there were 3 synagogues in M. In 1870–94, the rabbi of M. was Yosef-Alter Epstein, in 1894–1920 - his son Gershon, in 1920–25 - Naftoli-Hertz Bombach, in the 1920–30s. - Rapoport. 20th century in M. lived representatives of the Belzevskaya Hasidic dynasty - Arie-Leib Rokeach and his son Nokhum-Aron. At the same time, Bikur Hoylim, Linas ha-Tzedek, and other societies were operating in Moscow. org-tion. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jewish homes and synagogues were destroyed. Assistance in their restoration was provided by the Joint. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; 2 Jewish schools worked, including the Beis Yaakov. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1942 Jews from M. were sent to the Rava-Russkaya ghetto and killed there along with local Jews.
MAGGID (Magid) David Gilelevich (Ruvim Gillarionovich) (1862, Vilna - 1942, Leningrad), historian, publicist. Prof. (1925). Son of G.-N. Magid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1894 he graduated from the Academy of Arts. In 1906–10 he studied at the Arab-Jewish department of the East. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. At the same time. active sotr. into gas. "Ga-Yom", "Gamslitz", "Ha-Tsefira", where publ. hundreds of Art. on east. or T. themes, publ. in the journal. "Sunrise", "Future", "Jewish family library", gas. "Der Fraind", "Dos Lebn", etc. Taught the basics of Judaism to Jews - students of the state. gymnasiums. In 1908-12 he wrote a number of Art. for the "Jewish Encyclopedia". In 1912-22 the head. b-coy OPE. In 1918-30 the head. Jewish department State publ. library, from where he was dismissed for sending works to E.-I. and communication with H.-N. Bialik. Sci. sotr. State in-that history of claims. In 1927 on Saturday. "De music" (Leningrad) publ. Art. "On ancient Jewish music and the Psalmody of the Jews." He taught Hebrew at Leningrad State University. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish and other languages. The author of the book. "History of the Gunzburg Family" (1899), "Religious Jewish Dogmatics" (1912), "Jews of the Caucasus" (1919), rev. “Vilna enlighteners 60–65 years ago”, part of which publ. in Warsaw weekly. "Literary Bleter".
MAGID (Maggid) Sofya Davidovna (1892, Petersburg - 1955, ibid.), Musical folklorist, musicologist. Daughter of D.G. Maggid. In 1921 she graduated from Petrograd. cons., in 1927 Higher. state lawsuit courses. From 1926 she took part in the work of the Jewish Historical Ethnography. about-va. She was engaged in the study and systematization of previously recorded bunks. songs and melodies. In the 1920s. participated in folklore expeditions. The author of the book. “Jewish Revolution. folklore "(Moscow, 1933).
MAGID Hillel-Noyakh (1829, Vilna - 1903, ibid.), Historian. [Grandson of Rabbi Pinchas M. (1747, Semyatychi, Poland - 1823, Vilna), an active opponent of Hasidism and author of pl. book, mainly - commentaries on TANAKH. Compiler of the Jewish calendar for a thousand years. Published in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. In 1900 M. published the book. "Ir Vilna" ("City of Vilna"), including biographies of several. hundreds of rabbis of the city.
MAGID Kalman (1874, Kovna - 1941), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. In 1900–10, a rabbi in Armyansk, Tavricheskaya province. He was close to the Mizrahi movement. In 1917 he participated in the creation. religious the Masores ve Herus party; delegate to the congress of representatives of the Jews of Russia. Since 1920 - in Lithuania. Rabbi in Vekshniai. Member Council of Rabbis of Lithuania, one of the leaders of the "Mizrahi" movement in Lithuania. He was shot together with all the Jews of the town. Son M. - Moshe-Dov (1901, Krozhi district and province. - 1963, Tel Aviv), businessman, public figure. In 1929 he participated in the work of the 16th Zionist. Congr. in Zurich. Since 1934 - in E.-I. He founded the first in E.-I. f-ku on production of honey. cotton wool. Was a member. Central Committee "Mizrahi". Deputy prev. councils on the building of un-that them. Bar-Ilana. In the 1950s. - member mountains. Council of Tel Aviv.
MAGID Mikhail Iosifovich (1896 - 1985, Leningrad), organizer of the leather and footwear industry. Graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic Institute (1921). Until 1932 - hands. dep., ch. Ing. Lenkozhtrest; in 1932 52 - ch. Ing. Leningrad. footwear, factory "Skorokhod"; from 1953 to retirement - Ch. Ing. factory number 2 "Proletarian victory", at the same time. led ped. work: in 1929 he organized leather footwear. Faculty in Leningrad. in-those nar. x-va, was the dean and head. Department of Shoe Technology. production until 1931; in 1937–38 he headed the department of technology of leather goods in Moscow. technologist, in-those light industry, in 1939–41 - the department of footwear, production in Leningrad. branch Mosk. technol. in-that light industry. Main work related to improving management, technology and organization of footwear. production. In 1936 he introduced chemical. method of fastening the bottom of the shoe. Became. pr. (1946).
MAGID Moisey Sholomovich (1910 - 1965, Leningrad), cameraman. In 1932 he graduated from Leningrad. film and photo technical school and worked in scientific-popul., since 1938 - in fiction films, the first f. - "Tankers" (1939, jointly with AISigaev). As a rule, he shot f. et al. with other operators (L.E.Sokolsky, V.V. Gordanov). Naib. means, f .: "For those who are at sea!" (1948), "Academician Ivan Pavlov" (1949), "Mussorgsky" (1950), "Rimsky-Korsakov" (1953), "The Rumyantsev Case" (1956), "My Dear Man" (1958), "Before the Court of History "(1965)," The first visitor "(1965). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR. Became. pr. (1950, 1951).
MAGIDOV Boris Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1884 - 1972), politician. From 1905 p. RSDLP, Menshevik, led the party. work in Kiev and Yekaterinoslav, was repeatedly arrested. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, Bolshevik, worked in Kharkov, then in Petrograd (member of the 2nd city district party committee, Center, organizing bureau of trade unions of Petrograd). Participant of Civil. war in Ukraine. In the beginning. 1918 People's Commissar of Labor of the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Sov. rep., from the end. 1918 early. of the political department of the 10th army in Tsaritsyn. In 1919, the People's Commissar of Labor Tem. worker cross. made in Ukraine. In 1920 - early. Political Department of Donbass. In 1922–24 sec. Poltava, then the Samara provincial party committees. From the beginning. 1930s responsible instructor of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), before. Central Committee of the Trade Union of Printing Workers, Industry, Member. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CP (b) U (1923–25), files. 8-17th Congresses of the CPSU (b), member. Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1930–34). In 1937 he was repressed. Since 1954 he has been a personal pensioner.
MAGIDOV Valery Moiseevich (b. 1936, Moscow), architect. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: prof.-tech. school in Ilyichevsk (1963), pavilion "Poultry" at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1967), music. schools in Naberezhnye Chelny (1982), Togliatti (1985), music. school in Ulyanovsk (1992).
MAGIDOVICH Yehuda (1886, Uman, Kiev province - 1961, Israel), architect. Studied architecture in Odessa. From 1919 - in E.-I. The first mountain. arch. Tel Aviv. The Great Synagogue and other societies and buildings were built according to M.'s projects.
MAGIDOVICH Iosif Petrovich (1889, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), geographer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1935). Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1912). As part of the Dnieper military. flotilla participated in the Civil. war in Ukraine. In 1921–26 one of the hands. work on the preparation and conduct of the national-state. delimitation of the republics Wed. Asia, spent the first solid statistic. survey of Bukhara and Khorezm bunks. owls. republics. In 1927-30 at the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. In 1931–34 scientific. ed. Department of Geography Publishing House "Sov. encyclopedia". In 1934–51 at the Department of Economics. geography zarub. countries geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. until 1936 he taught at the Ying-those red professors. The author of works on the geography of the Zarub, the countries of Asia and Europe, on the history of geogr. discoveries, by econ. cartography. Works: Essays on the history of geogr. discoveries. 3rd ed. T. 1-5. Moscow, 1982–86 (with V. I. Magidovich).
MAGIDSON Joseph (1888, Tukkum, Kurland Province - 1969, USA), athlete (American football). He played as a defender, first in the college team, and then in the prof. team. In 1909 included in the symbolic. the second (and in 1910 - the first) US national team. Was one of the iz. Amer. football of its time. After finishing his performances, in 1912–46 he was one of the leading referees in football.
MAGIDSON Mark Pavlovich (1901, Rostov-on-Don - 1954, Moscow), cameraman. In the cinema since 1929 (assistant operator). He made his own debut in 1931 f. "Great weekdays". Shining f .: "The death of a sensation" (1935), "Dowry" (1937), "Seven-graders" (1938), "Lermontov", "New adventures of Schweik" (both in 1943), "Hello, Moscow!" (1946), "The Story of a Real Man" (1948), "Conspiracy of the Doomed" (1950), "Sports Honor" (1951), "Belinsky" (1953), "True Friends" (1954), "Hostile Whirlwinds" ( 1956). Became. pr. (1949, 1951).
MAGIDSON Onisim Yulievich (Nison Yudovich) (1890, Miloslavichi Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1971, Moscow), organic chemist. Prof. (1937). After graduation in 1913 Moscow. un-that taught organic. chemistry in Moscow. mountains. bunk bed un-those them. A.A. Shanyavsky. In 1919 he organized scientific and research works. lab. chemistry of drugs, plants, edges in 1920 became a part of the scientific and industrial complex. chem.-farm. Institute (later - VNIHFI); lab. synthesis heterocyclic. hand joints. before 1968. In 1960–71 deputy. dir. VNIHFI, Osn. research associated with the development of methods for the synthesis of drugs, drugs (sulfanilamide compounds, quinoline and acridine derivatives, anesthetics, cardiovascular drugs, hypnotics, iuric bases, vitamins). Hands. development of an adsorption method for extracting iodine from oil drilling waters. wells; offered prom. method of obtaining synthetic. tropics, methods of synthesis of neurotropic drugs of the tropine series. Author approx. 140 prints works, 70 ed. evidence. Prev Pharmacopoeial Committee of the People's Commissariat of Health (Ministry of Health) of the USSR (1938–53). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1961). Became pr. (1941). Cit .: Bromine and its significance in the life of the country. M.-L., 1926; The most important chemotherapeutic drugs. In the book. Chemotherapy. M., 1948.
MAGNITOGORSK, a city (since 1931) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1929, 964 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939, and 2,815 Jews (0.8%) in 1970. 1930s in the creation of metallurgical. M.'s industry was actively attended by Jewish engineers and technicians. So in 1930–31 early. Magnetostroy was Yakov Pavlovich Schmidt (1897, Odessa - 1937), ch. Ing. - I.A. Kattel, early. workshop and hands. production of extra strong steel for tanks - L.E. Vaysberg. The Jewish intelligentsia brought in creatures. contribution to the sphere of cultural life of M. At the branch of the Writers' Union a Jewish section was organized, hands. - Genakh Soloveichik. He also created the dramatic. a circle that put on plays in Yiddish. In 1941 a Jewish cemetery was founded in Moscow. 1990s in M. there were created a society of Jewish culture (previously - Izya Yakovlevich Kotlyar, b. 1941, Minsk), a cultural center "Haverim", dancing. ensemble "Atikva", Sunday school. Since 1993, a branch of "Hesed" has been operating. In 2003, approx. 6 thousand Jews.
MAGNUS Samuel V. (b. 1910, Yekaterinoslav), lawyer, jurist. Graduated from University College London (1931), Jewish College there (1933). In 1937–59 he was engaged in a private law practice in London. He worked on the rights of companies, farmers and tenants. In 1940–46 he was in the army. Since 1959 in the North. Rhodesia. Was a member. Centre. hands. United Federal Party of the Legislative Council of the North. Rhodesia, held societies, posts in the hands. local Jewish organizations. The author of works on decomp. sections of legislation and law, published in encyclopedias and scientific. periodicals.
MAGNUSHEV, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1337; had Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Kozenitsky u. Radom lips. (from 1869 - posad). In 1827 330 Jews (33%) lived in Moscow, in 1857 - 451 (25%), in 1897 - 771, in 1921 - 731 Jews (47%). Jews began to settle in Moscow. in the beginning. 19th century Main occupations were small trade and crafts. A synagogue was built in 1860. From the 2nd floor. 19th century Rabbi in M. was Shmuel Rotenberg, then - Yakov-Dovid Kalish (1814–1877), “Rebbe of Amshinov”, who later founded the Hasidic dynasty in Mshchonuv, in 1875 - Moshek Freiberg, in 1891 - Yosek Freiberg, in 1898 - 1912, and from 1924 - Shlomo-Nachman Rubinstein (1872–?). In 1914, Jews owned both manufacturing shops in Moscow. In 1926, a mutual credit fund was created in Moscow with the support of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a Jewish library. 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1941 a ghetto was created, where it was located approx. 1,200 Jews from M. and neighboring towns. In the summer of 1942, all Jews were taken to the ghetto in Kozheynitsa and from there on September 29. 1942 together with 700 Jews from other us. points were deported to Treblinka.
MAGRACHEV Lazar Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1914, Petrograd - 1988, ibid.), Radio journalist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (1955). From 1937 - to Leningrad. radio. Conducted reports from the siege. Leningrad. In the beginning. 1950s dismissed, later reinstated at work. During his work on the radio, St. 2.5 thousand radio reports. M. - author of 4 books, including "Plots Composed by Life" (1972), "Report from the Blockade" (1988). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1978).
MAKARENKOVA (nee Weinstein) Yulia Vladimirovna (b. 1973, Kiev), checker player. Master of Sports (1986), USSR grandmaster in Russian drafts (1990), international. grandmaster (1994). Two-time USSR champion in Russian drafts (1988, 1990). World champion in Russian drafts (1994, Alushta, Ukraine).
MAKARIEV, city (since 1778), regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1439.Since 1779 - the center of the Unzha province of the Kostroma governorship, from 1797 - the district town of Kostroma province. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1923 - 33 (0.5%), in 1926 - 20 (0.5%) , in 1939 - 14 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow. In 1913 the Jews owned both jewelry stores, one haberdashery and 2 manufactory shops.
MAKAROV, an urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1765, 217 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1852 - 1150, in 1897 - 3953 (74.2%), in 1923 - 157, in 1939 - 269 (8%), in 1989 in Moscow and Russia. 34 Jews did not live. In 1837 Nokhum Tversky (1805, Chernobyl - 1852, Makarov), the grandson of M.-N. Tversky, founded the Hasidic dynasty in M. After the death of N. Tver, the dynasty was headed by his son, Yakov-Itskhok (? –1892). From 1892 the dynasty was headed by the son of Yakov-Itskhok, Moishe-Mordechai (? –1920, Berdichev). In 1867 a synagogue operated in Moscow. 19th century - 6 synagogues; the soap-making plant of Moshka Fabritsky worked. In the 1890-1900s. the official rabbi in M. was the physician Simkha Beniaminovich Gluzman, since 1910 the rabbi in M. was the Lubavitcher Hasid L. Grausman. In 1910 an exemplary Talmud-Torah functioned in M., and in 1912, a Jewish loan and savings bank. t-in, in 1913 - a Jewish hospital. In 1914 the Jews of Moscow owned all 3 pharmacies, 85 shops (including 36 out of 37 grocery stores, all 17 manufactures), a tavern, 2 honey breweries, and 2 timber warehouses. During the war, the Jewish population of M. suffered from pogroms. 21 nov. 1917 the Jews of Moscow resisted the pogrom peasants. On July 6, 1919, a pogrom was perpetrated by the Sokolovsky gang, on August 15 - Matvienko's gang (20 Jews killed). By the arrival of the Volunteer Army approx. 4 thousand Jews left Moscow (about 200 old people remained). Aug 18 In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Moscow (up to 100 Jews were killed, including 17 members of the Jewish deputation that met them). Another pogrom took place on 6 Sept. 1919 In the 1930s. a Jewish collective farm "Vozrozhdenie" (141 people in 1930) operated in Moscow. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the late 1900s. July 1941, 14 Jews were shot in Moscow. In the fall of 1941, several more were killed. dozens of Jews. In 1999, approx. 20 Jews in M. Isak Dobrinsky (1891-1973, Paris), French. artist; Moishe Tolchin (1895-1953, Chicago, USA), writer, wrote in Yiddish, since 1914 - in the USA. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
MAKAROV Igor Mikhailovich (b. 1927, Saratov), ​​specialist in the field of management. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970), prof. (1972), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute. In 1949–62 - at the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics: engineer, art. Engineer, Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. head lab. In 1954–56 and from 1961 he taught at Acad. defense industry and MIREA. In 1962-75 instructor, head. sector, deputy. head Dept. science and textbook. institutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU. 1975–88 Deputy. min. Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR. Since 1988, Ch. scientific secretary Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Axles. directions of scientific. activity - systems theory automatic. management, design theory, analysis and quality assessment of complex control systems, the theory of building flexible automation. production and industrial control systems. robots. Ch. ed. zhurn. "Vesti RAN", prev. Sci. council on the problem "Robotics and automated production". State pr. USSR (1984). State pr. RF (1995). Works: Theory of automatic control. M., 1977; Basics of production management automation. M., 1983; Robotics. M., 1984; Systemic principles for creating flexible automated production. M., 1986.
MAKAROVKA, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19th century 8 Jewish families lived in M., in 1910 - approx. 60 Jews. 19th century the Jews of M. owned a tailoring workshop. In 1910, several. Jewish families were engaged in trade. In May 1919, there was a pogrom in Moscow, organized by the detachments of Ataman Struk; Jewish houses were destroyed, 5 families were ruined.
MACEDONIANS, see Macedonians.
MACEDONA, a village in the Mironovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Macedonians of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in M.
MAKEEVKA, a village in the Nosovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine) In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 12 jan. 1943 one Jew was killed in M.
MAKHACHKALA (in 1857-1922 - Port), city (since 1857), the capital of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Main in 1844 as the Petrovskoe fortification. Since 1857 - in Temir-Khan-Shurinsky environs. Dagestan region Since 1921 it has been the capital of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1880 93 Mountain Jews lived in Moscow, in 1886 - 123, in 1890 - 143 Jews, in 1890 - 230, in 1895 - 436, in 1897 - 563 (5.8%), 1899 - 739, in 1910 - 379 (11.8%), in 1926 - 3481 Jews (including 2050 Mountain Jews), in 1939 - 1930 Jews, in 1959 - 2692, in 1970 - 5213 Jews (including including 1684 Mountain Jews) and 4 Karaites, in 1979 - 4226 Jews. In 1862 in Moscow on the initiative of Joseph Pevechevich, wounded in 1844 in a battle with Shamil's troops, the first synagogue was built, in which they prayed as Ashkenazi (in including 61 artisans and 20 soldiers of the local garrison), and mountain Jews. Rabbi M. in the 1860s. there was Rabbi Benjamin. In 1886 there was a Jewish school. The Jews owned 4 manufactory and 7 grocery stores. In 1895, two synagogues functioned in Moscow. In 1899, a school (9 students-boys) worked at the synagogue. The rabbi of the Ashkenazi Jews was Abram Movshovich Lozner, the Mountain Jews - Mordukhai Iliazarov. In 1910, Moscow had 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish community. early uch-shche, in 1914 - husband. gymnasium. In 1917 a group was organized in Moscow. "Ceirei Zion". In 1919 the “House of the Jewish People” was opened, in which work was carried out among the youth of the Mountain and Ashkenazi Jews. In the 1920s. the "Jewish-Tatian" school worked (the director until the second half of the 1920s was Rabbi Meir Rafailov), dram. circle of mountain Jews. In 1925, there were 222 Jewish refugee families in Moscow who wished to return to agriculture. In 1926 a pogrom occurred in Moscow, provoked by the "blood libel". In the 1920s. 2 synagogues were closed. In 1930, a wine-growing artel named after I. Stalin (c. 26 x-v, including 22 x-va of Mountain Jews). In 1970, the synagogue building was requisitioned in Moscow, the community was given a smaller building on the outskirts of the city; B.I. Ashurov was the rabbi in Kazakhstan since 1971. Since the 1990s. prev. community - Shimi Migirovich Dibiyaev (b. 1931). In the end. 1990s a Sunday school was opened. In M., born: A.D. Slonim; Irakhmiel Asa (Asyalov) (b. 1919), society. activist, since 1924 - in E.-I., one of the active participants in the kibbutz movement in E.-I., dep. The Knesset of the 3rd convocation; Mikhail Samuilovich Burshtar (1911–1977), geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineral. Sciences (1961), prof. (1965), "Honorary Oilman" (1971); Grigory Yakovlevich Fraikin (b. 1946), biologist, Dr. of Biol. Sciences (1989), prof. Moscow State University (1993), specialist in the region. biophysicists, author of over 120 scientific. works.
MAKHARADZE, see Ozurgeti.
MAKHINJAURI, an urban-type settlement in the Khelvachauri region of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgia). 5 Jews lived in Moscow in 1926, and 27 Jews in 1970.
MAKHLINA Svetlana Tevelevna (b. 1941, Kishinev), culturologist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1992). Graduated from the Institute of Art. G. Muzichesku in Chisinau, class. php. (1965), then the Faculty of Theory and History of Art at the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after I.E. Repin in Leningrad (1969). Since 1975 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. state academy of culture. Published since 1967. Author of works on the specifics of the expressive means of music and painting, on the problems of aesthetics and the work of artists. Vol .: Interaction of types of art. L., 1976; Tasks of the muses. schools for the aesthetic education of schoolchildren. T. 1. Tbilisi, 1980; The language of art. L., 1990; Realism and convention in art. SPb., 1992; Interior art. SPb., 1992.
MAHLIS Isaak Petrovich (1893, Kremenchug –1958, Moscow), painter. In 1911 he graduated from the Kharkov art. uch-shche. Before the beginning. 1st world. war he studied at the Paris Academy of Arts in class. painting and sculpture. From 1914 he worked as a set designer in Petrograd. t-pah. Since 1917 - in the cinema (A.A. Khanzhonkov's firm). Since 1927 at the Lenfilm cinema. Issued approx. 20 game f., Of which naib. significant: "According to the Law" (1926), "Lord Skotinin" (1927), "His Excellency" (1928), "Cain and Artem" (1929, jointly with N.G. Suvorov), "Happiness" (1932) , "Sleeping Beauty" (1930), "Chapaev" (1934), "Border" (1935, jointly with E.A. Khiger), "Heavenly slug" (1946), "Cinderella" (1947, jointly with N. P. Akimov). Author of paintings "Old Men" (1934), "Wedding in a Town" (1934).
MAKHNOVICHI, a village in the Mozyr district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned both grocery stores. 1921 a pogrom took place in Moscow; 2 Jews were killed.
MAKHNOVKA, see Krasnoe Vinnitsa region.
MACHOTSICE, see Monchocice Capitulne.
MAKLYARSKY Mikhail (Isidor) Borisovich (1909, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), screenwriter, intelligence officer. Colonel. In 1932 he graduated from the Central Asian University in Tashkent. In 1927–47 in the OGPU-MGB of the USSR. One of the hands. intelligence and sabotage activities abroad. In the beginning. 1950s was imprisoned. In 1956 he graduated from the Higher. lit. courses in Moscow. In cinema since 1947. Screenwriter (et al.) Pl. f. detective-adventure genre. Naib. Izv. The Exploit of the Intelligence Officer (1947), The Secret Mission (1950), The Night Patrol (1957), The Shot in the Fog (1964), The Conspiracy of Ambassadors (1966), The Inspector of the Criminal Investigation Department (1971), "Secret Service Agent" (1978). In 1960–72 he was the organizer and the first director. Higher. scenario and dir. courses in Moscow. Became. pr. (1948, 1951).
MAKOGON Aron (1898 - 1963, Rubtsovsk, Altai Territory), publicist, teacher. From the end. 1920s worked at the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture at the VUAN, in 1928–34 ed. zhurn. Ratnbildung and Gas. "Zay Great", in which he published Art. on the problems of pedagogy and culture, participated in the compilation of textbooks for Jewish schools: "Politufkler arbet in shtetl" ("Political and educational work in the town"), 1928; "Kamph un oifboy" ("Struggle and construction"); a reader for the 5th grade, 1928; "In kamph" ("In the fight"); textbook on language, literature and social science (1930), etc. In the 1930s. prev. Jewish section of the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1936 he was arrested and exiled to Altai. After rehabilitation (1956) he worked in the department of vocational training of the Rubtsovsk tractor plant.
MAKOSHIN, see Makoshino.
MAKOSHINO, urban-type settlement (since 1964) in the Mensk district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Makoshin Sosnitsky Chernigov province. In 1920, Jews constituted 7.5% of the population of Moscow. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 5 shops (including the only manufactory, both wood-burning). In 1925, immigrants from Moscow (7 families, 49 people) founded in the Kherson env. Jewish collective farm "Nai Makoshin" .21 nov. 1941 soldiers Hungarian. the armies shot in M. almost all the remaining Jews (18 people). 7 Feb 1943 4 more Jews were killed. Efim Grigorievich Zelkin (b. 1911), specialist in the region. antenna technology, Dr. Sciences (1964), prof. (1966), Len. pr. (1958), State. pr. USSR (1983).
MAKOV, see Makow Mazowiecki.
MAKOVER Samuil Gdalevich (1908, Lodz, Petrokiv Gubernia - 1970), astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1956). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1934–46 he worked in a number of institutes in Moscow (1SCHI geodesy, aerial survey and cartography, oil, Institute of theoretical geophysics, Institute of applied geophysics). In 1947–70 at the Ying-those theoretical. Astronomy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1963 headed the department of minor planets and comets). In the 1950s. research movement in space and created the theory of motion of the comet Encke, summarizing information about it for 150 years. On the basis of observations of the comet, Encke determined the mass of the planet Mercury. Organized the operational processing of data on the first arts. satellites of the Earth. To observe minor planets and comets, he organized at the Crimean astrophysics. observatory base, edges has become one of the world's leading in the number and accuracy of observations. Member Int. asters union, in 1964–67 vice-president. Commission No. 20 (minor planets and satellites) Intern. asters union. The name M. was assigned to the minor planet No. 1771.
MAKOVO, a village in the Shostkinsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 24 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1900 - 14, in 1910 - 2 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - sat down. economy.
MAKOVSKY Joseph Isakovich (1918, Yelnya, Smolensk province - 1986, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). In Kr. Army from 1937. In 1939 he graduated from an armored vehicle. uch-shche. Com. tank. platoon leith. M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the battles during the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line during the Soviet-Finl. war. From October 1941 - at the front. He commanded a tank, battalion, regiment. In 1952 he graduated from the Military. academy armored. troops. Since 1961 - Colonel in the reserve. Worked by engineer. in the USSR Gossnab system. He was awarded 6 orders.
MAKOVSKY Zvi (1883, Kalish - 1938, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. After passing the exam for the title of rabbi, he taught the basics of Judaism at the gymnasium in Kalisz. Posted in Russian. lang. and published a pamphlet on Judaism. All R. 1900s joined the Mizrahi movement. In the 1920s. - Rabbi of Melitopol. Since 1932 - in E.-I. In 1937–38, members. religious ships in Tel Aviv. The author of the book. responses and book., in a cut defended the idea of ​​creating. in E.-I. Sanhedrin.
MAKOVSKY Veniamin Lvovich (1905 - 1985, Moscow), civil engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Railway Engineers (1928). He worked at construction sites as a foreman and engineer. In 1931, engineer. Office of Metrostroy, engineer-designer of Metroproject. In 1954–79 the head. lab. dep. tunnels and subways TsNII transport. building in Moscow. The author of the first works in the USSR on the technology of underground construction, the developer of the projects of the Mosk. subway. Supervised the implementation of the complex n.-i. works on the technology of metro and tunnel construction. Participated in the improvement of the shield tunneling method. Became. pr. (1947) Cit .: Tunnels. Design and construction. M., 1948; Modern metro construction. M., 1975; Underwater tunneling. M., 1983.
MAKSATIKHA, urban-type settlement (since 1928), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Bezhetskiy station Tver Gubernia. In 1926 52 Jews (2.9%) lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 21 Jews. L.M. Cantor.
MAKSIMOV (real family member Lipovich) Mark Davidovich (1918, Snovsk Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province - 1986, Moscow), poet. In 1940 he graduated from lit. Faculty of Kiev ped. in-that. He began publishing in 1940. In 1941 - at the front, was captured, fled, fought in the partisans. detachment in the Smolensk region. Main theme of poems. creativity M. heroic of partisan struggle. M. author ist. play "Forever" (1950), script for the film "Personally Known" (1954), trans. verses in Armenian, Georgian. or T. poets. Cit .: Inheritance. M., 1946; Ten years later. M., 1956.
MAKSIMOVICHI, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. In 1785, 5 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1910 there were 26 Jews. In 1914 Jews owned 2 out of 4 grocery stores.
MAKSIMOVKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery and a manufactory in M. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 Jews of M. were killed.
MAKUW MAZOWECKI, a city (since 1421) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 11th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the district town of Makov, Lomzhinskaya province. In 1808 in M.-M. Jews lived in 2002 (72.2%), in 1827 - 4090 (87.8%), in 1857 - 4231 (81.1%), in 1897 - 4411 (65.1%), in 1921 - 3369 Jews (54 , 4%). about Jews M.-M. refers to the 2nd floor. 16th century In the end. 17th century resident M.-M. Nachman bin Nosn was charged with the murder of a Christian youth. In the 18th century. in M.-M. a community was created. In 1717 there was a wooden synagogue, which burned down in 1928. The first rabbi M.-M. was Moishe ben Gershon (? –1757). Then Avrom-Avish Ginzburg (? –1771) became the rabbi. Rabbis M.-M. in the 19th century. were Avrom Rosen, Moishe-Zvi Singer, Eliezer Livshits, in 1855–82 - Efraim-Fischl Solomon, in 1888–1902 - Yehuda-Leib Graubart (1862–?), who founded a yeshiva in the city, in 1904–26 - Israel-Nison Kuperstok. In 1904 in M.-M. the first Zionist circle was organized. In the end. 1910s a Jewish school for girls was opened, in 1917 - children. garden and school with teaching in Hebrew "Tushiya". In 1914 Jews owned a bakery, a watch workshop, more than 40 shops and shops (including all 5 tobacco shops, all 8 manufactories). In the 1920s and 30s. in M.-M. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s. a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened, for boys - "Isudey ha-Tora". In 1926, with the help of the Joint, the Jewish Cooperative Bank began to operate. In 1926-28, the rabbi M.-M. was Mordhe-Doiv Eidelberg, then - Yitzhok Eidelberg. 5 Sept. 1939 M.-M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 23 oct. 1939 on Yom Kippur the synagogue was desecrated, the Torah scrolls destroyed. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat and the Jewish police were established. Created in M.-M. the ghetto was destroyed in November. 1942. During the Catastrophe in M.-M. died approx. 3,500 Jews.
MALAKHOVKA, a village in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century In 1926, 805 Jews (17.8%) lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 1660 (10%), in 1989 - 481 Jews (1.8%). Jews lived in Moscow since the 1890s .; over time, the village becomes a resting place for the rich Jews of Moscow. In 1919, a model Jewish orphanage (Jewish labor school-colony No. 34) was opened in M., where apprx. 100 orphans 8-16 years old. The training was conducted in Yiddish. In the beginning. 1920s MZ Shagal, Nister and others taught at the school. The labor school was unified. uch. institution in the RSFSR, where developed practical. issues of combining school activities with classes p. x-vom. The system of school self-government with equal participation in it of teachers and children, which existed in children. house (closed in the early 1930s), was later introduced into the plural. similar account. institutions of the USSR. In the 1920s. the size of the Jewish population of M. means. increased due to migrants from Belarus and Ukraine. A synagogue functioned in Moscow (after 1926 it was illegal). In the 1920s. the rabbi in M. was Ruven Glick. In M. there were several. shokhetov; some shops owned by Jews could buy kosher food. At the same time, the first Jewish burials appeared at the local cemetery; later this site grew and became the second most important Jewish cemetery in Moscow and Mosk. region There were several operating in M. underground headers; there were many Bratslav and Lubavitch Hasids. In aug. - Sept. In 1927, after his release from arrest, J.-I. Schneerson lived in M. In 1932, a group of M. Jews illegally built a synagogue (Lermontov St., 18); there was also an underground cheder. In total at the beginning. 1930s in M. there were (according to various sources) from 3 to 6 underground heders, to-rye were closed in 1935. In 1934–35 the underground Lubavitch yeshiva “Tomkhei Tmimim” operated. In 1937 the synagogue building was closed and sealed; it was not used in any way, and during the 2nd world. war Jews began to pray in it again. 2 aug. 1945 the synagogue and community of M. were officially registered. The rabbi was Leizer Zelikovich Mnushkin (1865–?), Before. community board - P.I. Gordon. The synagogue building belonged to the local council and was rented by the community. On ordinary days 10-15 people gathered in the synagogue, on Saturday - 30-40 people, on holidays - 120-130 people. In the beginning. Feb 1953 local authorities demanded to vacate the building and terminated the lease. All community meetings were banned. On March 11, 1953, the synagogue building was sealed and reopened several times later. weeks after the death of J.V. Stalin. In the 1950s. I. Krasilshchikov lived in Moscow. 4 Oct. 1959 in M. the house of the caretaker of the Jewish cemetery was set on fire; the wife of the caretaker S. Goldovskaya was killed in the fire. On the same night, anti-Semitic leaflets were scattered in Moscow. After 1945, Moscow became a center for baking matzo, for which people came from Moscow and the Moscow Region. Marketable production of matzo existed in M. up to the end. 1980s In the 1950s and 60s. thousands of Jews of Moscow rested in M. On the autumn Jewish holidays, a minyan gathered at the dachas. In the end. 1970s - early. 1980s synagogue in M. - one of the centers of religions. revival of the Jews of the USSR. Since 2001. Jewish religion. community - Mikhail Girshevich Glimcher (b. 1924, Simakovka, Zhytomyr region). Since 2002, Rabbi M. is the representative of M.-M. Shneerson Moishe Tamarin (b. 1964, Moscow). There is a Sunday school in Moscow.
MALAMUD Samuel (b. 1908, Mogilev), lawyer, public figure. As a child, he emigrated to Brazil with his family. He graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of Rio de Janeiro (1932), was engaged in advocacy, was a judge in Rio de Janeiro. Since 1952 legal. Counselor at the Embassy of the State of Israel in Brazil. From 1962 before. reign of the Zionist Organization of Brazil, member. leadership of the Confederation of Jewish Communities of Brazil, hon. Consul of the State of Israel in Rio de Janeiro.
MALANKA, see Side.
MALANYUK Vladimir Pavlovich (b. 1957, Arkhangelsk), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1987). Multiple champion Arms. Forces of the USSR. Member of a number of USSR championships; the best result in 1986 - 2-7th m. Winner of a series of international. tournaments, including in Lviv (1986), Frunze (1987).
MALAYA ALEXANDROVKA, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1803 immigrants from Chernigov and Kiev provinces, including several. Jewish families. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson province. In 1856, 3 Jewish families lived in MA, in 1900 - 38 Jews, in 1926 - 6 Jews. 1941 in MA a small group of Jews was shot.
MALAYA BELINA, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bilinka Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941 MB was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 all Jews were killed in MB.
SMALL BELOZERKA, a village in the Vasilievsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Verkhnyaya Belozerka of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 197 Jews lived in MB, in 1939 - 2 Jews. In 1910 a synagogue operated in MB. 1941 - early. 1942 in MB, several were shot. Jews.
MALAYA BOGACHOVKA (until 1945 - Bogachevka), a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. In 1918–23 - in the Baltsky district. Odessa province., From 1923 - in the Krivoozersk district of the Pervomaisky district, from 1930 - in the Odessa region, from 1954 - in the Nikolaev region. In 1850, 418 Jews lived in MB, in 1860 - approx. 600, in 1869 - 671, in 1897 - 506, in 1926 - 326 Jews. When the colony was founded to settlers from Podolsk and Volyn provinces. 146 dessiatines were allocated. land (less than 2 dess. per family). Due to the lack of land b. including colonists was engaged in trade and crafts. In 1870, 40 families were engaged in agriculture (of which only 2 families worked the land with their own implements on their own oxen and horses; in 23 farms there were no agricultural implements), part of the land was used for mowing and meadows (12 families lived off income from livelihoods). -va). To the end. 19th century the well-being of the colonists improved. In 1897, there was a synagogue and a cheder in Moscow. war MB was repeatedly raided by various. gang. In 1921, a company for joint cultivation of the land (28 members) was created in Moscow. By 1925, the beginning was in operation. school with teaching in Yiddish (2 teachers, 50 students). In 1929 the Pyatirichka collective farm and a youth commune were organized. In the 1920s and 30s. the number of the Jewish population was declining due to the outflow of young people to work and study in the cities. 1941 MB was occupied by Romanians. troops and became part of the occupier. zones of Transnistria; the property of the collective farm was plundered. In oct. 1941 in MB, 131 Jews were shot. After 1945, approx. 10 Jewish families I. M. Shaikin
MALAYA DANILOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Dergachevsky district of Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkov province. In 1939, 111 Jews lived in Moscow. 1941 all the Jews of M.D. (12 people) who did not have time to evacuate were shot.
MALAYA DEREVICHKA, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Derevichi Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, MD was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 4 Jews were killed in Moscow.
LITTLE GIRL, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1628. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1886 42 Jews lived in Moscow (3.2%), in 1910 - 7 Jewish families (1.2%), in 1939 - 14 Jews. 1941 in M.D., one Jew was shot, 25 Feb. 1942 Jewish woman from M.D. was killed in Priluki.
MALAYA GLUSHA, a village in the Lyubeshiv district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1537.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 97 Jews lived in Moscow. In 1920, S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments staged a pogrom in Moscow, as a result of which 8 Jews were wounded. In the summer of 1941, MG occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of M.G. were deported to Lyubeshov and in August. 1942 shot.
MALAYA KARATUL, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, MK was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941, 2 Jews were killed in MK.
MALAYA KOSHELEVKA, a village in the Nezhinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1700. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Nezhinsky district. Chernigov province. In 1897, several people lived in Moscow. Jewish families, in 1910 - 31 Jews.
SMALL FOOT, see Lapenitsa.
MALAYA LEPITIKHA, a village in Velikolepetikhsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1792. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tauride province. In 1861, approx. 100 Jews (3%), in 1916 - 48 Jews. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in Moscow.
MALAYA LYUBASHA, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1887, 2 Jewish families lived in ML, and in 1926 there were 8 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade.
MALAYA MANKOVKA, a village in the Mankovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. occupation of the Jewish population of M. M. at the beginning. 20th century - small trade in the 1930s. Jews M.M. moved to Mankovka.
SMALL MOSQUE, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1900, St. 100 Jews. Jews settled in M.M. at the end. 18th century On Sept. 1919 in MM there was a pogrom, organized by units of the Volunteer Army; Jewish homes were looted. 1941 MM occupied the parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941, a small group of Jews was killed in MM.
MALAYA PESHCHEPINA, a village in the Novosanzharsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konstantinograd u. Poltava province. In 1863, approx. 210 Jews (6%), in 1900 - approx. 200 Jews, in 1912 - 64 Jewish families. 19th century Jews in M.P. and on the railway. the station owned 3 grain warehouses, shops, a tavern, a tavern; several families were engaged in sewing shoes. In 1882–1903, MP was closed for the free settlement of Jews. In 1900 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. In 1903, Jews owned 2 mills and an oil mill. In 1912, there were 64 Jewish households in Moscow. In 1919, pogroms took place in Moscow by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and units of the Volunteer Army; Jewish houses and shops were destroyed. V.B. Elkonin, D.B. Elkonin.
MALAYA SEVASTYANOVKA, a village in the Khristinovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). In 1942–43, there was a Jewish labor camp in MS, whose prisoners were used on the construction and repair of the road.
MALAYA SEIDENUKHA (in 1928–44 - Shtendorf), a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1841 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Seidemenukha in Kherson u. Kherson lips. (in Hebrew "Sde mukha" - "Field of rest"), edges in 1842 divided into Bolshaya Seidemenukha (modern Kalininskoe) and M.S. In the 1920s. - in the Snigirevsky district of the Kherson region, since 1927 - in the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. village council of the same name. Jewish nat. In 1842, 442 people lived in Moscow. (35 households), in 1887 - 233 (33 households), in 1897 - 520 (96.5% - Jews), in 1916 - 632, in 1920 - 892, in 1924 - 793, in 1931 - 578 people. S. was founded by settlers from Nevel. Since the 1840s. there was a synagogue in MS. In 1898–99, 75 families (454 people) were engaged in agriculture, owning 930 dess. allotment land (on average 11.4 dess. per family), of which under crops - 831 dess. (39.5% of the area - under wheat, 20.1% - under rye, 34.2% - under barley); in the farm there were 116 cows and 151 horses. Some of the colonists were engaged in crafts. In the end. 19th century there were private early. school of A.L. Shaikin and heder. In 1912 a 2-class bunk bed was opened. a Jewish school. In 1917–18, the Ge-Halutz branch operated in Moscow. In the end. 1920 all members of the org-tion left for E.-I. During the Civil. During the war MS was subjected to pogroms and robberies, including in 1919 a pogrom was perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army; the x-va of the colonists fell into decay. The population of MS suffered from the famine of 1921–22 (the Joint and the ARA provided assistance to the victims of the pogroms and famine). In 1923, the synagogue was transferred to the MS community “for unlimited free use”. After the synagogue was closed in 1928, the beginning of the year was opened in its building. Jewish school (existed until 1938). Between 1923 and 1924, a communal committee, a village council, and a credit cooperative operated in Moscow. m-in. In 1924–25 from M.S. to E.-I. members of the Zionist youth organizations (over 10 families) left. In 1924–31, the number of farms decreased from 163 to 123. In 1925–28 there were companies for the joint cultivation of the land (agricultural equipment was provided by Joint and KOMZET through agricultural cooperatives) ... In 1929, 90.2 percent of the agricultural sector was united into the Avangard collective farm. In 1932–33 the population of Moscow suffered from famine. wars between Germany and the USSR, 218 people. from MS were called up to the Red Army (189 died), 28 were evacuated to the east. districts of the country. 17 Sep 1941 in Moscow, 340 Jews were shot; the Jewish cemetery was destroyed (only the monument on the grave of A.L. Shaikin survived) .After 1945, some of the Jews returned to M.S. 1940s 44 Jews lived in M.S. In 1967, a monument was erected on the mass grave of the executed. In M. S. genus: M. Pitkin; Abram Leibovich Shaikin (1860-1923), teacher and society. activist I. M. Shaikin
MALAYA SNETINKA, a village in the Fastovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 28 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of M.S. in the beginning. 20th century - small trade. In 1920, a pogrom took place in Moscow, during which Jewish houses were looted, 2 people. killed.
MALAYA TOKMACHKA, a village in the Orekhovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Tavricheskaya province. In 1910, 9 Jews lived in MT.
MALAYA VISHERA, a city (since 1921), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Krestetskiy u. In 1879, 46 Jews lived in Moscow, 130 in 1910, 146 (2.1%) in 1923, and 156 (1.6%) in 1926. Jews lived in Moscow with 1849. The majority of the Jewish population of MV were artisans with families. In 1884, the merchant Leib Furmin appealed to the governor with a request to open a synagogue in the house of the merchant Pershits, which was rejected. In the 1870-1900s. Jews annually had to obtain permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases for the opening of temporary prayer houses on holidays. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, both pharmacy warehouses, 8 shops. 24 Oct 1941 MV was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews of M.V. managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. In 1942, a small group of Jews was killed in MVV. In 2000, a branch of "Hesed" operated in MVV. In 2002, approx. 10 Jews. M.V. genus. Ya.A. Smorodinsky.
MALAYA VISKA, city (since 1957), regional center in Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1923, 170 Jews lived in MVV, in 1939 - 207 Jews. Jews lived in MVV since 1896. In 1913, MVV Jews owned all 3 grocery stores, the only manufactory and china shops. A synagogue operated in Moscow. 1941 MV took part of the Wehrmacht. On Oct 14. 1941 53 Jews did not live in the Maloviskovsky district. In nov. 1941 in Moscow, 67 Jews were shot. 2000s in MV, a branch of "Hesed" operated.
MALAYA VOLOSYANKA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turciansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, MV was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941–42, 30 Jews were killed in Moscow.
SMALL SIGN, see Kamenka-Dneprovskaya.
MALBIM Meir-Lebush (1809, Volochisk of Starokonstantinovsky district of Volyn province - 1879, Kiev), rabbi. He became famous for writing a commentary on the Shulchan Aruch in 1837. In 1838-60 he was a rabbi in Vreshen and Kempen (Poznan region). In 1860–70 he was a rabbi in Bucharest. Denounced by Jewish reformists, he was arrested by the Romanian authorities. Released at the request of M. Montefiore, who came to Bucharest. In 1870, at the invitation of the Jewish community, he took up the post of rabbi in Mogilev-on-Dnepr, but on the denunciation of local leaders, Gaskala was forced to leave the city. In 1875–79, the rabbi of the community of immigrants from Russia in Konigsberg. In 1879 he was elected to the post of rabbi in Vilna, but was not approved by the Vilna governor. He was invited by the rabbi to Kremenchug, died on the way. Author pl. books, including commentaries on TANAKH.
MALECH, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pruzhany district Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1765, approx. 300 Jews, in 1847 - 521, in 1878 - 660 (55%), in 1897 - 1201 (55.6%), in 1921 - 479 Jews (53%). Jews have lived in Moscow since the end. 16th century In the 17th century. the Jewish community of M. was under the jurisdiction of the Brest kagal. In 1644, the fact of the "blood libel" was noted in Moscow. 19th century there were 3 synagogues in Moscow, and in 1898–1903 - a yeshiva. In 1885-1903 the rabbi in M. was Shloyme-Zalman-Sender Shapiro (1851–?), In 1903–07 - Shimon Shkap, in 1907–24 - Dovid-Tevel Dainovsky (1865–?). In 1905 a Jewish library was opened. In the same year, a self-defense unit prevented an attempted pogrom. In 1912, savings and loans worked in Moscow. t-in, "Bikur Hoylim", Talmud-Torah. In 1913 the Jews owned 2 taverns, 33 shops (including all 16 grocery stores, all 5 pubs). In 1918–19, a self-defense detachment operated in Moscow. in M. there functioned divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, including "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Ge-Halutz", Beitar. The Gmilus Hesed credit office was in operation. In 1941, after the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a Judenrat was established in Moscow. On Sept. 1941 arrived in Moscow approx. 200 refugees from Bialystok. In nov. 1941 Jews from M. were deported to Bereza. A. Bennett.
MALEKH Leib (real name and surname Leib Zaltsman) (1894, Zvolen 'Kozenetsky u. Radom province. - 1936, Paris), poet, playwright. In 1915 he made his debut as a ballad in gas. "Warshaver togblat", then published in it and in other editions. poems, poems, legends. He shared the ideas of the Poalei Zion party, for which in 1919 he composed the text of the oath, which was then translated into Hebrew. In 1921 he moved to Radom, where he edited a local Jewish weekly. From 1922 - in Argentina (Buenos Aires), led the societies. or T. activities, edited weekly. ill. zhurn. Far groys un klein, published in another edition. In tech. several years traveled around the South Amer. countries, he lived in Brazil for a year and a half, gave lectures. In 1929 he returned to Poland. He traveled a lot in Zap. Europe. In 1934–35 - in E.-I. Among the products. M. a special place is occupied by dramas. op. "Opfal" ("Waste") and "Ibergus" ("Remelting"), depicting the "bottom" of the Argentine society. These and other plays by M. were staged by the best Jewish theaters. M. - the author of the poem "In Poiln" ("In Poland"), 1919; rum. Don Domingos kreutzweg (Don Domingo's Thorny Path), 1930; "Alters jugnt yorn" ("Young years of Alter"), 1934, etc.
MALENEC, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in the Opochensky u. Radom Gubernia. 196 Jews (36.0%) lived in Moscow in 1897, and 185 Jews in 1921. In 1913 a Jew owned an iron-scrapbook in Moscow. The Jewish population of Moscow was destroyed during the Holocaust.
MALETINETS, see Malyatintsy.
MALEVANKA, a village in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine) .In the end. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population; in July 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 one Jewish family (6 people), living in M., was sent to Shepetovka and there they were shot together with local Jews.
MALGOBEK, city (since 1939), regional center in the Republic of Ingushetia (Russian Federation). Main in 1933. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Moscow.
MALIGONOVO Dvoryanskiy, see Ordzhonikidze, Odessa region.
MALIN, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, local Jews were exterminated in M., as well as Jews from neighboring villages. E. Kaminsky.
MALINICHI, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, all three grocery stores in Moscow belonged to Jews, and in July 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, the Jews of M. were deported to the Proskurov ghetto (present-day Khmelnitsky) and killed along with the local Jews.
MALINOVKA, see Bureya.
MALINOVSKY Rodion Yakovlevich (1898, Odessa - 1967, Moscow), statesman and military leader. Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945, 1958), People's Hero of Yugoslavia (1964). Rod. in a Karaite family. Member of the 1st world. war (awarded the St. George Cross). Since 1916 as part of the growing. expedition. corps in France. In 1919 he returned to Russia, joined the Kr. Army, participated in the Civil. war, in 1920 he commanded a platoon, battalion. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1930). From 1930 beginning. headquarters regiment, then served in the headquarters of the North-Kavk. and Belarusian. VO, was early. headquarters of the Caucasus. housing. In 1937–38 he participated in civil. the war in Spain on the side of the republic. Prospect Island (awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner). From 1939 to teach. work in the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze. Since March 1941 com. shooter. housing. Since Aug. 1941 teams. 6th Army, in December. 1941 - July 1942 - South. fr., in aug. - Oct. 1942 - 66th Army. In oct. - nov. 1942 deputy. teams. Voronezh fr., Then teams. 2nd Guards. army. From Feb 1943 - teams. South, from March - South-West. (from October 1943 - 3rd Ukrainian) fronts, led a number of operations to liberate Ukraine. Since May 1944 teams. 2nd Ukr. fr., successfully carried out the Jassy-Kishinev, Budapest and Vienna operations. Since June 1945 M. commanded the troops of the Trans-Baikal fr., Which inflicted Ch. strike in the Manchu operation against the Kwantung Army of Japan. 1945–47 teams. Zabaikalsko-Amur VO, in 1947–53 the commander-in-chief. troops of D. Vostok, in 1953–56 - Dalnevost. IN. Since March 1956 1st Deputy. min. defense and commanders. Ground Forces. From Oct. 1957 minutes Defense of the USSR. Since 1952, Cand. member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, since 1956 member. Central Committee of the CPSU, dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 2nd - 7th convocations. Awarded by many. orders (including the highest Soviet military order "Victory"). Urn with M.'s ashes - in the Kremlin wall. M.'s name was assigned to Voyen. academy armored vehicles. troops and guards. tank. divisions.
MALINSK, a village in the Bereznovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 20th century how is railway Malynskaya station in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in M. lived apprx. 60 Jews (approx. 12%). 20th century M. Jews were engaged in land leasing and trade. The Jewish population of M. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
MALINTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1437. From 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 169 Jews lived in Moscow. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941 killed 11 Jews in M., the rest were deported to Transnistria.
MALIOVANOV Daniil Isaakovich (b. 1911, Yuzovka, Bakhmutsky district, Yekaterinoslav province), mining engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). Graduated from Stalin's forge. Institute (1935), studied in graduate school, then taught at the Stalinist Industry. in-those. In 1937-50 - for Ing. and hands. positions in the coal industry at the complex "Donbassugol", manager of the trusts "Boguraevugol", "Kirovugol", Ch. Ing. complex "Karagandaugol". Since 1950 he headed the Center. n.-i. and project.-construct. Institute of tunneling machines and complexes for the coal, mining industry and underground construction. He has developed and introduced into serial production more than 100 samples of mining machines and equipment. Became. etc. (1948). State pr. (1970) Vol .: State and prospects of creation. means of complex mechanization and mine workings in the steep-drop mines of Donbass. M., 1969; Handbook of a mechanic-mine builder. M., 1986 (et al.).
MALKOVICHI, a village in the Gantsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 20th century in M. lived several. Jewish families. In 1915 Jews were expelled from Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, several were shot in Moscow. Jews.
MALTIYSKY Haim Izrailevich (1910, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1986, Or Yehuda, Israel), poet. Graduated from Minsk ped. in-t. In the 1920s and 30s. active worker Kom. union of youth in Minsk. Debuted verse, in gas. Der Junger Arbeter. In 1931 he released a collection of works in Kharkov. verse. "Vi dos lebn taer" ("The road is like life"). In 1941–45 - at the front, in the battles near Berlin, he was seriously wounded, left without a leg. After the war he returned to Minsk, then lived in Tashkent and Moscow. Was printed in gas. "Einikite" (a cycle of verses about the war). In 1948 publ. poems about I.R.Bumagin and "Dvoir". Since 1947 in Birobidzhan, ed. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern" and zhurn. "Birobidzhan". In 1949 he was repressed. Since 1956 - in Minsk. Since 1961 he published poems and essays in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". M. owns plays for children: "Oif der vishke" ("On the tower"), "Faran a outpost" ("There is an outpost"), etc. The author is a poet. collection of books: "Gain Zikh Green" ("Bouncy Step", 1936); "He's a Shotn" ("Without a Shadow", 1936); Far Briederlech un Schwesterlech (Brothers and Sisters, 1939); "Jorn, jorn meine" ("My Years, My Years", 1973), etc. Since 1973 - in Israel. Author of the book: "Frische Vintn" ("Fresh Winds", 1980); Der Moskver Mishpet Iber Di Birobidzhaner (Moscow Trial of Birobidzhans, 1981); Der Droisn Mench (Man from the Street, 1986).
Malkin, see Malkin Gurn.
Malkin Boris Fedorovich (1890, Penza - 1942), publisher. In 1917-18, members. lit.-publ. dep. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1918 he headed the Center for Printing. Participated in the recording of speeches by VI Lenin and other Sov. hands. on the gramophone, records. In the 1920s. deputy. prev. board of the publishing house Kommunistic. academy, member. management board about-va "Ogonyok" and "Soviet Encyclopedia", in 1930–39 before. board, dir. Izogiza (since 1938 - publishing house "Art").
Malkin Ilya Abramovich (1940, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1969). After graduating from MIPT (1963) he worked there. Region scientific. interests - the application of symmetry theory and group theory to physical. tasks. Developed the theory of dynamic. symmetries of quantum systems. Research vibronic structure of spectra of polyatomic molecules, statistical. properties of laser radiation in randomly inhomogeneous media. He was engaged in the solution of non-stationary problems of quantum mechanics, including the problems of the movement of a charge in variables e-magn. fields, as well as the derivation of the addition formula for multidimensional Hermite polynomials. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, Cit .: Dynamic. symmetries and coherent states of quantum systems. M., 1979 (with V. I. Manko).
Malkin Ioel Gil'evich (1907, Nizhin, Chernigov province - 1958, Sverdlovsk), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1937). Graduated from Kazan University (1927). From 1937 he worked at the Ural University (Sverdlovsk). Main research results. in the theory of differenti. Ur-Niy and the theory of stability. Works: Methods of Lyapunov and Poincaré in the theory of nonlinear oscillations. L.-M., 1949; Some problems in the theory of nonlinear oscillations. M., 1956; The theory of motion stability. 2nd ed. M., 1966.
Malkin Joseph Mikhailovich (1913, Mogilev - 1973, Moscow), mining engineer, production manager. He graduated from Leningrad in 1934. forge. in-t. In 1934–47 at the Degtyarsky copper mine (beginning shift, site, mine, chief engineer, director). Since 1947, dir. Sokolny mine Leninogorsk polymetallic. comb-that, then Ch. engineer, since 1954 dir. comb-that. He proposed and implemented a system for the development of forced block caving at mines with ore breaking by deep wells, which became widespread in the mining industry in the 1960s. In 1963 he was appointed to the post. East-Kazakhstan Economic Council, after 1965 - in production. dep. Min-va col. metallurgy of the USSR. Linen. etc. (1961).
Malkin Viktor Borisovich (b. 1923, Moscow), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1963), prof. (1985). Acad. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. [M.'s father - Boris Filippovich (1893, Khorol - 1942, Safonovo, Smolensk region), doctor. In 1941–42, a partisan doctor. detachment. He was captured, shot.] Graduated from the 2nd MMI (1945). In 1949-85 Art. scientific. sotr. Aviakosmich. Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Since 1985 to the Center. in-those physical culture. Main work on aerospace. medicine, psychophysiology, history of science. Member org. to-that and ed. Council of Readings, dedicated. scientific. development of the legacy of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Achievements fiziol. Sciences "(RAS). Author of over 250 prints. scientific. works, including 16 monographs. Doct. dis. after eating. research the possibility of a long stay at altitudes up to 30,000 m while breathing oxygen under excess pressure. M. introduced honey into the system. and psychophysical. selection of pilots electroencephalography (EEG). Used the EEG method to study the thinking of chess players. Vol .: Acute and chronic hypoxia. M., 1977 (jointly with E.B. Gippenreiter); Thinking of a chess player. M., 1983; Psychophysical selection of pilots and cosmonauts. M., 1984; Academician L.S. Stern. M., 1987 (et al.); Hyperventilation. M., 1990 (with E.P. Gora); Barometric pressure, gas composition. - In the book: Spacecraft habitability. M., 1994.
MALKINIA GURNA, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - D. Malkin Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1897, 348 Jews (31.8%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 275 Jews. in M.G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of MG was destroyed during the Holocaust.
MALKOCH, a village in Chisinau u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Malkochi, Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. July 1941, 6 Jews were killed in M.
MALKOCHI, see Malkoch.
MALKOVKA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1942 Jews from M. were deported to the Priluk ghetto and killed along with local Jews.
MALMYZH, a city (since 1780), a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. From 1781 it was a district town of the Vyatka governorship, then a province. In 1910 there was 1 Jew in Moscow, in 1926 - 6, in 1939 - 10 Jews. A.A. Kalyagin.
MALOARKHANGELSK, city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. From 1778 it became the district town of the Oryol governorship, then the province. In 1910 63 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 28 (0.4%), in 1939 - 20 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow. During the 1st world. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees. In 1915, 268 Jewish refugees from the West arrived in Moscow. provinces of Russia.
MALOE STAKHOVO, a village in the Borisov district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Stakhov Maly Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M.S. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in 1941, M.S.'s Jews were shot. In 1998, a memorial sign was installed on the grave of the executed.
MALOGOSCH, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1136. In 1408-1869 - a city. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Andreevsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1863, there were several. Jewish families, in 1897 - 465 Jews (25%), in 1921 - 800, in 1939 - 760, in 1942 - 1130 Jews (together with refugees). In 1775-1862 Jews were forbidden to settle in M. Osn. spheres of economic. activity of Jews in M. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In the 1870s. a Jewish cemetery was laid, a building rented for a synagogue. From 1906 Shmuel-Moishe Ruzhany (1880 -?) Was the rabbi in M. 20th century Zionist activities were active in M. In the 1920s and 30s. with the assistance of the Joint, a mutual aid fund and a branch of the Jewish People's Republic were opened in M. bank. In M., there were various branches. Jewish parties and org-tions. Until 1937, Uziel-Elimelech Elving was the rabbi in M. Sep 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the Judenrat was formed, in the beginning. 1941 a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. - Sept. 1942.
MALOIVANOVKA, a village in the Perevalsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 26 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 4 Jews. In 1913 a synagogue functioned in Moscow.
MALOKAKHOVKA, a village in the Kakhovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1855. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1897, 39 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 11 Jews. During the war, the Jews of M. moved to Kakhovka.
MALORITA, city (since 1970), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Maloryta of Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 227 Jews (15.3%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 753 Jews. In 1882–1903, Moscow was closed. for the free settlement of Jews. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Moscow. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmacy products, both flour, the only haberdashery and wood-burning shops. 1920-30-ies. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a credit office "Gmilus Hesed" worked. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42, approx. 2,800 Jews (residents of Moscow and the region). In 1955, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the perished Jews, and in 1985 - a stylized stele.
MALORYTA, see Malorita.
MALOSHITSKY Isaak Yakovlevich (1901, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1943, Kursk region), military leader. Major General (1943). In Kr. Army - since 1919. Member of the Civil. war. In 1928 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. The shooter commanded. regiment, division. In 1941–42 deputy. early headquarters of the army, in 1942–43 com. shooter. divisions. Killed in battle. Decorated with 3 orders.
MALOYAROSLAVETS, city, regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 14th century From 1776 it was a district town of the Kaluga governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910 46 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 15 Jews. In 1913 the Jews of Moscow owned 3 shops of ready-made clothes. 18 October. 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Almost the entire Jewish population managed to evacuate. In the winter of 1941/42, several were shot in Moscow. Jews.
MALOZHENEVKA, a village in the Elanetsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .In ser. 1920s in M., a Jewish agriculturalist was founded. a colony that existed before 1934.
MALTY, see Silmal.
MALATICHI, see Malyatichi.
MALYATINTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Maletinets province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941 part of the Jews of M. was transported to the village. Shishkovtsy was killed there too; several more. dozens of Jews were deported to Transnistria, where approx. 20 of them died.
MALATS, see Fly.
SMALL BUBNY, a village in the Romensky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in MB. 1941 Jews MB were killed.
SMALL BUDKI, a village in the Nedrigailovsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in MB.
MALIE CHUCHEVICH, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Chuchevichi Malye Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 21 Jews lived in M. Ch.. 20th century in M. Ch. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned both grocery stores in Moscow. In M. Ch. there was a credit office "Gmilus Hesed". In the summer of 1941 M. Ch. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. Ch. Were shot.
SMALL ERCHIKI, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 9 Jews (1.9%) lived in Moscow, in 1900 - 14 Jews.
SMALL GORODYATICHI, a village in the Luban district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in MG. 25 nov. 1920 S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments staged a pogrom in MG, during which several. dozens of Jews were killed.
SMALL KANEVTSY, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kanevtsy-Malye Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 5 Jewish families lived in Moscow.
MALYE KUTYSCHA, a village in the Kalinovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Small Kutyschi Vinnitsa district Podolsk province. In July 1941, MK was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 10, 1942, 16 Jews were shot in MK.
SMALL KUTYSCHA, see Malye Kutyshcha.
MALYE EAGLES, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Eagles Malye Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 68 Jews (10%) lived in Moscow in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Moscow oblast occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 Jews M.O. were deported to Stolin and in Sept. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
SMALL VILLAGES, see the village of Rivne region.
SMALL SOROCHINTSY, a village in the Mirgorod district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow. 1941 MS was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Moscow.
MALYE VOROBYEVICHI, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Vorobievichi Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Moscow. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in Moscow. 8 Aug 1942 635 Jews were shot, at the beginning. 1943 - the remaining 300 Jews. In 1981, an obelisk was installed on the grave of the executed.
MALYKOVKA, see Volsk.
MALYNSKAYA, see Malinsk.
MALYUTINTSY, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1139. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were deported to Piryatin and in April. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
MALY BAKAY, a village in the Reshetylivskyi district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Poltava u. 49 Jews (15.7%) lived in MB in 1897, and 11 Jews in 1900.
MALY BEREZNY, a village in the Velyky Bereznyansky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1427. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1832, 38 Jews lived in MB, in 1910 - 49 Jews. The Jewish population of MB was exterminated during the period Disasters.
SMALL NAIL, a village in Gorodenkovsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kolomiya powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century MG had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 Hungarian occupied MG. troops. Apr 13 1942 from M.G. to Kolomyia were deported and 13 Jews were killed there.
MALY Ilya Grigorievich (1909, Petersburg - 1982, Moscow), economist, statistician. Dr. econ. Sciences (1950), prof. (1950). In 1930 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1932–34 he worked at the Center. management of nar.-household. registration of the USSR State Planning Committee, in 1942–46 - in the RSFSR State Planning Committee. From 1946 he taught at Moscow. state econom. in-those. In 1955–61 head. Department of Statistics, in 1966-80 prof. of the same department, since 1980 professor-consultant. Member editorial board and ed.-ed. council of the publishing house "Statistics", editor-consultant of the publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia". Author of scientific. and scientific-popul. works on statistics, problems of developing statistical methods. research, statistical programs, etc .; ed. Sat. “Questions are statistical. methodology "(1964). Cit .: Theory of statistics. M., 1963; Questions of statistics in the "Capital" K. Marx. M., 1967; Industry statistics course. M., 1978.
MALY KUCHUROV, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 120 Jews (17.6%) lived in Moscow, in 1920 - 68 Jews. After the occupation of the Romanians. in July 1941, MK's Jews were deported to Transnistria by troops; most of them died.
SMALL LEAF, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1900, 26 Jews lived in ML, in 1910 - 6 Jews.
MALY LAYAK, a village subordinated to the Alushta City Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Biyuk-Lambat, Yalta district Tauride province. In 19 - early. 20th century M. M. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in M. M. 24 Nov. 1941 as retaliation for the attack of the partisans on the Wehrmacht convoy, 30 Jews from MM and Alushta were shot.
MALY MIDSK, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village Midsk Maly Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century M. M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of MM, as well as of the neighboring Bolshoi Midsk (present-day Veliky Midsk), owned a glass factory and a grocery store.
MALY NAGARTAV, now part (since 1960) of the urban-type settlement Bereznegovatoe, Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1811 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Kherson u. Kherson province., Stood out from the creation. in 1809 the colony of Nagartav (in Hebrew "Nagar tov" - "Good river"). In 1920–26 - the center of the village council, then - in the Nagartav Jewish nat. the village council of the Bereznegovatsky district of the Kherson environs. In 1815, 128 people lived in MN. (22 families), in 1846 - 144 (41 families), in 1859 - 228 (34 families), in 1887 - 270 (32 families, including 4 - German colonists), in 1897 - 410 people, in 1912 - 536 Jews (91%), in 1916 - 509 people, in 1924 - 613 people M. N. was founded by Jews - settlers from Vitebsk, Minsk and Mogilev provinces. In 1898, 42 families (287 people) were engaged in agriculture, owning 840 dess. allotment land (average 18.1 dess. per family), of which under crops - 740 dess. (47.3% of arable land - under wheat); kh-va contained 152 horses and 101 cows. There was a synagogue in M.N., a school shared with the colony of Bolshoi Nagartav. During the war, the population of MN was subjected to pogroms and robberies; in 1921 it suffered from drought and epidemics of typhus and cholera. In the beginning. 1920s the kombed and the village council functioned; in 1922 the agricultural department was created. artel (Joint and EKO helped the residents with agricultural implements and seeds through an agricultural credit company). In 1923 the synagogue building was transferred to the community for "unlimited and free use" (in 1927 it was closed, and a house of culture was opened in the building). In 1926 several people moved to MN. Jewish families from other towns and cities of Ukraine. In 1928–29 in MN were organized by joint-va. cultivation of the land, in 1930 - a collective farm, transformed into a commune (since 1931 - again a collective farm). In 1932–33 the population of MN suffered from famine. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jewish population of MN was exterminated on 16 September. 1941. I. M. Shaikin
MALY TROSTYANETS, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941 MT was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 approx. MT was set up a death camp. In 1942–44, a Jewish workers' camp was located in MT. In 1942–44, Jews from the Minsk ghetto and from Western countries were regularly shot in MT. Europe, as well as Belarusians, Russians, etc. In total, more than 200 thousand people were shot in MT. In 1963, an obelisk was erected in memory of the victims on the left side of the Minsk-Mogilev highway, reconstructed in 1994.
MALYZHINO, a village in the Vitebsk region of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vitebsk u. Vitebsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 4 Feb 1942 in M. 84 Jews were shot, later - approx. 1,000 Jews. In 1977, a mound and an obelisk were erected on the site of the execution.
MAMADYSH, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). From 1781 it was a district town of the Kazan governorship, then - a province. In 1910, 4 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 6 Jews.
MAMAESTIE, see Novoselka, Chernivtsi region.
MAMAEVTSY (in 1946–91 - Staroselie), a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Old Mamayevtsy of Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941 killed 2 Jews in M.
MAMALYGA, a village in Novoselitsky district of Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1771. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 53 Jews lived in Moscow. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941, the Jews of M. were deported to Transnistria.
MAMONOVO (until 1947 - Heilingenbeil), a city in the Bagrationovsky district of the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1301. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vost. Prussia as part of Germany. Since 1945 it has been part of the RSFSR. In 2003, approx. 20 Jews.
MAMONTOVKA, a summer cottage village in the Pushkin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1926 30 Jews (5.2%) lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 383, in 1989 - 67 Jews (0.7%).
MAMOSHIN Revmir Romanovich (b. 1927, Proskurov, Podolsk province), electrical engineer. Graduated from MIIT (1956). Since 1959 a teacher, since 1984 the head. Department of Electrical Engineering and Power Supply of the Transport Department of MIIT. Developed a theory that allowed for the first time into the world. practice to create for zhel. a new class of balancing transformers is dear; to start production of a new class of inductive reactors based on plastics and insulation. Publ. more than 200 scientific. Art., two monographs - “Improving the quality of energy at traction substations of roads perm. current "(1973) and" Electricity supply. yellow roads "(1980), textbook for technical colleges" Traction substations "(1980).
MAMRASH, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish aul of the Kurinsky okr. In 1860, 610 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1866 - 82 Jewish families, in 1886 - 668 Jews, in 1925 - 28 Jewish families (87.5%), in 1926 - 111 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow with 1810. The first Jews were settlers from the village of Karchag. After 1825 the Jews of M. were imposed with heavy taxes, and all their lands were taken away from them. The position of the Jews of M. improved somewhat after the conquest of Dagestan by Rus. troops. Main occupation of Jews M. in 19 - beginning. 20th century - agriculture, tobacco growing, leather dressing. In 1860 a synagogue and a cheder (20 students) operated in Moscow, and there was a rabbi and a melamed. In 1865 the Jews of M. (50 families) had plots of land for sowing tobacco and madder; for each bag of madder, a tax of 2 rubles was levied. In the 1860s-70s. in M. there were anti-Jewish demonstrations by the Muslim population. In 1866, there were 15 workers and 185 farmers among the Jews of Moscow; Jews owned 78 sakles, 3 gardens, 50 dess. arable land, 6 horses. In the 19th century. Rabbis in M. were Rabbi Matatiyahu, Rabbi Avtolion (? –1816), Rabbi Yochai, Rabbi Khudadat, his son Yosef, Yosef of Arak; in the 1860s – 70s. the rabbi was Menashe ben Sason. 1st world. During the wars of the Jews, M. was robbed by Kachak-Baba Ikrimsky, who extorted ransom for the abducted. In 1916, a synagogue and a Jewish school operated in Moscow; there were 18 Jewish houses. During the years of Civil. M. war was destroyed, Jewish houses and households were damaged. In 1918, 23 people were killed in Moscow. In 1920, a pogrom in M. was perpetrated by the Lezgins; in the course of the pogrom, 40 Jews were killed, Jewish houses were plundered. Over the years, Civil. 211 people died in the war. Since 1917, the Jewish population began to leave the village, selling property. In 1926, there was a farm in Moscow organized by Ge-Halutz (46 people). Jews lived in M. until the beginning. 1960s
MAN Natalia (real name and surname Natalia Semyonovna William-Vilmont) (1908, Petersburg - 1984, Moscow), translator. Published since 1932. Author of translations into Russian. lang. thin lit-ry with it., French. and English. lang. Translated by T. Mann ("Confessions of the adventurer Felix Krul", "Lotta in Weimar", "Buddenbrooks", "Doctor Faustus", "Death in Venice"); I.-V. Goethe ("Poetry and Truth", articles, maxims and reflections, letters); S. Moema ("The Moon and the Penny"), J.-F. Schiller ("The Robbers"), J. London, J.-B. Moliere, B. Brecht.
MANACHIN, a village in the Volochissky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned both grocery stores in Moscow. In July 1941, Moscow occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of M. were deported to the Volochisk ghetto and to St. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
MANASEVICH-MANUILOV Ivan Fedorovich (1869, Kovna - 1918), journalist. The adopted son of the merchant F.S. Manasevich-Manuilov, a gold miner and izv. activist nar. education. M.-M. baptized by an adoptive father who also converted to Christianity. Published in petersburg. gas. since 1891. Parisian chronicler-corr. "Petersburg Life". In 1895-1900 he remade (with B.I. Bentovin) for Russian. scenes over 10 fr. plays. In 1900–02 he was an agent for Roman Catholic affairs at the Russian Embassy in Italy. From 1902 in Paris, a special assignment officer at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In 1904–05 he headed the anti-Japanese spy network in Europe. In 1905, returning to Russia, he headed a special department of the Police Department for the fight against espionage. In 1906 he supplied VL Burtsev with information on the activities of police provocateurs. Awarded many times; granted by the nobility. In 1906 he was dismissed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs for financial violations. From 1906 he was published in Novoye Vremya. Since 1916 again in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, responsible. for the protection of G.E. Rasputin. In 1916 he was arrested for blackmail and extortion, after Oct. rev-tion released. Blackmailed the opponents of the owls. authorities, posing as an employee of the Cheka. Arrested and shot.
MANDEL Emmanuil Semyonovich (1851, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1916, Petrograd), lawyer, entrepreneur, public figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University, settled in St. Petersburg, was engaged in advocacy, was a sworn attorney and a sworn solicitor. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century prev. Board of the Olekminsky gold mining joint stock company. about-va and the Amur society of shipping and trade, chl. of management boards about-va Baltic paper spinning and weaving manufactory and Rus. insurance company. He took an active part in the work of the Society for Aid to Poor Jews (deputy head, since 1911 - head of the Society), member. board of the Jewish community of St. Petersburg. In the years of the 1st world. war - before. To-that to provide assistance to families of Jewish soldiers, participated in the organization of assistance to Jews - victims of the war. actions evicted from the front-line districts.
MANDEL Semyon Solomonovich (1905, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1974, Leningrad), theater designer, graphic artist. Studied at Vinnitsa electrical engineering. school, then he began to draw. In 1925 he designed the first performance of Ch. Punya's ballet The Little Humpbacked Horse. In 1926, 31 studied at the Kiev art. in-those at the teakino department at V.E. Tatlin. Since 1931 - in the cinema. In 1941 he performed satirical poetry. drawings that were hung on the walls of the Shlisselburg fortress in Leningrad. From 1942 - in the Leningrad propaganda platoon. front. Since 1951 he worked as a thin artist. in t-ts them. Lensovet, BDT, miniatures, opera and ballet them. S.M. Kirov in Leningrad, them. M.N. Ermolova, satire, operetta, music hall in Moscow. Participant pl. thin exhibitions since 1965. Main. works: performances - "Front" by A.E. Korneichuk, "Russian Question" by K.M. Simonov (both 1942), "Irkutsk history" by L.N. Arbuzov, "Ocean" by A.P. Stein, "Virgin Soil Upturned" M.A.Sholokhov (early 1950s, all in collaboration with G.A. Tovstonogov), "Anchor Square" (1960, directed by R.A.Bykov, film - "A Girl Hurries to a Date (1936 ), “Musical History” (1940), “The First Glove” (1947), “Russian Question” (directed by MI Romm, Stal, etc., 1948), “Tiger Tamer” (1955), etc. M. are kept in the State Russian Museum, the Theater, the A.A. Bakhrupshna Museum and the M.I. Glinka Museum of Musical Culture in Moscow.
MANDELBERG Evgeny Moiseevich (1900 - |), theater designer. Studied at Kiev University. He studied painting in the artist. studio at hand. EE Lansere in Rostov-on-Don (1920–21). As an artist of the theater he first appeared in 1924, having designed the play "The Nightingale" based on H.-K. Andersen in the Kiev theater for children. Since 1926 - in Moscow. Published cartoons and cartoons in the magazine. "Krasnaya Niva", "Contemporary Theater", "New Spectator" and others. Designed in Moscow. drama, t-re "Sharpshooter" by V.V.Shkvarkin (1928), "Crossing" by P. Shcheglov (1929), "Friendship" by V.M. Gusev (1935), "Mary Tudor" by V. Hugo (1938), "Girsh Lekkert" by A.D. Kushnirov in BelGOSET (1928), "The Queen of Spades" by P.I. Tchaikovsky (1934) and "Aida" by G. Verdi (1935) in Baku, "Shurale" by FZ Yarullin (1940 ) in Kazan. M. designed programs for Anse. bunk bed dance of the USSR, Moscow. circus, etc. In 1944 under the hands of. M. appeared the world's first experiment. lab., in a cut, the combined efforts of art., chemists and lighting technicians developed methods of using glowing paints in t-re. M. first of the theater. thin began to use luminescent painting, Ch. arr. for the design of performances-fairy tales - "Forest Song" by L. Ukrainka (Moscow Theater named after Lenin Komsomol, 1946), "Leili and Majnun" by R. M. Glier and T. Sadykov (Theater of Opera and Ballet named after V. A.N. Navoi UzSSR, Tashkent, 1948) and others.
MANDELBROIT Scholem (1899, Warsaw –1983, Paris), mathematician. Acad. Academy of Sciences of France (1972). Graduated from the Sorbonne (1923). He worked in Lille (1928–29), in Clermont-Ferrand (1929–38), in Paris (from 1938). Main research results. in mat. analysis, theory of functions and functions. analysis, theory analytic. functions, theory of integr. transformations, number theory. Vol .: Adjacent series. Regularization of sequences. Applications. M., 1955; Closedness theorems and composition theorems. M., 1962; Dirichlet series. Principles and Methods. M., 1973.
MANDELKERN Shlomo (1846, Mlynov of Dubensky u. Volyn province - 1902, Vienna), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he was a follower of the Kotsk Rebbe. Studied at Vilna and Zhytomyr rabbinical schools. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa) and Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg. un-those. In 1873–80 pom. societies. rabbi in Odessa. From 1880 - in Germany, he lived in Leipzig. He joined the Palestinian, and then the Zionist. movement. Participated in the 1st Zionist, Congr. In 1894 he was invited to Belgrade for the position of Ch. Rabbi of Serbia, but due to illness he did not stay in this post for long. He made his debut in 1866 with a biblical poem "Bas Sheva". In 1875, he published (in Hebrew) a three-volume history of Russia "Dibrey Have Rusia". In Leipzig, M. published a two-volume edition of Shirey sfas eber (Songs of the Hebrew). Compiled by the Jewish-Aramaic con-cordation "Geykhal ha-Kodesh" ("Hall of Holiness", 1896). Translated into Hebrew by G. Heine, J. Byron, M.Yu. Lermontov, in it. lang. - V.G. Korolenko and A. Mapu. Author of Russian history. lit-ry on it. lang. In 1896 he published a pocket Russian-German. dictionary. Translated into Russian. lang. the fables of H.E. Lessing.
MANDELSHTAM Alexander Emilievich (1894 - 1982, Leningrad), obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1924), prof. (1929). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1916) served as a doctor in the army, in 1918–20 in Kr. Army. In 1920–23 he worked at Klinich. obstetrician-gynecologist. in-those in Petrograd. Since 1924 privat-doc. department of obstetrics and gynecology Ying-that for the improvement of doctors in the same place. In 1929 the head. obstetrician-gynecologist. clinic of Odessa honey. in-that. In 1930–34 the head. obstetrician-gynecologist. clinic of Kharkov honey. in-that and simultaneously. head oncologist. branch of Ukr. radiologist. and a radiologist. in-that. In 1935-65 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology LIDUV, then scientific. consultant of this department. In 1941–44 the beginning. surgeon. evacuation hospital, Ch. gynecologist of the Transcaucasian Front. tr. M. dedicated diagnosis and treatment of wives. infertility, cancer diagnostics, lab. diagnostics (one of the pioneers of this direction). He developed methods of surgical treatment for the infection of the fallopian tubes, malformations of the genital organs, tumors of the uterus and ovaries, fistulas in the region. small pelvis, etc. Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1948). Vol .: On the clinic and therapy of genatresia. M., 1929; Chorion-epithelioma of the uterus. L., 1938; Functional diagnostics in gynecology. L., 1947; Semiotics and diagnosis of female diseases. L., 1959; 3rd ed., 1976.
MANDELSHTAM Alexander Vladimirovich (party ps. Odyssey) (1878, Moscow - 1929, ibid.), Politician. Party roar. circles. Since 1902, members RSDLP, from 1903 Bolshevik. In Oct.-Dec. 1905 p. Moscow district committee of the RSDLP, one of the organizers of the Serpukhov committee of the party. In 1906–10 (with interruptions), member. MK RSDLP. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907) from Moscow. school desks. org-tion. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile in the Narym region. Conducted party, work in Kiev, Odessa, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo-Voznesensk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Moscow. Oct.-Nov. 1917 members VRK of Basmanny district. In 1918-19 - in the apparatus of the MK RCP (b), later - commissar of the headquarters of the Moscow. VO, participant of Citizens. war. In 1920–21 ed. gas. "Beep", then sec. Khamovnichesky RK Party. In 1925–27 ed. zhurn. "Young Guard", later worked in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
MANDELSHTAM Anatoly Maksimilianovich (1920, Voronezh - 1983, Moscow), archaeologist, historian and orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1973). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). Since 1951 - in the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1969 senior scientific researcher). The author of St. 100 scientific. works and publ. on ancient history Wed. Asia, Tuva, Pamir, Afghanistan, on the history of cattle breeders. tribes of the south Cf. Asia, as well as on the problems of the formation of Taj. ethnic groups, works: Materials for historical geogr. overview of the Pamirs and the Pamir regions. from ancient times to the X century. n. e. Stalinabad, 1957; Nomads on their way to India. M.-L., 1966; Monuments of nomads of the Kushan period in the North. Bactria. L., 1975; Old Nisa is the residence of the Parthian kings. L., 1985.
MANDELSHTAM Isay Benediktovich (1885, Kiev - 1954, Alma-Ata), translator. M.E. Mandelstam's nephew. Left an orphan in 1894, he grew up in his uncle's house. In 1908 he graduated from technical. Faculty of Liege University. In 1909 he worked in Nikolaev at a shipbuilding plant. From 1910 he lived in St. Petersburg, worked as engineer. at the General Electricity Company. To obtain the right to reside in St. Petersburg I entered the law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1910 publ. in the "Bulletin of Europe" the first poems. per. (with German language). In the 1910s. translated manuf. German poets late 19 - early. 20th century, as well as G. Heine, C. Baudelaire and P.-W. Verlaine. In 1918 publ. per. manuf. A.France "Views of Abbot Jerome Coignard". In 1918 - 4 months. under arrest in connection with the murder of M.S. Uritsky by L.I. Kannegiser (son of M.'s cousin). In the 1920s and 1930s, while continuing to work as an engineer, he translated dozens of books, including The Sufferings of Young Werther by J.-V. Goethe, People of Good Will by J. Romain, and Manon Lescaut A .-F. Prevost. In 1935 he was arrested and deported with his family for 5 years to Ufa. In exile he translated W. Shakespeare. In 1938 he was arrested and sentenced to 3 years in labor camps. In conclusion, he translated A.S. Pushkin into it. lang. In 1941–51 he lived in Ostashkov, Melekes, Maloyaroslavets, was engaged in translations, including Shakespeare. In 1951 he was arrested and deported for 10 years to Mikhailovka, Dzhambul region.
MANDELSHTAM Leon (Arie-Leib) Iosifovich (1819, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovenskaya province. - 1889, Petersburg), public figure. Brother of V.O. Mandelstam. In 1844 he graduated from History and Philosophy. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1840 he published a collection of works in Moscow. verse. in Russian lang. In 1843 he took part in the work of the rabbinical commission. Returning in 1846 from Europe to Russia, mines were attracted. bunk bed enlightenment S.S. Uvarov to develop a project of school Jewish reform. M. was appointed a Jewish scientist at the ministry, supervised the implementation of the project of Uvarov and M. Lilienthal. Retiring in 1857, several. years spent abroad. In 1849 M. published a guide to the study of the Hebrew language., In the beginning. 1850s - TANAKH with comments in translation on it. lang., in 1859-60 - Jewish-Russian. and Russian-Jewish dictionaries. While abroad, he published a translation of the Pentateuch into Russian. lang. The author of several. benefits on it. lang. for the study of the Bible and Talmud. Publ. in europe. and Russian. periodic. ed.
MANDELSHTAM Leonid Isaakovich (1879, Mogilev - 1944, Moscow), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from Strasbourg University (1902), worked there, prof. (1913). In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1915–17, a consultant at the Siemens and Halske radiotelegraphic plant (Petrograd), in 1917–18, prof. Tiflis Polytechnic. in-that, in 1918-22 head. Department of Odessa Polytechnic. in-that, in 1922–24 scientific. radio lab consultant. in electrical engineering. trust of weak current plants (Moscow), since 1925 head. department of theoretical. Physics of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1928 he opened the joint venture. with G.S. Landsberg Raman scattering of light. Joint. with ND Papaleksi performed the fundamental research. on nonlinear oscillations, proposed an interference method for measuring the speed of propagation of radio waves and applied it to the measurement of large distances. One of the founders of scientific. schools of radiophysics in the USSR. Author tr. on light scattering, optics, radiophysics, theory of nonlinear oscillations, quantum mechanics, history of the methodology of physics. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1931). Became. pr. (1942). Cit .: Poly. collection tr. t. 1-5. M.-L., 1947–55; Lectures on the theory of oscillations. M., 1972.
MANDELSHTAM Max Emmanuilovich (1839, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1912, Kiev), doctor. The nephew of L.I. and V.O. Mandelstamov. In 1860 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1860–64 he was a practicing physician in the Chernigov province. In 1864–68 - in Germany, at the Papenstecher clinic. In 1868–80 the head. Department of Ophthalmology, Kiev University. Not having received the title of professor, he took up private practice; headed the clinic. Author of a number of works on ophthalmology, including "Clinical lectures on eye diseases." He took an active part in Jewish society, life; in 1881 founded a committee to help victims of pogroms; was a Palestinian leader and later a Zionist. movement. Participated in the first six Zionist, Congr. The author of a number of Art. on Zionism in Europe. periodic. Brother M. - Joseph Emelyanovich (1846 - 1910), historian. State Councillor. Studied at Kharkov University. In 1877–91 he taught Russian. lang. in the Corps of Pages. Privat Assoc. Petersburg. un-that. Prof. Russian lang. and literature of Helsingfors University. M.'s works are devoted to comparative mythology and folklore. In the 1880s. was published in the journal. "Sunrise".
MANDELSHTAM Mikhail Lvovich (1866, Chernigov province - 1939, Moscow), lawyer, public figure, memoirist. Rod. in the family of a doctor. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, was close to Narodnaya Volya. circles. In 1886, for participating in a demonstration in memory of N.A. Dobrolyubov, he was arrested, expelled from the university and exiled to Kazan. In 1887 he passed exams for the course of law. f-that in Kazan un-those and received the degree of Cand. law (in 1891 he also defended his thesis for a master's degree in political economy). In 1886–87 he was one of the organizers and hands. illegal. student circles in Kazan. From 1887 he practiced law in Simbirsk, from 1890 in Kazan, from 1903 in Moscow. From the beginning. 1900s member "Union of Liberation", from the fall of 1905 - member. party of cadets. As a lawyer led a citizen. and criminal. cases, however, he gained fame as a defender in polit, trials, defended in court N.E.Bauman, G.A. Gershuni, I.P. Kalyaev and other revolutionaries. After October 1917 he lived in France. In the 1920s. headed by jurid. consultation of the Union rus. workers in France, one of the founders of Jurid.-econ. about-va of citizens of the USSR in France, collaborated in the publishing house. trade mission of the USSR in France. In the end. 1920s returned to the USSR, in 1928 he was admitted to Moscow. bar association. In 1938 he was arrested by the organs of the NKVD of the USSR on charges of involvement in the anti-Soviet. terrorist. org-tion. He died in Butyrskaya prison (Moscow). The author of the memoirs “1905 in polit. processes. Defender's Notes ”(Moscow, 1931).
MANDELSHTAM Moritz Emilievich (present father Haskelevich) (1884, Kovna - 1957, Leningrad), doctor. Dr. med. Sciences (1923), prof. (1930). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1916) until 1936 was a resident, assistant, assistant professor, prof. therapeutic. clinics Petrogr. (Leningrad) Institute for the improvement of doctors; in 1936–44 head. Department of Propedeutics, in 1944–57 - head. Department of Hospital Therapy Leningrad. pediatrician honey. in-that. Sci. tr. M. dedicated diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular, disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity and autonomic innervation of the heart. In 1921 he organized the first electrocardiography room in Petrograd. Member reign of Vses. about-va therapists, chl. prez. Leningrad. about-va therapists and before. cardiology section.
MANDELSHTAM Nadezhda Yakovlevna (nee Khazina) (1899, Saratov - 1980, Moscow), memoirist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1957). Rod. in the family of a lawyer. She studied at the gymnasium in Kiev and the art studio of A.A. Ekster. In 1919 she met O.E. Mandel'shtam, in 1921 she married him. After the arrest and death of Mandelstam, she lived in Strunino, Tashkent, Ulyanovsk, Pskov, Tarusa. She taught foreign. lang. in universities. For many decades M. kept in her memory and in the lists distributed to her most reliable friends the main collection of Mandelstam's poems, as well as the remains of his archive. M. owns memoirs: "Memories" (New York, 1970); "The second book" (Paris, 1972), to work on which M. began at the beginning. 1960s Both books survived several. reprinted, including in the USSR. In 1983, the book was published in New York. M. "My testament and other essays" with a preface. I.A. Brodsky, in 1987 publ. in Paris "Book Three".
MANDELSHTAM Osip (Joseph) Emilievich (1891, Warsaw - 1938), poet. In 1892 the family moved first to Pavlovsk, then to Petersburg, where the poet's childhood and youth passed. In 1899-1907 M. studied at the Tenishevsky school. In the fall of 1907, M.'s parents sent M. to Paris, where he lived for more than six months, attending lectures by A. Bergson, J. Bedier, and other prof. at the Sorbonne and the College de France. In the winter semester of 1909–10 M. studied at the Heidelberg University. After returning to Russia he entered Petersburg. un-t on ist.-philol. f-t, studied until 1917 (with interruptions), did not complete the full course. In 1910 M. made his debut in the journal. Apollo is five verses. In 1911 he entered the "Workshop of Poets", in 1912 - a group of acmeists. In the end. 1912 the first poetry was published. book M. "Stone". After a short service in 1918 in the Commission for the Evacuation of Petrograd and in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR M. left for Ukraine (lived in Kiev and Kharkov), then to Feodosia, where he was arrested by Wrangel's counterintelligence, after his release he moved to Georgia, where he was again arrested (Batum) ... In autumn 1920 he returned to Russia. Poems from the times of the war and the Revolution were included in the book. "Tristia" (Berlin, 1922), autobiogr. prose "The Noise of Time", where M. analyzes the state of a child from an assimilated family, and "Poems of 1921–25." In the 2nd floor. 1920s M. went through a deep creative crisis, dealing with Ch. arr. lit. day laborers (numerous reviews, notes, prosaic translations and their editing, including in 1927 B. Lekash's novel on the Jewish theme "Radan the Magnificent", to which he wrote an introduction about French-Jewish writers). In 1928, the book was published. M. - "Poems", "Egyptian Mark" and "On Poetry". From 1929 he worked in gas. "Moscow's comsomolets". In the 1930s, in addition to numerous. poems, wrote "The fourth prose", "Travel to Armenia", "Conversation about Dante", several. essays and reviews. In pl. manuf. M. traced an interest in the Jewish theme. In May 1934 M. was arrested, exiled to Cherdyn, in 1934–37 he lived in Voronezh. He was arrested again in 1938. He died in the transit camp "Vtoraya Rechka" near Vladivostok.
MANDELSHTAM Sergei Leonidovich (1910, Odessa - 1990, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Son of L.I. Mandelstam. Graduated from Moscow State University (1931). Pupil of G.S. Landsberg. In 1931–35 he worked at the Research Institute of Physics, Moscow State University, from 1935 - head. lab. FIAN. In 1944–47 prof. Moscow in-that steel, from 1947 - prof., from 1957 - head. Department of MIPT. Organizer and first director. (1968–89) Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (ISAN). In 1957–87 before. Commission (Scientific Council) of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the problem of "Spectroscopy of atoms and molecules." research - the use of spectroscopic. methods for the analysis of islands, the study of processes of excitation of spectral lines and physical. characteristics of plasma, the application of atomic spectroscopy to astrophys. tasks. In the 1930s. together with sotr. developed methods for emission spectral analysis of metals and acc. equipment, and also organized the introduction of these methods in decomp. branches of science and technology. He created new methods of spectral analysis - the method of fractional evaporation and the method of analyzing gases in metals. Developed hydrodynamic. spark discharge theory (1953, 1955). Completed work to clarify the limiting sensitivity of spectral analysis. Conducted (with Yu.N. Zhivlyuk, 1961) spectroscopic. measuring the temperature in the lightning channel. On the initiative and with the direct participation of M., ISAN carried out systematic studies. experimental and theoretical. research spectra of multiply charged ions. At FIAN M. sovm. with sotr. received images of the Sun in the X-ray range, discovered the polarization of the Sun's X-ray radiation. Became. pr. (1946). State pr. USSR (1977). Etc. them. D.S. Rozhdestvensky, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1977), Works: Introduction to Spectral Analysis. M.-L., 1946.
MANDELSHTAM Veniamin Osipovich (Iosifovich) (|, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Koven province. - 1886, Simferopol), publicist, public figure. Brother of L.I. Mandelstam. In his youth he was a traveling salesman. In the 1840s. lived in Vilna, where he was associated with the leaders of the Haskala. In the 1860s-80s. - in Crimea. Collaborated in the Jewish periodical. print. The author of several. book, including "Hazon le-Moed" (1876), in a cut is given a detailed program of reforming the life of Rus. Jews (among the measures proposed by M. - the prohibition of printing the Talmud); "Paris" (1878) - a description of Paris with an assessment of the legal status of French. Jews.
MANDELSHTAM Yuri Vladimirovich (1908, Moscow - 1943), poet, literary critic. Since 1920 - in exile. In 1929 he graduated from Philology. Faculty of the Sorbonne. He began to publish poetry in 1929. Publ. two sat. verse, in Paris: "The Island" (1930) and "Loyalty" (1932); in Berlin - Sat. verse. The Third Hour (1935). Compiled by M. sb. verse. 1937–41 "The Years" was published. see. (Paris, 1950). Printed critical. Art. in the journal. "Revival", "Numbers", "Circle" and others. critical Art. The Seekers (Shanghai, 1938). In 1942 he was arrested. He died in a concentration camp.
MANE-KATS (real family. Katz) Mane Leyzerovich (1894, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1962, Tel Aviv), painter, sculptor. Studied at Vilenskaya thin. school and Kiev art. uch-shche. In 1911-13 he lived in Paris, where he studied in various studios, the School of Fine Arts under F. Cormon. In 1914 - in Lemerburg, in the workshop of M.V. Dobuzhinsky. In 1916 he took part in the exhibition "The World of Art". In 1918-1919 he taught at the Kharkov Academy of Fine Arts, was a member of the avant-garde "Group of Three", collaborated with gr. "Liren", "Union of Seven", released a collection of albums "Seven plus Three" (1918), participated in the 1st exhibition of paintings by the Union of Arts (1918), 2nd exhibition of Hood. workshop (1919). Exhibited in Rostov-on-Don and Tiflis. In 1921 he went to Berlin, in 1922 - to Paris. In the 1920s and 30s. traveled to Bl. East, Europe, America, from 1940 he lived in New York, in 1945 he returned to Paris. Personal exhibitions took place in the Parisian gal. Pertier (1923, 1928), Brussels (1926), in the 1930s. annually in different gal. Paris, in 1938–54 - annually in New York. Since 1926 he has exhibited in the salons: Autumn, Tuileries, Independent, in the 1930s. - in the salon of the Super Independent. In 1927–28 the works of M.-K. exhibited in a number of mountains. Of Ukraine at the All-Ukrainian. anniversary exhibition after eating. 10th anniversary of October. M.-K. painted portraits, genre scenes and landscapes of France, Italy, America, Bl. East. A significant place in the work of M.-K. occupies a Jewish theme: landscapes of E.-I., Jewish types, paintings inspired by Jewish history: "4 wonderworkers-rabbis", "Old Jew" (1931), "Pastoral" (1936), "Violinist" (1945), " Praying Jew "(1947)," Procession "(1951)," Orchestra "(1953), etc. For the works of M.-K. the expressiveness of color exaggeration with heavy deliberation is characteristic. Prod. M.-K. are in pl. museums of the world, including the Luxembourg in Paris, the Metropolitan in New York, the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. In Haifa, shortly before the death of M.-K. a museum named after him was founded, in which M.-K. conveyed to many. their work.
MANE Mordkhe-Tsvi (ps. Ha-Metsayer) (1859, Radoshkovichi Vileisky u. Vilna province - 1886, ibid.), Writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at a yeshiva in Minsk and at a drawing school in Vilna. In 1880–84 M. - student of St. Petersburg. OH. During the years of study publ. poetry, art critic. and literary critic. Art. in ed. in Hebrew: "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Tsefira". From 1884 he lived in Warsaw. Published in alm. "Ha-Asif" and "Kneses Yisroel". M.'s poetry was influenced by Russian. and it. lyrics.
MANEVICH Abram (Abraham) Anshelevich (1881, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1942, New York), painter. Graduated from Kiev art. school (1904). To continue his education he left for Munich, where in 1907 the first personal exhibition of M. took place. In 1909 - a personal exhibition in the Kiev art. the museum, on a cut were presented paintings on themes from the life of Jewish townships in Russia: "Ghetto", "Synagogue in a town", "The city wakes up", "Autumn scale", "My cold homeland", etc. For this period of creativity M are characterized by adherence to an intimate landscape, adherence to the principles of the school of II Levitan. In 1910–15 he lived in Switzerland, Italy, Great Britain and France. In 1915 he returned to Kiev. Participated in exhibitions Moscow. Society of Art Lovers (1904–24), in the Exhibition of Paintings and Sculptures by Jewish Artists (1916, 1917, 1918). Since 1917 prof. Ukr. state academy of claims. By this time, M.'s pictorial manner was changing - the soft nature of the landscapes gave way to a stormy palette and a broad brushstroke: "In a small town," "Birches," "Roofs of Kiev," and others. From 1921 - in the USA. All R. 1920s turned to the topic of Amer. provinces, wrote ser. "Prose America". M.'s personal exhibitions took place in Petrograd (1916), Baltimore (1928), Montreal (1930), New York (1932, 1936, 1941), Boston (1934), Toronto (1938). M.'s works are in the State. Hermitage, State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, Kiev and Odessa art. museums, Brooklyn Museum, Geneva gal. Howatt, Lyon thin. museum, the Luxembourg Museum.
MANEVICH Alexander Mendelevich (1908, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1976, Jerusalem), composer. In 1943 he graduated from Moscow. cons. Among the Op. M. op. Anna Karenina and a number of works on a Jewish theme: "Kaddish" for choir and spirit. orc. (1946), Concerto for clarinet with orc. (1955), five Jewish bunks. songs (1965), six pieces for solo clarinet "Freilekhs" (1974), "Hasidic melodies" (1975), etc. Since 1973 - in Israel. Became. etc. (1950).
MANEVICH Alexey Zinovievich (b. 1926, Nikolaev), anesthesiologist, resuscitator. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). In 1943–47 he served as a sailor in the Baltic and Pacific fleets. In 1947 he graduated from the Vladivostok Pedagogical University. in-t, in 1953 - Ryazan honey. in-t. Until 1956 he worked as a surgeon in Chkalov. In 1956–63 he was a postgraduate student, then scientific. sotr. Department of Faculty Surgery of the 1st MMI. In 1963 he organized (until 1970 head) the first department in the USSR. children Anesthesiology Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children. surgery; in 1970–86 head. dep. Anesthesiology and Reanimatology Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N.N.Burdenko. Scientific. tr. M. dedicated problems of anesthesia, including during operations at the center. nerve. system. Research the mechanism of action of the anesthetic drug fluorotan during anesthesia. Author of 130 scientific. works, including 11 monographs. Et al. (jointly with G.L. Ryabov and A.A. Bunyatin) the first textbook on anesthesiology and resuscitation in the USSR (1977). Works: Fundamentals of anesthesia. M., 1961 (et al.); Pediatric Anesthesiology. M., 1970; Neuroanesthesiology. M., 1977; Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. A textbook for medical schools. M., 1989 (et al.).
MANEVICH Berta Semyonovna (b. 1922), film designer. In 1949 she graduated from art. Faculty of VGIK. Since 1949, thin. k / st "Lenfilm". Ch. arr. with dir. IE Kheifits (almost all f. - jointly with IM Kaplan "Unfinished story" (1955), "Rumyantsev's case" (1956), "My dear man" (1958), "Lady with a dog" ( I960), "In the city of S." (1967), "A bad good man" (1973). There was an artistic film. B. Kropachev, 1960), "Horizon" (1962), "Day of Happiness" (1964), "Bunny" (1965), "Three Fat Men" (1966), "White Sun of the Desert" (with V. Kostrikov , 1970), "Seven Brides of Corporal Zbruev" (1971), "Ksenia, Fedor's Beloved Wife" (1974), "Marriage" (1978), etc.
MANEVICH Efim Lvovich (b. 1914), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1951), prof. (1953). Graduated from engineer-econom. Faculty of Moscow Art and Technology Institute (1937). From 1939 on scientific and teaching work in Moscow. universities. The author of works on the problems of polit. economy of socialism, issues of labor and wages, distribution, compare. surveys in the region. living standards of the population. Ed. collection of books "Problems of Labor in the USSR" (1980), "On the course of households. reforms at the enterprises of the light industry of the USSR "(1989). Cit .: Questions of wages in the industry of the USSR. M., 1947; Living standards of owls. people. M., 1959; Problems of societies, labor. M., 1966.
MANEVICH Grigory Markovich (1907, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1995, Ashkelon, Israel), public figure. Petroleum engineer by education. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–67, engineer, early. dep. in the Ministry of Oil. prom-sti. Since the 1960s. activist of Moscow. Jewish religion. community, from the beginning. 1970s publicist in Jewish samizdat. Since 1987 - in Israel. Author of over 150 works. Vol .: Selected Speeches. Jerusalem, 1976; Scripture and the Middle East conflict. Jerusalem, 1984.
MANEVICH Lev Efimovich (Israel Haimovich, "Etienne") (1898, Chausy, Mogilev province - 1945, Austria), an employee of the special services. Hero of the Soviet Union (1965). Colonel. Graduated from the Polytechnic. college in Geneva. In 1917 he returned to Russia; since 1918 in Kr. Army. During the Civil. war commissar of the armored train, com. detachment of special purpose. Graduated from the Higher. shk. command staff service (1921), Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924), advanced training courses for the command personnel of the Red Army Air Force at the Military-Air. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1929). In 1925–27 - for reconnaissance. work in Germany. In 1929 30 in Germany and Austria. 1930–36 - resident in Italy. Arrested and sentenced to 12 years in prison. He died after the liberation of the camp of Amer. troops.
MANEVICH Vitaly Efimovich (b. 1941, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1980), prof. (1992). Son of E.L. Manevich. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1964). Since 1968 scientific. sotr. (since 1988 leading scientific worker) Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1991–93 head. lab. in the Institute of Market Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1993 again led. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics RAS. Author approx. 60 scientific. works on the theory of monetary circulation and credit, the problems of the formation and consolidation of market relations, anti-inflationary policy of the state. Vol .: Development of the theory of planned pricing in the Sov. econom. lit-re. M., 1975; The development of the theory of money circulation in the Sov. econom. lit-re. M., 1986.
MANEVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1892 as a railroad station in Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in M. lived apprx. 30 Jewish families, in 1921 - 462 Jews (57%). occupation of Jews at the beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. in M. there is a pharmacy, a kerosene warehouse, a sawmill and 7 shops (including 4 grocery stores). In 1921 the Jews of Moscow owned a smithy, a slaughterhouse, a hairdresser's, photography, a tailor's workshop, and several. shops. 1920-30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Until 1932 and in 1937–39 the school of the Tarbut network operated, and there were 3 synagogues - Berezny, Karlin-Stolin and Stephan Hasids. The rabbi was Yosef Gordon (? –1941). In 1939, after joining the USSR, teaching at the Tarbut school was converted to Yiddish. In 1939–41, approx. 1 thousand Jewish refugees from the West. districts of Poland. After the retreat of Red Army units on July 28, 1941, a pogrom took place in Moscow. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in Moscow, in which a combat group was operating by the summer of 1942. 26 Aug 1941, 374 Jews were shot in Moscow. 2 Sep 1942 Jews from neighboring villages were concentrated in M. 5 Sep 1942 was shot ca. 1 thousand Jews, approx. 200 Jews managed to escape. In 1942 a Jewish combat partisan was formed in Moscow. group of 17 people (in a cut then 100 people fought.), who entered the detachment of Nikolai Kanishchuk.
MANFRED Albert Zakharovich (1906, Petersburg - 1976, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1950). Son of a lawyer, nephew of L.S. Bakst. In 1926-30 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION. In 1930–32 he taught at the Yaroslavl ped. in-those, in 1932–37 in the Ivanovsky ped. in-those (prof.). In 1937–40 he was imprisoned. In 1940–49 he taught at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute, at the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1945–61 - at MGPII and MGI-MO. From 1945 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1959 - member. editorial board, Ch. ed. “Franz. yearbook ". Since 1963 - Member. Bureau of the National to-that owls. historians. Since 1965 - Member. editorial board collection "Sov.-French. relations. Documents and materials ". Pres. About-va "USSR-France", poch. Dr. Clermont-Ferrand University (France). Specialist in history led. French revolution, the Napoleonic era, the Paris Commune, socialist. movement 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Author of a number of chapters and ed. textbooks for universities and collective scientific. tr. "New history" (t. 1. M., 1958); "World History" (vol. 6. M., 1959); "History of the Paris Commune of 1871" (M., 1971); "History of France" (v. 1-3. M., 1973). Cit .: Foreign policy of France 1871-1891. M., 1952; Franz. bourgeois. rev-tion of the end. XVIII century (1789-1794). M., 1956; Traditions of Friendship and Cooperation: From the History of Russian-French. and Sov.-French. connections. M., 1967; Napoleon Bonaparte. M., 1971; Education Russian-French union. M., 1975; Three portraits of the era of Vel. French rev-tion. M., 1977; Great French. rev-tion. M., 1983.
MANGLISI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Tetritskaro region (Georgia). In the 17th century. - in the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. 19th century in M. lived apprx. 3 Jewish smoke, in 1926 in M. - 60 Jews (including 42 Ashkenazi), in 1939 - 13, in 1970 - 9 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow before the 18th century, then moved to the West. Georgia and Akhaltsykh (modern Akhaltsikhe). They returned to Moscow in the 1820s. and were engaged in the main. trade.
MANGUP, now the ruins of an ancient fortress approx. Bakhchisarai of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 6th century. From ser. 7 c. - as part of the Khazar Kaganate. From 1239 - as part of the Golden Horde. From the 14th century. - the capital of the prince Theodoro. From the end. 15th century - as part of the Crimean Khanate. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire in the 10th century. there was a Jewish community in M. In the 14th century. in M. there was a community of Karaites. In the 2nd floor. 18th century in M. lived apprx. 300 Jewish families, DOS. the occupations of which were leather dressing and gardening. In 1796, the last inhabitants, the Karaite tanners, left the city.
MANGUSH, see Melekino.
MANI Leib (real name and fam. Mani-Leib Braginsky) (1883, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1953, New York), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Took part in the roar. movement. In 1904 he was arrested and several. months was in prison. After the second arrest, he fled to England, where he began to write poetry in Yiddish. Since 1905 - in the USA. He worked as a shoemaker in New York almost until the end of his life. Was included in lit. gr. "Di yung". Was sotr. gas. "Forverts", where publ. his first verse. M. Peru belongs to many. manuf. for children, including a fairy tale in verse "Ingle-tsingl-zvat", repeatedly reprinted. First book. Moscow was published in 1918. The author is poetical. collection of books: "Leader" ("Poems"), "Yiddish un slavishe motivin" ("Jewish and Slavic motives"), "Der fremder" ("Alien"), "Der schlos" ("Castle"), " Dos Lid Fun Broit "(" The Song of Bread ")," Di Noyt "(" Need ") and others. He translated the poems of SA Yesenin into Yiddish. Many verse. M. are set to music.
MANIN Yuri Ivanovich (b. 1937, Simferopol), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1967), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). At the age of 15, he received a generalization of the formula for the number of whole points in a circle. Graduated from Moscow State University (1958), graduate school there (1960). Student of I.R.Shafarevich. Works in Mat. in-those them. V.A. Steklov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1960), since 1993 in the Institute of Mathematics. Max Planck Society in Bonn (FRG). Main research results. relate to algebra, number theory, algebras, geometry (Gauss-Manin connection) and mat. physics. Proved (1963) an analogue of Mordell's theorem for func. fields. Linen. etc. (1967). Evil medal to them. L.E. Brauer (Netherlands). Cit .: Cubic forms. Algebra. Geometry. Arithmetic. M., 1972; Gauge fields and complex geometry. 1984.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МАНЬЧЖУРИЯ, историческое название территории совр. сев.-вост. части Китая (КНР). С 1922 М. – самопровозглашенная автономия в составе Китая, в 1931 оккупирована Японией. В 1932–45 на терр. М. находилось созданное Японией гос-во Маньчжоу-Го; в авг. 1945, после вступления в сев.-вост. Китай Кр. Армии, перестало существовать. В 1897–1903 Рос. империей в М. была построена Китайско-Вост. ж. д. (КВЖД); состояла из двух участков: Североманьчжурской ж. д. и Южноманьчжурской ж. д., с 1945 – Китайская Чанчунская ж. д.; находилась в совм. управлении СССР и КНР, в 1952 передана Китаю, с 1953 – Харбинская ж. д.Первые евреи из России появились в М. после 1896 в связи со стр-вом КВЖД. Сначала в М. стали переселяться евреи из Благовещенска, Владивостока, Хабаровска и др. нас. пунктов Д.Востока, привлеченные благоприятными экономич. условиями и религ. терпимостью. Евреи начали открывать в М. разл. торг. пр-тия: мануфактурные, бакалейные, мясные магазины и лавки и др. В 1900 евреи, приехавшие в М., помимо внутр. торговли стали заниматься экспортом, первым продуктом к-рого было конопляное масло. К 1902 евреям в М. принадлежало св. 10 торг. пр-тий. На терр. М. синагоги действовали в Дайрене (совр. Далянь), Маньчжурии (совр. Маньчжоули), Мукдене, Хайларе, Харбине, Цицикаре. К 1903 в М. было 10 еврейских общин. Гл. раввином всей Вост. Азии был А.М.Киселев (1866–1949).В рус.-япон. войне 1904–05, проходившей, гл. обр., на терр. Юж. Маньчжурии, приняли участие до 30 тыс. евреев-военнослужащих. После войны часть демобилизованных евреев осталась в М.К кон. 1912 центром еврейского расселения на Д. Востоке стал Харбин. Во время 1-й мир. войны на терр. М. переселялись евреи, высланные из прифронтовой полосы зап. губерний Рос. империи. После рев-ции и Гражд. войны значит. увеличилась численность еврейского населения М. за счет беженцев с терр. России и Монголии (из-за разбоев и погромов, устраиваемых отрядами барона Р.Ф.Унгерна). Евреи М. оказывали материальную и продовольственную помощь населению Сов. России, в т. ч. в 1921–22 было отправлено 150 вагонов с продовольствием.В 1920-х гг. наиб. значит. были общины Хайлара (ок. 150 чел.), Маньчжоули (ок. 100 чел.), Цицикара (60–70 чел.). После вооруж. конфликтов на КВЖД (1929) большинство евреев из них переехало в Харбин. В 1931 в общинах М. было: в Харбине – 13–15 тыс. евреев, в Дайрене (рус. назв. Дальний) – 200, Мукдене – 100, Хайларе – 50, Цицикаре и Маньчжоули – по 10 евреев. В дек. 1937 общины объединились в автономный Нац. совет евреев Вост. Азии (пред. – А.И.Кауфман) с фактич. самоуправлением во всех сферах общинной жизни. Общины М. проводили антинацистскую пропаганду и оказывали помощь евреям-беженцам из Европы. В марте 1938 первая партия беженцев (20 тыс. чел.) прибыла транзитом через СССР в М. В дек. 1938 японское пр-во декларировало осн. принципы отношения к евреям, к-рые были основаны на существующих иммиграц. правилах, общих для всех иностранцев. До нач. 2-й мир. войны в М. действовало, по нек-рым данным, 112 еврейских торг. пр-тий. Выходил журн. «Еврейская жизнь».В 1942–43 в М. проживало 2200 евреев (из них 1918 чел. – в Харбине). В нач. войны на Тихом океане евреи М. пожертвовали на «оборону гос-ва и японский Красный Крест» 50 тыс. гоби. Во время войны еврейскими общинами М. (а также нек-рыми др. общинами Вост. Азии) были созданы спец. орг-ции для оказания помощи спасавшимся от геноцида европейским евреям. Основой бюджета этих орг-ций были поступления от благотворит. орг-ций (гл. обр. Джойнта) и пожертвования общин Д. Востока. В авг. 1945 произошел еврейский погром в Хайларе.В 1945 значит. часть евреев М. выехала в Шанхай. Часть евреев под давлением сов. представителей на КВЖД вернулась в СССР. Лидеры общин получили разл. сроки тюремного заключения. После установления в Китае коммунистич. режима мн. евреи М. выехали в Э.-И., США, Австралию, Японию и др. страны. В 1951 переехавшие в Израиль евреи из М. создали ассоциацию «Игуд Олей Син» (ныне – «Игуд Иоцей Син»), задачей к-рой является объединение евреев – выходцев из Д. Востока.В 1981 в КНР проживало ок. 30 евреев, в т. ч. 1 – в Харбине.А.Б.Воробьев, В.В.Романова, pronunciation=МАНЬЧЖУРИЯ, историческое название территории совр. сев.-вост. части Китая (КНР). С 1922 М. – самопровозглашенная автономия в составе Китая, в 1931 оккупирована Японией. В 1932–45 на терр. М. находилось созданное Японией гос-во Маньчжоу-Го; в авг. 1945, после вступления в сев.-вост. Китай Кр. Армии, перестало существовать. В 1897–1903 Рос. империей в М. была построена Китайско-Вост. ж. д. (КВЖД); состояла из двух участков: Североманьчжурской ж. д. и Южноманьчжурской ж. д., с 1945 – Китайская Чанчунская ж. д.; находилась в совм. управлении СССР и КНР, в 1952 передана Китаю, с 1953 – Харбинская ж. д.Первые евреи из России появились в М. после 1896 в связи со стр-вом КВЖД. Сначала в М. стали переселяться евреи из Благовещенска, Владивостока, Хабаровска и др. нас. пунктов Д.Востока, привлеченные благоприятными экономич. условиями и религ. терпимостью. Евреи начали открывать в М. разл. торг. пр-тия: мануфактурные, бакалейные, мясные магазины и лавки и др. В 1900 евреи, приехавшие в М., помимо внутр. торговли стали заниматься экспортом, первым продуктом к-рого было конопляное масло. К 1902 евреям в М. принадлежало св. 10 торг. пр-тий. На терр. М. синагоги действовали в Дайрене (совр. Далянь), Маньчжурии (совр. Маньчжоули), Мукдене, Хайларе, Харбине, Цицикаре. К 1903 в М. было 10 еврейских общин. Гл. раввином всей Вост. Азии был А.М.Киселев (1866–1949).В рус.-япон. войне 1904–05, проходившей, гл. обр., на терр. Юж. Маньчжурии, приняли участие до 30 тыс. евреев-военнослужащих. После войны часть демобилизованных евреев осталась в М.К кон. 1912 центром еврейского расселения на Д. Востоке стал Харбин. Во время 1-й мир. войны на терр. М. переселялись евреи, высланные из прифронтовой полосы зап. губерний Рос. империи. После рев-ции и Гражд. войны значит. увеличилась численность еврейского населения М. за счет беженцев с терр. России и Монголии (из-за разбоев и погромов, устраиваемых отрядами барона Р.Ф.Унгерна). Евреи М. оказывали материальную и продовольственную помощь населению Сов. России, в т. ч. в 1921–22 было отправлено 150 вагонов с продовольствием.В 1920-х гг. наиб. значит. были общины Хайлара (ок. 150 чел.), Маньчжоули (ок. 100 чел.), Цицикара (60–70 чел.). После вооруж. конфликтов на КВЖД (1929) большинство евреев из них переехало в Харбин. В 1931 в общинах М. было: в Харбине – 13–15 тыс. евреев, в Дайрене (рус. назв. Дальний) – 200, Мукдене – 100, Хайларе – 50, Цицикаре и Маньчжоули – по 10 евреев. В дек. 1937 общины объединились в автономный Нац. совет евреев Вост. Азии (пред. – А.И.Кауфман) с фактич. самоуправлением во всех сферах общинной жизни. Общины М. проводили антинацистскую пропаганду и оказывали помощь евреям-беженцам из Европы. В марте 1938 первая партия беженцев (20 тыс. чел.) прибыла транзитом через СССР в М. В дек. 1938 японское пр-во декларировало осн. принципы отношения к евреям, к-рые были основаны на существующих иммиграц. правилах, общих для всех иностранцев. До нач. 2-й мир. войны в М. действовало, по нек-рым данным, 112 еврейских торг. пр-тий. Выходил журн. «Еврейская жизнь».В 1942–43 в М. проживало 2200 евреев (из них 1918 чел. – в Харбине). В нач. войны на Тихом океане евреи М. пожертвовали на «оборону гос-ва и японский Красный Крест» 50 тыс. гоби. Во время войны еврейскими общинами М. (а также нек-рыми др. общинами Вост. Азии) были созданы спец. орг-ции для оказания помощи спасавшимся от геноцида европейским евреям. Основой бюджета этих орг-ций были поступления от благотворит. орг-ций (гл. обр. Джойнта) и пожертвования общин Д. Востока. В авг. 1945 произошел еврейский погром в Хайларе.В 1945 значит. часть евреев М. выехала в Шанхай. Часть евреев под давлением сов. представителей на КВЖД вернулась в СССР. Лидеры общин получили разл. сроки тюремного заключения. После установления в Китае коммунистич. режима мн. евреи М. выехали в Э.-И., США, Австралию, Японию и др. страны. В 1951 переехавшие в Израиль евреи из М. создали ассоциацию «Игуд Олей Син» (ныне – «Игуд Иоцей Син»), задачей к-рой является объединение евреев – выходцев из Д. Востока.В 1981 в КНР проживало ок. 30 евреев, в т. ч. 1 – в Харбине.А.Б.Воробьев, В.В.Романова, extra_data="{'translat...")
MANKOVICHI, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 20th century in M. lived several. Jewish families, in 1921 - 28 Jews. oct. 1915 Jews were expelled from Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of M. were deported to the Stolin ghetto and to St. 1942 were shot there together with local Jews.
MAN'KOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umansky u. Kiev province. In 1923, 126 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 105 Jews (2.2%). In 1629 there were several. Jewish houses; Jews were engaged in the production of baking soda. The Jewish community of M. suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. 19th century Jews of M. owned an oil mill, several. mills, smithy. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a hairdresser's and 16 shops (including 10 grocery stores); there were three tailors among the Jews. In May 1919, a pogrom broke out in Moscow by units of the Volunteer Army; Jewish houses were looted, 6 people. wounded. 18 Apr. 1942 able-bodied Jews of M. were sent to a labor camp in Buki, the remaining (50 people) were shot on May 2, 1942. Nesk. Jews fled to the partisans. detachment.
MANKOVO, a village in the Krasninsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). In 1936, the Jewish collective farm "Novy Byt" worked in Moscow.
MANKOVSKAYA Liya Yulievna (1932, Moscow - 1988, Tashkent). Doctor of Lawsuit (1983). Graduated from architect. branch of the Central Asian Polytechnic Institute (1953). Comp. Scientific-restoration. workshop of the UzSSR (1953–59), research assistant. Research Institute for Construction (1959-66), Institute of Art Studies named after. Hamza (1966–88). Author approx. 150 works. Vol .: Monuments of architecture of Khorezm. Tashkent, 1978 (with V. Bulatova); Typological foundations of architecture in Central Asia: (9th - early 20th century). Tashkent, 1980; Architectural monuments of Tashkent: 14th - 20th centuries Tashkent, 1983 (with V. Bulatova); In the ancient cities of Uzbekistan: Tashkent. Samarkand. Shakhrisabz. Bukhara. Khiva. M., 1988 (co-authored with S. Babadzhanova, A. I. Kolbintseva).
MANKOVSKY Grigory Ilyich (1897, Bronnitsy, Moscow province - 1965, Moscow), specialist in the field of mining. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1944), prof. (1957), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1960). Graduated from Leningrad in 1924. forge. in-t. In 1924–32 he supervised tunneling works and construction of mines in Donbass and Moscow region. In 1931–34 he taught at Moscow. bugle, in-those. In 1932–39 the beginning. mines on the building Mosk. metro, in 1939–43 deputy. ch. Ing. Glavshakhtostroy, in 1943–54 ch. Ing. Trust "Shakhtspetsstroy" (both - in the system of the People's Commissariat of the coal industry of the USSR). In 1954–65 the head. lab. specialist. ways of sinking forges, workings and dewatering and simultaneously. deputy. dir. by scientific. work (until 1962) Ying-that forge, affairs them. A.A. Skochinsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences. tr. dedicated specialist. methods of sinking mine shafts by drilling, issues of field development in complex hydrogeol. conditions, the method of roller cone drilling (carried out in the Chelyabinsk coal basin, in 1942–43), rotary drilling during shaft sinking, issues of freezing and chemical. consolidation of rocks. The author of the first uch. manuals for sinking vertical shafts (1935), scientific method. works on mine construction and tr. on the history of forge, technology. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1948). Became. pr. (1946). Cit .: Driving in mines. M., 1947; Special methods of driving mine workings. M., 1958; Kursk magnetic anomaly. M., 1962.
MANKOVTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1897, 5 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1900 - 30 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - decomp. During the Holocaust, the Jews of M. were deported to the Bar ghetto and in 1942 they were killed along with other Jews.
MANKIN Valentin Grigorievich (b. 1938, Belokorovichi, Zhytomyr region), athlete (yachtsman). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1968). Champion Olympus. games (1968, 1972, 1980), world champion (1973), European champion (1973, 1979), multiple champion of the USSR (1959–78).
MANN Mendel (1916, Plock - 1975, Paris), writer and artist. He studied in thin. school in Warsaw. Several were arranged here. exhibitions of paintings M. Debuted verse. in 1938. At the beginning. 2nd world. war fled from Warsaw to Brest-Litovsk, then into the interior of Russia. Was mobilized to Kr. Army, participated in battles. After the end of the war he lived in ód организов, organized the first after the 2nd peace. war Jewish school in Lodz and graduated there in 1945 Saturday. verse. and the ballads "Di shtilkayt mont" ("Silence demands") - the first Jewish book. in post-war Poland. After the pogrom in Kielce, he left Poland, settled in Regensburg (Germany), where he published a weekly. in Yiddish and in 1947 published the book. verse. "Erushe" ("Heritage"). In 1948–61 - in Israel. From 1954 he worked as a secretary. ed. zhurn. Di Golden Kate in Tel Aviv. Since 1961 - in France. M. - the author of the book: "Oifgevakhte erd" ("Awakened earth", 1953), "Bai di toern fun Moscow" ("At the gates of Moscow", 1956), "Di nakht iber Glushino" ("Night over Glushino", 1957), "Bay der Weisl" ("On the Vistula", 1958), "Dosphaln fun Berlin" ("The Fall of Berlin", 1960), etc.
MANN Yuri Vladimirovich (b. 1929, Moscow), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–55 - teacher cf. schools; in 1956–61 - ed. in the House for children. books, in zhurn. "Sov. literature". Since 1961 - at IMLI. He began to publish in 1954. Main. works of M. poev. Russian lit. criticized 1st floor. 19th century, problems of poetics of Russian. romanticism and critical. realism. M. - one of the largest experts in the work of N.V. Gogol. Cit .: On the grotesque in literature. M., 1966; Russian philosophical aesthetics. M., 1969; In search of a living soul. M., 1984; Dialectic thin. image. M., 1987; Poetics of N.V. Gogol. M., 1988; The Aksakov family. M., 1992.
MANNHEIM Herman (1889, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province - 1974, Orpington, Great Britain), criminologist. Doctor of Law (1912), prof. (1929). In 1908-11 he studied at the high fur boots of Munich, Freiburg, Strasbourg and Konigsberg. In 1914-18 he served in Germany. army. In 1917-18 he was a military judge. In 1923–33 he was a judge in a criminal court. In 1922–34 he taught at Berlin University. Since 1934 - in Great Britain. In 1935-55 he worked at the School of Economics, University of London. In 1940–60, M. was one of the leading figures in the reform of the system of criminal penalties. M. is often called "the father of modern English criminology", based on the consideration of social and psychological factors. M. carried out especially valuable work in the field of juvenile delinquency and the corresponding system of punishment. In 1950–66 he was one of the founders and sred. criminologist. zhurn. "Journal of Dilinkwansi", in 1960 - founder and until 1966 sred. Libraries of Criminology.
MANSFELD Al (Alfred) (1912, Petersburg - 2004), architect, teacher. Studied at Techn. school in Berlin (1933) and Special. architect. school in Paris (1933 35). From 1935 in E.-I. He was engaged in private practice. He worked in the Technion (Haifa), dean of architect. f-that, since 1949 adjunct-prof. Main buildings: the Israel Museum in Jerusalem (1959, the project was awarded the 1st Ave), the Auditorium, residential districts in Haifa and other mountains. Israel. State Israel Ave. for architecture (1966). MANUS Ignatius Porfirievich (1860 - 1918, Petrograd), banker. Active State Councilor. Rod. in the family of a doctor. Commercial started his activity as a finance agent. parts of Syzran-Morshansk and Samara-Orenburg. g. etc., then it was early. households part of the Tsarskoye Selo railway. made a fortune thanks to successful operations with securities in St. Petersburg. exchange, on the eve of the 1st world. war has become one of the most izv. financiers: member. Council of Sib. bargain. bank, before. board Ros. transport and insurance company, der. T-va Petersburg. car building. w-yes. There was also a cr. shareholder Rus. bargaining-prom. and Intern. banks, about-va Putilovsky z-dov, about-va Sormovsky z-dov, etc. In the years of the 1st world. war, together with DL Rubinstein, was a member of GE Rasputin's inner circle, in 1914–17 he had an influence on mines. finance PL Barka. M.'s personal fortune at that time was estimated at 30 million rubles. Kept in touch with the French. bankers for the placement of shares in Rus. companies in French market. He was also engaged in journalism: he ran finance. department in zhurn. "Citizen" VP Meshchersky, under the ps. Green was printed in gas. "Birzhevye vedomosti" and zhurn. The Economist of Russia.
MANSHUROVO (from 1923 - Manturovo, from 1945 - Manzhurovo), now a part (from 1987) with. Lukanovka, Krivoozersky District, Nikolaev Region (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 - the village of Krivoozersky district of the Pervomaisky env. Odessa province, since 1934 - Nikolaev region. In 1848 68 families lived in Moscow, in 1858 - 873 people, in 1893 - 758, in 1897 - 563, in 1905 - 591, in 1925 - 337 people. M. had a synagogue. Not owning the skills of agricultural. labor and funds for acquiring implements, the colonists rented their allotments to the peasants of neighboring villages for half the harvest. In 1870, out of 62 families, 49 had their own estates, 10 farms kept horses. Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, crafts; means. some of the colonists went to work in other places. In 1870, the lustration commission confiscated arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving them only pastures and estates. In 1905, there was a synagogue in Moscow. During the war, the Jewish population of M. suffered from pogroms, robberies, hunger, and epidemics. In the 1920s. in M. there were a hut-reading room and a Jewish beginning. 2-class school (in 1927 over 50 children studied there under the direction of Sarah Zusyevna Lutskaya). In 1921 a soap-making artel was organized in Moscow. In 1929, collective farms were formed. Kotovsky (pre. Zaydlin) and "Breadbear" (pre. Gurfeld). Between 1932 and 1933 the population of Moscow suffered from famine. The Jewish population of Moscow was destroyed during the Holocaust. IM Shaikin
MANSKY David Moiseevich (1904, Livny, Oryol province - 1974, Moscow), director. After graduating from the Crimean Theater. College (1924) was an actor in the m-ts of Simferopol, Sevastopol, then Omsk (1930–31). Organized from the actors of the Omsk dramas. brigade for a trip to the villages, which became the basis of the Omsk mobile peasant t-ra (1930) under his hands. Here he staged EG Yanovsky's "Fury", IK Mikitenko's "Dictatorship" and others. In 1931–33 he worked in the cities of Biysk, Barnaul, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, in 1933–37 he headed the Kostroma drama. t-r them. AN Ostrovsky, in 1937–42 - the Yaroslavl drama. t-r them. F.G. Volkova. Staged in Kostroma performances: "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, "Enemies" by M. Gorky, "Guilty Without Guilt" by A. Ostrovsky, "The Inspector General" by N. V. Gogol, "Spanish Priest" by J. Fletcher, " Aristocrats "by NF Pogodin and others, in Yaroslavl -" Three sisters "by AP Chekhov," Kremlin chimes "by Pogodin and others. He also worked in the cities of Tula, Ryazan, Chelyabinsk. From 1942 - at the front, in 1943, after a shell shock, again in Yaroslavl, then in Kirov (1943–44), in Chelyabinsk - in Dram. t-re them. SM Tsvillinga (1944–49), staged: "Officer of the Fleet" by AA Kron (1944), "Peter the First" by AN Tolstoy (1946), and others. dram. t-rum (1949–52), Voronezh drama. t-rum (1952–53), Tula region. dram. t-rum them. M. Gorky (1953–57), Ryazan drama. t-rum (1957–68). Among the productions: "Pushkin" by AP Globa (1950), "Love Yarovaya" by KA Trenev (1951), "The Power of Darkness" (1953) and "Fruits of Enlightenment" (1958) by Leo Tolstoy, " Pygmalion ”by B. Shaw (1955),“ Justina ”by H. Wuolijoki (1960),“ Forest ”by Ostrovsky (1962) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1945).
MANSUROVA (real family Vollerstein) Cecilia Lvovna (1897, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Actress, teacher. Prof. (1946). Rod. in the family of an engineer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University and entered the theater. studio in Moscow, headed by G.B. Vakhtangov, in Mansurovsky per. (hence the ps. actress). After graduating from the studio (1921), M. became a member of the troupe of the 3rd studio of the Moscow Art Theater (later the Theater named after Evgeny Vakhtangov), where she worked until the end of her life. First performer of Turandot in the play "Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi (1922). Among the best roles: Zoya - "Zoyka's apartment" by M.A.Bulgakov (1926), Shurka - "Egor Bulychov and others" by M.Gorky (1932), Jeanne Barbier - "Intervention" by L.I. Slavin (1933), Beatrice - "Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare (1936), Roxanne - "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan (1942), Arkadin - "The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov (1954), Filumena - "Filumena Marturano" de Filippo (1956), etc. In the movie she played the role of Ashkhen Ohanyan in f My Dear Man (1958). M. performed a lot in concerts. She worked on the radio. The peculiar melodiousness, the intonational uniqueness of the actress's voice helped her create such different characteristic images as Rosalind ("As you like it" by Shakespeare), Estrella ("The Star of Seville" by Lope de Vega), Baroness Shtral ("Masquerade" by M.Yu. Lermontov) and others. She taught acting at the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. Nar. art. USSR (1971).
MANTUROVO, see Manshurovo.
MANUKHIN, see Manukhin.
MANUKHINA, now part of (since 1973) s. Novopetrovka, Velikomikhailovsky district, Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony Manukhin of Tiraspol u. Kherson lips. In the 1930s – 40s. - farm. 12 Sept. 1941 in Moscow, 5 Jews were shot.
MANYAVA, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 34 Jews lived in Moscow. Jews lived in Moscow from the 17th century. Main occupations - sheepskin dressing, sewing clothes, shoes, small trade.
MANYUK Grigory Arkadevich (b. 1947, Odessa), documentary filmmaker, teacher. In 1972 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In 1973–75 owned. corr. programs "Time" in Moldova. In 1975-80 Art. ed. studio "Lennauchfilm", where more than 50 f. Since 1991 gen. dir. independent c / st art. and doc. f. "Summer Garden", where, as a screenwriter, dir. and the operator took off f. “Petersburg Germans” (1991), “Jews of the city of Petersburg” (1993), “Bukhara Jews. The History of a Quarter "(1994, commissioned by American television), Memory of the Heart (1994, commissioned by German television; 30-hour film about Jews in Germany after their expulsion from Spain in the 14th century, cameraman), Fire Torah ”(1995, commissioned by Israeli television, cameraman). In 1994 he was before. jury of the festival doc. cinema "Golden Camera" in Hamburg, where he was awarded the "Golden Camera" for the work of the jury.
MANZHELIA, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenchug u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. - a regional center. 64 Jews (4.1%) lived in Moscow in 1841, 52 Jews in 1910, and 54 Jews in the district in 1926. occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and s. x-in. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a haberdashery and manufactory shop. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Moscow, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev; Jewish homes were looted. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, several were killed in M. Jews.
MANZHOSOVKA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, there was one Jewish family living in Moscow. 1942 Jews from M. were deported to the Priluk ghetto and in May 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
MANZHUROVO, see Manshurovo.
MANZYR, see Forest.
MAPU Avragam (1808, Slobodka, Kovno province - 1867, Konigsberg), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he was close to the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1832 he became an adherent of the ideas of Haskala. In 1833–44 he was a teacher in Rossieny, Kovno province, then taught in Vilna and from 1848 in Kovno. In 1852 publ. rum. "Agavas Zion" ("Love in Zion") - the first fictional production. modern Hebrew lit-ry (in Hebrew). Under the influence of the socially accusatory tendency, M. moved from a biblical theme to an everyday one (rom. "Ait tsavua" - "Kite of hypocrisy", 1859-60). M. - the author of ist. rum. "Ashmat Shomron" ("Wines of Samaria", 1865) and rum. "Jose hezionot" ("Seer") - about the times of B. Khmelnitsky and the Sabbatian heresy (banned for publication by the censorship committee). In addition to prose, M. published a guide to the study of French. lang., textbook of Hebrew grammar. and books on pedagogy.
MARAGA, a village in the Tabasaran region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan region. 2nd floor 19th century there were 16 Jewish fumes in M., in 1872 - 12, in 1875 - 10 Jewish fumes. Jews lived in M. from the beginning. 17th century In the 2nd floor. 19th century M. had a synagogue, a rabbi, Jewish schools, and a cemetery. In the end. 1870s - early. 1880s Jews left M.
MARAMOR SOLOTVINA, see Solotvina.
MARANTS Berta Solomonovna (1907, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1998, Nizhny Novgorod), pianist, teacher. Prof. (1947). I learned to play php. in Nar. cons., then at D.S. Aisberg and B.M. Reingbald in the Odessa cons., at the same time. worked there as an accompanist in class. P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1927–31 she studied with G. G. Neuhaus in Moscow. horse, here she was the accompanist in the wok. cl. at ZP Lodiy. From 1931 she worked in Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1934 54 she taught at the Ural Cons. in Sverdlovsk. M. graduate Vses. competition of performers in Moscow (1937). In 1954–90 the head. department of special php. in the Gorky state. cons. them. M.I. Glinka. Since 1990, professional consultant. A concert teacher, M. created her own pianistic school. Among her students are L.A. Lyadova, YuAMuravlev and others. Honored. figure in art in the RSFSR (1972). Son M. - Benditsky Alexander Semenovich (b. 1932), composer, teacher. Since 1993 and .about. prof. Nizhny Novgorod cons. His wife - Yulia Ionovna Zapadinskaya (b. 1932), violinist, concertmaster of the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) symphony. orc. (since 1971). Honored. art. RSFSR (1983).
MARCHIKHINA BUDA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - borznensky borough Chernigov province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in MB. 19 - early. 20th century in MB there was a Jewish population. In 1913, a Jew owned a hemp shop.
MAREK Peter (Passover) Semenovich (1862, Shchadov, Kovno province - 1920, Saratov), ​​historian, folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then graduated from high school in Shavlya and law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1889). In his student years, he was one of the organizers of the Palestinophil circle "Bnei Zion", collaborated in gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ”and other periodicals ed. In 1888, in the journal. "Voskhod" publ. work "From the history of Jewish printing in Russia", in 1901 joint. with Sh.M. Ginzburg published the anthology “Jewish Nar. Songs in Russia ”(reissued in 1991 in Israel). In the beginning. 1900s as an authorized OPE collected in the mountains. and small towns of the Pale of Settlement materials on school affairs and history grew. Jews, some of whom he used in the monograph “Essays on the history of Jewish education in Russia. Two education ”(Moscow, 1909), covering the period 1844–73. M. publ. Art. on the history of growing up. Jews in the journal. "Sunrise", "Jewish antiquity", "Jewish world", in Sat. "Experienced", collaborated in the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-16, 1908-13), participated in the preparation and editing of the collective work "History of Jews in Russia" (v. 1-2, 1914-21), also wrote on Yiddish (pov. "Two Atrocities", 1908). In Jan. 1919, fleeing hunger, moved to Volsk, Saratov province., Where he completed work on the book. “History of Religions. struggle "(about the emergence of Hasidism) and" History of the Jewish intelligentsia in Russia "(partially published in 1922-28 in the collection" Jewish Thought "," Jewish Bulletin "," Jewish Antiquity ").
MARENICHENI, see Marynichi.
MARGALIOT Moyshs-Zvulon (1851, Merech Troisky u. Vilna province - 1936, New York), rabbi. Rod. in offspring. rabbinical family. In 1876 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1877–89 he was a rabbi in Slobodka. From 1889 - in the USA, a rabbi in Boston, in 1906–36 - a rabbi in New York. One of the founders, hands. and post. prez. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada.
MARGALIT-KALVARIAN Khaim (1868, Dobrochertkov, Suvalki province - 1947, Jerusalem), agronomist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, member of the Hovevei Zion movement. Graduated from the Higher. agronomic school in Montpellier (France). From 1895 - in E.-I. In 1896–98, a teacher in the agricultural sector. school "Mikve-Israel", in 1898-1900 representative of the administration of Baron E. Rothschild in the settlements of Mishmar ha-Yarden and Sejer; in 1901–05 he ruled the settlements of the EKO in the Lower Galilee. Participated in the creation. a number of new Jewish settlements in the Galilee. In 1906-17 M.-K. managed the settlements of the EKO in the Upper Galilee. In the 1910s – 1920s. M.-K. - member Jewish delegations in talks with Arab leaders. As a supporter of Jewish-Arab rapprochement, he took an active part in the activities of extreme left-wing organizations. The author is numerous. Art. on issues of Jewish-Arab rapprochement. The name of M.-K. wears the moshav Margaliyot in Galilee.
MARGALIUT George (1853, Volkovyshki, Suwalki province - 1924), orientalist, bibliographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Lived in Germany. He studied in Dusseldorf and at Bonn University. Moved to the UK. Studied at Cambridge. From 1891 he worked at the British Museum as a curator of Jewish, Syrian and Ethiopian manuscripts. In 1900 he founded an association for translation, preparation for publication and publishing. manuf. east writing. In 1905–08 he was a member. Aristotelian Society. In 1909 he worked at the University of London. In 1899-1905 he published a catalog of Jewish and Sumerian manuscripts of the British Museum in 2 volumes. works: "Jewish-Babylonian ties" (1899, in English), "Problems of Immortality" (1904, in English).
MANGANETS, a city (since 1938) in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1939, 123 Jews (0.6%) lived in Moscow, in 1970 - 115 (0.2%), in 1989 - 66 Jews (1%). Sep - early. oct. 1941 in Moscow, several were shot. remaining Jews.
MARGILAN, a city in the Fergana region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the 10th century. Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Margilan (other name - Old Margelan) of the Fergana region. In 1897 652 Jews (1.8%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 1408 (3%), in 1926 - 939 (including 462 Bukharian Jews), in 1939 - 1257 Jews. Jews lived in M. in the middle. 19th century After joining Ros. Empire Jews M. were equalized in rights with Muslims and exempted from special payments. taxes (jizyah); in the Jewish community, the position of a state rabbi was introduced. In 1909, Moscow was among the 4 cities of Turkestan, where "foreign" Jews (who were not Russian citizens) were allowed to live. A synagogue functioned in Moscow in 1910. There were many weavers and dyers among the Jews of Moscow. In 1929, 5 cr worked in Moscow. dyeing and knitwear artels of Bukharian Jews (united 220 people). In 1930, OZET artels united 500 families. In 1935, gas was released. "Rohi Lenin" in the language of Bukharian Jews. In 1961, the fact of "blood libel" was noted in Moscow. in M. a Jewish community was organized. Arkady Ilyich Zavulunov (b. 1934), economist, Doctor of Economics. Sciences (1980), prof. (1982), by St. 100 scientific. works.
MARGO (real family member Margolis) Boris (b. 1902, Volochisk of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province - 1986, USA), painter, teacher. He studied at the Odessa Art. Polytechnic (1925), VKHUTEMAS in Moscow (1926–27), PN Filonov's school in Leningrad (1927–28). In the USA - since 1930. He taught painting at Ying-those unified. Arts in New York (1930–35), Amer. un-those in Washington (1946–48), etc. The inventor of the method of cutting into cells in color. print. Uch. pl. thin exhibitions, more than 10 personal exhibitions. Works are in pl. US museums, private collections of Rockefeller, J. Whitney and others. MARGOLES-DAVIDZON Haim-Moishe-Yoel (1891, Warsaw - 1960, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, worked as a sign painter. In 1912 he was drafted into the army, during the 1st World. war was at the front. After the Revolution of 1917 he lived in Georgia. Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1922 he became a member. Communist Party of the United States and Proletpen, published in the leftist periodicals. ed. Author of the book: "Geshlosene reen" ("Closed rows"), 1935; “In aza zait lebn mir” (“We live in such a time”), 1938, etc .; rec. in 3 volumes on the 1st world. war "Their bin arois a lebediker" ("I came out alive"). He was also involved in translations.
MARGOLIN Arnold Davidovich (1877, Kiev - 1956, Washington), lawyer, politician, diplomat. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev, was engaged in advocacy, from 1904 appeared in courts on cases of Jewish pogroms, defended M.M. Beilis (1913), after the trial he was forced to leave for Petersburg. Participated in the activities of the Labor People's Socialist. party, one of the founders of the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ETO). In 1917 he established contacts with the Ukr. the Party of Socialist Federalists; back in feb. 1918 to Kiev, became one of its leaders. From Apr. 1918 members Top, courts of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). I went to Berlin to establish contacts with Jewish organizations in Germany. With the consent of the ETO, he took the post of comrade (deputy) min. foreign cases and chl. Ukrainian delegation at the peace conference. in Paris. In 1919 he negotiated with the command of the French. troops in Odessa, participated in the preparation of a treaty between the allied command and Ukr. Directory. Developed an appeal to the Entente powers on the future federal structure of Russia, signed by representatives of Belarus, Don, Kuban and Ukraine. After a series of Jewish pogroms in Ukraine in 1919, he resigned from the post of Comrade Min., But remained a member. Ukrainian delegation in Paris. Abroad M. established contacts between representatives of the UPR and the heads of diplomacy of the allies, negotiated with representatives of the white movement in Russia on the joint. actions and the future structure of the country, participated in the work of various. Jewish org-tions. In Jan. 1920 headed the UNR mission in London, participated in the international. conf. in San Remo (May 1920) and Spa (July 1920); at the session of the League of Nations in Geneva. From Sept. 1920 retired. In 1922 he left for the USA, was engaged in law. activities, participated in the work of Jewish organizations and in the life of the Ukrainian diaspora. The author of the book. "Ukraine and the policy of the Entente (Notes of a Jew and a Citizen)" (1922), "Jews of the East. Europe "(1926, in English.)," From a political diary. Russia, Ukraine and America. 1905–45 ”(1946, in English).
MARGOLIN David Semenovich (1850, Pinsk - 1918, Kiev), entrepreneur. Commerce Advisor. In 1868 he settled in Kiev, founding the 1st and 2nd shipping companies on the Dnieper. Rapidly increased the Dnieper fleet, reduced the cost of both the pass and cargo transportation, and began building steamers in Russian. s-dakh. Contributed by econ. development of Kiev and improvement of the city: he founded a machine-building. and cast-iron s-dy, initiator of construction of mountains. water supply systems, electrical devices. lighting, created. commercial systems education in Kiev, donated a lot to the device commercial. uch-uch and bargaining. schools. Poch. h. Board of Trustees opened in 1896 Kiev Commerce. uch-schcha, at his own expense built a craft. uch-shche, transferred to the Kiev philanthropist, society. Founder of a number of joint stock companies. about-in in the sugar industry (including Novo-Bykovsky joint. with the Brodskys, board member of the All-Russian society of sugar refineries. By 1914, chairman of the council of the Kiev private commercial bank, director-manager of the society Novo-Bykovsky beet sugar plant, director of the shipping company for the Dnieper and its tributaries, head of the board of the Kiev water supply company and the Kiev railway company, member of the Birzhevoy company, head of the city of Kupech M.'s funds were used to build a building in Kiev for a Talmud-tora for 420 people, a synagogue, a school for 150 students for the Kiev philanthropist society, a special tram line for the Vladimir Kiev Cadet Corps. Society for scientific Jewish publications In 1905–07 he presented to the authorities a number of notes on the need to equalize Jews in rights, participated in the investigation of the events of the Kiev pogrom of 1905.
MARGOLIN Eliezer (1874, Belgorod, Kursk province - 1944, Sydney, Australia), military leader. From 1892 in E.-I., S.-kh. working. Since 1900 - in Australia. Uch. 1st world. war, lieutenant colonel. Participated in battles in Europe and in Bl. East. In 1919–20 - com. Jewish Legion as part of the British. army; in 1920–21 - com. Jewish units of the Arab-Jewish police. From 1921 - again in Australia; an active member of the Zionist. movement.
MARGOLIN Moisey Markovich (1862 - |), editor. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Since 1890 sotr. ed. acts.-publ. about-va F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. Ed. 2nd ed. "Small Encyclopedic Dictionary" in 4 volumes (1907–09). Collaborated in the journal. "Sunrise" and "Jewish Life". He took an active part in Jewish societies. life, was a member. decomp. k-tov and commissions. Cit .: Main trends in the history of the Jewish people. SPb., 1900.
MARGOLIN Samuil Akimovich (ps. Mikaelo) (1893 - 1953, Moscow), director, theater critic. In 1916 he graduated from the Kiev Commercial Department. in-t. He debuted in print at the beginning. 1920s The author of Art. about M.A.Chekhov, S.L. Kuznetsov, V.I.Kachalov, Yu.S. Glizer, F.N.Kurikhin, V.V.Dmitriev, A.D. Dik, E.B. Vakhtangov and others He wrote reviews for the performances of GOSET, Habima, BelGOSET. He wrote “Chronicle of“ Habima ”for the tour booklet of t-ra, who was leaving Russia. He began his stage career in the 3rd studio of the Moscow Art Theater (1920), in 1933–44 (with short breaks) - dir. Moscow t-ra them. MGSPS (Mossovet), where he staged performances: "Professor Mamlok" by F. Wolf (jointly with K.A. Davidovsky, 1935), "Khlopchik" by M. Daniel (jointly with Minaev, 1936), "The Last Victim" by A. N. Ostrovsky (with V.V. Vanin, 1938), "Professor Polezhaev" by L.N. Rakhmanov (1939), "Liar" by K. Goldoni (1940); in the Gorky t-re "20 years later" by MA Svetlov (1949); comedy-buff with a new text by L.M. Kvitko "Der beserer mench" ("The best man") in Ukr. GOSET (1928), vaudeville "Neither, nor me ..." by A. Goldfaden in the Odessa Jewish Theater (1937) and other works: The First Workers' Theater of Proletkult. M., 1930; Theater artists for 15 years. M., 1933.
MARGOLIN Shraga-Faivel (1870, Glusk, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1942), publisher. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the end. 1900s - early. 1910s issued gas in Vilna. in Hebrew "Ha-Zman", in 1914-18 gas. in Yiddish "Lecte Nice". In 1918–34, while living in Berlin, he was engaged in publishing. activities. Publ. a concordance compiled by S. Mandeljkern. From 1934 - in E.-I.
MARGOLIN Solomon Osipovich (1877, Mogilev - |), economist. Graduated from Berlin University. From 1905 he published Art. about econ. the situation of the Jews of Russia. In their art. fought against the theory of overproduction of tradition. Jewish crafts. He was engaged in research. participation of Jews in trade and industry.
MARGOLIN Julius (Yehuda) Borisovich (1900, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1971, Tel Aviv), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy (1925). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1925 he graduated from Berlin University. In 1926–36 he lived in Poland. Participated in the Zionist, (revisionist.) Movement. Publ. in the Jewish press, wrote in Russian. and Polish. lang. From 1936 - in E.-I., engaged in journalism. In 1939 in Poland, he ended up in the Sov. zone of occupation. In 1940 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison. In 1946 he returned to E.-I. In his journalistic and social activities, he took the position of an active fighter against communism. In 1950 in Paris at the trial of D. Rousset against gas. Lettre Francaise testified about the Sov. concentration camps (GULAG). In 1951 in Bombay at the Congress of cultural workers he achieved the adoption of a resolution condemning the system of concentration camps, including in the USSR. In 1952 publ. in New York, the book "A Journey to the Land of the Zek" is one of the first evidence of crimes against humanity in the Gulag system. In the 1950s. founded the Israeli Association of Former Prisoners of Owls. concentration camps. In the 1960s. - one of the hands. Society of Struggle for the Liberation of Jews from the USSR (Maoz). Published in Russian. ed. Israel ("Herald of Israel". "Shalom"), France ("Russian thought"), USA ("New magazine", "New Russian word"). The author of a number of books. in Russian lang. and Hebrew. Vol .: Tale of the Millenniums. A condensed sketch of the history of the Jewish people. Tel Aviv, 1959; Paris report. Tel Aviv, 1970; Diamat. Criticism of Soviet ideology. Tel Aviv, 1971; Unassembled. Tel Aviv, 1974; Over the Dead Sea. Tel Aviv, 1980.
MARGOLIS (Margulis) Usher Leibovich (1891, Rovno Volyn province - 1976, Ryazan), historian, literary critic. Cand. ist. Sciences (1940). Graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev University. He taught history at Moscow universities. In the end. 1920s headed by ist. section of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at the VUAN in Kiev. In 1930 he published a collection of works in Yiddish. "History of Jews in Russia", in which for the first time publ. a number of ist. documents found in the archives of the USSR, in 1940 published the work “How Jews live in Sov. Union "and" Heb. bunk bed the masses in the struggle against their oppressors ", published the literary critic. work in the alm. "Sovetish" (Moscow), zhurn. "Soviet Literature" (Kiev) and "Outpost" (Birobidzhan). In 1941–45 members. ist. EAK commissions. In 1946 he prepared Art. about ist. based on the play by DR Bergelson "Prince Reuvaini" for scientific. notes of the Cabinet of Jewish Culture at VUAN. In 1949, during the "struggle against cosmopolitanism", he moved to Ryazan, was a professor. local ped. in-that. In the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" published a number of literary scholars. works.
MARGOLIS Alexander Davidovich (b. 1947, Leningrad), historian, ethnographer, public figure. Brother of Y.D. Margolis. Graduated from Novosib. un-t (1971). Since 1972 in Leningrad, he worked at the Museum of the City History (guide, research assistant, head of the city history department). In the 1980s. one of the leaders of the movement for the salvation and revival of memory. history and culture of the city, participant in the development of reconstruction plans ist. center of Leningrad. Since 1990 gen. dir. Fund for the rescue of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Author of works on the history of polit. exile and hard labor of the pre-war period. Russia, the Decembrist Movement, the History of St. Petersburg. Vol .: Memorable Places of the Decembrist Movement in St. Petersburg. L., 1975; Pionerskaya Square. L., 1983 (jointly with B.M. Kirikov).
MARGOLIS Edide (1884, Pustoshka Vitebsk province - 1949), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied language, philosophy, history, literature, was interested in music, painting, theater. He began to write poetry in Hebrew and Russian early. lang. Was a member. Bund. He made his debut in 1904 critical. and publ. Art. In the same year he left for the USA, lived approx. 4 years in New York, where he worked at a haberdashery factory. He published essays, poems and art. in new york. periodic. ed., included in lit. gr. "Di Jung", actively participated in lit. life. In 1908 he returned to Russia, until 1913 he lived in Warsaw, where he published a collection of works. stories and published in periodicals. ed. In 1920–22 he was a comp. in the Jewish department. People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR, then until 1930 - corr. gas. "Der emes". Author of the book: "Derceilungen" ("Stories"), 1909; Fun Gaintiker Zeit (From Our Time), 1912; "Byte shine" ("High Beam"), 1922; "Zvishn frontn" ("Between the fronts"), 1930; "In Smolyarne" ("In the Smolokurna"), 1936; "Let's eat" ("The Peasants"), 1939, etc. M. also owns a number of dramas, works.
MARGOLIS Eva Mikhoelevna (1900, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1985, Moscow), choreographer. Theater, and she studied ballet art at school at the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater (1919–22), at the plastic department of choreography. technical school them. AVLunacharsky (1923–24). In 1930 she graduated from rhythm courses in Moscow. In 1931–35, the teacher-rhythmist of the music. technical school in Saratov. Since 1936, choreographer of the 1st State. nat. Kalmyk t-ra-studio in Elista. In 1937–43 she worked in the region. thin amateur performances. In 1944-60 - assistant to IA Moiseev in the State. ans. bunk bed dance of the USSR. For the first time she generalized and systematized the experience of recording dance, introducing into practice the method of graphic representation of dance figures and compositional structures. For the first time I recorded a bunk bed. dances of the Kalmyks. Author of numerous publ. dance recordings and choreography - ed. book on pl. dances. Vol .: On recording a dance. M., 1950.
MARGOLIS Max Leopold (1866, Merech Troksky district. Vilna province - 1932), philologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1891), prof. (1897). Rod. in the family of Rabbi Yitzhok M. (1842-1887), the author of several. book and Art. in "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Tsefira". He graduated from the Leibniz Gymnasium in Berlin, in 1891 Columbia University. In 1892–97 he taught at Hybru Union College in Cincinnati. In 1897 - 1905 prof. Semitic languages. and lit-ry in California un-those. In 1905–07 he headed the department of biblical exegesis at Hybru Union College. Ch. ed. translation of TANAKH for the Jewish publ. about-va of America. Since 1909 prof. College them. Dropsy in Philadelphia. From 1922 he edited the Journal of the American Oriental Site. The author of the book: "Theological Aspect of Reormatory Judaism" (1904); "Guide to the language of the Babylonian Talmud: grammar, reader and dictionary of technical terms" (1910); The History of Bible Translations (1917, 1943, 1948); "History of the Jewish People" (co-authored with A. Marx) (first edition - 1927, Philadelphia and London, reprinted several times).
MARGOLIS Nakhman-Idel Mikhailovich (1910, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1995, Moscow), design engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). Brother E.M. Margolis. In 1928–31 he studied in Moscow at the State. electric machine-builds. in-those them. Ya.F. Kagan-Shabshaya. In 1930–48, engineer. in Transtekhproekt and Centerpromelektropechi. In 1948–81, leading engineer, leading designer, early. lab. (1954), early. sector (1960) in OKB-12 (since 1964 - Research Institute of Instrumentation). Supervised the development and was directly involved in the creation of complex automatic systems. regulation for objects in aviation and rocketry. Author approx. 35 scientific. tr. and inventions.
MARGOLIS Yuri Davydovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1985), prof. (1987). Brother of A.D. Margolis. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952), taught history in Wed. school in with. Shamordino, Kaluga region, since 1953 - in Leningrad. In 1958-60 he studied in graduate school at the Department of History of the USSR, Leningrad State University under the direction of. S.B. Okunya, then worked there. In 1968 he was dismissed from un-that on charges of non-reporting in the case “Vseros. Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of Peoples ”. In 1968–73 he worked in the department. ch. mechanics at the Cotton Printing Factory them. Vera Slutskaya, wrote the history of the company ("Factory on the seaside". Leningrad, 1973). 1973–76 scientific. sotr. Institute of complex research at LSU. In 1976-80 the head. Department of History of the USSR, Syktyvkar Unta. Since 1980 again on the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Author of works on the history of societies, movement in Russia, historiography, history of St. Petersburg. un-that. Sci. ed. Sat. "On the convict island" (L., 1967), comp. Sat. "Leningrad. un-t in the memoirs of contemporaries "(v. 1–2. L., 1963–83). Cit .: Ist. views of T.G. Shevchenko. L., 1964; T.G. Shevchenko and Petersburg. un-t. L., 1983.
MARGOLIESH (Margaliot) Chaim-Wolf (| - |), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. At the age of 18 he left Russia and several. years he traveled to Germany and Austria-Hungary. In 1879 he graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. In 1870–77 he was a teacher. Since 1878 - rabbi of Dubno, Volyn province. Collaborated in the press, wrote in Hebrew. In 1872 he published "The History of the Jewish People", adopted as a teaching. manuals in Jewish schools. The morals of the Zhytomyr rabbinical school was dedicated. book M. "Zikhroinos Miyamim Avru" ("Memories of the Past Days". Warsaw, 1895). For a monograph on the history of the Dubna Jewish community, published in Warsaw in 1910, M. was awarded the OPE pr. G. Zeitlin.
MARGORIN Evgeny Mikhailovich (1908, Vyazma, Smolensk province. - 1984, Leningrad), anatomist, surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. After the end of the Military-med. Academy in Leningrad (1932) served as a military doctor in Kr. Army. Since 1934, Adjunct of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. anatomy of the VMA. In 1941–45, a neurosurgeon in hospitals in the Karelian and 2nd Ukr. fronts. After the war, he returned to the Navy, where, after the defense of doct. dis. took the position of prof. Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. anatomy. In 1955–82 the head. the same department Leningrad. pediatrician honey. Institute of Science. tr. M. dedicated decomp. sect. Anatomy (one of the authors of the monograph "Surgical Anatomy of the Breast". Leningrad, 1955, awarded the pr. NN Burdenko AMS USSR in 1956), topographic. anatomy, military field surgery, neurosurgery; made a great contribution to the development of age-related anatomy (primarily the anatomy of newborns), etc. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1975) Vol .: Ilya Buyalsky. L., 1948; Protrusion of the brain of a gunshot origin. L., 1953; Operative surgery for children. L., 1960 (et al.); VN Shevkunenko, 1872-1952. L., 1963.
MARGULIES Manuil Sergeevich (1868, Odessa - 1939, Paris), doctor, lawyer, politician. Doctor of Medicine (1897). Graduated from honey. and legal. f-you Mosk. un-that. He was a sworn attorney, vowel of Petrograd. thoughts. Member party of cadets. Was a member of the ed. zhurn. "Lawyer". Ed.-ed. petersburg. gas. The Radical (1906). In 1914-16 one of the hands. Union of cities. Since the 1900s. entered the French. Masonic lodge "Great East", headed the lodge "North Star" in St. Petersburg, founded the lodge "Free Russia". In 1917, comrade before., Before. Centre. military-prom. to-that. After Feb. revolution-tion tried unsuccessfully to organize a radical party and resume gas. "Radical". On Sept. 1917 members Pre-parliament. In 1919 it became part of the North-West. pr-va Yudenich as min. trade, food and plank beds. health. In 1919, after the failure of Yudenich's campaign against Petrograd, he emigrated to France, was a comrade before. Society of Russians in France. In 1923 in Berlin, published articles. "The Year of Intervention." Cit .: Regulation and Free Prostitution. SPb., 1903; Criminal Code March 22, 1903. Explains with article-by-article extracts from. notes and journals. State Advice and detailed subject and comparative indexes. SPb., 1904.
MARGULIS Anatoly Volfovich (b. 1936, Moscow), architect. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works in Moscow: a new building of the Moscow Art Theater on Tverskoy Boulevard (1973, jointly with V.S.Kubasov, V.S.Ulyashov, later awarded by the State Ave. of the USSR); reconstruction of the Colosseum cinema for the Sovremennik shopping mall (1974–76); monument to M.Yu. Lermontov at the Red Gate (1965, jointly with G.E.Saevich and sculptor I.D.Brodsky). Since 1975 - in Canada.
MARGULIS David Lvovich (1914, Skvira, Kiev province. - 1993, Petersburg), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). In Kr. Army since 1932. In 1936 he graduated from art. uch-shche. Com. batteries st. leith. M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle during the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. art. division, regiment, brigade. In 1947 he graduated from the Military Art. academy. Commanded by art. connections. From 1955 - Colonel in the reserve. He was awarded 6 orders.
MARGULIS Grigory Alexandrovich (b. 1946, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1983). Son Izv. methodologist-mathematician A.Ya. Margulis. Graduated from Moscow State University (1967). Since 1969 at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 - at Yale University (USA). research results. in the theory of discrete Lie groups (problems of arithmeticity, proof of Selberg's conjecture (with D.A. Kazhdan, ergodic theory (estimates of the entropy of dynamical systems), information theory, theory of algebraic groups. Member of the American Academy of Sciences and lawsuits) Boston (1992) Fields Ave (1978).
MARGULIS Mikhail Semenovich (1876, Odessa - 1951, Moscow), neuropathologist. Prof. (1918). Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1899) and honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1903). From 1903 onwards. For 25 years he worked in the nerve. departments of the Old Catherine Hospital in Moscow. Since 1918 at the same time. at the chair nerve. diseases of Moscow State University. Since 1931 head. chair nerve. diseases TsIUVa. In 1941–45, Ch. neuropathologist of the evacuation hospital of the Novosibirsk region, then - Art. Inspector neuropathologist to lay down. dep. ex. For the first time in the USSR, he applied the method of contrast radiography in an experiment, with the help of which he proved that there is a communication between the subarachnoid and perineural spaces. Found out a phased distribution of inf. process along the neural pathways. Pointed out the possibility of a viral nature amyotrophic. lateral sclerosis. Described the clinical picture and morphology of multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Author of a monograph on an acute epidemic, and sporadich. encephalitis (1923). Member reign of Vses. and Mosk. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1937). Cit .: Syphilis of the nervous system. M.-L., 1927; Dorsal tabes. M., 1947; Early neurosyphilis. M., 1949.
MARGULIS Usher Yakovlevich (b. 1920, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1971), prof. (1973). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. He worked at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Ministry of Health from 1946, head. lab. (1964–89), leading researcher. sotr. (since 1990). Expert Committee on ecology of the Armed Forces of the RSFSR, State Duma (since 1993), member. Higher. ecologist. Council of Russia (since 1992). Participant in liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Lecturer since 1948 (Central Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, biologist, Faculty of Moscow State University, MEPhI.). Works in the region. radiation safety when using atomic. technology. Developed methods for the individual, dosimetry, control, substantiated the use of arts. radio act. isotopes for flaw detection, gamma therapy and radiation. technology. Radiation systems creator. safety atomic. icebreakers and space missions. aircraft, a new direction of research. aerosol. systems. Author of over 120 scientific. works, 16 books. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1981). Works: Protection against X-rays and gamma rays (jointly with A.V. Bibergal and E.I. Vorobyov). M., 1955; Protection against penetrating radiation. M., 1961; Atom. energy and radiation. safety. M., 1983; Fundamentals of Radiation security. M., 1993 (et al.).
MARGULYAN Arnold Evadevich (1879, Kiev - 1950, Sverdlovsk), conductor. From 1888 he studied violin with A. Fidelman and E. Mlynarskiy, in 1893–97 - conducting with IV Pribik, VI Suk and G. Tsumpe in Odessa. From 1902 he was a conductor of opera troupes in Perm and Yekaterinburg (until 1904), in Kharkov and Kiev (1904–06), in Kiev, Odessa and Tiflis (1909–11). In 1912-22 the conductor of T-ra muses. drama and Nar. at home in St. Petersburg (Petrograd), in 1922–24 - at the Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1927–37 he headed the Kharkov Opera and Ballet and Wok Theater. cl. Kharkov music-drama. in-that. In 1937-50 he worked in Sverdlovsk, from 1942 prof. Sverdlovsk cons. From 1937 ch. conductor and artistic director hands. Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1933), Nar. art. RSFSR (1944). Became. etc. (1946, for the post. op. G. Verdi "Othello").
MARGULYAN Lev Markovich (1903, Old Boiler House of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1943, Kozeletsky district of Chernigov region), Hero of the Soviet Union. In Kr. Army since 1943. Minesweeper, private M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in this battle.
MARIAMPOL, see Marijampole.
MARIENBURG, see Aluksne.
MARIENHAUSEN, see Vilyaka.
MARIINSK (until 1856 - Kiyskoe), a city, a regional center in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1698.Since 1856 - a district, then - a district town of Tomsk province. In 1869, 273 Jews lived in Moscow (342 in the district), in 1884 - 449 (3.2%), in 1897 - 2002 (13.2% ), in 1910 - 2195, in 1918 - 1447 (11.4%), in 1926 - 632, in 1939 - 224 Jews. 1880s there were two synagogues in Moscow, and one in 1893. In the beginning. 20th century prominent role in econom. life of the region was played by merchants Girsh Izrailevich Abramovich, Ruvim Abramovich Butkevich, Shodl Meerovich and Tsinna Girshevna Gurevichi, Itskhok Iudovich Yelyevich, Mikhel Girshevich Itsikson, Idel Ruvimovich Olkhovsky and others, who led the cr. trade and owned a number of evils. mines. Denis Leontyevich Preisman kept a bookstore in M., Leonty Abramovich Yudalevich owned a distillery and a mill. In 1903 delegates from the mountains. Zionist circles and organizations from Moscow took part in the work of the Congress of all Siberian Zionist circles and organizations in Tomsk. In 1905 the stone building of the synagogue was built, with a cut a husband was opened. (in 1902) and wives. Jewish schools (trustee - D.Z. Kheifets). The rabbi was Abram Isaevich Axelrod. In 1910, M. had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Since 1916, Yankel-Shmul Meerovich Golubchik (1881, Gorodets - 1938) was the rabbi in Moscow. Zionist to-t, Jewish children came out. zhurn. "Gahover gatsoir". In 1920, an infirmary was opened in M. Jewish Mariinsky community. In 1933 the synagogue in Moscow was closed. Emmanuil Moiseevich Senderson (1906–1974), geologist, Dr. Geol.-Mineralogical. Sciences (1968), leading specialist in the region. geology of coal-bearing basins Zap. Siberia.
MARIINSKY POSAD (until 1856 - Sundyr), city, regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century like a village. Since 1856 - the city of Cheboksary u. Kazan province. In 1910, 1 Jew lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 8 Jews.
MARINGOF Ilya Davydovich (1881, Vitebsk - 1919), politician. In 1900-04 he served in the army. From 1904 he lived in Nikolaev, where he joined the RSDLP (Bolshevik). For participation in the roar. In the events of 1905 he was arrested, until the end of 1906 he was held in the Kherson convict prison. After his release - in an illegal position. In 1912 he emigrated to Switzerland, left the Bolsheviks, and joined the Social-Democrats in common with the "liquidators". org-tion, became close to L.D. Trotsky. In the beginning. 1st world. war member. and secret. combined, out of fractions. groups of social-democratic internationalists. In apr. 1917 returned to Russia through the territory of Germany together with V. I. Lenin and other socialists. In Petrograd, he joined the group of Social-Democratic "amalgamators", advocated the unity of the RSDLP. After the July events of 1917 - a Bolshevik. Led a roar. work in Nikolaev, Moscow. In the summer of 1918 - in Kr. Army in the East. front. In 1919 he was sent by the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR to Odessa for conspiratorial work among the British soldiers. and French. troops. Killed during a peasant anti-Bolshevik. uprising (torn to pieces by the crowd) in the Kherson province.
MARINICHI, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Marenicheni province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 25 Jews lived in Moscow. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops at the beginning. July 1941 Jews from M. were deported to Transnistria.
MARININ, a village in the Bereznovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1577. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, approx. 60 Jews in the 19th century. Jews belonged to several. shops and workshops. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of M. was destroyed; some of the Jewish men went to the partisans. connection of S.A. Kovpak.
MARINOPOL (until 1939 - Mariampol), a village in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - a place in the Galician land of the Russian Voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Stanislavsky powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 229 Jews lived in Moscow and its environs, in 1880 in Moscow - 663 (51%), in 1900 - 525 (28 %), in 1910 - approx. 1000, in 1921 - 241 Jews (25.6%) Jews have lived in M. since its foundation. In the 2nd floor. 18th century was created by itself. community. A Jewish school was opened in 1785. In 1851–57, the rabbi of M. was Eliezer Horowitz (? –1869, Rogatin), in 1857–1905 - his son Efroim-Fishel, in 1905–13 - the grandson of Moishe Horowitz. Since 1913, the head of the rabbinical court in M. was Chaim-Zvi Oberstot. The Talmud Torah was opened in Moscow in 1906. During a pogrom in the fall of 1920, three Jews were killed in Moscow. In 1927, a mutual assistance fund was set up in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s. M. was rabbi Gershon Vogelman, in 1929–42 - Zeev-Wolf Geler (? –1942). In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. Later, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1942, apprx. Was sent to be shot in Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk). 150 Jews, 6 Jews were killed in M.
MARINOV Yakov (1869, Serniki of Pinsky district of Minsk province - 1964), poet, publicist. At 13 he was a blacksmith. He moved with his parents to Odessa, worked as a tailor. From 1891 - in London, where he became close to the socialists. Since 1893 - in the USA. Debuted verse. into gas. Emes (Boston) in 1895. He published poetry in gas. Arbeiter Zeitung and Forverts. In 1909 he founded, together with I. Tunkel, J. Adler and G. Hurwitz humorous. zhurn. Der Groiser Kundes, and for 19 years was his editor. In addition to own. humorous. and satirical. manuf., under ps. Yankele published a three-volume anthology "Humor and Satire". Author Sat. verse. Shpil un Kamph (Game and Struggle), 1938; World of Well Zain (We Will), 1944; "Stark un munter" ("Strong and cheerful"), 1947.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МАРИУПОЛЬ (в 1948–89 – Жданов), город, районный центр в Донецкой обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1779. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Екатеринославской губ. В 1920–23 – в Донецкой губ., в 1923–30 – окружной центр.В 1847 в М. проживало 111 евреев, в 1857 – 251, в 1867 – 393, в 1897 – 5013 (16,1%), в 1910 – 5549, в 1923 – 6403, в 1926 – 7332 (17,4%), в 1939 – 10 944 (4,7%), в 1959 – ок. 3400 (ок. 1,2%), в 1970 – ок. 3400 (ок. 0,8%), в 1979 – ок. 3200 евреев (ок. 0,6%).До 1859 в М. разрешено было селиться только грекам, однако уже в нач. 19 в. в М. проживало неск. евреев-мещан; позднее евреи числились как иногородние, живущие на промыслах. После 1859 численность евреев неуклонно росла, осн. занятиями еврейского населения становятся ремесла, торговля, предпринимательство; евреям принадлежали мельницы, мыловаренный и черепичный з-ды, шорная и конфетная ф-ки, з-д с.-х. машин Сойфера (осн. в 1889, ныне з-д технологич. оборудования), работала типография Соломона Горелика. Большинство аптекарей и врачей в М. были евреями (наиб. известны первый сан. врач города Берко Мордухович Гуревич, земский врач Иосиф Исаакович Шимкин и др.).В 1864 по инициативе ремесленника Абрама Фреймана была сооружена первая синагога (разрушена в период Катастрофы), благоустройству к-рой способствовал Лазарь Самойлович (отец Р.Л.Самойловича). С 1870 раввином в М. был Яков Эпштейн (1838–?), в 1916–22 – Ицхок Косовский (1878–1951). В 1882 по инициативе И.И.Авербаха (отец М.И.Авербаха) была построена хоральная синагога (ул. Георгиевская, 16; ныне на месте здания – руины), позднее воздвигнуты синагоги на Николаевской ул. (здание сохранилось), Митрополитской и Итальянской ул. (обе разрушены). В 1882 открыто еврейское кладбище.В 1898 Абрам Гусинский и его жена Малка Зеликман организовали с.-д. кружок на з-дах «Никополь» и «Провиданс». В нач. 20 в. создана орг-ция Бунда. В 1902 в М. была основана еврейская больница с бесплатной амбулаторией. Действовало «Об-во пособия бедным евреям» (пред. – М.Трегубов).20–22 окт. 1905 в М. произошел погром, жертвами к-рого стали 22 чел. (похоронены в братской могиле на еврейском кладбище). В том же году был создан отряд самообороны.В 1910 в М. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 построено здание для жен. еврейской школы; имелись об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора. Евреям принадлежали 2 аптеки, 5 аптечных складов, единств. электротехн. контора, 2 техн. конторы, фотомастерская, парикмахерская, 3 булочные и кондитерские, меблированные комнаты и ок. 80 магазинов и лавок (в т. ч. 2 ювелирных, 7 мануфактурных). Среди евреев было 2 портных. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1916 в М. работали об-во пособия бедным евреям г. Мариуполя, школа-очаг, Гродненское ремесл. уч-ще. Уездным раввином был Иосиф Моисеевич Грунин.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 сформировалась орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1919 в М. произошел погром. В 1920-х гг. в М. работала еврейская б-ка. В 1922 в Мариупольском у. было ок. 2 тыс. евреев-земледельцев. В 1926 были произведены аресты членов «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1920–30-х гг. действовала школа с преподаванием на идише. Евреи занимали видные посты в городе: А.Г.Дисконтов был 1-м секр. горкома КП(б)У, в М. работали Я.С.Гугель и В.Э.Дымшиц.8 окт. 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта. 18 окт. 1941 евреи (более 8 тыс. чел.) были собраны в одном здании, 20 окт. 1941 их вывезли в р-н пос. Агробаза (в 10 км от М.) и расстреляли в противотанк. рву. Всего в 1941 в М. было расстреляно ок. 10 тыс. евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. Дир. «Азовстали» был П.И.Коган, местный филиал ин-та «Гипромез» возглавлял Р.Д.Чарфас. В 1949 при содействии руководства «Азовстали» на месте массовых расстрелов установлен обелиск, в 1998 воздвигнут мемориал.В 1992 в М. создано еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во (рук. – М.Н.Грамм, затем А.М.Чудновский), в 1993 восстановлена синагога на Харлампиевской ул. В 1996 издана книга Льва Давидовича Яруцкого (р. 1931, Вертюжаны) «Евреи Приазовья», где представлена, в частности, история евреев М.В М. род.: М.И.Авербах, А.О.Гинзбург, К.Г.Житомирский, Ф.Д.Кривин, Л.Д.Луков, З.И.Плавскин, К.Л.Раскин, А.М.Резниковский, М.Саяров; Александр Наумович Амитон (1911–1969), скрипач, лауреат Всесоюз. конкурса скрипачей (1937), зав. кафедрой струн. инструментов Ростовского муз.-педагогич. ин-та, проф. (1951), засл. арт. БССР (1940); Борис Вениаминович Гиммельфарб (1883–?), критик, историк лит-ры, переводчик, в 1918 – зав. иностр. отд. Бюро печати при Совнаркоме, переводил произв. В.Гюго, Ч.Диккенса, Э.Золя; Александр Самойлович Лейн (1906–1941), театр. режиссер, один из основателей Харьковского т-ра рабочей молодежи, в 1940–41 – режиссер Гос. акад. т-ра оперы и балета во Львове., pronunciation=МАРИУПОЛЬ (в 1948–89 – Жданов), город, районный центр в Донецкой обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1779. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Екатеринославской губ. В 1920–23 – в Донецкой губ., в 1923–30 – окружной центр.В 1847 в М. проживало 111 евреев, в 1857 – 251, в 1867 – 393, в 1897 – 5013 (16,1%), в 1910 – 5549, в 1923 – 6403, в 1926 – 7332 (17,4%), в 1939 – 10 944 (4,7%), в 1959 – ок. 3400 (ок. 1,2%), в 1970 – ок. 3400 (ок. 0,8%), в 1979 – ок. 3200 евреев (ок. 0,6%).До 1859 в М. разрешено было селиться только грекам, однако уже в нач. 19 в. в М. проживало неск. евреев-мещан; позднее евреи числились как иногородние, живущие на промыслах. После 1859 численность евреев неуклонно росла, осн. занятиями еврейского населения становятся ремесла, торговля, предпринимательство; евреям принадлежали мельницы, мыловаренный и черепичный з-ды, шорная и конфетная ф-ки, з-д с.-х. машин Сойфера (осн. в 1889, ныне з-д технологич. оборудования), работала типография Соломона Горелика. Большинство аптекарей и врачей в М. были евреями (наиб. известны первый сан. врач города Берко Мордухович Гуревич, земский врач Иосиф Исаакович Шимкин и др.).В 1864 по инициативе ремесленника Абрама Фреймана была сооружена первая синагога (разрушена в период Катастрофы), благоустройству к-рой способствовал Лазарь Самойлович (отец Р.Л.Самойловича). С 1870 раввином в М. был Яков Эпштейн (1838–?), в 1916–22 – Ицхок Косовский (1878–1951). В 1882 по инициативе И.И.Авербаха (отец М.И.Авербаха) была построена хоральная синагога (ул. Георгиевская, 16; ныне на месте здания – руины), позднее воздвигнуты синагоги на Николаевской ул. (здание сохранилось), Митрополитской и Итальянской ул. (обе разрушены). В 1882 открыто еврейское кладбище.В 1898 Абрам Гусинский и его жена Малка Зеликман организовали с.-д. кружок на з-дах «Никополь» и «Провиданс». В нач. 20 в. создана орг-ция Бунда. В 1902 в М. была основана еврейская больница с бесплатной амбулаторией. Действовало «Об-во пособия бедным евреям» (пред. – М.Трегубов).20–22 окт. 1905 в М. произошел погром, жертвами к-рого стали 22 чел. (похоронены в братской могиле на еврейском кладбище). В том же году был создан отряд самообороны.В 1910 в М. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 построено здание для жен. еврейской школы; имелись об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора. Евреям принадлежали 2 аптеки, 5 аптечных складов, единств. электротехн. контора, 2 техн. конторы, фотомастерская, парикмахерская, 3 булочные и кондитерские, меблированные комнаты и ок. 80 магазинов и лавок (в т. ч. 2 ювелирных, 7 мануфактурных). Среди евреев было 2 портных. В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1916 в М. работали об-во пособия бедным евреям г. Мариуполя, школа-очаг, Гродненское ремесл. уч-ще. Уездным раввином был Иосиф Моисеевич Грунин.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 сформировалась орг-ция «Поалей Цион». В 1919 в М. произошел погром. В 1920-х гг. в М. работала еврейская б-ка. В 1922 в Мариупольском у. было ок. 2 тыс. евреев-земледельцев. В 1926 были произведены аресты членов «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1920–30-х гг. действовала школа с преподаванием на идише. Евреи занимали видные посты в городе: А.Г.Дисконтов был 1-м секр. горкома КП(б)У, в М. работали Я.С.Гугель и В.Э.Дымшиц.8 окт. 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта. 18 окт. 1941 евреи (более 8 тыс. чел.) были собраны в одном здании, 20 окт. 1941 их вывезли в р-н пос. Агробаза (в 10 км от М.) и расстреляли в противотанк. рву. Всего в 1941 в М. было расстреляно ок. 10 тыс. евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. Дир. «Азовстали» был П.И.Коган, местный филиал ин-та «Гипромез» возглавлял Р.Д.Чарфас. В 1949 при содействии руководства «Азовстали» на месте массовых расстрелов установлен обелиск, в 1998 воздвигнут мемориал.В 1992 в М. создано еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во (рук. – М.Н.Грамм, затем А.М.Чудновский), в 1993 восстановлена синагога на Харлампиевской ул. В 1996 издана книга Льва Давидовича Яруцкого (р. 1931, Вертюжаны) «Евреи Приазовья», где представлена, в частности, история евреев М.В М. род.: М.И.Авербах, А.О.Гинзбург, К.Г.Житомирский, Ф.Д.Кривин, Л.Д.Луков, З.И.Плавскин, К.Л.Раскин, А.М.Резниковский, М.Саяров; Александр Наумович Амитон (1911–1969), скрипач, лауреат Всесоюз. конкурса скрипачей (1937), зав. кафедрой струн. инструментов Ростовского муз.-педагогич. ин-та, проф. (1951), засл. арт. БССР (1940); Борис Вениаминович Гиммельфарб (1883–?), критик, историк лит-ры, переводчик, в 1918 – зав. иностр. отд. Бюро печати при Совнаркоме, переводил произв. В.Гюго, Ч.Диккенса, Э.Золя; Александр Самойлович Лейн (1906–1941), театр. режиссер, один из основателей Харьковского т-ра рабочей молодежи, в 1940–41 – режиссер Гос. акад. т-ра оперы и балета во Львове., extra_data="{'translat...")
MARIAMPOLE (1955–90 - Kapsukas), city, center of the county (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1758. In 1792 he received the Magdeburg Law. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1817 - the county town of Mariampol Avgustovskaya, from 1866 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 347 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1827 - 1157 (66%), in 1856 - 2853 (82%), in 1861 - 3015 (81 %), in 1897 - 3268 (48%), in 1913 - approx. 5000, in 1923 - 2545 (27%), in 1940 - approx. 2,800 Jews (18%) Jews have lived in Moscow since the 18th century. Main spheres of economic. activity of Jews in Moscow in the 19th century. - crafts and trade. Several Jews were engaged with. x-vom. The first rabbi of M. in 1780-1820 was Chaim Pearluther (Sharshover), in 1865-72 - his son-in-law Yehuda-Leib Harlap, then - Shloymo-Zallian Gordon (? –1879), in 1879–87 - Yonatan Eliasberg, then - Azriel -Arye Rakovsky (? –1894), in 1894–1910 - Eliyahu Klyachkin (1852–?). From the beginning. In the 1880s, Palestinophile circles were active in Moscow, and Zionist circles began in 1897. From the beginning. 1900s a branch of the Bund functioned. In the beginning. 20th century There were 3 synagogues in M., "Gmilus Hesed", "Linas ha-Tzedek", "Soimekh noflim" (from 1876), and "Bikur Hoylim" (from 1892). There was a Jewish private school of the 3rd category (owner - E. Rosenthal), heder matukan. In 1911–15, Yakov-Meir Kravachinsky was a rabbi. During the 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews were expelled from M. In 1915, the trial of Yakov Gershonovich and his son Chaim, accused of helping the Germans, was held in M. army. Court. found them guilty (released after February 1917). In 1919, a grammar school was founded in Moscow with teaching in Hebrew. In 1921, the First Congress of Lithuanian Hebrew Teachers was held in Moscow. Schools of the Tarbut and Yavne network operated, children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1931, out of 146 stores in M., 121 belonged to Jews. Jews owned 26 out of 54 workshops. The Jewish plank was in operation. a bank and a branch of the "Credit Cooperation for Jewish Farmers". In 1934, agricultural was opened in Moscow for young Jewish refugees from Germany. school, later for refugees from Germany and Czechoslovakia - courses by prof. preparation of the ORT network. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s, the rabbi of M. was Avrom-Doiv Popel (? -1923), from 1923 - Avrom-Zeev Geler (? -1941). The Rabbinical Court was headed by Shloymo-Pinhas Butnitsky (? –1932). There were six synagogues in Moscow. On June 23, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 1 Sep 1941 in Moscow, apprx. 8 thousand Jews. After 1945 a memorial sign was erected at the place of execution in Moscow. In 1992, a new memorial sign was installed with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. lang. At the same time, a memorial sign was installed on the site of the former. Jewish cemetery with inscriptions in Hebrew and lit. Yaz.B M. genus: S.Kh. Peltyn; Baruch Ben-Yehuda (Leibovich) (1894-1990), Doctor of Philosophy, gene. dir. Ministry of Education of Israel, State. Israel Ave (1979).
MARIANKA DE SUS (until 1991 - Verkhnyaya Mariyanovka), a village in Tiginsky u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Maryanovka Bolshaya Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. In July 1941, approx. 140 Jews.
MARIYANOVO, see Vilyaka.
MARYIVKA, see Maryinka.
MARINA GORKA, city (since 1955) in Pukhovichi district of Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In 1939, 786 Jews lived in MG. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in MG. On Sept. 1941 Jews M.G. (1260 people) were shot. After the re-evacuation in 1944, most of MG's Jews moved to Minsk, and in 1966 an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution.
MARINKA, city (since 1977), regional center in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1840s. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Maryevka Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 23 Feb. 1942 in M. 50 Jews were shot, including refugees from the West. Ukraine.
MARINSKAYA, a village in the Kirov district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk region in August. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 43 evacuated Jews were shot in Moscow.
MARIAN David Samoilovich (1892, Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1937, Moscow), film director, screenwriter. In 1914 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. During the 1st world. During the war, he served in the army, then worked as a lawyer. From 1925 a screenwriter, from 1930 dir. to / st "Ukrainfilm" (Kiev), then to / st "Moskinokombinat" (now "Mosfilm"). VGIK teacher. Author and co-author of a number of scripts: "Cement" (1927), "Pilot and Girl" (1929), "Life in Hands" (1930), "Dreamers" (1934), etc. Dir. f. Life in Hands (1931), Dreamers (1934) and In the Far East (1937).
MARIANOVKA, a village in the Ostrog district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. Among the main. trade and crafts (leather, shoemaking) predominated. In 1916, 4 Jews were deported from Moscow to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, the Jews of M. were deported to the Ostrog ghetto and subsequently shot together with local Jews.
MARIANOVKA BIG, see Mariyanka de Sousse.
MARIANOVSKY Mark G. (1889, Riga - 1944, Buchenwald), composer. Graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in St. Petersburg. He worked as an engineer in Riga. The author of melodies pl. songs performed by P.K. Leshchenko.
MARIANOVSKY Moisey Froimovich (b. 1919, Novy Bug Kherson district and province - 2005, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1940. In 1941 he graduated from the Gorky military-political. uch-shche. Deputy com. battalion tank. brigade captain M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the skillful leadership of the battalion and the courage shown in the battle during the liberation of Belarus. Since 1945 Major M. retired. In 1951 he graduated from history. Faculty of Moscow State University. Cand. ist. Sciences (1955), Assoc. MEI. From the beginning. 1990s - prev. Interregional Union of Disabled Jews and War Veterans. He was awarded 7 orders.
MARYASIN Lev Efimovich (1894 - 1938), politician. Roar. started his activity in 1910, worked among students, then in the army. Member of the RSDLP since 1915. During the Civil. war (1918–20) early. General education of the RSFSR. In 1920–23 at the desk. work in Voronezh and Orel (secretary of the provincial committee of the RCP (b). Chairman of the Board, since 1934 Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR, Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR, member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR In 1936 he was arrested.
MARK Aron (1904, Lomza - 1938, ibid.), Literary critic, translator. Brother B. Mark. He graduated from a Polish gymnasium, studied at Warsaw University, participated in a Jewish slave. movement. In 1924–25 he taught at a gymnasium in Bialystok, from 1927 he worked as a teacher of Yiddish and literature at the Vilna real gymnasium. He made his poetry debut in 1923. He published literary criticism. Art., stories and poems in the Bialystok gas. "Unzer Lebn" and other periodicals. ed. Processed for the school and published a number of works. Jewish writers (Mendele Moikher-Sforim, I.L. Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, G. Leivik). He translated the books into Yiddish: "Jean Crietof" by R. Rolland, "Thirty-year-old woman" by O. Balzac, "Les Miserables" by V. Hugo, poems by S. Baudelaire, P. Verlaine, and other poets. Prepared and published The Complete Polish-Yiddish Dictionary.
MARK Ber (1908, Lomza - 1966, Warsaw), historian, literary critic. Brother A. Mark. From school years he participated in the Polish communist. movement. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University (1931), taught at private gymnasiums in Warsaw, later was engaged in journalism, worked in gas. "Der moment". In nov. 1939 fled to Bialystok, to the territory occupied by Kr. Army. In 1940–41 scientific. sotr. Jewish section at the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. In 1941 he was evacuated to the Urals, until 1943 he lived in Kuibyshev, worked at the EAK. In 1946 he returned to Poland, was a member. prez. Central Committee of the Union of Polish Jews, before. Jewish Union of Writers, from 1949 Dir. Jewish ist. Institute in Warsaw, since 1954 prof. history of Warsaw University, member. Polish AN Lit. activity began in 1926 Art. about Jewish literature in periodical. press of Bialystok, until 1939 was published in many. Jewish periodicals ed., was included in the ed. almost all illegal communist. ed. Later he was published in the Jewish press in Poland, the USSR and other countries. The author of the book. in Yiddish: “The history of the Polish slave. Movement ”(1936),“ History of Social Movements in Poland ”(vols. 1–2, 1938–39):“ Uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto ”(1947),“ Book of Courage ”(1947, about the Warsaw Ghetto),“ Jewish Tragedy in Polish Literature "(1950)," Uprising in the Bialystok Ghetto "(1950)," Writers Who Died in the Ghettos and Camps "(1954)," History of Jews in Poland "(vols. 1-4, 1955-58) ...
MARK Yakov-Yehuda (1856, Palanga, Vilna province - 1929, New York), publicist. Lit. began his activity in 1874, was published in the Hebrew language. into gas. "Ha-Magid", "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", as well as periodically. ed. Yiddish. In tech. For 35 years he conducted in the form of letters in Hebrew, Rus. and it. lang. accountant, courses. Since 1920 - in the USA. In 1927, the book was published. M. "Gdoilim fununzer Zeit" ("Great people of our time"), which included stories about outstanding rabbis, educators and other outstanding personalities.
MARK Yudl (1897, Palanga, Vilna province - 1975, New York), linguist, publicist. Until 1911 he studied in Russian. school and with private teachers, then at the gymnasium in Vilna. In 1915 he entered the History of Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that, was a member. Folkspartay. In the end. 1918 settled in Liepaja, organized a branch "Folksparty". In 1923, gen. sec. Jewish nat. Council of the Lithuanian Rep., secretary and vice president. "Folksparty" of Lithuania. He founded the first Jewish real gymnasium in Ukmerg, where he taught Yiddish, Russian. lang. and there was a deer. (1920–24). In 1927–30 he was a teacher of Yiddish and Jewish literature at the Riga Jewish gymnasium and a teacher of Yiddish. courses. From 1930 - Ch. ed. gas. "Folksblat" (Kaunas), from 1935 worked in a commercial. gymnasiums in Kaunas. M. - one of the founders (1925) and director. (from 1929) IVO. Since 1936 - in the USA. activity began in 1921. Published in decomp. Jewish period, ed. In 1923–24 sotr. zhurn. "Dos Nae Lebn". Translated rum into Yiddish. E.-M. Remark "All Quiet on the Western Front" and other books. From 1930 he published research. by language Yiddish and Jewish literature in the collection "IVO-Bleter". In 1941–68 ed. "Yiddish Shprah" (IVO organ). In the 1960s. supervised the work on the "Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language". Since 1970 - in Israel. Author pl. uch. language manuals. Yiddish: "Shul-grammar" ("School grammar", 1921), "Grammar fun der Yidisher shprah" ("Grammar of the Yiddish language", 1978), as well as a number of other works: "Der Yidisher poypst" ("Jewish Pope Roman ", 1946)," Istorishe gestaltn "(" Historical images ", 1957).
MARKHLEVSK, see Dovbysh.
MARKISH Peretz Davidovich (1895, Polonnoe, Volyn province - 1952, Moscow), poet, writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. After leaving home, he lived in Berdichev, Odessa, Moldova. Until the age of 13, he was a cantor's chorister, later - a bank clerk, a home teacher. Studied at Nar. un-those them. A.L. Shanyavsky. In the beginning. 1st world. war in the army, participated in battles, in the end. 1916 was shell-shocked. Demobilized, he came to Yekaterinoslav to his parents. In 1917 he made his debut verse. in Yiddish in Yekaterinoslavskaya gas. Der Kaempfer. In 1918 publ. the poem "Volyn", which brought fame. First poem. Sat. M. "Shveln" ("Thresholds") was published in Kiev in 1919. In the same year in Yekaterinoslav there were published. book "Pust un pas" ("Restless"), "Shtiferish" ("Prank") and others. In 1921 M. arrived in Warsaw, where he released several. poetic. collection of books ("Radio" and others), in which grief and despair are expressed in connection with the Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. Along with the verse, he published Art. and reviews in Jewish periodicals. ed., including in Moscow. zhurn. "Shtrom". In 1922–23 he visited France, Great Britain, Germany, E.-I., Spain and other countries. Returning to Poland, he becomes one of the founders of every month. "Literary Bleter", where he published art. by lit. problems. In the end. 1926 M. arrived in the USSR, settled first in Kharkov, then in Moscow. In 1929, the first part of rum came out. "Dor oys, dor ain" ("From century to century"), the poem "Bridsr" ("Brothers") and collection of works. verse. "Farklepte Dial" ("Sealed Dials"), in 1931 a poem about Jewish farmers "Nit Gedayget" ("Cheer up"), in 1935 - the poem "Dem balegufs toit" ("Thistle"), in 1937 - the poem "Oifgang oifn Dnieper "(" Dawn over the Dnieper "). The play "The Ova-Dis Family" (1938), staged in most of the Jewish theaters of the USSR, enjoyed great success. In 1939 M. was awarded an order. Lenin. In May 1941 in Russian. in Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, the play "Kol Nidre" was staged. In 1941–45 Moscow. GOSET put on ectakli: "Oath", "Eye for an Eye", "Forest Brothers", "Uprising in the Ghetto" and others. M. was a member of the leadership of the EAK, was a member. editorial board and the author of the gas. Einikite. In 1948, the publishing house "Der Emes" published M.'s poem "Milkhome" ("War"). The last man. M. was rum. "Trot fund doires" ("The step of generations"), published by poem, in 1966. In 1949 he was arrested. Shot. Son M. - Shimon (Simon) (1931, Baku - 2003, Geneva), literary historian, translator. Prof. un-that in Geneva. Specializes in issues. Russian-Jewish liter. The author of the book. about E. Rotterdam, Homer, VS Grossman and others. In 1991–93 he published (with E. Finkelstein) "Jewish Journal". Son M. - David (b. 1938, Moscow), writer. Since 1972 - in Israel. Author pl. stories and novels. Translated into Russian. lang. verse. M. Since 1993, he headed the service of communication with the media in Russian. lang. at prime min. Israel.
MARKMAN Alexander Lvovich (1891, Nikolaev - 1979, Kalinin), process engineer, organizer of the margarine industry. Dr. chem. Sciences (1953), prof. (1954). Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1914). In 1914-18 he worked at chem. s-de in Petrograd. In 1918–44 on hand. positions at the enterprises of the oil and fat industry. Since 1921 at the same time. taught at Moscow. technical school food. prom-sti (1921–23), Kuban agricultural in-those (1923–25, 1928–30), Moscow Art Institute (1930–32), Krasnodar Institute of Fat Industry (1939–42). In 1944–69 the head. Department of Analytic. chemistry of the Central Asian Polytechnic, in-that in Tashkent and simultaneously. in 1958–69 head. lab. chemistry of fats Ying-that chemistry of vegetable substances of the Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR. Since 1969 head. Department of organic chemistry Polytechnic. Institute in Kalinin. tr. in the region. chemistry and technology of fats, as well as organic polarography. conn. in analytic. chemistry. Developed original technologies. schemes for the processing of oilseeds, separation of mixtures of fatty to-t. He proposed a method for the determination and purification of gossypol. Author of projects for hydrogenation and margarine plants, more than 400 scientific. works. Honored. Scientist and Technologist of the Uzbek SSR, Works: Technology of Fats. M.-L., 1932 (jointly with B.N. Tyutyunnikov); Fundamentals of designing enterprises of the fat-and-oil industry. M., 1952; Lipid chemistry. Issue 1-2. Tashkent, 1963; Hydrogenation of fats. Tashkent, 1979 (with A.I. Glushenkova).
Isaak Yulievich MARKON (Itskhok-Dov-Ber) (1875, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl province. - 1949, London), historian, literary critic, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the East. branch and legal. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1901). In the beginning. 1900s continued his studies at the University of Berlin and the rabbinical seminary. Upon his return to Russia he served as a librarian of the department. Hebraic Studies Imp. Publ. libraries (Petersburg). In 1907 he founded a Jewish scholar in St. Petersburg. zhurn. "Ha-Kedem" (published before 1909). M. - one of the founders (1908) of the Courses of Oriental Studies D.G. Gintsburg, member. ped. advice; lectured on the history of Jewish literature and the history of the Karaites, taught the course "Apocrypha and pseudo-epigraphs." In 1908, together with Gunzburg, he published the collection. in honor of prof. A.Ya.Garkavi, also participated in the preparation of the "Jewish Encyclopedia". Since 1911 - member. Of the Academic Council of the Min-va Nar. education. Sec. Semitic section East. about-va at Petersburg. un-those, d. h. Rus. archeol. about-va, chl. to-that ORT, deputy. prev. Society of Hebrew Lovers, Chl. OPE Library Commission, one of the founders of the Maahol kosher charitable student canteen. Mn. years M. was the head of St. Petersburg. choral synagogue. In 1917 - member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Jewish community, one of the founders of the "Netzah Israel" party. In 1918, members. commission for convening a congress of representatives of the Jewish communities of Russia in Moscow. In 1920–22 he taught at Petrograd. un-those, then prof. oriental studies in Minsk University. In 1926 he emigrated to Latvia, then to Germany, where he taught a course on ancient Jewish history at the rabbinical school of A. Hildesheimer. In 1929–33, ch. librarian of the Jewish community of Hamburg. In the end. 1938 Exiled to the Netherlands by the Nazis. From 1940 - in Great Britain, he worked at Montefiore College (Ramsgate). Author pl. scientific. tr. on ancient Jewish history, history of the Karaites, Art. about Wed-century. Jewish poetry, etc.
MARCON Chaim-Leib (1848, Vilna - 1909), journalist. From 1880 to 1881 he edited every month. zhurn. in Hebrew "Ha-Karmel". Published in decomp. periodic. ed. in Hebrew. In 1881 he published comments on the book. psalms.
MARKOV Albert Alexandrovich (b. 1933, Kharkov), violinist, teacher, composer, conductor. In 1957 he graduated from Moscow. state music-ped. in-t them. Gnesin, in 1960 graduate school in class. Yu.I. Yankelevich. Since [[]] 1960 he taught there. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1959), 4th Ave. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). In 1960–75, he led class. violins in Music ped. in-those them. Gnesins. Since 1975 - in the USA. Works at the Manhattan Muses. school, tours a lot; performed with K.P. Kondrashin, N.G. Rakhlin, K. Zanderling and others. M. - the author of the Chamber Symphony, op. for violin (concert, suites "Formosa", "Young David"), three rhapsodies, etc. Author of innovative methodological works. works in the region. violin performance. Hood. hands. and conductor of chamber orcs. Rondo (USA) and Kinor David (Israel).
Markovich Isaak Moiseevich (1901, Vitebsk - 1974, Moscow), specialist in the field of energy. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946), prof. Graduated from Moscow Higher Technical School (1928). He worked in the Mosenergo system, then in 1956–74 in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. At the same time. taught at MPEI. Contributed to the research. operating modes of long-distance AC power transmission; to increase their throughput, he proposed a scheme for switching on longitudinal capacitive compensation, which was first applied in 1957 on the Kuibyshev-Moscow power line with a voltage of 400 kW (later 500 kW). Created math. models for optimizing the development of power systems and their interconnection. Author of scientific. tr., including monographs. Vol .: Power systems and their modes. M.-L., 1952.
MARKOVICH Lev Zakharovich (1867 - after 1918), journalist, publisher. Electrical engineer by education. Began to publish in 1904, from 1907 publ. in the journal. "New Book", "Education", "Modern World". In 1905 he took part in the creation. publishing house "Golos", in which he released three books: "Strikes of workers in the West. Europe ”,“ War and its future ”,“ Human and civil rights ”. Author tr. "Aeronautics, its past and present." In 1911-13 joint. with D.A. Chernomordikov founded and directed the publishing house. t-vom "Chronos". After 1917 the Mensheviks took an active part in the activities. published. dep. Skobelevsky complex.
MARKOVICHI, a village in the Lokachinsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1899, 11 Jews lived in Moscow, and in 1926 - 5 Jews.
MARKOVKA, a village in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1784. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1856 6 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 32 Jews, in 1910 - 8 Jews. In 1905, the Jews of Moscow suffered from pogroms.
MARKOVO, a village in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 8 Jews were killed in M.
MARKS (until 1920 - Baronsk, other names - Yekaterinenstadt, until 1941 - Marksstadt), a city (from 1918), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1765. In 19 - early. 20th century - it. colony and pier on the Volga of Nikolaevsky u. Samara lips. In 1922–41 - in the Germans of the Volga region of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Moscow. In 1941–42, the number of the Jewish population of Moscow increased due to the evacuation of the prom. pr-ty from Moscow and Leningrad (modern. St. Petersburg), as well as the arrival of refugees from the West. districts of the USSR. After 1943 founded. the mass of Jews re-evacuated, the rest migrated, Ch. arr., in Saratov. 1999 there was a Jewish population in M.
MARCULESTI, see Marculesti.
MARKUS Baruch (1870, Retovo Rossiensky u. Kovno province - 1961, Haifa), rabbi. One of the founders of the Musar movement in Lithuania. From the end. 1890s - in E.-I. He taught at the Toras Chaim yeshiva, founded and headed the Or Khadash yeshiva (Jerusalem). In 1906–61 - Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Haifa. The first head of the Rabbinical Court of Haifa, Ch. Ch. Rabbinate of Israel, hon. prez. branches of the Mizrahi movement in Haifa. The author of the book. "Amrey Baruch" (Haifa, 1930), containing a commentary on the Torah, the author's responses and speeches.
MARCUS Peisakh (1896, Vizhainy of Suwalki district and province - 1973, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Lit. activity began with stories in the kovno gas. "Di Yiddish Shtime" in 1918; later it was co-worker. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1928-29 he published in New York Gas. "Freigite" rum. "A folk vert gebeurn" ("The people are born"), in 1935 - "Der American goylem" ("American golem") and other works. From 1948 he collaborated in gas. "Tog", where, in addition to stories and essays, publ. rum. Der Vilner goen (Vilna Gaon, 1949–50, separate ed. - 1952), Der Mecubl Fun Lite (Mystic from Lithuania, 1957). In the journal. "Yiddish Cultures" publ. rum. "Tsvishn idn" ("Among the Jews") and other works.
MARKUSHI, a village in the Berdichevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Makhnovsky u. Kiev province. In 1856 6 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 45 Jews, in 1926 - more than 60 Jews. In the summer of 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Moscow. 1941 Jews of M. were shot.
MARKUSHOV, see Markushuv.
MARKUSHUV, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a city, then a town of the Lublin Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Markushov of the Novoaleksandriysky district. Lublin province. In 1661, there were 9 Jews (4.5%) in Moscow, in 1674 - 9 (3.5%), in 1787 - 332 (28%), in 1827 - 340 (42%), in 1856 - 368 (41.7%), in 1897 - 1123 (64%), in 1921 - 1011 Jews (54%). Jews lived in Moscow from the middle. 17th century In 1799 a synagogue was opened in Moscow, in 1855 a new one was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid. Most of the Jews of M. were engaged in trade and crafts, Ch. arr. leather dressing. The Jews belonged to the skins. factories, brewery and 2 mills. In the 19th century. The rabbi in M. was Yosef-Eidlish Ashkenazi, in 1903 - Zelik Kandel, in 1910–30 - Moishe-Eliyahu Goldwasser (? –1930). In M. there was a Hasidic court, founded. Avrom-Moishe Weintrub (? –1915). The dynasty was continued by his son, Yehoshua-Uziel, who died during the Holocaust. In 1914, Jews owned 10 shops (including all 7 manufactures, one tannery). Since 1916, the Zionist Kadima circle has been operating in Moscow, and since 1917, a school with Hebrew teaching. In 1925, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", a Jewish library, a club, and sports began to operate. about-in "Bar-Kokhba". In 1926, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank and a mutual assistance fund were opened in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi in the 1930s. was the son of M.E. Goldwasser - Peretz, from 1933 - Elkhonon Weizman. Sep 1939 hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West arrived in M. districts of Poland and destroyed by the bombing of neighboring Kuruva. After the occupation of M. by units of the Wehrmacht, the Judenrat was established. A ghetto was created in May 1941. In apr. 1942 500 Jews were sent to Sobibur. By May 1942, the number of ghetto prisoners had reached 1,500. In May 1942, the ghetto was liquidated.
Fyodor Davidovich MARKUZON (1884, Bryansk, Oryol Gubernia - 1957), statistician, demographer. Rod. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. In 1905 he graduated from the econom. branch of jurid. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1900–10 he was engaged in scientific and practical work in the region. sanitary statistics. In 1919 he organized and until 1929 headed the Moscow. Joint Bureau of Labor Statistics. Was ed. Bulletins of Labor Statistics Mosk. lips. and first issues. Atlas of diagrams of workers' morbidity and labor protection. In the 1930s. worked in the USSR State Planning Committee, People's Commissars of Health and Labor; in 1943–48 - in scientific. sanitary-hygienic institutions. Author of works in the region. demography, labor statistics, social. insurance. In Art. “The world's population from the beginning of the present. e. until the middle of the XX century. ”, publ. on Sat. "Question. economics, planning and statistics "(M., 1957), gave an assessment of the dynamics of the world's population over the past 2 thousand years. Cit .: Social insurance statistics. Issue 1. M., 1925; Essays on health statistics in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR. M., 1961; Population budgets in capitalist countries in 1918-1932 M., 1962.
MARKUZON Vladimir Davidovich (1880, Sestroretsk, St. Petersburg province - 1964, Moscow), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1904), worked as a zemstvo and school doctor. In 1919-30 Ch. doctor children. a sanatorium in the Moscow region; in 1930–39 head. clinic int. disease Center. in-that protection of children and adolescents, since 1937 head. children dep. Moscow Research Institute of Tuberculosis. Sci. tr. M. dedicated questions children. phthisiology and rheumatology. Was deputy. prev. Moscow about children. Doctors, Vol .: Immediate Tasks for the Protection of Children from Tuberculosis. M., 1922; Childhood care and feeding. M., 1929; Healthy children and tuberculosis. M., 1932; Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents (Practical Guide for Physicians). M., 1948.
MARLIN Shmuel (1910, Chisinau - 1994), politician. Studied history at the Sorbonne. In 1933 he became close to Z. Zhabotinsky and was appointed chief. sec. Executives of the World Union of Revisionist Zionists (1933–38). In 1938 it produced gas in Warsaw. in Yiddish "Di Tate", the organ of ETZEL. During the 2nd world. wars - in the USA, revisionist edited and published, press. Since 1948 - in Israel. Was a member. top, the organs of the party Herut, responsible. sec. and head. ed. gas. party Herut. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation.
MARMINSKY (Maran) Israel (1891, Slonim, Grodno province - |), public and political figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1914–17 he was a Zionist. activities in Moscow. In 1917 the first. sec. Central Committee of the Ceirei Zion party. Introduced her to the Center. Zionist advice. org-tions of Russia, and then Ukraine. Was one of the editors. the organ of the party. In 1918 he participated in the work of the National. conf. Jews of Ukraine. In 1919–23 - in Poland. Since 1923 - in E.-I. Member Executable council of Histadrut. Headed the department. education in Histadrut. Initiator created in Israel the network of schools "Amal" with prof. education. Member Central Committee of the Mapai Party. Comp. in the Jewish press in Hebrew, Yiddish, English. and Russian. lang. The author of several. book on Zionism.
MARMOR Kalman-Zvi (1876, Merech Troksky u. Vilna province - 1956, Los Angeles), publicist, historian, literary critic. In the beginning. 1890s member Jewish roars. circles price Vilna. From 1898 he studied literature, art, philosophy and history at Berne and Freiburg high fur boots. While studying in Bern, he joined the Zionists. Since 1906 - in the USA, activist of Poaley Zion, first ed. gas. Der Yidischer Kaempfer (Philadelphia). Since 1914, member. Amer. socialist parties, since 1920 members Com. party of the United States, was published in its pub. Lit. started his activity in 1901 by translating into Yiddish works. English writers. Later he wrote to East. or T. themes, author of a number of works about outstanding figures in science and culture. From 1926 one of the editors. communist. zhurn. Der gamer. The author of the research. “History of the class. struggle from antiquity to this day. " In 1933, at the invitation of the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture at the VUAN, he came to the USSR, gave the Institute the materials he had collected on the history of the Jewish slave. movement, participated in the ed. fav. op. D. Edelstadt, ed. collection op. M. Vinchevsky. In 1936 he returned to the United States, where he headed Rabochy un-t. The author of the book. "The Beginning of Jewish Literature in America" ​​(1944), "D. Edelstadt" (1950), "I. Bovshover" (1952). In 1959, M.'s memoirs "Mein Lebns Geshichte" ("The Story of My Life", vols. 1–2) were published.
MARNEULI (until 1947 - Borchalo), a city (from 1964), a regional center (Georgia). Jews have lived in Moscow since the 1940s. In 1959, 29 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1970 - 29, and in 1979 - 20 Jews (including 12 Georgian).
MARSELLE (real name Rusakov) Paul Alexandrovich (1908, Marseille - 1973, Leningrad), composer, conductor. [M.'s father - Alexander Ivanovich Rusakov (real family member Ioselevich (1875 | - 1935 |) fled to France from the pogroms in 1905 from Rostov-on-Don.] From 1922 - to the RSFSR. In 1929–32 he studied at the computer. Faculty of Leningrad Consulting. Since 1924 he wrote music - main songs and romances to words by A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Svetlov and others, as well as music for performances by drama theater. In 1932–34 he worked as a musical director of the Special Far Eastern Army. In 1937–47 he was imprisoned. In 1947–56 he worked as a conductor in circuses in Voronezh, Dnepropetrovsk, Kuibyshev and others. 1956–63 chief conductor of the Leningrad Circus, in 1964–70 conductor of the "Circus on Stage" company in Leningrad.
B. MARSHAK (| - after 1943), publicist, translator. In the 1920s. was sotr. Kiev society "Kultur-League" and co-op. publishing house. In 1932–33 a member. editorial board of Kiev children. zhurn. Oktiberl. Printed rec. and other materials in Jewish periodicals. ed. Ukraine, published the lane. with Russian, Ukrainian, German, English lang. in the journal. and gas. In the 1930s. translated into Yiddish "Chinese short stories" by OA Erdberg, "The Samurai Path" by L. Rubinstein, "Tsushima" by AS Novikov-Surf, "Iron Stream" by AS Serafimovich, "The second day" by I.G. Ehrenburg, “Great Expectations” by Charles Dickens, “Tales” br. Grimm and others. The last time M.'s name occurs in 1943: in Moscow. Sat. Heimland was publ. story M., dedicated. events of the 2nd world. war.
MARSHAK Benjamin (Beni) (1909 - 1975, Israel), public figure. Was a member. "Ge-Halutz ha-Tsair" in Russia. Since 1929 - in E.-I. One of the hands. Palmakha, a cultural work officer, has fought in four wars. One of the founders of the "Movement for an Indivisible Israel".
MARSHAK Boris Ilyich (b. 1933, Luga, Leningrad Region), orientalist, archaeologist, art critic. Dr. East Sciences (1980). Son of M. Ilyin, nephew of S. Ya. Marshak. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). In 1956–58 scientific. sotr. Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Tajik SSR, since 1961 - scientific. sotr. dep. East State. The Hermitage. Author of scientific. works on archeology and art of Sogd. Cit .: Sogdian silver. Essays on the east. toreutics. M., 1971; Archaeological analysis. sources. M., 1975; Historical cult. meaning of the Sogdian calendar. - In the book: Mir. Culture: Tradition and Modernity. M., 1991.
MARSHAK Daniil (1872, Tukkum, Kurland province - 1937, Minsk), poet, writer, playwright. I had to go to work early. I was engaged in self-education. After serving in the army, he became a socialist, member. Bund. He worked as a shoemaker in Minsk. In the end. 1890s began to write poetry and short stories on it. lang. and only in prison (1904), where he sat for a roar. activities, switched to Yiddish. In 1905 he made his short story debut in St. Petersburg. gas. Der Freind. Published in different periodicals. ed. Ch. the theme of his work is the life of workers. M. brought fame. "Di farshtoisene" ("Les Miserables"). In 1915 publ. children the play "Dos Zibetl" ("Seven Months"). In 1921, the book was published in Vilna. stories M. Author of the poems "Der oitser" ("Treasure"), "Der vofnshmid" ("The Gunsmith"), plays "Tamara", "Umzister tumul" ("Excessive noise"), "Gothe geerke" ("God's messenger" ), etc. Translated from Belarusian. and Russian. lang.
MARSHAK Efim Lvovich (Khaim-Srol Leibovich) (1886, Minsk - 1961, ibid.), Phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1931). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. f-that (1911) and honey. f-t (1914) Moscow. un-that. In the years of the 1st world. war served as a doctor in a hospital, during the Civil. war (1918-21) Art. military doctor - dignity. trains. From 1921 ch. doctor of the first anti-tuberculosis dispensary in Belarus and at the same time. (since 1922) assistant of the faculty therapeutic. clinics of the Belarusian University. In 1928, on M.'s initiative, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis of the People's Commissariat of Health of the BSSR was created, to-ry he headed in 1928–41 and in 1944–58; at the same time. prof. Minsk honey. Institute of Science. tr. M. dedicated diagnosis and clinic of early forms of tuberculosis, their sanatorium treatment, problems of treatment of pneumothorax, the use of tomofluorography for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Prev Belarusian Society of Phthisiologists (1956). Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1940).
MARSHAK Immanuel Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1917, Petrograd - 1977, Moscow), physicist, specialist in the physics of gas discharge. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963). Son of S.Ya. Marshak. In 1937 he graduated from Leningrad State University, then graduate school. From 1939 he worked at Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army, took part in the creation of new technology. From 1946 he headed the lab. at Moscow. electric lamp plant, engaged in the study of gas-discharge pulsed light sources. Since 1963 scientific. hands. KB of high-intensity sources with pilot production in Moscow. For the first time formulated the conditions for obtaining quasi-ohm. volt-ampere characteristics, created and introduced into production a series of economical xenon lamps of continuous combustion, powered directly from the alternating current network. Completed work on the creation of a system of impulse lights and equipment for landing aircraft in poor visibility conditions. translated into Russian. lang. rum. English the writers J. Austin "Pride and Prejudice" and "Northanger Abbey" (both - 1976). As a secretary scientist. Commission for lit. to the heritage of S.Ya. Marshak, publ. his unknown works. Author of memoirs. Became. pr. (1945). Works: Pulsed light sources. 2nd ed. M., 1978.
MARSHAK Iosif Abramovich (| - 1918, Kiev), entrepreneur. In 1878 he founded a jewelry workshop in Kiev, later expanded and transformed it into a jewelry factory (by the beginning of the 20th century, the largest jewelry company in the South-West Territory). For the first time in Russia he used wives. work in jewelry. F-ka M. produced as unique high-quality. products and jewelry. Products of the factory M. were awarded with international awards. exhibitions in Chicago (1893), Antwerp (1894), Paris (1900), Petersburg (1902), Liege (1905, Grand Prix), etc. M. took an active part in the life of the Jewish community of Kiev, was engaged in charity work, supported header.
MARSHAK Moisey Efimovich (Movsha Khaimovich) (1894, Sands of Volkovysky near Grodno province - 1977, Moscow), physiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1957). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919). In 1924–33 the head. lab. hygiene and physiology of labor Ying-that labor protection; since 1933 head. lab. climatophysiology, and then until 1972 - lab. physiology of respiration and blood circulation (as part of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Ying-that of normal and pathological physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences); at the same time. (1938–49) head. Department of Physiology Ying-that physical. He studied the mechanisms of regulation of respiration, blood circulation, gas exchange under conditions of oxygen starvation, established the important role of carbon dioxide and ambient temperature during oxygen starvation, experimentally proved that these factors increase the body's resistance to hypoxia. Developed a technique for continuous recording of organ temperature in chronic. experiment, suggested the device is automatic. taking samples of alveolar air from the lungs, as well as a flat thermoelectrode for exam. blood circulation in the organs. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1946) Vol .: Physiological bases of hardening of the human body. M., 1957; Breathing regulation in humans. M., 1961; Physiological significance of carbon dioxide. M., 1969.
MARSHAK Nikolay Yakovlevich (1901 - 1962, Tula), director, actor. He began his stage activity in the 1920s. in amateur circles. Then he created the first children in the USSR in Tiflis. g. In 1921 he organized the Proletarian T-r of the Komsomol of Georgia, in which he played and was dir. up to 1924. In 1927 he created Rus in Tiflis. tr young spectators, headed by St. 30 years old (in 1935, on his initiative, at the same time, the Russian dolls project appeared). Staged performances: "Don Quixote" by A.Ya. Brushtein and BV Zone after M. Servantes (1933), "Blue and Pink" by Brushtein (1937), "The Robbers" by I.-F. Schiller (1938), " The Snow Queen "by EL Schwartz (1939, 1960)," Cunning and Love "by Schiller (1944)," Romeo and Juliet "by W. Shakespeare (1953), etc. In 1961, Ch. dir. Youth Theater in Kalinin, in 1962 thin. hands. Tula Youth Theater. In these t-ts he staged performances: "The Tale of Fairy Tales" by AG Zak and IK Kuznetsov, "The City at Dawn" by AN Arbuzov and "The Headless Horseman" after Mayne Read (all - 1961). Nar. art. Georgian SSR (1955).
MARSHAK Samuil Yakovlevich (1887, Voronezh - 1964, Moscow), poet, translator, playwright, critic. Brother of M. Ilyin and E. Ilyina. Received a Jewish home education. In 1902 he met in St. Petersburg with D.G. Gintsburg, to-ry introduced him to V.V. Stasov, and Stasov - M.Gorky and F.I.Shalyapin. In 1904–06 he lived with the Peshkov family in Yalta, where he became close to a Zionist. youth. He began to publish in 1904 in the journal. "Jewish life" (elegies "20 tammuz", "Over the open grave" - ​​in memory of T. Herzl). Published in the journal. "Young Judea" (Yalta, 1905 -06) and in the alm. "Songs of a Young Judah". From 1907 he collaborated in the journal. "Satyricon". He wrote and lyric. poems. In 1912–15 - in England, he studied at the Faculty of Arts, London University, lived in Wales at the School of Simple Life. Since 1915 - in Russia, he worked with children of Jewish refugees. Translated from English. lang. bunk bed ballads, poems by W. Wordsworth, W. Blake. In 1917–22 - in Yekaterinodar, where from gr. enthusiasts created the "Children's Town", in t-re to-rogo plays M. (some in co-authorship with EI Vasilyeva-Cherubina de Gabriak). Since 1922 - in Petrograd, head. lit.-repert. part of the Youth Theater. M.'s fame was brought by Prince. "Children in a Cage" (Pg "1923)," Fire "(M. - Pg., 1923)," About a stupid mouse "," Circus "(both - L. - M., 1925)," Ice Cream "(L ., 1925), "Baggage" (L., 1926), "Poodle", "Mail" (both - L., 1927), "That's how absent-minded" (Moscow, 1930), and others. In 1924–25 he edited children zhurn. "New Robinson". In 1924–34 the fact. chapter children. dep. State Publishing House. M. introduced into children. lit. pl. writers (B.S. Zhitkov, V.V. Bianki, L. Panteleev, D. I. Harms, L. I. Vvedensky, M. P. Bronshtein, L. A. Budogovskaya, etc.). In 1934–37 he was a consultant at Leningrad State University. departments of Detgiz. Since 1937 - in Moscow. In the 1930s-60s. translated from English. children songs, R. Burns, W. Blake, A. Milne, E. Lear, R. Keepling, J. Keats, P.-B. Shelley, sonnets by W. Shakespeare, with ital. - D. Rodari and others. In 1941–45 he wrote satirical poetry. poems, incl. signatures for the Kukryniksy posters. The author of the fairy-tale plays "Twelve Months" (1943), "Afraid of grief - happiness cannot be seen" (1922, 1954), "Clever things" (1945, 1964), art. about children. literature, about poetry (collection in the book "Education by Word", 1961). In ate, years of his life he published an autobiogr. pov. "At the beginning of life" (1960), Sobr. op. in 4 volumes (1957-60), “Fav. lyrics "(1962). Among the translations of M. - poems by L.M. Kvitko, Sh.Z. Galkin. Became. pr. (1942, 1946, 1949, 1951). Linen. pr. (1962).
MARSHAK Yakov (1898, Kiev - 1977, Los Angeles, USA), economist. Doctor of Philosophy. Graduated from Gsydelberg University (1922). He worked in high fur boots in California, Chicago, Yale, Heidelberg high fur boots. In 1933–39, the director. Institute of Statistics, Oxford University, in 1943–48 - Cowles of the Economic Commission. research, vice president. and then der. Amer. statistical associations. Author of the works "The structure of capital" (jointly with V. Lederer, 1935), "Statistical. interference in dynamic. economics "(jointly with TS Koonmans et al., 1950)," Study of econometric. methods "(with S. Shurr et al., 1953) and others. Since 1956 - sred. zhurn. "Behavioral Sciences".
MARSHINTSY, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1617. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in M. lived 2 Jewish families, in 1900 - 48 Jews. In the years of the 1st world. war several. Jewish families left for Canada and the USA. During the Holocaust, the Jews of M. were deported to Kamenets-Podolsk and there were shot.
MART Meir (1905, Popelyany of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1948, Israel), sports figure. In 1922 he entered the Technological Institute, where he studied for a year and a half; arrested, sentenced to exile in Oryol, replaced by deportation to E.-I. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1925 he was sent for a one-year internship at the Royal Institute of Physics. education (Copenhagen, Denmark). Upon returning to E.-I. in tech. year taught physics. education in one of the Jerusalem schools and at the same time. led a gymnastics section into sports. about-ve "Maccabi", in 1927 moved to teaching in Haifa. At the first two Maccabiads in E.-I. technical hands. swimming competition. Was ed. "Yedion irgun ha-morim lehi-tamlut" ("Bulletin of the Society of Gymnastics Teachers") and the first ed. zhurn. "Ga-hinuh ha-gufani" ("Physical education"). In 1948 after the outbreak of the War of Independence he was appointed head. military. youth training in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv districts. Killed in a car accident. The library of the Institute of Physics is named after M. education and sports. O. Wingate (Israel).
MARTKOPI, a village in the Gardaban region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tiflis u. 23 Jews lived in Moscow in 1904, and 8 Jews lived in 1926 (all of them Ashkenazi).
MARTOV (real family member Tsederbaum) Julius Osipovich (Iosifovich) (literary ps. L. Martov) (1873, Istanbul - 1923, Schemberg, Germany), politician. Brother of S.O. Ezhov, V.O. Levitsky, L.O.Dan. Grandson of A.I. Tsederbaum. In [[]] end. In the 1880s, while living in Vilna, he took part in the work of the first Jewish Social-Democrats. circles. In 1891 he entered the natural sciences. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, in the fall of the same year organized in St. Petersburg gr. Emancipation of Labor. In 1892 he was arrested for participating in the roar. circle and sent to Vilna, where in 1893–95 he conducted propaganda among Jewish workers. Posted by Art. “A turning point in the history of the Jewish slave. movement "(1895). In 1895 he participated in the creation of St. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". In 1896 he was arrested and exiled to the adm. order to Turukhansk. After his release (1900) he emigrated. Since March 1901, members. ed. gas. Iskra (Munich), participated in the preparation of the draft program of the RSDLP. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), he led the opposition to the Leninist course. In oct. 1905 returned to Russia. From Dec. 1905 p. Central Committee of the RSDLP, leading publicist pl. Menshevik. periodic. ed. In 1906 he was exiled abroad. He reacted to the Jewish pogroms of 1905–07 by writing a brochure “Rus. people and Jews "(1908). After the revolution of 1905–07, he was one of the ideologists of "liquidationism". In the years of the 1st world. war - "moderate internationalist", member of the International. socialist conf. in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintal (1916). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, headed by gr. Menshevik Internationalists and Vrem. Centre. the Bureau. At the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, at the United. Congress of the RSDLP - member. Central Committee. Member of the All-Russian. demo meetings, members Time. Council Ros. republics (Pre-parliament). Affairs. 2nd Congress of Soviets. At the 4th All-Russian. Congress of Soviets opposed the ratification of the Brest Peace. From July 1918 on a semi-legal position, for criticizing the policy of a Bolshevik. leadership was briefly exposed. arrests. During the Civil. war opposed foreign. intervention and participation of the Mensheviks in the armament. the fight against the Bolsheviks. In 1919, one of the authors was political. platforms of the RSDLP. In oct. 1920, on behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, he legally went abroad. On Feb. 1921 founded a journal in Berlin. "Socialist. herald ”, created and headed the Foreign Delegation of the RSDLP (party center of the Mensheviks in exile), one of the founders of the Vienna International. social democracy. Pg., 1918; World Bolshevism. Berlin, 1923; Notes of a Social Democrat. M., 1924.
MARCICANIS, see Marcikonis.
MARCIKONIS, a place in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. The Marcians of Troksky y. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1882–1903, M. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, the unity. a manufactory shop in M. belonged to a Jew who lived in the town of Troki (present-day Trakai).
MARTYNOV Alexander Samoilovich (real name and surname Saul Samuilovich Piker) (1865, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1935, Moscow), politician. From 1884 he studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, chl. Narodnaya Volya circles. In 1886 he was expelled from the university and exiled to Pinsk, where he was arrested, after two years of solitary confinement, he was exiled for 10 years to Vost. Siberia. In exile he joined the Social-Democrats. In 1899 he settled in Yekaterinoslav, became a member of the editor. illegal gas. "Southern worker". In 1900 he emigrated, joined the “Union of Rus. s.-d. Abroad". Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), after the Congress - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Affairs. 4th (1906) and 5th (1907) congresses of the RSDLP, on the last. elected member Central Committee. During the reaction period - "liquidator". In the years of the 1st world. war - internationalist, member. overseas Secretariat Org. to-that RSDLP, adjacent to gr. Yu.O. Martova. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, member. Petrogr. to-that Menshevik. org-tion, the opponent of the entry of the socialists in Time. pr-in and the policy of continuing the war, at the same time. sharply polemicized with V.I. Lenin, considering his policy to be disastrous for Russia. Affairs. Unite. Congress of the RSDLP, elected member. Central Committee. Member of the All-Russian. demo meetings, members Time. Council Ros. republics (Pre-parliament). Oct did not accept the roar. In 1918 he left for Ukraine, left the political. activities. In 1921 he returned to Moscow. Adopted to the RCP (b) at the 12th Congress (1923). From ser. 1920s worked at Ying-those Marx and Engels, at the publishing house "Krasnaya Nov", lectured at the Communist. academy and in the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, worked in the Comintern. Vol .: On Menshevism and Bolshevism. M., 1923.
MARTYNOV Georgy Alexandrovich (b. 1927, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). In 1950–57 ml. scientific. sotr. Institute of Permafrost Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1959 ml. scientific., Art. scientific., leading scientific. sotr. Inst. Nat. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Region scientific. interests - theory of surface phenomena, statistical. mechanics of gases and liquids. M. developed the theory of electrolyte solutions, the theory of membrane separation of solutions, the theory of wedging pressure arising in thin layers of liquids; proposed a universal equation of the state of gases and liquids and the theory of phase transitions of the first kind. Author of about 160 scientific. works, 5 inventions and 2 monographs. Works: Fundamental theory of liquids. Bristol, 1992.
MARTYNOVKA, a village in the Khmelnitsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine) In July 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 one Jewish family (5 people) was killed in M.
Martynovka FIRST, see Martynovka, Smolensk region.
Martynovka SECOND, see Martynovka, Mogilev region.
MARY (until 1937 - Merv), city, center of Mary region. (Turkmenistan). Main in 1884 as a military adm. center of the Merv environs. Transcaspian region 30 km from the ruins of the same name. ancient city. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1895, 486 Bukharian Jews (7.5%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 1,020 Jews (6.6%), in 1921 - 750 Bukharian Jews, in 1926 - approx. 400 Bukharian Jews and 5-6 families of Ashkenazi Jews, in 1939 - 276 Jews, in 1979 - 161 Jews (0.2%). excavations at the site of another city, objects of Jewish use of the 5-7 centuries were discovered; data on the settlement of Jews in Merv also date back to the 8th century. In 1835, a Christian missionary, a Jew by birth, I. Wolf (1795-1862), met a small community of Bukharian Jews in the Merv oasis. In the 1840s. a group of Jews who fled from the Persian city of Mashhad settled in the Merv oasis, where they were forcibly converted to Islam in 1839; later these Jews returned to Judaism. 19th century M. becomes the main. center of Bukharian Jews on the territory. modern Turkmenistan. Bukhara Jews moved from the Bukhara Khanate to M., where they received equal rights with Muslims. In the field of economic. The activity of the Jewish population of M. was dominated by trade (manufacture, astrakhan fur, footwear) and handicrafts. Jewish merchant Dzhura Iglanov owned a cotton-processing plant and other enterprises; the annual turnover of his bargaining. firms amounted to 2 million rubles. In the 1880s and 90s. in M. arrived Jews from Persia, in the main. members of the Jadid al-Islam group from Mashhad, who formally professed Islam. In 1882 7 such families lived in M., by the beginning. 20th century - 202 families. 20th century Ashkenazi Jews settled in M. In the same period, the expulsion from M. of Bukhara Jews, subjects of the Bukhara Khanate, began. In July 1909, a secret list of the Jews of Moscow (45 families) was compiled, to-rykh it was planned to evict after 1 January. 1910. In 1911, J. Iglanov was evicted from M.. In 1910, M. had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 4 jewelry and unity. general store, unity. pharmacy, 17 shops (including 12 manufactures). In 1918 a division of the commission department for the sale of cotton, astrakhan fur, goat down, wool, etc., was opened. merchant Zelik Mordukhovich Persits. After the end of the Civil. during the war, the overwhelming majority of Jews - immigrants from Afghanistan and Persia - returned to their countries; only a small group of immigrants from Mashhad and their descendants remained in M. M. was a place of exile for convicted Zionists. In the 1920s. several arrived in M. Ashkenazi Jews. In aug. 1923 a Bukhara-Jewish society was created in M. to-t; in the 1920s. a Jewish school worked. In the 1930s, the synagogue of Jews from Mashhad was closed. In M., born: EG Bonner; Mordechai Khiyaevich Bachaev (b. 1911), writer, poet, translator, author of plural. books in the language of Bukharian Jews, since 1973 - in Israel, first ed. programs of the radio station "Voice of Israel" in the language of Bukharian Jews; Iza Mikhailovich Kaplan (ps. Igor Mikhalevich-Kaplan, Igor Spivak) (b. 1943), writer, since 1979 - in the USA, founded in Philadelphia the publishing house "Coast", author of a number of books. Yu.N. Grigorieva
MARYAGIN Leonid Georgievich (b. 1937, Moscow), film director. In 1954–55 he was a laboratory assistant at VGIK, in 1956–59 he served in the army. In 1959 he worked under contracts at various studios in the USSR. In 1960–62, dir. Novosibirsk television, in 1962-64 assistant director. to / st them. M. Gorky in Moscow. Since 1964 director of the Mosfilm film studio. In 1966 he graduated from dir. Faculty LGIT-MiK. He made his debut with television short films f. based on the stories of AE Rekemchuk ("Watermelon Flight", 1965; "Expectations", 1966). In subsequent years, he shot full-length feature films for TV: "About Klava Ivanova" (1969), "My Street" (1970, Intervision Prize at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival in Prague), "Two on the Way" (1973, prize Intervisions at the 11th Moscow City Festival in Prague), “The flight is delayed” (1974), “My business” (1976), “Citizen Nikanorova is waiting for you” (1978), “City of Brides” (1985), “Expensive Pleasure” (1988) ), "The enemy of the people - Bukharin" (1990), "Trotsky" (1993). Filmed more than 30 subjects for newsreels. "Wick". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1986).
MARZON Vladimir Osipovich (1881, Zaslavl, Minsk province - 1954, Minsk), surgeon. Prof. (1935). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1911). In 1934–41 the head. Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. Anatomy of Vitebsk honey. in-that. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1943–49 he worked at the Ministry of Health of the BSSR. Since 1948 head. Department of General Surgery of the Belarusian Institute of Advanced Training of Doctors and simultaneously. (1949–54) dir. this in-that. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1947–54). Scientific. tr. M. dedicated questions of the surgeon. treatment of diseases of the abdominal cavity, gynecology, and urological. diseases. Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1938), honored. doctor of the BSSR (1948).
MASHBITS Yakov Grigorievich (b. 1928, Miropol Vinnitsa okr. - 1997, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1975), ch. RAO (1995). Since 1955 in the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1970 head. dep. geography of the zarub, countries, since 1986 Ch. scientific. sotr. Since 1979 deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Geographical Series ". Author of works on the theory of regional studies, geography of developing countries (Latin America), thematic. mapping, ethnogeography and geography of cities. Participated in the development of nat. atlases of Vietnam, Mongolia, and Cuba (B. gold medal of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba, 1972). State pr. USSR (1973, 1987).
MASCHA, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 10 Jews lived in Moscow, and in 1926 - 4 Jews.
MASHEVO, a village in the Semenovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine) .Oct. 1942 a Jewish family (3 people) was killed in M.
MASHINSKY Semyon Iosifovich (1914, Belozerye, Chernigov Gubernia - 1978, Moscow), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1960), prof. (1960). Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk University (1934), graduate school at MIFLI (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1960 - in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky, headed the department of Russian. lit-ry. Main works dedicated. N.V. Gogol, V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky, wrote about the owls. literature (M.A.Sholokhov, A.S. Makarenko, K.A. Fedin and others) and the history of criticism. Vol .: Historical story of Gogol. M., 1940; Gogol. M., 1951; S.T.Aksakov. Life and creation. M., 1961; Word and time. Articles. M., 1975.
MASHKAUTSAN Shabsa Mendeleevich (b. 1924, Orhei, Bessarabia, Romania), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1942. At the front since 1943. Gunner, Jr. leith. M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism in the battle for Berlin. Demobilized after the war. In 1961 he graduated from the technical school. He worked as a foreman at a tractor assembly plant. Since 1989 - in the USA.
MASHKILLEYSON Asaf Lvovich (b. 1928, Moscow - 1996, ibid.), Dermatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). Son of L.N. Mashkillison. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1952). Until 1954 he worked as a dermatovenerologist in Kaliningrad. In 1954–62, an intern Klinich. dermatovenerologic. hospitals them. V.G. Korolenko in Moscow. Since 1962 assistant professor, prof., Head. department (since 1973) skin and venereal. diseases Mosk. honey. dentist, in-ta. tr. M. dedicated diseases of the mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, tongue, as well as cystic dermatoses. Described (1970) meteorological. cheilitis - inflammation of the lips under the influence of wind, cold, low. air humidity, etc. meteorological. factors. Deputy prev. Moscow about-va dermatologists and venereologists. Cit .: Precancer of the red border of the lips and oral mucosa. M., 1970; Skin and venereal diseases. M., 1976; Treatment of skin and venereal diseases. M., 1990 (et al.).
MASHKILLEYSON Lev Nikolaevich (1898, Nizhny Novgorod - 1964, Moscow), dermatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1933). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University (1921). In 1922–33, a resident, Art. scientific. sotr. State dermatovenerologic. in-that (now the Center. Dermatovenerologic Institute - TsKVI). In 1933 38 head. Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases of the Voronezh honey. in-that. Head mycological (1938–41), dermatological. (1941–53) department of the Central Clinical Hospital (dismissed in connection with the “doctors' case”). In 1953–64, a consultant in decomp. lay down. institutions of Moscow. tr. M. dedicated preim. problems of dermatology. He proposed a classification of chronic. trichophytosis of the skin and the term "chronic. trichophytosis of adults "; highlighted the erased form of athlete's foot; developed the doctrine of secondary skin reactions in pyoderma; one of the first to use vitamin therapy for skin diseases. Elected before. Moscow dermatological about-va. Cit .: Chronic trichophytosis of adults. Voronezh, 1937; Treatment and prevention of skin diseases. M., 1957; Infectious and parasitic skin diseases. M., 1960; Private dermatology. M., 1965.
MASHKOVSKY Mikhail Davidovich (b. 1908, Pinsk - 2002, Moscow), pharmacologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1948), prof. (1950), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1978). Hero of Socialist Labor (1991). Brother of Sh.D. Moshkovsky. After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1934), he worked in N. and I. will experience. dignity in-those Kr. Army, since 1938 - in the department. pharmacology Vses. n.-i. chemical-pharmaceutical. in-ta (VNIH-FI). During the 1941–45 war, the army toxicologist, Ch. front toxicologist. Since 1946 head. lab. pharmacology VNIHFI. tr. M. dedicated the creation of medicines, the study of the mechanism of their action, research. communication between the structure of chem. compounds and their fiziol. activity. Joint. with sotr. first researched and suggested pl. medicines, including promedol, sydnocarb, pyrazidol, tropacin, aprofen, metacin, aceclidine, galantamine, pachicarpin, diplacin, tropafen, etc. Prev. Pharmacopoeial Committee of the USSR Ministry of Health (1960–91), WHO expert on pharm. drugs and Int. pharmacopoeia (since 1960). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1969). Cit .: Medicines. M., 1954; 12th ed. - 1993.
MASKOVTSY, a village in the Dyatlovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 24 nov. 1941 in M. 2,450 Jews from the village were shot. mountains. type Kozlovshchina. In 1967, an obelisk was installed on the grave of the executed.
MASKALIK Yakov-Zakhariya (Zhuravitser Yankl) (1884, Shchedrin, Bobruisk district, Minsk region - 1937, Chimkent, Kazakh SSR.), Rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. In the 1920s. rabbi in Zhuravichi, Mogilev province, in the 1930s. - in Moscow. An active participant in religions. Lubavitch underground in the 1920s and 30s, carried out personal orders of J.I. Schneerson. In 1934 he was arrested and exiled to Kazakhstan for 3 years. Shortly before the end of the term of exile, he was arrested and shot.
MASKILEYSON Naftoli Avrumovich (1829, Radogakovichi Vileisky u. Vilna province - 1897, Minsk), writer. Son of A. Maskileison (1788-1848, Minsk), rabbi, author of commentaries on the Talmud and Shulkhan-Aruch. Published in decomp. periodic. ed. in Hebrew. Printed poetry, Art. by research. Gagadas. Edited and corrected "Seder ga-Dorot" I. Gelprin (Warsaw, 1878–82). Prepared for printing and published the remaining tr. father.
MASKOVTSY, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow.
MASLAN Isaak Efimovich (b. 1921, Minsk), graphic designer. Graduated from Vitebsk art. uch-shche (1941). 1941–45 in the army. He worked in the region. design art, poster, prom. graphics. In thin. participated in exhibitions since 1948. He made sketches for the design of the All-Belarusian Festival of Youth in Minsk (1957), a number of sports. mass performances, physical education. parades and Olympus. games (1980). Designed the expositions of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the BSSR (1968, 1970), the pavilion of the BSSR at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR, Belarusian sections. on nat. exhibitions of the USSR abroad. Among the works of M. sketches of anniversary medals, sports. and other posters.
MASLOVKA, a village in the Myronivsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores in M.
MASLOVO, a village in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. In 1900, 18 Jews lived in Moscow, 24 in 1926, and 40 in 1939. In autumn 1941, after the occupation of Moscow by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of the village were deported to a labor camp in Dzhankoy.
MASLYANINO, urban-type settlement (since 1944), a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Moscow.
MASLYANSKY Zvi-Hirsch (1856, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1943, New York), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Mir, Minsk province. In the beginning. 1880s joined the Palestinian movement; in 1885 - one of the founders of the Yekaterinoslav branch of the movement. Driving along the south. lips. Russia, spoke in synagogues with an appeal to move to E.-I. Since 1895 - in the USA. He worked in the Jewish education system in New York. In 1900-10 - Vice-President. Zionist. org-tion USA. In 1921 he participated in the work of the 12th Zionist. Congr. in Carlsbad. In 1902–05 he released gas. in Yiddish "Di Yiddish velt". Published in Amer. Jewish press in Yiddish and Hebrew. The author of several. books.
MASS Vladimir Zakharovich (1896, Moscow - 1979, ibid.), Playwright. In 1915-17 he studied philology. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918–20 sotr. Theater. dep. People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, spoke with criticism. Art. Author of the play "The People of the Paris Commune" (1919). In 1920 he entered the Moscow studio. t-ra satire, after its closure in 1921-23 head. lit. part of N.M. Foregger's Workshop (Mastfor). M. wrote several for Mastfor. reviews, small verse. plays with post. characters-masks and buffoonery parade “Good attitude to horses”. For the cabaret "Don't Cry" he wrote buffoonery "No Spaniards", "Apache Parody", etc., songs (including "John Gray" and "Calcutta"). From 1925 he wrote for the "Blue Blouse" political. pamphlets, sketches, scenes. M. is the author of songs for the performance of the Moscow Art Theater "The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais (1926), the review "Kukirol" (jointly with P.G. Antokolsky and N.R. Erdman, 1925) for the Chamber Theater of the play "Night before Christmas "But NV Gogol, the vaudeville" Jealousy of Barbouille, or Molière inside out "for the Review House of the Press (1928), review for the music hall" Odyssey "(with Erdman, 1928), music. review plays for Tea-jazz by L.O. Utesov "Music Store", the success of which gave the idea of ​​creating the movie "Merry Guys" (script by M. and Erdman), etc. In 1933 M. was arrested, exiled to Tobolsk , then to Tyumen, where he directed the drama. t-rum. In 1936 he settled in Gorky, organized a collective farm t-r, wrote together with the actor of this t-ra NG Kulichenko the comedy "Gardens are Blooming" (1938); later M. headed the Oblast. td drama. In 1942–43 he led the front. t-rum Mosk. military. env., was in charge of lit. part of Moscow. t-ra miniatures. Author (with MA Chervinsky of multi-act plays, libretto op-t "Trembita", "White Acacia", "Moscow-Cheryomushki" and others, feuilletons, reviews for t-dv miniatures, scenes for MV Mironova and A.S. Menaker, L.B. Mirov and M.V. Novitsky and others. He wrote articles on pop dramaturgy, prepared for publication the collection "Comedy", which included works written jointly with Chervinsky (M., 1968), and others. Works: Naked truth. M., 1977.
MASTBAUM Mikhail Ilyich (1892, Kazan - 1961, Tallinn), therapist, phthisiatrician. Honey. Educated at Strasbourg (1909-14) and Kazan (1915) high fur boots. In the years of the 1st world. war served in the active army ml. regiment doctor, divine resident. infirmary. In 1918–22 in Kr. Army (resident, chief physician of the evacuation hospital, head of the therapeutic department of a military hospital); at the same time. (since 1920) he worked in the Kazan Institute, created with his participation, for the improvement of doctors, where in 1929 he was elected a private professor. therapeutic. clinics, in 1931 he headed the department of tuberculosis (since 1932 prof.). Since 1935, dir. Kazan Institute of Tuberculosis, in 1939–42 head. Department of hospital therapy, Stalingrad honey. in-that; in 1942–43 head. the department of therapy of the Kazan Institute for the improvement of doctors and hl. therapist of evacuation hospitals in Kazan. Ch. therapist of the Pacific (1943–45) and Baltic (1945–47) fleets. In 1948 - 52 hands. sector int. diseases Ying-that exper. medicine of the Academy of Sciences of the ESSR. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was forced to leave the scientific-ped. work (prior to retirement in 1960 - consultant at the Tallinn Republic Hospital). In 1935, 38 respondents. ed. "Kazan honey. magazine "; from 1947 to. Tallinn Society of Physicians. Sci. tr. M dedicated ch. arr. problems of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. Cit .: Errors in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. M.-L., 1930 (et al.); Symptomatology and outpatient practice. Part 1. Kazan, 1941.
MASSES, see Mosedis.
MATAEV Iosif Samuilovich (b. 1940), ballet dancer, choreographer. In the 1960s - 70s. in ans. "Lezginka". Since 1981 hand. ensemble. Nar. art. RF (1993).
Yekhil MATATOV (1888, Derbent, Dagestan region - 1943, Komi ASSR), public and statesman, linguist. In 1908-10 - in the army. From 1914 - at the front, in 1915-17 in Austrian captivity, from 1917 in Petrograd, a participant in Oct. Revolution and Grazhd. war. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b). In 1921 - 1937 in Dagestan (prosecutor, people's commissar of justice, secretary of the president of the Supreme Soviet of the DagASSR). In the 1920s. translated into lang. mountain Jews of the party. lit-ru. In 1928 he founded Gas. "Zakhmetkesh" (in the language of Mountain Jews). Ed. M. ed. "Political Dictionary" (1932) and collection of works. "Tatsky poets". In 1937 he was arrested. Works: Spelling dictionary-reference book of the Tatsky language. Makhachkala, 1929; Guide to the Tat language. Makhachkala, 1931. Son of M. - Mikhail (b. 1914, Derbent, Dagestan region), engineer, public figure. 1967–75 Deputy. early Glavpoligrafmash. One of the izv. representatives of the group, defending the proselytic origin of the Mountain Jews. Author pl. publ. on this issue, including "On the Tatskom ethnos" ("Sov. ethnography", 1981, No. 5). Comp. and one of the authors of the collection. “Tats-Judaists” (M., 1993).
L. MATES (real name Luneansky) (1897, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1929, Los Angeles), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1913 - in the USA. In 1918 he made his debut verse. in the Chicago Jewish gas. Welt. Published in various Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1923 the first Saturday came out. verse. M. "Ofene toern" ("Open Gates"), in 1926 - Sat. miniatures "Moments". The author is poetic. book: "Der weiser prince fun der weiser plog" ("The White Prince from the White Trouble"), 1927; "Studio", 1928; Weisse Trit (White Steps), 1929 and others. M. also belongs to the drama A Yiddish Tragedy (Jewish Tragedy), 1927.
MATEUTSI (until 1990 - Mateutsi), a village in Orhei u. (The Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Matveevtsi Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 1941 in Moscow, 3 Jews were killed.
MATEUTS, see Mateuti.
MATIEVO, a village in the Tolochinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–43, about 1.5 km from Moscow, approx. 5 thousand people (Jews and representatives of other nationalities). In 1963 the remains of the victims were reburied in one mass grave, on which in 1967 a stele was installed with the image of an old man and a woman with a child.
MATIYASOVO, a village in the Berezansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In 1923 approx. M. was allocated 3108 dec. land for new plots for Jewish settlers. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in M. Jews.
MATKIV, see Matkov.
MATKOV, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1538. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Matkiv of the Turkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Moscow on July 17, 1941, 87 Jews were shot.
MATMAN-COGEN Yehuda-Leib (1864 - 1939, Tel Aviv), public figure, teacher. Doctor of Philosophy. He studied at high fur boots in Zurich and Bern. From 1890 he taught in Russia. Active leader of the Zionist movement. From 1904 - in E.-I. In 1906 he founded the Herzliya gymnasium and was its first director. One of the founders of Tel Aviv. Author of textbooks on biology and Hebrew.
MATS Grigory Zelmanovich (1920, Pereshchepino, Konstantinograd district, Poltava province - 1977, Kharkov), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. Graduated from Rostov art. uch-shche (1942). Com. batteries st. leith. M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle in the region of Cherkassy. It was believed that M. died in this battle, and the title was awarded poem. Until July 1944 - in captivity. After his release from captivity - in the army. In 1948 he graduated from Kharkov law. Institute, worked as a lawyer.
MATCEJEWICE, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1507. In the 16-18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Matseevitsa Garvolinsky u. In 1827, 337 Jews (38%) lived in Moscow, in 1857 - 210 (34%), in 1897 - 1027 (50.1%), in 1921 - 739 Jews (32%). 1939 - c. 200 Jewish families. Jews lived in M. from the beginning. 19th century Main spheres of economic. activity of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In the beginning. 20th century there was a synagogue. The Jews owned a leather processing factory and a mill. The rabbis in Moscow were: until 1908 - Nosn-Note Ramer, in 1908–24 - Khaim-Dov Polyak. M. was a fashionable dacha place; pl. Jews earned their living by serving tourists. In 1929 Jewish philanthropists were opened in M. cash desk, b-ka, at a cut the drama worked. circle. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. 17 Sept. 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was soon established. 23 oct. 1940 approx. 100 Jewish families (about 400 people) were sent to ghettos in Sobolev and Laskazhev. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Moscow, from where in October. 1942 Jews from M. were sent to the Sobolev ghetto and then to Treblinka.
MATSEYVICE, see Matsejovice.
MATSIOV, see Lukov, Volyn region.
MATSKOVTSY, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine) In July 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942–43, a Jewish workers' camp was located in Moscow. The first prisoners were approx. 300 Jews from Felshtin (present-day Guards), delivered in Feb. 1942. In total, there were approx. 2.5 thousand Jews. The prisoners were used for building and repairing the road. Several people died in the camp. hundreds of people. In the fall of 1942, the prisoners were deported to a camp in Proskurov (present-day Khmelnitsky).
Matskin Alexander Petrovich (b. 1906, Priluki, Poltava province), theater expert. He studied law. Faculty of Kharkov University. He was engaged in journalism, theater. criticism. Published since 1923. In 1941 - 45 at the front. He suffered during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitanism." From 1949 to the end. 1950s was not printed. From ser. 1950s studied the history of t-ra. Author pl. Art. and book: "Images of Time" (Moscow, 1959), "Portraits and Observations" (Moscow, 1973), "Orlenev" (Moscow, 1977), "On Gogol's Themes" (Moscow, 1984), " Theater of my contemporaries "(M., 1987) and others.
MATSKOVSKY Abram Aronovich (1917, Klimovichi, Mogilev province - 1978), agricultural worker. Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). From 1957 before. collective farm "Pobeda", Baranovichi district, Brest region. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1971–75). Honored. the worker sat down. kh-va of Belarus (1973).
MATSKOVTSY, a village in the Lubensky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In 1910, three Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 one Jew was killed in M.
MATUSOV, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassk district. Kiev province. In 1816, 280 Jews (10%) lived in Moscow, in 1926 there were 54 Jews in the district. 19th century Jews M. belonged to b. h. shops, mill, sawmill. In the end. 19th century Jews rented approx. 250 dess. land for growing sah. beets. Main occupation of the Jewish population at the beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 pharmacies, 13 shops (including 9 grocery stores), 2 timber warehouses; there were 7 livestock owners among the Jews. There was a synagogue in Moscow. On May 14, 1919, there was a pogrom in Moscow, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev; pl. houses were burnt down, approx. 70% of the Jewish population died; the surviving Jews were ruined. In the 1920s and 30s. b. including Jews M. moved to the kr. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Moscow were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. Several the remaining Jews were killed in 1941–42.
MATUSOVSKY Mikhail Lvovich (1915, Lugansk of the Slavyanoserbsky district of Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1990, Moscow), poet. In 1939 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. 1941–45 - at the front, military. corr. One of the most popular owls. songwriters. Among M.'s songs are “I Returned Home” (1949), “Don't Forget” (1955), “Write to Us, Girlfriends” (1955), “Moscow Nights” (1955), “Moscow Windows” (1960), “ Farewell to pigeons "(1960). Jewish theme dedicated. verse. My Family Tree (1938). State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Lugochane. M., 1939; Listening to Moscow. M., 1948; Everything that is dear to me. M., 1957; Do not forget. M., 1964; It was recently, it was long ago ... M., 1970; Family album. M., 1983.
MATVEEV Simon Matveyevich (1911, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Architect-planner. He worked in Mosproekt, Ying-those Gen. plan of Moscow. Developer and lead author of the project Gen. Plan of Moscow 1972 (jointly with M. Posokhin, N. Ullas). Main works: residential buildings in Moscow, the pavilion "Hydrometeorological Service" at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1956), a circus in Alma-Ata (1972). Honored. arch. RSFSR.
MATVEEVKA, see Pavlograd.
MATTEUTS, see Mateuti.
MATVEIKHA, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15 - early. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1897 more than 25 Jews (5%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 there were 38 Jews. In June 1919, the gangs of atamans Struk and Lazanyuk organized pogroms in Moscow four times, as a result of which 4 people. were wounded, Jewish houses were destroyed. Some of the Jews left M.
MATYUSHI, a village in the Belotserkovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews in Moscow owned 8 shops (including 7 grocery stores). 1941 in M. 2 Jews were killed.
MAVRUCHAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1931, the Jews of Moscow owned 2 sawmills, a mill, 2 wood and grocery stores, and a shin. June 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 28 Aug 1941 in Moscow, 249 Jews were shot.
MAY, does not exist now. In the 1930s – 40s. - the village of Osipovichi district, Mogilev region. In 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1943 Jews of M. were shot in the village of Velikaya Gorozha, Osipovichi district. M. was burnt, after the war it was not restored. In 1974, an obelisk was erected on the grave of those executed in the village of Velikaya Gorozha.
MAYACHKA, a village in the Novosanzharsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1910 10 Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 one Jew was killed in M.
MAYAK, a village in the Black Sea region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1939, 174 Jews lived in the region. In the fall of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. During the occupation, 36 Jews were killed in the region.
LIGHTHOUSE, a village in the Belyaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1867, 249 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 648 (14.1%), in 1910 - 415, in 1920 - 326, in 1923 - 192 Jews. In 1896 there was a synagogue in Moscow, in 1910 - 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, bakery, bakery, 30 shops (including 4 grocery, all 4 meat, wine). In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 3 Jews were killed in M.
MAYAKOVSKY, see Baghdadi.
MAIDANOVKA, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of Moscow owned a grocery and a tannery; in the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942 the Jews of M. were shot together with the Jews of Zvenigorodka.
MAYDANSKY Moisey Noevich (1900 - 1973, Kiev), linguist. The first work publ. in 1920. In 1925 he released (with L. Frusman) the book. for reading in gr. on the elimination of illiteracy, in 1933 - "Alefbase far dervaksene" ("Alphabet for adults"), et al. with M. Shapiro. M. - one of the authors of textbooks for Jewish schools "Spelling and Punctuation", "Book for Reading", etc. As sotr. Institute of Jewish Culture at VUAN, worked on dis. "Problems of Jewish syntax" and together with E.G. Spivak and H. Leutzker over issl. “Sketches on Jewish Literature. language (Yiddish), its history and modern. condition ". M. also owns the work "Syntax of a simple sentence". After the war of 1941–45, together with M. Ya. Beregovsky, he made a trip to the west. region Ukrainian SSR for the collection of Jewish folklore. Throughout many. years together with gr. scientific. sotr. in-that worked on the compilation of a large "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) dictionary" (published in 1984). In the jury. "Sovetish gameland" publ. research “About Russian. and ukr. per. manuf. Sholem Aleichem "(1968, No. 11).
MAIDORF, see May, Dnepropetrovsk Region.
MAYER Louis Burt (Eliezer) (1885, Minsk - 1957, Los Angeles), film producer. He was brought to Canada as a child. Since 1903 - in the USA. In 1907 he opened a small cinema in Haverhill. Together with N. Gordon he created a network of c / t-ditch in New England (network "Gordon-Mayer"). Engaged in rental, then production activities. Founded Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation, which merged in 1924 with Metro Pictures Corporation, and then with S. Goldwin's firm to form Metro-Goldwin-Mayer. M. was her vice-president. until 1942. Among f. M .: "The Big Parade" (1925), "Ben Hur" and "The Student Prince" (both - 1927), "Anna Christie" (1930), "Grand Hotel" (1932), "The Bounty Mutiny" (1935), The Great Siegfeld, San Francisco (both 1936), The Good Land (1937), The City of Boys (1938). One of the founders of Amer. Association of owners of c / t and the Academy of Cinematography (1927). In 1931–36 - prez. Association of Producers. He was a trustee of the Los Angeles Home for Jewish Orphans. Knight of the hordes. Of the Legion of Honor.
MAYFELD, see Mayskoye of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
MAIKAPAR Georgy Ilyich (b. 1914, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the field of aerodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1952), prof. (1963). In 1938 he graduated from the Center, correspondence aviation. Institute of Civil Air Fleet in Leningrad. In 1938-40 Art. Ing. Research Institute of Civil Air Fleet. Since 1940 - at TsAGI, (since 1992 chief scientific researcher). In 1940–79 he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute. Main scientific. work related to the design of air. propellers for Il-2, La-5 and Tu-114 aircraft. In the beginning. 1960s took part in providing the project "Energy" - "Buran". Developed the optimal form of supersonic aircraft. Author of scientific. Art. and monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1975). Became. pr. (1949). State pr. USSR (1978). Etc. them. N.E. Zhukovsky (1971, 1976). Works: The theory of the rotor. M., 1973 (et al.); Modern problems of aeromechanics. M., 1987 (et al.).
MAYKAPAR Samuil Moiseevich (1867, Kherson - 1938, Leningrad), composer, pianist, teacher, musicologist. He graduated in 1891 law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that and Petersburg. cons. In 1894–98 he improved as a pianist with T. Leshetitsky in Vienna. He worked in Moscow (1898-1901) and Tver (1901-03), performed as a soloist and in an ensemble, including with L.S.Auer and I.V. Grzhimali, taught. Gave lectures at Moscow. scientific-muses. circle (leader S.I. Taneev). He opened a private music in Tver. school. In 1903–10 he lived in Leipzig, gave concerts and taught. In 1910-28 he led the class. php. in Petersburg. (Leningrad) cons. (since 1917 prof.). In 1930 he retired due to disagreement with the reforms introduced by the leadership of the cons. As a teacher, he developed the traditions of Leshetitsky (awareness in working on musical text, rationalization of methods for improving the pianistic apparatus). He wrote music for Ch. arr. for kids. M. - the author of St. Lp 200 plays, pl. of which are included in the repertoire of modern students. muses. schools; among them are "Spillikins", "Bagateli", "First Steps" (4 hands), "Miniatures", "Little Novelettes", "Theater of Puppets" and other programmatic plays. Among other works. - strings, quartet, fp. trio, sonata for fp., romances. M. - the author of the book: “Musical ear. Its meaning, nature, features and method of correct development "(M., 1890)," The meaning of Beethoven's work for our time "(Moscow, 1927)," Years of study "(Moscow, 1938)," How to work on the piano. Conversation with children "(L., 1963). Cousin and wife of M. Sultane (Sofia) Emanuilovna (ps. Nina Ormelli), singer. In 1905–10 she lived in Germany, gave concerts in Austria and France. In 1912-13 - soloist of the mountains. t-ra in Teplice. Upon returning to Russia, she studied ped. activities, in 1938–48 - taught at GITI-Se. M.'s grandson - Alexander Evgenievich M. (b. 1946, Moscow), pianist, harpsichordist, musicologist. Since 1970, soloist-harpsichordist, pianist and organist of the Mosconcert. Tours in Russia, the CIS and Western countries. Europe. The author of music-theoretical. works on the history and theory of music.
MAIKOP, city, capital of the Republic of Adygea (Russian Federation). Main in 1857. From 1870 - the center of the Maykop department. Kuban region Since 1936, the capital of Adygea. In 1881, 281 Jews (1.1%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 310 (0.7%), in 1926 - 595 (including 6 Karaites), in 1970 - 286 (0.3%), in 1979 - 227 Jews (0.2%). several were relocated to M. families of "Judaizers" from the center. lips. Russia. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue in M. Oct 20 1900 took place to establish. collection of the Zionist circle M., in Krom to the end. 1901 was 75 members. There was a Russian-Jewish school. In 1910–16, Moscow had a synagogue, a rabbi, and a Jewish cemetery. In 1926, delegates from Moscow took part in the work of the 1st Congress of Mountain Jews of the North. Caucasus. In 1927 a Jewish agricultural was established in Moscow. artel "New plans". In 1930, approx. M. was organized by the collective farm "Truzhenik" (13 families), subordinate to Sevkavkraikomzet. 10 Aug. 1942 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. Aug 1942 Jews in M. were killed. In the release of M. on January 29. 1943 partisans took part. detachment under com. Yakov Rafailovich Sverdlov. Since 2002, religions have been active in Moscow. community (formerly Yakov Grigorievich Frenkel, b. 1945), a branch of "Hesed". In 2002, approx. 350 Jews.
MILESTONE Lewis (Milyntein Lev) (1895, Odessa, according to other data Chisinau - 1980, Los Angeles), film director. As a young man, he went to Belgium, where he entered the polytechnic in Ghent. Soon he dropped out of school and in 1913 came illegally to the United States. During the 1st world. war took part in the production of military-academic. f., after demobilization he moved to Hollywood, worked as an editor and screenwriter for T. Ince, G. King, M. Sennett. As dir. made his debut in 1925 with the comedy "Seven Sinners". Already the second f. "Seven Arab Knights" (1927) brought him the Oscar. Naib means f. - "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1930, Oscar Ave.), "First Page" (1931), "Rain" (1933), "On Mice and People" (1939), "North Star" (1943) , "Walk in the Sun" (1945), "Arc de Triomphe" (1948), "Les Miserables" (1952), "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1962). During the 2nd world. War was produced by doc. f. Our Russian Front (1941, directed by J. Evens). In 1933–47 he worked at the theater. From ser. 1950s producer and dir. on TV. He directed 38 feature films in total.
MAIMINAS Efrem Zalmanovich (b. 1932), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). From 1968 to econom. Faculty of Moscow State University, led n.-i. seminar on processes of adoption of econom. solutions, prepared a course of lectures “Econ. cybernetics ", which became the basis for the specialty of the same name, as well as the course" Econ. politics". Since 1970 simultaneously. head department of Ying-that nar.-household. forecasting of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 140 scientific. works, in which he considers the economy as a complex, polystructural system, the most important and integral part of the cut are information processes. With the participation and under the hands. M. publ. uch. manual “Econ. cybernetics "(Moscow, 1982)," Problems of target orientation and development of resource potential "(1985)," Issues of formation and implementation of scientific and technical. politics "(1989) and other works: Planning processes in the economy: Inform. aspect. 2nd ed. M., 1971; Introduction to econ. cybernetics. M., 1975.
MAIMON (Fishman) Yehuda-Leib (1875, Marculeshty Soroksky u. Bessarabian province - 1962, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Brother A. Maimon. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1905–13 he was a rabbi in Ungheni. In 1902 he took part in the founding work. congress "Mizrahi" in Vilna. Participated in the Zionist. Congr., starting from the 2nd. Since 1913 - in E.-I. One of the founders of the network of schools "Mizrahi" in E.-I. Joint. with A.-I. Kuk was the initiator of the creation. in E.-I. in-that Ch. rabbinate, developed a regulation on him. In 1936 he founded the book. publishing house "Mossad Ha-Rav Kuk". In 1931–48, Mizrahi's representative on the board of the Jewish Agency, was its vice-president. Advocated for Mizrahi's collaboration with the revisionist. movement. In 1948–51 - min. religions and min. for War Victims. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation. The author of the book. on Jewish law and Jewish philosophy.
MAYMON Moisey Lvovich (1860, Volkovyshki, Suvalka province - 1924, Leningrad), painter. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at drawing schools in Vilna and Warsaw. In 1887 he graduated from St. Petersburg. AH, having received the title of cool thin. I degree for the painting "The Death of Ivan the Terrible". For the painting "The Secret Seder in Spain during the Inquisition" in 1893 he was awarded the title of Acad. In 1894-1900 he published the albums Women of the Bible, Men of the Bible, Pictures from Jewish Life. Author of paintings on Russian themes. stories. The painting "April 18 in the Turenchen Mountains" depicts Jewish musician soldiers supporting a wounded priest and leading a regiment to attack the Japanese. The painting "Back at Home" (1906) (removed by the censorship from the exhibition because of the "pronounced harmful direction") dedicated. a wounded Jewish soldier who returned to his homeland and found a house destroyed by the pogrom. In 1907, at a personal exhibition in London, he exhibited paintings on a Jewish theme, which were forbidden to be shown in Russia. Most of M.'s paintings were bought by collectors. In 1907 he took part in the Jewish Artists exhibition in Berlin. Designed by ed. Society of Jewish folk music. The author of Art. in the Jewish periodical. print. In 1915 M. was among the founders of the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Arts. Participated in the work of exhibitions of the Society (1916-18). From 1919 he taught at the Jewish University in Petrograd. Reprinted in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. in Hebrew and Russian lang.
MAINOVO, see Novogeorgievka.
MAYOFIS Yisroel-Lvrom (1897, Shadov of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1930, Cologne), writer, playwright. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied physics, mathematics and language. In 1915 he passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. He made his debut in Warsaw. gas. "Ha-Tsefira" in 1916. He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. Since 1920 sotr. gas. "Di Yiddishe shtime" (Kaunas), where he published poems, stories, humoresques, art., Correspondence from Germany and Switzerland, trans. from Hebrew, Rus, German, Polish. lang. Also published in pl. periodic. ed. in Hebrew. M. - the author of plays, to-rye staged in Jewish t-ts: "Ver git mer |" ("Who gives more |"), 1921; "Ying bluet un Gift" ("In blood and poison"); Di Shume Vibe (The Mute Wife), 1923; "Tsu spet" ("Too late"), 1924 and others. Per. in Yiddish verses by H.-N. Bialik. Prepared for ed. 5 t. Of their favorites. production, one of to-rykh ("Humor. Stories") came out posm. in 1931.
MAYOROV Evgeny Emmanuilovich (1910, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1987), military leader. Lieutenant General (1958). In 1941 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In Kr. Army since 1928. Commanded the dec. shooter. divisions. In 1941–45 - at the front, com. shooter. regiment and air defense units. In 1945 53 - com. air defense divisions, in 1953-59 - the first. deputy. teams, air defense troops Stalingr. district, in 1959-68 - early. f-that Military. air defense academy. From 1968 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
MAYOROV Mikhail Moiseevich (real name and surname Meer Biberman; party ps. Yakub, Major) (1890, Skorodnoye of Mozyr district, Minsk province - 1938), politician. Into the roar. movement from the beginning. 1900s, was arrested several times. Member RSDLP since 1906. After Feb. rev-tion of the member. Kiev committee of the RSDLP and the Executive Committee of the Council (headed by the Bolshevik faction). Affairs. 7th (April) All-Russia. conf. RSDLP (b). Member of the October Armed. restore in Petrograd, Moscow and Kiev. Since March 1918, member. CEC of Ukraine and the Nar collegium. secretariat of internal .. affairs. Since April one of the hands. school desks. underground in Ukraine, from May - member, from July - before. Time, all Ukrainian. to-that slave. communist party affairs. 1st Congress of the CP (b) U. In Aug.-Oct. 1918 previous, in Oct. 1918 - Feb. 1919 members underground Kiev region. set of KP (b) U. In 1919–20 he worked in the supply agencies of the troops of the Kiev sector, the 12th Army, and the Kiev Military District; Cand. in part. Central Committee of CP (b) U. In 1920-22 before. Kiev province. SNKh. In 1922–23 sec. Odessa Provincial Committee, in 1932–33 - the Odessa Regional Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1924-27 before. Astrakhan, then Tomsk provincial executive committees, in 1927–30 deputy. prev. Central Control Commission KP (b) U. In 1930–32, the People's Commissar for Supply of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1933-34 sec. Sredzburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), since 1934 deputy. prev. Tsentrosoyuz of the USSR. Affairs. 12th, 14-17th congresses of the CPSU (b), in 1927-34 members. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b). Member Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed.
MAISHIAHOLA, a place in Vilnius district. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Meishagola Vilensky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 109 Jews (11.8%) lived in Moscow. In 1873–84, Aba was a rabbi in Moscow. Yakov Borukhov (1849–?), From 1893 - Tsvi-Zeev Weinberg (1865–?) During the Holocaust, the Jews of M. were deported to the Vilnius ghetto and subsequently exterminated. Lyubov Iosifovna (real name Liba-Reiza Ioselevna) Rum (1894–1959, Moscow), actress, in 1919–49 worked in the troupe of GOSET, founded. roles: Soret - "The Ovadis Family" by P.D. Markish (1937), Golda Heart - "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem (1939) and others, col. with SM Mikhoels starred in the films "Jewish Happiness" (1925), "Circus" (1936), honored. art. RSFSR (1939), order. Badge of Honor (1939); R.'s granddaughter - Lilia Nikolaevna Dobrovolskaya (b. 1959, Moscow), actress, Hon. art. RF (1999).
MAYSKY (real family. Lyakhovetsky) Ivan Mikhailovich (1884, Kirillov Novgorod province - 1975, Moscow), politician, diplomat. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Rod. in the family of a military doctor. In 1902 for participation in the revolt. movement was expelled from St. Petersburg. un-that, arrested and deported to Siberia. From 1903 p. RSDLP, Menshevik. Party roar. events of 1905 in Saratov. In 1906 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Since 1908 - in emigration: in Switzerland, Germany (in 1912 he graduated from the economics department of Munich University), Great Britain. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Russia. The manager of the department of labor in K-those members Will establish. collection (Samara, 1918). Since 1921, members VKP (b). In 1922–23 the head. dep. press of the NKID RSFSR. In 1923–25 ed. zhurn. "Star"; lecturer Communist. un-that in Leningrad. In 1925–27 sotr. (later - Counselor) of the USSR Embassy in Japan; in 1929–32 the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Finland; in 1932–43 plenipotentiary envoy (since 1941 - ambassador) of the USSR in Great Britain. In 1935-37 a member. Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1936–39, the USSR representative to the Committee on non-interference in Spanish affairs. In 1943–46 deputy. People's Commissar of Foreign. affairs of the USSR. Participated in the Crimean (Yalta) and Potsdam Conf. (1945). In 1941–47, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1946 53 and 1955–68 at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences; from February 1953 to July 1955 he was imprisoned. In 1968–75 - at the Institute of General History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works: Germany and War. M., 1916; Modern Mongolia. Irkutsk, 1921; Before the storm. M., 1944; Spain 1808-1917. M., 1957; Memoirs of the Soviet Ambassador. M., 1964–65; People. Developments. Data. M., 1973.
MAYSKY Misha (Mikhail) (b. 1948, Riga), cellist. V. Maisky's brother. Studied at Moscow. cons. by class M.L. Rostropovich. Laureate of Vses. cello competition (1st avenue, 1965, Moscow), Intern. contests them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (6th Ave., 1966, Moscow), them. G. Cassado (1st Ave, 1974, Florence). Since 1973 - in Israel. In 1974 he studied in the USA under G.P. Pyatigorsky. Tours in pl. countries as a soloist and ensemble player.
MAYSKY Valery (1942, Riga - 1981, Germany), organist. Cand. lawsuit. Brother of M. Maisky. Studied at the Riga muses. school, playing the organ - with I.A. Braudo in Leningrad. Has performed with concerts in various. cities of the USSR. Since 1973 - in Israel. One of the founders of the Society of Music Lovers I.-S. Bach (1975). He gave concerts in Israel, toured many others. countries. The author of several. works about the work of Bach.
MAYSKOE (until 1944 - Maidorf), does not exist now. Main in the 1920s. as a Jewish farmer. the colony. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. the village council of the Novo-Zlatopolsky Jewish district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. In 1931, 506 people lived in Moscow. In Moscow, KOMZET and the Joint provided assistance to the migrants; a school was built, a reading room, a hospital, and a photograph were working. In the 1920s. a Zionist group (9 people) was operating in Moscow. 1942 in M. several were killed. dozens of Jews remaining in the occupation.
MAIZELIS Ilya Lvovich (1894, Uman, Kiev province - 1978, Moscow), chess player, chess theorist, historian, writer, translator. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "64. Chess and checkers in the [[]] workers' club ”(1925-30), responsible. sec. publishing house "Sov. chess. Chronicle "(1943–46), published in English. lang. The author of the chess textbook. games, a number of theoretical. and ist. works. Translated "Chess Game Textbook" by Em. Lasker (1926), "My System" by A. I. Nimtsovich (1928). Chess collector. literature, had one of the best chess in the USSR. libraries. Works: Beginner chess player. M.-L., 1937; Rook against pawns. On the theory of a rook endgame. M., 1956; Chess. Foundations of the theory. 2nd ed. M., 1960.
MAISEL (Maislish) Moishe (c. 1760, Vilna - after 1838, Hebron), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education; independently studied secular sciences. In his youth he was close to Eliyahu from Vilna, held prominent positions in the Vilna communal government. Under the influence of Shneur-Zalman from Lyad, he became a Hasid. When it became known in Vilna about M.'s adherence to Hasidism, he, fleeing persecution, fled to Germany. During the Napoleonic Wars, early. 19th century M. kept in touch with the French. military. command in Germany, met with the imp. Napoleon I, but under the influence of Schneur-Zalman broke these ties. Suspected by the French of spying for Russia, he fled to E.-I. In 1812 he returned to Russia, played a prominent role in Jewish societies. life. From 1813 - in E.-I .; one of the first Hasidim to settle in Hebron.
MAISEL Boris Sergeevich (1907, Petersburg - 1986, Moscow), composer. Son of S.O. Maisel. He studied from 1923 in Petrograd. cons. (class fp. NI Richter), in the First muses. technical school them. MI Glinka, in 1932–36 again in Leningrad. cons. (class composition of M.O.Steinberg, then P.B. Ryazanov). After graduating from college (1929) he collaborated with satirists. t-rum "Crooked mirror", wrote op-you, pop music. 1941–42 in Leningrad; in the spring of 1942 he was evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Since 1944 in Moscow. Et al. from the Buryats. comp. Zh.A. Batuev created the first Buryats, the ball. - "In the name of love" (1958) and "Golden candle" (1959). Rendered creative assistance in the formation of the Buryats. op. - cum. with D.D. Ayushev worked on op. "Twin brothers". A number of products M. was created under the impression of the blockade he had experienced - symph. poems "Leningrad" (1942, 2nd ed. 1978), "Leningrad short story" (1969). Among other works: op. Shadow of the Past (1964); 6 points, including "The Snow Queen" (1940), music and choreography. the poem "Distant Planet" (1962, Leningrad); 10 symph. (1940–86), symph. suites (1944–65), 7 symph. poems (1942–75), 6 concerts for decomp. instr-tov with orc. (1949–81), chamber instr. music, romances (at the station of G. Geine, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, E.A. Evtushenko) and others. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1959).
MAISEL Eliyogu-Chaim (1821, Gorodok Vileisky u. Minsk province - 1912), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1839–53 a rabbi in Gorodok; in 1853–61 - in Derechin, Grodno province; in 1861–67 - in Pruzhany, Grodno province; in 1867–73 - in Lomza; from 1873 - to Lodz. He took a noticeable part in societies. the life of those cities in which he served as a rabbi.
MAISEL Hertz (1887 - after 1947), writer, translator. From a young age participated in the roar. movement, joined the Bund. He emigrated to England. Returning to Russia in 1917, he joined the Bolsheviks, was printed in gas. "Zvezda", "Der Stern" (both - Minsk). In 1922-23 publ. stories, essays, feuilletons in gas. Der Veker (Minsk), Morgen Freigite (New York), Nae Press (Paris) and other communist. ed. In 1928 he released the collection. "Derceilungen" ("Stories"), in 1932 - Sat. Dry Shmulikes (Three Shmuliks). He translated (with U. G. Finkel into Yiddish tr. N.M. Nikolsky "Jewish Holidays, Their Origin and Development" (Minsk, 1925), Roman. F.I. Panferov "Bruski", as well as several books on social and political topics.
MAISEL Isaak Eremeevich (1875, Petersburg - 1960, Moscow), pediatrician. Doctor of Medicine (1906), prof. (1939). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1899) and dis. worked as a pediatrician in Moscow and Zheleznovodsk. In 1918 he organized a demonstration forestry school and was its director. Since 1923, assistant at the clinic, children. diseases of the 2nd Moscow State University, since 1937 head. Department of Pediatrics Mosk. region n.-i. clinics Institute of Science. tr. M. dedicated decomp. diseases of children. age: tuberculosis, infectious, neurologist, and gastroenterologist., as well as problems of organizing the work of children. lay down. institutions. Cit .: Development and education of children from one to 14 years. M., 1910; Summer school colonies. M., 1919; Outdoor schools. M., 1924; Breastfeeding, feeding and caring for him. M., 1925; Nervous and mental illnesses of childhood. M., 1928; Peptic ulcer in children. M., 1957.
MAISEL Lyubov Yakovlevna (b. 1908), actress. Theater. She was educated in the studio of the Kharkov Theater Proletkult, in 1925–28 she worked in this theater. In 1930–35 in Leningrad. T-re Proletkulta. From 1935 approx. For 40 years she worked in Alma-Ata Rus. t-re drama. In the repertoire of M., roles in the plays of AN Ostrovsky - Kabanikh ("The Thunderstorm", 1938), Ogudalov ("Dowry", 1948), Murzavetskaya ("Wolves and Sheep", 1964); M. Gorky - Melania ("Egor Bulychov and others", 1951); in performances based on production F.M.Dostoevsky - Bubnov ("Humiliated and Insulted", 1956), Obnoskin ("Stepanchikovo Village and Its Inhabitants", 1971); in owls. plays - Major Grech ("So it will be" KM Simonov, 1945), Madame Ksidias ("Intervention" by LI Slavin, 1948), Dunka ("Love Yarovaya" by KA Trenev, 1952); in the plays zarub. authors - Mrs. Starkwedore ("Theft" by J. London, 1955), Lina Rose ("Physics" by F. Durrenmatt, 1966) and others. M. especially succeeded in poignant roles. Nar. art. KazSSR (1955).
MAISEL Maurytsy (1872, Warsaw - after 1940, Siberia), entrepreneur, public figure. In 1920, during the Polish-Soviet war, he was one of the commissars of the Warsaw Defense Council. In the 1920s and 30s. prev. Union of Jewish Riflemen named after B. Yoselevich. Vice President mountains. Council of Warsaw, vice-chairman. Centre. mountains. Council of Warsaw, vice-chairman. Centre. Union of Merchants, one of the founders of the Institute. F. Chopin, a figure of many. Jewish and Polish societies, organizations, before. Jewish religion. communities of Warsaw. After the beginning. 2nd world. wars - in the USSR.
MAISEL Mikhail Gavrilovich (1899 - 1937), critic, literary critic. Assoc. Leningrad. ist.-lingual, in-ta, worked in the journal. "Literary Contemporary". He entered the LAPP, then the "Litfront". One of the most active lit. critics of the 1920s and 1930s. In 1934 - cases. First Congress of Sov. writers. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.
MAISEL Nachman (1887, Kiev - 1966, Alania, Israel), literary critic. From 1903 he was published in periodicals. ed. in Hebrew. First Art. M. in Yiddish appeared in the Kiev collection. Yidisher Almanac (1909). Together with M. Levitan and S.-Sh. Dobinom founded in Kiev. suburb Demievka school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1912-14 he headed the publishing house "Kunst-Farlag" (Kiev). In the years of the 1st world. war worked in Perm for the military. z-de, printed in the local Russian. gas. per. manuf. Jewish writers. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Kiev, became one of the founders of the publishing house "Kiever Farlag", a cut produced over 100 kn. Jewish writers. Published in pl. Jewish periodicals ed. In 1920 he moved to Warsaw, where in 1925 he founded a weekly. Literary Bleter, ed. and to-rogo M. was the author until 1938. In 1936 he visited E.-I, and then printed in gas. "Gaynt" travel notes included in the book. "Days and nights in the valley" (1937). Since 1937 - in the USA. Was ed. every month "Yiddish Cultures". Since 1964 - in Israel. Author of the book: "Noente un vaite" ("Close and Distant"), 1924; Pereses brive un redes (Peretz's Letters and Speeches), 1929; Forgeer un mitzeitler (Forerunners and Contemporaries), 1946; "Tsvishn khurbn un oifboy" ("Between ruins and revival"), 1947; "Geven amol a lebn" ("There was once life"), 1951, etc.
MAISEL Saliy (Solomon) Sergeevich (1900, Lepel, Vitebsk province - 1952, Moscow), turkologist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1945). Graduated from Dipl. and econ. f-you Mosk. Institute of Oriental Studies (1926), in 1926-28 worked as a bibliographer in the same place. In 1928–32 sotr. trade mission of the USSR in Turkey, in 1934–36 and 1941–42 - in Iran, in 1936–38 corr. TASS in Turkey. In 1932–34 he taught at the Ying-those red professors, in 1932–34 and 1939–41 - in Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, since 1940 in the Higher. Dipl. school of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the USSR, since 1944 head. Department of Bl. and Wed. East of Moscow State University. Author of works on linguistics, cit .: Arabian and Persian elements in Turkish. M., 1945; Izafet in Turkish M.-L., 1957; Ways of development of the root fund of the Semitic languages. M., 1983.
MAISEL Sergey Osipovich (1882, Petersburg - 1955, Moscow), specialist in the field of lighting. Dr. Tech. sciences (1938), prof: (1920). In 1906 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. In 1906–31 he worked at the Gorny Institute. At the same time. in 1920–32 he worked in the State. optical in-those. In 1921 he organized a lighting engineering. lab. to Petrogr. in-those labor protection and hands. it until 1931. He headed the lighting engineering. lab. in Vses. lighting technology. Institute in Moscow in 1931. In 1941–45 he developed new methods of combat and blackout lighting in aviation, naval. navy and engineer. troops. Sci. activities related to the development of new types of light sources, standardization of lighting for various. types of work created. means and methods of protecting eyes from excessive brightness. In 1923 he drew up the first in the USSR draft rules and regulations for the lighting of school premises. In 1924 he participated in the establishment of the first owls. standard of luminous intensity. Held a number of scientific. research in the region. stroboscopy, stereoscopic. vision, photometry, blackout. The first to outline the present. theory of color vision, developed colorimetric. system. A number of works are devoted to the issues of rational thin. lighting production art-va, architect. objects (is including the sarcophagus of V.I. Lenin), colored lighting of industries., residential, societies. buildings. Hands. created mirror, diffuse lamps, mirror and prismatic. devices, mirror lamps, the first fluorescent lamps in the USSR. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1944) .Color: Color calculations and measurements. M., 1941; Fundamentals of the doctrine of colors. M.-L., 1946.
MAISEL Veniamin Mikhailovich (1900, Minsk - 1943, Kharkov), specialist in the field of mechanics. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from Kharkov Technol. Institute (1921), Institute of Nar. Education (1922), Inst. Nar. x-va (1923). Until 1925 he worked as a design engineer at the Design Bureau of Hydromachinery. In 1925–27, deputy. early scientific-technol. management of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1928–41 he taught at the universities of Kharkov (since 1934 prof. Kharkov University). At the same time. worked in Ying-those builds. Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. works relate to the theory of hydraulic machines, the dynamics of machines, the theory of elasticity. Determined the nature of fluid movement inside the wheels of centrifugal pumps, taking into account the number of blades and their profile. Proposed a new duty cycle for compressors. Contributed to the improvement of optical. method of research. stresses in the material. The author of fundamental works on the problem of the stress state of elastic systems under the influence of temperature. Developed a method of experiment. Determination of the stressed state of a heated body (Meisel's method). Comp.: Temperature problem of the theory of elasticity. Kiev, 1951.
MAISELS Dov-Berush (1798, Shchekocin, Poland - 1870, Warsaw), rabbi. Son of Itskhok M., rabbi in Kamenets-Podolsk. In 1832–56 he was a rabbi in Krakow. He took an active part in societies, city life; in 1846 the mountain was elected. senator; in 1848 he was elected to the first Austrian Reichsrat. Since 1856 - Rabbi of Warsaw. During the events of 1861 he supported the Poles, for which he was arrested and expelled from the Kingdom of Poland. In 1862 he returned to Warsaw. Author of comments on the book of Maimonides "Sefer ha-Mitsvot".
MAZAR (Meisler) Benjamin (1906, Tsekhanovets Grodno province - 1995), historian, archaeologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1928), prof. (1951). In the years of the 1st world. During the war he lived in Kursk, in 1917–20 - in the Crimea, at the beginning. 1920s - in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland. Educated in Berlin and Hesse high fur boots. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Archeol led. excavations in ist. places E.-I. In 1943–47 he taught Jewish history and archeology at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1952, 61 rectors of the university. From 1959 prez. Israeli archaeologist. about-va. One of the founders of the Israeli Academy of Sciences. Author of over 300 scientific. works. One of the initiators of the creation of the Bible Encyclopedia, he headed its editorial board. State pr. Israel (1968). Son M. - Uri (b. 1932, Jerusalem), publisher. Member of the War of Independence, in 1948–49 he served in intelligence, then was engaged in journalism. Graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem (1955). In 1956, 58 vice-president. Int. published. company, in 1958 prez. Israeli Publishing. in-that. Member Central Committee of the Mapai Party, General sec. Association for Israeli-Brazilian Relations. Author of works on problems of history and current politics.
Mazarakiy, now part of the village. Debaltseve, Vasilkovsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Bakhmutskiy u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 14 shops in Moscow (including 3 haberdashery, 3 manufacturing, and a single furniture store).
MAZE Eida (1893, Angles of Minsk Province - 1962, Montreal, Canada), poet. Since 1917 - in the USA. She began writing poetry in 1926, was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. USA, Canada, Poland, Argentina, Mexico. In 1931 she released the first in Montreal. Sat. verse. "Mother". Author of the book: "The leader of the far kinder" ("Poems for children"), 1936; "Nae Leader" ("New Poems"), 1941 and "Vaksn Meine Kinderlech" ("My Children Are Growing"), 1954. She was also engaged in publishing. activities. During the 2nd world. During the war, she worked in refugee aid organizations in Europe.
MAZE Shimon (b. 1907, Vitebsk), military leader, agronomist. Brigadier General. Graduated from Berlin University and Agronomics. Institute in Paris. In 1933 he joined Gagana. During the 2nd world. war served in brit. army (major). After graduating from the officer's school, he headed the quartermaster. service of the Jewish brigade in Europe. One of the creatures. quartermaster. services of the Israel Defense Forces and the first commander of the intendant, the country's troops. After an internship in the United States, he headed the department. personnel of the Defense Army. In 1955 he was demobilized. Pres. Cotton Producers' Association; member the reign of the Israel Farmers Association.
MAZE Yakov Isaevich (1860, Mogilev - 1924, Moscow), rabbi, public figure. Traditions. Jewish religion educated in the family of his grandfather. While studying at the gymnasium (Kerch), he was carried away by Palestinian ideas, sotr. into gas. "Gamelitz". In 1882 he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1883 he began to publish in the Weekly Chronicle of Voskhod. In student. years was in the Palestinophile gr. "Bnei Zion". After the expulsion of rabbi S. Minor, M. was elected to the post of the state rabbi of Moscow (1893). He was the founder of the Society of Hebrew Lovers. He regularly traveled to cities and towns of the Pale of Settlement, promoting the ideas of Zionism. At the trial of M.M. Beilis M. acted as an expert. In the years of the 1st world. war M. took an active part in organizing aid to wounded Jewish soldiers and refugees; with the assistance of M. in Moscow created Mosk. Jewish Society for Aid to War Victims and Children. fund them. H.-N. Bialik for ed. children lit-ry in Hebrew. In 1917 M. was elected a member. prez. Jewish communities of Russia. After Oct. Revolution continued to defend the interests of Jewish culture, the right to study Hebrew, supported Dr. "Habima". In apr. 1920 was arrested as a Zionist member. conf., released soon. In 1923 he turned to M. I. Kalinin and F. E. Dzerzhinsky with a protest against the proposal of the Evsektsiya RCP (b) to close Moscow. choral synagogue and transfer its building to the Jewish club. M. - the author of the memoirs (in Hebrew) "Zichronot" ("Memoirs", v. 1-4. Tel Aviv, 1936).
MAZEL Ilya (Ruvim) Moiseevich (1890, Vitebsk - 1967, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1905–07 he studied under IM Pen. In 1907 09 at the school of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts in St. Petersburg. Expelled in 1909 from St. Petersburg due to the lack of a residence permit in the capital, M. continued his education in Munich (in private schools and in the Academy of Arts). In the beginning. 1st world. war expelled from Germany. Returned to Russia; was drafted into the army. He served in the Trans-Caspian region. In 1920 M. was among the founders of the first in Turkestan art. studio (since 1922 - "Shock School of Art-in the East"), studied trad. the claim of the Turkmen. Prod. M. is inherent in decoration. ornamentation, "carpet". During these years M. created a graphic artist. albums dedicated to life of the Turkmen. In 1923 he moved to Moscow. In his painting and graphic art, Jewish and Turkmen themes were intertwined. Their fusion is especially noticeable in the "Biblical cycle" early. 1930s Illustrated works. A.P. Chekhov. M. is the author of poems and fairy tales.
MAZEL Lev (Leo) Abramovich (1907, Konigsberg - 2000), musicologist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1941). In 1926 he graduated from music. technical school them. A.N. Skryabin in Moscow, class. the theory of music by G.L. Catoire. In 1930 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University and simultaneously. scientific-comp. Faculty of Moscow cons. by class A.N. Alexandrov. In 1931–67 (with interruptions) he taught at Moscow. cons., from 1939 prof., in 1936–41 head. Department of Music Theory. From 1931 he taught a course in the history of music-theoretical. systems, since 1932 the course of analysis of muses. manuf. Since 1936, on the initiative of M. muz.-theoretical. subjects were transferred to the lecture method of teaching, individual classes for musicologists were established. He also taught at the Sverdlovsk cons. (1942–43), State. music-ped. in-those them. Gnessin, Ying-those military. conductors. In 1949, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was dismissed from the cons. Restored in 1954. Joint. with V.A. Tsukkerman developed a method of holistic analysis of muses. op. The author of the research. in the region. muses. styles, music. syntax, forms, melody, harmony, muses. aesthetics, analysis methodology. M. belongs to the "theory of expressive possibilities"; introduced the concept of "artistic discovery" in musicology. M. is the author of over 100 works. Honored. figure in art in the RSFSR (1966). Vol .: Essays on the history of theoretical musicology. Issue 1-2. M., 1934 -39 (with I.Ya. Ryzhkin); F. Chopin. M., 1947; About the melody. M., 1952; Analysis of muses. works. M., 1967; Research about Chopin. M., 1971; Problems of classical harmony. M., 1972; Music analysis issues. M., 1978.
MAZHBITS Alexander Moiseevich (1894 - 1977), obstetrician-gynecologist, urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1937), prof. (1937). After finishing honey. Faculty of Crimean University (1922) until 1924 worked as a resident of the obstetric clinic in the same place. From 1925 in Leningrad. Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology (resident, junior scientific researcher), since 1932 - in LIDUV. In 1937 - 50 hands. urologist. clinics Ying-that obstetrics and gynecology and clinics of gonorrhea of ​​women Skin and venereologist. in-that in Leningrad. In 1941–45 he worked as a surgeon and gynecologist in evacuation hospitals in Leningrad. In 1953-59 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arkhangelsk Institute of Postgraduate Education for Doctors. tr. M. dedicated questions of urology, operative gynecology, restore, surgery of the pelvic organs. He proposed a number of operations: urethropoiesis, transplantation of the ureters into the bladder by the vaginal route, suturing of cervico-vaginal fistulas, etc. Cit .: Obstetric-gynecological urology (with atlas). L., 1936; Balneotherapy in gynecology and obstetrics. L., 1947; Gonorrhea of ​​women and its complications. L., 1957; Operative urogynecology. L., 1964.
MAZEIKIAI (1901–18 - Muravyovo), a town in Telšiai district. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. In the 19th century. - the town of Mozheiki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 435 Jews (21%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 300, in 1923 - 682 (16%), in 1936 - 750 (15 %), in 1940 - 900, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 20, in 1989 - 22 Jews. the sphere of economic. activities of Jews who began to settle in Moscow in the 1870s - trade (including wholesale). Jews owned shops, workshops, and factories. From 1885 Zeev-Wolf Avrakh (1845 -?) Was the rabbi in M. In 1915 the Jews were expelled from M. After 1918, the Jews of M., with the help of the Joint, opened shops, wholesale warehouses for the sale of food, forests, etc. 30s The Jews of M. owned mills, factories for the processing of flax, the manufacture of tiles, matches, a distillery plant, and an exchange office. In 1931 the Jews of Moscow owned 77 out of 89 trades. pr-ty and 20 out of 35 pr-ty light industry. In 1934, there were 3 Jews among the 12 members of the city hall. In 1937, among the Jews of M. there were 28 artisans, including 7 tailors, 4 shoemakers, 4 butchers, 2 saddlers, a baker, a printer, a hairdresser, a tanner, a tinsmith, a dyer, as well as 2 doctors, 3 dentists, and a lawyer. 1922 Rabbi M. was Yosef-Zeev Mamyafe (? –1941). In the 1920s – 1930s. in M. worked Jewish early. school with teaching in Hebrew, gymnasium of the "Tarbut" network, Jewish children. garden, Jewish libraries, the "Kultur-League", detachments of Zionist parties and youth movements were actively working. On June 25, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jewish men were shot on 3 August. 1941 at the Jewish cemetery. Aug 9 1941 all Jewish women and children were shot there. Cemetery M. became the site of massacres and Jews from the surrounding area. points. In total, more than 4 thousand Jews were shot here. A monument was erected at the site of the death of the Jews. Pinchas Abramovich (1909-1986), artist, in 1981-84 - before. Union of Artists of Israel.
MAJONAI, a village in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rossiensky district Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century in M. lived several. Jewish families. June 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 Jews of M. were shot.
MAZINKI, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1929–41 the Jewish collective farm Nayer Steig was located in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Moscow. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in M. Jews.
MAZ'ya Vladimir Gilelevich (b. 1937, Leningrad), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1960). He worked at Leningrad State University (1960–90), since 1990 at un-those in Linkoping (Sweden). Main research results. in the theory of differenti. Partial Differential Equations, Works: Certain Questions of Potential Theory and Function Theory for Domains with Irregular Boundaries. M., 1967 (jointly with Y.D.Burago); S.L. Sobolev spaces. L., 1985; Multipliers in Differential Spaces functions. L., 1986 (with T.O. Shaposhnikova).
MAZKI, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 Jews from M. were deported to the Priluk ghetto and in May 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
MAZOWECK, see Wysokie Mazowieckie.
Mazurovka, a village in the Poltava region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow.
MDZOVRETI, does not exist now. Main in the 14th century. as a city in the Kingdom of Kartli. According to one of the legends, Jews lived in M. from the 2nd half. 14th century During another raid, the Persians ravaged M., only 3 Jewish boys survived. They were picked up and brought up by the Jews of Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvali), who then married them to their daughters. As adults, they returned to M., where they restored the community and became the founders of the Jewish families of Dzindzhikhashvili, Dzorelashvili and Tsitsuashvili. According to some documents, in the 1660s. the landowner Tsitsishvili owned 12 serfs in Moscow. Izv. cargo. the historian, geographer and lexicographer Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi mentions (1745) M. as "a small town where Jews and Armenians live."
MECHETINSKAYA, a village in the Zernogradsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Cherkasy environs. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. 12 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939. 1942 More than 100 local Jews and Jewish refugees were shot in Moscow.
MECHISCHEV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1438. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 116 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 84, in 1939 - 50 Jews. July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1944, 30 Jewish families (more than 100 people) perished in Moscow.
MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich (1845, Ivanovka, Kharkov province. - 1916, Paris), biologist, pathologist. Poch. h. Petersburg. AN (1902). Grandson of I.L. Nevakhovich, brother of I.I. Mechnikov. Graduated (1864) Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kharkov University and was sent for scientific. exp. abroad. He studied the marine fauna on the island of Helgoland, specialized with the zoologist R. Leukart (Giessen, Germany). In 1865 on biol. station in Naples engaged in research. on embryology of invertebrates (with A.O. Kovalevsky); in 1868–70 in Naples and Messina he conducted research. by compare embryology and zoology. In 1870–82 - prof. Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa. In 1882 he retired. Sci. research continued in the home lab. In 1886, together with N.F. Gamaleya and Y.Yu. Bardakh, he organized in Odessa the first in Russia (second in the world) Pasteur station (now the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after I.I. Mechnikov). In 1887 he left Russia. From 1888 he worked in Paris, where M. was given a lab. in the institute created by L. Pasteur; from 1905 deputy. dir. this in-ta.Nauch. research belong to many. region biology and medicine. M. established general laws in the development of vertebrates and invertebrates, proposed a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. One of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology and microbiology. Discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis (1883). He worked out the problems of longevity, plant protection, infectious diseases. diseases, created the first Russian. school of microbiologists, immunologists and pathologists. A number of bacteriol bears the name M. and immunol. in-tov of Russia and the CIS countries. Nobel pr. (1908). Brother M. - Ivan (1836-1881), lawyer. State Councillor. In the 1870s. prev. Poltava env. court. Member Tula env. court, before. Kiev env. court. The prototype of Ivan Ilyich in pov. Leo Tolstoy "The Death of Ivan Ilyich".
MECHNIKOV Lev Ilyich (1838, Petersburg - 1888, Neuchâtel, Switzerland), geographer, sociologist. Brother of I. I. Mechnikov, grandson of I. L. Nevakhovich. In 1856 he was expelled from Kharkov University for participation in the student movement. In 1860 he took part in the national liberation. fight ital. people led by G. Garibaldi. Collaborated in the "Bell" A.I. Herzen. In 1868, together with N.P. Ogarev and N.A. Shevelev, publ. in Geneva "Description of the Land for the People". In 1874–76 he lectured on Russian. lang. at Tokyo University. From 1876, the French helped. geographer E. Rekl in his work on tr. “General geography. Land and people ”. In 1881 publ. research about Japan. From 1883 he occupied the chair of Comp. geography and statistics at the Academy of Neuchâtel. In 1889 tr. "Civilization and the Great Historical Rivers" (Russian translation - 1898, 2nd ed. - 1924), in which M. set out his geogr. theory of progress and social development, based on the study of the influence of geogr. environment on the history of the human society. In sociology. M.'s works criticized the theory of T.R. Malthus and his concept of absolute depletion of the land, sharply opposed social Darwinism and racism.
MEDAL Shmaryahu-Yehuda-Leib (1876, Kretingen, Kovno province - 1938, Moscow), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. In 1895-1905 a rabbi in Tula, then in Korelichi, Minsk province. in 1905–33 - in Vitebsk. In 1912 he took part in the founding work. congress Agudas-Israel. After the revolution of 1917, he was persecuted in Vitebsk. In 1933–38, the rabbi of Moscow. In 1938 he was arrested and shot. Son M. - Moishe (| - |), rabbi. He was a rabbi in Tula and Rostov-on-Don. After the Revolution of 1917, he was persecuted by the authorities. Arrested in 1937 (38). Died in prison. Son M. - Hillel (b. 1916, Vitebsk), rabbi. Doctor of Philosophy. One of the hands. the Mizrahi movement in Great Britain. Ed. first lane. Shulchan Aruch in English. lang.
MEDEL Vladimir Borisovich (1893, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Specialist in the field of electric rolling stock. Dr. Tech. sciences. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Railway Engineers (1916). In 1920–23 he was a member of the Sov. railroad a mission abroad, engaged in the purchase of steam locomotives. Under the arm. Yu.V. Lomonosov participated in the preparation of the project of one of the first Sov. locomotives with electr. transmission. Prof., head. department of electric. traction in MIIT. Created and hands. lab. "Dynamics and strength of electric rolling stock". Contributed to the development of theory and practice of creation. diesel locomotives. Author tr. on the theory of electric rolling stock.
MEDEM Vladimir Davidovich (party ps. Grinberg, Goldblat) (1879, Libava, Kurland province - 1923, New York), political and public figure, publicist. The son of a soldier. doctor (later a state councilor), was baptized by his parents, who were baptized much later. While studying at the Minsk gymnasium, he began to study Hebrew. Having entered the un-t in Kiev, in 1899 for participation in the student. unrest expelled from the university and sent to Minsk. Since 1900 one of the hands. Minsk organization of Bund. Then he began to collaborate in the Jewish periodical. print. In 1901 he was exiled to Vost. Siberia, fled and soon emigrated. From 1903 p. overseas delegation of the Bund, represented the party at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). In nov. 1905 returned to Russia, led the party. work in Vilna. M.'s first significant work - "Socialism and nat. question "- publ. in 1906 in Russian. lang. and Yiddish. From 1906 p. Central Committee of Bund, represented the party at the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907), a number of its conf. and plenums. In 1913 he was arrested and sentenced to 4 years in hard labor, was held in Warsaw prison, released after the occupation of the city by the Germans, by troops (1915), participated in the organization of Jewish schools in Poland. A germ was soon expelled. the authorities. Oct I met the roar with hostility. As one of the leaders of the Bund in Poland, he joined its right wing. Since 1920 - in the USA, collaborated in gas. "Forverts" and other socialist. periodic. ed. Publicistic. Art. M. were partly included in the collection "Zikhroines un articles" ("Memories and Articles", 1917) and "Fun mein notitz-bukh" ("From my notebook", 1920). M.'s wife - Gina (1886, Breziny Petrokovskaya province - |), publicist. Member Bund. From 1908 - in Switzerland. In 1926 she visited the USSR, got acquainted with the life of Jewish farmers. colonies in the south of the Ukrainian SSR and in the Crimea, in 1929–35 several. I once went to Birobidzhan, delivered essays on the Jewish Autonomous Region in different countries. In 1937–38 corr. one of the New York gas. in Spain, reported in Yiddish on radio in Madrid. In 1950 New York ed. book memoirs "A Lebneveg" ("Life's Path").
MEDENICHI (1940–89 - Medenitsa), an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Medinichi of the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in M. lived apprx. 350 Jews, in 1921 - 193 (6.8%), in 1931 - 180 Jews. 19th century in M. there was a synagogue, a mikvah. Main the occupation of the Jews is trade; they owned 20 shops, a tavern, a pharmacy. Most of the Jews of M. were Belzevsky Hasidim. Since the 1910s. a Zionist organization functioned in M.. In the 1920s and 1930s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1942 134 Jews lived in Moscow. On the night from 5 to 6 Aug. 1942 Jews of M. were arrested and, with the exception of five specialists with families and two female workers, were taken to Drohobych by the railway. station, from where they were sent to the extermination camp Belzec. In the fall of 1942, two doctors and a pharmacist with their families (8 people) were allowed to stay in M., the rest of the Jews were sent to Drohobych. On June 5, 1943, the families of one doctor and a pharmacist were shot. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in M..
MEDENITSA, see Medenichi.
MEDINI Chaim-Khizkiyahu (1833, Jerusalem - 1905, Hebron), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1853–67 the religion. judge in Istanbul. 1867–99 Rabbi of Karasubazar (Crimea). In 1899 he returned to E.-I. In 1901 he refused the offer to take the post of Ch. Sephardic rabbi E.-I. Rabbi of Hebron since 1901. He founded the Yeshiva Sdei Hemed there. Ch. tr. M. "Sdei Hemed" ("Pretty Fields", vols. 1–20. Warsaw, 1891–1912) is a halachic encyclopedia, one of the naib. complete and original works this kind of new time.
MEDINICHI, see Medenici.
Diana Yakovlevna MEDMAN (nee Aronovich) (b. 1944, Baku), public figure, entrepreneur. Cand. chem. Sciences (1978) In 1968 she graduated from the Moscow State Academy of Fine Arts Since 1989, Dir. acc. about-va "Bioprocess". Pres. wives club "Transformation" (1989), part of the International. women's alliance.
MEDNIK Chaim (1878, Shirvinty Vilensky district and provinces - 1954, Chicago), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva "Kneses Israel" in Slobodka, Kovno province. In 1909–16 he was a rabbi in Medvedichi (Slutsk district of Minsk province), in 1916–25 in Pogost of the same district. The owls were persecuted. the authorities. Since 1926 - in the USA. A rabbi in Chicago, an active participant in the Mizrahi movement in the United States. Published in Israel and Amer. Jewish journals.
MEDNIKOVA Esfir Maksimovna (1920, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1972), prof. (1974). After graduating from Moscow State University, she taught at the Department of English. lang. philol. f-that in the same place. The author is numerous. manuals on English studies and works on the problems of lexicology. One of the comp. Great English-Russian. dictionary (4th ed. M., 1987) and English-rus. Dictionary of Verbal Phrases (Moscow, 1986). Cit .: Fundamentals of Component Analysis. M., 1969; The meaning of the word and methods of its description. M., 1974; Translation theory and comparative analysis of languages. M., 1985.
MEDOVAR Boris Izrailevich (b. 1916, Kiev), metallurgist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (I960), prof. (1963). Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1973). Graduated from the Kiev Industrial. Institute (1940). Since 1941 he has been working at the Institute of Electric Welding. EO Paton of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev (with a break in 1941–43, when he was in the army). Developed (1944-51) basic. position of speed, submerged arc welding in relation to the task of manufacturing steel. large diameter pipes. Under the arm. Moscow in 1956–57 created the first furnace of the R-909 type for producing round ingots weighing 500 tons. Since the beginning of the 1960s. developed theoretical. fundamentals of metal science and metallurgy of welding austenitic. steels. Joint. with sotr. created electroslag technology of remelting, casting, welding and surfacing. Since 1979 he has been in charge of the creation. a new class of structural metal. materials. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR (1991). Became. etc. (1950). Linen. pr. (1963). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1978). State pr. USSR (1987). Cit .: Electroslag casting. 2nd ed. Kiev, 1981 (et al.); Electroslag crucible melting and metal casting. Kiev, 1988 (et al.); Metallurgy yesterday, today, tomorrow. Kiev, 1990.
HONEY, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 21 Jews lived in Moscow, and in 1939, 10 Jews. July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed; several Jews were hiding with the peasants of the village.
MEDVEDEV Dmitry Nikolaevich (1898, Bezhitsa, Bryansk u. Oryol province - 1954, Moscow), one of the leaders of the partisan movement in 1941–44, writer. Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In 1918 - in the Bryansk province. Cheka, then to Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. Since 1920 p. RCP (b). In 1920–35 he worked in the Cheka - OGPU NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR. In aug. 1941 - Jan. 1942 room partisas. detachment on the territory. Smolensk, Oryol and Mogilev regions. In June 1942 - March 1944, he headed a special intelligence service. partisas. detachment "Winners" (in its composition - scout NI Kuznetsov), operating on the territory. Rivne and Lviv regions He ended the war with the rank of colonel. Military. impressions formed the basis of the book. "It was near Rovno" (1948; 2nd ed., Revised and enlarged, - under the title "Strong in spirit", 1951; play of the same name in co-authorship with A.N. Grebnev - 1949) and "The detachment goes to West "(1948). Pov. M. "On the banks of the Southern Bug" (1957) dedicated to the struggle of the Vinnytsia underground workers. He was awarded 4 orders (including 3 orders of Lenin). In Sarny, Rivne region. a monument to M.
MEDVEDEV Mikhail Efimovich (real name and family name Meer Khaimovich Bernstein) (1858, Rakitnoe, Kiev province - 1925, Saratov), ​​opera singer (tenor), teacher, entrepreneur. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class J. Galvani (1881). In 1879, being a student cons., For the first time performed the part of Lensky in op. PI Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" at its premiere in a student performance. In 1882, a creative artist took place. M.'s debut as Sobinin (A Life for the Tsar by M. Glinka) at the Kiev Opera. Later M. performed in Kharkov (1883), Odessa (1884), Yekaterinburg (1887), and other cities. Russia. In 1885–86 and 1891–92 - soloist of the Bolshoi Theater. One season (1891) sang at the Mariinsky Theater. In 1898-1900 he toured the USA. In 1901 he organized an opera company to perform in America. M. possessed excluded. for beauty and strength in a voice, which was appreciated by N.G. Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky and many others. contemporaries. The singer's repertoire included both lyric and dramatic. parties, among them: Herman (The Queen of Spades by Tchaikovsky), Othello (opera of the same name by G. Verdi), Vasco da Gama (The African Woman by D. Meyerbeer), Finn (Ruslan and Lyudmila by Glinka), Jose ( "Carmen" by J. Vize), John of Leiden ("Prophet" by Meyerbeer), Duke ("Rigoletto" by Verdi), etc. At the end. M. programs performed chamber productions. F. Schubert, J. Massenet, C. A. Cui, A. S. Arensky, Glinka, Tchaikovsky. In 1901–05 he taught at the Musical Drama. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va (from 1903 - prof.), in 1905 in the Kiev cons. In 1912–25 M. prof. Saratov cons., Where he led the opera class. and cl. solo singing. M. founded in Saratov (jointly with N. Speransky) a permanent opera house (1918–20) and was his leader.
Roy A. MEDVEDEV (b. 1925, Tiflis), politician, publicist, historian, human rights activist. Dr. East sciences. Brother of Zh.A. Medvedev. M.'s father is an arm. political worker, repressed in 1937 with the rank of divas. Commissioner. In 1943–46 in Kr. Army. In 1951 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1951–54 the teacher cf. schools in the Sverdlovsk region; in 1954-57 dir. sat down. schools in Leningra. region; in 1958–61 ed. Uchpedgiza; in 1961-70 Art. scientific. sotr., head. sector of the Research Institute of Industrial Training of the APN RSFSR (USSR). From the beginning. 1960s - a member of the human rights movement. In 1964–71 every month. published in samizdat materials later published in Amsterdam ("Political Diary"). For the manuscript of the book. about JV Stalin "To the Court of History" in 1969 expelled from the party. Restored by the decision of the CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU, member. Central Committee of the CPSU since July 1990. In 1989-91 - People's Commissariat. dep., member USSR Armed Forces. Since 1991 co-ed. Socialist. party of workers, based on the basis of the Democratic Party. platform of the KPSS. The author of the book. and Art. on owls. period of Russian history.
MEDVEDEV Zhores Aleksandrovich (b. 1925, Tiflis), human rights activist, biologist. Cand. biol. sciences. Brother of R.A. Medvedev. In 1943 - at the front, he was wounded. In 1948 he graduated from S.-kh. Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev in Moscow. Sci. sotr. in the same place until 1962. In 1962–69 in Ying-those honey. radiobiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Obninsk). In the 1960s. author of a number of works in samizdat, member of the human rights movement. Was subjected to repression, was placed in a psychiatrist. hospital. Since 1973 - in Great Britain. In 1973–92 Art. scientific. sotr. Nat. in-that honey. research in London. The author of a number of books. by polit. history of the USSR. Some of them were written jointly. with brother. Op .: Who is crazy | London, 1971; Ten years after "One day of Ivan Denisovich". London, 1973; Khrushchev: years in power. New York, 1975.
MEDVEDEVKA, a village in the Chigirinsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In the beginning. 17th century received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Chigirinsky u. In 1847, 1,305 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1,453 (39%), in 1926 in the district - 48 Jews. In 1790 Rabbi Nakhman moved to Moscow, where he had students and followers. Rabbi Nachman's wedding took place in M. Main occupation of the Jewish population of M. in the 19th century. - crafts (tailoring, shoemaking, saddlery, cooper's, etc.) and small trade; Fairs were held in Moscow three times a year, and bazaars once every two weeks. In the beginning. 19th century Jews belonged to several. shops, wine cellar, inn, mill. A synagogue functioned in Moscow in 1867, and in 1910 a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in Moscow. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a bakery, 6 inns, 2 teahouses, and 66 shops (including 12 grocers, 5 haberdashery, and 12 manufactures). In May 1919, a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by local peasants; Jewish homes were looted. Since the 1920s. the number of Jews in M. declined due to the outflow of young people to work and study in the cities. By 1939, almost all Jews had left Moscow. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Moscow in 1941, 2 Jews were killed.
MEDVEDICHI, a village in the Lyakhovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Medvedichi (other name - Nedzvezichi), Slutsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 274 Jews (30%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 116 Jews. In 1906–16, H. Mednik was a rabbi in Moscow. ... June 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 11 Aug 1941 Jews of M. were shot.
MEDVED, a village in the Shimsky district of the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Novgorod district Novgorod province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, watch workshop, 4 shops (including one ready-made dress shop, one butcher shop).
MEDVEDOVSKY Samuil Pinkhusovich (1891, Zolotonosha, Poltava province. - 1924, Moscow), military leader. Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. Member of the 1st world. war, ensign, full Knight of St. George. In the end. 1917 early. Berdichev garrison. In the beginning. 1918 members VRK Yugo-Zap. front, formed the Red Guard detachments, brought together in the 4th Army. From Apr. 1918 - pom., From Aug. 1919 early. 16th shooter. divisions. After Grazhd. war teams, divisions, since 1923 pom. teams, troops of the Volga region. Awarded 2 orders. Cr. Banner.
MEDVEZHEGORSK, city (since 1938), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1916 as a railway the village of Medvezhya Gora. In 1939, 200 Jews lived in Moscow.
MEDVEZHYA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 5 Jews lived in M.; Leib Schoenwild owned a tavern.
MEDVEZHYA MOUNTAIN, see Medvezhyegorsk.
MEDVIN, a village in the Boguslavsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1362. From 1569 - a part of the Commonwealth, in 1620–48 - a city. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1852, approx. 500 Jews, in 1897 - 1082 (11.1%), in 1910 - 1500 (10.8%), in 1939 - 125 Jews. Jews have lived in Moscow since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts, small trade, rent. In the beginning. 19th century Jews owned 5 shops, 3 mills. In 1896–1901, Shimshon-Aron Polonsky (1876–1948) was the rabbi in Moscow. In 1910, there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Moscow. In 1914 the Jews owned a pharmacy, 3 timber warehouses, and 26 shops (including 15 grocery stores, 8 manufactures). On March 24, 1918, a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by local peasants; Jewish shops and merchandise were burned. 1941 in Moscow, several were shot. dozens of Jews. After liberation (January 1944), several returned to Moscow. Jewish families.
MEDYN, a city, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1386. From 1776 - the district town of the Kaluga governorship, then - the province. In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 20 Jews. In 1913, a Jew belonged to a unity. watch workshop in M.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МЕДЖИБОЖ, поселок городского типа (с 1924) в Летичевском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1146. В 13 в. – в составе Галицко-Волынского кн-ва, с 1363 – Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой (в 16–17 в. – город; в 1593 получил Магдебургское право). С 1793 – местечко Летичевского у. Подольской губ. В 1923–62 – районный центр.В 1765 в М. проживало 2039 евреев, в 1784 – 1313, в 1787 – 1223, в 1847 – 1719, в 1897 – ок. 6040 (ок. 73%), в 1923 – 3553, в 1926 – 4614 (58,2%), в 1939 – 2347 (51,64%), в 1988 – 5, в 1993 – 2 еврея.Евреи появились в М. в кон. 15 – нач. 16 в. В 1509 король Сигизмунд I Старый назначил еврея из М. – Либермана сборщиком королевских налогов, освободив его от подсудности любой власти, кроме королевской. К 1511 в М. образовалась еврейская община, получившая от короля налоговые льготы. В 1566 король Сигизмунд II Август подтвердил привилегии евреев М., освободив их от налогов и пошлин. В 1570 евреям М. принадлежало 70 домов в центре города. Тогда же было заложено еврейское кладбище. В 16 в. была построена Большая синагога. К нач. 17 в. община М. – одна из крупнейших на Подолии. Раввином и пред. раввинского суда М. до 1612 был Иоэль Сиркис (1561, Люблин – 1640, Краков), изв. как Бах (по аббревиатуре его гл. труда «Байт Хадаш» – «Новый Дом» – комментария к «Шулхан Аруху»). Впоследствии его именем была названа Большая синагога. Будучи одним из первых руководителей иешивы М., ввел в ней изучение каббалы.В 1648–53 отряды Б.М.Хмельницкого трижды уничтожали евреев М. Община была восстановлена к кон. 1650-х гг. В 1661 в М. было неск. еврейских домов и 2 постоялых двора. В сер. 17 – нач. 18 в. евреи М. страдали от казацких набегов. В это время общиной руководили раввины: с 1710 – Моше Кац, автор каббалистич. сочинений «Пней Моше» («Лицо Моше») (Вильмерсдорф, 1716) и «Керн Ор Пней Моше» («Луч света от Лица Моше») (Жолква, 1721), с 1715 – Нафтоли Ливи.В 1740 в М. было 211 еврейских домов (из 612), в 1760 – 309 (из 867), в 1783 – 349 (из 804).В 1740–60 И.Баал-Шем-Тов основал в М. первую хасидскую общину. Первыми хасидами в М. стали Зеев Кицес и Довид Пуркес. Преемником И.Баал-Шем-Това стал его ученик Дойв-Бер из Межирича. Позднее М. стал резиденцией Баруха (бадхеном при его «дворе» был Г.Острополер).После смерти И.Баал-Шем-Това в М. произошел раскол общины на хасидов и их противников. Первых возглавил Моше-Хаим-Эфроим, внук И.Баал-Шем-Това, вторых – раввин города Дов-Бериш Раппопорт (рук. общины в 1771–98). Сын Раппопорта Цви-Арье был раввином М. в 1803–30. В 1815–27 в М. издавались хасидские сочинения.Осн. занятия евреев М. в 18 – нач. 20 в. – торговля и ремесла (портновское, сапожное, кузнечное, токарное, слесарное, ткацкое, стекольное, ювелирное, переплетное, хлебопекарное и др.). Среди евреев М. были врачи, аптекарь, парикмахеры, музыканты, возчики. Общинные функции выполняли раввин, казначей, габай, меламеды, шохеты, банщики.В 1813 раввином М. стал Авром-Иегошуа Гешель из Опатова (1755–1825), в сер. 19 в. раввином в М. был его правнук Авром-Иегошуа Гешель (1832–1887), с 1881 раввином М. стал Исроэль-Шолом-Йосеф Гешель (1853–1911).В 1881–82, в 1896 и 1905 в М. прошли еврейские погромы, к-рые удалось остановить с помощью войск.В 1900 в М. была основана еврейская больница, при к-рой действовала бесплатная амбулатория; работало об-во «Эзра хойлим».В 1902–12 раввином М. был Шауль-Иссахар Бик, в 1912–25 – его двоюродный брат, последний раввин М. – Хаим-Михл Бик. Казенным раввином М. в 1914 был Иосиф Лейбович Шварцман. В М. имелось 9 синагог.Евреям М. принадлежали все 3 гостиницы, оба книжных магазина, все 3 аптеки, все 4 лесных склада, 21 мануфактурная, все 19 бакалейных, все 9 галантерейных лавок, обе булочные, единств. мельница, единств. пивоваренный завод и т. д.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. М. был резиденцией сына А.-И.Гешеля – Мешулама-Зуси (?–1929), позднее династию возглавил сын И.-Ш.-Й. Гешеля – Ицхок-Меир (1904–1985, Хайфа, Израиль). В нач. 20 в. официальное руководство общиной было передано казенному раввину; реальным лидером оставался духовный раввин.С нач. 1900-х гг. в М. активно велась сионистская деятельность. Во время 1-й мир. войны юноша-еврей из М. Давид Вольфович Боц был награжден Георгиевской медалью и Георгиевскими крестами 4-й и 3-й степеней.18 окт. 1917 в М. произошел погром. В 1919 практически все оставшиеся в М. евреи были уничтожены частями Директории.В 1921 члены «Ге-Халуц» М. выехали в Э.-И. В 1926 в М. был организован еврейский поселковый совет Меджибожского р-на Проскуровского окр., пред. – Мотл Гринштейн (?–1942). До сер. 1920-х гг. в М. действовали 10 синагог, 6 хедеров. В кон. 1920-х гг. была открыта нач. школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1929 – полная ср. школа (закрыта в 1938), при к-рой работали оркестр, хор, драм. студия; в 1934 перед учениками школы выступал Л.М.Квитко. Помещение синагоги, осн. И.Баал-Шем-Товом, и хранившиеся в нем его шапка, посох и кресло просуществовали до 1941. В кон. 1920-х гг. большинство синагог было закрыто. В 1929 в окрестностях М. был организован еврейский колхоз, к-рый во время голода на Украине в нач. 1930-х гг. принял мн. укр. крестьян. Полулегально продолжали действовать об-во «Бикур хойлим» и хевра кадиша.8 июля 1941 М. заняли части вермахта; осенью того же года было создано гетто. Зимой 1941–42 мн. узники умерли от голода и тифа. 22 сент. 1942 большинство обитателей гетто (более 1 тыс. чел.) были расстреляны; в нояб. 1942 были уничтожены последние евреи М. Лишь неск. евреев М. были спасены укр. крестьянами из окрестных сел.В нач. 1950-х гг. неск. вернувшихся после войны в М. евреев, собравшихся на Песах, были арестованы на неск. мес. за «сионистскую пропаганду». В 1950-х гг. была разрушена Большая синагога. В 1967 на месте расстрела евреев М. был установлен памятник. На старом еврейском кладбище сохранились могилы И.Баал-Шем-Това, А.-И.Гешеля, к-рые с кон. 1980-х гг. стали местом массового паломничества хасидов Израиля, США и др. стран. На новом еврейском кладбище хоронят евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов.В 2000 в М. в связи с 300-летием И.Баал-Шем-Това рядом с еврейским кладбищем была построена синагога.В 2003 в М. имелось еврейское население.В М. род.: Барух бен Иехиэль, М.-И.Бердичевский, М.Данцис, Я.-С.Корф, Нахман из Браслава, Г.Салуцкая, Б.С.Сигал, А.Хасин; Николай Лазаревич Гизис (1916–1987, Хмельницкий), кавалер орд. Славы 3-х степеней., pronunciation=МЕДЖИБОЖ, поселок городского типа (с 1924) в Летичевском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1146. В 13 в. – в составе Галицко-Волынского кн-ва, с 1363 – Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой (в 16–17 в. – город; в 1593 получил Магдебургское право). С 1793 – местечко Летичевского у. Подольской губ. В 1923–62 – районный центр.В 1765 в М. проживало 2039 евреев, в 1784 – 1313, в 1787 – 1223, в 1847 – 1719, в 1897 – ок. 6040 (ок. 73%), в 1923 – 3553, в 1926 – 4614 (58,2%), в 1939 – 2347 (51,64%), в 1988 – 5, в 1993 – 2 еврея.Евреи появились в М. в кон. 15 – нач. 16 в. В 1509 король Сигизмунд I Старый назначил еврея из М. – Либермана сборщиком королевских налогов, освободив его от подсудности любой власти, кроме королевской. К 1511 в М. образовалась еврейская община, получившая от короля налоговые льготы. В 1566 король Сигизмунд II Август подтвердил привилегии евреев М., освободив их от налогов и пошлин. В 1570 евреям М. принадлежало 70 домов в центре города. Тогда же было заложено еврейское кладбище. В 16 в. была построена Большая синагога. К нач. 17 в. община М. – одна из крупнейших на Подолии. Раввином и пред. раввинского суда М. до 1612 был Иоэль Сиркис (1561, Люблин – 1640, Краков), изв. как Бах (по аббревиатуре его гл. труда «Байт Хадаш» – «Новый Дом» – комментария к «Шулхан Аруху»). Впоследствии его именем была названа Большая синагога. Будучи одним из первых руководителей иешивы М., ввел в ней изучение каббалы.В 1648–53 отряды Б.М.Хмельницкого трижды уничтожали евреев М. Община была восстановлена к кон. 1650-х гг. В 1661 в М. было неск. еврейских домов и 2 постоялых двора. В сер. 17 – нач. 18 в. евреи М. страдали от казацких набегов. В это время общиной руководили раввины: с 1710 – Моше Кац, автор каббалистич. сочинений «Пней Моше» («Лицо Моше») (Вильмерсдорф, 1716) и «Керн Ор Пней Моше» («Луч света от Лица Моше») (Жолква, 1721), с 1715 – Нафтоли Ливи.В 1740 в М. было 211 еврейских домов (из 612), в 1760 – 309 (из 867), в 1783 – 349 (из 804).В 1740–60 И.Баал-Шем-Тов основал в М. первую хасидскую общину. Первыми хасидами в М. стали Зеев Кицес и Довид Пуркес. Преемником И.Баал-Шем-Това стал его ученик Дойв-Бер из Межирича. Позднее М. стал резиденцией Баруха (бадхеном при его «дворе» был Г.Острополер).После смерти И.Баал-Шем-Това в М. произошел раскол общины на хасидов и их противников. Первых возглавил Моше-Хаим-Эфроим, внук И.Баал-Шем-Това, вторых – раввин города Дов-Бериш Раппопорт (рук. общины в 1771–98). Сын Раппопорта Цви-Арье был раввином М. в 1803–30. В 1815–27 в М. издавались хасидские сочинения.Осн. занятия евреев М. в 18 – нач. 20 в. – торговля и ремесла (портновское, сапожное, кузнечное, токарное, слесарное, ткацкое, стекольное, ювелирное, переплетное, хлебопекарное и др.). Среди евреев М. были врачи, аптекарь, парикмахеры, музыканты, возчики. Общинные функции выполняли раввин, казначей, габай, меламеды, шохеты, банщики.В 1813 раввином М. стал Авром-Иегошуа Гешель из Опатова (1755–1825), в сер. 19 в. раввином в М. был его правнук Авром-Иегошуа Гешель (1832–1887), с 1881 раввином М. стал Исроэль-Шолом-Йосеф Гешель (1853–1911).В 1881–82, в 1896 и 1905 в М. прошли еврейские погромы, к-рые удалось остановить с помощью войск.В 1900 в М. была основана еврейская больница, при к-рой действовала бесплатная амбулатория; работало об-во «Эзра хойлим».В 1902–12 раввином М. был Шауль-Иссахар Бик, в 1912–25 – его двоюродный брат, последний раввин М. – Хаим-Михл Бик. Казенным раввином М. в 1914 был Иосиф Лейбович Шварцман. В М. имелось 9 синагог.Евреям М. принадлежали все 3 гостиницы, оба книжных магазина, все 3 аптеки, все 4 лесных склада, 21 мануфактурная, все 19 бакалейных, все 9 галантерейных лавок, обе булочные, единств. мельница, единств. пивоваренный завод и т. д.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. М. был резиденцией сына А.-И.Гешеля – Мешулама-Зуси (?–1929), позднее династию возглавил сын И.-Ш.-Й. Гешеля – Ицхок-Меир (1904–1985, Хайфа, Израиль). В нач. 20 в. официальное руководство общиной было передано казенному раввину; реальным лидером оставался духовный раввин.С нач. 1900-х гг. в М. активно велась сионистская деятельность. Во время 1-й мир. войны юноша-еврей из М. Давид Вольфович Боц был награжден Георгиевской медалью и Георгиевскими крестами 4-й и 3-й степеней.18 окт. 1917 в М. произошел погром. В 1919 практически все оставшиеся в М. евреи были уничтожены частями Директории.В 1921 члены «Ге-Халуц» М. выехали в Э.-И. В 1926 в М. был организован еврейский поселковый совет Меджибожского р-на Проскуровского окр., пред. – Мотл Гринштейн (?–1942). До сер. 1920-х гг. в М. действовали 10 синагог, 6 хедеров. В кон. 1920-х гг. была открыта нач. школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1929 – полная ср. школа (закрыта в 1938), при к-рой работали оркестр, хор, драм. студия; в 1934 перед учениками школы выступал Л.М.Квитко. Помещение синагоги, осн. И.Баал-Шем-Товом, и хранившиеся в нем его шапка, посох и кресло просуществовали до 1941. В кон. 1920-х гг. большинство синагог было закрыто. В 1929 в окрестностях М. был организован еврейский колхоз, к-рый во время голода на Украине в нач. 1930-х гг. принял мн. укр. крестьян. Полулегально продолжали действовать об-во «Бикур хойлим» и хевра кадиша.8 июля 1941 М. заняли части вермахта; осенью того же года было создано гетто. Зимой 1941–42 мн. узники умерли от голода и тифа. 22 сент. 1942 большинство обитателей гетто (более 1 тыс. чел.) были расстреляны; в нояб. 1942 были уничтожены последние евреи М. Лишь неск. евреев М. были спасены укр. крестьянами из окрестных сел.В нач. 1950-х гг. неск. вернувшихся после войны в М. евреев, собравшихся на Песах, были арестованы на неск. мес. за «сионистскую пропаганду». В 1950-х гг. была разрушена Большая синагога. В 1967 на месте расстрела евреев М. был установлен памятник. На старом еврейском кладбище сохранились могилы И.Баал-Шем-Това, А.-И.Гешеля, к-рые с кон. 1980-х гг. стали местом массового паломничества хасидов Израиля, США и др. стран. На новом еврейском кладбище хоронят евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов.В 2000 в М. в связи с 300-летием И.Баал-Шем-Това рядом с еврейским кладбищем была построена синагога.В 2003 в М. имелось еврейское население.В М. род.: Барух бен Иехиэль, М.-И.Бердичевский, М.Данцис, Я.-С.Корф, Нахман из Браслава, Г.Салуцкая, Б.С.Сигал, А.Хасин; Николай Лазаревич Гизис (1916–1987, Хмельницкий), кавалер орд. Славы 3-х степеней., extra_data="{'translat...")
MEDZINI (Medzinsky) Moshe (1897, Irkutsk - |), public figure, journalist. He graduated from the school of warrant officers in Irkutsk (1917). In 1917-18, members. Council of the Irkutsk Jewish Community. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1921–47 collaborators, corr. in Europe and the USA, polit. ed. and Chl. board ed. gas. "Ha-Aretz". At the same time. in 1927–33 gen. sec. Jewish Agency, in 1937–39 a member. Gene. Council of the World. Zionist. org-tion. In 1937–47, polit. broadcaster commentator. service E.-I., simultaneously. in 1935–38 Vice-President, in 1941–43 Pres. Jerusalem Journalists Association. In 1947-57 correspondent. Israeli radio in New York, in 1957-59 in Geneva. In 1952–56 he was treasurer of the UN Association of Journalists. Since 1959, polit. commentator for the Voice of Israel radio station. Since 1961, member. Council of the Liberal Party of Israel and before. gr. on the study of Israeli foreign policy. The author of the book. on the history of Zionism.
MEDZNO, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Medzno Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1908, 6 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 124 Jews (6%), by September. 1939 - c. 30 Jewish families. 20th century M. Jews were engaged in trade. In the 1930s. economical the position of the Jews in M. was extremely difficult (except for 3 well-to-do families who owned agricultural estates). In the 1930s. pl. the Jews of M. left for other countries. In 1941 the Jews of M. were expelled from the village; in M. 9 Jewish families remained, deported in June 1942 to Auschwitz.
MEDZNA, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1531. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Vengrovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 159 Jews (19.5%) lived in Moscow in 1864, and 150 Jews (15%) in 1897. Jews lived in Moscow since the end of the 19th century. 17th century From the 2nd floor. 19th century there was a community, a synagogue was built, a cheder was opened. Boruch Gefler was the rabbi in M. Main occupations of the Jews of M. in 19 - early. 20th century were small trade and crafts. In 1920 in the tech. 10 days M. was occupied by parts of the Kr. Army. After their retreat, the Polish. the authorities accused the Jews of “aiding the enemy”; in aug. 1920 Polish soldiers perpetrated a Jewish pogrom in M. The Jewish population of M. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
MEDZNO, see Medzno.
MEEROVICH Eduard Alexandrovich (1907 - 1987, Moscow), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1942), prof. (1946). After graduating from the electrical industry in 1929. Faculty of Minh worked on the test. station. Moscow transformer plant. From 1934 to Energetic. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory of theoretical electrical engineering). Since 1931 at the same time. taught at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications. tr. associated with the calculations of electro and magn. fields, processes in lines with longitudinal capacitive compensation using Fourier series, with issled. electric thermal fields, magn. fields and electrodynamic. forces in the melting zone of powerful aluminum electrolyzers. Proposed and developed a post meter circuit. current up to hundreds of kiloamperes. Supervised the development of the bezynerts system. measurement of currents in ultra-high voltage lines. Etc. them. P.N. Yablochkova of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1983). Works: Methods of relativistic electrodynamics in electrical engineering. M. - L., 1966.
MEEROVICH Menashe (1860, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1949, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel), public figure. Received an agronomist. education. In 1881 - one of the founders of the Hovevei Zion movement in Warsaw. Member org-tion BILU. From 1883 - in E.-I. Collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed. Europe and Russia in Hebrew, Yiddish, Rus. and it. lang. In 1893–94 he published the first agronomist. zhurn. in Hebrew "Ha-Ikar". In 1903, M. was one of the founders of the E.-I. In 1914-18, members. Jewish representation in the Turkish administration; in 1918–20 p. Vaad Leumi. The author of the book. on the history of Jewish colonization E.-I., including in Russian. lang. - "Descriptions of Jewish colonies in Palestine" (1900). Moshav Talmey Menashe is named after M.
MEEROVICH Mikhail Alexandrovich (1920, Kiev - 1993, Moscow), composer. He has been writing music since the age of 13. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class comp. from G.I. Litinsky (1942) and by class. php. from Ya.I. Zak (1944). From 1944 he taught at Moscow. cons. history of music. In 1952 he was dismissed, since he was mentioned in the decree of the Central Committee of the Party on formalism in music, after which he was made. M. were not performed until the end. 1950s Among Op. - op .: "The Life and Adventures of Kotofeev, or Concert for a Triangle with Orchestra" (1981, after the novel by MM Zoshchenko "Terrible Night", 1983, Liberec, Czechoslovakia), "The True Story of Red Motele" (1989, after poem by I.P. Utkin, not staged), "Miracle on the seventh day of the Feast of Tabernacles" (one act, 1990, based on the story of Sholem Aleichem, 1994, Moscow); one act ball. - based on verse 3. VV Mayakovsky (1963–68, post. 1982, Liberec), "Princess Kaguya" (based on a Japanese folk tale, 1978, Tokyo; 1980, Moscow); concerts with orc. - for violin (in Italian style, 1982), cello (1988), violin and cello (1988); chamber instr. ans, including 3 quartets; op. for voice with diff. instr. accompaniment, including "Grotesques" (with php., on poems by DI Harms and NM Oleinikov, 1982), "Five poems by OE Mandelstam (with clarinet, 1983). Naib. Izv. M.'s music for t-ra and cinema, including for children. performances: "Doctor Aibolit" (1958) and "What the magicians told about" (1959, both - Youth Theater, Moscow). M. wrote music for more than 100 cartoons, including "Pencil and Blot" (1954), "The Master from Clamsi" (1972), for cartoons dir. Yu.B. Norshtein and f. R.A.Bykova, V.N.Skuybina, for children. radio broadcasts. Laureate of the International. competition fp. concerts in Warsaw (1963), one-act ballet competition (1968, Moscow, 1st Ave.) and Intern. competition instr. concerts (1991, Nizhny Novgorod, 2nd Ave.). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1981).
MEEROVITZ Siegfrieds (1887 - 1925), statesman. In the 1910s. dir. bank in Riga. In 1917, members. Latvian nat. council, further min. foreign Affairs of Latvia, in 1919 he represented the country at the conclusion of the Versailles Peace Treaty. In 1921–24 the premier was min. Latvia, participated in the Genoa Conf. (1922), represented Latvia in the League of Nations. M.'s son - Gunar (b. 1920, Riga), a politician. Since 1948 - in Germany, since 1950 - in the USA. In 1951–58 he worked in the Ministry of Defense. One of the leaders of the Latvian emigration. Since 1993 dep. Diet of Latvia. State min. for the Baltic and Nordic countries at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia.
MERSON-AKSENOV Mikhail Georgievich (b. 1944), historian, activist of the Russian Orthodox movement. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Participant of rallies on pl. Mayakovsky (1959). In the end. 1960s human rights activist. Author of a number of works in samizdat, including "Judeo-Christian Dialogue in Russia". Since 1972 - in the USA.
MEERSON Felix Zalmanovich (b. 1926, Moscow), physiologist, pathophysiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1959), prof. (1964). Graduated from the 1st MMI (1949). In 1949–52 he studied at the graduate school Center, in-that physical. methods of treatment them. THEM. Sechenov (Yalta). Then a scientist worked there. sotr. (1952–54). In 1954–55 Art. scientific. sotr. Balneologist. Institute (Sochi). In 1955 Art. scientific. ed. Medgiza (Moscow). In 1955-57 scientific. sotr. Institute of the highest. nerve, activities of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1957-60, Assoc. department of clinics. physiology of TsIUV. In 1960-63 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that norms, and patol. physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1963–93 hands. lab. pathophysiology of the heart Ying-that general pathology and pathophysiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1993 - in the USA. Proceedings of M. dedicated. the study of blood circulation, physiology and pathophysiology of the heart, as well as the problems of stress and the mechanisms of anti-stress reactions of the body. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1988). State pr. USSR (1978). Cit .: Essays of clinics. physiology of blood circulation. M., 1961 (et al.); About the relationship fiziol. functions and genetic. cell apparatus. M., 1963; Pathogenesis and prevention of stress and ischemic. heart damage. M., 1984.
MEERSON Grigory Abramovich (1901, Balashov, Saratov province - 1975, Moscow), metallurgist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1935), prof. (1933). He graduated in 1923 chem. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. Worked for Moscow. electric lamp plant, participated in the organization of the country's first production of refractory metals and alloys. From 1934 on decomp. leading positions in metallurgy, industry, dir. Moscow experienced tungsten plant, at the same time. on teaching work. In 1931 he organized and headed the Department of Metallurgy of Rare Metals at MITHT. Since 1943 he headed the department in Moscow. in-those tsv. metals and gold. tr. associated with creation. theoretical fundamentals of powder metallurgy, with the organization of production of rare metals and hard alloys, with the development of technology for the production of tantalum and tantalum-niobium alloy, as well as hard alloys (1948), with the organization of production of materials for defense technology (1961) ... Author of over 400 printed scientific. works, including a number of monographs, 55 inventions. Became. pr. (1946, 1948). Linen. pr. (1961) Vol .: Metallurgy of rare metals. M., 1973 (with A.N. Zelikman.
MERSON Lazarus (1900 - 1938, London), film designer. After Oct. the Revolutionary Party went to Germany. Since 1924 - in France; worked with A. Kamenka. He made his film debut as an assistant to set designer M. L'Erbier in f. The Late Mathias Pascal (1925). He worked independently since 1926, mainly. with L'Herbier, J. Fader and R. Claire. Since 1936 - in Great Britain. In total I designed approx. £ 40, including "Under the Roofs of Paris" and "David Golder" (both - 1930), "July 14" (1932), "Big Game" (1934), "Pension" Mimosa "(1935), Citadel (1938).
MEERSON Mark Lazarevich (1860, Odessa - 1928, Kiev), actor, director, entrepreneur, playwright. He began his artistic career in 1876 in Russian. Drama troupe N.K. Miloslavsky. In 1880 and 1883 he played in the troupe of A. Goldfaden, in 1881–82 - in the troupe of I.-I. Lerner. After the prohibition of the Jewish theater in Russia (1883) he converted to Orthodoxy, was an actor and director. Russian theater in St. Petersburg and the provinces (troupes M. Coralli-Tortsov, V. L. Coralli and others), played the role of the Governor ("The Inspector General" by N. V. Gogol), Vanyushin ("Children of Vanyushin" by S. A. Naydenov), Jester ("King Lear" by W. Shakespeare) and others. In 1894 he was invited to the USA to the Yiddish theater organized by Goldfa-denom. In 1898 he returned to Russia, played Russian. theaters. From 1904 he played leading roles and staged performances in the Jewish theater companies of A. Fishzon, J. Spivakovsky, D. M. Sabsay, A. Kaminsky, M. Genfer, N. Lipkovsky, I. Bezman, I. Korik, and others. on stage played the roles: Monoach ("Sulamith" by Goldfaden), Dr. Almasado ("Doctor Almasado" by Goldfaden), Hatzkel ("Orphans" by N. Shaykevich), Kapzenson ("Kapzenson and Gungerman" by Goldfaden), Kune-Lemel ("Two Kune- Lemel "Goldfaden), Meer Salant (Sholom Aleichem's" Wandering ", father (" Wild Father "), Grabarnikov (" Crazy "by YM Gordin and others. He was one of the first in the Jewish theater to stage the plays" Lurie Brothers "," Jewish King Lear "(both - Kovno, 1905)," Savage "," Orphan Khasia "by Gordin," Vrazbrod "by Sholem Aleichem (all - Minsk, 1906)," Family Zvi "by D. Pinsky (Vilna, 1907), etc. In 1917 he gathered a troupe, with a cut he toured the cities of the former Pale of Settlement. From 1919 he worked in the Kiev Jewish theater "Kunstwinkle." M. - the author of plays staged on the Jewish stage: "Der gamer funlebn" ("Hammer of life" ), "Der cator zhnik "(" Convict ")," A korbn far a korbn "(" Sacrifice for a sacrifice ")," Di ahsanie mit di kales "(" Hotel with brides ")," From dos geist a waibele "(" This is a wife ")," Tsvei tates "(" Two Fathers "), etc. He translated and processed a number of dramatic works of the classical repertoire for the Jewish theater.
MERZON Yakov (1888, Krivoy Rog, Kherson province - 1947, Moscow), publicist. He studied in Kiev, then (until 1913) taught Jewish history in Kiev and Vilna, author of textbooks for Jewish schools "Our history" (parts 1-2. Kiev, 1912-13). From 1912 he collaborated in gas. "Der Fraind" and others. From the beginning. 1914 in E.-I., was s.-kh. workers, collaborated periodically. ed. Poalei Zion, was a teacher in Jaffa and Petah Tikva. From the beginning. 1920s member Communist. party of Palestine. In the end. 1921 left for Austria. In 1922 he published his work "Arabs and Jewish Colonization in Palestine" in Warsaw. Soon he moved to the USSR, collaborated in the center. Jewish gas. and zhurn., taught the history of Bl. East. Arrested in 1937. In 1941 he was released, was sheltered by the Lubavitch Hasidim in Alma-Ata, taught in an illegal cheder, and gave lessons to Jewish refugees. Due to the denunciation, he was forced to hide from Alma-Ata, wandered around the dec. cities. In 1946 he began to write poetry in Hebrew, Hasidic tales and prayers in Yiddish (partially published in 1956–57 in the newspaper Davar, Tel Aviv). In the beginning. 1947 M. received permission to visit his wife in Moscow, where he died suddenly.
MEIR (Meerson) (nee Mabovich) Golda (1898, Kiev - 1978, Jerusalem), political and statesman. Since 1906 - in the USA. Since 1915, member. leftist Zionist. Party "Poalei Zion". From 1921 - in E.-I., member. Kibbutz Merhavia. In 1928–32 sec. executive committee of wives. dep. Histadrut. In 1932–34 - in the USA, the representative of E.-I. in wives. Zionist. org-tion "Pioneer Wimen". Since 1934, member. Execute. council Histadrut, head of its polit. dep. In 1946–48 she was headed by a politician. dep. Board of the Jewish Agency. In May 1948, M. conducted secret negotiations with the King of Transjordan, Abdullah. In 1948, 49 was the ambassador of the State of Israel to the USSR. Dep. Knesset of all convocations from the Mapai party, in 1949–56 min. labor, in 1956–65 min. foreign cases, in 1965–67 gen. sec. Party Mapai. After the unification of the parties Mapai, Rafi and Akhdut ha-Avoda (1967), general. sec. United Israeli Labor Party. 1969–74 premiered. State of Israel. From 1972 vice-president, from 1976 hon. prez. Socialist International. The author of the book. "My Life" (Jerusalem, 1985, translated into Russian).
MEIRSON Emil (1859, Lublin - 1933), public figure. He studied in France. In 1900–23 he headed the ECO. He contributed to the transition of Jewish settlements E.-I. from under the tutelage of Baron E. Rothschild under the auspices of the EKO. He visited all the Jewish settlements of E.-I., compiled a report on this trip.
MECHANIK Lev (Israel) Bentsianovich (1909, Minsk - 1989, Moscow), athlete, coach. Honored. Master of Sports (1939), Hon. coach of the USSR (1952), judge of the Intern. categories (1952). In 1935 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Physical Education. In 1941 44 - at the front com. special forces behind enemy lines. In 1925 the BSSR champion in classical wrestling. Repeated winner of the championships of the USSR, Europe and the world. European champion (1947) in light weight. Ch. coach of the USSR national team. Son M. - Valery (b. 1942, Tashkent), deputy. gene. dir. TV-Novosti television company Ros. inform. agencies.
MEKHEDOVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, four Jewish families lived in Moscow.
MEKHLIS Lev Zakharovich (1889, Odessa - 1953, Moscow), politician. Colonel General (1944). In 1904–07 he served as a clerk in Odessa. In 1907–10 members. Party "Poalei Zion", gave private lessons. From 1911 - in the army. In 1917 - in the police for the protection of Odessa. In 1918 he worked in the secretariat of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets and soldier. (sailor's) to-tov Rum. front, Chernomor, fleet and Odessa region. (Rumcherod), then deputy. former office manager acc. about-va "Sormovo-Kolomna". In 1919 the head. dep. slave. control and chl. Collegiums of the Economic Council of Ukraine. Participant of Civil. war (military commissar of a brigade, division, group of troops). In 1921-22, managing director. Inspection of the People's Commissariat of the Workers 'and Peasants' Inspection. In 1922-26 he worked in Stalin's secretariat. Graduated from econom. department of the Institute of Red Professors (1930). Since 1930 head. dep. seals of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and members. editorial board gas. "True". In 1937-40 and 1941-42 the beginning. Ch. political department of the Red Army, 1st deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. 1st Rank Army Commissar (1939). In 1940–41 - People's Commissar of the State. control of the USSR. In May 1942, the representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters on the Crimean Front, one of Ch. culprits of the defeat of Kr. Army in the Crimea, after which he was relieved of his posts and demoted. In 1942–45 members. Military. Soviets of the 6th Army, then Voronezh, Volkhov, Bryansk, 2nd Baltic., Western, 2nd Belorus, 4th Ukr. fronts. In 1946–50 min. state control. Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1934–39), member. Central Committee (from 1939) and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee (1938–52). Dep. and Chl. Pres. USSR Armed Forces in 1937–52. The urn with the ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall. He was awarded 10 orders. Gene prototype. Lvov in Pov. KM Simonov "The Last Summer".
MEKSHUNOVKA, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1859. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1910, 18 Jews lived in Moscow. several people settled in M. Jewish families. Main Jewish occupations - crafts and small trade.
MELAKH Efim Lvovich (1918, Odessa - 1979, ibid.), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In Kr. Army from 1937. In 1938 he graduated from the Odessa military. Aviation pilot school. At the front since 1942. Kom. In the course of the war, Captain M. flew 200 combat missions from the long-range reconnaissance air regiment, destroying hundreds of enemy trains, vehicles, and dozens of aircraft. In 1956 he graduated from refresher courses at the Military-Vozd. academy. He commanded a regiment. Since 1960 Colonel M. - retired. He was awarded 8 orders.
MELAMED Borukh Moiseevich (1886, Malyaty Vilna province - 1980, Kiev), publicist, teacher. In the 1900s and 10s. Bund activist. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he lived in Saratov, where he worked in a group of assistance to refugees. In 1921 he studied philosophy. f-those of Berlin un-that and at the same time. collaborated in the sales office of Sov. embassies. From 1924 he lived in Odessa, taught philosophy, was the dean of the Jewish branch of the Odessa party. schools, an active figure in the region. Jewish education. In 1927–31 members. editorial board, then ed. zhurn. "Odesar Arbeter", printed in gas. "Der stern", "Der emes", in other periodicals. ed., issued a number of methodical. manuals on pedagogy. In 1937 he was repressed. After his release in 1956 he returned to Odessa. Since 1958 - at Odessa University.
MELAMED Moishe (1882, Ungheni, Bessarabian province. - 1954, Los Angeles), publicist. Since 1905 - in the USA. He published stories, essays, literary criticism. Art. in different periods. ed. He was one of the founders of the Jewish colony, where he lived from 1912, opened a Jewish school and other cultural institutions. After the collapse of the colony, he returned to Philadelphia in 1917, became a member. editorial board and sotr. gas. "Di Yiddish Velt". Publ. rum. in New York gas. Forverts and Tog. The author of the book. A rege glik (A Moment of Happiness), 1924; "Vanderweg" ("Wandering Road"), 1944, etc. Ch. op. M. - "Wandering Road", consisting of 3 parts (the first draws the Bessarabian town where M. was born, the second - the life of the Bessarabian immigrants, the third - the Jewish agricultural colony in the USA).
MELAMED Shmuel Max (Moishe) (1885, Volkovyshki, Suvalki province - 1938), journalist. He studied at a yeshiva in Suwalki, then in Germany. Doct. dis. M. "Theory, origin and history of the idea of ​​the world" received pr. Mezhdunar. peace office in Bern, was publ. in Stuttgart in 1909, then translated into Russian, Japanese. and other languages. From 1911 he lived in London and worked as a correspondent. and ed. at the Juish Chronicle. Since 1914 - in the USA. From 1916 to 1818 he edited the American Juish Chronicle in New York. In 1921 ed. discharged to Chicago gas. East West. In 1927–36 he edited Reflex in New York. Contributed to the Jewish press in the United States. In the last years of his life he participated in a Zionist. movement, wrote the book. "Forty Years of Zionism". The author of the book. “Shadows and Images” (Berlin, 1913) and “Psychology of the Jewish Spirit” (Berlin, 1914, in German; Moscow, 1914, in Russian; Jerusalem, 1925, in Hebrew).
MELAMED Yoel (1886, Snitkov of Mogilevsky district of Podolsk province - |), journalist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1903 - in the USA, from 1904 he collaborated in the Jewish press. In 1904 he moved to London and publ. a number of stories in Yiddish Welt. In the end. 1907 returned to America, wrote for dec. gas. In 1910 he edited the humorous. gas. Der Spiegel. In 1911-16 he lived in Canada, was a post. sotr. Canader Odler and ed. "Di kanader yiddish velt". From 1920 he published a weekly in Detroit. Der veg, which was soon transformed into a daily. gas. In 1925 he founded in Los Angeles every month. zhurn. on the problems of literature, art and culture "Sun Land". In the same year, he prepared an anniversary for the 75th anniversary of the development of California. issue of this magazine. Containing extensive information about cultural and societies. life of Jews in California. M. is the creator of the Yiddish press in Amer. provinces.
MELAMED Yosef-Elkhanan (1859, Stock Exchange of Ponevezhsky u. Kovno province - 1931, Tel Aviv), rabbi. All R. 1870s passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In the end. 1870s studied at un-those in Berlin. In 1880-1910, the rabbi in dec. communities; in 1910–25 the rabbi of Vitebsk. He took an active part in Palestinian, then Zionist. movement. After the Revolution of 1917, he was persecuted. From 1925 - in E.-I .; worked in the account system. institutions of the "Mizrahi" movement. The author of several. book on Jewish topics.
MELAMID Alexander Danilovich (b. 1945, Moscow), painter. Graduated from MVPHU (former Stroganovskoe). Participant of the "bulldozer exhibition" (Moscow, 1974). Since 1978 - in the USA. Works with V.A. Komar. M. and Komar are one of the founders of the sotsart movement. Participant pl. exhibitions.
MELAMUD Chaim Gershkovich (1907, Khashchevatoye, Gaisinsky district, Podolsk province - 1993, Saratov), ​​writer. From the age of 14 he worked at a sugar plant. In 1927, together with his parents, he moved to the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish National District. He was a farmer, before. village council. In 1931–41 he was responsible. secretary, then ed. district, gas. Also published in Center, Gaz and Zhurn. The first pov. "In the steppe" publ. in 1932, in 1938 - p. "Blooming acacia", and a year later - Sat. essays "The Renewed Land" and p. Der veg tsum lebn (The Road to Life). Member of the 1941–45 war. After the war he settled in Chernivtsi. Was printed in gas. Einikite. The correspondent worked. this gas. in Birobidzhan, after its closure he returned to Chernivtsi. Since 1961 - Member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Sovetish gameland", publ. rum. "Junge yorn" ("Young years"), "Kalts un varems" ("A little bit of everything"), "Tsvishn Dniester un Prut" ("Between the Dniester and the Prut"), "Di teg mit di nekht" ("Days and nights ")," Azoy gate di velt "(" It was so custom in the world ")," Arum di fir verbes "(" Around the four willows "), etc. Mn. manuf. M. portray the life of a Jewish town during the breakdown of the socialist-economic. foundations, as well as Jewish postrev. village.
MELAN, see Novopavlovka, Nikolaev region.
MELEKESS, see Dimitrovgrad.
MELEKINO (until 1946 - Mangush), a village in Pershotravnevoy district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 19th century in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 20th century in M. lived St. 100 Jews (8%), in 1939 - 15 Jews. 20th century the Jews of M. owned 3 shops and a tavern, in 1913 - a unity. pharmacy.
MELENI, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned a furniture workshop and 12 shops. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Moscow on 22 August. 1941 74 Jews were shot, 17 Sept. 1941 on the way to Korosten - 43 Jews.
MELENKI, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). From 1778 it was a district town of the Vladimir governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1904 there were 7 Jews in Moscow, in 1910 - 5, in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In 1904 all the Jews of Moscow were assigned to the bourgeoisie. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow.
MELENTSY, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores. In the summer of 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied M. In the fall of 1941, two Jews were killed in M..
MELESHKOVICHI, a village in the Mozyr district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 127 Jews (9%) lived in Moscow in 1897. a grocery store in Moscow belonged to a Jew. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in M. Jews in M. Mikhail Lvovich Andreev (Sheinkman) (1903-1988, Moscow), secret service officer, art. Major of State Security (1935), in 1937 - Deputy. People's Commissar int. affairs of the Kazakh SSR.
MELETINSKY Eleazar Moiseevich (b. 1918, Kharkov - 2005), literary critic, folklorist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1966). In 1940 he graduated from MIFLI. 1941–42 - at the front. After leaving the encirclement in the end. 1942 M. was arrested. In 1943 he was released and demobilized. In 1944–46 he was a teacher at the Central Asian University (Tashkent), in 1946–49 West. Department of Literature of the Karelian-Finnish University (Petrozavodsk). In 1949–56 he was imprisoned. Since 1956 sotr. NML I. Since 1988 prof. Moscow State University, since 1992 director. Institute of the highest. humanitarian research. at the RSUH. Main tr. dedicated comparative-ist. analysis of folklore and mythology of the epic. M. - deputy. ch. ed. encyclopedias "Myths of the peoples of the world" (v. 1–2. M., 1980–82). Member Int. about-va on research. Narrative Folklore (1966). Int. etc. them. J. Pitre (1972). State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Hero of a fairy tale. M., 1958; The origin of the heroic epic. M., 1963; The Edda and early forms of the epic. M., 1968; The poetics of myth. M., 1976; The Medieval Novel: Origins and Classical Forms. M., 1983; Historical poetics of the short story. M., 1990; About literary archetypes. M., 1994.
MELIKHOV (Meilakh) Alexander Motelievich (b. 1947, Rossosh, Voronezh region), writer, publicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1974). In 1969 he graduated from the mechanic-mat. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Since 1969 at the Research Institute of Applied Mathematics at Leningrad State University. Publ. OK. 60 scientific. works. Lit. started his activity in 1979 (story in the journal "North"). In 1986 M. released the first book. pov. and stories "Provincial", in 1989 - "Scales for Good". The author of the pov. and rom., published in zhurn. "Neva", "Star", "New World": "So spoke Saburov" (1992), "Gifts of the Beggar" (1993), "Humpbacked Atlanteans" (1994), "Expulsion from Eden. Confession of a Jew ”(1994) and others. Jewish theme, M. emphasizes "Jewish cohesion", edges save a person from decay, and "Jewish rejection", edges becomes a source of creative activity and originality.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МЕЛИТОПОЛЬ (до 1841 – Новоалександровская Слобода), город (с 1841), районный центр в Запорожской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1627. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Таврической губ.В 1838 в М. проживало 128 евреев (3%), в 1857 – 162, в 1867 – 737, в 1889 – 3093 еврея и 374 караима, в 1897 – 6563 еврея (42,3%) и 454 караима, в 1910 – 3651 еврей (20,3%), в 1914 – 4554, в 1921 – 13 180, в 1923 – 7331, в 1926 – 8583 (33,9%), в 1939 – 6040 (7,9%), в 1959 – ок. 2500 (ок. 2,7%), в 1970 – ок. 2300 (ок. 1,7%), в 1979 – ок. 1800 (ок. 1,1%), в 1989 – 1393 еврея.В 1857 в М. действовала синагога, в 1862 – каменная синагога и каменная кинасса. В 1867–69 раввином в М. был Яков Эпштейн (1838–?). Осн. занятиями еврейского населения во 2-й пол. 19 в. были торговля и ремесла. В 1860-х гг. евреям принадлежало более 30 лавок, склады, винные погреба, харчевни, кустарные мастерские. В кон. 19 в. в М. вырос объем торговли хлебом (в т. ч. экспорт пшеницы), кожей, шерстью и др. товарами. В 1889 в М. была открыта еврейская больница, в 1896 – талмуд-тора. С 1895 раввином М. был Брагин.18–19 апр. 1905 в М. произошел погром. Самооборона, состоявшая из представителей еврейской и рус. молодежи, остановила погромщиков. В 1906 в М. были созданы орг-ция учащейся молодежи «Молодая Иудея» и отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1910 в М. имелись 20 синагог, 2 частных муж. и 2 жен. еврейских уч-ща, 2 еврейских кладбища; евреям принадлежало ок. 200 лавок. В 1912 работали Об-во пособия бедным евреям г. Мелитополя (пред. – Григорий Моисеевич Райх), Дамское об-во вспомоществования бедным женщинам, девочкам и родильницам иудейского вероисповедания (пред. – Н.З.Ридник), еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – б-ка об-ва пособия бедным евреям, караимское благотворит. об-во, попечительство о проезжих бедных евреях, еврейская дешевая столовая. В 1914 действовали типографии Н.З.Лемперта, Т.Лифшица, Г.Я.Казинеца, М.Б.Вайнера, спиртоочистит. з-д Альтшулера и Штейнера, машиностроит. – И.Д. Зафермана, чугунолитейный з-д. Евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, все 5 складов аптечных товаров, синематограф, техн. контора, мельницы, ок. 120 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 20 мануфактурных, 12 обувных). Уездным раввином был Соломон Борисович Розенберг. В 1916 в М. действовало отд-ние «Ге-Халуц».В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1916 в М. работали школа для детей беженцев (343 уч-ся), очаг, вечерние курсы для взрослых.Раввинами в М. в 1920-х гг. были Ц.Маковский и Мордехай Кроль (1879, Ромны – 1948, Ленинград). В 1926 в М. работал еврейский т-р, в 1930 – еврейская трудовая школа. В 1938–41 в М. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, к-рую возглавлял Шойлом-Мендель Калмансон (р. 1922, Витебск).Летом 1941 часть евреев М. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны СССР. 6 окт. 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта. 8 окт. 1941 была проведена регистрация евреев. 11 окт. 1941 в противотанк. рву, в 5 км юго-вост. М., было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. 10 окт. 1941 расстреляно 49 евреев-военнопленных, 12 окт. 1941 – 54, 15 окт. 1941 – 26 евреев-военнопленных. В 1942 были расстреляны дети от смешанных браков.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В с. Константиновка Мелитопольского р-на был установлен памятник расстрелянным евреям.В 1993 в М. было учреждено Об-во еврейской культуры им. А.Г.Тышлера, в 1994 создана община, открыта воскресная школа, основана газ. «Слово».В М. род.: Э.И.Адирович, Б.А.Каминская, И.Канев, А.А.Кипен, М.П.Кравец, М.А.Лифшиц, А.П.Пронштейн, П.Б.Розенберг, А.Д. Столяр, И.И.Танатар, И.А.Трахтенберг, А.Г.Тышлер, Н.И.Фельдман, А.Д.Цейтлин, М.Д.Цейтлин, Г.Н.Чухрай; Владимир Львович Гершкович (1912–1965), геолог, канд. геол.-минерал. наук (1965), первооткрыватель неск. месторождений урана, Стал. пр. (1954); Израиль Яковлевич Дагин (1895–1940), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 3-го ранга (1935), деп. ВС СССР 1-го созыва, почетный работник ВЧК–ГПУ (1924, 1932), нагр. 2 орденами, в 1938 – арестован, расстрелян; Давид Абрамович Каменский (1858–1938, Ленинград), фармаколог, д-р медицины (1886), в 1917–24 – зав. кафедрой фармакологии Петрогр. психоневрологич. ин-та, с 1932 – в Ин-те эксперим. медицины, осн. тр. по фармакологии пищеварит. желез и сердца; Марк Яковлевич Пронштейн (1917–1983, Москва), ген.-майор (1962), в 1963–69 – зам. нач. воен. науч.-исследоват. ин-та; Яков Львович Смоленский (1899–1938, Москва), див. комиссар, комиссар Воен.-возд. академии РККА, в 1937 – арестован, расстрелян. В М. жили и работали Л.И. Аксельрод, М.С.Нароков, М.-М.Файтельсон.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=МЕЛИТОПОЛЬ (до 1841 – Новоалександровская Слобода), город (с 1841), районный центр в Запорожской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1627. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Таврической губ.В 1838 в М. проживало 128 евреев (3%), в 1857 – 162, в 1867 – 737, в 1889 – 3093 еврея и 374 караима, в 1897 – 6563 еврея (42,3%) и 454 караима, в 1910 – 3651 еврей (20,3%), в 1914 – 4554, в 1921 – 13 180, в 1923 – 7331, в 1926 – 8583 (33,9%), в 1939 – 6040 (7,9%), в 1959 – ок. 2500 (ок. 2,7%), в 1970 – ок. 2300 (ок. 1,7%), в 1979 – ок. 1800 (ок. 1,1%), в 1989 – 1393 еврея.В 1857 в М. действовала синагога, в 1862 – каменная синагога и каменная кинасса. В 1867–69 раввином в М. был Яков Эпштейн (1838–?). Осн. занятиями еврейского населения во 2-й пол. 19 в. были торговля и ремесла. В 1860-х гг. евреям принадлежало более 30 лавок, склады, винные погреба, харчевни, кустарные мастерские. В кон. 19 в. в М. вырос объем торговли хлебом (в т. ч. экспорт пшеницы), кожей, шерстью и др. товарами. В 1889 в М. была открыта еврейская больница, в 1896 – талмуд-тора. С 1895 раввином М. был Брагин.18–19 апр. 1905 в М. произошел погром. Самооборона, состоявшая из представителей еврейской и рус. молодежи, остановила погромщиков. В 1906 в М. были созданы орг-ция учащейся молодежи «Молодая Иудея» и отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1910 в М. имелись 20 синагог, 2 частных муж. и 2 жен. еврейских уч-ща, 2 еврейских кладбища; евреям принадлежало ок. 200 лавок. В 1912 работали Об-во пособия бедным евреям г. Мелитополя (пред. – Григорий Моисеевич Райх), Дамское об-во вспомоществования бедным женщинам, девочкам и родильницам иудейского вероисповедания (пред. – Н.З.Ридник), еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – б-ка об-ва пособия бедным евреям, караимское благотворит. об-во, попечительство о проезжих бедных евреях, еврейская дешевая столовая. В 1914 действовали типографии Н.З.Лемперта, Т.Лифшица, Г.Я.Казинеца, М.Б.Вайнера, спиртоочистит. з-д Альтшулера и Штейнера, машиностроит. – И.Д. Зафермана, чугунолитейный з-д. Евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, все 5 складов аптечных товаров, синематограф, техн. контора, мельницы, ок. 120 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 20 мануфактурных, 12 обувных). Уездным раввином был Соломон Борисович Розенберг. В 1916 в М. действовало отд-ние «Ге-Халуц».В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1916 в М. работали школа для детей беженцев (343 уч-ся), очаг, вечерние курсы для взрослых.Раввинами в М. в 1920-х гг. были Ц.Маковский и Мордехай Кроль (1879, Ромны – 1948, Ленинград). В 1926 в М. работал еврейский т-р, в 1930 – еврейская трудовая школа. В 1938–41 в М. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, к-рую возглавлял Шойлом-Мендель Калмансон (р. 1922, Витебск).Летом 1941 часть евреев М. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны СССР. 6 окт. 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта. 8 окт. 1941 была проведена регистрация евреев. 11 окт. 1941 в противотанк. рву, в 5 км юго-вост. М., было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. евреев. 10 окт. 1941 расстреляно 49 евреев-военнопленных, 12 окт. 1941 – 54, 15 окт. 1941 – 26 евреев-военнопленных. В 1942 были расстреляны дети от смешанных браков.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В с. Константиновка Мелитопольского р-на был установлен памятник расстрелянным евреям.В 1993 в М. было учреждено Об-во еврейской культуры им. А.Г.Тышлера, в 1994 создана община, открыта воскресная школа, основана газ. «Слово».В М. род.: Э.И.Адирович, Б.А.Каминская, И.Канев, А.А.Кипен, М.П.Кравец, М.А.Лифшиц, А.П.Пронштейн, П.Б.Розенберг, А.Д. Столяр, И.И.Танатар, И.А.Трахтенберг, А.Г.Тышлер, Н.И.Фельдман, А.Д.Цейтлин, М.Д.Цейтлин, Г.Н.Чухрай; Владимир Львович Гершкович (1912–1965), геолог, канд. геол.-минерал. наук (1965), первооткрыватель неск. месторождений урана, Стал. пр. (1954); Израиль Яковлевич Дагин (1895–1940), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 3-го ранга (1935), деп. ВС СССР 1-го созыва, почетный работник ВЧК–ГПУ (1924, 1932), нагр. 2 орденами, в 1938 – арестован, расстрелян; Давид Абрамович Каменский (1858–1938, Ленинград), фармаколог, д-р медицины (1886), в 1917–24 – зав. кафедрой фармакологии Петрогр. психоневрологич. ин-та, с 1932 – в Ин-те эксперим. медицины, осн. тр. по фармакологии пищеварит. желез и сердца; Марк Яковлевич Пронштейн (1917–1983, Москва), ген.-майор (1962), в 1963–69 – зам. нач. воен. науч.-исследоват. ин-та; Яков Львович Смоленский (1899–1938, Москва), див. комиссар, комиссар Воен.-возд. академии РККА, в 1937 – арестован, расстрелян. В М. жили и работали Л.И. Аксельрод, М.С.Нароков, М.-М.Файтельсон.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
MELMAN Efim Petrovich (1913, Odessa - 1994, Ivano-Frankivsk), anatomist, morphologist. Prof. Graduated from Kharkov honey. in-t. In 1941–45 he served as a surgeon in the active army. Since 1945 he taught anatomy at the Odessa honey. in-those. In 1949–80 the head. Department of Anatomy of Ivano-Frankivsk med. in-that, in 1971-80 vice-rector of the institute for science, then a consultant of this department. scientific. tr. M. dedicated morphology of the peripheral. nerve. systems, angiology. He developed hypogastric novocaine blockade, proposed methods for revascularization of organs: For the monograph "Functional morphology of the innervation of the digestive organs" (M., 1970), he was awarded pr. V.P. Vorobiev AMNSSSR (1971). Member prez. Vses. about-va of anatomists, histologists and embryologists. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1974). Works: Materials for the innervation of the colon. Odessa, 1953; Functional morphology of the rectum. M., 1986; Kidney morphology. Kiev, 1988.
MELMAN Sofia Moiseevna (1896, Tulchin of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province - 1978, Moscow), orientalist, indologist-economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1967). In 1919–20, he became a politician. work in Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1922-26 she taught at the Military-Political. Academy of the Red Army, in 1926–36 head. sector in the Communist. un-those working people of the East, at the same time. in 1930–34 she taught at the Ying-those red professors. In 1936–38 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of National-Colonial Problems, in 1939–47 - Inst. Mir. x-va and the world. politics, in 1950 76 Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1956–62 head of the sector of the Indian economy). The author of St. 50 scientific. works on the problems of modern. India: The Economy of India and the Politics of Eng. imperialism. M., 1951; Foreign monopolistic. capital in the Indian economy. M., 1959; Foreign private capital in the modern economy. India. M., 1968.
MELNICHANSKY Grigory Natanovich (1886, Bobrinets, Kherson province - 1937), statesman. Into the roar. movement since 1901, Menshevik, member. RSDLP (b) since 1917. Was arrested several times, was in exile, fled. Since 1910 - in the USA. He returned to Russia after Feb. Revolution of 1917, cases. 6th Congress of the RSDLP. In the days of October 1917 - a member. Moscow Voenrevkoma, then (until 1926) before. Moscow lips. council prof., secretary. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, simultaneously. member Executive Committee of the Red International Trade Unions (Profintern). In 1926-29 - before. Central Committee of the Trade Union of Textile Workers, in 1927 a member, in 1929–31 a member. Pres. Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR, simultaneously. up to 1931 members Pres. State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1931–34, member. Collegiums of the NKRKI USSR. Since 1932, deputy. pre., in 1934–36 pre. Committee on invention at the STO of the USSR. Elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1925-30). Repressed.
MELNYCHNOE, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Turkovskiy povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 110 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1942 the Jews of M. (98 people) were deported to Turku and later exterminated.
MELNIK, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Melniki, Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1894, there were 392 Jews living in Moscow (17.8%), in 1897 - 442, in 1910 - 687, in 1921 - 233 Jews. In 1910, Moscow had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. divisions acted. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Moscow was destroyed during the Holocaust. P. Girshtein.
MELNIK Boris Davidovich (1901, Semezhevo, Slutsk district. Minsk province - 1983, Moscow), chemical technologist, organizer of the chemical industry. He graduated from Leningrad in 1929. technol. Institute, worked at chem. pr-tii. In 1941–53 deputy. Commissar (min.) chem. industry of the USSR. In 1953–58 the beginning. head office of the Ministry of Chemical Industry. industry of the USSR, in 1958–66 - in tech. management of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on chemistry (in 1958–64, the beginning of this department). Author of scientific. and scientific-popul. Art. In 1963–71, Ch. ed. zhurn. "Chem. industry".
MILLERS, see Miller.
MELNIKOV Avraham (1892, Bessarabian province - 1960, Jerusalem), sculptor, writer. One of the first sculptors in E.-I. Hood. educated in Chicago. In 1917 he voluntarily joined the Jewish Brigade and served in E.-I., after the war he settled in Jerusalem. One of the founders of the Union of Jewish Artists E.-I. (1920), in 1923 he was elected before. He gained fame as the author of a lion sculpture - a tombstone to J. Trumpeldor in Tel-Hai (1925–34). In 1936–59 - in Great Britain, where he created the sculptor. portraits of W. Churchill, E. Bevin. Personal exhibitions took place in London and Amsterdam. In 1940, during the bombing of London, M.'s house was destroyed and most of the work was lost. During this period he wrote stories and poems, publ. In Great Britain.
D. MELNIKOV (real name and surname Daniil Efimovich Melamid) (1916, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1993, Moscow), historian, journalist-internationalist. Dr. East Sciences (1962). He studied at the gymnasium in Berlin, where M.'s father served in the bargaining. representation of the USSR. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). 1941–45 - at TASS. After the war, responsible. sec. zhurn. "World economy and world politics", polit. columnist for Sovin-formbureau, head. dep. and Chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "International Affairs". In 1957–78 - at Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the sector of international-political. problems of Europe. Author of 20 books. and brochures, as well as numerous. Cit .: Empire of Death. The apparatus of violence in Nazi Germany. 1933-1945. 3rd ed. M., 1989 (with L. Chernaya); Perpetrator number 1. Nazi regime and its Fuhrer. 3rd ed. M., 1991.
MILL, see Mill-Podolskaya]].
MILL PODILSKAYA (until 1940 - Mill), an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of the Borshchevsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 in M.-P. There were 1429 Jews (39.7%), in 1900 - 1200 (33.3%), in 1921 - 1411 (38.1%), in 1931 - 1568 Jews. Jews lived in M.-P. from the end. 18th century In the 1840s. was created by itself. community. In 1843–83, the rabbi M.-P. was Ikhl-Meir-Mikhl Brumer (1823-1907), in 1895-99 - Mishulam Roth (1875-1962, Jerusalem), in 1908-12 - Azriel-Meir Rapoport (1878-1912). In the beginning. 20th century Hasidic court in M.-P. founded by Shoil-Yosef Friedman (1871–1927). In 1920 in M.-P. a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In 1929, with the help of the Joint, the Credit Bank began to function. In the 1920s and 30s. in M.-P. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1941 M.-P. occupied the Hungarian. troops. In M.-P. several were deported from Transcarpathian Ukraine. hundreds of Jews. In aug. 1941 M.-P. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created. Sep 25 1942 in M.-P. Jews from surrounding villages were gathered, 26 Sept. 1942 the first "Jewish action" took place, during a cut approx. 1,000 Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, and a small group of Jews was killed on the spot. In oct. 1942 the remaining Jews were to move to Borshchev; those who were hiding were searched for and killed in the Jewish cemetery. In 1942–44, 114 Jews were killed in 7 pits in the cemetery, including 52 Jews - 15 October. 1942. Those who returned after 1945 approx. 30 Jews soon left M.-P.
MELNYA, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In the 19th century. in M. lived apprx. 20 Jews.
MELTSER Isser Zalman (1870, Mir Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1953, Jerusalem), rabbi. In 1894 he founded a yeshiva in Slutsk, since 1904 - the city's rabbi. From 1924 in E.-I., he headed the Yeshiva "Etz-Chaim" (Jerusalem). Participated in the creation. system orthodox. religious education, headed the association of yeshivas E.-I., was before. "Council of Torah Scholars" Agudat Yisrael. Commentary on Op. Maimonides.
MELOVOE, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1872 as a railway Art. Chertkovo. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melovoy, Starobelsky Kharkiv province. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Moscow. In 1913, a Jew in Moscow owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in Moscow.
MEMEL, see Klaipeda.
MENA, city (since 1966), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1066.From 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sosnitsky u. In 1897, 1659 Jews (26.4%) lived in Moscow, in 1923 - 1475, in 1926 - 1321 (18.2%), in 1939 - 586 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. Since 1902, Itskhok-Aizik Lurvin (1865–?) Was the rabbi in M., and in 1904–06, Shneur-Zalman Ginzburg (1876–?). In 1914 Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, a tavern, 31 shops (including all 4 grocery stores, all 5 manufactures, both tanneries). In 1925 immigrants from Moscow founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalists collectives "Put Ilyich" (87 people) and "Arbet" (73 people). In 1926 Jews owned 18 trades. points. In the 1920s. Israel's rabbi was Medvedev. 1941, 31 Jews were shot in M., in November. 1941 - 38 Jews, in December. 1941 - 56 Jews. After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave of the perished Jews. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Moscow. In Moscow, he was born: Abram Davidovich Agranovsky (1896–1951), journalist, father of AA Agranovsky; Gersh Ezrovich Goldstein (1886-1938, Kazan), statesman, in 1923-28 - before. Gomel Provincial Executive Committee, in 1928–35 - deputy. prev. SNKh and State Planning Committee of the BSSR, one of the hands. rep. OZET, in 1938 - repressed; Moses Zevi (1909–?), Ophthalmologist, Doctor of Medicine, since 1921 - in Finland, author of scientific. tr. in the region. ophthalmology.
MENAKER Alexander Semenovich (1913, Petersburg - 1982, Moscow), stage artist, director. In 1929 he entered the acting department of the 1st artistic director. studios at the Big Drama. t-re, in 1930 switched to dir. f-t Institute of stsnich. lawsuit. From 1932 he worked in the State. combining music, stage and circus and in Lengoraestrade, performing muses. parodies and feuilletons. Since 1933 - in Leningrad. music hall, from 1934 actor, director, from 1935 and artistic director hands. at the Jazz Theater Vseukr. Houses of Kr. Army in Kharkov. In 1936-38 - in Leningrad. music hall. In 1939 - in Moscow. t-re of stage and miniatures, where he first performed with M.V. Mironova with muses. humoresques. In 1942 M. was an anti-fascist director. the program "That's good!", the author and performer of muses. feuilleton "Pray for him!" (to poems by VA Dykhovichny. One of the director of the program "Muscovites - fellow countrymen" (1942). In 1948, after the theater was closed, M. and Mironova began performing independently. Among their first joint works: "Moscow meetings "VZ Mass and MA Chervinsky," Familiar portraits "by L. Davidovich and Chervinsky and others. r garden "Hermitage"), brought fame to the duet. M. and Mironova participated in the program "Hermitage" "Here comes the ship" (1954, M. was one of the dir.). Since 1954 M. and Mironova - in Moscow t-re of the stage before its closure.During these years, the T-r of two actors - Mironova and M. (director and artistic director) released the play "Talking Letters", the review "In Our House" (ch. texts by Laskin), the play "Family Matters" (1954), the basis of which was the play by Laskin "The Divorce Case is being heard." "L. G. Zorina (1971) and others. Honored Art. Of the RSFSR (1978).
MENAKER Isaak Mikhailovich (1905, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Film director. In 1922–24 he studied at the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that. Since 1924 - pom. dir., then dir. k / st "Lenfilm" (in 1924-26 a member of the group "Factory of an eccentric actor"). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948–56 dir. "Lennauchfilma", since 1956 - dir. "Lenfilm". I took off a number of scientific-popul. f., among them "They save life" (1953), "It prevents us from living" (1955). Second dir. the largest films filmed at Lenfilm. Put in et al. game f. "Cinema Concert 1941" (1941, jointly with A.I.Minkin, G.M. Rappaport, S.A.Timoshenko, M.M. Tsekhanovsky, M.G. Shapiro and "Girl and Crocodile" (1956, joint . with I. Gindin).
MENAKER Leonid Isaakovich (born 1929), film director, teacher. Son of I.M. Menaker. Graduated from dir. Faculty of LGITMIK (1959). As a director, he started at the T. Lensovet. Since 1964 - at Lenfilm. Staged to / f: "Lark" (1964), "Do not forget, Lugovaya station!" (1966, both with N. Kurikhin), "Night shift" (1970), "Identification" (1973), "Story of an old thing" (1975), "The last escape" (1980), "Testament of Professor Dowell" (1984), "The Last Road" (1986), "Dog Feast" (1990) and others. Since 1991 art. hands. studio "Range" of the association "Lenfilm". In 1994, at the Institute of Cinematography and Television, he founded and headed the department of film directing. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1982).
MENCHIKURY, a village in Veselovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1827. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tauride Gubernia Jews have lived in Moscow since the 1850s. Main occupation - agriculture.
MENDELE MOIKHER-SFORIM (nast, name and surname. Sholom-Yakov Abramovich) (1836, Kopyl, Minsk province - 1917, Odessa), writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Under the arm. A.-B. Gotlober prepared for exams at the Jewish school of Kamenets-Podolsk and in 1855 received a teacher's diploma. He taught in Kamenets-Podolsk until 1858. The first production was also written here. "Letter on education", publ. into gas. "Ha-Magid" (1857). In 1858 he moved to Berdichev, where he educated himself and worked on the first art. manuf. in Hebrew, founded publ. b-ku. In 1860 the first book was published in Vilna. M.M.-S. - "Mishpat shalom" ("Peaceful judgment"), in which the state of the Hebrew language was sharply criticized. In 1862 M.M.-S. published the story "Limdu gatev" ("Learn to do good"), which later became the basis of rum. “Ha-avot ve-ha-banim” (“Fathers and Sons”, 1868). In Berdichev M.M.-S. met I.-M. Lifshits, who had a great influence on him and awakened his interest in Yiddish. On the initiative of M.M.-S. and Lifshits A.O. Zederbaum began to publish weekly. in Yiddish "Kol Mevaser" (since 1862), in which in 1864–65 it was published. first production M.M.-S. in Yiddish "Dos kleine menchele" ("Little man"), signed by ps. Mendele Moikher-Sforim (Mendele the book-carrier), which brought fame to the author. The next manuf. M.M.-S. in Yiddish was pov. "Dos Winchfin-Girl" ("The Treasured Ring", 1865), later revised. in rum. (1888–89). In 1869 in Zhitomir came out. Fishke der Krumer (The Lame Chip), later revised, and the drama Di Dachse, Oder Di Bande Shtotbaltoyves (Dachshund, or the Gang of City Benefactors). In these productions. M.M.-S. painted the beggarly existence of the "bottom" of the society against the background of the touching love of the heroes and beautiful pictures of nature. Here M.M.-S. for the first time in Jewish literature he created a generalized image of a Jewish town. In 1873 in Vilna the pov.-allegory "Dee Nag" was published. Publication rus. per. "Nags" in the journal. Voskhod was stopped by censors. (The full trans. "Klyachi" in Russian appeared in 1913.) Rum was very popular. M.M.-S. "Masoes Binomin ha-shlishi" ("Travels of Benjamin the Third", det. Ed. 1878). In 1881 M.M.-S. moved to Odessa, where he took over the leadership of the Talmud Torah. In 1884 M.M.-S. published the drama "Call", and then created a number of works. in Hebrew. In 1906–08 - in Geneva, where he prepared for publishing. Full collection op. On Feb. 1908 M.M.-S. returned to Odessa and again began to lead the Talmud Torah.
MENDELEEVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In 1989, 67 Jews (0.7%) lived in Moscow, in 2002 - 16 Jews. 1990s in M., seminars organized by Sokhnut are periodically held.
MENDELEVA Yulia Aronovna (1883, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1959, Leningrad), pediatrician, organizer of public health. After finishing obstetric courses in St. Petersburg (1901) she worked as a midwife, was engaged in roar. activities (member of the RSDLP since 1905). In 1911 she graduated from Zhen. honey. Institute, worked in St. Petersburg. Obukhovskaya hospital, then in Smolensk, in the Crimea. In 1922–25 she specialized in pediatrics in various. European clinics. In 1925 he was appointed the first director. Institute for the protection of motherhood and infancy, at the same time. head department of social. hygiene of a woman and a child, created on her initiative. Since 1934, M. headed work on anti-tuberculosis vaccination in Leningrad. M. (jointly with AF Tour and NG Sinyavskaya) developed and implemented the principle of a "single pediatrician", according to which all children are currently working. polyclinics of Russia. In 1949 she was repressed in the "Leningrad case", released in 1955.
MENDELEVICH Alexander Abramovich (1886, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Entertainer. Actor Vvedensky Nar. at home (1909), t-ra "The Bat" in Moscow. From 1920 he held conferences at the Hermitage and Aquarium trade centers, in 1926–27 hands. pop t-rum "Alcazar". In the 1930s. performed in the music halls of Moscow and Leningrad. Since 1931 Vese artist, touring conc. association, in 1938–39 he worked in Moscow. t-re miniatures. M. belonged to the type of entertainer-storytellers, acted in the form of an old Muscovite, who introduced the public to the history. anecdotes and funny sketches from the life of Moscow.
MENDELEVICH Iosif Mozusovich (b. 1947, Riga), public figure. In 1966 with gr. students created in Riga Zionist, org-tion, Ch. the task of a cut was to spread information about Israel among the Jews. One of the organizers of Vses. Zionist, Co-ordinate. council (1969). In 1970 he took part in the preparation of an airplane hijacking, insisted on the use of weapons, wrote an Appeal to the Jewish people. He was arrested at the airport together with gr. during an attempt to hijack an aircraft, sentenced to 15 years in prison. In the camps M. taught Hebrew in an underground ulpan. In 1980 he was deprived of owls. citizenship and exiled to Israel. In 1983, one of the founders of the Center for Information on Sov. Jewry. The participant is numerous. actions (in various countries of the world) aimed at fighting for the right of Jews to leave the USSR. Arrested by the police in Geneva (1986) and Reykjavik (1987). In 1987–92 advisor min. on religious affairs. In 1987 M. took part in the creation. the center of spiritual absorption "Mahanaim". In 1990 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1993 ed. weekly "Week". Cit .: Operation "Wedding". Jerusalem, 1987.
MENDELEVICH Isaak Abramovich (1887, Moscow - 1952, ibid.), Sculptor. Hood. educated in Paris and Rome (1909 11). In 1911 he returned to Moscow. Main genre of creativity sculptor. portrait. Member AHRR. Participant pl. exhibitions. Author approx. 150 works. Naib. Izv. works: "Portrait of the artistic dynasty of Prova Sadovsky" (1918), "Laughing Red Army soldier" (1924), "Portrait of E.B. Vakhtangov" (1924), bust of M.M. Gromov (1938), bust of V.I. Nemirovich- Danchenko (1942), monument to V.P. Chkalov (Gorky, 1940, Stal. Pr. 1942). For the sculpture "Laughter" (tree, 1911) was awarded the 1st prospect of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts.
MENDELEVICH Lev Isaakovich (1918, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Diplomat. Graduated from Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army, after demobilization he worked in the Information Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. 1952 - Dipl. service. In 1965-68 the head. dep. countries Lat. America Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1968–70 deputy. post, USSR representative to the UN. In 1970–84, acting Ambassador, Ambassador-at-Large of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1984–86, Ambassador of the USSR to Denmark, since 1986. Department of Assessment and Planning of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, had the rank of Excessive. and Plenipotentiary Ambassador, was a member. Collegiums of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. M. has represented the USSR on various occasions. int. conf., participated in the settlement of the Caribbean crisis (1962), in the development of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), in the preparation of political, legal and military. documents of the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
MENDELSON Abram Solomonovich (1885, Kiev - |), economist. Into the roar. movement since 1904. In the 1920s. prof. Inst. Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov, taught at Ying-those red professors. Since 1924, member. State Academic Council, in 1925-29 Dean of the Econ. f-that Ying-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. The author of a number of scientific. works.
MENDELSON Joseph (Joseph) (1891, Cherkasy, Kiev province - |), journalist. In 1904–05 he studied at the yeshiva in Kremenchug. Since 1912 - in Argentina. He studied chemistry at the University of La Plata. In tech. 6 years was a teacher and director. schools of one of the Jewish colonies (Moisesville). Later he devoted himself entirely to journalism. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1916 weekly. "Colonist" published in Domingos, the center of the Jewish colony of Entre Rios. Published by polit. Art., as well as Art. about Jewish and Spanish writers. In 1917 he began to collaborate in gas. "Yiddish Zeitung" (Buenos Aires), then became its publisher. Translated into Yiddish. E. Zola, C. Dickens, V. Blasco Ibáñez and others. M. contributed to the development of liters in Yiddish in Argentina, was published. every month "Argentina". The author of the book. "50 years of Jewish colonization" (1939), "The Book of Rashi" (1940), etc.
MENDELSON Lev Abramovich (1899, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1962, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). He studied at the lecturer gr. Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1922), taught polit. savings. In 1924–25 at the desk. work in the Urals. In 1925–28 he was a student of the Institute of Red Professors. From 1928 to scientific. work in Ying-those econ. research State Planning Committee of the USSR, simultaneously. in 1932–41 and 1946–51 head. sector Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politics and the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1935 he taught polit. savings in a number of universities in Moscow, in 1951 -58 prof. Department of Politics, Economics, Moscow State Power Engineering Institute. In 1957–62 the head. sector of general problems of imperialism Ying-ta mir. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Etc. them. Lenin (1935). Cit .: New materials to the work of VI Lenin "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism." 2nd ed. M., 1936; Econ. crises and cycles of the 19th century M., 1949; Theory and history of economics. crises and cycles, vols. 1-3. M., 1959–64.
MENDELSON Moris Osipovich (1904, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1957), prof. (1959). In 1922–31 he lived in the USA. Since 1922, member. US Communist Party. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of the New York Mountains. college (1926). In 1931 he returned to the USSR. In 1932–40 he was responsible. ed. zhurn. "New technology". From 1939 he taught English history. and Amer. literature in the universities of Moscow. In 1940–41 the head. department of foreign. lang. MADI. In 1941–45 hands. Anglo-Amer. dep. Vses. radio-ta. From 1946 he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Since 1960 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. gr. "History of the USA Literature" in IMLI. Author approx. 200 st. about Amer. lit-re. Member and ed. collection of books "Sovr. liter of the USA "(1962)," Problems of ist. literature of the USA "(1964)," Sovr. literary criticism of the USA. Disputes about American Literature "(1969) and others. One of the editors. 12-volume collection op. M. Twain (1959–61). Works: Mark Twain. M., 1939; Walt Whitman. M., 1954; Modern amer. novel. M., 1964; "American Tragedy" by T. Draizer. M., 1971; Amer. satirical. prose of the XX century. M., 1972; Romance USA Today. M., 1977. Son M. - Mikhail (b. 1930, New York), nephrologist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1972). One of the creatures. the first center in the USSR for the treatment of renal failure using the arts. kidneys in Moscow. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin. Since 1992 - sotr. kidney center of California University (San Francisco). Author of over 60 art. in medicine.
MENDIKOVTSY, see Alekseevka, Chernivtsi region.
MЕНDZYRZEC PODLASKI, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Mezhirechye Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province. In 1856 in M.-P. there lived 6,234 Jews (77.8%), in 1897 - 9179 (66.7%), in 1921 - approx. 1200 Jews. 18th century. in M.-P. a synagogue was built. From 1837 in M.-P. a Jewish hospital was in operation, and since the 1900s. rabbi in M.-P. was Dovber-Nachman Shapiro (1861–?). In 1912 in M.-P. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, unity. a banker's office, 14 shops (including 3 grocery stores, one wine shop, all 3 manufactures). in M.-P. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. Jewish population M.-P. was destroyed during the Holocaust. genus. Yosef Vishnya (b. 1934), Israeli painter and sculptor.
MENES Abram (1897, Grodno - 1969), historian, public figure. In 1917 he was an activist of the Bund. After the 1st world. war deputy. prev. Jewish community of Grodno. From 1920 - in Berlin, where he studied Jewish history. In 1925, together with N.I.Shtif and I.Kh. Cherikover, he organized the IVO. In 1933 he moved to Paris, wrote Art. on east. themes for the Jewish encyclopedia (in English). Since 1940 - in the USA, where he worked for Forward. M. was engaged in economics. and social aspects of Jewish history in decomp. its periods - from Talmudic to modern times. In 1923, together with R.A. Abramovich, he wrote The Popular History of Israel (in Yiddish). He also studied the history of the Jewish workers' and socialist movement. In the later works of M. on ethics, philosophy, and history, the traditional religion is noticeable. approach to the issue under study.
MEN Alexander Volfovich (Vladimirovich) (1935, Moscow - 1990, Semkhoz, Zagorsk District, Moscow Region), Orthodox priest. Archpriest. At the age of 6 months. baptized together with his mother, who belonged to the so-called. Catacomb Church. In 1953–55 he studied at Moscow. fur-fur institute, in 1955–58 - in Irkutsk agricultural. in-those, from where he was expelled for his religions. beliefs. A month after his expulsion from the institute, he was ordained deacon, in 1960 (after graduating from the Leningrad Theological Seminary) - a priest. In 1965 he graduated from Moscow in absentia. theological academy, served in a number of suburbs. parishes. M. - one of the founders of religions. samizdat of the 1960s Until mid. 1980s tr. M. published ch. arr. abroad (ps. Z. Svetlov, A. Bogolyubov, A. Pavlov). From ser. 1980s M. is one of the most popular. Christian preachers (including in the media). Ch. tr. M. - book. about Jesus "Son of Man" (Brussels, 1969; 2nd ed. - M., 1991), ending ser. “In Search of the Way, Truth and Life” (vols. 1-6. Brussels, 1970-83; 2nd ed. - M., 1991 -92). Sep 9 1990 M. was killed. Son M. - Mikhail (b. 1960, Semkhoz, Zagorsk district, Moscow region.), Public figure, president of the fund. A.Menya (since 1992), dep. Moscow region Duma (since 1993), coordinator of public relations. org-tions and religions. Associations, vice-mayor of Moscow, since 2005 - governor of the Ivanovo region.
MENSHIKOV Lev Nikolaevich (b. 1926, Leningrad), orientalist, philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1976). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952). Since 1955 - scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences), head. study group and publ. far east. manuscripts. The author of Art. on Chinese classical drama, ed., trans. and commentator of manuscripts, one of the initiators of the creation. "Descriptions of Chinese Manuscripts of the Dunhuang Foundation of the Institute of Oriental Studies."
MENZELINSK, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 1580s. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa governorship, then a province. In 1910, 32 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow.
MENZHINSKY, has not existed since 1964. In the 1940s – 60s. - a farm in the Kursk region of the Stavropol Territory in the RSFSR. 19 Oct. 1942 Jews evacuated to M. (218 people) were shot at st. Kursk.
MENZHIRICHI, see Mezhirich, Rivne region.
MERAS Itskhokas (Itskhak) (b. 1934, Kelme, Lithuania), writer. Writes in litas. lang. In 1958 he graduated from the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute. In 1958 64 worked as engineer. in Vilnius. From 1953 publ. in periodic. print. Since 1964 he has been a professional writer. Since 1972 - in Israel, taught at school. The main theme of M.'s work is the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry. Publishing rum. M. "A draw lasts a moment" (1963, in Russian. - 1965) and "On what the world rests" (1965, in Russian. 1966) in Moscow. lit. zhurn. became a notable event in the life of owls. Jews. Most significant production M., written in Israel, rom. Sarah, published in 1982 in the USA. M. - the author of screenplays, in which the films were staged: “When I was little” (1968), “June, the beginning of summer” (1969), “Little confession” (1970). Cit .: Yellow flap. M., 1963.
MERCH, see Myarkine.
MEREFA, a city in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkiv province. 42 Jews lived in Moscow in 1926, and 124 Jews in 1939. 1941 - early. 1942 in Moscow, several were shot. Jews.
MERENFILD Ruben (b. 1925, Balta, Podolsk province), doctor, radiologist. Doctor of Medicine. Since 1930 - in Venezuela. Graduated from honey. Faculty Center. University of Venezuela (1949). In 1953–54 he worked in clinics in New York. From 1955 ch. radiologist department of the Vargas hospital in Caracas. Sci. tr. dedicated radiology, radiotherapy. There was work. Worldwide Jewish Congr. in Stockholm in 1959. In 1959–61 vice-president. Of the Caracas Jewish Community.
MEREZHIN Abram (Avrom) Naumovich (1880 -1937), politician, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In societies. activities acted as a Zionist and Hebraist. In the beginning. 1900s taught in Odessa at OPE schools, introduced the teaching of Yiddish at the Odessa Orphanage. One of the founders of the publishing house "Blimelekh" (Odessa), which produced the book. for kids. Collaborated in Odessa Russian. gas. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 broke with the Zionists, joined the Bund, was its representative in the Jewish community and mountains. council of Odessa, the author of the brochure "The Bund and Zionism" (Odessa, 1917; ed. in Yiddish and Russian.), was published in the Bund gas. M. - one of the initiators of the creation of the Kombund. In 1919, in underground work in Zhitomir and other mountains. Ukraine. After the end of the Civil. war moved to Moscow, where he became one of the hands. Center, Bureau of the Ev-Sections under the Central Committee of the RCP (b), then secretary. Commission for the land arrangement of working Jews at the Central Executive Committee. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s M. publ. in periodic. press a number of Art. in support of the Far East. project created Jewish autonomy, in 1930 published a brochure "What is Birobidzhan" (in Yiddish and Russian). In the name of M. in the 1920s and 30s. named a number of Jewish settlements in the Crimea and in the Jewish nat. districts of Ukraine. M. was printed in gas. "Communists background" (Kiev), zhurn. Jungwald, ed. (jointly with MI Litvakov gas. "Der emes" (Moscow). Repressed.
MERIDOR Eliyahu (real fam. Verzhbutovsky) (1914, Petersburg - 1966, Jerusalem), politician. Studied on Wed. school "Tarbut", in the gymnasium in Grajewo (Poland) and law. Faculty of Warsaw University. From his youth, an activist of Beitar, including com. Beitar in Grajevo. Member Beitar's leadership in Poland. He worked in the organization of Jewish students at Warsaw University. Since 1936 - in E.-I. The lawyer was engaged. practice. Was. com. Beitar in Jerusalem, room. Jerusalem branch of ETZEL, member. of the ETsEL command. Brit. authorities and exiled to Africa. One of the founders and head of the Jerusalem branch of the Herut movement. Dep. Knesset 4-6th convocations (1959-69). Son M. - Dan (b. 1947, Jerusalem), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem. Was a member. Center and leadership of the Herut movement, now one of the leaders of the Likud movement. 1982–84 sec. pr-v of the State of Israel; in 1988–92 min. justice. Dep. Knesset of the 11-13th convocations (1984-86).
MERIDOR Yaakov (real fam. Vinyarsky) (1913, Lipno, Plock province - 1995, Tel Aviv), politician. He studied at the Cheder Mettukan and the Moria Gymnasium in Wloclawek. Beitar joined the movement in 1930. Since 1932 - in E.-I. From 1933 - in Gagan. In 1939 he was sent to the courses of the com. ETZELA in Poland. Returning in 1940 to E.-I., he took part in a sabotage. promotions in Iraq. In 1941–44 com. ETsELa, in 1944–45 deputy. com. ETZELA. In 1945, the Brit. authorities and exiled to Africa. After several. attempted to escape and in 1948 came to Paris. In the same year he returned to Israel, recruiting ETsEL fighters into the ranks of the Israel Defense Forces. After the death of the pestilence. The Altalena was arrested and imprisoned for 10 days at Beit Sheans. One of the hands. Herut movement. In 1981 -84 min. economy. Dep. Knesset of the 1-6th and 10th convocations (1949-69, 1981-84). Member commissions on foreign affairs and defense of the 1-6th Knesset convocations.
MERISON Ya.A. (real name and fam. Yakov-Avrom Erukhimovich) (1866, Evye Troksky u. Vilna province - 1941, New York), publicist, translator. From the age of 12 he lived in Kovno. He studied Hebrew, Russian. and it. lang., then gave private lessons. Since 1887 - in the USA. He worked in a tailor shop. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Columbia University. Was one of the hands. anarchist. movement. Lit. started his activity in 1889 as sotr. and Chl. editorial board gas. "Di Vargate", where he spoke with a publicist. Art. on socialism and anarchism. In 1899-1902 ed. anarchist, journal. "Frae Gesellschaft". Subsequently, he broke up with the anarchist, the movement, was engaged in honey. practice, translated philosophy, sociology. and ped. manuf. in Yiddish, in zhurn. "Dos Nae Lebn" was conducted by the department. "In the world of philosophy and science", sotr. in ped. zhurn. "Unzer Kind". The author of the book. in Yiddish: “Anarchism and Political. activity ", 1905; "Mother and Child" (manual for mothers), 1912; The Science of Health Preservation, 1917; Physiology (in 5 volumes); "Theory and practice of anarchism", 1927, etc. Translated into Yiddish works. J. Mill, C. Darwin, P. A. Kropotkin and others.
MERKOV Arkady Mikhailovich (1899, Housewarming of Tula Province - 1971, Moscow), scientist in the field of medical statistics and social hygiene. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1933). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1923), was head. Starobelsky, and then Vinnytsia okr. dep. health, in 1929-30 inspector of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1933 head. department of the organization of health care and dignity. statistics of Kharkov honey. in-that, and then the head. the same department of the Kharkov Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors; at the same time. (1929–41) head. dep. social pathology of malignancies. neoplasms Ukr. oncologist. Institute, since 1938 Dir. N.-i. bureau dignity. statistics. In 1941–43 in Ufa, from 1943 in Moscow. In 1943–49 the beginning. dep. honey. statistics of the USSR Ministry of Health and at the same time. head chair dignity. statistics TsIUV. In 1955–63 the head. dep. dignity statistics Research Institute of social. hygiene and health care organization in Moscow. M. is one of the founders and organizers of the oncologist, statistics in the country. He developed the principles of a selective method for studying the general morbidity of the population, created a school of medical demographers. Vol .: Malignant neoplasms in Ukraine. Kharkov, 1940; General theory and methodology of sanitary-statistical research. M., 1960; Demographic statistics. M., 1965; Sanitary statistics. L., 1974 (jointly with L.E. Polyakov); Public health and methods of its study. M., 1979.
MERCULESHT (until 1991 - Marculeshty), a city (since 1994) in Soroksky district. (The Republic of Moldova). Main in 1837 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Marculeshty (other name - Kot-Marculeshty) in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1897, 1,336 Jews (99.7%) lived in Moscow, in 1913 - approx. 2000, in 1930 - 2,319 Jews (87.7%). The colony was founded on leased land, but after the end of the lease period, due to the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882, the colonists could not buy and lease land themselves, so they acquired them in the name Bessarabian leader of the nobility, with partial support from Jewish institutions. In 1898, three synagogues functioned in Moscow. In 1902-17, the director. In 1905, a self-defense detachment was formed in Moscow. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in, in 1913 - the society "Bikur Hoylim". Most of the Jews were involved in crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. photography, 2 laundries, 2 restaurants, 3 drugstore warehouses, unity. bookstore, unity. hairdresser's, 56 shops (including all 10 grocery stores); among the Jews there were 2 tailors, 4 timber merchants, 1 doctor. The self-defense detachment was created again in 1917. In 1918–21, several people passed through Moscow. thousands of refugees from Ukraine. 1920-30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, the school of the Tarbut network worked. In July 1941, 12 Jews were shot in Moscow. A camp was created for Jews from other districts of Moldova. During the Holocaust, more than 1,000 Jews were exterminated in Moscow. A. A. Maimon, J.-L. Maimon.
MERON Rami (b. 1957, Baku), athlete (freestyle wrestling). In Israel since 1975. Two months after arriving in Israel, he took 6th place for a young man. World Championships in Bulgaria, and in the fall of the same year represented Israel at the World Championships in Minsk, where he took 7th place. To Olympus. games (Montreal, 1976) took 7th place.In 1977 at the World Championships (Las Vegas, USA) took 4th place.
MERPORT Ilya Aronovich (b. 1917, Tashkent), architect, publicist. In 1940 he graduated from the Tashkent Polytechnic. in-t. Main works in Tashkent: residential buildings (1960s – 70s), hotel “Uzbekistan”, air terminal (1980s). Honored. arch. UzSSR.
MERV, see Mary.
MESENZHNIK Yakov Zakharovich (b. 1936, Tomashpol, Vinnitsa region), physicist, specialist in the field of electrical insulation and cable technology. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1967), Dr. Sciences (1986), prof. (1990). In 1941–44 he was in the Balta concentration camp, Odessa region. Graduated from the Central Asian Polytechnic. Institute (1958). In 1958–85 - at the Tashkent Scientific Research Institute of the Cable Industry (engineer, senior engineer, head of laboratory, head of scientific department, chief scientific consultant), at the same time. from 1969 he taught at the Tashkent Polytechnic. in-those (Assoc., since 1974 - Head of the Department of Electrical Insulation and Cable Engineering). Since 1985 - one of the organizers and hands. lab. on the development of cables for the oil and gas industry at the All-Russian Research Institute of the Cable Industry. Founder and hands. scientific. schools for research. aging of cable materials and the creation of special. cables under multifactorial exposure (MFV). Author of scientific. works on the theory, design and operational reliability of cables at MFV. Author and co-author of about 300 scientific. works, including 14 monographs. Acad. (1993) and ch. prez. (1994) Worldwide. Environmental Academy, 1st Vice-President. Int. Hermes Academy (1993), member. Euro-Asian Geophysics. about-va (1994).
Meshchaninov Oscar Samoilovich (1886, Vitebsk - 1956, Bologna, Italy), sculptor. Beginning thin Educated in Vitebsk at the School of Drawing and Painting of I.M. Pen. In 1905–06 he studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. From 1907 - in Paris. Until 1911 he studied at the Nat. the school of fine arts at A. Merier, later in the workshop of J. Bernard. In 1908–11 he participated in exhibitions of the Nat. thin about-va, since 1912 in the Autumn Salon, the salons of the Independent, Tuileries. In 1915-16 the works of M. "Virgin", "Portrait of Mrs. G.K.", "Head of a Girl", "Bust of the Artist Nathan Altman" were exhibited in Moscow at the exhibition "1915", in Petrograd at the exhibitions "World of Art »And the Exhibition of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists. For production these years are characterized by classic. completeness and clarity of images in bronzes. sculptures: "Favnessa", "Girl" (both - 1912, Israel Museum, Jerusalem), "Portrait of a Mother" (1915, City Museum of Amsterdam), etc. In 1919 participated in the 1st State. exhibition of manuf. art-va in Petrograd, in 1928 - in the Exhibition of modern. French art in Moscow: "Man in a Top Hat", "Girl with Flowers" (ate, presented to the Tretyakov Gal.). Main genre of production 1920s-40s - heads made of marble, granite, bronze in strict realistic manner: "The head of a young woman" (1924), "Portrait of the sculptor J. Bernard" (1933) and others. In 1919 he visited Burma, Siam, Cambodia, collected an extensive collection that replenished museums in France. One of the ate sculptures by M. "A Man with a Dead Child" (1952, Tel Aviv Museum) - a response to the Holocaust - is made in an expressive manner unusual for M.. Personal exhibitions: in Petit Palais (1939), New York gal. Wildenstein (1944), the Conti Museum in Los Angeles (1955). Since 1944 - in the USA.
MESHCHOVSK, a city, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1238.From 1776 it was a district town of the Kaluga governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910 there were 71 Jews in Moscow, in 1926 - 48 (1.8%), in 1939 - 40 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow ... In the 19th century. among the Jews of M. there were 2 tailors.
MESKUITCE, see Mashkuychiai.
MESKIN Aharon (1898, Mogilev - 1971, Tel Aviv), actor. In t-re since 1925. Played in "Habim". Since 1928 - in E.-I. Among the roles: Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare, 1936, 1959), Othello (Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, 1950), King Lear (Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, 1955). M. was the first before. Israeli section of the Intern. in-ta t-ra. State Israel Ave (1960).
MESKUPAS-ADOMAS Itsikas (1907, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1942, Smailay Birzhaisky district), politician. He studied natural mathematics. Faculty of Kaunas University. Since 1924 - in the rev. movement, in the Komsomol. In 1927 M.-A. elected secretary. Kaunas regional committee of the Komsomol; in the same year he was arrested and sentenced to 8 years in prison. Released under an amnesty in 1931. In 1931–34 - in Germany, was engaged in the release of communist. ed. and their illegal delivery to Lithuania. In 1933 he was arrested and in 1934 exiled to Lithuania. In 1934, the secretary was elected. Central Committee of the Komsomol of Lithuania, edited the organ of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Lithuania. In 1935 he was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, in 1938 - a member. Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania (from 1940 - 2nd secretary of the Central Committee), dep. Nar. Sejm, dep. USSR Armed Forces from the Lithuanian SSR. In 1942 he was sent to the front line at the head of a group of partisans. Killed in battle with the Lithuanian police.
MESSERER Asaf Mikhailovich (1903, Vilna - 1992, Moscow), dancer, ballet master, teacher, ballet theorist. Brother S.M. Messerer. In 1919–21 he studied at Moscow. choreography uch-shche and was accepted as a soloist in the Bolshoi Theater. In the repertoire of M .: Siegfried ("Swan Lake" by P. Tchaikovsky, 1924), Petrushka ("Petrushka" by I. Stravinsky, 1927), Bozhok and Juggler ("Red Poppy" by R. M. Glier, 1927) , Skater ("Prisoner of the Caucasus" by BV Asafiev, 1938), Colin ("A Vain Precaution" by PL Gertel, 1943), conc. number "Footballer" for music. A.N. Tsfasman (post. M., Bolshoi t-r, 1930). Since 1925 he worked as a choreographer, staged the end. numbers for Mosk. choreography school - "Melody" by K. V. Gluk, "Fairy of Dolls" by I. Bayer (with E. I. Dolinskaya), ballets: "A Vain Precaution" by Gertel (Bolshoi Theater, with I. A. Moiseev, 1930; jointly with M.M. Gabovich, 1952), "Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky (Bolshoi Theater, jointly with I.A.Chekrygin and B.A. Mordvinov, 1936; jointly with Gabovich, 1952), several. fast. for choreography ans. "Young ballet" at hand. IA Moiseeva (1968), "Spring Tajikistan" for music. Yu.G. Ter-Osipova (Opera and Ballet Theater named after Aini, Dushanbe, 1972), the ballet "Coppelia" by L. Delibes (Warsaw, Bolshoi Theater, 1976), etc. M. contributed to the creation of modern. Lithuanian ballet: post. “On the Seashore” by Y. Yuzelyunas (Opera and Ballet Theater of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, jointly with VV Grivitskas, 1953). The one-act ball created by M. belongs to the classics of ballet art. "Class-concert" on music. D.D. Shostakovich. In 1921–23 he taught at evening courses at the Bolshoi Theater, in 1923–60 at Moscow. choreography uch-shche. Since 1946 - teacher class. improvement of the ballet dancers of the Bolshoi Theater; created his own. method of conducting lessons classical. dance. The author of the book. Classical Dance Lessons (M., 1967), Dance. Think. Time "(M., 1979). Nar. art. USSR (1976). Became. pr. (1941, 1947).
MESSERER Boris Asafovich (b. 1933, Moscow), theater artist, graphic artist. Son of A.M. Messerer. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1956). He made his debut in Moscow. t-re "Contemporary". Has designed a large number of dramas, opera and ballet performances in t-ts of Moscow, Leningrad, other cities. b. USSR, as well as abroad. Among the works of M. "The Elder Sister" by AM Volodin (1959), "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan (1964, both - tr. "Contemporary"), "Lieutenant Kizhe" on music. S.S.Prokofiev (1963, Bolshoi Theater), "The Queen of Spades" by P.I. Tchaikovsky (1964, Opera and Ballet Theater in Leipzig), "Carmen Suite" by J. Bizet-RK Shchedrin (1968, Big Theater), "Romeo and Juliet" on music. Tchaikovsky (1969, Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater named after ZP Paliashvili), "Hamlet" to music. D.D.Shostakovich (1971, Petrozavodsk musical drama, t-r), "Sweet-voiced bird of youth" by T. Williams (1975, Moscow Art Theater), "Spartacus" by A. I. Khachaturyan (1978, Yerevan Opera and Ballet Theater A.A. Spendiarov), “The Suicide” by NR Erdman (1982, Moscow Theater of Satire), “Three Ages of Casanova” by M.I. Tsvetaeva (1984, State Theater named after Ev. Vakhtangov), "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov (1991, Moscow Art Theater named after A.P. Chekhov), and others. book graphics, designed the book. "Soviet Circus" (Moscow, 1970), "Poetry of Dance" by N.O. Elyash (Moscow, 1971), "Good Hour!" VS Rozov (Moscow, 1973) and others, as well as claviers "Anna Karenina" by Shchedrin (Moscow, 1974), "Rigoletto" by G. Verdi (Moscow, 1977) and others. constructiveness, graphic quality, inclination towards grotesque-satirical. images, stylization. Awarded with silver. medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1987).
MESSERER Sulamith Mikhailovna (b. 1908, Vilna), ballet dancer, choreographer. Sister A.M. Messerer. After graduating in 1926 Moscow. choreography school soloist of the Bolshoi Theater ballet (until 1950). Principal roles: Zarema (The Fountain of Bakhchisarai by BV Asafiev), Liza (A Vain Precaution by L. Gertel), Kitri (Don Quixote by L. F. Minkus), Jeanne (The Flame of Paris by Asafiev) and etc. She has performed abroad several times. In 1938-60 she taught at Moscow. choreography uch-shche; from 1960 she worked as a ballet master in other countries; post, for the troupe “Tokyo-ballet im. Tchaikovsky "" Marimo "(1962, jointly with AA Varlamov) and" Cranes feathers "(1969, based on the play by D. Kinosita). She worked with the ballet troupe "Hariraya" in the Philippines (1970), at the L. Toller ballet school in Brazil (1977), at the studio school at Nat. Turkish cons. (1978). Since 1980 - in the USA. She teaches ballet art. She worked in London and Stockholm, in 1988 she gave several. lessons for the studio "Jerusalem Ballet" in Israel. Honored. art. RSFSR.
MESSING Wolf Grigorievich (Gershkovich) (1899, Gura Kalvariya, Warsaw province - 1974, Moscow), variety artist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. As a teenager, he went to Berlin, where he met him. psychiatrist Abel, to-ry noticed a telepathic. M.'s abilities. Having met the impresario Zelmeister, he began to work at the Berlin freak show, then acted as a fakir in the Wingergarten, from 1914 - in the Busch circus. In 1915 M. toured Vienna, in 1917–21 - in Japan, Brazil, Argentina. Upon his return to Poland (1922) he served in the army. At the end of the military. services toured Paris, London, Rome, Berlin, Riga, as well as in the mountains. South America, Australia, India. Since 1939 - in the USSR. Once in the Sov. Union, M. worked in Brest, Gomel, Minsk, then in Moscow. After repeated checks, M. was allowed to perform on the stage with his "psychological experiments". In 1941–45 he lived in Novosibirsk, performed in hospitals and defense plants. After the war he worked at the Mosconcert and toured a lot. Author of notes "About myself". Honored. art. RSFSR (1971).
MESSMAN Vladimir Lvovich (1898, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1972, Alma-Ata), conductor, musicologist. He studied violin in Ponevezh (1905–13), then in Petrograd under I.B. Piastro. In 1920–23 he worked on a computer. at M.M. Yppolitov-Ivanov in Moscow. He was a military man. Kapellmeister - conducted by the regiment, and staff orcs. (1917–19), - an inspector of a military orc. service Zap. front (1919–20), beginning. all military. orc. Cr. Army and Navy (1920–22), ch. conductor of the Exemplary military. orc. RSFSR. In 1922, answering, ed. zhurn. "Music". In 1926-28 - before. section comp. Moscow about-va dram. writers and composers, in 1930–32 - muses. consultant exper. lab. sound engineering Radio control, in 1940–41 - muses. consultant Ans. songs and dances of the NKVD of the USSR. One of the organizers of the Muses. fund of the USSR. M. is the first owl. comp., who wrote music for a silent film ("Abrek-Zaur", 1926). The experience of his work in cinema is reflected in the book. (co-authored with SA Bugoslavsky) "Music and Cinema" (1926). From 1941 he lived in Kazakhstan. Author of works on Kazakh music: "The Revival of Song" (Alma-Ata, 1958), "Musical Theater of the Kazakh People" (Alma-Ata, 1961), etc. Among the muses. op. - for orc. symph. painting "1917" (1919), symph. poems “Two Worlds” (1920) and “Abkhazian Legend” (1926), “In Memory of 28 Panfilov Guardsmen” (1942, for a reader and symphonic orc.), “Adyghe Rhapsody” (1968), “Kazakh Jubilee March” ( 1970).
MESTECHKIN Mark Solomonovich (1900, Kiev - 1981, Moscow), director, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1971), prof. (1977). He studied at the studio at the Solovtsov Theater in Kiev, in 1918 he was accepted into the troupe. The first role is Dobchinsky ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol). In 1920 he came to Moscow, worked in the T-re tragicomedy, in the cabaret "Do not cry", t-t-t "Tavern Wrap up", "Blue blouse", "Funny miniatures", on the stage, together with MI Zharov performed couplets. In 1924–26 - in the T. Sun. Meyerhold, played in performances: "D.E." M.G. Podgaetsky (based on I.G. Erenburg's novel "D.E. Trust"), "Rychi, China!" and "The Earth on End" by S.M. Tretyakov (based on M.Martinet's play "Night"). In 1927–30 he taught a clownery course at a circus art workshop. Filmed at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema in f. "Ice House", staged by f. “Twelve more”, “Barricade” and others. In the 1936–37 season, he worked in T-re nar. creativity, supervised by the colchus. t-rum, organized an acrobatic. ans. Center, houses of culture of railway workers. In 1941–45 he headed the front. conc. brigade, acted in films. From 1948 dir. Vses. associations of state circus, since 1954 ch. dir. Moscow circus, in which he staged programs: "Little Pierre" (1949), "The Courageous" (1953), "Youth Celebrates" (1957), "Carnival in Cuba", "Peace Pipe" (both - 1962). In 1950 he staged in Kazan on his own. the script pantomime "Song of Dockers". Since 1964 hand. clownery studios at Moscow. circus, since 1966 - division dir. circus GITIS. Nar. art. RSFSR (1969). Works: Circus. L., 1966; At the theater and circus. M., 1976; Non-fictional circus. M., 1978.
MESTKOVICHI, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mistkowice of the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 6 Jews were killed in Moscow.
METEKHI, a village in the Caspian region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918–21, it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, and in 1921–91, the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in Moscow from the 1910s. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in Moscow.
METLITSKY Zusya Abramovich (1902, Orenburg - 1983, Moscow), specialist in the field of scientific fruit growing. Dr. S.-kh. Sciences (1947), prof. (1950). He graduated from the gardening department of S.-kh. academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva (1926). In 1927-30 he was a post-graduate student of the TSKhA and at the same time specialist, art. Fruit Center specialist. and grape-winemaker. consumer cooperation "Plodvinsoyuz". In 1931–34 the head. dep. agrotechnics Center. fruit and berry experimental station. IV Michurin (later All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture). In 1934-59, Assoc. Department of Fruit Growing, TSKHA; in 1958-59 head. dep. All-Russian Research Institute of Canning Industry; in 1959–83 head. dep. agrotechnics, consultant Scientific research. zonal institute of gardening of the non-black earth strip. He was engaged in the organization of large fruit plantations, the technology of production of planting material, the intensification of fruit growing and the development of berry growing. Created scientific. school of fruit growers. Publ. more than 250 scientific works, Cit .: Fruit nursery. M., 1935 (jointly with E.E. Maleev); Fruit growing. M., 1940 (jointly with P.G. Shitt); Agricultural technology of fruit crops. M., 1956.
METRIKIN Alexander Abramovich (b. 1919, Tashkent - 1999, Moscow), design engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin (1941) and the Faculty of Telecommunications Moscow. electrical engineering Institute of Communications (1945). In 1945–93 (with a break in 1953–54) - at the Research Institute of Radio. In 1953–54 at Moscow. telecentre. At hand. M. developed horn-parabolic. antennas (bands 2 and 4 GHz) for space. communication, parabolic. omnidirectional antenna directional diagram in one plane and compressed in another, as well as waveguide paths with a large cross section, to-rye at the same time. are a housing for installing antennas. Author of over 40 scientific. works and inventions. Honorary Radio Operator (1960). Works: Antenna-waveguide paths of radio relay communication lines. M., 1966; RRL antennas and waveguides. M., 1977.
METTER Izrail Moiseevich (b. 1909, Kharkov - 1996, Petersburg), writer. Studied in physics and mathematics. f-those of Kharkov in-that nar. education (1926–29). In 1929 he moved to Leningrad, taught mathematics at school (1930–36). He began to publish in 1928 in the periodical. print. In 1936, publ. first pov. "The End of Childhood" (1936) - about the life of a Jewish family in 1914–20. In 1941–42 he worked at Radiok-those in Leningrad. Author pl. pov. and stories ("Separation", 1940; "Comrades", 1952; "Teacher", 1954; "First lesson", 1956; "Conscience", 1965; "Among the people", 1979; "Date", 1982; "Weekdays ", 1987, etc.). The povs were very popular. and M.'s stories about the police. By pov. "Mukhtar" (1960) staged to / f "Come to me, Mukhtar!" (1964), based on the stories "Sukhar", "Alexei Ivanovich" - film "It happened in the police" (1963). Rum. M. "The Fifth Corner", written in 1966 and publ. 1989, Super Award Winner for Best Performance. zarub, lit-ry "Grinzane Cavour" (1992, Italy).
MEICHIK Mark Naumovich (1880, Moscow - 1950, ibid.), Pianist, musical figure. In 1903 he graduated from Moscow. horse, cl. php. from V.I.Safonov. He was known as a subtle interpreter of Op. A.N. Skryabin, who considered M. one of the best performers of his music. Mn. toured in Russia and abroad. In 1905-10 he gave many. concerts, part of the fees from to-rykh transferred to the cashier of the RSDLP. Forced due to illness to leave the end. activity, M. after 1917 was engaged in musical-organizational and literary. work. In 1918 he headed the end. sector of muses. dep. People's Commissariat for Education in Moscow, in 1919-21 was one of the organizers and the first director. State in-that muses. dramas. He worked in music. sector of the State Publishing House (1923), ch. ed. publishing house Mosk. dep. bunk bed education (1924-30), deputy. dir. F-ki recordings (1933–39). The author of light php. plays for studying muses. schools, transcriptions of production. Russian and Western European muses. classics. Author of the book: "Paganini" (Moscow, 1934), "Schumann" (Moscow, 1935), "Scriabin" (Moscow, 1935). Translated from him. lang. row of tr. on the technique of muses. performance.
MEYEROVICH William (1896, Ekaterinoslav - 1981, New York), painter, graphic artist. Since 1908 - in the USA. Attended by Nat. Design Academy in New York (1914). Among the works are engraved portraits of US Supreme Justices (1953). Member Amer. about-va tsv. print, Amer. about-va engravers, Association of thin. America, etc. M.'s works are in museums in the USA, Israel, Germany, Great Britain. Laureate of pl. och. premiums.
MEILAKH Boris Solomonovich (1909, Lepel, Vitebsk province. - 1987, Leningrad), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1944), prof. (1947). In 1931 he graduated from the Faculty of Literature and Arts of Moscow State University. First Art. ("On Form and Poetry") was published. in 1934 in the journal. "Star". From 1936 he worked in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences, taught at the universities of Leningrad. The works of M. dedicated. creativity A.S. Pushkin, questions of methodology, theory of liter. The author of several. chapters in the 10-volume History of Russian Literature (Moscow, 1941–56). Prepared by scientific. ed. Pushkin, K.N.Batyushkov, Decembrist writers, 8-volume ed. "Russian stories of the 19th century." (M., 1950 - 57). Became. pr. (1947) Vol .: Pushkin and Russian Romanticism. M. - L., 1937; Lenin and the problems of Russian literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries M., 1947; Pushkin and his era. M., 1958; Leo Tolstoy's departure and death. M., 1960; Writer's talent and creative processes. L., 1969; Talisman: A book about Pushkin. M., 1975.
MEIMAN Naum Natanovich (Nokhim Sanelevich) (b. 1912, Bazar of Ovruch u. Volyn province. - 2001, Israel), mathematician, physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1937), prof. (1939). Graduated from Kazan University (1932). Disciple of N.G. Chebotarev. He worked at Ying-those physical. problems (1947–54), in Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1954–75). Since 1989 hon. prof. Tel Aviv University. results in the study. theory of functions of a complex variable, differenti. ur-ny with partial derivatives, approx. and num. methods, in theoretical. physics. Became. pr. (1953). Works: The Routh-Hurwitz problem for polynomials and entire functions. M.-L., 1949 (jointly with N.G. Chebotarev); Causality principle and asymptotic behavior of the scattering amplitude. - "Zh. exp. and theor. Physics ", 1964, vol. 47, no. five.
MEISHAGOLA, see Maishyagola.
MEISHAN Yosef (1899, Odessa - |), therapist. He studied at the Psychoneurologist. in-those in Petrograd (1916–17) and Novorossiysk un-those (Odessa) (1918–22). From 1937 - in E.-I. Prev Tel Aviv branch of the Israeli honey. associations (1950–54). Sci. tr. M. dedicated treatment of ozena, psoriasis, Paget's disease, polycythemia. The author is numerous. works on numismatics ("Agrippa I, the Jewish king and his coins", 1954; "Symbols on the coins of Herod the Great and their meaning", 1959; "Chronology of coins of the Herodian dynasty", 1960). Prev Israel Society of Antiques Lovers (1941–54).
MEITOS Eliyahu (1892, Chisinau - 1977, Israel), poet, translator. He wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. From 1911 he studied at the Sorbonne, but after the beginning of the 1st world. war returned to Russia. From 1921 he headed the Jewish gymnasium in Soroki, from 1923 he taught at teacher's courses in Iasi. Since 1935 - in E.-I. Worked as a teacher. The first poems were published. in 1910 in "Ga-Shiloakh" with the support of H.-N. Bialik. Ch. arr. into gas. Al ha-Mishmar. In 1938 he published an anthology of modern. Jewish poetry in Hebrew. The author of several. collection of poems. He translated poetry and prose from French, Roman, Russian into Hebrew. lang. and Yiddish. Among the translations of M. manuf. A. Gide, G. Maupassant, A. France.
MEITUS Yuliy Sergeevich (b. 1903, Elizavetgrad), composer. The son of a doctor. In the 1920s. worked as an accompanist in the clubs of the cavalry inspection and the Political Department of the formation management of the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1931 he graduated from the Kharkov Music and Drama. Institute for cl. comp. with S.S.Bogatyrev, worked as an accompanist at the Kharkov Opera and Ballet Theater, then head. muses. part of t-ra "Berezil", t-ra "Proletkult". In 1930 he made a 4-month trip to Berlin. In the 1930s. taught at the Kharkiv Cons., studied Ukrainian muses. folklore. In 1941–45 - in Turkmenia, he made a number of treatments of Turkmen narcotics. songs. Turkmen nat. the images are captured in op. "Abadan". (1943, jointly with A. Kuliev), "Leyli and Majnun" (1946, jointly with D. Ovezov), "Makhtumkuli" (1962), in the "Turkmen Symphony" (1946). M. created 15 op., Including "Young Guard" (1947, 2nd ed. 1950), "Northern Dawns" (1955), "Stolen Happiness" (1960), "Daughter of the Wind", "Brothers Ulyanovs "(1967)," Anna Karenina "(1970)," Yaroslav the Wise "(1973)," Richard Sorge "(1976)," Marya Pineda "," Ivan the Terrible "(1983). Among other op. - music for performances, c / f, romances, instru. plays. Honored. activist in the TSSR (1944), People's Commissar art. Ukrainian SSR (1973). Became. pr. (1951). State etc. them. T.G. Shevchenko Ukrainian SSR (1991).
MEIZAKH Yegusha (real family member Segal) (1834, Novye Zhagory of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1917, Vilna), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Taught Talmud and Hebrew. in Kreuzburg, Jacobstadt and Buisk, he was engaged in trade, was a traveling salesman. Published in Yiddish since 1862. He wrote in almost all periodicals. ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew. After pl. years of wandering settled in Vilna. The author of the book. in Hebrew and Yiddish.
MEZEN, a city (since 1780), a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 1st floor. 16th century From 1784 it was the district town of the Arkhangelsk governorship, then the province. In 1910, 44 Jews (1%) lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 1 Jew. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow, and in 1915 there was a Jewish credit company.
INTERDURCHIE, see Great Mezhirichi.
Rafail Grigorievich MEZHEBOVSKY (1897, Tiflis - 1976, Orenburg), doctor. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. (1949). After finishing honey. Faculty of Rostov un-that (1920) until 1922 served as a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1922–36, a medical resident. and in-fekts. clinics of Baku honey. in-that, head. therapeutic. separation of mountains. hospitals, head. clinics dep. Research Institute of Occupational Diseases in Baku. In 1936–41, Assistant to Therapeutic. clinic of the 1st Leningrad honey. in-that. 1941–49 - in the army. From 1949 to the end of his life the head. hospital therapist clinic of Chkalovsky (Orenburg) honey. in-that. Sci. tr. M. dedicated diseases of the cardiovascular system, including rheumatism, hypertension, etc. Vol .: The therapeutic effect of adonis for various types of insufficiency and irregularity of cardiac activity. L., 1947; Treatment and prevention of heart failure. M., 1963; Modern principles of chronic heart failure treatment. Orenburg, 1966.
MEZHHORIE, a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 26 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1900 - 51 (5.2%), in 1939 - 15 Jews (1.2%). ... July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942, the Jews of M. were deported to Monastyriska and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
MEZHIGORIE, see New Petrivtsi.
MEZHINSKY Semyon Borisovich (1889, Kupyansk, Kharkov province. - 1978, Moscow), artist. In 1918 he entered the Kharkov School of Stage Arts. In 1919 he was admitted to the First Kharkov Drama. under the arm. N.N.Sinelnikova. At the same time. worked in t-re miniatures "Lights". During this period, the following roles were played: Shepherd ("Dawns" by E. Verharn), Wurm ("Treachery and Love" by I.-F. Schiller), Count Metternich ("Eaglet" by E. Rostan), etc. Since 1924 - in the troupe Moscow t-ra "Comedy" (formerly T-r Korsha), where he created images of Grosman ("The Fruits of Enlightenment" by Leo Tolstoy), Osterhausen ("Gentleman" by A. I. Yuzhin-Sumbatov), ​​Margulis ("Time, forward! "VI Kataev) and others. Since 1933 - in the Small Theater, where he created his best roles: Felix Grande (" Eugene Grande "by O. Balzac, 1938) and Fayunin (" Invasion "by L.M. . Leonova, 1943). Among the works of M .: Shtruf ("Skutarevsky" by Leonov), Tarelkin ("Death of Tarelkin" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin), Salieri ("Mozart and Salieri" by A.S. Pushkin), Stein ("Vanity Fair" by U Tekkerey) and others. M.'s suit was inherent in satirical. sharpness, completeness plastic. and intonation pattern, psychological accuracy of character development. Filmed in films: Professor Mamlok (Professor Mamlok, 1938), Ordzhonikidze (Valery Chkalov, 1941), Napoleon (Kutuzov, 1944) and others. Nar. art. RSFSR (1947).
MEZHIREC, see Miedzyrzec Podlaski.
MEZHIRECHKA, a village in the Golovanevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1763. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 1880s 22 Jews lived in M., in 1910 - 8 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied M. In 1942 the Jews of M. were shot.
MEZHIRICH, see Great Mezhirichi.
MEZHIRICHI, see Great Mezhirichi.
MEZHIROV, a village in Zhmerinsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Litinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 986 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1345 (59.2%), in 1923 - 795 Jews. occupations of the Jewish population of Moscow in the 18th and 20th centuries. there were trade and crafts. In 1787, the Jewish printing house of Mikhel Duvidovich and Haskel Sheivakhovich was opened in Moscow, in which the Krymchak siddur Minhat Kafa (The Custom of Feodosia, 1793), Gagan ve-Derekh Moishe (The Garden and the Way of Moshe , 1802) Itshok ben Eliezer. Ephroim Zuckerman (1858–?) Was the rabbi in M. since 1884. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues. 1905 a pogrom took place in Moscow. In 1914 there were three synagogues in Moscow. Jews owned a pharmacy and 20 shops (including 11 grocery, 5 manufacturing). In 1925 immigrants from Moscow founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Red Plowman" (20 families, 107 people) In July 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Apr 18 1942 279 Jews were shot in Moscow.
MEZHIROV Alexander Petrovich (b. 1923, Moscow - 2009, USA), poet, translator. In 1941–43 - at the front, he was wounded. In 1946 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. M. poeticized the courage and mental fortitude of the Sov. soldier "Communists, forward!" (1947), "Memories of the Infantry" (1954), "Saratov" (1961), "Music" (1964). Author of more than 30 books. Translated from Georgian, Lithuanian, Bashkir, Yaz. Among the translations - book. IV Abashidze "Palestine, Palestine ... In the footsteps of Rustaveli" (M., 1965) and "In the footsteps of Rustaveli" (M., 1966), dedicated. a trip to Israel to the grave of Rustaveli. From the beginning. 1990s - in USA. State pr. USSR (1986).
MESIA Aaron Meir (1858, Mogilev - 1930, Jerusalem), physician. He studied at a yeshiva in Mir, received honey. education in Zurich. From 1888 - in E.-I. One of the first Jewish doctors in E.-I. From 1902 - Ch. doctor at the Bikur Holim Hospital in Jerusalem. Active worker prof. doctors in E.-I. Linguist, participated in the creation. Hebrew Language Committee. Author of an encyclopedia, a dictionary of nature. sciences and medicine. Member About-va for the study of E.-I. One of the ed. honey. zhurn. "Ga-Rofe". Book. "Basic concepts of medicine and natural sciences" was published after the death of M.
MGLIN, a city, a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1389. From 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. From 1781 - the district town of Novgorod-Seversky governorship, from 1802 - Chernigov province. From 1917 - in Bryansk, then - Gomel provinces, from 1944 - in Bryansk region. In 1847, 1920 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1862 - 2928, in 1897 - 2674 (35%), in 1910 - 3139, in 1913 - 2674 (29%), in 1923 - 1725, in 1926 - 1244, in 1939 - 726 Jews. In 1862 there were 2 wooden synagogues in Moscow, in 1899 - a society of benefits for poor Jews, in 1910 - 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery ... In 1913, M. had an almshouse and a society for the care of the sick and the poor. The Jews belonged to the Unities. bakery, 4 shops. In May 1918, a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by the Kr. Army; 15 Jews were killed and many were wounded. In 1925 immigrants from Moscow organized a Jewish agriculture in the Crimea. collective "Morning of socialism" (18 families, 92 people). In 1936 the Jewish collective farm "Der Emes" worked in Moscow. 16 Aug. 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 21 jan. 1942 in Moscow in the mountains. a ghetto was created in the prison, which contained approx. 600 people On March 2, 1942, several were shot in M. hundreds of Jews. 1990s in M. operates "Hesed". In 2003 in M. lived apprx. 10 Jews. In M. genus: V. I. Ioffe, A. I. Kaufman; Grigory Semenovich Fradkin (b. 1928), geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineral. Sciences (1987), prof. (1988), ch. RANS (1997), specialist in the region. geology of oil.
MIASS, a city (since 1926) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1773. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 43 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 26 (0.1%), in 1939 - 42, in 1970 - 443 Jews (0.3%). 1990s in M. created a branch "Hesed Nehama" and the Jewish religion. community. M. genus. Lev Nikolaevich Lebedinsky (1904–1992, Moscow), musicologist, in 1925–30 - before. Grew up. Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM), in 1962–69 - organizer and previous. unite. Folklore Commission of the Union comp. RSFSR, author and comp. Sat. "Bashkir folk songs" (1962, 2nd ed. - 1965).
MIASS PLANT, see Miass.
MINISTER Zinaida Osipovna (1878, Chisinau - 1942, Pyatigorsk), pediatrician, health care organizer. Dr. ped. Sciences (1935). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Berlin University (1907). From 1912 she worked in St. Petersburg in the shelter "Help for Mothers", where she organized and headed the first consultation for infants in the city and developed a methodology for dignity. patronage, subsequently adopted in all children. consultations. In 1917 she organized the first consultation for pregnant women in Russia, in 1919 she organized a legal consultation. consultation on the protection of mothers and infants (MMM)). Consisted of member. OMM Council under the People's Commissariat for Health Sev. edges (1918–20). She was one of the founders of Petrograd. scientific. about-va of protection of motherhood and infancy (1920). Since 1925, M.'s activities have been associated with the Leningrad Institute, organized with her participation. in-volume OMM, where she was scientific. hands. children consultations, and then (since 1929) Assoc. at the department of social. hygiene of woman and child. In 1935 she developed (with M.Ya.Slutsky) "Method, regulations and instructions for the work of the institutions of the OMM of Leningrad." Paid great attention to a dignity. work (created a school for mothers, organized an exhibition dedicated to the hygiene of mothers and children). Author (jointly with AN Antonov) of the manual "Mother and Child", a cut withstood the 4th edition. (1925–37).
Michurinets, a holiday village in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In 1989 50 Jews (1.6%) lived in Moscow.
Michurinsk (before 1932 - Kozlov), a city, a regional center in the Tambov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1635.Since 1779 it has been a district town of the Tambov governorship, since 1796 it has been a province. In 1897, 225 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 451, in 1926 - 231, in 1939 - 238 Jews. In 1898 a synagogue was opened in Moscow. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By oct. 1915 arrived in Moscow approx. 1200 Jews. In 1915, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in Moscow opened a school and a center for refugee children, and in 1916 a Jewish school. By 1917 Moscow. A labor office was organized by the ORT branch in Moscow. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by units of the Volunteer Army under com. K.K. Mamontova; During the pogrom, more than 100 Jews were killed, the synagogue was destroyed, and the Torah scrolls were torn apart. In 2002, several people lived in Moscow. dozens of Jews. I.M. Tsalkovich.
MIDLER Mark Petrovich (b. 1931, Moscow), athlete (fencing). Honored. Master of Sports (1958), Hon. coach of the USSR (1974). Graduated from Moscow. Center, Institute of Physical Education (1953). Champion Olympus. games (1960, 1964) in team foil fencing competitions. Participant of the Olympics (1952, 1956). World champion (1959, 1961–63, 1965–66) in team competitions, repeated champion of the USSR (1954–65) in individual and team competitions. One of the coaches of the USSR national fencing team.
MIDLER Victor Markovich (1888, Yampol, Podolsk province. - 1979, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, art critic. In 1913 he graduated from the Odessa art. uch-shche. In 1914-17 he lived in Moscow, worked in the workshops of AV Kuprin, II Mashkov, VE Tatlin, RR Falk, KF Yuon. From 1918 in Odessa he participated in the exhibition of the T-va of independent artists, decorated May Day celebrations. Deputy prev. Turkestan committee for museums, protection and restoration of monuments. antiquity. In 1922 in Tashkent in the publishing house "Risal" the book was published. M. “Samarkand and Tashkent. Paintings and drawings of the artist A. Nuremberg. " Since 1923 in Moscow. He worked at the Tretyakov gal. and completed the museum of production. owls. fig. lawsuit. Organized exhibitions of P.V. Kuznetsov, Falk, A.V. Shevchenko, retrospective expositions of the associations "Blue Rose" (1925), "Jack of Diamonds" (1927). In 1924–29 - member. reign of the Tretyakov Gal., Head. and Art. keeper dep. the newest Russian painting. In the same years - member. about-va "4 arts", since 1928 - his secretary. In 1925-26 he created the ser. fig. from the life of the town: "Nochlezhka", "Trade in winter. At the Bazaar "," Old Woman "," Shoemaker "," Merchant in Dress ". This theme can be traced in the portraits of his father (1933), Melamed (“Melamed has a challah”, 1930s), Yu. Tuvim, pictures “Motherhood” (1924), “Rabfakovka” (1934). For the best products. characterized by constructiveness based on plastic. possibilities of color. In 1928, at the initiative of M. in Moscow, an exhibition of modern. French lawsuit. In 1932–37 - one of the founders and member. the first reign of the Moscow Union of Artists, in 1944 - dir. mobile thin exhibition “The oldest masters of owls. Isk-va "(Voronezh, Kursk, Orel). In the 1940s, enrolled in the formalists, he lost his workshop, but did not stop working. During the "thaw" of the 1960s. participated in exhibitions.
MIDSK SMALL, see Small Midsk.
MIDZYAKOV, see Mizyakov.
MYTH Pavel (real name and surname Mikhail Alexandrovich Fortus) (1901, Bolshaya Alexandrovka, Kherson province - 1939, Moscow), orientalist. Cand. econom. Sciences (1935). Brother M.A. Fortus. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1921), then taught in the same place and in the Ying-those red professors, Communist. un-those working people of the East and Communist. un-those working people of China (in 1926 vice-rector, in 1927-29 rector). In 1928–37 he also worked at Ying-those mir. x-va and the world. policy of the USSR Academy of Sciences and was sotr. East dep. Executive Committee of the Comintern. Party roar. events of 1925–27 in China. The author of St. 50 scientific. and publ. works on the problems of communist. movement in China and national liberation. movements in colonial countries. Repressed, Cit .: Chinese Communist. party in critical days. M.-L., 1928; Growing roar. movement in the colonies. Kharkov. 1930; 15 years of heroic. fight. To the 15th anniversary of the Communist. party of China. M., 1936.
MIGAEVO, a village in the Velikomikhaylovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine) In 1925 there was a Jewish agricultural in Moscow. Colony In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, several were killed in M. Jews.
MIGDAL Alexander Arkadievich (b. 1945, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974). The son of A.B. Migdal. Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1967. In 1969–84 - Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1984 - head. sector Scientific. Council on the complex problem "Cybernetics" at Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1988 - in the USA. The works of M. dedicated. strong coupling problem in quantum field theory. Got a foundation, results on the self-consistency of scale solutions with anomalous dimensions in the pomeron theory and in the theory of second-order phase transitions. Brought out a dynamic. ur-niya for critical. indices. Sl. this stage is connected with the theory of gauge fields, in particular, with quantum chromodynamics. Developed a new language. in gauge field theory, the dynamics of loops. In subsequent years, he was engaged in computer experiments in quantum field theory. Publ. more than 60 scientific. works.
MIGDAL Arkady Beinusovich (1911, Lida Vilenskaya province. - 1991, Princeton, USA, buried in Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1943), prof. (1944), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). He graduated from Leningrad State University as an external student (1936). In 1936–40 in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those. In 1940–45 at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1945–71 at the Institute of Atomic Energy. Since 1971 in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector. At the same time. from 1944 he taught at MEPhI. Sci. research in the region. nuclear physics, quantum field theory, metal theory, etc. He considered the problem of interaction of neutrons with nuclei, applying the method of "shaking" (1940). Applied the methods of quantum field theory to the problem of many others. bodies (with LD Landau. He was the first to correctly consider the interaction of electrons with lattice vibrations in normal metals. He proved the existence of a jump in the momentum distribution of Fermi particles, developed the theory of a Fermi liquid. Gave a consistent theory of nuclear moments, isotopic. shift, radiative transitions, giant resonance in photoabsorption and other properties of the nucleus. Constructed the quantum electrodynamic theory of bremsstrahlung. Put forward the assumption that the nuclear matter in neutron stars is a superfluid. He studied the properties of vacuum in strong fields. Schools Author of a large number of scientific and scientific-populist st. M. - one of the founders of underwater sports in the USSR, the first president of the Federation of Underwater Sports of the USSR (since 1959). in the early 1960s. Defended A.D. Sakharov during his exile in Gorky. Vol .: Method of quasi-particles in the theory of the nucleus. Moscow, 1967; Qualitative methods in quantum theory. Moscow, 1975 ; Fermions and bosons in strong fields. 1978; The search for truth. M., 1978.
MIGIA, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1859, approx. 80 Jews (approx. 8%), in 1924 - approx. 250 Jews (12%). 20th century some of the children from Jewish families studied at a 5-grade Jewish school in Gault. In the 1930s. pl. M. Jews moved to the kr. cities. During the Holocaust several. M. Jews were saved thanks to the help of local residents.
MIGOVO, a village in the Vyzhnytsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. as part of c. Lukovtsy, from which it separated in 1776. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Michova province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 580 Jews (16%) lived in Moscow, in 1930 - 243, in 1940 - 211 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, crafts, etc. x-in. The Jews owned a vodka plant. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the occupation of the Romanians. By parts in July 1941 the Jews of M. were deported to Transnistria.
MIKASHEVICH, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Luninetsky district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1919, 200 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 178 (18%), in the middle. 1930s - OK. 400 Jews. In 1913 Jews owned both haberdashery, the only grocery and a grocery and manufactory. In 1919 a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by the gang of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Credit worked. cash offices "Gmilus Hesed". In June 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied M. In 1942 a ghetto was created in M., in May - July 1942 approx. 400 Jews. After 1945 some of the Jews returned to M. In 1950 the Jews of M. turned to the authorities for official permission to gather in one of the private houses. Having received a refusal, the Jews of M. continued to hold prayers. meetings in private apartments. In Moscow there is a mass grave of Jews who perished during the Holocaust. In 1992, an obelisk was installed on the grave.
MIKENBERG Grigory Isaevich (b. 1934, Lipovets, Vinnytsia region), engineer. Acad. Int. Ing. academy (1994). After graduating from MIIT in 1958, he worked as a train compiler, a shunting dispatcher on the railway. station Chisinau. Since 1960, Ing. for personnel training at the Moldavian railway Since 1963 engineer, since 1969 ch. Ing. station Chisinau. Since 1984 in the Office of the road on hand. positions: Ch. Ing. transportation services, early. econom. service, first deputy. early roads, early. roads (1992). In the 1960s and 70s. hands. reconstruction of railway stations Chisinau, Reni, Visternicheni, Liman, Mateuti, Marculesti, etc., supervised the implementation of progress. methods of operation of the stations, new technology. The author of Art. in the journal. "Railway transport" on the problems of cost accounting for railways transport, labor organization, econ. questions.
MIKHA TSKHAKAYA, see Senaki.
MIKHAELI Uri (b. 1900, Kamenets-Podolsky), statesman and public figure. He studied at un-those in Kiev. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In 1936 40 - 1st sec. Board of the Aeroclub E.-I .; in 1941 -48 dir. Aviroi airlines; from 1948 beginning. dep. citizen Aviation, since 1960 Civil Advisor. Aviation Ministry of Transport of Israel.
MIKHALEVICH Beinish (real name and surname Joseph Izbitsky) (1876, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1928, Warsaw), politician, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied secular sciences. In the beginning. 1890s joined the socialist. movement. From the end. 1890s member Bund. After settling in Warsaw, he worked at the party. periodic. ed., author of leaflets. In 1901 he organized a publishing house. gas. "Der Kaempfer" in Bialystok and became its chief. ed. In 1903 he was arrested in Minsk, in 1904 he was exiled for 5 years to the Arkhangelsk province, in 1905 he fled, continued to roar. work. Later, he was arrested and exiled, in 1912 he received permission to travel abroad for treatment due to tuberculosis. In the same year he returned to Russia, settled in St. Petersburg, was a member. the editorial board of the Bund edition. "Die Zeit". Since 1918 - in Warsaw, one of the leaders of the local Bund organization, sotr. its ed. (author of editorials, literary reviews, theater, reviews), published his "Memoirs of a Jewish Socialist" in Yiddish (vols. 1-3, 1920-21), translated into Yiddish AABogdanov's "Political Economy" and a number of others. social and economic research See. published Sat. Art. M. "Literatur un kamph" ("Literature and Struggle", 1928) with his biography.
MIKHALISHKI, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Vilna Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1765, 396 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1847 - 371, in 1897 - 951 Jews (77.6%). the pharmacy in M. belonged to a Jew. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon after the occupation, a ghetto was created in M., in which an underground group operated. In 1944, 158 Jews were shot in Moscow. M. Gitlitz.
MIKHALCHA, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1490. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Michalche province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 41 Jews lived in Moscow. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in July 1941 killed 16 Jews in Moscow.
MIKHALCHE, see Mikhalcha.
MICHALKI, a village in the Mozyr district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery and manufactory in M.
MIKHALKOVO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the 1930s – 40s. - the village of Kuntsevsky district, Moscow region. 1940s - early. 1950s in M. there was a daily gathering minyan, to-ry constantly visited by approx. 30 people The organizer was YV Moldavsky.
MIKHALPOL, see Mikhailovka, Khmelnytsky region.
MIKHANOVSKII Vladimir Naumovich (b. 1931, Kharkov), writer. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kharkov State un-that (1954). He taught physics and mathematics at Kharkov University (1954–62). Published since 1948. Works in the main. in the genre of scientific. fantasy and adventure. Author of plays and screenplays. He translated from Yiddish, Ukrainian, Kazakh, and other languages. Since 1992 - hon. acad. Int. Academy of Energy Information Sciences. For production, dedicated. space, M. awarded the International. aerospace Federation Medals. Yu.A. Gagarin and S.P. Korolev. Works: I love. Kharkov, 1958; Chase. M., 1961; The secret of one laboratory. Kharkov, 1964; Steps to infinity. M., 1972; Pass. M., 1980; Crossroads of distant roads. M., 1987; Distant lightning. M., 1992.
MIKHAILEVICH, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 22 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MICHAELIK, see Mikhailin.
MIKHAILIN, a village in the Rozhischensky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Mikhailik Lutskiy u. Volyn province. In the 19th century. in M. lived 3 Jewish families (15 people), working 3 dess. arable land. Land scarcity led to economical. the decline of x-in, resulting in the period of the 1st world. During the war, the colony ceased to exist, and in the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied the city. In 1942 the Jews of M. were deported to Rozhische and subsequently killed along with the local Jews.
MIKHAILOPOL, a village in the Ivanovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century in Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, in the vicinity of M., approx. 10 Jewish refugees.
MIKHAILOV (real fam. Katselenbogen) Mikhail Efimovich (1902, Pokrov of Vladimir province - 1938), party leader. In 1919–21, in political work in the Kyrgyz Republic. Army. In 1921–24 the head. dep. district party committee, deputy. prev. district council in Moscow. In 1924–25 sec. Kolomna district committee of the party Mosk. lips. From 1925 on party work in Uzbekistan, in 1926-27 the head. org. dep. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Uzbekistan. In 1928-30 the head. dep. village, head. mass agitation department. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1931–35 the head. org. separate, secret MK VKP (b). In 1935-37 1st sec. Kalinin Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1937, acting 1st sec. Voronezh Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). Cand. in part. Central Committee (1934–37), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1937–38). Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was relieved of his post, in 1938 he was removed from the Central Committee. Repressed.
MIKHAILOV Vladimir Dmitrievich (b. 1929, Moscow - 2008, ibid.), Writer. He studied law. f-those and on filol. Faculty of Riga University. Ch. ed. gas. "Literature un moxla", zhurn. "Daugava", head. ed. modern thin lit-ry publishing house "Liesma". The author is humorous. verse, and satirical. stories. In 1963 he published the first fant. the story "Special Necessity", after which he wrote more than 20 kn. Translated from lat. lang. prose and poetry. Cit .: People of the Land. Riga, 1966; Alone on the road. Riga, 1988; Full gas station at Issor. M., 1994.
MIKHAILOVKA, see Elizavetgradka.
MIKHAILOVSKAYA, a village in the Kurganinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - stanitsa Mikhailovskaya (other name - Staro-Mikhailovskaya) Labinsky department. Kuban Region In 1897, 2,491 Jews (18%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 2,828 (17%), in 1939 - 6 Jews. in M. settled "Jews" expelled from the Center. Russia. In the 1880s. among the "Judaizing" M. the ideas of Palestinophilism spread, and in the beginning. 20th century - the ideas of Zionism. In 1901, at the 1st conf. Zionists of the Caucasus in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) was attended by a delegate from Moscow. In 1910 in Moscow there were 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the fall of 1917, an activist of the Zionist organization of Rostov-on-Don arrived in Moscow to prepare for elections to the All-Russia. the Jewish Congress and the organization of Zionist cells. In 1917, four synagogues existed in Moscow: Gerov, Subbotniks, Psalters and Tambovniks (Geers from Tambov), as well as a kinassa; the school of the Tarbut network was opened. Aug 1942 420 evacuated Jews were shot in Moscow.
MIKHEDOVICHI, a village in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in M.
MIKHELEVICH Elena Efimovna (b. 1924, Moscow), translator, teacher. Cand. philol. Sciences (1960). She graduated from it. separate ped. Faculty of VIIIA. (1949). In 1949–55 she taught at the Bataysk military. uch-shche pilots. At the same time. graduated in absentia English. department of VIIYa, studied in graduate school (1955-60). In 1960, 63 Art. teacher, in 1963–81 head. department of foreign. lang. S.-kh. acad. them. K.A. Timiryazeva. The author of the "Textbook it. lang. for s.-kh. universities ". Since 1959 he has been engaged in art. per .: stories by V. Raabe, R. Flos "Dance Lessons" (1983), B. Frishmuth "Lunar Women" (1984), G. Böll "Group Portrait with a Lady" (for collected works, 1988), G .Grass "From the diary of a snail" (with EA Katseva, 1993), M. Zimmel "Before bitterness - at the bottom" (1994), L. Feuchtwanger "Jephthah and his daughter" (1994), etc. ... with him. lang. plays by B. Brecht, F. Bruckner, G. Buchner, M. Frisch, E. von Horvath, pov. and short stories by A. Andersh, E.-E. Kish, Z. Lenz, G. Nossak, A. Schnitzler, A. Stifter, T. Storm and others.
MIKHELSON Abram Iosifovich (1902, Minsk - 1971, ibid.), Urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1956), prof. (1960). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Belarusian University (1928). He taught at the Minsk honey. in-those (1931–41, 1945–58). Head Department of Urology of the Belarusian Institute of Postgraduate Education for Doctors (1958–71). Sci. tr. dedicated question general surgery, urology, nephrology. Honored. Scientist of the BSSR (1968). Works: Methods for the study of urological patients. 2nd ed. Minsk, 1955; Surgical treatment of urinary incontinence due to congenital anomalies of the urinary system. Minsk, 1957.
MIKHELSON Lev (Leo) Maksimovich (Leiba Mordkhelevich) (1887, Riga - 1978, USA), painter, graphic artist. In 1906, after graduating from the Riga real school, he left for Bavaria, studied at the Munich Academy of Arts under L.Korint. Returning to Russia, he entered Yuryevsky University. In 1908 in St. Petersburg he was admitted to the Academy of Arts. Since 1911 - in Berlin. In the 1910s – 1920s. engaged in engraving: illustrator. book for Berlin publishing houses, exhibited at the Berlin Secession, the Paris Autumn Salon. In 1926 - a personal exhibition in gal. Hartberg in Berlin. He worked in the genre of portrait painting, being influenced by the creative manner of the Expressionists. Abroad, he kept in touch with the Russian. artists, organized in Berlin an exhibition of Russian. poster artists (1927), in which he presented his painting "Group portrait of the pianist Spivakov's family", participated in the creation of Rus. cultural-ist. Museum in Prague, to-Roma donated the lithograph "Lying Horse" (1915) and fig. Parisienne (1937). At the end of the 1920s. moved to Paris. In 1939 M.'s personal exhibition took place in Riga. Since 1940 - in the USA. In the later period he came to an unusual technique of "powder painting". Main genre of M. in the 1940–50s. - urban landscape. Since 1943, 10 solo exhibitions have taken place in New York. In 1947–48 the Parisian gal. Elisey has held retrospective exhibitions. M. - author of ill. to the book, including to TANAKH. Prod. M. are in thin. museums in Riga, Paris, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Baltimore. Knight of the hordes. Of the Legion of Honor.
MICHELSON Mikhail Yakovlevich (1912, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Pharmacologist, physiologist, toxicologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1945). Son of Yakov Davidovich M. (1879 1972), Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. (1940), early. Department of Urology Military.-med. academy (since 1941). After the end of the State. in-that honey. knowledge worked in fiziol. lab. Inst. Experiment. medicine, then at the departments of pharmacology of Gorky honey. Institute (since 1935) and Leningrad. pediatrician Institute (since 1937). Since 1941, at the Department of Pharmacology, Military-sea. honey. academy. Since 1950 in the 1st Leningrad. honey. in-those and simultaneously. ch. toxicologist of the USSR Navy. In 1957 he created and headed the farm. lab. in Ying-those evolutionary physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. tr. M. dedicated decomp. questions of pharmacology and physiology, research. cholinergic receptors, mediators; participated in the creation. a number of drugs, drugs (gangleron, arpenal, etc.) Vol .: The effect of drugs on cholinesterase. L., 1948; The theory of chem. transmission of nerve impulses. L., 1981 Son M. - Victor (b. 1935), cytologist, radiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1982).
MICHELSON Moritz Ilyich (1825 - |), teacher. He was an inspector of the St. Petersburg school. uch. env. Translated into it. lang. fables by II Khemnitser, IA Krylov and others. M.'s work “Russian thought and speech. Experience of Russian phraseology ”was awarded to St. Petersburg. AN.
MIKHELSON Nikolay (real name is Khaim) Mikhailovich (1883, Moscow - 1963, ibid.), Dentist, surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1940). After graduating in 1909 honey. Faculty of Moscow University worked as a doctor in the Vladimir province., in 1910-14 - a surgeon in the Basmanny hospital in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war served as a doctor in the military. hospitals; in 1919–21 head. surgeon branch of the military. hospital; in 1921–27 head. surgeon dep. Centre. polyclinics of the USSR People's Commissariat of Food. Since 1927 he specialized in the region. maxillofacial surgery at the Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. In 1936–48, deputy. dir. on science there; at the same time. (1932–48) Assistant Professor, Prof., Head. Department (1948–62) of Maxillofacial Surgery TsI-UVa. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in dentists. tr. M. dedicated issues of maxillofacial surgery and plastic. facial surgery, including the elimination of contractures and scars after trauma, burns and gunshot wounds, as well as the treatment of jaw fractures. He was the first in the country to develop a method of cadaveric cartilage transplantation and performed an operation to restore ulcers. with the help of Filatov stem. He offered a number of plastic. operations in the region. mouth, auricles, eyelids, an eye bed, as well as a way to reduce the usual dislocations of the lower jaw. Stal, etc. (1946) Cit .: Cadaveric cartilage as material for free transplantation. M., 1938; Skin scars after burns and wounds and the fight against them. M., 1947; Injuries to the face and jaws and their treatment. M., 1956; Reconstructive operations of the maxillofacial area. M., 1962.
MIKHIRINTSY, a village in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine) In July 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 9 Jews were killed in M.
MIKHLIN David Mikhailovich (Mikhelevich) (1887, Mountains of Chaussky u. Mogilev province. - 1960, Moscow), biochemist. In 1913 he graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1913-17 he studied honey. f-those of Yuryevsky un-that, transferred to honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (graduated in 1918). In 1921–35 he worked at the Institute of Biochemistry of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR. In 1935-60 at the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he headed the lab. biol. oxidation. research dedicated the mechanisms of plant respiration. Work on the study of enzymes involved in the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and organic. acids, the enzymatic nature of the reduction of nitrites to nitrates in green plants, cells, etc. Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR, Works: Biological Oxidation. M., 1956; Biochemistry of cellular respiration. M., 1960.
MIKHLIN Chaim-Mikhl (1867, Khislavichi of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province - 1937, Petakh-Tikva, Israel), public figure. From 1876 - in E.-I., he studied at the Yeshiva "Etz-Chaim" and at the school "Lemel", then worked in the secretariat of the Yeshiva "Etz-Khaim" and in the hospitals "Bikur-Holim" and "Misgav Ladakh". He became famous for his publ. performances in periodic. print in Yiddish and Hebrew, as well as in it. and French. press. Conducted a wide range of activities, tried to organize a meeting between T. Herzl and S. Salant. During the 1st world. war headed the commission of aid to Jewish soldiers. Supervised the construction of new districts in Jerusalem. One of the founders of a school for blind children in the same place. The author of works on local history E.-I. and commentaries on the Torah.
MIKHLIN Solomon Grigorievich (1908, Kholmech of Rechitskiy district of Minsk province - 1991, St. Petersburg), mathematician, mechanic. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1937). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1929). He worked at Seismologich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932–41), at Leningrad State University (since 1944). Main research results. relate to differenti. ur-niyam with partial derivatives, mat. physics, integra. ur-niyam, approx. and num. Methods. Works: Basic Ur-niya Mat. theory of plasticity. L., 1934; Direct methods in mat. physics. M.-L., 1950; Minimum problems for a quadratic functional. M.-L., 1952; Multidimensional singular integrals and integr. ur-niya. M., 1962; Approaching methods for solving differenti. and integra. ur-ny. M., 1965 (jointly with H.L. Smolitsky); Variaz. methods in mat. physics. 2nd ed., 1970.
MIKHLYA, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1897, 311 Jews (21%) lived in Moscow. In 1914, a Jew leased a stationery factory in Moscow. In July 1941, Moscow was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MIKHNEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Stupinsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Serpukhovsky u. Moscow province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1989 - 5 Jews. In 1913, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in M.
MIKHNOVKA, a village in Reshetilovsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow. During the war, local peasants hid Jewish families from pogroms. In June 1919, a pogrom broke out in Moscow by Chechen units of the Volunteer Army; as a result of the pogrom, the property of the Jews was plundered, one person was killed; the surviving Jews of M. moved to Reshetilovka.
MIKHNOVTSY, a village in the Lubensky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 2 Jews were killed in M.
MIKHNYA Paul (real name and surname Pinchas Borukhovich Shilman) (b. 1921, Briceni, Bessarabia, Romania - 1994, Chisinau), poet, translator. He graduated from high school in Chernivtsi. In 1940, the book was published there. verse. M. to the room. lang. "Prelude" ("Prelude"). In the post-season. years he lived in Chisinau. The author is poetic. collection of books: "Bat yn mezul noptsiy courante" ("The chimes strike at midnight"), 1951; Orga Kodrului (Organ of the Bora), 1966; "Gallery cu self-portrait" ("Gallery with a self-portrait"), 1968; Hinger shi demiurge (Flayer and Creator), 1973; "Coroana de coroane" ("Crown of crowns"), 1992 and others. Translated by R.M. Rilke, P.Valeri, P.Verden, N.A.Nekrasov, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.A. Blok ... poets. Master of Literature of Moldova (1993).
MIKHOELS (real family. Vovsi) Solomon (Shlomo) Mikhailovich (1890, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1948, Minsk, buried in Moscow), actor, director, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1911 he entered the Kiev Commercial Department. Institute (expelled for participating in student unrest), in 1915-18 he studied law. f-those Petrograd. un-that. In 1918 he entered the Jewish Theater. studio A.M. Granovsky, made his debut in the role of the Old Jew ("Sin" by S. Asch, 1919), after its performance he took the stage. ps. Mikhoels ("Michael's Son"). Having played the main role in the tragedy of K. Gutskov "Uriel Acosta", he became the leading actor of the studio. In 1921, in the production of Granovsky "The Evening of Sholem Aleichem" M. played the roles of Menachem-Mendel ("Agents") and Reb Alter ("Mazltov"). M.'s repertoire in the 1920s formed from the Jewish classics - Gotsmakh ("The Witch" after A. Goldfaden, 1922); Shimele ("200000" after Sholem Aleichem, 1923); the first badchen ("Night in the Old Market" after I.-L. Peretz Benjamin ("The Journey of Benjamin III" according to Mendele Moicher-Sforim, 1927), etc. The role of Menachem-Mendel M. also played in the movie "Jewish Happiness", The script was based on the stories of Sholem Aleichem (1925), and in the play "Man of the Air" (1928). In 1929, M. headed the GOSET. The greatest achievement in M.'s creative life was the role of Lear in the play "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare (1935), the tragic talent of the actor was revealed in her most fully. In 1938 M. played the role of Dr. Jacobi in the film "The Oppenheim Family" based on the novel by L. Feuchtwanger. Becoming the artistic director of the theater, M. staged performances : "Nit gedai-get" by P.B. Markish ("Cheer up", 1931); jointly with S.E. Radlov "Four days" by MM Daniel (1931); "Special" by IM Dobrushin and IM Nusinov (1932); "Measure of Severity" by DR Bergelson (1933); "Robber Boytre" by MS Kulbak (1936); "Shulamith" by Sh.Z. Galkin after Goldfaden (1937); Markish's "Feast" (1939). In 1931 Moscow opened a school at the GOSET that trained actors for the country's Jewish theaters. 41 M. elected before. EAKa. After 1945 M. continued to socialize. activity. In the beginning. 1948 M. as a representative of the Committee for Stal. etc. went to Minsk, where he was killed, according to the official. version died "in a car accident." Honored. art. Rep. (1926), nar. art. Rep. (1935), nar. art. USSR (1939). Became. pr. (1946).
MIKHOV, see Mikhuv.
MIKHOV, see Migovo.
MIKHUV, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1678 she had the Magdeburg Law. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Mikhov Lyubartovsky u. Lublin province. In 1859, 609 Jews (43%) lived in Moscow, in 1864 - 639 (43%), in 1885 - 1016 (48%), in 1897 - 1643 (60%), in 1921 - 1711 Jews (56% Jews lived in Moscow from the end of the year. 17th century Among the main. occupations were dominated by trade and crafts. The Jews belonged to many. estates in the vicinity of M. In 1743 M. received the right to conduct 5 years. fairs where traders, ch. arr., were Jews. The Jews in Moscow owned a pottery production, an oil mill, and a tannery. 20th century the M. community maintained a synagogue, a cemetery, and a philanthropist. org-tion. In 1903, Marcus Klimermann was the rabbi in M. In 1913, Jews owned all 9 manufactories, all 6 bread shops, both iron shops. In 1924–35, Chaim Shahne Salomon was the rabbi in M. In M. there were heders of the traditional type and the heder metukan, created during the secession of Mizrahi. In M., active Zionist activities were carried out, there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 23 Sept. 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon a ghetto was created, where, in addition to the Jews of M., Jews from the surrounding area were placed. points. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of M. were deported.
MIKITIN, see Mikhailovka, Khmelnytsky region.
MIKOLAEVO, see Nikolaevo Grodno region.
MIKOYAN SHAKHAR, see Karachaevsk.
MIKULICHI, a village in the Borodyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 one of the six grocery stores in M. was owned by a Jew.
MIKULICHIN, a village, subordinated to the Yaremche city council of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nadvornyansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 552 Jews (10.4%) lived in Moscow. 19th century In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi was Moishe Kanol. On June 30, 1941, Hungary was occupied by Hungary. troops. All R. July, Wehrmacht units entered Moscow. The Judenrat was created. Dec. 1941 in Moscow, several were shot. hundreds of local and deported from Hungary Jews.
MIKULINO, a village in the Rudnyansky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mikulino (other name. - Settlement) of Orsha district. Mogilev province. From the end. 1920s - Mikulinsky Jewish nat. In 1847, 530 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1,171 (76.6%), in 1926 - 403 Jews (30%). In 1867 there were 3 synagogues in Moscow. From ser. 1870s Shaya Boliter (1847–?) was the rabbi in M., and Mordechai-Dovber Gurvich (1852–?) in 1880–83. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a pharmacy in Moscow There was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow. In 1919 a Jewish department worked in Moscow. with a common library. In 1926, immigrants from M. founded a Jewish farmer in the Evpatoria region. collective "New Life" (25 people), later transformed into a collective farm. July 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied M. In August. 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 250 people The ghetto was liquidated on Feb 22. 1942; Jews (about 200 people) were deported to Rudnya and there they were shot on February 24. 1942 After 1945, part of the Jews returned to M. Prev. The collective farm was Abram Markovich Ioffe (repressed). In Moscow there are the remains of a Jewish cemetery. B.A. Breslav, B.-M. Levin.
MIKULINSKY Semyon Romanovich (Ruvimovich) (1919, Kremenchug - 1991, Moscow), historian of science. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1963), prof. (1967), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). In 1938–41 he studied at MIFLI. Since June 1941 in Kr. Army, in November was captured. In 1945–47 he was held in the filtration and testing camps of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1949 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1949–52, a laboratory assistant at biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1952 scientific. sotr., in 1963–74 deputy. dir., since 1974 dir. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1986 Ch. scientific. sotr. Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ch.-c. (1963), part number (1971) and vice-president. (1977–87) Intern. academy of history of science. Foreign member Society of historians of natural science, technology and medicine (Germany, 1978) and others. Author of scientific. works on the history of biology (including in Russia in the 19th century), general history and philosophy. problems of natural science, one of the founders of a new direction in science - science of science. Participated in the preparation and editing of generalizing tr. "Development of Biology in the USSR" (1967), "History of Biology" (vols. 1-2, 1972-75), "Development of Natural Science in Russia (XVIII - early XX centuries)" (1977). Founder and first ch. ed. zhurn. "Questions of the history of natural science and technology" (since 1979), initiator of the ed. and ed. ser. "Bk of the world history of natural science." Vol .: Essays on the development of historical-scientific. thoughts. M., 1988; C.F.Rulier. 1814-1858. Scientist, human and teacher. M., 1989.
MIKULINTSY, now part of (since 1975) the town of Snyatyn, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1096. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of Trembovelsky povet of the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, and from 1939 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 427 Jews lived in Moscow and its environs, in 1880 in Moscow there were 2411 (64%), in 1910 - 2137 (60.8 %), in 1921 - 1891 (58.8%), in 1931 - 1770 Jews. Jews have lived in Moscow since the 16th century. In 1672 the population of M. was attacked by the Turks, as a result of which many suffered. Jews. Rabbi M. at the end. 18th century was Naftoli-Hertz Broyde (1740-1810), in the middle. 19th century - Avrom-Arie-Leib Babad (1800-1860), then - Chaim Babad (1811-1889), Moishe Babad (1839-1906), in 1906-12 - Yehoshua-Geshel Babad (1870-1935), then - his son Yosef-Benzion (1890-1942). occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - sewing clothes, leather dressing. Since 1898, various functions have functioned in Moscow. Zionist organizations. In 1899, immigrants from Moscow founded in the USA an Society for Aid to the Sick and Needy Jews of the Shtetl. In 1910, there were nine synagogues in Moscow, a school funded by the Baron Hirsch foundation. In 1916, 5 Jews were deported from Moscow to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On July 5, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In M. there were approx. 2,300 Jews. The Judenrat was created. In July, 30 Jews were shot in M. In 1942, 53 Jews were sent from M. to Kolomyia and subsequently killed. 31 Aug 1942 approx. 1200 M. Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. The remaining Jews of M. were deported in October. 1942 in Trembovlya (modern Terebovlya).
MIKUNIS Shmuel (1903, Polonnoe Volyn province - 1982, Tel Aviv), politician. Since 1921 - in E.-I. He was a builder, s.-kh. worker, actor of the worker t-ra "Ogel". In 1930-1933 he studied in France, received a diploma in civil engineering. Upon returning to E.-I. worked in his specialty. Since 1936, member. CP of Palestine. Headed the department. propaganda, from 1939 sec. Central Committee and up to 1943 Ch. ed. the illegal organ of the Kol ha-Am party. In 1941 the Brit was arrested by the authorities. Since 1947, gen. sec. CP of Palestine. Since 1948, after the merger decomp. communist. groupings, M. gene. sec. KP Israel. In 1948–49 a member. Time. state advice. In 1949–79 dep. The Knesset. After the split of the party in 1965, he headed the Jewish national. the composition of the fraction. In 1967, during the Six Day War, M. supported the policy of the State of Israel. He advocated an alliance, but not a merger of the communists with the left Zionist. in batches. After the unification of the Communist Party with the left-wing Zionist in 1974, the Kahol-ad grouping resigned from the post of gene. sec. Author of a number of works on the history of the communist. traffic in Israel.
MILETSKY (Melits) Arie-Menachem (b. 1922, Riga), politician. From 1924 - in E.-I., from 1940 - in ETsEL, in 1944 in intelligence, in 1946 com. Haifa env. Participated in the explosion of the railway. bridge in Yavne, was arrested and sentenced to 7 years in prison. Organized the escape of prisoners from Akko prison. He was arrested again and imprisoned in Jerusalem, in 1948 he fled. Was included in the operational department. ETZELA, planned an attack on the British camp. troops in Pardes Khan. Was responded. for the ETsELa training camps in the Petakh-Tikva region. I took a personal part in pl. ETZEL shares against Brit. troops. After creating. The State of Israel was a member. Central Committee of the Herut Party, founded by Prince. publishing house "Shlakh".
MILETSKY Avraam Moiseevich (b. 1918, Kiev), architect. Poch. h. MAA (1992). In 1941 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Kiev Engineering-Construction in-that. In 1941–45 in Kr. Army. Since 1946 in the State. in-those "Kievproekt", simultaneously. taught in architect. f-those of Kiev art. Institute (since 1967, in 1969–88 prof.). Main works: in Kiev - bus station (1958–61, et al.), ans. pl. Glory (Park of Eternal Glory with a memorial to the Unknown Soldier, 1957, et al.), Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren (1962–65, et al.) Memorial and burial complex (Memory Park, 1968–78, jointly with artist A.F. Rybarchuk , V.V. Melnichenko), historical archeology. and architect. complex of the park-museum "Ancient Kiev" (1968–91), complex development of the Kiev-Kharkov-Rostov-on-Don highway (1954). Author publ. on the problems of restoration and protection of monuments. State pr. USSR (1967). Since 1991 - in Israel.
MILEVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921 58 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 51 Jews were killed in M.
MILEVSKY Aharon (1904 - |), rabbi. Studied at yeshivas in Slobodka (1922–24) and Hebron (1924–29). In 1929–37 he was a rabbi in Lithuania. From 1937 - Ch. rabbi of the Jewish community of Uruguay.
MILEYKOVSKY-SAMSONOV Eliyahu Aharon (1864, Mitava Doblensky u. Kurland province - 1947, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. In 1892-1912 he was a rabbi in Graevo Shchuchinsky district. Lomzhinskaya province, in 1912–28 in Kharkov. In the years of the 1st world. war actively helped Jewish refugees from the West. provinces. In the beginning. 1920s led an underground yeshiva. Since 1928 - in E.-I. He headed the religion. court of Tel Aviv. The author of the book. responses "Ogel Aharon" (vol. 1. Graevo, 1909; vol. 2. Tel Aviv, 1936).
Mileykovsky Abram Gerasimovich (b. 1911, Minsk - 1995, Moscow), economist, political scientist, historian. Dr. econ. Sciences (1957), prof. (1964), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1932), in 1935–40 he taught there. In 1940–56 in the army. Since 1956 head. sector Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on the problems of modern economics. imperialism, bourgeois. econom. theories, int. relationships; participated in the preparation of collective works and monographs "Foundations of Marxism-Leninism" (M., 1959, 2nd ed. - M., 1962), "Burzh. econom. theory and econom. imperialist policy. countries "(M., 1971) and others; responsible ed. collective tr. “New phenomena in the accumulation of capital in the imperialist. countries "(M., 1967)," Sovr. capitalism. Social-economic reference book "(M., 1985) and others. M. - member. editorial board of the encyclopedia "Political Economy" (vols. 1-4. M., 1972-80). State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Australia: Essay on the Economics. geography. L., 1937; Great Britain. Political-economic. feature article. M.-L., 1945; Lenin's theory of imperialism and modern state-monopoly. capitalism. M., 1968.
MILEIKOVSKY Ilya Markovich (1897, Warsaw - 1938, Moscow), military engineer. Brigengineer (1935). In 1917 he graduated from a gymnasium in Moscow and the 1st year Moscow. tech. uch-schA. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, worked in Tsentroplenbezh, graduated from Military-Ing. courses (1919), Military electrical engineering. school (1920) and Military-technical. academy (1925). From 1925 he worked at Nauchn.-test. in-those communications of the Red Army, passed the way from an ordinary sotr. before the beginning. dep. From 1931 to the beginning. dep. Communications Department of the Red Army. In 1935–37 the beginning. Military and technical in-ta, one of the creators of communication systems Kr. Army. Repressed.
MILIBAND Sofya Davidovna (b. 1922, Moscow), orientalist, historiographer. She graduated from the East. separate ist. Faculty of Moscow State University (1945). In 1945–47 scientific. sotr. State East Museum, in 1948-50 - State. b-ki foreign liters. From 1950 ch. bibliographer of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1965 - INION. The author of St. 200 scientific. works on historiography, bibliography and history of owls. oriental studies, book bibliographies, lists of scientific. tr. leading fathers. orientalists. Ch. tr. M. - “Biobibliographic. dictionary of owls. Orientalists "(M., 1975, 3rd ed. - M., 1995).
MILIEVO, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1445. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mille Villavce in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In the 17th century. 3 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1880 - 190 Jews (11%), in 1910 - 180, in 1930 - 197 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the second half of the year. 19th century In July 1941, after the retreat of the Red Army units, the Jews of Moscow were killed by Ukrainians from the surrounding villages before the occupation of the village by the Romanians. army.
MILIKH AdolA (Abram) (1884, Tyshovtsy of Tomashevsky u. Lublin province. - 1964, Lugano, Switzerland), painter. At the age of fifteen he went to Warsaw to study painting. In 1902–04 he studied at the Academy in Munich. In 1904-18 - and Italy, where he gained fame as a portrait painter. From 1918 - in Paris. Since 1922 M. regularly exhibited his works. in salons: Independent, Autumn and Tuileries. In 1938 he took part in exhibitions of Polish artists organized by the Polish pr-th. in Athens, Belgrade, Budapest, Bucharest, as well as in Franco-Brit. exhibitions sovr. art-va in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. In 1945, 1953, 1954, M.'s exhibitions were held in the mountains. Switzerland. M. is represented in the Museum Je de Pom in Paris, in the museums of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Geneva, Grenoble, Lugano, Lyon, Warsaw.
Militarev Alexander Yurievich (b. 1943, Tomsk), philologist-orientalist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1974). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1967), worked as a translator, taught at higher education. and cf. uch. institutions. Since 1973 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. from the beginning. 1990s teaches at the Jewish University in Moscow. Author of works on the Afrasian language: Semitic, Berber (Libyan-Guanchian), etc. One of the authors of collective scientific. tr. "Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East" (issue 1–3. M., 1981–86) and “Linguistic. reconstruction and the most ancient history of the East ”(parts 1-3. Moscow, 1984–89).
MILE Mikhail Leontievich (1909, Irkutsk - 1970, Moscow), helicopter designer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1945), prof. (1967). Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). After graduating in 1931 Novocherkassk Aviation. in-that worked in the Center, aerohydrodynamic. in-those them. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). In 1936–43 - engineer, deputy. ch. designer of the experimental design bureau (KB) for rotary-wing vehicles, in 1943-47 scientific. sotr., head. lab. at TsAGI. From 1947 - Ch. designer of the design bureau, which was engaged in creating. single-rotor helicopters. From 1964 - Gen. designer of an experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. Under the arm. M. designed in 1951 the first owls. serial three-seater Mi-1 helicopter, in 1952 - airborne transport. helicopter Mi-4, then Mi-6 with a gas turbine power plant, helicopter Mi-8, helicopter-crane Mi-10K, helicopter V-12. On helicopters designed by M. up to 1970, 60 official worlds were established. records. Linen. pr. (1958). State pr. USSR (1968). Works: Helicopters: Calculation and design. Book. 1-2. M., 1966–67 (et al.).
MILCHIN Isaak Iosifovich (1894 - 1941, Minsk), painter, graphic artist. He studied in Vitebsk at the School of Drawing and Painting of I.M. Pen, then at Vitebsk Art. uch-shche and in the Minsk art studio under the hands. Volkova (1929). In 1927-30 he was a member. All-Belarusian Association of Artists. First exhibited at the 3rd All-Belarusian Exhibition (Minsk, 1929). In the 1930s. worked as a theater. artist, having designed a number of performances in BelGOSET, including A. Goldfaden's "The Witch". In his works, M. paid attention to the Jewish theme: "Funeral in the town", "Wedding", "Jewish types", graphic cycle "Jewish townships". He died in the ghetto.
MILMAN Adolf Izrailevich (1886, according to other data 1888 - 1930, Paris), painter. Since 1912 he was a member of the "Jack of Diamonds" society, participated in its exhibitions in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1913 at St. Petersburg. the exhibition showed 13 landscapes: "Landscape with a pier", "Factory", "Landscape with a factory", "Kitchen gardens", "Landscape with a house by the river", etc. In 1915, landscapes of Brittany and still lifes were exhibited at the exhibition "1915th year" ... Avant-garde artist, alm. "Moscow Masters" (1916) reproduced M.'s painting "Town by the Sea. Brittany ". In 1917 he took part in the 23rd Moscow exhibition. t-va of artists ("Evening on the Volga", "Port in Padli") and the Exhibition of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists. In 1917 he entered the World of Art association and participated in its exhibitions. In 1917 M. with K.A. Korovin, L.O. Pasternak and I.I. Mashkov organized the Union of Artists. education and aesthetic. education, elected to the president. Council of opr-tion of artists of Moscow. From 1921 he settled in France. Participated in Russian. exhibitions in Paris (1921, Gal. Densi and Bossi) and The Hague (1924).
MILMAN David Pinkhusovich (b. 1913, Chechelnik, Olgopolsky district, Podolsk province), mathematician. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1939). Graduated from Odessa University (1934), graduate school there (1939). Disciple of M.G. Kerin. He worked at the Odessa Institute of Communications (since 1945). Main research results. in func. analysis, information theory. Together with Crane, he proved the classic. function theorem. analysis, Izv. as the Kerin-Milman theorem.Syn M. - Vitaly (born 1939), a specialist in the region. func. analysis of the theory of differential. ur-ny.
MILNER-IRININ Yakov Abramovich (1911-1989), specialist in the field of ethics and history of philosophy. Cand. Philos. sciences. From ser. 1930s scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, university teacher, ed. Philos. literature in Partizdat (1936–43), in 1964–81 - in the Nauka publishing house. Works: Benedict Spinoza. M., 1940; Ethics, or Principles of True Humanity. Moscow, 1963 (handwritten, 60 copies; translated in German, Germany, 1986).
MILNER Moshe Michael (Mikhail Arnoldovich) (1886, Rokitno Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1953, Leningrad), composer, conductor, choirmaster. From the age of ten he sang in the choir of Y.-Sh. Morogovsky, then in the Kiev Choral Synagogue. Studied playing php. at the hands. the choir of this synagogue A.N. Dzmitrovsky and O.D. Vekker. In 1907-15 he studied at St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) Cons. by class comp. from A.K. Lyadov, J. Vitol, M.O. Steinberg, V.P. Kalafati. Was a member. About-va Jewish Nar. music (founded in 1908), among the first ed. to-rogo publ. his php. the play "At the Rebbe's Farewell to the Queen of the Sabbath" (1914). M. conducted the choirs of this society (1911–23), St. Petersburg. The Great Synagogue (1912–19), as well as the military. orc. (1915-18). In 1924–25 the head. muses. part of Moscow. Jewish t-ra, for dramas, performances to-rogo (as well as for the studio "Habima") he wrote music (for more than 40 performances). In 1923–31 he worked at the Kharkov Jewish Theater (from 1929 - head of the musical department). In 1931–41 hands. Jewish wok. ans. "Evokans" in Leningrad, during the war years 1941–45 survived the blockade. With the tangible influence of M.P. Mussorgsky, the basis of the muses. lang. M. make up the Jewish melos and intonations of synagogue music. Author of 3 operas (texts in Yiddish): "The Heavens Are Burning" (1923, Petrograd; filmed after the third performance as "reactionary"), "New Way" (1933), "Flavius" (based on the novel "The Jewish War" by L Feuchtwanger, 1933–43, not finished), ball. Asmodeus, symph. (1937), symph. poems "Judith" and "Partisans" (1944), symph. suites on Jewish themes, concert for php. with orc. (1946), chorales (including the texts of prayers, psalms, poems by H.-N. Bialik, vocals. (1950), romances (on words by G. Heine, Jewish and Russian poets).
MILNER Rafail Isaevich (1910, Monastery of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province - 1979, Kharkov), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In Kr. Army from 1936. In 1941 he graduated from the Military-political. academy. From July 1941 at the front. Deputy com. shooter. regiment Lieutenant Colonel M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the skillful leadership of the regiment when crossing the Dnieper. In 1944 he graduated from the courses "Shot", commanded a regiment. In 1953–60 early. military. departments of a number of universities. In stock since 1960. He taught at the Kharkov Institute of Societies, Nutrition. In the beginning. 1970s took part in the anti-Zionist. the campaign carried out by the Sov. the authorities. He was awarded 8 orders.
MILSHTEIN Mikhail Abramovich (1910, Achinsk, Yenisei province. - 1992, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Lieutenant General (1966). Cand. military. Sci., Dr. East. Sciences, prof. (1954). Graduated from ped. technical school (1930), Higher. specialist. school of the General Staff of the Red Army (1941), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1948). Since 1932 in Kr. Army, sotr. Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Red Army, repeatedly traveled abroad with special. tasks (USA, Yugoslavia, Canada, etc.). Beginning branches of the 1st (zap.) dep. Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Red Army (1938–41). From 1941 deputy. early reconnaissance. dep. headquarters Zap. front, in 1942-45 deputy. early Ch. Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff. In 1948–54 the beginning. a number of GRU directorates. In 1954–72 the beginning. Department of Intelligence Military. Academy of the General Staff. Retired since 1972, Ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of the USA and Canada of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Comp. apparatus of owls. delegations of the Pugush movement of scientists, Dartmouth meetings of scientists from the USA and the USSR.
MILSHTEIN Zvi (Grigory) (b. 1934, Chisinau, Romania), painter. M.'s father was arrested in 1940 and died in prison. In 1941–45 M. was evacuated to Tbilisi. 1945–48 - in Romania, Cyprus; in 1948–55 - in Israel. In 1954, the first M.'s exhibition took place in Tel Aviv. Since 1955, in France. Works in the genre of expressionism. In the work of M. there is Russian. theme, including a cycle inspired by "The Master and Margarita" by MA Bulgakov.
MILSHTEIN Yakov Isaakovich (1911, Voronezh - 1981, Moscow), pianist, musicologist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1941), prof. (1963). Rod. in the family of muses. wizard and customizer. In 1925–32 he studied at Moscow. cons. from S.A. Kozlovsky, from 1929 to K.N. Igumnov, and from him in 1932–35 he studied in graduate school. Due to illness of his hands M. could not give concerts and devoted himself to pedagogy and scientific. research In 1935–59 and 1961–81 he taught at Moscow. cons. Among the students are E.I. Leonskaya, B. B. Bekhterev, M. V. Mdivani, V. V. Sakharov. M. tried not to suppress the individuality of the student, cultivated freedom of performance, offered versions of interpretations. Main scientific. M.'s interests are history and theory of php. performance, pedagogy, research. works of F. Chopin, F. List. M. poch. F. Liszt Society in Budapest (1974). The author of the book. and Art. about fulfill. the lawsuit of K.N. Igumnov (1975), G.G. Neuhaus, S.T. Richter, E.G. Gilels, V.V. Sofronitsky, M.I. Greenberg (1958). Ed. and the author of the comments. to pl. php. op. Chopin, Liszt, I. Brahms, F. Schubert, P. I. Tchaikovsky.
MILTON-KRASNOPOLSKAYA Emilia Davydovna (1902, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), actress. After graduating from a private theater in Odessa. School A. Arkadiev and B. Lorenz (1920) entered the youth theater "Red Torch" created by the graduates of the school (directed by V. K. Tatishchev). Played in the main. the roles of young heroines (Diana - "The Dog in the Manger" by Lope de Vega, Salome - "Salome" by O. Wilde), as well as poignant roles (Mrs. Fielding - "Cricket on the Stove" by Charles Dickens). In 1955-57 in Moscow. dram. t-re; roles - Adelaide ("The Man with the Briefcase" by AM Faiko), Kat ("All My Sons" by A. Miller). From ser. 1930s - the leading actress of the Kiev t-ra rus. dramas. She successfully performed the role of Klavdiya ("Vanyushin's Children" by S.A. Naidenov, 1940). In 1946–55 and from 1958 in Moscow. t-re of transport (since 1959 - T-r named after N.V. Gogol). She played the roles of: Kira Reich ("Conspiracy of the Doomed" by NE Virta, 1949), Julie ("Uncle Tom's Cabin", a play by AY Brushtein after G. Beecher Stowe), etc. She starred in the television series "17 Moments of Spring "(1973, The Mistress of the Bar) and the TV show" Blackmail "from ser. "Experts are leading the investigation." Last she once appeared on the stage 8 days before her death as a grandmother in the play "67 on the Diagonal". Honored. art. RSFSR (1960).
MILKH Yakov (real family member Zoermilh) (1866, Warsaw - 1945, New York), publicist. Since 1891 - in the USA. The first art. “Socialism in Russian. Poland ”M. published in socialist. weekly "Arbeiter-Zeitung", where later published. pl. satirical and polemical Art. and feuilletons. In the Vilna Zhurn. "Di Yiddish Welt" publ. ser. Art. “Philos. Conversations ”, as well as the work“ Spinoza and Marx - Parallel ”. In English. ed. were popular humorous. stories M. Since 1930 sotr. communist. gas. "Morgen Freigite". The author of the book. in Yiddish, ed. in New York: Socialism, War and Nationalism, 1916; Yiddish is problematic (Jewish Problems, in 3 volumes), 1920; Birobidzhan - a new era in Jewish history, 1936; "Autobiogr. essays ”, 1946, etc., also worked on the lane. in Yiddish.
MILLE VILLAVCHE, see Miliyevo.
MILLER Anatoly Filippovich (1901, Novorossiysk - 1973, Moscow), historian, diplomat. Dr. East Sciences (1943), prof. (1938). In 1920–38 he worked in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR (USSR), deputy. head 1st East dep. Graduated from the Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow State University (1926). In 1936 - an expert of the Sov. delegation to the Intern. conf. on the question of the Straits at Montreux (Switzerland). Since 1938 - lecturer at diploma courses. Workers of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in MIFLI, Higher. school desks. school at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), on the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Expert-consultant of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR with delegations to the conference. heads of the USSR, USA and Great Britain in Tehran (1943) and Yalta (1945). From 1941 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, from the middle. 1950s at the same time. Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Vice President Int. Association for the Study of South-East Countries. Europe, before. Balkan section of the National. to-that of historians of the USSR. Foreign member Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1969) Specialist in the history of the South-East. Europe. Author of 16 monographs, chapters in textbooks: “New history of the countries beyond the ruble. East "(M., 1952); “The latest history of the countries beyond the ruble. East "(M., 1954) and others, chl. edition, ed., scientific. consultant and author of a number of chapters and art. in the edition: "World History" (v. 1-10. M., 1957-65); "Sov. ist. encyclopedia "and the 1st volume" History of Albania "(Tirana, 1959) and others. Cit .: Republican Turkey. M., 1927; A Brief History of Turkey. M., 1948; Bourges. revolution of 1908 in Turkey. M., 1955.
MILLER Buzi (real name and surname Boris Izrailevich Mailer) (1913, Kopaygorod Mogilevsky u. Podolsk province. - 1988, Birobidzhan), writer, playwright. Studied at Moscow. ped. in-those, after the end of which (1936) left for Birobidzhan. The first book. stories "Mishmoires baytn zikh" ("Shifts take over") released in Kharkov in 1931. He worked as ch. ed. region gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", Chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Outpost" and "Birobidzhan". In 1949 he was repressed. After his release in 1956 he returned to Birobidzhan. Ch. ed. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". M.'s plays "He is from Birobidzhan" and "Nothing Falls From the Sky" were staged alongside Jewish t-dv. Member editorial board and author of journals. "Sovetish gameland". The author of the book: "Untern regnbeign" ("Under the rainbow". M., 1934); Birobidzhan (Moscow, 1948); "Edn dor - zains" ("Each generation has its own". M., 1979); "Der kval der leuterer" ("Light source". M., 1984) and others.
MILLER Ilya Solomonovich (1919, Harbin, China - 1978, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Son of engineer Graduated from Moscow State University (1939). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–47 - Art. bibliographer of B-ki societies, sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1947 he read in East. Faculty of Moscow State University course of source studies and historiography of Poland and the history of Poland in the 19th century. At the same time. from 1947 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 - Institute of Slavic Studies and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences), since 1968 Head. sector of modern history of countries Center. Europe of this institute. Specialist in the history of Poland in the 19th century. and Russian-Polish roar. connections 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century The author of St. 80 scientific. works; comp. and ed. a number of collections and documents, including "History of Poland" (v. 1–3. Moscow, 1949–56); “The Uprising of 1863 (materials and documents)” (jointly with Polish historians, vols. 1–24. Warsaw, 1958–78); “Essays roar. relations between the peoples of Russia and Poland 1815-1917 "(M., 1976) and others. Works: Research on the history of peoples Center, and South-East. Europe. M., 1980 Brother M. - Georgy (b. 1926, Moscow - 2009, Chelyabinsk), opera dir., Student of B.A. Pokrovsky, dir. Chelyabinsk Opera House, first prez. Chelyabinsk Jewish Society.
MILLER Solomon Tankhelevich (party ps. Shleika, Volevich) (1889, Knyshin of Belostoksky district of Grodno province - 1937), politician. Member Bund, during the revolution of 1905–07 he headed the det. Jewish self-defense in Bialystok. Arrested in 1910, he soon fled and emigrated to the United States. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, was close to the Bolsheviks. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. Since 1921, in underground work in Zap. Belarus, member. Bialystok underground okr. to-that KP of Poland. Participant of the 1st (1923), 2nd (1924) and 3rd (1926) Conf. and 1st Congress (1928) CP Zap. Belarus, 4th (1927), 5th (1930) and 6th (1932) Congresses of the Communist Party of Poland. Since 1923, member. Central Committee, since 1926 member. Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the West. Belarus, in 1931–32 he headed its Regional Secretariat. In 1934-36 in the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus, secretary. Bobruisk District Party Committee. Repressed.
MILLER Victor Iosifovich (1930, Kharkov - 1995, Moscow), historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin (1952). In 1952–54 - in the army, in 1954–62 he taught at schools in Moscow. Since 1962 in the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1992 - in the Institute of Russian History of the RAS), in Nauch. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the complex problem “History of the conductor. Oct social revolution "(since 1991 - Scientific Council of the RAS" History of revolutions in Russia "), since 1990 - deputy. prev. this advice. Since 1993 - Member. of the editorial board of the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia. work after eating. roar. Russian movement. army in 1917, social. parties of Russia. From the beginning. 1990s was engaged in theoretical. problems roar. process, research. reasons for Citizens. war in Russia, problems of mass consciousness and psychology roar. epochs. Participated in the preparation of collection of books of the book. about the events of the Revolution, encyclopedic. and reference ed .: "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (2nd ed. M., 1977; 3rd ed. M., 1987); "Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR" (Moscow, 1982); “Political figures of Russia. 1917. Biographical Dictionary "(M., 1993).
MILLEROVO, city (since 1926), regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1786. In 19 - early. 20th century - as part of the Land of the Don Army, since 1870 - the Region of the Don Army. In 1918 - the center of the Donetsk region. Donskoy owls. In 1939, 71 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews in Moscow were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. On July 16, 1942, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1942 in Moscow, several were shot. Jews.
MILORADOVKA, a village in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Verkhnedneprovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. bakery and unity. agricultural shop guns.
MILOSLAVICHI, a village in the Klimovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. In 1847, 410 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 628 (43.9%), in 1923 - 571 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Since 1885, Itshok Ratner (1850–?) Was the rabbi in M. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 14 shops (including all 6 grocery stores, all 4 manufactures). in M. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1925 in Miloslavskaya parish. 2 Jewish s.-kh. were organized. Artels "Krugloye" and "Zarya". In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. oct. - early. nov. 1941, 115 Jews were shot in Moscow. After 1944 an obelisk was erected at the place of execution. O.Yu. Magidson.
MILOSLAVSKY Yakov Mikhailovich (1926 - 1989, Kazan), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof. (1964). After graduating from Kazan honey. in-that (1948) worked as a district doctor in the Mari ASSR; in 1955–62 at the Department of Hospital Therapy of the 1st MMI, where he organized and headed the hormonal lab. Head departments of propaedeutics, int. diseases of Vladivostok (1962 67) and Kazan (1967–89) honey. in-tov.Nauch. research M. dedicated dysfunctions of the endocrine glands in the development of cardiovascular diseases. He proposed metabolic methods. therapy of ischemic heart disease and heart failure, as well as diagnostic. method for determination of 17-ketosteroids in urine. Cit .: Adrenal glands and arterial hypertension. M., 1971 (et al.); Functional research methods of the cardiovascular system. Cheboksary, 1976 (et al.).
MILOVANIE, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 12 Jews living in Moscow, in 1921 - 8, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MILOVIDY, a village in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. 95 Jews (17.4%) lived in Moscow in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied the city. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MILOVTSE, see Milovtsy.
MILOVTSY, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Milovce of the Zalishchytsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 20, 1943, 50 Jewish women were shot in M., to-rye were used in the cultivation of kok-sagyz. Some of the Jewish women fled, but later some returned. Of these in Feb. 1944 13 people were shot.
MILYANOVICHI, a village in the Turia region of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1540. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, approx. 100 Jews (13%) Jews lived in Moscow from the 18th century. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in M. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 80 Jews were killed in M.
MILYATIN, a village in the Ivanichevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 108 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1787 - 116, in 1790 - 144, in 1847 - 461, in 1911 - 287, in 1921 - 82 Jews (22.4 percent.) In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed in the Gorokhov ghetto.
MILUTINA Eva Yakovlevna (1893, Odessa - 1977, Moscow), actress. In 1910–12 she studied at a private theater, the Mochalova school in Odessa, participated in divertissements in the Moulin Rouge cinema illusion. In 1912 she performed at the Kiev t-re-cabaret "Bibabo", in 1913-17 - in the Odessa "Maly T-re" (t-r miniatures), in 1917-22 at the t-re "Grotesk" (Rostov-on- Don) successfully played the characterful roles of women from the people, for which she received the comic nickname “the cook from the Grotesque” from the public. In 1922 she made her debut in Moscow at the "Crooked Jimmy" theater in the role of the chanting singer Leli Kolibri. In 1924–59 - the leading artist of the Moscow. t-ra satire. She played the roles: Madame Buzis ("Article 114" by V.E.Ardov and L.V. Nikulin, 1925), Napmansh ("Bear, twirl!" "A harmful element" by V.V.Shkvarkin, 1927), Morkovkina ("First candidate" by A.A. Zharov, 1929), Catherine II ("The City of Fools" after M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1932), Karaulova (" Someone else's child "Shkvarkin, 1934), Miss Pearce (" Pygmalion "B. Shaw, 1937), Vasilievna (" Fakir for an hour "by V. A. Dykhovichny, M. R. Slobodsky, 1945), Ottum Bibi (" The Merry Sinner " L. V. Soloviev and V. S. Vitkovich, 1945), Roza Eremeevna ("Day of Rest" by V. P. Kataev, 1945), Morrison ("The Island of Peace" by E. Petrov, 1948), Rosalia Renaissance ("Bedbug" V.V. Mayakovsky, 1955). Honored. art. RSFSR (1934).
MINCHIN Abram (Abraham) (1898, Kiev - 1931, La Garde, France), painter. In his youth he studied with a jeweler. At the age of 16 he entered the Kiev art. school. In 1923 he went to Berlin, where he took up scenography, became interested in Cubism. From 1926 - in Paris, entered the circle of H. Sutin, met M.Z. Chagal, who influenced M.'s work. From 1925 he exhibited in the salons of the Independent, Tuileries, Autumn. In 1928 three works by M., including "Showcase of a Naturalist", were exhibited in Moscow in Russian. dep. Exhibitions of modern lawsuit. In 1929 two personal exhibitions were held in Paris, after which R. Gimpel drew attention to M. The pictorial manner of the production. M. is imbued with love for the sensual beauty of the world. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of M.'s works was held in the Tuileries salon, in 1960 - a memorial exhibition in Gal. Roberts (London).
MINDADZE Alexander Anatolyevich (b. 1949, Moscow), screenwriter. Son of A.B. Grebnev. Graduated from VGIK (1971, workshop of K. N. Vinogradskaya). Scriptwriter: “It Was We” (short film, directed by A. Milyukov, 1972); “The One Who Saved Me” (short film, directed by V. Nord, 1971); “The Return of the Boat” (short film, directed by G. Shumsky, 1973); "Spring Call" (dir. P.G. Lyubimov, 1977). Since 1974 sotr. with dir. V.Yu. Abdrashitov. He wrote scripts for his film "Word for Defense" (1976, ave. At the All-Union Festival in Riga); "The train stopped" (1982, State avenue of the RSFSR, prize for the best script at the Moscow International Film Festival in San Remo); "Parade of the Planets" (1984, chap. Prize "Golden Plate" at the Ikf in Avellino); "Plume-Boom, or Dangerous Game" (1986, Gold Medal of the Senate of the Italian Republic at the Ikf in Venice); "Servant" (1988, special prize at the IKF in Berlin); "A play for a passenger" (1994, prize "Silver Bear" at the Moscow Art Festival in Berlin). Etc. them. Ennio Flyano “Silver. Pegasus ”of the Italian Cultural Association for lit. contribution to cinema (1986).
MINDEL Meir (b. 1946, Lvov), composer, conductor. He studied in special. muses. school in Lviv (1953–57). Since 1958 - in Israel. I studied the composition under the hands. Sadaya (1970 71). Graduated from Moose. Academy named after Rubin in Tel Aviv (1975), continued studying composition in 1975–77 with A. Erlich. M. - before. Association of composers of kibbutzim, will perform, sec. Union of Israeli Composers, is a member of the National. Union of Musicians, Intern. about-ve sovr. music. Etc. Vienna Fund (1977), pr. Young composers E. Ieri (1982), pr. Nat. Union of Musicians (1988). M. represented Israel at the World. festival of Jewish music in Montreal.
MINEEV Dmitry Andreevich (1935, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Geochemist. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences (1972), prof. (1977), first prez. AEN RF (1990). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1958. Since 1958 he worked at the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1977 head. Department of Mineralogy and Geochemistry Mosk. geological exploration. in-that. In the 1970s-80s. led field exp. research on the territory. USSR, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia. He was engaged in research. in the region. theoretical and applied mineralogy of rare elements. Discoverer of gr. largest rare-metal fluorapatite deposits on the Kola Peninsula. One of the initiators of the creation of Geological. Museum named after VI Vernadsky (1987), founder of the AEN RF (1990), organizer of the Institute of rare earth elements (1992), the Institute of platinum (1992). M. made fundamental discoveries in the region. mineralogy, geochemistry, crystal morphology, included in the State. registry. Author of over 300 scientific. works, including 12 monographs on mineralogy, geochemistry, descriptions of deposits of lanthanide group. rare earth elements, author and ed. pl. translations. One of the initiators of the ed. Russian Jewish Encyclopedia. Laureate of the USSR Prospect SM (1981) for the discovery and development of deposits. Mineevite was named after M. in 1992. Honored. Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1985). Vol .: Lanthanoids in Minerals. M., 1969; Lanthanides in ores of rare earth and complex deposits. M, 1974; Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare metals. M., 1982; New Khibiny apatite deposits. M., 1982; Fertility stones. M., 1986 (et al.).
MINERAL VODI, a city (since 1920), a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). 423 Jews lived in Moscow in 1926, and 98 Jews in 1939. 1942 MV was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 1 Sep 1942 approx. 500 Jews were killed in an anti-tank. I ditch near the glassworks of the city. On Sept. - Oct. 1942 during five "shares" in gas. more than 200 Jews captured in the surrounding area were killed in the chambers of special vehicles. points. Shooting and destruction in gas. cells lasted until Jan. 1943.
MINIKES Hanan-Yaakov (1867, Vilna - 1932), journalist, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Then he studied in Germany. Together with a group of like-minded people, he founded the educational association "Agavat Zion" in Berlin. Since 1888 - in the USA. He organized several trade unions and was in the hands. pl. prof., charitable and cultural organizations. He published and edited Jewish almanacs and yearbooks. Founder, publisher and ed. alm. "Yomtov Bleter", dedicated. Jewish holidays and had great success with US Jews for three decades. During the 1st world. War - one of the founders of EKOPO.
MININ Efim Semenovich (1889, Vitebsk - 1937), painter, graphic artist. He graduated from the 4-grade Vitebsk mountains. commercial uch-shche, then studied at Petrograd. forest in-those. In the beginning. 1st world. war was drafted into the army. After returning to Vitebsk, he entered Nar. thin school in the studio of I.M. Pen, then R.R. Falk, studied graphics under the hands of. S.B. Yudovin, to-ry had a significant impact on him. He taught at the Vitebsk Jewish ped. technical school (2nd half of the 1920s). Member of the rep., All-union and int. exhibitions. Since the 1920s. worked mainly in the woodcut technique. In 1937 M. was arrested. Shot. Main works: views of Vitebsk, ex-librises of M.Kasperovich, A.Shlyubsky, etc. Proizv. stored in the Vitebsk region. ethnographer. museum, Hood. Museum of Belarus in Minsk, Pushkin Museum in Moscow.
MINKOVTSY, a village in the Dunaevets district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1637 it received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1931 - the center of the Jewish national. the village council of the Novoushitsky district of Vinnitsa, from 1937 - Kamenets-Podolsk, from 1954 - the Khmelnytsky region. In 1847 there were 1,151 Jews living in Moscow, in 1887 Jews accounted for 57.5% of the population of Moscow, in 1897 - 2,196 Jews (67%) , in 1923 - 1316 (30.3%), in 1926 - 1310 (87.1%), in 1939 - 1896 Jews (63.7%). Jews lived in Moscow from the 1st half. 17th century In 1648 the community was destroyed by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. After some time, communal life in Moscow was revived. In 1757, by order of the Catholic. Bishop Dembovskogo books of the Talmud were seized and burned on the square in Kamenets (modern. Kamenets-Podolsk). All R. 18th century a wooden synagogue was built in M. In the 18th century. among the Jews of M. there were followers of Sabbatianism and Francoism. In 1796 the first printing house in Podolia was opened in Moscow. The owner of the printing house in 1802 was Mordukhai Sheivakhovich. All R. 19th century Rosenberg rented a brewery and a paper factory in M., Berlyand rented a mill, Shvartsman rented a lime plant; Jews took contracts for the felling and rafting of ship timber. In 1835 there were 3 synagogues in Moscow, in 1867 - 4 synagogues, in 1889 - 5 synagogues, and in 1890 - 6 synagogues. Most of the M. Jews were Hasidim. With the money from the box collection, the community maintained a doctor, paid for the education of children, provided assistance to the poor, and improved the town. 20th century in M., a Zionist group was organized (the work of the circle and the dissemination of Zionist literature was directed by H. Shadchen). In 1914 four synagogues functioned in Moscow. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 34 shops (including all 12 grocery, all 13 manufacturing). Unity. a mill in M. was rented by a Jew. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of M. decreased. In 1921, the Zvezda collective farm was created in Moscow, many of whom became members. Jewish agriculturalists. The Jewish population of M. suffered from the famine of 1921–22. All R. 1920s underground Zionist organizations operated in Moscow (including the youth "Ge-Halutz"), at the same time a Jewish village council was created. On July 31, 1941, parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Moscow on August 30. 1941, 2,200 Jews were shot in Moscow. A group of Jews were buried alive in a phosphorite mine. After liberation, several returned to M. dozens of Jewish families. 1970-90s. most of the Jews of M. left for Israel and other countries. 1990s in M. lived several. Jews I. B. Kreizman
MINSK MAZOWECKI (in 1867-1918 - Novominsk), a city (from 1491) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - a district town of Warsaw province. In 1827 in M.-M. 260 Jews lived (33.7%), in 1856 - 620 (51.6%), in 1861 - 692 (51.7%), in 1897 - 3655 (39.4%), in 1921 - 4130 Jews (39 , 2%) Jews lived in M.-M. from the beginning. 19th century There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. Since 1874 he became a rabbi in M.-M. was Ikhl-Mikhl Mikhelzon (Rabinovich) (? –1913). In the beginning. 20th century Rabbi M.-M. there was Jacob-Arie Eisenzweig, in 1915–28 - Joseph Kaplan (? –1928). Among the Jews M.-M. there were many Hasidim, including Kotsk, Gur, Aleksandrovsk, Ruzhin. In 1873 the Hasidic court in M.-M. founded by Yakov Frolov (? –1902). In 1896 he also founded in M.-M. yeshiva, in which he studied approx. 200 people In 1902–33 the dynasty was headed by Yakov Frolov's son Alter-Yisroel-Shimon (? –1933), from 1933 - the son of the latter, Yakov (? –1945). 20th century in M.-M. acting decomp. Jewish social welfare organizations. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in "Akhiezer". In 1913, Jews owned a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a pastry shop, 2 hotels, a photo workshop, 3 hairdressers, a bakery, all 5 watch workshops, St. 90 shops and shops (including 7 pubs, all 4 tobacco shops, all 7 ready-to-wear shops). Among the Jews there were 4 timber merchants, 9 tailors. In 1921 children were opened. garden and school network "Tarbut". In the 1920s and 30s. in M.-M. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a school for girls "Beis Yaakov". In the summer of 1937 in M.-M. there was a pogrom. In 1934–39, the rabbi M.-M. was Moyshe-Nathaniel Shapiro (? –1939, Warsaw). 13 Sept. 1939 parts of the Wehrmacht occupied M.-M. In the fall of 1940, a ghetto was created, in which St. 5 thousand Jews. In 1941, an underground resistance organization was created in the ghetto. The ghetto was destroyed in the end. 1942.
MINKIN Adolf Iosifovich (1898, Petrozavodsk - 1967, Leningrad), film director. In 1918–22 he studied at the Petrozavodsk Polytechnic. in-those. In 1919 he graduated from the same theater and studio. In 1919–21 he served in Kr. Army. In 1917-18 and 1921-24 dir. and an administrator in Petrozavodsk, and then in Vitebsk drama theater. In 1924–41 dir. cinema factories "Sevzapkino", "Sovkino", "Lenfilm", in 1941-44 c / st TsOKS (Alma-Ata), in 1944-46 c / st "Lenfilm", in 1946-47 c / st "Mosfilm", with 1948 - Leningrad. newsreel studios. Dir. OK. 130 newsreel., Doc. f. "In Stalingrad", "Beyond the 80th Parallel", "When the Lights Are Lit" (1958), etc. He made his debut in fiction films. "Winners of the Night" (with I.N.Sorokhtin, 1932), then staged the f: "Lunny Stone" (with Sorokhtin, 1935), "Professor Mamlok" (with G.M. Rappaport, 1938 ), "Sea Battalion" (jointly with AM Fayntsimmer, 1944). Honored. figure of lawsuit-in Karel. ASSR (1962).
MINKIN Alexander Viktorovich (b. 1946, Moscow), journalist. Graduated from GITIS (1984). Published since 1978 in gas. "Moscow's comsomolets". Since 1980 - prof. writer, theater critic, published in the magazine. "Theater", "Theater Life". Illegally transferred polit. pamphlets to the West, to-rye were published in gas. "Russian thought", "New Russian word", zhurn. "L'Hebdo" (Lausanne). Since 1987 the gas columnist. "Moscow News", since 1988 - journal. "Ogonyok". Published in Israel, USA, France, Germany, Switzerland. Since 1992, the gas columnist. "Moscow's comsomolets". Author of reports from "hot spots" (Abkhazia, Ossetia, Chechnya), investigations of corruption in the highest echelons of power, politician. commentator. M. publishes Art. about anti-Semitism, the "Memory" society, anti-Semite. politics. The most significant work on this topic - "Jew" (1988), is fully printed in gas. In a New Light (New York, 1995). Journalist of the Year (1992, 1993).
MINKIN Semyon Leontievich (1892, Kharkov - 1960, ibid.), Surgeon. Prof. (1936). Honey. Educated on honey. f-takh Zurich (1911-15) and Saratov (1915-16) un-com. In 1916–20 the surgeon in decomp. hospitals. Since 1922 - in Kharkov honey. in-those, since 1936 head. Department of Topography, Anatomy and Operative Surgery and at the same time. head created by him the first department of children in Ukraine. surgery; in 1945-59 head. Department of General Surgery. Sci. tr. M. dedicated problems children. Surgery, Vol .: A guide to practical exercises in topographic anatomy and operative surgery. Kiev, 1936.
MINKIN Vladimir Isaakovich (b. 1935, Rostov-on-Don), chemist. Dr. chem. sciences, prof., acad. RAS (1994). In 1957 he graduated from Rostov University. From 1957 he worked at the Novocherkassk Polytechnic. in-those (assistant, assistant professor). Since 1961 at Rostov University. In 1981 he headed the Research Institute of Phys. and organic Chemistry at Rostov University. He discovered a new type of tautomeric sigmatropic rearrangements. Formulated the general principle of designing molecular systems capable of low-barrier intramolecular rearrangements. Developed the theory of orbital stabilization of non-classical organic structures. molecules and ions. He was the first to show the possibility of the presence of a pyramidal configuration of bonds of a tetracoordinated carbon atom. Contributed to the development of organic chemistry. tellurium compounds.
MINKIN Yakov-Shmuel (1885, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1962, New York), rabbi. Since 1910 - in the USA. Graduated from the Jewish Theological Seminary (New York). He has served in the congregations in Hamilton, Ontario and Rochester, New York. For 25 years he was a rabbi at Fordham Hospital in New York. In Hamilton, he organized English courses. lang. for immigrants. He wrote and published a popul. works on Judaism. Book. M. "The Romance of Hasidism" (1935) was one of the first to introduce Hasidism to the English-speaking reader. Author of the monographs Herod (1936), Aba Rvanel and the expulsion of Jews from Spain (1938), The World of Maimonides (1957), The Formation of Modern Thought (1963) and many others. Art. on religion., philosophy. and ist. Topics.
MINKOV Naum-Boruch (1893, Warsaw - 1958, New York), poet, literary critic. Graduated from Russian. gymnasium. Since 1914 - in the USA. In 1921 he became a Yiddish teacher in Philadelphia, and from 1922 in the Jewish Nar. schools in New York, in the school of social. research In the 1930s-50s. one of the leaders of the Jewish cf. and higher. education, lectured in the USA and Mexico. First verse, in Yiddish publ. in 1918. Published in many. Jewish periodicals ed. In 1920, together with J. Glatstein and A. Glantz-Leyles, he presented a manifesto lit. gr. "Inzichists" (introspectivists), who attached great importance to modernism, cosmopolitanism, individualism, and founded the journal. "In zikh". In 1924 he published the first collection of works. verse. Since the 1930s. was engaged in research. in the region. history of Jewish literature. In 1945 he published a poem about the Holocaust "Baym Rand" ("On the Edge"). Author of monographs on the life and work of the founders of the Old Jewish literature in Yiddish I. Bakhur and G. Hamel, collection of works. essay "Jewish Classics-Poets" (1937); the three-volume Pioneers of Jewish Poetry in America (1956); "Literarishe vegn" ("Literary path", 1955) and others. In 1924–52 he published 5 poetry books. collection of books.
MINKOVKA, a village in the Valkovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Valkovsky u. Kharkov province. In the 19th century. in M. lived apprx. 70 Jews (18%). occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade; several people were engaged with. During the Holocaust, 3 Jewish families were shot in Moscow.
MINKOVSKY German (1864, Aleksota, Kovno province. - 1909, Göttingen, Germany), mathematician, physicist. Doctor of Philosophy (1885). Brother of O. Minkovsky. He studied at Konigsberg and Berlin high fur boots. Prof. in high fur boots Bonn (1893–94), Konigsberg (1894–1902), Göttingen (1902–09). Author of works in the region. number theory, geometry, topology, mat. methods of physics, hydrodynamics, theory of capillarity. The founder (jointly with G.F. Voronov) of geometry, number theory, set forth in the book. Geometry of Numbers (1896) and Diophantine Approximations (1907). In 1896, having established some important properties of multidimensional parallelotopes, he laid the foundation for the theory of convex bodies. In his work "Space and Time" (1909), M. gave geometric. interpretation of kinematics, spec. theory of relativity and applied four-dimensional space with hyperbolic. metric. In his work "Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies" M. gave Matem. substantiation of the theory of relativity by A. Einstein. Author of the theory of the unity of space and time. The scientific heritage of M., who died suddenly, was prepared for publication by his student M. Born.
MINKOVSKY Mieczyslaw (1884, Warsaw - 1972, Zurich), neurologist. Prof. (1928). Brother of Yuri Minkovsky. Rod. in the family of descendants of the Karlin tzaddiks. After graduating from the Warsaw gymnasium, he studied medicine in Warsaw, Munich and Breslau (he received his medical diploma at Kazan University in 1907). In 1907–08 he specialized in physiology at the laboratory in St. Petersburg. I.P. Pavlova, then in clinics in Germany - in Greifswald (1908) and neuropsychiatric. Charite clinic in Berlin (1909–11). Since 1911 - in Switzerland (in Zurich): in 1911-21 assistant, in 1921-28 Art. assistant at Ying-those brain anatomy of Zurich University; in 1928–54 prof. neurology and dir. this in-that, at the same time. hands. neurological. polyclinics of Zurich University (since 1954 Honored Professor, retired). tr. M. dedicated anatomy, physiology and pathology of the optic tract (1913), the formation of statokinetic. reflexes in the fetus and in infancy (1922), athetosis (1925), aphasia, etc. Ed. zhurn. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. Pres. Swiss neurologist. about-va (1943-46), about-va of Swiss friends of the Jewish University in Jerusalem (1932-47), ioch. h. Israeli honey. Associations Minkowski Maurice (1881, Warsaw - 1930, Buenos Aires), painter. In 1900–04 he studied at the Krakow Academy under I. Stanislavsky. From 1904 he participated in exhibitions in Poland as a landscape painter. Shocked by the pogrom in 1905, he turned to Jewish themes. In 1907 he participated in an exhibition of Jewish art. in Berlin. In 1908 he exhibited his works for the first time. in Paris. M.'s personal exhibitions were held in Paris, Antwerp, Dusseldorf, Berlin.
MINKOVSKY Oscar (1858, Aleksota Kovno province. - 1931, Furstenberg-na-Hafele, Germany), physiologist, pathologist, clinician. Doctor of Medicine. (1885), prof. (1891). Brother of G. Minkovsky. After graduating from high school in Konigsberg, he studied medicine in high fur boots in Strasbourg, Freiburg, Konigsberg (1881). He worked at Strasbourg University (from 1888, from 1891 extraordinary prof.); in 1900–05 ch. doctor of mountains. hospitals and simultaneously. (since 1904) prof. Practical Academy medicine in Cologne, then prof. and dir. honey. clinics of high fur boots Greifswald (1905–09) and Breslau (1909–26). M. dedicated problems of diabetes mellitus, as well as metabolism, jaundice, gout, acromegaly, etc. He established the role of the liver in the synthesis of uric acid, urea, bile pigments (1885). In 1889 he established the importance of the pancreas in the origin of diabetes. In 1900 he described it as self-contained. diseases of hereditary (family) hemolytic jaundice (anemia) (Minkowski-Shoffard disease). He was the first to put forward a hypothesis about the pituitary origin of acromegaly (1887). In 1923, together with gr. German doctors were consulted by V.I. Lenin.
MINKOVSKY Pinchas (Pine) (1859, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1924, Boston), cantor (tenor), composer. Rod. in the cantor's family. Beginning muses. got education at hand. father, later studied with N. Blumenthal in Odessa, studied the theory of composition in Vienna with R. Fuchs. He lived in Chisinau, sang in the choir under the exercise. Spivak, in 1877 became his successor. From 1880 - Ch. cantor of the Chisinau Choral Synagogue, cantor in the synagogues of Kherson, Lvov, Odessa. In 1889–92 he was cantor in synagogues in New York, toured with cantor singing concerts. Upon his return to Russia, he became Ch. cantor of the Brodsky Choral Synagogue in Odessa, was before. local departments of Jewish music and Hebrew lovers, incl. muses. about-va "Ga-Zamir". M. belonged to the circles of Jewish intellectuals in Odessa, headed by H.-N. Byalik (wrote songs based on his poems). Since 1917 - prof. of Jewish music and general history of music in the Jewish horse, in Odessa. Since 1922 - in the USA. Publ. pl. Art. in Hebrew, Yiddish, German. and Russian. lang. on the problems of synagogue music. In the USA he gave lectures, sang in synagogues, wrote religion. music, as well as manuals for schoolchildren. Author of the book: "The development of synagogue music before the reforms of the 19th century." (Odessa, 1902, in German); Singing Lessons (Odessa, 1911, in Hebrew). Mn. muses. or T. op. M. remained in manuscripts and are kept in the Jewish nat. b-ke and b-ke of the Jewish un-that in Jerusalem.
MINKOVSKY Eugene (Eugene) (1885, Petersburg - 1972, Paris), psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine (1925). Brother of M. Minkovsky. Rod. in the family of descendants of the Karlin tzaddiks. After graduating from the Warsaw gymnasium, he studied medicine in high fur boots in Warsaw, Munich, Paris. In 1915-1919 he served as a doctor in the French. army. From 1926 he worked as a psychiatrist in the hospitals of Baron E. Rothschild, Henri Roussel in Paris, Ch. doctor at the Soulins Center in Brunois (near Paris) for children with mental disabilities. development. On scientific. M.'s views have rendered meaning. the influence of the philosophy of A. Bergson and E. Husserl (doctrine of phenomenology), as well as the concept of the Swiss psychiatrists E. Bleuler and L. Binswanger. Tr. M. dedicated problems of schizophrenia ("Schizophrenia and the concept of mental illness", 1921; "Schizophrenia", 1927), perception of time ("Experienced Time", 1933), cosmology ("Towards Cosmology", 1936). Together with A. Eyem he founded the journal. "Development of Psychiatry" and was his ed.
MINKUS Adolf Borisovich (1870, Odessa - 1947, ibid.), Architect. In 1890 he graduated from the Odessa art. uch-shche. He began to design and build in 1897, took part in architect. competitions, including for the projects of the Palace of Labor in Moscow (1922, jointly with M.A. Minkus, encouraging etc.) and the building of JSC "Arkos" in Moscow (1923–24, jointly with Minkus). He built a lot in Odessa, Kiev (State footwear factory, 1928–29, jointly with Minkus), Kharkov, Kherson, Nikolaev.
MINKUS Mikhail Adolfovich (1905, Odessa - 1963, Turku, Finland), architect, architect, graphic artist. Son of A.B. Minkus. In 1922, at the age of 17, he first received a pr. On architect. competition for the Palace of Labor (jointly with Minkus), subsequently participated in pl. Izv. architect. contests. He studied architecture. f-those of the Odessa Institute of fig. art, in the studio of MV Zamechek (1923–25), then at the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1925–30). In 1930 he moved to Moscow, where he began working in the workshops, first with V.A. Shchuko and I.A.Fomin, then with P.A. Golosov. During the 1941–45 war, he worked on the defensive building. structures near Moscow. Naib. significant buildings: Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge in Moscow (1938), reconstruction of Pushkinskaya Square. in Moscow (1947), the Botanichesky Sad metro station (now Prospekt Mira, 1952, jointly with VG Gelfreikh), the high-rise building of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Smolenskaya Square. in Moscow (1952, jointly with Gelfreich). The author is graphic. works are in private collections and GNIMA. Author of monographs on the work of Fomin (Moscow, 1953), Shchuko (1954, unpublished).
MINLOS Robert Adolfovich (b. 1931, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1969). Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). Since 1956 - at Moscow State University. Main research results. in func. analysis and statistical. Physics, Vol .: Representations of the group of rotations and the Lorentz group, their applications. M., 1958 (jointly with I.M. Gel'fand and Z.Y. Shapiro); Gibbs random fields. M., 1985 (with V.A. Malyshev).
MINOR (Zalkind) Solomon (Shlomo-Zalman) (1826, Romny, Poltava province - 1900, Vilna), rabbi, publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1848 he entered the Vilna rabbinical school, after graduation he taught the Talmud there. With the support of the followers of the ideas of Gaskala in 1859 he was elected the Minsk state rabbi, the initiator of the creation of the Sabbath school and societies in the city. b-ki. The first in Ros. empire began to speak in the synagogue with sermons in Russian. lang. (collected in the book: "Glas of joy". Minsk, 1862 and "Speech". M., 1895). In 1869, at the invitation of the washers, the community became a state rabbi in Moscow. For speaking out against the eviction of Jews from Moscow and the closure of the Choral Synagogue in 1892, he was removed from office and expelled from Moscow with a ban on living outside the Pale of Settlement. Returning to Vilna, he took up lit. activity: publ. in the Jewish press (in Russian and Hebrew) Art. about Jewish life and the position of Jews (ch. arr. under ps. Remez). Maintained friendly relations with many others. leaders of Russian. culture, including with Leo Tolstoy, to-rum helped to study Hebrew and the Pentateuch. Vol .: After the pogroms. M., 1882; Rabbi Hippolytus of Lutostan and his Talmud and the Jew. M., 1889.
MINOR Lazar Solomonovich (1855, Vilna - 1942, Tashkent), neuropathologist. Doctor of Medicine (1882), prof. (1910). Son of S. Minor, brother of O.S. Minor. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1879). He worked in the clinic for nerve, disease and histological laboratory. Since 1884 privat-doc. Moscow un-that; consultant of the Yauzskaya hospital. In 1910–32, dir. clinic nerve, diseases Higher. wives courses (1918-30 - 2nd Moscow State University, from 1930 - 2nd MMI). one of the founders (along with A.Ya. Kozhevnikov and others) washes, schools of neuropathologists. First described the center. hematomyelia (1892), proposed a method for distinguishing lumbago from sciatica, described the symptom complex in injuries of the cervical sympathetic nerve, paid great attention to the problems of epilepsy. prev. Moscow about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists (1927), one of the organizers of the Moscow. about-va to combat alcoholism (1927) and All-Russia. council of anti-alcoholic societies (1928); member editorial board of the "Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry. S.S.Korsakov "(since 1900). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1927) Vol .: On the issue of drunkenness and its treatment in special institutions for drunkards. SPb., 1887; Numbers and observations from the field of alcoholism. Report at the first All-Russia. Congress on the fight against drunkenness. M., 1910; Treatment of nervous diseases. M.-L., 1935 Son of M. - V. (1890 - |), neuropathologist. He studied the issues of dysfunction of the autonomic nerve. systems. The test M. is named after him - a method for determining the boundaries of the region. sweating disorders.
MINOR Osip (Joseph) Solomonovich (1861, Minsk - 1934, Paris), politician. Son of S. Minor, brother of L.S. Minor. In the beginning. 1880s student of Moscow. un-that, chl. Narodnaya Volya circle. In oct. 1883 arrested and exiled to Tula. Since 1885 student of Demidov's law. lyceum in Yaroslavl, led a roar. propaganda among lyceum students, workers, garrison officers. In July 1885 he was arrested again, after 2.5 years of preliminary detention he was exiled without trial to Sredne-Kolymsk, Yakutsk region. The participant is armed. performances of political exiles in Yakutsk ("Yakutskaya tragedy", 1889), was wounded, sentenced to death, replaced by indefinite hard labor (served in Vilyuisk and Akatuiskaya convict prison). Since 1897 in a settlement in Chita. In 1898 he returned to Europe. Russia, from 1900 he lived in Vilna, was printed in gas. "North-West. word". From 1902 - Socialist Revolutionary, exiled to Slutsk in the same year, soon emigrated. In Switzerland, Zagran headed. org-tion of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. From the end. 1905 in Russia, cases. 1st Congress of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (1906), in the summer of 1906 created and headed the military. organization of the SRs in Tiflis, emigrated because of the threat of arrest. In 1908 he was authorized by the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the Volga region. Arrested in Jan. 1909 in Saratov. In 1910 he was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 arrived in Moscow, member. Moscow to-that party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, from July 1917 before. Moscow mountains. thoughts. From Oct. 1917 anti-Bolshevik. positions; member Will establish. collection from Moscow, was repeatedly repressed by the Sov. authorities. In 1918, together with the Czechoslovak socialists, he reached Vladivostok, from where he left for Paris. One of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary emigration, from 1920 ed. gas. "Will of Russia" (Prague), since 1922 - journal. "Will of Russia". Was before. Ob-va of assistance to emigrants and political prisoners of Russia. Vol .: It was a long time ago ... soldier of the revolution. Paris, 1933.
MINORSKY Vladimir Fedorovich (1877, Korcheva, Tver province - 1966, Cambridge, Great Britain, buried in Moscow), orientalist. S. Minor's nephew. In 1900 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that and in 1903 Lazarevsky Institute of East. lang. From 1903 he served in the Russian Foreign Ministry, was a diploma. work in Iran and Turkey. In 1917-19 he lived in Iran, in 1919-1932 - in France, from 1932 - in Great Britain. He taught in 1923–32 at the Nat. school of living east. lang. (Paris), from 1932 - in high fur boots of London (from 1937 prof.) And Cambridge. Member Brit. royal and Franz. academies. Author tr. on the history of Iran, Turkey and decomp. issues of ethnography and oriental studies.
MINOVKA, a village in the Poltava district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konstantinograd u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МИНСК, город, столица Республики Беларусь. Изв. с 1067. С 1104 – центр Минского кн-ва. С 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1499 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой, со 2-й пол. 16 в. – центр Минского воеводства. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Минской губ. В 1919–91 – столица БССР.В 1766 в М. проживало 12 979 евреев, в 1847 – ок. 13 000, в 1878 – 23 500 (59,5%), в 1897 – 47 562 (52,3%), в 1910 – 43 235 (43,3%), в 1923 – 48 312, в 1926 – 53 686 (40,8%), в 1939 – 71 000 (29,7%), в 1959 – 38 842, в 1970 – 47 057, в 1979 – 46 205, в 1989 – 39 135, в 1997 – ок. 30 000 евреев.Евреи жили в М. с нач. 16 в. В 1579 король Речи Посполитой Стефан Баторий издал грамоту, предоставлявшую евреям право торговли в М. По требованию христианского населения король Сигизмунд III Ваза отменил это право, но в 1609 освободил евреев от спец. налогов, а в 1616 разрешил евреям торговать в М.; в 1629 евреи имели право владеть лавками в городе. В 1649 в М. существовали синагога, еврейское кладбище, баня; евреям принадлежали 21 участок земли и 10 лавок.В 1655, во время рус.-польск. войны, большинство евреев покинуло М. В 1658 М. вновь перешел под власть Речи Посполитой; и еврейская община была восстановлена. Евреям было запрещено жить в пределах М., они селились в его предместьях на землях, арендованных у униатов. Евреи неоднократно становились жертвами вражды между православным населением М. и униатами; в 1671 произошел погром евреев и униатов, учиненный православными гражданами М.В 1679 король Ян III Собеский грамотой подтвердил права евреев на занятие торговлей и ремеслами в М. и разрешил им владеть в городе земельными участками и домами. Судам было запрещено вызывать евреев в суд в субботу и еврейские праздники.Первым раввином М. был раби Мойше (?–1696), в 1685 им была открыта первая иешива. В 1712–42 раввином М. был Ихиель Гальприн (ок. 1600–1742), в 1744 – его сын Мойше, после смерти к-рого раввином стал Йосеф Рапопорт (?–1778). В 1778–93 раввином М. был глава местной иешивы Гершон Хариф, в 1793–1813 – Исроэль Миркиш (?–1813), в 1813–19 – Шмуэль Сегал (?–1819), в 1819–36 – Исроэль Гальприн (?–1836). В 1867 в М. действовало 11 синагог.В 18–19 вв. осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев М. – торговля, ремесла, сбор налогов, аренда помещичьих имений. Еврею принадлежала шляпная ф-ка.В 19 в. в М. было неск. синагог любавичских, койдановских и слонимских хасидов. В 1808 в М. открылась первая еврейская типография. В 1842 по инициативе Давида Ароновича Лурье (1811, Минск – 1873, Кёнигсберг) в талмуд-торе для сирот (осн. в 1809) были введены общеобразоват. дисциплины. В 1847 в М. была учреждена первая в России еврейская школа 1-го разряда. В 1874 в М. работали казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда и два частных уч-ща, в 1883 – талмуд-тора, еврейская муж. школа рус. грамотности, нач. уч-ще с ремесл. классом (в 1892 – 84 уч-ся), дир. – раввин А.В.Ханелес (1841, Минск – 1915, там же) – один из лидеров «Ховевей Цион» в М., в 1892–93 – одноклассное еврейское уч-ще, в к-ром обучалось 193 мальчика.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в руках евреев М. была сосредоточена почти вся торговля лесом и б. ч. фабрично-заводской пром-сти. Крупнейший Кошарский машиностроит. и чугуно-меднометаллургич. з-д основан в М. в 1881 предпринимателем Н.Я.Якобсоном. В кон. 1900-х гг. т-во з-да «Якобсон и КО» объединилось с торг. домом Г.Л.Лифшица, владевшим машиностроит. з-дом («Вокзальным»), создав новое т-во «Якобсон, Лифшиц и КО». З-д имел литейный, слесарно-токарный, кузнечный, сборочный, столярный цеха, мастерскую для изготовления печных приборов. К 1913 оба з-да образовали единый производств. комплекс с годовым оборотом в 1 млн. 149, 6 тыс. руб. и общим числом рабочих в 350 чел. В 1897 инженерами И.В.Залкиндом и Г.Вильбушевичем был основан машиностроит.з-д «Технолог», где в 1913 работали 190 чел., а годовой оборот приближался к 300 тыс. руб. В 1908 пущен в действие чугунолитейный з-д «Гигант», к-рый в 1912 был реконструирован и переименован в з-д «Энергия» т-ва Ш.А.Поляка, Л.И.Дорского и Д.С.Семенюка.Евреям М. принадлежали 3 табачные ф-ки, крахмально-паточный з-д, пивоваренный, кожевенный, колбасный, обувные, кирпичные, стекольные, мыловаренный з-ды и др. Евреи владели также большинством гостиниц, магазинов (в т. ч. мебельным, оптово-розничных мануфактурных товаров, книжными) и типографиями.Евреи занимали видное место в финансово-кредитной сфере М. В 1873 в М. был учрежден Коммерческий банк, осн. капитал к-рого к 1897 составил 1 млн. руб. В 1895 б. ч. акций банка была в руках банкира Я.С.Поляка. В 1890-х гг. в М. открылось отд-ние Азовско-Донского банка (в 1908 управляющий – Д.С.Ратнер); вице-директорами отд-ния Рус.-Азиатского банка в М. были Б.Л.Фельдман и Н.И.Нисельсон. В 1907 управляющим отд-нием Сев.банка в М. был Л.М.Ароновский, в 1908 – С.С.Фрадкин. В 1916 дир. отд-ния Петрогр. междунар. коммерч. банка в М. был И.И.Бунимович, правление Купеч. общ-ва взаимного кредита возглавлял Л.В.Элиасберг, дир. гор. Кредитного об-ва был Ф.И.Горин; пред. правления Ремесл. т-ва был И.С.Волкомич, пред. Торг.-пром. об-ва взаимного кредита – С.Г.Лифшиц.В 1905–06 в М. работали одноклассное уч-ще (240 уч-ся), два 2-классных уч-ща с жен. сменой, 4-классное жен. уч-ще с приготовит. классом и бесплатными вечерними курсами, одноклассное муж. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (77 мальчиков; содержатель – Израиль Пейсахович Каплан, 1869, Тульчин – 1927, Тель-Авив), первое жен. с ремесл. отд-нием уч-ще (118 девочек). В 1905 открылись одноклассное жен. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (содержательница Каплан), бесплатная вечерняя одноклассная школа для еврейских мальчиков-ремесленников (54 уч-ся), в 1908 – жен. 2-классное уч-ще «Об-ва для воспитания бедных еврейских девочек и обучения их домоводству», субботне-воскресные курсы для взрослых евреев при первонач. муж. с ремесл. отд-нием уч-ще.После 1905 стали открываться еврейские технич. (ремесл.) уч-ща, однако преподавать в них должны были только рус. учителя. Были открыты также реальные уч-ща с еврейскими преподавателями, 3 жен. гимназии, гимназия торговли и иностр. яз., классич. гимназия. В 1913 было закрыто еврейское коммерч. уч-ще. Во избежание враждебного отношения со стороны властей к др. еврейским уч. заведениям, их руководители рекомендовали ученикам не участвовать в вечерах, посв. творчеству Ш.Ан-ского, памяти Т. Герцля, не посещать спектакли на иврите (напр., «Уриель Акоста»). В 1915 в М. работало учительское об-во, в 1916 – ремесл. уч-ще ОРТа, частное еврейское уч-ще Э.М.Хайкина, вечерние курсы англ. яз. при ЕКО, отд-ние ОПЕ.Должность ученого еврея занимали О.Я.Гурвич, затем Б.Ц.Шейндельс. Казенным раввином М. в 1859-69 был С.Минор, в 1872 – 1915 – А.В. Ханелес.Евреи составляли подавляющее большинство врачей, дантистов, фельдшеров, акушерок и повивальных бабок М., были организаторами и руководителями двух зубоврачебных и акушерской школ. В нач. 20 в. вице-през. Об-ва врачей М. был О.Л.Лунц (1825 – 1918), пред. правления Медико-хирургич. об-ва (с 1916) – Н.И.Гуревич, секр. отд-ния Рус. об-ва охранения нар. здравия – М.А.Поляк.Благотворит. работой в М. руководило Еврейское центр. благотворит. об-во. В 1909 в его систему входили еврейская больница (на 65 коек), богадельня (на 80 коек), об-ва «Линас га-Цедек», «Яд-Харуцим», талмуд-тора, об-во при муж. ремесл. уч-ще, школа домоводства, дешевая столовая. К 1914 было создано благотворит. об-во «Мишмерес хойлим».В 1910 М. посетил Шолом-Алейхем, к-рый выступил с чтением своих рассказов. В нач. 1910-х гг. в М. выходила на идише еженед. газ. «Минскер вохенблат».В 1876 в М. вольнослушателем Петерб. технологич. ин-та М.Шварцем (Рабинович-Черный) были созданы подпольные кружки и группы, пропагандировавшие идеологию и тактику народничества. В 1884-85 в М. появились рабочие кружки марксистского направления (организаторы – Э.А.Абрамович и И.А.Гурвич), к-рые насчитывали св.100 чел. В 1882 при активном участии Иегошуа-Дова Бейнинсона (1846, Бобруйск – 1931, Тель-Авив) и Шлоймо-Залмана Цукермана (1867, Сморгонь – 1927, Гедера, Э.-И.) была создана группа «Кибуц нидхей Исраэль», поставившая своей целью покупку земель в Э.-И. Представители М. участвовали в съездах «Ховевей Цион», конгрессах сионистов. С 1897 в М. существовала орг-ция Бунда (ок. 1 тыс. чел.), нек-рое время находился его ЦК. Бунд был одним из инициаторов и организаторов 1-го съезда РСДРП в 1898, к-рый проходил в М. В 1898 в квартире Евеля Шермана полицией была ликвидирована подпольная типография Бунда.В 1880-90-х гг. М. – один из центров деятельности «Поалей Цион», активным деятелем к-рого был А.Литвин. В 1901 в М. в противовес Бунду при поддержке властей была создана Еврейская независимая рабочая партия (лидеры – А.И.Чемерисский, М.Вильбушевич, Ю.С.Волин). В 1902 в М. состоялся Всерос. съезд сионистских кружков России («Минское собрание»). Депутатом от Минской губ. в 1-ю Гос. Думу был избран С.Я.Розенбаум.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 евреи М. играли заметную роль в антиправит. демонстрациях и забастовках. 5 окт. 1905 ок. 600 чл. Бунда устроили митинг в синагоге на Болотной ул., разогнанный полицией; ок. 20 чел. были ранены. В 1906 в М. действовали боевые отряды Бунда (60 чел.; 35 браунингов, 65 др. револьверов, 25 винтовок), орг-ция «Поалей Цион», в 1913 – отд-ние ССРП.В 1901–06 в М. по инициативе д-ра медицины О.Л.Лунца на средства евреев города было возведено здание Хоральной синагоги. В 1910 в М. – 52 синагоги, 3 еврейских кладбища. Раввинами М. были: в 1883-96 – Йерухам-Иегуда-Лейб Перельман (1835–1896), в 1896–1924 – его зять Э.Рабинович, с 1896 – Ицхок Рабин, с нач. 1900-х гг. по 1925 – Мендель-Лейб Левин (1872–?, Тель-Авив). В нач. 20 в. в М. действовало 6 иешив, в 1917 – 83 синагоги.Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из прифронтовой зоны; в М. находились преподаватели и учащиеся Воложинской иешивы.В апр. 1917 в М. стали выходить еженед. «Дос идиш ворт», в июне – бундовская ежедн. газ. «Дер векер», в дек. 1917 – сионистская «Дер ид». 4 марта 1917 был создан Совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, пред. к-рого стал Б.П.Позерн. Ю.Д.Бруцкус был избран депутатом Учредит. собрания от Минской губ., А.И.Вайнштейн стал пред. гор. думы. В мае 1917 в М. был сформирован Сев.-Зап. обл. к-т Бунда (А.И.Вайнштейн, М.Я.Фрумкина, А.Д. Киржниц, А.Ю.Браун, Я.Левин, Р.О.Левит). В июле 1917 был создан к-т сионистских орг-ций М., Витебска и Могилева, в сент. 1917 прошла конф. сионистских орг-ций, насчитывавших 75 тыс. чел. 20 янв. 1918 состоялся митинг, организованный Бундом в поддержку местной гор. думы и против политики большевиков.Оккупировав М. в 1918, герм. командование разрешило евреям провести выборы в правление общины, на к-рых большинство голосов получили сионисты и «Поалей Цион». После восстановления сов. власти в М. (дек. 1918) все еврейские издания (кроме бундовского «Дер векер») были запрещены.В 1918 в М. было создано отд-ние орг-ции «Ге-Халуц», ЦК к-рого в янв. 1919 из Петрограда (совр. Санкт-Петербург) был переведен в М. Тогда же в М. прибыли руководители орг-ции во главе с И.Трумпельдором, к-рый организовал в М. отряд еврейской самообороны. В 1919 в М. действовало молодежное отд-ние Бунда (70–100 чел.). 1–3 марта 1919 в М., в помещении Еврейского коммунистич. клуба им. К.Либкнехта, состоялась 1-я конф. Еврейской компартии Белоруссии (42 дел.).8 авг. 1919, сразу после вступления в М. польск. войск, произошел еврейский погром, в ходе к-рого было убито более 30 евреев, разгромлено св. 500 еврейских домов, квартир и магазинов.С сент. 1919 начала выходить ежедн. сионистская газ. «Фарн фолк» («Для народа»), затем – ежедн. бундовская газ. «Дер Минскер векер». В 1919 в исполком Минского Совета входило 13 бундовцев.В янв. 1920 в М. состоялась конф. по избранию правления общины. Почетным през. Нар. совета (руководящего органа всех общин Белоруссии) был избран сионист д-р Хаим Хургин (1855, Минск – 1938, Тель-Авив).После освобождения М. от польск. войск (июль 1920) община была распущена. Евсекция предприняла попытку создания «красной еврейской общины» во главе с «красным раввином»; из-за сопротивления верующих попытка провалилась.В 1921 было восстановлено существовавшее ранее ремесл. уч-ще ОРТа; прошел суд над раввином Копеловичем. В 1923 «Ге-Халуц» ходатайствовал перед НКВД о легализации орг-ции (до 200 чел.). В нач. 1920-х гг. в М. велась нелег. сионистская деятельность.9 июля 1922 в М. произошел еврейский погром, поводом для к-рого стала ссора между крестьянином и уличной торговкой; было убито 2 и ранено 6 евреев, св. 100 чел. арестованы.В 1920–30-х гг. на руководящей парт., сов. и проф. работе находилось значит. число евреев. Первым секр. ЦК Компартии Белоруссии в 1928–29 был Я.Б.Гамарник. При гор. отд. образования работало Еврейское бюро. В 1922 действовала евпартшкола (40 курсантов). В 1926 евреи составляли 39% уч-ся в Строит. профшколе и 53% – в Объединенной профшколе.В 1920-х гг. в М. выходили респ. издания: газ. «Октябер» (1925-41), «Юнгер арбайтер», «Юнгер ленинец», лит. журн. «Штерн», с 1926 – науч. журн. «Цейтшрифт».В 1921 в М. было открыто еврейское отд-ние пед. ф-та БГУ. В том же году была создана еврейская театр. студия на идише во главе с М.Ф.Рафальским, преобразованная в 1926 в БелГОСЕТ. В 1923 была закрыта Хоральная синагога; здание было отдано под рабочий клуб, затем передано БелГОСЕТу.Раввином М. в 1924–34 был М.А.Глускин. В 1920-х гг. в М. начали закрывать синагоги. Иешива при поддержке Й.-И.Шнеерсона продолжала нелегально работать до кон. 1930-х гг. Нелегальной деятельностью любавичских хасидов в 1920-х гг. руководил А.-Б.Певзнер. В сер. 1920-х гг. в М. нелегально действовала молодежная орг-ция любавичских хасидов «Тиферет бахурим». В 1924, 1927 прошли аресты членов «Ге-Халуц».В 1924 был образован Еврейский отдел Ин-та белорусской культуры (ИнБелкульт), позднее – еврейский сектор Белорусской АН (БАН). В 1926 в М. действовали организованные «Ге-Халуц» кузница «Авода», слесарно-механич. мастерская «Масрер», слесарная мастерская «Тоэлет», жестяная мастерская «1 Мая». В 1920–30-х гг. в М. работали еврейский пед. техникум и отд-ние Высш. пед. ин-та (позднее – Минский пединститут им. А.М.Горького), в 1921–35 в предместье Курасовщина (ныне в составе М.) – еврейский зоотехникум. В 1932 на базе еврейского сектора БАН был образован Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры (закрыт в 1935). В кон. 1930-х гг. все еврейские школы, техникумы и отд-ния вузов были закрыты, мн. представители еврейской культуры, евреи – сов. и парт. работники репрессированы., pronunciation=МИНСК, город, столица Республики Беларусь. Изв. с 1067. С 1104 – центр Минского кн-ва. С 14 в. – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1499 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой, со 2-й пол. 16 в. – центр Минского воеводства. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Минской губ. В 1919–91 – столица БССР.В 1766 в М. проживало 12 979 евреев, в 1847 – ок. 13 000, в 1878 – 23 500 (59,5%), в 1897 – 47 562 (52,3%), в 1910 – 43 235 (43,3%), в 1923 – 48 312, в 1926 – 53 686 (40,8%), в 1939 – 71 000 (29,7%), в 1959 – 38 842, в 1970 – 47 057, в 1979 – 46 205, в 1989 – 39 135, в 1997 – ок. 30 000 евреев.Евреи жили в М. с нач. 16 в. В 1579 король Речи Посполитой Стефан Баторий издал грамоту, предоставлявшую евреям право торговли в М. По требованию христианского населения король Сигизмунд III Ваза отменил это право, но в 1609 освободил евреев от спец. налогов, а в 1616 разрешил евреям торговать в М.; в 1629 евреи имели право владеть лавками в городе. В 1649 в М. существовали синагога, еврейское кладбище, баня; евреям принадлежали 21 участок земли и 10 лавок.В 1655, во время рус.-польск. войны, большинство евреев покинуло М. В 1658 М. вновь перешел под власть Речи Посполитой; и еврейская община была восстановлена. Евреям было запрещено жить в пределах М., они селились в его предместьях на землях, арендованных у униатов. Евреи неоднократно становились жертвами вражды между православным населением М. и униатами; в 1671 произошел погром евреев и униатов, учиненный православными гражданами М.В 1679 король Ян III Собеский грамотой подтвердил права евреев на занятие торговлей и ремеслами в М. и разрешил им владеть в городе земельными участками и домами. Судам было запрещено вызывать евреев в суд в субботу и еврейские праздники.Первым раввином М. был раби Мойше (?–1696), в 1685 им была открыта первая иешива. В 1712–42 раввином М. был Ихиель Гальприн (ок. 1600–1742), в 1744 – его сын Мойше, после смерти к-рого раввином стал Йосеф Рапопорт (?–1778). В 1778–93 раввином М. был глава местной иешивы Гершон Хариф, в 1793–1813 – Исроэль Миркиш (?–1813), в 1813–19 – Шмуэль Сегал (?–1819), в 1819–36 – Исроэль Гальприн (?–1836). В 1867 в М. действовало 11 синагог.В 18–19 вв. осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев М. – торговля, ремесла, сбор налогов, аренда помещичьих имений. Еврею принадлежала шляпная ф-ка.В 19 в. в М. было неск. синагог любавичских, койдановских и слонимских хасидов. В 1808 в М. открылась первая еврейская типография. В 1842 по инициативе Давида Ароновича Лурье (1811, Минск – 1873, Кёнигсберг) в талмуд-торе для сирот (осн. в 1809) были введены общеобразоват. дисциплины. В 1847 в М. была учреждена первая в России еврейская школа 1-го разряда. В 1874 в М. работали казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда и два частных уч-ща, в 1883 – талмуд-тора, еврейская муж. школа рус. грамотности, нач. уч-ще с ремесл. классом (в 1892 – 84 уч-ся), дир. – раввин А.В.Ханелес (1841, Минск – 1915, там же) – один из лидеров «Ховевей Цион» в М., в 1892–93 – одноклассное еврейское уч-ще, в к-ром обучалось 193 мальчика.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в руках евреев М. была сосредоточена почти вся торговля лесом и б. ч. фабрично-заводской пром-сти. Крупнейший Кошарский машиностроит. и чугуно-меднометаллургич. з-д основан в М. в 1881 предпринимателем Н.Я.Якобсоном. В кон. 1900-х гг. т-во з-да «Якобсон и КО» объединилось с торг. домом Г.Л.Лифшица, владевшим машиностроит. з-дом («Вокзальным»), создав новое т-во «Якобсон, Лифшиц и КО». З-д имел литейный, слесарно-токарный, кузнечный, сборочный, столярный цеха, мастерскую для изготовления печных приборов. К 1913 оба з-да образовали единый производств. комплекс с годовым оборотом в 1 млн. 149, 6 тыс. руб. и общим числом рабочих в 350 чел. В 1897 инженерами И.В.Залкиндом и Г.Вильбушевичем был основан машиностроит.з-д «Технолог», где в 1913 работали 190 чел., а годовой оборот приближался к 300 тыс. руб. В 1908 пущен в действие чугунолитейный з-д «Гигант», к-рый в 1912 был реконструирован и переименован в з-д «Энергия» т-ва Ш.А.Поляка, Л.И.Дорского и Д.С.Семенюка.Евреям М. принадлежали 3 табачные ф-ки, крахмально-паточный з-д, пивоваренный, кожевенный, колбасный, обувные, кирпичные, стекольные, мыловаренный з-ды и др. Евреи владели также большинством гостиниц, магазинов (в т. ч. мебельным, оптово-розничных мануфактурных товаров, книжными) и типографиями.Евреи занимали видное место в финансово-кредитной сфере М. В 1873 в М. был учрежден Коммерческий банк, осн. капитал к-рого к 1897 составил 1 млн. руб. В 1895 б. ч. акций банка была в руках банкира Я.С.Поляка. В 1890-х гг. в М. открылось отд-ние Азовско-Донского банка (в 1908 управляющий – Д.С.Ратнер); вице-директорами отд-ния Рус.-Азиатского банка в М. были Б.Л.Фельдман и Н.И.Нисельсон. В 1907 управляющим отд-нием Сев.банка в М. был Л.М.Ароновский, в 1908 – С.С.Фрадкин. В 1916 дир. отд-ния Петрогр. междунар. коммерч. банка в М. был И.И.Бунимович, правление Купеч. общ-ва взаимного кредита возглавлял Л.В.Элиасберг, дир. гор. Кредитного об-ва был Ф.И.Горин; пред. правления Ремесл. т-ва был И.С.Волкомич, пред. Торг.-пром. об-ва взаимного кредита – С.Г.Лифшиц.В 1905–06 в М. работали одноклассное уч-ще (240 уч-ся), два 2-классных уч-ща с жен. сменой, 4-классное жен. уч-ще с приготовит. классом и бесплатными вечерними курсами, одноклассное муж. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (77 мальчиков; содержатель – Израиль Пейсахович Каплан, 1869, Тульчин – 1927, Тель-Авив), первое жен. с ремесл. отд-нием уч-ще (118 девочек). В 1905 открылись одноклассное жен. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (содержательница Каплан), бесплатная вечерняя одноклассная школа для еврейских мальчиков-ремесленников (54 уч-ся), в 1908 – жен. 2-классное уч-ще «Об-ва для воспитания бедных еврейских девочек и обучения их домоводству», субботне-воскресные курсы для взрослых евреев при первонач. муж. с ремесл. отд-нием уч-ще.После 1905 стали открываться еврейские технич. (ремесл.) уч-ща, однако преподавать в них должны были только рус. учителя. Были открыты также реальные уч-ща с еврейскими преподавателями, 3 жен. гимназии, гимназия торговли и иностр. яз., классич. гимназия. В 1913 было закрыто еврейское коммерч. уч-ще. Во избежание враждебного отношения со стороны властей к др. еврейским уч. заведениям, их руководители рекомендовали ученикам не участвовать в вечерах, посв. творчеству Ш.Ан-ского, памяти Т. Герцля, не посещать спектакли на иврите (напр., «Уриель Акоста»). В 1915 в М. работало учительское об-во, в 1916 – ремесл. уч-ще ОРТа, частное еврейское уч-ще Э.М.Хайкина, вечерние курсы англ. яз. при ЕКО, отд-ние ОПЕ.Должность ученого еврея занимали О.Я.Гурвич, затем Б.Ц.Шейндельс. Казенным раввином М. в 1859-69 был С.Минор, в 1872 – 1915 – А.В. Ханелес.Евреи составляли подавляющее большинство врачей, дантистов, фельдшеров, акушерок и повивальных бабок М., были организаторами и руководителями двух зубоврачебных и акушерской школ. В нач. 20 в. вице-през. Об-ва врачей М. был О.Л.Лунц (1825 – 1918), пред. правления Медико-хирургич. об-ва (с 1916) – Н.И.Гуревич, секр. отд-ния Рус. об-ва охранения нар. здравия – М.А.Поляк.Благотворит. работой в М. руководило Еврейское центр. благотворит. об-во. В 1909 в его систему входили еврейская больница (на 65 коек), богадельня (на 80 коек), об-ва «Линас га-Цедек», «Яд-Харуцим», талмуд-тора, об-во при муж. ремесл. уч-ще, школа домоводства, дешевая столовая. К 1914 было создано благотворит. об-во «Мишмерес хойлим».В 1910 М. посетил Шолом-Алейхем, к-рый выступил с чтением своих рассказов. В нач. 1910-х гг. в М. выходила на идише еженед. газ. «Минскер вохенблат».В 1876 в М. вольнослушателем Петерб. технологич. ин-та М.Шварцем (Рабинович-Черный) были созданы подпольные кружки и группы, пропагандировавшие идеологию и тактику народничества. В 1884-85 в М. появились рабочие кружки марксистского направления (организаторы – Э.А.Абрамович и И.А.Гурвич), к-рые насчитывали св.100 чел. В 1882 при активном участии Иегошуа-Дова Бейнинсона (1846, Бобруйск – 1931, Тель-Авив) и Шлоймо-Залмана Цукермана (1867, Сморгонь – 1927, Гедера, Э.-И.) была создана группа «Кибуц нидхей Исраэль», поставившая своей целью покупку земель в Э.-И. Представители М. участвовали в съездах «Ховевей Цион», конгрессах сионистов. С 1897 в М. существовала орг-ция Бунда (ок. 1 тыс. чел.), нек-рое время находился его ЦК. Бунд был одним из инициаторов и организаторов 1-го съезда РСДРП в 1898, к-рый проходил в М. В 1898 в квартире Евеля Шермана полицией была ликвидирована подпольная типография Бунда.В 1880-90-х гг. М. – один из центров деятельности «Поалей Цион», активным деятелем к-рого был А.Литвин. В 1901 в М. в противовес Бунду при поддержке властей была создана Еврейская независимая рабочая партия (лидеры – А.И.Чемерисский, М.Вильбушевич, Ю.С.Волин). В 1902 в М. состоялся Всерос. съезд сионистских кружков России («Минское собрание»). Депутатом от Минской губ. в 1-ю Гос. Думу был избран С.Я.Розенбаум.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 евреи М. играли заметную роль в антиправит. демонстрациях и забастовках. 5 окт. 1905 ок. 600 чл. Бунда устроили митинг в синагоге на Болотной ул., разогнанный полицией; ок. 20 чел. были ранены. В 1906 в М. действовали боевые отряды Бунда (60 чел.; 35 браунингов, 65 др. револьверов, 25 винтовок), орг-ция «Поалей Цион», в 1913 – отд-ние ССРП.В 1901–06 в М. по инициативе д-ра медицины О.Л.Лунца на средства евреев города было возведено здание Хоральной синагоги. В 1910 в М. – 52 синагоги, 3 еврейских кладбища. Раввинами М. были: в 1883-96 – Йерухам-Иегуда-Лейб Перельман (1835–1896), в 1896–1924 – его зять Э.Рабинович, с 1896 – Ицхок Рабин, с нач. 1900-х гг. по 1925 – Мендель-Лейб Левин (1872–?, Тель-Авив). В нач. 20 в. в М. действовало 6 иешив, в 1917 – 83 синагоги.Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения М. увеличилась за счет беженцев из прифронтовой зоны; в М. находились преподаватели и учащиеся Воложинской иешивы.В апр. 1917 в М. стали выходить еженед. «Дос идиш ворт», в июне – бундовская ежедн. газ. «Дер векер», в дек. 1917 – сионистская «Дер ид». 4 марта 1917 был создан Совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, пред. к-рого стал Б.П.Позерн. Ю.Д.Бруцкус был избран депутатом Учредит. собрания от Минской губ., А.И.Вайнштейн стал пред. гор. думы. В мае 1917 в М. был сформирован Сев.-Зап. обл. к-т Бунда (А.И.Вайнштейн, М.Я.Фрумкина, А.Д. Киржниц, А.Ю.Браун, Я.Левин, Р.О.Левит). В июле 1917 был создан к-т сионистских орг-ций М., Витебска и Могилева, в сент. 1917 прошла конф. сионистских орг-ций, насчитывавших 75 тыс. чел. 20 янв. 1918 состоялся митинг, организованный Бундом в поддержку местной гор. думы и против политики большевиков.Оккупировав М. в 1918, герм. командование разрешило евреям провести выборы в правление общины, на к-рых большинство голосов получили сионисты и «Поалей Цион». После восстановления сов. власти в М. (дек. 1918) все еврейские издания (кроме бундовского «Дер векер») были запрещены.В 1918 в М. было создано отд-ние орг-ции «Ге-Халуц», ЦК к-рого в янв. 1919 из Петрограда (совр. Санкт-Петербург) был переведен в М. Тогда же в М. прибыли руководители орг-ции во главе с И.Трумпельдором, к-рый организовал в М. отряд еврейской самообороны. В 1919 в М. действовало молодежное отд-ние Бунда (70–100 чел.). 1–3 марта 1919 в М., в помещении Еврейского коммунистич. клуба им. К.Либкнехта, состоялась 1-я конф. Еврейской компартии Белоруссии (42 дел.).8 авг. 1919, сразу после вступления в М. польск. войск, произошел еврейский погром, в ходе к-рого было убито более 30 евреев, разгромлено св. 500 еврейских домов, квартир и магазинов.С сент. 1919 начала выходить ежедн. сионистская газ. «Фарн фолк» («Для народа»), затем – ежедн. бундовская газ. «Дер Минскер векер». В 1919 в исполком Минского Совета входило 13 бундовцев.В янв. 1920 в М. состоялась конф. по избранию правления общины. Почетным през. Нар. совета (руководящего органа всех общин Белоруссии) был избран сионист д-р Хаим Хургин (1855, Минск – 1938, Тель-Авив).После освобождения М. от польск. войск (июль 1920) община была распущена. Евсекция предприняла попытку создания «красной еврейской общины» во главе с «красным раввином»; из-за сопротивления верующих попытка провалилась.В 1921 было восстановлено существовавшее ранее ремесл. уч-ще ОРТа; прошел суд над раввином Копеловичем. В 1923 «Ге-Халуц» ходатайствовал перед НКВД о легализации орг-ции (до 200 чел.). В нач. 1920-х гг. в М. велась нелег. сионистская деятельность.9 июля 1922 в М. произошел еврейский погром, поводом для к-рого стала ссора между крестьянином и уличной торговкой; было убито 2 и ранено 6 евреев, св. 100 чел. арестованы.В 1920–30-х гг. на руководящей парт., сов. и проф. работе находилось значит. число евреев. Первым секр. ЦК Компартии Белоруссии в 1928–29 был Я.Б.Гамарник. При гор. отд. образования работало Еврейское бюро. В 1922 действовала евпартшкола (40 курсантов). В 1926 евреи составляли 39% уч-ся в Строит. профшколе и 53% – в Объединенной профшколе.В 1920-х гг. в М. выходили респ. издания: газ. «Октябер» (1925-41), «Юнгер арбайтер», «Юнгер ленинец», лит. журн. «Штерн», с 1926 – науч. журн. «Цейтшрифт».В 1921 в М. было открыто еврейское отд-ние пед. ф-та БГУ. В том же году была создана еврейская театр. студия на идише во главе с М.Ф.Рафальским, преобразованная в 1926 в БелГОСЕТ. В 1923 была закрыта Хоральная синагога; здание было отдано под рабочий клуб, затем передано БелГОСЕТу.Раввином М. в 1924–34 был М.А.Глускин. В 1920-х гг. в М. начали закрывать синагоги. Иешива при поддержке Й.-И.Шнеерсона продолжала нелегально работать до кон. 1930-х гг. Нелегальной деятельностью любавичских хасидов в 1920-х гг. руководил А.-Б.Певзнер. В сер. 1920-х гг. в М. нелегально действовала молодежная орг-ция любавичских хасидов «Тиферет бахурим». В 1924, 1927 прошли аресты членов «Ге-Халуц».В 1924 был образован Еврейский отдел Ин-та белорусской культуры (ИнБелкульт), позднее – еврейский сектор Белорусской АН (БАН). В 1926 в М. действовали организованные «Ге-Халуц» кузница «Авода», слесарно-механич. мастерская «Масрер», слесарная мастерская «Тоэлет», жестяная мастерская «1 Мая». В 1920–30-х гг. в М. работали еврейский пед. техникум и отд-ние Высш. пед. ин-та (позднее – Минский пединститут им. А.М.Горького), в 1921–35 в предместье Курасовщина (ныне в составе М.) – еврейский зоотехникум. В 1932 на базе еврейского сектора БАН был образован Ин-т еврейской пролетарской культуры (закрыт в 1935). В кон. 1930-х гг. все еврейские школы, техникумы и отд-ния вузов были закрыты, мн. представители еврейской культуры, евреи – сов. и парт. работники репрессированы., extra_data="{'translat...")
MINSKY Efim Markovich (1906, Odessa - 1987, Moscow), teacher. He studied at the Odessa ped. in-those. In the 1920s. worked as an educator and pioneer leader. In 1929 M. organized the Children's Station in Odessa. entertainment, edges transformed into the Obl. house thin. education of children, where he worked until 1934. In 1935 M. created the first game library in the USSR. In 1941, 46 in the army, in 1941–45 at the front. In 1946–87 in Moscow. mountains. the house of pioneers, and then the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren. Initiator of the "Play with us" TV contest. Member hud.-tech. Council on toys of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR. The author of the book. and Art. organizing games and entertainment for schoolchildren. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
MINSKY Mark Lvovich (b. 1922, Moscow), director. In 1941 he graduated from music. technical school them. M.M. Ippolitova-Ivanova, in 1952 - GITIS on class. L.V.Baratova and I.M. Tumanov. He made his debut in t-re post. op. "Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin (1951, Saratov). From 1952 - dir., From 1958 - ch. dir. Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater, since 1978 - Assoc. Ural cons. (Sverdlovsk). Among dir. works: “Don Pasquale” by G. Donizetti (1953), “Bogdan Khmelnitsky” by K. F. Dankevich (1954), “The Maid of Orleans” by P. Tchaikovsky (1957), “Boris Godunov” by M. P. Mussorgsky (1959) ), "The Pskovite" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1971), "Daisi" by Z.P. Paliashvili (1972). For the first time in the USSR he staged op. "Simon Boccanegra" by G. Verdi (1955), "Pushkin in Exile" by BS Schechter (1959), "The Brave Soldier Schweik" by AE Spadavecchia (1962). Nar. art. RSFSR (1973).
MINSKY Nikolay Maksimovich (real family member Vilenkin) (1855, Glubokoe of Disnensky district of Vilna province - 1937, Paris), poet, translator, playwright. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1879). For some time he was under the influence of P. Smolenskin. In 1879–80 he wrote a number of essays under ps. Nord-West, where he argued that the Jewish problem in Russia could be solved only by creating a class of Jewish landowners, who would be able to cleanse Judaism from layers. In 1889 he published in the journal. "Sunrise" poem "The Siege of Tulchin". Early work - ch. arr. citizen lyric poetry (the poem "The Last Confession", 1879, based on a cut, a picture of IE Repin was written "Refusal of Confession"; "Gethsemane Night", 1894, etc.). The poem "White Nights" (1879) raises the topic of socialism and the people, in later works. the gravitation towards mysticism and Nietzscheanism is evident. In 1884 publ. into gas. "Zarya" (Kiev) Art. "An ancient dispute", which is regarded as the first in Russian. lit-re declaration of decadent poetry. In the 1890s. - one of the ideologists of the Russian. decadence and symbolism, took part in the organization of the "Religious and Philosophical Assemblies". In 1890 he released the book. “In the light of conscience. Thoughts and dreams about the purpose of life ", in a cut outlined his philosopher, the system of" meonism ". During the Revolution of 1905 he was actively involved in societies. activities, issued gas. "New Life", organ bolepist. wing of the Social-Democratic Translated into Russian. lang. "International". After the Revolution of 1905 he was arrested, released on bail, and emigrated. In Paris he wrote a drama, a trilogy: The Iron Ghost (1909), The Little Temptation (1910) and Chaos (1912). After the revolution of 1917, an anti-Bolshevist wrote. Art. for fr. press; lived in Berlin, London, where he worked in the Sov. embassy, ​​Paris. Translated into Russian. lang. Homer's Iliad, man. P. Verlaine, P.-B. Shelley, J. Byron et al. Works: Poln. collection verse. 4th ed., T. 1 4. SPb., 1907; From darkness to light ... Fav. verse. Berlin Pg. M., 1922.
MINTS Alexander Lvovich (1894, Rostov-on-Don - 1974, Moscow), physicist, radio engineer. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1956). In 1918 he graduated from Donskoy University in Novocherkassk. Until 1921 he served as a com. radio division of the 1st Cavalry Army, then appointed early. radio lab. Higher. military. school of communication, where he developed (1922), led the creation of the USSR's first short-wave radiotelephone station. In 1923 he was appointed early. Scientific-test. in-that communication of the Red Army. After graduating as an external student in 1932 Moscow. in-that engineer. communication left on teaching work (prof. from 1934). M. directed the design and construction of large radio stations, including them. A.S. Popov (1927), them. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1929), them. Comintern (1933), the most powerful in the world for that time short-wave station RV-96 (1938), Kuibyshevskaya (1943) and others. In 1946-57 M. led. Radio engineering. lab. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1957–70 headed Radiotekhn. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Osn. tr. dedicated systems of radiotelephone modulation, methods of obtaining high power radio broadcasting. station created. direction antennas, oscillator lamps, development of methods of radio engineering and radio electronics in charged particle accelerators. Supervised the development of radio electronics systems for the 500 MeV synchrocyclotron (1949) at the United Institute of Nuclear Research. in Dubna, synchrophasotron at 10 GeV (1957). In 1961, he put forward a new principle of operation of the accelerator - the use of automatic. regulation of parameters based on information from the accelerated particle beam, which was carried out at the synchrotron with a proton beam energy of 76 GeV in Serpukhov (1967). Member Int. scientific. radio union (1957). Became. pr. (1946, 1951). Linen. pr. (1959). Evil medal to them. L.S. Popova (1950). Works: Radioelectronics. (Brief history and achievements). M., 1963; Radio engineering and charged particle accelerators. Fav. tr. M., 1976; Fav. tr. Articles, speeches, memoirs. M., 1987 Son M. - Alexey (1929, Leningrad - 1973), economic geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1968), prof. (1971). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952), then worked at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He worked out the problems of complex economics. estimates of natures. resources and natural conditions. Author of monographs on economics. geography of the republics and regions of the USSR.
MINZ Benjamin (1903, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1961, Israel), political and statesman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1925 - in E.-I., an activist of the Agudat Yisrael movement, a supporter of cooperation with the Zionists. At the 3rd Congress, Agudat Israel (1937, Marianske Lazne, Czechoslovakia) elected a member. Centre. Council of Agudat Israel. Since 1938, member. Party Executive Committee Poaley Agudat Israel (PAY). During the 2nd world. After the war, he worked in Vaad ha-Gatsal (Rescue Committee), after its end - in camps for displaced persons in Germany. At the Antwerp Conf. PAY (1946) initiated the creation of the World. council Poaley Agudat Israel and elected him before. In 1948 - member. Time. state Council of Israel, hereinafter dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation, deputy. prev. Knesset of the 2-3rd convocations. 1960 - min. mail. Author of a number of works on the history of Hasidism.
INTS Daniil Maksimovich (1914, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Communal Building (1938). 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1946 sotr. Academy of the communal economy KD Pamfilov, since 1959 - deputy. dir. by scientific. work. One of the organizers and the first director. Research Institute of Public Water Supply and Water Treatment AKH. Leading specialist in the region. water purification. The author of a number of tr., Which had a serious impact on the decision of the ecologist, and san.-hygienic. problems related to water quality. Became. etc. (1952). Works: Filters AKH and calculations of flushing fast filters. M.-L., 1951 (with S.A. Schubert); Theoretical basics of water purification technology. M., 1964.
MINTS Isaak Izrailevich (1896, Krinichki, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1991, Moscow), historian. Prof. (1936), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then studied in the mountains. schools of Verkhnedneprovsk and Yekaterinoslav, participated in the Social-Democrats circles. Participant of Civil. war. In 1923-26 the commissar of the Military-Air. Academy of the Red Army, at the same time. studied at Ying-those red professors, after graduation (1926) - deputy. head his ist. separation, at the same time. headed the department of Leninism in Mezhdunar. Lenin's school. Since 1931 Responsible. sec. Ch. ed. “History of Cit. war in the USSR ", in 1932–49 head. the departments of the history of the USSR MIFLI, Moscow State University, Higher School of Art at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), in 1947–50 at the General Assembly of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). During the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was dismissed from all posts. In 1950-60 the head. Department of History of the USSR Mosk. mountains. ped. in-ta them. VP Potemkin, in 1954-60 - MGPI. At the same time. from 1962 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 - the Institute of History of the USSR), in 1956–86 - at the Department of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Central Committee. In 1962–89 before. (since 1989 hon. before.) Scientific. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the complex problem “History led. Oct social revolution ". Author of works on the history of the Revolutions of 1917 in Russia, Grazhd. wars 1918–20, int. relationships and owls. foreign policy. In the end. 1960s and in the 1970s. participated in the "anti-Zionist. campaigns ”, hands. group of authors and Ch. ed. book "Zionism: Theory and Practice" (Moscow, 1973). Became. pr. (1943, 1946). Linen. etc. (1974). State pr. USSR (1986). Cit .: English. intervention and sowing. counterrevolution. M.-L., 1931; Mensheviks in intervention. M.-L., 1931; History Vel. October, vol. 1–3. M., 1967–73; The year is 1918. M., 1982.
INC Israel Borisovich (1901, according to other data 1904, Romny, Poltava province - 1989, Tel Aviv), public figure. In the beginning. 1920s member Zionist. youth organization "Ge-Halutz". In 1922 he was arrested and soon released. In 1923 he was arrested again and exiled from the USSR. Since 1923 - in E.-I. Was a construction worker; member slave. Council of Tel Aviv. In the end. 1920s M. secretary trade union of builders; hands. sport. about-vom "Ha-Poel". From 1931 - in Paris, studied at the engineer. courses and worked on the building of the metro. Soon he returned to the USSR, worked on the building of the metro in Moscow. All R. 1930s arrested. After camps and exile in 1963 he returned to Moscow, actively participated in the underground Zionist. movement. M. translated from Hebrew into Russian. lang. for Jewish samizdat and taught Hebrew to the first Hebrew teachers in Moscow. Since 1973 - in Israel. Mn. publ. in Israeli gas. in Hebrew and Russian lang. He was engaged in translations. Author of the memoir "White Prison" (Tel Aviv, 1982).
MINTS Klimenty Borisovich (b. 1908, Yekaterinburg - 1995, Moscow), playwright, director, screenwriter. In 1924-26 he studied at the Studio of Mass Performances and Celebrations in Leningrad, in 1925-30 - in the State. in-those history of claims. In 1930–40 he worked at the "Turkmenfilm", "Mosfilm" and others. Glavcirk. In 1944–46 hands. and dir. clownery in Moscow. Scriptwriter "Near the Blue Sea" (1936), "Tiger Tamer" (with EM Pomeshchikov, 1955), "Sailor from" Comet "(1958)," Sleeping Lion "(1965), etc. Author (with VM Kreps) radio programs "Club of Famous Captains", director of the comedy "The Adventures of Korzinkina" (1941); "12 graves of Khoja Nasreddin" (1967). The author of a number of works on issues. cinematography.
MINTS Lev Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1893, Vitebsk - 1979, Moscow), economist, statistician. Brother of S.E. Mints. Dr. econ. Sciences (1966), prof. (1969). Graduated from econom. branch of Kiev commercial Institute (1914), in 1914-16 he continued his education in the agricultural sector. departments of the Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. In 1918 he worked in Moscow. general city. health insurance fund, researched social issues. insurance, until 1919 he studied at the Petrovskaya agricultural. academy. From the end. 1918 - in dep. econom. research Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, consultant to the STO Commission on accounting for losses from intervention and Citizens. war. In 1920–33 the head. statistical dep. People's Commissariat of Labor of the RSFSR (USSR). In the 1930s-40s. worked in statistical. organs. In 1942-47 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Applied Geophysics of the People's Commissariat of Oil. industry of the USSR. Conducted research. according to the methods of accounting for losses incurred by the country. In 1955–63 the head. lab. on the use of econ.-mat. methods of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces under the USSR State Planning Committee. One of the founders of the Center, ekon.-mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1963), in which until the end of his life he was in charge of the lab. He taught at universities in Moscow. The author of works on the problems of applying mathematics in economics. research and practical. planning. For the first time revealed the dynamics of the slave. strength of the country over a long period, which characterized its structure, data on the distribution of workers by gender, age, and other characteristics. State etc. USSR (1968). Cit .: World unemployment. M., 1922; The influence of crop failures on industry and labor in Russia. M., 1923; Agr. overpopulation and the labor market of the USSR. M.-L., 1929; Labor balance problems and the use of labor resources in the USSR. M., 1967; Labor resources of the USSR. M., 1975; Social-economic and sociological. labor balance and time budget problems. M., 1979.
MINTS Moisey Lvovich (1908, Bolshoye Stodolische of Roslavl district, Smolensk province - 1994, Moscow), architect. Graduated from the State. isoisk courses in Moscow (1928), then Moscow. architect. Institute (1934). In 1941–42 he worked in architect. workshops of the Moscow City Council, designed a number of apartment buildings in Moscow. In 1942-45 the beginning. Ing. dep. headquarters of one of the units of the MPVO. Postgraduate student and teacher of Moscow. architect. Institute (1946–48). Ch. arch. projects of Giprovuz (1950–57). According to the project of M. built in Novosibirsk agricultural. Institute (1954), in Vladivostok Polytechnic. Institute (1955). In 1957-60 M. ch. arch. Institute of Gen. plan of Moscow, then the beginning. dep. examinations of Gosstroyproekt, since 1963 - in TsNIEP dwelling. He worked as an architect. (together with his wife, sculptor A.F. Stepanova) over the author's projects of a number of monuments.
MINTS Pavel (Paul) Mikhailovich (1870, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - after 1940), lawyer, statesman. Brother of V.M. Mints. Received higher education. jurid. education, was engaged in advocacy in Riga. In the 1920s and 30s. prof. of criminal law in Riga University, Chl. Latvian nat. council and founding, assembly of Latvia, state. auditor-inspector (the only Jew in the pr-ve Latvia), before. commission for the preparation of the Latvian Criminal Code, author of a number of legal documents, one of the authors of the Constitution of Latvia. M. - the founder of the OPE branch in Riga, before. Jewish National Democr. party, prev. Commission for the preparation of a draft legal framework for the Jewish nat. autonomy, member. Jewish Agency for the problems of E.-I., pre. collegium of Jewish lawyers of Latvia. After the occupation of Latvia, the Sov. troops (1940) arrested and deported to Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Territory; soon imprisoned in a camp, where he died.
INTS Samuil Lvovich (1901, Bolshoye Stodolische of Roslavl u. Smolensk province. - 1974, Moscow), oncologist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1949). After graduating in 1925 honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University worked at the department of prope-devtich. surgery on the basis of Ying-that for the treatment of tumors under the hands. P.A. Herzen. In 1932 he organized and headed the first oncologist in Moscow. department on the basis of the Blagushinskaya hospital (later hospital No. 36). In 1941–42, the leading surgeon of the evacuation hospital, in 1942–45, deputy. ch. surgeon department evacuation hospitals in Moscow. Since 1945 head. oncologist department of the hospital № 36, transformed in 1957 into an oncology department. department of hospital No. 57. Since 1963, the leading specialist of Moscow. mountains. oncologist dispensary, ch. oncologist Ch. health department of the Moscow City Executive Committee. Poch. h. Vseros. and Mosk. scientific. about-in oncologists. Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1968).
MINZ Shlomo (b. 1958, Moscow), violinist. Since 1959 - in Israel. Studied at the Juilliard Muses. school in New York. Since 1989 - soloist and conductor of the Israel Chamber Orc. Performs with leading orc. the world.
MINTS Solomon Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1888, Vitebsk - 1925, Moscow), physician, physiologist. Brother of L.E. Mints. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1913). In 1914-1919 he served as a military doctor. In 1921 he organized at Moscow. school of aviation psychophysiol. lab., edges in 1924 was transformed into the Center. psychophysiol. lab. Military-air forces of the Red Army (since 1925 bears the name of M.). The questions were worked out by prof. selection of flight personnel. Together with N.M. Dobrotvorsky, he participated in the preparation of the country's first guide to honey. certification of flight personnel and persons entering flight schools of the Red Army (published in 1929).
MINTS Vladimir Mikhailovich (1872, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1945, Buchenwald), surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1896), prof. (1917). Brother of P.M. Mints. In 1895 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Derpt University, trained in Berlin. Returning to Russia (1897), he began to work in Moscow. surgeon clinic. Since 1906 privat-doc. honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1914–18 M., hands. surgeon branch of Ch. moscow hospital, at the same time. worked in a number of hospitals, etc. to lay down. institutions. In 1918 he became the head of the hospital surgeon. clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1918, he headed a group of doctors who treated Lenin after being wounded. From 1920 in Latvia, where he worked at the Riga Jewish hospital "Bikur-holim". In 1941–43 he was a prisoner of the Riga ghetto. Since 1943 in a concentration camp M. was engaged in dec. problems of surgery, traumatology, orthopedics, gynecology, oncology, urology, neurosurgery, plastic. surgery. One of the founders of anesthesiology and chest surgery in Russia. M. - the creator of the surgeon. schools, author of more than 100 works, publ. in honey. zhurn. decomp. countries. In 1903-04 sec. Moscow surgeon about-va, since 1919 vice-prev., in 1904-16 sec. Vseros. surgeon about-va, since 1914 - member. Int. about-va surgeons.
MINUSINSK (before 1822 - Minusinskoe), a city, a regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1739. Since 1822 - the district town of the Yenisei province. In 1857 in the Minusinsk environs. 68 Jews lived, in 1867 in Moscow - 25, in the district - 63, in 1910 in Moscow - 40, in 1939 - 119 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century in the development of the gold-mining industry and the distillery production of the Minusinsk environs. a great contribution was made by the Danilov dynasty of merchants and entrepreneurs, the founder of a cut was Alexander Danilovich Danilov (1812–1882). A Jewish cemetery existed in Moscow in 1910, and several in 2002 lived in Moscow. dozens of Jews. A.S. Sapozhnikov.
MINUSINSKY, see Minusinsk.
MIORY, an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Disnensky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, approx. 500 Jews. In 1903, Moscow was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Since 1908, Doiv-Ber Pyanko was the rabbi in Moscow. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1932, there were 2 synagogues in Moscow and a Talmud Torah. The rabbi was D.-B. Pyanko. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the end. June 1941 a Judenrat headed by Menachem Scheiner was established in Moscow. Later a ghetto was created. On June 2, 1942, 779 Jews were shot during the liquidation of the ghetto in Moscow; the rest of the Jews of the ghetto made a massive attempt to escape, ca. 200 people fled, some of them joined the partisans. detachments (in January 1943 a Jewish partisan detachment was organized). In total, more than 2,000 Jews perished in Moscow during the occupation. After the liberation, a resident of M. Lyulchinsky compiled a list of 669 Jews who perished. In the end. 1950s - early 1960s An obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed Jews. In 1995, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow.
MIR, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Korelichi district of Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 century. - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1806, 807 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1847 - 2273, in 1897 - 3319 (about 62%), in 1920 - 2100 (55.4%), in 1921 - 2074 Jews (approx. 55%). Jews lived in Moscow from the 3rd quarter. 17th century At first, the community was under the jurisdiction of the community of Nesvizh, but after a few. years received independence, membership in the Lithuanian Vaad, congresses to-rogo in 1697, 1702 and 1751 were held in M. In the 1st half. 18th century thanks to the activities of Jewish merchants M. became kr. the center of trade with Leipzig (furs were sent there from Moscow) and the port cities of the Baltic - Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad), Memel (present-day Klaipeda) and Libava (present-day Liepaja). Main spheres of economic. activity of Jews in M. in 18 - early. 20th century - trade (including large-scale trade) and crafts, which the majority of the Jewish population was engaged in. In 1806, there were 30 merchants and 106 tailors among the Jews of Moscow. M. is an important spiritual center of Polish-Lithuanian Jewry. In M. lived Izv. rabbis: M. Aisenstadt (c. 1670 - 1744), Sh.Z. Mirkish (Mirkes), I. D. Aisenstadt (1776-1826), Avrom-Zvi-Hirsch Aizenshtadt (1813-1868), E.-D. Teomim-Rabinovich, A. Tiktinsky. From the beginning. 19th century means. Lubavitch Hasidism was influential among the Jews of M. There was a yeshiva in Moscow, and in 1867 there were 4 synagogues in Moscow. 19 - early. 20th century the Bund and Poalei Zion organizations were active in Moscow. In 1904–05, a detachment of Jewish self-defense operated. In 1913 there were Jewish libraries, the Bikur Hoylim hospital from Unity. a Jewish doctor. Jews owned the only pharmacy and a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 23 shops (including all 8 manufactory, both haberdashery). A Zionist organization was founded in 1914. schools of the Tarbut, Yavne and Beis Yaakov network operated in M. In 1931 there were 435 students in the yeshiva of M., including many of them. European countries. In 1939 the Yeshiva M. moved to Vilnius; After the occupation of Lithuania by units of the Red Army, the yeshivas, headed by Rabbi E. Finkel, left for Shanghai, and after the end of the 2nd Peace. wars - to Jerusalem and New York, where yeshivas were founded under the same name. name "Peace". In the 1930s. M.'s rabbi was Avrom-Tzvi Kamai (? –1941). On July 27, 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 9 nov. 1941 1800 Jews were shot, 850 - imprisoned in a ghetto. In aug. 1942 was destroyed several more. hundreds of Jews M .; OK. 200 boys and girls fled, some of those who fled joined the partisans. detachment. 13 Aug In 1942, all the Jews who remained in the ghetto were killed. In Moscow there is an old Jewish cemetery. N.I.Bakst, N.-Ts. -I.Berlin, N. Hardy, A.-Ya. -G. Lesser, I.Z.Meltser, M.-I. Rabinovich, G.B. Sliozberg, X .-I.-L. Tiktinsky, Sh.-Z. Shazar.
MIRCHA, a village in the Borodyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 out of 4 grocery stores.
MIRGOROD, a city (since 1575), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1575.Since 1648 - the center of the Mirgorod regiment. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Poltava province. In 1792 four Jews lived in Moscow, in 1802 in Mirgorodsky district. - 147, in 1847 in Moscow - 281, in 1865 - 835, in 1867 - 850, in 1897 - 1248 (12.4%), in 1910 - 1948, in 1920 - 2490, in 1923 - 2385, in 1926 - 1994, in 1939 - 686 Jews (3.7%). In 1859 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - trade and crafts. In the 1860s-90s. the Jews of M. owned a soap-making and vodka plant, approx. 70 shops. Meer-Yehuda-Leib Freydin (1860 -?) Was the rabbi in Moscow since 1895. In 1905, the Poalei Zion department functioned in Moscow. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues, a mixed exemplary heder with teaching general subjects, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 3 pharmaceutical warehouses, 3 pastry shops, 5 hotels, a photo workshop, both watch workshops, more than 60 shops and stores (including 6 grocery stores, both jewelry, all 7 bakeries). Among the Jews there were 4 tailors and unities. In 1919, a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Moscow. At the same time in M. from the village. Bagachka (now Great Bagachka) after the pogroms, 10 Jewish families moved. In 1922 a group of Zionists was arrested in Moscow. In the 1920s. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the summer of 1941 most of the Jews of M. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. 14 Sep 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created. 28 oct. 1941 in Moscow, 162 Jews were shot, in December. 1941 - 20 more Jews from the surrounding villages. In aug. 1942 an uprising took place in the ghetto; 210 Jews managed to escape and joined the partisans. Detachments. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Moscow. In 1948, illegal operations were in force in Moscow. Minyan. In M. genus: Ya.M. Gordin, N. Kalyuzhny, A.Z. Lazarev; Arkady Ilyich Ilyin (real name and surname. Aron Gilelevich Matlin) (1892–1938, Moscow), division commissar, early. political department of the 5th fur. corps, repressed.
MIRKIN Yitzhak (1871, Salanty Telshevsky u. Kovno province - 1941, Jerusalem), teacher. Doctor of Philosophy. He studied at yeshivas, received the title of rabbi. Since 1891 - in Germany. Studied in high fur boots in Berlin and Bern. In 1901 -05 - in Russia. Then he taught in Germany, later was a director. Jewish real school in Antwerp (1907-13). Since 1913 - in E.-I. There was a deer. orphanage. In 1921–37 he taught at the Mizrahi teachers' seminar in Jerusalem. Member Central Committee "Mizrahi" (1921-31), member. commission on education. The author of Art. on Zionism, textbooks on pedagogy and psychology.
MIRKINA Zinaida Aleksandrovna (b. 1926, Moscow), poet. G.S. Pomerantz's wife. Studied for philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. Published since 1990. In poetry. collection of articles "The Holy of Holies" (Alma-Ata, 1990) and "Loss of loss" (M., 1991), philosophy. essays, partly included in the book. "Truth and its counterparts" (Moscow, 1993), is a vivid exponent of the pro-Christian over-confessional worldview. Translator R.M. Rilke, Arabic medieval poetry, author of the book. about MI Tsvetaeva "Fire and Ashes" (Moscow, 1993).
MIRKOV, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 26 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 the Jews of M. who remained in the occupation were shot in Gorokhov.
MIRLIN Gilel Avseevich (b. 1911, Kazan), geologist. Cand. geol. Sciences (1944). In 1932 he graduated from geol. Faculty of Kazan University. Conducted by geol. surveys in the Urals and Kazakhstan. In 1936–41 scientific. sotr. Geol. in-taAN USSR, simultaneously. worked in the Committee for Geology under the USSR Council of People's Commissars, where he supervised geological survey and mapping. works, drawing up the first summary geol. maps for the entire territory of the country and its main mining industry. regions; was one of the initiators of the application of aerial photography and geophysics in geology. methods. 1941–45 - in the army. Since 1946, member. Collegiums of the USSR Ministry of Geology. Since 1957 in the State Planning Committee of the USSR, where he supervised coordination, he was engaged in the regulation and long-term planning of geological exploration work for all types of minerals on the territory. THE USSR. Supervised the development of the first long-term plan for the development of the mineral resource base (1961–80). M. is one of the initiators and organizers of geological exploration work at sea. shelves and in the world. the ocean. Since 1978 he has been teaching scientific. works in the Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the study. forces and natural resources. Member ed. multi-room ed. "Geology of the USSR", editorial board of the journal. "Soviet Geology" ("Domestic Geology"), "Exploration and protection of mineral resources", scientific. consultant and author of Art. "Mountain Encyclopedia". Poch. subsoil explorer. Poch. Geodesist, Works: Mineral Resources in World War II. M., 1985.
MIRONER Felix Efimovich (1927, Kiev - 1980, Moscow), film director, screenwriter. In 1952 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1953–55, assistant director. at Kievskaya k / st. In 1955-60, dir. Odessa c / st, in 1960–62 - "Mosfilm". Script writer f. "Fro" (1965), "The Month of May", "Lebedev against Lebedev" (both - 1966), "Urban Romance" (1970), "Grasshopper" (1978), etc. He made his debut as dir. f. "Spring on Zarechnaya Street" (1956, jointly with MM Khutsiev, ave. At the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, 1957). Dr. f .: "Youth Street" (1958), "Shore Leave" (1962).
MIRONOV (real family. King) Sergei Naumovich (1894 - 1939), secret service officer, diplomat. Art. major state security (1935). During the Civil. wars - in Kr. Army, then in the Cheka. In 1925 the beginning. Chechen region management, in 1925–26 - the Vladikavkaz environs. dep. OGPU USSR, then worked in the center. (Moscow) and rep. (Ukraine) apparatus OG-PU-NKVD USSR. On Sept. 1933 - Dec. 1936 early. Dnipropetrovsk region dep. GPU of the Ukrainian SSR (since July 1934 - management of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR in the Dnepropetrovsk region). In Jan-Aug. 1937 early. management of the NKVD of the USSR according to Zap.-Sib. edge, then the plenipotentiary of the USSR in Mongolia. In nov. 1937 - Apr. 1938 was in the reserve of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in April. 1938 - Jan. 1939 Acting head 2nd East dep. NKID. Affairs. 17th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed.
MIRONOV Andrey Alexandrovich (1941, Moscow - 1987, Riga, buried in Moscow), actor. Son of A.S. Menaker and M.V. Mironova. In 1962, after graduating from the Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukina, actor Mosk. t-ra satire, where he played the first role - Garik ("24 hours a day" ON Stukalov); in the same year he first starred in f. "And if this is love |" in the role of Peter. M. played pl. roles on the stage of t-ra: Don Juan (“Don Juan, or Love for Geometry” by M. Frisch, 1966), Zhadov (“Profitable Place” by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1967), Figaro (“Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro "P. Beaumarchais, 1969), Khlestakov (" The Inspector General "by N.V. Gogol, 1972), Chatsky (" Woe from Wit "by A.S. Griboyedov, 1976), Mekki-Knife (" Threepenny Opera "by B. Brecht, 1980), Vasilkov ("Mad Money" by Ostrovsky, 1981), Lopakhin ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, 1984), Klaverov ("Shadows" by M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1987), etc. movies: Count ("The Diamond Arm", 1968), Marquis ("Property of the Republic", 1971), Vasiliev ("The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia", 1974), Khanin ("My Friend Ivan Lapshin", 1984), etc. Filmed in t / f and television performances: Rudin (Rudin, 1970), Fadinar (Straw Hat, 1975), Grushnitsky (Pages of Pechorin's Journal, 1975), Seleien (Heavenly Swallows, 1976), Ostap Bender ( "Twelve Chairs", 1977), Faryatyev ("Fantazy Faryatyev", 1982), etc. Since the 1970s. was engaged in directing. Staged on the stage of T-ra satire "Small Comedies of the Big House" by A.M. Arkanov and G.I. Gorin (1973), "Phenomena" by Gorin (1979), "Mad Money" by Ostrovsky (1981), "Goodbye, Entertainer" Gorin (1984), "Shadows" by Saltykov-Shchedrin (1987). Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
MIRONOV Miron Petrovich (1890 - 1939), journalist. In the 1910s. - sotr. gas. Stock Exchange News (Petrograd) and Russian Word (Moscow). In 1918-19 - in gas. "Our Way" (Kiev). In 1924 he founded and edited the weekly until 1931. lit.-illustr. zhurn. "Illustrated Russia" (Riga) - naib. widespread journal. Russian abroad 1920–30s Because of the heavy. illness left in 1931 for Paris, where in 1934–36 he published a weekly. gas. "Seven days in illustrations".
MIRONOVICH (real family member Finkelstein) Evgeny Fedorovich (1917, Smilovichi of Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1980, Lyuban, Minsk region), agronomist. Hero of Socialist Labor (1972). After the end of the Belarusian agricultural. Institute (1936) worked as an agronomist at the "Vyzvalenne" state farm of the Smolevichi district of the Minsk region. Since 1939 - in Kr. Army. Member of the Soviet-Finl. wars, then partisans. movement in Belarus (comm. partisan detachment). Since 1944, dir. Lyubansky distillery, since 1961 director. Sovkh. "Lyuban", Vileika district, Minsk region Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1974–79). Honored. agronomist of the BSSR (1967).
MIRONOVKA, city (since 1968), regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1939, 159 Jews (2.6%) lived in Moscow, in 1999 - 17 Jews. the Jewish population of M. was small. Main occupations - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews of Moscow owned a pharmacy and 7 shops (including 4 grocery stores). Unity. the midwife in M. was a Jew. During the war, the Jews of M. suffered from pogroms organized by parts of the Directory, the Volunteer Army, and local gangs. On Feb. - March 1919 pogrom in Moscow was perpetrated by the troops of the Kr. Armies. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Moscow in the fall of 1941, several were killed. Jews. In 2003, M. had a Jewish population.
MIRONY, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1758.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 19th century Main type of activity - trade; several people were engaged in crafts (sewing clothes, shoes, leather dressing) and sold their products in Balta. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery store, unity mill in M. In the summer of 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of M. were exterminated in the Balta ghetto.
MIROPOL, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Dzerzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. Since 1925 it has been the center of the Jewish settlement council of the Dzerzhinsky district of the Volyn okrug. In 1847, 865 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1912 (38.9%), in 1926 - 1143 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in the beginning. 20th century - crafts and small trade. In 1914, the Jews of Moscow owned 2 pharmacies, 2 warehouses of kerosene, 6 timber warehouses, photography, and 30 shops (including 17 grocery stores and 10 manufactures). The Talmud Torah was in effect. 1 Dec. 1917 there was a pogrom in Moscow; In 1919, detachments from the Directory perpetrated a pogrom in Moscow. In 1925, immigrants from Moscow founded in the Kherson Okr. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Miropolskiy khleborob" (8 families, 52 people). 1920s there was a mikvah in Moscow; the cheders were closed by the authorities. July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1941 157 Jews were shot, after 2 days - a Jewish family (4 people). 13 oct. 1941 94 Jews were shot, Feb. 16. 1942 - the last group, more than 100 Jewish specialists and members of their families. In 1989 11 Jews lived in Moscow. Ya.G. Mashbits.
MIROPOL'E, a village in the Krasnopolsk district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1650. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sudzhansky district. Kursk province. In 1861 380 Jews (4%) lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 10 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 17th century In 1671 the Jews owned several. bargain. rows (61 shops). In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population was crafts (shoemaking, blacksmithing, leatherworking) and trade. In 1919, the Jewish population of Moscow suffered from pogroms organized by units of the Volunteer Army. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in 1941, the Jews of Moscow were shot.
MIROSLAV, see Miroslavas.
MIROSLAVAS, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the end. 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Miroslav Seinsky Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 244 Jews (50%) lived in Moscow, in 1923 - 123 Jews (32%), in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in M. from the beginning. 19th century A synagogue was built in 1896. The rabbis were Moishe Shapiro, Shmuel-Aron Plotkin, Shmuel Hazor. Among the main. occupation of the Jews of M. was dominated by small trade and various. crafts (there were 10 artisans), 10 families were engaged with. h-vom. In April. 1915 Jews from M. were exiled to the int. provinces of Russia; after the 1st world. wars, some returned to their former place of residence. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; at the same time most of the young Jews of M. left for E.-I., where they founded the settlement of Emek-Hefer. In 1937 two Jewish artisans remained in M. - a shoemaker and a knitter. Mn. Jewish houses were destroyed by a fire in July 1939. In June 1941, the Jews of M., together with the Jews of the surrounding area. items were shot in Alytus.
MIROTSKOE, a village in the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 out of 4 grocery stores, a sawmill; among the Jews there were 4 timber merchants.
MIROV-ABRAMOV Alexander Lazarevich (1895 - 1937), an employee of the special services. Member RSDLP since 1916, participant in Oct. Revolution of 1917. In 1921–26 sec., 2nd sec. plenipotentiary of the USSR in Germany, in fact, a representative of the dep. int. ties (OMS) of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI). In 1926–35 sotr. ECCI apparatus, head. OMS. In 1935–36 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1936–37 pom. early Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army. Repressed.
MIROV Lev Borisovich (1903, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Pop artist, director. As a child, he studied at a private ballet school. In 1920–22 he was an artist. Moscow music-dram. t-ra; in 1922–27 he studied drama. studios them. M.Yu. Lermontov, worked in the "Blue Blouse". In 1928 he moved to the T-p of satire, in the same year to the T-p of reviews of the House of Press, where he worked until its closure (1932). In the scene "Prepare tickets!" M. first demonstrated his art of transformation. In the same theater he first appeared as an entertainer (1929). In 1932 with gr. actors organized under the State. association of music., variety and circus. pr-ti mobile t-r "Revue" ("Revolutionary humor"). M. participated in performances as an actor, dir. and entertainer. In the play "The Switchman Is To Blame" with B.A. Shakhet (1933), M. first tried out a pair of entertainments, speaking with E. Yefimov (dog E. M. Kogan. In 1934 he returned to Moscow, played in the performance of the Moscow Music Hall "Under the Dome of the Circus" (text by I. Ilf, E. Petrov, V. P. Kataev); since 1935 - entertainer. Since May 1937 he worked in the program of the garden "Aquarium" together with E.P. Darsky, mastering and developing a new form - paired with cheerleaders, in 1938–41 - in the First Moscow Ensemble Stage In 1941–45 M. and Darsky worked in the front brigade under the direction of SA Pishchik, performed on the ships of the Northern Fleet.After the war, the duet took part in group concerts. The pair show of M. and Darsky enjoyed success and caused numerous imitations.After the death of Darsky (1949) M. performed alone, since 1950 - with M.V. Novshchky.In 1960, M., together with director A.P. Konnikov, staged the first two programs at the Moscow Music Hall: "When the Stars Light Up" (text of interludes by V.K.Konstantinov and B.M.Ratser, 1960) and "Moscow - Venus, Further Everywhere" by V.A. Dykhovichny and M.R. . Slobodsky (1961). Having soon left the music hall, M. and Nowitzki They staged large theatrical programs, performed with recitals. Nar. art. RSFSR (1970).
MIROVKA, a village in the Kagarlyk district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores and a manufactory; a rural pharmacy was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied M. In Sept. 1941 in M. 2 Jews were killed.
WORLD, a village in the Tomakovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslav province. In 1868, 5 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1900 - 30 Jews. In 1918 there was a pogrom in Moscow, organized by the detachments of N.I. Makhno.
MIRSKY Georgy Ilyich (b. 1926, Moscow), orientalist, journalist. Dr. East Sciences (1967), prof. (1969). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1952). In 1955–57 he worked as a editor. zhurn. "Novoye Vremya", in 1957-59 he taught at MGIMO of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1957 scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 100 scientific. and scientific and publicistic. works on decomp. problems of the countries of Asia, Africa, Arab. East (including the role of the army in the internal political life of these countries). Vol .: Baghdad Pact - an instrument of colonialism. M., 1956; Iraq in Troubled Times. 1930-1941. M., 1961; The Arab peoples continue to struggle. M., 1965; Army and politics in Asia and Africa. M., 1970; "Third World". Society, power, army. M., 1976.
MIRSKY Shmuel-Kalman (1899 - 1967), rabbi. In the beginning. 1900s - in E.-I. At the age of 16 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Taught in decomp. yeshivah. In 1924 he graduated from the School of Law at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Since 1926 - in the USA. Since 1942, a rabbi in New York. Since 1954 prof. Jewish religion. law at Yeshiva University. M. played a leading role in the activities of the movement "Mizrahi" and Histadrut Hebrew in the United States, pres. to-rogo was elected in 1958; founded and ed. quarterly. zhurn. in Hebrew "Talpiot", zhurn. "Prakim", annual. research created by him. and ed. fund "Sura" and ser. book Morash. Publ. a number of middle-century. texts, as well as Sat. their st., two sat. essays about prominent personalities and in-takh sovr. Jewish education. Mn. Art. M. publ. in the journal. in English. lang. and Hebrew.
MIRZACHUL, see Gulistan.
MIRZOYAN, see Zhambyl.
Misha MISHAKOV (1897, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1981, Pitoski, Michigan, USA), violinist, teacher. In 1912 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class violins (A.G. Rubinstein pr.). From 1918 he gave concerts. In 1918–19 he taught violin playing at the cons. In Nizhniy Novgorod. In 1919–20 the soloist of the orc. Big T-ra in Moscow. In 1920–21 he performed with an orc. Warsaw Philharmonic. Since 1921 - in the USA. He toured with many others. leading symphony. orc. USA - New York (1921–23), Philadelphia (1927–30), Chicago (1930–37), orc. NBC (under the leadership of A. Toscanini, 1937–52), Detroit (1952). He taught violin playing at the University of Colorado (1950–51, 1954), prof. Royal cons. in Toronto (1953). He has occupied a number of companies. positions in Detroit and New York, including the leader of the community "The Temple of Israel" and the Jewish Community Center in Detroit.
MISHERONSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Shatursky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1939 there were 2 Jews living in Moscow, in 1989 - 4 Jews.
MICHELET Michel (real name and surname Mikhail Isaakovich Levin) (1894, Kiev - |), composer. In 1914 M. passed the final exams in St. Petersburg. cons. In 1919–21 - prof. Kiev cons. In 1921–40 in Germany and France. From 1940 - in the USA, from 1941 - in Hollywood. Author of music for more than 200 films, oratorio "Seven Visions in Judea", cantata "At the Rivers of Babylon", symph. "Poem about Israel", romances to words by AA Akhmatova (including "Requiem"), KD Balmont, I. Severyanin.
MISHMAR does not exist now. Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. a commune in the Crimea by members of "Ge-Halutz". In 1926 34 people lived in M. Jewish settlers were allocated 1112 dess. lands, with the help of "Ge-Halutz" and Joint purchased by agricultural. equipment and livestock. There was a leather workshop in Moscow. 1926 and in April. 1927 Mass arrests of members of "Ge-Halutz" took place in Moscow. In May 1929 the farm was liquidated.
MISHURIN ROG, a village in the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1738. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky district Yekaterinoslav province. In 1856, 14 Jewish families lived in Moscow. 18th century several people settled in M.R. Jewish families. Main occupations of the Jews of M.R. in the 19th century. - trade and crafts. All R. 19th century Jews owned 3 mills, 10 shops, a smithy and a shoemaker. In autumn 1941, the Jews of M.R. were killed.
MISKI MLYNY, a village in Zenkovsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Misskie Mlins of Zenkovsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Moscow.
MISKEVICH Moisey Abramovich (b. 1924, Mazhekiai, Lithuania), architect. In 1951 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Leningrad engineer-building in-that. Participant pl. architect. contests. Designed for Ryazan the Puppet Theater, the building of the Ryazangrazhdanproekt Institute, the development of the Theater part. pl. and st. Yesenin.
MISOZHNIKOV Lev Valentinovich (b. 1935, Moscow), architect. In 1959 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Participant of the competition for the monument “100 years of International. Union of Telecommunications "in Geneva (1965, 1st jury avenue, UNESCO avenue). Main works: Institute of Information of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow (1967, as part of a team); experimental project residential area North. Chertanovo in Moscow (1972, as part of a team); tech. center in Darkhan (1974, State avenue of Mongolia); monument to those killed on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1980, B. gold medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR).
MISS MILLY, see Miski Mlyny.
MITAVA, see Jelgava.
MITBREYT Iosif Moiseevich (b. 1922), surgeon, orthopedic traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. (1981). Graduated from Sverdlovsk honey. Institute (1944). In 1948–56 he worked at the Central Research Institute of Prosthetics and Prosthetics, in 1956–72 at the Center. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, 1972–88 hands. orthopedic and traumatology. clinics of the Central Research Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy, since 1988 the consultant of this clinic and Ros. and Mosk. rehabilitation centers M. introduced a great scientific and practical. contribution to the creation of a system of prosthetics for patients with flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities and their surgical treatment; proposed surgical methods for the treatment of diseases of the spine (spondylolisthesis, osteochondrosis, scoliosis, etc.), as well as pathology of large joints. He developed methods of complex treatment of patients with pathology of the support and movement organs using low-frequency magnetic fields. Cit .: Spondylolisthesis. M., 1978.
MITELMAN Efim Isaevich (1911, Oryol - 1965, Dushanbe), director. In 1936 he graduated from GITIS, worked in Taj. t-re drama them. A. Lakhuti, first dir., Then thin. hands., in 1941–45 hands. front, t-ra. Since 1949 in Stalinabad in the TTD, since 1961 Ch. dir. Rus. dram, t-ra them. V.V. Mayakovsky. Staged performances: "Othello" (1939), "Romeo and Juliet" (1947), "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare (1957), as well as plays by Taj. playwrights. Nar. art. Tajik SSR (1963).
MITIN (real family member Gershkovich) Mark Borisovich (1901, Zhitomir - 1987, Moscow), social scientist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from Philosophy. department of the Institute of Red Professors (1929). Deputy dir. Communist Academy education, in 1930–44 deputy. dir. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1930–44 ch. ed. zhurn. "Under the Banner of Marxism", in 1939–44 dir. Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), head. Department of Philosophy of the Higher School of Art at the Central Committee of the CPSU, in 1950–56 chief-ed. gas. “For a lasting peace, for people's democracy!”, In 1956–60 before. reign of Vses. about-va on the distribution of polit. and scientific. knowledge, in 1960–67 chap. ed. zhurn. "Questions of Philosophy", deputy. academician-secretary Dept. philosophy and law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1967 to. Sci. advice on the problems ideological. currents at the Section of Societies, Sciences Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Member collectives of authors and editorial boards of a number of collective monographs and multivolume tr. (including "History of Philosophy", v. 1-5. M., 1957-62). At the 18-20th congresses of the CPSU, a member was elected. Central Committee. Dep. The USSR Armed Forces of the 3-5th convocations. Became. pr. (1943) Vol .: Hegel and the theory of materialistic. dialectics. M., 1932; For materialistic. biologist, science. M.-L., 1949; East the role of G.V. Plekhanov in Russian. and int. labor movement. M., 1957; The experience of October and the laws of socialism. revolution. M., 1967; Problems sovr. ideological. fight. M., 1976; V. Ilenin's ideas and modernity. M., 1981.
MITKEU, see Mytkov.
MITKOVTSY, see Mitki.
MITLASHEVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 two Jewish families lived in Moscow. In 1942 one Jew was killed in Moscow.
I. MITLMAN (1898, Satanov of Proskurovsky district of Podolsk province - after 1940), bibliographer He studied at the cheder, was engaged in self-education. After Feb. rsv-tion 1917 passed exams for the gymnasium course and moved to Kiev. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. education (1930). From the end. 1920s published bibl. work in the journal. "Critic", "Reuter Librarian" and others. Since 1930 sotr. Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at VUAN. In the published in-volume "Bibl. collection "(1930) placed the works" On the Jewish "card repertoire" in Ukr. book chamber "," Testimonium paupertatis "(" Certificate of poverty ")," Jewish department Vsenar. libraries of Ukraine "," Library Commission and Center, bibl. Bureau of the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture ". Throughout many. years M. studied the creative heritage of Sholem Aleichem. In the collection, critical. Art. and materials "Sholem Aleichem" (Kiev, 1940) joint. with H. Nadel placed Art. "Sholem Aleichem as an editor-publisher". In 1939 M. and Nadel published a collection of works. "Fargesene Bletlech" ("Forgotten Pages"), compiled from works. Sholem Aleichem, not included in his collection. op. Last joint work of M. and Nadel - 15th volume. manuf. " Sholem Aleichem, which included the writer's letters 1883-1916.
MITLYANSKY Daniel Yudovich (b. 1924, Moscow - 2006, ibid.), Sculptor. In 1941 he studied at the Moscow State Art Institute. Surikov from S. Lebeeva and V. M. Domogatsky. From 1942 - at the front. He graduated from the Institute in 1950 in the workshop of G. Shul-ts, A. Malakhin, N. Tomsky. Author of monumental works, among which: "Monument to classmates (Requiem 1941)" (bronze, 1971), figures of characters in fables to the monument to IA Krylov in Moscow (bronze, 1976); "Monument to the soldiers who died in the Smolensk region." (with N.V. Bogushevskaya, Copper Copper, 1981–82), etc .; memorial plaques: thin. Domogatsky (bronze, 1968), acad. A.D. Sakharov (bronze, 1990), writer Ales Adamovich (bronze, 1995) - all installed in Moscow. M. took part in the design of the building of the Animal Theater. V.L.Durov (joint V.K. Tyurin, Copper Copper, 1980). For creativity M. is characterized by work in cycles: ser. The Circus (bronze, ceramics, 1966–67); compositions - "People" (bronze, cement, 1974), "Books of the Old Testament" (ceramics, wood, 1992–93), ser. "Jewish Puppet Theater" (10 dolls, ceramics, metal, 1990–93) and others. and notches, exhibitions. Personal exhibitions in Moscow (1968, 1975, 1983, 1992–93), Calcutta (1989). Author of the monograph "Tajik folk ceramics" (M., 1970), art. about the work of I.L. Slonim and I.G. Frikh-Hara. Laureate of the World exhibitions in Brussels (1958). Prod. M. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in museums and art. gal. Russia, private collections in Paris, Sofia.
MITROFANOVKA, a village in the Novgorodkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 19th century in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 12 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1920 - 2 Jews. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1942 Jews of M. were shot.
MITSIS Ella Martynovna (b. 1912, Riga), athlete (athletics, volleyball, basketball). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. She played for sports. ob-in "Dynamo" (Moscow). USSR champion in long jump (1940), and athletics. pentathlon (1936–40), volleyball (1935), basketball (1937, 1940, 1945, 1950). Record holder of the USSR (1932–45) in the 4 x 200 m relay, shot put, grenade throwing, athletics. triathlon and pentathlon.
MITSKEVICH Adam (1793, Zaosye of Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1855, Istanbul), poet. In the works of M., who knew about his origin, there was a Jewish theme (for example, the image of the innkeeper Yan-kel in the poem "Pan Tadeusz"). M. constantly called for an alliance of Poles and Jews in the struggle for the independence of Poland. In The Book of the Polish People and Polish Pilgrimage (1832), M. draws a parallel between the return of Jews to E.-I. from Babylonian captivity and the rebirth of Poland. M.'s lectures at the Collège de France (1840–44) were of a Philosemitic nature. During the Crimean War, M. made a proposal to create a Jewish Legion as part of the Turkish army.
MITZMACHER David (1904, Saw - 1941), writer. He studied at the cheder, then in Russian. school. At the age of 15 he came to Warsaw. He made his short story debut in 1924 in Weekly. "Illustrate voh". Published in different periodicals. ed. In the beginning. 1930s became sotr. gas. "Literary Tribune" (Lodz), around which young "left" writers were grouped. In 1934–35 sotr. Warsaw gas. Der Freind. The first book. "Schmatekleiber un andere derceilungen" ("Rag-pickers and other stories") was released in 1926. The author of the book. in Warsaw, "Oifn Brook" ("On the Pavement"), 1931; "Di Capele" ("Capella"), 1936. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to Bialystok, printed in gas. "Bialystoker Stern" stories and essays.
MITTA (Rabinovich) Alexander Naumovich (b. 1933, Moscow), film director. In 1955 he graduated from urban planning. Faculty of IISS. He worked as a comic cartoonist. or T. zhurn. In 1960 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. Dir. k / st "Mosfilm". Debuted F. "My friend, Kolka!" (1961, jointly with A.B.Saltykov). Naib. means. ph .: "They're ringing, open the door" (1966, "The Golden Lion of St. Mark", Grand Prix of the 13th ICF for children in Venice, 1966), "Burn, burn, my star" (1970), "Point, dot, comma ”(1973,“ Silver Prize ”in the competition for children of the 8th Moscow Art Festival in Moscow, 1973; chapter pr. at the 4th“ Parade of Children's Films ”in Belgrade;“ Silver Siren ”, ave. festival of Soviet f. in Sorrento, Italy; Prize of the International Children's Fund in Salerno, Italy, 1974), "Moscow, my love" (1974, jointly with K. Yoshida, Japan), "Tale of how the tsar Pyotr got married "(1976)," Crew "(1980)," Tale of Wanderings "(1983)," Step "(1988)," Lost in Siberia "(1990). He has shot more than ten game plots for satirists. newsreel. "Wick".
MIZHIRITSKY Moishe (1892, Khabno Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1951), literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1953). He studied at the cheder and yeshiva, after the revolution he worked as a teacher in Jewish schools in Kiev, then studied at the workers' faculty, after graduating from which he entered the literary-linguistic department of the 2nd Moscow State University. Returning to Kiev, he worked as a scientist. sotr. Institute of Jewish culture at VUAN. The first lit.-critical. Art. M. appeared in the Jewish press in 1924. Published in gas. "Proletarian von", "Der stern", in the journal. "Farmest", "Soviet Literature". In the 1930s. worked on the compilation of textbooks literature for the Jewish school. The first of them (together with A. Abchuk and I. Rodak) - for the 5th grade - came out in 1932. The author of the book. "David Bergelson" (1935), "Literary criticism etuden" ("Lit.-crit. Etudes", 1940), which included art. about the works of D.N. Gofshtein, I.S.Fefer, M.M. Daniel and other Jewish writers. After the war, he worked on the monograph “The Beginning of the Jewish Owls. prose ”and materials about the participation of Jews in partisans, movement. In 1949 he was arrested.
MIZINOVKA, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 shops (grocery and leather goods). In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 Jews from M. were deported to Zvenigorodka and in June 1942 they were shot together with local Jews.
MIZOCH, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Zdolbunovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1322. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 37 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1787 - 86, in 1847 - 678, in 1897 - 1175 (44%), in 1921 - 882, in the middle. 1941 - 1,048 Jews. In 1774 the Jews of Moscow received permission to build a synagogue. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. All R. 19th century Jews owned a brewing plant and a leather processing plant. In 1895 businessmen Brodskys bought a sugar plant in Moscow. In 1914, Jews owned 2 pharmacies, a kerosene warehouse, timber and beer warehouses, and 20 shops (including 10 grocery stores, 7 manufacturing shops). The Jew was unity. dentist in M. Most of the Jews in M. were Trisk Hasidim. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jews left for kr. In 1917 a Jewish library was opened in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. With the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund and a branch of the Warsaw Jewish Cooperative Bank were opened. There were 3 synagogues. In 1929, children were opened. garden of the "Tarbut" network. Rabbi in the 1930s. there was Mikhl-Tsvi Lerner, then - his son Nosn-Note, who died during the Holocaust. June 29, 1941, a pogrom began in Moscow, organized by Ukrainians from neighboring villages and continued for a period. weeks. After the occupation of M., units of the Wehrmacht created the Judenrat and the Jewish police. The Jews worked to coerce. works at the sugar plant and sawmill. In the beginning. In March 1942, a ghetto was created in M., in which Jews from the surrounding villages were also kept (about 1700 people in total). In the ghetto there was an underground youth organization that resisted the liquidation of the ghetto on October 14-15. 1942; most of the Jews were shot, 200 were burned in their houses, which they themselves set on fire, some were able to escape. Some of those who fled organized a Jewish partisan. detachment. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in Moscow.
MIZOVO, see Myzovo.
MIZYAKOV, a village in the Kalinovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mizyakov (other name. - Midzyakov) Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. 178 Jews (8%) lived in Moscow in 1887, and 307 Jews (15.7%) in 1897. In 1889 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Since 1905, Meileh Derbarimdiker (1877–?) Was the rabbi in M. Main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews of Moscow owned a pharmacy, a unity. a mill, 2 timber warehouses, 7 grocers. In July 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. All R. 1942 all Jews were shot in M.
MCHENSK, see Mtsensk.
MLAVA, a city (since 1492) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Plock province. In 1765 487 Jews lived in Moscow and its environs, in 1808 in Moscow - 137 (15.3%), in 1829 - 792 (35.5%), in 1857 - 1650 (50.1%), in 1897 - 4854 (41.5%), in 1921 - 5823 Jews (30.6%). about Jews M. refers to 1507. In the 1750s. was created by itself. community. In the end. 18th century the first synagogue was built, in 1840 - the second. 19th century M. was rabbi Arie-Leib Katz, in 1814-30 - Zeev-Wolf Lifshitz, in the 1880s. - Yisroel-Itskhok Klinter, in 1903–1940 - Itskhok-Moishe Sagalovich (1863 -?). In 1890, the state was opened in Moscow. school for Jewish children, in 1917 - Jewish cf. school (later - gymnasium). Zionist circles operated in Moscow from 1904, and from 1906, branches of the Poalei Zion and Bund. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings company operated. m-in. In 1913 a Jewish library was opened. Jews owned all 4 watch workshops, unity. photo workshop, 35 shops and shops (including all 5 manufactory, 2 tobacco, only one dishware store). In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1925 the schools "Beis Yaakov" and "Yavne" were opened, in 1927 - yeshiva "Beis Yosef". 1939 parts of the Wehrmacht occupied M. In November. 1939 3 synagogues were burned down; at the same time the Judenrat and the Jewish police were created. After the mass deportation in December. 1940 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 2,500 Jews. In the end. 1942 more than 5 thousand people were held in the ghetto. The ghetto was destroyed in December. 1942 In 1945, approx. 60 Jews. A community was created. In the end. 1945 approx. 30 Jews with the help of officer Kr. Ilya Gunzburg's armies left Poland. In the end. 1946 a memorial sign was installed on the mass grave of the executed Jews. In aug. 1946 the last Jews left the M.V. M. clan. Ivan Lvovich Arens (1889-1938, Moscow), gen. Consul of the USSR in New York, repressed.
MLECHIN Leonid Mikhailovich (b. 1957, Moscow), editor, writer, journalist. The grandson of V.M. Mlechin. Graduated from Moscow State University (1979). Deputy ch. ed. zhurn. "New time" (1990–93), deputy. ch. ed. gas. Izvestia (1993–6), host of the RTV De Facto TV program (1994). The author is numerous. Art., a number of doc. book, ch. arr. about Japan, and detective stories. Cit .: "Chrysanthemum" has not yet blossomed. M., 1980; Circumstances of death of Mr. N. M., 1983; Pictures of the city in the evening light. M., 1984; An old man in a black kimono. M., 1985; Net. Moscow-OGPU-Paris. M., 1991
MLECHIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (1901, Vitebsk - 1970, Moscow), cultural figure, theater critic, journalist. Participant of Civil. war. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School (1924). Deputy ch. ed. publishing house "Young Guard" (1926-28), responsible. sec. gas. "Evening Moscow" (1928-30), early. Moscow region and mountains. Directorate for the control of shows and repertoire (Mosrepertkom) (1930–39), head. dep. lawsuit in the gas. Izvestia (1934–37), dir. T-ra revolution (1940–43), deputy. responsible sec. Union of owls. writers (1943–44), dir. Centre. Houses of Writers (1944–45). The author is numerous. Art., dedicated. ch. arr. t-ru, and unpublished memoirs about V.V. Mayakovsky.
MLIEV, a village in the Gorodishchensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1499.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. Jews rented mills and oil mills. In 1914 Jews owned 2 timber warehouses, unity. sawmill plant, 8 shops (including all 5 grocery stores). A synagogue functioned in Moscow in 1914; a pogrom broke out in Moscow in 1919 by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev, and in 1942 the Jews of Moscow were exterminated.
MLINOV, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mlynov Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, 209 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 672 (60.8%), in 1921 - 615 (49%). in 1931 - c. 900, in ser. 1941 - 731 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. Aron Perlov, a tsadik from Karlin (1802–1872), died in Moscow. His grave became a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. In 1914, the Jews of Moscow owned 2 pharmacies, 10 shops (including 5 manufactures, 4 grocery stores); unity. a dentist in M. was a Jew. In 1915 Jews were expelled from M. in tech. 2 hours; the remaining property of the Jews was plundered by peasants and soldiers. In 1918, some of the Jews returned to Moscow; A detachment of Jewish self-defense was created (70 people). In 1928, Mordhe-Note Ackerman was the rabbi of M., then Yehuda Gordon, who died during the Holocaust. All three synagogues in M. were Hasidic. Most of the Jews of M. were Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. At the same time, the school of the Tarbut network operated. In 1939 a Jewish collective farm was established in Moscow. On June 26, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. On July 5, 1941, 18 Jews were shot. On May 22, 1942, a ghetto was created in M., in which Jews from neighboring villages were kept. 22 Sep 1942 980 Jews were shot, October 9. 1942 - 520 Jews. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in Moscow. I. Lamdan, S. Mandelkern.
MLODETSKY Ippolit Osipovich (1856 - 1880, Petersburg), a member of the revolutionary movement. He was close to the Narodnaya Volya in his views, but he was not a member of the organization. In Jan. 1880 expelled from St. Petersburg. He stole a revolver in the police department in Minsk, returned to Petersburg, offered his services. to-that "Narodnaya Volya", but without waiting for an answer, made an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the head of the Supreme in 1880. commissions gr. M.T. Loris-Melikov, was arrested, the next day we tried Petersburg. military. env. court, sentenced to death and hanged on February 22. Execute. to-t "Narodnaya Volya" named M. in a number of names that can serve as an example of the implementation of the roar. debt.
MLOCINA, now part of the city of Warsaw (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Varshavsky u. In 1897, 210 Jews (11.4%) lived in Moscow.
Mlynov, see Mlinov.
MLYNY, a village in the Lokhvitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, three Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942, the Jews of M. were shot in Lokhvitsa together with local Jews.
MNISHEV, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1382. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. From the 18th century. before 1819 - a city. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the village of Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. In 1921, 164 Jews (23%) lived in Moscow. spheres of economic. activity of Jews in M. in 19 - early. 20th century - from. agriculture and crafts. 1942 Jews from M. were sent to the Magnushev ghetto, in Sept. 1942 transferred to the ghetto in Kopeinitsa and 29 Sept. 1942 deported to Treblinka.
MOCHAN Victor Osipovich (1875, Odessa - 1943, Omsk), pediatrician, health care organizer. Doctor of Medicine (1906), prof. Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that (1897) and honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1900). He worked in the clinic for children. diseases of St. Petersburg. wives honey. Institute (1901-15). In 1916 he organized and headed (until 1922) children. hospital them. NI Pirogov, then there was Ch. doctor Center, quarantine-distribute. children item; from 1925 dir. Ying-that protection of motherhood and infancy, in the organization to-rogo M. took an active part. Since 1929 head. biol. dep. Research Institute of Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, where he organized diagnostics. clinic; since 1931 head. Department of children. diseases of the 2nd Leningrad. honey. Institute of Science. tr. M. dedicated pathogenesis of rickets, tuberculosis, rheumatism, physical. development of children (jointly with Yu.L. Pomorsky defined the standards of physical development of schoolchildren), proposed (1935, jointly with A.F. Tour) norms of basic. food. ingredients in children's nutrition. In 1920 he organized in Petrograd and in tech. For 10 years, he headed the first in the USSR Scientific. Society for the Protection of Maternity and Infancy. Member board of Leningrad. and Vses. about-in children. doctors.
MOCHKIN Peretz (1894, Nevel, Vitebsk Gubernia - 1982, New York), rabbi. Rod. in the family of Melamed, a Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. All R. 1920s sent by I.-I. Shneerson to work in the Jewish colonies of Crimea; religious activist Lubavitch underground in the USSR (Simferopol, Leningrad, Tashkent). In 1946 he left the USSR. From 1952 to mid. 1970s - in Canada, spiritual hand. Yeshivas of the Lubavitch Hasidic community in Montreal. The sons of M. - Shmuel (b. 1918) and Joseph (b. 1920) in 1946 financed and participated in the organization of illegal departure of several. hundreds of families of Lubavitch Hasidim from the USSR. They were arrested in 1950, were imprisoned until 1961. Since 1966 - in Canada, since 1967 - in the USA. M.'s son - Yehuda-Leib (b. 1924, Semenovka, Chernigov province), rabbi. In 1946, he organized and directed the illegal departure of the Lubavitch Hasidim from the USSR in Lvov. Since 1953 - in the USA. One of the hands. the organization "Ezras Achim", which provided assistance to the Jews of the USSR. Son M. - Sholom Ber (b. 1937), rabbi, envoy of M.-M. Schneerson in Montreal (Canada).
MOCHOLA, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816 there were 9 Jews living in Moscow, in 1881 - 28 Jews (8.4%). In 1944 the Jews of Moscow ( 15 people) were deported to Auschwitz and died there.
MOCHULISCHE, a village in Dubrovitsky district, Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1561. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Pinsk powiat of the Brest Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1918 detachments from the Directory defeated and destroyed Jewish homes in Moscow; several Jews were wounded. In the summer of 1941, Moscow occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, the Jews of M. were deported to the Dubrovitsy ghetto and subsequently exterminated along with local Jews.
MOCHULKI, a village in the Rivne district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1851 in the Rivne district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 311 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 103 Jews. In 1859, 798 dessiatines belonged to the Jews of Moscow. land in the con. 19th century - 462 dec. land; b. M. Jews were engaged in the livestock trade, later - with. x-vom. In 1898–99 34 families were engaged in arable farming. During the war, the Jewish population of Moscow suffered from pogroms. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were shot.
MODEL Moisey Markovich (1886, Pyatigorsk - 1950, Moscow), pediatrician, neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1933), prof. After the end (1911) of natures. branch of Petersburg. un-that entered the 3rd course of honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, to-ry graduated in 1914. He served as a military man. doctor on the fronts of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. In 1930 he founded the Nerve Clinic. diseases Ying-that pediatrics of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and was her hands. Author of over 80 scientific. works, including 4 monographs. Cit .: Diseases of infants. Diseases of the neuropsychic sphere in young children. M., 1933; Acute infectious diseases of the nerve and systems in children. M., 1945; Rheumatic encephalitis in children. age (clinic, pathophysiology, treatment). M., 1956 (with T.P. Simeon).
MODEL Zinovy ​​Iosifovich (Zalman Ioselevich) (b. 1899, Vitebsk), radio technician, specialist in the field of radio transmitting devices. Prof. (1935). In 1926 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1925 he worked on the construction of a radio station in Moscow. Participated in the development of amateur radio, lecturing and collaborating in the editorship of. zhurn. "Radio amateur". In 1928–53 he worked in radio engineering. prom-sti. In the 1930s and 60s. was a consultant to the design bureau of the plant "Svetlana" in Leningrad. At the same time. from 1929 he taught at universities. Since 1935 head. Department of Leningrad. electrical engineering in-that communications, since 1946 - in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. In the 1930s. supervised the development of powerful radio stations cf. and long waves, powerful modulators. devices, the country's first powerful TV. transmitter, participated in the construction of the most powerful (at that time) radio broadcasting in the world. station. In the 1950s. supervised the development of high-power short-wave transmitters decomp. destination, including a super-powerful short-wave transmitter, TV. VHF stations, radar. stations, decomp. generators for particle accelerators. He developed methods for calculating broadband power amplification, pulse modulation, range-quartz stabilization of controlled rectifiers. Author of textbooks and uch. grants for higher. and cf. specialist. uch. institutions. Honored. worker of science and technology (1972). Became. pr. (1946). Cit .: Course of radio transmitters, v. 1–2. M., 1938–40 (jointly with I.Kh. Nevyazhsky); Questions of building powerful radio stations. L.-M., 1947; Radio transmitting devices. M., 1971.
MODESTOV (real family. Bluvshtein) Julius Aharonovich (1870, according to other data 1874, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1921, Yekaterinburg), singer (dramatic baritone). In 1899-1903, after graduating from legal. f-that un-that in Kiev, worked as a pom. attorney at law. He studied singing with I.V. Tartakov and K. Everardi. From 1903 he appeared on the opera stages of Kharkov, Moscow (1904–05), Zhitomir (1906–08), Rostov-on-Don (1907), Tiflis (1907, 1910), Kiev (1913–15), Yekaterinburg (1915, 1919) –21) and other cities. Best part on the operatic stage - Figaro (The Barber of Seville by G. Rossini). Other parts: Ruslan (Ruslan and Lyudmila by MI Glinka), Boris Godunov (Boris Godunov by MP Mussorgsky), Mazepa (Mazepa by PI Tchaikovsky), Never (Huguenots by J. Meyerbeer). Recorded on gramophone records (94 productions) in Moscow, Tiflis, Vilna, Kiev.
MODILEVSKY Yakov Samuilovich (1883, Kiev - 1968, ibid.), Cytologist, plant embryologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from natural sciences. branch of Munich un-that (1907) and phys.-mat. branch of un-that in Kiev (1908). Student of S.G. Navashin. From 1922 he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR; in 1931–67 at the Institute of Botany, Dir. to-rogo was in 1937–38. At the same time. taught at Kiev un-those and Kiev ped. in-those Osn. scientific. research on pollination and fertilization, embryo formation, apomixis and polyembryony. Let's experiment. research on crossing of diploid and tetraploid forms of pl. cultural districts. Fundamental works on the history of science. Cit .: Embryology of angiosperms. Kiev, 1953; History of domestic embryology of higher plants. Kiev, 1956.
MODIN Emmanuil Natanovich (b. 1905, Uvarovichi of Gomel u. Mogilev province. - 1984), agricultural worker. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). In 1927–29 in Kr. Army, in 1929–35 before. s.-kh. communes (since 1932 collective farm) named after Belarusian. IN. From 1935 - to desks. and households. work, in 1941–45 - at the front. In 1953–70 dir. state farm "Lyubansky", Luban district, Minsk region.
MODLIBORZICE, see Modliborzyce.
MODLIBOZHICE, a village in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1642 she had the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1837 - Posad Modliborice Janovský u. Lublin province. In 1674 34 Jews (23.3%) lived in Moscow, in 1764 - 237, in 1827 - 312 (34%), in 1856 - 576, in 1867 - 585 (60%), in 1897 - 859 , in 1921 - 957 Jews (50%) Jews lived in Moscow from the middle. 17th century In the 18th century. a community was created, a synagogue was opened, a Jewish hospital was founded. At 19 - early. 20th century among the main. Small trade and handicrafts predominated in the occupation of M. Jews. In the adjacent village of Zamok-Modlibozhitskiy lived approx. 150 Jews, to-rye were engaged with. x-vom and the manufacture of headscarves. In 1903, the rabbi of M. was Dovid Montag. In 1913, Jews owned 11 shops (including both manufactories, all 3 tobacco, one shoe). Since 1925, Zionist activities have been carried out in Moscow, a Jewish club and library, a branch of Agudas Israel, have been opened. In 1928, with the assistance of Joint, a philanthropist began to work. cash desk In the 2nd floor. Sep 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1941, 1,030 Jews from Vienna arrived in Moscow; in July 1942 the number of Jews in Moscow reached 2,200. (over 50% are refugees). In oct. 1942 all Jews from M. were sent to the ghetto in Krashnik and from there in November. 1942 - to the extermination camp Belzec.
MODRZHEEV, now part of the city of Lodz (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. 401 Jews (29.5%) lived in Moscow in 1897. In 1913 a Jew belonged to the Unity. expeditionary office.
MODZGVRISHVILI Samuil Izraelovich (1913, Kulashi, Kutaisi province - 1979, Tbilisi), poet. Graduated from the Tbilisi State un-t (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. After the war he worked as a teacher. First verse. publ. in 1946. The author is poetic. collection of books (in Georgian): Poems (1951), Immortality Goes (1962), Poems (1969). Some verse. M. entered the "Anthology of cargo. owls. poetry "(1978).
MOED Shmuel (1877, Sukhovol Sokolsky u. Grodno province - 1952, Tel Aviv), public figure. In 1892 he settled in Antwerp (Belgium), and began processing diamonds. During the 1st world. After the war, he transferred the workshop to London, after the end of the war, at the request of the Belgian government, he returned to Antwerp. One of the founders and leaders of the Mizrahi movement in Belgium, founder and president. Belgian branch "Keren ha-Yesod". From 1937 - in E.-I., created the country's first diamond cutting workshop (Tel Aviv).
MOEVKA, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in Moscow. In July 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the first days of the occupation, the Jews of M. (53 people) were deported to Chernevtsy and killed there. In 2003, M. had a Jewish population.
MOGELNITSA, see Tomb.
MOGI (Mogilevsky) Leonid (1899, Petersburg - 1976, Paris), film director. He started working in cinema in 1918 as a technician at the Odessa c / st. In 1923 he filmed doc. f. and newsreels on different films in Kiev. Then he moved to Moscow, supervised the lab. scientific. cinema. In 1929 he emigrated to France, worked in various fields. c / st as a specialist in cinematography. In the beginning. 1930s wrote a number of scripts. He made his debut as dir. in 1935 f. "Baccarat" (with I.Me-rand). Before the beginning. 2nd world. war put several. play tapes, then emigrated to the United States, where he shot the films: “Two Women” (1941), “The Night Comes to an End” (1942), “International Zone” (1943), “Paris After Darkness” (1944), etc. In 1947 he returned to France. Naib. Izv. f. this period: "Along the Sidewalks" (1956), "Give Me a Chance" (1957), "The Crime of Dr. Chardin" (1961).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МОГИЛЕВ, город, центр Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1267. В 1561 получил право на войтовство (гор. управление), в 1577 – Магдебургское право. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1589–1772 – центр Могилевской экономии. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Могилевской губ., с 1778 – наместничества, с 1796 – уездный город Могилев (др. назв. – Могилев-на-Днепре) Белорусской губ., с 1802 – центр Могилевской губ. В 1919–24 – уездный город Гомельской губ. РСФСР. С 1924 – районный, в 1924–30 – окружной центр, с 1938 – областной центр БССР.В 1776 в М. проживало 622 еврея, в 1820-х гг. – ок. 9000, в 1860 – 11 437 (ок. 60%), в 1880 – 17 038, в 1893 – 19 623 еврея и 5 караимов, в 1897 – 23 539 евреев (св. 50%), в 1910 – 27 974, в 1923 – 16 748, в 1926 – 17 105 (34,1%), в 1939 – 19 715 (19,83%), в 1946 – ок. 8000, в 1959 – 7700, в 1970 – 8064, в 1979 – 7771 (2,1%), в 1989 – 6670 (1,9%), в 1996 – ок. 5000 евреев.Первые евреи поселились в М. в нач. 16 в. В 1522 откупщику и ростовщику Ицхоку-Михлу Юзефовичу были отданы в аренду весовой сбор, воскобойня и корчмы в М. В сер. 16 в., вероятно, уже сформировалась еврейская община. Осн. экономич. деятельность евреев М. – торговля, аренда корчем, ростовщичество.Еврейская община М. находилась в постоянном конфликте с христианским населением города (в осн. из-за экономич. конкуренции), неоднократно требовавшим у власти ограничения прав евреев и их изгнания. В 1577 король Речи Посполитой Стефан Баторий запретил евреям селиться в М., однако запрет часто нарушался. В 1585 мещане-христиане М. обратились к королю с просьбой вновь запретить евреям жить в М., объясняя свое ходатайство тем, что от евреев «…не может быть никакого пожитку и порядка в городе, а им, мещанам, только вред в торговле». Король формально согласился с ходатайством и издал указ об изгнании евреев из М.; указ выполнен не был.В дек. 1595 во время казацко-крестьянского восстания (1594-96) Северина Наливайко в М. произошел еврейский погром.В 1-й пол. 17 в. за гор. валом М. была открыта синагога. Нек-рые евреи начали селиться на торг. площади М. В 1626 король Сигизмунд III Ваза запретил евреям проживать в пределах гор. вала, но указ не был выполнен.21 сент. 1645 в М. произошел второй еврейский погром. В праздник Рош-га-Шана, когда евреи направились к Днепру для совершения обряда «ташлих», бургомистр Ребрович с вооруженной толпой напали на них. Ночью была разрушена и осквернена синагога. Вскоре магистрат М. запретил жителям города сдавать евреям дома внаем. В 1646 король Владислав IV подтвердил постановление, мотивируя это стремлением не допустить пожаров в домах, занимаемых евреями.Во время рус.-польск. войны 1654–57 горожане согласились сдать город осадившей его рус. армии при условии сохранения в М. внутр. самоуправления и изгнания евреев. В сент. 1654 король Речи Посполитой и царь Алексей Михайлович заключили договор, по к-рому все дома евреев М. должны были быть разделены поровну между магистратом и рус. пр-вом. В 1655 рус. войска под ком. полк. Константина Поклонского перебили почти всех евреев М., их имущество было разграблено. Немногие оставшиеся в живых приняли христианство. Вскоре был издан указ, запрещавший евреям жить в М. После возвращения в М. польск. войск в 1655 еврейская община была восстановлена, большинство выкрестов вернулись в иудаизм. В 1656 король Ян II Казимир запретил евреям строить дома и иметь лавки в пределах гор. вала, но и этот запрет не был исполнен. Движение Саббатая Цви нашло в М. своих приверженцев.Правовое и экономич. положение евреев М. неск. улучшилось при короле Яне III Собеском, к-рый в 1676 разрешил им строить деревянные и каменные дома, заниматься разл. торговлей, иметь две еврейские школы, с к-рых не брали подати.С 1678 евреям было разрешено свободно проживать в М., в 1680 в городе была открыта вторая синагога, в кон. 17 в. – еврейское кладбище. В 1692 на евреев М. был возведен «кровавый навет».В 1708 гор. магистрат передал находившиеся в ведении евреев дорожный и др. сборы городу. В 1729 была запрещена сдача евреям в аренду гор. весов и мельниц. В кон. 18 в. среди зажиточных купцов появилось неск. приверженцев Гаскалы. В 1783 Я.Гирш предоставил в правительств. комиссию об училищах в Санкт-Петербурге проект создания в Белоруссии сети еврейских школ с преподаванием общеобразоват. предметов и ремесел.В 18 в. осн. занятия евреев М. – разл. ремесла, винокурение, пиво- и медоварение. В руках евреев находилась б.ч. откупов и сборов в пользу королевской казны. Купцы-евреи М. играли гл. роль в торговле с Ригой, Мемелем (совр. Клайпеда), Кёнигсбергом (совр. Калининград), Данцигом (совр. Гданьск) и юж. городами России.В 1809 в М. было заложено второе еврейское кладбище. В 1830 в М. была учреждена еврейская богадельня на 20 коек, к-рая содержалась за счет коробочного сбора (с 1868 – при еврейской больнице). В это же время в М. имелась и частная богадельня, содержавшаяся на средства еврейского об-ва города.Первая хасидская синагога была построена в 1803 в память об освобождении из заключения главы белорус. хасидов Залмана Шнеерсона (сгорела в 1846, на ее месте находилась потом «Любавичская молельня»). В 1860 в М. было 3 синагоги (одна каменная, две деревянные). Работали еврейская больница, казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В нач. 1860-х гг. из четырех ратманов гор. магистрата двое были евреями – Янкель Гиршевич Драбкин и Шмуйла-Янкель Нотович Ноткин. С 1869 раввином был Яков Хаимович Каган.Среди евреев М. было много любавичских хасидов. К нач. 1880-х гг. в М. было 38 синагог (в т. ч. 13 хасидских). Работали 14 хедеров, муж. и жен. еврейские нар. уч-ща, 3-классное еврейское жен. учительское уч-ще (открыто в 1857). В 1890 действовала талмуд-тора (125 уч-ся), возглавляемая раввином Львом Лазаревичем Капланом.Евреи М. принимали активное участие в рус.-турецкой войне 1877-78. Больше всего солдат-евреев было в 16-й и 30-й пехотных дивизиях; они составляли до половины личного состава этих частей.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности еврейского населения в М. во 2-й пол. 19 в. – торговля хлебом, разл. ремесла (среди евреев было 768 ремесленников; большинство портных, пекарей, ювелиров, часовщиков, переплетчиков, красильщиков были евреями). Ломовым извозом занимались преимущественно евреи. Евреям принадлежали св. 100 ф-к и з-дов, в т. ч. спичечные, сально-свечные, меховые и др. ф-ки, кирпичный, колесный, пивоваренный, водочный и др. з-ды. Из 5 магазинов евреям принадлежали 4, из 51 лавки – 46. Они же владели единств. в М. книжным магазином, 3 из 4 аптек, большинством гостиниц, типографией, фотоателье.Особенность еврейского ремесла в М. – существование до нач. 20 в. «хевр» (иврит – «общество»), в др. местах давно исчезнувших. Возникшие в 1860-х гг., они первоначально объединяли и хозяев, и рабочих. Затем стали возникать обособленные, самостоят. хевры, к-рые стали постепенно превращаться в обычные кассы взаимопомощи и профсоюзы.Большинство управляющих банками в М. были евреями, в т. ч. отд-нием Минского коммерч. банка – Эммануил Львович Рогинский (с 1896), отд-нием Юж.-Рус. пром. банка – Марк Давыдович Дынин (с 1907), отд-нием Азовско-Донского коммерч. банка – Дов Соломонович Ратнер. В 1909 пред. правления Об-ва служащих в торгово-пром. пр-тиях М. был Элья Израилевич Белоус. Накануне 1-й мир. войны в М. было создано еврейское беспроцентное кредитное об-во «Гмилус хасодим» (пред. правления – мещанин Гершон Иверович Беленький). Пред. попечит. совета еврейской с.-х. фирмы состоял Илья Ефимович Вигдорчик. Неск. евреев в 1905–14 были гласными гор. думы.В 1900-х гг. было создано еврейское ремесл. уч-ще (рук. – Гирш Вульфович Каган). В 1902–03 в иешиве М. (рук. – Ицка Бакшт) было 76 уч-ся.9–10 окт. 1904 солдаты, мобилизованные на войну с Японией, устроили в М. еврейский погром. Было убито и изнасиловано неск. чел., имущество евреев уничтожено и разграблено. В 1905–06 в М. действовали 2 талмуд-торы, 100 хедеров (800 уч-ся).В 1909 казенным раввином был Соломон Яковлевич Каган, в 1911 – Яков Хаимович Каган. Духовным раввином М. был Абрам-Янкель Залманович Капланский.В 1901 в М. был организован кружок Бунда. В 1903 местный к-т Бунда имел нелег. типографию. В нояб. 1904 члены Могилевского к-та Бунда были приговорены к тюремному заключению за распространение рев. лит-ры. В 1906 в М. действовала боевая орг-ция Бунда (ок. 50 чел.; на вооружении 9 браунингов, 28 смит-вессонов, 8 др. револьверов, 14 бомб). После рев-ции 1905–07 к-т распался, однако к осени 1910 бундовская орг-ция М. была восстановлена. В 1913 Бунд провел политич. забастовки в связи с нач. суда над М.М.Бейлисом.В 1911 в М. имелось 45 хедеров, б-ка Об-ва любителей древнееврейского яз. «Иврия», лит.-муз.-драм. кружок, об-во пособия бедным евреям, содержавшее 22 богадельни, об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам иудейского вероисповедания, еврейская дешевая столовая, 2 еврейских кладбища.С мая 1917 пред. гор. Совета был чл. партии эсеров-максималистов Михаил Борисович Гольман (1894–1937); после окт. 1917 – левый эсер, пред. Совета рабочих, солдатских и крестьянских депутатов Могилевской губ.18 нояб. 1917 был создан Могилевский ВРК (зам. пред. – большевик Фейербенд, секр. – С.Л.Гоникман). Среди активных участников борьбы за установление сов. власти в М. – Л.М.Каганович. В нояб. 1917 комиссаром Ставки Верх. Главнокомандования в М. был Э.М. Склянский. В 1917 в М. прошла губернская конф. Бунда; вышло неск. номеров газ. «Еврейское слово», органа сионистской орг-ции М. В 1917 в М. действовало ок. 50 синагог.12 марта 1918 М. был оккупирован польск. легионерами корпуса ген. Довбор-Мусницкого, 26 мая – герм. войсками. Солдаты польск. частей учинили еврейский погром.В 1920–30-х гг. еврейская община М. пришла в упадок. Были закрыты все хедеры и большинство синагог, ликвидированы сионистские орг-ции. В нач. 1920-х гг. в М. при помощи Джойнта было открыто 3 еврейских дет. дома, работало 8 еврейских дет. садов, 6 школ 1-й ступени. В 1922 членами Евсекции были Любинский, Вайнберг, Липник, Дискант. Действовало отд-ние «Ге-Халуц» (10 чел.). В 1922 работала еврейская б-ка им. Переца. В 1928 в М. было 100 нуждающихся учеников иешив. В 1910–32 раввином в М. был Шлойме Головенчиц (1869, Городок – 1938, Иерусалим). В 1920 – 30-х гг. в М. работали гос. школы с преподаванием большинства предметов на идише, к кон. 1930-х гг. их кол-во резко сократилось. В 1930-х гг. в М. действовал еврейский с.-х. техникум. В 1939 в М. имелась подпольная иешива, был закрыт еврейский дет. дом.В 1930 – 40-х гг. значит. часть евреев была занята в кооперативной кустарной пром-сти. Немало евреев занимали руководящие посты на сов., парт., хоз. и комс. работе. В 1938–39 1-м секр. Могилевского обкома (и одновр. горкома) партии был М.Я.Репинский, секр. обкома партии – Яков Горелик, горкома – И.Л.Хавкин, секр. горкома комсомола – Я.Н.Сагал, нач. политич. отдела обл. упр-ния милиции – З.З.Клугман, зав. горздравотделом – Н.Ю.Шполянский.В разработке плана реконструкции М. приняли участие ведущие архитекторы города – Авель Пинхусович Брегман, Наум Ефимович Трахтенберг, Иосиф Григорьевич Лангбард (по его проекту в 1938–40 в М. сооружен Дом Советов).К июню 1941 численность еврейского населения М. выросла за счет беженцев из Польши.В обороне М. от наступавших частей герм. армии (3–26 июля 1941) активное участие принимали евреи города. 25-м мех. корпусом 21-й армии командовал С.М.Кривошеин. Первому из воинов 13-й армии (и третьему из артиллеристов всей РККА) звание Героя Сов. Союза было присвоено (посм.) Б.Л.Хигрину. Отличились артиллеристы 53-й стрелковой дивизии под ком. Г.Д.Пласкова.Чл. гор. штаба нар. ополчения были Н.Ю. Шполянский, секр. горсовета А.И.Зильберман, Я.Н.Сагал, А.А.Эстеркин и др. Большую роль в обороне М. сыграли Г.Б.Эйдинов, секр. горкома партии И.Л.Хавкин. Тяжелораненый секр. райкома партии Ш.И.Егудин подорвал себя гранатой, уничтожив неск. солдат противника.26 июля 1941 М. оккупировали войска вермахта. Летом 1941 часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. В кон. июля 1941 в М. была расстреляна группа евреев, в нач. авг. 1941 – 80 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 еще 25 евреев были расстреляны как «поджигатели». Во 2-й пол. сент. 1941 в М. в ходе двух «акций» уничтожению подверглось 632 еврея. В кон. сент. 1941 при создании гетто было расстреляно еще 113 евреев «за саботаж переселения». В окт. 1941 в гетто были проведены две «акции»: 2–3 окт. 1941 расстреляно 2273 еврея и 19 окт. 1941 – 3726 евреев. 23 окт. 1941 во время пребывания в городе Г.Гиммлера было расстреляно еще 279 евреев. В кон. окт. – нач. нояб. 1941 было проведено еще 4 «акции». В ходе первой расстреляно 160 евреев из рабочего лагеря, в ходе второй – 127 евреев за пребывание за чертой гетто, в ходе третьей – 196 евреев и коммунистов из лагеря военнопленных и в ходе четвертой – 80 евреев за отсутствие отличительного знака и пребывание вне гетто. Всего во 2-й пол. 1941 в М. было уничтожено ок. 7,7 тыс. евреев.В кон. 1941 евреи еще оставались в рабочем лагере, к-рый пополнялся евреями из др. нас. пунктов. 26 мая 1942 в лагерь в М. было доставлено 400 евреев из Слонима. В нач. сент. 1943 в лагере находилось 276 евреев. В этом же месяце лагерь был ликвидирован, заключенные вывезены в концлагерь Майданек в Польше. Всего в М. в 1941–43 было уничтожено ок. 8,5 тыс. евреев.Партиз. движением в области и подпольной работой в М. руководили Г.Б.Эйдинов, инструкторы ЦК партии Я.Х.Аронов, С.М.Гласов, И.Л.Хавкин. В разведыват. и подпольной работе активно участвовали Юлий Линкус (Лившиц), Яков Шмидт, Н.И.Каганович, Гиндин и др. евреи. Большинство из них погибли.Большую роль в разгроме оккупантов сыграли партизаны: ком. отряда Давид Ильич Федотов (впосл. – ком. Белынической воен.-опер. группы), комиссары Тайчер, Исаак Моисеевич Гершович, Самуил Мулич Ельканович, нач. штабов Илья Борисович Рутман (с 1943 – нач. штаба Быховской воен.-опер. группы), Гилей Аронович Цивин.28 июня 1944 М. был освобожден. В операции по освобождению М. участвовали Герои Сов. Союза М.Ф.Марьяновский, Б.С.Левин, П.В.Гельман.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1946 группа евреев ходатайствовала о передачи им бывш. синагоги (закрытой в 1931), находившейся на ул. К.Либкнехта, 23, в чем им было отказано. Действовало неск. нелег. миньянов (ул. Езернского, 29 и др.). Иосиф Григорьевич Грослайд занимался в 1940–50-х гг. выпечкой мацы. В 1970 – 80-х гг. миньян в М. собирался (до 1989) в полуразрушенном доме на ул. Дубровинки. Две нелег. синагоги находились в частных домах (ул. К.Либкнехта, 21 и ул. Стасова, 9). Имелся шохет.5 сент.1990 в М. зарегистрировано Об-во еврейской культуры (пред. – Наум Иоффе). Действуют св. 20 еврейских орг-ций и общин: гор. орг-ция Белорус. союза евреев-ветеранов Вел. Отечественной войны, гор. орг-ция Белорус. Ассоциации евреев – бывш. узников гетто и нацист. концлагерей, центр «Хесэд Борух» (в честь Боруха Цукермана, построившего синагогу), спортклуб «Маккаби», еврейская воскресная школа, община ортодоксального иудаизма, община прогрессивного иудаизма, религ. орг-ция «Эзра», клуб еврейских семей, дети к-рых учатся в Э.-И., еврейское концертно-филармонич. об-во, клуб творч. интеллигенции, молодежный клуб, Об-во инженеров и предпринимателей, клуб еврейской семьи, фонд «Возрождение» и др.В 1996 в М. вышли 3 номера газеты общины «Еврейский акцент» (на рус. яз.).В кон. 1970-х гг. на еврейском кладбище стали хоронить и неевреев. С еврейских могил исчезают гранитные плиты, стираются надгробные надписи.В М. действует синагога, имеется воскресная школа. В 2002 в М. установлен памятник Праведникам народов мира.В М. род.: Р.Агмон, Э.Аккорд, Н.Аксельрод, М.И.Альтшулер, С.И.Баевский. А.-Е.М. Белов, Г.С.Березкин, Э.М.Берлин, С.Ю.Бронштейн, А.Я.Быховский, Й.Виткин, М.Д.Вольпин, Н.Д.Вольпин, М.Гакоген, Л.С.Гинзбург, М.И.Горвиц, И.Н.Гранат, Г.Е.Гуревич, Н.И. Гуревич, А.Н.Драбкин, Г.Ф.Друкарев, И.С. Жоров, Е.И.Златин, А.М.Изаксон, М.Кац, Ц.И.Кин, П.С.Кобзаревский, Г.М.Коган, Э.С. Колмановский, М.Б.Колосов, Д.А.Крол, Д.Кубланов, И.Кузьковский, Е.Левенталь, Н.Левенталь, В.И.Левин, Л.Левин, Х.Левин, Р.Я.Левина, М.Левонтин, Г.Лелевич, А.И.Лурье, С.Я. Лурье, Я.И.Мазе, С.Маламуд, И.М.Малкин, Л.И.Мандельштам, С.О.Марголин, Л.Е.Марьясин, А.М.Мезиа, А.Мескин, А.М.Орлов, Перекати-Поле, М.-И.Пинес, Д.Пинский, Л.А. Полугаевский, М.Рабинов, И.М.Рабинович, Б.Раскин, Б.И.Рейнштейн, Я.Я.Рогинский, З.А.Роговин, С.Ю.Семковский, С.З.Сендерей, Н.Сыркин, М.Терман, Р.И.Фраерман, Е.В. Цетлин, Г.Д.Цомык, Л.И.Цукерман, М.Е.Эйтингон, Н.И.Этингон; Григорий Анатольевич Блох (1867–1927, Ницца), адвокат, промышленник, чл. правления Рус. акц. об-ва Николаевского з-да и верфей, Петрогр. Междунар. коммерч. банка, дир.-распорядитель Рус. акц. об-ва «Всеобщая КО электричества», дир. Акц. об-ва Тульских медно-прокатных и патронных з-дов, с 1918 – во Франции; Михаил Борисович Брохес (1909–1996, Москва), пианист-концертмейстер, в 1943–57 выступал с А.Н.Вертинским, засл. арт. РФ (1993); Натан Моисеевич Вфонов (1916–1978), художник, засл. деят. иск-в БССР (1966); Абрам Соломонович Гинзбург (1911–1996, Москва), теплофизик, д-р техн. наук (1952), проф. (1953), создатель метода рециркулярной и изотермич. сушки, автор более 350 науч. работ, в т. ч. 12 моногр., Пр. СМ (1988); Абрам Наумович Залманзон (1892–1983, Москва), психиатр, д-р мед. наук (1935), обл. науч. иссл. – проблемы шизофрении и органич. психозов, один из создателей Ин-та высшей нервной деятельности (1926); Лев Афанасьевич (Аронович) Кроль (1871–1931, Париж), политич. деятель, деп. Учредит. собрания от Партии нар. свободы, в 1917 – организатор Союза Возрождения России, чл. уфимского к-та Учредит. собрания, в 1918 – мин. финансов, зам. пред. Уральского пр-ва, с 1923 – во Франции; Давид Натанович Лев (1905–1969, Самарканд), историк, исследователь палеолита на терр. Ср. Азии; Вольф Соломонович Мерлин (1898–1982, Пермь), психолог, д-р психологич. наук (1950), проф., в 1954–79 – зав. кафедрой психологии Пермского пед. ин-та, возглавлял Уральское отд-ние Об-ва психологов СССР; Ефим Львович Минкин (р. 1922), кавалер орд. Славы 3-х степеней, д-р техн. наук, проф.; Абрам Григорьевич Найштат (1892–1939, Москва), дир. Дальневост. ин-та бактериологии, репрессирован; Анатолий Александрович Прихожан (1910–1979), воен. строитель, ген.-майор (1960); Яков Борисович Рабинович (1897–1964), адвокат, д-р философии, один из рук. еврейского движения Сопротивления во Франции, участвовал в работе Нюрнбергского процесса в качестве эксперта по междунар. праву; Александр Моисеевич Розин (1881–1942, Куйбышев), геолог, ч.-к. АН БССР (1940), в 1909–37 занимался разведкой полезных ископаемых на терр. Белоруссии, Ст. пр. (1952); Алексей Фролович Филипов (1870–1950-е гг., Ленинград), основатель газ. «Русское слово», владелец журн. «Русское обозрение» (Москва), издатель газ. «Деньги», с 1918 – секретный сотрудник при През. ВЧК; Павел Васильевич Шейн (1826–1900, Рига), этнограф, собиратель рус. и белорус. фольклора; Арон-Шауль Шор (1864–1945, Иерусалим), художник, с 1913 – в Э.-И., создал отд. миниатюры в Бецалеле, возглавлял Бецалель в 1917–18; Элиягу-Зеев Эберлин (1875–?), публицист, д-р юриспруденции, в 1903 основал первую сионистскую орг-цию в Париже, в 1920–40-х гг. публиковался в еврейских периодич. изд. на рус., франц. яз., идише, иврите.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=МОГИЛЕВ, город, центр Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1267. В 1561 получил право на войтовство (гор. управление), в 1577 – Магдебургское право. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1589–1772 – центр Могилевской экономии. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Могилевской губ., с 1778 – наместничества, с 1796 – уездный город Могилев (др. назв. – Могилев-на-Днепре) Белорусской губ., с 1802 – центр Могилевской губ. В 1919–24 – уездный город Гомельской губ. РСФСР. С 1924 – районный, в 1924–30 – окружной центр, с 1938 – областной центр БССР.В 1776 в М. проживало 622 еврея, в 1820-х гг. – ок. 9000, в 1860 – 11 437 (ок. 60%), в 1880 – 17 038, в 1893 – 19 623 еврея и 5 караимов, в 1897 – 23 539 евреев (св. 50%), в 1910 – 27 974, в 1923 – 16 748, в 1926 – 17 105 (34,1%), в 1939 – 19 715 (19,83%), в 1946 – ок. 8000, в 1959 – 7700, в 1970 – 8064, в 1979 – 7771 (2,1%), в 1989 – 6670 (1,9%), в 1996 – ок. 5000 евреев.Первые евреи поселились в М. в нач. 16 в. В 1522 откупщику и ростовщику Ицхоку-Михлу Юзефовичу были отданы в аренду весовой сбор, воскобойня и корчмы в М. В сер. 16 в., вероятно, уже сформировалась еврейская община. Осн. экономич. деятельность евреев М. – торговля, аренда корчем, ростовщичество.Еврейская община М. находилась в постоянном конфликте с христианским населением города (в осн. из-за экономич. конкуренции), неоднократно требовавшим у власти ограничения прав евреев и их изгнания. В 1577 король Речи Посполитой Стефан Баторий запретил евреям селиться в М., однако запрет часто нарушался. В 1585 мещане-христиане М. обратились к королю с просьбой вновь запретить евреям жить в М., объясняя свое ходатайство тем, что от евреев «…не может быть никакого пожитку и порядка в городе, а им, мещанам, только вред в торговле». Король формально согласился с ходатайством и издал указ об изгнании евреев из М.; указ выполнен не был.В дек. 1595 во время казацко-крестьянского восстания (1594-96) Северина Наливайко в М. произошел еврейский погром.В 1-й пол. 17 в. за гор. валом М. была открыта синагога. Нек-рые евреи начали селиться на торг. площади М. В 1626 король Сигизмунд III Ваза запретил евреям проживать в пределах гор. вала, но указ не был выполнен.21 сент. 1645 в М. произошел второй еврейский погром. В праздник Рош-га-Шана, когда евреи направились к Днепру для совершения обряда «ташлих», бургомистр Ребрович с вооруженной толпой напали на них. Ночью была разрушена и осквернена синагога. Вскоре магистрат М. запретил жителям города сдавать евреям дома внаем. В 1646 король Владислав IV подтвердил постановление, мотивируя это стремлением не допустить пожаров в домах, занимаемых евреями.Во время рус.-польск. войны 1654–57 горожане согласились сдать город осадившей его рус. армии при условии сохранения в М. внутр. самоуправления и изгнания евреев. В сент. 1654 король Речи Посполитой и царь Алексей Михайлович заключили договор, по к-рому все дома евреев М. должны были быть разделены поровну между магистратом и рус. пр-вом. В 1655 рус. войска под ком. полк. Константина Поклонского перебили почти всех евреев М., их имущество было разграблено. Немногие оставшиеся в живых приняли христианство. Вскоре был издан указ, запрещавший евреям жить в М. После возвращения в М. польск. войск в 1655 еврейская община была восстановлена, большинство выкрестов вернулись в иудаизм. В 1656 король Ян II Казимир запретил евреям строить дома и иметь лавки в пределах гор. вала, но и этот запрет не был исполнен. Движение Саббатая Цви нашло в М. своих приверженцев.Правовое и экономич. положение евреев М. неск. улучшилось при короле Яне III Собеском, к-рый в 1676 разрешил им строить деревянные и каменные дома, заниматься разл. торговлей, иметь две еврейские школы, с к-рых не брали подати.С 1678 евреям было разрешено свободно проживать в М., в 1680 в городе была открыта вторая синагога, в кон. 17 в. – еврейское кладбище. В 1692 на евреев М. был возведен «кровавый навет».В 1708 гор. магистрат передал находившиеся в ведении евреев дорожный и др. сборы городу. В 1729 была запрещена сдача евреям в аренду гор. весов и мельниц. В кон. 18 в. среди зажиточных купцов появилось неск. приверженцев Гаскалы. В 1783 Я.Гирш предоставил в правительств. комиссию об училищах в Санкт-Петербурге проект создания в Белоруссии сети еврейских школ с преподаванием общеобразоват. предметов и ремесел.В 18 в. осн. занятия евреев М. – разл. ремесла, винокурение, пиво- и медоварение. В руках евреев находилась б.ч. откупов и сборов в пользу королевской казны. Купцы-евреи М. играли гл. роль в торговле с Ригой, Мемелем (совр. Клайпеда), Кёнигсбергом (совр. Калининград), Данцигом (совр. Гданьск) и юж. городами России.В 1809 в М. было заложено второе еврейское кладбище. В 1830 в М. была учреждена еврейская богадельня на 20 коек, к-рая содержалась за счет коробочного сбора (с 1868 – при еврейской больнице). В это же время в М. имелась и частная богадельня, содержавшаяся на средства еврейского об-ва города.Первая хасидская синагога была построена в 1803 в память об освобождении из заключения главы белорус. хасидов Залмана Шнеерсона (сгорела в 1846, на ее месте находилась потом «Любавичская молельня»). В 1860 в М. было 3 синагоги (одна каменная, две деревянные). Работали еврейская больница, казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В нач. 1860-х гг. из четырех ратманов гор. магистрата двое были евреями – Янкель Гиршевич Драбкин и Шмуйла-Янкель Нотович Ноткин. С 1869 раввином был Яков Хаимович Каган.Среди евреев М. было много любавичских хасидов. К нач. 1880-х гг. в М. было 38 синагог (в т. ч. 13 хасидских). Работали 14 хедеров, муж. и жен. еврейские нар. уч-ща, 3-классное еврейское жен. учительское уч-ще (открыто в 1857). В 1890 действовала талмуд-тора (125 уч-ся), возглавляемая раввином Львом Лазаревичем Капланом.Евреи М. принимали активное участие в рус.-турецкой войне 1877-78. Больше всего солдат-евреев было в 16-й и 30-й пехотных дивизиях; они составляли до половины личного состава этих частей.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности еврейского населения в М. во 2-й пол. 19 в. – торговля хлебом, разл. ремесла (среди евреев было 768 ремесленников; большинство портных, пекарей, ювелиров, часовщиков, переплетчиков, красильщиков были евреями). Ломовым извозом занимались преимущественно евреи. Евреям принадлежали св. 100 ф-к и з-дов, в т. ч. спичечные, сально-свечные, меховые и др. ф-ки, кирпичный, колесный, пивоваренный, водочный и др. з-ды. Из 5 магазинов евреям принадлежали 4, из 51 лавки – 46. Они же владели единств. в М. книжным магазином, 3 из 4 аптек, большинством гостиниц, типографией, фотоателье.Особенность еврейского ремесла в М. – существование до нач. 20 в. «хевр» (иврит – «общество»), в др. местах давно исчезнувших. Возникшие в 1860-х гг., они первоначально объединяли и хозяев, и рабочих. Затем стали возникать обособленные, самостоят. хевры, к-рые стали постепенно превращаться в обычные кассы взаимопомощи и профсоюзы.Большинство управляющих банками в М. были евреями, в т. ч. отд-нием Минского коммерч. банка – Эммануил Львович Рогинский (с 1896), отд-нием Юж.-Рус. пром. банка – Марк Давыдович Дынин (с 1907), отд-нием Азовско-Донского коммерч. банка – Дов Соломонович Ратнер. В 1909 пред. правления Об-ва служащих в торгово-пром. пр-тиях М. был Элья Израилевич Белоус. Накануне 1-й мир. войны в М. было создано еврейское беспроцентное кредитное об-во «Гмилус хасодим» (пред. правления – мещанин Гершон Иверович Беленький). Пред. попечит. совета еврейской с.-х. фирмы состоял Илья Ефимович Вигдорчик. Неск. евреев в 1905–14 были гласными гор. думы.В 1900-х гг. было создано еврейское ремесл. уч-ще (рук. – Гирш Вульфович Каган). В 1902–03 в иешиве М. (рук. – Ицка Бакшт) было 76 уч-ся.9–10 окт. 1904 солдаты, мобилизованные на войну с Японией, устроили в М. еврейский погром. Было убито и изнасиловано неск. чел., имущество евреев уничтожено и разграблено. В 1905–06 в М. действовали 2 талмуд-торы, 100 хедеров (800 уч-ся).В 1909 казенным раввином был Соломон Яковлевич Каган, в 1911 – Яков Хаимович Каган. Духовным раввином М. был Абрам-Янкель Залманович Капланский.В 1901 в М. был организован кружок Бунда. В 1903 местный к-т Бунда имел нелег. типографию. В нояб. 1904 члены Могилевского к-та Бунда были приговорены к тюремному заключению за распространение рев. лит-ры. В 1906 в М. действовала боевая орг-ция Бунда (ок. 50 чел.; на вооружении 9 браунингов, 28 смит-вессонов, 8 др. револьверов, 14 бомб). После рев-ции 1905–07 к-т распался, однако к осени 1910 бундовская орг-ция М. была восстановлена. В 1913 Бунд провел политич. забастовки в связи с нач. суда над М.М.Бейлисом.В 1911 в М. имелось 45 хедеров, б-ка Об-ва любителей древнееврейского яз. «Иврия», лит.-муз.-драм. кружок, об-во пособия бедным евреям, содержавшее 22 богадельни, об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам иудейского вероисповедания, еврейская дешевая столовая, 2 еврейских кладбища.С мая 1917 пред. гор. Совета был чл. партии эсеров-максималистов Михаил Борисович Гольман (1894–1937); после окт. 1917 – левый эсер, пред. Совета рабочих, солдатских и крестьянских депутатов Могилевской губ.18 нояб. 1917 был создан Могилевский ВРК (зам. пред. – большевик Фейербенд, секр. – С.Л.Гоникман). Среди активных участников борьбы за установление сов. власти в М. – Л.М.Каганович. В нояб. 1917 комиссаром Ставки Верх. Главнокомандования в М. был Э.М. Склянский. В 1917 в М. прошла губернская конф. Бунда; вышло неск. номеров газ. «Еврейское слово», органа сионистской орг-ции М. В 1917 в М. действовало ок. 50 синагог.12 марта 1918 М. был оккупирован польск. легионерами корпуса ген. Довбор-Мусницкого, 26 мая – герм. войсками. Солдаты польск. частей учинили еврейский погром.В 1920–30-х гг. еврейская община М. пришла в упадок. Были закрыты все хедеры и большинство синагог, ликвидированы сионистские орг-ции. В нач. 1920-х гг. в М. при помощи Джойнта было открыто 3 еврейских дет. дома, работало 8 еврейских дет. садов, 6 школ 1-й ступени. В 1922 членами Евсекции были Любинский, Вайнберг, Липник, Дискант. Действовало отд-ние «Ге-Халуц» (10 чел.). В 1922 работала еврейская б-ка им. Переца. В 1928 в М. было 100 нуждающихся учеников иешив. В 1910–32 раввином в М. был Шлойме Головенчиц (1869, Городок – 1938, Иерусалим). В 1920 – 30-х гг. в М. работали гос. школы с преподаванием большинства предметов на идише, к кон. 1930-х гг. их кол-во резко сократилось. В 1930-х гг. в М. действовал еврейский с.-х. техникум. В 1939 в М. имелась подпольная иешива, был закрыт еврейский дет. дом.В 1930 – 40-х гг. значит. часть евреев была занята в кооперативной кустарной пром-сти. Немало евреев занимали руководящие посты на сов., парт., хоз. и комс. работе. В 1938–39 1-м секр. Могилевского обкома (и одновр. горкома) партии был М.Я.Репинский, секр. обкома партии – Яков Горелик, горкома – И.Л.Хавкин, секр. горкома комсомола – Я.Н.Сагал, нач. политич. отдела обл. упр-ния милиции – З.З.Клугман, зав. горздравотделом – Н.Ю.Шполянский.В разработке плана реконструкции М. приняли участие ведущие архитекторы города – Авель Пинхусович Брегман, Наум Ефимович Трахтенберг, Иосиф Григорьевич Лангбард (по его проекту в 1938–40 в М. сооружен Дом Советов).К июню 1941 численность еврейского населения М. выросла за счет беженцев из Польши.В обороне М. от наступавших частей герм. армии (3–26 июля 1941) активное участие принимали евреи города. 25-м мех. корпусом 21-й армии командовал С.М.Кривошеин. Первому из воинов 13-й армии (и третьему из артиллеристов всей РККА) звание Героя Сов. Союза было присвоено (посм.) Б.Л.Хигрину. Отличились артиллеристы 53-й стрелковой дивизии под ком. Г.Д.Пласкова.Чл. гор. штаба нар. ополчения были Н.Ю. Шполянский, секр. горсовета А.И.Зильберман, Я.Н.Сагал, А.А.Эстеркин и др. Большую роль в обороне М. сыграли Г.Б.Эйдинов, секр. горкома партии И.Л.Хавкин. Тяжелораненый секр. райкома партии Ш.И.Егудин подорвал себя гранатой, уничтожив неск. солдат противника.26 июля 1941 М. оккупировали войска вермахта. Летом 1941 часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. В кон. июля 1941 в М. была расстреляна группа евреев, в нач. авг. 1941 – 80 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 еще 25 евреев были расстреляны как «поджигатели». Во 2-й пол. сент. 1941 в М. в ходе двух «акций» уничтожению подверглось 632 еврея. В кон. сент. 1941 при создании гетто было расстреляно еще 113 евреев «за саботаж переселения». В окт. 1941 в гетто были проведены две «акции»: 2–3 окт. 1941 расстреляно 2273 еврея и 19 окт. 1941 – 3726 евреев. 23 окт. 1941 во время пребывания в городе Г.Гиммлера было расстреляно еще 279 евреев. В кон. окт. – нач. нояб. 1941 было проведено еще 4 «акции». В ходе первой расстреляно 160 евреев из рабочего лагеря, в ходе второй – 127 евреев за пребывание за чертой гетто, в ходе третьей – 196 евреев и коммунистов из лагеря военнопленных и в ходе четвертой – 80 евреев за отсутствие отличительного знака и пребывание вне гетто. Всего во 2-й пол. 1941 в М. было уничтожено ок. 7,7 тыс. евреев.В кон. 1941 евреи еще оставались в рабочем лагере, к-рый пополнялся евреями из др. нас. пунктов. 26 мая 1942 в лагерь в М. было доставлено 400 евреев из Слонима. В нач. сент. 1943 в лагере находилось 276 евреев. В этом же месяце лагерь был ликвидирован, заключенные вывезены в концлагерь Майданек в Польше. Всего в М. в 1941–43 было уничтожено ок. 8,5 тыс. евреев.Партиз. движением в области и подпольной работой в М. руководили Г.Б.Эйдинов, инструкторы ЦК партии Я.Х.Аронов, С.М.Гласов, И.Л.Хавкин. В разведыват. и подпольной работе активно участвовали Юлий Линкус (Лившиц), Яков Шмидт, Н.И.Каганович, Гиндин и др. евреи. Большинство из них погибли.Большую роль в разгроме оккупантов сыграли партизаны: ком. отряда Давид Ильич Федотов (впосл. – ком. Белынической воен.-опер. группы), комиссары Тайчер, Исаак Моисеевич Гершович, Самуил Мулич Ельканович, нач. штабов Илья Борисович Рутман (с 1943 – нач. штаба Быховской воен.-опер. группы), Гилей Аронович Цивин.28 июня 1944 М. был освобожден. В операции по освобождению М. участвовали Герои Сов. Союза М.Ф.Марьяновский, Б.С.Левин, П.В.Гельман.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1946 группа евреев ходатайствовала о передачи им бывш. синагоги (закрытой в 1931), находившейся на ул. К.Либкнехта, 23, в чем им было отказано. Действовало неск. нелег. миньянов (ул. Езернского, 29 и др.). Иосиф Григорьевич Грослайд занимался в 1940–50-х гг. выпечкой мацы. В 1970 – 80-х гг. миньян в М. собирался (до 1989) в полуразрушенном доме на ул. Дубровинки. Две нелег. синагоги находились в частных домах (ул. К.Либкнехта, 21 и ул. Стасова, 9). Имелся шохет.5 сент.1990 в М. зарегистрировано Об-во еврейской культуры (пред. – Наум Иоффе). Действуют св. 20 еврейских орг-ций и общин: гор. орг-ция Белорус. союза евреев-ветеранов Вел. Отечественной войны, гор. орг-ция Белорус. Ассоциации евреев – бывш. узников гетто и нацист. концлагерей, центр «Хесэд Борух» (в честь Боруха Цукермана, построившего синагогу), спортклуб «Маккаби», еврейская воскресная школа, община ортодоксального иудаизма, община прогрессивного иудаизма, религ. орг-ция «Эзра», клуб еврейских семей, дети к-рых учатся в Э.-И., еврейское концертно-филармонич. об-во, клуб творч. интеллигенции, молодежный клуб, Об-во инженеров и предпринимателей, клуб еврейской семьи, фонд «Возрождение» и др.В 1996 в М. вышли 3 номера газеты общины «Еврейский акцент» (на рус. яз.).В кон. 1970-х гг. на еврейском кладбище стали хоронить и неевреев. С еврейских могил исчезают гранитные плиты, стираются надгробные надписи.В М. действует синагога, имеется воскресная школа. В 2002 в М. установлен памятник Праведникам народов мира.В М. род.: Р.Агмон, Э.Аккорд, Н.Аксельрод, М.И.Альтшулер, С.И.Баевский. А.-Е.М. Белов, Г.С.Березкин, Э.М.Берлин, С.Ю.Бронштейн, А.Я.Быховский, Й.Виткин, М.Д.Вольпин, Н.Д.Вольпин, М.Гакоген, Л.С.Гинзбург, М.И.Горвиц, И.Н.Гранат, Г.Е.Гуревич, Н.И. Гуревич, А.Н.Драбкин, Г.Ф.Друкарев, И.С. Жоров, Е.И.Златин, А.М.Изаксон, М.Кац, Ц.И.Кин, П.С.Кобзаревский, Г.М.Коган, Э.С. Колмановский, М.Б.Колосов, Д.А.Крол, Д.Кубланов, И.Кузьковский, Е.Левенталь, Н.Левенталь, В.И.Левин, Л.Левин, Х.Левин, Р.Я.Левина, М.Левонтин, Г.Лелевич, А.И.Лурье, С.Я. Лурье, Я.И.Мазе, С.Маламуд, И.М.Малкин, Л.И.Мандельштам, С.О.Марголин, Л.Е.Марьясин, А.М.Мезиа, А.Мескин, А.М.Орлов, Перекати-Поле, М.-И.Пинес, Д.Пинский, Л.А. Полугаевский, М.Рабинов, И.М.Рабинович, Б.Раскин, Б.И.Рейнштейн, Я.Я.Рогинский, З.А.Роговин, С.Ю.Семковский, С.З.Сендерей, Н.Сыркин, М.Терман, Р.И.Фраерман, Е.В. Цетлин, Г.Д.Цомык, Л.И.Цукерман, М.Е.Эйтингон, Н.И.Этингон; Григорий Анатольевич Блох (1867–1927, Ницца), адвокат, промышленник, чл. правления Рус. акц. об-ва Николаевского з-да и верфей, Петрогр. Междунар. коммерч. банка, дир.-распорядитель Рус. акц. об-ва «Всеобщая КО электричества», дир. Акц. об-ва Тульских медно-прокатных и патронных з-дов, с 1918 – во Франции; Михаил Борисович Брохес (1909–1996, Москва), пианист-концертмейстер, в 1943–57 выступал с А.Н.Вертинским, засл. арт. РФ (1993); Натан Моисеевич Вфонов (1916–1978), художник, засл. деят. иск-в БССР (1966); Абрам Соломонович Гинзбург (1911–1996, Москва), теплофизик, д-р техн. наук (1952), проф. (1953), создатель метода рециркулярной и изотермич. сушки, автор более 350 науч. работ, в т. ч. 12 моногр., Пр. СМ (1988); Абрам Наумович Залманзон (1892–1983, Москва), психиатр, д-р мед. наук (1935), обл. науч. иссл. – проблемы шизофрении и органич. психозов, один из создателей Ин-та высшей нервной деятельности (1926); Лев Афанасьевич (Аронович) Кроль (1871–1931, Париж), политич. деятель, деп. Учредит. собрания от Партии нар. свободы, в 1917 – организатор Союза Возрождения России, чл. уфимского к-та Учредит. собрания, в 1918 – мин. финансов, зам. пред. Уральского пр-ва, с 1923 – во Франции; Давид Натанович Лев (1905–1969, Самарканд), историк, исследователь палеолита на терр. Ср. Азии; Вольф Соломонович Мерлин (1898–1982, Пермь), психолог, д-р психологич. наук (1950), проф., в 1954–79 – зав. кафедрой психологии Пермского пед. ин-та, возглавлял Уральское отд-ние Об-ва психологов СССР; Ефим Львович Минкин (р. 1922), кавалер орд. Славы 3-х степеней, д-р техн. наук, проф.; Абрам Григорьевич Найштат (1892–1939, Москва), дир. Дальневост. ин-та бактериологии, репрессирован; Анатолий Александрович Прихожан (1910–1979), воен. строитель, ген.-майор (1960); Яков Борисович Рабинович (1897–1964), адвокат, д-р философии, один из рук. еврейского движения Сопротивления во Франции, участвовал в работе Нюрнбергского процесса в качестве эксперта по междунар. праву; Александр Моисеевич Розин (1881–1942, Куйбышев), геолог, ч.-к. АН БССР (1940), в 1909–37 занимался разведкой полезных ископаемых на терр. Белоруссии, Ст. пр. (1952); Алексей Фролович Филипов (1870–1950-е гг., Ленинград), основатель газ. «Русское слово», владелец журн. «Русское обозрение» (Москва), издатель газ. «Деньги», с 1918 – секретный сотрудник при През. ВЧК; Павел Васильевич Шейн (1826–1900, Рига), этнограф, собиратель рус. и белорус. фольклора; Арон-Шауль Шор (1864–1945, Иерусалим), художник, с 1913 – в Э.-И., создал отд. миниатюры в Бецалеле, возглавлял Бецалель в 1917–18; Элиягу-Зеев Эберлин (1875–?), публицист, д-р юриспруденции, в 1903 основал первую сионистскую орг-цию в Париже, в 1920–40-х гг. публиковался в еврейских периодич. изд. на рус., франц. яз., идише, иврите.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
MOGILEV ON DNEPR, see Mogilev.
MOGILEV ON THE DNIESTER, see Mogilev-Podolsk.
MOGILEV PODOLSKY, city, regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in 1595. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of Mogilev-Podolsky (other name - Mogilev-on-Dniester) of Podolsk province. In 1681 in M.-P. lived approx. 50 Jews, in 1765 - 957, in 1776 - 1330 (11.4%), in 1847 - 5411, in 1897 - 12344 (55.3%), in 1910 - 14652 (47.2%), in 1916 - OK. 8000, in 1923 - 9241, in 1926 - 9622 (41.8%), in 1939 - 8703 (39.8), in 1946 - approx. 3000, in 1959 - approx. 4500 (approx. 21.2%), in 1970 - approx. 4400 (approx. 16.9%), in 1979 - approx. 1,800 Jews (approx. 12.5%). First mention. about Jews M.-P. refers to 1637. In M.-P. there were 200 Jewish homeowners. In 1648–49 the Jewish community of M.-P. was destroyed by the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. Jews settled again in M.-P. in the 2nd floor. 17th century In 1681 in M.-P. - 12 Jewish homeowners. In the 1740s. Jews owned 170 houses; In 1776 two synagogues were built. In 1795 from Dubossary (present-day Dubasar) to M.-P. the printing house was translated, edges published books and in the Hebrew language. In 1802 in M.-P. a Jewish censorship committee was established. In 1809, father and son D. and H. Ts. Stein were transferred to M.-P. its own publishing house of books in Hebrew, which worked until 1819, having published 24 books. spheres of economic. activities of Jews in the 19th century. - trade and other crafts. After fires and floods at the beginning. 19th century especially suffered the Greek. and Hungarian. merchants; all trade passed into the hands of the Jews. In 1856 the Jews owned approx. 200 shops, several dozens of taverns, approx. 10 wine warehouses. In 1867 in M.-P. there were 16 synagogues. In 1851–74 there was a state-owned Jewish school. In 1885, Jews owned a tobacco and makhorka factories. In 1889, in M.-P. there were 17 synagogues. All R. 19th century rabbi in M.-P. was Simcha Bull, after his death in 1887 his son Chaim (1854 -?) became a rabbi. 1905 in M.-P. there was a pogrom. In 1910 in M.-P. there were 22 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah, a Jewish cemetery, a Zemstvo Jewish school, 6 husbands. and wives. school, Jewish hospital; in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in; in 1913 - a free outpatient clinic, a society of benefits for poor women in childbirth, an almshouse, the "Ezra Hoylim" society, a cheap canteen, a society of benefits for the poor, an overnight shelter, a mutual aid fund. 1917 in M.-P. there was a pogrom perpetrated by the Polish. legionnaires. In 1919, a three-day pogrom was staged by units of the Volunteer Army; 2 Jews were killed, pl. injured; Jews had to pay 130 thousand rubles. indemnity; total community losses amounted to several. mln rubles in the beginning 1920s in M.-P. the organization "Ge-Halutz" operated, which organized a commune for growing tobacco. Subsequently, pl. members of "Ge-Halutz" left for E.-I. In the beginning. 1920s in M.-P. a branch of the "Kultur-League" operated. In 1921–27, the rabbi in M.-P. was Sh.-I. Byk.
MOGILEVER Yosef (1872, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1943, Jerusalem), teacher, religious leader. Doctor of Philosophy. Grandson of S. Mogilever. He studied agronomy at Montpellier University. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. He was a government rabbi in Bialystok. Founder and director. teacher's seminary "Tarbut" in Odessa (1916–20). Prev Jewish community of Odessa. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Was deputy. dir. teacher's seminary in Jerusalem. From 1924 until the end of his life - director. gymnasium "Rehavia". Collected and published letters from his grandfather.
MOGILEVER Shmuel (1824, Glubokoye, Disnensky district, Vitebsk province - 1898, Bialystok, Grodno province), rabbi. Rod. in a hereditary rabbinical family. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1843 he passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. At the same time. with trad. Jewish religion educated he studied secular sciences. In 1848–56 a rabbi in Glubokoye; in 1856–60 - in Shaki, Suwalki province; in 1860–68 - in Suwalki; in 1868–83 - in Radom; in 1883–98 - in Bialystok. He founded a yeshiva in Bialystok. In 1873 M. took part in the rabbinical congress. From the beginning. 1880s became one of the ideologues of Palestinophilism in Russia. In 1882 he founded the first Palestinophile circle, Bnei Zion. At the same time, he attracted Baron E. Rothschild to Palestinophilism, with whose money it was founded in E.-I. Ekron settlement (now Mazkeret Batya). In 1884 he took part in the Katowice Congress of Palestinophiles; was his honor. prev. In 1889 he chaired the Palestinophile congresses in Druskeniki and Vilna. In 1890 he founded in E.-I. colony Rehovot. From 1892 to 1893 M. participated in the work of the rabbinical commission. With the emergence of Zionism, M. became its most active follower and propagandist. Author of responses and commentaries to the Talmud. Kibbutz Gan-Shmuel is named after M.
MOGILEVICH Boris Grigorievich (1907, Bragin, Minsk province - 1934, Chukchi Sea), participant of the sea. exp. on the steamer "Chelyuskin" (1933–34). M. was engaged in the preparation of emergency supplies of food and equipment in tech. many months of forced drift "Chelyuskin" in the ice of the Chukotka m. 13 Feb. 1934, when the ship was crushed by ice and began to sink, M., the only one of the Chelyuskinites, died, remaining on board until the last minute in order to throw emergency supplies onto the ice. Awarded with cm. ord. Cr. Stars.
MOGILEVICH Misha (Mikhail Ekhunovich) (1920, Chernobyl of Radomyslensky u. Kiev province –1986, Kiev), poet. He began to write poetry in his school years, was published in the Kiev gas. Der Stern. 1941–45 at the front. Demobilized, he returned to Kiev, worked as a foreman at the Kiev plant "Keramika", was awarded honorary title. title "Honored Builder". In the 1960s. publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". The author is poetical. Sat. in Yiddish "Ofnghartsikayt" ("Revelation". M., 1981), as well as several. collection of verses, in the lane. in Ukrainian and Russian. lang.
MOGILEVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1885, Odessa, according to other data Uman - 1955, Tokyo), violinist, teacher. Brother of D.Ya. Mogilevsky and L.Ya. Mogilevsky. He studied violin in music. schools in Odessa with G. Freeman and in Rostov-on-Don with V. I. Salin. In 1898-1909 he studied at Moscow. cons. from N.N. Sokolovsky, then from I.V. Grzhimali. In 1905–06 he studied with L.S. Auer in St. Petersburg. cons. Mn. performed as a virtuoso soloist and ensemble player. In 1909 he founded Strings. quartet in Moscow. Since 1910 prof. Music-dram. uch-schA Mosk. branch of the Philharmonic about-va. In 1920–21 prof. Moscow horse, (among the students of D.M. Tsyganov). Headed the State, created in 1921. quartet them. Stradivari. From 1922 he lived abroad. He taught in Rus. cons. in Paris, toured. From the beginning. 1930s - in Japan, prof. muses. in-tov "Kunitachi" and "Teikoku", since 1937 prof. Tokyo cons. He contributed to the formation of the Japanese violin school. Mn. gave concerts in South-East countries. Asia.
MOGILEVSKY David Yakovlevich (1893, Odessa - 1961, Leningrad), cellist. Brother of A.Ya. Mogilevsky and L.Ya. Mogilevsky. In 1906-10 he studied at the Odessa muses. uch-shche, then taught in muses. uch-schhah Rus. muses. about-va in Simferopol and Baku. In 1913–17 he was concertmaster orc. Odessa Opera. In 1914-17 he studied at the Odessa cons. from E.F. Brambilla, then from A.P. Merk. In 1917-1919 the first cello of the State. orc. in Petrograd, in 1919 soloist orc. State acad. opera and ballet t-ra. In 1919–51, a member of the A.K. Glazunov; toured with a quartet in many countries and across Russia (D.Vostok, Siberia, Wed Asia). In 1938–61 he was the head of class. chamber ans. and the Leningrad quartet. cons. Worked on a repertoire for strings. quartet, made new edits, transcriptions, adaptations, participated in the compilation of sheet music ped. repertoire. G.V. Sviridov after eating. M. fp. trio. Honored. art. RSFSR (1940). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957).
MOGILEVSKY Evsey Moiseevich (b. 1903, Poltava), chemical technologist. After graduation in 1925 Kharkov technol. in-that worked at the factory "Viscose" in Mytishchi (near Moscow). From 1928 ch. Ing. under construction arts plant. fibers in Mogilev, after the start-up of the plant, he worked there, then Ch. Ing. Chemical management fibers of the People's Commissariat of Chem. prom-sti. From 1945 ch. Ing. State Institute for the design of the arts. fibers. Since 1948 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Arts, Fibers (since 1956, Head of the Department of Hydrated Cellulose Fibers). Developed (with co-workers) an original design of an apparatus for making viscose. He substantiated a method for producing viscose fiber on spinning and finishing units, proposed a method for producing hydrated cellulose fibers without the use of toxic. in-in. He developed a technology for the production of water-soluble cellulose ethers (substitutes for food raw materials), used as stabilizers in oil drilling. and gas. wells. From the beginning. 1970s supervised the development of technology for producing polynose and high-modulus staple fibers, which are natural substitutes for cotton. Became. pr. (1949, 1950).
MOGILEVSKY Leonid Yakovlevich (1886, Odessa - 1950, ibid.), Trumpeter, teacher, conductor. Prof. (1947). Brother of A.Ya. Mogilevsky and D.Ya. Mogilevsky. In 1902 he graduated from the Odessa muses. uch-shche. In 1908-1919, the soloist of a number of op. and symph. orc. He began teaching in 1913 at the Odessa cons. From 1922 he was engaged in conducting: symph. orc. radio (1927–38), symph. orc. Odessa Philharmonic (1939–42). During the evacuation in Ashgabat, he taught in music. uch-shche, conducted by an orc. dram. t-ra. After returning to Odessa (1945) he continued to teach in a horse and conduct symphony. orc. The author of the scientific method. works, plays, transcriptions of concerts and sonatas by W.-A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, C. Sen-Saens, I. Strauss and other composers for trumpet with fp. and orc.
MOGILEVSKY Solomon Grigorievich (1885, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1925), a politician. Education - a lawyer, assistant. attorney at law, was engaged in advocacy. Into the roar. movement from 1902, from 1903 members. RSDLP (Menshevik), led party work in Yekaterinoslav and St. Petersburg. In the summer of 1904 he was arrested, after his release he emigrated, in Geneva he joined the Bolsheviks. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1916 he was mobilized into the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Minsk to-that RSDLP, North-West. region Bureau of the RSDLP, Minsk Council of Workers' Dep. and the front, to-that Zap. front, cases. 7th (April) All-Russia. conf. RSDLP (b). After October 1917, member. prez. Ivanovo-Voznesensky Council of Workers Dep. and before. tribunal. Since 1918 in the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, member. Special Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in Saratov, hands. local Cheka. From the beginning. 1919 in the People's Commissariat of Justice of the Ukrainian SSR, deputy. prev. Revolutionary Tribunal of the 12th Army. From Dec. 1919 head. investigative part of Moscow. Cheka and early. foreign dep. VChK, participated in the elimination of anti-Sov. org-tion "Nat. center ", etc. From 1922 before. Transcaucasian Cheka, member. CEC of Soviets of the TSFSR. Killed in a plane crash.
MOGILEVSKY Yuri Borisovich (b. 1924, Rostov-on-Don - 2002, Moscow), graphic artist, theater designer. In 1952 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Applied and Decorative Arts. Since 1956 participates in the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions. Since the 1950s. was ch. thin zhurn. "Theater", worked in the workshop "Agitplakat". Main works: design for the performances "Bathhouse" and "Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky (both - 1952–55, in the Moscow theater of satire), posters for f. Chaplin "New Times", "Big City Lights" (1959), the poster of the Moscow International Film Festival "For the humanism of cinematography, for peace and friendship among peoples" (1959), engraved portraits of scientists and cultural figures - D.D.Shostakovich, S. I. Yutkevich, L. D. Landau, A. Einstein, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, B. Brecht, F. Chopin, S. M. Mikhoels (all - 1960-70), and also became emblem Mosk. t-ra them. Vladimir Mayakovsky and used as a mosaic at st. the Mayakovskaya metro station in St. Petersburg portrait of VV Mayakovsky (1959). M.'s works are in pl. museums in Russia and abroad. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1984).
MOGILNER Boris Yurievich (b. 1920, Slovechno Ovruchsky u. Volyn province.), Poet, writer. Studied at the Kazan ped. in-those; in 1941 left the post. course to the front. After the war he graduated from Leningrad. forestry engineering. Academy, worked as a teacher in Murom, then Balashov (Saratov region) ped. in-takh. In 1934 he made his debut verse. to the center. children Jewish gas. Zay Great (Kharkov). Published in Jewish Hieriodic. ed. After a long break in 1974, publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" cycle of new verses. In 1976 he moved to Moscow and headed the department. journalism this month. In 1981, the book was published in Moscow. pov. M. "May in Kazan" ("May in Kazan"). In 1985 the first poems were published. Sat. M. "Mine zikorn" ("My memory"). Compiled Sat. verse, Jewish poets who died in the years of the 2nd world. wars (Lyra, 1985). M. - the author of several. collection of arts. essays: "Kroyvim" ("Family", 1980), "Shave Horizons" ("Wide Horizons", 1984), "Far Alts Farantvortleh" ("For Everything Responsible", 1986), etc. In 1990 publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" rom.-dilogy "Their gleib deer, hob dich lib, their wart" ("I believe, I love, I wait").
Tomb, a city (since 1317) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Mohelnitsa Groetskiy u. Warsaw Gubernia In 1808, 208 Jews (33.3%) lived in Moscow, in 1827 - 887 (45.2%), in 1857 - 1202 (54.6%), in 1897 - 2352, in 1921 - 2722 Jews. (51.1%) Jews have lived in Moscow since the 18th century. In the end. 18th century Rabbi Yakov, the son of Elimelech from Lizhansk, was the rabbi in M. In 1828, the Hasidic court in M. was founded by Chaim-Meir-Ikhl Shapiro (1789–1849), who opened a yeshiva in M. In 1849 the dynasty was headed by his son Avrom-Yehoshua-Geshel (? –1878). After the death of the latter, the dynasty was headed by his son Avi-Ezra. In 1890-1909 the rabbi of M. was Yehuda-Leib Ginzburg, in 1909-38 - Gabriel-Zeev Usolka (? -1938). in M., a 2-class Jewish school with the study of Russian was opened. lang. Since the 1890s. Palestinian circles worked. During the events of 1905, several were active in Moscow. representatives of the Bund. In 1908 a Jewish library was opened. In 1911, the "Ceirei Tzion" branch was organized. From 1911 a Jewish Cooperative Bank operated in Moscow. In the beginning. 20th century there were “Hevras Linas Tzedek”, “Bikur Hoylim”, “Hevras Gakhnos Orkhim”, in 1912 a Jewish hotel was opened, there was a Jewish loan-savings bank. In the spring of 1915, during Passover, a kosher canteen for Jewish soldiers worked in Moscow. Russian. army. In 1916, the Zionist organizations "Ga-Shahar" and "Bnos Zion" were created. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. From 1924 he worked as a cheder metukan, from 1927 - a school of the Tarbut network and a school of Beis Yaakov, and from 1929 - a school of the Yavne network. The rabbi of M. since 1938 was the son of G.-Z. Usolka Pinkhos. 1939 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Two synagogues were soon burnt down. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat and the Jewish police were created, headed by the son of a rabbi. In Jan. 1941 Jews from the surrounding villages were gathered in M. On Feb. 1941 Jews were deported from M. to Warsaw.
MOGILNITSKY Iosif-Yusel (1870, Rossiens, Kovno province - 1945, Philadelphia, USA), teacher, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, at the same time. studied Russian. lang. At the age of 16 he began to publish in gas. "Gamelitz" and "Idishes folk-sblat". In 1889 he came to Mitava, where he studied it. lang. In 1890 he returned to Rossieny, taught at a Jewish school. Since 1892 - in the USA. In 1894 he founded a gas company in Philadelphia. in Yiddish, which lasted a year. Printed Art. in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed., published textbooks for schools with parallel texts in Yiddish and English. lang., methodical. manuals, including miniature ed. “56 of the best songs in Hebrew, Yiddish and English. lang. with notes for singing and playing ”, a prayer book with detailed explanations and grammar. comments.
MOGILNO, see Neman, Minsk region.
MOGILNOE, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mogilno Gaisinsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, 138 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 191, in 1926 - 286 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in the late. 19 - early. 20 c - p. x.-vo. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores; there was unity among the Jews. doctor in M. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MOGOCH, a city (since 1950), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1910, 59 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939.
MOGULESKO Sigmund (Zelig) (1858, Kalarash Bessarabian province. - 1914, New York), actor, director. From 1876 - in Bucharest, in A. Goldfaden's t-re. Subsequently, he organized his own troupe, edges in 1880 toured in Odessa, Poltava, Chisinau with performances based on the plays of I. Latainer "Possessed by the Demon", "Polish Pilgrim" "Enta Piper-Nuter", "Love of Jerusalem", "Anzel Shuster", op-that F. Zuppe "Students leprosy". As an actor M. gave preference to comedy, performing Ch. roles in the plays of Goldfaden ("Schmendrick", "The Orderman", "The Capricious Daughter", "Bar-Kokhba"), LaTainer ("Mama's Daughter"); N. Shaikevich ("Orphans", "Jewish Pan"). No less talented were the roles of typical old women in the plays "The Witch" and "Grandmother and Granddaughter" by Goldfaden, "The Usurer" by Shaykevich and "Possessed by the Demon" by LaTainer. After the ban on Jewish t-ra in Russia (1883) M. left for New York, where he created a t-r, with which he toured many others. countries of America and Europe. Last years of his life was the leading actor Nat. t-ra in New York, to the eye of the hands. B. Tomashevsky. Author of music for performances by Jewish t-dvrs in New York.
MOISEEV Igor Alexandrovich (b. 1906, Kiev - 2007, Moscow), ballet master, ballet dancer. Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). In 1924 he graduated from Moscow. choreography school, where he studied with A.A. Gorsky. In 1924–39 he was a soloist of the ballet group, ballet. Big t-ra. First post. M. in the Big Theater ball. "Footballer" VA Oransky (1930, with L. ALashchilin). In Experiment. t-re staged "A Vain Precaution" by P. Hertel (1930, jointly with A.M. Messerer, "Salambo" by A. F. Arends (1932), "Three Fat Men" by Oransky (1935), "Spartak" by A.I. Khachaturian (1958) .M. Also staged dances in many operas. In 1937 he created and headed the Ans. Of folk dance of the USSR. In 1966 he founded the Choreographic Conc. Ensemble. USSR (later called "Young Ensemble", then Moscow. Classical Ballet) M. is the founder of new dance and stage forms. Combines the originality of folk art with the academic basis of dance. Author of a number of theoretical articles on choreography. Hon. Hon. Academy of Dance in Paris (1955). Nar art USSR (1953) Steel pr. (1942, 1947, 1952). Len. pr. (1967). State pr. USSR (1985).
Moiseev Ilya Iosifovich (b. 1929), chemist. Dr. chem. sciences, acad. RAS (1992). In 1952 he graduated from MITHT. He worked as a process engineer at the plant (1952–55). In 1955–60 at the Institute of Physics. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1960–63 scientific. sotr. closed lab. Since 1963 - in Ying-those general and inorganic. chemistry them. NS Kurnakov of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow (since 1974 head of the laboratory). work in the region. metal complex catalysis, kinetics and research. mechanisms of chem. reactions. For the first time he synthesized a number of fundamentally new coordination. comp., including giant clusters. Developed the principles of designing catalytic. systems for the processes of selective oxidation of alkanes and alkenes. Created highly efficient catalysts for the conversion of hydrocarbons. Discovered the transformation of hydrogen peroxide into ozone. Works: P-complexes in the liquid-phase oxidation of olefins. M. 1970; Palladium carbonyl complexes. 2nd ed. M., 1989.
MOISEEV Leon-Solomon (1872, Riga - |), design engineer, bridge builder, public figure. In 1889–91 he studied at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those. Since 1892 - in the USA. In 1895 he graduated from Ing. School of Columbia University. In 1897-1915 he worked as an engineer-designer in Prom. Department of New York. Supervised the construction of unique bridges, including across Delaware in Philadelphia (1920–26), J. Washington, Bayonne (1927–31), Triborough Bridge (1934–36), in New York City. Participated in the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, was a consultant for the construction of the bridge over the Rhine in Cologne (Germany). Later he worked as a consultant in the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways. The author is numerous. Art. on the page of bridges. From 1907 he collaborated in a radical journal. Freie Gesellschaft. Was a member. Jewish Society of Publishers, before. scientific. to-that Amer. friends of the Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Norman Medal (1934), Eagleton Medal (1939). Etc. J. Laurie (1939). Etc. nat. associations of industrialists (1940).
MOISEEVA Clara Moiseevna (real family. Katsnelson) (b. 1910, Bern, Switzerland - 2001), writer. Studied for philology. f-those Mosk. ped. in-that. In 1930–32 she worked as a production methodologist. training at Moscow. electric plant, in 1933–37 - at the 1st Ball Bearing Plant. In 1937–44 she lived in D. Vostok, where she worked on radio and gas. After the war, she wrote for magazines. "Ogonyok", "Change", "Worker" and other ed. I got carried away by archeology. Writes ist. pov. for kids. First book. M. - "In the ancient kingdom of Urartu" (1953). In subsequent years, 12 more episodes were published, among them: The Sword of Zarina (1960), The Stars of the Wise Biruni (1963), The Daughter of Akhenaten (1967), There Was a Holiday in Pompeii (1972), The Caravan Is Coming to Palmyra "(1977)," Autumn of Ovid Nazon "(1983)," Study, Singamil! " (1988) and others.
MOISEIVICH Benno Benyuma (1890, Odessa - 1963, London), pianist. At the age of 15, he went abroad. In 1905–08 he studied in Vienna under T. Leshetitsky. In 1908 he made his debut in London, where he worked until the end of his life. Romantic virtuoso. warehouse. Mn. toured, including in his repertoire op. Russian composers, including S.V. Rachmaninov.
MOSES of Smolensky (| - |), engraver. In the 13th century. was an engraver of Prince Fyodor of Smolensk.
MOKIEVKA, a village in the Chernukhinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 four Jewish families lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1942, 3 Jews were killed in M.
MOKIL Sarra Yakovlevna (1906, Poltava - 1984, Moscow), sculptor, film designer. In 1929 she graduated from Moscow. technical school of handicraft industry, art course. toys; having received a specialty thin. applied art, started working in the artel "Expoigrushka". Since 1931 - in the cinema (sound factory "Soyuzkino"), since 1933 - at the "Mosfilm" (artistic combined filming). In the 2nd floor. 1930s worked independently as dir. and thin. volumetric animation (f. "The Fox and the Wolf", "The Wolf and the Seven Kids", "Dance Lessons"). In 1948 she created a plastic workshop. make-up, where she was a sculptor until 1974, created make-up ist. characters (V.I.Lenin, I.V. Stalin, A.P. Chekhov and others). M. successfully worked in the stage (masks for satirical characters A.I. Raikin, A.Lekh, L.Gorelik).
MOKLYAKI, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, there was one Jewish family living in Moscow. 1942 2 Jews were killed in M.
MOKOBODY, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1487. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Sedletsky u. 267 Jews (27%) lived in Moscow in 1827, 365 (32%) in 1857, 486 (33%) in 1884, 376 (26.5%) in 1897, and 486 Jews in 1921 (33%) Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 19th century Main occupations - small trade and crafts. There was a synagogue, a nursing home, an orphanage, and a mutual aid fund. From the beginning. 20th century active Zionist activities were conducted. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1942 M. Jews were sent to Siedlce and from there to Treblinka.
WET KALIGORKA, urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Katerinopolsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kaligorka Wet, Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 395 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1677 (54%), in 1923 - 156, in 1939 - 115 Jews (0.5%). occupation of the Jewish population of M.K. in 19 - beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1896 a Jewish almshouse operated in Moscow. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a bakery, and 52 shops (including 13 manufactures, 2 grocery stores). During the war, the Jewish population of MK suffered from pogroms and looting. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in MK by units of the Volunteer Army. On July 30, 1941, MK was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. The Jews of M.K. were exterminated in the fall of 1941 - in the spring of 1942.
WET RAKITNAYA, a village in the Novovodolazhsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). 6 Apr. 1943 in Moscow, one Jewish family (3 people) was shot.
Mokrenshchina, a village in the Chernyakhovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 17 Jews were shot in Moscow.
MOKROVO, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 94 Jews (11.4%) lived in Moscow in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, all the Jews of M. (71 people) were sent to Lakhva and to Sept. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
MOKRYANY, a village in the Malorita district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kobrin u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 93 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were sent to the Malorita ghetto and killed there along with the local Jews.
MOKSHAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Since 1780 - the district town of the Penza governorship, then - the province. From 1925 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 2 Jews living in Moscow, in 1926 - 2, in 1939 - 2 Jews.
MOKVIN, a village in the Kostopol district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unity. a grocery store in Moscow; the Jew rented the Mokvin factory, which produced paper and cardboard.
MOLCHAD, a village in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 1st floor. 15th century From 1486 - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765, 369 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1847 - 340, in 1897 - 1188 (68.5%), in 1913 - approx. ... 1250, in 1921 - c. 1,500, in 1941 - 1,020 Jews. about Jews M. refers to the 3rd quarter. 16th century Since 1901, Itskhok-Naftoli-Hertz Belsky (1870–?) Was the rabbi in M. In 1913 the unity. the doctor in M. was a Jew; Jews owned a pharmacy, 10 shops (including all 3 grocery, 2 tobacco). In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Moscow in July 1941. From 15 to 18 July 1942, 3,300 Jews from Moscow and the surrounding area were sent from Moscow to the Popovskie Gory tract and shot there. points. In the same year, later, more than 200 Jews - workers' peat - were shot in M. production. In total, more than 3600 Jews were shot in Moscow. Sheine-Rohl Simkor-Bader (1899–?), Writer, since 1915 - in the USA, author of more than 25 plays on Jewish themes.
MOLETAI, city (since 1956) in Utena district. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Malyaty Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 170 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1847 - 1006, in 1866 - 725 (60%), in 1897 - 1948 (81%), in 1914 - c. 2000, in 1923 - 1343 Jews (76%), in 1940 - approx. 350 Jewish families, in 1959 - 1 Jew. Jews lived in Moscow from the 18th century. Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews in the 19th century. - trade and other crafts. Jewish girls knitted stockings in small workshops of Vilna (present-day Vilnius). Mn. Jewish families had subsidiary economies. In 1860 a fire destroyed 130 Jewish houses in Moscow, and a synagogue with 10 Torah scrolls burned down. In the 1880s. pl. M. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa. 1820-30s. The rabbi in M. was Meir-Sholem Gurion (? -1839, Jerusalem), then Yisroel-Dovid Gelprein (? -1883), after I.D. 1868–?). From 1910 Jewish beginnings worked. school, Talmud-Torah, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings company. On July 1915, the Jews of Moscow, accused of espionage (135 people), were taken to Penza in sealed wagons. In July 1915, refugees from the Kovno province settled in Moscow. All R. Aug 1915 in Moscow there was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; Jews left M. After the 1st world. war returned to M. approx. 60% Jews. Relatives from other countries and others rendered assistance in rebuilding the community. Jewish org-tions. 1920s. among the main. occupations of the Jews of M. were dominated by trade and various. crafts. In Moscow, there were the "Kultur-League" school (160 students) and the "Tarbut" school. In 1924 the Talmud Torah was discovered. There was a Jewish library with dramas. in a circle with her. There were 4 synagogues, a cheder (30 students). In 1931 Jews owned all small industries. production and 19 stores (out of 21). In 1937 there were 80 Jewish artisans in Moscow, including 14 knitters, 12 tailors, 10 bakers, 9 butchers, 4 shoemakers, 4 tinsmiths, 3 carpenters, 3 saddlers, 2 fellers, 2 felt boots, 2 hatters, 2 tanners, 2 hairdressers, 2 potters, 2 watchmakers, 2 locksmiths, glazier, engraver, electrician, bookbinder, dyer. A department of the Jewish People was working. Bank. Since 1920, Itskhok-Arie Biletsky (? –1933) was the rabbi in M., and from 1933 - his son Note-Chaim (? –1941). in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On June 26, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1941, 60 young Jews of Moscow were shot; Some of the Jews of M. were sent to Utena and exterminated there together with the Jews of those around us. points. The Jews who remained in M. were shot on August 29. 1941. After liberation, the remains of 700 people were found in a mass grave. 1990s a monument was erected at the site of the death of Jews. E.-Z. Graevsky, S. Hurwitz, B. M. Melamed, I. Shapiro.
MOLOCHANSK (until 1915 - Galbstadt), a city (since 1938), subordinated to the Tokmak City Council of the Zaporozhye Region. (Ukraine). Main in 1803. At 19 - early. 20th century - German colony of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1939, 249 Jews (2.2%) lived in Moscow. 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 15. 1941 36 Jews were shot in Moscow.
MOLOCHNIKOV Nikolay Moiseevich (1924, Kremenchug - 1982, Chernivtsi), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1942. In 1943 he graduated from art. school. Com. platoon ml. leith. M. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle in the region of Hajduszoboszlo (Hungary). Since 1947, Major M. in reserve, worked as head. warehouse of the Chernivtsi brewery. Decorated with 3 orders.
MOLOCHNOE (until 1944 - Terekly-Konrat-Sukurkoy), a village in the Evpatoria region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1932, 200 Jewish families lived in Moscow. In 1923, immigrants from the North. The Jewish agricultural was created in Crimea. m-in "Ikor" (202 people). In the 1930s. In the fall of 1941, a collective farm was organized, and units of the Wehrmacht occupied the city. Dec 24. 1941 in M. 31 Jews were shot, in February. 1942 - Jewish woman with two children. After 1945 on the initiative of Art. leith. Savchenko, whose wife and two children were shot, the killed were reburied, a monument was erected in the center of M.. From evacuation to M. returned approx. 40 Jewish families.
MOLODECHNO, city (since 1940), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1388. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847 there were 251 Jews living in Moscow, in 1897 - 1105 (46%), in 1921 - 357, in 1931 - 800, in 1959 - 381 Jews (1.5%) In 1901 there was a Jewish state-owned one-class beginning in Moscow. husband. uch-shche with a hostel and crafts. branch, in 1911 - a Jewish classroom Nar. uch-shche with wives. change. In 1913, Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a kerosene warehouse, a tavern, 28 shops (including all 14 grocery stores, 4 beer shops). In the 1920s and 1930s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 26, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied M. A ghetto was created. July - Aug. 1941 in Moscow, approx. 300 Jews, at the beginning. nov. 1941 - c. 800 Jews. Between 1942 and 1943 there was a Jewish workers' camp in Moscow, which was liquidated in July 1943; the prisoners were sent to Vileika and there were exterminated. In 1961 a stele was installed at the place of execution. M.M.Akselrod, M.Zilburg.
MOLODKOV, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Molotkov of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 5 Jews living in Moscow, in 1921 - 12, in 1939 - 20 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Hungary was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In May 1942, the Jews of M. (16 people) were sent to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and subsequently exterminated.
MOLODOVSKAYA Kadya (1894, Kartuzskaya Birch of Pruzhansk district. Grodno province - 1975, New York), writer, playwright. She worked as a teacher in a Jewish orphanage in Odessa. She made her debut verse. on Sat. Aigns (Kiev, 1920). In the beginning. 1920s left for Warsaw, graduated from the teacher's institute, taught in schools. First Sat verse. "Heshvndike nekht" ("Autumn Nights") was published in 1927, the second - "Dzhikegas" ("Wild Street") - in 1933. Since 1935 - in the USA (New York). In 1942 rum came out. in the form of a diary "Fun Lublin biz New York" ("From Lublin to New York"). In 1950–52 she lived in Israel; based on impressions about him, a novel was written. Baym Toer (At the Gate, 1967). The author of the book. "A stub mit zibn fenzter" ("House with seven windows", 1957), several. plays. M. Peru owns a lot of poetry for children.
MOLOSTOVKA, see Krasnopolye, Mogilev region.
Molotkov, see Molodkov.
MOLOTOV, see Perm.
MOLOTOVSK, see Nolinsk.
MOLOTOVSKAYA, see Severodvinsk.
MOLYATICHI, a village in the Krichevsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Malyatichi Cherikovsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. 49 Jews lived in Moscow in 1867, and 423 Jews in 1923. about Jews M. refers to the last. Thursday 17th century In 1867 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Since 1888, Mikhl Katz (1857–?) Was the rabbi in M. In 1919 the Cherikovskaya Evsection planned to open a Jewish school in Moscow. In 1925 approx. The Jewish collective farm "Rassvet" was organized in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 122 Jews were shot in Moscow. Abram-Isaac Altshuler (1889–?), Writer, wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, since 1912 - in Argentina.
MONASTERY, see Monastery of Lviv region.
MONASTERZHISKA, see Monastyriska.
MONASTYRCHANY, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bogorodchansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 the Jews of M. (17 people) were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and subsequently exterminated.
MONASTYRETS, a village in Zhydachiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Monastery of the Zhidachevsky district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 7 Jewish families were killed in M.
MONASTERY, a village in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borznensky district Chernigov province. 19th century several people settled in M. Jewish families. Jews belonged to approx. 10 shops, inns, inns, creameries. In the beginning. 20th century most of the Jews left Moscow. In 1942 the remaining Jews of Moscow were exterminated.
MONASTYRISKA, city (since 1941), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1454. In 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Monasterisca in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 2,292 Jews (52.9%) lived in Moscow, in 1900, 2,463 (53.2%), in 1910 - 2041 (49.4%), in 1921 - 1168 (39.3%), in 1931 - 1488 Jews. about the Jews of M. refers to 1625. In 1667 the Jews participated in the defense of M. from the Russian. troops. The first synagogue was built in mid. 17th century All R. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery. Rabbi M. in the 1st half. 17th century was Dovid Ashkenazi (? –1645, Lvov), in the 1730s. - Rabbi Tsvi-Girsh, in 1791-1800 - Dovid-Tsvi Oyerbach (1743, Stanislav - 1808, Mogilev), who founded his Hasidic dynasty, then his son Nakhman-Zeev (1790-1856) headed the dynasty. In 1844–50, the rabbi of M. was Yosef-Yoel Deutsch (1790–1813), in the 1870s. - Doiv-Ber Kraskovsky, then - Shmuel-Itskhok Shor (? –1902). Most of the M. Jews were Hasidim. Since 1894, a Zionist organization has been operating. occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In the end. 19th century Jews owned a pharmacy, 10 shops, 2 hairdressers, a shoe workshop and a sewing workshop; a Jewish mutual aid fund was organized. In 1910, four synagogues functioned in Moscow, a school, founded. in 1891 at the expense of Baron Hirsch, the school of the network "Safa brura", founded. in 1900. Yosef-Hananya-Lipa Maisels (1875-1940) was the rabbi in Moscow in 1905–40. In 1916, 7 Jews were deported from Moscow to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. July 4, 1941, Wehrmacht units occupied Moscow. 1941 the Judenrat headed by Sh. Shapiro was established. 10 Aug 1941 7 Jews were killed in M. On March 24, 1942, Jews were deported to M. from Koropets, and in June from neighboring villages. 5 oct. 1942 approx. 1 thousand Jews were sent to the extermination camp Belzec, several. dozens were killed on the spot. The remaining Jews at the end. oct. 1942 were deported to Buchach. After the liberation in 1944, approx. 20 Jews. After 1945, on the site of two Jewish cemeteries, squares were laid out, the Great Synagogue was turned into a warehouse.
MONASTERY DEREZHYCHSKY, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in M.-D. there were 133 Jews.
MONASTYRSHINA, urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. From ser. 1920s - Monastyrshchinsky Jewish nat. In 1847, 864 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 2179 (80.8%), in 1926 - 1370 (62%), in 1939 - 856 Jews. In 1897-1932, Avrom-Itskhok Taborisky was the rabbi in Moscow. (1871-1935, Migdal). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Moscow. m-in. Main the occupations of the Jewish population of M. were crafts and trade. In 1913, Jews owned the only pharmacy and a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods. In 1919, a Jewish school of the second level (140 students), a school of the first level (240 students), and a Jewish dram worked in Moscow. circle, Jewish library. There was a synagogue in 1929. By 1931 the Jewish collective farm "Lenins Veg" was established in Moscow. In 1933 five artels worked in Moscow: sewing, shoemaking, blacksmithing, and others, in which 92 handicraft workers were employed. The building of the synagogue was transferred to the regional trade union council as a house of culture; in M. there was a Jewish hut-reading room. The work of the Monastyrshchinsky Jewish nat. the village council was conducted in Russian. lang. In 1933 the Jewish collective farm hired labor for the harvest. In 1938, it was planned to resettle 10 Jewish families from the Monastyrshchinsky district to the Crimean ASSR. In 1938 Monastyrshchinskaya Jewish incomplete Wed. The school was reorganized into a Russian school. On July 12, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Was hanged before. collective farm Khaikin. All R. Aug 1941 in Moscow, 26 Jews were shot. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created (about 1 thousand Jews), destroyed in February. 1942 After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Moscow. there was illegal activity in M. minyan. In 1968, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution of the ghetto prisoners; initiator and hands. the installation of the monument - Efim Sosin. In 2002, approx. 130 Jews, there is a branch of "Hesed". In M. clan. A.S.Dolinin, P. Smolenskin, A.B.Shatrin.
MONASTYRSKAYA Bella Iosifovna (1915 - 1979, Leningrad), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1955), prof. Graduated from the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1937). She worked hand in hand. L.M.Shabad in the region. experimental pathology. Later - at the department patol. Anatomy Leningrad. sanitary-hygienic in-that, head. department patol. Anatomy Med. in-ta them. Avicenna (Dushanbe), was ch. pathologist of the Ministry of Health of the Tajik SSR. In the 1970s. worked in Leningrad at the Institute of Nuclear Physics. B.P. Konstantinov.M. author of St. 120 scientific. works, including dedicated. questions of the pathogenesis of pneumonia, functional morphology of the adenohypophysis and other endocrine glands, regional pathology, radiation. morphology, the development of new diagnostics. Methods, Cit .: Adenohypophysis. Morphology and function in the process of adaptation. L., 1974.
MONASTYRSKY Boris (Benzion) Savelyevich (1903 - 1977, Moscow), cameraman. In 1930 he graduated from the State. technical school of cinematography. In cinema - since 1929: assistant cameraman, second cameraman. The first independent work - f. "Remember their faces", dedicated. problems of anti-Semitism in slave. environment. Among other paintings: "A lonely sail is white" (1937), "A soldier was walking from the front" (1939). A number of f. removed from dir. M.S.Donsky ("Romantics" (1941), "Fighting Film Collection No. 9" and "How the Steel Was Tempered" (both - 1942), "Rainbow" (1944), "Unconquered" (1945). In 1948 he shot in Poland f. about Auschwitz "The Last Stage" (director V. Yakubovskaya). Later worked with director V. Eisimont. Steel pr. (1946). Honored Art Worker in the RSFSR (1969).
MONASTYRSKY Petr Lvovich (b. 1915, Odessa), director, teacher. Scenic He began his activity in 1934 in the Odessa TRAM and the Youth Theater. In 1936 he entered GITIS (directed by f-t). After graduation, he worked in Voronezh t-ts (1940–44, 1965–67), in the Yaroslavl t-re im. FG Volkov (1944–45), in Voroshilovgrad (1945–48), Krasnoyarsk (1948–53), Novosibirsk Youth Theater (1953–55). From 1955 M. - dir., And from 1969 - Ch. dir. Kuibyshevsky (Samara) dramas. t-ra. Among the best performances staged by M .: "My Family" by E. de Filippo (1959), "Ocean" by A.P. Stein, "Irkutsk History" by A.N. Arbuzov (both in 1961), "Skylark" by J. Anuya (Voronezh, 1967), "Usvyatskie helmet-bearers" by EI Nosov (1980, Gold medal named after A.D. Popov), "We, the undersigned" by A.I. Gelman, and others. He was engaged in teaching activities. The author is numerous. Art., dedicated. t-ru. Nar. art. USSR (1980). State etc. them. K.S. Stanislavsky RSFSR (1976). State pr. USSR (1986).
MONASZON Emmanuil Alexandrovich (b. 1927, Novgorod), pianist, teacher. Studied playing php. to the Center. muses. school at Moscow. cons. (1937–45). In 1950 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class K.N. Igumnov and Ya.I. Zak, in 1965 - graduate school at Leningrad. cons. under the hands. V.V. Nielsen. In 1950–57 he was a teacher of the Kalinin muses. uch-schA. In 1957–79 he taught at the Kazan Cons. 1980–85 - in the Gorky cons. them. M.I. Glinka. Since 1985 - in Moscow. M. classic interpreter. hack and Russian. music. Naib. he fully revealed himself in the performance of the music of J.S.Bach, L. van Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. List, S.V. Rachmaninov, P.I.Tchaikovsky, D.D.Shostakovich. First performer pl. manuf. composers of Tataria. In the 1960s-80s. performed in ans. with the State. Quartet named after A.P. Borodin. Created in Kazan independently. creative direction, for the first time conducted cycles with his students: "32 Beethoven Sonatas", "5 Concerts by Prokofiev", "5 Concerts of Rachmaninoff", "History of Phil. concert "and others. figure in lawsuits in TASSR (1976).
MONCHEGORSK, a city in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1937. In 1939, 244 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1989 - 142, in 1999 - 150 Jews. In 1999, the Hesed functioned in Moscow.
MONDZOLEVSKY Georgy Grigorievich (b. 1934, Orsha), athlete (volleyball). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1963). He played in 1951–55 for the Burevestnik Society (Odessa), in 1956–68 for CSKA. In 1953–68 he was a member of the USSR national team. Champion Olympus. games (1964, 1968). World champion (1960, 1962). European Champion (1967). Bronze. medalist of the world championships (1956) and Europe (1963). 8-time champion of the USSR.
MONGITE Alexander Lvovich (1915, Nikolaev - 1974, Moscow), archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1962). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). Since 1945 scientific. sotr. The Institute of the History of Material Culture (later - the Institute of Archeology) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, conducted excavations of Old Ryazan and other settlements of the Ryazan principality. The author of St. 100 scientific. works and publ. in Slavic-Russian. archeology, participated in the ed. "Short messages" of the Institute of Archeology. Cit .: Old Ryazan. M., 1946; Moore. M., 1947; Archeology in the USSR. M., 1955; Ryazan land. M., 1961; In search of disappeared civilizations. M., 1966 (jointly with A.S. Amalrik).
MONIN David (1898, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province - 1957, Moscow), publicist. From a young age he took part in the roar. movement. Participant of Civil. wars; sec. Chief Bureau of Evsections at the Central Committee of the Komsomol, ed. a number of children. and youth ed. ("Junger Spartacus", "Freud", "Di Jung Guard", "Jungvald", "Pioneer"). It was printed in the center. Jewish periodicals ed. Dept. ed. came out lane. M .: "The ABC of Leninism" by P. Kerzhentsev and A. Leontiev, "Political book" by M. Tashin and F. Kozlov, textbook for political schools "Lenin's Way" by M. Grishin, etc. After the war he worked several. years deputy. ch. ed. gas. "Work".
MONINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1946) in the Shchelkovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 62 Jews (0.3%) lived in Moscow.
MONCASTRO, see Belgorod-Dnestrovsky.
MONCHOCICE KAPITULNE, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Makhotsitsa Keletskogo u. 113 Jews (8%) lived in Moscow in 1921. Jews lived in Moscow from the middle. 19th century Main occupations were small trade, crafts, maintenance of subsidiary farming. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of MK were deported to Treblinka.
MONOSZON Ele Isaevich (1908, Vetluga, Kostroma province - 1987, Moscow), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970), acad. APN RSFSR (1965). Graduated from social and economic. branch of the Vyatka ped. Institute (1929), worked at school as a teacher of history and social science, inspector of lips. dep. bunk bed education. Since 1934, dir. Gorky Regional Research Institute of Polytechnic. schools. Since 1937 - in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR: inspector-methodologist, early. department, scientific secretary Research Institute of Schools. In 1942–45 - at the front. Since 1945 - in the APN system: head. sector, deputy. dir. Research Institute of Teaching Methods (1955-60) and Research Institute of General and Polytechnic. education (1960–65), ch. scientific secretary and Chl. Pres. LIP (1965–67), Departments of Theory and History of Pedagogy (1967–71). Developed questions. the theory of upbringing and the content of education at school, methodology and methods of scientific-ped. research One of the authors and ed. "Ped. dictionary "(1960); "Ped. encyclopedias ”(1964–68). Medals of K.D. Ushinsky (1958), N.K. Krupskaya (1969). Works: The content of education in the Sov. school. M., 1944; Basics ped. knowledge. M., 1986; Formation and development of owls. pedagogy. 1917-1987. M., 1987.
MONOSZON Naum Abramovich (b. 1913), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1938). In 1938–41 and 1944–46 he worked at the Electrosila plant in Leningrad. In 1941–44 in Kr. Army. From 1946 beginning. dep. Scientific research institute e-physical equipment. Participated in the work on obtaining and research. high-temperature and thermonuclear plasma at the Tokamak installations. Became. pr. (1949, 1952). Linen. pr. (1959). State pr. USSR (1971).
MONTREAL Young (Belikov Maurice) (1898 - |), boxer. In 1916-29 he was a multiple US professional boxing champion in the second featherweight title.
MORAN Ruvim Davidovich (1908, Berezovka of Ananinsky u. Kherson province. - 1986, Moscow), poet-translator. As a schoolboy in Odessa, he began to write poetry. In 1924 on Saturday. "Streams of October" printed 2nd verse. M. Later published in the journal. "Young Guard", "Krasnaya Niva", in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", Sat. "Pass". In the end. 1930s - corr. gas. "Krasnaya Zvezda", from the first days of the war - military. corr. After the war he worked in gas. "News". In 1948, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was repressed. After rehabilitation, he was engaged in translations. Translated from Yiddish PDMarkish, Sh.0.Driza, RL Baumvol and others. He also translated from Tatars, Uzbeks, Czechs, Romanians, and English. lang. Book. verse. M. "At a late hour" published posm. (1990).
MORDISON Grigory Zalmanovich (1925, Samara - 1993, Petersburg), theater expert, theater worker. Doctor of Lawsuit (1992). In 1952 he graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of Leningrad state theater. in-ta them. A.N. Ostrovsky. In 1954-74 Art. scientific. sotr., then deputy. dir. Leningrad. state theater. museum. Since 1975 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. economics and organization of t-ra Leningrad. state in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography them. N.K. Cherkasova. Author of works on the history of Russian. t-ra.
MORDKHE from Lyakhovichi (1742 - 1830), rabbi, founder of the Hasidic dynasty. Disciple of Rabbi Shlomo from Karlin. One of the most active distributors of Hasidism in Belarus and Lithuania. Known as a miracle worker. He was arrested in the Schneier-Zalman case from Lyad. The day of liberation of M. - the 29th day of the month Kislev (the fifth day of Hanukkah) has become one of the Hasidic holidays. He actively contributed to the migration of the Hasidim to E.-I.
MORDVINOV Boris Arkadevich (1899, Moscow - 1953, ibid.), Director, teacher. Prof. (1939). In 1919 he entered the 2nd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, where he studied under the hands. K.S. Stanislavsky and Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1921–36 the Moscow Art Theater actor, in charge of the troupe, assisted Nemirovich-Danchenko in his post. Kirshon (1934). In 1927–36 - in the Mus. t-re them. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (since 1930 head of artistic part and chief director); put op. "Sorochinskaya Yarmarka" by M.P. Mussorgsky (1932), "Katerina Izmailova" by D.D.Shostakovich (1934), "Quiet Don" by I.I.Dzerzhinsky (1936), op-tu "Korneville Bells" by R. Planket ( 1932) and others. In 1936–40, dir., Then Ch. dir. Bolshoi T-ra USSR; put on a ball. PI Tchaikovsky "The Sleeping Beauty" (1936, jointly with AI Chekrygin and AM Messerer, op. Dzerzhinsky "Virgin Soil Upturned" (1937), on. MI Glinka "Ivan Susanin" ( 1939, new ed. Libretto by S.M. Gorodetsky) In 1939 he staged the opera Almast by A.A. Spendiarov at the Armenian Opera and Ballet Theater, in the Saratov Opera and Ballet Theater in the 1946/47 season - op. . "The Golden Cockerel" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1947–52, M. was chief director of the Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theater; staged the national op. "Alesya" by E. K. Tikotsky and "Kastus Kalinovsky" A.Lukas (both - 1947) In 1927-35 he taught at CETETIS (later GITIS); headed the department of stage skills in the Moscow cons. (1935-40); in the Saratov cons. (1946-47); worked in the Belarusian Theater Institute and Minsk Consulate (1947–52) Honored Artist of the Republic (1935).
MORDY, a city (since 1919) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1488. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Sedletsky u. In 1827, 530 Jews (45%) lived in Moscow, in 1857 - 1206 (70%), in 1864 - 1370 (68.5%), in 1897 - 1532, in 1921 - 1746 Jews (53%) . Jews lived in M. from the 2nd half. 17th century Main spheres of economic. activity in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (mainly agricultural products) and crafts (tailoring, saddlery). Several acted. synagogues, including Gur, Mezhirich and Radzin Hasids. In the end. 19th century the rabbi in M. was Mordkhe-Dovid Alpert. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. Cells of the Zionist parties and the Bund began to operate in 1916, and the first Jewish public library was opened. In 1920, parts of the Kr. The armies driven out soon by the Polish. army. On Sept. 1920 Polish soldiers perpetrated a Jewish pogrom in M., during which the leader of the local Bund detachment, Israel-Eliezer Lederman, was killed. At the same time, 4 Jews M. were accused of being a communist. activity and sentenced to death. In 1922 a Jewish club with a library and a reading room was opened in Moscow. From 1925 a Jewish school and philanthropist worked. cashbox. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Moscow was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht, then units of the Red Army entered the city. Through several. weeks germ. troops occupied M. again. Poles-smugglers were operating in the city, who for a lot of money transported Jews (mainly refugees from Warsaw) to the east. river bank Bug, in the USSR. In the fall of 1939 a Judenrat was established in Moscow. Not far from the city, a work camp was organized, where, in addition to the Jews of M., many worked. Jews deported there from Siedlce, Sokoluv and others. 1940 the number of Jews in Moscow reached 2,000. In the spring of 1941, approx. 500 Warsaw Jews. In the summer of 1941 a ghetto was created in Moscow, in which, by May 1942, there were approx. 4 thousand Jews from many us. points of Poland. 22 Aug 1942 all Jews from M. were taken to the ghetto in Siedlce and from there to Treblinka. After the liberation of M. (at the beginning of 1945), approx. 20 Jews. In May 1945, Polish. partisans from the Home Army killed 11 of them; the survivors fled to Warsaw.
MOREVSKY Abraham (1886, Vilna - 1964, Warsaw), actor, director, writer. Graduated from the theater. A.S. Suvorin's school in St. Petersburg, for ten years he spoke in Russian. scene. From 1913 - in Vilna, played in a Jewish theater. Naib. Izv. Roles: Danton in G. Buchner's drama “Death of Danton”, Prospero in “The Tempest” by W. Shakespeare, Tzadik in “Gadibuk” by S. An-sky and the Prince in A.-Sh. Katsizne’s play “Dukus”. In 1939–41 he headed the State. Jewish t-r in Bialystok. During the war years - in evacuation. Since 1956 - in Poland. The theater was engaged. criticism, the author of the book. about Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice" and a four-volume autobiography in Yiddish "Agin un tsurik" ("There and back"). He made his film debut in 1923 in f. "Old Testament" (in Germany). Dr. ph .: "Tower of Silence" (1924, in Germany), "For Sins" and "Gadibuk" (both - 1937, in Poland).
MOREINIS-MURATOVA Fanny Abramovna (1859, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1937, Moscow), a member of the revolutionary movement. Sister of M.A. Moreinis. Received a home education. All R. 1870s, having met S.Ya. Wittenberg and S.S. Zlatopolsky, she joined the populists. In the beginning. 1878 left the family, settled in Odessa, where she worked in crafts. workshops and at the cable car factory, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. From 1880 on an illegal basis, she lived in St. Petersburg, member. roar. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya", a participant in the preparation of the assassination attempts on Alexander II. She was arrested in Kiev in April. 1881, in 1883 Odessa military-env. she was sentenced to 4 years of hard labor by the court, which she served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia In 1885-98 in a settlement in Chita and in the village. Goryachinsk, Trans-Baikal region, married env. doctor V.M. Muratov (their son is a historian, bibliologist, writer M.V. Muratov). In 1898 she left for Europe. Russia, in 1902 returned to Irkutsk, provided assistance to the revolutionaries. From 1924 she lived in Moscow.
MOREINIS Mikhail Abramovich (1861, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1937, Odessa |), a participant in the revolutionary movement. Brother of F.A. Moreinis-Muratova. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He secretly studied secular sciences from his parents; under the influence of his teacher S.Ya. Vittenberg joined the populists, members. Nikolaev circle about-va "Land and Freedom", in 1876–78 led the roar. propaganda among sailors and soldiers in Nikolaev, participated in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander II. In nov. 1878 arrested, in August. 1879 Odessa military-env. the court sentenced to death, which was commuted by confirmation to a settlement in Vost. Siberia. In 1880–89 in a settlement in Barguzin, Chita, Sretensk, Tomsk. In 1889–98 he lived in Irkutsk, studied ped. activities, kept in touch with the local colony of exiles. In 1898 he returned to Nikolaev, then settled in Odessa. Since 1922, member. Vses. about-va of former political prisoners.
MORGENSTERN Yehuda-Leib (1869, Warsaw - |), writer, playwright. Grandson of the founder of the Morgenstern publishing house and the first Jewish library in Warsaw. Orphaned early and brought up by his grandfather. Published by ser. Hasidic stories. In 1900, the book was published. "Dry freelikhe leader" ("Three Merry Songs"), in 1901 - "Di hevre-kadishe court" ("Feast of the funeral society"). M. - the author of several. comedies, as well as Sat. anecdotes about G. Ostopolar.
MORGENSHTERN Israel Markovich (1903, Baroncha Soroka district of Bessarabian province - 1941, Mikautsy, Straseni district of the MSSR), party leader. Graduated from Soroka agricultural engineering. gymnasium (1927), then taught at a private gymnasium. From the school years he participated in the roar. movement. In 1930–31 sec. Soroca underground district committee of the Communist Party of Romania, was arrested; until 1934 he served a sentence in the prisons of Galata and Doftan. After his release, he worked in Gen council of unitary trade unions of Romania, soon arrested again. In 1936-37 sec. Bessarabian Underground Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Romania, in 1937-40 again secretary. Soroksky complex. In 1940–41 before. Of the Executive Committee of the Soroca Mountains. advice. In 1941 he was appointed member. Part. center for work on the territory of the MSSR occupied by the enemy.
MORGENSHTERN Menachem-Mendel (Kotsker Rebbe) (1787, Bilgorai, Poland - 1859, Kotsk Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya province.), Rabbi. Disciple of Rabbi Simcha Bunem from Pshisukha and Rabbi Yakov-Itskhok from Lublin. In 1827 he was a rabbi in Tomashov, Lublin province, in 1829 he moved to Kotsk. Supported the Polish uprising. 1830–31. One of the founders of Hasidism in Poland. Philos. Rabbi Bunim's system, as interpreted by M., became dominant among the Polish Hasidim. The basis of this system was a combination of traditions. studying the Talmud, cultivated cheerfulness and asceticism. Until the end. In the 1830s, when M. stopped accepting Hasidim, his house was one of the centers of the Jewish spiritual life in Poland, where tens of thousands of Hasidim gathered. The period of M.'s self-isolation is described in I. Opatosz's novel In Poilishe Velder (In the Polish Woods, 1921).
MORGENSHTERN Mikhail Lvovich (b. 1955, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, muralist. In 1975 he graduated from Moscow. thin memory school 1905. Participant of Moscow, All-Russia. and all. exhibitions. Since 1979, without abandoning painting, he began to engage in monumental art, including mosaics, reliefs, batik, wall paintings. The first works were made in the mainstream of realistic. moscow schools, in monumental works came to abstraction. Since 1991 - in Israel. In the same year he took part in the All-Israel Art. fair and All-Israel exhibition of art. - new immigrants from Russia. Member gr. thin "Masilot". Participant pl. gr. exhibitions in Israel, USA, Canada, Germany. In 1992, a personal exhibition took place at the Jerusalem Center for Arts. Main work: wall paintings in schools "Dror" and "Denemark" (Jerusalem), "Talk on Shabbat", "Avdala", "Amalek", "Exodus" (mixed media - painting, relief, village constructions). 1st Ave at the Ish-Shalom All-Israel Competition (1992, Jerusalem).
MORGENTOY Leib (real name and family name Honon-Leib Shoemaker) (1905, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1979, Israel), poet. Debuted verse. in 1927. He published poems and stories in various Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1947–57 - in Poland, from 1957 - in Israel. Author of the book: "Oyf poleser erd" ("On the Polesie land"), 1937; "Unther Polesser Gimlen" ("Under the Polesie Skies"), 1941; Ruinen in zun (Ruins in the Sun), 1949; "Bai der arbet klingt dos lid" ("A song sounds at work"), 1950, etc.
MORGOVITSA, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941, 148 Jews from the Begomli ghetto were shot at the M. cemetery.
MORGULIS Alexander Osipovich (1898, Rostov-on-Don - 1938), translator. In 1921 he graduated from law. Faculty of Don University (Rostov-on-Don). He worked in Leningrad. publishers and dec. periodic. ed. He translated "The Three Musketeers" by A. Dumas (1929), "Madame Bovary" by G. Flaubert, "Father Goriot" by O. de Balzac, production. F. Rable. Repressed. M. dedicated t. n. "Morgulets" by MO Mandelstam.
MORGULIS Mikhail (Menashe) Grigorievich (1837, Berdichev, Kiev province. - 1912, Odessa), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. In 1861 he entered law. f-t un-that in Kiev. In 1865 for a thesis. "Jewish Law on the Talmud" received the title of Doctor of Law. From 1869 he lived in Odessa, was engaged in advocacy, societies. activities. In 1871, together with I.G. Orshansky, he founded the Lieber in Odessa. Russian gas. "Day". Was printed in gas. "Rus. Jew "," Kievlyanin "and others. Together with the Kiev Jewish student gr. organized ed. per. Jewish literature in Russian. lang. and with rus. literature in Yiddish, was one of Ch. sotr. "Jewish Encyclopedia". From 1863 he collaborated in gas. "Kol Mevaser", printing the corr., Art., Verse. Publ. also in "Yiddish Folks-Libraries" by Sholem Aleichem (1888), "Idishes Folksblat" (Petersburg), in gas. "Der Fraind", "Gutmorgen" and periodically. ed. in Hebrew. Publicistic. M.'s works were included in the book: "Collection on the Jewish Question" (1869), "The Question Called Jewish" (1906), "Organization of Jewish Communities of Russia" (1910), etc. M. - the author of tr. on Jewish law: “On the right of inheritance under the Mosaic-Talmudic legislation in comparison with the Russian right of inheritance under the law”, “Duration of possession under the Talmudic law” (both - 1894), etc. M. published cash 2 v. manuf. Mendele Moicher-Sforima and 3 vol. Sholem Aleichem in Russian lang.
MORINTSY, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews owned 3 grocery and 2 manufacturing shops. In 1942 the Jews of Moscow were sent to Zvenigorodka and in June 1942 were shot together with local Jews.
MORITS Yunna Petrovna (Pinkhusovna) (b. 1937, Kiev), poet, translator. Acad. RANS (1995). Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1958). She began to publish in 1954. In 1957 she published the first collection of articles. verse. "A Conversation about Happiness", in 1961 - "Cape of Desire". In 1964 in the lane. M. came out sat. MS Teif "Handshake". At the end of the "thaw" M. was included in the "black lists" for the poem "In Memory of Titian Tabidze" and the poem "Anna Frank". Author of collections: "Vine" (1970), "Harsh Thread" (1974), "In the Light of Life" (1977), "Third Eye" (1980), "Blue Fire" (1985), "In the Den of Life" (1990) et al. M. - the author of songs stylized for fairy tales. Mn. manuf. M. of the last period is emphatically experimental. Speaks at Radio Liberty with a politician. comment. to the Chronicle of Current Events.
MOROCHNOE, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 542 Jews were shot in Moscow.
MOROGOVSKY (Rovner) Yakov-Shmuel (Seidel) (1856, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1943, USA), cantor. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Studied with A.-M. Kholodenko. In 1876–84 he was a cantor in Zaslavl, Volyn province. and Exactly, in 1884–96 - in Chisinau, in 1896–1914 - in Berdichev. Since 1914 - in the USA. Representative of the sentimental trend in cantorial art.
MOROVSK, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostersky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews owned a grocery, unity. grocery and manufactory and manufactory shops.
MOROZIKHA, a village in the Ostroh district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. Main The occupations of the Jews of Moscow were trade and handicrafts (leather and shoe-making). In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of M. were exterminated.
MOROZOV, a village in the Dunaevets district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. in Moscow there is a manufactory shop and a phosphorite mining enterprise. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were deported to the Dunaevtsev ghetto and in the same year they were shot together with local Jews.
MOROZOVKA, a village in the Koretsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1939, approx. 40 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of M. were shot in the Korets ghetto.
MOROZOVSK, a city (since 1941), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 19th century In the beginning. 20th century - Stanitsa Morozovskaya. In 1939 25 Jews lived in Moscow. On July 15, 1942, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 in Moscow, 248 (according to other sources - about 110) local and evacuated Jews were shot.
MOROZOVSKAYA, see Morozovsk.
MORSHA, see Morshansk.
MORSHANSK, city, regional center in the Tambov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 17th century as with. Morsha. From 1779 it was the district town of the Tambov governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1867 60 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 212 (0.8%), in 1910 - 193, in 1926 - 204, in 1939 - 83 Jews. 1910 in M. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. On Sept. 1915 in M. there were 45 families of local Jews and approx. 400 Jewish refugees. Due to difficulties in providing food, EKOPO helped a Jewish refugee to open a bakery; attempts were made to organize labor artels for Jewish artisans; with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches opened a school in the synagogue and a hearth. By 1917 Moscow. The department of ORT in Moscow set up a labor office. In 2002, several people lived in Moscow. dozens of Jews.
MORTENI, a settlement in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lyutsinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 20th century the majority of the inhabitants of M. were Jews. Main lesson - p. x-in. In the 1920s. in M. 9 Jewish families remained, there was a synagogue. In the summer of 1941, 37 Jews were killed in M.
MOSALSK, a city, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1231.Since 1776 - a district town of the Kaluga governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910 there were 18 Jews in Moscow, in 1926 - 19 (0.8%), in 1939 - 9 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Moscow ...
MOSEDIS, a place in Klaipeda u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Masady Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 363 Jews (40%) lived in Moscow, in 1923 - 175, in 1940 - 150 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the 2nd floor. 17th century In 1662 several people lived in Moscow. Jews. The number of the Jewish population of M. began to increase in 1742, after receiving privileges from King August III. In the 19th century. M. Jews were engaged in trade, many lived off subsidiary farming. In 1867 there were 2 synagogues in Moscow. The rabbis of Moscow were: in 1910–15 - Shoylom-Itskhok Levitan (?, Eiragola - 1941), Iekutiel-Issaf Hozes (? -1924, Jerusalem), Issakhar-Ber Rabinovich. In 1931 the Jews of Moscow owned all 9 crafts. and bargaining. pr-ty, a mill and 3 wool workshops. In M., there were various branches. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a synagogue. The last rabbi of M. was Kaleb-Meir Ziv (? - the period of the Holocaust). On June 23, 1941, M. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. July 1941 all Jewish men were shot; through several. days Jewish women and children were killed at the Jewish cemetery in Kretinga. After the war, a monument was erected at the site of the deaths of women and children with the inscription: “Three Lithuanian Komsomol members and others were shot here.” In M. genus: M.-G.-Ts. Segal; A. Esterman (1869-1944), member. mountains. Tel Aviv Council, Dir. Mortgage bank.
MOSESSON David Nekhemya (1883, Yekaterinoslav - 1930, New York), lawyer, public figure. Since 1887 - in the USA. Graduated from un-t pcs. Oregon (1902), practiced law in the courts of Oregon, California, New York. Execute. prev., from 1918 - top. Arbitrator of the "Association of American Apparel Production Companies" and Amer. Silk Association (New York). From 1926 ed. gas. Juish Tribune. Prev Council for Jewish Students of America. In 1929 he took part in the work of the meeting of the nat. employment service, created on the initiative of the President. USA G.K. Hoover. The author of Art. on economic problems in decomp. periodic. ed.
MOSEVICHI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921 38 Jews lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941, 5 Jews lived in Moscow. In apr. 1942 Jews from M. were sent to Pinsk.
PUPPY, see Paved.
POWERED, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Moshenka Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. 13 Jews lived in Moscow in 1926. in M. lived several. Jews, DOS. to-rykh's occupation was agricultural trade. products. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were exterminated.
MOSHENSKY Mark Grigorievich (b. 1913), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968). Graduated from Odessa Electrical Engineering. Institute of Communications (1936). From 1939 to scientific-ped. work. In 1950–55 the head. dep. ed. zhurn. "Questions of Economics". Since 1956 head. dep. org-tion of labor and wages in the foreign exchange. countries Research Institute of Labor State. Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on labor and wages. The author of works about modern. methods of remuneration in capitalist. countries, about zarub. theories of labor and wages. Compiled and responsible ed. collection of collections and collective monographs "Questions of the organization of labor at the prom. capitalist enterprises. countries "(1966)," New trends in the organization of labor and wages in the industry of developed capitalist. countries "(1980) and other works: Forms and systems of wages in the capitalist industry. countries. M., 1961; Labor rationing and wages under capitalism. M., 1971.
MOSHKANY, a village in the Senno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1942 4 Jews were shot in Moscow.
MOSHKOVSKAYA Emma Efraimovna (1926, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Poet. Niece of Sh.D. Moshkovsky and M.D. Mashkovsky. Graduated from Moscow. state muses. ped. in-t them. Gnesins (1954). She was a soloist of the region. Philharmonic (mezzo-soprano). Since the early 1960s. devoted herself entirely to poetry for children. In full dynamics, temperamental poems M. poetically conveyed the world of children, their feelings and dreams. She published dozens of poems. collection of books, among which: "Uncle Shar" (1962), "Isn't it time for a lesson |" (1963), "Listen, Rain!" (1964), I Love It When It's Morning (1964), The Earth Is Spinning! (1966), “Gifts in the Park” (1967), “Cheerful Wind” (1975), “We Play School” (1977), “Once Upon a Time” (1979), “I Sing” (1980), “ One Hundred Children - Kindergarten "(1991) and others. Lyric. M.'s poems have not been published.
MOSHKOVSKY Shabsai Davidovich (1895, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1982, Moscow), epidemiologist, parasitologist, chemotherapist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1946). Brother of M.D. Mashkovsky. Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1919). In 1919–20 in Kr. Army. From 1921 in Tropic. in-those (since 1934 - Institute of medical parasitology and tropical medicine named after EI Martsinovsky): in 1936–68 hands. dep. protozoology, in 1935-50 deputy. dir. on science. Organizer and Head department of honey. parasitology TsIUV (1935-68). Studied the relationship between immunity and allergies; introduced and substantiated the concept of "functional parasitology"; proposed new methods for staining blood and blood parasites; introduced the technique of leukocyte profile; proposed research methods, biol. testing and rational use of chemotherapeutic funds, formulated the principle fiziol. imitation. Research is important. M. on the theory of general epidemiology and epidemiology of malaria. Etc. them. P.G. Sergieva, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1979), Vol .: Allergy and immunity. M., 1947; Basic laws of malaria epidemiology. M., 1950; EI Martsinovsky (1874-1934). M., 1987 (et al.).
MOSHKOVSKY Yakov Davidovich (1905, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1939, Moscow), military and polar pilot. In the beginning. 1920s studied at the Moscow Art Institute. In 1923 he left the Institute and entered the Borisoglebsk Pilot School, after graduating from a cut (1927) he served in the Air Force. In 1930 he became interested in skydiving; was the first in the USSR to perform a long parachute jump. M. - one of the pioneers of parachuting in the USSR. During the maneuvers of the troops of Moscow. VO in the Voronezh region 2 Aug. 1930 commanded an airborne unit, parachuted to perform tactful. tasks (this day is considered the birthday of the Airborne Forces). Since 1930 he worked in one of the Air Force Research Institute, was engaged in parachuting, taught the military. skydiving pilots. In 1933 he organized and headed the Higher. parachutism school at the USSR Osoaviakhim. Master of parachuting of the USSR (1934; master of sports badge No. 2). In 1933 he was awarded an order. Cr. Stars. From ser. 1930s served in polar aviation, participated in the preparation and landing of exp. "North Pole-1" (1937). For participating in this exp. was awarded hordes. Lenin. In the fall of 1937, he took part in the search for S.A. Levanevsky's plane, which had gone missing during a flight through Sev. pole in the USA. Died while performing a parachute jump in the region of the Khimki water reservoir. to the sowing. the outskirts of Moscow.
MOSHNY, a village in the Cherkassk district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. In the 1920s. In 1847, 351 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1,022 (12.7%), and in 1926 in the Moshnyansk region - 97 Jews. Jews have lived in Moscow since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1867 three synagogues functioned in Moscow. At 19 - early. 20th century main the occupations of the Jewish population were handicrafts, intermediary and petty trade. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Moscow. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a lumber warehouse, a mead plant, and 25 shops (including 9 grocery stores, 8 manufactures). wars, the Jewish population suffered from pogroms and epidemics; in May 1919 a pogrom in Moscow was perpetrated by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev, in August. In 1919, a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place. The Jewish population of M. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
MOSHUROV, a village in Talnovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery and manufactory shops in M.
MOSKALENKI, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 18 Jews (14.8%) lived in Moscow, and in 1910 there were 26 Jews.
MOSKOVICH Maurice (1871, Odessa - 1940), actor, entrepreneur. Played in t-rah in Yiddish and English. lang. He worked in London with D. Kessler, from 1890 - in New York with A.Ya. Adler. Later he created his own. troupe, with a cut toured in the countries of North. and Yuzh. America, West. Europe. Played in the plays of Leo Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, A.Strindberg. He became famous as the performer of the role of Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare). He performed in the South. Africa and Australia. He acted in films.
MOSKOVICH Wolf Abramovich (b. 1936, Bolgrad, Bessarabia, Romania), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1971), prof. (1976). Graduated from Chernivtsi University (1958). In 1965-74 the head. lab. information lang. State committee for inventions and discoveries under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Since 1974 - in Israel. Since 1976 at the department of Russian. and Slavs. research Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. 1979–89 ed. "The Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language". In 1992 he was elected president. Israeli to-that of Slavists. Foreign member Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1992). Founder and first prez. Israeli Association of Ukrainian. research (1992). Osn. directions of scientific. activities: Slavic lexicology and semantics, computational linguistics, lexicology and lexicography of Yiddish and ideology, immigration and absorption of immigrants in Israel. Author of over 300 scientific. Tr. Works: Statistics and semantics. M., 1969; Information languages. M., 1971.
MOSCOW, a village in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In 1989, 29 Jews (0.2%) lived in Moscow.
MOSKOVSKOE, a village in the Izobilnensky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1778 as a fortress. Since 1826 - the village of Stavropol u. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Moscow. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Moscow on August 29. 1942 118 evacuated Jews were shot.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МОСКВА, город, центр Московской обл., столица Российской Федерации. Изв. с 1147. В 14 в. – центр Вел. кн-ва Московского, со 2-й пол. 15 в. – столица единого Рус. гос-ва. С 1708 – центр губернии. С марта 1918 – столица РСФСР, в 1922–91 – СССР.В 1871 в М. проживало 5319 евреев (0,9%), в 1882 – 15 075, в 1891 – ок. 35 000, в 1897 – 8095, в 1908 – 9048, в 1912 – ок. 12 000, в 1913 – ок. 16 000, в 1917 – ок. 60 000, в 1920 – ок. 28 000, в 1923 – ок. 86 000, в 1926 – 131 244 (6,5%), в 1939 – ок. 250 000, в 1959 – 239 246, в 1970 – 251 523 (3,6%), в 1979 – ок. 225 000, в 1989 – 175 168 евреев (в т. ч. 805 горских, 83 грузинских и 71 бухарский) и 286 караимов (по данным караимской общины – 402 чел.).Первым евреем, изв. в истории М., был Леон, в кон. 15 в. лечивший сына вел. князя Ивана III. К этому же времени относятся сведения о контактах Ивана III с евреями Крыма. Появление тогда же в М. ереси «жидовствующих» стало препятствием для поселения евреев в М. на долгое время. Евреи появились в М. в сер. 17 в.; это были, в осн., захваченные в плен во время рус.-польск. войны. Те из них, кто крестился, осели в городе и стали затем основателями мн. дворянских и купеч. рос. родов – Евреиновых, Шафировых, Копьевых, Веселовских и др. В 1728 в М. находились евреи, приехавшие с жалобой на «Шептаковского смотрителя». Несмотря на запрет, нек-рые евреи проживали в М. Смоленский откупщик Борох Лейбов сблизился в М. с отставным капитан-лейтенантом флота Александром Возницыным.С 1780-х гг. в М. жили неск. кр. евреев-предпринимателей (в осн. торговцы из Шклова). Они развили в столице торг.-пром. деятельность (торговля «вразнос», поставка зарубеж. товаров и др.); наиболее изв. из них был Н.Х.Ноткин. В 1790 моск. купцы ходатайствовали о запрете евреям проживать и торговать в М. 23 дек. 1791 Екатерина II подписала указ о недозволении евреям записываться в купеческое сословие внутр. губерний России; тогда же было запрещено пребывание евреев в М. С 1804 временное пребывание еврейских купцов, фабрикантов, ремесленников и винокуров было санкционировано. Эта же санкция центр. власти разрешала евреям получение в М. высшего образования. Первым евреем-студентом Моск. ун-та стал Л.И.Мандельштам.В кон. 1820-х гг. власти постановили, что евреи-купцы 1-й и 2-й гильдий могут проживать в М. в теч. двух месяцев, 3-й гильдии – один месяц. Евреи могли покупать товары только в двух торг. домах. Было обусловлено, что пока евреи живут в городе, «лавок им не заводить»; за евреями был установлен строгий надзор. Евреям запрещалось жить в М. с женами и детьми, открывать синагоги. Это положение сохранялось в 1828–56, когда в М. появились евреи – т. н. николаевские солдаты. 31 марта 1856 было отменено положение, по к-рому евреи могли проживать в М. только в Глебовском подворье.Элита моск. еврейства селилась в престижных р-нах столицы. Лишь Зарядье и бедные переулки Китай-города (места обитания отставных солдат и мелких ремесленников) были похожи на традиц. гетто. Евреи селились также в тогдашних пригородах М. (Богородское, Марьина Роща, Петровский парк, Черкизово и др.), где было легче избавиться от пост. контроля полиции.В сер. 1860-х гг. первым духовным раввином М. стал Х.Берлин, казенным раввином – С.Минор. С 1884 духовным раввином был Меир-Ноах Левин; в 1892–93, после высылки С.Минора из М., он занимал пост казенного раввина до тех пор, пока выборы в Аракчеевской синагоге не определили нового лидера общины – Я.И.Мазе. В 1893–1903 духовным раввином М. был приглашенный из Курляндии Л.Кан, читавший проповеди на нем. яз.8 марта 1870 состоялась закладка Хоральной синагоги в Спасоглинищевском пер. Тогде же было организовано правление Моск. еврейского об-ва, куда входили С.Минор, В.О.Гаркави, В.Высоцкий (см. Высоцкие) и др. В 1880-х гг. в М. действовало неск. миньянов; два из них были созданы солдатами-евреями и наз. по именам находившихся рядом казарм («Аракчеевский» и «Межевой»). Небольшие синагоги находились в наиб. населенных евреями р-нах: Зарядье, Китай-городе, на Мясницкой ул.23 июля 1891 было опечатано здание Хоральной синагоги (арх. С.Эйбушитц), включавшее массивный купол. В ответ на жалобу на «Высочайшее имя» С.Минор и староста синагоги Шнейдер были высланы из М. Регулярная служба в синагоге со снесенным по распоряжению гор. властей куполом возобновилась лишь в 1906. Тогда же действовали и др. синагоги: частная Л.С.Полякова, Арбатская и Басманная, при Бутырской центр. пересылочной тюрьме, в Дорогомилове на еврейском кладбище, Глебовском и Мурашовском подворьях.В М. действовали об-во помощи бедным больным «Бикур хойлим», об-во беспроцентной ссуды бедным ремесленникам «Гмилус хесэд» и др. Работали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора (в 1871–97); в 1880 было открыто еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, назв. в честь императора «Александровским». На участке за Дорогомиловской заставой было заложено еврейское кладбище.В 1897 в М. прошли демонстрации черносотенцев под лозунгом: «Бей жидов и студентов», приведшие к избиениям евреев.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. М. становится значит. центром еврейской жизни России. Соц. верхушку общины составляли торг.-пром. буржуазия и интеллигенция. Еврейские предприниматели развивали торговлю текстильной продукцией Моск. пром. р-на и стали осн. посредниками между М. и зап. губерниями России. Евреям принадлежало значит. место в становлении столичного книгоиздательства (И.Н.Кнебель, братья Гранат), пивоварения (Бродские, И. Златопольский), чаеторговли (Высоцкие и др.). Караимские предприниматели активно участвовали в развитии табачной индустрии. Л.С.Поляков и др. играли важную роль в организации кредитно-банковской сферы в М.Евреи М. внесли весомый вклад в развитие рус. культуры и иск-ва. Н.Г.Рубинштейн основал Моск. консерваторию, Е.Ф.Гнесина вместе с сестрами организовала в столице муз. уч-ще; среди деятелей искусств были широко известны И.Л.Рубинштейн, А.А.Санин, В.А.Серов, И.И.Левитан, основатель (1880) Моск. цирка Альберт Саламонский (1839–1913); в развитии муз. творчества в М. немалую роль сыграли А.А., Г.А., Д.С. и Ю.Г.Крейны, А.Б.Гольденвейзер, Д.С.Шор, Р.-Э.М.Глиэр и др. Большой вклад в развитие моск. школ философии, филологии и лит-ры внесли А.Ю., Б.Ю., Ю.И. и Ю.А.Айхенвальды, С.Л.Франк, М.О.Гершензон, Л.Шестов и др.До массового выселения евреев из М. в 1890-х гг. среди еврейского населения столицы большое место занимали представители беднейших соц. слоев. Абсолютное большинство евреев М. в то время – мелкие ремесленники, семьи солдат-отставников.Достаточно активной была еврейская обществ. жизнь М. В столице получали образование тысячи евреев-студентов. В 1866 по их инициативе было создано «Об-во евреев-учащихся в М.», реформировшееся затем в ОПЕ. Первым палестинофильским кружком стал «Бней-Цион», активными членами к-рого были А.-М.-М.Усышкин, Я.И.Мазе, П.С.Марек, А. Идельсон, И.Левонтин, И.Членов и др. Другой кружок (Л.М.Брамсон, Ю.Д.Бруцкус, М.В.Познер и др.) в 1891 выпустил на рус. яз. в виде приложения к журн. «Восход» систематич. указатель лит-ры о евреях с 1708 по 1889. Действовали культурно-историч. об-ва и кружки: «Об-во любителей древнееврейского языка», «Бней-Моше», «Хавер», «Кадима». Во время рев-ции 1905–07 возникло «Об-во для распространения правильных сведений о евреях и еврействе» под рук. П.С.Марека, С.С.Вермеля, Я.Л.Тейтеля; позже к работе об-ва присоединились статистик и демограф М.Раскин, историк В.Терешкович, писатель Бааль Махшовес. В 1896 прошли первые выборы смешанного к-та ОПЕ, в к-рый вошли В.О.Гаркави, Л.С.Бисс, А.М.Беркенгейм, А.Идельсон, С.В.Лурье. В 1905 возникла группа «Поалей Цион».Среди видных журналистов М. – М.Герцентейн, Г.Б.Иоллос, Н.Е.Эфрос, П.С.Коган. Были изв. обществ. деятели Я.М.Гальперн, Я.Л.Тейтель, И.С.Гальберштадт и др. При этом моск. отд-ние «Союза рус. народа» возглавлял еврей Грингмут, широко публиковался антисемит И.Я.Гурлянд.В 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи М. пережили неск. периодов своего правового статуса. Время с сер. 19 в. до 1891 было достаточно либеральным по части поселения евреев в столице; единств. кр. исключением был запрет на проживание в М. евреев-врачей (с 1867 они имели право на повсеместные поступления только на мед. должности по Мин-ву внутр. дел). В 1890 появились правила, ограничивавшие деятельность евреев в адвокатуре. Ген.-губернатор М. вел. князь Сергей Александрович с первых дней своего правления поставил перед администрацией города вопрос о полной ликвидации еврейской общины в М. Было издано «Высочайшее повеление» об изгнании из М. всех евреев-ремесленников, «хотя и законно там проживающих… и о воспрещении им вновь селиться в Москве». 15 окт. 1892 новое повеление предписывало удаление из столицы нижних чинов рекрутских наборов и отставных нижних чинов с семьями, не приписанных к об-вам или цехам. В июле 1887 прием евреев в ун-ты и ср. уч. заведения был ограничен нормой в 3%. В 1890-х гг. были закрыты большинство синагог и запрещено стр-во новых; были закрыты также талмуд-тора и Александровское ремесл. уч-ще. Евреи, изучавшие специальности фармацевтов и фельдшеров, с 13 нояб. 1897 не имели права жительства в М. 22 янв. 1899 К-т министров ограничил дальнейшую приписку евреев к купцам 1-й гильдии.Евреи играли видную роль в рев. движении. Лидерами моск. эсеров были братья А. и М.Гоц, А.М.Беркенгейм, М.О.Цетлин, И.-Н.Штейнберг, М.В.Вишняк, М.Швейцер, О.С.Минор и др. Среди организаторов первой маевки рабочих М. в 1895 – большевики Р.С.Землячка и М.Н.Лядов. Видными функционерами Моск. к-та РСДРП были З.Н.Доссер и С.И.Гусев. В рев. событиях 1905 вооруж. отрядами Пресни руководил сын николаевского солдата З.Литвин, рук. др. военных дружин были Б.А.Бреслав и Е.М.Ярославский, секр. воен. бюро большевиков – Е.Леви. В руководстве центр. и районных большевистских орг-ций М. работали Ц.С.Боровская, А.В.Мандельштам, Г.Я. Сокольников, В.М.Загорский, М.М.Эссен и др. Моск. к-т возглавлял Л.Я.Карпов, всем технич. аппаратом руководил И.А.Пятницкий. Среди рук. рев-ции 1905–07 в М. значит. место занимали меньшевики И.Г.Исув, С.М.Зарецкая, Л.Б.Кафенгауз и др.В мае – июне 1915 в М. прибыли тысячи евреев-беженцев, высланных их прифронтовой полосы. Организовывались пункты приема беженцев, приюты для сирот; все они получали пищу, одежду, мед. помощь. Поскольку запрет на проживание евреев в М. сохранялся, мн. беженцы оседали в столице нелегально или селились в пригородах. Еврейская общинная жизнь начинала меняться. Открылось значит. число синагог (в осн. на квартирах); в Богородском (тогда пригород М.) была организована иешива. Среди беженцев были изв. раввины, моэлы, шохеты.Во время 1-й мир. войны М. – один из осн. центров еврейской культуры в Рос. империи. С нояб. 1914 на рус. яз. начали выходить журн. «Война и евреи» (с марта 1915 – «Евреи на войне»), с весны 1915 – еврейские еженед. (на рус. яз.) «Еврейская неделя» и «Еврейская жизнь», с янв. 1916 – «Новый путь». В мае – сент. 1916 издавался двухнед. журн. «Евреи и Россия». С осени того же года начала выходить газ. «Га-Ам» (гл. ред. – Бен-Цион Кац) – единств. в тот период издание на иврите на терр., контролируемой рос. пр-вом. В М. работали отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОПЕ, ЕКОПО и др.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 евреи получили право свободно проживать в М. В апр. 1917 в М. прошел учредит. съезд религ.-сионистской партии «Масорет ве Херут», к-рую возглавил М.Нурок. Затем эта партия объединилась с петрогр. группой аналогич. направленности «Нейцах Исроэл» в единую ортодоксальную партию «Ахдут». Позже из нее вышли хасиды, к-рые создали собств. политич. орг-цию «Шлойме Эмуне Исроэл». Однако на выборах в совет общины (сент. – окт. 1917) религ. евреи выступили единым списком. Они представляли в осн. интересы религ. беженцев из Белоруссии и Литвы; их активно поддерживало руководство Хоральной синагоги. В июле в М. прошла всерос. конф. партии «Агудас Исроэль». Среди моск. евреев наибольшей популярностью пользовались светские партии – общие сионисты и т. п. На выборах в совет общины из 45 мест общие сионисты получили 18, ортодоксы – 7, Бунд и Фолькспартей – по 5, объединенцы – 3, «Поалей Цион» – 1, беспартийные кандидаты – 6 мест. Пред. совета общины стал Я.И.Мазе.В июле – окт. 1917 Моск. гор. думу возглавлял О.С.Минор, зам. пред. Моссовета был Григорий Кипен (он же в 1917–20 – секр. гор. орг-ции меньшевиков). Первым комендантом Кремля был Е.М.Ярославский, секр. горкома партии большевиков – Р.С.Землячка и В.М. Загорский. С осени 1918 пред. Моссовета был Л.Б.Каменев.23 янв. 1918 «Декрет об отделении церкви от государства и школы от церкви» лишил общину статуса юридич. лица. Весной 1918 было создано Моск. еврейское религ. об-во (МЕРО) при Хоральной синагоге. Представит. органом его стала т. н. «двадцатка», куда вошли члены совета общины и представители синагог. Реальными делами общины управлял ее совет. В полном контакте с советом работали моск. отд-ние ЕКОПО, Об-во ремесл. труда, Еврейское историко-этногр. об-во и др.В июле 1918 в М. прошел Всерос. съезд представителей еврейских общин, избравший Центр. бюро, призванное координировать деятельность советов общин по всей стране. Управление общиной перешло к «двадцатке».В 1917 в М. был создан т-р на иврите «Габима» (гл. реж. – Н.Л.Цемах).В 1917–18 в М. действовали изд-ва: «Оманут», «Штыбель» (на иврите), «Сафрут» (на рус. яз.), «Хавер» и «Унзер лебн» (на идише). В июне – июле 1917 выходил двухнед. журн. для уч-ся старших классов «Еврейское юношество» (гл. ред. – Г.Антокольский). На рус. яз. выпускались сионистские газеты «Известия ЦК» (молодежной сионистской орг-ции), «Цеира Цион» (апр. – июнь 1917), «Еврейское слово» (янв. – март 1918), «Борьба» (орган «Поалей Цион», май – июль 1918), «Известия молодежной сионистской орг-ции Ге-Хавер» (апр. – июнь 1918), журн. «Синай» (нояб. 1917). В 1918–20 на идише выходил журн. «Культур ун билдунг». В 1918 изд-во «Штыбель» на иврите выпустило три номера ежеквартальника «Га-Ткуфа».С 1921 начался значит. приток евреев в М., что было обусловлено разрухой после Гражд. войны в бывш. черте оседлости, началом нэпа, желанием еврейской молодежи получить образование и работу в столице. Часть евреев селилась в центре города (Б. и М.Бронные ул., Арбат, Мясницкая, Сретенка, Солянка, Тверская). Мн. евреи, особенно кустари и мелкие торговцы, выбирали для жилья окраины и пригороды М., т. к. там были лучшие условия для их деятельности. В осн. это были сев. окраины М. – Алексеевское, Богородское, Всехсвятское, Коптево, Марьина Роща, Останкино, Ростокино, Сокольники, Черкизово. В кон. 1920-х гг. на севере М. проживало св. 20 тыс. евреев.После 1919 центр. место в еврейской жизни М. заняли «двадцатки», к-рые избирали для руководства общиной правление и ревиз. комиссию. Большинство членов «двадцатки» Хоральной синагоги были из «старой аристократии», управлявшей синагогой до 1917. Они солидаризовались с раввинатом (духовный раввин – Шмуэль Рабинович, казенный раввин – Я.И.Мазе). Члены правления считали себя не только религ., но и нац. лидерами, а синагогу рассматривали как посл. оплот в борьбе с ассимиляцией, превратив ее в еврейский культурно-духовный центр. В большом зале часто организовывались лекции и публичные дискуссии на религ. и светские темы, устраивались концерты с приглашением изв. канторов из др. городов. «Двадцатка» часто ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении выпечки мацы, продажи кошерного мяса, работы миквы и т. п. В 1921–23 руководству синагоги приходилось бороться с попытками закрыть синагогу и превратить ее в рабочий клуб, к/т и т. п. В 1923, когда очередная попытка закрытия совпала со всесоюз. антирелиг. кампанией, синагогу спасла только личная встреча Я.И.Мазе с Ф.Э. Дзержинским, на к-рой раввин сумел убедить наркома не давать согласия на эту акцию.В М. действовали сионистские подпольные орг-ции. В 1923 «Ге-Халуц» владел слесарной мастерской, в 1926 – чулочной мастерской «Красная нить».8 февр. 1925 было официально воссоздано МЕРО. Оно могло устраивать молитв. собрания в Главной и Кладбищенской (в Дорогомилове) синагогах, на частных квартирах, назначать и содержать раввинов, канторов, хор певчих, микву, кладбище, устраивать похороны по еврейскому обряду. Бюджет общины формировался из добровольных пожертвований, выручки от духовных концертов, продажи мест в синагогах, убоя скота и птицы, исполнения разл. религ. обрядов. Общее собрание МЕРО избирало правление и ревиз. комиссию, правление – председателя, его заместителей, казначея и секретаря. При этом МЕРО не имело прав юридич. лица и не могло владеть собственностью. Впервые в М. появилась орг-ция, официально ставившая целью объединение всего еврейского населения города. Общегор. характер МЕРО выражался и в том, что в его правление и ревиз. комиссию входили представители мн. синагог М.В 1925, после смерти раввинов Ш.Рабиновича и Я.И.Мазе, выборы нового раввина не смогли долго состояться из-за разногласий между сторонниками Й.-И.Шнеерсона и группой, поддерживавшей полусветское руководство общины. Только в 1928 гл. раввином М. был избран Я.Д.Клемес; представитель общины Аба-Довид Гольдфайн стал пред. раввинатского суда.В 1920-х гг. особенно популярны в М. были синагоги: Арбатская, Аракчеевская, Межевая, на Б.Бронной, на ул. Таганская, 26, в Воронцовском пер., 25, на Рождественском бульваре, 18, а также хасидские синагоги – в Спасоглинищевском пер., 10, Спасская (Доброслободский пер., 5).На окраинах М. большее влияние имел хасидизм, с 1920-х гг. его самым распространенным в М. течением был любавичский хасидизм. Синагоги этого направления действовали на Пресне (Пименовская ул., 26), в Черкизове (Некрасовская ул., 11); при поддержке «Совета раввинов СССР» и Джойнта была построена школа в Марьиной Роще.Большое распространение в М. получили миньяны, создаваемые обычно представителями неск. семей. Располагались они обычно на частных или спец. нанимаемых квартирах. Нек-рые миньяны собирались только по праздникам, другие еще по субботам и будням, если синагога была далеко. Отдельно стояли миньяны, устраиваемые родственниками для поминовения усопших; обычно они существовали не более года. В 1927 в период осенних еврейских праздников разрешение на проведение молитв. собраний в М. получили ок. 60 групп верующих евреев.С 1920-х гг. М. – один из гл. центров еврейской культуры в СССР. В 1919 из Петрограда сюда переехал Еврейский камерный т-р под рук. А.М.Грановского (позже – Гос. Еврейский камерный т-р). В 1925 на его базе был основан Гос. Еврейский т-р (ГОСЕТ) под рук. С.М.Михоэлса. До 1926 работал т-р на иврите «Габима».В 1918–21 при Хоральной синагоге работал Еврейский нар. ун-т (ЕНУ). В 1920 в М. начала выходить центр. сов. газ. на идише «Дер Эмес»; тогда же было организовано одноим. изд-во, ставшее крупнейшим в СССР по выпуску лит-ры на идише. Еврейская секция Ассоциации пролетарских писателей издавала (1925–32) лит. журн. на идише «Октобер»; в 1925–37 под ред. С.М.Диманштейна на рус. яз. выходил ежемес. «Трибуна еврейской советской общественности».В 1920-х гг. в М. работал еврейский пролетарский клуб «Коммунист», основной целью к-рого было повышение культурного уровня евреев, не знавших (или знавших плохо) рус. яз. При клубе действовала театральная студия, проводились концерты, лекции, выступления писателей. В 1921–36 в М. функционировал еврейский сектор при Коммунистич. ун-те нац. меньшинств Запада, рассчитанный, прежде всего, на зарубеж. еврейских коммунистов; обучение велось на идише. В 1926 при педагогич. ф-те 2-го МГУ было открыто еврейское лит.-лингвистич. отд-ние для подготовки учителей еврейских школ. Его возглавлял Г.С.Фридлянд, среди преподавателей были Д.Н.Гофштейн, И.М.Нусинов, И.М.Добрушин.В 1920–30-х гг. в М. действовало неск. школ с преподаванием на идише. Постепенно эти школы были закрыты (последняя, в Марьиной Роще, – в 1936).В кон. 1920 – нач. 1930-х гг. продолжалась миграция в М. евреев с терр. бывш. черты оседлости. Значит. часть вновь прибывших составляли т. н. лишенцы – бывш. нэпманы, священнослужители и т. п. Стараясь скрыть свое происхождение, мн. из них меняли имена и фамилии. Др. значит. группа мигрантов – одинокие или малосемейные молодые евреи, желавшие получить работу или образование.В 1931–34 первым секр. МГК ВКП(б) был Л.М.Каганович.В 1930-х гг. в М. евреи продолжали проживать в осн. на севере города. В Ростокинском р-не численность еврейского населения составляла 24 000 чел., в Дзержинском (где была синагога в Марьиной Роще) – 18 200, в Октябрьском – 10 800 чел. Достаточное кол-во евреев проживало на западе и юго-западе М. В Киевском р-не (с Дорогомиловским еврейским кладбищем) проживало 21300 евреев, в Краснопресненском (с синагогой на Б. Бронной) – 12 100, в Ленинградском р-не – 8400 евреев. В центре столицы наибольшее кол-во евреев жили в Советском р-не – 21100 чел., Свердловском – 15700, Куйбышевском – 11 300, Коминтерновском – 9200, Красногвардейском – 8800, Кировском – 6300 чел. Меньше всего евреев было на востоке М.: в Сталинском р-не – 6500 чел., Первомайском – 5400, Таганском – 7400, Пролетарском – 4100 чел.В 1928–30 в М. были закрыты 14 синагог (из 18), в т. ч. старейшие в городе Аракчеевская и Межевая. В кон. 1929, при разработке плана стр-ва 1-й линии моск. метро, был предусмотрен снос здания Хоральной синагоги. Лишь нек-рое смягчение антирелиг. кампании после статьи И.В. Сталина «Головокружение от успехов» («Правда», 2 марта 1930) спасло синагогу от ликвидации.В 1929 было закрыто МЕРО, а его руководители высланы из М.В нач. 1931 в М. остались 4 синагоги: Хоральная, в Марьиной Роще, на Б.Бронной ул., 6 и в Б.Афанасьевском пер., 16. В 1933, после отъезда Я.Д.Клемеса в Э.-И., гл. раввином Хоральной синагоги был избран Ш.-И.-Л.Медалье. В нач. 1930-х гг. в М. прошла волна арестов еврейских религ. деятелей, в осн. представителей любавичского хасидизма; среди них были изв. раввины Мендель-Лейб Абрамсон и Иосиф Гонтарь. В 1935 в М. были арестованы еще 5 хасидских раввинов во главе с Я.-З.Маскаликом.В 1936 на выборах в правление общины потерпели поражение выдвигаемые властями кандидаты, что было оценено как откровенный вызов моск. религ. еврейства властям. В 1938 были арестованы Ш.-И.-Л.Медалье, его семья, все члены правления (во главе с пред. М.Брауде). Арестованным инкриминировали поддержку нелег. сети хедеров и иешив, шпионаж в пользу Польши и т. д. Мн. из арестованных были расстреляны, остальные приговорены к разл. срокам заключения.Пред. правления общины был назначен Ш.Чебруцкий; он же исполнял обязанности раввина.В 1939 была закрыта синагога на Б.Бронной ул.В кон. 1930-х гг. были ликвидированы большинство образоват. и культурных учреждений на идише, закрыта газ. «Дер Эмес» (1938).В окт. 1941 герм. войска вплотную подошли к М. В обороне города активное участие принимали евреи, вступившие в Моск. ополчение; тысячи из них погибли. С.А.Горелик, Е.А.Дыскин и Л.Х.Паперник получили звания Героев Сов. Союза в битве под М.24 авг. 1941 в М. состоялся всесоюз. митинг представителей еврейского народа. С 1943 в М. находился ЕАК. С 1942 выходила газ. на идише «Эйникайт» – орган ЕАК.После 1945 самой значит. в М. была община Хоральной синагоги (фактически – возрожденное МЕРО), насчитывавшая св. 15 000 верующих. Раввины синагоги Ш.-М.Шлифер (1953–57), И.-Л.Левин (1957–71), Я.Фишман (1971–83) фактически (но не формально) были гл. раввинами СССР. В 1961 трое руководителей синагоги были осуждены за «шпионаж в пользу одного капиталистич. гос-ва».В 1947 была закрыта синагога на Арбате.В 1948 Хоральная синагога организовала торжеств. службу (присутствовало ок. 10 тыс. чел.) по поводу создания Гос-ва Израиль. Десятки тысяч евреев М. приветствовали Г.Меир, посетившую в тот же год синагогу на Рош-га-Шана и в Йом-Кипур.21 нояб. 1948 был закрыт ЕАК, в тот же день был прекращен выпуск единств. газ. на идише «Эйникайт». 25 нояб. закрыли изд-во «Дер Эмес». В дек. 1948 – янв. 1949 были арестованы руководители ЕАК. В 1949 был закрыт ГОСЕТ.В 1951 из с. Давыдково, к-рое находилось рядом с «ближней дачей» Сталина, были выселены все евреи. В том же году был закрыт единств. в М. магазин по продаже кошерного мяса.В 1955 МЕРО издало молитвенник и религ. календарь. В 1957 была открыта иешива «Кол Яаков» («Голос Яакова»).В 1956 действовало ок. 50 миньянов.В 1964 в Израиль выехал А.-И.-Г.Тверский (1895–1987, Бней-Брак, Израиль), возглавлявший махновскую хасидскую династию.В 1959 в М. были изданы на идише произв. Шолом-Алейхема, И.Переца, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима. В окт. 1961 начал выходить журн. на идише «Советише Геймланд» (гл. ред. – А.А.Вергелис). В 1962 под рук. В.Шварца был организован Моск. еврейский драм. ансамбль (с 1986 – т-р «Шалом», с 1987 – рук. А.А.Левенбук).В 1967, после Шестидневной войны, среди моск. евреев возникло движение за нац. возрождение. С нач. 1970-х гг. в дополнение к требованию возрождения нац. жизни появилось требование выезда в Израиль. Одной из наиб. громких акций была двухдневная голодовка (22–23 нояб. 1972) на Центр. телеграфе М.В нач. 1970-х гг. в столице возникают первые еврейские семинары. Первоначально это была попытка ученых-отказников, гл. обр. физиков, не потерять квалификацию после увольнения с работы. Один из семинаров, просуществовавший до 1987, возглавляли М.Я.Азбель, В.Браиловский (р. 1935), А.В.Воронель. Позже появились семинары по еврейской истории и традиции.Один из осн. аспектов деятельности еврейских активистов М. – преподавание и изучение иврита. В 1978 М.Нудлер (р. 1946) и Л.Улановский создали профсоюз преподавателей иврита «Игуд Морим». С сер. 1970-х гг. начинают ставиться «пуримшпили». В нач. 1980-х гг. по инициативе сотрудников Ин-та этнографии АН СССР Н.И.Крупника, А.Хазанова, М.А. Членова была организована Еврейская историко-этногр. комиссия. В 1980 под рук. М.С.Глуза (р. 1953, Москва) в М. был создан Еврейский камерный музыкальный т-р.В 1972 вышло 20 выпусков самиздатского журн. «Евреи в СССР». В М. также выходили самиздатские журн. «Тарбут», «Выезд в Израиль: право и практика», «Наш иврит», «Евреи в современном мире», «Магид», «Наше наследие».Осенью 1987 в М. были созданы самодеят. еврейские орг-ции, объединившие учителей иврита («Союз учителей иврита» во главе с Л.Городецким, р. 1947), исследователей и лекторов по еврейской истории («Еврейское историч. об-во» во гл. с В.В.Энгелем). В 1988 был открыт Еврейский культурный центр им. С.М. Михоэлса (рук. – М.С.Глуз).В сент. 1987 Ю.Сокол организовал Еврейскую обществ. б-ку, преобразованную в Моск. еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во (МЕКПО). В 1988 Р.И.Спектор организовал в М. первый еврейский обществ. музей. Начал выходить еврейский лит.-политич. журн. «Шалом» (изд. Р.И.Спектор, М.А.Черников и М.А.Членов). В 1988 группа еврейской молодежи во главе с Л.Я.Ройтманом зарегистрировала при МГК ВЛКСМ молодежный центр по изучению и распространению еврейской культуры «Тхия».В 1989 возникли Об-во дружбы и культурных связей с Израилем (ОДИКСИ) под рук. А.Островского (р. 1946), Еврейская культурная ассоциация (ЕКА) во главе с М.А.Членовым, клуб любителей еврейской книги под рук. Ю.Хасина, еврейский религ. центр «Маханаим» (рук. – Л.Вольвовский, р. 1942), в 1991 – Междунар. центр еврейской культуры им. Михоэлса, в 1997– еврейский клуб творч. интеллигенции «Ковчег» (рук. – Ф.А.Дектор) и др.В дек. 1989 в М. прошел 1-й съезд еврейских орг-ций СССР, на к-ром было принято решение о создании Ваада – Конфедерации еврейских орг-ций и общин страны (в 1992 образован Ваад России).С 1995 работает МЕОД – Московский еврейский общинный дом (рук. – И.М.Щербань, р. 1946, Москва).В янв. 1996 в М. прошел учредит. съезд Рос. еврейского конгресса (РЕК), в 1997 организована Федеральная еврейская нац.-культурная автономия (ФЕНКА).В 1990 раввин Хоральной синагоги А.С.Шаевич был избран пред. Всесоюз. (с 1992 – Всерос.) совета еврейских религ. общин, в 1993 – гл. раввином России). В 1993 в М. прошел учредит. съезд Конгресса еврейских религ. общин и орг-ций России (КЕРООР). В 1999 создана Федерация еврейских общин России (ФЕОР), в 2000 ее гл. раввин, представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Берл Лазар (1964, Милан, Италия) избран гл. раввином России.В 1991 была возвращена синагога на Б.Бронной ул., раввин – Исаак Абрамович Коган (1946, Ленинград). В 1990-х гг. построены новые синагоги: в Отрадном, раввин – Довид (Вадим Владиленович) Карпов (р. 1960, Москва), на Поклонной горе. В сент. 2000 открыт Моск. еврейский общинный центр (МЕОЦ).Открытие синагоги на Поклонной горе посетил Президент РФ Б.Н.Ельцин, церемонию открытия МЕОЦ – Президент РФ В.В.Путин.В 1990-х гг. в М. оформились общины горских, грузинских и бухарских евреев. Организовалась небольшая караимская община. В 1996 было образовано Караимское культурно-просветит. об-во (пред. – М.Казас).В 1988 при синагоге в Марьиной Роще основана иешива «Томхей Тмимим». В 1991 открыта еврейская общеобразоват. школа «Ахей Тмимим и Бейт Ривка». Позже организованы иешивы «Торат Хаим», «Тора Мицион», «Огалей Яаков», жен. ин-т «Хая-Мушка», еврейские школы № 1311, «Месивта», «Мигдал-Ор». В 1988 создан Центр иудаики и еврейской цивилизации (позднее – Ин-т изучения иудаизма под рук. А.Штейнзальца), действует ф-т иудаики в РГГУ. В 1992 организован Свободный еврейский ун-т (позже еврейский ун-т в М.). В 2002 в М. создана Ассоциация еврейских благотворит. орг-ций М. и Моск. обл. «Гмилут хасидим».В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 500 тыс. евреев.В М. род.: Г.И.Абелев, А.Абрагам, А.А.Абрикосов, М.М.Авербах, Г.Я.Авруцкий, В.И.Агол, М.Л.Агранович, А.А.Аграновский, Г.С.Адаскина, Адельгейм, А.М.Азарин, М.Н.Айзенберг, Н.Е.Айзенберг, А.С.Айзенман, А.Ю.Айхенвальд, А.Ю.Айхенвальд, Б.Ю.Айхенвальд, Ю.А.Айхенвальд, Г.Б.Аксельрод, А.Г.Алексин, Я.Алешковский, В.Я.Альбрехт, М.С.Альперович, Б.Л. Альтшулер, Л.В.Альтшулер, Ю.Д.Апресян, С. Аргов, А.М.Ариевич, Д.Е.Аркин, Д.Л.Арманд, А.И.Арнольдов, Е.А.Арнольдова, А.Я.Аронов, Л.И.Аруин, А.Я.Аскольдов, Е.Б.Ауэрбах, А.С. Ахиезер, А.М.Ахшарумова, В.А.Ацаркин, В.Бабин, М.Р.Бабин, К.И.Бабицкий, А.Бази, Г.И. Баренблатт, Л.А.Барский, А.Л.Барто, М.О. Барщ, А.И.Бассехес, И.З.Бегун, Н.М. Бейлина, А.А.Бейлинсон, Е.С.Бекрицкий, С.З.Беленький, А.В.Белинков, Б.Г.Белкин, Е.Я.Белоусов, А.И. Бендик, Х.Бен-Иегуда, Ф.А.Березин, Ю.Е.Березов, Б.А.Березовский, А.М.Беркенгейм, А.М. Берлянт, А.Н.Бернштейн, И.А.Бернштейн, И.М.Бернштейн, И.Н.Бернштейн, Н.А.Бернштейн, С.А.Бернштейн, В.С.Библер, Б.Л.Бланк, Л.А.Блюменфельд, В.Г.Богоров, А.С.Боим, Р.С. Боим, И.В.Бокштейн, М.Ф.Бокштейн, Б.М.Болотовский, М.Б.Болотовский, В.Г.Болтянский, Г.М.Болтянский, Г.М.Бонгард-Левин, В.Л.Бонч-Бруевич, К.Н.Боровой, А.Я.Боярский, В.И.Брагинский, С.И.Брагинский, Ю.Э.Брегель, М.С. Бременер, А.Д.Бржезицкая, Л.Ю.Брик, О.М. Брик, И.М.Бриль, М.Бродерзон, М.Б.Броннер, В.А.Бронштэн, В.Л.Броуде, Е.М.Брумберг, Л.Я.Брусиловский, И.Г.Брюлин, Е.А.Бунимович, П.Г.Бунич, А.И.Быховский, В.С.Вайль, С.С.Вайль, А.А. и Г.А.Вайнеры, Б.К.Вайнштейн, Л.А.Вайнштейн, М.Н.Ваксмахер, Л.С.Васильев, Ю.М.Васильев, А.М.Вейн, В.Г.Вейсберг, С.Б.Вермель, Т.М.Верховская-Гиршфельд, В.Я. Виленкин, Н.Я.Виленкин, И.Е.Вилковир, М.В. Вишняк, Л.Владимирова, Г.Б.Волчек, Г.С.Габай, В.М.Галицкий, А.М. Гальпер, Э.И.Гальперин, С.М.Гандлевский, М.Л.Гаспаров, В.И.Гафт, Г.Д.Гачев, Б.Т.Гейликман, М.Е.Гельфер, А.Е. Гербер, С.М.Гершензон, В.Л.Гершуни, Ю.М.Гефтер, Ж.Гивет, Б.А.Гиленсон, Л.А.Гиндин, А.Г. Гинзбург, А.И.Гинзбург, В.Л.Гинзбург, В.М.Гинзбург, Е.С.Гинзбург, И.И.Гинзбург, Л.В.Гинзбург, И.М.Гирель, А.М.Гладилин, Ю.Я.Глазов, В.И.Глоцер, М.Е.Голдовская, Д.С.Голощекин, Н.М.Гольдберг, И.Гольденберг, А.Л.Гольденвейзер, М.И.Гольман, Г.А.Гольц, Г.Л.Гольштейн, М.Г.Гоникберг, Л.А.Гордон, С.Горевич, В.М.Гориккер, Г.И.Горин, А.И.Горюнов, А.Д.Готлиб, А.Р.Гоц, М.И.Граев, А.М.Грановский, П.А.Гринцер, Л.О.Гриншпун, М.Гробман, В.С.Гроссман, И.М.Губерман, С.Н.Гурвич, А.Я.Гуревич, Б.М. Гуревич, Д.Б.Гуревич, Е.М.Гуревич, И.Я.Гуревич, М.И.Гуревич, А.А.Гурштейн, Г.М.Данишевский, Ю.М.Даниэль, М.И.Дворецкий, Е.И. Дешалыт, И.С.Джигит, Е.Л.Дзиган, И.И. Дзялошинский, М.Длуги, А.Б.Долгопольский, В.А.Долина, Е.А.Долматовский, Ю.О.Домбровский, С.Г.Дрезнин, В.Я.Друк, А.М.Дубинчик, Б.С.Дубровин, Б.Я.Дубровский, Г.М.Дудник, Ю.Т.Дунский, В.А.Дыховичный, И.В.Дыховичный, Ю.А.Дыховичный, А.М.Жаботинский, Г.М. Жирмунская, З.Зарецкий, И.И.Заславский, И.Б.Збарский, Б.Я. Зельдович, М.П.Зив, Б.Н. Зимин, Ю.С.Злотников, Е.Д.Зозуля, И.П.Золотусский, И.Б. Зубковская, Л.М.Измайлов, Е.И.Ильин, В.Л. Инденбом, Л.Д.Иофан, А.Е. Иоффе, Б.Л.Иоффе, Г.З.Иоффе, А.Л.Иохелес, Е.Л.Иохелес, И.М.Иртеньев, Г.Г.Исакович, А.Я.Йошпе, В.Р.Кабо, Л.Р.Кабо, Н.В.Каверин, Ю.М.Каган, Ю.М.Каган, Б.Ю.Кагарлицкий, Ю.И.Кагарлицкий, А.П.Каждан, Д.А.Каждан, И.Л.Калер, Л.Б.Каменев, А.А.Каменский, А.М. Каминский, М.И.Кан, Ф.С.Кандель, А.М.Кантор, В.К.Кантор, В.С.Канцель, А.Е.Каплан, Б.М.Каплан, И.М.Каплан, С.Я.Капланский, А.И.Каплун, Ю.А.Карабчиевский, Э.В.Кардин, Н.Н.Каретников, Ю.Л.Карпов, Г.М.Карпоносов, И.Т.Касавин, В.Л.Кассиль, И.А.Каттель, Л.В. Катц, Б.З.Каценеленбаум, А.Г.Кацкий, А.Я.Кваша, И.Я.Кваша, В.И.Кейлис-Борок, Л.В.Келдыш, А.Т.Кинкулькин, И.Э.Кио, Э.Т.Кио, Д.А.Киржниц, И.Л.Кириллов, Е.И.Кисин, А.И.Китайгородский, Б.Н.Клярфельд, В.А.Клячко, Л.А.Клячко, М.О.Кнебель, А.Л.Княжинский, В.Б.Кобрин, П.Л.Коган, Ф.И.Коган, Ю.М.Коган, А.А. Койранский, В.И.Колтунов, Г.И.Кольцина, М.М.Кольцова, В.А.Комар, Э.Н.Комаров, К.П. Кондрашин, Э.М.Конюс, М.М.Кораллов, И.М. Костолевский, Ю.М.Крамаров, В.А.Креер, Ю.Г.Крейн, М.А.Крейнес, Ю.З.Крелин, Б.А. Кренцель, М.В.Кристалинская, И.М.Кричевский, Л.И.Кришталик, А.А. Крон, А.С.Кронрод, Я.А.Кронрод, Г.М.Крошин, И.А.Крывелев, А.Кторова, М.П.Кудинов, Е.И.Кузнец, Э.С. Кузнецов, М.С.Куповецкий, М.А.Курганцев, А.Е.Курляндский, В.Г.Курт, Ю.Н.Кушак, А.Ш. Кушнир, А.П.Лавут, Н.А.Ладовский, С.Р. Лайнгер, Ю.А.Лайнер, В.Я.Лакшин, Л.С.Ланде, Л.И.Лапидус, Б.М.Лапин, Г.Н.Лапир, А.С.Левенбук, В.Я.Левенталь, М.Левертов, В.Л.Леви, А.Ш.Левин, Б.Ю.Левин, Ф.А.Левин, Б.Л.Левинсон, Г.И.Левинсон, В.К. Легошин, Г.А.Лейкин, Е.М.Лейн, В.М.Лензон, С. Лефшец, В.М.Либерзон, Е.А.Либерман, А.Б. Лившиц, В.Г.Лидин, А.Лилиенталь, Т.М.Лиознова, Ю.Г.Липец, М.Липкин, К.А.Липскеров, И.С.Лисевич, В.С.Листов, А.А.Литвинов, П.М. Литвинов, В.М.Лопухин, Г.И.Лукомский, П.С. Лунгин, А.Л.Любимов, В.Я.Любовный, И.Л.Лютомская, М.Н.Лядов, В.М.Магидов, В.Б.Малкин, И.А.Малкин, А.В.Мандельштам, Ю.В. Мандельштам, В.Е.Маневич, Ю.В.Манн, Ц.Л. Мансурова, Л.Ю.Маньковская, А.В.Маргулис, Г.А.Маргулис, Г.А.Мартынов, Л.Г.Марягин, В.З.Масс, С.М.Матвеев, А.Л.Машкиллейсон, В.Б.Медель, Э.М.Медникова, Ф.З.Меерсон, А.П.Межиров, М.Н.Мейчик, А.Д.Меламид, А.А.Менделевич, И.А.Менделевич, Л.И.Менделевич, А.В.Мень, Б.А.Мессерер, А.А.Мигдал, М.П.Мидлер, С.Д.Милибанд, А.А.Миндадзе, Д.А.Минеев, А.В.Минкин, Р.А.Минлос, М.Л. Минский, Д.М.Минц, З.А.Миркина, Л.Б.Миров, А.А.Миронов, Г.И.Мирский, Л.В.Мисожников, Д.Ю.Митлянский, А.Н.Митта, В.Д.Михайлов, Е.Е.Михелевич, Н.М.Михельсон, Л.М.Млечин, М.Л.Моргенштерн, Б.А.Мордвинов, Т.Л.Мотылева, Э.Э.Мошковская, Я.И.Мурей, Н.И.Наймарк, Ф.С.Наркирьев, В.Я.Нейланд, В.Г.Нейман, В.И.Нейштадт, Я.И.Нейштадт, М.С. Неменова-Лунц, А.С.Немзер, В.Ю.Никулин, Э.А.Новгородова, М.В.Новицкий, В.И.Новодворская, А.И.Ноткин, Р.Д.Орлова, Г.Л.Осипов, А.Л.Осповат, М.А.Оцеп, С.А.Ошеров, Г.П. Падва, Л.М.Панчешникова, А.Л.Пастернак, Б.Л.Пастернак, И.Г.Пацкин, М.И.Пекарский, Т.И.Пельтцер, А.И.Перельман, В.Б.Перельман, М.Р.Перельман, В.Г.Перельмутер, З.М.Персиц, Е.Н.Перцик, Г.В.Перченков, Е.В.Перченков, А.И.Першиц, Н.А.Петров, Б.В.Петрушанский, Ю.Л.Пивоваров, К.Пинес, Н.М.Плаксин, М.М. Плисецкая, А.М.Плисецкий, Е.Р.Плоткин, В.Н. Плучек, Г.И.Полонский, А.М.Поляков, З.М.Потапова, И.Р.Пригожин, В.М.Прихожан, Ю.Д. Прокошкин, А.М.Пружанский, Б.И.Пружинин, А.Д.Пудалов, А.И.Пузиков, И.И.Пятецкий-Шапиро, А.М.Пятигорский, О.Я.Рабин, Г.И. Рабинович, И.Рабинович, С.О.Рабинович, Т.С. Рабинович, Л.Н.Рабичев, В.И.Радин, А.И.Разгон, Ю.Я.Райзман, А.А.Райхштейн, М.С.Ракита, М.А.Ракузин, Е.С.Ратнер, Н.Д.Ратнер, М.Л.Рахлевский, Е.Б.Рашковский, М.Регальский, А.А.Редель, В.А.Резвин, Н.С.Речменский, И.К.Роднина, И.А.Розен, М.Б.Розенберг, Ф.Я. Розинер, М.Д.Ройзман, Л.Я.Ройтман, А.Г.Роках, М.Н.Ромм, А.И.Роскин, В.О.Роскин, В.Л. Россельс, В.С.Ротенберг, Д.И.Роттенберг, С. Ротштейн, А.Б.Рошаль, В.А.Рубин, В.И.Рубин, И.Д.Рубин, А.Е.Рубинчик, А.М.Рубинштейн, Л.С.Рубинштейн, Н.Г.Рубинштейн, Ю.Б.Румер, Л.Б.Рухин, И.В.Рывкинд, Ю.М.Рыжик, И.Я.Рыжкин, Г.В.Рязанов, Г.Е.Саевич, Д.С. Самойлов, Б.М.Сарнов, Л.М.Сатановский, Г.А.Сатаров, Н.И.Сац, А.А.Сванидзе, Н.К. Сванидзе, Г.Я.Свет-Молдавский, Ф.Г.Светов, А.П.Свободин, С.Л.Северцев, Д.М.Сегал, В.Я. Селих, Т.И.Сельвинская, Ю.С.Семенов, В.А. 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(1992), основатель и рук. т-ра, нар. арт. РФ (1993), Гос. пр. РФ (1994)., pronunciation=МОСКВА, город, центр Московской обл., столица Российской Федерации. Изв. с 1147. В 14 в. – центр Вел. кн-ва Московского, со 2-й пол. 15 в. – столица единого Рус. гос-ва. С 1708 – центр губернии. С марта 1918 – столица РСФСР, в 1922–91 – СССР.В 1871 в М. проживало 5319 евреев (0,9%), в 1882 – 15 075, в 1891 – ок. 35 000, в 1897 – 8095, в 1908 – 9048, в 1912 – ок. 12 000, в 1913 – ок. 16 000, в 1917 – ок. 60 000, в 1920 – ок. 28 000, в 1923 – ок. 86 000, в 1926 – 131 244 (6,5%), в 1939 – ок. 250 000, в 1959 – 239 246, в 1970 – 251 523 (3,6%), в 1979 – ок. 225 000, в 1989 – 175 168 евреев (в т. ч. 805 горских, 83 грузинских и 71 бухарский) и 286 караимов (по данным караимской общины – 402 чел.).Первым евреем, изв. в истории М., был Леон, в кон. 15 в. лечивший сына вел. князя Ивана III. К этому же времени относятся сведения о контактах Ивана III с евреями Крыма. Появление тогда же в М. ереси «жидовствующих» стало препятствием для поселения евреев в М. на долгое время. Евреи появились в М. в сер. 17 в.; это были, в осн., захваченные в плен во время рус.-польск. войны. Те из них, кто крестился, осели в городе и стали затем основателями мн. дворянских и купеч. рос. родов – Евреиновых, Шафировых, Копьевых, Веселовских и др. В 1728 в М. находились евреи, приехавшие с жалобой на «Шептаковского смотрителя». Несмотря на запрет, нек-рые евреи проживали в М. Смоленский откупщик Борох Лейбов сблизился в М. с отставным капитан-лейтенантом флота Александром Возницыным.С 1780-х гг. в М. жили неск. кр. евреев-предпринимателей (в осн. торговцы из Шклова). Они развили в столице торг.-пром. деятельность (торговля «вразнос», поставка зарубеж. товаров и др.); наиболее изв. из них был Н.Х.Ноткин. В 1790 моск. купцы ходатайствовали о запрете евреям проживать и торговать в М. 23 дек. 1791 Екатерина II подписала указ о недозволении евреям записываться в купеческое сословие внутр. губерний России; тогда же было запрещено пребывание евреев в М. С 1804 временное пребывание еврейских купцов, фабрикантов, ремесленников и винокуров было санкционировано. Эта же санкция центр. власти разрешала евреям получение в М. высшего образования. Первым евреем-студентом Моск. ун-та стал Л.И.Мандельштам.В кон. 1820-х гг. власти постановили, что евреи-купцы 1-й и 2-й гильдий могут проживать в М. в теч. двух месяцев, 3-й гильдии – один месяц. Евреи могли покупать товары только в двух торг. домах. Было обусловлено, что пока евреи живут в городе, «лавок им не заводить»; за евреями был установлен строгий надзор. Евреям запрещалось жить в М. с женами и детьми, открывать синагоги. Это положение сохранялось в 1828–56, когда в М. появились евреи – т. н. николаевские солдаты. 31 марта 1856 было отменено положение, по к-рому евреи могли проживать в М. только в Глебовском подворье.Элита моск. еврейства селилась в престижных р-нах столицы. Лишь Зарядье и бедные переулки Китай-города (места обитания отставных солдат и мелких ремесленников) были похожи на традиц. гетто. Евреи селились также в тогдашних пригородах М. (Богородское, Марьина Роща, Петровский парк, Черкизово и др.), где было легче избавиться от пост. контроля полиции.В сер. 1860-х гг. первым духовным раввином М. стал Х.Берлин, казенным раввином – С.Минор. С 1884 духовным раввином был Меир-Ноах Левин; в 1892–93, после высылки С.Минора из М., он занимал пост казенного раввина до тех пор, пока выборы в Аракчеевской синагоге не определили нового лидера общины – Я.И.Мазе. В 1893–1903 духовным раввином М. был приглашенный из Курляндии Л.Кан, читавший проповеди на нем. яз.8 марта 1870 состоялась закладка Хоральной синагоги в Спасоглинищевском пер. Тогде же было организовано правление Моск. еврейского об-ва, куда входили С.Минор, В.О.Гаркави, В.Высоцкий (см. Высоцкие) и др. В 1880-х гг. в М. действовало неск. миньянов; два из них были созданы солдатами-евреями и наз. по именам находившихся рядом казарм («Аракчеевский» и «Межевой»). Небольшие синагоги находились в наиб. населенных евреями р-нах: Зарядье, Китай-городе, на Мясницкой ул.23 июля 1891 было опечатано здание Хоральной синагоги (арх. С.Эйбушитц), включавшее массивный купол. В ответ на жалобу на «Высочайшее имя» С.Минор и староста синагоги Шнейдер были высланы из М. Регулярная служба в синагоге со снесенным по распоряжению гор. властей куполом возобновилась лишь в 1906. Тогда же действовали и др. синагоги: частная Л.С.Полякова, Арбатская и Басманная, при Бутырской центр. пересылочной тюрьме, в Дорогомилове на еврейском кладбище, Глебовском и Мурашовском подворьях.В М. действовали об-во помощи бедным больным «Бикур хойлим», об-во беспроцентной ссуды бедным ремесленникам «Гмилус хесэд» и др. Работали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора (в 1871–97); в 1880 было открыто еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, назв. в честь императора «Александровским». На участке за Дорогомиловской заставой было заложено еврейское кладбище.В 1897 в М. прошли демонстрации черносотенцев под лозунгом: «Бей жидов и студентов», приведшие к избиениям евреев.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. М. становится значит. центром еврейской жизни России. Соц. верхушку общины составляли торг.-пром. буржуазия и интеллигенция. Еврейские предприниматели развивали торговлю текстильной продукцией Моск. пром. р-на и стали осн. посредниками между М. и зап. губерниями России. Евреям принадлежало значит. место в становлении столичного книгоиздательства (И.Н.Кнебель, братья Гранат), пивоварения (Бродские, И. Златопольский), чаеторговли (Высоцкие и др.). Караимские предприниматели активно участвовали в развитии табачной индустрии. Л.С.Поляков и др. играли важную роль в организации кредитно-банковской сферы в М.Евреи М. внесли весомый вклад в развитие рус. культуры и иск-ва. Н.Г.Рубинштейн основал Моск. консерваторию, Е.Ф.Гнесина вместе с сестрами организовала в столице муз. уч-ще; среди деятелей искусств были широко известны И.Л.Рубинштейн, А.А.Санин, В.А.Серов, И.И.Левитан, основатель (1880) Моск. цирка Альберт Саламонский (1839–1913); в развитии муз. творчества в М. немалую роль сыграли А.А., Г.А., Д.С. и Ю.Г.Крейны, А.Б.Гольденвейзер, Д.С.Шор, Р.-Э.М.Глиэр и др. Большой вклад в развитие моск. школ философии, филологии и лит-ры внесли А.Ю., Б.Ю., Ю.И. и Ю.А.Айхенвальды, С.Л.Франк, М.О.Гершензон, Л.Шестов и др.До массового выселения евреев из М. в 1890-х гг. среди еврейского населения столицы большое место занимали представители беднейших соц. слоев. Абсолютное большинство евреев М. в то время – мелкие ремесленники, семьи солдат-отставников.Достаточно активной была еврейская обществ. жизнь М. В столице получали образование тысячи евреев-студентов. В 1866 по их инициативе было создано «Об-во евреев-учащихся в М.», реформировшееся затем в ОПЕ. Первым палестинофильским кружком стал «Бней-Цион», активными членами к-рого были А.-М.-М.Усышкин, Я.И.Мазе, П.С.Марек, А. Идельсон, И.Левонтин, И.Членов и др. Другой кружок (Л.М.Брамсон, Ю.Д.Бруцкус, М.В.Познер и др.) в 1891 выпустил на рус. яз. в виде приложения к журн. «Восход» систематич. указатель лит-ры о евреях с 1708 по 1889. Действовали культурно-историч. об-ва и кружки: «Об-во любителей древнееврейского языка», «Бней-Моше», «Хавер», «Кадима». Во время рев-ции 1905–07 возникло «Об-во для распространения правильных сведений о евреях и еврействе» под рук. П.С.Марека, С.С.Вермеля, Я.Л.Тейтеля; позже к работе об-ва присоединились статистик и демограф М.Раскин, историк В.Терешкович, писатель Бааль Махшовес. В 1896 прошли первые выборы смешанного к-та ОПЕ, в к-рый вошли В.О.Гаркави, Л.С.Бисс, А.М.Беркенгейм, А.Идельсон, С.В.Лурье. В 1905 возникла группа «Поалей Цион».Среди видных журналистов М. – М.Герцентейн, Г.Б.Иоллос, Н.Е.Эфрос, П.С.Коган. Были изв. обществ. деятели Я.М.Гальперн, Я.Л.Тейтель, И.С.Гальберштадт и др. При этом моск. отд-ние «Союза рус. народа» возглавлял еврей Грингмут, широко публиковался антисемит И.Я.Гурлянд.В 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи М. пережили неск. периодов своего правового статуса. Время с сер. 19 в. до 1891 было достаточно либеральным по части поселения евреев в столице; единств. кр. исключением был запрет на проживание в М. евреев-врачей (с 1867 они имели право на повсеместные поступления только на мед. должности по Мин-ву внутр. дел). В 1890 появились правила, ограничивавшие деятельность евреев в адвокатуре. Ген.-губернатор М. вел. князь Сергей Александрович с первых дней своего правления поставил перед администрацией города вопрос о полной ликвидации еврейской общины в М. Было издано «Высочайшее повеление» об изгнании из М. всех евреев-ремесленников, «хотя и законно там проживающих… и о воспрещении им вновь селиться в Москве». 15 окт. 1892 новое повеление предписывало удаление из столицы нижних чинов рекрутских наборов и отставных нижних чинов с семьями, не приписанных к об-вам или цехам. В июле 1887 прием евреев в ун-ты и ср. уч. заведения был ограничен нормой в 3%. В 1890-х гг. были закрыты большинство синагог и запрещено стр-во новых; были закрыты также талмуд-тора и Александровское ремесл. уч-ще. Евреи, изучавшие специальности фармацевтов и фельдшеров, с 13 нояб. 1897 не имели права жительства в М. 22 янв. 1899 К-т министров ограничил дальнейшую приписку евреев к купцам 1-й гильдии.Евреи играли видную роль в рев. движении. Лидерами моск. эсеров были братья А. и М.Гоц, А.М.Беркенгейм, М.О.Цетлин, И.-Н.Штейнберг, М.В.Вишняк, М.Швейцер, О.С.Минор и др. Среди организаторов первой маевки рабочих М. в 1895 – большевики Р.С.Землячка и М.Н.Лядов. Видными функционерами Моск. к-та РСДРП были З.Н.Доссер и С.И.Гусев. В рев. событиях 1905 вооруж. отрядами Пресни руководил сын николаевского солдата З.Литвин, рук. др. военных дружин были Б.А.Бреслав и Е.М.Ярославский, секр. воен. бюро большевиков – Е.Леви. В руководстве центр. и районных большевистских орг-ций М. работали Ц.С.Боровская, А.В.Мандельштам, Г.Я. Сокольников, В.М.Загорский, М.М.Эссен и др. Моск. к-т возглавлял Л.Я.Карпов, всем технич. аппаратом руководил И.А.Пятницкий. Среди рук. рев-ции 1905–07 в М. значит. место занимали меньшевики И.Г.Исув, С.М.Зарецкая, Л.Б.Кафенгауз и др.В мае – июне 1915 в М. прибыли тысячи евреев-беженцев, высланных их прифронтовой полосы. Организовывались пункты приема беженцев, приюты для сирот; все они получали пищу, одежду, мед. помощь. Поскольку запрет на проживание евреев в М. сохранялся, мн. беженцы оседали в столице нелегально или селились в пригородах. Еврейская общинная жизнь начинала меняться. Открылось значит. число синагог (в осн. на квартирах); в Богородском (тогда пригород М.) была организована иешива. Среди беженцев были изв. раввины, моэлы, шохеты.Во время 1-й мир. войны М. – один из осн. центров еврейской культуры в Рос. империи. С нояб. 1914 на рус. яз. начали выходить журн. «Война и евреи» (с марта 1915 – «Евреи на войне»), с весны 1915 – еврейские еженед. (на рус. яз.) «Еврейская неделя» и «Еврейская жизнь», с янв. 1916 – «Новый путь». В мае – сент. 1916 издавался двухнед. журн. «Евреи и Россия». С осени того же года начала выходить газ. «Га-Ам» (гл. ред. – Бен-Цион Кац) – единств. в тот период издание на иврите на терр., контролируемой рос. пр-вом. В М. работали отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОПЕ, ЕКОПО и др.После Февр. рев-ции 1917 евреи получили право свободно проживать в М. В апр. 1917 в М. прошел учредит. съезд религ.-сионистской партии «Масорет ве Херут», к-рую возглавил М.Нурок. Затем эта партия объединилась с петрогр. группой аналогич. направленности «Нейцах Исроэл» в единую ортодоксальную партию «Ахдут». Позже из нее вышли хасиды, к-рые создали собств. политич. орг-цию «Шлойме Эмуне Исроэл». Однако на выборах в совет общины (сент. – окт. 1917) религ. евреи выступили единым списком. Они представляли в осн. интересы религ. беженцев из Белоруссии и Литвы; их активно поддерживало руководство Хоральной синагоги. В июле в М. прошла всерос. конф. партии «Агудас Исроэль». Среди моск. евреев наибольшей популярностью пользовались светские партии – общие сионисты и т. п. На выборах в совет общины из 45 мест общие сионисты получили 18, ортодоксы – 7, Бунд и Фолькспартей – по 5, объединенцы – 3, «Поалей Цион» – 1, беспартийные кандидаты – 6 мест. Пред. совета общины стал Я.И.Мазе.В июле – окт. 1917 Моск. гор. думу возглавлял О.С.Минор, зам. пред. Моссовета был Григорий Кипен (он же в 1917–20 – секр. гор. орг-ции меньшевиков). Первым комендантом Кремля был Е.М.Ярославский, секр. горкома партии большевиков – Р.С.Землячка и В.М. Загорский. С осени 1918 пред. Моссовета был Л.Б.Каменев.23 янв. 1918 «Декрет об отделении церкви от государства и школы от церкви» лишил общину статуса юридич. лица. Весной 1918 было создано Моск. еврейское религ. об-во (МЕРО) при Хоральной синагоге. Представит. органом его стала т. н. «двадцатка», куда вошли члены совета общины и представители синагог. Реальными делами общины управлял ее совет. В полном контакте с советом работали моск. отд-ние ЕКОПО, Об-во ремесл. труда, Еврейское историко-этногр. об-во и др.В июле 1918 в М. прошел Всерос. съезд представителей еврейских общин, избравший Центр. бюро, призванное координировать деятельность советов общин по всей стране. Управление общиной перешло к «двадцатке».В 1917 в М. был создан т-р на иврите «Габима» (гл. реж. – Н.Л.Цемах).В 1917–18 в М. действовали изд-ва: «Оманут», «Штыбель» (на иврите), «Сафрут» (на рус. яз.), «Хавер» и «Унзер лебн» (на идише). В июне – июле 1917 выходил двухнед. журн. для уч-ся старших классов «Еврейское юношество» (гл. ред. – Г.Антокольский). На рус. яз. выпускались сионистские газеты «Известия ЦК» (молодежной сионистской орг-ции), «Цеира Цион» (апр. – июнь 1917), «Еврейское слово» (янв. – март 1918), «Борьба» (орган «Поалей Цион», май – июль 1918), «Известия молодежной сионистской орг-ции Ге-Хавер» (апр. – июнь 1918), журн. «Синай» (нояб. 1917). В 1918–20 на идише выходил журн. «Культур ун билдунг». В 1918 изд-во «Штыбель» на иврите выпустило три номера ежеквартальника «Га-Ткуфа».С 1921 начался значит. приток евреев в М., что было обусловлено разрухой после Гражд. войны в бывш. черте оседлости, началом нэпа, желанием еврейской молодежи получить образование и работу в столице. Часть евреев селилась в центре города (Б. и М.Бронные ул., Арбат, Мясницкая, Сретенка, Солянка, Тверская). Мн. евреи, особенно кустари и мелкие торговцы, выбирали для жилья окраины и пригороды М., т. к. там были лучшие условия для их деятельности. В осн. это были сев. окраины М. – Алексеевское, Богородское, Всехсвятское, Коптево, Марьина Роща, Останкино, Ростокино, Сокольники, Черкизово. В кон. 1920-х гг. на севере М. проживало св. 20 тыс. евреев.После 1919 центр. место в еврейской жизни М. заняли «двадцатки», к-рые избирали для руководства общиной правление и ревиз. комиссию. Большинство членов «двадцатки» Хоральной синагоги были из «старой аристократии», управлявшей синагогой до 1917. Они солидаризовались с раввинатом (духовный раввин – Шмуэль Рабинович, казенный раввин – Я.И.Мазе). Члены правления считали себя не только религ., но и нац. лидерами, а синагогу рассматривали как посл. оплот в борьбе с ассимиляцией, превратив ее в еврейский культурно-духовный центр. В большом зале часто организовывались лекции и публичные дискуссии на религ. и светские темы, устраивались концерты с приглашением изв. канторов из др. городов. «Двадцатка» часто ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении выпечки мацы, продажи кошерного мяса, работы миквы и т. п. В 1921–23 руководству синагоги приходилось бороться с попытками закрыть синагогу и превратить ее в рабочий клуб, к/т и т. п. В 1923, когда очередная попытка закрытия совпала со всесоюз. антирелиг. кампанией, синагогу спасла только личная встреча Я.И.Мазе с Ф.Э. Дзержинским, на к-рой раввин сумел убедить наркома не давать согласия на эту акцию.В М. действовали сионистские подпольные орг-ции. В 1923 «Ге-Халуц» владел слесарной мастерской, в 1926 – чулочной мастерской «Красная нить».8 февр. 1925 было официально воссоздано МЕРО. Оно могло устраивать молитв. собрания в Главной и Кладбищенской (в Дорогомилове) синагогах, на частных квартирах, назначать и содержать раввинов, канторов, хор певчих, микву, кладбище, устраивать похороны по еврейскому обряду. Бюджет общины формировался из добровольных пожертвований, выручки от духовных концертов, продажи мест в синагогах, убоя скота и птицы, исполнения разл. религ. обрядов. Общее собрание МЕРО избирало правление и ревиз. комиссию, правление – председателя, его заместителей, казначея и секретаря. При этом МЕРО не имело прав юридич. лица и не могло владеть собственностью. Впервые в М. появилась орг-ция, официально ставившая целью объединение всего еврейского населения города. Общегор. характер МЕРО выражался и в том, что в его правление и ревиз. комиссию входили представители мн. синагог М.В 1925, после смерти раввинов Ш.Рабиновича и Я.И.Мазе, выборы нового раввина не смогли долго состояться из-за разногласий между сторонниками Й.-И.Шнеерсона и группой, поддерживавшей полусветское руководство общины. Только в 1928 гл. раввином М. был избран Я.Д.Клемес; представитель общины Аба-Довид Гольдфайн стал пред. раввинатского суда.В 1920-х гг. особенно популярны в М. были синагоги: Арбатская, Аракчеевская, Межевая, на Б.Бронной, на ул. Таганская, 26, в Воронцовском пер., 25, на Рождественском бульваре, 18, а также хасидские синагоги – в Спасоглинищевском пер., 10, Спасская (Доброслободский пер., 5).На окраинах М. большее влияние имел хасидизм, с 1920-х гг. его самым распространенным в М. течением был любавичский хасидизм. Синагоги этого направления действовали на Пресне (Пименовская ул., 26), в Черкизове (Некрасовская ул., 11); при поддержке «Совета раввинов СССР» и Джойнта была построена школа в Марьиной Роще.Большое распространение в М. получили миньяны, создаваемые обычно представителями неск. семей. Располагались они обычно на частных или спец. нанимаемых квартирах. Нек-рые миньяны собирались только по праздникам, другие еще по субботам и будням, если синагога была далеко. Отдельно стояли миньяны, устраиваемые родственниками для поминовения усопших; обычно они существовали не более года. В 1927 в период осенних еврейских праздников разрешение на проведение молитв. собраний в М. получили ок. 60 групп верующих евреев.С 1920-х гг. М. – один из гл. центров еврейской культуры в СССР. В 1919 из Петрограда сюда переехал Еврейский камерный т-р под рук. А.М.Грановского (позже – Гос. Еврейский камерный т-р). В 1925 на его базе был основан Гос. Еврейский т-р (ГОСЕТ) под рук. С.М.Михоэлса. До 1926 работал т-р на иврите «Габима».В 1918–21 при Хоральной синагоге работал Еврейский нар. ун-т (ЕНУ). В 1920 в М. начала выходить центр. сов. газ. на идише «Дер Эмес»; тогда же было организовано одноим. изд-во, ставшее крупнейшим в СССР по выпуску лит-ры на идише. Еврейская секция Ассоциации пролетарских писателей издавала (1925–32) лит. журн. на идише «Октобер»; в 1925–37 под ред. С.М.Диманштейна на рус. яз. выходил ежемес. «Трибуна еврейской советской общественности».В 1920-х гг. в М. работал еврейский пролетарский клуб «Коммунист», основной целью к-рого было повышение культурного уровня евреев, не знавших (или знавших плохо) рус. яз. При клубе действовала театральная студия, проводились концерты, лекции, выступления писателей. В 1921–36 в М. функционировал еврейский сектор при Коммунистич. ун-те нац. меньшинств Запада, рассчитанный, прежде всего, на зарубеж. еврейских коммунистов; обучение велось на идише. В 1926 при педагогич. ф-те 2-го МГУ было открыто еврейское лит.-лингвистич. отд-ние для подготовки учителей еврейских школ. Его возглавлял Г.С.Фридлянд, среди преподавателей были Д.Н.Гофштейн, И.М.Нусинов, И.М.Добрушин.В 1920–30-х гг. в М. действовало неск. школ с преподаванием на идише. Постепенно эти школы были закрыты (последняя, в Марьиной Роще, – в 1936).В кон. 1920 – нач. 1930-х гг. продолжалась миграция в М. евреев с терр. бывш. черты оседлости. Значит. часть вновь прибывших составляли т. н. лишенцы – бывш. нэпманы, священнослужители и т. п. Стараясь скрыть свое происхождение, мн. из них меняли имена и фамилии. Др. значит. группа мигрантов – одинокие или малосемейные молодые евреи, желавшие получить работу или образование.В 1931–34 первым секр. МГК ВКП(б) был Л.М.Каганович.В 1930-х гг. в М. евреи продолжали проживать в осн. на севере города. В Ростокинском р-не численность еврейского населения составляла 24 000 чел., в Дзержинском (где была синагога в Марьиной Роще) – 18 200, в Октябрьском – 10 800 чел. Достаточное кол-во евреев проживало на западе и юго-западе М. В Киевском р-не (с Дорогомиловским еврейским кладбищем) проживало 21300 евреев, в Краснопресненском (с синагогой на Б. Бронной) – 12 100, в Ленинградском р-не – 8400 евреев. В центре столицы наибольшее кол-во евреев жили в Советском р-не – 21100 чел., Свердловском – 15700, Куйбышевском – 11 300, Коминтерновском – 9200, Красногвардейском – 8800, Кировском – 6300 чел. Меньше всего евреев было на востоке М.: в Сталинском р-не – 6500 чел., Первомайском – 5400, Таганском – 7400, Пролетарском – 4100 чел.В 1928–30 в М. были закрыты 14 синагог (из 18), в т. ч. старейшие в городе Аракчеевская и Межевая. В кон. 1929, при разработке плана стр-ва 1-й линии моск. метро, был предусмотрен снос здания Хоральной синагоги. Лишь нек-рое смягчение антирелиг. кампании после статьи И.В. Сталина «Головокружение от успехов» («Правда», 2 марта 1930) спасло синагогу от ликвидации.В 1929 было закрыто МЕРО, а его руководители высланы из М.В нач. 1931 в М. остались 4 синагоги: Хоральная, в Марьиной Роще, на Б.Бронной ул., 6 и в Б.Афанасьевском пер., 16. В 1933, после отъезда Я.Д.Клемеса в Э.-И., гл. раввином Хоральной синагоги был избран Ш.-И.-Л.Медалье. В нач. 1930-х гг. в М. прошла волна арестов еврейских религ. деятелей, в осн. представителей любавичского хасидизма; среди них были изв. раввины Мендель-Лейб Абрамсон и Иосиф Гонтарь. В 1935 в М. были арестованы еще 5 хасидских раввинов во главе с Я.-З.Маскаликом.В 1936 на выборах в правление общины потерпели поражение выдвигаемые властями кандидаты, что было оценено как откровенный вызов моск. религ. еврейства властям. В 1938 были арестованы Ш.-И.-Л.Медалье, его семья, все члены правления (во главе с пред. М.Брауде). Арестованным инкриминировали поддержку нелег. сети хедеров и иешив, шпионаж в пользу Польши и т. д. Мн. из арестованных были расстреляны, остальные приговорены к разл. срокам заключения.Пред. правления общины был назначен Ш.Чебруцкий; он же исполнял обязанности раввина.В 1939 была закрыта синагога на Б.Бронной ул.В кон. 1930-х гг. были ликвидированы большинство образоват. и культурных учреждений на идише, закрыта газ. «Дер Эмес» (1938).В окт. 1941 герм. войска вплотную подошли к М. В обороне города активное участие принимали евреи, вступившие в Моск. ополчение; тысячи из них погибли. С.А.Горелик, Е.А.Дыскин и Л.Х.Паперник получили звания Героев Сов. Союза в битве под М.24 авг. 1941 в М. состоялся всесоюз. митинг представителей еврейского народа. С 1943 в М. находился ЕАК. С 1942 выходила газ. на идише «Эйникайт» – орган ЕАК.После 1945 самой значит. в М. была община Хоральной синагоги (фактически – возрожденное МЕРО), насчитывавшая св. 15 000 верующих. Раввины синагоги Ш.-М.Шлифер (1953–57), И.-Л.Левин (1957–71), Я.Фишман (1971–83) фактически (но не формально) были гл. раввинами СССР. В 1961 трое руководителей синагоги были осуждены за «шпионаж в пользу одного капиталистич. гос-ва».В 1947 была закрыта синагога на Арбате.В 1948 Хоральная синагога организовала торжеств. службу (присутствовало ок. 10 тыс. чел.) по поводу создания Гос-ва Израиль. Десятки тысяч евреев М. приветствовали Г.Меир, посетившую в тот же год синагогу на Рош-га-Шана и в Йом-Кипур.21 нояб. 1948 был закрыт ЕАК, в тот же день был прекращен выпуск единств. газ. на идише «Эйникайт». 25 нояб. закрыли изд-во «Дер Эмес». В дек. 1948 – янв. 1949 были арестованы руководители ЕАК. В 1949 был закрыт ГОСЕТ.В 1951 из с. Давыдково, к-рое находилось рядом с «ближней дачей» Сталина, были выселены все евреи. В том же году был закрыт единств. в М. магазин по продаже кошерного мяса.В 1955 МЕРО издало молитвенник и религ. календарь. В 1957 была открыта иешива «Кол Яаков» («Голос Яакова»).В 1956 действовало ок. 50 миньянов.В 1964 в Израиль выехал А.-И.-Г.Тверский (1895–1987, Бней-Брак, Израиль), возглавлявший махновскую хасидскую династию.В 1959 в М. были изданы на идише произв. Шолом-Алейхема, И.Переца, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима. В окт. 1961 начал выходить журн. на идише «Советише Геймланд» (гл. ред. – А.А.Вергелис). В 1962 под рук. В.Шварца был организован Моск. еврейский драм. ансамбль (с 1986 – т-р «Шалом», с 1987 – рук. А.А.Левенбук).В 1967, после Шестидневной войны, среди моск. евреев возникло движение за нац. возрождение. С нач. 1970-х гг. в дополнение к требованию возрождения нац. жизни появилось требование выезда в Израиль. Одной из наиб. громких акций была двухдневная голодовка (22–23 нояб. 1972) на Центр. телеграфе М.В нач. 1970-х гг. в столице возникают первые еврейские семинары. Первоначально это была попытка ученых-отказников, гл. обр. физиков, не потерять квалификацию после увольнения с работы. Один из семинаров, просуществовавший до 1987, возглавляли М.Я.Азбель, В.Браиловский (р. 1935), А.В.Воронель. Позже появились семинары по еврейской истории и традиции.Один из осн. аспектов деятельности еврейских активистов М. – преподавание и изучение иврита. В 1978 М.Нудлер (р. 1946) и Л.Улановский создали профсоюз преподавателей иврита «Игуд Морим». С сер. 1970-х гг. начинают ставиться «пуримшпили». В нач. 1980-х гг. по инициативе сотрудников Ин-та этнографии АН СССР Н.И.Крупника, А.Хазанова, М.А. Членова была организована Еврейская историко-этногр. комиссия. В 1980 под рук. М.С.Глуза (р. 1953, Москва) в М. был создан Еврейский камерный музыкальный т-р.В 1972 вышло 20 выпусков самиздатского журн. «Евреи в СССР». В М. также выходили самиздатские журн. «Тарбут», «Выезд в Израиль: право и практика», «Наш иврит», «Евреи в современном мире», «Магид», «Наше наследие».Осенью 1987 в М. были созданы самодеят. еврейские орг-ции, объединившие учителей иврита («Союз учителей иврита» во главе с Л.Городецким, р. 1947), исследователей и лекторов по еврейской истории («Еврейское историч. об-во» во гл. с В.В.Энгелем). В 1988 был открыт Еврейский культурный центр им. С.М. Михоэлса (рук. – М.С.Глуз).В сент. 1987 Ю.Сокол организовал Еврейскую обществ. б-ку, преобразованную в Моск. еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во (МЕКПО). В 1988 Р.И.Спектор организовал в М. первый еврейский обществ. музей. Начал выходить еврейский лит.-политич. журн. «Шалом» (изд. Р.И.Спектор, М.А.Черников и М.А.Членов). В 1988 группа еврейской молодежи во главе с Л.Я.Ройтманом зарегистрировала при МГК ВЛКСМ молодежный центр по изучению и распространению еврейской культуры «Тхия».В 1989 возникли Об-во дружбы и культурных связей с Израилем (ОДИКСИ) под рук. А.Островского (р. 1946), Еврейская культурная ассоциация (ЕКА) во главе с М.А.Членовым, клуб любителей еврейской книги под рук. Ю.Хасина, еврейский религ. центр «Маханаим» (рук. – Л.Вольвовский, р. 1942), в 1991 – Междунар. центр еврейской культуры им. Михоэлса, в 1997– еврейский клуб творч. интеллигенции «Ковчег» (рук. – Ф.А.Дектор) и др.В дек. 1989 в М. прошел 1-й съезд еврейских орг-ций СССР, на к-ром было принято решение о создании Ваада – Конфедерации еврейских орг-ций и общин страны (в 1992 образован Ваад России).С 1995 работает МЕОД – Московский еврейский общинный дом (рук. – И.М.Щербань, р. 1946, Москва).В янв. 1996 в М. прошел учредит. съезд Рос. еврейского конгресса (РЕК), в 1997 организована Федеральная еврейская нац.-культурная автономия (ФЕНКА).В 1990 раввин Хоральной синагоги А.С.Шаевич был избран пред. Всесоюз. (с 1992 – Всерос.) совета еврейских религ. общин, в 1993 – гл. раввином России). В 1993 в М. прошел учредит. съезд Конгресса еврейских религ. общин и орг-ций России (КЕРООР). В 1999 создана Федерация еврейских общин России (ФЕОР), в 2000 ее гл. раввин, представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Берл Лазар (1964, Милан, Италия) избран гл. раввином России.В 1991 была возвращена синагога на Б.Бронной ул., раввин – Исаак Абрамович Коган (1946, Ленинград). В 1990-х гг. построены новые синагоги: в Отрадном, раввин – Довид (Вадим Владиленович) Карпов (р. 1960, Москва), на Поклонной горе. В сент. 2000 открыт Моск. еврейский общинный центр (МЕОЦ).Открытие синагоги на Поклонной горе посетил Президент РФ Б.Н.Ельцин, церемонию открытия МЕОЦ – Президент РФ В.В.Путин.В 1990-х гг. в М. оформились общины горских, грузинских и бухарских евреев. Организовалась небольшая караимская община. В 1996 было образовано Караимское культурно-просветит. об-во (пред. – М.Казас).В 1988 при синагоге в Марьиной Роще основана иешива «Томхей Тмимим». В 1991 открыта еврейская общеобразоват. школа «Ахей Тмимим и Бейт Ривка». Позже организованы иешивы «Торат Хаим», «Тора Мицион», «Огалей Яаков», жен. ин-т «Хая-Мушка», еврейские школы № 1311, «Месивта», «Мигдал-Ор». В 1988 создан Центр иудаики и еврейской цивилизации (позднее – Ин-т изучения иудаизма под рук. А.Штейнзальца), действует ф-т иудаики в РГГУ. В 1992 организован Свободный еврейский ун-т (позже еврейский ун-т в М.). В 2002 в М. создана Ассоциация еврейских благотворит. орг-ций М. и Моск. обл. «Гмилут хасидим».В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 500 тыс. евреев.В М. род.: Г.И.Абелев, А.Абрагам, А.А.Абрикосов, М.М.Авербах, Г.Я.Авруцкий, В.И.Агол, М.Л.Агранович, А.А.Аграновский, Г.С.Адаскина, Адельгейм, А.М.Азарин, М.Н.Айзенберг, Н.Е.Айзенберг, А.С.Айзенман, А.Ю.Айхенвальд, А.Ю.Айхенвальд, Б.Ю.Айхенвальд, Ю.А.Айхенвальд, Г.Б.Аксельрод, А.Г.Алексин, Я.Алешковский, В.Я.Альбрехт, М.С.Альперович, Б.Л. Альтшулер, Л.В.Альтшулер, Ю.Д.Апресян, С. Аргов, А.М.Ариевич, Д.Е.Аркин, Д.Л.Арманд, А.И.Арнольдов, Е.А.Арнольдова, А.Я.Аронов, Л.И.Аруин, А.Я.Аскольдов, Е.Б.Ауэрбах, А.С. Ахиезер, А.М.Ахшарумова, В.А.Ацаркин, В.Бабин, М.Р.Бабин, К.И.Бабицкий, А.Бази, Г.И. Баренблатт, Л.А.Барский, А.Л.Барто, М.О. Барщ, А.И.Бассехес, И.З.Бегун, Н.М. Бейлина, А.А.Бейлинсон, Е.С.Бекрицкий, С.З.Беленький, А.В.Белинков, Б.Г.Белкин, Е.Я.Белоусов, А.И. Бендик, Х.Бен-Иегуда, Ф.А.Березин, Ю.Е.Березов, Б.А.Березовский, А.М.Беркенгейм, А.М. Берлянт, А.Н.Бернштейн, И.А.Бернштейн, И.М.Бернштейн, И.Н.Бернштейн, Н.А.Бернштейн, С.А.Бернштейн, В.С.Библер, Б.Л.Бланк, Л.А.Блюменфельд, В.Г.Богоров, А.С.Боим, Р.С. Боим, И.В.Бокштейн, М.Ф.Бокштейн, Б.М.Болотовский, М.Б.Болотовский, В.Г.Болтянский, Г.М.Болтянский, Г.М.Бонгард-Левин, В.Л.Бонч-Бруевич, К.Н.Боровой, А.Я.Боярский, В.И.Брагинский, С.И.Брагинский, Ю.Э.Брегель, М.С. Бременер, А.Д.Бржезицкая, Л.Ю.Брик, О.М. Брик, И.М.Бриль, М.Бродерзон, М.Б.Броннер, В.А.Бронштэн, В.Л.Броуде, Е.М.Брумберг, Л.Я.Брусиловский, И.Г.Брюлин, Е.А.Бунимович, П.Г.Бунич, А.И.Быховский, В.С.Вайль, С.С.Вайль, А.А. и Г.А.Вайнеры, Б.К.Вайнштейн, Л.А.Вайнштейн, М.Н.Ваксмахер, Л.С.Васильев, Ю.М.Васильев, А.М.Вейн, В.Г.Вейсберг, С.Б.Вермель, Т.М.Верховская-Гиршфельд, В.Я. Виленкин, Н.Я.Виленкин, И.Е.Вилковир, М.В. Вишняк, Л.Владимирова, Г.Б.Волчек, Г.С.Габай, В.М.Галицкий, А.М. Гальпер, Э.И.Гальперин, С.М.Гандлевский, М.Л.Гаспаров, В.И.Гафт, Г.Д.Гачев, Б.Т.Гейликман, М.Е.Гельфер, А.Е. Гербер, С.М.Гершензон, В.Л.Гершуни, Ю.М.Гефтер, Ж.Гивет, Б.А.Гиленсон, Л.А.Гиндин, А.Г. Гинзбург, А.И.Гинзбург, В.Л.Гинзбург, В.М.Гинзбург, Е.С.Гинзбург, И.И.Гинзбург, Л.В.Гинзбург, И.М.Гирель, А.М.Гладилин, Ю.Я.Глазов, В.И.Глоцер, М.Е.Голдовская, Д.С.Голощекин, Н.М.Гольдберг, И.Гольденберг, А.Л.Гольденвейзер, М.И.Гольман, Г.А.Гольц, Г.Л.Гольштейн, М.Г.Гоникберг, Л.А.Гордон, С.Горевич, В.М.Гориккер, Г.И.Горин, А.И.Горюнов, А.Д.Готлиб, А.Р.Гоц, М.И.Граев, А.М.Грановский, П.А.Гринцер, Л.О.Гриншпун, М.Гробман, В.С.Гроссман, И.М.Губерман, С.Н.Гурвич, А.Я.Гуревич, Б.М. Гуревич, Д.Б.Гуревич, Е.М.Гуревич, И.Я.Гуревич, М.И.Гуревич, А.А.Гурштейн, Г.М.Данишевский, Ю.М.Даниэль, М.И.Дворецкий, Е.И. Дешалыт, И.С.Джигит, Е.Л.Дзиган, И.И. Дзялошинский, М.Длуги, А.Б.Долгопольский, В.А.Долина, Е.А.Долматовский, Ю.О.Домбровский, С.Г.Дрезнин, В.Я.Друк, А.М.Дубинчик, Б.С.Дубровин, Б.Я.Дубровский, Г.М.Дудник, Ю.Т.Дунский, В.А.Дыховичный, И.В.Дыховичный, Ю.А.Дыховичный, А.М.Жаботинский, Г.М. Жирмунская, З.Зарецкий, И.И.Заславский, И.Б.Збарский, Б.Я. Зельдович, М.П.Зив, Б.Н. Зимин, Ю.С.Злотников, Е.Д.Зозуля, И.П.Золотусский, И.Б. Зубковская, Л.М.Измайлов, Е.И.Ильин, В.Л. Инденбом, Л.Д.Иофан, А.Е. Иоффе, Б.Л.Иоффе, Г.З.Иоффе, А.Л.Иохелес, Е.Л.Иохелес, И.М.Иртеньев, Г.Г.Исакович, А.Я.Йошпе, В.Р.Кабо, Л.Р.Кабо, Н.В.Каверин, Ю.М.Каган, Ю.М.Каган, Б.Ю.Кагарлицкий, Ю.И.Кагарлицкий, А.П.Каждан, Д.А.Каждан, И.Л.Калер, Л.Б.Каменев, А.А.Каменский, А.М. Каминский, М.И.Кан, Ф.С.Кандель, А.М.Кантор, В.К.Кантор, В.С.Канцель, А.Е.Каплан, Б.М.Каплан, И.М.Каплан, С.Я.Капланский, А.И.Каплун, Ю.А.Карабчиевский, Э.В.Кардин, Н.Н.Каретников, Ю.Л.Карпов, Г.М.Карпоносов, И.Т.Касавин, В.Л.Кассиль, И.А.Каттель, Л.В. Катц, Б.З.Каценеленбаум, А.Г.Кацкий, А.Я.Кваша, И.Я.Кваша, В.И.Кейлис-Борок, Л.В.Келдыш, А.Т.Кинкулькин, И.Э.Кио, Э.Т.Кио, Д.А.Киржниц, И.Л.Кириллов, Е.И.Кисин, А.И.Китайгородский, Б.Н.Клярфельд, В.А.Клячко, Л.А.Клячко, М.О.Кнебель, А.Л.Княжинский, В.Б.Кобрин, П.Л.Коган, Ф.И.Коган, Ю.М.Коган, А.А. 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Рабинович, Л.Н.Рабичев, В.И.Радин, А.И.Разгон, Ю.Я.Райзман, А.А.Райхштейн, М.С.Ракита, М.А.Ракузин, Е.С.Ратнер, Н.Д.Ратнер, М.Л.Рахлевский, Е.Б.Рашковский, М.Регальский, А.А.Редель, В.А.Резвин, Н.С.Речменский, И.К.Роднина, И.А.Розен, М.Б.Розенберг, Ф.Я. Розинер, М.Д.Ройзман, Л.Я.Ройтман, А.Г.Роках, М.Н.Ромм, А.И.Роскин, В.О.Роскин, В.Л. Россельс, В.С.Ротенберг, Д.И.Роттенберг, С. Ротштейн, А.Б.Рошаль, В.А.Рубин, В.И.Рубин, И.Д.Рубин, А.Е.Рубинчик, А.М.Рубинштейн, Л.С.Рубинштейн, Н.Г.Рубинштейн, Ю.Б.Румер, Л.Б.Рухин, И.В.Рывкинд, Ю.М.Рыжик, И.Я.Рыжкин, Г.В.Рязанов, Г.Е.Саевич, Д.С. Самойлов, Б.М.Сарнов, Л.М.Сатановский, Г.А.Сатаров, Н.И.Сац, А.А.Сванидзе, Н.К. Сванидзе, Г.Я.Свет-Молдавский, Ф.Г.Светов, А.П.Свободин, С.Л.Северцев, Д.М.Сегал, В.Я. Селих, Т.И.Сельвинская, Ю.С.Семенов, В.А. 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Фиттерман, Ю.М.Фогельман, И.М.Фрадкин, М.Л.Франк, С.Л.Франк, М.М.Фрейденберг, М.И.Фрейдкин, М.И.Фрейдлин, З.Г.Фрейкин, Д.Фрид, О.Ю.Фрид, В.М.Фридкин, А.М.Фридман, Л.А.Фридман, М.М.Фридман, В.И.Фукс, И.И.Фундаминский, А.Я.Фурман, В.И.Хавин, Б.М.Хазанов, Г.В.Хазанов, Ю.С.Хазанов, В.Э. Хазанова, Г.М.Хайкин, Д.С.Хайкин, М.С.Хайкин, А.И.Хайт, В.Л.Хайт, Я.Е.Харон, М.Р. Хейфец, А.Я.Хелемский, Р.Б.Хесин-Лурье, Е.Л.Хмельницкая, В.Ф.Ходасевич, М.Б.Ходорковский, Р.М.Хозак, В.С.Хольцман, М.З.Хохлов, А.З.Хургин, А.Л.Цейтлин, М.Л.Цетлин, М.О.Цетлин, М.Л.Цивин, И.Л.Ципурский, И.С.Цирлин, М.В.Цифринович, А.З.Цфасман, М.А.Цфасман, Л.Б.Черная, В.Ю.Чернин, С.А. Черняк, Ш.Черток, М.А.Членов, Ю.В.Чудецкий, Б.В.Шабат, А.Б.Шапиро, Н.И.Шапиро, Р.Б.Шапиро, В.А.Шаров, А.А.Шаткин, М.Ф. Шатров, Б.А.Шахет, А.М.Шахнарович, А.М. Шварцман, М.М.Шварцман, Н.Ю.Шведова, А.С.Шейн, С.Я.Шейнман, В.А.Шендерович, В.Б.Шер, П.Л.Шербаум, Ю.Б.Шерлинг, А.Б. Шехтер, М.С.Шехтер, М.М.Шехтман, Ю.С. Шимелевич, П.М.Шимес, А.А.Ширвиндт, Я.Д.Ширман, В.М.Шифрин, Э.И.Шкловский, М.Г.Шнейдерович, Л.Т.Шпигель, Н.А.Шполянская, Й.Шпринцак, А.Л.Штейн, П.А.Штейн, В.Л.Штейнбах, С.С.Штейнберг, Э.А.Штейнберг, А.И.Штенберг, Д.Д.Штеренберг, Ю. Штерн, Э.И.Шуб, Ю.Г.Шуб, В.А.Шульрихтер, Е.Е.Шумский, Т.Л.Щепкина-Куперник, В.И.Эдельман, Д.И.Эдельман, Н.Я.Эйдельман, А.А.Эйхенвальд, Л.Элиав, И.Ш.Элькис, М.В. Эльконина, Я.Е.Эльсберг, Л.Е.Эльяшев, В.В.Энгель, Ю.И.Эпельбаум, А.И.Эппель, М.Н.Эпштейн, Б.В.Эрин, А.М.Эскин, О.Н.Эстис, Я.Б.Эстрин, И.В.Эстулин, В.А.Этуш, В.П.Эфроимсон, С.Я.Эфрон, А.М.Эфрос, Н.Е.Эфрос, Л.А.Юдин, М.И.Юзовский, М.З.Юрьев, М.Н. Яблонская, А.А.Якобсон, Г.Якобсон, Р.О.Якобсон, Е.А.Ямбург, М.И.Ярославский; Петр Олегович Авен (р. 1955), экономист, гос. деятель, в 1992 – мин. внешнеэкономич. связей РФ, с 1994 – през. банка «Альфа», чл. президиума РЕК; Аркадий Григорьевич Адамов (1920–1981, там же), писатель, сын Г.В.Адамова, автор св. 30 книг, в осн. детективов; Евгения Марковна Альбац (р. 1958), журналист, обществ. деятель, сотр. в газ. «Известия», «Московские новости», автор мн. книг; Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов (р. 1951), политолог, политич. деятель, сын Г.А.Арбатова, д-р ист. наук, дир. Центра политич. и воен. прогнозов, Центра по разоружению и стратегич. стабильности, с 1993 – деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ от фракции «Яблоко»; Александр Григорьевич Асмолов (р. 1949), психолог, гос. деятель, д-р психологич. наук (1996), ч.-к. РАО (1995), зав. кафедрой психологии личности МГУ, в 1992–98 – зам. (1-й зам.) мин. образования РФ, вице-през. Об-ва психологов РАН, автор более 200 работ; Михаил Леонидович Беркенгейм (р. 1945), гинеколог-эндокринолог, внук А.М.Беркенгейма, гл. врач мед. центра «Брак и семья» (Москва); Григорий Давидович Брускин (р. 1945), художник, большое место в творчестве занимают сюжеты и символы, связанные с иудаизмом, работы находятся в лучших галереях мн. стран; Константин Яковлевич Ваншенкин (Вайншенкер) (р. 1925), поэт, автор мн. поэтич. сборников, автор песен «Я люблю тебя жизнь», «Как провожают пароходы» и др., Гос. пр. СССР (1985); Семен Самуилович Виленский (р. 1928), поэт, издатель, обществ. деятель, в 1948–55 – репрессирован, с 1993 – гл. ред. журн. «Воля», автор сб. стихов; Егор Тимурович Гайдар (р. 1956), политич. деятель, д-р экономич. наук (1989), в 1992 – исп. обязанности пред. пр-ва РФ, с 1992 – дир. Ин-та экономич. проблем переходного периода, в 1993 – мин. экономики и 1-й зам. пред. прав-ва РФ, с 1993 – деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, с 1994 – пред. партии «Демокр. выбор России»; Леонид Михайлович Гейман (р. 1934), горн. инженер, д-р техн. наук (1990), акад. РАЕН (1992), издатель «Горной энциклопедии», энциклопедии «Америка» (1998); Владимир Семенович Гуревич (р. 1950), журналист, в 1998–2000 – гл. ред. газ. «Время МН», с 2000 – гл. ред. газ. «Время новостей»; Владимир Александрович Гусинский (р. 1952), финансист, обществ. деятель, с 1992 – през. «Мост-Банка», в 1996–2001 – през. РЕК; Марк Михайлович Дейч (р. 1945), публицист, автор неск. книг, в творчестве присутствует еврейская тема; Борис Иосифович Жутовский (р. 1922), художник, участник неск. десятков выставок, работы хранятся в галереях разл. городов мира; Александр Давидович Иоффе (р. 1944), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, в 1994 создал Центр поддержки малого предпринимательства, вице-през. Моск. промышл. палаты, член Совета предпринимателей при пр-ве РФ; Рашид Мурадович Капланов (р. 1949), историк, один из основателей Еврейской историко-этногр. комиссии, с 1994 – пред. Академич. совета центра «Сэфер»; Александр Зиновьевич Крейн (р. 1920), филолог, в 1958–86 – дир.-организатор и дир. Гос. музея А.С.Пушкина (Москва); Борис Левен (1900–1986, США), художник, гл. художник кинокомпании «ХХ век – Фокс», лауреат пр. «Оскар» (1961) за ф. «Вест-Сайдская история»; Любовь Еремеевна Лурье (р. 1946), врач-гомеопат, создатель гомеопатич. центра «Симилия», школы классич. гомеопатии, первого в России журн. классич. гомеопатии «Гомеопатический вестник»; Лариса Емельяновна Миппер (р. 1940), поэт, прозаик, автор мн. кн. прозы и поэзии; Ури (Георгий) Миллер (р. 1947), специалист в обл. науч. информации, сын И.С.Миллера и Н.Д.Ратнер, д-р педагогики, с 1987 – в Израиле, автор ряда науч. работ, в т. ч. кн. «Спорт в истории евреев и евреи в истории спорта»; Александр Маркович Мордухович (р. 1943), физик, д-р техн. наук (1990), проф. (1998), акад. РАЕН (1995), разработчик новых технологий в образовании, през. Центра межнационального образования «Поколение XXI века»; Петр Петрович Мосолов (1938–1985, там же), математик, автор более 100 науч. работ, Гос. пр. РСФСР (1988, посмертно); Юлий Анатольевич Нисневич (р. 1951), гос. деятель, канд. техн. наук, специалист в обл. информатики и управления, деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания 1-го созыва от партии «Выбор России»; Юрий Андреевич Осипьян (р. 1931), физик, Герой Соц. Труда (1986), д-р физ.-матем. наук (1968), проф. (1968), акад. АН СССР (1981), с 1972 – дир. МИФТТ АН СССР (РАН), вице-през. РАН, специалист в обл. физики твердого тела и физики дислокаций; Григорий Бенционович Остер (р. 1947), поэт, писатель, драматург, автор ок. 60 сценариев мультфильмов; Рада Ефимовна Полищук (р. 1945), писатель, автор неск. сборников прозы, проникнутых эротич. и нац. мотивами, с 1996 – издатель и гл. ред. альм. еврейской культуры «Диалог»; Эдвард Станиславович Радзинский (р. 1936), драматург, прозаик, автор более 20 пьес, мн. кн. историч. прозы; Михаил Андрееевич Розенберг (р. 1954), юрист, защищал интересы изв. клиентов, один из ведущих адвокатов России; Петр Наумович Фоменко (р. 1932), режиссер, проф. (1992), основатель и рук. т-ра, нар. арт. РФ (1993), Гос. пр. РФ (1994)., extra_data="{'translat...")
MOSTISKA, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1404. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Mosciska in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 there were 2,123 Jews living in Moscow (50.5%), in 1890 - 2,230 (51.8%), in 1900 - 2548 (54.2%), in 1910 - 2574 (53.9%), in 1921 - 2328 (49%), in 1931 - 2328 Jews. about the Jews, M. refers to 1567. existed independently. community. In the 1st floor. 19th century the rabbi of M. was Simha-Nosn Alenberg (? –1859), in the 1880s. - Moishe Maizlish, in 1896-1904 - Sholem Yulilas (? -1925), from 1905 - Chaim-Nohum Helberstom (? -1921), who founded the Hasidic court. Most of the Jews in M. were Hasidim. In 1865, a local Jewish doctor founded the Talmud Torah and studied him. and Polish. languages. In 1902 a Zionist organization was formed. In 1905–06, he worked as a committee of assistance to Russian Jews. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school with teaching in Hebrew. By the rabbis of M. in the 1920s – 1930s. were Moishe Tetelboim and Itskhok Rosenfeld, who died during the Holocaust. In June 1941, the Jewish population in M. increased due to refugees from Poland and amounted to approx. 3.5 thousand people On June 25, 1941, Wehrmacht units entered Moscow. The Judenrat was established (previously - Avram Katz, Haskell Rott). On June 27, 1941, 20 Jews were killed in M. In May 1942 several were sent from M. to the Yanovsk camp. hundreds of Jews; the same number were probably sent to M. from those around us. points. 28 nov. 1942 approx. 2 thousand Jews were deported to the extermination camp Belzec, who remained in December. 1942 were sent to the Yavorov ghetto.
MOSTKI, a village in the Svatovsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starobelsky district Kharkiv province. In 1830, 240 Jews (8%) lived in Moscow, 420 (10%) in 1879, and 8 Jews in 1939. the occupation of the Jewish population of M. was dominated by trade; Jews belonged to approx. 10 shops, several. taverns. In the beginning. 20th century many of M.'s Jews went bankrupt; most of them left M.
MOSTKOV Mikhail Abramovich (1900, Abasha, Kutaisi province - 1956, Tbilisi), hydropower engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1937), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (1955). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1922 he graduated from the Tiflis Polytechnic. in-t. He worked on the survey and design of hydraulic engineering. installations in the Rion concession and other org-tions. Since 1925 at the Azerbaijan Polytechnic. in-those (assistant to I.G. Esman and at the same time in the Department of the Azerbaijan Water Resources in Baku. In 1928 he was appointed chief engineer. Tbilisi. In 1939–41, chief engineer at the Tbilisi branch of the Institute "Gidroproekt" (supervising research and design of hydroelectric power plants in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan). Head of the Department of Hydraulics and Water Supply, Tbilisi Institute of Railway Engineering (since 1938). Fundamentals in the region of engineering hydraulics, applied hydromechanics, hydrology and water supply. He proposed an original method for calculating hydraulic shock (1937) According to the developed numerical method, he performed (1955) calculations of hydraulic shock for a pumping station on the Ingulets river. Supervised the design of over 25 hydroelectric power plants. Steel pr. (1950). Works: Basics of calculation of hydraulic power plants. Part 1–2 Tbilisi, 1934; Fundamentals of the theory of hydropower design. M., 1948; Hydraulic. Reference book. M., 1954; Hydraulics. M., 195 8; Applied Hydromechanics. M.-L., 1963.
MOSTOVOE, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mostovoye (other names - Lyakhovo, Privolnoye) Ananievsky u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 862 Jews (53.6%) lived in Moscow, in 1939 - 226 Jews. In 1868 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. Among the main. classes of Jews M. in 19 - early. 20th century trade prevailed. In the 1880s. Jews belonged to approx. 20 grocery stores, an inn, a wine shop, etc. In 1914, Jews owned a unity. a pharmacy, both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 15 shops (including both shops for agricultural implements, one for fish). 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units; a ghetto was created. In Jan. 1942 shot ca. 200 Jews, March 17, 1942 - more than 400 Jews (including Jewish refugees from Bessarabia). In the summer of 1942 from Moscow to the farm New America, apprx. 300 Jews. 22 Sep 1942, 578 Jews from Romania were brought to M., who were shot on the trail. day in Sukha Balka, M. M.M. Abramson.
MOSCISKA, see Mostiska.
BRIDGES, now part of the town of Zolotonosha, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a farm near the town of Zolotonosha, Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow.
BRIDGES GREAT, see Great Bridges.
MOTOL, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1422. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kobrin u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 98 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1806 - 152, in 1847 - 222, in 1878 - 404 (18.8%) , in 1897 - 1354 (31.5%), in 1921 - 1140 Jews (26%). about Jews M. refers to the 3rd quarter. 16th century There were many tenants among the Jews of M. In 1811 Movsha-Shloma Leibovich Chemerinsky (1775–?) Was a shokhet in Moscow. In 1841, the position of rabbi was held by Velvel Areliovich. In 1882-1900, Srol Movshovich Chemerinsky was the bourgeois headman. All R. 19th century Rabbi M. was Mordhe-Meir Zilberman, in the late. 19th century - Akiva Bergman, from 1910 - Meir-Chaim Dolinko (1882–?). From the end. 19th century in M. there were Palestinophile circles "Khibat Zion" and "Safa brura". In the beginning. 20th century there were 2 synagogues in M. In 1913 the unity. doctor and unity. dentist in M. were Jews, unity. the midwife is Jewish. The Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy warehouse, 3 grocery, unity. haberdashery shops. 1920–30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 26, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied M. A ghetto and a Judenrat were created. In the spring of 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, approx. 1,500 Jews. In M. genus: H. Weizman, S. Lieberman, N. London, H. Fiyalkov; David Bartov (Guterman) (b. 1924), lawyer, diplomat, society. activist, since 1993 - before. About the research. Jewish Communities of the Diaspora, ed. Concise Jewish Encyclopedia in Russian. lang .; Chaim Israeli (Gutiansky) (b. 1927), in the 1950s – 70s. - pom. min. Defense of Israel, State. Israel Ave (1998); Shmuel Yanovsky (1890–1935, Warsaw), journalist, wrote in Yiddish, author of the world. bibliography of Jewish periodicals. editions.
MOTOLSKAYA Dina Klementyevna (Kalmanovna) (b. 1907, Baku), teacher, literary critic. Cand. philol. sciences. Graduated from Leningrad. state ped. in-t them. AI Herzen (1929), taught at the Faculty of Russian. lang. and the literature of this institute (1934–82). In 1943–44 at Perm University. She had a great influence on the formation of pl. generations of language teachers. Author of works on the history and theory of literature, including chapters about MV Lomonosov in “History of Rus. literature "(vol. 3. Moscow, 1946). One of the authors of the school. textbook rus. lit-ry (2nd half of the 19th century), withstood 20th ed. (1968–90).
MOTOVILIKHA, region (since 1938) within the city of Perm (Russian Federation). Main in 1736. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Permsky u. In 1910, 85 Jews lived in Moscow.
MOTOVILOVKA, see Borovaya Kiev region.
MOTSKIN Lev (Leo, Arie-Leib) Efimovich (1867, Brovary Ostersky u. Chernigov province. - 1933, Paris), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, later studied mathematics and philosophy at Berlin University, one of the founders of the student Russian-Jewish scientific. about-va (1887), member of the movement "Hibat Zion", sotr. into gas. N. Birnbaum "Self-emancipation". From the end. 1890s one of the Zionist leaders. movement, participant in the World. Zionist. Congr. In 1905 ed. gas. "Russishe Correspondent" (Berlin), who paid the meaning. attention to the situation of Jews in Russia. On behalf of the Zionist. org-tion prepared and published the book. "Jewish pogroms in Russia" (vols. 1–2, 1909–10; in German), which covered the period from the beginning. 19th century until 1905. During the trial of MM Beilis, he launched a campaign in his defense. In the years of the 1st world. war M. headed the Copenhagen branch of the World. Zionist. org-tion, at the end. 1915 left for the USA, where he organized a campaign to help the Jews of Vost. Europe, affected by the war. action, as well as a campaign for the provision of equality for the Jews of Russia. In 1918, M. played a leading role in the creation of the Committee of Jewish delegations at the Paris Peace Conference. He participated in the international. Congr. on the problems of nat. minorities, in 1925–33 led the Executor. to-t World. Zionist. org-tion. With the coming of the Nazis to power in Germany, M. was one of the first to join the struggle against fascism, and brought the issue of discrimination against Jews in Germany to the League of Nations. The name of M. named one of the satellite cities of Haifa - Kiryat Motzkin. M.'s son - Theodor-Shmuel (1908–70), mathematician. In 1936-48 he taught at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), in 1950-70 prof. California University (USA).
MOTYKALY, a village in the Brest district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1942 784 Jews did not live in the Motykalsky district. - nov. 1942 near the cemetery M. was shot apprx. 500 Jews who fled from the Brest ghetto.
MOTYLEV Wolf Evnovich (1899, Ekatsrinodar - 1967, Moscow), economist. In 1918–21 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Labor of the RSFSR. The author of a number of publ. and scientific-popul. brochures ("Jewish Workers 'Councils and a Jewish Workers' Congress". M., 1918; "Paris Commune (March 18, 1871)." Krasnodar, 1924, etc.). Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1924), teacher, prof., Dean of economics. f-that, deputy. rector of the Polytechnic. in-that in Leningrad. From 1927 he taught at Leningrad. universities. In 1931–33 the first deputy. ch. ed. “Big owl. encyclopedias ”, in 1935–38 dir. Research Institute of the Big Sov. atlas of the world, then prez. Pacific Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Active participant decomp. discussions of the 1920s – 30s, author of propaganda, brochures “Discussion Problems Marxist. Political Economy "(1924)," Variants of the Five-Year Plan, Wrecking Theories and Sov. reality ”(1931) and others. In 1941–49 prof. Moscow State University, in 1950-60 - Moscow. fin. in-that. Author of works on the problems of the political economy of capitalism, the history of Nar. x-va and others. Works: Course of Political Economy, vol. 1. M.-L., 1925; The problem of the rate of development of the USSR. M., 1929; The origin and development of the Pacific knot of contradictions. M., 1939; Financial capital and its organization forms. M., 1959; Econ. history of the hack. countries. The era of monopolistic. capitalism. Lecture course. M., 1961.
MOTYLEVA Tamara Lazarevna (Leizerovna) (1910, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1948), prof. (1960). In 1930 she graduated from lit. Faculty of Moscow State University. Published since 1930. In 1939–41 Assoc. MGPI, in 1940–49 she worked at IMLI, in 1949–55 Assoc. Library Institute. In 1956–63 head. chair in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky. M. - ed. op. G. Mann in 8 volumes (1957–58) and SLewis in 9 volumes (1965), part. the editorial board of the "Brief Literary Encyclopedia" (1962–78). The theme of M.'s works is questions of realism rus. literature of the 20th century, world. meaning rus. and owls. Literature. Vol .: German literature in the fight against fascism. Tashkent, 1942; Anna Zegers. M., 1953; About the world significance of L.N. Tolstoy. M., 1957; Foreign novel today. M., 1966; The Property of Contemporary Realism: Research and Observation. M., 1973; The novel is free form. M., 1982; Literature against fascism. M., 1987.
MOTYL Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1927, Lepel, Polotsk environs), film director. In 1948 he graduated from the acting department of the Sverdlovsk theater, in-that. Worked dir. in the Sverdlovsk drama. t-re, then an actor and dir. in t-ts Novomoskovsk, Nizhny Tagil. From 1955 Ch. dir. Sverdlovsk Youth Theater. In 1957 he graduated in absentia history. Faculty of Sverdlovsk University and worked dir. Sverdlovsk c / st until 1960. Debuted f. "Children of the Pamirs" (1963). Subsequent f: "Zhenya, Zhenechka and" Katyusha "(1967)," White Sun of the Desert "(1970)," The Star of Captivating Happiness "(1975)," Forest "(1980)," An Incredible Bet, or a True Occurrence Ended a hundred years ago "(1984)," Let's part, while the good "(1991). Hood. hands. association "Ekran" CT, worked in t-ts. State etc. them. A. Rudaki Tajik SSR (1964).
MOTYZHIN, a village in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1162. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1897, 330 Jews (17.4%) lived in Moscow. occupations of the Jewish population of M. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and petty trade. In 1914 the Jews of Moscow owned a pharmacy and 10 shops (including 8 grocery stores). In 1919–20, the Jewish community of Moscow suffered from pogroms. In the 1920s. the number of the Jewish population decreased as a result of the resettlement of some Jews to the kr. cities.
MOVSHENSON Alexander Grigorievich (1895, Petersburg - 1965, Leningrad), art critic, theater critic, teacher. He taught at Leningrad State University. in-those painting, sculpture and architecture named after IE Repin (course of theater costume). Since 1920 he was published in the journal. "The Life of Art", "Worker and Theater" and others. Published Art. on questions of muses. t-ra, drama, circus art. Dealt with problems of scenography, bibliography of the theater and iconography of performances Took part in the work (comments, publications) on the book. on the history of ballet.
MOVSHOVICH Ilya Aronovich (b. 1923, Oryol - 1996, Moscow), surgeon, orthopedist-traumatologist. He graduated from the 2nd MMI (1946) and graduate school there (1949). He worked in Vitebsk honey. in-those assistant at the department of operative, and then general surgery. Since 1956 - in Moscow, to the Center. in-those traumatology and orthopedics st. scientific. sotr., in 1965–90 hands. lab. polymers and orthopedic and traumatology. clinics in the same place, since 1990 - in Moscow. the center of arthroplasty (based on the Botkin hospital). offered several. hip joint endoprostheses, silicone wrist and hand endoprostheses, radial head, patella, as well as plates, knee capsule surgery. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1984). State pr. USSR (1975, jointly with others for the creation of special textile products for medical purposes). Etc. them. V.N. Shevkunenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1987) Vol .: Scoliosis. Surgical anomaly and pathogenesis. M., 1964; X-ray diagnostics and principles of scoliosis treatment. M., 1969; Polymers in Traumatology and Orthopedics. M., 1978; Operative orthopedics. A guide for doctors. M., 1984.
MOVZON Arkady Iosifovich (real name and surname. Aron Movshenzon) (1918, Vitebsk - 1977, Minsk), playwright. He graduated from FZU, worked in Minsk at the factory as a turner. Since 1936, actor, dir. in the Belarusian state. dram, t-re im. I. Kolas. Collaborated in gas. “Vitebsk Rabochy”, then at the Belarusfilm cinema, was edited by. repertoire-ed. collegiums of the Ministry of Culture of the BSSR. Author of the plays "Konstantin Zaslonov", "In the Great Battle", "Natalia Kravtsova", "In a quiet side street", "If you are a man", "Under one sky", "Where are you going, Sergei |", "In the house on Solnechnaya" , "Only one life", screenplays "Green Lights", "Ahead - a sharp turn" and others. Plays M. went to many. t-rakh USSR.
MOISEVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in Moscow. In the summer of 1942, 2 Jews were killed in Moscow.
MOYSHE-ITZHOK (Magid from Kelm) (1828, Ozernitsa of Slonim u. Grodno province - 1899, Lida, Vilna province), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Slonim. He was distinguished by outstanding oratory skills. I drove through the mountains. and townships North-West. edge, speaking in synagogues with moralizing conversations that attracted thousands of listeners.
MOYSHEZON Boris Gershevich (1937, Odessa - 1993, New York), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). Student of I.R.Shafarevich. He worked in Orekhovo-Zuevsky ped. in-those (1964–67), at the Center. econ.-mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1967–72). 1972–77 - in Israel. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Since 1977 - in the USA. Since 1978 prof. Columbia University. Author of works in the region. algebraic. Geometry and Number Theory, Collected Works: Algebraic Surfaces. - In the journal. “Trudy Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ", 1965, vol. 75 (jointly with I.R.Shafarevich, B.G.Averbukh, etc.).
MOZDOK, city, regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). Main in 1759. Since 1785 - the district town of the Caucasian governorship, since 1866 - the provincial town of the Terek Region, since 1899 - the adm. center of the Mozdok dep. Tersk Region In 1877, 44 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 45, in 1926 - 726, including 303 Mountain Jews, in 1939 - 306 Jews. In 1877 a synagogue functioned in Moscow. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. During the war the Jews of M. were deprived of their land plots. In 1925, a department of the Evsektsiya worked in Moscow. In 1927, 41.4% of the Jews of Moscow were considered artisans, 26.8% were unemployed, 18.8% were engaged in trade, and 2.9% were agricultural workers. x-vom. In 1925, 128 families (out of 180) were registered in Moscow who wished to engage in agriculture. In 1927 a Jewish agricultural was founded in Moscow. m-in "Renaissance". In 1930 in the Mozdok region there were 2 Mountain Jewish collective farms named after Menzhinsky and them. Kaganovich, subordinate to Sevkavkraikomzet. 25 Aug. 1942 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 approx. In 2003, 200 families of Mountain Jews (about 1,000 people) from two Mountain Jewish collective farms were shot dead. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in Moscow.
MOZES Adolf (1840, Klechev of Slupetsky district of Kalisz province - 1902, Louisville, USA), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at yeshivas in Shrimm and Milicz (Silesia). Graduated from un-t in Breslau. In 1859 - a volunteer in the army of G. Garibaldi during the liberation war in Italy. In 1863 he participated in the Polish uprising as an officer. Russian was taken prisoner. troops. After his release, he returned to Germany; through several. years left for the USA. In 1879–81 a rabbi in Montgomery and Mobile (Alabama); 1881-1902 - in Louisville. In the 1890s. was engaged in teaching the deaf and dumb. The author of several. book On him. and English. lang.
MOZGON, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Khiloksky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 18 Jews lived in Moscow.
MOZHAYSK, city (since 1963), regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1231. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 11 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1926 - 16, in 1939 - 244, in 1989 - 37 Jews. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy, warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. 1920–30s. there was a synagogue in M. In 1934–35, the Lubavich Hasid Aron-Eliezer Zeitlin (1896, Zhuravichi, Mogilev Gubernia - 1938) was a shohet. 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jewish population managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. The remaining Jews were shot in the 2nd half. oct. and 20 nov. 1941 near the village of Oreshki. In 2003, several people lived in Moscow. dozens of Jews.
MOZEYKI, see Mazeikiai.
MOZOLIEVKA, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in Moscow. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1942 a Jew was killed in M.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МОЗЫРЬ, город (с 1795), районный центр в Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1155. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Новогрудского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1935–38 – окружной центр, в 1938–54 – центр Полесской обл.В 1766 в М. проживало 896 евреев, в 1801 в уезде – 781, в 1847 в М. – 2256, в 1897 – 5361 (69,7%), в 1910 – 7044 (66,5%), в 1913 – 7842 (50,6%), в 1923 – 5655, в 1926 – 6901 (71,7%), в 1939 – 6307, в 1947 – ок. 4500 евреев (ок. 26%).Первое упом. о евреях М. относится ко 2-й четв. 17 в. В 1648 еврейская община М. пострадала от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. С кон. 1830-х гг. до 1897 раввином в М. был Гершон Анцилевич, с 1897 – его сын Залман (1861–1936). В 1856 в М. действовало 3 синагоги. С 1861 уездным обществ. раввином был Рафаил Михайлович Кугель. В 1874 в М. работала частная еврейская школа рус. грамотности (содержатель – Р.М.Кугель); гласными гор. думы были Левик Овсеевич Офенгензен и Авраам Янкелевич Гофштейн.Осн. занятия еврейского населения М. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – ремесла и торговля. В кон. 19 в. евреям принадлежали спичечная ф-ка «Молния», лесопильный з-д и др. В 1895 была открыта богадельня. В кон. 19 в. раввином М. был раби Яков-Ицхок, с 1910 – его зять Исроэль Ливартовский (1874–?).В 1904–06 в М. действовал боевой отряд Бунда, на вооружении к-рого было 10 бомб и 26 револьверов «смит-вессон». В окт. 1905 отряд предотвратил погром.В 1910 в М. существовали 8 синагог, нар. муж. еврейское уч-ще, талмуд-тора и иешива, 2 еврейских кладбища, в 1912 – 2 еврейских ссудо-сберегат. т-ва, в 1913 – еврейская б-ка. Евреям принадлежали 3 склада аптечных товаров, кондитерская, все 8 гостиниц, 2 трактира и более 130 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 37 бакалейных, все 16 мануфактурных, все 8 галантерейных). Среди евреев был единств. в М. лесопромышленник. В 1916 работал Мозырский к-т помощи евреям-беженцам.В 1919 в М. произошел погром, учиненный польск. частями, в ходе к-рого было убито 3 еврея; в 1920 погром в М. устроили отряды С.Н.Булак-Балаховича; в результате погрома мн. евреи были ограблены, убито 32 чел., насилию подверглось более 300 женщин.К нач. 1920-х гг. все большее влияние в М. приобретала орг-ция Бунда. В 1919 был запрещен спектакль в пользу центр. органа Бунда «Дер Векер»; помещение клуба, где должен был проходить спектакль, временно было реквизировано. В 1919 в М. действовало отд-ние Евсекции (пред. – Зисман). В 1922 прошла еврейская культурная конференция. В том же году был закрыт клуб «Маккаби» и открыта спорт. секция КСМ, одноврем. были организованы еврейская школа при ф-ке «Прима», еврейские кружки политич. грамоты, лит. и драматич. кружки. В М. действовал подпольный ЦК «Ге-Халуц». Весной 1922 из М. в Ярцево, где находилась орг-ция по подготовке евреев к с.-х. труду в Э.-И., было отправлено 9 чел.В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта в М. было открыто 4 дет. дома. В 1922 действовали хедеры. В том же году прошел процесс над меламедами. В 1923 работала еврейская школа при клубе им. М.П.Томского (287 уч-ся). В сер. 1920-х гг. прошли аресты молодежной сионистской орг-ции «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».Раввином в М. до 1935 был З.Анцилевич. В 1930–34 в М. были закрыты все синагоги, в 1939 закрыта еврейская школа (одна из посл. в Вост. Белоруссии).22 авг. 1941 части вермахта оккупировали М. В дек. 1941 в М. было создано гетто. Зимой 1941/42 на еврейском кладбище регулярно производились расстрелы евреев; всего на кладбище было расстреляно более 1 тыс. евреев. 9–10 янв. 1942 Мозырское гетто было уничтожено; при ликвидации ок. 1500 евреев были расстреляны в урочище Ромашов Ров, ок. 1500 – ок. д. Бобры, 700 чел. утоплены в р. Припять.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. Еврейской общине было предоставлено здание бывш. синагоги по ул. Кимборовка. Община отказалась от полуразрушенного строения. В 1946 в М. была зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община. В 1946–47 собирался нелег. миньян в д. 27 на ул. Ромашов Ров, затем в квартирах на ул. Пролетарская. Раввином был Залман Липманович Глуховский (1873 – ?), пред. общины – Меер Шлемович Гофман. В 1948 община была снята с регистрации. В июне 1949 нелег. миньяны собирались в д. 12 на ул. Нагорная и д. 4 на ул. Ромашов Ров (рук. – Гирш Гофман и Айзик Глуховский), в окт. 1949 – в доме Мартыновича (ул. Н.Фрунзенская, 11) и Шустермана (Ромашов Ров, 17). Шустерман был оштрафован гор. финанс. отд. на 750 руб.В кон. 1952 в М. группа молодых врачей из Полесской областной больницы направила донос в органы госбезопасности, обвинив врачей-евреев больницы во главе с зав. хирургич. отд-нием Э.Кенигсбергом в том, что они «ставят опыты» со смертельным исходом на пациентах-белорусах. Начатое следствие было прекращено после марта 1953.В 1980-х гг. в М. действовал нелег. миньян. В 1989 была открыта синагога, организовано об-во любителей еврейской культуры. В 1990 зарегистрирована религ. община (пред. – Григорий Михайлович Школьников, р. 1945, Брест). С 1993 действует служба милосердия. С 1994 работает воскресная школа. В сер. 1990-х гг. функционировали орг-ция «Хава», молодеж. орг-ция «Эш га-Тора».В 2002 в М. проживало ок. 1500 евреев.В М. род.: А.А.Брегман, И.И.Вайнберг, Г.М.Гельфман, А.Р.Кугель, Я.А.Лившиц, Б.В. Раскин, И.Г.Рогинский, А.С.Симанович, Л.Я. Ситерман, И.Л.Табенкин, Ш.-М.Шапиро; Арон Яковлевич Пейсахович (р. 1922), историк, канд. ист. наук, с 1990 – в Израиле, автор книг об участии евреев во 2-й мир. войне, активист разл. обществ. орг-ций; Лев Иосифович Повицкий (1885–1974, Москва), поэт.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=МОЗЫРЬ, город (с 1795), районный центр в Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1155. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Новогрудского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1935–38 – окружной центр, в 1938–54 – центр Полесской обл.В 1766 в М. проживало 896 евреев, в 1801 в уезде – 781, в 1847 в М. – 2256, в 1897 – 5361 (69,7%), в 1910 – 7044 (66,5%), в 1913 – 7842 (50,6%), в 1923 – 5655, в 1926 – 6901 (71,7%), в 1939 – 6307, в 1947 – ок. 4500 евреев (ок. 26%).Первое упом. о евреях М. относится ко 2-й четв. 17 в. В 1648 еврейская община М. пострадала от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. С кон. 1830-х гг. до 1897 раввином в М. был Гершон Анцилевич, с 1897 – его сын Залман (1861–1936). В 1856 в М. действовало 3 синагоги. С 1861 уездным обществ. раввином был Рафаил Михайлович Кугель. В 1874 в М. работала частная еврейская школа рус. грамотности (содержатель – Р.М.Кугель); гласными гор. думы были Левик Овсеевич Офенгензен и Авраам Янкелевич Гофштейн.Осн. занятия еврейского населения М. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – ремесла и торговля. В кон. 19 в. евреям принадлежали спичечная ф-ка «Молния», лесопильный з-д и др. В 1895 была открыта богадельня. В кон. 19 в. раввином М. был раби Яков-Ицхок, с 1910 – его зять Исроэль Ливартовский (1874–?).В 1904–06 в М. действовал боевой отряд Бунда, на вооружении к-рого было 10 бомб и 26 револьверов «смит-вессон». В окт. 1905 отряд предотвратил погром.В 1910 в М. существовали 8 синагог, нар. муж. еврейское уч-ще, талмуд-тора и иешива, 2 еврейских кладбища, в 1912 – 2 еврейских ссудо-сберегат. т-ва, в 1913 – еврейская б-ка. Евреям принадлежали 3 склада аптечных товаров, кондитерская, все 8 гостиниц, 2 трактира и более 130 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 37 бакалейных, все 16 мануфактурных, все 8 галантерейных). Среди евреев был единств. в М. лесопромышленник. В 1916 работал Мозырский к-т помощи евреям-беженцам.В 1919 в М. произошел погром, учиненный польск. частями, в ходе к-рого было убито 3 еврея; в 1920 погром в М. устроили отряды С.Н.Булак-Балаховича; в результате погрома мн. евреи были ограблены, убито 32 чел., насилию подверглось более 300 женщин.К нач. 1920-х гг. все большее влияние в М. приобретала орг-ция Бунда. В 1919 был запрещен спектакль в пользу центр. органа Бунда «Дер Векер»; помещение клуба, где должен был проходить спектакль, временно было реквизировано. В 1919 в М. действовало отд-ние Евсекции (пред. – Зисман). В 1922 прошла еврейская культурная конференция. В том же году был закрыт клуб «Маккаби» и открыта спорт. секция КСМ, одноврем. были организованы еврейская школа при ф-ке «Прима», еврейские кружки политич. грамоты, лит. и драматич. кружки. В М. действовал подпольный ЦК «Ге-Халуц». Весной 1922 из М. в Ярцево, где находилась орг-ция по подготовке евреев к с.-х. труду в Э.-И., было отправлено 9 чел.В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта в М. было открыто 4 дет. дома. В 1922 действовали хедеры. В том же году прошел процесс над меламедами. В 1923 работала еврейская школа при клубе им. М.П.Томского (287 уч-ся). В сер. 1920-х гг. прошли аресты молодежной сионистской орг-ции «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».Раввином в М. до 1935 был З.Анцилевич. В 1930–34 в М. были закрыты все синагоги, в 1939 закрыта еврейская школа (одна из посл. в Вост. Белоруссии).22 авг. 1941 части вермахта оккупировали М. В дек. 1941 в М. было создано гетто. Зимой 1941/42 на еврейском кладбище регулярно производились расстрелы евреев; всего на кладбище было расстреляно более 1 тыс. евреев. 9–10 янв. 1942 Мозырское гетто было уничтожено; при ликвидации ок. 1500 евреев были расстреляны в урочище Ромашов Ров, ок. 1500 – ок. д. Бобры, 700 чел. утоплены в р. Припять.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. Еврейской общине было предоставлено здание бывш. синагоги по ул. Кимборовка. Община отказалась от полуразрушенного строения. В 1946 в М. была зарегистрирована еврейская религ. община. В 1946–47 собирался нелег. миньян в д. 27 на ул. Ромашов Ров, затем в квартирах на ул. Пролетарская. Раввином был Залман Липманович Глуховский (1873 – ?), пред. общины – Меер Шлемович Гофман. В 1948 община была снята с регистрации. В июне 1949 нелег. миньяны собирались в д. 12 на ул. Нагорная и д. 4 на ул. Ромашов Ров (рук. – Гирш Гофман и Айзик Глуховский), в окт. 1949 – в доме Мартыновича (ул. Н.Фрунзенская, 11) и Шустермана (Ромашов Ров, 17). Шустерман был оштрафован гор. финанс. отд. на 750 руб.В кон. 1952 в М. группа молодых врачей из Полесской областной больницы направила донос в органы госбезопасности, обвинив врачей-евреев больницы во главе с зав. хирургич. отд-нием Э.Кенигсбергом в том, что они «ставят опыты» со смертельным исходом на пациентах-белорусах. Начатое следствие было прекращено после марта 1953.В 1980-х гг. в М. действовал нелег. миньян. В 1989 была открыта синагога, организовано об-во любителей еврейской культуры. В 1990 зарегистрирована религ. община (пред. – Григорий Михайлович Школьников, р. 1945, Брест). С 1993 действует служба милосердия. С 1994 работает воскресная школа. В сер. 1990-х гг. функционировали орг-ция «Хава», молодеж. орг-ция «Эш га-Тора».В 2002 в М. проживало ок. 1500 евреев.В М. род.: А.А.Брегман, И.И.Вайнберг, Г.М.Гельфман, А.Р.Кугель, Я.А.Лившиц, Б.В. Раскин, И.Г.Рогинский, А.С.Симанович, Л.Я. Ситерман, И.Л.Табенкин, Ш.-М.Шапиро; Арон Яковлевич Пейсахович (р. 1922), историк, канд. ист. наук, с 1990 – в Израиле, автор книг об участии евреев во 2-й мир. войне, активист разл. обществ. орг-ций; Лев Иосифович Повицкий (1885–1974, Москва), поэт.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
MROCHKI, a village in the Uzdensky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 4 Jews were killed in M.
Mshchonov, see Mshchonov.
MSCHONUW (Jewish name - Amshinov), a city (since 1377) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Mshonov Blonsky u. Warsaw province. In 1765, 268 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1808 - 485, in 1827 - 1011 (51.8%), in 1856 - 1693 (48.6%), in 1860 - 1736 (50%), in 1897 - 2,523 (49.3%), in 1921 - 2,188 Jews (43.7%). Jews lived in Moscow since the end. 17th century, were engaged in the production of vodka and beer, the maintenance of inns, small trade. Most of the artisans were tailors and shoemakers. From the beginning. 18th century there was a community, a wooden synagogue was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1840 the Hasidic court in M. was founded by Yakov-Dovid, the son of Yitzchok Kalish of Varka (1814–1877). The dynasty was continued by the son of the latter Menachem-Mendel (1860, Mshonov - 1918, Warsaw). After the death of M.-M. Kalish, the dynasty was headed by his son Yosef (1885, Mshonov - 1936, Otwock). In 1936–42, the dynasty was headed by Yosef's son Yakov Dovid (? –1942, Warsaw). After 1945, in the USA, the dynasty was headed by Yakov-Dovid's brother Yitzkhok. In 1914 Jews owned 9 shops (including 2 pubs, 5 tobacco shops). Jan 25. 1915 Jews were expelled from Moscow. In 1920 the Union of Jewish Craftsmen and the Union of Jewish Loaders were created in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was open. 5 Sept. 1939 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Immediately after the occupation, 13 Jews were shot. Dec. 1939 the Judenrat was created, at the end. 1940 - ghetto. On Feb. 1941 Jews of M. (except for several dozen workers) were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. The last Jews of M. were deported there in July 1942.
MSTIBOG, see Mstibovo.
MSTIBOGOV, see Mstibovo.
MSTIBOVO, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Mstibogov (other name - Mstibog) of the Troksky Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mstibovo Volkovyskogo u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897 389 Jews (31.6%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 255 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the middle. 16th century By decree of the Lithuanian Vaad in 1623, the Jewish community of M. was under the jurisdiction of the Brest kagal. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. 1920–30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1942 Jews M. (194 people) were deported to Volkovysk and from there sent to the extermination camp on the territory. Poland.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МСТИСЛАВЛЬ, город (с 1777), районный центр в Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1156. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Могилевской губ.В 1765 в М. проживало 552 еврея, в 1797 – 1213, в 1847 – 3815, в 1856 – 4587, в 1897 – 5076 (60%), в 1910 – 9671 (59,9%), в 1913 – 8500 (56,6%), в 1923 – 3956, в 1926 – 3371 (41,9%), в 1939 – 2067 евреев.Евреи жили в М. с кон. 16 в. В 1-й пол. 17 в. действовала синагога. В авг. 1708 Петр I остановил в М. погром, начатый его солдатами. В 1808 евреи М. (271 чел.) переселились в новороссийские земледельч. колонии, взяв с собой, с разрешения Мстиславльского кагала, 2 свитка Торы и разл. еврейские книги.В 1843 в М. во время конфискации контрабандного товара из еврейской лавки произошла стычка между евреями и солдатами. В сообщении властей столкновение было представлено как еврейский бунт. Когда известие о т. н. «мстиславльском буйстве» дошло до Николая I, император велел судить виновных воен. судом, а «за буйственный поступок евреев того города взять с них с 10 человек одного рекрута». Евреям было запрещено покидать город; полицейские врывались в дома и синагоги, хватали евреев и сдавали их в солдаты, а тех, кого считали виновными в «буйстве», отправляли в тюрьму. Однако представителям общины М. удалось убедить министра внутр. дел в невиновности евреев, а после посещения М. комиссией из Санкт-Петербурга в этом убедился и Николай I. Евреи были освобождены из тюрем и отпущены домой из армии.В 1856 в М. действовало 9 синагог. С 1868 раввином в М. был Меер Файбишевич Махлин, позднее – Гиллель Милейковский (1819–1899, Мстиславль). В 1910 в М. имелись 11 синагог, частное жен. и обществ. 2-классное уч-ще, еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 в М. работало 3 благотворит. об-ва, в т. ч. «Бикур хойлим». Евреям принадлежали все 3 склада аптечных товаров, все 10 гостиниц, обе кондитерских, синематограф, фотомастерская, все 3 часовые мастерские, 70 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 7 хлебных, оба ювелирных, все 4 пивных). Среди евреев было 2 лесопромышленника, 7 портных.В нач. 1900-х гг. в М. была создана орг-ция Бунда, к-рую в 1908 разгромила полиция. К осени 1910 орг-ция Бунда была восстановлена. В 1905 в М. действовала орг-ция ССРП.С нач. 20 в. до 1923 раввином в М. был А.Валкин, после 1917 – Меир Гинзбург (1886–1928) и Цви-Гирш Лифшиц. Последним раввином в М. был Хаим Кац (1882–1966).14 июля 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта; было создано гетто. В нач. окт. 1941 расстреляно более 30 евреев. 15 окт. 1941 гетто было ликвидировано; при ликвидации расстреляно св. 1300 евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1946 еврейская община М. обратилась с просьбой о регистрации, в чем ей было отказано. В 1947 в М. собирался миньян. В 1978 на братской могиле расстрелянных евреев установлена стела.В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 120 евреев.В М. род.: Б.М.Басов, М.Галеви, С.М.Дубнов, Я.С. Дубнов, Я.К.Левитин, А.А. Маневич, Л.А.Мендельсон, М.Рахмилевич, Э.Родин, М.Узиэли, Б.С.Фрумкин, К.Ш.Шифрин, Я.С.Шифрин; Абрам Григорьевич Бейлин (1886–?), партийный и государственный деятель, с 1921 – зам. пред. и пред. Витебского губисполкома, в 1923–30 – секр. Нац. бюро, зам. пред. ЦКК – РКИ БССР, чл. Бюро ЦК КП(б)Б, в 1932–34 – пред. Актюбинской и Алма-Атинской обл. КК РКИ, с 1938 – в заключении; Лазарь Яковлевич Бейлинсон (1903–1982, Пушкино Московской обл.), работник сельского хозяйства, в 1930 – пред. нац. еврейского колхоза «Коммунистический путь»; Михаил Евелевич Левитин (1913–1953), в 1943–47 – прокурор ЕАО, в 1947–49 – пред. облисполкома ЕАО, в 1951 арестован, умер в заключении; Л е й т е с ы, мстиславльская ветвь семейного клана промышленников (гл. обр. лесоторговля, кожевенное, текстильное, лакокрасочное, лесообр. дело и др.) и интеллигентов, в числе к-рых: Монос Л. (ок. 1760–?), нотариус, родоначальник мстиславльской ветви клана, упом. в связи с «мстиславльским буйством»; один из его правнуков – Самуил Моисеевич Л. (1816–1904 или 1906, там же), владелец кр. кожевенной ф-ки; ст. из его сыновей – Шмуэль-Алтер Л. (1845–1913, Крым), лесопромышленник, купец 2-й гильдии; сын последнего – Моисей Л. (1872–1942, Алма-Ата), лесопромышленник, отец С.М.Лейтеса; сыновья Шмуэля-Алтера – Куссель (Константин) Л. (1882–1955, США), экономист, публицист, д-р философии (1908), с кон. 1930-х гг. – в США, в 1941 – один из основателей и ген. секр. Союза рус. евреев в Нью-Йорке; Давид Л. (1883–1960, Саратов), врач-стоматолог и др., pronunciation=МСТИСЛАВЛЬ, город (с 1777), районный центр в Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1156. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Могилевской губ.В 1765 в М. проживало 552 еврея, в 1797 – 1213, в 1847 – 3815, в 1856 – 4587, в 1897 – 5076 (60%), в 1910 – 9671 (59,9%), в 1913 – 8500 (56,6%), в 1923 – 3956, в 1926 – 3371 (41,9%), в 1939 – 2067 евреев.Евреи жили в М. с кон. 16 в. В 1-й пол. 17 в. действовала синагога. В авг. 1708 Петр I остановил в М. погром, начатый его солдатами. В 1808 евреи М. (271 чел.) переселились в новороссийские земледельч. колонии, взяв с собой, с разрешения Мстиславльского кагала, 2 свитка Торы и разл. еврейские книги.В 1843 в М. во время конфискации контрабандного товара из еврейской лавки произошла стычка между евреями и солдатами. В сообщении властей столкновение было представлено как еврейский бунт. Когда известие о т. н. «мстиславльском буйстве» дошло до Николая I, император велел судить виновных воен. судом, а «за буйственный поступок евреев того города взять с них с 10 человек одного рекрута». Евреям было запрещено покидать город; полицейские врывались в дома и синагоги, хватали евреев и сдавали их в солдаты, а тех, кого считали виновными в «буйстве», отправляли в тюрьму. Однако представителям общины М. удалось убедить министра внутр. дел в невиновности евреев, а после посещения М. комиссией из Санкт-Петербурга в этом убедился и Николай I. Евреи были освобождены из тюрем и отпущены домой из армии.В 1856 в М. действовало 9 синагог. С 1868 раввином в М. был Меер Файбишевич Махлин, позднее – Гиллель Милейковский (1819–1899, Мстиславль). В 1910 в М. имелись 11 синагог, частное жен. и обществ. 2-классное уч-ще, еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 в М. работало 3 благотворит. об-ва, в т. ч. «Бикур хойлим». Евреям принадлежали все 3 склада аптечных товаров, все 10 гостиниц, обе кондитерских, синематограф, фотомастерская, все 3 часовые мастерские, 70 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 7 хлебных, оба ювелирных, все 4 пивных). Среди евреев было 2 лесопромышленника, 7 портных.В нач. 1900-х гг. в М. была создана орг-ция Бунда, к-рую в 1908 разгромила полиция. К осени 1910 орг-ция Бунда была восстановлена. В 1905 в М. действовала орг-ция ССРП.С нач. 20 в. до 1923 раввином в М. был А.Валкин, после 1917 – Меир Гинзбург (1886–1928) и Цви-Гирш Лифшиц. Последним раввином в М. был Хаим Кац (1882–1966).14 июля 1941 М. оккупировали части вермахта; было создано гетто. В нач. окт. 1941 расстреляно более 30 евреев. 15 окт. 1941 гетто было ликвидировано; при ликвидации расстреляно св. 1300 евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1946 еврейская община М. обратилась с просьбой о регистрации, в чем ей было отказано. В 1947 в М. собирался миньян. В 1978 на братской могиле расстрелянных евреев установлена стела.В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 120 евреев.В М. род.: Б.М.Басов, М.Галеви, С.М.Дубнов, Я.С. Дубнов, Я.К.Левитин, А.А. Маневич, Л.А.Мендельсон, М.Рахмилевич, Э.Родин, М.Узиэли, Б.С.Фрумкин, К.Ш.Шифрин, Я.С.Шифрин; Абрам Григорьевич Бейлин (1886–?), партийный и государственный деятель, с 1921 – зам. пред. и пред. Витебского губисполкома, в 1923–30 – секр. Нац. бюро, зам. пред. ЦКК – РКИ БССР, чл. Бюро ЦК КП(б)Б, в 1932–34 – пред. Актюбинской и Алма-Атинской обл. КК РКИ, с 1938 – в заключении; Лазарь Яковлевич Бейлинсон (1903–1982, Пушкино Московской обл.), работник сельского хозяйства, в 1930 – пред. нац. еврейского колхоза «Коммунистический путь»; Михаил Евелевич Левитин (1913–1953), в 1943–47 – прокурор ЕАО, в 1947–49 – пред. облисполкома ЕАО, в 1951 арестован, умер в заключении; Л е й т е с ы, мстиславльская ветвь семейного клана промышленников (гл. обр. лесоторговля, кожевенное, текстильное, лакокрасочное, лесообр. дело и др.) и интеллигентов, в числе к-рых: Монос Л. (ок. 1760–?), нотариус, родоначальник мстиславльской ветви клана, упом. в связи с «мстиславльским буйством»; один из его правнуков – Самуил Моисеевич Л. (1816–1904 или 1906, там же), владелец кр. кожевенной ф-ки; ст. из его сыновей – Шмуэль-Алтер Л. (1845–1913, Крым), лесопромышленник, купец 2-й гильдии; сын последнего – Моисей Л. (1872–1942, Алма-Ата), лесопромышленник, отец С.М.Лейтеса; сыновья Шмуэля-Алтера – Куссель (Константин) Л. (1882–1955, США), экономист, публицист, д-р философии (1908), с кон. 1930-х гг. – в США, в 1941 – один из основателей и ген. секр. Союза рус. евреев в Нью-Йорке; Давид Л. (1883–1960, Саратов), врач-стоматолог и др., extra_data="{'translat...")
MSTIZH, a village in the Borisov district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population; in July 1941, M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, a small group of Jews was shot in Moscow.
MSTOV, see Mstuv.
MSTUV, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 12th century Since 1378 - a city. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807–05 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - posad Mstov of Czestochowa u. In 1808, 23 Jews (3.8%) lived in Moscow, in 1827 - 110 (11%), in 1857 - 303 (25%), in 1897 - 660 (38.5%), in 1921 - 740 (37%), in 1939 - 532 Jews. Jews have lived in Moscow since the end. 18th century Main spheres of economic. activities of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade, crafts (including production of coarse-wooled fabrics). In the 19th century. the community of M. was subordinated to the community of Czestochowa (present-day Czestochowa), in the 1920s. became independent. In 1924–37 Shmuel Stvorovsky was the rabbi of M. Yeshiva M. was headed by Doiv Eingorn. In M. there were cheders and Talmud-Torah. In 1925 a branch "Agudas Israel" was opened in M., in 1930 - a library named after V. Sholoma Asha, in 1932 - a mutual loan office. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1939–41, approx. 150 refugees, and by Jan. 1942 the number of Jews in Moscow reached 650. A Judenrat was created in M. In aug. 1942 approx. 600 Jews were sent to the Radomsk ghetto in October. 1942 deported to Treblinka. The remaining Jewish artisans were kept in the M. ghetto until January. 1943, then sent to a labor camp.
MTSENSK, city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147 as Mychensk. From 1320 - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania. From the beginning. 16th century - as part of Rus. state-va. Since 1778 it has been a district town of the Oryol governorship, since 1802 it has been a province. In 1910 there were 21 Jews living in Moscow, in 1923 - 109 (1.1%), in 1926 - 151 (1.5%), in 1939 - 115 Jews. During the 1st world. war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By oct. 1915 arrived in Moscow approx. 100 Jewish refugees. 11 Oct. 1941 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. In 1942 the Jews of M. were shot. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in M. M. Eiges lived and worked.
MTSKHET, see Mtskheta.
MTSKHETA, city, regional center (Georgia). Main in the 2nd floor. 1 millennium BC e. In the 4th century. BC e. - 4 c. n. e. - the capital of the Kartlian (Iberian) kingdom, in the 4-5th centuries. - the residence of the archbishop, in the 5-11 centuries. - Catholicos, in the 11-19 centuries. - Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mtskhet, Dushetsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 18 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1959 - 7, in 1970 - 19 Jews. According to one version, Jews have settled in Moscow since the time of the conquest of Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar (586 BC). The second wave of Jewish settlers arrived in M. in 169 BC. e., the third - after the capture of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 AD). One of the districts of M. has been called since ancient times. Jewish section; synagogues were also located there; one of them stood on the banks of the Kura River separately from other buildings; already in the 4th century. it was used as a repository for dilapidated Torah scrolls. In 1872 during the archaeological. excavations, a gravestone with a Hebrew inscription dating back to the 4th – 5th centuries was discovered. n. e. In 1938, a slab with Greek. and Hebrew inscriptions (dated 2-3 or 4-5 centuries AD). In the 30s. 4 c. ruler Nino received support in her educational activities from the spiritual mentor Abiathar and his daughter Sidonia and their followers. After the transfer of the capital of the Kingdom of Kartli from Moscow to Tbilisi (6th century), the exodus of Jews from the city began. The letter of King Bagrat (1457) mentions the Elizov family who converted to Christianity and the Jewish Mamistvala family. In the 16-17 centuries. there were no Jews in M. A few Jews began to settle in Moscow from the beginning. 20th century D.M. Khananashvili
MUCHNIK Leonid Evseevich (1896, Odessa - 1966, ibid.), Painter. He studied at the Odessa Art. school with K.K. Kostandi and G.A. Ladyzhensky, in 1926 he graduated from Odessa art. in-t. M.'s creative manner is characteristic of the mature stage of socialist realism. The author of multi-figured compositions that recreate the events of the Revolution of 1905–07. in the Black Sea Fleet and the wars of 1941–45: "The uprising on the cruiser" Ochakov "(1927)," Delivery of provisions to the battleship "Potemkin" (1934), "We will be back" (1944–47), "The Potemkinites carry the body of the killed ashore G. Vakulenchuk ”(1949–57) and others. The works are kept in the Kiev state. thin museum, in Kharkov and Odessa art. museums.
MUCHNIK Vladimir Semenovich (1913 - 1981, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo region), specialist in the field of hydraulic coal mining. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1954), prof. (1955). After graduation (1935) Leningrad. forge. in-that worked Ing. in the Kizelovsky and Donetsk basins. In 1940 he headed the Gidrougol office. In 1941–44 - in Kr. Army. Since 1944, dir. Kuznetsk Research Institute of Coal in Prokopyevsk. In 1955 he organized and headed Vses. Institute of Hydraulics coal mining in Novokuznetsk, at the same time. taught at the Siberian Metallurgist. in-those (head of the department of hydraulic production). The creator of the new technol. directions in the coal industry of hydro-mining, the idea of ​​a cut was first presented in his thesis (1935). In the Donetsk basin in 1937 it was launched under his hands. the first hydraulic mine in the world, the work of a cut was confirmed by the econom. efficient hydraulic coal mining. Since 1940 hands. research, design and construction of hydraulic production facilities, in 1944 conducted an experiment. research underground hydro mining of coal and its introduction into practice, which made it possible to significantly increase the volume of coal mining. Vol .: Experience of underground coal mining by hydraulic method and ways of its improvement. M., 1956; Underground hydraulics coal mining. M., 1986 (et al.).
MUGARTY, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mugatyr of the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan Region In 1867, 182 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1890 - 232, in 1897 - 233 (25%), in 1900 - 238 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 18th century All R. 19th century there was a tombstone in the Jewish cemetery in 1739. In the beginning. 2nd floor 19th century there was a synagogue and a school in Moscow. Until the 1860s. the rabbis of M. were Raziel, Israel, Manoach, Iehizkiel, Rahavia ben Eliyahu, Khiya, Oved ben Mukdashi, in the 1870s. - Rabbi Nisim. In the 1880s. there were 2 rabbis in M. In 1886 the Jews of Moscow owned 34 properties. sakli, 18.5 dess. arable land, 56 heads of cattle, 14 horses. There were 2 schools (14 students); there were 10 literate among the Jewish population.
MUGATYR, see Mugart.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=МУКАЧЕВО, город, районный центр в Закарпатской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1196. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – г. Мункач провинции Угорская Русь в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919–38 – в составе Чехословакии, в 1939–44 – Венгрии, в 1945–91 – УССР.В 1721 в М. проживало 17 еврейских семей, в 1741 – 80, в 1841 – ок. 1500 евреев, в 1891 – 5049 (47,9%), в 1900 – 6567 (45,5%), в 1910 – 7675 (44%), в 1921 – 10012 (48%), в 1930 – 11241 (43%), в 1959 – ок. 2700, в 1970 – ок. 2500 (ок. 4,4%), в 1979 – ок. 1100 (ок. 1,5%), в 1989 – ок. 700 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях М. относится к сер. 17 в., когда в М. проживало неск. еврейских семей. Аристократич. семейство Шёнборн, владевшее М. с 1711, охотно привлекало в город евреев, взимая с них за проживание налог в свою пользу. Численность еврейского населения М. увеличивалась за счет притока переселенцев из Галиции. В 1741 в М. была основана община и построена первая синагога. В кон. 18 в. первым раввином в М. был раби Иегуда-Лейб. В 1780-х гг. раввином и меламедом в М. был раби Борух (?–1792, Свалява) – отец Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд. Вторым раввином в М. был Авром Гутсман (?–1813). В 1-й пол. 19 в. – Азриэль Грин (1780–1840), с 1825 – Цви-Элимелех Шапиро (?–1841), с 1867 – Хаим Сойфер.В 19 в. осн. занятием евреев была торговля, в т. ч. торговое посредничество между Венгрией и Галицией, а также ремесла и с. х-во. В 1848–49 во время венгер. революции 247 евреев М. вступили в нац. гвардию. В 1851 в М. была основана иешива во главе с Шимоном Гринфельдом и Шмуэлем Кагана, в 1871 – еврейская типография, издававшая много книг на иврите.В кон. 18 – 20 в. М. являлся духовным центром евреев Закарпатской Украины. В 1870-х гг. раввином в М. был Мойше Фрид (?–1877). Община М. находилась под влиянием хасидизма. М. был резиденцией хасидских цадиков династии Шапиро, представители к-рой с 1881 были раввинами М. В кон. 19 в. выходцами из М. был основан в Иерусалиме квартал Батей-Мункач. С 1881 раввином М. был Шлоймо Шапиро (1832, Рыбатич, Галиция – 1893, Мукачево), ученик ружинского цадика Исроэля Фридмана (1796–1850), с 1893 – Цви-Гирш Свен (1850–1913, Мукачево), пред. раввинского суда, цадик из М. В 1913 династию продолжил сын Ц.-Г.Свена Хаим-Элиэзер (1872–1937, Иерусалим). В 1880-х гг. главой раввинского суда был Шмуэль-Цви Вайс, затем – Довид Зальцер (?–1908), с 1904 – Хаим-Элиэзер Шапиро (?–1937), с 1914 главой раввинского суда был Арон Вайс.В 1910 в М. действовал ряд благотворит. учреждений: еврейская нар. кухня, «Цдака ва-Хесэд», «Линас га-Цедек», «Поалей Цедек», хевра кадиша, «Киньян Сефарим». В 1912 в М. функционировала сионистская орг-ция.После 1-й мир. войны в М. жили цадики из Галиции: раби Пинхас из Долины, Иссахар-Дойв Айхенштейн из Жидачева, Ицхок-Айзик из Спинки. В 1918–21 в М. жил раби из Белза Иссахар-Дойв Рокеах (1854–1927).В 1920-х гг. в М. действовало ок. 30 синагог, в 1920 была основана нач. школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1925 – гимназия под рук. Х.Кугеля.В 1920-х гг. в М. было основано изд-во и типография «Никуда» Мойше Гольдштейном (1897–1969, Тель-Авив). В 1930-х гг. в М. действовали 15 синагог, иешива (ок. 200 уч-ся), 3 талмуд-торы, разл. орг-ции социальной помощи. Работала еврейская б-ка, выходило 2 еженед.: «Идише фолксблат» (с 1924) и «Идише цайтунг» (с 1927), а также сионистский еженед. «Идише штиме» (с 1929). В 1935 начал издаваться журн. «Га-Кохав».В 1930-х гг. раввином М. был Х.-Э.Шапиро.В период 2-й мир. войны венгер. власти мобилизовали мн. евреев М. в трудовые батальоны, к-рые были отправлены на Вост. фронт. Оставшихся в М. евреев заключили в трудовой лагерь, евреев близлежащих р-нов (ок. 15 тыс. чел.) использовали на тяжелых работах на двух кирпичных з-дах. После оккупации Венгрии герм. войсками (март 1944) евреи были заключены в гетто. В апр. – мае 1944 происходила депортация евреев в лагеря уничтожения.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1945 была предпринята попытка открыть еврейскую школу. В 1953 была закрыта синагога (ул. Ужгородская, д. 6), здание передано под культурно-правит. учреждение. В 1950–70-х гг. действовал миньян, собиравшийся в частном доме. Имелась миква. В 1959 власти закрыли посл. действовавшую синагогу. В 1966–71 раввином М. был Й.-М.Каган (1908–?). В 1970–80-х гг. большинство евреев М. выехало в Израиль.С 1990-х гг. раввин М. – Хаим-Шломо Хофман (р. 1937). В 1992 создана реформистская община «Макор», в 1994 – об-во еврейской культуры «Менора», с 1995 работает воскресная школа. Во 2-й пол. 1990-х гг. общине возвращена синагога.В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 300 евреев., pronunciation=МУКАЧЕВО, город, районный центр в Закарпатской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1196. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – г. Мункач провинции Угорская Русь в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919–38 – в составе Чехословакии, в 1939–44 – Венгрии, в 1945–91 – УССР.В 1721 в М. проживало 17 еврейских семей, в 1741 – 80, в 1841 – ок. 1500 евреев, в 1891 – 5049 (47,9%), в 1900 – 6567 (45,5%), в 1910 – 7675 (44%), в 1921 – 10012 (48%), в 1930 – 11241 (43%), в 1959 – ок. 2700, в 1970 – ок. 2500 (ок. 4,4%), в 1979 – ок. 1100 (ок. 1,5%), в 1989 – ок. 700 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях М. относится к сер. 17 в., когда в М. проживало неск. еврейских семей. Аристократич. семейство Шёнборн, владевшее М. с 1711, охотно привлекало в город евреев, взимая с них за проживание налог в свою пользу. Численность еврейского населения М. увеличивалась за счет притока переселенцев из Галиции. В 1741 в М. была основана община и построена первая синагога. В кон. 18 в. первым раввином в М. был раби Иегуда-Лейб. В 1780-х гг. раввином и меламедом в М. был раби Борух (?–1792, Свалява) – отец Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд. Вторым раввином в М. был Авром Гутсман (?–1813). В 1-й пол. 19 в. – Азриэль Грин (1780–1840), с 1825 – Цви-Элимелех Шапиро (?–1841), с 1867 – Хаим Сойфер.В 19 в. осн. занятием евреев была торговля, в т. ч. торговое посредничество между Венгрией и Галицией, а также ремесла и с. х-во. В 1848–49 во время венгер. революции 247 евреев М. вступили в нац. гвардию. В 1851 в М. была основана иешива во главе с Шимоном Гринфельдом и Шмуэлем Кагана, в 1871 – еврейская типография, издававшая много книг на иврите.В кон. 18 – 20 в. М. являлся духовным центром евреев Закарпатской Украины. В 1870-х гг. раввином в М. был Мойше Фрид (?–1877). Община М. находилась под влиянием хасидизма. М. был резиденцией хасидских цадиков династии Шапиро, представители к-рой с 1881 были раввинами М. В кон. 19 в. выходцами из М. был основан в Иерусалиме квартал Батей-Мункач. С 1881 раввином М. был Шлоймо Шапиро (1832, Рыбатич, Галиция – 1893, Мукачево), ученик ружинского цадика Исроэля Фридмана (1796–1850), с 1893 – Цви-Гирш Свен (1850–1913, Мукачево), пред. раввинского суда, цадик из М. В 1913 династию продолжил сын Ц.-Г.Свена Хаим-Элиэзер (1872–1937, Иерусалим). В 1880-х гг. главой раввинского суда был Шмуэль-Цви Вайс, затем – Довид Зальцер (?–1908), с 1904 – Хаим-Элиэзер Шапиро (?–1937), с 1914 главой раввинского суда был Арон Вайс.В 1910 в М. действовал ряд благотворит. учреждений: еврейская нар. кухня, «Цдака ва-Хесэд», «Линас га-Цедек», «Поалей Цедек», хевра кадиша, «Киньян Сефарим». В 1912 в М. функционировала сионистская орг-ция.После 1-й мир. войны в М. жили цадики из Галиции: раби Пинхас из Долины, Иссахар-Дойв Айхенштейн из Жидачева, Ицхок-Айзик из Спинки. В 1918–21 в М. жил раби из Белза Иссахар-Дойв Рокеах (1854–1927).В 1920-х гг. в М. действовало ок. 30 синагог, в 1920 была основана нач. школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1925 – гимназия под рук. Х.Кугеля.В 1920-х гг. в М. было основано изд-во и типография «Никуда» Мойше Гольдштейном (1897–1969, Тель-Авив). В 1930-х гг. в М. действовали 15 синагог, иешива (ок. 200 уч-ся), 3 талмуд-торы, разл. орг-ции социальной помощи. Работала еврейская б-ка, выходило 2 еженед.: «Идише фолксблат» (с 1924) и «Идише цайтунг» (с 1927), а также сионистский еженед. «Идише штиме» (с 1929). В 1935 начал издаваться журн. «Га-Кохав».В 1930-х гг. раввином М. был Х.-Э.Шапиро.В период 2-й мир. войны венгер. власти мобилизовали мн. евреев М. в трудовые батальоны, к-рые были отправлены на Вост. фронт. Оставшихся в М. евреев заключили в трудовой лагерь, евреев близлежащих р-нов (ок. 15 тыс. чел.) использовали на тяжелых работах на двух кирпичных з-дах. После оккупации Венгрии герм. войсками (март 1944) евреи были заключены в гетто. В апр. – мае 1944 происходила депортация евреев в лагеря уничтожения.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в М. В 1945 была предпринята попытка открыть еврейскую школу. В 1953 была закрыта синагога (ул. Ужгородская, д. 6), здание передано под культурно-правит. учреждение. В 1950–70-х гг. действовал миньян, собиравшийся в частном доме. Имелась миква. В 1959 власти закрыли посл. действовавшую синагогу. В 1966–71 раввином М. был Й.-М.Каган (1908–?). В 1970–80-х гг. большинство евреев М. выехало в Израиль.С 1990-х гг. раввин М. – Хаим-Шломо Хофман (р. 1937). В 1992 создана реформистская община «Макор», в 1994 – об-во еврейской культуры «Менора», с 1995 работает воскресная школа. Во 2-й пол. 1990-х гг. общине возвращена синагога.В 2003 в М. проживало ок. 300 евреев., extra_data="{'translat...")
MUKANE, see Mukani.
MUKANI, a village in Radekhiv district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Mukane, Kamensk district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 11 Jews were deported from M. and subsequently exterminated.
MUKHAURI, a village in the Znaur region of South Ossetia (Georgia). In the 18th century. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1859 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1745 a Jew lived in Moscow. In 1751 villages. The police officer in M. was a Jew, his son was engaged in usury.
MUKHAVKA, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. July 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. On June 1943, Jewish women who were engaged in the cultivation of kok-sagiz were killed in M. 5 women were killed on the spot, 85 were taken to the village. Svidova were shot there too. Some women managed to escape, but later they returned without finding a safe haven. Of these, 30 Jews were shot in July 1943 and 30 November. 1943 - 15 Jewish women.
MUKHORSHIBIR, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). In 1939, 28 Jews lived in Moscow.
MUKHRANI, a village in the Mtskheta region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Mukhran Dushetsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926 86 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1970 - 9 Jews. Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 20th century, when after the fire of 1902 many. of them were left homeless and moved from Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvali) to M. In 1913 M. Streicher opened a private hospital in M., where doctors were mainly Jews. in 1930 there were 31 families (107 people). In 1932, the collective farm won first place among the Jewish farms in Georgia for overfulfilling the sowing plans by 187%. In 1938 the collective farm was attached to another farm, after which Jewish collective farmers eventually left it.
MUKHRAN, see Mukhrani.
MULERMAN Vadim (b. 1939, Odessa), singer. Graduated from the Kharkov Cons. He performed in ans. Kiev VO, in ans. L.O. Utesova, since 1966 - with solo concerts. Since 1990 - in the USA, where he continues to perform on the stage. Nar. art. RSFSR (1985).
MULCHITS, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629. In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1840, 81 Jews (13.5%) lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 60 Jews. In the summer of 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 an underground organization associated with partisans operated in Moscow. detachment, in which 30 Jews fought. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MULLYAR Faitel Lazarevich (b. 1911, Odessa), painter, monumentalist, graphic artist. In 1928 he graduated from art-prom. school in Odessa, studied at the Odessa art. in-those. In 1931 he moved to Moscow. Comp. into gas. "Soviet art", zhurn. Smena, in 1960–70 he worked at Goslitizdat. In 1942–43 he was in Stalingrad, where he created the middle. lively. and graphic. works on the themes of the life of the besieged city. Main works: frescoes "Childbirth in the field", "Beggars on the porch" for the Museum of Motherhood and Infancy (1932–33), under the hands of. V. Favorsky, the poster "Join the donors" (1941, with Y. Ganf, a fresco on an antique theme in the Central Anti-Religious Museum (1950), ill. To the works of V. S. Grossman, I.E. Babel, AI Solzhenitsyn Works are in the collection of the USSR Union of Artists, the Pushkin House in St. Petersburg, in private collections in Russia and abroad.
MUNCHAK-MARGALIT Eliyahu (1882, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1970, Israel), political and trade union leader. Activist of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. From 1906 - in E.-I., member of the movement "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair", secretary. and adm. dir. of the same name. gas., s.-kh. worker in Petah Tikva. In 1911 he returned to Bialystok, a participant in the founding, peace congress. Movement "Tseirei Zion", elected member. his Central Committee. With the beginning of the 1st world. war, one of the leaders of the "Tseirei Zion" in Russia, one of the founders of the "Ge-Halutz" movement. In 1920 he returned to E.-I., led the household. activities of the Ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, one of the founders of the Ga-Poalim bank (in 1921–23 his secretary and treasurer). Founder (1923–24) and head (until 1937) of the insurance company "Ga-Sne". One of the founders of the archive and the Museum of slave. traffic in Israel.
MUNDYBASH, an urban-type settlement (since 1934), subordinated to the Tashtagol City Council in the Kemerovo Region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Moscow.
MUNI (real name and surname Samuil Viktorovich Kissin) (1885, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl province - 1916, Minsk), poet. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. During the 1st world. war was on the dignity. service. Lit. acquaintance with V.F. Khodasevich influenced the work of M. Restrained and gloomy coloring, unexpected everyday or natural detail, irreplaceable and subtle sound organization - main. features of M.'s poetics. Separately, M.'s poems were not published, most of the legacy has been lost.
MUNKACH, see Mukachevo.
MUNSTEIN Leonid Grigorievich (ps. Lolo) (1867, Yekaterinoslav - 1947, Nice), playwright, poet-feuilletonist, journalist. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev (1891), in 1892 - an auditor of historical-philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that. He began to publish in Kiev gas. Zarya (1887). Author of rum. into verse. Onegin of our days (1885). The first play in verse. "Misprint" was staged in 1903 by T. Korsha in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Mikhailovsky t-r. The author of the plays "Eternal Holiday", "Quirks of the Heart", "Jesters", "Caprice" and others, staged in the t-ts of Moscow, St. Petersburg. He wrote interludes for NF Baliev's t-ra-cabaret "The Bat". He wrote the libretto (with N.A. Teffi) and staged the op-that Ekaterina I (1917) in Moscow. In 1910-17, ed. theater. weekly "Ramp and Life" (Moscow). In exile since 1917, hands. t-rum "Masks" (Italy, Germany). Lived in France. Collaborated with gas. "Renaissance". Cit .: Priests and priestesses of art, v. 1-2. M., 1910-12; Dust of Moscow. Paris, 1931.
MURAFA, a village in the Krasnokutsk district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1760s. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkov province. 11 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939. in M. lived approx. 30 Jewish families. In the 19th century, due to the deterioration of economic. provisions M., b. including the Jewish population left the town.
MURAKHOVKA, a village in the Bereznegovatsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1872 in the Kherson district. Kherson province. 19th century in M. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families. Main the occupation of the Jews was the purchase and sale (at the Bereznegovatoe station) of agricultural land. products. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, 3 Jews were killed in M.
MURAVIN Lev Davidovich (1906, Belgorod, Kursk province. - 1974, Moscow), sculptor. In 1929 he graduated from the Kharkov art. in-t. Since 1931 he participated in exhibitions, all-Union. and int. contests. Performed two five-figure comp. (with M. Lysenko), installed at the entrance to the owls. pavilion at the World exhibition in New York (1939). In 1944 - 50 hands. workshop of the Kiev art. in-that. In 1950 he moved to Moscow. Et al. with gr. sculptors worked on high reliefs and decorative sculptures for the risoliths of the Moscow State University building on the Lenin Hills, high-rise buildings in Moscow, the Palace of Culture in Warsaw. Main works: monument to Lesya Ukrainka in Lutsk, 1947 (installed in 1964); a monument to A.A. Bohomolets in Kiev, 1947, etc. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1943).
MURAVITSA, now part of the urban-type settlement Mlinov, Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 493 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 757 (79.0%), in 1921 - 167 Jews. M. operated a synagogue. Since 1902, Itskhok-Aizik Shterenberg (1877–?) Was the rabbi in M. In oct. 1915 all Jews were expelled from M.V end. June 1941 in M. 10 Jews were shot, in October. 1942 - 150 Jews.
MURAVIEVO, see Mazeikiai.
MUREY Yakov Isaakovich (b. 1941, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1987). In the Moscow championship (1967) - 3-7th m. In 1977-90 - in Israel, since 1990 - in France. As part of the Israeli team, he participated in three Olympiads (1980 84). Winner pl. int. tournaments, including in Ramat ha Sharon (1979); Luxembourg and Ostend (1984); Holone (1986/87); Seville (1987).
MURMANSK (until 1917 - Romanov-on-Murman), city, center of the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1916.Since 1921 - the center of the Murmansk province, since 1927 - in the Leningrad Region, since 1938 - the regional center.In 1939 there were 1212 Jews in Moscow, in 1970 - 1061 (0.3%), in 1979 - 967 Jews (0.25%) The first Jews appeared in Moscow in the 1920s. In 1992, the Jewish cultural society "Shalom" was founded in Moscow, and 2 Sunday schools began to operate. Since 1996 there has been a philanthropist. org-tion "Shining of Hesed". In 2001, a religion was created. community (previously - Ilya Yuryevich Raskin, b. 1975). In 2002, approx. 2 thousand Jews.
MURMASHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kola district of the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) 34 Jews lived in Moscow in 1939, and 21 Jews in 1989.
MUROM, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 862. From 1778 it was a district town of the Vladimir governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1904 73 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1910 - 38, in 1926 - 170 (0.8%), in 1939 - 261 Jews. M. had a Jewish cemetery. In 1911 Jews owned a pharmacy, all 3 watch workshops, 2 shops. During the 1st world. war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By the beginning. 1915 460 Jews arrived in Moscow, in Sept. 1915 there were 930 Jewish refugees in Moscow; the community managed to resettle approx. 500 people In 1916, a school for refugee children was opened in Moscow. In 2002, there was a Jewish population in Moscow. In Moscow, families: K.N. Voinov, S.A. Liebster; Mikhail Weisskopf (b. 1946), philologist, literary critic, Doctor of Philosophy, professor. Jerusalem un-that; Arkady Iosifovich Shirkovsky (b. 1923), specialist in the region. underground gas storage, dr. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970), hon. acad. RANS (1997).
MUROMKA (before 1948 - Alchin), does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Evpatoria district of the Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s and 40s. - in the Azov, then - Dzhankoy region of the Crimean region., In the 1950s. - in the Nizhnegorsk region of the Crimean region. RSFSR. In autumn 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 24. 1941, 8 Jews were killed in Moscow.
MUROMTSEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 18 Jews lived in Moscow.
MOUROVANNYE KURILOVTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kurilovtsy Murovny Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 - the regional center of the Mogilev-Podolsk district, since 1924 - the Jewish nat. the village council of the Murovano-Kurilovetsky district of the Vinnitsa okrug. 155 Jews lived in Moscow in 1847, 1216 (32%) in 1887, 1410 (32.4%) in 1897, 916 in 1923, and 1014 in 1939 Jews (25.2%). occupation of the Jewish population of M.K. in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1861 Jews owned 2 water mills, 4 shops; among the Jews there were 60 artisans (including bakers, hairdressers, shoemakers, tailors); 2 Jews rented a sugar factory. In 1889, three synagogues functioned in Moscow. 20th century a school worked in MK, a cut provided support to the OPE. Since 1906, Aron-Yehuda-Leib Shoikhet (1882–?) Was the rabbi in MK. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings company operated in Moscow, in 1913, a Talmud Torah, and in 1914, 4 synagogues. The Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 2 timber warehouses, units. a bakery and 20 shops, including all 8 grocers. In 1915, Jewish refugees from the front line arrived in Moscow. stripes; assistance was provided to them, including a school was organized. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Moscow, organized by units of the Volunteer Army. a group of the youth Zionist organization "Ge-Halutz" was active in MK. 21 Aug. In 1942 the Jews of M.K. were shot by the Ukrainian police. In 2003 there was a Jewish population in M.K.. I. Gershorn.
MUSAYOV Shlomo (1852, Bukhara - 1922, Jerusalem), public figure. From 1890 - in E.-J., lived in Jerusalem. Founder and hands. Bukhara community. Financially assisted the Bukharian Jews when they moved to E.-I. Financed the activities of rabbis and writers. Izv. collector and collector of ancient books, especially in Kabbalah. He gave most of his library to the yeshiva named after him. Published prayer books. One of the founders of the Bukhara quarter in Jerusalem.
MUSHEL Georgy Alexandrovich (1909, Tambov - 1989, Tashkent), composer. Prof. (1976) He composed his first plays at the age of 13. At the end of the 1920s. worked as a pianist in the Tambov club. In 1930–36 he studied at Moscow. cons. in cl. comp. from N.Ya. Myaskovsky, then from M.F. Gnesin and An.N. Aleksandrov, studied polyphony under the hands of. G.I. Litinsky; at the same time. studied in class. L.N. Oborin (1933–36). From 1936 he worked in Tashkent, taught at the cons. harmony and polyphony. A large role in the film. formation M. played joint. work with S.M. Mikhoels on the post. a performance based on the play by H. Alimjan "Mukanna", to a cut M. wrote music (1943). M. - the author of the first Uzbek concerts, the first symphony. and the first ballet, organ productions. In pl. op. used Uzbek nar. tunes, organically combining elements of plank beds. melos with own orig. melodies and symphons. development. Main op. (performed and staged in Tashkent): op. “Farhad and Shirin” (with V.A.Uspensky, 1940); bal .: "Ballerina" (1952), "Mukimi" (1953), "Farhad and Shirin" (1954), "The Flower of Happiness" (1959), "Kashmir Legend" (1961); 3 symphony; 8 orc. suite; 6 concerts for FP. with orc .; op. for instruments with orc .; manuf. for organ; romances and wok. cycles (including "Unforgettable", 1964) on the verses of Jewish and other poets, songs; music for performances and c / f. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Uzbek SSR (1944).
MUSIN Ilya Alexandrovich (b. 1903, Kostroma - 1999, St. Petersburg), conductor, teacher. In 1925 he graduated from the faculty. Faculty of Leningrad cons., in 1930 cl. conducting by N.A. Malko and A.V. Gauk. In 1934–40 and 1944–52 he conducted symph. orc. Leningrad. cons., in 1937–41 headed the symph. orc. Belarusian Philharmonic. Developed an integral training system for conductors. He taught conducting from 1929 at the Leningrad State University. Centre. muses. technical school, from 1931 - in Leningrad. cons. (with a break in 1933–40), since 1961 - prof. Your ped. experience summarized in the book. "Conducting Technique" (L., 1967) and "On the Education of the Conductor. Essays ”(L., 1987). M.'s students work in plural. countries. Honored. art. BSSR (1939), Hon. activist of lawsuits in the Uzbek SSR (1942), People's Commissariat. art. RSFSR (1983).
MONSTERS, see Musninkai.
MUSNINKAI, a place in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Musniki of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1919–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 350 Jews (63%) lived in Moscow, and in 1938, 220 Jews (47%). Jews lived in Moscow from the beginning. 18th century In 1734 there was a Khevra Kaddish. In the 19th century. main spheres of economic. activities of the Jews of M. - small trade and various. crafts (shoemakers, tailors, tinsmiths, saddlers, glaziers, stove-makers, etc. worked); there were several. cr. traders in grain, timber and poultry who had access to foreign markets. Almost every Jewish family cultivated a vegetable garden, kept cows and chickens. The Jews of Moscow sold vegetables and fruits, in addition to the town, in Vilna (present-day Vilnius), Kovna (present-day Kaunas), and Vilkomir (present-day Ukmerge). There were 2 synagogues and social assistance organizations in Moscow. During the 1st World. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of M. increased at the expense of refugees. Org-tions "Ge-Halutz" were created, library with books in Hebrew. Help Jews in the 1920s. provided by Joint and EKOPO. In 1931 the Jews of Moscow owned 3 manufactory and wood-burning shops, 2 wool workshops, and a brick factory. In 1937 there were 15 Jewish artisans in Moscow: 4 butchers, 2 tailors, 2 tinsmiths, 2 shoemakers, 2 dyers, a stove-maker, a glazier, and a hairdresser. Schools with teaching in Hebrew and mutual aid organizations operated. Cells "Maccabi", "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", youth organizations operated. The last rabbi of M. was Avrom-Itskhok Benyash, shokhet and cantor - Shlomo-Itskhok Birzak. Sep 1941 all Jews of M. were killed. 1990s on the site of the Jewish cemetery, a monument to the victims was erected. A synagogue building from the beginning of the 20th century has been preserved in M. 20th century (now - a club room).
MUSTVEE, a city (since 1938) in the Jõgeva region (Republic of Estonia). At 19 - early. 20th century - as part of the Livonia lips. In 1920–40 it was a part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - the Estonian SSR. In 1934, 4 Jews lived in Moscow. 19th century in M. lived several. dozens of Jewish craftsmen; there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.
MUTIN, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. M. THEM. Dobrushin.
MUTNIK Abram Yakovlevich (party ps. Gleb) (1868, Vilna - 1930, Berlin), politician. Into the roar. movement - from the end. 1880s In the beginning. 1890s organizer of Jewish slaves. circles price Vilna. Affairs. Will establish. Congress of the Bund (1897), elected member. Central Committee. Member of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP (1898), soon arrested, after his release he emigrated, lived in London and Geneva. Until 1905 members Overseas. to-that Bunda, from 1906 Ch. adm. Bund's legal press in Vilna. Supported ideological and tactful. installations of the Mensheviks, in 1907-10 - the "liquidators". On the eve of the 1st world. war emigrated again, settled in Stockholm, from the political. activity has moved away. Febvre greeted. rev-tion in 1917. Oct. he condemned the revolution of 1917. From 1919 - in Berlin, was in charge of the Russian. publishing house "Vostok", then joined the S.-D. club them. Martov.
MUZHIEVO, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1232. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, 11 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1881 - 30 Jews, in the 1920s. - 50 Jewish families. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - viticulture, later - winemaking and wine trade. In 1944, the Jews of M. (204 people) were deported to Auschwitz and exterminated there.
MUSICIAN Rafail Alexandrovich (1904, Petersburg - 1938, ibid.), Film director. Brother of Yu.A. Musician. In 1930 he graduated from historical-linguistic. Faculty of Leningrad State University. From 1925 assistant director, from 1932 director k / st "Lenfilm". Et al. scripts "Crown Prince of the Republic" (1934), "For the Soviet Motherland" (1937, fiction, staged with the Musician), "Return" (1940, feature). Dir. game f. Native Blood (1934).
MUSICIAN Yuri Alexandrovich (1900, Petersburg - 1962, ibid.), Film director. Brother of R.A. Musician. He served in Kr. Army. In 1920–22 he studied at the Military Medical Institute. Academy, in 1922-24 - in the Academy of Arts, in 1924 he graduated from the acting department of Leningrad. in-that on-screen claims. Since 1924, a teacher of cinematography and acting at the same institute, hands. film workshops in Leningrad. club "Young Guard". C1925 dir. k / st "Lenfilm". In 1931–35 he was a teacher of film workshops I.Z. Trauberg and S.A. Gerasimov. 1941–46 - in the army. He made his debut as dir. in the fictional film "The Mullah's Third Wife" (1928, with V.K. Viskovsky). He took off f. "For the Soviet Motherland" (1937, jointly with the Musician), "Arinka" (1939, jointly with N. Kosheverova), in the postwar period. years created Ch. arr. f.-performances: "Rift" (1952, jointly with P. Bogolyubov), "Most expensive" (1957, jointly with S. Selector), "The Abyss" (1959, jointly with A.B.Dawson), "Dostigaev and Others" (1959, jointly with N.S. Rashevskaya), "Aesop" (1960, jointly with G.A. Tovstonogov, "Golden Nymph" Ave. 1926 A. MUKDOYNI (real name and surname Alexander Capel) (1878, Lyakhovichi, Minsk province - 1958, Miami, Florida, USA), publicist, theater critic. In 1899 - a volunteer at Konigsberg University, then studied in Berlin, lived in Warsaw, Bern, Paris, became interested in Jewish theater, wrote reviews of performances. During the 1st world. During the war, he worked in Petrograd at EKOPO, in 1915–17 he was authorized by this committee in the Volga region and Siberia. In 1920 he left Russia, lived in Kaunas, and soon moved to America, where he gained fame as a theater and critic. First book. M.'s stories were published in Warsaw in 1911, then other books were published, including "Theater", which included art. on the problems of t-ra, about the Jewish masters of the stage (1927, New York), "Itzhok-Leibush Peretz and the Jewish Theater" (1949, ibid.), "Maine Bagagenishn" ("My Meetings") (1949, Buenos Aires ), "Oisland" ("Abroad") - 2nd part of "My meetings" (1951, ibid.), "In Warshe un in Lodge" ("In Warsaw and Lodz") - 3rd part " My meetings ”(1955, ibid.). M. translated into Yiddish "The Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy, "The Eternal Wanderer" by O. Dymov, "Cain" by A. Dyum and others.
MUZYKOVKA, a village in the Belozersk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1856. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, several people lived in Moscow. Jewish families. 1941 M. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of M. were killed.
MYADEL, an urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 10th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of New Myadziel Vileyskogo u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 436 Jews (37.4%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 133 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. pharmacy warehouse, all 9 bakeries, 2 taverns, unity. bookish, unity. jewelry stores and 41 shops and shops (including all 9 grocery, all 5 tobacco) 1930s The rabbis of M. were Katsevsky and Shloyme Katz. On July 2, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied M.. Sep 1941 in the Mkhi tract, approx. M., 46 Jews were shot. 23 Sep 1942 in the vicinity of M. was shot apprx. 100 Jews. In 1993, a monument was erected on the grave of the executed.
MYAKENKOVKA, a village in Reshetilovsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava district. Poltava Gubernia. In 1900, 5 Jewish families lived in Moscow, in 1920 - 2 Jewish families. occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and handicrafts (sheepskin dressing, shoe sewing). In 1920, pogroms took place in Moscow, organized by units of the Volunteer Army; During the pogroms, Jewish houses were plundered, 3 Jews were killed (the Podolsky family), the survivors fled to Poltava.
MYARKINA, city (since 1569) in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Merech Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 440 Jews lived in Moscow, in 1847 - 1565, in 1897 - c. 1900 (approx. 74%), in 1923 - approx. 1400 (approx. 66%), in June 1941 - approx. 800 Jews. First mention. about Jews M. refers to 1486. ​​In the 19th century. Jews were engaged in dec. crafts and trade, which led from Grodno, Vilna (modern. Vilnius), Suwalki. Jews owned a sawmill, several. mills, brick and candle factories, leather workshop, bakeries. Among the Jewish artisans were tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, and masons. In 1853, a state was opened in Moscow. school for Jewish children. There were 6 heders for boys and a school for girls; all students were obliged to study Russian. lang .; Yeshiva and Talmud Torah were active. In 1881, a one-class beginner worked. Jewish school and cook. class in the 19th century. there were 3 synagogues in M. In 1898 a Zionist organization was created. There were philanthropists. institutions: "Bikur holim", "Linas ha-Tzedek" and others. A voluntary Jewish fire brigade worked. In 1907, the Jewish People were founded in M. bank, yeshiva. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned 26 shops (including all 6 manufactory, all 3 beer shops, one shoe). In 1915 there was a 2-class bunk bed. Jewish school with wives. The rabbis in Moscow were: Dovid Volpa (?, Krozhi - 1884), Benzion Sternfeld (1835–1914), from 1884 - Yehuda Lipshitz (1829, Vilkomir - 1905), from the 1900s. - Mikhl-Dovid Shtupel (1865-1941), simultaneously. headed the yeshiva. 20th century the number of M. Jews leaving, Ch. arr., in the South. America and the United States. During the 1st world. war the Jews of M. took it. number of refugees from the border. r-new In the beginning. 1920s economical the Jews of M. were helped by the Joint and EKOPO. Trade, industry and crafts were completely in the hands of the Jews. In 1920, a Yiddish school was opened in M., in the middle. 1920s - school network "Tarbut". Jewish libraries and dramas worked. studio, school for boys "Yavne". In M., there were various branches. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931 there were 3 cr. a Jewish grain merchant; Jews owned 17 shops, 6 mills, 2 sawmills, a dyeing house, as well as a brick plant, a plant for soft drinks, a tannery and a confectionery factory, a sewing workshop, etc. In 1936 Jews from M. - B. Kadish, M. Drazner and Sh.Kognitsky were awarded by Pres. Of the Republic of Lithuania with the "Order of Independence" as active participants in the struggle for independence in 1918-1919. In 1937, there were 105 artisans among the Jews of M., including 23 tailors, 22 shoemakers, 9 tinsmiths, 8 bakers, 3 saddlers, 2 glaziers, 2 hairdressers, 2 stove-makers, 2 hatters, a frame-maker, a painter, a dyer, an engraver, 12 butchers, 2 families worked with. On June 23, 1941, Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created; some of the Jewish men were deported to a labor camp in Alytus. 8 Sep 1941, 854 Jews were shot at the Jewish cemetery. After 1945, two monuments were erected at the site of the execution. M.-Z. Margaliot, M.L. Margolis, K.-Ts.Marmor, G. Fishel.
MYASHKUYCHIAI, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Meshkutse Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 there were 8 Jews living in Moscow. In 1931, a grocery store in Moscow belonged to Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in 1941, the Jews of Moscow were resettled in agar and there they were subsequently killed along with local Jews.
MYASTKOVKA, see Gorodkovka.
MYSH Mikhail Ignatievich (1846, Korets of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - |), lawyer. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. In the 1880s. began to engage in research. legal status of Jews in Russia. Publ. in Jewish journals. in Russian lang. ("Sunrise", "Dawn", etc.) and in Russian. periodic. zhurn. ("Journal of the Ministry of Justice", "Law", etc.). The author of several. book, including "Guide to Russian laws on Jews" (1904).
MYSHINEC, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Ostrolensky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1856, 727 Jews (43.8%) lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 1802 (60.2%), in 1921 - 850 Jews. In 1823–62 Moscow was closed for free settlement of Jews. Jews belonged to unity. manufactory shop. After the beginning. 1st world. war Jews were expelled from M. in August. 1914. In the 1920s and 30s. in M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Moscow was destroyed during the Holocaust.
MYSHKIN, city (since 1991), regional center in the Yaroslavl region. (Russian Federation). From 1777 - the district town of the Yaroslavl governorship, from 1796 - the province. After 1917 it was a rural settlement, in 1943–91 it was an urban-type settlement. 13 Jews lived in Moscow in 1910, and 3 Jews in 1939.
MYSHKIS Anatoly Dmitrievich (b. 1920, Spassk, Ryazan province), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1950), prof. (1952). Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941) and Military-air. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1944). Lecturer at VVIA (1944–47), Moscow State University (1945–47); head Department of the Latvian University (1948-53), Belarusian University (1953-56), Kharkov Aviation. Institute (1956–61), prof. Kharkov state un-that (1956–61). Head dep. Applied Mathematics Phys.-Tech. Institute of Low Temperatures of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Kharkov, 1961–74). Since 1974 - at MIIT. M. - one of the founders of the modern. theory of functional differential. ur-niy, initiator of work in the region. pulse differentials ur-niy, developed the theory of hydromechanics of weightlessness. Publ. more than 250 scientific Art., author of 16 monographs and textbooks, including "Linear differentials. equations with a lagging argument ”(1951),“ Lectures on Higher Mathematics ”(1964),“ Elements of Applied Mathematics ”(1965, jointly with Ya.B. Zel'dovich.
Myshkov, see Myshkow.
MYSZKOW, a city in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - d. Myshkov Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya gubernia. In 1897, 110 Jews (20.3%) lived in Moscow, in 1921 - 563 (32%), in 1939 - approx. 600 (about 5%), in 1941 - 970 Jews. M. Jews owned sawmills, mills, and all the shops and shops; pl. engaged in crafts. M.'s Jews included a doctor and a dentist. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. tech. office in Moscow. Since 1919, the rabbi in Moscow was Yosef Schwarzburg. There was a synagogue and a Talmud Torah. A Jewish library was opened. Zionist activities were carried out. In 1921, Jews owned 30 prom. and bargaining. pr-tii. 3 Sept. 1939 Moscow was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of M. were deported.
MYSLYATIN, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century M. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory shop; unity. a water mill in M. was rented by a Jew. 1942 Jews of M. were deported to the Izyaslav ghetto and to the end. June 1942, they were shot there together with local Jews.
MISOVA, see Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia.
MYSOVSK, see Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia.
MYSTKOVICE, see Mestkovichi.
MYTISHCHI, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1631. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district In Moscow province, 69 Jews (0.7%) lived in Moscow in 1926, 2848 in 1939, 2564 (2.1%) in 1970, and 1580 Jews (1%) in 1989. philanthropist. canteen.
MYTKI, a village in the Barsky district of Vinnitsa region (Ukraine). Main in 1493 as Mitkovtsy. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1900 38 Jews lived in Moscow. In 1914 a Jew belonged to a unity. grocery store in M.
MYTKOV, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mitkeu province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 25 Jews lived in Moscow. After the occupation of the Romanians. By parts in July 1941, the Jews of M. were deported to Transnistria.
MYTNITSA, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 42 Jews lived in Moscow in 1900, and 4 Jews in 1926. Jews have lived in Moscow since the 18th century. In 1916, 2 Jews were deported from Moscow to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil).
MUJI, see MUJI.
MUJI GAVTARAN, see MUJUGAFTARAN.
MYUDZHYU, a village in Ismayilli region (Azerbaijan Republic). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Muji Shemakhinsky u. In 1866, there were 145 Jewish fumes in Moscow, in 1890 - 957 Jews (112 fumes), in 1897 - 1011 Jews, in 1900 - 950, in the 1920s. - OK. 500 Jews. By the beginning. 2nd floor 18th century M. was inhabited mainly by Jews. Main occupation - production of silk fabrics, spinning and weaving machines. From the end. 19th century tobacco growing has spread. In the 2nd floor. 19th century M. meant the most. Jewish population on the territory. present Azerbaijan. There was a synagogue in M., there were 3 rabbis, as well as 2 schools. In 1886, Jews owned 2 manufacturing and 42 grocery stores, 105 own. sakley, 3 gardens, farm kept 70 heads of cattle and 85 horses. Until the 1860s. the rabbis in M. were Hanukkah, Iekutiel, Matatia, Mordechai, Rahamim, and Benjamin; in the 1860s. - Shemuel ben Mordechai and Benjamin ben Abraham. In 1867 three synagogues functioned in Moscow. In the 1880s. in M. there was one rabbi. During the Civil. war means. part of the Jews moved from M. to Baku. In 1928 a four-year school for Mountain Jews operated in Moscow. At the same time, land plots were allocated to 100 Jewish families. In the end. 1920s Jews left M.
MYUDZHUGAFTARAN, a village in the Ismayilli region (Republic of Azerbaijan). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Aftaran-Myudzhi (other name - Myudzhi-Gavtaran) Geokchay u. In 1886, 692 Jews (88 smoke) lived in Moscow, in 1897 - 786 (99.6%), in 1900 - 680 Jews. The first Jews who settled in Moscow were immigrants from Persia. In 1886 a Jewish school (30 students), a synagogue, and a rabbi functioned in Moscow. Jews owned 15 grocery stores, 85 sakles, 80 dess. arable land, 25 dess. mowing; among the Jews of M. - 29 peddlers, 20 workers, 6 silkworm breeders, and a craftsman. During the Civil. war Jews fled from pogroms in Baku. Subsequently, they returned to M. In 1928, land was allocated to 75 Jewish families. In the 1930s. Jews finally left M.
MUNICH, see Gradovka, Mykolaiv region.
MYZOVO, a village in the Starovyzhevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1502. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Mizovo Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, several people lived in Moscow. Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of M. in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery stores. In 1920 in Moscow there were several. pogroms.
NABATOV Ilya Semenovich (1896, Alexandria, Kherson province - 1977, Moscow), pop artist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University (1919); participated in student. amateur performances. Intending to engage in advocacy and wanting to acquire the skills of oratory, N. graduated from the theater, a studio under the hands. M.M. Tarkhanov. In 1919–23 he worked in Ukrainian. t-re in Alexandria, played pl. roles, of which the comic was the most successful. with the performance of verses. In 1926 he turned to the genre of pop feuilleton - "Soviet Ivanushka the Fool" (about sycophants and bureaucrats), "Masters of the Cultural Revolution" (satire on hypocrites and bigots), and others. Since 1927, accompanist, post. partner et al. N. became his brother Leonid. In the end. 1930s N. first began to include in the repertoire couplets for the international. themes (for a long time he was the only representative of this type of pop satire). In 1941–45 he performed in French. as part of conc. brigades. In 1954 in Moscow opened the stage T-p, on the stage to-rogo N. in the first performance-review "His birthday" played the role of "bourgeois. journalist "from gas. "Pustomeil Breach News." In the 1950s and 70s. N. participant pl. variety programs and the constant host of evenings in the Central House of Arts. Nar. art. RSFSR (1975). Became. etc. (1947).
NABEREZHNYE CHELNY (in 1982–88 - Brezhnev), a city (since 1930) in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Chelny-Berezhnye Menzelinsky u. Ufa province. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in N. Ch., In 2002 - 238 Jews. In 1989, a Jewish community was created in N. Ch., In 1993 - Shalom society (since 1999 - a religious community), from 2005 to - Evgeny Efimovich Kogan (b. 1958, Gorky). In 2005, St. 1 thousand Jews.
NACHA, a village in the Krupsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N. in 1941, 2 Jews were killed.
NACHALOVO, village, center of Privolzhsky district, Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Astrakhan province. In 1939 109 Jews lived in N..
NADARZHIN, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Blonsky u. Warsaw Province. In 1808, 222 Jews (44.2%) lived in N., in 1827 - 290 (39.1%), in 1860 - 516 (54.9%), in 1897 - 770 (54.1%) , in 1921 - 431 (33.6%), in 1931 - approx. 500 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the middle. 16th century Main occupation of Jews at 18 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In 1894 the freelance doctor F.Ya. Geishtor worked in N. In 1916 a Jewish school was opened in N.. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the first days of the occupation, approx. 60 Jews. The Judenrat was later created. In 1940 the Jews of N. were deported to the ghetto of Grodzisk Mazowiecki. L.-M. Hirschfeld.
NADEL Khatskel (1905, Kovna - 1968, Kharkov), bibliographer, literary critic. From 1922 he worked as a librarian, in 1925–35 he headed the Jewish department. b-ki them. V.G. Korolenko in Kharkov. Publ. pl. bibl. research, including lists of Jewish editions. in the USSR for 1928-30, indexes of reviews in the Sov. Jewish periodicals for 1922-28, bibliography dep. writers. Among the naib. means. works - bibliography of manuf. Sholem Aleichem in Yiddish, Rus. and ukr. lang., ed. in the USSR in 1921–39, "Lenin in Jewish poetry", "On the Jewish fields" (both - 1928), "Literature on nat. issue, anti-Semitism and Jewish land management in the Sov. Union "(1932). The compiler of the collection of books "Birobidzhan", (1936), "Antirelig. thin collection "(jointly with PI Altman, 1939)," Fargesene Bletlekh "(" Forgotten Pages ", 1939 - collection of works by Sholem Aleichem, previously not included in his book.). Together with I. Mitlmann he was the compiler of the 15th vol. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (letters and comments to them, 1941). In the 1960s. publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" biblical series works, as well as research. about the first years of the Sov. Jewish literature, about Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish letters. connections, etc.
NADEL Benjamin (Benjamin Irving) (b. 1918, Petrograd), historian, linguist. Dr. East Sciences (1947). In the 1930s. moved with his parents to Vilno. He studied at the Jewish real gymnasium. Graduated with the title of Master of Philosophy from Vilensky University (1939). One of N.'s university works was "The Jews of the Vilna province in the Polish uprising of 1863." From 1939 he continued his studies in Minsk and Sverdlovsk. In the beginning. 1940s history teacher on Wed. schools of Andijan and Sverdlovsk, in 1944–45 he taught philology. f-those LSU, then the assistant will investigate. gr. Greek epigraphy Leningrad. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1949–57 - prof. Latin lang. in LGPI. Since 1957 - in Poland. In 1958–62 - Assoc. ancient history in ped. Institute (Gdansk). He worked as a scientist. sotr. Jewish ist. Institute, taught at Warsaw University (1962–68). Since 1968 - in the USA. He taught at high fur boots (Chicago, Princeton). Since 1978, Dir. Bund archive. Publ. St. 70 scientific. works, some of which are dedicated. Latin and general linguistics. In Yiddish he published tr. “Jews in Vost. Europe from ancient times to the Mongol invasion "(1960)," The oldest Jewish settlements in Vost. Europe "(1961), pl. Art. into gas. "Folkshtime" and "Yiddishe Font", in the collection "Bleter headlights geshichte", etc.
HOPE, a village in the Dikan district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Poltava u. In 1897 there were 8 Jews living in N., and in 1910 - 1 Jewish family.
NADEZHDINA (real family Brushtein) Nadezhda Sergeevna (1908, Vilna - 1979, Moscow), dancer, choreographer. Hero of Socialist Labor (1978). Daughter of A.Ya.Brushtein, granddaughter of Ya.Vygodsky (1857-1941), a public figure, min. on Jewish Affairs, pr-va Lithuania (1919), dep. Diet. She graduated from the 2nd state. ball. school in Leningrad (1925), danced in the Bolshoi Theater (1925–34). She performed solo parts and dances at the ball. "Swan Lake" by PI Tchaikovsky (mazurka, Spanish, Hungarian dances), "The Little Humpbacked Horse" by Ch. Punya (Slavic, Ukrainian), "Don Quixote" by LF Minkus (fandango), "Red Poppy" RMGlier (Boston, "Malayka"), "La Bayadère" by Minkus (dance with lilies), "Raymonda" by AKGlazunov (Panaderos), etc. At the same time. from 1931 she performed on the stage, from 1941 she worked as a ballet dancer. into the dance. ans. From 1943 - ballet dancer. In 1946–48, artistic director. hands. ball. dep. Mosestrada. 1945–48 hands. Rus. bunk bed choir of the Kalinin Philharmonic. In 1948 she created wives. choreography ans. "Birch" and became his thin. hands. Girl's round dance "Birch" staged by N. - the first performance of the ans. at the Hermitage pop theater in 1948. N. - director of all ANS programs; your comp. built on a combination of folk and classical. dance techniques. Mn. of them ("Swan", "Sib. Suite", etc.) and now in the repertoire of ans. The author of a number of Art. in ballet. Nar. art. USSR (1966). Became. etc. (1950). Cit .: Russian dances. M., 1951.
NADEZHDINKA, a village in the Krasnoarmeysky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 20th century Jews from the village. Novotroitskoe was founded in N. by an agriculturalist. colony. Main occupations of the colonists were with. x-in and decomp. crafts.
NADEZHDINSK, see Serov.
NADEZHDINSKY, see April.
NADEZHDINSKIY FACTORY, see Serov.
NADEZHDOVKA, a village in the Belozersk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1830. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Nikolaevsky u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 37 Jews lived in N., and in 1910 there were 47 Jews.
RELIABLE, see Reliable.
RELIABLE, a village in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1855 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Nadezhnaya (other name - Vilner) in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1920–29 - in the Mariupol region, from 1930 - in the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. In 1858, 532 Jews (88.1%) lived in N., in 1897 - 634, in 1924 - 511 Jews. When the colony was founded, approx. 360 Jews. Main sphere of economic. activities of Jews N. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century there was a garden and winemaking; several families were engaged in trade. In 1897 a synagogue operated in N., the Jewish beginning. school. In 1913, a Jew owned a grain store. In 1919, peasants from nearby villages staged a pogrom in N. Jewish homes were destroyed and plundered. In 1929, the Udarnik collective farm (45 families) was created in N.. In 1930 in N. in the building of the school there was a hut-reading room, in which there was a Russian, Ukrainian. and Jewish literature. In the summer of 1941, the N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 63 Jews were shot in N.. V. K. Konovalov, M. Levitan. I. M. Shaikin
NADINOVKA, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostersky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in N.
NADIV (Gutenmacher) Shabtai (born 1916, Chisinau), politician. After graduating from high school in Chisinau, he moved to Bucharest; one of the founders of the Beitar organization in Romania, secretary. Romanian branch of the Herut party. From the beginning. 2nd world. war participated in the organization of mass illegal. emigration of Jews from Romania to E.-I. Brit. authorities and imprisoned in Akko. After his release, he commanded a detachment of Beitar in Galilee; member Beitar's reign in E.-I. and worldwide. Beitar. During the War of Independence he fought in the Givati ​​Brigade. One of the founders of the Herut party and a member. Central Committee of the first composition. From 1957 he was engaged in finance. activities (director of the branch "Bank put le Israel").
NADLAK, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1910, 65 Jews lived in N.. 19th century in N. settled approx. 20 Jewish families from West. provinces of Russia. Among the main. occupations of the Jewish population of N. prevailed with. farming and small trade. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 in N. several were killed. Jews.
NADOROZHNEV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, there were 8 Jews living in N., and in 1939 - 5 Jews. In July 1941, the N. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were killed.
NADVORNA, see Nadvorna.
NADVORNAYA, city (since 1939), regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1596. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Nadvorna of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 1002 Jews lived in N., in 1880 - 4182 (63.8%), in 1890 - 3618 (50%). in 1900 - 3,644 (48.4%), in 1921 - 2042 (33.7%), in 1931 - 3,437 Jews. Jews have lived in N. from the end. 17th century All R. 18th century N. was one of the centers of the Franco movement. Rabbi N. - Yehuda-Leib Rat, one of the leaders of the Francoists, participated in the dispute in 1759; later converted to Christianity. From ser. 18th century in N. existed independently. community. In 1765, the rabbi of N. was Aron ben Avigdor, in the 1830s. - Shloyme Kveler. 18th century The Hasidic court in N. was founded by the disciple of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich and Ikhla-Mikhla from Zolochev (1721–1776), Rabbi Tsvi-Hirsh (? –1802); the dynasty was continued by his son - Dovid-Leib (? –1849). In the beginning. 19th century Rabbi Issachar Ber (? –1848) founded his Hasidic dynasty in N., after whose death the dynasty was headed by his sons: first, the eldest, Mordkhe (1825–1895), then the younger, Aron-Leib (? –1897). In the beginning. 20th century there were more than 20 synagogues in N., including the Belzevo, Vyzhnytsia, Kosovo, Utena, and Chortkovo Hasidims. Tzadik Chaim Leifer lived in N., who died during the Holocaust. In 1899, the Zionist organization Zion was created in N.. In the 1900s. there were heders, "Safa brura" courses on the study of Hebrew. Nokhum Burshtein (1840, Kosov, 1915) was the rabbi of N. in 1901–14. In 1916, 15 Jews were exiled from N. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1920, a Jewish library was opened in N., in the 1920s biennium courses of the "Tarbut" network worked. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1937 there was a Jewish football team in N. Gakoah. In 1939, before. community was Mikhail Starer (? –1941). After annexation to the USSR, a synagogue was closed in N. On July 3, 1941, N. was occupied by Hungarian units. army. In July 1941, the Jewish population of N. increased due to the deported Jews (about 1,000) from the Transcarpathian Ukraine. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht; the Judenrat was created; over 900 Jews were soon shot. In the spring of 1942 a ghetto was created in N. In May 1942 Jews were deported to N. from the village. Zelenaya, 73 Jews - from the village. Pasechnaya, 24 - from the village. Strymba, 20 Jews - from the village. Bytkov. In 1942 apprx. Died of hunger and disease in the ghetto. 800 people, the remaining Jews (about 2800 people) were sent to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) in the fall of 1942 and were shot there. During the Holocaust, the synagogue buildings (Sholem Aleichem str., 6, 10, 11) They were destroyed and in 1947 scrapped for building materials. In 2005, N. had a Jewish population. Wagner
NADYM, a city (since 1972), a regional center in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). In 2002, 31 Jews lived in N.. 2000s a community was formed in N. (formerly Bentsion Yavdoevich Rakhamimov, b. 1957, Derbent).
NAESTADT, see Kudirkos-Naumiestis.
NAGACHEV, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 123 Jews lived in N. The Jewish population of N. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Nagartav, see Big Nagartav.
NAGORNAYA, a village in the Zhashkovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kiev province. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, all the Jews of N. (30 people) were shot in July 1941. At the same time, Jews from the surrounding area who were deported to N. were also killed. points (about 140 people).
NAGORNY, urban-type settlement (since 1941), subordinated to the Neryungrinsky City Council of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1772. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nagorny Mine of Yekaterinburg u. Perm Gubernia. In 1939 there were 6 Jews in N. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N..
NAGORNY MINISTRY, see Nagorny.
NAGORYANKA, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 232 Jews lived in N.. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In July 1941, the N. occupied the Wehrmacht. On July 18, 1943, 230 Jewish women were shot in N., who were used in the work of growing kok-sagyz. Among those shot there were 160 Jews brought from the village. Yagelnitsa. Some of the Jewish women fled, but later returned; 30 people 30 nov. 1943 were sent to Chortkov and shot there.
NAGORYANY, a village in the Zalishchytskyi district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Chervonograd district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nagurzhans of the Zalishchytsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, four Jewish families lived in N..
NAGUEVICHI, see Ivan Franko.
NAGURZHANY, see Nagoryany.
NAGUTSKAYA, see Nagutskoe.
Nagutskoe, a village in the Mineralovodsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). In the 19th century. - v. Nogut Pyatigorsk u. Stavropol province. In the beginning. 20th century - the village of Nagutskaya. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 3 Sep 1942 Eight Jews were shot in N.. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984, Moscow), party and statesman, in 1967-82 - before. KGB of the USSR, in 1982–84 - general. sec. Central Committee of the CPSU.
NAKHABINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Krasnogorsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1939, 38 Jews (0.6%) lived in N., in 1989 - 70 Jews (0.4%). In N. born: Semyon Efimovich Kaplan (b. 1946), applied artist (wood carving with painting); Evgeny Arkadievich Kriksunov (b. 1947), biologist, Dr. of Biol. sciences, ch. RAS (2000), specialist in the region. theory and methods of population analysis.
NAKHICHEVAN, see Nakhichevan-on-Don.
NAKHICHEVAN, city, capital of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijan Republic). Main OK. 6 c. BC e. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1849 - the county town of Erivan province. Since 1924 it has been the capital of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in N. According to the testimony of a Byzantine chronicler, Jews moved to N. from E.-I. in the 4th century. n. e. At 360-370 approx. 16 thousand Jewish and 2 thousand Armenian families were deported to Persia.
NAKHICHEVAN-ON-DON (until 1838 - Nakhichevan), now (from 1928) Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don (Russian Federation). Main in 1780 as the city of Nakhichevan (other name - Kachevan). Since 1802 - in the Taganrog city administration of the Yekaterinoslav province, since 1834 - the center of the Armenian environs. Rostov u. Yekaterinoslavskaya guberniya, since 1888 - in the Don Cossack Region Since 1920 - in the Don region. In 1920, a single Rostov-Nakhichevan City Council was formed. In 1864, in N. n / a. 31 Jews lived, in 1881 - 69 Jewish families, in 1883 - 86, in 1897 - 555 Jews (2%), in 1904 - 654 (2%), in 1910 - 328 (0.8%), in 1914 - 592 (1.1%), in 1920 - 1081 (2%), in 1959 in the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don - 1366 Jews (1.4%). The Jewish community arose in N. n / d. in the beginning. 1850s as a result of the migration of Jews from Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine. In 1881, among the Jews N. n / D. there were 9 merchants of the 2nd guild (out of 39), 11 petty traders (out of 179) and 8 clerks (out of 178). The Jews owned 6 houses, 15 estates, 2 marinas on the Don, timber exchanges and plants (distillery, soap-making, brick, limestone, etc.). a synagogue was opened, rabbi - Alexander Khavin. In 1889–90, Rabbi N. n / a. - Yakov Osipovich Katz, head of the synagogue - Israel Osipovich Gerbsman; in N. n / a. In 1903, a two-story brick building was purchased for the synagogue at the corner of 1st Voznesenskaya Street. (now Murlychevskaya). The synagogue had a mikvah and a matzebakery, a classmate husband. uch-shche of the 2nd category (since 1903). Rabbi in the 1910s. was Yakov Nokhimovich Leikin, in the 1930s. - Joshua-Evel Avraham-Khaimovich Zamsky. In 1935, the synagogue in the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don was closed. During the occupation of Rostov-on-Don in the Proletarsky district on November 28. 1941 30 Jews were shot.
NAKHIMOVSKY Moisey Isaevich (1907, Minsk - 1979, Moscow), musicologist, teacher. In 1931 he graduated from ped. Faculty of Moscow cons. In 1931–41 ed. Muzgiz, hands. homemade. choirs and ans. songs and dances. Since 1946 he has been a singing teacher at a school in Moscow. The author of a number of musicological art. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Cit .: How to conduct mass singing. M., 1930; Mass learning songs. M., 1955.
NACHIMSON Miron Isaakovich (ps. Spectator) (1880, Vilna - 1938), economist, publicist. In 1899-1921 members. Bund, collaborated periodically. ed. RSDLP (Mensheviks). He studied economics in Germany and Switzerland, in 1913 he received a bachelor's degree. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Switzerland. In 1917 in Bern published research. N. “Econ. state of Switzerland during the world. Wars ”and“ Imperialism and Trade Competition ”. In 1918, tr. N. "State and Economy". In 1917 N. returned to Russia. Published works "Social problems of Germany" (1920), "Peace. economics before and after the war "and" Econ.-statistic. reference book for Sov. Russia "(1922). He spoke with a statistician. reviews the world. x-va in econ. periodicals, zhurn. "Communist. international ”(1926–32). In 1935 he worked at Mezhdunar. agrarian in-those and Communist. academy.
NACHIMSON Semyon Mikhailovich (1885, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1918, Yaroslavl), politician. Doctor of Philosophy and Economics sciences. In 1911 he graduated from Berne University. Since 1902, members Bund, then member. Latvian, Social-Democratic slave. party. In 1905 one of the hands. Libavian military-roar. org-tion of the Bund. For the preparation of the revolt. the garrison was sentenced to death in absentia. In 1906 cases. 5th Congress of the RSDLP. In 1907-11 - in exile. Returning to Russia in 1912, he worked at the party. print. In 1915-17 - in the army, ensign. In the beginning. 1917 delivered to a military court for the revolt. agitation. In 1917, members. Petrogr. to-that RSDLP (b) and military. section Petrograd. Council. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). On Sept. 1917 Commissioner of Latvian Riflemen elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, at the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets re-elected. Member Will establish. meetings. In 1918, the military commissar of the Yaroslavl military. env .; prev. Provincial Executive Committee. Shot during the Yaroslavl uprising. He was buried on the Field of Mars in Petrograd.
NAKHMAN from Braslavl (1772, Medzhibozh, Poland - 1810, Uman, Kiev province), spiritual leader of the Hasidic community, tzadik. Great-grandson of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. In the 1790s. lived in Medvedevka, Kiev province. A trip in 1798 to E.-I. had a significant impact on philosophy. views N. In 1802–10 he settled in Braslavl, Podolsk province, turning this place into one of the centers of the spiritual life of the Ukrainian. Jewry. N. created a new tech. in Hasidism, the basis of which is an unconditional belief in Gd based on emotions. The author of several. book., ed. Sternhartz and widely known, for example. Sipurei Maasiyot (Fairy Tales, 1815). N.'s mystical stories influenced the works of M. Buber, Nister, N. Zaks, D. Ignamov, I.-L. Peretz. N. did not leave a successor; Braslav Hasidim continue to consider N. the leader of their movement. N.'s grave in Uman (Cherkasy region) - a place of pilgrimage for the Braslav Hasidim. Cit .: Fabulous stories of Rabbi Nakhman from Braslav. Jerusalem, 1987.
NAKHMANOVICH Petr Abramovich (b. 1945), economist. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. Since 1969 an engineer-economist at the Volzhsky automobile. s-de. From 1986 beginning. finance. management of AvtoVAZ. From creation. in 1989 AvtoVAZbank - before. his reign, and then prez.
NAKHODKA, a city (since 1950) in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. In the 1940's In 1970, 166 Jews (0.2%) lived in N., in 2002 - 73 Jews. a Jewish community was organized in N. (formerly Rostislav Valerievich Korenev, b. 1982). From the end. 1990s there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2005, approx. 400 Jews.
NALECHOV, see Nalechuv.
NALECHUW, a city in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 18th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Nalechov of the Novoaleksandriyskiy u. Lublin province. 268 Jews (29%) lived in N. in 1921. Jews lived in N. from the end of the 19th century. 19th century Most of them were engaged in servicing vacationers to lay down. mineral springs. Several worked. Jewish doctors. 1920–30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1942, more than 1,000 Jews from Slovakia were brought to N. Subsequently, able-bodied men were sent to work camps, the rest - in the ghetto in Opole-Lubelsk. N. was a place of concentration of Jews from nearby us. points before being sent to extermination camps. In May 1942, N. Jews were deported to Sobibur. The workers' camp established in N. in 1942 was liquidated in November. 1943.
NALIBOKI, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 15th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1818 there were 8 Jews living in N., in 1885 - 95, in 1921 - 185 Jews (35.9%). 1932 Arie-Leib Rogoznitsky (1849–?) Was the rabbi in N. In 1913, Jews owned a grocery and a tobacco shop in N. In the 1920s and 1930s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Yom Tov Lipman Gutman (1902–1942) was the rabbi of N. since 1932. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of N. were shot. In Nalibokskaya Pushcha there was a Jewish partisan. detachment under com. T.Belsky and Sh.Zorin.
NALIVAYKOVKA, a village in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in N.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НАЛЬЧИК, город (с 1921), столица Кабардино-Балкарской Республики (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1743. С 1817 – крепость, с 1838 – воен. поселение, с 1871 – слобода, центр Нальчикского окр. Терской обл. С 1921 – центр Кабардино-Балкарской АССР (в 1944–57 – Кабардинской АССР).В 1866 в Н. проживало 74 еврейских семьи, в 1886 – 335 евреев, в 1897 – 1040 евреев (32,4%), в 1908 – 1307 горских евреев, в 1926 – 1458 (11,3%), в 1939 – 3007 евреев, в 1959 – 2168 горских евреев (2,5%), в 1970 – 5171 еврей (в т. ч. 2581 горский и 2 крымчака), в 1979 – 2851 (1,4%), в 2002 – 955 евреев.Евреи стали селиться в пригородах Н. в 1-й пол. 19 в. К сер. 19 в. горские евреи были сосредоточены в т. н. Еврейской Колонке. В 1848 была открыта синагога, для к-рой в 1868 был приобретен дом. Раввином Н. в 1850-х гг. был Ягья Куданетов, в 1860-х гг. – Гешей Амиров.В сфере экономич. деятельности евреев Н. во 2-й пол. 19 в. преобладали торговля и ремесла, в осн. выделка кожи. В кон. 19 в. в Н. было 2 синагоги. В 1902 была предпринята попытка создать в Н. школу для горских евреев. В 1910-х гг. в Н. действовало 3 хедера. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 11 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. ювелирный, обе лавки кожевенных товаров, 2 мануфактурные и единств. посудная).Раввином Н. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. был Хазкиягу Абрамович Амиров (1855–?), в 1910-х гг. – Ицхак Гилядов (?–1918), в 1918–23 – С.Р.Шаулов (1880–?).В 1918 зам. нач. созданной местным населением милиции был Ханаан Эфраимов. Летом 1920 для отправки на фронт в Н. формировалась еврейская кав. часть «для защиты от погромов, устраиваемых поляками». С 1921 работало отд-ние Евкомола. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Н. активно действовали сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1925 еврейский квартал Н. был выделен в отд. адм. р-н в составе города. В том же году в Н. действовала школа для горских евреев (дир. – Камуил Исаакович Гилядов; в 1923 К.И.Гилядов подготовил и издал в Н. букварь на языке горских евреев, использовав еврейский алфавит). В 1927 был избран совет квартала (ликвидирован в 1938), в к-рый входили евреи – милиционер и фельдшер. В том же году были созданы еврейские кооперативы сапожников и кожевенников. С 1928 в Н. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТ. В кон. 1920-х гг. 57% горских евреев Н. занимались с. х-вом. В 1930-х гг. евреи Н. начали переселяться в др. р-ны города. Раввином Н. в эти годы был раби Нехемья. В 1924–31 одним из четырех языков, на к-ром выходила газ. «Красная Кабарда», был язык горских евреев.28 окт. 1942 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. В нояб. 1942 – нач. янв. 1943 в Н. существовало «открытое» гетто, где находилось неск. тысяч чел. Горские евреи компактно проживали в особом р-не, куда после оккупации переселились местные евреи из др. р-нов города. В нач. нояб. 1942 в Н. было убито неск. десятков ашкеназийских евреев (в т. ч. эвакуированных) и 10 горских (как «сов. активисты»). После проведения регистрации евреев была конфискована часть их имущества. Евреям приказали носить шестиконечные звезды; после переговоров представителей общины горских евреев с местными властями приказ был отменен 16 дек. 1942. При созданном оккупац. властями нац. совете был организован «нац. совет татов» (15 чел.). 4 янв. 1943 Н. был освобожден.В 1945 в Н. вновь начала действовать закрытая ранее синагога (ул. Подгорная, д. 79); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 35–45 чел., в праздничные – 350–450 чел. Раввинами были С.Р.Шаулов и Шамуля Хазкеевич Амиров (1880–?); обязанности шохета и моэла исполнял раввин Нахамшия Хазкеевич Амиров (1882–1968), сын Х.А.Амирова. В 1947 прекратилось преподавание языка горских евреев в школе. В 1940–50-х гг. большинство горских евреев Н. было занято в швейной и обувной пром-сти. В 1959 при обувной ф-ке был создан вок.-инструм. «Горско-еврейский ансамбль», позднее переим. в «Татский нар. вок.-муз. ансамбль» под упр. Виктора Шабаева.С 1988 в Н. действуют обществ.-политич. культурный центр «Товуши», основанный внучкой К.И.Гилядова Светланой Ароновной Даниловой (р. 1940, Нальчик), муз. школа «Шуламит» (дир. – Нина Кардаильская), воскресная еврейская школа «Мехина», воскресный дет. сад.В 1990 в Н. была построена новая синагога. С 1993 выходит газ. «Евреи Северного Кавказа» (ред. – Михаил Завелевич Иофин). В сер. 1990-х гг. начала работать еврейская общеобразоват. школа.В 1990-х гг. раввином Н. был Овшалум Ильханович Шамилов (1942–1996, Нальчик), с 2005 – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Леви Шабаев (р. 1970, Нальчик). С 2000 пред. еврейской общины – Борис Шербетович Изгияев (р. 1938, Нальчик), в 2005–2006 пред. религ. общины – Герсил Рубинович Рубинов (р. 1946, Дербент).В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В Н. род.: И.И.Иллазаров, В.М.Киршон, Д.А.Шабаев, С.С.Шабаев; Илья Ильягумович Давыдов (р. 1932), живописец, участник выставок с 1957; Владимир Моисеевич Шабаев (р. 1959), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1992), проф. СПГУ (1998), специалист в обл. квантовой механики., pronunciation=НАЛЬЧИК, город (с 1921), столица Кабардино-Балкарской Республики (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1743. С 1817 – крепость, с 1838 – воен. поселение, с 1871 – слобода, центр Нальчикского окр. Терской обл. С 1921 – центр Кабардино-Балкарской АССР (в 1944–57 – Кабардинской АССР).В 1866 в Н. проживало 74 еврейских семьи, в 1886 – 335 евреев, в 1897 – 1040 евреев (32,4%), в 1908 – 1307 горских евреев, в 1926 – 1458 (11,3%), в 1939 – 3007 евреев, в 1959 – 2168 горских евреев (2,5%), в 1970 – 5171 еврей (в т. ч. 2581 горский и 2 крымчака), в 1979 – 2851 (1,4%), в 2002 – 955 евреев.Евреи стали селиться в пригородах Н. в 1-й пол. 19 в. К сер. 19 в. горские евреи были сосредоточены в т. н. Еврейской Колонке. В 1848 была открыта синагога, для к-рой в 1868 был приобретен дом. Раввином Н. в 1850-х гг. был Ягья Куданетов, в 1860-х гг. – Гешей Амиров.В сфере экономич. деятельности евреев Н. во 2-й пол. 19 в. преобладали торговля и ремесла, в осн. выделка кожи. В кон. 19 в. в Н. было 2 синагоги. В 1902 была предпринята попытка создать в Н. школу для горских евреев. В 1910-х гг. в Н. действовало 3 хедера. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 11 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. ювелирный, обе лавки кожевенных товаров, 2 мануфактурные и единств. посудная).Раввином Н. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. был Хазкиягу Абрамович Амиров (1855–?), в 1910-х гг. – Ицхак Гилядов (?–1918), в 1918–23 – С.Р.Шаулов (1880–?).В 1918 зам. нач. созданной местным населением милиции был Ханаан Эфраимов. Летом 1920 для отправки на фронт в Н. формировалась еврейская кав. часть «для защиты от погромов, устраиваемых поляками». С 1921 работало отд-ние Евкомола. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Н. активно действовали сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1925 еврейский квартал Н. был выделен в отд. адм. р-н в составе города. В том же году в Н. действовала школа для горских евреев (дир. – Камуил Исаакович Гилядов; в 1923 К.И.Гилядов подготовил и издал в Н. букварь на языке горских евреев, использовав еврейский алфавит). В 1927 был избран совет квартала (ликвидирован в 1938), в к-рый входили евреи – милиционер и фельдшер. В том же году были созданы еврейские кооперативы сапожников и кожевенников. С 1928 в Н. действовало отд-ние ОЗЕТ. В кон. 1920-х гг. 57% горских евреев Н. занимались с. х-вом. В 1930-х гг. евреи Н. начали переселяться в др. р-ны города. Раввином Н. в эти годы был раби Нехемья. В 1924–31 одним из четырех языков, на к-ром выходила газ. «Красная Кабарда», был язык горских евреев.28 окт. 1942 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. В нояб. 1942 – нач. янв. 1943 в Н. существовало «открытое» гетто, где находилось неск. тысяч чел. Горские евреи компактно проживали в особом р-не, куда после оккупации переселились местные евреи из др. р-нов города. В нач. нояб. 1942 в Н. было убито неск. десятков ашкеназийских евреев (в т. ч. эвакуированных) и 10 горских (как «сов. активисты»). После проведения регистрации евреев была конфискована часть их имущества. Евреям приказали носить шестиконечные звезды; после переговоров представителей общины горских евреев с местными властями приказ был отменен 16 дек. 1942. При созданном оккупац. властями нац. совете был организован «нац. совет татов» (15 чел.). 4 янв. 1943 Н. был освобожден.В 1945 в Н. вновь начала действовать закрытая ранее синагога (ул. Подгорная, д. 79); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 35–45 чел., в праздничные – 350–450 чел. Раввинами были С.Р.Шаулов и Шамуля Хазкеевич Амиров (1880–?); обязанности шохета и моэла исполнял раввин Нахамшия Хазкеевич Амиров (1882–1968), сын Х.А.Амирова. В 1947 прекратилось преподавание языка горских евреев в школе. В 1940–50-х гг. большинство горских евреев Н. было занято в швейной и обувной пром-сти. В 1959 при обувной ф-ке был создан вок.-инструм. «Горско-еврейский ансамбль», позднее переим. в «Татский нар. вок.-муз. ансамбль» под упр. Виктора Шабаева.С 1988 в Н. действуют обществ.-политич. культурный центр «Товуши», основанный внучкой К.И.Гилядова Светланой Ароновной Даниловой (р. 1940, Нальчик), муз. школа «Шуламит» (дир. – Нина Кардаильская), воскресная еврейская школа «Мехина», воскресный дет. сад.В 1990 в Н. была построена новая синагога. С 1993 выходит газ. «Евреи Северного Кавказа» (ред. – Михаил Завелевич Иофин). В сер. 1990-х гг. начала работать еврейская общеобразоват. школа.В 1990-х гг. раввином Н. был Овшалум Ильханович Шамилов (1942–1996, Нальчик), с 2005 – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Леви Шабаев (р. 1970, Нальчик). С 2000 пред. еврейской общины – Борис Шербетович Изгияев (р. 1938, Нальчик), в 2005–2006 пред. религ. общины – Герсил Рубинович Рубинов (р. 1946, Дербент).В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В Н. род.: И.И.Иллазаров, В.М.Киршон, Д.А.Шабаев, С.С.Шабаев; Илья Ильягумович Давыдов (р. 1932), живописец, участник выставок с 1957; Владимир Моисеевич Шабаев (р. 1959), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1992), проф. СПГУ (1998), специалист в обл. квантовой механики., extra_data="{'translat...")
NAMANGAN, city (since 1610), center of Namangan region (Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the end. 15th century Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of the Fergana region. In 1892 in the Namangan district. 76 Jews lived, in 1897 in N. - 121, in 1900 - 133, in 1910 - 712 (0.9%), in 1926 - 770 (including 276 Bukharian, 7 Georgian Jews), in 1939 - 865 , in 1959 - 263 Bukharian Jews (0.2%), in 1970 - 1247 Jews, in 1979 - 1192 Jews (including 251 Bukharian). 19 - early. 20th century Jews lived in special. quarter N. (mahalla). Main the occupations were crafts. In 1910 N. had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1927 the Jewish labor artel "Mayada-Milot" operated in N.. In 1930, OZET artels united 150 families (750 people). During the war, the Jewish population of N. increased due to those evacuated from the West. districts of the USSR. A synagogue was opened in N. in 1946. 1980s - early. 1990s from N. to Israel left approx. 400 Jews. The synagogue building has survived in N. (Chekhov St., passage 1, bld. 14), there is a Jewish community. In 2005, approx. 70 Jews. In N. clan: M.B. Leviev, M.A. Prikhozhan; Moshiyah Iskhakovich Borukhov (1888-1954), society. a figure among the Bukharian Jews, translated from Hebrew into the language of Bukharian Jews several. books of relig. content.
NAMATALASHVILI Levan Navtilovich (b. 1925, Tiflis), cameraman. Graduated from VGIK (1960). Director of photography approx. £ 25 Nar. art. Georgian SSR (1985). State pr. USSR (1981). State etc. them. S. Rustaveli of the Georgian SSR (1985).
NAMIR (Nemirovsky) Mordechai (1897, Bratolyubovka, Alexandria district, Kherson province –1975, Tel Aviv), political and public figure. In the beginning. 1920s studied in Odessa at un-those and cons. As a member. "Poalei Zion" was arrested and exiled to Siberia. From 1924 - in E.-I., in 1926–29 sec. movement "Akhdut ha-Avoda", in 1929–36 headed the statistician. dep. Histadrut, in 1936–43 gen. sec. slave. Council of Tel Aviv. In 1940, the Brit. authorities for organizing a demonstration against their anti-Jewish policy. During the 2nd world. war organized the conscription of Jews to Britain. army. In 1947–48, members. Top. command of Gagana. After creating. State of Israel - Dipl. work in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, adviser G. Meir during the establishment of the diploma. relations with the USSR; in 1949-50 Israel's ambassador to the USSR. Since 1951 dep. Of the Knesset, in 1951–55 gene. sec. Histadrut; in 1956 - 59 min. labor; in 1959–69 mayor of Tel Aviv. Prev of the Board of Trustees of Tel Aviv University. Author of works on economics, statistics, problems of the slave. movement, memoirs "Israeli mission to Moscow" (1971).
NAMTSY, a village, the center of the Namsky ulus in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yakutsk environs. Yakutsk Oblast. In 1939, there was 1 Jew living in N.. exiled Jews lived in N.
NANKOVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830 there were 28 Jews living in N. (4.2%), in 1880 - 94, in 1930 - 81 Jews (4 , 9%) Jews lived in N. from the end. 18th century In the beginning. 20th century there was a mikvah, a Jewish cemetery. In 1941, those who did not have a Hungarian were deported to Poland occupied by the Wehrmacht. citizenship of 10 Jewish families of N. (out of 15). Those who remained in 1944 were deported to the Khust ghetto, and from there to Auschwitz.
NAPADOVKA, a village in Lipovetsky district, Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lipovetsky district. Kiev province. In 1897 there were 6 Jews living in N., in 1910 - 14, and in 1931 - 2 Jews. In 1914 Jews owned a grocery and a manufacturing store in N. In July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. parts. In the spring of 1942 in N. several were shot. Jews.
NAPAREULI, a village in Telavsky district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 12 Jews lived in N..
NAPPELBAUM Moisey Solomonovich (1869, Minsk - 1958, Leningrad), portrait photographer. He studied art photography from the age of 14 in Minsk. In his youth, pl. traveled, worked as a copier, retoucher, assistant. photographer in Smolensk, Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, New York. Then he opened a photo studio in Minsk, from 1912 - in St. Petersburg. In 1918, the first personal exhibition of N. Naib took place in Petrograd. Izv. photographic portraits: V. I. Lenin, M. Gorky, F. I. Shalyapin, R. Rolland, L. Feuchtwanger, A. A. Blok, S. A. Yesenin.
NAPRASNOVKA, a village in the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Goretsky u. Mogilev province, 1920s 35 Jewish families lived in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created. On March 22, 1942, 250 Jews were shot in N., and in 1968 an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution.
NARAYEV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1443. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezhany povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 1088 Jews (43.5%) lived in N., in 1900 - 879 (32.5%), in 1921 - 775 (25.8%), in 1939 - approx. 600 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the 2nd half. 18th century All R. 19th century N. Rabbi was Mordkhe Brandwein (1825-1885), in 1850-65 - Yakov-Itskhok Frenkel-Teumim (1823-1893), in 1865-76 - his son Yehoshua-Geshel (1840-1894), in 1878-83 - Fivel Rogatin (1858-1911), at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Berish Seim (? –1916, Budapest), then his son-in-law Zvi-Yehoshua Groswax. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in N., a Jewish cemetery. In 1916, one Jew was exiled from N. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). 1920-30s in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In July 1941, the N. occupied the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941, several were deported to N. hundreds of Jews. In Jan. 1942 in N. was approx. 1,100 Jews, in April. 1942 300 Jews were deported to N. from Berezhany. On Sept. 1942 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. After liberation in 1944, several returned to N. dozens of Jews.
NARAVTSEVICH Boris Abramovich (1924, Perm - 1986, Gorky), director. From the beginning. 1930s lived in Leningrad. In 1947 he graduated from the studio at the BDT, worked as an actor in t-ts Stavropol, Petrozavodsk, Astrakhan. Since 1963 ch. dir. Youth Theater in Voronezh, Ryazan, since 1970 - in Gorky. From 1971 he taught at the Gorky Theater. uch-shche. Staged performances: "Three Musketeers" by A. Dumas, "Wild Dog Dingo, or the Story of First Love" by RI Fraerman, "20 Years Later" by MA Svetlov, "Twelfth Night", "A Midsummer Dream night "and" Windsor Ridiculous "by W. Shakespeare," Bourgeois in the nobility "by Moliere," Jealous of himself "by Tirso de Molina," A profitable place "by AN Ostrovsky," A guide for those wishing to get married "by A.P. Chekhov ... Nar. art. RSFSR (1985).
NARDI (Narodetsky) Nakhum (1901, Kiev - 1977, Tel Aviv), pianist, composer. Studied at the Kiev cons., In the music. academies in Kiev, Warsaw and Vienna. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He gave concerts in E.-I., Europe and America. I wrote several. hundreds of songs, some of them became folk songs. He wrote music for t-ra; author of operas and dozens of works. for symphony. orc.; collected and published tunes of Jews in Yemen, Iraq and Spain. One of the founders of t-ra "Ga-Matate" in Tel Aviv.
NAREW, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1808 - the provincial town of Belsky u. Bialystok region, from 1842 - Grodno province. In 1863 193 Jews lived in N., in 1878 - 580 (36%), in 1897 - 601 (41.9%), in 1910 - 562, in 1921 - 419 (43 , 5%), in 1931 - 362, in 1939 - 251 Jews. In 1561 the Brest tax farmers Isaak Wart and Yakub Dlukgach received a drinking ransom in N. In 1564 Bernat Abramovich, the clerk of I. Wart, was accused of ritual murder. 19th century a community was created in N. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1863. Since 1877, Ruven Kagan (1853–?) Was the rabbi in N. In the end. 19th century part of N.'s Jews went abroad. In 1890, a community of people from N. was organized in the United States. In 1910 N. had two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 Jews owned all 3 grocery and units. a manufactory shop in N.V. 1920–30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi N. in the 1930s - Leizerovsky. June 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied N. In October. 1941 and Sept. 1942 N. Jews were deported to ghettos in nearby towns.
NAREWKA, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1897 there were 1,004 Jews (79.2%) living in N., in 1921 - 758 Jews. In 1870 there was a synagogue in N.. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NARINSKY Shlomo (1885 - 1960, Haifa), photographer, painter. From 1904 - in Paris, studied photography. He moved to E.-I., lived in the commune of the second aliyah in Jerusalem. In 1916 as Russian. the subject was exiled to Egypt. After the 1st world. war returned to E.-I. Filmed landscapes; N.'s photographs were reproduced on postcards. From the beginning. 1920s - in France, studied painting. In 1940 he was imprisoned in a concentration camp, in 1944, with the assistance of I. Ben-Zvi, he was exchanged in Istanbul for the Germans. a spy captured by a Brit. security authorities in E.-I. Lived in Haifa, taught photography. N.'s works are kept in the Haifa Museum.
NARYAN-MAR (in 1933–35 - Dzerzhinsky), a city (since 1935), the center of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). Main in 1929 as a settlement. Beloshchelye at the sawmill. In 1939 in N.-M. 43 Jews lived, in 2005 - 5 Jews. 1990s in N.-M. there is a Jewish community (previously Valery Sergeevich Kononov).
NARKIRIER Fedor Semenovich (b. 1919, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1968). Graduated from MIFLI (1941). In 1941–44 - at the front, in the organs of the NKVD of the USSR, in 1944–55 he taught at the Military Institute of Foreign Affairs. lang. In 1953–89 scientific. sotr. IMLI. Researcher fr. and belg. literature of the 20th century, works: Roger Martin du Gard. M., 1963; André Maurois. M., 1974; Francois Mauriac. M., 1983; From Rolland to Maurois. Etudes about French. writers. M., 1990.
NARKIS Mordechai (1897, Rock of Olkushsky u. Keletskaya province - 1957, Jerusalem), art critic. Studied at Krakow University. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Studied at the Academy of Arts "Bezalel" in Jerusalem. He was the closest associate of B. Shats. Since 1932, dir. Museum "Bezalel". He put forward the idea of ​​creating. nat. museum in Jerusalem. He was engaged in Jewish art and antique numismatics.
NARO-FOMINSK, city (since 1926), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1840 as c. Naro-Fominskoye Vereisky u. Moscow province. In 1926 in N.-F. 11 Jews lived, in 1939 - 157 (0.5%), in 1989 - 84 (0.1%), in 2002 - 42 Jews. 1941 part N.-F. was occupied by germ. troops. The executions of the Jewish population were carried out from the end. oct. before the beginning. Dec 1941.
NARO-FOMINSK, see Naro-Fominsk.
NAROCH (until 1969 - Kobylnik), a village in the Myadel district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 140 Jews lived in N., in 1897 there were 591 Jews (56%). 19th century the rabbi in N. was Sholom-Arie Shtam, in the beginning. 20th century - Chaim Lubotsky (1880 -?) In 1913, Jews belonged to unity. a bakery and four shops in N. (including both grocers); a Jew was a unity. timber merchant in N.V. Aug. 1941, after the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in N., which contained 120 Jews. On Sept. 1942 80 Jews of N.V. N. genus were shot. I.I.Danyushevsky.
NARODICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Ovruch district of the Kiev voivodeship in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1765 241 Jews lived in N. and its environs, in 1847 in N. - 978, in 1897 - 2054 (44.8%), in 1923 - 2398, in 1926 - 2508, in 1939 - 1233 Jews. there was a Jewish community in N. Since 1875 the rabbi in N. - Elya-Leib Zhuravel (1847–?). Main occupations of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century there were crafts and trade. The Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy warehouse, both bakeries, all 9 hotels, a mill and 44 shops in N. (including all 24 grocery stores, all 3 meat stores, all 9 manufactures, and a single shoe store). The Jew was unity. dentist on 13 Jan. 1919 gangs of atamans Struk and Lazenyuk smashed Jewish houses and demanded and received from the Jews "20 thousand karbovanets indemnities." Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Chervonyi toiler" (102 people). In 1925, a detachment of the left-wing "Ge-Halutz" operated in N.. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left N. on 22 Aug. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Through several. days 268 Jews were shot as "partisans". In nov. In 1941 all the remaining Jews (370 people) were shot in N. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N..
NARODITSKY Avraam Aronovich (1906, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1980), film director. In 1919 he was a fighter in the anti-bandit detachment in the Gomel province. From 1925 he worked in the workshop of G.M. Kozintsev and L.Z. Trauberg in Leningrad. Since 1929 editor-editor of the region. department of film distribution in Leningrad. In 1931 he graduated from the Leningrad Film Department. Institute of Arts, until 1941 worked at the Lenfilm cinema. 1941–42 - at the front. Since 1943, dir. center, associations of k / st in Alma-Ata and Ashgabat, since 1947 dir. "Lenkinokhroniki", since 1948 - Kiev studio uch. f., from 1953 - to / st them. A.P. Dovzhenko. Since 1962 he has been a teacher at the Institute of Cinema and Theater. claim to them. I.K. Karpenko-Kary in Kiev. The author is numerous. scripts, cartoon. "Soviet penny" (1929), newsreel., Film sketches, doc. f. He made his debut in fiction films. "Island of Miracles" (1931, jointly with N. Ugryumov). He was also accompanied by the "Desperate Battalion" (1933). Later he removed f. "Youth of a Poet" (1937, ch. Ave. World Exhibition in Paris), "Flags on the Towers" (1958), "Street of Thirteen Poplars" (1970, jointly with V. Ivanov), "Bumbarash" (1972, joint . with N.G. Rasheev) and others.
NARODITSKY David Iosifovich (b. 1923, Kharkov), sculptor. Graduated from Moscow. state thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov (1950). From 1951 he took part in exhibitions. International laureate competition in Vienna (1957) for the sculpture of a soldier-defender of the Brest Fortress (located in the State Russian Museum). Author of monumental works: mem. IV Yakovlev (Cheboksary, 1978–79), a memorial complex (Novokuznetsk, 1974–85), etc. N. - the author of St. 20 gravestones: aircraft designer S.V. Ilyushin (1983), mathematician A.N. Kolmogorov (1989), artists A.D. Papanov (1991), A.I. Raikin (1991) (all with architect Yu. Voskresensky; Novodevichye cemetery), etc. N. made a large sculptor. portrait of F.G. Ranevskaya (1979), portrait of M.MPlisetskaya (1979, Theater, Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushin). Picturesque works of N., ch. arr. landscapes are in private collections in Israel, USA, Yugoslavia, Japan.
NARODITSKY Israel (1874, Zhitomir - 1942, London), publicist, translator, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Publ. poems and stories in Hebrew and Yiddish in St. Petersburg. and Warsaw ed. In 1891 he published (with B. Flexer) collection of works. "Dos Geilike Land" ("Sacred Country"), which included poems, stories and other materials different. authors promoting the ideas of "Hovevei Zion". Since 1893 - in Great Britain (London). He worked as a typesetter, then opened a Jewish printing house and publishing house. Published in local gas. and zhurn., led societies. work helping rus. and Jewish socialist emigrants. From 1912 he published the book in London. in Yiddish and Hebrew.
NAROKOV (real name Yakubov) Mikhail Semenovich (1879 - 1958, Moscow), actor, director. He made his debut in 1896 in the troupe of P.A. Sokolov-Zhamson in Melitopol, then in the ts of Kharkov, Kiev. Since 1906 - in the "New Drama" theater by V.E. Meyerhold. From 1909 - in the V.F. Komissarzhevskaya Theater in St. Petersburg. In 1916–20 - in Moscow. In 1920–49, actor and dir. Small t-ra. Among the roles of N .: Neschastlivtsev ("Forest" by A.N. Ostrovsky), Cromwell ("Oliver Cromwell" by A.V. Lunacharsky), Verrino ("Fiesco's Conspiracy in Genoa" by I. -F.Schiller), Petrygin and Dr. Talanov ("Sku-Tarevsky" and "Invasion" by L.M. Leonov). Staged performances: "Rasteryaeva Street" (after GI Uspensky, 1929), "Defeat" (after AA Fadeev, 1932), etc. Author of the memoirs "Biography of My Generation" (1956). He starred in films: "Annushka's Deed", "Priests of Moloch", "Nabat", "Defeated" (all - 1917), "The Man from the Restaurant" (1927), "Enemy Paths" (1935), etc. In 1919–20 put several. f., including the "Cup of Atonement" for rum. Sholem Aleichem "Bloody Joke" (1919). Nar. art. RSFSR (1937).
NAROVCHAT, a village, a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century as the Golden Horde town of Naruchad. Since 1801 - the district town of the Penza province. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement. In 1896 21 Jews lived in N., 42 in the uyezd, 1 in 1926, and 3 in 1939.
NAROVLYA, city (since 1971), regional center in Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. In 1765, 316 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 1060 (92.5%), in 1923 - 1460, in 1926 - 1357 (53.9%), in 1939 - 1167, in 2000 - 14 Jews. All R. 19th century there was a synagogue in N. In the beginning. 20th century there was a Jewish cemetery in N. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in N. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, 12 stores in N. (including all 5 grocery stores, all 4 manufactures, and only one haberdashery). Since 1916 the rabbi in N. was Ikhl-Mikhl Traibukh. 6 Aug. 1919, a pogrom broke out in N. by soldiers of the Polish. army; during the pogrom, 4 Jews were killed. Some of the Jews left N. In May 1925 approx. N. was organized by Jewish agriculture. artel "Village". In the end. 1920s with the financial support of J.-I. Schneerson, a mikvah was built. In 1935 there was a sewing artel of Jewish handicraftsmen in N. In the 1930s. there was a Jewish library, some of the books were in Yiddish. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews in N. were evacuated or mobilized. 23 nov. 1941 more than 100 Jews were shot at the Jewish cemetery in N. After 1945 some of the Jews returned to N. In 1961 an unofficial minyan operated in N.. 1990s in N. there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.. in N. the genus: Ya.L. Kolominsky, M.L. Spivak; Efim Aronovich Gendelman (1914–1982), sculptor, since 1962 - sculptor of small forms, participant in exhibitions since 1940, author of the work "Sholem Aleichem" (1947).
NARTKALA (before 1967 - Dokshukino), city (since 1955), the center of the Urvansky district in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nalchik env. Tersk Region In 1939, 18 Jews lived in N., and in 2002 - 2 Jews.
NARTSIZOVKA, a village in the Chervonoarmeysky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Zhitomir district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy store, both grocery and unity. iron-scraping shop in N.
OUTSIDE, see.
NARVA, city (since 1256) (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from 1171 as Rugodiv. Since 1704 - as part of Rus. state-va. In the 18th century. - uyezd, at 19 - beginning. 20th century - a provincial town of Yamburgsky u. St. Petersburg province. In 1919–40 it was part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 it was the Estonian SSR. In 1867, 80 Jews lived in N., in 1881 - c. 300 Jews, in 1897 - 474 (2.8%), in 1910 - 573, in 1918 - approx. 300 Jews. The first Jews in N. were Jews - Russian soldiers. army. The oldest Jewish burial site dates back to 1850. Since the 1850s. there was a synagogue. Rabbi N. in the 1860s. there was Eisman; there was a shohet, which was also melamed. In 1876, the building, bought by Jews, was rebuilt according to the plan of architect. Nevitsky under the synagogue. In 1890, the synagogue was closed by the local authorities as "operating without proper permission." In 1891, the petition of the Jews (through the attorney at law P.M. Lyakub) to open a synagogue was not satisfied. The Jews of N. annually received permission to set up a temporary prayer house for the holidays. In 1887, out of 57 Jewish families living in N., there were 12 lower-ranking families, 8 reserve ranks, and 37 artisans. In 1891, 138 Jewish soldiers served in N. , including 94 Jews in the 92nd Infantry Regiment. In 1895 the synagogue in N. was reopened. In the 1880s - 1910s. the duties of a rabbi were performed by Avrom-Itsko Gorfinkel. In 1909, before. households reign of the synagogue was V. Rutstein. In the same year the Jews of N. applied for permission to build a new synagogue. There were Jewish auxiliaries in N. society of artisans (previously - H. Gutman), Jewish loan-savings. M.Z. Shagal lived in N. in 1909. In 1914, a branch of the OZE, "Bikur khoylim," was founded in N., supplying the Jewish population with medicines. 1st world. During the war, Jewish refugees from Latvia settled in N. The community council was elected. The account was opened. courses for adults, cheder metukan (approx. 60 students). In 1917 the Ge-Khaver Zionist society was founded. In 1918, a synagogue was destroyed by shelling in N. Mn. Jews in N. moved to Tallinn or emigrated to other countries. In 1925, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened in N.; the local cultural council ("Coulter Rat") worked. Children were taught in Russian. and it. schools; in 1928-30 he worked as a child. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In N. there were branches of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Maccabi," and others. In 1935, the Jews of N. included 30 merchants, 26 artisans, 12 workers, 8 officials, and 3 representatives of the liberal professions. In the 1930s. Rabbi N. was Mordechai-Eliyahu Shavy (? –1942, in evacuation). 17 Aug. 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The 26 Jews remaining in the city were immediately killed. In the fall of 1943, several were deported to N. hundreds of Jews from the Vilnius ghetto, to-ryh were placed in a concentration camp on the territory. old textile factory. G. Glik and Z.-G. Kalmanovich were kept in the camp. On Feb. 1944 prisoners were transferred to other camps. A rifleman took part in the liberation of N. on July 26, 1944. regiment under com. lieutenant regiment. Lev Solomonovich Orphans, art. regiment under com. lieutenant regiment. Lazar Izrailevich Sheinin, dep. machine gun art. battalion under com. Major Mark Yakovlevich Sokol'vyak. 1980s - 1990s to Israel left approx. 120 Jews N. In 2005, approx. 80 Jews in N. M.V. Gorelik, H.H. Salomon.E. Gurin-Loov
Narva-YYESUU, an urban-type settlement (since 1945), subordinated to the Narva City Council (Republic of Estonia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gungerburg (other name - Ust-Narva), Vesenberg u. Estland lips. In 1919–40 - as part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - in the Estonian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in N.-J. 65 Jewish families lived. In 1902–40 in N.-J. a hydropathic establishment worked, a cut was directed by Dr. Emil Zeldman. Jews from Narva and other cities, as well as from Finland, came to N.-J. for summer vacation. In N.-J. there was a permanent minyan. There was a kosher restaurant. In the summer of 1941 the majority of Jews N.-J. evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. In 1965 in N.-J. there lived one Jewish family.
NARYM, a village in the Parabel district of the Tomsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1595 as a prison. Since 1782 - the district city of the Tobolsk governorship, since 1822 - the provincial town of the Tomsk district. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1910 the Narym bourgeoisie Leiba and Sarah Gershevichs owned the trade and industry. company in Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude). In the 1920s. N. is a place of exile for the Zionists; in the 1940s. - Jews from the West. districts of the USSR.
NARYSHKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), the center of the Uritsky district in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Orlovsky u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1926, 12 Jews (0.9%) lived in N., in 1939 - 17 Jews.
NASELSK, a city (since 1386) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Pultussky district. Warsaw Province. In 1808, 1,410 Jews (62.8%) lived in N., in 1827 - 1,654 (64.1%), in 1857 - 2,469 (78.7%), in 1897 - 3,030 (64.6%). In 1921, there were 2,691 Jews (53.5%). Jews lived in N. from the 17th century. In 1650 a synagogue was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid. Main occupation of Jews in the 18th century. - 1st floor. 20th century there were crafts. Rabbi N. in the 1820s. there was Nohum Seidel, then - Issachar Doiv Herzfeld, in the 1870s. - Avrom Bornstein (1839-1910), in the 1890s. - Jacob Landa-Orner. Since 1904 a Zionist organization has been operating in N., and since 1905, a Bund organization. In the beginning. 1910s a Jewish school for girls was opened, and a Jewish loan and savings fund was operating. t-in, in 1917 - children. a garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1927, with the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank. In the 1920s and 30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1926–28 the rabbi of N. was Ihezkiel Hallstak (1887–1943), then his son Elimelekh. During the occupation of N. by units of the Wehrmacht in Sept. 1939 the synagogue was desecrated. Dec. 1939 Jews were deported from N.V. N. clan. L. Rosenthal.
NASTASHKA, a village in the Rakitnyanskiy district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1577. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 535 Jews (10.8%) lived in N. 20th century - OK. 100 Jewish families. occupations of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century there were crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned 2 timber warehouses, a warehouse for storing eggs, a pharmacy, and 23 shops (including 8 grocery stores, 4 manufactures). There was a synagogue in N. In 1919 there were four pogroms in N. by units of the Volunteer Army. Ukrainian peasants hid Jews, which helped to avoid casualties. On Feb. 1920 a pogrom in N. was staged by the detachments of N. I. Makhno. B.M. Kotlyarsky.
NASTASOV, a village in the Ternopil district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1581. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in N. from the 18th century. In the beginning. 20th century in N. lived apprx. 40 Jews. In 1916, 4 Jews were deported from N. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil).
NATALINO, a village in the Krasnograd district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Natalino (other name - Shahovka) Constantinograd u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 8 Jewish families lived in N.. In 1919, pogroms in N. were staged by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and parts of the Directory; during the pogroms, Jewish houses were looted. In July 1942 approx. N. Jews from Krasnograd (90 people) were shot.
NATALINO, see Natalino.
NATALOVKA, a village in the Zaporozhye region of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. 49 Jews lived in N. in 1897, and 68 Jews in 1910. occupations of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century were trade and decomp. crafts. Jews owned 2 workshops for sewing clothes and shoes; the goods produced were sold in Aleksandrovsk (present-day Zaporozhye). In July 1918, a pogrom broke out in N. by parts of the Directory; during the pogrom, Jewish homes were plundered.
NATANEL Aharon (1902, Kazan - 1957), politician. Graduated from the Polytechnic. in-t. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Entrepreneur, director. companies. Member reign of the General Zionist Party, before. Worldwide sport. about-va "Maccabi".
NATANIYAGU Benzion (b. 1910, Warsaw), historian, public figure, publisher. Since 1910 - in E.-I. In 1932–35 members. will execute. to-that "Union of Zionists-revisionists". In 1934–35 ch. ed. gas. Zionist revisionists "Ha-Yarden". In 1940, as part of the New Zionist delegation, the organization arrived in the United States. In 1941–48 he will perform. dir. The new Zionist. org-tion in the USA. In 1948–57 - in Israel; ch. ed. "Encyclopedia of Hebrew" (1949–62). N. edited ed. manuf. T. Herzl, M. Nordau, L.S. Pinsker. The author of the book. on Jewish history, including "Don Isaac Abravanel" (1953), "Marranas in Spain" (1966). In 1957–78 prof. Judaica in decomp. high fur boots USA. Since 1979 - in Israel. Son N. - Yonatan (1946-1976), lieutenant colonel of the Israel Defense Forces. Member of the Six Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973). Killed while commanding an operation to free Israeli hostages captured by terrorists at Entebbe airport (Uganda). N. Benjamin's son (b. 1949), politician. Permanent Representative of the State of Israel to the UN in 1984–88. Since 1988 dep. Knesset from the Likud bloc. 1988–91 deputy. min. foreign cases. In apr. 1992, after winning the intraparty elections, led the opposition bloc Likud.
NATANOV Semyon Aronovich (b. 1937), politician. He graduated from the correspondence department of the Omsk Higher. police schools. From 1962 - in the militia of the Jewish Autonomous Region. Passed the way from a traffic police inspector to the beginning. mountains. dep. int. cases of Birobidzhan. In 1991–93 dep. RF Armed Forces, member. faction "Free Russia". Since 1997 - deputy. prev. Duma of Birobidzhan
NATANSON Georgy Grigorievich (b. 1921, Kazan), film director. Since 1939 - in the army. In 1941–43, assistant director. to the Center. the combined terminal evacuated to Alma-Ata. In 1944 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. Together with S.V. Obraztsov he shot a cartoon. "Heavenly Creation" (1956, honorary diploma at the 8th Moscow Art Festival for children in Venice). The first work in fiction films was the film publisher "White Acacia" (1958), joint venture. with A.V. Efros put f. A Noisy Day (1961). Known for screen adaptations of plays by playwrights S. I. Aleshin, A. M. Volodin, E. S. Radzinsky, V. S. Rozov, br. Tour, A.V. Sofronova - "Everything remains for the people" (1963), "Chamber" (1965), "Elder Sister" (1967, "Silver Plate" at the 9th ICF in Cartagena, Colombia), "Ambassador of the Soviet Union "(1970)," For everything is responsible "(1973)," Inheritance "(1985), etc. Honored. figure of lawsuit in the RSFSR (1981), People's Commissars. art. RF (1994). State pr. USSR (1977).
NATANSON Isidor Pavlovich (1906, Zurich - 1964, Leningrad), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1937), prof. (1939). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1929). He worked there (since 1932), at the same time. in Leningrad. in-those Ing. prom. building (1930–36), Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics (1936–42), Leningrad. engineer-building in-those (1944–57). Member Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of the Federal Republic of Germany. research results. in metric theory of functions valid. variable, constructive theory of functions, func. analysis, in the region. Approx. and numerical methods. Author of textbooks on higher education. mathematics ("Theory of functions of substances, variable", 2nd ed. M., 1957, etc.) and the monograph "Constructive theory of functions" (M.-L., 1949).
NATANSON Ludwig (1821, Warsaw - 1896, ibid.), Doctor, public figure. Son of Wolf Zelig N. (1795–1879), founder of the Nathanson and Sons banking house. In 1848–52 N. took an active part in suppressing the cholera epidemic in Warsaw. He had practice in the wealthy houses of Warsaw, provided gratuitous aid to the poor. From 1847 to 1868 he published and edited "Medical Weekly". In 1863 he was elected president. Polish honey. about-va. In 1871 - prez. the Jewish community of Warsaw; held this position until the end of his days, promoting the development of old and the creation of new institutions (synagogues, hospitals, craft school, workshops). N.'s son - Stanislav (1857-1929), banker, industrialist. In 1896-1918 vice-president. Jewish religion. communities of Warsaw. From 1903 he represented Poland in the EKO. Brother N. - Yakov (1832, Warsaw - 1884, ibid.), Chemist. Graduated from Dorpat University (1855). In 1856 he first synthesized fuchsin. In 1857 he graduated in Polish. "A short sketch of organic. chemistry as applied to agriculture and technology ", which attracted the attention of Europe. scientists. In 1862–66 - head. Department of Chemistry Ch. schools in Warsaw. For some time he headed the Jewish community of Warsaw.
NATANSON Mark (Mordechai) Andreevich (1850, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1919, Bern, Switzerland), politician. In 1868–71 he studied at the Medical-Surgical. academy, in 1871 in Agricultural. Institute (Petersburg). One of the leaders of the student. movement con. 1860s., Creator and hands. so called circle of "Tchaikovites" ("Big Society of Propaganda"). In 1871 he was arrested, until 1874 in exile in the Arkhangelsk and Voronezh provinces. Upon returning to St. Petersburg - one of the organizers of the "Sev. rev.-populist. group "(1876, since 1878 - revolutionary society" Land and Freedom ") and the workers' circle" Society of Friends ". In 1877 he was arrested, held in solitary confinement at the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 1879 he was exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1889 he returned to Europe. Russia, made an attempt to unite the surviving populists. mugs. In 1893 he was one of the founders of the People's Law party. In 1894 he was arrested again and exiled to Vost. Siberia. Upon his return (1902), member. Socialist Revolutionary Party, member. its Central Committee, was in charge of finances. From the end. 1907 in exile, in the years. 1st world. war internationalist, participant of the international. socialist conf. in Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintal (1916). In 1917 he returned to Russia, was elected a member. Of the Executive Committee of Vseros. Council cross. dep. Since the summer of 1917, one of the leaders of the Left SRs, supported Oct. armed restore in Petrograd. At the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, then member. his prez. At the 1st Congress of the Party of the Left Social Revolutionaries (Nov. 1917) elected member. Central Committee. Supporter of dissolution. assembly, tried to prevent the breakup of the bloc of the Left SRs and Bolsheviks. June – Aug. 1918 was in Switzerland to establish contacts with the foreign. socialist in batches. In the fall of 1918, one of the initiators of the creation. levonarodnich. party roar. communism, part. a cut was occupied by a pro-Bolshevist. position. Due to illness from the end. 1918 from polit. activity has moved away. In 1919 he went to Switzerland for treatment, where he soon died.
NATANSON William (1883, Pavoloch Skvirsky u. Kiev province. - 1963, Los Angeles), publicist, public figure. Lived in Zhitomir, member. Bund. Since 1903 - in the USA. For two years he studied medicine, philosophy and psychology at the university. At the same time. organized Jewish clubs and schools, gave lectures. Publ. Art. on Philosophy and Sociology, lit. topics in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. The author of the book. in Yiddish: Culture and Civilization (1923); "Intelligentsia, Art and Artists"; "Towards a revision of radical national thought" (both - 1931); “G. Leivik - the poet of the coming and rising” (1936); "Soviet despotism - how long |" (1936); “Man and Space” (1953) and others. He translated “Ethics” by B. Spinoza into Yiddish.
NATANSON Vladimir Alexandrovich (b. 1909, Gulyai-Pole Alexandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1993, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1958), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1931) and graduate school (1935) in the class of fp. from S.E. Feinberg. From 1935 he taught there, then in the music. uch-shche at the cons. Author of works on the history of Russian. muses. culture and teaching methods php. game, et al. book "School of playing at fp." (1951; 13th ed. - 1963). Among other works: “Rus. piano music. Reader "(with AA Nikolayev, issues 1-2, 1954-56)," From muses. past Mosk. un-ta "(1955)," The past of Russian. pianism "(1960)," Piano works. Beethoven in Russian. concert repertoire "(1972).
Nathanson Yakov Germanovich (| - |), lawyer, publisher. Received higher education. jurid. education, was a sworn attorney in Odessa. After the establishment of bargaining. at home "Odessa News" (1912) - his commissioner for publishing. bibl. zhurn. "Book news" and gas. "Odessa News". After the transformation, bargaining. houses in ac. about - before. his board and officers. publisher of "Odessa News". One of the initiators of the ed. free apps to Odessa News - gas. "Elisavetgrad echoes", "Nikolaev echoes", "Echoes of the Kherson province." and "Kherson echoes" (all –1912). In 1913-18, the publisher was gas. "Little Odessa News".
NATANZON David-Ber (Bernhard) (1832, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1916, Warsaw), literary critic, journalist, publisher. The nephew of I.-B. Levinzon. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1853–70 he was a Hebrew teacher in Odessa. Until 1875 - in Chisinau, Lodz, he was engaged in trade and at the same time. clearance. activities. Began to print in gas. "Ha-Magid", also collaborated in gas. "Gamelitz". Compiled a dictionary of proper names in TANAKH, a dictionary of foreign. words and tech. terms found in the Talmud. At the request of Sholem Aleichem, he prepared for the 1st volume "Yiddish Folks-Libraries" unpublished. pov. Levinson "Di gefker velt" ("The world of arbitrariness") and his biography, subsequently published. N. dep. book The author of the book. in Yiddish "Di papirene brik, velhe firt zu dry erceilungen" ("Paper bridge, which leads to three stories", 1891).
NATANZON N. (| - |), publicist. Was printed in gas. “Der Emes” (Moscow), “Oktyaber” (Minsk), in “Birobidzhaner Stern”. In 1931, the book was published in Moscow. N .: "Bolshevistisher shnit af di socialistishe felder" ("Bolshevik harvest in the Jewish socialist fields") and "Collectivization un culture-arbet in yidishn dorf" ("Collectivization and cultural work in the Jewish village"). In 1932 he lived for a certain time in Birobidzhan, released the book. essays about him.
NATOCHIN Yuri Viktorovich (b. 1932, Kharkov), biologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1968), prof., acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from the Novosibirsk State University. honey. Institute (1956). Since 1959 in Ying-those Evolution. physiology and biochemistry. I.M.Sechenov Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Jr. scientific. sotr., head. lab. Main directions of scientific. activities - the physiology of the kidney and water-salt metabolism, the evolution of functions, the mechanism and action of vasopressin, the mechanisms of transport of ions and water, water-salt metabolism and space. flight, functional nephrology. D. h. Intern. Academy of Astronautics, hon. h. Hungarian fiziol. about-va. Cit .: Ion-regulating function of the kidney. L., 1976; Physiology of the kidney. L., 1982; Problems of evolutionary physiology of water-salt metabolism. L., 1984.
NATO (Radulsky) Semyon Yakovlevich (1910, Kiev - 1944), teacher. Master of Sports of the USSR (1930). Car mechanic by profession. Organizer of the first in the USSR Det. chess and checkers club at the Kiev Palace of Pioneers (1936), from which came the Intern. grandmasters II Kuperman, DI Bronshtein, VM Kashtan and others. Champion of the USSR in Russian. checkers (1934). Co-author of the book. "Checkers. Manual on the theory of the game "," Five years of the first child. chess and checkers club "(both - 1941). During the war 1941–45 pom. com. shelf according to engineering and technical parts. Killed in battle in the Vitebsk region.
Natyany, see Nothenay.
NATYRBEY, see Natyrbovo.
NATYRBOVO, a village in the Koshekhablsky district of the Republic of Adygea (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Natyrbei, Maikop department. Kuban Region During the occupation in N. in November. 1942 6 Jews were shot.
NAUMOV Naum Veniaminovich (1918, Skopin, Ryazan province - 1982, Moscow), translator, critic. In 1941 he graduated from IFLI, in 1951 - graduate school of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. Published since 1947. Translated by art. prose with French, Italian, Spanish lang. (Voltaire, brothers Goncourt, L. Dumas, A. Camus, L. Aragon, Vercors, V. Pozner, A. Moravia, C. Pavese, C. Levi, M. Asturias, M. Vargas Llosa, M. Delibes and etc.). Author lit.-critical. Art., dedicated. writers from France, Italy, Lat. America. Mn. years together with L.Z. Lungina led a seminar for young translators of French. prose.
NAUMOV Vladimir Naumovich (b. 1927, Leningrad), film director. In 1951 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. From 1951 dir. Kievskaya k / a, [[]] since 1957 - k / st "Mosfilm". Assistant-trainee in the painting by IASavchenko "The Third Impact" (1948) and "Taras Shevchenko" (1951, after the death of I.Savchenko he graduated from the faculty with AA Alov). He starred in films ("The third blow" and "Burn, burn, my star", 1969). He made his debut as dir. in 1955 f. "Old Fortress". All f. 1955–84 staged by joint stock company. with Alov. In 1961 withdrew anti-war. f. "Peace to the incoming", criticized in the USSR for "pacifism" and received a number of prizes at the ICF. In 1966 - f. "Bad anecdote" on pov. F.M. Dostoevsky, banned from showing until the end. 1980s for "slandering the Russian people." Among other fictions: "Pavel Korchagin" (1957), "Wind" (1959), "Run" (1971, after M.A.Bulgakov), "The Legend of Thiel" (1977, after the novel by C. de Coster ), "Tehran-43" (1981), "Coast" (1984, after Yu.V. Bondarev). Author pl. scripts, also compatible. with Alov. He independently put f. "Choice" (1987, after Bondarev), "Law" (1990), "Ten Years Without Correspondence" (1991). Nar. art. USSR (1983). State pr. USSR (1985).
NAUMOVICHI, a village in the Grodno district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district Grodno Gubernia. In the summer of 1941, N. occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 and Feb. 1942 more than 3 thousand Jews were brought to the dilapidated fort No. 2, 2.5 km from N., who were subsequently shot. In 1944, the bodies of the executed were dug up and burned, and in 1960 a monument was erected at the site of the execution.
NAUSYAS DAUGELISKIS, a village in Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. New Davgolishki (other name - Novo-Davgelishki) of Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century ND had a Jewish population. In 1882-1903 N.D. was closed for a new settlement of Jews. In 1913, the unity. the pharmacy in N.D. belonged to a Jew. G.S. Ushpolis.
NAUTRENI, a settlement in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lucinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1920–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 26 Jews lived in N. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in July 1941, the Jews of N. were shot.
NAUYAMESTIS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - in the Upitsky powiat of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novoe Mesto Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 467 Jews lived in N. and its environs, in 1897 in N. - 298 (30%), in 1923 - 157 Jews (21.2% ).All R. 19th century N. had a Karaite population; in 1863 the cinema was in operation. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Karaites N. moved to Kharkov. In the 1920s – 1930s. most of the Jews left N. By 1941, there were several remaining in N.. Jewish families, to-rye died during the Holocaust.
NAUJOSOS KETAVISKES, a village in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ketovishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 12 Jews (5%) lived in NK in 1923. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, the Jews of NK were shot.
NAUJOYI-VILNA, now a part (since 1957) of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vileika Vilensky u. and lips. In 1903 the settlement was formed. Novo-Vileisk at the railway stations, which included Vileika and other villages. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–57 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 in N.-V. lived 346 Jews (10.3%), in 1910 - approx. 1,000 Jews Since the 1870s rabbi in N.-V. was Meir Lieven (1845–?). In 1898 at the station. Vileyka, a tradeswoman named Wilter was arrested, and a lithographic stone and a manual typesetting machine belonging to the secret Bund printing house were found in her luggage. there were 2 synagogues. June 24, 1941 N.-V. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 22 Sep 1941 in N.-V. 1159 Jews were shot.
NAVARIA, a village in Pustomyty district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1627. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of the Lviv district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 374 Jews (42.1%) lived in N., in 1900 - 355 (35.6%), in 1921 - 340 Jews (31.4%) First mention. about Jews N. refers to 1629. In the 2nd half. 19th century in N. arose independently. community. In the 1830s. Rabbi N. was Israel Kahane (1801-1881), in the 1860s-80s. - Efroim-Doyv Langnoer, then - Aaron Smolner. In the end. 1890s The son of Belze's tzaddik Naftoli Rokeach (1860–1905) became the rabbi and head of the Hasidic court in N. After the death of N. Rokeach, his place was taken by his son - Pinchas (1880-1942). in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941, the N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1942 Jews of N. (450 people) were sent to Shirets, and from there to the extermination camp Belzec.
NAVLYA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Karachevsky u. Oryol province. 1926 in Navlinskaya vol. 138 Jews lived in N. in 1939, 93 Jews lived in N. In autumn 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 in N., 39 Jews were shot. 1990s there is a Hesed branch in N.
NAVOI (until 1958 - an urban-type settlement Kermine), a city (since 1958), the center of the Navoi region (Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1868 - part of Ros. empire, a city in the Bukhara Emirate. In 1920–24 - in the Bukhara Nar. owls. republic, since 1938 - in the Bukhara region. UzSSR. In 1926, approx. 800 Jews (including 10 Ashkenazi), in 1939 - 809 Jews. 19th century in N. there were several. family synagogues. In 1889 the company was opened. synagogue. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a Jewish cemetery was laid. 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in N. 1920s the first Ashkenazi Jews arrived in N. In 1929 approx. N. the Jewish collective farm "Fruits of October" was created (previously in 1929–35 - Aron Davydovich). In the house of one of the collective farmers there was a synagogue and a school. The rabbis in N. were Menachem Khaimov (1878–1943), Avrom-Chaim Coenov (1899–1982), Dzhura Borukhov (1872–1959), and Khiskiyagu Shimonov (1896–1980). In 1941–42, a large number of in Jewish refugees from the West. districts of the USSR. In 1949 the synagogue and mikvah were closed in N.. In the second half. 1950s in connection with the creation in N. kr. prom. the first, the number of the Jewish population increased due to the arrived specialists. The Jews were dir. chem. Commander P. Kanun, Dean. electrochem. Commander G. Izakson, director. one of the enterprises of the defense industry A. Press, deputy. dir. mining and metallurgy. s-da SZ Lvovsky. In 1970 a new synagogue was built, the rabbis of which were Avrom Tokov (1915-1982) and Sholom Tokov (1906-1989), in the beginning. 1990s - Zion Currents. In the 1990s. Torah scrolls from the Bukhara state were transferred to the synagogue. architect-artist Museum-Reserve, confiscated in the late. 1930s - early. In the 1940s, in 2005, approx. 250 Jews there was a Jewish community.
NAVOLOKI, a city (since 1938) in the Kineshemsky district of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century in Kineshemsky u. Kostroma Gubernia. In 1926 there were 5 Jews living in N., and in 1939 - 5 Jews.
NAVOZ, a village in the Rozhischensky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. Faivel Rakhmilevich Apeltsin (1916–1992), geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineral. Sciences (1960), prof. (1967), specialist in the region. geology and petrography magmatic. formations.
NAY BROT (in Yiddish - New bread), ex. Jewish agriculturalist. a collective in the Freidorf region of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1932, 31 Jewish families lived in N.. In the fall of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the 2nd floor. nov. 1941 in N. 26 Jews were shot.
NAY DORF, see Novoselka, Kherson region.
NAY FELD (in Yiddish - New field), a village in the Birobidzhan district of the Jewish Autonomous Region (Russian Federation). Main In 1929, 1 Jew lived in N. in 2006.
NAY GAME, see Novoselka, Nikolaev region.
NAY ICOR (New ICOR), ex. Jewish agriculturalist. a collective in the Evpatoria region of the Crimean ASSR. In 1932 in N.-I. lived 51 Jewish families.
NAY SHPROTSUNG (in Yiddish - Sprout of the new), ex. Jewish agricultural m-in in the Simferopol region of the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925, 26 Jewish families (133 Jews) lived in N. Sh. Sh. Was founded by people from Gomel.
NAIDICH Eric Ezrovich (b. 1919, Krasnoyarsk), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1976). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1941). Prepared a number of ed. M.Yu. Lermontov: Coll. op. in 4 volumes (1957–58, jointly with L.N. Nazarova), "A Hero of Our Time" (1962, jointly with B.M. Eichenbaum, Works in 2 volumes (1964, jointly with Eichenbaum) , Poly. Collection of poems in 2 volumes (1989).
NAIDICH Itzhak-Asher (1868, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1949, Paris), public figure. From his youth to a Zionist. movement. Since 1899 - in Moscow, the owner of a vodka factory. During the 1st world. wars of hands. EKOPO. In 1919–40 - in Paris. One of the founders of Keren ha-Yesod. In 1920–27 before. finance. and econ. Commission of the World. Zionist. org-tion. Financed the construction of the P.M. Pytenberg power plant and the potash mining company at the Dead Sea. In 1940–46 - in the USA, in 1946–49 - in Paris. Provided assistance to Jewish refugees in Europe.
NAIDIN Mordechai (1896, Lyubartov, Lublin province - 1941, Brest), translator. Since 1925 he translated into Yiddish works. Russian writers. From 1929 dep. ed. N.'s translations were published, including "Childhood", "The Artamonovs' Case" and "The Life of Klim Samgin" by M. Gorky, "Duel" by A.P. Chekhov, etc.
NAIDORF Miguel (real name Moishe-Berech) (b. 1910, Warsaw - 1997, Malaga, Spain), chess player, chess theorist, journalist. Int. grandmaster (1950), int. Arbitrator (1972). In 1935–39, as a member of the Polish team, he participated in three chess. Olympiads. Since 1939 - in Argentina, 7-time champion of the country (1949–75). He led the Argentine team in nine Olympics (1950–70). In 1948–57 he took part in world championship competitions, including the candidates' tournaments (1950, 1953). St. 40 years played in the international. tournaments, including the winner of many competitions in Buenos Aires and Mar del Plata. In 1970, a participant in the match between the world team and the USSR national team (on the 9th board he drew with M.N. Tal. ), in 1947 he played a blindfold session on 45 boards (of which he won 39, lost 2.) He made a substantial contribution to the theory of openings, one of the variants in the Sicilian Defense was named after N.
NAYDUS Leib (1890, Grodno - 1918, ibid.), Poet, translator. In 1905 he was excluded from the commercial. school for participation in the movement of socialist-territorialists. He began to write at the same time. in Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. lang. Reprinted in decomp. Russian gas. and zhurn. Vilna and Grodno, released Sat. verse, in Russian lang. "Field panels". The verse debuted in Yiddish. "Young harp" in the journal. "Roman Zeitung" in 1907, then printed poetry and trans. in pl. periodic. ed. In 1915 he released the collection. verse. in Yiddish "Lyric" (Vilna), in 1917 published in Grodno lit. Sat. "Neman". The author is poetic. collection of books "Di flutes fun Pan" ("Pan's flute", 1917), "Intime nigunim" ("Intimate tunes", 1919), the poem "Di erd dervakht" ("The earth awakens, 1919), as well as many others. per. (A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, S. Baudelaire, E. Verharn, G. Heine, E. Po and others).
NAYMAN Iehezkel-Moishe (1893, Zhikhlin Kutninsky u. Warsaw province. - 1956, Israel), publicist, poet, playwright. Studied in Lodz. In 1912-14 he led the department. satire and humor in the gas. Lodser Morgenblat. He wrote dramas. sketches for the Jewish theater and he himself participated in their staging. In 1919–20 he was one of the founders of ód lit. gr. "Jung Yiddish", published in her publishing house. Since 1919 - in Warsaw, sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", since 1933 - its lit. ed. He was engaged in research. Jewish art and for this purpose several. visited a number of Europe. countries, Turkey, Egypt, E.-I., North. Africa. Author of dramas. manuf. and performances for the Jewish t-ra. A number of feuilletons and poems by N. publ. into illegal. Jewish ed. Warsaw ghetto. A special place among the book. N. occupy Sat. "Yomtev indervohn" ("Holiday on weekdays", 1936) and the tragicomedy "Der Millionaire". He translated plays by Polish playwrights into Yiddish.
NAIMARK Mark Aronovich (1909, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1941), prof. (1942). Graduated from Odessa Phys.-Chem.-Math. Institute (1933), postgraduate studies at Odessa University (1936), doctoral studies in Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1941). Disciple of M.G. Kerin. He worked at Odessa University (1933–38), in the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938–50), at the Academy of the Defense Industry (1950–56), at MIPT (1956–62), in Mat. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1962). Main research results. relate to functional. Analysis and Algebra, Works: Normalized Rings. 3rd ed. M., 1956; Linear differentials operators. 2nd ed. M., 1969; Group representation theory. M., 1976.
NAIMARK Naum Isaakovich (b. 1930, Moscow), architect. Doctor of Architecture (1992). In 1954 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Regional Settlement Specialist. One of the authors of the monumental monograph "Complex regional planning" (M., 1980). Main work: Gen. settlement scheme of the USSR (1988, as a member of the team); Gene. plan of Moscow and Mosk. region sect. Regional Settlement (1989).
NAYMARK Yuri Iosifovich (b. 1939, Kiev), architect-urban planner. Graduated from architect. Faculty of Kiev Engineering-Construction Institute (1962). The participant is urban planning. contests. Main work: gene. plans of Minusinsk (1974), pos. Kostroma NPP (1983), Elabuga (1986), Naberezhnye Chelny (1992).
NAYSHTOT-TAVRIG, see ямemaiciu-Naumiestis.
NAZARLO, a village in the Gardaban region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 45 Jews lived in N..
NAZAROVO, a city (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1700. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nazarov Achinsk environs Yenisei province. Since 1946 it has been an urban-type settlement. 15 Jews lived in N. 1939, and 10 Jews lived in 2002. In 1914 a Jew owned one shop in N.. 2000s in N. began to operate a branch of "Hesed".
NAZAROVSKY, see Nazarovo.
NAZIMOVO, a village in the Kuninsky district of the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Toropetsky district. Pskov Gubernia. In 1926, 69 Jews lived in N.
NAZRAN (in 1944–57 - Costa-Khetagurovo), a city (since 1967), a regional center in the Republic of Ingushetia (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 19th century as aul of the Sunzhensky env. Tersk Region In 1939, there were 3 Jews living in N., in 2002 - 6 Jews.
NAZYVAEVSK (until 1956 - the settlement of Novonazyvaevka), a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Omsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1910 in the Tyukalinsky environs. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939 there were 31 Jews living in N., in 2002 - 1 Jew.
NEBRAT, a village in the Borodyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. In 1850, 28 Jews lived in N., in 1910 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1894 Khaim Faibishenko owned a sawmill. In 1910 the Jews of N. owned 2 shops, a tavern, and a workshop for sewing clothes. In 1919, a pogrom took place in N., in the course of which Jewish houses were plundered, 4 Jews were wounded.
NECHAEVKA, see Vityazevka.
UNCHANGEABLE, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery and haberdashery shop in N. In 1923 approx. N. was allocated 8 thousand dessiatins. land for the organization of agricultural. Jewish settlements.
NEDANCHICHI, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov province. In 1866 St. 50 Jews, in 1910 - 16 Jews. main the occupation of the Jews of N. was trade. In 1866, Jews owned 6 shops.
NEDAVA Yosef (1915, Balta, Podolsk province - 1988, Israel), writer, translator, journalist, historian. Dr. is right. From 1925 - in E.-I. Graduated from the University of London. Active Zionist and revisionist. movement. Since 1940 hands. polit. dep. “New Zionist. Histadrut "in Jerusalem, chl. its secretariat since 1944. He contributed to ETsEL and LEKHI. Published in the press in Hebrew in E.-I., USA and Europe (articles, essays, feuilletons). Collaborated on the radio stations "Voice of Israel", "Voice of Jerusalem", "TsAGAL waves". Since 1957 the teacher is polit. sciences at un-those Bar-Ilan. Since 1971 prof. Haifa University. Translated into Hebrew by man. E. Poe, O. Wilde, R. Kipling, A. Koestler. The author of the book. on the recent history of Bl. East, including "Medenaim britiim bay-meinu" ("British politicians of the present", 1946), "Arthur Koestler" (1946), "Seder olei ga-guard" ("Ascended the scaffold", 1952), " Torat ha-neum "(" Theory of Oratory ", 1957) and other works; The eternal commissar. L.D. Trotsky and the Jewish question. M., 1991; Milestones in life. Jerusalem-M, 1991; Silk and steel. M., 1993.
NEDLATI, a village in the Znaur region of South Ossetia (Georgia). Before joining Ros. Empire (1861) was part of the Kingdom of Kartli. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In the 18th century. Jew Shabat Tiriashvili and his family owned land in N.
NEDOBOYEVTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1572. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1888, approx. 170 Jews (about 10%), in 1910 - 144 Jews (6%). Jews N. were engaged in the main. sugar trade.
NEDOGARKI, a village in the Alexandria region of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandria district. Kherson province. In 1897, three Jewish families lived in N.
NEDRA, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish families living in N.
NEDRIGAILOV, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1780 - the district city of the Kharkov governorship, since 1796 - the provincial town of Lebedinsky district. Kharkiv Gubernia. 119 Jews lived in the Nedrigailovsky District in 1926, and 33 in N. in 1939. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the winter of 1941/42 in the Nedrigailovsky district, 5 Jewish families remaining in the occupation were not shot. 1990s In N. there is a branch of "Hesed". In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N..
NEEDEZHINO, now part of (since 1978) Minsk (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century In N. there was a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony.
NEDZINGI, see Nyading.
NEPHOROUS, see Niggard.
NEFTECHALA, city (since 1959), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939 there were 4 Jews living in N.. In 2002 there was a Jewish population in N.; the "Hesed" was operating.
NEFTEGORSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Apsheronsk District of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). 20 Jews lived in N. in 1939.
NEGIN, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. 89 Jews lived in N. in 1867. 19th century there was a synagogue in N.
NEGNEVICHI, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 276 Jews (45.2%) lived in N., in 1921 - 112 Jews (27.6%). Jews lived in N. from the end. 18th century Since 1908, Chaim-Zelig Polyak (1883–?) Was the rabbi in N. In 1913, Jews owned all 5 grocery stores, and all 4 tobacco shops in N. In the summer of 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of N. were deported to the Lyubcha ghetto.
NEGONICHI, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in N.
NEGORELOE, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dzerzhinsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the beginning. 20th century In 1939, 59 Jews lived in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 in N. a group of Jews was shot.
Eduard Eduardovich NEGREBETSKY (b. 1908, Tiflis - 1985), athlete (tennis). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. He played for Dynamo Society (Tbilisi). From 1932 - at the Dynamo Society (Leningrad). USSR champion in singles (1932, 1947, 1949, 1950), in men's doubles competition (1938, 1939, 1947, 1950–52). Absolute champion of the USSR (1950).
NEGROVETS, a village in the Mezhgirsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. There was a synagogue. The Jewish population of N. was destroyed during the Holocaust. In 1955, by the decision of the Transcarpathian Regional Executive Committee, the building of the synagogue was dismantled, and the materials were sent to the construction of the villages. club.
UNKNOWN Ernst Iosifovich (b. 1926, Sverdlovsk), sculptor, graphic artist. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1945–46 he taught drawing at the Suvorov School in Sverdlovsk. In 1947–54 he studied at Moscow. thin in-those them. V.I.Surikov and on ph. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1954 he participated in art. exhibitions in Moscow. In 1958 he began work on the middle. "Gigantomachia" - architect. a monument to human creativity. Winner of the competition for the design of the Victory Monument (1959). Member of Vses. exhibition "To the 30th anniversary of the Moscow Union of Artists" (1962) in the Manege, where he entered into a discussion with NS Khrushchev. In subsequent years he worked on ser. engravings and fig. to manuf. F.M. Dostoevsky (1963), exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art. art in Belgrade (1965), created the sculptures "Centaur", "Stone Tears" in Yugoslavia. Together with MZ Shagal he was presented at the exhibition in gal. Grosvenor (London). Completed 15-meter decor. relief "Prometheus" for the pioneer. camp "Artek" (1966), illustrated works. Dante (1967–69). Participated in exhibitions in Paris and Locarno (1970), in the Museum of modern. Isk-va in Tel Aviv (1972). The sculpture "Crucifixion" was exhibited in the collection. Pope John Paul I (1973). N. created a tombstone at the grave of Khrushchev at the Novodevichy cemetery (1974). In 1976 he emigrated to Switzerland (Zurich). Finished work on bronzes. portrait of D. D. Shostakovich for the Kennedy Center in Washington. Since 1977 - in the USA, lectured on art and philosophy in high fur boots. Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the New York Academy of Arts and Sciences (1986). In Uttersberg (Sweden) he opened a museum of his works "The Tree of Life". In 1989 he lectured at Moscow State University. Created a memorial project. victims of the Catastrophe in Riga and memorials. victims of Stalinism in Vorkuta. Author of poetry, essays, memoirs.
Nekhayki, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 7 Jewish families lived in N.
Nekhvoroshch, a village in the Andrushevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1590. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1909 a Jewish consumer society operated in N. In 1914, Jews owned all 3 grocery stores in N.
Nekhvoroshcha, a village in the Novosanzharsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1673. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Neforosh of Konstantinograd u. Poltava province. Since 1923 it has been a regional center. In 1889, approx. 250 Jews (4%), in 1910 - 32 Jewish families, in 1939 - 10 Jews. In 1882–1903 N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in N. was Yosef-Yakov Fischer (1870–?). In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, 2 grocery stores, the only leather and shoe store in N. In the 1920s – 1930s. most of the Jews left N. 17 Sept. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 two Jews were killed in N.
NEKRASOVO, a village in the Vinnitsa region of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yuzvin Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. In 1887, 710 Jews (30%) lived in N., in 1897 - 445 Jews (23%). In 1889 a synagogue functioned in N.. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914 the Jews of N. owned a pharmacy, 4 manufactory, and 8 grocery stores; Among the Jews of N. there was a timber merchant. In July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. On March 2, 1942, 97 Jews were shot in N.
NEKRASOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1954) in Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 10 Jews (0.1%) lived in N.
NEKRASOVSKOE (until 1938 - Bolshiye Sali), an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Yaroslavl Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1214 as from. Great Salts. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Kostroma u. 14 Jews lived in N. in 1939, and a Jewish population in N. in 2000.
NECRICH Alexander Moiseevich (1920, Baku - 1993, Boston, USA), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1963). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1945–49 he was a post-graduate student of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949-50 freelance. ed. TSB. From 1950 ml. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1956 Art. scientific. sotr. I was engaged in the history of the 2nd world. war, history of Great Britain, int. relations, etc. In 1965, publ. book "1941, June 22", in a cut analyzed the policy of the Sov. leadership on the eve and in the initial period of the war with Germany. For this work, N. was criticized, for refusing to "admit his mistakes" he was expelled from the CPSU (1967). In 1976 N. emigrated from the USSR, until the beginning. 1980s worked in Great Britain, then in Rus. will investigate. Center of Harvard University (USA), taught at Ying-those Brendays. Works: Eng. politics in Europe on the eve of the 2nd world. war. M., 1949; State system and polit. party of Great Britain. M., 1958; The war, which was recognized as "strange". M., 1961; Foreign policy of England during the Second World War (Sept. 1939 - June 1941), M ,, 1962; Foreign policy of England (during the Second World War 1939-1941). M., 1963; Deported peoples. New York, 1978 (in English); By renouncing fear. Rep. historian. London, 1979; Utopia in Power, London. 1986 (with M. Geller),
NECULEUKA (before 1990 - Nikolaevka), a village in the Orhei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Nikolaev Blagodat (other name - Nikolaevka) Orhei u. Bessarabian oblast, from 1873 - province. In 1861 336 people lived in N. In 1861 a synagogue functioned in N..
NELEPINO, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1430. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, several of them lived in N. Jewish families, in the 1930s. - 250 Jews. Jews settled in N. at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1944, 129 Jewish families (658 people) were deported from N. to Mukachevo, then in May 1944 they were sent to the extermination camp Auschwitz. After 1945, 95 Jews returned to N.. In 1953 the premises of the former. the synagogue was turned over to sports. school hall.
NELIDOVO, city (since 1949), regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk Gubernia. 194 Jews (13.4%) lived in N. in 1926, 124 Jews in 1939, and 19 Jews in 2002. Sep 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, the Jews who remained in the occupation were shot.
NELMA, a village in the Soviet-Gavansky district of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Khabarovsk environs. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in N.
NELLI Vladimir Alexandrovich (1895, Exactly Volyn province - 1980, Kiev), director. He studied at un-those and the school-studio t-ra "Solovtsov" in Kiev, After graduation in 1919 he worked as an actor in the t-ts of Moscow, Petrograd, Yekaterinburg, Chernigov, Kharkov, since 1921 - dir. In 1931–62 - dir. (up to 1936 artistic director) in Kiev Rus. dram. t-re them, Lesya Ukrainka, in 1931–36 - artistic director. hands., then dir. Since 1961 prof. Kiev in-that theater. lawsuit. N. staged performances; "Rift" by B.A. Lavrenev (1928), "Treachery and Love" by I.-F. Schiller (1932), "My Friend" by N.F. Pogodin (1932), "Optimistic Tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky ( 1933), "The Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy (1940), "Walking through the agony" after AN Tolstoy (1947), "Death of the Squadron" by AE Korneichuk (1956), "The Comedy of Errors" by U. Shakespeare (1959), and others. The author of the book. "The Director's Work" (1962), "On Directing" (1977). Nar. art. Chechen-Ingush. ASSR (1944), honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1946).
NEMA, urban-type settlement, regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nolinsky u. Vyatka province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one of two beer shops in N.
NEMAKSCHIAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nemokshty Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1662 12 adult Jews lived in N., in 1847 there were 255 Jews, in 1897 - 954 (81%), in 1923 - 150 Jewish families (704 Jew, 69%), in the end. 1930s - OK. 70 Jewish families. Jews lived in N. from the 17th century. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1863. The rabbis in N. in the 19th century there were Uri-Dovid Efron, Chaim-Zvi Broyde, Moishe Zachs (? –1905), later one of the leaders of the “Ha-Mizrahi” movement, in 1905–32 - Yehuda-Benzion Zax (1870 -?). The occupations of the Jewish population of N. were crafts and trade. Three Jewish families owned vast estates, one Jew owned mills. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school of the Tarbut network, a Jewish library, a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. In the 1930s. pl. Jews left N. The last rabbi in N. was Yisroel Krantz. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of N. were shot in July - August. 1941 1.5 km from the village. 1990s a monument is erected on the mass grave of the executed. The memorial sign was installed on the former. Jewish cemetery.
NEMAN (until 1979 - Mogilno), a village in the Uzdensky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 305 Jews (28.3%) lived in N., in 1923 - 176 Jews. In 1905–10 Shloyme Golovenchiz (1869–1938) was the rabbi in N.. In 1913, Jews owned all three grocery stores in N. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N. in 1941, 60 Jews were shot.
NEMAN Joseph Grigorievich (1903, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1952, Kharkov), aircraft designer. Prof. (1938). Participant of Civil. war. In 1929 he graduated from the Kharkov technol. in-t. Since 1930, the teacher of the Kharkov Aviation. in-that, simultaneously. (since 1936) ch. Aviation designer w-yes. In 1931–38 and 1944–52 the head. Department of Aircraft Design. In 1931 under the hands of. N. designed and built the first in Europe high-speed seven-seat passenger aircraft KhAI-1 - a monoplane with retractable landing gear in flight. For creation. this aircraft was awarded hordes. Cr. Stars (1933). The high-speed two-seat photo reconnaissance aircraft R-10 (KhAI-5) (1936) and a light bomber (1939), created by N., were successfully used on the fronts of the Second World. war. In 1938 N. was arrested. Worked in the design bureau of the 4th department. at the NKVD of the USSR, then (1939) in the team of VM Myasishchev, where the design of the Pe-2 bomber was carried out. A year later, he headed the design team at the Tupolev Design Bureau, working on the Tu-2 aircraft. In the beginning. wars - ch. Aviation designer w-yes. On July 19, 1941, he was released ahead of schedule with a cleared conviction, after which he was early. KB z-yes, ch. constructor s-yes. On Sept. 1944 posted at the disposal of the Kharkov Aviation. Institute, where he headed the department of aircraft design.
NEMCHINOVKA, a summer residence in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1870 in Moscow province. In 1989, 23 Jews (1.7%) lived in N.
NEMCHINOVO, a village in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the 1920s. - a workers' settlement. In 1926, 44 Jews lived in N..
NEMENCHIN, see NEMENCHIN.
NEMENCHINE, a city (since 1955) in Vilnius district. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nemenchin, Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1885, 340 Jews (72.2%) lived in N., in 1897 - 639 (72%), in 1939 - OK. 70 Jewish families. Jews lived in N. from mid. 19th century All R. 19th century in N. there was a Jewish general education. school. In the end. 19th century a community was created, a synagogue was built. In 1882–1933, Yakov Kapshtein (1847–1933) was the rabbi in N. 19 - early. 20th century some N. Jews left for the USA, where a community of immigrants from N. was organized. Jews N. suffered during the 1st World. war. In the beginning. 1920s the Joint provided assistance to the victims. A new synagogue was built in N. Since 1933, Rabbi N. - Yakov Kapshtein's son-in-law, Yakov Sanfir (? –1943). A Hebrew school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In July 1941, the N. occupied the Wehrmacht. Sep 20 1941 Jews of N. were shot.
NEMENKA, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lipovetsky district. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, two Jewish families lived in N., and in July 1941, N. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of N. were shot.
NEMENOV Leonid Mikhailovich (1905, Ekaterinoslav - 1980, Moscow), physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1962). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1929). In 1930–41 the head. lab. LFTI. Since 1943 scientific. sotr. Lab. No. 2 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, sector of the Institute of Atomic Energy, from 1962 - head., In 1962-68 director. Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. 1968–80 scientific. hands. Accelerator Center Vses. Institute of Physics and Technology and radio engineering. measurements (Mendeleevo). Works of N. dedicated. physics of dielectrics and semiconductors, nuclear physics, accelerates, technology. Built the first in the USSR high-precision mass spectrograph for measuring mass defects. Designed and built a number of cyclotrons, in particular for accelerating multiply charged ions. He put forward the idea of ​​an experiment to detect pionium. Became. pr. (1953).
NEMENOV Mikhail Isaevich (1880, Vitebsk - 1950, Leningrad), radiologist. Doctor of Medicine (1916), prof. (1920). Major General Med. service (1943). After graduating in 1905 honey. Faculty of Berlin University in tech. for two years he specialized in radiology in Germany. From 1907 he taught a course in radiology at Women's. honey. in-those in St. Petersburg. In 1918 organized in Petrograd State. radiological., radiological. and cancer in-t - the world's first in-t of a similar profile, the work of which he supervised until 1950. Department of Radiology and Radiology of the Military Medical Academy. In 1941–42 - Ch. front radiologist, in 1942-50 - Ch. roentgenologist of the Red Army. Author of more than 180 scientific. works dedicated. ch. arr. questions of radiological. diagnostics of a number of diseases and injuries inside. organs, the effect of X-ray radiation on the body. Initiator created new X-ray machines, in particular, a mobile installation for work in military field conditions, which was widely used during the 2nd World War. war. In 1919 he founded Ros. Association of Radiologists and Radiologists, transformed in 1924 into the All-Union Council. about-in radiologists and radiologists, before. to-rogo was until 1950. Ed. founded by him in 1919 zhurn. "Bulletin of roentgenology and radiology". Poch. h. Italian, Austrian and other scientific. about-in radiologists and radiologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1933). He was awarded 6 orders. Works: X-ray therapy. Pg., 1920; Radiology, v. 1-3. M.-L., 1926–36; A brief outline of military field radiology. L., 1940; X-ray therapy through the impact on the nerve, system. L., 1950.
NEMENOVA-LUNTS (nee Lunts) Maria Solomonovna (1878, Moscow - 1954, ibid.), Pianist, teacher. In 1897-1902 she studied at Moscow. cons. by class php. from A.I.Galli and A.N. Skryabin. She gave concerts as a soloist and in decomp. ans. Since 1922 prof. by class specialist. fp., chamber ans. and accompanist art Mosk. cons. In 1938–43 the head. department of special and general piano, in 1946–54 - accompanist mastery. Author of rep. about A.N. Skryabin, F.I.Shalyapin, A.V. Nezhdanova. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1946).
NEMERCHE, a village in the Murovanokurilovets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and unity. a timber warehouse in N. In July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–44, there was a camp in N. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 216 Jews were held in the camp.
NEMERZELLI (Nemerzon) Joseph Faddeevich (1895 - 1938, Moscow), military leader. Corps Commissar (1935). Member RSDLP (b) since 1917, in the Red Army since 1918. In the City. war, the political instructor and military commissar of units and units, in 1924–25 - formations in the Transcaucasus. In 1926-30, deputy. early political department Caucasus. Red Banner Army, in 1930–32 Art. Inspector Political Red Army, since 1932 Deputy. early political department LVO. In 1937 he was appointed early. Military-polit. Academy of the Red Army. The author of a number of works on military. page-woo. Repressed, works: Party-polit. tactful work. classes and detachment exercises (in the company). M., 1932
NEMESHAEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1950) in the Borodyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1900 as a railway stations Nemeshaevo I and Nemeshaevo II Kievsky u. and lips. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery, both wood-burning, both butchers in N.
NEMIRINTSY, a village in the Starokonstantinovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in N.
NEMIROV, see Nemiruv.
NEMIROVKA, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 44 Jews lived in N. Osn. occupation of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century In 1916, four Jews were deported from N. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the summer of 1941, N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. 1942 N. Jews were deported to Radivilov and subsequently killed along with local Jews.
NEMIROVSKAYA Irene (1903, Kiev - 1944), writer. She wrote in French. lang. The author of several. having success roms., among to-rykh "Wine of loneliness" (1931), "Isabelle" (1936) and others. Naib. Izv. rum. N. "David Golder" (1929) - about the life of Russian. Jews. She died in a concentration camp.
NEMIROVSKY Emmanuil Yakovlevich (1874, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1934, Odessa), lawyer-criminalist. Doctor of Law (1917), prof. (1908). Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1896). He specialized in the region. rights. Since 1906 privat-doc. of criminal law of Novorossiysk University. Since 1908 prof. Higher. wives courses. Since March 1917 prof. and dean of jurid. Faculty of Novorossiysk University. In March – June 1917, Commissar Time. Prospect Island in Odessa. In 1921–23 prof. and dean of jurid. f-that In-tanar. x-va in Odessa. In 1920–23, the scientific secretary. Committee of assistance to scientists in Odessa. Comp. Encyclopedic. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron in the preparation of the 2nd ed., the author of Art. on Criminal Law and Procedure, Vol .: Prejudicial Issues in Criminal Procedure in Western Europe. legislation. SPb., 1897; The ratio of sentences to charges. Odessa, 1906; Main the beginning of criminal law. Odessa, 1917; Comments on the Criminal Procedure Code of the Ukrainian SSR. Kharkov, 1927 Brother N. - Mikhail (1883, Odessa - 1965, Rostov-on-Don), philologist. Until 1917 he taught at the gymnasium. In 1921–25 prof. Yekaterinoslavsky University, in 1925–42 - Gorsky ped. Institute (Vladikavkaz), in 1942–44 - Yerevan University, in 1944–53 - Rostov University. Main tr. - in lang. peoples of the Caucasus and the Slavic language. The author of the hypothesis about the origin of stress in modern times. East Slavic languages.
NEMIROVSKY Pavel Emmanuilovich (b. 1916, Odessa), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1964). Son of E.Ya. Nemirovsky. Graduated from Odessa University (1938), then graduate school at FIAN (1945). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1947 - sotr. Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1962–76 head. lab., since 1976 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatov. Member Council for Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Theory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, member. Commission on constants at the Ministry of Medium Machine-Building of the USSR. scientific. interests - nuclear physics, theory of nuclear reactors. For the first time obtained the cross section for the formation of pairs of gamma quanta in the field of an electron, taking into account the Pauli principle, considered optical. model of a nucleus with a blurred edge for neutron cross sections, gave a correct explanation of the large cross sections for annihilation of antiprotons on nuclei and considered the boundaries of neutron stability of nuclei. Joint. with I.I. Gurevich research. metallic reflection of ultracold neutrons. He proved (with Yu.P. Elagin) that the antiproton-proton annihilation cross sections are significantly larger than the scattering cross sections. Completed work on radiation. protection, poisoning and slagging of reactors, the first calculations of reactors on enriched uranium. Author approx. 200 scientific. works and one monograph. Became. pr. (1953). Works: Sovr. models of the atomic nucleus. M., 1960.
NEMIRUW, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1808 - the town of Nemiroff, Belsky u. Bialystok Prov., From 1842 - Grodno Gubernia. In 1807 107 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 157 (20.5%), in 1921 - 149 Jews (19.2%). Jews lived in N. from the 18th century. ... Main occupation of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century there was agriculture. In the 1920s and 30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. June 1941 N. occupied the parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1942 N. Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. Sh.-Z. Klepfish.
NEMIA, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk Province. 42 Jews lived in N. in 1897, and 4 in 1910.
NEMME, see Nõmme.
NEMOKSHTY, see NEMAKSCHIAI.
NEMONAITS, see Nemunaitis.
NEMONYUNS, see Nyamanyunai.
NEMOROZH, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province Jews lived in N. from the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century main The occupations of the Jews of N. were handicrafts and small trade. From May 1942 to August. 1943 there was a Jewish workers' camp in N., whose prisoners were used in the construction and repair of roads. On May 5, 1942, Jews deported from Zvenigorodka were brought to the camp. Soon another 150 Jews arrived at the camp, then a group of Jews from Olshany. In the end. May 1942 from N. to the camp with. The daredevils transferred 150 Jews. With the liquidation of the camp in N. 23 Aug. 1943 was shot ca. 100 Jews.
NEMOVICHI, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 94 Jews lived in N.. 20th century Jews N. were engaged in the main. trade and decomp. crafts. In 1914, Jews owned 6 grocery stores. In the 1st floor. 20th century N. had 2 synagogues (both Hasidic). In the summer of 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were deported to the ghetto of Sarny and to the end. Aug 1942 shot together with local Jews.
GERME, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1590. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Lublin Gubernia. 105 Jews (6.6%) lived in N. in 1921. 19th century The first Jews to settle in N. were a tailor, building. contractor and several. shopkeepers. Later, a community was formed, and in 1942 the Jews of N. were deported to the nearest ghetto, then to Auschwitz.
NEMTSEN, a village in the Hincesti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nemtseny Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1865, Jews owned 6 shops in N. (including 3 grocery stores, a single haberdashery). After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in N. in July 1941 killed approx. 10 remaining Jews.
GERMAN, see German.
NEMTSOV Boris Efimovich (b. 1959, Sochi, Krasnodar Territory), politician. Cand. tech. sciences. Graduated from the Gorky State. un-t. Since 1981 scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr. N.-i. radiophysis. in-that; since 1991 the representative of prez. RF in the Nizhny Novgorod region; in 1991–7 head of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (governor). 1990–93 - bunk. dep. RF. 1997 - Minister of Fuel and Energy. Since 1999 - dep. State Duma. In the 2000s - one of the leaders of the Union of Right Forces.
NEMTSOV Mark Semenovich (b. 1900, Velizh, Vitebsk province. - 1997, St. Petersburg), organic chemist. In 1926 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In 1928–41 he worked at the State. Institute of high pressures in Leningrad. In 1941 he was repressed, until 1946 in the lab. 4th special department of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1946–63 at the Research Institute of Synthetic. rubber, since 1963 - at the Research Institute of Petrochem. processes in Leningrad. In 1930–41 he participated in the creation. tech. methods of hydrotreating and destructive hydrogenation heavy. hydrocarbons. In 1949 he developed (together with R.Yu. Udris, B.D. Kruzhalov and P.G. Sergeev) a technol. the process of obtaining acetone and phenol from benzene and propylene through cumene (cumene method). Created methods of synthesis - alpha-methylstyrene alkali oxides isopropylbenzene (1953), isoprene from isobutylene and formaldehyde (1964). Carried out the reaction of disproportionation of rosin on a stationary catalyst (1961). Linen. etc. (1967).
NEMZER Andrey Semenovich (b. 1957, Moscow), literary critic. Graduated from Moscow State University (1979). Head of the department in the journal. "Lit. Review ”,“ Nezavisimaya Gaz. ”, in gas. "Today". Prepared by the publisher: "Izbr. op. Decembrists "in 2 volumes (with OA Proskurin, 1987)," Memoirs of the Decembrists "(1988)," Rus. poetry: 1801–12 ”(jointly with A. Arkhangelsky, 1989),“ Russian poetry: 1813–25 ”(jointly with Arkhangelsky, 1990),“ Russian poetry: 1826–36 ”(1991).
NENKOVICHI, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1513.From 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1805, several people lived in N. Jewish families, in 1910 - St. 50 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century Jews N. were engaged in the main. from. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 practically all the Jews of N. were killed; some of the Jews joined the partisans. connection of V.A. Begma.
NEPOLOKOUTS, see Nepolokovtsi.
NEPOLOKOVTSY, an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1425. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nepolokouc Kotsman headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 535 Jews lived in N., in 1930 - 316, in 1940 - 615 Jews, in the 1950s. - 3 Jewish families. The Jewish community of N. was founded in the middle. 18th century immigrants from Galicia. There were three synagogues in N. (last built in 1910) and a Jewish hospital. In the beginning. 20th century a Zionist organization and philanthropist were created. about. Main the occupations of the Jews of N. - trade, tailoring, pottery, carpentry, construction. In the 1920s – 1930s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1939, several arrived in N. Jewish refugees from Poland in July 1941, after the occupation of the Romanians. troops, 54 Jews were killed in N., 132 were deported to Transnistria.
NEPOM Shimon (1882, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1939, Toronto), poet, playwright. In 1904–08 in France, from 1908 in Canada. Since 1910 publ. poems to Canada. Jewish periodicals ed. First. Sat. verse. "In gerangl" ("In the Struggle") was released in 1926. The author of several. poetic. collection of articles, last. from to-ryh "Fun meine tag" ("From my days") came out a look. in 1940. Author of the play "Di shtal" ("Shed"), 1929. N.'s work is presented in the academic. anthology "America in Yidishn Worth" ("America in Jewish Literature." New York, 1955)
NON-REMEMBER Mikhail Grigorievich (1921, Bryansk - 1944, Romania), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Since 1939 - in Kr. Army. In 1941 he graduated from the military-infantry. uch-shche. Since Aug. 1941 - at the front. Com. battalion captain I. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for organizing the battle on the outskirts of Oradea Mare. He was mortally wounded in this battle. Decorated with 3 orders.
UNREMEMBERING Shloyme-Yakov Moiseevich (1896, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1930, Moscow), literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 16 at the Herzliya gymnasium in Tel Aviv. In 1914 N. came on vacation to his parents in Poltava, because of the beginning. 1st world. war could not return to E.-I. In 1917 sec. Zionist. to-that in Poltava, was printed in gas. "Poltava News". Participant of Civil. war. Under ps. Sh.Elkin was printed in gas. "Komunisische von", in 1922 was in charge of the Ukr. dep. telegram. agencies. In 1923 N. moved to Moscow, worked in the department. press of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), ed. zhurn. "Red seal". The author of the bibl. press reviews and literature in Hebrew and Yiddish in the journal. "Knigonosha" and other ed. Comp. gas. Der Emes, Der Stern, Oktyabr. In 1927 sec. ed. zhurn. "Tribune". The author of a literary critic. works ("Goldfaden in Bucharest", "Comments on the letters of Sholem Aleichem", "Southwest. Conf. Bund in 1915"), translated the verse into Hebrew. D.N. Gofshtein, G. Leivik.
NEPORENT Osip (Joseph) Isaakovich (1886, Baku - 1966, Leningrad), economist. Cand. econom. sciences. Graduated from the Higher. tech. uch-shche in Darmstadt and Kharkov technol. in-t. Worked for prom. production in Baku, after 1917 - in the association "Azneft", in the administration of the Military Industry of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, at defense plants. From 1931 to mid. 1960s taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those, where for the first time in the USSR he created the department of the organization of machine-building. production. In 1943–47 he was dean of the engineer-economist. f-that. Author of more than 50 scientific. print works.
NEPOROTOVO, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 268 Jews (16.4%) lived in N., in 1930 - 135 Jews (7.4%). July 1941 N. occupied the Romanians. troops. In July 1941 the Jews of N. were deported to Transnistria.
NERCHINSK, city (since 1689), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1653 as Nerchinsky prison. From 1822 - the district town of Irkutsk province, from 1851 - the Trans-Baikal region. In 1897 in the Nerchinsk region. 1541 (1.6%) Jews lived in N. - 501 (7.2%), in 1910 - 579 (7.2%), in 1926 - 264 (3.9%), in 1939 - 106, in 2002 - 3 Jews. In 1875, 40 Jewish families lived in N. and a synagogue functioned. In the beginning. 20th century among the Jews there were 31 Jewish homeowners (9.7%). In 1903 the delegates of the mountains. Zionist circles and organizations of N. participated in the work of the Congress of Siberian Zionist circles and organizations in Tomsk. In 1910 N. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1910s. The rabbi in N. was Golumb. In 1914 Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, a hotel, and a unit. jewelry store, 5 universal shops and 11 shops in N. (including 3 out of 5 grocery stores, 1 out of 4 haberdashery). Mikhail Evseevich Dobisov-Dolin (1902–1940, Moscow), vice-consul of the USSR in Beijing, repressed.
NERCHINSKY OSTROG, see Nerchinsk.
NERCHINSKY FACTORY, village, regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1764 as a settlement at the Nerchinsky plant, since 1872 - a village, the center of the Nerchinsko-Zavodskoy environs. Trans-Baikal Region In 1897, 239 Jews (0.3%) lived in the district, in 1910 in N.Z. - 26, in 1939 - 14 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century in NZ there was a Jewish population. In 1910 a Jewish cemetery operated in NZ. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 2 of 5 painting and decorative workshops in N.Z.
NEREKHTA, city (since 1778), regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1214.Since 1778 it was a district town of the Kostroma governorship, then a province. In 1896, 52 Jews lived in N., 42 in the district, 15 in 1910, 23 in 1926, 7 in 1939, and 2 Jews. 1990s In N., a branch of "Hesed" began to operate. In 2005, approx. 10 Jews.
NERESNITSA, a village in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1820, 18 Jews lived in N., in 1830 - 77 (5.3%), in 1880 - 327, in 1930 - 523 Jews (26.8%) Jews lived in N. from the beginning. 18th century All Jews in N. were Hasidim. in N. there were 4 synagogues, including the Vizhnitsa and Syget Hasids. In the 1920s and 30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1942 a group of Jews from N. was deported to a labor camp in Hungary. In apr. 1944 approx. 700 Jews were deported to a camp in Sziget, in May 1944 to Auschwitz. After 1945, approx. 30 Jews.
NERETA, urban-type settlement (since 1950) in Aizkraul region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1298.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Jacobstadt district. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. In 1925 in N. and surrounding us. 62 Jews lived in settlements, in 1930 - 70, in 1935 in N. - 54 Jews (9%). Since 1936 the rabbi of N. was Muller (1909, Kreuzburg -?). June 1941 N. occupied the parts of the Wehrmacht. Immediately after the occupation, the Jews of N. were shot. After 1945, the remains of those killed were reburied in a mass grave in Jekabpils.
NERL, an urban-type settlement (since 1927) in the Teikovsky district of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Suzdal u. Vladimir province. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in N., and in 1939 - 2 Jews.
NERUBAIKA, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 18th century Jews from Poland moved to N. In the 19th century. the Jews of N. owned a mill, an oil mill, a winery, and two shops. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 Jews in N. were shot.
NERUBAI, a village in the Belyaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1794. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in N. and in 1926 there were 48 Jews. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941, a resident of the village V.I. Ivanov managed to hide a group of 25 Jews in the catacombs.
NESAWA, a city in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 14th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Mazovian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 it was a district town of Warsaw province. In 1808 68 Jews (6.8%) lived in N., in 1827 - 137 (9%), in 1857 - 273 (14.8%), in 1897 - 310 ( 11.8%), in 1921 - 262 Jews (11%), in 1939 - 35 Jewish families. Jews have lived in N. from the 15th century. All R. 18th century a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. In 1849 another synagogue was erected in N.. In 1889–94 Nokhum Ash was the rabbi of N., and Avrom Zananbend (1862–?) From 1902. In 1909, a Zionist organization was formed, and in 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. a hotel and 5 shops in N. (including 1 out of 3 grocery stores, the only wine shop). In 1924, a branch "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" was created in N.. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A synagogue was burned down in Rosh ha Shana. In the end. oct. 1939 N. Jews were deported to Kutno; the Jewish cemetery has been destroyed. Israel Barzilai (Eisenberg) (1913-1970, Negba, Israel), polit. activist, since 1934 - in E.-I., in 1949-50 - 1st Ambassador of the State of Israel in Poland, dep. Knesset of the 3rd to 6th convocations from MAPAM, in 1955–61 - Minister of Health, in 1969–70 - Minister without portfolio.
NESCHEROV, a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew was engaged in the timber and firewood trade in N.
NESIS Gennady Efimovich (b. 1947, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster in the game by correspondence (1985), honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1987). Engineer-electrochemist. Member of the USSR championships by correspondence. As part of the USSR team, the European champion (1977–82). Winner of the 2nd ICCF Cup (1971–84). The author of Art. on Theory and Methods of Chess, Vol .: Transition to the Endgame. M., 1981 (et al.); Exchange claim. M., 1984.
NESMELOV Grigory Naumovich (1890 - 1952, Saratov), ​​actor, director. He studied law. f-those of Zurich un-that, in 1911 he returned to Russia and entered the Theater, a school of the Kiev Society of Arts and Literature, after graduating in 1914 he became an actor in the Kiev mountains. t-ra DM Meves, in 1915-23 he worked with the troupe of this t-ra in Saratov. During this period, the roles played: Firs ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov), Waffle ("Uncle Vanya" by Chekhov), Yankel Mukh ("Over the Ocean" by Ya.M. Gordin, Lemm ("The Noble Nest" by I. S. Turgenev) and others. Then he worked in the t-ts of Astrakhan, Krasnodar, Baku, Moscow (T-r under the direction of Yu. A. Zavadsky) and others. His repertoire included the roles: Brother ("Storm" by V.N. Bill-Belotserkovsky, Shvandya ("Love Yarovaya" by K.A. Trenev), Prisypkin ("The Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky), Mosya ("Shine for us, the stars" by I.K. Mikitenko), Luka "At the bottom" M. Gorky), Schastlivtsev (“Forest” by A. N. Ostrovsky), etc. In 1934–52 - in the Saratov Drama Theater named after K. Marx, in which, among others, he played the role of the tailor Gurevich (“Full-time rate "Brothers Tour and L.R.Sheinin. Staged performances:" The Watchmaker and the Chicken "by I.A.Kocherga (1935)," Distant "by A.N. Afinogenov (1936)," Profitable Place "by Ostrovsky (1938) and Since the 1930s, he taught at the Saratov Theater School named after I.A.Slonov, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1947).
NESSELRODE Karl Vasilievich (Karl-Robert) (1780, Lisbon - 1862, Petersburg), statesman. Rod. grew up in the family. diplomat. He studied at the gymnasium in Berlin. From 1796 he served in the navy, in 1797 he was transferred to the Life Guards. Equestrian regiment. In 1799 he was promoted to colonel, in 1800 he was granted the rank of chamberlain. From 1801 to diploma. service, was when growing up. missions in Berlin and The Hague, in 1807–11 he was an adviser to the embassy in Paris (through N. there was a secret correspondence between Alexander I and the French minister of foreign affairs M. Talleyrand). In 1812–16 N. was almost permanently under Alexander I. From 1814 the secretary of state. in foreign affairs, participated in the work of the Vienna Congress. (1814-15) and the preparation of the most important international. acts that determined the fate of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Since Aug. 1816 N. - Manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases, grew. authorized for congr. "Holy Alliance" in Aachen (1818), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), Verona (1822), a supporter of the alliance with Austria and Prussia. Member Council of State (1821), Foreign Chancellor cases (1845–56). Written in French. lang. autobiogr. "Notes" N. partially publ. in the journal. "Rus. Bulletin "(1865, v. 59, No. 10).
NESTANICHI, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nestanice of the Kamenets district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 18 Jews were killed in N. In 1942, 26 Jews were deported from N. to Radekhiv and subsequently exterminated.
NESTANITS, see Nestanichi.
NESTEROV, see Zhovkva.
NESTEROVKA, a village in Mankovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. In 1943, several were shot in N. Jews.
NESTERVARKA, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bratslav district Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in N., in 1910 there were six Jews. In July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–43, there was a Jewish workers' camp in N., whose prisoners were used to extract peat. Several hundreds of people died of hunger and disease. On 1 Sept. 1943 1590 Jews were held in the camp. In 1941–42, residents of N. rescued more than 10 Jews.
NESTIEV Israel Vladimirovich (1911, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1993, Moscow), musicologist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1970), prof. (1974). In 1928–32 he studied at the Tiflis cons. by class php. and worked lit. sotr. on Tiflis radio. In 1937 he graduated from the historical-theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. from V.E. Ferman and in 1940 postgraduate studies with him. From 1936 he taught the history of music in various. uch. institutions. In 1937–39 the head. dep. gas. "Music", in 1939–41 rep. sec. zhurn. "Sov. music "(in 1954-59 deputy chief editor). In 1945–48 Ch. muses. ed. Management of muses. broadcasting Vses. radio. From 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. history of the overt. music. Since 1960 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1974 hands. sector of the history of music of the peoples of the USSR VNII art history. N. - the author of numerous. works dedicated. Russian hack and owls. music. N. owns monographs about the works of G. Mahler, R. Strauss, M. Ravel, C. Debussy, B. Britten, B. Bartok, A. Onegger, F. Poulenc, J. Gershwin, S. S. Prokofiev and others. Cit .: Sov. mass song. M.-L., 1946; Folk song as the basis of muses. art. M., 1961; Both the song and the symphony. M., 1964; Russian stars stage. M., 1970; Zarub, music of the XX century. Materials and documents. 1975; The present century and the past century. Art. about music. M "1986; Learn to listen to music. 3rd ed. M., 1987.
NESTOITA, a village in the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned all 3 grocery and units. Manufacturing shops in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. On Sept. 1941 Jews were deported towards Dubossary (present-day Dubasar) and killed on the way.
UNDOORABLE, railway station in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nesukhonzhi Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 there were 157 Jews living in N., in 1787 - 187, in 1790 - 234, in 1847 - 878, in 1897 - 814 ( 43.7%), in 1921 - 435 (92.8%), in 1931 - approx. 600 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the 16th century. In 1789, the Hasidic dynasty in N. was founded by Rabbi Mordkhe (1748–1800). The dynasty was continued by his sons - Yakov-Arie Shapiro (1780-1837) and Itskhok Shapiro (1788-1868). After the death of the latter, the great-grandson of Y.-A. Shapiro, Yakov-Arie (? –1908), became the head of the dynasty, then the son of the latter, Shmul-Mordkhe (? –1920). Since 1900, Yosef Shapiro (1876–?) Was a rabbi in N. ). In 1914, Jews owned all 6 grocery and units. iron-scraping shops in N.V. 1920–30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On June 27, 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. Jews N. were shot in August. 1942. Several. dozens of Jews managed to escape during the "action" and subsequently join the partisans. detachment.
NESUKHONZHI, see. Not dry.
NESVICH, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1920s in N. lived apprx. 50 Jews. Jews have lived in N. from the 18th century. Main classes at 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914 the Jews of N. owned a grocery and a manufactory, and in the summer of 1941, N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 in the Lutsk ghetto, 12 Jews from N.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НЕСВИЖ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Минской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1223. В 16–18 вв. – в Витебском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – заштатный город Слуцкого у. Минской губ. В 1920–39 – в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Н. проживало 1097 евреев, в 1847 – 3449, в 1897 – 4687 (55%), в 1910 – 5106 (61,2%), в 1921 – 3346 (48,9%), в 1931 – 3364 (44,3%), в 1941 – ок. 4600, в 2000 – 10 евреев.Еврейская община в Н. изв. со 2-й пол. 16 в. В 1589 община получила от владельца Н. разрешение, согласно к-рому в кон. 16 – нач. 17 в. в Н. было построено здание Большой синагоги. В 1688 евреям было запрещено занимать обществ. должности в гор. орг-циях Н.Одним из осн. занятий еврейского населения Н. в 16–18 вв. являлось огородничество. В поисках возможностей для сбыта и расширения произ-ва евреи Н. разводили огороды ок. других городов воеводства.Раввины Н. в кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. – Ицхок Айзенштадт и его брат Иегуда Айзенштадт, в нач. 19 в. – Симха Рапопорт (?–1813), в 1830-х гг. – Меир Айзенштадт, в сер. 19 в. – Рувен Левин (?–1887).В 1812–13 купец из Н. Лейзер Борухович Дилон (? – 1838, Вильна) находился при Гл. квартире рус. армии. С 1824 в Н. жил врач Самуил Кушелевский, лечивший евреев бесплатно. Раввином в 1846–51 был И.-Э.Спектор, с 1857 – Иешуа Рабинович. В 1867 в Н. действовало 7 синагог. Раввином был Бен-Цион Айзинбуд.В 1874 главой гор. думы был Мовше Бендетович Гольдин. В 1880-х гг. возник кружок «Хибат Цион».В 1896 в Н. имелось 8 синагог. В 1889–1908 раввин Н. – Ицхок-Лейзер-Липман Шарашевский, затем – его зять Ирахмиэль-Цви Бургман.В 1910 в Н. действовали 9 синагог, одноклассное нар. муж., частное жен., частное четырехклассное муж. еврейские уч-ща, об-во пособия бедным евреям, еврейская богадельня, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали оба склада аптечных товаров, 30 лавок и магазинов в Н. (в т. ч. все 10 мануфактурных, все 3 бакалейных, 3 винных).В 1920 в Н. частями польск. армии был устроен погром.В 1920 делегат из Н. принимал участие в работе 12-й конф. Бунда. В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1918 открылась школа с преподаванием на иврите, ставшая в 1922 частью сети «Тарбут», в 1919 – школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1922 – отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка. Действовала «Шабасувка». С 1932 раввин Н. – Янкель-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1941).После присоединения к СССР здание одной из синагог было превращено в клуб, здание другой – в склад. Численность еврейского населения увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши. В окт. 1939 были произведены аресты среди активистов Бунда и сионистских орг-ций. Возникшая в 1939, после присоединения к СССР, подпольная сионистская орг-ция продолжила свою деятельность в период герм. оккупации.27 июня 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 1 июля был учрежден юденрат, к-рый возглавил беженец из Варшавы адвокат Магалиф. Была создана еврейская полиция. Первый массовый расстрел был произведен 30 окт. 1941; тогда же было создано гетто, в к-ром действовала подпольная орг-ция. В условиях подполья работала школа (организатор – Шолом Холавский). 21 июля 1942, во время ликвидации гетто, вспыхнуло восстание (рук. – Ш.Холавский), ставшее первым в период Катастрофы восстанием в гетто. Восставшие отказались провести «селекцию», при к-рой ремесленники должны были оставаться в распоряжении нем. администрации. На 2-м этаже синагоги восставшие установили единств. ручной пулемет. Осн. оружием были бутылки с зажигат. смесью (изготовленные узниками гетто), к-рыми поджигали дома. В ходе восстания 25 чел. сумели бежать; впоследствии они воевали в партиз. отрядах. 29 июня 1942 в Н. за укрывательство и помощь евреям был арестован католич. настоятель и декан Мечислав Кубик (1900–1942), расстрелянный в авг. 1942 на кладбище в Барановичах.В 1965 в Н. были перезахоронены останки расстрелянных; на могиле установлены стела и надгробие, на месте расстрела – мемориальный знак.В первые послевоен. годы было снесено здание Большой синагоги.В 2005 в Н. имелось еврейское население.В Н. род.: С.Х.Валкомитц, Ф.Гейльперн, Н.Липовский, М.-З.Рейзин, П.Розовский, Й.-Б. Соловейчик, Н.Туров, Н.-М.Шомер; Абрам Лейбович (Львович) Кирснер (1865 – после 1920), раввин, в 1900–17 – казенный раввин Ташкента, издатель и ред. газ. либерального направления «Ташкентский курьер» (1906–17) и др., один из учредителей Ташкентского еврейского об-ва любителей муз.-драматич. иск-ва «Аврора» (1910); Давид Фарфель (р. 1920), врач, проф. медицины, участник партиз. движения в Белоруссии, автор кн. «В Несвижском гетто и Налибокских лесах» (Израиль, 1995, на иврите); Бернард Шелвин (наст. имя и фам. Борух Шелевицкий) (1882–1941, Нью-Йорк), журналист, с 1908 – в США, ред. ряда газет на иврите и идише., pronunciation=НЕСВИЖ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Минской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1223. В 16–18 вв. – в Витебском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – заштатный город Слуцкого у. Минской губ. В 1920–39 – в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Н. проживало 1097 евреев, в 1847 – 3449, в 1897 – 4687 (55%), в 1910 – 5106 (61,2%), в 1921 – 3346 (48,9%), в 1931 – 3364 (44,3%), в 1941 – ок. 4600, в 2000 – 10 евреев.Еврейская община в Н. изв. со 2-й пол. 16 в. В 1589 община получила от владельца Н. разрешение, согласно к-рому в кон. 16 – нач. 17 в. в Н. было построено здание Большой синагоги. В 1688 евреям было запрещено занимать обществ. должности в гор. орг-циях Н.Одним из осн. занятий еврейского населения Н. в 16–18 вв. являлось огородничество. В поисках возможностей для сбыта и расширения произ-ва евреи Н. разводили огороды ок. других городов воеводства.Раввины Н. в кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. – Ицхок Айзенштадт и его брат Иегуда Айзенштадт, в нач. 19 в. – Симха Рапопорт (?–1813), в 1830-х гг. – Меир Айзенштадт, в сер. 19 в. – Рувен Левин (?–1887).В 1812–13 купец из Н. Лейзер Борухович Дилон (? – 1838, Вильна) находился при Гл. квартире рус. армии. С 1824 в Н. жил врач Самуил Кушелевский, лечивший евреев бесплатно. Раввином в 1846–51 был И.-Э.Спектор, с 1857 – Иешуа Рабинович. В 1867 в Н. действовало 7 синагог. Раввином был Бен-Цион Айзинбуд.В 1874 главой гор. думы был Мовше Бендетович Гольдин. В 1880-х гг. возник кружок «Хибат Цион».В 1896 в Н. имелось 8 синагог. В 1889–1908 раввин Н. – Ицхок-Лейзер-Липман Шарашевский, затем – его зять Ирахмиэль-Цви Бургман.В 1910 в Н. действовали 9 синагог, одноклассное нар. муж., частное жен., частное четырехклассное муж. еврейские уч-ща, об-во пособия бедным евреям, еврейская богадельня, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали оба склада аптечных товаров, 30 лавок и магазинов в Н. (в т. ч. все 10 мануфактурных, все 3 бакалейных, 3 винных).В 1920 в Н. частями польск. армии был устроен погром.В 1920 делегат из Н. принимал участие в работе 12-й конф. Бунда. В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1918 открылась школа с преподаванием на иврите, ставшая в 1922 частью сети «Тарбут», в 1919 – школа с преподаванием на идише, в 1922 – отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка. Действовала «Шабасувка». С 1932 раввин Н. – Янкель-Ицхок Рабинович (?–1941).После присоединения к СССР здание одной из синагог было превращено в клуб, здание другой – в склад. Численность еврейского населения увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши. В окт. 1939 были произведены аресты среди активистов Бунда и сионистских орг-ций. Возникшая в 1939, после присоединения к СССР, подпольная сионистская орг-ция продолжила свою деятельность в период герм. оккупации.27 июня 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 1 июля был учрежден юденрат, к-рый возглавил беженец из Варшавы адвокат Магалиф. Была создана еврейская полиция. Первый массовый расстрел был произведен 30 окт. 1941; тогда же было создано гетто, в к-ром действовала подпольная орг-ция. В условиях подполья работала школа (организатор – Шолом Холавский). 21 июля 1942, во время ликвидации гетто, вспыхнуло восстание (рук. – Ш.Холавский), ставшее первым в период Катастрофы восстанием в гетто. Восставшие отказались провести «селекцию», при к-рой ремесленники должны были оставаться в распоряжении нем. администрации. На 2-м этаже синагоги восставшие установили единств. ручной пулемет. Осн. оружием были бутылки с зажигат. смесью (изготовленные узниками гетто), к-рыми поджигали дома. В ходе восстания 25 чел. сумели бежать; впоследствии они воевали в партиз. отрядах. 29 июня 1942 в Н. за укрывательство и помощь евреям был арестован католич. настоятель и декан Мечислав Кубик (1900–1942), расстрелянный в авг. 1942 на кладбище в Барановичах.В 1965 в Н. были перезахоронены останки расстрелянных; на могиле установлены стела и надгробие, на месте расстрела – мемориальный знак.В первые послевоен. годы было снесено здание Большой синагоги.В 2005 в Н. имелось еврейское население.В Н. род.: С.Х.Валкомитц, Ф.Гейльперн, Н.Липовский, М.-З.Рейзин, П.Розовский, Й.-Б. Соловейчик, Н.Туров, Н.-М.Шомер; Абрам Лейбович (Львович) Кирснер (1865 – после 1920), раввин, в 1900–17 – казенный раввин Ташкента, издатель и ред. газ. либерального направления «Ташкентский курьер» (1906–17) и др., один из учредителей Ташкентского еврейского об-ва любителей муз.-драматич. иск-ва «Аврора» (1910); Давид Фарфель (р. 1920), врач, проф. медицины, участник партиз. движения в Белоруссии, автор кн. «В Несвижском гетто и Налибокских лесах» (Израиль, 1995, на иврите); Бернард Шелвин (наст. имя и фам. Борух Шелевицкий) (1882–1941, Нью-Йорк), журналист, с 1908 – в США, ред. ряда газет на иврите и идише., extra_data="{'translat...")
NETECHINTSY, a village in the Vinkovetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Letichevsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in N.
NETESHYN, city (since 1984), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 996. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914, a Jew owned a water mill in N. In 2001, 19 Jews lived in N..
NETZER (Nosovitsky) Moshe (1922 - 2009, Ramat Yochanan, Israel), military leader. Colonel. Son of D. Netzer, from 1925 in E.-I. Since 1941 - in Palmach. Member of the War of Independence - com. shelf. In 1950–54 teams, part of NAHAL. In 1958–62 sec. Kibbutz associations. In 1967–71 early. dep. youth and NAHAL in the Ministry of Defense. In 1974–77 pom. min. defense.
NEVAKHOVICH Lev Nikolaevich (Yehuda-Leib) (1776, Letichev, Poland - 1831, Petersburg), writer. One of the first followers of the Haskala in Russia. From the end. 1790s lived in Petersburg. Translated from Hebrew. in Russian materials on the case of Schneier-Zalman from Lyad (cases 1798, 1800). In 1803 publ. Petersburg "The Cry of the Daughter of the Jews" - the first production. Jewish literature in Russian. lang. (The book was intended for the Russian reader and called for the establishment of equality for Jewish citizens of Russia.) In 1804–06 he collaborated in the journal. "Northern Herald" and "Lyceum". In 1804 publ. Philos. tr. “Man in nature. Roll call of two enlightened people ”. The author of the plays "Zuliots, or Spartans of the 18th century" and "Sword of Justice", staged on the stages of St. Petersburg. t-ditch. After baptism (1806) - officer Exp. about the state. income; titular counselor. Translated from him. (including "Thoughts on the history of mankind" by J. G. Gerder), Swede. lang. (including the play "Oden, King of the Scythians", 1810). In the 1820s. was engaged in entrepreneurial activity, rented a tobacco monopoly in the Kingdom of Poland. Son N. - Mikhail (1817-1850), cartoonist, publisher of the first caricature-humorous in Russia. Sat. Yeralash (1846–49, St. Petersburg). Daughter of N. - Emilia Mechnikova, mother of Ilya I. Mechnikov, Iv.I. Mechnikov and L.I. Mechnikov.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НЕВЕЛЬ, город (с 1773), районный центр в Псковской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 16 в. В 16–18 вв. – город Витебского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Полоцкой, с 1802 – Витебской губ.В 1802 в Н. и уезде проживало 503 еврея, в 1847 в Н. – 3201, в 1857 – 3634, в 1897 – 5836 (64,8%), в 1910 – 12 333 (72,5%), в 1923 – 6879, в 1926 – 6169 (47,7%), в 1939 – 3178, в 1999 – 102, в 2002 – 58 евреев.Первые евреи – переселенцы из центр. областей Речи Посполитой появились в Н. в 1645. В 1857 в Н. действовало 9 синагог, в 1861 – еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1867 в Н. имелось 10 синагог. В 1887 в Н. работало одноклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще (42 уч-ся). Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Н. был любавичский хасид Перец Хейн (?–1882). С 1893 раввином был также любавичский хасид Ихезкиль Наймарк (1855–?). В Н. действовало еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой (57 мальчиков и 68 девочек). В 1896 в уезде проживало 1972 еврея, среди них – 23 земледельца.В 1901 в Н. появились первые орг-ции Бунда. В 1904 численность еврейских рабочих Н. составляла ок. 500 чел. (преимущественно – щетинщики). В первомайской забастовке 1904, организованной Бундом, приняло участие 350 еврейских рабочих. В Н. распространялись прокламации ЦК Бунда, номера газ. «Дер Бунд». К дознанию о работе кружка Бунда привлекался щетинщик Абрам Иогелевич Гладоницкий. В 1905 численность членов орг-ций Бунда превышала 250 чел. В 1904 было основано отд-ние «Поалей Цион» (40 чел.).В 1910 в Н. действовали 15 синагог (в т. ч. 5 каменных), нач. еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой, об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора, еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, имелось еврейское кладбище.В нач. 20 в. ок. 400 еврейских семей Н. занимались торговлей. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 4 склада аптечных товаров, 2 кондитерские, все 3 гостиницы, оба ювелирных магазина, все 3 парикмахерские, единств. синематограф, обе прачечные, единств. справочно-посреднич. контора, обе фотостудии, ок. 160 магазинов и лавок (в т. ч. все 39 бакалейных, все 19 мануфактурных, все 6 табачных). Евреями были единств. гравер и единств. лесопромышленник в Н. Братьям Хаиму и Мееру Возлинским принадлежало самое кр. пром. пр-тие в Н. – щетинная ф-ка (осн. в 1889).В 1910–14 казенным раввином в Н. был Элья Беркович Нейштадт, духовным раввином – Абрам-Лейба Мордухович Левиев.В 1915 в Н. было создано отд-ние Витебского об-ва помощи жертвам войны.В 1917 в Н. начал работать еврейский драматич. кружок. В 1918 «Ге-Халуц» организовал трудовую артель.В авг. 1919 в Н. были закрыты все сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Ге-Халуц». В нач. 1920-х гг. продолжали действовать нелег. сионистские орг-ции.В 1919 были открыты курсы, где преподавали идиш (чтение и письмо), историю еврейской лит-ры и культуры, еврейскую историю, историю еврейского рабочего движения, социологию, еврейскую нар. музыку. Одним из лекторов был М.И.Каган. В 1920 делегат от Н. принимал участие в работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. В 1922 в Н. и уезде Евобщестком содержал и субсидировал дет. дом (60 детей), дет. сад (60 детей), питательный пункт на 100 детей, 3 профтехшколы (75 уч-ся), ясли (40 детей), амбулаторию (300 больных). Действовали еврейская школа 1-й ступени (в 1926 – 50 уч-ся), еврейская б-ка, еврейский рабочий клуб им. Гроссера, в к-ром драматич. кружком руководил М.Рыбальский. В 1920-х гг. делопроизводство в нек-рых гос. учреждениях велось на идише.В 1925 по инициативе Й.-И.Шнеерсона в Н. была открыта подпольная иешива (в 1928 – 65 уч-ся). В 1925–28 в иешиве преподавал Шмуэль Левитин (1884, Погиры – 1974, Нью-Йорк), исполнявший в синагоге функции раввина и шохета. С 1927 в иешиве преподавал Залман Курницер. В 1927–29 иешиву возглавил Нисон Ицкович Нименов (1904, Жлобин – 1984, Париж).В 1925 была закрыта миква, в 1929 – иешива; Ш.Левитин был арестован. С кон. 1920-х гг. до 1930 раввином Н. был Иегуда Эбер (1901, Краснолуки – 1942, Рига), в 1926–32 – Рефоил Коэн (1890, Германовичи – 1942, Рига).В 1927 в Крым для организации земледельч. поселений было направлено 18 еврейских семей из Н.; однако 10 семей вернулись; новой группе (12 семей), состоявшей из бедняков и согласившейся на переселение, требовалась материальная помощь. В 1929 из Н. в кр. города переселилось 683 еврея. В кон. 1930-х гг. почти все синагоги были разрушены, в т. ч. самая большая – на ул. Луначарского, на ее месте построен дом пионеров.16 июля 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 7 авг. 1941 в Н. на терр. загородного парка «Голубая дача» было создано гетто (ок. 2 тыс. чел.). Первые массовые расстрелы были произведены 4 сент. 1941. В сент. 1941 учрежден юденрат. Гетто ликвидировано во 2-й пол. сент. 1941; при ликвидации было расстреляно 640 евреев. Второе гетто (200 чел.), созданное на торфопредприятии, ликвидировано в кон. сент. 1941. В освобождении Н. 6 окт. 1943 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Александра Львовича Кроника (1901, Вильна – 1979).После 1944 часть евреев вернулась в Н. На могиле расстрелянных был установлен монумент с шестиконечной звездой, замененной в кон. 1940-х гг. на пятиконечную. В 1950-х гг. группа верующих евреев (во главе с М.Фрадкиным и Б.Шнейдером) неоднократно ходатайствовала о регистрации общины и открытии синагоги. В 1960-х гг. в Н. было 2 шохета – С.Галбштейн и М.Фрадкин. На страницах местной прессы печатались материалы о незаконной деятельности шохетов, отличавшихся «жадностью и беззастенчивостью» в финансовых расчетах. В Н. в домах П.Стерника и Я.Цейтлина действовали незарегистрированные миньяны (хасидские). Последняя синагога в Н. была закрыта в 1976. В 1982 в здании одной синагоги располагался Дом офицеров, в здании другой – мастерские. Миньян собирался в частном доме.С кон. 1990-х гг. в Н. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Н. род.: Г.Н.Войтинский, Д.С.Волосов, Ф.И.Голощекин, С.Б.Дризовский, Л.К.Лебедев, А.Ф.Лесохин, П.Мочкин, М.И.Нейштадт, А.И.Новиков, Д.М.Рутенбург, А.Р.Синдаловский, Д.Л.Юдин, М.В.Юдина; Слава (Соломон Борисович) Гознас (р. 1935), литератор, с 1979 – в США; Константин Андреевич Гуткин (1893–1994, Петрозаводск), врач-гинеколог, с 1963 – зав. кафедрой акушерства и гинекологии Петрозаводского ун-та; Ерухим Абрамович Крейнович (1906–1985, Ленинград), палеоазиатовед, лингвист, этнограф, д-р филол. наук (1971), в 1938–47 и в 1948–54 – репрессирован. В Н. жили и работали Н.И.Каган, И.Каменецкий, А.-З.Липскер., pronunciation=НЕВЕЛЬ, город (с 1773), районный центр в Псковской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 16 в. В 16–18 вв. – город Витебского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Полоцкой, с 1802 – Витебской губ.В 1802 в Н. и уезде проживало 503 еврея, в 1847 в Н. – 3201, в 1857 – 3634, в 1897 – 5836 (64,8%), в 1910 – 12 333 (72,5%), в 1923 – 6879, в 1926 – 6169 (47,7%), в 1939 – 3178, в 1999 – 102, в 2002 – 58 евреев.Первые евреи – переселенцы из центр. областей Речи Посполитой появились в Н. в 1645. В 1857 в Н. действовало 9 синагог, в 1861 – еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1867 в Н. имелось 10 синагог. В 1887 в Н. работало одноклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще (42 уч-ся). Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Н. был любавичский хасид Перец Хейн (?–1882). С 1893 раввином был также любавичский хасид Ихезкиль Наймарк (1855–?). В Н. действовало еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой (57 мальчиков и 68 девочек). В 1896 в уезде проживало 1972 еврея, среди них – 23 земледельца.В 1901 в Н. появились первые орг-ции Бунда. В 1904 численность еврейских рабочих Н. составляла ок. 500 чел. (преимущественно – щетинщики). В первомайской забастовке 1904, организованной Бундом, приняло участие 350 еврейских рабочих. В Н. распространялись прокламации ЦК Бунда, номера газ. «Дер Бунд». К дознанию о работе кружка Бунда привлекался щетинщик Абрам Иогелевич Гладоницкий. В 1905 численность членов орг-ций Бунда превышала 250 чел. В 1904 было основано отд-ние «Поалей Цион» (40 чел.).В 1910 в Н. действовали 15 синагог (в т. ч. 5 каменных), нач. еврейское уч-ще с жен. сменой, об-во пособия бедным евреям, талмуд-тора, еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, имелось еврейское кладбище.В нач. 20 в. ок. 400 еврейских семей Н. занимались торговлей. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 4 склада аптечных товаров, 2 кондитерские, все 3 гостиницы, оба ювелирных магазина, все 3 парикмахерские, единств. синематограф, обе прачечные, единств. справочно-посреднич. контора, обе фотостудии, ок. 160 магазинов и лавок (в т. ч. все 39 бакалейных, все 19 мануфактурных, все 6 табачных). Евреями были единств. гравер и единств. лесопромышленник в Н. Братьям Хаиму и Мееру Возлинским принадлежало самое кр. пром. пр-тие в Н. – щетинная ф-ка (осн. в 1889).В 1910–14 казенным раввином в Н. был Элья Беркович Нейштадт, духовным раввином – Абрам-Лейба Мордухович Левиев.В 1915 в Н. было создано отд-ние Витебского об-ва помощи жертвам войны.В 1917 в Н. начал работать еврейский драматич. кружок. В 1918 «Ге-Халуц» организовал трудовую артель.В авг. 1919 в Н. были закрыты все сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Ге-Халуц». В нач. 1920-х гг. продолжали действовать нелег. сионистские орг-ции.В 1919 были открыты курсы, где преподавали идиш (чтение и письмо), историю еврейской лит-ры и культуры, еврейскую историю, историю еврейского рабочего движения, социологию, еврейскую нар. музыку. Одним из лекторов был М.И.Каган. В 1920 делегат от Н. принимал участие в работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. В 1922 в Н. и уезде Евобщестком содержал и субсидировал дет. дом (60 детей), дет. сад (60 детей), питательный пункт на 100 детей, 3 профтехшколы (75 уч-ся), ясли (40 детей), амбулаторию (300 больных). Действовали еврейская школа 1-й ступени (в 1926 – 50 уч-ся), еврейская б-ка, еврейский рабочий клуб им. Гроссера, в к-ром драматич. кружком руководил М.Рыбальский. В 1920-х гг. делопроизводство в нек-рых гос. учреждениях велось на идише.В 1925 по инициативе Й.-И.Шнеерсона в Н. была открыта подпольная иешива (в 1928 – 65 уч-ся). В 1925–28 в иешиве преподавал Шмуэль Левитин (1884, Погиры – 1974, Нью-Йорк), исполнявший в синагоге функции раввина и шохета. С 1927 в иешиве преподавал Залман Курницер. В 1927–29 иешиву возглавил Нисон Ицкович Нименов (1904, Жлобин – 1984, Париж).В 1925 была закрыта миква, в 1929 – иешива; Ш.Левитин был арестован. С кон. 1920-х гг. до 1930 раввином Н. был Иегуда Эбер (1901, Краснолуки – 1942, Рига), в 1926–32 – Рефоил Коэн (1890, Германовичи – 1942, Рига).В 1927 в Крым для организации земледельч. поселений было направлено 18 еврейских семей из Н.; однако 10 семей вернулись; новой группе (12 семей), состоявшей из бедняков и согласившейся на переселение, требовалась материальная помощь. В 1929 из Н. в кр. города переселилось 683 еврея. В кон. 1930-х гг. почти все синагоги были разрушены, в т. ч. самая большая – на ул. Луначарского, на ее месте построен дом пионеров.16 июля 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 7 авг. 1941 в Н. на терр. загородного парка «Голубая дача» было создано гетто (ок. 2 тыс. чел.). Первые массовые расстрелы были произведены 4 сент. 1941. В сент. 1941 учрежден юденрат. Гетто ликвидировано во 2-й пол. сент. 1941; при ликвидации было расстреляно 640 евреев. Второе гетто (200 чел.), созданное на торфопредприятии, ликвидировано в кон. сент. 1941. В освобождении Н. 6 окт. 1943 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Александра Львовича Кроника (1901, Вильна – 1979).После 1944 часть евреев вернулась в Н. На могиле расстрелянных был установлен монумент с шестиконечной звездой, замененной в кон. 1940-х гг. на пятиконечную. В 1950-х гг. группа верующих евреев (во главе с М.Фрадкиным и Б.Шнейдером) неоднократно ходатайствовала о регистрации общины и открытии синагоги. В 1960-х гг. в Н. было 2 шохета – С.Галбштейн и М.Фрадкин. На страницах местной прессы печатались материалы о незаконной деятельности шохетов, отличавшихся «жадностью и беззастенчивостью» в финансовых расчетах. В Н. в домах П.Стерника и Я.Цейтлина действовали незарегистрированные миньяны (хасидские). Последняя синагога в Н. была закрыта в 1976. В 1982 в здании одной синагоги располагался Дом офицеров, в здании другой – мастерские. Миньян собирался в частном доме.С кон. 1990-х гг. в Н. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Н. род.: Г.Н.Войтинский, Д.С.Волосов, Ф.И.Голощекин, С.Б.Дризовский, Л.К.Лебедев, А.Ф.Лесохин, П.Мочкин, М.И.Нейштадт, А.И.Новиков, Д.М.Рутенбург, А.Р.Синдаловский, Д.Л.Юдин, М.В.Юдина; Слава (Соломон Борисович) Гознас (р. 1935), литератор, с 1979 – в США; Константин Андреевич Гуткин (1893–1994, Петрозаводск), врач-гинеколог, с 1963 – зав. кафедрой акушерства и гинекологии Петрозаводского ун-та; Ерухим Абрамович Крейнович (1906–1985, Ленинград), палеоазиатовед, лингвист, этнограф, д-р филол. наук (1971), в 1938–47 и в 1948–54 – репрессирован. В Н. жили и работали Н.И.Каган, И.Каменецкий, А.-З.Липскер., extra_data="{'translat...")
NEVELSON Louise (1899, Kiev - 1988, New York), sculptor. Member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979). Since 1905 - in the USA. From 1920 she was engaged in choreography, music, painting. In 1928–30 she studied at the League of Art Students; in 1931–32 - at H. Hoffmann's in Munich. In 1932–33, D. Rivera's assistant in the design of the Rockefeller Center. In 1940 - the first personal exhibition in gal. K. Nirendorf. In the beginning. 1950s N. moved on to large wooden abstract sculptures, but continued to use a wide variety of materials, including metal and plexiglass. Among the naib. Izv. komi. N. - "Presence in the Night IV" and the wall sculpture "Heavenly Whirlwind - New York", installed in the New York International Center. trade.
NEVER, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Skovorodinsky district of the Amur region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Amur Region. In 1939, 17 Jews lived in N..
NEVINNOMYSK, a city (since 1939) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nevinnomysskaya, Batalpashinsky dep. Kuban Region In 1910, 6 Jews lived in N., in 1939 - 65, in 2002 - 82 Jews. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1942 in the vicinity of the village. Rozhdestvenskoye was shot several times. hundreds of Jews evacuated to N. In 2002, a Jewish community was created in N. (head - Prof. Alexander Izrailevich Burdo, since 2005 - Ernst Natanovich Lekhtman, b. 1939, Zhmerynka, Vinnitsa region).
NEVINNOMISSKAYA, see Nevinnomyssk.
NEVIRKOV, a village in the Koretsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in N.
NEVITSKOE, a village in the Uzhgorod region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1364. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1772, 38 Jews (11%) lived in N., in 1903 - 48 (6.8%), in 1930 - 42 Jews (5.5%). occupations of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century were decomp. crafts and trade. 1944 Jews of N. were deported to Uzhgorod and in May 1944 sent to Auschwitz.
NEVYANSK, city (since 1919), regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1700 as a village. Nevyansk Plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 16 Jews lived in N., in 2002 - 5 Jews.
NEVYANSKIY FACTORY, see Nevyansk.
NEVKLYA, a village in the Gorodnyansky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 57 Jews (10.9%) lived in N.
NEVOLOZH, a village in the Luban district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 56 Jews (10%) lived in N. in 1897.
NIEVORANA, see Nyavarenai.
NEVSTRUEV Semyon Abramovich (1900, Belogorenka, Poltava province - 1975), a specialist in the production of ammunition. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1943). Graduated from ped. school in Kharkov, worked as a teacher. From 1923 - in the Red Army. Graduated from military-engineer. school; commanded by Ing. divisions. In 1941–47, the director. s-yes by production art. shells. Since 1947 - in reserve.
NEVYAZHSKY Isaak Kharitonovich (Khatskelevich) (1898, Warsaw - 1975, Moscow), a specialist in the field of radio engineering, trunk communications and charged particle accelerators. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1943), prof. (1946). Graduated from electrical engineering. faculty MVTU (1925). From 1929 he worked under the hands. A.L. Mints in Leningrad. bureau for the design and construction of powerful radio stations (senior engineer, then head of the department of transmitting devices). Since 1946 - in Radiotekhn. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. from 1932 he taught at Leningrad. in-those communications them. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich and at the MPEI. In the 1930s. supervised the development of ser. shortwave transmitters for backbone communications and transmitters for broadcasting. In 1935-38 joint. with Mints participated in the creation. the most powerful short-wave radio station in the world RV-96, for a cut he proposed an original system of addition of powers in space. In 1941–45 he developed means of defense radio engineering. From the end. 1940s dealt with problems associated with charged particle accelerators, including the development of a high-frequency synchrocyclotron system at 680 MeV for the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. in Dubna (1949), proton injectors with strong focusing for the 76 GeV synchrotron of the Institute of High Energy Physics in Serpukhov. Author of scientific. tr., monographs, including the first fundamental course on radio transmitters (Moscow, 1950, jointly with ZI Model. Steel pr. (1942, 1952). State pr. USSR (1970).
NEY-LEBEN (in Yiddish - New Life), ex. Jewish agriculturalist. collective in the Freidorf region of the Crimean ASSR. In 1925 in N.-L. 45 Jewish families (302 Jews) lived, in 1932 - 21 families. was founded by immigrants from Gomel. 1920s Jews N.-L. rented a private house for a synagogue.
NEYA, city (since 1958), regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kologrivsky u. Kostroma Gubernia. 51 Jews lived in N. in 1926, and 25 in 1939.
NEYDING Marcel Natanovich (1884, Warsaw - 1949, Odessa), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1922). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1907). Since 1922 at the department of nerve, diseases of the Odessa honey. Institute, since 1927 dir. clinics nerve, diseases of the Odessa in-that improvement of doctors. Member reign of Vses. and Ukr. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists and Vses. about-va neurosurgeons, before. Odessa Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists. tr. N. dedicated injuries, tropical. diseases, nerve tumors. systems - their diagnosis, clinic, histology, treatment. The author of the first fatherlands. works about neurol. manifestations of poisoning by asphyxiant gases (1917) and occupational pathology of the nerve, system in workers of tobacco and polygraph. Works: On the nuclei of the diencephalon in some mammals. Berlin, 1911 (in German); Essays on Clinical Neurology Tropical. diseases. Odessa, 1947.
NEIDORF, see Kirovskoe.
NEYFELD Daniel (1814, Prashka Velyunsky u. Kalisz province - 1874, Warsaw), journalist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1838 he opened a private school in Prashka. In tech. For 23 years he was engaged in ped. activities. N. believed in the synthesis of Jewish and Polish cultures, advocated the study of the Hebrew language. and literature, seeing in Yiddish an obstacle to the cultural progress of the Jews. N. was against complete assimilation, believing that it would violate the Talmud. a tradition that, in N.'s opinion, kept Jewish spiritual values. N. was ed. Jewish department Great encyclopedia in Polish, published by S. Orgelbrand. He worked on the lane. Torah in Polish. and got permission to publish it. 1st book. Bereshit, with parallel Jewish and Polish texts, was published in 1863. Between 1861 and 1863 N. published a Jewish weekly in Warsaw. in polish. "Yutshenka". After the suppression of the Polish uprising. (1863) ed. Yutshenki was discontinued; N. was exiled to Chelyabinsk. In 1865 N. returned to Warsaw, resumed publishing. activity. He wrote poetry in Hebrew. Published a "Prayer Book for Polish Jews" with the situation. clarifications.
NEILAND Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1932, Moscow), a specialist in the field of aerodynamics. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, then engineer, early. sector, head of department, deputy. early TsAGI. At the same time. prof. MIPT. Main tr. dedicated the interaction of supersonic and supersonic flows with the boundary layer, the definition of aerodynamic. heating and aerodynamic. characteristics of hypersonic fly. devices. The research carried out by N. tear-off leak. gas led to the creation. asymptotic the theory of laminar separation. Decided classic. problems of the interaction of the shock wave with the boundary layer, the joining of separation zones, gave the classification of leak. OK. obstacles decomp. type. Leads work on aerothermodynamics of hypersonic flights. devices of a new type, the results of which were implemented during flight tests of aerospace. systems "Buran". Cit .: Asymptotic. problems of the theory of viscous supersonic flows. M., 1974.
NEYMAN-NIKOLSKY Vladimir Abramovich (1898, Chitkanskoe, Barguzinsky district, Trans-Baikal Region - 1938, Khabarovsk), an employee of the special services. State Security Captain. In 1916-17 he served as a private in the army. After demobilization, he left for Vladivostok. Dodging the military. service with whites, fled to China, but at the border he was captured and mobilized in the 31st Siberian. shooter. regiment of ataman G.M. Semenov. After the attempt on the ataman's life, an order was issued - all Jews serving in the army, as "traitors, sowing confusion among the troops," should be separated into a separate disciplinary company, where N.-N. In the end. 1919 participated in the uprising. at the Nerchinsk plant, a cut was raised by a Jewish company, after which he became a partisan fighter. detachment. In 1920 he took part in battles, then served in the military. intelligence People's roar. army, FER, then the 5th Army of the Red Army, in counterintelligence. dep. Embassy of the GPU of the RSFSR in the Far East. 1921–37 was in illegal work in China, Japan, Turkey. Last position - operative of the 7th department. GUGB NKVD USSR. In 1938 he was repressed.
NEYMAN Abram Isaakovich (1809, Geroldegausen, Germany - 1875, Petersburg), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Fürth and high fur boots in Würzburg and Giessen. From 1843 he was in charge of the Jewish school in Riga; in 1850 he was appointed an official of special assignments for Jewish affairs under the governor-general; since 1854 the rabbi of Riga. In 1857-60 before. Rabbinical Commission, created. at Min-ve int. affairs of Russia. In 1863 he was invited by the Jewish community of St. Petersburg to the post of state rabbi. Obtained permission for the construction of the Choral Synagogue, as well as an invitation from the province of employees for the community; created decomp. Jewish institutions (school, Orphanage, cemeteries), was among the organizers and the first members. to-that OPE.
NEYMAN Jerzy (1894, Bendery, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1981, Berkeley, USA), mathematician. Acad. Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1963). Studied at Kharkov University. Pupil of S.N.Bernstein. Graduated from Warsaw University (1923). He worked at Warsaw and Krakow un-takh (1923–34), at London un-those (1934–38), from 1938 - at California un-those in Berkeley. Main research results. in probability theory and mat. statistics (the Neumann-Pearson test, the Neumann-Keuls comparison procedures) and in their applications. Vol .: Introductory course in probability theory and mat. statistics. M., 1968.
NEYMAN Joseph Markovich (1899 - 1982, Moscow), pathophysiologist, oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. (1939). After graduating in 1925 honey. Faculty of Second Moscow State University - postgraduate student, assistant of the Department of Pathophysiology of the same institute. In 1931–47 the head. pathophysiol founded by him. lab. to the Center. oncologist Institute (now the Moscow Oncological Institute named after P.A. Herzen), in 1961 - 79 - head. the lab founded by him. carcinogenesis in Ying-those nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. - the author of over 150 scientific. works dedicated. the study of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, precancer, antitumor immunity, disorders of tissue metabolism in malignant tumors. N. experimentally showed the dependence of the occurrence of malignant tumors on fiziol. the state of the connective tissue system. He was one of the first in the USSR to study nutritional issues in connection with the problems of carcinogenesis, established carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic properties of certain foods. additives and achieved the prohibition of their use in food. prom-sti. Member reign of Vses. and Mosk. about-in pathophysiologists (previous section of theoretical and experimental oncology). Etc. them. A.A. Bogomolets, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1961). Works: Influence of cytological stimulation and blockade of the reticuloendothelial system on the transplantation of cancer grafts. Saratov, 1927; Fundamentals of theoretical oncology. M., 1961; Physiology and pathophysiology of the endocrine glands. M., 1964; Carcinogens and food. products. M., 1972.
NEYMAN Matvey Semenovich (Moisey Shebetievich) (1900, Ivanovo-Voznesensk - 1978, Moscow), actor. At the end of the Kiev Music-Drama. in-ta them. NV Lysenko worked in Kiev t-ts (1923–32). In 1932–34 - in the T-re-studio of Yu.A. Zavadsky in Moscow, in 1935–39 - in Moscow. region t-re drama and comedy. From 1939 - to the Center. children t-d, in which a trace was played. roles: Duke de Malicorne ("The City of Masters" by T.G. Gabbe, 1944), Krutitsky ("There was not a penny, but suddenly altyn" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1948), Commerce Counselor ("The Snow Queen" by E.L. Schwartz, 1949), Plyushkin ("Dead Souls" after Nikolai Gogol, 1952), Philosophy Teacher ("Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere, 1954), Averin ("Good Hour!" By V.S. Rozov, 1954 ), Evil grandfather ("Tales" by S.Ya. Marshak, 1955), Shuisky ("Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin, 1957), Pechenegov ("Enemies" by M.Gorky, 1976) and others. art. RSFSR (1958). Became. pr. (1946).
NEYMAN Victor Grigorievich (b. 1933, Moscow), oceanologist. Ch-k. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Leningrad. higher. engineer-mor. uch-shche (1956). In 1956–87 he worked at the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (from 1970 senior scientific researcher, then head of laboratory). Deputy academician-secretary Dept. oceanology, physics of the atmosphere and geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Osn. work dedicated. study of large-scale circulation of the World. ocean. Conducted by N. theoretical. and experiment. research made it possible to describe the nature of energy and mass exchange between Antarctica and the adjacent water areas of the World. ocean and define geogr. the position of the frontal zones South. ocean. Organizer and hand. nine exp., as a result of which made a detailed description of the South Indian Ocean. and flow. Shtokman, previously absent from maps and atlases. Participant in the discovery of the equator, the Tareev countercurrent in the Indian Ocean, and the Antilo-Guinean countercurrent. Prev Nat. oceanographic to the RF. State pr. USSR (1970). Cit .: Indian Ocean. M., 1975 (et al.).
NEYMAN Julia Moiseevna (1907, Ufa - 1994, Moscow), poet, translator. She graduated from lit. Faculty of Moscow State University (1930). She began to publish in 1934. Author of collection of poems: "Fire in the Snow" (Moscow, 1974), "Thoughts on the way" (Moscow, 1976), "Fads of Memory" (Moscow, 1988). She translated poems by D. N. Kugultinov, Jami, Makhtumkuli, Furkat, Sh.Z. Galkin, R.G. Gamzatov and others. with R.Yu. Rylov she wrote the plays "The Case in Ernik" (1947) and "Green Stick" (1955). N. also belongs to Art. about writers and artists (A.I. Polezhaev, E.L. Schwartz, V.A.Favorsky, etc.).
NEIMANOVICH Naftali-Hertz (1843, Jozefov, Lublin province - 1898, Warsaw), journalist. From 1886 post. sotr. gas. "Ha-Tsefira" in Warsaw. He was also published in Jewish periodicals. ed. in Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish. lang .: "Ha-Asif", "Varshaver Yudishe Zeitung", "Israelite". N. is the author of Yiddish textbooks; and Polish. lang. In 1888 he translated the Esperanto textbook by L. Zamenhof into Hebrew and Yiddish.
NEIMARK Yuri Isaakovich (b. 1920), mathematician. Dr. Tech. sciences (1956), prof., acad. RANS (1991). Graduated from Gorky University; was engaged in research. stability of lianerized systems. From the beginning. 1960s conducts work on the use of mat. methods in honey. diagnostics. Is the initiator of the creation. in Gorky un-those one of the first f-tov will calculate in the country. mathematics and cybernetics. Head Department of Control Theory and Dynamics of Machines, Nizhny Novgorod University One of the organizers of the Research Institute of Applied Mathematics. Vol .: Method of point mappings in the theory of nonlinear oscillations. M., 1961; Dynamic systems and controlled processes. M., 1978.
NEYSHTADT Mark Ilyich (1903, Nevel, Vitebsk province. - 1985, Moscow), paleogeographer, swamp scientist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1955), prof. (1959). In 1925 he graduated from Moscow State University. Until 1948 he worked for the Center. peat. experimental station, where he headed the department. peat, fund, hands. exp. work on the study of peat, deposits of Kamchatka, Zap. Siberia and other regions of the USSR. Since 1948 - at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1957 –70 deputy director of the Institute). Main tr. N. are associated with the study of the problems of the genesis of peat, deposits, the geography of their location, the characteristics of the raw material properties of peat, cartography of peat, resources. One of the founders of the Holocene doctrine. Ed. N. ed. foundation. tr. on paleogeography and chronology of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Calculated the reserves of peat and sapropel in the USSR. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1971). Cit .: Methods for the study of peat bogs, parts 1–2. M., 1939; Keys to plants of the middle zone of the European part of the USSR. 6th ed. M., 1963.
NEYSTADT Vladimir Ilyich (1898, Moscow - 1959, ibid.), Poet, translator, literary critic. Studied in history-philology. f-those Mosk. un-that (1915-19). Translated modern. German poets (collection "Someone else's lyre". M., 1923), I. Bekher ("Selected poems". M., 1932), E. Madaras ("Poems". M., 1932), I. Last (" Buy Holland. Poems "M., 1933), E. Weinert (" Selected Poems ". M., 1935), (" Asphalt ". M., 1936), (" Other times are going ". M., 1950) and others. In 1934 the book was published. "Five sixths", which included own. verse. N. and trans. In 1937–41 he published works on the world. meaning Russian. literature (including the book "Pushkin in the world literature". M., 1938). In 1950 he prepared ed. On him. lang. op. A.S. Pushkin. The author of Art. on the history and theory of chess.
NEYSHTADT Yakov Isaevich (b. 1923, Moscow), historian, chess theorist. Master of Sports of the USSR (1961), Intern. ICChF master (by correspondence) (1971), judge of Vses. categories (1975). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1952 he graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. Responsible sec. jury. "Chess in the USSR" (1955–73), ed. zhurn, "64" (1977–79). Author of over 20 monographs and St. 200 st. on the history, theory and methods of teaching chess. Since 1992 - in Israel, leads the chess department. into gas. in Russian lang .: Chess before Steinitz. M., 1961; Uncrowned Champions. M "1975; Chess workshop. M., 1980; Queen's sacrifice. M., 1989.
UNCONTENTED, see Aldan.
NEZAVERTAYLOVKA, a village in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson lips. In the 1930s. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in the Moldavian ASSR as part of the Ukrainian SSR.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НЕЖИН, город (с 1781), районный центр в Черниговской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1147 как Уненеж. В 16–17 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Черниговской губ.В 1736 в Н. проживал 1 еврей, в 1847 – 1299, в 1862 – 2128, в 1867 – 2900, в 1897 – 7631 (23,8%), в 1910 – 9901, в 1920 – 4987, в 1923 – 6296, в 1926 – 6131 (16,1%), в 1939 – 2775 (6,9%), в 1959 – ок. 1200 (ок. 2,6%), в 1970 – ок. 900 (ок. 1,6%), в 1979 – ок. 600 (ок. 0,9%), в 2001 – 139 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Н. относится к 1734. В 1782 в Н. большинство торг. пр-тий принадлежало евреям. В нач. 19 в. в Н. жил сын Дойв-Бера из Любавичей Менахем-Нохум. Могила Дойв-Бера, похороненного в Н., стала местом паломничества любавичских хасидов. После смерти Менахема-Нохума в Н. жили его сыновья Шнеур и Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсоны. С 1868 в Н. находился хасидский двор сына Цемах Цедека Исроэля-Ноаха Шнеерсона (1815–1883).В 1867 в Н. действовали 6 синагог (1 каменная, 5 деревянных), казенное еврейское уч-ще. В 1870 уездным врачом был Савелий Григорьевич Ковнер (1837, Вильна – ?), с 1873 – гл. врач Нежинской больницы.20–22 июля 1881 в Н. произошел погром, в к-ром участвовали местные жители и крестьяне окрестных нас. пунктов; погром был прекращен войсками; неск. погромщиков были убиты и ранены.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев Н. в 19 в. – торговля и разл. ремесла (портняжное, сапожное, ювелирное дело). В 1884 евреи Н. владели 2 из 5 табачных ф-к; из 364 купцов Н. примерно половину составляли евреи.В 1886 в Н. действовало 9 синагог (4 каменные, 5 деревянных). В 1890–1906 раввином в Н. был Ш.Аронсон. В 1900 работала «Нежинская бесплатная лечебница для приходящих евреев».В июле 1905 в Н. произошел погром. В 1906 в Н. была образована группа «Поалей Цион».В 1907–19 раввином в Н. был Ш.-М.-М. Хейн. В 1910 в Н. – 8 синагог, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали 3 склада аптечных товаров, единств. баня, все 4 гостиницы, обе фотостудии, единств. парикмахерская, 80 лавок и магазинов в Н. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, 5 мануфактурных, ювелирный магазин). В 1914 работали талмуд-тора, муж. и 3 жен. частных еврейских уч-ща.В нач. 1917 в Н. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. открылись отд-ние «Ге-Халуц», отд-ние «Единой Всероссийской орг-ции сионистской молодежи» (в 1929 ликвидировано).В период Гражд. войны община Н. пострадала от погромов и грабежей. В 1918 во время погрома погибло много евреев. В 1919 погром в Н. устроили части Добровольческой армии; в ходе погрома погибло ок. 45 чел., в т. ч. Ш.-М.-М. Хейн.В 1922 в Н. была арестована группа сионистов, в 1926 производились аресты членов «Ге-Халуц».В нач. 1920-х гг. евреям Н. принадлежало ок. 200 из 623 торг. лавок. В 1922 среди евреев было 742 рабочих (8,5% от общего числа). В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. работали школа с преподаванием на идише, еврейский клуб, в 1926–27 – еврейский т-р.В сер. 1920-х гг. раввин Х.Лифшиц обратился к представителю Й.-И.Шнеерсона с просьбой о материальной помощи, необходимой для ремонта миквы.В 1925 выходцы из Н. организовали в Херсонском окр. 2 еврейских земледельч. коллектива: «Новая жизнь» (58 чел.) и «Фрае Арбет» (37 чел.).13 сент. 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. Большинство евреев успело эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. В нояб. 1941 оставшиеся в Н. евреи (ок. 325 чел.) были расстреляны отрядами СД при содействии украинской полиции. В освобождении Н. 15 сент. 1943 принимала участие 26-я гв. моториз. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Давида Марковича Баринова (1900, Бобруйск – ?).После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в Н. В 1946 местные власти отклонили ходатайство евреев Н. об открытии синагоги. В 1949 в «бессрочное и бесплатное» пользование общине под синагогу была передана 1/6 часть (25 кв. м) деревянного дома (ул. Энгельса, д. 18). Раввином был Юда-Ицка Борухович Резников (1875–?).С кон. 1990-х гг. в Н. действует община; имеется еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 500 евреевВ Н. род.: М.Н.Бернес, М.Л.Брагинский, И.В.Галант, Л.М.Гориловский, Б.М.Данциг, Т.А.Докшицер, М.Евзеров, Я.И.Зильберман, И.И.Иоффе, Р.Е.Левина, И.Г.Малкин, Л.Мани, Я.Г.Рубинов, С.Г.Соколовский, А.И.Тарнопольский, П.М.Шафаренко; Давид Бар-Рав-Хай (1894–1977, Хайфа, Израиль), политич. деятель, в 1919 – секр. общины в Одессе, арестован за подпольную сионистскую деятельность и сослан в Сибирь, в 1924 выслан в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 1–5-го созывов от МАПАЙ; Леонид Петрович Иофин (1898–1937, Москва), бриг. комиссар, репрессирован; Полина Каганова (1911–1972, Ленинград), поэт; Исаак Петрович Шмарук (1910–1986, Киев), кинорежиссер, осуществил постановку ряда худож. кинофильмов.З.Вагнер, pronunciation=НЕЖИН, город (с 1781), районный центр в Черниговской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1147 как Уненеж. В 16–17 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Черниговской губ.В 1736 в Н. проживал 1 еврей, в 1847 – 1299, в 1862 – 2128, в 1867 – 2900, в 1897 – 7631 (23,8%), в 1910 – 9901, в 1920 – 4987, в 1923 – 6296, в 1926 – 6131 (16,1%), в 1939 – 2775 (6,9%), в 1959 – ок. 1200 (ок. 2,6%), в 1970 – ок. 900 (ок. 1,6%), в 1979 – ок. 600 (ок. 0,9%), в 2001 – 139 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Н. относится к 1734. В 1782 в Н. большинство торг. пр-тий принадлежало евреям. В нач. 19 в. в Н. жил сын Дойв-Бера из Любавичей Менахем-Нохум. Могила Дойв-Бера, похороненного в Н., стала местом паломничества любавичских хасидов. После смерти Менахема-Нохума в Н. жили его сыновья Шнеур и Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсоны. С 1868 в Н. находился хасидский двор сына Цемах Цедека Исроэля-Ноаха Шнеерсона (1815–1883).В 1867 в Н. действовали 6 синагог (1 каменная, 5 деревянных), казенное еврейское уч-ще. В 1870 уездным врачом был Савелий Григорьевич Ковнер (1837, Вильна – ?), с 1873 – гл. врач Нежинской больницы.20–22 июля 1881 в Н. произошел погром, в к-ром участвовали местные жители и крестьяне окрестных нас. пунктов; погром был прекращен войсками; неск. погромщиков были убиты и ранены.Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев Н. в 19 в. – торговля и разл. ремесла (портняжное, сапожное, ювелирное дело). В 1884 евреи Н. владели 2 из 5 табачных ф-к; из 364 купцов Н. примерно половину составляли евреи.В 1886 в Н. действовало 9 синагог (4 каменные, 5 деревянных). В 1890–1906 раввином в Н. был Ш.Аронсон. В 1900 работала «Нежинская бесплатная лечебница для приходящих евреев».В июле 1905 в Н. произошел погром. В 1906 в Н. была образована группа «Поалей Цион».В 1907–19 раввином в Н. был Ш.-М.-М. Хейн. В 1910 в Н. – 8 синагог, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали 3 склада аптечных товаров, единств. баня, все 4 гостиницы, обе фотостудии, единств. парикмахерская, 80 лавок и магазинов в Н. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, 5 мануфактурных, ювелирный магазин). В 1914 работали талмуд-тора, муж. и 3 жен. частных еврейских уч-ща.В нач. 1917 в Н. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. открылись отд-ние «Ге-Халуц», отд-ние «Единой Всероссийской орг-ции сионистской молодежи» (в 1929 ликвидировано).В период Гражд. войны община Н. пострадала от погромов и грабежей. В 1918 во время погрома погибло много евреев. В 1919 погром в Н. устроили части Добровольческой армии; в ходе погрома погибло ок. 45 чел., в т. ч. Ш.-М.-М. Хейн.В 1922 в Н. была арестована группа сионистов, в 1926 производились аресты членов «Ге-Халуц».В нач. 1920-х гг. евреям Н. принадлежало ок. 200 из 623 торг. лавок. В 1922 среди евреев было 742 рабочих (8,5% от общего числа). В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. работали школа с преподаванием на идише, еврейский клуб, в 1926–27 – еврейский т-р.В сер. 1920-х гг. раввин Х.Лифшиц обратился к представителю Й.-И.Шнеерсона с просьбой о материальной помощи, необходимой для ремонта миквы.В 1925 выходцы из Н. организовали в Херсонском окр. 2 еврейских земледельч. коллектива: «Новая жизнь» (58 чел.) и «Фрае Арбет» (37 чел.).13 сент. 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. Большинство евреев успело эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. В нояб. 1941 оставшиеся в Н. евреи (ок. 325 чел.) были расстреляны отрядами СД при содействии украинской полиции. В освобождении Н. 15 сент. 1943 принимала участие 26-я гв. моториз. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Давида Марковича Баринова (1900, Бобруйск – ?).После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в Н. В 1946 местные власти отклонили ходатайство евреев Н. об открытии синагоги. В 1949 в «бессрочное и бесплатное» пользование общине под синагогу была передана 1/6 часть (25 кв. м) деревянного дома (ул. Энгельса, д. 18). Раввином был Юда-Ицка Борухович Резников (1875–?).С кон. 1990-х гг. в Н. действует община; имеется еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. проживало ок. 500 евреевВ Н. род.: М.Н.Бернес, М.Л.Брагинский, И.В.Галант, Л.М.Гориловский, Б.М.Данциг, Т.А.Докшицер, М.Евзеров, Я.И.Зильберман, И.И.Иоффе, Р.Е.Левина, И.Г.Малкин, Л.Мани, Я.Г.Рубинов, С.Г.Соколовский, А.И.Тарнопольский, П.М.Шафаренко; Давид Бар-Рав-Хай (1894–1977, Хайфа, Израиль), политич. деятель, в 1919 – секр. общины в Одессе, арестован за подпольную сионистскую деятельность и сослан в Сибирь, в 1924 выслан в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 1–5-го созывов от МАПАЙ; Леонид Петрович Иофин (1898–1937, Москва), бриг. комиссар, репрессирован; Полина Каганова (1911–1972, Ленинград), поэт; Исаак Петрович Шмарук (1910–1986, Киев), кинорежиссер, осуществил постановку ряда худож. кинофильмов.З.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
NEZLIN Mikhail Veniaminovich (b. 1928, Gomel - 1999, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1970), prof. (1994), ch. RANS (1991). Son of V.E. Nezlin. Graduated from phys.-energetic. Faculty of MEI (1950). In 1950–57 ml. scientific. sotr. one of the branches. in-tov, since 1957 ml. scientific., Art. scientific., leading scientific. sotr. Institute of Atomic Energy. Region scientific. interests - nonlinear physics, geophysics. and astrophysis. hydrodynamics, plasma physics. He made the first experiments on the instabilities of beams charged. particles and Langmuir solitons in plasma. He was the first to discover Rossby's "vortex solitons" and build an experiment on their basis. model of the largest atmospheric vortices such as the "big red spot" of Jupiter. Joint. with A.M. Fridman predicted the existence of giant vortices between the arms of galaxies. Member problem councils of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Plasma Physics" and "Nonlinear Dynamics". Author approx. 125 scientific. works and 4 monographs. Etc. them. L.A. Artsimovich RAS (1995), Works: Dynamics of beams in plasma. M., 1982; Rossby vortices and spiral structures. M., 1990 (with E.N. Snezhkin).
NEZLIN Solomon Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1892, Kolyshki Vitebsk district and provinces - 1990, Israel), phthisiatrician. Brother V.E. Nezlin. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1952). After finishing honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1915) worked as a zemstvo doctor in Moscow. and Smolensk province .; head Gubzdravotd. (1918–21) and an anti-tuberculosis dispensary (1922–23) in Vitebsk. In 1923–25 - at the anti-tuberculosis dispensary and sanatorium Vysokie Gory in Moscow; organizer and head. social and hygienic and dispensary departments. Center, Institute of Tuberculosis (1925–41, 1943–52) and at the same time. inspector for tuberculosis in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR and the USSR. In 1941–43 deputy. dnr. Kazakh Institute of Tuberculosis in Alma-Ata. In 1952-53, deputy. dir. Lviv Institute of Tuberculosis. In 1953 he was under investigation in the "case of doctors". In 1953–55 the head. organizational and methodical. branch Center. in-that examination of working capacity; since 1963 - a consultant to the hospital number 7 in Moscow. Scientific. tr. N. dedicated decomp. aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis. N. was the organizer and leader. exp. on the study of tuberculosis in Buryat-Mongolia, Bashkiria, Yakutia, Tatarstan in 1929 and in the 1930s; Cit .: Study of tuberculosis among the nationalities of the USSR. M., 1930; Regime and treatment of a tuberculous patient. M.-L., 1936; Pulmonary tuberculosis in old age. M., 1948; Examination of working capacity and employment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. M, 1960; TB Dispensary. M., 1960.
NEZLIN Veniamin Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1894, Kolyshki Vitebsk lips, - 1975, Moscow), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1951). Brother S.E. Nezlin. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1919) served in the military. a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1930–38 he was an assistant at the Department of Therapy of the 2nd MMI. In 1939–40 and 1947–50, Assoc. therapeutic. clinics of the TsIUV. In 1942–44 - in the army; in 1944–46 chap. therapist of the Voronezh military. env. and at the same time. head Department of therapy of the Voronezh honey. in-that. In 1951-59 the head. Department of Balneology and Therapy of the Central Institute of Management in Kislovodsk. In 1953 he was under investigation in the "case of doctors". In 1960–65 head. therapeutic. dep .; in 1965–73 - consultant at the Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. N. dedicated cardiovascular diseases, Ch. arr. rheumatism, as well as ischemic disease, myocardial infarction, heart defects. Proposed classification decomp. manifestations of rheumatism. Was engaged in the issue. spa treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Et al. one of the first manuals on electrocardiography in the USSR (1948). Pathology and clinic of rheumatism. M. - L., 1940; Analysis and clinical evaluation of the electrocardiogram. M., 1948, 2nd ed., 1959 (with S.E. Karpay); Coronary circulation disorders. M, 1955; Rheumatic heart disease. M, 1968.
NEZLOBNAYA, a village in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region In 1939, nine Jews lived in N.
INNATE, see Nezvisco.
NEZVISKA, see Nezvisko.
NEZVISKO, a village in the Gorodenkovsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1440 as Nezvizhe. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kolomyia land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nezviska Gorodenkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, N. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In July 1941, 59 Jews were killed in N. In June 1942, 18 Jews were deported from N. to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
NICHIPOROVKA, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in N.
NIGER Shmuel Volfovich (real name and fam. Shmuel Charney) (1883, Dukora Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1955, New York), literary critic, publicist. Brother of D. Charney and B. Vladek. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1904 he participated in Odessa in the founding. conf. the Zionist Socialist Party and became one of its hands. Lit. activity began in 1902 Art. into illegal. the press of the Zionist Socialists. How lit. the critic first appeared in 1907 (article about the drama by S. Asch "On the way to Zion"). Publ. Art. about the work of Jewish writers in Jewish and Russian. periodic. print. Lived in Vilna, Berlin, Bern. An important stage in lit. N.'s activity was work in zhurn. Di Yiddish Welt (from 1912), ed. Sat. Der Pinkes (Letopis, 1913), ed. (with N. Stif of the weekly "Di Vokh" (Vilna). In the summer of 1915 he was appointed an authorized representative of EKOPO in Saratov. Since 1916 in Petrograd, published in the journals "Voskhod" and "New Way", ed. by a number of literary societies collection, in 1918 - the weekly "Kultur un bildung." At the end of 1918 N. returned to Vilna and, together with A. Weiter, resumed publishing the weekly "Di voh". From 1919 - in the USA. societies and cultural life, published articles and reviews in periodicals, headed the most important cultural, literary and scientific events in the region of Jewish philology. Author of monographs on the life and work of the classics of Jewish literature and modern. Jewish writers The author of the book “Yiddishe Schreiber in Soviet-Rusland” (“Jewish Writers of Sov. Russia”, 1958), “Bleter Gesichte fun der Yidischer Literatur” (“Pages of the History of Jewish Literature”, 1959), “Critic un critic "(" Criticism and Critics ", 1959) and others. The author of works on Jewish linguistics" Di zweishprahikayt fun unzer literary "(" Bilingualism of our literature ", 1941), in which he substantiated the idea that Yiddish and Hebrew are one What are the relatives of the Jewish culture, "Yiddish - di sprah fun a vander-folk" ("Yiddish - the language of the traveler people", 1959), etc.
NIGVZNARA, a village in the Onskoy region (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - in Rachinsky district. Kutaisi Gubernia Jews lived in N. from the 1st half. 19th century; there was a synagogue in the village. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the Jews of N. moved to Oni.
NIKEL, urban-type settlement (since 1945), the center of the Pechenga region in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 35 Jews lived in N., in 2000 - 25 Jews.
NIKITIN Victor Nikitich (1839 - 1908, St. Petersburg), writer, historian, publicist, memoirist. At the age of 9 he was taken to the cantonists in Nizhny Novgorod, converted to Orthodoxy and received Russian. name and fam. (Hebrew name and fam. unknown). Since the 1850s. home secret. dir. office of the military. min. K.P. Kaufman. I was engaged in self-education. From 1869 one of the directors. Petersburg. prison to-that, an official for special assignments of the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property. During the preparation and implementation of the court. Reforms of 1864 came out with essays on prison life in the journal. "Son of the Fatherland" and gas. “St. Petersburg. vedomosti ”, publ. a number of studies that laid the foundations for the study of the penitentiary system in Russia. In the autobiography. manuf. "Long-suffering" (1872), "To live a century - not to cross the field" ("Jewish library", vol. 4, separate ed. -1876, abbreviated version - "At the children's hard labor." L., 1926) and others were the first to describe the life and life of juvenile Jewish cantonists. In the works “Jews-Farmers. Adm. and the living conditions of the colonies in the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces. in 1807–1887 ”(journal“ Voskhod ”, 1881–86, separate ed. - 1887) and“ Jewish settlements in the north and southwestern provinces in 1835–1890 ”(1894) were among the first to turn to the study of the problems of Jewish agriculturalist. colonies in Russia. Some pov. and N.'s stories were included in Sat. "The Thirst for Profit" (1875) and "Stories and Essays" (1875). Excerpts from "Memories" N. publ. in the journal. "Rus. antiquity "(1906–07). Cit .: Review of St. Petersburg. prisons and related to them legalizations and adm. orders. SPb., 1871; Prison and exile. Ist., Legislative., Adm. and the living conditions of prisoners, transit people, their children and those released from custody (1560-1880). SPb., 1880.
NIKITOVKA, now a district within the city of Gorlovka, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 639 Jews (12.4%) lived in N., in 1939 - 375 Jews. In 1882–1903 N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 9 shops in N. (including 2 grocery, 1 kerosene, and only one tannery). The Jewish population of N. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NIKOLAEV, see Nikolaevo Grodno region.
NIKOLAEVA TO GRACE, see Neculeuka.
NIKOLAEVKA, see Novovorontsovka.
NIKOLAEVKA-NOVOROSSIYSKAYA, a village in the Saratsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bayramcha Akkerman district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 in N.-N. 980 Jews (36.1%) lived, in 1930 - 806 Jews (29%). In 1844 in N.-N. a synagogue was built, in 1858 hevra kadisha was founded, since 1872 2 societies for the care of the sick and the poor functioned. In 1890 in N.-N. a Hasidic synagogue was opened. The rabbi in 1904–11 was M. Rebelsky, who founded in N.-N. school with teaching in Hebrew. 26-27 Oct. 1905 in N.-N. there was a pogrom. A detachment of Jewish self-defense was organized in the village; 2 members of the self-defense squad, I.M. Volman and I.Kh.Buganov, died. 20th century in N.-N. worked Jewish societies. school for boys (over 100 students) and a private school for girls. In the 1920s – 30s. in N.-N. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. June - early. July 1941 b. including Jews N.-N. was deported to Transnistria. In aug. 1941 the remaining Jews (about 80 people) were shot by the Romanians. by the gendarmerie.
NIKOLAEVO, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nikolaev (other name - Mikolaevo) Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 63 Jews lived in N.. 19th century there was a synagogue in N. In 1882–1903, N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. The Jews of N. were exterminated in 1942.
NIKOLAEVSK, see Pugachev.
NIKOLAEVSK-ON-AMUR (until 1926 - Nikolaevsk), a city (from 1856), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1850 as a military man. fast. In 1856–80 - the center of the Primorsky region, then - the city of the Udsky environs. Primorsky region. In 1867 in N. n / a. 135 Jews lived, in 1894 - 171, in 1897 - 235 (4.1%), in 1910 - 358 (2.2%), in 1939 - 139, in 2002 - 15 Jews. ... there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish lit. about-va; there was a Jewish cemetery in 1920 in N. n / a. there was a pogrom. OK. 400 injured on special. were sent to Vladivostok. genus. M.I.Klyaver.
NIKOLAEVSKY, see Nikolaevsk.
NIKOLAY-POLE, a village in the Zaporozhye region of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony Nikolaypol Yekaterinoslavsky u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century in N.-P. there was a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy and bookstore.
NIKOLAYPOL, see Nikolay-Pole.
NIKOLSK, see Ussuriysk.
NIKOLSK-USSURI, see Ussuriysk.
NIKOLSKAYA, see Nikolskoe, Donetsk region.
NIKOLSKAYA PESTROVKA, see Nikolsk, Penza Region.
NIKOLSKAYA Slobodka, see Nikolsko-Predmostnaya Slobodka.
NIKOLSKY, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. In 1939, 425 Jews lived in N.
NIKOLSKY POGOST, see Kirensk.
NIKOLSKO-ARKHANGELSKY, a holiday village in the Balashikha district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Moscow province. In 1926 in N.-A. there were 27 Jews, in 1939 - 299, in 1989 - 56 Jews (0.5%). genus. Albert Lvovich Lapidus (b. 1933), chemist, Dr. of chem. sciences, ch. RAS (1997), specialist in the region. technical chemistry.
NIKOLSKO-PROMOSTNAYA SLOBODKA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). In the 19th century. - from. Nikolskaya Slobodka and the village of Predmostnaya Slobodka, Ostersky u. Chernigov province. In the beginning. 20th century - from. Nikolsko-Predmostnaya Slobodka. In 1897, 724 Jews (32.2%) lived in Nizhny Novgorod, 1306 Jews (37.9%) lived in St. Petersburg; S. - 4,767 Jews. In 1882-1903 N. S. was closed for the free settlement of Jews. In 1910 in N.-P. S. operated synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 Jews owned 6 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, more than 20 shops in N.-P. S. (including 10 grocery, all 3 coal), unity. music shop. tools. In 1914 there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. 24 Aug. and in Sept. 1919 in N.-P. S. pogroms took place.
NIKOLSKY, see Nikolsk, Vologda Region.
NIKOMAROV Naum Davydovich (1903 - |), actor. In 1920 he graduated from the theater. technical school in Baku, in 1924 he studied at TSETETIS, in 1925 at the Institute of diction and recitation. Since 1920 in the Baku slave. t-re; made his debut in the role of Furmanov ("Mutiny" by D.A. Furmanov). He worked at the Sverdlovsk TRAM (1935–37), Kuibyshevsky TRAM named after. M. Gorky (1937–46), Tashkent Russian. dram, t-re im. M. Gorky (1946–52). In 1954–63 the actor Mosk. dram. t-ra. Among the roles: Ben-Akiba ("Uriel Acosta" by K.F. Gutskov), Famusov ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov), Satin ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky), Doolittle ("Pygmalion" by B. Show). He also appeared on radio and television, Nar. art. UzSSR (1950).
NIKONOVA Ry (nast, name and surname. Anna Aleksandrovna Tarshis) (b. 1942, Yeisk, Krasnodar region), theorist and practitioner of avant-garde art. Continuing the Russian late futuristic tradition. Develops a number of new types and genres of art: visual poetry, mail art, etc. Since 1965, he has participated and organized independent exhibitions of avant-garde and trans-avant-garde in the USSR and abroad (1985). Publ. in spec. ed. to modern art-woo in Germany, Italy, Austria, since 1991 - in Russia. periodicals. Organizer and author of samizdat, journal. "Transponance" (1979–86, jointly with her husband S. Sigay), "Double" (1991).
NIKOPOL, city (since 1926), regional center in the Dnipropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yekaterinoslavsky u. In 1847 322 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 3284 (19.2%), in 1910 - 2981 (12.5%), in 1923 - 2393, in 1926 - 2699 (2.9%). in 1939 - 3767 (2.9%), in 1959 - approx. 2300 (2.7%), in 1970 - 2231 (1.6%), in 1979 - approx. 1,200 (0.8%), in 1989 - 1,434, in 2001 - 327 Jews. In 1867 there were 2 synagogues in N.. There was a pogrom in N. 1905, and a Zionist circle was active in N. 1906. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues, private Jewish husband. uch-shche, Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a hotel, and more than 40 shops and stores in N. (including one jewelry store, both toy stores, and one furniture store). In 1914 there was a Talmud in N. -tora, about-in benefits to the poor of the Jewish religion, about-in charity of patients of the Jewish religion. In 1916, Pinkhus Meerovich Kalamov was the rabbi. 1930s synagogues in N. were closed, the minyan gathered in a private apartment. The rabbi in 1933 was Leib Halperin. 17 Aug. 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Some of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. A ghetto was created. 3 oct. 1941 130 Jews were shot, October 5. 1941 - 570 Jews; the Jews remaining in N. were shot on March 24, 1942. In the liberation of N. on February 8. 1944 was attended by an engineer-sapper brigade under com. Major General Samuil Grigorievich Shapiro (1901, Odessa - 1981). After the liberation, part of the Jews returned to N. In the 1960s. In N., a minyan gathered in a private apartment. In 1996, a community was created in N. (led by Alexander Isaakovich Feldman, b. 1949); in 2000, a religious community was established. community (previously - Tom Vladimirovich Podolsky, b. 1932). There is a Hesed branch in N.. From the end. 1990s there is a Sunday school. In 2005, approx. 1100 Jews. In N. genus: Yu.I. Gessen, Kh.Gildin, E.M. Goldovsky, Z. A. Kontsevoy, I.-L. Levin, S. M. Stanislavsky; Boris Abramovich Galin (Rogalin) (1904-1983, Moscow), writer, journalist; Alexander Mikhailovich Goldovsky (1908-1991, Leningrad), scientist in the region. physicochemistry and biology of oilseeds, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1937), prof. (1938), author approx. 200 works, including 7 monographs.
NIKOVA (nee Katz) Rina (1898, Petersburg - 1974, Jerusalem), ballerina, choreographer. She studied at Moscow. cons. and private studios in Berlin, since 1924 - in E.-I .; prima ballerina in M. Golinkin's troupe (Tel Aviv). In 1931 she founded the first ball. studio in E.-I., danced at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1933, returning to E.-I., she created the Yemeni Ballet troupe, and in 1949 the Jerusalem Biblical Ballet. N. - the creator of the school of classical. and nat. ballet in Israel.
NIKRITIN Solomon Borisovich (1898, Chernigov - 1965, Moscow), painter, theater artist, muralist. Brother A.B. Nikritina. Graduated from Kiev art. school (1909-14), in 1910-17 he studied in the studios of L.O. Pasternak and A. Yakovlev in Petrograd and Moscow, in 1917-20 he attended A.A. Ekster's school in Kiev, in 1920-22 - VKHUTEMAS ... Member associations "Active roar. art "(1924), OST (1926-30)," Isobrigada "(1931). Developed a theory, according to a cut thin. not the manufacturer of everyday things and art, but only the creator of their projections, that is, concepts. In 1922 he organized the "Projection t-r", in 1924 with SA Luchishkin, AG Tyshler and others. "Projectionists". Participant pl. exhibitions, including 1st rus. thin exhibitions in Berlin (Gal. Van Diemen). In 1925-29 the head. analytic dep. lively. culture in INKHUK, teacher of the Ryazan art-ped. technical school (created a cycle of analytical drawing on color science), in the 1st half. 1930s - Ch. thin Polytechnic. museum in Moscow. Member of the war 1941 - 45. Main. works: design Theater. pl. Kiev (1919), ser. plastic. compositions "Architectonics" (1920), post. "Tragedies of A.O.U." (1923), "Conspiracy of Fools" by A.B. Marienhof (1924), ser. antifash. satirical. graphics (1941–45), etc. N.'s works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum.
NIKRITINA Anna Borisovna (1900, Chernigov - 1982, Leningrad), actress. The wife of the poet A.B. Marienhof, sister of S. B. Nikritin. She graduated from the studio of t-ra "Solovtsov" in Kiev (1919). In 1920-28 she played in Moscow. Chamber Theater, in 1928–62 - in Leningrad. BDT. Played several. dozens of roles, starred in films: "Enemies" (Cleopatra), "Amphibian Man" (Dolores), "Green Carriage" (director of the im. ballet school). Honored. art. Rep. (1934).
NIKULIN Valentin Yurievich (1932, Moscow - 2005, ibid.), Actor. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1957), in his last years he also became a student at the Moscow Art Theater School. Upon graduation - an actor from the theater "Contemporary". Over the years of work in the t-re became one of the leading actors. N.'s repertoire included a wide variety of roles - the King-Father ("The Naked King" by E.L. Schwartz, 1960), Manager ("The Fifth Column" by E. Hemingway, 1962), Sasha Mashkov ("Traditional Gathering" by V.S. Rozova, 1967), Actor ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1968), Treplev ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, 1970), Passer-by ("Valentine and Valentine" by M.M. Roshchin, 1971), Jester ( "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1975) and other N. performed poems by B.Sh. Okudzhava, D.S.Samoilov, Yu.D. Levitansky. OE Mandelstam and others. In 1985 he created a composition based on verse. front-line poets, edge under the name. "1945" was included in the repertoire of the theater "Sovremennik". Movie roles: Andrei (Leap Year, 1960), Marat Chepin (The Way to the Pier, 1962), Veterinarian (Darling, 1966), Smerdyakov (The Brothers Karamazov, 1969, based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky), Doctor Gaspar (Three Fat Men, 1971), and others. In the Sovremennik Theater N. worked until the end. 1990.Since 1990 - in Israel. Honored. art. RSFSR (1981), nar. art. RSFSR (1990).
NILSEN (Alper) Vladimir Semenovich (Solomonovich) (1905 - 1938), cameraman. Worked with dir. G.V. Aleksandrov. He took off f. "Internationale" (1933), "Merry Fellows" (1934), "Circus" (1936, jointly with BA Petrov). Specialist in the region. combined filming. In 1938, he was arrested and shot. Works: Combined filming technique. ML, 1933; Handbook of the cameraman. M.-L., 1936 (jointly with A. Sakharov); Fine construction of the film. M., 1936.
NIMTSOVICH Aron Isaevich (1886, Riga - 1935, Copenhagen), chess player, chess theorist, writer. He studied at high fur boots in Berlin, Heidelberg and Zurich. In the international competition debuted in 1904 (Coburg). He achieved his first success at a tournament in Munich (1906) - 1st prize, won the title of master. In 1918 he moved to Sweden, then to Denmark. Winner and medalist pl. int. tournaments, including in Marianske Lazne (1925, 1st - 2nd), Dresden (1926, 1st), London (1927, 1st), Berlin (1928, 1st m.), Karlovy Bary (1929, 1st m.). Recognized as chess. a public contender for peace. championship, but could not provide the necessary prize fund of 10,000 Amer. dollars. In 1925 he published the foundation. chess. research: "Chess blockade" and "My system". Made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory, naib. Izv. - Nimzowitsch defense and Nimzowitsch start.
NIRZA, a settlement in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Dvina province of the Pskov province, from 1778 - in the Polotsk governorship, from 1796 - in the Belarusian province, from 1802 - in the Lyutsin district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. In 1925 in N. and surrounding us. 45 Jews lived in settlements, in 1930 - 33, in 1935 - 6 Jews (3.6%) in N. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jewish population of N. was exterminated on 18 August. 1941.
NISENBAUM Itskhok (1868, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1942, Warsaw), rabbi. While studying at the yeshiva in Volozhin, he became an active member. Palestinian movement. In 1892 N. was one of the founders of the Palestinophile organization Netzah Yisroel. In 1898 he joined the Zionist. movement. From 1900 he lived in Warsaw. One of the founders of the Mizrahi movement; since 1937 - the leader of the Mizrahi in Poland. He actively collaborated in the Jewish press in Yiddish and Hebrew (first published in Hamelitz, 1892). Author of a number of books, including "Droshim ve homer le drosh" ("Sermons and materials to them." Vilna, 1903); “Ga-yagadut ha-leumit” (“National Jewry”. Warsaw, 1920); "Masoret ve herut" ("Tradition and Freedom". Warsaw, 1939).
NISENBAUM Solomon Baruch (1866, Lublin - 1926, ibid.), Historian. Joined Hovevei Zion. Gas edited. "Dos Lubliner togblat". Two ed. in Hebrew (1899, 1921), N.'s work "On the history of the Jews of Lublin" ("Le-korot ha-yehudim ba-Lublin"), which contains biographies of rabbis, scientists, doctors, and societies, was published. figures, starting from the 1st floor. 16th century Among other tr. N .: “History of the Jews of Poland” (in German., 1903), “Jewish tombstones of the city of Lublin (16-19 centuries). Photographer. photographs with texts of inscriptions and explanations "(appendix to the journal" Jewish antiquity ". St. Petersburg, 1913).
NISENZON Aron Grigorievich (1898, Minsk province - 1964, New York), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1911 - in the USA. He studied at the bunk bed. school and un-those. Received a pharmacist diploma; was engaged in journalism. At the age of 15, he began to write poetry and a year later publ. first works, printed poetry, publicist. Art., essays, reviews in Jewish periodicals. ed. Headed the department. press "Jouyut". The first book. verse. "Gundert Leader" ("One Hundred Poems") was published in 1920. The author is a poet. collection of works "Meteorn" (1925); Dos Lebn Vil and Maise Gern (Life wants to listen to a fairy tale, 1930); the poems Der veg tsum mench (The Way to Man, 1934); "Dos zugezogte land" ("The Promised Country", 1937) and others.
NISHRI Zvi (Orlov) (1878, Tsarekonstantinovka of the Alexandrovsky district of Yekaterinoslav province –1973, Israel), sports figure. Brother H. Orlova. From 1903 - in E.-I. The creator of the system will lie, phys. education in E.-I. and the State of Israel. Graduated from un-t in Bern. Physical problems. He was involved in education since 1906. In 1908–38 he took part in the conduct of the E.-I. pl. scientific. seminars on the problems of physics. education, organized and conducted specials. gymnastics courses for teachers and athletes. The first gymnastics teacher at the Herzliya gymnasium. Published the first sport in 1913. the book in Hebrew "Lessons of gymnastics", which for a long time remained a unity, a manual. Developed professional terminology. One of the founders of the sport, the Maccabi society and the scout movement in E.-I. Founded a gymnast. about-in "Rishon Lezion". From 1927 - before. (then honorary president) of the Israel Society of Physics Teachers education in Ying-those physical. education and sports. OV Wingate. N.'s nephew - Rafael Eitan (b. 1929, Tel Adasim), a military and political figure. Lieutenant General. In 1948–82 - in the Israel Defense Forces, teams, airborne troops. troops, in 1978-83 - early. Gene. of the Israel Defense Forces Headquarters, after retirement - the creator and leader of the Tzomet party, dep. The Knesset.
NISPORENI, city, regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kishinev u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, and in 1940–91, the MSSR. 380 Jews (6.4%) lived in N. in 1930. In 1865 Jews owned 4 shops in N. (including 2 grocery stores). In the 1920s and 30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NISPOREN, see NISPOREN.
NISSELOVICH Lazar (Eliezer) Nissenovich (1856, Bausk, Kurland province - 1914, Geneva), lawyer, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then graduated from high school in Libau. Was printed in gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Karmel". In 1880 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, in 1880-82 he served in the Department of Trade and Manufactures of the Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the min. finance N.H. Bunge wrote the work “History of factory-factory legislation of Ros. empire "(v. 1–2, 1882), performed in periodical. stamp from art. on finance and law, lectured at the Society for the distribution of commercial. knowledge. In 1882 he retired, became a sworn attorney at St. Petersburg. court. ward and room legal counsel of the State. bank. In 1907, dep. 3rd State Duma from Kurland Gubernia, in the Duma joined the Cadet faction, having stipulated for himself the right to an independent position on the Jewish question, participated in the work of a number of Duma commissions, spoke in debates on the Jewish question, for which he was attacked by the right. N. prepared a bill on the abolition of the Pale of Settlement and on May 31, 1910 introduced it signed by 166 Dep. for consideration by the Duma (due to opposition from the right, the project was “shelved”). In 1911, the Duma supported a bill introduced by N. to introduce teaching in the Hebrew languages. in the beginning. schools in localities with means. Jewish population. In 1911 N. spoke out against an anti-Semite. the campaign launched by the right-wing press after the murder of P.A. Stolypin by M.G. Bogrov. Vol .: To God the Eternal, Creator of the Universe, a tearful prayer! M., 1906; The Jewish question in the III State. Duma. SPb., 1908.
NISTER (Der Nister) (real name and surname Pinkhas Mendeleevich Kaganovich) (1884, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1950, Abez, Komi ASSR), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied Russian. lang. and secular sciences, taught Hebrew. In 1907 he released the first book in Vilna. verse. in prose "Gedanken un motivn" ("Thoughts and motives"). In 1907-13 he was published in periodicals. ed. Vilna, Warsaw, Kiev. In 1910, Sat. stories by N. "Geher fun der erd" ("Above the Earth"), in 1912 - collection of works. verse. "Gezang un gebet" ("Song and Prayer"). Under the influence of I.-L. Peretz, N.'s work acquired mystical, modernist forms. In 1918–20 in Kiev he published a collection of works. "Fairy Tales in Verse", was published in the first postrev. Kiev litas. Sat-kakh in Yiddish "Aigns" and "Oifgang". In 1920 he lived and worked with MZ Shagal in a Jewish orphanage in Malakhovka. Since 1922 - in Hamburg, sotr. trade mission of the USSR. Since 1925 - in Kiev, ed. in the publishing house "Kultur-League". From 1928 to the beginning. 1941 in Kharkov, published in periodical. ed. and collection of books. During this time, he was criticized for adherence to symbolism. From ser. 1930s N. worked on his ch. manuf. - rum. "Di mishpohe Mashber" ("The Mashber family"), publishing dep. chapters in the journal. and gas. (1st part M., 1939). In rum. presents a picture of the life of Jews in Russia in the last. third of the 19th century 2nd part of rum. was ed. in New York in 1948. Rus. per. rum. The Mashber Family, made in 1940 by M. Shambadal, was not published. In 1948 he was repressed. He died in the camp hospital. N. - the author of the book: "Gedakht" ("Imagination". Berlin, 1922); "Fun meine giter" ("From my possessions". Kharkov, 1928); "Corbones" ("Victims". M., 1943) and others.
NIVKA, a village in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 271 Jews (12.9%) lived in N., in 1921 - 329 Jews. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery units. tobacco shops in N.V. 1920–30s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NIVKI, do not exist now (since 1976). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, from 1939 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In the 1940s. In 1921, 40 Jews lived in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were exterminated.
NIVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1936), subordinated to the Kandalaksha City Council of the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Arkhangelsk province. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in N..
NIYAZBEK, railway station in the Tashkent region (Republic of Uzbekistan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - aul of the Tashkent district Syrdarya region In 1908 the Bukharian Jew Ilya Zaurov owned 40 dess. land. Bukharian Jew, cr. the landowner, Yusuf Davydov, also owned land in the Niyazbek volost.
NIZHANKOVICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 15th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of the Przemysl district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 364 Jews (20.8%) lived in N., in 1890 - 546 (27.3%), in 1900 - 417 (18.7%), in 1910 - 669 (28.9%), in 1921 - 408 Jews (21.9%). of the Jews of N. belongs to 1602. In 1860–96, the rabbi of N. was Dovid Geler (1820–1896), in 1896–1935, his son-in-law Yakov Shoylem Herzog (1860–1935), and from 1935, the son of the latter, Dovid (1890– 1943) In 1924 a Jewish library was opened in N. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N. June 27, 1941, 16 Jews were killed. The rest of the Jews at the end. July 1942 were deported to the extermination camp Belzec.
LOWER CHIRSKAYA, see Lower Chir.
NIZHNE-GERASIMOV, see Garasimovka.
NIZHNE-SLOBODSKAYA, see Nizhnyaya Sloboda.
NIZHNEDEVITSK, a village, a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). From 1779 - the district town of the Voronezh governorship, from 1796 - the province. Since 1928 it was a rural settlement. In 1896 there were 21 Jews in N., 21 in the county, in 1910 in N. - 3, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 3. In 1915, 148 Jewish refugees from app. provinces of Russia. In the same year, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened; there was a synagogue.
NIZHNEDNEPROVSK, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 186 Jews (13.6%) lived in N. in 1897. In 1882–1903 N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 28 shops and stores in N. (including 8 grocery stores, a single store of agricultural tools). Yuri Isaakovich Neimark (b. 1920), Doctor of Technical Sciences sciences (1956), prof., acad. RANS (1991), head. Department of Control Theory and Dynamics of Machines, Nizhny Novgorod University.
LOWER, urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Pervomaisky City Council of the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1754. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1930, 30 Jews lived in N..
LOWER BEREZINO, see Berezino, Minsk region.
LOWER BODBE, see Bodbe.
LOWER TUROVO, a village in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Turovo Nizhnedevitsky u. Voronezh Province. In 1910, 5 Jews lived in N. T.
LOWER VYSOTSKOE, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vysotsko Nizhne (other name - Vysokonizy) of the Turkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lvov Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 141 Jews lived in NV. In the summer of 1941 NV occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 273 Jews were killed in NV.
NIZHNEGNILOVSKY, now part of the city of Rostov-on-Don (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Rostov environs. Don Army regions. In the 1930s. Was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in N..
NIZHNEGORSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Seytler (other name - Segidler) of Theodosia district Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939, 82 Jews lived in N., and 179 Jews lived in the Seytlerovsky district. In 1882–1903 N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, the Jews of N. owned 9 shops (including a single flour shop, a grocery and manufactory, and 2 shops for agricultural implements). In 1915, a fundraiser was organized in N. in favor of Jews - victims of the First World. war. In 1932 in the Seytlerovsky district there were 7 Komzet farms: "Nay veg", "Freileben", "Spartak", "Heyrus-Freigite", "Vozrozhdenie", "Lenin veg", "Beis lechem" (modern . Bread). Aid to the Jewish colonists of the Seytler district was provided by Agrojoint. In the fall of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941 53 Jews were shot in N. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N..
NIZHNEKAMSK, city (since 1966), regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in 1961 as a workers' settlement Nizhnekamsk. In 2002, 48 Jews lived in N.. 2000s a Jewish community was created in N. (previously, Arnold Samsonovich Miller, b. 1936).
NIZHNEKAMSKY, see Nizhnekamsk.
NIZHNEKOLYMSK, settlement, center of the ulus in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1644. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Kolyma environs. Yakutsk Region. In 1936, 6 Jews lived in N. A. Penn.
NIZHNEUDINSK, city (since 1783), regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1648 as Pokrovsky Gorodok. From 1664 - prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the Nizhneudinsky environs. Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1867 there were 37 Jews in N., in 1877 - 60, in 1897 - 118 (2%), in 1910 - 109 (2%), in 1926 - 117 (1.1%), in 1939 - 61 , in 2002 - 7 Jews. Jews have lived in N. since the 1830s. After the official prohibition of Jews to live in Siberia (1837), the number of the N. community increased at the expense of exiles and convicts, retired cantonists, and illegal immigrants. immigrants, as well as Jews who had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. spheres of economic. activity of Jews in N. in the 19th century. - trade, mediation, distillation. All R. 19th century a wooden synagogue was built in N. In 1896, 472 Jews lived in the district. In 1913, Jews owned 5 grocery and manufactory shops, a department store, and unity. agricultural shop. tools and a store of mineral waters. In 1920 there was a Jewish school in N. (20 students, 1 teacher).
NIZHNEV, a village in the Tlumach region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1474. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 160 Jews lived in N. 685 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the 18th century. In the 2nd floor. 18th century a community was created. In 1852–1907, the rabbi of N. was Ikhl-Mikhl Khibner (1834, Nizhnev - 1907), from 1907 - his son-in-law Chaim-Boruch Gokhberg (1865–1929), from 1929 - the son of the latter, Shmuel-Mordkhe (1890–1942). 1920-30s in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1934, a Hebrew school was opened, and sports began to function. club "Ha-Poel." In June 1941, after the retreat of the Red Army units, pogroms by the Ukrainians took place in N. Several were killed during the pogroms. Jews, the synagogue is destroyed, the Torah scrolls are desecrated. On July 3, 1941, N. occupied a Hungarian. troops. On July 12, approx. 1 thousand Jews deported from Hungary, then sent to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk). In aug. 1941 units of the Wehrmacht entered N. The Judenrat, the Jewish police, was created. In the beginning. In May 1942, N. Jews were deported to Stanislav. After N.'s liberation on April 1, 1944 10 Jews returned to the village.
LOWER PETROVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Petrouc of the Starozhinetsky headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, 35 Jewish families lived in N. P.. 1941 Jews of N.P. were deported to Transnistria.
BOTTOM REMETY, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 11th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1881, 38 Jews (12.6%) lived in N.R. During the Holocaust, the Jews of N.R. (4 families) were destroyed.
LOWER SERGI, a city (since 1943), a regional center in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1743 as a settlement at the Nizhne-Serginsky plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krasnoufimsky u. Perm province. 19 - early. 20th century In N. S. there was a Jewish population. 11 Jews lived in N. S. in 1939, and 1 Jew in 2002.
LOWER SEROGOZY, urban-type settlement (since 1960), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1926, 36 Jews lived in the region, in 1939 there were 36 Jews in NS. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in NS in the end. Sep 1941 3 Jews were shot.
NIZHNIY STANOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1596. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Unter-Stanesti Kotsmanskogo headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in NS from the beginning. 19th century; there was a synagogue. Main The occupations of the Jewish population of N.S. were trade (including timber) and crafts. In July 1941, 80 Jews were killed in N.S.
LOWER VERETSKI, see Lower Gate.
THE LOWER GATE (until 1945 - Lower Veretsky), an urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Volovetsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 12th century. From the 13th century. - as part of Hungary. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1715, 110 Jews lived in NV (34.5%), in 1930 - 645 Jews (31.8% Jews settled in N.V. in the beginning. 17th century (6 families). At 19 - early. 20th century main the sphere of economic. the activities of the Jewish population NV - trade and crafts; several people were employed in the village. x-ve. In the beginning. 20th century there was a synagogue and a Jewish school in N.V. in the 1920s – 1930s. in N.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of NV was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NIZHNY ARKHYZ, a village in Zelenchuk district of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). In the summer of 1942 N.A. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1942 20 Jewish orphans were killed in N.A.
NIZHNIY BASKUNCHAK, urban-type settlement (since 1925) in Akhtubinsky district of the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Astrakhan province. In 1939 7 Jews lived in N.B.
NIZHNIY CHIR, an urban-type settlement (since 1966) in the Surovikinsky district of the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nizhne-Chirskaya, adm. center of the 2nd Don okr. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in N. Ch.
LOWER DZHEGUTAY, a village in the Buinaksky district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1867, 35 Jews lived in N.D. In 1843, Hadji Murat's troops occupied N.D. and destroyed Jewish houses. After that, the Jews, with the exception of 5 families, left ND. In the 1860s. Jews ND, not having their own. land, cultivated tobacco and engaged in small trade. There was no synagogue in ND; the prayers were held in rented Muslim houses. In 1860, 3 Jews studied at a school opened by the authorities for the local population (the first known case of teaching Jewish children in a non-Jewish school in the Caucasus). In 1886, 20 children studied at the cheder. In 1928, with the help of OZET, 75 Jewish families from ND were given land.
NIZHNIY INGASH, urban-type settlement (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Kansk env. Yenisei province. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in N.I.
NIZHNIY IVANOV, a village in the Ternopil district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1465. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1772, Jews accounted for approx. 20% of the population of N. I. In 1919 several. Jews N.I. participated in battles from the Polish. units as part of the Jewish compound of the ZUNR army under com. Lieutenant S. Leimberg.
LOWER KARACHAN, a village in the Gribanovsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novokhopersky u. Voronezh province. In 1939, nine Jews lived in N.K.
NIZHNIY LOMOV, city, regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1636. From 1780 - a district town of the Penza governorship, from 1798 - Tambov, from 1801 - Penza province. Since 1928 - in the Middle Volga region. (from 1930 - the region), from 1937 - in Tambov, from 1939 - in the Penza region. In 1910, 1 Jew lived in N.L., in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 7, in 2002 - 2 Jews.
LOWER MAMON, a village in the Verkhnemonsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pavlovsky u. Voronezh province. In 1939, 1 Jew lived in N.M.. In the 19th century. in NM and Upper Mamon there lived a group of "Jews".
LOWER NAGOLCHIK, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Antratsytovsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Miussky env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1910, 26 Jews lived in NN, in 1939 - 13 Jews. 19th century in N.N. several were built. mines, to-rye belonged to Jews.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД (в 1932–90 – Горький), город, центр Нижегородской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1221. С 1719 – центр Нижегородской губ.В 1867 в Н. Н. проживало 348 евреев, в 1870 – 541, в 1881 – 1153, в 1897 – 2377, в 1913 – 2931, в 1920 – ок. 8100, в 1923 – 8023 (5,9%), в 1926 – 9328, в 1939 – 14 300, в 1959 – 15 300, в 1970 – 14 700, в 1979 – 13 500, в 1989 – 11 100, в 2002 – 4710 евреев.Первыми евреями в Н. Н. были купцы, приезжавшие в 1820-х гг. на ярмарку. Приезд евреев на Нижегородскую ярмарку регулировался «Положением о евреях» 1835. С 1846 в Н. Н. в арендованных и частных домах свою деятельность осуществляли 3 миньяна (четвертый образовался в 1869). На терр. ярмарки во время ее проведения действовала временная синагога. С 1853, по решению солдат-евреев, должность обществ. раввина исполнял рядовой И.А.Подиско. В 1859 во внутр. батальоне Н. Н. числилось ок. 300 солдат иудейского вероисповедания (включая отставных, постоянно живших в городе).Община в Н. Н. была основана отставными солдатами-кантонистами, к-рым в 1873 было разрешено иметь синагогу. С 1874 казенным раввином Н. Н. был Борух Бер-Залманович Заходер (1848–1905). В 1876 по инициативе Б.Б.-З.Заходера в Н. Н. была отремонтирована миква. В 1870-х гг. началось стр-во здания синагоги (закончено в 1883).В нач. 1880-х гг. в Н. Н. наблюдался приток евреев из зап. губерний Рос. империи, в осн. из Белоруссии. Увеличилось кол-во евреев, приезжавших на Нижегородскую ярмарку в качестве агентов разл. фирм из Германии и Царства Польского. В 1883 на ярмарке в Н. Н. было ок. 100 евреев-торговцев, в т. ч. бухарские евреи. В 1901 оборот от торговли с Н. Н. кр. бухарско-еврейской фирмы «Братья Аврам и Исаак Боруховы» составил 900 тыс. руб.7 июня 1884 в пригороде Н. Н. – Канавине произошел погром, в ходе к-рого погибло 11 евреев.Осн. занятиями евреев Н. Н. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. являлись мелкая торговля и ремесла (среди ремесленников преобладали портные, сапожники, граверы, ювелиры, скорняки, часовщики). В 1890 евреями-предпринимателями было открыто первое в Н. Н. хим. пр-тие.В 1890-х гг. основана талмуд-тора. В 1902 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1905 казенным раввином Н. Н. был Гирш Мовшевич Лившиц.В июле 1905 в Н. Н. произошел погром.В 1906 в Н. Н. действовала группа «Поалей Цион» во главе с д-ром Л.И.Бейненсоном. В 1911 в Нижегородской ярмарке принимало участие ок. 3,5 тыс. евреев. В том же году по приказу нижегородского губернатора А.Н.Хвостова евреи были удалены с ярмарки, вследствие чего ярмарка прошла неудачно. Обществ. мнение, осудившее распоряжение Хвостова, повлияло на его смещение с поста губернатора. В 1910-х гг. была открыта вторая гор. синагога (в Канавине); в Н. Н. имелось еврейское кладбище.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Н. Н. резко увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1915 в Н. Н. прибыло ок. 4 тыс. евреев. В том же году при содействии Моск. отд-ния ОПЕ в Н. Н. были открыты еврейская школа и очаг, действовали еврейская амбулатория, талмуд-тора. Ок. 100 беженцев работали на 10 з-дах, принадлежавших евреям. В 1916 очаг существовал в Канавине.5 июня 1916 в Канавине произошел «хлебный бунт», устроенный рус. женщинами из пригородного с. Гордеевка; женщин поддержали жители близлежащих домов, в т. ч. евреи. Среди арестованных полицией оказались проживавшие в Н. Н. раввины-беженцы из Галиции – Яков-Ицхок Ландау и Аврум Розенберг. После телеграммы, посланной ген. консулом США в Москве нижегородскому губернатору, задержанные были освобождены.В 1917 в Н. Н. было открыто еврейское бюро труда, организовано отд-ние Всерос. профсоюза еврейских артистов и хористов. В 1920 действовали орг-ции «Поалей Цион» и «Ге-Халуц», в 1920-х гг. – отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 работали еврейские клубы им. Я.Свердлова и Р.Люксембург, коллектив еврейских артистов («Еврейская труппа»); возник вопрос о переводе еврейской б-ки из Лукоянова в Н. Н. В 1-й пол. 1920-х гг. раввином в Н. Н. был Цви Штейнман. В 1929 членами ОЗЕТ в Н. Н. состояло ок. 1200 чел.В кон. 1920-х гг. Н. Н. – место ссылки сионистов.В нач. 1930-х гг. еврейская молодежь из др. нас. пунктов приезжала на стр-во Горьковского автозавода. В 1938 была закрыта синагога, в к-рой в 1939 располагались картонажные цеха и ф-ка по произ-ву гармоней. В 1941 эвакуация ряда пр-тий из зап. р-нов СССР в Н. Н. вызвала рост численности еврейского населения города.В 1940–80-х гг. миньян собирался в частных домах. В нач. 1960-х гг. в ун-те Н. Н. действовал нелег. сионистский кружок под рук. Б.Тавгера (1930–1983).С 1989 в Н. Н. действуют еврейская община, основателем и первым пред. к-рой был Леонид (Липа) Аронович Грузман (р. 1946), с 1998 пред. общины – Эдуард Михайлович Чапрак (р. 1945, Горький). В мае 1991 здание синагоги было возвращено общине. В Н. Н. работает Клуб еврейской культуры. В апр. 1993 на еврейском участке кладбища на Красной Этне было разрушено ок. 150 надгробий, в 1996 на кладбище «Марьина Роща» – более 120 еврейских надгробий. В дек. 1994 была открыта благотворит. орг-ция «Хесэд Сара», в 2000 – дет. сад «Ган Менахем» и лицей «Ор-Авнер». С 1996 раввин Н. Н. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман Борисович Йоффе (р. 1967, Днепропетровск), с 1999 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шимон Бергман (р. 1975, Иерусалим).В 2005 в Н. Н. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.В Н. Н. род.: В.Д.Ашкенази, И.М.Ашкенази, Л.А.Барабейчик, Э.Б.Бернштейн, Г.Р.Гинзбург, И.П.Гольденберг, И.Б.Гусман, И.А.Добровейн, В.М.Загорский, С.М.Каминер, А.А. Крейн, Г.А.Крейн, Д.Г.Лившиц, Л.Н.Машкилейссон, Г.Пац, Б.Д.Персиц, З.А.Пешков, Б.П. Позерн, М.И.Рабинович, А.Г.Рахштадт, Е.С.Рубинштейн, Д. Сабад, В.М.Свердлов, Я.М.Свердлов, В.Н. Сойфер, А.М.Смелянский, Э.Б.Фертельмейстер, Г.М.Франк, М.Д.Франк-Каменецкий, М.Г.Хацкилевич, В.И.Цалкин, Э.Д.Эпштейн; Давид Владимирович Ашкенази (1915–1997, Москва), отец В.Д.Ашкенази, пианист-концертмейстер, аккомпаниатор И.Д. Юрьевой, К.И.Шульженко, Л.Г.Зыкиной, М.Н. Бернеса, И.Д.Кобзона, нар. арт. РФ (1996); Борис Семенович Ветров (наст. фам. Левант) (р. 1937), поэт, с 1979 – в США; Хася Исааковна Идельчик (р. 1921), историк медицины, канд. мед. наук (1956), автор более 200 опубл. работ, в т. ч. неск. монографий; Рафаил Юрьевич Кобрин (р. 1943), специалист в обл. терминоведения, информ.-лингвистич. обеспечения банковских данных, д-р филол. наук (1979), проф. Нижегородского ун-та (1992); Давид Герцевич Лурье (1899–1939, Москва), экономист, д-р экономич. наук, зам. дир. НИИ экономики АН СССР, репрессирован; Александр Федорович Насимович (пс. – А.Лаврентьев) (1880 – 1947, Москва), писатель; Юрий Константинович Раскин (р. 1954), математик, канд. экономич. наук, ген. дир. «Аверс-Медиа», с 1996 – рук. гор. филиала РЕК, в 2002–05 – исполнит. вице-през. РЕК; Лазарь Рахлин (1905–1968, Париж), один из рук. франц. Сопротивления, в 1944 – Гос. комиссар нац. безопасности Франции, в 1950-х гг. возглавлял лигу «Франция – Израиль»; Римма Григорьевна Скороходова (Скороход) (р. 1940), пианист, педагог, проф. (1997) кафедры фортепьяно Ростовской консерватории, засл. арт. РФ (1997); Александр Михайлович Скульский (р. 1942), дирижер, с 1968 – дирижер Горьковского акад. симф. оркестра, с 1997 – зав. кафедрой Нижегородской консерватории, проф., засл. деят. искусств РСФСР (1990); Эдуард Аркадьевич Фияксель (р. 1952), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, в 1993–98 – пред. правления Нижегородского Земельного банка, в 1996–2000 – пред. Попечительского совета «Хесэд Сара», спонсор восстановления синагоги в Н. Н.; Семен Мартынович Фогель (1923 – 1994, там же), юрист, изв. адвокат, один из создателей Клуба еврейской культуры, пред. ревизионной комиссии ВААДа и ВААДа СНГ; Зелик Мейерович (Захар Миронович) Черфас (1911–?), терапевт, д-р мед. наук (1973), проф., автор мн. науч. работ, засл. врач ЛатвССР (1963); Ишаягу (Евгений Ефимович) Шафит (р. 1964), хирург, с 1996 – гл. моэл СНГ.В Н. Н. жили и работали Б.И.Гурвич, Д.Г. Гутман, И.А.Зак, И.Н.Коварский, С.И.Колтон, З.Я.Литвин-Седой, Н.Б.Лойтер, Д.Р. Любин, Б.С.Маранц, М.Мишаков, Б.Г.Скундин, Ю.Н.Флаксерман., pronunciation=НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД (в 1932–90 – Горький), город, центр Нижегородской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1221. С 1719 – центр Нижегородской губ.В 1867 в Н. Н. проживало 348 евреев, в 1870 – 541, в 1881 – 1153, в 1897 – 2377, в 1913 – 2931, в 1920 – ок. 8100, в 1923 – 8023 (5,9%), в 1926 – 9328, в 1939 – 14 300, в 1959 – 15 300, в 1970 – 14 700, в 1979 – 13 500, в 1989 – 11 100, в 2002 – 4710 евреев.Первыми евреями в Н. Н. были купцы, приезжавшие в 1820-х гг. на ярмарку. Приезд евреев на Нижегородскую ярмарку регулировался «Положением о евреях» 1835. С 1846 в Н. Н. в арендованных и частных домах свою деятельность осуществляли 3 миньяна (четвертый образовался в 1869). На терр. ярмарки во время ее проведения действовала временная синагога. С 1853, по решению солдат-евреев, должность обществ. раввина исполнял рядовой И.А.Подиско. В 1859 во внутр. батальоне Н. Н. числилось ок. 300 солдат иудейского вероисповедания (включая отставных, постоянно живших в городе).Община в Н. Н. была основана отставными солдатами-кантонистами, к-рым в 1873 было разрешено иметь синагогу. С 1874 казенным раввином Н. Н. был Борух Бер-Залманович Заходер (1848–1905). В 1876 по инициативе Б.Б.-З.Заходера в Н. Н. была отремонтирована миква. В 1870-х гг. началось стр-во здания синагоги (закончено в 1883).В нач. 1880-х гг. в Н. Н. наблюдался приток евреев из зап. губерний Рос. империи, в осн. из Белоруссии. Увеличилось кол-во евреев, приезжавших на Нижегородскую ярмарку в качестве агентов разл. фирм из Германии и Царства Польского. В 1883 на ярмарке в Н. Н. было ок. 100 евреев-торговцев, в т. ч. бухарские евреи. В 1901 оборот от торговли с Н. Н. кр. бухарско-еврейской фирмы «Братья Аврам и Исаак Боруховы» составил 900 тыс. руб.7 июня 1884 в пригороде Н. Н. – Канавине произошел погром, в ходе к-рого погибло 11 евреев.Осн. занятиями евреев Н. Н. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. являлись мелкая торговля и ремесла (среди ремесленников преобладали портные, сапожники, граверы, ювелиры, скорняки, часовщики). В 1890 евреями-предпринимателями было открыто первое в Н. Н. хим. пр-тие.В 1890-х гг. основана талмуд-тора. В 1902 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1905 казенным раввином Н. Н. был Гирш Мовшевич Лившиц.В июле 1905 в Н. Н. произошел погром.В 1906 в Н. Н. действовала группа «Поалей Цион» во главе с д-ром Л.И.Бейненсоном. В 1911 в Нижегородской ярмарке принимало участие ок. 3,5 тыс. евреев. В том же году по приказу нижегородского губернатора А.Н.Хвостова евреи были удалены с ярмарки, вследствие чего ярмарка прошла неудачно. Обществ. мнение, осудившее распоряжение Хвостова, повлияло на его смещение с поста губернатора. В 1910-х гг. была открыта вторая гор. синагога (в Канавине); в Н. Н. имелось еврейское кладбище.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Н. Н. резко увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний России. В 1915 в Н. Н. прибыло ок. 4 тыс. евреев. В том же году при содействии Моск. отд-ния ОПЕ в Н. Н. были открыты еврейская школа и очаг, действовали еврейская амбулатория, талмуд-тора. Ок. 100 беженцев работали на 10 з-дах, принадлежавших евреям. В 1916 очаг существовал в Канавине.5 июня 1916 в Канавине произошел «хлебный бунт», устроенный рус. женщинами из пригородного с. Гордеевка; женщин поддержали жители близлежащих домов, в т. ч. евреи. Среди арестованных полицией оказались проживавшие в Н. Н. раввины-беженцы из Галиции – Яков-Ицхок Ландау и Аврум Розенберг. После телеграммы, посланной ген. консулом США в Москве нижегородскому губернатору, задержанные были освобождены.В 1917 в Н. Н. было открыто еврейское бюро труда, организовано отд-ние Всерос. профсоюза еврейских артистов и хористов. В 1920 действовали орг-ции «Поалей Цион» и «Ге-Халуц», в 1920-х гг. – отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 работали еврейские клубы им. Я.Свердлова и Р.Люксембург, коллектив еврейских артистов («Еврейская труппа»); возник вопрос о переводе еврейской б-ки из Лукоянова в Н. Н. В 1-й пол. 1920-х гг. раввином в Н. Н. был Цви Штейнман. В 1929 членами ОЗЕТ в Н. Н. состояло ок. 1200 чел.В кон. 1920-х гг. Н. Н. – место ссылки сионистов.В нач. 1930-х гг. еврейская молодежь из др. нас. пунктов приезжала на стр-во Горьковского автозавода. В 1938 была закрыта синагога, в к-рой в 1939 располагались картонажные цеха и ф-ка по произ-ву гармоней. В 1941 эвакуация ряда пр-тий из зап. р-нов СССР в Н. Н. вызвала рост численности еврейского населения города.В 1940–80-х гг. миньян собирался в частных домах. В нач. 1960-х гг. в ун-те Н. Н. действовал нелег. сионистский кружок под рук. Б.Тавгера (1930–1983).С 1989 в Н. Н. действуют еврейская община, основателем и первым пред. к-рой был Леонид (Липа) Аронович Грузман (р. 1946), с 1998 пред. общины – Эдуард Михайлович Чапрак (р. 1945, Горький). В мае 1991 здание синагоги было возвращено общине. В Н. Н. работает Клуб еврейской культуры. В апр. 1993 на еврейском участке кладбища на Красной Этне было разрушено ок. 150 надгробий, в 1996 на кладбище «Марьина Роща» – более 120 еврейских надгробий. В дек. 1994 была открыта благотворит. орг-ция «Хесэд Сара», в 2000 – дет. сад «Ган Менахем» и лицей «Ор-Авнер». С 1996 раввин Н. Н. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман Борисович Йоффе (р. 1967, Днепропетровск), с 1999 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шимон Бергман (р. 1975, Иерусалим).В 2005 в Н. Н. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.В Н. Н. род.: В.Д.Ашкенази, И.М.Ашкенази, Л.А.Барабейчик, Э.Б.Бернштейн, Г.Р.Гинзбург, И.П.Гольденберг, И.Б.Гусман, И.А.Добровейн, В.М.Загорский, С.М.Каминер, А.А. Крейн, Г.А.Крейн, Д.Г.Лившиц, Л.Н.Машкилейссон, Г.Пац, Б.Д.Персиц, З.А.Пешков, Б.П. Позерн, М.И.Рабинович, А.Г.Рахштадт, Е.С.Рубинштейн, Д. Сабад, В.М.Свердлов, Я.М.Свердлов, В.Н. Сойфер, А.М.Смелянский, Э.Б.Фертельмейстер, Г.М.Франк, М.Д.Франк-Каменецкий, М.Г.Хацкилевич, В.И.Цалкин, Э.Д.Эпштейн; Давид Владимирович Ашкенази (1915–1997, Москва), отец В.Д.Ашкенази, пианист-концертмейстер, аккомпаниатор И.Д. Юрьевой, К.И.Шульженко, Л.Г.Зыкиной, М.Н. Бернеса, И.Д.Кобзона, нар. арт. РФ (1996); Борис Семенович Ветров (наст. фам. Левант) (р. 1937), поэт, с 1979 – в США; Хася Исааковна Идельчик (р. 1921), историк медицины, канд. мед. наук (1956), автор более 200 опубл. работ, в т. ч. неск. монографий; Рафаил Юрьевич Кобрин (р. 1943), специалист в обл. терминоведения, информ.-лингвистич. обеспечения банковских данных, д-р филол. наук (1979), проф. Нижегородского ун-та (1992); Давид Герцевич Лурье (1899–1939, Москва), экономист, д-р экономич. наук, зам. дир. НИИ экономики АН СССР, репрессирован; Александр Федорович Насимович (пс. – А.Лаврентьев) (1880 – 1947, Москва), писатель; Юрий Константинович Раскин (р. 1954), математик, канд. экономич. наук, ген. дир. «Аверс-Медиа», с 1996 – рук. гор. филиала РЕК, в 2002–05 – исполнит. вице-през. РЕК; Лазарь Рахлин (1905–1968, Париж), один из рук. франц. Сопротивления, в 1944 – Гос. комиссар нац. безопасности Франции, в 1950-х гг. возглавлял лигу «Франция – Израиль»; Римма Григорьевна Скороходова (Скороход) (р. 1940), пианист, педагог, проф. (1997) кафедры фортепьяно Ростовской консерватории, засл. арт. РФ (1997); Александр Михайлович Скульский (р. 1942), дирижер, с 1968 – дирижер Горьковского акад. симф. оркестра, с 1997 – зав. кафедрой Нижегородской консерватории, проф., засл. деят. искусств РСФСР (1990); Эдуард Аркадьевич Фияксель (р. 1952), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, в 1993–98 – пред. правления Нижегородского Земельного банка, в 1996–2000 – пред. Попечительского совета «Хесэд Сара», спонсор восстановления синагоги в Н. Н.; Семен Мартынович Фогель (1923 – 1994, там же), юрист, изв. адвокат, один из создателей Клуба еврейской культуры, пред. ревизионной комиссии ВААДа и ВААДа СНГ; Зелик Мейерович (Захар Миронович) Черфас (1911–?), терапевт, д-р мед. наук (1973), проф., автор мн. науч. работ, засл. врач ЛатвССР (1963); Ишаягу (Евгений Ефимович) Шафит (р. 1964), хирург, с 1996 – гл. моэл СНГ.В Н. Н. жили и работали Б.И.Гурвич, Д.Г. Гутман, И.А.Зак, И.Н.Коварский, С.И.Колтон, З.Я.Литвин-Седой, Н.Б.Лойтер, Д.Р. Любин, Б.С.Маранц, М.Мишаков, Б.Г.Скундин, Ю.Н.Флаксерман., extra_data="{'translat...")
NIZHNY TAGIL, city (since 1919), center of Prigorodny district, Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1795 as a settlement at the Nizhne-Tagil ironworks. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhotursky district. In 1910, 140 Jews lived in N. T., in 1939 - 717, in 2002 - 527 Jews. In 1896, Jews in N. T. submitted a petition to open a synagogue, in which they were refused. In 1910, a synagogue operated in N. T., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1917, a community was founded in N.T. the intelligentsia brought in creatures. contribution to the development of NT as a center of ferrous metallurgy and machinery. Deer. put into operation in 1940 Novotagilskiy (since 1957 - Nizhniy Tagilskiy) metallurgical. the plant was L.E. Weisberg. In 1992, the center "Alef" was created in N.T. (headed by Yakov Shmulevich Raizman, b. 1942, Troitsk), since 1993 a branch of "Hesed" has been operating, a Sunday school "Alef". In N. T. genus: BI Notkin, David Mikhailovich Zislin (1903-1986, Sverdlovsk), doctor, Dr. med. Sciences (1963), prof., head. clinic of occupational pathology; Eduard Grigorievich Plotko (b. 1938), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1981), specialist in the region. prof. diseases, the author of more than 120 scientific. works; Alexander Yakovlevich Shpolyanik (b. 1964), producer, children. broadcasting, prev. League of Young Journalists, Cand. ped. Sciences, Ch. Public Chamber.
LOWER NOVOSELITSA, see Novoselitsa, Ivano-Frankivsk region.
NIZHNYA ROZHANKA, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1574. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stryi district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century NR had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 NR was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42, 17 Jews were killed in NR.
LOWER SALDA, city (since 1938), subordinated to the Verkhnaya Salda City Council of the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1760 as a settlement at the plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhotursky district. Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in N.S., in 2002 - 2 Jews.
NIZHNYAYA SLOBODA, a village in the Zhigalovsky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nizhne-Slobodskaya, Verkholensk environs. Irkutsk province. 19th century there was a Jewish population in NS.
LOWER SYROVATKA, a village in the Sumy region of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sumy district Kharkov province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in N. S.
LOWER TOUR, city (since 1949) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1754 as a settlement at the Nizhne-Turin state ironworker. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhotursky district. Perm province. In 1939, 3 Jews lived in N. T., in 2002 - 9 Jews. In 1889–93, the Nizhne-Turinsky Nikolaev arms plant was converted into a prison for political prisoners - the Nizhne-Turinskoye Nikolaevskoye will be corrected. prison department, izv. under the name "Ural Shlisselburg" (YM Sverdlov was among the political prisoners).
LOWER YABLONKA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1554. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 30 Jews lived in N. Ya., In 1921 - 246 Jews. in N. Ya. there were various divisions. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N. Ya. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
LOWER ZHORA, see Jora-de-Jos.
NEW YORK, see Novgorodskoe.
NEWMAN Immanuel (1893, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1980, Tel Aviv), public figure. From ser. 1890s - in USA. In 1918–20 hands. dep. Zionist education. org-tion of the USA. In 1921, one of the founders of the Keren ha-Yesod organization in the USA, in 1921–25 its director. In 1929-30 before. Jewish nat. fund in the USA. In 1947–49 and 1956–58 pres. Zionist. org-tion USA; in 1958–63 he headed the World. conf. Common Zionists.
NOBEL, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 361 Jews (27%) lived in N.. 19th century there was a synagogue in N. Avrom-Peretz Tsibulnik (1857–?) Was the rabbi in N. 1882–1901, and Mordechai Lichtstein (1861–?) From 1901. In the summer of 1941, N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were shot.
NOGATINO, now a district within the city of Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1920s. - a workers' settlement. In 1939, 63 Jews lived in N..
NOGAYSK, see Primorsk, Zaporozhye region.
NOGID Lev Markovich (1892, Petersburg - 1972, ibid.), Shipbuilder. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1944), prof. (1945). Graduated from shipbuilding. branch of Leningrad. Polytechnic Institute (1928). Until 1945 - Ch. designer Center. KB-32. In parallel, he taught at Korablestroit. in-those, head. Department of Ship Design (1945–58). Designed a number of fishing. trawlers and transp. ships. Developed (1941) an original theory of modeling the movement of an icebreaker in ice. Supervised the design of squadron minesweepers, including the lead ship "Vladimir Polukhin", which became part of the Balt (November 1942). Fleet, Vol .: Fishing vessels. L.-M., 1935; The theory of ship design. L., 1955; Designing of sea vessels, parts 1–2. L., 1964; Design of ships: the choice of shape indicators and the determination of power installation of the projected vessel. L., 1976.
NOGINSK (until 1931 - Bogorodsk), a city, a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1389.Since 1781 - a district town of Moscow province. In 1910, 59 Jews lived in N., in 1926 - 582 (1.5%), in 1939 - 780, in 1970 - 502 (0.5%), 265 (0.2%), in 2002 - 112 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in N. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. pharmacy warehouse, jewelry store, music shop. tools, 2 shoe stores, a manufactory shop. In 1914-18 the duties of a rabbi were performed by Shohet Shmuel Zalmanov. 1990s there is a Hesed branch in N., and there is a philanthropist. dining room. D.E. Vinnytsky.
NOGUT, see Nagutskoe.
Nokhtuisk, a village in the Olekminsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Olekminsky env. Yakutsk Region. In the 1870s-90s. in N. lived several. families of exiled Jews, including the Ger family.
NOLINSK (1940–57 - Molotovsk), a city, a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1668 as a village. Since 1780 it has been a district town of Vyatka Gubernia. 16 Jews lived in N. in 1896, 6 (0.1%) in 1897, 11 in 1910, 2 in 1926, 11 in 1939, and 1 Jew in 2002. 1913 Jews owned a pharmacy warehouse, a beer shop in N.
NOMBERG Gersh-David Moiseevich (1876, Mshonov Blonsky u. Warsaw province - 1927, Otwock, Poland), publicist, writer. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In 1897 he came to Warsaw. On the advice of I.-L. Peretz, he began to write in Yiddish. First publ. - verse. "Prophet" in gas. Der Yud. Collaborated with a number of leading Jewish gas. and zhurn. In 1905–07 he lived in Germany, France, Switzerland, in 1907 - in Riga, ed. gas. "National Zeitung". In 1908 he took part in the conf. by language Yiddish (Chernivtsi), was the author of the resolution. In 1909 - sotr. gas. "Frand", in 1912-15 gas. "Gaynt". In the 1920s. one of the organizers of Jewish school education in Poland, before. Jewish Union of Journalists and Writers. He translated W. Shakespeare, R. Tagore, the tales "A Thousand and One Nights" into Yiddish. N. introduced the terms "Yiddishism" and "Yiddishists" that entered Yiddish.
NORD (real name Levin) Benedikt Naumovich (1901, Brusilov of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province –1965, Moscow), director. Prof. (1960). Graduated from the painting school of A.A. Murashko (1918). In 1926 - CETETIS in Moscow. He worked in BelGOSET, Moscow Art Theater 2nd, Kiev Rus. dram. t-re them. Lesia Ukrainka. In 1945-51 chap. dir. Kiev Ukrainian dram. t-ra them. I. Franko, in 1952–63 - Kharkov Ukrainian. dram. t-ra them. TG Shevchenko and others. Staged performances: "Forest" by A. N. Ostrovsky (1940), "Egor Bulychev and others" (1947), "Children of the Sun" (1966) by M. Gorky, "The Inspector General" Gogol (1952), "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare (1956), "Confessions of Julian" by VP Minko (1959), "Before supper" by VS Rozov (1963). Since 1960 - at the Khabarovsk Theater. in-those, since 1963 - in GITIS. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1954).
NORILSK, a city (since 1953) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1921.Since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939 there were 305 Jews living in N., in 1970 - 523 (0.4%), in 2002 - 109 Jews. In 1949 in the Norilsk correctional labor camp, approx. 400 Jews. One of the hands. uprising in June 1953 in the 1st branch of the Mountain Camp was P.A. Frenkel (1904 -?). 1990s a community was created in N. (formerly Mikhail Naumovich Shusterman, b. 1948, Leningrad). In 2005 a monument to repressed Jews was opened in N. I. Ya. Epshtein lived and worked.
NORINSK, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Ovruch district of the Volyn voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 566 Jews lived in N. in 1847, 584 (34.7%) in 1897, and 329 Jews in 1923. Jews have lived in N. since the 18th century. Main spheres of economic. activity of Jews in N. in the 19th century. - decomp. crafts (tailoring, shoemaking, carpentry, etc.), retail trade, rent. In 1867 there were two synagogues in N. Since 1883, Yeshua-Falik Kipnis (1848–?) Was the rabbi in N. In 1914 Jews owned all 6 grocery stores, all 4 manufactory shops, unity. millstones store in N. In 1918–20 the Jewish population of N. suffered from pogroms perpetrated by various gangs. Some of the Jews left N. In 1925 a Zionist group operated in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of N. were shot. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.. S. Kipnis, son of I.-F. Kipnis, M.-N. Tversky, S. Y. Elisavetsky
NORIO, a village in the Gardaban region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tiflis district. Tiflis Gubernia. In 1904, 15 Jews lived in N.
NORSHTEIN Yuri Borisovich (b. 1941, Andreevka, Penza region), artist, director-animator. In 1959–61 he studied at art animation courses at the Soyuzmultfilm cinema (Moscow). Since 1961, animation artist, since 1968 - dir. k / st "Soyuzmultfilm". He made his debut in 1968 f. "The 25th is the first day." In 1971 he removed the joint venture. with I.P. Ivanov-Vano f. "The Slaughter at Kerzhenets" (Grand Prix at the IKF in Zagreb, 1972). This was followed by: "The Fox and the Hare" (1973, pr. Ibid, 1974), "Heron and the Crane" (1974, pr. MKF in Annecy, Grand Prix MKF in Melbourne, Tampere and Odense), “Hedgehog in the Fog” (1975, State pr. USSR, Grand Prix IKF in Melbourne and Tehran), "Tale of Fairy Tales" (1979, Grand Prix IKF in Zagreb and Lille, pr. MKF in Ottawa and Oberhausen; in 1984 in Los Angeles named "The best animation movie of all time"). In 1972–82 he participated as an artist. in work on f. according to the drawings of A.S. Pushkin "I am flying to you with remembrance ...", "And I am with you again ...", "Autumn" (all - directed by A. Khrzhanovsky) also played the role of a poet. State etc. (1979). Etc. A.A. Tarkovsky (1989). Amer Prize. Academy of Film Critics (1992).
NORT Joseph (1904, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1976, New York), publicist. Since 1907 - in the USA. Graduated from Pennsylvania State University. In the end. 1920s started working in gas. During the crisis (early 1930s) he joined the Communists. He made his debut in 1930 with the brochure Steve Katovis. Life and death of a worker ”(co-authors). In 1934–49 ed. weekly New Massies; in 1938–39 - corr. in Spain. In the 1960s. headed the journal. American Dialogue. In 1971–74, corr. amer. communist. gas. "Daily World" in Moscow. Cit .: There are no strangers among people. M., 1959; Cuban revolution. M., 1960.
NOSACHEVICH, a village in the Rozhischensky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 there were 16 Jews living in N., in 1926 - 2 Jews.
NOSIKOVKA, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk Province. 14 Jews lived in N. in 1910, and four in 1931; in July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–44 there was a camp in N. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 60 Jews were held in the camp.
NOSKOVTSY, a village in Zhmerinsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1431.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district Podolsk province. In 1897 18 Jews lived in N., in 1910 - 39 Jews. occupation of Jews N. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century There was a sugar trade. In 1919 a pogrom broke out in N. by the detachments of Ataman Zeleny; during the pogrom several. Jewish houses were burned, the rest were destroyed.
NOSOVICHI, a village in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gomel u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1847, 382 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 686 (25.2%), in 1926 - 552 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in N.. In 1903, a native of N. Khaya Idovna Elkina was a member of the Gomel committee of the Bund and was under the public surveillance of the police. In 1905, a pogrom took place in N. In 1913 Jews owned all 6 grocery stores, all 4 manufactures and units. a tannery in N. In 1926 a school with teaching in Yiddish operated in N.. In the same year, natives of N. organized a Jewish farmer in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. the Hofenung collective (54 men) In the summer of 1941, the N. occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942 the Jews of N. (23 people) were deported to Gomel and executed there.
NOSOVKA, city (since 1960), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1147. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nezhinsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1910 542 Jews lived in N., in 1920 Jews accounted for 1.2% of the population of N., in 1939 there were 116 Jews in N.. In 1864 a synagogue functioned in N.. In 1886 a Jew owned a pharmacy in N. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Itskhok Teleshevsky was the rabbi in N., from 1887 - Chaim Sheynyuk (1863–?), from 1908 - Shmuel Goldschmid (1881 -?). In 1905 a pogrom took place in N. In 1913 the Jews owned 2 grocery and unions. Grocery and manufactory shops in N. In 1919 a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in N. In the 1920s – 1930s. pl. Jews left N. In the winter of 1941/42, a group of Jews remaining in the occupation was killed in N. In 2005, N. had a Jewish population.
NOSOVSKY Naum Emmanuilovich (1905, Ichnya Borznensky district. Chernigov province - 1978, Moscow), head of industrial production. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). Since 1931 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Leningrad. military-fur. Institute (1936). In 1936–38 he worked for art. Department of the People's Commissariat of the Defense Industry of the USSR in Izhevsk ("Izhmash"): foreman, early. operation bureau art. systems (since 1937); in 1938–40 dir. art. Kolomensky plant heavy. machine tool building. Supervised the creation of anti-aircraft artillery, including automatic anti-aircraft. pestilence cannons, twin deck and quad tower installations. In 1940–46 - early. Ch. art. Directorate of the USSR People's Commissariat of Armaments. In 1946–47, deputy. authorized special committee at the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was engaged in the withdrawal from Germany of rocketry and equipment for its production. Member rocket advice. Since 1947, dir. machine tool builder. s-yes near Moscow. Since 1964 - retired. In the 1970s. member prez. scientific and technical Council of the Ministry of Machine-Tool Building. industry of the USSR. He was awarded 5 orders.
NOSOVTSY, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. In 1897 there were 18 Jews living in N., and in 1910 - 38 Jews. 1918 a pogrom broke out in N. by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev; During the pogrom, Jewish houses were plundered; in July 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In the fall of 1941, three Jews were killed in N.
NOTENAI, a village in Skuodas u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Natyany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1882–1903 N. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the beginning. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. Jews left N.
NOTKIN Alexander Ilyich (1901, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1944), prof. (1931), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from the Ministry of National Economy (1925). Consultant of the Bureau of Industrial-Econ. research Pres. Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR (1929–30), scientist-specialist of the Institute of Economics. research State Planning Committee of the USSR (1933–37). From 1927 on teaching at Moscow State University, MIIT, Academy of external. trade in Moscow, Belarusian state. un-those, Ying-those nar. kh-va and Planov in-those in Minsk. Since 1938 - at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1963 head of the sector of efficiency, rates and proportions of public production). Participant of scientific. discussions on methodological. issues of political economy in 1927-29. In 1951, in the work of IV Stalin "Econ. problems of socialism in the USSR "(1952) is" Answer comrade. Alexander Ilyich Notkin ”on the discussion of the textbook of political economy. Took part in the development of projects for five-year and long-term development plans for the people. x-va of the USSR. Author of works on political economy, labor productivity, efficiency of investments and societies. production, methods of economics. forecasting, balance and intensification of production: “Essays on the theory of socialist. reproduction "(M., 1948)," Material production. base of socialism "(M., 1956)," Nat. income in socialist. ob-ve "(M., 1977, jointly with MS Atlas and others)," Vopr. efficiency and intensification of societies. production "(M., 1986).
NOTKIN Boris Isaevich (b. 1942, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region), TV journalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1972). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1966). In 1966-1969 - lecturer at the Department of Foreign. lang. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1969–72 postgraduate student of the Department of History of the USSR, Moscow State University, in 1973–80 teacher of the Department of Foreign. lang. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1981–91 Assoc. this department. Since 1989 he has been working for Moscow. TV. channel (host of the programs "Good Evening, Moscow", "Face the City", screenwriter and host of the program "Boris Notkin Invites"). The author of Art. in the region. speech impact and political science.
NOTKIN Joseph Isaakovich (b. 1928, Odessa), architect, urban planner, restorer. Doctor of Architecture (1982), Ph.D. MAA (1992). In 1950 he graduated from the Central Asian Polytechnic. Institute in Tashkent. Main architect. works: restoration ans. Ichan-Kale in Khiva (1975), town planning general plans. development of Khiva and Bukhara (both - 1975). The author of the book. "Minarets of Khiva" (Tashkent, 1978). Honored. arch. UzSSR (1988).
NOTKIN Nota Khaimovich (Nathan Shklover) (| - 1804, Petersburg), public figure. In the 1770s-80s. lived in Mogilev, was engaged in trade. In 1788 the supplier was Russian. army; then he traded in Moscow. All R. 1790s opened trade in Shklov. While in 1797 in St. Petersburg for the settlement of finance. settlements with the state. treasury, presented by the gene. to the public prosecutor A.B. Kurakin "The project on the resettlement of Jews ..." in the village - kh. colonies. In 1800 N. acquainted G.R.Derzhavin with the "Project". From the beginning. 19th century - In Petersburg. In 1803, N., at the invitation of Derzhavin, entered the Jewish Committee, formed to develop legislation on Jews. In the course of the work of the committee N. spoke in favor of creating. Jewish communities of their factories, the profit from which was to go to public needs. N. - one of the founders of the Jewish community and cemetery in St. Petersburg.
NOTOVICH Philip Iosifovich (1890, village Kokhanovka, Podolsk province - 1958, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1939), prof. (1949). Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. He graduated from the department of external. relations f-that societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924). In 1921-30 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases. Since 1930 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History Communist. academy and simultaneously. Assoc. Moscow State University. In the 1930s. scientific secretary Commission for the publication of documents from the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. affairs of Russia. In 1937-49 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1949 - at MGIMO. Author of works on the history of international. relations on the eve and in the years of the 1st world. wars, as well as in the 1920s and 30s; participated in the preparation of university and school textbooks on modern history. Vol .: Disarmament of the imperialists. League of Nations and the USSR. M., 1929; From the first to the second world. war. Tashkent, 1943; Dipl. struggle in the years of the first world. war, t. 1. M.-L., 1947; Peace of Bucharest 1918 M., 1959.
NOTOVICH Moishe (1912, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1968, Kazan), literary critic. He studied at the Jewish branch of lit. Faculty of Odessa Ped. in-that. As a student, he began to publish Art. and reviews in Jewish periodicals. ed. The topic of Cand. dis. N. became the work of I.-Y. Linetskiy (1938). The secretary worked. departments of literature and arts theater, studios at GOSET. In 1945–48 he published a literary critic. and critical. Art. about the Jewish owls. liter in gas. "Einikite" and in the alm. "Geimland" (Moscow). After the defeat of the EAK and the closure of gas. moved to Kazan, taught Russian. literature and headed the department of advanced training of language teachers of the Kazan state. un-that. In the 1960s. published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" lit. portraits of the writers M.I. Litvakov, A.Sh. Gurshtein, M. Viner, J.A. Bronshtein and others, Art. on topical problems of Sov. Jewish literature, participated in lit. discussions. In 1983, Zh. "Sovetish gameland" as adj. released Sat. N. "Criticism and Critics".
NOTOVICH Nikolai Alexandrovich (1858, Kerch, Tauride province - |), traveler, historian, journalist, publisher. In the end. 19th century traveled to India, in one of the Buddhist temples in Ladakh discovered "evidence of the stay of Jesus Christ in India", which formed the basis of the book. "The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ" (in French. Paris, 1884; Russian translation - St. Petersburg, 1910). On the research N. base their tr. all supporters of "ind. stage ”in the life of Jesus Christ. In the 1910s, while living in St. Petersburg, N. participated in the creation. acc. "T-va periodical. editions ”, was the managing director of the joint stock company. about-va graphic. lawsuit in "Delo", ed. weekly Financial Review (1910–17), gas. "Evening Courier" (1914) and "Petersburg. courier ”(1914–15), published a weekly. lit.-thin. zhurn. "Pearl" (1914-15) and gas. “Voice (1915–16), edited by the journal. “Illustrated St. Petersburg. courier "(1914). Cit .: Europe on the eve of the war. M., 1890; Russia and England. East-polit. etude. SPb., 1907.
NOTOVICH Osip (Joseph) Konstantinovich (1849, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1914), journalist. Doctor of Philosophy. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1873–74, the publisher and actual ed. gas. "New time". Since 1876, ed.-publisher gaz. "News", a cut gave a bright watered direction. At the same time. worked in the firm "Gutenberg", edged eddn. "News and the exchange newspaper" (1880-1906) and its addendum: weekly. ill. zhurn. "Petersburg Life" and every month. zhurn. "Fashion and Sport", "Nature and Economy", "Technical Review", "Esculap", ed. to-rykh was N. The author of plays ("Marriage and Divorce", "Daughter", "Dark Business", "Without an exit", "Surprise"), philosophical and aesthetic. works ("A little bit of philosophy", 1866, "A little more about philosophy", 1866, "Love and Beauty", 1888) and expositions of the book. G. Bockle "History of civilization in England". In 1911 he left Russia.
NOUV (Novakovsky) Alexander (1915, Petrograd - 1994, Glasgow), economist. Rod. in the family of the professional revolutionary (Menshevik) Y. Novakovsky. Since 1924 - in Great Britain. In 1936 he graduated from the London Econ. school. In 1939–45 - in the army; participated in the battles at Dunkirk; Major in Army Intelligence. In 1945–58 at the state. service; in 1958–63, a lecturer at the University of London, a specialist in the problems of Sov. about-va and owls. economy. Creator and first director. Institute for the study of the USSR and the countries of East. Europe - the largest Sovietologist. center of Great Britain. Ed. zhurn. "Will take stadies". Author pl. book on the economy of the USSR. Member Royal Econ. about-va.
NOVA SLUPIA, a village in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Slupya Nova (other name - Nova Slupya) of Keletsky u. In 1827 80 Jews (12.6%) lived in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1856 - 160 (22.5%), in 1897 - 1038 (62%), in 1921 - 956 Jews (44.3% Jews lived in NS from the beginning. 19th century In the end. 19th century community created. In the beginning. 20th century there were 3 synagogues, a nursing home, a philanthropist. organization, there was a Jewish cemetery. Rabbi NS in 1909-18 - Boruch-Colonimus Horvits-Sternfeld (1885-1942), from 1924 - Zeev-Dovid Diktwald. In the 1920s and 30s. in NS acted divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N. S. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NOVA VOLIA, see Virbalis.
NOVAK Grigory Irmovich (1919, Chernobyl of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1980, Moscow), athlete (weightlifting), circus performer. Ten-time USSR heavyweight champion. athletics in different weight categories (1937–46), the first owl. world champion (Paris, 1946). Silver. prize-winner Olympus. 1952 light heavy games. weight (410 kg, triathlon). Installed St. 100 world. and all. records. In the circus and on stage he performed as a power acrobat. In 1953 he created a number with weights and barbells, in which he included an element of acrobatics. He kept a heavy weight on his feet. a metal farm with a track, along which four partners rode a motorcycle. From 1962 he performed with his sons Arkady (b. 1940) - master of sports, USSR champion in heavyweight. athletics among young men) and Roman (b. 1947). Improving his numbers, N. turned them into an attraction "Athletic Poem" (1968). Honored. Master of Sports (1945), Hon. art. RSFSR (1969).
NOVAKOVSKAYA (nee Gurovich) Sofia Ioakhimovna (Efimovna) (1858, Yekaterinoslav, according to other data Chigirin, Kiev province. - 1927, Yakutsk), a participant in the revolutionary movement. Graduated from wives. gymnasium in Yekaterinoslav (1876), was a member. local populist. Cup. In the summer of 1876 she came to St. Petersburg to continue her education. In 1876 she was arrested during a demonstration on Kazanskaya Square. She was subject to exile in the Vologda province, but voluntarily followed her husband Kh.Z. Novakovsky, sentenced to exile in Vost. Siberia. She lived in Irkutsk province, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk. In 1884, she publicly slapped a local police officer for bullying political exiles, sentenced to exile in Verkholensk, in 1886 transferred to Balagansk. She took part in the speech of local political exiles against the massacre of the victims of the "Yakut tragedy" of 1889, for which in 1891 she was sentenced to 4 years in hard labor (by confirmation, she was replaced by exile "to the most remote places of Siberia"). Exiled to Verkhoyansk, Yakutsk Region, participated in the life of the local colony of political exiles. In 1902 she settled in Yakutsk, worked as a nurse in a local hospital.
NOVAKOVSKY David (1847, Makhnovka of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province - 1921), composer, cantor. From 1859 he sang in the choir of the Berdichev synagogue. In 1864–69 the second cantor of the Berdichev Choral Synagogue. 1869-1919 the second cantor of the Brodsk synagogue in Odessa. Since 1872 he is known as the author of synagogue music. Published a number of muses. op. From 1885 he taught harmony and counterpoint in Jewish private muses. schools and in Nar. cons. His contemporaries called N. "Jewish Bach."
NOVAKOVSKY Yehuda Zalmanovich (1879, Chernigov province. - 1933, Moscow), publicist, economist, public figure. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education; in 1897 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. He took part in the activities of the Zionist. org-tion "Renaissance", later became one of the hands. "Seimists". In 1905-06 several. was arrested once. In 1912 he managed a coal mine in Krivoy Rog. During the trial of M.M. Beilis, he helped Ya.I. Maze in compiling materials for the defense. In the years of the 1st world. war organized Jewish schools in Kiev. In 1918–20 min, finance in the Council of Nar. mines in Ukr. bunk bed rep., in 1921–26 - Sov. bargain. attaches in Prague, Berlin and London. After returning to Moscow, he taught political economy at the Hebrew language department. and lit-ry ped. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (since 1929). Publicistic. activity began in 1906–07 Art. in the organ of "seimists" "Folkshtime", after Oct. rev-tion was published in the Kharkov magazine. "Di dig Velt", into the gas. "Der Stern", where at the end. 1920s led the column "Economic Conversations". The first book. he published War and Peace in Yiddish in Yekaterinoslav in 1919. Author of the works Agrarian Question (1919), Gothe Strapches (God's Servants, 1928), Jewish Holidays and Holy Rites (1929), and others.
NEW ALEXANDRIA, see Pulawy.
NEW ASTRAKHAN, a village in the Kremensky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1787 as Guzievka (other name - Novotroitskoe). At 19 - early. 20th century - Novo-Astrakhan settlement of Starobelsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1800, Jews constituted 5% of the population of N.A., in 1939 there were 7 Jews living in N.A.. 20th century the Jews of NA rented land plots; Jews of N.A. owned 3 shops.
NEW BASAN, a village in the Bobrovitsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozeletsky u. Chernigov province. In 1926, 39 Jews lived in the region, in 1939 in NB - 6 Jews, in 1941 - 2 Jewish families. Since 1908, Mordechai Krol (1880–?) Was the rabbi in NB. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory shop in N.B. In 1919 in N. B. there was a pogrom, organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in 1920 - by the gang of Ataman Romashko. In the summer of 1941 Jews of N. B. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR.
NOVAYA BELITSA, now part of the city of Gomel (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1772. In 1777–1852 - the county town of Belitsa, Mogilev province, since 1852 - the provincial town of Gomel district. Mogilev province, since 1854 - a suburb of Gomel. In 1783, 868 Jews lived in N.B., in 1803 - 888, in 1833 - 2076, in 1847 - 1552, in 1923 - 2721 (33.4%), in 1939 - 3828 Jews. On the first mountains. In the elections in 1784, the Jews of N.B. were elected to the posts of burgomaster and two ratmans. In 1796 burgomaster of the mountains. the magistrate was Hirsch Haimovich. In 1841 a synagogue and 3 schools operated in NB. In the 1840s. the rabbi in N.B. was Sholom Bamo. In 1845, time worked in N. B. school commission on the education of Jews Belitsky u. (pre. - Grabowski). In 1847 two synagogues (wooden) operated in N.B. Main occupations of Jews N. B. in the 19th century. - gardening, horticulture, trade. In 1880 Jews owned 98 houses (out of 305). In the 1920s and 1930s. in N. B. there was a Jewish school. In 1925, at bakery No. 4, Jews accounted for 75% of the workers (out of 212 people); In the same year a conference of Jewish non-partisan youth was held. In 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in N.B. In 1945, without the consent of the authorities, a synagogue was opened in N.B. In 1949 the synagogue functioned in the house of Mordukh Tanfelevich Libkin (1879–?) At the address: st. October, 11; up to 30 Jews gathered on Saturday. The minyan organizer was fined several times. The synagogue was later closed. In 1951, Sherman was fined for baking matzo, who lived at the address: st. Proletarskaya, 15.
NEW BUKHARA, see Kagan.
NEW CHERTORIA, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novo-Chartoria Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 502 Jews (26.8%) lived in N. Ch., In 1923 - 448 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of N. Ch. in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914 Jews owned a pharmacy, a wood-burning warehouse, and 9 shops in N. Ch. (Including all 6 grocery stores, a single haberdashery); unity. The mill in N. Ch. was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941 N. Ch. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 27 nov. 1941 in N. Ch. 207 Jews were shot.
NEW DMITROVKA, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Novo-Dmitrovka Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1900 in N.D. lived several. Jewish families, in 1910 - 1 Jewish family. occupation of Jews N.D. in 19 - beginning. 20th century there was small trade.
NOVAYA YOLCHA, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Iolcha Novaya Rechitskiy u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in N.Ye. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in N.Y. In the summer of 1941, N.Y. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 17 Jews were shot in N.Ye., and in 1956 an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution.
NOVAYA GALESHINA, an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Kozelshchinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 26 Jews lived in N.G., in 1910 - 40 Jews. 20th century Jews N.G. were engaged in the main. petty trade and decomp. crafts. In 1914–15 b. including Jews N. G. moved to Kremenchug.
NEW ROW, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1709 by immigrants from Galicia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1897 18 Jews lived in N.G., in 1926 - 4 Jews.
NEW GUSEVITSA, a village in the Buda-Koshelevsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century in N. G. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in N.G.
NEW GUTA, see New Krasnoshora.
NOVAYA KAKHOVKA, a city (since 1952) in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main In 1950, 48 Jews lived in NK in 2001. a Jewish community was created in N.K., in 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.K. Andrey Natanovich Rappoport (b. 1963), before. of the board of "Alfa-Bank", vice-president. YUKOS, since 1998 - deputy. prev. of the Board of JSC "UES of Russia", since 1999 - before. of the Board of Directors of JSC Dalenergo.
NOVAYA KRASNOSHORA, a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Novaya Guta Starostva Starostva Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century NK had a Jewish population. July 1941 N.K. occupied the Romanians. troops. In July 1941 the Jews of N.K. were deported to the village. Chudey (present-day Mezhirechye) were killed there too.
NOVAYA KURBA, a village in Zaigraevsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Novo-Kurbinskoye Verkhneudinsky environs. Transbaikal region In 1897 in N.K. 66 Jews lived (12%).
NEW LADOGA, city (since 1704) in the Volkhov district of the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1867, 29 Jews lived in N.L., in 1874 in N.L. - 193 Jews, in the district - 15 families, in 1880 in N.L. - 51 families, in 1896 in N.L. county - 39, in 1910 in NL - 60 Jews, in 1926 - 53, in 2002 - 4 Jews. The first Jews in NL were soldiers who served in the fortress of Staraya Ladoga in the middle. 19th century In 1842 on his own. means of Jewish soldiers a synagogue was built on land that belonged to the Ministry of Railways. In the 1870s. Jewish craftsmen began to settle in NL. In 1874 Jews owned 2 houses; some of the Jews were retirees, who were also engaged in trade and crafts. In 1874, the Jews of N.L. petitioned the governor to set up a synagogue on Kuznetskaya Street, in the house of Ilyinsky. Several ex. the lower ranks were offered to leave the synagogue in the same building (on the embankment of the Ladoga Canal). The governor responded positively to the petition, but the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs banned the opening of a new synagogue. In 1880 the Jews petitioned again, and in 1881 the synagogue was reopened. The Jews of N.L. were assigned to the Shlisselburg rabbi Abram Zaks. After the latter was dismissed in 1896, the synagogue was closed. Jews N.L. petitioned to be included in the rabbi of St. Petersburg A.N. Drabkin, but he refused. In June 1898, the provincial government refused to approve the position of rabbi N.L., pharmacist Solomon Isaakovich Levi, and then - pharmacist assistant Yankel Sapotnitsky. In 1899 by the decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs synagogue in NL was reopened. The doctor M.Y. Roterozen became the public rabbi. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in N.L., and in 1927 the synagogue in N.L. was closed.
NEW LYALYA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1723. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhotursky district. Perm province. In 1939, 16 Jews lived in N.L., in 2002 - 2 Jews.
NEW MAYACHKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Tsyurupinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. In 1910, 396 Jews (2.2%) lived in N.M., in 1939 - 36 Jews. In 1882-1903 N.M. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910, a synagogue operated in N.M., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, a watch workshop, more than 10 shops and stores in N.M. (including 4 grocery stores, both tableware, a manufactory). In 1925 approx. NM were allocated land for the organization of Jewish farmers. settlements. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews left N. M. In the summer of 1941 N. M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941 in N.M. several were shot. remaining in the occupation of Jews.In 2005 in N.M. had a Jewish population.
NEW MIKHAILOVKA, a village in the Reshetylivskyi district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century N. M. had a Jewish population. N. M. was born. Abraham Shapiro (1870-1965, Petah Tikva, Israel), society. activist, since 1881 - in E.-I., one of the organizers of the protection of Jewish settlements in E.-I.
NEW MURAFA, now part of the village. Murafa, Shargorodsky district, Vinnytsia region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 303 Jews (25.3%) lived in NM in 1887. In 1889 a synagogue functioned in NM. Main occupations of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century were trade and crafts. N.M. G.I.Budker.
NEW MOUSE, a village in the Baranovichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mysh Novaya (other name - Novo-Mysh) of Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the BSSR. In 1897, 1764 Jews (58.8%) lived in NM, in 1921 - 632 Jews (34.8%). Jews lived in N.M. from the middle. 16th century Rabbi N. M. at the end. 18th century - Avrom-Meer Epstein, a disciple of Doiv-Bera from Mezhirich, in 1857–79 - Yankel-Moishe Yerusalimsky (? –1879), then - the Lubavitch Hasid Yisroel-Yonatan Yerusalimsky. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in N.M. 20th century - several. synagogues. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in N.M. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 50 shops and stores in NM (including all 17 grocery, all 16 tobacco, all 8 flour). in N. M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. June 27, 1941 N. M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto was created, destroyed in the summer of 1942, when the Jews were shot.
NEW NIVA, a village in the Cherven district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in N. N. there was a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and haberdashery shops in N.N.
NEW RIM, see Rim.
NEW ODESSA, city (since 1976), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1776. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novo-Odessa (other name - Fedorovka) of Kherson u. In 1897, 1,010 Jews (18%) lived in N.O., in 1910 - 4205 (42%), in 1923 - 389, in 1939 - 228 Jews. In 1868 a synagogue operated in N.O., in 1910 - 2 synagogues. In the 1890s. Rabbi N.O. was Lev Kagan. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and both iron-metal shops in N.O. The Jewish community suffered during the Civil. In 1926, natives of N.O. organized in the Kherson environs. 4 Jewish farmers t-va: no name (7 families), "Rakitno" (7 families), "1st Odessa" (4 families), "1st Odessa resettlement" (14 families). 1941 N.O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941 in N.O. 125 Jews were shot. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.O. there is a community (previously - Alexander Demyanovich Prokopchuk).
NEW PRAGUE, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Alexandria district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1730. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad New Prague (other name - Petrikovka) of Alexandria Kherson province. In 1910, 1104 Jews (22.1%) lived in N.P., in 1923 - 629, in 1926 - 591 (4.5%), in 1939 - 113 Jews. synagogue, in 1910 - 2 synagogues, there was a Jewish cemetery; in 1911 in N.P. - 8 heders (105 students). In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in N.P. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, both pharmacy warehouses, all 3 hotels, both photo studios, 2 watch workshops, unity. a bathhouse, 50 shops and shops in N.P. (including 13 grain, 5 manufacturing). In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in N.P. Some of the Jews left N.P. In 1924–25, immigrants from N.P. founded in the Krivoy Rog okr. Jewish agriculturalists artels "New Life" (13 families) and "Kalinovka" (35 families). In the 1920s and 30s. part of the Jews of N.P. moved to the kr. cities. 1941 N.P. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In May 1942, 29 Jews were shot in N.P. In 2005, N.P. had a Jewish population.
NOVAYA PRILUKA, a village in Lipovetsky district, Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novaya Priluka (other name. - Priluka) Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 1,485 Jews lived in N.P., in 1897 - 2011 (56.1%), in 1923 - 1368, in 1939 - several. hundreds of Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of N.P. in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in N.P. m-in. In 1914 a synagogue functioned. The Jews of N.P. owned a pharmacy, a photographic studio, a hairdresser's, 2 timber warehouses, a water mill, a mead and distillery plant, 28 shops (including 9 manufactory, 3 grocery stores). Among the Jews of N. P. there were 4 tailors, 2 dressmakers; prev. Petty bourgeois council N.P. was Leib Munishevich Scholar. The Jewish community of N.P. suffered during the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. 10 jan. 1918 a pogrom took place in N.P. in the 1920s and 1930s. most of the Jews left N.P. In July 1941, N.P. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. In nov. 1941 Jews N.P. (350 people) were shot. D.M. Chizhikov.
NEW Rafalovka, see Rafalovka.
NEW SHARKOVSHIZNA, see Novo-Sharkovshchizna.
NOVAYA SINYAVKA, a village in Starosinyavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in NS. In 1914 a synagogue functioned in N. S. The Jew belonged to unity. grocery store in N. S.
NOVAYA SLOBODA, a village in the Putivl district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1593. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kursk province. 20th century in N. S. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families. In July 1942 the Jews of N.S. were killed.
NEW HUNDRED, now part of (since 1957) Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ostrogozhsky settlement Voronezh Gubernia. In 1910, 10 Jews lived in NS, in 1939 - 4 Jews.
NEW TSARICHANKA, a village in the Belgorod-Dnestrovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Tsarichanka New Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. 19 - early. 20th century in N. Ts. there was a Jewish population. In 1865 a Unity belonged to a Jew. a wine shop in N. Ts. In the summer of 1941, N. Ts. was occupied by Romanians. troops. In aug. 1941 in N. Ts. A group of Jews was killed.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НОВАЯ УШИЦА (до 1826 – Литнёвцы), поселок городского типа (с 1923), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1439. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. В сер. 18 в. получила Магдебургское право. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Подольской губ. С 1927 – еврейский нац. поссовет.В 1847 в Н. У. проживало 725 евреев, в 1863 – 1136, в 1897 – 2213 (34,6%), в 1910 – 2747 (34%), в 1923 – 1991, в 1926 – 1844 (28,4%), в 1939 – 1547 (54,9%), в 1998 – 2 еврея.В кон. 18 в. в Н. У. проходили съезды кагальных старшин.В 1838 в Н. У. были убиты два доносчика-еврея, сообщивших властям о нарушениях в составлении ревизских сказок. Были арестованы 82 еврея – жителя Н. У. и окрестных местечек. Суд проходил в Дунаевцах; почти всех подсудимых отправили на каторгу, многих из них подвергли публичному наказанию шпицрутенами; 30 чел. после экзекуции погибли. Был арестован глава хасидской династии Израиль Фридман (1796–1850); за недоказанностью вины его освободили. Эпизод вошел в историю под назв. «Новоушицкое дело».В Н. У. действовали 3 синагоги, 8 еврейских уч-щ. Казенным раввином в сер. 19 в. был Шейнин.Осн. занятия еврейского населения Н. У. в 19 в. – ремесла, торговля, аренда, подряды. В 1850-х гг. кр. подрядчиками были Гольденберг и Зикланд. В 1852 среди евреев Н. У. были 3 мясника, 4 булочника, 10 портных, 5 сапожников, 3 кожевенника, 11 ткачей, 4 извозчика и 2 часовщика.В 1891 еврейская община Н. У. собрала 500 руб. в пользу пострадавших от голода крестьян-неевреев. С 1897 раввином в Н. У. был Шая Бурштейн (1862–?). В Н. У. действовало 4 синагоги.В 1897 мн. евреи Н. У. были заняты на гильзовой ф-ке, двух з-дах искусств. вод, кирпичном з-де; евреям принадлежало 105 ремесл. мастерских; среди евреев Н. У. числилось 120 портных, 50 столяров и металлистов, 3 ювелира. В 1902–08 в ремесл. уч-ще (столярное, токарное, слесарное, кузнечное дело) учились еврейские и христианские дети из семей ср. и малого достатка. В 1902 собств. дома имели 195 евреев Н. У. В 1904 в Н. У. была открыта низшая ремесл. школа, работало двухклассное гор. уч-ще, где еврейские дети изучали рус. лит-ру и светские предметы. Материальную поддержку оказывало ОПЕ. В Н. У. работали 2 еврейские б-ки (Шнайдера и казенного раввина Янкеля Кравеца), еврейский книжный магазин, 5 аптек принадлежали евреям. В 1907 из сумм коробочного сбора выделялись средства на содержание сирот, обществ. приюта при синагоге, амбулатории и лечебницы, ремонт синагог, миквы, кладбища. В гор. думе евреев представлял И.Х.Полячек. В 1907 при выборах в 3-ю Гос. Думу в Н. У. кандидат в выборщики от Бунда получил 46% голосов.В 1910 в Н. У. действовали 5 синагог, частное еврейское уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. В Н. У. на средства, поступавшие от евреев, было организовано об-во пособия бедным всех вероисповеданий (попечитель об-ва – Зильберман). В 1911 работало отд-ние ЕКО. Тогда же была создана сионистская орг-ция (лидеры – Б.Штендер и Х.Рабин). В 1913 сионисты и бундовцы организовывали митинги в связи с делом М.Бейлиса.В 1914 евреям Н. У. принадлежали аптека, 2 склада аптечных товаров, оба лесных склада, все 6 постоялых дворов, склад с.-х. машин и орудий, 2 фотостудии, часовая мастерская, 74 лавки и магазина в Н. У. (в т. ч. 24 бакалейные, все 16 мануфактурных, единств. книжный магазин). Евреями были оба лесопромышленника и единств. ювелир в Н. У.В нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи были высланы из Н. У.В 1917 в Н. У. был создан совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, состоявший преимущественно из бундовцев. В том же году состоялись выборы членов совета еврейской общины Н. У., прошедшие в синагоге. В 1918 был организован отряд самообороны во главе с Менделем Дайчманом.В 1922 в открытии 2-го дет. дома в Н. У. участвовали члены орг-ции «Маккаби». В 1925 в подпольных сионистских орг-циях («Ге-Халуц», ОСМ) состояло более 50 чел. В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. У. работала школа с преподаванием на идише.В кон. 1920-х гг. ок. Н. У. был создан еврейский колхоз. К 1933 численность евреев в колхозе выросла на 20%; украинцы составляли 24% членов колхоза. В 1934–35 значит. часть колхозников (87 семей) жили в Н. У. Пред. колхоза был Бенцион Альтман. Помощь евреям-земледельцам оказывал Агроджойнт. Евреи Н. У. были заняты на плодоконсервном (с 1927) и маслобойном (с 1933) з-дах, работали в мебельной, швейной, обувной, пищевой артелях.В 1938 в Н. У. была закрыта еврейская школа. В кон. 1930-х гг. закрываются хедеры, помещения отдаются под клубы.В июле 1941 Н. У. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 было создано гетто, ликвидированное в авг. – сент. 1942. Часть евреев Н. У. вывезли в гетто Каменец-Подольского, где их расстреляли вместе с жителями др. нас. пунктов и депортированными евреями из Венгрии.В кон. 1940-х гг. в урочище Трихов на деньги, собранные евреями, был установлен деревянный памятник погибшим, в 1970-х гг. – каменный обелиск.В 2005 в Н. У. имелось еврейское население.В Н. У. род. И.Вайсер., pronunciation=НОВАЯ УШИЦА (до 1826 – Литнёвцы), поселок городского типа (с 1923), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1439. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. В сер. 18 в. получила Магдебургское право. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Подольской губ. С 1927 – еврейский нац. поссовет.В 1847 в Н. У. проживало 725 евреев, в 1863 – 1136, в 1897 – 2213 (34,6%), в 1910 – 2747 (34%), в 1923 – 1991, в 1926 – 1844 (28,4%), в 1939 – 1547 (54,9%), в 1998 – 2 еврея.В кон. 18 в. в Н. У. проходили съезды кагальных старшин.В 1838 в Н. У. были убиты два доносчика-еврея, сообщивших властям о нарушениях в составлении ревизских сказок. Были арестованы 82 еврея – жителя Н. У. и окрестных местечек. Суд проходил в Дунаевцах; почти всех подсудимых отправили на каторгу, многих из них подвергли публичному наказанию шпицрутенами; 30 чел. после экзекуции погибли. Был арестован глава хасидской династии Израиль Фридман (1796–1850); за недоказанностью вины его освободили. Эпизод вошел в историю под назв. «Новоушицкое дело».В Н. У. действовали 3 синагоги, 8 еврейских уч-щ. Казенным раввином в сер. 19 в. был Шейнин.Осн. занятия еврейского населения Н. У. в 19 в. – ремесла, торговля, аренда, подряды. В 1850-х гг. кр. подрядчиками были Гольденберг и Зикланд. В 1852 среди евреев Н. У. были 3 мясника, 4 булочника, 10 портных, 5 сапожников, 3 кожевенника, 11 ткачей, 4 извозчика и 2 часовщика.В 1891 еврейская община Н. У. собрала 500 руб. в пользу пострадавших от голода крестьян-неевреев. С 1897 раввином в Н. У. был Шая Бурштейн (1862–?). В Н. У. действовало 4 синагоги.В 1897 мн. евреи Н. У. были заняты на гильзовой ф-ке, двух з-дах искусств. вод, кирпичном з-де; евреям принадлежало 105 ремесл. мастерских; среди евреев Н. У. числилось 120 портных, 50 столяров и металлистов, 3 ювелира. В 1902–08 в ремесл. уч-ще (столярное, токарное, слесарное, кузнечное дело) учились еврейские и христианские дети из семей ср. и малого достатка. В 1902 собств. дома имели 195 евреев Н. У. В 1904 в Н. У. была открыта низшая ремесл. школа, работало двухклассное гор. уч-ще, где еврейские дети изучали рус. лит-ру и светские предметы. Материальную поддержку оказывало ОПЕ. В Н. У. работали 2 еврейские б-ки (Шнайдера и казенного раввина Янкеля Кравеца), еврейский книжный магазин, 5 аптек принадлежали евреям. В 1907 из сумм коробочного сбора выделялись средства на содержание сирот, обществ. приюта при синагоге, амбулатории и лечебницы, ремонт синагог, миквы, кладбища. В гор. думе евреев представлял И.Х.Полячек. В 1907 при выборах в 3-ю Гос. Думу в Н. У. кандидат в выборщики от Бунда получил 46% голосов.В 1910 в Н. У. действовали 5 синагог, частное еврейское уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. В Н. У. на средства, поступавшие от евреев, было организовано об-во пособия бедным всех вероисповеданий (попечитель об-ва – Зильберман). В 1911 работало отд-ние ЕКО. Тогда же была создана сионистская орг-ция (лидеры – Б.Штендер и Х.Рабин). В 1913 сионисты и бундовцы организовывали митинги в связи с делом М.Бейлиса.В 1914 евреям Н. У. принадлежали аптека, 2 склада аптечных товаров, оба лесных склада, все 6 постоялых дворов, склад с.-х. машин и орудий, 2 фотостудии, часовая мастерская, 74 лавки и магазина в Н. У. (в т. ч. 24 бакалейные, все 16 мануфактурных, единств. книжный магазин). Евреями были оба лесопромышленника и единств. ювелир в Н. У.В нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи были высланы из Н. У.В 1917 в Н. У. был создан совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, состоявший преимущественно из бундовцев. В том же году состоялись выборы членов совета еврейской общины Н. У., прошедшие в синагоге. В 1918 был организован отряд самообороны во главе с Менделем Дайчманом.В 1922 в открытии 2-го дет. дома в Н. У. участвовали члены орг-ции «Маккаби». В 1925 в подпольных сионистских орг-циях («Ге-Халуц», ОСМ) состояло более 50 чел. В 1920–30-х гг. в Н. У. работала школа с преподаванием на идише.В кон. 1920-х гг. ок. Н. У. был создан еврейский колхоз. К 1933 численность евреев в колхозе выросла на 20%; украинцы составляли 24% членов колхоза. В 1934–35 значит. часть колхозников (87 семей) жили в Н. У. Пред. колхоза был Бенцион Альтман. Помощь евреям-земледельцам оказывал Агроджойнт. Евреи Н. У. были заняты на плодоконсервном (с 1927) и маслобойном (с 1933) з-дах, работали в мебельной, швейной, обувной, пищевой артелях.В 1938 в Н. У. была закрыта еврейская школа. В кон. 1930-х гг. закрываются хедеры, помещения отдаются под клубы.В июле 1941 Н. У. заняли части вермахта. В сент. 1941 было создано гетто, ликвидированное в авг. – сент. 1942. Часть евреев Н. У. вывезли в гетто Каменец-Подольского, где их расстреляли вместе с жителями др. нас. пунктов и депортированными евреями из Венгрии.В кон. 1940-х гг. в урочище Трихов на деньги, собранные евреями, был установлен деревянный памятник погибшим, в 1970-х гг. – каменный обелиск.В 2005 в Н. У. имелось еврейское население.В Н. У. род. И.Вайсер., extra_data="{'translat...")
NOVAYA VODOLAGA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1675. In 19 - early. 20th century - Valkovsky settlement Kharkov province. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in N.V., in 1939 - 20 Jews. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in the fall of 1941, one remaining Jew was killed in N.V.
NEW VYZHVA, a village in the Starovyzhevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1508. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vyzhva, Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 30 Jews lived in N.V., in 1787 - 33, in 1790 - 42, in 1870 - 720 (47.8 %), in 1897 - approx. 500 (approx. 20.2%), in 1921 - 358 Jews (18.1%) Jews lived in NV since the 16th century, having equal rights with the Christian population. In 1663, King Vladislav IV confirmed the rights given to Jews (permission to maintain a synagogue, cemetery, butchers, hospital, etc.). Jews were allowed to acquire vacant land, but it was forbidden to buy houses of Christians. Jews NV received permission to produce and sell alcoholic beverages and were exempted from paying certain taxes; rabbi, shames and cantor were completely exempt from taxes. 18th century the number of the Jewish population of N. V. fell sharply due to the military. action. Until 1764, the NV community was part of the Kovel Jewish community. In 1789, N.V. had 11 Jewish houses and 3 taverns owned by Jews. there was a synagogue in NV; Jews owned 3 mills. Most of the Jews of N.V. were artisans - shoemakers, tailors, carpenters and tinsmiths, to-rykh provided work for the neighboring peasants. A small number of Jews were engaged in trade. In 1920, a pogrom took place in N.V., in the course of which Jewish houses were destroyed. Some of the Jews left N.V. in the 1920s – 30s. in N.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. June 27, 1941 N.V. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 5 Aug 1941 260 Jews were shot. In the summer of 1942, a ghetto was created, destroyed at the end of August. 1942.
NEW ZALUZHNAYA, now part of the village. Zaluzhnoe, Litinsky District, Vinnytsia Region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century NZ had a Jewish population, and in July 1941 NZ was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. Dec. 1941 60 Jews were shot in NZ.
NEW ZARYA, ex. Jewish agriculturalist. a collective in the Biyuk-Onlarsky district of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1932, 42 Jewish families lived in N.Z.
NOVAYA ZBURIEVKA, a village in the Golopristansky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1774. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. In 1894, 156 Jews (3%) lived in N.Z., in 1914 - 252 (3.5%), in 1939 - 40 Jews. Jews lived in N.Z. from the middle. 19th century Main occupation of the Jewish population of NZ in the middle. 19th century was with. h-in, later - trade. 30 Oct. 1905 local peasants ransacked and plundered Jewish houses and shops in NZ, some houses were burnt. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in NZ.
NOVAYA ZHADOVA, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Starozhinetsky headman of the province of Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in N. Zh. there was a Jewish population. July 1941 N. Zh. occupied the Romanians. troops. In July 1941, 19 Jews were killed in N. Zh., The rest were deported to Storozhinets and then to Transnistria.
NEW BEETLE, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, from 1940 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in N. Zh. there was a Jewish population. July 1941 N. Zh. occupied the Romanians. troops. In July 1941, 25 Jews were killed in N. Zh., The rest were deported to Transnistria.
NOVE MYASTO, see New Misto.
NEW, see Kind.
NOVETLENFOLU, see Dyakovo.
NOVGOROD-SEVERKY, city (since 1044), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 10 c. Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. From 1797 - a district town of Malorossiyskaya, from 1802 - Chernigov province. In 1797 in N.-S. 10 Jews lived, in 1847 - 1336, in 1862 - 2033, in 1867 - 2265, in 1897 - 2956 (32%), in 1910 - 4386, in 1918 - approx. 3,500, in 1920 - 2665, in 1923 - 2922, in 1926 - 2089, in 1939 - 982 Jews (8.6%). Jews lived in N.-S. from the end. 16th century; then the synagogue was built. In 1648 in N.-S. there was a pogrom by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In 1797 in N.-S. there was one merchant among the Jews. In 1862 in N.-S. there were 5 synagogues, a Jewish state school of the 1st category (in 1867 - 70 students). In 1886 there were 2 synagogues. In the end. 19th century rabbi in N.-S. was Chaim Bogin. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of Jews N.-S. there were trade (including wholesale - hemp, bread, timber, sunflower oil) and handicrafts (shoemaker, tailor, furrier). The Jews of the city owned 5 distilleries (out of 25), 2 kruporushki, an oil mill, a pharmacy. In 1905 in N.-S. a pogrom took place in 1910 in N.-S. a private Jewish school operated, 5 synagogues operated, and there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 4 drugstore warehouses, both bakeries, all 3 hotels, unity. photo studio, watch workshop, 35 shops and shops in N.-S. (including all 10 grocery stores, all 4 manufactory, the only jewelry store). Both timber merchants in N.-S. were Jews. 1918 retreating units of the Kr. The armies were set up in N.-S. pogrom, during which 57 Jews were killed and 16 wounded; houses and shops were looted; A.-Ya. Slutsky was among the dead. 1919 in N.-S. the department of Evsektsia worked, with which there was a dramatic. circle. In 1922 in N.-S. there was a working club SERP. In 1925 people from N.-S. organized in the Kherson province. collective farm them. Lekkert (74 people) and the collective farm. Sverdlov (19 families, 116 people). In 1924–35, Zelman Abramovich Khurgin (1900–?) Was a rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. means. part of the Jews left N.-S. In July - Aug. 1941 the majority of the Jewish population of N.-S. managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. 26 Aug 1941 N.-S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 7-8 nov. 1941, all those who remained in N.-S. were shot. Jews (174 people). From the middle. 1990s in N.-S. there is a Jewish community, there is a Jewish cemetery. 2005 in N.-S. there was a Jewish population. genus: B.Z.Bunina, E.B. Gankin, I.M. Kaufman, M.L. Slonim, A.-Ya. Slutsky, V.L. Talalay, A.F.Tur, Ya.-I. Fink, B.A. Khazanov; Lev Bentsionovich Katok (1904-1970, Kiev), architect, author of many projects. buildings in Kiev.
Novgorodok, see Kutsovka.
NOVGORODOVA Eleonora Afanasyevna (1933, Moscow - 1996, ibid.), Historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1990). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). Teacher of the Mongolian University (Ulan Bator, 1957–61), the University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba (1963–66), ISAA at Moscow State University. Sci. sotr. The Institute of History of the K-that of Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Mongolian People's Republic (1957–61), the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1964). She gave lectures in high fur boots in France, Germany, USA. Main directions of work: historical and cultural development of ancient Mongolia, Karasuk culture, archeology Cf. Asia, Center. Asia, petroglyphs and rock carvings, etc. Cit .: Center. Asia and the Karasuk problem. M., 1970; Son of the Khangai Mountains. M., 1976; The world of petroglyphs of Mongolia. M., 1984; Ancient Mongolia (some problems of chronology and ethnoculture of history). M., 1989.
NOVGORODSKOE (until 1951 - New York), an urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Dzerzhinsky City Council of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century like a mining village. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 90 Jews lived in N..
NOVICH (real family member Feinstein) Ioann Savelyevich (1906, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1984, Moscow), literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1933). He began to publish in 1925. In the 1920s. active member of the RAPP. 1941–45 - at the front. Sci. N.'s interests are connected with the study of the works of A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.Gorky. Vol .: In the battles for proletarian literature. M., 1931; Life of Chernyshevsky. M, 1939; M. Gorky in the era of the first Russian revolution. M., 1955; Gorky's artistic testament: The Life of Klim Samgin. M., 1966; Young Herzen: Searches, Ideas, Images, Personality. M., 1980.
NOVICHEV (real family member Rabinovich) Aron Davydovich (1902, Ternovka Gaisinsky district of Podolsk province - 1987, Leningrad), historian. Cand. econom. Sciences (1935), Dr. Sciences (1959), prof. (1962). In 1925 he graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences LSU, in 1926 - Leningrad. east in-t. Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932–41, 1948–50). Lecturer at LVI (1929–38), east. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1948–82). 1941–45 - in the army. The main direction of research. - the economy and history of Turkey in [[]] new and modern times. Cit .: Turkey's economy during the world war. L.-M., 1935; The history of the working class of Turkey. L., 1958; The peasantry of Turkey in modern times. M., 1959; History of Turkey. T. 1: The era of feudalism (XI-XVIII centuries). L., 1963; T. 2: New time (1792-1839). L., 1968.
NOVIK Isaak Osipovich (1891 - 1968, Kiev), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences (1953), prof. (1953), After graduating from the Kiev dental school (1914) until 1917 he served in the army. In 1924 he graduated from Odessa honey. in-t. In 1924–34 ch. dentist, polyclinic in Odessa; in 1932–39 assistant professor. Department of Dentistry, Odessa med. in-that and simultaneously. dir. Ukr. Research Institute of Dentistry in Odessa. In 1941–47 he served in the army at the beginning. maxillofacial departments of hospitals. Since 1947 head. department of therapeutic. dentistry of Kiev honey. Institute of Science. tr. N. dedicated children dentistry, diagnosis of early dental caries; developed the principles of oral cavity sanitation in children; proposed the composition and method of using plastic for dental prosthetics. Prev organized by him Ukr. about-va dentists. Cit .: Questions of prevention-dental caries and sanitation of the oral cavity in children. Kiev, 1958; Diseases of the teeth in children. Kiev, 1961; Periodontal disease (pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment). Kiev, 1964; Diseases of the teeth and oral cavity in children. M ,, 1974.
NOVIK Peysakh (Paul, Paul) Khaimovich (1891, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1990, New York), publicist, editor, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1913 - in the USA. Comp. Amer. socialist federation, secretary weekly Di nae Velt. After the revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia, worked at a factory in Moscow, was active in the Bund. In oct. 1920 returned to the United States, where he became one of the hands. org-tion "Ikuf", since 1921 member. Communist. US party. Together with M. Olgin, he founded the gas. "Freigite" (later "Morgen Freigite"), which took over the leadership after the death of Holgin (1939). Throughout many. years played a leading role in the Amer. Jewish journalism. Peru N. belongs to many. Art., reviews, reviews, essays in periodical. ed., as well as the book. and brochures on societies. or T. themes, including "Europe between war and peace" (1948) - the result of the post-war. N. travel to the West. and Vost. Europe and the USSR.
NOVIKOV Avraam Izrailevich (b. 1921, Nevel, Vitebsk province. - 2001), historian. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1967), prof. (1969). Graduated from Philosophy, Faculty of Leningrad State University, taught philosophy, headed the department of philosophy at Leningrad State University. in-that culture them. N.K. Krupskaya. Specialist in the history of philosophy and Russian. societies, thought and culture, author of more than 150 publ. tr., monographs "React. the essence of the bourgeois. ideology "(1961)," Nihilism and nihilists (experience of critical characteristics) "(1972)," Rus. Philos. poetry. Four centuries "(1981)," Philistines and philistines (from the history of Russian societies, thought) "(1983). So, I paid attention to the analysis and propaganda of philosophy. works by V.I. Lenin. Prepared for publ. book NA Berdyaeva ("Christianity and the class struggle"), KN Leontiev ("Byzantine and Slavicism") and others. Scientist of the RSFSR.
NOVIKOV Felix Aronovich (b. 1926, Baku), architect. Doctor of Architecture (1991), prof. (1986), acad. MAA (1992). Studied at the Moscow Architectural Institute (1945–50). Participant and winner of more than 20 architects contests. Since 1993 - in the USA. Main work: in Moscow - Art. metro Krasnopresnenskaya (1954), c / t "Progress" (1958) and "Leningrad" (1959), the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren on the Lenin Hills (1958–62, jointly with VS Kubasov, IA Pokrovsky and others), a complex of adm. buildings on Turgenevskaya pl. (1979); in Zelenograd - a plant of electronic equipment (1962–69, jointly with Pokrovsky, etc.), a residential building "Flute" on the Main Square. (1967–70, jointly with Pokrovskii, G.E. Saevich), complex Mosk. Institute of Electronic Technology (1966–71, jointly with Saevich), the building of the USSR Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania (1973–77, jointly with Saevich). Author pl. Art. and book., incl. "Formula of Architecture" (1984). Nar. arch. USSR (1991). State pr. RSFSR (1967). State pr. USSR (1975).
NOVIKOV Victor Abramovich (b. 1943, Pugachev, Saratov region), theater expert, theater worker. The son of A.I. Novikov. Graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of LGITMiK (1966). Since 1967 head. lit. part, since 1991 - thin. hands, Leningrad. acad. dram, t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Reprinted periodically. ed. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1989).
NOVIKOVA (real family Herzer) Clara Borisovna (b. 1946, Kiev), pop artist. In 1968 she graduated from the Studio of circus arts in Kiev, worked in the philharmonic societies of Kirovograd, Poltava and other cities, in the Ukrkontsert in Kiev. Since 1975 - at the Mosconcert. She took part in group concerts with the performance of works. M.Mishin, A.M.Arkanov, S.T.Altov, M.M. Zhvanetsky, A.A. Trushkina, played in pop performances "From Sokolniki to the Park by Metro", "It was yesterday", "Round Moon "," He, she and at the same time ", etc. In 1989 she graduated from the department of actors and dir. stage of GITIS. In 1990 she performed with the program "Solo for a bed with a creak" (text by L.Yu. Novozhenov, directed by V. Druzhinin), in 1992 - with the program "I laugh so as not to cry", which she later resumed under the same name but with new numbers. Since 1992 in Moscow. t-re miniatures at hand. Zhvanetsky, performs with the program "Klara Novikova in the circle of friends." Laureate of the 5th All-Union Union competition of pop artists (1974). Honored. art. RF (1993).
NEWS, do not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - a Jewish farm in Surazhsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1864, 24 Jews lived in N., and in 1864 there were 4 Jewish households in N.. Main the occupation of the Jews was agriculture.
NOVINY, a village in the Chervonoarmeisky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Novina (other names - Vienna Sloboda, Kromany) in Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. 20 Jewish families lived in N. in 1859, and 20 Jewish families in 1898. were one of the first Jewish colonies in the north-west. Ukraine. The colonists rented 174 dess. private land. In 1859 the colonists worked 655 dess. leased arable land. By 1886, the area of ​​leased land had decreased more than 2 times (300 dess.); less and less Jews were engaged in agriculture. In the 19th century, when the lease of arable land expired, Jews were engaged in petty trade and handicrafts. In 2005, N. had a Jewish population.
NOVITSA, a village in the Kalush district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1367. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kalush district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, N. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In 1942, 8 Jewish families (26 people) were deported from N. to Kalush and subsequently destroyed.
NOVITSKY (real name Brook) Mark Vladimirovich (1920, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Pop artist. Graduated from Moscow. music theater. uch-shche them. AK Glazunov, worked in a number of provinces. t-ditch op-you, hands. military. ans. songs and dances in Khabarovsk. In 1948 he returned to Moscow, worked as an entertainer, tried himself as a reader (in 1949 he performed together with AE Azarin literary editing "On the Roads of America" ​​(based on the production of M. Gorky, V. V. Mayakovsky, I. Ilf In 1950, N. became a partner of LB Mirov in a pair conference.After the death of Mirov (1983) N. acted as an entertainer. Honored Art. Of the RSFSR (1970).
NOVKA, a village in the Vitebsk region of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vitebsk u. Vitebsk Gubernia. 12 Jews (1%) lived in N. in 1939. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and unity. tobacco shop in N. 19 Sept. In 1919, the gang of Ataman Bystry organized a pogrom in N. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N. in 1941, 3 Jews were killed.
NOVO-ALEXANDRIA, see Pulawy.
NOVO-ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Novoaleksandrovsk.
NOVO-ASTRAKHAN, see New Astrakhan.
NOVO-BELGOROD, see Pechenegs.
NOVO-BERISLAV, see Novoberislav.
NOVO-BORISOV, now part of the city of Borisov, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in N.-B. there was a Jewish population. In 1912 in N.-B. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in N.-B. After the occupation in N.-B. in the summer of 1941 a ghetto was created, which was later liquidated. genus. Alexander Isaakovich Goldovich (1900-1975), general-leith. (1945), early. Ing. district troops.
NOVO-CHARTORIA, see New Chertoria.
NOVO-DAVGELISHKI, see Nausias Daugeliskis.
NOVO-DMITROVKA, see New Dmitrovka.
NOVO-GEORGIEVKA, see Novogeorgievka.
NOVO-IVANOVSKOE, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1930s. - in the Ukhtomsky district. In the 1920s. in N.-I. there were 2 minyan registered at different times. One of them was going to the apartment of the organizer of the minyan Moisey Mikhailovich Karagorodsky.
NOVO-KIEVSKOE, see Novokievsky Uval.
NOVO-KOVNO, see Novye Kovna.
NOVO-KRESTYANSKOE, a village in the Soviet district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). 1942 N.-K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 11 Sep 1942 in N.-K. 62 evacuated Jews were killed.
NOVO-KURBINSKOE, see New Kurba.
NOVO-MARIINSKY POST, see Anadyr.
NEW-MOUSE, see New Mouse.
NOVO-NIKOLAEVKA, see Novonikolaevka, Gulyaypolskiy district, Zaporozhye region.
NOVO-NIKOLAEVSKAYA, see Novoazovsk.
NOVO-NOGAYSK, see Berdyansk.
NOVO-ODESSA, see Novopodolskoe.
NOVO-PAVLOVKA, see Novopavlovka, Mykolaiv region.
NOVO-PETROVSK, see Novopetrovka, Odessa region.
NOVO-PODOLSK, see Novopodolskoe.
NOVO-ROPSK, see Novy Ropsk.
NOVO-SEMENOVKA, see Novosemenovka.
NOVO-SHARKOVSHCHIZNA, now part of the urban-type settlement Sharkovshchina, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1795 - the town of Novaya Sharkovschizna, Disnensky district. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847 in N.-Sh. 472 Jews lived, in 1897 - 1007 (87.4%), in 1921 - 615 Jews. in N.-Sh. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941 N.-Sh. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In May 1942 in N.-Sh. was destroyed approx. 800 Jews, the rest were deported to the ghetto in Glubokoye.
NEW TRINITY, see Novotroitskaya.
NOVO-TURUKHANSK, see Turukhansk.
NOVO VILEJSK, see Naujoji Vilna.
NOVO-VITEBSK, see Novovitebskoe.
NOVO-ZHITOMIR, see Novozhitomir.
NOVO-ZLATOPOL, see Novozlatopol.
NOVO-ZLATOPOLSKY JEWISH NATIONAL DISTRICT, does not exist since 1939. Nowadays - the territory. modern Gulyaypolsky, Kuibyshevsky, Pologovsky and Tokmaksky districts of Zaporozhye region. as part of Ukraine. Main in 1929 in the Zaporozhye environs. The first Jews settled in the territories that later formed N.-Z. E.N.R., in 1845, when in the Alexandrovsky and Mariupol districts of the Yekaterinoslav province. in 1845–57, 14 Jewish agriculturalists were founded. colonies; two of them (Nechaevka and Trudolyubovka) were destroyed during the Civil. wars in November. 1929 as part of N.-Z. ENR included 12 Jewish colonies and 25 newly formed immigrants. villages. There were 10 village councils in the district, including 9 Jewish ones. Terr. the area was 520 sq. km, population - 14 thousand. In 1929–31 in N.-Z. E. N. R. carried out a complete collectivization of individual economies. Collective farms (their number is 39) united 2929 peasant farms, to-rye cultivated 42,044 hectares of arable land. Main directions with. x-va in N.-Z. E.N.R. were agriculture and dairy farming. In 1931 there were 6 village councils (6012 people) in the district. In 1936–37, there were 29 schools in the region, including 20 with Yiddish teaching. Zootechnical. a technical school with teaching in Yiddish trained specialists for its own collective farms and other Jewish nationalities. r-new. A network of clubs and libraries was created, including in Yiddish. There were regional newspapers: "Kolvirt Stern" (since 1930) in Yiddish, "Kolgospna Zorya" (since 1935) in Ukrainian. lang. MTS had its own organ - gas. "Dvigun kollektivizatsii", published partially in Yiddish. jan. - early. Feb 1942 Jewish population N.-Z. E. N. R. was destroyed. I. M. Shaikin
NOVOALEXANDROVKA, a village in the Bratsk district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1871 by settlers from Kiev province. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units several. Jews of N. in 1941 were shot in Bratsk.
NOVOALEKSANDROVSK, see Zarasai.
NOVOALEKSANDROVSKAYA Sloboda, see Melitopol.
NOVOALEKSEEVKA, a village in the Kamensko-Dneprovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939 there were 29 Jews living in N.. 1941 in N. during the occupation, 4 Jews were killed.
NOVOALEKSEEVSKOE, a village in the Belorechensk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). In 1942, 8 evacuated Jews were shot in N. during the occupation.
NOVOANDREEVKA, a village in the Orekhovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1873. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 26 Jews lived in N., and in 1900, 2 Jews.
NOVOANNINSKY, city (since 1956), regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - stanitsa Anninskaya Khopersky env. Lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - Provinces of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in N., in 2002 - 1 Jew.
NOVOARKHANGELSK, urban-type settlement (since 1957), regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1742. In 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 943 Jews (15%) lived in N., in 1923 - 570, in 1939 - 209 Jews. Jews lived in N. since 1764. main The occupations of the Jewish population of N. were crafts and trade. In the 1880s. Jews belonged to b. h. bargaining. and prom. pr-ty, as well as mills and forges. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 5 shops in N. (including a single haberdashery, a single manufacturing). The Jew was unity. timber merchant in N.V. Sep 1919 in N. there was a pogrom, organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in the course of which many others. Jews were killed, Jewish homes were plundered. In the 1920s and 30s. means. part of the Jews of N. moved to the kr. cities. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 15 Feb 1942 on the collective farm. Stalin, the Novoarkhangelsk district, 134 Jews were killed. On March 12, 1942, 27 Jews were shot in N.. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.. Z. Kvartin.
NOVOAVRAMOVKA, a village in the Khorolsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1795. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Khorolsky district Poltava province. In 1900, approx. 10 Jewish families, in 1910 - 3 families. 19 Sept. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941–42 the Jews of N. were killed.
NOVOAYDAR, urban-type settlement (since 1957), regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starobelsky district Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1939 there were 18 Jews living in N. In 2005, there was a Jewish population in N..
NOVOAZOVSK, city (since 1966), regional center in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1849 as the village of Novo-Nikolaevskaya in the Taganrog environs. Lands (since 1870 - Regions) of the Don Army. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement of Budennovka. In 1939, 55 Jews lived in N..
NOVOBERISLAV, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1841 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Novo-Berislav (other name - New Berislav) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - Jewish nat. In 1859, 724 people lived in N., in 1887 - 588, in 1896 - 602, in 1912 - 801 Jews (94.5%), in 1924 - 404 people, in 1927 - 375, in 1931 - 327 canoe. was founded by settlers from Vilna and Kovenskaya provinces. In 1861 the colony had 94 farm. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1868. In 1887 there were 55 Jewish farms in N. (out of 57). In 1896 there were 2 synagogues in N. In 1898 in N. there were 79 families of farmers (452 ​​people), who owned 1,380 dess. land. The Jews owned 134 horses and 111 cows. From 1902 a Jewish bunny worked in N. one-class school (60 students, 1 teacher). In 1917, a Jewish consumer was organized. In 1918–20 the Jewish population of N. was subjected to pogroms and robberies. In 1920, units of the Volunteer Army destroyed the school building and 2 residential buildings. Between 1921 and 1922 the population of N. suffered from hunger and epidemics of typhus and cholera. The ARA and the Joint provided assistance to the victims of the pogroms and the starving. In 1923–24 there was a Jewish consumer in N. about. EKO and the Joint supplied agricultural colonists. equipment and seeds, helped to acquire livestock. In 1923 the Jews of N. were transferred to the "unlimited and free" use of the nationalization. formerly a synagogue building. In 1927 the synagogue was closed. From 1925 to 1928 the colonists united in small villages. artels and TOZs; they were assisted by agricultural workers. credit cooperative company, EKO and Agrojoint. In 1929–30 all artels were merged into the Free Worker collective farm. In the summer of 1941, N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 10 Sep 1941, 87 Jews were shot in a ditch 0.5 km from N. (residents of N., as well as refugees from Bessarabia and the village of Kremenchug). Canaan Ilyich Izakson (1909-1985), designer, since 1964 - gen. constructor, early. Taganrog head special. KB on machines for harvesting grain. cultures, flax. pr. (1964) I. M. Shaikin
NOVOBOGDANOVKA, a village in the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1862. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 6 Jewish families lived in N., in 1910 - 18 Jews.
NOVOBRATTSEVSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Krasnogorsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 18 Jews (1%) lived in N., in 1989 - 10 Jews (0.4%).
NOVOCHERKASSK, a city in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - adm. the center of the Land of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Oblasts of the Don Cossacks. In 1896, 338 Jews lived in N., in 1926 - 447 Jews (including 1 Krymchak, 3 Mountain Jews) and 1 Karaite, in 1939 - 673, in 1970 - 785 (0.5%), in 2002 - 199 Jews. 19th century so settled in N. number of retired Jewish soldiers (approx. 100 people). In 1881, Jews were evicted from N. At the beginning. 20th century Jews settled in the city again. On July 22, 1942, N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. On Sept. 1942 in N. 10 Jews were shot, in October. 1942 - 3 Jewish children from children. houses in N. In the 1970s. dir. Novocherkassk electric locomotive building. s-yes was Georgy Aleksandrovich Berdichevsky, Hero of Socialist. Labor (1974), State. ave. USSR (1974). In 1999 a community was created in N. (pre. - Boris Germanovich Legrand, b. 1958, Bobruisk). In N. born: Alexander Rafailovich Berezinsky (1902–1978), hydroelectric engineer, Dr. tech. Sciences (1948), prof. IISS (1950), author of over 100 works; Lazar Moiseevich Dorokhov (1900–1964, Kishinev), biologist, Dr. Biol. Sciences (1958), prof. (1958), in 1961–64 - director. Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR; Alexander Abramovich Zhukhovitsky (1908-1981), physicochemist, doctor of chemistry. Sciences (1948), prof. (1948), from 1948 - head. Department of Physicochemistry, Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, author of more than 300 works; Mikhail Iosifovich Kogan (b. 1947), urologist-surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1987), prof. (1993), specialist in the region. andrology, author of more than 200 scientific. works; Vladimir Samuilovich Shevelev (b. 1945), mathematician, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1992), prof. (1994) Rostov build. academy, author approx. 100 prints V.I. Levkov lived and worked in N.
NOVODAROVKA (until 1924 - Bogodarovka), a village in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1855 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1920–29 - in the Zaporizhzhya region, in 1930–41 - in the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. Zaporozhye region, from 1932 - Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - Zaporozhye region. In 1861 641 people lived in N., in 1897 - 490 Jews (89%), in 1924 - 494 people, in 1938 - 577 people .In the end. 19 - early. 20th century there was a synagogue in N. In 1897 the colonists owned 1187 dess. land, 162 horses, 150 cows. In 1929 the Sotsdorf collective farm was established in N. (in 1933, 17 families). In 1929 a circle was organized in N. to strengthen the anti-religion. work among the Jewish population. In 1930 in the building of the Jewish school there was a hut-reading room (there was a literature in Russian, Ukrainian and Yiddish). 1941 - early. 1942 A group of Jews remaining in the occupation was shot in N.
NOVODEREVYANKOVSKAYA, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yeisk department. Kuban Region. In 1939, three Jews lived in N. In the fall of 1942, 37 evacuated Jews were shot in N..
NOVODNESTROVSK, a city (since 1993) in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main In 1975, 5 Jews lived in N. in 2001.
NOVODRUZHESK, city (since 1963), subordinated to the Lisichansk city council of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1935 as an urban-type settlement Novodruzskoe. In 1939, 34 Jews lived in N..
Novodruzheskoe, see Novodruzhesk.
NOVODUGINO, urban-type settlement (since 1974), a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dugino Sychevsky u. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in N. During the Holocaust, 4 Jews were killed in N..
NOVODVORSKAYA Valeria Ilinichna (b. 1950, Moscow), politician. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. From 19 years old, the participant is a dissident. movement. In 1969 she was arrested for organizing a protest against the introduction of Sov. troops to Czechoslovakia in 1968. She spent more than two years in prison, including in the Kazan psychiatrist. specialist. prison. After her release, she graduated from the Faculty of Foreign Studies. lang. MOPI (1977). Since 1975 she worked as a translator at the 2nd MMI. In the 1970s-80s. was repeatedly repressed. She took an active part in the creation. party "Democratic Union". Since 1988 - the leader of this party. Participated later. in created several parties, cit .: Beyond Despair. M, 1993.
NEW DAVYDKOVO, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945 it was 91 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1881, 48 Jews lived in ND (5.8%), in 1930 it was approx. 100 Jews. The Jewish population of N.D. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
NEW PLACE, see Novy Lyubar.
NEW MISTO, a village in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1361. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Wislick district of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - Nové Miasto, Dobromilsky district of the province of Galicia, a part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 1,536 Jews lived in N.M. and its environs, in 1880 in N.M. - 356 (39%), in 1900 - 314 (36% ), in 1910 - c. 400, in 1921 - 259 Jews (32.3%). about Jews NM refers to 1634. During the "Khmelnytsky" community, the community suffered from pogroms and robberies. In the 19th century. most of the Jews N.M. were engaged in petty trade and carriage, the rest - in crafts and agriculture. h-vom. Since the 1870s. by 1896, the rabbi of NM was Shoil Yulilas (? –1925, E.-I.), in 1911–16 - Jehoshua Wiederkerer (? –1942), in the 1920–30s. - Menachem-Mendel Eger. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in NM. in N. M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N.M. on July 10, 1941, 39 Jews were shot. The rest of the Jews in 1942 were deported to Stary Sambir, from there to the Belzec extermination camp.
NEW VILLAGE, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in NS. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores in N.S.
NOVOEKATERINOSLAV, see Svatovo.
NOVOEKONOMICHESKOYE, urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Krasnoarmeysky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century as with. Karakovo. 84 Jews lived in N. in 1939. 1942 Three Jews were shot in N.
Novoelnya, urban-type settlement (since 1945) in the Dyatlovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1897 135 Jews lived in N., in 1921 - 135 Jews (36.2%). In 1882–1903 N. was closed. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of N. was deported to the Baranovichi ghetto and exterminated there.
NOVOFASTOV (up to 1805 - Golofastov), ​​a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 451 Jews (19.1%) lived in N., in 1910 - 70 Jewish families, in 1923 - 269 Jews. occupations of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century there were crafts and trade. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue in N. The Jews owned a pharmacy, 3 timber warehouses, a mead factory, and 9 shops in N. (including 4 grocery stores); there was one livestock dealer among the Jews. In the summer of 1919, a pogrom broke out in N. by the detachments of atamans Struk and Lazenyuk; 64 Jewish families were killed in the pogrom. J.-I. Schneerson provided material assistance to the N. community. The Jewish population of N. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
NOVOGEORGIEVKA (until 1963 - Novogrigoryevka), a village in the Ananievsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1820. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Novo-Georgievka Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 19th century more than 20 Jews lived in N.. Main occupations - crafts, trade; Among the Jews of N. there were 2 bakers, 2 shoemakers, 2 tailors, 2 procurers of agricultural workers. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in N. by units of the Volunteer Army. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In the fall of 1941, five Jews were killed in N., and in 2005 there was a Jewish population in N..
NOVOGEORGIEVSK, see Svetlovodsk.
NOVOGIREEVO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1906 as a holiday village. In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1920s. - a workers' settlement. 184 Jews lived in N. in 1926. in N. there were several. minyanov, including the officially registered minyan of Bukharian Jews, who gathered at the apartment of one of them - N.Sh. Potelyakhov (Ekaterininsky Prospect, dacha No. 18). in N. there were several. unofficial minyan.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НОВОГРАД-ВОЛЫНСКИЙ (до 1796 – Звягель, еврейское назв. – Звил), город (с 1795), районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1257. С 1340 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 – местечко Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ.В 1765 в Н.-В. проживало 577 евреев, в 1847 – 3139, в 1857 – 3472, в 1884 – 7389, в 1897 – 9378 (55%), в 1910 – 10 985, в 1914 – 11 063, в 1923 – 5757, в 1926 – 6553, в 1939 – 6839 (28,8%), в 1959 – ок. 3300, в 1989 – 1648, в 2001 – 188 евреев.В кон. 17 в. в Н.-В. была построена синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В нач. 19 в. Мойше Гольдман (1770–1831) основал в Н.-В. хасидскую династию. Династию продолжил его сын Ихл-Михл (1788–1856). С 1856 династию возглавлял Мордхе Гольдман (1825–1900), с 1901 – его сын Шлойме (1861–1945), основавший в Н.-В. иешиву.В 1-й пол. 19 в. в Н.-В. было основано казенное двухклассное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, в к-ром преподавали автор неск. пособий по математике Нахман-Гирш Линдер (1811, Дубна Волынской губ. – 1851, Новоград-Волынский) и Лев Мендельсбург (1819, Влодава – 1897, Варшава), публицист и историк. В 1857 в Н.-В. действовали 7 синагог, 20 хедеров, в 1867 – 9 синагог, в 1889 – 24 синагоги (8 каменных и 16 деревянных), еврейские богадельня и больница, в 1902 – 23 синагоги (11 каменных и 12 деревянных), талмуд-тора.В 1902–04 в Н.-В. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1902 под рук. бундовских активистов прошла экономич. стачка кожевенников. В 1905 бундовцы организовали забастовку портных, в результате к-рой часть выдвинутых ими экономич. требований была удовлетворена.В 1907 во время выборов в 3-ю Гос. Думу кандидатом в выборщики от гор. курии прошел представитель Бунда (74% голосов). В 1907–24 раввином в Н.-В. был Яков-Исроэль Корф (1880–1952). В 1907 учреждено «Об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам, родильницам и больным женщинам-еврейкам». В 1910 в Н.-В. действовали 25 синагог, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным больным евреям, еврейское об-во дешевой столовой и ночлежного приюта, в 1914 – еврейское жен. уч-ще 3-го разряда.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи играли активную роль в экономике Н.-В. Осн. занятиями еврейского населения являлись торговля, ремесла, аренда. В 1914 евреям принадлежали: 2 аптеки, булочная, кондитерская, 5 лесных складов, 2 склада пива, 4 склада с.-х. машин, 2 трактира, 15 гостиниц; 2 кирпичных, 2 кожевенных, 2 медоваренных, 2 чугунолитейных з-да; ф-ка с.-х. машин и фанерная ф-ка; 166 лавок (в т. ч. 42 бакалейные, 38 мануфактурных, 22 галантерейные). Еврей арендовал единств. в Н.-В. мельницу; евреи также владели б-кой, 8 книжными магазинами, 3 типографиями. Евреями были 4 зубных врача.В янв. 1918 отряд еврейской самообороны остановил погром, убив при этом двух погромщиков. Весной 1919 местные жители убили семью и гостей дир. ф-ки Лурье (всего 14 чел.), праздновавших Песах. В июне 1919 в Н.-В. произошел погром, в результате к-рого более 350 евреев были убиты. Летом 1919 Рос. Кр. Крест организовал столовую на 500 чел. для пострадавших от погромов.В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта в Н.-В. были открыты неск. кухонь, кооперативных магазинов, больница, сиротский дом. В Н.-В. действовали 2 синагоги, еврейский земледельч. коллектив им. Калинина.В 1926 в Э.-И. выехал Ш.Гольдман. В 1928–29 в Н.-В. действовало отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Х.-Ш.Брука. В кон. 1930-х гг. в Н.-В. были закрыты еврейские школы.10 июля 1941 Н.-В. оккупировали части вермахта. В сер. июля 1941 в Н.-В. было расстреляно неск. десятков евреев, в сер. авг. 1941 – ок. 100 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в роще возле дома Кр. Армии было убито ок. 700 еврейских женщин и детей. 12 сент. 1941 в Н.-В. было расстреляно 319 евреев-заключенных, 20 сент. 1941 – ок. 3200 евреев, в т. ч. из окрестных сел. В общей сложности в 1941 в Н.-В. погибло ок. 5 тыс. евреев.С окт. 1942 в Н.-В. находился еврейский рабочий лагерь, в к-ром содержались ремесленники с семьями из Н.-В., Барановки, Рогачёва, Яруни и других нас. пунктов. 10 нояб. 1942 с помощью партизан заключенные сумели бежать, но часть их на след. день была схвачена и расстреляна. Мн. евреи Н.-В. сражались в партиз. отрядах Житомирского соединения. В освобождении Н.-В. 3 янв. 1944 принимали участие 111-я танковая бригада под ком. полк. Исаака Наумовича Грановского и 194-й отд. саперный батальон под ком. майора Наума Наумовича Генина.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в Н.-В. Была воссоздана община. Раввин Н.-В. в 1945 – Эля-Гедалье Хаймович.В нач. 1980-х гг. в Н.-В. действовал неофиц. миньян, был шохет, имелось еврейское кладбище.В 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. в Н.-В. был создан еврейский муз. анс. «Звил». С нач. 1990-х гг. в Н.-В. действуют синагога, к-рую курирует раввин Житомира, Об-во еврейской культуры «Возрождение», воскресная еврейская школа. В 1997 в Н.-В. прошел фестиваль еврейского эстрадного иск-ва.В Н.-В. род.: Б.Д. Гальперина, М.А.Котушнер, А.Людвиполь, С.С.Пен, А.Провотинер, М.-В.Фейерберг, Я.И.Чернис; Авром Бармак (1893–1948, Лос-Анджелес), исполнит. дир. «Поалей Цион» в Юж. Калифорнии; Иван Николаевич (Исаак Наумович) Брынзов (Шмульзон) (1901–1953, Москва), ген.-майор (1943), в 1942 командующий сап. армией, нагр. 7 орденами.С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=НОВОГРАД-ВОЛЫНСКИЙ (до 1796 – Звягель, еврейское назв. – Звил), город (с 1795), районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1257. С 1340 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 – местечко Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ.В 1765 в Н.-В. проживало 577 евреев, в 1847 – 3139, в 1857 – 3472, в 1884 – 7389, в 1897 – 9378 (55%), в 1910 – 10 985, в 1914 – 11 063, в 1923 – 5757, в 1926 – 6553, в 1939 – 6839 (28,8%), в 1959 – ок. 3300, в 1989 – 1648, в 2001 – 188 евреев.В кон. 17 в. в Н.-В. была построена синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В нач. 19 в. Мойше Гольдман (1770–1831) основал в Н.-В. хасидскую династию. Династию продолжил его сын Ихл-Михл (1788–1856). С 1856 династию возглавлял Мордхе Гольдман (1825–1900), с 1901 – его сын Шлойме (1861–1945), основавший в Н.-В. иешиву.В 1-й пол. 19 в. в Н.-В. было основано казенное двухклассное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, в к-ром преподавали автор неск. пособий по математике Нахман-Гирш Линдер (1811, Дубна Волынской губ. – 1851, Новоград-Волынский) и Лев Мендельсбург (1819, Влодава – 1897, Варшава), публицист и историк. В 1857 в Н.-В. действовали 7 синагог, 20 хедеров, в 1867 – 9 синагог, в 1889 – 24 синагоги (8 каменных и 16 деревянных), еврейские богадельня и больница, в 1902 – 23 синагоги (11 каменных и 12 деревянных), талмуд-тора.В 1902–04 в Н.-В. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1902 под рук. бундовских активистов прошла экономич. стачка кожевенников. В 1905 бундовцы организовали забастовку портных, в результате к-рой часть выдвинутых ими экономич. требований была удовлетворена.В 1907 во время выборов в 3-ю Гос. Думу кандидатом в выборщики от гор. курии прошел представитель Бунда (74% голосов). В 1907–24 раввином в Н.-В. был Яков-Исроэль Корф (1880–1952). В 1907 учреждено «Об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам, родильницам и больным женщинам-еврейкам». В 1910 в Н.-В. действовали 25 синагог, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным больным евреям, еврейское об-во дешевой столовой и ночлежного приюта, в 1914 – еврейское жен. уч-ще 3-го разряда.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи играли активную роль в экономике Н.-В. Осн. занятиями еврейского населения являлись торговля, ремесла, аренда. В 1914 евреям принадлежали: 2 аптеки, булочная, кондитерская, 5 лесных складов, 2 склада пива, 4 склада с.-х. машин, 2 трактира, 15 гостиниц; 2 кирпичных, 2 кожевенных, 2 медоваренных, 2 чугунолитейных з-да; ф-ка с.-х. машин и фанерная ф-ка; 166 лавок (в т. ч. 42 бакалейные, 38 мануфактурных, 22 галантерейные). Еврей арендовал единств. в Н.-В. мельницу; евреи также владели б-кой, 8 книжными магазинами, 3 типографиями. Евреями были 4 зубных врача.В янв. 1918 отряд еврейской самообороны остановил погром, убив при этом двух погромщиков. Весной 1919 местные жители убили семью и гостей дир. ф-ки Лурье (всего 14 чел.), праздновавших Песах. В июне 1919 в Н.-В. произошел погром, в результате к-рого более 350 евреев были убиты. Летом 1919 Рос. Кр. Крест организовал столовую на 500 чел. для пострадавших от погромов.В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта в Н.-В. были открыты неск. кухонь, кооперативных магазинов, больница, сиротский дом. В Н.-В. действовали 2 синагоги, еврейский земледельч. коллектив им. Калинина.В 1926 в Э.-И. выехал Ш.Гольдман. В 1928–29 в Н.-В. действовало отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Х.-Ш.Брука. В кон. 1930-х гг. в Н.-В. были закрыты еврейские школы.10 июля 1941 Н.-В. оккупировали части вермахта. В сер. июля 1941 в Н.-В. было расстреляно неск. десятков евреев, в сер. авг. 1941 – ок. 100 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в роще возле дома Кр. Армии было убито ок. 700 еврейских женщин и детей. 12 сент. 1941 в Н.-В. было расстреляно 319 евреев-заключенных, 20 сент. 1941 – ок. 3200 евреев, в т. ч. из окрестных сел. В общей сложности в 1941 в Н.-В. погибло ок. 5 тыс. евреев.С окт. 1942 в Н.-В. находился еврейский рабочий лагерь, в к-ром содержались ремесленники с семьями из Н.-В., Барановки, Рогачёва, Яруни и других нас. пунктов. 10 нояб. 1942 с помощью партизан заключенные сумели бежать, но часть их на след. день была схвачена и расстреляна. Мн. евреи Н.-В. сражались в партиз. отрядах Житомирского соединения. В освобождении Н.-В. 3 янв. 1944 принимали участие 111-я танковая бригада под ком. полк. Исаака Наумовича Грановского и 194-й отд. саперный батальон под ком. майора Наума Наумовича Генина.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в Н.-В. Была воссоздана община. Раввин Н.-В. в 1945 – Эля-Гедалье Хаймович.В нач. 1980-х гг. в Н.-В. действовал неофиц. миньян, был шохет, имелось еврейское кладбище.В 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. в Н.-В. был создан еврейский муз. анс. «Звил». С нач. 1990-х гг. в Н.-В. действуют синагога, к-рую курирует раввин Житомира, Об-во еврейской культуры «Возрождение», воскресная еврейская школа. В 1997 в Н.-В. прошел фестиваль еврейского эстрадного иск-ва.В Н.-В. род.: Б.Д. Гальперина, М.А.Котушнер, А.Людвиполь, С.С.Пен, А.Провотинер, М.-В.Фейерберг, Я.И.Чернис; Авром Бармак (1893–1948, Лос-Анджелес), исполнит. дир. «Поалей Цион» в Юж. Калифорнии; Иван Николаевич (Исаак Наумович) Брынзов (Шмульзон) (1901–1953, Москва), ген.-майор (1943), в 1942 командующий сап. армией, нагр. 7 орденами.С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data="{'translat...")
NOVOGRADOVKA, a village in the Bobrinets district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine) In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.
NOVOGRIGORIEVKA, see Novogeorgievka.
NOVOGRIGORIEVSKAYA, see Novogrigorievskoe.
NOVOGRIGORIEVSKOE, a village in the Soviet district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievskaya of the 2nd Don okr. Lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in N.. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 5 Sep 1942 50 Jews were evacuated in N. were killed.
NOVOGRISHINO, a village in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 2000 there were 3 Jews living in N.
NOVOGROD, see Novogrud.
NOVOGRODOVKA, city (since 1958), subordinated to the Selidovsky city council of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main In 1939, 4 Jews lived in N. in 2001.
NOVOGRUD, a city in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Novogrod Lomzhinsky u. In 1765, 26 Jews lived in N., in 1808 - 169 (16.5%), in 1827 - 497 (31.8%), in 1857 - 986 (45.4%), in 1860 - 1111 ( 48.8%), in 1884 - 1386 (50.5%), in 1897 - 1177, in 1908 - 1542 (45.3%), in 1921 - 514 Jews (27.7%). Jews lived in N. from the 15th century. From the 17th century. there was a community. A wooden synagogue was built at the same time. In the beginning. 19th century in N. there were 2 synagogues. All R. 19th century Rabbi N. was Zvi Peltarovich, in 1886–1912 - Noach Weiner (1837–1912), in 1914–39 - Shmuel Hirshbein. In 1914, Jews owned all 3 manufacturing shops in N. In the 1920s – 1930s. in N. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1941 the Jews of N. were deported to the Lomza ghetto.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НОВОГРУДОК, город (с 1940), районный центр в Гродненской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1116. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1920–39 – центр Новогрудского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Н. проживало 893 еврея, в 1817 – 706 (46,2%), в 1847 – 2576, в 1856 – 2233, в 1867 – 3209, в 1897 – 5015 (63,6%), в 1910 – 5524 (65,6%), в 1913 – 6240 (76%), в 1921 – 3405 (53,5%), в 1931 – 6309 (47,6%), в 2000 – 24 еврея.Евреи жили в Н. с сер. 15 в. В 1551 евреи были освобождены от уплаты «серебщизны». С 1623 еврейская община Н. подчинялась Брестскому кагалу. В 1867 в Н. действовали 6 синагог, еврейское казенное двухклассное уч-ще 1-го разряда (49 уч-ся), почетным блюстителем к-рого был купец Гершон Моисеевич Гаркави. Членами гор. думы в 1874 были Кивель-Нота Абрамович Бурштейн и Шмуйла Мовшевич Богатин. В 1870-х гг. была основана еврейская больница с бесплатной амбулаторией; действовали 7 синагог, одноклассное еврейское уч-ще.Раввином в Н. в 1835–50 был Александр-Зискинд Гаркави, в 1851–64 – И.Э.Спектор, в 1864–74 – Борух-Мордхе Лифшиц, в 1874–1908 – Ихл-Михл Эпштейн (1829–1908), с 1908 – Менахем Краковский. Казенным раввином в кон. 19 в. был Хаим Гершович Елин.В 1896 Йосеф-Йоэль Горовиц (1846–1920, Киев) основал в Н. иешиву, ставшую одним из духовных центров Вост. Польши. С кон. 19 в. действовали разл. благотворит. орг-ции и сионистские кружки, с 1902 – орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 создан отряд самообороны. В 1910 в Н. – 16 синагог, еврейское частное муж. уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, 3 гостиницы, единств. ресторан, 41 лавка в Н. (в т. ч. все 8 мануфактурных, 8 бакалейных, все 6 кожевенных). В 1914 создан «Союз еврейских ремесленников», работала еврейская богадельня. В 1917 основаны спорт. клуб «Маккаби», дет. дом.В 1919 в Н. функционировали отд-ния Евсекции (ок. 25 чел.), Бунда и «Поалей Цион». В 1919 основана школа сети «Тарбут», позднее – школа с преподаванием на идише, религ. частная школа, ставшая впоследствии частью сети «Тошия». В 1920–30-х гг. работал т-р на идише, в 1933–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Новогродекер лебн», в 1935–39 – «Ногродекер вохн». В Н. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Раввины Н. в 1920– 30-х гг. – Меер Абович (1876–?) и Меер Меерович.4 июля 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 17 июля 1941 в Н. было расстреляно 80 евреев, в авг. 1941 – ок. 300 евреев. В Н. были созданы 2 гетто (ул. Минская и ул. Пересецкая) и юденрат. В кон. 1941 в Н. депортировали евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 7 дек. 1941 было расстреляно 1118 евреев, 8 дек. 1941 – еще неск. тысяч евреев. Весной 1942 в Н. депортировали ок. 5,5 тыс. евреев. Тогда же председатель и 8 чл. юденрата были расстреляны за отказ сотрудничать с нем. администрацией. 7 июня 1942 при ликвидации гетто на Пересецкой ул. было расстреляно ок. 4 тыс. евреев. 31 июля 1942 в Н. за укрывательство евреев казнены католич. настоятель и декан в Н. Михаил Далецкий (1884–1942) и настоятель католич. прихода Вселюб-Иосиф Кучинский (1879–1942), арестованный за укрывательство еврейских детей. В сент. 1942 в гетто создается подпольная орг-ция. В нояб. 1942 в Н. было расстреляно ок. 6 тыс. евреев, 7 мая 1943 – 300 чел. Осенью 1943 при ликвидации гетто расстреляно ок. 18 тыс. чел. Часть узников гетто (233 чел.) совершили побег. Бежавшие из гетто Н. братья и сестры Бельские (6 чел.) организовали в Белоруссии первый семейный партиз. лагерь. В 1944 в семейном лагере насчитывалось 1230 чел. Всего за время оккупации в Н. было уничтожено более 30 тыс. евреев. В освобождении Н. 8 июля 1944 принимал участие арт. полк под ком. майора Михаила Ефимовича Самуилкина.В 1955 на Минской ул. на месте расстрела евреев был установлен обелиск, отреставрированный в 1964. В 1967 установлен обелиск на еврейском кладбище, на месте расстрела ок. 4 тыс. евреев из Пересецкого гетто. В Н. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. имелось еврейское население.В Н. род.: С.Х.Бейлин, А.Гаркави, А.Я.Гаркави, Я.Л.Давидовский, Я.Б.Зельдович, М.Рабинзон, М.Равина, И.Юнович; Юлий-Леон Бутенский (1871–1977, Нью-Йорк), скульптор, с 1904 – в США, автор работ на библейские сюжеты., pronunciation=НОВОГРУДОК, город (с 1940), районный центр в Гродненской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1116. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1920–39 – центр Новогрудского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Н. проживало 893 еврея, в 1817 – 706 (46,2%), в 1847 – 2576, в 1856 – 2233, в 1867 – 3209, в 1897 – 5015 (63,6%), в 1910 – 5524 (65,6%), в 1913 – 6240 (76%), в 1921 – 3405 (53,5%), в 1931 – 6309 (47,6%), в 2000 – 24 еврея.Евреи жили в Н. с сер. 15 в. В 1551 евреи были освобождены от уплаты «серебщизны». С 1623 еврейская община Н. подчинялась Брестскому кагалу. В 1867 в Н. действовали 6 синагог, еврейское казенное двухклассное уч-ще 1-го разряда (49 уч-ся), почетным блюстителем к-рого был купец Гершон Моисеевич Гаркави. Членами гор. думы в 1874 были Кивель-Нота Абрамович Бурштейн и Шмуйла Мовшевич Богатин. В 1870-х гг. была основана еврейская больница с бесплатной амбулаторией; действовали 7 синагог, одноклассное еврейское уч-ще.Раввином в Н. в 1835–50 был Александр-Зискинд Гаркави, в 1851–64 – И.Э.Спектор, в 1864–74 – Борух-Мордхе Лифшиц, в 1874–1908 – Ихл-Михл Эпштейн (1829–1908), с 1908 – Менахем Краковский. Казенным раввином в кон. 19 в. был Хаим Гершович Елин.В 1896 Йосеф-Йоэль Горовиц (1846–1920, Киев) основал в Н. иешиву, ставшую одним из духовных центров Вост. Польши. С кон. 19 в. действовали разл. благотворит. орг-ции и сионистские кружки, с 1902 – орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 создан отряд самообороны. В 1910 в Н. – 16 синагог, еврейское частное муж. уч-ще, еврейское кладбище. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, 3 гостиницы, единств. ресторан, 41 лавка в Н. (в т. ч. все 8 мануфактурных, 8 бакалейных, все 6 кожевенных). В 1914 создан «Союз еврейских ремесленников», работала еврейская богадельня. В 1917 основаны спорт. клуб «Маккаби», дет. дом.В 1919 в Н. функционировали отд-ния Евсекции (ок. 25 чел.), Бунда и «Поалей Цион». В 1919 основана школа сети «Тарбут», позднее – школа с преподаванием на идише, религ. частная школа, ставшая впоследствии частью сети «Тошия». В 1920–30-х гг. работал т-р на идише, в 1933–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Новогродекер лебн», в 1935–39 – «Ногродекер вохн». В Н. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Раввины Н. в 1920– 30-х гг. – Меер Абович (1876–?) и Меер Меерович.4 июля 1941 Н. оккупировали части вермахта. 17 июля 1941 в Н. было расстреляно 80 евреев, в авг. 1941 – ок. 300 евреев. В Н. были созданы 2 гетто (ул. Минская и ул. Пересецкая) и юденрат. В кон. 1941 в Н. депортировали евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 7 дек. 1941 было расстреляно 1118 евреев, 8 дек. 1941 – еще неск. тысяч евреев. Весной 1942 в Н. депортировали ок. 5,5 тыс. евреев. Тогда же председатель и 8 чл. юденрата были расстреляны за отказ сотрудничать с нем. администрацией. 7 июня 1942 при ликвидации гетто на Пересецкой ул. было расстреляно ок. 4 тыс. евреев. 31 июля 1942 в Н. за укрывательство евреев казнены католич. настоятель и декан в Н. Михаил Далецкий (1884–1942) и настоятель католич. прихода Вселюб-Иосиф Кучинский (1879–1942), арестованный за укрывательство еврейских детей. В сент. 1942 в гетто создается подпольная орг-ция. В нояб. 1942 в Н. было расстреляно ок. 6 тыс. евреев, 7 мая 1943 – 300 чел. Осенью 1943 при ликвидации гетто расстреляно ок. 18 тыс. чел. Часть узников гетто (233 чел.) совершили побег. Бежавшие из гетто Н. братья и сестры Бельские (6 чел.) организовали в Белоруссии первый семейный партиз. лагерь. В 1944 в семейном лагере насчитывалось 1230 чел. Всего за время оккупации в Н. было уничтожено более 30 тыс. евреев. В освобождении Н. 8 июля 1944 принимал участие арт. полк под ком. майора Михаила Ефимовича Самуилкина.В 1955 на Минской ул. на месте расстрела евреев был установлен обелиск, отреставрированный в 1964. В 1967 установлен обелиск на еврейском кладбище, на месте расстрела ок. 4 тыс. евреев из Пересецкого гетто. В Н. сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Н. имелось еврейское население.В Н. род.: С.Х.Бейлин, А.Гаркави, А.Я.Гаркави, Я.Л.Давидовский, Я.Б.Зельдович, М.Рабинзон, М.Равина, И.Юнович; Юлий-Леон Бутенский (1871–1977, Нью-Йорк), скульптор, с 1904 – в США, автор работ на библейские сюжеты., extra_data="{'translat...")
D. NOVOGRUDSKY (real name Iosif-David) (1896, Warsaw - after 1956), publicist, teacher. He worked as a science teacher in Warsaw schools. After the 1st world. wars - in Russia, act. activist in the region. culture and school education. Published in the journal. "Jungwald", "Pioneer", "Af di vegn fun der naer shul" and to the center. gas. In 1925 he published a textbook on natural science for schools "Pioneers - Young Naturalists". He translated textbooks on natural history and geography into Yiddish. All R. 1930s repressed. After his release in 1956 he settled in Moscow. Brother N. - Bernard (1894, Warsaw - 1941, ibid.), Teacher. He taught arithmetic in Jewish schools. Author of a number of textbooks. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to the occupied USSR Vost. Poland. Until the end. 1940 lived in Lvov, then returned to Warsaw.
NOVOGUPALOVKA, a village in the Volnyansky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1819. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 48 Jews lived in N. in 1846, 40 in 1910, and 29 in 1926. 1942 One Jew was killed in N.
NOVOIVANOVKA, a village in the Black Sea region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1929 by immigrants from decomp. Districts of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR. 118 Jews lived in N. in 1939. In the fall of 1941, N. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In March 1942, 5 Jews were shot in N.
NOVOKASHIRSK (until 1932 - Ternovo), now part (since 1963) of the city of Kashira, Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Since 1932 it has been a city. In 1926, 25 Jews lived in N..
NOVOKATERINOVKA (until 1917 - Prokhorovo), a village in the Starobeshevsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1857 in the Land (since 1870 - the Oblast) of the Don Troops. 20th century in N. there was a Jewish population, DOS. to-rogo's occupation was trade.
Novokholmogory, see Arkhangelsk.
NOVOKHOPYORSK (until 1779 - Khopyorsk), a city, a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1710.From 1779 it was a district town of the Tambov governorship, from 1801 - in the Saratov governorship, from 1802 - a district town of Voronezh province. In 1896, 125 Jews lived in N., 68 in the district, 40 in 1910 in N., and in 1926 - 6, in 1939 - 3, in 2002 - 2 Jews.
NOVOKHOVRINO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow Gubernia. In 1939, 429 Jews lived in N.
NOVOKIEVKA, a village in the Kalanchak district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. Tauride Gubernia. In 1886 7 Jewish families lived in N., in 1897 - 8 Jews, in 1910 - approx. 80 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the fall of 1941, 5 Jews were killed in N..
NOVOKIEVSKY UVAL, village, center of Mazanovsky district, Amur region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1867 as the Novo-Kievskoe tract (another name - Yanchikhe) in the South Ussuriysk Territory of the Primorsk Region. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in NU.
NOVOKONSTANTINOV, a village in the Letichevsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Podolsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. In 1765, 694 Jews lived in N., in 1847 - 2,584, in 1897 - 2,320 (59.3%), in 1923 - 1,469 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the first half. 17th century The Jewish community suffered greatly during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In 1681 there were several people living in N. Jewish families. In 1702–04, N. was completely burned by the Haidamaks. Jews began to settle in N. again at the end. 1730s By 1742, 51 Jewish families had arrived in N.. In 1889, 4 synagogues functioned. Shmuel Margulion (1857–?) Was the rabbi in N. from 1887, and Dovid-Alexander-Yakov Huneis (1861–?) From 1901. In 1914 there were 5 synagogues in N. Main the occupations of the Jewish population were trade and crafts. In 1914 the Jews owned a honey brewing plant, a mill, unity. a bookstore and 30 shops in N. (including all 15 grocery stores, all 8 manufactory, and only one haberdashery). The Jew was unity. doctor in N. 20-25 July 1919 a pogrom took place in N. Some of the Jews left N. In the 1920s - early. 1930s a Jewish school operated in N. In July 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews N. were deported to the Medzhybizh ghetto and to Sept. 1942 shot.
Novokrymskoye, a village in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 2005, N. had a Jewish population.
NOVOKUBANSK, a city (since 1966), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). It was formed in the 19th century. from s. Kubanskoe (founded in 1867) and the village. Khutorok. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Novokubanskoe Labinsky department Kuban Region In 1939 there were 3 Jews living in N., in 2002 - 8 Jews.
Novokubansk, see Novokubansk.
NOVOKUIBYSHEVSK, a city (since 1952) in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1946 as a settlement. Novokuibyshevsky at oil refining. In 1970, 308 Jews (0.3%) lived in N., in 2002 - 96 Jews. 1990s in N. a Jewish community was created, before. - Aron Azrilovich Bergal (b. 1930, Gorodnitsa, Zhytomyr region).
NOVOKUIBYSHEVSKY, see Novokuibyshevsk.
NOVOKUZMINKI, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. 321 Jews lived in N. in 1939.
NOVOKUZNETSK (until 1931 - Kuznetsk, in 1932–61 - Stalinsk), a city (from 1622), a regional center in the Kemerovo Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1618 as a fortified prison. Since 1804 - the center of the Kuznetsk env. Tomsk Gubernia In 1939 573 Jews lived in N., in 1970 - 1,720 (0.3%), in 2002 - 563 Jews. Jews lived in N. from the beginning. 20th century In 1929, after the start of construction of the Kuznetsk metallurgical department. Combine, the number of the Jewish population of N. increased. In the 2nd half. 1941 - 1st half. 1942 a large number of evacuees from the West arrived in N. districts of the USSR of Jews. In 1941, Jews evacuated from the West. regions of the USSR, including Belarus and Ukraine, an unofficial Jewish religion was created in N. community. After 1945 b. including the evacuated Jews left N .; Jews were re-evacuated to Poland - Polish. citizens. In the house of Khana Lvovna Persina (48 Kuznetskaya st.) A minyan was gathering. In 1946 the minyan was headed by J.M. Levinson (1880–?). In 1946–47, Meer Moishevich Goldstein and Abram Izrailevich Shur made an attempt to legalize the community. In 1949 the minyan was banned. 1949 at Kuznetsk metallurgist. comb-those were "identified, exposed and rendered harmless" "illegal. Jewish org-tion ”, the members of the cut - Jews who worked for the comb-those donated money to the synagogue. In this case, the deputy. dir. Commander J. Mints, Ch. distributor S. Lieberman, deputy. early productions. dep. S. Leshchiner, early. dep. technical control A. Dekhtyar; many received long sentences. By March 1951, 42 Jewish employees were dismissed from the Commander. In March 1953, a group of the head was arrested. departments of the Institute of advanced training for doctors - Kartsovnik (1896–?), M.V. Mogilev (1898–?), AR Rosenberg (1893–?), BN Fuchs (1897–?). Since 1993, the Society of Jewish Culture, Religious. community (previous - Yuri Arievich Medovy, b. 1938, Novokuznetsk). There is a Sunday school. In 2005, more than 1,000 Jews lived in N..
NOVOLABUN, a village in the Polonsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. In 1795–97 it was a county town. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Labun Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. Since 1925 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1923, 952 Jews lived in N., and in 1931 there were approx. 600 Jews. In 1867 there were three synagogues in N. Since 1890 Meir Lerner (1867–?) Was the rabbi in N. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews rented 2 mills; Jews owned an oil mill, unity. pharmacy, 17 shops (including all 9 manufactory, all 6 grocery). The Jew was unity. a doctor in N. In 1923, at the expense of the Joint built societies. bath. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the vicinity of N. in July 1941, 80 Jews were shot.
NOVOMALIN, a village in the Ostrog district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1446.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In the 1880s. Jews rented 2 sawmills and 2 mills in N. In the summer of 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were deported to the Ostrog ghetto and in the fall of 1942 they were killed along with the local Jews.
Novomanychskoe, see Novy Manych.
NOVOMEYSKY Moshe (Moisey Abramovich) (1873, Barguzin, Trans-Baikal region - 1961, Paris), public figure. In 1893 he graduated from Prom. mech.-tech. school in Irkutsk, in 1898 - the Mining Academy in Clausthal (Germany). Was associated with Russian. and the Jewish roar. movement. In 1905 he was arrested for participating in the activities of the combat organization of the Social Revolutionaries. In the end. 1900 - early. 1910s, while in Europe, he was engaged in the development of projects for industrial. development of mineral resources of the Dead Sea. In 1918–20 before. Nat. Council of the Jews of Siberia and the Urals, before. Zionist. org-tion of Siberia. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1921–22 he was treasurer of Gagana. One of the founders of the Society for the Study of Economics. problems E.-I. In 1929 he received a concession for the extraction of bromine and potash at the Dead Sea. In 1929 he founded the Palestinian Potash Company in the north of the Dead Sea. In 1934, in the south of the Dead Sea, he built a second plant. In 1952, N. founded a new company - "Enterprises of the Dead Sea", which became one of the largest in Israel. Cit .: From Baikal to the Dead Sea. Jerusalem, 1979.
NOVOMIKHAILOVKA, a village in the Maryinsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1837. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1910, three Jews lived in N.. In the 19th century. several Jewish families N. were engaged with. x-vom, sheepskin dressing.
NOVOMINSK, see Minsk-Mazowiecki.
Novominskaya, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yeisk department. Kuban Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in N.. 1942 In N., after a 3-week arrest, 42 evacuees and local Jews were shot.
NOVOMIRGOROD, a city (since 1773), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1867 440 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 1622 (17.3%), in 1910 - 1454 (30.8%), in 1920 - 773, in 1923 - 666, in 1926 - 858 (9 , 8%), in 1939 - 315 Jews (13.2%) In 1821 Jews were expelled from N. In 1865 a synagogue functioned in N.. In 1864, Mark (Mordko) Izrailevich Goldberg was the rabbi in N., and from 1887 his son Yisroel-Moishe (1858–?). In 1896 there were 2 synagogues in N., in 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery, and in 1911 there were 5 heders (60 students). In 1913, Jews owned 3 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 bakeries, unity. sauna, both hotels, approx. 70 shops and stores in N. (including all 4 bookstores, 11 grocery stores, all 4 fish stores, all 3 jewelry stores). 1919 a pogrom broke out in N., organized by parts of the Directory. On May 17, 1919, a pogrom started by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev, which lasted 6 days, during which more than 100 Jews were killed. Means. part of the Jews left N. In August. 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. On the night of 6 to 7 Feb. 1942 69 Jews were shot in N. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.. A.G. Taratuta, M.E. Chernomazov.
NOVOMOSKOVSK, city (since 1784), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1650. In the 18th century. - Zaporozhye town Samarchik (other name - Novoselitsa). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1803, 53 Jews lived in the district, 772 in 1847, 1436 (11.1%) in 1897, 4121 (15.3%) in 1910, 2103 in 1920, 1923 - 1623, in 1926 - 1421 (1.5%), in 1939 - 757 (0.6%), in 1970 - 303 (0.4%), in 1989 - 189 (0.4%), in 2001 - 70 Jews. In 1864 a synagogue, a state-owned Jewish school of the 1st category, and a private wives' school operated in N. school, 7 heders. 4 sept. 1883 a pogrom took place in N.; almost all Jewish houses were looted, approx. 200 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1879 Jews owned 120 trades. institutions, 4 mills, 2 grinders. There were 4 synagogues. In 1907 a Jewish society worked. b-ka-reading room. In 1910 there was a synagogue, a Talmud-Torah, and a private husband. Jewish school, Jewish cemetery, in 1913 - 2 Jewish printing houses. Jews owned a pharmacy, all 4 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 bakeries, 68 shops and stores (including 24 manufactures, 9 grocery stores, 6 tanneries). In 1916, there was a society of benefits for poor Jews in N. In 1916, Nusim Aronovich Rudin was the rabbi in N. and in the district. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in N. by parts of the Directory. Means. part of the Jews left N. in the 1930s. the synagogue in N. was closed on Sept. 27. 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 registration of Jews was carried out; in dec. 1941 136 Jews were shot, March 3, 1942 - c. 400 Jews. Since 2002, "Hesed-Or", a religious group, have been operating in N. community (formerly Yuri Alexandrovich Medvedovsky, b. 1953). In 2005, approx. 250 Jews. In N. genus: E. Ga-Ryubeni, M. G. Leiteisen, N. I. Feldman; Yuri Nikolaevich Levitsky (b. 1911), actor, director, worked in the T. MN Ermolova (1957–62), T-re im. N.V. Gogol (until 1980), from the 1960s. - dir. mass performances in stadiums, at the end. halls (for 20 years there was a performance "Comrade Cinema"), since 1980 - Ch. dir. Propaganda Bureau of Sov. kinoisk-va, nar. art. RSFSR (1976).
NOVOMYLSK, a village in the Zdolbunovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 12th century. like Mylsk. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, approx. 60 Jews (11%). occupations of the Jewish population of N. in 19 - early. 20th century were from. farming and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and unity. manufactory shops; unity. a mill in N. was leased by a Jew. The Jewish population of N. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
NOVONAZYVAEVKA, see Nazyvaevsk.
NOVONIKOLAEVKA, a village in the Zhovtnevoy district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 19th century in Kherson u. Kherson province. 19th century in N. lived apprx. 20 Jews.
NOVONIKOLAEVSK, see Novosibirsk.
NOVONIKOLAEVSKAYA, see Novonikolaevsky.
NOVONIKOLAEVSKY, see Novosibirsk.
NOVOOSETINSKAYA, a village in the Mozdok region of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1810. At the beginning. 20th century - in the Mozdok department. Tersk region 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 11 Sep 1942 11 Jews were shot.
NOVOPAVLOVKA, see Novy Bug.
NOVOPAVLOVSK, see Novoukrainka.
NOVOPAVLOVSKAYA, see Novopavlovsk.
Novopavlovsk, see Novopavlovsk.
NOVOPETRIKOVKA, a village in Velikonovoselkovsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1810. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. In the 19th century N. had 45 Jewish families. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unity. a grocery and manufactory store in N. In March 1942, 36 Jews were shot in N..
NOVOPETROVKA, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1923 by settlers from the Center. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. On March 15, 1942, 165 Jews from Odessa were shot in N. In 2002, a granite monument was erected in N. in memory of the executed.
NOVOPETROVSKY, see Novopetrovka, Velikomikhailovsky district, Odessa region.
Novopodolsk, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main as a Jewish farmer. colony Novo-Podolsk (other names. - Kushchinsk, Novo-Odessa) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1923 - in the Krivoy Rog region. Since 1928 - Novo-Podolsk Jewish nat. village council of the Krivoy Rog okr., from 1930 - Stalindorf Jewish nat. from 1932 to the Dnipropetrovsk Region. In 1868 there were 308 people in N., in 1887 - 295 people, in 1924 - 343, in 1928 - 507 people. In 1885 Benjamin Knyazhik was the rabbi of N. In 1887 in N. had 41 Jewish communities (out of 48). In 1898 the colonists owned 772 dess. allotment land, 235 horses, 60 cows. In 1899 a synagogue, a school, and a bathhouse functioned. A third of the inhabitants were engaged in trade, crafts; In N. there was a wholesale warehouse of wine and alcohol, 2 shops. In 1929 a collective farm was created, in which 49 individual farms were united (including 24 Jewish ones). In 1938, a Yiddish school was closed in N. In May 1942, 5 Jewish families and Jews from nearby colonies were shot in N., including 60 Jews from the Novo-Kovno colony (now Novye Kovna). A total of 362 people were shot.
NOVOPODREZKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Khimki district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 23 Jews (0.3%) lived in N.
NOVOPOKROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Chuguevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1818. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kharkov province. In 1887 approx. 6 Jewish families, in 1939 - 8 Jews.
NOVOPOKROVSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Caucasian department. Kuban Prov. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in N.. Sep 1942 23 Jews from N. and the region were shot in N.
NOVOPOLTAVKA, a village in the Novobugsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main as a Jewish farmer. colony Novo-Poltavka in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - Jewish nat. the village council of the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev okrug. In 1867, 1,568 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 1980 (90%), in 1913 - 1950 (97.5%), in 1926 - 1,877 Jews (86.1%). ... was founded by b. including migrants from the Kurland province. In 1861 there were 149 colonies in the colony. In 1867, two synagogues operated in N.; in 1899 - 3 synagogues, Society for the care of the sick, societies. school, bathhouse, b-ka. In 1887 there were 106 Jewish farms in N. (out of 111). Most of the population was engaged in agriculture. Jews owned 2880 dess. allotment land, 748 horses, 429 cows. In 1902, the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural was opened in Andreevka. school. In the 1910s. Zionist circles were active in N., and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings group. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 19 stores in N. (including all 3 grocery, all 3 haberdashery, all 4 agricultural tools and machines). war Jews N. were subjected to several. pogroms, including in 1919 pogroms were staged by units of the Volunteer Army. A self-defense detachment was created in N. During one of the battles with the detachments of N.I. Makhno in N. 132 Jews perished and the agricultural sector was exterminated. school. 1910s - early. 1920s there was a Zionist organization in N., and in 1921 there was a school. a group for future settlers in E.-I., created by "Ge-Halutz". In N. there functioned a department of the Evsekts. In 1921–22 many. the Jews of N. perished from hunger and epidemics of typhus and cholera. In the beginning. 1920s means. The Joint and ARA provided assistance to the Jewish population of N. In 1923–24 there was a Jewish consumer. on-in, small artels were created according to the joint. land cultivation, assistance to-eye was provided by Joint and EKO. An underground organization of socialist Zionists operated in N. In 1926 the EKO held in N. of the village - x. land management. work. After that, the colonists owned 4211 dess. land (in 1922 - 2880). Restored in the 1920s. the Jewish school was transformed into a Jewish agricultural school. technical school, in 1931 - in the Jewish agricultural. in-t. In the end. 1920s synagogues were closed in N., and in 1938 a Jewish school was closed. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 10 Sep 1941 837 Jews were shot in N. Subsequently, a monument was erected at the site of the execution.
NOVORADOMSK, see Radomsko.
NOVORAYSK, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovka (other name - Ivanovskoe) Kherson u. and guberniya.After occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in N. October 10. 1941 10 Jews were shot.
NOVOROGOVSKAYA, a village in the Yegorlyksky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation) In Aug. 1942 22 Jews were shot in N.
NOVOROSSIYSK, see Dnepropetrovsk.
Novoryazhsk, now part of Ryazhsk, Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). In the 1930s. - a workers' settlement. In 1939, 31 Jews lived in N.
NOVORZHEV, city (since 1777), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century like the graveyard of Arsho. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1863, 33 Jews lived in N., in 1874 - 117, in 1889 - 312, in 1897 - 295 (10.3%), in 1910 - 247, in 1923 - 201, in 1926 - 204 , in 2002 - 1 Jew. In 1873 the Jews of N. petitioned for the opening of a synagogue, which they were refused. There were 17 Jewish families living in N.; 12 families came to prayers from the surrounding area. In Novorzhevsky u. among the Jews were 12 retired soldiers (some with families), indefinite vacation soldiers - 2 (with families), 2 tradesmen with families and 3 farmers. In 1880 there were 31 artisans among the Jews of N. In the 1890s. Jews regularly petitioned for the establishment of a temporary synagogue for the period of the holidays, for which they received permission. In 1896, 182 Jews lived in the district. In 1897, Jews were allowed to open a synagogue. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1910; there was a Jewish cemetery.
NOVOSADY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. In 1942, 44 Jews were shot in N., and in 1967 an obelisk was erected on the grave of those shot.
NOVOSELITSA, see Novomoskovsk, Dnepropetrovsk Region.
NOVOSELITSKOE, a village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1786. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Novoselitskoe (other name - Novoselitsy) of Aleksandrovsky u. Stavropol Gubernia. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in N.. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 15-16 oct. 1942 in N. several were shot. dozens of evacuated Jews.
NOVOSELITSY, see Novoselitskoe.
NOVOSELTSY, a village in the Krasnogvardeisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 20th century in Tavricheskaya province. 20th century in N. there was a Jewish population, among the main. occupations to-rogo prevailed with. In the fall of 1941, N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 13 jan. 1942 Jews of N. were shot in Mayfeld (modern Maiskoe).
NOVOSYOLKA, see Garden Ternopil region.
NOVOSYOLKI, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 98 Jews lived in N. In the summer of 1941, N. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of N. were exterminated.
NOVOSYOLOVKA, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1910, there was one Jewish family living in N.. 1941 N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1942, 2 Jews were killed in N.
NOVOSYOLOVSKOE (until 1945 - Freidorf), an urban-type settlement (from 1962) in the Razdolnensky region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1928. Since 1930 - the center of the Jewish nat. District of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1928, approx. 40 Jewish families, in 1939 - 450 Jews, in the region - approx. 2,200 Jews. In 1930, a collective farm was organized in N. (296 people; 1,434 hectares of land). MTS (the largest in the region) was created by Agrojoint. A school of machine operators, a hospital (since 1937), and a Jewish school operated in N. In 1932, a pedagogue was opened in N. at the expense of KOMZET. technical school (teaching was in Yiddish). In 1938, before. M.B.Shapiro (? –1942) was elected to the collective farm. In the fall of 1941, the N. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. During the occupation of Crimea, Jews were used in the autumn field work. 21 nov. 1941 64 Jews were shot in N.
NOVOSEMENOVKA, a village in the Ivanovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Novo-Semenovka, Odessa u. Kherson province. 15 January. 1942 5 Jews were shot in N.
NOVOSHAKHTINSK, city (since 1939) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1939 as an urban-type settlement of the Comintern. In 1939 58 Jews lived in N., in 1970 - 78 Jews (0.07%), in 2002 - 30 Jews. V.S. Etkin.
NOVOSCHERBINOVSKAYA, a village in the Shcherbinovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yeisk department. Kuban Region. In 1939, four Jews lived in N.. 1942 in N., apprx. 200 evacuees from Zap. districts of the USSR of Jews.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=НОВОСИБИРСК (в 1903–25 – Новониколаевск), город (с 1903), центр Новосибирской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1893 как поселок, с 1894 – пос. Александровский, с 1895 – Новониколаевский. С 1903 – безуездный, с 1909 – уездный город Томской губ. С 1921 – адм. центр Новониколаевской губ., краевой центр. С 1930 – центр Западно-Сибирского края, с 1937 – Новосибирской обл.В 1904 в Н. проживало 148 евреев (0,6%), в 1910 – 1070 (1,7%), в 1913 – 1178 (1,3%), в 1914 – 1194 (1,6%), в 1916 – 918 (1,1%), в 1917 – 1135 (1,2%), в 1920 – 1335, в 1923 – 1291, в 1926 – 2090 (1,7%), в 1939 – 6597, в 1970 – 11 277 (1%), в 1979 – 4504 (0,8%), в 2002 – 3134 еврея.Евреи жили в Н. с первых лет его возникновения. В 1908 в Н. открылось отд-ние томской кошерной колбасной ф-ки Ф.Прайсмана. В 1914 Едельштейну и Фуксману принадлежали пароходные компании.В 1909 в Н. была открыта синагога, действовало еврейское кладбище. В 1909 еврейскому купцу 1-й гильдии Николаю Туркину из Н. принадлежала «Алтайская фабрично-пром. компания», а также паровая мельница в Верхнеудинске (совр. Улан-Удэ). С 1909 духовным раввином был Шмер Шлемович Зельвинский, избранный общим собранием еврейской общины 13 авг. 1917 обществ. раввином.В 1917–20 в Н. работала еврейская школа. В 1918 было открыто отд-ние орг-ции «Цукунфт».В 1920-х гг. Н. – место ссылки сионистов.В 1920-х гг. в Н. действовала синагога (Семипалатинская ул., д. 8). В 1928 здание синагоги, построенное на средства купца Шамовского, было реквизировано; впоследствии под синагогу было предоставлено двухэтажное здание (снесено в 1972).В 1928 евреями Н. при помощи ОЗЕТ был создан первый в Зап. Сибири еврейский колхоз «Золотая нива» в с. Прокудское. В 1930 при отд-нии ОЗЕТ была организована агитац. театр. группа.Во время 2-й мир. войны в Н. прибыло большое кол-во эвакуированных евреев, мн. из к-рых остались в городе после войны. В 1941 в Н. был эвакуирован из Минска БелГОСЕТ.В 1946 в Н. действовала синагога (ул. Ленина, д. 27), раввином был Гершон Самойлович Кролик (1876–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 40–50 чел., в праздники – 300–400 чел. Позднее раввином Н. был Ицхок Слуцкий (?–1972); миньян собирался в частных домах. С нач. 1970-х гг. в Н. активизируется еврейская обществ. жизнь, начали работать кружки по изучению иврита и еврейской истории. И.Шмелер (Шамир, р. 1948, с 1969 – в Израиле) напечатал в типографии Н. ок. 1 тыс. экз. учебника иврита «Элеф Миллим». В сер. 1980-х гг. Академгородок в Н. стал одним из оплотов антисемитского движения «Память».С 1989 в Н. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры (НОЕК), религ. община (рук. – Мендель Щетлицкий). В 1990-х гг. основан еврейский благотворит. фонд «Эстер», при к-ром (с 1993) работают б-ка и лекторий. В 1996 создано отд-ние РЕК. С 1997 существует региональная еврейская нац.-культурная автономия Новосибирской обл. В марте 1999 в синагоге был совершен погром. С 2000 раввин Н. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шнеер-Залман Заклас (р. 1974, Кирьят-Малахи, Израиль). В 2000 открыта школа сети «Ор-Авнер».В Н. род.: М.К. Бандман, А.И.Ваксберг, Г.Н.Вульфсон, А.Гинзай, А.В.Гольдин, С.Кудрин, Н.Н. Садур; Максим Александрович Венгеров (р. 1974), скрипач, с 1990 – в Израиле, пр. «Грэмми» (2004); Илья Абрамович Гилинский (1934–1988), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1976), специалист в обл. акустоэлектроники, акустики пьезокристаллов, мастер спорта по шахматам; Александр Абрамович Кабаков (р. 1943), писатель, лауреат пр. «Золотой теленок»; Тамара Зиновьевна Корвин (Дворкина) (р. 1943), писатель, дочь З.Дворкина, пр. А.Белого (1983); Борис Леонидович Рубин (р. 1938), гинеколог, д-р мед. наук (1995), зав. отд-нием НИИ акушерства и гинекологии Мин-ва здравоохранения Республики Узбекистан; Борис Аркадьевич Тверской (р. 1936), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1967), проф. (1976), специалист в обл. физики магнитосферы, Гос. пр. СССР (1978); Анатолий Моисеевич Цукер (р. 1944), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения, проф. Ростовской гос. консерватории, зав. кафедрой истории музыки (1986), проректор консерватории, автор ряда книг, засл. деятель иск-в России.В Н. жили и работали Д.И.Абрамович, Г.И. Будкер, И.А.Зак, Л.В.Канторович, А.А.Колен, А.И.Константиновский, Ю.Б.Румер, Я.К. Яглом., pronunciation=НОВОСИБИРСК (в 1903–25 – Новониколаевск), город (с 1903), центр Новосибирской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1893 как поселок, с 1894 – пос. Александровский, с 1895 – Новониколаевский. С 1903 – безуездный, с 1909 – уездный город Томской губ. С 1921 – адм. центр Новониколаевской губ., краевой центр. С 1930 – центр Западно-Сибирского края, с 1937 – Новосибирской обл.В 1904 в Н. проживало 148 евреев (0,6%), в 1910 – 1070 (1,7%), в 1913 – 1178 (1,3%), в 1914 – 1194 (1,6%), в 1916 – 918 (1,1%), в 1917 – 1135 (1,2%), в 1920 – 1335, в 1923 – 1291, в 1926 – 2090 (1,7%), в 1939 – 6597, в 1970 – 11 277 (1%), в 1979 – 4504 (0,8%), в 2002 – 3134 еврея.Евреи жили в Н. с первых лет его возникновения. В 1908 в Н. открылось отд-ние томской кошерной колбасной ф-ки Ф.Прайсмана. В 1914 Едельштейну и Фуксману принадлежали пароходные компании.В 1909 в Н. была открыта синагога, действовало еврейское кладбище. В 1909 еврейскому купцу 1-й гильдии Николаю Туркину из Н. принадлежала «Алтайская фабрично-пром. компания», а также паровая мельница в Верхнеудинске (совр. Улан-Удэ). С 1909 духовным раввином был Шмер Шлемович Зельвинский, избранный общим собранием еврейской общины 13 авг. 1917 обществ. раввином.В 1917–20 в Н. работала еврейская школа. В 1918 было открыто отд-ние орг-ции «Цукунфт».В 1920-х гг. Н. – место ссылки сионистов.В 1920-х гг. в Н. действовала синагога (Семипалатинская ул., д. 8). В 1928 здание синагоги, построенное на средства купца Шамовского, было реквизировано; впоследствии под синагогу было предоставлено двухэтажное здание (снесено в 1972).В 1928 евреями Н. при помощи ОЗЕТ был создан первый в Зап. Сибири еврейский колхоз «Золотая нива» в с. Прокудское. В 1930 при отд-нии ОЗЕТ была организована агитац. театр. группа.Во время 2-й мир. войны в Н. прибыло большое кол-во эвакуированных евреев, мн. из к-рых остались в городе после войны. В 1941 в Н. был эвакуирован из Минска БелГОСЕТ.В 1946 в Н. действовала синагога (ул. Ленина, д. 27), раввином был Гершон Самойлович Кролик (1876–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 40–50 чел., в праздники – 300–400 чел. Позднее раввином Н. был Ицхок Слуцкий (?–1972); миньян собирался в частных домах. С нач. 1970-х гг. в Н. активизируется еврейская обществ. жизнь, начали работать кружки по изучению иврита и еврейской истории. И.Шмелер (Шамир, р. 1948, с 1969 – в Израиле) напечатал в типографии Н. ок. 1 тыс. экз. учебника иврита «Элеф Миллим». В сер. 1980-х гг. Академгородок в Н. стал одним из оплотов антисемитского движения «Память».С 1989 в Н. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры (НОЕК), религ. община (рук. – Мендель Щетлицкий). В 1990-х гг. основан еврейский благотворит. фонд «Эстер», при к-ром (с 1993) работают б-ка и лекторий. В 1996 создано отд-ние РЕК. С 1997 существует региональная еврейская нац.-культурная автономия Новосибирской обл. В марте 1999 в синагоге был совершен погром. С 2000 раввин Н. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шнеер-Залман Заклас (р. 1974, Кирьят-Малахи, Израиль). В 2000 открыта школа сети «Ор-Авнер».В Н. род.: М.К. Бандман, А.И.Ваксберг, Г.Н.Вульфсон, А.Гинзай, А.В.Гольдин, С.Кудрин, Н.Н. Садур; Максим Александрович Венгеров (р. 1974), скрипач, с 1990 – в Израиле, пр. «Грэмми» (2004); Илья Абрамович Гилинский (1934–1988), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1976), специалист в обл. акустоэлектроники, акустики пьезокристаллов, мастер спорта по шахматам; Александр Абрамович Кабаков (р. 1943), писатель, лауреат пр. «Золотой теленок»; Тамара Зиновьевна Корвин (Дворкина) (р. 1943), писатель, дочь З.Дворкина, пр. А.Белого (1983); Борис Леонидович Рубин (р. 1938), гинеколог, д-р мед. наук (1995), зав. отд-нием НИИ акушерства и гинекологии Мин-ва здравоохранения Республики Узбекистан; Борис Аркадьевич Тверской (р. 1936), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1967), проф. (1976), специалист в обл. физики магнитосферы, Гос. пр. СССР (1978); Анатолий Моисеевич Цукер (р. 1944), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения, проф. Ростовской гос. консерватории, зав. кафедрой истории музыки (1986), проректор консерватории, автор ряда книг, засл. деятель иск-в России.В Н. жили и работали Д.И.Абрамович, Г.И. Будкер, И.А.Зак, Л.В.Канторович, А.А.Колен, А.И.Константиновский, Ю.Б.Румер, Я.К. Яглом., extra_data="{'translat...")
NOVOSIL, city (from 1777), a regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1155.From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1895, 196 Jews lived in the district, in 1910 in N. - 9, in 1926 - 5, in 1939 - 7 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in N. ...
NOVOSINKOVO, a village in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 2000, 7 Jews lived in N.
NOVOSOKOLNIKI, now part of Moscow (Russian Federation). In the 1920s. - a workers' settlement of Moscow province. In 1926 110 Jews lived in N..
NOVOSPASOVKA, see Osipenko, Zaporozhye region.
NOVOSPASSKOE, a village in the Priazovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1856 18 Jews lived in N., in 1897 - 42, in 1910 - 14 Jews.
NOVOSTAV, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rivne u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews rented both mills in N.
Novotroitsk, see Baley.
Novotroitskaya, a village in the Izobilnensky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Novo-Troitskoye Temryuk dep. Kuban Region. In 1939, 1 Jew lived in N.. 1942 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 27 Sep 1942 in N. 240 evacuated Jews were shot, 319 Jews in October. 1942 were sent to Novoaleksandrovskaya (modern Novoaleksandrovsk) and Izobilnoye (modern Izobilny) and were destroyed there. In 2006, approx. 107 subbotniks.
NOVOTROITSKY FISHERY, see Baley.
NOVOTROITSKOE, see New Astrakhan.
NOVOTULSKY, now part of the city of Tula (Russian Federation). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 31 Jews lived in N.
NOVOGOLNY, urban-type settlement (since 1934), subordinated to the Don City Council of the Tula Region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 14 Jews lived in N.
NOVOUKRAINKA, see Varyazh.
NOVOUMAN, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kherson province. 1942 in N., apprx. 100 Jews from Odessa.
NOVOURALSK, a city in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation) In 2002, 66 Jews lived in N. 2000s a Jewish community was created in N. (previously, Oleg Adamovich Korneichuk, b. 1956, Baku).
NOVOURGENCH, see Urgench.
NOVOUSPENOVKA, a village in Veselovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1861. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 5 Jewish families lived in N.
NOVOUTKINSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1933), subordinated to the Pervouralsk City Council of the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1749 as a settlement at the Utkinsky mining plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Utkinsky Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, nine Jews lived in N.
NOVOUZENSK (until 1835 - Chertanla), a city (from 1835), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1760.Since 1835, the county town of Novy Uzen, Samara Gubernia. In 1862 16 Jewish men lived in N., in 1896 in N. - 16 Jews, in the district - 810, in 1910 in N. - 29, in 1939 - 19 , in 2002 - 6 Jews.
NOVOVASYLEVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Priazovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1823. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1859, N. was inhabited by several. Jewish families, in 1886 - c. 150 Jews (approx. 5%), in 1939 - 50 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century Jews N. were employed in the main. in the field of trade. In 1886 the Jews owned several. warehouses, shops and shops. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jews left N. In the fall of 1941 two Jews were killed in N..
Novovitebskoe, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Novo-Vitebsk (other name - Yellow) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1928 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1868, 501 people lived in N., in 1897 - 849 Jews (86.6%), in 1928 - 1,162 people. Most of N.'s settlers come from Vitebsk provinces. In the 1840s-60s. Rabbi N. was Benjamin Knyazhik. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1868. In 1887 there were 56 Jewish farms in N. (out of 64). Most of the population was engaged in agriculture. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in N. t-in, in 1916 there were 2 synagogues, 4 heders, a Jewish two-class school. During the war, the Jewish population of N. was repeatedly subjected to pogroms and looting. Beginning in 1923 approx. N. created new Jewish immigrants. villages, including "Forward", "Red Plowman". In 1929 a collective farm was organized in N. In 1938 the ped. technical school and cf. a school with teaching in Yiddish. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, there were 277 Jews in N.; a ghetto was created. Apr 13 1942 able-bodied Jews were placed in a labor camp, disabled ones were shot in May 1942 near the village. Novopodolskoe, N. B.A. Rybkin.
NOVOVOLYNSK, city (since 1957) in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main In 1950, 15 Jews lived in N. in 2001.
NOVOVORONTSOVKA (before 1821 - Nikolaevka), an urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1795. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kherson u. In 1897, 1,685 Jews (32.4%) lived in N., in 1910 - 1726 (55%), in 1923 - 686, and in 1939 - 42 Jews. Jews have lived in N. since 1859. Among the occupations of the Jewish population trade prevailed. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue in N. In 1910 there were two synagogues in N., a Talmud Torah, and a husband. and mixed Jewish schools, in 1913 - about-in aid to poor Jews. In 1918 in N. there were several. pogroms organized by the Cossack units, during which many others. Jews were wounded, Jewish homes were plundered. 1920s in N. there was a shohet. In the 1930s. most of the Jews left N. In Sept. 1941, three Jews were shot in N.. In 2005, N. had a Jewish population. Isaak Yakovlevich Aizensher (1900–1952, Leningrad), artist, Ph.D. lawsuit (1947), author of ser. engravings "Pogrom in Ukraine".
NOVOVYAZNIKI, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Vyaznikovsky district of the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vyaznikovsky u. Vladimir province. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in N.
NOVOYAVOROVSKY, city (since 1986) in Yavoriv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1965. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.
NOVOZAVIDOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1926) in Konakovsky district, Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zavidovskaya Klinsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in N.
Novozhitomir, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Novo-Zhitomir (other name - Repetin) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1928 - Novo-Zhitomir Jewish nat. In 1859, 263 people lived in N., in 1887 - 508, in 1896 - 457, in 1927 - 625, in 1931 - approx. 750 Jews (85%). The colony was created in the main. immigrants from Zhitomir. A synagogue functioned in N. in 1868. In 1887 there were 37 Jewish farms in N. (out of 47). In 1898–99, Jewish agriculturalists (65 families, 369 people) owned 675 dess. land; Jews owned 161 horses and 131 cows. 20th century A school operated in N. In 1918 a pogrom took place in N. In 1924, Jewish colonists cultivated 2,500 hectares of land. June - Sept. 1924 approx. N. 3 Jewish collective farms were organized: "Poltava", "Tagancha" and "Niva". In 1938 the Jewish school was closed. On May 30, 1942, the Jews of N. were shot near the village. Zlatoustovka I. M. Shaikin
NOVOZHIVOTOV, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Brailovsky povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhivotov, Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. 161 Jews lived in N. in 1787, in 1847 there were 709 Jews, in 1897 - in 1935 Jews (51.8 percent) .In 1644 there was a Jewish community in N.. During the "Khmelnitsky" period, fearing Cossack pogroms, the N. community surrendered to the Tatars, counting on the subsequent ransom. In the 2nd half. 18th century communal life in N. began to revive. In 1865 there were two synagogues in N. In 1901 the Talmud-Torah functioned, in 1912 - the Jewish loan-savings. in nov. 1917, a pogrom broke out in N. by units of the UPR. In 1919 - a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army, after the occupation of the German-Romanians. in July 1941, troops of the N. Jews were deported to the ghetto in Ilyintsy; OK. The 20 remaining Jews were killed in the summer of 1942.
NOVOZLATOPOL, a village in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Novo-Zlatopol in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. Since 1929 - the center of the Jewish national. district of Zaporizhzhya env. Dnepropetrovsk, and since 1939 - Zaporozhye oblast. In 1897, 670 Jews (82%) lived in N., in 1914 - 950, in 1924 - 686 (91%), in 1939 - 1109, in 1941 - 1207, in 1999 - 9 Jews The first Jews, the founders of N., came from Vitebsk province. In 1897 a synagogue, a Jewish community school, and a heder (until 1918) functioned in N., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 there were 120 Jewish households in N. In 1918 a self-defense detachment was formed in N. (about 200 people). In 1921-22 pl. the colonists died of hunger, some moved to the cities. During the famine, the colonists were assisted by ARA, Joint, EKO, ORT. In 1923 there were approx. 100 Jewish households. Since 1923 approx. N. created new Jewish immigrants. villages, including "Red Plowman No. 1". In 1929, the Avangard collective farm was organized in N. (in 1933, 118 families). In 1932 the collective farms "Karl Liebknecht", "Freeling", "Apikoires", "Dzerzhinsky", in 1934 - "Rotendorf", "Vperyod", "Maidorf", "Nadezhda" and others, in 1936 - "Emes" "Sotsdorf", "Fabricius". Since 1929, there was a circle of atheists for antireligions. work among Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. a school with teaching in Yiddish, a hut-reading room (there was literature in Russian, Ukrainian, Yiddish), ten-year Jewish schools, a Jewish zootechnical school and a library worked. In 1930 the synagogue was closed, the building was transferred to the club. Stalin. 1942 More than 800 Jews from N. and surrounding villages were shot in N. After 1945, approx. 250 Jews. In 1989, a monument was erected on the mass grave, and in 2005 there was a Jewish population in N. I. M. Shaikin
NOVOZYBKOV, city (since 1809), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 17 in as a Zybkaya settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Chernigov Gubernia. 161 Jews lived in N. in 1862, 228 in 1867, 1752 in 1886, 3836 (24.9%) in 1897, 6157 in 1910, 5330 in 1923, and 4825 in 1926 , in 1939 - 3129, in 1992 - approx. 300, in 2002 - 147 Jews. From 1809 to mid. 19th century Jews were forbidden to settle in N. In 1862 a synagogue (wooden) operated in N., in 1886 there were 3 synagogues (all wooden). In 1891, agitators Abram Levshits (a clerk from Gomel ) and "Comrade Orlov". The formed Bund circle became part of the Gomel k-ta. 20 Oct. In 1905 a pogrom broke out in N., and in 1905 a group of social-Zionists operated in N. In 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned both pharmacies, all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 4 confectionery shops, unions. bath, 3 hotels, unity. an inn, 7 taverns, 120 shops and shops (including 15 grocery, 25 manufactory, all 11 ready-to-wear shops). In 1914 private Jewish men worked in N. and wives. uch-schcha, talmud-torah. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in N. In 1910–1918, A. Hein was the rabbi in N., and in 1920–26, Sh. J. Zevin. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, 2 children were opened. houses. In 1923 the synagogue was requisitioned, the cheder was closed. In the beginning. 1920s Zionist circles operated. In 1926, immigrants from N. founded Jewish farmers in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. t-va "Nai Zybkov" (67 people), "Vargait" (49 people), "Energy" (53 people). In the 1920s and 30s. part of the Jews moved to other cities. 16 Aug. 1941 N. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 28 Aug 1941 shootings began. 18 jan. 1942 950 Jews were shot. A total of 2,860 Jews were shot in N. during the years of occupation. After the liberation in 1943, some of the Jews returned to N. In 1946 a synagogue was opened in N. (Narimanovskaya St., 8). On ordinary days, the synagogue was attended by 40-50 people, on holidays - approx. 200 people The rabbi was Shlema Berkovich Molostovsky (1883 -?). In the 1960s. in N., a monument was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. In 1966 a religion was established in N. community. In the 1960s-80s. minyan gathered in a rented house at 72 Krasnaya Street. The rabbi was Isaak Samuilovich Lifshits (? –1982). - Lazar Geselevich Reznikov (1929-1993), in 1993-2006 before. - Vladimir Borisovich Reznikov (b.1932, Novozybkov). In N. there is a Sunday school, a Hesed branch, and a Jewish cemetery. The synagogue building is used as an administrative building. room. Prev mountains. thoughts in the beginning. 2000s - Joseph Semenovich Kaplun; dir. plant "Inductor" - Grigory Gelevich Rombakh. In 2005, approx. 500 Jews.In N. genus: A.L. Kazakevich, D.A. Lazurkina, S.M. Raisky, N.T. Raikhlin, G.L. Roshal, S.I.Samsonov, S.F. Simkhovich , I.Z.Frenkin, M.Khenkina; Yakov Grigorievich Dobkin (b. 1924), graphic artist, author of exlibrises.
NOVY DVUR, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1765 in N.-D. there were 299 Jews, in 1847 - 394, in 1897 - 490 (37.6%), in 1910 - 818, in 1921 - 402 Jews (32.9%). Jews lived in N.-D. from ser. 16th century In 1558 in N.-D. there were 12 Jewish homeowners; there was a synagogue. Since 1623 the Jewish community of N.-D. obeyed the kagal of Grodno. In 1867 in N.-D. there were 16 Jewish taverns. In 1896–1901, Gershon-Meir Boyarsky (1862–?) Was a rabbi. In 1910 in N.-D. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. in N.-D. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of N.-D. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NOVY KORCHIN, a village in the Свwiętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 1st floor. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a city within Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Novy Korchin (other name - Korchin) Stopnitsky u. Keletskaya Gubernia In 1827, 1232 Jews (51.4%) lived in N.K., in 1857 - 2350 (70%), in 1897 - 2781 (73.4%), in 1921 - 2478 Jews (67.3% The first mention. about Jews N.K. refers to the 15th century. In the 17th century. a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. The first rabbi of N.K. (from 1759) was Shaul Simkhovich. Main the occupation of the Jews in the 18th century. there was timber trade. In 1866, a stone synagogue was built, considered one of the most beautiful in Poland. Later, a Jewish hospital and a nursing home were built next to the synagogue. in N.K. 2 Jewish libraries were opened, in the 1930s. - one more. At the same time, schools of the Yavne and Beis Yaakov network were opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in N.K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi N.K. during this period was Yochanan Silman. 20 Sept. 1939 N.K. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto, which contained approx. 2400 people In apr. 1941 the ghetto contained approx. 3,700 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in October. 1942.
NEW BARANOVICHI, see Baranovichi.
NEW BOROVICHI, a village in the Shchorsovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century in NB there was a Jewish population, DOS. occupations to-rogo were crafts (shoemaking, saddlery). Jews owned 2 soap-making factories, a mill. In 1918, a pogrom took place in N.B. Army.
NEW DAVGOLISHKI, see Nausias Daugelsikis.
NEW ROADS, a village in the Starodorozhsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Roads New Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1897, 122 Jews (14.3%) lived in N.D.
NEW GROMYKI, a village in the Vetka district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century in N. G. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in N.G.
NEW CAUSHANS, see Causeni.
NEW KOVNA, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Novo-Kovno (other names - Chember, Chimbarovo). Since 1923 - in the Krivoy Rog region. Since 1928 - New Kovenian Jewish nat. village council of the Krivoy Rog okr., from 1930 - Stalindorf Jewish nat. In 1859, 349 people lived in N.K., in 1897 - 787 Jews (85.5%), in 1916 - 845 people, in 1924 - 540, in 1928 - 738 people. K. were founded by settlers from the Kiev province. In 1868 a synagogue and a school functioned in NK. Main spheres of economic. activities of the Jews of the colony - arable farming, gardening and livelihood. In 1887, 61 of 66 farming in N.K. were Jewish. In 1898 the colonists owned 1,033 dess. allotment land, 267 horses and 200 cows. In 1929 a collective farm was created in NK. In 1938, the school with teaching in Yiddish was closed. In May 1942 near the village. Novopodolskoe 60 Jews were shot from N. K. I. M. Shaikin
NEW CUKONESTS, see Kukoneshty Noy.
NEW MAMAEVTSY, see Novosyolka.
NEW MLYNY, a village in the Borznyansky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1630. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sosnitsky u. In 1748, 3 Jewish families lived in N.M., in 1897 - 349 Jews (10.5%), in 1910 - 213, in 1923 - 213 Jews. In 1910 a synagogue functioned in N.M. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the N.M. warehouse of pharmacy goods, 17 shops (including 6 grocery, all 3 crockery, all 3 haberdashery). In 1917 a pogrom took place in NM, during which Jewish houses were looted. In the summer of 1919, a pogrom in NM was organized by units of the Volunteer Army; the commandant demanded payment of 200 thousand rubles. under the threat that the Jews of the shtetl would be drowned in the river. pl. Jews left N.M. 6 Nov. 1941 in N.M. 2 Jews were killed. Jan 16 1942 in Bakhmach 1 Jew from N.M. was killed, on March 18, 1943 in the village. The settlement was killed 2 Jewish women from N. M. V. N. M. genus. I.-H. Brener.
NEW PETROVTSY, a village in the Vyshgorod district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1858, approx. 15 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of N.P. in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned 15 shops (including 12 grocery stores), and a brick factory. On March 13, 1919, a pogrom by units of the Directory took place in N.P. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in N.P. in the fall of 1941, 2 were killed. a Jew.
NEW COCKS, see Cockerels.
NEW RADZIVILIŠKI, see Nyamunele Radviliskis.
NEW SANZHARY, urban-type settlement (since 1925), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1636.From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. Since 1923 it has been a regional center. In 1910, 31 Jewish families lived in N. S., in 1923 - 7 Jews, in 1926 - 24 (0.5%), in 1939 - 62 Jews. In 1882-1903 N. S. closed for free settlement of Jews. 16 Sept. 1941 NS occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1942 in NS, apprx. 10 Jews remaining in the occupation. Mikhail Zakharovich Kheifets (1915–1985, Moscow), poster artist, graphic artist, production. are in Ros. state b-ke, in the collections of the Union of Artists of Russia.
NEW STRELISHCHA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Zhydachiv district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1513. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Streliski Novye in the Bobr district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, NS occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the beginning. Aug 1942 1,252 Jews were concentrated in NS; Jews from NS were sent to Bobrka, where some of them were killed, the rest were deported to the extermination camp Belzec.
NEW VEEDNIKI, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Ovruch district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Veledniki, Ovruch u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1847, 621 Jews lived in N.V., in 1897 - 569 (49.7%), in 1923 - 473, and in 1924 - 427 Jews (24.3%). Jews lived in N.V. with 17th century In the beginning. 19th century NV - one of the centers of Hasidism in Volyn. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts and trade. In the end. 19th century in N.V. - 2 synagogues. In 1917, a pogrom occurred in N.V., and in the summer of 1941, N.V. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews N.V. were shot in the fall of 1941.
NEW PLACES, now as part of the urban-type settlement Zaliztsy, Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Brodsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, from 1939 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in NZ. In July 1941, 36 Jews from NZ were shot in Zalozhtsy (present-day Zaliztsy).
NEW ATHON, see Akhali Atoni.
NEW ALEXINETS, see New Oleksinets.
NEW BARSUK, a village in the Rechitsa district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in NB. In 1920, a pogrom took place in NB, organized by parts of the Polish. army; during the pogrom pl. the Jews died.
NEW BELOUS, a village in the Chernihiv region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1648. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov province. In 1900, 8 Jews lived in N.B.
NEW BERISLAV, see Novoberislav.
NEW BUG (until 1810 - Kutsa Balka, Semenovka, in 1810–32 - Novopavlovka), a city (since 1961), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kherson u. In 1897, 1962 Jews (14.6%) lived in N.B., in 1910 - 3600 (18.9%), in 1923 - 934, in 1939 - 269 Jews. 19th century a synagogue operated in N. B. In 1910, 6 synagogues, a Talmud Torah, and a private Jewish husband operated in NB. uch-shche, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, both photographic studios, unity. cinematograph, more than 40 shops in N.B. (including 7 manufacturing, 6 grocery, all 5 haberdashery). On May 19, 1919, a pogrom took place in N. B. ... N.B. were allocated new plots of the concession fund (1562 dec.) For Jewish farmers. settlements. In the 1920s. material assistance to the community of N. B. was rendered by J.-I. Schneerson. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left N.B. 14 Aug. 1941 N.B. was occupied by the Wehrmacht troops. Means. some of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. On May 14, 1942, 28 Jews were shot in N.B. In the liberation of N.B. on March 8, 1944, the department took part. sapper battalion under com. Major Veniamin Abramovich Ruvinsky. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in NB; there is a community in the N.B. genus: M.I. Weiman, M.F. Maryanovsky, M.D. Haskind; Isaak Borisovich Revut (1909–1978, Leningrad), agrophysicist, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences, prof., in 1936–41 and in 1945–72 - deputy. dir. Agrophysical. NII VASKHNIL, author of pl. scientific. works; Dina Edzhinovna (Enya Froim-Fishelevna) Sheinberg (1896–?), Pediatrician, Dr. med. Sciences (1950), in the 1950s. - Dean of Pediatrics. Faculty of Sverdlovsk honey. institute.
NEW BYKHOV, a village in the Bykhov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. In 1867, 673 Jews lived in N.B., in 1897 - 490, in 1923 - 347 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in N. B. Yisroel-Moishe Manes (1869 -?) Was the rabbi in NB since 1901. pl. Jews left N.B. In the summer of 1941 N. B. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1941 in N. B. 5 Jews were killed.
NEW BYKOV, a village in the Bobrovitsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozeletsky u. Chernigov province. 367 Jews (13.9%) lived in NB in ​​1897. In 1897 there were 2 synagogues in NB. In 1913 the Jews owned both grocery, 2 manufactory and unity. tobacco shop in N. B.
NEW LIFE, ex. Jewish agricultural m-in Biyuk-Onlarsky district of the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925, 33 Jewish families (193 Jews) lived in N.B. 1925, and 37 Jewish families in 1932. B. was founded by people from Gomel. In 1925 the t-wu owned 49 dess. land.
NEW CHUDNOV, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in N.Ch. in August. - Sept. 1941 111 Jews were shot.
NEW DONBASS, now part of the city of Snezhnoe, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - a city. In 1939, 83 Jews lived in N.D.
NEW YARD, see Nowy Dwór of the Mazovian Voivodeship.
NOVY KORCHIN, see Novy Korchin.
NEW KORETS, a village in Koretsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 951 Jews (38%) lived in NK, in 1921 - 232, in 1931 - c. 300 Jews. 19th century Jews belonged to several. shops, a brewery, 2 drinking establishments in NK. In 1920–30s. in N.K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, N.K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, the Jews of N.K. were sent to the Korets ghetto and were subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
NEW NETWORK, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century NK had a Jewish population, and the Jewish population of NK was exterminated during the Holocaust.
NEW LYUBAR, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. New Place Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century In N.L. there was a Jewish population. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in N.L. in August. - nov. 1941 46 Jews were shot.
NEW MANYCH, a village in the Salsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1855 as c. Novomanychskoe Medvezhensky u. Stavropol province. During the occupation in N.M. in September. 1942 5 Jews were shot.
NEW MARGELAN, see Fergana.
NEW MARTYNOV, a village in the Galich district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century N. M. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941 N. M. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In apr. 1942 Jews N.M. were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.
NEW MILYATIN, a village in the Busk district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1431. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Belz Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 17th century Jews N.M. owned 2 shops and 2 taverns. In the summer of 1941 N.M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, the Jews of N.M. were deported to Busk and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
NEW MYADZIEL, see Myadel.
NEW OLEKSINETS, a village in the Kremenets district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novy Aleksinets Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1867, 2 synagogues operated in N.O. In 1914, Jews owned 5 shops (including both manufacturing, one grocery). July 1941 N.O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of N.O. were deported to Vishnevets and in August. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
NEW OSKOL (in 1647–55 - Tsarev-Alekseev), a city, a regional center in the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1637 as "Stoyaly prison". Since 1779 - the district city of the Kursk governorship, since 1796 - the provinces. In 1896 34 Jews lived in the district, in 1910 in N.O. - 22, in 1926 - 27 (0.3%), in 1939 - 18, in 2002 - 1 Jew In 1913 Jews belonged to Unity. pharmacy warehouse, manufactory shop, unity. store of ready-to-wear in N.O. The manager of the pharmacy was a Jew. During the 1st world period. war, the Jewish population of N.O. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In 1915, approx. 50 Jews. On July 3, 1942, N.O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. A group of Jews was shot in July 1942. In the release of N.O. 28 January. 1943 the 2nd destroyer took part. brigade under com. regiment. Boris Vladimirovich Lubman.
NEW PIKOV, see PIKOV.
NEW HAPPY, see Pochaev.
NEW POGOST, a village in the Miory district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - small town Pogost Novyi Disnenskogo u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1859, 50 Jews lived in N.P. (13%), in 1897 - 118 (14.4%), in 1921 - 157 (25.1%), in 1939 - approx. 300 Jews. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. manufactory, unity. fur shop in N. P. Rabbi N. P. in 1916–26 - Chaim Mednik. 1920s - early. 1930s Rabbi N.P. was Shmul Valkin. During the Holocaust in N.P. 199 Jews were exterminated.
NEW VILLAGE, now part of the city of Poltava (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava district. Poltava province. In 1910, one Jewish family lived in N.P., who was engaged in tailoring.
NEW ROOPSK, a village in the Klimovsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ropsk Novy (other name - Novo-Ropsk) Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov province. In 1923, 145 Jews lived in N.R. 1942 Jews of N.R. were deported to Klimovo and shot there.
NEW ROZDOL, a city (since 1965) in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1953. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in N.R.
NEW SVERZHEN, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sverzhen Novyi Minsky u. and lips. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the BSSR. In 1897 732 Jews (41.8%) lived in NS, in 1921 - approx. 400 Jews. 1920–30s. in NS acted divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1941, NS occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 1 aug. 1941 in N. S. on the territory. a sawmill was created a ghetto, which contained approx. 1 thousand Jews (workers of the plant and their families). Jan 29. 1942 there was a mass escape from the ghetto, after which 254 of the remaining Jews were shot. 4 Feb 1942 39 more Jews were shot. In the fall of 1942, partisans. detachment them. Zhukov was saved by approx. 500 people from the ghetto (200 of them joined the detachment). The ghetto was liquidated on Jan 31. 1942 - 4 Feb. 1943. When the ghetto was liquidated, 12 people were left alive. to work on it. After 1945, a memorial plate was installed on the grave of the executed.
NEW TOLOCHIN, see Zarechny Tolochin.
NEW LABOR, ex. Jewish agriculturalist. a collective in the Biyuk-Onlarsky district of the Crimean ASSR. In 1932, 32 Jewish families lived in N.T.
NEW UZEN, see Novouzensk.
NEW VITKOV, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vitkov of the New Kamensk district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 987 Jews lived in NV. in N.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941, NV occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In June 1942 there were 1,125 Jews in N.V. 22 oct. 1942 Jews were deported to Sokal and from there to the Belzec extermination camp.
NEW YARYCHEV, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1370. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yarychów Novy in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1577, approx. 25 Jews, in 1765 - 613, in 1880 - 1170 (45.5%), in 1890 - 1168 (40.3%), in 1900 - 1554 (49.8%), in 1910 - 1608 (50.4% ), in 1921 - 926 (43.3%), in 1931 - 976, in 1941 - approx. 1,500 Jews. 16-18 centuries. the Jewish community of N. Ya. was under the jurisdiction of the kagal of Zhovkva (present-day Zhovkva). In 1578 the Jews of N. Ya. Suffered from the raids of the Tatars. In 1780, most of N. Ya. Artisans were Jews. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Rabbi N. Ya. was Dovid Ashkenazi (? –1805). In 1822–37, the rabbi of N. Ya. Was Sholom Rosenfeld (1800–1851), then his son-in-law Mordhe Gristal (1800–1860). Place M. Gristal was taken by his son Shmuel (1840-1908). Later, Sh. Gristal's son Zeev-Wolf (1861-1933) became the rabbi. 20th century main crafts and trade were the occupations of the Jewish population of N. Ya. From the end. 19th century Zionist circles operated in N. Ya. In 1922, with the help of the Joint, a school was opened in N. Ya. with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1933–39, the Hasidic court of the descendant of I. Baal Shem Tov Shmuel Gutsman (1902–1970) was located in N. Ya. The last rabbi of N. Ya. Was the son of Z.-V. Gristal Arie-Leibush (1880-1940). In the 1930s. in N. Ya. there were several. synagogues. In the summer of 1941 N. Ya. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, 14 Jews were shot in N. Ya., In 1942 - 29 Jews. From 25 Nov. 1942 in N. Ya. There was a ghetto, in which there were Jews from nearby us. points (total 2600 people). 15 jan. 1943 the ghetto was liquidated, ca. 2,500 Jews were shot. A workers' camp remained in N. Ya., Which was liquidated in July 1943. After liberation, 20 Jews returned to N. Ya.
NOYKUREN, see Pionersky.
NOYMAN Abraham (1873, Serpets, Plock Province - 1942, Krakow), painter. In his youth he worked as a retoucher in a photo studio in Warsaw. In 1897 he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, which he graduated from in 1902. He studied under J. Malchevsky, L. Vychulkovsky, J. Stanislavsky. He gained fame as a landscape painter. He twice visited E.-I. (1904, 1926–27). In the 1920s and 30s. wrote ch. arr. still lifes and portraits. He died in the Krakow ghetto.
KNIFE Itzhok (1889, Warsaw - |), playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was a prompter, then an actor in a Jewish theater in Skierniewice, Warsaw province. In 1919 he headed the provincial. theater, troupe, in 1920 dir. t-ra in Vilna. He wrote one-act plays, sketches, songs. In 1932, the Skala theater in Warsaw put up several. plays N. also published Art. on the theater, themes in Jewish gas. and zhurn. ("Unzer Lebn" and "Dos Nae Lebn" - Odessa, "Die Zeit" - Vilna, "Literary Bleter" - Warsaw). Some dramas, manuf. N. were publ. in Warsaw publishing houses: "Reysele dem rebns" ("Reysele - the rabbi's daughter"), "Malkele soldier", etc. From the 2nd half. 1930s - in E.-I.
Nudel Ida Yakovlevna (b. 1931, Novorossiysk), public figure. Graduated from Moscow. INZH.-ECON. in-t them. S. Ordzhonikidze, worked at the Research Institute. In 1971 she applied to leave for Israel, in 1972 she was refused, she was fired from her job. She took part in hunger strikes and demonstrations by Jewish activists, and provided assistance to imprisoned Jewish human rights defenders. In 1978 she was arrested and sentenced to 4 years of exile. After the end of his exile, N. was banned from living in Moscow. Since 1987 - in Israel. N. - prototype of Ch. heroines of the film "Farewell in Moscow" (USA, 1987).
NUDELMAN Alexander Emmanuilovich (1912, Odessa - 1996, Moscow), designer of automatic weapons. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1982). Graduated from Odessa Polytechnic. Institute (1935), worked in OKB-16 under the direction of. Ya.G. Taubin, after the arrest of the latter (May 1941) Ch. designer OKB-16; In 1941–45 under the hands of. N. created aviation. guns N-23, NS-37, NS-45 and NS-57. Subsequently, N. headed the work on the creation. controlled anti-tank. and anti-aircraft rockets. Became. pr. (1943, 1946). State pr. USSR (1959, 1970, 1988). Linen. (1963) Brother N. - Grigory (1904, Berlin - 1975, Moscow), designer, specialist in the region. food. machine. Created original equipment introduced into the industry. Author of 22 inventions, several. monographs and more than 30 st. in spec. ed.
Moishe Nudelman (1905, Warsaw - |), writer, actor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then studied at the gymnasium. He wrote in Polish. lang. and in Yiddish. Published humorous. zhurn. "Der shtifer", published in pl. periodic. ed. The first book. "Frische Bagel" ("Fresh Bagels") was published in 1926. He created and headed a puppet theater, staging plays in Yiddish. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to occupied Kr. Army Bialystok, then with the Polish-Jewish t-rum traveled through the growing. cities, was mobilized in Omsk in labor, the army, in 1944 voluntarily joined the Polish army, worked as a div. Polish military. t-re. After returning to Poland in 1945, he was printed in gas. "Dos Nae Lebn" (Lodz) and together with gr. actors created the revue-t-r "Shiraim". In 1946 he went to Paris, from 1947 - to the USA. Collaborated in gas., To-rykh conducted humorous. sect. The author of the book. "Gelekhter durkh trern" ("Laughter Through Tears", 1947), "H'bin Alright" ("I'm Alright", 1951), "Dakht Aid in Erez Yisroel" ("Merry Jew in Eretz Yisrael", 1956) and others.
NUDELMAN Rafail Elyevich (b. 1931, Sverdlovsk), writer. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1968). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University, postgraduate study in Leningrad. ped. in-those them. A.I. Herzen (1960). In 1960–67 he taught theoretical. physics in the institutes of Murom and Vladimir, since 1967 a professional writer. In the 1960s. gained fame as a theorist of "new fiction", publ. a number of Art. (magazines. "Foreign literature", "Baikal", "Lit. Gazeta", etc.), in which he developed the concept of scientific. fiction as a new lit. a method that complements realism. In 1974–75 he was a participant of Jewish samizdat in Russia, sred. (together with ID Rubin, the journal “Jews in the USSR.” Since 1975 - in Israel. In 1976–78, chief editor of the magazine “Zion,” in 1978–94 one of the founders and chief editor of literature art and social journalistic journal "Twenty two." Since 1985, he has been a member of the editorial board of the journal "Science Fiction Study" (USA-Canada). Translation and compilation of collections and books of science fiction. In Israel there are published articles on Jewish history, culture and Zionism, essays, books, artistic and journalistic translations (including Z. Freud, G. Scholem, M. Buber and other Jewish thinkers, and (See also S. Lem, H.L. Borges, B. Schulz, T. Borovsky, D. Kish, M. Hlasko, etc.) Among the works of N.: “An investigation is underway at the Institute of Time” (rom., et al. with A. Gromova. M., 1968); "Mossad, Aman and all that" (Tel Aviv, 1989); "Mysteries of Jewish history" (Tel Aviv, 1989), etc.
NUGER Abram Petrovich (1896, Volodymyr-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1994, Nazrat-Ilit, Israel), actor, director. He began his stage activity in 1917 in a mobile Jewish theater, a troupe. In 1922–24 he worked in the Kiev theater “Yiddish Folks Bine” (“Jewish Folk Scene”), which was directed by actors YG Libert and I. Rakitin. In 1925 he became a member of the troupe of the GOSET organized in Kharkov, in which he worked until its closure (1950). In 1928 he took part in the work of dir. lab. at the Kharkov GOSET. N. possessed outstanding muses. and improvisational skills, was the successor of the traditions of "Purimshpiler" in the Jewish Sov. theater. claim-ve. The main roles: Kuneleml ("Kunelemlech"), bobe Yahne ("The Witch", both - A. Goldfadena, Nahmen ("The Recruit" by LB Reznik, Koviel ("Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere), Harpagon ("The Covetous" by Moliere ), Gershele Ostropoler (in the play of the same name by M.Ya. Gershenzon, Tevye the milkman (by the same name pov. Sholem Aleichem, Actor ("Free Wind" by I.O.Dunaevsky. Staged performances: "Tevye the Milkman" Sholem- Aleichem, “Invasion” by L.M. Leonov, “Hershele Ostropoler” by Gershenzon; ​​jointly with E. Dinor: “Energy” by A. Kagan, “Chaim Boytre” by M. S. Kulbak, “Professor Mamlok” by F. Wolf, etc. Was the director of the pop performance "Always with you" S. Tal.
Nuha, see Sheki.
NUKUS, city (since 1932), capital (since 1939) of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Republic of Uzbekistan). Main in the 1860s. as aul. Since 1925 - in the Karakalpak Autonomous Region. as part of the Kazakh ASSR, since 1930 as part of the RSFSR, and from 1936 in the Karakalpak ASSR as part of the Uzbek SSR. 22 Jews lived in N. in 1939, 72 (0.1%) in 1970, and 31 Jews in 1979 (0, 02%).
NUR, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a city within Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1808, 10 Jews (1.6%) lived in N., in 1827 - 90 (16.7%), in 1857 - 239 (29.1%), in 1897 - 1212 (56%), 1921 - c. 400 (about 31.7%), in 1931 - 450 Jews. Jews have lived in N. from the 17th century. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century. there was small trade and transportation; several families were engaged with. x-vom. In 1889, Yitzhok-Dovid Freilich (1863 -?) Was the rabbi of N. In the 1920s – 1930s. N. rabbi was Yankel Markovich. Departments of various types operated in N. Jewish parties and org-tions. 13-27 Sept. 1939 N. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht, from 28 Sept. 1939 - by the troops of the Red Army. In apr. 1940 Jews of N., along with the entire population, were evicted from the village.
NUROK Mordechai (1884, Tukkum, Kurland province - 1962, Tel Aviv), rabbi, public and statesman. Doctor of Philosophy. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1900s joined the Zionist. movement. In 1902 cases. from Courland at the congress of Rus. the Zionists in Minsk; in 1903 cases. from the movement "Mizrahi" on the 6th Zionist. Congress in Basel. Studied at Petersburg. high fur boots, then in high fur boots in Germany and Switzerland. In 1913–15, Rabbi of Mitava. Organized in Kurland province. a network of schools teaching religions. and secular disciplines. In 1915–20 - in Moscow, deputy. prev. Jewish community. He took an active part in helping Jewish refugees. In the spring of 1917 N. created the national-religious. the party "Masores ve Herus" ("Tradition and Freedom"). Since 1921 - in Latvia. Since 1922 - dep. Parliament of Latvia of all convocations from relig. Zionists. He headed the block of representatives of the nat. minorities. He took an active part in the work of several. int. interparliamentary conf., dedicated. the issue of protecting the nat. minorities. N. - one of the founders of the World. Jewish Congr., Chl. his reign. In 1939–40 he took an active part in helping Jewish refugees from Poland, transporting them to Sweden. In 1941 N. was arrested and charged with anti-Sov. activities. In 1942 he was released thanks to pressure from the English. and Amer. parliamentarians. In 1945–47 - in Poland, then in Sweden. Since 1947 - in E.-I. In 1949–62, dep. The Knesset. In 1952 min. mail. N. took part in the activities of the Society of Aid to the Prisoners of Zion in the USSR. For decades N. publ. hundreds of Art. in decomp. Jewish period, ed. in different languages.
NUSBAUM Gilyary (Hillel) (1820, Warsaw - 1895, ibid.), Public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1841 he opened an elementary Jewish school for boys in Warsaw. All R. 1840s founded the first Reform synagogue in the Kingdom of Poland. N. took an active part in the life of the Jewish community in Warsaw: he was twice elected a member. board; in 1869 he became the head of a care home for Jewish old people and orphans. Collaborated in the Jewish press in Polish and Hebrew. The author of the book. on Jewish history, including on the history of the Jews of Poland. Son N. - Heinrich (1849, Warsaw - |). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Derpt University. He taught at high fur boots in Warsaw, Vienna, Paris. Author of works on medicine, philosophy, aesthetics. In 1901 publ. "Appeal of the anti-Zionist to the Polish Jewish intelligentsia." Son N. - Osip (Joseph) Illarionovich (1859, Warsaw - |). In 1885 he graduated from Warsaw University. Master of Zoology. Since 1906 prof. zoology and compare. Anatomy of Lviv University. Author of works on zoology. Translated Charles Darwin into Polish.
NUSINOV Ilya Isaakovich (1920, Kiev - 1970, Moscow), screenwriter, playwright. Son of I.M. Nusinov. Studied for fur-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1944 he graduated from the Military-Vozd. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. After the war - Ing. at the Research Institute, was dismissed in connection with the arrest of his father. Engineer worked. at the plant "Manometer". Lit. started his career in 1955. Author of plays and screenplays (all in co-authorship with S.L. Lungin. Naib. famous f. "Warrant Officer Panin" (1960), "Clouds over Borsk" (1961), "Welcome, or Strangers no entry "(1964)," Attention, turtle! "," Telegram "(1972)," Agony "(1981). Works: Quill pen. Plays. M., 1984 (co-authors).
Isaak Markovich NUSINOV (1889, Chernyakhov of Zhitomirsky u. Volyn province - 1949, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1906 p. Bund. In 1909-11 he lived in Warsaw, where he graduated from high school as an external student. In 1912 he organized a Jewish school in Korosten (Volyn). In 1914-17 - in Italy and Switzerland, where he studied literature, philosophy and art. After the revolution of 1917 he returned to Russia, was before. lips. to-that Bund in Chernigov, deputy. prev. communities of the city. Published public-polit. and lit.-critical. Art. in Kiev gas. Folks Zeitung. Moved to Kiev, worked as an editor. publishing house "Kultur-League". During his reign in Kiev, the Directory was arrested and sentenced to death, and escaped from prison. Since 1922 - in Moscow. Gave a course of lectures on Western-European. literature in the 1st Moscow State University. In the Jewish sector KUNMZ and in the Jewish lingual. Department of the 2nd Moscow State University gave lectures on the history of Jewish literature. In 1925–26 in the Kharkov journal. "Di Royte Velt" published theoretical. N.'s work about owls. Jewish literature "The driving forces of our literature", in which he substantiated the idea of ​​its petty-bourgeoisie. character. He was repeatedly accused of various kinds of "deviations". Having admitted his mistakes, Prof. Institute of red professors, head. Department of Jewish Literature at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, sotr. Institute of Literature and Arts Communist. academy and Ying-that Jewish span, culture at VUAN. N. belongs to many. Art. about Jewish and foreign. classics, as well as owls. writers in diff. scientific. and periodic. ed. Took part in the work of the EAK, prof. MGPII. In 1948, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism", he was criticized. In 1949 he was arrested and died in the Lefortovo prison. Author of the book: "LN Tolstoy, M. Gorky, AP Chekhov" (1930, in Yiddish), "L. Leonov" (1935); "Age-old Images" (1937); “Pushkin and the World. liter "(1941)," History of lit. hero "(1958) and others.
NUYNO, a village in Kamen-Kashirsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery and haberdashery in N.
NYADINGE, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nedzingi Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918 - 40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 - 91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1886 20 Jews (28%) lived in N., in 1923 - 49 Jews (44%). In 1931 the owner of a manufacturing shop in N. was a Jew. . On Sept. 1941 Jews in N. were killed by the Lithuanian police. Eliezer Shavlat (1897–1941), journalist, translator.
NYALINO, a village in the Khanty-Mansiysk region of the Khanty-Mansiysk nat. env. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Tobolsk env. Tobolsk province. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. Joseph Lipatievich Levinzon (b. 1956), state. activist, since 1996 - 1st deputy. Governor of the Khanty-Mansiysk nat. districts.
NYAMANYUNAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nemonyuny Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century N. had a Jewish population. Since 1883, Yakov Golub (1852–?) was the rabbi in N..
NYAMUNAITIS, a place in Alytus u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nemonaice Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 361 Jews (48.6%) lived in N., in 1923 - 142 Jews (19.5%). Since 1892, a rabbi in N. was Passover-Hertz Berman (1871 -?). In the 2nd half. 1930s 15 Jewish families lived in N. The Jewish population of N. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
NYAMUNELE RADVILISKIS, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novye Radzivilishki Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 181 Jews (28%) lived in NR, in 1923 - 205 Jews (28.3%). biennium in N.R. there were divisions of various. Chaim Smilg was the rabbi of N.R. during this period. The Jewish population of N.R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
NYANDOMA, city (since 1939), regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1896 in Kargopol district. Olonets Gubernia. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in N., in 1939 - 21, in 2002 - 1 Jew.
NYAVARANAI, a village in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 17th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Nevorany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 165 Jews (32%) lived in N., and in 1923, 95 Jews (21%). 19th century N. rabbi was Chaim Natanzon (1838, Nevorany - 1904), in the 1920s – 1930s. - Nohum Grinker. Soon after the occupation by Wehrmacht units in June 1941, the Jews of N. were exterminated.
NIMME, now part of (since 1940) Tallinn (Republic of Estonia). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Nemme Revelsky u. Estland lips. In 1919–40 - part of the Republic of Estonia, from 1940 - ESSR. 20th century in N. lived several. Jewish families, in 1935 - 75 Jews. occupations of the Jews of N. in the beginning. 20th century There were trade and crafts. In 1941, most of the Jews of N. managed to evacuate. The rest were killed in the fall of 1941, along with the Jews of Tallinn. After the liberation, 2 Jewish families returned to N.
NYTVA, city (since 1942), regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1756 as a settlement at the Nytvenskoye ironworks. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Okhansky district Perm Gubernia. In 1926, there were 9 Jews living in N., in 1939 - 4, in 2002 - 1 Jew.
NYUGDI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region In 1867 there were 38 Jews in N., in 1886 - 778, in 1897 - 479 (93.7%), in 1926 - 276 Jews. 20th century N. Jews were engaged in viticulture. Rabbi N. in the 19th century. - Oved ben Mukdashi. In 1867 two heders were in operation in N., and in the 1880s. N. had two shohets - Nehemiah ben Shimon and Nehemiah ben Nisim, from 1900 - Nisim ben Nehemiah, and from 1906 - Iftah ben Obadiah. detachment of local mountaineers, in 1919 - part of the Volunteer Army. All houses in N. were destroyed. By 1925 not a single house had been restored. People lived in dugouts. In 1930 there were two Jewish collective farms in N. Kalinin (28 x-c) and them. Voroshilov (19th century), born in N. Kh.D. Avshaulov.
NYURBA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), center of the Nyurba ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village of the Yakutsk Region. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in N.. exiled Jews lived in N. In 2005, N. had a Jewish population.
NURENBERG Amshey Markovich (1887, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1979, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. study at KK Kostandi (1904–10), in private academies in Paris (1911–12). In 1922 he taught the course “Sovr. Western Art "in VKHUTEMAS. Member T-va of independent artists (1916–20, Odessa), society of NOZH (1921–24, Moscow), AHRR (1926–29). Participant over 40 thin. exhibitions (since 1910), including in Cologne (1924), Konigsberg (1932), Copenhagen and the mountains. USA (1933). Personal exhibition took place in 1961 in Moscow. Main works: "Fishing collective farm" (late 1920s.), "Happy youth" and "To the front" (both - 1932), "Flower girls" (1957), "In the park", "At the easel" (both - 1969); graphical ser. on the Jewish theme - "The Stein Spouses", "The Big Philosopher" (both - 1926), "The Watchmaker" (1942), "Portrait of an Old Man", "Narrator" (both - 1946); Parisian graphic ser. (1928), a cycle of drawings "VV Mayakovsky in GROWTH" (1935–45), graphic. portraits of V.V. Mayakovsky and I.P. Utkin (1960), graphic artist. ser. “I. Babel and His Heroes” (1961). Collaborated in gas. "True". The author of Art. about I.I. Levitan, P. Cezanne, J. Bernard. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, Museum Ros. Army, in private collections.
NUTEG, see Nyuteg.
NYUTUG, see NYUTUG.
NYUTYUG, a village in Suleiman-Stalsky district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nyutug (other name - Nyuteg) of the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan Region In 1867, 88 Jews lived in N., in 1872 - 28 Jewish fumes, in 1886 - 152 Jews. In 1886, among the Jews of N. there were 10 workers, 6 peddlers, several. farmers. Jews owned 22 sakli, 15 dess. arable land, 2 horses, 5 heads of cattle. In the 1860s-80s. in N. there was a shohet, a cheder functioned, and there was a Jewish cemetery.
OBAROV, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1515.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 33 Jews lived in O., in 1797 - 8, in 1900 - 19, in 1926 - 36 Jews. During the Holocaust, Jews of O. were deported to ghetto Rivne.
OBAVA, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O.. 1944 10 Jewish families (68 people) were deported from O. to Mukachevo, in May 1944 they were sent to Auschwitz. In 1945, 16 Jews returned to O.
OBCHUGA, a village in the Krupskiy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Obchugi Sennensky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1897, 412 Jews (45.9%) lived in O. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 several were killed in O. Jews, in May 1942 - 440 Jews.
OBCHUGI, see Obchuga.
OBDORSK, see Salekhard.
OBER-PETROUTS, see Upper Petrivtsi.
OBERTIN, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in Stanislavskaya Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 280 Jews lived in O., in 1880 - 1949 (39.6%), in 1900 - 2070 (39%). in 1921 - 1,131 Jews (24.2%) Jews lived in O. from the end. 17th century In 1765 a Jewish school was opened in O. In 1895, at the expense of Baron Hirsch, prof. uch-shche. There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1840 the rabbi of O. was Shmuel-Shmilka Toybis (1808-1865), then Yitzhok-Moishe Gross (? -1865), in 1865-1920 his son Mordkhe (1830-1920), from 1920 - son-in-law the last Avrom-Chaim Shapiro (? - 1942). In 1928, with the help of the Joint, a Cooperative Bank was opened in O., in the 1930s. - a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. On July 2, 1941, O. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In aug. 1941 they were replaced by Wehrmacht units; the Judenrat was created. At the same time, the synagogue was burned down. 10 Sep 1942 Jews from O. were deported to Kolomyia and shot there. During the occupation, the Jewish cemetery was destroyed, and after liberation, 36 Jews returned to O.
OBKHODY, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ovruchsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores; unity. A glass plant in O. was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 in O. 4 Jews were killed.
OBIRALOVKA, see Railway.
OB, a city (since 1969) in the Novosibirsk region of the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). In 2002, 8 Jews lived in O.
region (Ukraine). Main In 1869, in Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1900, 60 Jews (12.5%) lived in Kazakhstan. 19th century, in connection with the construction of the Kursk-Kharkov railway line. d., Jews settled in K., who were engaged in the trade in bread and industry. goods.
OBLAPY, a village in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in O. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of O. (3 families) were killed.
COVER, a village in the Glukhovsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov province. In 1910, St. 20 Jews. Jews have lived in O. from the 17th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 18-19th centuries. There was trade. In 1919, a pogrom took place in O., organized by local peasants; several Jews were injured.
OBLUCHE, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Jewish Autonomous Region (Russian Federation). Main in 1911 as a railway Art. Sololi. In 1939, 576 Jews lived in O., and in 1953, approx. 2000, in 2002 - 13 Jews. In 2005, approx. 180 Jews.
OBNINSK, a city (since 1956) in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1946, in 2002, 163 Jews lived in O. the head of the world's first nuclear power plant was A.I. Lebedinsky; author of scientific. development and ch. specialist in the manufacture of radiation protection systems for nuclear reactor vessels - acad. Boris Grigorievich Dubovsky (b. 1919, Kharkov). 1990s a Jewish community was created in O. (previously Zakhar Lvovich Sir, born in 1953, Krasnovodsk), and a branch of Hesed was founded.
OBODOVKA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town (the structure included Staraya Obodovka and Novaya Obodovka) Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 33 Jews lived in O., in 1776 - 36, in 1784 - 39, in 1787 - 44, in 1790 - 84, in 1847 - 854, in 1897 - 1676 (21%), in 1923 - 411 , in 1939 - 535 (6%), in 1990 - 18, in 1998 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in O. from the 1st half. 17th century During the Khmelnytsky land the Jewish population of O. was destroyed. All R. 18th century several people settled in O. Jewish families. In 1765, Jews owned 5 houses. In 1852, there were 29 Jewish artisans in the city. In 1853 there was a synagogue (wooden), there was a Jewish cemetery; the spiritual rabbi was Aron Greenbars, the official one was Zelman Kluzman. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in O. 20th century in O. there were 3 synagogues and 2 registered communities (in Staraya Obodovka and Novaya Obodovka). Since 1901, the rabbi of one of the communities was Dovid-Shmuel Erlich (1857–?), The rabbi of the other - Avrom Schwartz (1860–?). 20th century O. was considered one of the cr. bargain. centers of the province. In 1914, Jews owned 2 timber warehouses, 2 inns, a tea house, a mill, 2 pharmacies, and an art store. coral and 41 shops in O. (including all 17 grocery, all 15 manufacturing). In May 1919, a pogrom took place in O. by local peasants; by decomp. reportedly, between 150 and 300 Jewish men were killed. Mn. Jews left O. in the 1920s. among the Jews of O. there were 20 artisans, 5 people. consisted of the poor peasants, to-ry gave them 6 dess. land, the rest were engaged in trade. On March 18, 1923, a Jewish child was opened in O. house (head - Reznik), material assistance to-rum was provided by Evobschestkom and Joint. a Jewish collective farm was organized in O. Stalin. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a synagogue; the rabbi was Joseph Alberton from Bershad. A tzadik from Ozarintsev, Itskhok Tversky (? –1941), lived in O. On July 28, 1941, O. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops; a ghetto was created. In nov. 1941, apprx. 10 thousand Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. Until June 1942 in the ghetto from hunger and disease approx. 5 thousand people On July 30, 1942, 300 Jews were sent to work in Balta and Kotovsk, on June 25, 1943, 1,560 Jews were sent to Nikolaev. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 1,373 Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina in O. In 1943, partisans operated in the O. region. detachment, in the creation of which the local resident Meir Pechersky took part. On Feb. 1944 retreating parts of the Germans. armies pogroms. In total, approx. 11 thousand Jews, in the region - 25 thousand Jews. After 1945 some of the Jews returned to O. A community was organized; there was a shohet rabbi Yosel (? - mid-1970s) .A memorial to Jews who died during the Holocaust was erected at the Jewish cemetery; in the vicinity of O. there is a mass grave of victims of the pogrom of 1919. ; Chaim Schurer (1895-1968, Tel Aviv), publicist, from 1913 - in E.-I., in 1953-60 - ch. ed. gas. "Davar", author of journalistic. books in Hebrew and Yiddish.
OBOL, an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Shumilinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Polotsk district. Vitebsk province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913 a Unity belonged to a Jew from O. grocery store in Osinovka. In O., the Jew owned unity. a beer shop. In 1925, a Jewish agriculturalist was established in O. artel "Edinenie". In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On June 2, 1942, all the Jews of O. (6 people) were shot at the cemetery. In 1967, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the shot.
OBOLTSY, a village in the Tolochin district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. In 1897, 421 Jews (66.8%) lived in O., in 1923 there were 353 Jews. In 1901–12, Shloyme-Zalkind Lyandres (1869–1962, Ramat Gan, Israel) was the rabbi in O. 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. Aug 14 1941 a ghetto was created. March 5, 1942, having learned about the destruction of the neighboring ghetto in Smolyany, from the O. ghetto to the partisans. detachment, capturing a policeman, fled approx. 60 people During the liquidation of the ghetto on June 2, 1942, 37 Jews were shot in O. In total, in 1941–42, approx. 150 Jews.
OBOLON, a village in the Semenovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Khorolsky u. Poltava province. 18th century 8 Jews lived in O., in 1863 - 64 (2.5%), in 1910 - 12 Jewish families, in 1939 - 7 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of O. in 19 - early. 20th century there were crafts. In 1863, there were 16 artisans, 4 merchants among the Jews of the town, in 1910 - 17 tailors, 11 shoemakers. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 grocery units. a wine and both manufactory shops in O. In 1919 a pogrom took place in O., organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev; during the pogrom, Jewish houses were looted.
OBOLONYE, a village in the Koropsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1399.From 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krolevetsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1856, 3 Jewish families lived in O. the occupation of the Jews of O. was the purchase and sale of agricultural products. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. in the beginning. Feb 1942 2 Jews were killed.
OBORA does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - farm of Gadyachsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, one Jewish family, engaged in agriculture, lived in O. (51 dess. Of land was under crops).
OBOYAN, city, regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1639.Since 1779 it was a district town of the Kursk governorship, then a province. In 1867, 14 Jews lived in O., in 1896 - 196, in the district - 184, in 1910 in O. - 151, in 1926 - 118, in 1939 - 57, in 2002 - 1 Jew. Jews (retired lower ranks) settled in O. in mid. 19th century In the 1870s-80s. Jews began to settle in O. - artisans and merchants, Jews with higher education. In 1910 a synagogue operated in O. and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews owned a pharmacy and 5 shops (including a crockery and a manufactory). During the 1st World. During the war, the Jewish population of O. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Ros. empire. In 1915, 30 Jews arrived in O. 16 Nov. 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jewish population was evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. In apr. 1942 Jews of O. (more than 10 people) were shot.
OBZNOVKA, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in O.
OBRAZHIEVKA, see Obrazhievka.
OBRAZHIEVKA, a village in the Shostkinsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1669. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Obrazheevka Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in O., in 1910 - 6, in 1926 - 2 Jews. Jews have lived in O. from the 18th century. Main lesson at 19 - early. 20th century there was small trade.
OBRAZTSOV (real name Shapfirin) Lev Mikhailovich (1865 - 1942, Leningrad), opera singer (baritone), teacher. Prof. (1929). In 1886–89 he studied singing at St. Petersburg. cons. (Cl. K. Everardi). He performed at the op. scenes of Saratov (1890, 1903), Vilna (1897), Kazan (1897–98, 1902–03, 1905, 1908), Kiev and Kharkov (1898), Perm (1898–1900), Irkutsk (1900–01), Chisinau (1902), Astrakhan (1905), Petersburg (New Summer Theater "Olympia" and Mariinsky Theater; 1906) and other cities. In 1907-10 he taught at the Rostov muses. uch-shche, later in the Rostov horse; in 1929–42 - in Leningrad. cons. Pupils - N.L. Velter, M.E. Pyatnitsky. Best parts: Onegin (Eugene Onegin by PI Tchaikovsky), Figaro (The Barber of Seville by G. Rossini), Valentine (Faust by C. Gounod). O.'s partners were F.I.Shalyapin, D. Giubellini and others. He recorded on gramophone records (16 productions).
MODEL, now part of the city of Fastov, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1854 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Vasilkovsky u. In Kiev province, 15 Jewish families lived in O. in 1854, and 7 Jewish families (35 people) in 1898. The colony was built at the expense of Abraham Markovich Brodsky. Each family was given 15.5 dess. free state lands. In 1875 there were 75 Jewish men in Ostrada. Lack of experience with. x-ve, the lack of equipment and draft animals forced most of the colonists to lease their plots. In 1898–99, three families were engaged in agriculture, two of them had horses. In 1900, the ob-vu of the plowmen O. owned 102.4 dess. lands on which a three-field crop rotation system was used. 1st world. During the war, 2 Jewish families remained in O. The rest left the colony after the fire. In 1916, 16 Jewish men lived in O. During the Jewish pogroms of 1918–19, all the buildings of the colony were destroyed; O. Jews fled to Fastov. I. M. Shaikin
OBUKHOV, see Obukhovo, Chernihiv region.
OBUKHOVICHI, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Radomysl u. In 1898, 14 Jews lived in O., 54 in 1910, and 48 in 1926 (3.5 percent) .In 1850, a Jewish agriculturalist was founded by settlers from Lithuania to O. the colony. Lack of experience with. x-ve, the lack of implements and draft animals forced the colonists to lease their plots to peasants. In 1898, of two Jewish families living in O., one was engaged in agriculture, having 8.5 dess. land, horse and cow. Main occupation of Jews O. at the beginning. 20th century - small trade and handicrafts. The Jews of O. owned both mills and 2 trades. shops in the village. 22-23 Oct. In 1905, a pogrom broke out in O. by local peasants; during the pogrom pl. Jews were beaten, some of their property was plundered, and Jewish houses were damaged. In 1914, all grocery stores in O. belonged to Jews; Among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. In 1919, the gangs of Ataman Struk twice staged pogroms in O., during which 3 Jews were killed, Jewish houses were destroyed and plundered. 1941, after being occupied by Wehrmacht units, 33 Jews were killed in O. I. M. Shaikin
OBUKHOVO, a village in the Talalaevsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Obukhov farm in Priluksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one (out of 27) Jewish farm in O.
OBYALAYA, city (since 1956) in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 1st floor. 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Abeli ​​Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 652 Jews (66.8%) lived in O., in 1921 - 760 (67.2%), in 1923 - 680 Jews (51 %) Jews lived in O. from the 16th century. In the end. 16th century there was a Jewish cemetery in O. In the end. 18th century Rabbi Shlomo ben Gershon was rabbi in O. and then Rabbi Chaim of Grodna. in O. there were several. synagogues, including the Hasidic. Each synagogue had cheders. The rabbis of O. in 19 - early. 20th century were Zalman Segal, Shabsai-Chaim Shokhet, Bunim-Tsemakh Zilber. In the summer of 1915, soldiers of transport units of the Russian. the armies warned the Jews of O. about the impending pogrom. In the same year, a pogrom took place in O., staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. After the pogrom, many others. Jews left O. With the end of the 1st world. During the war, Jews returned to the shtetl. In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations, including “Ge-Halutz”, Mizrahi, “Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi”, social-Zionists. Part of the Jewish youth left for E.-I. in the 1920s. a school of the Tarbut network was opened in O., and in 1923 a Jewish library and drama school was opened. circle. In 1923 the first council of the Jewish community was elected in O. the council included Leib Zakshtein, Zalman Meller, Boruch Kadish. Since 1928, O.'s rabbi was Avrom Meerovich. In 1937, there were 17 artisans among the Jews of O. (3 shoemakers, a baker, and others). The majority of the Jewish population of O. was engaged in petty trade. Some of the Jews were engaged in gardening, the products of which were sold to Warsaw and Riga. Among the Jews of O. there were kr. timber merchants involved in timber export. Before the 2nd world. during the war in O. lived apprx. 300 Jewish families were occupied by Wehrmacht units on June 26, 1941. In the end. Aug 1941 Jews of O. were shot. E. Silver.
OBYCHEV, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 3 Jewish families lived in O. 1942 Jews from O. were deported to the Priluk ghetto and in May 1942 were shot along with local Jews.
CUTTINGS, see Everyday.
LIVED, see Habitable.
RESIDENTIAL, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Lived in Baltsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in O .; unity. a mill in O. was rented by a Jew.
OCHAKOV, a city (since 1795), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the 7-6 centuries. BC e. - ancient Greek. Alektor. From the 16th century. - tour. fortress. Since 1788 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1847, 406 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 1480 (13%), in 1910 - 1650 (15.5%), in 1920 - 1124, in 1923 - 829, in 1926 - 667 (12.9 %), in 1939 - 377 Jews (5.2%) Jews lived in O. from the beginning. 19th century In 1856 two synagogues functioned in O. In 1864, Haikel Kvasnitsky was the rabbi, in the beginning. 20th century - Yosef-Chaim Grausman (1856 -?) In 1905 Jews Zimmerman and Zelinger owned more than 200 dess. land. In 1910, 3 synagogues operated in O., a private Jewish school, and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1911 there were 4 heders in O. (110 students). In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a bathhouse, 3 bakeries, 2 hotels, all 3 photo studios, 2 hairdressers, both laundries, 2 taverns, 72 shops and shops in O. (including 10 manufactory, 9 haberdashery, all 4 fish). The Jewish community of O. suffered during the Civil. war. Mn. Jews left the city. In 1922, a child was opened in O. at the expense of the Jews of Pretoria (JAS). canteen. In the beginning. 1920s under the hands. "Ge-Halutz" was organized by the fishing artel "Khadayag" (operated until 1926) - unity. on the preparation and training of fishing skills for life in E.-I. 21 Aug. 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Means. some of the Jews managed to evacuate or were mobilized. 5 nov. 1941 97 Jews were shot in O. In the liberation of O. on March 30, 1944, an airborne group under com. lieutenant regiment. Julia Isaakovich Neimark. After liberation, some of the Jews returned to O. In 2005, O. had a Jewish population. In O. genus: A.I.Kopshtein, B.I.Kupensky, N.M. Osipovich; Moshe Gimmelfarb (1893-1967), politician. activist, since 1924 - in E.-I., one of the founders of the Institute Z. Zhabotinsky; Ioann Arnoldovich Kolpakchi (1911–1994, Moscow), architect, author of the first general plan of Krasnoyarsk sov. period.
OCHAMCHIRA, city (since 1926), regional center in the Republic of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 6 Jews lived in O. (including 1 Ashkenazi), in 1939 - 14, in 1970 - 40, in 1979 - 13 Jews (including 7 Ashkenazi).
OCHOR, a city (since 1950), a regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1759 as the settlement of Ochersky Zavod. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Okhansky district Perm lips. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement of Ochera. In 1926 there were 2 Jews living in O., in 1939 - 4, in 2002 - 2 Jews.
OCHERA, see Ocher.
OCHERET Mikhail Iosifovich (1926, Zhitomir - 1945, Karlsbise, Germany), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Corporal O. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union (see) for the courage shown in the battle on the left bank of the Oder. O. died, throwing himself with a grenade under an enemy tank, which broke through to the battalion command post.
OCHERETNA, see Ocheretnya.
CHEREETNYA, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ocheretna Lipovetsky Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one shop in O. In July 1941, O. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In oct. 1941 in O., a group of Jews was shot.
OCHERETOVATOYE, a village in the Semenovskiy district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ocheretovskoe Khorolsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in O. and in 1910 there were 4 Jewish families.
OCHERETOVSKY, see Ocheretovatoe, Poltava region.
OCHERETYANKA, a village in the Chervonoarmeysky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941, 6 Jews were killed in O.
OCHERSKY FACTORY, see Ocher.
OCHITKOV, a village in Lipovetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in O., and in 1910, 38 Jews. In July 1941, O. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. In apr. 1942 Jews from O. were shot.
OCHKHAMURI, an urban-type settlement (since 1954) in the Kobuleti region of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgia). In 1970, 7 Jews lived in O., in 1979 - 2 Ashkenazi Jews.
ODELSK, a village in the Grodno district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, the city of Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1867, 482 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 234 (16%), in 1910 - 161, in 1921 - 163 Jews. In 1867 two synagogues functioned in O. In 1887–92, Aizik-Leib Stolyar (1858–?) Was the rabbi in O., and from 1908 Mordkhe-Leib Segal (1881–?). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in O. Main Agriculture was the occupation of the Jewish population of O. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1942 Jews O. were deported to Grodno and from there sent to the extermination camp on the territory. Poland.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОДЕССА, город (с 1794), центр Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 15 в. В 15–18 вв. – в составе Османской империи. С 1791 – в составе Рос. империи. С 1794 – рус. крепость и воен.-торг. порт на месте тур. крепости Хаджибей. В 1805–25 – адм. центр Новороссийского края, с 1825 – уездный город Херсонской губ.В 1789 в О. проживало 6 евреев, в 1795 – 246 (10,5%), в 1827 – 4226 (12,8%), в 1829 – 6950 (16,7%), в 1831 – 7900 (15,2%), в 1837 –10 424 (15,1%), в 1841 – 10 775 (14,6%), в 1843 – ок. 12 000 (ок. 15,4%), в 1855 – ок. 17 000 (ок. 17,5%), в 1863 – 30 283 (25,5%), в 1873 – 51 378 (26,4%), в 1880 – 68 680 (32,9%), в 1897 – 138 097 (36,3%), в 1910 – 152 364, в 1920 – 190 135, в 1923 – 130 041, в 1926 – 153 194 (36,4%), в 1939 – ок. 180 000 (ок. 29,8%), в 1959 – ок. 108 900 (ок. 16,3%), в 1970 – 108 100 (12,1%), в 1979 – ок. 86 000 евреев (ок. 8,4%).Евреи жили в О. с 18 в. Старейший надгробный памятник на еврейском кладбище датирован 1770. С 1795 численность еврейского населения О. начала увеличиваться за счет переселенцев из Волыни, Подолии, Литвы. Тогда же были открыты первые в О. синагога и талмуд-тора, начали действовать первая хевра кадиша и «Об-во истинной благотворительности». В 1796 гласным гор. думы был избран Меир Эльманович, в 1799 – Тевель Лазаревич. В 1798 была создана община. В 1801 открылась еврейская больница. Первым раввином О. в 1809–15 был Ицхок Рабинович (?–1815).В 1-й пол. 19 в. численность еврейского населения О. возросла в связи с массовым переселением в город евреев из других регионов России, из Германии, а также Галиции, выходцы из к-рой заняли к 1830-м гг. ведущие позиции в экономич. жизни города и в делах общины.В нач. 19 в. осн. занятие евреев О. – торговля зерном: евреи – агенты кр. иностр. и рос. хлеботорговых компаний, маклеры, оценщики, кассиры, весовщики, грузчики на зерновой бирже. Были также распространены ремесла, торговля мануфактурой и бакалейными товарами. В 1825 в О. действовал торг. дом Гуровича, с 1830 – Эфруси; одноврем. начал действовать торг. дом Абрама Рафаловича.Раввином в О. с нач. 1820-х гг. по 1835 был Реувен Житомирский, в 1830–65 – его зять Иехиль-Цви Гальперин (?–1871).19 июня 1821 в О. произошел еврейский погром (один из первых в России), устроенный греками; мн. евреи были убиты, подверглась нападению синагога, сотни еврейских семей потеряли свое имущество.С нач. 1820-х гг. в О. получили распространение идеи Гаскалы. В 1826 по ходатайству 66 евреев города была открыта еврейская общеобразоват. школа (дир. – Б.Штерн), в 1834 в школе училось 400 чел., в 1835 было открыто отд-ние для девочек. Сторонники Гаскалы поддержали рос. гос. школьную реформу 1841; летом 1842 был устроен торжеств. прием М. Лилиенталю, приехавшему в О. Против создания школы выступили последователи Савранского ребе – Мойше-Цви Вертхайма (?–1838), синагога к-рых в нач. 19 в. была центром хасидизма в О.В 1841 в О. была открыта первая в России Хоральная синагога, кантором в к-рой в 1841–1902 служил Нисан Блюменталь (1805–1902). В 1847 при Попечительском к-те города учреждается спец. Еврейское отд-ние для общего руководства. В 1855 среди евреев О. было 12 врачей, 6 нотариусов, 4 адвоката; работали 2 еврейских муж. казенных уч-ща, 1 жен. уч-ще, 51 хедер, талмуд-тора, пансион для девочек, неск. частных еврейских школ.В 1849 и в 1859 повторились еврейские погромы, устроенные местными греками и матросами греч. судов; во время погрома 1859 погибло 2 еврея.В 1860 построено новое здание Главной синагоги. Казенным раввином О. в 1860–87 был представитель реформистского течения в иудаизме д-р Симон Уриевич Швабахер (1820, Обердорф, Германия – 1888, Одесса).В 1864 в О. действовала кинасса, гахамом был Бобакай Шеломович Бобович, ст. газаном – Абрам Ефет. В 1879 в О. проживало 940 караимов.В 1865 в О. действовали 37 синагог, работали 2 еврейских уч-ща (1-го и 2-го разрядов), частные уч-ща: 6 муж., 16 жен. и 1 общее. В 1865 построено нов. здание еврейской больницы. Активную роль в гор. делах играли чл. гор. управы Э. Соловейчик, гласный гор. думы О.А.Рабинович. Несмотря на сопротивление последователей Гаскалы, в 1866 в О. была открыта ортодоксальная иешива, к-рую возглавил И.-Ц.Гальперин.Осн. сфера экономич. деятельности евреев О. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – торговля и ремесла. В 1869 Мозес Нафтольевич Ашкенази (?–1887) основал торг. дом «Ашкенази Б.», к-рый занимался экспортными операциями с зерном и нефтью. В 1878 в руках евреев находилось 60% экспорта зерна. В 1881 евреев-купцов 1-й и 2-й гильдий насчитывалось 373 чел. (из 658); евреям принадлежали 10 из 12 банков, 2 из 3 ссудных касс. Евреев – владельцев кр. торг. фирм было 14 чел. (из 16), владельцев магазинов и лавок – 853 (из 1570), владельцев аптек – 14 (из 20), владельцев фотомастерских – 7 (из 15), мелочных торговцев – 7335 (из 10 729), содержателей публичных домов – 28 (из 38). В 1910 евреям О. принадлежали 155 (43%) з-дов и ф-к (в осн. небольших и б. ч. в бумажной и пищевой пром-сти), 7 из 10 банков, 46 из 55 торг. компаний по экспорту хлеба, более половины торг. лавок; мелкой торговлей вразнос занимались только евреи. Значит. роль в экономич. жизни О. играли Бродские. В 1910 евреями были 49% одесских врачей, 93% дантистов, 65% присяжных поверенных, 52% частных поверенных. За исключением портовых грузчиков (1709 чел. в 1884), число евреев-рабочих было незначительно. Отличит. чертой жизни города был еврейский криминальный мир, яркими представителями к-рого были М.Япончик, междунар. карманный вор Мойше Мирошник-Ирлин («Мишка-американец»), шулер Зиновий Голендер («Пушкин»).С нач. 1860-х гг. О. заняла центр. место в русско-еврейской культурной жизни. Первый еврейский журн. на рус. яз. «Рассвет» начал издаваться в мае 1860. Позднее стал выходить журн. «Сион» под ред. Л.С.Пинскера, Э.Соловейчика, Н.О.Бернштейна. Журналы провозглашали идеи Гаскалы и вели борьбу с антисемитизмом в рус. прессе. В 1869–71 выходила еврейская газ. «День», в к-рой сотрудничали А.Е. Ландау, М.Г.Моргулис, И.Г.Оршанский. С 1860 издавался еженед. на др.-еврейском яз. «Га-Мелиц», позднее – приложение к нему на идише «Кол мевассер» (1864–71). В 1858 Мошко-Рувим Мордкович Гелертер (1815–1881) открыл типографию – первую в О., принадлежавшую еврею. Первая еврейская типография основана в 1863 М.-Э.Белинсоном. В 1867 было открыто первое в О. отд-ние ОПЕ (центр. орг-ция находилась в Санкт-Петербурге).В 1871, 1881 и 1886 в О. происходили еврейские погромы. В 1881 была создана еврейская самооборона (большинство участников – студенты Новороссийского ун-та); 150 чел. были арестованы за ее организацию.В 1882 в О. разместился центр орг-ции Билу, в 1884 – центр. органы «Ховевей Цион» (во главе с Л.С.Пинскером). В 1892–1906 к-т «Ховевей Цион» в О. возглавлял А.Ш.Гринберг.В 1889–93 в О. действовала единств. официально зарегистрированная в России сионистская орг-ция – «Одесский к-т» («Об-во вспомоществования евреям-земледельцам и ремесленникам в Сирии и Палестине»). Одним из двух ходатаев-гарантов перед пр-вом России за легализацию «Одесского к-та» был банкир Шмуэль Барбаш (1850–1931). «Одесским к-том» были основаны в Э.-И. с.-х. колонии Реховот и Хадера. В связи с тем, что выезд в Э.-И. шел через Одесский порт, О. получила назв. «Ворота в Сион». В О. находилось руководство ордена «Бней-Моше», одним из лидеров к-рого был Ахад Га-Ам.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в О. активно работали писатели и публицисты, писавшие на иврите, сионистские деятели: А.-Й.Абельсон, Ахад Га-Ам, Х.-Н.Бялик, М.Я.Дизенгоф, А.Друянов, З. Жаботинский, Й.-Г.Клаузнер, Э.Л.Левинский, И.-Х.Равницкий, Х.Черновиц и др. В 1891–95 издавались сб. «Пардес», проповедовавшие идеи духовного сионизма. В 1901 Х.-Н.Бялик, И.-Х.Равницкий и С.Бен-Цион основали в О. изд-во «Мория», выпускавшее лит-ру на иврите. В 1905–16 работало сионистское изд-во (на рус. яз.) «Кадима», в 1902–20 действовало «Книгоиздательство М.С.Козмана», основанное Меиром Шмулевичем Козманом (1877–1963). «Одесский к-т» издавал на рус. яз. книги и брошюры об Э.-И., изд-во Я.Шермена – книги для детей и юношества. В 1907 возобновилось издание еженед. на иврите «Га-Шилоах» (с 1896 выходил в Берлине и Кракове). В 1906–07 в О. выпускались еженед. «Кадима» и «Еврейский голос». Первая в О. газ. на идише «Гут моргн» стала выходить в 1910 (осн. Э.Х.Левинским), с 1911 печаталась газ. «Шолом алейхем».В 1882–83 работала «Одесская еврейская драматическая и опереточная труппа» под упр. Я.С.Гартенштейна. В 1907 основано «Т-во еврейских артистов» под рук. Л.Л.Винера. В 1908 создан т-р на идише под рук. П.Гиршбейна. В 1909 в О. началась артистич. карьера Л.О.Утесова. В 1913 был открыт т-р миниатюр на идише «Веритэ».В 1897 считали идиш родным языком 89,6% еврейского населения О.; 104 крещеных еврея также признавали родным языком идиш. В 1897 среди евреев О. числилось 416 дворян, 1550 купцов, 118 863 мещан и 1440 крестьян.В 1863 в гимназиях О. обучалось 128 евреев. В 1886 в Новороссийском ун-те на мед. ф-те было 30,7% студентов-евреев, на юридич. – 41,2%. После введения в 1887 «процентной нормы» число учащихся-евреев в ср. школах Одесского уч. округа сократилось на 48%. Х.И.Гохман совм. с раввином Х.И.Гурляндом открыли частное уч. заведение, преобразованное в 1898 в коммерч. уч-ще (с 1905 дир. – Гохман). В 1905 Х.Черновиц основал в О. «реформированную» иешиву. После получения ун-тами России самоуправления (1905) и отмены «процентной нормы» (восстановлена в 1907) в Новороссийском ун-те в 1906 обучалось 764 еврея. В нек-рых спец. уч. заведениях «процентная норма» не действовала: в 1910 в имп. муз. уч-ще было 285 евреев (59,5%), в имп. худож. уч-ще – ок. 300 евреев (ок. 60%). Еврейские обществ. opг-ции О. создали ряд ср. уч. заведений: муж. гимназию Михаила Моисеевича Иглицкого (1868–1912) (400 уч-ся в 1910), 5 жен. частных гимназий (1309 учениц), коммерч. уч-ще Фейга (осн. в 1888, в 1895 число евреев в нем было ограничено 40%), проф.-техн. уч-ще «Труд» (212 уч-ся в 1910). Одесское отд-ние ОПЕ (пред. – Г.Э.Вейнштейн) в 1910 финансировало 13 нач. и 4 веч. школы (общее число уч-ся – ок. 2 тыс. чел.). В 1910 в 200 хедерах обучалось ок. 5 тыс. чел., в 3 талмуд-торах – 630 уч-ся.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в О. действовало ок. 100 синагог (в т.ч. «Явне», ставшая центром сионизма в О., неск. хасидских, в т. ч. любавичская). В 1883 открылось отд-ние еврейской больницы на Хаджибейском лимане.В 1888 – 90 казенным раввином О. был Х.И. Гурлянд, в 1900–02 – Марк Померанц (?–1902), в 1902–03 – Моисей Крепс, в 1903–04 – С.С. Пен, в 1905 – д-р Ф.С.Авиновицкий, представитель религ. сионизма, с 1910 – Абба Михайлович Дыхно (1853–?). Духовный раввин О. в 1911 – Шмиля Янкелевич Полинковский. В 1896 в Бродской синагоге был установлен орган, используемый с 1909 во время молитвы. Канторами в ней были П.Минковский, Д.Новаковский.В 1897 в О. проживало 1049 караимов. В 1910-х гг. ст. газаном был Иосиф Моисеевич Кефали; имелось караимское уч-ще.В нач. 20 в. в О. действовали еврейские благотворит. учреждения: больница, Об-во взаимного вспомоществования приказчиков-евреев (при нем работала одна из крупнейших на юге России б-к), два сиротских дома, Об-во попечения о бедных и бесприютных детях, Об-во санаторных колоний, отд-ния ОРТ, ОЗЕ и др.В 1901 в О. возникла «Южная рев. группа социал-демократов», в к-рую входила Р.С.Землячка. В 1902 организован кружок «Поалей Цион», издававший с 1904 журн. (на рус. яз.) «Сионистская рабочая хроника». Евреи, участвовавшие в еврейском рабочем движении, образовали в 1906 с.-д. партию «Поалей Цион», ЦК к-рой находился в О.В 1905 мн. представители еврейской общественности О. объединились в отд-ние «Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России».В окт. 1905 в О. произошел погром, во время к-рого погибло ок. 500 евреев, было ранено 527, ок. 50 тыс. евреев остались без крова. Был создан к-т помощи пострадавшим от погрома. Во дворе еврейской больницы был разбит палаточный лагерь. Еврейская самооборона и студенч. милиция в первый день остановили погром, но затем против них была применена артиллерия. С окт. 1905 до осени 1909 в О. сохранялось воен. положение. В 1907 вновь была создана дружина самообороны «Молодая воля» во главе с Львом Мочманом.В 1906 в О. выходил журн. «Русский еврей», в 1906–07 – еженед. «Еврейская мысль», в 1908–11 – журн. «Еврейский медицинский голос», в 1912–14 – газ. «Еврейская будущность», в 1907–17 – газ. «Унзер лебн». В 1911 евреи владели 97 из 124 типографий в О.Во время выборов во 2-ю Гос. Думу кадеты выдвинули кандидатуру О.Я.Пергамента (деп. 2-й и 3-й Гос. Думы). Его поддержали еврейские либералы, против были левые социалисты и сионисты во главе с А.-М.-М.Усышкиным и гор. администрация. После смерти О.Я.Пергамента депутатом стал А.Е.Бродский.В 1912 в О. действовали 3 еврейских ссудо-сберегат. т-ва: «Молдованское», «Ремесл. и мелкоторговое», часовщиков и ювелиров.Евреи О. внесли значит. вклад в развитие рос. науки, лит-ры и иск-ва. Среди них: И.И. Мечников, В.А.Хавкин, В.Ф.Каган, С.И.Шатуновский, Л.О.Кармен, А.А.Кипен, С.С.Юшкевич, Л.О. Пастернак, П.Минковский, П.С. Столярский, Н.Биндер (1899–?). В 1913 Яков Моисеевич Грановский (1894, Одесса – 1918, там же) создал еврейскую футбольную команду, затем в октябре того же года – «Еврейский клуб спорта». Летом 1913 ОПЕ организовало в О. пед. курсы для учителей еврейских школ (участники – из 109 городов, 57 местечек и колоний России), работало еврейское лит.-науч. об-во. В 1916 по инициативе С.Я.Кишиневского был открыт Еврейский ист. музей.В годы 1-й мир. войны в О. действовало отд-ние ЕКОПО. Еврейской общиной был открыт госпиталь для раненых солдат. Численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В 1915 в О. были открыты дет. очаг и школы для детей беженцев, работали «Об-во попечения о детях евреев – солдат запаса», ремесл. уч-ще еврейского об-ва «Труд», выходил лит.- худож. иллюстр. журн. «Колосья» для еврейских детей (ред. – М.Х.Бер). На даче В.И. Зуева была открыта колония для бедных больных еврейских детей. Осенью 1917 создано отд-ние Союза воинов-евреев. Летом 1917 были произведены в офицеры 160 евреев-юнкеров.В 1917 в О. было основано спорт. об-во «Маккаби» (во главе с Я.М.Грановским), издававшее (в 1917–19) одноим. журнал. В том же году об-во «Тарбут» открыло в О. ср. школу с преподаванием на иврите. Работали еврейское муз. об-во «Га-Замир» под рук. П.Минковского, акц. об-во «Мизрах» по произ-ву кинофильмов (сняты хроникально-докум. фильмы «Жизнь евреев в Палестине», «Жизнь евреев в Америке», худож. ленты «Кантонисты», «Дело Бейлиса», «Кровавая шутка»). В 1917–19 выходили газ. «Нае лебн», «На страже», «Унзер ворт».В дек. 1917 отряды Кр. гвардии разграбили мн. еврейские лавки и магазины в О. В том же году для борьбы с погромщиками была создана многочисл. и хорошо вооруженная «Еврейская боевая дружина» (существовала 2 года). В нач. 1918 дружина насчитывала ок. 600 пост. членов (кроме резервистов), живших в казармах, имела пулеметные команды (ок. 30 пулеметов). Руководил дружиной С.Янкилевич (С.Якоби). В 1918 меньшевистскую орг-цию в О. возглавил ред. газ. «Южный рабочий» П.А.Гарви.В 1918 в О. проходили выборы правления общины. Наибольшее число голосов получили сионисты (35) и Бунд (26). Сионисты издавали на рус. яз. еженед. «Еврейская мысль» (1917 – янв. 1920), журн. «Палестина» (1917–18), два раза в месяц выходил журн. «Молодая Иудея»; Бунд выпускал еженед. «Рабочий понедельник» (1918) и «Наш голос», «Поалей Цион» – газ. «Свободный путь» (1917), СЕРП – газ. «Рабочая мысль». Выходили также газеты и журналы на идише. В 1917–20 О. являлась центром книгопечатания на иврите в России; было выпущено 109 разл. изданий. С 1917 вновь начало действовать изд-во «Мория», было открыто изд-во «Оманут». В 1917–18 выходили лит. альманахи «Кнесет», «Оламену», «Решумот», «Эрец», «Массуот».В 1918 одесское отд-ние «Ге-Халуц» организовало «Одногодичную школу огородничества и сад-ва» (ок. 100 уч-ся), дир. к-рой был Авраам Зусман (1861–1943). В 1919 из О. в Яффу, впервые после 1914, отплыл корабль «Руслан» с 630 евреями. В 1920 в Э.-И. выехал раввин С.С.Пен, в 1921 – Табачник, бывший раввином в О. в теч. 16 лет.В марте 1919 за «пропаганду большевистских идей» среди франц. солдат и матросов было расстреляно 11 евреев. 4 сент. 1919 части Добровольческой армии устроили в О. погром. В том же году большевики расстреляли в О. членов еврейской Нар. группы (Э.Русович и др.). Руководящие посты в рев. учреждениях О. занимали Я.Б.Гамарник и В.Г. Юдовский.В 1920 в О. был открыт еврейский пед. техникум. В 1921 действовали клубы еврейского рабочего дома, им. 3-го Интернационала, Бунда; в закрытой властями синагоге «Явне» был устроен еврейский рабочий дом искусств. Распоряжением Одесского губисполкома от 15 сент. 1922 были закрыты все хедеры, учителям, преподающим иврит, запрещалось пользоваться еврейской религ. лит-рой. В 1921–23 евреи-комсомольцы устраивали антирелиг. акции во время еврейских праздников. В нач. 1920-х гг. издат. и культурная деятельность на иврите была прекращена. Производились массовые аресты сионистов, студентов-сионистов исключали из ун-та. В 1923 была запрещена деятельность «Маккаби». С 1923 (до нач. 1930-х гг.) в Одесской губ. (с 1925 – окр.) действовали (часто нелегально) 17 opг-ций «Ге-Халуц» (350–400 чел.), работала ферма «Кадима». Возникшее в нач. 1920-х гг. в О. движение еврейских скаутов оформилось в 1922 в «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1924, в Симхат-Тора, конной милицией была разогнана демонстрация сионистской молодежи. В 1920-х гг. все большие синагоги были закрыты (в т. ч. Бродская в 1925 была превращена в еврейский клуб). В нояб. 1926, в апр. 1927 и в янв. 1930 были произведены массовые аресты чл. «Ге-Халуц». В 1930 в О. действовало отд-ние подпольной иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» во главе с М.-М. Футерфасом и Яковом-Йосефом Гурковым (1907–?). В 1931 в теч. 1 мес. было закрыто 5 синагог.Во времена нэпа евреи О. составляли большинство торг. работников, 90% чл. союза портных, 67% чл. союза печатников, 48% муниципальных работников, 40% чл. союза представителей свободных профессий. Среди студентов вузов О. 75% составляли евреи. В 1922 среди рабочих О. было 18 752 еврея (26,9%). В 1925 в 1-й профшколе «Металл» обучалось 173 чел., в 1926 – 210 чел. (все евреи). В те же годы в 6-й профшколе «Металл» соответственно проходили учебу 142 и 152 чел. (все евреи). В профшколе еврейской рабочей молодежи в 1925 обучалось 217 чел., в 1926 – 342 чел. В 1934 при школе-заводе «Еврабмас» («Еврейская рабочая молодежь») действовали курсы Агроджойнта.В 1920–30-х гг. О. – один из центров сов. культуры на идише: идиш использовался в ряде гoc. учреждений, в т. ч. в нек-рых райсудах и отд-ниях милиции. В 1925–35 в О. работали еврейский с.-х. ин-т им. И.Сталина, еврейские б-ки, совпартшкола, еврейский пед. техникум, в 1930–35 – еврейский техникум точной механики. В 1921–31 действовало отд-ние Т-ва еврейской соц. культуры «Гезкульт». В 1922 работало изд-во «Культур-Лига»; выходили периодич. изд-ния на идише, в т. ч. газ. «Коммунистишер Вег» и «Коммунистише Штиме». В 1928 в О. был открыт 1-й Всеукраинский музей еврейской культуры им. Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима, в 1935 – еврейский т-р (худож. рук. – Э.Б.Лойтер). С О. тех лет связана деятельность писателей и поэтов «юго-зап.» школы: И.Э.Бабеля, Э.Г.Багрицкого, С.Г.Гехта, В.М.Инбер, И.Ильфа, С.И.Кирсанова, Л.И. Славина. В школе П.С.Столярского учились Э.Г.Гилельс, Б.Э.Гольдштейн, Я.И.Зак, Д.Ф. Ойстрах, М.И.Фихтенгольц.В кон. 1930-х гг. деятельность гос. учреждений на идише была свернута. В 1937 закрыт Музей еврейской культуры.В нач. 1938 в О. были арестованы и расстреляны кантор синагоги «Мойхре Перес» Тойва Фроймович Гойхман (1876–1938), пред. общины той же синагоги Яков-Зельман Зусевич Рымар (1878–1938), раввин этой синагоги Абрам Зусевич Фридман (1904–1938) и раввин синагоги «Кейлес Яков» Хаим-Шмуль Кельманович Фишман (1874–1938).В нач. 1941 через порт О. в Э.-И. выехало неск. сотен сионистов из Литвы.5 авг. – 16 окт. 1941 мн. евреи участвовали в обороне О. от наступавших частей вермахта; одним из организаторов обороны города был секр. горкома ВКП(б) Наум Павлович Гуревич. 16 окт. 1941 О. оккупировали германо-румын. войска. В первые дни оккупации было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. После взрыва румын. комендатуры 22 окт. 1941 расстреляно и повешено еще неск. тысяч евреев. Тысячи евреев были отправлены в с. Дагоник, где часть из них расстреляли в противотанковом рву, остальных расстреляли и сожгли в четырех бараках. Арестованные в первые дни оккупации ок. 28 тыс. евреев были сожжены в артскладах на Люстдорфской дороге.7 дек. 1941 О. объявляется столицей Транснистрии. С 20 дек. 1941 по 15 янв. 1942 в с. Богдановка Доманевского р-на командой эйнзацгруппы, румын. солдатами, укр. полицейскими и немцами-колонистами было убито ок. 25 тыс. евреев, большинство из к-рых составляли евреи О. 10 янв. 1942 по приказу румын. властей было создано гетто в Слободке (пригород О.). 14 янв. – 20 февр. 1942 евреев депортировали в Березовку Одесской обл. Охрана (румын. солдаты и нем. колонисты) устраивала во время пути массовые расстрелы евреев. В лагере Доманевки почти все заключенные были евреи из О. Нек-рые узники гетто были переведены на работу в села (ок. половины из них пережили оккупацию). В 1943 узники лагеря в Доманевке и в др. нас. пунктах стали получать помощь от еврейских орг-ций Румынии, благодаря к-рой до освобождения смогли дожить ок. 600 чел. Неск. сотен евреев О. пережили оккупацию в самом городе: жили по фальшивым документам, скрывались в катакомбах, нек-рых укрывали рус. и укр. семьи. Проф. Завалишин прятал в инфекционном отд-нии больницы неск. евреев, в т. ч. проф. Рубинштейна с семьей. Евреи участвовали в подпольном движении, составляли значит. часть бойцов партиз. отрядов в катакомбах. В О. действовала группа евреев-подпольщиков, организованная сестрами Ольгой и Еленой Канторович. В освобождении О. в апр. 1944 принимала участие инж.-сап. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Самуила Григорьевича Шапиро.После освобождения О. вновь стала одним из кр. центров еврейской жизни в СССР. Была восстановлена община под рук. Л.Я.Охштанда. Действовала синагога (Пушкинская ул., д. 49). Обязанности раввина с 1944 исполнял Иосиф Шлемович Димант (1874–1965); синагогу в будние дни посещало 40–50 чел., в праздники – 8–10 тыс. чел. В 1945 в город вернулся еврейский т-р; в 1944–47 по гор. радио велись передачи на идише. С 1946 в Одесском т-ре муз. комедии работал нар. арт. СССР (1976) Михаил Григорьевич Водяной (1924–1987), в 1979–83 – худож. рук. и дир. т-ра.В 1948 в О. были ликвидированы все остатки еврейской культуры, мн. евреев увольняли с работы, арестовывали. В кон. 1940-х гг. арестованы и осуждены «за создание антисоветской и националистич. орг-ции» 7 инициаторов создания памятника жертвам Катастрофы. Весной 1950 арестованы Х.А.Вайнерман, И.Х. Друкер, Н.М.Лурье, обвиненные в активной националистич. деятельности и шпионской деятельности в пользу США. В марте 1953 арестован раввин И.Ш.Димант. В том же году были арестованы Л.Я.Гитгарц (1900–?), Г.Е. Кристаль (1910–?), Л.Б.Шварцбейн (1898–?), М.Ю.Шварцман (1891–?), обвиненные в создании сионистских орг-ций. В 1958 за сионистскую деятельность арестован З.Л.Кац (р. 1918). В 1968 арестован Д.И.Найдис (р. 1940), отпечатавший в 1967 листовки с протестом против новой волны антисемитизма в СССР. В 1950 – 60-х гг. газеты О. проводили кампанию за закрытие единств. оставшейся в городе синагоги. Раввин О. в 1960-х гг. – 1972 Израиль Шварцбарт.С кон. 1960-х гг. в О. велась борьба за право евреев на выезд в Израиль; в 1971–85 неск. активистов движения были приговорены к тюремному заключению. В 1968–78 из О. выехало 17 370 евреев: 3940 (27%) – в Израиль, 13 430 (73%) – в США и др. страны; в 1989 – 9603 еврея, в 1990 – 6806 евреев.С 1990 в О. действует Об-во еврейской культуры. В 1994–97 вышли в свет 8 номеров «Маме-лошн», в 1994 начала издаваться «Симха», в 1996 – «Шомрей Шабос», «Ор Самеах», «Тиква», с 1998 – «Одесская еврейская газета» и «Гмилус хесэд».С 1992 раввин в О. – Шломо Бакшт (р. 1960, Петах-Тиква, Израиль), открывший в 1995 уч.-образоват. комплекс «Ор Самеах-Тиква», к-рый включал школу и 2 интерната. В 1990–98 раввин О. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ишайя (Александр Григорьевич) Гиссер (р. 1961, Одесса), с 1998 – Авраам Вольф (р. 1970, Израиль). Были открыты образоват. комплекс «Хабад Ор Авнер», хедер, 2 интерната.В 1994–98 и с 2005 мэр О. – Эдуард Иосифович Гурвиц (р. 1948, Могилев-Подольский).В 1990 по инициативе и на средства бывш. узника гетто Якова Иосифовича Маниовича (р. 1925) в О. созданы Аллея Праведников мира и мемориал «Дорога смерти». В 2004 на Аллее Праведников мира установлена скульптурная композиция работы Зураба Церетели. В 2005 открыт мемориал «Памяти жертв фашизма 1941–1944» работы Владимира Ачкасова. В 2002 еврейский обществ. центр «Мигдаль» открыл Музей истории евреев Одессы.В О. род.: А.В.Абрамович, Я.А.Адлер, В.Б. Азаров, И.С.Айзберг, А.Аксенфельд, М.И.Алигер, Л.О.Альбурт, Г.Я.Альтерман, [[Й.Ариель, А.Е.Аснис, И.С.Астров, Ю.Ашкенази, И.Э. Бабель, В.Э.Багрицкий, Э.Г.Багрицкий, А.Балинки, Л.А.Баренбойм, С.Барер, З.С.Баркаган, И.Бармас, В.Д.Батуринский, Р.Л.Баумволь, А.М.Безредка, С.А.Бейм, М.-Э.Белинсон, Ц.-Г.Белковский, М.Бен-Галь, Е.И.Березин, С.Н.Бернштейн, А.А.Биск, А.С.Бланк, Я.Г. Блюмкин, Г.Л.Бондаревский, Б.А.Борин, С.Я. Боровой, И.Э.Браз, Л.С.Бретаницкий, Я.М. Броверман, Л.Я.Брусиловский, Д.Бубайндер, М.П.Бубнов, Е.С.Бурксер, А.Ф.Бухны, Н.А. Бухбиндер, Л.Б.Бухштаб, М.В.Вайнберг, Я. Вайнберг, Н.К.Вайнцвайг, Б.С.Вайнштейн, А.Вальтух, А.Н.Варновицкая, И.З.Варшавский, М.М.Варшавский, Г.Варшавчик, Ю.Ватен, П.И.Вейнберг, Я.Вейнберг, С.И.Вербицкий, Э.П.Визин, М.Виник, Г.Я.Вольфензон, В.Вольфзон, М.Вульф, М.А.Габинский, Н.Я. Галь, В.Гальберштадт, И.С.Гальберштадт, Ф.Р.Гантмахер, П.А.Гарви, З.Гаям, Я.-М.Г. Гевирц, Е.П.Геллер, С.Г.Гельферг, Ш.Гепштейн, М.Я.Герценштейн, В.М.Гессен, И.С. Гессен, Ю.И.Гессен, С.Д.Гефтер, С.Г.Гехт, Е.Г.Гилельс, Э.Г.Гилельс, Я.К.Гиммельфарб, Л.Я.Гинзбург, Л.И.Гинцберг, Л.Гинцбург, А.М. Глускин, В.Е.Гмурман, Б.Я.Гнесин, В.А.Гологорский, М.А.Гольденблюм, Б.Э.Гольдштейн, Э.Ю.Гольдштейн, А.З.Гольцман, М.С.Горб, А.Н.Гранат, Э.Д.Грач, А.Б.Гребнев, М.И. Гринберг, М.И.Гринберг, Л.П.Гроссман, П.М. Грушко, Я.Н.Гузман, Б.Л.Гуревич, В.М.Далин, Л.О.Дан, А.Дектер, Ф.М.Диментберг, М.С.Донской, И.Достровский, М.И.Дрей, М.Н. Дунец, С.О.Ежов, Ш.Ейвин, Ю.И.Екельчик, З.Жаботинский, М.М.Жванецкий, Я.И.Железняк, И.А.Зак, Я.И.Зак, П.Замощин, А.М. Заславский, Е.И.Зейлигер-Рубинштейн, И.М. Зельцер, Б.И.Зингерман, Э.Зусман, И.Ильф, В.М.Инбер, Г.Б.Иоллос, И.И.Ионов, Б.М. Иофан, Д.М.Иофан, М.А.Исакович, Р.Каган, Г.Я.Кайзерман, Д.М.Калиновская, А. Каменка, Й.Каминский, И.Каминьская, Э.И.Кандель, И.М. Капчинский, Л.О.Кармен, Р.Л.Кармен, М. Карп, Р.А.Карцев, А.Е.Кауфман, И.И. Кауфман, А.З. Кац, И.С.Кацнельсон, Д.И. Кеймах, А.Р.Кессель, С.И.Кирсанов, С.Я. Кишиневский, И.-А. Клознер, М.В.Кобецкий, Д.И.Коган, Е.Е.Коган, С.Я.Коган, О.Я. Колычев, А.Н.Кольцатый, Е.Коренцвит, М.В. Корхов, А.И.Корчмар, Р.М.Кофман, А.Я.Коц, Е.Н.Крамер, А.А.Красновский, И.Кременецкий, Л.Н.Крицман, И.Р.Кричевский, С.Я.Кулиш, Е.Б.Ладыженский, М.Н.Ланда, Л.Ласавин, М.М.Лашевич, Р.Ф.Лев, О.Я.Левенсон, Б.Я.Левин, В.Д.Левин, Л.Г.Левин, Р.М.Левин, Е.А.Левинсон, И.И.Левинтов, М.М.Левит, Л.М.Леонидов, Е.Леонтович, К.З.Лернер, Н.О.Лернер, Ю.Н.Либединский, Б.К.Лившиц, С.И.Липкин, М.Д.Липовецкая, Г.И.Липшиц, К.Я.Листов, М.С.Лисянский, А.Л.Львов, М.Л. Львов, Е.О.Любимов-Ланской, А.С.Любошиц, Г.С.Люшков, И.П.Магидович, М.Б.Маклярский, Р.Я.Малиновский, С.Л.Мандельштам, Г.А.Манюк, М.С.Маргулиес, М.С.Маргулис, М.Л.Меерсон, Й.Мейшан, Е.Л.Мелах, Е.П. Мельман, Л.З.Мехлис, Э.Д.Мильтон-Краснопольская, Е.Я.Милютина, А.Б.Минкус, М.А. Минкус, Е.М.Минскин, А.Я.Могилевский, Д.Я. Могилевский, Л.Я.Могилевский, Б.Б.Моисеивич, Б.Г.Мойшезон, П.Л.Монастырский, М.Москович, В.О.Мочан, В.Мулерман, Ф.Л.Мулляр, Л.Е.Мучник, М.А.Наймарк, М.Н.Нейдинг, П.Э. Немировский, И.И.Ноткин, А.Э.Нудельман, И.А.Ойвин, Д.Ф.Ойстрах, И.Д.Ойстрах, Б.Ю.Оленин, А.Ольшанецкий, Б.Д.Оржих, М.И.Паверман, М.П.Павлович, С.А.Палатник, Л.О.Пастернак, П.Л.Пастернак, Н.Пелед, А.Ф.Перельман, И.И.Плинер, Г.Д.Плоткин, И.Я.Постовский, С.Ю.Прегель, М.Принштейн, А.Е.Пробст, Ш.Рабино, А.И.Рабинович, Л.Е.Рабинс, И.-Х.Равницкий, Д.А.Райков, И.Л.Райхельгауз, Н.А.Райхштейн, Р.Раскина, Й.Ратнер, М.Р.Раухвергер, А.А.Рафалович, А.Г.Рафалович, С.Рейли, Б.М.Рейнгбальд, А.Е. Рекемчук, Б.И.Розенберг, Ройтбак, И.А.Рубанович, Л.И.Рубенчик, Д.И.Рубинштейн, С.Л. Рубинштейн, М.И.Рудинштейн, Д.Б.Рязанов, П.В.Сабсай, Я.Л.Сакер, А.Ф.Самойлов, Я.В. Самойлов, Г.Б.Сандомирский, Б.С.Северный, А.С.Сегал, С.М.Семков, И.Л.Серпер, З.Л.Серый, М.И.Синявский, Б.Е.Сквирский, Г.В. Скроцкий, Л.И.Славин, Д.-Ш.Слущ, Д.Я.Смелянский, С.А.Снегов, С.И.Снитковский, С.Л. Соболь, С.Б.Софронин, Д.З.Стародинский, Ю.М.Стеклов, А.Стемацкий, Т.А.Стеркин, Г.А.Столяров, Н.Стоун, Н.Б.Стратиевский, М.Е.Табачников, И.Г.Табашников, Э.Д.Талмуд, С.М.Танатар, И.И.Тарнополь, И.В.Тартаков, О.С.Тарханов, А.Теоми, И.Н.Тепер, К. Тепер, В.Я.Типот, М.Н.Ткачев, Э.М.Тобиаш, Г.В.Топуз, Г.Я.Торчинский, Л.З.Трауберг, И.М.Тронский, Я.А.Троупянский, Д.И.Тумаркина, А.П.Улановский, П.С.Урысон, М.М. Усоскин, Л.О.Утесов, Н.Г.Факторович, М.С. Фарбман, А.Федер, С.Е.Фейнберг, Д.М.Фельдман, О.Б.Фельцман, Ю.П.Фигатнер, В.Г.Финк, М.И.Финкельштейн, Г.М.Фихтенгольц, М.И. Фихтенгольц, Г.С.Фиш, Х.Фишер, Я.М.Фишман, И.А.Француз, И.Френель, Д.Ф.Фридман, М.Фриман, С.И.Фурер, М.С.Фурман, В.А.Хавкин, Д.Хаммер, Д.М.Хаютин, Н.Хет, В.А.Хинкис, А.И.Хмельницкий, А.Е.Ходоров, М.Л.Хорош, С.Е.Хусид, В.Е.Цесарский, А.В. Цессарский, В.Л.Цетлин, В.Е.Цигаль, В.Е.Цигаль, Р.М.Цузмер, Г.И.Цукерман, Г.В.Цыперович, М.А.Червинский, Ш.Черкасский, Л.А. Черкес, С.А.Чернецкий, С.Черный, И.З.Чернявский, И.Л.Чертков, Н.К.Чуковский, Г.А. Шайн, Я.Б.Шапировский, И.Д.Шаферан, В.Е.Шварцер, В.И.Шер, Б.С.Шехтер, Д.И. Шехтер, Б.Г.Ширвиндт, Ширман, Н.А.Шкаровский, И.П.Шмидт, М.Я.Шпирт, А.А. Штейнберг, Ш.Штейнберг, А.М.Штейнгарт, М.Е.Штительман, З.Б.Шульман, У.А.Шустер, Б.И.Эгиз, И.Эдельман, В.С.Эйнгорн, Д.Г. Элькин, М.М.Эльман, И.С.Эльтман, М.И. Эпельбаум, Ш.Эфруси, Я.Д.Южный, Л.Н. Юровский, А.П.Юшкевич, П.С.Юшкевич, С.С.Юшкевич, Л.Я.Якобзон, П.А.Ямпольский, А.Л.Янов, М.Япончик, Е.Г.Ясин, М.А.Ясиновский; Артур Адольфович Абрагамсон (1854–1924, Париж), инженер, организатор трамвайного движения в Киеве, рук. рус. ж.-д. отдела на Всемирн. выставке в Париже, кавалер орд. Поч. Легиона; Владимир Игоревич Арнольд (р. 1937), математик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1963), проф. (1965), акад. АН СССР (1990), Лен. пр. (1965); Рафаил Аронович Аронов (р. 1929), специалист в обл. философии физики, с 1992 – проф. и проректор Гос. академии им. Маймонида; Арье Баир (1906–1970, Афиким, Израиль), обществ. и политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., один из лидеров кибуцного движения, деп. Кнессета 1, 3 и 6-го созывов; Яков Юльевич Бардах (1857–1929), микробиолог, совм. с И.И. Мечниковым и Н.Ф.Гамалеей организовал в 1886 первую в России бактериологич. станцию, разработал методику изготовления туберкулина; Юлиуш Бардах (1914–?), историк, проф. Варшавского ун-та, дир. Ин-та истории права (1954–68), вице-през. Польск. ист. об-ва (1960–66), Гос. пр. Польши (1965, 1972, 1977); Хаим Бен-Ашер (Финкель) (1904–1998, Кинерет, Израиль), политич. деятель, деп. Кнессета 1–2-го созывов от партии Мапай, в 1967 – один из создателей «Движения за Неделимый Израиль»; Михаил Арнольдович Блохин (1908–1995, Ростов-на-Дону), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1954), с 1956 – зав. кафедрой физики твердого тела Ростовского гос. ун-та, в 1971–74 – дир. НИИ физики при РГУ, автор ок. 250 науч. работ; Евгений Борисович Богомольный (р. 1948), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1985), специалист в обл. физики элементарных частиц; Григорий Ефимович Брухис (1907–2005, Одесса), экономист, специалист по организации и коммерч. эксплуатации мор. транспорта, двоюродный брат И.М.Гельфанда, канд. экономич. наук (1966), был вице-през. Черноморского мор. пароходства, в 1958–95 – гл. арбитр Междунар. арбитражного суда Черноморского бассейна, поч. работник мор. и реч. флота СССР, автор св. 140 работ (в т. ч. монографий и учебников); Виктор Михайлович Вальд-Перлов (р. 1929), специалист в обл. полупроводниковой электроники, д-р техн. наук (1990), автор более 100 науч. работ, Лен. пр. (1978); Клементий Матусович Варшавский (1892–1983, Ленинград), врач, ген.-майор мед. службы (1944), зам. нач. сан. упр-ния фронта, нагр. 6 орд.; Яков Маркович Волошин (1904–1947), врач, д-р мед. наук (1945), проф. (1946), с 1945 – гл. хирург Мин-ва здравоохранения УзССР; Александр Алексеевич Вургафт (1905–1947), сотрудник спецслужб, ген.-лейт. (1944), в 1941–45 – нач. упр-ния воен. снабжения НКВД СССР, нагр. 5 орд.; Леоне Гинцбург (1909–1944, Рим), итальянский литературовед, с 1914 – в Италии, автор работ о рус. писателях, в 1943 – ред. подпольной газ. «Италиа Либера», арестован гестапо; Филипп Осипович Гозиансон (1898–1978, Париж), живописец, племянник Л.О.Пастернака, работы хранятся в разл. музеях мира; Сидней Голдин (1880–1935, США), продюсер, кинорежиссер, один из родоначальников гангстерского жанра амер. кино, автор неск. фильмов еврейской тематики, в 1921 основал в Австрии фирму «Голдин Филмс»; Евгений Илларионович Горелик (р. 1921), летчик, полк., Герой Сов. Союза (1945); Борух (Борис Ионович) Горин (р. 1973), обществ. деятель, основатель и гл. ред. журн. «Лехаим» и книгоиздательства «Лехаим»; Александр Исаевич Гуковский (1865–1925, Париж), политич. деятель, эсер, деп. Учредит. собрания; Анатолий Давидович Дарон (р. 1926), конструктор ракетной техники, д-р техн. наук (1967), проф. (1975), ведущий конструктор по разработке жидкостных ракетных двигателей, с 1999 – в США; Эммануил Яковлевич Двинский (1910–1985), журналист, автор мн. лит. путеводителей по Москве, изд. на неск. яз.; Ефим Домовский (1938–1980, Израиль), тренер по легкой атлетике, засл. тренер УССР, с 1990 – в Израиле; Яков Дори (Достровский) (1899–1973, Хайфа), военачальник, с 1906 – в Э.-И., в 1939–45 и в 1947–48 – нач. штаба Гаганы, в 1948–49 – первый нач. Генштаба Армии Обороны Израиля; Михаил Александрович Дризо (1870–1953, Париж), карикатурист, с нач. 1920-х гг. – во Франции; Марк Семенович Ефетов (1907–1996, Москва), писатель, в 1950 и в 1957 – лауреат конкурсов на лучшую книгу для детей; Эри-Теодор Жаботинский (1910–1969), сын З.Жаботинского, д-р, проф., преподавал теорию электричества в Технионе, деп. Кнессета 1-го созыва; Владислав Иосифович Жуковский (р. 1937), математик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1989), проф. (1990), автор неск. монографий по дифференциальным играм и многокритериальным задачам; Александр Семенович Займовский (1905–1990), металловед, ч.-к. АН СССР, проф., Стал. пр. (1946, 1949, 1951, 1953), Лен. пр. (1962); Михаил Григорьевич Каплан (р. 1935), шашечный арбитр, мастер спорта (1962), междунар. арбитр (1994); Рахель Коэн (Коган-Люберски) (1888–1982, Хайфа), обществ. и политич. деятель, с 1919 – в Э.-И., с 1938 – пред. ВИЦО в Э.-И., с 1948 – пред. всемирн. ВИЦО, деп. Кнессета 1-го и 5-го созывов; Ленни Крейзельбург (р. 1975), спортсмен, с 1989 – в США, трехкр. олимп. чемпион и рекордсмен мира по плаванию; Виталий Ильич Левин (р. 1936), математик, обществ. деятель, д-р техн. наук, проф., с 1975 – зав. кафедрой математики Пензенского техн. ин-та, в 1991–95 – пред. клуба еврейской культуры Пензы; Фрол Петрович Липсман (1915–?), специалист в обл. радиотехники, канд. техн. наук (1952), гл. инж., зам. дир. по науч. части МНИРИ, Стал. пр. (1950), Лен. пр. (1966); Лев Гиршевич Магазаник (р. 1931), биолог, специалист в обл. физиологии человека и животных, ч.-к. РАН (1997); Семен Давидович Малкин (р. 1936), физик, д-р техн. наук, проф., автор ок. 200 науч. трудов в обл. матем. моделирования и анализа аварийных режимов работы ядерных реакторов, Гос. пр. СССР; Александр Матвеевич Минаев-Цикановский (1888–1939), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 3-го ранга (1937), зам. наркома тяж. пром-сти СССР (1938), репрессирован; Теодор Иосифович Молдавер (1913–2003, Новосибирск), химик, журналист, автор работ по истории науки; Осип Павлович Осипов-Шмидт (1900–1938, Москва), зам. наркома тяж. пром-сти СССР, репрессирован; Иосиф Миронович Пейсахович (1893–1978, Киев), патологоанатом, д-р мед. наук (1936), проф. (1941), зав. кафедрой, гл. патологоанатом Мин-ва здравоохранения УССР, автор более 150 науч. работ; Эдуард Валентинович Пейхель (р. 1937), шашечный арбитр, мастер спорта (1963), междунар. арбитр (1984), дир. Одесского шахматно-шашечного клуба; Владимир Исаакович Поликовский (1904–1965, Москва), специалист в обл. энергетич. маш-ния, д-р техн. наук (1965), проф., ген.-майор (1944), в 1944–50 – нач. ЦНИИ авиац. пром-сти, Стал. пр. (1943); Арон (Аркадий) Иосифович Полторак (1916–1977, Москва), юрист-международник, д-р юрид. наук (1965), проф. (1969), подполк., секр. сов. делегации на Нюрнбергском процессе, автор более 100 науч. трудов; Борис Адольфович Портнов (р. 1960), архитектор, д-р архитектуры (1994), автор проектов детальной планировки ряда районов Одессы, с 1995 – в Израиле; Семен Самойлович Пэн (1897–1970, Москва), архитектор, сын С.С.Пена, автор ряда арх. проектов в Москве, Баку, Казани, Тбилиси, Стал. пр. (1950); Борис Яковлевич Резник (р. 1929), педиатр, ч.-к. АН Украины (1991), акад. АМН Украины (1993), нар. деп. Украины; Лазарь Исаакович Ривлин (1900–?), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1937–38 – и. о. наркома внутр. дел Молд. АССР; Морис Давидович Симашко (Шамис) (1924–2001), писатель, ист. романист, Гос. пр. КазССР, с 1999 – в Израиле; Григорий Михайлович Суркис (р. 1949), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, с 1993 – пред. АО «Футбольный клуб «Динамо» – Киев», пред. пром.-финанс. концерна «Славутич»; Аким Абрамович Фельдман (1872–1966), врач, дермато-венеролог, в 1927–53 – зав. кафедрой кожно-венерич. болезней Одесского ин-та усовершенствования врачей; Шауль Фельдман (р. 1923), нейролог, д-р медицины (1952), проф. (1969) Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим); Виктор Яковлевич Хасилев (1912–1980, Москва), специалист в обл. энергетики, гидроснабжения и прикл. математики, д-р техн. наук (1966), проф. (1968), автор более 100 науч. работ; Виктор Григорьевич Чайка (Сигал) (р. 1958), композитор, певец, продюсер; Шмуэль Зискович Шапиро (1912–1972), кавалер орд. Славы 3 степеней; Авраам Шехтерман (1910–1986, Тель-Авив), деп. Кнессета 7–8-го созывов от партии Херут; Иосиф Шехтман (1891–1970, Нью-Йорк), публицист, обществ. деятель, д-р юриспруденции, чл. Укр. Центр. рады (1917), деп. Всеукр. учредит. собрания (1918), издатель и гл. ред. газ. «Найер вег» (Варшава), с 1941 – в США, пред. союза ревизионистов Америки, пред. Всемирн. совета движения сионистов-ревизионистов; Абрам Несанельевич Шогам (1914–1967, Харьков), психиатр, д-р мед. наук (1967), в 1956–60 – зав. кафедрой психиатрии Туркменского мед. ин-та, гл. психиатр Мин-ва здравоохранения ТуркмССР; Иегуда Юдин (Дрезницкий) (1910–?), с 1925 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 8-го созыва от партии Мапай; Евгений Яковлевич Юстерник (1902–1974, Одесса), военачальник, ген.-майор (1944), в 1943–45 – нач. штаба Отд. Дальневосточной армии.В О. жили и работали: Ахад Га-Ам, М.Я. Бен-Ами, Г.Берггрюн, Д.Р.Бергельсон, Н.О. Бернштейн, С.Е.Вейсенберг, И.Гальперин, Н.Л.Геккер, А.О.Гершензон, Ш.Я.Гликсберг, А.Голдфаден, Я.М.Гордин, Н.Горен, Х.И.Гохман, М.Р.Гоц, Н.Н.Гринберг, А.Грунберг, Х.И. Гурлянд, М.С.Гурович, М.Гутман, С.М.Гутник, Э.Дейнард, М.Я.Дизенгоф, С.М.Дубнов, С.О.Дулицкий, Р.С.Землячка, Е.Д.Зозуля, А.С.Изгоев, И.Иоффе, М.Иоффе, Ю.Д.Исерлис, В.Ф.Каган, Э.Кагановский, У.Калмус, М.Я.Капчинский, З.Квартин, Й.-Г.Клаузнер, А.-У.Ковнер, Ф.М.Койген, С.И.Колтон, И.И. Корик, М.Г.Крейн, И.Я.Кремер, М.И.Кулишер, Э.А.Купер, Л.А.Куперник, А.Е.Ландау, А.Лев, Ш.Х.Левин, Э.Л.Левинский, И.-И.Лернер, Х.Лернер, И.Лещинский, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, И.-Й.Линецкий, Н.Б.Лойтер, Э.Б.Лойтер, Н.Лурье, А.Людвиполь, Ш.Манделькерн, А.Э.Маргулян, П.Д.Маркиш, Б.М.Меламед, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим, А.Н.Мережин, И.И. Мечников, В.М.Мидлер, И.Могилевер, К.Молодовская, М.Г.Моргулис, Д.-Б.Натанзон, Э.Я.Немировский, Ю.Г.Оксман, И.Г.Оршанский, Н.М.Осипович, А.М.Пазовский, А.Я.Пассовер, С.С.Пен, О.Я.Пергамент, Г.А.Перетц, Л.С.Пинскер, О.А.Рабинович, А.С.Розенблюм, Э.-Д.Розенталь, А.М.Розенштейн, С.И.Розенштраух, Д.Ройтман, Б.Рубштейн, И.Б. Сапир, Э.Симпсон, Х.-Ш.Сливкин, Н.Слущ, П.Смоленскин, М.Спектор, Э.Г.Спивак, Я. Спиваковский, П.С.Столярский, Й.-Б.Фалькович, А.-Я.Фрейденберг, М.Ф.Фрейденберг, С.Г.Фруг, М.-М.Футерфас, А.О.Цедербаум, Ш.Цемах, Х.Черновиц, С.Л.Чудновский, С.И. Шатуновский, М.Шенкин, З.-З.Шнеур, Н.-М. Шомер, М.Штекелис, Б.Штерн, Б.Эпельбойм, З.Эпштейн, К.М.Эрделевский, В.Г.Юдовский, Ш.Яновский.Р.И.Молдавер, pronunciation=ОДЕССА, город (с 1794), центр Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 15 в. В 15–18 вв. – в составе Османской империи. С 1791 – в составе Рос. империи. С 1794 – рус. крепость и воен.-торг. порт на месте тур. крепости Хаджибей. В 1805–25 – адм. центр Новороссийского края, с 1825 – уездный город Херсонской губ.В 1789 в О. проживало 6 евреев, в 1795 – 246 (10,5%), в 1827 – 4226 (12,8%), в 1829 – 6950 (16,7%), в 1831 – 7900 (15,2%), в 1837 –10 424 (15,1%), в 1841 – 10 775 (14,6%), в 1843 – ок. 12 000 (ок. 15,4%), в 1855 – ок. 17 000 (ок. 17,5%), в 1863 – 30 283 (25,5%), в 1873 – 51 378 (26,4%), в 1880 – 68 680 (32,9%), в 1897 – 138 097 (36,3%), в 1910 – 152 364, в 1920 – 190 135, в 1923 – 130 041, в 1926 – 153 194 (36,4%), в 1939 – ок. 180 000 (ок. 29,8%), в 1959 – ок. 108 900 (ок. 16,3%), в 1970 – 108 100 (12,1%), в 1979 – ок. 86 000 евреев (ок. 8,4%).Евреи жили в О. с 18 в. Старейший надгробный памятник на еврейском кладбище датирован 1770. С 1795 численность еврейского населения О. начала увеличиваться за счет переселенцев из Волыни, Подолии, Литвы. Тогда же были открыты первые в О. синагога и талмуд-тора, начали действовать первая хевра кадиша и «Об-во истинной благотворительности». В 1796 гласным гор. думы был избран Меир Эльманович, в 1799 – Тевель Лазаревич. В 1798 была создана община. В 1801 открылась еврейская больница. Первым раввином О. в 1809–15 был Ицхок Рабинович (?–1815).В 1-й пол. 19 в. численность еврейского населения О. возросла в связи с массовым переселением в город евреев из других регионов России, из Германии, а также Галиции, выходцы из к-рой заняли к 1830-м гг. ведущие позиции в экономич. жизни города и в делах общины.В нач. 19 в. осн. занятие евреев О. – торговля зерном: евреи – агенты кр. иностр. и рос. хлеботорговых компаний, маклеры, оценщики, кассиры, весовщики, грузчики на зерновой бирже. Были также распространены ремесла, торговля мануфактурой и бакалейными товарами. В 1825 в О. действовал торг. дом Гуровича, с 1830 – Эфруси; одноврем. начал действовать торг. дом Абрама Рафаловича.Раввином в О. с нач. 1820-х гг. по 1835 был Реувен Житомирский, в 1830–65 – его зять Иехиль-Цви Гальперин (?–1871).19 июня 1821 в О. произошел еврейский погром (один из первых в России), устроенный греками; мн. евреи были убиты, подверглась нападению синагога, сотни еврейских семей потеряли свое имущество.С нач. 1820-х гг. в О. получили распространение идеи Гаскалы. В 1826 по ходатайству 66 евреев города была открыта еврейская общеобразоват. школа (дир. – Б.Штерн), в 1834 в школе училось 400 чел., в 1835 было открыто отд-ние для девочек. Сторонники Гаскалы поддержали рос. гос. школьную реформу 1841; летом 1842 был устроен торжеств. прием М. Лилиенталю, приехавшему в О. Против создания школы выступили последователи Савранского ребе – Мойше-Цви Вертхайма (?–1838), синагога к-рых в нач. 19 в. была центром хасидизма в О.В 1841 в О. была открыта первая в России Хоральная синагога, кантором в к-рой в 1841–1902 служил Нисан Блюменталь (1805–1902). В 1847 при Попечительском к-те города учреждается спец. Еврейское отд-ние для общего руководства. В 1855 среди евреев О. было 12 врачей, 6 нотариусов, 4 адвоката; работали 2 еврейских муж. казенных уч-ща, 1 жен. уч-ще, 51 хедер, талмуд-тора, пансион для девочек, неск. частных еврейских школ.В 1849 и в 1859 повторились еврейские погромы, устроенные местными греками и матросами греч. судов; во время погрома 1859 погибло 2 еврея.В 1860 построено новое здание Главной синагоги. Казенным раввином О. в 1860–87 был представитель реформистского течения в иудаизме д-р Симон Уриевич Швабахер (1820, Обердорф, Германия – 1888, Одесса).В 1864 в О. действовала кинасса, гахамом был Бобакай Шеломович Бобович, ст. газаном – Абрам Ефет. В 1879 в О. проживало 940 караимов.В 1865 в О. действовали 37 синагог, работали 2 еврейских уч-ща (1-го и 2-го разрядов), частные уч-ща: 6 муж., 16 жен. и 1 общее. В 1865 построено нов. здание еврейской больницы. Активную роль в гор. делах играли чл. гор. управы Э. Соловейчик, гласный гор. думы О.А.Рабинович. Несмотря на сопротивление последователей Гаскалы, в 1866 в О. была открыта ортодоксальная иешива, к-рую возглавил И.-Ц.Гальперин.Осн. сфера экономич. деятельности евреев О. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – торговля и ремесла. В 1869 Мозес Нафтольевич Ашкенази (?–1887) основал торг. дом «Ашкенази Б.», к-рый занимался экспортными операциями с зерном и нефтью. В 1878 в руках евреев находилось 60% экспорта зерна. В 1881 евреев-купцов 1-й и 2-й гильдий насчитывалось 373 чел. (из 658); евреям принадлежали 10 из 12 банков, 2 из 3 ссудных касс. Евреев – владельцев кр. торг. фирм было 14 чел. (из 16), владельцев магазинов и лавок – 853 (из 1570), владельцев аптек – 14 (из 20), владельцев фотомастерских – 7 (из 15), мелочных торговцев – 7335 (из 10 729), содержателей публичных домов – 28 (из 38). В 1910 евреям О. принадлежали 155 (43%) з-дов и ф-к (в осн. небольших и б. ч. в бумажной и пищевой пром-сти), 7 из 10 банков, 46 из 55 торг. компаний по экспорту хлеба, более половины торг. лавок; мелкой торговлей вразнос занимались только евреи. Значит. роль в экономич. жизни О. играли Бродские. В 1910 евреями были 49% одесских врачей, 93% дантистов, 65% присяжных поверенных, 52% частных поверенных. За исключением портовых грузчиков (1709 чел. в 1884), число евреев-рабочих было незначительно. Отличит. чертой жизни города был еврейский криминальный мир, яркими представителями к-рого были М.Япончик, междунар. карманный вор Мойше Мирошник-Ирлин («Мишка-американец»), шулер Зиновий Голендер («Пушкин»).С нач. 1860-х гг. О. заняла центр. место в русско-еврейской культурной жизни. Первый еврейский журн. на рус. яз. «Рассвет» начал издаваться в мае 1860. Позднее стал выходить журн. «Сион» под ред. Л.С.Пинскера, Э.Соловейчика, Н.О.Бернштейна. Журналы провозглашали идеи Гаскалы и вели борьбу с антисемитизмом в рус. прессе. В 1869–71 выходила еврейская газ. «День», в к-рой сотрудничали А.Е. Ландау, М.Г.Моргулис, И.Г.Оршанский. С 1860 издавался еженед. на др.-еврейском яз. «Га-Мелиц», позднее – приложение к нему на идише «Кол мевассер» (1864–71). В 1858 Мошко-Рувим Мордкович Гелертер (1815–1881) открыл типографию – первую в О., принадлежавшую еврею. Первая еврейская типография основана в 1863 М.-Э.Белинсоном. В 1867 было открыто первое в О. отд-ние ОПЕ (центр. орг-ция находилась в Санкт-Петербурге).В 1871, 1881 и 1886 в О. происходили еврейские погромы. В 1881 была создана еврейская самооборона (большинство участников – студенты Новороссийского ун-та); 150 чел. были арестованы за ее организацию.В 1882 в О. разместился центр орг-ции Билу, в 1884 – центр. органы «Ховевей Цион» (во главе с Л.С.Пинскером). В 1892–1906 к-т «Ховевей Цион» в О. возглавлял А.Ш.Гринберг.В 1889–93 в О. действовала единств. официально зарегистрированная в России сионистская орг-ция – «Одесский к-т» («Об-во вспомоществования евреям-земледельцам и ремесленникам в Сирии и Палестине»). Одним из двух ходатаев-гарантов перед пр-вом России за легализацию «Одесского к-та» был банкир Шмуэль Барбаш (1850–1931). «Одесским к-том» были основаны в Э.-И. с.-х. колонии Реховот и Хадера. В связи с тем, что выезд в Э.-И. шел через Одесский порт, О. получила назв. «Ворота в Сион». В О. находилось руководство ордена «Бней-Моше», одним из лидеров к-рого был Ахад Га-Ам.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в О. активно работали писатели и публицисты, писавшие на иврите, сионистские деятели: А.-Й.Абельсон, Ахад Га-Ам, Х.-Н.Бялик, М.Я.Дизенгоф, А.Друянов, З. Жаботинский, Й.-Г.Клаузнер, Э.Л.Левинский, И.-Х.Равницкий, Х.Черновиц и др. В 1891–95 издавались сб. «Пардес», проповедовавшие идеи духовного сионизма. В 1901 Х.-Н.Бялик, И.-Х.Равницкий и С.Бен-Цион основали в О. изд-во «Мория», выпускавшее лит-ру на иврите. В 1905–16 работало сионистское изд-во (на рус. яз.) «Кадима», в 1902–20 действовало «Книгоиздательство М.С.Козмана», основанное Меиром Шмулевичем Козманом (1877–1963). «Одесский к-т» издавал на рус. яз. книги и брошюры об Э.-И., изд-во Я.Шермена – книги для детей и юношества. В 1907 возобновилось издание еженед. на иврите «Га-Шилоах» (с 1896 выходил в Берлине и Кракове). В 1906–07 в О. выпускались еженед. «Кадима» и «Еврейский голос». Первая в О. газ. на идише «Гут моргн» стала выходить в 1910 (осн. Э.Х.Левинским), с 1911 печаталась газ. «Шолом алейхем».В 1882–83 работала «Одесская еврейская драматическая и опереточная труппа» под упр. Я.С.Гартенштейна. В 1907 основано «Т-во еврейских артистов» под рук. Л.Л.Винера. В 1908 создан т-р на идише под рук. П.Гиршбейна. В 1909 в О. началась артистич. карьера Л.О.Утесова. В 1913 был открыт т-р миниатюр на идише «Веритэ».В 1897 считали идиш родным языком 89,6% еврейского населения О.; 104 крещеных еврея также признавали родным языком идиш. В 1897 среди евреев О. числилось 416 дворян, 1550 купцов, 118 863 мещан и 1440 крестьян.В 1863 в гимназиях О. обучалось 128 евреев. В 1886 в Новороссийском ун-те на мед. ф-те было 30,7% студентов-евреев, на юридич. – 41,2%. После введения в 1887 «процентной нормы» число учащихся-евреев в ср. школах Одесского уч. округа сократилось на 48%. Х.И.Гохман совм. с раввином Х.И.Гурляндом открыли частное уч. заведение, преобразованное в 1898 в коммерч. уч-ще (с 1905 дир. – Гохман). В 1905 Х.Черновиц основал в О. «реформированную» иешиву. После получения ун-тами России самоуправления (1905) и отмены «процентной нормы» (восстановлена в 1907) в Новороссийском ун-те в 1906 обучалось 764 еврея. В нек-рых спец. уч. заведениях «процентная норма» не действовала: в 1910 в имп. муз. уч-ще было 285 евреев (59,5%), в имп. худож. уч-ще – ок. 300 евреев (ок. 60%). Еврейские обществ. opг-ции О. создали ряд ср. уч. заведений: муж. гимназию Михаила Моисеевича Иглицкого (1868–1912) (400 уч-ся в 1910), 5 жен. частных гимназий (1309 учениц), коммерч. уч-ще Фейга (осн. в 1888, в 1895 число евреев в нем было ограничено 40%), проф.-техн. уч-ще «Труд» (212 уч-ся в 1910). Одесское отд-ние ОПЕ (пред. – Г.Э.Вейнштейн) в 1910 финансировало 13 нач. и 4 веч. школы (общее число уч-ся – ок. 2 тыс. чел.). В 1910 в 200 хедерах обучалось ок. 5 тыс. чел., в 3 талмуд-торах – 630 уч-ся.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в О. действовало ок. 100 синагог (в т.ч. «Явне», ставшая центром сионизма в О., неск. хасидских, в т. ч. любавичская). В 1883 открылось отд-ние еврейской больницы на Хаджибейском лимане.В 1888 – 90 казенным раввином О. был Х.И. Гурлянд, в 1900–02 – Марк Померанц (?–1902), в 1902–03 – Моисей Крепс, в 1903–04 – С.С. Пен, в 1905 – д-р Ф.С.Авиновицкий, представитель религ. сионизма, с 1910 – Абба Михайлович Дыхно (1853–?). Духовный раввин О. в 1911 – Шмиля Янкелевич Полинковский. В 1896 в Бродской синагоге был установлен орган, используемый с 1909 во время молитвы. Канторами в ней были П.Минковский, Д.Новаковский.В 1897 в О. проживало 1049 караимов. В 1910-х гг. ст. газаном был Иосиф Моисеевич Кефали; имелось караимское уч-ще.В нач. 20 в. в О. действовали еврейские благотворит. учреждения: больница, Об-во взаимного вспомоществования приказчиков-евреев (при нем работала одна из крупнейших на юге России б-к), два сиротских дома, Об-во попечения о бедных и бесприютных детях, Об-во санаторных колоний, отд-ния ОРТ, ОЗЕ и др.В 1901 в О. возникла «Южная рев. группа социал-демократов», в к-рую входила Р.С.Землячка. В 1902 организован кружок «Поалей Цион», издававший с 1904 журн. (на рус. яз.) «Сионистская рабочая хроника». Евреи, участвовавшие в еврейском рабочем движении, образовали в 1906 с.-д. партию «Поалей Цион», ЦК к-рой находился в О.В 1905 мн. представители еврейской общественности О. объединились в отд-ние «Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России».В окт. 1905 в О. произошел погром, во время к-рого погибло ок. 500 евреев, было ранено 527, ок. 50 тыс. евреев остались без крова. Был создан к-т помощи пострадавшим от погрома. Во дворе еврейской больницы был разбит палаточный лагерь. Еврейская самооборона и студенч. милиция в первый день остановили погром, но затем против них была применена артиллерия. С окт. 1905 до осени 1909 в О. сохранялось воен. положение. В 1907 вновь была создана дружина самообороны «Молодая воля» во главе с Львом Мочманом.В 1906 в О. выходил журн. «Русский еврей», в 1906–07 – еженед. «Еврейская мысль», в 1908–11 – журн. «Еврейский медицинский голос», в 1912–14 – газ. «Еврейская будущность», в 1907–17 – газ. «Унзер лебн». В 1911 евреи владели 97 из 124 типографий в О.Во время выборов во 2-ю Гос. Думу кадеты выдвинули кандидатуру О.Я.Пергамента (деп. 2-й и 3-й Гос. Думы). Его поддержали еврейские либералы, против были левые социалисты и сионисты во главе с А.-М.-М.Усышкиным и гор. администрация. После смерти О.Я.Пергамента депутатом стал А.Е.Бродский.В 1912 в О. действовали 3 еврейских ссудо-сберегат. т-ва: «Молдованское», «Ремесл. и мелкоторговое», часовщиков и ювелиров.Евреи О. внесли значит. вклад в развитие рос. науки, лит-ры и иск-ва. Среди них: И.И. Мечников, В.А.Хавкин, В.Ф.Каган, С.И.Шатуновский, Л.О.Кармен, А.А.Кипен, С.С.Юшкевич, Л.О. Пастернак, П.Минковский, П.С. Столярский, Н.Биндер (1899–?). В 1913 Яков Моисеевич Грановский (1894, Одесса – 1918, там же) создал еврейскую футбольную команду, затем в октябре того же года – «Еврейский клуб спорта». Летом 1913 ОПЕ организовало в О. пед. курсы для учителей еврейских школ (участники – из 109 городов, 57 местечек и колоний России), работало еврейское лит.-науч. об-во. В 1916 по инициативе С.Я.Кишиневского был открыт Еврейский ист. музей.В годы 1-й мир. войны в О. действовало отд-ние ЕКОПО. Еврейской общиной был открыт госпиталь для раненых солдат. Численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В 1915 в О. были открыты дет. очаг и школы для детей беженцев, работали «Об-во попечения о детях евреев – солдат запаса», ремесл. уч-ще еврейского об-ва «Труд», выходил лит.- худож. иллюстр. журн. «Колосья» для еврейских детей (ред. – М.Х.Бер). На даче В.И. Зуева была открыта колония для бедных больных еврейских детей. Осенью 1917 создано отд-ние Союза воинов-евреев. Летом 1917 были произведены в офицеры 160 евреев-юнкеров.В 1917 в О. было основано спорт. об-во «Маккаби» (во главе с Я.М.Грановским), издававшее (в 1917–19) одноим. журнал. В том же году об-во «Тарбут» открыло в О. ср. школу с преподаванием на иврите. Работали еврейское муз. об-во «Га-Замир» под рук. П.Минковского, акц. об-во «Мизрах» по произ-ву кинофильмов (сняты хроникально-докум. фильмы «Жизнь евреев в Палестине», «Жизнь евреев в Америке», худож. ленты «Кантонисты», «Дело Бейлиса», «Кровавая шутка»). В 1917–19 выходили газ. «Нае лебн», «На страже», «Унзер ворт».В дек. 1917 отряды Кр. гвардии разграбили мн. еврейские лавки и магазины в О. В том же году для борьбы с погромщиками была создана многочисл. и хорошо вооруженная «Еврейская боевая дружина» (существовала 2 года). В нач. 1918 дружина насчитывала ок. 600 пост. членов (кроме резервистов), живших в казармах, имела пулеметные команды (ок. 30 пулеметов). Руководил дружиной С.Янкилевич (С.Якоби). В 1918 меньшевистскую орг-цию в О. возглавил ред. газ. «Южный рабочий» П.А.Гарви.В 1918 в О. проходили выборы правления общины. Наибольшее число голосов получили сионисты (35) и Бунд (26). Сионисты издавали на рус. яз. еженед. «Еврейская мысль» (1917 – янв. 1920), журн. «Палестина» (1917–18), два раза в месяц выходил журн. «Молодая Иудея»; Бунд выпускал еженед. «Рабочий понедельник» (1918) и «Наш голос», «Поалей Цион» – газ. «Свободный путь» (1917), СЕРП – газ. «Рабочая мысль». Выходили также газеты и журналы на идише. В 1917–20 О. являлась центром книгопечатания на иврите в России; было выпущено 109 разл. изданий. С 1917 вновь начало действовать изд-во «Мория», было открыто изд-во «Оманут». В 1917–18 выходили лит. альманахи «Кнесет», «Оламену», «Решумот», «Эрец», «Массуот».В 1918 одесское отд-ние «Ге-Халуц» организовало «Одногодичную школу огородничества и сад-ва» (ок. 100 уч-ся), дир. к-рой был Авраам Зусман (1861–1943). В 1919 из О. в Яффу, впервые после 1914, отплыл корабль «Руслан» с 630 евреями. В 1920 в Э.-И. выехал раввин С.С.Пен, в 1921 – Табачник, бывший раввином в О. в теч. 16 лет.В марте 1919 за «пропаганду большевистских идей» среди франц. солдат и матросов было расстреляно 11 евреев. 4 сент. 1919 части Добровольческой армии устроили в О. погром. В том же году большевики расстреляли в О. членов еврейской Нар. группы (Э.Русович и др.). Руководящие посты в рев. учреждениях О. занимали Я.Б.Гамарник и В.Г. Юдовский.В 1920 в О. был открыт еврейский пед. техникум. В 1921 действовали клубы еврейского рабочего дома, им. 3-го Интернационала, Бунда; в закрытой властями синагоге «Явне» был устроен еврейский рабочий дом искусств. Распоряжением Одесского губисполкома от 15 сент. 1922 были закрыты все хедеры, учителям, преподающим иврит, запрещалось пользоваться еврейской религ. лит-рой. В 1921–23 евреи-комсомольцы устраивали антирелиг. акции во время еврейских праздников. В нач. 1920-х гг. издат. и культурная деятельность на иврите была прекращена. Производились массовые аресты сионистов, студентов-сионистов исключали из ун-та. В 1923 была запрещена деятельность «Маккаби». С 1923 (до нач. 1930-х гг.) в Одесской губ. (с 1925 – окр.) действовали (часто нелегально) 17 opг-ций «Ге-Халуц» (350–400 чел.), работала ферма «Кадима». Возникшее в нач. 1920-х гг. в О. движение еврейских скаутов оформилось в 1922 в «Га-Шомер га-Цаир». В 1924, в Симхат-Тора, конной милицией была разогнана демонстрация сионистской молодежи. В 1920-х гг. все большие синагоги были закрыты (в т. ч. Бродская в 1925 была превращена в еврейский клуб). В нояб. 1926, в апр. 1927 и в янв. 1930 были произведены массовые аресты чл. «Ге-Халуц». В 1930 в О. действовало отд-ние подпольной иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» во главе с М.-М. Футерфасом и Яковом-Йосефом Гурковым (1907–?). В 1931 в теч. 1 мес. было закрыто 5 синагог.Во времена нэпа евреи О. составляли большинство торг. работников, 90% чл. союза портных, 67% чл. союза печатников, 48% муниципальных работников, 40% чл. союза представителей свободных профессий. Среди студентов вузов О. 75% составляли евреи. В 1922 среди рабочих О. было 18 752 еврея (26,9%). В 1925 в 1-й профшколе «Металл» обучалось 173 чел., в 1926 – 210 чел. (все евреи). В те же годы в 6-й профшколе «Металл» соответственно проходили учебу 142 и 152 чел. (все евреи). В профшколе еврейской рабочей молодежи в 1925 обучалось 217 чел., в 1926 – 342 чел. В 1934 при школе-заводе «Еврабмас» («Еврейская рабочая молодежь») действовали курсы Агроджойнта.В 1920–30-х гг. О. – один из центров сов. культуры на идише: идиш использовался в ряде гoc. учреждений, в т. ч. в нек-рых райсудах и отд-ниях милиции. В 1925–35 в О. работали еврейский с.-х. ин-т им. И.Сталина, еврейские б-ки, совпартшкола, еврейский пед. техникум, в 1930–35 – еврейский техникум точной механики. В 1921–31 действовало отд-ние Т-ва еврейской соц. культуры «Гезкульт». В 1922 работало изд-во «Культур-Лига»; выходили периодич. изд-ния на идише, в т. ч. газ. «Коммунистишер Вег» и «Коммунистише Штиме». В 1928 в О. был открыт 1-й Всеукраинский музей еврейской культуры им. Менделе Мойхер-Сфорима, в 1935 – еврейский т-р (худож. рук. – Э.Б.Лойтер). С О. тех лет связана деятельность писателей и поэтов «юго-зап.» школы: И.Э.Бабеля, Э.Г.Багрицкого, С.Г.Гехта, В.М.Инбер, И.Ильфа, С.И.Кирсанова, Л.И. Славина. В школе П.С.Столярского учились Э.Г.Гилельс, Б.Э.Гольдштейн, Я.И.Зак, Д.Ф. Ойстрах, М.И.Фихтенгольц.В кон. 1930-х гг. деятельность гос. учреждений на идише была свернута. В 1937 закрыт Музей еврейской культуры.В нач. 1938 в О. были арестованы и расстреляны кантор синагоги «Мойхре Перес» Тойва Фроймович Гойхман (1876–1938), пред. общины той же синагоги Яков-Зельман Зусевич Рымар (1878–1938), раввин этой синагоги Абрам Зусевич Фридман (1904–1938) и раввин синагоги «Кейлес Яков» Хаим-Шмуль Кельманович Фишман (1874–1938).В нач. 1941 через порт О. в Э.-И. выехало неск. сотен сионистов из Литвы.5 авг. – 16 окт. 1941 мн. евреи участвовали в обороне О. от наступавших частей вермахта; одним из организаторов обороны города был секр. горкома ВКП(б) Наум Павлович Гуревич. 16 окт. 1941 О. оккупировали германо-румын. войска. В первые дни оккупации было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. После взрыва румын. комендатуры 22 окт. 1941 расстреляно и повешено еще неск. тысяч евреев. Тысячи евреев были отправлены в с. Дагоник, где часть из них расстреляли в противотанковом рву, остальных расстреляли и сожгли в четырех бараках. Арестованные в первые дни оккупации ок. 28 тыс. евреев были сожжены в артскладах на Люстдорфской дороге.7 дек. 1941 О. объявляется столицей Транснистрии. С 20 дек. 1941 по 15 янв. 1942 в с. Богдановка Доманевского р-на командой эйнзацгруппы, румын. солдатами, укр. полицейскими и немцами-колонистами было убито ок. 25 тыс. евреев, большинство из к-рых составляли евреи О. 10 янв. 1942 по приказу румын. властей было создано гетто в Слободке (пригород О.). 14 янв. – 20 февр. 1942 евреев депортировали в Березовку Одесской обл. Охрана (румын. солдаты и нем. колонисты) устраивала во время пути массовые расстрелы евреев. В лагере Доманевки почти все заключенные были евреи из О. Нек-рые узники гетто были переведены на работу в села (ок. половины из них пережили оккупацию). В 1943 узники лагеря в Доманевке и в др. нас. пунктах стали получать помощь от еврейских орг-ций Румынии, благодаря к-рой до освобождения смогли дожить ок. 600 чел. Неск. сотен евреев О. пережили оккупацию в самом городе: жили по фальшивым документам, скрывались в катакомбах, нек-рых укрывали рус. и укр. семьи. Проф. Завалишин прятал в инфекционном отд-нии больницы неск. евреев, в т. ч. проф. Рубинштейна с семьей. Евреи участвовали в подпольном движении, составляли значит. часть бойцов партиз. отрядов в катакомбах. В О. действовала группа евреев-подпольщиков, организованная сестрами Ольгой и Еленой Канторович. В освобождении О. в апр. 1944 принимала участие инж.-сап. бригада под ком. ген.-майора Самуила Григорьевича Шапиро.После освобождения О. вновь стала одним из кр. центров еврейской жизни в СССР. Была восстановлена община под рук. Л.Я.Охштанда. Действовала синагога (Пушкинская ул., д. 49). Обязанности раввина с 1944 исполнял Иосиф Шлемович Димант (1874–1965); синагогу в будние дни посещало 40–50 чел., в праздники – 8–10 тыс. чел. В 1945 в город вернулся еврейский т-р; в 1944–47 по гор. радио велись передачи на идише. С 1946 в Одесском т-ре муз. комедии работал нар. арт. СССР (1976) Михаил Григорьевич Водяной (1924–1987), в 1979–83 – худож. рук. и дир. т-ра.В 1948 в О. были ликвидированы все остатки еврейской культуры, мн. евреев увольняли с работы, арестовывали. В кон. 1940-х гг. арестованы и осуждены «за создание антисоветской и националистич. орг-ции» 7 инициаторов создания памятника жертвам Катастрофы. Весной 1950 арестованы Х.А.Вайнерман, И.Х. Друкер, Н.М.Лурье, обвиненные в активной националистич. деятельности и шпионской деятельности в пользу США. В марте 1953 арестован раввин И.Ш.Димант. В том же году были арестованы Л.Я.Гитгарц (1900–?), Г.Е. Кристаль (1910–?), Л.Б.Шварцбейн (1898–?), М.Ю.Шварцман (1891–?), обвиненные в создании сионистских орг-ций. В 1958 за сионистскую деятельность арестован З.Л.Кац (р. 1918). В 1968 арестован Д.И.Найдис (р. 1940), отпечатавший в 1967 листовки с протестом против новой волны антисемитизма в СССР. В 1950 – 60-х гг. газеты О. проводили кампанию за закрытие единств. оставшейся в городе синагоги. Раввин О. в 1960-х гг. – 1972 Израиль Шварцбарт.С кон. 1960-х гг. в О. велась борьба за право евреев на выезд в Израиль; в 1971–85 неск. активистов движения были приговорены к тюремному заключению. В 1968–78 из О. выехало 17 370 евреев: 3940 (27%) – в Израиль, 13 430 (73%) – в США и др. страны; в 1989 – 9603 еврея, в 1990 – 6806 евреев.С 1990 в О. действует Об-во еврейской культуры. В 1994–97 вышли в свет 8 номеров «Маме-лошн», в 1994 начала издаваться «Симха», в 1996 – «Шомрей Шабос», «Ор Самеах», «Тиква», с 1998 – «Одесская еврейская газета» и «Гмилус хесэд».С 1992 раввин в О. – Шломо Бакшт (р. 1960, Петах-Тиква, Израиль), открывший в 1995 уч.-образоват. комплекс «Ор Самеах-Тиква», к-рый включал школу и 2 интерната. В 1990–98 раввин О. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ишайя (Александр Григорьевич) Гиссер (р. 1961, Одесса), с 1998 – Авраам Вольф (р. 1970, Израиль). Были открыты образоват. комплекс «Хабад Ор Авнер», хедер, 2 интерната.В 1994–98 и с 2005 мэр О. – Эдуард Иосифович Гурвиц (р. 1948, Могилев-Подольский).В 1990 по инициативе и на средства бывш. узника гетто Якова Иосифовича Маниовича (р. 1925) в О. созданы Аллея Праведников мира и мемориал «Дорога смерти». В 2004 на Аллее Праведников мира установлена скульптурная композиция работы Зураба Церетели. В 2005 открыт мемориал «Памяти жертв фашизма 1941–1944» работы Владимира Ачкасова. В 2002 еврейский обществ. центр «Мигдаль» открыл Музей истории евреев Одессы.В О. род.: А.В.Абрамович, Я.А.Адлер, В.Б. Азаров, И.С.Айзберг, А.Аксенфельд, М.И.Алигер, Л.О.Альбурт, Г.Я.Альтерман, [[Й.Ариель, А.Е.Аснис, И.С.Астров, Ю.Ашкенази, И.Э. Бабель, В.Э.Багрицкий, Э.Г.Багрицкий, А.Балинки, Л.А.Баренбойм, С.Барер, З.С.Баркаган, И.Бармас, В.Д.Батуринский, Р.Л.Баумволь, А.М.Безредка, С.А.Бейм, М.-Э.Белинсон, Ц.-Г.Белковский, М.Бен-Галь, Е.И.Березин, С.Н.Бернштейн, А.А.Биск, А.С.Бланк, Я.Г. Блюмкин, Г.Л.Бондаревский, Б.А.Борин, С.Я. Боровой, И.Э.Браз, Л.С.Бретаницкий, Я.М. Броверман, Л.Я.Брусиловский, Д.Бубайндер, М.П.Бубнов, Е.С.Бурксер, А.Ф.Бухны, Н.А. Бухбиндер, Л.Б.Бухштаб, М.В.Вайнберг, Я. Вайнберг, Н.К.Вайнцвайг, Б.С.Вайнштейн, А.Вальтух, А.Н.Варновицкая, И.З.Варшавский, М.М.Варшавский, Г.Варшавчик, Ю.Ватен, П.И.Вейнберг, Я.Вейнберг, С.И.Вербицкий, Э.П.Визин, М.Виник, Г.Я.Вольфензон, В.Вольфзон, М.Вульф, М.А.Габинский, Н.Я. Галь, В.Гальберштадт, И.С.Гальберштадт, Ф.Р.Гантмахер, П.А.Гарви, З.Гаям, Я.-М.Г. Гевирц, Е.П.Геллер, С.Г.Гельферг, Ш.Гепштейн, М.Я.Герценштейн, В.М.Гессен, И.С. Гессен, Ю.И.Гессен, С.Д.Гефтер, С.Г.Гехт, Е.Г.Гилельс, Э.Г.Гилельс, Я.К.Гиммельфарб, Л.Я.Гинзбург, Л.И.Гинцберг, Л.Гинцбург, А.М. Глускин, В.Е.Гмурман, Б.Я.Гнесин, В.А.Гологорский, М.А.Гольденблюм, Б.Э.Гольдштейн, Э.Ю.Гольдштейн, А.З.Гольцман, М.С.Горб, А.Н.Гранат, Э.Д.Грач, А.Б.Гребнев, М.И. Гринберг, М.И.Гринберг, Л.П.Гроссман, П.М. Грушко, Я.Н.Гузман, Б.Л.Гуревич, В.М.Далин, Л.О.Дан, А.Дектер, Ф.М.Диментберг, М.С.Донской, И.Достровский, М.И.Дрей, М.Н. Дунец, С.О.Ежов, Ш.Ейвин, Ю.И.Екельчик, З.Жаботинский, М.М.Жванецкий, Я.И.Железняк, И.А.Зак, Я.И.Зак, П.Замощин, А.М. Заславский, Е.И.Зейлигер-Рубинштейн, И.М. Зельцер, Б.И.Зингерман, Э.Зусман, И.Ильф, В.М.Инбер, Г.Б.Иоллос, И.И.Ионов, Б.М. Иофан, Д.М.Иофан, М.А.Исакович, Р.Каган, Г.Я.Кайзерман, Д.М.Калиновская, А. Каменка, Й.Каминский, И.Каминьская, Э.И.Кандель, И.М. Капчинский, Л.О.Кармен, Р.Л.Кармен, М. Карп, Р.А.Карцев, А.Е.Кауфман, И.И. Кауфман, А.З. Кац, И.С.Кацнельсон, Д.И. Кеймах, А.Р.Кессель, С.И.Кирсанов, С.Я. Кишиневский, И.-А. Клознер, М.В.Кобецкий, Д.И.Коган, Е.Е.Коган, С.Я.Коган, О.Я. Колычев, А.Н.Кольцатый, Е.Коренцвит, М.В. Корхов, А.И.Корчмар, Р.М.Кофман, А.Я.Коц, Е.Н.Крамер, А.А.Красновский, И.Кременецкий, Л.Н.Крицман, И.Р.Кричевский, С.Я.Кулиш, Е.Б.Ладыженский, М.Н.Ланда, Л.Ласавин, М.М.Лашевич, Р.Ф.Лев, О.Я.Левенсон, Б.Я.Левин, В.Д.Левин, Л.Г.Левин, Р.М.Левин, Е.А.Левинсон, И.И.Левинтов, М.М.Левит, Л.М.Леонидов, Е.Леонтович, К.З.Лернер, Н.О.Лернер, Ю.Н.Либединский, Б.К.Лившиц, С.И.Липкин, М.Д.Липовецкая, Г.И.Липшиц, К.Я.Листов, М.С.Лисянский, А.Л.Львов, М.Л. Львов, Е.О.Любимов-Ланской, А.С.Любошиц, Г.С.Люшков, И.П.Магидович, М.Б.Маклярский, Р.Я.Малиновский, С.Л.Мандельштам, Г.А.Манюк, М.С.Маргулиес, М.С.Маргулис, М.Л.Меерсон, Й.Мейшан, Е.Л.Мелах, Е.П. 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Ин-та истории права (1954–68), вице-през. Польск. ист. об-ва (1960–66), Гос. пр. Польши (1965, 1972, 1977); Хаим Бен-Ашер (Финкель) (1904–1998, Кинерет, Израиль), политич. деятель, деп. Кнессета 1–2-го созывов от партии Мапай, в 1967 – один из создателей «Движения за Неделимый Израиль»; Михаил Арнольдович Блохин (1908–1995, Ростов-на-Дону), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1954), с 1956 – зав. кафедрой физики твердого тела Ростовского гос. ун-та, в 1971–74 – дир. НИИ физики при РГУ, автор ок. 250 науч. работ; Евгений Борисович Богомольный (р. 1948), физик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1985), специалист в обл. физики элементарных частиц; Григорий Ефимович Брухис (1907–2005, Одесса), экономист, специалист по организации и коммерч. эксплуатации мор. транспорта, двоюродный брат И.М.Гельфанда, канд. экономич. наук (1966), был вице-през. 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(1975), ведущий конструктор по разработке жидкостных ракетных двигателей, с 1999 – в США; Эммануил Яковлевич Двинский (1910–1985), журналист, автор мн. лит. путеводителей по Москве, изд. на неск. яз.; Ефим Домовский (1938–1980, Израиль), тренер по легкой атлетике, засл. тренер УССР, с 1990 – в Израиле; Яков Дори (Достровский) (1899–1973, Хайфа), военачальник, с 1906 – в Э.-И., в 1939–45 и в 1947–48 – нач. штаба Гаганы, в 1948–49 – первый нач. Генштаба Армии Обороны Израиля; Михаил Александрович Дризо (1870–1953, Париж), карикатурист, с нач. 1920-х гг. – во Франции; Марк Семенович Ефетов (1907–1996, Москва), писатель, в 1950 и в 1957 – лауреат конкурсов на лучшую книгу для детей; Эри-Теодор Жаботинский (1910–1969), сын З.Жаботинского, д-р, проф., преподавал теорию электричества в Технионе, деп. Кнессета 1-го созыва; Владислав Иосифович Жуковский (р. 1937), математик, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1989), проф. (1990), автор неск. монографий по дифференциальным играм и многокритериальным задачам; Александр Семенович Займовский (1905–1990), металловед, ч.-к. АН СССР, проф., Стал. пр. (1946, 1949, 1951, 1953), Лен. пр. (1962); Михаил Григорьевич Каплан (р. 1935), шашечный арбитр, мастер спорта (1962), междунар. арбитр (1994); Рахель Коэн (Коган-Люберски) (1888–1982, Хайфа), обществ. и политич. деятель, с 1919 – в Э.-И., с 1938 – пред. ВИЦО в Э.-И., с 1948 – пред. всемирн. ВИЦО, деп. Кнессета 1-го и 5-го созывов; Ленни Крейзельбург (р. 1975), спортсмен, с 1989 – в США, трехкр. олимп. чемпион и рекордсмен мира по плаванию; Виталий Ильич Левин (р. 1936), математик, обществ. деятель, д-р техн. наук, проф., с 1975 – зав. кафедрой математики Пензенского техн. ин-та, в 1991–95 – пред. клуба еврейской культуры Пензы; Фрол Петрович Липсман (1915–?), специалист в обл. радиотехники, канд. техн. наук (1952), гл. инж., зам. дир. по науч. части МНИРИ, Стал. пр. (1950), Лен. пр. (1966); Лев Гиршевич Магазаник (р. 1931), биолог, специалист в обл. физиологии человека и животных, ч.-к. РАН (1997); Семен Давидович Малкин (р. 1936), физик, д-р техн. наук, проф., автор ок. 200 науч. трудов в обл. матем. моделирования и анализа аварийных режимов работы ядерных реакторов, Гос. пр. СССР; Александр Матвеевич Минаев-Цикановский (1888–1939), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 3-го ранга (1937), зам. наркома тяж. пром-сти СССР (1938), репрессирован; Теодор Иосифович Молдавер (1913–2003, Новосибирск), химик, журналист, автор работ по истории науки; Осип Павлович Осипов-Шмидт (1900–1938, Москва), зам. наркома тяж. пром-сти СССР, репрессирован; Иосиф Миронович Пейсахович (1893–1978, Киев), патологоанатом, д-р мед. наук (1936), проф. (1941), зав. кафедрой, гл. патологоанатом Мин-ва здравоохранения УССР, автор более 150 науч. работ; Эдуард Валентинович Пейхель (р. 1937), шашечный арбитр, мастер спорта (1963), междунар. арбитр (1984), дир. Одесского шахматно-шашечного клуба; Владимир Исаакович Поликовский (1904–1965, Москва), специалист в обл. энергетич. маш-ния, д-р техн. наук (1965), проф., ген.-майор (1944), в 1944–50 – нач. ЦНИИ авиац. пром-сти, Стал. пр. (1943); Арон (Аркадий) Иосифович Полторак (1916–1977, Москва), юрист-международник, д-р юрид. наук (1965), проф. (1969), подполк., секр. сов. делегации на Нюрнбергском процессе, автор более 100 науч. трудов; Борис Адольфович Портнов (р. 1960), архитектор, д-р архитектуры (1994), автор проектов детальной планировки ряда районов Одессы, с 1995 – в Израиле; Семен Самойлович Пэн (1897–1970, Москва), архитектор, сын С.С.Пена, автор ряда арх. проектов в Москве, Баку, Казани, Тбилиси, Стал. пр. (1950); Борис Яковлевич Резник (р. 1929), педиатр, ч.-к. АН Украины (1991), акад. АМН Украины (1993), нар. деп. Украины; Лазарь Исаакович Ривлин (1900–?), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1937–38 – и. о. наркома внутр. дел Молд. АССР; Морис Давидович Симашко (Шамис) (1924–2001), писатель, ист. романист, Гос. пр. КазССР, с 1999 – в Израиле; Григорий Михайлович Суркис (р. 1949), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, с 1993 – пред. АО «Футбольный клуб «Динамо» – Киев», пред. пром.-финанс. концерна «Славутич»; Аким Абрамович Фельдман (1872–1966), врач, дермато-венеролог, в 1927–53 – зав. кафедрой кожно-венерич. болезней Одесского ин-та усовершенствования врачей; Шауль Фельдман (р. 1923), нейролог, д-р медицины (1952), проф. (1969) Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим); Виктор Яковлевич Хасилев (1912–1980, Москва), специалист в обл. энергетики, гидроснабжения и прикл. математики, д-р техн. наук (1966), проф. (1968), автор более 100 науч. работ; Виктор Григорьевич Чайка (Сигал) (р. 1958), композитор, певец, продюсер; Шмуэль Зискович Шапиро (1912–1972), кавалер орд. Славы 3 степеней; Авраам Шехтерман (1910–1986, Тель-Авив), деп. Кнессета 7–8-го созывов от партии Херут; Иосиф Шехтман (1891–1970, Нью-Йорк), публицист, обществ. деятель, д-р юриспруденции, чл. Укр. Центр. рады (1917), деп. Всеукр. учредит. собрания (1918), издатель и гл. ред. газ. «Найер вег» (Варшава), с 1941 – в США, пред. союза ревизионистов Америки, пред. Всемирн. совета движения сионистов-ревизионистов; Абрам Несанельевич Шогам (1914–1967, Харьков), психиатр, д-р мед. наук (1967), в 1956–60 – зав. кафедрой психиатрии Туркменского мед. ин-та, гл. психиатр Мин-ва здравоохранения ТуркмССР; Иегуда Юдин (Дрезницкий) (1910–?), с 1925 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 8-го созыва от партии Мапай; Евгений Яковлевич Юстерник (1902–1974, Одесса), военачальник, ген.-майор (1944), в 1943–45 – нач. штаба Отд. Дальневосточной армии.В О. жили и работали: Ахад Га-Ам, М.Я. Бен-Ами, Г.Берггрюн, Д.Р.Бергельсон, Н.О. Бернштейн, С.Е.Вейсенберг, И.Гальперин, Н.Л.Геккер, А.О.Гершензон, Ш.Я.Гликсберг, А.Голдфаден, Я.М.Гордин, Н.Горен, Х.И.Гохман, М.Р.Гоц, Н.Н.Гринберг, А.Грунберг, Х.И. Гурлянд, М.С.Гурович, М.Гутман, С.М.Гутник, Э.Дейнард, М.Я.Дизенгоф, С.М.Дубнов, С.О.Дулицкий, Р.С.Землячка, Е.Д.Зозуля, А.С.Изгоев, И.Иоффе, М.Иоффе, Ю.Д.Исерлис, В.Ф.Каган, Э.Кагановский, У.Калмус, М.Я.Капчинский, З.Квартин, Й.-Г.Клаузнер, А.-У.Ковнер, Ф.М.Койген, С.И.Колтон, И.И. Корик, М.Г.Крейн, И.Я.Кремер, М.И.Кулишер, Э.А.Купер, Л.А.Куперник, А.Е.Ландау, А.Лев, Ш.Х.Левин, Э.Л.Левинский, И.-И.Лернер, Х.Лернер, И.Лещинский, М.Л.Лилиенблюм, И.-Й.Линецкий, Н.Б.Лойтер, Э.Б.Лойтер, Н.Лурье, А.Людвиполь, Ш.Манделькерн, А.Э.Маргулян, П.Д.Маркиш, Б.М.Меламед, Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим, А.Н.Мережин, И.И. Мечников, В.М.Мидлер, И.Могилевер, К.Молодовская, М.Г.Моргулис, Д.-Б.Натанзон, Э.Я.Немировский, Ю.Г.Оксман, И.Г.Оршанский, Н.М.Осипович, А.М.Пазовский, А.Я.Пассовер, С.С.Пен, О.Я.Пергамент, Г.А.Перетц, Л.С.Пинскер, О.А.Рабинович, А.С.Розенблюм, Э.-Д.Розенталь, А.М.Розенштейн, С.И.Розенштраух, Д.Ройтман, Б.Рубштейн, И.Б. Сапир, Э.Симпсон, Х.-Ш.Сливкин, Н.Слущ, П.Смоленскин, М.Спектор, Э.Г.Спивак, Я. Спиваковский, П.С.Столярский, Й.-Б.Фалькович, А.-Я.Фрейденберг, М.Ф.Фрейденберг, С.Г.Фруг, М.-М.Футерфас, А.О.Цедербаум, Ш.Цемах, Х.Черновиц, С.Л.Чудновский, С.И. Шатуновский, М.Шенкин, З.-З.Шнеур, Н.-М. Шомер, М.Штекелис, Б.Штерн, Б.Эпельбойм, З.Эпштейн, К.М.Эрделевский, В.Г.Юдовский, Ш.Яновский.Р.И.Молдавер, extra_data="{'translat...")
ODINTSOVO, city (since 1957), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1627. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zvenigorodsky u. In 1926, 36 Jews lived in O., in 1939 - 283, in 1959 - 316, in 1989 - 533 (0.4%), in 2002 - 219 Jews. In 1913 a Jew belonged to a unity. a pharmacy in O. In 1932, the commune "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" operated in O. 1990s "Hesed" began to operate in O.
ODINTSY, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1834 in the Chernigov province. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. Main the occupations of the Jews were crafts and trade. In 1905 a pogrom took place in O. Jewish houses and shops were looted.
ODNOROBOVKA, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1724. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolochevsky u. Kharkov province. In 1920, 19 Jews lived in O.
ODOEV, urban-type settlement (since 1959), regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorship, then - the province. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement. 25 Jews lived in O. in 1867, 165 in 1896, 144 in the district, 11 in 1910, and 8 in 1939.
ODRITIN, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Odrizhin Kobrinsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, the BSSR. 83 Jews (18.4%) lived in O. in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Ottoman troops were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the Ivanov ghetto and to the end. Sep 1942 shot together with local Jews.
ODRIZHIN, see Audritin.
ORZIVOL, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Opochensky u. Radom province. In 1827, 20 Jews (5%) lived in O., in 1857 - 88 (14%), in 1897 - 342 (33.1%), in 1921 - 389 (29.1%), in 1939 - 321 Jews. Ser. 19th century in O. there was a Jewish community and a Jewish cemetery. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Rabbi O. was Yehuda-Leibush Pikht (1839–?), then - Zvi Dinkovich. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1941 a ghetto was created, destroyed in the summer of 1942.
OERBAH Ephraim (1892, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1973, Israel), writer. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the cheder, studied secular sciences. From 1908 he published stories in Russian. lang., also wrote in Hebrew. The first poems in Yiddish were published in 1909 in the Vilna magazine. Zangen, then publ. stories from the life of Bessarabian Jews in Odessa gas. "Gutmorgn". In 1911 he lived in Warsaw. Since 1912 - in E.-I. After the beginning. 1st world. war together with other rus. subjects he was exiled to Egypt, where in Alexandria he joined the Jewish Legion, participated in battles, but was soon demobilized due to illness. Since 1915 - in the USA, where for many years. years worked as a teacher, collaborated in many period, ed., was prez. "The League of Struggle for Yiddish Rights in E.-I." The first book. verse. "Oifn Shvel" ("On the Threshold") was released in New York in 1915, second sat. "Caravans" was published in the same place in 1918. The author of the book: "Far groys un klein" ("For the big and small", 1921), "Der Roiter Fodim" ("Krasnaya Nit", 1927), "Di weisse shtot" ( "White City", 1952) and others. Peru O. belong to the lane. from rus. literature ("Shulamith" by A. I. Kuprin, "Twelve" by A. A. Blok, etc.). Since 1971 - in Israel.
OGAREVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1933) in the Shchekino district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Tula province. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in O.
OGIEVETSKY Victor Isaakovich (1928, Dnepropetrovsk - 1996, Dubna, Moscow region), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966), prof. (1980). Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk state. un-t (1950). In 1950 - 54 he taught physics at school, in 1954–55 - in the Dnepropetrovsk state. un-those, in 1955-56 assistant of the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute, since 1956 ml. scientific., Art. scientific. sotr., since 1970 Acting head sector, since 1979 head. sector but supersymmetries and superstrings of JINR (Dubna). In 1991–92 he worked at CERN (Switzerland). Region scientific. interests - field theory, research. X- and K-mesons, supersymmetries and supergravity, four-dimensional integrable models. He introduced the concepts of spin of a virtual field, axial gravitational superfield and built the first shellless superfield theory of supergravity; discovered a new type of gauge theories - an antisymmetric tensor field. Established the fact that all gauge theories and Einstein's theory of gravity are theories of spontaneous breaking of the corresponding symmetry. Created scientific. school on supersymmetries and superstrings. Member Int. center fund. physics in Moscow. Author of about 150 scientific. works. Etc. them. I.E. Tamm Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1986), im. Humboldt (1992, Germany).
OGIEVKA, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1793 the land of O. was bought by br. Forian and Jozef Abramovich.
FIREPLACE, a village in the Khislavichsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. On July 16, 1941, O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Jews were ordered to wear yellow stripes on their sleeves. Later, the Jewish population of O. was destroyed.
OGORODNIKI, a village in the Kalinkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1941 all Jews of O. (20 people) were shot.
OGORODNYA-GOMELSKAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1986) in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Gomel u. Mogilev province. In 1923 in O.-G. lived 90 Jews, in 1926 - 65 Jews (2%). In 1914 unions. a manufactory in O.-G. belonged to a Jew. In the summer of 1941, O.-G. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 in O.-G. several were shot. Jews.
OGRE, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Riga u. Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 38 Jews (3%) lived in O., in 1935 - 50 Jews (2.9%). the head of the Jewish family living in O. was kr. grain merchant. In the 1930s. there was a synagogue in O. In the summer of 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of O. were shot in the forest approx. railroad station. In the release of O. in October. 1944 the shooter took part. division under com. Major General Mikhail Emmanuilovich Moskalik (1898-1956). 1990s a monument to the executed Jews was erected in O.
OGULTSY, a village in the Valkovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Valkovsky u. Kharkov province. In 1897, 44 Jews (8.9%) lived in O., in 1900 - 14 Jews.
OGUZ, village, regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). In the 18th century. - as part of the Sheki Khanate. Since 1805 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vartashen Nukhinsky u. Elizavetpol Gubernia. In 1867, 988 Jews lived in O., in 1886 - 1396, in 1900 - 1550, in 1922 - 1262, in 1939 - 890, in 1990 - approx. 1200 The first Jews of O. were immigrants from Persia. In the beginning. 17th century they settled in Dzhugutlyar, approx. A. In the end. In the 18th century, during the reign of Ismail Khan, a ritual libel took place in the village. Rabbi Abraham ben Hanukkah, who refused to convert to Islam, was beheaded. Rabbis Ishmael ben Mordechai, Shimshon ben Mordechai, Abraham ben Yekutiel, Eliyahu ben Aaron, Shalom ben Moshe and David ben Yitzchak were drilled with red-hot iron in their ears and noses. In 1816 a "blood libel" took place in O., which led to a pogrom. In 1839, a fire destroyed a synagogue in O. and half of the Jewish quarter. In 1847 the Jews of the village suffered from a plague epidemic and three fires. In 1856 all Jewish houses were burnt down and 7 Jews perished. Rabbi O. was Bodek ben Eliezer (? –1862), in the 1860s. - Michael ben Shmuel, Shalom ben Matatia, Hanukkah ben Moshe, Ihizkiel ben Eliezer, Yehuda ben Finda. In 1866 there were 2 synagogues and 5 heders in O. In 1886 own. 213 Jewish families (200 sakles) had homes. Jews owned 70 heads of cattle, 86 horses. Main the occupations of the Jews were trade, tobacco growing, viticulture, growing nuts; Jews owned 40 grocery stores. 1920s Ezra Davidov organized a school with teaching in the language of Mountain Jews (in 1922 - 28 students). The poet Rakhamim Rubinov (1893–1955) taught at the school. In 1994, a restored synagogue was opened in O. In 2003, 2 synagogues operated in O., a branch of the "Hesed", and there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. Prev Jewish community in 2003 - Nazim Ibragimov. In 2005, approx. 500 Jews.
OKERBLOM Nikolay Oskarovich (1900, Petersburg - 1965, ibid.), Specialist in the design and manufacture of welded structures. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1925), worked in the same head. Department of Welding Production. From 1946 deputy., Then before. Tech. council of the Ministry of shipbuilding. industry of the USSR. He developed the theory and calculation methods for determining the welding deformation of structures, proposed new methods for calculating welded structures under the influence of alternating loads and taking into account the state of the metal. He has advised and participated in the development of welded structures at Dneproges, Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk HPPs, Leningrad. bridges (named after leit. Schmidt, Tuchkov bridge, named after Alexander Nevsky), as well as the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", large-capacity tankers, whaling and fishing bases. Honored. Scientist and Technologist of the RSFSR, Works: Combined Welded Structures. L., 1962; Construction-technol. projection welded structures. M.-L., 1964.
OXA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Sakhalin region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - pos. Ohe. In 1920–25, it was occupied by Japan. In 1939, 71 Jews lived in O., in 2002 - 15 Jews.
OKHANSK, city, regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1547.From 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorate, then a province. In 1897, 4 Jews lived in O., in 1910 - 2, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 17 Jews. In 1896 in Okhansk u. 16 Jews lived. In 1915 a cheder operated in O.
Oche, see Oha.
OKHMATOV, a village in the Zhashkovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery and manufacturing shops in O. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in O. in the fall of 1941, 2 Jews were killed.
OHNYANSKAYA Liya Grigorievna (b. 1919, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. She graduated from the 1st MMI (1944) and graduate school there. Since 1948 in the lab. clinics Physiology Research Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. In 1961–79 the head. this lab. Since 1979 - consultant at the Research Institute of Mathematics. problems of biology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. O. is the author of more than 140 scientific. works by eating. decomp. physiology and occupational pathology. Developed and put into practice decomp. forms of examination of workers. Research interaction of external fields, bio-oscillations and DOS. periodic. components of the organism, showed the leading role of the frequency code in the organization of the activity of the biosystem. As an expert, O. participated in the work of Mezhdunar. org-tion of labor (Geneva). Cit .: Electromyography in the clinic of occupational diseases. M., 1970.
HUNTER, see Rokitnoe.
HUNTING, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery stores in O. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941 in O. 2 Jewish families were killed.
OKHOTSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1949), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1648. From 1783 - a district town, the center of the Okhotsk region. Irkutsk governorship, since 1856 - the district town of the Primorsk region. Since 1927 it has been a rural settlement. In 1939, 17 Jews lived in O.
OKHOVO, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941, 18 Jews lived in O. In apr. 1942 Jews from O. were sent to Pinsk and killed there.
OHRAMIEVICHI, a village in the Koryukovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and manufactory in O.
OKHRIMOVKA, a village in the Akimovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1809. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1849, 3 Jewish families lived in O. and in 1900 there were 8 Jews.
OKMYANY, see Akmena.
WINDOWS, see. Window of the Chernivtsi region.
WINDOWS, see Window.
OKNINO, a village in the Katerinopolsk district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zvenigorodsky windows Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned one shop in O. In June 1942 the Jews of O. were shot along with the Jews of Zvenigorodka.
WINDOWS, see Akniste.
OKNITSA, city, regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1930, 241 Jews (9%) lived in O. In the 1920–30's. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
OKNO, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1652. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Okna Kotsmansky headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 115 Jews lived in O.. July 1941 O. occupied the Romanians. troops. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of O. were deported to Transnistria, where most of them perished.
WINDOWS, see Red Windows.
OKOLOVO, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 20th century in O. lived several. Jewish families. On Sept. 1915 in O. there was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. armies. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941, 2 Jews were killed in O.
OKORMEZE, see Mizhgirya of the Transcarpathian region.
OKRUTNY Iosif Genrikhovich (real name and family name Iosif Turko) (1906, Kutno, Warsaw province - 1991, Buenos Aires), writer. As a child he lived in ód, studied at the cheder, cf. school. The first story publ. in Lodz Jewish gas. Was. member light duty gas. "Nae folksblat" (Lodz), published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1936, the first Saturday came out in Warsaw. short stories by O. "Undzer orem broit" ("Our poor bread"), in 1938 - rum. "A goiz oyfaltshtot" ("House in the old town"). In 1939–46 - in the USSR. In 1946 he returned to Poland, was ed. radio broadcasting of the Central Committee of Polish Jews, published the book: "A boim in vint" ("A tree in the wind"), 1948; "Undzer Shul" ("Our School"), 1949. In 1949–51 - in refugee camps in Austria and Italy; from 1951 - in Buenos Aires, where Prince. "Dos buh fun di elnthe" ("The Book of the Homeless"), 1952, rom. "Baluter Weber" ("Balut Weavers"), 1953, etc.
OKSA, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1544. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Andreevsky u. Keletskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 67 Jews (13%) lived in Osaka.
OKSANINA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in O.
OKSMAN Julian Grigorievich (1895, Voznesensk, Elizavetgradsky district, Kherson province - 1970, Moscow), literary critic. Studied in Heidelberg and Bonn. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1917). From 1915 he worked in the archives of the Ministry of the Nar. education. Since 1919 prof. and the rector of the Odessa archeol. in-that, prof. Odessa Institute of Nar. education and head. Odessa lips. archive, management. Since 1923 prof. Petrogr. un-that. Since 1933, member. Pushkin Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1933–36, deputy. dir. Pushkin House (IRLI). In 1936–46 he was imprisoned. After his release - prof. Saratov University (1946–57). Since 1958 Art. scientific. sotr. IMLI, dismissed in 1964, expelled from the USSR JV. O. began to publish in 1915, publ. archive, materials on the case of the Decembrists ("Decembrists. Unpublished materials and articles", 1925). He took part in the preparation and editing of Op. K.F.Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, V.G.Belinsky, I.S.Turgenev, A.I. Herzen and others, as well as some vols. "Lit. inheritance "," Lit. monuments "," Brief lit. encyclopedias ". Script writer scientific-popul. f. "SVD" ("Union of the great cause", 1927, jointly with Yu.N. Tynyanov. VG Belinsky Ave., USSR Academy of Sciences (1961). Works: New materials about the duel and death of Pushkin. Ig., 1924 (jointly with B.L. Modzalevsky); The uprising of the Chernigov infantry regiment. M.-L., 1929; Chronicle of the life and work of V.G. Belinsky. M., 1958.
OCTOBER, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Khotaevichi Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 20th century 15 Jewish families lived in O. 11 Sept. 1915 in O. there was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; Jewish homes were plundered, Jews fled to Piskurno. In the summer of 1941, Ostap occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941 Jews of O. were killed.
OKTYABRSK, a city (since 1956) in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). In 1684 it was founded as a settlement Gorodishche (Voznesenskoye, Kostychi, Starye Kostychi), in 1704 - with. Farm laborers, in 1880 - the village. Right Volga, in 1882 - settlement. Pechersky asphalt plant, then - with. Pechersk (from 1925 - settlement Pervomaisk) Syzran u. Simbirsk lips. In 1928 s. The laborers were transformed into a workers' settlement. In 1942 Laborers, Kostychi, Pravaya Volga, Pervomaisk were united in the Oktyabrsky district of Syzran. In 1956 the Oktyabrsky District was transformed into a city. In 1939, on the territory. There were 10 Jews living in O., in 2002 - 8 Jews.
OCTOBER (until 1928 - Mikhnevo), an urban-type settlement (from 1928) in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Moscow province. 25 Jews lived in O. in 1939, and 21 Jews (0.2%) in 1989. In 2005, O. had a Jewish population.
OCTOBER, a village, a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kashirskoe, Orenburg province. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in O.
OKULOVKA, city (since 1965), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krestetsky u. Novgorod province. In 1926, 99 Jews lived in O., in 2002 - 2 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1909 the Jews of O. petitioned the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases on the organization of a temporary synagogue for the period of the autumn holidays; permission was obtained. In 1914 Jews owned 6 out of 22 grocery stores and all 3 ready-to-wear stores in O.
OKUNCHIKOV Abram Zinovievich (b. 1904), director, actor, teacher. In 1919 he studied at the Kharkov Theater, Proletkult studio. Since 1921 - in Moscow. In 1922 he played the role of Sganarelle in the play "The Reluctant Doctor" by Molière, which opened the Ped. Experimental Workshop. t-ra in Moscow. In 1926 he turned to directing. One of the organizers (together with S.Kh. Gushansky, ZA Sazhin, I. Doronin) T-ra slave. children of the Bauman district (1930). Put the joint. with Doronin: "Tokmakov Lane" by V.V.Smirnova (1931), "Street of Joy" by N.A. Zarkhi (1932), "Free Flemings" by A.S. Kochetkov and S.V. Shervinsky after Ch. de Coster ( 1935). In 1935-37 thin. hands. State Centre. t-ra young spectator, in 1938 he returned to the State. tr for children (from this year tr slave children). Among the post. with Doronin "The Snow Queen" by EL Schwartz (1940). Upon the return of t-ra from evacuation to Moscow (1943) post. joint with Gushansky Schwartz's Distant Land (1944). 1945–61 dir. Center, t-ra of the Red Army (later - TsTSA), in which he staged (with A.D. Popov) "Wide Steppe" by N.G. Vinnikov (1949), "Unforgettable 1919" by V.V. Vishnevsky (1950), independently: "The Tale of the Truth" by MI Aliger (1946), "Death of the Squadron" by A. E. Korneichuk (1954), "The Last Stop" by E.-M. Remark (1958), "Devil's River "by LD Agranovich (1958)," The Drummer "by AD Salynsky (1959) Since 1936 he taught at acting and dir. f-takh GITIS. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1959). Became. etc. (1950).
OKUNEV (real family member Okun) Yakov Markovich (1882, Bendery, Bessarabian province - 1932, Petropavlovsk), writer. Since 1903, a member of the roar. movement, was repressed. Member of the Civil. war. In 1923 he was expelled from the CPSU (b). Published since 1903. Essays on the period of the 1st world. wars wore patriotic. character. In the 1930s. was criticized as "a representative of the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia." Stories. SPb., 1913; The coming day. L., 1923; In the land of generals and coolies. M, 1930; A nomadic republic. M.-L., 1931.
OKUN Alexander Nisonovich (b. 1949, Leningrad), painter. In 1972 he graduated from the Leningrad Higher Art School. One of the creatures. gr. "Aleph". Participant pl. exhibitions of owls. underground (in Leningrad, Yerevan). Since 1979 - in Israel, Teaches at the Academy of Arts and at the "Emuna" college in Jerusalem, adjunct prof. College in Louisville (USA). Participant of exhibitions in Israel, USA, France, Colombia. Personal exhibitions were held in Israeli art. gal. (Israel Museum in Jerusalem, 1993), in Paris (Center for Art-in "Cité"). Main works: "Wardrobe with Memories", "Bathing in the Dead Sea", "Machane Yehuda Market", "Mea-Shearim", "Kiryat-Iks". Etc. O. Feniger (1983, Israel), hon. rank of "Kentucky Colonel" (1989, USA).
OKUN Lev Borisovich (b. 1929, Sukhinichi, Kaluga region), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1962), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Moscow. fur. Institute (1953). Since 1954 - at ITEP. Since 1977 he has headed the theoretical. lab. Region scientific. interests - particle physics. Joint. with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk substantiated the idea of ​​the periphery, scattering phases, obtained asymptotic. the relationship between the cross sections of the interaction of hadrons - the Okun-Pomeranchuk theorem (the term "hadron" belongs to O.). He studied weak interactions at high energies, suggested checking many others. details of models of elementary particles using cosmology, consideration. Carried out the calculation of the relict concentration of quarks and quanta, the decay of a metastable vacuum. From 1980 to tech. six years (max. possible term) was a member of the committee for scientific. CERN policy. Member Academies of Europe. Vol .: Weak interaction of elementary particles. M., 1963; Leptons and quarks. M., 1981; Physics of elementary particles. M., 1984.
OKUN Semyon Bentsionovich (1907, Klintsy of Surazhsky u., Chernigov province. - 1972, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). In 1931 he graduated from the Faculty of Languages. and material culture of Leningrad State University, worked in Leningrad. state ist. archive. Since 1937 the teacher of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1941–44 in the Navy, in 1942–44 prof. pestilence f-that Military-polit. academy named after V.I. Lenin. Since 1944 prof. Department of History of the USSR East. Faculty of Leningrad State University; at the same time. in the 2nd floor. 1940s deputy. dir. Institute of History at East. Faculty of Leningrad State University; in the 1960s. dean of the Faculty of History at the University of Science. knowledge for teachers at LSU. Author tr. on the history of Russia 18 - 1st half. 19th century, ch. of which - a course of lectures on the history of Russia 1796-1825. (1st ed. - 1939; 4th ed. - 1978) Vol .: Essays on the history of the colonial policy of tsarism in the Kamchatka Territory. L., 1935; Ros.-Amer. company. M.-L., 1939; Essays on the history of the USSR. Con. 18 - first quarter of the 19th century L., 1956; Essays on the history of the USSR. Second quarter of the 19th century L., 1957; Decembrist M.S. Lunin. L., 1962; Decembrists. M., 1972.
OLA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), regional center in the Magadan region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - In the Primorsk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in O.
OLAVA, see Alove.
OLEKMINSK, city, center of the Olekminsky ulus in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1636 as the Olekminsky prison. From 1783 it was a district town, from 1822 it was a district town of the Yakutsk Region. In 1910, 17 Jews lived in O., in 1926 - 44 (1.9%), in 1939 - 29, in 2002 - 2 Jews. 1870s - early. 1890s the watchmaker Moisey Volkovich Serebryanikov lived in O. Jews (exiles) lived in O. from the 1880s. In the 1900s. The minyan was going to the house of Mentus, the owner of a ladies' outerwear shop, wholesaling and retailing kerosene. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in O. In 1911, Mikhail Solomonovich Mindalevich and his son Ananii owned a sawmill and mines. In 1913 there was a bargaining. houses "Rubinovich and Mordukhovich", "Steiner and Segel", "Cabbage and Zugel", Elka Leibovna Moshkovich. Several worked. medical assistants and Jewish doctors, including in 1913–17 - State Councilor, Doctor of Medicine Andrei Konstantinovich Shirman.
OLEKMINSKY OSTROG, see Olekminsk.
OLEENEGORSK, city (since 1957) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). 36 Jews lived in O. in 1989, and 11 Jews lived in 2002. 1990s a Jewish community was created in O. In 2005, approx. 60 Jews.
OLENESTI, a village in Stefan-Vodsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Oloneshty Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1930, 110 Jews lived in O., and in 1940, c. 400 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of O. in the 19th century. - crafts and trade. In 1865 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 10 shops in O. (including 3 grocery, 2 wine shops). Among the Jews there was one timber merchant. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust, the Jews of O. (more than 300 people) were deported to the village. Cossack Odessa region and there they were shot.
OLENYOVKA (until 1945 - Karadzhi), a village in the Black Sea region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1798. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Evpatoria u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1912, 30 Jews lived in O., in 1926 - 51 Jews. In the fall of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 in O., several were shot. Jews.
OLENIN (real name Girshman) Boris Yulievich (1903, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), actor. Studied at Drum. school at VV Baranovskaya and at the Moscow Art Theater School, after finishing a cut he worked at the Moscow Art Theater (1926–29), played Ch. arr. episodic roles. In 1929 he moved to Moscow. slave. thin tr, was one of its organizers. Among the roles: Krutitsky ("Enough simplicity for every wise man" by AN Ostrovsky, 1930), Mason ("The Law of Lycurgus" based on "American Tragedy" by T. Dreiser, 1934), prof. Borodin ("Fear" by A. N. Afinogenov), Sumatokhin ("Temp" by N. F. Pogodin). In 1937 he was admitted to the T. MGSPS (since 1938 - T-r named after Mossovet). In 1938 he moved to Moscow. t-r them. Linen. Komsomol. He played the roles of Dr. Rank ("Nora" by G. Ibsen, 1939), Antipa Zykov ("Zykovs" by M. Gorky, 1940), immediately showing himself as an actor who owns the art of creating polar opposite scenes. images, as well as the role of Guliashvili ("A guy from our city" KM Simonov, 1941). Since 1942 - in the troupe of T. Mossovet. He played comedy, spicy and dramas. roles: Philibert ("A Funny Case" by K. Goldoni, 1942), Iago ("Othello" by W. Shakespeare, 1944), Captain Shipov ("Brandenburg Gate" by M. A. Svetlov, 1946), Chada ("Madame Minister" Nushich, 1946), Unknown ("Masquerade" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1952), Clark ("Lizzie McKay" by J.-P. Sartre, 1955), Dr. Rank ("Nora" by Ibsen, 1959) and etc. Worked on radio. Nar. art. RSFSR (1949). Became. pr. (1951).
OLENINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Tver province. In 1926, 5 Jews (0.5%) lived in O., in 1939 - 36 Jews. In the fall of 1941, O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. A prisoner of war camp was established; soon the captured Jews (about 40 people) were shot.
OLENOVKA, a village in Borznyanskiy district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borzensky district Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in O. by units of the Volunteer Army.
OLENSK, see Vilyuisk.
OLESHA, a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1448. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 25 Jewish families lived in O., in 1880 there were 50 Jews, in 1900 - 18 Jews. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In June 1942, the Jews of O. were deported to the Monastyriski ghetto and subsequently exterminated along with the local Jews.
OLESHIKS, see Alyashishkes.
OLESHNIK (until 1946 - Yegreli), a village in Vinogradovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1284. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1881, 22 Jews (4.5%) lived in Oslo, and in 1900, 120 Jews (7%). ... 16th century in O. lived several. Jewish families. Main occupations of the Jewish population of O. in 19 - early. 20th century were with. agriculture and small trade. The Jewish population of O. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
OLESINO, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 5 Jews lived in O.. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
OLESK, a village in the Lyuboml district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1564.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in O. there was a Jewish population, DOS. the occupations of which were crafts and small trade. In 1914 Jews owned both grocery stores in O. In 1919 a pogrom took place in O.; Jewish houses and shops were plundered, pl. Jews were beaten. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in the fall of 1941, two Jews of O. were shot.
Olesko, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Busk district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1366. In the 16-18 centuries. - a shtetl of the Lvov land of the Russian Voivodeship in the Rzecz Pospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zolochiv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1857, 461 Jews (17.7%) lived in O., in 1880 - 724 (23%), in 1890 - 773 ( 23.4%), in 1900 - 770 (22%), in 1910 - 832 (20.5%), in 1921 - 636 (17.4%), in 1931 - approx. 600, in 1935 - 738 Jews. about Jews O. refers to the beginning. 16th century In 1579, during the Tatar raid on O., 38 Jews perished. In 1608 there was a synagogue in O., and later in the 17th century. another synagogue (wooden) was built. In the 1st floor. 18th century O.'s rabbi was Yakov Shor, in 1748 his brother Moishe became a rabbi, then - Nosn-Note Landa (? –1775). In the 18th century. congresses of representatives of the Jewish communities of the Russian and Bratslav voivodeships were held in O. In 1850 Hanoch-Geneh Mayer (1800-1884) founded the Hasidic dynasty in O. Menachem-Mendel Eichenstein (1860-1923). In the 1st floor. 20th century in O. there was also the Hasidic court of Hanoch-Geneh Vagshal (? –1941). The occupation of the Jewish population of O. was dominated by small-scale trade and handicrafts; several families were engaged with. x-vom. In 1882 a credit bank was established by Jews. In 1901, with the assistance of Baron Hirsch, a Jewish school was founded. In 1909 a Jewish school was opened in O. In the beginning. 20th century In 1916, 6 Jews were deported from O. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In the 1920s and 1930s, there were branches of the Zionist organizations Bar Kokhba and Mizrahi. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1928–34, a mutual assistance fund functioned. Rabbi O. in the 1920s – 30s. was Levi-Itskhok Garmelin (1895–1943). In the summer of 1941, the Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Aug 29. 1942 most of the Jews of O. (about 400 people) were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. On March 6, 1943, a Jewish workers' camp (about 150 people) was established in O., which was liquidated in June 1943. In 1996–97, a fence was erected at the Jewish cemetery in O.
OLESNICA, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Stopnitsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1856, 130 Jews (14.4%) lived in O., in 1897 - 199 Jews (17%). In 1823–62 O. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Feb 1915, with the approach of the front line, in O. grew. The authorities took the merchant Mandelman hostage and on March 2 brought him to the prison in Kielce.
OLESNO, a city (since 1275) in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in the Horse u. Radom province. In 1921 114 Jews lived in O. Jews began to settle in O. at the end of the year. 19 - early. 20 century 19 Sep 1942 Jews from O. were sent to the Włoszczow ghetto and from there to the Treblinka extermination camp.
OLEVSK, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1488. In 1641 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. Since 1926 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1765, 157 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 845, in 1897 - 1187 (56.5%), in 1923 - 1494, in 1926 - 2916, in 1939 - 2858 (42%), in 1959 - approx. ... 1,300 (16.5%), in 1970 - approx. 900 (9.6%), in 1979 - approx. 600 (5.1%), in 1989 - 331, in 1995 - approx. 200 Jews. First mention. About Jews O. refers to 1721. In 1885 a synagogue functioned in O. Main spheres of economic. activity of Jews O. in 19 - early. 20th century - retail trade, decomp. crafts, handicrafts. Jews played a prominent role in the wholesale and transit trade. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Ostap. In 1914 Jews belonged to unity. pharmacy, both pharmacy warehouses, bakery, unity. kerosene warehouse, both timber warehouses, unity. steam mill, unit. a printing house, an inn, more than 120 shops and stores in O. (including 55 out of 56 grocery stores, all 9 are manufactory, all 8 flour). The Jews were unity. dentist in O., 3 midwives (out of 4) and a doctor. 1918 the Jewish population of O. suffered from pogroms staged by parts of the Directory; the Jews were demanded to pay 30 thousand karbovanets "indemnity"; pl. Jews were arrested. In 1919, a pogrom took place in O. again. the rabbi in O. was Yakov Levitsky. In 1925, various divisions operated in O. Zionist organizations, including the left-wing "Ge-Halutz", the left-wing "Ha-Shomer", and the "Algemein-Zionists." Jewish agriculturalists collectives: Eingite (7 families, 56 people), Reuter Poer (7 families, 49 people) 5 Aug. 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. 19 nov. 1941 535 Jews were shot. In 1942–43, partisans operated in the O. region. detachment under com. M. Gildenman. After the liberation, some of the Jews returned to O. A monument was erected at the site of the execution of the Jews. in O., an unofficial minyan operated in private houses. there is a Jewish community in O. (formerly Mikhail Shapiro); one of the Jewish cemeteries has survived. O. genus: J. Arikha; Yakov Iosifovich Shapiro (b. 1933), sculptor, honored. active lawsuit in the Uzbek SSR. S. Ya. Elisavetsky
OLEVSKY Buzi (Boris) Abramovich (1908, Chernyakhov, Zhitomir u. Volyn province. - 1941), poet, writer. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute and graduated from the same place (1932). In 1925 he began to publish in Moscow. zhurn. "Jungvald", then in Minsk literary-artistic. zhurn. "Stern". Poems about the student body, the shtetl, about the complex processes of restructuring Jewish life during the years of the Civil. war and NEI made the first collection. "In vuks" ("Growth". M., 1930). In 1933 he published the book. "Alts geher un geher" ("Higher and higher"), dedicated. aviation and pilots, and the poem "Mine". In 1935 he released the collection. stories for children "Kinder fun mein elter" ("Children of my age"). All R. 1930s worked in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern" and Resp. sec. zhurn. "Outpost". Published the book. "Birobidzhaner Leader" ("Birobidzhan Poems", 1938), "Af Birobidzhaner Erd" ("On Birobidzhan Land", 1940). Since 1939 - in Kr. Army. Com. machine-gun company O. died in the first battles in the West. border of the USSR. The author of the book: "Ongeib Lebn" ("The beginning of life", 1939); Leader (Poems, 1940); "Maiselekh" ("Tales", 1940) and others.
OLEVSKY Mark Isaevich (1896, Ekaterinoslav - 1964, Moscow), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. After finishing honey. Faculty of Kharkov Unta (1920) until 1930 worked as a resident and assistant in Ukr. Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection, Head. dep. physiology (since 1930). In 1941–42 the head. children department of the hospital of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR in Alma-Ata. In 1943-51 the head. dep. physiology Research Institute of Pediatrics of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR in Moscow and at the same time. (1944–48) head. clinic of newborns Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology. In 1951–64 the head. pediatrics, clinic of MONIKI (in 1956–57 deputy director for scientific part). tr. O. dedicated. issues of feeding young children, prevention and treatment of hypotrophy, rickets, exudative diathesis, hepatolienal syndrome in children. Member reign of Vseros. about children. doctors. In 1959 he organized and headed the Moscow. region pediatrician vol. Cit .: Dermatoses in childhood. M., 1958 (et al.).
OLEVSKY Mark Zinovievich (b. 1909, Romanovka, Chernobyl u. Kiev province.), Mechanical engineer, specialist in the field of weapons. Engineer Colonel (1944). In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. military-fur. in-t. In 1936–40 - for art. plant number 8 (Podlipki, Moscow region), where he went from a master to the beginning. anti-aircraft shop. In 1940–47 - in Gorky, at plant No. 92 (chief engineer and first deputy director), where in 1941–45 100 thousand divas were produced. tanks and powerful anti-tank. guns. In 1947–48 ch. Ing. specialist. KTB for missile design in Moscow, in 1948–53 - at Stankostroit. z-de them. S. Ordzhonikidze (head of production). From 1955 he headed the special. KTB, from 1957 beginning. Management machine and council of the Novosibirsk Economic Council. In 1960–65 - in the Economic Council of the RSFSR (head of department, deputy head of Glavka). In 1965–86, deputy. early productions. Department of the Ministry of Machine-Tool Industry. In 1986–92 Art. scientific. sotr. Main Computer Center Experiment, and N.-I. in-that machine. The author of Art. on the organization of mass production of weapons during the war, one of the authors of the book. "The Forge of Victory" (M., 1974; 3rd ed. - 1985), printed works about the creation. weapons in the USSR, a member of the team of authors of the book. "Weapon of Victory" (Moscow, 1985; 2nd ed. - 1987). Became. pr. (1946).
OLEYNIKI, a village in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. In 1887, approx. 20 Jews (3%), in 1910 - 32 Jews (4%). occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts and small trade. In July 1941, Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, a Jewish family was shot in O.
OLIEV, a village in the Zboriv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zolochiv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1942 a Jewish workers' camp was established in O. On July 23, 1943, during the liquidation of the camp, 38 prisoners were shot.
OLISHEVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1967) in the Chernihiv region of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 16th century From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kozeletsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1920, Jews constituted 0.1% of the population of O., and in 1939 there were 29 Jews living in O.. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 5 shops in O. (including all three grocery stores). In 1919, a pogrom broke out in O. by units of the Volunteer Army.
OLISHKANI (until 1990 - Olishkany), a village in the Soldaneshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 341 Jews (11.5%) lived in O., in 1930 - 266 Jews (6.9%). ... in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
OLISHKANI, see Olishkany.
OLITA, see Alytus.
OLITSKY Leib (1894, Trishki Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1975, Israel), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He worked as a teacher in the town of Trishki and in Warsaw. In the fall of 1939 he fled to Kovel. In 1941–45 he was evacuated. In 1945 he arrived in Moscow, was a comp. Jewish department Union of Polish Patriots in Russia. In 1946 he returned to Poland, settled in Lodz, from 1949 - in Warsaw, worked in the publishing house "Yiddish Bukh". He began to write in the 1920s. First Sat stories "In a okupirtshtetl" ("In the occupied place") released in 1924. Author of the book: "In shain fun flamen" ("In the light of the flame"), 1927; "We stir fars kinder un groise" ("Fables for children and adults"), 1929; "Gerangl" ("Battle"), 1929 and others. Translated into Yiddish the fables of IA Krylov, the poem of Alexander Pushkin "Gypsies". O. author of several. textbooks for Jewish schools after the war. Poland.
OLIZARKA, does not exist now. Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and from 1939, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1849, approx. 300 Jews, in 1872 - approx. 160, in 1898 - 254, in 1921 - 321 Jews (98.4%) Initially, 60 Jewish families settled in the colony on the allocated state lands. Having no experience in agriculture, as well as draft animals and implements, the Jews of the colony soon went bankrupt; many left O. In 1869 there were 32 families that had 408 dessiatins in use. land. In 1872, the lustration commission requisitioned land from a part of the colonists, who did not cultivate it. In 1898 Jews owned 144 dess. land, but agriculture was of secondary importance to them. Main The occupation of the colonists was handicrafts (most of the Jews of O. were masons). 1915 Jews were expelled from O. In the 1920s – 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. a Jew in O. owned one shop; among the Jews there were 3 tailors, 2 shoemakers, 2 tinsmiths. X-va O. and with. Zheludek were united in s.-kh. cooperative. In the summer of 1941, the Ottoman Empire was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 the Jews of O. were sent to the Rafalovka ghetto and on August 29. 1942 shot together with local Jews. I. M. Shaikin
OLGA, urban-type settlement (since 1945), regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in O.
OL'GIN M. (real name and family name Moishe-Joseph Novomissky) (1878, Buki Umansky u. Kiev province. - 1939, New York), publicist, literary critic, public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1918). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1900 he entered law. f-t un-that in Kiev, but for participation in the student. riots was handed over to the soldiers. In 1901 he was amnestied. Was before. student to-that, chl. org-tion "Freigite". In 1904 he left un-t and went to Vilna, where he became a member. local to-that Bund. He was arrested. Published Art. in the Bund editions, from 1906 sotr. Vilna gas. "Veker". Studied social. science and philosophy at Heidelberg University (1907). In 1913 in Vienna he edited the Bund, weekly. "Die Zeit". Since 1914 - in the USA; sotr. gas. "Forverts", was published in socialist. ed. Since 1918, Doctor of Philosophy, Columbia University, since 1919 he taught Russian. history in the New school of social. research After the split in 1921, the socialist. Federation became one of the leading figures of the left faction, later - the Communist Party, together with S. Epstein founded its organ - gas. Freigite (later Morgen Freigite), ch. ed. a cut was up to 1939, and zhurn. Der Gamer (from March 1926). Since 1932, corr. gas. "Pravda" in the USA. Author pl. works, including: "Ven dos lebn ruft" ("When life calls", 1911), "Di neeshome fun der russisher revolution" ("Soul of the Russian revolution", v. 1-2, 1921), etc. Translated in Yiddish manuf. S. Yushkevich, E. Ozheshko, L. Andreev, J. London, J. Reed, with Russian. lang. in English. V.I. Lenin. In a pro-Soviet mood, O. published a number of books in Yiddish. about the USSR: "Ten Red Years" (1927), "For what and for whom |" (1934), "Trotskyism: theory and practice" (1937), "Broken shackles" (1937), etc.
OLGINKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Volnovakha district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1779. In 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Olginskoe of Alexandria u. Kherson lips. In the 1930s. - a regional center. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in O. In 1923 approx. O. was allocated 1736 dess. land for new Jewish settlers. In 1925 in O., immigrants from the Kiev province. (73 people) a Jewish farmer was founded. collective "Renewed Life". During the Holocaust in the district of O., several were killed. Jews.
OLGINSKY, see Olginka.
OLGOMEL, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 46 Jews were shot in O.
OLGOPOL (until 1812 - Roguzka Chechelnitska), a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. Since 1812 - the district town of Podolsk province. Since 1924 - Jewish nat. Council of the Bershad District of the Uman Okrug. In 1765, 12 Jews lived in O., in 1776 - 21, in 1784 - 22, in 1787 - 15, in 1790 - 10, in 1834 - 217, in 1847 - 241, in 1863 - 685, in 1897 - 2473 (31%), in 1899 - 3947, in 1910 - 4897 (44%), in 1923 - 1528, in 1939 - 660 (11%), in 1990 - approx. 10, in 1998 - 7 Jews. In 1827 the wine farm in O. was held by 2 Jewish merchants of the 3rd guild - Benzion Sidelnik and Gersh Kardonsky. In 1834, O. had a Jewish community; there were rabbi, shohet; the cheder acted. In the spring of 1844, pharmacist E. Tal opened the first pharmacy in O. In 1845 in O. there were four heders (melamed - M. Moresirer, S. Noggenman, B. Levit, N. Leiber). In oct. In 1851 a Jewish state school of the 1st category was opened (in 1854 - 25 students). In 1853 a synagogue (wooden) operated in O. the spiritual rabbi was Sholem Meir Greenburg, the official one was Noah Kosoy. In 1860 in O. there were 1 stone and 2 wooden synagogues. occupations of the Jewish population of O. in the middle. 19th century - small trade and crafts. Among the Jews there were 22 coopers, 16 tailors, 6 blacksmiths, 45 cabmen. The Jewish cemetery was closed in 1881. In 1888-1915, Eliyahu Poisek (1859, Zlatopol - 1932) was the rabbi of O. In 1889, the state rabbi - Gersh-Mendel Finkelstein. 19th century 120 Jews were engaged in agriculture. In 1900, Zionist organizations operated in O. a Saturday school for adults was opened teaching crafts. specialties (80 students). In 1914, Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, all 9 hotels, 2 timber warehouses, a mead and brewery, a printing house, a photographic studio, 2 watch workshops, unity. a tea house, a bookstore, a toy store, and 84 shops in O. (including 31 grocery shops, all 18 are manufactory). In 1919 the Jewish population of O. suffered from pogroms. On May 14-16, 1919, the gangs of atamans Zabolotny and Chaly staged a pogrom, during which 20 Jews were killed. 4 oct. 1919 there was a pogrom perpetrated by the peasants of the nearby villages. 5 oct. Units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in 1919. a four-year school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in O. In 1925, immigrants from O. organized in the Kherson environs. Jewish agriculturalist. collective them. Karl Marx (89 people). In the 1930s. the Jewish collective farm "Worker" was created in O. In the 1930s. the community was led by a shohet, who later died in the ghetto. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left O. On July 26, 1941, O. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. In aug. 1941 was shot ca. 70 Jews. The Jewish quarter was turned into a ghetto (100-150 families of local Jews and several hundred Jews deported from Bessarabia and Bukovina). In nov. - Dec. 1941 pl. the Jews of the ghetto died from the typhus epidemic. In May 1943, approx. 100 Romanians. Jews from the "political camp" in Vapnyarka. The ghetto council created by them organized childcare, a free canteen, a bathhouse, and a hospital. In 1943, there were apprx. 700 Jews (including 164 from Bessarabia and 27 from Bukovina). The building of a wooden synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, on the territory of O. to-rogo mass grave of those who perished in the ghetto. V.I. Peller.
OLGOV, see Lgov.
OLKENIKI, see Valkininkai.
OLKHOVATKA, a village in the Velikoburluksky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine) In 1939, 17 Jews lived in O.
OLKHOVCHIK, now a part of Shakhtyorsk, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in O.
OLKHOVETS, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews of O. owned 7 shops (including all 4 manufactory and 2 grocery). In June 1942 the Jews of O. were shot along with the Jews of Zvenigorodka.
OLKHOVKA, now part of the urban-type settlement Uspenka, Lugansk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in O.
OLKHOVSKY Roman Markovich (1893, Riga - 1939), horse scientist. Dr. S.-kh. Sciences (1935). Graduated from the Kharkov vet. Institute, worked in the zemstvo. Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars, then to adm. owls. organs. Participated in the exp. on the study of the state of horse breeding in the USSR. In the beginning. 1930s organizer of the Research Institute of Horse Breeding and Deputy. dir. by scientific. work. He gave lecture courses on horse breeding in Moscow. universities. Creator and hands. zhurn. "Horse breeding and horse breeding". He was engaged in the history of Russian. literature and art, was ch. ed. revived in the 1920s. in Moscow zhurn. "World of Art". In 1938 he was arrested. Shot. Cit .: The fate of the horse. M.-L., 1931 Son O. - Eugene (b. 1931, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1979), prof. (1980). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1953). Head department grew up. history of the Agrarian University. Author of over 100 prints. tr. Main directions of scientific. activities - the history of societies. thoughts and roar. movement in Russia 19 - early. 20th century, history of petersburg. prom. pr-th and state. institutions, historiography, source study grew. history, state of archives and archival work. Vol .: 250 years: Okhta chemical plant. L., 1965; Lenin's Iskra in St. Petersburg. L., 1975; Vanguard. L., 1990.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОЛЬКУШ, город (с 1289) в Свентокшиском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 13 в. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Краковского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – уездный город Келецкой губ.В 1765 в О. проживал 161 еврей, в 1827 – 26 (2%), в 1857 – 750 (55%), в 1897 – 1840 (53%), в 1921 – 2700 (46%), к нач. 1939 – ок. 2000 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с 14 в., брали в аренду местные рудники, занимались торговлей серебром; первыми промышленниками города были евреи. В 1374 евреям было запрещено проживать в О. Несмотря на запрет, в 16–18 вв. в О. существовала еврейская община. В 1693 король Август III своим указом подтвердил существовавший запрет на жительство евреев в О. В 1769 король Станислав-Август Понятовский издал аналогич. указ, мотивируя его тем, что евреи наносят ущерб местному населению, «спаивают народ» (евреям принадлежали в О. большинство трактиров, пивоварен, винокурен). Властям О. было предписано выселить из города всех евреев, а также наказывать тех местных жителей, к-рые поддерживали с евреями дружеские отношения или покупали у них товары. Во времена австрийского правления евреи были выселены из О. Запрет евреям селиться в О. был отменен в 1862.Раввинами в О. были: с 1664 – Иегуда бен Нисон, затем – Габриэль-Исроэль Эшкелс, Мойше Каценеленбоген; с 1730 – Исроэль-Шлойме Маргалиот, Иегошуа Сегал-Ланда; в сер. 19 в. – Мойше-Ихиэль Сташунский, в кон. 19 в. – Мойше-Иегуда Зайонц.В кон. 19 в. в О. была построена синагога и заложено еврейское кладбище. Большинство детей училось в талмуд-торе; была создана сионистская орг-ция, открыта еврейская б-ка с читальным залом. Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев О. – торговля (в т. ч. зерном, яйцами, скотом), ремесла (преобладало портняжное и скорняжное дело), аренда рудников. В О. жили представители крупнейших еврейских торг. домов Кракова и др. городов Польши.С нач. 20 в. до сер. 1930-х гг. раввином О. был Менахем-Мендл Розенштрох. О. становится одним из центров хасидизма в Польше, когда в 1916 хасидский двор там основал Иегошуа-Гешл Горвиц-Штернфельд (1857–1943).С нач. 1-й мир. войны большинство евреев О. бежало в Краков и возвратилось в О. в 1915.В 1918 в О. была предпринята попытка «кровавого навета», однако «убитый» евреями христианский мальчик был вскоре обнаружен живым в подвале дома тех поляков, к-рые пытались спровоцировать навет.После 1-й мир. войны при содействии Джойнта в О. была открыта еврейская лечебница, в 1921 создан К-т помощи жертвам войны. В 1920-х гг. открылось св. 30 пр-тий (в т. ч. з-ды: мыловаренный, спиртоводочный, по изготовлению эмалированной посуды); большинство из них принадлежало евреям. Осн. источниками доходов еврейского населения оставались торговля и ремесла. В 1925 открылось отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка, в 1929 – школа сети «Тарбут», в 1931 – объединенная касса взаимного кредита для торговцев и ремесленников. В 1920–30-х гг. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.В сент. 1939 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Тогда же был создан юденрат. В марте 1940 приток беженцев увеличил численность еврейского населения О. до 3 тыс. чел. В сент. 1941 в О. было создано гетто. 13–15 июня 1942 евреи из гетто были отправлены в Освенцим.После Катастрофы в живых осталось ок. 150 евреев О. Неск. десятков из них вернулись в город, однако после убийства местными поляками молодой еврейки они покинули О.В О. род. Исаак Самуилович Менка (1901–1938), зав. кафедрой Дальневост. гос. ун-та, в 1936–37 его дир., репрессирован., pronunciation=ОЛЬКУШ, город (с 1289) в Свентокшиском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 13 в. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Краковского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – уездный город Келецкой губ.В 1765 в О. проживал 161 еврей, в 1827 – 26 (2%), в 1857 – 750 (55%), в 1897 – 1840 (53%), в 1921 – 2700 (46%), к нач. 1939 – ок. 2000 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с 14 в., брали в аренду местные рудники, занимались торговлей серебром; первыми промышленниками города были евреи. В 1374 евреям было запрещено проживать в О. Несмотря на запрет, в 16–18 вв. в О. существовала еврейская община. В 1693 король Август III своим указом подтвердил существовавший запрет на жительство евреев в О. В 1769 король Станислав-Август Понятовский издал аналогич. указ, мотивируя его тем, что евреи наносят ущерб местному населению, «спаивают народ» (евреям принадлежали в О. большинство трактиров, пивоварен, винокурен). Властям О. было предписано выселить из города всех евреев, а также наказывать тех местных жителей, к-рые поддерживали с евреями дружеские отношения или покупали у них товары. Во времена австрийского правления евреи были выселены из О. Запрет евреям селиться в О. был отменен в 1862.Раввинами в О. были: с 1664 – Иегуда бен Нисон, затем – Габриэль-Исроэль Эшкелс, Мойше Каценеленбоген; с 1730 – Исроэль-Шлойме Маргалиот, Иегошуа Сегал-Ланда; в сер. 19 в. – Мойше-Ихиэль Сташунский, в кон. 19 в. – Мойше-Иегуда Зайонц.В кон. 19 в. в О. была построена синагога и заложено еврейское кладбище. Большинство детей училось в талмуд-торе; была создана сионистская орг-ция, открыта еврейская б-ка с читальным залом. Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев О. – торговля (в т. ч. зерном, яйцами, скотом), ремесла (преобладало портняжное и скорняжное дело), аренда рудников. В О. жили представители крупнейших еврейских торг. домов Кракова и др. городов Польши.С нач. 20 в. до сер. 1930-х гг. раввином О. был Менахем-Мендл Розенштрох. О. становится одним из центров хасидизма в Польше, когда в 1916 хасидский двор там основал Иегошуа-Гешл Горвиц-Штернфельд (1857–1943).С нач. 1-й мир. войны большинство евреев О. бежало в Краков и возвратилось в О. в 1915.В 1918 в О. была предпринята попытка «кровавого навета», однако «убитый» евреями христианский мальчик был вскоре обнаружен живым в подвале дома тех поляков, к-рые пытались спровоцировать навет.После 1-й мир. войны при содействии Джойнта в О. была открыта еврейская лечебница, в 1921 создан К-т помощи жертвам войны. В 1920-х гг. открылось св. 30 пр-тий (в т. ч. з-ды: мыловаренный, спиртоводочный, по изготовлению эмалированной посуды); большинство из них принадлежало евреям. Осн. источниками доходов еврейского населения оставались торговля и ремесла. В 1925 открылось отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка, в 1929 – школа сети «Тарбут», в 1931 – объединенная касса взаимного кредита для торговцев и ремесленников. В 1920–30-х гг. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.В сент. 1939 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Тогда же был создан юденрат. В марте 1940 приток беженцев увеличил численность еврейского населения О. до 3 тыс. чел. В сент. 1941 в О. было создано гетто. 13–15 июня 1942 евреи из гетто были отправлены в Освенцим.После Катастрофы в живых осталось ок. 150 евреев О. Неск. десятков из них вернулись в город, однако после убийства местными поляками молодой еврейки они покинули О.В О. род. Исаак Самуилович Менка (1901–1938), зав. кафедрой Дальневост. гос. ун-та, в 1936–37 его дир., репрессирован., extra_data="{'translat...")
OLMANY, see Olmans.
OLMANS, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Olmani Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897 73 Jews (11.7%) lived in O., and in 1921 there were 64 Jews. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the Stolin ghetto and to St. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
OLMERT Mordechai (1908, Buguruslan, Samara province. - 1998), political and public figure. In 1919 he and his family moved to Harbin (China). Graduated from Harbin Polytechnic. in-t. In 1928 he became one of the founders of the "Society of Jewish Students" and the "Beitar" movement in Harbin. He worked as a teacher in Russian. lang. in whale. Wed school (Shuan). In 1931–33 he was sent through the "Beitar" to the agricultural sector. preparation for Holland. Since 1933 - in E.-I. In 1933–39 he was engaged in agriculture as a part of labor. detachments "Beitar" in Hadera. One of the founders of the Tel Tzur settlement. In 1948-65 members. Center of the movement "Herut". One of the founders of the Nakhlat-Jabotinsky settlement. In 1965 he resigned from all elective posts in the Herut movement. In 1969 he joined the Free Center movement. In 1975 he participated in the creation of the movement "State to the People". Dep. Knesset-3 - 4-th convocations (1955–61). Son O. - Ehud (b. 1945, Nakhlat-Jabotinsky), political and public figure. He studied psychology, philosophy and jurisprudence at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1975 he was among the leaders of the Independent Center movement and the Le Am party. Since 1986 in the Herut movement. 1988–90 min. without portfolio, 1990–92 min. health care. Dep. Knesset of the 8-13th convocations. Since 1993 - Mayor of Jerusalem. Son O. - Yosef (b. 1950, Tel Aviv), political and public figure. Doctor of Philosophy. Graduated from the London Higher. econom. school. Member Likud Movement Center. In 1989–92 press secretary. pr-v of the State of Israel. Since 1992 he has been teaching at the Jewish University in Jerusalem.
OLSHANA, urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Gorodishchensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1598. At 16-18 - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zvenigorodsky u. In Kiev province, 689 Jews lived in Odessa in 1847, 1233 (20%) in 1897, 916 Jews in 1923, and 195 Jews in 1939. A synagogue functioned in Odessa in 1867. Since 1892 Eliezer-Leib Shapiro (1858 -?) Was the rabbi in O. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy and 45 shops in O. (including all 11 grocery stores, all 3 haberdashery shops). In 1914, members of the bourgeois council were Chaim-Gersh Mordkovich Labskir and Chaim-Yudko ​​Moshkovich Dukhovny. The Jewish community suffered during the Civil Period. war. In apr. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in O., staged by the gang of Ataman Zeleny. In 1925, immigrants from O. organized in the Kherson environs. Jewish agriculturalists groups: "On a New Way" (92 people), "New Way" (60 people), "Renewed Life" (73 people). A synagogue was closed in O. in 1928. most of the Jews left O. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created in O. In oct. 1941 a group of Jewish men was shot in O., the rest of the Jews (more than 100 people) were deported on May 2, 1942 to the Zvenigorodka ghetto.
OLSHANETSKY Alexander (1895, Odessa - 1946, Atlantic City, USA), composer, conductor. Since 1925 - in the USA. He composed op-you and music for performances for Jewish t-dv. Was treasurer of the Union of Jewish Composers of the United States, vice-chairman. Union of Jewish Art. USA.
OLSHANIK, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. During the Holocaust, 63 Jews were killed.
OLSHANITSA, a village in the Rakitnyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1490. At 19 - early. 20th century - the place of Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1856, approx. 60 Jews (10%), in 1900 - 91 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of O. in 19 - early. 20th century there were crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a timber warehouse, and 18 shops in O. (including all 13 grocery stores). In the spring of 1918 on the railway. stations in O. were killed several. Jews. In 1919, a pogrom took place in O., staged by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev; Jewish houses and shops were looted. In the same year, a pogrom in O. was perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. During the Holocaust, several were shot in O. Jewish families.
Olshanka, see Olshany, Kharkiv region.
OLSHANSKY Joseph Grigorievich (b. 1917, Kremenchug, Poltava province), screenwriter, playwright. In 1941 he graduated from IFLI. In 1942 sotr. "Windows TASS" in Tomsk. In 1943 - in the army. In 1944 he studied at dir. f-those VGIK. In 1945-49 Art. ed. on Vses. radio. Since 1949 he has been engaged in lit. work (essays, stories, pov., plays). The first f. according to O.'s script - "The House I Live In" (1957). Scenarios for subsequent f. written jointly. with his wife - N. Rudneva: "Three came out of the forest" (1958), "The first day of the world" (1959), "And if this is love |" (1962, with Yu.Ya. Raizman, "Heat" (1963, with the participation of I.I. Poplavskaya, L.E.Shepitko), "While a man is alive" (1965), "Do not forget, Lugovaya station" ( 1967), "The Old House" (1970), "Take Me With You" (1980, jointly with V.I. Olshansky), "Alien" (1985, jointly with Ya.A. Segel and others.
Olshanskoye, urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Nikolaev district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1957. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in O.
OLSHANY, see Golshany.
OLSZTYN, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 17th century In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 14 Jewish families lived in O., in 1808 - 6 Jews (2%), in 1827 - 41 (6.7%), in 1856 - 82, in 1859 - 141 (22%), in 1897 - 140 (18.7%), in 1921 - 100 (12%), by the beginning. 1939 - 135 Jews. Jews began to settle in O. in the 2nd half. 18th century Main occupations of the Jews of O. in the 19th century. there were trade and crafts. There was a synagogue in O. In 1823–62 O. was closed for the free settlement of Jews as a border us. item.After 1st world. During the war, a Zionist circle was created in O. and a Jewish club was opened. In 1935, anti-Semitic demonstrations by the local population were repeatedly noted in O. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 Jews of O. were sent to the Konetspol ghetto, and from there on October 7. 1942 together with all the Jews of the region - to Treblinka.
OLSHVANGER Emmanuel (1888, Graevo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1961, Jerusalem), linguist, ethnographer. Studied philology in Bern (Switzerland), specializing in Semitic languages. and Sanskrit. In 1916 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Funeral customs among the Jews." Lit. activity began in student. years, was published in a Zionist. ed. Switzerland and E.-I. In 1921 he visited Yuzh. Africa, in 1923 publ. the work "Jewish Folklore in South Africa" ​​- research. about lang. South African Jews and the mutual influence of three languages: English, Afrikaans and Yiddish. In the 1940s. traveled to Europe, India, Burma, Singapore and Indonesia, printed art. to linguistic. and other topics. Since 1952 - in Israel, where he released several. book Per. I.-V. Goethe, Dante, D. Boccaccio, as well as from Sanskrit. Etc. them. Sh.Chernikhovsky (1952) for the lane. Dante's Divine Comedy in Hebrew.
OLSHVANGER Itzik Shmulevich (1825 - 1896, Petersburg), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna, was a rabbi in Taurogen. In 1877 he was invited by the Jewish community of St. Petersburg to the post of assistant. a government rabbi with the duties of a spiritual rabbi. He did a lot of work in decomp. societies, commissions, organized aid to poor Jews, fundraising, etc. Author tr. "The opinion of one of the spiritual rabbis about the transformation of the Rabbinate and the establishment of the Rabbinical Institute", in which the idea of ​​the convergence of religion and science is defended.
OLDS, see Alsedziai.
OLVIOPOL, now a part (since 1919) of Pervomaisk, Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1676 as Shanets Orlovsky (other name - Orlik). Since 1773 - the city of Elizavetgrad district. Kherson Gubernia. In 1867, 199 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 1482 (21.5%), in 1910 - 3284 Jews (34%). In 1799, in Olviopol u. there were 112 Jews. In 1828 O. was transferred to the military department. settlements; Jews were restricted in their right of residence in O. In 1865 a synagogue functioned in O. Naftula Kanterman (1851 -?) Was the rabbi in O. From 1887. In 1905, a pogrom took place in O. In 1910, O. had 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1911, there were 2 heders (30 students). In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a hotel, a hairdresser, a photographic workshop, 12 shops in O. (including both tobacco, all 3 grocery, and both meat). In 1915 there were 5 synagogues in O. In 1919, pogroms took place in O. by units of the Volunteer Army. Z. Brodetsky.
OLVITA, see Alvitas.
OLONESTI, see Olanesti.
OLONETS, a city (since 1648), a regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1137. Since 1801 it has been a district town of Olonets province. In 1897, 2 Jews lived in O., in 1910 - 8, in 1939 - 12, in 2002 - 1 Jew.
OLOVYANNAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1929), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 82 Jews lived in O.
OLYANITSA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ulyanitsa Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. 18th century. Three Jewish families lived in O. and eight Jews in 1910. In July 1941, O. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. In the beginning. July 1942, apprx. 600 Jews from Chernivtsi (now Chernivtsi) and a group of Jews from Romania. 19 Aug 1942 b. h. Jews were transferred to the German zone. occupation for use on decomp. works.
OLYKA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Kivertsy district of Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Lutsk district of the Volyn province in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 1161 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 2606 (61.9%), in 1921 - 2086 (48.1% ), in 1939 - c. 2,500 Jews. First mention. about Jews O. refers to 1577. During the "Khmelnytsky" period, Jews from Zaslavl (present-day Izyaslav) and others nearby found refuge in O. points. June 10, 1655 as a result of an attack by drunk Ukrainians on a funeral procession by many. Jews were beaten, and the corpse was desecrated. In 1717, a Jewish family moved from O. to Medzhibozh. All R. 18th century Rabbi O. was Shmuel Segal. In 1847, 2 synagogues operated in O. and there was a Jewish cemetery. 19th century Hirsh-Leib Landa (? –1811) founded the Hasidic dynasty in O. In 1811–49 the dynasty was headed by Yosef-Dovid Landa (? –1849), then by his son Mordkhe (? –1884), in 1884–97 by the son of Mordkhe Shimon-Shloyme (1859–1897). In 1886 there was a Jewish almshouse. In 1896 there were 4 synagogues. Main occupation of the Jewish population of O. in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a lumber warehouse, a brewery, a beer warehouse, an inn and 37 shops (including all 14 manufactures and all 14 grocery stores). The Jew was unity. in O. the dentist; a Jewish doctor worked in a zemstvo hospital. O. also had a Jewish hospital. In the beginning. 20th century 9 synagogues operated in O. 27 Nov. In 1917, a pogrom took place in O. In 1921, with the help of the Joint, a Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened in O., at the same time a school with teaching in Hebrew was founded, and in 1927 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there was a separate yeshiva from Novogrudok, as well as a separate division of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The last head of the Hasidic dynasty in O. was Alter-Yosef Landa (? –1941). After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in O. in July 1941, 11 Jews were killed. 1941 - c. 700 Jews. In the end. March 1942, a ghetto was created in O., which contained apprx. 3500 Jews, including from the surrounding us. points. An underground group operated in the ghetto. In the summer of 1942, the ghetto was liquidated, the prisoners, except artisans, were shot. In the summer of 1942, partisans began to operate in the O. region. a group almost entirely composed of Jews. In 1944, on the eve of the liberation, 130 Jewish artisans were shot.
OMELKOVSCHINA, a village in the Khoiniki district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century In 1920 there was a Jewish population in O. In 1920 a pogrom took place in O. army; Among the Jews were killed. In the summer of 1941, the Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the winter of 1941/42, 3 Jews were killed in O.
OMELNIK, a village in the Kremenchug region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenchug u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1892, 118 Jews (3.8%) lived in O., in 1910 - 13 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of O. in 19 - early. 20th century - decomp. crafts and trade. In 1897 a synagogue functioned in O. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 2 grocery, both flour and bread, unity. a wood-burning shop in O. In 1920, a pogrom took place in O., staged by a gang of Ataman Zeleny; Jewish houses and shops were looted.
SMOOTH, see Mistletoe.
OMELNYA, a village in the Bobruisk district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Omelno (other name - Dubrova) in Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1850, 5 Jewish families lived in O., in 1854 - 12 Jewish families, in 1898 - 265 Jews. The colony was founded by Jews who came from the village of Vorotyn. In 1898, Jews worked 359 dess. land. Mn. Jews were engaged in gardening. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
OMELYANOV, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1746. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kozeletsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1866, 3 Jewish families lived in O., 44 Jews in 1897, 35 Jews in 1910, and 46 Jews in 1926. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОМСК, город (с 1782), центр Омской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1716. С 1836 – окружной город Тобольской губ., с 1866 – уездный город Акмолинской обл. С 1918 – центр губернии, с 1925 – Омского окр., с 1934 – Омской обл.В 1858 в О. проживало 270 евреев, в 1862 – 323, в 1897 – 1138 (3,1%), в 1910 – 3572 (2,8%), в 1914 – 3782 (2,7%), в 1921 – ок. 10 000, в 1923 – 5713, в 1939 – 4587, в 1970 – 7854 (0,9%), в 1979 – 6762 (0,7%), в 2002 – 2290 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с нач. 19 в.; первые из них селились преимущественно в Новослободском форштадте. В 1807 в О. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1848 была создана община. В 1855 построена первая деревянная синагога в О., в 1873 – вторая. В 1866 было заложено новое еврейское кладбище. В сер. 19 в. вблизи от О. имелась т. н. еврейская заимка, где жили евреи, заготовлявшие фураж для Сибирского казачьего войска. В 1896 начала работать еврейская б-ка. В 1897 на нефтепромыслах было занято 16,3% евреев О. В нач. 20 в. евреям О. принадлежали кирпичное и др. произ-ва, магазины бакалейных, галантерейных и ювелирных товаров.В 1901 в О. было открыто еврейское уч-ще (зав. – Рувим Ильич Гительсон). В 1902 возникли первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1903 в О. действовали 2 сионистских кружка: «Ришон-лецион» (рук. – И.Н.Галкин) и «Мевасерес Цион» (рук. – д-р Лейбович). Центр. бюро сионистских орг-ций возглавлял Л.Я.Фридьев. На 1-й Сибирский съезд сионистов в Томске (1903) дел. от О. был избран раввин Левин. Сионистами была предпринята попытка создать в О. «образцовый нац. хедер», но из-за полицейского преследования деятельность сионистских орг-ций была прекращена.В 1911 в О. было 2 синагоги, одна из них – хасидская. При синагогах действовали благотворит. об-ва, пред. одного из них был Моисей Самойлович Саметник, другого – Моисей Куперштейн. В 1911 евреям принадлежали 3 хлебопекарни, 2 аптеки, более 20 лавок и магазинов в О. (в т. ч. 5 обувных, 2 книжных). Среди евреев О. числилось 2 портных, 3 ювелира, 6 врачей, 2 адвоката, 4 пом. присяжных поверенных. В 1911 на первой Зап.-Сиб. с.-х. выставке в О. серебряной медали была удостоена продукция мукомольного з-да Нафтоли Капельмана из Верхнеудинска (совр. Улан-Удэ). В 1913 омским мещанам Хане и Абраму Дорфманам принадлежало торг.-промышл. т-во в Верхнеудинске. В 1915 в О. действовали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора, еврейское уч-ще.В 1900-х гг. раввином О. был Левин, в нач. 1910-х гг. – Шамай Абрамович Губергриц, в 1917 – Якобсон. В 1917–19 обществ. раввином был Б.С.Басин.После февр. 1917 деятельность сионистов возобновилась. 29 марта 1917 был избран сионистский к-т во главе с Б.С.Басиным. Тогда же в О. были созданы кружок учащейся молодежи «Га-Тхия» (изд. одноим. журн., ред. – Б.Дризин), об-во «Лея», курсы иврита, еврейская б-ка. В дек. 1917 открылось отд-ние ОЗЕ. Действовало еврейское потребит. об-во. В 1917–18 были образованы группы «Поалей Цион» и «Цеирей Цион»; последняя создала в О. кооператив «Земля и труд». В апр. 1917 сформировалась орг-ция Бунда. В состав к-та вошли М.Гительсон, Я.Либуркин, З.Пяско, М.Цукерник, М.Шерман. В апр. – мае 1917 орг-ция Бунда О. насчитывала ок. 100 чл.В февр. 1918 в О. действовали хевра кадиша, К-т по делам беженцев, «Гехавер» (осн. в июле 1917). На съезде еврейских общин 8 янв. 1919 в Иркутске С.И.Кадыш был избран в исполнит. орган Нац. совета еврейских общин Сибири и Урала. Пред. Омской еврейской общины был д-р Шершевский. В марте 1919 в О. прошла панихида по евреям, погибшим в ходе погромов в Польше и Галиции; в пользу пострадавших было собрано 8 тыс. руб. В 1920 в О. работало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920 действовали отд-ние «Маккаби», рабочий клуб и дет. сад; еврейское уч-ще было преобразовано в еврейскую школу 1-й ступени (закрыта в 1922).В 1927–39 в 23 км от О. работал еврейский колхоз.В 1930-х гг. О. – место ссылки сионистов. В 1935 было национализировано здание синагоги.В 1941–42 численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР.В 1946 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Лагерная, д. 47); раввин – Эфроим Нисонович Столяр (1890–1970), кантор – Самсон Филиппович Краснянский, моэл – Хаим Григорьевич Этинзон.В 1953 была арестована группа прихожан синагоги, обвиненных в сионистской деятельности, – И.И.Бухман (1889–?), Б.У.Дриккер (1905–?), Я.М.Каплан (1889–?), К.Г.Пинский (1885–?) и раввин Э.Н.Столяр. Тогда же был арестован гл. врач областной дет. больницы О.Л.Лурье (1886–?), к-рому инкриминировалась сионистская деятельность в кон. 1910-х гг.В 1959 в О. был разогнан миньян, собиравшийся на частной квартире, закрыто еврейское кладбище. Еврейскую общину в 1960–80-х гг. возглавляли Израиль Чесницкий и И. Бронфельд.В 1990 в О. основан культурный центр «Шалом»; действуют спорт. клуб «Маккаби», еврейская воскресная школа. В 1992 общине было возвращено здание синагоги. В результате поджога в 1994 здание синагоги сгорело, в 1995 восстановлено. С 1994 издается ежемес. газ. «Шалом», с 2002 – газ. «Ахдут». С 2001 раввин О. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ошер Кричевский (р. 1978, Беер-Шева, Израиль).В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 8 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: Б.И.Ласков, Д.Ласков, Д.Я. Пантофель-Нечецкая, Б.М.Фельдман, А.А. Цыганков; Александр (Абрам) Завелевич Ваксер (р. 1921), историк, д-р ист. наук (1973), проф. (1976), автор тр. по истории Ленинграда, Гос. пр. СССР (1975); Давид Исаевич Гаклин (1908–1970, Москва), концертмейстер, звукорежиссер, в 1965–70 работал на Всесоюз. студии грамзаписи «Мелодия», звукорежиссер мн. муз. передач на Всесоюз. радио, засл. работник культуры СССР (1968), Гос. пр. СССР (1970); Владимир Семенович Гиршович (р. 1941), педагог, один из организаторов негосударств. образования в России, засл. учитель школы РСФСР (1983); Вильям Янович Озолин (1931–1997, Барнаул), художник, писатель, поэт, автор неск. повестей и поэтич. сборников.В О. жили и работали: С.Г.Колеснев, М.Л. Курский, Г.С.Ландсберг, З.И.Лобков, Д.М. Манский, С.Л.Чудновский., pronunciation=ОМСК, город (с 1782), центр Омской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1716. С 1836 – окружной город Тобольской губ., с 1866 – уездный город Акмолинской обл. С 1918 – центр губернии, с 1925 – Омского окр., с 1934 – Омской обл.В 1858 в О. проживало 270 евреев, в 1862 – 323, в 1897 – 1138 (3,1%), в 1910 – 3572 (2,8%), в 1914 – 3782 (2,7%), в 1921 – ок. 10 000, в 1923 – 5713, в 1939 – 4587, в 1970 – 7854 (0,9%), в 1979 – 6762 (0,7%), в 2002 – 2290 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с нач. 19 в.; первые из них селились преимущественно в Новослободском форштадте. В 1807 в О. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1848 была создана община. В 1855 построена первая деревянная синагога в О., в 1873 – вторая. В 1866 было заложено новое еврейское кладбище. В сер. 19 в. вблизи от О. имелась т. н. еврейская заимка, где жили евреи, заготовлявшие фураж для Сибирского казачьего войска. В 1896 начала работать еврейская б-ка. В 1897 на нефтепромыслах было занято 16,3% евреев О. В нач. 20 в. евреям О. принадлежали кирпичное и др. произ-ва, магазины бакалейных, галантерейных и ювелирных товаров.В 1901 в О. было открыто еврейское уч-ще (зав. – Рувим Ильич Гительсон). В 1902 возникли первые сионистские орг-ции. В 1903 в О. действовали 2 сионистских кружка: «Ришон-лецион» (рук. – И.Н.Галкин) и «Мевасерес Цион» (рук. – д-р Лейбович). Центр. бюро сионистских орг-ций возглавлял Л.Я.Фридьев. На 1-й Сибирский съезд сионистов в Томске (1903) дел. от О. был избран раввин Левин. Сионистами была предпринята попытка создать в О. «образцовый нац. хедер», но из-за полицейского преследования деятельность сионистских орг-ций была прекращена.В 1911 в О. было 2 синагоги, одна из них – хасидская. При синагогах действовали благотворит. об-ва, пред. одного из них был Моисей Самойлович Саметник, другого – Моисей Куперштейн. В 1911 евреям принадлежали 3 хлебопекарни, 2 аптеки, более 20 лавок и магазинов в О. (в т. ч. 5 обувных, 2 книжных). Среди евреев О. числилось 2 портных, 3 ювелира, 6 врачей, 2 адвоката, 4 пом. присяжных поверенных. В 1911 на первой Зап.-Сиб. с.-х. выставке в О. серебряной медали была удостоена продукция мукомольного з-да Нафтоли Капельмана из Верхнеудинска (совр. Улан-Удэ). В 1913 омским мещанам Хане и Абраму Дорфманам принадлежало торг.-промышл. т-во в Верхнеудинске. В 1915 в О. действовали неск. хедеров, талмуд-тора, еврейское уч-ще.В 1900-х гг. раввином О. был Левин, в нач. 1910-х гг. – Шамай Абрамович Губергриц, в 1917 – Якобсон. В 1917–19 обществ. раввином был Б.С.Басин.После февр. 1917 деятельность сионистов возобновилась. 29 марта 1917 был избран сионистский к-т во главе с Б.С.Басиным. Тогда же в О. были созданы кружок учащейся молодежи «Га-Тхия» (изд. одноим. журн., ред. – Б.Дризин), об-во «Лея», курсы иврита, еврейская б-ка. В дек. 1917 открылось отд-ние ОЗЕ. Действовало еврейское потребит. об-во. В 1917–18 были образованы группы «Поалей Цион» и «Цеирей Цион»; последняя создала в О. кооператив «Земля и труд». В апр. 1917 сформировалась орг-ция Бунда. В состав к-та вошли М.Гительсон, Я.Либуркин, З.Пяско, М.Цукерник, М.Шерман. В апр. – мае 1917 орг-ция Бунда О. насчитывала ок. 100 чл.В февр. 1918 в О. действовали хевра кадиша, К-т по делам беженцев, «Гехавер» (осн. в июле 1917). На съезде еврейских общин 8 янв. 1919 в Иркутске С.И.Кадыш был избран в исполнит. орган Нац. совета еврейских общин Сибири и Урала. Пред. Омской еврейской общины был д-р Шершевский. В марте 1919 в О. прошла панихида по евреям, погибшим в ходе погромов в Польше и Галиции; в пользу пострадавших было собрано 8 тыс. руб. В 1920 в О. работало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920 действовали отд-ние «Маккаби», рабочий клуб и дет. сад; еврейское уч-ще было преобразовано в еврейскую школу 1-й ступени (закрыта в 1922).В 1927–39 в 23 км от О. работал еврейский колхоз.В 1930-х гг. О. – место ссылки сионистов. В 1935 было национализировано здание синагоги.В 1941–42 численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР.В 1946 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Лагерная, д. 47); раввин – Эфроим Нисонович Столяр (1890–1970), кантор – Самсон Филиппович Краснянский, моэл – Хаим Григорьевич Этинзон.В 1953 была арестована группа прихожан синагоги, обвиненных в сионистской деятельности, – И.И.Бухман (1889–?), Б.У.Дриккер (1905–?), Я.М.Каплан (1889–?), К.Г.Пинский (1885–?) и раввин Э.Н.Столяр. Тогда же был арестован гл. врач областной дет. больницы О.Л.Лурье (1886–?), к-рому инкриминировалась сионистская деятельность в кон. 1910-х гг.В 1959 в О. был разогнан миньян, собиравшийся на частной квартире, закрыто еврейское кладбище. Еврейскую общину в 1960–80-х гг. возглавляли Израиль Чесницкий и И. Бронфельд.В 1990 в О. основан культурный центр «Шалом»; действуют спорт. клуб «Маккаби», еврейская воскресная школа. В 1992 общине было возвращено здание синагоги. В результате поджога в 1994 здание синагоги сгорело, в 1995 восстановлено. С 1994 издается ежемес. газ. «Шалом», с 2002 – газ. «Ахдут». С 2001 раввин О. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ошер Кричевский (р. 1978, Беер-Шева, Израиль).В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 8 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: Б.И.Ласков, Д.Ласков, Д.Я. Пантофель-Нечецкая, Б.М.Фельдман, А.А. Цыганков; Александр (Абрам) Завелевич Ваксер (р. 1921), историк, д-р ист. наук (1973), проф. (1976), автор тр. по истории Ленинграда, Гос. пр. СССР (1975); Давид Исаевич Гаклин (1908–1970, Москва), концертмейстер, звукорежиссер, в 1965–70 работал на Всесоюз. студии грамзаписи «Мелодия», звукорежиссер мн. муз. передач на Всесоюз. радио, засл. работник культуры СССР (1968), Гос. пр. СССР (1970); Владимир Семенович Гиршович (р. 1941), педагог, один из организаторов негосударств. образования в России, засл. учитель школы РСФСР (1983); Вильям Янович Озолин (1931–1997, Барнаул), художник, писатель, поэт, автор неск. повестей и поэтич. сборников.В О. жили и работали: С.Г.Колеснев, М.Л. Курский, Г.С.Ландсберг, З.И.Лобков, Д.М. Манский, С.Л.Чудновский., extra_data="{'translat...")
OMUTINSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Omutinskoe Yalutorovsky u. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in O.
OMUTINSKY, see Omutinsky.
OMUTNINSK, a city (since 1921), a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1773 as Osokino, then - settlement. Omutninsky Plant Glazovsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1926, 7 Jews lived in O., in 1939 - 19, in 2002 - 8 Jews.
OMUTNINSKY FACTORY, see Omutninsk.
ONEGA, city (since 1780), a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century like Ust-Onega. From 1780 it was a district town of the Arkhangelsk Region, from 1799 - a province. In 1896 there were 8 Jews living in O., 11 in the district, 8 in 1926, 9 in 1939, and 4 in 2002. O. there was a Jewish cemetery.
THEY, city (since 1846), regional center (Georgia). Main in the 2nd century. BC e. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the center of the Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1869, 8 Jewish families lived in Osaka, in 1883 - 89, in 1897 - 645 Jews, in 1904 - 871, in 1911 - 746, in 1922 - 1306 (48.8%), in 1926 - 1176, in 1939 - 1187, in 1970 - 1872, in 1979 - 1130, in 1995 - approx. 50 Jews. According to legend, Jews came to O. from Svaneti approx. 2 thousand years ago. The first documents. evidence of Jews in O. refers to the 1st floor. 18th century Jews who lived in O. at the end. 18th century, were serfs. occupations of the Jews of O. in the 18th and 19th centuries. there were small trade and agriculture. The objects of trade were iron products, cloth, salt, and grain. Since ancient times, a synagogue existed in O., edged in the 1860s. was practically destroyed. The construction of the new synagogue began in 1890 at the initiative of Rabbis Eliyahu (Elo) Ampikashvili (1872-1912) and Iosif Buzukashvili. The synagogue was opened in 1895. Since 1903 D. Baazov was the rabbi of O. On his initiative, in 1904 a two-class Jewish school was opened in O., where, in addition to religions. subjects, taught Jewish history, cargo. and Russian. languages. On the basis of this school, a yeshiva was opened in 1913 (a special building was built in 1919). D. Baazov organized a Zionist group in O. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in O. and there was a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 1910s peasants of the surrounding villages boycotted Jewish traders from O. At the same time, a conflict arose with the local Armenian community. In 1918, Bolshevik detachments staged a pogrom in O. In 1920, two synagogues operated in O. In the beginning. 1920s the department "Ge-Halutz" was created, at which evening courses of Hebrew worked. The Jewish school was closed in 1922. At the same time, despite the decisive opposition of Jewish women, the synagogue was closed (reopened in 1924). In 1929, a branch of Evcombed was organized in O. (it operated until 1936); in the 1930s. OZET department worked. A Jewish collective farm was created, which was incorporated into the Georgian one in 1938. In 1930, approx. 50 families received help from the synagogue. In the 1st half. 20th century rabbis and shohets were Eliyahu Aronovich Khahiashvili (1878-1958), Irmiyagu Shebetovich Khahiashvili (1884-1960), Simon Abramovich Khitibashvili (1902-1965) and other rabbis in the 2nd half. 20th century were Moshe Khaimovich Khakhiashvili (1904–1967), Shebetan Abramovich Khitibashvili (1926–1990), Navtali Mordukhovich Khakhiashvili (1948–1982), the moel was Mikhail Iosifovich Shilashvili (1889–1960). On ordinary days in the synagogue, approx. 50 people, on holidays - approx. 200 people During the April earthquake. 1991 Jewish houses were damaged in O., a small synagogue was destroyed, and another was seriously damaged. The restoration of the synagogue was carried out with the support of the Georgian government, cargo. Jewish community and Joint (author of the project and supervisor of works by Sh.A. Bastanashvili) .After the earthquake, many others. Jews from O. left for Israel. In 2002, approx. 50 Jews. O. genus. G. Baazov D. M. Khananashvili
ONYKSHTY, see Anyksciai.
ONISHKI, a village in the Orzhitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in O.
ONITSKANI (until 1991 - Onitscani), a village in the Criuleni region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 153 Jews lived in O. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust. During the deportation to Transnistria, many Jews from other us were killed in O. points.
ONITSKANI, see Onitcani.
ONOK, a village in Vinogradov district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1598. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1703 there were 3 Jewish families living in Oslo, in 1890 - 34 families, in 1926 - approx. 200 Jews in the 19th century. In 1914, a Jewish cemetery was founded in O. In 1914, 2 Jewish families left O. In 1944, Jews of O. (50 people) were deported to the extermination camp Auschwitz. After 1945, 19 Jews returned to O. 1990s there was an abandoned Jewish cemetery in O.
ONORIEVKA, see Honorovka.
ONOROVKA, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Onoryevka, Tiraspol u. Kherson Gubernia. In the summer of 1941, Ottoman Empire was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. 15 Feb 1942 364 Jews from Odessa were deported to O. On March 13, 1942, they were shot.
ONOIKHI Z.I. (real name and fam. Zalman-Itzkhok Aronson) (1876 or 1878, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1947, Tel Aviv), writer. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied secular sciences. At one time he lived in Gomel, Odessa, where he became close to the anarchists, was arrested, was imprisoned for 6 months. in prison. After his release he moved to Vilna. He began to write in Hebrew. In 1903 publ. first stories. In 1905 he switched to Yiddish, published stories in periodicals. ed. The first book. stories "Tsvishn giml un erd" ("Between heaven and earth") published in 1909, in the next. year came the cycle of stories "Reb Abba" (from Hasidic life), which brought O. fame. From 1914 - in Simferopol, in 1921 he moved to Moscow, where he worked for some time in the archives of the Jewish Commissariat. In 1922 he left for Yuzh. America, performed reading Hasidic stories in the mountains. Argentina. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He worked in the Tel Aviv municipality, translated his works. in Hebrew. He was known as a playwright. The drama O. "Etele" was staged at the end. 1920s in New York and Tel Aviv.
ONUFRIEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson province. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in O. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both manufacturing shops in O.
ONUSHKIS, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ganushishki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 577 Jews (93.5%) lived in O., in 1923 - 342, in 1930 - 130 Jews. Jews lived in O. from the beginning ... 19th century From that time on there was a Jewish cemetery in O. Since 1873 Israel-Isser-Yakov Klyachkin (1844-1921) was the rabbi in O., then Avrom Popel (1870-1923), Kadosh, Tsvi-Nosn Kaplan (? -1941) were the rabbis of O. 20th century main The occupations of the Jewish population of O. were trade (mainly horses) and crafts. Among the Jews of O., there were 14 artisans (including 5 tailors, 4 shoemakers, and 2 bakers). In O. there were 2 synagogues, including the Hasidic one, and several. heders. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jews left O. In 1922–23 some of the Jews returned. In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. During this period, pl. the Jews left for Kaunas and Rokiskis. Means. part of the youth left for other countries. The Jewish population of O. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
OPAKA, a village in the Drohobych region of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1439. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century O. had 18 Jewish families; Jews owned a creamery and a sawmill. In the summer of 1941, Ottoman Empire occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
OPALIKHA, a holiday village in the Krasnogorsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. From the 17th century in 1989, 18 Jews (0.3%) lived in Osaka.
OPALIN, see Cherry.
OPALOVA Evgenia Emmanuilovna (real fam. Azarkh) (1900, Bely Smolensk province - 1985, Kiev), actress. Graduated from Petrograd. in-t scenic. lawsuit (1921). In 1936–77 she worked at the Kiev Drama Theater. t-re them. Lesia Ukrainka. Among the roles: Gurmyzhskaya ("The Forest" by A.N. Ostrovsky), Donna Concepcion ("The Stone Lord" by Lesya Ukrainka), Dulskaya ("The Moral of Lady Dulskaya" by G. Zapolskaya), grandmother Eugenia ("The Trees Die Standing" by A. Casona) , Frau Milch (Under the Golden Eagle by J. Galan) and others. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1969).
OPARINO, a village in the Vytegorsky district of the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vytegorsky u. Olonets Gubernia. In 1926, 6 Jews lived in O., in 1939 - 3 Jews.
OPATOSHU Iosif Davidovich (real name and family name Iosif-Meer Opatovsky) (1886, Mlawa Plock province - 1954, New York), writer. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Studied in Russian. bunk bed uch-shche, then in the Warsaw bargaining. school. In 1905 he left for Nancy (France), where he entered the polytechnic. A year later, due to lack of funds, he returned home, was engaged in self-education. Since 1907 - in the USA. The first story "Oyf Ener Zayt Brik" ("On the Other Side of the Bridge") publ. in 1910 at the alm. "Literature". In 1912 publ. "A novel fun a ferdganev" ("Roman horse thief"). Author of short stories "Maurice un zane zun Philip" ("Maurice and his son Philip"), "In wald" ("In the forest"), "Fun New York ghetto" ("From the New York ghetto"), "Ziegayner" ("Gypsies") and others. Collaborated in gas. "Tog". East trilogy O. "Alein" ("Odin", 1919), "In poilishe velder" ("In the Polish forests", 1921), "1863" (1925) dedicated. Polish revolt. 1863 and the life of Polish Jews in the 1st half. 19th century In 1922 and 1929 he visited Poland, in 1927 and 1934 - in the USSR. Impressions from visiting Europe and E.-I. (1934 and 1952) reflected in the book. "Tsvishn yamen un lander" ("Between seas and countries"). Then rum came out. Dietenzern (Dancer) and Atog in Regensburg (A Day in Regensburg) are about the life of Jews in Germany in the 16th century. Last manuf. O. - rum. Der Lezter Oufstand (The Last Uprising, vols. 1–2, 1948–55) dedicated. restore Jews, headed by Bar-Kokhba, against the Roman conquerors. In 1936–52 joint. with G. Leivik published collection of works. Zamllbicher.
OPATOV, see Opatow.
OPATOVEC, a settlement in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 13th century. received the Magdeburg Law. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Pinchovsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1827, 37 Jews (6.5%) lived in O., in 1857 - 34 (8%), in 1897 - 102 (15.6%), in 1921 - 166 (22%). 1939 - 120 Jews. Until 1862 Jews were prohibited from settling in O. Despite the ban, Jews lived in O. from the beginning. 19th century Main occupations were trade, crafts, s. x-in. In 1896 a synagogue functioned in O.. In the 1920s and 1930s. Jews of O. worked in a small river port on the Vistula. In 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, several arrived in O. dozens of Jewish refugees. A ghetto was created. In the beginning. nov. 1942, having learned about the impending "action", most of the Jews of O. fled to the surrounding villages and forests, but were betrayed by the local inhabitants to the Germans. authorities. 20 nov. 1942 a bunker was discovered where 36 people were hiding; they were all killed.
OPATUV, a city (since 1361) in the ентwiętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1793-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the county town of Opatov, Radom province. In 1827, 1377 Jews (50.6%) lived in Ostrava, in 1857 - 2279 (65.7%), in 1897 - 4138 (62.7%), in 1910 - 5193 (64.1%), in 1921 - 5462 Jews (61.9%) Jews have lived in Ossetia since the 16th century. At the same time, a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1685, a "blood libel" took place in O. The rabbis of O. in the 17th century there were Moishe Mat (? –1606), Yakov Halperin (? –1645), Eliezer Ashkenazi. In 1718, Meir Halperin (? -1723) was the rabbi of O., representing the community in the "Vaad of the Four Lands", since 1719 - Yitzhok Landa (? -1767), in the 1770s. - Hanania-Lipa Maiselish (? –1816). In the 1870s. Leiser Goldberg was the state rabbi in O. in the 1890s. - Leiser Wolman, 1900s - Gersh-Leib Friedman, 2nd half. 18 - 1st floor. 20th century O. is one of the centers of Hasidism in Poland. Moishe-Leib from Sasov (1745–1807), Avrom-Yehoshua Geshel (1755–1825), and Yakov Biderman (1806–1858) lived in O. The Hasidic court was organized in O. Meir Rosenberg (? -1827), the dynasty was continued by his son Pinhos (? -1837), then - by the son of Pinhos Meir. After the death of Meir, the dynasty was headed by the great-grandson of Pinhos Avrom-Pinhos-Sholem (1868-1938). In the beginning. 20th century in O. was the Hasidic court of Leibush Livshits (? –1929, Jerusalem), since 1925 - Rabbi Itskhok-Simcha (? –1937). 20th century A Zionist circle was active in O. In 1907, during the elections to the 3rd State. To the Duma, the Bund candidate was elected as an elector from O. Osn. The occupations of the Jewish population of O. were crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 hairdressing salons, all 3 watch workshops, approx. 50 shops and shops in O. (including all 4 manufactory shops, all 3 brick shops and both tiled shops). 1915 in O. grew up. The authorities arrested Getsel Vilchik as a hostage (until the whereabouts of J. Somberg and L. Ginzburg, who were targeted as hostages) were indicated. Since 1918 in O. there was a department called Tseirei Zion. In the 1920s and 1930s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1925, the Beis Yaakov girls' school has been operating, since 1930 - a Jewish hospital, since 1934 - a school of the Tarbut network. In the 1930s. Yeshiva was in operation. In the 1920s. Rabbi O. was Chaim-Yosef Bach, from 1930 - Sholem Roqueach (1907, Belz - 1944). 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in the spring of 1941 - the ghetto, destroyed in October. 1942 In O. b. Leizer Traister (1905-1981, New York), publicist, playwright, from 1927 - in Canada, from 1937 - in the USA, author of several. novels and dramatic. works.
OPE, see Ape.
OPECHENSKY POSAD, a village in Borovichi district, Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Opochensky Posad Borovichsky u. Novgorod province. 19 - early. 20th century in OP there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both pharmacies in O.P.
OPESKIN Leib (1908, Vilna - 1944, ibid.), Poet. He attended the courses of Jewish teachers in Vilna, for his participation in the communist. movement was arrested. In 1939–41 he published poetry in periodicals. ed., released Sat. their verse. "Bagin" ("Dawn"). In the Vilnius ghetto he was a teacher and lecturer, performed with the reading of his poems. O.'s poems are presented in the anthology of Sh. Kochergipsky "Leader funetos un lagern" ("Poems from the ghettos and camps", 1948).
OPOCHENSKY POSAD, see Opechensky Posad.
OPOCHKA, city, regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1341.From 1777 it was a district town of the Pskov governorship, then a province. In 1867 94 Jews lived in O., in 1873 - 46 Jewish families, in 1879 - 53 families, in 1897 - 521 Jews (9.1%), in 1910 - 412, in 1923 - 526 (7.8%), in 1926 - 577 (8.1%), in 1939 - 289, in 2002 - 6 Jews. In 1873 Jews petitioned to open a synagogue in O. There were 29 Jewish families permanently living in O., and 17 families temporarily. Three Jewish families lived on their own. houses. A synagogue was opened in O. in 1879. From 1882 the Jews of O. were assigned to the rabbi of Velikiye Luki, from 1885 to the rabbi of Sebezh, and from 1895 to the rabbi of Pskov. In 1896, 234 Jews lived in the district (without O.). the rabbi in O. was Shloyme Magaram (1879–?), who supported in the middle. 1920s connection with J.-I. Schneerson. In the 1920s. there was a synagogue in O. In 1923, the activities of the Zionist organization were banned. All R. 1920s underground Zionist activities were carried out, and religions were active. community, synagogue, mikvah; there was a rabbi. 8 July 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 a ghetto was created in a half-burnt barracks building, which contained approx. 200 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in March 1942. Born in O. Nina Borisovna Dortman (1918–1999), Doctor of Geological and Mineral. sciences, region scientific. interests - petrophysics kristallich. rocks; Solomon Gavrilovich Sverdlov (1891-1938), state. activist, since 1930 - manager of Leningrad. mountains. and reg. banks, since 1937 - deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR, repressed.
OPOCHNO, a city (since 1360) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 it was a district town of Radom province. In 1827 there were 1,922 Jews (64.9%) in Osaka, in 1857 - 1,472 (63.1%), in 1878 - 2,412 (48.5%), in 1897 - 2,425 (39.9%), in 1921 - 3376 (46.7%), in 1939 - 2954 Jews. Jews have lived in Ossetia from the 14th century. In 1646, permission was obtained to build a synagogue and lay a cemetery. In 1765, most of the artisans in O. were Jews. In the 18th century. another synagogue was built. 18 - early. 19th century Rabbi O. was Yehuda-Leib Livshits (? –1803). In 1818–40, the rabbinical court was headed by Moishe-Simcha Elfus, since 1856 - by Rabbi O. In the 1870s. Rabbi O. - Leibus Lilienthal, from the 1890s. until 1924 - his son Yosef-Nehemiah. Most of the Jews of O. were Hasidim. In the beginning. 20th century the Hasidic courtyard of Yitzhok-Meir Padva was located in O. In 1914 Jews owned a hairdresser, more than 20 shops and stores in O. (including all 3 haberdashery, all 4 shoe, both tobacco). ... in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1921, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was founded. In 1928, a school of the Tarbut network was opened, in 1931 - the Beis Yaakov school. In 1926, a sports department was founded. about-va "Ga-Poel", in 1930 - "Maccabi". Since 1924 Eliezer-Itskhok Shapiro was the rabbi of O. In the 1930s. in O. there were several. synagogues, in 1938 a new Jewish cemetery was founded. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was soon established. In the end. 1940 a ghetto was created, liquidated in October. 1942 - Jan. 1943 when the Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. In the vicinity of O. there was a Jewish partisan. detachment under com. Kanevsky (Julian Aizman). In 1967, the remains of the shot Jews were buried in a mass grave at the war. cemetery. A memorial plate was installed at the place of execution.
OPOLE, see Opole Lubelskie.
OPOLE-LUBELSKE, a city in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Lublin Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Opole Novo-Alexandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1674 in O.-L. 38 Jews lived (8%), in 1765 - 487, in 1827 - 994 (51%), in 1857 - 1778 (65%), in 1897 - 3323 (60.1%), in 1921 - 3766 (66%) , in 1939 - c. 4,300 Jews. Jews lived in O.-L. from the beginning. 16th century In 1564 Jews owned 6 houses, in 1616 - 17 houses. During the "Khmelnytsky" many. Jews O.-L. were killed, most of their homes were looted and burned. In 1663 the Jews of O.-L. the right to live and buy real estate in all districts of the city was granted and to engage in trade and crafts without restrictions. For Jews, housing taxes were also reduced and loan repayment conditions were relaxed. 18th century in O.-L. a community was created, a synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. The rabbis in O.-L. were: at the end. 18th century - Shmuel Meirovich, then - Ichiel-Chaim Epstein, at the end. 19th century - Shmuel Shapiro and his brother Nachman, who held his post until the beginning. 2nd world. war. There were philanthropists in the community. org-tion and social institutions. help. In 1903 Moshek Krongold was the rabbi, and in the 19th century. Jews O.-L. owned all mills, breweries and a monopoly on the production of alcohol; main most of the city's Jews were engaged in trade and crafts. In the beginning. 20th century pl. Jews O.-L. left for other countries. In 1912, a community of natives of O.-L. In 1912 in O.-L. a Jewish loan-savings company worked. m-in. In 1914 the Jews of O.-L. owned 37 shops (including all 18 manufactory, 4 grocery). In 1915, the OZE shelter operated. in O.-L. Jewish trade unions of artisans and small traders were created. In 1922, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was founded, later organized by the state. school for Jews ("Shabasuvka"), in which they did not study on Saturdays and Jewish holidays. In 1926, with the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened. Departments of the Zionist parties and youth movements, Bund, Agudas Yisroel operated. In the 1920s. rabbi in O.-L. was Reuven Winkler. In O.-L. there was a Hasidic court Irmiyahu Kalisha (1873–?), with O.-L. became one of the important centers of Hasidism in the Center. Poland. In 1932 in O.-L. the Jewish cemetery was desecrated (tombstones and fences were destroyed). Then the Polish. the authorities banned kosher slaughter of cattle, which led to the ruin of many. shokhetov and butchers. 1939 O.-L. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The city was turned into one of the centers of concentration of Jewish refugees. Dec. 1939 in O.-L. delivered 2,500 Jews from Pulawy and 300 from Józefuwa. By the beginning. 1940 in O.-L. was approx. 7 thousand Jews; the Judenrat and the Jewish police were created. In Feb. 1941 in O.-L. deported 2 thousand Jews from Vienna. In March 1941 in O.-L. a ghetto was created. On March 31, 1941, 1950 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp; On May 7, in the ghetto, O.-L. delivered 1350 people. from the Józefuwa ghetto; May 25, 1941 approx. 2 thousand Jews were sent to the extermination camp Sobibur, on May 30, 1941 in the ghetto O.-L. deported approx. 1,500 Jews from France and Slovakia. In the end. May 1942 in the ghetto O.-L. contained more than 7.5 thousand Jews. 24 oct. 1942 ghetto O.-L. was eliminated; most of the Jews were deported to Sobibur, the remaining approx. 500 Jews were killed a month later.
OPORA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1489. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 18 Jews lived in O. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. A workers' camp was set up in O. On June 5, 1942, 20 of 40 Jews were shot in the camp.
OPOSHNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1925) in Zenkovsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zenkovsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 23 Jewish families lived in O., in 1926 - 11 Jews, in 1939 - 17 Jews. 20th century main the occupations of the Jewish population of O. are handicrafts (shoemaking, tailoring) and small trade. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and 15 shops in O. (including 6 grocery stores, both of which are iron-metal goods). In 1919, a pogrom took place in O., organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev; during the pogrom several. Jews were killed, many were wounded, Jewish homes were looted. 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate. In Jan. 1942 3 Jews were killed in O.
OPPENHEIM David Grigorievich (1899, Vindava, Kurland province - 1994, Moscow), health care organizer, balneologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1973). Honey. educated in Tomsk and Moscow. un-takh (1918-24). At the same time. was a military man. commissar of the head evacuation point of the 5th Army Vost. fr. and Military-dignity. management Vost.-Sib. military. env., dep. Council of the slave. and Red Army deputies. in Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk, and others. Since 1924, in executive work in the health authorities of Moscow; in 1931–37 rector of the 1st MMI. Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1933–36). Was engaged in desks, and societies, work, elected dep. Mossovet (1925-40). In 1938–39 he was repressed. In 1941–45 early. evacuation hospital. In 1946-51 hands. dep. organization of public health Ying-that organization of public health and history of medicine. From 1951 to the Center, in-those balneology and physiotherapy (senior scientific researcher and head of the department of the organization of sanatorium-resort assistance); 1969–79 scientific. consultant. Cit .: Reconstruction of health care and a single dispensary. M., 1930; City hospital, combined with a polyclinic. M., 1949; Forty years of Soviet resorts. M., 1957; Local resorts. M., 1967; Methodical instructions for honey. selection of patients for spa treatment. M., 1971 (with Yu.E. Danilov).
OPSA, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 450 Jews lived in O. Since 1910, Shmuel-Menachem Fain was a rabbi in O.. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in June 1942, a ghetto was created in which apprx. 300 Jews. In the end. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; Jews were shot. In 1983, a mound was built on the grave of the perished Jews, ending with a sculptural composition.
OPSHKVITI, a village in the Tskhaltubsky district (Georgia). In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1932, 35 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1929, on the territory. A Jewish collective farm "Birobidzhan" was created for 20 families of Georgian Jews from Kutaisi. The collective farm was allocated 10 hectares of land for citrus and vine plantations. In 1934, the collective farm owned 111 hectares. In 1938, in connection with the liquidation of GruzOZET, the Jewish collective farm was annexed to the Georgian one. Gradually the Jews of O. left the collective farm.D.M. Khananashvili
ORADOVKA, a village in the Khristinovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish labor camp in O., whose prisoners were used in the construction and repair of roads. Several people died and were killed in the camp. hundreds of people.
ORANIENBAUM, see Lomonosov.
ORANOE, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in O. The Jew was a unity. timber merchant in O.
ORANSKY Iosif Mikhailovich (1923, Petrograd - 1977, ibid.), Orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1967). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1948 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Eastern teacher Faculty of Leningrad State University (1948–51), Stalinabad ped. Institute (1955-59). Sci. sotr. (since 1959), Art. scientific. sotr. (1962–77) Leningrad. department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the region. general and comparative Iranian philology, dialectology, afg., pers., taj. and so on. secret languages. Wed Asia. Author of the monograph "The Indian dialect of the Parya group: Materials and research" (1963), "Folklore and language of the Hissar Parya: Cf. Asia "(1977). Soch: Iranian languages. M., 1963; Tajik-speaking ethnographic groups of the Gissar valley (Wed Asia): Ethnolinguistic studies. M., 1983. O.'s daughter - Tatyana (b. 1950, Leningrad), orientalist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1986). Author of over 30 works in the region. research Indo-Aryan, Indo-Iranian and Old Indian languages.
ORANA, see Varena.
ORANGEI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Ikryaninsky district of the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Astrakhan district. Astrakhan province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in O.
ORATOV, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lipovetsky district. Kiev province. In 1854, 28 Jews (5.7%) lived in O., in 1897 - 54 Jews. occupations of the Jewish population of O. in the 19th century. were decomp. crafts.
ORATOVKA, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in O. there was a Jewish population, DOS. occupations to-rogo were trade and crafts. In 1914, Jews owned 7 timber warehouses, a mill, 19 shops (including all 11 grocery stores). Among the Jews of O. there was a timber merchant. In July 1941, O. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In oct. 1942 3 Jews were killed in O.
ORDO-VASYLEVKA, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinoslav province. In 1912 in O.-V. lived several. dozens of Jews.
ORDYNSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1962), a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 9 Jews lived in O.
ORDYNTSY, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1914, a Jewess owned a grocery store in O.
ORDZHONIKIDZE, see Yenakiyevo.
ORDZHONIKIDZEGRAD, now part of (since 1956) Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bezhitsa town, Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1910, 149 Jews lived in O., in 1923 - 315, in 1926 - 768 (2.4%), in 1939 - 1,712 Jews. In the fall of 1941, O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Means. part of the Jewish population was evacuated. The Jews who remained in the occupation were exterminated. After the liberation, some of the Jews returned to O. In 1946, a request by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in O. was rejected.
OREKHOV (up to 1801 - the village of Orekhovaya Balka), a city (from 1801), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Berdyansk district. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1801, 150 Jews (5%) lived in O., in 1847 - 572, in 1889 - 814, in 1897 - 971 (16%), in 1910 - 1330 (18%), in 1914 - 1424, in 1923 - 444, in 1926 - 712, in 1939 - 358 Jews (3.7%). In 1801 a cheder was opened in O., in 1846 there were 11 heders, and in 1864 the Jewish beginning worked. school. In 1867 a synagogue functioned. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - crafts and trade. In the 1860s. among the Jews of O. there were 68 artisans, 88 merchants, to whom several belonged. dozens of shops, shanks, and others. In 1874, the Jews of O. owned a brick and tannery, 2 oil mills, and 4 mills. May 4–5, 1881, a pogrom took place in O.. in the 1890–1910s. the rabbi in O. was Michel Berkman (1858–?). In 1914 pom. the state rabbi was Shevel Mordukhovich Kompaneets. In the 1910s. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries in O. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, confectionery, unity. bath, 3 hotels, unity. a hairdresser, a coffee shop, both photographic workshops, more than 90 shops and stores in O. (including the only jewelry store, the only toy store, 19 grocery stores, and 9 manufacturing stores). Jews owned 2 brick-tile factories. In 1915, representatives of the Jewish community of O. participated in the creation of the Tavrichesky Jewish Society to provide assistance to the victims of the war. During the 1st world. During the war, schools for Jewish refugees were opened in O. A Jewish mixed school (100 students) operated in 1916. The Jewish community of O. suffered during the Civil Period. war. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in O. by units of the Volunteer Army. As a result of the pogroms means. part of the Jewish population left O. October 24. 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. Part of the Jewish population managed to evacuate. In the beginning. nov. 1941 several were shot in O. dozens of Jews, at the beginning. 1942 - c. 100 Jews. The territory of one of the Jewish cemeteries became part of the common one, the other cemetery was destroyed. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in O. In the O. family: DI Dubrovsky, L.S. Tsipursky; Osher Osipovich Abugov (1899-1938), Art. Major of State Security (1935), in 1934-37 - early. Kirovsky UNKVD, member. Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1935–37), repressed. YN Grigorieva
NUT BEAM, see Nuts.
OREKHOVKA, a village in the Lubensky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a farm, then - the village of Orekhovshchina, Lubensky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in O.
OREKHOVNO, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1921 101 Jews lived in O.. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In the 1910s. the rabbi was Movsha Abramovich Reznik. In 1913 Jews owned 4 out of 5 grocery and units. haberdashery. In the summer of 1941, Ottoman troops occupied the Wehrmacht. In 1942, several were shot in O. Jews.
OREKHOVO-ZUEVO, city (since 1917), regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 17th century like the villages of Orekhovo and Zuevo. At 19 - early. 20th century - the place of Pokrovsky u. Vladimir province. In 1910 in O.-Z. 108 Jews lived, in 1926 - 153 (0.2%), in 1939 - 407, in 1970 - 332 (0.2%), in 1989 - 184 (0.1%), in 2002 - 92 Jews. Jews O.-Z. belonged to unities. a pharmacy and an angry store. and silver. products. In 1914 in O.-Z. arrived Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In O.-Z. there was a synagogue; there was a shohet Shmuel (Samuil Leibovich) Zalmanov. 1990s in O.-Z. decomp. began to operate. Jewish org-tions. genus. Ya.V. Flier.
NUT, see Nut.
OREKHOVSK, urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In 1939, 123 Jews lived in O. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОРЁЛ, город, центр Орловской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1566 как крепость. С 1778 – центр Орловского наместничества, затем – губ.В 1867 в О. проживало 115 евреев, в 1880 – св. 500, в 1897 – 1750 (2,5%), в 1910 – 2216, в 1923 – 3739 (5,1%), в 1926 – 3597 (4,6%), в 1939 – 3143 (2,8%), в 1970 – 1676 (0,7%), в 1979 – 1504 (0,5%), в 1989 – 970 (0,4%), в 2002 – 511 евреев.В 1876 в О. была открыта синагога. Еврейская община состояла из 100 отставных и бессрочно отпускных нижних чинов, а также из ок. 80 ремесленников, временно проживавших в О. Евреям принадлежало 7 домов. Старостой синагоги был отставной рядовой Зельман Янкелевич Янкелевич. В 1880 группа евреев, приезжавших в О. на короткое время, подала прошение об открытии второй синагоги, т. к. в существующей «возобладал дух хасидизма». Раввином О. был отставной унтер-офицер Аврум Лейбович Карпоносов, казначеем – отставной рядовой Лейба Ицкович Ранович. В 1883 временно проживавшие в О. купцы и ремесленники подали жалобу на раввина Карпоносова, к-рый якобы недостаточно знал еврейские законы. С разрешения Мин-ва внутр. дел состоялись выборы нового раввина, к-рым стал провизор Юдин. Хасиды пытались опротестовать результаты выборов.В окт. 1905 в О. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого были разграблены еврейские магазины.В 1909 в О. действовали отд-ния ОПЕ (пред. – Гуревич), Об-во пособия бедным евреям (создано в 1901), в 1910 – талмуд-тора; имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1911 была построена новая синагога. Раввин О. с 1901 – Я.Б.Каценельсон.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи; в 1915 в О. прибыло 218 евреев-беженцев. В том же году начал действовать еврейский врем. к-т помощи жертвам войны, с 1916 – еврейское об-во помощи жертвам войны. В 1917 в О. работало, организованное Моск. отд-нием ОРТ, бюро труда, к-рое также оказывало помощь беженцам.В 1918 по пути из Любавичей в Кременчуг в О. неск. месяцев находилось отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим». В 1918 в О. действовали отд-ния Евсекции, «Поалей Цион», Бунда, школа с преподаванием на идише.В 1919 в О. произошел погром, устроенный частями Добровольческой армии. В том же году в О. при губкоме была создана комиссия по оказанию помощи «жертвам контрреволюции», организованы столовые для пострадавших, число к-рых превышало 1500 чел.В 1919 среди евреев О. числилось 500 рабочих; был создан еврейский рабочий клуб им. Ю.А.Шимелиовича, работали трудовая школа, дет. сад. В 1920 в О. существовало отд-ние ОЗЕ. В 1922 евреи составляли ок. 50% торговцев. В О. действовали «Об-во помощи еврейскому ребенку», еврейская школа (55 уч-ся), дет. дом (75 детей), еврейская б-ка-читальня, еврейская проф.-техн. школа (создана при помощи ОРТ и Джойнта). Весной 1923 в О. была закрыта синагога (в 1923–26 в здании располагалась биржа труда, в 1926–28 – клуб металлистов, затем милиция, школа, аэроклуб, с 1943 – ПТУ).В 1921 раввином в О. был Рабинович, в 1930-х гг. – любавичский хасид Яков Пантелеев (?–1946). В 1930-х гг. О. – место ссылки сионистов.3 окт. 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Большинство еврейского населения успело эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. После оккупации в О. был учрежден юденрат, к-рый возглавлял Исай Яковлевич Фельдман, погибший в 1941. В нояб. 1941 в О. создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 200 чел. 3 сент. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, 175 евреев расстреляны.После освобождения в 1943 часть евреев вернулась в О. В 1945 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Сакко и Ванцетти). Обязанности раввина исполнял Герш Аронович Боровик (1878–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 20 чел., в праздники – 100–150 чел. Имелось еврейское кладбище, закрытое в кон. 1960-х гг.В 1992 в О. была создана еврейская религ. община, к-рую возглавил Эммануил Соломонович Менделевич (1952, Орел – 1998, там же). С 1990-х гг. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». С 1998 пред. общины – Семен Абрамович Лившиц (р. 1949, Орел).В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: А.П.Александров, И.И.Беляев, М.Б.Гуревич, С.Б.Гуревич, Г.Б.Злотин, И.А. Левин, Е.И.Мительман, И.А.Мовшович, А.А. Орловская, И.М.Рапопорт, И.И.Файншмидт, С.Л.Штейн; Павел Ефимович Аб (1902–?), живописец, участник мн. выставок, участвовал в исполнении диорам «Бородино» и «Перекоп»; Евгений Данилович Агранович (р. 1919), драматург, поэт – жанр авторской песни, автор песен «Я в весеннем лесу...», «Мой адрес – Советский Союз», «Не улетай» и др.; Даниил Григорьевич Гольдберг (1902–1969, Ленинград), невролог, проф. (1961), обл. науч. иссл. – клиника и лечение опухолей головного и спинного мозга, ишемич. инсультов и др.; Борис Львович Изралевский (1886–1969, Москва), дирижер, в 1909–53 – дир. и зав. муз. частью МХАТа, засл. деят. иск-в РСФСР (1938); Семен Ефимович Лившиц (р. 1924), поэт, в 1960-х гг. – гл. ред. Магаданского кн. изд-ва, автор мн. сб. стихов; Петр Моисеевич Пильский (1879–1941, Рига), критик, с 1919 – в эмиграции, с 1926 – в Латвии, автор неск. сотен очерков о деятелях культуры рус. эмиграции, автор кн. «Проблема пола, половые авторы и половой вопрос» (Спб., 1909), в к-рой представлен анализ эротич. темы в рус. лит-ре; Рита Соломоновна Спивак (р. 1937), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1992), проф. (1992), специалист по рус. лит-ре 19–20 вв., осн. работы посв. проблемам рус. поэзии «серебряного века».В О. жили и работали М.Л.Курский, Д.Пинес, Т.А.Чужбинов, Ю.А.Шимелиович.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=ОРЁЛ, город, центр Орловской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1566 как крепость. С 1778 – центр Орловского наместничества, затем – губ.В 1867 в О. проживало 115 евреев, в 1880 – св. 500, в 1897 – 1750 (2,5%), в 1910 – 2216, в 1923 – 3739 (5,1%), в 1926 – 3597 (4,6%), в 1939 – 3143 (2,8%), в 1970 – 1676 (0,7%), в 1979 – 1504 (0,5%), в 1989 – 970 (0,4%), в 2002 – 511 евреев.В 1876 в О. была открыта синагога. Еврейская община состояла из 100 отставных и бессрочно отпускных нижних чинов, а также из ок. 80 ремесленников, временно проживавших в О. Евреям принадлежало 7 домов. Старостой синагоги был отставной рядовой Зельман Янкелевич Янкелевич. В 1880 группа евреев, приезжавших в О. на короткое время, подала прошение об открытии второй синагоги, т. к. в существующей «возобладал дух хасидизма». Раввином О. был отставной унтер-офицер Аврум Лейбович Карпоносов, казначеем – отставной рядовой Лейба Ицкович Ранович. В 1883 временно проживавшие в О. купцы и ремесленники подали жалобу на раввина Карпоносова, к-рый якобы недостаточно знал еврейские законы. С разрешения Мин-ва внутр. дел состоялись выборы нового раввина, к-рым стал провизор Юдин. Хасиды пытались опротестовать результаты выборов.В окт. 1905 в О. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого были разграблены еврейские магазины.В 1909 в О. действовали отд-ния ОПЕ (пред. – Гуревич), Об-во пособия бедным евреям (создано в 1901), в 1910 – талмуд-тора; имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1911 была построена новая синагога. Раввин О. с 1901 – Я.Б.Каценельсон.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения О. увеличилась за счет беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи; в 1915 в О. прибыло 218 евреев-беженцев. В том же году начал действовать еврейский врем. к-т помощи жертвам войны, с 1916 – еврейское об-во помощи жертвам войны. В 1917 в О. работало, организованное Моск. отд-нием ОРТ, бюро труда, к-рое также оказывало помощь беженцам.В 1918 по пути из Любавичей в Кременчуг в О. неск. месяцев находилось отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим». В 1918 в О. действовали отд-ния Евсекции, «Поалей Цион», Бунда, школа с преподаванием на идише.В 1919 в О. произошел погром, устроенный частями Добровольческой армии. В том же году в О. при губкоме была создана комиссия по оказанию помощи «жертвам контрреволюции», организованы столовые для пострадавших, число к-рых превышало 1500 чел.В 1919 среди евреев О. числилось 500 рабочих; был создан еврейский рабочий клуб им. Ю.А.Шимелиовича, работали трудовая школа, дет. сад. В 1920 в О. существовало отд-ние ОЗЕ. В 1922 евреи составляли ок. 50% торговцев. В О. действовали «Об-во помощи еврейскому ребенку», еврейская школа (55 уч-ся), дет. дом (75 детей), еврейская б-ка-читальня, еврейская проф.-техн. школа (создана при помощи ОРТ и Джойнта). Весной 1923 в О. была закрыта синагога (в 1923–26 в здании располагалась биржа труда, в 1926–28 – клуб металлистов, затем милиция, школа, аэроклуб, с 1943 – ПТУ).В 1921 раввином в О. был Рабинович, в 1930-х гг. – любавичский хасид Яков Пантелеев (?–1946). В 1930-х гг. О. – место ссылки сионистов.3 окт. 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Большинство еврейского населения успело эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. После оккупации в О. был учрежден юденрат, к-рый возглавлял Исай Яковлевич Фельдман, погибший в 1941. В нояб. 1941 в О. создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 200 чел. 3 сент. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, 175 евреев расстреляны.После освобождения в 1943 часть евреев вернулась в О. В 1945 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Сакко и Ванцетти). Обязанности раввина исполнял Герш Аронович Боровик (1878–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 20 чел., в праздники – 100–150 чел. Имелось еврейское кладбище, закрытое в кон. 1960-х гг.В 1992 в О. была создана еврейская религ. община, к-рую возглавил Эммануил Соломонович Менделевич (1952, Орел – 1998, там же). С 1990-х гг. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». С 1998 пред. общины – Семен Абрамович Лившиц (р. 1949, Орел).В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: А.П.Александров, И.И.Беляев, М.Б.Гуревич, С.Б.Гуревич, Г.Б.Злотин, И.А. Левин, Е.И.Мительман, И.А.Мовшович, А.А. Орловская, И.М.Рапопорт, И.И.Файншмидт, С.Л.Штейн; Павел Ефимович Аб (1902–?), живописец, участник мн. выставок, участвовал в исполнении диорам «Бородино» и «Перекоп»; Евгений Данилович Агранович (р. 1919), драматург, поэт – жанр авторской песни, автор песен «Я в весеннем лесу...», «Мой адрес – Советский Союз», «Не улетай» и др.; Даниил Григорьевич Гольдберг (1902–1969, Ленинград), невролог, проф. (1961), обл. науч. иссл. – клиника и лечение опухолей головного и спинного мозга, ишемич. инсультов и др.; Борис Львович Изралевский (1886–1969, Москва), дирижер, в 1909–53 – дир. и зав. муз. частью МХАТа, засл. деят. иск-в РСФСР (1938); Семен Ефимович Лившиц (р. 1924), поэт, в 1960-х гг. – гл. ред. Магаданского кн. изд-ва, автор мн. сб. стихов; Петр Моисеевич Пильский (1879–1941, Рига), критик, с 1919 – в эмиграции, с 1926 – в Латвии, автор неск. сотен очерков о деятелях культуры рус. эмиграции, автор кн. «Проблема пола, половые авторы и половой вопрос» (Спб., 1909), в к-рой представлен анализ эротич. темы в рус. лит-ре; Рита Соломоновна Спивак (р. 1937), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1992), проф. (1992), специалист по рус. лит-ре 19–20 вв., осн. работы посв. проблемам рус. поэзии «серебряного века».В О. жили и работали М.Л.Курский, Д.Пинес, Т.А.Чужбинов, Ю.А.Шимелиович.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
ORELETS, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population, and in the summer of 1941 O. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In 1942, 14 Jews were deported from O. to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
ORELKA, a village in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station of Pavlogradsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913 Jews owned 1 out of 4 grocery and manufactory shops, 1 out of 3 agricultural shops. tools, as well as a "bread-grain" shop and 2 wood-burning shops.
OREN Yitzhak (real family member Nadel) (1918, Verkhneudinsk, Trans-Baikal region - 2007), writer. Rod. in the family of an exiled. In 1924–36 - in Harbin. Since 1936 - in E.-I. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche. He studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem (1936–40). In 1937–41 - at ETsEL. Ed. army gas. "Shen ha-magen" (1948–49), broadcasts of the radio station "Voice of Israel" in Russian. lang. (1960–80). Since 1972 - Ch. ed. Concise Jewish Encyclopedia (in Russian). Since 1946 he has published 12 books. in Hebrew and two sat. stories in the lane. in Russian and English. lang. Permanent gas contributor. "Yediot Ahronot". Translated rum into Hebrew. IA Goncharova "Oblomov" and production. other Russian writers. Etc. heads of the Prospect Island in the region. Hebrew Literature (1978). Etc. B. Newman (1989). Etc. University Bar-Ilan. Vol .: My quarry. Jerusalem, 1990.
ORENBURG, see Orsk.
ORENSHTEIN Leo (1895, Kremenchuk, Poltava province - |), composer, pianist. Since 1902 - in the USA. He studied in New York. Has toured in the USA and European countries. He taught in music. in-those Curtis in Philadelphia. Author bal., Fp. concerts, symph. In muses. manuf. interpreted new. styles of modern music.
ORESHKOVICHI, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in O.
ORESHKOVTSY, see Orishkovtsy.
OREVICHI, a village in the Khoiniki district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 10 Jews were killed in O.
ORGEEV, see Orhei.
ORGELBRAND Shmuel (1810, Warsaw - 1868, ibid.), Publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1829 he began publishing. activity, in 1836 opened an antique shop. Released approx. 500 tons, among which approx. 100 Jewish books, including the first ed. in the Kingdom of Poland of the Babylonian Talmud (1860–64, 20 t.). In 1857–68 he published 28 volumes of the first Polish encyclopedia "The Encyclopedia of Povznechna". Brother O. - Mauritius (1826, Warsaw - 1904, ibid.), Publisher. In 1853–65 he was engaged in publishing. activities in Vilna, from 1865 - in Warsaw. In 1878–85 he published Tygodnik Poznechny. He was published in Kurier Varshavski and other gas.
ORININ, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1474. From 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (in 1672–99 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1797 - the town of Kamenets-Podolsk u. Podolsk lips. Since 1925 - the center of the Jewish national. In 1887, 1680 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 2112 (42%), in 1902 - 2839, in 1923 - 1630, in 1926 - 1797, in 1939 - 1508 Jews (48.6%). . was formed by 1582. During the "Khmelnytsky" times, the town was ruined; pl. Jews left O., some of the Jews perished. Under Turkish rule, the Jews were the main. the mass of the population of the town. In the 18th century. there was a synagogue in O. In 1757, after a religious dispute between representatives of the Jewish community and the Francoists, by order of the Catholic Bishop Dembowski, books from the synagogue, including the Talmud, were confiscated and burned in O. 19th century in O. there were synagogues, philanthropists. org-tion for the poor and the sick, hevra kaddish. Jews worked in 65 crafts. workshops, at a tannery, to-ry built by the Jewish merchant Guthertz. In 1863 there were 4 synagogues, in 1889 - 5 synagogues. In 1893-1916 finance. account support the institution in O. was supported by the OPE. In 1911 a Zionist circle (headed by Pinchas Kremer and Israel Drakler) operated in O. In 1914, Jewish loan and savings workers worked. cash desk and credit t-in. The Jews owned 22 shops (including all 8 manufactory, 11 grocery), both pharmaceutical warehouses, 3 mills, all 3 timber warehouses. 9 Aug. 1914 a pogrom occurred in O., during which the property of 10 Jewish families was destroyed. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of O. were accused of espionage and expelled from the shtetl. In 1919, Jews who returned to O. suffered from pogroms organized by parts of the Directory; during the pogroms, 2 people died in March, 15 in May, and 40 in June. underground Zionist organizations operated in O. In 1924–25 a Jewish immigrant was established in O. s.-kh. collective "New Life". There was a school in O. with teaching in Yiddish. 1920s synagogues were closed in O., and the activity of Zionist organizations ceased. In 1935, Jews constituted the majority of the members of the agricultural sector. artel "Znamya kommunizma". After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in 1941, a ghetto was created. On June 21, 1942, approx. 1,700 Jews; OK. 300 Jewish specialists were transferred to the city of Kamenets-Podolsk. After 1945, monuments were erected on the mass graves of the perished Jews. B. Sigal.
ORISHKOVTSY, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Oreshkivtsi, Gusyatinsky povet, province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In March 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to Khorostkov.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОРХЕЙ (до 1835 – Старый Орхей), город (с 1835), районный центр (Республика Молдова). С 1812 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1818 – уездный город Оргеев Бессарабской обл., с 1873 – губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Румынии, в 1940–91 – МССР.В 1847 в О. проживало 1960 евреев, в 1867 – 3005, в 1897 – 7149 (57,9%), в 1930 – 6408 (41,9%), в 1989 – 1347 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с 16 в. В 1613 в О. произошел погром. Первая синагога была построена в нач. 18 в. По преданию, в этой синагоге молился И.Баал-Шем-Тов. В 1857 в О. действовала 1 синагога, в 1861 – 4, в 1867 – 6 синагог.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в О. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – ремесла и торговля. В 1865 евреям принадлежали 6 аптек, гостиница, фотоателье, 2 магазина ювелирных изделий и 57 лавок в О. (в т. ч. все 12 бакалейных, все 4 мануфактурные). В 1866 в О. были открыты первая еврейская б-ка и талмуд-тора. В 1875 основана еврейская больница, в 1886 – богадельня. В 1884 действовала частная еврейская школа. В 1880-х гг. основано 6 хедеров, в 1887 – ремесл. уч-ще, в 1897 – благотворит. об-во «Хевра летмиха бэаниим». В 1886 было построено новое здание для талмуд-торы. В 1898–1905 при поддержке казенного раввина д-ра Рабиновича работала с.-х. школа.В 1886 основано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион». С 1890 в О. действовал палестинофильский кружок, с 1898 – сионистский.В кон. 19 в. раввином в О. был Мойше-Хаим Элькин, после смерти к-рого раввином с 1902 стал его сын Авром-Йосеф (1874–?).В нач. 20 в. в О. действовало неск. синагог, в т. ч. хасидские (буяновская и любавичская).С 1902 в О. работали театр. кружки. В 1903 еврейская молодежь организовала отряд самообороны. В 1905 в О. была основана касса взаимопомощи для еврейских ремесленников, в 1907 – еще одна еврейская б-ка. В 1910 в О. действовали 12 синагог, жен. еврейское уч-ще, обществ. муж. уч-ще, еврейская земледельч. ферма, орг-ция Бунда. В 1912 работали Ремесл. еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, Второе еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 при еврейской больнице имелась бесплатная амбулатория; евреями были 2 из 4 врачей и все 7 акушерок. В О. работали «Линас га-Цедек», об-во попечения о родильницах, об-во «Эзрас Аниим», с 1919 – об-во помощи остро нуждающимся евреям.В 1918 в О. была создана орг-ция «Цеирей Цион». В 1920 основана школа сети «Тарбут», в 1924 – дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1924 при поддержке ОРТ была основана талмуд-тора с классами проф. обучения, в 1925 – частная школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1927 – школы по подготовке столяров и портних.В 1920-х гг. в О. создано отд-ние ОЗЕ. Во 2-й пол. 1920-х гг. действовал к-т помощи голодающим. В 1926 в гор. совет было избрано 7 евреев. В 1930-х гг. построено новое здание для терапевтич. и инфекц. отд-ний еврейской больницы.В 1920–30-х гг. в О. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. с 1925 – отд-ние «Маккаби», с 1927 – «Гордонии» и «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», с 1928 – «Поалей Цион», с 1936 – группа по подготовке к физич. труду в Э.-И.В 1930-х гг. в О. имелись школа и гимназия сети «Тарбут».В 1940 при отступлении румын. армии из Бессарабии в О. произошел погром.15 июля 1941 О. оккупировали румын. войска. В июле 1941 был создан лагерь для евреев из разл. р-нов Молдавии. Оставшиеся в городе евреи были уничтожены.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в О. В 1946 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Красноармейская, д. 4). Раввином был Сруль Лейбович Файман (1880–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 20–30 чел., в праздники – 200–250 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. в О. установлен памятник погибшим евреям. С 1989 в О. действует Об-во еврейской культуры, пред. – Семен Хаймович Рапопорт (р. 1945). В О. сохранилось еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 150 евреев.В О. род.: И.Л.Альтман, И.И.Бадеев, В.Л. Зислис, М.Коган, Ф.Я.Левензон, Ш.М.Машкауцан, И.Рабинович; Исидор (Исаак) Михайлович Шрайбер (1915–1994, Москва), переводчик, одним из первых перевел на рус. яз. произв. Э.М.Ремарка, перевел мемуары Л.Треппера., pronunciation=ОРХЕЙ (до 1835 – Старый Орхей), город (с 1835), районный центр (Республика Молдова). С 1812 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1818 – уездный город Оргеев Бессарабской обл., с 1873 – губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Румынии, в 1940–91 – МССР.В 1847 в О. проживало 1960 евреев, в 1867 – 3005, в 1897 – 7149 (57,9%), в 1930 – 6408 (41,9%), в 1989 – 1347 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с 16 в. В 1613 в О. произошел погром. Первая синагога была построена в нач. 18 в. По преданию, в этой синагоге молился И.Баал-Шем-Тов. В 1857 в О. действовала 1 синагога, в 1861 – 4, в 1867 – 6 синагог.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в О. в 19 – нач. 20 в. – ремесла и торговля. В 1865 евреям принадлежали 6 аптек, гостиница, фотоателье, 2 магазина ювелирных изделий и 57 лавок в О. (в т. ч. все 12 бакалейных, все 4 мануфактурные). В 1866 в О. были открыты первая еврейская б-ка и талмуд-тора. В 1875 основана еврейская больница, в 1886 – богадельня. В 1884 действовала частная еврейская школа. В 1880-х гг. основано 6 хедеров, в 1887 – ремесл. уч-ще, в 1897 – благотворит. об-во «Хевра летмиха бэаниим». В 1886 было построено новое здание для талмуд-торы. В 1898–1905 при поддержке казенного раввина д-ра Рабиновича работала с.-х. школа.В 1886 основано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион». С 1890 в О. действовал палестинофильский кружок, с 1898 – сионистский.В кон. 19 в. раввином в О. был Мойше-Хаим Элькин, после смерти к-рого раввином с 1902 стал его сын Авром-Йосеф (1874–?).В нач. 20 в. в О. действовало неск. синагог, в т. ч. хасидские (буяновская и любавичская).С 1902 в О. работали театр. кружки. В 1903 еврейская молодежь организовала отряд самообороны. В 1905 в О. была основана касса взаимопомощи для еврейских ремесленников, в 1907 – еще одна еврейская б-ка. В 1910 в О. действовали 12 синагог, жен. еврейское уч-ще, обществ. муж. уч-ще, еврейская земледельч. ферма, орг-ция Бунда. В 1912 работали Ремесл. еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, Второе еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 при еврейской больнице имелась бесплатная амбулатория; евреями были 2 из 4 врачей и все 7 акушерок. В О. работали «Линас га-Цедек», об-во попечения о родильницах, об-во «Эзрас Аниим», с 1919 – об-во помощи остро нуждающимся евреям.В 1918 в О. была создана орг-ция «Цеирей Цион». В 1920 основана школа сети «Тарбут», в 1924 – дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В 1924 при поддержке ОРТ была основана талмуд-тора с классами проф. обучения, в 1925 – частная школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1927 – школы по подготовке столяров и портних.В 1920-х гг. в О. создано отд-ние ОЗЕ. Во 2-й пол. 1920-х гг. действовал к-т помощи голодающим. В 1926 в гор. совет было избрано 7 евреев. В 1930-х гг. построено новое здание для терапевтич. и инфекц. отд-ний еврейской больницы.В 1920–30-х гг. в О. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. с 1925 – отд-ние «Маккаби», с 1927 – «Гордонии» и «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», с 1928 – «Поалей Цион», с 1936 – группа по подготовке к физич. труду в Э.-И.В 1930-х гг. в О. имелись школа и гимназия сети «Тарбут».В 1940 при отступлении румын. армии из Бессарабии в О. произошел погром.15 июля 1941 О. оккупировали румын. войска. В июле 1941 был создан лагерь для евреев из разл. р-нов Молдавии. Оставшиеся в городе евреи были уничтожены.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в О. В 1946 в О. была открыта синагога (ул. Красноармейская, д. 4). Раввином был Сруль Лейбович Файман (1880–?); в обычные дни синагогу посещало 20–30 чел., в праздники – 200–250 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. в О. установлен памятник погибшим евреям. С 1989 в О. действует Об-во еврейской культуры, пред. – Семен Хаймович Рапопорт (р. 1945). В О. сохранилось еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 150 евреев.В О. род.: И.Л.Альтман, И.И.Бадеев, В.Л. Зислис, М.Коган, Ф.Я.Левензон, Ш.М.Машкауцан, И.Рабинович; Исидор (Исаак) Михайлович Шрайбер (1915–1994, Москва), переводчик, одним из первых перевел на рус. яз. произв. Э.М.Ремарка, перевел мемуары Л.Треппера., extra_data="{'translat...")
ORLAND Gersh Markovich (1893, Tetiev, Tarashchansky district, Kiev province - 1946, Moscow), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1918 he moved to Kiev, in 1920–21 he served in Kr. Army. From 1922 he worked in Kiev gas. "Komunische von". In the same year, publ. the first stories that attracted attention with the freshness of the language, lyricism and vivid depiction of nature. In 1926 he worked as a land reclamator in Polesie; in 1929 he released rum in Kharkov. "Grebles" ("Dams"), based on the material collected there. In rum. "Agglomerate" (1935) against the background of the building of the Kerch metallurgy, the plant depicts the social and economic. transformation in the Jewish environment. This theme became the main theme in the work of O. In the 1930s. worked ed. gas. Der shtern and zhurn. "Soviet literature". In the years of the 2nd world. war was sotr. EAK, was printed in gas. Einikite. Translated into Yiddish "The Marriage" by N.V. Gogol, "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, "How the Steel Was Tempered" by N.A.Ostrovsky, "Toilers of the Sea" by V. Hugo, "Boa Constrictor" by I.Ya. Franko and others., made a number of thematic. collection of Jewish literature for children.
ORLAND Yaakov (1914, Tetiev of Tarashchansky district, Kiev province - 2002, Haifa), poet, translator. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Studied at the Jewish University (Jerusalem) and the Royal Academy of Dramas. art (London). During the 2nd world. war served in the Jewish units of the Brit. army. In 1933 he began to publish poetry and transl. The author of the plays "This City", "Alpenberg", "Herschele Ostropoleur", "Black Office", "To the North", "Love in Coimbra", etc. The author is poetical. collection of books "A Tree in the Wind" (1939), "Poems about a Hawk and a Dove" (1946), "Poems from the Country of Uz" (1963), "City of Divination" (1978), "As Nathan Said" (1986) and etc. Translated into Hebrew more than 50 pieces with dec. lang., as well as manuf. W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, J. G. Byron, P.-B. Shelley, B. Shaw, O. Wilde, O. Khayyam and others. In 1987–89 before. Israel Writers' Association. Awarded by many. lit. pr., including them. Ilandana (1963), them. V. Zhabotinsky (1976–77), etc. Sh.Chernikhovsky (1984), ave. N. Alterman (1987).
ORLIK, see Olviopol.
ORLINTSY, a village in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto was created. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the village. Manevtsy were shot there too.
ORLOV (real name Shulman) Mark Arturovich (1918, Saratov - 1983, Moscow), architect. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Sci. hands. Khorezm archeol. exp. on Wednesday. Asia (1950s), worked in the Institute "Mosproekt", dir. TsNIIEP bargaining. buildings and tourist. complexes (1970s). Main work: Ch. tourist. complex in Suzdal (1976, jointly with Yu.V. Raninsky, V.I.Kosarzhevsky, etc.), the scheme of tourism in the mountains. Russia "Golden Ring", tourist. complex in Dagomys (1980s, jointly with the team). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1975). Etc. CM USSR (1976). State pr. RSFSR (1978).
ORLOV Alexander Grigorievich (1900, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1945), military leader. Engineer Vice-Admiral (1944). Graduated from VMIU (1928) and VMA (1933). In the navy since 1918. In 1934–35 he was a mechanic of the battleship Paris Commune and the cruiser Krasny Kavkaz. In 1935-37 pom. flagship engineer-mechanic of the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1938–45 - early. tech. dep. Soviet Navy. Killed in a plane crash. He was awarded 4 orders.
ORLOV Alexander Mikhailovich (real name and surname Leib Lazarevich Feldbing) (1895, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1973, USA), an employee of the special services. Major of State Security (1935). In 1916 he was drafted into the army. In 1918-1919 he worked at the Higher. finance. advice. Since 1920 in the organs of the Cheka, beginning. secret operative. parts of the Arkhangelsk province. Cheka. In 1921–24 investigator Verkh. tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, then assistant. Prosecutor of the Criminal Cassation Collegium Verkh. USSR ships. Since 1924 in the organs of the OGPU-NKVD (since 1926 - in the Foreign Department). In 1926–30 - illegal. reconnaissance. work in France, then on a managerial job in the center. office of the OGPU in Moscow. From 1933 he headed the Sov. residency in the UK. Since 1937, a resident of the NKVD in Spain, at the same time. served as Security Advisor at the Rep. made in Spain. Load ord. Lenin and Kr. Banner. In 1938, O., fearing arrest, went through France to Canada, where, having a diploma. passport in Berg's name, issued a residence permit in the United States. In 1953 he published the book. "The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes".
ORLOV Alexander Moiseevich (1896, Mogilev - 1965, Moscow), military lawyer. Corvoerist (1942), Major General of Justice (1943). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1923 - in the Red Army. He served in the military. tribunal corps, district. In 1934-42 members, in 1942-48 pom. prev. Military. College Top. USSR ships. Retired from 1948. He was awarded 4 orders.
ORLOV Dal Konstantinovich (b. 1935, Razdolnoe, Voroshilovsky district, Primorsk region), critic, playwright, literary critic. Graduated from Moscow State University (1957). In 1972–78, Ch. ed. Goskino of the USSR. 1978–86 - Ch. ed. zhurn. "Soviet screen". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1984).
ORLOV GAY, a village in the Ershovsky district of the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Novouzensky u. Samara province. In 1910 four Jews lived in OG.
ORLOV Naum Iosifovich (1894 - 1937), military leader. Corps Commissar (1935). Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. Member of the Civil. wars; political instructor and military commissar of divisions and units. Since 1923 pom. military commissar of the 51st rifleman. div., then pom. Kiev Gubernia War Committee. In 1924–28 he was a military commissar. div .; in 1928–31 sotr. PU RKKA for especially important assignments, sec. early PU RKKA. In 1931–34 he was a military commissar. housing; in 1934–37 deputy. early PU Ukr. VO and Kiev. IN. From Apr. 1937 early. PU Privolzhsk. IN. In 1937 he was repressed.
Khan ORLOVA (1888, Konstantinovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1968, Paris), sculptor. Sister U. Nishri. In 1906–10 she lived in E.-I. Since 1910 - in France. Studied at Nat. school of decorative arts (Paris). In 1912 she took up sculpture. In 1913 she took part in the Autumn Salon for the first time. She exhibited a lot in Parisian salons; participated in group exhibitions, including in the exhibition of Rus. artists in gal. Densi (1921). In 1928, five bronzes, sculptures of O. were shown in Russian. dep. Exhibitions of modern French art in Moscow (1928). Author pl. sculpt. portraits made in bronze, stone, wood (R. Rubin, Sh.Ash, D. Ben-Gurion, MZ Shagal. The works of O. have four facades, but at the same time are far from classical. Realism. Author of several monumental sculptures, established in Israel.In 1940–44 - in Switzerland.O.'s Paris workshop was destroyed during the years of German occupation.Cavalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor (1925).
ORLOVA Raisa Davydovna (nee Liberson) (1918, Moscow - 1989, Cologne), writer, literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1952). She graduated from lit. f-t IFLI. In 1935–40, assistant, head. Anglo-Amer. dep. VOKS. In 1951-53 the head. department of foreign. literature in Tallinn ped. in-those. In 1953–55 she taught zarub and literature at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. In 1955 - 58 head. dep. critics zhurn. "Foreign. liter ", in 1958–61 head. dep. information in the same place. Art. 0. were published in the journal. "Foreign. liter "," Vopr. literature "," New World "," October "and others. From the middle. 1970s publications and lectures in the USSR ceased due to the persecution of her husband, L.Z. Kopelev. In 1980 she signed a letter in defense of A.D. Sakharov, for which she was expelled from the USSR JV and the CPSU. Since 1980 - in Germany, she studied the lane. and publ. book Russian and owls. authors, wrote the prefaces to them. Since 1981 she has lectured on Russian. and owls. literature in high fur boots in Austria, Germany, USA and Switzerland. Member int. PEN-Club. Vol .: Uncle Tom's grandchildren are fighting. M., 1962; "Martin Ideas" by Jack London. M., 1967; Raised the Sword ...: The Tale of John Brown. M., 1975; The last year of Herzen's life. Ann Arbor, 1982; We lived in Moscow: 1950-1980. M., 1987 (jointly with L.Z. Kopelev); Memories of a time that has not passed. M., 1993; The doors open slowly. M., 1994.
ORLOVETS, a village in the Gorodishchensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1604.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Cherkassky u. Kiev Gubernia. 12 Jews (2%) lived in O. In 1840. A synagogue functioned in O. in 1896. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and small trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. In O. there was a pharmacy, 12 shops, 22 out of 25 timber warehouses. On May 12, 1919, a pogrom took place in O., organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In the same year, a pogrom in O. was perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army.
ORLOVKA, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1708. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century in O. there was a Jewish population, DOS. the occupation of which was trade. In 1918, a pogrom took place in O., organized by units of the Kr. Army; shops and several were destroyed. houses of Jews. A.I. Borokhov.
ORLOVO, see Orel Grodno region.
ORLOVO POLE, a village in the Bratsk district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orlovo Pole (other name - Aleinikovo) of the Elizavetgradsky district. Kherson province. In the 19th century. in OP there was a Jewish population. In 1868, a synagogue functioned in the OP.
ORLOVOE, see Sofiyivka, Kirovograd region.
ORLOVSCHINA, a village in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnipropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1735. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 5 Jewish families lived in O., in 1914 - 26 Jews, in 1939 - 2 Jews.
ORLOVSKAYA (real name Freydenstein) Anna Abramovna (1894, Oryol - after 1966, Moscow), opera singer (drama soprano). Studied playing php. in the music. uch-shche (class E. Alferova). In 1911–13 she studied singing in Moscow. cons. (class W. Mazetti, opera. class - N. Zvantseva). In 1914 in Milan under the direction of. Podesy prepared the part of Valentina (“Huguenots” by D. Meyerbeer). She made her debut in this game in Moscow. Opera by Zimin. Paying great attention to dramas, the embodiment of the role, she studied in the studio of K.S. Stanislavsky (1917) and V.F. Komissarzhevskaya (1918). In 1917-18 she was a soloist of Petrograd. Nar. houses; in 1918-19 - in the former. Opera by Zimin; in 1919–23 - the Big Theater; in 1923–24 - the Kiev Opera. She has toured in Odessa, Kharkov, Sverdlovsk. In 1925-30 she lived in Italy, sang at operas. t-rah Rome, Milan, Genoa, Livorno. From 1928 she gave concerts. She also performed as a chamber singer. She took part in concerts of Lit.-artistic. circle with MN Ermolova, IA Bunin and others. Isp. Russian, Hungarian, Spanish, Negro. bunk bed songs; taught at Moose. uch-shche them. Oct rev-tion. The best operas. parts: Yaroslavna ("Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin), Judith ("Judith" by A.N. Serov), Liza ("The Queen of Spades" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Carmen ("Carmen" by J. Bizet), Isolde ("Tristan and Isolde" by R. Wagner), Rachel ("The Jew" by F. Galevi) and others.
ORLOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1970) in the Aginsky district of the Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Chita region. (Russian Federation). 20th century O. had a Jewish population. Abram Yakovlevich Joiner (1901–1938, Moscow), in the 1930s. - the first secret. Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU (b), repressed.
EAGLES SMALL, see Small Eagles.
ORLYA, a settlement in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Belsk region of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the town of Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1918–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1765, 1,358 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 4,436, in 1897 - 2,310 (76.9%), in 1921 - approx. 2,500 Jews. In 1867, three synagogues operated in O. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century pl. Jews left O. In 1892 in the United States, immigrants from O. created a community, which was transformed in 1919 into the Independent Philanthropist. community of immigrants from Orly. ”In 1913 the Jews belonged to the unity. tavern, both manufactory, unity. iron-scraping shop in O. In the 1920s – 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In June 1941, Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, a ghetto was created, liquidated in November. 1942. c. 2 thousand Jews were sent to the ghetto of Bielsk-Podlaski. 1970 “Independent philanthropist. about natives of Orly "through the court. authorities filed a claim Polish. Prospect concerning the use of the old synagogue as a grain warehouse and won the case. Near O. is the oldest Jewish cemetery in Poland with burials from the 11th century. Among the graves is the grave of Rashi's daughter.
Orlyuk Efim (Chaim) (1900 - after 1937), publicist, translator. In his youth he was a member. Zionist. org-tion. In the 1920s. - in Germany. He studied in Berlin, where he joined the communist. party. In 1929 he came to the USSR, lived in Moscow, was a co-worker. gas. "Der emes". He translated into Yiddish "Mukhu-Tsokotukha" (1935) and "Telephone" (1937) by KI Chukovsky.
ORNSHTEIN Zvi-Hirsch (|, Lviv - 1888, ibid.), Rabbi. Rod. in a rabbinic family. In 1855–74 he was a rabbi in Brest-Litovsk. In 1874 he was exiled as an Austrian subject. In 1875–88 a rabbi in Lvov. The author of the book. responses and commentaries to the Talmud.
OROCHEN II, a village in the Aldansky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). In the 1930s. - urban-type settlement Vtoro Orochen. In 1939 12 Jews lived in O. II.
ORON Israel (b. 1952), military leader. Brigadier General (1994). Since 1957 - in Israel. In 1994 she graduated from the Faculty of Hand. pr-ty Tel Aviv un-that. Since 1970 in the Israel Defense Forces. After completing the officer's courses, she took dec. command positions, including commanded one of the uch. bases. In 1993–94 she taught at the Higher. security school (she was the first female teacher in this educational institution). Since 1994 - teams. wives units of the Israel Defense Forces.
IRRIGATION, see Orshevtsy.
OROSIEVO, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816 11 Jews lived in O., in 1881 there were 46 Jews. In 1944, Jews of O. (15 people) were deported. in the extermination camp Auschwitz. After 1945, 4 Jews returned to O.
ORPAZ (real fam. Averbukh) Itskhak (b. 1923, Zenkov, Poltava province), writer. Since 1938 - in E.-I., member. Kibbutz Shamir. In 1948–62 he was an officer in the Israel Defense Forces. He began publishing in 1951 in gas. Al ha-Mishmar. O.'s prose is characterized by psychologism and surrealism. In a number of productions. 1970s-80s O. is trying to comprehend the fate of Eastern Europe. Jewry. Among the rum. O. - “Or be ador” (“Skin for Skin”, 1962), “Massa Daniel” (“Daniel's Travel”, 1970), “Bayt le adam echad” (“House for one”, 1974), “Ha -kala ganitskhit "(" The Eternal Bride ", 1987). Etc. them. A. Barash (1964). Etc. them. X.-N. Bialik (1985) and other State. Israel Ave (2005).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОРША, город (с 1772), районный центр в Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1067. В 16–18 вв. – город, центр Оршанского повета Витебского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Могилевской губ.В 1765 в О. проживало 368 евреев, в 1780 – 430, в 1803 – 1556 (75,3%), в 1847 – 1662, в 1865 – 2306, в 1897 – 7383 (56,5%), в 1910 – 9842, в 1923 – 6896, в 1926 – 6780 (30%), в 1939 – 7992, в 1970 – 2698 (2,7%), в 1979 – 2399 (2%), в 1989 – 1977 (1,5%), в 2000 – 614 евреев.Еврейская община в О. существовала с 16 в. и была одной из крупнейших в Речи Посполитой. В 1803 среди евреев О. было 56 купцов. В 1856 в О. действовало 7 синагог, в 1867 – 8 синагог. В 1865–69 в О. работало еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. С 1865 раввином в О. был Моисей Юделевич Биндлер, во 2-й пол. 19 в. – любавичский хасид Шмуэль Рогалин. В 1894 в О. открылась талмуд-тора.В нач. 20 в. в О. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. Бунда. В 1903 члены орг-ции Бунда предприняли попытку освободить арестованных товарищей, совершив нападение на конвой.21–24 сент. 1905 в О. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было убито 32 еврея, еврейские дома и магазины разграблены.В 1910 в О. имелись 14 синагог, двухклассное нач. еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, талмуд-тора, 2 частных жен. уч-ща, 2 еврейских кладбища; в 1912 – еврейское кредитное ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, единств. гостиница и 47 лавок и магазинов в О. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, все 6 мануфактурных, все 4 обувных). В 1914 в О. имелось 16 синагог. В 1915 в О. работал дет. очаг, открытый Моск. отд-нием ЕКОПО.В 1908–28 раввином в О. был Иегуда Биненсон (1880, Орша – ?), в 1916–18 – любавичский хасид Шмуэль Нотик (1890, Краслава – 1949, Львов), в 1925 – любавичский хасид Шауль-Дойв-Бер Зислин.В 1918–23 в О. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1919 у орг-ции Бунда был реквизирован клуб. В 1922 Евобщестком в О. (частично при поддержке Джойнта) содержал 2 дет. дома (90 детей), 6 дет. садов (238 детей), дет. клуб (180 детей), проф.-техн. школу (20 уч-ся), школу 1-й ступени (60 детей), еврейскую б-ку. В 1923 был организован кружок по изучению политэкономии на идише (рук. – Храбковский). Под рук. Евбюро работал лит.-драматич. кружок. В здании Большой синагоги (ул. Городнянская) был организован вечер еврейских культработников.В 1924 прошел показательный суд над преподавателями хедера. К 1928 было закрыто 6 из 14 синагог. Здания двух стали рабочими клубами, одно – дет. домом.В 1925 в Оршанском окр. действовало 5 еврейских земледельч. артелей. В 1926 ок. О. были основаны еврейские земледельч. артели «Красный Октябрь» и «Лариновка». В 1930-х гг. в О. действовала ремесл. школа со слесарным и столярным отд-ниями, где обучались воспитанники талмуд-торы.16 июля 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. В сент. 1941 создано гетто (ок. 3 тыс. чел.). Был учрежден юденрат (пред. – бывш. гл. бухгалтер военторга Каждан). Евреям было приказано носить черные нарукавные повязки со звездой Давида. 26 сент. 1941 на еврейском кладбище в О. было расстреляно 2900 евреев. В нояб. 1941 на терр. гетто ок. Инструм. з-да (ул. Мира) расстреляно ок. 6 тыс. евреев. В 1941–42 в 3 км от О., в урочище Грязевка, расстреляно ок. 4 тыс. евреев. Всего за время оккупации в О. и р-не было убито более 37 тыс. евреев. В освобождении О. в июне 1944 принимали участие арт. бригада под ком. полк. Мирона Наумовича Хасина и танк. бригада под ком. полк. Ефима Евсеевича Духовного.После освобождения в О. вернулась часть эвакуированных и оставшихся в живых евреев. В 1946–47 община неоднократно ходатайствовала (360 подписей) об открытии в О. синагоги. Тогда же общине было отказано в регистрации. В 1948 в О. действовал неофициальный миньян в доме Арона Шаевича Черняка (ул. Колхозная, д. 8). Незарегистрированную общину возглавлял Пинхос Меерович Свербилов. Существовала нелег. хевра кадиша. В 1960–80-х гг. в О. продолжал действовать незарегистрированный миньян. В 1968 на могиле расстрелянных ок. Инструм. з-да установлены обелиск и мемориальная плита.В 1993 в О. начал работать ульпан, в 1994 была открыта воскресная школа, в 1995 зарегистрирована община (пред. – Игорь Гуревич), в 1997 создано об-во милосердия «Шалом». В 2001 создана религ. община. Действует старое еврейское кладбище в центре города.С 2004 раввин О. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Шарон Гершко.В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: И.Д.Брауде, Ф.А.Вигдорова, Л.С.Выготский, А.Л.Генкин, Е.Е.Гранат, Б.С. Ласкин, И.С.Левин, З.Д.Левонтин, Е.Б.Либинзон, Г.Г.Мондзолевский, А.Г.Орлов, Л.С. Поляков, З.З.Рогозный, С.А.Хасман, Б.Л.Хигрин, Г.Шуфман; Илья Михайлович Баскин (р. 1956), предприниматель, один из разработчиков проекта создания совр. многофункционального порта в Лужской губе Финского залива, с 1993 – деп. ВС РФ, в 1992–94 – чл. Совета по предпринимательской деятельности при Президенте РФ, пред. совета Ленингр. обл. регион. отд-ния Рос. партии жизни; Абрам Иосифович Нодов (1897–1974), патологоанатом, д-р мед. наук (1942), проф. (1944), зав. кафедрой патологоанатомии Ереванского и Свердловского мед. ин-тов; Авраам Соскин (1880–1963, Тель-Авив), один из первых фотографов в Э.-И., с 1904 – в Э.-И., автор уникальной фотолетописи Тель-Авива со времени основания города (1909), работы (св. 10 тыс. негативов) хранятся в Музее истории Тель-Авива; Бениамин Львович Фабрикант (1908–1981, Москва), специалист в обл. автоматики энергосистем, проф., автор 25 изобр., Стал. пр. (1950); Мария Иосифовна Хвиливицкая (1892–1969), терапевт, д-р мед. наук (1939), проф., с 1953 возглавляла клинич. отд-ние Ин-та экспертизы трудоспособности и организации труда инвалидов, автор ряда науч. работ, в т. ч. монографии; Дов Хос (1894–1940, Э.-И.), обществ. и политич. деятель, с 1906 – в Э.-И., один из организаторов левого сионистского движения в Э.-И., в 1928 возглавлял Всемир. совет «Поалей Цион» в Лондоне, один из пионеров авиации в Э.-И., именем Х. назван аэродром «Сде Дов» ок. Тель-Авива; Генрих Михайлович Штейнгарт (1907–1989, Москва), металлург, канд. техн. наук (1957), специалист в обл. свинцово-цинковой пром-сти; Соломон Саулович Шур (р. 1920), энергетик, д-р техн. наук, проф., автор более 20 изобр., 4 моногр., засл. деят. науки и техники РФ (1992).Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=ОРША, город (с 1772), районный центр в Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1067. В 16–18 вв. – город, центр Оршанского повета Витебского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Могилевской губ.В 1765 в О. проживало 368 евреев, в 1780 – 430, в 1803 – 1556 (75,3%), в 1847 – 1662, в 1865 – 2306, в 1897 – 7383 (56,5%), в 1910 – 9842, в 1923 – 6896, в 1926 – 6780 (30%), в 1939 – 7992, в 1970 – 2698 (2,7%), в 1979 – 2399 (2%), в 1989 – 1977 (1,5%), в 2000 – 614 евреев.Еврейская община в О. существовала с 16 в. и была одной из крупнейших в Речи Посполитой. В 1803 среди евреев О. было 56 купцов. В 1856 в О. действовало 7 синагог, в 1867 – 8 синагог. В 1865–69 в О. работало еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. С 1865 раввином в О. был Моисей Юделевич Биндлер, во 2-й пол. 19 в. – любавичский хасид Шмуэль Рогалин. В 1894 в О. открылась талмуд-тора.В нач. 20 в. в О. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. Бунда. В 1903 члены орг-ции Бунда предприняли попытку освободить арестованных товарищей, совершив нападение на конвой.21–24 сент. 1905 в О. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было убито 32 еврея, еврейские дома и магазины разграблены.В 1910 в О. имелись 14 синагог, двухклассное нач. еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, талмуд-тора, 2 частных жен. уч-ща, 2 еврейских кладбища; в 1912 – еврейское кредитное ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, единств. гостиница и 47 лавок и магазинов в О. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, все 6 мануфактурных, все 4 обувных). В 1914 в О. имелось 16 синагог. В 1915 в О. работал дет. очаг, открытый Моск. отд-нием ЕКОПО.В 1908–28 раввином в О. был Иегуда Биненсон (1880, Орша – ?), в 1916–18 – любавичский хасид Шмуэль Нотик (1890, Краслава – 1949, Львов), в 1925 – любавичский хасид Шауль-Дойв-Бер Зислин.В 1918–23 в О. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В 1919 у орг-ции Бунда был реквизирован клуб. В 1922 Евобщестком в О. (частично при поддержке Джойнта) содержал 2 дет. дома (90 детей), 6 дет. садов (238 детей), дет. клуб (180 детей), проф.-техн. школу (20 уч-ся), школу 1-й ступени (60 детей), еврейскую б-ку. В 1923 был организован кружок по изучению политэкономии на идише (рук. – Храбковский). Под рук. Евбюро работал лит.-драматич. кружок. В здании Большой синагоги (ул. Городнянская) был организован вечер еврейских культработников.В 1924 прошел показательный суд над преподавателями хедера. К 1928 было закрыто 6 из 14 синагог. Здания двух стали рабочими клубами, одно – дет. домом.В 1925 в Оршанском окр. действовало 5 еврейских земледельч. артелей. В 1926 ок. О. были основаны еврейские земледельч. артели «Красный Октябрь» и «Лариновка». В 1930-х гг. в О. действовала ремесл. школа со слесарным и столярным отд-ниями, где обучались воспитанники талмуд-торы.16 июля 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. В сент. 1941 создано гетто (ок. 3 тыс. чел.). Был учрежден юденрат (пред. – бывш. гл. бухгалтер военторга Каждан). Евреям было приказано носить черные нарукавные повязки со звездой Давида. 26 сент. 1941 на еврейском кладбище в О. было расстреляно 2900 евреев. В нояб. 1941 на терр. гетто ок. Инструм. з-да (ул. Мира) расстреляно ок. 6 тыс. евреев. В 1941–42 в 3 км от О., в урочище Грязевка, расстреляно ок. 4 тыс. евреев. Всего за время оккупации в О. и р-не было убито более 37 тыс. евреев. В освобождении О. в июне 1944 принимали участие арт. бригада под ком. полк. Мирона Наумовича Хасина и танк. бригада под ком. полк. Ефима Евсеевича Духовного.После освобождения в О. вернулась часть эвакуированных и оставшихся в живых евреев. В 1946–47 община неоднократно ходатайствовала (360 подписей) об открытии в О. синагоги. Тогда же общине было отказано в регистрации. В 1948 в О. действовал неофициальный миньян в доме Арона Шаевича Черняка (ул. Колхозная, д. 8). Незарегистрированную общину возглавлял Пинхос Меерович Свербилов. Существовала нелег. хевра кадиша. В 1960–80-х гг. в О. продолжал действовать незарегистрированный миньян. В 1968 на могиле расстрелянных ок. Инструм. з-да установлены обелиск и мемориальная плита.В 1993 в О. начал работать ульпан, в 1994 была открыта воскресная школа, в 1995 зарегистрирована община (пред. – Игорь Гуревич), в 1997 создано об-во милосердия «Шалом». В 2001 создана религ. община. Действует старое еврейское кладбище в центре города.С 2004 раввин О. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Шарон Гершко.В 2005 в О. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В О. род.: И.Д.Брауде, Ф.А.Вигдорова, Л.С.Выготский, А.Л.Генкин, Е.Е.Гранат, Б.С. Ласкин, И.С.Левин, З.Д.Левонтин, Е.Б.Либинзон, Г.Г.Мондзолевский, А.Г.Орлов, Л.С. Поляков, З.З.Рогозный, С.А.Хасман, Б.Л.Хигрин, Г.Шуфман; Илья Михайлович Баскин (р. 1956), предприниматель, один из разработчиков проекта создания совр. многофункционального порта в Лужской губе Финского залива, с 1993 – деп. ВС РФ, в 1992–94 – чл. Совета по предпринимательской деятельности при Президенте РФ, пред. совета Ленингр. обл. регион. отд-ния Рос. партии жизни; Абрам Иосифович Нодов (1897–1974), патологоанатом, д-р мед. наук (1942), проф. (1944), зав. кафедрой патологоанатомии Ереванского и Свердловского мед. ин-тов; Авраам Соскин (1880–1963, Тель-Авив), один из первых фотографов в Э.-И., с 1904 – в Э.-И., автор уникальной фотолетописи Тель-Авива со времени основания города (1909), работы (св. 10 тыс. негативов) хранятся в Музее истории Тель-Авива; Бениамин Львович Фабрикант (1908–1981, Москва), специалист в обл. автоматики энергосистем, проф., автор 25 изобр., Стал. пр. (1950); Мария Иосифовна Хвиливицкая (1892–1969), терапевт, д-р мед. наук (1939), проф., с 1953 возглавляла клинич. отд-ние Ин-та экспертизы трудоспособности и организации труда инвалидов, автор ряда науч. работ, в т. ч. монографии; Дов Хос (1894–1940, Э.-И.), обществ. и политич. деятель, с 1906 – в Э.-И., один из организаторов левого сионистского движения в Э.-И., в 1928 возглавлял Всемир. совет «Поалей Цион» в Лондоне, один из пионеров авиации в Э.-И., именем Х. назван аэродром «Сде Дов» ок. Тель-Авива; Генрих Михайлович Штейнгарт (1907–1989, Москва), металлург, канд. техн. наук (1957), специалист в обл. свинцово-цинковой пром-сти; Соломон Саулович Шур (р. 1920), энергетик, д-р техн. наук, проф., автор более 20 изобр., 4 моногр., засл. деят. науки и техники РФ (1992).Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
ORSHANSKY Ber Mikhailovich (1884, Gorodok, Vitebsk province - 1945, Moscow), writer, playwright, literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1902–06 he lived in Riga, participated in the Bund movement. From 1908 - in Vilna, where he made his debut with a one-act play about the Revolution of 1905. In 1911, publ. drama "Bai di ershte zunen-shtraln" ("At the first rays of the sun") and dramas. the poem "Der Eybiker Holem" ("Eternal Dream"). In the 1920s and 30s. head the Jewish sector of the Institute of Belarusian Culture, Ch. ed. first issues. scientific. zhurn. Zeitshrift, Chl. editorial board literary-artistic. zhurn. Stern, ed. gas. "October". Author of rum. "Af khales" ("On the waves"), 1924, tragedy "Blut" ("Blood"), 1929, book. for children: "In dem bloen kestele" ("In the blue box"), 1927, "In bageltenish" ("In the shelter"), 1930, "A tsung" ("Language"), 1933, etc. O. Peru belong also lit.-critical. the works "Di Yiddish Literatur in Vaisrusland noh der revolution" ("Jewish literature in Belarus after the Revolution". Minsk, 1931) and "Theater-shlakhtn" ("Theater battles". M., 1931).
Ilya Grigorievich ORSHANSKY (1846, Yekaterinoslav - 1875, ibid.), Publicist, historian, lawyer. Brother of Isaac G. Orshansky. Cand. rights. In 1868 he graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). From the beginning. 1860s was printed in gas. "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Carmel". Then he began to write in Russian. lang. ("Talmudic Legends about Alexander the Great", 1867; "A story told by my friend", 1878). In 1869–71 pom. ed. Odessa Jewish gas. in Russian lang. "Day". The author is numerous. Art. by decomp. issues of Jewish life in Russia. In 1870–71 sotr. in the "Judicial Bulletin" and in the "Journal of Civil and Criminal Law". In 1871–72 sotr. gas. "New time" in St. Petersburg, publ. Art. in jurisprudence. From 1872, for health reasons, he lived mainly abroad. The author of the book. on the history and legal status of Jews in Russia, jurisprudence, including "Jews in Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1872), "Russian legislation on Jews" (St. Petersburg, 1877), "Studies in Russian law" (St. Petersburg. , 1892).
Isaak Grigorievich ORSHANSKY (1851, Yekaterinoslav - 1923), physiologist, neuropathologist, psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine (1877), prof. (1894). Brother of Ilya G. Orshansky. After the end of St. Petersburg. medical and surgical Academy (1874) worked as a zemstvo doctor, in charge of a hospital. Since 1875 sotr. psychiatrist. clinics in St. Petersburg. He worked at Fiziol. in-those (1876–77), where he defended doct. dis. During the Russian-Turkish war (1877–78) a military resident. hospital. Since 1879 resident psychiatry, department of the Yekaterinoslav province. hospitals. In 1881–83 he studied the nerve. and mental. diseases in clinics in Paris and Berlin. Upon returning to Russia - Assoc. honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (since 1884). Then he worked in Berlin in a lab. E. Dubois-Reymond. From 1894 - at Kharkov University. He founded the first private psychiatric hospital in Kharkov. Established a number of patterns in the region. neurophysiology. Created a theory about delusional states. Author of over 30 scientific. Works: Materials for the physiology of the brain. SPb., 1877; Clinical lectures on neuroses. Lectures on dream-like insanity. SPb., 1889; Textbook of General Psychiatry. Kharkov, 1910.
ORSHER Iosif Lvovich (ps. OL D'Or, Old Journalist and others) (1878, Old Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province - 1942, Leningrad), journalist, writer. From 1893 it was printed in gas. South of Russia. From 1906 he lived in St. Petersburg. Published in the "Russian Word", "Day", "Tovarishche", "Satyrikon". During the years of Civil. wars - corr. petrograd. bureau ROSTA. In 1918 he edited one of the first owls. satirical. zhurn. - "Guillotine" (Petrograd). In 1906 publ. 1st part rum. about the life of a Jewish town - "Yakov Markovich Melamedov" (2nd part was not published). Author of rep. "The literary path of a pre-revolutionary journalist" (1930). Vol .: Fish dances. SPb., 1911; Curse to the beginners. Pg., 1914; He is a socialist ... Pg., 1918; Gogol's trousers. M., 1926.
ORSHEVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1638. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Irrigation of the Kotsman headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 127 Jews lived in O.. July 1941 O. occupied the Romanians. troops. In July 1941, the Jews of O. were deported to Transnistria.
ORSK, a city (since 1865) in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1735 as a fortress Orenburg. From 1740 - the Orskaya fortress, from 1861 - the village of the Orenburg Cossack army. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1867, 24 Jews lived in Orenburg; in 1894, 32; in 1897, 34; in 1939, 161; in 1970, 1511 (0.7%); in 2002, 462 Jews. O. a community was created (previously - Mikhail Efimovich Yoffe, b. 1953). Since 1996, the Lev Chaim cultural center has been operating in O. (headed by Vadim Fridman). Since 1999 there has been a philanthropist. Hesed Gedalya Foundation. In 2000, a Jewish group was opened in the state. children garden, there is a Sunday school. In 2005, approx. 1 thousand Jews. Lev Davidovich Globus (1914-1945, Budapest), Chevalier of the Order. Glory 3 degrees.
ORSKAYA, see Orsk.
ORTABOTOMI, a village in the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgia). Since 1877 - part of Ros. empire, in the Batumi environs, since 1883 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921–91, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 6 Jews lived in O. (including 1 Ashkenazi).
ORTENBERG David Iosifovich (ps. Vadimov) (1904, Chudnov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. - 1998, Moscow), journalist, writer. Major General (1942). Participant of Civil. war. From the beginning. 1920s sotr. in decomp. gas. In 1939–40 he was responsible. ed. military. gas. during the fighting on the river. Khalkhin-Gol, Soviet-Finl. war. From 23.06.1941 ch. ed. gas. "The Red Star". He remained in this post until the summer of 1943. In 1943–45, the beginning. the political department of a number of armies; in 1946–50 deputy. early political department Moscow env. Air defense. In 1948 he graduated from the Higher School of Arts under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) From 1950 - retired. Main theme of the book. O. - the fate of the owls. military. journalists in the years of the 2nd world. war. Awarded 7 orders. Vol .: Fiery frontiers. M., 1973; It will stay forever. M., 1981; June - December forty-first. M., 1984; Year 1942. M., 1988; Year 1943. M., 1989; Stalin, Shcherbakov, Mekhlis and others. M., 1995.
ORTIRI, see Sajavaho.
ORZHEV, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1899, approx. 70 Jews (approx. 5%), in 1913 - 64 Jews (4%). In 1914 Jews of O. owned 3 out of 4 grocery stores. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were killed.
ORZHIKH Boris Dmitrievich (1864, Odessa - after 1934, Chile), a Narodnoye revolutionary. Son of a lawyer. He graduated from the Tomsk Real School (1881), was a member of student self-education circles, participated in the activities of the "Red Cross" Nar. will ”, organized the escapes of the exiled revolutionaries. In 1882 he entered the natural sciences. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa), participated in student. movement and Narodnaya Volya. circles, was arrested. From the end. 1883 illegal. position, led the roar. work in Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav and other cities. South of Russia. All R. 1880s created and headed the so-called. Southrus. org-tion "Nar. will ", participated in the creation. her dynamite workshop and illegal. printing houses in Taganrog and Novocherkassk, where in 1885 No. 11–12 gaz was printed. "Nar. will "(O. - one of the editors). Arrested in Yekaterinoslav in 1886. In 1888, the Special Presence ruled. Senate sentenced O. to death, the edges, according to confirmation, were replaced by eternal hard labor. In 1890–97 he was held in solitary confinement at the Shlisselburg Fortress, after filing a petition for clemency he was exiled to Sakhalin. After 1905 he went abroad, in 1906–08 he created an organization in Nagasaki (Japan) to help Russian. political emigrants. Later he lived in Yuzh. America.
ORZHITSA, a village in the Grebenkovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 9 Jewish households in O.
OSA, city, regional center in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1591.Since 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorship, then a province. In 1896 21 Jews lived in O., in 1910 - 4, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 13 Jews. In 1896, lived in the district (without O.) 10 Jews. In 1915 a cheder operated in O.
OSEK, a village in Свwiętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Sandomierz u. Radom Gubernia. In 1827, 29 Jews (3.3%) lived in O., in 1857 - 154 (15.8%), in 1897 - 590 (41.2%), in 1921 - 539 Jews (39.9% In 1605, Jews were forbidden to settle in O. by order of King Sigismund III Vasa. occupation of the Jews of O. in the 1st half. 19th century there was a garden, later - small trade and crafts. In 1823–62 O. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border us. paragraph. In the 1890s. Rabbi O. was Wolf Troppé, from 1908 - Mordhe Bernhard, then - Yosef-Boruch Goldberg. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a tannery and both chintz shops. 1920–30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in April. 1942 - the ghetto, destroyed in October. 1942.
OSETROVO, now part of the city of Ust-Kut (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Kirensky district. Irkutsk lips. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in O.
OSECIN, a village in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad Neshavsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1827, 174 Jews (32.2%) lived in Ostrava, in 1857 - 251 (49.4%), in 1897 - 392 (46%), in 1921 - 436 (53.2%), 1939 - 750 Jews. Jews lived in O. from the 2nd half. 18th century Between 1823 and 1862, Osta were closed for free settlement of Jews. Until 1862 Jews were allowed to acquire land plots only on Radzeevskaya and Zhidovskaya streets. Among the Jews of O. there were Hasidim of the Aleksandrovsky, Gursky, Sochachevsky, and Strikovsky trends. In the 1880s. the rabbi was Benjamin-Eliyahu Cantor, in the 1910s. - Dovid-Shloyme-Zalman Neiman (? –1921), then - his son Avrom-Noah (1877–1942), who founded a yeshiva in O.. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 10 Sept. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was soon established. In nov. 1939 Torah scrolls were burned. In 1940, a ghetto was created, liquidated in April. 1942.
OSECK, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 18th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Garvolinsky posad. Sedletskaya Province. In 1827, 102 Jews (9.7%) lived in O., in 1856 - 524 (34%), in 1897 - 481 (30%), in 1921 - 324 (20.7%), in 1931 - 450 Jews. occupation of Jews O. in the 2nd half. 19th century were with. farming and trade in agricultural products. In 1896 a synagogue functioned in O. In the beginning. 20th century a building for the synagogue was built. The rabbi of O. in 1908-19 was Azriel-Chaim Zemling, in the 1930s. - I.-M. Zisman. 1920-30-ies. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of O. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
OSH, city, center of Osh region (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). Izv. from the 9th century. Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, the county town of the Fergana region. Since 1939 it has been a regional center. In 1897, 40 Jews lived in O., in 1910 - 27, in 1939 - 163, in 1970 - 479 (0.4%), in 1979 - 300 Jews (0.2%). at. a small number of Bukharian Jews lived in O. In 1900, a law was passed, according to which O. becomes one of three cities where Jews - "Bukhara (foreign) subjects" could live. In 1911, a pogrom occurred in O., provoked by the "blood libel." During the war, the Jewish population of O. increased due to those evacuated from the West. districts of the USSR. 1950–70s. minyan gathered in private apartments in O. In 2005, approx. 100 Jews.
Oshekhlibs, see Oshekhleb.
OSHEROV Sergey Alexandrovich (1931, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Translator. Cand. philol. sciences. In 1952 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. Published since 1957. Author trans. from ancient Greek, German, French. lang. He translated Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Heroids, Moral Letters to Lucilius and Seneca's Octavia with notes. and comments .; manuf. Xenophon and Plato; I.-V. Goethe, J. Leopardi, A. Manzoni, a number of modern. ital. writers - E. Vittorini, I. Calvino, L. Bedzharetti and others. The author of Art. on the problems of ancient Greek., Latin. and ital. liter. Creator ser. "Library of Antiques. literature ". He was a member of the editorial board of the journal. "Babel" FIT (international organization of translators).
OSHEROVICH Eli (1879, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1937), publicist, literary critic. From 1900 he participated in the Jewish slave. movement, was a member. Bund. Lit. activity began in 1904 in Vilna gas. Freigite, printed in gas. "Veker" (Minsk). In 1919 he joined the Communist Party, was a journalist, ed. a number of Jewish periodicals. ed., was elected to the governing parties, bodies of Belarus. For a while he was ed. center, Jewish gas. Belarus "October", member. editorial board literary-artistic. zhurn. "Stern" (Minsk). In the 1930s. - one of the leading Jewish critics, publ. Art. about the works of [[]] A.D.Kushnirov, I.I.Rabin, M.Daniel, I.D.Kharik, Z.M. Axelrod. Repressed.
OSHEROVICH Girsh Sholomovich (1908, Ponevezh, Kovno province. - 1994, Tel Aviv), poet. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kaunas University (1933). Published since 1934. In the 1940s. sotr. gas. Einikite. Until 1944 he lived in Alma-Ata, then - in Vilnius. In 1949 he was sentenced to 10 years in labor camps for the “National Zionist. activity ". In 1956 he returned to Vilnius. In the 1960s. member of the editorial board of the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1971 - in Israel. O. created a number of cr. epic. produced, among which are the poems "Shimshn" ("Samson", 1944), "Di Vorenung" ("Warning", 1961), "Major Claude Iserly" 1962), "Sodom", "Spartacus" (both - 1964 ) and others. The author of the book. "Fun clem arois" ("Escaped from the grip". M., 1947), "Zunengang" ("Solar passage". M., 1960), "Mine Ponevezh" ("My Ponevezh". Tel Aviv, 1974) and dr.
OSHEROVICH Mendel (1884, Trostyanets of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province - 1965, New York), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. At 16, publ. story in Hebrew. Since 1910 - in the USA. In the same year he released a poem in Yiddish on Sat. Shtraln. In the future, he completely switched to prose and journalism. Was printed in gas. Forverts, sotr. a cut became in 1914, and other periodicals. ed. First. Sat. stories "Umruike Neshomes" ("Restless Souls") was published in New York in 1919. The author of the book: "Vimenn lebn in Sovet Rusland" ("How people live in Soviet Russia", 1933); Marie Antoinette (1937); "Shtet un shtetlech fun Ukraine" ("Cities and townships of Ukraine", 1948) and others. He translated a number of publicistic works into Yiddish. (memoirs of V. Figner, art. V. I. Lenin, M. Olgin, J. O'Neal) and art. manuf. (A. Verbitskaya "The Spirit of the Time", 1919; A.A. Averchenko "Laughter Through Tears", 1922) from Russian, English. and other languages.
OSHEROVSKY Matvey Abramovich (1920, Rostov-on-Don - 2009, Moscow), actor, director. Prof. (1977). Graduated from GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky in Moscow (1946). From 1955 Ch. dir. Voronezh dram. t-ra, since 1960 - Krasnodar t-ra. In 1962-77, Ch. dir. Odessa t-ra muses. comedy. Staged performances: "At Dawn" by OA Sandler (1964), "Beautiful Helena" by J. Offenbach (1976), "Mississippi Flower" by D. Kern (1965), "At the Native Pier" by VP Soloviev-Sedoy (1970), "The Tricks of Khanuma" by V.S.Konstantinov and B.M.Ratser (1973), "The Man from La Mancha" by Sandler (1974), variety programs "Moscow and Muscovites" (1985), "And Friends Meet Again" (1985). Since 1977 he has been teaching at Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins in Moscow. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1973).
OSHIHLEBY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Oshekhlibs of the Kotsman headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. July 1941 O. occupied the Romanians. troops. In the 2nd floor. 1941 all Jews of O. were deported to Transnistria, where 90 people. of them died.
OSHMYANY, city (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765, 376 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 1460, in 1867 - 2388, in 1897 - 3803 (52.7%) , in 1910 - 4822, in 1915 - 5353, in 1921 - approx. 3000 Jews. First mention. about Jews O. refers to the 2nd quarter. 17th century The first synagogue was built in O. at the end. 18th century In 1857 there were 3 synagogues, 2 schools in O., in 1867 - 4 synagogues, a state school of the 2nd category (28 students), in 1881 - a one-class beginning. Jewish school with cook. class. From ser. 1890s in O. there was a Bund organization. In 1896 the Jewish workers of O. began to celebrate the holiday of May 1, which was Ch. form of political. agitation of the Bund. M. Rosenblat was the rabbi in O. from 1892, and Yehuda-Leib Fine (1871–?) from 1906. In the 1880-1910s. the state rabbi was Israel Abramovich Livshits. In 1907, during the elections to the 3rd State. To the Duma, the Bund candidate was elected as an elector from O. (93% of the votes). In 1910, 5 synagogues operated in O. and a two-class state bunk. husband. uch-shche with wives. shift, Talmud Torah, Saturday school for artisans, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Ostap. t-in, philanthropist. about-in "Ezro", hevra kadisha. In 1913 Jews owned 2 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods and 13 shops in O. (including 11 grocery stores). In 1914, there were 58 farmers among the Jews, and after 1921 there were 460 farmers. 1915 Jewish houses and shops in O. were destroyed by Russian Cossack units. In 1921, a conflict broke out in O. between Jews and Poles over Jewish shops built on the ground of a church. The local church council decided to move the shops to another location. The authorities have suspended the eviction of 26 Jewish shopkeepers. In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions, in the 1930s. - Yeshiva "Or Toire". June 25, 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 10, 1941, approx. 600 Jewish men. On July 26, 1941, approx. 700 Jewish men. 2 Sep 1941 a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 4 thousand Jews from O. and nearby us. points. In the spring of 1942 in the ghetto, approx. 500 Jews. 20 Aug 1942 young prisoners of the ghetto were deported from O. In oct. 1942 in the ghetto, approx. 500 Jews, in March 1943 - 2830 Jews. An underground organization was created in the ghetto. Before the liquidation of the ghetto, 30 underground fighters went into the forests. When the ghetto was liquidated in the spring of 1943, another 50 people. went to the partisans. connections. 1980s in O. lived apprx. 100 Jews. In O., the building of one of the synagogues and a Jewish cemetery have survived. In 2005, O. had a Jewish population. A.I.Baturin, N. Rakov, Y. Sapir, Yu.O. Solodukho.
OSHORA, a village in the Aspindza region (Georgia). Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in the Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 6 Jews lived in Georgia.
OSIEVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk Province. In July 1941, Ottoman Empire was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–43, a working camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in O. Of the 210 Jews held in the camp, 160 died of hunger and disease.
OSINNIKI, a city (since 1938) in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 24 Jews lived in O., in 2002 - 9 Jews.
OSINOVKA, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Polotsk district. Vitebsk province. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913, the unity. A grocery store in O. belonged to a Jew who lived in Obol. In May 1922, a pogrom broke out in O. Savitsky's gang, in the course of which two Jews were killed. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Dec. 1941 several were killed in O. Jews.
OSINTORF, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In 1939, 50 Jews lived in O. The Jewish population of O. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
OSIPENKO, see Berdyansk.
OSIPOV Georgy Lvovich (b. 1929, Moscow), physicist and acoustician. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1977), prof. (1980). Graduated from Builds. Institute of the Moscow City Executive Committee (1953). In 1953 he began to work at the Research Institute of Building and Physics (head of laboratory, since 1984 deputy director, since 1988 director). At the same time. taught in Moscow. universities - architect. (1970–72), build. (1977–81), road (1985–87). scientific. tr. associated with the study of the laws of noise propagation, methods of its measurement, with the creation. soundproofing and organization of life. environment in the mountains. development. O.'s developments were used in the construction of KamAZ, the Mogilev Combine of Arts, fiber, el. in Kharkov, Krasnodar, etc., when created. builds. rules and regulations. Author of over 200 scientific. print works, monographs, 20 inventions. Vice President East-Europe. Association of Acoustics, Pres. Moscow associations of acoustics, prev. Sov. parts of Tech. set No. 43 (Acoustics) mezhdunar. org-tion for standardization (ISO) and others. of the editorial board of the journal. "Applied Acoustics". Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1989).
OSIPOVICH Naum Markovich (1870, Ochakov, Odessa u. Kherson province. - 1937, Odessa), writer. From 1885 he lived in Odessa, became close to the circle of the People's Will (adherents of the views of GA Lopatin), in 1886 he joined the organization "Narodnaya Volya" and entered the plant with the aim of roaring. agitation. He was arrested, spent in prisons and exile for 18 years. In 1900, on behalf of the OPE, he investigated the literacy of the Jews of the Bessarabian province, publ. essay "In the Pale of Settlement" ("Voskhod", 1902, no. 12). Collaborated periodically. ed. (ps. Makar), including Russian-Jewish ("Jewish World", "Jewish week", "New Sunrise"), etc. In 1910-12 - in Switzerland, where he graduated from the Higher. school of social. sciences. In 1913-18 in Odessa he edited the journal. "Spikes". In 1919-26 before. reign South. t-va writers. Mean. part of O.'s creativity was dedicated. Jewish theme. Vol .: In a forgotten land. SPb.-M., 1911; By the water. SPb.-M., 1912; On a strange road. Pg., 1917; Zoya's abduction. M.-L., 1926; Provocateur. M.-L., 1926; Pahari. M., 1934.
OSIPOVICHI, city (since 1935), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - a village at the railway station, since 1900 - the city of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1910, 755 Jews (44.5%) lived in O., in 1926 - 1126 (28%), in 1939 - 1694, and in 1995 - 32 Jews. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in O., in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in; there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1920, a branch of the Evsektsia was in operation. In the beginning. 1920s The Joint provided assistance to the victims of the pogroms. In 1923, a public trial was held in Rosh ha Shana over union members who had attended a synagogue on the holiday. On Yom Kippur, a meeting and a subbotnik were organized. All R. 1920s were illegal. Zionist organizations. In 1939, a Jewish school, one of the last in the BSSR, was closed in O. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units on June 30, 1941, a ghetto was created in O. In 1941–42, ghetto prisoners were killed on the territory. Jewish cemetery. In aug. 1941 in the forest approx. 76 Jewish men from the village of Lapichi were shot in O. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to O. In 1948 a group of Jews applied for permission to hold prayers in a private house during the autumn holidays. In the 1960s. An unofficial minyan, who gathered in private houses, operated in O. In 1968, an obelisk was erected on the grave of ghetto prisoners. In 1993, the remains of 76 Jews from the village of Lapichi were reburied in the grave. 1990s in O. there is an Association of the former. prisoners of Nazi ghettos and concentration camps. Dep. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus in 1995 was elected director. plant of auto units in O. Semyon Borisovich Livshits. In 2000, approx. 80 Jews. O. genus. Z.S. Gorelik, I. Rytov.
OSMOLIN, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Gostynsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1856, 37 Jews (7.2%) lived in Osaka, and in 1897, approx. 70 Jews (about 10%). I.-I. Trunk.
OSMOLOVKA, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in O .; a Jew was a unity. in O. is a resin trader.
BASIS, ex. Jewish agriculturalist artel in the Crimean ASSR. Main in 1924 in the Simferopol region. 16 Jewish families (96 people) lived in O. In 1924. The artel was founded by Jews who came from the North. districts of Crimea. The colonists processed 480 dess. land. Agrojoint provided help to the settlers.
OSNYAG, a village in the Chernukhinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in O.
OSOKINO, see Omutninsk.
OSOKOROVKA, a village in the Novovorontsov district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1783. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kherson province. In 1900, 28 Jews lived in O., in 1926 - 10 Jews. In 1918, a pogrom was staged in O. by units of the Volunteer Army, in the course of which Jewish houses were destroyed.
OSOVA, a village in the Kostopol district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1859, 466 Jews lived in O., in 1898 - 577, in 1921 - c. 700 Jews. The first settlers of O. - 137 Jews from Brest-Litovsk (present-day Brest), who bought the land from a local landowner. In the end. 19th century Jews owned 2,525 dess. land, however with. x-in was not their main. occupation. The majority were engaged in cattle breeding, trade, and other trades. According to the EKO, in 1898–99, 104 families (out of 121) were engaged in farming, by 1909 their number had decreased to 53 families (499 people). Economical The position of the colonists remained extremely unstable. In 1919, a pogrom took place in O., during which 8 people were killed. O. had 3 synagogues and a Jewish school. In 1925 in O., with the support of ORT, a Jewish agricultural was created. cooperative. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In July 1941, Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 a ghetto was created, in which there was an underground group. In the summer of 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, part of the Jews (about 700 people) fled; 300 Jews were shot ca. Kostopol. Several dozens of escaped Jews organized partisans. detachment led by Itskhok Zakuska. Subsequently, the detachment joined the partisans. connection "Death to Fascism." IM Shaikin
OSOVETS, a village in the Mozyr district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. 6 Nov. In 1920, a pogrom, organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich, occurred in O., in the course of which three Jews perished. In 1925, a Jewish agricultural was formed in O. artel "Zvezda".
OSOVETS Samuil Markovich (1911, Kharkov - 1983, Moscow), engineer, physicist, physiologist. Cand. tech. Sciences (1946). Graduated from Kharkiv e-tech. in-t (1935), then worked at the Kharkov e-mech. s-de. 1941–44 - at the front, seriously wounded. From 1944 he worked at Vses. e-tech. in-those. In 1946–48, the teacher Art. academy. Since 1948 - at the Institute of Atomic Energy. One of the authors of the electromagnet method. separation of isotopes. Research pinch effect, discovered the neutron radiation of a plasma of non-thermonuclear origin and derived the equation of the plasma column dynamics (Leontovich-Osovets equation). Discovered a "drag current" arising in plasma under the action of an electromagnet. waves. Studied shake. processes in the human body, offered an explanation for Parkinson's disease, considered epilepsy as a nonlinear resonance, studied the nature and funkts. the role of encephalograms. He studied the physiology of memory and the problem of managing it. Linen. pr. (1958).
OSOVNITSA, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus) .After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, 0.5 km from O. 2 Aug. 1941, 1400 Jews from Motol were shot.
OSOVSKY Grigory Osipovich (1894, Kiev province - 1938), an employee of the special services. Military. Ing. 1st rank. He served in the Intelligence Service. management of the General Staff of the Red Army, illegally. reconnaissance. work in European countries (Austria, France, etc.), member. Communist Party of France. In 1937 he was recalled to the USSR and arrested. Shot.
OSPOVAT Alexander Lvovich (b. 1948, Moscow), literary critic. Son of L.S. Ospovat. Graduated from Moscow State University (1977). The author of the book. about F.I. Tyutchev (1980), "The Bronze Horseman" by A.S. Pushkin (1977, in co-authorship with R.D. Timenchik. Prepared for publication collection of works by A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky (1976 ), II Panaeva (1986), AA Grigorieva (1988), as well as "Arzamas" (1990, book 1–2).
OSPOVAT Lev Samoilovich (b. 1922, Kungur, Perm province), literary critic, culturologist. Cand. philol. sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). Published since 1949. Writes about literature and culture of Spain, Lat. America. Prepared for ed. op. Garcia Lorca (in 2 volumes, 1975, 1986), P. Neruda (in 4 volumes, 1978–79). Works: Pablo Peruda. M., 1960; Garcia Lorca. M., 1965; Diego Rivera. M., 1969.
OSTANKINO, now a part (from the end of the 19th century) in Moscow (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1558. In the 19th century. - the village of Moskovsky u. and lips. In 1914 a Jew belonged to unity. pharmacy in O.
OSTAPIE, a village in the Podvolochissky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Skalat district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. July 1941 O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. On July 12, 1941, 8 Jews were killed in O. In 1942–43 in O. there was a branch of the Jewish workers' camp located in Skalat.
OSTAPOVKA, a village in the Varvinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in O.
OSTASHIN, see Ostashino.
OSTASHINO, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostashin, Novogrudok u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned the only grocery, manufactory and tobacco shops in O.
OSTASHKOV, a city (from 1770), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. From 1775 it was the district town of the Tver governorship, then the province. In 1867 76 Jews lived in O., in 1874 - 99, in 1910 - 109, in 1926 - 562 (4.4%), in 1939 - 179, in 2002 - 9 Jews. 1905 Jews of O. turned to the governor with a request to open a synagogue. The Governor agreed and sent a letter to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. In 1910, O. had a Jewish cemetery; in 1915 - a synagogue run by the rabbi of Staraya Russa. During the 1st world period. During the war, the Jewish population of O. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia.
OSTER, a city (since 1961) in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1098.Since 1667 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Chernigov province. In 1847 633 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 1596 (29%), in 1910 - 1582, in 1920 - 1523, in 1923 - 1479, in 1926 - 1267 (18.5%), in 1939 - 841 Jews (13.3%) Jews lived in O. from the 18th century. In 1862 a synagogue (wooden) operated in O., in 1867 - 2 synagogues, in 1886 - 4 synagogues (2 stone and 2 wooden). In 1905 a pogrom took place in O.. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in O.. In 1913, Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, unity. hotel, unity. a tavern, more than 50 shops and shops in O. (including 11 manufactory, all 6 haberdashery, all 9 grain). In 1919, a pogrom broke out in O. by units of the Volunteer Army. Rabbi Girzel was arrested in 1923. O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 29 oct. 1941, 215 Jews were shot in O., November 7. 1941 - c. 30 Jews. There is a Jewish cemetery in O. Mikhail Borisovich Partashnikov (1897-1952), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1943), in 1937–38 - early. San. dep. NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1938 - in prison, from 1944 - head. department of emergency therapeutic help at the Kiev hospital. October Revolution, author of several. monographs.
OSTERMAN Natan Abramovich (1916, Kharkov - 1969, Moscow), architect. In 1940 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, worked as a student at Ying-those dwellings, from 1941 - sotr. in-that. From 1953 he headed the Spets. Architectural Design Bureau (later Moscow Research Institute of Typical and Experimental Design). One of the leading specialists in the design of residential buildings for industrial housing construction, including panel construction. The author of projects of econ. residential apartments for family settlement. Main work in Moscow: one of the first large-panel residential buildings on Oktyabrsky Pole (1951–56, as part of a team), experiment. residential quarters No. 9 (1956–57, head of the team) and No. 10, with a complex of hotel-type houses (1962–65, jointly with G.N.Bocharov, Ya.E.Dikhter, etc.), in Novye Cheryomushki, experimental house complex in Novye Cheryomushki, so-called. House of New Life (1969, head of the team).
OSTRA GURKA, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya province. In 1897 in O.-G. 164 Jews lived (11%).
OSTRIKOVKA, a village in the Tokmak district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdyansk district Tauride province. In the 2nd half. 19th century O. had a Jewish population.
OSTRINO, see Ostryna.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ОСТРОГ, город, районный центр в Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1100. С 14 в. – в составе Литовского кн-ва. В 16–18 вв. – город Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в О. проживало 1777 евреев, в 1778 – 963, в 1784 – 1123, в 1787 – 1829, в 1797 – 1757, в 1803 – 2206, в 1847 – 7300, в 1857 – 8365, в 1897 – 9008 (60,8%), в 1910 – 10 082, в 1921 – 7991 (61,6%), в 1931 – 8171 (61,7%), в 1937 – 9240 (61,6%), в 1939 – ок. 10 500, в 2000 – 9 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с кон. 14 в. На еврейском кладбище О. самые ранние эпитафии относятся к 1444. В кон. 15 в. в О. была построена каменная Большая синагога в стиле ренессанс. В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из О. и смогли вернуться в город в 1503. Осн. занятия евреев в 15–16 вв. – торговля (преимущественно кр. рогатым скотом) и ремесла. В нач. 16 в. раввином О. был Калман Габеркастен, основавший в городе иешиву. Тогда же община О. была одной из четырех «главных общин Волыни», представленных в «Вааде четырех земель». В 1540–1560-х гг. раввином О. был Шломо Лурье, в 1602–04 – Ишая Горовиц, в 1615–32 – Шмуэль-Элиэзер Эдельс, в 1642–49 – Довид Сегал. В 1608 при синагоге была создана типография. К сер. 17 в. численность еврейского населения значительно возросла; в О. насчитывалось ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев-домовладельцев.В авг. 1647 казаки Б.М.Хмельницкого убили в О. всех не успевших скрыться евреев (ок. 600 чел.); в февр. 1649 казаки по призыву местных мещан вторично заняли город и убили вернувшихся после первого погрома евреев (ок. 300 чел.). Трем евреям удалось спастись. Синагога была превращена в конюшню; дома евреев полностью разрушены.В 1661 в О. насчитывалось 5 еврейских домов. Позднее в О. вновь образовалась еврейская община; в 1666 в заседаниях «Ваада четырех земель» участвовал представитель О. В 1670-х гг. представителем О. в вааде был раввин Шмельке Зак. В 1678 Польск. сейм, желая помочь разрушенному городу, подтвердил права и привилегии, данные прежними королями мещанам О., как христианам, так и евреям. В О. была восстановлена иешива, к-рую возглавил Ш.Зак; им же на собств. средства была построена синагога. Впоследствии раввином О. был Нафтали Коген, затем, в 1690–1710, – Йоэль Гальперин.В 1717 из О. в Меджибож переселилось 7 еврейских семей. В период восстания гайдамаков (1734–68) крестьянами ближайших деревень была предпринята попытка устроить погром в О. Местные татары, получив денежное вознаграждение от евреев, задержали крестьян. Долгое время евреи О. праздновали этот день. В О. действовала хевра кадиша. В 1765 евреям принадлежало 415 домов. После пожара 1775 численность евреев О. уменьшилась. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 323 дома, в 1787 – 282 дома. В кон. 18 в. еврейская община О. переживала упадок, вызванный разделом города между двумя магнатами, что привело к разделению общины и многочисленным спорам и конфликтам.В 1792 во время осады О. рус. войсками евреи прятались от пушечных снарядов в синагоге; для их спасения еврей Элиэзер, переплыв р. Вилию, явился в рус. лагерь и сообщил об отсутствии польск. войск в городе, а также указал брод.В 1793 Шмуэлем Берковичем и Ароном Иосевичем в О. была открыта еврейская типография. В 1797 среди евреев было 133 купца, в 1803 – 45 купцов.К кон. 18 в. О. стал одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. В сер. 18 в. в О. жил Пинхас Шапиро из Кореца (1726–1791). Тогда же главой раввинского суда в О. был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това Довид Гальперин (?–1765). Во 2-й пол. 18 в. хасидский двор в О. основал ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича Яков-Йосеф (?–1790).В 1777–90 раввином был Меир Маргалиот, с 1790 – Хаим Рапопорт, затем, до 1862, – его сын Яков Рапопорт.В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. Э.В.Кренделю и Э.Л. Дерманскому принадлежал кожевенный з-д. В 1857 в О. действовали 18 синагог, 22 хедера. Из-за конфликтов между хасидской и нехасидской общинами в 1862–92 в О. не было раввина. В 1868 была основана еврейская больница с амбулаторией и богадельней. В 1875 евреи О. владели 2 маслобойнями (из 4), 50 торг. лавками, 2 шинками, 2 трактирами и 2 аптеками. В кон. 19 в. было основано 2 еврейских банка.В 1892 раввином О. стал Элиягу Хуверов (1865–?). В 1889 в О. действовало 12 синагог (из них 4 – каменные), в 1902 – 16 синагог, еврейская больница, богадельня. В 1909 создано Об-во попечения о детях евреев, в 1910 – Об-во дешевой столовой для бедных евреев. В 1910 в О. – 21 синагога, талмуд-тора, 2 еврейских уч-ща, иешива, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям принадлежали все 5 складов аптечных товаров, б-ка-читальня, булочная, все 6 гостиниц, единств. дровяной склад, все 12 кожевенных з-дов, единств. лесопильный з-д, все 5 лесных складов, склад пива, единств. свечной з-д, обе типографии, 2 трактира, 2 фотостудии, 10 экипажных мастерских, более 200 лавок и магазинов (в т. с. все 54 бакалейных, все 53 мануфактурных, 17 галантерейных). Евреями были все 3 зубных врача и единств. ювелир в О. Действовала группа социал-сионистов.В сент. 1917 во время погрома, устроенного солдатами рус. армии, в О. было убито неск. евреев. В 1918 организована еврейская самооборона. В 1919, во время праздника Песах, войска Директории устроили в О. погром, в ходе к-рого мн. евреи были убиты, их дома и магазины разгромлены. Часть евреев покинула О.В 1930-х гг. в О. работали 2 еврейские типографии, выходила газета на идише, действовали хевра кадиша, отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. отд-ния ОЗЕ, спортклуб «Шемрия», клуб студентов-евреев им. Ревекки Бронштейн, богадельня. В О. находился хасидский двор Авраама Лернера, погибшего в период Катастрофы. С 1932 раввин О. – Мордхе Гинзбург (? – период Катастрофы). В 1933 была открыта вторая иешива. К нач. 1939 в О. действовали 11 синагог, 8 хедеров, талмуд-тора, еврейские т-р, гимназия, клуб, 3 еврейские б-ки, больница. Евреям О. принадлежали мельницы, лесопилки, мебельная ф-ка, аптечные склады, автобусный парк, кинотеатр.После 1939 деятельность еврейских обществ. и политич. орг-ций была запрещена. Мн. семьи евреев О. и беженцев из Польши были высланы в вост. р-ны СССР. В 1939–41 гор. совет О. возглавлял Мотл Горин.30 июня 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Ок. 1 тыс. евреев бежали с отступавшими частями сов. войск. В О. был создан юденрат. Сразу были расстреляны 300 евреев из числа интеллигенции. 4 авг. 1941 части СС расстреляли 957 евреев, в т. ч. членов юденрата. 2 сент. 1941 полицейский полк «Юг» расстрелял ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев О. Была сожжена синагога. В июне 1942 в О. было создано гетто (ок. 3 тыс. евреев), при ликвидации к-рого 15 окт. 1942 было убито ок. 2 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовала подпольная группа. Ок. 800 молодых евреев сумели бежать, однако во 2-й пол. окт. 1942 многие из них были схвачены и убиты. На местах массовой гибели евреев О. позже были установлены памятники.После освобождения О. в февр. 1944 в город вернулось 30 евреев из партиз. отрядов и 30 евреев, скрывавшихся в разл. убежищах. Позднее стали возвращаться евреи, выселенные из О. в 1939 и успевшие эвакуироваться. Большинство еврейского населения вскоре выехало в Польшу, а затем – в Израиль и др. страны. В 1968 было уничтожено еврейское кладбище.С 1990 в О. действует община (пред. – Й.Г. Аршинов), к-рой возвращено здание Большой синагоги; имеется еврейское кладбище.В О. род.: И.-Н.И.Дрогобичер, У.-А.Перлцвейг, П.Рашиш, И.-И.Эфрат; Авраам Перчук (1915–?), организатор первого Союза евреев – узников концлагерей и инвалидов 2-й мир. войны (1946, Германия), пост. член Центр. совета Союза воинов-инвалидов; Александр Наумович Хейфец (1917–1985, Москва), историк, д-р ист. наук (1964), проф. (1966), автор ок. 80 науч. работ, обл. науч. интересов – междунар. отношения Сов. России и стран Востока.Р.С.Шпизель, pronunciation=ОСТРОГ, город, районный центр в Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1100. С 14 в. – в составе Литовского кн-ва. В 16–18 вв. – город Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в О. проживало 1777 евреев, в 1778 – 963, в 1784 – 1123, в 1787 – 1829, в 1797 – 1757, в 1803 – 2206, в 1847 – 7300, в 1857 – 8365, в 1897 – 9008 (60,8%), в 1910 – 10 082, в 1921 – 7991 (61,6%), в 1931 – 8171 (61,7%), в 1937 – 9240 (61,6%), в 1939 – ок. 10 500, в 2000 – 9 евреев.Евреи жили в О. с кон. 14 в. На еврейском кладбище О. самые ранние эпитафии относятся к 1444. В кон. 15 в. в О. была построена каменная Большая синагога в стиле ренессанс. В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из О. и смогли вернуться в город в 1503. Осн. занятия евреев в 15–16 вв. – торговля (преимущественно кр. рогатым скотом) и ремесла. В нач. 16 в. раввином О. был Калман Габеркастен, основавший в городе иешиву. Тогда же община О. была одной из четырех «главных общин Волыни», представленных в «Вааде четырех земель». В 1540–1560-х гг. раввином О. был Шломо Лурье, в 1602–04 – Ишая Горовиц, в 1615–32 – Шмуэль-Элиэзер Эдельс, в 1642–49 – Довид Сегал. В 1608 при синагоге была создана типография. К сер. 17 в. численность еврейского населения значительно возросла; в О. насчитывалось ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев-домовладельцев.В авг. 1647 казаки Б.М.Хмельницкого убили в О. всех не успевших скрыться евреев (ок. 600 чел.); в февр. 1649 казаки по призыву местных мещан вторично заняли город и убили вернувшихся после первого погрома евреев (ок. 300 чел.). Трем евреям удалось спастись. Синагога была превращена в конюшню; дома евреев полностью разрушены.В 1661 в О. насчитывалось 5 еврейских домов. Позднее в О. вновь образовалась еврейская община; в 1666 в заседаниях «Ваада четырех земель» участвовал представитель О. В 1670-х гг. представителем О. в вааде был раввин Шмельке Зак. В 1678 Польск. сейм, желая помочь разрушенному городу, подтвердил права и привилегии, данные прежними королями мещанам О., как христианам, так и евреям. В О. была восстановлена иешива, к-рую возглавил Ш.Зак; им же на собств. средства была построена синагога. Впоследствии раввином О. был Нафтали Коген, затем, в 1690–1710, – Йоэль Гальперин.В 1717 из О. в Меджибож переселилось 7 еврейских семей. В период восстания гайдамаков (1734–68) крестьянами ближайших деревень была предпринята попытка устроить погром в О. Местные татары, получив денежное вознаграждение от евреев, задержали крестьян. Долгое время евреи О. праздновали этот день. В О. действовала хевра кадиша. В 1765 евреям принадлежало 415 домов. После пожара 1775 численность евреев О. уменьшилась. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 323 дома, в 1787 – 282 дома. В кон. 18 в. еврейская община О. переживала упадок, вызванный разделом города между двумя магнатами, что привело к разделению общины и многочисленным спорам и конфликтам.В 1792 во время осады О. рус. войсками евреи прятались от пушечных снарядов в синагоге; для их спасения еврей Элиэзер, переплыв р. Вилию, явился в рус. лагерь и сообщил об отсутствии польск. войск в городе, а также указал брод.В 1793 Шмуэлем Берковичем и Ароном Иосевичем в О. была открыта еврейская типография. В 1797 среди евреев было 133 купца, в 1803 – 45 купцов.К кон. 18 в. О. стал одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. В сер. 18 в. в О. жил Пинхас Шапиро из Кореца (1726–1791). Тогда же главой раввинского суда в О. был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това Довид Гальперин (?–1765). Во 2-й пол. 18 в. хасидский двор в О. основал ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича Яков-Йосеф (?–1790).В 1777–90 раввином был Меир Маргалиот, с 1790 – Хаим Рапопорт, затем, до 1862, – его сын Яков Рапопорт.В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. Э.В.Кренделю и Э.Л. Дерманскому принадлежал кожевенный з-д. В 1857 в О. действовали 18 синагог, 22 хедера. Из-за конфликтов между хасидской и нехасидской общинами в 1862–92 в О. не было раввина. В 1868 была основана еврейская больница с амбулаторией и богадельней. В 1875 евреи О. владели 2 маслобойнями (из 4), 50 торг. лавками, 2 шинками, 2 трактирами и 2 аптеками. В кон. 19 в. было основано 2 еврейских банка.В 1892 раввином О. стал Элиягу Хуверов (1865–?). В 1889 в О. действовало 12 синагог (из них 4 – каменные), в 1902 – 16 синагог, еврейская больница, богадельня. В 1909 создано Об-во попечения о детях евреев, в 1910 – Об-во дешевой столовой для бедных евреев. В 1910 в О. – 21 синагога, талмуд-тора, 2 еврейских уч-ща, иешива, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям принадлежали все 5 складов аптечных товаров, б-ка-читальня, булочная, все 6 гостиниц, единств. дровяной склад, все 12 кожевенных з-дов, единств. лесопильный з-д, все 5 лесных складов, склад пива, единств. свечной з-д, обе типографии, 2 трактира, 2 фотостудии, 10 экипажных мастерских, более 200 лавок и магазинов (в т. с. все 54 бакалейных, все 53 мануфактурных, 17 галантерейных). Евреями были все 3 зубных врача и единств. ювелир в О. Действовала группа социал-сионистов.В сент. 1917 во время погрома, устроенного солдатами рус. армии, в О. было убито неск. евреев. В 1918 организована еврейская самооборона. В 1919, во время праздника Песах, войска Директории устроили в О. погром, в ходе к-рого мн. евреи были убиты, их дома и магазины разгромлены. Часть евреев покинула О.В 1930-х гг. в О. работали 2 еврейские типографии, выходила газета на идише, действовали хевра кадиша, отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. отд-ния ОЗЕ, спортклуб «Шемрия», клуб студентов-евреев им. Ревекки Бронштейн, богадельня. В О. находился хасидский двор Авраама Лернера, погибшего в период Катастрофы. С 1932 раввин О. – Мордхе Гинзбург (? – период Катастрофы). В 1933 была открыта вторая иешива. К нач. 1939 в О. действовали 11 синагог, 8 хедеров, талмуд-тора, еврейские т-р, гимназия, клуб, 3 еврейские б-ки, больница. Евреям О. принадлежали мельницы, лесопилки, мебельная ф-ка, аптечные склады, автобусный парк, кинотеатр.После 1939 деятельность еврейских обществ. и политич. орг-ций была запрещена. Мн. семьи евреев О. и беженцев из Польши были высланы в вост. р-ны СССР. В 1939–41 гор. совет О. возглавлял Мотл Горин.30 июня 1941 О. оккупировали части вермахта. Ок. 1 тыс. евреев бежали с отступавшими частями сов. войск. В О. был создан юденрат. Сразу были расстреляны 300 евреев из числа интеллигенции. 4 авг. 1941 части СС расстреляли 957 евреев, в т. ч. членов юденрата. 2 сент. 1941 полицейский полк «Юг» расстрелял ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев О. Была сожжена синагога. В июне 1942 в О. было создано гетто (ок. 3 тыс. евреев), при ликвидации к-рого 15 окт. 1942 было убито ок. 2 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовала подпольная группа. Ок. 800 молодых евреев сумели бежать, однако во 2-й пол. окт. 1942 многие из них были схвачены и убиты. На местах массовой гибели евреев О. позже были установлены памятники.После освобождения О. в февр. 1944 в город вернулось 30 евреев из партиз. отрядов и 30 евреев, скрывавшихся в разл. убежищах. Позднее стали возвращаться евреи, выселенные из О. в 1939 и успевшие эвакуироваться. Большинство еврейского населения вскоре выехало в Польшу, а затем – в Израиль и др. страны. В 1968 было уничтожено еврейское кладбище.С 1990 в О. действует община (пред. – Й.Г. Аршинов), к-рой возвращено здание Большой синагоги; имеется еврейское кладбище.В О. род.: И.-Н.И.Дрогобичер, У.-А.Перлцвейг, П.Рашиш, И.-И.Эфрат; Авраам Перчук (1915–?), организатор первого Союза евреев – узников концлагерей и инвалидов 2-й мир. войны (1946, Германия), пост. член Центр. совета Союза воинов-инвалидов; Александр Наумович Хейфец (1917–1985, Москва), историк, д-р ист. наук (1964), проф. (1966), автор ок. 80 науч. работ, обл. науч. интересов – междунар. отношения Сов. России и стран Востока.Р.С.Шпизель, extra_data="{'translat...")
OSTROGLYADY, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in O.
OSTROGORSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1868 -1908, St. Petersburg), teacher. Brother of M.Ya. Ostrogorsky. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that; served in the Ministry of Finance. From 1896 ed. zhurn. "Education". In 1899-1908, dir. Tenishevsky school in St. Petersburg, the author of several. book, including "Russian spelling" and the anthology "Living Word". Sister O. - Anna (1863, Grodno - |), writer. Graduated from honey. f-t. In 1899-1908 ed. zhurn. "Young Reader". From 1902 ed. publishing house of the same name.
OSTROGORSKY Moisey Yakovlevich (1852, according to other data 1854 - 1921, Petrograd), lawyer, historian. Brother of A.Ya. Ostrogorsky. Graduated from the Grodno gymnasium and law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. He listened to lectures on philosophy and polit. sciences. He served in the legislature. dep. Department of the Ministry of Justice. He edited and published Yurid. M. Ostrogorsky's calendar. Legal. yearbook and reference book for the court. figures "(St. Petersburg, 1878-1917). Compiled by O. “Chronology of general and Russian. history "in 1873-1902 withstood St. 10th ed. Research "Democracy and Watered, Parties" enjoyed great popularity and was translated into several. foreign lang. Collaborated in the journal. "Bulletin of Europe". In 1906 O. was elected a dep. 1st State Duma, where he was one of the leading developers of its Order, made a speech in which he condemned the pogrom in Bialystok (1906). Without being formally a member. party of the Cadets, voted with its faction in the Duma. As part of the delegation of the State. Duma participated in the international. conf. in London. In 1906, at the congress of the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia, he spoke out against the formation of a special Jewish group in the Duma.
OSTROGOZHSK, a city (from 1779) in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1652.Since 1779 it was a district town of the Voronezh governorship, from 1797 - Slobodsko-Ukrainian province, from 1802 - Voronezh province. In 1897, 128 Jews lived in O. (0.6%), in 1902 - 163, in 1910 - 178, in 1926 - 221, in 1939 - 60, in 2002 - 8 Jews. In 1902 a synagogue was opened in O. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a watch workshop, 6 ready-to-wear shops, one headdress, and a wood shop. war, the Jewish population grew due to refugees from the West. provinces of Ros. empire. In 1915, 450 Jewish refugees arrived in O. in the same year in O. with the assistance of Moscow. branches of the OPE were opened a school and a hearth. In the O. genus: E. Ilyina; Solomon Veniaminovich Miller (1898-1973, Sverdlovsk), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1936), from 1941 - head. Department of General Hygiene Sverdlovsk honey. in-ta, author of 120 scientific. works.
OSTROLENKA, a city (since 1373) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Lomzhinskaya province. In 1808, 99 Jews (4.9%) lived in O., in 1827 - 496 (16.4%), in 1857 - 1128 (33.5%), in 1897 - 3620 (45.4%), in 1921 - 3352 (36.7%), in 1931 - 4291 Jews (32.2%). Jews lived in O. from the second half. 18th century In 1794, permission was obtained to build a synagogue and lay a cemetery. In 1826 Jews were allowed to live only in one district of O. In 1856 a synagogue was built. Several Jews O. participated in Polsk. uprising 1863–64. In 1892, out of 185 artisans in the city, 112 were Jews; among them - 29 shoemakers, 25 tailors, 12 carpenters, 10 saddlers, 8 tinsmiths, 5 coachmen, 4 hatters, 2 watchmakers. 19th century Rabbi O. was Ikhl-Mikhl Goldshlak, in the 2nd half. 19th century - Gurian Hasid Yosef Harif, in 1899-1902 - M.-N. Jerusalem, in 1904-15 - Yakov-Shloyme Pizman, from 1905 - Yitzhok Burshtein (1869–?). Among the Jews of O. there were Hasidim of the Aleksandrovsky, Amshinovsky, Varkovsky, and Gurian trends. In 1912, the Women's Society for the Rendering of Honey was organized in O. helping women in labor "; loan-savings was in effect. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a hotel, 3 photo workshops, and a unity. a watch workshop and more than 30 shops and shops in O. (including all 8 manufactory, both furniture, one book). In the 1920s and 1930s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were several. synagogues. In 1921, a department of the Jewish People began to work. Bank. 10 Sept. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1939 the Great Synagogue was burned down. In the fall of 1939, several. thousands of Jews O. were driven out of the city and fled to the east. districts of Poland, occupied by the USSR. O. genus: M. Flaxer; Israel Stern (1894–1942, Warsaw), poet, literary critic, wrote in Yiddish.
OSTROLUCHE, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in O. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in O. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. in the fall of 1941, one Jew was killed.
OSTROMETSKY Arkady (Abram) Abramovich (born 1923, Minsk), cymbalist. From 1939 he studied at the Belarusian horse, which he graduated from in 1947. Participant in the 1941–45 war. Laureate of the 1st All. review of performers on the bunk. instr-takh (1939). In 1946–57, the accompanist of the State. bunk bed orc. BSSR. Since 1957, the soloist of the Belarusian state. Philharmonic. The first performer-virtuoso pl. manuf. Belarusian comp. He toured Europe, India and Burma. Nar. art. BSSR (1970).
OSTROPOLER Gershele (2nd half of the 18th century, near Balta, Podolsk province - |, Medzhibozh, Podolsk province), badkhan. Hero of Jewish folklore. The biography of O. is based exclusively on oral stories, where real events are intertwined with fiction. According to legend, O. was a butcher in the Volyn town of Ostropol, but soon left it, because one of the many. jokes O hurt the pride of the head of the community. O. wandered around Podolia until he was invited to the court of Tzadik Baruch from Medzhybizh. According to legend, for one of his witticisms O. was thrown down the stairs and soon died. The image of O. is reflected in the production. I.E.Babel, M.Ya. Gershenzon, M.N. Lifshits, I.Trunk. Collection of stories about O. published in Yiddish, Hebrew, German, English. and other languages.
OSTROPOL, see Old Ostropol.
OSTROSHITSKY GORODOK, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Minsk u. 760 Jews (68%) lived in OG in 1897, 758 in 1923, and 665 in 1926 (52%). In the summer of 1941, OG occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in OG. hundreds of Jews. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in OG.
ISLAND, see Ostrow Mazowiecka.
OSTROVER Lev Isaakovich (1889, Plock - 1962, Moscow), writer. He graduated from high school, studied in Krakow and Berlin. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he lived in Germany and Switzerland, then came to Russia, was a military man. doctor in Odessa. In the beginning. 1920s moved to Kiev, then to Moscow. He wrote in Yiddish. Published essays in Jewish periodicals. ed. On the eve of the 1st world. war in Krakow came out the book. O. "Farvos" ("Why"). Later he began to write in Russian. lang., but ch. arr. on Jewish themes. In 1932, the book was published in the sinks, publishing house "Der Emes". O. "Afroard" ("On the virgin land") in the lane. Sh.Galkin. O. is the author of ist. rum. "The caravan enters the city" (1940), p. to the East - rev. Topics: "Petrels" (1953), "Presnya does not give up" (1955), "Ippolit Myshkin" (1959), "Tadeusz Kosciuszko" (1961), etc.
OSTROVETS, see Ostrovets-Swietokrzyski.
OSTROVEC-SVENTOKRZZKI, a city (since 1524) in the Swietokrzysk Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Ostrovets Opatovsky u. Radom province. In 1765 in O.-S. 904 Jews lived, in 1827 - 1039 (54.3%), in 1857 - 2720 (79.7%), in 1897 - 6146 (63%), in 1910 - 8051 (59.6%), in 1921 - 10 095 (51.1%), in 1931 - 9934 Jews (38.3%) Jews lived in O.-S. from the 2nd floor. 16th century In the 1640s. a synagogue was built. Rabbi O.-S. in the 18th century. there was Rabbi Yehezkel ben Avigdor, who represented the community in the “Vaad of the Four Lands”, in 1734–48 - Eliezer Lifshitz (? –1748), then - Yosef Margoliot (? –1753), in the 1750–70s. - Yosef Teumim (? –1782), his son Shaul-Faivl Theumim (? –1771), Azriel Maiselish (? –1786) - one of the first propagandists of Hasidism in the Center. Poland. In the beginning. 19th century 2 more synagogues were built. In the 1870s. Rabbi O.-S. - David Rappaport, since 1899 - Meir-Ikhl Goltsstock (1857–1928), who founded the Hasidic dynasty. Then the dynasty was headed by his son Ihezkil Goltsstock (1887–1943). In the 1890s. in O.-S. worked as a freelance doctor Abram Davidovich Milinger. 20th century in O.-S. opened state. school for Jews. There were also a circle for the study of Hebrew, about-in aid to poor Jews, "Linas ha-Tzedek". From 1904 the first Zionist circle worked, from 1906 - the branches of the Poalei Zion and Bund. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. banking office, 2 taverns, 40 shops and shops in O.-S. (including all 7 for the sale of chintz, all 4 manufactory and all 4 grocery). Feb 1915 in O.S. grew up as a hostage. the authorities, instead of his elderly father, the owner of the plant, arrested his son Gil Pfefer. In 1908–26, Rabbi O.-S. - Meir-Dan Plotskiy. 1920–30s. in O.-S. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1924 a school with teaching in Yiddish and a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" were opened, in 1928 - a school of the "Tarbut" network and a school of the Mizrahi movement. The Jewish Cooperative Bank was founded in 1928, and the Loan Bank in 1932. In O.-S. Yeshiva "Beis Yaakov" was open. 7 Sept. 1939 O.-S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. Sep 1939 the Judenrat was created, in April. 1941 - the ghetto, destroyed in April. 1943. An underground resistance group was operating in the ghetto. Dovid Kempinsky, Moishe Stein and br. Kopel V. O.-S. preserved Jewish cemetery. genus. Conrad (Elcana) Harmatz (1910-1986), journalist, since 1946 in Brazil, founder of Jewish television and radio broadcasting in Brazil.
ISLAND, a village in Beshenkovichi district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Vitebsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1765, 167 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 405, in 1897 - 514 (60.6%), in 1923 - 410 Jews. about Jews O. refers to the end. 17th century In 1867 a synagogue functioned in O. there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1899–1907, Meir-Itskhok Goldberg (1871–?) Was the rabbi in O., in the 1910s. - Joshua Lane (? –1941). After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created in O. 29 Sep 1941 approx. In the Jewish cemetery, 350 Jews, prisoners of the ghetto, were shot. In 1956, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed. In 2000, several Jews lived in O. Jews. O. genus. Gdal Grigorievich Gelstein (1917-1989, Moscow), cardiologist, Dr. med. sciences, prof., in 1950–89 headed the lab. functional diagnostics in Ying-those cardiovascular surgery them. A.N.Bakuleva, author of more than 200 scientific. works, including 5 monographs, honored. active science of the RSFSR.
ISLAND, now a part (since 1929) of Poltava (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Poltava. In 1910, 2 Jewish families lived in O.
OSTROVSKAYA Nadezhda Ilinichna (1881, Kiev - 1937), politician. Member RSDLP since 1901. In 1905 he was a member. Yalta committee of the RSDLP, in 1907 led the roar. work among the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol. In 1907–14 - in exile, in 1914–16 she lived in Moscow and Petrograd. In 1917, before. Sevastopol committee of the RSDLP (b), in 1918 deputy. prev. CEC of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic, later before. Vladimirsky provincial committee of the RCP (b), early. political department of the 10th army, member. collegiums of female workers of the Comintern. Was elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Repressed.
OSTROVSKY Abbo (1885, Elizavetgrad - 1963, New York), artist, teacher, organizer of museum affairs, public figure. Graduated from school fig. lawsuit in Odessa (1907). Since 1908 - in the USA. Studied at the Academy of Design (New York 1908–11). Founder and director. thin school (1914) and T-ra one actor in Women's. Boston Club (1916), gal. Anderson in New York (1924). He worked in the Nat. Museum of the USA (Washington, 1931), Museum of Arts (Baltimore, 1931), art. gal. Keppel (New York, 1937). O.'s works are presented in the Pushkin Museum, the Library of Congr. and to Amer. Federation of Labor (both - Washington), museums pc. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, mountains. Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia (all - USA), museums in Jerusalem, Paris, London, Oslo. He was a member of societies. and professional org-tions of American artists.
OSTROVSKY Alexander Markovich (1893, Kiev - 1986, Montagnol, Switzerland), mathematician. Doctor of Philosophy (1920). He studied at high fur boots in Marburg (from 1912) and Göttingen (from 1918). He worked at the University of Göttingen (1918–24); prepared for ed. collection op. F. Klein. Trained in Great Britain at Oxford and Cambridge high fur boots as a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation (1925–26), worked at Basel University (from 1926), prof. research results. in algebra, number theory, geometry, topology, function theory and the differentiation of equations.
OSTROVSKY Arkady (Abraham) Ilyich (1914, Syzran, Simbirsk province - 1967, Sochi, buried in Moscow), composer. From 1927 - in Leningrad. In the beginning. 1930s entered the Center, muses. technical school, where he studied under I.M. Belozemtsev and I.A. Braudo. Later I played in decomp. pop groups. In 1940–47 he was a pianist, accordionist and arranger in jazz orc. under control L.O. Utesova. At this time, he wrote a number of tools. plays and songs, including the cycle "The soldier returned from the campaign." In the end. 1940 - early. 1950s created a number of songs - "Moscow Dawns" on the lyrics. MS Lisyansky, "Komsomol members - restless hearts" and others. He wrote songs for children ("School polka", "Funny songs", "Tired toys are sleeping", etc.). Various themes (patriotic, lyric, comic, romance, dancing.), Songs O. 1960s. differed in relief melody, confidential sincere intonation. Among them: "The song remains with the person", "Let there always be sun", the cycle "Songs of our yard", "Old Park", "How to see off the steamers", "Moonstone", "Vocalise", "Blizzard mixed the earth with the sky "," The sailor went ashore "," The voice of the earth. " Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1963), honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1965).
OSTROVSKY Iosif Meerovich (1935, Shepetivka, Vinnytsia region - 1993, Sderot, Israel), painter, graphic artist. In 1955 he graduated from the painting department of Odessa artist. uch-schA. Member of the All-Union region. (Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk) and zarub. (USA, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria) exhibitions. Personal exhibitions were held in Odessa and Moscow, Sderot (1991). Since 1989 - in Israel. He taught in the mountains. isoisk studios in Sderot. Main works: ser. (about 200) portraits of Jewish old men, among them "Three", "An old man with a violin", "Lechaim" (1980s); ser. "Animals" (1990s).
OSTROVSKY Iosif Vladimirovich (b. 1934, Dnepropetrovsk), mathematician. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1978). Graduated from the Kharkov state. un-t (1956), in which he worked since 1958. Since 1969 scientific. sotr. Phys.-tech. Institute of Low Temperatures of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Author tr. on the theory of functions and its application to the theory of probability.
OSTROVSKY Lev Aronovich (b. 1934, Vologda), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973), prof. (1979). Graduated from the Gorky State. un-t (1957). In 1957-59, engineer. in the design bureau of the radio industry. In 1959–65 he worked at the Gorky Polytechnic. in-those. In 1965-77 Art. scientific. sotr. Scientific research radiophysis. Institute (Gorky). Since 1977 head. lab., ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Applied Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Gorky). Member grew up. and nick. scientific. ob-in, chl. editorial boards of a number of specials. journal Obl. scientific. interests - hydrophysics and oceanography, acoustics, nonlinear wave processes, nonlinear optics and lasers, certain problems of biophysics. Discovered the phenomenon of self-compressibility of modulated waves. Developed new models of wave dynamics in the ocean and the theory of solitons as classical. particles. Author approx. 200 scientific. Art. and reviews, 11 inventions and 1 discovery (1982). State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Nonlinear wave processes in acoustics. M., 1990 (et al.).
OSTROVSKY Mikhail Arkadievich (b. 1935, Leningrad), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1971), prof. (1978), bp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1989), acad. RAS (1994). Son of A.I. Ostrovsky. After graduating from the biol.-soil faculty of Moscow State University (1958) - a post-graduate student of the Institute of higher education. nervous activity and neurophysiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then on scientific. work there (until 1970). Since 1970 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. (since 1978) prof. biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. Region scientific. interests - the study of primary processes of vision. O. investigated photochemical, enzymatic and ionic mechanisms of conversion of light energy into excitation in the visual cells of the retina, studied the mechanisms of the damaging effect of light on the structures of the eye and the systems of its protection from photodamage. On this basis, O. offered yellow artificial lenses of the eye (intraocular lenses), to-rye found wide application in ophthalmological practice. O. - Ch. ed. zhurn. "Sensory systems" (since 1987), part. Executive Committee of Mezhdiar. org-tion for the study of the brain (since 1987). Author of over 10 inventions and over 100 scientific. works, including two monographs: Photoreceptor cells (1978), Photoreception of vertebrates (in co-authorship with V.I. Govardovsky, 1993).
OSTROVSKOE, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in mid. 1920s in O. lived apprx. 250 Jews. 1920–30s. there was a Jewish school in O. The colony ceased to exist in 1939.
OSTROZHANKA, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1925, a Jewish agricultural was organized in O. artel "Culture".
OSTROZHETS, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1528. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 in O. and the surrounding us. 82 Jews lived in localities, 333 in 1847, 177 (18.2%) in 1870, 636 (43.4%) in 1897, 632 (37%) in 1921, and 624 Jews in 1939. First mention about Jews O. refers to 1528. In the 17th century. a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in O. From 1870 Benjamin Firer (1840–?) Was the rabbi in O. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade (goods brought from Lutsk) and decomp. crafts. In 1897, there were 8 merchants among the Jews of O., several. small traders, 6 artisans. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 grocery stores and units. iron hardware store in O. In 1920–30s. in O. there were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. in August. 1941 40 Jews were shot. In apr. 1942 created a ghetto, which contained apprx. 1,700 Jews. 11 oct. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; more than 500 Jews were shot.
OSTROW LUBELSKI, a city (since 1548) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1442. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Ostrov Wlodavsky u. Sedletskaya province. In 1676 in O.-L. 60 Jews lived, in 1765 - 344, in 1827 - 623 (33%), in 1857 - 885 (32%), in 1897 - 3221 (52%), in 1921 - 1267 (33%), in 1939 - 2100 Jews .The Jews began to settle in O.-L. from the 2nd floor. 17th century Main occupations of Jews O.-L. there were small trade and crafts. The community existed from the 2nd floor. 18th century In the 19th century. Jews built in O.-L. mill, tannery and knitwear factories. The rabbis in O.-L. were: Shimshon-Zelig Jozna, Elyakum Getz, Shmuel Fraind, Isroel-Nisson Kuperstok. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century the rabbi was Yakov Rabinovich (1854 -?). 20th century in O.-L. acted several. synagogues, Jewish philanthropists worked. org-tion, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, in 1915 the library was opened to them. I.-L. Peretz. In 1914 Jews owned both wine and unity. haberdashery shops in O.-L. The Jewish population O.-L. suffered during the 1st world. war. Mn. Jews left the city. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews owned almost all prom. production and workshops in O.-L. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1927, a girls' school "Beis Yaakov" was opened. Rabbi O.-L. in the 1920s. was Moyshe Ribak (? –1929). In Sept. 1939 O.-L. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Soon the Judenrat was created, and later - the ghetto. By May 1940, together with refugees in O.-L. was approx. 3,300 Jews. In 1941 in O.-L. delivered 500 Jews from Lyubartuv, in December. 1941 - 500 people from Poznan, in March - Apr. 1942 - 200 Jews from Lublin and 300 - from Slobodka. In oct. 1942 Jews of the ghetto O.-L. were sent to the extermination camps Belzec and Sobibur. Mn. young Jews managed to escape to the forests, where they organized partisans. groups that later joined the units of the Human Army. In the spring of 1943 a Jewish partisan was formed. detachment (comm. - Ichiel Grynshpan), to-ry acting joint. with owls. partisas. detachment, where there were many Jews from O.-L.
OSTROW MAZOWECKA, a city (since 1434) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1410. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Ostrov Lomzhinskaya province. In 1765 in O.-M. 85 Jews lived, in 1792 - 135 (15.6%), in 1857 - 2412 (60.7%), in 1885 - 5088 (65%), in 1897 - 6595 (83.3%), in 1910 - 8533 (57.9%), in 1921 - 6812 Jews (50.7%) Jews lived in O.-M. from ser. 18th century The first Jews were immigrants from Volyn. In 1789, Jews were forbidden to settle in O.-M. Main occupation of Jews O.-M. in the 19th century. there was small trade. Among the Jews, O.-M. there were Hasidim of the Aleksandrovsky, Amshinovsky, Varkovsky, Gursky, Sokolovsky and Strikovsky directions. Several Jews O.-M. participated in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In 1883–86, the rabbi O.-M. was Dovid-Shlomo Margaliot, in 1886–87 - Gershon-Genoch Leiner (1839–1891), from 1891 - Efroim Shloyme-Zalman Weingott (1844–?), from 1904 - Abram Frenkel (1880 -?). In 1887 were founded Society "Bikur Hoylim" and Talmud-Torah, in 1908 - a Jewish school. Since 1911 the Bund organization has been operating. In 1912 in O.-M. a Jewish loan-savings company worked. m-in. In 1913 Jews owned 2 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, a photo workshop, all 4 watch workshops, 40 shops and shops in O.-M. (including all 8 manufactory, both tobacco) In the 1920s. Rabbi O.-M. was Meir-Dan Plock (1866-1928), in the 1930s. - Yakov-Shraga Singer, Yosef Tsinovich, Yisroel-Nosn Plock. In the 1920s and 30s. in O.-M. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Yeshiva "Beis Yosef" has been operating since 1922. In 1934 a school of the Yavne network was opened; were published periodically. Yiddish editions "Ostrover Tribune" and "Ostrover Leben". In the 1930s. worked children. garden of the "Tarbut" network, schools "Beis Yaakov" and "Isudey Torah". 8 Sept. 1939 O.-M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On the same day, 15 Jews were shot. In nov. 1939 in O.-M. a fire broke out. Jews O.-M. were charged with arson, approx. 400 of them were shot. After that, almost all Jews left the city. The majority fled to the east. districts of Poland, occupied by the USSR, several. hundreds - to Warsaw. there is a destroyed Jewish cemetery. genus. Naftoli Kaminets (1896–1944, Auschwitz), rabbi, since 1923 - head. network of schools "Beis Yaakov".
OSTRYNA, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Shchuchinsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Vilensk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrino Lidsky u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765 436 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 405, in 1897 - 1440 (59.7%), in 1921 - approx. ... 1,500 Jews. 20th century the rabbi in O. was Yakov Tavshunsky (1873–?). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Ostap. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned a drugstore and 11 shops in O. (including all 5 grocery stores and all 3 manufactures). In 1914, there were 13 farmers among the Jews. In 1921 there were 150 Jewish agriculturalists in O.. In the 1920s and 1930s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in June 1941, a ghetto was created in O. 2 thousand Jews. In 1989 a monument was erected on the grave of the executed. J.Chornitsky.
OSTYAKO-VOGULSK, see Khanty-Mansiysk.
OSUN, see Asune.
OSVEY, see Osveya.
OSVEYA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Verkhnedvinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Osvey Drissensky u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1765, 316 Jews lived in O., in 1847 - 795, in 1897 - 1660 (58.6%), in 1923 - 762, in 1926 - approx. 700 (about 40%), in 1934 - 397, in 1939 - 350 Jews. In 1867 there were 2 synagogues in O. In the 1910s. the rabbi in O. was Yisroel Isiemin. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Osaka. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 23 shops in O. (including all 6 grocery, all 4 haberdashery). The Jew was unity. a timber merchant in O. The Jewish community of O. suffered during the 1st World. and Grazhd. wars. Mn. Jews left O. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 a ghetto was created in O. From 2 Feb before the beginning. March 1942 in O. was killed apprx. 650 Jews. In 1960, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the dead, in 1989 - a stele. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in the O. family: L.M.Birnov, A.-Sh. Kurz, Ya.Yu. Reeves; Vladimir Izrailevich Freidzon (b. 1922), historian, Dr. Sciences (1972), specialist in the region. Slavic studies and Balkan studies.
OSYAKOV, see Osyakuv.
OSYAKUW, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Osyakov Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1765, 41 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 552 (44.8%), in 1921 - 759 (49.2%), in 1939 - approx. 700 Jews. In the 2nd half. 19th century in O. was organized independently. community. Rabbi O. at that time was Eliyahu Singer, in 1909 - Yitzhok Brown (1876–?), After the death of the latter - his son-in-law Menachem Tiger. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, in 1940 - the ghetto, liquidated in August. 1942.
OSYKOVO, a village in Starobeshevsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1907 in Bakhmut u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1925, an agriculturalist was founded in O. by Jewish immigrants. the colony.
OTACH (until 1990 - Attacks), a city in the Ocnitsa region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. In the end. 1940s - regional center. In 1847 559 Jewish families lived in O., in 1897 - 4690 Jews (67.2%), in 1910 - 7888 (72.6%), in 1930 - 2785 (79.5%), in 1989 - 294, in 1991 - 65 Jews. In 1861 four synagogues functioned in O. In 1862 a state-owned Jewish school of the 1st category was opened in O. In 1910 there were 6 synagogues in O. and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 a Jewish doctor worked in O. functioned "Society of benefits to local Jews." In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. June - early. July 1941 thousands of Jews from other us were concentrated in O. points of Bessarabia, trying to cross the Dniester to the east. July 7, 1941 German-Romanians. troops entered O. In July - Aug. 1941 in O., single executions of Jews were carried out. By Aug. 1941 Jewish population from nearby districts was concentrated in O. In the fall of 1941, O. turned into a staging post for tens of thousands of Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina, to-rykh Romanians. the army sent to Transnistria. In the end. 1941 Jews from O. were also deported to Transnistria. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to O. In 1946, the building of the former. synagogues in O. were transferred to the district house of culture “due to the small number of the Jewish population.” In 1992 in O. there was an old Jewish cemetery with tombstones from the 18th century. Mikhail Ilyich Koifman (1899–1981, Moscow), mining engineer, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1941), prof. (1945), developed a technology for the production of arts. defiber stones and organized their prom. release, classified types of carbide drill bits.
OTOLCHITSY, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobrin district Grodno province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of O. (27 people) were sent to Pinsk and in 1942 killed there along with local Jews.
OTOMARI, see Korsakov.
OTRADA, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Piryatinsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century O. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 (out of 5) Jewish farms in O.
OTRADNAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Batalpashinsky department. Kuban Region In 1910, 2 Jews lived in O., and in 1939 - 6 Jews. 19th century families of Subbotniks lived in O. In 1917, 15 of 20 Subbotnik families converted to Judaism. In 1920, E.-I. 9 families left. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in O. 10 Aug. 1942 64 local and evacuated Jews were killed.
It is gratifying, see. Gratifying.
OTRADNY, city (since 1956) in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 1920s as with. It is gratifying. Since 1947 it has been an urban-type settlement. In 2005, 22 Jews lived in O.
OTRADOKAMENKA, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1782. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kherson province. In 1848 2 Jewish families lived in O., in 1900 - 29 Jews, in 1926 - 18 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. in September. 1941 3 Jews were killed.
OTRADOVKA, a village in the Novotroitsk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1820 in the Kherson province. In 1897 there were 36 Jews living in Ostrava, and in 1926 - 8 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Ostrada in September. 1941 2 Jews were killed.
OTRUBOK, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 34 Jews were shot in O.
OTSEP Matvey Alexandrovich (real name and father. Mordukh Khononovich) (1884, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Lawyer. In 1903 he graduated from a real school, served as a volunteer in the army. In 1904–06 he studied honey. f-those of Lausanne un-that; in 1906–10 for legal. f-those Mosk. un-that, at the end of to-rogo pom. attorney at law in Moscow. He took part in Izv. polit. the trials of the Tolstoyans who refused to fulfill their conscription according to religion. convictions, in the case of the escape of prisoners from the Butyrka prison in 1913, in the case of the Bund and others. Participated in major political trials: over the provocateur R. Malinovsky (1918), in the Shakhty case (1928), the case of the Industrial Party (1930), hands. and members of the Polish underground in the rear of Kr. Armies - in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland (1945). Developed by scientific. method of defense from the beginning of work in the legal profession, as opposed to "artistic lit.", defining it as "a method of scrupulous study of fact. the circumstances of the case and the identity of the offender ”. He was known as a lecturer and court. speaker.
OTTEN (real name Potashinsky) Nikolay Davidovich (1907, Petersburg - 1983, Moscow), critic, screenwriter. In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute, having received the specialty of an economist. He wrote about the problems of t-ra and cinema. In 1937–41 the head. lit. part in the Chamber Theater. Since the 1940s. professional writer. Compiled a 6-volume edition. "Fav. scripts owls. cinema"; scriptwriter for the films "In the days of October" (with S.D. Davydov) and "Tatiana's Day" (1967). Ed.-Compiler of collection. "Tarusa Pages" (1961), in which publ. kinopov. "Paper flowers" (co-authored with A.K. Gladkov). Works: V.O. Massalitinova. M., 1939; Natalia Uzhviy. M., 1940; Tribute. M., 1992 (2nd ed.).
OVERZHICHI, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 25 Jews lived in O. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were sent to the Stolin ghetto and to St. 1942 were shot there together with local Jews.
OTWOCK, a city in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Novominsk u. Warsaw province Jews lived in O. from the end. 19th century The city was a resting place for the heads of various Hasidic dynasties. In the 1870s. a Jewish cemetery was founded in O.. In the 1920s – 1930s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations, there were 5 synagogues. The Hasidic court of J.-I. Schneerson was located in O. From 1936 to 1939, the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomchey Tmimim" operated. 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created in 1940. During the existence of the ghetto, approx. 12 thousand Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in August. 1942. A memorial sign was erected at the site of the execution of the ghetto prisoners. After 1945, approx. 400 Jews. Jewish children acted. a house and sanatorium for Jews. In 2002, the 13th annual was held in O. a seminar on the Yiddish language and the culture of Eastern European Jewry. There are two abandoned Jewish cemeteries in O.
OTINIYA (until 1989 - Otynya), an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Kolomyia district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 296 Jews lived in O., in 1880 - 1557 (42%), in 1900 - 2081 (42.4%), in 1921 - 1728 ( 39.3%), in 1931 - 1,116 Jews. about Jews O. refers to 1635. In the 1760s. Rabbi O. was Yoel Katz, from 1852 - Yitzhok Hurwitz (1828-1904); since 1868 the head of the rabbinical court was Itskhok-Iskhor Toibish (1840-1911). In 1893 the Hasidic dynasty in O. was founded by Chaim Hager (1863–1932), after the death of H. Hager, the dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel-Yosef (1884–1944). In 1909–40, the rabbi of O. was Alter-Chaim Birbraer (1860–1940). In 1899 a mutual aid fund was organized in O. In the beginning. 20th century with the support of Baron Hirsch, crafts were opened. school in the beginning. 20th century pl. Jews left for other countries. In 1900, a community of immigrants from O. was founded in the United States. In 1916, 43 Jews were exiled from O. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941, Hungary was occupied by Hungary. troops. 5 Aug 1941 45 Jews were killed in O. Aug 1941 - a group of Jews. On Sept. 1942 approx. 1200 Jews of O. were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankovsk) and were exterminated there. Remains of an old Jewish cemetery have been preserved in O.
OTNYA, see OTNYA.
OVANTA, see Alanta.
OVCHINSKY Levi Berkovich (|, Davgelishki, Vilna province - |), rabbi. Since 1887 - rabbi in Alt-Auz, Kurland province. Author of a number of books, including "Nakhlas Ovos" ("Heritage of the Fathers", 1895), containing. biographies pl. Izv. rabbis, and "Toldos yeshivas ha-ehudim be-Kurlyand" ("History of Jews in Courland", 1905).
OVIDIOPOL, an urban-type settlement (since 1970), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1793. In 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial city of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1856 72 Jews lived in O., in 1865 - 85, in 1897 - 394 (8%), in 1910 - 286, in 1920 - 229, in 1923 - 181, in 1939 - 78, in the region - 429 Jews. In 1856 a synagogue functioned in O. Since 1905 Shloyme-Itskhok-Leib Korochinsky (1876 -?) Was the rabbi in O. In October. In 1905, a pogrom broke out in O. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in O. In 1913, Jews owned 27 shops in O. (including all 8 bread shops, 6 manufacturing shops, and 3 flour shops). pl. Jews left O. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. On Sept. 1941, 6 Jews were killed in O. In 2005, O. had a Jewish population.
OVRUCH, a city, a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 977 under the name. Handing over as the center of the Drevlyansky land as part of Kievan Rus In the 16-18 centuries. - a city, the center of the povet of the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - a district town of the Volyn province. In 1765 in O. and the surrounding us. 607 Jews lived in localities, in 1803 in O. - 1031, in 1847 - 1173, in 1857 - 2220, in 1884 - 3383, in 1897 - 3445 (47%), in 1910 - 3150, in 1912 - 3066, in 1926 - 3400, in 1939 - 3862 (33%), in 1959 - approx. 2,200 (16.2%), in 1970 - approx. 1600 (12.3%), in 1979 - approx. 1,100 (7.2%), in 1989 - 677, in 1995 - 450 Jews. about Jews O. refers to 1629. Jews owned 3 houses and paid taxes to the owner O. Osn. Jewish occupations - crafts (sheepskin dressing, shoe making, sewing clothes) and trade. In 1765 Jews in O. owned 80 houses. in O. existed means. a Jewish community run by the Chernobyl community. In the end. 18th century most of the Jews of O. were Hasidim. Since 1785, the rabbi of O. was A.D.-B.Auerbach, an adherent of the Hasidic dynasty of Tver. Since the 1850s. O. becomes one of the centers of the Hasidim of Chabad. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneerson (1819–1875), son of Tsemakh Tzedek, founded his own court in O. The dynasty was continued by the son of J.-I. Schneerson - Nohum-Doiv-Ber (? –1894). In 1857 4 synagogues operated in O., in 1889 - 6 synagogues, including one stone, several. heders. 20th century Zionist organizations functioned in O., including the Poalei Zion branch. From 1907, Rabbi O. - Sh. Kipnis, from 1911 - Shloimo Risin. In 1910 there were 7 synagogues in O., a Talmud-Torah (dir. - BN Panich), a Jewish private husband. uch-shche, poorhouse, 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1914 Jews owned 2 warehouses of first-aid kits. goods, library, 11 hotels, all 3 timber yards, a mill, both printing houses, both inns, both photo studios, approx. 150 shops and shops (including all 24 manufactory, all 53 grocery, 2 book shops). All 3 dentists and 1 (out of 4) doctors O. were Jews. 1917 Russian soldiers. armies staged a pogrom in O. After the pogrom, a self-defense squad was created. Dec. 1918 - Jan. In 1919, a 17-day pogrom, organized by parts of the Directory, took place in O., during which 80 Jews were killed, 1,200 Jewish houses were looted and burned, and the Jewish population was completely ruined. in O. there was a school teaching in Yiddish. In 1925, there were divisions of Zionist organizations, incl. the left "Ge-Halutz" and the left "Ha-Shomer". All R. 1930s there were 205 Jewish workers in O., of whom 46 were. worked on the prom. comb-those, uniting shoemakers, tailors, hats, tinsmiths, 18 people. - on the prom. comb-those where bricks, wheel grease and tar were produced. OK. A Jewish collective farm was organized in O. (7 families of collective farmers lived in O., since they were not provided with housing). 1941 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. After the withdrawal of parts of the Red Army, on the eve of the occupation, a pogrom was organized by the local population. 7 Sep 1941 in O., 18 Jews were shot, 14 Sept. 1941 - 12 more Jews. During the Holocaust, over 1.5 thousand Jews were killed in O. Partisans operated in the vicinity of O. detachment under com. M. Guildenman. After the liberation (Nov. 1943), part of the Jews returned to the OS in the 1990s. There is a Jewish community in O. (formerly Joseph Fridman). In 2005, O. had a Jewish population. In O. genus: M. A. Aronsky, V. G. Bogoraz, Ya.-Sh. Trakhtman, M. B. Shenkman; Arkady Aizikovich Feldman (b. 1947), conductor of symph. Orchestra of Kaliningrad, author of music for more than 40 performances S.Ya. Elisavetsky
OVSYUKI, a village in Grebenkovsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1640s At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. In 1910, 4 Jewish families lived in O.
OYaSh, a village in the Bolotninsky district of the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 13 Jews lived in O.
OIFLEBUNG (in Yiddish - Renaissance), ex. Jewish agricultural settlement in the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1926, they came from the Gomel environs, and in 1926 47 Jewish families (218 people) lived in O. the needs of the O. community in the 1920s. provided by J. I. Schneerson.
OISLENDER Nakhum Evseevich (1893, Khodorkov Skvirsky u. Kiev province. - 1962, Moscow), literary critic, poet, writer. In 1911-14 he studied medicine at Berlin University. In 1917 publ. verse, in the Kiev gas. "Dos Frae Worth" and in the same year released the first collection of articles. verse. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University and publ. first lit.-critical. the work "Di primer-stroke functional yiddishn realism" ("The main features of Jewish realism"). In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army, military. doctor. The impressions of that time were reflected in the pov. Af Lodemirer veg (On the Lodemir road, 1930). Was one of the editors. zhurn. "Shtrom", in which publ. Art. about the works of Nister, Sh.Ash, I.D. Opatoshu, I.M. Dobrushin. In 1921–25, a teacher of Jewish ped. technical school in Moscow, was a member. "Culture-League". In 1925 he moved to Minsk, where he directed the literary work. commission of the Jewish department Institute of Belarusian culture. In 1926 he headed the sector of literature at the Department of Jewish Literature of the Kiev State. un-that. In 1927–32 he headed the literature. section of Ying-that Jewish span, culture at VUAN. Participated in the preparation of lit. anthologies for Jewish schools and acad. ed. op. Sholem Aleichem. From 1933 - in Moscow, worked at the department of language. and literature of the Jewish department. MGPI. Throughout many. years O. collected materials on the history of Jewish t-ra, summarized in the book. "Yidisher Theater" ("Jewish Theater", 1940). Joint. with Dobrushin staged a number of productions. Sholem Aleichem ("Tevye the Milkman" and others). Author of plays, including Der Junger Sholem Alei-Khem (Young Sholem Aleichem, published in 1966). 1941–45 - member. ist. Commission of the EAK, was printed in gas. "Einikite", in 1947–48 - in the alm. "Geimland". Since 1961, member. editorial board and head. dep. critics zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". The author of the book. Galber tog (Noon), Front (both - 1921), A. Goldfaden. Materials for biography "(with W. G. Finkel, 1926) and others.
OYSTRAKH David Fedorovich (1908, Odessa - 1974, Amsterdam, buried in Moscow), violinist, teacher, conductor. In 1926 he graduated from the Odessa music-drama. Institute for cl. P.S. Stolyarsky. Since 1928 - in Moscow. In 1932–34 and from 1941 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. He performed in the sonata ans. with L.N. Oborin and in a trio with Oborin and S.N. Knushevitsky. The first performer of concerts by N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.I. Khachaturyan, N.P. Rakov, Concerto and Sonata for violin and fp. D.D.Shostakovich and other op. Since 1934 Assoc., Since 1939 Prof., since 1950 Head. Department of Moscow. cons. Among the students of O.: L.A. Isakadze, V.A.Klimov, G.M.Kremer, O.V. Krysa, V.A.Pikaizen, S.I. Sitkovetsky and others. Since 1961 he performed as a conductor. Ed. violin works, author of transcriptions, cadenzas. O. also wrote art., Autobiographical. notes "My Way" (journal "Sov. Music", 1958, No. 9). 1st Ave on Vseukr. violin competition (Kharkov, 1930), All. competition of music performers (Leningrad, 1935), Intern. violin competition them. E. Izay (Brussels, 1937), 2nd ave. On the Intern. violin competition them. G. Wieniawski (Warsaw, 1935). Poch. h. Royal Academy of Music (London, 1959), Amer. Academy of Sciences and Arts (Boston, 1961), hon. acad. Nat. Academy "Santa Cecilia" (Rome, 1961), ch. Him. Academy of Arts (Berlin, 1961), hon. Doctor of Music, Cambridge University (1969). Nar. art. USSR (1953). Became. pr. (1943). Linen. pr. (1960).
OISTRAKH Igor Davidovich (b. 1931, Odessa), violinist, violist, conductor. The son and student of D.F. Oistrakh. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1958 - graduate school. Since 1957 soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1958–75 he taught at Moscow. cons. He played a violin duet with his father. Performs as a violist and conductor, tours abroad. 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. violin competition them. G. Wieniawski (Poznan, 1952). Poch. h. about-in L. van Beethoven in Bonn and E. Izai in Brussels. Pres. about-va Ts. Frank in Liege (1990). Poch. prof. Moose. King's College London (1990). Etc. Mozart Society in Vienna (1981). Nar. art. USSR (1989).
OYVIN Isidor Abramovich (1909, Odessa - 1972, Moscow), pathophysiologist, radiobiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). Graduated from Odessa honey. Institute (1931). In 1935–37 the head. Department of Pathology, Physiology and Biochemistry in Khabarovsk honey. in-those, then head. biochem. dep. clinics Research Institute in Sochi and at the same time. scientific. hands. Centre. sanatorium of the Red Army. In 1941–45 army toxicologist and early. toxicological. dep. fr. lab. Since 1945 he headed Patofiziol. dep. Centre. dermatovenerologic. in-that in Moscow. In 1950–56 the head. Department of Pathophysiology, Stalinabad honey. in-that, in 1956-63 head. Department of Pathophysiology med. in-that in Krasnodar. In 1963–72 in Ying-those honey. radiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Obninsk, where he organized and headed the department. radiation pathophysiology. Main tr. dedicated cardinal. problems of pathophysiology, including radiation pathology. Completed orig. research biol. actions of ultraviolet. rays, pathology oxidation-reduction. processes, toxicology of hydrogen sulfide, vascular permeability. Works: Laboratory methods for the study of the blood coagulation system. M., 1962 (et al.).
OISERMAN Theodor Ilyich (b. 1914, Poplavskoe, Tiraspol u., Kherson province), historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1952), prof. (1953), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of MIFLI (1938). 1941–46 - in the Red Army. Since 1946 in Moscow. econom. in-those. From 1947 to Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1954-68 head. Department of History of Zarub, Philosophy. In 1962–66 prof. VPSh at the Central Committee of the CPSU, in 1968–74 prof. Institute for advanced training of teachers of societies, sciences at Moscow State University. Since 1968 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1971–87 head. sector, then dep. history of philosophy, since 1987 advisor in-that. In works on the history of philosophy, he turns to the ideas of him. classic philosophy, the development of the concept of Karl Marx. In works on the theory of historical philosophy. the process of combing. regularity of pluralism of philosophy. teachings as an expression of the specifics of philosophy. State pr. USSR (1983). Works: Osn. stages of development of pre-Marxist philosophy. M., 1957; Formation of the philosophy of Marxism. M., 1962; The main philosophical directions. M., 1971; Philosophy of I. Kant. M., 1974; Ist.-Philos. the teachings of Hegel. M, 1982; Scientific Philosophy worldview of Marxism. M-, 1989. Son O. - Ilya Kasavin (b. 1954, Moscow), social scientist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1980). Since 1983 - at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1989 hands. group "Analysis of extra-scientific. types of knowledge ". In the works of K. develops a socially oriented approach to the theory of knowledge.
OZARICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Kalinkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. In 1897, 1308 Jews (96.4%) lived in O., in 1923 - 1166, in 1926 - 1238 (74.2%), in 1939 - 1,056 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in O. The Jews of O. were the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. t-in; there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in O. During the Civil Period. During the war, the Jewish population of O. suffered from pogroms. In the beginning. 1920s The Joint provided assistance to the injured. In the summer of 1941, Ostap occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941 a ghetto was created in O. In oct. 1941 - Feb. 1942 in O., 0.5 km from the Jewish cemetery, approx. 6 thousand Jews in the 1990s a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution. In the family: Sh.G. Pinsky, M.-M.G. Epshtein; Naum Abramovich Rabinovich (1893-1958), major general (1945), early. cr. defense construction projects; Pinkhus Sholomovich Simanovsky (1901–1940), an employee of the special services, a major of state security (1937), from 1921 - an employee of the Cheka, dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 1st convocation, nagr. 2 orders, "Honorary Worker of the Cheka-GPU" (1932), arrested in 1939, shot.
OZARINTSY, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. Podolsk lips. From the end. 1920s - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1847, 989 Jews lived in O., in 1889 - 775 (22%), in 1897 - 994 (25.1%), in 1923 - 660, in 1970 - 5 Jews. Jews lived in O. from the 15th century. ... In the 18th century. there was a Jewish cemetery in O. In the beginning. 19th century a synagogue was built. In 1863, 2 synagogues functioned. Rabbi O. in 1882–84 was Ephraim Zuckerman (1858–?). In the 2nd floor. 19th century The Hasidic court in O. was founded by Borukh-Meir of Tver (? -1911), the dynasty was continued by his son Yitzhok (? -1941). 20th century 3 synagogues operated in O. Rabbi in the 1910s and 1930s. was Gedalya Roitberg (? –1935). In the beginning. 20th century a water mill in O. belonged to I. Feldman. In 1919–20 the Jewish population of O. suffered from 6 pogroms organized by bandits, military units of the Directory, the Volunteer Army, and Kr. Army in the 1920s. there was illegal activity in O. Zionist youth organization. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the end. 1920s a Jewish collective farm was created. Petrovsky. In 1931, three synagogues were closed: the building of one was transferred to a club, and the other two to be used as warehouses. In July 1941, O. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. On July 23, 1941, 43 Jews were killed, on July 28, 1941 - 28 Jews. A ghetto was created in O., in which in November. 1941, in addition to local residents, contained approx. 2 thousand Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. Most Jews died of hunger and disease. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 40 Jews from Bessarabia and 47 from Bukovina in O. March 17, 1944, before the retreat of the Germans. troops, a group of Jews was killed in O. After liberation, some of the Jews returned to O. In 1944, a monument to the Jews of the ghetto was opened; the Jewish cemetery was surrounded by a stone fence. In 1944–45, a school with teaching in Yiddish operated in O.. A memorial sign was erected in O. in memory of the Righteous Among the Nations who saved Jews during the Holocaust. designer shipbuilder, hands. project of a small combat anti-submarine ship, Len. etc. (1965); Yakov Abramovich Roitberg (b. 1925), mathematician, Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1968), prof. (1974), author of over 130 scientific papers. works; Boris Naumovich Khandros (b. 1923), journalist, writer, screenwriter, author of several. books in which there is a Jewish theme.
OZDAMICHI, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 50 Jews lived in O. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 28 Jews were shot in O.
OZDYUTICHI, see Ozyutichi.
LAKE, a village in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, 5 Jewish families lived in O.
OZERANY, see Ozyany of the Rivne region.
OZERENSK, a village in the Elninsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yelninsky district Smolensk province. 20th century there was a Jewish population in O. in the 1920s. a Jewish agriculturalist was active in O. collective "Zarya". Until 1928, Jewish farmers cultivated buckwheat.
Lakes, see Lakes of the Moscow region.
OZERNAYA, a village in the Zboriv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1469. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Jezerna in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 1,390 Jews lived in O., in 1939 - c. 700, in Apr. 1942 - 1100 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1916, 9 Jews were deported from O. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1922–39, many went to the USA, Canada and Latin America. Jewish families from O. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. on July 3, 1941, 180 Jews were killed. In the end. Aug 1942 some of the Jews were deported to the extermination camp Belzec, the remaining in October. 1942 - to Zborov. From Oct. 1941 there was a Jewish workers' camp in O. On July 23, 1943, during the liquidation of the camp, 260 Jews were shot.
OZERNITSA, a village in the Slonim district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 183 Jews (24%) lived in O. in 1897. In 1913, Jews owned both grocery and unity. iron shops in O. In the summer of 1941 O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1941 several were killed in O. Jews. O. genus. Moishe-Itskhok.
LAKE, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 61 Jews lived in O. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in O. In the summer of 1941, O. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to Vladimir and there in the end. Aug 1942 shot together with local Jews.
OZEROV Lev Adolfovich (real family. Goldberg) (1914, Kiev - 1996, Moscow), poet, translator, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. In 1939 he graduated from IFLI. He taught at Moscow State University and Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky. It was printed from the beginning. 1930s in rep. and center. press. The author of poems. collection of books: "Dnieper" (1940), "Downpour" (1947), "Declaration of love" (1957), "Roads a new turn" (1965), "Unearthly gravitation" (1969), "Ossetian notebook" (1972 ), "Distant audibility" (1975), "Earth's axis" (1986), etc. In 1943, at the suggestion of IG Erenburg and VS Grossman, he collected materials about Babi Yar in Kiev, which formed the basis of the essay in the "Black Book". In 1945 he wrote a poem about Babi Yar. Per. O. Shvartsman, D.S. Gofshtein, Sh.Z. Galkina, L.M. Kvitko, P.L. Markish, I.S. Fefer, A.Yu. Gontar, Sh.N. Kholodenko, D. Khaikinu, M.Ya.Pinchevsky, M.M. Grubian and others. O. Peru belongs to lit. portraits of Jewish poets - Gofshtein, Kvitko, Markish, as well as historical literature. Art. and book. about poetry ("The Work of a Poet", 1963; "Craftsmanship and Magic", 1972; "Poetry and Style", 1975; "Necessity of the Beautiful, 1983;" Beginnings and Ends ", 1989;" About Boris Pasternak ", 1990). Honored. cultural worker of the Lithuanian SSR.
OZERSK, a city in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1945 as Chelyabinsk-65. Jews O. made a great contribution to the development of scientific. and the cultural life of the city. In 1956–77 he was a local drama actor. t-ra was honored. Boris Iosifovich Koganov, artist of the RSFSR (b. 1927). In 2001, a community was created in O. (previously Anatoly Berkovich Feldman, b. 1943, Cheboksary). In 2002, 65 Jews lived in O..
OZERTSY, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1561. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Yezers of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1861, 40 Jews (8%) lived in O., in 1900 - 59, in 1921 - 42, in 1939 - 39 Jews. In the summer of 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of O. were exterminated.
LAKES (until 1851 - Ozerki), a city (from 1925), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kolomenskoye Moscow province. Since 1921 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in O., 44 in 1939, 8 in 1989, and 7 in 2002.
OZERYANY, a village in the Varvinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, eight Jewish families lived in O.
OZGUL, see Sheet.
OZHAROV, see Ozharov.
OZHARUW, a city in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Sandomierz Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1793-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Ozharov Opatovsky u. Radom province. In 1765, 312 Jews lived in O., in 1822 - 496 (52%), in 1857 - 1264 (73%), in 1897 - 2557 (76.5%), in 1921 - 2258 (65%). to the beginning. 1939 - c. 3200 Jews. Jews began to settle in O. in mid. 18th century Main classes - small trade and crafts; some contained roadside inns. In the end. 18th century all trade in the city was concentrated in the hands of the Jews; they also owned a sawmill, a mill, and a tannery. In 1812, Yehuda-Arie-Leib Epstein (? –1837), a disciple of the “Seer from Lublin,” became a rabbi in O., who founded the Hasidic dynasty in 1815. In 1837 the dynasty was headed by his son Ikhl-Khaim (1820–1888), then by his grandson Arie-Leib (? –1903). In 1888 the son of the latter Avrom-Shloyme (1864-1917) became the rabbi of O., then his son Moishe-Ikhl (? -1971, Israel). In 1860 a synagogue was built in O. and a cemetery was laid. Under the community there were various. org-tion of social. help. In the 1870s. a Jew opened a glass-blowing factory in O. In 1914 the Jews of O. owned a unity. a tannery and 4 chintz shops. In 1915, the first political organization in O. org-tion "Bnei Zion", in 1917 a library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish was opened. In 1920, Chaim-Ihezkil Taub (? -1938) founded the Hasidic court in O. In 1923, with the assistance of the Joint, a philanthropist opened in O. cash desk, in 1929 - a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Nar. bank. In the 1920s and 30s. branches of the Zionist parties and youth organizations, Bund, "Agudas Israel" actively worked. Most of the children studied traditionally. heders; some (ch. arr. girls) - in the state. Polish school. In the beginning. 1930s a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. Sep 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Several groups of young Jews managed to escape to the east of Poland, occupied by parts of the Red Army. In the beginning. oct. In 1939 the Judenrat was created in O. the Jews of the city were ordered to settle in special. Jewish quarter. Dec. 1940, St. 700 Jewish refugees from Wloclawek, in March 1941 - approx. 900 Jews from Vienna and Kielce. In Jan. 1942 the Jewish quarter was turned into a ghetto. In the summer of the same year, 1,349 Jews from the Radom region were brought to the ghetto. Mn. young Jews were sent to labor camps. In oct. In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, more than 4,600 Jews were deported to the extermination camps of Treblinka and Majdanek. A Jewish cemetery has survived in O. M.-I. Epstein.
OZHEGOVKA, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1910 St. 60 Jews. In June 1919, four pogroms took place in O., perpetrated by the gangs of atamans Lazenyuk and Struk; during the pogroms 10 Jews were wounded, several. Jewish houses burned down.
OZHEGOVTSY, see Ozhigovtsy.
OZHENIN, a village in the Ostrog district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1564.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1728, 5 Jewish families lived in O., in 1920 - 36 Jews. the occupation of the Jews was trade; Jews owned three shops. In the summer of 1941, Ottomans occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 10 Jews were killed in O. In 2005, O. had a Jewish population.
NECKLACE, a city (since 1958) in the Kashirsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1578. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kashirsky u. Tula province. 19 Jews lived in O. in 1939, 19 in 1989, and 2 in 2002.
OZHEVO, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 6 Jews lived in O..
OZHIDOV, a village in the Busk district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1432. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in O. During the Holocaust, O. Jews were deported to Olesko and shot there.
OZHIGOVTSY, a village in the Volochissky district of the Khmelnytsky region (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ozhigovtsi (other name - Ozhegovtsi) Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn Gubernia. 154 Jews (10%) lived in O. in 1897. The Jewish community in O. existed from the 17th century. In 1896 a synagogue operated in O. In July 1941, O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of O. were killed.
OZHOMLYA, see Vyzhomlya.
OZORKOV, see Ozorkov.
OZORKOW, a city (since 1816) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Mr. Ozorkov Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province. In 1827, 1034 Jews (19.5%) lived in O., in 1857 - 3262 (49.6%), in 1897 - 5837 (50.6%), in 1921 - 4949 (39.3%) , in 1939 - c. 5,500 Jews. In 1820, an independent organization was organized in O. community and a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1820–36, the rabbi of O. was Zvi-Hirsch Seidel (? –1836). Jews of O. were Hasidim of the Aleksandrovsky, Vorkovsky, Gur, Kotsky, and other trends. In 1851–54, the head of the Hasidic dynasty of Zhikhlin, Shmuel Aba (1809–1879), lived in Ostap. In 1851, 2 synagogues were built, then several more. synagogue. In 1836–64, the rabbi of O. was Zeev Lifshits (? –1864), in 1864–87 - Shimshon Orenshtein, in 1887–90 - Simkha-Yair Rosenfeld, in 1891–1912 - Alexander-Ziskind Livshits (1847–1912) In 1912, a savings and loan functioned in O. m-in. In 1914 the Jews owned approx. 30 shops and shops (including all 10 manufactory, all 6 haberdashery). In the 1920s and 30s. in O. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1912–39, Doiv Bar was the rabbi of O. Sep 1939 O. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A Judenrat was created, headed by Shimon Berchinsky, and later a ghetto. In the spring of 1940, a public burning of the Torah scrolls was organized. The first deportation of Jews from the ghetto was carried out in May 1942. The ghetto was finally liquidated in August. 1942 After 1945, approx. 30 Jews. O. genus. Z. Zilberzweig, S. Reshevsky.
OZURGETI (in 1934–89 - Makharadze), a city (from 1840), a regional center (Georgia). Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the county town of Kutaisi province. In 1918–21, it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904, 3 Jews lived in O., in 1926 - 2, in 1939 - 49, in 1959 - 42, in 1970 - 126, in 1979 - 44 Jews (including 34 Georgian). Jews have lived in O. from the 18th century. All R. 19th century Jews left O. Since the 1890s. Ashkenazi Jews lived in O. R. Pichkhadze, a Jewess, owned a shop. in O., in addition to those indicated in the census, there were dozens of Jews who worked in trade, services, and in the “shadow economy” factories. In the 1970s-80s. O. Jews left for Israel.D.M. Khananashvili
OZYUTICHI, a village in the Lokachinsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ozdyutichi in Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 160 Jews lived in O., in 1897 - 701 (approx. 100%), in 1921 - 739, in 1931 - approx. ... 900 Jews. In 1867 a synagogue functioned in O. Since 1899 Mordechai Niederbarg (1875–?) Was the rabbi in O. Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews owned 2 pharmacies, unity. a steam mill, 5 shops in O. (including a single grocery, 2 manufactures). In the 1920s – 1930s. in O. there were divisions decomp. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in O. on June 26, 1941, 100 Jews were shot as an act of retribution for the death of it. pilot. In 1942 the Jews of O. were deported to the ghetto with. Kiselin and were shot there on August 16. 1942.
PABAYSKAS, a place in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poboysk Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 23 Jews lived in Poland. In June 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the Jewish population of P. was destroyed.
PABIANICE, see Pabianice.
PABIANICE, a city (from the 14th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 11th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Pabianice Laski u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1795, 15 Jews (2.7%) lived in P., in 1808 - 27 (3.2%), in 1827 - 90 (6.3%), in 1856 - 745 (17.6%) , in 1897 - 5017 (18.7%), in 1921 - 7230 (24.4%), in 1931 - 8357 (22.6%), in 1939 - approx. 9000, in 1945 - 14 Jews. In 1836 a Jewish community was organized in P., and in 1840 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In the 1830s. P. was rabbi Yosef Rhys, from 1865 - Dovid Pik, later - Dovid Finkelstein, Yankl Kochinsky and others. In the 1870s and 80s. in P. opened 4 state. schools for Jews. In 1896 a synagogue functioned in P. 20th century in P. began to work cheder metukan, Talmud-Torah, Jewish library, samodeyat. Jewish tr. In 1905, the Poalei Zion branch and the Bund organization were created. In 1913, the Jewish community of mutual aid “Gmilus-Hesed” and the Jewish philanthropist operated in P. about. In 1914 Jews owned a bakery, a confectionery, and a unity. hotel, 2 taverns, a photo workshop, 2 hairdressing salons, approx. 50 shops and stores in P. (including 6 out of 8 haberdashery, 1 out of 4 jewelry, all 8 manufactory, both tobacco shops). The Jews were unity. in P. the jeweler and all 5 tailors; One Jew rented out furnished rooms. In 1918 a gymnasium was opened in P. with teaching in Hebrew and Polish. lang. In 1919 the Credit Bank was founded with the help of the Joint. Since 1923 sports have been working. about-in "Maccabi". In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930–31 and 1938–39 a weekly was published. in Yiddish "Pabiyanitser Zeitung", in 1938 - "Pabiyanitser vohenblat". Rabbi of P. since 1923 was Menachem-Mendel Alter, from mid. 1930s - his son Avrom. 20th century The Hasidic court in P. was founded by Emmanuel Veltfreud (? –1939). In the 1920s and 30s. Hasidic courts in Poland were founded by Dovid Burenstein (1878–1942), the leader of the Sochachev Hasidim, Eliezer-Zvi Eikhenstein (1900 - the Holocaust period), and Moishe-Ikhl Epshtein (1890–1971). Among the synagogues of P. were synagogues of the Alexander, Gur, Radom and Sochachev Hasidim. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the Judenrat was created, in February. 1940 - the ghetto was destroyed in May 1942. In the fall of 1945 a Jewish council was created in Poland (located in the former building of the community) and societies were organized. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P. Dora Diamant (1898–1952, London), actress, societies. activist, beloved F.Kafka.
PABRADE, a city in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Podbrodze Sventsianskogo u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. a pharmacy in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Since May 1942, a Jewish workers' camp was located in P., whose prisoners were 190 Jews from Vilnius. In 1943 the camp was liquidated.
PABIARZHE, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - small town Podberezie (other names - Podbrzeze, Podbrez) Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1866, 59 Jews lived in P. Jews lived in P. from the beginning. 19th century Main the Jews were engaged in petty trade, crafts, servicing summer residents. In the 1860s. community created. In the end. 19th century Eliezer-Lipman Valk was a rabbi in P., after his death Shloyme-Itskhok Green (1872–?) became a rabbi. In the beginning. 20th century there were 2 synagogues in P. Rabbis P. in the beginning. 20th century - Yakov-Meir Segalovich, Yakov Vidzor, Yehezkil Kaplan. 1900s The Bund organization was founded in P. A self-defense detachment was created in 1906. 1st world. war in P. remained several. Jewish families. 15 Aug 1915 a pogrom broke out in P., organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. armies, in the course of which the property and houses of the Jews were plundered; Most of the Jews left P. In 1922 a school with teaching in Yiddish was founded in P., and in 1924 a school of the Tarbut network. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1922–41, Rabbi P. - Moishe Persky (1892–1941). In the 1930s. pl. Jews P. went to the countries of the South. America and E.-I. On the night of October 25-26. 1939, during the transfer of P. to Lithuania and after the withdrawal of the Red Army units, a group of Poles staged a pogrom, during which 4 Jews were wounded. On June 29, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 15, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot 60 Jews. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto, destroyed in the end. Sep 1941. Born in Petrograd: Avraam Shakhnovich Kagan (1860–?), Publicist, wrote in Yiddish, from 1882 - in the USA; Icutiel Portnoy (1872-1941, USA), politician. activist, with ser. 1890s - a socialist participant. movement, since 1900 - part. Central Committee of the Bund, participant of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP.
PACHELMA, see Pachelma.
PACHELMA, an urban-type settlement (since 1948), a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pachelma Chembirsky u. Penza Gubernia. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 25 Jews.
PADUBISIS, see Basilioniai.
FALLOW, see Basilion.
PADVA Efim Davidovich (b. 1915, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), painter. In 1937 he entered the studio ISORAM (Art. Art of working youth) in Leningrad, where I.I., Brodsky and M.A.Aslamazyan taught. From 1939 in the Red Army, in 1941–45 - at the front. In 1955 he took part in the exhibition for the first time, paintings: "Dacha in Winter" (1954), "Nizhny Tagil" (1955). In the 1960s. traveled a lot in Europe. Russia. The landscapes painted at that time "Pereslavl Dali" (1960), "Hills of the Moscow Region" (1961), "Green" (1962) and others are marked by a broad perspective and generalized color scheme. In the 1970s-80s. worked in Latvia - "Fishing Village" (1980), "Dome Cathedral" (1981), "Dubulti" (1982). Written by Leningrad. landscapes: Petrogr. side, Vasilievsky Island, Kolomna: "Leningradsky Motive" (1964), "Palace Square" (1968), "Warm Day" (1972), "Karpovka" (1976), "Yachts" (1979), "Near the crown "(1980)," Leningrad. Warm Day "(1982).
PADVA Genrikh Pavlovich (Pavlovich-Emmanuilovich) (b. 1931, Moscow), lawyer. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. He worked in the Kalinin region. the Bar Association (1953–71). In 1971 he was admitted to Moscow. mountains. the bar association. Participated in many. large citizens and criminal proceedings: defended the interests of the gold miner V.I. Tumanov, ex. Prev Armed Forces of the USSR AI Lukyanov in the case of the State Emergency Committee and others. In 1989 one of the initiators and founders of the Union of Lawyers of the USSR. Vice President Int. Union of Lawyers (since 1990). The author of Art. on the problems of justice.
PADVA Yakov-Meir (|, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1854, ibid.), Rabbi. Rabbi in Pinsk (Karlin), from 1837 - in Brest-Litovsk. Author of commentaries to Shulchan-Aruch, published in Sudilkov (1836), and to dec. treatises of the Talmud (Warsaw, 1854).
PADVE Efim Mikhailovich (1938, Leningrad - 1991, ibid.), Actor, director, theater teacher. He graduated from the actor, the studio at Leningrad. Youth Theater (1960), was an actor Leningrad. BDT, Kalinin Youth Theater, Dram. t-ra Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. He studied acting and dir. Faculty of LGITMiK (1964-68), in the same place (1987-90) conducted creative work. course. In 1971–73 dir. Leningrad. t-ra drama and comedy, staged productions based on the plays: "The Eldest Son" by A.V. Vampilov (1971), "Tram" Desire "by T. Williams (1972)," Freaks "by M. Gorky (1973), etc. 1973–83 - Ch. dir. Small dram. t-ra, staged "The Incident" by N. Bayer (1974), "Seeing Off" by IM Dvoretsky and "Forever Alive" by VS Rozov (1975), "Look Back in Anger" by J. Osborne (1976), " Obsession "by A.A. Galich and" Pages from the Life of Pechorin "by M. Yulermontov (1978)," Law of Eternity "by N.V. Dumbadze (1981)," Fiesta "by E. Hemingway (1982)," 20 minutes with an angel ”Vampilov (1983) and others. In 1984–91 Ch. dir. Youth t-ra. By own staged plays experiment. performances "Music sounded in the garden" (1984) and "What music sounded ..." (1985), as well as eccentric. opera based on "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan, music. A. Soynikova (1985) and others.
PAENCHNO, a city (from the 14th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1808, 91 Jews (10.8%) lived in P., in 1827 - 173 (13.8%), in 1856 - 518 (28.7%), in 1897 - 594 (28.4%) , in 1921 - 618 (23.7%), in 1931 - approx. 700, in 1939 - c. 800 Jews. Jews have lived in Poland since the 18th century. Most of the Jews of Poland were engaged in handicrafts. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 4 Sept. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the Judenrat was created, at the end. 1941 - ghetto, which contained approx. 3 thousand Jews of P. and surrounding us. points. In aug. 1942 the ghetto was destroyed.
PAEVKA, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. on July 6, 1941, four Jews were killed.
PAYEVONIS, a village in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 10 Jews (1.6%) lived in Poland in 1923. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
PAEZHERELIYAI, a village in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in the Kalvariysky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 155 Jews lived in Poland. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
PAEZHARYAI, a village in Marijampolė district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 24 Jews (about 12%) lived in Poland in 1923. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
PAGEGYANS, see Pagegiai.
PAGEGIAI, city (since 1923) in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Paggyany Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1923–39, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1939–45 - in Germany, in 1945–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1932, approx. 50 Jewish families. In March 1939, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, most of Poland's Jews fled to Lithuania.
PAGIRIAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pogiry Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 190 Jews (36.3%) lived in Poland, in 1923 - 83 (20%), in 1940 - approx. 40 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the beginning. 19th century Since 1880, Doiv-Zundel Becker (1855–?) Was a rabbi in P.; there was a synagogue. The Jewish community suffered during the period of the 1st world. war. Mn. Jews left Poland in the 1930s. the rabbi in P. was Kopl Yuzefovich (? –1941). June 1941 P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the autumn of 1941 the Jews of Poland were killed by the Lithuanian police.
PAGRAMANTIS, a village in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rossiensky district Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century in P. lived several. Jewish families.
PAIN Emil Abramovich (b. 1948, Kiev), statesman, ethnographer. Cand. ist. Sciences (1984). Graduated from the Voronezh State. un-t (1974). In 1991–93 - hands. Center for ethnography. research Foreign policy. associations. He was an expert of the deputy commissions on deported peoples and the State. commission on the problems of the Crimean Tatars. Since 1993, member. Pres. Council. Vol .: Ethnocultural processes: methods of historical and synchronous study. M., 1982.
PAKHOMOVO, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Goretsky u. Mogilev province. In the summer of 1941, Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. oct. 1941 in the vicinity of P. was shot apprx. 200 Jews from the village of Baevo.
PAKHTAKOR, a city (since 1974), a regional center in the Jizzakh region (Republic of Uzbekistan). In 1939, 33 Jews lived in P.
PAKONS, see Pakuonis.
PAKRUOIS, a city (since 1950) in Šiauliai district. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 18th century as a town of the Upitsky povet in the Troksky Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pokroy Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 420 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 750, in 1897 - 1,093 (71%), in 1921 - 406, in 1939 - 454 Jews (30%) Jews lived in P. from the beginning. 16th century The Jewish community of P. is one of the oldest on the territory. Lithuania. The rabbi of P. in 1750–70 was Meshul-Zalman Zak (? –1800), in 1800–10 - Chaim Katz (? - 1813, Safed, E.-I.), in 1840–55 - Rabbi Yosef-Yakov, in 1856–58 - Rabbi Shaul ben Chaim, in 1861–79 - Avrom-Yehoshua Harif, in 1879–83 - Yosef Ioffe, in 1890–1905 - Rabbi Avrom-Yehoshua-Geshel, in 1906–39 - Dovid-Osher Tsekhanovsky (1872 -?). There was a synagogue in P. there was a Jewish cemetery. occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there were small trade and crafts. The Jewish community of P. suffered during the period of the 1st world. war. Mn. Jews left Poland in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a school with teaching in Hebrew worked, 2 Jewish libraries, a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. In the 1930s. pl. young Jews left for Yuzh. America, South. Africa and E.-I. Chaim-Zalman Kron became the rabbi of P. in 1939. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jewish population of P. was destroyed in July 1941. 1990s on the site of the former. a memorial sign was installed in the Jewish cemetery. On the site of the old Jewish cemetery, there is a monument to owls. to the soldiers who died during the 2nd peace. war. The preserved building of the synagogue houses a cinema.
PAKUL, a village in the Chernihiv region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1628.Since the 18th century. - in the Chernigov governorship. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernigov province. 19th century P. had a Jewish population. The Jew Vybaishchik, who owned a shop and an inn, bought the estate of a local landowner. In the beginning. 20th century Aron Nakhimovich Maizlin, Moshko Volevich and Nison Aronovich Laevsky rented mills.
PAKUONIS, a place in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Pakona Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 51 Jews (13.9%) lived in P., in 1940 - several. Jewish families. The Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PALANGA, a city (since 1253) in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in Prince Zemaitija as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1921–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 398 Jews lived in P., in 1850 - 729, in 1863 - 870, in 1887 - 1100, in 1897 - 925 (43%), in 1918 - 950 (40%), in 1923 - 455 Jews (22%), in 1939 - approx. 70 Jewish families, in 1959 - 8 Jews (0.14%), in 1970 - 31, in 1979 - 12, in 1989 - 26 Jews. Jews settled in P. in the middle. 15th century In 1487 the Khevra Kaddish functioned in P. In 1540 a synagogue was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1639 Jews were allowed to engage in crafts and buy land for agricultural use. land. Since 1719 Rabbi Yakov was the rabbi in P. In 1742 the rights of the Jews were confirmed by the Polish. King Augustus III. Among the Jews there were 3 merchants and 87 burghers. In the 1820s, after the annexation of the Kurland Gubernia, Jews were forbidden to practice shinkarry. Kagal presented the new authorities with the privileges that were available in 1639 and 1742. As an exception, the Jews of P. were allowed to keep shinki still in tech. 10 years. In 1863 in P. was established special. merchant guild for Jews. In 1863 a synagogue (wooden) functioned. The Great Synagogue was built in 1880; there was a Talmud Torah. In the 1880s. hovevey Zion circles united dozens of Jews P. Means. part of the Jewish population was engaged in the production of amber items (almost all workers of the factory were Jews). Rabbis in P. in the 1st half. 19th century there were Rabbi Yehezkil-Faivl (1755-1833, Vilna), Yehoshua Geller, Nohum-Mikhl Kogan; in 1888–98 - Yosef-Hillel Berman, from 1898 - Tsodik Gurvich (1869 -?, E.-I.), in 1895–99 - H.-I. Blokh, founded. in P. yeshiva, and Chaim Yitzhok Korb. In 1900, 2 more synagogues were built, followed by the 1st World. During the war, production and sale of amber suffered due to a decrease in sales markets. The Jewish population of P. began to decline; pl. Jews left the city in the 1920s. in P. opened a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. During these years, many. the Jews of P. were busy serving the spa guests. Most of the amber workshops were owned by Jews. In P. worked 2 heders, the school of the network "Yavne" (100 students). In 1938 a fire destroyed b. of Jewish homes in P. Thanks to the efforts of Rabbi Shmuel-Menachem Katz, funds were found for their restoration. In 1940–41, Aron-Yitzhok Katz (? -1941) was P.'s rabbi. On June 22, 1941, P. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. Through several. days, the Jews of P., with the participation of the Lithuanian police, were gathered in the synagogue. On June 30, 1941, 111 Jews were shot. OK. 200 Jews were shot at the beginning. Sep 1941, 4 km from P. In 1991, a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution. At the same time, a memorial sign was installed in the old Jewish cemetery. In P. genus: H.-I. Blokh, B. D. Brutskus, Yu. Brutskus, J. Mark, J.-I. Mark; Abraham Bloch (1908–?), Amer. rabbi, societies activist, doctor of philosophy, author of pl. books on Jewish tradition.
PALANKA, a village in the Drochia region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 - early. 20th century in P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in P. in August. 1941, 8 Jews were killed.
PALASHOVKA, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Paushovka, Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. July 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same month, 4 Jews were killed in P.
PALATNIK Rose (1904, Krosniewice in Kutniansky u. Warsaw province - 1979, Rio de Janeiro), writer. From the age of 16 she taught at a Jewish school. In 1926 she presented it on lit. competition announced by the journal. "Welt-Spiegl" (Warsaw), the work "Passion and licentiousness" and was awarded the pr. In 1927 she left for France, worked in the adm. an orphanage in Paris, from 1930 she published stories in periodicals. Since 1936 in Rio de Janeiro. Comp. gas. "Naer Moment" (Sao Paulo). Author of the book: "Krashnik-Rio", 1953; Baym Heroish Fun Atlantic (Near the Noise of the Atlantic, 1957); Dreitzn derzeilungen (Thirteen Stories, 1961); "Geklibene derceilungen" ("Favorite stories", 1966).
PALATNIK Semyon Alexandrovich (b. 1950, Odessa), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1978). Ing. Winner of Vses. tournament of young masters (1974), student. world championships (1974, 1976, as part of the USSR team), the European Cup. club teams (1976). Winner and medalist of the international tournaments, including in Rimavska Sobota (1977, 1st), Kiev (1978, 2nd - 4th), Trnava (1987, 2nd - 3rd).
PALATNIK Shmuel (| - |), publicist, translator, teacher, public figure. In November 1918 he took part in the work of Time. nat. collection of Jews of Ukraine (Kiev). Joint. with A. Brakhman, G. Tomsinsky published in 1928 the anthology "Klasnkamf" ("Class Struggle"), dedicated. history of class struggle and roar. movement in Russia. Was ed. Af di vegn tsu der naer shul, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Der apikoires", "Pioneer", published in Kharkov and Moscow in the late. 1920s - early. 1930s Author per. in Yiddish scientific-popul. book "Let's Be Healthy" by W. Falkner, "Darwin and His Teachings", etc.
PALDI Jerael (1892 - 1979, Israel), painter. In 1900–08 - in Switzerland, from 1908 - in E.-I. One of the first students of Higher. painting school "Bezalel" (Jerusalem). In 1911-14 he studied at the Academy of Painting in Munich. In 1914–20 - in Istanbul, returned to E.-I., taught drawing at the Herzliya gymnasium (Tel Aviv). In 1921, the participant of the first art. exhibitions "Migdal David" ("Tower of David", Jerusalem). In the 1920s and 30s. took place persons, P.'s exhibitions in the Tel Aviv Museum and the Israel Museum (Jerusalem), participated in exhibitions in E.-I., as well as in the salons of Venice and Sao Paulo. In 1928 sec. Union thin. E.-I. Main the theme of P.'s work in the 1930–40s. - the life of E.-I .: Arab fishermen in the Jaffa port, landscapes of Tel Aviv, portraits of writers. In the 1950s and 60s. P. turned to impressionism. Etc. them. M. Dizengoff (1943, 1957).
A. PALEES (|, Minsk - after 1930), publicist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first art. and verse. published in Russian. lang. into gas. "North-West. think". In 1915–20 he took part in the work of the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va. On behalf of Nar. Commissariat of Education of Belarus organized a Jewish department in 1925. bunk bed life at the Belarusian state. museum in Minsk, compiled a description of Jewish cult.-ist. monuments in Belarus. In 1928, he discovered and processed (with G. Aleksandrov) the archive of the Minsk kagal of the 1st half. 19th century Publ. Art. in Minsk gas. "October". Ed. a number of ed., among to-rykh "Proclamations of 1905", collection. Art. about Jewish art and culture, etc.
PALEKH, an urban-type settlement (since 1947), a regional center in the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vyaznikovsky u. Vladimir province. In 1939, one Jew lived in P.
PALEVENE, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pilvany Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PALEI Johann (Yona) (1871, Pleschenitsy Borisov u. Minsk province. - 1897, New York), writer, publicist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin, Libava, Kovna. Since 1888 - in the USA. First rum. "Di rusishe geldn" ("Russian heroes") publ. in the weekly. "Der Folks Advocate" in 1888. Was a collaborator, and then an ed. this gas. Author of the plays Russian Nihilists and the Murder of the Russian Tsar (1889), Der Mable Fun Johnston (The Flood from Johnston, 1890). In 1894 he founded the gas. Der Volkswechter. Author of rum. "Dos Lebn in America, Oder de Gegeimnisse Fun New York" ("Life in America, or the Mysteries of New York", 1891–92), or New York day and night "," Uriel Acosta "(both - 1900)," Der gegeimer schloss, oder gas un libe "(" Secret castle, or Hatred and love ", 1905), etc. Committed suicide.
PALEI Marina Anatolyevna (b. 1955, Leningrad), writer. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. Institute (1978), Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1991). She began to publish in 1987 as a critic, in 1989 as a prose writer. P.'s prose is autobiographical, characterized by the drama of life situations. Translated from Italian. lang. book poems by L. Salmon "The Fan" (St. Petersburg, 1992). Author of the book: "Department of the Lost", "Cab from the Obvodny Canal" (both - M., 1991).
PALICHINETSKY Joseph-Hirsch (1805 - 1886, Berdichev), teacher. TANAKH teacher at the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. The author of the book. comments to TANAKH "Kero Micro" (1874).
FINGERS, a village in the Bakhmach region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borzensky district Chernigov province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. 10 October. 1941 2 Jews were killed.
PALME S. (real name and surname Berl Savinsky) (1888, Mezhirechye of Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province. –1952, London), poet, playwright. From 1910 - in Great Britain (in 1918–22 he lived in Russia). He published his first poems in 1912 in the London Yidisher Journal. Published in different. Jewish periodicals ed. UK, USA, Canada. Main manuf. ed. in London: In Holem-Land (In the Land of Dreams, 1923); Dig Roizn (Red Roses, 1924) - poetry; "Kinder fun shtrem" ("Children of the Storm", 1927) - short story with ill. the author; Zvishn Fir Vent (In Four Walls, 1940) - short story; Farviste Erd (Desert Land, 1943) - poems and poems from ill. the author; Ringen in Caitn (Rings in Chains, 1947) - poems and poems, etc. P.'s play Dos Leid Fun Lebn (Song of Life) was staged in London in 1942.
PALLAS, see Veil.
LOADS, see Paluobyai.
DECK, a village in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Paloba Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. During the 1st world. the war, the Jews left P.
PAMERKIYAI, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Podmeresch Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century P. lived several. Jews in P. genus. D. Gordon.
PAMUSHIS, a village in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1858 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Pomush in Ponevezhsky u. Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 79 Jews lived in P., in 1937, several. tens of Jews. In 1898 the Jews of Poland processed 200 dess. land owned by the state. During the 1st world. war Jews P. were exiled to the int. province of Russia. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust. P.L. Gersh.
IN MEMORY OF 13 FIGHTERS (until 1920 - Znamenskiy), an urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Yemelyanovskiy district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1833 as a settlement. at the Konovalov glassworks in the Krasnoyarsk environs. Yenisei Gubernia. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in P. 13 B.
MEMORY OF THE PARIS COMMUNE, urban-type settlement (since 1932) in the Borsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 10 Jews lived in P.P.K.
PANASHISHKI, see Panoshishkes.
PANASOVKA, a village in Lipovodolinskiy district of Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava Gubernia Jews lived in P. from the 18th century. In the beginning. 20th century in P. lived several. Jewish families. After the occupation by parts of the Wehrmacht several. Jews P. were shot in Lipova Valley. In 1941–43, part of the Jews of P. fought in partisans. detachment.
PANCHESHNIKOVA Lidia Markovna (b. 1927, Moscow), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1974), prof. (1980). In 1950 she graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1961–78 she worked at the Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. In 1978–93 head. Department of Geography Teaching Methods at MGPI. Cit .: Teaching Geography in Wed. schools in England. M., 1963; Lessons in economic geography of foreign countries in the IX grade. M., 1976; Formation of the outlook of high school students in the process of teaching geography. M., 1982 (in co-authorship with T.P. Gerasimova, M.K. Kovalevskaya).
PANCHEVO, a village in the Novomirgorodsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1751. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 19th century in P. lived several. Jewish families from Bessarabia. Crafts and trade predominated among the occupations of the Jewish population of P. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. shop of hats, unity. a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods and 17 stores in P. (including all 4 manufactory, both haberdashery, 2 grocery stores). 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 20 1941 2 Jews were shot in P.
PANDELIS, a city (since 1956) in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1665. At 19 - early. 20th century - the small town of Pondel (other name - Ponedeli) Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 904 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1131 (95%), in 1914 - approx. 800, in 1923 - 611 Jews, in 1939 - approx. 300 Jewish families. Jews lived in P. from the end. 17th century In the 19th century. the majority of the Jewish population of P. was engaged in the supply of eggs to Riga, and was also employed in the production of flax, which was supplied to Dinaburg (present-day Daugavpils). The Jews traded timber and grain, among them were cabbies and 2 shepherds. In 1870 a synagogue functioned in P. Rabbi P. in 1892–97 - Avrom-Fayvish Weisbord (1859, Volozhin -?), At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Lubavitch Hasid Yisroel-Noah Khatskevich (? - the period of the Holocaust). 20th century in P. there were 4 synagogues (wooden), including Hasidic, several. heders, talmud-torah, mikvah. The Jewish community of P. suffered during the period of the 1st world. war. In 1915 I. Tsilburg was the rabbi of P.. After the 1st World. wars tradition. economical ties were destroyed. The trade in eggs and flax was taken over by Lithuanian cooperatives. Jewish shops were removed from the market square. Mn. Jews were forced to leave Poland in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there was a branch of the Jewish People. bank, which assisted in the restoration of the city, destroyed during the 1st world. war. In 1922 the Kultur-League opened a Yiddish school in P. With the participation of "Kultur-League" a drama was organized. circle. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1937, among the Jews of P. there were 31 artisans (including 8 shoemakers, 9 butchers, and 1 baker). In the 1930s. P.'s rabbi was Michl Fon. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PANERYAI, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ponary Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1915, during the eviction of Jews from Petrograd, the Circassians were Russian soldiers. the army assured the local population that “the Jews can at least take their heads off, nothing will happen for this.” During the Holocaust, P. was the place of mass executions of Jews that continued during the last year. the entire period of the occupation. Total, decomp. It is estimated that from 70 to 100 thousand people were killed in P., the overwhelming majority of Jews - residents of Vilnius and its environs, a certain number of Jews from other countries, as well as Sov. prisoners of war and members of the anti-Nazi Resistance. On the night of 15 Apr. In 1944, an attempt was made in P. to escape by a group of 80 Jews chained in chains, who were engaged in burning corpses under the supervision of the SS. Through a 30-meter tunnel dug into the river. 3 months with spoons and bare hands, the prisoners climbed out of the barbed wire fence. However, most of them were killed on the spot by the guards, only 15 people. managed to get to the Rudnitsa forests and join the partisans. After the liberation in P. in memory of the shot, an obelisk with a bilingual inscription was erected and a museum was opened.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПАНЕВЕЖИС, город (с 1503), уездный центр (Литовская Республика). Осн. в сер. 15 в. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Упитского повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Поневеж Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1766 в П. проживало ок. 250 евреев и неск. караимов, в 1847 – 1447 евреев, в 1857 – 3566 (60%), в 1864 – 3578 евреев и 70 караимов, в 1884 – 7899 евреев (52%), в 1897 – 6627 (51%), в 1910 – 8035, в 1923 – 6845 (36%), в 1939 – ок. 6000 (22%), в 1959 – 221 (0,5%), в 1989 – 66 евреев.С кон. 14 в. в П. существовала община караимов – вторая по численности в Литве после общины г. Троки (совр. Тракай). Большинство караимов проживало на улице, где находилась кинасса. В 18 в. караимскую общину возглавляли Авраам Каплуновский и Авраам бен Мордехай.С нач. 18 в. в П. существовала еврейская община. В 18 в. была построена «старая» синагога; имелись миква и еврейское кладбище.С нач. 19 в. до 1882 евреям было разрешено жить только в спец. квартале («Слободке»). В 1883 евреям было запрещено селиться в Поневежском у.; ок. 400 семей вынуждены были переселиться в П.Раввинами в П. в 19 в. были Авром-Аба Йоффе (?–1820), Яков Галеви (?–1840), в 1839–53 – Шауль Шапиро, затем – Мойше-Ицхок Сегаль (?–1870).В 1853 в П. открылось казенное еврейское уч-ще, в к-ром в 1853–60 преподавал И.-Л.Гордон. В 1861 писатель Ицхок Ромаш основал частную еврейскую школу, где преподавали рус., франц., нем., древнееврейский яз., математику. В 1867 в П. действовали 8 синагог, кинасса, еврейский частный жен. пансион. В 1868 открылась еврейская б-ка, в 1886 – еврейская больница. В 1887 Н.Фейгензон основал типографию.В 1861 почти все еврейские дома в П., включая синагогу, сгорели во время пожара; в 1881 община вновь пострадала от пожара, когда сгорели 8 улиц и 3 синагоги. В П. имелся благотворит. фонд, возглавляемый раввином Ицхоком Рилфом.В 1867 в П. была организована группа для переселения в Э.-И. В 1883 в Э.-И. приехали первые переселенцы из П. (6 еврейских семей). В 1880-х гг. мн. евреи П. выехали в Юж. Африку.Раввинами П. во 2-й пол. 19 в. были Гилель Милейковский (?–1899), в 1871–91 – Элиягу-Довид Рабинович-Теумим (?–1919). В 1860–72 казенным раввином был А.Э.Пумпянский, в 1880–1900-х гг. – Довид Закс.В 1887 была открыта кошерная столовая для еврейских солдат, служивших в местном гарнизоне рус. армии. В кон. 19 в. среди евреев П. было неск. врачей, фармацевтов, зубной врач, адвокат. В 1900-х гг. продолжался выезд евреев П. в Юж. Африку и США.В 1905 в П. действовала орг-ция Бунда, на вооружении к-рой было 40 ед. огнестрельного оружия.С 1898 в П. действовали «Об-во пособия бедным больным евреям», «Еврейское об-во призрения бедных детей», с 1903 – «Об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся уч-ся в еврейских учебных заведениях г. Поневежа», дом престарелых. В 1908 работали еврейское казенное двухклассное уч-ще с приготовит. и ремесл. классами, еврейские частные муж. двухклассное и жен. двухклассное уч-ща.В 1910 в П. действовали 12 синагог, в т. ч. синагога любавичских хасидов, хедеры, талмуд-тора, имелось еврейское кладбище.В нач. 20 в. раввином в П. был Мойше-Ицхок Рабин (?–1902), с 1911 – И.-Я.Рабинович, основавший в 1912 в П. иешиву «Поневеж Кибуц». В 1912 в П. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1915 ОЗЕ открыло в П. дет. очаг и питательный пункт. Газаном в П. был Звулун Ананьевич Раецкий, казенным раввином – Г.Я.Иоффе, раввином – Хаим-Яков Чавяданский. В мае 1915 евреи П. были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи. Квартал «Слободка» сгорел.После 1918 практически все высланные евреи вернулись в П. В том же году была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише.В 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный частями литовской армии; еврейские лавки и магазины были разгромлены.В 1919–40 раввином П. был И.Ш.Каганман, основавший иешиву «Огел Ицхак». В 1920 в П. открылась гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1921 – вечерние курсы для еврейских рабочих, в 1928 – гимназия сети «Явне». В 1-й пол. 1920-х гг. (до 1927) действовало проф. уч-ще, открытое ОРТ. В 1920 – 30-х гг. работали неск. нач. школ, где преподавание велось на иврите и идише, а также еврейские прогимназия и б-ка.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. сионистов, социал-сионистов, «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль» (неск. сотен членов), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Гордонии, Бейтара, «Ге-Халуц». В 1930-х гг. мн. молодые евреи П. выехали в Э.-И. В П. вновь открылась еврейская больница (дир. – С.Мэр), работали дет. дом (75 детей), дом престарелых (30 чел.), «Линас га-Цедек», лагеря для детей из малообеспеченных семей. В городе действовали отд-ния Еврейского нар. банка (дир. – Шмуэль Ландау, деп. Литов. сейма), Центр. еврейского банка, банка «Элицур». Из 105 пр-тий в П. 71 владели евреи (пивоваренный з-д, ликероводочный з-д, сах. ф-ка, мельницы и др.); евреи вели торговлю льном, зерном, лесом. В 1931 из 216 магазинов в П. 163 (75%) принадлежали евреям. Ок. 10% еврейского населения составляли ремесленники. Раввином в П. в 1920–30-х гг. был Иерухам Лейбович.26 июня 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. 7 июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось ок. 9 тыс. евреев из П. и окрестных нас. пунктов. В июле – авг. 1941 в П. производились расстрелы евреев. 23 авг. 1941 гетто было ликвидировано, все узники расстреляны.После 1945 на могилах расстрелянных установлены памятные знаки.В 1953 в связи «с распадом религ. об-ва» в П. была закрыта кинасса. В 1972 разрушено еврейское кладбище.В 1991 на месте кладбища установлен памятный знак. В 1993 памятный знак установлен на месте гетто.В 2005 в П. имелось еврейское население.В П. род.: И.И.Вовси, И.Э.Геллер, В.Л. Зускин, Н.Д.Каценеленбоген, Х.Лазар-Литаи, Х.И.Мальтинский, В.Л.Мессман, Г.Ш.Ошерович, Э.Ошерович, М.Г.Слуцкис, З.Трауб, Д. Фрам, И.Ф.Цион, Л.Б.Шапиро, И.Шейн; Давид Аптекарь (1855–1911), писатель, с 1888– в США, издатель ежемес. журн. на идише «Ди Гегенвортс»; Элиягу Гигад (1901–?), живописец, с 1925 – в Э.-И., работы выставлялись в США, Канаде и др. странах, перс. выставки в Иерусалиме и Тель-Авиве, рук. Израильской ассоциации художников и скульпторов (до 1959); Мария Львовна Диллон (1858–1932), скульптор, одна из первых женщин-скульпторов в России, автор многочисл. скульптурных работ, лауреат неск. поч. премий в обл. скульптурной техники; Марк Львович Диллон (1843–1903), юрист, обер-секр. Сената; Авром Кисин (1899–1945, Дахау), педагог, пред. объединения еврейских учителей Литвы; Уильям Луис (1884–1939), судья, один из лидеров сионистского движения в США; Йосеф-Шломо (Джон) Мил (1870–1952, США), один из основателей Бунда, в 1898–1915 – в Женеве, основатель загранич. совета Бунда, с 1915 – в США, през. орг-ции «Объединенный еврейский призыв», участник рев. движения, автор мемуаров; Уильям Сигал (наст. имя и фам. – Велвл-Ицхок Герцог) (1893–?), драматург, с 1906 – в США, писал на идише., pronunciation=ПАНЕВЕЖИС, город (с 1503), уездный центр (Литовская Республика). Осн. в сер. 15 в. В 16–18 вв. – местечко Упитского повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Поневеж Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1766 в П. проживало ок. 250 евреев и неск. караимов, в 1847 – 1447 евреев, в 1857 – 3566 (60%), в 1864 – 3578 евреев и 70 караимов, в 1884 – 7899 евреев (52%), в 1897 – 6627 (51%), в 1910 – 8035, в 1923 – 6845 (36%), в 1939 – ок. 6000 (22%), в 1959 – 221 (0,5%), в 1989 – 66 евреев.С кон. 14 в. в П. существовала община караимов – вторая по численности в Литве после общины г. Троки (совр. Тракай). Большинство караимов проживало на улице, где находилась кинасса. В 18 в. караимскую общину возглавляли Авраам Каплуновский и Авраам бен Мордехай.С нач. 18 в. в П. существовала еврейская община. В 18 в. была построена «старая» синагога; имелись миква и еврейское кладбище.С нач. 19 в. до 1882 евреям было разрешено жить только в спец. квартале («Слободке»). В 1883 евреям было запрещено селиться в Поневежском у.; ок. 400 семей вынуждены были переселиться в П.Раввинами в П. в 19 в. были Авром-Аба Йоффе (?–1820), Яков Галеви (?–1840), в 1839–53 – Шауль Шапиро, затем – Мойше-Ицхок Сегаль (?–1870).В 1853 в П. открылось казенное еврейское уч-ще, в к-ром в 1853–60 преподавал И.-Л.Гордон. В 1861 писатель Ицхок Ромаш основал частную еврейскую школу, где преподавали рус., франц., нем., древнееврейский яз., математику. В 1867 в П. действовали 8 синагог, кинасса, еврейский частный жен. пансион. В 1868 открылась еврейская б-ка, в 1886 – еврейская больница. В 1887 Н.Фейгензон основал типографию.В 1861 почти все еврейские дома в П., включая синагогу, сгорели во время пожара; в 1881 община вновь пострадала от пожара, когда сгорели 8 улиц и 3 синагоги. В П. имелся благотворит. фонд, возглавляемый раввином Ицхоком Рилфом.В 1867 в П. была организована группа для переселения в Э.-И. В 1883 в Э.-И. приехали первые переселенцы из П. (6 еврейских семей). В 1880-х гг. мн. евреи П. выехали в Юж. Африку.Раввинами П. во 2-й пол. 19 в. были Гилель Милейковский (?–1899), в 1871–91 – Элиягу-Довид Рабинович-Теумим (?–1919). В 1860–72 казенным раввином был А.Э.Пумпянский, в 1880–1900-х гг. – Довид Закс.В 1887 была открыта кошерная столовая для еврейских солдат, служивших в местном гарнизоне рус. армии. В кон. 19 в. среди евреев П. было неск. врачей, фармацевтов, зубной врач, адвокат. В 1900-х гг. продолжался выезд евреев П. в Юж. Африку и США.В 1905 в П. действовала орг-ция Бунда, на вооружении к-рой было 40 ед. огнестрельного оружия.С 1898 в П. действовали «Об-во пособия бедным больным евреям», «Еврейское об-во призрения бедных детей», с 1903 – «Об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся уч-ся в еврейских учебных заведениях г. Поневежа», дом престарелых. В 1908 работали еврейское казенное двухклассное уч-ще с приготовит. и ремесл. классами, еврейские частные муж. двухклассное и жен. двухклассное уч-ща.В 1910 в П. действовали 12 синагог, в т. ч. синагога любавичских хасидов, хедеры, талмуд-тора, имелось еврейское кладбище.В нач. 20 в. раввином в П. был Мойше-Ицхок Рабин (?–1902), с 1911 – И.-Я.Рабинович, основавший в 1912 в П. иешиву «Поневеж Кибуц». В 1912 в П. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1915 ОЗЕ открыло в П. дет. очаг и питательный пункт. Газаном в П. был Звулун Ананьевич Раецкий, казенным раввином – Г.Я.Иоффе, раввином – Хаим-Яков Чавяданский. В мае 1915 евреи П. были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи. Квартал «Слободка» сгорел.После 1918 практически все высланные евреи вернулись в П. В том же году была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише.В 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный частями литовской армии; еврейские лавки и магазины были разгромлены.В 1919–40 раввином П. был И.Ш.Каганман, основавший иешиву «Огел Ицхак». В 1920 в П. открылась гимназия с преподаванием на иврите, в 1921 – вечерние курсы для еврейских рабочих, в 1928 – гимназия сети «Явне». В 1-й пол. 1920-х гг. (до 1927) действовало проф. уч-ще, открытое ОРТ. В 1920 – 30-х гг. работали неск. нач. школ, где преподавание велось на иврите и идише, а также еврейские прогимназия и б-ка.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. сионистов, социал-сионистов, «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль» (неск. сотен членов), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Гордонии, Бейтара, «Ге-Халуц». В 1930-х гг. мн. молодые евреи П. выехали в Э.-И. В П. вновь открылась еврейская больница (дир. – С.Мэр), работали дет. дом (75 детей), дом престарелых (30 чел.), «Линас га-Цедек», лагеря для детей из малообеспеченных семей. В городе действовали отд-ния Еврейского нар. банка (дир. – Шмуэль Ландау, деп. Литов. сейма), Центр. еврейского банка, банка «Элицур». Из 105 пр-тий в П. 71 владели евреи (пивоваренный з-д, ликероводочный з-д, сах. ф-ка, мельницы и др.); евреи вели торговлю льном, зерном, лесом. В 1931 из 216 магазинов в П. 163 (75%) принадлежали евреям. Ок. 10% еврейского населения составляли ремесленники. Раввином в П. в 1920–30-х гг. был Иерухам Лейбович.26 июня 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. 7 июля 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось ок. 9 тыс. евреев из П. и окрестных нас. пунктов. В июле – авг. 1941 в П. производились расстрелы евреев. 23 авг. 1941 гетто было ликвидировано, все узники расстреляны.После 1945 на могилах расстрелянных установлены памятные знаки.В 1953 в связи «с распадом религ. об-ва» в П. была закрыта кинасса. В 1972 разрушено еврейское кладбище.В 1991 на месте кладбища установлен памятный знак. В 1993 памятный знак установлен на месте гетто.В 2005 в П. имелось еврейское население.В П. род.: И.И.Вовси, И.Э.Геллер, В.Л. Зускин, Н.Д.Каценеленбоген, Х.Лазар-Литаи, Х.И.Мальтинский, В.Л.Мессман, Г.Ш.Ошерович, Э.Ошерович, М.Г.Слуцкис, З.Трауб, Д. Фрам, И.Ф.Цион, Л.Б.Шапиро, И.Шейн; Давид Аптекарь (1855–1911), писатель, с 1888– в США, издатель ежемес. журн. на идише «Ди Гегенвортс»; Элиягу Гигад (1901–?), живописец, с 1925 – в Э.-И., работы выставлялись в США, Канаде и др. странах, перс. выставки в Иерусалиме и Тель-Авиве, рук. Израильской ассоциации художников и скульпторов (до 1959); Мария Львовна Диллон (1858–1932), скульптор, одна из первых женщин-скульпторов в России, автор многочисл. скульптурных работ, лауреат неск. поч. премий в обл. скульптурной техники; Марк Львович Диллон (1843–1903), юрист, обер-секр. Сената; Авром Кисин (1899–1945, Дахау), педагог, пред. объединения еврейских учителей Литвы; Уильям Луис (1884–1939), судья, один из лидеров сионистского движения в США; Йосеф-Шломо (Джон) Мил (1870–1952, США), один из основателей Бунда, в 1898–1915 – в Женеве, основатель загранич. совета Бунда, с 1915 – в США, през. орг-ции «Объединенный еврейский призыв», участник рев. движения, автор мемуаров; Уильям Сигал (наст. имя и фам. – Велвл-Ицхок Герцог) (1893–?), драматург, с 1906 – в США, писал на идише., extra_data="{'translat...")
PANFILY, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
PANIN Mark Saulovich (real fam. Makadzyub) (1876 - after 1945), politician. Member of the Social-Democratic Party movement since 1895. Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, Menshevik. Affairs. general Russian. conf. Mensheviks (1905, Geneva), elected to the Organizational Commission. Upon his return to Russia, he was repeatedly arrested; St. 2 years in prison, twice sentenced to exile. In 1907-10 he was a Menshevik liquidator. Until 1912 he worked in the liquidation department. zhurn. Our Dawn. In 1913 he retired from political activities, until 1917 he worked in the Perm trade-industrial. acc. about-ve. After Feb. revolution returned to Petrograd, entered the red. Central Organ of the Mensheviks "Rabochaya Gazeta". Affairs. Vseros. conf. Menshevik. and united org-tions of the RSDLP (1917), elected to the OK RSDLP. May 15, 1917 entered the committee of the Bureau of the OK RSDLP "for the theoretical development of issues related to the peace program." Affairs. Unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917). After Oct. rev-tion worked in the fuel procurement. institutions, later - in the USSR timber export institutions abroad. In 1931 he refused to return to the USSR. The further fate is unknown. P.'s name appears in March 1946 as part of sotr. ed. zhurn. "New World", DOS. F.I.Dan in Paris.
PANKOVTSY, a village in the Belogorsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913 Jews owned both grocery stores in P .; a Jew rented 2 watermills.
PANKA (in 1946-1995 - Klinovka), a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1428. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Starostva Starostva Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population, after being occupied by parts of the Romanians. army in P. in July 1941 killed 7 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria (to Storozhinets).
PANN (Feferman) Abel (1883, Kreslavka Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1963, Jerusalem), painter, graphic artist, caricaturist. He studied in Vitebsk at the School of Drawing and Painting under I. Pen. Since 1898 he studied painting at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. From 1903 - in Paris. I came to Chisinau to capture the consequences of the pogrom. Trained with A.-V. Bouguereau in Vienna and Paris. Participated in exhibitions of the Salon of Independent Drawers-Caricaturists, in 1912 in Russian. exhibition in gal. Devambez. In 1916 he painted a series of pictures about the raids of the Cossacks on Jewish townships. The paintings were exhibited in 1917–20 in the USA. From 1920 - in E.-I., in 1920–24 he headed the graphic artist. Faculty of Arts at the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts in Jerusalem. In 1924, Petrograd, together with L.O. Pasternak, S. Raskin, and A. Feder, participated in the historical ethnogr. exp. by E.-I., organized by A.E. Kogan. In 1924 and 1926, P.'s albums with ill. Were published in Jerusalem. to the first two books. Torah. The author is graphic. the albums Jerusalem (1930) and The Jug of Tears. In 1936, P.'s pastels and etchings on Torah themes were exhibited at a personal exhibition in Bornmouth (Great Britain). In 1944 he created a series of pastels by eating. Disaster (stored at Yad Vashem). The works are kept in the Luxembourg Museum in Paris (painting "Russian Trader") and in museums in Israel.
PANOSHIKES, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Panashishka in Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century in P. lived apprx. 20 Jewish families, in 1898 - 158 Jews, in 1919 - 99, in 1938 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1898 the Jews of Poland processed 418 dess. land; many were engaged in trade. In 1914 a synagogue and a cheder functioned in P., and there was a shohet. In 1919 the Jews processed 299 dess. land. Mn. The young Jews of Poland left for the United States; in June 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941, on the eve of Rosh ha Shana, the Jews of P. were gathered in the synagogue building and then sent to the Trakai ghetto. Sep 30 1941, on Yom Kippur, the Jews of P. along with the Jews of Trakai were shot.
PANOTERIAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1441.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 15 Jews lived in Poland. 19 - early. 20th century in P. lived several. Jewish families. During the 1st world. war Jews P. were exiled to the int. province Ros. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
PANOV (real family. Shulman) Valery Matveevich (b. 1938, Vitebsk), dancer, choreographer. Graduated from choreography. uch-shche them. A.Ya. Vaganova. In 1957–64 - at the Maly Opera and Ballet Theater, in 1963–72 - at the Leningrad Theater. opera and ballet theater S.M. Kirov. Ch. roles in the ball. "Goryanka" by MM Kazhlaev and "Hamlet" by NP Chervinsky. In 1972 P. and his wife ballerina G. Ragozina applied for an exit visa to Israel, for which they were expelled from the troupe. In 1974 P. obtained permission to leave the USSR. Staged a ball at the Deutsche Oper (Berlin). "Cinderella" by SS Prokofiev (1977), "The Rite of Spring" by IF Stravinsky (1978), "The Idiot" by DD Shostakovich (1979), "War and Peace" by Prokofiev (1981). Since 1992 thin. hands. Ballet Bonn Opera. In 1994 he staged a ball. Dreyfus AG, Schnittke. P. - the author of the book. Dance (1978, New York).
PANOVKO Yakov Gilelevich (1913, Kobrin, Grodno province - 2002, Berlin), specialist in the field of mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1944), bp. Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (1958). In 1935 he graduated from Moscow. road institute, taught at Leningrad. military-air Ing. academy (1943–50), in the Latvian state. un-those and Riga Polytechnic. in-those (1950–63, head of the department of theoretical mechanics and strength of materials), in Leningrad. shipbuilding. in-those (1964–93), where he headed the department until 1988. Chl. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965). Since 1993 - in Germany. scientific. work in the region. builds. mechanics, applied mathematics and the theory of elasticity, the theory of vibrations and impact mechanics as applied to the calculation of aircraft structures and other elastic systems. Author approx. 20 monographs and textbooks. Vol .: Elastic vibrations of aircraft parts. L., 1947 (co-authored with E.P. Grossman); Builds. aircraft mechanics. M., 1951–53 (co-authored with G. G. Rostovtsev); Stability and vibrations of elastic systems. M., 1987 (in co-authorship with I.I. Gubanova); Introduction to the theory of mechanical. hesitation. 3rd ed. M., 1991.
PANPULOV (Pampulov) Samuil Moiseevich (1831, Evpatoria, Tauride Gubernia - 1911, ibid.), Religious and public figure. He studied at the district and Karaite schools. In 1860 he was elected burgomaster of Evpatoria. In 1862 he was appointed a trustee of the Yevpatoria Karaite school. In 1869–81 there was a mountain. head of Evpatoria. In 1877–78, during the Russian-Turkish war, P. hands. Evpatoria department Cr. Cross. As an interpreter, he accompanied A.S. Firkovich during his trip to the Crimea and the Caucasus. In 1879-1911, the Tauride and Odessa Karaite gakham. At the initiative of P. in 1895, the Alexandrovskoe Karaite school was created in Evpatoria, and in 1911 the journal. "Karaite Life" in St. Petersburg. In 1904 P. received a hereditary nobility.
PANTELEYMONOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Horlivka City Council of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1876 in the Bakhmut u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1939, 56 Jews lived in P.
PANTICAPEUS, see Kerch.
PANTOFEL-NECHETSKAYA (nee Pantofel) Debora Yakovlevna (1904, Omsk - 1998, Moscow), singer (coloratura soprano), teacher. Graduated from muses. technical school on class. singing and php. in Omsk (1926), Leningrad. cons. by class singing (1931). Soloist of Omsk, Novosibirsk radio, T-ra muses. Comedy in Novosibirsk (1931–35), Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater P936–39). Since 1940 - in Moscow. Soloist of the Philharmonic Society (1940–65), a branch of the Bolshoi Theater (1941–45). Performed by Ch. party in op. “The Barber of Seville” by G. Rossini, “La Traviata”, “Rigoletto” by G. Verdi, “Lacme” by L. Delibes, at the same time. performed in chamber music concerts (in the repertoire of about 700 works). She toured the USSR, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Iran. R.M. Gliere dedicated to P.-N. Concerto for voice with php. (1948). Taught (since 1960) at GITIS and Moscow. cons. (since 1965). Honored. art. RSFSR (1945). Became. pr. (1946).
PANYAMUNELIS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ponemunki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 200 Jews, in 1923 - 102 Jews (27%), in 1940 - 25 Jewish families. Jews settled in P. at the end. 19th century in connection with the construction of the railway station. There were 2 synagogues in Poland, including a Hasidic one. During the First World. war Jews P. were exiled to the int. province Ros. empire. After 1918, 22 Jewish families returned to Poland. Most were involved in trade. In 1931, Jews owned 7 out of 8 shops and a tavern. There were 2 butchers among the Jews. Rabbi P. in the 1920s and 1930s - Yisroel-Noah Khatskevich (? - Period of the Holocaust) The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust. Alter Epstein (1879–1959), journalist, active member. Bund, from 1908 - in the USA, sotr. newspapers in Yiddish.
PANIUTICHI, a village in the Nesvizh district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the beginning. 20th century In the summer of 1941, Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units in Minsk province. In June 1942, in the vicinity of P., apprx. 500 Jews. In 1992, a monument was erected at the grave of the victims of the Holocaust.
PANYUTINO (until 1872 - Lozovaya Azovskaya), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Lozovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869 in Pavlograd u. Ekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1900, approx. 50 Jews (approx. 2.6%), in 1939 - 21 Jews. In 1900 the Jews of P. owned several. bargain. trays on the railway station.
PAOBELIAI, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. P. is an old Jewish cemetery.
PAPERNA Abram Izrailevich (1840, Kopyl Slutsk district. Minsk province - 1919, Odessa), poet, publicist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Zhytomyr and Vilna rabbinical schools. In 1868 he became a teacher, from 1870 he headed a Russian-Jewish school in Polotsk and taught the basics of Judaism in local grammar schools. Since the 1860s. published a literary critic. works in Old Hebrew, wrote poetry. Published in ed. in Hebrew and Russian lang., released several. textbooks of Hebrew and Yiddish. Author of rep. (published in the collection of articles "Experienced"), in which the picture of the Jewish life of ser. 19th century In 1913 publ. on Sat. "Pinkes" rep. about A. Goldfaden.
PAPERNAYA Ester Solomonovna (1900, Art. Kipuchaya Ekaterininskaya railway - 1987, Leningrad), parodist, writer, translator. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Kharkov University (1922). In 1925 in Kharkov came Sat. lit. parodies "Parnassus on end" (4th ed. –1927), in which P., as well as her co-authors. A.G. Rosenberg and A.M. Finkel, performed under the ps. (E.S.P.) These initials were revealed only in the 2nd floor. 1960s, when Sat, supplemented by new. parodies, reprinted magazines. "Questions of Literature" and "Science and Life". From 1925 she wrote for children - book: "Exhibition of Gods" (1930), "How the City was Built" (1932), etc. One of the children. book P., "Lost Living" (1931), - about the oppression of Jews in Russia until 1917. In 1938 she retold from English. lang. E. Blyton's fairy tale "The famous duck Tim", which withstood many. ed. In 1936-40 lit. ed., head. ed. children zhurn. "Chizh". In 1940 she was repressed. Returning to the con. 1950s to Leningrad, translated from French, German, Italian, English, Polish. lang. and Yiddish.
PAPERNIK Lazar Khaimovich (1918, Slavuta Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1942, Khludnevo, Dumichsky district, Kaluga region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1942). From 1941 - in the Red Army, from July 1941 at the front - a sniper, private. Killed by blowing himself up with a grenade while performing a mission behind enemy lines. Title of Hero of Owls. Union assigned to see. Streets in Slavut and Moscow are named after P..
PAPERNIKOV Joseph (1899, Warsaw - 1993, Tel Aviv), poet, writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. gymnasium, for some time sang in the chapel of G. Sirota. Since 1924 - in E.-I. (in 1929–33 he lived in Poland). He took part in the slave. movement, chl. "Poaley Zion". First. poem "Dos Feld" ("Field") publ. in 1918 in Warsaw. Printed lyric. and roar. poems, stories, literary-critical Art. in periodic. ed. The author of poems. collection of books "In zunikn land" ("In a sunny country", 1927), "Royt oyf schwartz" ("Red on black", 1929), "Golden Zamdn" ("Golden Sands", 1932), "Meat Lender Gleich "(" Equally with the countries ", 1934) and others. Mn. verse. P. steel plank beds. songs, some of them P. composed music. Author of rep. "Geymishe un noente" ("Family and friends", 1958). Translated into Yiddish Sat. verse. S.A. Yesenin (1933).
PAPER Zinovy ​​Samoilovich (1919, Gaysin, Podolsk province. 1996, Moscow), literary critic, satirist writer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1964). Graduated from MIFLI (1941). Published since 1943. In 1946–47 he taught at the Yaroslavl Pedagogical Institute. in-those. In 1947–54 sotr. "Lit. gas.". Since 1954 - at IMLI, at the same time (since 1980) taught at the Higher. lit. Courses of the USSR Writers' Union, Works: On Mayakovsky's Mastery. M., 1953 (2nd ed. - 1957); The most difficult. Articles, rec., Feuilletons. M., 1963; A person who resembles himself. About Mikhail Svetlov. M., 1967; Chekhov's notebooks. M., 1976; Contrary to all the rules. Plays and vaudeville by Chekhov. M., 1982; The music plays so much fun. (Humor). M., 1990.
PAPI, see Popovo.
PAPILE, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Popelyany, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 965 Jews (51%) lived in P., in 1923 - 257 Jews (18%). Jews lived in P. from the middle. 18th century In the 19th century. Rabbis in Poland were Rabbi Shraga-Faivl (1827–1892), Hillel-Arie Lifshits, Tsvi Valk, Dovid Regenshberg, and Aba-Moishe Rabinovich. In 1870, two synagogues functioned in P. In 1903–23, the rabbi in P. was Yosef Lamdan (1864–1927, Tel Aviv), de. 6th Zionist Congress. occupations of the Jewish population of P. in the beginning. 20th century there were trade and crafts. Among the Jews of P. there were kr. traders who exported agricultural products. products and timber to Germany. Several were operating in P. heders, yeshiva. In 1915 Jews of P. were exiled to the internal. province Ros. empire. 1918 Some Jews returned to P. Through the efforts of Rabbi Zvi-Hirsch Blumenthal (? –1923) a temporary synagogue was built in P. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. worked a department of the Jewish People. bank (headed by Yosef Itzikzon), Jewish library, school; operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Most of P.'s youth during this period left for the South. Africa and E.-I. Rabbi P. in the 1930s - Avrom Levin, who died during the Holocaust. On June 28, 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 7, 1941, a group of the most respected Jews of P. was shot. Later, the Jews of P. were deported to agar and were shot there on October 2. 1941 In P. Khatskel Lemkhenas (1904–?), A lexicographer, prepared a number of Russian-Lithuanians for publication. dictionaries, translator into litas. lang. and editor of the "Dictionary of Foreign. words ", the author of the research. "The influence of the Lithuanian language on the dialect of Lithuanian Jews."
PAPILIS, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Popile of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in P. lived apprx. 80 Jews, in 1923 - 47 Jews, in 1932 - 7 Jewish families. During the 1st world period. After the war, Jews left P. After 1918, some of the Jews returned. In 1932, Jews owned 6 out of 9 shops in P. In the end. June 1941 P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of Poland were killed by Lithuanian policemen.
PAPISMEDOV Ilya Shalomovich (1902, Tskhinval, Tiflis province - 1980, Bat-Yam, Israel), historian, museum worker. In 1938–41 and 1948–50 - scientific. sotr., in 1949-50 Dir. Ist.-ethnogr. Museum of the Jews of Georgia, in "Trudy" to-rogo publ. research “To the history of cargo trade. Jews "(v. 1, 1941 and v. 3, 1945) and art. "Self-taught artist Shalom Koboshvili and his work" (vol. 2, 1941). Since 1950 the head. museum and exhibition department Centre. rep. houses of culture. Under the arm. and with the participation of P., a number of local history and memorial museums were opened in Georgia. Since 1980 - in Israel. Author of rep. “He who saw, heard, felt” (1986, in Georgian).
PAPLINTSY, a village in Starosinyavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in P.
PAPOROTNAYA, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. P. g. Roman Samuilovich Pekurin (1896–1955, Moscow), Major General of the Signal Corps (1944), in 1939–46 - early. dep. radio communications of the GRU General Staff, from 1946 - beginning. Research Institute, load. 7 orders.
PARAFIEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Borzensky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 19 Jews lived in Petrograd in 1860, and c. 50 Jews. In 1913, the Jews of Poland owned both grocery and manufactory shops and unity. a tannery shop. A.A. Slutsky, V.B. Khatskevich.
PARAFYANOVO, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vileysky district Vilna province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1882-1903 P. was closed for a new settlement of Jews. June 1941 P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, later a ghetto, in which there were also Jews from the surrounding area. points. In May 1942, approx. 600 Jews. During the executions, a group of Jews managed to escape and then join the partisans. In July 2005, an obelisk was erected in P. in memory of the perished Jews with an inscription in Hebrew, Belarusian. and English. languages.
PARANINO, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1920, a pogrom broke out in Petrograd by detachments of the retreating 1st Cavalry Army. In the course of the pogrom, 14 Jews were killed and their homes were ransacked. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 4 Jews were shot in P.
PARCHEV, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a city of the Lublin Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Wlodavsky u. In 1765, 454 Jews lived in P., in 1787 - 629 (36.9%), in 1827 - 1079 (36.9%), in 1856 - 1887 (52.8%), in 1897 - 3342 ( 50.2%), in 1907 - 3464 (50.4%), in 1921 - 4005 Jews (50.7%). Jews lived in P. 15th century In 1654, Jews received the right to build houses and engage in trade; brewing beer and honey was allowed only for private use. needs. In the 17th century. the community was organized, at the end. 18th century a synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the 1840s - 50s. Rabbi P. - Zvi-Menachem Maiselish (? –1859), from 1863 - Avrum Bornstein (1839–1910). In 1879 a new synagogue was built, and in 1910 a Jewish library was opened. In 1914 Jews owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods and 5 shops in Poland (including both manufactories and a single haberdashery). in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi P. during this period was Eliezer-Sholem Epstein. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 18 1939 100 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in P. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat is established. In 1941, Jews from Krakow, Lublin, Poznan, and Suwalki were deported to P. In aug. 1942 approx. 4 thousand Jews were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. On Sept. 1942 a ghetto was created in P., which contained apprx. 2 thousand Jews from other cities of Poland. In oct. 1942 deported to Treblinka ca. 2,500 Jews. During the deportation, some of the Jews managed to escape and organized partisans. detachment under com. Alexander Skotnitsky. OK. One thousand Jews were deported to another ghetto. After 1945 the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. In the buildings of the former. synagogues houses a cinema and children. garden. In the municipal park, there is a monument to 100 Jewish prisoners of war who were shot. In P., there is a destroyed during the 2nd peace. war abandoned Jewish cemetery; The synagogue building has survived. Shalom Shin (Shalom-Yosef Shapira) (1904-1990, Haifa, Israel), poet, playwright, translator, wrote in Hebrew, from 1922 - in E.-I., in 1962-68 - before. Federation of Israeli Writers, since 1973 - its president., State. Israel Ave (1973).
PARFENIEVO, village, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1609. From 1708 - the county town of Arkhangelsk province, from 1719 - the city of the Galich province of the Arkhangelsk province, from 1778 - the non-county town of the Kostroma governorship, from 1897 - the Parfentiev posad of the Kologrivsky district. Kostroma Gubernia. In 1910 one Jew lived in P., in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 4 Jews.
PARFENTYEV, see Parfenevo.
PARGOLOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1963), subordinated to the mountains. Administration of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of St. Petersburg u. 26 Jews lived in P. in 1926, and 601 Jews in 1939.
PARICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Svetlogorsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1639, 239 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 1888, in 1897 - 3132 (80.6%), in 1909 - 4485, in 1923 - 3077, in 1926 - 2535 (71%), in 1939 - 1881 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the 1st half. 17th century In the 19th century. P. Jews were Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1867 there were three synagogues in Poland. In the 1880s. The rabbi in P. was Aron Gluskin (father of M.A. Gluskin), from 1894 - Chaim-Yeshua Shneerson (1865-1920), from 1895 - Handel Fridland (1850, Smilovichi -?). In 1902, Wulf Margolin owned a cable car Coy, Itsko Chinitsa - a pharmacy, Nohum Kreinin and Yosel Pochin - fabric stores. There was a loan-savings. cashbox. In the beginning. 20th century in P. there were divisions of various. politician org-tions. In 1904, the Bund group organized a demonstration in Poland against the events in Yakutsk. On July 14, 1905, the day of the anniversary of T. Herzl's death, the Zionists served a panikhida in the synagogue and demanded to close the Jewish shops as a sign of mourning. In view of the refusal of the merchants to fulfill this requirement, a conflict broke out between the supporters of the Zionists and the Bund. In 1910, a private four-year Jewish wives operated in Poland. uch-sche will cook. class, two-year private husband. Jewish school with cook. class, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, in 1913 - "Bikur Hoylim". In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, 7 shops (including all 3 grocery, all 3 manufacturing). Among the Jews of P. there were 2 timber merchants. During the war, the Jews of P. suffered from pogroms. In the beginning. 1920s the Joint provided assistance to the victims. 1920s (until 1924) M.A.Gluskin was the rabbi of P.; In 1931, Jewish artisans were united in artels of knitwear, brick-makers, food-workers, basket-makers, shoemakers, and tailors — 380 in total, 80% of whom were poor. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto was created. 18 oct. 1941 0.8 km north. P., approx. e. High Regiment, 1700 Jews from the ghetto were shot. Dec. 1941 1113 Jews were shot, in March 1942 - c. 30 Jewish specialists. After 1945 some of the Jews returned to Poland. In 1956 an attempt was made to open a synagogue. In 1967, at the site of the execution of Jews from Petrograd, apprx. An obelisk was erected in the High Regiment. There is a Jewish cemetery in P. G.M. Gluskina, A. Lezhnev, S.Z. Roginsky.
PARISOV, see Parisuv.
PARISOW, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Parisov Garvolinsky u. In 1827, 226 Jews (29.3%) lived in P., in 1856 - 556 (45%), in 1861 - 612 (45.9%), in 1880 - 1566 (61.8%), 1897 - 2014 (64%), in 1908 - 2134 (55.6%), in 1921 - 1906 Jews (53.3%). 19th century a synagogue was built in P., and a Jewish cemetery was laid. Joshua-Osher Rabinovich (1804–1862), the son of Yakov-Itskhok from Pshisukha, founded a Hasidic court in P. he was also Rabbi P. The service was numerous. Hasidic pilgrims gave DOS. the income of the Jews of the P. Hasidic dynasty was continued by the son of I.-O. Rabinovich - Yakov-Tsvi (? –1889). After his death, Yeshua-Osher-Elhanan (1870, Parisov - 1941, Warsaw) became the head of the dynasty. In 1905, the dynasty was headed by the uncle of the latter Avrom-Dovid-Naftoli-Irakhmiel Rabinovich (1843-1912), in 1919 the dynasty was continued by his son Yeshua-Osher (? -1935), in 1935 - Yakov-Tsvi, who died during the Holocaust. P. acted Jewish loan-savings. In 1915, the retreating units of the Russian. armies staged a pogrom in P. In 1918, Polish soldiers perpetrated a pogrom in Poland. In 1917 a Jewish library was opened in P., and in 1927 a school of the Beis Yaakov network, children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 17 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in November. 1940 - ghetto destroyed in Sept. 1942, when the Jews of P. were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp, an abandoned synagogue and a Jewish cemetery exist in P. Ya.-B. Stodolsky.
PARIS COMMUNE, see Perevalsk.
PARKAN (until 1991 - Parcani), a village in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. In 1926, 32 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 20 Jews.
PARKANS, see Parcani.
PARKHOMOVKA, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. timber warehouse in P.
PARMET Simon (1897, Helsingfors - |), conductor, composer. He studied at Petrograd. cons. (1915–17), Sibelius Academy (Helsinki, 1918–20), cons. Stern (Berlin, 1920–23). Co-founder and honorary h. Jewish Choir Society in Helsinki (1917). Opera conductor in Germany: Kiel (1923–25), Hagen (1926–27). Conductor State operas in Helsinki (1928–32). Conducted at Carnegie Hall, (New York, 1946). Conductor orc. Radio Finland (1948–54). Conductor Academic. Choir of the University of Helsinki (since 1953). Arranged for Eli Eli and Adon Olam for choir (1917–21). Collected and arranged over 50 Jewish bunks. songs for the choir.
PARNAKH (real family member Parnoh) Valentin Yakovlevich (1891, Taganrog of the Don Cossack Region - 1951, Moscow), poet, translator, essayist, choreographer. Brother of S.Ya.Parnok and E.Ya. Tarakhovskaya. Born into the family of a pharmacist. Studied for philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that. In the early verse. the influence of acmeists is noticeable. In 1913-14 he traveled to Italy and Bl. East, impressions from to-rykh were reflected in Sat. poems "Samum" (1919). In 1914–22 he lived in France, Great Britain, and Italy. At the invitation of S.M. Eisenstein, he taught choreography (1923) in the drama studio of the First Slave. t-ra Proletkulta (Moscow), performed and staged an eccentric. dancing. Created by P. in 1923, the first jazz orc in the USSR. participated in 1924–25 in the productions of VE Meyerhold. In 1925–31 he lived in France. In Paris he was included in lit. gr. "Chamber of Poets", published art., Per. and essays in periodic. ed. French avant-garde. Released in Paris Sat. verse, reflecting a passion for futurism and surrealism: "Embankment" (1920, in Russian and French.), "An acrobat is climbing" (1922, with a portrait of P., made by P. Picasso). In 1925, printed in Moscow, Prince. poems "Introduction to Dances". In 1926, in the American Jewish quarter. The Menorah Journal (No. 3) was published. Art. "In the Russian literary world" (about the role of Jews in the newest Russian literature), in which P. cites biographies and analyzes the works of M.O. Gershenzon, B.L. Pasternak, O.E. Mandel'shtam, P. G, Antokolsky and B, M. Lapin. Wrote Art. and essays on the history of dance, in 1932 he published in Paris the book. "The History of Dance", in 1934 in Moscow was published the book. P. "Spanish and Portuguese poets - victims of the Inquisition", which included including the lane. Jewish poets. I ate, large publ. P. was the lane. A. D'Aubigne “Tragic poems and sonnets. Memoirs "(M., 1949). Unpublished rec. "Pension Mobert" contains materials related to Jewish themes. P. - the prototype of Parnok, the hero of the pov. Mandelstam's "Egyptian Brand" (1928).
PARNAS Yakov (Yakub) Oskarovich (1884, Mokryany, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 1949, Moscow), biochemist. Prof. (1920), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1942) and AMN (1944). In 1904 he graduated from the Higher. tech. school in Berlin-Charlottenburg. He specialized under F. Hofmeister (1905, Strasbourg) and under R.M. Wilyntetter (1906–07, Zurich). From 1907 he taught at Strasbourg University. In 1916-19 the head. Department of Physiol. Chemistry University of Warsaw. In 1920–41 prof. and dir. Ying-that honey. Chemistry Lviv University. In 1943–48, the director. Institute of Biochemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, simultaneously. (1943–49) headed the Lab organized by him. fi-ziol. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949 he was arrested and died in prison. research tissue metabolism of carbohydrates and enzymatic processes underlying muscle contraction. Discovered (1935, jointly with the Polish scientist T. Baranovsky) the process of cleavage of glycogen with the participation of phosphoric acid ("Parnass-phosphorolysis"). Gave a theoretical. analysis of the mechanisms of glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation. One of the first in the USSR to apply the isotope method in biochemistry. research Member German Academy "Leopoldina" Polish Academy of Sciences, hon. Dr. Sorbonne and Athens nat. un-that. Became. pr. (1942). Cit .: Fav. works. M., 1960.
PARNOK (real family member Parnoh) Sofia Yakovlevna (ps. Andrey Polyanin) (1885, Taganrog of the Don Cossack Region - 1933, Moscow), poet, translator. Sister V.Ya. Parnakh and E.Ya. Tarakhovskaya. She studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that and in cons. in Geneva. First publ. in 1906 in The Journal for All. Published in the magazine. "Education", "Peace of God", "Northern Notes". She became a professional writer under the influence of her husband, playwright V.M. Volkenstein (1883-1974). Included in lit. gr. "Lyric Circle". First verse. Sat. P. came out in 1916. She was close to the Symbolists. In the lyrics of P., the theme of love prevails (addressed, ch. Arr., To a woman). The Jewish theme in the works of P. ("Jews", 1903; "I do not know my ancestors - who they are |", 1915; "Not for storage for the time being", 1924) was present as before baptism (late 1900s.) , and after. In the 1920s. came out the book. verses P. “The roses of Pieria. Anthological Poems "(Moscow - Pg., 1922) and" Loza "(Moscow, 1923). In owls. time P.'s work was criticized. Since 1925 pl. worked in the region. thin per., mainly from French. lang .: S. Baudelaire, R. Rolland, M. Proust, J. Giraudoux and others. Author of opera librettos, including for op. AA Spendiarov "Almast" (1928). In 1926 she participated in the creation. co-op. publishing house of poets "Knot", where they published the last. book P. - "Music" (1926), "Undertones" (1928). P. is dedicated to poems. the cycle of MI Tsvetaeva "Girlfriend".
PARSHEVICH, see Berezovichi.
PARTIZANSK (until 1932 - the settlement of Suchansky mine, until 1972 - the city of Suchan), a city in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main In 1896, in Primorskaya Oblast, 59 Jews lived in P. in 1939, and 17 Jews in 2002. 20th century V.F. Garber founded the mountains in P. a park in which the rarest plants of the Primorsky Territory were collected. In 2000, a Jewish community was created in P. (since 2005 - Oleg Ivanovich Shelaev, b. 1942).
PARTSKHANAKANEVI, a village, subordinated to the Tskhaltubsk City Council (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Kutaisi u. and lips. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 16 Jews lived in Georgia. 20th century P. was often visited by Jewish traders from Kulash and Kutaisi. In the 1960s. Jews settled in P. In the 1970s – 1980s. P. Jews left for Israel.
PARUDAMINIS, a village in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Velkopole, Vilna province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91, in the Lithuanian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, a Jewish workers' camp was located in P., whose prisoners (about 50 Jews from Vilnius) were engaged in logging. The camp was liquidated at the end. 1942, prisoners are sent to the Vilnius ghetto.
PARUTINO, a village in the Ochakovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population, and in 1914 Jews owned both grocery stores in P.
PARZENCHEV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Lenchitsky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Parzhenchov Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province. In 1765, 267 Jews lived in P., in 1793 - 198, in 1808 - 174 (43.2%), in 1827 - 339 (31.6%), in 1856 - 324 (50.9%). in 1897 - 254 (25.8%), in 1921 - 174 (21.5%), in 1939 - approx. 30 Jews in the 18th century. the Jewish community of P. was subordinate to the Lenchitsa kagal. In 1775, it arose independently. community, a cemetery was laid. In the beginning. 19th century a synagogue was built. Rabbi P. at the beginning. 19th century was the Kotsk Hasid Mordkhe Livshits, in the 1860s. - Shloymo-Leib Morgenstern, in the 1880s. - Shaya Fuchs. The Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PARZHENCHOV, see Parzenchev.
PARZNEWICE, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Petrokovsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 54 Jews (10.8%) lived in P.
PASANDRAVIS, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1854 a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in Poland. the colony.
PASAT, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in P.
PASECHNA, see Pasechnaya as part of Ivano-Frankivsk.
PASECHNAYA, now part of (since 1958) Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pasechna of Stanislavsky powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. On May 20, 1942, 51 Jews were shot in P.
Pasherstnik Aron Efimovich (1900, Minsk - 1958, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). In 1919–22 he was an investigator of the tribunals in Chernigov and Kiev. In 1926 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. kh-va and until 1933 worked in trade union organizations. Since 1931 he taught at the Kiev Technol. in-those, then in Kiev un-those (1937–41) and the Central Asian industrial in-those (1941–43). In 1944–58 the head. Department of Labor Law on jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University. At the same time. led by scientific. work in the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the sector). Author approx. 200 scientific. works, cit .: Soviet labor law. M., 1940; Consideration of labor disputes. M., 1950; Fundamentals of owls. labor law. Lectures. M., 1956; Legislative labor protection in the USSR. M., 1957.
PASHKOVKA, a village in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews owned several. grocery stores in P.
PASHKOVSKAYA, see Pashkovsky.
PASHKOVSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1958), subordinated to the Krasnodar City Council of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pashkovskaya, Yekaterinodar dep. Kuban Region In 1910 there were 3 Jews living in P., in 1939 - 22 Jews.
PASHKOVTSY, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
PASHUSHVIS, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Posheshuve Šavelskogo u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, approx. 100 Jews (approx. 38.6%) The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PASHVITINIS, a place in Šiauliai u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poshvityn Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 435 Jews (57%) lived in P., in 1914 - approx. 120 Jewish families, in 1923 - 274 Jews (33%), in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in P. from the end. 18th century Main occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade, carriage, crafts; Jews belonged to several. mills. In the beginning. 1860s a synagogue was built, at the same time a Jewish cemetery was laid. Rabbi P. in 1841–79 was Mordkhe Gilman, in 1898–1914 - Elkhanan-Yehuda Cohen (? –1941, Daugavpils). Heder Metukan was founded in 1896. In the end. 1890s the Palestinophil organization Boney Zion was created. In June 1900, a pogrom took place in P., provoked by the “blood libel.” In May 1915, the Jews of P. were exiled to the inner city. provinces of Russia. After 1918, approx. half of the Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. most Jews received financial assistance from relatives living in South Africa. This period means. part of the Jewish population of P. also left for the South. Africa. In 1925 a Jewish doctor worked in P. In 1931 all 9 shops in P. were owned by Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a detachment "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". The rabbi in P. was Dovid-Nokhum Dudman. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. oct. 1941 Jews of P. were shot. Leizer Leibovich (1906-1972), poet and writer, wrote in Yiddish, lived in South Africa, from 1966 - in Israel.
PASIENE, a settlement in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Posin Lucinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1897, 1,375 Jews (65.4%) lived in Poland. 19th century there was a synagogue in P. In 1906 dragoons attacked the synagogue; pl. Jews were wounded, and the Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PASITSELY, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. Main the occupations of the Jews of P. were trade and crafts. Jews belonged to several. shops. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in P. by units of the Volunteer Army; Jewish homes were plundered and there were wounded. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941, the Jews of P. were deported to the Balta ghetto and subsequently exterminated there.
PASKI, see Piaski of the Podlaskie Voivodeship.
PASKOVA GORKA, a village in the Starodorozhsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P.G. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941 P.G. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 19 jan. 1942 the Jews of PG who remained in the occupation were shot.
PASKHAVER Joseph Saulovich (1907, Krivoye Ozero Baltskogo u. Podolsk province. - 1980, Kiev), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). Graduated from statistician. Faculty of Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (KHINKh) (1929). Since 1929 in the Central Statistical Administration of the Ukrainian SSR, at the same time. taught at the Department of Statistics of the KhINKh. From 1937 deputy., In 1939–53 beginning. dep. statistics of the Central Statistical Office of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1947–80 - head. Department of Statistics of the Kiev Institute of Nar. x-va. The author of Art. in the journal. "Bulletin of statistics", scientific. works on the problems of the general theory of village statistics. x-va. One of the authors of the textbook for universities "Statistics of Agriculture" (Moscow, 1973). Under the arm. P. was developed the first in the USSR manual "General theory of statistics (for programmed learning)" (M., 1976). Works: Accounting for harvest in collective farms. Kharkov, 1933; The law of large numbers and the laws of the mass process. M., 1966; The law of large numbers and statistical laws. M., 1974; Average values ​​in statistics. M., 1979.
PASSOVER Alexander Yakovlevich (1840, Uman, Kiev province - 1910, Petersburg), lawyer. Born into a military family. doctor. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1861). There was a secret. Prosecutor Moscow. court. chambers, acting court. investigator, assistant prosecutor of the Vladimir district. court. In 1871 in Odessa he headed the gr. Jewish lawyers who defended the victims of the Jewish pogrom in Odessa. Since 1874 in St. Petersburg. He was repeatedly elected a member. council of attorneys of the district of St. Petersburg. court. chambers. Contributed by ed. legal literature: ed. P. came out sobr. op. I.G. Orshansky. Was a member. to-that OPE, Time, to-that on the arrangement of a fund for Jewish artisans and farmers, EKO.
PASTAK Isaaky Abramovich (1894, Yalta, Tauride province - 1965, Paris), chemist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1923). In 1917 he graduated from Petrograd. un-t. He worked as a chemist in the center, lab. Art. departments. In 1918–20 in the Volunteer Army, volunteer, then lieutenant of artillery; was evacuated to Gallipoli, moved to Czechoslovakia, where he graduated from the Polytechnic in Prague (1922). Initiator created (1924) and one of the hands. About rus. chemists in Brno. In 1925, a teacher at the College de France in Paris, where he began work on the study of organic oxidation processes. connections. In 1929 he organized and for more than 30 years headed the research. lab. dyes at the Society of Agrochemistry Products in Versailles. P. - the author of a number of works on arts, fertilizers, dyes and chemical products. plant protection. He proposed a number of anticancer drugs, as well as drugs for the treatment of skin and tropical. diseases. The author of the course is organic. chemistry, published in Russian. lang. in Prague (1924). Knight of the hordes. Poch. Legion (1954), part. Amer. chem. about-va.
PASTERNAK Alexander Leonidovich (1893, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Engineer, architect. Son of L.O. Pasternak, brother of B.L. Pasternak. Graduated from Moscow. school of painting, sculpture and architecture (1917) and the Polytechnic. Institute (1921). He worked at the building of the Shaturskaya GRES until 1923, was an assistant. KS Melnikov in the design and construction of the first sarcophagus in the Lenin Mausoleum. Beginning building of the 4th junction of the Moscow-Volga canal (1935–37), author of projects of cottages for a member. made in Turkey (1934) and a department store in Moscow (1938). He worked in the workshop of M.P. Parusnikov on a project for the restoration of Sevastopol (1946). He taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute (1932–55). Author of the memoir, published in Munich in 1983.
PASTERNAK Boris Leonidovich (Isaakovich) (1890, Moscow - 1960, Peredelkino, Moscow region), writer. Son of L.O. Pasternak, brother of A.L. Pasternak. Graduated from Historical Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1913). Then he began to publish. First Sat poems - "The Twin in the Clouds" (1914). Was a member. gr. "Centrifuge". Oct Petrograd took the 1917 Revolution sympathetically, which was reflected in the poems "High Sickness" (1923), "Nine hundred and fifth year" (1925-26), "Lieutenant Schmidt" (1926-27), stories "Airways" (1924 ) filled with thoughts about dramas, the fates of people in the revolution, rum. into verse. Spektorsky (1931). In 1930–50 he translated I.-W. Goethe, P. Verlaine, J. Keats, W. Shakespeare, P.-B. Shelley, as well as from lang. peoples of the USSR. The events and feelings associated with the war of 1941–45 were reflected in the collection On Early Trains (1943) and Earthly Space (1945). In 1955 P. completed the rum. "Doctor Zhivago", rejected by the Sov. publishing house. Book. saw the light of day in Italy (1957). In 1958, P. was awarded the Nobel Prize. Harassment followed in the owls. press, P. was forced to give up the Nobel Prize and was expelled from the USSR JV. He continued to write almost until his death, he created a poet. the cycle "When he roams" (1956-59) and the play "The Blind Beauty". In production and letters P. spoke out against Jewish isolation, considering it necessary to overcome it and the equal participation of Jews in the world. history, works: Collected. op. In 5 volumes. M., 1989–92.
PASTERNAK Leonid Osipovich (Isaak (Itskhok) Iosifovich) (1862, Odessa - 1945, Oxford), painter, graphic artist. Acad. painting (1905). In 1879–81 [[]] he studied at the Odessa Drawing School; in 1883–85 - studied at the Munich Royal Academy of Artists. Graduated with a medal in the field class. In 1881 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow University, in 1885 graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1885–87 - in the army. He taught in Moscow in his own. drawing school (1889–94) and in the State Agricultural Academy - VKHUTEMAS (1894–1921). Founding member of the Union of Rus. thin (1903). From 1889 - in Moscow, entered the "Polenov circle". The painting "Letter from Homeland" was acquired by P.M. Tretyakov (1889). In 1890-1910 he painted portraits of A.G. Rubinstein (1886), M.Gorky (1906), A.N. Skryabin (1909), Il.I. Mechnikov (1911), Viach. Ivanov (1915) and other members. T-va mobile thin exhibitions (1888-1901). Participated in exhibitions MOLKH (1888–99), Russian and Finnish artists (Petersburg, 1898), "World of Art" (1901–03), in Mezhdunar. exhibitions in Munich (1894), Paris (1900), Dusseldorf (1904) and others. He founded and participated in the exhibitions "36 artists" (1901–02), and the CPX (1903–17). Did a lot. full-scale sketches by Leo Tolstoy and Chl. his family. He was engaged in book graphics (ill. To the novel by Tolstoy "Resurrection" (1898-99), to the drama "Masquerade" (1891), to the poem "Mtsyri" (1891) by M.Yu. Lermontov. In 1894-1918 Prof. MUZhVZ, After 1917, he made sketches of V.I.Lenin from life.From 1921 - in Germany.In 1924 he participated in the historical ethnographic experiment in E.-I., organized by A.E.Kogan. At the Berlin branch of the Jerusalem publishing house, an album of portraits of Jewish cultural figures: M.O.Gershenzon, I.Hoffman, I.I.Brodsky, M.F.Gnesin, Y.D. Engel. In 1923, Prince P. " Rembrandt and Jewry in his work. ”In Germany he was engaged in lithography, painted portraits of A.M. Remizov (1923), A.Einstein (1924), R.M. Rilke (1926), S.S. Prokofiev (1937). 1927 and 1932 - personal exhibitions in Berlin.In 1938 he was exiled from Germany to Great Britain.Exhibitions took place in the Pushkin Club (1958, London), the Ashmolian Museum (1959, Oxford) and at the State Tretyakov Gallery (Dec. 1979 - Jan. 1980). in many museums of the world, including in museums of Russia. Daughter of P. - Josephine (1900, Moscow wa - 1993, Oxford), poet. Doctor of Philosophy. Until 1938 - in Germany. The author of the book. verse. "Coordinates" (Berlin, 1938), "In Memory of Pedro" (Paris, 1978). P.'s daughter - Pasternak-Slater Lydia (1902, Moscow - 1989, Oxford), biochemist. Doctor of Philosophy. Until 1935 - in Germany. The author of the book: "Before the Sunrise" - poetry (1979, in English), "Flash of magnesium" - poetry (1984, in Russian). Translated into English. lang. book fav. poems by B.L. Pasternak (1st ed. - London, 1955; 5th ed. - M., 1990).
PASTERNAK Petr Leontievich (1885, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), a specialist in the field of mechanics. Prof. (1934), acad. Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR (1956). Since 1910, upon graduation from the Higher. tech. school in Zurich worked there as an assistant and civil engineer, in 1912-14 - in Geneva. In 1914–20, engineer. Chernomorsky is building. about-va in Petrograd. In 1920–29 Assoc. Higher. tech. school in Zurich. In 1929–32 he worked in Moscow (Uch.-design-construction. Comb-t), Promstroyproekt, from 1932 he taught at MISI.Osn. research in the region. mechanics of rod systems and the theory of elasticity, calculation of iron-concrete. designs. The author of the projects for the floors of the Opera and Ballet Theater in Novosibirsk, the workshops of the Kamsky Boom. com-ta and other works: Complex constructions. Stone structures reinforced with reinforced concrete. M., 1948; Reinforced concrete structures. M., 1961.
PASVALIS, a city (since 1497) in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Prince Zemaitia in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Posvol Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 430 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 779, in 1897 - 1590 (52.4%), in 1914 - approx. 900, in 1920 - 525 (52%), in 1923 - 748 (34%), in 1939 - approx. 700 Jews (approx. 25%). The first mention belongs to 1643. about the Karaites in P., who were accused of stealing prosphora from the church. Jews lived in P. from the middle. 18th century The rabbis were Yitzchok Zak, Rabbi Avrom-Shloyme, Avrom-Leib Mints, Avrom Demand. The rabbi's court in 1802–32 was headed by Abel Posvoler (the son of Rabbi Avrom-Shloyme). There was a small Karaite community in P., and a synagogue functioned in P. in 1870. The rabbis were Mordhe Rabinovich (? –1889), in 1870–84 - Abel-Benjamin Ramont, in 1889–1902 - the son of M. Rabinovich Moishe (1863, Keidany - 1925), then - Yisroel Shinkeman. A circle of supporters of Palestinophilism operated in P. In 1908, a Jewish class school with wives worked in P. change, in 1915 - a state Jewish school. 28 Apr. 1915 Jews in tech. 8 hours were sent from P. to ext. province Ros. empire. Jews in closed carriages for 10 days. carried to the place of the new settlement. In 1920 approx. half of P. was destroyed by fire. In the 1920s. part of the Jews returned to P. Most of the Jewish population was engaged in trade, several. families - crafts and s. x-vom. From 1921 a school of the Tarbut network (150 students), a branch of the Jewish People's Republic, worked in P. bank. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Mn. P. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa and the USA. There was a synagogue in P. P.'s rabbi was Yitzhok Agolnik. In 1939–40, P. had a training center for young Jews who had fled from Poland for physical training. To labor in E.-I. On June 26, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. July 1941 was arrested and sent to Siauliai approx. 170 Jews. All R. On July 1941, a ghetto was created in P. In the beginning. Aug 1941 Jews from nearby us were deported to the ghetto. points. In the end. Aug 1941, the Lithuanian administration made a decision to "purge" Poland of Jews. On the same day, the Lithuanian police shot the Jews of P. 1944 a memorial sign with an inscription in Hebrew was erected at the place of execution. In 1963, two new monuments were erected with inscriptions in Russian. and litas. lang. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign was installed at the site of the Jewish cemetery.
PASYNKI, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in Poland. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. On July 20, 1941, one Jew was killed in P. In 1942–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P.
PASYNOK Makar (real name and family name Isaak Iosifovich Kogan-Laskin) (1893, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province - 1946, Moscow), poet. Member of the Civil. war. First publ. - in 1913, the first poem. Sat. - "Black Blood" (1922). Among the verse. P. - poems about the revolution, Grazhd. war, industrialization. Vol .: Under the sun. M., 1925; Fav. poems. M., 1930.
PAT Emmanuil Yakovlevich (b. 1912, Bialystok, Grodno province), publicist. The son of Y. Pata. Member young man. org-tion of the Bund. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1936–39 he was a doctor in a Warsaw nursery school. hospital. Since 1939 - in the USA. He served in the Amer. army. Publ. Art., reports, correspondence periodically. ed. Europe and the USA. One of the first Jewish publicists to tell about him. death camps in Europe. In 1946 the first book was published. “Yiddish kinder tsurik tsum lebn” (“Jewish children come back to life”). The author of the book: "Idn in America" ​​("Jews in America"), "Brief Kane Eretz Yisroel" ("Letters to Eretz Yisrael"), etc.
PAT Yaakov (1890, Bialystok, Grodno Province - 1966, New York), writer, playwright, publicist. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva, was engaged in self-education. From a young age participated in the roar. and a Zionist. movements, was arrested. He began publishing in 1905 in Hebrew, then wrote in Yiddish. Publ. art., stories, dramas, rom., travel. notes, lit.-critical. work in periodic. ed. From 1915 he organized Jewish schools and orphanages in different mountains. Poland. Then he lived in Vilna, participated in the organization of Jewish education. In 1922–38 - in Warsaw, member. Bund. In 1935 he visited the USSR, after which he released the book. "A Rise Ibern Ratnfarband" ("A Journey through the Soviet Union"), which was confiscated by the Polish censorship. Since 1938 - in the USA, he worked in Jewish schools. In 1945, Petrograd was among the Jewish societies and leaders who visited the postwar period. Poland, refugee camps in Germany. Ch. organizer of the World Jewish Union of Culture (1948). Initiator ed. multi-room "Lexicon of New Jewish Literature" (New York, 1956–81). The author of the book. Erceilungen (Stories, 1910), Oif di vegn fun baginen (On the Roads of Dawn, 1930), Ash un fire (Ashes and Fire, 1946), Di Lerern Esther ( Teacher Esther ", 1956) and others. Author of the plays" Leidn Fun Shafn "(" Suffering from Creativity ")," In Goldn Land "(" In the Golden Land "), etc.
PATARDZEULI, a village in the Sagarejo region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904, 8 Jews lived in Georgia.
PATKIN Aron Lazarevich (1883, Tatarsk, Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. - 1950, Melbourne), publicist. Studied at Warsaw University. Was sentenced for roaring. activity by 18 months. conclusions. After his release, he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, was a lawyer in Moscow. In 1920–27 he lived in Berlin, then in Melbourne. He was engaged in Zionist activities, founded and edited every month. Zionist (1943-50). The author of Art. in the Australian Jewish press on social issues. life and jurisprudence.
PAC Golda (1888, Nizhny Novgorod - 1941), publicist, teacher. Graduated from East. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. For some time she worked at a Jewish gymnasium in Warsaw. In 1915-18 she lived in Russia, then in Vilna, in 1921-29 - in Berlin, where she received a doctorate in history and philology. She taught history at the Vilna real school, headed an orphanage. Wrote Art. and rec. on problems children. education, teaching history in the Vilna Jewish ped. zhurn. Author of the book: "Iliad and Odyssey" (adaptation for children. Berlin, 1924); "Greek Myths" (processing for children of older age. Warsaw, 1938); "Roman Legends" (ibid, 1939). In 1940, the first part of her textbook "Leenbuh fara geshichte funitlalter" ("Book for reading on the history of the Middle Ages") was published in Vilna. She died in Ponar.
Patsanov, see Patsanov.
PACANUW, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Vislice land of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Boys of Stopnitsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1765 in Petrograd and the surrounding area. 558 Jews lived in localities, in 1827 in Poland - 913 (54.9%), in 1857 - 912 (60.2%), in 1897 - 1520 (62%), in 1921 - 1689 Jews (65%). lived in P. with ser. 16th century In the 17th century. a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1656, the Jewish community of P. suffered from the troops of Hetman S. Chernetsky. Rabbi P. at the beginning. 19th century was Doiv-Berisch Rapoport (? –1815, Krakow). In 1823–62 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews as being in a 21-verst border strip. All R. 19th century a new synagogue was built. In the 1890s. Rabbi P. - Alter-Moishe-Aron Levi, in the 1910s. - Josef Unger. 1920s – 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1942, a ghetto was created. In the end. oct. 1942 The Jews of P. were deported to extermination camps. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P., destroyed during the 2nd World War. war.
Patskin Joseph Grigorievich (b. 1925, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of mass housing development. In 1950 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Works at TsNIIEP dwelling. Main works: sanatoriums for fishermen in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (1960s), residential quarters in Kuibyshev (1970-90s), Tchaikovsky (1975), Yoshkar-Ola (1977), Murmansk (1980), Vyborg ( 1982).
PATSUNEL, see Pochunelay.
PAULESTI, see Paulesti.
PAUPE, a village in Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 7 Jews (9.5%) lived in Poland in 1923. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
SHAVER, see Palashovka.
PAVANDENE, a village in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1923–39 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1939–45 - in Germany, in 1945–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century in P. lived several. Jewish families. In 1820 a "blood libel" took place in P.
PAVERMAN Mark Izrailevich (b. 1907, Odessa), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1946). In 1925 he graduated from the theoretical comp. Faculty of Odessa horse, in 1930 Moscow. conc. by class conducting by K.S. Saradzhev. In 1927 he first performed as a conductor. In 1930–31 he was the conductor of symphony. orc. Sov. Philharmonic. In 1931–34 he was a conductor, in 1934 he was ch. conductor symph. orc. Vses. radio. Creator and Ch. conductor symph. orc. Sverdlovsk Philharmonic Society (1934 –38, 1941 –70). In 1938–41 - Ch. conductor symph. orc. in Rostov-on-Don. Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union Conducting Competition (1938, Moscow, 5th Ave.). In the repertoire of P. modern comp., symph. L. van Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, SV Rachmaninov and others. In 1935–86 he taught at the Sverdlovsk cons. Among the students are P.I. Gorbunov, E.V. Kolobov, V.M. Korelik. Author of the manual "Method of setting up the conductor's apparatus", publ. in Scientific-method. notes of the Ural cons. Nar. art. RSFSR (1962). Son of P. - Valery (b. 1939, Sverdlovsk), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1995). He graduated from the Ural University (1963), since 1969 he has been working there. Head Department of the Zarub. literature. Works: Sovr. drama of England and the USA. Sverdlovsk, 1981 (et al.); American drama of the 60s. 20th century. Sverdlovsk, 1987.
PAVILOSTA, city (since 1991) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1879. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Gazenpotsky u. Kurland province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 73 Jews lived in P., in 1935 - 61 Jews (8%). The Jewish community in P. arose in the late 1990s. 19th century In 1890 a synagogue was built, reconstructed in 1929 at the expense of Avrom Bar. In 1906–12, Rabbi P. - Leizer-Itskhok Shits (1880–?), From 1931 - Avrom Shits (1910, Libava -?) After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in the summer of 1941, all Jews were killed.
PAVLODAR (until 1861 - the village of Koryakovskaya), a city (since 1861), the center of Pavlodar region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1720.Since 1861 - the county town of the Semipalatinsk region. Since 1938 it has been a regional center. 42 Jews lived in P. in 1896, 357 (0.3%) in 1959, 510 (0.3%) in 1970, and approx. 1,000 Jews in the 1920s P. is a place of exile for the Zionists. In 1993 a Jewish cultural center was organized in P. From the end. 1990s a branch of "Hesed" operates. In 2001 a synagogue was opened in P.
PAVLOGRAD, city (since 1797), a regional center in the Dnipropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1780, in 1784 he was transferred to the village. Lugansk. From 1802 it was a district town of Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1803 167 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 979, in 1863 - 1185, in 1897 - 4382 (27.7%), in 1910 - 11 647, in 1920 - 5154, in 1923 - 3859, in 1926 - 3921 (20%), in 1939 - 2510 Jews (7.4%) Jews have lived in Poland since its foundation. In the end. 18th century a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1803, there were 21 merchants among the Jews of Poland. K ser. 19th century in P. there was a Jewish street, the buildings of the synagogue and heder were built. In 1863, 2 synagogues, a state-owned Jewish school of the 1st category, and 14 private heders operated in P. In the end. 19th century the Gomelsky candy factory, the Lifshits and Gimmelfarb printing houses, and the Balaban mill, and bargaining existed in P. house br. Izmailovich; the merchant of the 1st guild Shalinsky kept several. Dozens of shops and shops. In 1910 there were 5 synagogues in Poland, a Talmud Torah, a kosher tavern (owner - Srul Meyser), and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, units. coffee house, 5 bakeries and pastry shops, 1 of 4 hotels, sauna, approx. 80 shops and stores in P. (including all 3 jewelry stores, both toy stores, all 3 bookstores, both tobacco shops, the Ikony i kioty store). Both engravers were Jews in P. In 1917-18 before. Pavlograd to-that RSDLP (b) was Abram Solomonovich the Swede (1888-1941), before. district council of workers' deputies - A.M. Anikst. The Jewish community of P. suffered during the Civil. war. Dec 26. 1918 in P. there was a pogrom, organized by the detachments of N.I. Makhno, in the course of which many others. Jews were killed, Jewish houses and shops were destroyed. In 1919, a pogrom was organized by units of the Volunteer Army. After the pogroms, many Jews left P. 1910s - early. 1920s in P., there were branches of the Bund and the "Jewish Youth Workers' Organization." In 1922, there were 815 workers among the Jews of P. (6.7% of the total number). On May 1, 1925, the Jewish collective farm "Evtrud" was organized. October 11. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. From nov. 1941 to Jan. 1942 in P., part of the Jews who remained in the occupation were killed. A Jewish labor camp was created, in which there were local Jews, as well as Jews from other districts and 670 Polish. Jews. On June 18, 1942, the camp was liquidated; OK. 2.1 thousand Jews were killed. In the district of P. there was a partisan operation. detachment, the commissar of which was the Jew GD Kovnat (? -1942). After 1945, some of the Jews returned to P. At the place of execution of the Jews, a monument was erected. In the 1950s and 60s. a minyan gathered in a private apartment. 1990s a Jewish community was created in P. (headed by E.A. Didkovsky). Zhitomirsky, Zh.Ya. Kotin, D.S. Maryan, G.I. Pekker; Osip Vasilievich Aptekman (1849–1926, Moscow), a Narodnoye member, a member of the roar. movement in Russia, the author of a memoir on the history of Narodnaya Volya. movement; October Osipovich Burdenko (b. 1925), radio engineer, since 1978 - gene. dir. Vilnius production. the association will measure radio. devices, part. Central Committee of the CPSU (elected in 1990), State. pr. USSR; Vladimir Kharitonovich Kogan (1900-1977), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1958), head. Department of Radiology and Radiology, North Ossetian med. in-that, author of more than 60 scientific. works; Avraam Zinovievich Rothschild (1900–?), Civil engineer, supervised the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, Stal. pr. (1949). D. T. Fedorenko
PAVLONSKY Yakov Markovich (1891 - 1963, Kharkov), neurosurgeon. Prof. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). He worked as an intern, head. surgeon Department of the 2nd Soviet Hospital of Kherson. In 1925–27, assistant surgeon. clinics of Kharkov honey. in-that. Since 1932 - in neurosurgery. clinic Ukr. psychoneurological. in-that in Kharkov. In 1936 he created the first department of neurosurgery in Ukraine at the Kharkov Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, which he headed until 1941 and in 1944–49. In 1949–63 hands. neurosurgeon dep. Ukr. psychoneurological. in-that. Author of 80 scientific. works.
PAVLOTSKY Mikhail Arkadievich (1922, Tiraspol, Kherson province. - 1999, Kiev), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Lieutenant Colonel (1960). Since 1940 in the Red Army. Graduated from Leningrad. military infantry. uch-shche (1941). From May 1942 to fr. Pom. early of the headquarters of the reconnaissance regiment, Captain P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper in the region with. Komarin, Gomel region Since 1946 - in reserve. In 1953–64 - in the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Graduated from the Higher. school of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1958). He was awarded 6 orders.
PAVLOVICH Mikhail Pavlovich (real name and surname Mikhail Lazarevich Veltman, ps. Volunteer) (1871, Odessa - 1927, Moscow), politician, orientalist, journalist. Since 1898, members RSDLP. Since 1901 (with interruptions) in exile in Paris, sotr. Iskra, after the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik, during the 1st World War. wars - "internationalist". After Oct. revolution in the NKID, expert and member. delegations to Soviet-German, peace negotiations in Brest (1918). In 1918 he joined the RCP (b), before. Ch. to-that state. structures of the RSFSR, participated in the transformation of the Academy of the General Staff, until 1923 taught there. In 1919–20 - commissioner. RVSR to the South. front. Since 1921, the rector of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, before. Sci. Association of Oriental Studies at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, before. Grew up. east bargain. chambers. Organizer and active participant of the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the East (Baku, 1920). Member Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities (1921–23). Creator and first ed. zhurn. "New East" (1921). Main research directions: history and economy of the countries of the East, relations with them in Russia. Publ. St. 200 works. Vol .: The Brest Peace and Conditions for the Economic Revival of Russia. M., 1918; Revolutionary Turkey: The Greatness and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. M., 1921; East in the struggle for independence. Fav. works. M., 1980.
PAVLOVKA, a village in the Chernihiv region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov province. In 1900, 2 Jewish families lived in P.
PAVLOVO, a city (since 1919), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1566. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vasilsursky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. 20th century 5 Jewish families lived in P., in 1926 - 59 Jews (0.4%), in 1939 - 73, in 2002 - 8 Jews. In 1913 Jews owned the only warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, a watch workshop and a ready-made dress shop. th world. war, the Jewish population of P. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In 1915, approx. 600 Jews; with the assistance of Moscow. branches of OPE were opened school (100 students) and children. hearth, an attempt was made to open a synagogue.
PAVLOVSHCHINA, a village in Grebenkovsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lubensky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 3 Jewish farms in P.
PAVLOVSK, see Novoukrainka, Kirovograd region.
PAVLOVSKAYA, see Pavlovskaya Sloboda.
PAVLOVSKAYA Sloboda, a village in the Istra district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Pavlovskaya settlement, Zvenigorodsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1926, 15 Jews lived in PS, in 1989 - 9 Jews.
PAVLOVSKY POSAD (until 1844 - Vokhna), a city (from 1844), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1328.From 1844 - in the Bogorodsky district. In 1896, 21 Jews lived in P.P., in 1910 - 20, in 1926 - 329, in 1989 - 132 (0.2%), in 2002 - 52 Jews. Jews lived in P.P. from 2 -th floor. 19th century In 1881 mountains. Duma forbade residents to rent apartments to Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in P.P. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods. P. P. genus. V.M.Rossels.
Rafail PAVLOVSKY (1924, Borispol, Kiev province - 1990, Kharkov), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Dr. jurid. Sciences, prof. In the Red Army since 1942, in fr. - since 1943. Com. battery leith. P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Oder. From 1946 - major in the reserve. In 1950 he graduated from Kharkov law. in-t. He taught there. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1981). He was awarded 4 orders.
PAVLOVSKY, see Pavlovsk, Leningrad Region.
PAVLYSH, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Onufriyevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Alexandria Kherson province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1886 the Jews owned several. shops and mills. In 1913, Jews owned a unity. a pharmacy and a pharmacy warehouse, both grocery and unity. manufactory shops in P.V. P. genus. Zakhary Shor, participant of the 1st world. war, full cavalier of St. George.
PAVOLOCH, a village in the Popelnyansky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. From the end. 1920s - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1683, 3 Jews lived in P., and in 1765 in P. and the surrounding area. points - 104, in 1847 in P. - 2113, in 1897 - 3391 (37.4%), in 1923 - 1782, in 1926 - 1837, in 1939 - 630 Jews (11%). In 1648, during the Khmelnitsky region ”, The Jews left P., fleeing pogroms in the fortified cities. Ostrog, Polonnoe, and others. In 1736, a pogrom took place in Petrograd, staged by the Haidamaks; 35 Jews were killed during the pogrom; The damage from the looting of Jewish property amounted to 125 thousand zlotys. In 1753 the rabbi of the town of Speyer was involved in the case of ritual murder in Zhytomyr. In 1843 there were 3 synagogues in Poland. Since 1893, Yehuda-Leib Zingerman (1863 -?) Was a rabbi. 20th century main The occupations of the Jewish population of P. were handicrafts, small retail and transit trade. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century pl. the Jews of P. left for the USA, where in 1907 a philanthropy was organized by the community. about. In 1910, P. had 6 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, a Jewish loan and savings company operated. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, all 5 timber warehouses, both inns, unity. bakery and photo workshop, 62 shops and shops (including all 25 grocery, all 16 manufactory, all 5 haberdashery, the only furniture store). During the war, the Jewish population of P. suffered from pogroms staged by units of the Directory, the Volunteer Army (1919), the 1st Cavalry Army (1920), and local gangs. In P., a self-defense detachment operated under com. Zhidovetsky. 14 July 1941 P. was occupied by the troops of the Wehrmacht. Means. part of the Jewish population was evacuated or mobilized. In May 1942, 136 Jews were shot in P. W. Natanson S. J. Elisabeth
PAIDE, city (since 1291), regional center (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from 1265 as Wittenstein. From 1710 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Weissenstein, Estland province. In 1919–40, it was part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - the Estonian SSR. In 1897, 4 Jews lived in P., in 1922 - 12 (0.4%), in 1934 - 18 (0.6%), in 1935 - 13 Jews. In 1932, an old Jewish cemetery was restored in P. at the expense of a local wealthy Jew. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of P.'s Jews were evacuated; the Jews remaining in the occupation were killed.
PAYLES Isaac (1895, Kiev - after 1963), painter, sculptor. In 1910 he studied sculpture in Paris. Returning to Russia at the beginning. 1st world. war, took up painting. He took part in the creation. section of lawsuit in the "Culture League" (1917–20) and participated in the 1st Jewish art. exhibition in Kiev (Feb.-March 1920). Since 1920 - in France. In 1923 he participated in the exhibition of gr. "Blow" (founded in Paris by L. Indenbaum, A. Meschaninov, A. Feder, V. Bart). Received recognition after 2nd world. war. Personal exhibitions were held in New York (1950) and Paris (1958). In 1963 he participated in a group exhibition of the New York gal. Glaser. He painted landscapes of Paris, the south of France, Corsica.
Paishanba, see Paishanba.
PAYSHANBA, urban-type settlement (since 1989), a regional center in the Samarkand region (Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1866 - part of Ros. empire, since 1886 - the village of Paishambe Katta-Kurgan u. Samarkand region Turkestan Territory. In the 1930s. - Kara-Darya village, Samarkand region UzSSR. In 1860s. 93 families of Bukharian Jews lived in P. 1920s - 550 Jews, in 1939 - 365 Jews. 19th century in P. there was a quarter of Bukharian Jews, a synagogue was functioning. After joining Russia, Jews received equal rights with Muslims; they were given the opportunity to acquire land. From the 2nd floor. 1880s Until 1905, Ashkenazi Jews were forbidden to own land and were ordered to leave Petrograd. 20th century in P., there were 23 Jewish landowners, among whom were Ilya Bababekov, who had 19 dess. land, Mordukhai Pinkhasov - 12 dess. and Daud Simkhaev - 8.8 dess. land. Yusuf Davydov owned 66 dess. cotton plantations. In P. there was a bargaining office. at home "Yusuf Davydov". In the beginning. 1920s there were 3 synagogues in Poland; at the same time a "native Jewish" school was created, closed in the middle. 1930s In 1990s the Jewish religion was active in P. community.
PAYUK-STUKER Masha (1914, Kartuzskaya Birch of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province - 1988), poet. Since 1925 in Argentina, where she lived in agriculture. Jewish colony of Montefiore. In the beginning. 1930s graduated from the teachers' seminary in Buenos Aires, worked as a teacher. From 1943 she lived in Buenos Aires. The first verse, published in 1930 in the journal. "Penemer un penemleh". Publ. poems, stories, fairy tales for children in Jewish periodicals. ed. Argentina, Mexico, USA. Mn. verses by P.-Sh. included in textbooks and reading books for children. The author of the book: "Kinderlekh" ("Children", 1948), "Zingendik" ("Singing", 1951), "Farbike Khvales" ("Colored Waves", 1954), "Gut-yomtev" ("Happy Holidays", 1957), Der Zeuber Boym (The Enchanted Tree, 1961), etc.
PAJURIS, a village in Taurage u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poyurzhe Rossiensky Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 227 Jews (45.2%) lived in P., in 1923 - 280 Jews (58%), in 1939 - approx. 30 Jewish families. occupation of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there was trade; almost every Jewish family had a vegetable garden and garden; among the Jews there were several. carpenters. In the beginning. 20th century there was a synagogue and a cheder in P. Since 1908, Eli Garbar (1882–?) Was a rabbi in P., and Sholem Gershon Kav in 1910–25. in P. worked "Bikur Hoylim", "Linas ha-Tzedek", a school of the "Tarbut" network, a Jewish library and a drama school. circle. More than half of the Jewish population of P. in the 1920s – 1930s. left for Yuzh. From 1937 the rabbi of P. was Moishe Kravitz, then - Yehuda Osovsky. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht, the Jews of P. were shot in June and in Sept. 1941.
PAZOVSKY Ariy Moiseevich (1887, Perm - 1953, Moscow), conductor, violinist. The son of a cantonist. In 1897-1904 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from P. A. Krasnokutsky and from L. S. Auer. He performed as a virtuoso violinist. In 1905–08, choirmaster, pom. conductor, then conductor at the Opera House of Yekaterinburg and other opera houses of Rus. provinces. In 1908–10 he was the conductor of the Zimin Opera, in 1910–16 - the opera ts of Kharkov, Odessa, Kiev, Tiflis. In 1916-18 he was the conductor of the Nar opera troupe. houses in Petrograd. In 1923–24 and 1925–28 P. was a conductor of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. In 1929–36, Ch. conductor of the opera houses of Baku, Sverdlovsk, Kharkov and Kiev. In 1936–43 ch. conductor and artistic director hands. Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet them. S.M. Kirov, in 1943–48 - the Bolshoi Theater. In P.'s repertoire, ch. arr. Russian classic; he delivered op. M.I. Glinka, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.P. Borodin and Sov. op. - "Emelyan Pugachev" MV Koval and "Battleship" Potemkin "AS Chishko. The author of Art. in the journal. and book. "Notes of a Conductor" (Moscow, 1966). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1935), pl. art. USSR (1940). Became. pr. (1941, 1942, 1943).
PECHANOVKA, a village in the Dzerzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 6 grocery stores and units. a kerosene warehouse in Petrograd In 1919 a pogrom took place in Petrograd, and in the summer of 1941, Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 28 Sep 1941 and Feb. 1942 31 Jews were killed in P.
PECHARA, see Pechera.
PECHENEGI, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Chuguevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1646. In 19 - early. 20th century - Pechenegi settlement (other name - Novo-Belgorod) Volchansky u. In Kharkov province, 2 Jews lived in P. in 1910, 7 in 1926, and 9 in 1939.
PECHENEZHIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Kolomyia district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 1174 Jews (25.3%) lived in Poland, in 1890 - 2024 (34.5%), in 1900 - 2224 (32.5%). %), in 1910 - 1777 (26.7%), in 1921 - 1413 (23.6%), in 1931 - 1330 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the first half of the year. 18th century A wooden synagogue was built in 1750. Since 1848 the son of Dovid Eger from Zabolotov (1797–1848) Zvi-Hirsch (1825–1890), who founded the Hasidic dynasty in Poland, was P.'s rabbi. The dynasty was continued by the son of Ts. -G. Eger - Gershon (1855-1930). In the beginning. 20th century in P. there were several. synagogues. 1920–30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi P. during this period was Benzion Shapiro. In the 1930s. There was also a Hebrew-teaching school. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. 6 apr. 1942 120 Jews were killed in P., approx. 500 Jews - deported to Kolomyia. In oct. 1942 the remaining Jews (about 700 people) were deported from P. to Kolomyia. A Jewish cemetery of the 18th – 19th centuries has survived in P.
PECHERA, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the end. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pechara Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 702 Jews lived in P., in 1887 - 1125 (44.5%), in 1897 - 896 Jews (36.4%). Since 1880, Azriel Rabinovich (1860–?) Was the rabbi in P. There was a Jewish cemetery (until 1885 Jews from Shpikovo were also buried there). In 1889, two synagogues operated in P. In 1914 Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, both timber warehouses, and all 9 manufacturing shops in P. 20–25 July 1919, a pogrom took place in P.. Virtually the entire Jewish population of Poland was destroyed; in July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. Dec. 1941 a Jewish labor camp was created in P., to which apprx. 3 thousand Jews from Tulchin, December 31. 1941 - 747 Jews from Bratslav, in January. 1942 - 450 Jews from Ladyzhin and Trostyanetsky district, several. hundreds of Jews from Vapnyarka, 19 Aug. 1942 - several. hundreds of Jews from the camp in the village. Rogozna. In the end. June and Oct. - nov. 1942 the camp was deported approx. 3.5 thousand Jews from Mogilev-Podolsk. In total, approx. 8.5 thousand Jews. Since Aug. 1942 to May 1943 for use on decomp. works germ. administration was transferred approx. 2.5 thousand Jews from the camp. On Sept. 1943 in the camp was organized by children. house (30 people), in Nov. 1943 children were taken through Tulchin to Balta, and then in March 1944 to Romania. All R. March 1944, 1,550 Jews were freed in the camp. In total, apprx. Died of hunger and disease in P. 4,500 Jews. There is a Jewish cemetery in P.
PECHERSK, a village in the Khislavichsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in July 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. All Jews were required to wear specials. badges (pieces of yellow cloth) on the sleeve. The Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PECHERSKY Alexander Aronovich (1909, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1990, Rostov-on-Don), leader of the uprising of prisoners of the Sobibur death camp. In the 1920s and 30s. worked as an accountant in Rostov-on-Don. From June 1941 in the Red Army, quartermaster technician 2nd rank. In oct. 1941 was captured near Vyazma, managed to hide his Jewishness. In May 1942 he was sent to a penal camp in Borisov for an attempt to escape, then transferred to Minsk, after being "exposed" he was held in a slave. camp SS. On Sept. 1943, among 2 thousand Jewish prisoners, was taken to Sobibur, where he immediately began to prepare an uprising. 14 oct. 1943 c. prisoners under the command of P. killed 12 him. officers and approx. 40 guards, seized weapons and freed approx. 400 prisoners (most of them died in the course of punitive operations). P. with the surviving comrades crossed the Bug and October 22. 1943 went to the partisans. In 1944 he was again in the Red Army, seriously wounded, demobilized with the rank of captain. In 1945–55 he worked in Moscow, then in Rostov-on-Don. In 1963 he became a witness at the trial. the trial of 11 guards at the Sobibur camp in Kiev. Rep. P. "The uprising in Sobibur" publ. in 1946 in Yiddish in Moscow (another version - in the journal "Sovetish Gameland", 1973, No. 12).
PECHERSKY Gedalye Ruvimovich (1901, Babinovichi of Orshansky district. Mogilev province - |), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1920s lived in Vitebsk, studied at the illegal Lubavitch yeshiva "Tiferes Bakhurim". Participated in the underground Zionist movement. Was subjected to repression. From the end. 1920s - in Leningrad, a dental technician. Since 1954 - head of the Leningrad State University. synagogues. In 1956–57, he turned to dec. state instances with requests to open courses in the study of Jewish history, literature, Hebrew and Yiddish. From ser. 1950s secretly maintained the post. contacts with the embassy of the State of Israel in the USSR. From the parishioners of the synagogue he organized gr. pro-Zionist. orientation. In 1961 he was arrested (with E. Dynkin and N. Kaganov) and sentenced to 12 years in prison. P.'s trial became the first public anti-Zionist. process after the death of J.V. Stalin. Released in 1965. In the end. 1960s participated in the Zionist. movement in Leningrad. Since 1970 - in Israel.
PESTS, see Pechishte.
PECHIKHVOSTY, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 98 Jews lived in P., in 1910 - 130, in 1939 - 200 Jews. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to Kamenka Bugskaya and subsequently exterminated.
PECHISHCHI, a village in the Svetlogorsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobruisk district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; there was a synagogue. During the pogrom in April. 1921 7 Jews were killed in P. Assistance to the victims of the pogrom was provided by Rabbi P. in the 1920s – 1930s. was the Lubavitch Hasid Eli Levin (?, Parichi - 1968, Samarkand). In the 1930s. the synagogue was used at the same time. as a club. In the summer of 1941 the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 10 Feb 1942 approx. 100 Jews were shot in the region of the cemetery. In 1958, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the shot.
PECHISHTE (until 1991 - Pechesti), a village in the Rezina district (Republic of Moldova). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 102 Jews lived in P. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
OVEN, see Korobchino.
PECHKINO, see Korobchino.
PECHNIKOV Alexander Abramovich (1873, Yelets, Oryol province - 1949, Buenos Aires), violinist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. He improved his skills in Berlin with J. Joham. He gave a concert at various European countries. In 1913–21 - prof. Moose. academy in Munich; from 1927 - in cons. Stern (Berlin). Since 1936 - in Argentina.
PECHORA, city (since 1949), regional center in the Komi Republic (Russian Federation). Formed by the merger of two workers' settlements - the station settlement. Pechora and the river port of Kanin. In 2002, 25 Jews lived in P.
PECHORY (in 1920–45 - Petseri), a city (from 1782), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1472. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pskov u. Pskov lips. Since 1776 - the district town of the Pskov governorship, then - the province. In 1920–40 - as part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - in the RSFSR. in P. lived several. Jews, in 2002 - 3 Jews. On July 10, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, a Jewish family was killed in P.
PEDINKA, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pedynki Zhytomyr u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a steam mill in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units; shortly after the occupation, 4 Jews were killed in P.
PEDINKI, see Pedinka.
PECAR Solomon Isaakovich (1917, Kiev - 1985, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1941), prof. (1944), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1961). Graduated from Kiev University (1938). In 1938–60 he worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time. (1937–41; 1944–49; 1953–70) taught at the Kiev state. unte, in 1949, during the "struggle against cosmopolitanism", was dismissed from un-that, again began teaching in 1953. Since 1960 at the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, head. theoretical separate main scientific. interests - solid state theory. Developed (1939) quantities, the theory of rectifiers with blocking layers. He introduced (1946) into physics a new quasiparticle - the polaron and developed its theory. He proposed a method for the effective mass of an electron in a crystal (1946) and developed (1947–53) the theory of impurity electron centers and the general theory of the spectra of impurity centers. Introduced the concept of deformations. potential (1951). Predicted (1952, with M.A. Krivoglaz) the existence of a narrow phononless spectrum. lines. In the theory of excitons, he predicted (1957) additional light waves (P. waves) and constructed a new crystal optics (1957–60). He proposed (1964) a theory of ultrasound amplification by the drift of current carriers. Considered (1969) the possibility of stimulated chemiluminescence and created. chem. lasers. Received (1975) an expression for the energy of an arbitrarily time dependent electromagnet. fields in a dispersive medium. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1981). Cit .: Fav. works. Kiev, 1988.
PEKARSKY Mark Ilyich (b. 1940, Moscow), musician. In 1969 he graduated from Moscow. state music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins on cl. percussion instruments from V.P. Shteiman. In 1965–90 soloist ans. "Madrigal". In 1973 he organized and headed the "Mark Pekarsky Percussion Ensemble". P. acts as a soloist, using percussion instruments of the peoples of the world from his own. collection. P.'s game is distinguished by a perfect technique of mastering all, even the most unusual tools, artistry, theatricality. Especially for P. write their works. S.A.Gubaidulina, E.V. Denisov, A.G. Shnitke, V.I.Martynov, V.A.Ekimovsky, A.A.Knaifel and other composers. Performs a lot abroad as a soloist and ensemble list, participates in the international. muses. festivals. P. leads cl. percussion instruments in Muses. uch-shche them. M.M. Ippolitova-Ivanova, is studying playing on percussion instruments of different countries and peoples of the world, author of article, compiler and ed. decomp. collection of plays for ans. percussion instruments.
PECAZH Mendl (b. 1922, Pultusk, Poland), literary critic, linguist. Studied at cheder, yeshivas, graduated from cf. school. In the years of the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USSR, in 1945–48 - in Poland. Since 1948 - in Israel. He served in the army, then lived in a kibbutz. In 1954-59 he studied Jewish literature and Yiddish at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Since 1958 - sotr. Yad Vashem and ed. 4-volume bibliography Death and Courage in the Mirror of the Press in Hebrew (Jerusalem, 1966–67). From 1957 publ. a number of studies. works on lit-re in Hebrew and Yiddish, among them - “Yiddishism in the con. 17th and first. floor. 18th century ". Participated in the compilation of the complete bibliography of ed. in Yiddish in the USSR from 1917–60 (Jerusalem, 1961). Compiled a bibliography of references to the anthology "A shpigl oif a stein" ("Mirror on a Stone". Tel Aviv, 1964).
PEKELIS Mikhail Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1899, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), musicologist, teacher. He graduated from the Kiev horse, class. php. from G.N. Beklemishev, on the theory and history of music from B.L. Yavorsky (1922). Since 1922 - in Moscow. He studied at the Higher. lit.-thin. in-those (1922–24). He taught choral singing and music-theoretical. discipline at the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K.Krupskaya (1923–27). He worked for Moose. technical school them. Gnesins (1926–37), in Moscow. cons. (1925–43; from 1930 prof.), In 1934–35 head. Department of History of Rus. music, in 1937–43 head. Department of the history of music of the peoples of the USSR, then in the cons. Sverdlovsk, Kiev, Gorky; in 1944–48 - in the State. in-those theater. art-va in Moscow. In 1948–49 and from 1955 - in Moscow. state music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. He was a scientist. sotr. State academy thin. Sciences (1931–32), head. the music sector of the Institute of Art History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1948–49). P. - ed., The author will enter., Art. and comments. to academic. ed. op. A.S. Dargomyzhsky. Ed. P. ed. "Fav. letters "Dargomyzhsky and MP Mussorgsky. Ed. uch. manuals "Sov. muses. liters "(M., 1963; 3rd ed. - 1972); with his participation published collections of "Muz. inheritance ", v. 1-4 (1962-76).
PEKKER Grigory Ilyich (1905, Pavlograd, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1983, Novosibirsk), cellist, teacher. Prof. (1947). The son of musicians. Studied cello under L. Abbiate (1916–17) and EV Wolf-Israel (1922–24) in Petrograd. cons. Concertmaster and soloist Rus.-Japanese. symph. Orc., with whom he toured China and Japan (1925–26); was the first cellist from the USSR to tour Japan. In 1927-29 he improved at the Leipzig cons. from J. Klengel. As a soloist he performed in Germany (played with orc. Under the direction of E. D'Albert in Leipzig and B. Walter in Berlin), France, the Netherlands, Poland. Played ans. with O.S. Gabrilovich, later - in the Kiev Quartet. JB Vuillaume (1947–51). In 1934–38 he taught at Moscow. cons. in 1938–57 (with a break) - in the Kiev cons. In 1957–83 prof. Novosibirsk cons. P. - the author of op. for cello, transcriptions and arrangements, as well as teaching-methodical. benefits.
PEKURIN Roman Samuilovich (1896, Paportnaya, Mogilev province - 1955), military leader. Major General of the Signal Corps (1944). In the Red Army since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. In 1922 he graduated from military-ped. school. He taught tactics in the military. uch-shche, since 1926 - at the academy. In 1938 he graduated from the Military Electrical Engineering. academy. In 1939–45 he served in the GRU. In 1946-55 the beginning. Research Institute. He was awarded 7 orders.
PELED (nee Pesakhova) Paulina (b. 1950, Vilnius), sportswoman (tennis). In 1964 she was a champion of the Lithuanian SSR among youths. The first Lithuanian tennis player was invited to the USSR national team. Since 1966 - in Israel. Israel Youth Champion. In 1973–80, Israel's first racket, champion of the Asian Games (Tehran, 1974) in mixed and silver. prize-winner in singles. In 1974 she won tournaments in Buckingham and Chichester (Great Britain). In the beginning. 1975 ranked 18th in the world. classification of professional tennis players. In 1977, silver. winner in doubles at the open championship of Germany. Since the 1980s. - to the coach. work.
PELED Asher (Osherka) (1908 - 1970, Israel), military leader. Colonel. He was in Gagan (since 1940), where he headed the military service. provision, commanded the troops of the Jerusalem env. and Samaria. In 1948–51 com. troops of arms support of the Israel Defense Forces, in 1951-66 beginning. dep. armament of the Ministry of Defense of Israel. Since 1966 - retired.
PELEDUY, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Lensky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Peleduyskoe Kirensky district Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in P.
PELEDUIAN, see Peleduy.
PELI Alexander (b. 1915, Kiev), publicist. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Graduated from the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Consisted in Gagan, in 1947–48 ch. ed. gas. "Ga-Yom". One of the founders of the "Hebrew Encyclopedia". Ed. "World History of the Jewish People".
PELINIA, a village in the Drochievsky district (Republic of Moldova). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 121 Jews lived in P., in 1940 - approx. 100 Jews during the 2nd world. During the war, there was a ghetto in P. (100 people). When the ghetto was liquidated, all Jews were exterminated.
PELTZER Tatyana Ivanovna (1904, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Actress. For the first time she performed on stage at the age of 7 in Kharkov (the role of the baby Avli - "Kamo vrydeshi" by G. Senkevich). Together with her father she worked in the t-ts of Nakhichevan, Penza, Yeisk, since 1920 - in the Mobile t-re of the Political Administration of the RVSR. In 1925–40 - in the T. MGSPS, in 1940–47 - in the T-re stage and miniatures, in 1947–77 in Moscow. t-re satire, in 1978–92 - in the t-re im. Lenin Komsomol. She had a bright comedic talent. Her play organically combined soft humor and sharpness of the performing manner. Roles: Kukushkina ("A Profitable Place" by A. N. Ostrovsky), Marcelina ("The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais), Courage ("Mother Courage and Her Children" by B. Brecht), Madame Ksidias ("Intervention" by L.I. Slavina, Aunt Tonya ("Wake up and Sing" by M. Dyarfash), Klara Zetkin ("Blue Horses on Red Grass" by M. F. Shatrov, Bert ("Memorial Prayer" by G. I. Gorin after Sholem Aleichem and others. 1945 starred in a movie for the first time Among all the heroines in cinema: Lukerya Nokhlebkina ("Wedding with a dowry", f.-play, 1953), Vorontsova ("Tiger Tamer", 1955), Evdokia Brovkina ("Soldier Ivan Brovkin", 1955, "Ivan Brovkin on the virgin soil", 1959), Varvara Vasilievna ("The Tale of the Newlyweds", 1960), Glafira ("Village Detective", 1969). People's Art. USSR (1972). Steel pr. (1951).
PELLER Vladimir Izrailevich (1913, Olgopol, Podolsk province - 1978, Valdheim, Jewish Autonomous Region), business leader. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). After graduating from a seven-year school, he left for the Jewish Autonomous Region, worked in the collective farm "Naumen". In 1936–38 and 1941–46 in the Red Army. In 1946 he returned to the Jewish Autonomous Region, from 1950 before. a number of collective farms, der. state farm. From 1962 before. collective farm "Testaments of Ilyich" in Valdheim. In 1970, a dep. USSR Armed Forces. Cavalier of hordes. Glory 3 degrees.
PELTYN Samuel Henrik (Shmuel-Zvi, Shmuel-Hirsch) (1831, Mariampol, Suwalki province –1896, Warsaw), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He wrote a textbook on Polish grammar for Jews. In 1855 he settled in Warsaw. In the beginning. 1860s published weekly. "Yutshenka". In 1866 he founded and edited a Jewish weekly. in polish. "Israelite", to-ry more than 40 years was Ch. body of supporters of Jewish assimilation in Poland, publ. Art. on religious, ethical, ist. Topics. The author is numerous. stories about the life of Jews. Mn. P.'s works remained unpublished, among them "History of the Jews". P. took an active part in the reforms, the movement.
PEN (Pen) Yehuda Moiseevich (Yudel Movshevich, Yuri Moiseevich) (1854, Novoaleksandrovsk, Kovno province - 1937, Vitebsk), painter, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1867 P. was an apprentice painter. In 1879 P. passed exams at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, but was not accepted. He stayed in Petersburg and began to study with I.L. Asknazy. In 1880 he entered the class. P.P. Chistyakova. At the end of the full-scale class. (1885) the second silver was awarded. medal, in 1886 he graduated from scientific. course. In 1891 P. settled in Vitebsk, in 1897 he opened a school of drawing and painting. P. was the first teacher of a whole generation of Jewish artists: M.Z. Chagala, O. Tsadkin, E. Lisitsky, O.S. Meshchaninuv, A. Pann, S.B. Yudovin, M.M. Akselrod, I.I. Milchin, S.M. Gershov, L.Ya.Zevin, E.A. Kabischer and others. The private school existed until 1918, when Chagall opened a new school, in which he invited his first teacher to lead one of the workshops. After the reorganization of the school in in-t P., he acted as the vice-rector for the account. parts. In 1923 he left the Institute. In 1925 Vitebsk env. congress slave. and the cross. dep. awarded P. a diploma and awarded him the title of "Honorary Jewish Artist". Centre. a place in P.'s art is occupied by a Jewish theme, depicting the life of a shtetl, Jewish artisans, rabbis, beggars, etc.: "Soldier of the old army" (1900), "Beggar" (1902), "Letter from America" ​​(1903 ), "The Old Tailor" (1907), "Divorce" (1907), "For the Newspaper" (1910), "The Watchmaker" (1914, 1924), "Saturday Dinner" (1920), "Talmud Interpreter" (1925) and others. In 1935–46, P.'s paintings "Lenin and the Revolution", "Komsomolets Shoemaker" (1925), "Old Woman with a Book", "Old Belarusian", "Seamstress" (1927), "Doctor" (1928), etc. were exhibited at exhibitions of Belarusian artists in Minsk and Moscow. In 1937 P. was killed in his home by unknown persons.
PEN Osher (1908, according to other data 1912, Gaysin, Podolsk province - 1979), poet, publicist. Got a trad. Jewish religion education. He emigrated to Cuba, studied at Havana University. One of the founders of lit. gr. "Jung Cuba" and its printed organ zhurn. "Junge sprotsungen", where P. began to print a verse. Later he founded and published a weekly. in Yiddish "Havaner Lebn". Since 1936 - in the USA (Philadelphia). Published humorous. zhurn. Der Shtifer. In 1938–41 sotr. gas. "Yiddishe Welt". In 1942–45 - in the army, then he lived in New York, worked for gas. "Tog", since 1964 - sotr. gas. Forverts. The author of the poem "Gaatuei" (Havana, 1931), fairy tales in verse "Der Goldener Fountain" ("Golden Fountain", ibid., 1934) and others. P. belong to collection. Art. in defense of lang. Yiddish in the USA.
PEN Samuil Samsonovich (1864, Novograd-Volynsk, Volyn province - 1925), publicist, historian, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, passed the exams for the gymnasium course as an external student. In the 1880s and 90s. active participant in Palestinian circles. P. was closely associated with the Jewish community of Odessa, several. once elected to the post of societies. rabbi, but the administration rejected his candidacy (with the exception of 1903-04, when P. was a public rabbi, but was dismissed on charges of political unreliability). In 1910, P. was elected by the societies, the rabbi of Berdichev, but was not approved by the Kiev governor-general. In 1914 he graduated from Novoros as an external student. un-t in Odessa. In tech. pl. years P. participated in the work of the Odessa department. OPE, was published in the local (newspaper "Odessa news" and others) and the capital press. Author of works “Russian-Jewish agriculturalists. colonies in Palestine, North. America and Argentina "(Odessa, 1892)," Destruction of Jerusalem "(Odessa, 1894)," M. Maimon. His life and work "(Odessa, 1896)," The first Zionist. Congr. in Basel in 1897 " (Odessa, 1897), “The fourth Zionist. Congr. in London in 1900 " (Bialystok, 1900); "Jewish antiquity in Odessa" (Odessa, 1903), "Jewish nat. self-government "(Odessa, 1917) and others. with Yu.I. Gessen prepared Art. "Odessa" for the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (St. Petersburg, 1908-14).
PENKOVKA, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Penkovka Murafskaya Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned both timber warehouses and 11 shops in Poland (including all 3 grocery stores, a single kerosene store). In July 1941, Poland was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P. On 1 Sept. 1943 29 Jews were held in the camp. 11 Feb 1942 in P. 3 local Jews and 27 Jews from Bukovina were shot.
PENKOVKA MURAFSKAYA, see. Penkovka Shargorodsky district, Vinnitsa region.
PENKOVSKY Lev Minaevich (1894, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1971, Moscow), poet, translator. He graduated from a real school in Kremenchug, served in Kharkov in a bank. Belonged to the tech. poets-acmeists. In 1919 the first poet was published. Sat. "In the garden of the soul." The poems "We only know each other" became popul. romance. Since the 1930s. translated the classical East. poetry: Alisher Navoi (poem "Farhad and Shirin"), Babur, Bedil (poem "Komde and Modan"). Per. bunk bed epics: uzb. - "Alpamysh", Kyrgyz. - "Manas", Kazakh. - "Kiz-Zhibek". Translated europ. classics: poems by V. Hugo, P. Beranger, Leconte de Lisle, G. Heine (and the poems "Germany", "Atta-Troll"), I.-V. Goethe ("Reinecke-Fox"), etc .; contemporary poets - Jewish (P.D. Markish and others), German, Georgian, Armenian, Uzbek. He devoted the last years of his life to the lane. verse, Jewish poet 11 - 12 centuries. Yehuda Halevi. These lane. published in Israel (collection "My Heart in the East", 1976).
PENN Alexander (1906, Nizhnekolymsk, Yakutsk Region - 1972, Tel Aviv), poet. In 1920 he settled in Moscow, studied at the State. in-those words, attended the cinematography college. First publ. verse. - "Homeless" (magazine "Krestyanskaya Niva", 1920). Since 1927 - in E.-I. He worked on an orange, plantations, on the construction of houses, was a watchman, a boxing instructor. Participated in the creation. the first in E.-I. k / st, in the 1930s. member the repertoire commission of t-ra "Habima". Since 1947 P. - ed. lit. adj. communist. gas. "Kol ha-am". The first poems in Hebrew were published in 1929 (journal "Ktuvim"). Mn. of them dedicated. "New homeland". The love lyrics of P. enjoyed success: "Ga-rakia ha-shvii" ("The Seventh Heaven"), the poem "Mihtav el isha" ("Letter to a Woman"). Mn. P.'s poems became songs. Since 1934, Sots.-polit. motives. P. translated into Hebrew a number of poems and poems by V.V. Mayakovsky; one of the compilers of the collection. The Poets of Israel (Moscow, 1963); author of collection of poems: "Le oreh ga-derekh" ("Along the road", 1956), "Haya o lo haya" ("Was or was not", 1972), "Rehov ha-etsev ha-had-sitri" ("Street of one-sided sorrow", 1977), "Leylot bli gag" ("Nights without a roof", 1985). Cit .: Heart on the way. M., 1965.
PENO, urban-type settlement (since 1930), regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostashkovsky u. Tver province. In 1926, 14 Jews (1.1%) lived in P., in 1939 - 30 Jews.
PENS Moishe (b. 1922, Strizhavka of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province), poet, writer. He studied at a Jewish school in Vinnitsa. Graduated from Pyatigorsk ped. Institute (1947). Taught in Russian. lang. [[]] and literature in Dagestan. In 1969–81 he worked in the Dagestan ped. in-those (Makhachkala). Began to publish in children. gas. Zay Great (Kharkov) in 1935. Since 1.963 regularly publ. poems, stories and essays in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". The author is poetical. Sat. in Russian lang., ed. in Makhachkala: "The Light of Amazing Friendship" (1970) and "In Debt to the Sun" (1975).
PONTNITSA, now a district within the city of Lomza (Republic of Poland). Main in the beginning. 15th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Piontnitsa Lomzhinsky u. In 1897, 1,239 Jews (52%) lived in P., in 1921 - 520 Jews (31.3%). Jews have lived in P. since the 16th century. In the 1870s - 80s. P.'s rabbi was Doiv-Ber Rabinovich, in 1888–93 - his son Eliyahu-Akiva (1862–?), in 1894–1905 - Itskhok Burshtein, then - Itskhok Tykhochinskiy (1866–?), in the 1930s. - Dovid-Tuvya Dainovsky (? –1943). In the 1920s – 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. In June 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of P. were deported to the Lomza ghetto.
PENYAKI, a village in Brody district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1934, 226 Jews (3.8%) lived in P. In the 1920–30's. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПЕНЗА, город (с 1719), центр Пензенской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1663. С 1719 – центр Пензенской провинции в составе Казанской губ., в 1797–1801 – уездный город Саратовской губ., с 1801 – губернский город. В 1928–30 – центр Пензенского окр. Средневолжского края, с 1930 – районный центр Средневолжского, затем – Куйбышевского края, с 1937 – Тамбовской обл., с 1939 – центр Пензенской обл.В 1863 в П. проживало 18 евреев, в 1890 – 200, в 1897 – 409, в 1923 – 1818, в 1926 – 2098, в 1939 – 1280 (0,8%), в 1959 – 2500, в 1970 – 2233, в 1979 – 2022, в 1989 – 1571, в 1995 – 1260, в 2002 – 785 евреев.Первые евреи появились в П. ок. 1800. Это были временные работники (большинство – винокуры) из Виленской, Витебской, Киевской и Могилевской губ. С 1860 евреи (в осн. отставные солдаты, служившие в этих местах) начали селиться в П. Первоначально в П. поселилось 5 семей отставных солдат. В 1860-х гг. в П. была образована еврейская религ. община во главе с Ицхоком Мордуховичем Франтом (1832–1911). В 1868 заложено еврейское кладбище (с 1960-х гг. не действует). В кон. 1870-х гг. в П. переселилось неск. семей из черты оседлости. В нач. 1880-х гг. в городе начали селиться евреи-купцы 1-й гильдии, ремесленники, выпускники ун-тов. С 1885 казенным раввином (первым в П.) был Иехиэль Мовшевич Перельштейн (1851–1921). В 1894 община П. (пред. – Н.Л.Рабинович) послала поздравление Николаю II по случаю его коронации. Ответное письмо императора дало повод общине ходатайствовать о постройке синагоги. В 1897 разрешение на постройку синагоги было получено, в 1898 синагога в П. была построена.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди евреев П. были владельцы кр. пром. и торг. пр-тий: К.Н.Файдыш, основавший в 1898 спичечную ф-ку; купец 1-й гильдии Х.А.Пинес – оптовый торговец, владелец неск. магазинов и складов, основавший в 1903 совм. с Лейкиным металлургич. з-д, построивший в 1916 первый в П. з-д по произ-ву боеприпасов; Н.Л.Рабинович – владелец крупнейшей в П. мебельной ф-ки; А.И.Рапопорт – владелец типографии и ф-ки канцтоваров; М.И.Мильман – владелец кр. магазина одежды в П. Среди изв. врачей П. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – С.И.Гурвич (1870–1930), Л.М.Забежинский, А.С.Малкин, А.И.Ратнер, Э.К.Розенталь. В 1890–1917 Лев Соломонович Шор был дир. гор. муз. уч-ща. В 1908 было открыто еврейское нач. уч-ще, при к-ром имелась б-ка; при общине был создан к-т по просвещению (пред. – Х.А.Пинес), действовала благотворит. орг-ция «Помощь бедным» (под рук. Х.А.Пинеса).В 1914–17 численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет евреев, высланных из прифронтовых р-нов России, в т. ч. в кон. июня 1915 в П. было выслано 135 евреев из местечка Маляты (совр. Молетай). Всего в П. прибыло ок. 13 тыс. беженцев. В городе были созданы новые благотворит. учреждения, образованы «К-т взаимопомощи», «К-т еврейских учителей». В П. открылись 3 светские и 1 религ. школы, уч-ще Еврейского благотворит. об-ва, реальное уч-ще Э.М.Хайкина, очаг, хедер, дет. приют, работала вечерняя школа. Общее число уч-ся составляло более 1 тыс. чел. В П. были организованы бесплатная столовая для бедных и ссудная касса. Раввин П. в 1915–21 – любавичский хасид Ицхок Борухович Дубов (1880–1978, Манчестер, Великобритания). Значит. часть переселенцев из Польши, Галиции и Литвы с окончанием 1-й мир. войны вернулась домой.В июне 1917 в П. прошли выборы в Автономное еврейское собрание (пред. – М.Гольдштейн). Собрание было распущено сразу после Окт. рев-ции 1917. В 1919–20 пред. горкома РКП(б) был Григорий Яковлевич Гринштейн (1895–1937).В 1920-х гг. в П. открылись отд-ние «Поалей Цион» и клуб им. Борохова. В 1922 действовал клуб «Фрайгайт». Община (под рук. М.М.Певзнера) отремонтировала синагогу и привела в порядок кладбище, вернула на правах аренды реквизированное в 1918 здание бани и миквы (построено в 1915). Раввином в 1921–30 был Григорий Лазаревич Файнберг. В П. действовала хевра кадиша, был основан к-т помощи «Большая благотворительность». В 1922 создан отдельный хасидский миньян во главе с Абрамом Вольфсоном (1880–1936). С дек. 1923 работал дом престарелых. В сент. 1924 открылась «Беспроцентная ссудная касса» (пред. правления – Г.А.Сосновник), просуществовавшая с перерывами до 1928.В 1920-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния Сетмасса, Евобщесткома, Евсекции. Активно работало отд-ние ОЗЕТ (осн. в июне 1926 под рук. С.И.Гурвича). В 1927 руководство ОЗЕТ было переизбрано, по его инициативе ссудная касса и дом престарелых были закрыты. В дек. 1930 правление ОЗЕТ обратилось с ходатайством «об отчуждении синагоги и превращении ее в культурный очаг для ведения обществ.-политич. работы». В 1931 здание синагоги и предметы культа были реквизированы. Миньян собирался в частном доме. Через неск. лет были закрыты созданные в сер. 1920-х гг. еврейские нач. школа и дет. сад.В 1941–42 в П. из зап. р-нов СССР было эвакуировано ок. 6 тыс. евреев.9 авг. 1945 еврейская религ. община в П. была вновь зарегистрирована. Пред. стал Александр (Ицхок) Афанасьевич Ельяшевич (1880–1951). Общине были возвращены Тора и неск. предметов культа, предоставлено в аренду здание сторожки при синагоге (ул. Горького, д. 50). Раввином был Иосиф Лейзерович Гисин (1870–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 100 чел., в праздничные – до 300 чел. В 1956 сторожку передали в «бесплатное и бессрочное пользование». В 1950-х гг. раввином был Е.Л. Ландсман.В 1977–1985 пред. общины был Иосиф Соломонович Нидерман (1902–1986), в 1986–89 – Лазарь Соломонович Вербелов (1919–1989).В 1989 в П. был основан клуб еврейской культуры, при к-ром были созданы две еврейские воскресные школы, вок.-инструм. ансамбль. С 1993 начало работать отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля и Российского объединения лекторов по иудаике. В 1993 общине было возвращено здание синагоги. В мае 1995 открыто благотворит. об-во «Хесэд Мордехай».В нач. 2000-х гг. в П. начали действовать еврейский культурный центр «Атиква», отд-ние «Бейт Гилель», в 2001 открыт еврейский общинный центр; изд. газ. «Моадон Хадаш» и «Еврейские новости».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: Г.М.Идлис, С.Л.Кругликов, М.И. Лившиц, Б.Ф.Малкин; Григорий Исаевич Грейсух (р. 1942), физик, д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. оптики, зав. кафедрой физики Пензенской арх.-строит. академии, автор более 100 печ. трудов; Павел Хацкелевич Зайдфудим (р. 1948), гос. деятель, д-р биол. наук, проф., зам. министра РФ по делам Севера и зам. министра регион. развития (1991–98), зам. губернатора Пензенской обл., представитель пр-ва Пензенской обл. при пр-ве РФ (с 2002); Макс Мовшевич Шлеймович (р. 1941), архитектор, один из авторов проектов застройки в Новополоцке, Гос. пр. БССР.В П. жили и работали В.Л.Зускин, Н.Л.Рабинович, А.И.Рапопорт, С.И.Росин.В.С.Левин, pronunciation=ПЕНЗА, город (с 1719), центр Пензенской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1663. С 1719 – центр Пензенской провинции в составе Казанской губ., в 1797–1801 – уездный город Саратовской губ., с 1801 – губернский город. В 1928–30 – центр Пензенского окр. Средневолжского края, с 1930 – районный центр Средневолжского, затем – Куйбышевского края, с 1937 – Тамбовской обл., с 1939 – центр Пензенской обл.В 1863 в П. проживало 18 евреев, в 1890 – 200, в 1897 – 409, в 1923 – 1818, в 1926 – 2098, в 1939 – 1280 (0,8%), в 1959 – 2500, в 1970 – 2233, в 1979 – 2022, в 1989 – 1571, в 1995 – 1260, в 2002 – 785 евреев.Первые евреи появились в П. ок. 1800. Это были временные работники (большинство – винокуры) из Виленской, Витебской, Киевской и Могилевской губ. С 1860 евреи (в осн. отставные солдаты, служившие в этих местах) начали селиться в П. Первоначально в П. поселилось 5 семей отставных солдат. В 1860-х гг. в П. была образована еврейская религ. община во главе с Ицхоком Мордуховичем Франтом (1832–1911). В 1868 заложено еврейское кладбище (с 1960-х гг. не действует). В кон. 1870-х гг. в П. переселилось неск. семей из черты оседлости. В нач. 1880-х гг. в городе начали селиться евреи-купцы 1-й гильдии, ремесленники, выпускники ун-тов. С 1885 казенным раввином (первым в П.) был Иехиэль Мовшевич Перельштейн (1851–1921). В 1894 община П. (пред. – Н.Л.Рабинович) послала поздравление Николаю II по случаю его коронации. Ответное письмо императора дало повод общине ходатайствовать о постройке синагоги. В 1897 разрешение на постройку синагоги было получено, в 1898 синагога в П. была построена.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди евреев П. были владельцы кр. пром. и торг. пр-тий: К.Н.Файдыш, основавший в 1898 спичечную ф-ку; купец 1-й гильдии Х.А.Пинес – оптовый торговец, владелец неск. магазинов и складов, основавший в 1903 совм. с Лейкиным металлургич. з-д, построивший в 1916 первый в П. з-д по произ-ву боеприпасов; Н.Л.Рабинович – владелец крупнейшей в П. мебельной ф-ки; А.И.Рапопорт – владелец типографии и ф-ки канцтоваров; М.И.Мильман – владелец кр. магазина одежды в П. Среди изв. врачей П. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. – С.И.Гурвич (1870–1930), Л.М.Забежинский, А.С.Малкин, А.И.Ратнер, Э.К.Розенталь. В 1890–1917 Лев Соломонович Шор был дир. гор. муз. уч-ща. В 1908 было открыто еврейское нач. уч-ще, при к-ром имелась б-ка; при общине был создан к-т по просвещению (пред. – Х.А.Пинес), действовала благотворит. орг-ция «Помощь бедным» (под рук. Х.А.Пинеса).В 1914–17 численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет евреев, высланных из прифронтовых р-нов России, в т. ч. в кон. июня 1915 в П. было выслано 135 евреев из местечка Маляты (совр. Молетай). Всего в П. прибыло ок. 13 тыс. беженцев. В городе были созданы новые благотворит. учреждения, образованы «К-т взаимопомощи», «К-т еврейских учителей». В П. открылись 3 светские и 1 религ. школы, уч-ще Еврейского благотворит. об-ва, реальное уч-ще Э.М.Хайкина, очаг, хедер, дет. приют, работала вечерняя школа. Общее число уч-ся составляло более 1 тыс. чел. В П. были организованы бесплатная столовая для бедных и ссудная касса. Раввин П. в 1915–21 – любавичский хасид Ицхок Борухович Дубов (1880–1978, Манчестер, Великобритания). Значит. часть переселенцев из Польши, Галиции и Литвы с окончанием 1-й мир. войны вернулась домой.В июне 1917 в П. прошли выборы в Автономное еврейское собрание (пред. – М.Гольдштейн). Собрание было распущено сразу после Окт. рев-ции 1917. В 1919–20 пред. горкома РКП(б) был Григорий Яковлевич Гринштейн (1895–1937).В 1920-х гг. в П. открылись отд-ние «Поалей Цион» и клуб им. Борохова. В 1922 действовал клуб «Фрайгайт». Община (под рук. М.М.Певзнера) отремонтировала синагогу и привела в порядок кладбище, вернула на правах аренды реквизированное в 1918 здание бани и миквы (построено в 1915). Раввином в 1921–30 был Григорий Лазаревич Файнберг. В П. действовала хевра кадиша, был основан к-т помощи «Большая благотворительность». В 1922 создан отдельный хасидский миньян во главе с Абрамом Вольфсоном (1880–1936). С дек. 1923 работал дом престарелых. В сент. 1924 открылась «Беспроцентная ссудная касса» (пред. правления – Г.А.Сосновник), просуществовавшая с перерывами до 1928.В 1920-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния Сетмасса, Евобщесткома, Евсекции. Активно работало отд-ние ОЗЕТ (осн. в июне 1926 под рук. С.И.Гурвича). В 1927 руководство ОЗЕТ было переизбрано, по его инициативе ссудная касса и дом престарелых были закрыты. В дек. 1930 правление ОЗЕТ обратилось с ходатайством «об отчуждении синагоги и превращении ее в культурный очаг для ведения обществ.-политич. работы». В 1931 здание синагоги и предметы культа были реквизированы. Миньян собирался в частном доме. Через неск. лет были закрыты созданные в сер. 1920-х гг. еврейские нач. школа и дет. сад.В 1941–42 в П. из зап. р-нов СССР было эвакуировано ок. 6 тыс. евреев.9 авг. 1945 еврейская религ. община в П. была вновь зарегистрирована. Пред. стал Александр (Ицхок) Афанасьевич Ельяшевич (1880–1951). Общине были возвращены Тора и неск. предметов культа, предоставлено в аренду здание сторожки при синагоге (ул. Горького, д. 50). Раввином был Иосиф Лейзерович Гисин (1870–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 100 чел., в праздничные – до 300 чел. В 1956 сторожку передали в «бесплатное и бессрочное пользование». В 1950-х гг. раввином был Е.Л. Ландсман.В 1977–1985 пред. общины был Иосиф Соломонович Нидерман (1902–1986), в 1986–89 – Лазарь Соломонович Вербелов (1919–1989).В 1989 в П. был основан клуб еврейской культуры, при к-ром были созданы две еврейские воскресные школы, вок.-инструм. ансамбль. С 1993 начало работать отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля и Российского объединения лекторов по иудаике. В 1993 общине было возвращено здание синагоги. В мае 1995 открыто благотворит. об-во «Хесэд Мордехай».В нач. 2000-х гг. в П. начали действовать еврейский культурный центр «Атиква», отд-ние «Бейт Гилель», в 2001 открыт еврейский общинный центр; изд. газ. «Моадон Хадаш» и «Еврейские новости».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: Г.М.Идлис, С.Л.Кругликов, М.И. Лившиц, Б.Ф.Малкин; Григорий Исаевич Грейсух (р. 1942), физик, д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. оптики, зав. кафедрой физики Пензенской арх.-строит. академии, автор более 100 печ. трудов; Павел Хацкелевич Зайдфудим (р. 1948), гос. деятель, д-р биол. наук, проф., зам. министра РФ по делам Севера и зам. министра регион. развития (1991–98), зам. губернатора Пензенской обл., представитель пр-ва Пензенской обл. при пр-ве РФ (с 2002); Макс Мовшевич Шлеймович (р. 1941), архитектор, один из авторов проектов застройки в Новополоцке, Гос. пр. БССР.В П. жили и работали В.Л.Зускин, Н.Л.Рабинович, А.И.Рапопорт, С.И.Росин.В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
PEPEN (until 1991 - Pepeni), a village in Falesti district (Republic of Moldova). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 180 Jews lived in P. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
ASHES, see Ash.
PERATIN, see Piratin.
PERCHENKOV Evsey Vulfovich (b. 1929, Moscow), architect. Ch.-c. MAA (1992). Brother of G.V. Perchenkov. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: a high-mountain ski base in Dombai (1972), the building of the USSR embassy in Lusaka, Zambia (1973), the Ponizovka rest house in the Crimea (1980), the Zori Rossii sanatorium (1986) and the Min-va citizen sanatorium. Aviation (1992) in Simeiz, Crimea. Honored. arch. RSFSR (1989). State pr. RSFSR (1972). Etc. CM RSFSR (1980).
PERCHENKOV Grigory Vulfovich (1947, Moscow, - 1980, ibid.), Painter. Brother E.V. Perchenkov. In 1958-60 he studied in children. thin studios with R.M. Rabinovich and N.O. Lurie. Then he studied with A.M. Gluskin and M. Roginsky (1960–63). The first period is creative. paths are represented by such works as "Uncle", "Natasha", "Pushkino. Children "," Grandfather "and others, distinguished by a pure, direct perception of life. Then he created. manuf. pearlescent scale: "Girl at the Window", "Still Life", "Girl with a Jug" and others. He ate, the period of creativity is characterized by expressive color compositions, rhythmic movement of "unbalanced balance". P. increasingly turned to Jewish themes ("Portrait of a Man", "Portrait of a Brother", "Generations of Rabbis", "Synagogue", "Samson", "Expectation. Exodus", etc.). Throughout the creative. paths P. considered his task to show the sad fate of the Jewish people through the expression of the tragedy of life's contradictions. During his lifetime, P. exhibited at a collective exhibition in the Youth Club of the Dzerzhinsky District of Moscow (1964). Personal exhibition in 1993 (Moscow). Committed suicide.
PERBRODIE, a village in the Miory district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In 1572-1822 - a city. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Perebrodze, Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 176 Jews (26.1%) lived in Poland.
PEREBRODY, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1577. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840 there were 3 Jewish families living in P., in 1897 - 65 Jews (10.6%). occupation of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. At the same time, part of the Jews of P. joined the partisans. detachments. In 1942 the village was burnt down.
PEREBRODZE, see Wandering.
PERECHIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1947), a regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1427. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 214 Jews (8.5%) lived in P., in 1930 - 1,042 Jews. biennium in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1944 Jews P. were deported to a camp in Uzhgorod, a month later - to the extermination camp Auschwitz, where most of them died.
PEDMIRKA, a village in Lanovetsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned a grocery store; unity. a water mill in P. was rented by a Jew.
PEREFERKOVICH Naum (Nehemia) Abramovich (1871, Stavropol - 1940, Riga), linguist, translator, literary critic. In 1890–94 he studied at the Faculty of Oriental Studies. lang. Petersburg. un-that. From 1893 he was published in the journal. "Sunrise". Wrote Art. on the problems of history, literature and philosophy for the encyclopedias Brockhaus-Efron and Granat, as well as for the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (1908–13). At the same time. publ. in Russian. zhurn. Naib, Izv. manuf. P. in rus. lang .: "The Talmud, its history and its content" (St. Petersburg, 1897), "What is Shulkhan-Arukh" (St. Petersburg, 1899), "Jewish laws on the Gentiles in anti-Semitic coverage" (St. Petersburg, 1908), " Textbook of the Jewish Religion "(St. Petersburg, 1912). Ch. P.'s work - Russian. per. Mishna (8 volumes were published in 1898–12). Under ps. N. Abramov published the Dictionary of Russian Synonyms and Expressions Similar in Meaning (St. Petersburg, 1900, 5th ed. - M., 1994) and The Complete Dictionary of Russian Rhymes (St. Petersburg, 1912). In 1918 he worked at the Foreign Commissariat. affairs, was an interpreter at the peace negotiations in Brest, then taught at decomp. universities. From 1919 in Riga, where he was a teacher. In the 1920s. spoke with scientific. and publicist. Art. in the Jewish periodical. press, worked on a reader in medieval Yiddish and on the book. "The beginning of the Yiddish language." Published the dictionary "Hebraisms in Yiddish" (Riga, 1929). For preparing for publ. book G. Bender "The Gospel Jesus and His Teachings" (Riga, 1930) was prosecuted.
PEREGINSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rozhnyatovsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 13th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 612 Jews (10.3%) lived in Poland. The occupations of the Jews of Poland were handicrafts, transportation, trade, including timber and agricultural. products. Unity was owned by a Jew. in P. hotel. In the end. 1920s Jew P. owned a bus serving nearby us. points. 1920-30-ies. there were 3 synagogues in P. In 1922 a Jewish school was opened in P., and in 1932, a Nar. house with b-koy. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. The rabbi of P. was Yakov-Zvi Babad (1886–1926), from 1936 his son Mordkhe (1915–1943). On July 5, 1941, Poland was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. On Sept. 1941 they were replaced by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942, the Jews of P. (about 650 people) were deported to Kalush, 7 Jews were killed in P.
PEREGONOVKA, a village in the Golovanevsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province, 1930s More than 20 Jewish families lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews in Poland owned the only grocery and manufacturing shops, as well as the production of molasses for fodder. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942, 81 Jews who remained in the occupation were shot in P.
PERKATI-FIELD (ps; real name and family. Hillel Moiseevich Kalmanson) (1868, Mogilev-on-Dnepr - 1937), writer, literary critic. Published in Odessa magazines. "Bee" (1884), "By Sea and Land" (1895) and in the journal. “Monthly Compositions”, “Postman”, “Conversation”, “Life for All”. Was sotr. zhurn. "True". First. Sat. - "Songs of a Tramp" (St. Petersburg, 1907). In 1915 in Kiev dep. book published his elegy in prose "Freedom" and the fairy tale-parable "Weeping Acacia". In 1919 in Samara publ. book poems "Red Army", in 1923 in Moscow - Sat. "Under the five-winged star." In 1917–22 - at the desk. and military-organizational work in Mogilev, Samara and Gomel. From 1922 he lived in Moscow, organized literature. mugs slave. poets "Vagranka", "Iskra", "Change". In 1937 he was repressed.
PEREKOP, a village in the Valkovsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1675. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kharkov province. In 1856 26 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 34 Jews.
PERKRESTOVO, a village in the Frunzovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tiraspol u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1925 there was a Jewish agricultural in Poland. the colony.
FLIGHTS, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1764. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1919, during the pogrom in Balta, organized by parts of the Directory, several. Jewish families were hiding in P. In the summer of 1941 P. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. From Dec. 1941 to Aug. 1942 there was a Jewish workers' camp in P., whose prisoners were building an airfield. During its existence in the camp, approx. 10 people.
PEREL Vladimir Idelevich (1928, Sverdlovsk - 2007), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1981). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). He taught at school, then at the Petrozavodsk state. un-those. Since 1958 in theoretical. dep. LFTI. Since 1983 - head. electric sector and optical phenomena in semiconductors. At the same time. since 1973 - prof. E-tech. in-ta them. V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin in Leningrad. tr. belong to the region. plasma physics, physics and optics of semiconductors, physics of metals. Developed the theory of probe characteristics of plasma, research. gas. lasers (described the so-called effect of resonance trapping of radiation in them). Predicted (in co-authorship) the effect of the passage of e-magn. waves through metals in the presence of a strong magnet. fields (the corresponding type of waves is called helicons). Developed the theory of optical. orientation of the spins of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors, performed a number of important studies. by hot luminescence. Since 1991 - Ch. ed. zhurn. "Physics and technology of semiconductors." State pr. USSR (1976).
PERELMAN Alexander Ilyich (1916, Moscow - 1998), geochemist, geographer. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1954), acad. RANS (1991). He graduated from Moscow State University (1938) and graduate school there (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. After demobilization, he worked at the Institute of Geology of Ore. deposits., petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1952 senior scientific researcher). Since 1966 - prof. Department of Soil Geography and Landscape Geochemistry, Moscow State University, Osn. tr. in the region. geochemistry of landscapes, geochemistry of hypergene processes and ore formation. Made creatures, contributed to the military. geology and military. geochemistry. Author of a number of works on the history of science, textbooks and uch. textbooks on geochemistry, works: Geochemistry epigenetic. processes. 3rd ed. M., 1968; Geochemistry of uranium in the hypergenesis zone. 2nd ed. M., 1974 (jointly with L.S. Evseeva); Geochemistry of natural waters. M., 1982; Atoms are satellites. M., 1990.
PERELMAN Aron Filippovich (1876, Odessa - 1954, Leningrad), publisher, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, passed the exams for the gymnasium course as an external student. In 1896-1903 he studied chemistry in high fur boots in Germany, in 1904-05 - at Zurich University. In Switzerland, he became close to the Russian. roar. emigrants, listened to lectures by G.V. Plekhanov. Returning to Russia, he settled in St. Petersburg, served in the publishing house. firm "Brockhaus-Efron". After the death of I.A. Efron, P. bought inheritance rights from his son and became the owner of the publishing house, expanded the scope of his activities, and began to publish textbooks. In 1917, according to the list of the Jewish People. party was elected to the Executive Committee of Petrograd. the Jewish community and its Council, hands. social and economic commission. In 1918 cases. congress of representatives of Jewish communities in Moscow. Participated in the work of the OPE and the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va (a member of his committee and the museum commission), one of the organizers of the Jewish art. exhibition (did not take place due to the closure of the society). He spent the years of the blockade in Leningrad, worked in a radio station.
PERELMAN Joseph Yakovlevich (1876, Taganrog - |), painter. He graduated from the course of the Odessa Drawing School (1897). Studied at the Academy of Arts. P.'s brushes belong to the paintings: "After supper", "Crimean and Kyrgyz types", "Caucasian landscape", portraits of VV Stasov, II, Mechnikov.
PERELMAN Lev Moiseevich (1890 - 1973, Moscow), railway engineer, specialist in the field of railway construction. Prof. 1951). Graduated from Tomsk Technol. Institute (1916). He worked on the building. d. in Siberia; ch. Ing. Turksib building (1926–31). Awarded hordes. Labor Red Banner (1931). From 1932 in Moscow, led scientific. work in the Research Institute of transport. pages (1941–73); taught, served as prof. Department of "Research, design and construction of railways" in the All-Union. correspondence inst. transport. tr. dedicated development of technology for the construction of subgrade and superstructure of the track, issues of mechanization of work during the laying of railway. e. Author of 85 prints. works, including textbooks for universities. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1966).
PERELMAN Mikhail Izrailevich (b. 1924, Minsk), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1964), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). He graduated in 1945 Yaroslavl honey. in-t, worked in Yaroslavl, Novosibirsk, Belov, Rybinsk, assistant of the departments of normal, topographic. anatomy, hospital surgery. Since 1954 at the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. Anatomy of the 1st MMI, then Assoc. Department of Tuberculosis TSIUVa on the course of pulmonary surgery. In 1956–62 hands. dep. surgery of a small circle of blood circulation Ying-that experiment. biology and medicine SB AS USSR. Since 1963 hands. dep. surgery of the lungs and mediastinum VNII klinich. and experiment. surgery of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, since 1981 head. Department of Phthisiopulmonology of the 1st MMI and scientific. hands. dep. thoracic surgery Vses. scientific. Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1965, consultant surgeon of the 4th Ch. Department of the Ministry of Health at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Osn. scientific. work dedicated. general, cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. In 1948 he was one of the first in the USSR to hold several. successful operations for patent ductus arteriosus. Member of the editorial board of “Mir. surgery "(USA) and a multivolume ed. "International trends in general chest surgery" (Europe-USA), gene. sec. Vses. about-va surgeons. State pr. USSR (1974). Etc. them. A.N. Bakulev (1976), them. N.I. Pirogov (1979), them. SI Spasokukotsky (1989) USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR Ministry of Health Ave. (1985). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1975) Vol .: Resection of the lungs for tuberculosis. Novosibirsk, 1962; Bronchial resection and plastic. M., 1966 (et al.); Tracheal surgery. M., 1976; Benign lung tumors. M., 1981 (et al.).
PERELMAN Mikhail Romanovich (b. 1923, Moscow), athlete (gymnastics). He played for the Armed Forces (Moscow). Champion Olympus. games (1952) in the team championship.
PERELMAN Natan Efimovich (1906, Zhitomir - 1993, Petersburg), pianist, teacher. Prof. (1957). In 1920–22 he studied at the Kiev cons. at G. G. Neuhaus, in 1925-30 - in Leningrad. cons. from L.V. Nikolaev. From 1928 he gave concerts in the USSR, as well as in Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia. From 1937 he taught at Leningrad. cons. (1977–79 Head of the Department of Specialized Physics). Diploma-recipient of the 2nd Intern. competition them. Chopin in Warsaw (1932). He performed in ans. with M.B. Polyakin. P. owned the transcriptions of the chorus "Dispersed, roamed" from op. "Boris Godunov" by MP Mussorgsky; plays "Flight of the Bumblebee" from op. "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" by N. Rimsky-Korsakov (both - 1932); waltz from op. "War and Peace" by S. S. Prokofiev (1957). The author of the book. “In the piano class: short reasoning” (L., 1971. 3rd ed. –1980).
PERELMAN Victor Borisovich (1929, Moscow - 2003, New Jersey, USA), writer, journalist, publisher. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute and Mosk. polygraph. Institute (Department of Journalism). The correspondent worked. to Mosk. radio, then was a gas feuilletonist. "Trud", special. correspondent and head. dep. "Lit. newspapers ". Since 1973 - in Israel. Founder (1975) and Ch. ed. zhurn. "Time and We". Since 1981 - in the USA, he continued to publish the magazine. Works: Theater of the Absurd. New York, 1984; Abandoned Russia. Journalist in a closed society. 2nd ed. New York, 1989.
PERELMAN Yakov Isidorovich (1882, Bialystok - 1942, Leningrad), popularizer of science. O. Dymov's brother. In 1899, gas. "Grodno Provincial Gazette" publ. his first scientific-popul. Art. about Halley's comet. In 1901 he entered the Lesnoy Institute (Petersburg), to-ry graduated in 1909. As a student, he began sotr. to petersburg. journal .; was responsible. sec. ed. zhurn. "Nature and People". In 1913 the first part of the book was published. "Entertaining physics". From then until the beginning. 2nd world. wars every year came out (published and reprinted) "entertaining" physics, algebra, arithmetic, geometry, mathematics, mechanics. In total P. has written more than 100 kn. and brochures. Ate, ed. "Entertaining Physics" carried out in 1995. Book. The books were published in the USSR 449 times with a total circulation of 13 million copies. and were translated into plural. lang. the world.
PERELMUTER Vadim Gershevich (b. 1943, Moscow), poet, translator, literary historian. In 1971 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. Published since 1966. First book. poems "Diary" was published in 1985, the second - "Poems" - in 1990. He translated Armenians., Latvian., Polish., Greek. poets. The author of Art. about the life and work of P.A. Vyazemsky, K.K. Sluchevsky, V.F. Khodasevich, A.S. Kochetkov, S.D. Krzhizhanovsky, S.V. Shervinsky, A.A. Shteinberg, about the translations of M. A. Voloshin, about Russian poets. abroad, about rice. writers and many others. others, published in periodicals and books. Thanks to tr. P. in the end. 1980s - early. 1990s "Returned" to Russian. literary forgotten writer Krzhizhanovsky, Vol. to-rogo will enter. essays P. were published in Russia, Germany and France. The result of many years of work was the book. about PA Vyazemsky "The Star of a Scattered Pleiad" (Moscow, 1993).
PERELSHTEIN Elkuno Avrumovich (b. 1939, Razdolnoye, Primorsky Territory), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1981), prof. (1985). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Lviv State un-that (1962). Since 1962 ml. scientific., Art. scientific. sotr., beginning. Sector Lab. nuclear problems JINR (Dubna). At the same time. since 1991 prof. MEPhI. Works dedicated. problems of collective acceleration of ions by electron rings, theoretical. and experiment. research beam dynamics. He proposed a new type of spectroscopic. ion source, a new type of free electron maser. Hands. accelerator part of the Taucharm-factory project at JINR. Member Amer. physical about-va (1993). Author of about 200 scientific. works and monograph "Collective acceleration of ions by electron rings" (Moscow, 1979, jointly with VP Sarantsev).
PEREMIL, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1196. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, approx. 30 Jews. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of P. were deported to Gorokhov and shot there.
PREMYSHL, a village, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1328. From 1776 - the district town of the Kaluga governorship, then - the province. Since 1925 it was a rural settlement. In 1896 21 Jews lived in P., 14 in the district, 2 in P. in 1910, and 7 in 1939. In 1913, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in P.
PREMYSHLYANY, city (since 1939), regional center in Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1437. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1865, 2,200 Jews lived in P., in 1880 - 2,262 (61.9%), in 1890 - 2706 (63.3% ), in 1900 - 2934 (61.8%), in 1910 - 2838 (57.2%), in 1921 - 2051 (50.1%), in 1931 - 2322 Jews. about the Jews, P. refers to 1581. Among the disciples of I. Baal Shem Tov were two immigrants from P. - Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Menachem Mendel. In 1842 a Jewish hospital was opened in P. In 1875, the first "Colonization Society" in Galicia arose in Poland, the purpose of which was to facilitate the resettlement of Jews to E.-I. Main occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts (shoe, leather). Shmaya Steinberg (1865–1941) was the rabbi of P. since 1890. In 1850 Zvi-Hirsch Frenkel (? –1856) founded a Hasidic court in P. The dynasty was continued by his son Yisroel-Arie-Leib (1830-1891), in the beginning. 20th century the dynasty was headed by the son of the latter Elimelech (1880-1915). In the beginning. 20th century the Hasidic court of Israel-Arie Margaliot (1892–1965, London) operated in Poland. In 1917, the Hasidic court in P. was founded by Dovid Titelboim (1890–1942). In 1902, the Zionist organization Zion was created in P.. Since 1907, the Ha-Tikva school operated. In 1916, 11 Jews were deported from Poland to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, newspapers were published in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1925, a mutual credit society was created, in 1929 - a mutual assistance fund. In the 1930s. the school of the Tarbut network worked. Sep 1939 Wehrmacht units entered Poland. Through several. days P. were transferred under the control of the Red Army. Before departure, 20 Sept. 1939, germ. the authorities arrested approx. 600 Jews, 21 Sept. they were shot on the bank of the river. San. 1 July 1941 P. was again occupied by the Wehrmacht. Through several. days approx. 10 Jews were burnt in the synagogue. In July 1941, a Judenrat headed by Yitzkhok Leivand was created in P. 5 nov. 1941 was shot ca. 400 disabled Jews, in May 1942 - more than 100 Jews. 6 nov. 1942 approx. 2,500 Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, ca. 60 typhus patients were shot on the spot. In the end. nov. 1942 Jews from Glinyan, Svirzh and others around us were deported to P. points. From Dec. 1942 There was a ghetto in P. (approx. 3 thousand Jews), liquidated on May 22, 1943, when more than 2 thousand Jews were shot. Remained a labor camp, created in the late. 1942 (about 50 people). On June 28, 1943, he was also eliminated. After liberation on July 20, 1944, several returned to P. Dozens of Jews. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population. In P., born: Zeev (Sigmund) Goering (1910–1988, Tel Aviv), politician. activist, dep. several Zionist congresses, since 1940 - in E.-I., dep. The 7th Knesset from Mapai; Elena Deutsch (1884–?), Psychoanalyst, in mid. 1920s founded in Vienna in-t for teaching psychoanalysis, since 1935 - in the USA, the author of the book. "Women's Psychology"; Tatyana Abramovna Leibel (b. 1946), dancer, honored art. RSFSR, since 1990 - in Israel; Shlomo Perelstein (1902-1979, Tel Aviv), politician. activist, since 1934 - in E.-I., dep. The Knesset of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th convocations from the Liberal Party; Moshe Ziffer (1902–?), Israeli sculptor, participant of pl. exhibitions in diff. countries, laureate of several. prizes; Moses (Moishe) Schorr (1874-1941), historian, Ph.D. (1898), prof. (1915) Lviv University, since 1923 - rabbi of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, Che. Academy of Sciences of Poland (1928), in 1935–38 - dep. Polsk. Diet; Itskhok Erter (1792-1852), poet, wrote in ancient Hebrew.
PEREORKI, a village in the Vinnitsa region of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in July 1941, P. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941, 2 Jews were killed in P.
Overgrowth, a village in the Belogorsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
Pererov, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. In Minsk province, 111 Jews (11.3%) lived in Poland in 1897. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Aug 18 1941 approx. P. 484 shot Jews of Turov were buried, in Sept. 1943 - 10 more Jews.
PERRVA, now part of Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Moskovsky u. and lips. In the 1920s. - the workers' settlement of Perervinskaya. In 1926, 3 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 123 Jews.
PEREVINSKAYA, see Pererva.
CROSSECHINA (until 1991 - Peresechino), a village in Orhei district (Republic of Moldova). Izv. from 912. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1930, 241 Jews lived in P.. 20th century a Zionist circle functioned in P. in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust. Isaac Izrailevich Ancher (1899-1990, Malakoff, France), French. artist, since 1920 - in France.
CROSSED, see Peresechin.
PERESECHNAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Dergachevsky district of Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1640. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in P.
PESHCHEPINO, urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1764. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. haberdashery and manufactory shops, in 1914 - a mill, an oil mill, an agricultural warehouse. guns. There was a synagogue in P. In 1941–42 Jews were kept in a prisoner of war camp in P. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in P.. G.Z.Mats.
Pereslavichi, a village in the Ivanichevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1583. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in P. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PERESLAVL, see Pereslavl-Zalessky.
PERESLAVL-ZALESSKY, city, center of Pereslavl district, Yaroslavl region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1152. From 1778 - the district town of Pereslavl of the Vladimir governorship, then - the province. In 1896 in P.-Z. 21 Jews lived in the county, 14 in the district, in 1904 in P.-Z. - 50, in 1926 - 20, in 1939 - 48, in 2002 - 21 Jews. In 1911 Jews in P.-Z. owned both hairdressers, 1 of 2 watch shops, a grocery store, 1 of 2 jewelry stores, and 1 of 3 gramophone stores.
PERESPA, a village in the Rozhischensky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1804 18 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 38 Jews. The Jews of P. owned a mill, a soap factory, several. bargain. shops.
PERESVET, a city (since 2000) in the Sergiev-Posad district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 2002, 11 Jews lived in P.
PEPPER Itskhok-Leibush (1852, Zamosc, Lublin province - 1915, Warsaw), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First. verse, in Hebrew. publ. in 1875. Published in periodicals. ed. Studied law, in tech. He practiced as a lawyer for 10 years. In 1888 on Saturday. Sholem Aleichem "Yiddish Folks Libraries" publ. the first Yiddish poem "Monish". In 1890 the first Saturday came out. stories by P. "Bekante builder" ("Familiar pictures"). In tech. For 25 years he worked as a clerk in the Warsaw Jewish community. He was fond of Russian ideas. populism. He founded the collection “Di Yiddish Libraries” and “Yomtov Bletlekh”. In the 1890s. created his best works. - stories "Bonche the Silent", "Tzadik's Hat", "Devout Cat", "Family Happiness", etc. In August. 1899 P., together with M.Spektor, was arrested for illegal performances. slave. meetings with socialist propaganda. ideas and sentenced to 2 months. prisons. In the founded P. weekly. "Der yud" publ. a number of his Hasidic stories, which laid the foundation for the cycle "Folkstimlehe geshikhtes" ("People's stories"). In the same years, he created a large number of verses, for children, lyric. verse., dram. manuf. The author of the plays: "Bainakht oifn altn mark" ("At night in the old market", 1907), "In polish oif der keit" ("On the chain of repentance", 1908), "Di golden keit" ("Golden chain", 1906) , one-act plays from the life of the inhabitants of the mountains. "Bottom": "Champagne", "Morning", "Sisters", "Behind the Door", "On the Boulevard", etc. He organized dramas, circles, which staged performances based on his plays. P. was hand. conf. by language Yiddish in Chernivtsi (1908), pre. Jewish lit. about-va in Warsaw, and after its prohibition founded the club "Gazomir". After the beginning. 1st world. War led active societies, activities, organizing assistance to Jewish refugees. In 1911-14 in Moscow, a collection was published. op. P. in rus. lang. in 4 volumes. In 1915-16 - Poly. collection op. in Yiddish in 18 volumes (New York-Vilna).
PERETZ Abram Izrailevich (c. 1770, Lubartov, Poland - after 1833, Petersburg), public figure, banker. Commerce Counselor (1801). The son of a rabbi. At the age of 16, he married the daughter of I. Zeitlin. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, a cut supplemented by studying the language. In the beginning. 1790 with the help of G.A. Potemkin he moved to Petersburg. In 1803 he accepted Lutheranism. Represented bargaining and finance. interests of Zeitlin. One of the first "Maskilim" in Russia. Was close to M.M. Speransky and E.F. Kankrin. Participated in the meetings of the Jewish Committee. P. played a prominent role in finance. reform of Speransky 1810-12. During the war of 1812, he invested all his fortune in the supply of food to the Russian. army. The treasury delayed payments, and P. was forced to declare himself bankrupt. P.'s son - Alexander (1812–1872), mining engineer, in 1861–66 early. headquarters of the Corps of Mining Engineers.
PERETZ Adolf Semenovich (1855, Kalisz - |), banker, public figure. Founder of a banking house in Warsaw (1883). From 1885 ed. the only one in Poland financial-economic. gas. - “Lo-Zovan Newspaper”. Comp. into gas. "Israelite" (since 1873), "Gazeta Handlova".
PERETZ Yegor Abramovich (1833, Petersburg - 1899, ibid.), Statesman. A valid privy councilor. Son of A.I. Peretz, brother of G.A. Peretz. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. From 1855 he served in the Second Branch of Own. his imp. the majesty of the office. In the end. 1850s close to the circle of the so-called. "Liberal bureaucrats" (Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, DA Milyutin and others), to-rye highly appreciated the knowledge and efficiency of P. An active participant in the preparation of the court. reforms of 1864. In 1862 he was sent to Zap. Europe for the study of criminal proceedings, upon his return, he prepared a draft “Charter on punishments imposed by magistrates” (approved by Alexander II, entered into force in the middle of the 1860s). Later P. participated in the preparation and implementation of the reform of the bodies of the mountains. self-government (1870) and military. reforms of the 1860s – 70s. In 1871 the secretary of state was appointed. State advice. In 1878–83 - state. secretary, then part. State advice. In the 1880s and 90s. - member To-that of charity merited. citizen officials at Own. his imp. majesties of the office and before. Look after. Council of the Department of Institutions imp. Maria Feodorovna, in charge of philanthropists, institutions and wives. uch. institutions. P.'s "Diary" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), covering the period 1880–83, is a valuable source on the history of int. Russian politics early. 1880s
PERETZ Grigory (Girsh) Abramovich (1788, Dubrovka, Mogilev province. - 1855, Odessa), Decembrist. Son of A.I., Peretz, brother of E.A. Peretz. Received education at home. In 1801 he was enrolled in the service, in the office of the state. treasurer. In 1803 he accepted Lutheranism with his father. In 1809 he served in the Expedition of the state. income, in 1813 sent to the office of the Prince. A.B. Kurakina, created to fight the plague in the Novorossiysk Territory, then retired. Until 1817 he lived in the south, then returned to St. Petersburg. In 1818 he entered the office of St. Petersburg. military. General-Governor MA Miloradovich, where he met FN Glinka, joined the "Union of Welfare", in 1819 or 1820, together with Glinka, created a samost. secret society (the so-called Glinka-Peretz Society). Supporter of the constitution. monarchy, called for "the liberation of the Jews scattered across Russia and even across Europe, and their settlement in the Crimea or even in the East as a separate people." The question of P.'s membership in the North. about-ve Decembrists caused controversy, however, P. knew about its existence and plans. At P.'s suggestion, the Hebrew word "herus" ("freedom") was chosen as a password. On the eve of the uprising 14.12. 1825 P. asked to warn Miloradovich about possible "indignation" on the day of the oath to Nikolai. Arrested on 21.02. 1826, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in August. on the highest order, he was exiled under police supervision to Perm, in August. 1827 transferred to Ust-Sysolsk, in July 1839 - to Vologda, served in the order of societies. charity. In 1843 - an official for special assignments at the Vologda governor, from 1844 member lips. board. In 1845 he retired and soon moved to Odessa.
PERETZ Leopold Genrikhovich (1891, Yekaterinburg - 1961, Moscow), microbiologist. Prof. (1932). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Tomsk University (1919). Head Department of Microbiology in Leningrad. sanitary-hygienic in-those (1932–36), in the 2nd LMI (1936–39), in the Sverdlovsk honey. in-those (1942–52). At the same time. from 1943 - hands. experimental dep. and deputy. dir. by scientific. part of the Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Created by Sov. school research. microflora of the human body. Described the composition of the microflora of the open cavities of the human body in health and disease. To normalize the intestinal microflora, he proposed colibacterin (1930). Cit .: The value of normal microflora for the human body. M., 1955.
PEREVALSK (until 1924 - the settlement of Seleznevsky Mine, in 1924–38 - the mine named after the Paris Commune, in 1938–63 - the working settlement of Paris Commune), a city (since 1964), a regional center in the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1896 in the Slavyanoserbsky district. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 109 Jews lived in P. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population.
PERVOLOCHNA, see.
PEREVOLOCHNAYA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Perevolochna, Priluksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 13 Jewish households in P.
PERVOZ, city (since 2000), regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 17th century like Piansky Perevoz. Since 1779 - the county town of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship. In the 19th century. - the provincial town of Knyagininsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In the beginning. 20th century - a village. In 1939, 1 Jew lived in P., in 2002 - 1 Jew.
Pereyaslav, see Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky.
Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky (until 1943 - Pereyaslav), a city, a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 906.Since 1569 - as part of the Commonwealth. From 1654 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of Pereyaslavl (other name - Pereyaslav) of Poltava province. In 1801 in P.-Kh. 66 Jews lived, in 1847 - 1519, in 1859 - 3363, in 1873 - 5072, in 1897 - 5754 (39.3%), in 1910 - 7601, in 1913 - 7380 (38.6%), in 1920 - 4859 , in 1923 - 4301, in 1926 - 3590, in 1939 - 937 Jews (11.3%). Jews lived in P.-Kh. from the 17th century In 1620 Polish. the king received complaints from the townspeople about the large number of Jews in the city and their active participation in trade. The Jews were deprived of the right to engage in taxation, to keep breweries, malt houses and distilleries. In 1623 an agreement was concluded between the magistrate and the elders of the Jews, according to which the Jews could use all the mountains. rights and freedoms on a par with the bourgeois. During the pogroms of 1648, the Jewish community of P.-Kh. was destroyed one of the first. In 1855, among the Jews P.-Kh. there were 3 merchants of the 2nd guild, 209 merchants of the 3rd guild, 972 tradesmen. In 1859 in P.-H. 5 synagogues operated, including Hasidic, Jewish schools. June 30 and July 2, 1881 in P.-Kh. pogroms took place. In 1887 the rabbi in P.-H. was Joseph Katkovsky (1841 -?). In 1900 in P.-H. In 1905 there was a pogrom, during which Jewish shops were destroyed. From 25 Sept. 1905 to 10 Apr. 1906 in P.-H. worked as a temporary committee to provide assistance to the affected Jews. In 1910 in P.-H. there were 8 synagogues, one-class synagogue. husband. private Jewish school, Talmud-Torah, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 the Handicraft and Small-Trade Jewish Loan and Savings Bank functioned. t-va. In 1913, a society of benefits to poor Jews, an almshouse, and an overnight shelter at the synagogue operated. In 1914 the Jews owned a shipping company, both pharmacies, 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, both confectionery, bakery, and unity. a tea room, both photographic workshops, both watch workshops, 126 shops and stores in P. (including 39 grocery stores, all 29 jewelry stores, a single jewelry store). July 15-19, 1919 in P.-H. there was a pogrom, staged by the gang of Ataman Zeleny, 7 Aug. 1919 a pogrom was perpetrated by the gang of Ataman Lopatkin. In the same year, a pogrom in P.-Kh. organized units of the Volunteer Army. In 1922, under the Jewish community of P.-Kh. was created to help the starving. In 1924 in P.-H. was closed last. header. In 1925 in the "Collective im. Lenin "in the Kherson env. 5 families moved from P.-Kh. In the 1920s. in P.-H. schools with teaching in Yiddish operated. The rabbi was Yehoshua-Zelig Diskin. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left P.-X. 17 Sept. 1941 P.-H. occupied germ. troops. Some of the Jews managed to evacuate. 4 oct. 1941 Jews remaining in the occupation (537 people) were shot. In 1991 in P.-Kh. the Society of Jewish Culture was created (located in the building of the former synagogue). genus: H.-G. Rapoport, D. L. Sigalov, D. A. Chernyakhovsky, Sholem Aleichem; Moisey Solomonovich Altshuler (b. 1922), sculptor, author of pl. works, participant pl. exhibitions, author of monuments in decomp. cities of the USSR; Itskhak Kaganov (1881–?), Society. activist, in 1918 - before. Zionist histadrut of Ukraine, from 1921 - in Poland, before. associations of refugees from Russia and Ukraine, since 1932 - in E.-I .; Rebekah Izrailevna Lepskaya (1885-1971), therapist, prof. (1930), Dr. med. Sciences (1935), the author of St. 50 scientific. works, including 4 monographs, obl. scientific. interests - issues of functional diagnostics of liver diseases, kidney pathology, metabolic diseases, vitamins, honored. active science of TASSR.
PEREYASLAVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1962), center of the district im. Lazo of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, there were 8 Jews living in P. In 2002, there was a Jewish population in P..
Pereyaslavl, see Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky.
Pereyaslavskoe, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 13 (out of 38) Jewish households in P.
PEREYASLOVKA, a village in the Nezhinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernigov province. 20th century in P. lived apprx. 30 Jews. In 1917, a pogrom took place in P., organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army, during which 3 Jewish shops and Jewish houses were plundered, several. people were injured.
REIMA, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both manufacturing shops in P.
PERGA, a village in the Olevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 65 Jews (13.4%) lived in P.
PERGAMENT Mikhail Yakovlevich (1866, Feodosia, Tauride province - 1932, Leningrad), lawyer. Prof. (1900). Brother of O. Ya. Pergament. In 1890 he graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa), studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. In 1900–06 he taught civil. law in Yuryevsky University, in 1906-11 - in St. Petersburg. un-those .. Since 1912 the dean and prof. jurid. Faculty of Higher Education wives courses in St. Petersburg.
PARGEMENT Osip Yakovlevich (1868, Feodosia, Tauride Gubernia - 1909, Petersburg), lawyer, public figure. Brother of M.Ya. Pergament. In 1891 he graduated from mat. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa), taught mathematics at the gymnasium, the author of a number of popul. essays on physics. In student. years he adopted Orthodoxy. In the beginning. 1890s became interested in jurisprudence, in 1894 he passed the exam at jurid. state commission and entered the legal profession. He acted as a defender in polit. processes, wrote a number of works on civil. and bargaining. rightly, was the vowel of the Odessa mountains. thoughts, before. Council of jury attorneys Odessa court. districts. In 1907, dep. 2nd State Duma from Odessa. After its dispersal, a dep. 3rd State Duma from the 1st curia of Odessa. In the 2nd State. The Duma supported the struggle of the Jewish Deputies for changing the government formula, the bill providing for the abolition of all religious restrictions "except for Jewish". In Art. and speeches proved that the improvement of int. life in Russia “is impossible without simultaneously. liberation of the Jews from the lawlessness gravitating over them. ”Cit .: The Jewish Question and the Renewal of Russia. In collection: "Zarnitsy", t. 1. SPb., 1908; Order of the State. Duma (based on the works of the 2nd State Duma) with explanations. SPb., 1907 (with V.A. Maklakov).
PERGAMENT Ruvim Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1906, Petrozavodsk - 1965, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1920–26 he studied at Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons. by class violins by S.P. Korguev and E.E. Kruger. I took computer lessons. from R.I. Mervolf. In 1926–34 - violinist, conductor, head. muses. part and comp. Petrozavodsk Drama Theater. In 1939–48 (with a break) before. Board of the Union comp. Karelo-Finnish SSR. P. - the author of the first Karelian op. "Kumokha". In his works. P. used Karelian, Finnish, Vepsian nar. melodies, including in vocals-symph. poem "Aino" based on "Kalevala" for 2 soloists with symphony. orc. (1936). Among other op. - "Song of the Falcon" for soloists, choir and orc. (after M. Gorky, 1942), oratorio (with a reader) "The Found Happiness" (1952), op. for orc. - "Karelian Suite" (1938), "Karelian Overture" (1945), rhapsodies - "Kirghiz" (1943) and "Vepsian" (1953), Concert and Variations in Fin. theme for violin and orc. (1948), pieces for orc. and ans. kantele, Songs of Zaonezhie, chamber-instructor. ans., Fantasy for strings. quartet with fp. (1950), choirs, romances, songs, arrangements by nat. melodies, music to dramas. performances. Nar. art. Karelian. ASSR (1959).
PERGAMENTSHIKOV Boris Mironovich (1948, Leningrad - 2004, Berlin), cellist. Graduated from Leningrad. horse, cl. E.G. Fishman (1971). 1st Ave Vses. competition of musicians-performers, Moscow, 1969; 1st pr. Mezhdunar. contests - "Prague Spring", Prague, 1970 and 5th named. PI Tchaikovsky, Moscow, 1974.Since 1977 in Germany.
PERHAMET Moshe (1893, Helsingfors - |), composer. He studied in St. Petersburg. Lived in Sweden, performed as a virtuoso violinist. In addition to the modern. music infused with Swede. motives, wrote synagogue music in the style of nar. Jewish melos of the East. Europe. Author of the rhapsody "The Jewess", the oratorio "Jewish Songs", chamber op. on the plots of TANAKH, fp. and a violinist. manuf. He wrote music-critical. articles.
PERI Eliezer (1894, Petersburg - |), public figure. Graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in Petrograd (1917). Since 1921 - in E.-I. Gene. dir. Nat. lived. corporation "Amidar", before. gas board. "Davar". Member of the mountains. council, deputy. Mayor of Tel Aviv (1944–48). In 1948-50 in the Ministry of Defense of Israel. Prev Amer-Israeli Cult Foundation; member Board of Governors of the Jewish University in Jerusalem; member council dir. t-ra "Habima". Affairs. Worldwide Zionist. congresses.
PERL (Almazov) Shloyme (1889, Rovno Volyn province - |), publicist. Published in Russian. gas. "South-West. Volyn ". Since 1913 - in Canada. In 1921 he graduated from un-t, taught English. lang., worked in Jewish schools. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Canada and the USA, ed. zhurn. "Naye Lebn", in which he spoke with a publicist. Art. (1931–39). Wrote under different. ps. stories, essays, reports, poetry, took an active part in the society. - polit. life. In 1930 he released the book. essays "Iber America" ​​("America"), brochures about the USSR, Birobidzhan, the fight against fascism, etc. Author of collection of publicistic. works: "Di untererdishe Milhome in Eirope" ("Underground War in Europe", 1943), "Dos Worth Tsum Folk" ("Word to the People", 1947). Per. from English lang. a number of works in Yiddish. hands. communist. movement in America.
PERLE Yegusha (1888, Radom - 1943, Birkenau), writer. Studied at cheder, then graduated from a 4-grade Polish gymnasium. In 1905 he left for Warsaw. He wrote his first poems in Russian. lang. In 1908 publ. essay in Sat. Der Naer Geist, ed. N. Prilutsky. Rum. P. "Mirl" came out in 1920 at the same time. in Yiddish and Hebrew. The author of the book. Unter der Zun (Under the Sun, 1920), Inland der Weissl (In the Vistula Country, 1921), Zind (Sins, 1923), Nain Azeiger Inderfree (At nine o'clock in the morning ", 1930)," Idn fun and gants yor "(" Ordinary Jews ", 1935) and others. Per. in Yiddish manuf. Y. Korchak, V. Shereshevsky, O. Svendsen and others. 2nd world. war fled to Lviv and until 1941 was before. branches of the Union of Writers of the Ukrainian SSR. In Kiev publ. ch. pov. "Highway" (from the life of Jewish refugees). When the Germans occupied Lvov, he secretly returned to Warsaw and until 1942 worked in a ghetto in a sewing workshop, continuing to write. In oct. 1943 was deported to Birkenau. Part of production P., written in the Warsaw ghetto, including rum. "Undzer orem broit" ("Our poor bread") - a chronicle of the occupation of Warsaw - was discovered in the archives of the historian I. Ringelblum.
PERLMAN Jeruham-Judah-Leib (c. 1835, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1896, Minsk), rabbi. From 1883 - rabbi in Minsk. Author tr. with commentaries on the Talmud.
PERLMAN Osher (1895, Warsaw - |), politician, publicist. Until the end. 1920s was a member. leadership "Folksparty" in Warsaw, later a communist activist. movement, ch. arr. in Gezerd. In 1934, he supervised the dispatch of Polish Jews to Birobidzhan, in the same year he released the book. "Birobidzhan" - impressions of a trip to the USSR. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed., in 1935–37 he lived in Moscow, sotr. gas. "Der emes". In the end. 1930s was repressed, pl. years was in the camps. P.'s fate after his release is unknown.
PERLOI, see Perloe.
PERLOV Itskhok (1911, Byalo-Podlask, Petrokovskaya province - 1980, New York), writer, playwright. He studied at the yeshiva and gymnasium. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he lived in Minsk, then in Warsaw, since 1940 - in the USSR, in 1946 he returned to Poland. For some time he was in refugee camps in Germany. In 1949–61 - in Israel. Since 1961 - in the USA. First verse, publ. in 1928 in Warsaw weekly. "Literary Bleter". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. The author of the book: "Utergang" ("Sunset", 1932), "Variety Leader" ("Variety Poems", 1934), "Unzer regnbeign" ("Our rainbow", 1948), "Unzer face hame" ("Our solar eclipse ", 1939). Author of rum. Di menchn fun Exodus (People of the Exodus, 1949), Der Tsurikgekumener (Returned, 1952); Jebelia (1955), Flora Ingber, Meine Zibn Gute Yor (My Good Seven Years, both 1959), and also Sat. stories and plays. In pre-war. Poland was supplied with dram, manuf. P. "Goldene Zangen" ("Golden Spikes", 1938), "Abi men zet zikh" ("Just to see"), "Blinde Pasazhirn" ("Blind Passengers", both - 1939). Translated rum into Yiddish. BL Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (Tel Aviv, 1959).
PERLOVKA, now part of the city of Mytischi, Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1920s and 30s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 486 Jews lived in P. In the 1930s. a Jewish cemetery was founded in P. In the 1930s – 60s. a minyan operated in a private house.
PERLOYA, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Perloi Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91, in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, several people lived in P. dozens of Jewish families, in 1921 - 6 Jewish families. 20th century in P. there was a synagogue and melamed. Main the occupations of the Jews were fishing and s. x-in. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews left P. After 1918, 6 Jewish families returned to P. June 1941 P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the autumn of 1941 the Jews of P. were shot by Lithuanian policemen.
PERLZWEIG William-Alexander (1891, Ostrog, Volyn province - 1952, USA), biochemist. Since 1906 - in the USA. He worked in Ying-those honey. research Rockefeller. In 1917 he entered the army. Since 1930 - prof. biochemistry and dietetics in Med. high school un-that Duke in Durham (North Carolina). Author of works on vitamins and clinics. chemistry.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПЕРМЬ (в 1940–57 – Молотов), город (с 1781), центр Пермской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 17 в. как с. Брюханово. С 1723 – поселок при Ягошихинском медеплавильном з-де, с 1781 – г. Пермь, центр Пермского наместничества, с 1796 – губ. С 1938 – областной центр.В 1859 в П. проживало 177 евреев (0,8%), в 1861 – 194 (1,5%), в 1881 – ок. 500, в 1897 – 942 (2%), в 1910 – 1638 (2,6%), в 1923 – 2664 (3,9%), в 1926 – 2952 (2,4%), в 1939 – 2981, в 1959 – ок. 8800 (1,4%), в 1970 – 6451 (0,8%), в 1979 – 5693 (0,6%), в 1989 – ок. 4900 (ок. 0,5%), в 2002 – 2218 евреев.Первыми евреями в П. в нач. 19 в. были ссыльные контрабандисты и фальшивомонетчики из зап. губерний Рос. империи. Большинство из них после окончания срока ссылки покидали город. В 1826 в П. был сослан Г.А.Перетц. Временно в П. проживали евреи-купцы 1-й и 2-й гильдий, участвовавшие в Ирбитской ярмарке.С 1827, после введения воинской повинности для евреев, в школы кантонистов в П. стали направлять еврейских детей. В 1839 в П. отбывали службу 268 евреев-кантонистов, в 1843 – 656. Оставшиеся после службы евреи-кантонисты положили начало постоянному еврейскому населению П. В нач. 1840-х гг. в П. жил Александр (Израиль) Бланк, дед В.И.Ленина.В 1840-х гг. на месте захоронений кантонистов возникло еврейское кладбище. С 1863 в П. был раввин. В 1865 в П. имелась синагога, в 1881 – 2 синагоги. В 1869 имелся хедер. До 1890 и после 1902 в адрес-календарях П. ежегодно публиковался еврейский календарь. В 1890 считали идиш родным языком 86,5% евреев П.В 1877–86 первым казенным раввином в П. был Рабинович (?–1886), в 1886–88 – Абрам Янкелевич Маз (1851–?), с 1892 – инж.-химик Симон Исаакович Друсвятский. В 1893–1910 раввином П. был Леон Рафаилович Линдербратен (1855–1910). В 1903 в П. была построена каменная синагога.Евреи П. активно участвовали в экономич. и культурной жизни города. Зелик Эпфельбаум основал в 1850 старейший в П. торг. дом готового платья, суконных и меховых товаров; купец 1-й гильдии Калман Наумович Либерман был управляющим регион. отд-ния «Банка для внешней торговли», владел магазинами табачных изделий и строит. материалов; С.И.Либерман являлся дир. лесопром. об-ва; инж.-путеец Юлиан Бак был строителем ж. д. Пермь – Котлас. С 1882 в П. работала врач М.Я.Бруштейн. В оп. т-ре выступали певцы Е.В.Соболь (Левос-Соболь), Я.З.Блехер, Т.А.Корельштейн (Корсаков). Пом. дир. оп. т-ра был Мордехай Галинкин, будущий основатель Израильской оперы. В П. начал свою деятельность скрипач и дирижер Арий Казовский. В кон. 19 в. гл. архитектором губернии был Н.М.Зелях. В 1886 Э.В.Циммерман основал муж. частную школу (с 1903 – прогимназия, с 1909 – гимназия).В 1903 в П. действовала сионистская орг-ция. В 1910 работало об-во пособия бедным евреям. В том же году в П. было открыто двухклассное еврейское уч-ще (170 уч-ся), дир. к-рого в 1911–15 был Арон Бенционович Левин. Имелись еврейская б-ка, дом престарелых, хевра кадиша, отд-ние ОПЕ, действовало Об-во помощи нуждающимся евреям (рук. – В. Вольфсон).Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет евреев, высланных из прифронтовых р-нов, и беженцев из зап. губерний России. Для них был открыт дет. очаг, в 1915 – хедер, вечерняя школа.В 1917 из 34 пр-тий П. 5 принадлежали евреям (2 граверные мастерские, кирпичный и мыловаренный з-ды, плакатная ф-ка). В сент. 1917 Абрам Лейн и Мордхе Соколовский открыли первый в П. к/тр «Триумф». Был создан еврейский рабочий клуб, при к-ром работали б-ка и драматич. кружок, открыт спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В П. действовала касса взаимопомощи «Гмилус-Хесэд». Община выдвинула двух кандидатов в гор. думу (Б.Е.Кауфмана и В.Вольфсона). Обществ. раввином в П. в это время был А.Б.Левин.В 1917 в П. действовали орг-ция Бунда и отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В рев. событиях 1917 активно участвовали В.Гинзбург, Р.С.Землячка, Б.Кун, Я.М.Свердлов, А.Шотман.В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. работали еврейская нач. школа, дет. дом, б-ка, уч.-показат. мастерские, еврейский нар. т-р (все закрыты в 1930-х гг.). В 1926 действовали отд-ния «Ге-Халуц» и «Ге-Халуц га-Цаир», в 1928 – еврейский лит.-драматич. кружок (162 чел.), дет. сад. В 1928 было реквизировано здание синагоги. В 1920-х гг. П. – место ссылки сионистов.В годы 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет работников эвакуир. пр-тий и беженцев из Польши, центр. и зап. р-нов СССР. В 1940-х гг. в П. действовало неск. миньянов, один из к-рых возглавлял раввин Элиэзер-Дон Шустер.В кон. 1940-х гг. в П. действовали 2 синагоги. Раввином был Н.И.Хейфец. В 1950–80-х гг. в частном доме собирался миньян. При общине имелся шохет.В 1988 в П. был создан еврейский культурный центр «Менора» (рук. – Броха и Арон-Меир Бурштейны). С 1989 начали работать Нар. еврейский т-р, благотворит. об-во, еврейская б-ка, отд-ние «Маккаби», жен. орг-ция «Хава», с 1991 – воскресная школа (первый дир. – С.С.Климовицкий), с 1990-х гг. – танц. коллектив «Авив».В 1989–94 из П. в Израиль, США, Германию выехало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В 1992 общине П. было возвращено здание синагоги. В 1993 начала выходить газ. «Йом-Йом». В сер. 1990-х гг. раввин П. – Давид Вайс (р. 1942, Братислава), затем – Шмуэль Корень. В кон. 1990-х гг. была создана Пермская регион. нац.-культурная автономия (пред. – Э.З.Кисельгоф). С мая 1999 действует благотворит. центр «Хесэд Кохав». Выходят газ. «Хавер» и «Симха».С 2001 раввин П. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман Дайч (р. 1974, Иерусалим). С 2003 работают еврейская школа, дет. сад и ясли, действуют жен. клуб «Хая-Мушка», молодежный клуб и клуб для пенсионеров, издается газ. «Кэшэр».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: Г.Б.Бархин, З.Н. Доссер, В.С. Крылов, Б.П.Кушелевский, Б.А.Наравцевич, А.М.Пазовский, Г.Л.Пермяков, М.А.Швейцер; Борис Львович Губман (р. 1951), д-р филос. наук, проф., автор книг по философии, религии и культуре; Григорий Израилевич Гуревич (1905–1977, Ленинград), режиссер, педагог, режиссер-постановщик спектаклей в ряде т-ров, засл. деят. искусств РСФСР (1957); Борис Давидович Зислин (р. 1928), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1971), автор ок. 100 науч. работ; Моисей Абрамович Иофис (р. 1924), специалист в обл. горной геомеханики, д-р техн. наук (1989), проф. (1991), брат Н.А.Иофиса, автор ок. 200 науч. работ, в т. ч. 12 моногр., с 1995 – вице-през. Союза маркшейдеров России, Пр. СМ СССР (1984), полный кавалер знака «Шахтерская слава»; Борис Вениаминович Иоффе (1921–1977, Ленинград), химик-органик, педагог, д-р хим. наук (1963), проф., созд. лаб. газ. хроматографии, осн. иссл. в обл. экологич. и органич. химии атмосферы, автор более 300 науч. статей и монографий; Лев Ильич Левин (1911–?), лит. критик, чл. СП СССР с 1934; Абрам Моисеевич Наравцевич (1904–1951, Свердловск), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1944), проф. (1945), с 1946 – зав. кафедрой Свердловского мед. ин-та; Марк Соломонович Шульман (1900–1971, Свердловск), врач-онколог, д-р мед. наук (1949), автор 50 науч. работ.В П. жили и работали: А.С.Безикович, Л.Е. Кертман, Г.М.Комиссаржевский, И.М.Лапицкий, М.А.Лурье, Д.М.Манский, А.Э.Маргулян, Я.Д.Тамаркин, М.М.Харитонов, С.С.Штейнберг, Е.М.Ярославский.А.Баргтейл, pronunciation=ПЕРМЬ (в 1940–57 – Молотов), город (с 1781), центр Пермской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 17 в. как с. Брюханово. С 1723 – поселок при Ягошихинском медеплавильном з-де, с 1781 – г. Пермь, центр Пермского наместничества, с 1796 – губ. С 1938 – областной центр.В 1859 в П. проживало 177 евреев (0,8%), в 1861 – 194 (1,5%), в 1881 – ок. 500, в 1897 – 942 (2%), в 1910 – 1638 (2,6%), в 1923 – 2664 (3,9%), в 1926 – 2952 (2,4%), в 1939 – 2981, в 1959 – ок. 8800 (1,4%), в 1970 – 6451 (0,8%), в 1979 – 5693 (0,6%), в 1989 – ок. 4900 (ок. 0,5%), в 2002 – 2218 евреев.Первыми евреями в П. в нач. 19 в. были ссыльные контрабандисты и фальшивомонетчики из зап. губерний Рос. империи. Большинство из них после окончания срока ссылки покидали город. В 1826 в П. был сослан Г.А.Перетц. Временно в П. проживали евреи-купцы 1-й и 2-й гильдий, участвовавшие в Ирбитской ярмарке.С 1827, после введения воинской повинности для евреев, в школы кантонистов в П. стали направлять еврейских детей. В 1839 в П. отбывали службу 268 евреев-кантонистов, в 1843 – 656. Оставшиеся после службы евреи-кантонисты положили начало постоянному еврейскому населению П. В нач. 1840-х гг. в П. жил Александр (Израиль) Бланк, дед В.И.Ленина.В 1840-х гг. на месте захоронений кантонистов возникло еврейское кладбище. С 1863 в П. был раввин. В 1865 в П. имелась синагога, в 1881 – 2 синагоги. В 1869 имелся хедер. До 1890 и после 1902 в адрес-календарях П. ежегодно публиковался еврейский календарь. В 1890 считали идиш родным языком 86,5% евреев П.В 1877–86 первым казенным раввином в П. был Рабинович (?–1886), в 1886–88 – Абрам Янкелевич Маз (1851–?), с 1892 – инж.-химик Симон Исаакович Друсвятский. В 1893–1910 раввином П. был Леон Рафаилович Линдербратен (1855–1910). В 1903 в П. была построена каменная синагога.Евреи П. активно участвовали в экономич. и культурной жизни города. Зелик Эпфельбаум основал в 1850 старейший в П. торг. дом готового платья, суконных и меховых товаров; купец 1-й гильдии Калман Наумович Либерман был управляющим регион. отд-ния «Банка для внешней торговли», владел магазинами табачных изделий и строит. материалов; С.И.Либерман являлся дир. лесопром. об-ва; инж.-путеец Юлиан Бак был строителем ж. д. Пермь – Котлас. С 1882 в П. работала врач М.Я.Бруштейн. В оп. т-ре выступали певцы Е.В.Соболь (Левос-Соболь), Я.З.Блехер, Т.А.Корельштейн (Корсаков). Пом. дир. оп. т-ра был Мордехай Галинкин, будущий основатель Израильской оперы. В П. начал свою деятельность скрипач и дирижер Арий Казовский. В кон. 19 в. гл. архитектором губернии был Н.М.Зелях. В 1886 Э.В.Циммерман основал муж. частную школу (с 1903 – прогимназия, с 1909 – гимназия).В 1903 в П. действовала сионистская орг-ция. В 1910 работало об-во пособия бедным евреям. В том же году в П. было открыто двухклассное еврейское уч-ще (170 уч-ся), дир. к-рого в 1911–15 был Арон Бенционович Левин. Имелись еврейская б-ка, дом престарелых, хевра кадиша, отд-ние ОПЕ, действовало Об-во помощи нуждающимся евреям (рук. – В. Вольфсон).Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет евреев, высланных из прифронтовых р-нов, и беженцев из зап. губерний России. Для них был открыт дет. очаг, в 1915 – хедер, вечерняя школа.В 1917 из 34 пр-тий П. 5 принадлежали евреям (2 граверные мастерские, кирпичный и мыловаренный з-ды, плакатная ф-ка). В сент. 1917 Абрам Лейн и Мордхе Соколовский открыли первый в П. к/тр «Триумф». Был создан еврейский рабочий клуб, при к-ром работали б-ка и драматич. кружок, открыт спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В П. действовала касса взаимопомощи «Гмилус-Хесэд». Община выдвинула двух кандидатов в гор. думу (Б.Е.Кауфмана и В.Вольфсона). Обществ. раввином в П. в это время был А.Б.Левин.В 1917 в П. действовали орг-ция Бунда и отд-ние «Поалей Цион». В рев. событиях 1917 активно участвовали В.Гинзбург, Р.С.Землячка, Б.Кун, Я.М.Свердлов, А.Шотман.В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. работали еврейская нач. школа, дет. дом, б-ка, уч.-показат. мастерские, еврейский нар. т-р (все закрыты в 1930-х гг.). В 1926 действовали отд-ния «Ге-Халуц» и «Ге-Халуц га-Цаир», в 1928 – еврейский лит.-драматич. кружок (162 чел.), дет. сад. В 1928 было реквизировано здание синагоги. В 1920-х гг. П. – место ссылки сионистов.В годы 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. увеличилась за счет работников эвакуир. пр-тий и беженцев из Польши, центр. и зап. р-нов СССР. В 1940-х гг. в П. действовало неск. миньянов, один из к-рых возглавлял раввин Элиэзер-Дон Шустер.В кон. 1940-х гг. в П. действовали 2 синагоги. Раввином был Н.И.Хейфец. В 1950–80-х гг. в частном доме собирался миньян. При общине имелся шохет.В 1988 в П. был создан еврейский культурный центр «Менора» (рук. – Броха и Арон-Меир Бурштейны). С 1989 начали работать Нар. еврейский т-р, благотворит. об-во, еврейская б-ка, отд-ние «Маккаби», жен. орг-ция «Хава», с 1991 – воскресная школа (первый дир. – С.С.Климовицкий), с 1990-х гг. – танц. коллектив «Авив».В 1989–94 из П. в Израиль, США, Германию выехало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В 1992 общине П. было возвращено здание синагоги. В 1993 начала выходить газ. «Йом-Йом». В сер. 1990-х гг. раввин П. – Давид Вайс (р. 1942, Братислава), затем – Шмуэль Корень. В кон. 1990-х гг. была создана Пермская регион. нац.-культурная автономия (пред. – Э.З.Кисельгоф). С мая 1999 действует благотворит. центр «Хесэд Кохав». Выходят газ. «Хавер» и «Симха».С 2001 раввин П. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Залман Дайч (р. 1974, Иерусалим). С 2003 работают еврейская школа, дет. сад и ясли, действуют жен. клуб «Хая-Мушка», молодежный клуб и клуб для пенсионеров, издается газ. «Кэшэр».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: Г.Б.Бархин, З.Н. Доссер, В.С. Крылов, Б.П.Кушелевский, Б.А.Наравцевич, А.М.Пазовский, Г.Л.Пермяков, М.А.Швейцер; Борис Львович Губман (р. 1951), д-р филос. наук, проф., автор книг по философии, религии и культуре; Григорий Израилевич Гуревич (1905–1977, Ленинград), режиссер, педагог, режиссер-постановщик спектаклей в ряде т-ров, засл. деят. искусств РСФСР (1957); Борис Давидович Зислин (р. 1928), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1971), автор ок. 100 науч. работ; Моисей Абрамович Иофис (р. 1924), специалист в обл. горной геомеханики, д-р техн. наук (1989), проф. (1991), брат Н.А.Иофиса, автор ок. 200 науч. работ, в т. ч. 12 моногр., с 1995 – вице-през. Союза маркшейдеров России, Пр. СМ СССР (1984), полный кавалер знака «Шахтерская слава»; Борис Вениаминович Иоффе (1921–1977, Ленинград), химик-органик, педагог, д-р хим. наук (1963), проф., созд. лаб. газ. хроматографии, осн. иссл. в обл. экологич. и органич. химии атмосферы, автор более 300 науч. статей и монографий; Лев Ильич Левин (1911–?), лит. критик, чл. СП СССР с 1934; Абрам Моисеевич Наравцевич (1904–1951, Свердловск), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1944), проф. (1945), с 1946 – зав. кафедрой Свердловского мед. ин-та; Марк Соломонович Шульман (1900–1971, Свердловск), врач-онколог, д-р мед. наук (1949), автор 50 науч. работ.В П. жили и работали: А.С.Безикович, Л.Е. Кертман, Г.М.Комиссаржевский, И.М.Лапицкий, М.А.Лурье, Д.М.Манский, А.Э.Маргулян, Я.Д.Тамаркин, М.М.Харитонов, С.С.Штейнберг, Е.М.Ярославский.А.Баргтейл, extra_data="{'translat...")
PERM, see Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
PERMYAKOV (real fam. German) Grigory Lvovich (1919, Perm - 1983, Zhukovsky, Moscow region), folklorist. In 1937–41 he studied at MIFLI. In aug. 1941 volunteered for the front, was seriously wounded. In 1944 he graduated from the Kazakhstan State. un-t (Alma-Ata). He worked as a journalist. In the end. 1950s took up the lane. east folklore. To theoretical. research folklore turned into ser. 1960s Creator of structural paremyology. He discovered the symbolic nature of proverbs and sayings, developed their semantic classification. Developed a system of form-building and subject-thematic groups. proverbial fund. Explained the similarity of DOS. types of sayings of different nations. Conducted large-scale paremiology. experiments to determine rus. paremiological. minimum. Developed a general theory of clichés. Vol .: From sayings to fairy tales: Notes on the general theory of clichés. M., 1970; 2nd add. and revised ed. in English. lang. M., 1979; Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East. Systematized collection sayings of two hundred peoples. M., 1979; Fundamentals of structural paremiology. M., 1988.
PERNOV, see Parnu.
PERONE, see Pärnu.
PEROVO, now part of (since 1960) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Perovo Moskovsky u. and lips. Since 1925 it has been a city. In 1926 461 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 784 Jews. In 1947 a request by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in P. was rejected. An unofficial minyan operated in P. In 1991, a religious organization was organized in P. community "Shamir" headed by Boris Meksovich Tsisin (b. 1967, Moscow).
PEROVSK, see Kyzylorda.
PERSHE-GRAVNYA, a village in the Grebenkovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm Voskresensky and the village of Chepurovka, Pyriatinsky u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. - merged into s. Pershe-Travnya. In 1910, there was one Jewish farm each in Voskresensky and Chepurovka.
PERSHITS Abram Isaakovich (b. 1923, Moscow), historian, ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1944), after graduating from graduate school (1948) taught in the Kabardin, Bukhara, Biysk state. ped. in-takh. Since 1954 in the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Art. scientific. sotr., head. sector. The author of St. 150 scientific. works on general ethnography, the history of the primitive society, ethnography of the Arabian Peninsula. Works: Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula. M., 1958; Economy and socio-political system of North Arabia in the XIX - first third of the XX century. M., 1961; The history of primitive society. M., 1968; The history of primitive society. General questions, problems of anthroposociogenesis. M., 1983 (et al.).
PERSHOTRAVENSK (until 1934 - Pervomaisk), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tokarevka Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn Gubernia. 279 Jews (7.8%) lived in P. in 1939. In the summer of 1941, P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR or was mobilized. In 1941, 40 Jews were shot in P. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to P. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population.
PERSHOTRAVNEVOE (until 1944 - Ershtmayskoe), a village in the Snigirevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1926 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony. Since 1927 - the center of the Ershtmay village council of the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. the Kherson environs. In 1926, approx. 1000 people, in 1931 - 1652 people. (Jews - about 85%). In 1931 on the territory. There were 7 Jewish collective farms in the Ershtmai village council. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Aug 18 1941 in P. 40 Jews were shot. 23 Aug 1941 all remaining on the territory. the village council Jews (747 people) were shot.
PERSHOZVANOVKA, a village in the Lutuginsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine) .In the beginning. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the fall of 1942, 28 Jews were taken from P. to Krasnodar and executed there.
PERSITS Boris Davydovich (1916, Nizhny Novgorod - 1992, Moscow), chess player. Int. master in the game by correspondence (1984), honored. coach of the USSR (1965). Shahm. writer. Mathematics teacher. Over the years he was a trainer of owls. chess players L.S. Belavenets, A.M. Kushnir, L.G. Zaitseva and others. Works: Typical mistakes. M., 1974 (et al.); The role of the center in chess. party. 3rd ed. M., 1983.
PERSITS Moisey Aronovich (1914, Kursk - 2000), historian and orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1978). In 1939 he graduated from East. Faculty of MIFLI. Teacher of the Saratov State ped. Institute (1939–42) and the Saratov state. un-that (1940–42). In 1942–45 - at the front. Teacher of the Chernivtsi state un-ta (1948), MOPI (1948–49) and sotr. ed. "Diplomatic Dictionary" Gospolitizdat (1946–53); deputy. ch. ed. Publishing house east. literature (1957–64); head ed. Ch. ed. east lit-ry ed. Science (1964–66); scientific. sotr. IMRD AS USSR since 1966, Art. scientific. sotr. since 1971. Author of more than 80 works. Cit .: The Far Eastern Republic and China: The Role of the Far East Region in the Struggle of the Soviet Power for Friendship with China in 1920–1922. M, 1962; Revolutionaries of India in the Land of the Soviets: At the Origins of the Indian Communist Movement: 1918-1921. M., 1973; The strategy and tactics of the Communist International on the national-colonial question: Problems of theory and practice. M, 1978.
PEARS Shoshan (1893, Kiev - 1969, Jerusalem), publisher, teacher, politician. In 1909-19 she took part in the work of the Hovevei Sfat Ever (later Tarbut) organization. In 1917 in Moscow, together with her husband Joseph P. founded the publishing house "Omanut", which published the book. in Hebrew for youth. On Feb. 1917 participated in the All-Russia. Zionist. conf. in Petrograd. In 1919 she emigrated to France, graduated from the Sorbonne. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1926–35, he was a member. Municipal Council of Tel Aviv and early. dep. education. Member Commission on Education under Vaad Leumi. Dep. Knesset of the 1-3rd convocations (1949-61) from the General Zionist party. Prev Knesset Commission on Issues. education and culture. State pr. Israel for achievements in the region. education (1969).
PERSITS Zinovy ​​Moiseevich (b. 1916, Moscow), designer of automatic control systems. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1956), prof. (1970). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1940). In 1942 he was drafted into the army, graduated from the Chkalov school of anti-aircraft artillery (1942), served as a com. batteries. Since 1945 in the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, hands. created missile homing systems, one of the creation. anti-tank. guided projectile "Bumblebee". At the same time. taught at Moscow Aviation Institute and Moscow Higher Technical School. Honored. inventor of the Russian Federation (1992). Linen. etc. (1964). State pr. USSR (1973).
PERSKY Ludwik (b. 1912, Warsaw), documentary filmmaker. He studied at the Higher. School of Foreign Trade (Vienna, 1930–33). In 1933–38 he was assistant operator and dir. T-va lovers of thin. movie "Start". In 1940–43, assistant dir. Kiev and then Ashgabat c / st. One of the organizers of the film group of the 1st Division of the Polish Army (1943–45), deputy. ch. ed. Polish newsreels (1945-50), dir. to / st dock. f. in Warsaw. I took off several. dozens of docs. and t / f. Naib, izv .: “Warsaw 1945–47” (1947), “Julian Markhlevsky” (1952), “The Warsaw's in Kiev” (1958), “Waiting” (1962), “A Flash of Memories 1944-1945” (1964), Hamlet x 5 (1966), Tadeusz Baird (1971), About Warsaw Once Again (1977), I Have Always Been a Happy Man (1983). He took off a number of f. joint with L. Makhnach (USSR). Etc. IKF in Krakow, Cannes, Moscow, Montreal, Bergamo, Rio de Janeiro, London, Trento, Leipzig, Crane, Spindlerov Mlyn and others. pr. Poland (1950, 1953).
PERSKY Robert Davidovich (1875, Priluki - 1929, Berlin), film industrialist. Ing. by education, P. in ser. 1900s became interested in cinematography. In 1906–08 - a trusted agent of Moscow. branches of fr. film company "Gomon". Since 1908, the owner of the Zarub rental company, f. In 1909 he published a journal. "Kinemo", in 1910-17 - "Kinezhurnal", the most popular. in Russia ed. of such kind. In the beginning. 1910s organized the firm "R.D. Persky". In 1915 alone he released more than 40 tapes. Filmed the chronicle of sensational criminal trials. Some of the production of P.'s studio was characterized by critics as pornographic. After Oct. 1917 left Russia.
PERSOV Shmuel Davidovich (1889, Pochep Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. - 1950), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1907 - in the USA. The first essays publ. in 1909 in gas. "Fray arbeter stime". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. From 1918 he published short stories in Jewish periodicals. ed., art. for econ. topics in Russian print. The first book. stories "Sherblekh" ("Shards") about the events of the Civil. war and in the first years after the Revolution, released in 1922. In the same year, together with gr. young writers created an association of Jewish proletarian writers, published in the magazine. "Shtrom". Author of collection of stories "Kornbreuth" ("Rye bread", 1928), "Tog un nakht" ("Day and Night", 1933), "Contract" (1931). All R. 1930s completely switched to the dock. prose. The author of the book. about building Mosk. metro "Menchn fun metro" ("People of the Metro", 1935), book. "Yakov Mosh-kovsky" (1940), "Yakov Smushkevich" (1941) and others, dedicated. Jews - heroes of the 2nd world. war. He was arrested in 1948 and shot.
PERTHOM, see Poshekhonye.
PERCIK Evgeny Naumovich (b. 1931, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1974), prof. (1981). In 1953 he graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1953 - in the State. in-those designing cities of the RSFSR, later in the same chapter. specialist. Since 1975 teacher of geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. One of the developers of the concept of the district, planning. Works: K. I. Arseniev and his work on the regionalization of Russia. M., 1960; District planning. (Geographical aspects). M., 1973; Geography of cities (geo-urban studies). Historical stages of urban development. M., 1985; Human environment: foreseeable future. M., 1990.
PERTSOVSKY Mark Naumovich (1906, Kharkov - 1993, Moscow), actor. In 1922–25 he studied at the workers' faculty in Tiflis, at the same time. played in t-re at the House of Kr. Army and Navy, then in T-re student youth. In 1928 he graduated from the theater, the studio of Yu.A. Zavadsky in Moscow. In 1928 he worked in Baku in T-re slave. youth, where he played Vanka-Vyshka ("Oil" by MM Savchenko) and Vorobushkin ("Druzhnaya Gorka" by P. Maksimov and N. Lvov), Gladkikh ("Shot" by A. I. Bezymensky. In 1930-32 in Baku work. t-re, played Antonio ("Shine to us, stars" by IK Mikitenko), 1st commander ("First Horse" by VV Vishnevsky). Moscow, where he played the roles: Shaitan ("Year 19" by I.L. Prut, Zelardo ("Dance Teacher" by L. de Vega), Hortensio "The Taming of the Shrew" by W. Shakespeare), Chibisov "The Deal" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylina), Grandfather (“My profession is a senior from society” by D. Scarnacci and R. Tarabuzi), Bertrand K. Remford (“Billy the Pilgrim's Wanderings” by M. G. Rozovsky and Y. Mikhailov after K. Vonnegut) and etc. He acted in films. For the role of Kaltenbrunner in f. Stahl received the "Secret Mission". pr. (1951). Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
PERVENETS, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In 1923 approx. P. were allocated land plots of the concession fund (982 dess.) For Jewish immigrants.
PERVOMAYKA, now part of the city of Krasnodon, Lugansk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in P.
PERVOMAYSK, see Pershotravensk.
PERVOMAYSKAYA (until 1964 - Bluden), a village in the Berezovsky district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pruzhany district Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 210 Jews (26.9%) lived in P., in 1921 - 122 Jews. Since 1900, Yakov was a rabbi in P. - Yeshua Zaritsky (1872 -?). In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of Poland were deported to the Birch ghetto and exterminated there.
PERVOMAYSKY, a village in the Shumyachsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1879. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Raninskaya Guta of Smolensk province P. founded at the same time. with the glassworks of Ya.M. Magidson, where approx. 350 people 2 Aug 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942, 25 Jews were shot in P. 1993 a memorial sign was erected in P. in memory of the executed.
PERVOMAYSKY Leonid Solomonovich (real name and surname Ilya Shlemovich Gurevich) (1908, Konstantinograd, Poltava province - 1973, Kiev), writer. He wrote in Ukrainian. lang. He began to publish in 1924. In the first works. ("Umbrella of Pinkhus-Moti", 1926; "Binding", 1928; "Ladenu town", 1934; "From the Song of Songs", 1935, etc.) described the life of the Jewish town after period. In the future, pl. manuf. P. were dedicated. to the Komsomol of the 1920s and 30s. ("Komsa", 1926, "Unknown Soldiers", 1931). In 1929 he made his debut as a poet and later as a playwright. 1941–45 - soldier. corr. fr. gas. and gas. "True". Military. the theme became the main one in the work of P. Postwar. manuf. P. dedicated. the topic of the Catastrophe ("Majdanek", "In Babi Yar", "Stronger than death", 1954). In 1949, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was criticized and accused of nationalism. Translated into Ukrainian. lang. G. Heine, S. Petofi, J. Fucik. Became. pr. (1946) Cit .: Lights in the Carpathians. M., 1945; Word. Kiev, 1960; Wild honey. M., 1963; Works, vols. 1-7. Kiev, 1968–70.
PERVOMAYSKOE, a village in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine) .In the beginning. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in 1942, all the remaining Jews (several dozen people) were shot.
PERVOURALSK, a city (since 1933) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1732 as a settlement at Vasil'evo-Shaitansky ironworker. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm province. In 1939, 218 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 149 Jews. 2000s a Jewish community was created in P. (the previous one was Alexander Nikolaevich Narbutovskikh). Vitaly Borisovich Malkin (b. 1952), financier, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (1983), in 1990 - one of the founders (since 1994 - President) of the bank "Russian Credit", since 1995 - Vice President. Russian Jewish Congress.
PERVOZVANOVKA, a village in the Chutovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava district. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 4 Jewish farms in P. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores, unity. agricultural shop tools and unity. wood shop in P.
PERZHYCHNICA, a village in więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Sandomierz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Perzhhnitsa Stopnitsky u. In 1827 there were 44 Jews (5.6%) in P., in 1857 - 149 (21.4%), in 1897 - 367 (32.9%), in 1921 - 180 Jews (16.8%). Jews lived in P. from the end. 18th century Main occupations were trade, crafts, s. x-in. In 1781, King Stanislav August Poniatowski banned Jews from living in Poland (the ban was in effect until 1862). pl. Jews left P. in Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of P. were exterminated in the fall of 1942.
POWDER, see POWDER.
SANDY, see Sandy.
SANDY, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Peschana Baltsky u. Podolsk province. 750 Jews (25%) lived in P. in 1887, 870 in 1897, 902 in 1923, and 466 (7.9%) in 1939. In 1889, a synagogue functioned in P. Main the occupations of the Jewish population of P. were crafts and trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, bakery, both timber yards, 2 mills, approx. 50 shops and stores in P. (including all 20 grocery stores, all 11 manufactures, all 3 ready-to-wear stores). There was a Jewish loan and savings. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 13. 1941 approx. 500 Jews from P. were deported to the Bershad ghetto, where approx. half of them died of hunger and disease. In P., an abandoned Jewish cemetery has been preserved.
PESCHANKA, a village in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1897, approx. 30 Jews (4.5%), in 1916 - 46 Jews.
SANDY, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910, there were 28 Jewish farms in P. and in a nearby farm, and in 1919 a pogrom took place in P., organized by units of the Volunteer Army.
PESCHANOKOPSKOE, village, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1803. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Medvezhensky u. Stavropol Gubernia. 9 Jews lived in P. in 1939. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in the fall of 1942, several were shot. dozens of evacuated Jews.
SANDY FORD, a village in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1859, approx. 80 Jews (approx. 3%), in 1900 - approx. 150 (approx. 2.8%), in 1939 - 50 Jews. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. a pharmacy warehouse and 11 shops in P.B. (including 5 grocery stores and a manufactory).
PESETS, a village in the Novoushitsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. Dec. 1905 a pogrom took place in P.
PESHKOV Zinovy ​​Alekseevich (Sverdlov Zinovy ​​Mikhailovich) (Eshua Zolomon Movshev), (1884, Nizhny Novgorod - 1966, Paris), diplomat. Corps general. Brother of Ya.M. Sverdlov, adopted son of M.Gorky. He studied at the Nizhny Novgorod gymnasium. In the end. 1890s – 1900s carried out Gorky's secretarial assignments. He was a member of the Social-Democrats. group (underground nickname Gold). Arrested. In 1902 he converted to Orthodoxy and adopted the patronymic and surname of the recipient - Alexei Peshkov (M. Gorky). In 1903-04 he studied at the Moscow school. thin t-ra. Since 1904 - in Canada, USA. From 1907 - in Italy, in Capri, secretary. Gorky. In the beginning. 1st world. war volunteered for the French. army. In 1915 he lost his arm in a battle near Arras. He was left at his request in the army with the assignment of an officer rank. In 1916 he was sent to the United States to conduct propaganda in favor of their entry into the war. In 1917–20 P. as part of the military diploma. missions of France at Vrem, pr-ve Russia, then in China, Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea. In 1921 - secretary. Int. commissions to help starving Russia. In 1921-26 he participated in the Moroccan campaign as an officer of the French. Foreign legion. He served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. affairs in Paris and Top, the commissariat in the countries of the Levant. In 1937–40 - in Foreign. legion in Morocco. In the beginning. 2nd world. war participated in battles on the territory. North. Africa. In 1941 he joined the "Free France", which he represented at the pr-ve Yuzh. Africa (1943), was hand. military. mission, and later the French ambassador to the Kuomintang pr-ve of China (Chongqing, 1943–45). In 1946–49 he headed the French mission to Japan with the rank of ambassador. From 1950 - retired. In 1964, Chiang Kai-shek transmitted de Gaulle's personal message about France's decision to recognize a communist. China. Knight of the hordes. Legion of Honor (had several insignia of the order, including the highest - the Grand Cross). Author of the book-diary “Sounds of the bugle. Life in the Foreign Legion "(New York-London, 1926).
PESIS Alexander Evseevich (1898, Kiev - 1964, Leningrad), military doctor. Lieutenant General Med. service (1945). In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. In the Red Army from 1921. He served as a regiment doctor, border detachment doctor. In 1930–38 the beginning. medical unit of the 2nd Leningrad. art. uch.-ch. In 1938–40 the beginning. uch. parts of the Courses for retraining and advanced training of cadre and reserve doctors, in 1940 beginning. Army Sanitary Department. Brig doctor (1940). In 1941–45 early. dignity ex. decomp. fr. Major General (1943). In 1945–46 early. military-dignity. env. In 1946-55 the beginning. scientific research dep. Military medical Museum (Leningrad). From 1955 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
PESIS Boris Aronovich (1901, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province - 1974, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Graduated from the Higher. lit.-thin. in-t them. V.Ya.Bryusov (1925). Published since 1926. Ed. book and Art. by ist. French literature (J. Labruyere, J. Racin, O. de Balzac, V. Hugo, E. Zola, A. Rembo, J. Renard, R. Rolland, etc.). One of the first in the USSR to turn to the serious study of lit. process in France in the 20th century, especially its radical trend. (J.R.Block, A. Barbusse, L. Aragon and others), introduced the creatures. contribution to research. works of G. Apollinaire, Alain-Fournier, M. Aimé, R. Merle. Ed. collection op. R. Rolland, L. Aragon. Cit .: French progressive literature in the struggle for peace and democracy. M., 1952; About the hero of progressive literature in France. M., 1956; From the 19th to the 20th century. Tradition and innovation in French literature. M., 1968.
SANDS, now part of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Vilna. In 1897 197 Jews (11.3%) lived in P.
PESKOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Borodyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. 186 Jews (3.9%) lived in P. in 1939. In the summer of 1941, several were killed in P. remaining in the occupation of the Jews.
PESOCHIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1732. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkiv province. In 1850, 6 Jewish families lived in P., in 1939 - 551 Jews.
PESOCHINSKY PLANT, see Kirov, Kaluga region.
SAND BUDA, a village in the Gomel district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Mogilev province. 20th century in P. B. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941 P. B. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1941, 3 Jews were killed in PB.
PESOCHNO, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Igumensky u. In 1897, 461 Jews (23.7%) lived in P. In 1895–99, Yehuda-Leib Fine (1871–?) Was the rabbi in P., and Zeev-Wolf Radunsky (1864–?) From 1900. In 1913, Jews owned both grocery and unity. a manufactory in P.
SAND, see Kirov, Kaluga region.
PESTOVO, a city (since 1965), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ustyuzhinsky u. Novgorod province. In 2002, 3 Jews lived in P. 1990s in P. began to operate a branch of "Hesed".
PET Khaim (1900, Volpa Grodno province - 1959, New York), writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. early school. At the age of 15, he began to write poetry, to-rye publ. in the Vilna youth journal. Der Haver, was published in different periodicals. ed. Since 1922 - in the USA. He performed with stories, short stories, miniatures in Jewish periodicals. ed. The first book. stories "Zvishn faern" ("Between the fires") released in 1937 in New York. Author of collection of short stories "A gois oifn feld" ("House in the field", 1940), "Opgezungene tag" ("Puny days", 1947), "Fun Godson biz Yardn" ("From the Hudson to Jordan", 1953) ... After visiting Israel in 1957, he released the book. short story "In land fun di oats" ("In the land of ancestors").
PETEK, a settlement in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Piontek Lenchitskiy u. Kalisz province. In 1856, 805 Jews (50%) lived in P., in 1897 - 1,090 (46.9%), in 1921 - approx. 1,800 Jews. Until 1862 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Ziskind Lipschitz (1847–?) was a rabbi in P. loan-save. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned both factories, unity. tobacco, 1 of 2 grocery stores, and all 3 iron hardware stores in P. In the 1920s – 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created, liquidated in July 1942.
PETERHOF, see Petrodvorets.
PETERSTAL, see Petrodolinskoe.
PETKER Boris Yakovlevich (1902, Kharkov - 1983, Moscow), actor. In 1918-1919 he studied at the Kharkov drama school, literary-artistic. Cup. In 1919–20 the actor of the Kharkov Theater NN Sinelnikov. The roles of this period: Peter ("The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy), Alyoshka ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky), Dimansh ("Don Juan" by Moliere) and others. In 1922, graduating from the drama. studio in Moscow at T-re former. Korsha, played on the stage of this t-ra. Roles: Tamiz ("Swamp" by M. Panyol, 1927), Goretsky ("Wolves and Sheep" by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1928), Robinson ("Dowry" by Ostrovsky, 1932). In 1929 he created a stage. the image of Kiva in the play "Earth" based on the play by PD Markish. Since 1933 at the Moscow Art Theater, he played the roles: Albafiorita ("Hostess of the Hotel" K. Goldoni), Plyushkin ("Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol), Malinin ("Love Yarovaya" by K.A. Trenev), Lawyer ("Anna Karenin "by Leo Tolstoy), President of the Court (" Resurrection "by Tolstoy), Watchmaker (" Kremlin Chimes "by NF Pogodin), Superintendent of schools (" The Inspector General "by Gogol), etc. Since 1927 he performed on the stage. The most successful was the performance, together with A. Ktorov, of A.P. Chekhov's stories. In 1939 - hands. Moscow t-ra stage and miniatures, in 1947 - thin. hands. Vses. pop art studios. He starred in films: Lawyer in Anna Karenina (1953), Plyushkin in Dead Souls (1960). Nar. art. USSR (1972).
PETRANKA, a village in the Rozhnyatovsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in the summer of 1942, P. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In 1942 14 Jewish families were deported to Kalush from P .; 4 Jews were killed in P.
PETREN (until 1990 - Petren), a village in the Drochievsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Petryany Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in July 1941, after the occupation of the Romanians. troops, 11 Jews in P. were shot, 39 - drowned in a nearby river.
PETREN, see Petren.
PETRIKOV, a village in the Ternopil district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1458. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Poland from the 18th century. Main the occupation of the Jews of Poland in the 19th century. In 1918, the Jews of Poland (18 people) fought as part of the Jewish unit of the ZUNR army. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PETRIKOVKA, see New Prague.
PETRIKOVSKY Joseph (Gersh) (1857, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - |), publicist, translator. After graduating from a real school, he emigrated to the United States, was among the founders of one of the Jewish colonies and the first union of Jewish writers (1889). Returning to Russia, he published in Russian. lang. book about America. In 1889–90 he edited a gas in New York. Der Goyes Freind, published a humorous one. weekly Der Groiser Bych (with D. Apteker), published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Art. on literature and Jewish history. Having moved to London, from 1896 he edited the Jewish gas there. "Ha-Israel". From his works Naib. Izv. Art. into gas. "Rus. Jew "(1880, No. 20)" Jewish slang and its literature. " Translated into Russian. lang. and published in 1884 Mendele Moikher-Sforim's play "Dachshund". He was expelled from the UK to Russia. Nothing is known about P.'s further fate.
PETRKOVICE, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 14th century. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Stopnitsky u. In 1897, 192 Jews (37.5%) lived in P., and in 1921 there were 248 Jews (31.7%). Alter Horberg (1875 -?) was the rabbi in P. In the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed in the fall of 1942.
PETRKUW-KUJAWSKI, a village in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest-Kuyavsky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Piotrkov of Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1656 in P.-K. 50 Jewish families lived, in 1765 - 169 Jews, in 1808 - 381 (70.9%), in 1827 - 680 (98.9%), in 1857 - 669 (94.4%), in 1897 - 654 (75 , 9%), in 1921 - 742 Jews (81.9%) .In 1657 the Jewish community of P.-K. was destroyed by the troops of Hetman S. Chernetsky. In the 18th century. the community was revived. Since 1881, the rabbi in P.-K. was Ephroim-Shloyme-Zalman Vayngot (1844–?), from 1895 - Eliyahu Wartsky (1859 -?). in P.-K. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 P.-K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto was created, destroyed in April. 1942.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПЁТРКУВ-ТРЫБУНАЛЬСКИ, город (с 1313) в Лодзинском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 12 в. В 16–18 вв. – город Серадзского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – г. Петроков, центр губернии.В 1765 в П.-Т. проживало 780 евреев, в 1808 – 1817 (45,8%), в 1827 – 2133 (44,6%), в 1857 – 4166 (41,9%), в 1897 – 9543 (30,6%), в 1921 – 11 630 (28,4%), в 1931 – 11 400 (22,2%), в 1939 – 10 240, в 1945 – 372, в 1953 – ок. 200 евреев.Евреи жили в П.-Т. с 16 в. В 1679 евреям было разрешено проживать в отдельном квартале, отделенном от города рекой. В 1689 была построена деревянная синагога. В 1693 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1726 евреям было запрещено продавать товар во время христианских праздников. В 1785 была построена новая синагога, в 1791 – еще одна. В 1740 в П.-Т. было совершено нападение на синагогу. В 1726–38 раввином П.-Т. был Меир Гец (1685–1732), с 1735 – его сын Эльякум (1705–1738), с 1769 – Ханания-Липман Майзелиш (1777–1811), Авром-Цви Пацановский (1777–1819).Летом 1744 в П.-Т. произошел погром.В 1801 в П.-Т. открылась еврейская школа, в к-рой преподавали нем. яз. и математику. В 1804 был основан «Бикур хойлим». Большинство евреев П.-Т. были хасидами.В 1845 в окрестностях П.-Т. была основана с.-х. колония.В 1-й четв. 19 в. раввином П.-Т. был Довид-Ицхок Бухнер (?–1827), в 1825–27 – Дов-Бериш Эдельштейн (?–1831), с 1827 до нач. 1840-х гг. – хасид Арон-Иегуда-Янкл Майзелиш (?–1848), с 1858 – Элиэзер-Шолем Моргенштерн (?–1867), в 1867–83 – Борух-Цви-Гирш Розенблюм (?–1883), в 1884–89 – Элиэзер Вакс (?–1889), в 1890–1911 – Симха-Яир Розенфельд (1831–1911).В 1-й пол. 19 в. в П.-Т. жил Хаим-Довид «Доктор» (1782, Дзялошин – 1858, П.-Т.), врач, ученик «Провидца из Люблина», основавший хасидский двор. В 1892–1912 в П.-Т. находился хасидский двор Меира-Менахема Финклера (1862–1912).В нач. 19 в. в П.-Т. основана еврейская больница, слившаяся в 1857 с польской. В 1863 вновь открылась еврейская больница, для к-рой в 1905 построили новое здание.В 1870-х гг. Тувья-Бер Белхатовский открыл в П.-Т. еврейскую типографию, в 1897 была открыта вторая еврейская типография, в 1900–13 – еще 3. В 1888 Шмуэль-Аба Миндел открыл школу с преподаванием на рус. яз. и идише.В 1886 в П.-Т. возникло палестинофильское движение. С 1902 функционировала орг-ция Бунда. С 1902 работали 2 гос. школы для евреев. Маркус Кринский открыл хедер мэтукан, в к-ром учили польск. яз. С 1909 в П.-Т. действовало еврейское лит.-муз. об-во «Газомир», в 1913 – об-во «Линас га-Цедек», об-во пособия бедным евреям, об-во пособия родильницам, в 1914 – еврейское об-во взаимопомощи «Гмилус Хасодим».Раввином П.-Т. в 1912–22 был Менахем-Довид Темкин (1861–?), в 1924–31 – Иегуда-Меир Шапира, деп. Польск. сейма.В 1920–30-х гг. в П.-Т. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, работали школы с преподаванием на иврите, идише, польск. яз. Тогда же выходили в свет периодич. издания на идише «Унзер цайтунг», «Пятриковер векер», «Идише штиме». Действовали спорт. орг-ции «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль», «Моргенштерн», «Штерн», «Крапт».С 1935 раввином П.-Т. был Мойше-Хаим Лау (1893, Львов – 1942, Треблинка).5 сент. 1939 П.-Т. оккупировали части вермахта. В тот же день было расстреляно неск. десятков евреев. В П.-Т. был создан юденрат, в окт. 1939 – гетто (первое в оккупированной Польше), уничтоженное в июле 1943.В 1945 в П.-Т. был создан еврейский совет. В 1964 в отреставрированном здании одной из синагог была открыта гор. б-ка. На частично сохранившемся в период 2-й мир. войны еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак на могиле жертв Катастрофы. Второе еврейское кладбище полностью разрушено. В освобождении П.-Т. в янв. 1945 принимал участие инж.-сап. батальон под ком. майора Льва Яковлевича Трайтельмана.В П.-Т. род. Исроэль-Меир Лау (р. 1937), раввин, сын М.-Х.Лау, в 1993–2003 – гл. раввин Израиля., pronunciation=ПЁТРКУВ-ТРЫБУНАЛЬСКИ, город (с 1313) в Лодзинском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 12 в. В 16–18 вв. – город Серадзского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1867 – г. Петроков, центр губернии.В 1765 в П.-Т. проживало 780 евреев, в 1808 – 1817 (45,8%), в 1827 – 2133 (44,6%), в 1857 – 4166 (41,9%), в 1897 – 9543 (30,6%), в 1921 – 11 630 (28,4%), в 1931 – 11 400 (22,2%), в 1939 – 10 240, в 1945 – 372, в 1953 – ок. 200 евреев.Евреи жили в П.-Т. с 16 в. В 1679 евреям было разрешено проживать в отдельном квартале, отделенном от города рекой. В 1689 была построена деревянная синагога. В 1693 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1726 евреям было запрещено продавать товар во время христианских праздников. В 1785 была построена новая синагога, в 1791 – еще одна. В 1740 в П.-Т. было совершено нападение на синагогу. В 1726–38 раввином П.-Т. был Меир Гец (1685–1732), с 1735 – его сын Эльякум (1705–1738), с 1769 – Ханания-Липман Майзелиш (1777–1811), Авром-Цви Пацановский (1777–1819).Летом 1744 в П.-Т. произошел погром.В 1801 в П.-Т. открылась еврейская школа, в к-рой преподавали нем. яз. и математику. В 1804 был основан «Бикур хойлим». Большинство евреев П.-Т. были хасидами.В 1845 в окрестностях П.-Т. была основана с.-х. колония.В 1-й четв. 19 в. раввином П.-Т. был Довид-Ицхок Бухнер (?–1827), в 1825–27 – Дов-Бериш Эдельштейн (?–1831), с 1827 до нач. 1840-х гг. – хасид Арон-Иегуда-Янкл Майзелиш (?–1848), с 1858 – Элиэзер-Шолем Моргенштерн (?–1867), в 1867–83 – Борух-Цви-Гирш Розенблюм (?–1883), в 1884–89 – Элиэзер Вакс (?–1889), в 1890–1911 – Симха-Яир Розенфельд (1831–1911).В 1-й пол. 19 в. в П.-Т. жил Хаим-Довид «Доктор» (1782, Дзялошин – 1858, П.-Т.), врач, ученик «Провидца из Люблина», основавший хасидский двор. В 1892–1912 в П.-Т. находился хасидский двор Меира-Менахема Финклера (1862–1912).В нач. 19 в. в П.-Т. основана еврейская больница, слившаяся в 1857 с польской. В 1863 вновь открылась еврейская больница, для к-рой в 1905 построили новое здание.В 1870-х гг. Тувья-Бер Белхатовский открыл в П.-Т. еврейскую типографию, в 1897 была открыта вторая еврейская типография, в 1900–13 – еще 3. В 1888 Шмуэль-Аба Миндел открыл школу с преподаванием на рус. яз. и идише.В 1886 в П.-Т. возникло палестинофильское движение. С 1902 функционировала орг-ция Бунда. С 1902 работали 2 гос. школы для евреев. Маркус Кринский открыл хедер мэтукан, в к-ром учили польск. яз. С 1909 в П.-Т. действовало еврейское лит.-муз. об-во «Газомир», в 1913 – об-во «Линас га-Цедек», об-во пособия бедным евреям, об-во пособия родильницам, в 1914 – еврейское об-во взаимопомощи «Гмилус Хасодим».Раввином П.-Т. в 1912–22 был Менахем-Довид Темкин (1861–?), в 1924–31 – Иегуда-Меир Шапира, деп. Польск. сейма.В 1920–30-х гг. в П.-Т. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, работали школы с преподаванием на иврите, идише, польск. яз. Тогда же выходили в свет периодич. издания на идише «Унзер цайтунг», «Пятриковер векер», «Идише штиме». Действовали спорт. орг-ции «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль», «Моргенштерн», «Штерн», «Крапт».С 1935 раввином П.-Т. был Мойше-Хаим Лау (1893, Львов – 1942, Треблинка).5 сент. 1939 П.-Т. оккупировали части вермахта. В тот же день было расстреляно неск. десятков евреев. В П.-Т. был создан юденрат, в окт. 1939 – гетто (первое в оккупированной Польше), уничтоженное в июле 1943.В 1945 в П.-Т. был создан еврейский совет. В 1964 в отреставрированном здании одной из синагог была открыта гор. б-ка. На частично сохранившемся в период 2-й мир. войны еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак на могиле жертв Катастрофы. Второе еврейское кладбище полностью разрушено. В освобождении П.-Т. в янв. 1945 принимал участие инж.-сап. батальон под ком. майора Льва Яковлевича Трайтельмана.В П.-Т. род. Исроэль-Меир Лау (р. 1937), раввин, сын М.-Х.Лау, в 1993–2003 – гл. раввин Израиля., extra_data="{'translat...")
PETRO-MARIEVKA, see. Pervomaisk, Lugansk region.
PETRO-MIKHAILOVKA, a village in the Volnyansky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1877 in the Aleksandrovsky district. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1900 in P.-M. 16 Jews lived.
PETRO-NIKOLAEVKA, a village in the Lutuginsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Petro-Nikolaevsky Mine of Slavyanoserbsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 20th century in P.-N. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 4 out of 9 grocery stores in P.-N.
PETRO-NIKOLAEVSKY MINE, see Petro-Nikolaevka.
PETRODOLINSKOE, a village in the Ovidiopol district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - from. Petrostal. In the summer of 1941, Petrostal was occupied by units of the German-Romanians. army. On Sept. 1941 in P. a Jewess with two children was shot.
PETRODVORETS (until 1944 - Peterhof), a city (from 1762), subordinated to the mountains. Administration of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). Main in 1709 on the site of the Piterhof manor. Since 1849 it has been a district town of Saint Petersburg Gubernia. 42 Jews lived in Petrograd in 1886, 83 (0.8%) in 1910, 67 (0.8%) in 1923, and 81 Jews in 1926. P. in the house of Rachel Finteklyus there was a synagogue, which was attended by lower. ranks of police and pl. teams. In 1906, two synagogues functioned in P. (formerly Romanovsky prospect, 41 and former Znamenskaya ul., 9). The rabbi came from Oranienbaum (present-day Lomonosov). There was a Jewish cemetery. 23 Sept. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. More than 100 Jews were killed in P. Maryana Lvovna Kozyreva (nee Gordon) (b. 1929), theater. artist, writer, author of collection prose and poetry.
PETROGRAD, see St. Petersburg.
PETROKOV, see Piotrkow Trybunalski.
PETROFASTITY, see Shlisselburg.
PETROMARIEVSKIY MINER, see Pervomaisk, Lugansk region.
PETROPAVLOVKA, see Petrovka, Stanichno-Lugansk district, Lugansk region.
PETROPAVLOVSK, city (since 1807), the center of the North Kazakhstan region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1752 as the fortress of St. Peter. In 1824–39 - the district city of the Omsk region, since 1839 - a provincial town of the Tobolsk province, in 1868–1918 - the district town of the Akmola region. Since 1936 it has been a regional center. In 1897, 300 Jews (1.6%) lived in P., in 1910 - 399 (1.1%), in 1926 - 445, in 1939 - 399, in 1959 - 476 (0.4 %), in 1970 - 351 (0.2%), in 1979 - 235 Jews (0.1%) Since 1903 Gershon Khodos (1864–?) has been the rabbi in P. In 1910, P. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a watch workshop and 13 shops in P. (including 1 out of 5 meat shops, shoe shops, haberdashery shops). One of the four tailors was Jewish. P. is a place of exile for the Zionists. In 1946, a request by Jewish believers in P. to open a synagogue was rejected. In 1992, the Jewish National Cultural Center was formed (led by Mark Pavlovich Vitkin). In the end. 1990s A branch of "Hesed" began to operate. In 2005, approx. 400 Jews.
PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY (in 1822-1924 - Petropavlovsky Port), city (since 1822), the center of the Kamchatka region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1740 as the Peter and Paul prison. In 1812–22 and in 1849–56 - the center of the Kamchatka region, in 1856–1909 - the district town of Petropavlovsk in the Primorsk region, since 1909 - the center of the Primorsk region. lived 328 Jews, in 1970 - 630 (0.4%), in 1979 - 570 (0.3%), in 2002 - 171 Jews. 1990s in P.-K. was founded by cultural and educational. center "Tsafon" (head - Evgenia Lvovna Latman). Religion was created in 2001. community, before. - Leib Yankelevich Latman (1935, Tarutino, Odessa region - 2003); from 2004 to - Sergey Maksimovich Kurbatov (b. 1964). In P.-K. there is a branch of "Hesed". In P.-K. genus: M.G. Rozovsky; Valery Yakovlevich Zalmanov (b. 1946), specialist in the region. citizen right, state. counselor of justice of the 2nd class, vice-president The guild grew. lawyers, ch. Grew up. Academy of the Bar, Hon. lawyer of the Russian Federation.
PETROPAVLOVSKAYA, a village in the Kurganinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Labinsky department. Kuban Oblast In 1910, 594 Jews (3.3%) lived in P., in 1939 - 3 Jews. In 1910 P. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. 1942 was shot ca. 3 thousand Jews from us. points of Temirgoevsky and other nearby areas.
PETROPAVLOVSKY OSTROG, see Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
PETROPAVLOVSKY PORT, see Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
PETROPAVLOVSKY, a village in the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kirensky district. Irkutsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery stores in P.
PETROSTAL, see Petrodolinskoe.
PETROUTS, see Lower Petrivtsi.
PETROV, a village in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Petruv Gorodenkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation of the Hungarian. army, the Jews of P. in July 1941 were deported to the village. Nezvisko and killed there.
PETROV Nikolay Arnoldovich (b. 1943, Moscow), pianist. The son of the cellist A.Ya. Ferkelman. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow. horse, in 1969 - graduate school in class. Ya.I. Zak. Since 1966 he has been actively involved in concerts. P.'s repertoire is diverse: from works. ancient masters (D. Scarlatti) to the music of the 2nd floor. 20th century (A.I.Khachaturyan, T.N. Khrennikov, A.Ya.Eshpay, S. Barber); a special place belongs to the manuf. R.K. Shchedrina. Performs with the programs: "An evening of piano fantasies" (C. F.E.Bach, W.A. Mozart, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, F. Schubert), "Franz. music of the XVIII-XX centuries. " (from J.F. Ramo to C. Debussy). Performs such unique op. php. repertoire, as a transcription of F. Liszt "Fantastic Symphony" G. Berlioz, 2nd fp. concert by C. Sen-Saens, arranged. J. Bizet for one piano, fantasy "Wanderer" by F. Schubert, 1-2 notebooks of "Variations on a Theme of Paganini" by Brahms, etc. From ser. 1980s tours a lot in Europe and the USA. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. pianist competition them. W. Cliburn (Fort West, USA, 1962); 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1964). Nar. art. RSFSR (1986). State pr. RF (1993).
PETROV VAL, a city (since 1988) in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kamyshinsky district. Saratov province. In 2002, 1 Jew lived in P.V.
PETROV Yuri Viktorovich (b. 1928, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1984), prof. (1990). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1954). In 1955–66 he worked at Phys.-Tekhn. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1966–93 in Leningrad. Institute of Nuclear Physics. B.P. Konstantinov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (LNPF), headed the creation. them the sector of physics of nuclear reactors. At the same time. prof. LSU. Sci. research on physics of nuclear reactors and neutron physics. Developed a conceptual diagram of a powerful neutron reactor (under construction at LNP). Showed that muon catalysis in combination with a uranium reflector gives posit. energy output. Author of works on prom. neutron alloying of materials at nuclear power plants. Research the problem of accelerating neutrons. Medal to them. A.F.V. Humboldt (1992, Germany).
PETROVA VALLEY, see Petrovo, Dnepropetrovsk Region.
PETROVEROVKA, see Zhovten, Odessa region.
PETROVICHI, a village in the Shumyachsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Mstislavsky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Klimovichi district. Mogilev province. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1765, 88 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 570, in 1897 - 1065 (74.2%), in 1923 - approx. 800, in 1926 - 925 Jews. In 1702 there was a Jewish community in P., whose representatives in 1777 turned to the congress of deputies from communities held in Mogilev with a request to restore order in communal life; The congress instructed three of its members to draw up a kagal charter for the commune of P. In 1873 there were three synagogues in P. Since 1897, Meir Ginzburg (1868–1928, Izyaslav) was the rabbi in P. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in P. m-in. In 1913 Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods in P. and 8 shops (including all 3 grocery, both manufacturing). In 1922 the local population made attempts to oust Jews from the land. In 1926, immigrants from P. organized in the Evpatoria region not a Jewish agriculturalist of Crimea. collective "Red Plowman II". In the 1920s - early. 1930s a synagogue and a Jewish school operated in P., and in 1929 a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1936 the Jewish collective farm named after I. 3rd International. In 1937 a synagogue was closed in P. (the building was given over to a club), in 1938 - a Jewish school. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in August. 1941 a ghetto was created. On June 4, 1942, approx. 300 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated on July 22, 1942. In 1970, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. The remains of approx. 20 tombstones. The last Jewish burial dates back to 1984. A. A. Azimov, S. A. Lavochkin.
PETROVKA, see Balabino.
PETROVKA-ROMENSKAYA (until 1935 - Petrovsk), a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. In 1939 in P.-R. lived 4 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century in P.-R. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 in P.-R. there were 5 Jewish households.
PETROVO, urban-type settlement (since 1963), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Alexandria Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, both manufactory shops, unity. shop "bread-grain." In 1939, 16 Jews lived in P.
PETROVO-KRASNOSELIE, now part of the city of Petrovskoe, Lugansk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - urban-type settlement. In 1939 in P.-K. there were 27 Jews.
PETROVSK, city (since 1698), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 17th century like a village. From 1780 it became a district town of the Saratov governorship, then a province. In 1910 there were 204 Jews living in P., in 1926 - 74 (0.4%), in 1939 - 32, in 2002 - 3 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 a synagogue functioned in P. The duties of a rabbi were performed by shohet.
PETROVSK-PORT, see Makhachkala.
PETROVSK-ZABAIKALSKY, city (since 1926), regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1789 as a settlement at Petrovskoe, an ironworker. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Petrovsky Plant of Verkhneudinsky u. Transbaikal region. In 1926 in P.-Z. There were 318 Jews (4.4%), in 1939 - 142, in 2002 - 6 Jews. In 1882 in P.-Z. there was a synagogue (wooden). In the 1910s. the rabbi was Baronsky. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. bakery, both department stores in P.-Z.
PETROVSKA, see Petrovka-Romenskaya.
PETROVSKAYA, see Petrovskoe, Kharkiv region.
PETROVSKAYA Sloboda, see Petrozavodsk.
PETROVSKY, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of the Kremenchug district Poltava province. In 1910, more than 10 Jews lived in P. 20th century the farm consisted of one Jewish farm. In 1910 Jews owned 477 dess. land (including 298 arable land).
PETROVSKIY FACTORY, see Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky.
PETROVSKY, see Svetlograd, Stavropol Territory.
PETROVSKY GI name, see Settlement of the Cherkasy region.
PETROVTSY, a village in Mirgorodsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1666. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
PETROVTSY OLD, see Old Petrivtsi.
PETROZAVODSK, city (since 1777), the capital of the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1703 as Petrovskaya Sloboda. From 1777 - a county town, from 1781 - the center of the Olonets province, in 1789–96 and from 1801 - the Olonets province. From 1920 it was the capital of the Karelian Labor Commune, in 1923–91 it was the capital of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in 1940–56 - the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic). In 1846, 23 Jews lived in P., in 1852 - 22 (0.2%), in 1856 - 237, in 1863 - 119, in 1882 - St. 200, in 1901 - 254, in 1910 - 286 (2.1%), in 1923 - 342 (1.5%), in 1926 - 391, in 1939 - 626, in 1970 - 1114 (0.6%), in 1979 - 1132 (0.5%), in 1990 - approx. 1000, in 2002 - 561 Jews. The first Jews who settled in the middle. 1840s in P., there were cantonist soldiers. They were allowed to have a soldier's synagogue. In 1860 a Jewish cemetery was founded. From ser. 1860s Until 1876, Itsko Gurevich performed the duties of a rabbi and a shohet. 1860s an influx of Jewish artisans began in P. In 1869, among the Jews of P. there were 16 artisans, 25 retired lower ranks, 13 bourgeois (as well as their families); the service in the local garrison consisted of 30 Jews (with families). In 1882 own. 4 Jews had houses in P.; in P. lived 30 retired lower ranks and 14 artisans with their families. In 1897, R. Katz opened the first private printing house in P. Severnaya Skoropechatnya. In 1901, the Jews of P. owned 9 houses. 134 Jews were assigned to the bourgeoisie, 6 to merchants, and 114 to Jewish artisans. A synagogue was built in 1904 (burned down in 1928); there was a cheder, a Jewish library. Dec. 1904 on the initiative and under the chairmanship of Nikolai Ilyich Gurevich, the Society of Doctors of Olonets Province was founded. In 1902–17, the merchant Rafail Grigorievich Katz (1871–1918) was the state rabbi in P. In the end. 1920s Rabbi P. - Lubavitch Hasid Chaim-Rakhmil Khodos. an unofficial minyan was going to P. at the apartment of Vladimir Yakovlevich Belenky. Since 1991, the Shalom Society of Jewish Culture (headed by Alexander Lvovich Modylevsky) has been working in P.. The Jewish religion has existed since 1997. community (previously - Dmitry G. Tsvibel, b. 1945, Sortavala). A philanthropist has been working since 1998 Center "Hesed Agamim" (headed by Mikhail Yakovlevich Bravy), published every month. gas. "Community Bulletin". There is a Sunday school, ulpan, 3 libraries, youth and family clubs, dance. ans. Aviv. In November. In 2004, a monument to Jews - victims of the Holocaust and repressions was opened in P. In 2005, approx. 1,600 Jews in P. A.I.Minkin, R.S.Pergament, L.Y. Reznikov.
PETRUSHANSKY Boris Vsevolodovich (b. 1949, Moscow), pianist, teacher. In 1972 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1975 - graduate school. Laureate and Diploma of International competitions: in Leeds (4th Ave., 1969), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (6th Ave., 1970), in Munich (at the competition ANS. Together with I. Schwarzberg, 2nd Ave., 1971), them. Casagrande in Terni (1st Ave., 1975). He gained fame after performing at the festival "Two Worlds" in Spoleto (1975), after which he gave concerts in many. mountains. Italy. Since 1978 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Participated in the festivals "Florentine Musical May" (1975), Bergamo - Brescia (1979–91), the D.Yu. Sitkovetsky festival in Sweden (1992). Mn. gives concerts in Moscow and the mountains. Europe as a soloist and ensemble player (his partners were L.B. Kogan, Sitkovetsky, etc.). P. gives the so-called. concerts-monographs (dedicated to the performance of the works of one composer, including all the works by I. Brahms), as well as thematic. concerts: "Dedication to Italy", "Wanderer", "Dances of the XX century", etc. Since 1991 Assoc. Higher. Piano Academy of Imola (Bologna), teaches also at the academies in Trapani (Sicily). Since 1993 - in Genoa.
PETRUSHKA Simcha-Bunim (1893, Warsaw - 1950, Montreal, Canada), publicist, literary critic. In 1917 he graduated from the rabbinical school, was a librarian at the Warsaw synagogue. In 1925–26 he lived in E.-I., in 1927 he visited the USA, then returned to Poland, where he lived until 1939. On the eve of the Second World. war went to New York, then settled in Montreal. In 1945 he received a New York Jewish theologian. seminary degree dr. Lit. began his activity in Warsaw in 1912. Publ. into gas. "Naes" (Warsaw) Art. on polit., societies. topics, scientific-popul. essays. The first book. "Eretz Israel" was released in 1921 in Warsaw. In the same year he published the book. "Yiddish Geshikhte" ("Jewish History"), in 1932-35 - a 4-volume "Jewish Encyclopedia" (history, culture, religion, philosophy, literature, bibliography, etc.), to-paradise was P. then revised under the name "Yiddish Folks Encyclopedia" ("Jewish People's Encyclopedia") and was published in 2 volumes (Montreal, 1943). One of the means, P.'s works also includes the lane. Mishna in Yiddish with commentary (in 6 volumes, Montreal, 1945–49).
PETRUV, see Petrov, Ivano-Frankivsk region.
PETRYANY, see Petren.
PETSERI, see Pechory.
PETUKHOVKA, a village in the Chaussky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chaussky u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
PETUKHOVO, city (since 1944), a regional center in the Kurgan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1892 as a settlement at the Siberian railway. in Ishim env. Tobolsk province. In 2002 2 Jews lived in P.
PETUKHOVSKY Abram Aronovich (1895, Kursk - 1977, Moscow), military veterinarian. Major general vet. service (1943), prof. Graduated from the Kharkov vet. Institute (1917) and honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1923). In 1924–33 the beginning. vet. ex. a number of IN. Divine Physician (1935). In 1933–38 the beginning. vet. military. inspection of the Red Army. In 1935–38 - early. Military-vet. Institute of the Red Army. In 1938–44 the beginning. Military-vet. academy. In 1944 - early. vet. dep. front. In 1946-48 the beginning. vet. ex. Groups of owls. troops in Germany, in 1948–56 beginning. Department of Military-vet. academy. From 1956 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
COCKS (until 1965 - New Petushki), city (since 1965), a regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 2 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 37, in 2002 - 8 Jews.
Paulesti (until 1991 - Paulesti), a village in the Calarasi district (Republic of Moldova). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, all Jews remaining in P. (78 people) were shot.
PEVEK, a city (since 1967), the center of the Chaunsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - a village in the Kolyma env. Yakutsk Oblast In 1939, 10 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 4 Jews.
PEVZNER-RAYCHIK Tevel Iosifovich (1904, Medved of Novgorod Province - 1942, Leningrad), graphic artist, painter. Studied at VKHUTEIN (1922–27) in Leningrad at the painting faculty under A.E. Karev, A.A. Rylov. From 1929 he took part in exhibitions. Collaborated in publishing houses, in magazines, "Ezh" and "Chizh", worked in an experiment. workshop, in the "Battle Pencil". Author of picturesque landscapes. Participated in the 1st blockade exhibition. Most of the works of P.-R. died during the blockade.
PEVZNER Antoine Abramovich (Natan Berkovich) (1884, Klimovichi, Mogilev province. - 1962, Paris), sculptor, painter. Prof. (1920). Brother of N.A. Pevzner. In 1902–09 he studied at the Kiev art. school. In 1909 he entered the Academy of Arts, but was expelled after three months. the probationary period established for Jews accepted in excess of the three percent rate. In 1911-13 he lived in Paris, in 1915-17 - in Copenhagen, Oslo. Influenced by the paintings of the Cubists, he painted the first abstract painting "Dressing Up Woman". In 1917 P. returned to Russia. In 1918 he taught at VKHUTEMAS, participated in a number of exhibitions in Moscow and Berlin. In 1920, joint. with his brother wrote “Realistic. manifesto "of constructivism. Since 1923 - in France. From 1923 he worked as a sculptor. In 1924 in gal. Persier hosted the exhibition "Russian Constructivists: Gabo and Pevzner, Paris". In 1925–30, P.'s exhibitions were held in Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Chicago, Paris, New York; in 1927, together with his brother, he designed a ball. "Cat", post. J. Balanchin. In 1947, the first retrospective exhibition of P.P. - the author of such iz. works such as "Construction for the airport" (1934), "Developing surface" (1936), "Projection in space" (1938), "Dynamic structure" (1947), "Bird taking off" (1955); cochlea comp. "Light" (1947), "Monument watered. prisoner ", which received the Grand Prix at the International. exhibition in London (1953). Knight of the hordes. Poch. Legion (1961). Works are stored in pl. museums of the world, including the Pushkin Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery ("Portrait. Carnival", 1917), the State Russian Museum (painting "Absinthe", 1923).
PEVZNER Avrom-Borukh (1890, Pochep Mglinsky u. Chernigov province - 1940, Kzyl-Orda, Kazakh SSR), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the "Tomkhei-Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Since 1922 spiritual leader. community of Lubavitch Hasidim in Minsk. Arrested in 1930. After his release from 1932 - in Kharkov. An active participant in the Lubavitch religion. underground. In 1939 he was arrested again. Died in exile; P.'s son - Hillel (1922, Minsk - 2008), rabbi. He studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Zhitomir and Voronezh. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1947 - in France. He taught in Jewish religions. uch. institutions. Rabbi of the community of Lubavitch Hasidim in Paris.
PEVZNER Boris Moiseevich (b. 1927, Leningrad), a specialist in the field of television transmission technology and color television. Cand. tech. Sciences (1960). In 1950 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t, then worked at the plant. Since 1954 at VNII TV, since 1962 Art. scientific. sotr. Participated in the development of fatherlands, color TV technology. All R. 1960s headed work on creating. color mobile TV. station, with the help of a swarm in 1967 for the first time the color transmission of the parade and demonstration from Red Square in Moscow was carried out. He took part in drawing up GOST for the system and parameters of color TV. In 1975–81, he headed scientific. development, implementation and was the first scientific. hands. digital complex of studio control room of color TV in Leningrad. Author of 80 scientific. tr. and inventions. Since 1993 - in the USA. Vol .: Color television systems. L., 1969; The quality of color television pictures. M., 1980.
PEVZNER Boris Samuilovich (b. 1940, Minsk), choral conductor. Graduated from the conductor-choral faculty of the Novosibirsk cons. (1965), graduate school of Moscow. state music-ped. in-ta them. Gnessin (1969), opera and symphony faculty. conductors of the Novosibirsk cons. (1976). Conductor-choirmaster Leningrad. state academic. choir chapel named after MI Glinka (1965–67), hands. choral class conductor-choral faculty of the Novosibirsk cons. (1968–78). Since 1969 organizer, artistic director. hands. and conductor of the Novosibirsk chamber. chorus. To Intern. competition them. B. Bartok (Hungary, Debrecen, 1978) the choir received the Big Bad. medal and the title of laureate in the category of Modernism of the 20th century, and P. was awarded the title of laureate and the best conductor of the competition. Since 1967 he has been teaching at the Novosibirsk Cons. Compiled and edited by Sat. "Chamber Choir", by art. and reviews. From 1967 to. of the Board of the Choral Society of the Novosibirsk Region, since 1977 member. prez. Vses. choral society, since 1983 member. reign of Vseros. choral society. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR.
PEVZNER Manuil Isaakovich (real name and father Monos Aizikovich) (1872, Vyatka - 1952, Moscow), therapist. In 1900 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, trained in clinics in Germany, worked in a therapist. clinics Mosk. un-that, where from 1908 led the course of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In 1921, he organized and headed the department at the resort clinic. lay down. localities of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, the department of diseases of the digestive system and to lay down. food, a cut in 1930 transformed into a clinic to lay down. Nutrition Institute nutrition, created. also with the participation of P. Since 1927 he taught a course of diseases of digestion and dietetics in Ying-those balneology; from 1932 - head. chair to lay down. food TsIUV. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1936). tr. on gastroenterology, rational and to lay down. nutrition. He initiated the study of diet therapy as a factor affecting the body and its reactivity. Conducted by P. with sotr. research on diet therapy of rheumatism, hypertonic. diseases and others served as the basis for scientific. development of the principle of application to lay down. nutrition as a component of complex therapy of diseases. Vol .: Fundamentals of medical nutrition. M.-L., 1937; Rational and healthy nutrition. M.-L., 1940; Ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. M., 1946; Nutritional therapy in the complex therapy of tuberculosis. M., 1948.
PEVZNER Meer (| - after 1948), rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. rabbi of Tomsk. From the end. 1930s - in Moscow, one of the hands. Moscow Jewish religion. communities. Arrested in 1948.
PEVZNER Mikhail (Moisey) Isaakovich (1918, Askhabad, Trans-Caspian region - 1970, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1940) and was enrolled in Leningrad. physical and technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1941–44 - at the front. In 1944, at the request of IV Kurchatov, he was recalled from the army to work in Lab. No. 2 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Institute of Atomic Energy named after IV Kurchatov), ​​where he worked until the end of his life. introduced means. contribution to the work of practical. release and research. intranuclear energy. Under the arm. P. the first neutron spectrometers in the USSR were created. One of the founders of the study of condensed matter using neutrons. Under the arm. P. was created by a multipurpose research. complex "Fakel", which includes a powerful pulsed neutron source and allows to carry out research. in the region. nuclear physics, materials science, etc. Publ. OK. 100 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1949,1953).
PEVZNER Naum (Nehemia) Abramovich (ps. Naum Gabo) (1890, Bryansk - 1977, Waterbury, USA), sculptor. Brother of A.A. Pevzner. In 1910–14 he studied natural sciences. f-those of Munich un-that. Acquaintance with the abstract art of V.V. Kandinsky, the course of lectures by G. Wölflin on art aroused interest in art. creativity. From the beginning. 1st world. wars - in Norway. In 1915, under the influence of the ideas of cubism, he created the sculpture Bust (wood). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 arrived in Moscow. In 1920 (with his brother) he wrote The Realist Manifesto. In 1920 he created a project for a radio tower for Serpukhov. In 1922–32 - in Berlin, where he arranged (with his brother) the 1st retrospective exhibition of Russian. art (1922). In 1924 in Paris in gal. Persier hosted the exhibition "Russian Constructivists", on which P.'s works were also presented. In 1927 he participated (with his brother) in the decoration of the ball. "Cat", post. J. Balanchin. In 1929, joint. with arch. G. Hering presented the project of the sculpture "Celebration for the Brandenburg Gate". In 1931 he proposed for consideration a competitive project of the Palace of Soviets. In 1932–36 - in Paris, until 1946 - in Great Britain, in 1946–77 - in the USA. P.'s work played a prominent role in the development of abstract art. With his constructions, P. sought to transform the surrounding space in accordance with the attitude of a person of the 20th century. 1st personal exhibition P. - in London in 1937.
PEVZNER Shmuel-Yosef (1879, Propoisk of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1930, Jerusalem), public figure. Participated in the work of the 1st Zionist. Congr. Graduated from the Berlin Techn. in-t. From 1905 - in E.-I. Founder and director. company for the production of soap "Atid", Haifa mountains. library named after P. "Beit-Pevzner". One of the founders of the Technion, Haifa real gymnasium, Gadar ha-Karmel quarter in Haifa. Member Municipality of Haifa and Vaad Leumi.
PEVZNER Yakov Alexandrovich (Khatskelevich) (1914, Gomel, Mogilev province - 2003), economist, orientalist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1961), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1936). Member of the 1941–45 war. Sci. sotr. KUTV (1935–38), Institute of the World. x-va and the world. politics (1939–47), Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1947–56), IMEMO (since 1961 head of the Japanese economy sector). Sci. research on the problems of economics and politics sovr. Japan, theoretical. issues of political economy. Responsible ed. works: "Reproduction of societies, products in Japan" (1970), "Japan on the threshold of the XXI century." (1989), "Japan: economics, politics, history" (1989), "Japan" (1973). State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Monopolistic. the capital of Japan ("zaibatsu") during the Second World War and after the war. M.-L., 1950; State monopoly capitalism in Japan after the second world. war. M., 1961; State in the Japanese economy. M., 1976; State monopoly regulation in Japan. M., 1985 (et al. And ed.); Political economy: controversial problems, ways of renewal. M., 1991 (with S.V. Braginsky).
PEYROS Lev Solomonovich (1897, Kovna - 1950, Lvov), military leader. Major General of the Quartermaster Service (1942). In the Red Army - since 1918. Member of the Citizen. war. In 1926 he graduated from courses at the Military. academy. Beginning military-household ex. Leningrad. (1930) and Mosk. (1932–35) military. env. In 1941–42 the beginning. supply corps, army. Beginning rear of the Voronezh fr. (1942), early. rear of the Oryol military. env. (1943–45). Deputy teams. A special military man. env. on the rear (1945), deputy. teams. Carpathian military. district, rear (1948–50). He was awarded 4 orders.
PEYSAKH Evsey Isaakovich (1903, Karasubazar, Tauride Gubernia - 1977, Leningrad), economist, ethnographer. Graduated from Leningrad. finance-econ. in-t. Collector of materials on language. and the folklore of the Krymchaks, to-rykh he considered a special nation. In the 1960s and 70s. was one of the initiators of the campaign to replace “Jew” with “Krymchak” in passports. The author of Art. on the history of the Krymchaks. P.'s archive is kept in the National Library of Russia, and the household items of the Krymchaks collected by P. are kept in the State. Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg.
PEYSAKHOVICH Abram Izrailevich (1905, Kotelnich, Vyatka province - 1983, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Vyatka thin. study at A.N. Knyazev and L.P. Pletnev. In 1917 - the first personal exhibition. In 1921 he entered VKHUTEMAS, but due to illness he interrupted his studies. From 1922 he served in car washes. dep. "Medsantrud" artist-designer. He worked in Vyatka as a pom. decorator in t-re. In 1924-29 he studied at the VKHUTEMAS in the studio of A.V. Shevchenko. In 1929 he joined the Society of Artists, participated in exhibitions of the AHRR, OMARH, traveling in the USSR and abroad. In 1940, a participant in the exhibition gr. five (L. Aronov, M. Dobroserdov, L. Ya.Zevin, P., A. Rzheznikov. In 1941–45, chief artist Molotov, director of "Agitplakata". Since 1962, participant of exhibitions of works by Moscow artists. 1960-68 he taught at a children's art school (Moscow). Paintings by P. are multifaceted and varied: "At the dacha. Portrait of SD Hommer", 1930; "Portrait of Rachel", 1936; "Musical moment", 1940; "Difficult war years", 1943; "Room-workshop on Verkhnaya Maslovka", 1946; "Woman's portrait in red", 1949; "Interior with a plaster head and a violin", 1959; "Sparrows", 1960; "Still life with a book about art ", 1981 and many others. Painterly manner of P. is characterized by coloristic relaxedness, characteristic of the Moscow school. Personal exhibitions of P. took place in 1976 and 1984 in Moscow. Works by P. are kept in the Moscow Union of Artists, the State Tretyakov Gallery, Kirov Art Museum. AM Gorky.
PEYSAKHOVICH Chaim (1877, Lipnishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1956, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Slobodka, Lida and Brest. Since 1900, a rabbi in the town of Starye Dorogi, Minsk province, then in Minsk (rabbi of the "red community"). In the 1920s. expressed solidarity with Evsection. Since 1931 - in E.-I. He built a synagogue "Torah ve-dat" in Jerusalem, created the bank "Ha-Tkhiya". For his pro-Soviet speeches he received the nickname "Red Rabbi".
PEYSAKHOVSKY Naum Grigorievich (1909, Ilyino Velizhsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1999, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - since 1934. In 1939 he graduated from the Military-polit. Academy, in 1942 - KUKS at the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze. He fought on Khalkhin Gol, participated in battles during the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. shooter. regiment Lieutenant Colonel P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage and heroism shown in the capture of Berlin. He was wounded in hand-to-hand combat during street fighting in Berlin. From 1953 - Colonel in the reserve. He was awarded 7 orders.
PEYSIKOV Lazar Samoilovich (1915, Kokand, Fergana region - 1978, Moscow), orientalist, philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1964), prof. (1966). In the 1920s. lived with his parents in Persia, where the Persian mastered. lang. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1938) and MIV (1941), in which he began teaching while still a senior student (1938–41). Lecturer at the All-Russian Institute of Foreign Languages ​​(from 1942, at 1-946-56 Head of the Department in Persian, and Arabic, in lang.), In 1956-60 - at MGIMO of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 1960-78 Assoc. Prof. IVYa MGU. Author of more than 50 scientific. works on Iran. philology, textbooks and teaching method. manuals, dictionaries. Works: Short Persian-Russian. philol. dictionary. M., 1949; Short military Persian-Russian. dictionary. M., 1954; Tehran dialect. M., 1960; Essays on word formation of Persian, language. M., 1973; Lexicology sovr. Persian. language. M., 1975.
PEYTERFALIO, see Petrovo, Transcarpathian region.
PIASTRO Joseph (ps. Borisov) (1889, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1964, Monrovia, USA), violinist, composer. Rod. in the family of a musician. Brother M. Piastro. In 1902–09 he studied with L.S. Auer in Petersburg. cons. He has toured to Turkey, Greece, USA, India, China, Japan. Since 1920 - in the USA. He worked as a concertmaster at the Los Angeles Symphony. orc. Conducted concerts for children in Hollywood. Wrote Crimean Rhapsody for violin and fp. (1920), comic op. "Lolita" and others.
PIASTRO Mikhail (1891, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1970, New York), violinist. Brother I. Piastro. Studied with L.S. Auer in Petersburg. cons. In 1925–31 he was an accompanist at the San Francisco Symphony. orc. In 1931–43 he worked with the New York Philharmonic Orc. under the hands. A. Toscanini.
PICHEVKA, a village in the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Aningof (other name - Annenhof) Goretsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. 20 Jewish families lived in P. in 1848, 10 families in 1872, and 91 Jews in 1898. When founded, 20 Jewish families from Gorki and the surrounding area settled in P., who received 20 dessiatins for use. land. In 1872, by the decision of the lustration commission, the Jews were left with only plowed land (5-6 dessiatines per family). In 1898 Jews worked 63 dess. land.
PIEDRUIA, a settlement in the Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pridruisk, Drissensky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1919–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1897 561 Jews (66%) lived in Poland, in 1906 - 706 (70%), in 1920 - approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1925 - 172 Jews, in 1930 - 203 (53%), in 1935 - 145 Jews (44%). Jews lived in P. from the middle. 18th century In the 19th century. most of them had their own. houses with personal plots, where cows and chickens were kept, vegetables and fruits were grown; many hired laborers. Timber trade was concentrated in the hands of the Jews of P. Jews owned all shops and shops in P .; many were engaged in crafts. There was a synagogue in P. In 1881 and 1882, pogroms took place in Petrograd by peasants from the surrounding villages. 20th century there were 3 synagogues in P. In 1906–08, Rabbi P. - Ber-Leib Olshvang (1879 -?) In 1920, a representative of the community, Haim Kishlevich, was a delegate to the 1st Congress of Jewish Communities of Latvia. A new synagogue was built in P. (the old one burned down during the First World War). In 1920–22, the Jews of P. conducted intensive trade with Poland. In 1923, Polish. the authorities stopped issuing permits for these activities, as a result of which part of P.'s Jewish families went bankrupt. Mn. the Jews of P. left in the 1920s. to other countries. The economy was relatively stable. the position of Jewish families, to-rye were engaged with. x-vom. The Jews still owned all the shops and shops; practiced by a Jewish doctor. With the help of the Joint, a mutual credit fund was opened. Until mid. 1930s There was a Yiddish school opened in 1920 in P., after the occupation by Wehrmacht units in July 1941, the Jews of P. were killed.
PIGIT Ilya Davidovich (1851 - 1915), entrepreneur, public figure. Rod. in a Karaite family. He graduated from the Karaite school, also received a secular education. He was engaged in the trade of tobacco and tobacco products. In 1891 he founded a bargaining in Moscow. house "I. Pigit and K °", owned a tobacco factory "Dukat" (was one of the best in Russia, produced several ten names of tobacco products), tobacco shops in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, several. tobacco warehouses (including three in Moscow and Crimea). The products of the factory were awarded with awards at the All-Russian Federation. art-prom. exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod (1896) and at the International Exhibition. exhibition in London (1908). In 1910 Petrograd transformed its bargaining. house in ac. T-in tobacco factory "Dukat" (until 1913 - the head of the board of T-va) with the main. capital of 1.5 million rubles. (owned 1,455 out of 1,500 shares). In Moscow, he owned apartment buildings, including at 10 B. Sadovaya Street (1903). In the beginning. 1920s M.A. Bulgakov rented a room in it, describing this house in rum. "The Master and Margarita". In tech. pl. years P. anonymously rendered means, material assistance to needy Karaites, bequeathed means. capital for the arrangement of Karaite farmers. colonies, chose and acquired for this purpose an estate near Evpatoria with 3.2 thousand acres of arable land and a steam mill, which he called "Imdat Pigit" ("Pigit's Help").
PIGIT Samuil Shemarievich (1849 - 1911), Karaite law teacher, preacher. Senior gazzan of the Yekaterinoslav Karaite community. Author Sat. sermons, verse. and rec. "Igeret nidhei Shmuel" ("Letters of the Lost Shmuel", 1894).
PIKALYOVO, a city (since 1954) in the Boksitogorsk District of the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation) In 2002, 11 Jews lived in P.
PIKAYZEN Victor Alexandrovich (b. 1933, Kiev), violinist. Violinist's son, Hon. art. Ukrainian SSR Alexander Abramovich P. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1957) according to cl. D.F. Oistrakh and postgraduate studies (1960). Since 1957 soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic, creator of the song. P. Concerto for violin and orc. B.A. Tchaikovsky (1970), Sonatas-monologue for violin-solo A. I. Khachaturian. Performed with an orc. under control Oistrakh, taught at Moscow. cons. (1966–86, until 1974 assistant to Oistrakh). Tours in pl. countries. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. violin competition them. J. Kubelika (Prague, 1949), 5th Ave. to the International Competition. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1955), 2nd Ave. to Intern. competition them. M.Long-J. Thibault (Paris, 1957), 2nd ave. To Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1958), 1st avenue to Mezhdunar. competition them. N. Paganini (Genoa, 1965). French Grand Prix firm "Shang du monde" (1969) for the recordings of production. N. Paganini. Nar. art. RSFSR (1989).
PIKELI, see Pikeliai.
PIKELNER Solomon Borisovich (1921, Baku - 1975, Moscow), astrophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1959). Graduated in 1937 fur-ma-tem. Faculty of Moscow State University and in 1942 astronomical. department of this faculty, then graduate school. In 1945–46 at Astrophys. Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was engaged in completing astronomical. equipment for the country's observatories. From 16 he restored the Crimean Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in which he then worked. From 1959 to physical. f-those GU. Main scientific. work related to the study of the interstellar medium, the plasma of the solar atmosphere. Author approx. 140 scientific. Art. and a number of monographs, scientific. ed. et al. scientific. ed., including the encyclopedia "Physics of space" (Moscow, 1976), "The origin and evolution of galaxies and stars" (Moscow, 1976). For 15 years he was responsible. sec. Astronomical. magazine ". In 1964–67 prez. Commission No. 34 (Interstellar Matter and Planetary Nebulae) Intern. astronomical. union. Foreign member Astronomical Royal. Ob-va (Great Britain) (1971) Vol .: Physics of the interstellar medium. M., 1959; Interstellar medium. Moscow, 1963 (in co-authorship with S.A. Kaplan Fundamentals of cosmic electrodynamics. 2nd ed. M., 1966; Physics of the plasma of the solar atmosphere. M., 1977 (in co-authorship with Kashtan and V.N. Tsytovich ); Physics of the interstellar medium.Moscow, 1979 (in co-authorship with Kaplan).
PIKOV, a village in the Kalinovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novy Pikov Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. In 1765 in P. and surrounding us. There were 298 Jews in localities, 1566 in Poland in 1847, 1479 (approx. 100%) in 1897, and 1232 Jews in 1923. P. had a Jewish population. During the North. During the war in 1713, P. was defeated by Cossack units that fought as part of the Russian. army; Cossacks cut off their noses and ears for Jewish women. In 1873 there were 3 synagogues in Poland, and in 1889 there were 4 synagogues. In 1914 Jews in P. owned a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, both timber warehouses, and a unit. a mill, 36 shops (including 16 grocery stores, all 13 manufactures, only one fish). On July 10, 1919, a pogrom took place in P., during which 50 Jews were killed. 1930s a synagogue and a Jewish school operated in P. there was a Jewish cemetery. To the end. 1930s the synagogue was closed, the building was transferred to a warehouse, and in July 1941 Poland was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. On May 30, 1942, 960 Jews were killed in P., on June 6, 1942 - 76, on June 11, 1942 - 44 Jews.
PIKOVETS, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both manufacturing shops in P.
PIKOVSKY David Lvovich (b. 1923, Staraya Sinyava, Litinsky district, Podolsk province), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1946 he graduated from the Gorky honey. in-t. In 1948-57, Ch. surgeon of the Volga Shipping Company. In 1957–65, assistant professor, prof. Department of Hospital Surgery, Gorky Med. in-that, since 1965 head. Department of Faculty Surgery, Volgograd Med. in-that. Main scientific. work dedicated. surgery of the biliary tract and thoracic duct, for the first time in the USSR carried out the drainage of the latter. Member Worldwide Federation of Surgeons, Complicated cholecystitis. M., 1971 (et al.); Drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct in surgical practice. M., 1979 (et al.); Emergency biliary tract surgery. M., 1990 (et al.).
PIKULOVICHI, a village in Pustomytovsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pikulovice Lviv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews were deported to Novy Yarychev and in January. 1943 shot there.
PIKULOVICE, see Pikulovichi.
PIKELIAI, a place in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pikeli Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 1206 Jews (68%) lived in P., in 1914 - approx. 150 Jewish families, in 1923 - 286 Jews (34%), in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families (approx. 3.3%) Jews lived in P. from the end. 18th century The rabbis in P. were Moishe-Shimon Zivits, in 1832–42 - Benjamin Rabinovich, Avrom Harif (? –1877), Zeev-Wolf Avrekh, from 1883 - Yakov Vilenchik (1851–1888), Arie-Leib Frumkin, Khaim Natanzon ( ? –1904). In P., there were 2 synagogues, 2 heders, a Jewish library, a yeshiva (headed by Z.-V. Avrekh, then by H. Natanzon). During the war, Jews were expelled from P. After 1918, some of them returned to P. Osn. the occupations of the Jewish population were small trade and crafts. Among the Jews there were kr. flour traders; Jews owned a soap factory, 2 mills, 2 taverns. In P. worked a department of the Jewish People. bank (manager - Moishe Natanzon), branches "Bikur Hoylim", "Kupas Gmakh" (charitable society). By rabbis in P. in the 1920s – 1930s. there were Yosef-Bentsion Fridman, Bentsion Melamed (? –1929), Dov Melamed, Todres Lokshin, Yisroel Mosinson, Chaim-Zalman Kron, Yisroel Farber. 1930s one cheder worked in P. (7 students). After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jewish population of P. was destroyed on August 9. 1941 After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave of the victims. E.-D. Teomim-Rabinovich.
PILATKOVTSY, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in July 1941, local residents killed most of the Jews; the survivors moved to Ozeryany.
PILDA, a settlement in Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lucinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 19th century in P. lived several. Dozens of Jewish families, in 1925 - 14 Jews, in 1930 - 7 Jews. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941 approx. Ludza.
PILIKHOVSKY Leopold (1869, Kalisz province - 1933), painter. Hood. educated in Munich and Paris. P.'s creativity is characterized by a bold interpretation, a virtuoso brushstroke, monumentality and expression. Major works: "Yom Kippur", "Wedding", "Tired Wanderers", "Where is Peace", "Waiting", "Pieta". P.'s works were exhibited in art. salons in Berlin (1911) and Paris (1912).
PILICA, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Lelevsky district of the Krakow Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Olkushsky u. In 1765, 506 Jews lived in P., in 1808 - 578 (29.6%), in 1827 - 1096 (38.3%), in 1857 - 2266 (57.3%), in 1897 - 2688 ( 67.9%), in 1921 - 1877 Jews (56.9%) Jews lived in Poland from the 17th century. In 1662, the synagogue taken from the Jews was turned into a church. In the end. 18th century Rabbi P. - Eliezer Rokeach (1758-1833), in the beginning. 19th century - Rabbi Avrom-Zvi (1780-1828). All R. 19th century a new synagogue was built, a cemetery was laid. Rabbis of P. in the 19th century - Alexander Hasid Ikhl Danziger (? –1894), Gurian Hasid Pinkhos-Eliyahu Rothenberg (? –1903). In 1891 Joseph Paschalis worked as a doctor in P. A Palestinophile group was organized in 1894. In 1905, Pinhos Menachem Eliezer Yustman (1849–1921) founded a Hasidic court in P. The dynasty was continued by his son Hanoch-Gad (1884–1942, Treblinka). In 1924 the Hasidic court in Poland was founded by Boruch-Colonimus Horowitz-Sternfeld (1885–1942). He was also the rabbi of P. in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including sports. Maccabi Club. 5 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat was established. On Sept. 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to the ghettos of nearby us. items In P. genus. Zvi Schuber (real name and fam. Hirsch Tokhterman) (1905–1973, Toronto, Canada), writer, wrote in Yiddish, since 1930 - in Canada.
PILMAN Sydney (1887 - 1946, USA), trade unionist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he participated in growing up. roar. movement. Arrested in 1905, after his release he emigrated to Great Britain, then to the USA, where he soon became one of the leaders of the textile workers' union in Chicago. Since 1914 - in New York, President. Worldwide associations of textile workers, one of the founders of Kongr. trade union. associations prom. workers. During the 2nd world. war - adviser prez. F.D. Roosevelt on Labor, held a number of key positions in government bodies. At the end of the war - prez. Worldwide federation of trade unions.
PILTEN, see Piltene.
PILVISKI, see Pilviškiai.
PILOVSKY Avrom (Yakov) (1898, Vilna - |), writer. Rod. in the family of a rabbi, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1918 he graduated from ped. courses in Kovno and left for Russia. In 1920 he returned to Lithuania, worked as a teacher. From 1924 - in Argentina, lived in Buenos Aires, in the late. 1924 moved to Chile. He began to write in 1920, publ. stories and poems in the Vilna periodical. ed., in ed. USA, Argentina, Mexico, Canada, Chile. Ed. several Jewish ed. First. Sat. stories "Fun Chile" ("From Chile") released in 1937 in Santiago. The author of the book: "Iber vegn" ("On the road", 1949), "Trit oif der erd" ("Steps on the ground", 1959), "In gang" ("On the campaign"), etc. Since 1963 - in Israel.
PILTENE, a city (since 1557) in the Ventspils region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1295.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pilten, Vindavskogo u. Kurland province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1798, 209 Jewish men lived in Poland, in 1818 there were 351 Jews (55%), in 1897 - 629 (42%), in 1910 - 359 (27%), in 1920 - 34 (4%), in 1925 - 59 (6%), in 1930 - 53 (7%), in 1935 - 45 Jews (6%). Jews lived in Poland from 17 at. There was a synagogue in 1708. In the beginning. 19th century Khevra Kaddish operated in P. The rabbi in 1805 was Ruven-Yehoshua-Zelig Ashkenazi, in 1850–55 - Yosef Herzberg (? –1855), in 1855–59 - Menachem-Mendel Israelson, in 1860–91 - Yosef-Yehuda Berenshtein. 2 synagogues, 3 heders. In the 1860s. Jews owned 22 shops. In 1891–1915, Israel Movshovich Litvin (1863, Grodna - 1941, Riga) was the rabbi in P. In 1910 a private Jewish husband operated in P. uch-shche, synagogue, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy warehouse, 11 out of 15 grocery stores, all 3 manufacturing shops. In 1915 Jews were expelled from Poland. In 1925 the building of the synagogue, built in 1850, was reconstructed. Rabbi of Poland in the 1920s. - Efroim Samunov (1860, Pilten -?) The Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PILVANA, see Paleven.
PILVISHKIAI, a town in Marijampole district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1817 - Posad Pilvishka of Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1865, 976 Jews (62%) lived in P., in 1897 - 1242 (53%), in 1923 - 909 (38%), in 1939 - OK. 700 (approx. 24%), in 1941 - approx. 1000 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the 2nd half. 18th century Main occupation of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there was trade in grain, fruits, poultry (including the export of geese to Germany). Some of the Jews were engaged in crafts. Since 1886 Yakov-Meir Levin (? –1906) was the rabbi in P. There were 2 synagogues in P., several. heders, yeshiva, in 1890 - a Jewish school. In the 1900s. in P. actively worked decomp. Zionist circles, a Jewish library was opened, "Gmilus Hesed", "Somekh Nofle" operated, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-save. m-in. From 1907 to 1914, Dr. Ichiel-Yakov Weinberg (1885 -?) Was the rabbi in P. The Jewish community of P. suffered during the First World. war. One of the synagogues was burned; pl. Jews left P. After 1918, some of the Jews returned to P. The burned-down synagogue was rebuilt. However, due to the violation of economic. ties with Russia, the financial situation of the community deteriorated, export trade in grain and poultry fell into decline. Mn. Jews left for the USA, South. Africa, part of the Jews - in E.-I. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. worked a department of the Jewish People. bank, since 1921 - school of the "Tarbut" network (130 students), Jewish library, dramatic. circle, since 1928 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. Departments of various types operated in P. Jewish parties and organizations, including the Maccabi branch. In 1931, of the 46 stores in P., 41 belonged to Jews; Jews also owned 3 out of 6 workshops; Friedman owned a fur factory. In 1924–41, Avrom-Aba Reznik (? –1941) was the rabbi of Poland. On June 23, 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews P. were shot in August. and in Sept. 1941.After 1945, a monument was erected on the grave of the executed. In P. genus: Sh.Sh. Eliezer-Doiv-Ber Lieberman (1820–1895, Bialystok), writer, wrote in Hebrew, member of the Haskalah movement; Shloyme Sheinberg (1891-1942, Sengiley, Samara region), a writer, wrote in Yiddish, translated into Yiddish the novels of Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina".
PILYAVA, a village in Starosinyavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1501. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Litinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, there were 289 Jews living in P., in 1897 - 752 (20.3%), in 1923 - 619 Jews. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in P. Since 1890 Moishe Shraiman (1861–?) Was the rabbi in P. In the summer of 1913, Jewish folklore and ethnography worked in P. expedition at hand. S. An-sky. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. mill, unity a grape wine shop, 12 shops in P. (including all 9 grocery stores, both manufactory). 20th century some of the Jews of Poland left for the USA, where in 1915 a charity was organized. Society "Piliver Podolier". In 1925 immigrants from P. (21 Jewish families, 107 people) organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Emes". In July 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 19 Aug 1941 Jews of P. were shot.
PINCHEVSKY Moishe Yakovlevich (1894, Teleneshty, Orhei district, Bessarabian province - 1955), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at the yeshiva in Odessa. Since 1913 - in Argentina. He was a laborer in Buenos Aires, a teacher in a Jewish colony, and wandered around the country. The first verses in Yiddish publ. in 1913. In 1918 he published the first book in Buenos Aires. "Blossom" ("Blossom"). He spoke with art., Stories, verse. in periodic. ed. Returning to Europe, he lived in Germany, Belgium, Romania, from 1926 - in the USSR. Published in Jewish gas. and zhurn., published several. book: "Der tseilungen" ("Stories", 1919) "Fir poemes" ("Four poems", 1920), "Dos lebn untoit fun William Light" ("The life and death of William Light", 1941). The author of the libretto ball. "Aistenok" (1935). In Jewish, Ukrainian and Russian. t-rakh plays were staged by P.: "Gedekte kortn" ("Broken cards", 1930), "Git dem forgang" ("Give the curtain", 1931), "Eldorado" (1936), "Kolya" (1937), " Their loeb "(" I live ", 1947), etc. In 1949 he was arrested, died in the camp.
PINCHOV, see Pinchuv.
PINCHUK Veniamin Borisovich (1908, Peas of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1987, Leningrad), sculptor. Prof. (1962), acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1970). Studied in Moscow. VKHUTEIN (1928–30) with V. I. Mukhina and in the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1930–32) with A. T. Matveev and V. A. Sinaisky. In 1948–49 and from I960 he taught at the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repina (Leningrad). The author of the memory. SM Kirov (Leningrad, Krestovsky Island, 1935–39), a figured room. "VI Lenin and IV Stalin in Gorki" (1949, co-author), bust of MI Kalinin (Leningrad, Russian Museum, 1950), memorial. VI Lenin (Moscow, Kremlin, 1967) and others. Nar. thin USSR (1969). Became. etc. (1950). Silver. medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1964).
PINEGA, a village in the Pinezhsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 17th century like a graveyard Pinezhsky Volok. Since 1780 - the district town of the Arkhangelsk governorship, then - the province. Since 1925 it has been a rural settlement, since 1960 it has been an urban-type settlement, since 1993 it has been a rural-type settlement. In 1910 there were 43 Jews (3.1%) living in P., in 1939 there were 2 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in P..
PINES Don (1900, Warsaw - 1961, Rehovot, Israel), political and public figure, publicist. He studied at the yeshivas of Slonim, Vilna, Yekaterinoslav, then at high fur boots in Moscow and Kharkov. During the years of the Revolution and Civil. war led self-defense units in Pochep, Yekaterinoslav, Orel. From a young age he participated in the Zionist. movement, in 1921-30 was a gene. sec. the Ge-Halutz Movement in Russia and Ukraine, ed. its ed. In 1925–28 he was revised. zhurn. Ge-Halutz (Moscow). He was arrested several times. In 1926 he was sentenced to three years of exile. Since 1930 - in E.-I. Lit. started his activity in 1916 with stories in Hebrew. Published in Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. lang. in periodic. ed. USSR, USA and Israel. P. - the author of several. publicistic. book, biographies of A.Sh. Lieberman, M. Hess, N. Syrkin.
PINES Hoax (1871, Shklov, Mogilev province - |), poet, teacher. From 1892 in Warsaw, he was engaged in ped. activities, was in charge of the cheder. In 1912 he was a teacher at the Vilna Jewish gymnasium. In 1892-1903, collections of P.'s poems were published. In 1907, publ. Hebrew spelling and spelling guide.
PINES Yehiel-Mikhl (1842, Ruzhany Slonimsky u. Grodno province - 1913, Jaffa), publicist, teacher, public figure. He taught at the Ruzhan yeshiva. Experienced the influence of the ideas of "Hovevei Zion". He considered it necessary to carry out transformations in the life of the Jewish people, but was against religious. reforms, since they, according to P., undermine traditions and lead to assimilation. Developed these ideas in Art., Publ. in periodic. print in Hebrew and then collected in the book. "Yaldey ruhi" ("The brainchild of my spirit", at 2 o'clock, 1872). Since 1878 the representative of the London Foundation M. Montefiore in E.-I. He advocated the construction of new quarters in Jerusalem, for the creation of agricultural. settlements in E.-I. In 1882 he participated in the creation. complex "Hovevei Zion" in Jaffa. At the Katowice Congress (1884) appointed plenipotentiary. the representative of "Hovevei Zion" in E.-I., and in 1887 - an inspector of the settlements "Hovevey Zion" in E.-I. In 1889, P. was one of the founders of the Hebrew Language Academy. In 1893 - trustee philanthropist. org-tion of the Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem, taught the Talmud at the Jerusalem Teachers' Institute. He was a member of the to-that Jewish nat. b-ki. He was in charge of the hospital in Jerusalem. P.'s ideas about the nation and religion were adopted by the Mizrahi movement. Art. and letters P. ed. in 3 volumes in 1934–39.
PINES Kapai (b. 1926, Moscow), journalist. Studied at the Pulitzer School of Journalism at Columbia University (New York, 1946–47) and the Tel Aviv Econ. school (1956–57). In 1979–82 - before. Israel Association of Authors of Sci. and honey. lit-ry. The author of the book. "Histadrut" (1955), "What and who in the world" (1959), "Supplemented dictionary of foreign. words in Israel ”(in 2 volumes, 1974) and others.
PINES Lev Yakovlevich (1895, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1951, Leningrad), neuromorphologist, neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1932). Honey. educated in high fur boots in Switzerland in 1914-18. Since 1918 - at the Zurich Institute of Brain. After returning to Russia (1921) he worked as a scientific. sotr. Department of Histology Petrograd. un-that, then in the State. in-those of the brain, where in 1925-50 he headed the morphology sector; at the same time. (since 1923) taught at the Department of Nerve, Diseases in the State. in-those honey. knowledge, in 1931–51 hands. neurological. Clinic Psychoneurological. Institute in Leningrad. tr. P. dedicated. in the main. morphology and physiology of the nerve, system, including innervation of the endocrine glands, localization of autonomic centers in the spinal cord and brain, localization of brain functions, morphology, physiology and pathology of the hypothalamic. region diencephalon and pituitary gland. Put forward the concept of the ways of cortical regulation of the functions of int. organs. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1949) Vol .: A short course of lectures on vegetative centers. L., 1940.
PINES Meir-Issar (1881, Mogilev - 1942 or 1943), public figure, literary critic. Dr. Literature (1910). He studied at the cheder and yeshiva in Grodno. In 1900 he entered the University of Berne (Switzerland), where he studied law. science and philosophy. From 1902 he studied at the Sorbonne. In 1905 he returned to Russia, an activist Jewish socialist, slave. party, in 1905 participated in the 7th Zionist, Congress., helped I. Zangvil in creating. movement of territorialists. Publ. in Jewish periodicals. ed. Art. on literature and Jewish societies, problems. In 1910 he defended his doctorate at the Sorbonne. dis. on the history of Yiddish literature. There was a candidate. in the dep. from Grodno province. in the elections to the 2nd State. Duma. In 1920 he moved to London, from there to Berlin, where he participated in the work of ORT and a Jewish emigre. about-va. In 1941 he was among the owls. subjects exchanged through Turkey on it. citizens in the USSR. Repressed. Vol .: History of Jewish literature in Jewish-German language. M., 1913.
PINES Shlomo (1908, Paris - 1990, Jerusalem), historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1934), prof. (1961), acad. Academy of Sciences of Israel (1977). Soon after his birth, he moved with his family to Russia (until 1915 - in Riga, in 1915-19 - in Arkhangelsk). From 1919 - in London. From 1921 - in Berlin. Studied at Heidelberg (1925–26), Geneva (1926–17), Berlin fur boots. Taught at the Institute of History of Science and Technology at Paris University (1937–39). Since 1940 - in E.-I. He worked in Brit, censorship in Jerusalem, then in the Middle East. dep. Min-va foreign Affairs of Israel (1948–52). Since 1952 he has been a teacher at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). The author of the book. on the medieval culture of Islam, Greek philosophy, history of Jewish thought, early Christianity, philosophy of F. Nietzsche, etc. Translated into English. lang. the work of Maimonides "More nevu-khim" ("Mentor of the Wavering", 1963). Author pl. Art. about Jewish philosophies in the "Encyclopedia of Philosophy" (New York, 1967), Encyclopedia Britannica (10th ed., 1975), Encyclopedia of Judaica (Jerusalem, 1971–72). State pr. Israel (1968).
Pinega fiber, see Pinega.
PINCHUW, a city in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1429. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Sandomierz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Pinchov, Keletskaya province. In 1765 in P. and surrounding us. 2862 Jews lived in localities, in 1827 in P. - 2924 (68.9%), in 1856 - 2877 (70.2%), in 1897 - 5194 (57.2%), in 1921 - 4324 Jews (55.8 %) Jews lived in Poland from the beginning. 16th century In the 17th century. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1673, 1674, and 1681, the Vaad of the Four Lands congresses were held in Poland. In 1656 the Jewish community suffered from an attack by the troops of Hetman S. Chernetsky. In the end. 18th century A third synagogue was built in P. ? –1809), Dov-Ber Rapoport (? –1832), Yisroel Rapoport (? –1853), Shaul Rapoport (? –1895), in 1932–42 - Shabsai Rapoport (1888–1944, Auschwitz). In 1866 Haim- Meer Finkler (? –1919) founded the Hasidic court in P., and the dynasty was continued by his son Eliezer (1860–1936). After Eliezer's death, his son Pinhos Issachar (1887–1943) became the head of the dynasty. The first two doctors in P. were Jews. The Jewish community of P. suffered during the First World. war. The building of the oldest synagogue was destroyed in the 1920s. in P. opened a school with teaching in Hebrew, at the beginning. 1930s - School for girls "Beis Yaakov". In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 10 Sept. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. In May 1941, a ghetto was created, destroyed in October. 1942 In Poland, a synagogue building, built in the 16th century, has survived.
PINHENSON Dmitry Moiseevich (1913, Kudinkovo, Pskov province - 1985, Leningrad), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1964), prof. In 1936 he graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1945-85 he taught at the geogr. f-those Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. A.I. Herzen. Author tr. on the problems of the geography of the North, the history of the North. pestilence. ways on the distribution of productive forces. Cit .: The distribution of the productive forces of the USSR in the sixth five-year plan. L., 1956; Problem North. pestilence. paths to the era of capitalism. L., 1962; Economic geography in figures. M., 1970.
PINKISEVICH Petr Naumovich (1925, Bodaibo, Irkutsk province. - 2004), graphic artist, painter. In 1943 he graduated from thin. school in Leningrad. From 1943 - at the front. In 1946 he was admitted to the Military Studio. artists to them. M.B. Grekova. Since 1953 he has been collaborating in the journal. "Ogonyok". Personal exhibitions took place in 1966 and 1976. Main. work: graphic. and picturesque cycles "Defense of Stalingrad" (1947), "Defense of Sevastopol" (1949), "Liberation of Novorossiysk" (1950), ill. to the book. BL Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" (1972), op. D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, V. Ya. Shishkov, I. S. Turgenev, Ode Balzac, V. Hugo, J. London, T. Dreiser, E. Sinkler, J. Golsworthy, M. A. Sholokhov (all - 1960–80s), “Gulliver's Travel” by J. Swift and sobr. op. EMRemarka (1991–94) and others. P.'s works are kept in many. museums in Russia and the CIS countries. Nar. thin RSFSR (1985).
PINKUS Benjamin (b. 1933, Warsaw), historian. Doctor of History (1970), prof. (1983). In 1939–46 - in the USSR. Since 1950 - in Israel. In 1962 he graduated from East. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1965–70 he studied at the Sorbonne, in 1970–78 he taught at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1970–73 he headed the Center for Research. history of Eastern Europe. Jewry. In 1977–82 he taught and was engaged in scientific research. work in Paris (Sorbonne), Cologne and Brussels. Since 1983 in the University of them. D. Ben-Gurion in Beer Sheva. One of the leading experts in the history of Russian. and owls. Jewry. History specialist him. diaspora in the USSR. Author of monographs in Hebrew, English, German. languages, published in Beer-Sheva, Baden-Baden, Cambridge, including "Yehudei Rusia ve Brit ha-Moatsot" ("Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union"), 1985, "Tkhiya ve tkuma leumit" (" National Revival "), 1993 - the first foundation. research on the history of Zionism in the USSR in 1917–87.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПИНСК, город, районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1097. С нач. 14 в. – в Трокском воеводстве в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Брестского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1506 в П. проживало 75 евреев, в 1560 – 275 (7%), в 1648 – ок. 1000 (ок. 20%), в 1766 – 1277, в 1847 – 5050, в 1871 – 13 681 (77,7%), в 1878 – 19 754 (86%), в 1897 – 21 965 (74,2%), в 1910 – 26 626, в 1914 – 28 063 (72,5%), в 1921 – 17 513 (74,6%), в 1924 – 18 159 (71,7%), в 1939 – 20 220 (63%), в 1970 – ок. 1500, в 2000 – 317 евреев.Евреи поселились в П. после изгнания из Литвы в 1495. В 1506 еврейскую общину в П. образовали 12–15 еврейских семей (в осн. откупщиков налогов). В том же году был выделен участок земли под кладбище и получено разрешение на стр-во синагоги. В 1553 евреям принадлежало 24 дома, в 1556 – 43 дома в П. В 1560-х гг. раввином П. был раби Шимшон. Евреи П. занимались ремеслами, арендой имений, брали на откуп сбор налогов и пошлин, вели кр. оптовую торговлю лесом, хлебом, поташем, в т. ч. с Кенигсбергом (совр. Калининград) и Данцигом. В 1560-х гг. был известен предприниматель Нохум Песахович. В 1581 евреям было запрещено приобретать новые дома в П.Начиная с 17 в. еврейская община П. считалась одной из трех осн. общин Литовского ваада. Согласно постановлениям ваада, общины нек-рых городов и местечек подчинялись решениям общины П. Раввином и главой раввинского суда был Нафтоли Кац. В 1640 пинский епископ отменил зависимость евреев, живших на церковных землях, от священников местных церквей.В окт. 1648 П. был захвачен войсками Б.М. Хмельницкого. Оставшиеся в городе евреи были убиты или принуждены принять христианство. После освобождения П. евреи смогли вернуться в иудаизм.Евреи П. пострадали во время рус.-польск. войны 1654–67. В 1654 город был сожжен рус. войсками. В 1660 П. снова был занят и разграблен рус. войсками и казаками; мн. евреи были убиты.В кон. 17 в. экономич. положение евреев П. ухудшилось. Ввиду бедственного положения еврейской общины польск. короли заменили недоимки по поголовной подати на постойную повинность, кроме того, подтверждались прежние привилегии евреев П., в т. ч. право заниматься ремеслами без записи в цехи, свободно торговать и др. Тем не менее часть евреев переселилась в Подолию (в т. ч. в 1717 в Меджибоже поселились 2 еврейские семьи из П.).Раввинами П. были: с 1664 – Нафтоли-Гирш Гинзбург, Мойше Исерлиш, в кон. 17 в. – Мойше Шапиро, Иегуда-Лейб Пуховицер (ок. 1630 – после 1700), в 1691 – Йоэль-Айзик Гальперин, в 1693–1703 – Ицхок Френкель, в 1713–37 – Ошер Гинцбург.В нач. 18 в., во время Сев. войны, еврейская община была разорена. Кагал П., вынужденный брать взаймы у частных лиц, оказался в сер. 18 в. несостоятельным должником. Долг кагала в 1766 составил 309 тыс. злотых (ежегод. доход кагала – 37 тыс. злотых).Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в П. происходила борьба между сторонниками хасидизма и их противниками. Пригород П. Карлин стал резиденцией хасидских цадиков, основавших династию. С сер. 1770-х гг. до 1785 раввином П. был Леви-Ицхок из Бердичева, в 1785–95 – Авигдор бен Хаим, активно боровшийся с хасидизмом. В 1807–26 раввин П. – Хаим Коэн (?–1831, Цфат, Э.-И.), в 1844–58 – Мордхе Закгейм (?–1858).В 1801 среди евреев П. было 8 купцов. В 1823 евреям принадлежало 2 медеплавильных з-да. С нач. 1820-х гг. возросло экономич. значение П., к-рый стал кр. центром торговли с.-х. продукцией и лесом. В этом процессе евреи, особенно члены семей Лурье и Левиных, играли ведущую роль. В 1865 Мойше Лурье построил мельницу и паровую маслодавильню. В 1879–80 он же построил з-д деревянных гвоздей для обуви (первый в России). Развивались ремесла: в 1860-х гг. в П. насчитывалось ок. 1 тыс. евреев-ремесленников.В 1855 ок. П. была создана еврейская земледельч. колония.В 1853 в П. были открыты правительств. школа для евреев, школа для девочек, в 1860-х гг. – талмуд-тора, в 1863 – казенное еврейское двухклассное уч-ще 1-го разряда (30 уч-ся). В 1870 основана еврейская больница. В 1874 работала еврейская школа для девочек, в 1878 – 2 частные муж. еврейские школы. В 1878 открылась школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1888 – еврейская ремесл. школа. Гласным гор. думы был Хаим Шмуйлович Готлиб.В 1863 в П. действовало 27 синагог. Первым казенным раввином П. в 1860-х гг. – 1872 был Берл Иоселевич Фиалков, в 1872–75 – А.-Х. Розенберг, с 1876 – Элиягу Зуселевич Бейлин. В 1860–90 раввин П. – Элиэзер-Мойше Гурвич (1818–1890), с 1885 – Яков-Меир Гурвич (1855–?).В 1860-х гг. в П. была создана одна из первых групп «Ховевей Цион». В 1888 Н.-М.Шомер создал и возглавил в П. еврейский т-р. В 1895 активист «Ховевей Цион» И.-Л.Бергер основал хедер мэтукан. В П. действовали отд-ние ОПЕ, орг-ции Бунда и сионистов. Делегатом от П. на сионистских съездах был Х.Вейцман.В 1890-х гг. Григорий Лурье (1861–?), в дальнейшем один из лидеров сионистов П., открыл в П. хим. ф-ку. В 1892 еврей из Курляндии построил з-д по произ-ву спичек, к-рым позднее владел Йозеф Альперн. Евреям принадлежали 2 з-да по произ-ву мыла и свечей (владельцы – Элиягу Элиасберг, Шмуэль Рабинович Шейнфинкель), один из двух пробочных з-дов, з-ды по произ-ву табака, пива, сладостей, кирпичей, а также многочисл. лесопилки. В 1898–99 Липа Лурье (сын Мойше Лурье) построил з-д по произ-ву фанеры.В кон. 19 в. раввинами П. были Довид Фридман (1828, Бяла – ?) и Борух Эпштейн (1860, Бобруйск – 1942).В 1910 в П. имелись 35 синагог, жен. еврейское благотворит. об-во, 3 еврейских кладбища, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – еврейская б-ка, 2 богадельни, «Об-во пособия больным и роженицам», «Об-во пособия беднейшим евреям» (осн. в 1908). С 1914 работало «Об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам». Евреям принадлежали 49 из 54 пр-тий в П., а также 2 аптеки, все 4 склада аптечных товаров, трактир, более 120 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 42 из 43 бакалейных, все 17 мануфактурных, оба ювелирных, все 6 меховых магазинов). Евреем был единств. лесопромышленник в П.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи П. бежали из города или были изгнаны отступавшими частями рус. войск.5 апр. 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный солдатами польск. армии, в ходе к-рого 35 евреев были убиты, 40 ранены.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Особенно многочисленны были сионистские орг-ции. Действовала иешива «Бейс Йосеф» (300 уч-ся). В П. существовала разветвленная сеть школ: 2 школы движения «Поалей Цион» с преподаванием на идише и иврите, 2 школы сети «Тарбут», еврейская гимназия с преподаванием на польск. яз. Раввином П. в 1920–30-х гг. был А.Валкин. В 1926 при поддержке ОРТ был создан с.-х. кооператив. В 1938 среди евреев П. было 1484 ремесленника.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. выходили 19 периодич. изданий на иврите и идише, в т. ч. газ. «Полесер найс», еженедельники «Пинскер вох» (1932–37), «Пинскер ворт» (1931–38), «Пинскер штиме» (1927 – июнь 1939).20 сент. 1939 в П. вошли части РККА. К этому времени численность еврейского населения П. значительно увеличилась за счет беженцев из Белостока, Лодзи, Люблина и др. нас. пунктов Польши. Созданная в окт. 1939 правительств. комиссия по размещению беженцев на терр. БССР разработала план по «разгрузке кр. городов от еврейских беженцев». Мн. евреи П., а также 518 евреев-беженцев (из 1711) были высланы в сев. и вост. р-ны СССР. Евреи-ремесленники были объединены в спец. артели, число торговцев сокращалось. В 1940 в П. имелось 43 синагоги, действовали подпольные хедеры. Были отмечены акции протеста против отмены выходного дня в субботу. Раввин Шевель-Хаим Розенцвайг организовал в П. нелег. комитет оказания помощи видным религ. авторитетам.4 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В тот же день в Лещенском лесу ок. П. было расстреляно 16 молодых евреев-мужчин. 30 июля 1941 в П. создан юденрат. Первым пред. пинского юденрата был назначен бывш. дир. школы «Тарбут» Довид Альпер, но он отказался от должности и был расстрелян в авг. 1941. В авг. 1941 ок. д. Посеничи, недалеко от П., было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. Тогда же в д. Козлякевичи (ныне в составе П.) партиями по неск. сотен человек было расстреляно еще 1,2 тыс. евреев. В апр. 1942 было создано гетто, где возникли группы сопротивления. В июне 1942 были убиты пациенты еврейской больницы. В окт. – нояб. 1942 расстрелы производились на кладбище ок. аэродрома. Начиная с 10 нояб. 1942 на еврейском кладбище (ул. Пушкинская) было расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В 1942 расстрелы производились также в д. Козлякевичи (всего за 1941–42 там было убито ок. 10 тыс. евреев). В кон. дек. 1942 было уничтожено 150 евреев-ремесленников. С нояб. 1942 по лето 1944 проводилсь поиски и расстрелы уцелевших узников гетто. Всего в П. в период Катастрофы было уничтожено ок. 25 тыс. евреев.С июля 1941 до кон. дек. 1942 секр. Пинского подпольного обкома и подпольного горкома комсомола был Ш.И.Беркович.После освобождения в П. вернулось неск. сотен евреев. В 1944 евреи на свои средства восстановили здание одной из бывш. синагог (ул. Пионерская, д. 7). В 1948 пред. общины Шолом Зискинович Южук (1880–?) обратился с ходатайством о регистрации общины и синагоги. В 1949 здание синагоги было конфисковано под культурно-просветит. учреждение. Представитель группы евреев города В.З.Бурдо пытался опротестовать это решение. В 1953 здание синагоги было передано юношеской спорт. школе. Раввин Арон Моисеевич Потаповский (1872–?), проживавший в здании синагоги, не выезжал из здания и продолжал собирать миньян до кон. 1954.В 1960-х гг. в П. продолжала действовать незарегистрированная еврейская община (ок. 80 чел.); имелся раввин. В 1965 в П. на Песах было прислано 26 посылок с мацой. В 1966 в П. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1992 в П. было создано еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во им. Х.Вейцмана; первый пред. – Михаил Чахоцкий, с кон. 1990-х гг. – Александр Лапидус. В П. действуют «Об-во милосердия» (ок. 100 чел., рук. – Софья Шпаковская), клуб одиноких «Нышоме», работает еврейская воскресная школа (50 уч-ся), (дир. – Ася Глинер).14 окт. 1993 в П. на могиле погибших евреев (ок. бывш. аэродрома) был открыт мемориальный комплекс. В том же году установлены мемориальные знаки на могилах расстрелянных евреев на еврейском кладбище П. и в бывш. д. Козлякевичи.В П. род.: М.Авниэль, И.И.Адлер, Б.Азаниях, Е.А.Аркин, Ц.Бергман, Ш.Бергман, Я.И. Весник, Г.Г.Гальперн, А.М.Гартинг, Гиршензон, М.Голдман, И.Готлиб, А.И.Зарецкий, И.Каменецкий, Я.Кантор, И.Карни, М.Кол, А.Левин, Г.-О.Левин, М.Левин, Д.С.Марголин, Ю.Б.Марголин, А.С.Мартынов, М.Д.Машковский, Л.Моргентой, Ш.Д.Мошковский, Я.Д.Мошковский, И.-А.Найдич, И.-Я.Рейнес, С.Я.Розенбаум, Г.Сапожников, Я.Г.Таубин, П.А. Трайнин, Б.М.Фельдман, С.А.Фурман, И.Шенберг, Й.Эфрати; Яков Айзенберг (1897–1966), художник, с 1913 – в Э.-И., оформлял витражи Большой синагоги (Тель-Авив), Техниона (Хайфа), ИМКА (Иерусалим); Борух Бен-Шмуэль (?–1834, Сана, Йемен), путешественник, врач, с 1818 – в Э.-И., с 1833 – в Йемене, придворный врач имама, казнен по обвинению в шпионаже; Джорж Вайс (1906–1987), социолог, предприниматель, в 1963–71 – през. Ун-та в Тель-Авиве, с 1971 – поч. пред. попечит. совета этого ун-та; Арон Гарель (Гарбуз) (1932–2000, Тель-Авив), политич деятель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 10–11-го созывов от Аводы; Тмима Гезари (1907–?), художник, скульптор, автор росписей неск. синагог; Хаим Гивати (1901–1990, Цфат), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., один из рук. кибуцного движения, в 1964–74 – мин. с. х-ва, одноврем. в 1970–74 – мин. развития, деп. Кнессета 6–7-го созывов от МАПАЙ, Гос. пр. Израиля (1982); Евсей (Иошуа) Яковлевич Глейберман (1895–1963, Ашхабад), врач, д-р мед. наук (1958), проф., зав. кафедрой микробиологии Туркменского мед. ин-та; Хаим Гликсберг (1904–1970, Тель-Авив), художник, с 1925 – в Э.-И., один из основателей Союза художников и скульпторов Э.-И., один из создателей Музея Тель-Авива; Михаэль Декель (1926–1994, Нордия, Израиль), политич. деятель, с 1949 – в Израиле, в 1985–88 – зам. мин. обороны, деп. Кнессета 9–11-го созывов от Ликуд; Иерухам Мешель (р. 1912), политич. деятель, с 1933 – в Э.-И., в 1973–84 – Ген. секр. Гистадрута, деп. Кнессета 9–10-го созывов от Аводы; Яир Мундмак (р. 1927), экономист, д-р (1956), проф. (1971) Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим), специалист в обл. экономики с. х-ва, Пр. Ротшильда (1972); Израиль Новик (р. 1938), физик, д-р (1963), проф. Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим); Уильям Островский (1887–1947), один из основателей ИВО, с 1912 – в США, през. идишистского клуба Лос-Анджелеса, автор кн. «Сексуальная жизнь женщины»; Яков Абрамович Пикман (1894–1941, Москва), в 1921–22 – зам. наркома здравоохранения Туркменистана, в 1936 – торгпред в Литве, в 1938 репрессирован; Арон Фельдман (1880–1952, Нью-Йорк), писатель, с 1911 – в США, писал на идише; Борис Львович Шапошник (1902–1985), конструктор, д-р техн. наук, с 1938 – гл. конструктор Моск. автозавода им. Лихачева, в 1946–49 – гл. конструктор автозавода в Новосибирске, в 1949– 55 – гл. конструктор автозавода в Минске, в 1954–85 – рук. СКБ, Герой Соц. Труда, Лен. пр., Гос. пр.; Александр Александрович Шер (р. 1954), химик, д-р хим. наук, проф., ч.-к. РАН, автор более 100 работ; Шлойме Шмулевич (1868–1943, Нью-Йорк), поэт, с 1891 – в США, автор ок. 500 песен на идише; Шауль-Йосеф Яновский (1864–1939, Нью-Йорк), журналист, с 1885 – в США, в 1889 – ред. первой анархистской газ. на идише «Вархайт», в 1890–1900-х гг. – ред. разл. еврейских анархич. изданий, перевел на идиш произв. Г.Ибсена, П.А.Кропоткина, Л.Н.Толстого, Б. Шоу и др.В П. жили и работали М.Гутман, И.-Ц.Левин.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=ПИНСК, город, районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1097. С нач. 14 в. – в Трокском воеводстве в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Брестского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1506 в П. проживало 75 евреев, в 1560 – 275 (7%), в 1648 – ок. 1000 (ок. 20%), в 1766 – 1277, в 1847 – 5050, в 1871 – 13 681 (77,7%), в 1878 – 19 754 (86%), в 1897 – 21 965 (74,2%), в 1910 – 26 626, в 1914 – 28 063 (72,5%), в 1921 – 17 513 (74,6%), в 1924 – 18 159 (71,7%), в 1939 – 20 220 (63%), в 1970 – ок. 1500, в 2000 – 317 евреев.Евреи поселились в П. после изгнания из Литвы в 1495. В 1506 еврейскую общину в П. образовали 12–15 еврейских семей (в осн. откупщиков налогов). В том же году был выделен участок земли под кладбище и получено разрешение на стр-во синагоги. В 1553 евреям принадлежало 24 дома, в 1556 – 43 дома в П. В 1560-х гг. раввином П. был раби Шимшон. Евреи П. занимались ремеслами, арендой имений, брали на откуп сбор налогов и пошлин, вели кр. оптовую торговлю лесом, хлебом, поташем, в т. ч. с Кенигсбергом (совр. Калининград) и Данцигом. В 1560-х гг. был известен предприниматель Нохум Песахович. В 1581 евреям было запрещено приобретать новые дома в П.Начиная с 17 в. еврейская община П. считалась одной из трех осн. общин Литовского ваада. Согласно постановлениям ваада, общины нек-рых городов и местечек подчинялись решениям общины П. Раввином и главой раввинского суда был Нафтоли Кац. В 1640 пинский епископ отменил зависимость евреев, живших на церковных землях, от священников местных церквей.В окт. 1648 П. был захвачен войсками Б.М. Хмельницкого. Оставшиеся в городе евреи были убиты или принуждены принять христианство. После освобождения П. евреи смогли вернуться в иудаизм.Евреи П. пострадали во время рус.-польск. войны 1654–67. В 1654 город был сожжен рус. войсками. В 1660 П. снова был занят и разграблен рус. войсками и казаками; мн. евреи были убиты.В кон. 17 в. экономич. положение евреев П. ухудшилось. Ввиду бедственного положения еврейской общины польск. короли заменили недоимки по поголовной подати на постойную повинность, кроме того, подтверждались прежние привилегии евреев П., в т. ч. право заниматься ремеслами без записи в цехи, свободно торговать и др. Тем не менее часть евреев переселилась в Подолию (в т. ч. в 1717 в Меджибоже поселились 2 еврейские семьи из П.).Раввинами П. были: с 1664 – Нафтоли-Гирш Гинзбург, Мойше Исерлиш, в кон. 17 в. – Мойше Шапиро, Иегуда-Лейб Пуховицер (ок. 1630 – после 1700), в 1691 – Йоэль-Айзик Гальперин, в 1693–1703 – Ицхок Френкель, в 1713–37 – Ошер Гинцбург.В нач. 18 в., во время Сев. войны, еврейская община была разорена. Кагал П., вынужденный брать взаймы у частных лиц, оказался в сер. 18 в. несостоятельным должником. Долг кагала в 1766 составил 309 тыс. злотых (ежегод. доход кагала – 37 тыс. злотых).Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в П. происходила борьба между сторонниками хасидизма и их противниками. Пригород П. Карлин стал резиденцией хасидских цадиков, основавших династию. С сер. 1770-х гг. до 1785 раввином П. был Леви-Ицхок из Бердичева, в 1785–95 – Авигдор бен Хаим, активно боровшийся с хасидизмом. В 1807–26 раввин П. – Хаим Коэн (?–1831, Цфат, Э.-И.), в 1844–58 – Мордхе Закгейм (?–1858).В 1801 среди евреев П. было 8 купцов. В 1823 евреям принадлежало 2 медеплавильных з-да. С нач. 1820-х гг. возросло экономич. значение П., к-рый стал кр. центром торговли с.-х. продукцией и лесом. В этом процессе евреи, особенно члены семей Лурье и Левиных, играли ведущую роль. В 1865 Мойше Лурье построил мельницу и паровую маслодавильню. В 1879–80 он же построил з-д деревянных гвоздей для обуви (первый в России). Развивались ремесла: в 1860-х гг. в П. насчитывалось ок. 1 тыс. евреев-ремесленников.В 1855 ок. П. была создана еврейская земледельч. колония.В 1853 в П. были открыты правительств. школа для евреев, школа для девочек, в 1860-х гг. – талмуд-тора, в 1863 – казенное еврейское двухклассное уч-ще 1-го разряда (30 уч-ся). В 1870 основана еврейская больница. В 1874 работала еврейская школа для девочек, в 1878 – 2 частные муж. еврейские школы. В 1878 открылась школа с преподаванием на иврите, в 1888 – еврейская ремесл. школа. Гласным гор. думы был Хаим Шмуйлович Готлиб.В 1863 в П. действовало 27 синагог. Первым казенным раввином П. в 1860-х гг. – 1872 был Берл Иоселевич Фиалков, в 1872–75 – А.-Х. Розенберг, с 1876 – Элиягу Зуселевич Бейлин. В 1860–90 раввин П. – Элиэзер-Мойше Гурвич (1818–1890), с 1885 – Яков-Меир Гурвич (1855–?).В 1860-х гг. в П. была создана одна из первых групп «Ховевей Цион». В 1888 Н.-М.Шомер создал и возглавил в П. еврейский т-р. В 1895 активист «Ховевей Цион» И.-Л.Бергер основал хедер мэтукан. В П. действовали отд-ние ОПЕ, орг-ции Бунда и сионистов. Делегатом от П. на сионистских съездах был Х.Вейцман.В 1890-х гг. Григорий Лурье (1861–?), в дальнейшем один из лидеров сионистов П., открыл в П. хим. ф-ку. В 1892 еврей из Курляндии построил з-д по произ-ву спичек, к-рым позднее владел Йозеф Альперн. Евреям принадлежали 2 з-да по произ-ву мыла и свечей (владельцы – Элиягу Элиасберг, Шмуэль Рабинович Шейнфинкель), один из двух пробочных з-дов, з-ды по произ-ву табака, пива, сладостей, кирпичей, а также многочисл. лесопилки. В 1898–99 Липа Лурье (сын Мойше Лурье) построил з-д по произ-ву фанеры.В кон. 19 в. раввинами П. были Довид Фридман (1828, Бяла – ?) и Борух Эпштейн (1860, Бобруйск – 1942).В 1910 в П. имелись 35 синагог, жен. еврейское благотворит. об-во, 3 еврейских кладбища, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – еврейская б-ка, 2 богадельни, «Об-во пособия больным и роженицам», «Об-во пособия беднейшим евреям» (осн. в 1908). С 1914 работало «Об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам». Евреям принадлежали 49 из 54 пр-тий в П., а также 2 аптеки, все 4 склада аптечных товаров, трактир, более 120 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 42 из 43 бакалейных, все 17 мануфактурных, оба ювелирных, все 6 меховых магазинов). Евреем был единств. лесопромышленник в П.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи П. бежали из города или были изгнаны отступавшими частями рус. войск.5 апр. 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный солдатами польск. армии, в ходе к-рого 35 евреев были убиты, 40 ранены.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Особенно многочисленны были сионистские орг-ции. Действовала иешива «Бейс Йосеф» (300 уч-ся). В П. существовала разветвленная сеть школ: 2 школы движения «Поалей Цион» с преподаванием на идише и иврите, 2 школы сети «Тарбут», еврейская гимназия с преподаванием на польск. яз. Раввином П. в 1920–30-х гг. был А.Валкин. В 1926 при поддержке ОРТ был создан с.-х. кооператив. В 1938 среди евреев П. было 1484 ремесленника.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. выходили 19 периодич. изданий на иврите и идише, в т. ч. газ. «Полесер найс», еженедельники «Пинскер вох» (1932–37), «Пинскер ворт» (1931–38), «Пинскер штиме» (1927 – июнь 1939).20 сент. 1939 в П. вошли части РККА. К этому времени численность еврейского населения П. значительно увеличилась за счет беженцев из Белостока, Лодзи, Люблина и др. нас. пунктов Польши. Созданная в окт. 1939 правительств. комиссия по размещению беженцев на терр. БССР разработала план по «разгрузке кр. городов от еврейских беженцев». Мн. евреи П., а также 518 евреев-беженцев (из 1711) были высланы в сев. и вост. р-ны СССР. Евреи-ремесленники были объединены в спец. артели, число торговцев сокращалось. В 1940 в П. имелось 43 синагоги, действовали подпольные хедеры. Были отмечены акции протеста против отмены выходного дня в субботу. Раввин Шевель-Хаим Розенцвайг организовал в П. нелег. комитет оказания помощи видным религ. авторитетам.4 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В тот же день в Лещенском лесу ок. П. было расстреляно 16 молодых евреев-мужчин. 30 июля 1941 в П. создан юденрат. Первым пред. пинского юденрата был назначен бывш. дир. школы «Тарбут» Довид Альпер, но он отказался от должности и был расстрелян в авг. 1941. В авг. 1941 ок. д. Посеничи, недалеко от П., было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. Тогда же в д. Козлякевичи (ныне в составе П.) партиями по неск. сотен человек было расстреляно еще 1,2 тыс. евреев. В апр. 1942 было создано гетто, где возникли группы сопротивления. В июне 1942 были убиты пациенты еврейской больницы. В окт. – нояб. 1942 расстрелы производились на кладбище ок. аэродрома. Начиная с 10 нояб. 1942 на еврейском кладбище (ул. Пушкинская) было расстреляно ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В 1942 расстрелы производились также в д. Козлякевичи (всего за 1941–42 там было убито ок. 10 тыс. евреев). В кон. дек. 1942 было уничтожено 150 евреев-ремесленников. С нояб. 1942 по лето 1944 проводилсь поиски и расстрелы уцелевших узников гетто. Всего в П. в период Катастрофы было уничтожено ок. 25 тыс. евреев.С июля 1941 до кон. дек. 1942 секр. Пинского подпольного обкома и подпольного горкома комсомола был Ш.И.Беркович.После освобождения в П. вернулось неск. сотен евреев. В 1944 евреи на свои средства восстановили здание одной из бывш. синагог (ул. Пионерская, д. 7). В 1948 пред. общины Шолом Зискинович Южук (1880–?) обратился с ходатайством о регистрации общины и синагоги. В 1949 здание синагоги было конфисковано под культурно-просветит. учреждение. Представитель группы евреев города В.З.Бурдо пытался опротестовать это решение. В 1953 здание синагоги было передано юношеской спорт. школе. Раввин Арон Моисеевич Потаповский (1872–?), проживавший в здании синагоги, не выезжал из здания и продолжал собирать миньян до кон. 1954.В 1960-х гг. в П. продолжала действовать незарегистрированная еврейская община (ок. 80 чел.); имелся раввин. В 1965 в П. на Песах было прислано 26 посылок с мацой. В 1966 в П. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1992 в П. было создано еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во им. Х.Вейцмана; первый пред. – Михаил Чахоцкий, с кон. 1990-х гг. – Александр Лапидус. В П. действуют «Об-во милосердия» (ок. 100 чел., рук. – Софья Шпаковская), клуб одиноких «Нышоме», работает еврейская воскресная школа (50 уч-ся), (дир. – Ася Глинер).14 окт. 1993 в П. на могиле погибших евреев (ок. бывш. аэродрома) был открыт мемориальный комплекс. В том же году установлены мемориальные знаки на могилах расстрелянных евреев на еврейском кладбище П. и в бывш. д. Козлякевичи.В П. род.: М.Авниэль, И.И.Адлер, Б.Азаниях, Е.А.Аркин, Ц.Бергман, Ш.Бергман, Я.И. Весник, Г.Г.Гальперн, А.М.Гартинг, Гиршензон, М.Голдман, И.Готлиб, А.И.Зарецкий, И.Каменецкий, Я.Кантор, И.Карни, М.Кол, А.Левин, Г.-О.Левин, М.Левин, Д.С.Марголин, Ю.Б.Марголин, А.С.Мартынов, М.Д.Машковский, Л.Моргентой, Ш.Д.Мошковский, Я.Д.Мошковский, И.-А.Найдич, И.-Я.Рейнес, С.Я.Розенбаум, Г.Сапожников, Я.Г.Таубин, П.А. Трайнин, Б.М.Фельдман, С.А.Фурман, И.Шенберг, Й.Эфрати; Яков Айзенберг (1897–1966), художник, с 1913 – в Э.-И., оформлял витражи Большой синагоги (Тель-Авив), Техниона (Хайфа), ИМКА (Иерусалим); Борух Бен-Шмуэль (?–1834, Сана, Йемен), путешественник, врач, с 1818 – в Э.-И., с 1833 – в Йемене, придворный врач имама, казнен по обвинению в шпионаже; Джорж Вайс (1906–1987), социолог, предприниматель, в 1963–71 – през. Ун-та в Тель-Авиве, с 1971 – поч. пред. попечит. совета этого ун-та; Арон Гарель (Гарбуз) (1932–2000, Тель-Авив), политич деятель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 10–11-го созывов от Аводы; Тмима Гезари (1907–?), художник, скульптор, автор росписей неск. синагог; Хаим Гивати (1901–1990, Цфат), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., один из рук. кибуцного движения, в 1964–74 – мин. с. х-ва, одноврем. в 1970–74 – мин. развития, деп. Кнессета 6–7-го созывов от МАПАЙ, Гос. пр. Израиля (1982); Евсей (Иошуа) Яковлевич Глейберман (1895–1963, Ашхабад), врач, д-р мед. наук (1958), проф., зав. кафедрой микробиологии Туркменского мед. ин-та; Хаим Гликсберг (1904–1970, Тель-Авив), художник, с 1925 – в Э.-И., один из основателей Союза художников и скульпторов Э.-И., один из создателей Музея Тель-Авива; Михаэль Декель (1926–1994, Нордия, Израиль), политич. деятель, с 1949 – в Израиле, в 1985–88 – зам. мин. обороны, деп. Кнессета 9–11-го созывов от Ликуд; Иерухам Мешель (р. 1912), политич. деятель, с 1933 – в Э.-И., в 1973–84 – Ген. секр. Гистадрута, деп. Кнессета 9–10-го созывов от Аводы; Яир Мундмак (р. 1927), экономист, д-р (1956), проф. (1971) Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим), специалист в обл. экономики с. х-ва, Пр. Ротшильда (1972); Израиль Новик (р. 1938), физик, д-р (1963), проф. Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим); Уильям Островский (1887–1947), один из основателей ИВО, с 1912 – в США, през. идишистского клуба Лос-Анджелеса, автор кн. «Сексуальная жизнь женщины»; Яков Абрамович Пикман (1894–1941, Москва), в 1921–22 – зам. наркома здравоохранения Туркменистана, в 1936 – торгпред в Литве, в 1938 репрессирован; Арон Фельдман (1880–1952, Нью-Йорк), писатель, с 1911 – в США, писал на идише; Борис Львович Шапошник (1902–1985), конструктор, д-р техн. наук, с 1938 – гл. конструктор Моск. автозавода им. Лихачева, в 1946–49 – гл. конструктор автозавода в Новосибирске, в 1949– 55 – гл. конструктор автозавода в Минске, в 1954–85 – рук. СКБ, Герой Соц. Труда, Лен. пр., Гос. пр.; Александр Александрович Шер (р. 1954), химик, д-р хим. наук, проф., ч.-к. РАН, автор более 100 работ; Шлойме Шмулевич (1868–1943, Нью-Йорк), поэт, с 1891 – в США, автор ок. 500 песен на идише; Шауль-Йосеф Яновский (1864–1939, Нью-Йорк), журналист, с 1885 – в США, в 1889 – ред. первой анархистской газ. на идише «Вархайт», в 1890–1900-х гг. – ред. разл. еврейских анархич. изданий, перевел на идиш произв. Г.Ибсена, П.А.Кропоткина, Л.Н.Толстого, Б. Шоу и др.В П. жили и работали М.Гутман, И.-Ц.Левин.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
PINSKER Lev (Leon) Semenovich (Yehuda-Leib) (1821, Tomashpol of Yampolsky district of Podolsk province. - 1891, Odessa), public figure. Son of S. Pinsker. He studied in Odessa at the "new" Jewish school. Graduated from the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa with a Ph.D. rights. In the end. 1840s graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. He settled in Odessa. During the Crimean War P. - a doctor in the military. hospitals. One of the founders of the weekly. "Dawn". He stood in positions of assimilation. Pogroms in the South of Russia in the 1870s-80s. forced P. to change his views. In 1882 he published in Berlin the book. "Auto-emancipation" (in Russian - SPb., 1898). I saw a way out for the Jewish people in acquiring their own property. territories (auto-emancipation). He considered the naib the territory of E.-I. He actively promoted the ideas of Hovevei Zion; organizer and pre. Katowice Congress (1884), at which he formulated the idea of ​​the Palestinophile movement - the return of Jews to agricultural. labor in E.-I. One of the founders and the first before. (1890–91) Aid Society for Jewish Farmers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine. At the end of his life he welcomed the creature. Jewish s.-kh. settlements in Argentina, considering that E.-I. will remain the spiritual center of the Jews. The village is named in honor of P. Nahalat Yehuda (Israel).
PINSKER Simkha (1801, Ternopil of the Austrian Emperor - 1864, Odessa), historian, linguist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was engaged in commerce. He moved to Odessa, where he became secretary. from the rabbi. In the 2nd floor. 1820-30s was a teacher of the library, the Hebrew language. and at the same time. an accountant at the "new" Jewish school in Odessa. In the 1840s. studied Hebrew manuscripts from the collection of A.S. Firkovich. In the beginning. 1860s lived in Vienna. In their scientific. tr. tried to prove that the foundations of Jewish grammar, lexicography and poetry were laid by representatives of the Karaite people. Among tr. P. research, dedicated. history of the development of Karaite (Vienna, 1860), introduction to the system of Babylonian-Jewish punctuation (Vienna, 1863), research. Hebrew verbs (Vienna, 1887), etc.
PINSKER Zinovy ​​Grigorievich (Zelman Gershonovich) (1904, Kherson - 1986, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1943), prof. (1957). He graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School (1929), then (until 1932) - assistant at Moscow State University. In 1932–36 he worked at Vses. in-those mineral. raw materials (Moscow), where he built a high-resolution electronograph and for the first time in the USSR obtained point electron diffraction patterns from thin layers of sodium chloride (1934–35). In 1936, at the suggestion of V.I. Vernadsky, he moved to Biogeochem. lab. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1944 until the end of his life he worked as the head lab. electronography in Ying-those crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow and simultaneously. taught at Moscow State University (since 1957) and head. Department of Metal Physics, Gorky State. un-ta. work in the region. electron diffraction and dynamic. scattering of X-rays, rays in crystals. Made a number of discoveries in the study of the real structure and physical. properties of thin semiconductor films. He laid the foundation for a new direction in physics - structural electron diffraction and founded the Sov. electronograph. school. Etc. them. E.S. Fedorova of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Honored. Scientist and Technologist of the RSFSR, Works: Electron Diffraction. M., 1949; Dynamic scattering of X-rays, rays in ideal crystals. M., 1974; X-ray crystal optics. M., 1982.
PINSKY Arkady Aronovich (1922, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 1997, Moscow), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1977), prof. (1983), ch. RAO (1995). In 1942–43 - at the front. After graduating from the Gomel ped. Institute (1945) worked as a teacher in schools in Slonim, Gomel, Riga, Moscow. In 1958–71 the head. Department of Physics in the Kaliningrad Tech. in-those fish industry and x-va. Since 1971 in the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Ch. scientific. sotr. lab. physical education research institute of content and teaching methods. Problems of research. - the role and place of relativistic, quantum and statistical. ideas in teaching physics in cf. and higher. school. He substantiated the possibility of early introduction of the foundations of the theory of relativity in uch. process. Develops questions of links between physics and other natural sciences. items on Wed. school, in particular with astronomy, mathematics, electrical engineering. Auth. uch. manuals and methodical. manuals. Works: Tasks in physics. M., 1977; Fundamentals of Physics, vol. 1–2. 3rd ed. M., 1981 (co-authored with B.M. Yavorsky); Physics teaching methods in secondary school. M., 1989 (ed. Et al.).
Pinsky David (1872, Mogilev - 1959, Haifa), writer and playwright. In 1885 he moved with his parents to Moscow. In 1890–91 he lived in Vitebsk, joined the Zionist. movement, wrote poetry in Yiddish. In the beginning. 1890s lived in Vienna and Warsaw. In 1894 publ. on Sat. "Gois-Freind" feuilleton "In the province", which became the beginning. a large cycle "Shtet un shtetlech" ("Cities and towns"). Together with I.-L. Perets, he created a publishing house that published the literature of social. topics, publ. stories in zhurn. and collection of books. From 1896 he studied at Berlin University, then he lived in Switzerland, where publ. the drama "Aizik Sheftel" and the one-act play "Esurim" ("Suffering"). From 1899 - in New York. Here P. created the dramas Di Muter (Mother, 1901), Glik Fargesene (Forgotten by Happiness, 1904), Enkl der Schmid (Enkel the Blacksmith), Der Eybiker id ( The Eternal Jew "), Der Oyzer (Treasure, all three - 1906), Gabri un di froen (Gabri and the Women, 1910). The author of the research. "Di Yiddish Drama", dedicated. history of the Jewish t-ra. In 1906–07, a 2-volume edition of prose was published in New York; P.'s plays P.'s plays on biblical themes ("David and his wives" and others), rom. Der tserisener mench (The Torn Man). P. - one of the founders of the World. cultural congr. in New York (1948), first prez. Jewish PEN-club. Since 1949 - in Israel.
PINSKY Leonid Efimovich (1906, Bragin of Rechitskiy district of Minsk province. - 1981, Moscow), literary critic, teacher. Cand. philol. Sciences (1936). He worked as a teacher in the village. school (1923–26). In 1930 he graduated from the literary-linguistic department of the Kiev University and taught Ukrainian. lit-ru in Moldavian ped. in-those (Tiraspol). From 1936 to 1938 he taught Western Europe. literature in Kursk ped. in-those, in 1938–41 at IFLI. 1941–42 in the army. In 1942–51 he taught at Moscow State University and other universities. Arrested in 1951. After his release in 1956 he devotes himself to lit. work. P. publ. works about Dante, M. Servantes, F. Rabelais, F. Villon, W. Shakespeare and others, included in the book. "Realism of the Renaissance" (Moscow, 1961). In the 1970s. participant in the human rights movement, works: Shakespeare. Basic principles of drama. M., 1971; The main plot. M., 1989.
Pinsky Matvey Savelievich (1916, Zilovo, Trans-Baikal region - 1987, Ufa), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - from 1937. In 1939 he graduated from the Saratov armored tank. uch-shche. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. tank, battalion Major P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the skillful leadership of the battle during the liberation of Lodz, during which up to 70 were captured. aircraft. In 1949 he graduated from the Higher. officer's armored tank. school. Since 1960 - lieutenant colonel in the reserve, worked as engineer. by tech. safety in Ying-those oil (Ufa). He was awarded 6 orders.
PINSKY Shneur Girshevich (1898, Ozarichi of Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1989, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of M.-M. Epstein. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. He studied at the "Tomkhey-Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. From 1923 - in Moscow. Gave Torah lessons in private. houses and synagogues in Moscow. He worked as a fitter, electrician, mechanic. 1941 -45 - in the army. In the 1950s and 60s. spiritual hand. communities of Lubavitch Hasidim in Moscow. Since 1971 - in Israel. Taught the philosophy of Hasidism and the Talmud in dec. synagogues of Jerusalem Brother P. - Yehuda (1895-1969), rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. rabbi in the Jewish colonies of Crimea, in 1944–47 the rabbi of Simferopol, in the 1950–60s. - in Rechitsa, butcher. Brother P. - Eliezer (1914–1942, Moscow), rabbi. In the 1930s. led the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Berdichev and Zhitomir.
PINUS Naum Zinovievich (Zalmanovich) (1908 - 1991, Moscow), aerologist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960). Graduated from Odessa University and graduate school Moscow. geophysis. in-that. Since 1935 scientific. sotr., then director. Kiev geophysis. observatory. In 1941–45 - in the army (head of the meteorological service of the air division, head of the meteorological office of the air army). Since 1945 deputy. dir. Centre. aerological observatory in Moscow. At the same time. taught at Military-Vozd. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. Main work related to research. free atmosphere and atmospheric turbulence on free balloons and airplanes. In the 1950s and 60s. was the initiator and hand. programs for the study of meteorological. flight conditions in the troposphere and for the first time in the world. practice - in the lower stratosphere. In the 1980s. completed a cycle of exam. dynamics and energetics of the atmosphere, in particular the energetics of cyclones in temperate latitudes, Vol .: Meteorological. flight conditions air. ships in the upper troposphere and lower. stratosphere over the territory of the USSR. M., 1988.
PINYAVA, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 58 Jews (45.7%) lived in P. In the 1920s – 1930s. pl. Jews left P. Soon after the occupation of P. by Wehrmacht units in the summer of 1941, the Jews of the village were deported to Panevezys.
PINZON Mimi (real name and surname Adele Weinstein-Hatter) (1910, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1975, Buenos Aires), writer, translator. Since 1914 - in Argentina. First publ. - thin. reportage in Yiddish about saleswomen of fashion shops in Buenos Aires. She was a teacher in a Jewish school, gave lectures, led a post, rubrics in Jewish newspapers. and zhurn. In 1965 she released rum. Der goif on fenzter (Courtyard without windows), based on the impressions of his childhood spent in Belaya Tserkov. Translated into Spanish. lang. op. D.R.Bergelson, P.M. Hucmepa, S.Ya. Marshak, V.S. Grossman.
PIONERSKY (until 1946 - Neikuren), a city subordinated to the Svetlogorsk mountains. administration in the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1254. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Vost. Prussia as part of Germany. In 1945–91, it was part of the RSFSR. In 2002, 11 Jews lived in P.
PIONTEK, see Petek.
PIONEER, see Piontnitsa.
PIOSHUNY, see Pivashunai.
PIOTRKOV, see Piotrkow Kujawski.
PIRATIN, a village in Radekhiv district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Peratyn of the Kamenets district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 13 Jews were deported from P. and subsequently exterminated.
PIRKI, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 Jews of P. were shot. In 1977 a memorial granite slab was installed on the grave.
PIROHOVKA, a village in the Bakhmachsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1923, 164 Jews lived in Petrograd.
PIROGOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 10 Jews lived in P., in 1989 - 3 Jews.
PIROHOVTSY, a village in the Khmelnitsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth (in 1672-1699 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. In 1681 there were 2 Jewish homeowners in P.
PIROZHNIKOV Itskhok (1859, Khortitsa Island, Aleksandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1933, New York), poet, linguist, publisher. Studied at the Warsaw cons., Then was a musician. hands. at the Jewish teacher's institute in Vilna. In 1900 he opened a printing house in Vilna with his own. publishing house, published a series of 24 books in Yiddish. under the general name. "Famous stories" (from Russian and French literature), textbook "Der Yidischer shrahlerer" ("Teacher of the Yiddish language", 1907), collection of works. Jewish Proverbs and Sayings (1908), coll. aphorisms (1925) and others. years P. worked on a dictionary of Hebraisms used in lang. Yiddish, trans. to Yiddish plays by A.P. Chekhov (for example, "The Seagull") and L.N. Andreev. Since 1912 - in the USA (New York). Publ. Art. in Jewish periodicals. ed., conducted muses. heading in gas. Forverts. Per. in Russian lang. verse. A.K. Reisen, M. Vinchevsky, H.-N. Bialik and others.
PIRYATIN, city (since 1781), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1155. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Poltava province. In 1802 99 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 464, in 1865 - 1377 (30.7%), in 1897 - 3166 (39.4%), in 1910 - 5692, in 1920 - 4506, in 1923 - 4358, in 1926 - 3885, in 1939 - 1747 Jews (12.7%). 17th century P. had a Jewish community. In 1648, during the "Khmelnytsky", the community was destroyed. In the end. 17th century Jews settled again in P. In ser. 19th century Rabbi in P. was a student of Tzemach Tzedek Rabbi Menachem-Tuvia. occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century were trade and crafts. In 1855, there were 87 merchants of the 3rd guild and 302 tradesmen among the Jews of Poland. There was a synagogue in P. in 1859. In 1906, the Poalei Zion group was organized in P.. In 1910, P. had 3 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and 2 private Jewish husbands. school, 2 private Jewish wives. uch-schcha, talmud-torah; worked 37 Jewish farms. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned. m-in. In 1914 the Jews owned all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, units. bakery, unity hairdresser, 28 shops and stores (including all 5 haberdashery shops, one musical instrument shop, both jewelry stores and both stationery stores). 1918 Jews were repeatedly killed on the railway. P. station on Feb. 1919, a pogrom broke out in P., organized by parts of the Directory. In the summer of 1919, a pogrom took place in P., perpetrated by a division of the Volunteer Army under com. gene. A.G. Shkuro; Jewish houses and shops were destroyed, there were people killed. 1920s in P. was created to help victims of pogroms, opened a Jewish child. house. In the 1920s. a Jewish labor school No. 4 named after May 1. In 1926, a youth Zionist organization operated under the direction of. I. Mogilevsky, M. Mordukhovich, J. Rozinsky. 2 handwritten journals were issued. - "Der Veker" and "Voice of Labor". In the 1930s. pl. Jews of P. moved to other cities. 18 Sept. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. In 1942 a ghetto was created (1.5 thousand Jews). 6 apr. 1942 most of the ghetto prisoners were shot. On May 18, 1942, a group of Jews who were hiding was shot. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to P. In 1946 a synagogue functioned in P. (Sovetskaya st., 12). The duties of the rabbi were performed by Moisey Zalmanovich Mashkovich (1884–?). On ordinary days 10-15 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - up to 30 people. In 1949, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution of the ghetto Jews. There is a community in P. there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery. Lev Grigorievich Mironov (Kagan) (1895–1938, Moscow), a secret service officer, State Security Commissioner of the 2nd rank (1935), in 1922–23 - deputy. People's Commissar of Justice of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1933–34 - member. Collegiums of the USSR OGPU employee of the Cheka - GPU "(twice), load. 2 orders, in 1937 he was repressed.
PISAREVSKY Ishiyagu (Isay) (1889, Konotop, Chernigov province - 1971, Israel), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish and secular education. In 1910 he entered the Kiev Higher. School of Economics and Law to the Department of Economics. Member "Ceirei Zion", cases. 11th Zionist. Congr. in Vienna. In 1914 he became one of three members. united complex "Ceirei Zion" in Kiev. In 1915 (together with Z. Zelikin) he became the head of the group, which separated from the "Tseirei Zion" and received the name "Et Livnot" ("Time to Build"). In 1917 there was business. 7th All-Russia. Zionist. Congress, in the same year participated in the creation. demo Zionist. Federation "Dror", which united a number of youth organizations in Kiev, Zhitomir, Berdichev, some other mountains. and small towns of Ukraine. He was the initiator and editor. ed. "Et Livnot" and "Dror" in Russian. lang. and Hebrew. Member council of the Jewish community of Kiev. From 1919 in London, where he worked as a home teacher, he continued the Zionist. activities, took part in publishing. materials "Et Livnot". Since 1932 - in E.-I. and moved away from polit. activities.
PISAREVSKY Naum Solomonovich (1915, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1979, Moscow), architect. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. A participant in the 1941–45 war, he was seriously wounded. Main work in Moscow: Art. service AZLK, 9-storey garage of the Office for Service Dipl. buildings, Sovtransavto fleet with a unique vaulted railroad concrete. overlap.
FOOD, a village in the Lyuboml district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 7 Jews were killed in P.
FOOD, see Food.
PISCHATS, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Pischak Belsky In 1827, 329 Jews (27.3%) lived in P., in 1856 - 520 (39%), in 1897 - 886 (45.7%), in 1921 - 394 Jews (36.2%). Jews lived in P. from the 2nd half. 18th century In the end. 19th century Rabbi P. - Yisroel-Isser Yavets, from 1897 - Moishe Ioffe (1855 -?) In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in P. m-in. 1920-30-ies. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1927 a Jewish library was opened. 8 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon P. was transferred under control. RKKA. After 2 weeks. along with the departing units of the Red Army, the majority of the Jews left. Parts of the Wehrmacht entered Poland again. On Sept. 1940 the Judenrat was established. In oct. 1942 P. Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.
PISHPEK, see Bishkek.
WRITTEN, see Krasnoe Poltava region.
PISTSOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1923) in the Komsomolsk district of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerekhtsky u. Kostroma Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in P., in 1939 - 2 Jews.
PISTYN, a village in the Kosiv region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 222 Jews lived in P., in 1880 - 862 (28.2%), in 1900 - 898 (24.7% ), in 1921 - 525 Jews (15.5%). 18 - early. 19th century P. was rabbi Meshulam Epstein (1780-1818, Kolomyia), then - Chaim-Yosef Brukstein (1775-1865). Later, the son of H.J. Brukstein, Israel-Nathan-Alter (1837-1868), became the rabbi. In the end. 19th century P. rabbis were Avrom Edelstein and Mordhe Yoles. In the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by a Hungarian. troops, then they were replaced by parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created. Apr 8 1942 some of the Jews were killed in the village, some were deported to Kolomyia. 8 Sep 1942 the rest of the Jews were deported to Kolomyia P.
PITAEVSKY Lev Petrovich (b. 1933, Saratov), ​​theoretical physicist. Prof. (1962), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from the Saratov State. un-t (1955). In 1959-60 he worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1960 in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1988–92 head of the theoretical department). At the same time. taught at MIPT. Since 1992 he has been working in the USA. Received (with VL Ginzburg the equations describing the behavior of superfluid helium-4 near the lambda point. Predicted the superfluidity of helium-3 as a result of pairing with a nonzero angular momentum. Derived the equation for waves. The function of a nonideal Bose gas ( Gross-Pitaevsky equation) and investigated the structure of vortex filaments in a weakly imperfect Bose gas. Author of classical works on studying the spectrum of quasiparticles near the decay threshold. Created the theory of van der Waals forces (with I.E. Dzyaloshinsky and EM Lifshitz. Predicted the inverse Faraday effect. Solved the problems of rarefied ionospheric plasma flow around bodies. Obtained new solutions of a nonlinear non-stationary collisionless kinetic equation describing shock waves and rarefaction waves. Developed (with AV Gurevich) an effective method of constructing multisoliton solutions Analyzed the collision integral in a magnetic field and investigated nonlinear effects in plasma resonance One of the authors of three last volumes of the "Course of Theoretical Physics" by LD, Landau and Lifshitz. Landa from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1980). Works: Relativistic quantum theory. M., 1971; A new type of convection in a magnetoactive plasma. M., 1978; Soliton theory. M., 1980; Electronic theory of metals. Polymers and biopolymers. M., 1994.
PITKIN Mordechai (1904, Malaya Seidemenukha, Kherson province. - 1982, Haifa, Israel), sculptor, poet. In 1921–22 he studied in Moscow under IS Efimov. Since 1924 - in E.:; I. In 1937–39 he trained in Paris at the Grand Chameir Academy of Arts; in 1959 he was awarded Dizengoff for sculpture and fig. The sculpture "Life and Vitality" (basalt) was acquired by the Tel Aviv Museum. In 1978, a monumental marble comp was installed in Haifa. P. "Sde-Mnukha, or the Peasant Family". Nearby is the unfinished marble sculpture "Peasant Girl". In poetry P., as well as in sculpture, the theme of vosp. about the places of childhood and youth. Poetic. cycle "Lyrical Memories" (translated from Yiddish into Hebrew) publ. in the book. "Farmers-Jews in the steppes of Russia" (Jerusalem, 1965).
PITKYARANTA, city, regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 19th century as a pier in Vyborg Gubernia. In 2002, 13 Jews lived in P. 1990s in P. began to operate a branch of "Hesed".
PITSUNDA (until 1955 - Bichvinta), an urban-type settlement (since 1963), subordinated to the Gagra City Council of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sukhumi env. Kutaisi province. In 1970, 81 Jews lived in P.
PIVASHUNAI, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pivoshuny (other name - Pioshuny) Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 18 Jews (7.2%) lived in Poland in 1923. In 1882–1903, P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Jews in P. were killed in the summer of 1941.
BREAKERS, see Pivashunai.
PIVOVAROV Yuri Lvovich (b. 1929, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1988), prof. (1992). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1951). Worked ed. scientific-ed. parts of Ch. ex. geodesy and cartography of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (1951–56). Since 1956 at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1956–70 junior scientific researcher, in 1970–91 – senior scientific researcher, since 1991 leading scientific researcher-consultant). Member Europe. Association for the Study of Resettlement (The Hague). Specialist in urbanization, population geography and regional economics. and social Geography, Cit .: Population of the Socialist Countries of Foreign Europe. M., 1970; Modern urbanization: Main tendencies of settlement. M., 1976; Urbanization in the modern world. M., 1982; Geography of the population of the USSR in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution: Main factors and changes in settlement. M., 1988; Modern Urbanization: A Course of Lectures. M., 1994.
PEDEKOUTS, see Pjadikovtsy.
PIANO TRANSPORTATION, see Perevoz.
PLAKKHIN Arkady Mironovich (b. 1940, Polotsk, Vitebsk region), checker player. Int. Grandmaster in Russian checkers (1975). A locksmith by profession. USSR champion (1960, 1963, 1972, 1974).
PLAKSIN Nikita Mikhailovich (b. 1931, Moscow), chess composer. Master of Sports, Intern. chess arbiter. compositions (1989). Graduated in 1955 Moscow. in-t engineer water x-va. In 1955–91 he taught mechanics and drawing at a number of technical schools in Moscow. One of the world's leading comp. on compiling tasks for retrograde analysis. Publ. 1300 tasks. Int. and all. In competitions, he received 250 distinctions, of which 120 prizes, including the first 25. Author of 170 Art. on the problems of chess. Compositions: The Art of Chess Composition. Chisinau, 1987 (in collaboration with P. Savin); RA suits and mini-rhythms. Cherkassy, ​​1993 (co-authored with A. Dashkovsky).
PLASKOV Grigory Davidovich (1898, Minsk - 1972, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General of Artillery (1945). In Kr. Army since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. In 1925 he graduated from the Higher. art. school, in 1932 - Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. Com. art. shelf. In 1938 he graduated from the Military. Academy of Chemical Protection. Beginning art. divisions and corps. In 1941–45 - com. artillery of a number of armies. In 1949 he graduated from the Higher. courses at the Military. Academy of the General Staff. Deputy teams, military. env. In 1952–56 the beginning. military. Department of Moscow. in-that col. metals and gold. From 1956 - retired. He was awarded 8 orders. Vol .: Under the roar of cannonade. M., 1969.
PLAST, a city (since 1940) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main on the site of the former. Kachkarsky mine in Troitsky u. Orenburg province. In 1939, 31 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 2 Jews.
PLASTININA Rebekah Akibovna (1886-1946), politician. Member RSDLP since 1904. In 1918–20 sec. Shenkurinsky uezdispolkom, president. the executive committee of the Arkhangelsk regional council, the regional committee. Was elected member. Provincial Executive Committee and the Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In the 1940s. member Top. Ships of the RSFSR.
PLATNER Aizik Haimovich (1895, Sokolov, Sedletskaya province - 1961, Minsk), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he took part in the activities of Poalei Zion, lived illegally in Poland and Lithuania. In 1920 he collaborated in gas. "Arbeter Zeitung" in Kaunas, since 1921 in every month. "Vispe" (Kaunas). Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1930, the first poet came out in New York. Sat. P. "Voe der tog derzeitlt" ("What the day tells about"). In 1932 he came to the USSR, settled in Minsk, worked in gas. "October", was published in the magazine. "Stern", in collections and alm. In 1949 he was repressed. After his release in 1956 he returned to Minsk. The author of the book. poems and stories: "Fun zwei lender" ("From two countries", 1933); Zvishn Kinder (Between Children, 1938); Zun Afn Shvel (The Sun on the Threshold, 1940); “Mit libe un gleibn” (“With love and faith”, 1947) and others. He ate during his life and worked on the book. rec. "About those we lack."
PLAVNA, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia In 1764, 22 Jews lived in P., in 1793 - 101 (23.4%), in 1808 - 157 (47.7%), in 1827 - 273 (37.6%), in 1857 - 755 ( 61.4%), in 1897 - 752 (52.3%), in 1921 - 566 (34.4%), in 1939 - approx. 400 Jews. From the end. 18th century a Jewish community existed in P., and a synagogue was built. Rabbi P. in the 1820s. - Shmul Guterman, in 1830 - Note Lerner, from 1848 - Eliyahu Weilichker, then - Israel Klinger, in the late 19th century - Avrom Kloinflotz and Berish Potishmacher. In the 1st half. 20th century in P. was the Hasidic court of a representative of the Radom dynasty, Yitzhok-Mordkhe Rabinovich. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of P. decreased significantly. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 2 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of P. were deported to the Radomsko ghetto and from there to the Treblinka extermination camp.
PLAVNIK Ver (1886, Minsk - 1955, Moscow), publicist, translator, public figure. From a young age participated in the roar. movement. He was arrested and expelled from the country in 1918. Returning to Russia, he was responsible. posts in Nar. Commissariat for Foreign Trade, worked in the Commissariat for Jewish Affairs. From the end. 1930s seriously ill, bedridden. Publ. Art. in the journal. "Kultur un bildung", "Di communistishe velt", in gas. Der Emes (Moscow). Per. in Russian lang. manuf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Sholem Aleichem.
PLAVSK (until 1949 - Sergievskoe), a city (from 1949), a regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1540. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krapivensky u. Tula Gubernia. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 3 Jews.
PLAVSKIN Zakhary Isaakovich (Itsko Aizikovich) (b. 1918, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1991). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1941). 1941–45 - in the army. Since 1948 at Leningrad State University. One of the authors and responsible. ed. textbooks on the history of Zarub, 17th century literature. (1987) and zarub. lit-ry 18th century (1991), uch. manuals for isp. liter. Since 1994 - in the United States. Vol .: Lope de Vega. 1562-1635. M. - L., 1960; Nicholas Guillen. M. - L., 1965; Mariano Jose de Larra and his time. L., 1977; Spanish literature of the XIX-XX centuries. M., 1982; Literature of Spain IX-XV centuries M., 1986.
PLEBANOVKA, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Poland from the 17th century. At the same time, a community was formed. July 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Judenrat was created. In the 2nd floor. Sep 1942 the Jews of P. were shot. Apr 7 1943 in the forest approx. P. was shot apprx. 1 thousand Jews from Terebovlya. In 1988 a monument to the perished Jews was opened in P.
Plyos, a city (since 1778) in the Volga region of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1410. From 1778 - the county town of the Kostroma governorship, from 1796 - the provincial town of the Nerekhta district. Kostroma province. In 1926 there was 1 Jew in P., in 1939 - 2, in 2002 - 1 Jew. P. Levitan's house-museum is located.
PLESETSK, urban-type settlement (since 1932), regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - pos. Plesetsk, Arkhangelsk Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in P., in 1939 - 57 Jews.
PLEETSKY, see Plesetsk.
Plesetskoe, a village in Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 4 grocers, all 3 grocery and manufactories, and both wood-burning shops. 1919 a pogrom broke out in P., staged by the gang of Ataman Zeleny.
PLESHENITSY, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Logoisk district of Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Borisovsky u. In 1765, there were 124 Jews living in P., in 1897 - 884 (81.3%), in 1923 - 687, in 1926 - 738 (42%), in 1939 - 827 Jews. In 1873 there was a synagogue in P. ... In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. 1925 approx. P. was created by a Jewish farmer. artel named after In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. After the occupation, a ghetto was created in P. (about 1,000 Jews). 28 Sep 1941 in P. was shot apprx. 500 Jews, 15 Oct. 1941 - several. dozens of Jews. 21 oct. 1941 the remaining Jews (75 people) were taken to a farm in the region of the lake. Palik and burned in a barn. In P. have survived the remains of a Jewish cemetery. I. Paley, D. Pliskin, M.-M. Rosenboim, M.-M. Futerfas.
Pleshivets, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 6 Jewish households in P.
Pleshkani, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
Pleskachivka, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery stores in P.
PLESNER Abram Iezekilovich (1900, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1961, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1938). He studied at Giessen, Göttingen and Berlin high fur boots, graduated from the University of Giessen (1922). Since 1932 - in the USSR. He worked at Moscow State University (1932–48) and at Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–49). Main research results. in func. analysis, the theory of functions of a complex variable (Theorem P. in the theory of boundary properties of analytic functions) and op. calculus, see: Spectral theory of linear operators. M., 1965.
WOVEN TASHLIK, a village in Maloviskovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century in PT there was a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned both pharmacies, both inns, and 17 shops in PT (including both grocery stores, 3 out of 4 manufactures).
PLIKHOV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 13 Jews lived in P., and in 1939 - 10 Jews.
PLINER Israel Izrailevich (1896, Postavy Vilenskaya lips - 1939, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Divintendant (1935). He graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1932). Since 1924 in the organs of the Cheka-OGPU. In 1926–32 the beginning. supply of the special purpose division of the OGPU USSR, from 1932 beginning. supply of troops of the OGPU USSR. Since 1933 pom. beginning, since 1935 deputy. beginning, from 1936 beginning. GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR. For participation in the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, he was awarded an order. Lenin. Repressed.
PLINER Victor Lvovich (b. 1915, Vilna), artist, circus director. In 1930 he graduated from the technical school of circus arts and joined the group. "Ikarian Games" at hand. A.N. Alexandrov. In 1937–65 hands. and a participant in the Ikarian Games. From 1965 he taught at GUTSEI. Since 1968 - dir. Moscow circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard. Dir. and scriptwriter St. 30 circus acts. Laureate of the 1st Intern. festival of circus arts in Warsaw and the 1st All. competition for the best circus acts and attractions (1985). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1976).
PLISA, a village in the Glubokoye district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Plissa Disnenskogo u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 366 Jews (40.7%) lived in P., in 1921 - 302 Jews. In 1905–41, a rabbi in P. was the Lubavitch Hasid Shmuel Freydin (1878-1941). In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, a ghetto was created. On June 1, 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, 419 Jews were shot; in 1998, a monument was erected on the site of the execution. Remains of a Jewish cemetery have been preserved in P.
PLISETSKAYA Maya Mikhailovna (b. 1925, Moscow), ballet dancer. Hero of Socialist Labor (1985). Sister A.I. Plisetskiy, niece of A.M. Azarin, A.M. Messerer and S.M. Messerer. Daughter of the silent film actress Rakhila Mikhailovna Messerer (1902-1993). In 1943, after graduating from Moscow. choreography uch-schcha - in the Big Theater. Performed the roles of Raymonda ("Raymonda" by A.K. Glazunov), Odette-Odile ("Swan Lake" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Tsar Maiden ("The Little Humpbacked Horse" by Ch. Punya), The Bird-Girl ("Shurale" FZ Yarullin), Myrtha ("Giselle" by A. Adan), Laurencia ("Laurencia" by A. A. Kerin, Aegina and Phrygia ("Spartacus" by A. I. Khachaturian), Mistress of the Copper Mountain ("Stone Flower" S. S. Prokofiev), Kitri ("Don Quixote" by L. F. Minkus), Aurora ("The Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet" by Prokofiev), Mekhmene Banu ("The Legend of Love" by A. D. Melikova), Firebird ("Firebird" by I.F. Stravinsky) and others. P. danced in specially staged performances for her ballet by R. Petit ("Death of the Rose" to music by G. Malera, 1973 ) and M. Bejart ("Bolero" to music by M. Ravel, 1975 and "Isadora" by Bejart, 1979) In the Bolshoi Theater, P. staged a ball of RK Shchedrin and performed the title parts in them - "Anna Karenin "based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy (1972)," The Seagull "(1980) and" The Lady with the Dog "(1986) after A.P. Chekhov. She starred in the movies (TV / f" Fantasy "based on the novel. "Spring waters" I.S. Turgenev, 1976; f.-ball. "Poetry of Dance", 1979). She was thin. hands. Ballet Company of the Rome Opera House, ball. Nat. lyric. t-ra in Spain. The author of the book. "I, Maya Plisetskaya ..." (M., 1994). Awarded by the French. ord. "For services in the field of literature and art" (1985), order. Legion of Honor (1986), angry. medal of Spain for merit in the region. graceful suits (1991). Nar. art. USSR (1959). Linen. etc. (1964).
PLISETSKY Azary Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Moscow), ballet dancer, choreographer. Brother of M.M. Plisetskaya, nephew of A.I. Azarin, A.M. Messerer and S.M. Messerer. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. choreography uch-shche, in 1969 - a theater expert. Faculty of GITIS. In 1957–62 he worked at the Bolshoi Theater. In 1963–73, the soloist of the Nat. Ballet of Cuba, danced the parts: Jose ("Carmen Suite" by J. Bizet-RK Shchedrin), Romeo ("Romeo and Julia" to music by G. Berlioz), Rose ("Vision of the Rose" to music by K. Weber), Siegfried ("Swan Lake" by PI Tchaikovsky), Youths ("Chopiniana" to music by F. Chopin) and others. staged "The First Piano Concerto" by SS Prokofiev, "Song of Life" to music. will conclude parts of the 5th symph. G.Malera. Since 1974 he has been working as a ballet choreographer and teacher in troupes of the Marseille National. ballet, ballet XX century (Brussels), Moscow. classic ballet under the arms. ND Kasatkina and V.Yu. Vasilev, the Stuttgart Ballet. Among the works of P. in these years - in the troupe of the Marseille Ballet under the hands. R. Petit "Divertissement at the bench" on music. R. Strauss (1974), "Walpurgis Night" from the opera "Faust" by Charles Gounod (1976), dances in op. "Aida" by G. Verdi (1977), "Carmen Suite" at the Odessa Theater of Opera and Ballet (1974). P. created programs for the post. Petit and M. Bejart for Mosk. classic ballet (1982), and also resumed Bejart's choreography in "Sonata" to music. I.-S. Bach and the play "Arlesian" on the music. Wiese (1983 and 1986). P. resumed choreography in the comp. "Advance" to the music. Alexandrova for Nat. ballet of Cuba (1984), staged "Carmen" Wiese at the Kharkov Opera and Ballet Theater named after N.V. Lysenko (1987) and others. "Best partner" for the international ballet competitions in Varna (1965, 1966), Moscow (1969). Honored. art. RSFSR (1976).
PLISKI, a village in Borznyanskiy district of Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borzensky district Chernigov province Jews lived in Petrograd from the beginning. 19th century Main the occupations of the Jewish population were small trade and crafts. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and grocery and manufactory shops in Poland. On May 12, 1918, a pogrom broke out in Poland by the Haidamaks. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Poland on 9 December. 1941 11 Jews were shot; 1 Jew was killed in March 1942.
PLISKIN David (1889, Pleschenitsy Borisovsky u. Minsk province - 1942, Auschwitz), poet. In 1910–17 in Great Britain, he took part in the activities of Poalei Zion, then returned to Russia, participated in the Civil. war. In 1919–24 he lived in Warsaw, then in Paris. First verse. he publ. in 1910 at London Gas. "Die Zeit". He typed poetry, children. tales in verse, but ch. arr. poems for children. In 1936 he released the first collection of works in Warsaw. verse. "Ying gang" ("On the way"). The author of the book., Ed. in Paris: "A kindersche melukhe" ("Children's State", 1937); "Wunderland" ("Wonderful Country", 1938). In 1942 he was interned in the Drancy camp, from where he was sent to Auschwitz.
PLISKOV, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1552.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. Since 1924 it has been the center of the Jewish Council. In 1847 471 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1828 (46.9%), in 1920 - approx. 2,700, in 1923 - 1,371, in 1939 - 793 Jews. In 1873 there were 2 synagogues in P. Yisroel Berman (1856 -?) Was the rabbi in P. since 1883. 20th century in P. there were 3 synagogues, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1914, Jews were part of the bourgeois council of P. Jews owned a pharmacy, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, a timber warehouse, and a unit. a brewery, a bookstore, and 30 shops in Poland (including all 14 grocers, all 4 manufactures). During the 1st World. and Grazhd. During the war, many Jewish refugees arrived in Poland. In aug. In 1919, a pogrom took place in P. In 1925 immigrants from P. (83 people) organized in the Kherson environs. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Pliskovsky". In 1935, among the Jewish working-age population of P., handicraftsmen accounted for 48.2%, office workers - 25.4%, peasants - 11.5%. In the end. 1930s pl. Jews left P. In July 1941, P. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. 22 oct. 1941, 513 Jews were shot 2 km from P. Another 120 Jews were shot in 5 pits near the building of the former. regional department of the NKVD. 24 oct. 1942 365 Jews were shot. part of the territory. Jewish cemetery was given over to s.-kh. needs. The rest of the territory. the cemetery is abandoned. A.I.Kotlyar.
PLISSA, see Plisa.
PLISSY, a village in the Nevelsky district of the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Nevelskoy u. Vitebsk province. In 1932, the Jewish collective farm "Natsmentrud" was organized in P.
PLITCHENKA, a village in the Borisov district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the beginning. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 19 Jewish refugees were shot in P.
PLOKSCHYAI, a village in Marijampolė district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Blessing of Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 39 Jews (8.6%) lived in Poland in 1923. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of Poland were killed in the summer of 1941.
PLONSK, a city in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Plock Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a district town of Warsaw province. In 1765 in Poland and surrounding us. 455 Jews lived in localities, in 1808 in P. - 2801 (73.6%), in 1827 - 2304 (59.4%), in 1856 - 2814, in 1897 - 4447 (56.2%), in 1921 - 4460 (48.4%), in 1931 - 4913 Jews (47.2%) Jews lived in Poland from the 15th century. In 1612 Jews were forbidden to trade on Christian holidays. In 1656 the Jewish community suffered from the troops of Hetman S. Chernetsky. In 1670 Jews were allowed to build houses in Poland, engage in distilling, trade, keep shanks, and brew beer and honey; Jews received the right to build a synagogue and lay a cemetery. In 1677, King Jan III Sobieski forbade Jews to engage in trade (except meat) and wine production. In 1792-1810, the rabbi of P. was Avrum-Iekutiel-Zalman Liechtenstein (? -1810), in 1811-35 - Yitzchok Averbukh, later Avrum- Shmul Diskin, Lipa Kaminer. In 1874 Shloymo-Zalman-Markus Pozner, who lived in P., founded the first cloth factory in the county (cloth was supplied for the needs of the army). On own funds Sh.-Z.-M. Pozner acquired the villages of Idzyakovica, Kazubuvka, Kuhory and provided the land to the Jews for the management of agricultural. In 1875–85 the rabbi of P. was Isroel-Yakov Valman, in 1885–92 - Moishe-Gershon Naiman (? –1892), in 1893–1922 - Zvi-Iekhizkil Michelson (1863–?). Among the synagogues of P. were synagogues of the Alexander, Gur, and other Hasidims. In 1880, the first Palestinian group began to operate in P. In 1894 Simha Aizin (? –1916, Kfar-Saba, E.-I.) created the Bnei Zion organization. In the end. 19th century opened state. a school for Jewish children. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in P. m-in. In 1914 Jews owned 1 of 2 hotels and 34 shops in Poland (including all 6 manufactory, all 7 haberdashery, all 4 tobacco). in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi P. in the 1920s and 1930s - Israel Burenstein. 5 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1940 a ghetto was created, liquidated in November. 1942, when the Jews of P. were deported to the extermination camp Auschwitz. the destroyed Jewish cemetery, a monument to the victims of the Holocaust was erected. In 1986 a monument to D. Ben-Gurion was erected in P. in P. genus: D. Ben-Gurion, J. Budko, S. Tsemakh; Jacob-Shmuel Siegel (1889–?), Publicist, from 1906 - in the USA, wrote in Yiddish; Moses A. Schulwass (1909–?), Rabbi, historian, Doctor of Philosophy (1934), since 1948 - in the USA, author of books on Middle-century history.
FLAT, see Flat Khmelnytsky region.
PLOSKAYA, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 99 Jews (8.1%) lived in P. in 1930. Jews lived in P. from the second half of the year. 19th century at the beginning. In July 1941, P. was occupied by the Romanians. troops. In July 1941, the Jews of P. were deported to Transnistria.
FLAT, a village in the Reshetilovsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava district. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in P.
PLOSKOSH, a village in the Toropetsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Toropetsky district. Pskov province. In 1939 there were 7 Jews living in P.
PLATELE, see PLATELE.
PLOTKIN Evgeny Romanovich (b. 1929, Moscow), thermal physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. (1989). Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Since 1953 in Vses. teplotekhn. Research Institute. Since 1964 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1973 head. lab. VTI. Author of over 500 scientific. works and publ., ed. 3 collection of books on the problems of maneuverability and variable modes of electronic stations. USSR master of sports in sports. gymnastics, sports. judge Vses. categories. One of the organizers of the movement. "Democratic Russia" in Moscow (1989–93). Etc. Council of Ministers of the USSR (1985) Vol .: Start-up modes of steam turbines of power units. M., 1980 (co-authored with A.Sh. Leizerovich).
PLOTKIN Grigory Davidovich (1917, Odessa - 1986, Kiev), writer. In 1938 he graduated from the Odessa University. First book. poems (in Ukrainian) “Fresh Wind” was published in 1934. In 1941–45 - at the front. The author is poetical. collection of books, screenplays, libretto of muses. performances, dramas. manuf. and publ. book Among them are the tendentious anti-Israeli travel notes "A Trip to Israel" (Moscow, 1959), the play "Promised Land" (Kiev, 1960), "Israeli Notes" in the book. "Go to the Echid" ("The Way to the East". Kiev, 1963). Took part in the anti-Zionist. campaign beginning. 1970s
PLOTKIN Mikhail Nikolaevich (1912, Ardon Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. - 1942), Hero of the Soviet Union (1941). From 1931 - in the Red Army. He graduated from the military. Aviation pilot school. Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - in battles. Captain P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for participation in the first raid of owls. aviation to Berlin 8.8.1941. Until 4/4/1941 there are still several once bombed Berlin. In the winter of 1941/42 he repeatedly took part in the air. raids on Stettin, Danzig, Koenigsberg. Major P. died during a combat mission. Decorated with 3 orders.
PLOTKIN Zvi (Grigory Yakovlevich) (until 1917 Moshe Abramson or Abramzon; ps. M. Hyeg) (1895, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1968, Moscow), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. After 1917 he served as a slave. Council in Feodosia, then in Kr. Army. From 1922 he studied at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, combining studies with military service. In 1925 he was expelled from the institute, in 1927 he was dismissed from the army for participating in training and publishing. lit. Sat. in Hebrew "Breshit" (M. - L., 1926), in which there were several. Art. and P.'s short stories, as well as the lane. stories by I.E. Babel. In the 1930s. publ. in E.-I. ch. from rum. "Tahanot" ("Stations" - magazine "Ha-Shiloakh", 1924, no. 42), "Letters from Moscow" ("Moznaim", 1930–31). 1941–45 - translator at the front. In 1948 he was arrested and accused of being a Zionist. activity and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Returning to Moscow in 1956, publ. under ps. Sh.Sh. Ron pr. "Me-ever mi-sham" ("From there". Jerusalem, 1959). Translated into Hebrew manuscript. B.L. Pasternak, L. Frank, P. Altenberg.
CARPENTER, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 in the BSSR. In 1897 632 Jews (31.7%) lived in P., in 1921 - 550 Jews. In 1882–1903 P. was closed. for the free settlement of Jews. In 1913–31, Itskhok the Bookbinder (1861–?) Was the rabbi in P. In the beginning. 20th century there were 3 synagogues in P. Most of the Jews of Poland were Stolin Hasidim, the rest were Berezninsky. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Poland, organized by Polish soldiers. army, in 1920 - by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich, during which 27 Jews were killed. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931–41, Yehuda Abelson was the rabbi. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПЛОЦК, город в Мазовецком воеводстве (Республика Польша). Осн. в 10 в. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1837 – центр губернии.В нач. 17 в. в П. проживало ок. 400 евреев, в 1765 – 725, в 1800 – 731, в 1808 – 1932 (49%), в 1827 – 3412 (35%), в 1841 – 4333 (37,5%), в 1856 – 5251 (42,3%), в 1897 – 7721 (29%), в 1921 – 7352 (29%), в 1931 – 6571 (25%), в 1957 – 84, в 1959 – 3 еврея.Евреи жили в П. с нач. 13 в. В 1532 в П. существовал еврейский квартал, в 1534 была построена синагога, в 1570 заложено еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятиями евреев П. в 16–17 вв. были торговля и ремесла (ткачество, портняжное дело, стеклодувное и оружейное). В 1555 король Сигизмунд II Август предоставил евреям равные с христианами экономич. права. Во 2-й пол. 16 в. гор. власти пытались ограничить деловую активность евреев-торговцев, однако польск. король Стефан Баторий указом от 1576 оставил евреям прежние права. В нач. 17 в. горожане-христиане добились принятия ряда постановлений, направленных против евреев – купцов и ремесленников.В 1616 евреям принадлежало 25 домов в П.; евреи арендовали ярмарку. Раввином П. во 2-й пол. 17 в. был Цви-Гирш Мунк, в 1684 – Менахем Зак, в 18 в. – Хаим Гинзбург.В 1754 староста П. возвел на общину «кровавый навет»; евреев избивали, многих поместили в тюрьму, где один из них умер под пытками. Преследования прекратились лишь после того, как руководители общины передали старосте 2,4 тыс. злотых и обязались вносить по 800 злотых в год в теч. 3 лет. В 1758 за отказ платить деньги за год вперед старшины еврейской общины были арестованы. Один из них, Шая-Магнус, был высечен розгами. В 1792 вновь назначенный староста потребовал от старшин общины 800 злотых. За отказ платить они были заключены в тюрьму; раввина Иохима подвергли телесному наказанию. Из-за войн, стихийных бедствий, политич. нестабильности, преследований со стороны местной знати и католической церкви численность еврейского населения П. и его окрестностей с сер. 17-го до кон. 18 в. практически не увеличивалась.В 1810 синагога и значит. часть еврейского квартала сгорели; в 1811 власти ограничили проживание евреев восемью улицами П. (в т. ч. Иерусалимской и Синагогальной); в др. частях города разрешалось селиться только состоятельным семьям при условии их отказа от традиц. одежды. Это постановление формально действовало до 1862. В 1868 в П. была открыта талмуд-тора, в 1872 – еврейская больница (на 30 коек). В 1874 в П. имелось 2 синагоги.С 1869 в П. жил А.И.Паперна. В 1888 по его инициативе в П. были основаны еврейское казенное нач. уч-ще, где преподавание велось на рус. яз., и публичная б-ка (в 1900).В 1856–62 раввином П. был Элиэзер Коэн, в 1863–80 – Азриэль-Арье-Лейб Раковский, в 1892–1909 – Йехескиль Лившиц (1864–?), награжденный в 1906 медалью за свою деятельность во время рев-ции 1905–07, в 1901–03 – Аба-Яков Борухов (1848–?), затем – Иона-Мордехай Злотник (1858–?). Среди синагог П. были синагоги александровских, гурских, стриковских и др. хасидов.Во 2-й пол. 19-го – нач. 20 в., наряду с традиц. занятиями – ремеслами и торговлей, все более заметную роль в экономич. жизни еврейской общины П. стала играть фабричная пром-сть (текстильная, пищевая, металлообрабатывающая).В кон. 19 в. мн. евреи П. выехали в США, где было основано землячество. Одноврем. в П. возникло сионистское движение, к к-рому в 1898 примкнул И.Гринбаум. В 1903–04 в П. начали действовать ячейки «Поалей Цион», СЕРП, Бунда.В 1912 в П. открылась иешива, в 1916 – еврейская ср. школа. В 1920 раввин Шапиро был расстрелян по обвинению в шпионаже.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали 3 еврейских кооперативных банка, 6 еврейских профсоюзов (портных, кожевенников, пекарей, металлистов, торговцев, неквалифицированных рабочих), орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния СЕРП, «Цеирей Цион» (с 1917), правой и левой фракций «Поалей Цион». На деньги, собранные землячеством в США, была построена больница. В нач. 1930-х гг. открылась школа сети «Тарбут», в 1938 – уч-ще ОРТ. Выходил ежемес. журн. «Дос Плоцкер ворт». Раввином П. в кон. 1930-х гг. был Мордхе-Довид Эйдельберг (?–1941).9 сент. 1939 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В нояб. 1939 было создано гетто, ликвидированное в февр. 1941.После освобождения ок. 100 евреев вернулись в П. и восстановили общину. В окт. 1949 на еврейском кладбище воздвигнут памятник жертвам Катастрофы, отреставрированный в 1980.В П. род.: И.Л.Авида, М.Авида, И.-Л.Злотник, А.М.Конштам, И.Левинсон, Л.Левинсон, М.Манн, Л.И.Островер, Э.Флатау, П.Шварц; Эстер Гольде-Стружецкая (пс. Этна, Педагог) (1872–1938, Париж), участница польск. рев. движения, состояла в руководстве ППС, гл. ред. «Газеты роботничей», с 1928 – во Франции, рук. польск. секцией МОПР, гл. ред. газ. «Дзенник Людовы» в Париже; Беньямин Грей (1902–?), обществ. деятель, один из лидеров Амер. и Всемирн. союза польск. евреев в 1950–80-х гг.; Хаим Флакс (1883 – после 1941), писатель, писал на идише; Мари Энтин (1881–1949), амер. писательница, с 1894 – в США, писала на идише, автор автобиогр. кн. «Земля обетованная» (1912)., pronunciation=ПЛОЦК, город в Мазовецком воеводстве (Республика Польша). Осн. в 10 в. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1837 – центр губернии.В нач. 17 в. в П. проживало ок. 400 евреев, в 1765 – 725, в 1800 – 731, в 1808 – 1932 (49%), в 1827 – 3412 (35%), в 1841 – 4333 (37,5%), в 1856 – 5251 (42,3%), в 1897 – 7721 (29%), в 1921 – 7352 (29%), в 1931 – 6571 (25%), в 1957 – 84, в 1959 – 3 еврея.Евреи жили в П. с нач. 13 в. В 1532 в П. существовал еврейский квартал, в 1534 была построена синагога, в 1570 заложено еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятиями евреев П. в 16–17 вв. были торговля и ремесла (ткачество, портняжное дело, стеклодувное и оружейное). В 1555 король Сигизмунд II Август предоставил евреям равные с христианами экономич. права. Во 2-й пол. 16 в. гор. власти пытались ограничить деловую активность евреев-торговцев, однако польск. король Стефан Баторий указом от 1576 оставил евреям прежние права. В нач. 17 в. горожане-христиане добились принятия ряда постановлений, направленных против евреев – купцов и ремесленников.В 1616 евреям принадлежало 25 домов в П.; евреи арендовали ярмарку. Раввином П. во 2-й пол. 17 в. был Цви-Гирш Мунк, в 1684 – Менахем Зак, в 18 в. – Хаим Гинзбург.В 1754 староста П. возвел на общину «кровавый навет»; евреев избивали, многих поместили в тюрьму, где один из них умер под пытками. Преследования прекратились лишь после того, как руководители общины передали старосте 2,4 тыс. злотых и обязались вносить по 800 злотых в год в теч. 3 лет. В 1758 за отказ платить деньги за год вперед старшины еврейской общины были арестованы. Один из них, Шая-Магнус, был высечен розгами. В 1792 вновь назначенный староста потребовал от старшин общины 800 злотых. За отказ платить они были заключены в тюрьму; раввина Иохима подвергли телесному наказанию. Из-за войн, стихийных бедствий, политич. нестабильности, преследований со стороны местной знати и католической церкви численность еврейского населения П. и его окрестностей с сер. 17-го до кон. 18 в. практически не увеличивалась.В 1810 синагога и значит. часть еврейского квартала сгорели; в 1811 власти ограничили проживание евреев восемью улицами П. (в т. ч. Иерусалимской и Синагогальной); в др. частях города разрешалось селиться только состоятельным семьям при условии их отказа от традиц. одежды. Это постановление формально действовало до 1862. В 1868 в П. была открыта талмуд-тора, в 1872 – еврейская больница (на 30 коек). В 1874 в П. имелось 2 синагоги.С 1869 в П. жил А.И.Паперна. В 1888 по его инициативе в П. были основаны еврейское казенное нач. уч-ще, где преподавание велось на рус. яз., и публичная б-ка (в 1900).В 1856–62 раввином П. был Элиэзер Коэн, в 1863–80 – Азриэль-Арье-Лейб Раковский, в 1892–1909 – Йехескиль Лившиц (1864–?), награжденный в 1906 медалью за свою деятельность во время рев-ции 1905–07, в 1901–03 – Аба-Яков Борухов (1848–?), затем – Иона-Мордехай Злотник (1858–?). Среди синагог П. были синагоги александровских, гурских, стриковских и др. хасидов.Во 2-й пол. 19-го – нач. 20 в., наряду с традиц. занятиями – ремеслами и торговлей, все более заметную роль в экономич. жизни еврейской общины П. стала играть фабричная пром-сть (текстильная, пищевая, металлообрабатывающая).В кон. 19 в. мн. евреи П. выехали в США, где было основано землячество. Одноврем. в П. возникло сионистское движение, к к-рому в 1898 примкнул И.Гринбаум. В 1903–04 в П. начали действовать ячейки «Поалей Цион», СЕРП, Бунда.В 1912 в П. открылась иешива, в 1916 – еврейская ср. школа. В 1920 раввин Шапиро был расстрелян по обвинению в шпионаже.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали 3 еврейских кооперативных банка, 6 еврейских профсоюзов (портных, кожевенников, пекарей, металлистов, торговцев, неквалифицированных рабочих), орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния СЕРП, «Цеирей Цион» (с 1917), правой и левой фракций «Поалей Цион». На деньги, собранные землячеством в США, была построена больница. В нач. 1930-х гг. открылась школа сети «Тарбут», в 1938 – уч-ще ОРТ. Выходил ежемес. журн. «Дос Плоцкер ворт». Раввином П. в кон. 1930-х гг. был Мордхе-Довид Эйдельберг (?–1941).9 сент. 1939 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В нояб. 1939 было создано гетто, ликвидированное в февр. 1941.После освобождения ок. 100 евреев вернулись в П. и восстановили общину. В окт. 1949 на еврейском кладбище воздвигнут памятник жертвам Катастрофы, отреставрированный в 1980.В П. род.: И.Л.Авида, М.Авида, И.-Л.Злотник, А.М.Конштам, И.Левинсон, Л.Левинсон, М.Манн, Л.И.Островер, Э.Флатау, П.Шварц; Эстер Гольде-Стружецкая (пс. Этна, Педагог) (1872–1938, Париж), участница польск. рев. движения, состояла в руководстве ППС, гл. ред. «Газеты роботничей», с 1928 – во Франции, рук. польск. секцией МОПР, гл. ред. газ. «Дзенник Людовы» в Париже; Беньямин Грей (1902–?), обществ. деятель, один из лидеров Амер. и Всемирн. союза польск. евреев в 1950–80-х гг.; Хаим Флакс (1883 – после 1941), писатель, писал на идише; Мари Энтин (1881–1949), амер. писательница, с 1894 – в США, писала на идише, автор автобиогр. кн. «Земля обетованная» (1912)., extra_data="{'translat...")
PLUCHEK Valentin Nikolaevich (1911, Moscow - 2002, ibid.), Director. In 1926-29 he studied at the acting department of the State. theater, workshops at T-re them. Vs. E. Meyerhold, played an episode, roles in his performances, in 1929–32 he studied at dir. departments of workshops, at the same time. enrolled in the troupe of t-ra. Continuing to work with V.E. Meyerhold, P. in 1934 organized the TRAM of electricians, in which he carried out the first posts: "In the West - a battle" by V.V. Vishnevsky, "The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais. In 1939, together with the playwright A.N. Arbuzov, he created the T-r-studio (opened in 1940 with the play "City at Dawn", written by Arbuzov together with the studio, in 1941 it was transformed into a front-line t-r), staged the play cities "K.M. Simonov (1942). In 1941–45, Ch. dir. T-ra North. fleet (Murmansk). In 1945-50 he headed the Moscow. touring theater, staged in it "Old Friends" by L.A. Malyugin, "Brandenburg Gate" by M.A. Svetlov, and others. In 1949 he headed Moscow. satire, in which he staged performances: "None of your business" by V.S. Polyakov (1949), "The Spilled Cup" by Wang Shi Fu and "Lost Letter" by I.L. Karadzhale (both - 1952, joint . with N.V. Petrov). In 1953 he staged the play "Bathhouse" based on the play by V.V. Mayakovsky (together with S.I.Yutkevich and Petrov), which defined a new satir. direction of t-ra. In 1955 P., together with Yutkevich, staged Mayakovsky's play The Bedbug, in 1956 - Georges de Valery (Only Truth) by J.P. Sartre, Mayakovsky's third play - "Mystery-Buff". Since 1957 - thin. hands. t-ra, staged performances: "Nude with a Violin" by N. Coward (1960), "House where hearts are broken" by B. Shaw (1962), "Convent" by V. A. Dykhovichny and M. R. Slobodsky (1965) ), "Vasily Terkin in the Next World" by AT Tvardovsky (with G.V. Zelinsky, 1966), "Intervention" by L.I. Slavin (1967), "An Ordinary Miracle" by E.L. Schwartz ( with M.A. Mikaelyan, 1971), "The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol (1972), "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov (1977), "Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht (1981), " The Cherry Orchard "by A.P. Chekhov (1984)," The Suicide "by NR Erdman (1986)," Warm Heart "by A.N. Ostrovsky (1992) and others. Nar. art. USSR (1974). State pr. RSFSR them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1977).
PLUDERMACHER Gershon (1897, Vilna - 1942, ibid.), Teacher, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education; studied in Russian. school. Member Bund, was repeatedly arrested, was exiled to Siberia. Returning to Vilna in 1906, he studied ped. activities. In 1907 cases. the first Jewish teachers' conference to proclaim Yiddish as the language of instruction in the Jewish school. In 1912, on the initiative of P., at the OPE congress in St. Petersburg, a resolution was adopted on a school with teaching in Yiddish. P. organized the first Jewish courses in Poland and was one of the initiators of the first school congress in 1921. Publicist. began his activity in the Bund publishing house. in Russia in 1903. Publ. in the Jewish periodical. press st., ch. arr. on pedagogy. One of the authors of the school anthology "Dos Yiddish Wort" ("Jewish Word". Vilna, 1919).
PLUGOV, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 a Jewish labor camp was created in P., whose prisoners were used in road works. The liquidation of the camp took place on July 22, 1943, the prisoners were taken to the Yaktorov camp and killed there. In P.'s camp, apprx. 600 people.
PLUNGE, a city (from 1644) in Telšiai district. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1644. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Prince Zemaitia in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Plungyany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 in Poland and the surrounding us. 816 Jews lived in localities, in 1847 in P. - 2917, in 1897 - 2502 (56%), in 1921 - 2200, in 1923 - 1815 (44%), in 1939 - approx. 1,700 (approx. 28%), in 1959 - 138 (1.6%), in 1970 - 41, in 1979 - 25, in 1989 - 15 Jews. The Jewish community of P. was one of the first on the territory. Lithuania. In the 16th century. there was a Jewish cemetery in P. The first synagogue was built in 1719, and another one in 1814. In 1716, Rabbi Dov-Ber was the rabbi and head of the rabbinical court of the district, in 18 - early. 19th century the rabbis were Yehuda-Leib Ziv, in the 1st half. 19th century - Ichiel Geller (? –1863). In 1864 a synagogue was built in P., at which a yeshiva worked. In the 1890s. in P. there was a Palestinophil circle. In 1901, wives was founded. Zionist organization "Bnos Zion". In the beginning. 20th century in P. there were 6 synagogues, a yeshiva, a Talmud-Torah, a Jewish hospital, and Bikur Hoylim. The cheder matukan was opened in 1906. The rabbis of P. were Gershon-Mendel Ziv, Zvulon Barit (? –1903), Hillel-Arie Lipshitz (1844–1907, Lublin), Shmul-Avigdor Faivelson (1859–1929). occupations of the Jewish population of P. in the beginning. 20th century there were trade, crafts, s. x-in. After 1918 the number of Jews involved in trade decreased. Mn. Jews left for the USA, Argentina, and E.-I. Since 1919, a Jewish school with teaching in Yiddish (100 students) worked in P., in the 1920s and 1930s. - school of the Tarbut network (130 students), a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew (100 students), 2 libraries (Tarbut and Kultur-League networks), a reading room named after I.-L. Peretz. Departments of various types operated in P. Jewish parties and org-tions, including "Maccabi". There were 2 Jewish hospitals and summer camps. in P. opened a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. The Jews owned a chocolate factory, a mill, an electrical station. OK. 200 families were engaged in crafts, several. tens - p. x-vom. K ser. 1930s the number of licenses issued to Jews for trade in tobacco decreased from 50 to 25. In 1931–35, the total number of traders among Jews decreased by 2 times. The assistant to the mayor of the city was a Jew. The rabbis were Levi Spitz and Avrom-Mordhe Vesler (? –1941). On June 25, 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 13, 1941, the Jews of P. were shot. In 1958, a war invalid was accused of murdering a Lithuanian girl, becoming a victim of a "ritual slander." 1990s on the site of the old Jewish cemetery there is a memorial sign. In P. genus: L. Goldschmidt, I. Sh. Olschwanger, M. S. Plungyan; Yosef Horwitz (1848-1920, Kiev), rabbi, student of I. Salanter, a prominent promoter of his ideas; Louis Rosenthal (1888–?), Amer. sculptor.
PLUNGYAN (Plungyansky) Mordkhe Solomonovich (1814, Plungyans of Telshensky u., Koven province. - 1883, Vilna), publicist, translator, educator. A prominent member of the Maskilim of the 1840s. He taught at the Vilna rabbinical school, worked as a proofreader in Romm's printing house. Typing a verse. in Hebrew. and Yiddish in periodic. ed. In the 1860s. collaborated in gas. in Yiddish "Kol mevaser", where, in part., publ. per. in Yiddish verse. A.S. Pushkin's "The Cart of Life", which laid the foundation for "Pushkiniana" in Yiddish. The author of several. book religious content, including commentary to decomp. book TANAKH.
PLUNGYANS, see Plunge.
PLUZHNOE, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In the 1930s. - a regional center. In 1939, 145 Jews (3.5%) lived in P., and 1,135 Jews lived in the Pluzhny district. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, both grocery stores in P. were owned by Jews. July 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942 it was delivered to P. and then shot near the village. There are 150 Jews from the surrounding area. points.
PLYASHEVA, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1914, a Jew rented a unit. water mill in P.
PYATELAYA, a place in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1792 - a city. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Plotele Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 171 Jews (28%) lived in Poland, in 1905 - 125 (26%), in 1914 - 30 Jewish families, in 1923 - 150 Jews (23%), in 1939 - 120, in 1941 - approx. 100 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the end. 18th century Main occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there were small trade, fishing; most of the Jews had vegetable gardens. A synagogue functioned in P. In 1870 Shloyme Shkolnik (1839–1915) was rabbi in P., and Moishe-Zeev Kagan (1887 -?) From 1911. In 1915 Jews were expelled from P. In 1923 half of the houses in P. were burnt down ... In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left for the USA and E. I. The last rabbi of P. was R. A. Zelnitz. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PLAVINYAS, a city (since 1927) in the Aizkraul region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dinaburgsky district Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - of the Latvian SSR. 15 Jews (1%) lived in Poland in 1925, 35 Jews (2%) in 1935. In 1935, Jews of Poland owned 13 shops (from 61). Among the Jews P. was a doctor. A branch of "Herzliya" operated in P.. Jews in P. were destroyed during the Holocaust.
PLYUSHEVKA (until 1946 - Efingar, Efingar, in Hebrew "yafe-nagar" - "beautiful river"), a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1809 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Efingar (other names - Bulgakovka, Bulgakovo) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1810, 276 people lived in P., in 1837 - 812, in 1859 - 878, in 1887 - 1543, in 1897 - 2,038 Jews (93.8%), in 1912 - 2,430 Jews (85.7%) , in 1916 - 2354 people, in 1920 - 2554, in 1924 - 2025, in 1926 - 2215 people. The colony was founded by immigrants from Lithuania (48 families). Originally established. the inhabitants of P. were engaged in viticulture and horticulture. In 1859, Rabbi Syrot was awarded a medal "for a firm knowledge of the dogmas of faith and for good qualities." In 1868 there were three synagogues in Poland. In 1887 there were 179 Jewish farms in Poland and 8 German colonists. In 1898, among the inhabitants of P., there were 1,666 farmers who cultivated 2,318 dess. lands on which were cultivated in the main. wheat (46.1%) and barley (41.5%). The colonists owned 527 horses and 331 cows. There were 2 synagogues and societies in P. early a school, there was a bathhouse, an inn, 20 shops, 2 inns, a wine cellar, and a weather station. In 1902 a new bunk was opened in P. Jewish two-year school. In 1905, a self-defense unit was created. In 1912, another bunk was opened in P. Jewish two-year school; there were 3 synagogues. In 1911–13, permission to travel to E.-I. received 15 inhabitants of P. (out of 49 who applied). In 1916, the colonists used 4495 dess. land. In 1917 the villages were organized. consumer. Society (2148 people). Rabbi P. at the beginning. 20th century was Yakov Tukarevich. During the war, the Jewish population of P. suffered from pogroms and looting. In 1921-22 pl. colonists died of hunger and decomp. epidemics.After Civil. During the war, KOMZET and Agrodjoint provided assistance to the p-you P., supplying equipment, livestock, and seed through agricultural production. credit. cooperative. m-in. In 1920, a volost workshop for the repair of agricultural works was opened in P. inventory and machinery, a forge, a carpentry and saddlery department, in 1923 - a creamery. In 1922 in P. - 2700 dess. allotments, 900 spare, 990 manor lands. The colony was divided into 3 s.-kh. artels. In total, in 1921–29 several were operating in P. s.-kh. artels, including "Freiland" and "Nayefing". In 1924, 2 early workers worked in P. schools, transformed in 1928 into a seven-year Jewish labor school (251 students). In 1928, P. had a club, an outpatient clinic with a maternity ward, and a pharmacy. In 1929, artels and individual farmers in P. united into a collective farm (75 agricultural enterprises, 430 people, 1,088 hectares of land). All R. 1930s the collective farm has become one of the richest in the region; a stockyard, two stables, a calf barn, and a dairy farm were built; there was a vineyard and a vegetable garden. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 10 Sep 1941 519 Jews were shot in P. The old Jewish cemetery was destroyed, and after 1945 a monument was erected at the grave by the relatives of those killed.
PNEV, a village in the Nadvirnyansky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 286 Jews lived in Poland. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to Nadvornaya and then exterminated there along with the local Jews.
PNEVNO, a village in Kamen-Kashirsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 143 Jews lived in P., in 1941 - approx. 650 Jews. 20th century in P. lived several. dozens of Jewish families. In 1918–20, Jewish families from the burnt-down surrounding villages moved to P. During this period a self-defense detachment was created in P. In 1920, S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments perpetrated a pogrom in P., during which 7 Jews were killed. occupations of the Jews of P. in the 1920s – 1930s. there were crafts and transportation. P. had 2 synagogues, 2 Jewish libraries, and an evening school with Hebrew teaching; operating divisions decomp. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, during a pogrom organized by local residents, 10 Jews were killed in P. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to Kamen-Kashirsky and in August. 1942 killed there along with local Jews. The Cybel brothers who fled into the forest organized partisans. Detachment In P. there are the remains of a Jewish cemetery.
PNEVO, a village in the Kardymovskiy district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dukhovshchinsky district. Smolensk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a grocery store in P. was owned by a Jew.
PO Lina (real name and surname Polina Mikhailovna Gorenstein) (1899, Ekaterinoslav - 1948, Moscow), ballerina, sculptor. She studied at the Yekaterinoslavsky choreography. uch-shche, took lessons in drawing and modeling in Schroeder's studio. In 1916 she entered Kharkov to study law. Faculty of Higher Education wives courses simultaneously. studied at the Tagliari ballet school, the studio of the sculptor L. Blokh. In the 1920s. studied in Moscow at the Higher. choreography workshops and a sculptor. branches of VKHUTEMAS. Until 1934 she danced, worked as a ballet dancer. Loss of vision due to heavy. diseases, began to professionally engage in sculpture. Works dedicated to the depiction of dances ("Dance with a Veil", "Dance Suite", 1937), sculptor. portrait ("Self-portrait", "Head of a Jew"). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum, art. museums of St. Petersburg, Kiev, Tartu.
POBEDNOE (Kadymo, in Hebrew "kadima" - "forward"), a village in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1924 as a Jewish agriculturalist. Artel Kadymo in the Dzhankoy District of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1924 31 Jewish families (140 people) lived in P., in 1926 - 35 families (178 people). Jews P. worked 615 dess. land. Agrojoint provided assistance to the settlers. Financial aid for religion. the needs of the community P. were provided by J.-I. Schneerson. All R. 1920s there was a cheder in P. In the 1930s. A Jewish school was in operation, and in the fall of 1941 the Petrograd occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Soon the Jewish population of P. was destroyed.
COAST, a village in Tysmenytsya district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stanislavsky powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 144 Jews lived in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. On Sept. 1941 Jews of P. (20 people) were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and there they were shot.
POBOLOVO, a village in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1885, approx. 400 Jews, in 1897 - approx. 300 (approx. 50%), in 1909 - 532 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the 16th century. Since 1854, Zvi-Gershon Sminovsky (1823–?) Was the rabbi in P. A synagogue functioned in Petrograd in 1873. P. was founded by a Jewish farmer. village. In 1936, the building of a synagogue in P. was transferred to the building of social culture. The Jewish population of P. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
POISK, see Pabaiskas.
POCHAEV, a city (since 1978) in the Kremenets district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1450. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novy Pochaev Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, approx. 100 Jews, in 1847 - 401, in 1870 - 433 (46.9%), in 1897 - 1377 (71.7%), in 1921 - 1083 (46.7%), in 1931 - approx. 1,300 Jews Jews lived in Poland from the 17th century. One of the activities of the Jews of P. was to provide for the monks and pilgrims of the Pochaev Lavra. In P., the Khevra Kaddish was created, which was engaged in the return to Judaism of Jews who had converted to Christianity. Hevra Kaddisha helped such Jews to illegally move to Austria-Hungary. Most of the Jews of Poland were Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. In 1861 Jews owned 15 shops in Poland. In 1873, there were 2 synagogues in Poland. In the 2nd floor. 19th century P. was rabbi Chaim Roinik, from 1897 - his son Yakov-Yosef (1862-1910). In 1889, a Jewish hospital operated in P. In 1906 and 1907, Jewish pogroms took place in P. In 1911 Jews owned 42 out of 45 shops in P. In 1914 Jews owned a unity. pharmacy warehouse, all 3 timber warehouses, 22 grocery stores, 13 manufacturing shops and all 3 iron hardware stores in Poland. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Poland, organized by parts of the Polish. army. 1910s a yeshiva was opened in P., in the 2nd half. 1920s - school network "Tarbut". In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. On June 30, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created, in January. 1942 - ghetto. On Sept. 1942 794 Jews were shot during the liquidation of the ghetto. Some of the Jews were left to carry out road works. The hidden Jews were caught and shot in the cemetery; in total, approx. 500 Jews. After the liberation in March 1944, approx. 40 Jews. In P. there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population. Sh.Skulsky.
POCHAEVICHI, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 21 Jews lived in P.
POCHAPINTSY, a village in the Chemerovets district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a mill in P.
POCHEP, a city (since 1503), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1457.From 1686 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mglinsky u. In 1897, 3172 Jews (32.6%) lived in P., in 1910 - 11,207, in 1923 - 3995, in 1926 - 3616, in 1939 - 2314, in 2002 - 13 Jews. ... the rabbi in P. was Joshua-Nosn Gnesin (1840–?). In the beginning. 20th century In 1910 there were four synagogues in P., a private Jewish husband. uch-shche, Jewish cemetery. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned two fish shops and both shops for iron-metal goods in Poland during the First World. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of P. increased due to the Jews evicted from the border districts and military districts. action. In 1915 in P., with the aim of provoking a pogrom, rumors were spread about the poisoning of two recruits by Jews. After a petition from the Jews, the police chief posted a notice refuting the rumors. During the war, the detachment of Jewish self-defense was led by D. Pines. Between 1918 and 1921 the Poalei Zion branch operated in P. In 1920, a Jewish workers 'committee of trade unions and workers' organizations was organized (it was soon disbanded by the city council). In the same year, a Jewish school was opened. In 1926, a Jewish school of the first stage, a library, worked in P. team (100 people). In 1928, a Jewish farmer was formed in the P. region. team "Voskhod". In 1936, the Jewish collective farm Emes operated in P. In 1933, the Ashkenaz synagogue was closed in P., and in 1934 the synagogue Beis Israel. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. From Jan. by March 1942, more than 1,800 Jews were killed in P. After 1945, a monument with an inscription in Hebrew was erected on the mass grave. In P. Blanter, I. G. Guterman, A.-B. Pevzner, Sh.D. Persov; Ida Solomonovna Belyakova (1905–1996), painter, participant of exhibitions since 1936.
POINTS, a village, a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1647. From 1779 - the district town of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, then - the province. Since 1798 - the provincial town of Lukoyanovsky district. Nizhny Novgorod province. From 1925 it was a rural settlement. 13 Jews lived in P. in 1910, 9 (0.1%) in 1926, and 12 Jews in 1939. In 1914 Jews in P. owned a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, an inn, a watch workshop, and 3 shops. (including 2 grocery). During the 1st world. war, the Jewish population of P. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By the beginning. oct. 1915 375 Jews arrived in Poland. There was a synagogue in P.
POCHINOK, city (since 1926), regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1868 as a settlement at the railway. station in Elninsky u. Smolensk Gubernia. 162 Jews (26.2%) lived in P. in 1897, 378 in 1923, 528 in 1926, 283 in 1939, and 25 in 2002. In 1906 a Zionist circle operated in P. In 1909, at the request of Solomon Epstein, Beniamin Chernyak and others (12 people in total), it was allowed to set up a temporary synagogue for the period of the autumn holidays. In 1914 Jews owned 16 shops in Poland (including 9 grocery stores, both grocery and manufacturing, and the only one manufacturing). In the 1910s. Zvi Makovsky (1884, Kalish - 1938, Tel Aviv) was the rabbi in P. In 1931 there was a Jewish collective farm in P. In the 1930s. pl. Jews left Poland on 17 July 1941 and occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto (200 people) was created on the premises of the machine-tractor station. Apr 21 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, ca. 200 Jews were shot. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to P. Two monuments to the executed Jews were erected, including at the Jewish cemetery. An unofficial minyan operated in P. M.S.Goldina, L.M. Lisitsky.
LOOK, a place in Kaunas district. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 19th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Patsunel Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 10 Jewish families lived in P. Jews lived in P. from the middle. 19th century There was a synagogue in P. there were shohet and melamed. Since 1891 Eliezer-Moishe-Zvi Laba (1863, Vilkomir -?) Was the rabbi. Most of the Jews owned shops or were involved with. x-vom. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews left P. After 1918, only a fraction of the Jews returned to P. In the summer of 1941, P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of P. were killed by Lithuanian policemen in the fall of 1941. Yosef-Zelig Glick (1852-1922), writer and journalist, collaborated on various topics. US publications in Hebrew and Yiddish.
ROOM, see Paberže.
Undercut, see Paberže.
PODBRODZE, see Pabrade.
PODBREZE, see Paberže.
PODBUZH, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 206 Jews (14.1%) lived in P., in 1921 - 206 (9.4%), in 1931 - 204, Feb. 1942 - 199 Jews. occupations of the Jews of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there were small trade and crafts. A Zionist circle was active in 1902. Rabbi P. was Chaim-Noach Shapiro; there was a synagogue; operating divisions decomp. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
PODDEMBICE, a city in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1388. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province. In 1827, 267 Jews (18.1%) lived in P., in 1856 - 832 (45.1%), in 1897 - 1266 (46.5%), in 1921 - 1333 (42.7%) , in 1939 - c. 1,400 Jews. Jews have lived in Poland since the 1770s. Itskhok Frenkel was the rabbi. In 1822–62, the Jews of P. were allowed to reside and acquire land only on Dolgaya and Varshavskaya streets. Rabbi P. in the 1850s. was Ikhl-Mikhl Goldschlag, in the 1880s. - Itzik-Yakov Kaufman. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings company worked in P. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 manufacturing shops. Rabbi P. in the 1900s. - 1926 was Moishe-Chaim Blum, in the 1930s. - I.-I. Rotfeld. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a cheder metukan, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" were opened, 3 Jewish libraries and a theater worked. courses at the beginning. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1940 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 1,500 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in the spring of 1942.
PODOBRANKA, a village in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1809. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poddobryanka, Gomel u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1860, 611 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1486 (96.8%), in 1923 - 1009, in 1926 - 1127 Jews (92%). was founded by Jews who wanted to deal with. x-vom. Rabbis of P. in the 19th century. were the Lubavitch Hasidim Yoel Haykin and the grandson of Tsemach Tzedek Levi-Itskhok Schneerson. In 1860, P. had 47 households and a synagogue; in 1912, a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in P. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 7 shops in P. (including both grocery, both manufacturing, and both haberdashery). In 1921 a pogrom took place in P., organized by the gang of Ataman Golak. Most of the Jews fled from P. After the defeat of the gang, some of the Jews returned to P. In 1924 a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened. In the summer of 1941, P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. 27 Sep 1941 at the cemetery in P. 47 Jews were shot. nov. 1941 40 Jews were shot there, January 24. 1942 - 105 Jews. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P. Levi-Itskhok Schneerson (1878–1944, Alma-Ata), in 1907–39 - Rabbi of Yekaterinoslav (modern. Dnepropetrovsk), father of M.-M. Schneerson.
Podobranka, see Podobranka.
Poddubnoye, has not existed since 1989. Main. in the 1920s. In the 1970s. - the village of Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. In the 1930s. P. had a Jewish population; in May 1942, 35 Jews were shot in P.
PODUBTSY, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In the 18th century. 3 Jewish families lived in P., in 1897 - 14 Jews, in 1926 - 18 Jews. the occupation of the Jews in the 18-19th centuries. were decomp. crafts (including sheepskin dressing and shoemaking). In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same year, the Jews of P. were deported to the Lutsk ghetto.
PODGALIE, a village in the Yelsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. On May 13, 1921, a pogrom took place in P.; 2 Jews were killed.
PODGAT, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. there is a wood shop in P.
PODHAITSY, a city (from 1539) in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1463. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth (in 1672–99 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 1079 Jews lived in Poland, in 1870 - 2,742 (60%), in 1880 - 4012 (67.5%). in 1890 - 3879 (68.7%), in 1900 - 3557 (61.4%), in 1910 - 3497 (62.7%), in 1921 - 2872 (59.7%), in 1931 - 3129, in 1939 - 3,155 Jews (53%) Jews have lived in Poland since the 15th century. There was a Jewish cemetery (the oldest burial date back to 1420). In 1580–1620, Benjamin-Aron Solnik (? –1620) was the rabbi in P., then his son Yakov; in the 2nd floor. 17th century - Moishe Katz. In 1648 the community suffered from pogroms organized by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. A synagogue was built in 1650. In 1667, during the battle of the Tur.-Tatars. troops from Polish. the army suffered damage to the city (including Jewish houses and shops). However, the Jewish community in P. survived. The synagogue continued to operate in 1671. In 1676, the Turkish authorities persecuted Jews. In the 17th century. means. some of the Jews of Poland were engaged in handicrafts (cloth making was especially developed). In the beginning. 18th century P. was rabbi Moishe Katzenelbogen, at the end. 18th century - Simcha Rapoport. Mn. Jews in the 18th century moved to Podolia (including in 1739 a Jewish family from P. moved to Satanov). 18th century in P. the Sabbatian Chaim Malach preached; among the Jews of P. there were many of his followers. All R. 18th century part of the Jews of P. supported the Francoists. 18th century most of the Jews of P. were Hasidim. All R. 19th century Rabbi P. - Shimon Meler (1810–1880), in 1879–87 - his son Note-Yona (1850–1914), in 1887–1909 - Shoil Lilienfeld (1857–1909), who opened the Talmud-Torah in 1905. –1914 Jews were elected to the post of deputy. heads of the city. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century some of the Jews of Poland left for the United States, where a community was founded, which built their synagogue in New York. In 1898, the Zion organization was established in Poland, in 1906, the Poalei Zion branch, in 1918, Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair. ”In 1909, Yitzhok-Aizik-Menachem Aykhenstein (1879–1943) founded a Hasidic court in P. 1919 a pogrom took place in P. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, there was a school and children. garden with teaching in Yiddish. A branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank operated in 1930. On 4 July 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was soon established. 21 Sep 1942 to the extermination camp Belzec was deported approx. 1 thousand Jews. 31 oct. 1942 to Belzec, approx. 1.2 thousand Jews. In nov. 1942 Jews from the surrounding area were deported to P. points. From Dec. 1942 There was a ghetto in P. (about 2 thousand Jews), liquidated in June 1943. In 1942, a group of 100 Jews under the leadership Israel Zilber escaped from the ghetto. At the Jewish cemetery in P. in 1942–43 approx. 300 Jews, including 21 Sept. 1942 - c. 50, 12 Apr 1943 - more than 40 people. After the liberation of P. in July 1944, approx. 50 Jews. Soon one of them, the pharmacist Chaim Weintrob, was killed by Ukrainian nationalists. in P. there were synagogue buildings of the 16th and 19th centuries, a Jewish cemetery, where approx. 2,500 monuments dating back to the 17th – 20th centuries. Mordechai Oren (Orenshtein) (1905-1985, Mizra, Israel), politician. activist, since 1929 - in E.-I., representative of MAPAM in decomp. int. orgs, in 1951 he was arrested in Prague, in 1956 he was released.
PODGORETSKY Mikhail Isaakovich (1919, Aleksandrovsk - 1995, Dubna), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–55 ml. scientific. sotr. FI AN, since 1955 - at JINR (Dubna). At the same time. in 1949–55 he taught at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, from 1956 assistant professor, from 1967 prof. Moscow State University. Region scientific. interests: experiment. research cosmic rays, particle physics, nuclear physics. Main research results. received in the region. theoretical research interference int. states of quantum systems. Joint. with V.G. Baryshevsky discovered the phenomenon of nuclear precession of neutrons. Author of over 250 scientific. works, one discovery and two monographs. Vol .: Statistics of counts in the registration of nuclear particles. M., 1959 (et al.); Gibbs paradox and particle identity in quantum mechanics. M., 1975 (et al.).
PODGORNOE, see Slavyanoserbsk.
Podgorny CHERRY, nowadays do not exist. At 19 - early. 20th century - Osterskiy farm Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century in PV there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.V.
Podgorny Noy Moiseevich (1897, Zhitomir - 1988, Kharkov), architect. Prof. (1962). Graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche (1918), Kiev art. Institute (1929). Since 1945 he taught at the Kharkov engineer-building. in-those. Main buildings in Kharkov: residential buildings on the street. Girshman (1932–35), Garshin (1932–36), Chernyshevsky (1935–38), Sadovaya (1936–38), Dzerzhinsky (1945–51), reconstruction of the section. Corps of the Institute of Railways transport (1945–56), reconstruction of old and design of new buildings of the Gorny Institute (1945–63).
PODGORODISHCHE, a village in the Peremyshlyansky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 186 Jews lived in P. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PODGORODNAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 19th century in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 2 Jews were shot in P.
PODGORODNOE, city (since 1981) in the Dnepropetrovsk region of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1938–81 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Petrograd. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. A synagogue functioned in 1896. In 1913, Jews owned 2 out of 3 grocery and manufactory shops.
PODGORODTSY, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1397. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1856 8 Jewish families lived in P., in 1900 there were 66 Jews, in 1926 Jews made up 12% of the population. Jews have lived in P. since the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 7, 1941, 19 Jews were shot in P., on August 28. 1941 - 38 Jews.
PODGORTSY, a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 of the 3 grocery stores in P.
PODISKO Itsko Abramovich (1823, Stepan of Rivne u. Volyn province - 1890s, Nizhny Novgorod), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1846 he was drafted into the army. He served in N. Novgorod. In 1853 he was elected by the Jews of the city to the post of rabbi. Without an educational qualification, he was not officially approved in office, but served as a rabbi until 1874. In 1874 he was arrested for "illegally calling himself a rabbi" and spent 40 days under arrest. He also served as a mohel.
PODKAMEN, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Brody district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1441. In 19 - early. 20th century - a small town in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 922 Jews living in Poland, in 1880 - 1522 (47.6%), in 1890 - 1591 (46.5% ), in 1900 - 1448 (42.2%), in 1910 - St. 2000, in 1921 - 822 (27.5%), in January. 1942 - 927 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the 17th century. The Jewish community of P. was initially subordinate to the Lvov kagal. All R. 18th century Rabbi P. was Yosef Ashkenazi (? –1767), then - Chaim Landa (1707–1797, Brody), in the beginning. 19th century - Zvi-Yankel Golberstam (? –1830), from 1841 - Levi-Itskhok-Doiv Shor (1810–1877), from 1870 - Avrom-Geshel Babad, in 1885–1916 - Shmul Natanzon (1845–1916). In 1906 in P. founded the first Zionist organization - "Agavas Zion". In 1910, P. had 4 synagogues. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school with teaching in Hebrew worked. Since 1930, Levi Yitzchok Garmelin (1895–1943) and Yeshua Geshel Babad (? –1943) were rabbis. On July 3, 1941, Petrograd occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Local residents immediately after the occupation staged a pogrom, during which 4 synagogues were burned down. In July 1941 German. the security police shot 36 Jewish intelligentsia. The Jews were assigned to work on removing stones from the Jewish cemetery and repairing the road. In aug. and sept. 1942 “actions” were held in P., in the course of which more than 600 Jews were killed. Dec 3. 1942 the remaining Jews (more than 200 people) were deported to Brody. In the end. July 1943 in the forest near the village. Malinishche killed 30 Jews in hiding.
PODKLENYE, a village in the Bykhov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same year, 14 Jews were killed in P.
PODLESKI, a village in the Mostis district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1452. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1916, two Jews were deported from P. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). Rachel Kern (1898-1988, Montreal), lit. critic (in Yiddish).
UNDERLAND, see Yordaneshty.
PODLESNYY YALTUSHKOV, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. Ya. had a Jewish population. In July 1941, P. Ya. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. 19 Aug 1942 in P. Ya. 15 Jews were shot, 18 Feb. 1943 - 6 Jews.
SUBLIPKI, see Korolev, Moscow region.
PODLIPNOE, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in P.
PODLISHEVSKY Avraham (1862, Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1929, Warsaw), public figure. From 1880 - in Warsaw. Under the influence of N. Sokolov, he joined the Zionist. movement. Collaborated periodically. ed. in Hebrew. On the 8th Zionist, Congr. (1907) was elected to the governing body of the movement as a representative of the Polish Zionists. In the years of the 1st world. war was engaged in helping Jewish refugees. In 1916 - one of the founders of the weekly. in Hebrew "Ha-Am" (Moscow). In 1917 he actively participated in Jewish societies, life in Russia. Since 1918 - in Poland; member Zionist Central Committee. org-tion of Poland; member Time. Nat. advice. He headed the representative office of Keren ha-Yesod in Poland.
PODLOPATKI, a village in the Bichursky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Verkhneudinsky district. Transbaikal Region In 1913, Jews from Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) Mikhail Shishmakov and Semyon Artamonov traded in P.
PODLUBY, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. mill in P.
SUBMEDESH, see Pamerkiyay.
PODMIKHALOVTSE, see Podmihalovtsy.
PODMIKHAILOVTSY, a village in the Rogatinsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1453. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Podmihalovce of the Rogatinsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 Jews were deported from P. to Bukachevtsi and subsequently exterminated.
PODMOSTICHI, a village in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Podmojscie of the Przemyslian district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 2 Jewish families were killed in P.
PODMOISTSE, see Scaffold.
PODOL, now part of the urban-type settlement Tsarichanka, Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of the town of Tsarichanka Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 4 Jewish farms in P.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПОДОЛИЯ (Подолье, Подольская земля), историческое название области в бассейне р. Юж. Буг и левобережья Днестра; терр. совр. Винницкой, Хмельницкой и части Одесской, Николаевской и Кировоградской обл. (Украина). С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского; в 1434 Зап. П. присоединена к Польскому кор-ву. С 1569 вся П. вошла в состав Речи Посполитой (Подольское и Брацлавское воеводства). В 1672–99 вся П. – под властью Османской империи. С 1772 Червоноградский повет Подольского воеводства – под властью Австрии. С 1793 Вост. П. – в составе Рос. империи, с 1796 – Подольская губ. В 1917–91 – в составе УССР.Первое упом. о евреях на терр. П. относится к 9 в. Первые общины изв. с сер. 15 (Каменец-Подольский, 1447) – нач. 16 в. (Меджибож, 1507). В 1520 – 60-х гг. в П. происходит интенсивное образование новых еврейских общин. В 1569 в П. проживало ок. 760 евреев. Польск. власти по договору предоставляли общинам право на стр-во синагог, микв, жилых кварталов, кладбищ. Евреи арендовали мельницы, корчмы, винокурни, занимались торговлей (в т. ч. внешней и транзитной – с Валахией, Венгрией, Галицией, Крымом, Молдавией). На евреев-купцов из П., отправлявшихся в Турцию и Крым, была возложена забота о выкупе пленных евреев, захваченных татарами или турками при нападении на поселения или торг. караваны. С образованием в 1580 «Ваада четырех земель» евреи П. вошли в округ Червонной Руси с центром во Львове.В 1570 – 1640-х гг. на терр. П. строятся монументальные каменные («оборонные») синагоги в Меджибоже, Сатанове, Шаргороде и др. Мн. из городов П., такие, как Меджибож, Бар, Немиров, Тульчин, стали духовными центрами иудаизма.В 1-й пол. 17 в. осн. сфера экономич. деятельности евреев П. (помимо торговли) – разл. виды аренды: на взимание налогов, на промыслы, на имения, на отд. города и села. В 1633 на евреев П. распространялся закон, согласно к-рому по гражданским делам их могли привлекать к суду только воеводы без права апелляции в королевский суд по искам, не превышавшим 100 злотых. К сер. 17 в. на терр. Подольского воеводства в 36 еврейских общинах проживало 12 тыс. евреев (по др. данным – 18 тыс.). В Брацлавском воеводстве насчитывалось 29 еврейских общин – ок. 10 тыс. евреев (по др. данным – 18 тыс.).Во времена «хмельнитчины» казацкие войска в 1648–49 уничтожили большинство общин П. Евреи принимали участие в обороне городов П., в т. ч. Бара, Немирова, Сатанова, Тульчина. Лишь немногие города, в т. ч. Каменец-Подольский, Меджибож, Язловец, смогли устоять под натиском казацких войск; сотни евреев, бежавших из захваченных городов, укрылись в хорошо защищенном Каменец-Подольском. В 1650 «Ваад четырех земель» постановил для всех общин считать день «немировской резни» 20 сивана траурной датой еврейского календаря – днем поста и траура.По Зборовскому мирному соглашению 1649 евреям запрещалось проживать в пределах Казацкой автономии (Браилов, Винница, Шаргород, Ямполь и др.).В янв. 1651 начался очередной этап воен. действий. В июне 1651 был подписан мирный договор в Белой Церкви, согласно к-рому терр. Казацкой автономии уменьшилась до границ Киевского воеводства. Евреи получили возможность вернуться в покинутые города. В 1653 были вновь признаны условия Зборовского договора.В 1655 евреи П. собрали 1 тыс. злотых в счет спец. королевского сбора на нужды польск. армии.В 1658 польск. король Ян Казимир освободил евреев от уплаты подушного налога в связи с резким ухудшением экономич. положения общин. На местные власти была возложена обязанность обеспечить безопасность евреев и содействовать им в возврате имущества, потерянного в период «хмельнитчины». Ревизия 1661 зафиксировала остатки еврейских общин в 14 городах и 2 селах Подольского воеводства. В 1662 подушный налог платили евреи 18 городов и 6 сел. В Подольском воеводстве проживало ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев (12,5% довоенной численности). В Брацлавском воеводстве в 1664 евреи не значились в налоговых ведомостях.В 1665 польск. король издал закон об охране имущества евреев П. В 1675 Ян III Собеский распорядился приостановить взимание налогов с евреев П. В 1676 все привилегии, данные евреям П. ранее, были подтверждены.1660-е гг. отмечены распространением саббатианства на терр. П.В 1676 «Ваад четырех земель» начал повсеместный сбор средств для выкупа пленных евреев. Ваад Литвы организовал спец. сбор денег для выкупа из плена евреев П. В 1680-х гг. на терр. Подольского воеводства, находившегося под управлением Османской империи, числилось 263 еврея-домовладельца; численность еврейского населения составляла ок. 1 тыс. чел. (ок. 8% довоенного кол-ва).В 1711–12 по приказу Петра I было организовано массовое переселение евреев городов и сел Правобережной Украины (в т. ч. Брацлавского воеводства) в Левобережную.В 1713 указом короля Августа II польск. воевода восстанавливал свою суд. власть над евреями Подольского воеводства; евреи должны были выбрать раввина и секретарей общины Подольского воеводства. Евреи П. были уравнены в правах с евреями др. воеводств. В том же году «главным раввином» Подольского и Брацлавского воеводств стал раввин Язловца Цви-Гирш Маргалиот.В 1724 произошел конфликт между ваадами Подолии и Червонной Руси за право самостоятельного представительства Подолии в «Коронном вааде».В 1734 мн. еврейские общины пострадали в ходе восстания гайдамаков. Однако к сер. 18 в. еврейская жизнь в П. возродилась. По сравнению с периодом, предшествовавшим «хмельнитчине», общее число еврейских общин увеличилось более чем вдвое. Интенсивный процесс образования и роста еврейских общин П. оказался возможным благодаря высоким темпам роста кол-ва беженцев из Волынского и Русского воеводств.К 1764 в Подольском воеводстве образовалось 70 еврейских общин, в Брацлавском – 55 общин. В 1765 евреи Подольского воеводства проживали в 53 городах – 38 384 еврея (67%), 27 местечках (10%) и 96 селах (23%). В Брацлавском воеводстве 20 337 евреев проживали в 46 городах (66%), 9 местечках (3%), 873 селах (31%).В 1740–70-х гг. на терр. П. строятся деревянные синагоги, украшениями к-рых служат росписи и резные многоярусные арон-кодеши (Миньковцы, Ситков, Смотрич и др.).В 1755 лидер лжемессианского движения Яков Франк посетил ряд городов и местечек П. В 1757 состоялся 1-й диспут франкистов с раввинами в Каменец-Подольском. После диспута и епископского суда были устроены публичные сожжения книг Талмуда в Калинце и др. городах и местечках П. В 1758 франкисты, проживавшие в П., получили от Августа III охранную грамоту на право торговли и др. занятия на равных с евреями основаниях. В 1758 в с. Иване (совр. Иване-Злоте) Подольского воеводства была основана резиденция Франка. В 1759 произошел массовый переход франкистов в католичество.В сер. 18 в., после того как в Меджибоже поселился И.Баал-Шем-Тов, в П. получает распространение хасидизм. В П. находились резиденция Дойв-Бера из Межирича и Нахмана из Браслава.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в П. были распространены идеи Гаскалы. В 1764 сотни евреев-добровольцев приняли участие в восстании под предводительством Тадеуша Костюшко.В 1768 мн. еврейские общины П. были разгромлены в ходе восстания гайдамаков, получившего название «колиивщина».В 1793, с присоединением к России, П. вошла в черту оседлости. В 1796 на терр. П. насчитывалось 411 евреев-купцов, 16 276 евреев-мещан. В 1796 в Миньковцах была открыта первая в П. еврейская типография.В 1810 – 30-х гг. евреи П. участвовали в крестьянском движении под рук. Устима Кармалюка.В 1829 был издан указ Николая I о выдворении евреев из корчем в поселениях Подольской губ. (не реализован). В 1836 в П. были закрыты все еврейские типографии.В 1847 в П. проживало ок. 165 тыс. евреев. В 1850-х гг. в П. основываются еврейские земледельч. колонии. В 1863 на терр. П. действовало 46 синагог. В 1851–74 в 18 городах и местечках П. работали еврейские казенные уч-ща. В 1893–1916 в 29 городах еврейские уч. заведения находились под патронажем ОПЕ.В 1881 – 82 в Балте, Жмеринке, Кривом Озере происходили еврейские погромы. Реакцией на погромы стал массовый выезд евреев из П., гл. обр. в США и Э.-И.В 1897 в П. проживало 370 162 еврея (12,3%). По данным переписи 1897, евреи занимались торговлей (47%), работали в пром-сти (30%), с. х-ве (2%), в т. ч. в 16 еврейских земледельч. колониях. В П. было более 40 тыс. евреев-ремесленников (почти 30% взрослого муж. населения). Евреям принадлежали 157 ф-к (из 738). В П. действовали: 41 еврейская школа (из них большинство частных), 7 еврейских профшкол (119 уч-ся), 972 хедера (17 544 уч-ся), ок. 100 еврейских благотворит. учреждений, 8 ссудных касс, 12 богаделен, 10 больниц, 41 об-во вспоможения бедным больным.В кон. 19 в. в П. возникли отд-ния «Ховевей Цион», сионистские орг-ции, с нач. 20 в. – орг-ции Бунда, «Поалей Цион», Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 в П. произошло 32 еврейских погрома.В февр. – марте 1906 в Подольской губ. евреи, объединенные Союзом для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России, получили 32 из 37 мест выборщиков от гор. курии (еврейскими кандидатами в члены Гос. Думы были барон Д.Гинцбург и Г.Слиозберг), но избраны не были.Летом 1913 еврейская фольклорная этногр. экспедиция под рук. С.Ан-ского работала во мн. городах и местечках П.В 1915 из прифронтовой полосы (зап. часть П.) евреи были выселены в города и местечки вост. П. Выселенным и беженцам была оказана помощь, в т. ч. организованы школы в Гайсине, Жмеринке, Проскурове (совр. – Хмельницкий) и др.В нояб. 1917 в Учредит. собрание по еврейскому нац. списку от Подольской губ. был избран А.Гольдштейн.В годы Гражд. войны П. в разное время находилась под властью Центр. рады, австро-герм. войск, Директории, Добровольческой армии, польск. войск. В нояб. 1920 была установлена сов. власть. Смена власти сопровождалась еврейскими погромами. Осенью 1917 погромы произошли в 13 городах и местечках П. В 1917 крестьянские сходы в Проскуровском, Литинском, Брацлавском уездах приняли решения о выселении евреев из сел. В 1918–21 от 200 погромов пострадали евреи почти 160 нас. пунктов; 125 погромов устроили отряды Директории, 41 погром – Добровольческая армия. В мае 1919 в вост. П. прошли погромы, устроенные отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева. В нек-рых нас. пунктах погромы смогли предотвратить отряды еврейской самообороны. По нек-рым данным, еврейское население П. за годы Гражд. войны уменьшилось более чем на 100 тыс. чел.В 1920-х гг. в П. работали еврейские б-ки, издавались газеты на идише. В 1921 местные к-ты Евобщесткома начали организовывать помощь еврейскому населению местечек П., пострадавших от погромов. Средства для материальной помощи предоставлял в осн. Джойнт.Весной – летом 1922 в местечках Винницкого у. прошли погромы, устроенные бандой Гальчевского (Орла).В 1923 численность еврейского городского населения П. составила 128 400 чел. (уменьшение по сравнению с 1897 – 18,7%). В 1924 действовали 88 еврейских школ и св. 40 дет. домов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в 12 городах и местечках работали группы «Ге-Халуц». В 9 городах под патронажем ОРТ существовали (до 1929) еврейские ремесл. артели и мастерские. В 1925 были организованы 106 артелей евреев-кустарей, 37 ссудо-сберегат. еврейских т-в. В местечках П. были образованы еврейские с.-х. артели и ТОЗы. Экономич. помощь еврейским с.-х. коллективам оказывали Джойнт и ОРТ. Зимой – весной 1925 началась кампания по переселению евреев-земледельцев на пустующие земли Херсонской губ. К апр. 1925 переселилось 2400 еврейских семей. В 1924–25 в П. были учреждены первые еврейские сельские и местечковые советы, в 1925 – местные суды с делопроизводством на идише.В 1925, в ходе усиления антирелиг. кампании, на терр. П. были закрыты мн. синагоги. В 1926 в местные органы власти были направлены сотни обращений от учителей и уч-ся разл. местечек П. с просьбой о разрешении изучать иврит (запрещен зимой 1921).В 1926 на терр. Подольской окр. проживал 374 481 еврей, в 1939 в Винницкой обл. – 91 006 евреев, в Каменец-Подольской обл. – 70 929 евреев.Осенью 1929 в ходе массовой коллективизации с. х-ва в П. во мн. местечках были организованы еврейские колхозы; одноврем. проведено массовое объединение ремесленников-кустарей в артели. Весной 1930 произошел массовый выход подольских крестьян из колхозов.В 1935–36 часть евреев П. – колхозников и ремесленников – была переселена в Еврейскую автономную область. В 1935–37 в Винницкой обл. издавалась еврейская газ. «Пролетаришер эмес».В 1939 на терр. П. были упразднены еврейские сел. и местечковые советы, закрыто большинство еврейских школ.В июле 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта и румын. войска. В кон. июля 1941 на лев. берег Днестра была депортирована первая партия евреев из Бессарабии и Буковины. В авг. 1941 б. ч. П. вошла в состав Транснистрии под упр. румын. администрации; сев.-зап. часть П. осталась в зоне герм. оккупации. В кр. городах П. были созданы гетто.В авг.-сент. 1941 началось тотальное уничтожение евреев в герм. зоне оккупации П. В Каменец-Подольском 26 авг. 1941 было расстреляно 4,5 тыс. евреев, 28 авг. – 7 тыс., в Виннице 19 сент. 1941 – 19 тыс. Общее число евреев, уничтоженных в 1941 – 44 в Каменец-Подольской обл., составило ок. 145 тыс. чел., в Винницкой обл. – ок. 160 тыс. чел. В сент.-дек. 1941 в Транснистрию было депортировано ок. 140 тыс. евреев из Бессарабии и Буковины; летом 1942 – ок. 5 тыс. евреев из Черновиц (совр. Черновцы) и Дорохоя, в сент. 1942 – ок. 2,4 тыс. евреев из внутр. р-нов Румынии. Всего на терр. П. находилось 207 концлагерей, где содержались евреи из Бессарабии, Буковины, стран Вост. Европы.Евреи участвовали в партиз. движении; так, во 2-й Винницкой партиз. бригаде на терр. П. сражалось 217 евреев. В кон. марта 1944 вся терр. П. была освобождена сов. войсками.В 1940–50-х гг. центр. и местные органы власти неоднократно отказывали евреям Винницкой и Каменец-Подольской обл. в удовлетворении их просьб об открытии новых синагог, регистрации общин, миньянов, о приведении в порядок братских могил евреев, уничтоженных в период Катастрофы, и установке на них памятных знаков, об изъятии еврейских надгробных плит из мостовых и строений и восстановлении еврейских кладбищ. В 1947 в Каменец-Подольской обл. с официального разрешения действовали 5 еврейских общин (Славута, Шепетовка, Староконстантинов, Проскуров, Каменец-Подольский (в последнем – без синагоги). В 1950 была закрыта синагога в Виннице, в 1952 – в Проскурове. В 1952 в Винницкой обл. действовало 4 синагоги (Бершадь, Жмеринка, Черневцы, Ямполь), в Каменец-Подольской обл. – 2 синагоги (Славута, Шепетовка).В 1956 была восстановлена еврейская община в Виннице. В 1960 закрыта (временно) синагога в Шепетовке. В 1960 предприняты первые попытки восстановления надгробий на могилах хасидских цадиков, в т. ч. на могиле И.Баал-Шем-Това в Меджибоже. После укрупнения р-нов в 1962 мн. еврейские семьи покинули упраздненные районные центры. В 1965 в Винницкой обл. одноврем. действовало 6 общин, в Хмельницкой обл. – 2 общины.В 1968 в Винницкой обл. проживало 26 200 евреев, в Хмельницкой обл. – 10 323 еврея. В 1974–76 в Винницкой обл. действовали 2 зарегистрир. и 20 незарегистр. общин, в Хмельницкой обл. – 1 зарегистрир. община.В 1988 начались регулярные экспедиции в П. участников Ленингр. еврейского ист. семинара, затем – Ленингр. (Петерб.) еврейского ун-та. Началось восстановление надгробий на могилах хасидских цадиков и приведение в порядок нек-рых еврейских кладбищ в П.В 1989 Всес. перепись населения зарегистрировала в Винницкой обл. 26 200 евреев, из них 25 599 проживали в городах; 4007 евреев указали в качестве родного языка идиш. В Хмельницкой обл. было зарегистрировано 10 323 еврея, из них 10 208 проживали в городах; 1419 евреев указали в качестве родного языка идиш.В 1989 начался массовый выезд евреев П. в Израиль, пик к-рого пришелся на 1990–91.В апр. – авг. 1991 в Винницкой обл. (Бершадь, Тульчин) издавались еврейские газеты. В 1991–92 началось создание обществ. еврейской культуры и еврейских воскресных школ в небольших городах и поселках (в первую очередь – в районных центрах). Были открыты представительства Еврейского Агентства в Виннице и Хмельницком, отд-ния «Хесэда». В июне – дек. 1995 в Хмельницкой обл. (Каменец-Подольский, Хмельницкий) начали выходить еврейские газеты на рус. яз. (О жизни евреев П. после 1995 см. ст. об отд. нас. пунктах П.)В.С.Левин, pronunciation=ПОДОЛИЯ (Подолье, Подольская земля), историческое название области в бассейне р. Юж. Буг и левобережья Днестра; терр. совр. Винницкой, Хмельницкой и части Одесской, Николаевской и Кировоградской обл. (Украина). С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского; в 1434 Зап. П. присоединена к Польскому кор-ву. С 1569 вся П. вошла в состав Речи Посполитой (Подольское и Брацлавское воеводства). В 1672–99 вся П. – под властью Османской империи. С 1772 Червоноградский повет Подольского воеводства – под властью Австрии. С 1793 Вост. П. – в составе Рос. империи, с 1796 – Подольская губ. В 1917–91 – в составе УССР.Первое упом. о евреях на терр. П. относится к 9 в. Первые общины изв. с сер. 15 (Каменец-Подольский, 1447) – нач. 16 в. (Меджибож, 1507). В 1520 – 60-х гг. в П. происходит интенсивное образование новых еврейских общин. В 1569 в П. проживало ок. 760 евреев. Польск. власти по договору предоставляли общинам право на стр-во синагог, микв, жилых кварталов, кладбищ. Евреи арендовали мельницы, корчмы, винокурни, занимались торговлей (в т. ч. внешней и транзитной – с Валахией, Венгрией, Галицией, Крымом, Молдавией). На евреев-купцов из П., отправлявшихся в Турцию и Крым, была возложена забота о выкупе пленных евреев, захваченных татарами или турками при нападении на поселения или торг. караваны. С образованием в 1580 «Ваада четырех земель» евреи П. вошли в округ Червонной Руси с центром во Львове.В 1570 – 1640-х гг. на терр. П. строятся монументальные каменные («оборонные») синагоги в Меджибоже, Сатанове, Шаргороде и др. Мн. из городов П., такие, как Меджибож, Бар, Немиров, Тульчин, стали духовными центрами иудаизма.В 1-й пол. 17 в. осн. сфера экономич. деятельности евреев П. (помимо торговли) – разл. виды аренды: на взимание налогов, на промыслы, на имения, на отд. города и села. В 1633 на евреев П. распространялся закон, согласно к-рому по гражданским делам их могли привлекать к суду только воеводы без права апелляции в королевский суд по искам, не превышавшим 100 злотых. К сер. 17 в. на терр. Подольского воеводства в 36 еврейских общинах проживало 12 тыс. евреев (по др. данным – 18 тыс.). В Брацлавском воеводстве насчитывалось 29 еврейских общин – ок. 10 тыс. евреев (по др. данным – 18 тыс.).Во времена «хмельнитчины» казацкие войска в 1648–49 уничтожили большинство общин П. Евреи принимали участие в обороне городов П., в т. ч. Бара, Немирова, Сатанова, Тульчина. Лишь немногие города, в т. ч. Каменец-Подольский, Меджибож, Язловец, смогли устоять под натиском казацких войск; сотни евреев, бежавших из захваченных городов, укрылись в хорошо защищенном Каменец-Подольском. В 1650 «Ваад четырех земель» постановил для всех общин считать день «немировской резни» 20 сивана траурной датой еврейского календаря – днем поста и траура.По Зборовскому мирному соглашению 1649 евреям запрещалось проживать в пределах Казацкой автономии (Браилов, Винница, Шаргород, Ямполь и др.).В янв. 1651 начался очередной этап воен. действий. В июне 1651 был подписан мирный договор в Белой Церкви, согласно к-рому терр. Казацкой автономии уменьшилась до границ Киевского воеводства. Евреи получили возможность вернуться в покинутые города. В 1653 были вновь признаны условия Зборовского договора.В 1655 евреи П. собрали 1 тыс. злотых в счет спец. королевского сбора на нужды польск. армии.В 1658 польск. король Ян Казимир освободил евреев от уплаты подушного налога в связи с резким ухудшением экономич. положения общин. На местные власти была возложена обязанность обеспечить безопасность евреев и содействовать им в возврате имущества, потерянного в период «хмельнитчины». Ревизия 1661 зафиксировала остатки еврейских общин в 14 городах и 2 селах Подольского воеводства. В 1662 подушный налог платили евреи 18 городов и 6 сел. В Подольском воеводстве проживало ок. 1,5 тыс. евреев (12,5% довоенной численности). В Брацлавском воеводстве в 1664 евреи не значились в налоговых ведомостях.В 1665 польск. король издал закон об охране имущества евреев П. В 1675 Ян III Собеский распорядился приостановить взимание налогов с евреев П. В 1676 все привилегии, данные евреям П. ранее, были подтверждены.1660-е гг. отмечены распространением саббатианства на терр. П.В 1676 «Ваад четырех земель» начал повсеместный сбор средств для выкупа пленных евреев. Ваад Литвы организовал спец. сбор денег для выкупа из плена евреев П. В 1680-х гг. на терр. Подольского воеводства, находившегося под управлением Османской империи, числилось 263 еврея-домовладельца; численность еврейского населения составляла ок. 1 тыс. чел. (ок. 8% довоенного кол-ва).В 1711–12 по приказу Петра I было организовано массовое переселение евреев городов и сел Правобережной Украины (в т. ч. Брацлавского воеводства) в Левобережную.В 1713 указом короля Августа II польск. воевода восстанавливал свою суд. власть над евреями Подольского воеводства; евреи должны были выбрать раввина и секретарей общины Подольского воеводства. Евреи П. были уравнены в правах с евреями др. воеводств. В том же году «главным раввином» Подольского и Брацлавского воеводств стал раввин Язловца Цви-Гирш Маргалиот.В 1724 произошел конфликт между ваадами Подолии и Червонной Руси за право самостоятельного представительства Подолии в «Коронном вааде».В 1734 мн. еврейские общины пострадали в ходе восстания гайдамаков. Однако к сер. 18 в. еврейская жизнь в П. возродилась. По сравнению с периодом, предшествовавшим «хмельнитчине», общее число еврейских общин увеличилось более чем вдвое. Интенсивный процесс образования и роста еврейских общин П. оказался возможным благодаря высоким темпам роста кол-ва беженцев из Волынского и Русского воеводств.К 1764 в Подольском воеводстве образовалось 70 еврейских общин, в Брацлавском – 55 общин. В 1765 евреи Подольского воеводства проживали в 53 городах – 38 384 еврея (67%), 27 местечках (10%) и 96 селах (23%). В Брацлавском воеводстве 20 337 евреев проживали в 46 городах (66%), 9 местечках (3%), 873 селах (31%).В 1740–70-х гг. на терр. П. строятся деревянные синагоги, украшениями к-рых служат росписи и резные многоярусные арон-кодеши (Миньковцы, Ситков, Смотрич и др.).В 1755 лидер лжемессианского движения Яков Франк посетил ряд городов и местечек П. В 1757 состоялся 1-й диспут франкистов с раввинами в Каменец-Подольском. После диспута и епископского суда были устроены публичные сожжения книг Талмуда в Калинце и др. городах и местечках П. В 1758 франкисты, проживавшие в П., получили от Августа III охранную грамоту на право торговли и др. занятия на равных с евреями основаниях. В 1758 в с. Иване (совр. Иване-Злоте) Подольского воеводства была основана резиденция Франка. В 1759 произошел массовый переход франкистов в католичество.В сер. 18 в., после того как в Меджибоже поселился И.Баал-Шем-Тов, в П. получает распространение хасидизм. В П. находились резиденция Дойв-Бера из Межирича и Нахмана из Браслава.Во 2-й пол. 18 в. в П. были распространены идеи Гаскалы. В 1764 сотни евреев-добровольцев приняли участие в восстании под предводительством Тадеуша Костюшко.В 1768 мн. еврейские общины П. были разгромлены в ходе восстания гайдамаков, получившего название «колиивщина».В 1793, с присоединением к России, П. вошла в черту оседлости. В 1796 на терр. П. насчитывалось 411 евреев-купцов, 16 276 евреев-мещан. В 1796 в Миньковцах была открыта первая в П. еврейская типография.В 1810 – 30-х гг. евреи П. участвовали в крестьянском движении под рук. Устима Кармалюка.В 1829 был издан указ Николая I о выдворении евреев из корчем в поселениях Подольской губ. (не реализован). В 1836 в П. были закрыты все еврейские типографии.В 1847 в П. проживало ок. 165 тыс. евреев. В 1850-х гг. в П. основываются еврейские земледельч. колонии. В 1863 на терр. П. действовало 46 синагог. В 1851–74 в 18 городах и местечках П. работали еврейские казенные уч-ща. В 1893–1916 в 29 городах еврейские уч. заведения находились под патронажем ОПЕ.В 1881 – 82 в Балте, Жмеринке, Кривом Озере происходили еврейские погромы. Реакцией на погромы стал массовый выезд евреев из П., гл. обр. в США и Э.-И.В 1897 в П. проживало 370 162 еврея (12,3%). По данным переписи 1897, евреи занимались торговлей (47%), работали в пром-сти (30%), с. х-ве (2%), в т. ч. в 16 еврейских земледельч. колониях. В П. было более 40 тыс. евреев-ремесленников (почти 30% взрослого муж. населения). Евреям принадлежали 157 ф-к (из 738). В П. действовали: 41 еврейская школа (из них большинство частных), 7 еврейских профшкол (119 уч-ся), 972 хедера (17 544 уч-ся), ок. 100 еврейских благотворит. учреждений, 8 ссудных касс, 12 богаделен, 10 больниц, 41 об-во вспоможения бедным больным.В кон. 19 в. в П. возникли отд-ния «Ховевей Цион», сионистские орг-ции, с нач. 20 в. – орг-ции Бунда, «Поалей Цион», Союза для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 в П. произошло 32 еврейских погрома.В февр. – марте 1906 в Подольской губ. евреи, объединенные Союзом для достижения полного равноправия еврейского народа в России, получили 32 из 37 мест выборщиков от гор. курии (еврейскими кандидатами в члены Гос. Думы были барон Д.Гинцбург и Г.Слиозберг), но избраны не были.Летом 1913 еврейская фольклорная этногр. экспедиция под рук. С.Ан-ского работала во мн. городах и местечках П.В 1915 из прифронтовой полосы (зап. часть П.) евреи были выселены в города и местечки вост. П. Выселенным и беженцам была оказана помощь, в т. ч. организованы школы в Гайсине, Жмеринке, Проскурове (совр. – Хмельницкий) и др.В нояб. 1917 в Учредит. собрание по еврейскому нац. списку от Подольской губ. был избран А.Гольдштейн.В годы Гражд. войны П. в разное время находилась под властью Центр. рады, австро-герм. войск, Директории, Добровольческой армии, польск. войск. В нояб. 1920 была установлена сов. власть. Смена власти сопровождалась еврейскими погромами. Осенью 1917 погромы произошли в 13 городах и местечках П. В 1917 крестьянские сходы в Проскуровском, Литинском, Брацлавском уездах приняли решения о выселении евреев из сел. В 1918–21 от 200 погромов пострадали евреи почти 160 нас. пунктов; 125 погромов устроили отряды Директории, 41 погром – Добровольческая армия. В мае 1919 в вост. П. прошли погромы, устроенные отрядами атамана Н.А.Григорьева. В нек-рых нас. пунктах погромы смогли предотвратить отряды еврейской самообороны. По нек-рым данным, еврейское население П. за годы Гражд. войны уменьшилось более чем на 100 тыс. чел.В 1920-х гг. в П. работали еврейские б-ки, издавались газеты на идише. В 1921 местные к-ты Евобщесткома начали организовывать помощь еврейскому населению местечек П., пострадавших от погромов. Средства для материальной помощи предоставлял в осн. Джойнт.Весной – летом 1922 в местечках Винницкого у. прошли погромы, устроенные бандой Гальчевского (Орла).В 1923 численность еврейского городского населения П. составила 128 400 чел. (уменьшение по сравнению с 1897 – 18,7%). В 1924 действовали 88 еврейских школ и св. 40 дет. домов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в 12 городах и местечках работали группы «Ге-Халуц». В 9 городах под патронажем ОРТ существовали (до 1929) еврейские ремесл. артели и мастерские. В 1925 были организованы 106 артелей евреев-кустарей, 37 ссудо-сберегат. еврейских т-в. В местечках П. были образованы еврейские с.-х. артели и ТОЗы. Экономич. помощь еврейским с.-х. коллективам оказывали Джойнт и ОРТ. Зимой – весной 1925 началась кампания по переселению евреев-земледельцев на пустующие земли Херсонской губ. К апр. 1925 переселилось 2400 еврейских семей. В 1924–25 в П. были учреждены первые еврейские сельские и местечковые советы, в 1925 – местные суды с делопроизводством на идише.В 1925, в ходе усиления антирелиг. кампании, на терр. П. были закрыты мн. синагоги. В 1926 в местные органы власти были направлены сотни обращений от учителей и уч-ся разл. местечек П. с просьбой о разрешении изучать иврит (запрещен зимой 1921).В 1926 на терр. Подольской окр. проживал 374 481 еврей, в 1939 в Винницкой обл. – 91 006 евреев, в Каменец-Подольской обл. – 70 929 евреев.Осенью 1929 в ходе массовой коллективизации с. х-ва в П. во мн. местечках были организованы еврейские колхозы; одноврем. проведено массовое объединение ремесленников-кустарей в артели. Весной 1930 произошел массовый выход подольских крестьян из колхозов.В 1935–36 часть евреев П. – колхозников и ремесленников – была переселена в Еврейскую автономную область. В 1935–37 в Винницкой обл. издавалась еврейская газ. «Пролетаришер эмес».В 1939 на терр. П. были упразднены еврейские сел. и местечковые советы, закрыто большинство еврейских школ.В июле 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта и румын. войска. В кон. июля 1941 на лев. берег Днестра была депортирована первая партия евреев из Бессарабии и Буковины. В авг. 1941 б. ч. П. вошла в состав Транснистрии под упр. румын. администрации; сев.-зап. часть П. осталась в зоне герм. оккупации. В кр. городах П. были созданы гетто.В авг.-сент. 1941 началось тотальное уничтожение евреев в герм. зоне оккупации П. В Каменец-Подольском 26 авг. 1941 было расстреляно 4,5 тыс. евреев, 28 авг. – 7 тыс., в Виннице 19 сент. 1941 – 19 тыс. Общее число евреев, уничтоженных в 1941 – 44 в Каменец-Подольской обл., составило ок. 145 тыс. чел., в Винницкой обл. – ок. 160 тыс. чел. В сент.-дек. 1941 в Транснистрию было депортировано ок. 140 тыс. евреев из Бессарабии и Буковины; летом 1942 – ок. 5 тыс. евреев из Черновиц (совр. Черновцы) и Дорохоя, в сент. 1942 – ок. 2,4 тыс. евреев из внутр. р-нов Румынии. Всего на терр. П. находилось 207 концлагерей, где содержались евреи из Бессарабии, Буковины, стран Вост. Европы.Евреи участвовали в партиз. движении; так, во 2-й Винницкой партиз. бригаде на терр. П. сражалось 217 евреев. В кон. марта 1944 вся терр. П. была освобождена сов. войсками.В 1940–50-х гг. центр. и местные органы власти неоднократно отказывали евреям Винницкой и Каменец-Подольской обл. в удовлетворении их просьб об открытии новых синагог, регистрации общин, миньянов, о приведении в порядок братских могил евреев, уничтоженных в период Катастрофы, и установке на них памятных знаков, об изъятии еврейских надгробных плит из мостовых и строений и восстановлении еврейских кладбищ. В 1947 в Каменец-Подольской обл. с официального разрешения действовали 5 еврейских общин (Славута, Шепетовка, Староконстантинов, Проскуров, Каменец-Подольский (в последнем – без синагоги). В 1950 была закрыта синагога в Виннице, в 1952 – в Проскурове. В 1952 в Винницкой обл. действовало 4 синагоги (Бершадь, Жмеринка, Черневцы, Ямполь), в Каменец-Подольской обл. – 2 синагоги (Славута, Шепетовка).В 1956 была восстановлена еврейская община в Виннице. В 1960 закрыта (временно) синагога в Шепетовке. В 1960 предприняты первые попытки восстановления надгробий на могилах хасидских цадиков, в т. ч. на могиле И.Баал-Шем-Това в Меджибоже. После укрупнения р-нов в 1962 мн. еврейские семьи покинули упраздненные районные центры. В 1965 в Винницкой обл. одноврем. действовало 6 общин, в Хмельницкой обл. – 2 общины.В 1968 в Винницкой обл. проживало 26 200 евреев, в Хмельницкой обл. – 10 323 еврея. В 1974–76 в Винницкой обл. действовали 2 зарегистрир. и 20 незарегистр. общин, в Хмельницкой обл. – 1 зарегистрир. община.В 1988 начались регулярные экспедиции в П. участников Ленингр. еврейского ист. семинара, затем – Ленингр. (Петерб.) еврейского ун-та. Началось восстановление надгробий на могилах хасидских цадиков и приведение в порядок нек-рых еврейских кладбищ в П.В 1989 Всес. перепись населения зарегистрировала в Винницкой обл. 26 200 евреев, из них 25 599 проживали в городах; 4007 евреев указали в качестве родного языка идиш. В Хмельницкой обл. было зарегистрировано 10 323 еврея, из них 10 208 проживали в городах; 1419 евреев указали в качестве родного языка идиш.В 1989 начался массовый выезд евреев П. в Израиль, пик к-рого пришелся на 1990–91.В апр. – авг. 1991 в Винницкой обл. (Бершадь, Тульчин) издавались еврейские газеты. В 1991–92 началось создание обществ. еврейской культуры и еврейских воскресных школ в небольших городах и поселках (в первую очередь – в районных центрах). Были открыты представительства Еврейского Агентства в Виннице и Хмельницком, отд-ния «Хесэда». В июне – дек. 1995 в Хмельницкой обл. (Каменец-Подольский, Хмельницкий) начали выходить еврейские газеты на рус. яз. (О жизни евреев П. после 1995 см. ст. об отд. нас. пунктах П.)В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
PODILIA, see Podolia.
PODOLSK, city (from 1781), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1627 as a village. At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Moscow province. 1910 Jews lived in P., in 1926 - 140, in 1939 - 657, in 1970 - 1114 (0.7%), in 1989 - 730 (0.4%), in 2002 - 335 Jews. In 1914 Jews belonged to Unity. pharmacy and unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods in P. In the period of the 1st world. war, the Jewish population of P. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In 1915, 25 Jews arrived in Poland. During the 1st world. During the war, the rabbi in P. was Eliyahu-Mordechai Volkovsky (1873, Molodechno - 1962, Jerusalem). 1990s a branch of "Hesed" operates in P.
PODIL'SK LAND, see Podolia.
PODOLSKY Boris (1896, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1966, USA), physicist. Doctor of Physics (1928), prof. (1935). Since 1913 - in the USA. Graduated from California University (1918). In 1921–25 electro-engineer. In Los Angeles. In 1928-30 he conducted research. in California and Leipzig. In 1930–31 he taught at the California Technol. in-those. In 1931–33 hands. gr. in the Ukrainian phys.-tech. in-those (Kharkov). In 1934–35 sotr. Institute of the highest. research (USA), in 1935–66 - at the University of Cincinnati, pcs. Ohio. Works by P. dedicated. quantum electrodynamics, generalization of Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, magn. hydrodynamics, applied mathematics, biophysics. In 1932 joint. with VA Fock and PAM Dirac, he developed a multi-temporal formalism and constructed a relativistic-invariant form of quantum electrodynamics. One of the authors of the "Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky effect" paradox associated with violation of the principle of causality in quantum mechanics.
PODOLSKY Valentin Markovich (b. 1931, Temryuk, Krasnodar Territory), sculptor. Graduated from Lviv Institute of Applied and Decor. lawsuit P959); from 1975 he taught there. Main manuf .: memory. fighters for reunification in Truskavets, Lviv region. (1969), to the participants of the Khotinsky revolt. 1919 in Khotin, Chernivtsi region. (1977, et al.), To the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov in Lvov (1977, et al.); comp. The Oath (1968), The Call (1969); monument "1941-1945" in Khmelnik, Vinnytsia region. (1988). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1979).
PODOLKI, a village in Lipovodolinskiy district, Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 6 Jewish households in P.
PODOLOFF Maurice (1890, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1985, USA), sports figure. Since 1891 - in the USA. In 1936–40 prez. Canadian-Amer. hockey league, in 1940–52 pres. Amer. hockey league. In 1946-49 prez. Basketball Association of America. Initiator created and first hand. Nat. Basketball Association of the United States (1949–63).
PODOLYANKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Kherson province. In the winter of 1941/42, Jews were deported from Odessa to Veselinovsky district (pp. Podolyanka, Sukha Balka, Stepanovka). Jan 27. 1942 approx. 1 thousand Odessa Jews were shot approx. P., and their bodies were thrown into the well.
PODPOROZHE, city (since 1956), regional center in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Formed from several. villages (the oldest is P.) and a workers' settlement for the builders of the Verkhnesvirskaya HPP (1951). In 2002, eight Jews lived in P.
PODRABINEK Alexander Pinkhosovich (b. 1953, Elektrostal, Moscow region), human rights activist. Brother of K.P. Podrabinek. Graduated from honey. uch-shche, worked as a paramedic in an ambulance. One of the founders of Rab. commission to investigate the use of psychiatry in polit. purposes in the USSR (1977). Arrested in 1978. In the same year he was convicted and sentenced to exile, where he continued to engage in human rights activities. In 1980 he was arrested again and sentenced to 3 years in labor camps. In 1987 he turned to the USSR pr-vu with an appeal to return to his homeland A.I.Solzhenitsyn. In 1987–95, Ch. ed. independent mosk. gas. "Express-Chronicle". In 1988, P. was one of the organizers of the Independent Press Club. Works: Punitive Medicine. New York, 1977.
PODRABINEK Kirill Pinkhosovich (b. 1952, Elektrostal, Moscow region), human rights activist. Brother of A.P. Podrabinek. Signed the Appeal of the 325 "Freedom to Alexander Ginzburg!" (1977). In 1977 he was arrested for possession of weapons. Convicted for the second time in prison for 3 years for anti-Soviet. utterances (1983). After his release, he continued his human rights activities.
CONTRACTOR Leizer (b. 1914, Sekuryany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province), literary critic, teacher. Studied at the Chernivtsi Teachers' Seminary. In the beginning. 1930s worked in children. colonies together with E. Steinbarg, then taught at Jewish schools in Romania. The first lit. work publ. into gas. "Chernovitser Blather". In the post-war. years he taught Yiddish and Yiddish literature in the theater, studios at Moscow. GOSET. After the closure of the t-ra and the studio, he moved to Riga, where he taught. work. With the base of the journal. "Sovetish Heimland" became his collaborator, kept the columns "Notes on the calendar" and "Notes of a second-hand bookseller", and also prepared for printing the manuscripts of owls. Jewish writers. From the end. 1960s - in Israel, taught at Tel Aviv University, printed art. in press. In Tel Aviv came out the book. "In profil fun zaitn" ("In the profile of times", 1978), "In heykhl fun wort" ("In the temple of the word", 1991), collection of works. literary scholar. works.
PODSVILIE, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Glubokoye district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In 2000, several people lived in P. Jews.
PODUBIS, see Basilion.
PODVERBTSY, a village in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by parts of the Hungarians. army of Jews of P. (4 people) in July 1941 were deported to the village. Nezvisko and killed there.
PODVINOGRADOV (until 1948 - Ardovets), a village in Vinogradovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1295. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38, it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, approx. 80 Jews (about 11%), in 1910 - 66 Jews (8.2%) The Jewish population of Poland was exterminated during the Holocaust.
PODVOLOCHISK, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1463. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Skalat district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 1004 Jews (53.6%) lived in P., in 1890 - 2651 (70.2%), in 1900 - 3779 (73%), in 1910 - 3836 (68.1%), in 1921 - 2275 (62%), in 1931 - 2334, in July 1941 - approx. 1,200 Jews. The first rabbi of P. was the Belzevsky Hasid Yehoshua-Geshel Babad (? –1895), then his son Yehuda-Arie-Leibush (1873–1943). In 1900, the Zionist organization Degel Yehuda was created in P. , in 1905 - a branch of "Poalei Zion", at the beginning. 1900s - Hebrew courses "Safa brura", theater. circle and choir. In 1916 420 Jews were exiled from Petrograd to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school with teaching in Hebrew, since 1934 - sports. club "Ha-Poel". On July 5, 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Through several. days in P. 40 Jews were shot. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto. On Sept. 1942 Jews were deported to Zbarazh. The workers' camp remained, liquidated on June 29, 1943; during the liquidation, 500 prisoners were shot. A small group of prisoners remained in the camp until July 10, 1943, then the Jews were transferred to the camp with. Kamenki were killed there too. After the liberation, some of the Jews returned to P. In 2003, P. had a Jewish population. In P. Krivitsky, N. Poretsky; Alexander Leonidovich Dostman (b. 1960), producer, pre. The Cultural Foundation "ARTES" (1994); Berthold Karlovich Ilk (1896–1937), an employee of the special services, in the 1920s – 30s. - illegal. resident in a number of countries Zap. Europe; Israel Eldad (Sheib) (1910-1995), polit. activist, since 1941 - in E.-I., one of the hands. LEKHI, an active supporter of the movement for an indivisible Israel.
PODVORIEVKA (until 1946 - Kishlo-Zalezhievo), a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1429. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 48 Jews lived in P., in 1910 - 34, in 1939 - 25 Jews. In July 1941, P. was occupied by the Romanians. troops. In 1942 the Jews of Poland were deported to Nemiroff.
PODVORNOE (until 1946 - Kishla-Salieva), a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1790.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 23 Jews lived in P. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, the Jews of Poland were deported to Transnistria by troops.
UNDERHEAD, see Podvysokoe Ivano-Frankivsk region.
Podvysokoe, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19 Jews lived in P. in 1900.
PODZAMCHE, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1735.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 18 Jews lived in Poland.
POGAR, urban-type settlement (since 1938), regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1155 as Radogosch. In 1763–97 - the county town of the Chernigov governorship, then - the provincial town of Starodubsky u. Chernigov province. After 1917, it was a rural settlement. 261 Jews lived in P. in 1847, 498 in 1862, 994 in 1886, 1159 (23.3%) in 1897, 950 in 1910, 887 in 1923, and 628 in 1926. In 1939 there were 276 Jews. In 1862 a synagogue functioned in P. Since 1893 Shmul Epstein (1850–?) Was the rabbi in P. In 1910 a synagogue operated in P., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. hardware store and unity. a tobacco plantation in P. in the 1920s. The rabbi in P. was Irahmiel Khodash (? –1969, Samarkand). In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 22 nov. 1941, 217 Jews were shot in P. Mark (Meer-Wolf) Abramovich (1893–1941, Leningrad), graphic artist, master of art. font.
POGARSHINA, a village in the Lokhvitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1740. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
POGIRS, see Pagiriai.
POGONNOE, a village in the Khoiniki district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in 1941, 4 Jews were shot.
BURNED, a village in Tepliksky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 186 Jews (12%) lived in P. in 1897. In 1914, a Jew belonged to a unity. a grocery store in P. The Jew was a unity. A cattle dealer in Poland In July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–43 in P. there was a Jewish labor camp, whose prisoners were Jews from Romanians. zones of occupation of Ukraine. The camp was liquidated in Aug. 1943; OK. 200 Jews were shot.
POGORELTSY, a village in the Semenovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 66 Jews lived in P. Jews have lived in P. since the 18th century. Main occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century were crafts and trade. Jews belonged to several. bargain. shops.
POGORELOE, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Igumensky u. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913 a Jew owned 1 of 2 grocery stores in P.
POGORELOVKA, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1442. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pogorlutz Kotsman headman of the Bukovina province in Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops in P. in July 1941 killed 25 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
POGORLUTZ, see Burnout.
POORNA, see Pohoarna.
POGOST, a village in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Slutsk district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. 685 Jews (79.3%) lived in P. in 1897. A synagogue functioned in P. in 1896. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1916–25, Chaim Mednik (1887–1954, Chicago) was the rabbi in P. In 1926 approx. P. was founded by a Jewish farmer. the village of Freigayt. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. After the occupation, a ghetto was created (Naberezhnaya street). In the fall of 1941, during the liquidation of the ghetto, 620 Jews were shot. In 1946, obelisks were erected on two graves of ghetto prisoners (440 and 180 people). Remnants of a Jewish cemetery were preserved in P.
POGOST ZARECHNY, see Zarechnoye.
POGOSYANTS Ernest Levonovich (1935, Chuguev, Kharkov Region - 1991, Moscow), chess composer. Graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. Lenin (1958). For 12 years he taught mathematics at school, taught chess. circles in the Houses of Pioneers, where he first began to teach chess to children. compositions. Compiled a record number (over 5000) of compositions.
GRIBISHCHE, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev district and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. Since 1924 - the center of the Jewish national. 664 Jews lived in P. in 1765, in 1847 - 1726, in 1897 - 2494 (approx. 40%), in 1920 - approx. 2100, in 1923 - 2166, in 1926 - 2881 (30%), in 1939 - 1445 (15.2%), in 1990 - approx. 300 Jews. First mention. about Jews P. refers to the beginning. 17th century At that time, 30 Jewish families lived in P. In the 1st floor. 17th century a synagogue was built in P. In 1648, the detachments of M. Kryvonos destroyed (according to some chronicles, they burned them in the synagogue) all the Jews of Poland. In 1649, the conditions of the Zborov peace treaty prohibited Jews from living in Poland (the territory of the Cossack autonomy). To the end. 17th century the community in P. was revived. The synagogue was restored in 1690. In 1736 and 1768, the P. community suffered from the raids of the Haidamaks. In 1730 and in 1898 there were unities. the synagogue in P. (wooden) was restored, while its appearance was completely preserved. Since 1880 Shloyme-Dovid Weisberg (1842 -?) Was the rabbi in P. occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century were trade and crafts. In the beginning. 20th century part of the Jews left for the United States, where in 1911 the First Pogrebishchenskoe Philanthropist was founded. about ". In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings company operated in P. In 1914, Jews owned both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, all 4 timber warehouses, a mead factory, a watch workshop, more than 70 shops and stores (including all 28 grocery stores, all manufacturing - 21, all 6 flour shops). Among the Jews there were 3 doctors, unity. in P. a cattle dealer, all 4 grain merchants; Srul Nukhovich Gintsberg was a member of the bourgeois council. Four synagogues operated in P. In 1917, a pogrom took place in P. From 1918 a detachment of Jewish self-defense was active in P. In aug. 1919 detachment was disarmed by parts of the Directory. After their departure, the gang of Ataman Zelenyy organized a pogrom in P., which lasted from 18 to 21 August. 1919. During the pogrom, approx. 400 Jews, hundreds were wounded, Jewish houses and shops were plundered, the synagogue of the 17th century. In 1925, immigrants from Petrograd founded in the Kherson Okr. Jewish agriculturalist. the Pogrebishchensky collective (65 people) In July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In the end. oct. 1941 at a distance of 2 km from P. in two pits approx. In the forest, 1,360 Jews were shot. After 1945, a memorial sign was erected on the site of the execution, restored in 1998, and a Jewish cemetery has been preserved in P. M. Lev, M.Yu. Frenkel, S.M. Chemeris.
POGREBNYAKOVO, see Camel.
CELLARS, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 8 Jewish households in P.
POGREBYSKY Iosif Benediktovich (1906, Uman, Kiev Gubernia - 1971, Leningrad), mathematician, historian of science. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Kiev Institute of Nar. education (1928). Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1935–41, 1946–62) and at the Institute of History. natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1962). In the 1930s. - a prominent owl. chess player. In 1936, the champion of Ukraine in chess. research results. relate to applied mathematics, mechanics, history of mathematics and mechanics. With the participation of P. ed. collection op. G.F. Voronoi, M.V. Ostrogradsky, L. Euler, G. Galilei, A. Poincare. Ed. "History of Mechanics", v. 1–2 (Moscow, 1971–72). Author of textbooks on mathematics for cf. schools. Ch.-c. Int. academy history. Science (1965). Works: Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky. M., 1963 (with B.V. Gnedenko); From Lagrange to Einstein: Classical Mechanics of the 19th Century. M, 1966; G.V. Leibniz. M., 1971.
FUNGIOS, see Korotchenkovo.
DOWNLOAD, a city in the Yamalo-Nenets nat. In 2002, 3 Jews lived in P.
POKALEV, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
RIDE, a village in the Chechersk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
POHOARNA, a village in Soldaneshti district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Pogorna Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 73 Jews (13.5%) lived in P.
Pokhvistnevo, city (since 1947), regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1888 as a settlement at the railway. passing in Samara u. Samara lips. Since 1935 it has been a regional center. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 10 Jews.
Pokolyubichi, a village in the Gomel district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 6 nov. In 1941 11 Jews were shot in P. In 1959 a stele was erected in P. in memory of the perished Jews.
POCOSCHEVO, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - it. agriculturalist. colony of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same year, 7 Jews were shot in P.
POKOTILOVKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century in Kharkov district Kharkov province. In the 1920s and 30s. - from. Pokotilovka-Karachevka. In 1939, 184 Jews lived in P.
Pokotilovka-karachevka, see Pokotilovka.
POKOTILOVO, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1760s. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev province. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1897, 1670 Jews (55.1%) lived in P., in 1920 - 1453, in 1923 - 1178 Jews, in 1931 in the Pokotilovsky village council - 1023 people. (85% were Jews.) Jews settled in Poland in the 18th century. Since 1866, Chaim Goldstein (1845–?) Was the rabbi in P. In the end. 19th century in P. there were 2 synagogues. In the 1900s. The state rabbi was Matvey Leonovich Halperin. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. In 1914 there were three synagogues in Poland. Jews owned all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. a bakery, both timber warehouses, both inns, and 24 shops in P. (including all 12 grocery stores, all 7 manufactory, and only one haberdashery). The Jew was unity. doctor in P. In Aug. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. In 1942, several were shot in P. dozens of Jews remaining in the occupation.
POKRASS Anatoly Yakovlevich (b. 1922, Baku), architect. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main works: buildings of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR in Baku (1969), library named after A.S. Pushkin in Ashgabat (1978, jointly with A.R. Akhmedov), gene. plan for the restoration of the center of Ashgabat (1979), gene. plan of the village Foros in the Crimea (1983), the temple of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Russia (1989, jointly with A.T. Polyansky).
POKRASS Daniil Yakovlevich (1905, Kiev –1954, Moscow), composer, pianist, conductor. Brother of Dm.Ya.Pokrass and S.Y.Pokrass. In 1917–21 he studied at the Kiev cons. by class php. from S.V. Tarnovsky and F.M. Blumenfeld. From 1921 he lived in Moscow, took computer lessons. from N.A. Roslavets. From 1932 he collaborated with Dm.Ya. Pokrass. In 1936–51 he worked as a joint work with him in a jazz orc. Centre. the house of culture of railway workers, was one of his hands. He wrote music since the 1920s; among works: ball. "Change" (not permanent), "Gardens are Blooming" (1943), in which the melodies of the Kyrgyz muses are used. folklore; overture on Turkic themes for symphony. orc.; quartets - for strings. and woodwind instruments; music to several. doc. c / f. Popular were songs, to-rye P. wrote from the beginning. 1930s et al. with Dm.Ya. Pokrass.
POKRASS Dmitry Yakovlevich (1899, Kiev - 1978, Moscow), composer. Brother of D.Ya.Pokrass and S.Y.Pokrass. In 1913-17 he studied at Petrograd. cons. by class php. from M.I. Gelever. In 1919 he worked in Rostov-on-Don as a pianist-accompanist. Participant of Civil. war. He served in the 1st Cavalry Army, for a cut he wrote "Budyonny's March" (1920, words by D'Aktil. From 1923 he lived in Moscow. He was in charge of the musical part of the Art. music hall (1926–36) In 1926 he played the episodic role of a pianist in the silent film “Eh, apple!” Acted as a pop pianist and conductor of various orc. In 1936–72, artistic director of a jazz orc The center, the houses of culture of railroad workers. The early work of P. was characterized by romances (including "Everything that was sweet to my heart ..."), songs for the stage. P. became famous as the author of many popular popular songs. marching, marching rhythms prevail among them. , lyrics by MV Isakovsky), “If tomorrow is war” (1938, words by VI Lebedev-Kumach), “Those are not clouds, thunderclouds” (1938, words by Surkov), “March of tankers” and "Three Tankers" (1939, lyrics by BS Laskin and others. On the melody of the song "That is not clouds ..." G. Glik wrote in Yiddish in 1943 " Hymn of Jewish partisans. " P. also wrote music for drama performances. t-ra. Nar. art. USSR (1975). Evil medal to them. A.V. Alexandrova. Became. pr. (1941).
POKRASS Samuil Yakovlevich (1897, Kiev - 1939, New York), pop pianist, composer. Brother of D.Ya.Pokrass and D.Ya.Pokrass. Studied at the Kiev muses. uch-shche by class. violins, in 1913–17 - in Petrograd. cons. by class compositions. In 1919 he served in the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1923–24 he was a pop musician in Moscow. music hall. From 1924 he lived in Berlin, from 1927-28 - in Paris, from 1928 - in the USA. Romances predominated in early work. Known as the author of the song "The Red Army is Strongest of All" ("White Army, Black Baron ...", words by P. Grigoriev-Gorinstein, 1920), written for the troops of the Kiev military. env. The melody of this song was used antifache. forces in pl. countries, including Austria (March of the Vienna Workers), Hungary (March of the Red Reserves), Spain (No Pasaran). In the USA he wrote music for a film, including the Three Musketeers (1939).
POKROV, a city (since 1778) in the Petushinsky district of the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. as with. Pallas. From 1778 it was a district town of the Vladimir governorship, then a province. In 1873 12 Jews lived in P., in 1904 - 129, in 1910 - 50, in 1926 - 28, in 1939 - 18, in 2002 - 10 Jews. In 1904 among Jews P. were 122 bourgeois, 5 merchants and members of their families, 1 personal honor. citizen. In 1910, P. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. During the First World period. war, the Jewish population of P. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Ros. empire. In 1915, approx. 50 Jews in P. M.E. Mikhailov, G.G. Feigin.
POKROVKA, see Priazovskoe.
COVERING THE SECOND, see Priazovskoe.
POKROVSK, see Engelsk.
POKROVSKAYA BOGACHKA, a village in the Khorolsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khorolsky district Poltava province. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in P. B. 19 - early. 20th century in P. B. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 3 Jewish farms in PB.
Pokrovskiy Valery Leonidovich (b. 1931, Kalata, Ural region), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965). After the end of the Kharkov state. un-that (1953) worked in Novosibirsk. In 1955–64 - at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (head of laboratory since 1960), in 1964–66 head of laboratory. lab. Institute of Physics of Semiconductors SB AS USSR. Since 1966 in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector (since 1992 chief scientific researcher). At the same time. from 1961 he taught at the Novosibirsk state. university and MIPT (1966–91). Since 1992 he has been working in the USA. scientific. research dedicated statistical physics, solid state physics, superconductivity. Investigated the properties of anisotropes. superconductors, issues of sound propagation and electromagnetism. radiation. Got kinetic. ur-tion, which made it possible to take into account the influence of fluctuations in the density of the number of electrons in a superconductor on the decomp. transfer phenomena. He laid the foundations for a theory that takes into account the strong interaction of fluctuations near the second-order transition point. The author of St. 80 scientific. Articles Comp .: Fluctuation theory of phase transitions. M., 1975 (in co-authorship with A.Z. Patashinsky).
POKROVSKOE, see Sengiley.
POKROVSKOE-GLEBOVO, now part of (since 1949) Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In 1939 in P.-G. 519 Jews lived.
COVER, see Pakruois.
Pokutino, now part of (since 1954) s. Chausovo, Mykolaiv region (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Baltsky u. In 1848, 53 Jewish families lived in P., in 1859 - 704 Jews (60 families), in 1863 - 575 Jews, in 1870 - 35 Jewish families, in 1893 - 344 Jews, in 1898 - 19 Jewish families, in 1905 - 136 Jews, in 1925 - 86 Jews, in 1940 - 25 Jewish families. When the colony was founded, 53 families settled in it. Due to the lack of state. manuals in agricultural. inventory and livestock colonists leased their plots to peasants of neighboring villages for half the harvest. Main The occupations of the Jewish population of P. were small trade, handicrafts, agricultural. work in landowners' farms and in their gardens. In 1859, the colonists numbered 1107 dess. land. In 1870, the lustration commission took away all arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving personal plots and pastures for livestock. In 1893 there were 28 households in P., in 1898 there were 20 households and 68 dess. land. In 1905 there were 27 households in Petrograd; there was a synagogue during the 1st world period. and Grazhd. During the war, the Jewish population of Poland suffered from pogroms, hunger, and epidemics. kh-va united in the collective farm. Ilyich, DOS. the directions of which were grain growing (among crops - wheat, barley, millet, corn, sunflower, soybeans), livestock (cows, pigs) and poultry. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units; shortly after the occupation, 7 Jews were killed.
POLAK Lev Solomonovich (b. 1908, Mitweide, Germany), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1959). Rod. in the family of an engineer, a native of Russia, from 1912 - in St. Petersburg. Graduated from Leningrad. in-t Nar. kh-va (1929) and Leningrad State University (1933). In 1931–36 the head. Department of Physics and Phys. optics price Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics. In 1932–33 he worked at Ying-those chem. physics and in Ying-those history of science and technology. Arrested in 1937. In conclusion (Ukhtizhimlag) he was engaged in the development of techniques, equipment and logging operations in the wells of the Ukhta oil fields (1943–46). In 1946 he was released, worked in Special. lab. Institute of oil, studied sovm. with GN Flerov, mechanisms of interaction of nuclear radiation with rocks. In 1948 he was arrested again, served exile in Norilsk and Guryev, where he studied geophysics. works (1950–55). Later P. were written by about camp life. Since 1955 he worked at Ying-those history of natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Ying-those petrochem. synthesis of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of priority works on the use of calculates, methods in non-equilibrium chem. kinetics, according to research. sensitivity of nonlinear differenti. ur-ny of the 1st order in the region. experimental and mat. research radiation-thermal cracking and radiation-catalytic. processes, on the applied aspects of Mösbauer spectroscopy, on isl. structure and conditions created. Hamiltonian mechanics and Boltzmann statistic. physics. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1970). State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Variational principles of mechanics, their development and application in physics. M., 1960; Theoretical and applied plasma chemistry. M., 1975; Non-equilibrium chem. kinetics and its application. M., 1979; Self-organization in non-equilibrium physical and chemical systems. M., 1983 (et al.); William Hamilton. M, 1993.
POLANETS, a city (from the 13th century) in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Sandomierz Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a city (from 1869 - posad) of Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1765 in P. and surrounding us. 648 Jews lived in localities, in 1827 in Poland - 602 (34.5%), in 1857 - 753 (39.5%), in 1897 - 1221 (about 50%), in 1931 - 1025 (40%), in 1939 - 864 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the 14th century. In 1765 Jews were allowed to settle in P. In 1823–62 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi Ikhl-Mikhl was the rabbi. All R. 18th century there were Talmud-Torah, Yeshiva, Heders, a Hebrew-taught school. In the end. 19th century in P. there were 3 synagogues, including the Trick Hasidim. In the 1890s. the rabbi was Shmul-Shloyme Brown, in the 1900s –20s. - Yisroel-Meer Berkovich Rapoport. In 1894 the Hasidic court in P. was founded by Avrom-Chaim Horowitz (1850–1918). The dynasty was continued by his grandson Moishe. In 1914, Jews owned both china shops in Petrograd in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat was established. Dec. 1940 336 Jews were deported to P. from Radom, in March 1941 - another approx. 300 Jews from the surrounding area. points. In apr. 1942 created a ghetto, where at the beginning. summer 1942 was delivered approx. 500 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in Oct. 1942 Soon after the liberation, in the fall of 1944, partisans from the Home Army shot 40 Jews in P.
POLANGEN, see Palanga.
POLESYE, a village in the Chechersk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
POLESNITSKY-YAKHNIN Alexander Efimovich (1907, Khartsyzsk, Don Cossack Region - 1944, Kazan), radiochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1938). Rod. in the family of a pharmacist. He graduated in 1929 chem. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1929–44 he worked at the State. radium institute them. VG Khlopiev in Leningrad, where he headed the lab. arts, radioelements. At the same time. in 1928–41 he taught at Leningrad State University. Main tr. related to the study of the distribution of microcomponent between solid crystalline. phase and solution (1928–36); the use of radioactive isotopes as an indicator in the study of ion exchange between a solid phase and a solution, as well as in a solution (1939–44); research chem. the nature of the products of thorium fission under the action of neutrons. He was one of the first to use tagged atoms in the USSR for research. in biology and medicine. He proposed (1939) a long-term method for manufacturing neutron sources. actions. Developed a method of prom. receiving radiatorium. Became. pr. (1943).
POLESSK (until 1946 - Labiau), a city, a regional center in the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1258. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of East. Prussia as part of Germany. Since 1945, it has been a part of the RSFSR. In 1989, 15 Jews lived in the Polesie region, and in 2002 there were 4 Jews in P.
POLESSKOE (until 1935 - Khabno, in 1935–37 - Kaganovichi First), an urban-type settlement (from 1938), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1415. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Khabno (other name - Khabnoe) of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1847, 904 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1721 (63.2%), in 1923 - 1682, in 1926 - 1710, in 1939 - 999 Jews. Jews have lived in P. since the 17th century. There was a synagogue in P., from the middle. 18th century - a Jewish cemetery. From ser. 19th century the number of the Jewish population of P. begins to increase significantly. In 1840 Jews owned 78 houses, in 1841 - 88, in 1842 - 94, in 1844 - 106, in 1845 - 114 houses. In 1845, Jews owned 4 out of 5 inns. Of the 39 artisans in Poland, 38 are Jews (18 shoemakers and 20 tailors). In 1858 a klezmer chapel was organized in P., which enjoyed great popularity. From ser. 1890s The chapel was led by Avrom-Yehoshua Makhonovetsky (1872, Khabno -?). In 1885, two synagogues operated in P. Since 1907, Nokhum-Dovber Reznik (1880–?) Was the rabbi in P.. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in, there were several. synagogues. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. an inn, a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods, and 40 shops in P. (including 21 out of 22 grocery stores, all 8 are manufactures, both shops for ready-made peasant clothes). On May 4, 1919, a pogrom took place in P., organized by the Lazenyuk and Struk gangs; 15 Jews were killed. On July 30, 1919, a pogrom in Petrograd was perpetrated by the gang of Ataman Sokolovsky. Between 1918 and 1919 a detachment of Jewish self-defense operated in P., which organized raids in neighboring villages to fight bandits and pogromists. In 1924, a Jewish four-year school (152 students) operated in P.. OK. 50 children studied in cheders. In the theater P. Jewish performances were staged. In 1924 a "Komsomol seider" was held in P., held in the club by teachers of the Jewish school. In 1926, a representative of J.-I. Schneerson, Benzion Shemtov (1902–1975), organized a group in P. to study the Talmud. In 1925, immigrants from P. organized in the Kherson environs. Jewish agriculturalist colony "Trud and Khabno" (100 people) and a farmer. settlement No. 18. In 1934 a Jewish collective farm operated in P. In the 1930s. pl. Jews left P. Aug 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Means. part of the Jewish population was evacuated or mobilized. 13-15 Sep 1941 in P. was shot apprx. 400 Jews. After the liberation, some of the Jews returned to P. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population. I.I.Kuperman, M.Mizhiritsky.
POLETAEV Vladimir Evgenievich (1924 - 1993, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1969). In 1941 he volunteered for the Nar. militia, participated in the battles in the West. front. Dec. 1941 demobilized as not reaching draft age. In 1942–45 he worked in defense. s-de. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1948), in 1948–49 and 1951–53 he worked at the Museum of History and Reconstruction of Moscow, then at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1968–90 he headed the department of historical sociology. research; one of the founders of the ist.-sociol. schools in owls. historiography, one of the first to use computers in the history. research Author of works on the history of Moscow, Oct. Revolution of 1917, the history of the working class and the social. structure of the USSR, participated in the preparation of collective tr., including the encyclopedia "Moscow" (M., 1980). Works: Moscow Kremlin. M., 1959; The workers of Moscow at the final stage of building socialism. 1945-1958. M., 1967; Social the face of collective farm youth: Based on materials from sociology. surveys of 1938 and 1969 M., 1976 (et al.); Social the face of working youth: Based on materials from sociology. surveys of 1938 and 1972 M., 1979 (et al.).
POLEVSKOY, a city (since 1942) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1708. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village at the Polevskoy copper-smelting plant in the Yekaterinburg district. In 1939 11 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 34 Jews. The first Jews in P. in the beginning. 19th century there were exiled smugglers and counterfeiters. In the beginning. 20th century several Jews worked at a copper smelter. In 1994, a branch of the Sverdlovsk Regional Society of Jewish Culture was created in P., and in 1999, a Jewish religion. community, from 2001 to - Mikhail Borisovich Bendovsky (b. 1951, Chelyabinsk).
POLEVTSY, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Polovce of the Chortkiv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in July 1941, 7 Jews were killed.
POLYCHINTSY, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews owned several. shops in P.
POLIKOVICHI, see Polykovichi.
POLISCHUK Itskhok (1882, Vasilkov, Kiev province - 1964, Chicago), publicist. Doctor of Medicine (1917). Since 1904 - in the USA. Served with the Chicago Department of Health. Collaborated in Jewish philosophy. zhurn. "Crush", publ. Philos. work in Amer. Jewish ed. and in the press of other countries. The first means tr. - 2 volumes. book Di antwiklung fun bawu-stzayn un der process funisn (The Development of Consciousness and the Process of Knowledge, 1939), published in Chicago. The author of the book: “Di antwiklung funem air travel denken un der yidisher baitrog” (“Development of European thought and Jewish contribution.” Chicago, 1945); "Fun Boruch Spinoze biz Shmuel Alexander" ("From Baruch Spinoza to Samuel Alexander". Chicago, 1956).
POLISCHUK Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (b. 1961, Klintsy, Bryansk region), painter, graphic artist. He graduated from the department of the restoration of monumental painting at the Moscow Art School (1980), Moscow. thin memory school 1905 (1988). Main works: pictorial and graphic. cycles "1981-83", "Saturday songs" (1989-93). The series "Exodus" (1992) is executed with a virtuoso stroke of black ink, "Lamentations of Jeremiah" (1993) a nerve is created. a stroke that turns into tragic. black spots. Since 1993 he has been working on the painting cycle The Book of Ruth. Works are in the Lithuanian state. Museum of Jewish Culture (Vilnius), gal. Jewish thin. "New Ark" (Moscow), gal. A.D. Glezer (Moscow), as well as in gal. and private collections in Russia, the Netherlands, the USA, Germany, Canada, Israel and others. Works: Time of joy. M., 1994; Army notebook. M., 1995.
POLITANKI, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P. On 1 Sept. 1943 109 Jews were held in the camp.
POLITOTDELSKY, now part of the city of Snezhnoe, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 39 Jews lived in P.
POLICE, see Rafalovka.
Colonel Sloboda, see Volnaya Sloboda.
POLLYAK Grigory Solomonovich (1888, Balashov, Saratov province - 1954), economist. In 1910 he graduated from the econom. branch of Petersburg. polytechnic in-that. From 1918 he worked at the Central Statistical Bureau; in 1919–26 head. dep. labor statistics. Author of the first instructions for collecting and developing data on labor in the industry. P. scientific development. the method of budget surveys of families of industrial workers and employees formed the basis of surveys conducted in 1922–28. In the late 1930s. repressed. Vol .: Profession as an object of statistical accounting. SPb., 1913; A working day in the factory industry in 1928, M., 1928.
POLNAREVA Larisa Anatolyevna (b. 1958, Vinnitsa), chess player, journalist. Int. master (1986). Champion of the RSFSR (1984). Participant of two championships of the USSR (1984, 1987), a number of international championships. tournaments (best result: Sochi, 1987, 3-4th m.). The author of Art. in the journal. "64 - Chess Review" about wives. chess and decomp. competitions.
POLOGI, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 19th century in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkov province. In 1926, four Jews lived in P.
POLOGI-VERGUNA, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in P.-V. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 in P.-V. there were 2 Jewish households.
POLOGI-YANENKI, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in P.-Ya. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 in P.-Ya. there was 1 Jewish farm.
POLONICHI, a village in the Busk district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the summer of 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942 a Jewish workers' camp was established in P. Jews (about 350 people) were taken from the Yanovsk camp in Lvov. The overwhelming majority of prisoners died from hunger and disease, the rest (about 70 people) were shot in October. 1942.
POLONKA, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. water mill, grocery and unity. bakery in P.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПОЛОННОЕ, город (с 1938), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1169. В 16–18 вв. – в Луцком повете Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Новоград-Волынского у. Волынской губ.В 1790 в П. проживало св. 350 евреев, в 1847 – 2647, в 1897 – 7910 (48,5%), в 1910 – 15 257 (45,7%), в 1923 – 5080, в 1926 – 5337, в 1939 – 4171 (30,2%), в 1995 – 142 еврея.Евреи жили в П. с 15 в. В июле 1648 евреи (ок. 12 тыс. чел.) вместе с поляками почти 2 дня защищались в крепости П. от отрядов М. Кривоноса. После занятия П. казаками практически все евреи города, в т. ч. 300 евреев, укрывшихся в синагоге вместе с изв. раввином Шимшоном из Острополя, были убиты, сотни евреев угнаны в плен в Крым татарами.Со временем численность еврейского населения П. восстановилась. В 1684 владелица П. графиня Любомирская пожаловала евреям грамоту, разрешавшую им строить дома, торговать, вступать в цехи; евреи за плату освобождались от воинской повинности. В 18 в. часть евреев П. переселились в Подолию. В 1717 из П. в Меджибож переселилось 9 еврейских семей.В сер. 18 в. П. становится важным торг. пунктом и одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. Во время своих путешествий П. посещал И.Баал-Шем-Тов. Одним из проповедников хасидизма в разл. местечках Волыни был уроженец П. ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Арье-Иегуда-Лейб (?–1770). Во 2-й пол. 18 в. раввином П. был также один из учеников И.Баал-Шем-Това, потомок Шимшона из Острополя раби Яков-Йосеф (1704–1784) – автор первого печ. труда по хасидизму «Толдос Яков-Йосеф». В этот период в П. имелись 7 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища (одно из них заложено в 1770); жили представители династий макаровских и садигурских цадиков.В 1782–1820 в П. работали типографии Шмуля Берковича (печатались гл. обр. хасидские книги) и Йосефа Когена. Всего здесь было напечатано 90 книг, среди к-рых имелись каббалистические и хасидские сочинения.Осн. занятиями евреев П. в кон. 18–19 в. были ремесла, торговля, разл. виды аренды и произ-ва. В 1772 П.Рейзе поставляла волов для армии. В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. з-дом по произ-ву селитры владел Лейба Янкелиович. В 1886 еврею принадлежала аптека (провизор Линнер). В 1889 Моисей Шапиро основал ф-ку «Фарфор и фаянс», Моисей Брычкин – керамич. произ-во; работали еврейская больница, еврейская с.-х. артель. Евреи арендовали разл. произ-ва: чугунолитейное, смоляное, пивоваренный з-д.В 1867–87 раввином в П. был П.Розовский. В 1887 в П. открылось двухклассное еврейское уч-ще, в 1897 – талмуд-тора.В нач. 20 в. раввином П. был раби Яков-Шимшон, потомок Якова-Шимшона из Шепетовки, ученика Дойв-Бера из Межирича, одного из распространителей идей хасидизма на Украине. В П. был открьrr хедер мэтукан, в 1910 – талмуд-тора; имелись 15 синагог, еврейское кладбище.В дек. 1905 в П. произошел погром.В нач. 20 в. в П. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1900-х гг. создано неск. сионистских групп (в 1910-х гг. рук. одной из них – владелец фотомастерской Перли Лухштайн), действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». При выборах в 3-ю Гос. Думу проводилась избират. кампания Бунда. В рабочей курии был проведен кандидат Бунда в уполномоченные от ф-к и з-дов. В 1912 в П. состоялась нелег. сионистская конференция, мн. участники к-рой были арестованы.В 1913 в П. работала еврейская больница. В 1914 евреям в П. принадлежали аптека, все 4 склада аптечных товаров, обе булочные, 5 мельниц, медоваренный, пивоваренный, уксусный з-ды, единств. дровяной склад и единств. склад керосина, все 5 паркетных мастерских, все 3 кирпичных з-да, з-д огнеупорных и шамотных изделий, единств. чугунолитейный и механич. з-д, единств. кожевенный з-д, склад с.-х. машин и орудий, единств. стекольный з-д, 2 фарфоро-фаянсовых з-да, единств. техническая контора, обе б-ки, оба синематографа, все 3 фотомастерские, все 7 гостиниц, 2 трактира, единств. прачечная, все 5 парикмахерских, единств. банкирская контора и 139 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 35 бакалейных, все 24 мануфактурные, все 5 колбасных, все 4 книжных). Евреями были все имевшиеся в П. ювелиры (3), портные (7), зубные врачи (3) и 2 врача (из 4).В 1915 в П. было открыто еврейское уч-ще, в 1917 – еврейские школа и клуб с драматич. кружком на идише.В сент. 1917 во время погромов, устроенных солдатами рус. армии, было убито 98 евреев. В 1918–19 на службу в армию УНР было мобилизовано 25 евреев П. Вскоре после призыва они были убиты сослуживцами прямо в казармах. В 1919 Мин-во по еврейским делам УНР восстановило разрушенное школьное здание. В апр. 1919 солдаты Директории убили евреев – членов первого ревкома П., в т. ч. пред. ревкома Авраама Ионовича Каца. Весной 1919 погром был устроен вошедшими в город частями Кр. Армии, в ходе к-рого погибло 8 евреев. Через полгода во время аналогичного погрома было убито ок. 40 евреев.В 1920-х гг. в П. работало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 среди евреев П. числилось 124 рабочих; действовали еврейские клубы, кружки, школа, еврейский дет. дом, вечерние курсы еврейской школы. До 1923 в П. работала типография, выпускавшая в т. ч. лит-ру на идише. В 1923 в П. действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Линас га-Цедек», еврейские очаги. В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. прошли аресты сионистов. В сер. 1920-х гг. действовали хедеры. В 1925 в р-не имелось 817 еврейских х-в. С кон. 1920-х гг. закрываются синагоги. В 1939 была закрыта еврейская школа.6 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. Вскоре 19 евреев были расстреляны как «коммунистические агенты». 23 авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 113 евреев, 2 сент. 1941 – более 2 тыс. евреев. Оставшиеся евреи были помещены в гетто, куда были депортированы также евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов (Великая Березна, Воробиевка, Котелянка, Новолабунь, Понинка). 25 июня 1942 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно 1270 евреев. 2 июля 1942 оставленные в живых 14 ремесленников были депортированы в Шепетовку. Всего в П. было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в П. В 1948 в П. действовал неофициальный миньян.В 1993 в П. было создано еврейское об-во им. Переца Маркиша (пред. – Семен Львович Бенционов). Действуют синагога, воскресная школа для взрослых. В гор. музее имеется экспозиция, посв. П.Д.[[Маркиш|Маркишy.В 2005 в П. проживало неск. десятков евреев.В П. род.: Н.И.Дикерман, П.Д.Маркиш, Д.Мельников, Ш.Микунис, Л.М.Сибиряков, А.В.Соболев, А.М.Фушман, И.-Л. Шарфман, А.Шпильберг; Илья Абрамович Тепман (р. 1931), специалист в обл. силовых полупроводниковых приборов, канд. техн. наук (1970), Лен. пр. (1966).М.Туркинец, pronunciation=ПОЛОННОЕ, город (с 1938), районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1169. В 16–18 вв. – в Луцком повете Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Новоград-Волынского у. Волынской губ.В 1790 в П. проживало св. 350 евреев, в 1847 – 2647, в 1897 – 7910 (48,5%), в 1910 – 15 257 (45,7%), в 1923 – 5080, в 1926 – 5337, в 1939 – 4171 (30,2%), в 1995 – 142 еврея.Евреи жили в П. с 15 в. В июле 1648 евреи (ок. 12 тыс. чел.) вместе с поляками почти 2 дня защищались в крепости П. от отрядов М. Кривоноса. После занятия П. казаками практически все евреи города, в т. ч. 300 евреев, укрывшихся в синагоге вместе с изв. раввином Шимшоном из Острополя, были убиты, сотни евреев угнаны в плен в Крым татарами.Со временем численность еврейского населения П. восстановилась. В 1684 владелица П. графиня Любомирская пожаловала евреям грамоту, разрешавшую им строить дома, торговать, вступать в цехи; евреи за плату освобождались от воинской повинности. В 18 в. часть евреев П. переселились в Подолию. В 1717 из П. в Меджибож переселилось 9 еврейских семей.В сер. 18 в. П. становится важным торг. пунктом и одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. Во время своих путешествий П. посещал И.Баал-Шем-Тов. Одним из проповедников хасидизма в разл. местечках Волыни был уроженец П. ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Арье-Иегуда-Лейб (?–1770). Во 2-й пол. 18 в. раввином П. был также один из учеников И.Баал-Шем-Това, потомок Шимшона из Острополя раби Яков-Йосеф (1704–1784) – автор первого печ. труда по хасидизму «Толдос Яков-Йосеф». В этот период в П. имелись 7 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища (одно из них заложено в 1770); жили представители династий макаровских и садигурских цадиков.В 1782–1820 в П. работали типографии Шмуля Берковича (печатались гл. обр. хасидские книги) и Йосефа Когена. Всего здесь было напечатано 90 книг, среди к-рых имелись каббалистические и хасидские сочинения.Осн. занятиями евреев П. в кон. 18–19 в. были ремесла, торговля, разл. виды аренды и произ-ва. В 1772 П.Рейзе поставляла волов для армии. В кон. 18 – нач. 19 в. з-дом по произ-ву селитры владел Лейба Янкелиович. В 1886 еврею принадлежала аптека (провизор Линнер). В 1889 Моисей Шапиро основал ф-ку «Фарфор и фаянс», Моисей Брычкин – керамич. произ-во; работали еврейская больница, еврейская с.-х. артель. Евреи арендовали разл. произ-ва: чугунолитейное, смоляное, пивоваренный з-д.В 1867–87 раввином в П. был П.Розовский. В 1887 в П. открылось двухклассное еврейское уч-ще, в 1897 – талмуд-тора.В нач. 20 в. раввином П. был раби Яков-Шимшон, потомок Якова-Шимшона из Шепетовки, ученика Дойв-Бера из Межирича, одного из распространителей идей хасидизма на Украине. В П. был открьrr хедер мэтукан, в 1910 – талмуд-тора; имелись 15 синагог, еврейское кладбище.В дек. 1905 в П. произошел погром.В нач. 20 в. в П. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1900-х гг. создано неск. сионистских групп (в 1910-х гг. рук. одной из них – владелец фотомастерской Перли Лухштайн), действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». При выборах в 3-ю Гос. Думу проводилась избират. кампания Бунда. В рабочей курии был проведен кандидат Бунда в уполномоченные от ф-к и з-дов. В 1912 в П. состоялась нелег. сионистская конференция, мн. участники к-рой были арестованы.В 1913 в П. работала еврейская больница. В 1914 евреям в П. принадлежали аптека, все 4 склада аптечных товаров, обе булочные, 5 мельниц, медоваренный, пивоваренный, уксусный з-ды, единств. дровяной склад и единств. склад керосина, все 5 паркетных мастерских, все 3 кирпичных з-да, з-д огнеупорных и шамотных изделий, единств. чугунолитейный и механич. з-д, единств. кожевенный з-д, склад с.-х. машин и орудий, единств. стекольный з-д, 2 фарфоро-фаянсовых з-да, единств. техническая контора, обе б-ки, оба синематографа, все 3 фотомастерские, все 7 гостиниц, 2 трактира, единств. прачечная, все 5 парикмахерских, единств. банкирская контора и 139 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 35 бакалейных, все 24 мануфактурные, все 5 колбасных, все 4 книжных). Евреями были все имевшиеся в П. ювелиры (3), портные (7), зубные врачи (3) и 2 врача (из 4).В 1915 в П. было открыто еврейское уч-ще, в 1917 – еврейские школа и клуб с драматич. кружком на идише.В сент. 1917 во время погромов, устроенных солдатами рус. армии, было убито 98 евреев. В 1918–19 на службу в армию УНР было мобилизовано 25 евреев П. Вскоре после призыва они были убиты сослуживцами прямо в казармах. В 1919 Мин-во по еврейским делам УНР восстановило разрушенное школьное здание. В апр. 1919 солдаты Директории убили евреев – членов первого ревкома П., в т. ч. пред. ревкома Авраама Ионовича Каца. Весной 1919 погром был устроен вошедшими в город частями Кр. Армии, в ходе к-рого погибло 8 евреев. Через полгода во время аналогичного погрома было убито ок. 40 евреев.В 1920-х гг. в П. работало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1922 среди евреев П. числилось 124 рабочих; действовали еврейские клубы, кружки, школа, еврейский дет. дом, вечерние курсы еврейской школы. До 1923 в П. работала типография, выпускавшая в т. ч. лит-ру на идише. В 1923 в П. действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Линас га-Цедек», еврейские очаги. В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. прошли аресты сионистов. В сер. 1920-х гг. действовали хедеры. В 1925 в р-не имелось 817 еврейских х-в. С кон. 1920-х гг. закрываются синагоги. В 1939 была закрыта еврейская школа.6 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. Вскоре 19 евреев были расстреляны как «коммунистические агенты». 23 авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 113 евреев, 2 сент. 1941 – более 2 тыс. евреев. Оставшиеся евреи были помещены в гетто, куда были депортированы также евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов (Великая Березна, Воробиевка, Котелянка, Новолабунь, Понинка). 25 июня 1942 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно 1270 евреев. 2 июля 1942 оставленные в живых 14 ремесленников были депортированы в Шепетовку. Всего в П. было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев.После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в П. В 1948 в П. действовал неофициальный миньян.В 1993 в П. было создано еврейское об-во им. Переца Маркиша (пред. – Семен Львович Бенционов). Действуют синагога, воскресная школа для взрослых. В гор. музее имеется экспозиция, посв. П.Д.[[Маркиш|Маркишy.В 2005 в П. проживало неск. десятков евреев.В П. род.: Н.И.Дикерман, П.Д.Маркиш, Д.Мельников, Ш.Микунис, Л.М.Сибиряков, А.В.Соболев, А.М.Фушман, И.-Л. Шарфман, А.Шпильберг; Илья Абрамович Тепман (р. 1931), специалист в обл. силовых полупроводниковых приборов, канд. техн. наук (1970), Лен. пр. (1966).М.Туркинец, extra_data="{'translat...")
POLONSKAYA (nee Movshenson) Elizaveta Grigorievna (1890, Warsaw - 1969, Leningrad), poet, writer, translator. In 1908-14 she studied honey. f-those of the Sorbonne. In 1915 she received a doctor's degree at Yuryevsky University. In 1915-17 she served in the epidemiological department. detachment in the South-West. front. Until 1931 she worked as a doctor, in 1941–45 was a military man. doctor. P.'s first poems appeared in print in 1913, when I.G. Ehrenburg began to publish “every month. poetry "" Evenings ". Upon returning to Petrograd at the beginning. 1920s included in lit. gr. The Serapion Brothers. In poetry of the 1920s. ("Shylock", "Meeting", "Golden Rain", etc.) there is a Jewish theme. The author is poetic. Sat. and several. children book She translated plays by P. Calderon, K. Marlo, W. Shakespeare, V. Hugo, poems by R. Kipling, F. Garcia Lorca, A. Mitskevich, etc., participated in the translation. Armenians. the epic "David of Sasun". At the end of her life she wrote memoirs, some of which were published in the magazine. "Prostor", "Zvezda", "Neva". Works: Signs. Pg., 1921; Trip to the Urals. Essays. L., 1927; Of the year. Fav. poems. L., 1935; Kamskaya notebook. Molotov, 1945; Poems and poem. L., 1960; Favorites. M.-L., 1966.
POLONSKY Artur Moritsevich (1899, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), composer, pianist, conductor. In 1913-16 he played in the Kiev street orc. In 1917 he studied at the Kiev cons. in cl. comp. from R.M. Glier and php. from G.N. Beklemishev. In 1919-22, musician and head. Red Army club in Novocherkassk. In 1922–24 he was a pianist-accompanist in Rostov-on-Don. In 1924–25, a pianist at the Kiev cinema. From 1925 he lived in Moscow. In 1925–31, the pianist-accompanist, pianist, published his own. op. In 1931–35 hands. jazz orc. restaurant "Grand Hotel", in 1940–41 - tea jazz orc. Centre. houses Grazhd. Air Fleet. In 1942–46 the head. muses. part and hands. jazz orc. Tula regional drama school. In 1946–63 ed. Vses. Recording houses. In 1963–89 ed. muses. collection of books. Creative He began his activity in 1923, one of the first in the USSR to write jazz music. Author of the play "Blooming May" (1932), music for the performances of the Tula Regional Drama Commissioner ("Field Marshal Kutuzov", "Officer of the Navy", "A long time ago", "Glass of water", "Thunderstorm", "Guilty without guilt", etc. .), plays for php., romances, songs. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1985).
POLONSKY Georgy Isidorovich (b. 1939, Moscow), playwright, screenwriter. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of MOPI (1963), Higher. script courses (1967). The first play is “I have one heart” (1961). According to P.'s scenarios, the following fictions were created: “We'll Live Until Monday” (1968; Ch. Prize of the 7th Moscow Art Fund, Moscow, 1969), “Translation from English” (1973, jointly with NG Dolinina); "Your rights |" (1975, jointly with A.Z. Stavitsky), "Key without the right to transfer" (1976, diploma of the 10th Moscow Art Fund, Moscow). Author of the plays "Two Evenings in May" (1965), "Escape to Grenada" (1972), "Tutor" (1978), "Chaadaev's Candlestick" (1982), "Cinderella's Honeymoon" (1988) and others. pr. USSR (1970). Cit .: Drama because of the lyrics. M., 1975; Quail in burning straw, or Talents and fans. M., 1981.
POLONSKY Naum Emmanuilovich (1910, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province. - 1988, Moscow), trumpeter. Studied at the Kiev muses. uch-shche (1928-30), then graduated from Muz. technical school them. Gnesins in Moscow by class. pipes by M.I. Tabakov (1935). He was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR (since 1934). One of the founders of owls. school of playing wind instruments, who developed a new direction in playing the trumpet. 1st pr. On Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Moscow, 1935).
FABRIC FACTORY, urban-type settlement (since 1925) in the Dzerzhinsky district of the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Medynsky u. Kaluga province. In 1926, 19 Jews lived in P.Z., in 1939 - 15 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in PZ. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. watch workshop and 1 of 3 shops will consume goods in P.Z.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПОЛОЦК, город, районный центр в Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 861. С 13 в. – в Вел. кн-ве Литовском. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1777 – центр Полоцкой губ., в 1778–96 – Полоцкого наместничества, с 1796 – уездный город Белорусской, с 1802 – Витебской губ. С 1938 – в Витебской обл. (в 1944–54 – центр Полоцкой обл.).В 1765 в П. проживало 1003 еврея, в 1772 – 1013 (52,7%), в 1787 – 1155, в 1815 – 2600 (56,3%), в 1847 – 7275, в 1897 – 12 481 (61,5%), в 1910 – 19 252, в 1923 – 7463, в 1926 – 8186 (32%), в 1939 – 6464, в 1970 – 550, в 2000 – 489 евреев (0,6%).Евреи жили в П. с сер. 15 в. В 1509 сборщиком налогов в П. был крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович, в 1525 – его брат Ицхок-Михл, в сер. 16 в. – еврей Феликс. В 1551 община города была освобождена от уплаты подворного налога. В 1563, в ходе Ливонской войны, П. заняли рус. войска; царь Иван Грозный распорядился, чтобы все евреи города приняли крещение; отказавшихся выполнять этот приказ (ок. 300 чел.) утопили в р. Двине (до нач. 1920-х гг. в П. ежегодно в день расправы, 25 кислева, траурная процессия направлялась к холму за городом, где, по преданию, были похоронены погибшие евреи).В 1579 П. вновь перешел под власть Речи Посполитой. Евреи начали возвращаться в город, однако в 1580 им было запрещено приобретать здесь недвижимость и вести торговлю, что вынудило евреев селиться гл. обр. за гор. чертой.В 1654 подступившие к П. отряды Б.М. Хмельницкого разгромили незащищенные предместья; при этом погибло много евреев.В 1654–67 П. находился под властью Рус. гос-ва. Оставшиеся в живых евреи были изгнаны. После передачи города Польше община была восстановлена и значительно упрочила свои экономич. позиции. В 1681 в Сейм Речи Посполитой поступили жалобы от христиан – жителей П. на евреев, скупавших в городе дома и земельные участки. В ответ король Ян III Собеский обязал евреев платить муниципальные налоги, от к-рых они ранее были освобождены.В 18 в. П. становится кр. центром хасидизма: здесь жил ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Исроэль (?–ок. 1785) – один из инициаторов и руководителей переселения группы белорус. (в т. ч. полоцких) хасидов в Э.-И. в 1777. В П. жил ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Йона, ставший в 75 лет последователем Шнеера-Залмана.В 1780 жившие в П. евреи-торговцы были уравнены в правах с христианами, однако в 1794 против евреев П. вновь был принят ряд дискриминационных мер. С кон. 18 и в 19 в. численность еврейского населения П. быстро увеличивалась. В 1787 среди евреев было 159 купцов.Хасидскими раввинами в П. были любавичские хасиды раби Носн, Э.-Й.Ривлин (1805–1865), принадлежавший к хасидской семье Ривлиных, Ш.-З.Фрадкин. Раввинами в П. были С.И.Каценеленбоген, Я.-Д.Ридбаз.В 1830-х гг. в П. открылись еврейская больница и богадельня; имелась миква. В 1851 на средства купца 2-й гильдии Боруха Немцова было создано «Об-во призрения бедных евреев». В 1857 в П. действовало 18 синагог, в 1861 – казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, еврейский жен. одноклассный пансион (владелица – Маркилос). В 1874 в П. – 21 синагога (1 каменная), 5 меламедов, еврейское кладбище. В 1887 действовало одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (83 уч-ся), преобразованное из казенного еврейского уч-ща 1-го разряда. С 1897 раввином в П. был Исроэль-Ихиэль Ганелин (1862–1930), в 1900–20-х гг. – Шлойме-Залман Аксельрод (1860–?).В 1902 в П. был организован кружок Бунда. В 1904 в П. было ок. 1 тыс. еврейских рабочих (ок. 65% от общего кол-ва). В нач. 1904 Бунд провел ряд собраний (участвовало св. 500 еврейских рабочих). Местная орг-ция Бунда печатала прокламации на идише, распространяла газ. «Дер Бунд».20 окт. 1905 в П. произошел погром; отряды еврейской самообороны были разогнаны властями. Еврейские дома и магазины были разграблены, имелись убитые.У хозяев паровой мельницы бр. Михаила, Самуила и Григория Левиных в 1905–06 скрывался Г.Е.Зиновьев, к-рый был женат на их сестре.В 1905 в П. была построена новая еврейская больница, содержавшаяся на средства предпринимателя Минца (врачи – Ф.Блюм и А.Фридман).В 1910-х гг. казенным раввином в П. был Мирон Герасимович Крамник. В П. действовали 24 синагоги, хедеры, талмуд-тора, казенное одноклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще с ремесл. отд-нием, миква, еврейская богадельня, еврейское об-во пособия бедным (пред. – Б.Баркан), хевра кадиша, жен. еврейское благотворит. об-во; имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1912 в П. работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – жен. уч-ще.Осн. занятиями еврейского населения П. в 19 – нач. 20 в. были торговля и ремесла. В 1913 евреям в П. принадлежали все 4 аптеки, все 15 складов аптечных товаров, 7 булочных и кондитерских, 2 гостиницы, все 6 бань, единств. парикмахерская, 5 трактиров, все 6 часовых мастерских, лодочные станции, кинотеатр, 3 типографии, паровая мельница, слесарная мастерская, махорочная ф-ка, ок. 300 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 67 бакалейных, 12 пивных, все 10 обувных, все 34 мануфактурные, все 15 магазинов готового платья). Евреями были все 12 лесопромышленников в П., 9 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты, 6 занимались торговлей зерном.В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыли евреи из прифронтовых нас. пунктов. В 1915 было создано об-во помощи жертвам войны. В 1916 в П. работали 2 школы для детей евреев-беженцев. В кон. 1910-х гг. активно действовала орг-ция Бунда.Первым председателем гор. совета рабочих, солд. и крестьянских депутатов в 1917 был избран И.Л.Коган.В 1922 Евобщестком содержал амбулаторию (150 больных, 4 чел. персонала), еврейский дет. клуб (в помещении бывш. талмуд-торы). Летом организовывалась дет. колония (150 детей). Действовали еврейский дет. сад, еврейская школа 1-й ступени, 2 еврейские школы 2-й ступени, общежитие для беженцев-евреев. Работали также курсы на идише для взрослых, ликбезпункт на идише; при поддержке Джойнта была открыта еврейская профтехшкола металлистов.В 1920-х гг. в П. проводилась кампания по поиску нелег. хедеров, был организован большой дет. митинг с требованием их закрытия, в 1921 был устроен показательный суд над хедерами и меламедом. В 1922–29 религ. еврейским подпольным образованием в П. руководил Шлойме-Хаим Кисельман (1894, Житомир – 1971, Кфар-Хабад, Израиль), арестованный в 1929. В 1928 в подпольных хедерах П. обучалось ок. 100 детей.К кон. 1920-х гг. кол-во уч-ся в еврейских школах П. стало сокращаться; осталась одна еврейская школа № 6 (дир. – Бляхман).В 1920-х гг. в П. имелось 5 синагог. В 1926–29 в П. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива «Томхей Тмимим» во главе с Авромом Дрейзиным (1901–1991, Нью-Йорк).В 1930 рядом с П., в д. Погирщина, на базе имения купца Шпака, была организована еврейская с.-х. коммуна. Впоследствии часть работников уехала в Еврейскую автономную область и еврейские колхозы в Крыму.В 1936 были закрыты 4 из 5 синагог, в 1939 – еврейский дет. сад.16 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 создано гетто, к-рое 15 сент. 1941 было перемещено на окраину П., в р-н кирпичного з-да. В гетто находилось ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев. 21 нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 2300 евреев. В дек. 1941 и в янв. 1942 в П. расстреляно еще неск. групп евреев. Гетто ликвидировано в авг. 1942.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. Во 2-й пол. 1940-х гг. в П. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев. В 1947–48 верующие евреи ходатайствовали об открытии в П. синагоги, в чем им было отказано. В 1940–80-х гг. действовал неофициальный миньян в частном доме.В 1950–60-х гг. (в особенности после упразднения Полоцкой обл. в 1954) мн. евреи П. переселились в Витебск, Минск и в Ленинград (совр. Санкт-Петербург). В 1950-х гг. было уничтожено последнее еврейское кладбище.В 1993 в П. была основана Полоцкая еврейская община (находится в здании бывш. еврейской школы № 6, пред. – Филипп Яковлевич Завт); действуют миньян, воскресная школа (с 1993), с 1996 – отд-ние «Хесэда», Еврейский культурный центр, кружок прогрессивного иудаизма. В 1990-х гг. на месте расстрела узников гетто установлен памятный знак.В 2005 в П. проживало св. 1 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: А.Д.Абкин, А.Я.Альтшуллер, С.А.Баркан, С.Й.Т.Беннет, Б.Г.Галеркин, Ш.И.Ганелин, Э.М.Гельштейн, С.М.Зарецкая, М.Лидзбарски, И.А.Лукомский, А.М. Плакхин, М.О.Рапейко, С.А.Сорин; Юлий Соломонович Берзин (1904–1942), писатель, автор неск. книг, репрессирован; Соломон Абрамович Бройдо (1898–1957, Иркутск), художник-оформитель обществ. зданий Иркутска (плафоны, роспись стен); Олег Самойлович Газман (р. 1936), педагог, ч.-к. РАО (1992), в 1963–67 – зам. нач. упр-ния Всерос. лагеря «Орленок», с 1991 – зав. лабораторией Ин-та пед. инноваций РАО, автор более 120 публикаций; Вита Ильинична (Иделевна) Гельштейн (р. 1921), онколог, д-р мед. наук (1964), работы по изучению механизмов эксперим. канцерогенеза печени, автор 115 науч. трудов; Исаак Сендерович Левин (1896–1956), ген.-майор (1940), зам. командующего ВВС округа; Абрам Михайлович Рейнус (1897–1972), врач, оториноларинголог, д-р мед. наук (1940), проф. (1934), в 1931–34 – зав. кафедрой Кубанского мед. ин-та, в 1945–47 – Крымского мед. ин-та; Лев Моисеевич Шулькин (1905–1952, Москва), полковник, нач. разведки Гл. упр-ния бронетанковых войск.И.Песина, pronunciation=ПОЛОЦК, город, районный центр в Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 861. С 13 в. – в Вел. кн-ве Литовском. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1777 – центр Полоцкой губ., в 1778–96 – Полоцкого наместничества, с 1796 – уездный город Белорусской, с 1802 – Витебской губ. С 1938 – в Витебской обл. (в 1944–54 – центр Полоцкой обл.).В 1765 в П. проживало 1003 еврея, в 1772 – 1013 (52,7%), в 1787 – 1155, в 1815 – 2600 (56,3%), в 1847 – 7275, в 1897 – 12 481 (61,5%), в 1910 – 19 252, в 1923 – 7463, в 1926 – 8186 (32%), в 1939 – 6464, в 1970 – 550, в 2000 – 489 евреев (0,6%).Евреи жили в П. с сер. 15 в. В 1509 сборщиком налогов в П. был крещеный еврей Авром Юзефович, в 1525 – его брат Ицхок-Михл, в сер. 16 в. – еврей Феликс. В 1551 община города была освобождена от уплаты подворного налога. В 1563, в ходе Ливонской войны, П. заняли рус. войска; царь Иван Грозный распорядился, чтобы все евреи города приняли крещение; отказавшихся выполнять этот приказ (ок. 300 чел.) утопили в р. Двине (до нач. 1920-х гг. в П. ежегодно в день расправы, 25 кислева, траурная процессия направлялась к холму за городом, где, по преданию, были похоронены погибшие евреи).В 1579 П. вновь перешел под власть Речи Посполитой. Евреи начали возвращаться в город, однако в 1580 им было запрещено приобретать здесь недвижимость и вести торговлю, что вынудило евреев селиться гл. обр. за гор. чертой.В 1654 подступившие к П. отряды Б.М. Хмельницкого разгромили незащищенные предместья; при этом погибло много евреев.В 1654–67 П. находился под властью Рус. гос-ва. Оставшиеся в живых евреи были изгнаны. После передачи города Польше община была восстановлена и значительно упрочила свои экономич. позиции. В 1681 в Сейм Речи Посполитой поступили жалобы от христиан – жителей П. на евреев, скупавших в городе дома и земельные участки. В ответ король Ян III Собеский обязал евреев платить муниципальные налоги, от к-рых они ранее были освобождены.В 18 в. П. становится кр. центром хасидизма: здесь жил ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича раби Исроэль (?–ок. 1785) – один из инициаторов и руководителей переселения группы белорус. (в т. ч. полоцких) хасидов в Э.-И. в 1777. В П. жил ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Йона, ставший в 75 лет последователем Шнеера-Залмана.В 1780 жившие в П. евреи-торговцы были уравнены в правах с христианами, однако в 1794 против евреев П. вновь был принят ряд дискриминационных мер. С кон. 18 и в 19 в. численность еврейского населения П. быстро увеличивалась. В 1787 среди евреев было 159 купцов.Хасидскими раввинами в П. были любавичские хасиды раби Носн, Э.-Й.Ривлин (1805–1865), принадлежавший к хасидской семье Ривлиных, Ш.-З.Фрадкин. Раввинами в П. были С.И.Каценеленбоген, Я.-Д.Ридбаз.В 1830-х гг. в П. открылись еврейская больница и богадельня; имелась миква. В 1851 на средства купца 2-й гильдии Боруха Немцова было создано «Об-во призрения бедных евреев». В 1857 в П. действовало 18 синагог, в 1861 – казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, еврейский жен. одноклассный пансион (владелица – Маркилос). В 1874 в П. – 21 синагога (1 каменная), 5 меламедов, еврейское кладбище. В 1887 действовало одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще с приготовит. классом (83 уч-ся), преобразованное из казенного еврейского уч-ща 1-го разряда. С 1897 раввином в П. был Исроэль-Ихиэль Ганелин (1862–1930), в 1900–20-х гг. – Шлойме-Залман Аксельрод (1860–?).В 1902 в П. был организован кружок Бунда. В 1904 в П. было ок. 1 тыс. еврейских рабочих (ок. 65% от общего кол-ва). В нач. 1904 Бунд провел ряд собраний (участвовало св. 500 еврейских рабочих). Местная орг-ция Бунда печатала прокламации на идише, распространяла газ. «Дер Бунд».20 окт. 1905 в П. произошел погром; отряды еврейской самообороны были разогнаны властями. Еврейские дома и магазины были разграблены, имелись убитые.У хозяев паровой мельницы бр. Михаила, Самуила и Григория Левиных в 1905–06 скрывался Г.Е.Зиновьев, к-рый был женат на их сестре.В 1905 в П. была построена новая еврейская больница, содержавшаяся на средства предпринимателя Минца (врачи – Ф.Блюм и А.Фридман).В 1910-х гг. казенным раввином в П. был Мирон Герасимович Крамник. В П. действовали 24 синагоги, хедеры, талмуд-тора, казенное одноклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще с ремесл. отд-нием, миква, еврейская богадельня, еврейское об-во пособия бедным (пред. – Б.Баркан), хевра кадиша, жен. еврейское благотворит. об-во; имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В 1912 в П. работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – жен. уч-ще.Осн. занятиями еврейского населения П. в 19 – нач. 20 в. были торговля и ремесла. В 1913 евреям в П. принадлежали все 4 аптеки, все 15 складов аптечных товаров, 7 булочных и кондитерских, 2 гостиницы, все 6 бань, единств. парикмахерская, 5 трактиров, все 6 часовых мастерских, лодочные станции, кинотеатр, 3 типографии, паровая мельница, слесарная мастерская, махорочная ф-ка, ок. 300 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. 67 бакалейных, 12 пивных, все 10 обувных, все 34 мануфактурные, все 15 магазинов готового платья). Евреями были все 12 лесопромышленников в П., 9 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты, 6 занимались торговлей зерном.В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыли евреи из прифронтовых нас. пунктов. В 1915 было создано об-во помощи жертвам войны. В 1916 в П. работали 2 школы для детей евреев-беженцев. В кон. 1910-х гг. активно действовала орг-ция Бунда.Первым председателем гор. совета рабочих, солд. и крестьянских депутатов в 1917 был избран И.Л.Коган.В 1922 Евобщестком содержал амбулаторию (150 больных, 4 чел. персонала), еврейский дет. клуб (в помещении бывш. талмуд-торы). Летом организовывалась дет. колония (150 детей). Действовали еврейский дет. сад, еврейская школа 1-й ступени, 2 еврейские школы 2-й ступени, общежитие для беженцев-евреев. Работали также курсы на идише для взрослых, ликбезпункт на идише; при поддержке Джойнта была открыта еврейская профтехшкола металлистов.В 1920-х гг. в П. проводилась кампания по поиску нелег. хедеров, был организован большой дет. митинг с требованием их закрытия, в 1921 был устроен показательный суд над хедерами и меламедом. В 1922–29 религ. еврейским подпольным образованием в П. руководил Шлойме-Хаим Кисельман (1894, Житомир – 1971, Кфар-Хабад, Израиль), арестованный в 1929. В 1928 в подпольных хедерах П. обучалось ок. 100 детей.К кон. 1920-х гг. кол-во уч-ся в еврейских школах П. стало сокращаться; осталась одна еврейская школа № 6 (дир. – Бляхман).В 1920-х гг. в П. имелось 5 синагог. В 1926–29 в П. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива «Томхей Тмимим» во главе с Авромом Дрейзиным (1901–1991, Нью-Йорк).В 1930 рядом с П., в д. Погирщина, на базе имения купца Шпака, была организована еврейская с.-х. коммуна. Впоследствии часть работников уехала в Еврейскую автономную область и еврейские колхозы в Крыму.В 1936 были закрыты 4 из 5 синагог, в 1939 – еврейский дет. сад.16 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 создано гетто, к-рое 15 сент. 1941 было перемещено на окраину П., в р-н кирпичного з-да. В гетто находилось ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев. 21 нояб. 1941 было расстреляно 2300 евреев. В дек. 1941 и в янв. 1942 в П. расстреляно еще неск. групп евреев. Гетто ликвидировано в авг. 1942.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. Во 2-й пол. 1940-х гг. в П. проживало ок. 3 тыс. евреев. В 1947–48 верующие евреи ходатайствовали об открытии в П. синагоги, в чем им было отказано. В 1940–80-х гг. действовал неофициальный миньян в частном доме.В 1950–60-х гг. (в особенности после упразднения Полоцкой обл. в 1954) мн. евреи П. переселились в Витебск, Минск и в Ленинград (совр. Санкт-Петербург). В 1950-х гг. было уничтожено последнее еврейское кладбище.В 1993 в П. была основана Полоцкая еврейская община (находится в здании бывш. еврейской школы № 6, пред. – Филипп Яковлевич Завт); действуют миньян, воскресная школа (с 1993), с 1996 – отд-ние «Хесэда», Еврейский культурный центр, кружок прогрессивного иудаизма. В 1990-х гг. на месте расстрела узников гетто установлен памятный знак.В 2005 в П. проживало св. 1 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: А.Д.Абкин, А.Я.Альтшуллер, С.А.Баркан, С.Й.Т.Беннет, Б.Г.Галеркин, Ш.И.Ганелин, Э.М.Гельштейн, С.М.Зарецкая, М.Лидзбарски, И.А.Лукомский, А.М. Плакхин, М.О.Рапейко, С.А.Сорин; Юлий Соломонович Берзин (1904–1942), писатель, автор неск. книг, репрессирован; Соломон Абрамович Бройдо (1898–1957, Иркутск), художник-оформитель обществ. зданий Иркутска (плафоны, роспись стен); Олег Самойлович Газман (р. 1936), педагог, ч.-к. РАО (1992), в 1963–67 – зам. нач. упр-ния Всерос. лагеря «Орленок», с 1991 – зав. лабораторией Ин-та пед. инноваций РАО, автор более 120 публикаций; Вита Ильинична (Иделевна) Гельштейн (р. 1921), онколог, д-р мед. наук (1964), работы по изучению механизмов эксперим. канцерогенеза печени, автор 115 науч. трудов; Исаак Сендерович Левин (1896–1956), ген.-майор (1940), зам. командующего ВВС округа; Абрам Михайлович Рейнус (1897–1972), врач, оториноларинголог, д-р мед. наук (1940), проф. (1934), в 1931–34 – зав. кафедрой Кубанского мед. ин-та, в 1945–47 – Крымского мед. ин-та; Лев Моисеевич Шулькин (1905–1952, Москва), полковник, нач. разведки Гл. упр-ния бронетанковых войск.И.Песина, extra_data="{'translat...")
POLOVA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910 one Jewish family lived in P. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in September. 1941 two Jewish women P. were deported to Priluki and killed there on March 1, 1943.
POLOVITSKAYA Maria Efimovna (1920, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1990, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1979). In 1941 she graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1943–86, he was a postgraduate student, collaborator, consultant at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of monographs on geogr. problems of the districts of the USA. Participated in the development of a new direction of research. - "Geography of Science". Cit .: Economic regions of the United States: South. M., 1956; Economic regions of the USA: North. M., 1958; Economic regions of the USA: West. M., 1966; Geography of scientific research in the United States. The relationship between the location of science and the territorial structure of the economy and settlement. M., 1977.
POLOVTSE, see Polevtsy.
POLPINO, see Big Polpino.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПОЛТАВА, город (с 1174), центр Полтавской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1174. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1802 – центр Полтавской губ. В 1923–30 – центр Полтавского окр., с 1937 – обл.В 1803 в П. проживало 310 евреев, в 1847 – 2073, в 1862 – 3627 евреев (12,2%) и 12 караимов, в 1897 – 11 046 евреев (20,5%), в 1910 – 9460, в 1920 – 21 751, в 1923 – 19 580, в 1926 – 18 476 (20%), в 1939 – 12 860, в 1959 – ок. 4700 (3,3%), в 1970 – ок. 4200 (1,9%), в 1979 – ок. 3600 евреев (1,3%).В 1803 среди евреев П. числилось 10 купцов. В сер. 19 в. гор. головой был избран купец 1-й гильдии Авром Зеленский. Тогда же из П. в Екатеринославскую губ. было переселено 5 семей (53 чел.) для создания земледельч. колоний.В 19 – нач. 20 в. осн. занятием евреев П. была торговля, б. ч. зерном и др. с.-х. продукцией. Среди евреев было много ремесленников и мелких промышленников, к-рым принадлежали мельницы, маслобойни, лесопилки и кирпичные з-ды.В 1856 в П. была построена Хоральная синагога. В 1862 действовало 3 синагоги; была основана еврейская больница. В 1867 в П. действовало 5 синагог. В 1860–70-х гг. казенным раввином П. был Яков Ильич Гурлянд, отец И.Я.Гурлянда, в 1870–80-х гг. – Лев Моисеевич Зайдинер (Зайднер).В 1887 в П. действовали 1 частное муж. еврейское уч-ще, 2 частных жен. еврейских уч-ща. Всего в частных еврейских уч-щах обучалось 120 мальчиков и 99 девочек. В 1894 работало казенное еврейское уч-ще 3-го разряда, 3 жен. частных уч-ща, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще.В кон. 19 в. П. была одним из центров деятельности «Ховевей Цион» и сионистского движения. В П. действовало отд-ние «Бней-Моше», основанное активистами движения «Ховевей Цион». В 1892–1917 раввином в П. был Э.-А.Рабинович, в 1900–10-х гг. – Яков-Мордехай Безпалов. В 1890–1910-х гг. казенным раввином П. был Арон Хаимович Глейзер.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 в П. не было погромов благодаря действиям отрядов еврейской самообороны и выступлениям В.Г.Короленко. Один из отрядов самообороны возглавлял С.В.Петлюра. С 1 нояб. 1905 по 1 апр. 1906 в П. работал Полтавский губернский к-т по оказанию помощи пострадавшим евреям. Депутатом в 1-ю Гос. Думу от Полтавской губ. был избран Г.Б.Иоллос.В 1906 в П. состоялась учредит. конф. «Поалей Цион», в к-рой участвовал И.Бен-Цви. В том же году в П. издавалась двухнед. газ. «Еврейская рабочая хроника» – орган «Поалей Цион».В 1910 в П. действовали 16 синагог, талмуд-тора (с 1894), в к-рой обучалось более 300 уч-ся, жен. проф. уч-ще (с 1896), иешива, ок. 20 хедеров, хевра кадиша; имелось еврейское кладбище. В том же году в П. функционировали об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся уч-ся в нач. еврейских школах (с 1895), об-во вспомоществования уч-ся евреям в средних уч. заведениях (с 1908), об-во взаимопомощи приказчиков-евреев, дом престарелых и об-во пособия бедным евреям (оба – с 1901), благотворит. об-во попечения о бедных еврейских девочках (с 1909), отд-ние ОПЕ, еврейская б-ка (с 1903), еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во (с 1907), бесплатная еврейская больница, приют, с 1911 работала жен. еврейская школа.В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыло много евреев-беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В марте 1915 в тюрьму П. из польск. губерний было этапировано 57 евреев-заложников. Условия их содержания были крайне тяжелыми. Местное еврейское об-во выразило готовность взять заложников на поруки, однако заложники через неск. недель были переведены в спец. помещение для содержания под стражей. Всего в П. было направлено значит. кол-во выселенных. В 1915 в П. действовал Полтавский еврейский к-т помощи евреям, пострадавшим от воен. действий в период 1-й мир. войны. Члены еврейской общины П. организовали «Дамский к-т по изготовлению белья и подарков воинам». В 1915–16 в П. действовали школа для детей-беженцев и дет. очаг.В 1917 в П. функционировал Полтавский к-т объединенной еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии.В марте 1918 в П. произошел погром, устроенный частями УНР. В 1919, после взятия П. войсками Добровольческой армии, погромы продолжались 3 дня. За период 1917–19 в результате погромов в П. было убито 1102 еврея.В 1919 в П. была создана еврейская скаутская орг-ция с гандбольной и футбольной командами. В 1920 в П. была запрещена шхита. В 1921 в П. при местном отд-нии губпроса было организовано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1921 в П. был создан самодеят. хор. коллектив, открылась еврейская б-ка, периодически выступали актеры Еврейского драматич. т-ра (в 1921 подготовлено 19 спектаклей), работал еврейский дет. дом им. В.Г.Короленко. В 1922 действовало 2 еврейских дет. дома. При поддержке Джойнта работала молочная кухня «Капля молока». В 1922 среди евреев П. было 3053 рабочих (10,8% от общего числа); действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1922 правление еврейской общины выступило с протестом против закона, устанавливавшего только один выходной день – воскресенье. В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. имелись иешива, талмуд-тора, хедер. В 1921–23 действовало отд-ние любавичской иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Шлоймо Иткина, Иегуды Эбера (1901, Краснолуки – 1941, Рига), Шмуля-Лейба Левина (1890, Нарочь – 1965, Москва). Раввином в 1917–29 был И.Б.Красильщиков.В П. действовали отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Маккаби» (к моменту роспуска в 1923 насчитывала 300 чел., часть из них была арестована ГПУ), «Ге-Халуц». В сент. 1922 была арестована группа сионистов. В 1923 реквизирована Хоральная синагога.В 1924–25 выходцы из П. основали в Криворожском окр. еврейскую земледельч. артель «Полтавцы» (22 семьи, 92 чел.), в 1925 в Херсонском окр. – колхоз им. Тросера (15 семей, 74 чел.), колхоз «Номес» (15 семей, 115 чел.), колхоз «Переяславский» (20 семей, 115 чел.).В 1924 Евсекция попыталась организовать «живую синагогу» во главе с «красным» раввином, но из-за сопротивления верующих эта попытка не увенчалась успехом. В 1925 Полтавский легион «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» насчитывал ок. 250 чел. Недалеко от П. регулярно проходили сборы. Частые аресты руководителей на время ослабляли работу орг-ции, однако легион продолжал функционировать. В окт. 1926 в П. были произведены аресты членов «Ге-Халуц». В 1928 по требованию Евсекции здание синагоги было отобрано у общины и превращено в еврейский клуб.В 1920-х гг. раввинами в П. были любавичские хасиды Ш.Беспалов, Пинхос Шрейбер, в 1920–30-х гг. – Дойв-Бер Гринпрес, арестованный в 1933, в нач. 1930-х гг. – Шмуль Добрускин.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. работали школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1930-х гг. в П. были закрыты практически все синагоги. В 1935–36 вновь действовало отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Аврум-Меира Зархи (1915 – 1975, Нью-Йорк) и Нохума Волосова (1914, Кременчуг – ?).18 сент. 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. Первые расстрелы евреев были произведены 22 сент. 1941. С 4 по 24 окт. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 342 еврея. 23 нояб. 1941 в П. было расстреляно более 1500 евреев. В освобождении П. 23 сент. 1943 принимали участие минометный полк под ком. майора Чернявского, минометный полк под ком. полк. Моисея Иосифовича Гольдина, воздушно-десантный полк под ком. подполк. Г.М.Кашперского, пушечная бригада под ком. полк. И.Л.Штейна.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. В 1945 в П. имелась еврейская община, действовала синагога (ул. Фрунзе, д. 50). Обязанности раввина и шохета исполнял Зальман Шаевич Закашанский (1880–?). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 15–20 чел., в праздники – до 120 чел. В 1959 синагога была закрыта.В 1963 на месте расстрела евреев был открыт памятник «Скорбящая мать» (арх. Л.С.Вайнгорд).В 1992 в П. было основано Об-во еврейской культуры, с 1993 начала работать еврейская воскресная школа, с 1990-х гг. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». В 1999–2001 выходила газета «Атиква».С 2001 раввин П. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Йосеф-Ицхок Сегал.В 2001 в П. проживало ок. 4 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: М.Я.Азбель, М.Л.Бельговский, И.Бен-Цви, И.А.Бергер, Г.И.Богров, С.Я. Брауде, А.М.Варшавский, М.А.Варшавский, И.М.Василевский, Л.М.Василевский, М.Вейнгер, Ю.А.Ганф, Г.З.Гричер-Чериковер, А.Г. Гурвич, Л.Г.Гурвич, И.А.Жук, В.А.Зильберминц, А.М. Злотин, Я.Зрубавел, Я.Клибанов, М.М.Коган, В.М.Коган-Ясный, Ю.В.Кондратюк, М.И.Кривошеев, Ю.А.Левитин, А.-З. Липскер, М.Липскер, Е.М.Могилевский, С.Я. Мокиль, М.Пинскер, А.Я.Повзнер, В.О.Португалов, Г.М.Прейс, А.Реувейни, М.Сегал, С.Р. Славсон, Э.Н.Темкин, Я.Н.Теплицкий, Л.М. Хинчук, Г.М.Хмара, И.Х.Чериковер, Л.З.Чериковер, Э.Чериковер, Э.З.Чериковер, З.Я. Шур; Ной Исаакович Бару (1889–?), политич. деятель, один из лидеров «Поалей Цион», в кон. 1920-х гг. – дир. Моск. нар. банка в Лондоне; Иосиф Михайлович Блат (1894–1937), сотрудник спецслужб, ст. майор госбезопасности (1935), в 1936–37 – нач. УНКВД Челябинской обл., орд. Кр. Знамени (1930), 2 знака «Почетный работник ВЧК–ГПУ», репрессирован; Арон Давидович Вишневский (1897–?), врач, доцент, полк. мед. службы, в 1939–42 – дир. Центр. н.-и. дезинфекц. ин-та, в 1942– 44 – эпидемиолог разл. армий; Иосиф Абрамович Ганф (1899–?), график, брат Ю.А.Ганфа, автор политич. карикатур для журн. «Крокодил», газ. «Правда», «Известия», автор плакатов, почтовых марок; Владимир Яковлевич Гурфинкель (1896–1978, Киев), дирижер, кларнетист, автор методич. пособий, аранжировок произв. укр. композиторов для дух. оркестров, засл. деят. иск-в УССР (1949); Борис Александрович Коган (1882–1960, Ростов-на-Дону), терапевт, д-р медицины (1914), проф. (1929), д-р мед. наук (1936), в 1926–41 и в 1943–57 – зав. кафедрой пропедевтики внутр. болезней Ростовского мед. ин-та; Григорий Исаакович Компанеец (1861–1952, Киев), композитор, проф. Киевской консерватории (с 1940), автор неск. опер и инструм. произведений; Евсей Соломонович Рабинович (1898–?), юрист, д-р права (1932), проф. (1954), в 1921 – пред. правления Союза российских студентов в Германии, с 1939 – в США; Павел Владимирович Стучевский (1890–1944, Москва), сотрудник ГРУ, один из организаторов (в нояб. 1935) попытки коммунистич. восстания в Бразилии; Марк Вениаминович Теплинский (р. 1924), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1970), проф. (1973), специалист по рус. лит-ре 19 в., журналистике и методике преподавания лит-ры; Евгений Захарович Трегуб (1920–1984, Харьков), живописец, нар. художник УССР (1983); Абрам Борисович Фишзон (1911–1980, Свердловск), архитектор, автор проектов ряда адм. и жилых зданий в городах Урала; Мойше Шапиро (1860–1911, Стамбул), издатель, переводчик, основал в Лондоне еврейскую типографию, пер. на идиш и изд. книги на обществ. и научно-популярные темы; Арье Элханани (1894–?), израильский архитектор, с 1922 – в Э.-И., автор архитектурных проектов мемориального зала в комплексе «Яд ва-Шем», мемориала на пл. Вейцмана в Реховоте, Гос. пр. Израиля (1973).В П. жили и работали: В.А.Владиславский, Е.М.Гофунг, А.Б.Дерман, Я.Н.Дробнис, Л.В. Колманович, Л.Г.Левенталь, А.-З.Рабинович, И.Розен, А.-Х.Розенберг, М.И.Ямпольский.Т.А.Щетинина, pronunciation=ПОЛТАВА, город (с 1174), центр Полтавской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1174. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1802 – центр Полтавской губ. В 1923–30 – центр Полтавского окр., с 1937 – обл.В 1803 в П. проживало 310 евреев, в 1847 – 2073, в 1862 – 3627 евреев (12,2%) и 12 караимов, в 1897 – 11 046 евреев (20,5%), в 1910 – 9460, в 1920 – 21 751, в 1923 – 19 580, в 1926 – 18 476 (20%), в 1939 – 12 860, в 1959 – ок. 4700 (3,3%), в 1970 – ок. 4200 (1,9%), в 1979 – ок. 3600 евреев (1,3%).В 1803 среди евреев П. числилось 10 купцов. В сер. 19 в. гор. головой был избран купец 1-й гильдии Авром Зеленский. Тогда же из П. в Екатеринославскую губ. было переселено 5 семей (53 чел.) для создания земледельч. колоний.В 19 – нач. 20 в. осн. занятием евреев П. была торговля, б. ч. зерном и др. с.-х. продукцией. Среди евреев было много ремесленников и мелких промышленников, к-рым принадлежали мельницы, маслобойни, лесопилки и кирпичные з-ды.В 1856 в П. была построена Хоральная синагога. В 1862 действовало 3 синагоги; была основана еврейская больница. В 1867 в П. действовало 5 синагог. В 1860–70-х гг. казенным раввином П. был Яков Ильич Гурлянд, отец И.Я.Гурлянда, в 1870–80-х гг. – Лев Моисеевич Зайдинер (Зайднер).В 1887 в П. действовали 1 частное муж. еврейское уч-ще, 2 частных жен. еврейских уч-ща. Всего в частных еврейских уч-щах обучалось 120 мальчиков и 99 девочек. В 1894 работало казенное еврейское уч-ще 3-го разряда, 3 жен. частных уч-ща, муж. частное еврейское уч-ще.В кон. 19 в. П. была одним из центров деятельности «Ховевей Цион» и сионистского движения. В П. действовало отд-ние «Бней-Моше», основанное активистами движения «Ховевей Цион». В 1892–1917 раввином в П. был Э.-А.Рабинович, в 1900–10-х гг. – Яков-Мордехай Безпалов. В 1890–1910-х гг. казенным раввином П. был Арон Хаимович Глейзер.Во время рев-ции 1905–07 в П. не было погромов благодаря действиям отрядов еврейской самообороны и выступлениям В.Г.Короленко. Один из отрядов самообороны возглавлял С.В.Петлюра. С 1 нояб. 1905 по 1 апр. 1906 в П. работал Полтавский губернский к-т по оказанию помощи пострадавшим евреям. Депутатом в 1-ю Гос. Думу от Полтавской губ. был избран Г.Б.Иоллос.В 1906 в П. состоялась учредит. конф. «Поалей Цион», в к-рой участвовал И.Бен-Цви. В том же году в П. издавалась двухнед. газ. «Еврейская рабочая хроника» – орган «Поалей Цион».В 1910 в П. действовали 16 синагог, талмуд-тора (с 1894), в к-рой обучалось более 300 уч-ся, жен. проф. уч-ще (с 1896), иешива, ок. 20 хедеров, хевра кадиша; имелось еврейское кладбище. В том же году в П. функционировали об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся уч-ся в нач. еврейских школах (с 1895), об-во вспомоществования уч-ся евреям в средних уч. заведениях (с 1908), об-во взаимопомощи приказчиков-евреев, дом престарелых и об-во пособия бедным евреям (оба – с 1901), благотворит. об-во попечения о бедных еврейских девочках (с 1909), отд-ние ОПЕ, еврейская б-ка (с 1903), еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во (с 1907), бесплатная еврейская больница, приют, с 1911 работала жен. еврейская школа.В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыло много евреев-беженцев из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В марте 1915 в тюрьму П. из польск. губерний было этапировано 57 евреев-заложников. Условия их содержания были крайне тяжелыми. Местное еврейское об-во выразило готовность взять заложников на поруки, однако заложники через неск. недель были переведены в спец. помещение для содержания под стражей. Всего в П. было направлено значит. кол-во выселенных. В 1915 в П. действовал Полтавский еврейский к-т помощи евреям, пострадавшим от воен. действий в период 1-й мир. войны. Члены еврейской общины П. организовали «Дамский к-т по изготовлению белья и подарков воинам». В 1915–16 в П. действовали школа для детей-беженцев и дет. очаг.В 1917 в П. функционировал Полтавский к-т объединенной еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии.В марте 1918 в П. произошел погром, устроенный частями УНР. В 1919, после взятия П. войсками Добровольческой армии, погромы продолжались 3 дня. За период 1917–19 в результате погромов в П. было убито 1102 еврея.В 1919 в П. была создана еврейская скаутская орг-ция с гандбольной и футбольной командами. В 1920 в П. была запрещена шхита. В 1921 в П. при местном отд-нии губпроса было организовано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1921 в П. был создан самодеят. хор. коллектив, открылась еврейская б-ка, периодически выступали актеры Еврейского драматич. т-ра (в 1921 подготовлено 19 спектаклей), работал еврейский дет. дом им. В.Г.Короленко. В 1922 действовало 2 еврейских дет. дома. При поддержке Джойнта работала молочная кухня «Капля молока». В 1922 среди евреев П. было 3053 рабочих (10,8% от общего числа); действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1922 правление еврейской общины выступило с протестом против закона, устанавливавшего только один выходной день – воскресенье. В нач. 1920-х гг. в П. имелись иешива, талмуд-тора, хедер. В 1921–23 действовало отд-ние любавичской иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Шлоймо Иткина, Иегуды Эбера (1901, Краснолуки – 1941, Рига), Шмуля-Лейба Левина (1890, Нарочь – 1965, Москва). Раввином в 1917–29 был И.Б.Красильщиков.В П. действовали отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Маккаби» (к моменту роспуска в 1923 насчитывала 300 чел., часть из них была арестована ГПУ), «Ге-Халуц». В сент. 1922 была арестована группа сионистов. В 1923 реквизирована Хоральная синагога.В 1924–25 выходцы из П. основали в Криворожском окр. еврейскую земледельч. артель «Полтавцы» (22 семьи, 92 чел.), в 1925 в Херсонском окр. – колхоз им. Тросера (15 семей, 74 чел.), колхоз «Номес» (15 семей, 115 чел.), колхоз «Переяславский» (20 семей, 115 чел.).В 1924 Евсекция попыталась организовать «живую синагогу» во главе с «красным» раввином, но из-за сопротивления верующих эта попытка не увенчалась успехом. В 1925 Полтавский легион «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» насчитывал ок. 250 чел. Недалеко от П. регулярно проходили сборы. Частые аресты руководителей на время ослабляли работу орг-ции, однако легион продолжал функционировать. В окт. 1926 в П. были произведены аресты членов «Ге-Халуц». В 1928 по требованию Евсекции здание синагоги было отобрано у общины и превращено в еврейский клуб.В 1920-х гг. раввинами в П. были любавичские хасиды Ш.Беспалов, Пинхос Шрейбер, в 1920–30-х гг. – Дойв-Бер Гринпрес, арестованный в 1933, в нач. 1930-х гг. – Шмуль Добрускин.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. работали школы с преподаванием на идише. В 1930-х гг. в П. были закрыты практически все синагоги. В 1935–36 вновь действовало отд-ние иешивы «Томхей Тмимим» под рук. Аврум-Меира Зархи (1915 – 1975, Нью-Йорк) и Нохума Волосова (1914, Кременчуг – ?).18 сент. 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. Первые расстрелы евреев были произведены 22 сент. 1941. С 4 по 24 окт. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 342 еврея. 23 нояб. 1941 в П. было расстреляно более 1500 евреев. В освобождении П. 23 сент. 1943 принимали участие минометный полк под ком. майора Чернявского, минометный полк под ком. полк. Моисея Иосифовича Гольдина, воздушно-десантный полк под ком. подполк. Г.М.Кашперского, пушечная бригада под ком. полк. И.Л.Штейна.После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. В 1945 в П. имелась еврейская община, действовала синагога (ул. Фрунзе, д. 50). Обязанности раввина и шохета исполнял Зальман Шаевич Закашанский (1880–?). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 15–20 чел., в праздники – до 120 чел. В 1959 синагога была закрыта.В 1963 на месте расстрела евреев был открыт памятник «Скорбящая мать» (арх. Л.С.Вайнгорд).В 1992 в П. было основано Об-во еврейской культуры, с 1993 начала работать еврейская воскресная школа, с 1990-х гг. действует отд-ние «Хесэда». В 1999–2001 выходила газета «Атиква».С 2001 раввин П. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Йосеф-Ицхок Сегал.В 2001 в П. проживало ок. 4 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: М.Я.Азбель, М.Л.Бельговский, И.Бен-Цви, И.А.Бергер, Г.И.Богров, С.Я. Брауде, А.М.Варшавский, М.А.Варшавский, И.М.Василевский, Л.М.Василевский, М.Вейнгер, Ю.А.Ганф, Г.З.Гричер-Чериковер, А.Г. Гурвич, Л.Г.Гурвич, И.А.Жук, В.А.Зильберминц, А.М. Злотин, Я.Зрубавел, Я.Клибанов, М.М.Коган, В.М.Коган-Ясный, Ю.В.Кондратюк, М.И.Кривошеев, Ю.А.Левитин, А.-З. Липскер, М.Липскер, Е.М.Могилевский, С.Я. Мокиль, М.Пинскер, А.Я.Повзнер, В.О.Португалов, Г.М.Прейс, А.Реувейни, М.Сегал, С.Р. Славсон, Э.Н.Темкин, Я.Н.Теплицкий, Л.М. Хинчук, Г.М.Хмара, И.Х.Чериковер, Л.З.Чериковер, Э.Чериковер, Э.З.Чериковер, З.Я. Шур; Ной Исаакович Бару (1889–?), политич. деятель, один из лидеров «Поалей Цион», в кон. 1920-х гг. – дир. Моск. нар. банка в Лондоне; Иосиф Михайлович Блат (1894–1937), сотрудник спецслужб, ст. майор госбезопасности (1935), в 1936–37 – нач. УНКВД Челябинской обл., орд. Кр. Знамени (1930), 2 знака «Почетный работник ВЧК–ГПУ», репрессирован; Арон Давидович Вишневский (1897–?), врач, доцент, полк. мед. службы, в 1939–42 – дир. Центр. н.-и. дезинфекц. ин-та, в 1942– 44 – эпидемиолог разл. армий; Иосиф Абрамович Ганф (1899–?), график, брат Ю.А.Ганфа, автор политич. карикатур для журн. «Крокодил», газ. «Правда», «Известия», автор плакатов, почтовых марок; Владимир Яковлевич Гурфинкель (1896–1978, Киев), дирижер, кларнетист, автор методич. пособий, аранжировок произв. укр. композиторов для дух. оркестров, засл. деят. иск-в УССР (1949); Борис Александрович Коган (1882–1960, Ростов-на-Дону), терапевт, д-р медицины (1914), проф. (1929), д-р мед. наук (1936), в 1926–41 и в 1943–57 – зав. кафедрой пропедевтики внутр. болезней Ростовского мед. ин-та; Григорий Исаакович Компанеец (1861–1952, Киев), композитор, проф. Киевской консерватории (с 1940), автор неск. опер и инструм. произведений; Евсей Соломонович Рабинович (1898–?), юрист, д-р права (1932), проф. (1954), в 1921 – пред. правления Союза российских студентов в Германии, с 1939 – в США; Павел Владимирович Стучевский (1890–1944, Москва), сотрудник ГРУ, один из организаторов (в нояб. 1935) попытки коммунистич. восстания в Бразилии; Марк Вениаминович Теплинский (р. 1924), филолог, д-р филол. наук (1970), проф. (1973), специалист по рус. лит-ре 19 в., журналистике и методике преподавания лит-ры; Евгений Захарович Трегуб (1920–1984, Харьков), живописец, нар. художник УССР (1983); Абрам Борисович Фишзон (1911–1980, Свердловск), архитектор, автор проектов ряда адм. и жилых зданий в городах Урала; Мойше Шапиро (1860–1911, Стамбул), издатель, переводчик, основал в Лондоне еврейскую типографию, пер. на идиш и изд. книги на обществ. и научно-популярные темы; Арье Элханани (1894–?), израильский архитектор, с 1922 – в Э.-И., автор архитектурных проектов мемориального зала в комплексе «Яд ва-Шем», мемориала на пл. Вейцмана в Реховоте, Гос. пр. Израиля (1973).В П. жили и работали: В.А.Владиславский, Е.М.Гофунг, А.Б.Дерман, Я.Н.Дробнис, Л.В. Колманович, Л.Г.Левенталь, А.-З.Рабинович, И.Розен, А.-Х.Розенберг, М.И.Ямпольский.Т.А.Щетинина, extra_data="{'translat...")
POLTAVKA, see Bashtanka.
POLTORATSK, see Ashgabat.
POLUGAEVSKY Lev Abramovich (1934, Mogilev - 1995, Paris), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1962), honored. master of sports of the USSR (1969), contender for the world. championship in the 1960s – 70s. Coach-consultant A.E. Karpov during the matches for the world championship (1978, 1981). Graduated from the Kuibyshev Industrial. in-t, engineer Champion of the RSFSR (1961). Participant of 20 USSR championships; champion of the USSR (1967, 1968). As part of the USSR team, the winner of seven chess. Olympiad (1966–84), five European championships (1961–83), world championship (1985). Since the late 1960s. - participant of the world championship competitions; naib, he achieved success in 1980 - he reached the semifinals of the competition for the title of world champion, where he lost to V.L. Korchny. Winner pl. tournaments, including in Mar del Plata (1962), Sochi (1964), Manila (1982), Bile (1986). He made a great contribution to the development of opening theory. A Chess Player of the Universal Style, Works: The Birth of a Variant. M., 1977.
POLOPANOVKA, a village in the Podvolochissky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942–43 in P. there was a branch of the Jewish workers' camp in Skalat. Eugenia Schwarzwald (nee Nussbaum) (1872–1940, Zurich), writer, teacher, mistress of literature. salon, one of the most popular in Vienna in the 1910s –30s.
POLYAK Alexander Isaakovich (1934, Rostov-on-Don - 2000), immunologist, allergist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. (1972). After graduating in 1957 from Rostov honey. in-that worked at the department of radiology in the same place, then as a radiologist in the mountains. hospital number 1. In 1960-63 Art. laboratory assistant of the department patol. physiology of Rostov honey. in-that. Since 1963 he has been working in the department organized by him. Immunity and Allergy Center. n.-i. laboratory basic scientific. P.'s work is devoted to the problem of neurohumoral regulation of immunity, the development of methods for managing immunity and allergic reactions. Prev board of the Rostov branch and member. prez. Vseros. scientific. about-va of immunologists, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Immunology".
POLYAK Avraham (b. 1910, Kiev), historian, teacher. Doctor of Philosophy (1936). From 1923 - in E.-I., graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1954–61 prof., Head. Department of Jewish and General History of Tel Aviv University, founder (1961) and head. dep. Bil. East and Africa in the same place. Member Int. Congr. historians, Intern. African Institute, Intern. Congr. Orientalists, World. Congr. Judaism. Author of 11 monographs, including "Khazaria: History of the Jewish Kingdom in Europe" (1942; 3rd ed. –1951), "The Bible and Societies, Movements in the World" (1954, all in Hebrew). Royal pr. For research. Asia (1939). Etc. them. H.-N. Bialik.
POLYAK Boris (b. 1954, Chisinau), sportsman (shooting sport). Repeated champion and record holder of the world, Europe, the USSR and Israel in individual and team events in pneumatic shooting. and small-bore rifles and a crossbow. In Israel since 1992.
POLYAK Lidia Moiseevna (b. 1899, Minsk), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1963). Graduated from Moscow State University (1924). Published since 1925. She taught at universities. Joint. with EB Tager wrote textbooks for cf. schools: "Contemporary Literature" (5th ed., 1938), "Literature of the 20th century: the era of imperialism and proletarian revolutions" (1934). In 1947-70 Art. scientific. sotr. IMLI. During this period, she published works about A.N. Tolst, A.S. Serafimovich, D.A. Furmanov, I.E.Babel, and others.
POLYAKEVICH Simkha-Bunim (1908, Drogichin Velsky u. Grodno province. - 1986, Tel Aviv), writer, publicist. Until the 2nd world. during the war he lived in Warsaw. In 1939–42 he was in the ghetto in Sokolow-Podlaski, then was deported to Treblinka; ran. Back in Warsaw, he lived on fake documents there. He was sent to Germany, where he worked in coal mines. Escaped again, lived in Paris. Since 1945 - in E.-I. Participated in the War of Independence. First publ. - a series of essays in one of the Warsaw gas. After the war he published in periodicals. ed. Israel, Canada and other countries doc. stories from the life of Jews in occupied Poland. In 1948, the book was published in Buenos Aires. "A tog in Treblinke" ("A Day at Treblinke"). The author of the book., Ed. in Tel Aviv: In Shotn fun Treblinka (In the Shadow of Treblinka, 1957); "In a fremder goit" ("In someone else's skin", 1961) and others. For the book. "Tag he licht" ("Days without light". Tel Aviv, 1963) was awarded in 1964 lit. pr. World. Jewish Congress.
POLYAKIN Miron Borisovich (1895, Cherkasy, Kiev province - 1941, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Rod. in the family of a violinist and conductor orc. Cherkasy Opera House. In 1908-18 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons., until 1917 - in cl. L.S. Auer. From 1909 he gave concerts as a soloist in St. Petersburg, Riga, Warsaw, Kiev. In 1918–27 he toured abroad. Peace. P. brought fame to a tour of Western countries. Europe, USA and Mexico (1918–26). In 1925 for the performance of Skripich. concert P.I. Tchaikovsky received in the United States 1st Ave at the World. violin competition. In 1927 he returned to the USSR. In 1928–36 prof. Leningrad., In 1936–41 - Moscow. cons. (at the School of Excellence); among the students - M.I. Fikhtengolts and E.G. Gilels. In the repertoire, except for the classics. works, rarely performed works, including Jewish composers - K. Holmark, E. Bloch, I. Akhron. He had a great influence on the formation of owls. violinist. schools, continuing the Auer tradition. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1940).
POLYAKOV Alexander Markovich (b. 1945, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1967). In 1969–92 at Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr., head. sector. Since 1992 - in the USA (Princeton, Institute of Higher Research). Specialist in the region. quantum field theory and statistical. physics. P. - one of the founders of the conformal field theory and scaling phenomena. Built the first consistent quantum theory of magn. monopoles. Made the foundation. discovery in theory - found solutions with finite action and nontrivial topological. charge - instantons. P. plays an important role in the development of topological. methods in field theory. P.'s ideas had a decisive influence on the development of modern. particle physics and mat. physics. Etc. them. D. Heinemann (1985). Int. etc. and medals to them. Dirac (1986, with I. Nambu).
POLYAKOV Boris Isaakovich (b. 1911), radio engineer. He graduated in 1941 Moscow. in-t Ing. communications, defended his diploma in 1947. In 1941–47 - in the army. From 1947 he worked at Radiotech. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participated in the development, construction and commissioning of a 100 MeV linear proton accelerator for the Serpukhov synchrophasotron (1967). Steel, etc. (1951). State pr. USSR (1970).
POLYAKOV Grigory Izrailevich (1903, Yelets, Oryol province - 1982, Moscow), histologist, neuro-morphologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1952), prof. (1955). After graduating from the 2nd Moscow State University (1925) he worked as a doctor; in 1928–82 - at the Ying-those Brain in Moscow, head. lab. structures of the neuron, simultaneously. taught at the 2nd MMI and TsI-UV.Nauch. tr. P. dedicated. anatomy, histology, development of the brain in humans and animals, Ch. arr. morphology of neurons in the cerebral cortex, their evolution and differentiation in the process of ontogenesis; proposed their classification. State pr. USSR (1975). Cit .: Early and middle ontogenesis of the cerebral cortex of the human brain. M., 1937; The problem of the passage of the reflex mechanisms of the brain. M., 1964; Fundamentals of the systematics of neurons in the neocortex in humans. M., 1973.
POLYAKOV Ilya Mikhailovich (1905, Kharkov - 1976), biologist, historian of science. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Nar. education (1926). He taught (1925–34) at the Communist. unte (Kharkov). In 1932–41 and in 1944–48 the head. department of the Kharkov state. un-that. In 1941–44 prof. Tomsk State un-that. From 1947 he worked at the Institute of Genetics and Breeding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (in 1956–63 he was head of the laboratory for the development and fertilization of plants, in 1963–74 he was director). research dedicated experimental botany, theoretical. problems of biology and Darwinism. Investigated the patterns of fertilization of flowering plants. Tr. on the problems of evolutionary theory, direction of evolution, classification of adaptation, etc. Works on the analysis of tr. Ch.Darvin, Il.I. Mechnikov, AT Bolotov and others. Author of the first textbook in the USSR "Course of Darwinism" (1941), several. courses "General biology" (1935–36). Cit .: Jean Baptiste Lamarck and the doctrine of the evolution of the organic world. M., 1962.
POLYAKOV Lazar Solomonovich (1842, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1914, Paris), entrepreneur, public figure. Brother of S.S. Polyakov and Y.S.Polyakov. Privy Councilor (1908). Turkish and Persian gene. consul in Moscow, in 1897 raised to the offspring. nobility (one of the first cases for Jewish businessmen). He began his business career in the 1860s, when, together with his brother, he participated in the construction of the Kursk-Kharkov-Voronezh railway. Since 1871 sinks. 1st guild merchant. In 1873 he opened the banking house "LS Polyakov" in Moscow (capital by 1900 - 5 million rubles). Created one of the largest banking industry in Russia. concerns. To the end. 1890s P.'s banking house controlled the joint stock company. companies in diff. branches of industry with the capital of St. 40 million rubles Ch. shareholder and hands. four commercial. (Moscow international trade., Orlovsky, South-Rus. Prom. And Petersburg-Moscow.) And two land (Moscow and Yaroslavl-Kostroma) banks. insurance (Commercial. insurance company) and a number of trade.-prom. and transp. companies (Moscow company of rubber manufactory, Moscow timber industry company, company for trade and industry in Persia and Central Asia, Moscow company of access roads, Anzeli-Tehran highway, etc. ). Was engaged in charity work: in tech. 35 years ago Moscow the Jewish community; at P.'s house on B. Bronnaya st. a synagogue operated; later, Moscow was built at the expense of P. Choral synagogue; participated in the financing of the building of the Museum of Fine Arts. Alexander III (now the State Museum of Art. Art named after A.S. Pushkin) (one of the halls of the museum was named after P.). In the 1870s-80s. enjoyed the patronage of Moscow. governor-general pr. VA Dolgorukov, contributed to the increase in the Jewish community in Moscow. Due to econ. crisis early. 1900s P.'s banking house collapsed.
POLYAKOV Samuil Solomonovich (1837, Dubrovno, Orshansky u. Mogilev province. - 1888, St. Petersburg), businessman, public figure. Brother of L.S.Polyakov and Y.S.Polyakov. Raised into offspring. nobility. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1861 he took a contract for the transportation of coal from Moscow. Art. Nikolaev railway d. to the Alekseevsky and Mytishchi water lifts. Made myself a fortune during the distribution of the railway. concessions in the 1860s – 70s. Built the Kursk-Kharkovskaya, Kharkov-Azovskaya, Oryol-Gryazskaya, Fastovskaya and Bendero-Galatskaya railways. from the beginning. 1870s owner of Kursk-Azov, Kozlovo-Voronezh-Rostov and Orenburg railways. Then he began to engage in charity: Chl. pl. will take care. about-in; introduced means. funds to the fund of the lyceum "In memory of Tsarevich Nicholas", in 1881 - 200 thousand rubles. for the arrangement of a hostel for students of St. Petersburg. un-that; The first railroad in Russia was founded at Yelets' funds. uch-shche (1867), the first private mining school in the south of Russia at the Korsunsky Kamen.-ug. mines, as well as wives. mountains. gymnasium. Donated funds to the needs of St. Petersburg. and Orsha Jewish communities; at the expense of P. was built thin. fence near St. Petersburg. synagogues. The author of Art. on organization and operation etc.
POLYAKOV Vladimir Solomonovich (1910, Petersburg - 1977, Moscow), writer, director. In the 1920s. studied at LETI, lit. branches of the Higher. state courses of lawsuit (1926–29). In 1926 it was published. P.'s first feuilleton. In 1928 in Leningrad. t-re "Crooked Mirror" was staged a parody play by P. "Solstice". The author of plays for T-ra stage: "Zigzags of Love", "My Hut" (with N. Surin, season 1929/30), etc. After the closure of "Crooked Mirror" (1931) participated in the organization "T- small forms "(1930–33) and created the repertoire of this theater, wrote for the circus. In the late 1930s. began to write pop works. for individual actors. From 1939 he wrote for A.I. Raikin. 1941–45 - at the front. After 1945 P. wrote feuilletons for the performances of Leningrad. t-ra miniatures: "Frankly speaking" (1947), "Love and deceit" (1949), "Around the world in 80 days" (1950), "It's really not a sin to laugh" (1953), "Over a cup of tea" (1954) and others. In 1957 he wrote a script for Raikin f. "We've met somewhere." In 1959-68 he headed the Moscow. tr miniatures. Performances "So, we begin!", "So, we continue!" (later called "Kaleidoscope") delivered by production. P., M.A.Svetlov, B.S.Laskin, V.A. Dykhovichny and others. Since 1965 the theater has had performances-reviews based on P.'s play "Oh, Margarita!", "Be Happy!" and other works: Theater of miniatures. Plays, miniatures, monologues, scenes, dialogues. M., 1970; Seven floors without lift. M., 1974; Comrade Laughter. M., 1976.
POLYAKOV Yaakov Solomonovich (1832, Dubrovno, Orsha district, Mogilev province - 1909, Biarritz, France), businessman. Brother of S.S. Polyakov and L.S.Polyakov. Privy Counselor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was engaged in distilling. From the end. 1860s joint with brothers he was building. D., established the Azov-Don commercial., Donskoy land and other banks. P. - vice-president. Jewish Colonization Society, poch. citizen of Taganrog. Raised into offspring. nobility, but since none of the noble assemblies of Russia agreed to include P. among its members, he was assigned to the nobles of the Don Host Region. At the end of his life he suffered financial ruin.
POLYANA, urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century in P. lived apprx. 60 Jews (6%), in 1924 - 42 Jews. In 1875 the head of the rabbinical court in P. was Eliyahu Titelboim. In 1924, Jews owned four taverns. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
POLYAN, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a stationery in P.
POLYANKER Gershl (Grigory) Isaakovich (b. 1911, Uman, Kiev province), writer. Graduated from Kiev ped. in-t. It was printed from the beginning. 1930s into gas. and zhurn. ("Soviet Literature", "Farmest" and others). The first book. stories "Coilne" ("Coal") was released in 1932. Before the war he published rum. "Shoel der zipnmakher" ("Shoel-sitochnik"), "Shmae gazlen" ("Shmaya the robber"), collection of works. stories "Af yenem breg" ("On the other side") and other books. 1941–45 - at the front. Was printed in gas. "Einikite" published collections of stories "Front-derzeilungen" ("Front stories", 1942) and "Nekome" ("Revenge", 1943). In 1947–48 ch. ed. alm. Der Stern. In 1949 he was repressed. Since 1956 - in Kiev. Author of the book: "Der Becker fun Kolomee" ("Baker from Kolomeya", 1971), "Der lerer fun Medzhibozh" ("Teacher from Medzhibozh", 1982), "Der goirl fun a kinstler" ("The Fate of the Artist", 1985 ), "Iz geven amol a shtetl" ("There was once a place", 1991), etc.
POLYANSKY Motl Srulevich (b. 1910, Sekuryany of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province), composer. Studied in Bucharest with the composer M. Zhora. 1941–44 - in the ball of the city ghetto. Since 1945 teacher in music. school (Chernivtsi). The author of music for the performances of the Bucharest and Chisinau Jewish t-dv, songs to the words of H.V. Beider, Sh.O. Druz, I. Manger, J. Sternberg. Collaborated in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1991 - in Israel. In 1994, Sat. essays and rec. “A loib dem mench” (“Praise to the Man”, 1985).
GLADES, see Uzlyany.
POLARNYE ZORI, a city in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 2002, 11 Jews lived in P.Z.
POLARNY (until 1930 - Aleksandrovsk), a city (from 1939) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1899 as a port and a county town of Arkhangelsk province. In 2002 there were 7 Jews living in P. In 1944 a monument to hero submariners was erected in P. (sculptor A.E. Kerbel).
POLYKOVICHI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Polikovichi Mogilevsky u. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–43, Jews from the Mogilev ghetto were brought to P. and shot. In total, approx. 7 thousand people In 1968, a memorial mound was poured at the place of the execution, at the top of which an obelisk was erected.
POLYSAYEVO, city (since 1989), subordinated to the Leninsk-Kuznetsk mountains. administration in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation) In 2002 4 Jews lived in P.
POLYUSUK Natan Mikhailovich (1922, Rostov-on-Don - 1945, Germany), Hero of the Soviet Union (1946). In the Red Army since 1941. Deputy. com. battalion captain P. was awarded (sing.) the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle in the Seelow area (Germany). He was awarded 2 orders.
POMERANCHUK Isaak Yakovlevich (1913, Warsaw - 1966, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from physical and mechanical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1936). Disciple of L.D. Landay. Until 1943 he worked at Leningrad State University, LFTI, Phys. in-those them. P.N. Lebedev in Moscow. In 1943 he began work on the uranium project in Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Lab. No. 3 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, where since 1949 he was in charge of the theoretical department. Basic research in the field of solid state physics (quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals: the effect of isotopes on this process was taken into account ), the theory of thermal conductivity of dielectrics. From 1943 he was engaged in theoretical calculations of reactors. Together with II, Gurevich substantiated the need for a special (heterogeneous) distribution of uranium blocks in the reactor. Developed the theory of resonant absorption of neutrons in a reactor of this type. Carried out important work on the synchrotron radiation, which influenced the development of physics and technology of accelerators (betatrons). Eat, years of his life he was engaged in the physics of elementary particles and high energies. The most important result is the proof of the equality (at high energies) of the total cross sections for the interaction of a particle and an antiparticle with the same target (Theorem P.). He was a professor at MEPhI for more than 20 years. He created a school of theoreticians. Steel pr. (1950, 1952). Works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of the nucleus. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948 (co-authors with A.I Akhiezer); Coll. scientific. tr. In 3 volumes. M., 1972.
POMERANTS Alexander (1901, Grodno - 1965, New York), literary critic, publicist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1935). Studied at cheder and yeshivas, then graduated from Russian. gymnasium in Minsk. In 1919, for the first time publ. verse, into the gas. Grodner Zeitung. Since 1921 - in the USA. Graduated from ped. college. In the 1st floor. 1920s published in the left-wing Jewish publications, was a member. editorial board of New York journals. "Gamer", "Signal" and "Yugnt". In 1933–35 he was a post-graduate student of the section on literature and criticism at the Institute of Jewish Culture in Kiev. In 1935, the book was published in Kiev. P. "Prolet-pen" (about the history of the Jewish prolet. Literature in the USA). Back in New York, he was sotr. gas. Morgen Freigite and until 1950 amer. Communist Party, from a cut left in connection with the repressions against Jewish culture in the USSR. Together with M. Flaxer, he compiled a bibliography of Jewish literature in the USSR for IVO, wrote biographies of Sov. Jewish writers for the book. S. Niger "Yiddish Schreiber in Soviet-Rusland" ("Jewish Writers in Soviet Russia", 1958). Participated in the ed. academic. "The Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language". In 1955–65 he worked as a bibliographer in the library of the Jewish Theol. seminaries in New York. Author of the book: "A Meidl Fun Minsk" ("Girl from Minsk", 1942), "Caucasus", "Tserisene keitn" ("Broken shackles", both - 1943), "Di sovishishe garuge-malhus" ("Soviet victims ", 1962) and others.
POMERANZ Giuliano (Yehuda) (1901, Vilna - |), composer, pianist. Graduated from the Higher. Berlin School of Music (1923–29). He taught at one of the cons. Berlin. One of the founders and participant of FP. the Erkla quartet, which gave concerts throughout Europe (1924–34). From 1934 - in Italy, worked in radio broadcasting. Op. include music for TV shows, radio, c / f, bal., chamber productions. and Concert for FP. with orc.
POMERANTS Grigory Solomonovich (b. 1918, Vilna), culturologist, publicist. In 1940 he graduated from MIFLI. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946 he was expelled from the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for "anti-party statements." In 1949 he was arrested and convicted. Released in 1953. In 1953–56 he worked as a teacher. Since 1956, bibliographer in the department. countries of Asia and Africa FBON AS USSR, publ. several dozens of abstracts and reviews on the problems of oriental studies. All R. 1960s independent concepts of P. are formed, to-rum are devoted to the article: about the reasons for the decline of Buddhism in mid-century India, about the evolution of Ch'an and Zen, about a special kind of stable coalitions of cultures (subecumene), about the role of time and space scales in modeling ist process, about the general features of the modernization of Russia and Asian countries. The first experiments of philosophers belong to this time. journalism, spread in samizdat: "Two models of cognition", "The moral image of a historical personality", "Quadrillion", "Man from Nowhere" and others. In 1968, for a dissident, P.'s activities were banned from the defense of dis. on the topic "Some currents of religious nihilism", and since 1976 P.'s name was forbidden to be mentioned in the footnotes to publ. in the USSR Art. The first books. P. went abroad: "Unpublished" (Munich, 1971), "Dreams of the Earth" (Paris, 1984), "Openness to the Abyss. Etudes about Dostoevsky ”(New York, 1989). Published Art. in the journal. "Diogenes", "Syntax", "Glasnost". In the USSR, he began to publish in 1988 in the journal. "The peoples of Asia and Africa", "XX century and the world", "Banner", "October", "Questions of philosophy", "New time" and others. Works: Openness to the abyss. Meetings with Dostoevsky. M., 1990; Picking yourself up. M., 1993; Experiments in philosophy and cultural studies. M., 1995.
POMERANTS Isroel-Khaim (1901, Brusilov of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1962, Chicago), publicist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at the gymnasium. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1954 he received his doctorate for his work "The Messianic Idea in 19th Century Jewish Poetry." Since 1960 prof. Department of Jewish Literature at the Chicago College. T. Roosevelt. Participated in the work of IVO, was a member. ed. "The Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language", ed. literary scholar. works and ed. In 1966, the book was published in Haifa. P. in Yiddish “Messianic Motives in Amer. Jewish poetry ".
POMERANTSEV Yuri Borisovich (b. 1923), artist. Since 1942 - in the choir of the T-ra Opera and Ballet. Abaya (Alma-Ata); from 1945 - in the Alma-Ata Youth Theater; in 1953–54 - at the Saratov Youth Theater; from 1954 - in Alma-Ata Russian. dram. theater. Among the roles: Yasha ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov), Jester ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare), Groznov ("Truth is good, but happiness is better" by A.N. Ostrovsky), Shtube ("Rift" B A. Lavreneva), Jester ("King Lear" by Shakespeare) and others. Nar. art. KazSSR (1961).
POMERANTSEV Zinovy ​​Maksimovich (1896, Kharkov - 1978, Moscow), military leader. Major General of Aviation (1940). He graduated from the Jewish gymnasium (1917), Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), military. Pilot School (1929), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1949). From Oct. 1917 - in Kr. Guards, then to Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war, later commanded a squadron, squadron, air brigade. In 1934-36 the beginning. military. schools mor. pilots in Borisoglebsk and the military school of naval pilots. In 1936–40 early. Military-air Ing. academy. In 1940–42 com. air divisions. In 1942 teams. Air Force Zap. French, in 1943–45 teams. Air Force Zakavk. fr., 1945–47 teams. Air army. In 1949–53 the teacher was Military. Academy of the General Staff. From 1953 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
HELPED, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 11 Jewish farms in P. In 1914 Jews owned 2 of 3 grocery and units. iron hardware store in P.
POMORYANY, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1437. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, there were 1,910 Jews (42.7%) in Poland, in 1890 - 1841 (40.2%), in 1900 - 1563 (35.6%), in 1910 - 1268 (29.5%), in 1921 - 799 (23.7%), in 1931 - approx. 900, in 1942 - 1,450 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the beginning. 17th century In 1628, 2 Jewish families lived in P., who maintained inns. A Jewish cemetery was laid in 1654. 18th century Rabbi P. was Rabbi Avrom ben Moishe-Aron (? –1763), later - Dovid-Zvi Oyerbach, Meshulom-Zalman Ashkenazi, in the 19th century. - Avrom Theumim, at the end. 19th century - Meir-Yehuda Eye. In the end. 19th century a Jewish school was opened in P. In the end. 19th century Jews owned 3 mills, 19 out of 23 shops in P. In 1914, 46 Jews were deported from P. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1906–14, the rabbi of P. was Avrom-Mordkhe-Shoil Toib (1875–1917), in 1920-30s - Dovid-Naftoli-Hertz Kagan (1870-1940). All R. 1920s in P. was opened a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 26 oct. 1942 the Jews of Poland (about 1.4 thousand people) were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. The remaining 16 Jewish specialists were shot in July 1943. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P.
POMOSHNAYA, a city (since 1957) in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1868. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Elizavetgradskiy station Kherson province. In 1900 five Jewish families lived in P., in 1923 - approx. 70 Jews (5%), in 1939 - 175 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of P. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century there was trade. In 1914, Jews owned all three bakeries in Petrograd. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Petrograd by the detachments of N.I. Makhno; Jewish shops and houses were ransacked. In 2003, P. had a Jewish population.
PUMPYANI, see Pumpenai.
POMUSH, see Pamushis.
PONARS, see Paneriai.
PONDEL, see Pandelis.
MONDAY, see Pandelis.
PONEMON, see Aukstoji Panemune.
DUMMONS, see Panemunelis.
SNAP, see Panevezys.
PONIKOVITSA, a village in Brody district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1934, 626 Jews (5.5%) lived in P. In the 1920s – 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PONINKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Polonsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1939, 675 Jews (17.7%) lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned 1 of 2 grocery stores in Poland; all three junk dealers in P. were Jews. in P. acted a Jewish drama. circle. 133 Jews worked at the paper factory, and in July 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied P. 2 Sep 1941 in P., the majority of the remaining Jews (more than 500 people) were shot. The rest of the Jews were deported to the Polonny ghetto and killed during the liquidation of the ghetto on June 25, 1942.
PONIZOVIE, a village in the Rudnyansky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Porechsky u. Smolensk Gubernia. 22 Jews lived in P. in 1939. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. One Jew was killed in P.
PONORNITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Koropsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1654. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Krolevetsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1920, Jews constituted 1.9% of the population of P., in 1939 there were 58 Jews living in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. Dec 1941, all Jews remaining in the occupation (about 20 people) were shot.
PONTEKORVO Bruno Maksimovich (1913, Pisa, Italy - 1993, Dubna), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from Pisa University (1931), Roman University (1934). He worked in gr. physicists at hand. E. Fermi (Roman University). In 1936–40 - at the Institute of Radium in Paris, in 1940–42 in the USA he was engaged in neutron logging, in 1943–48 he developed the most powerful heavy water reactor in Canada at that time. In the 1948-50s. at the Harwell Atomic Center in Oxford (Great Britain) (in the same laboratory with K. Fuchs, who passed on the secrets of atomic weapons to the USSR). After Fuks's arrest, he fled to the USSR (1950), where until the end of his life he worked in Dubna as head. sector in the United Institute of Nuclear Research. At the same time. headed the Department of Elementary Particles at Moscow State University (since 1961). Prev Sci. Council on Neutron Physics. nuclear physics, high energy physics, physics of weak interactions, neutrinos and astrophysics. He predicted the existence of isomeric states in stable atomic nuclei and discovered the first isomer. Discovered the phenomenon of nuclear phosphorescence. Suggested by radiochem. methods for detecting neutrinos, in particular the chloroargon method. Thanks to this, a new region arose. - neutrino astronomy. He put forward the idea of ​​neutrino oscillations and pointed out the importance of the weak interaction between neutrinos and electrons for the evolution of stars. Steel, etc. (1953). Linen. pr. (1963). Medal to them. Eotvos Hungarian phys. Ob-va (1975). Comp .: Pion-nucleon scattering and the formation of pions in collisions of pions and nucleons with nucleons. Kiev, 1959; Neutrino and its role in astrophysics. M., 1963.
PONUROVKA, a village in the Starodubsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starodubsky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; 41 Jews lived in P. in 1923.
PONVE Anatol (1899, Irkutsk - |), entrepreneur, public figure. In 1937 he created and until 1941 headed the Jewish community in Kobe (Japan). Since 1941 - in the USA. In the beginning. 1950s head of the Jewish community of Tokyo. He headed the firms and companies A. Ponwe, Eastridge Estates, Temple Hollywood Beth El. Was a member. Founding Council of the Jewish Heritage Foundation (since 1959).
PONYATOVKA, a village in the Razdelnyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ponyatovka (other name - Bolshaya Ponyatovka) of Tiraspolsky u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population, and in 1919 a pogrom broke out in P. by units of the Volunteer Army.
PONYR, an urban-type settlement (since 1971), a regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ponyrs of Fatezhsky u. Kursk province. In 1926, 14 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 3 Jews.
PONYERS, see Ponyrs.
POPASNAYA (in 1936–43 - named after Kaganovich), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1878 as a village at the railway. station in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia In 1923, 197 Jews lived in P., in 1926 - 210, in 1939 - 323 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy at P.18 Nov 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews of P. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR or was mobilized. In 1942, 5 Jews were shot in P. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to P. In 2004, P. had a Jewish population.
POPELNASTOE, a village in the Alexandria district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky district Yekaterinoslav province. In 1926, 111 Jews did not live in the Popelnastovsky district. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. A synagogue functioned in P. in 1913, and in the summer of 1941 almost all Jews in P. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. In aug. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Remaining in the occupation several. Jews were shot in the fall of 1941.
POPELNIKI, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. The Jewish population of Poland was exterminated during the Holocaust.
POPELNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1860s. as a village in Skvirsky u. Kiev Gubernia. 129 Jews (7.3%) lived in P. in 1939. Jews have lived in P. since the village was founded. All R. 1860s Hillel-Arie Lipshitz (1844-1907) was the rabbi in P. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. lumber yard, all 3 grocery, units. a grocery and a manufactory and both iron shops. The Jewish community of Poland suffered during the Civil War. war. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Petrograd by units of the Volunteer Army. After the pogroms, many Jews left P. 1920s - 1930s Jews began to settle again in P. In the summer of 1941 P. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 in P. were shot several. remaining in the occupation of Jews.In 2004, P. had a Jewish population.
POPELYANSKY Yakov Yurievich (1918, Samgorodok of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 2003), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1961). After graduating from the 1st MMI (1940) until 1946 he served as a doctor in the Red Army. After graduating in 1949 graduate school at the Research Institute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, he worked as an assistant, Assoc. at the departments of psychiatry honey. institutes in Chisinau and Orenburg (1950–55). In 1955–56, a neuropathologist at Moscow polyclinics; from 1957 Assoc., from 1961 Head. chair nerve. diseases of the Novokuznetsk Institute of advanced training for doctors; since 1967 head. chair nerve. diseases of Kazan honey. Institute of Science. tr. P. dedicated. in the main. spinal cord pathology. Research spinal cord blood supply, connection of peripheral diseases. nerve. systems with spinal pathology; described autonomic syndromes in cervical and lumbar osteochondrosis. A number of works dedicated. parkinsonism, neuroinfection, history of neurology. On the basis of the department nerve. diseases of Kazan honey. Institute created and headed the center of vertebro-neurology. Vol .: Cervical osteochondrosis. M., 1966; Guide to vertebral diseases of the nervous system. Kazan, 1974; 4th ed. 1986; Diseases of the peripheral nervous system. M., 1989.
BURNED, see Papile.
POPILE, see Papilis.
POPLAVA, a village in the Klichevsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created. In oct. - nov. 1941, 300 ghetto prisoners were shot, and in 1965 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the dead Jews.
POPOK Yakov Abramovich (1894, Khislavichi Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. - 1938), politician. From 1909 he lived in Yekaterinoslav, where he joined the roar. movement and joined the RSDLP. In 1912-14 - in exile. In 1915 he was drafted into the army, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers, deserted due to the threat of arrest. In 1917, before. district to-that party. From the beginning. 1918 in Moscow, head. fuel dep. Mossovet. During the Civil. war - the organizer of the department. labor in Ukraine, deputy. early Political Department of the Reserve Army Yugo-Vost. fr., early. Political Department of the 2nd Cavalry Army, member. Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasus. IN. In 1921-22 the head. the organizational department of the Pskov provincial committee of the RCP (b), before. Gubernia Trade Council in Pskov, then in Bryansk. In 1922–24 he studied at the courses of Marxism under the Socialist. academy in Moscow. In 1924-29 sec. Zlatoust, Amur and Chita district committees of the party, in 1929-30 instructor of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1930-37 1st sec. Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Turkmenistan, in 1937–38 1st sec. Regional Committee of the CPSU (b) ASSR Volga Germans. Affairs. 15-17th Congresses of the CPSU (b). Repressed.
Popovka, see Smirnovo, Zaporozhye region.
POPOVO, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Papi of the province of Ugrian Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1661 there was one Jewish homeowner in Petrograd. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population.
POPOVSCHINA, a village in the Romny district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grain shop in P.
POPOVTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth (in 1672–99 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mogilev u. In 1847, 532 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 511 (14.7%), in 1939 - 850 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the 17th century. In 1681 there was one Jewish homeowner in P. In the 18th century. there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1882–1903, P. were closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1914 a synagogue functioned in P. The Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse for pharmacy goods, both grocery stores and all four manufacturing shops in Poland. In 1918–20, the Jews of Poland suffered from pogroms. in P. worked courses "Ge-Halutz" on the preparation of Jews for physical. labor in E.-I. In July 1941, P. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–44 there was a camp in P., in which local Jews and Jews from Bessarabia were placed. An underground group was created in the camp, which was led by Kotsman. In Jan. 1943 1200 people were kept in the camp. Bessarabian Jews for 1 Sept. 1943, there were 829 people. From hunger and disease in the camp, in the main. In winter 1941/42, 790 people died. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P.
CROSS, see Demidov.
PORETSKY Nathan Markovich (Ignatius Rayet, Ludwig) (1899-1937, Switzerland), an employee of the special services. In the school years he joined the roar. movement. Law student Faculty of Vienna University joined the Communist Party of Austria. In 1920-23 - in illegal work in Poland. Until 1926 - in the Ruhr region. Germany. On the recommendation of V. Krivitsky, he was sent to Moscow to study at special. military courses. scouts at the Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1928 he was awarded an order. Of the Red Banner. In 1936 from Intelligence. ex. The Red Army moved to Inostr. dep. NKVD USSR, continued to work in intelligence in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In July 1937 he broke with the owls. intelligence; sent a letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) about disagreement with the policy of J.V. Stalin. Killed by NKVD agents.
PORITSK, see Old Poritsk.
PORKHOV, city (since 1777), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1329.From 1478 - as part of Rus. state-va. From 1777 it became a district town of the Pskov governorship, then a province. In 1866 59 Jews lived in P., in 1879 - 27 Jewish families, in 1892 - 46 families, in 1897 - 285 Jews (5%), in 1910 - 274 (4 , 2%), in 1923 - 239, in 1926 - 264, in 2002 - 1 Jew. In 1879, among the Jews of P. there were 22 artisans, 5 retired soldiers, in 1892 - 38 artisans, 3 merchants of the 2nd guild. In 1895, a synagogue was officially opened in P., which was subordinate to the rabbi of Pskov. In 1910, P. had a Jewish cemetery. On July 11, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A camp was created where prisoners of war and several. dozens of Jews from the Riga ghetto. In the summer of 1943, the Jews of P. (40 people) were shot. Several Jews taken out of the Riga ghetto fled to the partisans. M.V. Vladimirov.
THRESHOLD, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 154 Jews lived in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. On Sept. 1942 Jews from P. were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and were killed there.
GUNPOWDER, now part of Yampol (Ukraine). Main as a suburb of Yampol. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1787, approx. 10 Jews.
PORONAYSK (in 1905–46 - Shikuka), a city (since 1946), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1869 as Tikhmenevsky post. In 1905–45, it was a part of Japan, and from 1945 it was a part of the RSFSR. In 2002, 3 Jews lived in P.
POROSHKOVO, a village in the Perechinsk region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1552. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38, it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 45 Jews (5.5%) lived in P. in 1848. 19th century a Jew owned a tavern in P. In 1919 they are. Jews rented land, including P. Friedman - 60 hectares, Eiser - 35 hectares. They also owned a shop and a tavern. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
POROZOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Svisloch district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Volkovyskogo u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847, 379 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 931 (45.9%), in 1921 - 567 Jews. P. operated a synagogue. Since 1895, the rabbi was Yosef Ravich (1870–?), From 1896 - Shloyme Fainzilber (1871–?), From 1905 - Aron-Dovid Kosovsky (1856–?). In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a tavern and 5 shops in P. (including both grocers). In the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same year, a ghetto was created on the outskirts of P. In the spring of 1942, 354 Jews were shot in P. M.A.Amiel, D.I.Rosenstein.
PORTER Jack Newsan (b. 1944), sociologist, writer. Doctor of Philosophy (1971). Since 1946 - in the USA. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee (1967) and North-West. un-t (1969). Ed. "Journal of History and Sociology". Author of the book: "Jewish Radicalism", "Sociology of American Jews", "Jewish Partisans in the Soviet Union" (2 volumes), "Facing History and the Catastrophe", "The Jew as an Outsider", "Sexual Politics in Nazi Germany" ( et al.); OK. 200 st. in decomp. zhurn. PEN-club member. In ate, years - an entrepreneur, president. The Spencer Group and the Spencer School of Real Estate.
PORTNOI Kim Isaevich (1910, Bratskoe Yelizavetgradskogo u. Kharkov province. - 1989, Moscow), scientist in the field of materials science. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold (1937), then graduate school in the same place. In 1942–89 he worked at the All-Russian Aviation Research Institute. materials in Moscow. Main works are related to the development of technology for casting aluminum and magnesium alloys for aviation. industry, as well as refractory compounds for reactor building and other nuclear technology. Created regulating and absorbing materials used in Sov. atomic icebreakers. Initiator and hand. works in the region. intermetallic and dispersion-hardened alloys, on the basis of which materials for aviation were created. technology. From the beginning. 1970s developed a new scientific. ex. in materials science - created. metallic composite materials. Created scientific. school of powder metallurgy and composite materials. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR, Works: Magnesium alloys. M., 1952 (with A.A. Lebedev); Calculation of interaction and phase stability. M., 1981 (et al.); Oxygen compounds of rare earth elements. Directory. M., 1986 (with N.I. Timofeeva).
PORTNOI Rakhmil Markovich (1908, Varzareshty, Bessarabian province - 1965), playwright, literary critic. He wrote in mold. lang. Graduated from Chernivtsi University. He worked as a school teacher. After 1945 sotr. in the journal. "October". He made his debut with the one-act play "Dupe Statue" ("According to the Statute", 1951). It was followed by multi-act plays, staging sharp psychological. problems ("Lapushnitsa's Song", "Flightless Birds", etc.). Author of the monographs "Ion Creange" (1955), "Andrei Lupan" (1958), as well as collection of works. literary scholar. Art .: "Analysis and Assessment" (1959); “Critical. responses "(1963); “Critical. articles "(1966). Translated into mold. lang. plays: "Egor Bulychov and others" by M. Gorky, "The Cherry Orchard" by AP Chekhov, "The Thunderstorm" by AN Ostrovsky, "Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere.
PORTOV Leonid Abramovich (1899 - 1942, Leningrad), composer. From 1934 he worked in Leningrad. radio-ones. Author of music for many radio performances and films. He died of dystrophy, leaving an unfinished symphony.
PORTUGAL Mendel (1888, Bessarabian province - 1917), public figure. Party roar. movement. In 1905 - among the hands. detachments of Jewish self-defense. From 1906 - in E.-I., S.-kh. worker, watchman. One of the founders of self-defense organizations "Bar Giora" (1907) and "Ha-Shomer" (1909).
PORTUGALOV Veniamin Osipovich (1835, Poltava - 1896, Samara), doctor, publicist, public figure. Studied for honey. faculty of Kharkov (1854–58) and Kiev high fur boots (from 1859), participated in the organization of Sunday schools in Kiev. For participation in the student. unrest in 1860 was expelled from un-that. In 1862 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University, worked as a doctor in Poltava, in the same year for participation in illegal roar. circles was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, then exiled. He lived in Shadrinsk and Cherdyn, Perm province, where he took up journalism: the first essay "Shadrinsk and Cherdyn" was published. in the "Archive court. medicine ”, later published Art. in "Delo" and "Week" (ch. arr. on hygiene). Krasnoufimsky city doctor, then head. mining medical plots in the Urals, studied the life and health of miners. The result of the study. was the essay "Hygiene of miners". In 1870–80, a zemstvo doctor in Kamyshlov, Samara, Vyatka, Buguruslan. Collaborated in the journal. "Rus. wealth "," Rus. thought "," Bulletin of education "," Med. bulletin "," Rus. life "," Strana "," Rumor ", etc. One of the first in Russia in the treatment of alcoholism began to give patients subcutaneous injections of strychnine. Author popul. brochures about drunkenness ("Drunkenness is the ruin of man", "Drunkenness as a social disease", "The fight against alcoholism", etc.). He ate, years of his life was engaged in the device of bunks. readings in the Samara mountains. t-re. Author tr. "Questions of societies, hygiene" (1874) and zhurn. Art .: "A guide for paramedics", "Judaism and science", "Znamenat. movement in Jewry "," Improvement of cities "," One-sided hygiene ", etc.
PORUBNOE, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tereblecha province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population, after being occupied by parts of the Romanians. army in P. in July 1941, 16 Jews were killed.
PORUDOMINSKY Ilya Mironovich (1890 - 1968, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1936). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kazan un-that (1916) until 1920 served in the military. a doctor; in 1920–22 the chief physician of the dermatovenerologic specialist. hospitals in Novosibirsk; in 1922–68 at the Center, dermatovenerologic. in-those in Moscow (scientific worker, deputy head of the department of urology, head of the department of urology, scientific consultant). Member reign of Vses. and Mosk. Society of Urologists and Vses. Society of Dermatovenereologists. tr. P. dedicated. in the main. questions of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea, sexual disorders in men and male infertility, diagnosis of prostate diseases. He was engaged in the problems of pharmacotherapy urological. diseases. He proposed the classification of gonorrheal urethritis, sexual disorders. One of the founders and first hand. dermatovenerologic. dispensaries in the USSR. Cit .: Gonorrhea of ​​men and women. Sverdlovsk, 1947 (et al.); Gonorrhea. M., 1952; Sexual disorders in men. M., 1957; Infertility in men. L., 1964; Sexual disorders in men. Etiology, clinic and treatment. M., 1968 Son P. - Vladimir (b. 1928, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1950). Since 1994 - in Germany. Works: Garshin. M., 1962; Pirogov. M., 1965; The man of his word collected ...: Pov. about V.I. Dale. M., 1966; Nikolay Ge. M., 1970; I. N. Kramskoy. M., 1974.
POSAD-Pokrovskoe, a village in the Belozersk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson province. 2005 in P.-P. there was a Jewish population.
POSENICHI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 and 1942 Jews and prisoners of war from concentration camps were shot in P. In total, 17 433 people were shot. In 1993, a memorial sign was installed at the site of the mass shootings.
Sowing, urban-type settlement (since 1932) in the Cherepanovsky district of the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, there were 7 Jews living in P.
Poshekhonye (in 1918–92 - Poshekhonye-Volodarsk), a city, a regional center in the Yaroslavl Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century as with. Perthom. Since 1777 it has been the district town of Poshekhonye in the Yaroslavl governorship, since 1796 it has been the province. 15 Jews lived in P. in 1910, 6 Jews in 1926, and 2 Jews in 1939.
POSHEKHONYE-VOLODARSK, see. POSHEKHONYE.
POSHUSHUVE, see Pashushvis.
POSHVITIN, see Pashvitinis.
BLUE, see Pasiene.
AMBASSADOR, see Ambassador.
POSOLSKOE, a village in the Kabansky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Main all R. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - Art. Ambassadorial Selenginsky okr. Transbaikal region. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the end. 19th century br. The Wassermans owned a cannery. In 1914, Jews owned the only manufacturing and grocery stores.
POSOP, now part of the city of Saransk (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Saransky u. Penza Province. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in P.
POSTAVA, a city (since 1940), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1847 551 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1,310 (54.6%), in 1921 - approx. 2500, in 2000 - 14 Jews. 20th century in P. there were 3 synagogues, philanthropists. about-va "Gakhnosas Orkhim" and "Linas ha-Tzedek". In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods and 34 stores in P. (including 11 grocery stores, all 5 manufactures, all 4 fur stores, and a single tobacco store). Among the Jews there were 2 timber merchants. In 1915 a private Jewish school operated in P., and there were cheders. 31 Aug. 1915 a pogrom broke out in P., organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. 2 and 19 Sept. 1915, after capturing P., the Cossacks again staged pogroms, during which Jewish houses and shops were completely looted, Jews, including those who had hidden in the synagogue, were beaten; soldiers tore apart the Torah scrolls. The Rabbis of Poland in the 20th century. there were Lubavitch Hasidim: in the 1900s. - Menachem-Mendel Kuperstok, 1910–20s. - Arie-Leib Friedman. 1920–30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a school of the "Tarbut" network. On July 6, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, headed by the dentist Rubinstein. On Feb. In 1942 a ghetto was created in P. (Gorky Street), in which there were more than 1,000 local Jews and approx. 1 thousand delivered from the surrounding us. points. An underground group headed by Shmuel Zaslavsky operated in the ghetto. The ghetto was liquidated in the end. nov. 1942 In 1956, a stele was erected on the grave of ghetto prisoners, and a Jewish cemetery was preserved in P. Avrom-Dovid Shub (1887–1973, Miami, USA), publicist, from 1908 - in the USA, from 1924 - ed. gas. "Forverts", the author of several books on the history of the communist. movement.
POSTOVSKY Isaak Yakovlevich (1898, Odessa - 1980, Moscow), organic chemist. Prof. (1933), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). In 1924 he graduated from the Higher. tech. school in Munich. He worked in the same lab. prof. G.E. Fisher. From 1926 he taught at the Ural Polytechnic. in-those. Main scientific. work related to the study of the structure and physiology of organic activity. conn., research. in the region. tautometry, color theory, with the definition of the influence of spaces, factors on the reaction. ability to organic. Comm., with the chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic. conn. In the 1920s. research the structure of natural organic. pigments and porphyrins. In 1938 he synthesized (with LN Goldyrev) new sulfonamides, including sulfidine, which he organized in 1941–45 at the Sverdlovsk Chemical Pharmaceutical Plant. He created new anti-tuberculosis drugs, as well as promising antineoplastic compounds, capable of actively removing strains from the body. and radioactive metals. Participated in the organization of the production of fluoroorganic. connections, in the study. coal chemistry. and petrochem. bases of the Urals. Became. pr. (1946, 1952).
POSTYSHEVO, see Krasnoarmeysk, Donetsk region.
POSUKHOVKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in P.
POSVIRZH, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population; in the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In apr. 1942 Jews from P. were deported to Bukachevtsi and subsequently exterminated.
BASED, see Pasvalis.
POSYAGVA, a village in the Goshchansky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1800, several people lived in P. Jewish families, in 1897 - 31 Jews, in 1900 - 11 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of Poland in the 19th century. there were crafts.
POTAPOVA Zlata Mikhailovna (1918, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1977). She graduated from the Romanesque department MIFLI (1941). In the years of the 2nd world. war worked at VOKS. Published since 1950. In 1952–84 she worked at IMLI. One of the authors of "History of the French. literature ”(article on naturalism, brothers Goncourt, J. Bernet, M. Pruste). Main the work of P. dedicated. ital. literature of the 19th and 20th centuries (works by G. Leopardi, V. Pratolini, C. Pavese and others), problems of Russian-Italian. lit. connections. P. is one of the authors of “History of Ital. literature of the XIX-XX centuries "(M., 1990). Italian translator. prose (A. Moravia, Pratolini, G. Rodari, M. Venturi), as well as Romanians, writer C. Petrescu. Among the lane. P. - "The Adventures of Cipollino" Rodari. Cit .: Neorealism in Italian literature. M., 1961; Russian-Italian lit. communication. Second half of the 19th century. M., 1973; Italian romance today. M., 1977.
POTAPOVICHI, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1919 a pogrom took place in P.
POTASH, a village in Talnovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both timber yards, unity. grocery and manufactory and unity. the kerosene shop in P.
Potash Rekuda (1903, Czestochov, Petrokiv province - 1965, Jerusalem), poet. From 1924 she lived in Lodz, where she was a member. youth group Jewish writers. From 1934 - in E.-I., from 1935 until the end of her life she worked as a librarian in Jerusalem. In 1922 publ. in Lodz. gas. first poems in Yiddish. Printed lyric. poems, short stories, children. fairy tales, lit. essay. First book. verse, and the poem "Screw oif keys" ("Wind on the keys") was published in Lodz in 1934, the second book. "Fun kodron-tol" ("From the gloomy valley") in London in 1952. Author of dramas, production, was engaged in translations.
POTASHNIK Mark Matusovich (b. 1941, Chelyabinsk), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1988), prof. (1995), acad. RAO (1995). Graduated from chem. Faculty of Moscow State University (1962), worked as a teacher, deputy. dir., dir. in schools in Moscow. Since 1976 - in the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences: Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of General Problems of Education, Head. lab. Institute of Management and Economics Nar. education, ch. scientific. sotr. Inst. education and prof. MGPI. Osn. problematic research. - organization of intra-school management, the formation and development of innovative educational institutions. Works: Pedagogical creativity: development problems and experience. Kiev, 1988. Optimization of the pedagogical process, 12th ed. M., 1990; School development as an innovative process. M., 1994.
POTASHNYA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned two of the three grocery stores in Poland. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P. Of the 1,300 Jews placed in the camp, 1,163 died of hunger and disease.
POTELICH, a village in the Zhovkva district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1430. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 112 Jews lived in P., in 1880 - 259 (9%), in 1900 - 335 (10.3%). in 1921 - 269 (8%), in 1931 - approx. 400 Jews. The first information about the Jews of Poland dates back to 1487. In the beginning. 17th century Jews owned 15 houses in P. Rabbi P. at the beginning. 17th century was Dovid Segal. In 1870-1917 the rabbi of P. was Menachem-Mendel Landman (1840-1917), who founded the Hasidic dynasty. After the death of M.-M. Landman, the dynasty was headed by his son Itskhok (1870-1942), who moved to the beginning. 1920s to Ravu-Russkaya. In the 1920s. Rabbi P. was Yakov Lifshits. In the 1920s – 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1942 Jews from P. were sent to the Rava-Russkaya ghetto.
POTELYAKHOV Rafail Sholomovich (1868, Bukhara - |), entrepreneur. Rod. in the family of a cotton merchant. In 1889 he moved to Kokand, where he sold ready-made fabrics. One of the pioneers of cotton farming (in the Fergana Valley). By the beginning. 20th century P.'s firm became the leading one in the Central Asian region, recognition was the election in 1907 of the foreman of the Kokand stock exchanges. to-that. Maintained the post. bargain. communication with Center. Russia, supplying raw materials for hl.-boom. prom-sti. In 1913, with the assistance of bargaining. houses "L. Knop" and Mosk. merchant. the bank was formed by ac. firm "Potelyhovskoe torg.-prom. t-in "with DOS. capital of 2 million rubles, combined. 10 prom. pr-th dec. industries (hl-purification., butter., soap-brewer., tab. z-dy), headed by P. On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, he was ousted from the business by partners who forced him to sell counter. package of shares and liquidate bargaining. business.
POTEMKINO, a village in the Pochinkovsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krasninsky district Smolensk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grain warehouse; unity. a timber merchant in P. was a Jew.
POTI, city (Georgia). Main in 1578 as a fortress of Calais Fache. In 1578-1828 - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1858 - a port city in Senaki district. Kutaisi province. In 1918–21, it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91, in the Georgian SSR. In 1886, 161 Jews (1.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 234 (3.2%), in 1908 - 822, 1910 - 744, in 1911 - 933, in 1915 - 847, in 1917 - 850, in 1922 - 295 (2.6%), in 1926 - 222 (including 161 Georgian Jews), in 1939 - 477, in 1970 - 1117, in 1979 - 274 Jews (including 168 Georgian Jews). the sphere of economic. activity of Jews in P. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, including from abroad. countries. In the 1850s and 60s. bargain. the factories in P. were owned by Tskhakuniya Mikhelashvili; his nephew Aron at the end. 19th century opened bargaining in P. office them. Dreyfus for export trade. 1860s. there was a synagogue in P. Iosif Moshevich (? –1871) was one of the first khakhams and shokhets in P. In the beginning. 20th century there was a Jewish cemetery in P. 20th century, after the death of Rabbi P., an Ashkenazi Jew, a conflict arose between Ashkenazi and Georgian Jews; both sides believed that a new rabbi should be elected from among them. After many years of disagreements, M.M. became a rabbi in P. (in 1918). Elashvili (1852-1938). In P. in the beginning. 20th century two Zionist organizations arose; in 1903, thanks to the leaders of the Georgian Zionists M.L. Streicher and I.Neyfakh, these organizations merged. A committee was elected, which included 2 Ashkenazi and 2 Georgian Jews. Representative of the Social-Democrats of the Jewish party S.M. Topchiashvili in August. 1917 was elected to the mountains. Council. In 1929, a branch of Gruzevkombed was opened in P. (closed in 1936), with the help of which Jewish enterprises and collective farms were created in the city. In 1938, Rabbi M.M. Elashvili was arrested, and in 1942 the synagogue in P. was closed. The synagogue was reopened at the beginning. 1945 (Tskhakaya St., 35). On ordinary days, up to 60 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - up to 180 people. The rabbi was Khaim Aronovich Mikhelashvili (1896-1977). The synagogue was closed again at the beginning. 1953 and opened after the death of J.V. Stalin. In 1969, Kh.A. Mikhelashvili and his sons Aron and Albert signed a "letter of 18" with a request to influence the USSR production to allow them to leave for Israel; The letter was sent to the UN by the Rabbis of Poland in the 20th century. were: Eliyahu (Elo) Aronovich Khakhiashvili (1878-1958), Khaim-David Shelomovich Elikishvili (1902-1976), Khaim Zeldin (? -1980), Simanshay Menashirovich Kokiashvili (1934-1990) and others. In 2000 lived in P. OK. 10 Jewish families. In P. genus: L. M. Biberman; Daniel Semenovich Magalashvili (b. 1934), engineer, in 1984–94 - general. dir. Potiysk shipbuilder. w-yes, honored. engineer of the Georgian SSR (1985), since 1994 - in Israel.D.M. Khananashvili
POTIEVKA, a village in the Belotserkovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned four grocery stores in P.
POTOCHANY, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 14 Jews lived in P., and in 1939 - 15 Jews.
POTOKI, a village in the Katerinopolsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a pharmacy, a tavern, 3 manufacturing and grocery stores in P. In 1918–20, the Jewish population of P. was repeatedly subjected to pogroms: by the bands of Ataman Trepetov - 5 times, Ataman Zeleny - 4 times, Ataman Kodinov - 4 times, Ataman Lopatin - 1 time (2 killed), units of the Volunteer Army - 3 times (6 killed). After the third pogrom, organized by units of the Volunteer Army and accompanied by killings, the Jews left P .; 24 Jewish families fled to Boguslav; 35 Jews died from epidemics.
POTORITSA, a village in Sokalsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1492. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1565 there was 1 Jewish family in P., in 1856 - 40 Jews, in 1926 - St. 60 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to Sokal and shot there.
POTOTSKY, see Severinovka, Odessa region.
POVAROVO, a holiday village in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 35 Jews lived in P.
POVENETS, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Medvezhyegorsk region of the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. From 1777 it was the district town of the Olonets governorate, from 1796 - the Arkhangelsk province, and from 1802 - the Olonets province. In 1896, 21 Jews lived in P., in 1910 - 12 Jews, in 1939 - 29 Jews.
POVITIE, a village in the Kobrin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 107 Jews lived in Poland. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery and both grocery and haberdashery shops. In the summer of 1941, Poland occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, 118 Jews were deported from P. to Divin, where they were shot together with local Jews.
POVORINO, city (since 1954), a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novokhopersky u. Voronezh Gubernia. In 1939, 18 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 3 Jews.
POVORSK, a village in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Povorsk (other name - Povursk) Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 37 Jews lived in P. (4.7%), in 1939 - approx. 200 Jews. occupation of Jews P. in the beginning. 20th century there were trade and crafts. In 1914 the Jews owned the grocery and the unity. a kerosene shop in Petrograd in the 1920s – 1930s. Rabbi P. - Citrine (? –1942). On June 26, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Aug 29. 1941 Jews from the surrounding area were deported to P. points. A ghetto was created, in which an underground organization operated. 2 Sep 1942 in P. was shot apprx. 200 Jews.
POVSTIN, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 3 Jewish farms in P.
POVURSK, see Povorsk.
POVZNER Alexander Yakovlevich (1915, Poltava - 2007), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). Graduated from the Kharkov state. un-t (1936), graduate school at the Kharkov Institute of Mathematics (1938). He worked in the Kharkov state. un-those (1938–41), in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960–69), in the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1969). Main research results. in functional analysis and mat. Physics, Cit .: Application of operat. methods for solving some problems mat. physics. Kharkov, 1954 (jointly with Z.S. Agranovich).
POISIK Eliegu (1859, Zlatopol Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1932, Zorivka), rabbi. In 1881–88, the rabbi of Mikhailovka (Kiev province), in 1888–1915, the rabbi in Olgopol (Podolsk province), in 1915–32 - in Zorivka. One of the largest rabbinical authorities in Russia con. 19 - early. 20th century The author of two books. respons, ed. in 1886 and 1928–33, and a number of other books. by decomp. questions of Halakha. Son of P. - Hillel (1888, Zlatopol - 1953, Tel Aviv), rabbi. From the end. 1900s rabbi of Zlatopol. In 1921–35 - in Romania, rabbi in Markuleshty and Tatarbunary (Bessarabia). Since 1935 - in E.-I. In 1940–53, the publisher of relig. zhurn. "Ha-Posek". The author of the book. by decomp. religious questions.
POYUROVSKY Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Kharkov), theater expert, theater critic. Cand. lawsuit (1982). In 1955 he graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of Kharkov Theater. in-that. In 1964–74 pom. ch. dir. by lit. parts in the State. t-re dolls under control. S.V. Obraztsova. Published since 1953. Author of the book, Art. and reviews of performances, playwrights, actors, stage and television, publ. in periodic. print. Compiled and edited by 2-volume Art. I. I. Yuzovsky, collection "Andrey Mironov" (1991), "About Zavadsky" (1993), "Rostislav Yanovich Plyatt" (1994) and others. Author of TV programs: "About Shustrik and Myamlik", cycles "Theatrical poster", "Attention! We turn on the auditorium ”,“ Theatrical portraits ”,“ Theatrical meetings ”, as well as radio programs:“ The artist is always on the road ”,“ Heir to Melpomene, ”and others. In 1969–91, the dean, later the rector of Nar. theater, un-that DK ZIL. Honored. worker of lawsuits in the Russian Federation (1994). Cit .: The story of how they become puppeteers. M., 1971; Maria Mironova, Alexander Menaker. M., 1978; They were near theatrical. M., 1990.
POYURZH, see Payuris.
PODIMIRZH, see Pozdimir.
POZDYMIR, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Later, the Sokal district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 25 Jews were deported from P. and subsequently exterminated.
POZELVE, see Zyalva.
POZEN Mikhail Pavlovich (1798 - 1871), statesman. State Secretary (1836), Privy Councilor (1842). The son of a doctor. Received education at home. In 1817–23 he served in the Department of Nar. education, in 1823–25 in the Department of State. property, in 1825-28 in the Department of miscellaneous taxes and fees. From 1828 he was an official for special assignments under the manager of the Military. min-vom, then - in the office of the military. min. and in the office of Ch. headquarters, from 1832 Art. official, since 1834 - manager of the military-field office of his im. majesties, at the same time. since 1834 Committee for reporting and bookkeeping at the Military. min-ve. Since 1837, the manager of the Committee for the organization of the Transcaucasian Territory, the author of the draft "Regulations on the Administration of the Transcaucasian Territory" (1839), also participated in the compilation of the "Code of Military. laws "(from 1838). In 1843 he was appointed temporarily manager of the 6th division of the Own. his imp. majesty of the office (in charge of the affairs of the Transcaucasian region). From 1845 - retired. In 1859–61 as cases. from the Poltava nobility participated in the preparation of the cross, the reform of 1861. Compiled by P. "Notes concerning the abolition of serfdom in Russia" publ. in French lang. in Dresden in 1864.
POZERN Boris Pavlovich (ps. Zlobin Stepan) (1882, Nizhny Novgorod - 1939, Moscow), politician. Rod. in the family of a doctor. From 1900 he studied honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1902 he was exiled to Siberia, in 1903 - to Nizhny Novgorod for the revolt. activity among students. Since 1902, members RSDLP, member. Nizhny Novgorod and Samara to-tos of the party. Since 1915 he served in the Zemsky Union. From Feb 1917 pre. Minsk Council, member. Petrogr. to-ta RSDLP (b), Commissioner of the North. front. Since March 1918, member. commissariat for military. affairs, Commissioner of Petrokommuna, Commissioner of Petrograd. VO, part. RVS of the Baltic Fleet and the 7th Army; in 1919–20 p. RVS Zap., Vost. fr., 5th Army. After demobilization in 1922 in Glavtextile; from 1923 agitator MK RCP (b), secretary. Petrogr. and other provincial party committees. In 1906 he participated in the Stockholm Congress of the RSDLP from the MK with a consultant. voice, in the work of Vseros. conf. in Tammerfors. Affairs. 6th and 8th congresses of the RCP (b); in 1923–30 p. Central Control Commission, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1930). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed, shot. Author of publicistic. book: "Opposition at the XV Party Conference" (b. g.), "How the Opposition" Defends the USSR "(Moscow-Leningrad, 1928) and other works: The Communist Party and the Peasantry. L., 1925; New tasks and new working conditions for engineer-tech. workers. L., 1931.
POZI Isroel-Arie (real family member Pozikov) (1893, Chigrinovka, Mogilev province - |, Los Angeles), writer, playwright. He studied at the yeshiva, then at the tech. uch-shche, passed exams externally for a real school. From 1914 - in Great Britain, from 1920 - in the USA. He was a teacher in Chicago Jewish schools, then moved to New York, where he acquired his own. typography. Published stories, essays, correspondence in Jewish periodicals. ed. USA and Canada, as well as in English. zhurn. In 1949-50 he edited the Jewish month. in English. lang. In 1929 his rum was released in Vilna. "Shalit un Tamara" ("Shalit and Tamara"). From dramas, manuf. P. naib. Excerpt: Der binstock (Beehive, 1927), Der oufstandfundi kinder (Revolt of Children, 1930), Yesh (Despair, 1931), Trukene beiner (Dry Bones ", 1932)," Haknkreutz "(" Swastika ", 1935), etc.
POZIN Max Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1910, Petersburg - 1994, ibid.), Chemical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. (1948). Graduated from Leningrad. technol. Institute (1931). He worked as a scientist. sotr., then deputy. dir. State Institute of Applied Chemistry. Deer. Ural chemical. Institute (1942–43), early. dep. People's Commissariat for Chemical Industry of the USSR (1943–45). In 1945–86 the head. department in Leningrad. technol. in-those. Since 1986 professor-consultant of the same institute. Region scientific. interests: chem. kinetics in heterogeneous systems, technology of inorganic substances. och. chemist of the USSR (1978), hon. Dr. Veszpremsky University (Hungary, 1968). Works: Technology of mineral salts, parts 1–2. 4th ed. L., 1974; Mineral fertilizer technology. (Textbook for universities). 6th ed. L., 1989; Physical and chemical foundations of inorganic technology. (Study guide). 2nd ed. SPb., 1993 (co-authored with R.Yu. Zinyuk).
POZNANSKY Adolf (1854, Lubranets of Wloclaw district. Warsaw province - 1920, Vienna), rabbi. Brother of Sh.-A. Poznansky. Studied at decomp. European high fur boots, including at the Sorbonne. In 1888–91 - rabbi in Reichenberg and Pilsen. Before the 1st world. During the war, he began teaching the Jewish religion in the gymnasiums of Vienna. In 1904 he published on it. lang. tr. "Shiloh, An Introduction to the History of Messianic Doctrine," prepared for ed. tr. Avraham bar Khii "Megilat ha-megal" (published in 1924).
POZNANSKY Shmuel-Avrom (1864, Lubranets Wloclawski u. Warsaw province - 1921, Warsaw), historian, teacher. Brother of A. Poznansky. Studied in Warsaw, Berlin, Heidelberg. Doctor of Philosophy (1895). Publ. scientific. work in gas. "Gaynt", "Ha-Tsefire", "Dos Yiddish Folk" and other ed. Since 1897, a rabbi in Warsaw. Sci. research in the region. linguistics, Hebrew, history of Karaites, history of Maghreb, history of Arabic-Jewish literature. Affairs. 1st Zionist. Congr. Founder of the Jewish ped. Institute in Warsaw. Was sotr. "Jewish Encyclopedia" and other scientific. ed. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, German, Russian. and other languages.
POZNER Solomon Vladimirovich (ps. Stellin) (1876, Minsk - 1946, Paris), journalist, public figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In the beginning. 1900s was published in Russian. Jewish ed. He entered the creation. in 1902 "Union of Liberation". From 1903 - in France. On behalf of the "Bureau of Defense" supplied the French. press information about the situation of Jews in Russia. Collaborated periodically. ed .: "Humanite", "Radical", "Le Europen". In 1905 he founded the publishing house "Correspondence Rus". In 1912–21 - in Russia, he headed the publishing house "Reason". There was a fact. coordinator of Petrograd. bureau at dep. State Duma. In 1915-17 sec. Society of struggle against anti-Semitism, led by ed. Sat. "Shield". In 1921, during the Kronstadt uprising. P. was arrested but soon released. In 1921 he returned to France. Collaborated in gas. "Latest News", "People's Thought", "Jewish Tribune". In 1924–33 sec. Help kit rus. writers and scientists in France. In 1944, one of the organizers of the Union of Rus. patriots of the south of France. The author of the book. “Business and days in Petrograd. Rep. and reflections. 1917-1921 " (1923). Son of P. - George-Henri (George) (b. 1906, Paris), orientalist. In 1931–35 the French teacher. Institute east. antiquities in Cairo. In the years of the 2nd world. war participant fr. Resistance. Since 1961 prof. Egyptian Philology and Archeology at the College de France. From 1963 prez. French Association of Egyptologists.
POZNER Vladimir Solomonovich (1905, Paris - 1992, ibid.), Writer. Son of S.V. Pozner. He lived in Russia in 1912-21, was close to lit. the Serapion Brothers group. Since 1922 in France. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1926). He wrote in French. lang., book: "Panorama of modern Russian literature" (1929), "USSR" (1932). In subsequent prose P. was interested in the disclosure of human psychology at the turning points of the East. conflicts: rum. Biting the Bit (1937), Mourning in a Day (1942; in Russian translation - Goodbye, Paris, 1965), coll. stories "Place of Execution" (1959; in Russian translation - 1963), "Spain, First Love" (1965; in Russian translation - 1967), etc. Since 1932 P. - member. Communist Party of France. Participated in the 2nd world. war. He opposed the colonial war in Algeria (1954–62), was seriously wounded by SLA fighters. Translated into French. lang. manuf. NS Tikhonov, VB Shklovsky, SN Sergeev-Tsensky and others. He released the "Anthology of Contemporary Russian Prose" (1929). As a screenwriter and director, he worked in cinema. Vol .: Death of Tolstoy. Paris, 1935; People of the country. New York, 1943; Raise the veil. Paris, 1961; One thousand and one days. Paris, 1967.
POZNER Vladimir Vladimirovich (b. 1934, France), TV journalist. Son of V.S. Pozner. Wed educated in New York. Since 1952 - in the USSR. In 1958 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. He was engaged in the lane, in 1961 he entered the Novosti press agency - art. ed. In 1970 he moved to the USSR State Radio and Television as a commentator. For the first time on the owl. television introduced a new form of broadcasting - teleconferences. The author has been conducting since 1988. programs "Sunday evening with Vladimir Pozner", "Squaring the circle". In 1991 he left the State TV and Radio and became an independent television journalist. Together with Phil Donahue, he broadcasts to Amer. television. Pres. The academy grew up. television (1994). Author of the book: "Farewell to Illusions" (1990), "Witness" (1991). Brother P. - Pavel (b. 1945, New York), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1988). Since 1973 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main directions of research. - history and source study of ancient and medieval Vietnam.
POZNYAKI, a village in the Chernukhinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
PRASZKA, a city (since 1392) in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1260. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1793 there were 281 Jews (36.3%) in P., in 1808 - 132 (20.1%), in 1827 - 541 (32.6%), in 1857 - 907 (50%), in 1897 - 1878 (59.9%), in 1921 - 1663 (37.1%), in 1939 - approx. 1000 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the beginning. 17th century In 1674, two Jews P. were accused of killing a young Pole and using his blood for ritual purposes. In 1736 a synagogue was built in P. In 1823 it was created independently. community. In 1823–62 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews as being located in a 21-verst border strip. In the 1850s. P. rabbi was Chaim-Moishe Levi, in the beginning. 20th century - Jacob-Kopl Rotblum In 1914 Jews owned 1 of 3 hotels, both watch workshops, approx. 30 shops in Poland (including all 6 grocery stores, all 5 tanneries, all 3 manufactures, both wine shops). 1910s - early. 1920s in P., the Talmud Torah, the Heder Metukan, and the Beis Yaakov girls' school were opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1941 a ghetto was created, destroyed in August. 1942 In P. genus: D. Neifeld; Walter Davidson (1903–1989, New York), cantor, from the 1920s - in the USA, in 1928–78 - cantor at the Beit Emet synagogue in New York, founder of the Union of American Cantors, founder of the school of liturgical music at Hebru Union College.
PRASKOVEYA, a village in the Budennovsky District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1781. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol Gubernia. In 1910, 3 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 3 Jews.
PROSNYSH, see Pshasnysh.
PRAUDIN Anatoly Arkadievich (b. 1961, Riga), director. Son of A.F. Kats and Nar. art. Latvian SSR R.B. Praudina. In 1986 he graduated from dir. Faculty of LGITMiK. Since 1987 - in the Sverdlovsk (later - Yekaterinburg) Youth Theater. First dir. work - "Judas Iscariot" after LN Andreev (1988, 1st Ave at the All-Russian Review of Youth Theaters and t-dvuhs). Staged performances: "Alice Through the Looking Glass" by L. Carroll, "House where hearts break" by B. Shaw (both - 1991), "Russian misanthrope" (based on "Woe from Wit" by AS Griboyedov, 1992). In 1992 he staged the play "The Absent-minded Man" (based on the production of S.Ya. Marshak, awarded at the theater, festivals in Greece, Sweden, Berlin. In the same year he performed the post, the play "Ring and Rose" by N.S. Skorokhod in the Russian troupe of the Riga Youth Theater. Since 1993, in the Leningrad Theater of Drama named after A.S. Pushkin. In 1994, he staged the play "Monsieur Georges. Russian Drama" Skorokhod based on M.Yu. Lermontov's prose. 1991).
TRUE, see Pravdinsky.
TRUE, a village in the Belozersk district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tsarevodar of Kherson and lips. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in the fall of 1941, six Jews were shot.
PRAVDINSK, urban-type settlement (since 1932) in the Balakhna district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 43 Jews lived in P.
PRAVDINSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Pushkin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the 1930s. - the dacha settlement Pravda. 126 Jews lived in P. in 1939, and 56 Jews in 1989.
PRAVOBEZHNOE, a village in the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1740. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky district Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 42 Jews lived in Petrograd in 1897, and 6 in 1900.
PRILE Gavriel Yehoshua (b. 1911, Yuriev, Livland province), poet. Since 1921 - in the USA. He studied at the yeshiva, worked as a teacher. He began publishing poetry in Yiddish in 1935 (weekly New Yorker Vohenblat), in Hebrew in 1936 (weekly Ha-Doar, New York). First Sat poems in Hebrew "Nof shemesh ukfor" ("Landscape of the sun and frost") was published in New York in 1945, the rest sat. poetry - in Israel. Main the theme of P.'s work is a lonely person. In the early poems - the longing for the lost past, later - for "their country" - E.-I.
PRAZHILA, a village in the Floreshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 109 Jews lived in P. The Jewish population of P. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Pure, a village in the Dukhovshchinsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dukhovshchinsky district. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939, there were 9 Jews living in P. In the summer of 1941, P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 the Jews of P. were burnt in a barn in the neighboring village of Tyukhovitsy.
Pregel Sofia Yulievna (1904, Odessa - 1972, Paris), poet, publisher. His father was an industrialist, his mother was a pianist and singer. She graduated from the theater. studio in Odessa, then Petrograd. cons. by class singing. From 1921 until the beginning of the 2nd world. war lived in Paris, then moved to the United States, returned to Europe in 1948. In New York she began to publish lit. zhurn. Housewarming (1942-50), last. issues to-rogo came out in Paris. She headed the publishing house "Rifma". Author of collection of poetry., Ed. in Paris: "A Conversation with Memory" (1935), "Solar Arbitrariness" (1937), "Noon" (1939), "Shores" (1953), "Meeting" (1958), "Spring in Paris" (1966).
PREGER Yakov (1887, Kobrin, Grodno province - 1942, Otwock, Poland), playwright. In 1908 for the first time publ. verse, and stories every month. "Roman Zeitung" (Warsaw), then published in various periodicals. ed. In 1914 he published the poem Oif di vegn (On the Roads) in Kiev, and in 1919 in Warsaw the poem Oifn veg (On the Road). From ser. 1920s P. completely switched to drama. P.'s first play "Der nisoen" ("Test") was staged in Lvov in 1927, then it was successfully played in many. countries. Other plays by P. were also popular - "Simkhe Plakhte", "Meilech Freilekh", "Shloyme ha-melekh" ("King Solomon"), etc.
PRECULE, city (since 1946) in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pryokuls Memelskogo u. Kurland province. In 1923–39, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1939–45 - in Germany, and in 1945–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, several people lived in P. Dozens of Jews. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PRECULES, see Precule.
PRECULY, see Priekule.
PRELI, see Preili.
PRENAI, a city (since 1583) in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kovensky povet of the Troksky voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Prena Mariampolsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 597 Jews (60%) lived in Poland, in 1856 - 1479 (64%), in 1897 - 1190 (48%), in 1921 - 935 (29%), in 1923 - 954 (29%), in 1940 - approx. 650 Jews (approx. 16%) Jews lived in Poland from the 15th century. In the 18th century. a wooden synagogue was built. In the 19th century. the rabbis were Nosn-Chaim Zonn, Dovid-Menachem Volpert. From 1871 to mid. 1890s the rabbi in P. was Yehuda-Leib Reef, later - Benzion-Zeev Karnitz (? –1913). In 1882 a pogrom took place in P., in the course of which 20 Jews were wounded. In 1883 a Palestinian organization was founded. 20th century in P. there were 4 synagogues, several. heders, talmud-torah. The Rabbis of P. were: in the 1900s. - Avrom-Ber Reines, from 1909 - Avrom-Yakov Neimark (1879–?), Then Tonkhum-Shraga Ravel (1896–?), Simha-Dov Zilberstein. occupation of the Jewish population at the beginning. 20th century there was trade in timber and agricultural. products; 50 families were engaged in crafts, 5 families - with. x-vom. Among the Jews there were several. dozens of workers (20 - at the brewery, 15 - at 3 mills). Apr 1915 Jews were expelled from P. Later, some of the Jews returned to the city. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a school of the "Tarbut" network (130 students), a Jewish school with teaching in Yiddish, a Jewish library, and a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank, decomp. philanthropist. organizations, including "Linas ha-Tzedek", Khevra Kaddish, Society for studying the Torah. Since 1938, Chaim Fon was P.'s rabbi. On June 24, 1941 P. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. The Jewish population of P. was shot by the Lithuanian police in August. 1941 In P. B.V. Zeigarnik.
PRENA, see Prienay.
TRANSFORMATION, see Zilair.
PRESAISEN Isaak Zilovich (Zinovievich) (1911, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1941, Belarus), pilot. In 1941 - deputy. com. squadrons of the 128th high-speed bomber aviation regiment. 06/27/1941 in the district of the town of Radozhkovichi (east of Minsk) P. sent a damaged and burning plane to a cluster of motorized infantry and tanks. P. was nominated for the title of Hero of the Owls. Union.
PRESOVICE, see Prošovice.
PRESLAV, a village in the Primorsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Berdyansk district In the summer of 1941, Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 30 oct. 1941 in children. at the home for sick children, 47 Jewish children were shot.
PRESMAN Matvey Leontievich (1870, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Region - 1941, Moscow), teacher, pianist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. (1891). He taught in music. school in Tiflis (1891–95), Rostov-on-Don (1896–1913). There was prof. horse: Saratov (1913-17), Donskoy (Rostov-on-Don, 1918-21), Azerbaijan (Baku, 1921-22). Since 1923 in Moscow. Member State Academic Council of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1933 - teacher and director. Moose. uch-schA them. M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov and at the same time. (since 1938) Lecturer Center. correspondence music-ped. in-that. Author of the essay "The Angle of Musical Moscow in the Eighties" (in the collection "Memories of Rachmaninov", vols. 1-2. 3rd ed. M., 1974).
PRESS Alexey Alexandrovich (1857, Bialystok - |), public figure. Graduated from St. Petersburg. technol. in-t. In the 1880s. collaborated in the journal. "Dawn", "Russian Jew". Prev prof. section EKO, member. to-that ORT. In 1896, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and State. estate edited manuals for wood processing for ser. "Handicrafts". Author of works: "Protecting the life and health of workers in factories and plants" (issue 1–3. St. Petersburg, 1891–94), "Sawmill production" (St. Petersburg, 1901); “Fire protection of prom. enterprises "(Pg., 1915); "Mechanical processing of wood" (M., 1927) and others.
PRESS Joseph Isaakovich (1880, according to other data 1881, Vilna - 1924, Rochester, USA), cellist, teacher. Brother of M.I. Press. In 1896-1902 he studied with A.E. Glen in Moscow. cons., to-ruyu graduated from angry. medal. Later he took lessons from J. Klengel and P. Casals. From 1898 he performed as a soloist and ensemble player with the largest Russian. instrumentalists, as well as with F.I.Shalyapin; played in sonata duets with L.V. Nikolaev. With M.I.Press and his wife, pianist V.I.Maurina-Press, he gave concerts from 1906 in the family fp. trio ("Russian Trio"), performing op. Russian composers in Russia and European countries. In 1911 he received the 2nd pr. (Shared with E.Ya. Belousov) at the cello competition in Moscow. In 1916-18, prof. Petrograd., From 1918 - Kiev, then (briefly) Odessa cons. Since 1921 - in exile. He gave concerts in Europe and America. From 1922 he taught at the Eastman muses. school in the USA.
PRESS Irina Natanovna (b. 1939, Kharkov), athlete (athletics). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1960). Cand. ped. Sciences (1972). Sister T.N. Press. Graduated from Leningrad. in-t Ing. railroad transport (1962). Olympus. champion in 80 meters hurdles (1960), pentathlon (1964). World and European record holder (1959–65), repeatedly. USSR champion in hurdles, pentathlon and 4x100 relay. Since 1967 - in the Central Council of the Dinamo Society.
PRESS Mikhail Isaakovich (1871, Vilna - 1938, Michigan, USA), violinist, teacher. Brother I. I. Press. In 1900 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violins by I.V. Grzhimali. Performed under E. Izai in Brussels. He gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. Participated in decomp. chamber ans. with the biggest musicians. Since 1906, a member of the family "Russian Trio" organized by him (with II Press and the wife of the pianist VI Maurina-Press), a cut promoted Russian. music, touring in Russia and European countries. In 1906-14 he lived in Berlin, giving concerts in Moscow and other cities. In 1910 he received 1st pr. At the competition of violinists - graduates of Grzhimali. In 1915-18, prof. Moscow cons. From 1918 he lived in Germany and Sweden, from 1922 - in the USA. He taught at Muz. in-those Curtis in Philadelphia. As a teacher introduced the principles of Russian. violinist. schools in Amer. perform, culture, contributing to its development. P. belong to numerous. transcriptions for violin with piano, including "Vocalise" by S.V. Rachmaninov.
PRESS Tamara Natanovna (b. 1937, Kharkov), athlete (athletics). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1960). Cand. ped. Sciences (1974). Sister I. N. Press. Graduated from Leningrad. engineer-building Institute (1962) and Higher. school desks. school at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1967). Silver. medalist of Olympus, Games (1960) in discus throw. Olympus, champion in shot put (1960), in shot put and discus throw (1964). European champion in discus throw (1958), shot put and discus throw (1962), USSR (1958–66), world record holder (1960–67) in discus throw, shot put (1959–68).
PRESSMAN Lev Pavlovich (1924, Samara - 1996, Moscow), teacher, specialist in the field of technical teaching aids (TCO). Dr. ped. Sciences (1981), prof. (1982). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Kuibyshev ped. Institute (1948), worked as a teacher in the schools of Kuibyshev and Moscow. Since 1960 in the APN RSFSR, head. lab. TSO (1965–93), since 1993 chap. scientific. sotr. RAW. Author tr. on the problems of using tech. funds in the account. work. Developed a system for using the TCO complex for teaching literature and developing speech in Russian lessons. lang. in Russian and nat. schools, compiled a film reader based on literature. The author of scripts over 150 accounts. c / f, TV programs, diaph, including the first c / f for ped. education. In the 1950s and 60s. worked out questions of school local history, Ch. arr. literary. Collected P. old books. and manuscripts are special. Fund in the RSL, works: Lit. local history in high school. Kuibyshev, 1955; Tech. funds for lessons rus. language. M., 1976; Fundamentals of the methodology of using screen-sound means at school. M., 1979; Technique of application teaching aids. M., 1988; Video recording at school. M., 1993 (et al.).
PRESSMAN Lev Petrovich (1899, Buzuluk, Samara province - 1989, Moscow), cardiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1960), prof. (1963). After graduating in 1925, Military Medical. academy until 1927 was a resident of the therapeutic. clinics in the same place; in 1927–35 resident Ch. military. hospital them. N.N.Burdenko in Moscow and at the same time. head dep. functional diagnostics of the cardiovascular system Center. diagnostic. lab. Military-dignity. ex. RKKA. In 1941–45, consultant and scientific. hands. evacuation hospitals; in 1944-80 Art. scientific. sotr., head. therapeutic. clinic Mosk. region n.-i. clinics Institute (in 1980–89 consultant). tr. P. dedicated. issues of physiology and pathology of blood circulation, blood pressure and vascular tone, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. Cit .: Treatment of heart failure. M., 1966; Blood circulation in norm and pathology. M., 1969 (et al.); Clinical sphygmography. M, 1974 (et al.).
PREGERSON Grigory (Tsvi-Girsh) Izrailevich (ps. A. Tsfoni) (1900, Shepetovka Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1969, Moscow), writer, specialist in the field of coal preparation. He studied at the Herzliya gymnasium (Tel Aviv, 1913–14). Arriving on vacation in Shepetovka, he was forced to stay in Ukraine because of the outbreak of the war, in 1915 he entered a gymnasium in Odessa. Graduated from Moscow. forge. academy (1928). Since 1936, after the defense of Cand. dis. was Assoc. Moscow forge. in-that; in 1942–43 he headed the department of coal enrichment in the Karaganda science and technology. coal institute. In 1962-69 - Assoc. Vses. correspondence polytechnic in-that. P.'s first stories were dedicated. life of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and publ. in the notch, journal. and collection of books in Hebrew. In the years of the 2nd world. war P. wrote a rum. about the extermination of Jews in Ukraine. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in labor camps on charges of “Jewish bourgeois. nationalism ". After his release (1956), he led a scientific. and ped. work, and also continued to write about the fate of Jews during the war and in the post-war. years, about the prison and the Gulag, about the "case of doctors". In 1965, production. P. were secretly transported to Israel and published there. Author of textbooks "Coal washing" (Moscow, 1934), "Crushing and screening of minerals" (Moscow, 1940, in co-authorship with LB Levinson). Among thin manuf. P .: "When the lamp goes out" (Tel-Aviv, 1966, Hebrew), "Diary of memoirs" (Tel-Aviv, 1978, Hebrew), "Torment of the name" (Tel-Aviv, 1985, Hebrew), "Unfinished story" (Tel Aviv, 1991, Hebrew). In Russian. lang. publ. pov. P. "Pensioners" (journal "Renaissance", Jerusalem, 1987, no. 10).
PRAYLI, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1382.From 1772 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Preli Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847, 284 Jews (65%) lived in Poland, in 1897 - 1375 (65%), in 1920 - 995 (54%), in 1925 - 1005 (52%), in 1930 - 892 (51%), in 1935 - 847 Jews (51%). Jews lived in P. from the middle. 19th century Main occupations were trade and crafts. A synagogue was built in 1865. In the 1870s-80s. Rabbi P. was Yisroel-Avrom Maiofis (? –1897); there were cheders. In 1889, the state was opened. Russian early a school where some Jewish children studied. In 1898 4 synagogues functioned. In the beginning. 20th century In 1902 the Jews of Poland were accused of ritual murder, and only the intervention of the authorities prevented the pogrom. The rabbis in P. were: from 1897 - Avrom-Fayvish Weisbord (1859–?), Then - Leizer-Yankl Grodsky 1875, Preli -?), From 1912 - Avrom-Yakov Kaleb. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jews left P., but the community accepted hundreds of Jewish refugees from other us. points of Latvia and Lithuania. In 1917, a cell "Tseirei Zion" was created in P., under which a club with a library and a reading room worked. tr. Later, the Ge-Halutz cell was organized. In 1922 the Jewish community collected 2266 rubles. donations to the Jewish nat. fund. In the beginning. a Yiddish-taught school began teaching in Hebrew; in 1928 a new building was built for the school. 1920s in P., branches of the youth Zionist movements "Noar Borokhov", "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", and "Gordonia" were opened. Mn. young Jews P. during this period left for E.-I. There were 2 synagogues in Poland, including the Hasidic one; there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1918–40 the rabbi of P. was Sh. P. Weisbord, who died during the Holocaust. In 1940–41, the Jews of P. were occupied by many. leadership positions; prev. city ​​council was Reuven Arsh, his deputy. - Michael Kagan. 28 June 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created. A month later, most of P.'s Jews were killed in the cemetery. The rest were destroyed on Aug. 8. 1941 After 1945, the remains of the dead were transferred to a mass grave at the Jewish cemetery; a monument was erected at the site of the execution.
PRICE G.M. (1864, Poltava - 1942, New York), publicist. Since 1882 - in the USA. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in New York, served as inspector of the Department of Health in New York, later worked as a doctor. P. - the first historian of the Russian-Jewish emigration in America. In 1891, the book was published in Odessa. P. about the life of Jewish emigrants "Diidn in America" ​​("Jews in America"). There was a correspondent. zhurn. "Voskhod", an activist of the organization for the arrangement of Jewish emigrants, was engaged in societies. activities. Author of "Memoirs of an Emigrant (1881–91)".
PRICE Israel (1869, according to other sources 1872, Lodzie, Suwalki province. - 1942, Trenton, USA), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1890 - in the USA. From 1885 he published art. in the press in Hebrew and Yiddish (chap. on historical topics). In 1898 he released the book in New York. "Yiddishe Doctoirim" ("Jewish Doctors") - the biographies of famous Jewish doctors, in 1900 - "Zionismus in der Yidischer Geshikhte" ("Zionism in Jewish history"). The author of the book. about Jewish poets and scientists of Spain, biographies of famous Jewish philosophers, works on the history of Jerusalem, etc.
PRISMAN Grigory Evseevich (1900, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1973, Moscow), military leader. Major general tank. troops (1943). In the Red Army - from 1919. In 1930 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. Beginning armored tank. ex. North-West fr. (1941–43), early. headquarters tank, army (1944–45). Commands, armored vehicles. troops of the military. env. (1946–47). In 1946-50 the deputy. early f-that Military. academy armored vehicles. and mechanized troops. From 1950 - retired. Awarded 6 orders. P.'s son - Georgy (1924–1986, Moscow), major general tank, troops (1970). 1973–75 - 1st deputy. early headquarters of the Siberian VO, in 1975–84 deputy. early uch. institutions of the Land Forces of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
PRESENT Isay (Isaak) Izrailevich (1902, Toropets, Pskov province - 1969, Moscow), biologist. Acad. VASKHNIL (1948). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies and Sciences of Leningrad State University (1925). He taught at Leningrad State University. state ped. in-those, in 1930 one of the hands. workers of Leningrad. dep. Communist. Academy, in the same year was headed by Leningrad. Society of Materialist Biologists. Since 1931 head. Department of Dialectics of Nature and Evolutionary Doctrine of Leningrad State University (at the same time - Associate Professor of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute and Scientific Researcher of the Institute of Philosophy of the Leningrad State University of the Communist Academy). In 1929, at the 1st All-Union Union. the congress of geneticists and breeders in Leningrad met with TD Lysenko, soon became his closest collaborator., formulated the main. the provisions of his "doctrine" - the so-called. Michurin theory. One of the active participants in the defeat of genetics in the USSR. In 1935–38 - scientific. consultant Vses. selection and genetic. in-that in Odessa, at the same time. (until 1941) deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Vernalization". In 1938–43 scientific. consultant at pres. VASKHNIL Lysenko. Since 1943 prof. Leningrad State University, in 1948-50 head. department and dean of biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1951–55 Art. scientific. sotr. VASKHNIL, from 1956 - Art. scientific. sotr. experimental n.-i. base of the USSR Academy of Sciences "Gorki Leninskie". Cit .: Darwin's theory in the light of dialect, materialism. L., 1932; In collaboration with nature. IV Michurin and his doctrine. M.-L., 1948; Biologist-materialist J.B. Lamarck. M., 1960.
PRIAZOVSKOE (until 1934 - Pokrovskoye), an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1860. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Pokrovka Berdyanskiy u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - from. Pokrovka Vtoraya. In 1926, 139 Jews did not live in the Vtoropokrovsky district, in 1939 there were 14 Jews in P. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in the end. 1941, 2 Jews were killed. In 2004, P. had a Jewish population.
Pribluda Abram Solomonovich (Avrom Shlemo-Mendelevich) (1900, Balta, Podolsk province - 1978, Moscow), linguist, historian, bibliographer. Graduated from Institute of Nar. x-va (1923) in Odessa. During the years of Civil. war worked in the Jewish Society. to those and other organizations involved in the distribution of aid received from abroad. While serving in the department. nat. minorities of the Odessa mountains. court, translated the Criminal and Land Codes into Yiddish. In the 1920s – 1930s. was a legal adviser in Kustrromsoyuz and its branches. 1941 -45 - legal adviser at defense plants, head. dep. labor and wages and plan. dep. Since 1946 - in Moscow. Until 1960 - Ch. Arbitrator in the Ministry of Communications, then Ch. referee Mosk. mountains. economic council. Author of works on organization and planning of production, published in the 1950-60s. Since the 1960s. studied the history and culture of the Jewish people. In 1968–78 publ. in publishing houses of the USSR, France, Poland, USA more than 200 st. on issues of anthroponymy, history and the meaning of Jewish names and fam., on the participation of Jews in the revolt. movement of Russia, in the war 1941 - 45 and the formation of the Sov. state-va. Part of Art. P. was ed. in 1987 as adj. to the journal. "Sovetish Heimland" - "Tsu der Geeshichte fun Yiddish surname-nemen" ("On the history of Jewish surnames").
PRIBORZHAVSKOE (until 1960 - Back), a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 5 Jews lived in P., in 1830 - 40 (4.9%), in 1880 - 118, in 1930 - 371 Jews (16%) Jews lived in P. from the middle. 18th century In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 16 Apr. 1944 Jews from P. were sent to the Mukachev ghetto.
PRIBUZHANY, a village in the Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kantakuzovka Ananyevsky u. Kherson province. 912 Jews (42.7%) lived in P. in 1897. In 1861 a synagogue operated in P. 16–17 April. 1897 a pogrom broke out in P. the local population destroyed shops and houses belonging to Jews. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. Pharmacy in P. Since 1910, the rabbi in P. was Mordkhe-Doiv Eidelberg (1880, Bialystok - 1941, Lyakhovichi), in the 1920s. moved to Nikolaev. In 1923, new plots of land were allocated in the P. region for Jewish settlers.
PRIBUZHE (until 1946 - Akmechetka), a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In the 1840s. Jews settled in P., renting 80 dess. land. Jewish families grew basht crops; several people were selling them. 20th century most of the Jews left P. in August. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Several Jews P. were sent to the ghetto with. Mostovoye and were killed there.
Pridnestrovskoe, a village in the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1838 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Vertyuzheny (other name - Vertyuzhen) Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1859 697 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1,047 (99%), in 1930 - 1834 (91%), in 1940 - approx. 2000, in 1991 - 6 Jews. was created on redeemed lands. OK. 40% of Jewish families worked with. x-vom, the rest - trade and crafts. Later, Jews who lived in the surrounding townships and villages moved to P. Jewish farmers grew up in the main. wheat, corn, fruits and grapes. Every second Jewish family owned at least one horse; In total, the colonists owned 145 cows. Since 1899, Avrom-Yosef Frizman was the rabbi in P. there were 3 synagogues and a mikvah. In the beginning. 20th century a Jewish school was opened, in 1909 - another one. Philanthropists worked in P. org-tions and mutual aid funds. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. In 1919–22 the inhabitants of Petrograd provided assistance to Jewish refugees from the Ukraine. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by parts of the Romanians. army. Later, a camp was created, in which there were approx. 23 thousand Jews. On Sept. 1941 some of the Jews were deported to Transnistria. The camp was liquidated in 1944, and in 1951 the synagogue building was transferred to a house of culture.
PRIDRUISK, see Piedruja.
PRIEKULE, city (since 1928) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Prekuliany Grobinsky u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1935, approx. 30 Jews (approx. 3%) Jews settled in Poland in the 1910s and on June 27, 1941, Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 1 nov. 1941 all Jews of Poland (23 people) were killed.
SUBURBAN, now part of Ulan-Ude (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhneudinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1897 a synagogue functioned in P., and in 1940 the synagogue in P. was closed.
Prigozhin Ilya Romanovich (Ruvimovich) (1917, Moscow - 2003, Austin, Texas, USA), physicist, physicochemist. Acad. Belgian Academy of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts (1953), pres. in 1969, foreign. member Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1977.Since 1921 in Lithuania, then in Germany, since 1929 - in Belgium. In 1942 he graduated from Brussels University and taught there (prof. From 1947). At the same time. from 1962 dir. Solvayevsky Intern. Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Brussels, simultaneously. from 1967 dir. N.-i. center for statistics. mechanics and thermodynamics in Austin (USA). Main work dedicated. thermodynamics and statistical. mechanics of irreversible processes. In 1947 he formulated a theorem that bears his name, which is one of the fundamental. theorems of the theory of irreversible processes. Developed ideas about the stability of the states of systems that are far from equilibrium. He put forward a theory, according to a cut, along with equilibrium in nature, dissipative structures take place, and created mat. apparatus for describing them. He was the first to apply the methods of the theory of irreversible processes in biology; suggested thermodynamic. the theory of the development of living organisms. The author of the foundation. lay down. tr. in chemistry and physical. chemistry, scientific-popul. Art. and book. Nobel pr. (1977) Vol .: Introduction to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. M., 1960; Non-equilibrium statistic. Mechanics. M., 1964; Thermodynamic. theory of structure, stability and fluctuations. M., 1973 (in co-authorship with P. Glenedorf); Self-organization in equilibrium systems. M., 1979 (co-authored with G. Nicolis); Order out of chaos: a new dialogue between man and nature. M., 1986 (co-authored with I. Stengers).
PRIKHOZHAN Mikhail Alexandrovich (1910, Namangan, Fergana region - 1976, Moscow), civil engineer. In 1936 he graduated from MISS, until 1940 he worked in Moscow. Trust "Builder" (foreman, head of the site, head of the construction office on the building of the Moscow Automobile Plant). In 1940–54 he worked in the system of the People's Commissariat for Construction of the USSR (Ministry of Construction of the USSR); in 1940–41 - at the building of defense plants (manager of the trust No. 1 in Tula), in 1941–45 he was in charge. building of the Ural automobile. plant in Miass, Chelyabinsk forge and press and other plants (head of construction and assembly part No. 8 in Chelyabinsk), in 1945–47 he managed the trusts of Dne-ropetrovekpromstroy, then Yuzhavtostroy in Dnepropetrovsk, where he supervised the restoration and construction -vom of factories and residential quarters of the city, in 1947-51 beginning. Glavtsentrostroy of the Ministry of Heavy Construction of the USSR, in 1951–54 managing the Moskkoksostroy trust, headed the building of the Mosk. coke and gas plant. In 1954-60 he worked in the system of Glavmosstroy (head of the territorial administration, head of the trust), supervised the construction of high-rise buildings. In 1960–67 in the State Construction Committee of the USSR (chief specialist, head of department. Chief of production, manager, acting manager). 1967–70 members. collegiums, early. Ch. productions, ex. Min-va of the USSR. In 1970–76 he headed the Bureau of Implementation of the Central Research Institute of Organization and Mechanization of Technology. assistance to the construction of the USSR State Construction Committee.
PRIKHOZHAN Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1931, Moscow), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1974). Son of M.A. Parikhohan. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1956). In 1958–62 he worked in the clinic nerve. diseases in the same place, at the same time. - to the lab. neurohumoral regulation of the USSR Academy of Sciences; since 1962 in Vses. in-those experiment. endocrinology (now the Endocrinological Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences). tr. P. dedicated. neurological. disorders in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, pheochromocytoma, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, endocrine ophthalmopathy, Itsenko-Cushing's disease and other diseases; developed criteria for early diagnosis of diabetes. neuropathy, proposed its classification, the concept of etiology and pathogenesis. Cit .: Damage to the nervous system in diabetes mellitus (clinical picture, pathogenesis, treatment). M., 1973; Damage to the nervous system in diabetes mellitus. M., 1981.
PRIKUMSK, see Budennovsk.
PRILESNOE, a village in the Manevichsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-1939 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 55 Jews were killed in P.
PRILUKA, see New Priluka.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПРИЛУКИ, город (с 1783), районный центр в Черниговской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1092. С 1654 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Полтавской губ.В 1803 в П. проживало неск. сотен евреев, в 1847 – 1007, в 1865 – 2087 (19,5%), в 1897 – 5722 (30,8%), в 1910 – 9355, в 1920 – 9363, в 1923 – 9865, в 1926 – 9001, в 1939 – 6140 (16,7%), в 1959 – ок. 2000 (4,6%), в 1970 – ок. 1400 (2,4%), в 1979 – ок. 1100 евреев (1,6%).Евреи жили в П. с нач. 17 в. Проживавший в П. в 1660-х гг. арендатор Марко Аврамович (?–1712) положил начало изв. казачьей семье Маркевичей. В 1684 на сент. ярмарке еврей-мещанин Ицик из П. участвовал в религ. диспуте с разл. светскими и духовными лицами. В нач. 18 в. евреи-ремесленники входили в сапожный, швейный и пекарский цехи. В 1803 среди евреев П. было 45 мещан. В сер. 19 в. евреям принадлежали ок. половины водяных мельниц, 2 сигаретные ф-ки. Евреи-купцы активно участвовали в работе кр. ярмарок, проходивших в П. 4 раза в год. В 1855 среди евреев было 124 купца 3-й гильдии, 690 мещан.В 1859 в П. действовало 2 синагоги, в 1865 – 4 синагоги. С 1879 духовным раввином П. был Л.-И.-М.Цирельсон.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. часть евреев П. выехала в США, где в 1899 землячеством было организовано благотворит. об-во «Эрштер Прилукер».В 1900 в П. работала еврейская лечебница, с 1902 – еврейское жен. уч-ще М.Я.Фрид, об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся ученицам, в 1903 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям.Летом 1903 в П. под рук. бундовцев было проведено собрание ремесленников в поддержку всеобщей забастовки на юге России. В 1905 функционировало отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1903 казенным раввином в П. был Иосиф Флавиевич Ляпидус, в 1907–09 – Л.-И.-М. Цирельсон, в 1911 – Зельман Геселович Цифринович. С 1910 раввином в П. был Абрам-Иешуа-Гешель Замский (1875, Стародуб – ?).В 1910 в П. действовали 6 синагог, талмуд-тора, 3 частных еврейских жен. уч-ща, одно частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1910 в П. насчитывалось 1206 еврейских х-в. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям в П. принадлежали 3 аптеки, 2 склада аптечных товаров, единств. булочная, 4 гостиницы, 2 фотомастерские и 114 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. все 3 ювелирных, единств. магазин игрушек, все 12 магазинов готового платья, оба мебельных и оба магазина муз. инструментов).В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыло большое кол-во высланных евреев и беженцев из зап. губерний России. С 1915 в П. работал очаг для детей-беженцев. В 1917 одним из рук. парт. ячейки РСДРП(б) был Д.А.Шмидт.В окт. 1917 в П. произошел погром. В кон. дек. 1918 отряды Директории потребовали «контрибуцию» от землевладельцев, фабрикантов и мелких торговцев (б. ч. евреев), вслед за тем начался погром. В 1919 части Добровольческой армии устроили в П. погром, в ходе к-рого 317 евреев были убиты. Всего в 1919 в П. произошло 2 погрома. В окт. 1920 погром в П. учинили части 1-й Конной армии.В 1921 в П. имелись еврейский дет. дом и интернат. В 1922 среди евреев П. было 1510 рабочих (22,6% от их общего кол-ва). В сент. 1922 была арестована группа сионистов.В марте 1924 выходцы из П. организовали в Херсонском окр. еврейский земледельч. коллектив «им. Раковского» (159 чел.), в 1925 – коллективы «Вильне життя» (141 чел.), «Початковый» (57 чел.), т-ва «Пахарь» (11 семей), «им. Мережина» (7 семей), «им. Хайкина» (7 семей), а также колхоз «Прилукский» (159 чел.).С сер. 1920-х гг. раввином П. был Борис Бежебовский.18 сент. 1941 П. оккупировали войска вермахта. Б. ч. евреев успела эвакуироваться или была мобилизована. Вскоре после оккупации была проведена регистрация евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 105 евреев. 1 янв. 1942 создано гетто (1178 чел.). 20 мая 1942 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно 1290 евреев (в т. ч. из окрестных сел).После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. На могиле расстрелянных евреев был установлен памятник. В 1945 в П. действовала синагога (ул. Драгоманова, 22). Раввином был Лейба Менделевич Розенберг (1891–?). Религ. община состояла из 130 чел. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 30–40 чел., в праздники – 100–120 чел. В нач. 1950-х гг. на праздники собиралось до 250 чел.С нач. 1990-х гг. в П. действует еврейская община; сохранилось еврейское кладбище.В П. род.: З.А.Ваксман, С.Л.Выгодский, И.Гальперин, Р.Я.Голант, М.Ф.Иоффе, Б.Копштейн, И.Б.Лихциер, А.П.Мацкин, С.Б.Фрид, Г.А.Хайченко, И.Я.Хургин, В.М.Шехтер, Д.А. Шмидт; Давид Аронович Розов (1902–1941, Куйбышев), зам. наркома торговли СССР, арестован в 1940; Меер Абрамович Славин (1898–1981), военврач, ген.-майор мед. службы (1943), в 1946–58 – нач. мед. упр-ния Забайкальского воен. окр., нагр. 5 орд.; Григорий Львович Тираспольский (1871–1947), инж.-механик, проф. Томского технологич. ин-та, статский советник (1916); Илья Евсеевич Флис (1910–1964, Ленинград), химик, д-р хим. наук (1960), проф., работы в обл. физико-хим. изучения синтетич. высокомол. соединений; Уильям Эдлин (1878–1947, Нью-Йорк), публицист, драматург, писал на идише, с 1896 – в США, возглавлял союз писателей им. И.-Л.Переца., pronunciation=ПРИЛУКИ, город (с 1783), районный центр в Черниговской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1092. С 1654 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Полтавской губ.В 1803 в П. проживало неск. сотен евреев, в 1847 – 1007, в 1865 – 2087 (19,5%), в 1897 – 5722 (30,8%), в 1910 – 9355, в 1920 – 9363, в 1923 – 9865, в 1926 – 9001, в 1939 – 6140 (16,7%), в 1959 – ок. 2000 (4,6%), в 1970 – ок. 1400 (2,4%), в 1979 – ок. 1100 евреев (1,6%).Евреи жили в П. с нач. 17 в. Проживавший в П. в 1660-х гг. арендатор Марко Аврамович (?–1712) положил начало изв. казачьей семье Маркевичей. В 1684 на сент. ярмарке еврей-мещанин Ицик из П. участвовал в религ. диспуте с разл. светскими и духовными лицами. В нач. 18 в. евреи-ремесленники входили в сапожный, швейный и пекарский цехи. В 1803 среди евреев П. было 45 мещан. В сер. 19 в. евреям принадлежали ок. половины водяных мельниц, 2 сигаретные ф-ки. Евреи-купцы активно участвовали в работе кр. ярмарок, проходивших в П. 4 раза в год. В 1855 среди евреев было 124 купца 3-й гильдии, 690 мещан.В 1859 в П. действовало 2 синагоги, в 1865 – 4 синагоги. С 1879 духовным раввином П. был Л.-И.-М.Цирельсон.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. часть евреев П. выехала в США, где в 1899 землячеством было организовано благотворит. об-во «Эрштер Прилукер».В 1900 в П. работала еврейская лечебница, с 1902 – еврейское жен. уч-ще М.Я.Фрид, об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся ученицам, в 1903 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям.Летом 1903 в П. под рук. бундовцев было проведено собрание ремесленников в поддержку всеобщей забастовки на юге России. В 1905 функционировало отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В 1903 казенным раввином в П. был Иосиф Флавиевич Ляпидус, в 1907–09 – Л.-И.-М. Цирельсон, в 1911 – Зельман Геселович Цифринович. С 1910 раввином в П. был Абрам-Иешуа-Гешель Замский (1875, Стародуб – ?).В 1910 в П. действовали 6 синагог, талмуд-тора, 3 частных еврейских жен. уч-ща, одно частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1910 в П. насчитывалось 1206 еврейских х-в. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1914 евреям в П. принадлежали 3 аптеки, 2 склада аптечных товаров, единств. булочная, 4 гостиницы, 2 фотомастерские и 114 лавок и магазинов (в т. ч. все 3 ювелирных, единств. магазин игрушек, все 12 магазинов готового платья, оба мебельных и оба магазина муз. инструментов).В период 1-й мир. войны в П. прибыло большое кол-во высланных евреев и беженцев из зап. губерний России. С 1915 в П. работал очаг для детей-беженцев. В 1917 одним из рук. парт. ячейки РСДРП(б) был Д.А.Шмидт.В окт. 1917 в П. произошел погром. В кон. дек. 1918 отряды Директории потребовали «контрибуцию» от землевладельцев, фабрикантов и мелких торговцев (б. ч. евреев), вслед за тем начался погром. В 1919 части Добровольческой армии устроили в П. погром, в ходе к-рого 317 евреев были убиты. Всего в 1919 в П. произошло 2 погрома. В окт. 1920 погром в П. учинили части 1-й Конной армии.В 1921 в П. имелись еврейский дет. дом и интернат. В 1922 среди евреев П. было 1510 рабочих (22,6% от их общего кол-ва). В сент. 1922 была арестована группа сионистов.В марте 1924 выходцы из П. организовали в Херсонском окр. еврейский земледельч. коллектив «им. Раковского» (159 чел.), в 1925 – коллективы «Вильне життя» (141 чел.), «Початковый» (57 чел.), т-ва «Пахарь» (11 семей), «им. Мережина» (7 семей), «им. Хайкина» (7 семей), а также колхоз «Прилукский» (159 чел.).С сер. 1920-х гг. раввином П. был Борис Бежебовский.18 сент. 1941 П. оккупировали войска вермахта. Б. ч. евреев успела эвакуироваться или была мобилизована. Вскоре после оккупации была проведена регистрация евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в П. было расстреляно 105 евреев. 1 янв. 1942 создано гетто (1178 чел.). 20 мая 1942 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно 1290 евреев (в т. ч. из окрестных сел).После освобождения часть евреев вернулась в П. На могиле расстрелянных евреев был установлен памятник. В 1945 в П. действовала синагога (ул. Драгоманова, 22). Раввином был Лейба Менделевич Розенберг (1891–?). Религ. община состояла из 130 чел. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 30–40 чел., в праздники – 100–120 чел. В нач. 1950-х гг. на праздники собиралось до 250 чел.С нач. 1990-х гг. в П. действует еврейская община; сохранилось еврейское кладбище.В П. род.: З.А.Ваксман, С.Л.Выгодский, И.Гальперин, Р.Я.Голант, М.Ф.Иоффе, Б.Копштейн, И.Б.Лихциер, А.П.Мацкин, С.Б.Фрид, Г.А.Хайченко, И.Я.Хургин, В.М.Шехтер, Д.А. Шмидт; Давид Аронович Розов (1902–1941, Куйбышев), зам. наркома торговли СССР, арестован в 1940; Меер Абрамович Славин (1898–1981), военврач, ген.-майор мед. службы (1943), в 1946–58 – нач. мед. упр-ния Забайкальского воен. окр., нагр. 5 орд.; Григорий Львович Тираспольский (1871–1947), инж.-механик, проф. Томского технологич. ин-та, статский советник (1916); Илья Евсеевич Флис (1910–1964, Ленинград), химик, д-р хим. наук (1960), проф., работы в обл. физико-хим. изучения синтетич. высокомол. соединений; Уильям Эдлин (1878–1947, Нью-Йорк), публицист, драматург, писал на идише, с 1896 – в США, возглавлял союз писателей им. И.-Л.Переца., extra_data="{'translat...")
PRILUTSKY Herman (Tsvi-Hirsh) Naumovich (1862, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1942, Warsaw), publicist. In 1880 he was a volunteer in Kiev, then - in Berlin high fur boots. Then he began to publish Art. in Hebrew to gas. "Ga-Boker or", took part in the "Hovevei Zion" movement. Printed Art. and essays in gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", etc. In 1900 he settled in St. Petersburg, where he was a co-worker. gas. Gamelitz, then gas. "Ha-Zman". For the first time he began to publish in Yiddish in “Blter funa togbuh”. In 1905 he founded the gas. in Yiddish "Der veg". After its closure (1906) sotr. into gas. "Unzer Lebn". In 1910 he founded the gas. Der Moment (Warsaw). He died in the Warsaw ghetto.
PRILUTSKY Noah (Hoax) Germanovich (1882, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1941, Vilnius), linguist, publicist, public figure. Son of G.N. Prilutsky. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In student. years several. was once arrested for a Zionist. activity. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1909). In 1908 he took part in the Chernivtsi Conf. by language Yiddish. First production wrote in Russian. lang., then completely switched to Yiddish. Comp. and ed. gas. Der veg. Published in periodicals. ed. In 1908 he released the collection. erotic verse. The first scientific. work ("Materials on Jewish grammar and spelling") publ. in 1909 in the journal. Lebn un Visnschaft. In 1910–39 sotr. gas. Der Moment (Warsaw). During the election of the first Warsaw mountains. Council in 1916 P. stood in Ch. Jewish elective committee, was elected to the council, founded the Jewish people. party and led it. He organized a union of Jewish school education, to-ry created an extensive network of Jewish secular schools. institutions. Dep. 1st Diet, made a great contribution to the protection of the rights of the Jewish population. Together with M. Weireich and Z. Reisen he founded the journal. "Yiddish Philology", as well as a number of other philology. ed. in Warsaw and Vilna. In the beginning. 2nd world. war moved to Vilno, where he became Assoc. Department of the Hebrew language. and lit-ry Vilna un-that, and then the director. FOR. Author of the book: "Yiddish Folks Leader" ("Jewish Folk Songs", 1911–13), "Zamlbikher far Yiddish folklore" ("Collection of Jewish Folklore", vol. 1, 1912; vol. 2, 1917) , "Noah Prilutskis ksovim" ("Works of Noyach Prilutsky", in 5 volumes, 1917–21), "Dialectologist Paralln un bamerkungen" ("Dialectologist, Parallels and Observations", 1921), etc.
PRIMAKOV Evgeny Maksimovich (b. 1929, Kiev), historian, orientalist, statesman. Dr. econ. Sciences (1969), prof. (1972), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1953). Correspondent, responsible ed., deputy. ch. ed. Ch. ed. set for RV and TV at the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1956–62); columnist, deputy. ch. ed. gas. Pravda (1962–70), soo. corr. in the countries of Bl. East. Art. scientific. sotr. (since 1962), deputy. dir. (1970–77), director. (1985–89) IMEMO Academy of Sciences of the USSR, dir. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1977–85). Member Pres. Council (1990–91), from Sept. until nov. 1991 - first. deputy. prev. KGB of the USSR, from Nov. to Dec. 1991 - director. Centre. intelligence services of the USSR, from December. 1991 hands. external service intelligence (SVR) RF. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1987–89), bunk. dep. USSR (1989–92). In 1986–89, Ph.D. in part. The Central Committee of the CPSU; 1989–90 - member. The Central Committee of the CPSU; Cand. in part. Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Sci. tr. on economics, politics and social. questions of Egypt and other Arab. countries, social and economic development and international. relations of developing countries: "The Countries of Arabia and Colonialism" (1956), "Egypt: The Time of President Nasser" (M., 1974, in collaboration with I.P. Belyaev), "Anatomy of the Middle East Conflict" (M., 1978), "East after the collapse of the colonial system" (Moscow, 1982). Responsible ed. collective, tr .: "Mezhdunar. conflicts "(M., 1972)," Energetic. crisis in the capitalist. the world "(M., 1975)," Islam. A short guide "(Moscow, 1983)," The World Ocean: Economics and Politics "(Moscow, 1986)," What is what in the world. politics. Dictionary-reference book "(M., 1987)" Soviet Oriental Studies: Problems and Prospects "(M., 1988) and other State. pr. USSR (1980).
PRIMORSK (until 1946 - Fishhausen), a city subordinated to the Svetlovskaya mountains. administration in the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1268. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Vost. Prussia as part of Germany. In 1945–91, it was part of the RSFSR. In 2002, 2 Jews lived in P.
PRIMORSKO-AKHTARSK, a city (since 1949), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - farm Akhtarsky Temryuk dep. Kuban Region. In 1939 in P.-A. lived 20 Jews, in 2002 - 5 Jews.
PRIMORSKOE, see Sartan.
PROMOSCHANITSA, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P. On Sept. 1943 84 Jews were held in the camp.
PRINSTEIN Meir (1880, Odessa - 1925, USA), athlete (athletics). Olympus. champion (1900, triple jump; 1904, long jump, triple jump; 1908, long jump) and silver. prize-winner (Paris, 1900, long jump), winner of several. peace. records, multi. US champion. P.'s name is included in the list of athletes of the "Jewish Sports Hall of Fame" located in Ying-those physical. education and sports. Wingate (Israel).
PRINTSKER Boris Abramovich (1910, Kiev - 1988), architect. In 1934 he graduated from the Kiev engineer-building. in-t. Main works: building ch. area in Pereslavl-Zalessky (1953–54, jointly with A.M. Grishchenko, I.L. Zaslavsky and others), planning and development with. Kodaki, Kiev region (1965–70, first stage). Home for the elderly and disabled, a cultural center in Kiev (both - 1970s). Etc. CM of the USSR (1971).
PRIOZERSK (until 1611 - Korela, until 1948 - Kexholm), a city (from 1617), a regional center in the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 13th century In 1611-1710 - under the rule of Sweden. Since 1710 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of the Vyborg province. In 1918–40 - as part of Finland. In 1940–41 - in the Karelo-Finnish SSR within the USSR, since 1944 - in the Leningrad region. In 2002, 18 Jews lived in P. In 2002 a community was created in P. - Arkady Lvovich Blokh (b. 1935, Dneprodzerzhinsk).
PRESCHEPOVKA, a village in the Bratsk district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 5 Jews were killed in P.
PRISHIB, a village in the Kremenchug region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 4 Jewish farms in P.
PRISHIBSKAYA, see Maisky, Kabardino-Balkaria.
PRISHIBSKY, see Maisky, Kabardino-Balkaria.
ADDITIONAL, see Lukvitsa.
PRESS, see Luchnoe.
PRISTROMY, a village in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in P.
PRITAL (Prinsental) David (b. 1919, Lutsk, Poland), public figure. Rod. in the family of a Hebrew teacher. He studied at the gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew, Chl. youth Zionist. org-tion "Gordonia". In 1939–41 he was a member of an underground Zionist. movement to the West. Ukraine. In 1941 he was arrested by the NKVD and escaped from prison. In 1941–44 he was hiding in the occupied territory. In 1945–46 - in Poland, in 1946–47 - in Germany, from 1947 - in E.-I., member. kibbutz Maale ha-Hamisha. Member of the War of Independence. In the 1960s. sec. reign of the kibbutz. In 1967 he graduated from the East. f-t Jewish un-that in Jerusalem and Military. academy nat. security. In 1967–70, Dir. gymnasium, in 1970-84 headed the "Society. advice in defense of owls. Jews ". Since 1976 founder and Ch. ed. yearly. "Ha-intelligentsia ha-yehudit ba Brit-ha-Moatsot" ("Jewish intelligentsia in the USSR"), since 1983 - "Yehudei Brit ha-Moatsot" ("Soviet Jews").
PRITSKER David Petrovich (present father Peisakhovich) (1917, Kiev - 1997, Petersburg), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1963), prof. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1938–39 he took part in civil. war in Spain, military. interpreter. 1941–45 - at the front. He taught in East. f-those LSU, in Leningrad. state in-those in. lang., in Leningrad. higher. school desks. school, where he created and headed the department of international. slave. movement. The author of St. 130 works on the history of the Romanesque countries, int. relations, int. slave. movement. Participated in the preparation of a number of the team. tr. and monographs (including the collection "Leningraders in Spain". 3rd ed. L., 1989), textbooks and textbooks. manuals on modern and contemporary history, translated into Russian. lang. a number of products Voltaire, V. Hugo, many others. other europ. and latinoamer. Writers, Cit .: Georges Clemenceau. Political biography. M., 1983.
PRITYKIN Maxim Yakovlevich (1868 - 1911), journalist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1904 sotr. in the journal. "Son of the Fatherland", "Sunrise", in ed. "Country", "Word" and others. In 1910-11, members. ed. "New Sunrise".
PRIVES Mikhail Grigorievich (1904–2000), anatomist. Dr. med. Sciences (1937), prof. (1937). After finishing honey. Faculty of Voronezh un-that (1925) worked there at the department faculty of surgery. In 1930–53 - in Leningrad. roentgenoradiological. in-those (since 1937 head of laboratory. Normal and compare, anatomy) and simultaneously. (since 1937) prof., head. Department of Human Anatomy of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (since 1977 - consultant). During the evacuation of the Institute to Krasnoyarsk (1942–44), he was one of the organizers and the first director. Krasnoyarsk honey. Institute of Science. tr. P. dedicated. blood supply to long tubular bones, the influence of tr. human activity on the structure of the musculoskeletal. apparatus and vascular system, adaptation of the vascular system to the conditions of space. flight. Developed a roentgenologist. method of research. lymphatic. systems (1933); first received a roentgenogram of the white and gray matter of the brain (1935). Developed a formalin-free method of preserving corpses; first (since 1932) began to teach X-ray anatomy in the course of human anatomy. Revised the textbook of NK Lysenkov and VI Bushkovich "Human Anatomy" for honey. universities. Prev Leningrad. branch of Vses. about-va of anatomists, histologists, embryologists (since 1980 - hon. pre.), hon. h. Vses. and Vseros. about-in anatomists, histologists, embryologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1963) Vol .: Radiography of the lymphatic system. L., 1948; Methods of preservation of anatomical preparations. L., 1956.
PRIVETNOE, a village in the Lokachinsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1157. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Svinyukhi Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 there were 444 Jews in Poland, in 1897 - 629 (35.3%), in 1921 - 173 Jews. There was a synagogue in Poland, and in 1896 there were 2 synagogues. In 1914, Jews owned all 9 grocery stores in Poland. The Jewish community of Poland suffered during the First World. and Grazhd. wars. Most of the Jews left Poland in the summer of 1941, and occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942 the Jews of P. were deported to the ghetto in the village of mountains. type Lokachi and in Sept. 1942 shot together with local Jews.
PRIVOLIE, city (since 1963), subordinated to the Lisichansk City Council of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1753. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Asesorskoe (other name - the Fifth Company) of the Bakhmut u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement Privolnoye. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in P.
PRIVOLNOE, see Privolye.
PRIVOLNYANSKY, now part of the urban-type settlement Kamyshevakha (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in P.
PRIVOLZHSK, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1485 as from. Yakovlevskoe Big. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nerekhtsky district. Kostroma lips. In 1938 ss. Yakovlevskoe, Rogachevo, and Vasilevo were united in the city of Privolzhsk. In 1926 there were 8 Jews living in P., and in 1939 - 6 Jews.
Privorotsky Ilya Abramovich (1938, Kharkov - 1980, Boston, USA), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973), prof. After graduating from Kharkov University (1960) he worked at the Kharkov Polytechnic, in-those. In 1961–65 in the State. to-those on the use of atomic energy of the USSR (Sukhumi), in 1965-73 - in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1974 - in Israel, prof. Technion in Haifa. In 1980 prof. un-that in Boston. Main work in the region. physics of metals and theory of superconductivity. Research propagation of ultrasound in metals in normal and superconducting states, as well as superconductors with a non-phonon conduction mechanism. Developed the theory of magn. domain structures in non-ferromagnet. metals. In the USSR publ. OK. 20 scientific. works.
BINDING does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish farm of Chernigov u. In 1864 12 Jews lived in P. In 1864 there was one Jewish courtyard in P.; main the occupation of the Jews was agriculture.
Shelter, see Shelter, Zaporozhye region.
POSITIVE, a village in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Shelter in Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1858, 616 people lived in P., in 1861 - 741, in 1897 - 292, in 1913 - approx. 500, in 1924 - 319 people, in 1939 - 66 Jews. 870 dessiatins were allocated to the Jews when organizing the colony. land. In 1861 it was sown 274 dess., In 1897 - 558 dess. land, mainly barley (43%), spring wheat (32.3%), flax (15.9%). The Jews of P. owned 75 horses and 105 cows. There was a synagogue. During the war, pogroms took place in Poland, accompanied by mass killings of Jews. In 1924, an individual. kh-va processed 1205 dec. land. On Sept. 1924 was organized by the Jewish collective farm "Nezamozhnik", in December. 1924 - Jewish collective farm "Krasnaya Niva". In 1929, the Dzerzhinsk collective farm was organized in P. (in 1933 there were 93 families, in 1938 it had 319 people, 65 farm workers). After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jewish population of P. was destroyed. 2 Feb 1942 on the collective farm. 19 Jews were shot at the Dzerzhinsky Priyutnovsky village council. The building of the synagogue has survived in P.
Passage, a village in the Chortkiv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Awbuzna in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 978 Jews (41%) lived in Poland, in 1900 - 1207 (42%), in 1921 - 1226 Jews (39.1%). First mention about Jews P. refers to 1569. In the 1st half. 19th century a community was created, at the same time 2 synagogues were built, a cemetery was laid. The first rabbi P. was Moishe Edelstein, in the 1850s. - Dovid-Meer Babad (1830–1894, Safed, EI.), Later - Yakov-Yosef Drimer, Avrom Drimer (1840–1915), in 1879–89 - Yisroel Berger (1855–1919), in 1889–1939 - Gusyatin Hasid Avrom-Yakov Gorvits (1864-1942). 19 - early. 20th century some of the Jews of Poland left for the USA, where in 1904 a philanthropist was created by the community. in 1920–30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942 (after the deportation to P. in March 1942 of a part of the Jews from Gusyatin), the Jewish population of P. was 1,630. Sep 30 1942 approx. 1 thousand Jews were sent to the extermination camp Belzec, who remained in October. 1942 deported to Kopychintsy. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish working team in P., whose members were used to grow kok-sagyz and other agricultural crops. works. Several dozens of Jews from the workers' team were shot in the fall of 1943. There is a destroyed synagogue in P.
PROBST Abram Efimovich (1903, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1938), prof. (1940). Graduated from the Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va (1925). Since 1939 in the Council for the Study of Productive Forces under the USSR State Planning Committee, head. sector of the general methodology. Until the end of his life he lectured and was head. Department of Economics of Industry for Economics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Sci. research on the theory and methodology of the placement of the industry, issues of economics. efficiency of terr. org-tion of production, fuel and energy. complex of the USSR. Ed. P. published collective monographs and collection of works. "Development of the fuel base of the regions of the USSR" (Moscow, 1968), "Development and placement of the fuel industry" (Moscow, 1975). Author (jointly with Academician I.P. Bardin and V.V. Rikman) of the monograph “Problems of North-West. metallurgy "(1946). Became. etc. (1942). Op. Towards a solution to the problem of regionalization of fuel consumption in the USSR. M.-L., 1932; Main problems geogr. placement of the fuel economy of the USSR. M.-L., 1939; Socialist. location of production and consumption of fuel in the USSR. M., 1950; Econ. the effectiveness of new technology (methodology of determination). M., 1960; Placement issues socialist. prom-sti. M., 1971.
PROBUZHNA, see Probezhnaya.
PROGRESS, a farm in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus) During the Holocaust, 243 Jews were shot in P.
COOL, see Cool.
PROKHLADNY, city (since 1937), regional center in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Russian Federation). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - stanitsa Prokhladnaya, Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region In 1910 there were 71 Jews living in P., in 1939 - 66, in 2002 - 47 Jews. In 1913 a Jew owned 1 of 19 grocery stores. In 2001 a community was created in P. (previously Mikhail Pavlovich Shaulov).
PROKHOROVKA, a village in the Kanevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. 268 Jews (10.3%) lived in P. in 1897. In 1910 there were 23 Jewish households in P.
PROKHOROVO, see Novokaterinovka, Donetsk Region.
PROKHOROVSKY, a village in Starobeshevsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Taganrog u. Regions of the Don Army. 19th century a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in P. colony, in which 135 Jews lived (40.2%).
PROKHORY, a village in Borznyanskiy district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borzensky district Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population, and in 1919 a pogrom broke out in P. by units of the Volunteer Army.
PROKOFIEVA (nee Mendelssohn) Mirra Alexandrovna (1914, Kiev - 1968, Moscow), poet, librettist. The author of the libretto op. "War and Peace" (1943), "The Story of a Real Man" (1948, jointly with the husband of comp. SS Prokofiev). The author of poems. text to op. Prokofiev's "Duenna" (1940). Author of rep. about Prokofiev, publ. in decomp. collection of books and journals.
PROKOPYEVSK, city (since 1918), regional center in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Kuznetsk district. Tomsk Gubernia In 1939, 172 Jews lived in P., in 1970 - 506 (0.2%), in 2002 - 90 Jews. The number of the Jewish population of P. increased during the Second World period. war at the expense of immigrants from the West. districts of the USSR and workers of evacuated enterprises. A community was created; an unofficial minyan operated in a private house bought at the expense of believers (Chasovaya St., 9). A Jewish cemetery was founded in P., and a community was created in P. 2001 (previously Sergey Alekseevich Senchurov, born in 1935, Podonino, Kemerovo Region).
PROKOSHKIN Yuri Dmitrievich (1929, Moscow - 1997), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961), prof. (1967), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). After the end of physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952) worked (1953–56) at the Institute of Nuclear Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, then (1953–63) hands. gr. at the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). From 1963 to the beginning. dep. experimental Physics at the Institute for High Energy Physics (Serpukhov Moscow Region). Studied the process of pion formation in nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleus interactions. He discovered the rare beta decay of a pion, confirming the law of conservation of the current vector in weak interactions. He laid the foundations of meson chemistry. He was the first to establish scale invariance in the microworld. Joint. with sotr. found antihelium nuclei-3. Discovered the growth of total cross sections (received the name "Serpukhov effect"), a new particle ash-meson with spin 4, discovered a number of mesons with exotic properties. Hands. int. project in Europe. center for nuclear research. (CERN). Author of over 250 scientific. works. Evil medal to them. I.V. Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1965).
BUYER Naum Leibovich (b. 1948, Bessarabka, Chimisliysky district, Moldavian SSR), athlete (canoeing). International Master of Sports class. He played for the society "Trud. reserves "(Moscow). Bronze. prize-winner Olympus. games (1968) and world champion in double canoe rowing (1971). Prizewinner of the European Championships, bronze. (1967) and silver. (1969) medals. Seven times champion of the USSR.
PROLETARSK, now a part (since 1965) of Lisichansk, Lugansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rubizhnoe (other name - Depriradovskoe) of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 147 Jews (0.6%) lived in P. in 1939. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P. in 1942, a group of Jews was shot.
PROLETARSKAYA, see Proletarsk, Rostov region.
PROLETARSKAYA RUDNYA, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine) .In Nov. 1941 in P.R., one Jew was arrested, sent to Chernigov and killed there.
PROLETARSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Serpukhov district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gorodenka, Moscow Gubernia. In 1926, 3 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 15, and in 1989 - 4 Jews.
PROLETARSKOE (until 1924 - Grafskaya), a village in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1858, 450 people lived in P., in 1861 - 571, in 1897 - 351 (67 families), in 1924 - 426 people. (63 families). In 1861, 566 dessiatins were sown in P. land, in 1897 - 604 dess., mainly. barley (57.5%), spring wheat (22.2%). Jews owned 113 horses and 83 cows. There was a synagogue and a bathhouse in P. in May 1881 a pogrom took place in P. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings system operated in P. m-in. In 1913 there was a Jewish school. The grain trade in Poland was owned by a Jew. In 1924, an individual. kh-va processed 1135 dess. land. In 1929 a collective farm was organized in P., in the middle. 1930s - grain state farm. In 1938, the state farm employed 295 people living in 50 houses. In 1941, some of the Jews of Poland were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. In the end. 1941 - early. 1942 in P., a group of Jews remaining in the occupation was shot.
PROMNIK, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Keletsky u. 49 Jews (10%) lived in P. in 1897.
INDUSTRIAL, urban-type settlement (since 1936), a regional center in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 16 Jews lived in P.
PRONSTEIN Alexander Pavlovich (1919, Melitopol, Tauride province - 1998), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1962), prof. (1963), acad. RANS (1992). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–48 he studied at the graduate school of history. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1949 he taught at the Rostov State. un-those, in 1962-71 head. Department of History of the USSR, since 1972 head. department of source study of fatherlands, history and auxiliary. ist. disciplines Author approx. 230 scientific. works (including 15 monographs) on the history of Russia 16-18 centuries., on problems, theory and methodology of history. research, auxiliary ist. disciplines. Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1991). Works: Veliky Novgorod in the XVI century. Kharkov, 1957; Don land in the 18th century Rostov on / D, 1961; Methodology ist. research. Rostov n / a, 1971; Methodology ist. source study. Kharkov, 1976; Cross. wars in Russia 17-18 centuries and the Don Cossacks. Rostov n / a, 1983 (with N.A. Minenkov); Source study in Russia. The era of capitalism. Rostov n / a, 1991.
PRONSK, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1186. From 1778 - the district town of the Ryazan governorship, from 1796 - the province. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement. In 1910 25 Jews lived in P., in 1939 there were 7 Jews. In 1910 P. had a Jewish cemetery.
PROPOISK, see Slavgorod, Mogilev region.
PROPS Aharon-Zvi (1904, Mitava Doblensky u. Kurland province - 1978, Israel), public figure. He graduated from a gymnasium and a teacher's seminary in Riga with teaching in Hebrew, studied law at the University of Prague. In 1921 he was one of the organizers of Jewish self-defense in Ostrogozhsk. Initiator created and first hand. youth movement Beitar in Riga. In the 1930s. Beitar activist in Poland. Was printed in gas. in Yiddish, edited weekly. "Ha-Medina". Since 1939 - in E.-I. Brit. Was repeatedly arrested. the authorities. In 1940–48 - in the USA. He organized a flight school for Jewish youth. He made efforts to organize specials. Jewish unit in the Canadian Air Force. In the 1950s. - organizer of the international festivals of arts in Caesarea (Israel). The author of the book. about I. Trumpeldor.
PROSZOWICE, a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Prešovice Miechowski u. Keletskaya Gubernia. In 1827 there were 8 Jews living in P. (0.8%), in 1897 - 639 (24%), in 1921 - 1307 (39.6%), in 1931 - approx. 2,000 Jews (approx. 44%) Until 1862 Jews were prohibited from settling in P. The Jewish community appeared in P. in the second half. 19th century In the 19th century. most of the Jews of P. were Hasidim. In P. there were several. synagogues, Jewish cemetery. In 1908–25 the rabbi of P. was Mikhl-Zeev Zavadsky, from 1925 - Aba Zaks and Benzion Hurwitz. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1927 the Talmud Torah was opened, in the 1930s. - schools of the "Tarbut" and "Beis Yaakov" network. 7 Sept. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. In the 2nd floor. 1942 Jews of P. were deported to the extermination camp. After liberation, approx. 60 Jews. After the murder of one of them, Polish. Jews left P.
PROSKUROV, see Khmelnitsky.
PROSKUROVKA, a village in the Yarmolinetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, a Jew rented a paper factory in P.
PROSYANAYA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Pokrovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Alexandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. the kerosene shop in P.
PROTOPOPOVKA, a village in the Alexandria region of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandria district. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century in P. had a Jewish population, DOS. The occupation of which was trade. In 1919, a pogrom took place in P., organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
PROTVINO, a city (since 1989) in the Serpukhov district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1960 as a settlement at the Institute of High Energy Physics. In 1989, 48 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 56 Jews.
PROVALOVKA, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 in Lyubar, 4 Jews from P.
PROVANOV Grigory Vasilievich (1901, Kashirino, Vladimir province - 1942), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Member of the Civil. war. In the Red Army - in 1919-21 and from 1939. He graduated from the KUKS. Com. tank, brigade Lieutenant Colonel P. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union (see) for the battles during the breakthrough of the enemy's defenses in the Stalingrad region. Killed in battle. He was awarded 2 orders.
PROVOTINER Aron (1886, Novograd-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1948, Los Angeles), playwright. In the years of the 1st world. war served in the army. In 1919-22, dir. Kiev Jewish Theater. studios. Since 1923 - in the USA. First stories in Hebrew publ. in 1907 in children. zhurn. "Olam katan", then wrote in Yiddish. Publ. poems, stories, children. fairy tales, trans. from rus. and Polish. lang. in periodic. ed. Yiddish. Author det. plays and staging productions. Sholem Aleichem. Main Produced by: Der Giner Shtriik (Chicken Strike, 1928), Zvei Purim Spiel (Two Purim Spiers, 1938), Yehuda Gamakabi (Yehuda Maccabi, 1939), Iomtov -pieces "(" Holiday Pieces ", 1943).
PROZER Moses (ps. Garan, Ani ha-Geber) (1840, Keidany, Kovno province - 1895, Petersburg), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1858 - in Zhitomir, then in Kovno, where he met A. Mapu. Comp. in "Gamelitz". From 1870 - in St. Petersburg. Joined the editors. "Gamelitz", head. int. dep. He also taught Hebrew. in an orphanage, was a teacher in the house of D.G., Gunzburg.
Prophets, see Prophets.
PROZOROKI, a village in the Glubokoe district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Prophets (other names - Prophets) of Disnensky Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1921 134 Jews lived in Poland. In 1882–1903, Poland was closed for free settlement of Jews. P. had a synagogue and a mikvah; Zelka Finkelstein was a shokhet. In the summer of 1941, the Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 6 1941, 380 Jews (residents of P. and surrounding villages) were shot in P. After liberation, a stele was installed on the grave of the shot.
PRUDKIN Mark Isaakovich (1898, Klin, Moscow Province - 1994, Moscow), actor. Hero of Socialist Labor (1989). From 1916 - at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1918 he was admitted to the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater, in 1924 - into the troupe of the theater. He played the role of a romantic. heroes: Karl Moor ("The Robbers" by I.-F. Schiller), Don Luis ("The Invisible Lady" by P. Calderon), Chatsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1925). P. became famous for the role of Shervinsky ("Days of the Turbins" by MA Bulgakov, 1926). Then decomp. Were created. characters opposite in character: Nezelasov ("Armored train 14–69" by Vs. V. Ivanov, 1927), Figaro ("Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro" by A. Beaumarchais, 1930), Kastalsky ("Fear" by A. N. Afinogenov , 1931), Mikhail Skrobotov ("Enemies" by M. Gorky, 1935), Mekhti-Aga ("Deep Intelligence" by A. A. Kron, 1943), Dostigaev ("Egor Bulychov and others" by M. Gorky, 1963), Khmelik ("Solo for a striking clock" by O. Zagradnik, 1973), Krutitsky ("Enough simplicity for every wise man" by AN Ostrovsky, 1973), Shabelsky ("Ivanov" by AP Chekhov, 1976). For many years he played Vronsky (1937) and Karenin (1958) in the play "Anna Karenina" after Leo Tolstoy. The role of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov ("The Brothers Karamazov" after FM Dostoyevsky) continued its life in the same name. f. In the 1980s. performed the roles: Friend ("It's All Over" by E. Olby, 1980) and Pontius Pilate ("Ball by Candlelight" based on "The Master and Margarita" by MA Bulgakov, 1983). Together with A.O. Stepanova led the cycle “Theater. memoirs "on television, starred in t / f:" Swan Song "(based on the story of Chekhov, 1975)," Chekhov's Pages "(1978)," Uncle's Dream "(after Dostoevsky, 1981)," Lost in the Sands "(after A S. Serafimovich, 1985) and others. art. USSR (1961). Became. pr. (1946, 1947, 1949).
Prudkin Shebsh (Karev Alexander Mikhailovich) (1899 - 1975, Moscow), actor. In 1919 he entered the studio of t-ra "Habima". He played Passer-by in S. Ansky's "Gadibuk", Barzilai's cloth merchant in D. Pinsky's "Eternal Jew", Vir in G. Berger's "Gamabul", Gamaral in G. Levik's "Golem". One of the few Habima artists who returned to the USSR after being hacked. tour in 1926. Joined the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater, took the acting dog. A.M. Karev. He starred in several. f. - Jewish youth in "Mabula" (adaptation of "Bloody Stream" by Sholem Aleichem, 1926), Nathan in "Seekers of Happiness" (1936), Moses in the film adaptation of the Moscow Art Theater play "School of Scandal" by R. Sheridan (1952). He taught acting at the Moscow Art Theater School. Author of rep. about EB Vakhtangov ("Evgeny Vakhtangov. Materials and articles". M., 1959). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1948).
PRUDNOE, village, subordinate to the administration of the city of Tula (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tula u. Tula province. Oct. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 19 nov. 1941 in P. 20 Jews from three neighboring villages were burnt to death in a barn.
Prudo-Polyana, a village in the Shumyachsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Klimovichi district. Mogilev province. In 1939 in P.-P. 10 Jewish families lived. 19 - early. 20th century in P.-P. there was a Jewish population. In the 1930s. in P.-P. the Jewish collective farm "Red Plowman" worked. There was a cheder. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in P.-P. 3 Jews were killed.
Prudok, now part of (since 1957) Gomel (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in P.
PRUDYANKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dergachevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1620. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkiv province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in P.
PRUSHKOV, see Pruszkow.
Pruszkow, a city (since 1916) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - the village of Prushkov Varshavsky u. 971 Jews (6.4%) lived in P. in 1921, and 1288 Jews (5.4%) in 1931. Jews lived in P. from the second half of the year. 19th century In 1888 Yisroel-Moishe Lifshits (? –1918, Warsaw) founded a Hasidic court in Poland. The dynasty was continued by his son Menachem-Mendel (? –1934, Warsaw). In 1904 a community was created in Poland. Rabbi P. at the beginning. 20th century was Motl Krushnitsky, in 1905–34 - Itzhok-Meer Levenberg. In 1894 M.Sh. Stein worked as a doctor in P., in 1911 - D.A. Goldberg. In 1911, Jews owned a faience factory, a vinegar and zinc smelter, and 4 shops in P. The Jewish community of P. suffered greatly during the First World. war. 14 Sep 1914 several. dozens of Jews were taken hostage. Jan 25. In 1915, all Jews were expelled from P. In 1916, most of them returned. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 7 Sept. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in October. 1940 - ghetto. On Feb. 1942 almost all Jews were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. In P., there are 180 Jewish workers who were deported in the summer of 1942 to the Treblinka extermination camp, and there is a Jewish cemetery in P.
L. PRUSMAN (1896 - after 1937), teacher, translator. In 1919, publ. the first story "And na parnose" ("New profession"). He is known as a compiler of textbooks for Jewish schools and a publicist who published in Yiddish periodicals (Komunisische von, Der Emes, etc.). In 1925 he released the book. for reading (with M. Maidansky) "Lenin ruf" ("Call of Lenin"). Together with I. Burtyansky, I. Grinberg, B. Dvorkin, I. Yakhinson and L. Shchupak published in Kiev a textbook on natural science for teachers "Arbet-bukh oif naturvisnschaft" ("Working book on natural science"). Per. in Yiddish a number of scientific popul. ed. for Jewish schools and textbooks, ed. in Kharkov in the 1st half. 1930s
Ilya Efimovich PRUSS (1903, Baranovichi-Polesskie, Novogrudok u., Minsk province - 1972, Moscow), military leader. Major General Ing. troops (1945). In Kr. Army since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. Graduated from military-engineer. school (1928), Military-Ing. academy (1934). Divengineer. Pom. early and early. building of fortified districts. In 1941, deputy. teams. sapper army. In 1942–43 - teams. sapper army. In 1944 - early. Ing. army troops. 1945 - early. Control. will defend. front line, RGK. The building was supervised by the memor. complexes in Berlin in 1945–46. In 1946–57 - in command positions, in 1958–68 - early. Control. specialist. (rocket) building, in 1961-68 - early. ex. prom. pr-ty Ch. ex. specialist. building of the USSR Ministry of Defense. From 1968 - retired. He was awarded 10 orders.
PRUT Iosif Leonidovich (1900, Taganrog Region of the Don Cossack - 1996, Moscow), playwright, screenwriter. Before the 1st world. he studied in Switzerland during the war. Participant of Civil. war com. squadron in the 1st Cavalry Army. Since 1919 he has been engaged in lit. tr. From 1924 he was a screenwriter at the Mezhrabprom-Rus film studio, in 1928–32 - at Lenfilm. One of the leading playwrights owls. cinema of the 1930s Among the best f. "Thirteen" (1937, jointly with MI Romm, "Secretary of the District Committee" (1942). According to the scripts of P. post: "My Love" (1940), "Wait for us at dawn" (1964, jointly with E.V. Lotyanu) and others. Author of about 30 plays and more than 30 scenarios. Honored Worker of Art in the RSFSR (1983). Works: Prince Metislav Udaloy. L., 1933; Two nights. M., 1940; Pacific Ocean. M.-L., 1949; Stay true. M., 1970; Soldiers. M., 1975; Katrin. M., 1984 (co-author).
PRUTOVKA (until 1946 - Karlov), a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1780s At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Karluv Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Hungarian units. army. Apr 28 1942 17 Jews were deported from P. to Sniatyn and subsequently exterminated.
PRUZHANSKY Alexander Mikhailovich (Aaron Mikhelevich) (b. 1950, Moscow), singer (lyric tenor). Graduated from wok in 1977. dep. Moscow state music-ped. in-ta them. Gnessin (class ND Shpiller). Since 1972 - the leading soloist of the Moscow. chamber choir under the arms. VN Minin and a concert singer. P. - compiler of the dictionary "Domestic singers - 1750-1917." (M., 1991). Since 1993 - in Germany. Tours with solo concerts in Western countries. Europe. Honored. art. RF (1993).
PRUZHANSKY Nikolay Osipovich (1844, Pruzhansky district of Grodno province - |), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First production written in Hebrew. and publ. in "Gamelitz" (1863). The first story in Russian. lang. "Natasha" in the "Nikolaevsky Bulletin" in 1869. Collaborated in many. Russian and Russian-Jewish ed. In the beginning. 1880s after the pogroms in southern Russia, P.'s brochures were published: "Are we doing well that we beat the Jews" and "Is the Jew to blame for the fact that he is a Jew." In 1903 P.'s pamphlet "Krushevan's Dream" was a great success. It turned out approx. 20 collection of stories by P.: "Between fantasy and reality" (1900), "An extraordinary story of ordinary events" (1900), "In a dream and in reality" (1904), "Life as it is" (stories for youth) ( 1911) and others.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПРУЖАНЫ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 15 в. В 16–18 вв. – в Брестском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1766 в П. проживал 641 еврей, в 1786 – 317 (30,9%), в 1797 – 1285 евреев и караимов, в 1847 – 2583 еврея, в 1860 – 2908 (57,3%), в 1878 – 4750 (67,4%), в 1897 – 5080 (66,5%), в 1921 – 4152 (65,6%), в 1931 – 4208 (55,2%), в 2000 – 10 евреевЕвреи жили в П. с 15 в. В 1450-х гг. имелась хевра кадиша; в 1463 построена синагога (сгорела в 1863). В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из П. Через неск. лет евреи вернулись. В 1563 в П. проживали 22 еврейские семьи. В 1623 еврейская община П. входила в состав Брестского кагального окр. В кон. 16 в. раввином в П. был Йоэль Сыркес. В 1628 в П. проходил съезд «Ваада четырех земель». В 1644 евреи получили от польск. короля особые привилегии: возможность строить синагоги, покупать дома, заниматься винокурением и ремеслами, варить пиво и мед, вести торговлю. В 1650 эти привилегии были подтверждены королем Яном Казимиром, запретившим, однако, покупать землю под новые синагоги. Эти привилегии подтверждались в 1677 и в 1698.В 1719–68 раввином П. был Б.Ш.Авигдор. В 1873 в П. действовали 4 синагоги, бесплатная еврейская больница. С сер. 1860-х гг. до 1874 в П. работала гос. школа для евреев.В 1861–67 раввином П. был Э.-Х.Майзель, с 1871 – Иерухам-Иегуда-Лейб Перельман, в 1884–1929 – Илиягу Файнштейн (1842–1929), с 1887 – Герш Менделевич Перельштейн.В 1880 было основано благотворит. об-во «Линас га-Цедек», в 1899 – «Об-во пособия бездомным евреям». В 1890-х гг. возник палестинофильский кружок, с 1900 действовали сионистские орг-ции «Тиферес бахурим», «Пирхей Цион», с 1903 – «Цеирей Цион». В 1904 левые сионисты и бундовцы объединились в группу «Кадима». В окт. 1905 был создан отряд самообороны.В 1910 казенным раввином был Берко Иоселевич Конторщик. Действовали 9 синагог, талмуд-тора, еврейское уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 4 склада аптечных товаров, единств. банкирская контора, единств. ресторан, трактир, 166 лавок и магазинов в П. (в т. ч. 42 бакалейные, все 11 мануфактурных, все 5 табачных, все 6 мясных, единств. мебельный магазин). Евреем был единств. в П. ювелир; 5 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты.В 1915 казенным раввином в П. был Мовша-Фишель Беркович Гольдберг. В том же году была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. После ее закрытия в 1916 начала работать еврейская школа с преподаванием на нем. яз. В 1917 вновь была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. Тогда же начал действовать еврейский дом престарелых. В 1919 при помощи Джойнта был открыт дет. дом.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, работало 5 еврейских школ. В 1922 было открыто отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка, в 1931 – отд-ние Торг. банка. В 1929 начала действовать иешива. В 1930–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Пруженер лебн», с 1931 – сионистский еженед. «Пруженер штиме».23 июня 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В июле 1941 был создан юденрат, 20 окт. 1941 – гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. ок. 6 тыс. евреев из Белостока. Весной 1942 в гетто были созданы подпольные орг-ции: во главе одной стояли Арон Гольдштейн, Йосеф Розен и Ицхок Шерешевский, во главе другой – Ицхок Фридберг и Шмариягу Эльман. 31 янв. 1943 гетто было ликвидировано; при ликвидации погибло более 10 тыс. евреев. Неск. сотен молодых узников бежали в леса, где вошли в состав партиз. отрядов. В июне 1944 в еврейский партиз. отряд влились 28 евреев – венгер. военнослужащих.В кон. 1950-х – нач. 1960-х гг. в П. было закрыто еврейское кладбище, территория кладбища превращена в обществ. парк. В здании бывш. синагоги находится пром. пр-тие.В П. род.: Г.А.Гольдберг, С.И.Рапопорт, П. Рубинштейн, Й.-Д.-Б. Соловейчик, С.А.Яновская; Яков Лазаревич Делевский (наст. фам. Юделевский) (1868–1957, США), литератор, народоволец, 2 года провел в Петропавловской крепости и «Крестах», затем – в ссылке в Якутии, после 1917 – во Франции, после 1939 – в США.З.Вагнер, pronunciation=ПРУЖАНЫ, город (с 1940), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 15 в. В 16–18 вв. – в Брестском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1766 в П. проживал 641 еврей, в 1786 – 317 (30,9%), в 1797 – 1285 евреев и караимов, в 1847 – 2583 еврея, в 1860 – 2908 (57,3%), в 1878 – 4750 (67,4%), в 1897 – 5080 (66,5%), в 1921 – 4152 (65,6%), в 1931 – 4208 (55,2%), в 2000 – 10 евреевЕвреи жили в П. с 15 в. В 1450-х гг. имелась хевра кадиша; в 1463 построена синагога (сгорела в 1863). В 1495 евреи были изгнаны из П. Через неск. лет евреи вернулись. В 1563 в П. проживали 22 еврейские семьи. В 1623 еврейская община П. входила в состав Брестского кагального окр. В кон. 16 в. раввином в П. был Йоэль Сыркес. В 1628 в П. проходил съезд «Ваада четырех земель». В 1644 евреи получили от польск. короля особые привилегии: возможность строить синагоги, покупать дома, заниматься винокурением и ремеслами, варить пиво и мед, вести торговлю. В 1650 эти привилегии были подтверждены королем Яном Казимиром, запретившим, однако, покупать землю под новые синагоги. Эти привилегии подтверждались в 1677 и в 1698.В 1719–68 раввином П. был Б.Ш.Авигдор. В 1873 в П. действовали 4 синагоги, бесплатная еврейская больница. С сер. 1860-х гг. до 1874 в П. работала гос. школа для евреев.В 1861–67 раввином П. был Э.-Х.Майзель, с 1871 – Иерухам-Иегуда-Лейб Перельман, в 1884–1929 – Илиягу Файнштейн (1842–1929), с 1887 – Герш Менделевич Перельштейн.В 1880 было основано благотворит. об-во «Линас га-Цедек», в 1899 – «Об-во пособия бездомным евреям». В 1890-х гг. возник палестинофильский кружок, с 1900 действовали сионистские орг-ции «Тиферес бахурим», «Пирхей Цион», с 1903 – «Цеирей Цион». В 1904 левые сионисты и бундовцы объединились в группу «Кадима». В окт. 1905 был создан отряд самообороны.В 1910 казенным раввином был Берко Иоселевич Конторщик. Действовали 9 синагог, талмуд-тора, еврейское уч-ще, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1913 евреям принадлежали все 4 склада аптечных товаров, единств. банкирская контора, единств. ресторан, трактир, 166 лавок и магазинов в П. (в т. ч. 42 бакалейные, все 11 мануфактурных, все 5 табачных, все 6 мясных, единств. мебельный магазин). Евреем был единств. в П. ювелир; 5 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты.В 1915 казенным раввином в П. был Мовша-Фишель Беркович Гольдберг. В том же году была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. После ее закрытия в 1916 начала работать еврейская школа с преподаванием на нем. яз. В 1917 вновь была открыта школа с преподаванием на идише. Тогда же начал действовать еврейский дом престарелых. В 1919 при помощи Джойнта был открыт дет. дом.В 1920–30-х гг. в П. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, работало 5 еврейских школ. В 1922 было открыто отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка, в 1931 – отд-ние Торг. банка. В 1929 начала действовать иешива. В 1930–39 выходил в свет еженед. «Пруженер лебн», с 1931 – сионистский еженед. «Пруженер штиме».23 июня 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В июле 1941 был создан юденрат, 20 окт. 1941 – гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в т. ч. ок. 6 тыс. евреев из Белостока. Весной 1942 в гетто были созданы подпольные орг-ции: во главе одной стояли Арон Гольдштейн, Йосеф Розен и Ицхок Шерешевский, во главе другой – Ицхок Фридберг и Шмариягу Эльман. 31 янв. 1943 гетто было ликвидировано; при ликвидации погибло более 10 тыс. евреев. Неск. сотен молодых узников бежали в леса, где вошли в состав партиз. отрядов. В июне 1944 в еврейский партиз. отряд влились 28 евреев – венгер. военнослужащих.В кон. 1950-х – нач. 1960-х гг. в П. было закрыто еврейское кладбище, территория кладбища превращена в обществ. парк. В здании бывш. синагоги находится пром. пр-тие.В П. род.: Г.А.Гольдберг, С.И.Рапопорт, П. Рубинштейн, Й.-Д.-Б. Соловейчик, С.А.Яновская; Яков Лазаревич Делевский (наст. фам. Юделевский) (1868–1957, США), литератор, народоволец, 2 года провел в Петропавловской крепости и «Крестах», затем – в ссылке в Якутии, после 1917 – во Франции, после 1939 – в США.З.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
PRUZHININ Boris Isaevich (b. 1944, Moscow), specialist in the field of the theory of knowledge, methodological analysis of science. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1992). In 1968 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1972–89 ml. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1989 head. dep., since 1992 responsible. sec. in the journal. "Questions of Philosophy". In tr. P. are developed by analytic. ideas about rationality, which can serve as a theoretically effective basis for the analysis and reconstruction of specific problem situations that arise in the methodological. consciousness sovr. science, as well as to identify the worldview meaning of dec. solutions to the problem of rationality in general. Vol .: Rationality and the historical unity of scientific knowledge. M., 1986; Imagination and Rationality M., 1989 (et al.).
RYADKI, now part of the village. Kiyashki, Poltava region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of the Kremenchug district Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in P.
PRYADOVKA, a village in the Tsarichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novomoskovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913 a Jew owned 1 of 2 grocery and manufactory shops in P.
Prygov Vladimir Borisovich (1924, Kiev - 1944, Sunishe, Latvian SSR), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - from 1942. He graduated from a tank. uch-shche. In fr. from 1944. Jr. leith. P. was awarded (see) the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage and heroism shown in the battle near Tukums. Killed in this battle.
PRZEDBORZ, see Przedbuzh.
PRZHEDECH, see Pshedech.
PRZHEROSL, see Przherosl.
PRZHEVALSK, see Karakol.
PRZHEVALSKOE (until 1964 - a settlement), an urban-type settlement (since 1974) in the Demidov district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Smolensk province. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in P.
PRZHIBYSHEV, see Przybyshev.
PRZHIROV, see Pshiruv.
PRZHISLUP, see Lukvitsa.
PRZHISUKH, see Pshisuha.
PRZYTYK, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16th - 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad of Radomsky u. In 1766 766 Jews lived in P., in 1827 - 1,060 (86.2%), in 1857 - 1205 (89.5%), in 1897 - 1504 (83.4%), in 1921 - 1852 ( 80.5%), in 1929 - 1676, in 1939 - 2,309 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the middle. 15th century P. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. 19th century a new synagogue was built. In the 1890-1910s. the rabbi in P. was Avner Shmendra. 20th century The Hasidic court in P. was founded by Sholem Shapiro. His son Chaim (1879–1920) was accused of being Polish. authorities in spying for the Sov. Russia and was hanged in a talis and with the Torah in his hands. In 1914 the Jews belonged to unity. bakery, 13 shops in P. (including all 7 manufactory, 2 out of 3 haberdashery). In the summer of 1915 the Jews were deported to Radom. The Jews returned to P. in August. 1917, in the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. Rabbi P. was Yisroel Shapiro. In the beginning. 1930s a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. In March 1937 a pogrom took place in P. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was established. In the spring of 1941 the Jews of P. were deported to the ghettos of nearby us. points.
PSAHIS Lev Borisovich (b. 1958, Kalinin), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1982). Winner of Vses. tournament of young masters (1979). Champion of the USSR (1980,1981) and the RSFSR (1977). As part of the USSR team, the European champion (1983). Member of the interzonal tournament (1982). Winner pl. int. tournaments, including in Sarajevo (1981, 1986), Cienfuegos (1983), Sirac (1986). Since 1989 - in Israel.
PSHAPSKOE, see Zemo Pshapi.
PSHASNYSZ, a city (since 1427) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Prasnysh Plock province. In 1808, 308 Jews (22.5%) lived in P., in 1827 - 1162 (32.5%), in 1840 - 1649 (42.5%), in 1856 - 1830 (48.6%), in 1897 - 3554 (45.7%), in 1921 - 2158 Jews (35.9%). Jews lived in Poland from the 16th century. In the end. 18th century A synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1822–62, Jews were allowed to live only on certain streets in P. Salantera Itskhok Lipkin, later Issakhar-Berish Groisbart, Zvi Kopkovsky (? –1889), in 1890–95 - Nosn Leipziger, in 1896–1924 - Mendl Levkovich (? –1924). Since 1905, an organizational tion of the Bund. In 1910 the Yeshiva "Beis Yosef" was opened. In 1914 Jews owned 1 of 2 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, 2 bakeries, 2 bakeries, and a unity. a photographic workshop, all 3 watch workshops, a restaurant, more than 70 shops and stores in P. (including all 11 manufactories, both tableware, 3 sausages). During the 1st world. War in P. arrived approx. 400 families of Jewish refugees from our immediate vicinity. points. OK. 300 Jewish families P. lost their livelihood. Mn. Jewish houses were burned down. In the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1924–37, the rabbi of P. was Avrom Lichtenstein, from 1937 - Itshok Parzhenchevsky. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Sep 1939 Jews of P. were deported to the territory occupied by the Red Army, and in 1986 a memorial sign was erected at the Jewish cemetery of P.
PSEDBUZH, a city in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the town of Předbor Horse u. Radom province. In 1765 in P. and surrounding us. 665 Jews lived in localities, in 1827 in Poland - 1801 (66.3%), in 1856 - 3154 (73.9%), in 1897 - 4089 (68%), in 1911 - 5183, in 1921 - 3749 (63 , 7%), in 1939 - approx. 4,500 Jews Jews have lived in Poland since the 16th century. In 1595, King Sigismund III Vasa forbade the increase in the number of Jewish houses in P. In 1636, P. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1638, King Vladislav IV allowed the Jews to rebuild houses and a synagogue that had been destroyed by fire. A new Jewish cemetery was laid. Jews were allowed to engage in trade and wine production. In the 1560s. the community was practically destroyed by the troops of hetman S. Chernetsky. 17th century Rabbi P. was Rabbi Aron, in the beginning. 18th century - Naftoli-Hertz Landa (? –1729), in the middle. 18th century - Shaul Landa, Nosn-Note Eibshits, Arie-Leib Halperin. In 1745 Jews were allowed to own only 25 houses in the city center. To the end. 18th century Jews owned 37 houses. All R. 18th century a wooden synagogue was built. In 1815 the Hasidic court in Poland was founded by Ishayaga Veltfreud (1758–1831), a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin". After a break, in 1850, the dynasty was continued by his son Emmanuel (1802–1865, Warsaw), from 1865 the son of the latter Avrom-Moishe (1840–1918) became the head of the dynasty. In the 1870s. Rabbi was Vlimenzolm, from 1885 - Yehuda-Leib Licht (1839 -?). 19th century Goldberg founded one of the first factories in Petrograd. In 1914, Jews owned 24 shops in Petrograd (including all 11 factories, all 3 pubs, both dishware). In 1915, a philanthropist opened. dining room for refugees. In 1918 the "Ceirei Zion", the first Zionist organization in P., and the library named after V.I. Sholem Aleichem. 1920–30s in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there were 7 synagogues, including the Gurian Hasidim. At the branches of Mizrahi and "Ge-Haluts" there were courses on preparation for physics. labor in E.-I. In 1927 a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened. In 1927-28 a yeshiva was in operation (headed by Chaim-Osher Gurfinkel). Rabbi P. in the 1930s - Nosn-Dovid Greenboim. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. 1940 a ghetto was created, destroyed in October. 1942 After liberation, 9 Jews returned to P., to-rye were soon killed. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P. Tobias Feder (real fam. Gutman) (1760-1817), writer, active leader of the Haskalah.
Pshedecz, a city in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest-Kuyavsky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Předech Wloclawski u. In 1793, 139 Jews (39.2%) lived in Poland; in 1808, 210 (32.6%); in 1827, 346 (17.9%); in 1857, 606 (31%); 1921 - 840 Jews (27.6%) Jews lived in P. 14th century There was a Jewish cemetery. From the beginning. 19th century in P. existed independently. community. In 1822–62, Jews were allowed to live only on certain streets; outside them, Jews with special privileges could live. There were synagogues, a yeshiva, and a Jewish library. In 1860-1900, Chaim Oyerbukh was Rabbi P. (? –1943, Warsaw). In the 1920s. a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened in P. There were about-va "Bikur khoylim", a loan-save. cashbox. In 1926, with the help of the Joint, a branch of the Jewish People was opened. bank. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created, liquidated in April. 1942 There is a destroyed Jewish cemetery in P.
PSHEPYURKA David (1880, Warsaw - 1940, Linz), chess player, chess composer. Vice-pre. Polish chess. union (since 1926). Ed. chess. dep. in Polish gas. Poch. h. FIDE. Mathematician. In 1900-30 the participant of St. 20 int. tournaments. Awarded the title of master for a successful performance in Coburg (1904). Winner and medalist of tournaments in Merano (1926, 2-4th), Munich (1926, 1st), The Hague (1928, 2nd). Winner of the 1st Polish Championship (1926). As part of the Polish team, he participated in the Olympics (1930, 1931). Initiator of the 6th Olympiad in Warsaw (1935). From 1896 publ. OK. 160 logical tasks. style. He died in a concentration camp. At the resort of Szczawno-Zdroj (Poland) several. memorials of P. (1950–83).
PSZEROSL, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Przherosl of Suwalki u. In 1766, 207 Jews lived in P., in 1808 - 335 (31.1%), in 1827 - 662 (34.1%), in 1856 - 672 (35%), in 1897 - 340 (20% ), in 1931 - 225 Jews. Jews lived in Poland from the 18th century. In 1823–62 P. was closed for the free settlement of Jews. Rabbi P. in the 1840s. was Eliyahu Margalit, in the 1870s. - Avrom Senderovich, then - Benzion Krenitz. In the 1st floor. 20th century The rabbis of P. were Leib Sachs, Eliezer Schlosberg, and Dovid Kubelsky. In 1919–24 she worked in P. dining room for those in need. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939, after being occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht, almost all the Jews of Poland were expelled to Lithuania and to the territory. In Poland, occupied by the USSR, there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P.
PSHIBYSHEV, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Przhibyshev Groetskiy u. Warsaw province. In 1808, 56 Jews (10%) lived in Poland, in 1827 - 68 (7.4%), in 1857 - 41 (4.1%), in 1897 - 121 (10.5%), 1921 - 104 Jews (9.6%). the occupation of the Jews of P. was gardening, the products of which were supplied to Warsaw. 1939 The Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1941 Jews of P. were deported to the Warsaw ghetto.
PSZIROW, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Przhirov of Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1808, 102 Jews (10.1%) lived in P., in 1827 - 552 (30.7%), in 1856 - 954 (43%), in 1897 - 950 (40.7%), 1921 - 802 (32.7%), in 1939 - 715 Jews. Jews have lived in Poland since the end of the 19th century. 18th century In the 1820s. a community was created. A synagogue was built in P., and a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the 1st floor. 19th century Rabbi P. - Yosef Richter (? –1856), then - Shlomo Altman, in the 1890s. - Yehezkel Veltreith, in 1895–98 - Menachem-Mendel-Chaim Landau (1862–?), In 1908–27 - Zvi-Hirsch Shilevich. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PSZISUHA, a city in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Radom powiat of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Przhisukh of Opochensky u. Radom province. In 1765 in P. and surrounding us. 528 Jews lived in localities, in 1827 in Poland - 1658 (74.1%), in 1856 - 2040 (77.2%), in 1897 - 2168 (74.6%), in 1921 - 2153 (66.5% ), in 1939 - c. 2,500 Jews in the 18th century. there was a Jewish community in P. there was a synagogue (built in 1777) and a Jewish cemetery. In the end. 18 - early. 19th century in P. lived a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" Yakov-Itskhok Rabinovich (1764-1813), Izv. as "Holy Jew" or "Jew from Pshisukha". Thanks to the activities of J.-I. Rabinovich, P. became the center of Hasidism in Poland. In 1814, the dynasty was continued by another disciple of the "Seer from Lublin" - a friend of Ya. I. Rabinovich Rabbi Simcha-Bunim (1767–1827). the rabbi P. was Getsel Volchik, in the 1880s. - Yehuda-Leib Licht, later - Eliyahu Singer, in the 1900s. - Nosn-Dovid Kupershtorkh, 1910–30s. - Meer-Elkhanam Fuchs. Most of the Jews of P. were Gurian Hasidim. In addition, among the Jews of P. were the Aleksandrovsk, Amshin, and Vork Hasids. In 1914 Jews owned 20 shops in P. (including all 12 manufactures, all 3 tanneries). in P. worked a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", b-ka them. H.-N. Bialik. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto, liquidated in October. 1942 In 1990 the Jewish cemetery was cleaned up.
PSIRTSKH, see Akhali Atoni.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ПСКОВ, город, центр Псковской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 903. С 1510 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1777 – центр Псковского наместничества, затем – губ.В 1867 в П. проживало ок. 500 евреев, в 1897 – 1444 (4,8%), в 1910 – 1177 (3,6%), в 1923 – 1355 (3,6%), в 1926 – 1338, в 1939 – 1068, в 1970 – 651 (0,5%), в 1979 – 693 (0,4%), в 2002 – 264 еврея.В 1827 в П. появились первые евреи – солдаты рус. армии, для к-рых была открыта временная синагога. С 1859 в П. начали селиться евреи – купцы 1-й гильдии, с 1865 – ремесленники. Численность еврейского населения резко увеличилась. В 1867 в П. была открыта синагога. В 1867–85 раввином был Вульф Иоффе, в 1882 шохетом – Арье Ходес. В 1885–89 раввина в П. не было, община подчинялась раввину Великих Лук.В 1902 И.Г.Борхов и С.Я.Ривкин приобрели з-д по произ-ву кафельных плиток. И.Г. Борхову и И.Розенбергу принадлежали алебастровый з-д и мукомольня. В 1909 В.Е.Цехновицер открыл в П. кирпичный з-д. Другим кирпичным з-дом владел Лейба Мордухович Давидсон; ему же принадлежал лесопильный з-д. Еще одним кирпичным з-дом владел Абрам Шимилевич Ильяшев. Евреям принадлежало 2 типографии в П. В 1911 первую частную лечебницу в П. открыл Адольф Соломонович Вольфсон. В 1913 евреями были большинство дантистов П. и 2 из 5 зубных врачей П.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. и Псковской губ. резко возросла за счет эвакуированных из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В марте 1916 штаб Верх. главнокомандующего рекомендовал псковскому губернатору приступить к выселению евреев, проживавших в Псковской губ., в отдаленные от терр. воен. действий местности.К 1918 в П. было создано отд-ние ЕКОПО; открылась еврейская школа, работал ист.-лит. кружок. Действовали отд-ния разл. сионистских партий.Летом 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный отрядами С.Н.Булак-Балаховича. Мн. евреи бежали в Эстонию.В 1920-х гг. в П. при Интернац. клубе действовала еврейская секция. В 1927 из П. в Крым для организации земледельч. коллективов выехало 9 еврейских семей. В 1929 в П. при Т-ре нац. меньшинств была организована еврейская студия; в Псковском окр. имелся еврейский дет. дом. В П. действовала синагога (ул. Воровского, д. 8), имелся шохет. В мае 1941 еврейская община в П. была ликвидирована, здание синагоги передано Псковскому горсовету.9 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В авг. 1941 в П. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось более 1 тыс. чел. В нач. 1942 в П. была депортирована группа женщин-евреек из Пярну. В янв.–февр. 1942 в П. было расстреляно ок. 1100 чел. Последними в июне 1942 были расстреляны евреи-врачи, работавшие в госпитале для военнопленных. В освобождении П. 23 июля 1944 принимал участие отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Семена Марковича Генделя.В 1960-х гг. гл. реж. Псковского т-ра драмы был Леонид Викторович Луккер (1905–2001, Калифорния). В 1964–82 дир. з-да радиодеталей был Израиль Лазаревич Дыкман (1930–1986).В 1993 был организован еврейский культурно-гуманитарный центр «Авив», в 1995 – «Хесэд Ицхак», в 1999 – еврейская религ. община (пред. – Роман Львович Каган, р. 1950, Бобр, Минской обл.). Выходит газ «Элеф».В 2003 на месте расстрела установлен мемориал «Памяти псковичей – жертв Холокоста».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: А.М.Гордин, В.А.Каверин; Хаим Бейнарт (р. 1917), историк, специалист в обл. истории евреев Испании в эпоху средневековья, с 1937 – в Э.-И., д-р истории (1955), проф. Еврейского ун-та (1972), чл. АН Израиля, ч.-к. Испанской кор. ист. академии, пред. ред. совета Краткой еврейской энциклопедии; Всеволод Ильич Бродский (1909–?), график, живописец, оформлял книги для Детгиза и др. издательств; Давид Александрович Зильбер (1896–1967, Ленинград), брат Л.А.Зильбера, В.А.Каверина, врач-гигиенист, проф., зав. кафедрой гигиены Ленингр. фармацевтич. ин-та, автор ок. 120 науч. работ, в т. ч. 7 моногр.; Александр Александрович Ручьев (Зильбер) (1899–1970, Москва), брат Л.А.Зильбера, В.А.Каверина, композитор, автор 6 опер, муз. комедий, 16 симфоний и концертов для симф. оркестра., pronunciation=ПСКОВ, город, центр Псковской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 903. С 1510 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1777 – центр Псковского наместничества, затем – губ.В 1867 в П. проживало ок. 500 евреев, в 1897 – 1444 (4,8%), в 1910 – 1177 (3,6%), в 1923 – 1355 (3,6%), в 1926 – 1338, в 1939 – 1068, в 1970 – 651 (0,5%), в 1979 – 693 (0,4%), в 2002 – 264 еврея.В 1827 в П. появились первые евреи – солдаты рус. армии, для к-рых была открыта временная синагога. С 1859 в П. начали селиться евреи – купцы 1-й гильдии, с 1865 – ремесленники. Численность еврейского населения резко увеличилась. В 1867 в П. была открыта синагога. В 1867–85 раввином был Вульф Иоффе, в 1882 шохетом – Арье Ходес. В 1885–89 раввина в П. не было, община подчинялась раввину Великих Лук.В 1902 И.Г.Борхов и С.Я.Ривкин приобрели з-д по произ-ву кафельных плиток. И.Г. Борхову и И.Розенбергу принадлежали алебастровый з-д и мукомольня. В 1909 В.Е.Цехновицер открыл в П. кирпичный з-д. Другим кирпичным з-дом владел Лейба Мордухович Давидсон; ему же принадлежал лесопильный з-д. Еще одним кирпичным з-дом владел Абрам Шимилевич Ильяшев. Евреям принадлежало 2 типографии в П. В 1911 первую частную лечебницу в П. открыл Адольф Соломонович Вольфсон. В 1913 евреями были большинство дантистов П. и 2 из 5 зубных врачей П.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения П. и Псковской губ. резко возросла за счет эвакуированных из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В марте 1916 штаб Верх. главнокомандующего рекомендовал псковскому губернатору приступить к выселению евреев, проживавших в Псковской губ., в отдаленные от терр. воен. действий местности.К 1918 в П. было создано отд-ние ЕКОПО; открылась еврейская школа, работал ист.-лит. кружок. Действовали отд-ния разл. сионистских партий.Летом 1919 в П. произошел погром, устроенный отрядами С.Н.Булак-Балаховича. Мн. евреи бежали в Эстонию.В 1920-х гг. в П. при Интернац. клубе действовала еврейская секция. В 1927 из П. в Крым для организации земледельч. коллективов выехало 9 еврейских семей. В 1929 в П. при Т-ре нац. меньшинств была организована еврейская студия; в Псковском окр. имелся еврейский дет. дом. В П. действовала синагога (ул. Воровского, д. 8), имелся шохет. В мае 1941 еврейская община в П. была ликвидирована, здание синагоги передано Псковскому горсовету.9 июля 1941 П. оккупировали части вермахта. В авг. 1941 в П. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось более 1 тыс. чел. В нач. 1942 в П. была депортирована группа женщин-евреек из Пярну. В янв.–февр. 1942 в П. было расстреляно ок. 1100 чел. Последними в июне 1942 были расстреляны евреи-врачи, работавшие в госпитале для военнопленных. В освобождении П. 23 июля 1944 принимал участие отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Семена Марковича Генделя.В 1960-х гг. гл. реж. Псковского т-ра драмы был Леонид Викторович Луккер (1905–2001, Калифорния). В 1964–82 дир. з-да радиодеталей был Израиль Лазаревич Дыкман (1930–1986).В 1993 был организован еврейский культурно-гуманитарный центр «Авив», в 1995 – «Хесэд Ицхак», в 1999 – еврейская религ. община (пред. – Роман Львович Каган, р. 1950, Бобр, Минской обл.). Выходит газ «Элеф».В 2003 на месте расстрела установлен мемориал «Памяти псковичей – жертв Холокоста».В 2005 в П. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В П. род.: А.М.Гордин, В.А.Каверин; Хаим Бейнарт (р. 1917), историк, специалист в обл. истории евреев Испании в эпоху средневековья, с 1937 – в Э.-И., д-р истории (1955), проф. Еврейского ун-та (1972), чл. АН Израиля, ч.-к. Испанской кор. ист. академии, пред. ред. совета Краткой еврейской энциклопедии; Всеволод Ильич Бродский (1909–?), график, живописец, оформлял книги для Детгиза и др. издательств; Давид Александрович Зильбер (1896–1967, Ленинград), брат Л.А.Зильбера, В.А.Каверина, врач-гигиенист, проф., зав. кафедрой гигиены Ленингр. фармацевтич. ин-та, автор ок. 120 науч. работ, в т. ч. 7 моногр.; Александр Александрович Ручьев (Зильбер) (1899–1970, Москва), брат Л.А.Зильбера, В.А.Каверина, композитор, автор 6 опер, муз. комедий, 16 симфоний и концертов для симф. оркестра., extra_data="{'translat...")
PITCH, a village in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. In 1919, a pogrom by a detachment of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich took place in P. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec. 1941 in p. The bird was drowned 8 Jews of P. Later, another 25 Jews were shot. M.I.Degtyar.
BIRD, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1869, 48 Jews (15.7%) lived in P., in 1921 - 5 Jews. In the summer of 1941, P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the same year, the Jews of P. were deported to the ghetto with. Varkovichi were killed there in 1942.
PUCHETSKAYA, see Puchezh.
PUCHEZH, a city (since 1745), a regional center in the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 16th century like the Puchetskaya settlement. From 1793 - Posad Yuryevetsky district. Kostroma lips. In 1955-57 the territory. old P. was flooded by the waters of the Gorky water reservoir, P. was transferred to the rise. place and rebuilt. In 1939, one Jew lived in P. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned 1 of 2 watchmaking workshops in P.
PUDALOV Alexander Dmitrievich (Abram Davidovich) (1881, Moscow - 1937), statesman. Graduated from Moscow. un-t and MVTU. Member of the 1st world. war, served in the Caucasus. front. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s tech. dir. and authorized by the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR for Stalingr. tractor plant, in 1931–33 its director. For bringing the plant to its design capacity and organizing the release of 150 tractors per day, an order was awarded. Lenin (1932). In 1933–37, deputy. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR, before. tech. council of the People's Commissariat. P.'s great-nephew, Boris Moiseevich P. (born 1962, Kaliningrad), historian-archivist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Gorky State un-ta (1984), since 1985 works in the State. archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (since 1993 chief curator). Author of works on the history of the Jewish community of Nizhny Novgorod.
PUDOZH, city (since 1785), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1382 as Pudozhsky churchyard. Since 1785 it has been a district town of the Olonets governorate, since 1796 it has been a provincial town in Arkhangelsk province, since 1801 it has been a district town in Olonets governorate. In 1910 there were 7 Jews in P., in 1926 - 2, in 1939 - 7, in 2002 - 4 Jews.
PUDOZH POGOST, see Pudozh.
PUGACHEV (in 1835-1918 - Nikolaevsk), a city (since 1835), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1764 as a Mechetnaya settlement. Since 1850 it has been a district town of Samara Gubernia. In 1862 13 Jewish men lived in P., in 1867 - 26 Jews, in 1896 - 186, in 1926 - 21, in 1939 - 47, in 2002 - 5 Jews. Jews settled in P . in the 1860s. Lived in the main. retired and serving lower ranks. In 1867 a synagogue functioned. In the 1870s-80s. the size of the Jewish population increased due to Jewish artisans, merchants and Jews with higher education. In 1897, Jews lived in P. with their families (in contrast to the 1860s). In 1910, P. had a Jewish cemetery. V.A. Novikov.
PUGACHEVKA, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Unity belonged to Jews in Poland. pharmacy, both pharmacy warehouses, all 3 timber warehouses, unity. a bookstore, 33 shops (including all 9 grocery stores, all 7 manufactory, all 3 tableware). The Jew was unity. dentist in P.
FLARE, see Down.
PUKHER Solomon (1829, Vladislavov, Suvalki province - 1898, Riga), rabbi, public figure. He studied at the yeshiva in Georgenburg, then at the Vilna rabbinical school. Since 1859 societies. rabbi in Mitava, Kurland province. He petitioned the local authorities to improve the legal status of Jews in the Baltic region. In 1893–98 societies. rabbi in Riga.
Pukhovichi, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1847 764 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1761 (92.1%), in 1923 - 1214, in 1926 - 929 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the second half of the year. 16th century Isaiah Karlinsky (1877–?) Was the rabbi in P. since 1907. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. t-in, in 1913 - a Jewish library. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 25 shops in P. (including all 8 grocery, one wine shop, one book shop, all 4 manufactory, one tobacco shop) .In the fall of 1915, when the front line approached, Jews were evicted from P. In 1920 a pogrom took place in P. In the 1920s. pl. Jews left P. In 1921–24, Nison Telushkin (1881, Bobruisk, 1970, Brooklyn) was the rabbi in P. In July 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 Jews of P. were killed along with the Jewish population of Maryina Gorka. In 2005, P. had a Jewish population.
PUKHOY (until 1991 - Pugoi), a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. After the occupation in P. on July 28, 1941, 21 Jews were killed.
PUKOVO, see Komsomolskaya Minsk region.
PULAWY, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Novo-Alexandria, Lublin province. In 1878, there were 2505 Jews (72.8%), in 1893 - 2925, in 1897 - 3883 (73.2%), in 1907 - 4831 (73 , 5%), in 1909 - 5331 (59.7%), in 1910 - 6111 (60.9%), in 1921 - 3221 Jews (44.7%). Jews lived in P. from the end. 18th century In the beginning. 19th century a community was organized in P. The first rabbi P. - Yakov-Shimon-Chaim Daich (? –1820), in the 1820s. - Tsvi-Menachem Maiselish, in 1875–84 - the Kots Hasid Eliyahu Lerman (? –1887), who founded the Hasidic court in P. The dynasty was continued by E. Lerman's son Chaim (1867–1911), who was also the rabbi of P. In 1882, the Hasidic court in P. was founded by a representative of the Hasidic Kots dynasty Chaim-Yisroel Morgenstern (1840–1905). The dynasty was continued by his son Moishe-Mordhe (1862–1929, Warsaw). In 1903 Moishe Royz was the rabbi in P. 20th century in P., there were Zionist and Bund organizations. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned 1 of 2 pharmacies, all 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, 60 shops and stores in Poland (including all 13 manufactories, all 6 haberdashery, both jewelry, and only one tobacco store). 1914 Jews in tech. days were evicted from P .; after the eviction, Jewish shops and houses were ransacked and plundered. For two weeks the Jews lived in settlements for approx. P., then they were allowed to return after Rabbi Anshel Goldreich guaranteed the loyalty of Jews to the military. authorities. After 3 weeks, all Jews were again evicted. 1910s children were opened in P. house, Jewish library. In the 1910s and 30s. the rabbi was Avigdor-Menachem-Mendl Nai. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1924 a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank has been operating. In 1921, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened, in 1929 - a school of the "Tarbut" network, at the beginning. 1930s - school network "Yavne". In ser. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in November. 1939 - the ghetto, liquidated in 1940; in 1987, on the site of the destroyed synagogue, a monument to Jews who died during the Holocaust was erected. S.-I. Sne.
PULINS, see Chervonoarmeysk, Zhytomyr region.
PULMO, a village in the Lyuboml district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 3 grocery stores in P. Jewish was a unity. in P. there is a midwife.
PULNER Isai (Yehoshua) Mendelevich (1900, Snovsk Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province. - 1942, Leningrad), ethnographer, bibliographer. Cand. ist. sciences. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In 1918–23 he took part in the work of a Zionist. org-tion "Maccabi". In 1923–25 he studied at the Institute of Higher Education. Jewish knowledge (Leningrad), in 1924 made the first ethnogr. exp. on the study of the Jews of Gomel (under the guidance of L.Ya.Sternberg and V.G. Bogoraz. In 1926-30 he studied at the ethnographic department of Leningrad State University, participated in an experiment on the study of the Jewish communities of Georgia (1926, Kutaisi, 1928, Oni ), in 1927 he studied the life of Jewish farmers in the village of Zaverezhie in the Mogilev region.Since 1925 he was a member of the Jewish Historical Ethnographic Society and a circle of friends of his museum; in 1929, together with L.L. Jewish communities of the Caucasus (Tskhinvali, Kutaisi, Oni) .In 1930, he organized a department of Judaism at the Anti-religious exhibition in the Winter Palace and in the Anti-religious Museum, headed the ethnographic exp. of the Moscow Museum of Ethnology in Belarus (Dubrovno, Lyady, Lyubavichi). 1931 was a member of the Jewish group of the Leningrad Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR, on behalf of the Institute and Ethnographic Department of the Russian Museum, he studied the life of Jewish settlements in Belarus. Since 1938 scientific worker of the State Museum of Ethnography (head of the Jewish department), made an ethnographic expedition to Georgia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Jewish Autonomous Region, in 1939 he organized an exhibition ku "Jews in Tsarist Russia and the USSR". Among the scientific. publ. P. - "Outdoor and sports mass games in the town" (co-authored with D. Bencianov) (Moscow, 1925, in Yiddish). Author of the bibliography “Literature on Middle Asian. and Caucasian Jews ”. In the 1930s. worked on the monograph "Birth, Wedding and Death among Jews in the Light of Ethnography" (not completed).
PULVER Lev (Leib) Mikhailovich (1883, Verkhnedneprovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1970, Moscow), composer, conductor, violinist, violist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1908; class of violin by N.V. Galkin, at the same time class. Comp. By A.K. Lyadov and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). In 1909-23 - in the orc. Bolshoi T-ra (Moscow), simultaneously. taught at Muz.-Dram. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. P. is one of the founders and violist of the quartets: im. Antonio Stradivari (1919–20) and the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR (1920–22). He acted as a conductor of symphony. orc. in a number of mountains. Russia, in Kiev, Kharkov, Minsk (1920–22). In 1922–49 he wrote muses. for the performances of GOSET, was conducted by an orc. and head. muses. part of t-ra. He wrote music for other dramas. t-ditch. In a composite. creativity relied on Jewish everyday folklore. P. - the author of the op-t "Gulliver" (1907, Ekaterininsky Theater, St. Petersburg), "What is Her Name" (1938) and "Sailors" (1940) - both in Moscow. t-re op-you. He composed songs, music for f., Made arrangements of Jewish and other nar. melodies. Author of rep. “Episodes from My Life” (“Sovetish Gameland”, 1970, No. 2).
PULTUSK, a city (since 1339) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1227. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a district town of Warsaw province. In 1808 56 Jews (2.9%) lived in Poland, in 1822 - 688 (16.6%), in 1857 - 1913 (44.1%), in 1897 - 5308 (49.6%), in 1921 - 5919 Jews (43.8%) Jews lived in Poland from the 15th century. In the beginning. 19th century a synagogue was built, in 1815 a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1822–62, the Jews of P. were allowed to live only on certain streets; outside them lived Jews who had special privileges. In 1875, a new synagogue was built. In 1853–61, the rabbi of P. was Yehoshua Trunk, in 1861–72, a disciple of Simcha-Bunim from Pshisukha Eliezer Cohen (? –1881), in 1873–91 - Genokh-Sindel Grodzinsky (? –1891 ), then - Simcha-Bunim Epstein (? –1904), in 1907–24 - Chaim-Meshulom Otterman (1861, Warsaw - 1924). 20th century in P., a cheder metukan was opened, Zionist circles and the Bund organization functioned. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. In 1917, children opened. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1919, part of the Polish. armies staged a pogrom in P. In 1922 a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened in P. 1920s - School of the Tarbut network. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including sports. club "Maccabi". In 1925–39, the rabbi of P. was Boruch-Itskhok-Issachar Leventhal (? –1942, E.-I.). In the 1930s. came out periodically. Yiddish edition Unzer Worth. 7 Sept. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 11 Sep 1939 several. hundreds of Jews were deported to the east - in the Sov. zone of occupation of Poland. The remaining Jews were deported to Warsaw, Vengruv and other cities in Poland. During the Holocaust, 2 Jewish cemeteries were destroyed. After 1945, a monument to the victims of the Holocaust was erected in Poland. Avrom-Ber Birkbaum (1865–?), Cantor, founder of the magazine (1895) and the school (1906) for cantors.
PUMPENAI, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kovensky povet of the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Pompiany town of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 583 Jews lived in P., in 1847 - 694 (69%), in 1897 - 1017 (68.7%), in 1923 - 372 (33%), in 1939 - approx. 300 Jews. Jews lived in P. from the middle. 17th century The Jewish community of P. is one of the oldest on the territory. Lithuania. In the 1st floor. 18th century Karaites lived in P. In the 18th century. Rabbi Yitzchok ben Eliezer was the rabbi in P., and later, Rabbi Yakov of Sventsian. The head of the rabbinical court in tech. Rabbi Moishe-Eliyahu was 15 years old. 19th century in P. there was a "blood libel". The Jewish community has been charged with the murder of a Christian boy. To save the community, Israel Pumpyansky took the blame and was burned near the synagogue. A memorial stone sign was later erected at the place of death. there was a synagogue in P. The rabbis were Shaul Shapira, Yonatan Eliazberg (1851–1898), Arie Lipkin, from 1889 - Chaim Katz (1854–?), At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Lubavitch Hasid Aron-Yakov Weiler. occupations of the Jewish population of P. in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade, crafts, s. x-in. Mn. Jews were engaged in the production of cheese. In 1915 there was a Jewish private one-class school in Petrograd. During the war, Jews were expelled from P. After 1918, most of them returned. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. Mn. Jews left for the USA, South. Africa and E. I. The last rabbi in P. was H. Kats's son-in-law, Itskhok-Meir Hayat (? –1941). On June 27, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 15, 1941, a ghetto was created. Jews P. were shot by Lithuanian policemen on 26 August. 1941 In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign was installed at the old Jewish cemetery.
PUMPYANSKY Aron-Eliyahu (1835, Vilna - 1893, Riga), public figure, translator. In 1859 he graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school. In 1860-61 joint. with A.S. Vol'm ed. adj. to "Ha-Carmel" in Russian. lang. In 1861-73 societies. rabbi in Ponevezh, in 1873–93 - in Riga. In 1881 he published every month. zhurn. "Jewish Notes", in which publ. ist. essay "Jews in the Livonian and Courland provinces". Publ. verses in decomp. Jewish ed. In 1882, under ps. I. Geiman published the drama "Solomon the Wise". In 1885 in Vilna he published a collection of works. "Shirei Zion" ("Songs of Zion"), which included the verses of P. and his poems. per. (including "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov). Per. in Russian lang. (with own commentary in Hebrew) Psalms of David (1891) and Proverbs of Solomon (1871).
PUMPYANSKY Mikhail Arkadievich (1878, Kovna - 1950s), opera singer (dramatic tenor). Wok trained. technique in Milan (1900–05), however, as an opera singer he performed only in 1915 on the stage of the S. Zimin Opera. He performed in concerts with N. Speransky and N.D. Vekov, on the opera stages of provincial t-dv and Peredvizhnaya Mosk. operas (1918-19), Small State. operas (Moscow, 1919–20), Mosk. t-ra muses. dramas (1921-22), the Bolshoi Theater (1923-29). In 1930–32 P. soloist of the Moscow. state Philharmonic. From 1933 he taught at Muz. technical school them. AK Glazunov, in 1935–52 - in the 2nd studio of the State Academic Bolshoi Theater, in 1936–37 - in Moscow. cons. Best parts: Herman (The Queen of Spades by PI Tchaikovsky), Mario Cavaradossi (Tosca by G. Puccini), Sigmund (Valkyrie by R. Wagner).
PUNI, see Punia.
PUNSK, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Punsk, Suwalki district. In 1897 312 Jews (43%) lived in P., in 1931 - 228 Jews (51.5%). Jews lived in P. from the late 16th century Rabbi P. in the 1850s. was Yankel-Tuvya Goldberg. Apr 1915 Jews were expelled from Poland in the 1920s and 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi of P. was Chaim-Nosn Lubavsky. oct. 1939 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 6 nov. 1939 Jews expelled from Poland moved to Lithuania.
PUNKIN Yakov Grigorievich (1921, Zaporozhye - 1994, ibid.), Athlete (classical wrestling). Uch. 2nd world. war, was in captivity, fled. Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1952). He played in 1939–53 for sports. about-va "Bolshevik" and "Iskra", since 1954 for the society "Metallurg" (Zaporozhye). Champion Olympus. games of the 1952 featherweight title. USSR champion in 1949–51 in featherweight; in 1954–55 - in the lung.
PUNSK, see Punsk.
PUNIA, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Puni Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 155 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1,045 (92%), in 1939 - approx. 15 Jewish families. 19th century there was a wooden synagogue in P. June 1941 P. were occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jewish population of P. was destroyed by the Lithuanian police in Sept. 1941 There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P.
PURDOSHKI, a village in Temnikovsky district of the Mordovian Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krasnoslobodsky u. Penza province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in P.
PUSHALOTAS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pusholaty Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 432 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 920 (69%), in 1913 - approx. 500, in 1923 - 210 (26%), in 1939 - approx. 120 Jews (approx. 15%) In the 17th and 18th centuries. in P. there was a Karaite community. Jews lived in P. from the beginning. 19th century Main the occupations of the Jewish population of P. were crafts and s. x-in. There was a synagogue in P. Since 1857, the rabbi in Poland was Yehuda-Osher Oizerman (1832 - after 1911), in 1904–10 - Ya.D. Clemes, Aron-Zalman Dat (1859–?), Yosef Pogremyansky (? –1941). In 1920–30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; a Jewish library and a school with teaching in Hebrew and Yiddish worked. Mn. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa and E. I. The last rabbi of P. was Zvi Flexman (? –1941). On June 24, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of P. were shot in July 1941.
PUSHCHA-VODITSA, now terr. subordinated to the Kiev City Council (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in P.-V. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 in P.-V. there was a Jewish doctor E.R. Khavchin and a pharmacist A.Ya.Kats. Jews owned 3 pharmacy stores and a grocery store in P.V. 3 Sept. 1919 in P.-V. there was a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army on May 28, 1925 in P.-V. the congress "G-Shomer ha-Tsair" was held, dedicated. 4th anniversary of the Kiev Legion; the congress was chaired by Elya Gushansky, the chiefs of the legions of Vinnitsa and Olevsk were present. In total, approx. 400 people, including all 7 detachments of Tsofim, a detachment of shomers.
PUSHCHINO, a city (since 1966) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kashirsky u. Tula lips. Since 1956 - scientific. a small town of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (present-day RAS). In 1989, 179 Jews lived in P., in 2002 - 76 Jews. In 1970, the Institute of Phys.-Chem. and biol. problems of soil science of the USSR Academy of Sciences; deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. work - Dr. Biol. Sci. David Lazarevich Pinsky. In 1979, a branch of Institute bioorganic was founded. chemistry; deputy. dir. branch for scientific. work - ch. RAS, prof. Valery Mikhailovich Lipkin (b.1942). In 1990, the Institute was founded. and experiment. biophysicists of the USSR Academy of Sciences; deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. work - Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Evgeny Ilyich Maevsky (b. 1944); hands. group of biotechnics - Dr. Phys.-Math. Boris Naumovich Goldstein (b. 1943); hands. group of biophysics of ion transport - Cand. chem. Sciences A.Ya. Zilberstein. In 1994 the Institute of Biology was founded. instrumentation; deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. work - Andrey Anisimovich Freidin (b. 1938, Kharkov).
PUSHKIN (in 1728-1918 - Tsarskoe Selo, in 1918-1937 - Detskoe Selo), a city (since 1808), subordinated to the mountains. Administration of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 18th century on the site of the former. Swede. Saar manor. Since 1808 it has been a district town in St. Petersburg province. In 1870, approx. 200 Jews, in 1897 - 910 (4%), in 1910 - 211, in 1926 - 537 Jews. 1840s the synagogue operated in a barracks, and from 1857 in a private house. From 1874 to 1881 there were 2 synagogues in Poland (one of them was a soldier's); in 1881 both synagogues were merged. Main part of the Jewish population of P. at the end. 19 - early. 20th century were small traders, retired soldiers and artisans. The duties of a rabbi were performed by rabbis from St. Petersburg. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in P. during the First World. During the war, the Jewish community of P. provided assistance to Jewish soldiers who were undergoing treatment in P.'s hospitals; the community donated money to the EKOPO branch in Petrograd (present-day St. Petersburg). 1920s - 1930s in P. there was an illegal. community of Lubavitch Hasidim. 18 Sept. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews were ordered to appear for registration, after registration they were taken to the cellars of the Catherine Palace. All R. Sep 1941 (according to other sources - at the beginning of October 1941), apprx. 800 Jews. The belongings of the executed were distributed to local residents. In the 1950s – 1960s. in P. in the summer, a minyan gathered at one of the dachas. 13 Oct. 1991 a memorial "Formula of sorrow" was opened in P. Jews - victims of the Catastrophe (author V. A. Sidur). In P. genus: Tuviy Yakovlevich Ariev (1907–1981, Leningrad), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1954), prof. (1954), major general honey. service (1963), author of over 60 works, became. pr. (1943), State. etc. (1984); Alexander Abramovich Vilenkin (1883–1918, Moscow), society. activist, lawyer, staff captain (1917), full Knight of St. George, before. Moscow org-tion of Jewish warriors (1917-18), a member of the anti-Bolshevik underground, was shot.
PUSHKINO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1499. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Moscow province. In 1926, 61 Jews (1.7%) lived in P., in 1939 - 598, in 1989 - 932 (1.2%), in 2002 - 324 Jews. In 1945, a Jewish cemetery. 1990s a branch of "Hesed" operates in P. In 2005 the Jewish religion was organized. community (previously - Nariman Rahimovich Rahimov, b. 1970, Zhukovsky, Moscow region).
PUSHKOVO, a village in Golovanevsky u. Kirovograd region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in P.
PUSHOLATS, see Pushalotas.
PUSTELNIK, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Warsaw u. In 1931, 368 Jews lived in Poland. In 1911 Jews owned a brick and leather works in Poland. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. 1920-30-ies in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PUSTELNIKI, a village in the Popelnyansky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. sawmill plant in P.
EMPTY, a village in the Radivilovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. a water mill in P. was rented by a Jew.
PUSTOSHKA, city (since 1925), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Sebezhsky station Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1923, 1011 Jews lived in P., in 1926 - 1643, in 1939 - 308, in 2002 - 1 Jew. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, Jews owned 19 shops in Poland (including 7 grocery stores and 4 manufactures). There was also a school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1925 a Jewish agriculturalist was established in the region of P. Artel "Freigite". There was a Jewish beginning in P. school (closed in 1937). In the 1930s. pl. Jews (especially young people) moved to Leningrad (present-day St. Petersburg). July 1941 approx. half of the Jews of P. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. A stream of Jewish refugees from Latvia passed through P. On July 16, 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1942 a ghetto was created in P., which contained apprx. 100 Jews. Several for weeks the prisoners were in the ghetto and used for hard work. From Feb until March 1942 Jews were shot. By March 1942, the ghetto was liquidated (about 70 Jews were shot). In the release of P. in February. 1944 the shooter took part. division under com. Major General P.M. Shafarenko. After 1945 a monument was erected at the place of execution. To the end. 1980s the monument was completely destroyed in the 1980s. in P. lived several. Jewish families. In 1990–91, a new monument was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. E. Margolis.
POSTOVAROVKA, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in P.
POSTOVOYTOVO, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. In 1897 five Jewish families lived in P. In 1910 there were seven Jewish farms in P. In 1919 a pogrom took place in P..
POSTOVOYTY, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in P.
PUTILA, urban-type settlement (since 1961), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1501. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Putila-Staronets Vyzhnytsya headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 382 Jews lived in P. Jews of P. were the Vizhnitsa Hasidim. There was a synagogue, a Jewish library; in 1933 children opened. garden with teaching in Hebrew. 1920–30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, the Jews were deported to Transnistria by troops, and the remains of a Jewish cemetery have survived in P.
WAYS-OLD MAN, see Ways.
PUTIVL, city (since 1146), regional center in Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1500 - as part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Kursk province. In 1860, approx. 30 Jews, 173 in 1900, 206 in 1910, 337 in 1926, and 152 Jews (1.7%) in 1939. In 1900 a synagogue was opened in P. In oct. 1905 a pogrom took place in P. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned 1 of 2 warehouses for pharmaceutical goods and 4 shops in Poland (including a haberdashery, a manufactory, “grain-bread”, and ready-made clothes). 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate or were mobilized. 4 nov. 1941 a group of Jews who remained in the occupation was shot in P. In 2001 there was a Jewish population in P., there was a branch of "Hesed". E.L. Feinberg.
TRAVELERS, a village in the Shklov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Mogilev province. In the summer of 1941, Petrograd was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 more than 2,700 Jews were shot in P.
PUTYATIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Shkotovsky district of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. 1939 Jews lived in P.
PUZIKOV Alexander Ivanovich (1911, Moscow - 1996), literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1940). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1937). French specialist liter 19–20 centuries, Russian literature of the 20th century He worked at the GBL (1937–39), in the Dagestan pedagogue. in-those (1940–45), in the publishing house “Hood. Literature ”(Moscow), (1945–87; since 1950 - chief editor). One of the initiators of the ed. and ed. 200-volume World Library. lit-ry. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1970). State pr. USSR (1978). Cit .: Honore Balzac. M., 1950; Emile Zola. Sketch of creativity. M., 1961; Five portraits. M., 1972; Knights of Truth. Portraits of French. writers. M., 1986.
PUZNYAKOVTSY, a village in the Mukachevo district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38, it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 18 Jews (7.5%) lived in P. In 1942–44 they were partisans. detachment in the vicinity of P. fought 5 Jews from the village.
PYADIKOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Piedekoutz Kotsman head of the province of Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 52 Jews lived in P. In July 1941, P. was occupied by the Romanians. troops. In 1941 the Jews of Poland were deported to Transnistria.
PYARNU, city (since 1255), county center (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from the 1240s like Mr. Perone. Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Pernov, Livland province. In 1919–40 it was part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - the Estonian SSR. In 1860 4 Jews lived in P., in 1865 - 15, in 1866 - 32, in 1867 - 83, in 1869 - 105 Jews, in 1872 - 57 Jewish families, in 1881 - 505 Jews (4%), in 1922 - 248 (1.3%), in 1935 - 252 (1.2%), in 1939 - 244, in 1940 - 250, in 1980 - approx. ... 100 Jews. 16th century Jewish traders first appeared in P., but they were forbidden to settle in the city. In 1593, by order of the Polish. king all Jews were expelled from P. Again to settle in P. Jews began from the middle. 19th century, when in 1859 4 cantonists settled there. At the same time, a cemetery was founded and Rabbi Ikhl-Mikhl Ovshe was invited, who served in P. for 8 years. The community also contained a shohet, a cantor, a moel and a melamed. Later, the Jews of P. received permission to rent a building for a synagogue. Children studied in cheder, as well as in Russian, German. and Est. In 1901 a Zionist organization was founded in Poland. In 1905-14 there was a Jewish club, under which self-employed people worked. tr, orchestra, library, lecture hall. In 1918 the representative from the city I. Shatz took part in the work of the 1st Congress of the Jewish Communities of Estonia. In 1919 the Akhdut organization was established in Poland. At the organization worked library, evening Hebrew courses, drama. tr, string orchestra, lecture hall; lotteries were held, the collection from which went to the needs of Jewish students from low-income families. In 1923–24 the cultural organization "Ga-Tkhia" operated, and from 1924 - the "Maccabi" club. Since 1932, the detachments of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", the Zionist Socialist Party, and the scout organization. July 8, 1941 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. OK. 20 Jewish families managed to evacuate. On Sept. 1941 were killed 90 Jewish men from P. and surrounding us. points through several. days they shot 30 Jewish women. In oct. 1941 approx. 50 Jewish children gathered at the synagogue were poisoned with poison added to cocoa. In the release of P. in October. 1944 was attended by art. brigade under com. regiment. Petr Semenovich Kushner and art. regiment under com. lieutenant regiment. Samuil Abramovich Mill. In the fall of 1944, after liberation, several returned to P. dozens of Jews. In 1963, the trial of 4 former. Estonian officers who directly killed the Jews of P. All of them were sentenced to death. In P. there is a Jewish cemetery. In 1990, a Jewish community was organized, where D.S. Samoilov lived and worked.
PYASECHNO, a city (since 1429) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Warsaw land of the Mazovian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a city (from 1869 - posad) of Warsaw u. In 1808, 26 Jews (4.7%) lived in P., in 1827 - 250 (21.3%), in 1847 - 349 (32.8%), in 1857 - 515 (42.1%) , in 1897 - 1106 (40%), in 1908 - 2475 (58.4%), in 1921 - 2256 (40.3%), in 1931 - approx. 3,000 Jews. Jews have lived in P. from the end. 17th century In 1750, 1837, 1839, and 1847, the authorities issued decrees on the eviction of Jews from Poland. In 1865, an independent state was created in Poland. community, in 1867 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1865–93, Rabbi P. - Yosef Dameshek (? –1893), from 1893 - Noach Srebnitsky (1845–?), In 1893–1913 - the Gurian Hasid Noach Sukevnik, from 1913 - Colonimus-Kalmish Shapiro (1889–1949), founded the Hasidic court in P. in 1909. oct. 1914 Jews were expelled from Poland. After 1918, some of the Jews returned to Poland. In 1923, the Das Moishe yeshiva was founded in Poland, and in 1927, the Beis Yaakov school for girls. In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. the rabbi of P. was Geneh Nayfeld. 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. Dec. 1941 approx. 1 thousand Jews were deported to Warsaw in February. 1942 - another 2,500 Jews; there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in P.
PYASKI, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Paski of Ostrolenki u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1931, approx. 1,500 Jews. 19th century P. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a kerosene shop in Petrograd in the 1920s – 1930s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PYASKI VELKE, see Päski of the Lubelskie Voivodeship.
FIFTH MOUTH, see Privolle.
PYATETSKY-SHAPIRO Ilya Iosifovich (1929, Moscow - 2009, Tel Aviv), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow State University (1951), graduate school Moscow. ped. in-ta them. Lenin (1954). He worked in Kaluga (1954–58), at the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958–74). Since 1974 - in Israel. Prof. Tel Aviv University, acad. Academy of Sciences of Israel. Main research results. relate to number theory, algebra, function theory and func. analysis. Etc. Moscow mat. about-va (1952). State Israel Ave (1981). Etc. Wolf (1990). Cit .: Geometry classical. domains and the theory of automorphic functions. M., 1961; Representation theory and automorphic functions. M., 1966 (in collaboration with I.M. Gel'fand and M.I.Graev.)
FIVE DAYS, a village in the Volodymyr-Volynsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1547. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 48 Jews lived in Poland. Jewish traders from Volodymyr-Volynskiy came to P. In the 17th century. several people settled in P. Jewish families. Main the occupation of the Jews was trade. In the beginning. 20th century the number of the Jewish population of P. increased. In 1914 unity. A water mill in P. was rented by a Jew. In the summer of 1941, P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, apprx. 15 thousand Jews: the entire Jewish population of P., as well as Jews from nearby villages and Vladimir-Volynsky.
PYATIGORSK, city (since 1830) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1803 as a resort of Goryachevodsk. Since 1830 - the city of Pyatigorsk, the center of the Pyatigorsk environs. Caucasian, from 1866 - Tersk region. In 1873 64 Jews lived in P., in 1910 - 167, in 1926 - approx. 800 Jews (including 52 Mountain Jews) and 2 Karaites, in 1939 - 1,139 Jews, in 2002 - 880 Jews. In 1869 a synagogue operated in P. In P. lived Geres and subbotniks, evicted from the center. provinces of Russia. In 1895, a circular of the military. Minister of General Vakovsky, Jews were forbidden to be treated and to use mineral waters in P. In 1906 Jews were allowed to receive treatment in Caucasian mineral waters, but not more than 2 months. In 1897 I. Trumpeldor founded and headed the Zionist organization in P. In 1900 in the house of one of the members Org-tion Zionists staged a performance based on T. Herzl "New Ghetto". Miller was the state rabbi in P. in 1905. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in P., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1920, the Jews of P. participated in the creation of special. kav. connections of Mountain Jews to be sent to Polish. front. In 1926, representatives of Petrograd took part in the work of the 1st Congress of the Mountain Jews of the North. In the Caucasus in Nalchik. 1930s the rabbi in P. was Wilk. 10 Aug. 1942 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A Judenrat consisting of 3 people was created. (pharmacist, doctor and artist). In the beginning. Sep 1942 approx. 2.8 thousand Jews (including those who were evacuated) were taken from Poland to the anti-tank. ditch approx. The town of Mineralnye Vody was also destroyed there. After 1945, a part of the Jews returned to P. In 1946 a synagogue functioned in P. (Kvartalnaya st., 4). The rabbi was Yakov Evseevich Godovich (1865–?). On ordinary days 15–20 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - 100–150 people. In 1963, the synagogue in P. was closed, and in 1989 a religion was established in P. community. Rabbi P. since 1990 - Shertil (Sergei Borisovich) Shalumov. Since the 1990s. There is a Jewish school in P. P.D.Barenboim, G.Ya. Leizerovich, M.M. Model, I. Trumpeldor.
PYATIGORSKAYA Anyuta (Khana) (1893, Zhitomir - 1943, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region), writer. She graduated from high school. She wrote her first poems in Russian. lang. I learned Yiddish on my own and started writing in it. She worked as a teacher in Jewish schools in Zhitomir, Kiev, Malakhovka (Moscow region). The first fairy tale for children publ. in vilensky zhurn. "Di grininke beymelech" in 1915, first. verse. in Yiddish in Kharkiv Journal. "Di Royte Velt" in 1925. Published in periodicals. ed. in Yiddish in Ukraine and Moscow. First Sat verse. "In gang" ("On the march") was released in Kiev in 1930. The author of the book. "Breit from Main Land" ("My country is wide". Kharkov, 1934), "Oif der vakh" ("On the Guard", 1935), "In oifsteig" ("On the Rise", 1940), etc. Survived two winters in besieged Leningrad. She died in evacuation.
PYATIGORSKY Alexander Moiseevich (b. 1929, Moscow), orientalist, human rights activist. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1962). In 1952 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. He taught history on Wed. school; from 1954 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 1960s. among the authors of a letter on violations of rights and freedoms in the USSR, addressed to the Budapest meeting of the communist. and workers' parties; appealed to the USSR Prosecutor General's Office with a letter in defense of A.I. Ginzburg, defended the interests of the arrested writers Yu.M. Daniel and A.D. Sinyavsky (participated in the first meeting of human rights defenders on Pushkin Square in Moscow (1965). From 1971 - in Germany, then in Great Britain Lecturer at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London Main directions of scientific activity - research of Indian philosophy, history of Buddhism, Tamil studies. Compiled (with GI Rudin) "Tamil-Russian Dictionary "(Moscow, 1960). Vol .: Materials on the history of Indian philosophy. Materialism of lokayyat, the Hindu system of Shaiva-bhakti and other philosophical and religious systems in medieval Tamil sources. M., 1962; Buddhist philosophy: Essays and studies. London, 1984.
PYATIGORSKY Grigory Pavlovich (1903, Ekaterinoslav - 1976, Los Angeles), cellist, teacher. Brother of A.P. Stogorsky. Rod. in the family of a musician. From 1914 he studied at Moscow. cons., then in muses. uch-shche at Moscow. department of the philharmonic. about-va. In 1921 the soloist was an orc. ball. Big t-ra. At the same time. played orc. private Opera Zimin. He successfully debuted (solo in "Don Quixote" by R. Strauss) in the orc. Big t-ra. I played in one of the first owls. strings, quartets - Quartet them. Lenin, in sonata ans. with EA Beckman-Shcherbina (1919–21). Since 1921 in exile. In 1923 he took lessons from J. Klengel in Leipzig and from H. Becker in Berlin. In 1924–28 the first orc cellist. Berlin Philharmonic. Since 1925 he has toured as a soloist with the world's leading conductors and in ans. with outstanding instrumentalists in different countries. Since 1929 - in the USA. In 1941–49 he taught at the Mus. in-those Curtis in Philadelphia, in 1957 - in Boston University, since 1958 - in the University of South. California to Los Angeles. P. dedicated op. I.F. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, D. Millau, E. Bloch, M. Castelnuovo-Tedesco, S. S. Prokofiev, as well as A. Copland and S. Barber and others sovr. him Amer. composers. P. owned transcriptions and op. for cello. Posted by "The Cellist" (published in English in New York in 1965, fragments - in Russian translation in Moscow in 1970).
PYATIGORY, a village in the Tetievsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 603 Jews lived in P., in 1897 - 1385 (31.5%), in 1923 - 244, in 1926 - 531 Jews. In 1787 there were 10 merchants among Jews. In 1873 a synagogue functioned in P. In 1865–1910 Moishe Lerman (? –1910) was the rabbi in P. After M. Lerman's death, his son Tzvi-Itskhok (1866 -?) Became a rabbi in 1910. In 1914 there were 2 synagogues in P., and there was a Jewish cemetery. The Jews owned both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, both mills, and 46 stores in Poland (including all 15 grocery stores, all 9 manufactures, all 11 flour and bread). During the war, the Jewish population of P. suffered from pogroms, including pogroms staged by units of the Volunteer Army in 1919. Most of the Jews left P. In 1925, a community of immigrants from P. was founded in the United States, which provided assistance to Jews P. 19 July 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 31, 1941, 2 Jews were shot in P., on August 28. 1941 - 17 Jews. A ghetto was created. Apr 25. 1942 able-bodied Jews of P. were deported to a labor camp in Buki, the rest of the Jews (133 people) were shot on November 16. 1942.
PYATIHATKA, see Petyhatki.
Pyatikhatka (until 1944 - Pyatikhatka), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1886 in the Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1926, 304 Jews lived in P., in 1939 - 210 Jews (1.6%). J.-I. Schneerson rendered material assistance to the P. community. 13 Aug. 1941 P. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942, approx. 500 Jews. In 2004, P. had a Jewish population. Iltezar Ilyich Abramovich (b. 1928), geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineral. Sciences (1982), ch. RANS (2000), author of works in the region. geodynamics, State. pr. USSR (1977), State. pr. RF (1998).
PYATKA, a village in the Chudnovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1847, there were 877 Jews living in P., in 1897 - 838 Jews (31%), in 1923 - 793 Jews. In 1873 there was a synagogue in P., and in 1914 there were 2 synagogues. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, both timber yards, unity. carpentry, all 11 grocery, all 7 manufactory, units. flour shops. 1920–30s. in P. worked a school with teaching in Yiddish, Jewish drama. circle. In the 1930s. pl. Jews left P. In the summer of 1941 P. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In oct. 1941 all Jews who remained in the occupation were shot, and a Jewish cemetery has been preserved in P.
PYATKOVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, Poland was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1941–44, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina was located in P. Of the 4,000 Jews placed in the camp, 2,872 died of hunger and disease.
PYATNITSKY (real family member Tarshis) Joseph (Osip) Aronovich (1882, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1938), politician. In the S.-D. movement since 1898.Since 1901 the gas agent. "Spark". In 1902 he was arrested, together with others he escaped from the Lukyanovskaya prison in Kiev. From 1903 he was a Bolshevik. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07 (Odessa, Moscow). Since 1912 hands. transport and technical work of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested, lived in exile, served (since 1914) exile in Siberia. After Feb. revolution in Moscow at parties. work: part. mountains. to-that of the Bolsheviks, member. its secretariat. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). After Oct. rev-tion of the member. Executive Committee of Moscow. Council (1918-22), simultaneously. prev. of the railway workers' union. In 1920 - secretary. Moscow to-that RCP (b). In 1921–34 he worked in the Comintern, was an agent for relations with the foreign. Communist parties. In 1935-37 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), was elected to the Central Committee, Central Control Commission, was a delegate to many. party congresses. In 1937 he was repressed, see: Notes of a Bolshevik. L., 1925; Fav. memoirs and articles. M., 1969.
PIRLITSA, a village in Ungheni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bendery u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 494 Jews (68.4%) lived in P., in 1931 there were 1,064 Jews (46.3%). In 1865, the Jews of P. owned ... agricultural shop tools and machines, units. wood shop. In 1882–1903 P. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Since 1908, Elya-Yosef Kaplan (1883–?) Was the rabbi in P. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Poland. m-in. 1920-30-ies. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Poland was destroyed during the Holocaust.
PYSHNO, a village in the Lepel district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1847 140 Jews lived in Petrograd. there was a synagogue in P. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century the number of the Jewish population of P. was declining.
Pytalovo (in 1925–38 - Jauntlatgale, in 1938–45 - Abrene), a city (from 1933), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrovsky u. Pskov lips. In 1920–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, from 1940 - of the Latvian SSR, and from 1945 it was a part of the RSFSR. 61 Jews (5%) lived in P. in 1935. The Jewish population of P. in the 1930s. shrank. In 1935 a synagogue, a cell of the Zionist movement Herzliya, operated in Poland.
PYZDRY, a city (from 1247) in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the county of the Kalisz Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the city (from 1879 - posad) Pyzdra Slupetskiy u. Kalisz province. In 1765, 452 Jews lived in P., in 1827 - 993 (29.1%), in 1857 - 890 (29.2%), in 1897 - 424 (11.9%), in 1921 - 406 ( 8.8%), in 1939 - approx. 500 Jews. Jews settled in Poland from the 14th century. In the 17-18 centuries. Jews lived in dep. quarter. There was a community, 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In 1764, among the Jews there were 29 tailors, 4 furriers, 5 butchers, 3 hairdressers, and a baker. In 1782, Rabbi Refoil was rabbi, from 1795 - Nachman of Amsterdam. The rabbi in P. was Ber Leventhal, from 1905 - Chaim-Zvi-Hirsch Kantor (1880 -?). In 1914 Jews owned 3 shops in P. (including the only grocery, leather, bread-grain shop) . In the 1920s and 30s. in P. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 Poland was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto, liquidated in August. 1940.
RABAN Nekhemia (1900, Warsaw - 1960), translator. Since 1926 - in E.-I. The author of research works. TANAKH. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. S. Baudelaire, E. Vittorini, T. Driizer, S. Montesquieu, G. Pulitzer, L. N. Tolstoy, K. M. Simonov, G. V. Plekhanov, V. I. Lenin, Mao Zedong, M. Brod and etc.
RABAN Zeev (Lodz, 1890 - 1970), painter, sculptor, graphic artist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied in thin. academies of Munich, Paris, Brussels. In 1911–12 - in Russian. army. Since 1912 - in E.-I. He taught (later - led the department) metal chasing, drawing, sculpture and decor. art-in "Bezalel". The author of large ser. engravings, fig. and sculptures, jewelry and miniatures in ivory with Jewish ornament. During the absence of B. Shats, he headed "Bezalel". He created his own thin. school. Together with M. Gur-Arie, he founded a design studio, where he made religious items. worship and bronze doors for synagogues. Most izv. works from that period - bronze decorations for the YMCA building and carved doors for the Bikur-Holim hospital (Jerusalem). In 1965 he left the studio and went completely to the book. illustrations. Prod. R. were exhibited at exhibitions in Lodz, Jerusalem, Tel Aviv. Most were acquired by the Jewish Museum in New York. Among the works: "The Scroll of Esther", "The Scroll of Ruth", the Easter bogey, ill. to manuf. X.-N. Bialika et al. Author of stained glass windows for synagogues in Tel Aviv and New York.
RABICHEV Isaac Benin (1896, Kiev - 1957, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, theater designer. In 1917 he graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche, in 1923 - painting-decorator. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS at A.V. Lentulov and F.F. Fedorovsky. One of the organizers of the section of arts-in "Kultur-League" (1917–20), participant of the exhibition "Kultur-League" (1920). He worked in Pravda, Windows ROSTA (with V.V. Mayakovsky), in decomp. dram. t-pah. Main works: design of the performances "Carnival of Jewish Masks", "200,000" (both - 1923), "Three Jewish highlights" (post. S.M. Mikhoels, "Get" (1924), "Uprising" (1927), "The Sun is not enters ”(1927) (all in the GOSET in Moscow),“ Zagmuk ”(1926, Kharkov),“ Hundreds of conspiracies ”(Kiev),“ Partisans ”(1931, Minsk),“ Sabbatai Tsvi ”,“ Sheep source ”(both - in Odessa), "Tevye the Milkman", "Enemies", "Lighthouse Lights", "Feast", "Wandering Stars", "Robber Boytre" (all - 1936–38, Birobidzhan); portraits of Mikhoels, K.M. Simonov, R.L. Karmen, A.V. Efros, and others; posters "Workers of all countries, unite!" (Prize at the World Exhibition, 1937), "We will revenge!" both –1942–43) R.'s works were exhibited in the 1940s in the exhibition hall on Kuznetsky Most (Moscow), in the Museum of M. N. Ermolova (1990, Moscow), in the Jewish Cultural Center (1991, Moscow). Works are kept in the archives of the Theater Museum named after S.V. Bakhrushin.
RABICHEV Leonid Nikolaevich (b. 1923, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1951 he graduated from Moscow. polygraph, inst. Works in the region. applied, book, easel graphics and painting. After N.S. Khrushchev visited the exhibition of painting in the Manege in 1962, he was expelled from the USSR Union of Artists. Restored in 1965. R.'s easel graphics, one of the favorite materials of which is sanguine, is characterized by expression and plastic tension. In the works of R. 1970–80-ies, dedicated. provincial small towns of Russia, history and live, drama are organically captured. life (cycles "Old Ladoga", "Volkhovskie Dali", "Tarusa", "Borovsk"). Designed the book. K. Chapek "Travel!" (1989), Y. Bessmertny "Life and Death in the Middle Ages" (1990), album-monograph by M.M. Axelrod, ed. in Israel. R. participant pl. exhibitions in Russia and abroad, the author of two poetry. collection of books.
RABIN (Robichev) Nehemiah (1884, Kiev province - 1971, Menara, Israel), politician. From the beginning. 1900s - in the USA, Ch. Party "Poalei Zion". During the 1st world. War voluntarily joined the Jewish Legion and arrived in E.-I. In 1920, during the Arab riots, he was the representative of the demobilized fighters of the Jewish Legion in the Defense Committee in Jerusalem. Participated in the activities of Gagana, member. its headquarters in Haifa. Activist of the Akhdut ha-Avoda movement (1919–30), the Mapai Party (1930–44), the Union of Metalworkers. R.'s son - Yitzhak (1922, Jerusalem - 1995, Tel Aviv), a politician. Lieutenant General. In 1964-68 the beginning. Gene. Israel Defense Forces Headquarters. In 1974–77 and since 1992 the prime minister. production of Israel.
RABIN Iosif Izrailevich (1900, Grodno - 1987, Moscow), writer. In 1918-19 before. underground Komsomol committee in Vilna. In the beginning. 1920s, working in Moscow. typography, first came out with stories and poems in Yiddish. One of the founders of Moscow. zhurn. "Jungwald", secretary of the Jewish section of the International Automobile Route Association, member. editorial boards lit. zhurn. "The world of hell", "Pioneer". Graduated from Ped. Institute in Moscow. Author of rum. "Schwester-Kinder" ("Cousins", 1930), "Buzi Dubin" (1932), "Der veg from the office" ("The Way is Open", 1935), collection of works. stories. In 1936–37 he lived in Birobidzhan, was before. writers' organization of the Jewish Autonomous Region, member. editorial board lit. zhurn. "Outpost". In 1937 R. was repressed (this period of time is reflected in the novel In Yene Yorn (In Those Years, published in the magazine Sovetish Heimland after the death of the writer). During the 1941–45 war, at the front. 1947 R. published a collection of stories about the ghetto and partisans "Meine Eigen" ("My relatives"). From the beginning of the 1960s - a member of the editorial board of the journal "Sovetish Heimland", published here R. "Havel" Gefen "(1965)," Their ze dikh, Vilne "(" I see you, Vilno ", 1968)," Bam Neman "(" At Neman ")," Mein taerer zedreiter "(" My dear eccentric ", 1969) , "Geshl der Stoler un zayn einikl" ("The joiner Geshl and his grandson", 1975), "Lee un ir mamme" ("Leah and her mother", 1978), "Rose Kaddish un ir zun" ("Rose Kaddish and her son ", 1980)," Anya-Anechka "(1983) and others. Works: U Neman. M., 1961; I see you, Vilnius. M., 1975; In different years. M., 1981.
RABIN Israel Abraham (1882, Proskurov, Podolsk province. - 1951, Haifa), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1907). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshivas of Slobodka and Kovna. In 1899 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1903 he left for Austria with c. children - victims of the Chisinau pogrom. From 1904 - in Switzerland, studied at Bernese un-those, studied the Semitic languages. and history. Active member movement "Mizrahi". In 1909–11 he taught post-biblical history at the Ezra Teachers' Seminary in Jerusalem; K-ta language. Hebrew. In 1911–14 he headed the yeshiva in Odessa. In 1914–35 - in Germany. He taught at the high fur boots of Hesse (1915–18), Frankfurt am Main (1918–21), at the Jewish Theological. seminaries in Breslau (1921-29), from 1929 - in the University of Breslau. Since 1935 - in E.-I. From 1935 he headed the school of the Mizrahi movement in Haifa, was engaged in polit. activities in the region. religious Zionism. Zionist delegate. Congr. (6-21st). In the 1940s. headed by a religion. Haifa Council. Author of works on Hebraic studies.
RABIN Oscar Yakovlevich (b. 1928, Moscow), painter. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Riga (1946–48), at the Moscow State Art Institute (1948–49), was expelled for "formalism." One of the ideological inspirers of the "Lianozov group" (1963), later the leader of the Moscow. “Underground”, “other art” of the 1950s-70s, organizer of exhibitions “in the open air” (“bulldozer exhibition”) and in the forest park “Izmailovo” (1974). R.'s socially oriented creativity is the opposition, the reverse side of the mythology of socialist art. realism. The night, snowy, expressive world of barracks, garbage dumps and hungry cats create a grotesque series of socially hopeless survival: "Steam Locomotive" (1957), "Dump" (1958), "Optimistic Landscape" (1959), "Moscow Landscape" (1960), "Soviet Ruble" (late 1960s), "Drunken Doll" (1972), "Flying Houses" (1975). Since 1964 he took part in exhibitions in Europe, America in Moscow and St. Petersburg (1988,1989,1990,1995). Personal exhibitions were held in London (1965), Oslo (1978), Vienna (1983), Paris (1984, 1992), Moscow (1991), Petersburg (with E.L. Krapivnitsky, 1993). Works of the last years "Parisian motive" (1993) "Visa" (1994) and others testify to their loyalty to their aesthetics. principles. Lives in Paris.
RABINER Zeev-Arie (1895 - 1978), public figure, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at the yeshiva in Lida, where he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. During the 1st world. war - in Moscow, religious activist. Movement "Ma-sores ve-kherus" Mosk. Jewish community. In 1926 he returned to Latvia, one of the leaders of the "Mizrahi" movement. From 1934 - in E.-I., director. Libraries of the Tel Aviv Rabbinate. Represented the Mizrahi movement on the 19th and 20th as a Zionist. Congr. Author pl. monographs about the largest Jewish religions. figures, book. on issues of Jewish religion. rights.
RABINKOV Gessel Berkovich (1908, Seredina Buda Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province –1981, Moscow), writer, playwright, literary critic. In 1935, after graduating from the Jewish department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, R. left for Birobidzhan. He worked at a school, in 1939 he was awarded an order. "Badge of honor". Prod. R. were published in the region. press, in zhurn. "Outpost". In the late 1930s. Birobidzhan Jewish Theater staged R.'s drama "Reuben Burles", during the war years - the play "In the Crimean Mountains". In the post-war. years R. worked on the East. drama by eating. A.Goldfaden. In 1977, the Sov. writer "released Sat. stories "Countrymen", in 1983 as an adj. to the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" came out Sat. sketches "Nai-shtot" ("New City").
RABINO Shaul (1891, Odessa - |), painter. Graduated from Imp. a school of arts in Odessa and a school decor. art-va in Paris. Since 1923 - in the USA. Exhibited in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; in the State. Museum of Los Angeles, Museum "Balboa Park" San Diego, art. gal. Montreal. R.'s works are in the collections of the UN, the Jewish Museum, Center, publ. libraries (all - New York), Congress library (Washington), Center. publ. b-ke of Los Angeles, in private collections in Israel, USA, France. Author of murals at the Los Angeles Jewish Nursing Home.
RABINOV Max (1879, Mogilev - 1966, New York), impresario, economist. Since 1892 - in the USA. He studied at un-those pcs. Illinois. He created an organization uniting 21 Polish gas produced in America. and two years was her prez. In 1907 R. began organizing concerts for the general population, and was the first to introduce Sunday concerts in the United States. In 1907 he founded the Chicago Philharmonic, orc. and invited to perform in it from all over the world. musicians, pl. of which they toured the USA for the first time. In 1910–12, the impresario Nat. operas of Mexico. R. introduced the Amer. audience with Russian. ballet, Ukr. bunk bed in chorus, Imp. orc. balalaika players. He organized exhibitions of works by L. S. Bakst, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, K. A. Korovin, A. Ya. Golovin, B. I. Anisfeld in the USA. In 1917 R. an expert on Russian affairs in Washington. In 1919–21 - in Paris, econom. the advisor is right. Estonia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine. In 1922 R. organized and headed the Amer. Institute of Opera and Applied Arts.
RABINOVICH-KEMPNER Lidia Lvovna (1871, Kovna - 1935, Berlin), bacteriologist. Prof. (1912). She studied at high fur boots in Zurich and Bern. One of the first women teachers in higher education. uch. institutions. Assistant prof. bacteriology Female honey. College in Philadelphia (1896), In 1898 she was sent to the Institute of Infectious Diseases. R.-Koch's diseases in Berlin, where she assisted Koch in a number of his studies; made discoveries in the region. pasteurization, as well as the study of unicellular parasites. She founded (1896) the Institute of Bacteriology, where she taught for some time. Later she collaborated with Orff at the Institute of Pathology of Berlin University. R.-K, - the first woman to receive the title of prof. in Prussia. Orig, works by R.-K. concerned the development of bacteria in agricultural. products and the role of bacteria in tuberculosis diseases. Ed. scientific. honey. zhurn., since 1920 - dir. bacteriological lab. mountains. hospital in Berlin. Participated in the movement for wives. equality. Affairs. 1st wives. Congr. (Berlin, 1897).
RABINOVICH Abram Isaakovich (1878, Vilna - 1943, Moscow), chess player. Master (1909). One of the strongest chess players in the 1910–20s. Member of the All-Russian. tournament (1903), international. tournaments in Prague (1908), Karlsbad (1911), All-Russia. chess. Olympiads (1920, 7th), a number of national championships. In the 1930s. ed. chess. dep. gas. "Evening Moscow".
RABINOVICH Adolf Iosifovich (1893, Odessa - 1942, Kazan), physicochemist. Prof. (1930), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1933). In 1915 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1915-17 he worked as a laboratory assistant at the plant, in 1917-23 he taught at the universities of Odessa. Since 1923 in Moscow. chem. in-those, since 1931 - in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them, L.Ya. Karpov in Moscow, at the same time. taught at Moscow State University. research in the region. colloidal chemistry and photochemistry. Introduced precision methods for studying colloids. In 1934–35, he established a link between the adsorption of ions and the stability of colloidal systems. Offered adsorption. theory of photography, development, found out the influence of adsorption on absorption spectra and sensitizing effect of dyes. Works: Sovr. advances in scientific photography. [B. m.] 1937.
RABINOVICH Alexander-Ziskind (1854, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1945, Tel Aviv), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He wrote in Russian. lang., Hebrew, Yiddish. The first story publ. in 1882 in the journal. "Son of the Fatherland". From 1882 he lived in Moscow, collaborated in Russian. ed. In 1888 he moved to Poltava, taught in the Talmud Torah, wrote in Hebrew and published. stories and sketches from Jewish life. In 1897 cases. 1st Zionist. Congr. In 1904 in gas. "Frand" has published ist. pov. "Gaidamachina", which was then translated into Hebrew and published in Krakow under the name. "In the days of Khmelnytsky". Among the products. book for schoolchildren - "History of the Jewish people" in 3 hours, essays on the history of Jewish literature. The author of stories published in different periodicals. ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew: "Di zershnitine lokshn" ("Cut noodles", 1905), "Winter press" ("Under the press", 1907), etc. Published art. on ped. Topics. From 1905 - in E.-I., lived in Jaffa, worked as a teacher, librarian. Collaborated with the leftist Zionist. org-tions, one of the founders of the Histadrut. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. I.-F. Shiller, V. G. Korolenko, G. A. Gershunya and others. The author of the book. about I.-H. Brener, A.-I. Kun, Leo Tolstom.
RABINOVICH Alexander Semenovich (1900, Petersburg - 1943, Novosibirsk), musicologist. Brother of N.S. Rabinovich. In 1917-18 he studied history-philology. f-those Petrograd. un-that, in 1919–21 - in Muz.-Dram. in-those them. IV Lysenko in Kiev, class. php. F.M. Blumenfeld, compositions - B.L. Yavorsky. He taught in Kiev in the Jewish muses. school "Culture-League". Externally graduated from FP. Faculty of Leningrad horse, in 1924, Leningrad. Institute of History of Art in 1926 and graduate school. At the same time. from 1922 he taught at decomp. uch. institutions of Leningrad, in 1931–33 prof. Department of History of Music in Tiflis Cons. In 1933–35 and 1940–41 in Leningrad. cons. (since 1940 and .about. prof.). In 1933–40 the head. sector of muses. culture and technology of the Hermitage (was the organizer of musical and historical concerts in the museum), since 1940 scientific. hands. the first in the USSR Museum of muses. instr-tov Leningrad. in-that history of art, constantly worked in Leningrad. radio-ones. In 1941 he remained in besieged Leningrad, in 1942 he was evacuated. Tr. R. dedicated preim. Russian history music. One of the first (in the post-time) study. music of the pre-Linkin period, works: Joseph Haydn, Moscow, 1930; Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. L., 1936; Russian opera before Glinka. M., 1948; Fav. articles and materials. M., 1959.
RABINOVICH Benedikt Veniaminovich (Boris Veniaminovich) (1913, Baku - 1993, Moscow), metallurgist. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1964). In 1934 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1934–37 he worked for Moscow. autoz-de them. I.V. Stalin head. technol. foundry bureau. In 1937–41 scientific. sotr. foundry department in MVTU. In 1941–46 deputy. early foundry dep. Research Institute of the USSR People's Commissariat of Armament. From 1946 he taught at Moscow. auto mechanics. in-those. Osn. tr. in the region. technologies and automation of casting, organization of mass production of crankshafts of tractor engines, development of a casting method in a running electric magnet. field, the theory of gating systems and hydraulic modeling. Author of articles, monographs. State pr. USSR (1976). Works: Introduction to foundry hydraulics. M., 1966.
RABINOVICH Boris (1938, Leningrad Region - 1988, ibid.), Artist, designer. Graduated from VPHU. As a result of an accident, he lost four fingers of his right hand. Among the works of R.: the design of the turbine hall of the Aswan hydroelectric station (Egypt), a number of objects in India, machine tools and industrial. equipment, etc. Since 1974 - in Austria, worked in the region. book graphics, designed the book. publishing house "Country and World" (Munich). Personal exhibitions of R. took place in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, USA, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein. R.'s works are kept in museums and private collections in a number of countries, including in Russia.
RABINOVICH Boris Natanovich (1898, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1960, Moscow), a scientist in the field of geodesy. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. (1957). Graduated from a geodetic. Faculty of Moscow boundary institute (1928). From 1930 - early. aerial filming party. At the same time. (from 1931) taught at Moscow. in-those Ing. geodesy, aerial photography and cartography. the work is related to the improvement of the triangulation adjustment process and the systematization of astronomical-geodetic materials. networks of the USSR. Author of textbooks and uch. of manuals on geodesy. Works: On the action of lateral refraction in triangulation of the USSR. M., 1949; The basics of building reference geodesics. networks. 2nd ed. M., 1954; Workshop on higher geodesy (computational work). 2nd ed. M., 1961.
RABINOVICH Borukh (1880, Taurogen of the Russian district of the Kovno province - after 1956, Chicago), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Slobodka, Slutsk, and others. In 1902–15, a rabbi in Zhuravichi (Mogilev province), in 1915–25 in Vitebsk. In the beginning. 1920s persecuted by the authorities for supporting the underground yeshiva. Since 1925 - in the USA, a rabbi in Chicago.
RABINOVICH Eliezer (Leizer Yudovich) (1859, Kiev - 1924, Minsk), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Since 1890, the rabbi in Smolovichi, Minsk province, since 1896, ch. spiritual rabbi of Minsk. In 1911, a member of the congress of rabbis and leaders at the Rabbinical Commission under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases.
RABINOVICH Eliezer-Shloyme (1864, Yagotin of Puryatinsky district of Poltava province - |), linguist, folklorist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In the end. 1880s was in correspondence with Sholem Aleichem, who became interested in Sat. Jewish phraseological units R. Published in a number of lit. Sat. and alm. There was an act. a Zionist activist. org-tions in Kiev and Pereyaslav. After 1917 he took part in the work of the "Culture League", member. commissions for spelling and terminology. From 1904 he worked on tr. "Treasure of Hebraisms" and over comp. a large Russian-Yiddish dictionary. In Minsk scientific. Sat. Zeitshrift publ. Art. “Badchen Moishe Marakhovsky”, “On some characters of Sholem Aleichem” (vol. 1, both - 1926), “On some Semitisms in Yiddish” (vol. 2–3, 1928).
RABINOVICH Eliyahu-Akiva (1862, Shavli, Kovno province - 1917, Poltava), rabbi, publicist. In 1880 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1888–91 the rabbi was in Piontnitsa (Lomzhinskaya province), in 1891–92 - in Knyshyn (Grodno province), from 1892 - in Poltava. From the end. 1880s publ. to orthodox. Odessa Zhurn. "Kneses Hohmey Yisroel". At one time he was a supporter of Zionism, participated in the work of the first Zionist, Congr. Due to disagreement with anti-religious. position of the leaders of Zionism soon became an opponent of this movement and joined the religion. orthodox - anti-Zionists. The author is an anti-Zionist. brochures, In 1902 he took part in the Krakow Congress of Rabbis. He wrote in the main. in Hebrew, since 1910 published a weekly. "Ha-Modia" (until 1914 - in Hebrew, in 1914-15 - in Yiddish).
RABINOVICH Faina Klementyevna (1901, Popelnya Skvirsky u. Kiev province, - 1941, Leningrad), geologist. She graduated from Leningrad in 1925. horn. in-t. From 1931 to the beginning. a number of geological-prospecting. parties in Kolyma. The first female geologist among the researchers of the North-East of the USSR. Participant of the exp. Who discovered new deposits of gold and other minerals in the Kolyma. In 1938 she was arrested and was under arrest for several months. She was repeatedly awarded the Diploma of the Discoverer of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
RABINOVICH Henrikh Vulfovich (ps. N. Osipov, G. Weiss) (| - 1930, Riga), participant of the revolutionary movement. From the beginning. 1890s member Bund. He was arrested several times. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) he joined the Mensheviks. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, exiled to Siberia. Upon returning from exile Menshevik. and Bund organizations in Baku and Moscow. Oct he condemned the revolution and soon emigrated to Germany. Since 1928 - in Riga, member. Russian section of the Latvian SDLP; initiator and one of the hands. her print. organ - gas. "Labor thought"; sotr. to the center. Menshevik Zhurn. "Socialist. messenger ".
RABINOVICH Georgy Isaakovich (b. 1925, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1947). Specialist in the region. design of healthcare facilities. Main work: Center. clinics hospital of the 4th department of the USSR Ministry of Health (1974), children. clinics hospital for 1000 beds in Tushino (1980), unified. multidisciplinary hospital for 900 beds in Otradnoye, Center. hospital of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate of Moscow (1986). At the competition for projects of pavilions of the USSR at Expo-92 in Seville - 2nd Ave Zasl. arch. RF (1992).
RABINOVICH Hirsch (Tsvi) (1832, Linkovo ​​of Ponevezhsky u.Kovno province - 1889, St. Petersburg), publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1871 publ. in Yiddish to gas. "Kol Mevaser" (Odessa) ser. Art. in natural science and biology, becoming one of the first popularizers in these regions. He wrote in the main. in Hebrew. In 1876 he published tr. in chemistry (adj. to the gas. "Gamelitz"), On the initiative of R. in Dvinsk, a craft was founded. uch-shche. In St. Petersburg he collaborated in the Russian-Jewish press, was one of the editors. zhurn. "Russian Jew", where publ. a number of art .; in 1884 published a journal. "Jewish Review". The author of the work on the demography of the Jewish population of Russia “Statistical. etudes ". Not published. remained 9 t. op. R. in mathematics, meteorology, geology, organic. chemistry and other sciences.
RABINOVICH Yehuda-Leib (Leon) (1862, Berestovitsa Grodno District and Gubernia - 1938, Leningrad), publicist, editor. Also published under ps. Ish Yehudi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied medicine at Konigsberg (1881), physics at the Sorbonne (1884). The author of inventions in mechanics and physics (Gold medal at the Paris exhibition). In 1887 he first published scientific-popul. Art. into gas. "Gamelitz" and "Knesset Israel". In 1888, one of the editors. gas. "Ha-Magid", from 1890 sred. gas. "Gamelitz", from 1893 ch. ed. Author of stories, dramas. lit.-critical. works in Yiddish, to-rye publ. in the published journal. Bleter Fun Ha Togbuh (1900–02). In 1904 he published gas in St. Petersburg. in Yiddish "Der tog", in which the naib. Izv. Jewish writers. He was also published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Warsaw and New York. After 1917 he moved away from lit. activities. In the last. years of his life he served as a shammes in one of the Leningrad. synagogues.
RABINOVICH Iehezkel (1892, Zhvanets of Kamyanets-Podolsk u. Podolsk province - |), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from high school as an external student. In 1911-14 he studied philosophy and jurisprudence in Istanbul, then moved to the United States, where he became a leading Zionist figure. movement, one of the founders of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (ITA). He also wrote for ps. Effendi, I. Raiseson, Yehezkel ben Chaim, N. Malbin. Reprinted in decomp. periodic. ed. ("Tog", "Tog Morgn-Journal"), in 1925–27 ed. Zionist. weekly Farn Folk. Translated into Yiddish T. Herzl (2 volumes. New York, 1920). The author of the book. about Zionism in English. lang.
RABINOVICH Ilya Leontievich (1891, Petersburg - 1942, Kirov), chess player. Master (1914). Shahm. theorist and journalist. Teacher. Gained fame after successful performances in tournaments of St. Petersburg. chess. meetings. Member of the All-Russian. tournaments (1911, 1912). In 1914 he took 1st place in one of the Congr. German chess. union in Mannheim. R. one of the founders of the owls. chess. org-tion. Participant of 9 USSR championships; best result: 1935 - 1–2 m. The first of the Sov. chess. took part in the international. tournament (Baden-Baden, 1925; 7th). Participant and winner of the international competitions. Ed. chess. department in gas. "Leningrad. truth ", the author of analytic. and review articles. He fell ill during the siege of Leningrad, died of dystrophy in evacuation. Works: Debut. M – L., 1931; Endgame. 2nd ed. M.-L., 1938.
RABINOVICH Joseph (1903, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1977, Buenos Aires), writer, poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1924 - in Argentina. For the first time produced. R. appeared in print in 1925. Publ. poems and stories in the local Jewish press, in particular in the Marxist, every month. "Nivet". Ch. the theme of R.'s work is the life of the poor. The first book. in Yiddish ed. in 1928 in Buenos Aires. Second book. R. "Through Fire and Water" was published in the same place in 1931. From 1937 he wrote in Spanish. lang.
RABINOVICH Isaak Moiseevich (1894, Kiev - 1961, Moscow), theater designer. Rod. in the family of a self-taught artist. In the beginning. 1900s studied at the Kiev art. uch-shche in the studio of prof. A.A. Murashko. In 1917, R. designed O. Wilde's Salome at the A.Ya. Tairov Chamber Theater. In 1919, thin. performance "Fuente Overhuna" in the 2nd theater of the Ukr. Sov. Rep. (Kiev). In 1922, for the performance "Don Carlos" in T-re comedy (formerly T-re F.A. Korsha) R. was awarded Zol. medal at the Paris Exhibition. In the same year he designed The Witch by A. Goldfaden at the Jewish Chamber Theater in Moscow. The author of the design for the play "Lysistrata" by Aristophanes in Muses. the Moscow Art Theater studio at hand. Vladimir I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1924, thin. hands. f. "Aelita". In the 1920s. he designed. SS Prokofieva "Love for Three Oranges" at the Bolshoi Theater (diploma at the International Exhibition in Milan). In the beginning. 1930s created the scenography of the play "Nit Gedayget" ("Cheer up") by PD Markish at the GOSET, using the original use of light to build a kind of stereo landscape of the performance. One of the best works by R. "Intervention" by LISlavin in the Theater named after Eug. Vakhtangov (1933). In the 1930s. R. also designed the performances "The Storm" by A. N. Ostrovsky at the Moscow Art Theater and "Eugene Onegin" at the State Academic Bolshoi Theater, in 1940 - the play "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov at the Maly Theater in Moscow. In 1955–61 R. - Ch. thin T-ra them. Eug. Vakhtangov. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1936).
RABINOVICH Isai (1904, Khodorkov Skvirsky u. Kiev province. - 1972, Toronto, Canada), publicist, literary critic. Graduated from ped. courses, studied at Kiev University. Since 1924 he has been a Hebrew teacher in Winnipeg (Canada). Then he taught at the Jewish Theological. courses in New York. Since 1960 prof. sovr, liters in Hebrew at the Jewish College (Chicago). He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, publ. literary scholar. works, essays and stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. Canada, USA, Israel. See. was published Sat. stories by R. "A licht brent" ("The candle is burning". Tel Aviv, 1975). Unpublished there remained a large poem in Yiddish "Mirev-Kanade" ("Western Canada").
RABINOVICH Isroel (| - |), publicist. R.'s name first appeared in 1921 in Sat. "Chatter" ("Steps"), published in Yekaterinoslav. In the same year he released the book there. "Groiser" mir "(" Great "We"). Was one of the compilers of the Society. anthologies "Bafraite arbet" ("Liberated Labor". Kiev, 1924), "Froen" ("Women". M "1928)," Af barikadn "(" On the barricades ". Kharkov, 1930), collection of works. “Der Arbeter in der Yidischer Literature” (“Worker in Jewish Literature”. Moscow-Minsk, 1931). The author of the book. "Bronzene proletarian" ("Bronze proletarians". Moscow, 1934), dedicated. to the work of the sculptor K. Meunier.
RABINOVICH Yitzhak (1887, Moscow - 1971, Jerusalem), public figure, in 1912 one of the founders of sports. about-va "Maccabi" in Lodz (first responsible secretary,). Passed by a professional. internship in Germany. In 1916 hands. moscow sport. about-va "Maccabi". From 1920 to. reign of Vseros. union of Jewish sports. clubs "Maccabi". Organizer and (since 1923) member. leadership of the youth movement "Maccabi ha-Tsair" (since 1923 "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair") in Moscow. In the summer of 1925, together with D.S. Shor, he filed acting. prev. All-Russian Central Executive Committee P.G. Smidovich protest in connection with the persecution of the Zionists in the USSR. In 1926 he was arrested and exiled for 3 years to Kyzyl-Orda, in 1927 he was transferred to Tver with a reduction in the term of exile to 2 years. Since 1929 - in E.-I. Author of rep. "From Moscow to Jerusalem" (in Hebrew).
Rabinovich Itskhok (1846, Kovna - 1900, New York), poet, writer. He also wrote for ps. Ish Kovno. He studied grammar and it. lang. from A. Mapu. In his youth, he began to write poetry in the Hebrew language. Since 1893 - in the USA. Published three collection of articles. verse, in Hebrew, then switched to Yiddish. Reworked rom., Written in other languages, and publ. them into gas. in Yiddish, released a dep. ed .: "Umshuldik gelithn, oder der vampire" ("Guilty innocent, or Vampire". New York, 1893); Der Groysamer Gerscher, Oder Kampf Kegn Der Tyranay (The Terrible Ruler, or the Struggle Against Tyranny. New York, 1897) and others.
RABINOVICH Itskhok-Yankel (1854, Shereshovo, Pruzhany district, Grodno province - 1919), rabbi. From 1889 he headed a yeshiva in Slobodka, Kovno province. Since 1896, a rabbi in Gorzhdy, Koven province. In 1911 he was elected a member. Congress of rabbis and leaders at the Rabbinical Commission. Since 1911, the rabbi in Ponevezh.
RABINOVICH Israel-Mikhl (1818, Gorodets of Kobrin district. Grodno province - 1893, London), writer. He studied at yeshivas in Grodno and Brest-Litovsk. He studied medicine and philology at Breslavsky and Parisian high fur boots. In Paris he also studied the history of Jewish law and Jewish medicine. Has released several. book on these topics in Paris, Frankfurt am Main and Vilna. Translated into French. lang. Talmud, wrote an introduction and critical. notes to it (5 volumes were published in 1873–80).
RABINOVICH Israel Samoilovich (Shmul Aronovich) (b. 1917, Petrograd), orientalist-indologist, literary critic, translator, linguist-lexicographer. Cand. philol. Sciences (1969). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1940). In 1940–49 he was in the army, from 1944 he was a student, then a teacher, Art. teacher of VIIYa. In 1956–58 ed. State publishing house of foreign. and nat. dictionaries of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR, sotr. (1958–75) Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1978 - in the USA. R. - ed.-ed. “Urdu-rus. dictionary "(1951), one of the comp. and ed. "Russian-Hindi Dictionary" (1957), "Punjabi-Rus. dictionary "(1961)," Nepali-Russian. dictionary "(1968), ed. for the first time in the USSR. The author is thin. per. from Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu.
RABINOVICH Lazar Germanovich (1866 - |), mining engineer. He studied at the Kamenets-Podolsk gymnasium and the Belotserkovsky real school. Graduated from the Gorny Institute in St. Petersburg (1884). He served as engineer. at the mines in Donbass. Member Bureau of the Union of Kharkov Ing. In 1906 he was exiled abroad. In 1907, dep. 2nd State Duma from Yekaterinoslavskaya lips, member. faction of the cadets. Deer. Irininsky Kam.-ug. about-va. In 1903–12 sec. Council of Congresses of Miners of South Russia. In the 1920s. prev. scientific and technical council of Kam.-ug. prom-sti of the Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR, before. industrial section of the USSR State Planning Committee. Arrested in 1928, R.'s name appeared in the trial of the Industrial Party (1930).
RABINOVICH Lyubov Semyonovna (1907, Libava, Grodno u. Kurland province. - 2001, Moscow), painter. From 1922 she studied at the AHRR studio. In 1926–30 she studied at LINZHSA at the monumental department in the studio of AI Savinov. In 1932–36 R. - in the graduate school of LINZHS. In 1939–43 she lived in Saratov. Was engaged in ped. work was before. Saratov region branch of S.Kh. THE USSR. She took part (together with B.V. Milovidov) in the painting of the Saratov Palace of Pioneers, participated in exhibitions of Saratov art. In 1941–43 the organizer, artistic director. hands. and a participant in the Saratov Agitokons. Since 1943 - in Moscow. Stalingr. Steppe etudes (1951–53) by R. are written in the tradition. manner, Novorossiysk canvases (1970-72) resemble the handwriting of thin. Jack of Diamonds in the 1930s Pereslavl landscapes (1983) and later works ("On the Moscow highway (Selling apples)", "Landscape with a mountain ash", "Landscape with a black dog") are written in the manner of the so-called. sinks, impressionism. In 1983 R. became interested in sculpture (small plastic): "Portrait of M. Spivak" (plaster cast), "Model's head" (cement), "Lying" (plaster), "Ira" (fireclay). Personal exhibitions in 1984, 1994 in Moscow. R.'s works are in museums in Moscow, Saratov, Tselinograd, Bugulma, Alma-Ata.
RABINOVICH Matvey Samsonovich (1919, Kazan - 1982, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1955). In 1941 he graduated from Moscow State University. Since 1945 at the FIAN, since 1954 at the laboratory. V.I. Veksler, in 1960 organized and headed the lab. plasma physics. At the same time. taught at MGPI. Member created theory, project development and launch of electron accelerators at 250 MeV and 10 GeV in Dubna. Sci. research on plasma physics, the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF), the interaction of radiation with plasma and classical. plasma electronics. R.'s work (jointly with others) on the TCF program on stellarators determined the direction of research. in this region. worldwide. Under the arm. R. carried out work on relativistic microwave electronics, to-rye completed creation. powerful pulsed radiation sources in the centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges. Discovered the phenomenon of anomalous absorption of microwave radiation in a spatially inhomogeneous plasma near critical. density and the effect of generation of accelerated particles. Was a member. ed. zhurn. Plasma Physics. The author of St. 100 scientific. Art. Became. pr. (1951). Linen. pr. (1959).
RABINOVICH Mikhail Grigorievich (1916, Yekaterinburg - 2000, USA), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1963). In 1941 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–43 assistant of the Department of Archeology, and. about. dir. Sci. libraries of Moscow State University, in 1943 scientific secretary. Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946 - 51 st. scientific. sotr. Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1951–57 head. dep. archeology, deputy. dir. by scientific. parts of the Museum of History and Reconstruction of Moscow, from 1957 Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. head sector, leading scientific. fellow-consultant of the Institute of Ethnography, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. He worked in the Novgorod archeol. exp., one of the hands. archeol. excavations in Moscow (the mouth of the Yauza river, Kitay-gorod, the Kremlin), headed by an archeol. exp. in outskirts of Moscow. Participated in the preparation of collective tr. ("Essays on the history of the USSR. The period of feudalism", "Ethnography of the peoples of the USSR", "Ethnography of the Eastern Slavs"). The author of St. 300 works on archeology, ethnography, history of the East. Slavs, feuds, cities. State pr. RF (1993). Op.: Archeol. materials in the exposition of the local historian. museums. M., 1961; About ancient Moscow. M., 1964; Essays on ethnography rus. feud, city. M., 1978; Moscow was not built immediately. M., 1982.
RABINOVICH Mikhail Izrailevich (b. 1941, Gorky), physicist. Dr. phys.-math. Sciences (1974), prof. (1980), bp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1991). Graduated from the Gorky State. un-t (1962), in 1962–67 worked there as an assistant, in 1967–77 - Assoc. From 1977 to the beginning. sector of nonlinear dynamics, from 1991 beginning. dep. nonlinear dynamics in the Institute of Applied Physics. In 1990 invited prof. University of Chicago, since 1991 prof. (from 1992 to joint chief scientific researcher) California high fur boots in San Diego. Since 1991 - deputy. dir. Nizhny Novgorod department Int. in-that on nonlinear sciences, deputy. prev. Council for Nonlinear Dynamics RAS, Head. Department of Nonlinear Physics at the Faculty of Radiophysics in Nizhny Novgorod University. Member Int. about-va of interaction of mechanics and mathematics, chl. Amer. physical about-va. Region scientific. interests - theory of nonlinear waves, applied mathematics, electronics and radiophysics, dynamic. chaos and the theory of turbulence, nonlinear dynamics classical. fields, clutter and complexity. Author of over 200 scientific. works, 4 monographs and 6 inventions. Vol .: Introduction to the theory of oscillations and waves. M., 1984 (with D.I. Trubetskov).
RABINOVICH Mikhail Vladimirovich (1901, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1977, Moscow), military leader. Major General of Tank Forces (1942). In the Red Army - since 1919, member of the Civil. war. Graduated from the Higher. command courses "Shot" (1928). It was early. division headquarters (1930–34), beginning. armored vehicle. army troops (1937–41). Commands, armored vehicles. troops of the Karelian (1941–42), Northwestern (1943), 2nd Belarusian (1944–45) fr. In 1946-48 the beginning. armored vehicle. troops of the White Sea military. env., deputy. com. housing. From 1954 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.
RABINOVICH Mikhl-Itskhok (1879, Mir Novogrudok u., Minsk province - 1948, Israel), folklorist, historian. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From 1925 - in E.-I., was engaged in the book trade in Jerusalem. Collected Jewish folklore, made a large collection of bunks. proverbs, sayings, anecdotes, Hebraic elements in lang. Yiddish. Publ. Art. in Hebrew. Art. in Yiddish first came to St. Petersburg. gas. "Freind" in 1903, later published feuilletons in St. Petersburg. gas. "Tog", Warsaw "Haynt" and other publishers, spoke on issues of Jewish history and folklore. In lit. R.'s legacy remained a number of unpublished. works, including "Jewish printing houses in Belarus".
RABINOVICH Moisey Abramovich (1857, Berdichev, Kiev province - after 1885, Kazan), a revolutionary populist. He studied at the rabbinical school, the Zhitomir gymnasium, a real school in St. Petersburg. Member petersburg. circle "Tchaikovtsy", then the circle of FN Lermontov, a follower of the teachings of MA Bakunin. In the end. 1873 - early. 1874 arranged, with the help of smugglers, the delivery of illegal. literature to Russia through Prussia. In the summer and autumn of 1874 he took part in “going to the people”, because of the threat of arrest he went abroad. Upon his return to Russia in 1875, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In a state of heavy. nervous shock gave testimony to the investigation, but at the trial refused them. In 1878 he was sentenced to 6 years of hard labor according to the "193 trial" (by confirmation it was replaced by exile in Eastern Siberia), was taken to Verkholensk, Irkutsk province. the hospital where he died.
RABINOVICH Naum Lazarevich (Nakhman Eliezerovich) (c. 1850 - c. 1920), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was engaged in wholesale trade. He married I. Frant's daughter. OK. 1878 moved to Penza. From ser. 1880s became (after Frant) before. Jewish religion. communities. R. was Ch. the initiator of the building in 1894–98 of the first synagogue in Penza. OK. 1900 in connection with the development of its bargaining. case R. left Penza.
RABINOVICH Nikolay Semenovich (1908, Petersburg - 1972, ibid.), Conductor, teacher. Brother of A.S. Rabinovich. In 1931 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class conducting. During his studies, he was in charge of the muses. part of the Lenfilm film studio, became one of the first orc conductors. cinematography of the USSR, among the works of R. f. with muses. DD Shostakovich: “Youth of Maxim” (1935), “Return of Maxim” (1937), “Vyborg Side” (1939), “Hamlet” (1964), etc. In 1933–38 R. was in charge of the music. the Leningrad sector. to-that radio broadcasting, since 1938 conductor orc. Leningrad. Philharmonic, in 1944–48 conductor of the Small State. opera house, in 1950-57 - the Bolshoi Symphony. orc. Leningrad. radio-ta (from 1953 - the second orc. Philharmonic), from 1967 - Leningrad. chamber orc. In 1939–72 he taught at Leningrad. cons. (from 1957 he headed the department of opera and symphony conducting, from 1968 - prof.). R. is one of the founders of Leningrad. conducting school, which brought up many. students. R.'s repertoire included all symphony. L. van Beethoven, J. Brahms, a number of symph. G. Mahler, A. Bruckner, D. D. Shostakovich, S. S. Prokofiev. For the first time in the USSR he performed with an orc. and the Leningrad chorus. cons. "War Requiem" by B. Britten (1965). In opera houses in Leningrad, R. staged the op: "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades" by PI Tchaikovsky (both - 1931), "The Marriage of Figaro" (1953), "The Abduction from the Seraglio" and "Don Juan" W. A. ​​Mozart (both -1956), "The Flying Dutchman" by R. Wagner, "Parisian Life" (1947) and "Pericola" (1966) by J. Offenbach and others. Steel. pr. (1941).
RABINOVICH Osip Aronovich (1817, Kobelyaki, Poltava province - 1868, Merano, Austria-Hungary), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion, as well as secular education. Studied for honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. He served as a jury solicitor at the Odessa commercial court, as a notary, was elected as a councilor of the Duma, and participated in the preparation of a draft of the new mountains. code. In 1847 he published the lane. in Russian lang. poem by J. Eikhenbaum "Ha-krav" ("Battle") and two tbsp. in the "Odessa Bulletin". With thin. prose appeared for the first time in 1849 in the Odessa collection. "Literary evenings". First production Russian-Jewish art. prose "Moritz Sephardi" published in 1850 in the same collection. In 1859 in Moscow. zhurn. "Russian Bulletin" publ. pov. "Penalty", weekly. "Dawn" pov. "Hereditary candlestick" (I860). In 1860, in the journal. Russkoe Slovo published rum. "Kaleidoscope". In Art. "New Jewish Synagogue in Odessa" showed the qualities of an outstanding satirist. In 1860 he founded the weekly. "Dawn", where publ. 39 advanced art. In the last. years of life publ. Art. "Time does not stand" ("Russian Bulletin", 1862) and "The earlier, the better" ("Library for reading", 1864), as well as "The story of how Reb Chaim-Shulim Feigis traveled from Chisinau to Odessa and what happened to him ”(Odessa, 1865).
RABINOVICH Samuil Evgenievich (1901, Riga - 1938, Moscow), military historian. Divkomissar. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1919 - in the Red Army, in 1920 he graduated from the courses of the com., Became a political worker. In 1926 he was sent to study in Moscow at the VPA. After graduating from the academy, he worked in the Sov. military. encyclopedias. He was the assistant to the People's Commissar for the military. and pestilence. affairs of the USSR K.E. Voroshilov. Advised writer N.A. Ostrovsky on a number of military. questions. In 1937, due to accusations of contacts with the Trotskyists, he was demoted to the rank of regiment. commissioner and transferred to the military-ist. Department of the General Staff of the Red Army. In the end. Arrested in 1937, executed by firing squad: Struggle for the Army in 1917: Essays on Party Political. struggle and work in the army in 1917, M.-L., 1930; History of the Civil War: Krat, sketch. Uch. manual for the military. schools. M., 1933.
RABINOVICH Samuil Isaakovich (1905, Borisoglebsk, Tambov province - 1982, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the field of transformer engineering. He graduated in 1926 from the State. electrical machine building. in-t. In 1926–60 he worked for Moscow. transformer plant (from 1935 the beginning of the design bureau, from 1939 the chief designer). In 1960–71 chap. specialist in transformer construction State. scientific-economic. Council of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Since 1971 in Vses. electrical engineering in-those them. VI Lenin in Moscow. Supervised the development and implementation of powerful high-voltage transformers and transformer equipment for a voltage of 500 kW. He made creatures, a contribution to the development of new fundamental directions for the development of transformer engineering, including in the construction of the largest in the USSR Zaporozhye transformer plant, and in the development of electrical engineering. industry in the CMEA countries. Founded scientific. school of transformer builders. Became. pr. (1946). Linen. pr. (1962).
RABINOVICH Sarra (1880, Berezin, Minsk province - |), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1902). In 1902 she graduated from Freiburg University. Dock dissertation, based on statistics. survey of Jewish workers' organizations in Mogilev, dedicated. the problems of the Jewish proletariat. In 1903 R. undertook a joint. a trip to Galicia with B.Popenheim. The impressions of the trip are set out in dep. brochure and in art., publ. in the book. "Voskhod" (1903), "Jewish School", 1904. From 1903 she worked in various Russian-Jewish organs, publ. Art .: "On the women's question among the Jews", "The life of trade and craft classes in the image of Peretz" ("Jewish World", 1909). Lit. works: stories "Without talent" ("Peace of God", 1904), "At home" ("Books of the Sunrise", 1905), etc.
RABINOVICH Shaul-Pinchas (Schaefer) (1845, Taurogen Rossiensky u. Kovno province. - 1910, Frankfurt-am-Main), public figure, publicist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, in 1865 passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Gave private lessons. In 1875 he moved to Warsaw, where in 1877–81 he worked in gas. "Ha-Tsefira". Together with S. Mogilever he made a trip to Brody to organize aid to Jewish refugees from Russia. In 1882 he participated in St. Petersburg. Congress of representatives of Jewish communities, appealed for mass emigration from Russia. He became one of the active leaders of the Hovevey Pion, the initiator and participant of the Katowice Congress (1884), after which he headed the Warsaw movement center. In 1886 he created an annual. "Kneset Israel" to promote the idea of ​​resettlement in E.-I. In 1890 R. was one of the founders of the Warsaw branch. ord. Bnei Moshe. In the beginning. 1890s completely switched to lit. work. He translated the 11-volume History of the Jews by G. Gretz (1890–99) into Hebrew, accompanied by extensive notes. In 1894 he published orig. ist. research "Motsaei gola" ("Going into exile") by eating. 400th anniversary of the expulsion of Jews from Spain. Printed biographies in Hebrew and Art. in "Ha-Shiloakh" and other periodicals. ed. Participated in the ed. "Encyclopedias Eshkol" (in 1888 came out the 1st volume), completed work on the dictionary in lang. Hebrew "Ha-Otsar", begun by Sh.I. Finn. From 1905 - in Germany.
RABINOVICH Shloyme Khatskelevich (1903, Ushomir of Zhitomir district of Volyn province - 1971, Moscow), journalist. Was deputy. ch. ed. moscow gas. "Der emes". In 1941–45 ed. front. gas. "Forward to the West", then deputy. ch. ed. gas. EAKa "Einikite" (before closing in 1948). Repressed. Returning to Moscow in mid. 1950s, worked at the APN, actively collaborated in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In 1965 the APN published R.'s brochure "Jews in the USSR" in Yiddish, Russian, English, Spanish. and other languages.
RABINOVICH Shmuel-Yakov (1857, Kelma Rossiensky u. Koven province - 1921, Liverpool, Great Britain), rabbi, public figure. He was a rabbi in Ivye, Aleksot, Sopotskin. He took part in the Hovevey Zion movement. On the 2nd Zionist, Congr. R. made an impression on T. Herzl, later becoming the prototype of Rabbi Shmuel in his rum. "Adnoyland" ("Country of rebirth"). Was elected to the Center. Zionist. advice, one of the first dir. Jewish Colonial Bank. As a result of R.'s efforts of St. 100 Eastern Europe. rabbis signed a proclamation in support of the Zionist. movement. In 1902, together with I.-Ya. Reines, he became one of the organizers of the Mizrahi movement. Later he was elected president. Brit. branch "Mizrahi" at the 1st conference. movement in 1918. Art. R. about religion. aspects of Zionism, publ. before that periodically. press, included in Sat. “Ga-dat ve-leumiut” (“Religion and the National”. Warsaw, 1900). From the beginning. 1900s in Great Britain, since 1905 a rabbi in Liverpool. Author of responsa and short stories, ed. in 1903. In 1918 R.'s volume essay "Le tkufat ha-yamim" ("In the course of time") was published.
RABINOVICH Sulamith Oskarovna (ps. S. Mitina) (1922, Moscow - 2000, ibid.), Translator. In 1946 she graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. First publ. in 1956 - per. rum. G. Green "The Quiet American" (with R. Ya. Wright, R. translated a number of works by T. Kapote included in the collection "Voices of Grass" (Moscow, 1971), T. Williams "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone »(M., 1978), stories by G. Green, J. D. Salinger, W. Ellison, S. O'Casey, A. Miller, etc. The author of the book about Ars A. Tarkovsky, Yu. Dombrovsky, E.A. Blaginina, published in Moscow journal (1992–93).
RABINOVICH Teodor Samuilovich (b. 1925, Moscow), architect-artist, specialist in interior design. Graduated from Moscow. in-t decor, and applied arts (1952). Main works: restaurant "Beijing" in Moscow (1957), Monum. fence Center. park of culture and recreation named after A.M. Gorky (1954), interiors of the hotel "Russia" (1967), a quarter of residential buildings in the Izmailovo district in Moscow (1965). At the competition of projects memory. IA Krylov in Moscow (1957) - 2nd ave., At the competition of projects for the overlap of the Dynamo stadium in Moscow (1964) - 2nd ave., At the competition of indoor market projects (1978) - 1st pr. ...
RABINOVICH Zvi-Hirsch (1851 - 1911), rabbi, son of I.-E.Spector. A rabbi in Mitava, then in Vilna, after the death of his father (1896), became his successor as a Covenian rabbi. In 1893–94 before. Rabbinical Commission under the Ministry of Internal Affairs affairs, in 1909 a participant in a meeting of Jewish societies. figures in Kovno. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Author pl. unedited manuscripts.
RABINOVICH Vadim Lvovich (b. 1935, Kiev), social scientist, culturologist, science expert, poet. Cand. chem. Sci., Dr. of Philos. Sciences (1986), prof. (1988). Graduated from the Moscow Art and Technology Institute. D.I. Mendeleev (1959), Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1967). Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1967–82), Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1982–92); ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Man of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1992); at the same time. prof. Philos. Faculty of Moscow State University. One of the organizers and deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Man" (1990–92); ed.-comp. yearly. "Philosophy and Sociology of Science". Science. research dedicated history and philosophy of science, europe. medieval culture, marginal forms of culture (thanatological aspect). A cycle of works by R. dedicated. decomp. aspects of alchemy: "Symbolism in the West. alchemy and the tradition of Ibn Rushd "(M., 1971)," Alchemy as a cultural phenomenon "(1979)," The image of the world in the mirror of alchemy: From the elements and ancient atoms to Boyle's elements "(1981) and others. Galileo's medal Paris, Academy of the History of Science (1971), Blue Ribbon of Sophia University named after Klement Ohridski (1988) Op .: In every tree there is a violin. Poems. M., 1978; Purple Rook. Verse. and poems. M., 1988; The confession of a book-man, to-ry taught the letter, but strengthened the spirit. M., 1992;
RABINOVICH Yakov (1875, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1948, Tel Aviv), publicist, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1900–04 he studied at un-those in Bern. From 1901 he was printed in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Ga-Dror" and others. In 1907-10 he worked as an assistant. prev. Aid Society for Jewish Farmers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Collaborated in the journal. "Ha-Poel ha-tsair", in 1922 joint venture. with A. Barash founded lit. zhurn. "Gedim". From 1925 he wrote articles for gas. "Davar", "Bustanai", "Ga-Boker". Served in decomp. genres: journalism, lit. criticism, fiction, poetry, drama, translation. The author of several. brochures in Yiddish, dedicated. problems of Jewish development E.-I .: "Wu iz unzer oil |" ("Where are our people |". Berdichev, 1899); “Territorialism or Zionism” (Krakow, 1904); "Dos Yiddish element in Eretz Yisroel" ("Jewish element in Eretz Yisrael" Odessa, 1906); "Farvos Eretz Yisroel" ("Why Eretz Yisrael |", ibid, 1908), etc. In Hebrew publ. book: "Sipurim ve-quirim" ("Stories and sketches", 1905), "Stav" ("Autumn", 1926, collection of verses.) ), "Bekmet amim" ("Thus the peoples disappeared", 1946), etc.
RABINOVICH Eugene (Eugene Isaakovich) (ps. Eugene Raich) (1901, Petersburg - 1973, Albany, NY, USA), biochemist, biophysicist, poet. Doctor of Chemistry (1926). Since 1920 - in Germany. In 1922 he graduated from chem. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1926–29 he worked at Ying-those physical. chemistry imp. Wilhelm in Berlin (Dahlem), then - at the University of Göttingen (1929–33). In 1933 he left Germany, for a short time he worked at the Royal Academy of Sciences of Denmark (Copenhagen), in 1934–38 at the University of London. Since 1939 - in the USA. In 1939–44 he conducted research. at Massachusetts Technol. in-those. In 1944–46 sotr. in the nuclear project, to-ry headed by R. Oppenheimer. In 1947–68 prof. botany and biophysics of Illinois University, since 1968 prof. chemistry and biology at un-those pcs. New York (Albany). Most scientific. R. works dedicated. problems of photochemistry, kinetics of chemistry, reactions and photobiology. The author of the foundation, tr. "Photosynthesis and Related Processes" (vols. 1-3, 1945-56). R. began writing poetry in childhood. In 1921–22 sotr. into gas. "Voice of Russia" (Berlin). Since 1925 he was a member of the Russian Circle. poets in Berlin. Author pl. poetic. Sat, poetry per. In 1963 in Paris came out Sat. verse. R. "Contemporary". In the early verse. R. was present with a Jewish theme. Son R. - Alexander (b. 1934, London), historian. The author of the book. on the history of Russia. Vol .: The Bolsheviks Come to Power. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. M "1989. Son R. - Victor (b. 1934, London), director. management of external connections Nat. US Academy.
RABINOVICH Zina (1895, Bendery, Bessarabian province. - 1965, Tel Aviv), poet, writer. She wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. She studied at Moscow. un-those. In 1913 she left for E.-I. After the end of the 1st world. war returned to Russia. From 1921 - in the USA, where she taught in Jewish studies. institutions. Since 1961 - in Israel. Began publishing in 1918. Publ. poems and stories in Hebrew, then stories, children. stories and reports in Yiddish. At the heart of the production. R. - travel impressions. In 1950, rum came out in Buenos Aires. R. "Oifn veg tsu freigayt" ("On the way to freedom") - about the establishment of settlements in E.-I. Among the products. R. - "Der liber yomtev" ("Sweet holiday". New York, 1928), in Mexico came out "A maise mit a shtekele" ("History with a stick", 1958); Der Zeiger Roof (The Clock is Calling, 1968).
RABINOVICH Zinoviy Lvovich (b. 1918, Kiev), scientist in the field of computer technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1941). Since 1957 he has been working at the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev. Main works in the region. theory of digital computers. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1986). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1978). Works: Typical operations in computers. Kiev, 1980 (jointly with V.A. Ramanauskas); Fundamentals of the theory of elemental structures of computers. 2nd ed. M., 1982.
RABINS Leonid Efimovich (b. 1925, Odessa), sculptor, graphic artist, Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Applied and Decor. art (1953). He began to exhibit in 1953. R.'s works were exhibited on the rise, all the time. and int. exhibitions, including in Italy, Finland. Among the works of R.: monuments to the soldiers who died in 1941–45 (Shumanai of the Karakalpak ASSR, 1970; Kovdor, Murmansk region, 1985), etc .; gravestones: teacher V.D. Lazarev (Moscow, Novodevichye cemetery, 1963); geologist M.P. Rusakov (ibid., 1970); thin M.M. Cheremnykh (ibid., 1970) and others; a monumental relief on the building of the Faculty of Humanities of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills (1968); memorial relief of the writer F.V. Gladkov (Moscow, 1969); easel sculpture: "Metamorphoses", "Conflict", "Rapier. Flash "(1970), portraits of actress T. Robin, surgeon L. Schnaper and others.
RABINZON Mordechai (1877, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1953), rabbi, writer. Studied at yeshivas and high fur boots in Bern and Paris. In 1897 he began to publish Art. into gas. "Ha-Tsefira". From 1908 he lived in Vilna, where he was a member of the editor. several ed. in Hebrew. Since 1912, the rabbi of Bobruisk. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1930–47, the director. Jerusalem library. The author of the book: "Sifruteinu ga-hadasha" ("Our new literature". Vilna, 1913); "Literary portraits". (1932) and others. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. I. Fraisental, S. Munch, E. Zola and others.
RABKIN Abram Isaakovich (b. 1925, Bobruisk), painter. From 1943 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from thin. school at the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repin in Leningrad, in 1951 - Leningrad. thin uch-shche them. V.A. Serov. The expressiveness and dynamism of the pictorial texture, which impart a peculiar liveliness and spontaneity to R.'s works, were reflected in the landscapes of Bobruisk, portraits of Jews: "A Window in Old Bobruisk", "Shutters", "Barges on the Berezina", "End of Pozharsky Lane", "House for Demolition "," Landscape with a gummy factory "," Old Bobruisk woman "," Shoemaker of old Bobruisk "," Talent "," To the blessed memory of mother "and others. about the war were embodied in the films "Who Fought to Death" from the cycle "Soldiers", "Invasion", "May 9. Belarusian family ". The result of a trip to Israel (1992) was ser. landscapes and portraits (painting, graphics). Participant more than 20 vsec. and mountains. exhibitions leningr. artists. Personal exhibitions of R. "The City of My Childhood" took place in Leningrad (1981), Moscow (1988), Minsk and Bobruisk (1984–85).
RABKIN Efim Borisovich (1895, Ivanovka village, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1989, Moscow), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). In 1915-17 - at the front. In 1919–20 the commissar vet. management of the 14th Army South. fr. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1926). In 1927–30 ch. Doctor of the Eye Hospital. L.L. Girshman, in 1930–41 director. Ukr. Centre. in-that eye diseases them. LL Girshman, in which he organized a lab. for the study of color vision and workshops for the development of optical. devices. At the same time. in 1932–33 head. Department of Eye Diseases Kharkiv dignity. in-that. From 1944 ch. ophthalmologist Glavsanupra NKPS. At the same time. in 1944–45 early. eye evacuation hospital, created on the basis of Moscow. eye hospital, in 1945–46 ch. doctor. Since 1945 he taught at TsIUV, member. reign of Vseros. and Vses. ophthalmologic. ob-in, one of the ed. zhurn. "Bulletin of Ophthalmology" and "Ophthalmologich. magazine ", part. Sci. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the problems of physiology, Scientific honey. Council of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, Commission on fiziol. optics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Nauchn.-method. Council about-va "Knowledge" of the USSR. In the 1960s and 70s. ch. ophthalmologist of the USSR Ministry of Health. tr. R. dedicated problems of physiology and pathology of color vision. He proposed a classification of congenital disorders and acquired pathology of color vision, developed a method for training color vision. The author of the works “Polychromatic. tables for the study of color vision "(1st ed. - Kiev-Kharkov, 1936; 9th ed. - M., 1971)," Pigment tables for the study of acquired pathology of color perception "(M., 1951)," Tables for studies of the contrast sensitivity of the eye "(M., 1951)," Atlas of flowers "(M., 1956).
RABKIN Iosif Khaimovich (b. 1926, Kharkov), radiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof., Ph.D. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from MMI (1949), in 1950–56 - in the army. Since 1960 hand. dep. X-ray diagnostics and X-ray surgery Sci. Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Member editorial boards of a number of specials. zhurn. Prev Commission of the Committee on new technology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Prev problem commission on interventional radiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Hands. Center for Interventional Radiology. R. belong to isl. in the region. cardiology. Introduced electroradiography into practice. For the first time in the USSR, he conducted (with I.L. Tager, an X-ray television study. Formulated the concept of "heart lung" (changes in the lungs with heart defects). Has 15 author's certificates for various inventions introduced into practice. 15 monographs, 10 teaching aids and manuals, State pr. Of the USSR.
RABON Israel (real family. Rubin) (1900, Govarchev Konskogo district. Radom province - 1941, Vilnius), writer, poet. In 1902 he and his family settled in Lodz. Printed humorous. poems and stories in ód Jewish gas. After moving to Warsaw, he released the first rum there in 1926. "Di clele pound bluet" ("Curse of the blood"). Main the theme of R.'s work is the life of the poor people of Balut, a suburb of Lodz. In the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, he fled to Bialystok, then to Vilnius, where he died during the liquidation of the ghetto. Author ed. in Warsaw rum. "Di gas" ("Street", 1928), verse. Sat. Gintern ploit fun der velt (Under the World's Fence, 1928), Groer Freeling (Gray Spring, 1933), Balut, 1934, Leader (Poems, 1938).
RABOY Aizik Iosifovich (1882, Zavalsky Forest of Kamenets-Podolsky u. Podolsk province - 1944, Los Angeles), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Together with friends created mountains. library and a two-year Jewish school. Since 1904 - in the USA. In 1906, under ps. Rubin publ. first story. Was included in lit. gr. "Di yung". After graduating from an agronomist, school (1908), for some time he was a farmer. In 1913 he returned to New York. Main the theme of creativity is the life of agriculturalists. workers. In 1914, the first rum was released in New York. R. "Ger Goldenberg" ("Mr. Goldenberg"). On its basis, the drama "Shtehik Drot" ("Barbed Wire") was written, staged in pl. Jewish t-ts of the USA and Europe. From the beginning. 1920s collaborated with the communist. press in Yiddish. Author of rum. Derpas in yam (Strip in the Sea, published in the collection Fontn, 1919), Bessaraber idn (Bessarabian Jews, 1922-23), Nain Breeder (Nine Brothers, 1936), Der Yidisher Cowboy (Jewish Cowboy, 1942), Meinlebn (My Life, 1945–47), etc., as well as many others. stories.
RABUKHIN Alexander Efimovich (1899, Vitebsk - 1979, Moscow), phthisiatrician, pulmonologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1922). He worked at the university. therapeutic. clinic, since 1925 at the Department of Tuberculosis; at the same time. (1934–40) headed therapist. and social and hygienic. departments of the Kharkov Institute of Tuberculosis. From 1940 - Moscow, deputy. dir. by scientific. work Center, in-that tuberculosis (1940–52) and head. Department of Tuberculosis TSIUVa (1940–79). In 1941, the Institute of Tuberculosis was evacuated to Novosibirsk, where, with the participation of R., a branch was created, and then the Novosibirsk Institute of Tuberculosis (1943). From 1944 a consultant, from 1958 Deputy. ch. therapist of the 4th Ch. Department of the USSR Ministry of Health. Author 280 publ. works dedicated. problems of phthisiology and pulmonology. Deputy prev. Vses. about-va of phthisiatricians. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). State pr. USSR P976). Linen. etc. (1980) Vol .: Tuberculosis and the fight against it in wartime conditions. M., 1945; Epidemiology and prevention of tuberculosis. M., 1957; Chemotherapy for patients with tuberculosis. M., 1970; Fav. works. M., 1983.
RACHIN, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 11 Jews lived in R.
RACZKI, a settlement in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Avgustovsky u. In 1765, 472 Jews lived in R. and its environs, in 1808 in R. - 1117 (79.6%), in 1829 - 957 (73.8%), in 1856 - 1739 (83.6%). in 1897 - 1,116 (57.9%), in 1921 - 833 Jews (53.5%). Jews lived in R. from the end. 17th century In 1670–80, Rabbi Gershon was R. rabbi; 19th century - Rabbi Yakov-Issakhar, in the 1870s. - Zelig Berman, at the end. 19th century - Chaim Ratsker. In 1903–23, Aizik-Leib Stolyar (1858–1935, Petakh-Tikva, E.-I.) was the rabbi in R., in 1931–39 - Shmul Serebrovich. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 R. three days were occupied by units of the Red Army. Before the transfer of R. germ. military. administration of Sov. officers helped wishing Jews to move to the USSR. In the end. oct. 1939 Jews were expelled from R. germ. occupier. the authorities.
RADAIKI, see Radeikiai.
RADEEV, see Radzeyuv.
RADEK (real fam. Sobelson) Karl Berngardovich (1885, Lemberg, Austria-Hungary - 1939, Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk region), politician. Graduated from East. Faculty of Krakow un-that, studied at Berlin and Leipzig un-takh. Since 1902, members Polish Socialist Party, since 1903 member. RSDLP, since 1904 member. party "S.-d-tia of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania". Since 1908, an active leader of the left wing of the Germans. s.-d. party. Member of the Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintalskaya (1916) international. socialist conf. After Feb. the Revolutionary Union represented the RSDLP in Stockholm, helped the return of political emigrants to Russia. From November 1917 - responsible. employee of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs cases of the RSFSR, simultaneously. head dep. ext. relations of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Member owls. delegation at negotiations with Germany in Brest-Litovsk, opposed the conclusion of peace on the terms of the hostile side. In 1918, members. To-that roar. defense of Petrograd, chl. mountains. to-that RSDLP (b). In November, he illegally left for Germany to participate in the organization of the 1st Congress of the Communist Party. Arrested, released Dec. 1919, returned to Russia. Member Pres. and secret. The Executive Committee of the Comintern, the rector of the un-that of the peoples of the East, constantly collaborated in gas. "Pravda", "Izvestia", a number of journals. In 1919–24 members. Central Committee of the RCP (b). Since 1925, the rector of the Communist. un-ta of working people of China. In 1927 he was expelled from the party as a member of the Trotskyist opposition and sentenced to 3 years in exile. In 1930 he was reinstated in the party. In 1932–36 the head. bureau int. information of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Arrested in 1936. Convicted in 1937 for 10 years, see: Anarchists and Soviet Russia. Pg., 1918; Portraits and pamphlets, vols. 1-2. M., 1934.
RADEKHOV, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main In 1493. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Belz Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radzekhov in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 206 Jews lived in R., in 1880 - 799 (22.5%), in 1890 - 1867 (48.5% ), in 1900 - 1737 (44.3%), in 1910 - 1814 (43.1%), in 1921 - 1977 (45.1%), in 1931 - 2008, in 1941 - approx. 2,100 Jews. Jews have lived in R. from the 18th century. In the end. 18th century a community was created, a synagogue was built, then another one. In the beginning. 19th century Rabbi R. was Yakov Reinman (1778–1814), then Issachar Joles (1790–1860), Dovid-Yehuda-Leib Levin (1783–1830). All R. 19th century Jews belonged to several. shops, mills, approx. 10 writhing in R. In the 1890s. the head of the rabbinical court was Meir-Zvi Mazur. 19th century The Hasidic court in R. was founded by Naftoli-Tzvi Rubin (1848–1900). In 1898 the Zionist organization "Igud Zion" was founded. 20th century in R. there were several. synagogues, including Belzevsky and Gusyatinsky Hasidim. The rabbi of R. was I.-M. Shapiro. In 1916, 17 Jews were exiled from R.. 1920s a school of the Tarbut network was opened in R. Since 1934 sports have been working. about-in "Ha-Poel". In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi R. was Osher-Ishiyagu Rubin (1893-1943). In Sept. 1939, several arrived in R. hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West. Regions of Poland. On June 24, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. June 1941 arrived in R. approx. 500 Jewish victims of the fire from Kholoev (present-day Uzlovoe). In the beginning. Aug 1941 Judenrat was created, in autumn 1941 - ghetto. In apr. and sept. 1942 Jews from the surrounding villages were deported to R. 15 Sep 1942 approx. 1.4 thousand Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp; 21 Sep 1942 550 more Jews were deported to Kamenka-Bugskaya and shot there. 22 oct. 1942 the remaining Jews were deported to Sokal. In R. in the building of the former. There is a shop in the synagogue. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in R.
RADEIKIAI, a village in Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Radayki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century 12 Jewish families lived in R., and in 1941 there were 10 Jewish families. the occupation of the Jewish population of R. was agriculture. The two Jewish Liss families owned 25 acres of land; on page - x. the works used hired labor, including local peasants. Before the 1st world. war one of the br. Liss built a steam mill. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jewish population of R. was exterminated in the summer of 1941. Aba-Dovid Goldfayn (1878-1934), rabbi in Dvinsk, before. rabbinical court in Moscow.
RADIMIN, see Radzymin.
RADIN, see Radzyń Podlaski.
RADIN Vladimir Isaakovich (1926, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), A specialist in the field of electrical engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1976), prof. Graduated from electro mechanic. Faculty of Power Engineering Institute (1949). Engineer worked. in Ying-those electromechanics in Moscow. In 1950–91 at Moscow. electromechanical. z-de them. Vladimir Ilyich (since 1963 - chief designer of the plant). work on the problems of design, production and operation of el. AC machines cf. power. Headed the design of the ser. low-voltage asynchronous electric motors, as well as electrical equipment for mobile ground complexes. Author of 65 inventions. Honored. scientist of the Buryat ASSR (1972). State pr. USSR (1967, 1979, 1988). Works: Controlled electrical generators at variable frequency. M., 1978 (et al.).
RADINA (Figner) Rene Efimovna (1872-1944), singer (soprano). From 1892 she performed on the provincial stage. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s toured in the South of Russia and abroad. In 1910 a disc of the company "Zonofik Records" with the recording of the voice of R. Osn. op. parts: Violetta (La Traviata by G. Verdi), Mimi (La Boheme by G. Puccini), Liza (The Queen of Spades by P. Tchaikovsky), The Snow Maiden (The Snow Maiden by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov) and others ...
RADITSA-KRYLOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1940), subordinated to the Bryansk City Council of the Bryansk Region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Bryansk u. Orel province. In 1939 in R.-K. 12 Jews lived.
RADIVILOV (in 1939–94 - Chervonoarmeysk), a city (since 1940), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1564. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radzivilov, Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 298 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 3054, in 1870 - 2263 (79%), in 1888 - approx. 3700 (about 50%), in 1897 - 4322 (59.1%), in 1910 - 8276 (56.6%), in 1921 - 2036 (48%), in 1931 - 2970 (55%), in 1937 - 3120 Jews (52%) First mention. about the Jews of R. refers to 1578. The Jewish population of R. suffered during the "Khmelnitsky" era. In 1734, a pogrom broke out in R. by the Haidamaks; Jewish houses were destroyed, and in 1787 a Jewish printing house was opened in R. In 1807–13 I.-B. Levinson lived in R. In 1857 there were 9 synagogues, 8 heders, in 1870 - 11 synagogues, mostly. Hasidic. In 1886 there was a Jewish almshouse in R. 19th century Rabbi R. was Rabbi Yitzchok (? –1826), in mid. 19th century - Yosef Lerner (? –1875), then - his son Leizer Ingerleib (? –1898), since 1898 the son of L. Ingerleib Yisroel-Dovid became a rabbi. From 1900, Rabbi R. - Chaim Roytenberg (1864–?), From 1905 - Avrom Pincus (1877–?), Then Yitzhok Lerner (great-grandson of J. Lerner). In 1910 there were 13 synagogues in R., a one-class Jewish government husband. uch-shche with crafts. class, private wives. uch-shche, talmud-torah, societies. uch-shche, Jewish cemetery. From the beginning. 1910s Zionist circles operated in R. In 1914 there was a Jewish hospital in R. All 3 dentists in R. were Jewish, both were midwives. Jews owned all 5 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, both warehouses of kerosene, unity. cinematograph, all 6 timber warehouses, unity. technical office, 2 taverns, all 3 photo workshops, 5 expedition offices, approx. 120 shops and stores in R. (including 35 grocery stores, all 19 manufactory, all 3 book shops, all 4 meat shops, and only one wine shop). Most of the factories in Russia were owned by Jews: both sawmills, all 5 factories of curved furniture, a mill, unity. soap-making plant, brewing plant, unity. f-ka mother-of-pearl buttons, unity. candle s-d, unity tobacco factory, both printing houses. In 1915, when R. was in the front-line zone, many. Jews were evicted from the city and moved to Kremenets. In 1917 the Jews returned to R. In 1918 the Jews of R. created a self-defense detachment. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the beginning. 1920s Rabbi H. Roytenberg founded the Talmud Torah. Since 1928, H. Roytenberg's son Dovid, who died during the Holocaust, was R. Rabbi. In 1920–24 there was a private school teaching in Russian. lang. Later, Yiddish became the language of instruction, then Hebrew. In 1925–39 the school of the Tarbut network operated. In the beginning. 1920s a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened, in 1929 - a loan and savings. cash desk. June 30, 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units On July 4, 1941, 27 Jews were shot in R. In aug. 1941 the Judenrat is established, April 9-10. 1942 a ghetto was created, in which an underground group operated. On May 29, 1942, 1,350 Jews were shot in R. 150 Jews fled; 6 oct. 1942 950 Jews were shot, 650 Jews managed to escape. There were no partisans in the district. a group entirely composed of Jews. In oct. 1942 in the surrounding villages, 94 hiding Jews were captured and shot. The 111th tank took part in the liberation of R. brigade under com. regiment. Isaac Naumovich Granovsky. After his release in March 1944, approx. 50 Jews. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in R.. A. Gilboa, R. G. Grigoriev.
RADIVONOVKA, a village in the Akimovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1802. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tauride Gubernia. In 1849, 5 Jewish families lived in R., in 1900 - 20 Jews, in 1926 - 4 Jews. occupations of the Jews R. in the middle. 19th century there were crafts and villages. economy.
RADKOVKA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century Jews lived in R. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in R. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, Jews of R. (3 people) in 1943 were deported to Priluki and killed there.
RADNER David (1845, Vilna - 1897, ibid.), Translator. Translated into Hebrew. the tragedy "Don Carlos", the drama "Wilhelm Tell" (1878) by J.-F. Schiller, the comedy of S.-G. Mosenthal "Deborah" (1880) and the work of D. Kassel "History and Literature of the Jews" (1886) ... The lane remained unpublished. research M.Kaiserling "History of Jews in Portugal".
RADOGOSCH, see Pogar.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РАДОМ, город в Мазовецком воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1154. В 16–18 вв. – город, центр повета Сандомирского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1844 – центр Радомской губ.В 1765 в Р. проживало 67 евреев, в 1812 – 34, в 1815 – 413 (15,2%), в 1822 – 505 (13,3%), в 1826 – 945 (25,3%), в 1841 – 1650 (28,3%), в 1856 – 1697 (17,8%), в 1862 – 2724 (27%), в 1893 – 8031 (42,7%), в 1897 – 11 277 (37,7%), в 1909 – 16 976 (42,5%), в 1921 – 24 465 (39,7%), в 1931 – 25 159 (32,3%), в 1938 – 24 745 евреев (30,5%).Евреи жили в Р. с 16 в. В 1724 польск. король Август запретил евреям проживать в городе. В 1789 единств. лавка в Р., бакалейная, принадлежала еврею. Среди евреев Р. было неск. мясников.В 1814 Врем. верх. совет Вел. герцогства Варшавского разрешил евреям селиться в спец. квартале (ул. Валовая). В 1831 была организована община, заложено кладбище. В 1845 построена синагога. Раввин Р. в 1826–45 – Хаим Лебендигер, в 1868– 83 – Ш.Могилевер, затем – Авром-Цви Перельмутер (1844–1926, в нач. 1920-х гг. – деп. первого Сейма Польши), с 1895 – Хаим-Менахем-Мендель Кестенберг (1862–?).В 1853 в Р. открылась еврейская больница во главе с д-ром Шпильрайном, в 1882 – дом престарелых.В сер. 19 в. в Р. активизировалась деятельность представителей Гаскалы. В 1859 Иегуда-Леон Либерман открыл в Р. б-ку и частную школу, в к-рой изучались светские предметы. В 1865 открылась еще одна еврейская школа. В 1875 в Р. работали еврейское муж. нач. уч-ще, 2 еврейских жен. нач. уч-ща, в 1890-х гг. – реформированная талмуд-тора, в 1901 – двухклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще (35 уч-ся) и 30 хедеров (814 уч-ся).В нач. 1880-х гг. по инициативе Ш.Могилевера были организованы палестинофильские кружки. В 1888 в Р. прошел съезд «Ховевей Цион». С 1903 действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 открылось отд-ние сионистской орг-ции «Га-Замир».С 1900 раввином Р. был Менахем-Мендель Вайнгарт (1858–?), в 1904–13 – Элиэзер-Лейб Трайтман.В 1907 Шрага-Яков Рабинович (1839–1922) основал в Р. хасидский двор. Династию продолжил его племянник и зять Йосеф-Элиэзер Рабинович (?–1942). В 1909 хасидский двор основал Мойше-Эльяким Пример (1874–1942), в 1914 – Шмуль Рокеах (1835–1915). После смерти последнего династию возглавил его сын Элиэзер-Элимелех (1860–1935). Тогда же хасидский двор в Р. основал Яков-Ирахмиэль Тауб (1874–1934).В 1911 в Р. работали «Об-во помощи крестьянам и ремесленникам в Э.-И.», «Радомское благотворит. об-во», «Об-во выдачи беспроцентных ссуд мелким торговцам и ремесленникам-евреям», об-во вспомоществования мелким торговцам, приказчикам и ремесленникам-евреям «Братская помощь», «Линас га-Цедек», «Бейс Лехем», «Об-во приказчиков и мелких торговцев иудейского вероисповедания», отд-ние ОПЕ, клуб ремесленников-евреев. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.Во время 1-й мир. войны в нас. пунктах прифронтовой зоны (в т.ч. в Радомской губ.) стала применяться практика взятия евреев в заложники. 20 февр. 1915 губернатор Р. затребовал от магистрата список влиятельных евреев города; список из 20 фамилий был предоставлен. 28 февр. 1915 в качестве заложников были арестованы 3 еврея из списка: И.Адлер – сын владельца кожевенного з-да, Ш.Брамс – владелец фарфорового з-да, подрядчик Грин. Ген.-губернатор Варшавы приказал освободить этих заложников, т. к. из-за их ареста остановились з-ды с большим кол-вом рабочих и, как следствие, страдали интересы казны. В результате были арестованы трое других евреев: Бекерман – пред. еврейской секции при Радомском обывательском к-те, Бельский и Аншер.В мае 1918 в Р. произошли погромы, устроенные польск. легионерами.В 1920-х гг. раввином Р. был Ихил Кестенберг (1888–?), сын Х.-М.-М.Кестенберга.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1924–26 выходил еженед. «Радомер цайтунг» (ред. – Пинхас Фогельман), сменивший впоследствии название на «Радомер кельцерцайтунг». В 1924–39 издавался просионистский еженед. «Радомер лебн» (с 1930 – «Радомер кельцер лебн») (ред. – Меер Герц). В 1930-х гг. была открыта школа сети «Явне», в 1936 – школа «Хорев». Действовали иешива, еврейская больница, неск. еврейских б-к.8 сент. 1939 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В дек. 1939 был учрежден юденрат. В марте 1941 создано гетто. Любавичский хасид Йосеф Голдштейн (?–1985) основал в гетто иешиву. Гетто ликвидировано в авг. 1942; при ликвидации расстреляно ок. 1 тыс. евреев. В период Катастрофы было убито ок. 30 тыс. евреев из гетто Р., в т. ч. ок. 28 тыс. евреев – в лагере уничтожения Треблинка.После 1945 на месте расстрела евреев установлен памятник. На сохранившемся еврейском кладбище имеются братские могилы евреев, расстрелянных в Р. в 1940–42.В Р. род.: И.С.Блиох, И.Лерман, И.Перле, Л.Финкельштейн, М.Франкенталь; Элиягу Бен-Элиасар (Готлиб) (1932–2000, Иерусалим), политич. деятель, д-р философии, с 1942 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 10–14-го созывов от партии Ликуд, в 1977–80 – посол в Египте, в 1998–2000 – во Франции; Лейб Минцберг (1887–1943), деп. польского Сейма в 1921–28 и в 1930–39 от «Агудас Исроэль»; Иегуда-Юдл Розенберг (1860–1939), раввин, с 1912 – в Канаде, основал периодич. изд. «Кол Тора», перевел на иврит Зогар; Иссахар-Дойв Финкельштейн (?–1977), раввин в Новозыбкове и Хелме, с 1935 – в Великобритании, один из изв. хасидских раввинов Великобритании.З.Вагнер, pronunciation=РАДОМ, город в Мазовецком воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1154. В 16–18 вв. – город, центр повета Сандомирского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1844 – центр Радомской губ.В 1765 в Р. проживало 67 евреев, в 1812 – 34, в 1815 – 413 (15,2%), в 1822 – 505 (13,3%), в 1826 – 945 (25,3%), в 1841 – 1650 (28,3%), в 1856 – 1697 (17,8%), в 1862 – 2724 (27%), в 1893 – 8031 (42,7%), в 1897 – 11 277 (37,7%), в 1909 – 16 976 (42,5%), в 1921 – 24 465 (39,7%), в 1931 – 25 159 (32,3%), в 1938 – 24 745 евреев (30,5%).Евреи жили в Р. с 16 в. В 1724 польск. король Август запретил евреям проживать в городе. В 1789 единств. лавка в Р., бакалейная, принадлежала еврею. Среди евреев Р. было неск. мясников.В 1814 Врем. верх. совет Вел. герцогства Варшавского разрешил евреям селиться в спец. квартале (ул. Валовая). В 1831 была организована община, заложено кладбище. В 1845 построена синагога. Раввин Р. в 1826–45 – Хаим Лебендигер, в 1868– 83 – Ш.Могилевер, затем – Авром-Цви Перельмутер (1844–1926, в нач. 1920-х гг. – деп. первого Сейма Польши), с 1895 – Хаим-Менахем-Мендель Кестенберг (1862–?).В 1853 в Р. открылась еврейская больница во главе с д-ром Шпильрайном, в 1882 – дом престарелых.В сер. 19 в. в Р. активизировалась деятельность представителей Гаскалы. В 1859 Иегуда-Леон Либерман открыл в Р. б-ку и частную школу, в к-рой изучались светские предметы. В 1865 открылась еще одна еврейская школа. В 1875 в Р. работали еврейское муж. нач. уч-ще, 2 еврейских жен. нач. уч-ща, в 1890-х гг. – реформированная талмуд-тора, в 1901 – двухклассное муж. еврейское уч-ще (35 уч-ся) и 30 хедеров (814 уч-ся).В нач. 1880-х гг. по инициативе Ш.Могилевера были организованы палестинофильские кружки. В 1888 в Р. прошел съезд «Ховевей Цион». С 1903 действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1905 открылось отд-ние сионистской орг-ции «Га-Замир».С 1900 раввином Р. был Менахем-Мендель Вайнгарт (1858–?), в 1904–13 – Элиэзер-Лейб Трайтман.В 1907 Шрага-Яков Рабинович (1839–1922) основал в Р. хасидский двор. Династию продолжил его племянник и зять Йосеф-Элиэзер Рабинович (?–1942). В 1909 хасидский двор основал Мойше-Эльяким Пример (1874–1942), в 1914 – Шмуль Рокеах (1835–1915). После смерти последнего династию возглавил его сын Элиэзер-Элимелех (1860–1935). Тогда же хасидский двор в Р. основал Яков-Ирахмиэль Тауб (1874–1934).В 1911 в Р. работали «Об-во помощи крестьянам и ремесленникам в Э.-И.», «Радомское благотворит. об-во», «Об-во выдачи беспроцентных ссуд мелким торговцам и ремесленникам-евреям», об-во вспомоществования мелким торговцам, приказчикам и ремесленникам-евреям «Братская помощь», «Линас га-Цедек», «Бейс Лехем», «Об-во приказчиков и мелких торговцев иудейского вероисповедания», отд-ние ОПЕ, клуб ремесленников-евреев. В 1912 действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.Во время 1-й мир. войны в нас. пунктах прифронтовой зоны (в т.ч. в Радомской губ.) стала применяться практика взятия евреев в заложники. 20 февр. 1915 губернатор Р. затребовал от магистрата список влиятельных евреев города; список из 20 фамилий был предоставлен. 28 февр. 1915 в качестве заложников были арестованы 3 еврея из списка: И.Адлер – сын владельца кожевенного з-да, Ш.Брамс – владелец фарфорового з-да, подрядчик Грин. Ген.-губернатор Варшавы приказал освободить этих заложников, т. к. из-за их ареста остановились з-ды с большим кол-вом рабочих и, как следствие, страдали интересы казны. В результате были арестованы трое других евреев: Бекерман – пред. еврейской секции при Радомском обывательском к-те, Бельский и Аншер.В мае 1918 в Р. произошли погромы, устроенные польск. легионерами.В 1920-х гг. раввином Р. был Ихил Кестенберг (1888–?), сын Х.-М.-М.Кестенберга.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1924–26 выходил еженед. «Радомер цайтунг» (ред. – Пинхас Фогельман), сменивший впоследствии название на «Радомер кельцерцайтунг». В 1924–39 издавался просионистский еженед. «Радомер лебн» (с 1930 – «Радомер кельцер лебн») (ред. – Меер Герц). В 1930-х гг. была открыта школа сети «Явне», в 1936 – школа «Хорев». Действовали иешива, еврейская больница, неск. еврейских б-к.8 сент. 1939 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В дек. 1939 был учрежден юденрат. В марте 1941 создано гетто. Любавичский хасид Йосеф Голдштейн (?–1985) основал в гетто иешиву. Гетто ликвидировано в авг. 1942; при ликвидации расстреляно ок. 1 тыс. евреев. В период Катастрофы было убито ок. 30 тыс. евреев из гетто Р., в т. ч. ок. 28 тыс. евреев – в лагере уничтожения Треблинка.После 1945 на месте расстрела евреев установлен памятник. На сохранившемся еврейском кладбище имеются братские могилы евреев, расстрелянных в Р. в 1940–42.В Р. род.: И.С.Блиох, И.Лерман, И.Перле, Л.Финкельштейн, М.Франкенталь; Элиягу Бен-Элиасар (Готлиб) (1932–2000, Иерусалим), политич. деятель, д-р философии, с 1942 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 10–14-го созывов от партии Ликуд, в 1977–80 – посол в Египте, в 1998–2000 – во Франции; Лейб Минцберг (1887–1943), деп. польского Сейма в 1921–28 и в 1930–39 от «Агудас Исроэль»; Иегуда-Юдл Розенберг (1860–1939), раввин, с 1912 – в Канаде, основал периодич. изд. «Кол Тора», перевел на иврит Зогар; Иссахар-Дойв Финкельштейн (?–1977), раввин в Новозыбкове и Хелме, с 1935 – в Великобритании, один из изв. хасидских раввинов Великобритании.З.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
RADOMLYA, a village in the Chaussky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chaussky u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned the only grocery, grocery and manufactory, beer and unity shops. shop "bread-grain" in R.
RADOMSKO, a city in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1266. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Novoradomsk, Petrokovskaya province. In 1827, 369 Jews (20.6%) lived in R., in 1857 - 1162 (39.3%), in 1897 - 5054 (42.9%), in 1921 - 7774 (41.5%), in 1939 - approx. 6,500 Jews. In 1643, a royal decree prohibited Jews from living in R. 18th century Jews lived in the vicinity of R. and went to the city to earn money. In 1822 a community was established in R., in the 1820s. a synagogue was built, and a Jewish cemetery was laid in 1840. 19th century in R. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. Rabbi R. in 1834–66 - Shloyme Rabinovich (1795–1866), who founded the Hasidic dynasty. In 1866 the son of S. Rabinovich Zvi-Hirsch was elected the rabbi of the city. Another son - Avrom-Issachar-Ber (1844-1892) headed the dynasty. In 1892 the dynasty was continued by the son of A.-I.-B. Rabinovich Iehezkil (1863-1911). In 1911 the dynasty was headed by the son of the latter, Sholom-Geneh (1882–1941, Warsaw), who founded the Keser Toire yeshiva. Rabbi R. from 1892 - Israel Zelver (1855 -?) In 1898 the first Zionist organization arose in R. 20th century - Bund cell. 19th century in R. founded "Bikur khoilim", in the beginning. 20th century - "Linas ha-Tzedek". In 1903 the state was opened. Jewish school. In 1905, a Jewish self-defense unit was created. Since 1909 the Zionist organization "Ha-Zamir" has been working. In 1914, Jews owned a hotel, both bank offices, and more than 40 shops and stores in R. (including all 7 manufactory, all 5 crockery, all 5 tobacco). in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1925 a Jewish child was opened. house. There were 2 schools "Shabasuvki", a private Jewish gymnasium, in 1930–31 - Nar. un-t, yeshiva. It turned out humorous. ed. "Radomysker Spiegel". In 1924 the library was founded. I.-L. Peretz, in 1926 - library named after I. Sholem Aleichem. Sports were created in 1921. about-in "Koah", in 1923 - "Maccabi", in 1929 - "Ha-Poel". 3 Sept. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The synagogue and the graves of the heads of the Hasidic court were desecrated. The Judenrat was established. In the spring of 1940 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 14 thousand people In oct. 1942 when the ghetto was liquidated, its prisoners were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. In nov. 1942 - Jan. 1943 in R. there was a second ghetto, which contained apprx. 4 thousand people from other cities. When the ghetto was liquidated, approx. 1.5 thousand Jews. Partisans operated in the vicinity of R. detachment under com. br. Zhabotovsky, Rosa Shapiro, and Tuvia Borzikovsky. After the liberation, several returned to R. hundreds of Jews. In the spring of 1945, approx. 300 Jews, a Jewish council was formed. A memorial plaque was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. In 1991 there was a Jewish community in R. At the preserved Jewish cemetery there is a monument to Jews who died during the Holocaust.
RADOMYSELSKY Israel Davidovich (1914, Zhitomir - 1986, Kiev), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). Graduated from the Kiev Industrial Institute (1939), worked as engineer. at the production facilities of Kiev and Novosibirsk. In 1948–86 - at the Institute of Problems of Materials Science of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. works on the theory of reduction of metal oxides, wear resistance, created. high-strength structural powder materials. Designed by hand. R. technology of production of powders and products from them served as the basis for creation. one of the largest powder metallurgy plants in Europe (Brovary). Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1975). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1973). Cit .: Molds for powder metallurgy: calculation and design. Kiev, 1970 (et al.); Structural powder materials. Kiev, 1985 (et al.); Preparation of alloyed powders by the diffusion method and their use. Kiev, 1988 (in collaboration with S.G. Napara-Volgina).
RADOMYSHL (until 1946 - Radomysl), a city (from 1795), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1150 as Mycek. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Kiev province. In 1797, 1424 Jews (56.4%) lived in R., in 1847 - 2734, in 1859 - 3626, in 1887 - 4658, in 1897 - 7502 (69%), in 1906 - 10 211 , in 1910 - 10 450 (69.6%), in 1920 - 5122, in 1923 - 5257, in 1926 - 4637, in 1939 - 2348 (20.1%), in 1989 - 49 Jews (0.3%) Jews lived in R. from the 16th century. During the “Khmelnytsky” region, R. was ruined; the Jewish population suffered. In the 1st floor. 18th century information about Jews in R. appears again. In 1750 a detachment of Haidamaks plundered the house of a Jewish tenant. In 1754 R. was defeated again; Jewish shops were burned, 4 Jews were killed. In 1801, there were 6 merchants among the Jews of R. In 1839 the hairdresser A. Lazebnik was accused of murdering a Christian girl for ritual purposes. The case ended with the acquittal of the defendant. In 1845 there were seven synagogues in R. There were 94 merchants among the Jews. Jews traded in timber and wool. In 1856 there were 4 heders in R., in 1873 - a one-class Jewish school. From 1878, Mordkhe-Israel Beregovsky (? –1900) was the rabbi in R., and from 1900 his son Borukh-Benzion (1867–?). In 1890 - early. 1900s the state rabbi in R. was Sender Yakovlevich Grinshpun. In 1892 there was a Jewish hospital (manager - Zweifel); there were 8 synagogues. 19th century The Hasidic court in R. was founded by Avrom-Yehoshua-Geshel of Tver (? –1919). In 1914 the dynasty was continued by his son Hanoch-Geneh (1886–1971, Jerusalem). In 1899 there were 3 bookstores in R. with Hebrew books. In 1900 Jews owned two printing houses. In 1902–04, the Bund organization arose in R. 15 Feb In 1905 its members organized a strike in R. 20th century pl. R. Jews left for other countries. In 1904, a philanthropist was organized by the community in the United States. Society "Radomysler unterzitsung verein." In 1908, the Society for the care of children of poor Jews worked in R. In 1910 there were Talmud Torahs, 3 men. and 2 wives. Jewish schools, 12 synagogues, an aid to poor Jews, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in R. t-in, in 1913 - a Jewish hospital. The Jews belonged to b. h. shops, shops and prom. pr-ty in R. In 1914 the state rabbi in R. was the grandson of Tsemakh Tzedek Aron-Mendel Nohum-Zalmanovich Shneerson (1886–?) - owner and director. Jewish study establishments. 18 Feb. and on March 12–13, 1919, pogroms took place in R. by units of the Directory, and on March 23–31, by the gangs of Ataman Sokolovsky. In May 1919 Sokolovsky's gangs staged another pogrom in R., in the course of which approx. 400 Jews, several. thousands of Jews fled from the city. 1920s there were 6 synagogues in R. in 1928 apprx. 80 children. In 1926, Rabbi B.-B. Beregovsky participated in the rabbis' congress in Korosten. In the 1930s. in R. the synagogue was closed, at the end. 1930s - Jewish school. 20 July 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units In aug. 1941 in R. in the course of two "actions" approx. 200 Jews. In the end. Aug 1941 Jews were deported to R. from the surrounding area. points. A ghetto was created. 6 Sep 1941, 1,668 Jews were shot in R. At the Jewish cemetery in R. there are mass graves of Jews who were shot in 1941. In 2005, there was a Jewish population in R. N. Balyasnaya, A. Velednitsky, L. I. Zubok, J.-Sh. Morogovsky; Ruhim Eisland (1884–1955, Miami Beach, USA), novelist, poet, wrote in Yiddish; Grigory Korin (Godel Shablevich Korenberg) (b. 1920), poet, author of several. Sat. Poems by S.Ya. Elisavetsky
RADOMYSLENSKY Veniamin Zakharovich (1909, Tsaritsyn - 1980, Moscow), theatrical figure, teacher. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1935). He worked at the Opera-Drama. studios them. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1941–45, he headed the fr. acting teams and T-rum North. fleet. Since 1945, dir. (then rector) of the School-Studio. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. Was a member. thin Council of the Moscow Art Theater, worked in the WTO, participated in the preparation of the theater for printing, the legacy of Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, the author of Art. on higher. theater. education. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969).
RADOMYSL, see Radomyshl, Zhytomyr Region.
RADOSHIN, a village in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1812, 2 Jewish families lived in R., in 1926, 18 Jewish families. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. In the same year, all Jews who remained in the occupation were shot.
RADOSZICE, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1844 - Posad Konsky u. Radom province. 476 Jews (29.3%) lived in R. in 1827, 745 (39%) in 1856, 1336 (41.9%) in 1888, 1728 (48.6%) in 1897, 1921 - 1278 Jews (38.2%), in 1927 - approx. 300 Jewish families, in 1931 - approx. 2000 Jews, in 1938 - approx. 400 Jewish families. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 19th century In 1831, the Hasidic court in R. was founded by a disciple of the "Seer from Lublin," Rabbi Issachar-Ber (1775–1843). The dynasty was continued by his son Yisroel-Yitzhok (1810-1865). In 1866 the dynasty was continued by the son-in-law of Issachar-Bera, Hillel Finkler (? –1901). From 1901 the dynasty was headed by the son of G.Finkler Eliezer-Dovid (? –1926, Lodz). After the death of the latter, the dynasty was headed by his sons, Yisroel-Yosef (? –1937) and Chaim-Osher (? –1941). In 1884–94, Nosn Duner (1860–?) Was the rabbi in R. R. (including all 4 manufactures, all 3 tanneries). In March 1915 Jews (about 500 families) were evicted from R .; some of them settled in the surrounding area. points, some - in Radom. In aug. 1915 Jews returned to Russia in the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1940–42, approx. 3500 Jews from other us. points. In March 1942, a ghetto was created. In nov. 1942 with the liquidation of the ghetto approx. 4 thousand Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
RADOSHKOVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Molodechno district of Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Vileyskiy u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765 455 Jews lived in R., in 1857 - 683, in 1897 - 1519 (58%), in 1910 - 1175 (26 , 3%), in 1915 - 1207, in 1921 - approx. 1200 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 16th century In 1857, 4 synagogues functioned. From 1890 Meer Rabinzon (1854, Vendzyagola -?) Was a rabbi in R. 19th century A Zionist circle began to operate in R. 1910. In 1910, a two-year state Jewish school with wives worked in R. change; there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods and 42 stores in R. (including all 15 grocery stores, all 7 manufactures, all 4 beer shops, both shoe stores). In 1915 there were 4 synagogues, 2 rabbis, and a Jewish Nar. uch-sch. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. A ghetto was created (1200 people). An underground group operated in the ghetto. On March 11, 1942, 860 Jews were killed in R. On March 7, 1943, the ghetto was finally liquidated; 340 Jews were burnt in a barn. After 1945, approx. 100 Jews. In 1946 and 1947, obelisks with inscriptions in Russian were installed on the graves of ghetto prisoners. lang. and Hebrew. In 1948, a petition of Jewish believers in R. to open a synagogue was rejected; The synagogue building (Shkolny Dvor Street, 3) was transferred to the district library. In 1988, a pogrom was organized at the Jewish cemetery of R. In 2003, three Jews lived in R.. . Manet, N. A. Maskileison, I. Rubin; Semyon Samoilovich Rubin (1900–1985, Uman), agronomist, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Sciences (1946), prof. (1946), head. Department of General Agriculture in Uman agricultural. in-those, vice-rector of the institute (1947–63), the author of works on the problems of garden and field agriculture, Stal. pr. (1952), honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1960), evil. medal to them. I.V. Michurin (1985).
RADOSHOVKA, a village in the Shumsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenets district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery and haberdashery in R.
RADOVICHI, a village in the Turia region of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RADOVKA, a village in Kalinovskiy district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in R.
RAINBOW, a village in the Vetka district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RADUL, urban-type settlement (since 1924) in the Repkinsky district of the Chernigov region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - Gorodnyansky settlement Chernigov Gubernia. In 1910 there were 217 Jews living in R., in 1926 - 35, in 1939 - 27 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue in R. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a haberdashery and 2 manufactory shops in R. The Jewish community of R. suffered during the Civil Period. war. In 1920, a pogrom took place in R., in the course of which 72 Jews were killed. After the pogroms, part of the Jews left R. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in R. in November. 1941 10 Jews were shot. One Jew from R. in Sept. 1942 was killed in Repki.
RADULANI, see Radulenius Vechi.
RADUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lida district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765 in R. and the surrounding us. 581 Jews lived in settlements, in 1847 in R. - 283, in 1897 - 896 (55.2%), in 1921 - approx. 800 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 17th century In 1869 a yeshiva was founded in R. headed by Hafetz Chaim. 19th century Rabbi Arie-Leib (? –1836) was a rabbi in R. as Leib Ratsker, in the 2nd half. 19th century - A.-M. Vaysbord, from 1898 - Arie-Mordhe Mirvis (1859–?). There was a Jewish cemetery in R. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in R. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, both manufactory shops in R. July 8, 1922 in R. there was a pogrom, organized by the Polish. military personnel (about 40 soldiers participated); A. Rogovsky's store was plundered in 1920 - 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Burials at the Jewish cemetery were discontinued in 1940 on July 1, 1941, and were occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was established, headed by Noach Dolinsky. In nov. 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained 1834 people, including those from nearby us. points. On May 11, 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, 1,137 Jews were shot, approx. 180 people They managed to escape. After the liberation, 32 Jews returned to R.. In 1961, a monument was erected on the grave of the executed ghetto prisoners - a sculpture of a soldier with a machine gun. In the 1970s. the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. 1990s in R., mourning meetings were held at the grave of ghetto prisoners.
RADUTSKY Avrom (1868, Rzhishchev of the Kiev District and Gubernia - 1928, New York), poet, publicist. Since 1890 - in Great Britain, where for the first time publ. verse. in one of London's Jewish gas. Since 1896 - in the USA. Published poetry and essays in Jewish periodicals. ed. USA and Great Britain ("Forverts", "Vecker", etc.). R.'s poems are presented in many. anthologies, including in “Amer. Jewish Poetry "M. Basin," America in Yiddishn Wort "N. Maisel. Mn. manuf. R. remained unpublished. (in particular, the pov. "Millions of Baron Hirsch" and "Good Jews").
RADUZHNY, a city (since 1985) in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). It arose in connection with the development of Varyogansky and other oil and gas fields. In 2002, 27 Jews lived in R..
RADVILISKIS, a city in Šiauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1645.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radzivilishki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 676 Jews (17%) lived in R., in 1923 - 847 (15%), in 1939 - approx. 250 Jewish families. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 19th century At the same time, a synagogue operated in R. All R. 19th century Rabbi Yosef was the rabbi in R., after his death - Meir Meltz (? –1905), in 1882–84 - Reuven-Yosef Gordon (? –1887), in 1884–97 - Itzhok Gurvich, until 1899 - Yankl Rabinovich. In 1889 a Jew owned a pharmacy in R. At the beginning. 20th century the rabbis in R. were Daniel Zak, Yochanan Zopovich-Zarkhi (? –1946, Tiberias, E.-I.) In May 1915 the Jews of R. were exiled to the inner city. province Ros. empire. After 1918 the Jews returned to their former place of residence. Main trade was their business; some Jews were engaged in crafts. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish People's Republic was opened in R. bank. In the beginning. 1920s there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. Mn. Jews during this period left for E.-I. In the 1920s. R. had 2 synagogues, a school of the Tarbut network (among the organizers were Mendel Kribushaev and Aron Fine). In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including "Tiferes Bahurim". Rabbi R. in the 1930s. was Itskhok Runner (? –1941). June 26, 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed in the summer and autumn of 1941.
RADYANSKOE, a village in the Berdichevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in 1830 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Romanovka in Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1834 72 Jewish families lived in R., in 1859 - 852 Jews, at the beginning. 20th century - 206 Jews. The colony was founded by immigrants from Berdichev and townships of Volyn and Podolsk provinces. To the end. 19th century 2/3 of the fields were planted with cereals, the rest with vegetables and clover. Milk was sold in Berdichev. All R. 1920s the collective farm "Will" was created. In 1929–41, a collective farm was in operation. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Several dozens of Jews who were not drafted into the army and did not manage to evacuate were shot. In 1996, a monument was erected at the site of the execution of Jews. P. Yasinovsky, I. M. Shaikin
RADYLOVICH, see Ralevka.
Radzanov, see Radzanow.
RADZANOW, a city (since 1400) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Plock Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Radzanov Mlavsky u. Plock Gubernia. In 1765, 5 Jews lived in R. (0.8%), in 1808 - 119 (23.8%), in 1827 - 375 (43.6%), in 1857 - 571 (54.9%) , in 1897 - 532 (35.8%), in 1921 - 303 (22.7%), in 1939 - 186 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 18th century In the 18th century. the Jewish cemetery was founded. In the beginning. 19th century there was a community, there were “Bikur Hoylim” and Khevra Kaddish. In 1823–62, R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a wooden synagogue was built, which burned down in 1885. Rabbi R. in the 19th century. - Moishe Lichtenstein. 20th century (until 1919) the rabbi of R. was Yehuda-Leib Rosenblum. In 1914 a stone synagogue was built in R. Most of the Jews of R. were engaged in petty trade. Among the Jews were tailors, shoemakers, bakers. The Jew belonged to unity. manufactory shop in R. In the end. 1920s the duties of a rabbi were performed by Hirsch Marvil. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 Jews of R. were deported to the Mlawa ghetto. R. has an abandoned Jewish cemetery.
RADZEKHOV, see Radekhov.
RADZEYW, a city (from 1252) in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Brest-Kuyavsky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1844 - Posad Radeev of Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1808, 84 Jews (10.2%) lived in R., in 1827 - 227 (17.8%), in 1857 - 224 (14.8%), in 1897 - 422 (18.4%). , in 1921 - 599 Jews (18.9%) In 1546 King Sigismund I the Old forbade Jews to build houses and settle in R. In 1755 Jews were allowed to live in R. 19th century a Jewish community was created in R. In 1822–62, Jews were allowed to settle on certain streets; in other parts of the city, Jews who had privileges could live. During these years R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. 20th century (until 1914) the rabbi of R. was Meir-Zvi Mazur. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In apr. 1942 the Jews of R. were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp.
RADZILOVO, see Radzilow.
RADZILUW, city (since 1466) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Radzilovo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–45 - as part of the BSSR. In 1808 51 Jews (9.6%) lived in R., in 1827 - 225 (28.8%), in 1857 - 639 (42.7%), in 1897 - 891 (44%), in 1921 - 671 Jews (33.8%). Jews lived in R. from the 17th century. A wooden synagogue was built at the same time. In 1801 Gershko Rafalovich opened a tobacco factory in R. In 1908 Akiva Goldbar was Rabbi of R. In 1916 the first Zionist circle began to work in R. In 1917, a Hebrew-teaching school was opened, which later became part of the Tarbut network. Since 1926, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank has operated in R. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi R. in the 1930s - Zelig Helger. June 23, 1941, the R. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, most of the Jews of R. were shot. In the summer and autumn of 1942, a Jewish partisan operated in the vicinity of R. detachment. After 1945, a monument was erected on the grave of the executed.
RADZINSKY Victor Evseevich (b. 1947, Kiev), obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1985), prof. Graduated in 1970 from Kiev honey. in-t; worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist, head. obstetric department of clinics. hospital number 22 in Kiev. 1985–94 as director. Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health Protection, Ministry of Health of the Turkmen SSR (Turkmenistan), head the first department of obstetrics and gynecology of the Turkmen honey. in-that. Since 1994 head. second obstetric clinic Mosk. region Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology. tr. R. dedicated issues of perinatology, in particular placental insufficiency, regional problems of gynecology, ecology of reproduction. Developed and implemented a method for the treatment of placental insufficiency. Developed a method for the prevention of perinatal infection using non-drug means. Member Worldwide and Europe. associations of obstetricians and gynecologists, WHO expert. Hero of Labor (order "Gayrat") of Turkmenistan. Soch: Biochemistry of placental insufficiency. Kiev, 1987; Pathology of the amniotic fluid. Kiev, 1993; Perinatal medicine of Turkmenistan. Kiev, 1994.
RADZIVILISHKI, see Radviliskis.
RADZIVILOV, see Radivilov.
RADZIVILOVSKY Alexander Pavlovich (Israel Moiseevich) (1904, Simferopol - 1940), an employee of the special services. Senior Major of State Security (1935). From 1922 an operative. Crimean Cheka. In 1925 - early. dep. secret-polit, dep. Crimean department OGPU at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1926 he entered the reserve center. apparatus and in the same year appointed beginning. Bryansk department OGPU. In 1927 the beginning. special department in the Gomel province. In 1929–31 pom. early 8th dep. OGPU at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR; in 1931–35 commissioned. on special assignments of the chief secret no-polit, dep. OGPU-NKVD USSR. In 1935 he was appointed deputy. early management of the NKVD in Moscow. region, in 1937 the beginning. management of the NKVD in the Ivanovo region. Since 1939 hands. transport management of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1940 he was repressed.
RADZYMIN, a city (since 1475) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1475. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the county town of Radimin, Warsaw province. In 1827, 432 Jews (35.7%) lived in R., in 1857 - 1324 (58.8%), in 1897 - 2136 (51%), in 1921 - 2209 Jews (52.6%) Jews lived in R. from the 15th century. In the 18th century. a community was created. In 1840 a synagogue was built, and a cemetery was laid. In 1848 the Hasidic dynasty in R. was founded by the disciple of Simkhi-Bunim from Pshisukha and Itskhok Kalish from Varka, Yakov-Arie Guterman (1792, Varka - 1874). The dynasty was continued by the son of J.-A. Guterman Shloymo-Yehoshua-Dovid (? –1903). After the death of Sh. I.-D. Guterman, the dynasty was continued by his son Aron-Menachem-Mendel (1860–1934, Warsaw), who founded the yeshiva "Orhot Chaim" in R. Since 1874, Shloymo Ashman was rabbi of R., and later - Yair Rosenfeld, in 1891–1917 - Nehemia-Alter Vysokinsky (1856–?), In 1917–34 - the son of the latter Benzion (? –1934). In 1904 a Zionist organization and a Bund cell were created in R. In 1914 Jews belonged to unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, 1 of 2 hotels, unity. a photographic workshop and 13 shops in R. (including all 3 manufactory, both haberdashery, and the only bookstore). During the 1st World. war in R. was organized by societies. kosher cuisine. 1920, during the Soviet-Polish. war, several. R. Jews were accused of Polish. by the authorities in espionage. in R., with the help of the Joint, a cooperative bank "Akhdus", a loan office for those in need, were opened. Linas ha-Tzedek and Bikur khoilim operated. In 1922 the Beis Yaakov girls' school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. In 1934, the nephew of A.-M.-M. Guterman Chaim-Yakov-Arie Morgenstern (1875–1942, Warsaw) recreated the Hasidic court in R. Since 1934, Rabbi R. was the son of B. Vysokinsky Yehuda-Arie. A new Jewish cemetery was laid in 1939. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1939 14 Jews were killed. Dec. 1940 ghettos, Judenrat and Jewish police were created. In the beginning. 1941 Jews from the surrounding area were deported to R. points. In the beginning. oct. 1942 The ghetto was liquidated, the Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. With the liquidation of the ghetto approx. 200 young Jews fled to the forests. Many of them were issued by the Poles to the Germans. to the authorities. In R. clan: I. Bashevis-Singer; Shloyme Gilbert (1885-1942), poet, wrote in Yiddish. Z. Wagner
RADZYN PODLASKI, a city (since 1468) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Lublin Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Radin, Sedleck province. 797 Jews lived, in 1827 - 875 (45.5%), in 1856 - 1301 (52.6%), in 1897 - 2896 (48.7%), in 1921 - 2895 Jews (59.9%). lived in R.-P. from the 16th century In the 17th century. the community was organized. In the 19th century. Rabbi R.-P. - Eliyahu Margaliot. In 1867 the Hasidic dynasty in R.-P. founded by Jacob Leiner (? –1878). After the death of J. Leiner, the dynasty was headed by his son Gershon-Khanokh-Genekh (1839–1891), who discovered the method of making special. paints for tzitzit. In 1891 the dynasty was headed by the son of H.-H.-G. Leiner Mordhe-Yosef-Eliezer (1873–1929, Warsaw), who lived in Warsaw from 1914. Later, the dynasty was continued by the son of M.-J.-E. Leiner Shmul-Shloimo (1909–1942), who in 1935 moved to R.-P. In the same year, he founded in R.-P. Yeshiva "Sod Yesharim". In 1912 in R.-P. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy warehouse, bakery, unity. photo workshop, unity. watch workshop and 20 shops in R.-P. (including all 3 haberdashery, both grocery, all 4 manufactory, and only one bookstore). the first Zionist organizations arose. Library and drama were founded by the Zionists. circle. 1920-30-ies. in R.-P. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Sports was founded in 1923. club "Koah". In 1928 the Union of Jewish Merchants was organized. In the beginning. 1920s opened a school network "Tarbut", in 1929 - a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", operated by the state. school "Shabasuvka". Rabbi R.-P. in the 1920s and 30s. - Chaim Fine (? –1939). In Sept. 1939 R.-P. occupied parts of the Red Army. With the departure of the owls. troops part of the Jews left the city. In oct. 1939 R.-P. occupied germ. troops. In the first days of the occupation, 2 synagogues were desecrated. Dec 6 1939 the majority of Jews R.-P. were deported to the village of Slavatych. For those who remained, a Judenrat was established. In apr. 1940 the majority of those deported in the village of Slavatyche were returned to R.-P. In the ghetto created soon after, an underground group arose, the main purpose of which was to organize an escape and create partisans. detachment. 22 Sep 1942 in R.-P. 200 Jews were shot. In oct. 1942 Jews R.-P. were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp; a group of the remaining Jews was placed in a labor camp; there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R.-P. genus: M. Sne; Jeruham Leiner (1888-1964, New York), rabbi, since 1934 - in Great Britain, author of comments. to the Talmud, Zohar, the writings of Maimonides, as well as works on Jewish law.
RAEVKA, see Raevsky.
RAEVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1938), center of Alsheevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Raevka Belebeevsky u. Ufa province. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in R., in 1939 - 6 Jews.
RAEVSKY Charles (real family Shamraevsky) (1861, Kremenchuk, Poltava province - 1930, New York), publicist, publisher. Since 1882 - in the USA. In 1896 he received a medical degree and practiced in New York. In 1886 he founded (together with E. Kagan) the first Jewish socialist. zhurn. USA "Di Nae Zeit" (3 issues were published), in 1888 - zhurn. "Di nae Velt" (5 issues published). Collaborated in gas. "Forverts" and other Jewish periodicals. ed.
RAEVSKY Iosif Moiseevich (1900, Orenburg - 1972, Moscow), actor, director, teacher. Prof. (1939). During the Civil. war worked in the T-re political department of the 1st army Vost. fr. After the end of the war he entered the 2nd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, played the role of Peter III (“Elizaveta Petrovna” by D.P. Smolin, 1925). Since 1924 at the Moscow Art Theater, played in the main. acute roles: Kostylev ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky), Lariosik ("Days of the Turbins" by M. Bulgakov, 1926), Flu-Soleil, shepherd ("Crazy Day, or The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais, 1927), Abram ("The Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev, 1928), the clown August ("Three Fat Men" by Yu.K. Olesha, 1930), Perker ("The Pickwick Club" after Charles Dickens, 1934) and others. In 1938 he performed as dir., put joint. with L.M. Leonidov the play "Dostigaev and Others" by Gorky, then completely switched to directing and ped. work. Naib. means. fast. R. at the Moscow Art Theater: "Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov (with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and N.N. Litovtseva), "Officer of the Fleet" A.A. Kron (with N.M. Gorchakov, 1945), "Bourgeoisie" by Gorky (jointly with MN Kedrov. SK Blinnikov, 1950), Chekhov's "Seagull" (jointly with V.Ya. Stanitsyn, 1960). He also staged a number of performances in Belarus: in the First Bogdan State Theater named after Y. Kupala "Who laughs last" and "Dear Man" by K. Krapiva (1939, 1945), in the Second Bogdan Theater named after Y. Kolas - "Enemies" by Gorky (1952). In the Moscow Art Theater independently: "Dear Liar" by G. Kilty (1962), "Don Quixote is Fighting" by VN Korostylev (1966). In 1966, R. staged Chekhov's Three Sisters at the Rio Ver theater (Montreal). From 1932 he taught at GITIS, from 1945 head. Department of Acting. In addition to Russian. acting courses, released North Ossetian., Kabardin., Kazakh., Estonian. and Kyrgyz, nat. studios. Nar. art. USSR (1968).
RAPHAELI (Tsentsiper) Arie-Leib (1900, Vitebsk province - 1977), historian. In the early 1920s. was an underground Zionist activist. movement. In 1925–26 - in exile in Siberia. Since 1926 - in E.-I. In 1933–63 he worked in the Tel Aviv municipality. The author of Art. and book. about the history of the Zionist movement in Russia, including "10 years of persecution" (1930), "Zionism in Russia" (1941), "The Bells of Liberation" (1957), etc.
Rafailov Mehdi (Makhti) (|, Kabul - 1820, Tibet), traveler. Court Counselor (1819). He first came to Russia in 1802. In 1807 he brought a batch of cashmere shawls to St. Petersburg. Traveling on commercial affairs in China, India, Kashmir, he carried out assignments to Rus. pr-va. In 1811 he was awarded evil. the medal "For Works Useful to Society". In 1812 he made up and filed min. foreign cases to NP Rumyantsev "Project for the opening of routes leading from Russia to India." He died on the expedition.
Rafalsky Mikhail Fadeevich (1889, Kiev - 1937), actor, director. From 1908 he studied at the drama school at the Kiev theater "Solovtsov", in 1910-17 he played Russian. troupes in Kiev, Kharkov and others. After 1917 he moved to the Jewish stage, played in the Kharkov theater "Unzer Winkl" (later - the 1st mobile GOSET of Ukraine), became his director. (1918–21). He played the role of Vasiliu in the comedy Glas "Potash and Perlmuter", Boima in "In the City" by S. Yushkevich, Ben-Zion in "The Times of the Messiah" by Sh. Ash. In 1918 he was elected comrade before. Council of Vseros. union of Jewish actors and choristers. In 1921, he organized the Jewish Theater in Minsk. studio. The studio's premiere was the performance "An Evening from the Works of Peretz" (late 1921). In 1922 R. headed the Jewish Belarusian studio (based on the Minsk studio), created by order of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR in Moscow at GITIS, staged Song of Songs and People by Sholem Aleichem, Luna Tells and "I.-L. Peretz (1925)," Scapin's Tricks "by Moliere (1925). In 1926, BelGOSET was formed on the basis of the studio, art. hands. to-rogo R. Here R. staged "A Feast in a Jewish Town" by IM Dobrushin and I. Kharik (1926), "Botvin" by A. Vevierko (1927), "Girsh Lekkert" by A. Kushnirov (1928), " Der Tiber "(" The Deaf ") by DR Bergelson, 1930)," Hershele Ostropoler "by M. Gershenzon (1931)," Partisans "by F. Aronson (1933)," The First Jewish Recruit "by Axenfeld (1934)," Boytre "M. Kulbak (1937) and other members. Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1935–37). Nar. art. BSSR (1934). In 1937 he was repressed.
RAFALKES-NIR Nachum Yaakov (1884, Warsaw - 1968, Tel Aviv), politician. Dr. is right. He studied law. f-takh high fur boots of Warsaw, Zurich, Petersburg, Yuriev. In 1905 he joined the Poalei Zion movement, practiced law in St. Petersburg, participated in February. rev-tion. From "Poalei Zion" he became a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After Oct. Revolution left for Warsaw, worked as a lawyer and participated in the left-wing Zionist movement. In 1920-1935 sec. Worldwide union of the left "Poalei Zion". From 1925 in E.-I. Party representative to the Center. council of Histadrut and in Vaad Leumi. Dep. Knesset of the 1st, 3rd, 5th convocations. Deputy prev. Knesset, in 1959 several. months - before. The Knesset. The author of the book. in Russian lang., Yiddish, Hebrew: "Russia under the rule of the Soviets", "History of socialism", "Politics and economics in Eretz Yisrael", "Leningrad", "Pages of life" and Art. in the Israeli press.
Rafalovich Alexander Mikhailovich (1898, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1971, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General of Aviation (1944), Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. Member of the Civil. war, In 1921 he graduated from the theoretical school Vozd. fleet, in 1923 - Military. theoretical pilot school. Com. link, squadron, detachment. In 1936 he graduated from the Military-Vozd. Ing. academy. In 1941 the beginning. Army Air Force Headquarters, in 1942 teams. Army Air Force. Major General of Aviation (1942). In 1943–45 the beginning. air-arrow service of the Red Army Air Force. In 1946-50 the beginning. Department of Military-air. academy. From 1950 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
Rafalovich Artemy Alekseevich (1816, Odessa - 1851), doctor, traveler. Doctor of Medicine. In 1841, prof. forensic medicine at the Richelieu Lyceum (Odessa). In 1846, in order to study the plague, he traveled to Syria and Egypt. Appointed member honey. advice. Reprinted in decomp. scientific. ed. Separately published the book. "Travel in Lower Egypt and the interior regions of the Delta" (St. Petersburg, 1850).
Rafalovich Arthur Germanovich (1853, Odessa - 1921, Paris), economist. Lived in Paris. Published in 1891 annually. Financial Exchange. He wrote for the French. gas. and zhurn. and was considered one of the leading economists. In 1894-1917 he was an agent of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in France. During Russian-Japanese. war, wanting to get loans in French. banks, rus. pr-in charged R. bribery of the French. printed organs so that they contribute to the creation in French. about-ve opinions about sustainable econom. position of Russia.
Rafalovich Ishayagu (1870, Bogopol Baltsky district, Podolsk province - 1956), rabbi, photographer. Doctor of Philosophy. From 1882 - in E.-I., he studied at the Yeshiva Etz-Chaim. In 1894 he studied photography and became one of the first prof. photographers in E.-I. In 1894 R.'s photo album “Types of E.-I. and its settlements ”. In 1898 he left for Europe. He studied at the rabbinical seminary and high fur boots in Berlin and London, passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1898-1902 the rabbi of Manchester, in 1909-24 the rabbi of Liverpool. From 1924 ch. Rabbi of Brazil, In 1926 he published an English-Hebrew dictionary in London. The author of the book. memories,
Rafalovich Itshok-Yoel (1858 - 1938, Jerusalem), rabbi. In 1880-1932, a rabbi in Kremenchuk. In 1911 dep. congress of rabbis and leaders at the Rabbinical Commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. Since 1932 - in E.-I.
Rafalovich Chaim (1888, Rositsa of Drissna district, Vitebsk province - 1927, Kaunas), publisher, playwright. Until the age of 15 he studied at the yeshiva, in 1908 - for general education. courses in Vilna, since 1920 - in Lithuania. In 1921 he founded the publishing house "Licht" in Kaunas, which published many. Jewish books, incl. manuals for Jewish schools in Lithuania. Printed Art. into gas. "Nice", the organ of the Jewish Nar. party. Ed. gas. "Unzer Zeit". In 1914 publ. in Vilna, the play-joke Tsum Ershtn Mol (For the First Time), in 1923 - the drama Rose.
Rafalovka, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1902 as the settlement of Novaya Rafalovka (other name - Police) at the railway. station in Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, St. 50 Jews, in 1921 - 332 (51.4%), in 1931 - approx. 400 Jews. 1920–30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, robberies and beatings of Jews by local residents took place in R. On May 1, 1942, a ghetto was created in R., in which Jews from the surrounding area were also placed. points (Staraya Rafalovka, Olizarka, Zheludek, Belskaya Volya) - only approx. 2.4 thousand people A fighting group was formed in the ghetto. Aug 29. 1942 with the liquidation of the ghetto approx. 800 Jews fled, the rest were shot. Mn. Jews fought in partisans. In the detachment of A.P. Brinsky, R. has an abandoned Jewish cemetery.
RAFES Moisey Grigorievich (1883 - 1942), politician, historian, publicist. Into the roar. movement from the end. 1890s, one of the leaders of the Bund, sotr. and ed. its periodic. ed .: gas. "Arbeiter shime", "Volkszeitung", "Hofnung", "Di Zeit" and others. He was repeatedly arrested, in 1913 he was exiled for 4 years to the Narym region, soon fled and emigrated, in London - ed. two weeks Dos Arbeiter Worth. In 1915 he illegally returned to Russia, led a roar. work in Petrograd, Kiev and the province. After Feb. rev-tion of the member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council from the Bund, at the 1st All-Russian. Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Soon he left for Kiev, one of the hands. Bund in Ukraine, member. ukr. Centre. Her prez are also glad. - Malaya Rada. At the 2nd All-Ukrainian. slave. Congress elected to the General. secretariat (pr-va) of Ukraine, in which he took the post of general. sec. state control. Participated in the negotiations of the Ukrainian. delegations with representatives of Vrem. Prospect Island in Petrograd. In oct. 1917 members created by the Center. Rada of the Committee for the protection of the revolution in Ukraine, supported the creation of the Ukr. bunk bed republics. In 1919 he joined the RCP (b), was one of the hands. Heb. sections under the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. He worked in the Comintern, member. Far Eastern Bureau of the ECCI. In 1926-27 he worked in China, in 1927-28 the head. foreign dep. TASS. In the 1920s. studied the history of the Bund and the Jewish slave. movement in Russia, the author of the book. “Two Years of the Revolution in Ukraine: (Evolution and Split of the Bund)” (Moscow, 1920), “Hirsch Lekkert. (A Story about the Tsar's Rods) "(Minsk, 1922)," Essays on the History of the Bund "(Moscow, 1923)," Essays on the History of the Jewish Labor Movement "(Moscow-Leningrad, 1929). In 1937 he was repressed. Works: My memoirs. - In the journal. "The Past", 1922, no. 19.
RAGNIT, see Neman, Kaliningrad region.
RAGOLER Elijah (1794 - 1849, Kalisz), rabbi. Rabbi in Shatah, Koven province, then in Eiragol, Slobodka and since 1840 - in Kalisz. He belonged to the representatives of conservative rabbinism. He proposed his own teaching method, which consisted in the fact that the study of the Talmud, a cut, according to R., should begin in adulthood, was preceded by the acquaintance of children with TANAKH.
RAGOVKA, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (approx. 6%), in 1900 - 44 Jews.
RAGOZNO, a village in the Zhabinka district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Ragozno (other name - Rogozno) Kobrin district. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the BSSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 28 Jews were shot in R. Ya.A. Shohat.
RAGULI, a village in the Apanasenkovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. Sep 1942 from R. to s. Divnoe were deported and 120 Jews evacuated from the West were shot there. districts of the USSR.
RAGUVA, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1501. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Vilkomir district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rogovo Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 in the Republic of Lithuania and surrounding us. 1187 Jews lived in settlements, in 1847 in R. - 852, in 1897 - 1223 (69%), in 1923 - 593 (58%), in 1939 - approx. 500 Jews (approx. 25%) Jews lived in R. from the 16th century. The owner R. invited the Jews to the shtetl, providing them with land and building. materials. There was a Jewish cemetery in R., where Jews of Ponevezh (present-day Panevezys) were also buried. In the 17th century. in R. lived several. Karaite families. In the 18th century. a synagogue was built in R., at the end. 19th century - the second. The rabbis in R. were: in 1859–61 - Benjamin Rabinovich, Shneur-Zalman Girshovich (? –1904), Eliezer-Simkha Rabinovich, in 1864–85 - Mordkhe Rabinovich, in 1887–1933 - Moishe-Mikhl-Shmuel Shapiro (? –1933). The occupation of the Jewish population of R. was small trade. In 1889 a Jew owned a pharmacy in R. At the beginning. 20th century Jews belonged to several. small factories, 3 mills; among the Jews there were several. timber merchants. There were 3 synagogues in R., yeshiva, several. Hederov. In 1915 the Jews of R. were exiled to the internal. province Ros. empire. After the 1st world. war ca. half of the Jews of R. returned to the shtetl. In 1924, a branch of the Jewish People was founded in R. bank. Since 1925 the school of the Tarbut network (100 students) has been operating. In 1931, out of 12 shops and workshops of R., 11 belonged to Jews; Jews owned 2 mills. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including Mizrahi, Kultur-League, Gordonia, Dror, Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair, Netzah. Two libraries worked in R.: one with books in Hebrew (the Tarbut network), the other in Yiddish; acted dramatically. circle, philanthropist. about-va "Ezra", "Linas ha-Tzedek". Mn. young R. Jews left for E.-I., the USA and South. Africa. Since 1933, Rabbi R. - Yisroel Mel (? –1941). In the winter of 1939, a pogrom took place in R., during which the crowd destroyed Jewish houses. Through the efforts of a group of Jewish firefighters, human casualties were prevented. On June 26, 1941, R. occupied Wehrmacht units. In the end. June 1941 a group of young Jews was shot by Lithuanian nationalists. All R. Aug 1941 Jews of R. were deported to the Panevezys ghetto, where on August 24-25. 1941 were shot along with other ghetto prisoners.
RAGUVELE, a village in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. Jews lived in R.
RAISOV (real fam. Katz) Boris Isaakovich (1928, Dokdyushany, Romania - 1985, Chisinau), opera singer. In 1958 he graduated from the Chisinau cons. Soloist of the Moldavian (1956–60 and 1962–85) and Bashkir (1960–62) Opera and Ballet Theaters. Nar. art. MSSR (1980).
RAKHEL (ps, real name and surname Rachel Bluvshtein) (1890, Vyatka - 1931, Tel Aviv), poet. The niece of V.O. Mandelstam and L.I. Mandelstam. From 1909 - in E.-I. She worked in the villages. x-ve. In 1913 she studied village management. kh-va in Toulouse (France), after which she taught refugee children in Bryansk and Saratov for some time. Around this time were written and published. first verses. In 1919 she returned to E.-I., where publ. in periodic. ed. lyric. verse, in Hebrew, some of which are set to music. The author is poetic. Sat. Safiach (Obsevok, 1927), Mi Neged (On the other side, 1930), Nevo (1932). Translated into Hebrew by A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Akhmatova, S.A. Yesenin, P. Verlaine, M. Meterlinka and others.
RAKHLENKO Leonid Grigorievich (Gdalevich) (1907, Terekhov, Gomel district, Mogilev province –1986, Minsk), actor, director. In 1925–27 in Leningrad. in-t scenic lawsuit. In 1927-29 he played on the stage of Leningrad. Working t-ra Proletkult, from 1929 an actor, in 1937–43 - thin. hands. T-ra them. Y. Kupala (Minsk). He played the roles: Gorlokhatsky ("Who laughs last" by K.Krapiva, 1939), Romodan ("Wings" by A.E. Korneichuk, 1955), Gvozdilin ("Third pathetic" by N.F. Pogodin, 1959), He (" Fourth "by K. M. Simonov, 1962), Krutitsky (" Enough simplicity for every wise man "by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1962), Stepan (" Snowstorm "by L. M. Leonov, 1965), Pribytkov (" The Last Victim "by Ostrovsky , 1973). Staged performances: "Life Calls" by V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky (1935), "Wolves and Sheep" by Ostrovsky (1936), "The Miser" by Moliere (1937, with I.M. Raevsky, "Who Laughs Last" by Nettle (1939), Korneichuk's Front (1942), Deep Roots by J. Gough and D. Yousseau (1947), Treachery and Love by I.-F. Schiller (1953), The Bridge of Fire by B.S. Romashova (1954), "Nightingale" by Z. Byaduli (1957). In 1947 he posed Simonov's "Russian question" in BelGOSET. Honored Art. BSSR (1946), People. Art. BSSR (1946), People. Art. USSR ( 1966). State pr. BSSR (1970).
RAKHLEVSKY Mikhail Lvovich (b. 1946, Moscow), conductor. In 1970 he graduated from Moscow. state muses. in-t them. Gnesins. Since 1973 - in Israel. Performed with an orc. in South Africa, Canada, USA. Since 1976 - in the USA. In 1978 he opened a chamber music concert agency. In 1984 he founded and headed the New Amer in Detroit. chamber orc., with which as a soloist he gave more than 600 concerts (about half - in Europe). In 1988 - 91 with orc. in Granada (Spain). Created a municipal orc. Granada. In 1991 he was invited to Moscow, head of the Kremlin Chamber Orchestra.
RAKHLIN Ilya Yakovlevich (1922, Klintsy Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. - 2002, St. Petersburg), actor, director. Upon completion of the Center. theater. school in Leningrad (1939) worked as an actor in Leningrad. dram. t-re, where he played Rudolfe ("Angelo, Tyrant of Padua" by V. Hugo), Bolkonsky ("Kutuzov" by V. A. Soloviev), Nikolai ("Late Love" by I.S. Turgenev) and others. In 1941 -45 - at the front. In 1945-50 the actor Leningrad. New t-ra, where he played Leicester in "Mary Stuart" by Hugo, Cleonte in "The Miser" by Moliere, Zvontsov in "Egor Bulychev" by M. Gorky, and others. In 1951–57 hands. "Comedy Ensemble" at Lenconcert, where he staged the performances "Ah, heart ..." and "We did not expect" V.S.Polyakov, "Vei, breeze" by J. Rainis, "Where is this street, where is this house", "Wedding travel ”by VA Dykhovichny and MR Slobodsky. In 1957–65, Ch. dir. propaganda bureau owls. cinema and t-ra mass performances. In 1965 he organized and became thin. hands. Leningrad. music hall. R. - the author and director of most of the performances - "You are not more beautiful", "A million newlyweds" (jointly with O. Levitsky), "From the bottom of my heart" (jointly with I. Kuksov), "Baltic wind", "Novoselye" , "Always with me", "Light the candles", "With love around the world", etc. Honored. figure in lawsuits in KazSSR (1964), People art. RSFSR (1984) R. Son - Leo (b. 1945, Leningrad), director. Graduated from LGITMiK (1972), worked in the Kemerovo region. drama, t-re (1972–73), Rostov drama t-re them. M. Gorky (1973–75). Organized "Young Theater" at Lenkontsert, staged performances at Leningrad Theater. music hall. In 1989 he organized the People's House. Since 1990 - in Israel.
RAKHLIN Natan Grigorievich (1905, Snovsk Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province - 1979, Kazan, buried in Kiev), conductor, teacher. The son of a bandmaster. I learned to play the violin on my own. At the age of 14 he volunteered for Kr. Army, was a military man. trumpeter. In 1922–26 he was a musician orc. Higher. military. schools in Kiev: trumpeter, clarinetist, baritonist, trombonist. In 1924 he was enrolled in the 3rd year of the Kiev cons. by class violin, studied under N. Skomorovsky and D. Bertier in 1926–30 studied at the Music Drama. in-those them. N.V. Lysenko by class. conducting by V. Berdyaev and A. I. Orlov, instrumentation by B. N. Lyatoshinsky. In 1930, having moved to Samara, he taught theoretical. discipline and hands. orc. class in cons. In 1932–34 he taught at the Kharkov cons., Worked in an orc. Radio-ta violinist and assistant conductor. In 1935–37 - in Stalino, created a new symphony. orc. region Radio-ta. In 1937–41 and in 1946–62, Ch. conductor Gos. symph. orc. Ukraine. In 1939–40 at the same time. worked at the Kiev Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1941–45, Ch. conductor Gos. symph. orc. THE USSR. Since 1966 - thin. hands. and ch. conductor of the State Committee he created in Kazan. symph. orc. Tatar ASSR, since 1967 prof. Kazan cons., From 1974 - Institute of culture. R.'s repertoire included: all symph. L. van Beethoven, symph. S. Frank, A. Dvorak, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, D. D. Shostakovich, S. S. Prokofiev, M. O. Steinberg. The best interpretations - "Fantastic symphony." and op. "Benvenuto Cellini" by G. Berlioz, symph. poems by F. Liszt, symph. J. Haydn, 1st symph. G.Malera. Nar. art. USSR (1948). Became. pr. (1952).
Rakhmilevich Moshe (1899, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1985, Jerusalem), therapist, hematologist. Doctor of Medicine (1926), prof. (1949). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then graduated from high school. In 1919 he left Russia. Graduated from Berlin University (1925). In 1926–27 he worked at the Bikur-Holim hospital in Jerusalem. In 1928–31 he lived in the USA, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. From 1931 a doctor, in 1939–69 head. separate int. diseases of the Gadassah hospital in Jerusalem. In the 1940s. was one of the founders of honey. faculty at the Jewish University in Jerusalem (in 1957–61 - dean). He was the personal physician of D. Ben-Gurion, L. Eshkola, I. Ben-Zvi. Main tr. in the region. hematology (vitamin B12 metabolism, etiology and therapy of Addison-Birmer anemia). Member expert commission on avitaminosis B12 WHO. Prev Israeli Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion (since 1960). Prev Int. hematologist. about-va (1972–74). State Israel Ave (1964).
RAKHMISTROVKA, see Rotmistrovka.
RAKHNY-FOREST, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in R.-L. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a lumber warehouse, all 4 grocery stores and both kerosene stores in R.-L. In 1925, people from R.-L. organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Plowman" (55 people).
RAKHOV, city (since 1957), regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rakhovo of the province of Ugrian Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38, it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1728, 2 Jews lived in R., in the middle. 19th century - OK. 280, in 1881 - 512 (13%), in 1900 - 810 (13.7%), in 1910 - 807 (12.3%), in 1930 - 1234 (13.8%), in 1941 - 1607 Jews ( 12.9%) In the 1st half. 18th century noted several. attempts by Jews to settle in R. In 1735 there was one Jewish family living in R. In 1735, one Jewish family lived in R. The Jewish community in R. was organized in the 1860s, when several people moved to the village. dozens of Jews from Galicia. In 1869 Mordkhe-Doiv Shub was a shohet. The first rabbi of R. since 1888 was Yisroel-Chaim Fridman (? –1922), then his son Shloimo-Zalman (? –1980) became the rabbi. In the beginning. 20th century in R., there were 5 synagogues (the "old" one was built in the 1880s) and the Khevra Kaddish. 19 - early. 20th century Raphael Abusch, Reize Katz and Deutsch owned 3 sawmills, Ephraim Kreindler, Menachem Fruchter and R. Katz - 3 mills; the owner of the electronic station was before. of the Jewish community of Shloyme Abush. OK. 30 shops, 10 clothing stores and 3 wholesale grocery stores were owned by Jews. Among the Jews of R. there were tailors, shoe-makers, carpenters, tanners, watchmakers, bakers, printing-house workers, photographers, workers at factories and factories; positions. Jews were 2 doctors, a judge, 3 lawyers and 4 dentists. The Jewish community of R. was under the influence of Hasidism. In the beginning. 1920s - late 1930s there was a yeshiva. In the beginning. 20th century The Hasidic court in R. was founded by Itskhok Rosenbaum (? –1944). In the 1920s. I. Rosenbaum left R .; the dynasty was continued by his brother Mordhe, who died during the Holocaust. In the 1940s. in Israel, the dynasty was renewed by I. Rosenbaum's son Eliezer-Zeev. in R., there were branches of youth organizations: "Agudas Yisroel", Beitara, "Ge-Halutz" and Mizrahi. In 1920 a Jewish wife was established. org-tion "Vered". A Hebrew school was opened in 1933, and in the fall of 1938, during the period of the change of government, pogroms and robberies of the Jewish population took place in R. Some Jews fled to the USSR. In July 1941, by order of a Hungarian. the authorities were Jews who did not have a Hungarian. citizenship, were sent to the district of Kamenets-Podolsk and destroyed. In apr. 1944 the remaining Jews (about 1400 people) were gathered in a school opposite the building of the mountains. advice and sent to the ghetto. A month later they were deported to dec. extermination camps, including approx. 1200 people - to Auschwitz. In autumn 1944 the surviving Jews began to return to R .; among them was Shohet Zeev Grif (? –1975), he was also a unity. moel in the region. In the end. 1945 - early. 1946 most of the Jews of R. left for E.-I. In 1958 a synagogue was closed in R. In the 1950s-80s. The minyan gathered in private houses. In 2002, a Jewish community was formed in R. (formerly Sofia Bentsionovna Stolyarskaya). In R., a synagogue building has survived, a cut is used as an administrative building; there is a Jewish cemetery. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in R. I. Sadovnikova
RAKHOVO, see Rakhiv.
RAKHSTADT Alexander Grigorievich (b. 1913, Nizhny Novgorod), metal engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). [R.'s father - Rakhshtadt Grigory Alexandrovich (1879-1963), doctor, one of the founders of the 1st Sov. tuberculosis institute of the Moscow Healthcare Department (1918).] Graduated from the Moscow. Institute of Steel (1935). In 1934–41 - at Moscow. electroz-de, then to Moscow. s-de of automotive electrical equipment (ATE-1), where he worked as an engineer, and later Ch. metallurgist. Assoc. Departments of Metallurgy Mosk. in-that chem. mash-up (1946–48), Moscow. fur. Institute (1948–53; now MEPhI). Since 1953 at the department of thermal. processing and metallurgy MVTU. He developed a theory of alloying high-strength spring alloys and, on this basis, created and introduced new compositions of such alloys into the industry. Proposed new thermal processes. and thermo fur. processing of structural alloys, providing a high level of their hardening in different conditions. Author of more than 50 inventions, 350 scientific. works, including 9 monographs. One of the authors and ed. fundamental reference book "Metal Science and Thermal. steel processing "(4th ed. M., 1992). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Russian Federation (1992). Etc. them. D.K. Chernova, USSR Academy of Sciences, Works: Spring steels and alloys. M., 1982; Materials Science. 6th ed. M., 1989 (in co-authorship with Yu.A. Geller).
RAKHTANOV (ps., Real family. Leizerman) Isai Arkadievich (1907, Harbin 1979, Moscow), writer. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of History of Art (1930). For the first time publ. first production in 1929 in periodical. print. He wrote ch. arr. for children and adolescents, including pov. Chin-Chin-Chinamen and Bonnie Sidney (1931), Kukiswumcherr (1932), Amangeldy Imanov (1938), Descendants of Maclay (1954). Sports occupy an important place in R.'s work. topics: "Book for fans" (Moscow, 1940), "Higher class" (Moscow, 1948), "My friends are athletes" (Moscow, 1949), etc. "Stories from memory" (2nd ed., Moscow, 1969). Cit .: Years of study. M., 1958; A colorful book. M., 1967.
RAKHUNOV Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1953, Kiev), checker player. Grandmaster of the USSR in Russian. checkers (1981). USSR Champion (1980, 1988). Five-time champion of Ukraine. Chess and checkers coach. Since 1995 - in the USA (Chicago).
RAKISHKI, Rokiskis.
RAKITA Mark Semenovich (b. 1938, Moscow), athlete (fencing). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1964), Hon. USSR coach (1980). He played for CSKA Moscow. Champion Olympus, games of 1964 and 1968 in the team championship on sabers. 1967 world champion in individual competitions, in 1965, 1967, 1969–71 - in team competitions. Silver. prize-winner Olympus. games in 1968 and the 1970 World Cup in individual competitions. He was a member of the USSR team, which won silver at the 1963 and 1968 world championships. medals, 1962 - bronze. Trained 4x Olympus. champion V. Krovopuskov.
RAKITNO, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1921, 566 Jews (38%) lived in R. In the 1920–30s. in R. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, approx. 100 Jews.
RAKITNOE, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rokitno Ovruchsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 163 Jews (11.2%) lived in R., in 1921 - 97, in 1931 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy, unity. a timber warehouse, more than 35 shops in R. (including 21 grocery stores, all 6 manufactures, and all 3 meat stores). A Jew rented a glass factory in R. The Jewish community of R. suffered during the 1st World. and Grazhd. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of R. were exterminated.
RAKITOV Grigory Davidovich (1894, Brichany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1937, Moscow), politician. Member RSDLP since 1913. Member of the Civil. war, from 1920 onwards. Divisional Commander of the 45th Volyn Rifleman. div. In 1929–37 he worked in Smolensk as head. org. separate, second sec. Zap. Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), before. Zap. regional executive committee; in Kursk - before. regional executive committee. Was a member. Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR; cases. 11th, 15-17th congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
RAKOSHIN, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1333. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, approx. 120 Jews (about 6%), in 1930 - 280 Jews (8%). In the 1920s - 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
CANCER, see Rakuv.
RAKOV Nakhum (1866, Ashmyany, Vilna province - 1927, New York), playwright. Graduated from Russian. school, then studied in tech. uch-shche in Kremenchug. For political reasons, he left Russia, for some time he lived in Germany and Denmark. From 1887 to inc. For 15 years he lived in London, from where he moved to the USA. R. - the author of St. 60 dramas, melodramas and operettas, the most popular. of which were: "Hello, New York", "A Bisele Glick" ("A Little Happiness"), "Fun Got Fargesn" ("Forgotten by God"), "Hanche in America" ​​("Hancha in America") and many others others, staged in Jewish schools around the world.
RAKOVCHIK, a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1648. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kolomyia district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. occupied a Hungarian. troops. On March 29, 1942, the Jews of R. (55 people) were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
RAKOVETS, a village in Pustomytovsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1484. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 there were 5 Jewish families living in R., in 1926 - c. 80 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. Main the occupation of the Jews in the 18-19th centuries. was a small trade. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the summer of 1941 in adits approx. R. with the help of the local population hid 33 Jewish families.
RAKOVSKAYA Poya (1865, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1955, Haifa), publicist, translator, teacher. From 1891 she headed the first school for girls with teaching in Hebrew in Warsaw. Since 1916 - a teacher in private schools in Warsaw and the province, at the same time. participated in the Zionist. movement, one of the founders of the Jewish wives. traffic in Poland. Together with R. Stein and L. Pruzhanskaya ed. zhurn. "Froen-shtym" (Warsaw). Since 1935 - in E.-I. The author of the book: "Di Yiddishe fray" ("Jewish woman". Warsaw, 1918), "Di modern froen-bavegung" ("Modern women's movement", ibid., 1928), "Zichroines fun a Yidischer revolutionary" ("Memoirs Jewish Revolutionary. ”Buenos Aires, 1954). R. translated into Yiddish the book: “Who is to blame for the world war” by K. Kautsky, “Memoirs of a Socialist” by L. Broyn, “All Quiet on the Western Front” by E.M. Remark, “My Life” by L. D. Trotsky and dr.
RAKOVSKY Avram-Aba (1854, Mariampol, Suwalki province - |), journalist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1872 he collaborated in a number of periodicals. ed. ("Ha-Magid", "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Asif"). In addition to art., R. published in them his translations of E. Ozheshko "Mirtala" and Phillipson "Rebbe Meir from Rothenburg". Translated and published by dep. book: "Nidhe Yisrael" ("Abandoned Israel" - transl. by Phillipson, 1875), "Ha-Nekama" ("Revenge", historical transl., translated from German. 1883), etc.
RAKOVSKY Mark (1890, Makov Lomzhinskaya province. - 1982, Warsaw), writer, translator, publisher. He studied at the cheder, on Wed. school and private teachers. He lived in Bialystok for a long time, then moved to Warsaw. For participation in the underground communist. movement was arrested. In the years of the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USSR, then returned to Poland. From the end. 1920s was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1935 he published a journal. "Velt-Iberblik" and "Iberboi" and Prince. ("B-ka Mark Rakovsky"). Translated into Yiddish G. de Maupassant, G. D'Annunzio, C. Mendes, J. Tarot, A. Daudet, V. M. Doroshevich, A. Barbusse, V. Blasco Ibanez and others. In the 1960s – 70s. printed translations into gas. Folkshtime (Warsaw).
RAKUW, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1567. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Wislick district of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Rakov Opatovsky u. In 1662, 104 Jews (10.6%) lived in R., in 1764 - 371, in 1827 - 761 (55.8%), in 1856 - 962 (59%), in 1897 - 1263 (60, 4%), in 1921 - 1112 (54.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1,500 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 17th century In 1705–09, Rabbi R. - Eliezer Rokeach (1665–1742). Track. Rabbi R. was Yehuda-Leib Zak. All R. 18th century Rabbi R. - Tsvi-Girsh Lifshits, then - Itskhok-Avrum Rappoport (? –1758). In 18 - early. 20th century main the Jews were engaged in petty trade, crafts, and carriage. In the end. 19th century Talmud Torah and Yeshiva are founded. In the 1870s. R. rabbi was Moishe Weinberg, in the 1900s. - Dovid Weinberg. 20th century a new synagogue was built in R.; Zionist circles began to operate, in 1911 - the Bund organization. Rabbi R. in 1912-22 - Shaul-Ididiya-Eliezer Taub (1882-1947, Tel Aviv). 20th century The Hasidic court in R. was founded by Oizer-Avrom-Yosef Rabinovich (? –1924); in 1924, his son Tsemakh continued the dynasty. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1924, a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank, school of the Tarbut network, school for girls "Beis Yaakov". Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1940, a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942, when the Jews of R. were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
RAKUZIN Moisey Abramovich (1869, Moscow - 1932, ibid.), Petrochemist, biochemist. Prof. (1917). Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute (1894). In 1895–96 he worked as an assistant to PI Walden at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those. In 1897-1917, he was in charge of technical. dep. under the management of the oil industry and trade of the "Mazut" society in St. Petersburg. Since 1917 prof. Petrogr. chem.-farm. in-that. Main works in chemistry and chem. petroleum technology, protein chemistry and relatedness. im in. Let's experiment. confirmed (1904) optical. oil activity, previously theoretical. predicted by Walden. He studied the composition of the Holy Islands of Baku, Grozny and Amer. oil. Compiled (1919) a summary of Proteins Grows. kingdoms, and reviews of protein chemistry. Studied the absorption of proteins and enzymes by aluminum hydroxide. He proposed (1922) a method for fractionation of proteins and their derivatives. Research optical Holy Islands of Proteins and Proteinates of Alkali Metals. Works: Chemistry of Proteins and Related Substances. Pg., 1923.
RAKVERE, city (since 1302), regional center (Republic of Estonia). Main in 1224.Since 1710 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Vesenberg, Estland province. In 1919–40 it was a part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940–91 - the Estonian SSR. In 1881 190 Jews lived in R., in 1884 - 271, in 1890 - 350, in 1897 - 80 (1.4%), in 1910 - 89 (1.5%), in 1922 - 101 (1.4%), in 1935 - approx. 100 Jews (approx. 1%), in 1939 - 27 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in R. in the middle. 19th century The first Jews - residents of R. were 8 cantonists who served in the local garrison. In 1866 the first Jewish artisans settled in R. - Ts.G. Sherman and A.I. Fridman. In the 2nd floor. 19th century main the occupations of the Jews were trade and crafts. A Jewish cemetery was laid in 1870, and a synagogue was built in 1884. 1890s some of the Jews were expelled from R., which led to a massive departure of Jews to other countries. Before the 1st world. During the war, approx. 10 Jewish families. In 1917, many arrived in R. Jewish refugees and hundreds of Jewish soldiers who served in the Russian. army. A community council was elected, with a kitchen for refugees and soldiers working. In the end. 1917 - early. 1918, with the arrival of the owls. authorities, the position of the Jews deteriorated; many of them left R. After the proclamation of Estonian independence in 1919, Jews returned to R. in the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were shohet and hevra kaddish. There were Yiddish circles. In 1936, a department of "Kultur Rat" was opened, under which self-employed people worked. T. 7 Aug 1941 R. was occupied by Germany. troops. Some of the Jews of R. were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR; the remaining Jews were killed. Among the dead there was unity. Jew is a cavalier of the highest. military award of the Republic of Estonia - "Cross of Freedom". In the release of R. in Sept. 1944 self-propelled art took part. regiment under com. Major Ilya Borisovich Slutsky. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to R. In the 1970s. in R. lived apprx. 10 Jews.
RALEVKA (before 1939 - Radylovichi), a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1375. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews began to settle in R. in the 17th century. in connection with the prohibition to freely trade and live in Sambir.
RAM Eliyahu (1872, Stock Exchange of Ponevezhsky u. Kovno province - 1959), rabbi. In his youth he came to E.-I., studied at yeshivas in Jerusalem, taught at the yeshiva "Torat-Chaim". One of the founders of the Union of agriculturalists. settlements for studying yeshivas (1902). In 1923 he was appointed judge of the rabbinical court and rabbi of the Kerem and Makor-Baruch districts in Jerusalem. In the 1950s. headed the rabbinical court and dep. rabbinate with religion. council of Jerusalem. Author of comments on the Talmud and responsa. Regularly published in the journal. "Col Torah".
RAM Menuha (real name and fam. Rivka Waldman) (b. 1916, Zhivotov, Tarashchansky u. Kiev province), writer. She studied at the Vilna ped. courses. In the years of the 2nd world. During the war she lived in the USSR, then returned to Poland. Since 1948 in Paris, where she taught Yiddish and was engaged in research. work in higher. uch. institutions. Publ. poetry and prose in Jewish ed. France and other countries. Author of the book: "Weiter pound tract" ("Away from the tract". Paris, 1964), "Vintn" ("Winds". Buenos Aires, 1964), "Arum der verbe" ("Around the willow." Tel Aviv, 1970).
RAM Moshe (1895, Tatarsk Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. - |), engineer. In 1917 he graduated from the University of California, graduate school Timiryazevskaya (formerly Petrovskaya) agricultural. academy in Moscow (1923). Hands. dep. Soil Physics Center, Hydro-Modular Lab. (Moscow, 1925). From 1925 - in E.-I. District engineer the first power plant on the r. Jordan (1929), ch. water engineer plantations Lord Mond's (1933), was engaged in private practice (1933-36), then until 1960 worked in the specialty in various. state institutions of Israel. Since 1960 Consulting Engineer Water Planning. Founder and Head of Israel and Intern. about-in drainage and irrigation (1950–57), cases. int. Congr. and symposia. UN expert with pr-ve pcs. Bihar (India, 1957–59). The author of the book. "Water and soil", "Principles of soil physics and soil mechanics", Art. in the journal. Israel and other countries.
RAMBER Marie (real name and surname Miriam Ramberg) (1888, Warsaw - 1982), ballerina, teacher. R. among the creators of the English. ballet. She studied dance in Warsaw. Follower of A. Duncan. In 1910–12 she studied at the J. Dalcroze Institute. In 1913 she was a member of the troupe "Russian Ballet" S.P.Dyagilev. From 1917 she danced in London, where she opened ballet in 1920. studio school. In 1930 she created the first post. English ballet. troupe, edges in 1934 received the name. Balle Rambert. In the first years of the troupe's work she performed the roles: Orhide ("The Tragedy of Fashion" by Y. Gussens), Madonna ("The Juggler of Our Lady" by O. Respighi) and others. In 1972 she published her memoirs.
RAMEL, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Remel (other name - Romel) of Mozyr district In Minsk province, 106 Jews (17.3%) lived in R. in 1897. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, 24 Jews were shot in R.
RAMENSKY Leonty Grigorievich (1884, Petersburg - 1953, Moscow), botanist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935). In 1916 he graduated from Petrograd. un-t. Until 1928 he worked in scientific. institutions and universities of Voronezh. Since 1928 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Forages (Lugovaya Mytishchi district, Moscow region). Studied nature. forage lands of a number of districts of the USSR, since 1932 he headed their inventory throughout the country. Developed and developed eco-friendly. direction in geobotany. One of the founders of the theory of morphology is a geographer. Landscapes, Vol .: Basic patterns of vegetation cover. Voronezh, 1925; Problems and methods of studying the vegetation cover: Izbr. work. L., 1971.
RAMENSKOE, city (since 1926), regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 1760s. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bronnitsky u. In Moscow province, 45 Jews lived in 1926, 212 in 1939, 465 in 1959, 373 (0.4%) in 1989, and 131 Jews in 2002. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, manufactory and unity. watch workshop in R.
RAMESHKI, urban-type settlement (since 1979), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bezhetsky Tver province. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in R.
RAMIGALA, city (since 1956) in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Upitsky povet of the Troksky Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Remigola Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 225 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 190, in 1897 - 650 (49%), in 1923 - 480 (38%), in 1939 - c. 350 Jews (27%) Jews lived in R. from the end. 16th century There was a Jewish cemetery in R. A synagogue functioned in 1859. Since 1869, Shmul-Moishe Shapira was Rabbi of R., in 1889–91 - Meer Rabinovich (1854–?), From 1892 - Yoel Hitovsky (1861–?). Main occupations of the Jewish population of R. in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts. In the period of the 1st world. During the war, Jews were expelled from R. After 1918, approx. 2/3 Jews. There were 2 synagogues in R., a school of the Tarbut network, and a credit fund. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1933 a new synagogue was built. In the 1930s. Rabbi R. - Sissel Steinfeld (? –1941). June 1941, before the city was occupied by Wehrmacht units, the murder of Jews by Lithuanian nationalists began in R. In the end. Aug 1941 sick and old Jews were burnt in the synagogue, the rest were shot. In 1992 a memorial sign was erected on the site of the Jewish cemetery. I.A. Ben-Jacob.
RAMON, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Voronezh u. In 1926, 4 Jews lived in R., in 1939 - 7 Jews.
RAMUCHAY, a village in Siauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Prince Zemaitia in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Shavkyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 117 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 569, in 1897 - 624 Jews (62.9%). In 1889, a Jew owned a pharmacy in R . In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in R. was Yakov Pralgever (1861–?); There was a synagogue, and the Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
RAS Leizer (1912, Vilna - 1995, New York), publicist, literary critic, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from high school and bunk. un-t, was one of the first graduate students of the IVO, then his sotr. (1928–35). In 1936–37 he studied at the KUNMZ. He was repressed and was imprisoned until 1946. In 1947-53 the head. prof. School of the Jewish Center in Havana (Cuba). In 1953–58 sotr. archives of the Institute of Higher Education in New York, studied the history of Jewish literature and t-ra. He made his debut with children. poems in 1920. Publ. in vilen. Jewish ed. He wrote poetry and music for Jewish t-moats, translated plays and performances for them. In Havana he published several. Sat, dedicated Jewish education. Took part in the collection of materials on the history of t-ra and literature for Jewish encyclopedias, where publ. a number of own. works, in particular on the history of Jews in Cuba. Joint. with M. Flaxer and A. Pomerantz compiled a bibliography of Jewish literature in the USSR for IVO, geogr. index of Jewish settlements in Europe. The author of the book., Ed. in New York: "Ash fun Erusholaim de Lite" ("Ashes from Jerusalem in Lithuania", 1959), "Map-lexicon for 400 years of Jewish literature" (1963), "Erusholaim de Lite" ("Jerusalem in Lithuania ”, 1974–75, in 3 volumes with explanations in Yiddish, Hebrew, English and Russian, and with thematic bibliography).
RANENBURG, see Chaplygin.
RANEVICHI, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 a Jewish family was killed in R.
RANEVSKAYA (real name. Feldman) Faina Grigorievna (1896, Taganrog, Don Cossack Region - 1984, Moscow), actress. In 1915 she began stage performance. activities in the Summer Theater near Moscow. She played on the stages of the Kerch, Rostov-on-Don, mobile “First Owls. t-ra "in the Crimea and in many others. other cities. The performance of the role of Charlotte ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, 1919) revealed R.'s individuality as a characteristic actress. In the 1920s. performed roles in the plays of Chekhov, A.N. Ostrovsky, M.Gorky, L.N. Tolstoy. One of the best works of those years - Dunka (“Yarovaya Love” by KA Trenev, Smolensk Theater, 1926), in which the satirical orientation of the actress's work was clearly manifested. In 1931–33 she worked in car washes. Chamber Theater, where in the role of Zinka ("Pathetic Sonata" by N. G. Kulish) she proved herself as a master of episodic. scenic image. Later she was a member of the troupe Center, t-ra Kr. Army (1933–38), Moscow. t-ra drama (formerly T-p Revolution, 1943–49), Moscow. t-ra them. A.S. Pushkin (1955–63), Moscow. t-ra them. Mossovet (from 1963 until the end of his life). Among the best scenic. images: Vassa ("Vassa Zheleznova" by Gorky, 1936), Birdie ("Chanterelles" by L. Hellman, 1945), Manka the speculator ("Storm" by VN Bill-Belotserkovsky, 1951), Grandmother ("Trees die while standing" A. Casona, 1958), Ethel Savage ("Strange Mrs. Savage" by J. Patrick, 1966). Since 1934 she acted in films, performer of the roles: Lyalya ("Foundling", 1940), Rosa Skorokhod ("Dream", 1943), Stepmother ("Cinderella", 1947), Frau Wurst ("They Have a Homeland", 1950) and Dr. Nar. art. USSR (1961). Became. pr. (1949).
RANINSKAYA GUTA, see Pervomaisky, Smolensk region.
RANOVICH (real family member Rabinovich) Abram Borisovich (1885, Zhitomir - 1948, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1939). Graduated from East. f-t un-that in Kiev (1913). He taught at Nar. un-those in Kiev, in Ying-those nar. education in Zhitomir in 1919-30, in the Communist. un-those in 1931–36, at MIFLI and Moscow State University in 1937–41. Since 1938 - scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Organizer and deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Bulletin of Ancient History". In the monographs "Primary Sources on the History of Early Christianity" (Moscow, 1933) and "Ancient Forerunners of Christianity" (Moscow, 1935), he was first translated into Russian. lang. and commented on the most important sources on the history of early Christianity. Author of works on Hebrew history and the history of Judaism, including in Yiddish - "Etudes tsu der altidisher geshichte" ("Studies from Hebrew history". M., 1940). Cit .: Jewish autumn holidays. M.-L. 1931; Essay on the history of the Hebrew religion. M. 1937; Essay on the history of the early Christ. churches. M., 1941 East. provinces of the Roman Empire in the 1st - 3rd centuries M.-L., 1949; Hellenism and its ist. role. M.-L., 1950 About early Christianity. M., 1959.
RAPAPORT (Rapoport) Nathan (1911, Warsaw - 1987, USA), monumental sculptor. He graduated from the mountains. thin school, then the Warsaw Academy of Arts (1936). The first time he exhibited his work - the sculpture "Tennis Player" at the exhibition "Sports in Art" in Warsaw in 1936. In 1936 and 1938 he studied art in France and Italy. Since 1939 - in the USSR. He served in Kr. Army. In 1946 he returned to Warsaw, completed what he had begun in the Sov. Union monument. dedicated the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto, which was established on the site of the former ghetto. In 1948-59 - in Israel. Since 1959 - in the USA. The most important productions R. dedicated Jewish theme. In 1951 he created a memorial. hands. the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto to M.Anelevich, installed in the kibbutz Yad Mordechai, in 1953 - a monumental monument. defenders of Kibbutz Negba who died during the War of Independence. In 1962 - memorial. six million victims of the Holocaust (Philadelphia). In 1968 he created the sculpture "Job", installed in the memorial "Yad Vashem". In 1972, on Mount Ksalon, west of Jerusalem, R.'s sculpture "The Scroll of Fire" was installed, in which the events of 20th century Jewish history were reflected. Among other works by R. - compositions "The Tree of Knowledge" (1969, Rehovot) and "The Struggle of Jacob with the Angel" (1980, Toronto). The author of easel portraits of E.A. Mravinsky and A.G. Rubinstein.
RAPAPORT Samuel (b. 1912, Volochisk of Starokonstantinovsky district of Volyn province), biochemist. Doctor of Medicine (1936), prof. In 1931–36 he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. In 1937-50 - in the USA. Prof. biochemistry at the University of Cincinnati (Ohio). In 1950–52 prof. in Vienna University. Since 1952, Dir. Institute of Physics and Biochemistry of the University named after A. Humboldt in Berlin.
Rapeyko Maxim Osipovich (1907, Polotsk, Vitebsk province - 1940), Hero of the Soviet Union (1940). In the Red Army - since 1926. He graduated from the military. infantry school. Com. reconnaissance. battalion captain R. was awarded (see) the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle in the region of Vyborg. Killed in battle.
RAPOPORT Anatol (Anatoly Borisovich) (b. 1911, Lozovaya, Pavlogradsky district, Yekaterinoslavskaya province), psychologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1941). Since 1922 - in the USA. Graduated from Chicago University, in 1947–54 he taught mathematics and biology there. Prof. Michigan (1955–70 and since 1984) and Toronto (1970–80) high fur boots; dir. Vienna Institute of Higher Education research (1980–83). Pres. Amer. about-va on research. in the region. general semantics (1953–55). One of the founders (1955) and prez. (1965–66) Society for research. in the region. general systems theory. One of the most prominent representatives of operationalism, who made it realistic. interpretation. He took an active part in the development of problems of general semantics. R.'s interests in this region. lie in the area of ​​analyzing the relationship between language, thinking and acting, and in finding ways to use language. to resolve conflict situations. He developed a general theory of systems, which R. treats not as a theory in a narrow sense, but as a general view of the world or methodology. The author of a number of theoretical. and experiment. research in the region. mathematics, biophysics, psychology. One of the first to apply game theory to a psychologist. analysis and make extensive use of mat. models for research. problems of war, peace and security.
RAPOPORT Aron (1895, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1964, New York), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1911 - in the USA. As part of the US Army, 1st World took part in battles. war. He made his debut in print in 1916, since then publ. poems and stories in different. Jewish periodicals ed. The first book. "Durh firevent" ("Through the gates of fire") was released in New York in 1925. Then came Sat. R. "Maise shop" ("Tailor's stories", ibid, 1935), drama, poem "Dvoire di nevie" ("Dvoira the prophetess". Tel Aviv, 1965). For many years he published cycles of poetry, and poems from the life of Amer. Jewish workers.
RAPOPORT Aron Ilyich (c. 1865 - c. 1920, Lodz, Poland), public figure, entrepreneur. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, was engaged in wholesale and retail. trade. In the 1890s. settled in Penza. Here approx. 1900 came before. Penza Jewish religion. community and head of the synagogue. Until the end. 1917 Jewish life in the city is associated with the name of R.: the first Jewish schools were opened, a large library was assembled, city-wide evenings and performances were organized, a company "Helping the Poor" was created to organize Jews coming from the Pale of Settlement. In 1917 he lost all his property. He died at the house of his son-in-law.
RAPOPORT Yegusha (1895, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1971, Melbourne, Australia), literary critic, translator. Got a house. education. From 1922 he studied in Berlin, lived in Riga, Warsaw, then in Australia. In 1921 in the Bialystok gas. "Dos Nae Lebn" published Art. on society-cult, themes, literary-critical. work, per. out of the world. lit-ry. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. in Riga, Vilna, Warsaw, London, Paris, Australia. First book. R. (Warsaw, 1931) - lit. review and assessment of the Warsaw weekly. "Literary Bleter". Dept. ed. came out works dedicated. creativity D. Ignatov, Sh. Asha and others. Among the critical-theor. tr. - 2 volumes. Oif di vegn fun der Naer Eyropeischer Literature (On the Paths of New European Literature, 1936–37), Geimische Gestaltn (Native Images. Warsaw, 1949), Ershter Shnit nohn Strutrem (The First Harvest After thunderstorms ", ibid., 1948)," Zoimen in vint "(" Seeds in the wind ", 1961)," Fireleh in nepl "(" Lights in the fog ". Buenos Aires, 1961), etc. Translated from English, French, Russian, German lang. (E. Sinkler, R. Tagore, R. Rollan, L. N. Seifullina, M. Andersen-Nexe and others).
RAPOPORT Iosif Abramovich (1912, Chernigov - 1990, Moscow), geneticist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1943), prof. (1971), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Hero of Socialist Labor (1990). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1935). Worked at Ying-those experiment. Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935–41). 1941–45 - at the front. He worked in Ying-those cytology, histology and embryology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. In 1948 he was deprived of the opportunity to study genetics and until 1957 worked as a paleontologist in geological prospecting. office of the Min-va oil. industry of the USSR. Since 1957 in Ying-those chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1965–89 head of the department of chemical genetics and head of the laboratory for theoretical genetics, since 1989 advisor to the directorate). R. belongs to the discovery of chemical. mutagenesis, the priority of the discovery of most chemical. mutagens. Open R. mutagens are used in plant breeding, prom. microorganisms as inhibitors of tumor growth. Developed (1968) the concept of dual genetic. stimulation of growth and development of organisms under the influence of weak doses of chemical. mutagens. Linen. etc. (1984). Cit .: Chemical mutagenesis. (Problems and prospects). Alma-Ata, 1980 (co-authored with M.Kh.Shigaeva and N.B. Akhmatulina); Discovery of chemical mutagenesis. Fav. works of M., 1993.
RAPOPORT Iosif Matveyevich (1901, Oryol - 1970, Moscow), actor, director. Prof. (1950). In 1918, the actor and one of the organizers of the so-called. Shalyapin studio. In 1924 he moved to the 3rd studio of the Moscow Art Theater (from 1926 - Theater named after Yev. Vakhtangov). In the repertoire of R .: Sage and Truffaldino ("Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi, 1924), Grazioso ("Marion de Lorme" by V. Hugo, 1926), Suteev ("Badgers" by L.M. Leonov, 1927), Filka- anarchist ("Intervention" by LISlavin, 1933), tailor Rubinstein ("To Whom Time Submits" to brothers Tur and LR Sheinin, 1946), and others. dir. work - the play "Pepo" by G. Sundukyan (Armenian Studio in Moscow, 1925). On the stage of T-ra them. Eug. Vakhtangov staged performances: "The Road of Flowers" by V.P. Kataev (1934), "Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare (1936), "Don Quixote" by M.A.Bulgakov based on M.Servantes (1941), etc. staged performances in other t-ts. To the Center. children t-re - "Inventor and Comedian" by M. Daniel (1938), "First Love" by RI Fraerman (1939), "Special Assignment" by SV Mikhalkov (1946), in Moscow. t-re op-you - "The Tobacco Captain" by VV Shcherbachev (1942), "The Daughter of the Tambour Major" by J. Offenbach (1943), "The Servant" by NM Strelnikov (1945). From 1925 he was engaged in ped. work, in 1934–41, 1946–50 - at VGIK, in 1942–46 - in a studio at Moscow. t-re op-you. In 1950–70 he taught at GITIS, from 1958 at the Uch-Shch im. B.V.Shchukin. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1946).
RAPOPORT Khanokh-Genekh (1921, Pereyaslavl, Kiev province - 1983, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Berdichev, Klintsy, Zhitomir. In 1938–40 he headed the yeshiva in Kursk. Arrested in 1940. In 1940–47 he was imprisoned. Since 1972 - in Israel. He led the organization he created to help Jews who came from the USSR. In 1979 he headed (with Z. Wagner) the yeshiva founded by them "Kolel Shamir" (later - "Merkaz Gutnik") R.'s son - Zeev (b. 1955, Moscow), rabbi. Since 1972 - in Israel. In 1983–89, he headed the Yeshiva "Kolel Shamir". Religious translator literature from Hebrew to Russian. lang.
RAPOPORT Mikhail Yulievich (Moisey Yudovich) (1891, Riga - 1967, Moscow), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky un-that was left by ml. assistant at the department of nerve, and mental illness. In 1919–20 he served in honey. parts of the army of A.I.Denikin. In 1920–21 - in Kr. Army. Until 1928 he worked in the clinic of nervous diseases at Voronezh University. In 1926 he was sent on a mission by the board of Voronezh un-that and the Voronezh provincial health department with scientific. goal in Germany for 6 months, where he worked under the hands. Spielmeier in the region. histopathology of the nervous system. Since 1928 consultant-neurologist Lechsanupra of the Kremlin. In 1941–45, Ch. neuropathologist in neurosurgeon, hospitals. In 1935-52 the deputy. dir. by scientific. work in Ying-those neurosurgery them. N.N.Burdenko. In 1957–67, consultant neuropathologist of the 4th Ch. Department of the USSR Ministry of Health. In 1948–67 deputy. prev. Moscow Society of neurosurgeons, R. - author of more than 80 publ. works and 3 monographs. Main work in the region. neurooncology and neurosurgery. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1959).
RAPOPORT Semyon Isaakovich (1858, Pruzhany, Grodno province - 1920, Warsaw), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1880 he graduated from the land surveying and taxation courses at the Goretsk agricultural worker. uch-shche. From 1891 - in London. Collaborated in gas. "News", "Week", "Word", "Country", "Vestnik finansov", "Rech" and others. Published art. in the journal. "Northern Herald", "Education", "Peace of God", "Herald of Europe", "Russian Thought". In 1891 he collaborated with "Voskhod", where he published essays "Jews by Brush and Pencil", "Jews on the English Stage". Printed several. stories about the life of Jewish emigrants. I wrote for magazines. "Jewish Life". Took part in the creation of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" and "Political Encyclopedia". Collected materials for the book. "Russians about the Jews", which was not published for censorship reasons.
RAPOPORT Shabse (Alexander Izrailevich) (1862, Petersburg - 1928, Tel Aviv), publisher. In 1903, together with Sh.M. Ginzburg, he founded the first gas in Russia. in Yiddish "Der Frand". On the initiative of R. "Der Frand" regularly published lit. adj., sat. fav. manuf. - S.G. Fruga, I.-L. Peretz and others. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In Russia R. several. years was in correspondence with Sholem Aleichem, publ. on Sat. Visnschaftlehe Jorbicher (Moscow, 1929).
RAPOPORT Shmuel (1881, Berdichev, Kiev province - after 1962), banker, public figure. Studied at the Paris School of Political Science (1914). From 1914 - in E.-I. Gene. manager of the bank "Kupat Am" (1920–52), controller at the Jewish Agency (1952–62). At the same time. member execution to-that, vice-pre, and pre. Chamber of Commerce Jaffa - Tel Aviv (1922–45), member. Banking Committee of Israel Prospect Island (1948). Member prez. (1937–45), contributor. Worldwide Zionist. org-tion (1948–51). Affairs. Worldwide Zionist. Congr. Awarded the highest. Belgian orders.
RAPOPORT Vladimir Abramovich (1907, Vitebsk - 1975, Moscow), cameraman, film director. In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad. photocinema school. Since 1929 - operator for decomp. to / st. Since 1949 - operator of the c / st them. M. Gorky. Collaborated with S.I.Yutkevich, L.O. Arnshtam, V.V. Eisymont, F.M. Ermler, A.G. Ivanov, L.D. Lukov. Filmed more than thirty films, including: "Girlfriends" (1935), "On the Border" (1938), "Star" (1949), "To the New Shore" (1955). Operator over ten f. SA Gerasimov "Young Guard" (1948), "Quiet Don" (1957), "Journalist" (1967), "By the Lake" (1971), "Daughters-Mothers" (1974). Dir. several game plots for newsreels. "Wick", as well as game f. Aniskin and Fantomas (1974). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1958). Became. pr. (1942, 1946, 1949, 1951). State pr. USSR (1971).
RAPOPORT Yakov Davydovich (1898, Riga - 1962, Moscow), hydraulic builder. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1943). In 1918–22 he studied at Voronezh University, combining his studies with work in the Voronezh province. Cheka. In 1918–30 on operational work in the bodies of the Cheka-OGPU of the USSR. Since 1930 on hand. positions in the GULAG system on the building of the channels - White Sea-Baltic and Moscow - Volga. In 1935–41 and in 1943–54 hands. a number of objects that were part of the NKVD system of the USSR (beginning of Volgostroy, Glavgiprostroy, Tagilstroy, etc.). In 1941–42 he commanded the 3rd Sapper Army. Then he was appointed early. Tagilstroy. In 1943–54, he headed Glavnromstroy, Chelyabmetallurgstroy, Glavgidvolgodonstroy, Volgodonstroy, Volgo-Baltstroy. From 1954 to the beginning. Glavrechstroy Ministry of Transport building of the USSR, since 1957 ch. engineer, deputy. early Hydroproject. He was awarded 10 orders.
RAPOPORT Yakov Lvovich (1898, Simferopol - 1996, Moscow), pathologist. Prof. (1938). Honey. educated in Psychoneurological. in-those in Petrograd, Crimean and 2nd Moscow State University (1915–22). He worked in the 2nd MMI as an assistant, assistant professor, prof. Department of pathological. anatomy. Since 1942 - in Kr. Army, ch. pathologist of the Karelian fr. In 1945 he participated in the creation of Ying-that normal and pathology, morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in which he worked until 1951. In 1951–58 hands. lab. pathological. morphology at the Research Institute of Control of Anti-Infections. drugs, in 1958–78 - lab. pathomorphology Ying-that cardiovascular surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1953 he was repressed under the so-called. "The case of doctors", several. month was imprisoned in the Lefortovo prison. research R. dedicated pathogenesis of cutaneous tuberculosis (1933–37), myocardial pathology, including after heart transplants, immunomorphology. Described allergic. myocarditis and got eksperm. model allergic. myocarditis when administered into the body decomp. antigens, including foreign protein (1937-40). In 1968 he proposed an etiopathogeietic classification of myocarditis. In 1976, he pointed out the effectiveness of transvasal heart biopsy for the diagnosis of myocarditis. He proposed (with N.A. Belokon ') to divide cardiomyopathies into idiopathic (i.e., primary, true) and symptomatic (1977). He formulated the concept of "resuscitation pathology" and singled out from it (1966) "resuscitation traumatology", that is, traumatic. complications of resuscitation. Participated in the creation. zhurn. "Archives of Pathology", in 1935–45 was a member of his ed. and responsible sec. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1970). Cit .: Course of Pathology. M., 1950; At the turn of two eras. The Doctors' File 1953. M., 1988.
RAPP Nakhman (1914, Graevo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinsky province. - 1987, Jerusalem), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the Warsaw Teachers' Seminar. In the years of the 2nd world. the war was in Russia. Returning to Poland, he lived in Wroclaw. Since 1950 - in E.-I. Lit. activity started in Bialystok gas. "Unzer Lebn", printed lyric. poems, stories and trans. in Jewish periodicals. ed. The first book. poems "In ash" ("In the ashes") published in Wroclaw in 1947. Then came "In shain fun brendikn dorn" ("In the light of the burning bush". Tel Aviv, 1958), "A circle mit wine" ("Jug with wine ", ibid., 1963)," Vander-stock "(" Staff ". Jerusalem, 1970)," Der ongeib "(" Beginning ". Tel Aviv, 1972)," In veg tsum altn man "(" On the way to an old man ", short stories and essays, ibid., 1976)," Baym fire-toer "(" At the fiery gates ", poems, ibid., 1979)," Holem, main holem "(" Dream, my dream », Ibid, 1979).
RAPPAPORT Herbert Moritsevich (1908, Vienna - 1983, Leningrad), film director. He studied law. Faculty of Vienna University (1927-29). In 1928 he worked as dir. in film companies in Germany, France, USA, Amer. t-pah. Since 1936 - in the USSR, dir. k / st "Lenfilm". Antifash made his debut. f. "Professor Mamlok" (1938, jointly with AI Minkin. Director of the musical comedies "Musical History" (1940, jointly with AV Ivanovsky) and "Air Carrier" (1943). After 1945 he worked at Tallinn to / st, where he staged several artistic films, including "Two tickets for a day session" (1967), "Black rusks" (1972, jointly with the GDR). (1947), People's Art.RSSFSR (1980); Steel pr. (1948, 1951, 1952).
RAPPAPORT Mavriky Yakovlevich (1824 or 1827 - 1884, Petersburg), music critic, publisher. In 1849 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Publ. rec. in the journal. from the beginning. 1840s, from 1851 collaborated in gas. In 1856–60 and 1883 - ed. founded by him. zhurn. "Musical and Theater Bulletin". A characteristic feature of R.'s work is an objective assessment of the artist. phenomena and the accuracy of forecasts. One of the first R. noted will perform. the gift of the future comp. and conductor M.A. Balakirev, appreciated the first production of op. MP Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov". R.'s grandson Victor Romanovich (Rafailovich) (1889, Petersburg - 1943, Baku), playwright. In 1922-28, Ch. dir., in 1927 pom. managing the Leningr troupe. state academic. Opera and Ballet Theater In 1929, Ch. dir. and thin. hands. Opera House Nar. houses. In 1938-40, thin hands. Opera and Ballet Theater in Yerevan, in 1940–43 - in Baku. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the AzSSR (1943).
RAPPOPORT Isaak Abramovich (Yuliy Alexandrovich) (1851, Ratnovo, Kovenskaya gubernia - 1917, Petrograd), jeweler. He studied in Berlin. From 1880 - in St. Petersburg. He worked in a jewelry workshop. Since 1884 the owner of the silver workshop. products. One of the leading silver craftsmen. Faberge products.
RAPPOPORT Pavel Alexandrovich (1913, Petersburg - 1988, ibid.), Architecture historian, archaeologist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1965). Graduated from arch. Faculty of LISI. Member of the 1941–45 war, captain-leith. In 1946–88 he worked at the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History and Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He explored the fortifications of Kiev, Veliky Novgorod, Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich, Staraya Ladoga, Porkhov, Smolensk and many others. other cities. Since 1975 hands. Arch.-archeol. exp. Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, taught at the LIZHSA. Author of over 200 books. and art. Works: Essays on the history of Russian military architecture of the X-XIII centuries. M - L., 1956; Essays on the history of military architecture in North-Eastern and North-Western Russia in the X-XV centuries. M.-L., 1961; Old Russian dwelling. L., 1975; The architecture of Smolensk XII-XIII centuries. L., 1979 (co-authored with N.N. Voronin); Russian architecture of the X-XI centuries. Catalog of monuments. M., 1982; Old Russian architecture), St. Petersburg, 1993.
RAPPOPORT Charles (Haim, Khone, party ps. Osip) (1865, Dukshty, Novoaleksandrovsky u., Kovno province - 1941, Cahors, France), a participant in the revolutionary movement. Doctor of Philosophy (1897). He was a member of the group associated with St. Petersburg. a terrorist, a faction of the "Narodnaya Volya" party, headed by AI Ulyanov and who participated in 1887 in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Alexander III; in the same year he emigrated to France, participated in the French. socialist movement. Lived in Paris, Bern, Zurich. He studied at Berne University, collaborated with G.V. Plekhanov, P.B.Akselrod, V.M. Chernov. Kept in touch with growing up. s.-d. emigration to Paris. After the split of the RSDLP at the 2nd Congress (1903) he took the side of the Mensheviks. In 1907-10 he was a Plekhanovite. He lectured on the history of the French. socialist movement in desks. school in Longjumeau. Participated in the ed. gas. "Vote". At 19.15-16 he was connected with gas. "Our word". Approached the left wing of the French. socialists who founded the Communist Party in France. Joined its ranks. He worked in the Comintern, in 1920 he was introduced to the Executive Committee. Ed. "Humanite" at the same time. corr. gas. "News". In 1938, having condemned the Stalinist terror, he defiantly left the CP of France. Author of a number of works on philosophy and political science. Cit .: Philosophy of history in its main trends. St. Petersburg, 1898; Jean Jaures, man, thinker, socialist. Gomel, 1921.
RAPPOPORT Yakov Aizikovich (| - after 1935), engineer, specialist in the field of airship and spacesuit construction. Pupil and comp. K.E. Tsiolkovsky, joint venture with the eye developed the design of a one-piece flying airship. Designed an aviation-space suit. After the death of Tsiolkovsky joint with Tereskokov created a slave. model of a spacesuit. Edited Sat. materials on airship construction. Mn. years he corresponded with Tsiolkovsky, to-ry noted R.'s high erudition and repeatedly recommended him on all issues of airship construction.
RARANCHA, see Redkovtsy.
DISSEY, a city in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253. In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. adm. the center of Prince Zemaitia as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Rossiena Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1662, 111 Jews lived in R., in 1797 - 4263 Jews and Karaites, in 1847 - 2649 Jews, in 1897 - 3484 (46.7%) , in 1910 - 4783, in 1923 - 2035 (38.6%), in 1940 - approx. 2000 (approx. 32%), in the 1970s. - 6, in 1989 - 2 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the 17th century. The Jewish community of R. was considered one of the oldest on the territory. Lithuania. Rabbi R. in the middle. 17th century - Avrom Lisker (? –1684). From 1833 to 1844 A. Mapu lived in R. Rabbi R. in 1848–56 - Moishe Zeitlin. In 1832, the merchant of the 3rd guild Iosel Blumberg nagr. angry. medal "for the diligence shown to them during the mutiny." In 1866 there were 6 synagogues in R., a state-owned Jewish school of the 1st category. In 1878 a Jewish hospital was opened, in 1888 - prof. school for Jews, in 1889 - two-year beginning. Jewish school. In the 1880s. In 1863–1902, Abram Ioffe (? –1902) was the official rabbi in R., and A.-M. Lapidutzon was spiritual in 1866–1906. Since 1902, the rabbi of R. was Aron-Shmuel Katz (1870–?). All R. 1890s - 1915 D.M. Abramovich was the state rabbi. In 1910–13, Rabbi R. - M. Soloveichik. In 1910 a Jewish library was opened in R.; there were 9 synagogues, two-year early. husband. uch-shche with crafts. classes, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. t-in, in 1913 - a Jewish hospital, in 1915 - a state-owned Jewish school with wives. change. the occupation of the Jewish population of R. was trade (including foreign trade, mainly timber and grain); among the Jews there were approx. 25 artisans; several people worked with. x-wom; Jews owned 2 mills. In 1921, a congress of Lithuanian Jewish agriculturalists was held in R. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A Jewish hospital, Tiferes Bakhurim, Ahnosas Orkhim, Khevra Kadisha, a nursing home, an aid to poor women (headed by Ms. Blokh) operated. Children were opened. a garden with teaching in Hebrew, schools of the Tarbut and Yavne networks. Yeshiva "Or le Yisroel" operated, which was headed by R. Roz, then - R. Goldschlag. Sports worked. clubs "Maccabi" and "Yidisher Arbeiter Club", a branch of the Jewish Nar. bank. Rabbi in R. in the 1920s. was Yehoshua-Mordkhe Klyachkin (? –1925). On June 23, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was created. From 29 July to 6 Sept. 1941 during 5 "actions" approx. 3.6 thousand Jews of R. and surrounding us. A memorial sign has been erected at the site of a Jewish cemetery in R. R. genus: D.-M. Abramovich, E.B.Bank, A.E. Landau, I.-Yu. Mogulnitsky, E. Soloveichik; Israel Yitzhok Wolf (1861–1926), journalist, author of hundreds of Zionist publications in gas. and zhurn. USA; Meir-Faivl Bentselovich Getz (1853–1932), teacher, director. high schools with teaching in Hebrew in Moscow and Riga, dir. ped. courses in Kaunas; Natan-Zvi Finkel (1849-1927, E.-I.), rabbi, in 1882 organized a yeshiva "Knesses Israel" in Slobodka, from 1925 - in E.-I.
RASHBA Emmanuil Iosifovich (b. 1927, Kiev), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). Graduated from the Kiev state. un-t (1949). In 1949–54 he worked as an engineer, then taught in Wed. school. In 1954-60 at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1960-66 the head. dep. in Ying-those semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1966 in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector. Simultaneously in 1967–91 prof. MIPT. Since 1992 - in the USA. research on phenomenologist, theory of semiconductors and semiconductor devices, resonance properties of semiconductors, optical. properties of the pier. crystals. Predicted the resonance effect, consisting in the excitation of spin transitions of high frequency el. field, and established the possibility of the existence of a new type of band structure of semiconductors. The author of works on spectroscopy of the pier. crystals. Publ. St. 80 scientific. Art. Linen. etc. (1966).
RASHEVKA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1882–1903 R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910 there were 17 Jewish households in Rivne and the surrounding farms.
RASHIN Adolf Grigorievich (1888 - 1960, Moscow), economist, statistician, demographer. Cand. econom. Sciences (1936), prof. (1924). Graduated from econom. branch of Kiev commercial Institute (1915). Head dep. statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and Deputy. prev. Center, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1920–30); member Economical statistician. section of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1922–25). Ed. zhurn. Labor Statistics (1922-29). He taught at Moscow State University (1924–26) and MINKh (1926–27). In 1934–36 ed. Big tech. encyclopedias, in 1943-50 Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute named after FF Erisman. Cit .: Wages for restore, the period of the USSR x-va 1922 / 23-1926 / 27. M., 1927; Factory composition. proletariat of the USSR. M., 1930; Formation of prom. of the proletariat in Russia. M., 1940; Population of Russia over 100 years (1811-1913). Statistician. essays. M., 1956.
RASHISH Pinchas (1895, Ostrog, Volyn province - 1978, Petah Tikva, Israel), public figure. In 1922 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Since 1924 - in E.-I. Mayor of Petah Tikva since 1951. There was a secret. Worldwide executive committee "Ge-Halutz", secretary. labor, council of Petach-Tikva, before. of the Supervisory Board of the Kupat Holim Clalit Health Insurance Fund, member. executive committee Histadrut.
RASHKIN Leib (real name and surname Shole Friedman) (1903, Kozminek of Kalisz district and province - 1939), writer. Manager of the local Jewish co-op. bank, ironmonger. First stories publ. in the 1930s, released in Warsaw the book. "Di menchn fun Godlbajitz" ("People from Godutisheki"). I ate among them. publ. in periodic. ed. - prose writer. fragments per week. "Vokhnrift headlights of literature un kunst". In 1939, after the occupation of Warsaw, R. fled to the East. On the way, he died under unclear circumstances.
RASHKOV, a village in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Republic of Moldova). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1672–99 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. In 1765, 478 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 1544, in 1887 - 1410 (57.3%), in 1897 - 3201 (54.9%), in 1923 - 2127, in 1926 - 2031 Jews. First mention about Jews R. belongs to 1637. In 1738 the Jewish community suffered from the raids of the Haidamaks, as a result of which many others. Jews were killed and their property plundered. In 1748–52, Yakov-Yosef of Polonnoye (1704–1784), a disciple of I.Baal Shem Tov, was a rabbi in R. The head of the rabbinical court was his son, Avrom-Shimshon Katz (? –1799, E.-I.). 18th century The Hasidic court in R. (one of the first in Bessarabia) was founded by Rabbi Shabsai (1655–1745). The dynasty was continued by his son Yosef (? –1770). In 1770 the dynasty was headed by the son of Yosef - Shloyme-Zalmin (? –1852), in 1852 - the son of the last Shabsai (? –1883), in 1883 - the son of Shabsai Ikhl-Yosef (? –1896). From 1896 the dynasty was headed by Shloyme-Zalmina (? –1916). In 1870 there were 3 synagogues in R. In 1893-1916, with the support of the OPE, a school operated, in 1910 - a Talmud-Torah, 2 private wives. Jewish schools. Since 1909, Yehuda-Judel Tabakman (1865–?) Was the rabbi in R. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution functioned in R. m-in. In 1913 there was a Jewish wife. In 1914 there were four synagogues in R., and there was a state rabbi. The Jews owned a pharmacy, both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. tannery, both timber warehouses, unity. mill, unity coaching inn, unity a tea house, 50 shops and shops in R. (including all 15 manufactures, all 15 groceries, and all 4 leather goods). Both doctors in R.V. Dec. 1917 in R. there was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; during the pogrom, 2 Jews were killed. 1922 means. part of the Jewish population of R. was engaged in tobacco growing; acted several. artels. 4 Aug. 1941, after being occupied by parts of the Romanians. army, 70 Jews were killed in R. (65 of them were drowned). The building of a synagogue has survived in R. In 1992 several people lived in R. Jews in R. genus. H.A. Zilberman.
RASHKOVSKY Evgeny Borisovich (b. 1940, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1974). In 1964 he graduated from Moscow. ist.-archival inst. In 1964–67, the bibliographer of the FBS. Since 1967 scientific. sotr. decomp. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Translated into Russian. lang. Talmudic treatise "Pirkei Avot" ("Teachings of the Fathers", journal "Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1990, No. 2–3). Vol .: Science of Science and the East. M., 1980; The origin of scientific thought in Asia and Africa. M., 1985; From the height of the East ... M., 1993.
RASHKOVSKY Naum (Nukhim) Nikolaevich (b. 1946, Sverdlovsk), chess player. Grandmaster of Correspondence (1972). Honored. coach of the USSR (1964). Int. grandmaster (1980). Teacher. Champion of the RSFSR (1974 and 1976). Winner of the Moscow Open Championship (1982). Member of a number of USSR championships; best result in 1986 - 8th. Winner and prize-winner of a number of international. tournaments, including in Sochi (1979, 1st).
RASHTADT, see Porechye, Nikolaev region.
RASKIN Alexander Borisovich (1914, Vitebsk - 1971, Moscow), poet, playwright. In 1938 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. In the beginning. 1930s moved closer to mosk. poetic. young people grouped around Ya.V. Smelyakov. Together with M.R. Slobodsky, he appeared in print with parodies on various. genres of literature. Sat. the parody "Exclamation Mark" came out in 1939. Co-authors. (jointly with Slobodsky) comedy "The One Who Were Looking for" and the play "Screen Star", on which f. GVAleksandrova "Spring". In the post-war. years R. almost never published. During the period of the "thaw" there were books. R.'s new parodies with ill. II Igina, Kukryniksov and others. In the 1960s. R. turned to a new genre for him - the book. for children: "How dad was little", "How dad studied at school", etc.
RASKIN Aron Zalmanovich (1910, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1986, Moscow), literary critic, critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1938). He graduated from a Jewish ped. technical school in Gomel, Jewish branch of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–49, an interpreter in the Sov. military. administration in Berlin. After demobilization, Assoc. department of foreign. literature of Kursk ped. in-that. Collaborated in the journal. "Sovetish gameland", published art. on the history of the Jewish classic. and owls. lit-ry. R.'s works dedicated. life and work of I.-L. Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, H.-N. Bialik and others. In Tel Aviv published collection of articles. lit.-critical. and research. R.
RASKIN Benzion (1880, Mogilev - 1930, Tel Aviv), translator. He studied at yeshivas and at the Kiev gymnasium. From 1905 he was a teacher in Warsaw. Participated in the Zionist. movement. He moved to Odessa, from 1922 - to E.-I. Lit. activity began before the revolution of 1917. In 1919, the lane was published in Kiev. R. in Yiddish of G. Longfellow's poem "Song of Hiawatha", then in the same place - trans. "Kalevipoeg" by F. Kreutzwald (from the Estonian epic). R. - the author of several. children fairy tales in Yiddish (translated into Hebrew).
RASKIN Boris Vladimirovich (1927, Mozyr - 1994, Moscow), Japanese translator. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies. In tech. for several years the head. ed. lang. countries of the East of the Progress Publishing House. He began to publish in 1969. The author of the trans. from japan. lang. Translated manuf. Akutagawa Ryunosuke. In the lane. R. also came out: rum. Takeshi Kaiko "Japanese Threepenny Opera" (Moscow, 1971), "Bitter Hangover" (Moscow, 1975), collection of works. stories by Yasushi Inoue "The Hunting Gun", "Three Novels" and rum. "Dreams of Russia" (M., 1977), rom. Sow Matsumoto "Desert Earth" (M., 1979), "Habitat" (M., 1980), rom. Yasunari Kawabata "The Old Capital" (Moscow, 1984).
RASKIN Efraim (1847, Shklov Mogilev district and province - 1928, Warsaw), publisher. He was engaged in bookselling in Warsaw. From 1890 he published a popul in Yiddish. Jewish tear-off calendar, since 1905 it printed anecdotes, fairy tales, jokes, information about the ist. events, etc. He also published several. accounting manuals, ser. from 12 books. to help small-scale production.
RASKIN Philip (Faivel-Mordkhe) (1880, Shklov of Mogilev District and Gubernia - 1944, New York), poet. He studied at the cheder and at the Minsk real school. From 1897 he studied at the Polytechnic in Zurich. In 1899 he came to Great Britain, graduated from the Royal Institute of Literature and Science. Since 1915 - in the USA. The first verses are in Russian. lang., then wrote in English. lang. He published poetry in Yiddish periodically. ed., ch. arr. while living in London. R.'s poems were included in anthologies and collections. The first book. "Ghetto Leader" ("Poems from the Ghetto") was released in 1910 in Leeds (Great Britain) with a preface. Sholem Aleichem. In 1919 ed. Sat. "Yiddish Leader" ("Jewish Verses") in New York. The verses are dominated by nat. and a Zionist. motives.
RASKIN Konstantin Leonidovich (1925, Mariupol - 1982, Gorky), metallurgical engineer. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel. In 1948–52, engineer. at the Gorky metallurgical s-de. Since 1952 at the Gorky Automobile Plant (technologist, since 1959 the head of the design bureau). Supervised the expansion of the foundry and the design of foundries and equipment. At the same time. from 1952 he taught at the Gorky Polytechnic. in-those. In the 1960s. participated in the development and implementation in production of a new method of investment casting. Linen. etc. (1966).
RASKIN Naum Mikhailovich (1906, Petersburg - 1986, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1964). After graduating from LIFLI (1931) he worked in the Commission on the History of Knowledge of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1946 scientific. sotr. Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participated in the ed. manuscripts, the legacy of L. Euler, chemists 2nd floor. 18th century Participated in the preparation for publication of the description of the personal fund of A.N. Krylov. Conducted to Leningrad. polytechnic in-those general course on the history of technology (1932–36). Author of over 150 scientific. works. One of the organizers of the Museum of the History of Science and Technology. Etc. Vses. chem. about-va them. D. I. Mendeleeva, op.: Ivan Petrovich Kulibin. L., 1962; Yakov Dmitrievich Zakharov. L., 1979.
RASKIN Saul (1878, Nogaysk, Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya province. - 1966, New York), painter, graphic artist. Graduated from Odessa Art. school, then studied in Germany, France, Sweden, Italy. In 1904 he settled in New York. From 1906 he published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Art. on art, theater, literature and cartoons on lit. and watered, plots. Since 1924 sotr. gas. "Tog". Together with L.O. Pasternak, A. Pan, A. Feder took part in artistic ethnography. exp. in E.-I., organized in 1924 by A.E. Kogan. Performed by graphic. ser. "Prophets of Israel" (12 etchings with a dry needle), "Jerusalem" (20 lithographs) (1932), a cycle of sketches in oil and watercolors "Land of Israel" (1946), ill. to the Book of Psalms, to "Pirkei Avot" and manuf. Jewish writers. In 1937, the exhibition "Picturesque Views of E.-I." was held in New York. R. wrote a slave. neighborhoods of New York, scenes from the life of fishermen and mountains. the poor, romanticized and filled with blazing sunlight, a watercolor cycle of animals. R. was a member of the New York Watercolor Club and the Association of Amer. engravers. Personal exhibitions took place in New York at gal. Grand Central (1932, 1935–38, 1941–42, 1944, 1947, 1951), in the Jewish Museum (1950) and gal. East Side (1962). Presented at the Metropolitan Museums, Brooklyn, New York publ. b-ke and b-ke of the Congress in Washington. New York ed. book R .: "Eretz Yisroel in vort un build" ("Eretz Yisrael in word and picture", 1925), "Bilder un zeichenungen" ("Pictures and drawings", 1933), mystical rum. "An oysgetrakhter emes" ("Fictional Truth", 1956), "Dos nae pone fun Israel" ("The New Face of Israel", 1960).
RASKINA Maria Abramovna (1862 - |), doctor-bacteriologist. Honey. educated on wives. honey. courses at the Nikolaev military. hospital, to-rye graduated in 1886. Worked in the clinic. in-those led. book Elena Pavlovna, where since 1896 she read to the doctors-listeners in-that course of general bacteriology, etc. Repeatedly went abroad to work in the clinics of Lassar, Senator and A. Neisser, in Ying-those infectious diseases. R. Koch's diseases, in hygiene. lab. Konigsberg and Breslavsky un-tov. Author approx. 30 tr. Ch. R.'s work dedicated. the etiology of scarlet fever, the reasons for complications with it, bacteriolysins in cholera serum, the color of diphtheria sticks. Publ. in periodic. ed. pov. and stories ("Results").
RASKINA Miriam (1889, Slonim, Grodno Province - 1973, New York), writer. From a young age she joined the Bund, spent a year in St. Petersburg. prison. Since 1920 - in the USA. First stories publ. in the journal. "Tsukunft", was published in other Jewish periodicals. ed. Released in New York the book: "Tsen yor lebn" ("Ten years of life", 1927), collection. stories "Calm Lebne" ("Quiet Lives", 1941), "Zlatka" (1951). Prod. R. dedicated life and work of Jewish revolutionaries in Russia.
RASKINA Ray (Rosenthal Rivka) (1888, Odessa - |), writer, playwright. S. Raskin's wife. Graduated from Russian. gymnasium, studied in Germany and France. Since 1905 - in the USA. She made her debut in 1912 verse, in Sat. A. Reisen. Stories and Art. R. were published in Jewish perirdich. ed. As a staff assistant. gas. Tog (New York) published Art. about t-re, cinema, music, wives. movement. Presented in E. Korman's anthology “Yiddish Dichterns”. R. - unpublished author. the play "Motls Zeitn" ("The Times of Motl").
RASPOPENI, a village in the Soldaneshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1930, 158 Jews lived in R. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RASSAVA, see Rosava.
RASSKAZOVO, city (since 1926), regional center in the Tambov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1698. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tambov u. In 1926, 19 Jews lived in R., in 1939 - 37, and in 2002 - 9 Jews. In 1911, there were 1247 Subbotniks who had their own subbotniks. synagogue. In 1915, a large number of Jewish refugees arrived in R. The absence of Shokhet and a Torah reader in R. became the cause of the conflict between the Jewish refugees and the EVOPO organization.
RASSOKHOVATKA, a village in the Katerinopolsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rosokhovatka Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 out of 3 grocery and manufactory shops in R.
RASTORGUEVO, see Vidnoe Moscow Region.
RASTYAPINO, see Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Region.
RATGAUZ Daniil Maksimovich (1868 or 1869, Kharkov - 1937, Prague), poet. Rod. in the family of a banker. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. The first poet. Sat. "Poems" was published in Kiev (1893). Lyricism, intimacy, melodiousness, and intonations of melancholy are characteristic of R.'s poetry. Romances to the verses of R. were written by PI Tchaikovsky (6 romances, including “We were sitting with you”), AS Arensky, AT Grechaninov, RM Glier, Ts.A. Cui, L.V. Nikolaev, S.V. Rachmaninov and others. In 1922 he emigrated. Works: Poli. collection poems, v. 1–3. SPb.-M., 1906; Fav. poems. Kiev, 1910; Fav. poems. Pg., 1915; My songs. M., 1917.
RATGAUZ Leonid Germanovich (1903, Yelets, Oryol province - 1968), military doctor. Lieutenant General Med. service (1944). Since 1919 - in Kr. Army. Member of the Civil. war. In 1926 he graduated from the Military Medical. academy. In 1937–38 the military man. counselor in Spain, in 1938–39 early. honey. service of the Red Army Air Force, in 1939–41 early. dep. dignity service of the Red Army Air Force. Brig doctor (1940). In 1941–44 pom. early Ch. military-dignity. management of the Red Army, in 1945–46 beginning. Honey. Air Force control. Major General Med. service (1943). In 1947–53 - early. honey. long-range aviation services. Since 1953 - in stock. He was awarded 5 orders.
RATNER Efim Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1911, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Specialist in the field of lighting. Cand. tech. sciences. Graduated from MPEI in 1932. From 1931 he worked at Vses. electrical engineering in-those in lighting. lab., in 1940–46 beginning. lab. From 1946 he headed the lighting engineering. lab. in Vses. lighting technology. in-those. At the same time. taught in a number of institutes and Voen.-Ing. academy named after V.V. Kuibysheva. tr. in the region. the theory of filming lighting, colorimetry and in the design of lighting technology. devices, lighting architecture of objects (lighting of the metro station "Kropotkinskaya" in Moscow, lighting solutions of the Kremlin stars, glare-free lighting in the Mausoleum of Lenin's sarcophagus, lighting installations for the Dynamo stadium in Moscow). He proposed a method for making specials. mirrors used in laser technology, in devices for night aerial photography. Author of more than 50 scientific. works, 25 inventions. Became. pr. (1946).
RATNER Georgy Lvovich (1923, Yekaterinburg - 2001, Samara), surgeon. Son of L.M. Ratner. Dr. med. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). 1941–44 - at the front, demobilized from injury. After graduating from the Sverdlovsk honey. Institute (1949) and clin. residency (1949–52) was in charge of the surgeon. separation of mountains. hospitals in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1952–54). Since 1954 assistant, assoc. Chelyabinsk honey. in-that; since 1962 head. Department of Faculty Surgery of the Kuibyshevsky (since 1991 Samara) med. Institute of Science. tr. R. dedicated surgery of blood vessels and heart, esophagus, lungs, mediastinum, extracorporeal circulation, surgeon. treatment of hypertension, electrical stimulation of organs and tissues. In Samara, he organized urgent care for patients with arterial pathology and the Center for Vascular Surgery. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1975) Vol .: Reconstructive surgery of the aorta and great vessels. M., 1965; Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Kuibyshev, 1970 (et al.); Oxygen treatment under high pressure. M., 1974; Vascular surgery. Kuibyshev, 1974; Advice to a young surgeon. Samara, 1991.
RATNER Lev Moiseevich (1886, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1953, Sverdlovsk), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1941). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1910). In 1914–20 he worked as a doctor in an evacuation hospital. In 1920–53 the head. Department of General Surgery of the Ural University (Sverdlovsk Medical Institute), at the same time. in 1930-1953 dir. created by him oncologist. clinics Sverdl. in-that physiotherapy. In 1931 he organized a branch Center in Sverdlovsk. in-that hematology and blood transfusion. In 1941–45 scientific. consultant for evacuation hospitals. tr. R. dedicated questions of the surgeon. complications of typhus and relapsing fever, chemotherapy firearms. wounds of the abdominal cavity and blood vessels and their surgeon. treatment, problems of oncology, including early diagnosis of malignancy. tumors. R. created and headed scientific. school of oncologists of the Urals. Cit .: On cancer of the stomach and rectum. Sverdlovsk, 1928; Diagnostic errors and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Sverdlovsk, 1946.
Ratner Mark Borisovich (1871, Kiev - 1917, Iasi, Romania), lawyer, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. For the anti-government. performances were excluded from the gymnasium and Kiev un-that, in both cases he passed exams as an external student. Studied at Berlin University. Having received (1897) a law degree, he entered the legal profession. He defended those accused in polit, trials, victims of Jewish pogroms, openly declared about the participation of the authorities in their organization, called for creation. Jewish self-defense. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903) joint. with Kh.I. Zhitlovsky founded the Socialist Jewish Slave. batch (SICKLE). From 1905 he lived in St. Petersburg, published in the publishing house. Russian lang. ("Pravo", "Vestnik Evropy", "Son of the Fatherland") and in Yiddish ("Fraind"). R. owned the initiative to organize the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia. Publ. works: "The Agrarian Question and Social Democracy" (Moscow, 1908), "The National Question in the Light of the Socialist Worldview" ("Russian wealth", 1908, no. 2-5). Joint. with I.V. Gessen and L.Ya.Sternberg published collection of articles. Art. on Jewish issues "On the Eve of Awakening" (St. Petersburg, 1906). Through the efforts of the Black Hundreds, he was accused of insulting the emperor during one of the speeches, which threatened with hard labor. He was forced to go abroad, lived in Vienna, Bucharest, Iasi, continued publishing. in the Jewish press of Russia, in particular on the problems of emigration.
Ratner Nadezhda Davydovna (1916, Moscow - 1993, Kfar Sava, Israel), historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1951). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). From 1948 she taught in history. Faculty of Moscow State University. Participated in the preparation of collective tr. "History of Czechoslovakia" (v. 2, Moscow, 1959) and "Drang nach Osten" and the peoples of the Center., East. and South-East. Europe 1871-1918 " (M., 1977). In 1951–60 she worked at the FBS (senior editor, then senior bibliographer). In 1961–70 ml. scientific. sotr., in 1971-80 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies (since 1968 - Institute of Slavic Studies and Balkan Studies) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1987 - in Israel. Author of works on the history of the Czech Republic and Slavic-German. relations 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Vol .: Essays on the history of Pan-Germanism in Austria at the end. XIX century. M., 1970.
RATNER Nina Alexandrovna (1907 - 1975, Moscow), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. (1957). Graduated in 1930 from the 1st MMI; in 1930–47 resident, assistant, Assoc. department faculty, therapy in the same place; in 1947-75 Art. scientific. sotr., head. clin-nich. dep. Research Institute of Cardiology. A.L. Myasnikov in Moscow. tr. R. dedicated in the main. issues of hypertension and nephrology, including the relationship of hypertension with kidney disease, atherosclerosis, problems of pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis of kidney diseases occurring with increased blood pressure; proposed their classification, as well as the survey scheme. patients with hypertension. Member reign of Vses. about-va nephrologists. Cit .: Pathological correlation of the liver and kidneys. M., 1947; Changes in renal function in hypertension. M., 1953; Kidney diseases and their prevention. M., 1965; Kidney disease and hypertension. M. 1971; Arterial hypertension. M., 1974.
RATNER Pavel Isidorovich (present father Izrailevich) (1858 - |), civil engineer, entrepreneur. Active State Councilor. Rod. builds in the family. contractor. He graduated from Dorpat University (1886), improved in the region. builds, arts-va abroad. Upon his return to Russia (1888), he was in charge of his father's contracts on orders from Voyen. min-va and min-va of communication lines. Under the arm. R. built kr. railroad Zegrzhinsky and Verzhby bridges. All R. 1890s R. drew up a draft electric. illumination of Warsaw, in 1897 a project developed by R. was adopted. lighting of St. Petersburg. R. - creator and director-manager (since 1900) share. “St. Petersburg. about-va electric. structures ", part. pl. philanthropist. organizations.
Ratner Shimon (1883, Bobruisk, Minsk province - |), publisher. Doctor of Medicine. During the 1st world. During the war, he worked as a prison doctor in Tiflis. There he founded the publishing house "Yiddish" for the release of the book. on a variety of topics. In 1921 a collection of works was published. verse. R. "Yiddish Kinder" ("Jewish Children") - one of the few books. in Yiddish, issued in Transcaucasia; R.'s further fate is unknown.
Ratner Yohanan (Eugene) (1891, Odessa -1972, Haifa), architect, military leader. Major General. Studied at Technol. in-those (Karlsruhe, Germany). Member of the 1st world. war. During the years of Civil. war - in command positions in Kr. Army. From 1923 - in E.-I., taught at the Technion (Haifa), In 1930–63) (with interruptions) - dean of architect. f-that. During the anti-Jewish uprisings of the Arabs (1929) - a consultant to the Jewish Agency for the construction of fortifications in Jewish settlements. In 1938–39 he headed the command of Gagana, the creator of its headquarters. In 1940–42 he was at the headquarters of the British. army in Cairo. In 1946–47, the organizer of the research. Department of Gagana, was engaged in the development of its military. operations. During the War of Independence, he headed the department. military. planning the Israel Defense Forces, one of the founders of n.-i. service of the Armed Forces of Israel, military. advisor to D. Ben-Gurion. In 1948–51 he was a military man. attaché of Israel in the USSR. From 1955 - retired. Author of projects pl. total buildings in Israel.
Ratner Yuri Alexandrovich (1895 - 1972, Kazan), oncologist surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kazan un-that (1920) until 1922 worked as an intern in a hospital and a district doctor in Kazan. In 1922-73 resident, assistant, prof., Head. Department of Surgery (since 1946 - Surgery and Oncology) KIDUV. In 1941–45, Ch. surgeon of evacuation hospitals of the Tatar and Udmurt ASSR. tr. and practical. R.'s activity dedicated. preim. issues of thoracic surgery and oncology, including methods of early diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. tumors; offered a variant of surgery for stomach cancer. Poch. h. Vses. and Ros. about-va oncologists. Cit .: Purulent pleurisy and its treatment. Kazan, 1935; Gunshot wounds to the chest. Kazan, 1944; Intestinal tumors. Kazan, 1962; Essays on surgery of tumors of the breast and abdomen. M., 1966; Emergency breast and abdominal surgery. Kazan, 1970 (et al.).
Ratner Zalman (1885, Starobin of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1938, Moscow), bibliographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, then studied at the beginning. school in Slutsk. Since 1916 - in Moscow. After the revolution of 1917, he served in the People's Commissariat for nat. business. In 1918–23 he was in charge of the Jewish Prince. warehouse. From 1926 he was associated with the Bible. dep. IBO in Vilna. Compiled bibl. Jewish books., zhurn. and leaflets published in the USSR in 1927 (journal "Af di vegn tsu der naer shul", 1928, No. 1). Together with I. Kvitny, he compiled a bibl. chronicle of Jewish ed. for 1917-21 ("Bibliologist Zamlbuh". Kiev, 1930). Last years of his life he worked at one of the Moscow. s-dov.
RATNO, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1190.Since 1440 - the city. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kholmsk land in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ratnoe Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 156 Jews lived in R. in 1564, 171 in 1701, 210 in 1756, 1065 in 1847, and 1364 in 1870 ( 65%), in 1897 - 2219 (71.8%), in 1921 - 1554 (64.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1600, in 1937 - 2140 Jews (53.5%) According to information from Jewish sources, in 1495–1503 Karaites expelled from Lithuania lived in R. In 1565 there were 12 Jewish homeowners in R. There was a synagogue and a mikvah. In 1873 three synagogues functioned in R. In the end. 19th century Rabbi R. was Yakov-Arie Shapiro (? –1908, Kovel), then - Yosef Shor. In the beginning. 20th century there was a Talmud Torah in R. Since 1903 Shloyme-Tuvya Friedlander (1864–1942) was the rabbi in R. 19th century in R. there was a Palestinophile circle. In 1912, a Hebrew school was opened. In 1914, Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy, unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, a tavern, 24 shops (including all 15 grocery, all 7 manufacturing). A Jewish woman worked as a doctor in a zemstvo hospital in R. In 1920, during a pogrom organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich, 3 Jews were killed. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s. 8 out of 12 local councilors were Jewish. In 1923, a branch of the Jewish People's Republic was opened. bank. In 1926, a school of the Tarbut network began to operate. On June 25, 1941, after the departure of the Red Army, local Ukrainians staged a pogrom in R. On June 28, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On the same day, the Ukrainians killed 29 Jews. On July 6, 1941, a pogrom took place in R., during which several were killed. Jews. The pogrom was stopped by the soldiers of the Wehrmacht. Another 280 Jews were killed soon after. The Judenrat was established on July 17, 1941. In nov. 1941 workshops for Jewish artisans were organized. In the spring of 1942, a ghetto was created in R., in which Jews were also deported from the surrounding villages (a total of about 2.5 thousand people). In the summer of 1942, during the liquidation of the ghetto, most of the Jews were shot, and some managed to escape. Later pl. Jews who fled were caught and shot. After liberation, approx. 15 Jews in R. I.A.Rappoport.
RATNOE, see Ratno.
RATOSH Jonathan (real name and surname Uriel Shelach (Halperin) (1908, Warsaw - 1981, Tel Aviv), poet, publicist. From 1919 - in E, -I. In 1926 he graduated from the Herzliya gymnasium (Tel Aviv ) and in the same year in the literary appendix to the gas "Ha-Aretz" was published the first verse of R. "Dmutekh" ("Your image"). In 1930 he joined the maximalist wing of the revisionists, took an active part in their weekly, "Hazit ha-Am", and then in the newspaper "Ha-Yarden" founded in 1934. In 1937 he edited the underground publishing organ of ETZEL "Ba-Kherev." To avoid arrest, R. in 1938 left for Paris and lived there until the beginning of World War II He studied linguistics, was interested in the history, culture and ethnogenesis of other peoples of the Near East, studied literary translation from French into Hebrew and continued his publicist, activity in the press. During this period, R. moved away from the revisionist movement and directed all his efforts to the development of the theory, according to a cut on the territory of E.-I. a new people should arise - the Hebrew. This people must absorb the natives of E. -I. Regardless of origin and ve confession. According to R.'s plan, a new, secular nation speaking Hebrew should arise. Judaism and Zionism were declared the most dangerous enemies on the road to the formation of a new nation. On Sept. 1939 R. returned to E.-I. and began to preach his idea, which became known as "Knaism". "Knaism" left its mark on the poetry of R., overflowing with the mythology of Dr. East. R. translated into Hebrew production. French literature, including all the fables of J. La Fontaine, the play "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan and rom. "Plague" A. Camu.
RATSBAUM Albert Evgenievich (b. 1937, Leningrad), flutist, teacher. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1960) and graduate school with her in class. I.F. Janus. He worked in Latvia. Played an orc. Lat. Opera and Ballet Theater (since 1959), symph. orc. Radio Latvia (1966–67). Since 1968 soloist of Moscow. chamber. orc. In 1961–67 he taught in Latvia. cons. 1st pr. On Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Leningrad, 1963). Honored. art. RSFSR (1988).
RACENZH, a city (since 1425) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ratsionzh Serpetskiy u. In 1736, 16 Jews lived in R., in 1808 - 58 (9.9%), in 1827 - 216 (14.6%), in 1856 - 989 (50.3%), in 1884 - 1990 ( 41.5%), in 1897 - 2179 (46.8%), in 1921 - 1682 (37.3%), in 1931 - 1734 (36.2%), in 1939 - approx. 1,800 Jews Jews have lived in R. since the 1730s. In 1825–61, Jews could live only in a certain region of R. Since the beginning. 19th century there was a community, in the 1840s. the cemetery was laid. All R. 19th century supporters of the Haskala organized courses in R. for the study of the Hebrew language. A new synagogue was built in 1891. There were several more. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. In 1878–81, the rabbi of R. was Issachar-Berish Groibert, in 1883–94 - Chaim-Meshul Koifman, in 1894–1904 - Reuven-Yehuda Neufeld (1869–?), In 1908–39 - his brother Yosef-Berish Neufeld. Since 1905, the Poalei Zion branch operated in R. In 1914, Jews owned both watch workshops and 13 shops in R. (including all 6 manufactories, both iron hardware, 3 out of 4 haberdashery). in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
RATSER Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1930, Tiflis), playwright, poet. Graduated from Leningrad. Mining Institute (1953), worked as engineer. at the Research Institute "Giprocement". Published since 1957. et al. with V.K. Konstantinov wrote 60 plays, released 12 books. satirical. poems and feuilletons, 15 reports "Letters to a friend in New York", publ. into gas. "Jewish World" (USA). The author of the plays: "And Happiness in Personal Life", "Russian Bear", "Life is Beautiful"; "Sensation" (staged at Radio Liberty, 1994). The play by R. "Jewish happiness", written based on the "Mendel Marantz" by F. Fridman, opened in St. Petersburg Jewish muses. tr "Simha"; R.'s play "Shalom, America!" (1994).
RATION, see Ration.
RAUDENAI, a village in Šiauliai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ravdzyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 38 Jews (17.9%) lived in R. in 1923. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RAUDENIS, village in Marijampolė district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kalvariysky district Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 55 Jews lived in R. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RAUDONDVARIS, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Chervonny Dvor, Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 25 Jews lived in R. in 1923 - 55 (14.4%), in 1939 - several. Jewish families. occupations of the Jewish population of R. at the beginning. 20th century there were trade, agriculture and gardening. In the 1920s. the Jews owned shops, a hotel; a doctor and a pharmacist in R. In the summer of 1941, R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. R. Jews were killed in the fall of 1941.
RAUDONE, a place in Taurage u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rossiensky district Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 80 Jews lived in R., in 1939 - c. 10 Jewish families. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
RAUKHVERGER Mikhail Rafailovich (1901, Odessa - 1989, Moscow), composer, pianist, teacher. Prof. (1939). Studied under G.M. Bieber (php.) In the Odessa horse, at the same time. taught at Nar. cons. In 1922-27 he studied at Moscow. horse, cl. php. at F.M. Blumenfeld, as well as in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. in-those them. M.V. Lomonosov. From 1927 a postgraduate student, from 1929 an assistant to Blumenfeld, in 1939–41 the head. department of special php. He performed as a pianist and soloist of symphony. orc. From ser. 1920s composed music. The author of the production for children (for example, the song "We are cheerful guys", 1926), were published. collection of books "The Sun" (1928), "Working Songs" (1929). In the 1920s and 30s. wrote music for dramas, performances of Moscow. t-ra for children and Center. children t-ra (including to "The Nedoros" by DI Fonvizin, 1939), as well as to children. c / f ("A lonely sail gleams" after VP Kataev, 1939) and others. 1930s worked in Kyrgyzstan. Using the nat. muses. folklore, created one of the first posts. in Kyrgyzstan, nat, manuf. for the stage - op. "Kokul" and "Jamilya" (after Ch. Aitmatov) and the ball. Cholpon (1942, 1943, 1961). The author of the op. "Little Red Riding Hood" (1967, Moscow children's music theater), op.-ball. "The Snow Queen" (1968, Big Theater), ball. "Kolobok" (1976, Moscow children's music theater), "Blue Bird" (1983, ibid; used the music of IA Sats, symphonic picture "Songs of the Peoples of the West" (1960), symph. (1960) ); concerts for various instruments with orc; choirs (over 400) and songs (over 500) for children, etc. People's Art. KirgSSR (1961). Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR (1974) ...
RAV Philip (1908 - 1973), literary critic. Since 1922 - in the USA. One of the founders (1934) and ed. (until 1969) zhurn. "Partizan Review", which supported the Communist Party until 1938, and then took an independent position, condemning totalitarianism. In the journal. such American Jewish writers as S. Blue, A. Keyzin, N. Mailer, F. Roth, D. Levertov were published. R.'s articles concerning the issues of literature, its connection with politics, philosophy, societies. life, collected in collection: "Image and Idea" (1949), "Myth and Power Plant" (1965), "Literature and the Sixth Sense" (1969). Let's eat. ed. Sat. R. "Literature and Politics" (1978). From 1957 he worked at Brandize University.
RAVA, see Rawa Mazowiecka.
RAWA MAZOWECKA, a city (from the 2nd half of the 14th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the district town of Rava, Petrokovskaya province. In 1765 in R.-M. 68 Jews lived, in 1808 - 659 (31.5%), in 1827 - 1380 (37.8%), in 1857 - 1547 (33.9%), in 1897 - 2819 (43.9%), in 1921 - 3018 (42%), in 1939 - approx. 2,500 Jews. In 1547 in R.-M. there was a "blood libel". To end the persecution of Jews, the king of Poland appointed a special. commission to investigate the case. 18th century Jews lived in the mountains. quarter under the name. "Zamkova Volya". In 1775, after a conflict with Christian bourgeoisie, the Jews had to go. 12 weeks move out of this quarter. Later, Jews lived in a special district of R.-M., separated by the river from the rest of the city. 19th century in R.-M. a community was created, a synagogue functioned. Rabbi R.-M. - Shloyme-Dovid Margaliot, in the 1870s. - Avrom-Shmuel Lam. In 1914 the Jews owned both wood and unity. manufactory shops in R.-M. In the 1920s – 30s. in R.-M. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 8 Sept. 1939 R.-M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In March 1941, a ghetto was created, liquidated in the end. oct. 1942, when c. 4 thousand Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. After his release in R.-M. returned several. dozens of Jews who soon left the city. there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery. genus. I. Atlas.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РАВА-РУССКАЯ, город (с 1939) в Жовковском р-не Львовской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1624. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919– 39 – в Львовском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1880 в Р.-Р. проживало 3878 евреев (60%), в 1890 – 4406 (59%), в 1900 – 5098 (57,1%), в 1910 – 6112 (56,7%), в 1921 – 5048 (56,3%), в 1931 – 5688 (51%), в 1939 – 7120, в 1941 – 7400 евреев.Евреи жили в Р.-Р. со времени ее основания. В 1629–43 в Р.-Р. имелось 25 еврейских домов. Осн. занятиями евреев Р.-Р. были торговля, посредничество и винокурение.Первым раввином Р.-Р. в 1735–42 был раби Нафтоли-Герц, затем – Ихл-Мордхе Альтшулер, в 1785–90 – раби Ицхок-Шимон. В 1788–1806 действовала еврейская школа, открытая Герцем Гомбергом. В кон. 18 в. была образована самостоят. община. Раввин Р.-Р. в 1790–1810 – раби Менахем-Мендл, позднее – Носн-Дойв Штерн, в сер. 19 в. – Шлойме Клюгер (1785–1869), затем – Леви-Ицхок Шор (?–1877), с 1877 – Дойв-Бер Рапопорт (1824–1906), в 1907–14 – его внук Йосеф-Хаим (?–1942).Большинство евреев Р.-Р. в 19 в. были бельзевскими хасидами.В сер. 19 в. Гиршу Монку принадлежала ф-ка по произ-ву растит. масла. В 1892 хасидский двор в Р.-Р. основал Ихл-Ишиягу Рапопорт (1861–1899). В 1900 династию продолжил его сын Ирахмиэль-Мойше-Ноах (1880 – период Катастрофы).В 1896 в Р.-Р. при поддержке барона Гирша была открыта школа (в 1928 – 200 уч-ся), для к-рой в 1902 было построено спец. здание. С 1908 действовало отд-ние еврейской социалистич. партии, с 1910 – сионистская орг-ция «Га-Тиква».В 1910 открылось отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка. В 1919 при помощи Джойнта в Р.-Р. были организованы 4 обществ. кухни, 2 из к-рых обеспечивали нуждающихся евреев бесплатной едой. В 1920–30-х гг. в Р.-Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, были открыты отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка и ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1922 основана школа с преподаванием на иврите, действовали школа «Шабасувка», школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Работали неск. драматич. кружков, еврейская б-ка, с нач. 1930-х гг. – спорт. клуб «Га-Поэль».В 1922 в Р.-Р. произошел погром.В нач. 1920-х гг. хасидский двор в Р.-Р. основал Арье-Лейбуш Рокеах (1855–1932); в 1920 хасидский двор основал Шойлом Рокеах, погибший в период Катастрофы. С 1927 раввином был Ицхок-Нохум Тверский (1888–1942, Белжец).В первые дни 2-й мир. войны в Р.-Р. прибыли тысячи евреев-беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши. Среди них был глава хасидской династии из Цеханува Арье-Лейбуш Рубин (1881–1943, Гурьевск Кемеровской обл.).10–23 сент. 1939 Р.-Р. оккупировали герм. войска. В неск. синагогах солдаты вермахта осквернили свитки Торы. 24 сент. 1939 в Р.-Р. вошли сов. войска. 27 июня 1941 Р.-Р. вновь оккупировали части вермахта. В нач. июля 1941 украинские полицейские расстреляли ок. 100 евреев. Вскоре был создан юденрат и по его инициативе – еврейская больница. Затем было создано гетто. 19 марта 1942 в городе состоялась первая «акция», в ходе к-рой в лагерь уничтожения Белжец были отправлены ок. 1500 евреев. В мае 1942 в Р.-Р. были доставлены евреи из окрестных сел, вследствие чего общая численность евреев в городе составила 6700 чел. 27 июля 1942, во время новой «акции», в Белжец было отправлено еще ок. 2 тыс. евреев. В кон. сент. – нач. окт. 1942 в Р.-Р. перевезли оставшихся евреев из Немирова (ок. 1 тыс.), Угнева (ок. 1 тыс.), Магерова (неск. сотен), Потелича, а также из Любычи и Верхраты (Польша). В общей сложности в гетто Р.-Р. было сосредоточено ок. 8 тыс. евреев. В связи с эпидемией сыпного тифа 7 дек. 1942 началась ликвидация гетто: 3 тыс. больных евреев были расстреляны, неск. тысяч человек в четырех поездах доставлены в Белжец, неск. сотен поместили в рабочие лагеря; ок. 60 евреев были оставлены в городе для захоронения трупов (в марте 1943 они были расстреляны). Кроме того, до 12 дек. 1942 было расстреляно 750 скрывавшихся евреев. В нач. янв. 1943 из рабочих лагерей в город вернули ок. 100 евреев, к-рые занимались сбором и складированием еврейского имущества; 8 июня 1943 эти евреи были расстреляны.В Р.-Р. существует заброшенное еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Р.-Р. имелось еврейское население.В Р.-Р. род.: Х.-Й.Цадок; Юрий Данилович Жаботинский (1954–2002), д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. авиац. пром-сти, с 2002 – рук. департамента информац. технологий ОАО «ИАПО», ген. дир. компании ЗАО «ИТЕЛА», пред. совета директорв ОАО НПФ «Старт», автор более 70 внедренных в произ-во изобретений.З.Вагнер, pronunciation=РАВА-РУССКАЯ, город (с 1939) в Жовковском р-не Львовской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1624. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919– 39 – в Львовском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1880 в Р.-Р. проживало 3878 евреев (60%), в 1890 – 4406 (59%), в 1900 – 5098 (57,1%), в 1910 – 6112 (56,7%), в 1921 – 5048 (56,3%), в 1931 – 5688 (51%), в 1939 – 7120, в 1941 – 7400 евреев.Евреи жили в Р.-Р. со времени ее основания. В 1629–43 в Р.-Р. имелось 25 еврейских домов. Осн. занятиями евреев Р.-Р. были торговля, посредничество и винокурение.Первым раввином Р.-Р. в 1735–42 был раби Нафтоли-Герц, затем – Ихл-Мордхе Альтшулер, в 1785–90 – раби Ицхок-Шимон. В 1788–1806 действовала еврейская школа, открытая Герцем Гомбергом. В кон. 18 в. была образована самостоят. община. Раввин Р.-Р. в 1790–1810 – раби Менахем-Мендл, позднее – Носн-Дойв Штерн, в сер. 19 в. – Шлойме Клюгер (1785–1869), затем – Леви-Ицхок Шор (?–1877), с 1877 – Дойв-Бер Рапопорт (1824–1906), в 1907–14 – его внук Йосеф-Хаим (?–1942).Большинство евреев Р.-Р. в 19 в. были бельзевскими хасидами.В сер. 19 в. Гиршу Монку принадлежала ф-ка по произ-ву растит. масла. В 1892 хасидский двор в Р.-Р. основал Ихл-Ишиягу Рапопорт (1861–1899). В 1900 династию продолжил его сын Ирахмиэль-Мойше-Ноах (1880 – период Катастрофы).В 1896 в Р.-Р. при поддержке барона Гирша была открыта школа (в 1928 – 200 уч-ся), для к-рой в 1902 было построено спец. здание. С 1908 действовало отд-ние еврейской социалистич. партии, с 1910 – сионистская орг-ция «Га-Тиква».В 1910 открылось отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка. В 1919 при помощи Джойнта в Р.-Р. были организованы 4 обществ. кухни, 2 из к-рых обеспечивали нуждающихся евреев бесплатной едой. В 1920–30-х гг. в Р.-Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, были открыты отд-ние Еврейского кооперативного банка и ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1922 основана школа с преподаванием на иврите, действовали школа «Шабасувка», школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Работали неск. драматич. кружков, еврейская б-ка, с нач. 1930-х гг. – спорт. клуб «Га-Поэль».В 1922 в Р.-Р. произошел погром.В нач. 1920-х гг. хасидский двор в Р.-Р. основал Арье-Лейбуш Рокеах (1855–1932); в 1920 хасидский двор основал Шойлом Рокеах, погибший в период Катастрофы. С 1927 раввином был Ицхок-Нохум Тверский (1888–1942, Белжец).В первые дни 2-й мир. войны в Р.-Р. прибыли тысячи евреев-беженцев из зап. р-нов Польши. Среди них был глава хасидской династии из Цеханува Арье-Лейбуш Рубин (1881–1943, Гурьевск Кемеровской обл.).10–23 сент. 1939 Р.-Р. оккупировали герм. войска. В неск. синагогах солдаты вермахта осквернили свитки Торы. 24 сент. 1939 в Р.-Р. вошли сов. войска. 27 июня 1941 Р.-Р. вновь оккупировали части вермахта. В нач. июля 1941 украинские полицейские расстреляли ок. 100 евреев. Вскоре был создан юденрат и по его инициативе – еврейская больница. Затем было создано гетто. 19 марта 1942 в городе состоялась первая «акция», в ходе к-рой в лагерь уничтожения Белжец были отправлены ок. 1500 евреев. В мае 1942 в Р.-Р. были доставлены евреи из окрестных сел, вследствие чего общая численность евреев в городе составила 6700 чел. 27 июля 1942, во время новой «акции», в Белжец было отправлено еще ок. 2 тыс. евреев. В кон. сент. – нач. окт. 1942 в Р.-Р. перевезли оставшихся евреев из Немирова (ок. 1 тыс.), Угнева (ок. 1 тыс.), Магерова (неск. сотен), Потелича, а также из Любычи и Верхраты (Польша). В общей сложности в гетто Р.-Р. было сосредоточено ок. 8 тыс. евреев. В связи с эпидемией сыпного тифа 7 дек. 1942 началась ликвидация гетто: 3 тыс. больных евреев были расстреляны, неск. тысяч человек в четырех поездах доставлены в Белжец, неск. сотен поместили в рабочие лагеря; ок. 60 евреев были оставлены в городе для захоронения трупов (в марте 1943 они были расстреляны). Кроме того, до 12 дек. 1942 было расстреляно 750 скрывавшихся евреев. В нач. янв. 1943 из рабочих лагерей в город вернули ок. 100 евреев, к-рые занимались сбором и складированием еврейского имущества; 8 июня 1943 эти евреи были расстреляны.В Р.-Р. существует заброшенное еврейское кладбище.В 2005 в Р.-Р. имелось еврейское население.В Р.-Р. род.: Х.-Й.Цадок; Юрий Данилович Жаботинский (1954–2002), д-р техн. наук, проф., специалист в обл. авиац. пром-сти, с 2002 – рук. департамента информац. технологий ОАО «ИАПО», ген. дир. компании ЗАО «ИТЕЛА», пред. совета директорв ОАО НПФ «Старт», автор более 70 внедренных в произ-во изобретений.З.Вагнер, extra_data="{'translat...")
RAVDZYAN, see Raudenai.
RAVICH-BIRGER Elena Davidovna (1894, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1986, Moscow), infectious disease doctor, microbiologist. Rod. in the family of a doctor. Dr. med. Sciences (1948), prof. (1954). Graduated from honey. Faculty of 2nd Moscow State University (1919). In 1920–21 he was an intern at the 1st hospital in Sarapul. In 1921–38, a doctor in Moscow. hospitals. Since 1938 head. dep. intestinal infections in the mountains. bacteriological in-those. Since 1956 in the State. control institute, in the department. living cultures and at the same time. head Centre. Museum of Living Cultures. scientific. research in the region. microbiology, immunology. Creator nat. collections of pathogenic and opportunistic cultures of microbes and viruses; made proposals for their classification. Initiator and organizer of the issue. catalog of pathogenic microbes (1957) Vol .: Microbiological and serological research methods in the clinic: Guidelines for clinical laboratory research. 5th ed. M., 1960; Bacteriological and serological research methods for infectious diseases. M., 1965 (co-author R.V. Epstein-Litvak).
RAVICH Gabriel (1826, Vilna - 1892, Petersburg), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was fond of ideas of enlightenment. For some time he was an assistant. treasury. Rabbi A. I. Neiman in St. Petersburg and S. L. Schwabacher in Odessa, as well as secretary. into gas. "Gamelitz". Last years was a shames in St. Petersburg. choral synagogue. Author pl. ist. fairy tales and stories, to-rye were published in 1865–93 in Vilna, collection of works. Der Glick (Happiness. Vilna, 1893). Publ. correspondence, stories, poems in the Jewish edition. Was sred. zhurn. "Der bloomen-gourt."
RAVICH Iosif Ippolitovich (real name and surname Moisha Girshovich) (1822, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1875, St. Petersburg), veterinarian, public figure. Prof. (1864). In 1845 he converted to Christianity. Graduated from vet. Department of Medical-Surgical. academy (1850) and in tech. several years he served in the army vet. a doctor. In 1860–62 he trained in Zap. Europe. Upon returning to Russia, I read zoophysiology at the Moscow Art Academy, total. pathology, pathological. zootomy, epizootology. From 1872 he was in charge of the vet. dep. academy. Prev About-va vet. doctors of St. Petersburg (1864–71). work - on epizootology and general. pathology of S. - x. animals including plague kr. cattle, as well as glanders and sib. ulcer. Accepted activist participation in the survey of districts of Russia to find out the reasons and ways of distribution. rinderpest and in the development of antiplague. activities. One of the organizers of the vet. education in Russia, propagandist vet. knowledge. Founder and ed. (1871–75) zhurn. "Archive of Veterinary Sciences". Author of the first textbook on zoopathology (1860) and horse breeding (1866). Works: General zoopathology or modern doctrine of diseases of domestic animals. SPb., 1860; Guide to the study of pathology and therapy of infectious and contagious diseases of domestic animals and the veterinary police. SPb., 1873.
RAVICH Joseph Solomonovich (1910, Yekaterinburg - 1999, Moscow), engineer, organizer of the construction of communication facilities. Graduated in 1936 Engineering-technical. Academy of Telecommunications. V.N. Podbelsky. In 1928–32 he worked at the Sverdlovsk telephone. station (handyman, mechanic). Since 1936, the foreman of the Mezhgorsvyazstroy trust of the USSR People's Commissariat of Communications, supervised the construction of the telephon. highway Moscow-Khabarovsk. From 1938 ch. Ing. Ch. ex. on the construction of communication facilities ("Glavstroyisvyaz"). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943, with the rank of engineer-colonel, he was recalled to Moscow and appointed early. Center, exercise. line-cable x-va of the USSR People's Commissariat of Communications. From 1944 to the beginning. Ch. ex. intercity and telephone-telegraph. communications of the People's Commissariat (min-va) communications of the USSR. In 1963–87, deputy. min. communications of the USSR. Etc. CM USSR (1981). State pr. USSR (1985).
RAVICH Mark Borisovich (b. 1906), a specialist in the field of heat power engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1948). Graduated in 1930 from Technol Faculty of MINKH. In 1930–35 he was an assistant, then Assoc. MHTI. In 1936-60 the head. lab. Energetic. in-ta them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. At the same time. from 1948 he taught at Vses. correspondence energetic in-those (head of the department). From 1961 ed. abstract journal. "Teploenergetika" Vses. in-that scientific and technical. information. Main works are related to the design and implementation of flameless tube furnaces with radiant walls from panel burners, with issues of fuel economy. Author of scientific. print works, monographs. Linen. etc. (1963) Vol .: Surface flameless combustion. 3rd ed. M.-L., 1949; Simplified methodology for heat engineering calculations. 5th ed. M., 1966; Saving fuel in industrial energy. M., 1982; Gas and the efficiency of its use in the national economy. M., 1987.
RAVIDOVICH Shimon (1897, Graevo Schuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1957, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA), social scientist, writer. Doctor of Philosophy (1926). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1919 - in Germany. He worked in a Jewish school (1920), collaborated in the Jewish publishing house "Eshkol". In 1921 he entered the Berlin University. In 1928-30 was sred. "Ha-Tkufa" and collaborated in the publishing house of Shtybel. He worked as a librarian at the library of the Prussian University in Berlin (1929–33). Founded and hand. in 1931–33 in Berlin by the Brit Hebrew Olamite organization, which aimed to preserve Jewish culture in the diaspora. In 1932–33 he created and directed the library of the Jewish Society in Berlin. Since 1933 - in Great Britain, where he taught Jewish philosophy at the Jewish College of London University (1933–40) and Leeds University (1941–47). In 1941 he founded the Jewish publishing house "Ararat" and edited "Yalkut" - unity. Jewish every month. zhurn., published in London during the war. Since 1948 - in the USA. In 1948–51 he taught Jewish philosophy at the College of Jewish Studies. in Chicago, in 1951–57 he worked at Brandize University. Tr. R. dedicated Philos. the legacy of Saadia Gaon, Maimonides, M. Mendelssohn, L. Feuerbach, N. Krokhmal R. Brother - Ravid Yakov Mordechai (1896, Graevo - 1967, USA), doctor. Doctor of Medicine (1926). Since the 1910s. - in E.-I. In 1915–20 - in the British army. Since 1920 - in the USA. Contributed to honey. lit-ru in Yiddish. He also wrote in Hebrew and English. lang. In 1930-37 prez. amer. Union of Veterans of the Jewish Legion. In 1930–32 - prez. Jewish honey. about-va (USA). In the 1930s-40s. taught at the Graduate School of Medicine (New York).
RAVIN Joseph (1890, Vilna - 1937), playwright, writer, teacher. Brother of Sh. I. Ravin. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Worked as a teacher. In 1916 he created a children in Lodz. publishing house, where in 1917–21 publ. a number of own. manuf., including children. plays in verse: "Royt githele, vaye schneele, Berele un Perele" ("Little Red Riding Hood, White Snowflake, Berele and Perele"), "Der koter in shtivl" ("Puss in Boots"), "Di farkishefte bass-malke" ("The Enchanted Princess"). At the same time. publ. in children. zhurn. et al. ed. In 1922 he moved to Minsk, worked as a teacher. In the beginning. 1930s joint with other authors published a number of textbooks on literature and mathematics for Jewish schools. Author Sat. “Plays for dramas. circles "(Minsk, 1925)," Maiselekh in ferzn "(" Tales in verse "). In 1933, the lane was published in Minsk. R. book. K. Neukranz "Barricades in Wedding". Repressed.
RAVIN Shloyme-Iche (1892, Vilna - 1937), teacher. Brother I. Ravin. From 1903 he lived in Lodz, where he graduated from Russian. gymnasium. Worked as a teacher. Since 1922 - in Minsk. Publ. Art. on the themes of school education and upbringing in the journal. Af di vegn tsu der nayel shul, Ratnbildung, gas. "October" and others. The author of the book. "Practician fun prvshul" ("Practice of the experimental school"; jointly with V. Shats, Minsk, 1928), "Zai Great" ("Be ready"; jointly with I. Ravin and M. Margolina, M.-Minsk , 1930) - manuals for the 4th grade, a textbook on geography for the 4th grade. Jewish schools (jointly with A. Spivak, Minsk, 1932). Repressed.
RAVINA Menashe (1899, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1968, Tel Aviv), musicologist, composer. In 1923 he graduated from cons. in Leipzig. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Since 1925 - music. critic gas. "Davar", since the 1930s was engaged in research. Jewish muses. folklore, wrote a number of books. about Jewish music, Jewish muses. figures - Y.D. Engele, A.Ts. Idelson, F. Mendelssohn and others; collaborated with the local press. The author of the book, about F. Schubert (1939). From 1940 dir. Jewish horse, in Tel Aviv. Taught in decomp. muses. institutions in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, Simultaneously. hands. choir at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, lecturer and composer of programs for youth concerts of the Israel Philharmonic. orc. Manager of organizations for relations with musicians from different countries at the Ministry of Education and Culture of Israel (since 1962), Member. State advice on arts and culture. Member prez. Union of Israeli Composers., Gene. sec. Musicians Aid Foundation. Among the muses. op. R. - songs, pl. of which became popular.
RAVINOVICH Anatoly Yurievich (b. 1936, Leningrad), artist. Graduated from Leningrad. theater. Institute (1958). He worked in the mountains. Dram. t-re in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1958–61), in the region. Dram. t-re them. Gorky in Volgograd (1961–62), in the T. Lensovet (1962–88), from 1988 - in Leningrad. academic. t-re comedies. From naib. interesting works: the watchmakers in the "Ocean" by A.P. Stein, the King in the "Crystal Shoe" by T.G. Gabbe, Sancho Panza in the "Dulcinea of ​​Tobosskaya" by A.M. Volodin. Filmed in films: "Pokrovskie Vorota" (Hobotov), ​​"20 Years Later" (Mazarin), "Primorsky Boulevard" (writer Petrov), "Redemption" (Srul Solomonovich), etc. From naib. interesting works on television - Argon in "Tartuffe" by Moliere and Astrov in "Leshem" by A.P. Chekhov. Nar. art. RSFSR (1983).
RAVITSKY Fishel-Ber (1892, Wloclawsk, Warsaw Province, - 1940, Dachau, Germany), poet, playwright. He studied at the yeshiva, then at the Berlin Polytechnic, was an entrepreneur. He began to publish in 1916. Poems and humorous. one act. plays were included in collections for children. In 1923 the first person came out, Sat. "Mesholim" ("Fables", Warsaw), in 1935 coll. "A zing - a spire" ("Singing is a game", ibid.). One act. plays by R. "Recruit" and "Shakhno, woo loifstu |" ("Shakhno, where are you running |") were simultaneously staged in 1936 in Warsaw and Vilna.
RAVKIN Zakhar Ilyich (b. 1918, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967), ch. APN USSR (1985). Graduated from East. Faculty of the Uzbek State un-that (Samarkand, 1941). In 1947–51 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. In 1951–81 the head. Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Mari Ped. in-ta them. N.K.Krupskoy (Yoshkar-Ola). Since 1981 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. sector of the Research Institute of General Pedagogy of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (Institute of the Theory of Pedagogy and International Research in Education of the Russian Academy of Education), where since 1992 he has been the head of Intern. center of methodology ist.-ped. research at Ying-those theory of education and pedagogy. Specialist in the history of Russian schools and pedagogy, methodology of theory and history. pedagogy, problems of education of students and pedagogy of higher. schools. Author and ed. textbooks and anthologies for ped. universities, manuals for teachers and parents. Member ch. ed. et al. multivolume tr. on the history of the school and ped. thoughts in the USSR. Honored. scientist of the Mari ASSR (1968) and the RSFSR (1978). 1st Ave. KD Ushinsky APN USSR (1981) .Cit .: Raising children in the family. M., 1959; Education in the learning process. M., 1962; Essays on the history of schools and pedagogues: thoughts of the peoples of the USSR (1917-1941). M., 1980 (ed. Et al.); Essays on the history of the school and ped. thoughts in the USSR (1961-1986). M., 1987 (ed. Et al.); Pedagogy of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum of the Pushkin period (1811–17): Ist.-ped. feature article. M., 1993.
RAVNITSKY Yehoshua-Khona (ps. Bar Kotsin, Bas-Kol) (1859, Odessa - 1944, Tel Aviv), literary critic, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Lit. activity began Art. into gas. "Ga-Kol" (Koenigsberg), publ. in Jewish ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1887 he published the collection. Der Yidisher Veker, dedicated to ideas of Palestinianism. At the invitation of Sholem Aleichem, he conducted a critical biblical. dep. on Sat. "Yiddish Folks Libraries". From 1892 he published collections of articles "Pardes", which promoted the ideas of spiritual Zionism. He edited the first 19 issues of the weekly. Der Yud (from 1899). He simplified the spelling in it, which was then adopted in other Jewish editions. Together with H.-N. Bialik, he founded the publishing house "Moriah". In 1908-10 ed. joint with Bialik Sat. Talmudic legends "Sefer Gagada". Accompanying Bialik on a trip to E.-I. (1910). In 1921-23 - in Germany. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He headed the publishing house "Dvir", into which the publishing house "Moriah" joined (1921). Author lit.-critical. and publ. works, including a number of Art. joint with Sholem Aleichem. He wrote in the main. in Hebrew.
RAVNOPOL, see Rovnopol.
RAVREBE Yokhiel Izrailevich (1883, Baranovka Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1939, Vladivostok), orientalist. In 1908-13 he studied in St. Petersburg at the Courses of Oriental Studies of D. G. Gintsburg. In 1914–17 he taught at Jewish schools, in 1918–25 in Petrograd. in-those higher. Jewish knowledge (Arabic, Hebrew, medieval Jewish literature). In 1919–21, Eastern students. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. In 1920, one of the founders of the revived Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va, was in charge of its archives and library, participated in the discovery of the Jewish ethnography. Museum, worked in the library OPE, head. in 1924–25. In 1926-30 he headed the Department of Semitology in the Belarusian State. un-those, returning to Leningrad, hands. Jewish sector of the Public Library. In 1937 he was arrested and accused (together with N. Schwartz in the creation of a Zionist organization, in slandering the national politician of the Soviet government. He was sentenced to 8 years, died in the Vladivostok transit camp. He began his literary career as a poet, writing in Hebrew and Yiddish. Published poetry in the Jewish editions of Russia, translated into Hebrew text of the librarian op. K. Sen-Sans "Samson and Delilah. After 1917, a number of works on Jewish history were published:" Jewish Antiquity ", vol. 11. L., 1924)," Traveler of the end of the 18th century - Abraham Kunki "(vol. 12, ibid., 1928).
PARADISE, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 7 Jews living in R., in 1939 - 5 Jews.
RAICHIKHA, see Raichikhinsk.
RAYCHIKHINSK, city (since 1944) in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1932 as a settlement. Raichikha. 16 Jews lived in R. in 1939, and 7 in 2002.
RAYDOLINA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kherson province. 1941 R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. jan. 1942 270 Jews from Odessa were deported to R. and in March 1942 were shot.
RAYGOROD, a village in the Kamensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 4 grocery units. grain shop. The Jew was unity. doctor in R.
RAIGORODOK, Raygorod, Vinnytsia region
RAYGROD, see Raigrud.
RAYGRUD, a city (since 1566) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1245. In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Belsk land of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - settlement Raigrod Shchuchinsky Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–45 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1765 418 Jews lived in R., in 1808 - 630 (43.2%), in 1827 - 984 (49.4% ), in 1857 - 1052 (55%), in 1897 - 1625 (54%), in 1921 - 745 Jews (34.4%). About Jews R. belongs to 1587. In 1719 R. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1868–99, Rabbi R. - Yoel Zalkind. In 1882, governments opened in R. school for Jewish children. From the beginning. 20th century there were a Zionist circle, a Jewish library, a heder with teaching in Hebrew. In 1902–12, Shloyme-Hillel Katz (1872 -?) Was the rabbi in R. In 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. grocery and manufactory, all 3 manufactory shops and unity. shop "bread-grain". In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1922 a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened, in 1927 - sports. club "Bar Kokhba". In 1926, with the help of Joint, a loan office was organized. Most synagogues in R. were Hasidic. Rabbi R. in the 1920s and 1930s - Arie-Leib Farber. Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Soon the city was transferred to the owls. authorities. On June 22, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht again occupied R. In the end. June 1941 was shot approx. 100 Jews. In the end. In the summer of 1941 a ghetto and a Judenrat were created. In oct. 1942 Jews of R. were deported to the Graev ghetto, then to the Treblinka extermination camp. A.M. Ashinsky.
RAYHELGAUZ Iosif Leonidovich (b. 1947, Odessa), director. Graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS (1973). After graduating from the Institute he worked (until 1977) in the Sovremennik t-re, in 1973 he staged the play Weather for Tomorrow by M. Shatrov (with G.B. Volchek and V.V. Fokin) and others. 1977–78 in Moscow. dram. t-re them. KS Stanislavsky, the play "Self-portrait" by AO Remez, staged by R., was shown once and was banned. Among the works of R. in the 1980s – 90s. "Triptych for Two" by SI Zlotnikov (1982), "Proletarian Mill of Happiness" by VI Merezhko, "Two Plots for Men" (F. Dyurrenmatt's play, revised by VI Slavkin) and other R. author TV versions of the performances "From Lopatin's Notes", "Echelon", staged on television Slavkin's "Picture", "1945" on his own. scenario. In 1988 R. organized and became thin. hands. t-ra-studio "School of modern play", staged performances: "What are you in a tailcoat |" according to the “Proposal” by A.P. Chekhov (1991), “Everything will be fine” by Zlotnikov (1993) and “Without mirrors” by N. Klimontovich (1994), “The old man left the old woman” (Zlotnikova, 1995, with A. L. Filozov). In 1993 he staged the play "A man came to a woman" by Zlotnikov in "Habim" (Israel). In 1974–93 R. taught at GITIS, dir. and acting f-takh. Since 1993 hand. workshop at the department of directing at VGIK. Conducts a cycle of classes with students theater, faculty of New York University. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RF (1993).
REICHFELD, see Dobropolie.
RAIKHINSHTEIN Pavel Isaakovich (b. 1923, Bogorodsk, Moscow province), architect. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1953). Specialist in the design of trade and food companies. Main works: cafe "Sokol" in Moscow (1960), complex of buildings "Promimporttorg" in Moscow (1968), complex hospital for 240 beds (jointly with T.E. Asmus), complex of buildings "Rosgalantereya". Etc. CM USSR (1967, 1975).
RAYKHLIN Natan (Neuh) Tanfelevich (b. 1925, Novozybkov, Bryansk province), pathologist, oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1952 he graduated from the 1st MMI. In 1952–55, the dissector of the 4th mountain. hospitals in Karaganda, then a graduate student of the department of pathological. Anatomy of the 1st MMI. Since 1958 scientific. sotr., head. lab. histochemistry and electron microscopy Ying-that exper. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. scientific. work dedicated. mechanisms of energy metabolism of tumor cells, the establishment of regularities that determine the profile of a malignant tumor, the development of histochemical, immunological and electron microscopic diagnostic methods in oncology. One of the first in the country to begin a systematic study of the diffuse endocrine system (APUD-system), developed a classification of the cells of this system - apudocytes and its lesions - apudopathies. Member board Ros. scientific. about-va of pathologists. Etc. them. A. I. Abrikosov, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1979). Works: Oxidative-reduction enzymes in tumors. M., 1967; Ultrastructure of human tumors. Diagnostic guide. M., 1981 (et al.); APUD-system. (General pathological and oncological aspects), h. 1-2. Obninsk, 1993 (et al.).
RAIKHMAN Yehoshua (1861, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1942), religious and public figure. From a young age in E.-I. Studied at the Etz-Chaim yeshiva in Jerusalem. One of the founders and the first before. council of the district "Beit Israel" (1887). As a messenger of religions. org-tsion was repeatedly in the USA and South. Africa. Since 1900 dir. Talmud-Torah and hospitals in Jerusalem, took an active part in the work of the Ashkenazi Community Council. Member the first mountains. Jewish Council in Jerusalem. After the 1st world. war entered the "Mizrahi" movement. Deputy prev. Religious Council of Jerusalem.
RAIKHMAN Khananiya (ps. Avi-Avshalom, H. Ben-Shlomo, Khananiya Ran) (1905, Grishino Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1982, Tel Aviv), poet, translator. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1923 - one of the hands. of the Yekaterinoslav branch of the Tseirei Zion party. He was arrested and sentenced to prison. After his release in 1926 he left for E.-I. Main book: "Mi shirat ha-olam" ("From world poetry", 1942, 2nd ed. - 1964, additional and expanded), "Pitgamim u-mikhtamim" ("Aphorisms and Epigrams", 1955, 2 ed. 1990), "Dvash ve-okets" ("Honey and Sting", 1960) - c. 2000 aphorisms, about a quarter of which belong to R., "Hebrew Aliza" ("Cheerful Hebrew", 1975). He translated into Hebrew the fables of I.A. Krylov (1949, more than 20 reprints), E. Steinberg (1954, from Yiddish), stories, essays and plays by Z. Zhabotinsky, verses by R.L. Baumvol. The author of the poem in Russian. lang. In Memory of a Friend (1971); per. in Russian lang. poems by N. Alterman (collection "Silver dish". Jerusalem, 1976).
REIKHSHTEIN Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1957, Moscow), graphic artist. Son of E.E. Mikhelevich and A.D. Raichstein. In 1980 he graduated from the Faculty of Art and Technology. design of printed materials Mosk. polygraph. in-that. Designed the book: "The Ugly Duchess" by L. Feuchtwanger and "Plays" by K. Zuckmeier (both - 1984), "Conscience Against Violence" by S. Zweig (1986), "Selected" by A. de Vigny (1987), "The Name of the Rose "U. Ekko (1990)," Fav. manuf. " G. von Hoffmannsthal (1995) and others, as well as children. book: "Obedient hare" G. Lagzdyn (1988) and others. Since 1990 - in Finland. Teaches thin. design at Helsinki University. R.'s works were exhibited in Helsinki, Stockholm, etc.
REIKHSHTEIN Alexander Davidovich (1928, Kolomna, Moscow region - 1985, Moscow), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1974), prof. (1977). He graduated from it. separate ped. f-that Military. in-that foreign. lang. (1949). In 1948–52 he taught in the military. uch-schhah (Volsk, Odessa, Ordzhonikidze), military. translator Gr. owls. troops in Germany. In 1953–56 he was a postgraduate student at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1956-59 he taught at the Gorky Institute of Foreign Studies. yaz., in 1961–85 at the Department of Lexicology and Stylistics of it. lang. in MGPII. Author approx. 200 st., A large number of developments in colloquial speech, gas. vocabulary, etc., uch. manuals, monographs. Cit .: German stable phrases. L., 1971; Comparative analysis of German and Russian phraseology. M., 1980.
RAIKHSTEIN Nora Abramovna (b. 1926, Odessa), director. In 1951 she graduated from GITIS. From 1952 - in Leningrad. In 1954 she was admitted to the New Tr. In the New Theater (Lensovet Theater) she staged productions: "The Night of the Test" by G. Lyutovsky (1956), "Good Night, Patricia" by A. de Benedetti (1959), "Dangerous Age" by SD Narignani (1960), "The Gadfly" by E. Voynich (1962), "The Crystal Slipper" by T.G. Gabbe (1963), "The Night Story" by K. Hoinski (1966), "The Kid and Carlson Who Lives on the Roof" by A. Lindgren (1969), “The Snow Queen” by EL Schwartz (1977), “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof” by T. Williams (1981), etc. Since 1989 - at the Academy. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin. Staged: "The First Ball of Cinderella" (by the script of Schwartz, 1990), "Cricket on the stove" by Charles Dickens (in his stage adaptation, 1992), "Jokers, or Praise for Sumarokov" (play-script by R. based on A P.P.Sumarokov), "Jokers" by A.N. Ostrovsky and "Moscow-Petushki" after V.V. Erofeev, 1992), "To be afraid of sorrow, happiness will not be seen" by S.Ya. Marshak (1994), etc. In the 1970s. R. carried out on television the staging of television performances: "Overhaul" by L.S. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1984).
RAIKIN Arkady Isaakovich (1911, Riga - 1987, Moscow), stage artist. Hero of Socialist Labor (1981). In 1935 he graduated from Leningrad. in-t scenic lawsuit and began to work in Leningrad. TRAM. At the same time. performed on the stage as an entertainer. From 1939 - art., Then thin. hands. founded by him in the same year Leningrad. t-ra variety art and miniatures (since 1982 - State t-r miniatures in Moscow, since 1987 - t-r "Satyricon", since 1992 bears the name of R.). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of pop artists (1939). In 1940 the first program "For a Cup of Tea" by V.S.Polyakov appeared. The first is post-war. performance by R. - "In Own Words" (1945). Among the programs of the 1950s – 60s. - "It's really not a sin to laugh" by Polyakov (1953), "White Nights" by VA, Livshits and AA, Khazin (1957), "Traffic Light" by MM Zhvanetsky, L, I, Likhodeev and others. (1967), in the program "Plus-minus" (Likhodeev, Zhvanetsky), the monologue "In the Greek Hall" was widely known. He starred in films and TV / f: "Doctor Kalyuzhny" (1939, the role of the doctor Moni Shapiro), "Concert to the Front" (1943), "Arkady Ray-kin" (1967), "The Magic Power of Art" (1971) and others. In 1981 the premiere of the play "His Majesty the Theater" took place. 1987 - tour of R. in the USA. Together with her daughter E.A. Raikina, an artist of the T. Eug. Vakhtangov and his son performed with the program "Fathers and Sons". Nar. art. USSR (1968). Linen. etc. (1980).
RAIKIN Konstantin Arkadievich (b. 1950, Leningrad), actor. The son of A.I. Raikin. In 1970 he graduated from Moscow. theater. uch-shche them. BV Shchukin and entered the troupe of the t-ra "Sovremennik" (Moscow). Among the roles: Andrew Eguchek ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1975), Epikhodov ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, 1976), Lorenzaccio ("Lorenzaccio" by AD Musset, 1980). Since 1981 - in the theater "Satyricon", played in the play "His Majesty the Theater" (1981). In 1983 he participated in the youth program "Faces". There was a cut. father in the performances "Peace to your house" by ST Altov (1984), "What is our life" by AM Arkanov (1986). After the death of his father, he became the head of the Satyricon. In 1992 he played Ch. role in the play "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan. Nar. art. RF (1992).
RAIKOV Dmitry Abramovich (1905, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1929). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1941), prof. (1950). He worked in the Voronezh state. un-te (1933–35), in Gostekhizdat (1935–43), in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938–48), in Kostroma ped. in-those (1949–52), in Shuisky ped. in-those (1952–56), at MGPI (since 1957). Main research results. relate to functions. Analysis, Probability Theory, and Topology, Works: Commutative Norms. rings. M., 1960 (in co-authorship with I.M. Gel'fand and G.E. Shilov); Vector spaces. M., 1962; Multidimensional mat. analysis. M., 1989.
RAYOVKA VELIKAYA, see Velikaya Raevka.
RAIPOLE, a settlement in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Raipol Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1897, 220 Jews (14.3%) lived in R., in 1939 - 8 Jews. In 1882–1903, R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the summer of 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of R. were killed.
RAIPOLE, see Raipole.
PARADISE Avraham-Adam (b. 1914, Bialystok, Grodno province), politician, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth, a member of the communist. traffic in Poland. Since 1932 - in France, member. Communist Party of France, since 1934 sotr. com. gas. in Yiddish Naye Press. After the occupation of France - a member of the Resistance movement, one of the organizers of the Jewish anti-Fash. underground, from July 1941 until the end of the war - secretary. Jewish section of the Communist Party of France, collaborated in the underground. print, contributed to the creation. "Council of the Jews of France".
RAYSKY Solomon Mendelevich (1905, Novozybkov, Chernigov province. - 1979, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Tech. sciences. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1932). Assistant, Assoc. Department of General Physics, Moscow State University, scientific. sotr. optical lab. G.S. Landsberg. In the beginning. 1930s R. created new methods of spectral express analysis for lab. control of alloys. Region scientific. interests: experiment. research in the region. physical optics, molecular physics and spectral analysis. He developed a technique for spectral-analytical. quantities, determination of silicon in malleable cast iron during melting and created an instrument for the spectral determination of silicon and chromium in cast iron, as well as copper, titanium, aluminum, chromium and tungsten in steels. Works: Tables of spectral lines. M.-L., 1952 (et al.).
RIGHT Raisa Yakovlevna (nee Chernomordik, married to Rait-Kovalev, ps. Rita Wright, R. Wright-Kovaleva) (1898, Petrushevo, Kherson province - 1988, Moscow), translator, writer. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1923 she graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1924-30 sotr. lab. I.P. Pavlova; in 1935–38 scientific. sotr. Institute of the brain in Leningrad. In 1941–44 corr. Sovinformburo in Arkhangelsk. She began publishing in 1920. In the same year she translated into it. lang. "Mystery-buff" VV Mayakovsky, staged in 1921 in the 1st state. circus for business. 3rd Congr. Comintern. She studied at the Higher. lit.-thin. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusova, collaborated in "ROSTA Windows". Author per. thin prose from English, French, German. lang. (J. Steinbeck, E. Sinkler, M. Twain, J. Golsworthy, J. Salinger, K. Vonnegut, F. Kafka, G. Böll, E. Triole, N. Sarrott and others). She translated The Diary of Anne Frank (Moscow, 1960). To Leningrad. t-pax in the lane. R. played plays by K. Odets, J.B. Priestley. For the lane. amer. literature was awarded to them. T. Wilder Int. per. Center of Columbia University (1983). The author of the book: "Red Triangle" (M.-L., 1923), "Robert Berne" (M., 1959), "The Man from the" Museum of Man "(Moscow, 1982) - about B.V. Wilde and other participants fr. Resistance; rec. about V.V.Mayakovsky, V.V. Khlebnikov, B.L. Pasternak, A.A. Akhmatova; Art. about liters of the West, thin problems. translation.
RAITMAN Samson Semenovich (b. 1916, Vinnytsia, Podolsk province), architect. Cand. architecture (1955). Graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa builds, in-that. Main works: residential districts in Sekra (1962) and Kema (1965) in Rep. Ghana, a residential area in Tashkent (prospect SM USSR, 1970), North. residential area Miass (State pr. RSFSR, 1981). At competitions of projects of the center of Dushanbe (1975), Tbilisi (1976), Sumy (1980) - 1st Ave. arch. RSFSR (1982).
RAITSER Liya Yakovlevna (1902, Vilna - 1988, Moscow), painter, fabric artist. In 1917 she graduated from craft. uch-shche, having received the specialty of a dressmaker, during the Civil. war worked as a seamstress in the workshops of the 11th Army Vost. fr., simultaneously drew posters and decorations for self-styled people. t-ra. In 1919–20 she studied at the Perm Art and Decor. workshops, from where she was sent to the workers' faculty at VKHUTEMAS in Moscow. In 1924 she entered the text. Faculty of VKhUTEIN, where she studied with S.V. Gerasimov, K.N. Istomin, A.V. Kuprin, V.A. Favorsky. Consisted in gr. OMAKHRR (1928–32), organizer of the text, section of the Moscow Union of Artists (1932). In 1941–45 she was a nurse. Since 1925 she took part in exhibitions, including international exhibitions. (Paris, 1925, 1929; Strasbourg, 1929; New York, 1937; Moscow-Paris, 1981). Person, exhibition in 1984. Main. works: drawings for printed fabrics "Demonstration", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Mechanization of the Red Army" (1928–32), tablecloth "Parachutes", tapestry "Airborne assault" (1930s), posters for "Windows of TASS" (1942 –45), tablecloths “Victory” (1945), “Jubilee” (1947), tapestries “Blooming” (1967), “Tarusa birches” (1973), curtains “Mir”, “Cranes” (1974–76, jointly. with R.I.Natapova for the Palace of Culture in Bryansk), etc. Works are in the Museum of Nar. arts in Moscow, the State Russian Museum, etc.
RAITSES Berka Zalmanovich (1885, Minsk - 1920, Pyatigorsk), politician. From the age of 16 he participated in the roar. movement. In Feb.-Dec. 1918 during the occupation of Minsk by the Germans, the troops headed the Minsk underground committee (from April 1918 - the Minsk underground regional committee) of the RCP (b), led the work of the Zamirievsky, Igumensky, Kaikovsky, Slutsky and Nesvizh underground sub-district committees of the party, participated in the org - guerrillas. movement. From Apr. 1918 members Centre. bureau of trade unions of Minsk, before. trade union of food workers. One of the organizers of the 1st underground conf. school desks. org-tions of the Minsk region (July 1918, Minsk). From nov. 1918 led the creation of weapons. slave. groups and suburban partisans. detachments, preparation for the elections to the Minsk Council. After the entry into Minsk of the Kr. Army - People's Commissar for Food, worked in trade unions.
RAYTSIN Efraim (1903, Brovki, Volyn province - 1969, Kiev), translator, playwright. Graduated from commercial. school in Berdichev (1919). In 1929 he moved to Kiev, where he studied at Ying-those Nar. x-va and worked as a journalist. In one of the first productions. R. - pov. "On Vira" (1933) reflected the impressions of a trip to D. Vostok. He published short stories, essays, plays. Translated manuf. Jewish writers in Ukrainian. lang. (L.M. Kvitko, P.D. Markish, P.M. Hucmep, G. Orlyand, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, I.-L. Peretz and others). In the lane. R. in ukr. lang. left Fav. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (Kharkov, 1930). The author of the plays "The Three of Us" (1942), "At an Nameless Height" (1943), "Who's Lucky" (1946), "Friends" (1948), "When Two Are Separated" (1964), which were staged in t-ts Kiev and other mountains. Ukraine.
RAITSY, a village in the Tolochinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orsha district Mogilev province. In the summer of 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942 approx. R. was shot apprx. 2 thousand Jews from Tolochin. In 1964 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed.
RISE Benjamin-Chaim (1863, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1933, Warsaw), writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1881 he settled in Warsaw, where he was engaged in trade. First stories publ. into gas. "Ha-Tsefira" and "Ha-Asif", published in Russian. press. He began to write in Yiddish in the years of the 1st world. war. Publ. cycle of stories "Siberian stories" in gas. "Gaynt", some of them came out dep. book in Warsaw in 1926. He also released rum there. "The Copper King of Siberia". R. wrote a number of plays, some of them were staged in the Warsaw Jewish Theater: "Di zekste Symphony" ("Sixth Symphony"), "Police Officer Mergavin", etc.
RISA Rosa (1893, Bialystok, Grodno Province - 1963, Los Angeles), singer (dramatic soprano). Educated at the Neapolitan cons. "San Pietro a Mayela", then studied with B.Marchisio. In 1913 she made her debut in Paris and Milan, in 1914 she sang in the Riga opera house "Costanzi", in 1915 - in the theater "Colon" (Buenos Aires). In the same year she was admitted to the Chicago Opera. She has toured throughout Europe and the USA. In 1924 she participated in the premiere of op. A. Boito "Nero" in "La Scala" (part of Asteria). In 1926 she performed the part of Turandot in the premiere of the opera of the same name. G. Puccini. R. took part in the festivals Arena di Verona and Florentine Musical May. In 1937 with her husband italian. baritone G. Rimini opened an opera studio in Chicago. R. is a prototype of Ch. heroine rum. Sholem Aleichem "Wandering Stars".
RAISBERG Boris Abramovich (b. 1929, Belokorovichi, Zhytomyr region), economist, specialist. in the region. mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964), Doctor of Economics, Sciences (1969), Prof. (1987). In 1952 he graduated from the Leningrad design department. mechanical in-ta, in 1958 - mat.-fur. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1961–67 - Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. ch. the designer of the branch of the experimental KB-1. Participation. in the development of the first owls. an intercontinental ballistic missile for solid fuel (MBRTT) and a silo launch system MBRTT. One of the creators of the cosmonaut emergency rescue system. In 1967–70 - early. department of the Central Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics, in 1970–92 at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1992–95 - consultant of the Working Center for Economic Reforms under the Government of the Russian Federation, since 1995 - Ch. scientific. employee of the Institute of Macroeconomic Research at the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. Works: Foundations of the theory of working processes in rocket systems on solid fuel. M., 1972 (et al.); A systematic approach to long-term planning. M., 1975 (et al.); Introduction to Economics. 4th ed. M., 1994 (textbook for schools); Market economy. 3rd ed. M., 1995; Economic encyclopedia for children and adults. M., 1995.
RAIZE Efim (Chaim) Samoilovich (1904, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1970, Leningrad), writer. In student. years in Kiev participated in the Zionist. movement. In 1929 he was arrested and exiled to the Solovetsky camp for 3 years. Then he lived in Leningrad, met I.I. Ravrebe, S.L. Tsinberg and became a member of "Hebrew" circle, headed by H. Lensky. Arrested again in 1934 and charged with counterrevolution. and a Zionist. activities. He was sentenced to 3 years, but released a year later at the request of M. Gorky. Returning to Leningrad, he continued to study Jewish literature. In 1943–46 he prepared a collection of works. about Jews - heroes of the war. In 1947 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in labor camps. Released in 1955. Publ. in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" Art. about Sholem Aleichem, Mendel Moikher-Sforim, etc.
RAISFEDER Yakov (1890, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Writer, playwright, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1923 he emigrated to Argentina, then returned to Warsaw. He made his debut as a feuilleton writer in the local Yiddish press. Publ. sketches, short stories, poems, fairy tales for children. The first book. Der Milhier (Milk) was released in 1912 (Warsaw). In the lane. R. in Yiddish came out. M. Konopnitskaya, br. Grimm, Z. Setona-Thompson and others. The drama of R. “Der Invalid” was staged on the stage of Jewish t-drov in Poland. He died in the ghetto.
RAISMAN Yitzhok-Zelik (1901, Sokolov, Sedletskaya Province - 1976, Safed, Israel), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1925 he emigrated to Argentina, then moved to Brazil, from 1946 - to the USA, worked as a teacher. Since 1967 - in Israel. Publ. stories, ist. research and per. in different periodic. ed. The first book. Yiddish was released in 1934 in Sao Paulo. The author of the book. The History of the Jews in Brazil (Sao Paulo, 1935), In Shtrem (Into the Thunderstorm, Tel Aviv, 1965), A Quarter Century of the Jewish Press in Brazil. 1915-1940 "(Tel Aviv, 1968)," Jewish creativity in Portuguese-speaking countries "(Ibid, 1975).
RAISMAN Yuliy Yakovlevich (1903, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Film director. Hero of Socialist Labor (1973). In 1924 he graduated from the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the 1st Moscow State University and began working as an assistant director. on the c / st "Mezhrabpom-Rus" (at YA Protazanov). From 1926 dir. k / st Gosvoenkino and Vostokkino. Since 1931 at the Mosfilm cinema. In 1944–64 the teacher, prof. VGIK. He starred in f. Chess Fever (1925, assistant pharmacist), scriptwriter f. The Dark Kingdom (1929). He made his debut in directing f. Circle (1927, jointly with A. Gavronsky). The first independent work - f. "Hard labor" (1928). Dir. ph .: "The Earth Thirsts" (1930), "A Story about Umar Khaptsoko" (1932), "Pilots" (1935, diploma of the 1st Moscow Art Festival in Moscow, 1935), "The Last Night" (1937, pr. the time of the World Exhibition in Paris), "Mashenka" (1942), and others. "The Lesson of Life", one of the first paintings of the "thaw" period. In 1958, R. removed f. "Communist", in 1962 one of the most significant. their f. - "And if this is love |". This was followed by: "Your Contemporary" (1968), "A Visit of Courtesy" (1973), "Strange Woman" (1978), "Private Life" (1982, the Golden Lion prize at the 15th Moscow Art Festival in Venice, nomination for . "Oscar" of the American Film Academy, 1983), "The Time of Desires" (1984). Doc. ph .: “On the issue of an armistice with Finland” (1944), “Berlin” (1945, Grand Prix in Cannes, 1946), “Golden Sestertius” (at the 6th ICF in Nyon, Switzerland, 1974). Nar. art. USSR (1964). Became. etc. (1941, 1943, 1946 - twice, 1950, 1952). State pr. USSR (1983). State pr. RSFSR them. br. Vasilievs (1986).
RAISNER Jegusha (1860, Lodz - 1915, Warsaw), poet. R.'s work is characterized by features of Badkhanov's poetry. Being blind, R. performed his works. on the streets and squares. For the first time R.'s poems publ. in Warsaw (1911), the book was published there. "Badhonishe Leader" ("Songs of Badkhan").
Razdelnaya, city (since 1957), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1863. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Tiraspol u. Kherson province. In 1923 51 Jews lived in R., in 1926 - 139, in 1939 - 283 Jews (4.8%). 1905 in R. on the railway. A pogrom took place at the station, during which 9 Jews were killed and 35 wounded. The 1919 pogrom in R. was organized by units of the Directory. 1920s OK. R. was organized by several. Jewish farmers. groups, including "New Era" (immigrants from Uman; 240 people), "New Dawn" (immigrants from the Monastyrshchina of the Kiev environs; 126 people). 10 Aug. 1941 R. was occupied by German-Romanians. troops. Most of the Jews in R. managed to evacuate or were mobilized. In aug. - Sept. 1941 in R. a group of Jews who remained in the occupation was killed. In total, 14 Jews were killed in the region.
RAZDOLINSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Motyginsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). In 1939, 8 Jews lived in R.
Razdolnoe, an urban-type settlement (since 1942) in the Nadezhdinsky District of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). 68 Jews lived in R. in 1939. D.K. Orlov, E.A. Perelshtein.
DISCOVERY, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in Sinelnikovsky district of Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1778. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pavlograd u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in R.
RAZGON Anatoly Izrailevich (b. 1930, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1981). Son of I.M. Razgon. In 1954 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University, taught history in Wed. school in the city of Taiga, Kemerovo region., since 1956 in uch. institutions of Moscow. In 1961–93 he was a postgraduate student, then scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1993 - in the USA. Main research dedicated problems of polit, and class struggle in Russia in 1917–21, the history of the creation. owls. state apparatus, the emergence and activities of the party of the Left Social Revolutionaries. Vol .: All-Union Central Executive Committee of Soviets in the first months of the dictatorship of the proletariat. M., 1977.
RAZGON Avram Moiseevich (1920, Yartsevo, Smolensk province. - 1989, Moscow), historian, museologist. Dr. East Sciences (1974), prof. (1986). In 1938–39 he studied at Moscow. mining institute. In 1939 he entered the East. f-t MIFLI, but in the same year he was drafted into the army. Participated in Soviet-Finl. war. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943 after heavy. injured demobilized. In 1949 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1953–73 at the Research Institute of Museology of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR (senior scientific worker, deputy director for science). In 1972–74 he headed the sector of museology of the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR. Since 1974 head. dep. cartography of the State Historical Museum, simultaneously. (1974–89) headed the department of museum affairs at Vses. Institute of advanced training of cultural workers. He lectured on museology at Moscow State University and Moscow State Institute of Agrarian Studies. 1977–83 members. Int. Council of Museums at UNESCO (ICOM), simultaneously. Vice President Committee of Museology as part of ICOM; participated in the development of the international dictionary. museological terms.
RAZGON Israel Borisovich (1892 - 1937), military leader. Corps Commissar (1935). Before the Revolution, he graduated from high school. Since 1908, members RSDLP. From 1912 he served in the army; participant 1st world. war. In the Red Army since 1918; participant of Citizens. war - regiment commander, military commissar. Military Commissar of the Petrograd Headquarters. VO, participant in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion. In 1922 pom. military commissar. Academy of the Red Army. In 1923 pom. military. Nazir Bukhara Nar. rep. and teams. Bukhara Kr. Army. Since 1924 pom. military commissar Voen.-mor. academies, simultaneously. listener east. f-that Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1926, the military commissar of Hydrographic. ex. Navy; from 1928 after graduation from KUVNAS at the Military-naval academy - early. and a military commissar. Hydrographic. ex. Since 1932 pom. teams, military-mor. forces. The Black Sea. Since 1936 pom. teams. Baltflot for material support. In the beginning. 1937 appointed early. ex. weapons of the Red Army Navy. Load ord. Cr. Banner and Kr. Crescent. In the fall of 1937 he was arrested and shot.
ACCELERATION Israel Mendelevich (1905, Gorki, Mogilev province. - 1987, Tomsk), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). In 1927–31 he studied at the 2nd Moscow State University, in 1931–34 - in graduate school at MIFLI; at the same time. taught at universities in Moscow. In 1934–41 and 1944–49 he worked in the secretariat of Ch. ed. “Stories of citizens. wars in the USSR ". In 1934–42 at the Department of History of the USSR MIFLI, in 1942–49 prof. Department of History of the USSR East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1942–45 deputy. prev. Commission on history led. Otech. war prez. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism", he was dismissed from scientific. institutions of Moscow and moved to Tomsk, where in 1949–86 he headed the department of history of the USSR of the Tomsk state. un-that. With a cop. 1957 members scientific. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the complex problem “History led. Oct socialist revolution ", in 1971-87 before. Sib. sections of this advice. Compiled and edited by book “Documents on the history of civil. war in the USSR "(t. 1. M., 1940)," Documents of the Great. proletarian revolution "(Moscow, 1948). One of the authors and ed. “Stories of citizens. wars in the USSR "(vol. 2. Moscow, 1942 - Steel, pr. 1 st., 1943); author of sect. “Russia at the beginning. XX century. " and "Sov. period of history of the USSR "in TSB (1st ed., t." USSR "); one of the comp. publications “Petrograd. VRK "(v. 1-3. M., 1966-67); member ch. editorial board, one of the authors and responsible. ed. 4th volume "History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day"; one of the authors and member. editorial board of the 5th volume.
RAZGON Lev Emmanuilovich (1908, Gorki, Mogilev province. - 1999, Moscow), writer. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1932). At the end of the 1920s. - ed., Publicist, critic in the region. children and youthful literature. In 1938 he was arrested. Until 1955 - in prison and exile. The author of the book: "V. Yan" (M, 1961), "The Magic of a Popularizer" (M, 1962), "Under the code" RB "(book about N. Rubakin. M., 1966)," The Living Voice of Science " (M., 1970), “The World in Which Children Are Not Guests” (M., 1969), “Visible Knowledge” (M., 1983), p. about the life of outstanding scientists: "Sixth Station" (Moscow, 1964), "One Year and All Life" (Moscow, 1973), "The Force of Gravity" (Moscow, 1979), "Moscow Stories" (Moscow, 1983 ). "Seven Lives" (M., 1992) - about the scientist-travelers NM Przhevalsky, GN Potanin and others. Naib. fame brought autobiographical pov. "Invented" (M., 1988).
RAZIEL (Rozenson) David (1910, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1941, Habbania, Iraq), military leader. Brother E. Raziel-Noar. Since 1913 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshiva "Merkaz ha-rav" in Jerusalem, then at the Jewish un-those. He entered Gagana in 1929 during the Arab riots. In 1931 he left Gagana due to disagreement with the policy of restraint of the leadership of the organization. Founded ETsEL. In 1937 he became one of the leaders of ETsEL, in 1938 at the suggestion of Z. Zhabotinsky - its commander. Pursued a policy of retaliatory operations against the terrorist. actions of the Arabs. He actively participated in the organization of illegal immigration. In 1939, the Brit. mandated authorities. In 1941, after the pro-German coup of Rashid Ali al-Gailani in Iraq, R. led a group of ETsEL fighters on the instructions of the British. intelligence was sent to carry out sabotage and reconnaissance. operations in the region of Baghdad, died during the bombing. Moshav Ramat Raziel in the Judean mountains is named after R.
RAZIEL-NOAR (Rozenson) Esther (b. 1911, Smorgon, Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province), public figure. Sister D. Raziel From 1923 - in E.I. She graduated from the teacher's seminar "Levinsky" in Tel Aviv. Beitar movement activist. She joined ETsEL, participated in the military. operations. She was the first speaker of the underground radio station ETsELa (1939). In 1943 she entered the command of ETsEL. In 1944 she was arrested together with her husband J. Noar (one of the commanders of ETsEL) after the Brit. the police found a secret radio station in their home. Released after seven months of imprisonment and arrested again after the explosion at the Tsar David Hotel (1946). After the creation of the State of Israel - dep. Knesset of the 1-7th convocations (1949-73) from the Herut party. In tech. pl. years was a member. the Knesset Commission on Education, published articles in dec. gas. in Hebrew.
RAZINSKY Boris Davidovich (b. 1933, Kharkov), athlete (football). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1956). He played for the CDSA team (Moscow). Goalkeeper of the USSR national team that won Olympus. games in 1956, multiple champion and winner of the USSR Cup.
RAZUMNITSA, a village in the Stavishchensky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tarashchansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery and manufactory shops in R.
Reasonable Alexander Efimovich (1891, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1972, Moscow), film director, cameraman. Since 1907 he has been an actor in a theater and troupes in Uman, Odessa, Mogilev, Elizavetgrad. In 1914 he graduated from the painting department of Odessa artist. uch-schA. Since 1915, actor and dir. decomp. moscow film firms. From 1917 dir. by I.N. Ermoliev. From 1918 dir. Vseros. photocinema department, head. dep. t-ditch and spectacle theater. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, dir. Workshop communist. drama, thin. hands. Model mobile t-ra RSFSR No. 5, chl. reign and dir. t-va "Kino-Moscow". From 1922 dir. k / st "Proletkino", "Goskino", in 1926-28 - the film companies "Prometheus" (Berlin), "Phoebus Film" (Paris). In 1928–45, dir. k / st "Sovkino", "Mezhrabpomfilm" and "Soyuzdetfilm", since 1945 - "Mosfilm". In 1918 he made his debut as a director, began with agitation. tapes, among which ryh. "Comrade Abram" (1919), "Mother" (1920), "The Gang of Father Knysh" (1924). In Germany he shot f. "Extra people" (but to A.P. Chekhov, 1926), "The Queen of Spades" (after A.S. Pushkin, 1927), "The Prince or the Clown" (1928). Into the sound. cinema izv. f. R. "Timur and his team" (by A.P. Gaidar, 1940), "Ignotas returned home" (1956). He took off scientific-popul. f. about the claim; taught at the "Proletkino" cinema and at the State Electoral Commission. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957).
Reasonable Mark (Movshe) Abramovich (1896, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Koven province. - 1988, Riga), writer, poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from high school in Riga. From 1919 - in Germany, where he was an employee of a bank in Hamburg. Expelled from Germany in 1921, returned to Riga. Was sotr. gas. "Dos folk", where publ. stories, reports, reviews. In 1926–34 corr. gas. Free Morgn. From 1937 ed. zhurn. "Yiddish Bilder". He wrote his first short story on it. lang. Publ. in Jewish, Russian, Latvian, and other periodicals. ed. Translated into Yiddish. Russian, Latvian, German and English. writers (N. Garin, A. I. Svirsky, L. Feuchtwanger, E. M. Remark, J. Rainis and others). In the 1930s. in Jewish theaters in Latvia and other countries, R.'s plays "Doctor Herman Meerovich" and "Motka Chabad" were staged; Mendele Moikher-Sforima and Sholem Aleichem. In 1946–48 - Riga correspondent. gas. Einikite. He returned to active creative activity at the beginning. 1960s, published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" fables and short stories. Op .: So that the heart does not hurt. Riga, 1963; Golden dove. Riga, 1975; And the trees bloom in the fall. [B. m.], 1980.
RAZUMOV Mikhail Osipovich (Aron Iosifovich) (1894, Glukhov, Chernigov province - 1937), politician. Member RSDLP from 1913. Until 1917 on the trade union. and desks. work. From 1917 to the Sov., Party., Military. and trade union. work. 1st sec. Bashkir (1929–33) and Tatar (1929–31) regional party committees. In 1934-37 1st sec. East-Sib. regional committee of the party. Elected member. Central Committee of the Communist Party (1930–34) and Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1934–37). Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed.
RAILWAY, a village in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 30 Jews lived in R.
REBELSKY (Avineri) Moishe (1877, Kalinovka, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province - 1944, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod, in the family of Rabbi Kazatin. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1904-11, the rabbi in Bayramche Bessarab. lip., where he created a school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1911–13 the rabbi of Kazatin, in 1913–26 - Ungheni (Bessarabia). During the 1st world. During the war, he was a member of the delegation of rabbis who petitioned in Petrograd to abolish the call of rabbis for military service. In 1919–20 he helped refugees from Ukraine. From 1926 - in E.-I .; taught in Yavniel and Safed.
REBELSKY Iosif Veniaminovich (1894 1949), psychiatrist, psychologist, teacher. Prof. (1933). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University (1922), worked as a psychiatrist in Saratov and Moscow. Head Department of psychophysiology of labor in the All. prom. academy. From 1939 he was taught. sec. Research Institute of Schools. In 1941–45, Ch. psychiatrist Zap., and then 3rd Belorussian, fronts. In 1944, having entered Lithuania with the army, he took an active part in the organization in Vilnius and Kaunas for two children. homes for over 400 Jewish children who survived the occupation. Book. R. "The ABC of Mental Labor" withstood the 14th edition. In 1948 he was repressed.
RECHEN, a village in the Luban district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobruisk district. Minsk province. 98 Jews (10.9%) lived in R. in 1897. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 19th century Main the occupation of the Jews was villages. economy.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РЕЧИЦА, город (с 1796), районный центр в Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1195. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ.В 1765 в Р. проживало 133 еврея, в 1800 – 1268, в 1847 – 2080, в 1897 – 5334 (57,4%), в 1910 – 7064 (58,7%), в 1920 – 7928, в 1923 – 7452 (49,2%), в 1926 – 7386, в 1939 – 7237 (27,3%), в 1970 – 3123 (6,4%), в 1979 – 2594 (4,3%), в 1989 – 1904 (2,7%), в 1997 – 450 (0,6%), в 2000 – 340 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Р. относится к нач. 17 в. В 1648 еврейская община Р. была уничтожена войсками Б.М.Хмельницкого. Со временем общинная жизнь в Р. возродилась. В 1800 среди евреев Р. было 14 купцов. В 1856 действовало 4 синагоги. С 1865 казенным раввином в Р. был Калман Гиршевич Тауберг, в 1880-х гг. – Пинхус Янкелевич Карасик. В 1883 в Р. действовало частное муж. еврейское уч-ще. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в Р. находился хасидский двор внука Цемах Цедека Шойлома-Дойвбера Шнеерсона (?–1908). Действовало об-во пособия бедным.В окт. 1905 в Р. произошел погром, устроенный крестьянами близлежащих деревень.В 1905 в Р. имелось отд-ние ССРП. В 1910 действовали 8 синагог, двухклассное нар. муж. уч-ще, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, частное еврейское жен. уч-ще, талмуд-тора, еврейская богадельня, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1910-х гг. раввином в Р. был любавичский хасид Шимон Гиршович Лазаров (1885, Прилу- ки – 1933). В 1912 в Р. имелись Ремесленное и Мелкоторг. еврейские ссудо-сберегат. т-ва. В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, единств. булочная, единств. ювелирный магазин и 32 лавки в Р. (в т. ч. все 10 мануфактурных, все 7 бакалейных, все 3 керосинные, единств. посудная). В Р. работала еврейская б-ка. В 1915 создано «Об-во выдачи беспроцентных ссуд евреям Речицы».В 1920 в Р. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион»; был открыт еврейский рабочий клуб им. Б.М.Борохова. В работе 12-й конф. Бунда (Москва) в 1920 принимал участие делегат от Р. В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта открылось 3 дет. дома. В 1922 действовало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. в Р. были закрыты синагоги, здания переданы под мастерские, жилые помещения, школу мед. сестер, кожно-венерологический диспансер.В 1918–24 раввином в Р. был Хаим-Шлойме Кум (1859, Речица – 1932, Иерусалим), в кон. 1920-х – нач. 1930-х гг. – Ицхок Твилес.В 1924 выходцы из Р. (6 семей, 20 чел.) организовали в Крыму еврейский земледельч. коллектив «Новый быт» (в 1925 – 36 семей, 199 чел.). В 1925 ок. Р. были созданы еврейские с.-х. артели «Прогресс», «Май», «Труд». В 1926 выходцами из Р. в Джанкойском р-не Крыма были организованы еврейские земледельч. т-ва «Най-Ланд Арбетер» (59 чел.), «Фрай-Арбет» (52 чел.), «Крымер Блум» (42 чел.). В 1939 в Р. были закрыты еврейская школа и еврейский дет. дом. В 1930-х гг. неофициальные миньяны собирались в частных домах.23 авг. 1941 Р. оккупировали войска вермахта. Часть евреев успела эвакуироваться или была мобилизована. В Р. было создано гетто. 25 нояб. 1941 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно ок. 800 еврейских семей (ок. 3,5 тыс. чел.).После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в Р. В 1946 по инициативе Хаима Гуменика останки расстрелянных евреев были перезахоронены на еврейском кладбище. В 1946 в Р. действовало 2 неофициальных миньяна. Общину возглавлял Ц.А.Карасик. В 1947 группа евреев обратилась с ходатайством об открытии синагоги в здании на ул. Ленина, д. 54.В 1950–70-х гг. нелег. выпечка мацы производилась в частных домах. В 1960–70-х гг. были снесены здания синагог. В 1973 на могиле расстрелянных узников гетто установлен обелиск.В 1989 в Р. организован клуб еврейской культуры «Ами» (пред. – Лев Константинович Рутман). С 1990-х гг. действует религ. еврейская община. В сер. 1990-х гг. установлен памятник расстрелянным евреям.В Р. имеется еврейское кладбище.В Р. род.: И.Г.Блюмин, Е.З.Копелян, Б.О. Корман, А.А.Пинский, Г.З.Рогинский, М.А. Фейгин, А.-С.Юдасин; Натан Борисович Варгафтик (1904–1994, Москва), теплофизик, д-р техн. наук (1952), проф. (1953), тр. в обл. теплофизич. свойств в-ва, Стал. пр. (1950); Яков Маркович Вейншток (1899–1939), сотрудник спецслужб, ст. майор госбезопасности (1935), в 1931–33 – управделами ОГПУ СССР, в 1933–34 – нач. Центр. школы ОГПУ СССР, в 1934–36 – нач. отд. кадров НКВД СССР, «Поч. работник ВЧК–ГПУ» (1929, 1932), нагр. орд. Кр. Звезды (1937), в 1938 арестован, расстрелян; Самуил Давыдович Глуховский (1911–1996, Москва), писатель, очеркист, автор десятков книг о 2-й мир. войне; Борис Наумович Горовой (р. 1930), скульптор, автор портретов, участник выставок с 1954; Леонид Львович Смиловицкий (р. 1955), историк, специалист в обл. истории евреев Белоруссии, д-р ист. наук, с 1992 – в Израиле., pronunciation=РЕЧИЦА, город (с 1796), районный центр в Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1195. В 16–18 вв. – центр повета Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Минской губ.В 1765 в Р. проживало 133 еврея, в 1800 – 1268, в 1847 – 2080, в 1897 – 5334 (57,4%), в 1910 – 7064 (58,7%), в 1920 – 7928, в 1923 – 7452 (49,2%), в 1926 – 7386, в 1939 – 7237 (27,3%), в 1970 – 3123 (6,4%), в 1979 – 2594 (4,3%), в 1989 – 1904 (2,7%), в 1997 – 450 (0,6%), в 2000 – 340 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Р. относится к нач. 17 в. В 1648 еврейская община Р. была уничтожена войсками Б.М.Хмельницкого. Со временем общинная жизнь в Р. возродилась. В 1800 среди евреев Р. было 14 купцов. В 1856 действовало 4 синагоги. С 1865 казенным раввином в Р. был Калман Гиршевич Тауберг, в 1880-х гг. – Пинхус Янкелевич Карасик. В 1883 в Р. действовало частное муж. еврейское уч-ще. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в Р. находился хасидский двор внука Цемах Цедека Шойлома-Дойвбера Шнеерсона (?–1908). Действовало об-во пособия бедным.В окт. 1905 в Р. произошел погром, устроенный крестьянами близлежащих деревень.В 1905 в Р. имелось отд-ние ССРП. В 1910 действовали 8 синагог, двухклассное нар. муж. уч-ще, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, частное еврейское жен. уч-ще, талмуд-тора, еврейская богадельня, имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1910-х гг. раввином в Р. был любавичский хасид Шимон Гиршович Лазаров (1885, Прилу- ки – 1933). В 1912 в Р. имелись Ремесленное и Мелкоторг. еврейские ссудо-сберегат. т-ва. В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. аптека, оба склада аптечных товаров, единств. булочная, единств. ювелирный магазин и 32 лавки в Р. (в т. ч. все 10 мануфактурных, все 7 бакалейных, все 3 керосинные, единств. посудная). В Р. работала еврейская б-ка. В 1915 создано «Об-во выдачи беспроцентных ссуд евреям Речицы».В 1920 в Р. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион»; был открыт еврейский рабочий клуб им. Б.М.Борохова. В работе 12-й конф. Бунда (Москва) в 1920 принимал участие делегат от Р. В нач. 1920-х гг. при помощи Джойнта открылось 3 дет. дома. В 1922 действовало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. в Р. были закрыты синагоги, здания переданы под мастерские, жилые помещения, школу мед. сестер, кожно-венерологический диспансер.В 1918–24 раввином в Р. был Хаим-Шлойме Кум (1859, Речица – 1932, Иерусалим), в кон. 1920-х – нач. 1930-х гг. – Ицхок Твилес.В 1924 выходцы из Р. (6 семей, 20 чел.) организовали в Крыму еврейский земледельч. коллектив «Новый быт» (в 1925 – 36 семей, 199 чел.). В 1925 ок. Р. были созданы еврейские с.-х. артели «Прогресс», «Май», «Труд». В 1926 выходцами из Р. в Джанкойском р-не Крыма были организованы еврейские земледельч. т-ва «Най-Ланд Арбетер» (59 чел.), «Фрай-Арбет» (52 чел.), «Крымер Блум» (42 чел.). В 1939 в Р. были закрыты еврейская школа и еврейский дет. дом. В 1930-х гг. неофициальные миньяны собирались в частных домах.23 авг. 1941 Р. оккупировали войска вермахта. Часть евреев успела эвакуироваться или была мобилизована. В Р. было создано гетто. 25 нояб. 1941 при ликвидации гетто было расстреляно ок. 800 еврейских семей (ок. 3,5 тыс. чел.).После 1945 часть евреев вернулась в Р. В 1946 по инициативе Хаима Гуменика останки расстрелянных евреев были перезахоронены на еврейском кладбище. В 1946 в Р. действовало 2 неофициальных миньяна. Общину возглавлял Ц.А.Карасик. В 1947 группа евреев обратилась с ходатайством об открытии синагоги в здании на ул. Ленина, д. 54.В 1950–70-х гг. нелег. выпечка мацы производилась в частных домах. В 1960–70-х гг. были снесены здания синагог. В 1973 на могиле расстрелянных узников гетто установлен обелиск.В 1989 в Р. организован клуб еврейской культуры «Ами» (пред. – Лев Константинович Рутман). С 1990-х гг. действует религ. еврейская община. В сер. 1990-х гг. установлен памятник расстрелянным евреям.В Р. имеется еврейское кладбище.В Р. род.: И.Г.Блюмин, Е.З.Копелян, Б.О. Корман, А.А.Пинский, Г.З.Рогинский, М.А. Фейгин, А.-С.Юдасин; Натан Борисович Варгафтик (1904–1994, Москва), теплофизик, д-р техн. наук (1952), проф. (1953), тр. в обл. теплофизич. свойств в-ва, Стал. пр. (1950); Яков Маркович Вейншток (1899–1939), сотрудник спецслужб, ст. майор госбезопасности (1935), в 1931–33 – управделами ОГПУ СССР, в 1933–34 – нач. Центр. школы ОГПУ СССР, в 1934–36 – нач. отд. кадров НКВД СССР, «Поч. работник ВЧК–ГПУ» (1929, 1932), нагр. орд. Кр. Звезды (1937), в 1938 арестован, расстрелян; Самуил Давыдович Глуховский (1911–1996, Москва), писатель, очеркист, автор десятков книг о 2-й мир. войне; Борис Наумович Горовой (р. 1930), скульптор, автор портретов, участник выставок с 1954; Леонид Львович Смиловицкий (р. 1955), историк, специалист в обл. истории евреев Белоруссии, д-р ист. наук, с 1992 – в Израиле., extra_data="{'translat...")
RIVER, a village in the Kosiv region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1735. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Richka (other name - Richka Kosovskaya) of the Kosovar district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In nov. 1941 all Jews were killed in R.
RIVERS, a village in the Belopolsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sumy district Kharkiv province. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in R.
RECHMENSKY Nikolai Sergeevich (1897, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Composer, teacher, musicologist. Great place in creative. R.'s activities were occupied by the study of Chechen and Ingush music. From 1938 he collected music. folklore of these peoples, recorded and published a large number of melodies and lyrics, dance patterns. Processed folk melodies for piano, voice and decomp. instr. ensembles. On a folklore basis, R. are written for symphony. orc. "Chechen Suite" (1939), "Ingush Overture" (1940), "Symphonic Suite in Memory of Aslanbek Sheripov" (1958), "Old Chechen March" (1960), "Suite on Chechen-Ingush Folk Themes" (I960), etc. ., as well as a number of solo and choral works. on the texts of Chechen and Ingush poets. Vol .: Chechen-Ingush folk melodies for piano in two hands. M., 1939; Chechen and Ingush folk melodies and songs. M., 1962; Suite on Chechen-Ingush themes. M., 1960; Musical culture of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. M., 1965.
REDEL Anna Arkadyevna (1908, Moscow - 2003), ballerina. She studied at the private ballet school MPFroman in Yalta (1919–22). In 1922–23, the soloist of the Zagreb Theater, op. and the ball. In 1924 she arrived in Moscow. She graduated from choreography. Faculty of Technical School theater, arts (1927, class of I.V.Smoltsov and Ev.I.Dolinskaya). In 1928 she performed in the troupe of the Sovr. buffoonery". In the same year, together with M.M. Khrustalev, she created a new pop genre - choreographic. plot miniature, combining the classic. dance with elements of acrobatics and eccentrics: “Lyric. waltz "(music. H. Stotart and R. Friml)," On the skating rink "(music. I. Strauss)," After the ball "(music. M. L. Presman," Fox and beaver "(music. A. N. . Tsfasman, "Tango" (music by I. Albenis). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Contest of Variety Artists (1939). In 1941-45 she traveled to France many times, performed on the front lines, after the war she toured the USSR and abroad. In 1958–60 she worked at a choreographic school (at the State Academic Bolshoi Theater), staged separate numbers.In 1962–80 she was a choreographer of the All-Russian Creative Workshop of Variety Art. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1947).
REDIUL DE JOS (until 1990 - Redu I), a village in Falesti district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Beletsky district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century in the R. d. Zh. there was a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, after the occupation of the R. d. Zh. Romanians. the troops of the Jewish population were destroyed.
REDKA, a village in the Mozyr district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Radish (other name - New Jerusalem) of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1898, 21 Jewish families (152 people) lived in R., in 1920 there were 35 Jewish families. In 1898, 211 dessiatines were in use by the colonists. land in November. 1920 in R. there was a pogrom, organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich, in the course of which 3 Jews were killed.
REDKI, see Radish.
REDKO Velvl (Valko Leibovich) (1918, Ilyintsy Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1941, Ukraine), poet. He graduated in 1940 Moscow. ped. in-t. He made his poetry debut in Jewish periodicals. ed. in Kiev and Moscow, wrote also lit.-Crete. Art. In June 1941 he voluntarily left for fr. and died in Aug. 1941 during the defense of Kiev. In the 1960s and 70s. zhurn. "Sovetish gameland" publ. several cycles of verses R. Cycle verse. R. is also presented in Sat. "Lear" (M., 1985).
REDKOVTSY (until 1946 - Rarancha), a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. after the occupation of the Romanians. In July 1941, troops in R. killed 2 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
REDLIKH Heinrich (1840, Lask Petrokovskaya Gubernia - 1888, Berlin), engraver. In his youth, he interested in his drawings kn. Golitsyn, to-ry sent R. to Warsaw to study in an engraving workshop. Entered the public account at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts. In 1861 R. received a prize for copper engraving. He worked in Munich for the engraver J. Teter. The Petersburg Academy of Arts awarded R. the title of academician for the engraving "Sermon Skarga" (from the original by Mateika). At the Paris Exhibition of 1878 he was awarded a large gold medal and the Order of the Knight of the Legion of Honor for the engraving "Union of Lublin" (from the original by Matejka). In 1882 R.'s prints were exhibited at Moscow. vseros. exhibition. Main works: "The Last Day of the Condemned", 1880 (from the original by Munkachi), "Madonna di Tempi" (from the original by Raphael), "The entry of the Polish army into Harthausen", (from the original by Brandt), "View of the Vistula Bank" (from the original ). Engraved portraits: Julia Zamoysky, 1878; Paul Kotzebue, 1880; portrait from life I.S.Turgenev and others. Author of the engraving depicting two old Jews admiring the engraving.
REDOAYA, a village in Singerei district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. During the Holocaust, 21 Jews were killed in R.
REDULENIUM VEK (until 1990 - Old Radulyany), a village in the Floreshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Radulyany Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in RV. In 1865 a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.V.
REDUTY, a village in the Kremenchug region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of the Kremenchug district Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were three Jewish farms in R.
REDEW I, see Rediul de Jos.
RENTOVICH Yuliy Markovich (1914, Tambov - 1982, Moscow), violinist. The son of the violinist M.N. Reentovich (1886-1953). Graduated from the Tambov muses. Institute (1931), where he studied with his father. Improved under the guidance of AI Yampolsky in Moscow (1931–35). Since 1931 art. orc. Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, since 1952 accompanist. In 1956 he organized Anse. violinists of the Bolshoi Theater, with whom he successfully toured in the USSR and in other countries. Nar. art. RSFSR (1976).
REJEWEC, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Kholmsky posad. Lublin province. In 1701, 122 Jews lived in R., in 1827 - 275 (54%), in 1856 - 824 (72.6%), in 1897 - 1605 (73.7%), in 1921 - 361 (21, 9%), in 1939 - 2,600 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 16th century In the end. 17th century a community was formed. In the 19th century. “Kneses Orkhim”, “Bikur Hoylim”, loan-savings were in operation. cashbox. By the rabbis in the 19th century were Moishe Gelerter, Mordhe Markol, Dovid Steinsalz, in the 1900s. - Israel Berenstein. 20th century in R. the Bund organization acted, on the initiative of a cut in November. In 1904 a self-defense detachment was formed. In 1914 Jews owned 15 shops in R. (including all 6 manufactures, all 3 iron-metal, one shoe). In 1923 a new synagogue was built in R.. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi R. from 1924 - Tsvi-Girsh Yar, in the late. 1930s - Citrineboim. Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Feb. 1941 it. the police desecrated the synagogue and burned the Torah scrolls. After 2 months. one synagogue was burned, another was blown up. A ghetto was created, in which 1,300 Jews were deported from Lublin. In the end. 1941 there were 2,380 Jews in the ghetto. In apr. 1942 approx. 2 thousand Jews were sent to the Sobibur extermination camp. In apr. - in May 1942, apprx. 2,300 Jews from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In oct. 1942 almost all of the remaining local Jews from the R. ghetto were sent to the Majdanek extermination camp. In apr. - July 1943 Jews from the Czech Republic and Slovakia were sent to Majdanek. In the ghetto there were 16 Jews who were shot in July 1944.
REGALSKY Markoe (Itzhok Berlin) (1885, Moscow - 1959, Buenos Aires), publicist. He studied at the Warsaw gymnasium, attended a course of lectures on philosophy and literature at Berlin University. He lived in Warsaw, Zhitomir, Kovno, Berlin, Copenhagen, from 1914 - in New York, from 1918 - in Buenos Aires. From 1909 sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", "Frand" and other Jewish editions. in Riga, Copenhagen, New York, Chicago, Berlin. Since 1922 - staff member. gas. Yiddish Zeitung in Buenos Aires. Main Prod .: "Howl about Gezen in Eretz Yisroel" ("What I Saw in Eretz Yisrael", Buenos Aires, 1936), "Zwishn Beide Velt Milhomes" ("Between Two World Wars", ibid., 1945 ). Translated into Yiddish by book. A. Schnitzler's "The Path to Freedom" (published in New York in 1918).
REGELSON Avraham (1896, Glusk Bobruisk u. Minsk province. - 1981, Neve-Monoson, Israel), poet, writer, translator. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1905 he moved with his family to the United States, studied in yeshiva and secular schools in New York, worked as a librarian in schools in New York and Cleveland. The first poems were published in 1920 in monthly. "Ha-Miklat". Later he published in "Ha-Tkufa", weekly. "Ga-Doar" and monthly. "Moznaim" (Tel Aviv) poems and essays on philosophy. or T. Topics. Philosophy was published in Jerusalem in 1931. R.'s poem "Cain-ve-Gevel" ("Cain and Abel"). In 1931–36 - in E.-I., worked in gas. "Davar". Created and edited an application for children, in which the novel was printed. R. "Massa Ha-Babot le Eretz Yisrael" ("The Journey of the Dolls to Eretz Yisrael", published in 1935 and 1954). In 1936 he returned to the United States, published poetry and articles in Hebrew and English. print, translated, popularizing the English. and Amer. classics among those who read Hebrew. Since 1949 - in Israel. Prod. R. came out as separate books. in Hebrew and English. lang. Translated from English. lang. into Hebrew and from Hebrew to Yiddish and English. Among the poetic. manuf. R. - a poem about the Hebrew language "Haukot otiyotaih" ("Your letters are carved", 1946), an autobiographer, the poem "Akedat Shelemyah-hu" ("Sacrifice to Shelemyakh", 1949) - about the difficulties of repatriates in the 1930s. and Sat. Shiro-taim (Two Songs, 1972). Among the lane. R. manuf. R.Kiplinga, A. Dumas, G. Melville.
REGILMANA KHUTOR, does not exist now. Main in the 19th century. at the village of Selichevka, Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in R. Kh. In 1910, several people lived in R. Kh. Jews; there was 1 Jewish farm (out of 2).
REKEMCHUK Alexander Evseevich (b. 1927, Odessa), writer, screenwriter. In 1952 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. Published since 1947. He made his film debut with the script f. "Time of summer vacations" (own. Pov., 1961). Scripting author manuf. At the center of R.'s creativity is the theme of personality development. From the beginning. 1990s is engaged in publishing activities. Cit .: Cold. Syktyvkar, 1956; Young green. M., 1962; Comrade Hans. M, 1965; Boys. M., 1970; Fav. manuf. In 2 vols. M., 1977; Thirty six and six. M., 1987.
REKHTER Zeev (1899, Kovalevka, Odessa district. Kherson province - 1960, Tel Aviv), architect. From 1919 - in E.-I., worked as a draftsman and topographer. Archyt. educated in Rome in 1927 and in Paris in 1930–32. The first in E.-I. began to build dwelling houses on stilts (the first such building was "Bet Engel" in Tel Aviv). Had a noticeable impact on citizens, construction. In 1951, according to R.'s project (together with his son R. Lakov), the Binyanei ha-Uma complex was built in Jerusalem, and the Heikhal ha-tarbut concert hall (1957) in Tel Aviv (with his son, D. Karli and etc.); participated in the design of a complex of university buildings in Jerusalem (building of the archaeological faculty, 1958), several hotels, etc.
REKHTMAN Avrom (1890, Proskurov, Podolsk Gubernia - 1972, New York), folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught Hebrew. For two years he lived in E.-I. Having settled in St. Petersburg (1912), he studied Jewish ethnography and folklore. In 1912-14 he participated in the ethnogr. exp. S. An-sky on Jewish settlements of Ukraine. Since 1916 - in the USA, where he became the owner of a printing house (New York). Published in the Jewish period, ed., Ch. arr. on questions ethnography and folklore. Main op. R. - "Jewish Ethnography and Folklore" (recollected about participation in An-sky's exp. In Yiddish, Buenos Aires, 1958). In tech. For 20 years he worked on a dictionary of Hebraisms in Yiddish (unpublished).
REKSHIN, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 78 Jews lived in R., and in 1939, 40 Jews. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated in the Berezhan ghetto.
RELES Grigory Lvovich (Girsh Solomonovich) (1913, Chashniki of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 2004, Minsk), poet. Graduated from Vitebsk Jewish ped. technical College. The first verse, published in 1931 in Minsk gas. "Junger arbeter", then manuf. R. appeared in Jewish gas. "October", journal. "Stern". Studied at Minsk ped. in-those, after graduation he taught in Slutsk and Novogrudok. First Sat verse. Ongeib (The Beginning) was released in 1939 in Minsk. In 1941 he was mobilized into the army, served in the construction battalion in the North. Urals, then worked in gas. Returning to Minsk after the war, he collaborated in children. gas. "Zorka" and satyr, journal. "Leader". From 1948 he taught Russian. lang. and literature in the evening school, published articles on the problems of pedagogy, essays and stories in Belarusian and Russian. lang. Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" (poems, essays, stories). The author of the book. in Yiddish: "Unther a fridlehn giml" ("Under a peaceful sky", M., 1983), "Iber vaysrusishe shtetlekh" ("Around Belarusian towns", ibid., 1983). Op .: Friends and acquaintances. Minsk, 1963. Behind cramped desks. Minsk, 1966; Under every roof. Minsk, 1979.
REMBERTOW, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Warsaw u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1921, 369 Jews (26.8%) lived in R. Jews have lived in R. since the 1880s. In 1905–27, the rabbi of R. was Pinchas Berghhoir (1875–1927), in 1927–41 - his son Avrom-Dovid (? –1941). In 1930 there were 2 synagogues in R.. In the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, a Jewish library, heders, a Talmud-Torah worked. 12 Sept. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec. 1939 a ghetto was created. In nov. 1941 the ghetto was located approx. 1800 Jews R. and others. points. In aug. 1942 several. hundreds of Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. OK. 1 thousand Jews were transferred to a labor camp, liquidated in June 1943. The remaining 50 people. shot in aug. 1943.
REMEL, see Ramel.
REMENIK Grigory (Gersh) Abramovich (1905, Monastery of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1981, Moscow), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1972). Graduated from Odessa ped. in-t. He worked as a teacher in Kalinindorf, collaborated in gas. "Colvirt-emes". He taught Hebrew. and literature at MGPI. In 1939 he was repressed, until 1955 was imprisoned. After his release, he taught at the Yaroslavl ped. in-those. In 1964–81 he was in charge of the department. critics zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Began to publish in the magazine. "Odesar Arbeter" in 1927. Published Art. about the work of Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. Peretz, D.R.Bergelson, PDMarkish, L.M. Kvitko and other Jewish writers in periodicals. ed. The author of Art. about Jewish literature in the "Brief Literature. encyclopedias "and" TSB ". The author of the book. "Problemen fun der gaitzeitiker yidischer sovietischer literature" ("Problems of modern Jewish Soviet literature", Moscow, 1980), "Shtaplen. Portrait fun Yiddish Soviet Schreiber "(" Steps. Portraits of Jewish Soviet Writers ", Moscow, 1983). Works: Poems by Alexander Blok. M., 1959; Sholem-Alsikhsm. M., 1963; Essays and portraits. Articles about Jewish writers. M., 1975.
REMENYUK Ela Lvovna (b. 1931, Dnepropetrovsk), sculptor, ceramist. She graduated from the Tbilisi Academy of Arts but specializes in ceramics, since 1957 she worked as an art director. at the porcelain plant, since 1961 teacher of children. thin schools in Kirovakan (ArmSSR). Since 1962, thin. SKB in Tbilisi, since 1967 a teacher of the experimental workshop of ceramics of the Tbilisi Academy of Arts. In the 1950s and 60s. R. worked on a décor, varied in character and form. ceramics - sets, vases, plastics. In the beginning. 1970s in the works of R. osn. place is occupied by nat. topic. To implement her ideas, she chose the form of small genre ceramics. sculptures - "The Dancing Jew", "The Bewitched Tailor", "The Violinist", "Stempenu", "The Dancing Couple", "The singer-cantor Isroel is filled with a nightingale", "Itsek got married", "Letter from Menachem-Mendel to his wife Sheine-Shendl" , "Tevye the milkman with his wife Golda", "Boy Motl", "Hershele iz Ostropolera", "Varnichkes". In fine ceramic. plastic R. also created bright cargo. types: "Shvidkatsa" and others. In addition to round ceramic sculpture, R. created reliefs, decorative ceramics. Porcelain and clay wares are produced according to R. standards. R. participant of St. 25 exhibitions, including 5 international.
REMEZ David (real name and family name Moshe-David Drabkin) (1886, Kopys of Goretsky near Mogilev province - 1951, Jerusalem), statesman. In his youth - member. Poaley Zion, publ. verses in Hebrew in zhurn. "Ha-Shiloah". In 1911-13 he studied law in Istanbul. From 1913 - in E.-I., where he worked as an agricultural worker for five years. workers. After the 1st world. war became the leader of Akhdut ha-Avoda and Histadrut. In 1921–27 he headed the bureau of societies, works and construction in Histad-Rut. In 1930 - one of the founders of the Mapai party. In 1935–45, gen. sec. Histadrut. In 1944–48 before. Vaada Leumi. Together with other Jewish leaders, the Brit was arrested by the authorities on "Black Saturday" (June 29, 1946), spent several. month at the internment camp in Latrun. In 1948–50 min. transport, in 1950–51 min. education and culture. Dep. Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations from the Mapai party. The author of Art. on questions linguistics and archeology, introduced new terms in modern. Hebrew. In honor of R., a residential complex in Haifa is named - Ramat Remez. Son R. Aharon (b. 1919), major general (1948). Served in Brit. Royal military-air. forces (1942–47), the first teams. military-air by the forces of Israel (1948–51). Dep. Knesset from the Mapai party (1955–57). In 1965 he was appointed Ambassador of Israel to Great Britain, in 1970 he was. dir. Israel Port Authority.
REMEZY, a village in the Yelsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R. June 31, 1920 in R. there was a pogrom, organized by soldiers of the Polish. army (1 Jew was killed).
REMIGOLA, see Ramigala.
REMIZOVA Alexandra Isaakovna (1903, Tiflis - 1989, Moscow), actress, director. She studied drama. studios at t-re N.N. Sinelnikov. In 1920 she entered the 3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater (now the Vakhtangov Theater). She played the roles: Guest and Madame Hortense (The Miracle of St. Anthony by M. Meterlinck, 1921), Zelima (Princess Turandot by K. Gozzi, 1922), created a sharply satire, grotesque image of Madame Tokarchuk (The Intervention by L.I. Slavin, 1933). From 1935 she worked as director. Participated in the post. performances "Florisdorf" by F. Wolf (1936), "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol (1939). Fast. "Dangerous Turn" by J. Priestley (1940), "Before Sunset" by G. Hauptmann (1941). On the stage of T-ra them. Vakhtangov post. performances: "All My Sons" by A. Miller (1948), "Les Miserables" by V. Hugo (1950), "On a Golden Day" by D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak (1955), "The Idiot" by F. M. Dostoevsky (1958), "Platonov" by A.P. Chekhov (1960), "Ladies and Hussars" by A. Fredro (1960), "Millionaire" by B. Shaw (1964), "Enough for every wise man" by A.N. Ostrovsky (1969), "My mocking happiness" by L.A. Malyugin (1965), "Steps of the Commander" by V.N. Korostylev (1972). She staged performances at Leningrad Theater. T-re comedy: "Russian Question" by KM Simonov (1947), "Dear deceiver" by G. Kilty (1962), etc. In the performances of R., the brightness of theatrical form was combined with the vital reliability of images. R. led the ped. work, assoc. Theater school them. B.V.Shchukin. Nar. art. RSFSR (1957).
REPAIR, village, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). In 1939, two Jews lived in R. During the occupation, the Jews of R. and the evacuated Jews were shot.
REMPEL Lazar Izrailevich (1907, Chisinau - 1992, Tashkent), art historian. Doctor of Lawsuit (1963), prof. (1966). Graduated from Moscow State University (1930). In 1930–31 scientific. sotr. Museum east. cultures in Moscow, in 1931–34 - the Institute of Literature and Art of the Communist. academy, in 1934–37 - All-Union. academy of architecture, simultaneously. from 1935 to 1936 he taught at MIFLI. In 1937–39 scientific. sotr. Bukhara, in 1939–48 - Samarkand, in 1948–54 - Dzhambul museums. Since 1954 head. dep. architecture, will depict. and applied art of the Institute of lawsuit of the Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR. Honored. scientist of the UzSSR (1966). State UzSSR ave. Hamzy Khakimzade, Works: Architectural ornament of Uzbekistan. Development history and construction theory. Tashkent, 1961; Art history of Uzbekistan from ancient times to the middle. XIX century. M., 1965; Art of Russia and the East as a historical, cultural and artistic problem. Tashkent, 1969; Far and near. Pages of life, everyday life, building, business, crafts and arts of old Bukhara. Bukhara records. Tashkent, 1982; The chain of times. Age-old images and wandering plots in the tradition. art Wed. Asia. Tashkent, 1987.
RENI, a city (since 1821), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1548. From 1621 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In the 18th century. - Tamarov. Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in the Bessarabian region. In 1856–78 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, in Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, 22 Jewish families lived in R., in 1897 - 730 Jews (10.5%), in 1910 - 1018 (10.6%), in 1930 - 1201 Jews. From 1897 Sholem Shine (1874, Ishmael -?) Was the rabbi in R. In the beginning. 20th century a Zionist circle was active in R. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in R. in the 1920s – 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On July 19, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 approx. R. 18 Jews were shot. The rest of the Jews (about 300 people) were placed in a camp and 4 October. 1941 deported to Transnistria. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to R. There is a Jewish cemetery in R. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in R. R. Sovetova; Bernard A. Ilievich (1890–?), Physician, Doctor of Medicine, since 1905 - in Canada, member. Royal Society of Arts in London, founder of the British Society of Aesthetics (1960).
REPETIN, see Novozhitomir, Dnepropetrovsk Region.
REPKI, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1607. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 3049 Jews (91.3%) lived in R., in 1923 Jews accounted for approx. 26% of the population; in 1939 there were 79 Jews in R. In 1873 a synagogue functioned in R. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1914 Jews owned both grocery, all 3 haberdashery, all 4 manufactory shops in R. Rabbi R. at the beginning. 20th century - Schneer-Zalman Schneerson (? –1928). In 1919 there was a pogrom in R., during which 150 Jews were killed. In the beginning. 1921 a pogrom in R. was staged by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich (102 Jews died during the pogrom). On Feb. - March 1921 a pogrom in R. was perpetrated by the gangs of Ataman Golak. In the same year, another pogrom took place, in the course of which the majority of the Jewish population of R. was destroyed. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R. R. in 2005 had a Jewish population. Arkady Yakovlevich Leikin (b. 1936), historian, Dr. Sciences (1982), prof. (1985), author of works on the history of the CPSU.
REPRINKA, see Nikolskoe, Kherson region.
REPUZHINTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1453. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. after the occupation of the Romanians. troops in R. in July 1941 killed 37 Jews.
RESHE, a farm in Vilnius district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vilensky district Vilna lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91, it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish workers' camp in R., whose prisoners were engaged in peat extraction. In May 1943, 197 Jews were held in the camp. The camp ceased to exist in July 1943 when all prisoners escaped.
RESHETIKHA, urban-type settlement (since 1927) in the Volodarsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Balakhninsky district Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in R.
RESHETILOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Poltava region of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1638. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poltava u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1910, more than 40 Jewish families lived in R., in 1923 - 2, in 1939 - 55 Jews. In 1859 a synagogue functioned in R.. In 1882–1903 R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910 a private Jewish husband was active in R. uch-shche. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores, 2 manufacturing shops, and all 3 grain shops. In June 1919, a pogrom took place in R., in the course of which 2 Jews were killed. The rest of the Jews moved to Poltava. After the end of the Civil. During the war, some of the Jews returned to R. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
RESHEVSKY Samuel (1911, Ozorkov, Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province - 1992, Spring Valley, New York, USA), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950), contender for the world. championship in the end. 1930s - early. 1950s Chess writer. Played chess since 5 years old, was a chess prodigy. Already at the age of 8 he toured the cities of Europe with sessions at the same time. games. Since 1920 - in the USA. 8-time US champion (1936–69). As part of the US team, he took part in seven Chess Olympiads (1937–74). Participant in the World Championship Match-Tournament (1948, 3-4th), the Candidates Tournament (1953, 2-4th), Candidates Matches (1968), a number of interzonal tournaments (1964-73). Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. in Margate (1935), Buenos Aires (1960), Netanya (1969). Participated in competitions until 1991. Universal style chess player.
RESHIN Evsey Isaakovich (1916, Bukhara - 1978, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. From 1922 - in Moscow, in 1934–36 he studied at Moscow. state technical school at the department of painting at S.A. Matveev. Among the first they are independent. works (oil) - "Still life with a newspaper" (1933), "Morning" (1934), "Self-portrait" (1935), "Red tray on a green background" (1936). In 1937–42 he studied at Moscow. thin in-those on the f-those painting. He graduated from the Institute in the studio of A.A. Osmerkin. In 1941–45 he worked at TASS Windows. Since 1953 - post, participant of car washes, exhibitions, since 1960 - participant of exhibitions in the Center. exhibition hall in Moscow. In 1960–78 he taught rice. and painting in the House of Education Workers. R. painted landscapes, still lifes, portraits. Hood. R.'s manner is characterized by features of sinks, schools of painting. Personal exhibitions took place in 1956, 1981, 1984, 1987 in Moscow in the House of Art. and in 1993 - at the Center, an exhibition hall in Moscow. Prod. R. are in the Penza paintings, gal., Plessky state. historical-architect Museum-Reserve named after I.I. Levitan, Novocheboksary maps. gal., Bryansk Museum fig. lawsuit, etc., as well as in private collections in Russia and Italy.
RESIN Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1936, Minsk), statesman. Acad. Grew up. Ing. academy, ch. Grew up. academy of architecture and builds, sciences, prof. Int. un-that. Graduated from the Moscow Mining Institute (1958). He worked in the system of the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR and the Ministry of Montazhspetsstroy of the USSR. Since 1965 - in Glavmosinzhstroy: exercise. trust, first deputy., early. (1985–87) Glavka. In 1987 the beginning. Glavmospromstroy, in 1987–90 deputy. prev., prev. Moscow construction committee, in 1990-91 deputy. prev. Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council, before. Mosstroykomitet, since 1992 first deputy. the premiere of the production of Moscow, hands. construction department. State pr. USSR (1976). Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1976), State. pr. RF (1993). Etc. CM USSR (1976, 1981).
RESSER Shmuel (|, Vilna - |), historian, publicist. He worked as a teacher in Jewish schools in Bakhmut and Taganrog. From 1863 he printed correspondence, scientific-popul. and will enlighten. Art. into gas. "Kol Mevaser". In 1863 in Vilna he released the book. “Eine kurtse algemeine velt-geshichte” (“Kr. Universal world. History”). On the advice of A.-B. Gottlober, he published the book in the same place in 1870. in Yiddish "Korot Yisroel" ("History of the People of Israel"). Among other books. R. - "Rebbe" (Warsaw, 1876), "Di Jaeger un di indishe bandit in America" ​​("Hunters and Indian bandits in America", ibid., 1878). Translated into Yiddish will enlighten. literature ("Geography" by F.Studnitsky and others).
RETAVAS, city (since 1950) in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Retovo Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1662 421 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 1397 (80%), in 1923 - 868 (51%), in 1939 - approx. 800, in 1959 - 1 Jew. Jews lived in R. from the second half. 16th century In the beginning. 19th century Rabbi Naftoli-Hertz (? –1828) was the rabbi in R. In the 1860s. the owner of the town Oginsky confiscated the building of the synagogue and turned it into a pigsty, and later into a room for servants. In 1869 a synagogue functioned in R. Since 1898 the Zionist organization "Bnos Zion" functioned. In the end. 19th century pl. R. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa. The rabbis in R. were Leib Harif, Avrom-Aron Burshtein (1867 - after 1924, Jerusalem), Yitzhok-Eliyahu Gefen (? –1920). 20th century Shur was the rabbi in R. In 1918 the building of the synagogue was confiscated from the Oginsky family and returned to the community. In 1919 a Hebrew-teaching school was opened, which later became part of the Yavne school network. In the 1920s. There were 2 synagogues, a yeshiva, a school, a Talmud Torah, and 2 libraries (one with books in Hebrew, the other in Yiddish) in R. Most of the Jews of R. were engaged in trade. In 1931, out of 28 stores in R. 15 were owned by Jews. Among the Jews there were 10 artisans, 4 farmers. A branch of the Jewish People's Office worked in R. bank; OK. R. operated a training camp "Ge-Halutz". In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, including "Ha-Mizrahi", social-Zionists, "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Maccabi." Since 1926, R. Rabbi was Shmul Ponidler (? -1941). In June 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jews R. were shot in the late. Aug 1941. In R. genus: B. Markus; Gabriel Grad (1890-1951), composer, since 1926 - in E.-I., author of more than 500 music. production; Herzl (Georg) Zelikovich (1863–1926), orientalist, prof. Egyptology at the University of Pennsylvania, the author of a large number of books translated into dec. lang .; Aron-Benzion Shurin (b. 1913), rabbi, publicist, wrote in Yiddish, author of numerous. essays on famous rabbis.
RETOVO, see Retavas.
RECEPTER Vladimir Emmanuilovich (b. 1935, Tashkent), actor, director, poet. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Central Asian University (1957) and acting faculty Theater-artistic. Institute in Tashkent (1960). He worked in the Tashkent Rus. dram. t-re, played the roles: Raskolnikov ("Crime and Punishment" by FM Dostoevsky, 1959), Peter and the Leading ("The Lost Son" and "Irkutsk History" by AN Arouzov, 1960), Hamlet in the tragedy U Shakespeare (1961) Since 1963 - in Leningrad. BDT, played the roles: Grisha Nedelin ("Before dinner" by V.S. Rozov, 1963), Chatsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1964), Tuzenbach ("Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov, 1965 ), Evdokimov ("Once again about love" by E.S. Radzinsky, 1965), Peter ("Bourgeois" by M. Gorky, 1966), Erast in the musical "Poor Liza" (after N.M. Karamzin, 1973), etc. In 1963 he appeared on the stage with a solo performance "Hamlet", which he performed in tech. pl. years. On the small stage he staged one-man performances "Dialogues" (based on the production of AS Pushkin, 1970), "Faces" (based on Dostoevsky's stories, 1971). In created by R. Lit.-dram. staged in the studio: "Mozart and Salieri" and "Mermaid" by Pushkin (1978), to the centenary of AABlok - "The Rose and the Cross", in which he played the role of Bertrand (small script. BDT, 1980). R. - the author and performer of the verse, the play "Monarch" ("Peter and Alexei"), with a cut has been performing since 1980. In 1988, R. staged in Leningrad. t-re dramas and comedy their own stage plays. "Doctor Zhivago" and poetry of BL Pasternak. Since 1992 thin. hands. Pushkin Theater Center in St. Petersburg. Filmed in films and telephones. Published Sat. poems: "Actors' workshop" (1962), "It's time again ..." (1974), "View from the bridge" (1978), "Performance" (1982), "Open door" (1986), "Return" ( 1987). Honored. art. RSFSR (1979).
REUTOV, a city (since 1940) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1576. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1920s and 30s. - the urban-type settlement of Reutovo. In 1926 there were 6 Jews in R., in 1939 - 395, in 1989 - 617 (0.8%), in 2002 - 240 Jews. 1990s a community was created in R., a philanthropist was organized. canteen.
REUTOVO, see Reutov.
REUVEINI Aharon (real family Shimshelevich) (1886, Poltava - 1971, Jerusalem), poet, writer, publicist. Brother I. Ben-Zvi. In 1904 he emigrated to the United States, two years later he returned to Russia. In 1908, for participation in Jewish self-defense, he was sentenced to eternal settlement in Siberia, in 1909 he fled. Since 1910 - in E.-I. He wrote first in Russian. lang., after emigration - in Hebrew and Yiddish. Printed periodically. ed. poems, stories, rom., lit. essays, translations. In 1914 he published in Kiev the first book. "In dulgoyz" ("In a madhouse"). Per. in Yiddish book. Ben-Zvi "Nidhei Israel" ("Lost Israel", New York, 1963). The author of the book. Untern vant (Under the Wall, Jerusalem, 1914), Berg un Vista (Mountains and Deserts, ibid., 1915), Kinder (Children, Kiev, 1918), rom. Erusholaim In Shotn Fun Shverd (Jerusalem in the Shadow of the Sabers, New York, 1963).
REVAKOATZ, see Revacovtsy.
REVAKOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Revakoutz Kotsman headman of the province of Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. after the occupation of the Romanians. troops of 27 Jews from R. in July 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
REVBINTSY, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in R.
REVDA, a city (since 1935) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1731 as a settlement at the Revdinsky ironworks. and cast iron. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 96 Jews lived in R., in 2002 - 37 Jews. In 2000, a community was created in R. (formerly Olga Mikhailovna Dryagina).
REVEL, see Tallinn.
REVEL Bernard (Dov) (1885, Kovno - 1940, New York), teacher. He studied at the yeshiva in Telšiai. Since 1906 - in the USA. He studied at New York University and the College. Dropsy in Philadelphia. For some time he owned an oil refinery in Oklahoma. In 1915, he headed the theological seminary of I. Elhanan in New York, in 1916 he created the Talmudist Academy, in 1928 he founded Yeshiva College, the first college of its kind. Thus, the first attempt was made to combine the tradition. Talmud, education with a course of secular sciences. In 1937 R., who served as president. of this college, organized a postgraduate study of Jewish sciences named after him. R. - the first hand in the USA. acad. uch. institution that has taken the examinations for the title of Orthodox rabbi. Poch. prez. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada, since 1927 - Vice-President. Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1913 - pom. ed. encyclopedias in Hebrew "Otsar Yisrael". Author doc. dis. "The Karaite Ga-lakha and its connection with the Sadducee, Samaritan and Philonian Halacha" (1913), in which he refuted A. Geiger's assertion that Karaite was a continuation of Saddukeism. R.'s son - Hirschl (b. 1913), bibliographer. Doctor of Philosophy (1942). Researcher Maimonides, specialist in the region. translation of the Jewish religion. lit-ry in eng. language.
REVNO, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 49 Jews lived in R. After the occupation of the Romanians. troops of the Jews of R. at the beginning. July 1941 were deported to Transnistria.
REVUTSKY Avrom (1889, Smila Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1946, New York), publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Until the age of 10 he lived in E.-I., in Rehovot, where his father R. settled in 1889. He returned to Russia, in 1907 he graduated from a gymnasium in Akkerman, in 1911 - a technical school in Vilna, in 1916 - physical and mathematical. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). At the same time. studied language. and econ. Sciences. Under the influence of B. Borokhov, he joined the Poaley-Zion party, after the split, the cut became one of the hands. her left wing. In 1917 the deputy. min., from 26.01.1918 min. on Jewish affairs, pr-va Ukr. Centre. We are glad in February. retired together with all members. pr-va, from March 1919 - in E.-I., in 1922 - in Berlin, from 1924 - in the USA. Journal. he began his activity in Russian, then wrote in Hebrew and German. lang. Yiddish was printed in gas. Dos Frae Wort (Lvov, 1909), Unzer Zeit (Vilna, 1911–12), Dos Wort and Unzer Wort (Petersburg, 1914), and others. "Morgen-Journal" (New York), published in other Jewish newspapers. The first brochure Der Palestiner Arbeiter Fund (Palestinian Workers' Fund) was published in 1910 in Krakow, the brochure Der Yidisher Proletariat un der Velt Sholem (The Jewish Proletariat and the World) - in 1918 in Odessa. Among the book. R. "Ind di shvere teg oif Ukraine" ("In difficult days in the Ukraine", Berlin, 1924), "Dos nae Eretz Yisroel" ("New Eretz Israel", Warsaw, 1936). See. published Sat. journalism R. "Jews in Eretz Yisrael" (New York, 1947).
REVUTSKY, see Dobrovelichkovka.
REVZIN Isaak Iosifovich (1923, Istanbul –1974, Moscow), linguist, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences (1964). In 1945 he graduated from it. separate translator. f-that MGPII. In 1945–55 ed., Art. ed. German edition of the Publishing House of Literature on Foreign. lang. At the same time. teacher (since 1951), Art. Lecturer (1952–61) at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute at the Department of Translation. Since 1961 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Investigated questions of grammar and phonology of fame. and germ, lang., ch. arr. in structural and typological. aspect, as well as problems of semiotics and typology, machine translation, linguistic. terminology. Publ. pl. Art. and a number of foundations, monographs. Cit .: Models of language. M., 1962; Fundamentals of General and Machine Translation. M., 1964 (et al.); Modeling method and typology of glories, languages. M., 1967; The structure of the language as a modeling system. M., 1978.
Rhea, a village in the Berdichevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. In 1914, a Jew rented a unit. mill in R.
REIFMAN Yaakov (1818, Lagov Opatovekogo district. Radom province - 1895, Schebrzheshin Zamostsky district. Lublin province.), Researcher of TANAKH and Talmud. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Author of 17 books. and Art. in periodic. ed, in Hebrew, Yiddish, mute, lang. Corresponded with many others. leading scientists of their time, such as A. Geiger, G. Gretz, M. Steinschneider, S. D. Luzzatto. R.'s correspondence and some of the unpublished works are in the library of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. Among the written by R. - work on the linguistic aspects of the Talmud language, on education, analysis of comments. Maimonides, on the Mishna, works on Jewish philosophy.
REICHERSON Moishe (1827, Vilna - 1903, New York), translator, linguist. He gave Hebrew lessons, worked as a proofreader, ed. in several. publishing house, ed. first lane. into Hebrew. fables by I.A. Krylov (1860). Author of a number of works on Hebrew grammar, including a 3-part grammar textbook (1864, 1873, 1883). The author of essays on linguistics, published by Amer. and europe. zhurn. in Hebrew. Since the 1890s. - in the USA, In 1902 he published a collection of works in New York. per. Fables by G.E. Lessing in Hebrew.
REIKHERSON Zvi-Hirsch (1857, Vilna - 1892, Smorgon Oshmyansky u. Vilna province), translator. Son of M. Reikherson Graduated from the rabbinical school in Vilna (1873). In 1884 he settled in Smorgon, where he worked as a teacher. From 1870 he translated the fables of I.A. Krylov into Yiddish, in 1879 he published two volumes of his translations in Vilna. In the archive of R. there are many. op. in Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. lang., incl. per. manuf. J. Lafontaine and I. I. Chemnitzer in Yiddish.
REICHERT Israel (1891, Ozorkov Lenchitsky u. Kalish province - 1975, Israel), botanist. Doctor of Biology (1921), prof. (1949). From 1908 - in E.-I .: worker, teacher of nature. stories. In 1913 he was a delegate to the 2nd Zionist. Congress. In 1914–21 he studied in Berlin. In 1921 he returned to E.-I., where he organized a department. phytopathology in agricultural experiments. Art. In tech. 25 years of hands. this department deals with the problems of plant storage, disease control, mycology, bacteriology, virology and lichenology. In 1942–59, a teacher at the School (Faculty) with. kh-va of the Jewish University in Rehovot. Took part in the creation of the "Palestinian Journal of Botany" (1938). One of the first in E.-I. took up research. fungi, created Hebrew terminology and introduced the term "pathogeography" to describe the use of ecogeographic. principles to phytopathology, State. Israel Ave (1955).
REICHSTEIN Tadeusz (1897, Wloclawsk, Warsaw province - 1996), biochemist. Prof. (1929), ak, Swiss acad. medicine, Since 1908 - in Switzerland, In 1921 he graduated from the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, taught there, then at the Institute of Pharmacology of Basel University. In 1938–46 its director. In 1946-60, the director of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the same university. In 1933 he synthesized vitamin C. method of production of vitamin C. He isolated and characterized 27 dec. corticosteroids. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for discoveries related to hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological action. Member Royal Society of London, Nat. US Academy of Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences, Royal Academy of Sciences of Ireland and other scientific. organizations.
REIKHVARGER Yan Mordekhaevich (b. 1942, Bairam-Ali, Turkmen SSR), painter, graphic artist. In 1944–61 he lived in Kiev, studied at the art. school. In 1961 - 73 - in Moscow, graduated from Moscow. polygraph. in-t. VG Weisberg exerted a great influence on R. Since 1973 - in Israel. Teaches in thin. uch. institutions and units, studios. The creative manner has developed in line with the traditions of Russian. painting of the 20th century and French. colorism. He paints chamber landscapes, portraits, genre paintings. Since 1965 he has been taking part in art. exhibitions, approx. 30 personal exhibitions in Israel, France, Germany, Holland, USA. R.'s works are in the collections of art, museums in Israel (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, etc.), France (Saint Denis), Holland, in private. collection countries of Europe and America.
RAILY Sydney (real name and surname Zigmund Georgievich Rosenblum) (1874, Odessa - 1925, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Lieutenant Brit, Army. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century was engaged in commerce, lived in St. Petersburg. In the years of the 1st world. war ended up in Great Britain, took Brit. citizenship, married an Irish woman and adopted a fam. wives. In apr. 1918 on the instructions of Brit. intelligence services arrived in Petrograd, was engaged in reconnaissance. activities, established links with anti-Bolsheviks. underground, provided him with material and technical. help. In the case of the so-called. "Conspiracy of ambassadors" (in Soviet historiography - "Lockhart's conspiracy") 3 Dec. 1918 sentenced to death in absentia. Hiding from arrest, he went illegal. position, in the fall of 1918 left Russia. In Great Britain he was a confidant of W. Churchill, acted as “an adviser on Russian. Questions ”Brit, Delegation to the Paris Peace Conf. 1919–20, maintained close contacts with representatives of various directions Russian emigration (in particular with BV Savinkov and his organization, the financing of a cut was carried out through R.). In the fall of 1920 he took part in the raid of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich on the territory. Belarus. According to the Sov. bodies of state. security, R. was preparing an attempt on member. owls. delegation at the Genoa Conf. 1922. Soon, agents of the Cheka-OGPU made contact with R., posing as representatives of a powerful anti-Sov. an underground organization allegedly operating in Russia. In the fall of 1925, R. illegally crossed the border of the USSR and on 27 September. 1925 arrested near Moscow. Shot.
REIN Evgeny Borisovich (b. 1935, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from Leningrad. technologist. Institute of the refrigeration industry (1959), Higher. scenario courses. He worked as an engineer, geologist. Scripted more than 20 docs. and scientific-popul. f., including "Chukokkala" (1972). Poetic. creativity was greatly influenced by acquaintance with A.A. Akhmatova: together with I. Brodsky and D.V. Bobyshev in the 1960s. entered the circle of the so-called. "Akhmatov's orphans". The first publication was in 1963.Since the late 1960s. until 1984 the original poems are practically not published; in 1979 participated in the alm. "Metropol". During this period, he was published only as a child. poet (6 books, since 1965) and translator. First book. - "Names of Bridges" (1984), then "Coastal strip" (1989), "Darkness of Mirrors" (1990), etc.
REIN Tamara Meerovna (1915, Gusevka, Saratov province - 2000, Moscow), monumental artist, graphic artist. She studied at Moscow. in-those fig. lawsuit (1931–38) by V.A. Favorsky, K.N. Istomin, A.D. Goncharov, A. Lusyatinsky. Was fond of t-rum, carried out a number of independent. productions, worked as a decorator in the Maly Theater, the Theater of Satire. After graduation she worked in the Monum workshop. painting of the Academy of Architecture (under the direction of L.A. Bruni, Favorsky). In 1943 she painted the plafonds of the Izmailovsky Park metro station, in 1944 - painted the interiors of the aviators' sanatorium in Podlipki (sketches by Bruni), in 1946 - a panel at the Moscow House of Culture. Aviation in-that, painting of interiors of the Kremlin Sanupra maternity hospital. In the 1950s – 60s. R. was engaged in easel and book graphics. She worked in the publishing houses "Detgiz", "Young Guard", illustrated magazines. "Pioneer", "Around the World". Performed by ser. watercolors, prints, graphic. works. In the same years, R. took part in the design of the pavilions of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements. All R. 1960s worked in the com-those graphic. art-va Hood. fund of the USSR. R. - a participant in more than 100 exhibitions in the USSR, including personal in 1957, 1965, 1992. R.'s works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, in museums in Tbilisi, Sochi, Tallinn, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
REINBERG German Aronovich (1890 - 1969, Moscow), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1939). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University; in 1914–21 active physicians. army; in 1922–25 the resident propedeut. surgeon clinics, in 1925–31 assistant faculty. surgeon clinics of the 1st MMI; in 1931–33 head. surgeon department of the Basmanny hospital in Moscow. Due to loss of vision, he was forced to leave the surgeon. practice. In 1935–38 scientific. hands. the Crimean resort of Saki; in 1938–41 and 1945–48 Art. scientific. sotr. Centre. oncologist in-that; in 1948-65 Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of the Organization of Public Health and the History of Medicine in Moscow. tr. R. dedicated questions of clinics. surgery, physiotherapy, history of surgery. He proposed a method of arthroplasty, an operative method for the treatment of chronic. coronary insufficiency, as well as the classification of joint diseases; for the first time in the USSR he used carbon dioxide for asphyxia and the method of introducing drugs into the left atrium; contributed to the surgical treatment of skin tuberculosis. Cit .: Surgery of cutaneous tuberculosis. M., 1937 (et al.); On the treatment of war wounds with preparations of juniper oil. Stalinabad, 1942 (et al.); Methods of examination of cancer patients. M., 1949, (et al.); Diagnostic technique. M., 1951.
REINBERG Samuil Aronovich (1897, Riga - 1966, Moscow), radiologist. Prof. (1930), Dr. med. Sciences (1941). In 1921 he graduated from Petrograd. honey. in-t. In 1921-30 he worked in Petrograd. radiologist. in-those. In 1930–43 head. Department of Radiology LIDUV. In 1927 he founded the world's first department of children. radiology price Leningrad. Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy and directed it until 1939. In 1941–43, consultant doctor, Ch. radiologist Leningrad. fr. In 1943-50 dir. Centre. Research Institute of Radiology and Radiology and at the same time. head Department of Radiology TsIUV (until 1966). Author of St. 400 scientific. works dedicated. problems of X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, pathology of children. age. For the first time in the USSR, he performed intravital angiography in humans. Studied the problem of impaired bronchial patency, developed the principles of emergency radiologist, diagnosis. Main tr. R. - "X-ray diagnostics of diseases of bones and joints." R. - one of the main. Vses. about-va of radiologists and radiologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1941). Linen. pr. (1966). Cit .: Course of Medical Radiology. M.-L., 1938; Essays on military radiology. L., 1942; X-ray recognition of stomach cancer. M., 1952.
REYNES (Raines) Itskhok-Yaakov (1839, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1915, Lida, Vilna province), rabbi. Studied at Yeshivas of Eishishki and Volozhin. From 1867 a rabbi in Shavkyany, Kovno province, from 1869 - in Sventsyany, Vilna province, in 1885–1915 - in Lida, R. proposed a plan for reorganizing the teaching system in yeshivas, based on the book. Maimonides "Milot ha-gigion". R. founded a yeshiva in Sventsyany, but was soon forced to close it, since the introduction of secular subjects into her curriculum met with opposition from the community. Participated in the Hovevei Zion movement since its inception; Together with S. Mogilever, he developed a program for the settlement of Jews in E.-I., combining the study of the Torah with the agricultural. labor, R. was one of the first rabbis who responded to the call of T. Herzl. With the aim of promoting polit, Zionism among the Orthodox. Jews in 1902 published the book. The New Light of Zion. He took part in the first Zionist, congresses, but did not agree with the cultural policy of the Zionist. movement, considering any interference in the affairs of religion unacceptable. In 1902 he convened a conf. rabbis, to-paradise laid the foundation for religions. Zionist, the Mizrahi movement. R. was recognized as the leader of this movement at the founding. Congress in Pressburg in 1904, Founded the first journal. movement "Mizrahi" - "Ga-Mizrah" (published in 1903 under the editorship of 3. Yavitsa, supported the Ugandan project. In 1905 he created a yeshiva in Lida, in which, along with traditional, secular subjects were taught. He continued to write many, but only some of R's works were published; most of them remained in the form of manuscripts (about 100 volumes). R.'s son - Moyshe (1870, Lida, Vilna province –1891, Vilna), publicist. Author of a number of works in general. political issues, including "Ruach gazman" ("The Spirit of the Time") - an essay on the history of the culture of Russian Jewry.
REYNGARDT Maurice (real name and fam. Moishe-Dovid Oppenheim) (1872, Vishtynets, Suwalk province - |), writer, translator. Doctor of Medicine. He studied at the cheder and the Suwalki yeshiva, then at the gymnasium. From the end. 1880s - in the USA, where he became a member. anarchist, org-tion. After graduating from un-t, for many more. years he practiced as a doctor in Chicago, then in Los Angeles. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Philadelphia and New York. In 1895 he released rum. "Oif dem leater fun gazloche" ("On the ladder of luck", Chicago-New York).
REINGBALD Berta Mikhailovna (1897, Odessa - 1944, ibid.), Pianist, teacher. Prof. (1933). In 1919 she graduated from the Odessa horse, in the class of B.I.Dronseiko-Mironovich, she also studied under E.A. Chernetskaya-Geshelis, taught there from 1921, from 1938 head. department of special php. Participated in the organization (1935) of the first music in the USSR. ten-year schools at hand. P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1939–41 before. Execute. section of the Odessa branch of the Union comp. Ukraine. In 1941–44 she worked in Tashkent in Leningr evacuated there. cons. R. - among the created. new forms of children. muses. education and training system for pianists. Among the students of R. - E.G. Gilels, T.I. Goldfarb, B.M. Kozel, B.S. Marantz, O.B. Feltsman. Returning from evacuation to Odessa in 1944, R. soon committed suicide.
REINGOLD Itskhok (real name Teumin) (1873, Lutsk, Volyn province - 1903, Chicago), poet. From the beginning. 1890s - in USA. He published his first poems in 1891. Possessing a beautiful voice, he performed his songs at meetings and concerts. Mn. R.'s poems and couplets were popular, especially in workers' quarters. Chicago ed. I. Lidsky released the department. verse. R. and sold them at 1 cent per copy. In 1894 published a collection of songs by R. "Der Velt-Singer" ("World Singer"), then several more were published. collection of books. The author of the op. "On the rivers of Babylon", staged in Chicago. R.'s poems are presented in M. Basin's anthology “500 years of Jewish poetry”.
REINGOLD Louis (present, name and surname. Eliezer-Dovid Ozharov) (1875, Chersk Goretskiy district. Warsaw province - 1944, Chicago), playwright, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1889 - in the USA (New York). From the end. 1890s lived in Chicago. R.'s first publication - an essay on the life of workers in New York gas. "Yiddish Folks Zeitung" - in 1899. Published in plural. Jewish periodicals ed. essays and theater. reviews. Was a staff member. a number of editions. The author of plays, most of which were staged in Amer. Jewish t-rakh: "Hirsch Lekkert", "Di zindike neshome" ("Sinful soul"), "Dos milhome-kind" ("War Child"), "Tekhter fun Ukraine" ("Daughters of Ukraine"), "A grus fun der game "(" Greetings from home ") and others.
REINSTEIN Boris Isaevich (1868, Mogilev - 1947, Moscow), politician. From 1884 he took part in the work of Narodnaya Volya circles in Rostov-on-Don and Yekaterinodar. In 1866 he emigrated to Switzerland. In 1890–92 he lived in France, studied the lane. and ed. roar. literature, studied the technique of production of explosives, for which the French was sentenced. court to 2 years in prison. After 9 months. imprisonment expelled from France, settled in the United States; member Amer. socialist workers' party, its representative in the 2nd International. In June 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the Menshevik internationalists, December 1917, Commissioner of the International Department. propaganda of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases. From 1918 a member of the RCP (b), was a member of the Angdo-Amer. gr. RCP (b), participated in the preparation, work on the creation. Comintern. In 1919 he was a political worker at the headquarters of Yuzh. fr., then an instructor in trade union movement in MGSPS. In 1920-22 the head. Anglo-Amer. dep. Profintern. In 1923–35 he worked at the Executive Committee of the Comintern.
REINWINE Avrom (1887, Mezhireche Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1932, Toronto, Canada), journalist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1908 - in Canada. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Toronto University. He began to write in Russian. lang., in 1906 switched to Yiddish. Published in the organs of the Zionist-socialist. parties "Der nayer veg", "Unzer veg", "Der veg", was its active leader. One of the founders of the Canadian Jewish Congress. In 1913 the deputy. ed. gas. Der Yidischer Journal (Toronto), from 1915 to the end. life - its ch. ed. The author of Art. on the themes of Jewish education, reviews of works. literature and t-ra, stories, as well as the drama Der Assimilator (Assimilator), which was staged on the Jewish stage in Canada. Translated rum into Yiddish. I.Fingerman "People of the Bottom" and other works. Among the book. R. "Eretz Yisroel in Yiddishn Lebn un literature" ("Eretz Yisrael in Jewish life and literature", Toronto, 1921), "Canada, ir geshikhte un ir antviklung" ("Canada, its history and its development" , ibid., 1923), Der id in Kanade (A Jew in Canada, in 2 vols., ibid., 1925–27).
REISER Solomon Abramovich (1905, Kiev - 1989, Leningrad), literary critic, bibliographer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1957), prof. (1958). Graduated from Kiev Institute of Nar. education (1926). Published since 1926. Specialist in the region. paleography. Author of works in Russian. literature of the 19th century, the history of societies. thoughts. Participated in the ed. and ed, collected. op. NS Leskov (1956–58), NA Dobrolyubova (1961 64), NA Nekrasov (1967) and others. Prepared for the Great Ser. "Poet's Libraries" collection. verse. N.P. Ogareva, L.A. Maya et al. Works: Arthur Benny. M., 1933; Chronicle of the life and work of N.A. Dobrolyubov. M., 1953; Revolutionary Democrats in St. Petersburg. L., 1957; Russian paleography of modern times. Uch. manual for universities. M., 1982.
REISNER Larisa Mikhailovna (1895, Lublin - 1926, Moscow), writer. Daughter of M.A. Reisner, wife of F.F. Raskolnikov, later - K.B. Radek. She studied at Petrograd. neuropsychiatrist. in-those, in high fur boots in Germany and France. Participant of Civil. war. In 1918-1919 Commissioner Gen. pestilence headquarters, in 1919 20 in the Volga-Kasp. military. flotilla, in 1920–21 - in Petrograd, studied lit. activities. In 1921–23, an employee of the RSFSR embassy in Afghanistan, in 1924–25 in Germany, First lit. manuf. - the drama "Atlantis" - published in 1913 in the alm. "Rosehip". Cit .: Shakespeare's female types. Riga, [1913]; Front 1918-1920. M., 1924; Afghanistan. M.-L., 1925; Coll. op. in 2 vols. M.-L., 1928.
REISNER Mikhail Andreevich (1868, Vileika, Vilenskaya lips, - 1928, Moscow), lawyer, sociologist, historian. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University (1893). In 1898-1903 he worked as an extraordinary professor. on legal. Faculty of Tomsk University. In emigration since 1903. Lectured at the Paris Higher. School of Social Sciences. In 1905 he returned to Russia. After the defeat of the Revolution of 1905, he went abroad, headed the Paris Higher. school of social sciences. From 1907 again in St. Petersburg, as a privat-assistant professor. lectured at the department of polit. teachings of St. Petersburg. un-that, elected prof. Higher. wives, courses, and then legal. f-that Psychoneurologist. in-that. After 1917 he worked in a law. bodies, in 1918 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Justice, was one of the founders. and the first teachers of Socialist. (later Communist) academy. Prof. Petrogr. un-that, Psychoneurologist, in-that and Voen. Academy of the General Staff. It means that he had an impact on the formation of psychology as a science. Cit .: State and a believing person. SPb., 1905; State, parts 1-3. M, 1911-1912; Fundamentals of owls. constitution, M., 1920; Problems of social psychology. Rostov-on / D., 1925; History of political doctrines, vol. 1. M.-L., 1929.
REISEN Avrom Kalmanovich (1876, Koydanovo Minsk District and Gubernia - 1953, New York), poet, writer, publicist. Son of K. Reisen, brother of Z. K. Reisen and S. K. Reisen. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He published his first poems in Yiddish in 1891. In 1902 the first poet was published in Warsaw. Sat. R. "Zeit-Leader" ("Songs of the Time"), in 1903 - the first book. prose "Erceilungen un bilder" ("Stories and Pictures"). Founded a weekly in Warsaw. "Eiropeishe Literatur", in which publ. manuf. European writers in the lane. in Yiddish and manuf. Jewish writers. During a visit to the United States (1911) founded the weekly. "Dos Nae Land", then "Di Literary Welt" and "Der Naer Zhurnal", which became Ch. the organ of the Yiddish literature. Lived in Vienna, London, Paris, Krakow, Warsaw. Since 1914 - in the USA. He actively collaborated with New York Gas. "Forverts", "Tog" and other periodicals. ed. In 1922-23 he published lit. every month Nai Yiddish. He is the author of the memoirs Episode Fun Mein Labn (Episodes of My Life, in 3 vols., Vilna, 1929–35) and Zwanzik Yor in America (Twenty Years in America, New York, 1927). Mn. R.'s poems were set to music and became nar. songs. R. is the author of the plays "Gute Breeder" ("Kind Brothers"), "Dem Shadkhne Tochter" ("Daughter of Shadkhan"), "A Ruike Dire" ("Quiet Apartment") and others, staged by many others. Jewish t-ditch. Per. in Yiddish manuf. peace. literature (including Leo Tolstoy's Childhood). In 1928, Fav. Was published in New York. collection op. R. in 14 vols., In 1933 - Complete collection. op.
REISEN Kalman (1848, Koydanovo, Minsk district and lips, - 1921, Minsk), poet, writer. I studied it on my own. and Russian. lang. He lived in Podolia, then in Minsk, in 1910-14 - in Warsaw. In 1894 in Berdichev he published a collection of works. verse, in Hebrew, First Poems and Stories in Yiddish publ. in Zh. "Dos tswanzikste jorgundert", to-ry published by AK Reisen, then printed in decomp. periodic. ed. R. - author of popul. songs "Gamavdil bein koydesh lehoil" ("Separating the holy and the everyday").
REISEN Mark Osipovich (1895, Zaitsevo Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1992, Moscow), singer (bass). Prof. (1967). Member of the 1st world. war. George. cavalier. In 1917-18 he studied under F. Bugamelli at the cons. in Kharkov. From 1921 he sang at the Kharkov Opera House. In 1925-30 the soloist of the Leningrad State University. t-ra op. and ball., in 1930–54 - the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. From 1926 he performed as a concert singer. From 1929 he toured abroad. Performed all the leading bass lines in Classic. and Western Europe. opera repertoire, including the roles of Boris (Boris Godunov) and Dositheus (Khovanshchina) by MP Mussorgsky. R.'s chamber performance was distinguished by the subtlety of interpretations and originality - the romances of M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, A.P. Borodin, S.V. Rachmaninov, songs by F. Schubert and R. Schumann stood out. He also sang Russian. bunk bed songs and productions owls. comp. (was the first performer of some of them). Participated in the performance of vocal symphony. manuf. W.A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, G. Verdi. In 1965–70 the head. vocal department of Moscow. cons. Honored. art. Rep. (1933). Nar. art. USSR (1937). Became. pr. (1941, 1949, 1951). Works: Autobiographical notes. Articles. Memories. 2nd ed. M., 1986.
REISEN Sarra Kalmanovna (1885, Koydanovo Minsk District and Gubernia - 1974, New York), poet, writer, translator. Daughter of K. Reisen, sister of A.K. Reisen and Z.K. Reisen. In 1899 she came to Minsk, worked as a dressmaker, passed exams for a gymnasium course. From 1908 she lived in Warsaw, in 1914 she returned to Minsk. In 1916–21 she was a teacher in the Jewish Nar. schools. In 1921 she moved to Vilno. Since 1933 - in the USA. Lit. activity began with the publication of a story in rus. lang. in 1902, but then switched to Yiddish, printed short stories, poems, fairy tales in various. periodic. ed. R.'s poems were included in lit. collection of books and anthologies. Translated into Yiddish AS Pushkin, IS Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, R. Tagore and others. The author of the book. Ho-Lem Un Thief (Dream and Reality, Warsaw, 1911); "Leader" ("Poems", Vilna, 1924), "Leader" (New York, 1955).
REISEN Zalman Kalmanovich (1887, Koydanovo, Minsk District and Gubernia - 1941), linguist, literary critic. Son of K. Reisen, brother of A. K. Reisen and S. K. Reisen. He studied in heders, then in Russian. school in Minsk. Since 1915 - in Vilna. He was one of the leading comp. gas. "Lecte Nice", where he introduced a modernized spelling of lang. Yiddish. In 1919–39 - ed. gas. Vilner Tog. He taught in the Jewish Nar. un-ones, on Jewish ped. courses. He was one of the founders of the Jewish ethnography. about-va and IVO, since 1925 - leading sotr. IVO, sred. "IVO-Bleter". Some time was before. Vilna Teachers' Union and PEN-club. In 1908 he published (with A. Reisen) the Yiddish textbook Di Muter-Shprah (Native Language, Warsaw), and in 1920, Gramatic fun der Yidischer Shprah (The Grammar of the Hebrew Language, Vilno). Hands. gr. the authors who compiled the manual "Yiddish Orthography, Caligraphy Method" ("Jewish spelling, calligraphic methods", Warsaw, 1913). In 1925 he participated in the creation of the IVO. In 1928, being ed. daily gas. in Yiddish "Vilner tog", was arrested for protesting against the assimilation policy of Poland. He spent 2 months in prison. Published works on Jewish philology in the Vilna publishing house. "IVO-bleter", "Philologishe font", "Yiddish far ale" and others. Ch. manuf. R, - "Lexicon of Jewish literature, press and philology" in 4 vols. (Vilno, 1926–29). He translated a number of works into Yiddish. FM Dostoevsky, G. de Maupassant, E. Trompe and others. In 1940 he was repressed.
REISIN Mordkhe-Zeev (Max) (1880, Nesvizh Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1957, Florence, Alabama, USA), publicist. Since 1892 - in the USA. Graduated from un-t in Philadelphia. He wrote in the main. in Hebrew and English. lang. Published in these languages. pl. book ("History of the Jews in America", 1903, etc.). Printed Art. into gas. "Freind" (Petersburg), "Der Stern" (Philadelphia) and other ed. In 1950, the book was published in New York. R. in Yiddish "Groise idn, howling them about hekent" ("Famous Jews I knew").
REIZIN Reuben (1911, Minsk - 1942), poet. He was brought up in an orphanage in Slutsk. Graduated from Minsk ped. Institute (1937). First verse. publ. into gas. “Jünger Arbeter” (Minsk), then printed in gas. "October" and zhurn. "Stern", as well as collection of books and alm. In 1934 he published a collection of works in Minsk. verse. "Durh mi un prace" ("Through labor and work"). The author of the poem "A gezang vegn der Groiser Khartie" ("Song of the Great Charter", Minsk, 1936), poetry. Sat. "Leader" ("Poems", ibid, 1940). From 1940 - in the Red Army. Com. platoon R. died in battle.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РЕЗЕКНЕ (до 1893 – Розиттен, в 1893– 1917 – Режица), город (с 1773), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1285. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой (в 1656–80 – под властью Швеции). С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Витебской губ. В 1920–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1786 в Р. проживало ок. 500 евреев, в 1802 – 536 (71,1%), в 1815 – 1072, в 1863 – 1731 (51,3%), в 1883 – 7216, в 1897 – 6478 (60%), в 1910 – 8898 (43,2%), в 1914 – ок. 11 000, в 1920 – 4148 (41,5%), в 1925 – 3911 (30,9%), в 1930 – 3577 (28,2%), в 1935 – 3342 еврея (25,4%).Евреи жили в Р. с 18 в. В 1786 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1802 среди евреев было 3 купца. В 1845 была построена синагога. В 1865 открылась школа рус. грамотности Л.Позина (в 1887 – 47 уч-ся-мальчиков). В 1851 евреям-купцам, занимавшимся в Р. торговлей, было разрешено жить в своих домах в городе, кроме площади ок. православной церкви.Раввин Р. в 1-й пол. 19 в. (до 1858) – Йона Ман (1799–?), затем – Азриэль Яфит (?–1861), в 1861–1900 – Ицхок Циюнис (?–1900), с 1900 – его сын Довид, с 1904 – Исроэль Дусович (1877–?), с 1910 – Лейба Перел, с 1913 – Хаим Лубоцкий (1877, Ковна – 1941), с 1916 – Мовша Скаруто (1889, Розиттен – 1941). Казенным раввином в нач. 20 в. был Яков Поляк.В 1867 в Р. действовали 4 синагоги, еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1875 на средства Элиягу Шапиро была создана пожарная команда. В 1887 в Р. – 10 синагог. В кон. 19 в. мн. евреи выехали в др. страны. В 1893 выходцы из Р. организовали в США благотворит. об-во «Бней Режица».В кон. 19 в. в Р. открылась еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. (в нач. 1920-х гг. языком преподавания в школе стал идиш). В нач. 1890-х гг. в Р. действовал палестинофильский кружок, с нач. 20 в. – орг-ция Бунда, создавшая в 1905 отряд самообороны. В кон. 19 в. врачом в Р. был Н.Тынянов – отец Ю.Н.Тынянова.В 1910 в Р. имелись 10 синагог, еврейское нар. муж. уч-ще с жен. сменой, талмуд-тора, об-во пособия бедным больным евреям, еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во взаимного страхования от огня. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, все 6 складов аптечных товаров, все 5 булочных, 4 гостиницы, обе фотомастерские, все 3 парикмахерские, единств. кофейня, все 5 часовых мастерских, трактир, ок. 200 лавок и магазинов в Р. (в т. ч. 55 бакалейных, все 15 галантерейных, все 12 табачных, все 23 мануфактурные). Евреями были все 6 лесопромышленников и единств. скототорговец в Р.; один еврей сдавал меблированные комнаты. В 1915 отд-ние ЕКОПО оказывало помощь прибывшим в Р. беженцам (ок. 800 чел.).В 1920 в Р. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было разгромлено 27 еврейских лавок и 5 квартир.В 1920 еврейская община Р. участвовала в деятельности К-та помощи Латвии. В 1921 гор. дума постановила печатать все воззвания, объявления, исходящие от гор. администрации, а также таблички с назв. улиц на 3 яз.: латыш., рус. и идише. Предложение было внесено гласным гор. думы Энтиным. В авг. 1921 прибывшие в Р. ок. 500 евреев-беженцев из России были отправлены обратно. В 1920– 30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Имелось 11 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские. В 1921–34 действовала иешива «Бейс Йосеф», к-рую возглавлял Мордхе Звирин. В 1922 при поддержке Джойнта был основан к-т помощи сиротам. В 1920-х гг. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В 1922 основана гимназия с преподаванием на рус. яз., позднее – на идише (дир. – Ефим Григорьевич Гродзинский, 1871–1934). В 1924 создано спорт. об-во «Га-Коах». В 1927 основано отд-ние ОЗЕ, в 1938 – стоматологич. п-ка, в 1939 – дет. лагерь. В 1929 работали 3 еврейские школы. В 1930 выходило юмористич. изд. «Резицер асмодай».4 июля 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В латв. прессе появились статьи о пытках и казнях, применявшихся сотрудниками НКВД в Р. при участии еврейских врачей. В Р. было создано гетто. В сер. июля 1941 было расстреляно ок. 140 евреев. В авг. 1941 еврейское население Р. было уничтожено. В освобождении Р. 26 июля 1944 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Михаила Эммануиловича Москалика (1898–1956).После освобождения в Р. вернулось неск. сотен евреев, воссоздавших общину; действовала синагога (ул. Краславская, д. 5). Раввином был Моисей Борухович Шур (1876–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 30–40 чел., в праздничные – 250–300 чел. На еврейском кладбище был установлен памятник евреям Р., расстрелянным в период Катастрофы. Раввин Р. в 1950-х гг. – Н.Шмуклер.В нач. 1990-х гг. в Р. создана еврейская община (пред. – Диана Вейсман).В Р. имеется еврейское кладбище.В Р. род.: Л.И.Бах, М.В.Грулев, М.Кикоин, С.И.Кранц, Э.С.Мандель, М.Пасынок, И.М. Тагер, Ю.Н.Тынянов, Р.Эдельман, Ф.М.Эрмлер; Натан Именитов (1884–1965, Булонь-Бийанкур, Франция), франц. скульптор; Нисон Миндель (1912–1999), раввин, д-р философии (1962), секр. М.-М.Шнеерсона, автор книг по философии иудаизма; Абрам Цемахович (Тимофеевич) Рибуш (1887–1938, Даугавпилс), инженер, обществ. деятель, пред. Даугавпилсского отд-ния ОРТ, организатор Союза торговцев и промышленников и Кредитного т-ва «Дисконт» (Даугавпилс)., pronunciation=РЕЗЕКНЕ (до 1893 – Розиттен, в 1893– 1917 – Режица), город (с 1773), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1285. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой (в 1656–80 – под властью Швеции). С 1772 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Витебской губ. В 1920–40 – в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1786 в Р. проживало ок. 500 евреев, в 1802 – 536 (71,1%), в 1815 – 1072, в 1863 – 1731 (51,3%), в 1883 – 7216, в 1897 – 6478 (60%), в 1910 – 8898 (43,2%), в 1914 – ок. 11 000, в 1920 – 4148 (41,5%), в 1925 – 3911 (30,9%), в 1930 – 3577 (28,2%), в 1935 – 3342 еврея (25,4%).Евреи жили в Р. с 18 в. В 1786 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1802 среди евреев было 3 купца. В 1845 была построена синагога. В 1865 открылась школа рус. грамотности Л.Позина (в 1887 – 47 уч-ся-мальчиков). В 1851 евреям-купцам, занимавшимся в Р. торговлей, было разрешено жить в своих домах в городе, кроме площади ок. православной церкви.Раввин Р. в 1-й пол. 19 в. (до 1858) – Йона Ман (1799–?), затем – Азриэль Яфит (?–1861), в 1861–1900 – Ицхок Циюнис (?–1900), с 1900 – его сын Довид, с 1904 – Исроэль Дусович (1877–?), с 1910 – Лейба Перел, с 1913 – Хаим Лубоцкий (1877, Ковна – 1941), с 1916 – Мовша Скаруто (1889, Розиттен – 1941). Казенным раввином в нач. 20 в. был Яков Поляк.В 1867 в Р. действовали 4 синагоги, еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1875 на средства Элиягу Шапиро была создана пожарная команда. В 1887 в Р. – 10 синагог. В кон. 19 в. мн. евреи выехали в др. страны. В 1893 выходцы из Р. организовали в США благотворит. об-во «Бней Режица».В кон. 19 в. в Р. открылась еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. (в нач. 1920-х гг. языком преподавания в школе стал идиш). В нач. 1890-х гг. в Р. действовал палестинофильский кружок, с нач. 20 в. – орг-ция Бунда, создавшая в 1905 отряд самообороны. В кон. 19 в. врачом в Р. был Н.Тынянов – отец Ю.Н.Тынянова.В 1910 в Р. имелись 10 синагог, еврейское нар. муж. уч-ще с жен. сменой, талмуд-тора, об-во пособия бедным больным евреям, еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во взаимного страхования от огня. В 1913 евреям принадлежали аптека, все 6 складов аптечных товаров, все 5 булочных, 4 гостиницы, обе фотомастерские, все 3 парикмахерские, единств. кофейня, все 5 часовых мастерских, трактир, ок. 200 лавок и магазинов в Р. (в т. ч. 55 бакалейных, все 15 галантерейных, все 12 табачных, все 23 мануфактурные). Евреями были все 6 лесопромышленников и единств. скототорговец в Р.; один еврей сдавал меблированные комнаты. В 1915 отд-ние ЕКОПО оказывало помощь прибывшим в Р. беженцам (ок. 800 чел.).В 1920 в Р. произошел погром, в ходе к-рого было разгромлено 27 еврейских лавок и 5 квартир.В 1920 еврейская община Р. участвовала в деятельности К-та помощи Латвии. В 1921 гор. дума постановила печатать все воззвания, объявления, исходящие от гор. администрации, а также таблички с назв. улиц на 3 яз.: латыш., рус. и идише. Предложение было внесено гласным гор. думы Энтиным. В авг. 1921 прибывшие в Р. ок. 500 евреев-беженцев из России были отправлены обратно. В 1920– 30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Имелось 11 синагог, в т. ч. хасидские. В 1921–34 действовала иешива «Бейс Йосеф», к-рую возглавлял Мордхе Звирин. В 1922 при поддержке Джойнта был основан к-т помощи сиротам. В 1920-х гг. была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите. В 1922 основана гимназия с преподаванием на рус. яз., позднее – на идише (дир. – Ефим Григорьевич Гродзинский, 1871–1934). В 1924 создано спорт. об-во «Га-Коах». В 1927 основано отд-ние ОЗЕ, в 1938 – стоматологич. п-ка, в 1939 – дет. лагерь. В 1929 работали 3 еврейские школы. В 1930 выходило юмористич. изд. «Резицер асмодай».4 июля 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В латв. прессе появились статьи о пытках и казнях, применявшихся сотрудниками НКВД в Р. при участии еврейских врачей. В Р. было создано гетто. В сер. июля 1941 было расстреляно ок. 140 евреев. В авг. 1941 еврейское население Р. было уничтожено. В освобождении Р. 26 июля 1944 принимала участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Михаила Эммануиловича Москалика (1898–1956).После освобождения в Р. вернулось неск. сотен евреев, воссоздавших общину; действовала синагога (ул. Краславская, д. 5). Раввином был Моисей Борухович Шур (1876–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 30–40 чел., в праздничные – 250–300 чел. На еврейском кладбище был установлен памятник евреям Р., расстрелянным в период Катастрофы. Раввин Р. в 1950-х гг. – Н.Шмуклер.В нач. 1990-х гг. в Р. создана еврейская община (пред. – Диана Вейсман).В Р. имеется еврейское кладбище.В Р. род.: Л.И.Бах, М.В.Грулев, М.Кикоин, С.И.Кранц, Э.С.Мандель, М.Пасынок, И.М. Тагер, Ю.Н.Тынянов, Р.Эдельман, Ф.М.Эрмлер; Натан Именитов (1884–1965, Булонь-Бийанкур, Франция), франц. скульптор; Нисон Миндель (1912–1999), раввин, д-р философии (1962), секр. М.-М.Шнеерсона, автор книг по философии иудаизма; Абрам Цемахович (Тимофеевич) Рибуш (1887–1938, Даугавпилс), инженер, обществ. деятель, пред. Даугавпилсского отд-ния ОРТ, организатор Союза торговцев и промышленников и Кредитного т-ва «Дисконт» (Даугавпилс)., extra_data="{'translat...")
RESENI, see Rezen.
REZEN (until 1991 - Rezeni), a village in Chisinau district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. 1941 25 Jews were killed in R.
REG, city (since 1943), regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1773 as an iron-smelting settlement. and ironworker. s-de. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in R., in 2002 - 8 Jews.
Cutter, see Rezekne.
RUBBER, city (since 1940), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1847 248 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 3182 (87.1%), in 1907 - 3318, in 1930 - 2889 Jews (76.6 In 1861 there were two synagogues in R. In 1906 a Zionist circle worked in R., in 1910 - a Talmud-Torah, private husbands. and wives. Jewish schools, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. 1920-30-ies. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the end. 1930s a Jewish hospital and an ORT school operated. In the summer of 1941, Romania was occupied by Romanians. troops. In 1941–42, 1,265 Jews were murdered in R.
REZNIK Henry Markovich (b. 1938, Leningrad), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1970). Ml. Counselor of Justice (1981). In 1962 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kazakh State un-that. In 1962–66 he worked in the investigation department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kazakh SSR, first as an investigator, then as an investigator for especially important cases. In 1969–82 at the All-Union Union. in-those of the USSR Prosecutor's Office: Jr., then Art. scientific. employee. Since 1982 head. laboratory for the study of issues of improving the workers of justice of the Ministry of Justice of the USSR, was engaged in scientific research. activities. Since 1986, member. Moscow mountains. the bar association. Since 1997 - before. the presidium of the board, since 2002 - before. Moscow Bar Association. He defended L.M. Timofeev, V.I. Ryashentsev (ANT), E.V. Tenyakov (Chelyabinsk Stock Exchange), former KGB general Y.S. Plekhanov (the GKChP case). R. - the author of more than 40 scientific. works on criminology and legal issues. Cit .: Inner conviction in the assessment of evidence. M., 1977; Constitutional right to protection. M., 1980 (et al.); Criminological characteristics and prevention of common crime: The course of Soviet criminology (et al.). M., 1984
REZNIK Lipa Borukhovich (1890, Chernobyl of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1944, Kustanai Kazakh SSR), teacher, poet, writer, playwright. Y.B. Reznik's brother. Received, trad. Jewish religion education. In 1910 he moved to Kiev, where he studied as a thin artist. uch-shche. In 1912-14 he attended ped. courses in Grodno. He worked as a teacher, later as a director. one of the schools in Kiev, then studied physics and mathematics. f-those of Kiev un-that. In 1920 he left for Moscow, worked as a teacher in a Jewish child. colonies in Malakhovka; in 1921 he returned to Kiev, where he worked as a children's instructor. houses, hands. courses for the retraining of teachers, in 1921-29 he taught literature and language. to the Higher. Jewish ped. courses. He edited the journal. "Educator Bulletin". After graduating from graduate school in Philology. section of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at VUAN (1929), until 1935 was the head. departments of lang. and Assoc. Jewish sector Ying-that social education, then ped. in-that. In 1919, publ. verse, in the Kiev collection. "Oifgang". Published in periodicals. ed. Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov. The author is poetic. collection: "In blahe oifgangen" ("In the pale dawns", Kiev, 1921), "Samet" ("Velvet", Kiev, 1922), "Game" ("Rodina", Kharkov, 1928), "Gunzfri" ( "Dawn", M., 1935) and others. and stories, scientific. Art. in Hebrew and literature, plays "Oifshtand" ("Uprising", 1928), "Dilezte" ("The Last", 1931), "Der recruit" ("Recruit", 1935) and others, which were staged in Jewish t-rah decomp. mountains. country. Translated into Yiddish. A.S. Pushkin, A.P. Chekhov, T.G. Shevchenko and others, as well as Jewish medieval. poets, including I. Galevi.
REZNIK Salomon (1895, Kherson - |), journalist. Since 1904 - in Argentina. Founded weekly. ed. in Spanish lang. El Mundo Israelita, edited every month. review "Yudaik". Translated into Spanish. manuf. I.-L. Peretz, S. Asch, H. Izhitlovsky, S. M. Dubnov. Auth. book Dos formas de nationalismo espritualismo giudio (Two Forms of Jewish Intellectual Nationalism, 1931), La Literature Giudia de la Post-Guera (Post-War Jewish Literature, 1931), Esquéma de la Judia Literature (School of Jewish Literature ", 1933).
REZNIK Shakhno (1895, Romanovka, Kherson district and province - 1946, Buenos Aires), publisher, translator, journalist. Since 1902 - in Argentina. Popularizer of Yiddish literature. In 1920, no. in Buenos Aires, an anthology of Jewish literature in trans. in Spanish lang., which includes the production. Mendele Moikher Sforima, Sholem Aleichem and many others. other writers. R. published a two-volume book of stories by I.-L. Peretz (Buenos Aires, 1919), a volume of stories by S. Asch (ibid., 1928). Translated (with L. Dukhovny) into Spanish. lang. and ed. the first volume of "The Recent History of the Jewish People" by S.М. Dubnova (1925), as well as some works. ID Opatoshu, AK Reisen, G.-DM Nomberg and others. Was one of the creators. and first ed. Jewish gas. in Argentina "Di Presa".
REZNIK Yankev Borukhovich (1892, Chernobyl of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1952, Starobelsk, Luhansk region), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. (1928). LB Reznik's brother. Until the age of 14, he studied at the cheder and yeshiva. In 1916 he graduated from un-t in Kiev. In 1912–14 he was one of the organizers of the Jewish school in Chernobyl - the second school in Russia with teaching in Yiddish. Participated in the organization of the Kiev ped. Jewish technical school, led an exemplary orphanage. In 1927 he studied schooling in Germany. From 1928 he taught at the Jewish department of the Odessa Institute of Nar. education. Headed the department. pedagogy Ying-that Jewish proletarian culture VUAN. In 1928–37 one of the editors. ped. zhurn. Rantbuildung (Kiev). Publ. more than 100 scientific works, including a number of textbooks for Jewish and Ukrainian schools. In 1936 he was expelled from the party, dismissed from his job. After returning to Ukraine after evacuation, he settled in Starobelsk, worked as a teacher. The author of the book. "Mathematician Fun Lebn" ("Mathematics of Life", Kiev, 1925), "Theory of un practice fun der lern-arbet in shul" ("Theory and practice of educational work at school", M., 1935), "Derziung un building in der sovietisher shul "(" Education and training in a Soviet school ", Kiev-Lvov, 1940).
REZNIKOV Aron Naumovich (1915, Minsk - 1999), specialist in the field of mechanical and physical and chemical processing of metals. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. (1961). In 1938 he graduated from the Kharkov mechanical engineering. in-t. In 1939–44 he worked as engineer. for mechanical engineering. s-de, in 1944–67 at the Kuibyshev Polytechnic. in-those (associate professor, prof., head of the department). In 1967–79, the rector and head. Department of Togliatti Polytechnic. Institute (since 1979 prof. of the department). research - in the region. materials processing processes, thermal processes in technologist, systems, mechanical processes. and physical and chemical. processing, as well as the design of machines and tools. Author of monographs, reference books, uch. benefits. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1990). Vol .: Temperature and cooling of cutting tools. Kuibyshev, 1959; A short guide to diamond processing of products and tools. Kuibyshev, 1967; Abrasive and diamond processing of materials. M., 1977 (et al.); Thermal processes in techn. systems. M, 1990 (et al.).
REZNIKOV Lazar Osipovich (1905-1970, Leningrad), social scientist, science specialist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. (1948). He graduated from the North Caucasus, un-t in Krasnodar (1929), graduate school MIFLI (1938). He taught at the universities of Rostov-on-Don (from 1929) and Leningrad (from 1956). Main tr. dedicated the theory of knowledge, general semantics and semiotics; author of a number of Art. in the journal. "Questions of Philosophy". Ed. R. published Sat. “Questions of the theory of knowledge and methodology of scientific. research "(1969)," Questions of epistemology, logic and methodology of scientific. research "(1970) and others. Cit .: Concept and word. L., 1958; Gnoseological. questions of semiotics. L., 1964.
REZNIKOV Leonid Yakovlevich (1919, Petrozavodsk - 1992, ibid.), Literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (1940). He taught at the Belarusian (1948–51), Kishinev (1951–56), Petrozavodsk (1956–82) state. un-takh. A number of works are devoted to lit. study of local lore in Karelia, the Russian North. Works: M. Gorky's story "The Life of Klim Samgin". Petrozavodsk, 1964; Humanism. Citizenship. Craftsmanship. Petrozavodsk, 1973; Moral and aesthetic. position of the writer. Petrozavodsk, 1983; Balaam. The crisis of asceticism. L., 1986.
REZNIKOVICH Mikhail Yurievich (Ierukhimovich) (b. 1938, Kharkov), director, teacher. Prof. (1989). In 1963 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of t-ra, music and cinema (from G.A. Tovstonogov). In 1963–82 (with a break) - dir., In 1982–85 chap. dir. Kiev Russian dram. t-ra them. Lesia Ukrainka. Since 1971 he taught at the Kiev Institute of Theater. lawsuit. Fast. performances: "Children of Vanyushin" by S.A. Naydenov (1970), "Othello" by W. Shakespeare (1978), "The Limit of Calm" by P. Zagrebelny, "Theme with Variations" by S. I. Aleshin (both - 1981), " Duck Hunt "by A.V. Vampilov (1990, Beijing)," Noble Nest "after I.S. Turgenev (1991, Leningrad). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1980). State pr. Ukrainian SSR im. T.G. Shevchenko (1983).
REZNIKOVSKY Arkady Mikhailovich (Shmerovich) (1929, Mariupol - 2000), civil engineer, hydropower. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1971), prof. (1986). Graduated from hydraulic engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. He worked at the construction of small hydroelectric power plants in the Tien Shan and in the institutes "Hydroenergoproekt" and "Energosetproekt" in Moscow. R. is an innovator in the use of mat. methods in the production of labor-consuming hydrologist, and water-energy. calculations. One of the founders of stochastic hydrology (1962). Permanent participant in the expertise of HPP and NPP projects in the USSR and Russia. Author of over 120 printed scientific. tr. D. h. Of the Association Ing. hydropower (1992). Etc. them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky at Vses. competition of works on hydropower (1992). Vol .: Water-power calculations by the Monte Carlo method. M., 1969; Management of regimes of reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants. M., 1974; Hydrological foundations of hydropower. M., 1979; Hydropower. M., 1981.
REZVIN Vladimir Alexandrovich (b. 1930, Moscow), architect, designer, restorer, publicist. Prof. (1992). In 1955 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Deer. GNIMA them. A.V. Shchuseva (since 1990). Main works: restoration of the house of K.S. Melnikov in Krivoarbatsky per. (1985), the Izmailovo estate (1987) (both in Moscow), the Bobrinsky palace in Bogoroditsk (1988). The author of Art. on design, restoration, architect of Moscow, including the book. "Walks in Moscow" (1984, 1986, with MF Milova).
Ribolov Menachem (Ribalou, Rybolov) (1895, Chudnov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. - 1953, New York), journalist, critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Moscow. un-those. Since 1913 he has collaborated every month. "Shacharit", where publ. their first stories. Since 1921 - in the USA. From 1923 ed. weekly "Ha-Doar" (in Hebrew). In tech. I've been writing weekly for 30 years. ed. Art. under ps. M. Shoshani and essays for dec. period, ed. (later collected in 5 volumes). He was engaged in lit. criticism. Edited several. issues lit. “Yearbook of Amer. Jews "(1931-49), book. rec. about writers. The compiler of the "Anthology of Poetry in Hebrew in America" ​​(1935) and collection. "Akhisefer" (1943), which included verses in the lane. from Yiddish to Hebrew. In English. per. came out sat. lit. essays R. "The flourishing of modern Hebrew literature" (1959). In 1950, the delegate of the World. Congress for the Spread of Hebrew. Co-President (together with I. Ben-Zvi "Brit Hebrew Olamit" (World. Hebrew Union). R.'s son - Harold Uriel (b. 1919, Kiev), publicist, compiler of anthologies. In 1946-51 ed. "Congress Weekly" , in 1951-53 ed. "American Zionist", after 1956 ed. sport, division of the Jewish Telegraph Agency. Author of the book: "Jews in American Sport" (1949), "The Wrestler from Whitechapel. The Story of Daniel Mendoza" (1962) ...
RIBUKAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Main all R. 19th century in the Rossiensky district Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 70 Jewish families lived in R. in 1887 - approx. 60, in 1939 - c. 40 Jewish families (approx. 50%) Jews settled in R. in the middle. 19th century Main the occupation was agriculture; to cultivate the land, which was owned by the state, some Jews hired local peasants. On Saturdays and holidays, the minyan gathered in private houses, and in June 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 Jews of R. were shot by Lithuanian policemen.
RICHARDS Bernard Gershon (1877, Keidany of Kovensky district and province - 1971), journalist. Since 1886 - in the USA. Journalist, activities started as a gas reporter. The Boston Post wrote for New York Gas. American Gibrou, Ze New Palestine and other Jewish editions. He edited the journal. "New Era". In 1906-11 sec. Jewish Community of New York City. Participated in the creation of Amer. Jewish Congress (1918), executive director. to-rogo was before 1932. Member of the Amer. of the Jewish delegation at the Versailles Peace Conf. (1919). Creator and director. Jewish inform. Greater New York Bureau (1932) and Amer. Jewish Institute (1942, New York). Member Zionist, org-tions of America. R. is written in addition. chapter (on Zionism in the USA) to the book. I. Cohen "The Zionist Movement" (1946). Author of the book: "The Reasoning of Keidansky" (1903), "Association of American Jews" (1947).
RICHKA, see the River.
RICHKA KOSOVSKAYA, see River.
RIDAL (real family member Ridal-L'vin) Arseny Grigorievich (1883, Petersburg - 1975, Grozny), director, actor. In 1913 he graduated from the Brussels cons. in composition and conducting. In 1910-12, during the summer holidays, he studied in Germany under M. Reinhardt. He began his creative activity in the "Crooked Mirror" theater (1913), in 1917 he was an opera artist SI Zimin, then art director. hands. and ch. dir. dram, t-ditch in Voronezh, Krasnodar, Samara and Russian. dram, t-ditch in Baku, Yerevan, Tiflis, Tashkent. In 1931-1933 R. worked in Moscow. In 1952–62 - Ch. dir. Grozny dram. t-ra. Among the performances staged by R .: "Guilty Without Guilt" by A. N. Ostrovsky (Regional Drama, M. Gorky Theater, Krasnodar, 1933), "Notre Dame Cathedral" by V. Hugo and "Intervention" by L. I. Slavin (Azerbaijan State Drama Theater, 1933). "Fiesco's Conspiracy in Genoa" by F. Schiller (Tiflis Theater of Russian Drama named after A.S. Griboyedov, 1934), "Optimistic Tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky and "Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan (ibid., 1936), "Field Marshal Kutuzov" by V.A. Solovyov (Kuibyshev Regional State Drama Theater named after M. Gorky, 1940), "Ivanov" by A.P. Chekhov (Yerevan State Drama Theater named after K. Stanislavsky, 1945), "The Barbarians" by AM Gorky (Republican Tr.Russian Drama, Alma-Ata, 1946), "Russian Question" by K.M. Simonov (State Russian Drama T -r named after M. Gorky, Tashkent, 1947). R. is the author of the comic. op. "The Last Adventure of Don Juan", staged in Voronezh (1923), and a number of musical accompaniments to performances. In 1919–60, R. taught at the theater, schools in Voronezh, Baku, Moscow (CETETIS), and Tashkent. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1960).
RIDBAZ (Vailovsky) Yakov-David (1845, Kobrin, Grodno province - 1913, Safed, Eretz Yisrael), rabbi. Rabbi in Bobruisk, Vilna, Polotsk and other cities. Since 1903 - a rabbi in Chicago. In 1903, at a congress in Philadelphia, he was elected head of the conservative rabbis of the United States. Author of commentaries on the Pentateuch and the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds (Vilna, 1874).
RIEBINI, a settlement in the Preili region (Republic of Latvia). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - Rybinishki town of Polotsk u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 there were 97 Jews living in R., in 1897 - 533 (91.2%), in 1920 - 386 (87%), in 1925 - 360 , in 1930 - 348 (85%), in 1935 - 317 Jews (68%). Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 19th century In the 1830s. the Jewish cemetery was founded. All R. 19th century there was a synagogue. Since 1843, the rabbi of R. was Zeev-Wolf Tsiyuni, at the end. 19th century - Abraham Girshovich (1861–?), Since 1903 - Yakov Shapiro (1873 -?). In 1913, Jews belonged to unity. a pharmacy and 8 shops in R. (including all 4 grocery, both manufacturing). In 1916 a cheder worked in R. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a communal bathhouse was renovated and a mutual aid fund established. In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues in R. In 1921, a Yiddish-teaching school was opened. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1922, donations from Jews in favor of the Jewish nat. fund amounted to 553 rubles. In the 1930s. 16 out of 17 shops in R. belonged to Jews. Rabbi R. in 1922–25 - Avrom-Benjamin Taits, in 1925–35 - Leizer-Itskhok Shits (1880–?), From 1936 - Ber Shits (1915, Gazenpot -?) In July 1941, after the occupation of R. by units of the Wehrmacht, the killing of Jews by Latvian nationalists began. In the end. Aug 1941 Jews of R. were shot in a nearby forest. After the liberation of R., a monument was erected at the site of the execution of Jews; there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R.
RIFTIN Alexander Pavlovich (1900, Kharkov - 1945, Leningrad), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. (1937). Uncle B.L. Riftin. In 1923 he graduated from an archaeologist. branch, in 1925 - branch language. and literature of Leningrad State University. Sci. sotr. Japhetic in-that - Ying-that language. and thinking (since 1925), Ying-that speech culture - Ying-that linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1928–37). Lecturer Communist, Institute of Journalism (1930–1934), LIZHVYA - LVI (1932–38), I Leningrad Research Institute (1938–43), Ped. in-ta them. M.N. Pokrovsky (1936-1939). Head departments east. f-that (1933–45), dean of philology. Faculty (1939–42) Leningrad State University. Main directions of research: Semitic-Hamitic philology, other Semitic languages, general linguistics. Vol .: Old Babylonian legal and administrative documents in the collections of the USSR. M. - L., 1937.
RIFTIN Boris Lvovich (ps. Li Futsin) (b. 1932, Leningrad), literary scholar, Sinologist, bibliographer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1970), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). A.P. Riftin's nephew. In 1955 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Since 1956 scientific. sotr. IMLI. In 1965-66 he improved as a Sinologist at Peking University. Participant of the international congresses, conf. and symposia. The author of St. 100 scientific. publ., ch. arr. on Chinese folklore and literature. One of the authors of the encyclopedias. dictionary "Myths of the peoples of the world" (1-2 vols., M., 1980, 2nd ed. - 1987) and "Mythological dictionary". (M., 1988). State pr. USSR (1990). Cit .: Historical epic and folklore tradition in China. M., 1970; From myth to novel. The evolution of character portrayal in Chinese literature. M., 1979.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РИГА, город (с 1201), столица Латвийской Республики. Изв. с 1198. С 1274 – в составе Ливонского ордена, с 1561 – Польского кор-ва, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой, с 1621 – Швеции. С 1710 – в составе России, с 1714 – центр Рижской, с 1796 – Лифляндской губ. С 1919 – столица Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1742 в Р. проживало 2 еврея, в 1764 – 36, в 1811 – 736, в 1842 – 1100, в 1858 – 2641 (34%), в 1869 – 5254, в 1880 – 14 000 (8%), в 1897 – 21 962 (7,9%), в 1913 – 33 651 (6,5%), в 1920 – 24 712 (19%), в 1925 – 39 459 (11,7%), в 1930 – 42 328 (11,2%), в 1935 – 43 672 (13,34%), в 1940 – 48 000, в 1959 – 30 267 (5%), в 1970 – 30 581, в 1979 – 23 583, в 1989 – 18 814, в 2000 – 8249 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Р. относится к 1536. В 1561 евреям было запрещено торговать, а в 1593, по указу короля Сигизмунда III Вазы, проживать в Р. Однако евреям разрешалось (после уплаты налога) приезжать в Р. и заниматься розничной торговлей во время ежегод. ярмарок. Евреи приплывали в Р. на барках, с к-рых вели торговлю.С 1638 приезжавшие в Р. евреи могли останавливаться на еврейском подворье, содержать к-рое был назначен Генрих Розен (он же имел винный откуп). В 1666 опубликованы правила пребывания и торг. деятельностити евреев в Р. В 1690 евреям, прибывавшим на барках или плотах, было разрешено оставаться на ночь ок. товаров. В 1700, после того как войска польск. короля Августа II дважды осаждали Р. и еврейское подворье было сожжено, евреям разрешили жить в черте города, но не в центре.В 1709 евреям вновь было запрещено селиться в Р. В 1715 «фактору» Петра I Гиршу Израилю с семьей в виде исключения было разрешено проживать в центре Р. В 1724 гор. совет выдал новое разрешение на содержание еврейского подворья сроком на 50 лет Шредеру. Было указано, что даже евреи, ночующие на барках, должны уплачивать владельцу подворья определенную сумму. В 1725 евреям было разрешено заложить еврейское кладбище, основать хевру кадишу. В том же году гамбургский ювелир Исаак Маркус Саломон получил право проживать вне подворья, в предместье Р., и свободно торговать ювелирными изделиями.После указа 1727 имп. Екатерины I об изгнании евреев из России евреи покинули Р.; разрешено было остаться только неск. семьям. После аналогичного указа 1742 имп. Елизаветы Петровны гор. совет просил ген.-губернатора дозволить евреям временно проживать в Р. Но это ходатайство не было удовлетворено; в марте 1743 евреи покинули Р. (осталось 4 чел., к-рым дал спец. разрешение ген.-губернатор). Весной 1743 просьба рижских горожан, поддержанная сенатом, разрешить еврейским купцам приезжать в Р. для торговли была отвергнута императрицей, наложившей на постановление сената резолюцию: «...от врагов христовых не желаю интересной прибыли». Евреи были выдворены из Р.В 1760-х гг. из-за спада в торговле власти Р. стали ходатайствовать о праве временного проживания евреев в городе. В 1764 имп. Екатерина II принимает решение о поселении евреев в Новороссии; центром по реализации этого плана становится Р. Давиду Бамбергеру, Арону Мозесу, Беньямину Беру и Леви Вульфу присваивается звание «купцов Новой России» (с правом вести торговлю в Р.); они получили также право жить за пределами еврейского подворья. Была основана еврейская община, в бывш. католической молельне открылась первая синагога; действовала миква, имелось кладбище. В 1765 евреев по требованию купцов и ремесленников поселили на особом подворье за гор. стеной у Иоганновых ворот. Право содержать гостиницу (неск. домов) получил на 50 лет Иоганн Веньямин Бенкен. В 1766 «высочайшим указом» евреям было разрешено проживать на подворье не более 6 недель; запрещалось заниматься ремеслами, продавать товары не рижанам и др. В сер. 18 в. Абрахам Кунце составил рецепт «Бальзама Кунце», к-рый затем стал известен как «Рижский бальзам». Во время эпидемии чумы 1770 все евреи, за искл. четырех семей, имеющих привилегии, были изгнаны из Р.; вернуться им разрешили через год. В 1771 И.В.Бенкен устроил на подворье синагогу. Постепенно число евреев, имевших привилегии, увеличивалось. В 1783 по требованию властей евреи избрали старшину (из числа постоянно проживающих в Р.), к-рый был обязан разбирать споры, следить за религ. делами общины и контролировать соблюдение правил пребывания в Р. вновь приехавшими евреями.В 1785 евреи получили право на жительство в местечке Шлок (ныне Слока, часть Юрмалы). Общине предоставлялось право иметь одного учителя. Иногородним евреям, приезжающим в Р., было запрещено брать с собой семьи. В 1792 евреям разрешили открыть вторую синагогу в частном доме в Р. В 1797 в рижскую цензуру были назначены два еврея, чтобы просматривать ввозимые еврейские книги. Раввином местечка Шлок, а затем первым раввином Р. стал Мойше-Йехезкиель Мац (1760–1831), бывший также цензором еврейских книг.В 1810 было отклонено ходатайство еврейской общины Р. о разрешении евреям заниматься ремеслами. В 1813 евреи получили право на жительство в Р., но могли проживать только на двух подворьях (в т.ч. в Московском форштадте, куда переселилось большинство шлокских евреев). Власти требовали от рижских евреев, чтобы они носили европейскую одежду. В 1822 евреям было разрешено заниматься ремеслами (но без подмастерьев и без права иметь вывески). В том же году число еврейских подворьев увеличилось до 5 (одно, для купцов, – в городе, два – в Московском форштадте и два – за Двиной). В 1829 основано об-во «Бикур хойлим» (пред. – Цви Гамбургер). В 1835 в Р. действовали 2 муж. частные школы. В одной из них, под рук. Янкеля Шая, училось 16 чел., в другой, под рук. Абрама Фридмана, – 27 чел. В янв. 1840 было открыто еврейское казенное уч-ще, рук. к-рого стал М.Лилиенталь, затем – Вундербар, с 1843 – А.И.Нейман, позднее – Вульф Каплан (? – 1887). В 1843 в Р. была построена новая каменная синагога – «Алтнае шул», в 1851 – еще одна синагога в Московском форштадте. В том же году переводчик еврейских книг Мозес Саломон подарил синагоге своей общины шитый золотом занавес для арон кодеш. Не менее роскошное покрывало он пожертвовал для алтаря церкви Св. Петра. Раввином Р. в 1831–51 был Арон Алкан (?–1851), с 1851 – его зять Элиягу Ривлин. Казенный раввин в 1854–63 – А.И.Нейман, в 1865–69 – Райхман.В 1857 евреи получили право на жительство во всех р-нах Р., а в 1858 – право владения недвижимостью, право записываться в ремесл. цехи и купеч. гильдии, заниматься всеми видами торговли и пром. произ-ва. В авг. 1871 была открыта Большая хоральная синагога («Ди гроссе хор шул», или «Гогел шул»), с 1873 действовала «Золдатен шул» – синагога, построенная на средства бывш. «николаевских солдат». В центре Р. открылась синагога в квартире раввина Йосефа-Меера – «Иосиф-Меерс миньян»; с 1885 действовала синагога любавичских хасидов.В 1877 руководителем еврейского казенного уч-ща стал Авром Эрлих. Для девочек из неимущих семей в 1878 были открыты кружки домоводства. В 1880 Абрам Штумпель основал в Р. еврейскую школу с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1887 в казенном уч-ще обучалось ок. 500 уч-ся; с этого же года в уч-ще стали принимать девочек. В кон. 19 в. действовало неск. реформированных хедеров. Были организованы разл. благотворит. об-ва: касса взаимопомощи для еврейских студентов (в 1877), «Гмилус Хесэд», «Лехем-Аниим», в 1882 открылась богадельня. Согласно закону 1893, в Р. разрешалось проживать евреям, поселившимся там до 3 апр. 1880, и их потомкам, за искл. лиц, живущих за счет благотворительности или находящихся под следствием.В 1884 в Р. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион», начали действовать кружки «Ховевей Цион». Рижане Залман Лунц и Лейба Шалит были делегатами на съезде «Ховевей Цион» в Катовице, Л.Шалит – был делегатом от Р. на 1-м Сионистском конгрессе в Базеле в 1897. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в Р. функционировали сионистское об-во «Цион», молодежная орг-ция «Шомрей Цион», орг-ция Бунда (с 1900), отд-ние «Поалей Цион», об-ва сионистов-социалистов; в 1905 были организованы отряды еврейской самообороны.В 1873–93 казенным раввином Р. был А.-Э. Пумпянский, под чьей ред. в 1881–82 выходил ежемес. журн. на рус яз. «Еврейские записки». С 1893 казенный раввин Р. – Шлойме Фокер, в 1900-х гг. – И.М.Михельсон, в 1910-х гг. – Л.О.Кантор. В 1886–1911 раввин Р. – Мойше Шапиро, в 1911–35 – его зять Менахем-Мендл Абин (?–1935). Раввином хасидской общины Р. в нач. 20 в. был Лейб Шнеерсон. С 1906 в центре Р. действовали хоральные синагоги «Пейтер шул» и «Зайлн шул».В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди евреев Р. образовалась группа кр. предпринимателей. В 1894 Л.Гершельману принадлежало книжное изд-во, Мориц Фейтельберг торговал галантерейными товарами оптом и в розницу, Давиду Гарберу принадлежала ф-ка цветного сахара (с 1840), Яков Гиндин играл ведущую роль в произ-ве спиртных напитков, Шлойме Шалит основал ф-ку по обработке льна «Эмолипс». В 1909 С.Минтус, владелец самого крупного в Р. к/тр «Колизей», основал прокатную контору, снабжавшую фильмами Сев.-Зап. край. Экспорт товаров (лес, зерно, лен) через рижский порт осуществляли в осн. еврейские торг. фирмы. В нач. 20 в. в Р. был организован «Союз еврейских лесопромышленников». Евреям принадлежало 10 банков (в т. ч. Банк эмиграции, открытый в 1910 Л.Шалитом и Элиэзером Этингеном и помогавший отъезжающим, в осн. в США). В Р. была создана система еврейских кредитных учреждений: касса взаимопомощи еврейских ремесленников (с 1909), ссудо-сберегат. об-ва. Евреям принадлежали лесопильни (ок.10), пр-тия табачной и кожевенной (6 ф-к) пром-сти. Среди осн. занятий евреев Р. преобладали разл. ремесла, в т. ч. пошив одежды и обуви; большинство магазинов готовой одежды принадлежало евреям. Среди евреев Р. числилось более 50 врачей (ок. 20%), более 100 дантистов (ок. 50%) и неск. адвокатов.В нач. 20 в. при местном отд-нии ОПЕ действовали Рижское еврейское ремесленное уч-ще (с 1906), муж. послеобеденное уч-ще, вечерние курсы для ремесленников, комиссия для собирания архивных материалов по истории евреев в Прибалтийском крае, б-ка и публичная читальня, летний лагерь; при об-ве «Иврия» – историко-лит. комиссия, комиссия «Довре иврис», б-ка; об-во «Хедер мсукон» содержало 6 образцовых хедеров, «Ягдиль-Тора» – хедер для изучения Талмуда, «Хедер Клоли» – 3 образцовых хедера. Работали субботняя школа, муж. еврейская гимназия, 2 муж., 2 жен. еврейских нач. уч-ща, еврейское лит.-драматич. об-во «Кармель» (с б-кой), лит.-педагогич. кружок рижских еврейских женщин. В 1912 в Политехнич. ин-те обучалось ок. 200 евреев (11%). Евреи оказали материальную помощь при стр-ве нем. гимназии «Берзенкоммерцшуле»; в знак признательности ее попечители украсили фасад здания 2 шестиконечными звездами. В Р. действовали разл. благотворит. учреждения, среди к-рых – об-во попечения о бедных, об-во «Друг детей», больница «Линас га-Цедек» (с 1910).В 1907 первую в Р. газ. на идише «Национал цейтунг» издавал немец, барон Александр фон Баденбах (вышло 11 номеров). В 1909 Элияс Левин открыл первую в Р. еврейскую типографию, дебютным изданием к-рой стал дет. еженед. журн. «Гехавер». В 1910 выходила газ. «Ди идише штиме» под ред. Бал-Махшовеса.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи. В нач. июля 1915 в Р. были взяты в заложники 6 евреев, позднее – еще 6. В городе оказались десятки евреев, высланных из Курляндии рус. воен. командованием по обвинению в шпионаже и измене. Отд-ние ЕКОПО помогало беженцам. Его работникам удалось получить от гор. властей разрешение для мн. беженцев остаться в Р.В 1918–19 в реквизированной типографии Э.Левина издавалась сов. газ. на идише «Дер ройтер эмес», к-рую возглавлял комиссар по делам печати Беге (нееврей, проведший 15 лет в царской ссылке среди бундовцев и в совершенстве овладевший идишем). Тогда же издавались газ. «Унзер ворт», газ. Бунда «Унзер цайт». В 1918 выходила газ. «Рижское слово», закрытая в авг. 1919 после «неадекватного» освещения эксцессов против евреев во Фридрихштадте (совр. Яунелгава), в 1919 – газ. «Новое рижское слово»; издатель обеих газ. – Рафаил Исаакович Розенфельд (?–1920, Рига).Евреи Р. принимали участие в борьбе за независимость Латвии. Высш. воен. наградами Латвии были награждены Самуил-Иосиф Гопп и Роберт Малецкий (орд. «Лачплеша»), Гирш Беркович, Эллис Рихтер и Файвуш Фарбмон (орд. «Трех звезд»). На осн. в 1928 еврейском кладбище Шмерля был открыт мемориальный памятник евреям, павшим в борьбе за независимость Латвии в 1918–20.В нач. 1920-х гг. численность еврейского населения Р. стремительно росла за счет внутр. миграции из др. р-нов республики (в осн. из Латгалии) и за счет возвращения беженцев и бегства евреев из России.В 1920 в избранный к-т «Еврейского съезда помощи Латвии» от Р. вошли Л.Фишман и д-р И.Иоффе. 27 июня 1921 состоялся съезд еврейских общин Латвии. От Р. были избраны М.Зак, М.Дубин, М.Векслер, Гуревиц («Агудас Исроэль»), Л.Фишман, П.Минц, Я.Ландау («Нац. еврейские демократы»), д-р И.Иоффе и Ж.Тронь (сионисты), З.Левитас («Фолкспартей»), д-р Гельман и Фляцкий («Цеирей Цион»).В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. находились отд-ния всех еврейских политич. партия и движений: Мизрахи (рук. М.Нурок), «Цеирей Цион», нац. демократы (пред. – Л.Фишман), «Агудас Исроэль», «Общие сионисты»; первые в мире орг-ции сионистов-ревизионистов, напр. Бейтар (учредители – Яков Гофман, раввин Моше Левин, Макс Гельштейн), были основаны в Р. после визита З.Жаботинского в дек. 1923. Депутатами парламента Латвии являлись: М.Дубин, П.Минц, М.Нурок, М.Я.Лазерсон от «Цеирей Цион», Н.Майзель (1891–1956) от Бунда. П.Минц был назначен мин. госконтроля Латвийской Республики, дир. еврейского департамента просвещения был Я.Ландау.В Р. активно действовали разл. сионистские молодежные орг-ции: «Гордония», «Нецах», «Ге-Халуц». «Хашмонай», «Га-Галил», «Ге-Хавер», «Га-Шахар». Из 10 существовавших в Р. еврейских студенч. корпораций 6 были сионистскими. В 1924 представители еврейской общественности Р. способствовали нелег. переходу сов.-латв. границы членами сионистской орг-ции СССР с целью их дальнейшей переправки в Э.-И. Бейтар и «Нецах» организовали под Р. с.-х. фермы для подготовки молодежи к физич. труду в Э.-И. На паруснике «Теодор Герцль» Бейтар готовил моряков.В 1922 в Р. работали еврейское изд-во «Явнис», еврейская типография Апта и Гуревича. В 1925 Яков Иосифович Брамс (1898, Либава – 1981, США) и Борис Юльевич Поляк (1889, Белосток – ?) основали в Р. лучшую на тот период типографию в Латвии.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. выходили многочисл. периодич. издания на идише: газ. «Дос фолк» (1920–26) и «Фриморгн» (1926–34) – ред. были Я.Гельман и Я.-З.-В.Э.Лаецкий-Бертольди; «Найе Цайт» с юмористич. приложением журн. «Ашмодай» (с 1922), «Дер вег» (1922–23), «Унзер вег» (1923–24), «Ригер момент» (с 1925), «Ригер тог» (с 1930), «Овент пост» (1932–34), «Моргн пост» (с 1934), «Ба тог» (1932–34) – ред. Г.Мовшович, «Лецте найес» (с 1935), «Гайнт» (1934–40) и др. И.Винник (1895–1942), видный сионистский деятель, глава Еврейского Агентства в Латвии, в разное время был ред. газ. «Идише фолксштиме», «Дос фолк», «Дер руф» и др. Коммунисты издавали в нач. 1930-х гг. журн. «Най эрд», пропагандировавший идею переселения евреев в Еврейскую автономную область. Еврейской тематике уделялось много внимания в рус. газ. «Сегодня» под ред. М.Мильруда (1883–1941) и газ. «Сегодня вечером» (с 1925 – ред. Б.И. Харитон).В 1921 по инициативе д-ра Германа Вассермана была открыта гимназия «Иврит» (дир. – д-р Исаак Раухваргер). В том же году Еврейское об-во по развитию знаний и иск-ва основало в городе Еврейскую нар. консерваторию (рук. – Ш.Розовский). В 1920-х гг. работали Нар. ун-т на идише (до 1928) и Еврейский пед. ин-т. В 1925–26 в ун-те Р. обучалось 545 студентов-евреев, в 1930–31 – 744 чел. В 1920–34 в Р. действовала сеть еврейских нач. и ср. школ, получавших финансовую помощь от властей: 12 школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише, 4 гимназии с преподаванием на нем. и рус. яз., 2 ремесл. уч-ща с преподаванием на идише. Были созданы Еврейский демокр. учительский союз, об-во еврейских учителей «Мория». В Р. работали Фребелевский дет. сад (дир. – Сарра Либерман), Фребелевские курсы для воспитателей дет. садов, а также дет. сады Алисы Леви и С.Дрейер. В 1923 Об-во нар. дет. садов открыло интернат для бедных детей. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Р. работали неск. театр. трупп: «Еврейская оперетта», «Еврейский драматич. уголок» и др. В 1926–34 и в 1936–38 действовал Еврейский т-р. Под покровительством Бунда и «Цеирей Цион» действовали свои т-ры. Еврейский департамент Мин-ва нар. просвещения открыл еврейскую драматич. студию. Под упр. Якова Абрамиса выступал еврейский хор. Практически во всех орг-циях были свои б-ки и клубы. В Р. имелись 4 спорт. об-ва, теннисный клуб и яхт-клуб.В 1920-х гг. при поддержке Джойнта в Р. была основана больница «Бикур хойлим», действовали Союз еврейских врачей, курсы мед. сестер (рук. – д-р Борис Герцфельд). В 1927 в Р. было 87 врачей-евреев и 208 стоматологов-евреев, в 1934 – 310 врачей-евреев (29%), 260 – стоматологов-евреев (65%). В городе функционировали еврейские кредитные учреждения, предоставлявшие ссуды на льготных условиях (в т.ч. касса взаимопомощи студентов-евреев), отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТ, «Киндер колонии» (рук. – Юдель Браун). Работали многочисл. благотворит. орг-ции: дом престарелых, об-во «Малвиш арумим», еврейское об-во дешевых столовых, кошерная столовая под наблюдением раввина Я.Югера и др.В Р. было много ремесленников, создавших неск. профсоюзных орг-ций («Объединение еврейских ремесленников», об-во «Эзра» и др.). Функционировал Еврейский нар. кооператив (чл. правления – А.С.Дубицкий, М.Я. Лазерсон, М.А.Эткин и др.). В 1920-х гг. в Р. работали многочисл. пр-тия, выпускавшие кошерную продукцию: 3 винные ф-ки, ликерная ф-ка, паточный з-д, неск. пекарен мацы, Балтийская консервная ф-ка. Евреи владели мн. банками, торг. и пром. пр-тиями (в т.ч. 2 кофейными ф-ками, неск. конфетными и табачными ф-ками, неск. винными и ликерными з-дами, 1-й ф-кой искусств. меда и фруктового сахара, пробочной ф-кой, ф-кой резиновых изделий); в их руках была сосредоточена почти вся лесопромышленность. В Р. был создан Союз еврейских купцов. Семье Гоф принадлежала узкоколейка, еврей владел кинотеатром «Астра». Адвокатами были 40 евреев (38%).В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовало более 30 синагог (из них 4 хоральные). Раввинами разл. синагог в Р. в 1920–30-х гг. были Элиягу Альтгауз (1871, Николаев – ?), Евель Баранчик (1874–1941), Эфроим Габбай (1862–?), Ицхок Горовиц (1882, Херсон – 1941, Рига), Рефоил Каган (1866–1941, Рига), Борух-Элиэзер Лурье (1896–?), Мендель Магарик (1865, Дрисса Витебской губ. – ?), Нафтоли-Герц Сосновник (1875–?), Хаим-Вульф Хараш (1854, Динабург – ?). Гл. раввином Р. в 1915–41 был Менахем-Мендель Зак (1873, Фридрихштадт – 1941), основавший в 1921 первую в городе иешиву. С 1935 иешиву возглавлял зять М.-М. Зака Исроэль-Мойше Килов (1891, Прели – 1941, Рига). В 1927 после приезда из СССР Й.-И.Шнеерсона Р. стала центром движения любавичских хасидов. Была основана иешива «Томхей Тмимим», к-рую возглавляли Ицхок Тверский и Погромянский.После гос. переворота в мае 1934 еврейская культурная автономия была резко ограничена, еврейские соц. партии и молодежные движения запрещены. Участились антисемитские выступления, евреев перестали принимать на гос. службу, в ун-те Р. была введена негласная процентная норма. В 1940, после включения Латвии в состав СССР, все еврейские автономные учреждения, политич. партии, студенч. корпорации и спорт. об-ва были ликвидированы. В 1940–41 выходила газ. на идише «Кампф». С 1 окт. 1940 работал Гос. еврейский т-р. В кон. 1940 – нач. 1941 были арестованы активисты и руководители религ. и политич. еврейских партий, в т. ч. М.Дубин и М.Нурок. 13–14 июня 1941 из Р. были высланы в отдаленные р-ны СССР как социально опасные элементы ок. 3500 евреев.1 июля 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В городе находилось ок. 40 тыс. евреев, включая беженцев из Литвы. 4 июля 1941 латышские националисты при содействии немцев подожгли неск. синагог (в т.ч. «Гогел шул») с находившимися там евреями-беженцами и жителями соседних улиц (погибло ок. 2 тыс. чел.). В первые дни оккупации спец. частями СС и латышской полицией в Бикерниекском лесу было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. В кон. июля 1941 были опубликованы приказы герм. властей, обязывавшие всех оставшихся евреев пройти регистрацию и носить отличит. знак – желтую звезду. 25 окт. 1941 в бывш. Московском форштадте было создано гетто, куда поместили всех евреев Р. (ок. 32 тыс. чел.). Для руководства гетто был назначен юденрат. 29–30 окт. и 8–9 нояб. 1941 во время двух «акций», осуществленных при участии латышской полиции, в лесу у ж.-д. станции Румбула было уничтожено ок. 27 тыс. евреев; среди них был С.М.Дубнов. 29 нояб. 1941 на терр. «большого гетто» было создано «малое гетто», в к-рое поместили ок. 4500 работоспособных мужчин и женщин.С нояб. 1941 в Р. начали депортировать евреев из Германии и оккупированных ею стран Зап. Европы. Большинство были расстреляны в Бикерниекском лесу, нек-рые направлены в концлагерь в Саласпилсе, где они вскоре были уничтожены; ок. 15 тыс. чел. заключены в т. н. немецкое гетто (в р-не «большого гетто»). В 1942 в окрестностях Р. было создано неск. трудовых лагерей, куда отправили часть евреев из гетто Р.На терр. «малого гетто» существовала подпольная орг-ция (рук. – Овсей Окунь, Мендель Вулфович, Макс Либерман), в деятельности к-рой активную роль играли евреи-полицейские. Орг-ция делилась на группы по 5–7 чел. Группы занимались доставкой оружия в гетто, распространением антифашистских листовок. Подпольщикам удалось установить связь с сов. военнопленными и 26 окт. 1942 вместе с ними предпринять попытку побега к партизанам (10 подпольщиков, неск. военнопленных). Однако в завязавшейся перестрелке 8 евреев были убиты. За трех убитых эсэсовцев было расстреляно более 150 узников гетто, в т.ч. 42 еврейских полицейских. После этого все оружие было перенесено в подвал дома, где жил О.Окунь; в июне 1943 склад был обнаружен, 300 евреев уничтожены. Вскоре «малое гетто» было ликвидировано. В авг. 1943 оставшихся в живых узников «малого гетто» перевели в концлагерь Кайзервальд. 2 нояб. 1943 в «немецком гетто» было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. детей, больных, стариков, остальные переведены в Кайзервальд. В авг. и сент. 1944 часть заключенных Кайзервальда была переправлена в концлагерь Штутгоф, ок. 400 чел. – в лагерь уничтожения Освенцим, оставшиеся расстреляны 2 окт. 1944 при ликвидации лагеря. В освобождении Р. в окт. 1944 принимали участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора П.М.Шафаренко, авиац. полк под ком. подполк. Анатолия Марковича Цейгина, отд. моториз. понтонно-мостовой батальон под ком. подполк. Давида Исааковича Генкина. После освобождения Р. из укрытий вышло более 150 евреев, к-рых спасли неевреи. Треть из них была спасена семьей Жаниса Липке.В 1944 еврейские орг-ции Нью-Йорка предложили собрать деньги для организации еврейского дет. дома в Р. (по нек-рым сведениям, в городе насчитывалось ок. 900 еврейских сирот). В 1946 в еврейских семьях в порядке патронажа воспитывалось 315 сирот. После освобождения еврейскую общину Р. возглавил бывш. узник гетто Б.Каплан, арестованный в 1946. В 1945–46 в Р. действовал центр орг-ции «Бриха», благодаря к-рой сотни евреев Р. смогли нелегально перейти сов.-польск. границу и перебраться в Э.-И. Нек-рые активисты «Брихи» были арестованы. Наибольшие сроки (25 лет) получили Ш.Иоффе (1918–1955, умер в тюрьме) и Я.Янкелович (Янай) (1919–1988, Израиль). С 1946 раввином Р. был Мозус Самойлович Маслянский (1871–?). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 50 чел., в праздники – ок. 1,5 тыс. чел.Во время антисемитской кампании 1948–53 аресту подверглись мн. евреи Р. В 1960 были снесены надгробия на Старом еврейском кладбище. В 1963 в Р. запретили выпечку мацы. В 1964 на еврейском кладбище Шмерля стали хоронить неевреев.Р. была одним из первых городов СССР, в к-ром после 1956 предпринимались попытки возрождения еврейской культуры. В 1957 при «Латпотребсоюзе» создается еврейский хор, выступавший в осн. на идише, гл. дирижеры – И.Абрамис (1908–?), сын погибшего в гетто кантора Хоральной синагоги Абрама Абрамиса и брат Я.Абрамиса, и бывш. узник гетто комп. Мендель Баш. В 1962 неск. месяцев существовал еврейский самодеят. т-р.В 1961 рук. еврейской общины был смещен по обвинению в шпионаже. В нач. 1960-х гг. евреи приводят в порядок места массовых расстрелов, с 1962 проходят траурные митинги в Румбульском лесу. 25 дек. 1964 в лесу установлен мемориальный камень с надписями на идише, рус. и латыш. яз. В 1966 по обвинению в организации беспорядков после концерта израильской певицы Геулы Гил были арестованы М.Лапид, Абигайл Рот и Ноэми Гарбер. В 1960-х гг. неофициальные миньяны по субботам собирались на квартирах Залмана Левина и Натана Зусмановича Баркмана (1923–2003). Нохум Бесер и Градус были домашними учителями основ иудаизма. С сер. 1960-х гг. в Р. стали нелегально функционировать группы по изучению иврита, в 1970 издается первый в СССР журнал еврейского «самиздата» «Итон». В 1970-х – нач. 1980-х гг. в «самиздате» выходил журн. «Хаим» (с 1977), организовывались летние ульпаны, экскурсии по бывш. гетто, отмечались еврейские праздники, ставились спектакли. С 1975 проводился нелег. семинар «Рижские чтения по иудаике».В 1968 в знак протеста против вторжения сов. войск в Чехословакию Илья Рипс пытался совершить акт самосожжения возле памятника Свободы в центре Р. С кон. 1960-х гг. евреи Р. активно участвовали в борьбе за право выезда в Израиль. Мн. евреи Р. в 1970 были осуждены по т. н. самолетному делу, в т. ч. И.М.Менделевич. В 1971 на т. н. рижском процессе были осуждены четверо еврейских активистов. В первой голодной забастовке протеста у здания През. Верх. Совета СССР 10–11 марта 1971 участвовало 56 евреев Р.С 1988 существует Латвийское об-во еврейской культуры, с 1989 – первая в СССР еврейская ср. школа (дир. – Хона Бергман, 1923–1993), еврейский фольклорный анс. «Киннор», Об-во узников гетто. С 1989 в Р. выходил журн. «Вестник еврейской культуры» («ВЕК»). Функционируют отд-ния Бейтара, «Маккаби» (чл. к-рого участвовали в Маккабиадах 1989 и 1993). В 1990 общине возвратили здание бывш. Еврейского т-ра. В 1991 в Р. состоялся Балтийский фестиваль еврейской культуры. В 1992 создана еврейская община; с 2002 пред. – Аркадий Сухаренко, с 2004 исполнит. дир. – Гита Умановская. В кон. 1980-х гг. раввином Р. был Менахем-Мендл Нидель (1947–1989); в 1990–2003 гл. раввин Р. и Латвии – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Н.З.Баркан (Баркман); с 2003 раввин Р. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Мордехай Глазман (р. 1965, Тель-Авив), работающий в Р. с 1992. В июле 1993 в Р. прошел первый Всемирн. съезд евреев – выходцев из Латвии. Во время работы съезда в Р. была открыта больница «Бикур холим». В 1994 на месте Старого еврейского кладбища установлен памятный знак. С 1995 под рук. Г.Г.Брановера и Р.С.Фербера один раз в два года проходит междунар. науч. конференция «Евреи в меняющемся мире». В 1998 основан Центр изучения иудаики Латв. ун-та (пред. правления – Р.С.Фербер). В 1995 в возвращенном здании открыта еврейская школа «Огел Менахем» под рук. М.Глазмана. При общине действуют дет. сад «Огел Менахем», воскресная школа, разл. клубы и благотворит. учреждения. В 2001 в Бикерниекском лесу открыт мемориал памяти евреев – жертв Катастрофы.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 9 тыс. евреев.В Р. poд.: Б.Акцин, Н.Аргов, Л.Н.Бельский, И.Берлин, Л.Б.Бернштам, Г.Г.Брановер, Е.М.Браудо, П.Л.Вайль, И.П.Вейнберг, Я.С.Виленчик, А.Г.Вовси, Ш.-Я.Геверц, А.А. Генис, М.Гер, С.А.Гиллер, М.[[Гильквиm, Н.Гинцбург, О.Л.Гордон, И.Х.Груберт, А.И.Гурвич, И.И.Гуревич, Л.Гутман, А.Дисенчик, Н.Я.Золотонос, Б.-Ц.Кешет, М.-М.Китай, А.Н.Кобленц, Э.Коген-Минц, Г.М.Кремер, М.Лаври, И.Лейбович, Н.Лейбович, М.Лесман, М.Я. Либман, А.Липшюц, Т.Лифшиц, В.Майский, М.Майский, М.Г.Марьяновский, И.М.Менделевич, А.-М.Милецкий, Л.М.Михельсон, Э.М. Мицис, Л.-С.Моисеев, А.И.Нuмцович, Р.М. Ольховский, А.А.Праудин, С.Е.Рабинович, А.И.Райкин, М.Ю.Рапопорт, Я.Д.Рапопорт, С.А.Рейнберг, Л.С.Рогачевская, Ш.Розовский, А.Свердлов, З.Сузаев, П.-М.Тайц, М.Н.Таль, Р.Д.Тименчик, И.П.Трайнин, Е.Ж.Трон, Р.С. Фербер, Б.Фогелявичус, А.-Ш.Фрейдус, Д.М. Хазан, Ф.Халсман, А.Я.Хейфец, Г.М.Хейфец, А.Я.Цигельник, А.Чужой, Й.Шварц, Б.А.Шимелиович, Ю.А.Шимелиович, Б.Штерн, С.М. Эйзенштейн, Б.Элиав, Г.Ядловкер; Альберт Абрамович (1879–1963, США), живописец, график, с 1905 – во Франции, с 1913 – в США, участник перс. выставок (с 1934), публ. в журн. гор. пейзажи, уличные сцены, работы хранятся в музеях Нью-Йорка, Вашингтона, Лондона, Москвы; Лазарь Адырим (р. 1952), тренер, с 1983 – в Израиле, тренер сб. команды Израиля по фехтованию на рапирах; Юлий Вульфович Аншелевич (р. 1932), кардиолог, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф. (1968), д. ч. Латв. АН, пред. Латв. науч. кардиологич. об-ва (с 1972), Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1977), пред. Совета об-ва «Бикур холим» (с 1994); Барух Баг (1901–1993), спортивный деятель, с 1929 – в Э. И., оргсекр. Отд. физич. воспитания «Ваад Леуми» (1939–48), оргсекр. отд. физич. воспитания Мин-ва образования (1948–53), дир. Ин-та физич. воспитания и спорта «Вингейт» (1957–69); Липман Берс (1914–1993, Нью-Йорк), математик, проф. Колумбийского ун-та (1964), чл. Нац. АН США (1964), осн. тр. по матем. анализу и уравнениям с частными производными; Авраам Блауштейн (1836–1914), хазан, гл. кантор в Бромберге (Германия); Авраам (Сергей) Браун (1881–1940), один из лидеров Бунда, с 1938 – в США; Иоахим Браун (р. 1929), музыковед, виолончелист, с 1972 – в Израиле, проф. (1981) Ун-та Бар-Илан, автор неск. сотен печ. работ; Владимир Яковлевич Вигман (р. 1952), шашист, междунар. гроссмейстер (1985), чемпион СССР по рус. шашкам (1976, 1977, 1978), гл. ред. журн. «Шашки» (1990–91), автор книг и методич. пособий; Джорж Гулак (1905–1987), гимнаст, спортивный деятель, чемпион Латвии в гимнастич. многоборье (1921), с 1922 – в США, чемп. Олимп. игр (1932), вице-през. Междунар. федерации гимнастики, пред. Нац. олимп. к-та США; Моисей Григорьевич Гуревич (1891–1937, Москва), гос. деятель, нарком здравоохранения УССР (1920), зам. наркома здравоохранения РСФСР (1934), репрессирован; Моррис Дайч (1899–?), общественный деятель, с 1944 – в США, один из лидеров еврейской общины Калифорнии; Бернгард Львович Данненгирш (1894–1972, там же), график, автор плакатов, иллюстратор Латгосиздата, оформлял спектакли в Еврейском т-ре ЛатвССР (1940), гл. худож. г. Рига (1961–64), засл. деят. иск-в ЛатвССР (1945); Роберт Федорович Ильяш (1834–1909, Петербург), журналист, печатался в петерб. газетах, в еврейских периодич. изд. России и Австро-Венгрии, автор «Очерка истории рижских евреев»; Доротея Крук (Гилеад) (1920–1989), филолог, проф. английской лит-ры (1971) Тель-Авивского ун-та; Дэвид Магаршак (1899–1977), англ. литературовед, пер. на англ. яз. произв. А.С.Пушкина, Н.В.Гоголя, Ф.М.Достоевского, Н.С.Лескова, А.Н.Островского, автор ряда монографий об А.П.Чехове; Дов Мильман (р. 1919), политич. деятель, с 1937 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 7-го созыва от партии Херут, представитель Израиля в Европарламенте (1979–80), посол в Португалии (1981–83); Илья Аронович Рипс (р. 1948), математик, проф., с 1972 – в Израиле, специалист в обл. классич. проблем теории групп, автор работ по нумерологии Торы; Рафаил Леонович Розенталь (р. 1937), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1972), проф. (1980), автор мн. науч. работ, Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1980); Брайна-Ольга Львовна-Павловна Рудина-Ненадовна-Фосса (1902–1973, там же), врач, нач. госпиталя интербригады в Испании (1938–39), нач. мед. службы ЦК МОПР (1939–41); Мирьям Львовна-Липковна Рудина-Виталина (1898–1990, там же), врач, нач. госпиталя интербригады в Испании (1937–39), в 1933–36 и в 1939–41 – врач еврейских больниц в Риге; Любовь Саввишна Руднева (Фейгельман) (1914–2003, Москва), писатель, эссеист, единств. в России женщина-маринист, в нек-рых произв. затрагивается еврейская тема; Двойра Таран (1898–1957, Нью-Йорк), педагог, с 1923 – в США, автор неск. учебников идиша; Авром Трубочист (1870–1941, там же), публицист, писал на идише, автор заметок о путешествиях по странам Азии и Африки; Элиэзер Халфин (1948–1972, Мюнхен), спортсмен, с 1969 – в Израиле, чл. олимп. команды Израиля по вольной борьбе, убит террористами во время Олимп. игр в Германии; Владлен Владимирович Шульман (р. 1962), певец, кантор, вокальный педагог, чемп. Риги по шахматам (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988); Арон Юдельсон (1907–1937), поэт, журналист, писал на идише, автор неск. сб. поэзии и очерков, репрессирован; Аарон Ярив (Рабинович) (1920–1994), политич. деятель, деп. Кнессета 8-го созыва от партии Труда, мин. связи (1974), мин. информации (1975).В Р. жили и работали: М.Д.Александрович, Д.Л.Бамбергер, М.Л.Беленький, М.М.Бородин, М.И.Ганфман, Э.Гольдин, С.М.Диманштейн, М.Йо, Л.О.Кантор, Л.И.Коваль, З.Мееровиц, А.И.Нейман, Б.М.Оршанский, А.-Э.Пумпянский, С.Пухер, М.А.Ракузин, О.Д.Строк, И.-Х.Тавьев, Ю.Ф.Файер, Д.-Б. Хаги, М.Г. Центнершвер, М.У.Шац-Анин, М.Л.Шенфельд, М.О.Эйзенштейн.Ю.Н.Григорьева, Р.И.Молдавер, pronunciation=РИГА, город (с 1201), столица Латвийской Республики. Изв. с 1198. С 1274 – в составе Ливонского ордена, с 1561 – Польского кор-ва, с 1569 – Речи Посполитой, с 1621 – Швеции. С 1710 – в составе России, с 1714 – центр Рижской, с 1796 – Лифляндской губ. С 1919 – столица Латвийской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛатвССР.В 1742 в Р. проживало 2 еврея, в 1764 – 36, в 1811 – 736, в 1842 – 1100, в 1858 – 2641 (34%), в 1869 – 5254, в 1880 – 14 000 (8%), в 1897 – 21 962 (7,9%), в 1913 – 33 651 (6,5%), в 1920 – 24 712 (19%), в 1925 – 39 459 (11,7%), в 1930 – 42 328 (11,2%), в 1935 – 43 672 (13,34%), в 1940 – 48 000, в 1959 – 30 267 (5%), в 1970 – 30 581, в 1979 – 23 583, в 1989 – 18 814, в 2000 – 8249 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях Р. относится к 1536. В 1561 евреям было запрещено торговать, а в 1593, по указу короля Сигизмунда III Вазы, проживать в Р. Однако евреям разрешалось (после уплаты налога) приезжать в Р. и заниматься розничной торговлей во время ежегод. ярмарок. Евреи приплывали в Р. на барках, с к-рых вели торговлю.С 1638 приезжавшие в Р. евреи могли останавливаться на еврейском подворье, содержать к-рое был назначен Генрих Розен (он же имел винный откуп). В 1666 опубликованы правила пребывания и торг. деятельностити евреев в Р. В 1690 евреям, прибывавшим на барках или плотах, было разрешено оставаться на ночь ок. товаров. В 1700, после того как войска польск. короля Августа II дважды осаждали Р. и еврейское подворье было сожжено, евреям разрешили жить в черте города, но не в центре.В 1709 евреям вновь было запрещено селиться в Р. В 1715 «фактору» Петра I Гиршу Израилю с семьей в виде исключения было разрешено проживать в центре Р. В 1724 гор. совет выдал новое разрешение на содержание еврейского подворья сроком на 50 лет Шредеру. Было указано, что даже евреи, ночующие на барках, должны уплачивать владельцу подворья определенную сумму. В 1725 евреям было разрешено заложить еврейское кладбище, основать хевру кадишу. В том же году гамбургский ювелир Исаак Маркус Саломон получил право проживать вне подворья, в предместье Р., и свободно торговать ювелирными изделиями.После указа 1727 имп. Екатерины I об изгнании евреев из России евреи покинули Р.; разрешено было остаться только неск. семьям. После аналогичного указа 1742 имп. Елизаветы Петровны гор. совет просил ген.-губернатора дозволить евреям временно проживать в Р. Но это ходатайство не было удовлетворено; в марте 1743 евреи покинули Р. (осталось 4 чел., к-рым дал спец. разрешение ген.-губернатор). Весной 1743 просьба рижских горожан, поддержанная сенатом, разрешить еврейским купцам приезжать в Р. для торговли была отвергнута императрицей, наложившей на постановление сената резолюцию: «...от врагов христовых не желаю интересной прибыли». Евреи были выдворены из Р.В 1760-х гг. из-за спада в торговле власти Р. стали ходатайствовать о праве временного проживания евреев в городе. В 1764 имп. Екатерина II принимает решение о поселении евреев в Новороссии; центром по реализации этого плана становится Р. Давиду Бамбергеру, Арону Мозесу, Беньямину Беру и Леви Вульфу присваивается звание «купцов Новой России» (с правом вести торговлю в Р.); они получили также право жить за пределами еврейского подворья. Была основана еврейская община, в бывш. католической молельне открылась первая синагога; действовала миква, имелось кладбище. В 1765 евреев по требованию купцов и ремесленников поселили на особом подворье за гор. стеной у Иоганновых ворот. Право содержать гостиницу (неск. домов) получил на 50 лет Иоганн Веньямин Бенкен. В 1766 «высочайшим указом» евреям было разрешено проживать на подворье не более 6 недель; запрещалось заниматься ремеслами, продавать товары не рижанам и др. В сер. 18 в. Абрахам Кунце составил рецепт «Бальзама Кунце», к-рый затем стал известен как «Рижский бальзам». Во время эпидемии чумы 1770 все евреи, за искл. четырех семей, имеющих привилегии, были изгнаны из Р.; вернуться им разрешили через год. В 1771 И.В.Бенкен устроил на подворье синагогу. Постепенно число евреев, имевших привилегии, увеличивалось. В 1783 по требованию властей евреи избрали старшину (из числа постоянно проживающих в Р.), к-рый был обязан разбирать споры, следить за религ. делами общины и контролировать соблюдение правил пребывания в Р. вновь приехавшими евреями.В 1785 евреи получили право на жительство в местечке Шлок (ныне Слока, часть Юрмалы). Общине предоставлялось право иметь одного учителя. Иногородним евреям, приезжающим в Р., было запрещено брать с собой семьи. В 1792 евреям разрешили открыть вторую синагогу в частном доме в Р. В 1797 в рижскую цензуру были назначены два еврея, чтобы просматривать ввозимые еврейские книги. Раввином местечка Шлок, а затем первым раввином Р. стал Мойше-Йехезкиель Мац (1760–1831), бывший также цензором еврейских книг.В 1810 было отклонено ходатайство еврейской общины Р. о разрешении евреям заниматься ремеслами. В 1813 евреи получили право на жительство в Р., но могли проживать только на двух подворьях (в т.ч. в Московском форштадте, куда переселилось большинство шлокских евреев). Власти требовали от рижских евреев, чтобы они носили европейскую одежду. В 1822 евреям было разрешено заниматься ремеслами (но без подмастерьев и без права иметь вывески). В том же году число еврейских подворьев увеличилось до 5 (одно, для купцов, – в городе, два – в Московском форштадте и два – за Двиной). В 1829 основано об-во «Бикур хойлим» (пред. – Цви Гамбургер). В 1835 в Р. действовали 2 муж. частные школы. В одной из них, под рук. Янкеля Шая, училось 16 чел., в другой, под рук. Абрама Фридмана, – 27 чел. В янв. 1840 было открыто еврейское казенное уч-ще, рук. к-рого стал М.Лилиенталь, затем – Вундербар, с 1843 – А.И.Нейман, позднее – Вульф Каплан (? – 1887). В 1843 в Р. была построена новая каменная синагога – «Алтнае шул», в 1851 – еще одна синагога в Московском форштадте. В том же году переводчик еврейских книг Мозес Саломон подарил синагоге своей общины шитый золотом занавес для арон кодеш. Не менее роскошное покрывало он пожертвовал для алтаря церкви Св. Петра. Раввином Р. в 1831–51 был Арон Алкан (?–1851), с 1851 – его зять Элиягу Ривлин. Казенный раввин в 1854–63 – А.И.Нейман, в 1865–69 – Райхман.В 1857 евреи получили право на жительство во всех р-нах Р., а в 1858 – право владения недвижимостью, право записываться в ремесл. цехи и купеч. гильдии, заниматься всеми видами торговли и пром. произ-ва. В авг. 1871 была открыта Большая хоральная синагога («Ди гроссе хор шул», или «Гогел шул»), с 1873 действовала «Золдатен шул» – синагога, построенная на средства бывш. «николаевских солдат». В центре Р. открылась синагога в квартире раввина Йосефа-Меера – «Иосиф-Меерс миньян»; с 1885 действовала синагога любавичских хасидов.В 1877 руководителем еврейского казенного уч-ща стал Авром Эрлих. Для девочек из неимущих семей в 1878 были открыты кружки домоводства. В 1880 Абрам Штумпель основал в Р. еврейскую школу с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1887 в казенном уч-ще обучалось ок. 500 уч-ся; с этого же года в уч-ще стали принимать девочек. В кон. 19 в. действовало неск. реформированных хедеров. Были организованы разл. благотворит. об-ва: касса взаимопомощи для еврейских студентов (в 1877), «Гмилус Хесэд», «Лехем-Аниим», в 1882 открылась богадельня. Согласно закону 1893, в Р. разрешалось проживать евреям, поселившимся там до 3 апр. 1880, и их потомкам, за искл. лиц, живущих за счет благотворительности или находящихся под следствием.В 1884 в Р. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион», начали действовать кружки «Ховевей Цион». Рижане Залман Лунц и Лейба Шалит были делегатами на съезде «Ховевей Цион» в Катовице, Л.Шалит – был делегатом от Р. на 1-м Сионистском конгрессе в Базеле в 1897. В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. в Р. функционировали сионистское об-во «Цион», молодежная орг-ция «Шомрей Цион», орг-ция Бунда (с 1900), отд-ние «Поалей Цион», об-ва сионистов-социалистов; в 1905 были организованы отряды еврейской самообороны.В 1873–93 казенным раввином Р. был А.-Э. Пумпянский, под чьей ред. в 1881–82 выходил ежемес. журн. на рус яз. «Еврейские записки». С 1893 казенный раввин Р. – Шлойме Фокер, в 1900-х гг. – И.М.Михельсон, в 1910-х гг. – Л.О.Кантор. В 1886–1911 раввин Р. – Мойше Шапиро, в 1911–35 – его зять Менахем-Мендл Абин (?–1935). Раввином хасидской общины Р. в нач. 20 в. был Лейб Шнеерсон. С 1906 в центре Р. действовали хоральные синагоги «Пейтер шул» и «Зайлн шул».В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. среди евреев Р. образовалась группа кр. предпринимателей. В 1894 Л.Гершельману принадлежало книжное изд-во, Мориц Фейтельберг торговал галантерейными товарами оптом и в розницу, Давиду Гарберу принадлежала ф-ка цветного сахара (с 1840), Яков Гиндин играл ведущую роль в произ-ве спиртных напитков, Шлойме Шалит основал ф-ку по обработке льна «Эмолипс». В 1909 С.Минтус, владелец самого крупного в Р. к/тр «Колизей», основал прокатную контору, снабжавшую фильмами Сев.-Зап. край. Экспорт товаров (лес, зерно, лен) через рижский порт осуществляли в осн. еврейские торг. фирмы. В нач. 20 в. в Р. был организован «Союз еврейских лесопромышленников». Евреям принадлежало 10 банков (в т. ч. Банк эмиграции, открытый в 1910 Л.Шалитом и Элиэзером Этингеном и помогавший отъезжающим, в осн. в США). В Р. была создана система еврейских кредитных учреждений: касса взаимопомощи еврейских ремесленников (с 1909), ссудо-сберегат. об-ва. Евреям принадлежали лесопильни (ок.10), пр-тия табачной и кожевенной (6 ф-к) пром-сти. Среди осн. занятий евреев Р. преобладали разл. ремесла, в т. ч. пошив одежды и обуви; большинство магазинов готовой одежды принадлежало евреям. Среди евреев Р. числилось более 50 врачей (ок. 20%), более 100 дантистов (ок. 50%) и неск. адвокатов.В нач. 20 в. при местном отд-нии ОПЕ действовали Рижское еврейское ремесленное уч-ще (с 1906), муж. послеобеденное уч-ще, вечерние курсы для ремесленников, комиссия для собирания архивных материалов по истории евреев в Прибалтийском крае, б-ка и публичная читальня, летний лагерь; при об-ве «Иврия» – историко-лит. комиссия, комиссия «Довре иврис», б-ка; об-во «Хедер мсукон» содержало 6 образцовых хедеров, «Ягдиль-Тора» – хедер для изучения Талмуда, «Хедер Клоли» – 3 образцовых хедера. Работали субботняя школа, муж. еврейская гимназия, 2 муж., 2 жен. еврейских нач. уч-ща, еврейское лит.-драматич. об-во «Кармель» (с б-кой), лит.-педагогич. кружок рижских еврейских женщин. В 1912 в Политехнич. ин-те обучалось ок. 200 евреев (11%). Евреи оказали материальную помощь при стр-ве нем. гимназии «Берзенкоммерцшуле»; в знак признательности ее попечители украсили фасад здания 2 шестиконечными звездами. В Р. действовали разл. благотворит. учреждения, среди к-рых – об-во попечения о бедных, об-во «Друг детей», больница «Линас га-Цедек» (с 1910).В 1907 первую в Р. газ. на идише «Национал цейтунг» издавал немец, барон Александр фон Баденбах (вышло 11 номеров). В 1909 Элияс Левин открыл первую в Р. еврейскую типографию, дебютным изданием к-рой стал дет. еженед. журн. «Гехавер». В 1910 выходила газ. «Ди идише штиме» под ред. Бал-Махшовеса.Во время 1-й мир. войны мн. евреи были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи. В нач. июля 1915 в Р. были взяты в заложники 6 евреев, позднее – еще 6. В городе оказались десятки евреев, высланных из Курляндии рус. воен. командованием по обвинению в шпионаже и измене. Отд-ние ЕКОПО помогало беженцам. Его работникам удалось получить от гор. властей разрешение для мн. беженцев остаться в Р.В 1918–19 в реквизированной типографии Э.Левина издавалась сов. газ. на идише «Дер ройтер эмес», к-рую возглавлял комиссар по делам печати Беге (нееврей, проведший 15 лет в царской ссылке среди бундовцев и в совершенстве овладевший идишем). Тогда же издавались газ. «Унзер ворт», газ. Бунда «Унзер цайт». В 1918 выходила газ. «Рижское слово», закрытая в авг. 1919 после «неадекватного» освещения эксцессов против евреев во Фридрихштадте (совр. Яунелгава), в 1919 – газ. «Новое рижское слово»; издатель обеих газ. – Рафаил Исаакович Розенфельд (?–1920, Рига).Евреи Р. принимали участие в борьбе за независимость Латвии. Высш. воен. наградами Латвии были награждены Самуил-Иосиф Гопп и Роберт Малецкий (орд. «Лачплеша»), Гирш Беркович, Эллис Рихтер и Файвуш Фарбмон (орд. «Трех звезд»). На осн. в 1928 еврейском кладбище Шмерля был открыт мемориальный памятник евреям, павшим в борьбе за независимость Латвии в 1918–20.В нач. 1920-х гг. численность еврейского населения Р. стремительно росла за счет внутр. миграции из др. р-нов республики (в осн. из Латгалии) и за счет возвращения беженцев и бегства евреев из России.В 1920 в избранный к-т «Еврейского съезда помощи Латвии» от Р. вошли Л.Фишман и д-р И.Иоффе. 27 июня 1921 состоялся съезд еврейских общин Латвии. От Р. были избраны М.Зак, М.Дубин, М.Векслер, Гуревиц («Агудас Исроэль»), Л.Фишман, П.Минц, Я.Ландау («Нац. еврейские демократы»), д-р И.Иоффе и Ж.Тронь (сионисты), З.Левитас («Фолкспартей»), д-р Гельман и Фляцкий («Цеирей Цион»).В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. находились отд-ния всех еврейских политич. партия и движений: Мизрахи (рук. М.Нурок), «Цеирей Цион», нац. демократы (пред. – Л.Фишман), «Агудас Исроэль», «Общие сионисты»; первые в мире орг-ции сионистов-ревизионистов, напр. Бейтар (учредители – Яков Гофман, раввин Моше Левин, Макс Гельштейн), были основаны в Р. после визита З.Жаботинского в дек. 1923. Депутатами парламента Латвии являлись: М.Дубин, П.Минц, М.Нурок, М.Я.Лазерсон от «Цеирей Цион», Н.Майзель (1891–1956) от Бунда. П.Минц был назначен мин. госконтроля Латвийской Республики, дир. еврейского департамента просвещения был Я.Ландау.В Р. активно действовали разл. сионистские молодежные орг-ции: «Гордония», «Нецах», «Ге-Халуц». «Хашмонай», «Га-Галил», «Ге-Хавер», «Га-Шахар». Из 10 существовавших в Р. еврейских студенч. корпораций 6 были сионистскими. В 1924 представители еврейской общественности Р. способствовали нелег. переходу сов.-латв. границы членами сионистской орг-ции СССР с целью их дальнейшей переправки в Э.-И. Бейтар и «Нецах» организовали под Р. с.-х. фермы для подготовки молодежи к физич. труду в Э.-И. На паруснике «Теодор Герцль» Бейтар готовил моряков.В 1922 в Р. работали еврейское изд-во «Явнис», еврейская типография Апта и Гуревича. В 1925 Яков Иосифович Брамс (1898, Либава – 1981, США) и Борис Юльевич Поляк (1889, Белосток – ?) основали в Р. лучшую на тот период типографию в Латвии.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. выходили многочисл. периодич. издания на идише: газ. «Дос фолк» (1920–26) и «Фриморгн» (1926–34) – ред. были Я.Гельман и Я.-З.-В.Э.Лаецкий-Бертольди; «Найе Цайт» с юмористич. приложением журн. «Ашмодай» (с 1922), «Дер вег» (1922–23), «Унзер вег» (1923–24), «Ригер момент» (с 1925), «Ригер тог» (с 1930), «Овент пост» (1932–34), «Моргн пост» (с 1934), «Ба тог» (1932–34) – ред. Г.Мовшович, «Лецте найес» (с 1935), «Гайнт» (1934–40) и др. И.Винник (1895–1942), видный сионистский деятель, глава Еврейского Агентства в Латвии, в разное время был ред. газ. «Идише фолксштиме», «Дос фолк», «Дер руф» и др. Коммунисты издавали в нач. 1930-х гг. журн. «Най эрд», пропагандировавший идею переселения евреев в Еврейскую автономную область. Еврейской тематике уделялось много внимания в рус. газ. «Сегодня» под ред. М.Мильруда (1883–1941) и газ. «Сегодня вечером» (с 1925 – ред. Б.И. Харитон).В 1921 по инициативе д-ра Германа Вассермана была открыта гимназия «Иврит» (дир. – д-р Исаак Раухваргер). В том же году Еврейское об-во по развитию знаний и иск-ва основало в городе Еврейскую нар. консерваторию (рук. – Ш.Розовский). В 1920-х гг. работали Нар. ун-т на идише (до 1928) и Еврейский пед. ин-т. В 1925–26 в ун-те Р. обучалось 545 студентов-евреев, в 1930–31 – 744 чел. В 1920–34 в Р. действовала сеть еврейских нач. и ср. школ, получавших финансовую помощь от властей: 12 школ с преподаванием на иврите и идише, 4 гимназии с преподаванием на нем. и рус. яз., 2 ремесл. уч-ща с преподаванием на идише. Были созданы Еврейский демокр. учительский союз, об-во еврейских учителей «Мория». В Р. работали Фребелевский дет. сад (дир. – Сарра Либерман), Фребелевские курсы для воспитателей дет. садов, а также дет. сады Алисы Леви и С.Дрейер. В 1923 Об-во нар. дет. садов открыло интернат для бедных детей. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Р. работали неск. театр. трупп: «Еврейская оперетта», «Еврейский драматич. уголок» и др. В 1926–34 и в 1936–38 действовал Еврейский т-р. Под покровительством Бунда и «Цеирей Цион» действовали свои т-ры. Еврейский департамент Мин-ва нар. просвещения открыл еврейскую драматич. студию. Под упр. Якова Абрамиса выступал еврейский хор. Практически во всех орг-циях были свои б-ки и клубы. В Р. имелись 4 спорт. об-ва, теннисный клуб и яхт-клуб.В 1920-х гг. при поддержке Джойнта в Р. была основана больница «Бикур хойлим», действовали Союз еврейских врачей, курсы мед. сестер (рук. – д-р Борис Герцфельд). В 1927 в Р. было 87 врачей-евреев и 208 стоматологов-евреев, в 1934 – 310 врачей-евреев (29%), 260 – стоматологов-евреев (65%). В городе функционировали еврейские кредитные учреждения, предоставлявшие ссуды на льготных условиях (в т.ч. касса взаимопомощи студентов-евреев), отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТ, «Киндер колонии» (рук. – Юдель Браун). Работали многочисл. благотворит. орг-ции: дом престарелых, об-во «Малвиш арумим», еврейское об-во дешевых столовых, кошерная столовая под наблюдением раввина Я.Югера и др.В Р. было много ремесленников, создавших неск. профсоюзных орг-ций («Объединение еврейских ремесленников», об-во «Эзра» и др.). Функционировал Еврейский нар. кооператив (чл. правления – А.С.Дубицкий, М.Я. Лазерсон, М.А.Эткин и др.). В 1920-х гг. в Р. работали многочисл. пр-тия, выпускавшие кошерную продукцию: 3 винные ф-ки, ликерная ф-ка, паточный з-д, неск. пекарен мацы, Балтийская консервная ф-ка. Евреи владели мн. банками, торг. и пром. пр-тиями (в т.ч. 2 кофейными ф-ками, неск. конфетными и табачными ф-ками, неск. винными и ликерными з-дами, 1-й ф-кой искусств. меда и фруктового сахара, пробочной ф-кой, ф-кой резиновых изделий); в их руках была сосредоточена почти вся лесопромышленность. В Р. был создан Союз еврейских купцов. Семье Гоф принадлежала узкоколейка, еврей владел кинотеатром «Астра». Адвокатами были 40 евреев (38%).В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовало более 30 синагог (из них 4 хоральные). Раввинами разл. синагог в Р. в 1920–30-х гг. были Элиягу Альтгауз (1871, Николаев – ?), Евель Баранчик (1874–1941), Эфроим Габбай (1862–?), Ицхок Горовиц (1882, Херсон – 1941, Рига), Рефоил Каган (1866–1941, Рига), Борух-Элиэзер Лурье (1896–?), Мендель Магарик (1865, Дрисса Витебской губ. – ?), Нафтоли-Герц Сосновник (1875–?), Хаим-Вульф Хараш (1854, Динабург – ?). Гл. раввином Р. в 1915–41 был Менахем-Мендель Зак (1873, Фридрихштадт – 1941), основавший в 1921 первую в городе иешиву. С 1935 иешиву возглавлял зять М.-М. Зака Исроэль-Мойше Килов (1891, Прели – 1941, Рига). В 1927 после приезда из СССР Й.-И.Шнеерсона Р. стала центром движения любавичских хасидов. Была основана иешива «Томхей Тмимим», к-рую возглавляли Ицхок Тверский и Погромянский.После гос. переворота в мае 1934 еврейская культурная автономия была резко ограничена, еврейские соц. партии и молодежные движения запрещены. Участились антисемитские выступления, евреев перестали принимать на гос. службу, в ун-те Р. была введена негласная процентная норма. В 1940, после включения Латвии в состав СССР, все еврейские автономные учреждения, политич. партии, студенч. корпорации и спорт. об-ва были ликвидированы. В 1940–41 выходила газ. на идише «Кампф». С 1 окт. 1940 работал Гос. еврейский т-р. В кон. 1940 – нач. 1941 были арестованы активисты и руководители религ. и политич. еврейских партий, в т. ч. М.Дубин и М.Нурок. 13–14 июня 1941 из Р. были высланы в отдаленные р-ны СССР как социально опасные элементы ок. 3500 евреев.1 июля 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. В городе находилось ок. 40 тыс. евреев, включая беженцев из Литвы. 4 июля 1941 латышские националисты при содействии немцев подожгли неск. синагог (в т.ч. «Гогел шул») с находившимися там евреями-беженцами и жителями соседних улиц (погибло ок. 2 тыс. чел.). В первые дни оккупации спец. частями СС и латышской полицией в Бикерниекском лесу было расстреляно неск. тысяч евреев. В кон. июля 1941 были опубликованы приказы герм. властей, обязывавшие всех оставшихся евреев пройти регистрацию и носить отличит. знак – желтую звезду. 25 окт. 1941 в бывш. Московском форштадте было создано гетто, куда поместили всех евреев Р. (ок. 32 тыс. чел.). Для руководства гетто был назначен юденрат. 29–30 окт. и 8–9 нояб. 1941 во время двух «акций», осуществленных при участии латышской полиции, в лесу у ж.-д. станции Румбула было уничтожено ок. 27 тыс. евреев; среди них был С.М.Дубнов. 29 нояб. 1941 на терр. «большого гетто» было создано «малое гетто», в к-рое поместили ок. 4500 работоспособных мужчин и женщин.С нояб. 1941 в Р. начали депортировать евреев из Германии и оккупированных ею стран Зап. Европы. Большинство были расстреляны в Бикерниекском лесу, нек-рые направлены в концлагерь в Саласпилсе, где они вскоре были уничтожены; ок. 15 тыс. чел. заключены в т. н. немецкое гетто (в р-не «большого гетто»). В 1942 в окрестностях Р. было создано неск. трудовых лагерей, куда отправили часть евреев из гетто Р.На терр. «малого гетто» существовала подпольная орг-ция (рук. – Овсей Окунь, Мендель Вулфович, Макс Либерман), в деятельности к-рой активную роль играли евреи-полицейские. Орг-ция делилась на группы по 5–7 чел. Группы занимались доставкой оружия в гетто, распространением антифашистских листовок. Подпольщикам удалось установить связь с сов. военнопленными и 26 окт. 1942 вместе с ними предпринять попытку побега к партизанам (10 подпольщиков, неск. военнопленных). Однако в завязавшейся перестрелке 8 евреев были убиты. За трех убитых эсэсовцев было расстреляно более 150 узников гетто, в т.ч. 42 еврейских полицейских. После этого все оружие было перенесено в подвал дома, где жил О.Окунь; в июне 1943 склад был обнаружен, 300 евреев уничтожены. Вскоре «малое гетто» было ликвидировано. В авг. 1943 оставшихся в живых узников «малого гетто» перевели в концлагерь Кайзервальд. 2 нояб. 1943 в «немецком гетто» было расстреляно ок. 2 тыс. детей, больных, стариков, остальные переведены в Кайзервальд. В авг. и сент. 1944 часть заключенных Кайзервальда была переправлена в концлагерь Штутгоф, ок. 400 чел. – в лагерь уничтожения Освенцим, оставшиеся расстреляны 2 окт. 1944 при ликвидации лагеря. В освобождении Р. в окт. 1944 принимали участие стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора П.М.Шафаренко, авиац. полк под ком. подполк. Анатолия Марковича Цейгина, отд. моториз. понтонно-мостовой батальон под ком. подполк. Давида Исааковича Генкина. После освобождения Р. из укрытий вышло более 150 евреев, к-рых спасли неевреи. Треть из них была спасена семьей Жаниса Липке.В 1944 еврейские орг-ции Нью-Йорка предложили собрать деньги для организации еврейского дет. дома в Р. (по нек-рым сведениям, в городе насчитывалось ок. 900 еврейских сирот). В 1946 в еврейских семьях в порядке патронажа воспитывалось 315 сирот. После освобождения еврейскую общину Р. возглавил бывш. узник гетто Б.Каплан, арестованный в 1946. В 1945–46 в Р. действовал центр орг-ции «Бриха», благодаря к-рой сотни евреев Р. смогли нелегально перейти сов.-польск. границу и перебраться в Э.-И. Нек-рые активисты «Брихи» были арестованы. Наибольшие сроки (25 лет) получили Ш.Иоффе (1918–1955, умер в тюрьме) и Я.Янкелович (Янай) (1919–1988, Израиль). С 1946 раввином Р. был Мозус Самойлович Маслянский (1871–?). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 50 чел., в праздники – ок. 1,5 тыс. чел.Во время антисемитской кампании 1948–53 аресту подверглись мн. евреи Р. В 1960 были снесены надгробия на Старом еврейском кладбище. В 1963 в Р. запретили выпечку мацы. В 1964 на еврейском кладбище Шмерля стали хоронить неевреев.Р. была одним из первых городов СССР, в к-ром после 1956 предпринимались попытки возрождения еврейской культуры. В 1957 при «Латпотребсоюзе» создается еврейский хор, выступавший в осн. на идише, гл. дирижеры – И.Абрамис (1908–?), сын погибшего в гетто кантора Хоральной синагоги Абрама Абрамиса и брат Я.Абрамиса, и бывш. узник гетто комп. Мендель Баш. В 1962 неск. месяцев существовал еврейский самодеят. т-р.В 1961 рук. еврейской общины был смещен по обвинению в шпионаже. В нач. 1960-х гг. евреи приводят в порядок места массовых расстрелов, с 1962 проходят траурные митинги в Румбульском лесу. 25 дек. 1964 в лесу установлен мемориальный камень с надписями на идише, рус. и латыш. яз. В 1966 по обвинению в организации беспорядков после концерта израильской певицы Геулы Гил были арестованы М.Лапид, Абигайл Рот и Ноэми Гарбер. В 1960-х гг. неофициальные миньяны по субботам собирались на квартирах Залмана Левина и Натана Зусмановича Баркмана (1923–2003). Нохум Бесер и Градус были домашними учителями основ иудаизма. С сер. 1960-х гг. в Р. стали нелегально функционировать группы по изучению иврита, в 1970 издается первый в СССР журнал еврейского «самиздата» «Итон». В 1970-х – нач. 1980-х гг. в «самиздате» выходил журн. «Хаим» (с 1977), организовывались летние ульпаны, экскурсии по бывш. гетто, отмечались еврейские праздники, ставились спектакли. С 1975 проводился нелег. семинар «Рижские чтения по иудаике».В 1968 в знак протеста против вторжения сов. войск в Чехословакию Илья Рипс пытался совершить акт самосожжения возле памятника Свободы в центре Р. С кон. 1960-х гг. евреи Р. активно участвовали в борьбе за право выезда в Израиль. Мн. евреи Р. в 1970 были осуждены по т. н. самолетному делу, в т. ч. И.М.Менделевич. В 1971 на т. н. рижском процессе были осуждены четверо еврейских активистов. В первой голодной забастовке протеста у здания През. Верх. Совета СССР 10–11 марта 1971 участвовало 56 евреев Р.С 1988 существует Латвийское об-во еврейской культуры, с 1989 – первая в СССР еврейская ср. школа (дир. – Хона Бергман, 1923–1993), еврейский фольклорный анс. «Киннор», Об-во узников гетто. С 1989 в Р. выходил журн. «Вестник еврейской культуры» («ВЕК»). Функционируют отд-ния Бейтара, «Маккаби» (чл. к-рого участвовали в Маккабиадах 1989 и 1993). В 1990 общине возвратили здание бывш. Еврейского т-ра. В 1991 в Р. состоялся Балтийский фестиваль еврейской культуры. В 1992 создана еврейская община; с 2002 пред. – Аркадий Сухаренко, с 2004 исполнит. дир. – Гита Умановская. В кон. 1980-х гг. раввином Р. был Менахем-Мендл Нидель (1947–1989); в 1990–2003 гл. раввин Р. и Латвии – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Н.З.Баркан (Баркман); с 2003 раввин Р. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Мордехай Глазман (р. 1965, Тель-Авив), работающий в Р. с 1992. В июле 1993 в Р. прошел первый Всемирн. съезд евреев – выходцев из Латвии. Во время работы съезда в Р. была открыта больница «Бикур холим». В 1994 на месте Старого еврейского кладбища установлен памятный знак. С 1995 под рук. Г.Г.Брановера и Р.С.Фербера один раз в два года проходит междунар. науч. конференция «Евреи в меняющемся мире». В 1998 основан Центр изучения иудаики Латв. ун-та (пред. правления – Р.С.Фербер). В 1995 в возвращенном здании открыта еврейская школа «Огел Менахем» под рук. М.Глазмана. При общине действуют дет. сад «Огел Менахем», воскресная школа, разл. клубы и благотворит. учреждения. В 2001 в Бикерниекском лесу открыт мемориал памяти евреев – жертв Катастрофы.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 9 тыс. евреев.В Р. poд.: Б.Акцин, Н.Аргов, Л.Н.Бельский, И.Берлин, Л.Б.Бернштам, Г.Г.Брановер, Е.М.Браудо, П.Л.Вайль, И.П.Вейнберг, Я.С.Виленчик, А.Г.Вовси, Ш.-Я.Геверц, А.А. Генис, М.Гер, С.А.Гиллер, М.[[Гильквиm, Н.Гинцбург, О.Л.Гордон, И.Х.Груберт, А.И.Гурвич, И.И.Гуревич, Л.Гутман, А.Дисенчик, Н.Я.Золотонос, Б.-Ц.Кешет, М.-М.Китай, А.Н.Кобленц, Э.Коген-Минц, Г.М.Кремер, М.Лаври, И.Лейбович, Н.Лейбович, М.Лесман, М.Я. Либман, А.Липшюц, Т.Лифшиц, В.Майский, М.Майский, М.Г.Марьяновский, И.М.Менделевич, А.-М.Милецкий, Л.М.Михельсон, Э.М. Мицис, Л.-С.Моисеев, А.И.Нuмцович, Р.М. Ольховский, А.А.Праудин, С.Е.Рабинович, А.И.Райкин, М.Ю.Рапопорт, Я.Д.Рапопорт, С.А.Рейнберг, Л.С.Рогачевская, Ш.Розовский, А.Свердлов, З.Сузаев, П.-М.Тайц, М.Н.Таль, Р.Д.Тименчик, И.П.Трайнин, Е.Ж.Трон, Р.С. Фербер, Б.Фогелявичус, А.-Ш.Фрейдус, Д.М. Хазан, Ф.Халсман, А.Я.Хейфец, Г.М.Хейфец, А.Я.Цигельник, А.Чужой, Й.Шварц, Б.А.Шимелиович, Ю.А.Шимелиович, Б.Штерн, С.М. Эйзенштейн, Б.Элиав, Г.Ядловкер; Альберт Абрамович (1879–1963, США), живописец, график, с 1905 – во Франции, с 1913 – в США, участник перс. выставок (с 1934), публ. в журн. гор. пейзажи, уличные сцены, работы хранятся в музеях Нью-Йорка, Вашингтона, Лондона, Москвы; Лазарь Адырим (р. 1952), тренер, с 1983 – в Израиле, тренер сб. команды Израиля по фехтованию на рапирах; Юлий Вульфович Аншелевич (р. 1932), кардиолог, д-р мед. наук (1966), проф. (1968), д. ч. Латв. АН, пред. Латв. науч. кардиологич. об-ва (с 1972), Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1977), пред. Совета об-ва «Бикур холим» (с 1994); Барух Баг (1901–1993), спортивный деятель, с 1929 – в Э. И., оргсекр. Отд. физич. воспитания «Ваад Леуми» (1939–48), оргсекр. отд. физич. воспитания Мин-ва образования (1948–53), дир. Ин-та физич. воспитания и спорта «Вингейт» (1957–69); Липман Берс (1914–1993, Нью-Йорк), математик, проф. Колумбийского ун-та (1964), чл. Нац. АН США (1964), осн. тр. по матем. анализу и уравнениям с частными производными; Авраам Блауштейн (1836–1914), хазан, гл. кантор в Бромберге (Германия); Авраам (Сергей) Браун (1881–1940), один из лидеров Бунда, с 1938 – в США; Иоахим Браун (р. 1929), музыковед, виолончелист, с 1972 – в Израиле, проф. (1981) Ун-та Бар-Илан, автор неск. сотен печ. работ; Владимир Яковлевич Вигман (р. 1952), шашист, междунар. гроссмейстер (1985), чемпион СССР по рус. шашкам (1976, 1977, 1978), гл. ред. журн. «Шашки» (1990–91), автор книг и методич. пособий; Джорж Гулак (1905–1987), гимнаст, спортивный деятель, чемпион Латвии в гимнастич. многоборье (1921), с 1922 – в США, чемп. Олимп. игр (1932), вице-през. Междунар. федерации гимнастики, пред. Нац. олимп. к-та США; Моисей Григорьевич Гуревич (1891–1937, Москва), гос. деятель, нарком здравоохранения УССР (1920), зам. наркома здравоохранения РСФСР (1934), репрессирован; Моррис Дайч (1899–?), общественный деятель, с 1944 – в США, один из лидеров еврейской общины Калифорнии; Бернгард Львович Данненгирш (1894–1972, там же), график, автор плакатов, иллюстратор Латгосиздата, оформлял спектакли в Еврейском т-ре ЛатвССР (1940), гл. худож. г. Рига (1961–64), засл. деят. иск-в ЛатвССР (1945); Роберт Федорович Ильяш (1834–1909, Петербург), журналист, печатался в петерб. газетах, в еврейских периодич. изд. России и Австро-Венгрии, автор «Очерка истории рижских евреев»; Доротея Крук (Гилеад) (1920–1989), филолог, проф. английской лит-ры (1971) Тель-Авивского ун-та; Дэвид Магаршак (1899–1977), англ. литературовед, пер. на англ. яз. произв. А.С.Пушкина, Н.В.Гоголя, Ф.М.Достоевского, Н.С.Лескова, А.Н.Островского, автор ряда монографий об А.П.Чехове; Дов Мильман (р. 1919), политич. деятель, с 1937 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 7-го созыва от партии Херут, представитель Израиля в Европарламенте (1979–80), посол в Португалии (1981–83); Илья Аронович Рипс (р. 1948), математик, проф., с 1972 – в Израиле, специалист в обл. классич. проблем теории групп, автор работ по нумерологии Торы; Рафаил Леонович Розенталь (р. 1937), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1972), проф. (1980), автор мн. науч. работ, Гос. пр. ЛатвССР (1980); Брайна-Ольга Львовна-Павловна Рудина-Ненадовна-Фосса (1902–1973, там же), врач, нач. госпиталя интербригады в Испании (1938–39), нач. мед. службы ЦК МОПР (1939–41); Мирьям Львовна-Липковна Рудина-Виталина (1898–1990, там же), врач, нач. госпиталя интербригады в Испании (1937–39), в 1933–36 и в 1939–41 – врач еврейских больниц в Риге; Любовь Саввишна Руднева (Фейгельман) (1914–2003, Москва), писатель, эссеист, единств. в России женщина-маринист, в нек-рых произв. затрагивается еврейская тема; Двойра Таран (1898–1957, Нью-Йорк), педагог, с 1923 – в США, автор неск. учебников идиша; Авром Трубочист (1870–1941, там же), публицист, писал на идише, автор заметок о путешествиях по странам Азии и Африки; Элиэзер Халфин (1948–1972, Мюнхен), спортсмен, с 1969 – в Израиле, чл. олимп. команды Израиля по вольной борьбе, убит террористами во время Олимп. игр в Германии; Владлен Владимирович Шульман (р. 1962), певец, кантор, вокальный педагог, чемп. Риги по шахматам (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988); Арон Юдельсон (1907–1937), поэт, журналист, писал на идише, автор неск. сб. поэзии и очерков, репрессирован; Аарон Ярив (Рабинович) (1920–1994), политич. деятель, деп. Кнессета 8-го созыва от партии Труда, мин. связи (1974), мин. информации (1975).В Р. жили и работали: М.Д.Александрович, Д.Л.Бамбергер, М.Л.Беленький, М.М.Бородин, М.И.Ганфман, Э.Гольдин, С.М.Диманштейн, М.Йо, Л.О.Кантор, Л.И.Коваль, З.Мееровиц, А.И.Нейман, Б.М.Оршанский, А.-Э.Пумпянский, С.Пухер, М.А.Ракузин, О.Д.Строк, И.-Х.Тавьев, Ю.Ф.Файер, Д.-Б. Хаги, М.Г. Центнершвер, М.У.Шац-Анин, М.Л.Шенфельд, М.О.Эйзенштейн.Ю.Н.Григорьева, Р.И.Молдавер, extra_data="{'translat...")
RICHTER David (1894, Czestochov, Petrokovskaya province - 1942, Bialystok, according to other sources Stolin), journalist. In his youth he participated in the roar. movement. In the 1930s. one of the ed. com. gas. Der Freint (Warsaw), participated in most of the legs. and illegal. Polish left ed. (ps. D. Leybin). Collaborated in gas. "Bialistoker Stern", was a member. editorial board of Minsk literary zhurn. "Stern". He died in the ghetto.
RIKMAN Emmanuil Abramovich (1923, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1987, Moscow), archaeologist, ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1977). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1945) and graduate school of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1949). In 1949–51 he took part in excavations in Zaryadye (Moscow). In 1952–68 he worked at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR, in 1968–70 at the INION of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow), since 1970 at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The author of St. 110 scientific. works and publ. in the early Middle Ages. and medieval. archeology and ethnography Vost. Europe, as well as on the history of culture dr. Russ. Vol .: Monuments of ancient art of Moldavia. Chisinau, 1961; Monuments of the era of the great migration of peoples. Chisinau, 1967.
RIKOVER Hyman George (1900, Makov Lomzhinskaya province - 1986, Washington), marine engineer. Admiral (1973). Since 1906 - in the USA. Graduated from the US Naval Academy in Annapolis. In 1922-27 ml. officer for the military. ships. In 1928–29 he studied at Columbia University. From 1930 - naval engineer-electrician of the submarine fleet. Since 1939 - in Ch. Ing. management of the US Navy in Washington. Since 1948, he headed the newly created department of nuclear energy, became a fact. the head of the entire project of building the first nuclear submarine (launched in 1954) and the representative of the navy in the Senate Atomic Energy Commission. In 1953 he began work on the creation of a nuclear reactor for peaceful purposes. In the 1960s. R. directed the creation of large nuclear reactors for large surface ships, the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, cruiser, and frigate. R. - the author of numerous. articles on education, as well as the book: "Education and Freedom" (1959), "American Education - National Bankruptcy" (1963), "Outstanding Americans" (1972). At the expense of the "Admiral Rickover Foundation" created in 1982, Nauch. in-t them. R. for especially gifted youth. R. was awarded 13 higher. military. and 65 citizens. awards, including the medal of the US President "For Freedom" and two evils. medals of the Congress.
RIMINIK Ieruhim (1901 - 1941, Odessa), literary critic, teacher. Throughout many. years he studied the history of t-ra and literature in Yiddish. He taught at the Odessa Soviet Communist Party School, worked in gas. "Odesar Arbeter" and in lit. museum. Publ. Art. in the journal. "Ratnbildung", "Zeitshrift", "Di Roite Welt", collection of works "Theater-Bukh" (Kiev, 1927), "Mendele un zain Zeit" (Moscow, 1940) and other ed. Compiled Sat. found by him man. Jewish poets of the 19th century "Fargesene Leader" ("Forgotten Poems", M., 1939). The author of the book. "Linetsky and Sholem Aleichem" (Minsk, 1939). He worked on the production. "Baim Baginen Fun Yiddishn Theater" ("At the Dawn of the Jewish Theater"), the manuscript of the cut was submitted to the publishing house "Der Emes" and disappeared at the beginning. war. Prepared (with S.Ya.Borov for the publication of the volume of letters to Mendele Moikher-Sforim.
RIMON I. (| - |), publicist. Author of scientific-popul. book., issued by the Kiev publishing house "Kultur-League" in the 2nd half. 1920s: Weisse Coiln (White Coal, 1926), Jorn, Hadoshim, Vohn un tag (Years, Months, Weeks and Days, Calendar History, 1927), Funener Zait Hinesishe vant "(" On the other side of the Chinese wall ", 1927)," Indianun Ceylon "(" India and Ceylon ", 1930).
RIMSHENAI, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rymshany (other name - Yanovo) Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–40 as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1931, 151 Jews lived in R.. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. Eliezer Predmesky (1880 -?) Was rabbi in R. since 1907. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RIN, now part of Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, from 1939 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. occupied a Hungarian. troops. On May 20, 1942, 29 Jews were shot in R.
RIS Teresa Fyodorovna (1866, Budapest - after 1940), sculptor. She studied at the Academy of Arts in Moscow in the class of painting, then sculpture. Soon she left for Vienna, where she became a private student of Edmond von Hellmer. In 1896 she was awarded the evil. medals of Karl Ludwig, then the same award for the work "The Witch". The author is a sculptor. portraits of many famous people, incl. Mark Twain. Gained fame for the production. The Legislator, The Kiss, Eve. R. was entrusted with a sculptor. registration of important buildings, created. monumental monuments. Author autobiographer, man. "Di Sprahe des Steines" (The Language of the Stone, 1928). Since 1938 - in France.
RIVES Avrom (real family Neymovich) (1900, Lomza - 1963, Tel Aviv), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. Graduated from technical. uch-shche. He took an active part in the workers' Zionist movement. Was one of the founders of lit. ed. "Typhoon" in 1923 (Lomza), in which he made his debut as a writer of a short story under ps. R. Published feuilletons in the local Jewish press and in other ed. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Author of stories, essays, reports: "Iberflanz" ("Transplant", Tel Aviv, 1947), "Mit der cipher Chicherin" ("With the ship" Chicherin ", ibid, 1959).
RIVES Shloyme (| - |), teacher. In the 1920s. published in Jewish ped. zhurn. Minsk and Kiev. Author of textbooks “Kamph. Politicher alefbase far shuln fun socialler derziung "(" Struggle. Political alphabet for schools of social education ", jointly with A. Shprakh, M., 1925)," October kinder "(" October children ", for the 1st and 2nd go classes, M., 1925), "Erstetrit" ("First steps", Minsk, 1926).
RIVES Yakov (Yankev) Yudovich (1886, Osvey Drissensky district, Vitebsk province - 1975, Moscow), writer. Participated in the roar. movement. During the years of Civil. war - into a Bolshevik. underground in Belarus, which later became Ch. theme thin. and doc. manuf. R. began to publish in 1918. He published stories in decomp. Jewish period, ed. The first book. Unterard (Underground) was released in 1929 (Moscow). Then followed: "Bam yam un andere derceilungen" ("By the sea and other stories", M., 1931), "Jan Dzemba", M., 1935, "Farborgene koikhes" ("Hidden forces", rom., M. , 1941), “Der veg tsum zig” (“The Path to Victory”, Moscow, 1975). Cit .: Bolsheviks. M., 1966.
RIVESMAN Mark (Mordkhe) Semenovich (1868, Vilna - 1924, Leningrad), teacher, writer, theatrical figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from high school. From 1896 - in St. Petersburg. He taught at OPE schools, participated in many. events of this society, was a member of the commission for helping Jewish teachers who suffered during the 1st world. war. Member Board of the Jewish Nar. music, was among the founders of the Jewish Theater. about-va (deputy pre.). Published in Yiddish during the period, ed. (Der Fraind, Der Tog). In Russian. lang. publ. children stories and plays: "To Jewish Children" (St. Petersburg, 1908), "Because of Haman" (a play for children on Purim, St. Petersburg, 1908), "Grandmother and Granddaughter" (St. Petersburg, 1909), "In the Cheder! " (Hanukkah play for children, St. Petersburg, 1912) and others. He translated the fables of IA Krylov into Yiddish, into Russian. lang. - manuf. I.L. Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, Mendele Moikher-Sforima. He arranged amateur performances, in which he participated himself. Contributed to the revival of Jewish societies after 1917. Participated in the creation. Jewish Chamber Theater (1919).
RIVKIN Boris Mironovich (1919, Chernigov - 2004, Rostov-on-Don), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Major General of Aviation (1965). In the Red Army - from 1937. In 1938 he graduated from the Borisoglebsk military aviation. school of fighter pilots, worked there as an instructor. In 1942–45 - at the front, com. squadrons. By June 1943 he flew 176 sorties. In 96 air battles he personally shot down 12 and 7 enemy aircraft in a group. After the war, he was in command of an airman. parts. In 1954 he graduated from advanced training courses for flight personnel, in 1960 - Military-air. academy. Since 1960 deputy. beginning, from 1963 beginning. Yeisk Higher. military. Aviation uch-schA pilots. Since 1968 deputy. teams. Military-air forces of the North Caucasus. military. env. Honored. military. pilot of the USSR (1968). Since 1975 in stock. Decorated with 9 orders.
RIVKIN Borukh (real name and fam. Borukh-Avrom Vainrub) (1883, Livland province - 1945, New York), literary critic, essayist. He took part in the activities of the Bund, was arrested in 1904, spent a year in prison. He fled to Switzerland, participated in the anarchist movement. The first pamphlet publ. in Russian lang. In 1911, after arriving in London, he began to write in Yiddish. In 1912 he moved to the USA, collaborated in gas. Dos Naye Land. Sred. ed. "Di literary Welt". In 1917-19 and in 1940-45 sotr. New York Daily. gas. "Tog", published in Yiddish. R. believed that since the purpose of religion and art is identical, and creativity is the source of divine truth, the Jewish writer can influence the spiritual state of his people and direct it to messianic goals. Author of 6 vols. essays, incl. "Religion for the Non-Religious" (1947), "American Poets Writing in Yiddish" (1947), "Basic Trends in American Yiddish Literature" (1948), "Our Prose writers" (1951).
RIVLIN (in the first generations Riveles, Rivkes, etc.) - a family from Vost. Europe, from mid. 19th century living in Jerusalem.RIVKES (Ribkas) Moishe (| - 1671, Vilna), rabbi. He lived in Vilna until 1655, because of the war between Russia and Poland he moved to Amsterdam. After the war he returned to Vilna. Author of comments to Shulchan-Aruch "Beer ha-gola" ("Well of the Diaspora"). Bequeathed his property for charity, goals. R.'s descendant was Shlomo-Zalman - rabbi and head of the Shklov community in the middle. 18th century The sons of Shlomo-Zalman, Eliegu and Benjamin Riveles, were the founders of two branches of the family (representatives of the first became adherents of Chabad). Benjamin (1728, Shklov - 1812, Mogilev), a rabbi, a disciple of Eliyahu from Vilna, was part of the circle of J. Zeitlin. He was engaged in natures. sciences, especially botany and medicine. The author of the comments to the Mission. He died on the way to Jerusalem. The son of Benjamin R. - Hillel R. (1752, Shklov –1838, Jerusalem), rabbi. In E.-I. - since 1809. Son of Hillel - Moishe R. (1791, Shklov - 1846, Jerusalem), rabbi in Shklov. In E.-I. - from 1841, headed the Jerusalem community of Prushim. The Hasidic branch of the family belonged to Eliyahu-Yosef R. (1805, Jerusalem - 1865, ibid.), A rabbi in Polotsk, Jerusalem. From 1847 he played a prominent role in the Chabad community. Joseph Yitzhak R. (|, Jerusalem - 1896, ibid.), A descendant of R. Hillel, one of the hands. Jewish community of Jerusalem, writer. Since 1866 sec. Of the General Committee of the Kness Israel Organization. The son of R. Yosef-Itskhok is R. Shlomo-Zalman (1886, Jerusalem - 1962, ibid.), Cantor and composer. In 1902 he founded a school of cantorial singing and music in Jerusalem. Moose. manuf. R. published in the collection: "Shirey Shlomo" ("Songs of Solomon", in 3 vols., 1931–61). Together with I. Epstein he compiled the Hebrew-English-Yiddish dictionary (1924).
RIVLIN Ezekil Isaakovich (1901, Vitebsk - 1978), historian. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1931), prof. (1931). Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1923) and the Institute of the Red Professors (1927) in Moscow, in 1928-29 Vice-Rector of the Belarusian State. university (Minsk), since 1929 deputy. People's Commissar of Education of the BSSR. In 1931–32 the head. sector of science and culture of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus, member. Pres. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, director. Institute of Postgraduate Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. From 1933 he lived and worked in the Kazakh SSR, in 1959–61 the head. Department of Kazakh, state. ped. in-that. Author of works on the history of the Social-Democrats. movement in Germany, textbooks rus. lang. for Kazakh. schools. Vol .: Agrarian discussion in germ. social democracy. Minsk, 1929.
RIVOSH Uriy Ezekilovich (1902, Vitebsk –1944, Sverdlovsk), turbine engineer. He graduated from Leningrad in 1923. technologist. in-t. He worked for Leningrad. Metallich. s-de, in 1935-38 deputy. ch. steam turbine designer. In 1938–44 the leading designer of the Nevsky machine-building. s-yes in Leningrad. Main scientific. work related to research. vibrations of blades and disks of steam turbines and their strength. Became. etc. (1946) Vol .: Working blades of steam turbines. L.-M., 1941 (co-authored with A.V. Levin).
RIZBERG Israel-Ber (1858, Rzhishchev of the Kiev district and province - after 1920), poet, publicist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1892 in Pereyaslav he opened a cheder with the study of Hebrew. In 1914-17 he taught at the Pereyaslavskoe Commerce. school, in 1917–20 - at a Jewish school. Publ. poetry and art. in decomp. Jewish period, ed., including in "Yidishes folksblat". In 1891 he published a collection of works in Odessa. Art. America, Argentina or Palestine. Nek-ry poems by R., put on the music, became nar. songs. R. - the author of a number of uch. textbooks in Hebrew, books on Jewish history (1890), etc.
RIZEL Eliza Genrikhovna (1906, Vienna - 1989, Moscow), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1944). In 1928 she graduated from the mountains. ped. Institute in Vienna, in 1930 Vienna University. From 1928 she taught in elementary school, and from 1930 - in secondary school. In 1934 she was dismissed from her job for participating in the February uprising of the Schutzbundists. In the same year she moved to the USSR to live with her husband. She worked as a teacher in it. school to them. K. Liebknecht (1934–35). From 1935 she taught at MIFLI. At the same time. in 1935–37 head. dep. foreign languages ​​at the management of the secondary school of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Education. Auth. textbook it. language for grades 8-9, which was reprinted annually in 1937-51. In 1941–43 R. head. department German lang. at f-those foreign. languages ​​of Sverdlovsk ped. in-that, simultaneously. Associate Professor of the Department of Romano-German. linguistics philol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1943 she returned to Moscow and continued to work at Moscow State University until 1945. In 1945, the Central Committee of the CPSU (6) was sent to work in Vienna at the disposal of the Central Committee of the Austrian Communist Party (until 1947). From 1947 she taught at Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. languages ​​and part-time at Moscow State University. The author of a number of scientific. works and textbooks and dictionaries.
RIZHINASHVILI Abram Iosifovich (party ps. Itska) (1886, Kutais - 1905, ibid.), Participant in the revolutionary movement. Graduated from the real school (1903), member. Marxist, circles, arrested in 1904 for participating in the revolt. demonstrations, soon released, went to Germany, where he studied economics. departments of Leipzig University. In 1905 he returned to Kutais, led a roar. work among the soldiers of the local garrison. In 1905 one of the hands. armed restore in the city, in ch. gr. a soldier of the Kura regiment took part in barricade battles, was captured by policemen and killed on the spot. The hero of G.Baazov's play "Itska Rizhinashvili".
ROBAK Avrom-Aron (1890, Gonions of Bialystok u. Grodno province - 1965, New York), psychologist. Since 1892 - in Canada (Montreal). Studied at school, Talmud-Torah and with private teachers. He graduated from the Faculty of Psychology and Philosophy of the University (1913), received a doctorate at Harvard University, where he then taught for some time. In 1926–58 prof. psychology in US colleges. He opposed behaviorism, one of the first researchers of the specificity of Amer. scientific. psychology. In 1929 he read the first academician in the United States in Massachusetts. course of Jewish literature, created a collection of Jewish books. in the library of Harvard University. Began writing in Yiddish in 1907, publ. Art. on cultural issues, as well as issues. psychology, folklore, music and literature in the Jewish period, ed. R. belong to several. tens of books. in English. lang. about psychology. Main Produced by: Di Imperie Yiddish (Imperia Yiddish, Mexico City, 1958), Der Volks-Geist in der Yidischer Shprah (The People's Spirit in Yiddish, Paris, 1964).
ROBINS Leo (real name and surname. Eliezer Rabinovich) (1895, Ivye Oshmyanskiyu. Vilna province - 1957), writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1910 - in the USA. He studied at the Amer. schools and courses at the University of Boston. Lit. began his activity in 1915 (poetry, stories and art.). In 1918 he published a collection of works in Boston. stories in English. lang. Publ. to Amer. radical, period, ed. Since 1921 sotr. gas. Forverts (New York), where he published a number of short stories, rom., Ser. of sketches united by the image of a Jewish girl in America. The author of plays: "Der Ferdganev" ("Horse thief"), "Di zibete evenyu" ("Seventh Street"), "A biterer toes" ("Bitter mistake") and others, staged on the Amer. Jewish scene. Killed in aviation. disaster.
Robinson M.M. (1877, Novogrudok, Minsk province - |), rabbi, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshivas of Slobodka, Volozhin and Telsh. In 1898 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. He began publishing in 1898. Collaborated in gas. "Ha-Zman", was published in the magazine. "Ha-Shiloah". In the Sorbonne presented (1907) for the competition doc. degree thesis on the topic: "Messianism in the Talmud and Midrash." Since 1911 - a public rabbi in Bobruisk. The author of the book. on the history of the latest Jewish literature for the period 1850-1900.
ROBINSON Nekhemie (1898, Wilky Kowensky district and province - 1964, New York), publicist. Brother of J. Robinson. Graduated from Jena University (Germany). Since 1927, together with his brother, he was engaged in advocacy in Kaunas. Since 1940 - in the USA (New York). From 1948 he headed the Institute for Jewish Affairs of the World. Jewish Congress in New York. Member delegation of the World Jewish Congress in the negotiations for German reparations. After the 2nd world. war publ. in New York, works on Jewish problems: "Di Spanie fun Franco un ir politician legabe di idn" ("Francoist Spain and its policy towards the Jews"), "Persia un Afghanistan un zaere Yiddish Yishuvim" ("Persia and Afghanistan and their Jewish settlements ", both - 1953)," Oifleysung fun di Yiddish kegiles in Hine "(" Revival of Jewish communities in China ", 1954)," Yiddish ishuvim in der velt "(" Jewish settlements in the world ", 1959)," Eichmann - der Eybergar fun der Nazi-muzzle-machines "(" Eichmann - the chief master of the Nazi killing machine ", 1961).
ROBINSON Yakov (1889, Taurogen, Coven Province - 1977, New York), lawyer, specialist in international law, publicist. Brother of N. Robinson. Graduated from law. School of Warsaw University (1914). In 1914-18 in the army. Member Jewish faction dep. li-tov. Diet in 1922-26, consultant to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Affairs of Lithuania (1931–33). One of the leaders of the Lithuanians. Jewry, participated in dec. societies. org-tions. In the beginning. 1920s debuted as a publicist. In 1919-40 ed. gas. “Di Yiddishe Štimme” (Kaunas), author of problematic articles and works on international right. Published in the journal. "IVO-Bleter" and other periodicals. Jewish ed. Since 1941 - in the USA, director. Institute for Jewish Affairs (New York). He headed the work according to the comp. bibliographies of literature on the Holocaust (in Yiddish, Hebrew and English; in 1960–74, 14 volumes were published).
RODAK Itskhok (| - after 1936), teacher. All R. 1920s came from Riga to Kiev, where he worked at the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture at the VU-AN (section of the theory of pedagogy). Printed Art. on ped. topics in the journal. "Ratnbildung" (Kiev) and other ed. Author of language textbooks. Yiddish and literature for Jewish schools: "Literature" (for the 5th and 6th grades, Kharkov-Kiev, 1932), "Shprah" (for the 5th and 6th grades, ibid., 1932), "Gramatik" (in 6 books, ibid., 1933–36), "Arbet af shprah" ("Work on the language" - method, manual), etc.
RODAKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Slavyanoserbsk district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1878 in the Slavyanoserbsk district. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 31 Jews lived in R.
RODENSKY Shmuel (1905, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1989, Tel Aviv), artist. In E.-I. - from 1924. From 1926 - in the theatrical studio of M. Gnesin at the "Theater of Eretz Israel". After the "Theatron of Eretz Israel" disintegrated, R. began to work in satirism. t-re "Matate" ("Broom"). Performed 7-8 roles in each performance. Since 1949 - in the "Habima" shopping center. The best roles of R .: Iago in "Othello" by W. Shakespeare, (1950), Magno in "The Sheep Spring" by L one de Vega, Feldwebel in "Mother Courage" by B. Brecht (both - 1951), Ivan Petrovich in "Living Corpse" "Leo Tolstoy (1954) and others. He performed a lot on the radio in the program" Two Shmulik ". Later, a concert program grew out of it. "Little people". Fame brought the role of Tevye in the musical "Fiddler on the Roof" (Dr. Shorn Godika), which from 1965 R. performed in Hebrew, Yiddish, German. lang. more than a thousand times. State Israel Ave (1984).
RODIN David (real name and surname Elya Levin) (1893, Bragin of Rechitsa district of Minsk province - |), poet, writer. Since 1911 - in the USA. He studied at Jewish ped. courses in New York and at the University of Philadelphia. He taught in Toronto. During the 1st world. war served in the Jewish Legion. Since 1955 - in Israel. First verse. publ. in 1916 (journal "Der Groiser Kundes", New York), then published fairy tales and poetry, in decomp. Jewish period, ed. In 1931 he published in Chicago the first book-fairy tale "Vinkovinke". Mn. poems and tales of R. entered the uch. anthologies and set to music. The author of the book. Dee Dry Barimer (Three Bouncers, New York, 1940), Der Schmeterling (Butterfly, Haifa, 1965), A Fashionable Madele Fun Brooklyn (Strange Girl from Brooklyn, ibid., 1973), "Americano", (ibid, 1978).
RODIN Elisha (real name Avrom-El) (Abram Moiseevich) (1888, Mstislavl, Mogilev province - 1946, Moscow), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He worked as an accountant. In 1906–07 he participated in the revolt. movement, lived in Warsaw. After 1914 - in Russia. He made his debut in 1919 in the journal. “Di Yiddishe Velt” (Vilno). Reprinted in decomp. Jewish period, ed. and Sat. ("Di dig Velt", Kharkov, "Di nae Velt", Vilno, etc.). The first book. "Leader un poems" ("Poems and Poems") published in 1918 in Kharkov, the second - "Fun tswei kvaln" ("From two sources") - in 1924 in Petrograd. In the end. In the 1920s, when Hebrew was banned in the USSR, R., as a sign of protest, began to write only in this language. R.'s poems were illegally sent to E.-I., where they were published in gas. "Davar", "Ha-Aretz" and others. Participated in an underground seminar for Hebrew teachers (Moscow). In the 1930s-40s. was persecuted. In 1938 in Tel Aviv was published Sat. verse. R., written in Hebrew, "B'feat nekhar" ("In a foreign land"). Verse. R. are filled with love for Hebrew and for E.-I. In 1942–46 he translated the poems of owls from Yiddish into Hebrew. Jewish poets. After the death at the front of his son Gregory R. wrote a cycle of elegies "La Ben" ("Son"), ed. in 1943 in Tel Aviv. R. - author of rec. about meetings with I.-L. Perets (journal "Di royte Velt", No. 4, 1926, Kharkov), literary critic. essays, dedicated. to the works of H.-N. Bialik, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, G. Heine, B. Spinoza, Art. about the image of a Jew in Russian. literature "Shylock and Yankel".
RODIN Leonid Efimovich (1907, Warsaw - 1990, Leningrad), botanist, geographer, geobotanist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1958), prof. (1969). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1930). He worked at Botan. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad), since 1969 head. lab. vegetation is tropical. countries. At the same time. (since 1932) was a member of Geogr. ob-ve USSR (1960–64 - scientific secretary). Main tr. in the region. nerds and nerds. geography of arid districts. Member Int. Society of Soil Scientists (1957), Poch. member Geogr. about-va USSR (1980). Etc. them. V.L. Komarov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1966), Works: Five weeks in South America. 3rd ed. M., 1954; The vegetation of the deserts of Western Turkmenistan. M.-L., 1963; In southern countries. M., 1968; At different latitudes. Travel sketches of a botanist and geographer. M., 1988.
RODKINSON (real family member Frumkin) Mikhl-Levy (1845, Dubrovno, Orshansky district, Mogilev province - 1904, New York), writer, publisher. Brother of I.D. Frumkin. Born into a Hasid family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1873 he published an apocryphal. collection legends about miracle workers and tzaddiks, as well as biographies of the spiritual leaders of Hasidism (in 2 hours). Soon he settled in Königsberg, where he founded a gas company in 1877. "Ha-Kol" (from 1879 - "Ha-Tsofe") with adj. "Kol ha-am" (in Yiddish). Collaborated in the journal. "Ga-Measef", at the beginning. 1880s published a weekly in Berlin. "Ga-Medaber" and others. Among the closest sotr. R. - E. V. Rabinovich and M. Vinchevsky. In the beginning. 1880s R. published a number of works, in which he advocated religion. reforms as a means of solving the "Jewish question". From 1889 - in the USA, where he resumed publishing. "Ga-Kol", also published a magazine. "Ga-Sanegor" (1890) and others. years of his life was engaged in per. Talmud in English. lang. (first attempt of this kind).
RODNI, see Rudnya of the Smolensk region.
SPRINGS (until 1947 - Bulgarian), nowadays do not exist. At 19 - early. 20th century - suburb of Voznesensk. Until 1947 it was a farm, and in 1947–75 it was a village in Voznesensky District, Nikolaev Region. In 1923, 346 Jews lived in R.
SPRING, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Izvor of the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1938–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. In 1944, 13 Jews were deported from R. to the extermination camp Auschwitz and there were killed.
RODNINA Irina Konstantinovna (b. 1949, Moscow), figure skater. Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1972). She played for CSKA (Moscow). Three-time Olympic champion (1972,1976,1980) in pair skating. World and European champion (1969–78). Multiple champion of the USSR. Since 1985 - in the USA, works as a trainer.
RODNYA, a village in the Klimovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1923, 367 Jews lived in R. In 1873, a synagogue functioned in R. In 1914, Jews owned all 7 grocery and units. manufactory shop in R. In 1925 approx. R. was created by the Jewish agricultural. artel "Rosa Luxemburg". All R. 1920s A mikvah was in operation. In the summer of 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. in the summer of 1941, approx. 80 Jews. Dec 10. 1941 in the cemetery approx. R. was shot apprx. 50 Jews.
RODNYANSKAYA Irina Bentsionovna (b. 1935, Kharkov), literary critic, literary critic. In 1956 she graduated from Moscow. library in-t. She began to publish in 1956. The works of R. dedicated. theory of literature, aesthetics and philosophy, history of literature (M.Yu. Lermontov, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.A. Blok, N.A. Zabolotsky), modern. Russian and nick. prose (A.G. Bitov, G. Böll, S. Lem) and poetry. R. - the author of Art. in the "Philosophical Encyclopedia", KLE and TSB. Prepared for ed. 2nd volume of the two-volume "Selected Articles" by SN Bulgakov (Moscow, 1993) in ser. "From the history of Russian philosophical thought." Since 1986 head. dep. critics zhurn. "New world". Cit .: Sociology of counterculture. M., 1980, (co-authored with Yu.N. Davydov); An artist in search of truth. M., 1989 (in co-authorship with Davydov).
RODOV Semyon Abramovich (1893, Kherson - 1968, Moscow), poet, critic. Published since 1912. Member. lit. association "Forge". Resp. sec. MAPP (1923–24), VAPP (1923–26). In 1923–25 one of the editors. zhurn. "At the post". In a number of Art. expressed left-wing radical. views on art. Translated from Yiddish, Belarusian, Ukrainian. lang. Among the works: "My Sowing" (1918), "Crossing of Lightning", "Breakthrough" (both - 1921) and other collection. verse. In the 1930s. was subjected to repression.
ROGER Maurice (1890, Vilna - after 1971), writer, playwright. Since 1915 - in the USA. In 1923 he was revised. zhurn. Der Kanchik (Los Angeles), then edited a number of Jewish publications. In 1927 he published the drama Der Geist fun der Zeit (The Spirit of the Times). In 1932, R.'s play "Ir Kerper" ("Her Body") was staged in Vilna, and in 1973 the book was published. stories and rec. Teg un yorn (Days and Years).
ROGACHEV, a village in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1847, 404 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 1,303 (94.3%), in 1923 - 265 Jews. Jews have lived in R. from the 19th century. In the beginning. 20th century pl. R. Jews left for other countries. In 1914, immigrants from R. organized a charity in the USA. about. In 1914 a Jewish hospital operated in R. The Jews belonged to the Unities. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. a paper factory, a mill and 16 shops (including all 12 grocery stores). The Jew was unity. doctor in R. Jews rented unity. a pharmacy and a mill in R. In 1920, during the retreat, a pogrom in R. was perpetrated by units of the 1st Cavalry Army; during the pogrom, more than 30 Jews were killed, Jewish property was plundered. Most of the Jews left R. In July 1941, R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the same month, the registration of Jews and their concentration on one street was carried out. In aug. 1941 Jewish men were shot in R. 29 Sep 1941 from R. were taken out and shot approx. 25 Jewish families, 1 Oct. 1941 children were shot. In nov. 1941 artisans were deported to a labor camp in Novograd-Volynsky. Yu.S. Glizer, Sh.-Z. Gorelik.
ROGACHEVO, a village in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow province. In the 1930s. It was a regional center. In 1939 there were 9 Jews living in R., in 1999 - 4 Jews.
ROGACHEVSKAYA Lyudmila Solomonovna (b. 1927, Riga), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1972). Rod. in the family of a diplomat. At the end of East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) works at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1968 Institute of History of the USSR, since 1992 Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Author of works on the history of the slave. class of the USSR, history of f-k and z-dov, industrialization and econ. development of the country. Participated in the preparation of multivolume collective publications. "History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day" (v.8. M., 1970), "History of owls. working class "(vol. 2. Moscow, 1984 and so. 5. Moscow, 1988), as well as a number of doc. publications: From the history of the working class of the USSR in the early years of industrialization. 1926-1927. M., 1959; Elimination of unemployment in the USSR. 1917-1930. M., 1973; Socialist competition in the USSR. East essays. 1917-1970. M., 1977.
ROGACHEVSKY Samuil Mironovich (1900, Sumy, Kharkov province. - 1990, Leningrad), military leader. Lieutenant General (1945). In the Red Army - since 1918, member of the Civil. war. In 1922 he graduated from the school of commanders, in 1922 - the infantry. school; the shooter commanded. subsection In 1936 he graduated from the Military. acad. Red Army them. M. V. Frunze; appointed assistant. early reconnaissance. dep. KVO; then pom. early division headquarters, pom. early corps headquarters. In 1941–42 the beginning. shooter headquarters. buildings, com. Div., in 1943-45 early. army headquarters. In 1946-48 the beginning. headquarters of the Arkhangelsk VO. In 1950 he graduated from the Higher. courses at the Military. acad. General Staff. In 1950–61 early. Department of Operators lawsuit Military. acad. Logistics and Supply (since 1956 - Military Academician of Logistics and Transport). From 1961 - retired. He was awarded 8 orders.
UPPER HORN, see Upper Rogachik.
ROGACHIN, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 350 Jews lived in P.. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ROGAN, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1736. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkiv province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in R.
ROGATIN, city (since 1535), regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1200. In the 16-18th centuries. - in the Galician land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - city of Rogatyn, the center of the powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in Stanislavskaya Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 797 Jews lived in R., in 1810 - 1216, in 1880 - 3035 (59.5%), in 1890 - 3503 (48.7%), in 1900 - 3217 (44.7%), in 1910 - 3254 (42.5%), in 1931 - 3002 Jews. about the Jews of R. refers to 1463. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 16th century Rabbi R. at the end. 17th century was Moishe ben Daniel, in the beginning. 18th century - Avrum Liebers, in mid. 18th century - Itshok ben Aron, then - Avrum-Shloymo Galpern (1765-1835). In the beginning. 18th century the head of the rabbinical court was Yehuda-Leib Yoles (? –1720). 18th century R. was one of the centers of Sabbatianism, then one of the three cities designated by King August III for the Francoists. In 1788, adherents of the Haskala opened a school in R., which operated until 1806. Rabbi R. in mid. 19th century - Itskhok-Chaim Welerstein (1820-1882), in 1852-56 - Eliezer Gurvich (1824-1866), in 1866-68 - Eliezer Horowitz (1820-1868), in 1870-94 - Meir-Yehuda Eye (1825-1894 ), in 1896-1905 - Nosn Levin (1857-1926), who supported the opening of a school with teaching in Hebrew. 1890s the Palestinophil circle "Bnei Zion" was active in R., from 1907 - wives. Zionist organization "Ruth". In the end. 19 - early. 20th century pl. Jews left for other countries. In 1894, a charity was organized in the USA by immigrants from R. society, in 1903 - another one, a cut provided material support to the Jewish community of R. In R., there were associations of Jewish merchants, artisans, 25 loan offices, the society "Maos Hitim". In 1914, after the beginning of the 1st peace. war, pl. Jews left R. Those who occupied in August. 1914 city of the Russian part. armies staged a pogrom. The Jewish quarter was burned down; several hundreds of Jews were deported to the east. province of Russia. In 1916, 509 Jews were deported from R. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil), who returned to the city in the late 1990s. 1917. In 1918 a Jewish hospital was opened. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, dramatic. circle, sports. club "Maccabi", worked state. the Shabasuvka school. Rabbi R. - Mordhe-Lipa Teumim (1905 -?) since 1932. On July 2, 1941, R. was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In the end. July 1941 the Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto. On March 20, 1942, 1,820 Jews were shot in R. 1942 - 300 Jews; 700 people was deported to the Belzec extermination camp. In the end. oct. 1942 Jews from the surrounding area were deported to R. points (Bolshovtsy, Bukachevtsy, Burshtyn). Dec 8 1942 approx. 1,300 Jews were sent to Belzec, approx. 300 people killed in R. 2700 Jews remained in the ghetto. Arms operated in the ghetto. with the help of the Judenrat employees, a group of 50-60 people, who later went into the forest to join the partisans. On March 2, 1943, 30 sick Jews were killed in the ghetto, and all the sick from the Jewish hospital were shot, along with the doctors and service personnel. On March 22, 1943, 200 able-bodied Jews were deported from R. to the Velikiye Borki workers' camp. Apr 21 1943 40 children were shot. On June 6-9, 1943, during the liquidation of the ghetto, some of the Jews were shot, some were burned or suffocated from the smoke in the bunkers. In total, approx. 9.8 thousand Jews. In R. in the building of one of the former. there is a shop in the synagogue, in another building there is a hotel. A Jewish cemetery with 17th-century gravestones has survived. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in R.
ROGATYN, see Rogatin.
Roginsky Grigory Zalmanovich (1903, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 1957), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences, prof. In 1926 he graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University, In 1929 - LGPI. Since 1930 he studied biology. f-those LGPI. In 1934-1940 he participated in a complex exp. Arctic. in-ta to Novaya Zemlya, where he studied the instincts of birds. In 1941–43 - at the front, demobilized from injury. From 1946 he worked at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute and at the Institute of Physiology of the Central Nervous System. works in the region. comparative psychology and etiology. He compared the cognitive abilities of higher and lower animals, studied the physiologist, the mechanisms of animal behavior. Author of works on the evolution of the psyche.
ROGINSKY Isaak Grigorievich (1921, Mozyr, Mogilev province. - 1987), clarinetist, teacher. Graduated from Leningrad. horse, in the clarinet class of V.I. Gensler (1946). Soloist orc. Leningrad. t-ra op. and the ball. them. S.M. Kirov. In 1946–56 he taught at Leningrad State University. cons. 1st pr. At 1st Vses. competition of performers on wind instruments (Moscow, 1941) and at the World. festival of youth and students (Prague, 1947). Since 1978 - in the USA.
ROGINSKY Simon Zalmanovich (1900, Parichi, Bobruisk u., Minsk Province - 1970, Moscow), physicochemist. Prof. (1933), Dr. Sciences (1936), Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1922 he graduated from Yekaterinoslavsky University. In 1923-28 he taught at the Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk) Mining Institute. In 1928–41 the head. lab. Leningrad. in-that chem. physics. At the same time. in 1930–41 prof. Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. In 1941 - 61 in Ying-those physical. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time. in 1943–52 head. Department of Moscow. in-that chem. machine. Since 1961 head. lab. Institute chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. work dedicated. problems of heterogeneous catalysis. In the 1920s. established topochem. the nature of solid catalysts and determined the relationship between the excess free energy of formation of solid phases and the rates. stages of these processes. In 1936–40 he developed methods of energetic. supersaturation of the catalyst surface. For the first time discovered (1938–40) a connection between catalytic. and semiconductor. properties of solids, which served as the basis for the creation of semiconductor. theories of catalysis. In 1940–44 he developed a statistic. theory of the active surface and proposed a classification of catalytic. processes; developed the idea of ​​a broad energetic. and chem. heterogeneity of the catalyst surface. Created the main. prerequisites for the construction of an electronic theory of catalysis on metals and semiconductor. In the 1950s. proposed the theory of modification as a fragment of the general chem. concept of catalysis. Founder of Sci. schools in the region. catalysis. Became. pr. (1941, 1949). Comp .: Adsorption and catalysis on heterogeneous surfaces. M.-L., 1948; Theoretical fundamentals of isotopic methods of studying chem. reactions. M., 1956; Heterogeneous catalysis. Some questions of theory. M., 1979.
ROGINSKY Yakov Yakovlevich (1895, Mogilev - 1987, Moscow), anthropologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1949), prof. (1950). One of the founders of owls. race. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1919) and until the 1980s. worked there. From 1926 he led scientific research. work in the Institute of Anthropology of Moscow State University. Since 1964 head. Department of Anthropology. work dedicated. the problem of the origin of man sovr. species, as well as the problems of variability of morphological. signs of a person, classification and occurrence of people. races, connections of the constitution of a person and his character. He put forward the position (1938) that in the process of the formation of a person, those changes in physical played an important role. type, to-rye were necessary for him as a social being. Developed a theory about the origin of the modern. people and races in one region. the globe from one form of ancient man (theory of monocentrism). One of the authors of the first owls. uch. manuals on anthropology for high fur boots (1941). Cit .: Theories of monocentrism and polycentrism in the problem of the origin of modern man and his races. M., 1949; Anthropology. 3rd ed. M., 1978 (co-authored with M.G. Levin).
ROGINTSY, a village in the Romny district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 5 Jewish households in R.
ROGNEDINO, a village, a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bryansk u. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in R. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. Dec. 1905 a pogrom broke out in R.
ROGOF Gary (Hillel) (1882, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1971, New York), publicist. Since 1890 - in the USA, he studied at the yeshiva, then graduated from college. Journalist, started his career in English. lang. in 1905. From 1906 he wrote in Yiddish for gas. "Forverts", in a cut he worked in 1908-21 ed. news and deputy. ch. ed., in 1951–64 chap. ed. and a leading publicist. Published also in the period. ed. USA. The author of the book. Viazoy america vert regiert (How America is Governed, New York, 1918), Di geschichte funi fareinikte state (History of the United States, 5 vols., Ibid., 1925–28).
ROGOVIN Zakhar Alexandrovich (1905, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), chemist. Prof. (1946). After graduating from the Moscow Higher Technical School from 1928 he worked at Chem. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova, since 1931 - at the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1939–41 the head. Department of Arts Technology, Fiber Mosk. chem.-technologist. in-that, since 1946 - in Moscow. textile institute. In 1941–45, commissioner. on chemistry GKO. In 1930–50 he developed a number of methods for the synthesis of cellulose derivatives, providing the possibility of introducing any functional group into a macromolecule. Joint. with I.L. Knunyants he studied the conditions and kinetics of caprolactam polymerization, in 1944 he developed a method for producing capron. Created new types of chem. fibers, incl. fluorlon and mtilon. Developed methods for modifying cellulose and synthetic. fibers, which are the basis for obtaining materials with new properties (fire retardant, bactericidal, oil and water resistant). Became. pr. (1942, 1950). State pr. USSR (1974). Works: Chemistry of cellulose. M., 1972; Fundamentals of chemistry and technology chem. fibers. 4th ed. M., 1974; Chem. transformation and modification of cellulose. 2nd ed. M., 1979.
ROGOVKA, a village in Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lucinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 26 Jews lived in R. In 1914, Jews owned 4 grocery and manufacturing and units. Manufacturing shops in R. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of R. were killed in July 1941.
HORN, see Raguva.
ROGOVOY Vladimir Avraamovich (1923, Kiev - 1983, Moscow), film director. In 1940 the actor T-ra muses. comedy in Izhevsk. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1950 he graduated from econom. f-t VGIK, worked as an administrator at the Alma-Ata and Baku c / st. Since 1953, dir. f. on the c / st them. M. Gorky. In 1962-66 the second dir., In 1967-68 dir. k / st "Belarusfilm". Since 1968 dir. to / st them. M. Gorky. Dir. f. "Suitable for non-combatant" (1968), "Officers" (1971), "Jung of the Northern Fleet" (1974), "Citizens" (1976), "Minors" (1977), "Balamut" (1979), "The sailors have no Questions "(1981)," The Married Bachelor "(1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1980).
Rogovskaya, see Dneprovskaya.
ROGOZIN Isaak Iosifovich (1900, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1973, Leningrad), epidemiologist, microbiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1943), prof. (1943), bp. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Major General Med. service (1960). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1925). He served as a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1930, after completing an advanced training course at the Military Medical. Academy in Leningrad, taught at the Department of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Since 1935 in the Research Institute a dignity. inspection of the Red Army, in 1936 transferred to Ch. military-dignity. ex. Red Army, from 1939 beginning. Ch. dignity. - antiepidemic. ex. and Chl. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health. At the same time. (1943–51) head. Department of Epidemiology 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. Since 1951 head. Department of Microbiology Military.-med. Academy, in 1956–64 head. Department of Epidemiology in the same place. Since 1968 he is retired. Author of more than 220 works on the epidemiology of intestinal, airborne, wound infections, blood infections, on the epidemiology of zoonoses, prevention of especially dangerous infections, on microbiology, immunobiology. Hands. and a participant of 36 scientific. exp. on the territory. USSR and East countries. Europe for the Study of Infections. Developed and introduced into practice prophylactic. tetanus vaccinations. Generalized the experience of anti-epidemics. work among the population in the years of the 2nd world. war. The author (with V.D.Belyakov) of the first academic. military manuals epidemiology (1957). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1963). Honored. worker of science and technology Kara-Kalp. ASSR (1965). Became. pr. (1946). He was awarded 6 orders. Vol .: Private epidemiology. 3rd ed. M., 1944; Infection and immunity. L., 1955; Associated immunization and emergency prevention. L., 1968 (co-authored with V.D.Belyakov).
ROGOZNA, now part of the city of Chernivtsi (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - a part of Romania, from 1940 - a part of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1959 - as part of Sadgora. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. after the occupation of the Romanians. troops in R. killed 5 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
ROGOZNO, see Ragozno.
ROGOZNY Zinovy ​​Zakharovich (1901, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1990), military leader. General-leith. (1944). In Kr. Army - since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. Com. art. divisions. In 1931 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after MV Frunze, in 1935 - her operational department. In 1935–39 the beginning. art. divisions, in 1939–41 early. shooter headquarters. housing. In 1941–43 early. headquarters of the army, in 1943–45 com. shooter. corps, in 1945–49 beginning. ex. combat training Yuzh. group of troops, 1949–51 - North Caucasian Military District, in 1951–54 beginning. military. department of the Kiev state. un-that, then Saratov honey. in-that. From 1954 - retired. Decorated with 9 orders.
ROGOZOV, a village in the Boryspil district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1840 approx. 40 Jews (about 6%), in 1910 - 16 Jewish families. occupations of the Jewish population of R. in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts. At 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 8 Jewish farms in R. In 1918 a pogrom occurred in R. in the course of which 10 Jewish families suffered.
ROGUZKA CHECHELNYTSKA, see Olgopol.
ROCAKH Alexander Grigorievich (b. 1934, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1985), prof. (1987). Graduated from the Saratov State. un-t them. N.G. Chernyshevsky (1957). From 1962 he taught there. Auth. 220 scientific. works in the region. experiment. and theoretical. studies of the photoconductivity of quasi-monopolar semiconductors under inhomogeneous excitation. He established the regularities of photoconductivity on sublimated photoconductive films. Owner of 40 authors. evidence and several. patents for inventions. Cit .: Photoconductive films such as cadmium sulfide. 1979 (et al.); Photoelectric phenomena in semiconductors and dielectrics. 1984; Logic and heuristics of scientific and technical solutions. 1991.
ROHKIND Sonya (b. 1903, Tolochin, Orshansky district, Mogilev province), linguist, literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1936). In 1928 she graduated from the Hebrew literary-lingual. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1928–33 she taught Yiddish in schools, then taught Yiddish and general language knowledge in Minsk ped. in-those, was published in the Minsk magazine. "Stern". Together with D. Kurland, compiled the anthology “Di gayntzaitke Yiddish proletarian dichtung in America” (“Modern Jewish proletarian poetry in America”), Minsk, 1932. Author (with G. Shklar, the first Yiddish-Russian dictionary in the USSR (“Yiddish-Russian verterbukh ") (Minsk, 1940). Since 1944, associate professor of the Minsk Pedagogical Institute.
Rokhlin Dmitry Gerasimovich (1895 - 1981, Leningrad), radiologist-radiologist, anatomist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1932), bp. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1946). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1919) worked as a therapist and pediatrician in Minsk and Warsaw. From 1923 to the Center. roentgenoradiological. in-those in Petrograd, where until 1941 was in charge of X-ray diagnostics. dep. and lab. X-ray osteology, X-ray anthropology and pathology of bones and joints. In 1941–45, Ch. radiologist of a number of fr. In 1945–72 head. Department of Radiology and Radiology of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute, since 1973 - consultant. - the creator of scientific. schools in the region. osteopathology, paleopathology and X-ray diagnostics of diseases of bones and joints. Sci. tr. dedicated the study of the structure of bones and joints, their age characteristics, the evolution of pathological. processes of the skeletal system. In the book. "Diseases of ancient people" (M.-L., 1965) on the bone remains of some ist. personalities established the possible causes of their death, working and living conditions, traumas suffered. Developed the principles of X-ray diagnostics of diseases of bones and joints. Created a museum of normal and pathological. osteology and paleopathology at the 1st Leningrad. honey. in-those. Cit .: Bone system in endocrine and constitutional anomalies. L.-M., 1931; X-ray diagnostics of joint diseases, h. 1–3. L., 1939–41; Ionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. L., 1972 (et al.).
Rokhlin Leon Lazarevich (1903 - 1985), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1925). One of the organizers of Ukr. psychoneurology, academy, its prez. (1930–39). He worked in Ukr. in-those advanced training for doctors in Kharkov, 2nd Mosk. and Kuibyshev honey. in-takh. In 1957–64 - deputy. dir. by scientific. parts of Mosk. Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, then - hands. clinics of schizophrenia of this in-that. Author of over 250 scientific. tr., including monographs, clinically. and social psychiatry, its theory and history of development: "Traumatic epilepsy" (M., 1948), "Essays on psychiatry" (M., 1967), "Medicine in the fight against mental illness" and others. Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR.
Rokhlin Vladimir Abramovich (1919, Baku - 1984, Leningrad), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951). Prof. (1954). Graduated from Moscow State University (1940). In 1941–45 - at the front, in 1943–45 - in captivity; after his release he was repressed. Thanks to the efforts of A.N. Kolmogorov and L.S.Pontryagin, he was released. Worked in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1947–52), then in decomp. universities (in Lestekhnich. Institute, Arkhangelsk; in teachers in Ivanovo, Kolomna, etc.), since 1967 at Leningrad State University. Main research results. in topology (Rokhlin invariants), algebraic geometry, theory of dynamical systems and ergodic theory. Got a foundation. Results in the Theory of Cobordism and Characteristic Classes of Small Dimensions, Vol. topology course. Geometric chapters. M., 1977 (with D.B. Fuchs).
Rokhlin Yakov Gerasimovich (1905, Petersburg - 1995), chess player. Master of Sports of the USSR (1929), Intern. arbiter (1956), international. master in the game of correspondence (1967). Cand. ped. sciences. State coach of the Sports Committee of the RSFSR (1946–58), before. Vses. Chess Federation of Trade Unions (1964). Member of the USSR championships (1927, 1929). Organizer of the first chess. clubs in Moscow, Leningrad and other mountains. Organizer of the first chess department in the USSR in Leningrad. in-those physical culture them. P.F. Lesgaft. Works: Chess and cultural work. L., 1929; Theory and Practice of Chess Art, 3rd ed. M. - L., 1949; Thinking and Conquering, 2nd ed. M., 1979; Chess for youth. Yaroslavl, 1985.
Rokhmanov, a village in the Shumsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rokhmanovo Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897 93 Jews (16%) lived in R., in 1911 - 465, in 1921 - 62 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. Rabbi R. in the middle. 18th century - Rabbi Wolf. In the beginning. 20th century There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in R. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of R. were deported to the Shumsk ghetto.
Rokhmanov, see Rokhmanov.
ROHVARGER Efim Lazarevich (1904 - 1979, Moscow), civil engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1957). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1930). Then he worked at the Kramatorsk cement plant, in 1932–34 at Moscow. lime-cement plant, in 1934–40 and 1945–53 hl. Ing. Control. industrial building materials and building parts of the Moscow City Executive Committee. In 1941 - 45 deputy. People's Commissar of Industry is building. materials of the RSFSR; since 1953 deputy. dir. Vses. Research institute builds, ceramics. He headed the development and implementation of industrial. methods of building residential buildings in Moscow. Initiator and participant in the implementation of a single firing of facing tiles, as well as in-line automation. conveyor lines for the production of ceramics. tiles. Author and ed. tech. literature, including the reference book "Building ceramics" (M., 1976). Became. pr. (1951), State. pr. USSR (1972). Cit .: Combined grinding and drying of clay in a mine mill M., 1958; New ceramic technology tiles, M., 1977 (et al.).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РОКИШКИС, город в Паневежском у. (Литовская Республика). Изв. с 1499. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Ракишки Новоалександровского у. Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1847 в Р. проживало 593 еврея, в 1897 – 2067 (75%), в 1914 – ок. 3000 (ок. 78%), в 1921 – 1900, в 1923 – 2013 (ок. 46,5%), в 1939 – ок. 3500 (ок. 40%), в 1959 – 36, в 1989 – 10 евреев.Евреи жили в Р. с 18 в. В 1863 действовала синагога. В 1889 было основано об-во «Бикур хойлим». Большинство евреев Р. были бобруйскими, любавичскими и лядскими хасидами. У хасидов были свои раввины. В Р. имелось 2 шохета.Раввинами Р. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. были любавичский хасид Бецалель Кац, лядский хасид Элиягу Маргалиот, его сын Иссер, в 1906–15 – зять Иссера любавичский хасид Ш.Левитин.В нач. 20 в. в Р. имелись 4 синагоги (3 из них – хасидские), неск. хедеров, иешива (организатор – Ш.Левитин). В 1905 открылась ссудная касса (организатор – Гиллель Эйдельсон), в 1906 – «Малвиш арумим». В 1910 открылась частная еврейская школа для девочек (организаторы – Гурвич и Рабинович). В 1912 в Р. работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во; купеческим банком управлял М.Миллер; практически все магазины (кроме трех) принадлежали евреям.17 июля 1915 в Р. произошел погром. Часть евреев бежала из Р. заранее по совету пристава. Свитки Торы и имущество наиб. зажиточных евреев были спрятаны в погребе в доме священника. Отступающие казачьи части рус. армии взломали двери погреба, расхитили вещи, свитки Торы изрезали. Еврейские дома были разгромлены. Оставшиеся евреи позднее были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи.После 1918 часть евреев вернулась в Р. Помощь в восстановлении и постройке домов оказывал Джойнт и родственники из-за границы. В нач. 1920-х гг. 2 еврея были зам. мэра Р. В 1923 начало действовать отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка (в 1929 – 357 чл.), ссудная касса для ремесленников. Осн. занятия евреев Р. в 1920–30-х гг. – мелкая торговля (преимущественно с.-х. продукцией) и извоз. В 1931 евреям принадлежало 76% магазинов и мастерских в Р.; в 1937 среди евреев было 86 ремесленников (в т. ч. 33 сапожника, 24 мясника, 3 пекаря, плотник, 2 часовщика). Неск. сотен евреев работали на мелких пр-тиях, принадлежавших евреям (в т. ч. на мельнице, колбасной ф-ке, эл.-станции). Две фотостудии и кинотеатр принадлежали евреям. Практически все врачи и фармацевты в Р. были евреями.В 1920–30-х гг. большинство синагог в Р. были хасидскими. В Р. действовали 2 иешивы, талмуд-тора, школы сети «Тарбут» (200 уч-ся) и «Явне», прогимназия с преподаванием на иврите, б-ка, дет. дом (дир. – Ханох Шадор; 40 детей); функционировали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль», «Культур-Лига», «Агудас Исроэль», Мизрахи, «Тиферес бахурим», благотворит. об-ва «Линас га-Цедек» и «Бикур хойлим».В 1925 среди еврейских торговцев прокатилась волна банкротств, вызванных национализацией торговли мукой, конкуренцией с литов. торг. кооперативами. В 1926–30 мн. евреи выехали в США, Юж. Америку, Э.-И.В 1920-х гг. раввином Р. был зять Б.Каца Авром Меирович (один из основателей Еврейского нар. банка), в 1930-х гг. – Зелиг Орлович, в 1937–38 – Ш.Левитин.В 1939 в Р. прибыло неск. сотен евреев- беженцев из Польши. 28 июня 1941 Р. заняли части вермахта. Был создан юденрат. 15–16 авг. 1941 были расстреляны мужчины, 25 авг. 1941– ок. 2 тыс. женщин, стариков и детей.В Р. существует заброшенное еврейское кладбище.В Р. род. Я.В.Смушкевич, Б.И.Цинделис.Ю.Н.Григорьева, pronunciation=РОКИШКИС, город в Паневежском у. (Литовская Республика). Изв. с 1499. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Ракишки Новоалександровского у. Виленской, с 1842 – Ковенской губ. В 1918–40 – в составе Литовской Республики, в 1940–91 – ЛитССР.В 1847 в Р. проживало 593 еврея, в 1897 – 2067 (75%), в 1914 – ок. 3000 (ок. 78%), в 1921 – 1900, в 1923 – 2013 (ок. 46,5%), в 1939 – ок. 3500 (ок. 40%), в 1959 – 36, в 1989 – 10 евреев.Евреи жили в Р. с 18 в. В 1863 действовала синагога. В 1889 было основано об-во «Бикур хойлим». Большинство евреев Р. были бобруйскими, любавичскими и лядскими хасидами. У хасидов были свои раввины. В Р. имелось 2 шохета.Раввинами Р. в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. были любавичский хасид Бецалель Кац, лядский хасид Элиягу Маргалиот, его сын Иссер, в 1906–15 – зять Иссера любавичский хасид Ш.Левитин.В нач. 20 в. в Р. имелись 4 синагоги (3 из них – хасидские), неск. хедеров, иешива (организатор – Ш.Левитин). В 1905 открылась ссудная касса (организатор – Гиллель Эйдельсон), в 1906 – «Малвиш арумим». В 1910 открылась частная еврейская школа для девочек (организаторы – Гурвич и Рабинович). В 1912 в Р. работало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во; купеческим банком управлял М.Миллер; практически все магазины (кроме трех) принадлежали евреям.17 июля 1915 в Р. произошел погром. Часть евреев бежала из Р. заранее по совету пристава. Свитки Торы и имущество наиб. зажиточных евреев были спрятаны в погребе в доме священника. Отступающие казачьи части рус. армии взломали двери погреба, расхитили вещи, свитки Торы изрезали. Еврейские дома были разгромлены. Оставшиеся евреи позднее были высланы во внутр. губернии Рос. империи.После 1918 часть евреев вернулась в Р. Помощь в восстановлении и постройке домов оказывал Джойнт и родственники из-за границы. В нач. 1920-х гг. 2 еврея были зам. мэра Р. В 1923 начало действовать отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка (в 1929 – 357 чл.), ссудная касса для ремесленников. Осн. занятия евреев Р. в 1920–30-х гг. – мелкая торговля (преимущественно с.-х. продукцией) и извоз. В 1931 евреям принадлежало 76% магазинов и мастерских в Р.; в 1937 среди евреев было 86 ремесленников (в т. ч. 33 сапожника, 24 мясника, 3 пекаря, плотник, 2 часовщика). Неск. сотен евреев работали на мелких пр-тиях, принадлежавших евреям (в т. ч. на мельнице, колбасной ф-ке, эл.-станции). Две фотостудии и кинотеатр принадлежали евреям. Практически все врачи и фармацевты в Р. были евреями.В 1920–30-х гг. большинство синагог в Р. были хасидскими. В Р. действовали 2 иешивы, талмуд-тора, школы сети «Тарбут» (200 уч-ся) и «Явне», прогимназия с преподаванием на иврите, б-ка, дет. дом (дир. – Ханох Шадор; 40 детей); функционировали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. «Маккаби», «Га-Поэль», «Культур-Лига», «Агудас Исроэль», Мизрахи, «Тиферес бахурим», благотворит. об-ва «Линас га-Цедек» и «Бикур хойлим».В 1925 среди еврейских торговцев прокатилась волна банкротств, вызванных национализацией торговли мукой, конкуренцией с литов. торг. кооперативами. В 1926–30 мн. евреи выехали в США, Юж. Америку, Э.-И.В 1920-х гг. раввином Р. был зять Б.Каца Авром Меирович (один из основателей Еврейского нар. банка), в 1930-х гг. – Зелиг Орлович, в 1937–38 – Ш.Левитин.В 1939 в Р. прибыло неск. сотен евреев- беженцев из Польши. 28 июня 1941 Р. заняли части вермахта. Был создан юденрат. 15–16 авг. 1941 были расстреляны мужчины, 25 авг. 1941– ок. 2 тыс. женщин, стариков и детей.В Р. существует заброшенное еврейское кладбище.В Р. род. Я.В.Смушкевич, Б.И.Цинделис.Ю.Н.Григорьева, extra_data="{'translat...")
ROKITNO, see Rakitnoe, Rivne region.
ROKITNOE (until 1922 - Okhotnikovo), an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1888 in Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1901, 105 Jews lived in R., in 1921 - 663 (19.5%), in 1931 - approx. 800 Jews. Until 1903 R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1909–42, Aron-Yosef Shames (1873–1942) was the rabbi in R. In the beginning. 20th century the Zionist organization "Agudas sfas Ivri" was active. In the beginning. 1910s a synagogue was built. During the war, the Jews of R. suffered from pogroms. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1925 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. There was a Talmud Torah, children. a garden with teaching in Hebrew, a Jewish library, a department of the Jewish Nar. bank and savings loan. cashier. July 10, 1941 R. occupied the parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was established. Apr 15. In 1942 a ghetto was created, in which Jews from the surrounding area were also deported. points (about 1.5 thousand people). 26 Aug 1942 the ghetto is liquidated; 411 Jews were shot in R., approx. 800 people sent to execution in Sarny, 238 Jews managed to escape. After liberation on 4 January. 1944, approx. 200 Jews. A synagogue was opened. There is a monument on the grave of the executed Jews. In 1945–46, most of the Jews of R. left for Poland. In 2005, R. had a Jewish population.
ROKOSOV, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main at 1300. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1938–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1850 11 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 22, in 1910 - c. 50 Jews. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ROXOLANY, a village in the Ovidiopol district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1840s. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1897 there were 9 Jews living in R., in 1926 - 8 Jews. 22 October. 1905 a pogrom broke out in R.
ROLEV, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900 there were 31 Jews living in R. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42 16 Jewish families were killed in R.
ROLLNIK Joseph (1879, Zhukhovichi, Minsk Province - 1955, New York), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1895–98 he lived in Minsk, in 1899–1901 he emigrated to the USA. First published in 1900, translation of verse. D. Frishman in gas. Forverts. In 1901–06 he lived in Russia, from 1906 - in the USA. From 1915 he worked as a gas corrector. "Tog" published poetry in different periods. ed. In 1915, journal. "Literatur un lebn" released special. number with manuf. R.'s poems are presented in M. Basin's anthology "500 Years of Jewish Poetry" and in other anthologies and collections. The author of the book. Oifn zamdikn veg (On the Sandy Road, 1913), Leader (Poems, 1926), Nae Leader (New Poems, 1935), A fenzter tsu dorem (Window to the South ", 1941)," Geklibene leader "(" Selected Poems ", 1948). Zichroines (Memories, 1954 all - New York).
ROLLER Masha (Maria Grigorievna) (b. 1927, Klaipeda, Lithuania), writer. In 1940 the family moved to Vilnius. 1941–43 - in the ghetto. When the ghetto was liquidated, R. was sent to work in Germany. In the concentration camps Schrasdenhof and Stutthof, as well as in the ghetto, R. secretly kept notes. After her release, she graduated from evening school, then by correspondence Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1955). Translated from Russian. lang. to the Lithuanian modern. prose, poetry. R.'s notes were transformed into the book. I Must Tell, ed. in Lithuanian. in 1963. In Russian. lang. published in the journal. Zvezda (1965, No. 2, 3). I.G. Ehrenburg took an active part in the fate of the manuscript. In 1966 the book. with his preface came out in Paris, reprinted many times in 18 languages. the world. Yiddish publ. in 1965 (Moscow - Warsaw) with a foreword. E. Mezhelaitis. R. - the author of the book. “Three meetings” (L., 1970), “Get used to the light” (L., 1974), “Long Silence” (L., 1981), “Wedding Gift, or Black Day” (1990). Translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang. the story of II Rabin "Leia and her mother".
ROMANKAUTSY, see Romankautsy.
ROMANKI, a village in the Pokrovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 19th century in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1897, approx. 250 Jews (approx. 6%).
ROMANKOVTSY, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1565. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Romankautsy of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1817, 22 Jews (11%) lived in R., in 1859 - St. 100 Jews (over 8%), in 1884 - approx. 150 (about 7%), in 1930 - 180 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of R. in 19 - early. 20th century was with. in the beginning. July 1941 R. occupied the Romanians. troops. In 1941 approx. 100 Jews were deported to dec. camps; pl. of them died.
ROMANOV, see Lenino, Minsk region.
ROMANOV-BORISOGLEBSK, see Tutaev.
ROMANOV-ON-MURMAN, see Murmansk.
ROMANOV Isaak Zalmanovich (1920, Gorki, Mogilev province. - 1993, Moscow), chess historian and writer. Int. ICCF arbiter (1968). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1945). Cand. ist. Sciences (1949). Ed. chess. gas department. Komsomolskaya Pravda (1979–84). The author of St. 300 st. on the history of chess. The author of the first book in the USSR. about correspondence competitions. Translated book. A.A. Alekhina about the Nottingham Intern. tournament (1936) .Cit .: The creative heritage of M.I. Chigorin. M., 1960; Move in the envelope. M., 1982 (et al.); Peter Romanovsky. M., 1984.
ROMANOVKA, see Sukreml.
ROMANOVO, see Lenino, Mogilev region.
ROMANOVO-BULGAKOVO, a village in the Snigirevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 R.-B. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Sept. 1941 in R.-B. more than 100 Jews were shot.
ROMANOVO VILLAGE, a village in the Zbarazh district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. July 1941, the RS occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. From May 1942 to July 1943, a Jewish workers' camp (about 300 people) was located in RS. The camp was liquidated at the beginning. July 1943, when the Jews were deported to the Kamenka camp and shot there together with the prisoners of this camp.
ROMANOVSKY KHUTOR, see Kropotkin.
DOMASHKI, a village in the Rakitnyansky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. In 1900 there were 18 Jews living in R.
ROMASHKOVO, a village in the Seredino-Budsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 19 Jews lived in R. 1900. Jews have lived in R. from the 18th century. Main the occupation of the Jewish population was the cultivation and sale of tobacco.
ROMEL, see Ramel.
ROMANESTI, see Romanovka, Republic of Moldova.
ROMM, a family of printers and publishers. The founder of the family is R. Borukh (1750 - 1803), a native of Galicia, who opened a Jewish printing house in the Ozyory borough near Grodno. It is assumed that the first book printed in it in 1791 was "Tsvaat ha-hasid ha-mefursam" ("Testament of the famous righteous man") by the Grodno rabbi Alexander (Ziskind) ben Moishe. In 1799 the printing house was transferred to Grodno. In 1803, after the death of Borukh R., it was inherited by his son Menachem Man (Manes) (| - 1841), who in 1806 united his business with other owners of printing houses in Vilna and Grodno. This is how "Drukarnya Zymel Nakhimovich and K", or "Manes and Zymel", was created. Publishers started publishing. Babylonian Talmud, a cut was completed in 1854. Menachem Mana R.'s heir - his son Joseph Reuven (Rubin) R. (| - 1858) and grandchildren - Dovid (| - 1860), Mankel and Manes R. successfully continued the family business ... After Dovid's death, the "Printing House of the Widow and Brothers R." It was headed by the widow Dvoira (nee Harkavi) (| - 1903). In addition to the Talmud, produced, rabbinical. literature, liturgy book, prayer books, Haskalah literature, secular literature. manuf. The magazine in Hebrew "Ha-Karmel" was published. The son of Dovid and Dvoira - Ilya Dovidovich R. (1860 - 1912, Vilna), a public figure. Studied at Dorpat and Moscow high fur boots. He was close to the "People's Will". In 1906, editor of Novaya Zarya, then Svobodnoye Slovo. Prede, the Committee of the Cadet Party in Vilna. In the beginning. 1910s - ed. "Smolensk Bulletin".
ROMM David (b. 1910, Vilna), editor, bibliographer. Since 1921 - in Canada. He studied literature and philosophy in Vancouver and other universities in Canada and the USA. Since 1938 - in Montreal. Deer. Jewish library. Since 1964 prof. Judaica at Montreal University. Since 1934 he has been publishing biblical literature. work in the period, ed., ed. collection of books on biblical history. affairs and literature in Canada, Published in Yiddish, English. lang. Author of works on Jewish bibliography.
ROMM Emmanuil Ilyich (1900, Kaidany, Kovensky district and province - 1951, Moscow), heating engineer. Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic in 1924. inst., worked for Leningrad. metallic s-de. Since 1932 head. boiler room lab. Vses. teplotekhn. in-that in Moscow. Main works are related to the calculation of steam boilers, intra-boiler processes, with research. stepwise evaporation, water circulation in boilers, with analysis and prevention of accidents. He proposed a method of staged evaporation in steam boilers with a small blowdown with the addition of chemically purified water, which provided good steam quality. He made a number of improvements in the operation of boiler plants, in particular, they allowed to reduce slagging and the formation of ring cracks in pipes. Became. pr. (1946).
ROMM Mikhail Ilyich (1901, Irkutsk - 1971, Moscow), film director. In 1918–25 - in Kr. Army. In 1925 he graduated from a sculptor. branch of the Highest. hud.-tech. in-that. Since 1925 sculptor and translator. In 1928-30 scientific. sotr. on cinema in Ying-those methods of extracurricular work. Since 1929, screenwriter, since 1931 - assistant, since 1933, director. k / st "Soyuzkino" (now "Mosfilm"). In 1940–43, thin. hands. Ch. ex. by production f. In 1942–47 dir. Moscow t-ra movie actor. Since 1938, teacher at VGIK, since 1948, head. actor-dir. workshop, since 1957 prof. Debuted F. "Pyshka" (1934, after G. de Maupassant). This was followed by Thirteen (1937), Lenin in October (1937) and Lenin in 1918 (1939). In 1941 post. f. "Dream", the action to-rogo takes place in a Jewish town in the eastern lands of Poland (released in 1943). During the 2nd world. war removed the anti-fascist f. "Man No. 217" (1945, pr. For dir. At the 1st Moscow Art Festival in Cannes, 1946). Dir. f. The Russian Question (1948) and The Secret Mission (1950). This was followed by two ist. f. - "Admiral Ushakov" and "Ships storm the bastions" (both - 1953), as well as "Murder on Dante Street" (1956). Last play picture R. - "Nine days of one year" (1962). In the end. 1940s - mid. 50s R. took off in et al. three doc. paintings, as well as f. Ordinary Fascism (1966). Author of the book: "Conversations about cinema" (1964), "Selected works." (in 3 vols., 1980–82). The Jewish theme is touched upon in the book: Oral Stories (1989). Nar. art. USSR (1950). Became. pr. (1941, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1951), State. pr. RSFSR them. br. Vasilievs (1966).
ROMM Mikhail Naumovich (b. 1961, Moscow), literary figure, poet. Graduated from art-graph. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1985). Since 1980 he has published a number of letters in samizdat. zhurn. Founder (1988) and Ch. ed. gas. "Humanitarian Fund" (initial - "Express-information") - the first periodical in Russia. ed., dedicated. liter and art of the avant-garde and underground. Comp. first issue. (1990) alm. "Index", including naib. bright productions samizdat 1970–80s.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РОМНЫ, город (с 1781), районный центр в Сумской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1096. С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1802 – уездный город Полтавской губ. С 1939 – в Сумской обл.В 1803 в Р. проживало 127 евреев, в 1847 – 759, в 1866 – 1825 (34,7%), в 1897 – 6378 (28,3%), в 1910 – 13 401, в 1920 – 10 242, в 1923 – 9760, в 1939 – 3834 (14,8%), в 1959 – ок. 1000 (ок. 3%), в 2001 – 41 еврей.В кон. 17 в. владельцем Р. был полковник Запорожского казацкого войска Андрей Маркович Маркевич, принадлежавший к казацкому роду, к-рый основал принявший православие богатый арендатор Марко Аврамович (?–1712). А.М.Маркевич организовал в Р. ежегодную Ильинскую ярмарку, к-рая способствовала развитию города и росту численности еврейского населения. Еврейская община в Р. была образована в 18 в.В 19 в. евреи Р. владели кожевенным, мыловаренным, табачным, винодельческим, спиртовым з-дами; им принадлежало ок. 300 торг. заведений по продаже табака. В 1835 единств. купцом 1-й гильдии в Р. был Вульф-Моисей Городецкий. В 1848 в Р. открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще, действовали еврейские цехи (с 1859 по распоряжению властей их начали присоединять к христианским по роду ремесла). В 1858 было основано еврейское мещанское об-во. В 1859 в Р. имелась синагога. В 1863–91 раввином Р. был Элиэзер Арлозоров, в 1867 – Янкель Кричевский, с 1887 – Шнеур-Залман-Мордехай Новоковский (1851–?). В 1860-х гг. среди евреев Р. числилось 93 купца.В 1881 в Р. произошел еврейский погром.В кон. 19 в. евреи оказывали значит. влияние на экономич. жизнь Р.: в 1897 действовали банкирские конторы А.-Ф.Геймана и И.-Б. Бунимовича, паровые мельницы М.-Ш.Аврамова, И.-А. и С.-С.Мостославских и И.А.Кагана, спиртоочистит. з-д И.-Х.Фридберга, табачно-махорочная ф-ка Рабиновича-Фратки, типографии Э.-Б. Дельберга и Б.-Ш. Ционсона, чугунолитейный з-д А.-И. Кролика, аптеки А.-С. Венгерова и И.-Ф.Шульмейстера. Евреи торговали бакалеей, хлебом, керосином, дровами, железом, канцтоварами, книгами, галантереей, ювелирными изделиями.В 1898 в Р. действовало 9 синагог. В 1901 основана еврейская больница, при к-рой имелась амбулатория. С 1901 раввином Р. был Хаим-Иешуа Шнеерсон (1865–1921), внук Цемах Цедека. В 1903 открылось муж. еврейское уч-ще. С 1905 работало Об-во взаимопомощи евреев-приказчиков.В окт. 1905 в Р. во время еврейских погромов было убито 8 чел., ранено более 30, сожжена еврейская б-ка, разгромлено большинство еврейских магазинов. Раввин Троцкий послал телеграмму премьер-министру графу С.Ю.Витте с просьбой о защите.В 1910 в Р. имелись 9 синагог, талмуд-тора, 2 еврейских муж. уч-ща, жен. проф. еврейская школа и 3 жен. еврейских уч-ща, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало Мелкоторг. еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 2 аптеки, 6 складов аптечных товаров, баня, 2 булочные, 4 гостиницы, 4 постоялых двора, 2 фотомастерские, единств. синематограф, единств. прачечная, обе часовые мастерские, ок. 50 лавок и магазинов в Р. (в т. ч. 5 из 13 мануфактурных, все 6 галантерейных, оба ювелирных, единств. книжный); 6 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты.Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет высланных и беженцев. В Р. действовало отд-ние ЕКОПО. В февр. 1915 в Р. была выслана из Минска М.Я.Фрумкина. В 1916 солдатами местного гарнизона был создан еврейский окопный к-т.В 1916 раввином Р. был Иехезкель Гринпрес. В том же году открылось отд-ние любавичской иешивы «Томхей Тмимим».В 1917 в Р. действовали еврейские партии, в т. ч. отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц». В 1917–22 работал еврейский нар. т-р им. И.-Л. Переца (реж. – Р.Н.Заславский). В 1918 отд-ние «Культур-Лиги» открыло в Р. нар. нач. школу смешанного типа (занятия велись на идише).В 1918 во время погрома был нанесен ущерб жен. проф. еврейской школе, совершены убийства евреев на ж.-д. станции. В 1919 евреи Р. пострадали от погромов и грабежей, устроенных частями Добровольческой армии.В 1919 З.А.Каменецкий занимался мучной и бакалейной торговлей, В.Ш.Смелянский торговал солью, И.Х.Ханин вел оптово-розничную торговлю мучными товарами, В.Е.Айзенберг владел табачной ф-кой (до 1928). На текстильной ф-ке 85% рабочих были евреями. В 1919–21 в Р. работала драматич. студия. В 1920 действовали курсы для взрослых, отд-ние Евсекции (рук. – Б.И.Гордон), еврейский дет. дом. В 1920 в работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве принимал участие делегат из Р.В сент. 1922 и в 1926 в Р. производились аресты сионистов.В 1923 в Р. была организована еврейская с.-х. коммуна (46 мужчин и 15 женщин). В 1925 создан первый еврейский переселенч. коллектив «Рекорд» (13 семей). Выходцами из Р. в Херсонском окр. было организовано неск. земледельч. артелей (ок. 40 еврейских семей) – «Ново-Раменка», «Объединенный труд» и др. В 1925–26 из Р. в с.-х. коммуны переселилось 176 еврейских семей. В 1925 при поддержке Джойнта в Р. работала еврейская богадельня.В 1920-х гг. в еврейской школе в Р. обучалось 600 детей. В рус. школе 87% детей были евреями; в школе была создана группа с преподаванием на идише. В 1928 в хедерах обучалось 90 детей. В 1925–28 в Р. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива под рук. Якова Гурари, арестованного в 1928.В 1930-х гг. в Р. закрываются синагоги, последняя была закрыта в 1938.10 сент. 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. Было создано гетто, уничтоженное 10 нояб. 1941, когда было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев. За последующее время оккупации города было расстреляно еще ок. 700 евреев.После 1943 часть евреев вернулась в Р. В 1947 была зарегистрирована еврейская община. Действовала синагога (ул. Луначарского, д. 13). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 12–15 чел., в праздники – 60–70 чел. Раввином в 1947 был Берко Беркович Герчуков (1881–?), с 1952 – Моисей Давыдович Ровинский (1883–?), в 1958 – Котляр. Общиной была организована выпечка мацы. С 1951 молитвы проходили в арендуемом частном доме. С 1959 община существовала как незарегистрированная.В 1999 еврейская община Р. возобновила свою деятельность (с 2003 пред. – Е.В.Гояинова). В 2001 имелось отд-ние «Хесэда».В Р. род.: Х.Арлозоров, Й.Бреславский, М.М.Губергриц, Л. Зингер, А.Ф.Иоффе, А.М. Кричевский, Х.Левина, С.Минор, И.Б.Минц, П.М.Рутенберг, Г.Я.Сокольников, И.К.Стучевский, А.Я.Таиров, И.И. Шварц, И.Яссен; Хаим-Мойше Берович Белявский (1908–1959, Ленинград), живописец, график, участник выставок, в 1950-х гг. оформлял праздничные демонстрации в Ленинграде; Вениамин Маркович Брискин (1906–1982, Москва), график, рисовал для журн. «Крокодил», газ. «Комс. правда», «Правда», занимался станковой графикой, создавал плакаты, кн. иллюстрации, засл. художник РСФСР (1967); Александр Карр (1878–1946, США), актер, с дет. лет – в США, с 1904 – в Нью-Йорке, изв. исполнитель ролей еврейского драматич. репертуара, снимался в кино (более 20 к/ф); Гарри С.Нагин (1890–?), инженер, с 1924 – исполнит. вице-през. сталелитейной компании в Пенсильвании, США, получил более 100 патентов на изобретения (мостовое полотно, каркасы, бетон); Семен Адольфович Трегуб (1907–1975), критик, специалист по рус. сов. лит-ре; Илья Маркович Троцкий (1882–1969, Нью-Йорк), публицист, обществ. деятель, писал на рус. яз. и идише, с 1908 – в Германии, с 1938 – в Аргентине, с 1946 – в США, один из руководителей ряда обществ. еврейских орг-ций в Аргентине и США.Р.И.Молдавер, pronunciation=РОМНЫ, город (с 1781), районный центр в Сумской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1096. С 1362 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1667 – в составе Рус. гос-ва. С 1802 – уездный город Полтавской губ. С 1939 – в Сумской обл.В 1803 в Р. проживало 127 евреев, в 1847 – 759, в 1866 – 1825 (34,7%), в 1897 – 6378 (28,3%), в 1910 – 13 401, в 1920 – 10 242, в 1923 – 9760, в 1939 – 3834 (14,8%), в 1959 – ок. 1000 (ок. 3%), в 2001 – 41 еврей.В кон. 17 в. владельцем Р. был полковник Запорожского казацкого войска Андрей Маркович Маркевич, принадлежавший к казацкому роду, к-рый основал принявший православие богатый арендатор Марко Аврамович (?–1712). А.М.Маркевич организовал в Р. ежегодную Ильинскую ярмарку, к-рая способствовала развитию города и росту численности еврейского населения. Еврейская община в Р. была образована в 18 в.В 19 в. евреи Р. владели кожевенным, мыловаренным, табачным, винодельческим, спиртовым з-дами; им принадлежало ок. 300 торг. заведений по продаже табака. В 1835 единств. купцом 1-й гильдии в Р. был Вульф-Моисей Городецкий. В 1848 в Р. открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще, действовали еврейские цехи (с 1859 по распоряжению властей их начали присоединять к христианским по роду ремесла). В 1858 было основано еврейское мещанское об-во. В 1859 в Р. имелась синагога. В 1863–91 раввином Р. был Элиэзер Арлозоров, в 1867 – Янкель Кричевский, с 1887 – Шнеур-Залман-Мордехай Новоковский (1851–?). В 1860-х гг. среди евреев Р. числилось 93 купца.В 1881 в Р. произошел еврейский погром.В кон. 19 в. евреи оказывали значит. влияние на экономич. жизнь Р.: в 1897 действовали банкирские конторы А.-Ф.Геймана и И.-Б. Бунимовича, паровые мельницы М.-Ш.Аврамова, И.-А. и С.-С.Мостославских и И.А.Кагана, спиртоочистит. з-д И.-Х.Фридберга, табачно-махорочная ф-ка Рабиновича-Фратки, типографии Э.-Б. Дельберга и Б.-Ш. Ционсона, чугунолитейный з-д А.-И. Кролика, аптеки А.-С. Венгерова и И.-Ф.Шульмейстера. Евреи торговали бакалеей, хлебом, керосином, дровами, железом, канцтоварами, книгами, галантереей, ювелирными изделиями.В 1898 в Р. действовало 9 синагог. В 1901 основана еврейская больница, при к-рой имелась амбулатория. С 1901 раввином Р. был Хаим-Иешуа Шнеерсон (1865–1921), внук Цемах Цедека. В 1903 открылось муж. еврейское уч-ще. С 1905 работало Об-во взаимопомощи евреев-приказчиков.В окт. 1905 в Р. во время еврейских погромов было убито 8 чел., ранено более 30, сожжена еврейская б-ка, разгромлено большинство еврейских магазинов. Раввин Троцкий послал телеграмму премьер-министру графу С.Ю.Витте с просьбой о защите.В 1910 в Р. имелись 9 синагог, талмуд-тора, 2 еврейских муж. уч-ща, жен. проф. еврейская школа и 3 жен. еврейских уч-ща, еврейское кладбище. В 1912 работало Мелкоторг. еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, в 1913 – Об-во пособия бедным евреям. В 1914 евреям принадлежали 2 аптеки, 6 складов аптечных товаров, баня, 2 булочные, 4 гостиницы, 4 постоялых двора, 2 фотомастерские, единств. синематограф, единств. прачечная, обе часовые мастерские, ок. 50 лавок и магазинов в Р. (в т. ч. 5 из 13 мануфактурных, все 6 галантерейных, оба ювелирных, единств. книжный); 6 евреев сдавали меблированные комнаты.Во время 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет высланных и беженцев. В Р. действовало отд-ние ЕКОПО. В февр. 1915 в Р. была выслана из Минска М.Я.Фрумкина. В 1916 солдатами местного гарнизона был создан еврейский окопный к-т.В 1916 раввином Р. был Иехезкель Гринпрес. В том же году открылось отд-ние любавичской иешивы «Томхей Тмимим».В 1917 в Р. действовали еврейские партии, в т. ч. отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц». В 1917–22 работал еврейский нар. т-р им. И.-Л. Переца (реж. – Р.Н.Заславский). В 1918 отд-ние «Культур-Лиги» открыло в Р. нар. нач. школу смешанного типа (занятия велись на идише).В 1918 во время погрома был нанесен ущерб жен. проф. еврейской школе, совершены убийства евреев на ж.-д. станции. В 1919 евреи Р. пострадали от погромов и грабежей, устроенных частями Добровольческой армии.В 1919 З.А.Каменецкий занимался мучной и бакалейной торговлей, В.Ш.Смелянский торговал солью, И.Х.Ханин вел оптово-розничную торговлю мучными товарами, В.Е.Айзенберг владел табачной ф-кой (до 1928). На текстильной ф-ке 85% рабочих были евреями. В 1919–21 в Р. работала драматич. студия. В 1920 действовали курсы для взрослых, отд-ние Евсекции (рук. – Б.И.Гордон), еврейский дет. дом. В 1920 в работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве принимал участие делегат из Р.В сент. 1922 и в 1926 в Р. производились аресты сионистов.В 1923 в Р. была организована еврейская с.-х. коммуна (46 мужчин и 15 женщин). В 1925 создан первый еврейский переселенч. коллектив «Рекорд» (13 семей). Выходцами из Р. в Херсонском окр. было организовано неск. земледельч. артелей (ок. 40 еврейских семей) – «Ново-Раменка», «Объединенный труд» и др. В 1925–26 из Р. в с.-х. коммуны переселилось 176 еврейских семей. В 1925 при поддержке Джойнта в Р. работала еврейская богадельня.В 1920-х гг. в еврейской школе в Р. обучалось 600 детей. В рус. школе 87% детей были евреями; в школе была создана группа с преподаванием на идише. В 1928 в хедерах обучалось 90 детей. В 1925–28 в Р. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива под рук. Якова Гурари, арестованного в 1928.В 1930-х гг. в Р. закрываются синагоги, последняя была закрыта в 1938.10 сент. 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. Было создано гетто, уничтоженное 10 нояб. 1941, когда было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев. За последующее время оккупации города было расстреляно еще ок. 700 евреев.После 1943 часть евреев вернулась в Р. В 1947 была зарегистрирована еврейская община. Действовала синагога (ул. Луначарского, д. 13). В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 12–15 чел., в праздники – 60–70 чел. Раввином в 1947 был Берко Беркович Герчуков (1881–?), с 1952 – Моисей Давыдович Ровинский (1883–?), в 1958 – Котляр. Общиной была организована выпечка мацы. С 1951 молитвы проходили в арендуемом частном доме. С 1959 община существовала как незарегистрированная.В 1999 еврейская община Р. возобновила свою деятельность (с 2003 пред. – Е.В.Гояинова). В 2001 имелось отд-ние «Хесэда».В Р. род.: Х.Арлозоров, Й.Бреславский, М.М.Губергриц, Л. Зингер, А.Ф.Иоффе, А.М. Кричевский, Х.Левина, С.Минор, И.Б.Минц, П.М.Рутенберг, Г.Я.Сокольников, И.К.Стучевский, А.Я.Таиров, И.И. Шварц, И.Яссен; Хаим-Мойше Берович Белявский (1908–1959, Ленинград), живописец, график, участник выставок, в 1950-х гг. оформлял праздничные демонстрации в Ленинграде; Вениамин Маркович Брискин (1906–1982, Москва), график, рисовал для журн. «Крокодил», газ. «Комс. правда», «Правда», занимался станковой графикой, создавал плакаты, кн. иллюстрации, засл. художник РСФСР (1967); Александр Карр (1878–1946, США), актер, с дет. лет – в США, с 1904 – в Нью-Йорке, изв. исполнитель ролей еврейского драматич. репертуара, снимался в кино (более 20 к/ф); Гарри С.Нагин (1890–?), инженер, с 1924 – исполнит. вице-през. сталелитейной компании в Пенсильвании, США, получил более 100 патентов на изобретения (мостовое полотно, каркасы, бетон); Семен Адольфович Трегуб (1907–1975), критик, специалист по рус. сов. лит-ре; Илья Маркович Троцкий (1882–1969, Нью-Йорк), публицист, обществ. деятель, писал на рус. яз. и идише, с 1908 – в Германии, с 1938 – в Аргентине, с 1946 – в США, один из руководителей ряда обществ. еврейских орг-ций в Аргентине и США.Р.И.Молдавер, extra_data="{'translat...")
ROMODAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Mirgorod district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century like a farm Romodanovsky. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mirgorodsky u. Poltava Gubernia. 16 Jews lived in R. in 1923, 61 in 1926, and 155 in 1939 (4.4%). In 1910 there were 7 Jewish farms in R. In the spring of 1918 Jews were killed on the railroad. station R. For the 1st half. Apr 1918 40 Jews were killed. 13 Sept. 1941 R. was occupied by the troops of the Wehrmacht. Some of the Jews were mobilized into the Red Army or managed to evacuate. In 1941–42 a group of Jews who remained in the occupation was shot in R. M.E. Kozakov.
ROMODANOVSKY, see Romodan.
RONCH Itzhok-Elkhonon (1899, Konin, Kalish province - 1985, Los Angeles), writer, publicist. Since 1913 - in the USA. From 1918 he moved to Chicago, in 1924 he moved to New York, where he taught at Jewish schools. Joined the left movement. He made his debut with poems in the magazine. Der Kundes in 1915, then printed poetry and short stories in the period. ed. Ed. a number of gas. and zhurn. In 1923, the book was published in Chicago. Vintn (Winds), New York ed. "Shotns Fun New York" ("Shadows of New York"), essays, 1928, "Indianer Zoomer" ("Indian Summer"), poems, 1930, "Gungerike Gent" ("Hungry Hands"), poems, 1936 "Eigene menchn" ("Native people"), stories, 1939, "America in der Yidischer literature" ("America in Jewish literature"), lit. essay, 1945, “Di pioneer fun yiddishn arbeter-lead” (“Creators of the Jewish working song”), lit. essay, 1950. In 1967 in Los Angeles ed. poem "Di velt fun Marc Chagall" ("The World of Marc Chagall"), with ill. MZ Chagala. In the 1970s-80s. came out several more. book - poems, poems for children, essays.
RONINSON Gottlieb Mikhailovich (Mendelevich) (1916, Vilna - 1991, Moscow), actor. In 1929 he was admitted to children. choir of the Big Theater. In 1931–38 he was an artist of the Bolshoi Theater. In 1945 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1945–91 he worked in Moscow. t-re drama and comedy (then T-r on Taganka), played the roles: Podyachy Zhivulya ("Kashirskaya Starina" by D.V. Averkiev, 1947), Cat Flegont ("Seven Magicians" by A.D. Simukov, 1951), Adjuster ("Sin" by S. Zheromsky, 1954), Akim ("Fakir for an hour" by V. A. Dykhovichny and M. R. Slobodsky, 1958), Doge of Venice, Cardinal, Marshal of the court ("Life of Galileo" by B. Brecht, 1966), accountant Davydovich (“Rush Hour” by E. Stavinsky, 1969), Firs (“The Cherry Orchard” by AP Chekhov, 1976), Poplavsky (“The Master and Margarita” after MA Bulgakov, 1977). R. starred in 26 films: "Enjoy Your Bath", "Beware of the Car", "Zigzag of Fortune", "Big Change", "Run", "Admiral Ushakov", "Old Men-Robbers" and others. Nar. art. RSFSR (1988).
RONKIN Valery Efimovich (b. 1936, Leningrad), human rights activist. After graduating from Leningrad. technological Institute (1959) worked in the oil industry. industry in different regions of the USSR, participated in the launch of chemical. and oil workers. s-dov. Returning to Leningrad at the beginning. 1960s, worked early. installations VNII synthetic. rubber them. S.V. Lebedeva. In 1962 he founded and headed the League of the Communards, illegal. Marxist. group with a program ideologically close to the book. M. Dzhilas "New class". Distributed leaflets expressing the views of the group. In 1965 he was arrested and convicted. After his release (1975) he worked as a mechanic in Luga Leningr. region Continued to participate in human rights advocacy. motion, signed several. letters in defense of political prisoners. R. - the author of samizdat, was repeatedly persecuted.
ROOM Abram Matveyevich (1894, Vilna - 1976, Moscow), film director. In 1914-17 he studied at Petrograd. neuropsychiatrist. in-those, in 1917–22 on honey. f-those Saratov. un-that. At the same time. in 1919–23 he worked in Saratov in the department. lawsuit, teacher and rector of Vyssh. theater workshops. art, dir. in t-ts. In 1923–24 dir. T-ra Revolution in Moscow, dir. and teacher Higher. ped. schools of the Central Executive Committee in the Kremlin. From 1924 dir. k / st Goskino, Sovkino, Soyuzkino. Since 1936, dir. k / st "Ukrainfilm", since 1940 at "Mosfilm". He starred as an actor in f. The Kiss Mary Pickford, screenwriter, music writer. developments of a number of their f. In 1926 he directed the first full-length fiction films. "Cove of Death" and "Traitor". Naib. means. f. The Third Meshchanskaya (1927), The Ghost That Does Not Return (1929), The Strict Young Man (1936, not released on screens), Invasion (1945), In the Mountains of Yugoslavia (1946). In 1948, as part of the fight against "cosmopolitanism", he staged the painting "The Court of Honor". Then he filmed the adaptation of Russian. classics: "Pomegranate Bracelet" (1964, after A.I. Kuprin), "Late Flowers" (1969, according to A.P. Chekhov), "Premature Man" (1971, after M.Gorky's play "Yakov Bogomolov") and Dr. Hon. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR. Nar. art. RSFSR (1965). Became. pr. (1946, 1949).
ROPCHA, a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1448. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century There was a Jewish population in R. after the occupation of the Romanians. troops in R. in July 1941 killed 7 Jews, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
ROOPSK NOVY, see Novy Ropsk.
ROSAVA, a village in the Myronivsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rassava Kanevsky u. Kiev province. In 1900 St. 1000 Jews, in 1910 - approx. 1,300 Jews. In 1890 Jews owned more than 10 shops in R. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned a warehouse for pharmacy goods, a mill, 27 shops (including all 12 grocery stores, all 5 manufactory, both haberdashery). Both cattle traders in R. and one doctor were Jews. There were 2 synagogues in R. 11–12 Feb. In 1919, there was a pogrom in R., organized by parts of the Directory, during which there were many killed and wounded. Total in Feb. 1919 three pogroms took place in R. From March 1919 until the arrival of units of the Volunteer Army in R. there were several. raids dec. gangs with isolated cases of murders and injuries. In aug. In 1919, a week-long pogrom took place in R., staged by units of the Volunteer Army and bringing many victims (more than 60 people); the village was completely destroyed. The surviving Jews (about 1 thousand people) moved to Boguslav, where more than 150 people. died of epidemics and hunger.
ROSHAL, a city (since 1940) in the Shatursky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1916 as the settlement of Krestov Brod at the gunpowder plant in Ryazan province. In 1940 it was renamed in honor of S.G. Roshal. 14 Jews lived in 1926, 41 in 1939, 11 (0.04%) in 1989, and 4 Jews in 2002.
ROSHAL Alexander Borisovich (b. 1936, Moscow), chess player, chess writer and journalist. Master of Sports of the USSR (1963). Senior coach of the Moscow team (1972). Responsible sec. weekly "64" (1968–79), deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "64 - Chess Review" (1980-90), ch. ed. since 1991. Special. corr. TASS, Vses. radio and television in plural. int. competitions (since 1978). Shahm. columnist for APN. Cit .: Ninth vertical. M., 1979 (et al.).
ROSHAL Grigory Lvovich (1898, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1983, Moscow), film director. In 1921-23 he studied at the State. higher. dir. workshops at V.E. Meyerhold. Since 1921 at the same time. head section thin. education in Moscow, chl. Academic Council of the People's Commissariat for Education, Dir. and thin. hands. workshop Ped. t-ra, head. chair thin. education of the Academy com. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya and 2nd Moscow State University, director. Centre. children t-ra in Moscow, since 1925 dir. k / st Goskino, Belgoskino, Mezhrabpomfilm, VUFKU. From 1931 dir. k / st "Mosfilm". In 1947–54 at Lenfilm. VGIK teacher in 1953–64. From 1957 before. Vses. Commission of Film Amateurs of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR. He made his debut in 1927 f. "Lord Skotinin" (based on the "Minor" by DI Fonvizin). In 1928 he shot the picture "His Excellency" (about the attempt on the life of the Vilna governor, committed by G. Leckert. Then came "The Salamander" (1928, in Germany). Among the f. 1920-30-ies. Known. " 1930), "Petersburg Night" (1934, jointly with V.P. Stroeva, Cup at the II International Film Festival in Venice, 1934), "Dawns of Paris" (1937), "The Oppenheim Family" (1939), etc. .-biogr. f., filmed the trilogy of A.N. Tolstoy "Walking in agony": "Sisters" (1957, Honorary diploma at the XI ICF in Locarno), "The Eighteenth Year" (1958), "Gloomy Morning" (1959 In the 1960s-70s he was published in the journal "Sovietish Gameland". People's Art. USSR (1967). Steel, pr. (1950, 1951). R.'s daughter - Roshal-Stroeva Marianna (1925, Moscow ), film director.In 1948 she graduated from the director of the Faculty of State Institute of Cinematography.From 1954 director of the Odessa, Moldavian, Kyrgyz k / st.She shot a number of scientific-popul.f. Since 1964, director of the M.Gorky cinema. in co-authorship f. "White Poodle" (1955), "Eagle Island" (1961), "Street of Cosmonauts" (1963). Since 1967 he has been engaged in literary activities, trans. (ps. - M. Fedorov a) Soch: Dialogue with a filmmaker. M., 1968; Film reel of life. M., 1974.
ROSHAL Mikhail Grigorievich (1897, Petersburg - |), a member of the revolutionary movement. Brother of S.G. Roshal. Member RSDLP since 1915. After Feb. roar. 1917 - organizer of the military. more in. cells, secretary of mountains. to-tos of the party in Novgorod, Helsingfors. In 1919 - before. Kazan lips. economic council. Prev SNKh of the Tatar ASSR (1920). Then to the desk., Sov., Household. work. Auth. rec. about the revolution and about S.G. Roshal.
ROSHAL Semyon Grigorievich (1896, Petersburg - 1917, Yassy), a participant in the revolutionary movement. Brother of M.G. Roshal. In 1912 he was expelled from the gymnasium for propaganda. roar. ideas, passed exams as an external student, entered the Psychoneurological Institute. in-t, where he also participated in student. societies. life. From 1914 - Bolshevik, led the party. work at the Putilovsky plant, in the North. front. In 1915 he was arrested and released from prison. Febvre. roar. 1917. Sent by the party to work in Kronstadt. In July 1917 he was arrested and released. Oct roar. 1917. In October, the commandant of Gatchina. In November, he was appointed commissar of the Romanian Front, on December 8, on the next. day after arriving in Iasi, he was captured by officers and killed. In 1940 the city of Roshal Mosk was named after R. region
ROSHCHIN Mikhail Mikhailovich (real fam. Gibelman) (b. 1933, Kazan), writer, playwright. In 1958 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. He worked in the district gas. Kamyshin, then in the journal. "Banner", "RT", "New World". Published since 1952. The first story was published. into gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets ". The first play is "Rainbow in Winter" (Leningrad Theater for Young Spectators, 1968). The author of the book. pov. and stories "In a small town" (Moscow, 1956); "From morning to night" (M., 1968); "River" (M., 1978); "Bunin in Yalta" (Moscow, 1970); "Remembrance" (M., 1977) and others, plays: "Valentine and Valentine" (1971), "Old New Year" (1973), "Echelon" (1975), "Repair" (1975), "Hurry to do good "(1976). Per. from English lang. play by M. Frein "Noise behind the scene". According to R.'s scenarios, many filmed. f. Ch. ed. zhurn. "Playwright" (since 1992).
ROSILNA, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1788. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rosulna Bogorodchansky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 154 Jews lived in R. In the summer of 1941, Hungary was occupied by a Hungarian. troops. In May 1942 the Jews of R. (182 people) were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and killed there.
ROSIN Samuil (Shmuel) Izrailevich (1890 or 1892, Shumyachi Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1941), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member Bund. He lived in Yekaterinoslav, Odessa, Kharkov, Penza, Jewish colonies of Crimea. Since 1921 - in Moscow. The first poems were published in Minsk gas. "Veker". He published poems and stories in the magazine. "Shtrom", "Di Roite Velt", "Stern", "Prolit", "Jungvald", "Sovietish", "Soviet Literature", "Outpost" and others. R.'s poems were published in 1919: Bobe-maises (Grandma's Tales), Yekaterinoslav, Moerkeplekh (Sinks), Kharkov. Among other ed. - "Shine" ("Light", poem, M., 1922), "Tsu ale tsu undz" ("To all of us", poems and poems, M., 1929), dedicated, ch. arr., events Civil. war, etc. He ate, R.'s poem "Traigayt" ("Loyalty") was published in 1941. R. is the author of prose. production, play "Di dervahung" ("Awakening"). Translated into Yiddish Russian, Armenian, Hungarian writers. Killed at the front, works: Selected works. M., 1958.
ROSITSA, a village in the Verkhnedvinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Driessensky u. Vitebsk province. In 1897, 524 Jews (69.4%) lived in R., in 1923 - 412 Jews. Since 1905, Menachem-Mendel-Pinkhos Perevoznik (1874–?) Was the rabbi in R. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. tanning and unity. a butcher's shop in the 1920s and 1930s. pl. Jews left the R.V. R. clan. H.Rafalovich.
ROS, see Ross.
ROSKIN Alexander Iosifovich (1898, Moscow - 1941, Smolensk region), literary critic, writer, theater and literary critic. Brother of V.O.Roskin and G.I.Roskin. Lit. work started in gas. "Poor". From the 2nd floor. 1930s was engaged in research. life and creative. A.P. Chekhova. Comp. comments, ed. "Fav. manuf. " Chekhov (Moscow, 1935), "Care and Uncollected" (Moscow, 1940). He wrote for children. Like a theater. the critic wrote about the productions in t-ts. peace. dram. classics (Molière, G. Flaubert, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, Chekhov), as well as about the current repertoire. Author of a number of works on owls. lit-re. Mn. manuf. R. published by N.A. Roskina after his death. Once captured, he committed suicide. Vol .: Caravans, roads, ears of corn. M., 1932; Maksim Gorky. M.-L., 1936; Antosha Chekhonte. Biogr. story. Rostov-on / D., 1939; Articles about literature and theater. M., 1959; A.P. Chekhov. Articles and essays. M., 1959.
ROSKIN Grigory Iosifovich (1892, Vitebsk - 1964, Moscow), cytologist and histologist. Prof. (1930). Brother of A.I.Roskin and V.O.Roskin In 1912 he graduated from Moscow University and from 1913 worked there (from 1930 head of the Department of Cytology and Histology). At the same time. hands. Department of protistology Microbiological. Research Institute of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR (1925–38), lab. cytology Ying-that physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943–47), and then the department of cytology Lab. biotherapy of cancer of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1957 he organized a lab. experimental cytology and cytochemistry of cancer cells at Moscow State University. Main scientific. work dedicated. comparative cytology of smooth muscle tissue, the study of the structure and metabolism of nerve and tumor cells, morphology and physiology of protozoa. Formulated the idea of ​​the statomotive apparatus of the cell, expanded knowledge about the myon. One of the first in the USSR to develop histochemical. direction in cytology. He put forward an idea of ​​the cytochemoarchitectonics of the nervous system. One of the founders of the funct. cytochemistry. In 1931 R. discovered the effect of tumorotronism (Trypansoma crusi), on the basis of which the joint. with his wife, NG Klyueva, created the anticancer drug "KR" (crucine), which marked the beginning of a new direction in oncology - biotherapy. 1940s with the assistance of Acad. VV Larin the manuscript of the monograph by R. and Klyueva "Biotherapy of Malignant Tumors" was exported to the USA. This incident served as the beginning of a campaign of "courts of honor", the first victims of which were R. and Klyueva (Parin was convicted on charges of espionage). "Cause of the Kyrgyz Republic" dedicated. tendentious play and thin. f. "Law of Honor" by A.P. Stein, the plays "Great Power" by BS Romanov and "Another's Shadow" by KS Simonov. Author of hands. on microscopic technique (1946).
ROSKIN Vladimir Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1896, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist. Brother of A.I.Roskin and G.I. Roskin. Studied at the Stroganov School, then at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in the studio of F.I.Rerberg and I.I.Mashkov. In 1918 he participated in the exhibition of the People's Commissariat for Education. R. created the decor, the design of the Theater Square for the celebration of the 1st anniversary of Oct. revolution, polit. posters, participated in "ROSTA Windows". Beginning in 1924, R. made out owls. exhibitions abroad: Intern. exhibition of printing "Press" in Cologne (1928), Intern. exhibition in Paris (1937) (awarded the Grand Prix); in the 1940s – 1950s. created a number of works for exhibitions in Prague, Brussels and owls. pavilion in New York (1959). In the 1920s. also studied books. graphics. Works created by him for Gosizdat, publishing house "Federation", "Sov. writer ”,“ Young Guard ”, are distinguished by their laconicism and expressiveness. In the 1960s and 70s. R. created a series of canvases dedicated. VV Mayakovsky, "Windows of GROWTH", the development of aviation ("Flight of Utochkina", 1972), a number of paintings on the theme of war. R.'s works are presented in the largest museums of the CIS.
ROSKINA Natalia Alexandrovna (1927, Leningrad - 1989, Moscow), literary critic, memoirist. Daughter of A.I. Roskin. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). She worked as a editor. "Literary Heritage" (1951-59), participated in the preparation of Herzen and Ogarev volumes (61-63, 64) in 1953-58; Chekhov's volume (v. 68, 1960); amounted to approx. to Poly's texts. collection op. I.S. Turgenev in 28 volumes. Literary critic. R.'s interests are the life and work of A.P. Chekhov. Commented on the production. and Chekhov's letters for Poln. collection op. and letters in 30 volumes, compiled Sat. rec. about him ("From the school years of Anton Chekhov", 1962), in 1979 completed the publication of "Diary" by A.S. Suvorin. Author of rep. about V.S.Grossman, A.A. Akhmatova, N.A. Zabolotsky and N.Ya.Berkovsky ("Four chapters". Paris, 1980). Rep. about M.M. Zoshchenko, K.I. Chukovsky, S.Ya. Marshak and others remained unpublished, as did the autobiographer. pov. Childhood and Love (1956-57) and doc. pov. Werewolves (1970s). Wrote about my father, compiled Sat. his "Articles on Literature and Theater" (Moscow, 1959). Among unpublished Art. R. - "Was Chekhov an anti-Semite |".
ROSKOSHEVKA, a village in Tepliksky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned the only kerosene warehouse, a grocery store, and a lumber warehouse in R.
LUXURY, a village in the Stavishchensky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Luxuriously Tarashchansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in R. in the first decade of September. 1941 was shot ca. 200 Jews.
LUXURY, see Luxurious.
LUXURY, does not exist now (since 1978). Main in 1852 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. Since 1926 - the center of the Jewish national. village council, since 1939 - in the Zaporozhye region. In 1897, 315 people lived in R. (53 families), in 1913 - 510 people, in 1924 - 310 people. (40 families), in 1931 on the territory. village council - 1600 people The colony was founded by the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1897, Jews owned 780 dess. allotment land, including 558 dess. was sown with barley (57.5%), spring wheat (23.5%), flax (10.8%). Jews owned 100 horses and 100 cows. There was a synagogue in R., the Jewish beginning. school. In 1924 the Jewish collective farm "Tsukunft" was organized in R., which united 79 farms (331 people) in 1938. In the summer of 1941 part of the Jewish population was evacuated or was mobilized into the Red Army. After the occupation of Germany. troops remaining in R. Jews (90 families) at the beginning. 1942 were shot. N. Lurie I. M. Shaikin
ROSLAVL, a city (since 1408), a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 12th century like Rostislavl. From 1512 - as part of the Moscow. state-va, in 1618–54 - the Commonwealth. From 1654 - as part of Rus. state-va. Since 1755 it has been a district town of Smolensk Gubernia. In 1897, 1145 Jews (23.9%) lived in R., in 1910 - 1040, in 1926 - 3254, in 1939 - 2935 Jews. 1940s - OK. 500 Jewish families, in 2002 - 171 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 19th century In the 1870s-80s. the number of Jews increased at the expense of artisans who settled in R. In 1887 a Jew owned a pharmacy in R. In 1897 it was allowed to build a synagogue. In 1913 there was a Jewish cemetery in R. The Jews belonged to the Unities. a photo workshop, both watch workshops, 16 shops in R. (including 3 fish shops, one tobacco shop). There were 5 tailors among the Jews. In 1915, Jews owned 3 pharmacies. During the 1st world period. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of R. increased at the expense of refugees. In 1918, the Poalei Zion detachment operated in R. In 1919 a Jewish child was opened. garden (45 children). In 1920 there was a Jewish school of the first stage, in 1921 - a Jewish workers' club, a Jewish library, a Jewish child. house; there was a Jewish section in the department. bunk bed In 1925, 25 Jewish families left Russia for the Crimea to organize farming. artels. Collectives were created to them. Larin (54 people), them. Smidovich (20 people), "Nai-Lebn 3rd" (32 people). 1920s a mikvah was built in R. In the end. 1920s Evsection conducted an active anti-relay. campaign. In nov. 1929 3 anti-religs were held. rally, a subbotnik on Yom Kippur, during which 5 women - workers of the knitwear artel went to the synagogue at lunchtime. In 1932 there was a Jewish collective farm (52 ​​people) in Roslavl region, in 1936 - 2 Jewish collective farms: “ Forward to Socialism ”and“ Voskhod ”. In 1938, 3 Jewish families moved from Roslavl district to Crimea. 3 Aug. 1941 R. was occupied by Germany. troops. Means. some of the Jews were evacuated or mobilized. In aug. 1941 a group of Jews was shot. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created in R. (about 600 people), which was subsequently destroyed. In aug. 1942 3 Jews were shot. The building of the synagogue was destroyed. After the liberation in 1944, part of the Jews returned to R. In 1948 the authorities prohibited the construction of an unofficial synagogue. In 1948, an unregistered community operated under the hands of. A. Ryvkin (1875–?), There was a shokhet. In the 1950s. The minyan gathered at the house of Sh.L. Kats, and a monument was erected at the place where the ghetto prisoners were shot. In the 1950s-80s. the collective farm "Soviet Army" was headed by Hero of the Socialist. Truda Leonid Veniaminovich Elgudin. Hands. the largest enterprise in R. - JSC "Almazinstrument" was Mikhail Fadeevich Kheifets. In 2000, a Jewish community was created in R., from 2001 before. - Viktor Ivanovich Goryachkin (b. 1958, Roslavl). In 2005, approx. 400 Jews. In R. genus: M.A. Beilin, S.A. Kaplan, B.S. Levin, Kh.A. Lokshina, I.A.Frez, M.M. Yudovich; Mikhail Ilyich Belkin (1901– ?, Moscow), intelligence officer, general-leith. (1944), in the 1930s. supervised the operational work of the OGPU-NKVD residency in China, at the end. 1940s - Ch. adviser to the MGB in the South-East countries. Europe, load. 8 orders; Irina Rafailovna Margolina (b. 1953), screenwriter, film director, mainly in the genre of animation, by St. 100 scripts, two books of prose; Joseph Davidovich Prudkov (1929-1984, Sverdlovsk), doctor, surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1975), prof., since 1976 - head. Department of Sverdlovsk honey. in-ta, author of 150 scientific. works; Nina Leontievna Eskevich (b. 1911), poet, in production. there is a Jewish theme.
ROSLYATINO, a village in the Babushkinsky district of the Vologda region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 5 Jews lived in R.
ROSOKHACH, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1943 in R. was shot apprx. 60 Jews, to-rye were used in the cultivation of kok-sagyz.
ROSOHOVATKA, see Rassokhovatka.
ROSOSHA, a village in Tepliksky district, Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1900 there were 28 Jews living in R., in 1931 - 4 Jews. H. Rosenblat (1878–1956), poet, wrote in Yiddish, from 1891 - in the USA.
ROSOVKA, a village in the Chernyakhovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Three Jews were killed in R. in 1941.
ROSPRZHA, see Rozpsha.
ROSSASNA, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Goretsky u. Mogilev province. In 1897, 327 Jews (30.8%) lived in R., in 1923 - 143 Jews. In 1873 a synagogue functioned in R.. In 1914, Jews owned all 8 grocery stores and both manufactory shops in R. A Jewish school operated in R. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1942, 74 Jews were shot in R.
ROSSELL Leonid (|, Stavropol Gubernia - 1942), public figure. Organized in France the Association of Russian Syndicated Workers under the General Confederation of Labor. After the occupation of the South of France by Germany, he was arrested. Killed in one of the concentr. camps.
ROSSELS Vladimir Lvovich (Mordukhovich) (1886, Moscow - 1971, ibid.), Lawyer. In 1913 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1917–24 he worked at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the People's Commissariat of the Russian Property Committee, and the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. In 1924 he was admitted to Moscow. bar association. He became famous as a criminal lawyer, court. speaker and master of the court. consequences. Participated in the conduct of the crash case at st. Tikhonova Pustyn, the supply of incomplete products, suicide cases. activities combined with development. theoretical problems owls. Bar, collaborated with the Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences, presenting a number of important scientific. messages ("On the limits of the defender's professional secrets", etc.). In the book. “Defender in the Sov. court "paid special attention to the issue of combining the interests of the individual and the state in the activities of the defender. Cit .: Judicial defense speeches. M., 1966.
ROSSELS Vladimir Mikhailovich (1914, Pavlovsky Posad, Bogorodsky u., Moscow province - 1999), translator, literary critic, literary critic. Born into a family of a doctor. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1937). In 1941–45 on fr. Published since 1935. Translated from Ukrainian. lang. manuf. M.M. Cheremshina, V.S.Stefanyk, I.Ya. Franko, T.G. Shevchenko, L.Ukrainka, rum. N.S. Rybak "The mistake of Honore de Balzac", MAStelmakh "Great relatives", "Human blood is not water" and "Truth and lies", P.S. Kozlanyuk "Yurko Kruk", P. Mirny " Street ", etc., from Polish. lang. - Sat. aphorisms E. Lets and Czech. lang. - the monograph by I. Levoy "The Art of Translation". The author of the book. ("Relay of the word. The art of literary translation". M., 1972 and "How much the word weighs." M., 1984), Art. (in the collection "Mastery of translation" and others) about Ukrainian. and Russian. writers, research. in theory and history thin. per. Ed. R. and with his afterword. came out Sobr. op. A.S. Green (1965).
RUSSIANS, see Raseiniai.
ROSS, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Ros of the Volkovysk district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ross (other name - Rossy) Volkovyskogo u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1765, 307 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 287, in 1921 - 389 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 17th century In 1623, by decree of the Lithuanian Vaad, the Jewish community of R. became part of the Brest Kagalny Okrug. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in R. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. a hotel and a warehouse for pharmaceutical goods in the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In nov. 1942 Jews of R. were deported to Volkovysk, and then to the extermination camp on the territory. Poland. In R. genus. I.-E.Spector.
ROSSONY, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the beginning. 20th century - in Vitebsk province. In 1939 47 Jews lived in R.. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. After the occupation, a ghetto was created in R. In 1941–42 to the east. on the outskirts of R. (Korotkevich St.) Jews from the ghetto were shot. In Jan. 1942 to the north. In the outskirts of R. (Sebezhsky lane), 488 Jews were shot. In 1962, a memorial plaque was installed on the grave of the executed Jews (Sebezhsky lane), and in 1974 - a stele. In 1965, an obelisk was erected on the grave of those who perished in 1941–42 (Korotkevich St.). In 2000, several people lived in R. Jews.
ROSSOSH, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Melnicky land of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Belsky u. In 1626, there were 26 Jews in R., in 1767 - 89, in 1827 - 122 (10.4%), in 1856 - 281 (16%), in 1897 - 590 (30%), in 1921 - 364 Jews (26.2%) Jews lived in R. from the 16th century. In 1566 a "blood libel" took place in R. The investigation was conducted under the personal supervision of the Lithuanian sub-chancellor; Polish the king declared the charge unproven; the arrested Jew Nakhim (clerk of the tax farmer Isaac Warts) and other Jews, as well as the guarantors were released. The king reaffirmed the rules of 1564 on the procedure for hearing cases on charges of consuming Christian blood against Jews. 19th century a wooden synagogue was built in R. in 1928, a mutual assistance fund was opened in R. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Through several. days the synagogue was desecrated and destroyed. In the summer of 1942 approx. 200 Jews of R. were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.
ROSSOSH, see Rososh, Lipovetsky district, Vinnitsa region.
ROSSOSHI, see Rossosh.
ROSSOSH, a city (since 1923), a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. like a settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - Rossosh settlement of Ostrogozhsky u. Voronezh Gubernia. In 1910, there were 21 Jews living in R., in 1926 - 20 (0.1%), in 1939 - 17, and in 2002 - 13 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in R. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a pharmacy in R. In July 1942, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 was shot ca. 80 Jews.
ROSS, see Ross.
ROSTISLAVL, see Roslavl.
SPROUTS (up to the 18th century - Tisova Rovnya), a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1501. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vyzhnytsya eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, approx. 200 Jews (9%). 20th century Among the Jews of R. there were 20 merchants and 9 artisans. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in R. in July 1941, 50 Jews were killed, the rest were deported to Transnistria.
ROSTOV, city, regional center in the Yaroslavl region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 862.Since 1777 it has been a district town of the Yaroslavl governorship, since 1796 - a province. In 1867 34 Jews lived in R., in 1884 - 57, in 1910 - 50, in 1926 - 120, in 2002 - 13 Jews. th world. war the number of the Jewish population of R. increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Ros. empire. In 1916, the Jewish branch of the Rostov zemstvo-city aid committee operated in R.
ROSULNA, see Rosilna.
ROTBAUM Sara Davidovna (1899, Zhelekhov Garvolinsky district of Sedletskaya province - 1970, Wroclaw, Poland), actress. She studied at the Polish drama. studios in Warsaw (1916–18), dram. school under Dr. M. Reinhardt (Berlin, 1919–21). In 1921–49 she played in the GOSET (Moscow); in 1934–49 she taught there in the Jewish theater. uch-shche at GOSET. From ser. 1950s - in Poland, where she acted as a reciter-reciter on the stage. Main roles: Judith ("Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov, 1922), Eti-Mene ("200,000" after Sholem Aleichem, 1923), Esther ("The Deaf" by D.R.Bergelson, 1930), Anna ("Four Days" M. Daniel, 1931), Irina ("The Ovadis Family" by PD Markish, 1937), Gold ("Tevye the Milkman" after Sholem Aleichem, 1939), Khan ("Uprising in the Ghetto" by Markish, 1947). Honored. art. Rep. (1935).
ROTBAUM Yakov (1901, Warsaw - 1987, Poland), theater producer. He was an actor in decomp. troupes, toured with them in Europe and the USA. Returning to Poland in 1930, he became prof. producer. Main works - a play based on the play by S.M. Tretyakov "Roars, China", "Three Gotsmah" by A. Goldfaden and "200,000" by Sholem Aleichem in the Young Theater, "A Man with a Gun" by N.F. Pogodin in the Polish t- re (1938). After the 2nd world. war resumed activities on the Polish scene.
ROTBERT Abram Grigorievich (1903, Kazan - 1937), gymnast, equilibrist. In 1926 he began performing in a circus in Kazan, in Shipkin's booth as a weightlifter, later as an acrobat and gymnast on the "Roman rings". In the beginning. 1930s created a group number "Equilibrists on the Stairs", in mid. 1930s for the first time in the circus showed a double balance.
ROTENBERG Evsey Iosifovich (b. 1920, Tula), art historian. Doctor of Lawsuit (1972). In 1938 he entered the department. lawsuit of Moscow State University, studied with B.R. Wipper, V.N. Lazarev. In 1947–53, the scientific secretary. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, in 1953–71 at the Research Institute of Theory and History of Laws of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, since 1971 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Lawsuits. Author pl. Art. and book. Main works: "Michelangelo" (M., 1964), "Vermeer Jan: Album of reproductions" (M. - L., 1964), "Art of Italy" (M., 1966), "Art of Italy of the XVI century" (M., 1967), "Western European Art of the 17th Century" (M., 1971), Art. in the multivolume "General History of Arts" (Moscow, 1956–65).
ROTENBERG Joseph (1904, Lyubartov, Lublin province - |), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1924 - in Warsaw, graduated from ped. in-t. The director worked. schools. Published articles on pedagogy in various. period. ed., incl. in the journal. "Shul un lebn". Author of 4 textbooks for Jewish schools. In the beginning. 2nd world. During the war he lived in Vilno, then - in Shanghai. From 1947 in Mexico, he was engaged in ped. work, St. 25 years old ed. gas. Forois. In 1948, the book was published in Mexico. R. "Fun Warshe un Shanghai" ("From Warsaw and Shanghai").
ROTENBERG Vadim Semenovich (b. 1940, Moscow), psychophysiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1979). Graduated from the 1st MMI (1964). The author of the concept of search activity head. brain. He headed the Council for Research. in the region. psychiatry and psychosomatics (since 1978) and gr. by research. psychophysiological. aspects of search activity (since 1988), as well as dep. Worldwide associations of dynamic psychiatry in the USSR (since 1982). Vice President Independent psychiatrist. associations of the USSR (1990). Since 1990 - in Israel, hands. lab. sleep in the Center for Psych. health to them. Abarbanela, Cit .: Adaptive sleep function: causes and manifestations of its disturbance. M., 1982; Brain. Training. Health: a book for teachers. M., 1989 (et al.).
ROTENBURG Iosif Solomonovich (1908 - 1983, Saratov), ​​bridge engineer. Cand. tech. sciences. After graduation, he took part in the construction of large highways and railways. bridges. He taught at the Saratov Automobile Institute (later Polytechnic Institute). He made a significant contribution to the development of bridge hydraulics and hydrology. In the 1960s. one of the first in the USSR to produce hydraulics. calculations of group holes, proposed methods for calculating the water level backwater on bridge crossings, a method for calculating the under-bridge channel; later developed these methods with the use of computers. Author of scientific. Art., monographs, textbooks for universities.
ROTFELD, see Cherry, Kherson region.
ROTKO Mark (Rotkovich Markus) (1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1970, New York), painter. Since 1913 - in the USA. In 1921–23 he studied at Yale University. In 1924 he entered art. student league in New York. In 1929–52 he taught painting. Joint. with colleagues in 1935 founded the Expressionist. gr. "Ten". In 1933 the first personal exhibition of R. took place in Portland (USA). The first canvases were written by R. as a realist. manner ("Woman Sewing", approx. 1935; "In the Subway", 1938). In the beginning. 1940s R. moved away from realism and created his first mythologemes (Antigone, 1941, Washington, National Gal .; Hierarchical Birds, 1945, ibid.). R. defended timeless and irrats. the meaning of the claim, in the region. style moved to surrealism. R.'s work is characterized by a craving for non-objectiveness, the rejection of the names of paintings (he called them by the years of creation or numbers). The creator of a new direction in painting. Persons, exhibitions at the Venice Biennale (1958), as well as in many others. Dr. Gal. and museums.
ROTKOVICH Yakov Aronovich (1909, Vilna - 1975, Kuibyshev), methodologist-language and literary critic. Dr. ped. Sciences (1952), prof. (1953). In 1930 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University. He worked in Orenburg at the workers' faculty and ped. in-those. Since 1933 - teacher, then head. department of owls. literature and methods of teaching literature in the Samara (Kuibyshev) ped. in-those. Main research - on the history of teaching literature in Russian. school 18-20 centuries. Tr. R. laid a new historical ped. direction to the fatherlands. methods of teaching literature. R. research. works of VK Trediakovsky, IS Turgenev, AV Koltsov, M. Gorky, E. Charents, KALordkipanidze and others. He compiled a reader on the 19th century literature. for Wed schools (jointly with A.Ya. Tsingovatov), ​​edges passed the 7th ed. (M., 1933–39), created a number of manuals for ped. Students. in-tov and un-tov. One of the organizers of the Volga Association, a literary critic, departments of ped. in-tov and un-tov (1959), where in that. For 10 years he headed the section of methods of teaching literature. Honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1963). Vol .: Questions of teaching literature. East-method. essays. M., 1959; Essays on the history of teaching literature in the Soviet school. M., 1965.
ROTLEVI Gersh (1889-1920), chess player. He made his debut at a tournament in Lodz (1907; 3rd prize). Member of the 5th All-Russia. tournament (1907; 6th). In All-Russia. in the amateur tournament in St. Petersburg (1909) took second place (behind A.A. Alekhin). In 1910 he won the international. tournament in Hamburg and match with G.S. Salve (6: 4). Participant of the international tournaments in Cologne and Carlsbad (1911). He stopped competing due to illness.
ROTMAN Genrikh Aronovich (b. 1940, Kemerovo), clown, director. In 1962 he graduated from the State. school of circus and variety art. Together with G.T. Makovsky, he worked as a buff clown for a year, then as a carpet clown. In the 1960s and 70s. the duet Rotman-Makovsky gained fame in the USSR and abroad. Clowns owned a lot. circus genres and muses. tools. R. played the balalaika. The clown mask is a keen, obsessed, childishly spontaneous boy. In 1964, 1967, 1980, the Rotman-Makovsky duet was a laureate of the Vses. competition art. circus. Reprise "Melodrama", "Guiding Whistler", "Naughty Microphone", clownery "The Tale of the Warlike King", "Ballet", "King", a parody of cowboy films "Fatal Date" were among the outstanding works. Soviet circus art. Since 1979, R. worked in a clown group with P.K. Toldonov and V.I. Minaev, and later organized his own. a team where he is also a director. Director of the attraction with exotic animals "Hello, World" (1981), clown and eccentric music. numbers. Honored. art. RSFSR (1969).
ROTMISTROVKA, see Gorodkovka, Vinnytsia region.
ROTSHTEIN Alexander Isaakovich (real name Alexander Avramovich Rodshtein) (1891 - 1975, Leningrad), statistician. Dr. econom. Sciences (1934), prof. (1935). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University (1913) and Higher. commercial Academy in Berlin (1914). In 1914-17 - statistician, head. stat. dep. insurance company "Volga". After 1917 - for scientific and practical. and ped. work. Lecturer, Head Department of Statistics, Leningrad. planned and financial-econ. in-ta (1928–58), according to joint venture. - at LSU. The author, et al. and ed. works on statistics: "Statistics of industry" (Moscow, 1939), "Fundamentals of statistics of socialist industry" (M.-L., 1932-34), "Problems of industrial statistics of the USSR" (Leningrad, 1936-47), textbooks and uch. manuals, method, developments: "Collection of practical exercises in economic statistics" (L., 1948), etc. Ed. R. published "Socio-economic statistics" (L., 1959). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1962). Cit .: Statistics and accounting at the enterprise. L., 1940; Industry energy statistics. M., 1956; Methods for measuring labor productivity in industry. M., 1957; Essays on industrial statistics of the USSR. M., 1964; Product standards and quality. L., 1966 (et al.).
ROTSHTEIN Fyodor Aronovich (1871, Kovna –1953, Moscow), historian, public figure, diplomat. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Member RSDLP since 1901. In the end. 1880s participated in growing. roar. movement. From 1890 - in Great Britain, participated in the English. slave. movement, in 1895-1911 members. s.-d. federation (from 1907 - the S.-D. Party), in 1901–06 a member. its executive committee. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s collaborated in a Marxist. (including Yiddish) press in Great Britain, Germany, USA, Russia. In 1900-1904 - ed. weekly "Di nae zait". From 1911 he headed the left wing of the Brit. socialist party. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 organized by the committee "Hands off Russia", in 1920 one of the founders of the Communist Party of Great Britain. In the same year, member. owls. delegation in negotiations with Great Britain. In 1921-22, the plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR in Iran, a member of the International. Peace Congress in The Hague (1922). In 1923–30 members. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs cases., responsible. ed. zhurn. "International Affairs". In 1922-26 he was a socialist. (from 1924 - Communist.) Academy and member. Pres. Grew up. Association of Research Institute of Societies, Sciences (RANION). In 1924–25, dir. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians, in 1927–45 members. ch. ed. “Big Owl. Encyclopedias ”(1st ed.). In 1923–53 prof. Moscow State University. Author of scientific. works on the history of Great Britain (including the English slave movement), Germany, international. relations con. 19 - early. 20th century Vol .: Essays on the history of the labor movement in England, 2nd ed. M.-L., 1925; Two Prussian Wars. M.-L., 1945; Int. relations in the con. XIX century. M.-L., 1960.
ROTSHTEIN Samuel (b. 1921, Moscow), librarian. Doctor of Philosophy (1954), Doctor of Literature (1971). Graduated from the University of Brit. Columbia (1939) and California University (1947). In 1959-60 prez. Librarian Association Brit. Colombia, in 1961–70 dir. Schools of librarians at Brit. Colombia, at the same time. in 1963–64 prez. Association of Librarians Sev.-Zap. coast of the Pacific approx., in 1968–69 prez. Amer. the Association of Librarian Scientists, in 1982–84 - the Canadian Association of Librarian Scientists. Poch. including a number of library associations in Canada and other countries. Member Jewish ist. about-va Vancouver, Board of Trustees Publ. libraries of Vancouver. Author of monographs "Development of reference services" (1955), "Rothstein listens" (1989) and other scientific. works. Laureate of a number of pr. For achievements in the region. librarianship and bunk beds. education.
ROTSHTEIN Shmuel Yitzchok (1902, Warsaw - 1977, New York), publicist, writer. In 1922 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1941–48 - in E.-I. Since 1948 - in the USA. He made his debut as a short story in gas. Der Yud 1921. Published in decomp. period, ed. poems, stories, sketches. Ed. Warsaw ed. Der Flaker, Dos Yiddishe Togblat. From the 1950s he published in the New York Jewish editions. publicistic. Art., was published in the Israeli press in Yiddish. Author of the book: "Cantonists", Lodz, 1926, "Hwales" ("Waves"), Warsaw, 1929, "Durkh bluet un fire" ("Through blood and fire"), Lodz, 1930, "Di geldn fun geto" ("Heroes of the Ghetto"), ibid, 1932. He published a number of books. on the history of Hasidism, 2 vols. rum. came out in Hebrew in Tel Aviv in 1965.
ROTTENBERG Dorian Isaakovich (b. 1925, Moscow), translator. In 1929–34 he lived in Great Britain. In 1943–45 in fr. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1950). Published since 1953. Translated into English. lang. manuf. A.K. Tolstoy, Y. G. Polonsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. V. Mayakovsky, S. A. Esenin, K. I. Chukovsky, S. Y. Marshak, A. T. Tvardovsky, SV Mikhalkov and others. Recognized as the best translator of works. Mayakovsky (3-volume edition "Selected", 1980s).
ROTTENBERG Israel (1800, Galicia - 1891, Berdichev), doctor. Studied medicine abroad; in 1833 he received the title of doctor, having passed the exam at Kharkov University. Corresponded with M. Lilienthal. He promoted school reform in Berdichev. He contributed to the organization of a choral synagogue in the city.
ROSE Alex (Royts Olesh) (1898, Warsaw - 1989, USA), trade union and politician. Since 1913 - in the USA. During the 1st world. war joined the Jewish Legion Brit. army, served in Bl. East. In 1928-50 R. - secretary. trade union of manufacturers of hats, then his before. He played a prominent role in the fight against the penetration of prof. communists and racketeers and in the suppression of chaotic competition at factories. Being at the same time. sec. Labor Party pcs. New York (1936–44) contributed to its de-ideologization. The party provided in the elections in pcs. victory of the supporters of the new course F.D. Roosevelt. Since the founding of the Liberal Party (1944), R. has been its chief. strategist, pursued a policy of compromises.
ROSE Jane (nee Zuckerman) (1880, Minsk - 1927, Cleveland, USA), playwright. From 1896 - in the USA, in New York, then in Cleveland. She played Jewish dramas. collectives. Dram. manuf. began to write in 1910, at the same time. in Yiddish and English. lang. In 1918, Zibn Einakters (Seven One-Act Pieces), Dos Gefins (Winning), and Ginter Di Kulisn (Behind the Scenes) were published in New York.
ROV, see Bar.
ROVANICHESKAYA SLOBODA, a village in the Cherven district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1882-1903, R.S. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, Jews owned both grocery stores in R.S.
ROVENKI, a city (since 1934) in the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1705 as with. Katerinovka. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Taganrog environs. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1926 76 Jews lived in R., in 1939 - 152 (0.7%), in 2001 - 15 Jews. In the fall of 1942, several were shot in R. Jews.
ROVINA Hanna (1889 or 1892, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1980, Tel Aviv), actress. She studied at the reformed cheder, then in Russian. school. She left for Yekaterinoslav, gave Russian lessons. lang., served as a governess in wealthy families. During the 1st world. war organized a shelter for orphans in Saratov. In 1917 she entered the theater, a studio organized in Moscow by N. Tsemakh, and became one of the founders of Dr. Habima. R. became famous for the role of Leia in the play of S. An-sky translated into Hebrew "Dibbuk", edges became the first important work of the t-ra (1922), the role of the mother of the Messiah in D. Pinsky's play "The Eternal Jew". R. played these roles in Leningrad (1925), Riga (1926), and other cities. Europe and the USA on tour of Dr. Habima. Arriving in 1928 with a troupe in E.-I., she became the leading actress in the country. Performed the roles: Mirele Efros (“Mirele Efros” by Y.M. Gordin, Medea (“Medea” by Euripides), Cordelia (“King Lear” by W. Shakespeare), Mother (“Mother” by K. Chapek), Mother Courage (“Mother Courage and her children "B. Brecht). She performed on stage until 1977. Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University (1977). State Ave. Israel (1956).
ROVNER Arkady Borisovich (b. 1940), writer, social scientist. In 1965 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1973 - in the USA. I read courses in Russian. poetry, Hinduism, Tantrism, Buddhism. He graduated from the doctoral studies at Columbia University, special. "Comparative Religious Studies". In 1978–80 he published Religious Philosophy in New York. or T. zhurn. "Gnosis", in 1982 released a bilingual (English and Russian) "Anthology of Gnosis" (in 2 volumes), dedicated to. Russian and Amer. lit-re and depict. lawsuit. From the beginning. 1990s teaches a course in mysticism at the New School for Social Research. Author Sat. stories "Guests from the region" (M., 1971), rom. "Kalalatsi" (Paris, 1980), "King's Move" (New York, 1989), coll. poems "Floors of Hades" and others.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РОВНО, город, центр Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1282. В 16–18 вв. – город Луцкого повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в Р. проживало 890 евреев, в 1801 – 2147, в 1847 – 3788, в 1857 – 3344, в 1863 – 3178, в 1886 – 4961, в 1897 – 13 780 (56%), в 1910 – 18 631 еврей и 4 караима, в 1914 – 19 142 еврея, в 1921 – 21 702 (71,2%), в 1931 – 22 737 (56 %), в 1939 – 27 000, в нач. 1941 – ок. 35 000, в 1959 – 1311, в 1970 – 1787, в 1979 – 1563, в 1989 – 1230, в 2000 – 351 еврей.Евреи жили в Р. с сер. 16 в. В 17 в. еврейская община Р. пострадала от татарских набегов, пожаров и чумы. Раввин Р. в 1680-х гг. – Меир Эпштейн, затем – его сын Авром. После 1723, когда Р. перешло во владение кн. Любомирскому, началось быстрое развитие города. В 1749 кн. Станислав Любомирский опубликовал грамоту, расширявшую права еврейской общины. Раввин Р. в сер. 18 в. – Арон бен Шмуль (?–1789), построивший в 1760 первую хасидскую синагогу и обществ. баню. С 1760 в Р. жил Дойв-Бер из Межирича, к к-рому приезжали Менахем-Мендл из Витебска, Шнеер-Залман из Ляд, Левu-Ицхок из Бердичева. В 1786 кн. Юзеф Любомирский выделил общине землю для расширения кладбища и разрешил стр-во деревянной синагоги.В 1801 среди евреев Р. было 10 купцов. В 1857 в Р. действовали 7 синагог, 21 хедер, в 1863 – 8 синагог. Приток евреев в Р. был связан с быстрым развитием города после завершения стр-ва двух прошедших через него ж.-д. линий. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. Р. – кр. центр движения Гаскалы. В Р. были открыты частные школы с преподаванием на иврите и один из первых в России реформированных хедеров.В 1886 в Р. действовала еврейская больница. Евреям принадлежали 3 книжные лавки, типография, аптека.В 1884 в Р. сложилась группа движения «Ховевей Цион», позднее были созданы отд-ния разл. сионистских партий. С 1891 действовала палестинофильская орг-ция «Агуда сфас брура», при к-рой в 1892 открылась б-ка. В 1903 была основана орг-ция Бунда, в 1905 – отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В сер. 19 в. раввин Р. – Хаим Ротенберг, затем – его сын Шмуэль (1844–1919), в 1885–1914 – Ицхок-Шлойме Шерман (1844–1914), в нач. 20 в. – сын Ш.Ротенберга Хаим (1864–1927). Среди раввинов Р. в 19 в. – 1-й пол. 20 в. – Шмуль Лифер (?–1885), его сын Хаим-Йосеф, погибший в период Катастрофы, с 1914 – зять И.-Ш.Шермана Симха-Герц Майофис, погибший в период Катастрофы. Казенный раввин Р. в 1891–1911 – Довид Беренсон, с 1911 – Залман Гольденберг.В 1910 в Р. имелись 20 синагог, еврейское кладбище, а также талмуд-тора, иешива, казенное одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, частное еврейское жен. уч-ще 2-го разряда И.А.Розенталь, еврейская больница. В 1911 в Р. было открыто об-во любителей иврита. В 1912 работали еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, благотворит. об-во пособия бедным евреям «Линас га-Цедек», об-во попечения о бедных детях, обучающихся в талмуд-торах, об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся ученикам Ровенского нач. еврейского уч-ща. К 1914 были открыты двухклассное жен. еврейское уч-ще с проф. отд-нием, жен. еврейское уч. заведение 3-го разряда, об-во «Еврейская дешевая кухня», богадельня, еврейская б-ка. Евреям принадлежали 3 из 5 аптек, 3 конфетные ф-ки, чугунолитейный з-д, все 9 типографий, 3 из 5 книжных магазинов, большинство лавок и магазинов в Р. Евреями были 7 врачей (из 16), все 8 зубных врачей, 4 акушерки (из 6).В 1915 евреи были высланы из Р.В 1917 Ровенский к-т сионистской орг-ции выпускал журн. «Кадима». В 1917 пред. Совета рабочих и солд. депутатов был избран воен. врач Ефраим Соломонович Гольдштейн (1882, Kишинев – 1938).В 1918 в Р. был создан отряд еврейской самообороны во главе с д-ром Сегалом. 14 и 19 мая 1919 части Директории устроили в Р. погром. В 1919 Рос. Кр. Крест организовал дет. дом для пострадавших от погромов.В 1919 открылась ср. школа сети «Тарбут», в 1920 – 2 нач. школы этой сети и дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите. Помощь в восстановлении еврейской общине оказывали Джойнт, отд-ния ХИАС, бундовского и сионистского к-тов для беженцев, Союз товариществ опеки над еврейскими сиротами. В первые годы после окончания Гражд. войны члены орг-ции «Ге-Халуц», уезжавшие из России, жили до получения разрешения на выезд в здании своей орг-ции. В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1924–39 в Р. выходили еженед. на идише «Волынер лебн», ежедн. газ. «Дер Волынер идишер курьер», действовали еврейские спорт. клубы «Га-Коах» и «Хасмонея», футболисты к-рой выступали в высш. польск. лиге. Всего в 1918–39 выходило 10 газ. на идише и иврите. С 1920 действовало отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка, с 1932 – ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1930-х гг. в Р. жил представитель чернобыльской хасидской династии Арон Поташник (1889–1940). В 1931 в иешиве «Эц Хаим» обучалось ок. 300 чел. В 1920–30-х гг. раввином Р. был Шнеер-Залман Гринфельд (?–1944).В 1939–40 численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет беженцев из р-нов, оккупированных частями вермахта. В июне 1941 неск. тысяч евреев ушли на восток вместе с отступавшими сов. войсками.28 июня 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. 9–12 июля 1941 было расстреляно более 200 евреев, в сер. авг. 1941 – ок. 300 евреев. Всего в июле – авг. 1941 было уничтожено ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Был создан юденрат; его первый пред. М.Бергман и один из чл. правления Л.Сухарчук в том же году покончили с собой, чтобы не выполнять требования оккупац. администрации. Р. было объявлено местом пребывания нем. администрации Украины; это ускорило ликвидацию еврейского населения. Во время «акции» 7–8 нояб. 1941 в сосновой роще в 6 км от города было уничтожено ок. 20 тыс. евреев. «Акцию» провели айнзацгруппы СС и украинская полиция. В кон. дек. 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовали 6 подпольных групп; были случаи вооруж. сопротивления. Уничтожение гетто было проведено 13 июля 1942; ок. 5 тыс. евреев были поездом вывезены под Костополь и там расстреляны. Во время проведения этой «акции» мн. молодым евреям удалось бежать, нек-рые из них присоединились к партиз. соединениям под ком. Д.Н.Медведева, В.Бегмы. Осенью 1942 в Р. было расстреляно неск. сотен скрывавшихся евреев. В городе укрывалось еще неск. десятков евреев. В освобождении Р. 2 февр. 1944 участвовала штурмовая инж.-сап. бригада под ком. полк. Моисея Давидовича Бараша.Осенью 1944 евреи Р. начали возвращаться из эвакуации; численность их в городе составила ок. 1200 чел. По инициативе бывш. еврейских партизан была восстановлена еврейская община, открыта синагога. Раввин Р. в кон. 1940-х гг. – Ушер Абрамович Зибес (1912–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 25–35 чел., по субботам – до 100 чел. В 1957 была закрыта синагога, в здании к-рой стала действовать спорт. школа. В 1960–80-х гг. миньян собирался на частных квартирах.Раввин Р. с 2003 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шнеер-Залман Шнеерсон.В Р. сохранились здания 3 синагог. В одном из них – еврейский обществ. центр, в другом – склад.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 2 тыс. евреев.В Р. род.: М.Л.Вишницер, М.Зильберфарб, П.Кегати, У.Л.Марголис, В.А.Нелли, Ш.Перл, Ф.С.Сито, Б.Смоляр, А.Б.Топчан, Н.И. Штиф, Ш.Юничман; Арье-Лейб сын Сары (1720–1791), ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това, на протяжении мн. лет занимался освобождением евреев из тюрем; Борис Блай (1898–1985, США), скульптор, с нач. 1920-х гг. – в США; Гершон Соломонович Шапиро (1899–1993, Израиль), историк, с 1973 – в Израиле, автор ок. 20 работ, опубл. в «самиздате», автор кн. «Евреи – Герои Советского Союза» (1982); Арье Шахар (р. 1926), с 1936 – в Э.-И., в 1944–67 – в Пальмахе, затем – в Армии Обороны Израиля, бриг. генерал, с 1971 – дир. «Пр-тия Мертвого моря»; Шмуэль Шореш (Штернберг) (1913–1981, Бейт-Шаарим, Израиль), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 3–6-го созывов от МАПАЙ и Аводы., pronunciation=РОВНО, город, центр Ровненской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1282. В 16–18 вв. – город Луцкого повета Волынского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – уездный город Волынской губ. В 1919–39 – в Волынском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе УССР.В 1765 в Р. проживало 890 евреев, в 1801 – 2147, в 1847 – 3788, в 1857 – 3344, в 1863 – 3178, в 1886 – 4961, в 1897 – 13 780 (56%), в 1910 – 18 631 еврей и 4 караима, в 1914 – 19 142 еврея, в 1921 – 21 702 (71,2%), в 1931 – 22 737 (56 %), в 1939 – 27 000, в нач. 1941 – ок. 35 000, в 1959 – 1311, в 1970 – 1787, в 1979 – 1563, в 1989 – 1230, в 2000 – 351 еврей.Евреи жили в Р. с сер. 16 в. В 17 в. еврейская община Р. пострадала от татарских набегов, пожаров и чумы. Раввин Р. в 1680-х гг. – Меир Эпштейн, затем – его сын Авром. После 1723, когда Р. перешло во владение кн. Любомирскому, началось быстрое развитие города. В 1749 кн. Станислав Любомирский опубликовал грамоту, расширявшую права еврейской общины. Раввин Р. в сер. 18 в. – Арон бен Шмуль (?–1789), построивший в 1760 первую хасидскую синагогу и обществ. баню. С 1760 в Р. жил Дойв-Бер из Межирича, к к-рому приезжали Менахем-Мендл из Витебска, Шнеер-Залман из Ляд, Левu-Ицхок из Бердичева. В 1786 кн. Юзеф Любомирский выделил общине землю для расширения кладбища и разрешил стр-во деревянной синагоги.В 1801 среди евреев Р. было 10 купцов. В 1857 в Р. действовали 7 синагог, 21 хедер, в 1863 – 8 синагог. Приток евреев в Р. был связан с быстрым развитием города после завершения стр-ва двух прошедших через него ж.-д. линий. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. Р. – кр. центр движения Гаскалы. В Р. были открыты частные школы с преподаванием на иврите и один из первых в России реформированных хедеров.В 1886 в Р. действовала еврейская больница. Евреям принадлежали 3 книжные лавки, типография, аптека.В 1884 в Р. сложилась группа движения «Ховевей Цион», позднее были созданы отд-ния разл. сионистских партий. С 1891 действовала палестинофильская орг-ция «Агуда сфас брура», при к-рой в 1892 открылась б-ка. В 1903 была основана орг-ция Бунда, в 1905 – отд-ние «Поалей Цион».В сер. 19 в. раввин Р. – Хаим Ротенберг, затем – его сын Шмуэль (1844–1919), в 1885–1914 – Ицхок-Шлойме Шерман (1844–1914), в нач. 20 в. – сын Ш.Ротенберга Хаим (1864–1927). Среди раввинов Р. в 19 в. – 1-й пол. 20 в. – Шмуль Лифер (?–1885), его сын Хаим-Йосеф, погибший в период Катастрофы, с 1914 – зять И.-Ш.Шермана Симха-Герц Майофис, погибший в период Катастрофы. Казенный раввин Р. в 1891–1911 – Довид Беренсон, с 1911 – Залман Гольденберг.В 1910 в Р. имелись 20 синагог, еврейское кладбище, а также талмуд-тора, иешива, казенное одноклассное еврейское муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, частное еврейское жен. уч-ще 2-го разряда И.А.Розенталь, еврейская больница. В 1911 в Р. было открыто об-во любителей иврита. В 1912 работали еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во, благотворит. об-во пособия бедным евреям «Линас га-Цедек», об-во попечения о бедных детях, обучающихся в талмуд-торах, об-во вспомоществования нуждающимся ученикам Ровенского нач. еврейского уч-ща. К 1914 были открыты двухклассное жен. еврейское уч-ще с проф. отд-нием, жен. еврейское уч. заведение 3-го разряда, об-во «Еврейская дешевая кухня», богадельня, еврейская б-ка. Евреям принадлежали 3 из 5 аптек, 3 конфетные ф-ки, чугунолитейный з-д, все 9 типографий, 3 из 5 книжных магазинов, большинство лавок и магазинов в Р. Евреями были 7 врачей (из 16), все 8 зубных врачей, 4 акушерки (из 6).В 1915 евреи были высланы из Р.В 1917 Ровенский к-т сионистской орг-ции выпускал журн. «Кадима». В 1917 пред. Совета рабочих и солд. депутатов был избран воен. врач Ефраим Соломонович Гольдштейн (1882, Kишинев – 1938).В 1918 в Р. был создан отряд еврейской самообороны во главе с д-ром Сегалом. 14 и 19 мая 1919 части Директории устроили в Р. погром. В 1919 Рос. Кр. Крест организовал дет. дом для пострадавших от погромов.В 1919 открылась ср. школа сети «Тарбут», в 1920 – 2 нач. школы этой сети и дет. сады с преподаванием на иврите. Помощь в восстановлении еврейской общине оказывали Джойнт, отд-ния ХИАС, бундовского и сионистского к-тов для беженцев, Союз товариществ опеки над еврейскими сиротами. В первые годы после окончания Гражд. войны члены орг-ции «Ге-Халуц», уезжавшие из России, жили до получения разрешения на выезд в здании своей орг-ции. В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1924–39 в Р. выходили еженед. на идише «Волынер лебн», ежедн. газ. «Дер Волынер идишер курьер», действовали еврейские спорт. клубы «Га-Коах» и «Хасмонея», футболисты к-рой выступали в высш. польск. лиге. Всего в 1918–39 выходило 10 газ. на идише и иврите. С 1920 действовало отд-ние Еврейского нар. банка, с 1932 – ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1930-х гг. в Р. жил представитель чернобыльской хасидской династии Арон Поташник (1889–1940). В 1931 в иешиве «Эц Хаим» обучалось ок. 300 чел. В 1920–30-х гг. раввином Р. был Шнеер-Залман Гринфельд (?–1944).В 1939–40 численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет беженцев из р-нов, оккупированных частями вермахта. В июне 1941 неск. тысяч евреев ушли на восток вместе с отступавшими сов. войсками.28 июня 1941 Р. оккупировали части вермахта. 9–12 июля 1941 было расстреляно более 200 евреев, в сер. авг. 1941 – ок. 300 евреев. Всего в июле – авг. 1941 было уничтожено ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Был создан юденрат; его первый пред. М.Бергман и один из чл. правления Л.Сухарчук в том же году покончили с собой, чтобы не выполнять требования оккупац. администрации. Р. было объявлено местом пребывания нем. администрации Украины; это ускорило ликвидацию еврейского населения. Во время «акции» 7–8 нояб. 1941 в сосновой роще в 6 км от города было уничтожено ок. 20 тыс. евреев. «Акцию» провели айнзацгруппы СС и украинская полиция. В кон. дек. 1941 было создано гетто, в к-ром содержалось ок. 5 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовали 6 подпольных групп; были случаи вооруж. сопротивления. Уничтожение гетто было проведено 13 июля 1942; ок. 5 тыс. евреев были поездом вывезены под Костополь и там расстреляны. Во время проведения этой «акции» мн. молодым евреям удалось бежать, нек-рые из них присоединились к партиз. соединениям под ком. Д.Н.Медведева, В.Бегмы. Осенью 1942 в Р. было расстреляно неск. сотен скрывавшихся евреев. В городе укрывалось еще неск. десятков евреев. В освобождении Р. 2 февр. 1944 участвовала штурмовая инж.-сап. бригада под ком. полк. Моисея Давидовича Бараша.Осенью 1944 евреи Р. начали возвращаться из эвакуации; численность их в городе составила ок. 1200 чел. По инициативе бывш. еврейских партизан была восстановлена еврейская община, открыта синагога. Раввин Р. в кон. 1940-х гг. – Ушер Абрамович Зибес (1912–?). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 25–35 чел., по субботам – до 100 чел. В 1957 была закрыта синагога, в здании к-рой стала действовать спорт. школа. В 1960–80-х гг. миньян собирался на частных квартирах.Раввин Р. с 2003 – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шнеер-Залман Шнеерсон.В Р. сохранились здания 3 синагог. В одном из них – еврейский обществ. центр, в другом – склад.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 2 тыс. евреев.В Р. род.: М.Л.Вишницер, М.Зильберфарб, П.Кегати, У.Л.Марголис, В.А.Нелли, Ш.Перл, Ф.С.Сито, Б.Смоляр, А.Б.Топчан, Н.И. Штиф, Ш.Юничман; Арье-Лейб сын Сары (1720–1791), ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това, на протяжении мн. лет занимался освобождением евреев из тюрем; Борис Блай (1898–1985, США), скульптор, с нач. 1920-х гг. – в США; Гершон Соломонович Шапиро (1899–1993, Израиль), историк, с 1973 – в Израиле, автор ок. 20 работ, опубл. в «самиздате», автор кн. «Евреи – Герои Советского Союза» (1982); Арье Шахар (р. 1926), с 1936 – в Э.-И., в 1944–67 – в Пальмахе, затем – в Армии Обороны Израиля, бриг. генерал, с 1971 – дир. «Пр-тия Мертвого моря»; Шмуэль Шореш (Штернберг) (1913–1981, Бейт-Шаарим, Израиль), политич. деятель, с 1924 – в Э.-И., деп. Кнессета 3–6-го созывов от МАПАЙ и Аводы., extra_data="{'translat...")
ROVNOE, a village in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1930s. - a regional center. In 1854, approx. 120 Jews (approx. 2%), in 1885 - 210, in 1910 - 1028 (5%), in 1923 - 470, in 1939 - 106 Jews. 19th century there was a synagogue in R. Itzhok Bunin (1872–?) Was the rabbi in 1898–1908, and Benjamin Kolker (1871–?) From 1909. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in R., a Jewish cemetery, and in 1911 there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy, both jewelry stores, 14 stores in R. (including 4 manufactures, both shops for agricultural implements). The Jewish community of R. suffered during the Civil War. war. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left R. in August. 1941 R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Most of the Jews in R. were evacuated or mobilized. In the end. 1941 - early. 1942 48 Jews were killed in R.
ROVNOPOL, a village in the Volnovakhsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Rovnopol (other name - Ravnopol) in Mariupol u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1858, 42 families lived in R., in 1897 - 447 Jews (82%), in 1913 - 729 people, in 1924 - 346 people. In 1897, the colonists had 1,300 dessiatines. land; sown 783 dess. (including 47.9% - barley, 32% - spring wheat). The colonists owned 123 horses and 125 cows. A synagogue operated in R. In the 1890s. Some of the Jews left for other countries. On June 4, 1919, a pogrom broke out in R. by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1929, a collective farm was organized in R. In the summer of 1941, part of the Jewish population was evacuated to the East. districts of the USSR or was mobilized in the Red Army. In 1942, a group of Jews remaining in the occupation was killed in R. I. M. Shaikin
ROVNYA, a village in the Rozhnyatovskiy district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In July 1941, the R. occupied a Hungarian. troops. In 1942, 5 Jewish families were deported to the Valley and Kalush.
ROYAK (Rayak) Efim Moiseevich (1906, Vitebsk - 1987, Moscow), graphic artist, painter, designer. In 1919 he entered the Vitebsk Nar. thin school, studied with M.Z.Shagal, V.M. Ermolaeva and K.S. Malevich. Member UNOVIS. In 1922 he moved to Petrograd, was an intern at the GINHUK at Malevich. From 1927 in Moscow, in 1934–41 and 1948–54 he worked at Archyt. bureau br. Vesnins as an architect-designer. In 1941–45 - in fr. In the officer. did not participate in exhibitions. Early works are executed in the manner of Suprematism, from mid. 1920s returned to figurative art, work from nature (mountain landscapes, paper, watercolor,). Rep. about childhood in Vitebsk are reflected in a number of paintings, which expressly depict the life and life of the inhabitants of the city: "Roofs of Vitebsk", "In the workshop of a tailor (father's pt)", "mother's pt". Prod. The works were exhibited in 1989 in Moscow, in 1991 at the Ludwigegafen Museum (Germany).
ROYHEL David (1890, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1941, according to other data, 1942), translator. In 1913–18 he worked at the publishing house of B. Kletskin in Vilna. In 1918 he moved to Kiev, then to Odessa. In 1923 he returned to Kremenets. In Vilna he was engaged in the processing of works. children lit-ry and per. them in Yiddish. In 1917 in Vilna he published Russian in Yiddish. bunk bed fairy tale "Kolobok". Ibid, 1917–18, issue. ser. book "Roychels Illustrious Kinder Libraries" ("Roychel's Illustrated Children's Library"): "Shloyme Gamelech" ("Solomon the Wise") and "Der Ashmedai" ("Asmodeus"), "Thumbelina" by HK Andersen, "The Trial of King Solomon »AIKuprina and others. Subsequently, R. processed, translated and published works. for children M. Nordau, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, rus. bunk bed fairy tales and others. In 1924 in Vilna he came out in Yiddish. stories by Kuprin, in 1925 - rum. VV Veresaeva "At a dead end", in 1931 - "The history of the Jewish workers' movement in Russia" by NABukhbinder, then "History of Western European literature" by PS Kogan and others in the lane. R.R. also translated "Colchis" by K.G. Paustovsky, "Ripening of fruits" by B.A. Pilnyak, together with D.N. Gofshtein - "Belkin's Tale" by A.S. Pushkin (published in Warsaw, 1937) , "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol. In the Warsaw editions. "Literary Bleter", "Forois", "Font" R. published art. on lit. Topics. He died in evacuation in the Urals.
ROYLYANKA, a village in the Saratsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1865, Jews owned a grocery and both wine shops in R.
ROYTBAK Alexander Ilyich (1919, Odessa - 1991, Tbilisi), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1956), prof. (1960), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute in 1941. Since 1941 he worked at the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. In 1960–91 the head. lab. general physiology of the cerebral cortex. Ch. directions of scientific. activities - neurophysiology, electrophysiology center, nerv. systems. One of the founders of electrography, study center. nervous systems. He was the first in the USSR to study electric. potentials of the cerebral cortex during its direct stimulation. Author of a number of works on the physiology of sports. Member Int. org-tion for research. brain (1960) and scientific. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on complex problems of human and animal physiology (1960). Honored. Scientist of the Georgian SSR, Works: Bioelectric. phenomena in the cerebral cortex. Tbilisi, 1955; Hypothesis about the mechanism of formation of temporary connections. Tbilisi, 1968; Glia and its role in nervous activity. SPb., 1993.
ROITBERG Joseph (1875, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1925, Philadelphia), writer, publicist. Born into a Hasid family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education; studied secular sciences. From 1905 - in Kiev. In 1921 he left for Poland. Since 1922 - in Philadelphia (USA). Since 1895 publ. Art. in Hebrew in "Ha-Melits", "Ha-Zman", "Ha-Tsofe", "Ha-Tsefira", published in Russian. and Russian-Jewish journals. Yiddish publ. Art. on Jewish issues in gas. “Fraind” (1903–10), then in “Petrograder togblat”, Kiev “Der Telegraph” and “Di velt” (1917–19), Warsaw's “Moment”, “Haynt”, etc. In 1910, ed. in Kiev a brochure on Jewish pogroms. There was a staff. sotr. Philadelphia gas. "Di Yiddishe Velt", where, in addition to the art., Was printed by thin. prose - rum. from the time of Catherine II, p. about Sabbatai Zvi and others. Per. in Russian lang. fragments from manuf. I.L. Peretz and Sholem Aleichem, rum. ID Opatosz "In the Polish forests".
REITENBERG Fima (Ephraim) (b. 1916, Harbin), painter. Graduated from Russian. general. school in Harbin, studied Chinese painting and calligraphy, as well as zap. painting by rus. teachers at the Academy of Arts in Shanghai (1942–46). Taught at the Shanghai Academy. Since 1949 - in Israel. Member Israeli Art Association and sculptors, the Association of Art. in Paris, Int. associations thin R.'s works are exhibited in museums in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, in the Museum of modern. art-va in Paris, in Hood. gal. Winnipeg in Canada, thin. the museums of Turku and Hameenlinna in Finland. Participant pl. personal exhibitions in Israel and other countries, collective exhibitions in China, Israel, European countries and the USA.
ROITENBERG Yakov Naumovich (1910, Volyn province - 1988, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. (1948). In 1938 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. He worked at the Aviation Research Institute. and shipbuilding. prom-sti. Since 1942 at the Department of Applied Mechanics, Moscow State University. Main scientific. work related to research. a wide range of issues in the theory of gyroscopes, with the solution of practical. questions of general mechanics and theory of oscillations, with the development of the theory of motion control and synthesis of systems automatic. management. Participated in the formation of Moscow. scientific. gyroscopic school. Author approx. 75 scientific. Works: Some tasks of motion control. M., 1963; Gyroscopes. 2nd ed. M., 1975; Automatic control. 3rd ed. M., 1992.
ROITMAN David (1884, Dorozhinki - 1943, New York), cantor. Student of Z. Morogovsky. In 1904–09 he was a cantor in Elisavetgrad, in 1904–12 in Vilna, in 1912–17 in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). He founded the Jewish muses in Odessa. school. C - in the USA. From 1924 to 1943 he was cantor of the Shaare Zedek synagogue (New York).
ROITMAN Dora Isaakovna (Dvoira Itsikovna) (party ps. Sofia Mikhailovna Maksimova) (1902, Chisinau - 1981, ibid.), Politician. She graduated from Jewish wives. prof. uch-shche, by profession - a seamstress. Since 1919 the delivery courier has been illegal. liters, in 1920–21 she worked in an underground printing house, in 1921–25 she was serving a sentence in the prisons of Chisinau and Misla (Romania). In 1926-29 - in the USSR, she studied at Leningrad State University. komvuz. In 1929–30 sec. Ploiesti Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. In 1930–32 she again served a prison sentence. In 1932–33 sec. Bucharest underground city committee of the Communist Party of Romania, was among the hands. strikes of workers of the Grivitsky railways workshops. In the end. 1930s member Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania, was part of the leadership of the communist. underground in Bessarabia. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940), she worked in Chisinau. In 1941 she was evacuated to Samarkand. In 1944 she returned to Chisinau, headed the board of the Sewing artel named after I. March 8, then worked at the Chisinau sewing and haberdashery factory.
ROITMAN Ephraim (1910, Khotin, Bessarabian province - 1982, Petakh-Tikva, Israel), poet, writer. Studied as a philologist. Faculty of Chernivtsi University. Member of the 2nd world. war. He published poems, stories and literary criticism. articles in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland", gas. "Folks-shyme" and "Font" (Warsaw), "Nae press" (Paris) and other periodicals. ed. In 1937 he published a collection of works in Chernivtsi. poems "Finger in licht" ("Fingers in the light"). Since 1972 - in Israel. Sat. came out in Tel Aviv. "Oifn yndzl fun zen" ("From the point of view", 1975), "Di erd zingt" ("The Earth sings", 1977). In Israel published works. R. in translation into Hebrew.
ROITMAN Leonid Yakovlevich (b. 1964, Moscow), public figure. From ser. 1980s participant in the movement for the revival of Jewish culture in the USSR. One of the founders (1988) and head of MCIREC - the first officially registered Jewish organization in Moscow. In 1988–94, he organized dozens of ulpans and seminars in Moscow for the study of Hebrew and Jewish traditions. Organizer and head of the service of "freelancers" - citizens of the USSR (Russia) at the Embassy of the State of Israel in Moscow. In 1993 he created a Jewish department in one of the Moscow hospitals and a social assistance service. Gene. director of committees for repatriation from the CIS countries and Russia. Member Board of the World Jewish Congress. Pres. Israeli-Russian Foundation for Support of Inventions and New Technologies. Since 1992 - prez. Israeli Intern. investment company Thia. In 1993–95, the owner was gas. "Week" (Jerusalem). Chairman of the Board of Trustees of one of the Jewish schools in Moscow - the first school in the CIS, created by the type of Israeli state religious schools.
ROITMAN Shlema Yudelevich (1913, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1985, Herzliya, Israel), poet. Cand. philol. Sciences (1941). In 1938 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, the department of the Jewish language. and lit-ry. 1941–45 - in the army. After demobilization - ed. sinks, publishing house "Der Emes" (1945–48). Since 1949 Assoc. Russian and nick. lit. in ped. in-those Yoshkar-Ola (Mari ASSR). Since 1973 - in Israel. The first art. publ. in 1931 in the Jewish pioneer gas. Zay Great (Kharkov), then printed in gas. "Junge Guard", zhurn. Di Royte Velt et al. Jewish Period, ed. From the beginning. 1960s was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Sat. verse. R .: "Weingertner" ("Vineyards", Moscow, 1941), "Gutmorgn, Singer!" ("Hello, Singer!", M., 1947), "Der mames nign" ("Mother's Chant", 1971). In Israel, the first sat. poems "Der lez un der riter" ("The Jester and the Knight") was published in 1975 (Tel Aviv). In the same place - "Mine Isroeldik Scheuferl" ("My Israeli Shofarchik", 1976), "Sonnet - Herzlier stanzas" ("Herzlian stanzas", 1980).
ROYZEN Berl (1913, Brichany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1987, Chernivtsi), teacher, literary critic, translator. He graduated from a teacher's seminar at the Jewish School Union in Chernivtsi and Philology. Faculty of Chernivtsi University. He was a teacher of Yiddish and literature in Jewish schools, after their closure he taught English. lang. The first publication in 1936 in the journal. "Yiddish Far Alemen" (Warsaw) - Art. on the problems of Jewish philology; published materials on teaching methods in. lang. In the journal. "Sovetish gameland" and other ed. published research. R.'s works about the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy, V.G. Korolenko, A.I. Kuprin, M.P. Bazhan in connection with a Jewish theme in their works. Jewish literature is devoted to Art. "Correspondence of Sholem Aleichem and his meetings with great Russian writers", "B. Halperin and his book" Hezhbn-ganefesh "(both - 1984), published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Translated into Yiddish. Russian, Ukrainian, English, German writers. In 1988, Sat. "Literary Historische Studies" ("Literary Historical Research").
ROISENMAN Boris Anisimovich (1878 - 1938), politician. Member RSDLP since 1902. Conducted by the revolutionary. work in Ukraine, an active participant in the Revolution of 1905–07. He was arrested several times. In 1917, members. Ekaterinoslavsky committee of the RSDLP (b), delegate to the 6th party congress. In 1919–20, authorized by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for the supply of the 8th and 9th armies of the South. fr. In 1923–34 on the responsible. work in the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b), in 1935-38 2 nd deputy. prev. Commissions of Sov. control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Delegate of the 12-16th congresses of the CPSU (b).
ROISMAN Leonid Isaakovich (1915, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), organist, pianist, teacher, musicologist. Prof. (1963), Doctor of Law (1982). Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. A.B. Goldenweiser (1938), according to the organ class of A.F. Gedike (1941). From 1942 he taught at Moscow. cons. Prev Fast. commission for organ building (1958–69, from 1969–82 Deputy Chairman of the Organ Council), member. Int. editorial board of the New ed. op. J.S.Bach (Germany). R.'s repertoire included organ op. composers of the 18th and 20th centuries One of the founders of the owls. school of playing the organ, author of research. on the history of organ music, Art. on FP. pedagogy. Publ. tr. "Sov. organ music ", vols. 1-2 (1971, 1974). Ed. R. published by St. 500 manuf. for organ and piano, keyboard op. Bach and others R. belong to Art. about M.I. Glinka, Gedik, Goldenweiser in the journal. "Sov. music ", in collection:" Questions of musicology "," Questions of music-performing arts "," Methodological notes on questions of music. education ", etc .; instructional method. works for pianists (about polyphonic repertoire) and many others. Dr. Hon. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1966).
ROISMAN Matvey Davidovich (1896, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Writer. Got a trad. Jewish religion education. He was brought up by his grandfather - a former cantonist. He studied law. f-those of Moscow un-that. He began to write poetry in childhood, published in 1918 in the magazine. "Free hour". Collaborated periodically. ed. In 1920–26 he was included in the lit. group of imagists, took part in the work of the All-Russian. Union of Poets, "Literary Mansion" and other society, was published in decomp. ed. imagists. Together with V.G. Shershenevich released collection of works. avant-garde. poems "Red alcohol" (Moscow, 1921). On Sat. R. "Hebron Wine" (M., 1923) and "Palma" (M., 1925) present motives from the TANAKH and Talmud, Palestinian issues, as well as pictures of the life of Jewish artisans. R. was also engaged in translations from Yiddish. From ser. 1920s turned to prose: rum. "Minus six" (M., 1928), book. "Good Friends" and "Golden Hands" (both - 1931), rom. "These gentlemen" (M., 1932), for which R. was accused of survivals of nationalism, rum. "Border" (1935). From the 2nd floor. 1930s R. moved away from Jewish issues. He wrote in a detective adventure. genre: "Friends Risking Their Lives" (1943), "Wolf" (1956), "Prussian Blue" (1961), "The Invisible Thief" (1965), etc. Author of the screenplay, on which the film was shot "Case No. 306", lit. memoirs "Freethinker Yesenin" (1965), "Bookstore". Pages of Memories "(1965)," Secret Packages "(1969), etc.
ROZALIEVKA, a village in the Belotserkovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery and manufactory shops in R.
ROSALIMAS, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1777. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rosalyn Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 265 Jews (49%) lived in R., in 1923 - 173 (27%), in 1938 - 110 Jews (12%). lived in R. from the beginning. 19th century In the beginning. 1880s a synagogue was built. In 1882–1903, R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1915, Jews of R. were exiled to the inner city. province Ros. Empire. After 1918, approx. half of the Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. a Jewish school worked. The rabbis of R. during this period were Nohum Sher and Eliezer Goldberg. In June 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. Some of the Jews of R. were killed by Lithuanian nationalists, the rest were shot on 4 August. 1941.
ROSALYN, see Rosalimas.
ROSANKO Vera (Viner Shifra) (1893, Konotop, Chernigov province - |), poet, writer. I. Rosenberg's wife. Actress of Jewish t-dv. From 1914 - in Canada, from 1920 - in the USA. Together with her husband, she translated several of them into Yiddish. ukr. plays for staging on the Jewish stage. In 1919 she began writing poetry and short stories, and was published in Canadian publishers. Yidischer Magazine (Toronto) and Unzer Worth (Winnipeg), then published stories and poems in New York editions. "Der Groiser Kundes", "Unzer Folk", "Di Feder" and others. In 1934, the book was published in New York. R. "Fun shtot un dorf" ("From the city and the countryside").
ROZBISHOVKA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were three Jewish farms in R.
ROZDOL, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1569. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lviv land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 639 Jews lived in R., in 1880 - 2465 (54.3%), in 1890 - 2277 (52%). in 1900 - 2262 (48.8%), in 1910 - 2110 (45.9%), in 1912 - 2262 (48.7%), in 1921 - 1725 (45.4%), in 1931 - 1902 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 17th century; at the same time a community was created, a wooden synagogue was built (burned down in 1907). In 1628 Jews owned 2 houses; there was a header. Rabbi R. at the end. 17th century was Moishe Levy, in the con. 17 - early. 18th century - Moishe Ashkenazi, at stake. 18th century - Osher-Anshel Ashkenazi (1740-1793), Chaim Rapoport (1776-1799), in the beginning. 19th century - Moishe Ginzburg (? –1805), Moishe-Dovid Ashkenazi (? –1814), then - the son of the latter Gershon (? –1819). Rabbi R. at the end. 19th century - Alexander-Sender Segal (1815-1902). In the 1st half. 19th century Yehuda-Zvi Eichenstein (1791–1847) founded the Hasidic court in R. In 1886, the Hasidic court in R. was founded by Pinhos-Chaim Taub (1867–1935). The dynasty was continued by his son Yehuda-Ikhl (1887–1937). Since 1912, Zionist organizations began to operate in R. In 1916, 16 Jews were exiled from R. to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1927 a new synagogue was built. Rabbi R. in the 1930s - Mattatiyahu-Aron Eichenstein (? –1942). In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In June 1942 there were 1,639 Jews in R. In the beginning. Sep 1942 approx. 1 thousand Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, the remaining 30 Sept. 1942 deported to Stryi, from where in October. 1942, approx. 150 people Of these, a working team was created, shot on February 4. 1943 There is a Jewish cemetery in R.
ROSE Ernestina (1810, Petrokov - 1892), public figure. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. From 1830 - in Great Britain, in 1832 she met the English. the socialist-utopian R. Owen and became a follower of his ideas; in the same year she married an English. socialist W. Rose. In 1836 she moved with her husband to the USA, settled in New York, gave lectures on the forms of state. device, religion, education problems, the abolition of slavery and women's rights in the east. states of the USA. In 1843–46, she and her husband lived in a commune near Syracuse (New York), participated in the campaign to develop the New York State law on the right of married women to own property (adopted in 1848), one of the organizers of the first nat. Congress for Women's Rights (1850), campaigner for the provision of elections. rights for women and for reforming the divorce law. She headed the radical wing of the suffragette movement, contributed to the creation of a suffrage society (1869). In the same year, she and her husband returned to the UK, due to illness from an active politician. activity withdrew, but continued to lecture on the feminist movement. Not attaching much importance to her Jewish origin, R. in 1863 took part in a printed discussion with the abolitionist publisher G. Siver, whom she accused of anti-Semitism.
ROSEN Alexander Germanovich (1910, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Writer. He made his debut in print in 1921. In 1929–39 lit. sotr. leningr. gas. and radio centers Leningrad. s-dov. First pov. - "Storm" (1931). The vast majority of products. after eating. 2nd world. war, in a cut R. participated. For creativity R. is characterized by a combination of thin. and doc. Styles. Cit .: International work at the enterprise. L., 1931; Dawn. M., 1936; Three stories. L., 1945; Fellow soldiers. L., 1949; On the threshold of our house. L., 1958; Times and people. M., 1962; Almost all my life. 1968; Debate of the parties. L., 1978.
ROSEN Ber-Itzhok (1899, Warsaw - 1954, Melbourne, Australia), writer, publicist, journalist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In 1919–20 sec. at S. An-sky, then in Jewish journalist, and writers' unions. Graduated from Jewish drama. school in Warsaw. Journalist, started his career in mid. 1920s Since 1926 the reporter for gas. Folks Zeitung and Unser Express in Warsaw. He published articles, stories and poems, collaborated in Warsaw Bund, publications. During the 2nd world. wars in Shanghai. From 1947 - in Australia, where he worked as a teacher of Jewish literature. There was a staff in Melbourne. sotr. gas. "Oifboy" and "Undzer Gedank", edited weekly. "Di Yiddish Post".
ROSEN Joseph (1894, Edvabno Kolnovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1954, Tel Aviv), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Then he studied in commercial. school in Warsaw and studied law at Warsaw University. For some time he lived in Lodz, Poltava, Kovna. He was one of the leaders of the left Zionist movement in Poland, then in E.-I. He spoke with Art. on the ideology and practice of the movement in "Arbeiterzeitung" (Kovna, in 1890 - ed.), "Dyfray yugnt" (Warsaw, in 1921 - ed.). Published in Warsaw a number of pamphlets criticizing the Bund and Evsektsiya: "Crimean territorialism and proletarian Palestinism" (1926), "Mitn koeh funsheker un schwindl" ("By the power of lies and fraud", 1927), "Di blutik geshenishn in Erets-Isroel" ("Bloody events in Eretz Israel", 1929), "Bund", "dig" un di Palestinishe geshenishn "(" Bund "," red "and Palestinian events"), etc. The author of the book. "Di gation fun oktober" ("Events of October", Tel Aviv, 1933), "Fun British mandate biz der Yidischer medine" ("From the British Mandate to the Jewish state", ibid, 1954), Izbr. manuf., (ibid., 1957).
ROSEN Joseph A. (1877, Moscow - 1949), agronomist, public figure. Studied with. production in Russia and Germany. Since 1903 - in the USA. The cultivated variety of rye "Rosen's rye" was distributed throughout America. In 1921 he went to Russia to help Jews. In 1924 he proposed a plan for the settlement of unoccupied lands in Ukraine and Crimea by poor Jews. As head of Agro-Joint, he received the consent of the Sov. pr-va for finance. participation in the project (1928), thanks to which in 1934 14 thousand families settled new lands. In 1939 he studied Britain. Guiana for the purpose of resettlement of Jews there. Later he led a project for a Jewish settlement in the Dominican Republic.
ROSEN Matias (1804, Warsaw - 1865, ibid.), Statesman and public figure, entrepreneur. From 1840 he headed the Jewish community of Warsaw, founded a number of philanthropists. about-in. In 1846 he inherited his father's banking firm. In 1856, he turned to Alexander II with a petition to abolish the kosher tax or to turn part of it to the needs of Jewish communities. In 1862 he was elected a member. municipal. Council of Warsaw. In 1863 he was appointed member. State Council of the Kingdom of Poland. On behalf of the governor of the Kingdom of Poland led. book Konstantin Nikolaevich R. studied the situation of Jews in Alsace. R. collaborated with R. Orgelbrandt's "Encyclopedia of Powshekhnaya" and with the Warsaw Library (since 1849 a member of its editorial board).
ROSENBAUM Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1950, Leningrad), poet, composer, singer. The son of a doctor. After graduating from the 1st Leningrad. honey. Institute (1973), served in the Navy, worked as a doctor. I wrote the first songs for students. performances, post. based on "Odessa stories" by IE Babel. Studied jazz arrangement at Vespers. departments of muses. uch-schA. Played ans. The Argonauts. Since the 1990s. pl. tours in the CIS countries and abroad. The author of more than 500 songs, performs them on his own. Guitar accompaniment and FP. He often unites songs in cycles - military, about Leningrad, permeated with lyrically tender intonations ("Parting", "Return to the City", "Waltz-Boston", "Waltz on the Swan Canal", etc.), about childhood, about the war in Afghanistan ... Makes stylizations for "thieves" songs. Among the Op. - songs with Jewish themes: "Babi Yar", "Violinist a Yiddish Monya" and others. songs R. “Time to live and remember. It's time to sing ”(L., 1991).
Rosenbaum Semyon (Shimshon) Yakovlevich (1860, Pinsk, Minsk province. - 1934, Tel Aviv), lawyer, public and statesman. In 1887 he graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In student. for years he was a member of Palestinian circles. From the end. 1880s was engaged in advocacy in Minsk. From the end. 1890s one of the leaders of Zion. movements in Russia, a participant in a number of worldwide. Zion. congresses, at the 4th (1900) elected a member. top, zion. council, organizer of the 1st congress (conf.) grew up. Zionists in Minsk (1902). R. contributed to the creation. first gr. Poalei Zion in Minsk and Minsk province, opposed plans for Jewish colonization of Uganda. On the 3rd All-Russia. conf. Zionists (Helsingfors, 1906) R. elected member. Central Committee of the All-Russian. Zion. org-tion. R. - member. Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia. In 1906, dep. 1st State Duma from Minsk province, was a member of the Cadet faction, after the dissolution of the Duma signed the so-called. Vyborg appeal, for which the court was subjected. persecution. Later he acted as a defender in the "pogrom" trials and in the trials against the Zionists. With the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, he lived in Vilna, where he headed the local Zion. org-tion. In 1918 he was a member of the delegation at the negotiations with the Turkish government about the future of E.-I. In 1919, members. commission for drafting the Constitution of Lithuania, edges guaranteed the Jews a wide nat. autonomy, prez. Nat. Council of Jews of Lithuania, was deputy. min. in. affairs in its first pr-ve, represented Lithuania at the peace negotiations in Versailles, in 1920 on behalf of Lithuania signed a peace treaty with the RSFSR. From 1923 - min. on Jewish affairs. After the liquidation of Jewish autonomy in Lithuania (1924), R. left the government. Since 1924 - in E.-I., where he was elected before. Top, court, participated in the creation. jurid. and econ. Faculty of Tel Aviv University. R. - the author of the monograph "The idea of ​​sovereignty", as well as numerous. Art. and essays on jurisprudence and zion. movement.
ROSENBERG, see Rozovka of the Zaporozhye Region.
ROSENBERG Avraham (1870 - 1935, USA), trade unionist. In 1883 he emigrated to the USA with his parents. From 1885 he participated in the movement of immigrant workers against the sweatshop labor system. One of the organizers prof. workers for sewing outerwear, which was part of the "Knights of Labor" organization. Member created Int. union of manufacturing workers wives. clothing (the first trade union workers in this industry), from 1908 - his president. Hands. strikes of producers children. clothing (1909), raincoat manufacturers (1910), which ended in the victory of the workers and the conclusion of labor contracts with entrepreneurs. In 1914, at the congress of the union, where socialists predominated among the delegates, he was removed from the post of president, but until 1929 he remained one of the naib. authoritative hands. He is the author of the memoirs "The Cloak Makers and Their Union" (1920, in Yiddish).
ROSENBERG Avrom-Chaim (1838, Karlin of Pinsky u. Minsk province - 1928, New York), publicist, publisher. Graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbi, school (1872). He was a state rabbi in Pinsk, Nikolaev, Poltava. Since 1891 - in the USA, where he was engaged in publishing. activities. Among other books. published an encyclopedia of names found in TANAKH "Otsar ga-shmot" in 10 volumes. (1923). He made his debut as a publicist in the weekly. Der Yidisher Farmer (1891) with st. on questions agriculture among Jews during the time of the prophets and the Talmud. Later he collaborated in "Idishes Tageblat" and other ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew. R. belongs to the lane. in Yiddish, 12 volumes. "Stories of the World" by K. Focht (New York, 1918).
ROSENBERG Boris Isaakovich (1905, Odessa - 1958, Leningrad), power engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. (1958). After the end of the energy. Faculty of Odessa Polytechnic. Institute from 1927 worked in Leningrad. branch of Vses. electromechanical. association, in 1930–51 - in Leningrad. branch of Vses. design institute "Teploelektroproekt", where he held the positions of Art. engineer, deputy. early sector, deputy. ch. electrician, ch. electrician. From 1930 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those at the department "Electronic station". R. - one of the founders of the theory of optimization of modes of complex energetic. systems. tr. in the region. research ways to reduce losses and create. the most advantageous distribution of active and reactive power in electrical systems, development and implementation of phase-wise repair of power lines. Became. etc. (1948).
ROSENBERG David Iochelevich (1879, Shateikiai, Vilna province - 1950, Moscow), economist. Prof. (1931), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member Bund from 1897. In 1913 he was exiled to Narym, where he continued his self-education and propaganda parties. work. Since 1920 - in Moscow. From 1921 to 1931 he taught a course on political economy at the Communist Academy. upbringing them. NK Krupskaya, in 1931–37 at the Institute of the Red Professors, since 1936 scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1937 prof. Moscow State University and scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics Communist. academy. In 1941–43 in the Kazan state. un-those, in 1945-48 Art. scientific. sotr. IMEL at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1948-50 he taught at Moscow State University. Grew up. option ed. social reconstruction was considered a profanation DOS. Marx's idea, its "provincialism". Ch. scientific. tr. - in the region. history and theory of polit. savings. Widely izv. "Commentaries on" Capital "by K. Marx" (1929–31) in 3 volumes, reprinted many times (1932, 1961, 1983). Works: Class struggle. Tomsk, 1921; Political Economy. 3rd ed. M.-L., 1931; History of economics teachings. M., 1940.
ROSENBERG Georgy Vladimirovich (1914, Smolensk - 1982, Moscow), physicist-optician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1968). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1938). He worked in Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the hands of. G.S. Landsberg, then to the lab. atmospheric optics Ying-that theoretical. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1941 - 45 - at the front. In 1956–82 the head. dep. atmospheric optics, later renamed to dep. physics of atmospheric aerosol Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. since 1968 prof. MIPT. In 1946-62 Art. ed. zhurn. "Success of physical. Sciences ". Works belong to the region. physical and atmospheric optics. Developed the foundations of algebraic. optics and formulated the matrix equation of radiation transfer. Created a semi-empirical. theory of radiation transfer, fundamentals of spectroscopy of dispersed media. Introduced means. contribution to the development of optical methods. sounding of the earth's atmosphere. Investigated atmospheric aerosol, created optical. aerosol model and built it kinetic. theory. Under the arm. R. has implemented a multidimensional research program. atmospheric aerosol as climate-forming and environmentally friendly. factor a. Publ. about 200 st. and 4 monographs, incl. "Optics of thin-layer coatings". (Moscow, 1958), "Searchlight beam in the atmosphere." (M., 1971).
ROSENBERG Yehuda-Yudl (1860, Skaryshev of Radomsky District and Gubernia - 1935, Montreal, Canada), rabbi. Born into the family of a rabbi. In 1880 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1885 the rabbi is in Tarluv, then in Lublin and Warsaw, since 1900 - in Lodz. Since 1912 the Polish rabbi. Jews in Toronto, since 1918 Union of Orthodox, communities in Canada. The author is a rabbi, book. in Yiddish, to-rye were very popular, especially the book. for honey. Topics. R. also owns works on folklore, several. book legends and ist. stories, incl. Der shpoller seide (Grandfather from Shpola, Lodz, 1926).
ROSENBERG Israel (1895, Lublin - 1963, New York), playwright, actor. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. In his youth he played in amateur t-ts, then became a prof. an actor. From 1917 - in Canada, from 1921 - in the USA. Among the plays of R., most of which were directed by Amer. the Jewish scene, - "Froen-gendler" ("Traders in women"), "Tsurik noh Rusland" ("Back to Russia"), "Der Prize fun laihtzin" ("The price of frivolity"), "Di froy, howling from gewagt" (“The Woman Who Dared”), “Steinerne Herzer” (“Stone Hearts”), “Ven a Mama Zindikt” (“When a Mother Sins”), “Yakove Kinder” (“Children of Yakov”). R. staged Op. T. Herzl, I. Opatos, I.-L. Peretz and others, his own rum. "Menchn on oign" ("People without eyes"). From dramas. manuf. R. publ .: "Berele tramp" (comic operetta) and "Caucasian libe" ("Caucasian love", Warsaw, 1926). The author of Art. about t-re.
ROSENBERG Israel (1875, Lomza - 1956), rabbi. In 1899 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1902 - in the USA. Founder and director. United. distribution to-that, head of delegation Center. to-that on assisting the Jews of Europe (1920). Founder of the Ezras-Toira Foundation, who assisted European Jews after the 1st and 2nd Worlds. wars. Participated in the work of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada, holding positions before. presidium (1926-28 and 1940-56), pres. (1928-30) and hon. prez. (1930–39).
ROSENBERG Lazar Davidovich (1908 - 1968, Moscow), physicist and acoustician. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. Graduated in 1931 from Kiev Power Engineering. in-t. He worked in research. lab. Kiev Film Studio. Since 1938 in Moscow, he headed the design of acoustic. systems of the Palace of Soviets. In 1941–45 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, took part in the creation. a new type of weapon to combat acoustic. mines. Since 1954 he headed the department of ultrasound in Akustich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. in 1939-50 he taught at Moscow. energetic in-those, in 1950–53 in the Yaroslavl ped. Institute, since 1956 at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (prof. of the Department of Acoustics). tr. associated with research. physics of ultrasound, the development of distribution systems. dubbing. In the end. 1940s discovered the phenomenon of ultra-long propagation of sound in the sea, created a general theory of sound focusing systems. From 1956 he conducted research. physical foundations of prom. the use of ultrasound. Based on work in the region. acoustic cavitation (1958–65), equipment was created and technology for ultrasonic cleaning, drying, spraying, etc. was developed. Became. etc. (1951) Cit .: Application of ultrasound. M., 1957; A story about an inaudible sound. M., 1961; Ultrasonic cutting. M., 1962.
ROSENBERG Malvina Assirovna (1888, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1965, Dnepropetrovsk), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1936), prof. (1933). After graduating from Kharkov University in 1911, she worked in chemical-bacteriol. un-that office. In 1917–20 an assistant at the Department of Biochemistry, Higher. wives courses in Yekaterinoslav. Since 1920, assistant at the Department of Inorganic. Chemistry Yekaterinoslavsky Institute of Nar. education. Participated in the chemical organization. Faculty of Dnepropetrovsk State un-that was its first dean. Since 1925 Assoc., Then Prof. and head. department inorganic. chemistry. At the same time. in 1921–27 she taught at the Yekaterinoslavsky Horn, in-those. In 1927 she took part in the organization of Ying-that physical. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. scientific. tr. dedicated research mechanism of ionic oxidation-reduction, reactions and confirmation of their electronic nature. Showed that a constant magnetic field delays the dissolution of ferromagnets. and paramagnet. metals, and discovered the opposite phenomenon (acceleration) in diamagnes. metals, which made it possible to obtain new data on paramagnets. properties of free radicals and their role in the mechanism of chemical. reactions. Developed methods for protecting metals from corrosion. Author of scientific. Art. and monographs, the first textbook in the country (co-authored with L.V. Pisarzhevsky) on inorganic. chemistry, in which the substantiation of the processes of general and inorganic is given. chemistry based on electronic representations.
ROSENBERG Mark Borisovich (b. 1939, Moscow), architect, book graphic artist. Cand. architecture (1980). Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute in 1963. Main. works: a complex of public utilities in Gelendzhik (1972) - diploma of the Union of Architects; industrial-communal zone in Tobolsk (1990), 2 prizes in competitions for the projects of the Palace of Pioneers (1967), clubs for the village (1966), the Palace of Soviets in Volgograd (1968). Etc. at the World. architect. Biennale in Sofia (1985) for the design of the book. ser. "World of Architecture".
ROSENBERG Moishe (1905, Warsaw - 1942, Mexico), journalist. He published a literary youth magazine in Warsaw. Sprozungen (1925). Since 1928 - in Mexico, gas founder. Der veg (1929).
ROSENBERG Pavel Borisovich (b. 1922, Melitopol, Tavricheskaya province), painter, graphic artist. Member of the 2nd world. war. Graduated from Stroit, Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Engineer worked. In 1967 he entered Moscow. higher. art-prom. uch-shche (former Stroganovskoe) at the department. design, at the end of which he created Monum. canvases "Jeanne d'Arc", "Croesus", "Uluk-bek". Three paintings by R. were acquired by the A.A. Blok Museum in Shakhmatovo. Acted as Prince. ill. pov. NV Gogol "Mirgorod" (Moscow, 1982), "Notes from the dead house" by FM Dostoevsky (acquired by the Museum of Semipalatinsk), "Faust" by IV Goethe. Personal exhibitions of R. took place in Moscow in 1979 and 1985. In 1979–85 - annual exhibitions of R.'s works in the hall of the Moscow City Committee of Graphic Artists. One of the founders and participant of the 1st exhibition "Group 21" (1981). In 1990 he visited Spain with an exhibition of works, after which he turned to Jewish themes in his work ("Esther and Fanny Kaplan", "Philosophers", "Agasfer", "Expulsion of Jews from Spain", "Defenders of Masada", etc.).
ROSENBERG Shloyme (1896, Sadurki, Lublin Province - 1975, New York), writer, translator. He graduated from the external gymnasium. In 1919–21 - in E.-I. He returned to Poland, worked in a printing house as a typesetter, accountant. Several years lived in Warsaw. In 1932 he emigrated to France, was a secretary. at S. Asch in Nice. In 1940 he fled from France, from 1941 - in New York. He made his debut in literature in 1918, since then he published poetry in periodicals ed. Since 1931 - sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gayntike Nice", publ. rum. and ser. Art. "Portraits of Jewish History". From 1942 he worked for New York Gas. "Tog", where he printed rom., Feuilletons and art. For a number of years he edited in Paris, then in New York, Jewish newspapers, journals, collections. Author of the book: "Rabbi Akiva" (New York, 1947), "Reb Meir and Bruria", (ibid., 1950), "Sholem Ash fun der noent" ("Sholem Ash near", Miami, 1958), "Khazars" (historical rom.), (Buenos Aires, 1960). Translated into Yiddish. J. Verne, G. Senkevich, V. Reimont.
ROSENBLAT Frank (Ephraim) (1884, Lyuboml Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1927, New York), literary critic, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, engaged in self-education. He became interested in Zionism, but soon joined the Bund movement. For activities in the Bund in 1903 he was arrested, was able to free himself and leave for the USA. In 1910 he graduated from Columbia University in New York. There was an econ. state expert institutions, gen. sec. Arbeter Ring, held senior positions in the Joint and in the New York Jewish community. Lit. active early in 1903 in Russian. lang., but soon switched to Yiddish. Printed poems in decomp. period, ed., in part, in zhurn. "Tsukunft". Here publ. Art. on the social and polit. and econ. themes, then completely switched to questions of literature. Author of works about Sholem Aleichem, A.K. Reisen, II-M. Weissenberg, M. Vinchevsky, M. Rosenfeld, etc., as well as about the work of Russian. writers. R. is one of the leading critics of Yiddish literature in the United States of the early 20th century.
ROSENBLAT Joseph (Iosele) (1882, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1933, Jerusalem), cantor, composer. In childhood, as a child prodigy, he made a tour of the countries of the East. Europe, sang in synagogues. In 1900 the cantor of the synagogue in Mukachevo, from 1901 - in Bratislava, from 1906 - in Hamburg. Since 1912 - in the USA. He became famous as a tenor singer and as a performer of secular repertoire. He had a wide-range voice, with a movable falsetto, often used grace, passages that enhance the expressiveness of the performance, the so-called. sobbing notes in religion. chants. Has successfully toured in the USA and European countries. R. is the author of pl. melodies, to-rye became popul. and entered the synagogue repertoire, however, due to the complexity of the vocals, easily overcome by R., they were performed only by skilled cantors.
ROSENBLAT Mordechai (real fam. Weizel) (1837, Antopol of Kobrin district of Grodno province - 1906, Slonim of Grodno province), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Semyatichi and Pinsk. He studied Kabbalah and, although he was not associated with Hasidism, became known as a tzaddik. From 1870 the rabbi was in Butenki, from 1887 - in Korelichi, from 1892 - in Oshmyany, in 1904–06 - in Slonim. He wrote explanations for the Talmud, one of the works of R. - Sat. responses and homilies "Hadrat Mordechai" (1899) - was published.
ROSENBLAT X. (real name and fam. Chaim Rosenblit) (1878, Rossosh, Podolsk province - 1956, Los Angeles), poet. Since 1891 - in the USA. He began to publish poetry in 1900. He was close to symbolism and lit. gr. "Di yung". In 1916 he edited lit. weekly Detroiter Volkenblat. In 1921 he settled in Los Angeles, where for more than a third of a century he was at the head of Jewish cultural life. The author of several. poetic. books.
ROSENBLYUM Alexander Samoilovich (1826 - 1903, Odessa), infectious disease specialist, psychiatrist. After finishing honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1849) worked as a private practitioner and doctor of the typhoid hospital of the military. departments in Mogilev. From 1858 mountains. doctor in Odessa; in 1859–63, a hydrotherapist and psychiatrist at the private health resort of Klein-Libental near Odessa (now the Malodolinskoye resort); in 1864–87 head. psychiatrist. branch in the Odessa mountains. hospital. For the first time in the history of medicine, he inoculated with a therapeutic purpose relapsing fever in the mentally ill and achieved a positive result (1874–75), as reported in the work "On the relationship of febrile diseases to psychoses" (1876). He was engaged in psychic statistics. morbidity in Russia, studied psych. disorders in children, with syphilis, malaria. There was a secret. Odessa Society of Doctors and one of the organizers of the Odessa balneologist. about-va.
ROSENBLUM Benjamin (1872, Grodno - 1902, New York), poet. Since 1891 - in the USA. He began to publish poetry in 1892 in London Gas. "Arbeter-fraind", was published in Amer. Jewish period. ed. He stood at the origins of Jewish poetry in the United States. Presented in the anthology "500 years of Jewish poetry" M. Basin, other anthologies and collection of books.
ROSENBLUM David Efremovich (1896, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1976, Moscow), physician, physiologist. Colonel honey. service. Dr. med. sciences. Beginning psychophysiologist. lab. Belarusian. IN. (1925-31) and courses "Shot" (1931-32), beginning. physiologist. lab. Academy armored vehicles. troops (1932–36), early. Aviation Institute medicine (1936–43), beginning. Centre. Aviation hospital (1943–45), beginning. department of military. physiology and the department of aviation. military medicine. faculty TSIUV (1945-53), head. Department of Physiology of the Moscow Institute of Public Administration (1955–75) Sci. tr. R. dedicated issues of altitude physiology, altitude sickness, the effect of overloads on the body, including accelerations. In 1944, for the organization of honey. help fr. the pilots of the squadron "Normandie-Niemen" were awarded hordes. Legion of Honor.
ROSENBLUM Evgeny Abramovich (1919, Rostov-on-Don - 2000), architect. Son of L.I. Rosenblum. Vice President Moscow branches of Europe. academy of mountains. Wednesday (1992), prof. Int. Academy of Architecture (1994). In 1938 he entered the Moscow Architectural Institute. From 1941 - at the front. Since 1945 teacher of Military-Ing. acad. them. V.V. Kuibyshev. In 1947 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1964 he organized in Moscow and unchallenged hands. Center, uch. studio of artistic and design creativity. Theorist and designer in the region. environment design. Among the works of R.: a typical project of mining and construction. technical school (under the direction of LK Burov, 1949), projects of historical and cultural reconstruction (revitalization) of mountains. the environment of Novosibirsk (1972), Ashgabat (1975), Moscow (Arbat district, 1993); projects thin solutions for the exposition of the museums of A.S. Pushkin on Kropotkinskaya (1961) and on Arbat (1986), East. Museum of Tatarstan (Kazan, 1992), etc., projects of a number of palaces and pavilions. Author of over 100 publications.
ROSENBLUM Lidia Izrailevna (1890, Tambov - 1981, Moscow), lawyer. In the 1920s. member Moscow mountains. the bar association. She acted as a defender at the Shakhty polit. process (1928). In the 1930s. head legal department Zhurn.-Gaz. Association (headed by M.E. Koltsov. In the late 1930s she was repressed, after rehabilitation in the 1940s she was again a member of the Moscow City Bar Association.
ROSENBLUM Moishe (1889, Tsekhanovets Velsky u. Grodno province - 1969, Moscow), journalist, translator. Graduated from commercial. school in Bialystok. On the eve of the 1st world. war - in Belgium, where he studied at the Polytechnic for 2 years. in-those in Ghent. Banished for the roar. activities, moved to England, where he graduated from electrical engineering. Faculty of London University. He made his debut in print in Denmark, was exiled for the roar. activity. In 1922 in Berlin he joined the German Communist Party. Since 1929 - in the USSR. He worked in gas. "For industrialization", "Izvestia", "Der Emes", in the Radio Committee, in the years of the 2nd world. wars - into gas. "Einikite", then in the publishing house "Der Emes". Translated into Yiddish. peace. lit-ry, including rum. "Jean Christophe" by R. Rolland.
ROSENBOYM Menachem-Mendel (1870, Pleschenitsy Borisov district. Minsk province - 1954, Jerusalem), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and became one of its leading figures. Several was arrested once. From 1905 - in the USA, he studied agronomy at New York University, in 1914 he settled on his own. farm. After the Balfour Declaration (1917) he joined Zion. slave. movement. From 1924 - in E.-I., where from 1930 he lived in a kibbutz. The first story was published in 1905 in Russian. lang., then switched to Yiddish. Publ. ser. scientific-popul. Art. in physics, several. stories and verse. in New York Jewish Journals. "Zeit" and "Tsukunft". Author of Erinerungen Fun and Socialist-Revolutionary (Memoirs of a Socialist-Revolutionary, New York-Warsaw, 1921–24); in 1935 came out in Tel Aviv in Hebrew.
ROSENBOIM Yakov-Chaim (1890, Rozhische of Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1942, Alma-Ata), journalist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1908 he lived in Vilna, from 1920 - in Kaunas, Berlin, Riga. Printed during the Jewish period. ed. poems, one-act plays, Art. about t-re. Was ed. and ed. several Jewish editions: "Literary Geftn" (Vilna, 1916). "Der Emigrant" (Kaunas-Riga, 1922-1923) "Lecte Nice" (Riga, 1925), "Unzer Theater" (Riga, 1926), "Di voh" (ill. Magazine, covering literature, art in and t-p, Riga, 1927–28). R.'s plays "Zolst khasene obn" ("Marry", Vilna, 1913), "Tsurik ageim" ("Back home", ibid., 1917), "Fatum" (Riga, 1921), etc. were staged in Jewish theaters. rakh Latvia and Lithuania.
ROSENFELD Aron (1846, Berestechko of Dubensky district of Volyn province - 1916, Bakhmut of Yekaterinoslav province), writer, teacher. He wrote in Hebrew. Graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school (1872). He taught at the state Jewish school. Collaborated in gas. "Ga-Yom" was also published in another period. ed. in Hebrew. In 1880 he published the highly popular lit. a reader in Hebrew for children. Translated into Hebrew M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Pushkin. In 1881 publ. the poem "Hillel the Elder". In the last. years served societies. rabbi in Bakhmut.
ROSENFELD Avrom (1884, Lublin - 1941 or 1942, Warsaw), publicist, playwright. Rod. in the Hasid, family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1906 in Warsaw. Began to print in gas. "Unzer Lebn". In 1912-14 he published several books in Warsaw. humor. gas. and ser. holiday leaflets ("yomtov-bletlekh") under the name. "Blumen" ("Flowers"). Since 1911 - the state. sotr. gas. "Moment", ed. sect. "Der Krumer Spiegl" ("Crooked Mirror"), author of stories and humores. In 1919 - ed. humor, weekly. Der Fraer Voigel. Mn. years publ. their production in different period. ed. In Warsaw in 1921 he published a collection of works. stories "Inem rush" ("In the noise"), in 1924 - "Dee green brik" ("Green Bridge"). The author of libres, and the text of the operetta "Di Froenkegner" ("Misogynists") and the comedy "Hoyves" ("Debts"), both were staged in Warsaw and other cities. Poland.
ROSENFELD Boris Abramovich (b. 1917, Petrograd), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1948), prof. (1951). acad. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1978). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1939. He worked in the Kharkov hydrometeorologist. in-those (1942–43), at the Moscow Higher Technical School (1943–47), in Azerbaijan. un-those (1950–55), in Kolomenskoye ped. in-those (1955–64), in the Institute of the history of natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1964). Since 1990 - in the USA. Works at the University of Pennsylvania. Works in the field of geometry and history of mathematics - the history of geometry and mathematics of the medieval Arab East. He translated from Arabic and commented on Op. many Arab mathematicians (Omar Khayyam, Sabit ibn Qorrah, al-Khwarizmi, al-Biruni, etc.) Vol .: Non-Euclidean geometries. M., 1955; Non-Euclidean spaces. M., 1969; The theory of parallel lines in the medieval East of the 9-14 centuries. M., 1983 (co-authored with A.P. Yushkevich.
ROSENFELD Efim Markovich (1894, Malaya Kamenka village - 1964, Moscow), composer, pianist, conductor. From 1906 - in Kiev he studied playing the php., Worked as a pianist in a c / t. From 1921 - in Moscow, worked as a pianist-accompanist. Since 1922, artist of Mosestrada. In 1938, together with his sister and brothers, he organized one of the first jazz orcs in the USSR. - "Jazz Accordion Ensemble", which performed in the mountains. Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, in the Far East, in Siberia. In 1950, the collective was disbanded at the direction of the authorities. R. - author of popul. tango, performed in con. 1930s GP Vinogradov and others: "Returning your portrait to you ..." ("I love"), "My happiness ..."; songs, Izv. performed by KIShulzhenko "Old Letters" and others. R.'s melodies were used for music. design of dramas, performances and films (including "They Fought for the Motherland" by SF Bondarchuk, 1975). During the war, the march song "My Black Sea Jacket" (1943) was popular. R. arranged the arrangement of "Jewish Rhapsody" by V.N. Knushevitsky and others.
ROSENFELD Fanny (1905, Yekaterinoslav - 1969, Toronto, Canada), athlete (athletics). Since the 1910s. - In Canada. At the 1928 Olympics, she won the evil. medal in the relay 4 x 400 m and silver. in the 100m run. Established a few peace. and nat. records in standing and running long jump, in discus and javelin throwing, shot put. 1924 Canadian tennis champion. From 1937–66 she worked as a sports columnist for the Globe and Mail newspaper. In 1950 she was recognized as the best athlete in Canada in the first half of the century.
ROSENFELD Gersh (1884, Rogachev, Mogilev Gubernia - 1960, New York), poet, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1906 - in the USA. He studied chemistry in college (Michigan), studied at Columbia University in New York. From 1902 he was an activist of the Bund, and later joined the communists. He began to write in 1903, published articles, reviews of books, poetry, but ch. arr. per. The first major work was lane. book A. Rensom "Russia in 1918" was published with a sequel in the communist organ "Der Kampf". Translated into Yiddish Finnish. bunk bed the epos "Kalevala", "The Noble Nest" by IS Turgenev, "The History of Socialist Thought" by K. Kautsky, "Selected Works" by PA Kropotkin, manuf. J. London, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. G. Ehrenburg.
ROSENFELD Iona (1880, Czartorysk, Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1944, New York), writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1921 - in the USA. First production - the story "Dos Lern-Ingl" ("The Apprentice") publ. in 1904 in gas. "Fraind". He published stories, rom., Dram. miniatures in the period, ed., in the main. in "Forverts", where pl. years was staff. sotr. R.'s stories are presented in collection, anthologies, almanacs, textbooks. Author Sat. stories: "Di shmole geselekh" ("Close streets", Warsaw, 1910), "Nakht untoyt" ("Night and death", Vilna, 1912), "Froen" ("Women", Kiev, 1919). After two volumes. ed. "Shriftn" (Warsaw, 1909) in different. years were published multivolume fav. manuf. R. In 1927, a pov was published in New York. "Er un zi" ("He and she"), in 1940 - autobiography. rum. "Einer Alain" ("Lonely"), see. Tom. fav. manuf. with Crete-biographer, preface by S. Niger. From dramas. manuf. publ. "Der Schwarzer Schleer" ("Black Veil"), "Ver iz Schuldik" ("Who's to Blame"), "Man un vib a kurze zait noh der hasene" ("Husband and wife shortly after the wedding"), "Liebschaft un gas "(" Love and Hate ")," Di tragedy fun a farlibtn man "(" The tragedy of a man in love "), etc. The play based on the story" Competitors "staged by the author was staged in several. t-rah USA.
ROSENFELD Iosif Lvovich (1914, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province - 1981, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1952), prof. (1957). Graduated from Moscow. in-t tsvetn. metals and gold (1939) and graduate school with him (1941). In 1941 - 46 - in the Red Army. In 1946–81 he worked at Ying-those physical. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. work in the region. theoretical and applied problems of corrosion and corrosion protection of metals. Completed a series of works on the theory of the atmosphere. corrosion, in to-rykh first proposed a number of precision research methods. electrochem. kinetics in thin electrolyte layers. Developed the technique of corrosion-electrochemical. experiment and application of physical and chemical. methods for solving problems of establishing the mechanism of corrosion and protection of metals. Foreign member Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (1981). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR.
ROSENFELD Mikhail Konstantinovich (1906, Petersburg - 1942), journalist, writer, screenwriter. In the 1920s and 30s. one of the leading masters of reporting in the USSR. For participation in the rescue of the icebreaker "Malygin" was awarded a horde. Work. Cr. Banner (1937). In 1936–37 - in Spain, in 1939 - on Khalkhin-Gol, in 1939–40 - in the Soviet-Finl. fr. In 1941–42 in fr. print. He died surrounded near Kharkov. Op.: Song of old Thailo. L., 1925; In the sands of Kara-Kum. L., 1930; By car in Mongolia. M., 1931; Sea secret. M.-L., 1937; Fav. M., 1957.
ROSENFELD Maurice (Moishe-Yakov-Alter) Efraimovich (1862, Boksha, Suwalki province. - 1923, New York), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1882 - to the USA, but soon returned to London. He joined the anarchist movement, wrote poetry about the life of the workers. In 1886 he left for the USA again. In the same year in New York gas. Yiddishe Folkszeitung publ. first verse. The first Sat came out in New York. R .: "Di Gloke" ("The Bell", 1888), "Di blumenkeste" ("Basket of Flowers", 1890). In New York, Warsaw and other centers of Jewish culture, many have come out. verse. Sat. R. Three volumes of verse, published in 1908, 6-volume (poetry and prose) - in 1908–10. Subject of production R. is diverse: social ideas and nat. motives, love lyrics. R, - the author of the libretto of the op-ty "Der lezter koen-godl" ("The Last High Priest"), one-act plays "Elnt unnoyt" ("Loneliness and Need"), "Cantonists", etc. In the history of Jewish literature R . entered as an outstanding nat. poet, one of the creators of social lyrics of his time, who enriched Yiddish poetry with new themes and motives, forms and rhythms.
ROSENFELD P.T. (| - |), publicist. The author of the book. on social and demographer. questions (published in Moscow): "Dos Yiddish Shtetl in the period fun industrialization un durhoisiker collectivization" ("Jewish place in the period of industrialization and complete collectivization"), "Kadren far der culture-revolution" ("Personnel for the cultural revolution", both - 1931, "Tsvei kulturn - tsvei sahaklets" ("Two cultures - two totals", 1932). Member of the editorial board of sinks, magazine "Der apikoires",
ROSENFELD Shalom (1914, Merchant in Dubensky u. Volyn province - 2008, Herzliya, Israel), journalist, publicist. Since 1934 - in E.-I. He studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, where he studied philosophy and history. He began his journalistic career in 1934 in gas. "Ga-Yar-den". Member Beitar, later joined ETsEL, was the commander of the Beitar company in the Upper Galilee, an officer of the ETZEL propaganda service. Arrested Brit. the authorities. In the end. 1930s and in the 1940s. R. collaborated in gas. "Ha-Mashkif", "Herut", "Yediot Ahronot", was a correspondent in E.-I. gas. Forverts (New York) and Yiddishe Zeitung (Buenos Aires). In 1948 he took part in the creation of gas. "Maariv", in a cut he worked for over 30 years, ed. dep. news, deputy. ch. ed., ch. ed. Was watered. commentator on radio and television. In 1984 he founded and headed the department. journalism, and in 1986 - Ying t mir. Jewish press at Tel Aviv University. R. author of several. publicistic. book: "Criminal case 124", "Sharp corner" and others. Pr. them. Sokolova (1975). State Israel Ave (1986).
ROSENFELD Shmuel (Samuil Yakovlevich) (1869, Gluzskoe, Kherson province. - 1943, New York), publicist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1899 he studied philosophy, history, political economy in Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna. He lived in Petersburg, Warsaw, Vilna, Bobruisk. Journalist. activity began in Hebrew in 1889, in Yiddish debuted in 1899 in gas. Der Yud. Since 1903 staff. sotr. gas. "Fraind" (Petersburg), since 1908 its ed. In 1909 he moved to the Gaz office. to Warsaw, was ch. ed. before closing the gas. in 1914.Since May 1917, member. editorial board gas. "Petrograder togblat". Since 1919 - in Warsaw, state. sotr. daily gas. "Gaynt". Since 1923 - in the USA, became one of the main. sotr. gas. "Tog", where the publicist published. and lit.-Crete. Art., East. essays. Publ. a number of books. and brochures: "Di gascole-bavegung bai idn" ("Educational movement among the Jews", Pg., 1919). "Yiddish Geshikhte" ("Jewish History", New York, 1927), and others. In 1947, a volume of fav. manuf. R. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. L.N. Andreeva and other rus. writers.
ROSENFELD Vitaly Evgenievich (1905 - 1985, Moscow), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1934), prof. Graduated from Moscow. energetic in-t. He taught at Moscow. electromechanical in-those Ing. transport (dean of the faculty "Electrification of railways"), then in Moscow. energetic in-those (prof. of the department "Electric transport"). R. created the first owls. electric locomotives with impulse control, asynchronous motors for mine electric. transport and original designs of mine electric locomotives. R. was one of the first to propose a method for calculating electric. traction. The author of the first textbooks on electric. traction, scientific. works on electric rolling stock, electrification of industrial transport. Became, etc. (1949).
ROSENFELD Yakov Lvovich (1839, Austria - 1885, Minsk), journalist. Attorney at law in St. Petersburg. Collaborated with St. Petersburg Vedomosti in the late 1870s. In 1881, he first became a co-owner (together with GI Bogrov of the weekly Rassvet, then the sole owner, making it the organ of the Palestinian movement.
ROSENFELD Yakov Samoilovich (1883, Vitebsk - 1973, Leningrad), economist. He studied philosophy. f-those of Geneva un-that and econom. Faculty of Hesse University. Returning to Russia, he was persecuted for participating in the roar. activities. He was close to MZ Shagal, whom R.'s sister married. In 1905 he moved to St. Petersburg, collaborated in gas., Speaking with the economist. reviews. In 1908 he entered the service of the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade, in 1915 - in the Military-Prom. to-t, where he headed the department. labor and metallurgy. From 1921 he lectured on economics in various. uch. institutions. In 1926–39 prof. Polytechnic. in-that. From 1940 he taught at Leningrad State University and Finance and Economics. in-those. R. author of the first major research. for the development of social. kh-va ("Industrial policy of the USSR, 1917-1925", M., 1926), other econom. works. Arrested in 1930 in the "Industrial Party case", released in 1931. In 1946 he released the book. United States Industry and War. In 1947, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was criticized for "groveling before the Amer. capital ”, was fired from LSU. In 1949 he was arrested again, spent 6 years in prisons, camps and exile. After returning to Leningrad, he continued scientific. work, participated in vol. book "History of mechanical engineering of the USSR" (1961).
ROSENFELD Zinovy ​​Moiseevich (1904, Chashniki of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1991, Moscow), architect, teacher. In 1929 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School, studied with I.A. Golosov, G.B. Barkhin, M.Ya. Ginzburg. He worked in Moscow. He taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute (1931–35, 1949–50). Main work: home for sotr. militia at 31 Kropotkinskaya Street (1926), a drummer's house at 22-24 Krasnoprudnaya Street (1932), development of a residential section (1940), residential buildings at Krasnoselskaya Street. (1949), Sadovaya Triumfalnaya st. (1949, with A. Suris), planning and development of areas of Sandy Streets (1948–55), st. Bakunin (1955-60), Volkhonka-ZIL (1955-60), 12th floor. house on st. Chkalov (1964–65), 9th floor. house on Olminsky avenue (1964–65), 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya st. (1977), hotel of the Central Committee of the CPSU in Plotnikov lane. (I960, with A.B. Bergelson, K.P. Alekseeva). Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1978). Became. pr. (1950, 1951).
ROSENGOLTS Arkady Pavlovich (1889, Vitebsk - 1938, Moscow), statesman and military leader. Member RSDLP since 1905. Studied at the Kiev Commerce. in-those. In 1905–09 he led the roar. worked in Vitebsk, in 1913 - in Kiev, in 1913–15 he worked in the health insurance funds in Yekaterinoslav and Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Pres. Moscow Council. In oct. days 1917 Moscow VRK, one of the hands. armed restore in Moscow. In 1918, members. SNK Mosk. region and cand. in part. Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, during the Civil. war 1918–21 p. Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, member. RVS of the 5th, 8th, 7th, 13th and 15th armies, the closest assistant of L.D. Trotsky, a supporter of his military. activities and transformations. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (1920). In 1922 a member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR, in 1923–24 members. Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, early. Ch. ex. Air Fleet under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1925–27, advisor and acting. plenipotentiary of the USSR in Great Britain. Since 1928, member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' Cross. inspection of the USSR and deputy. Commissar. In 1930–37, the People's Commissar for External. trade of the USSR. In 1937 the beginning. ex. state reserves at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Arrested, shot.
ROSENGOIS Leime (1895, Minsk - 1962, ibid.), Journalist, publicist, editor. Participated in the Zionist labor movement. After Oct. rev-tion - an activist in the Evsection. In the 1930s. dir. bank in Minsk. He made his debut in the organ of the Zionist workers' party "Dos Frae Wort" (Minsk, 1918-19). Printed lit.-crit. Art. into gas. "October" and literary-artistic. zhurn. "Stern" (Minsk), several years was a member. his editorial board. In 1929, joint. with G. Aleksandrov released in Minsk Prince. about owls. Belarus "Unzer Kant" ("Our Land").
ROSENGOIS Mendel Evseevich (1901, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1982, Moscow), bibliographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1922–24 he was a librarian in Bobruisk. In 1924 he moved to Moscow. Bibl. R.'s activity was associated with Ped. in-ta them. VI Lenin, Communist University nat. minorities of the West, GOSET, Der Emes publishing house. In the 1960s and 70s. librarian as amended. zhurn. "Sovetish gameland", where R. publ. bibliography of manuf. D.N. Gofshtein, Z. Vendrova, who died in fr. Jewish writers, literature about Birobidzhan. The author of Art. "On Libraries and Librarians" ("Sovetish Heimland", 1982, No. 2), which contains an overview of librarianship in the USSR in the 1920s – 40s. and reviews of the Bible. works in Yiddish, published in the 1960s – 70s. in decomp. countries of the world.
ROSENKRANTS (Feder) Avrom-Zvi (1815, Kletsk of Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1901, Vilna), publisher. Together with S.-I. Finn, he created a publishing house with a printing house in Vilna, which published hundreds of books. in Hebrew, approx. 100 novels and coll. fairy tales in Yiddish. The first book came out. “Di Yiddish Geshikhte” (“Jewish History”) by S. Resser.
ROSENSHTEIN Anna Moiseevna (Mikhailovna) (ps. Kuleshova) (1854, Simferopol, Tauride province - 1925, Milan), politician. From a wealthy merchant family (father - offspring, honorary citizen). She graduated with anger. medal of wives. gymnasium in Simferopol (1871), soon went abroad to continue her education (one of the first Jewish girls-students of Zurich University). In Switzerland, it moved closer to growing up. roar. emigration. On Feb. 1873 returned to Russia, together with her husband P.M. Makarevich entered the Odessa branch of St. Petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky", in 1875, member. circle of "Young rebels" in Kiev. In apr. 1877 emigrated because of the threat of arrest, under the fam. Kuleshova lived in Paris, participated in the organization of the section of the International, for which she was expelled from France in 1878. Together with her second husband, Italian. socialist A. Costa, lived in Switzerland, provided assistance to the Social-Democrats. gr. Emancipation of Labor. From 1885 she lived in Milan (Italy), where she graduated from honey. f-t un-that. Together with her third husband, Filippo Turati, in 1890-91 founded the socialist. zhurn. "Critique of Sociale", in 1892 one of the creation. and the leaders of the Italian Party. working people (since 1895 - the Italian Socialist Party). Collaborated in Italian. socialist press, was repeatedly persecuted for participating in the mass workers' unrest in 1898 and sentenced to 2 years in prison. In the 1900s –20s. active worker of the socialist. party.
ROSENSHTEIN David Iosifovich (1903, Porozovo, Volkovyssk district. Grodno province - |), politician. In 1925-29 sec. Vilensky city committee, then Grodno district committee of KP Zap. Belarus, member. (1927–29) and hands. (1934–36) Center, ed. KP Zap. Belarus, a delegate to its 1st (1928) and 2nd (1935) congresses. Multiple was arrested, spent by St. 12 years in prisons. In aug. 1943 thrown into the rear of the Germans, troops, sotr. ed. partisan. gas. "Bialystok truth". In 1944–53 - in the Sov. Army, lit. sec. gas. Volna Polska and Volnoshch, then (until 1959) became a journalist. work in Minsk.
ROSENSTEIN Haim (1898, Novy Dvor of the Warsaw District and Gubernia - 1966, Melbourne, Australia), playwright, publicist. Graduated from a public school. He lived in Petersburg, Danzig, Warsaw. Since 1939 - in Australia. Debuted in print 1930 Art. into gas. "Nae Folks Zeitung" (Warsaw). Published in "Literary Bleter", "Der Kritiker", "Belgiche Bleter" and others. Publ. to austral. alm. 2 great works about Jewish t-re in Australia. Author of the plays: "Di catastrophe" (Warsaw, 1931), "Di drite zait medal" ("The third side of the medal", comedy, Melbourne, 1943), "Megile Boruch Trask" ("The Story of Boruch Trask", ibid., 1945) ... He translated into Yiddish the plays of A. Dumas, A.P. Chekhov, K. Chapek, V.V.Shkvarkin and others.
ROSENSHTEIN Semyon Borisovich (b. 1926, Kamenets-Podolsk), painter. In 1943–49 - in the army. In 1953 he graduated from Leningrad. thin uch-shche. In 1959 he was expelled from the last year of the Academy of Arts. I.E. Repin for the decision to write a diploma. work on the topic of the Disaster. From 1959 he lived in Kamenets-Podolsk, was engaged in the design of clubs, cinemas, shops. Since 1974 - in Israel. R.'s paintings are full of reminiscences of the life of the Jewish townships of Ukraine. Among the works of R. - work on the subjects of TANAKH, portraits, landscapes of Jerusalem. Participant of personal and collective exhibitions in Israel and Canada. R.'s works are kept in museums and private collections in Israel, Europe, North. America.
ROSENSTEIN Shmuel (1895, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1944, Auschwitz), journalist, poet. Mn. years was the correspondent. Warsaw daily gas. "Gaynt". From the beginning. occupation of Poland by germ. troops was in the Lodz ghetto, where he was ed. underground gas. and kept the official chronicle of the ghetto ("Gettobukh"), wrote poetry for children. Was deported to Auschwitz.
ROSENSHTRAUKH Leonid Semenovich (b. 1918, Odessa), radiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1959), prof. (1961). [R.'s father - Semyon Iosifovich (1872, Brichany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1941), in 1898-1921 owned a printing house in Odessa, died at the front. R.'s mother - Cecilia Alexandrovna (1875, Brichany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province - 1966, Warsaw), in the 1930s. chairman of VITSO in Chisinau.] Student of S.A. Reinberg. After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1942) he served in the field army as a surgeon, then as a radiologist. In 1951 he completed his postgraduate studies at the Department of Radiology Center. in-that improvement of doctors, where he worked then until 1962. In 1962-77 head. X-ray diagnostics dep. in Moscow. n.-i. roentgenoradiological. in-those; since 1977 head. Department of Radiation Diagnostics Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Prev Moscow Society of Radiologists and Radiologists (1964–94). tr. R. dedicated issues of X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the chest organs. In 1963 he proposed (with L.E. Ponomarev) pneumosubmandibulography - a method of radiology, isl. submandibular salivary gland. Honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1976). Since 1996 - in the USA. Works: Bronchography. M., 1958; X-ray diagnostics of benign lung tumors. M., 1968; X-ray diagnostics of mediastinal tumors. M., 1970; Parietography of the esophagus, stomach and intestines. M., 1973; Differential X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the lungs and mediastinum, v. 1-2. M., 1991 (et al.).
ROSENTALIS Edwardas Lvovich (b. 1963, Vilnius), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1991). Lithuanian Champion (1981). 3x All-Union Winner tournaments of young masters (1984, 1985, 1987). As part of the USSR team, the winner of the World Youth Championship (1986). Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. in Geneva (1987). Member Jewish sport, Maccabi society (Lithuania).
ROSENTALIS Moshe (1922, Mariampol, Poland - 2008), painter. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Hood. Academy in Kaunas (1940–41), in the Plastic Academy. art in Vilnius (1945–50). Participant of a number of exhibitions in the USSR in 1951–57. Since 1958 - in Israel. Since 1966 approx. 60 personal exhibitions in Israel, participant of pl. group exhibitions in decomp. countries. R.'s works are in the collections of museums in Moscow, Vilnius and Riga, in the Israeli Museum in Jerusalem, in the museums of Haifa, Herzliya, "Yad le Banim" Petah Tikva, Ein Harod, in the Knesset and the President's residence in Jerusalem.
ROSENTHAL, see Kohaanoe.
ROSENTHAL-SCHNEIDERMAN Esther (1902, Czestochow, Petrokovskaya province - 1989, Jerusalem), teacher, publicist. N. Rosenthal's wife. She studied at Warsaw University. She was a teacher in Jewish schools in Poland. Since the 1920s. - in USSR. She graduated from the graduate school of the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture at the VUAN. The first article in the journal. "Oif di vegn tsu der naer shul" (Moscow, 1926, no. 1). She wrote ch. arr. for pedagogical. Topics. She worked in Kiev and Ying-those of Jewish proletarian culture, Birobidzhan, in the North. The Caucasus. For many years she published articles in the journal. "Di dig Velt", "Ratn-bildung", "Visnshaft un revolution", "Farmest", in gas. "Der Emes", "Birobidzhaner Stern" and others. Author of textbooks for Jewish schools, ed. in Kharkov-Kiev: "Geselschaftken-tenish" ("Social Science", 1932), "Lernbukh af literatur" ("Textbook on Literature" - in co-authorship with M. Kruglyak, 1932), "Di arber mit opshteendike shiler" (" Working with lagging students ", 1934)," Geimfargebungen "(" Homework ", 1935). Warsaw published Unzer Worth (Nashe Slovo, 1958), Dos Yiddishe Wort (Jewish Word - 5 textbooks for Jewish secondary schools in Poland, 1959–60), etc. In 1958–62 she lived in Poland, since 1962 - in Israel. In 1974–82 in Tel Aviv, three volumes were published. R.-Sh. "Oif vegn un umwegn" ("On the ways and crossroads"), in 1983 - "Birobidzhan fun dernoent" ("Birobidzhan near").
ROSENTHAL David (1808, Tarnograd, Belgoraisky u. Lublin province - 1889), doctor. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna. In 1831 he worked in Hungary on a cholera epidemic. From 1836 - a doctor, from 1844 - chief physician at a Jewish hospital in Warsaw. In 1849–62 he was a doctor, and from 1859 prof. hygiene in Marimontse village - x. and forestry institute. Son R. - Yakov (1844, Warsaw - |), gynecologist. Since 1870, a doctor at a Jewish hospital in Warsaw. He is the author of the history of the Jewish hospital in Warsaw.
ROSENTHAL Ditmar Elyashevich (1900, Lodz - 1994, Moscow), linguist. Cand. ped. Sciences (1952), prof. (1962). From 1914 - in Moscow. In 1923 he graduated from entologolinguistic. branch of the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Moscow State University, in 1924 econom. f-t Ying-ta nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. In 1924–26 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Language and Literature Ros. associations of scientific and research. in-tov societies, sciences. From 1921 he taught at schools, from 1929 at universities. Throughout many. years R. was a member of the methodological program. Commissions Ch. ex. vocational education, later transform. into the teaching method. Council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR. St. 20 years was deputy. otv. ed. zhurn. "Russian language at school". Author of dozens of textbooks and method. textbooks on grammar and style of the Russian language. Vol .: Difficult questions of grammar and spelling. A guide for teachers. M., 1955 (in co-authorship with V.A. Dobromyslov); Practical stylistics of the Russian language. Textbook for universities. M., 1965; Reference book on spelling and literary editing. For print workers. M., 1967; Reference book of linguistic terms. M., 1972 (in co-authorship with M.A. Telenkova; 2nd ed. M., 1976); Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. M., 1994 (in collaboration with E.V. Dzhandzhakova and N.P. Kabanova).
ROSENTHAL Eliezer-David (1856, Khotin, Bessarabian province - 1932, Odessa), writer, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. I independently studied Russian. and it. lang. In 1861 he moved with his family to Telenesti. He lived in Balti. In 1918–19 he was a teacher at a Jewish gymnasium in Teplik (Podolia), then moved to Odessa. In the end. 1880s first published stories in Sat. M.L.Spektor "Gois-frantnd". In the end. 1890s published in gas. "Yud", "Dos Lebn", "Moment" and others. In 1904, ed. R. Odessa gas. "Dos Lebn" published ser. book from 5 issues. - stories in his lane. (M.Gorky, A.P. Chekhov, Bret Hart). He collected a lot of material about the pogroms in Ukraine in 1917–21 (published in Tel Aviv in 1927–31 in Hebrew, partly in Yiddish in various editions).
ROSENTAL Leon Moiseevich (Yehuda-Leib) (1817, Vilna - 1887, Locarno, Switzerland), public figure, banker. All R. 1850s settled in St. Petersburg, where he became one of the leading city financiers and bankers, founded the bargaining. house. He was one of the first members of the board of the Jewish community and synagogue. He contributed a lot to the maintenance of community benefactors. institutions for the construction of the Choral Synagogue in St. Petersburg. In 1880, R. took part in the formation of the Society of Handicraft Labor and other Jewish organizations. Was one of the founders and hands. OPE. In 1884 R. compiled a detailed historian. essay on activities over the past twenty years. The first volume was published in 1885, the second, containing the correspondence of contemporaries, was published after R.'s death in 1890.
ROSENTHAL Leib (1916, Vilna - 1944, according to other sources 1945), poet. At the age of 13 he published (together with I. Gerngut - also a young poet) collection of poems "Zalbetsveit" ("Together", Vilno, 1929). He published poetry, humoresques and art. into gas. "Ovnt-courier", "Wilner Express", "Die Zeit". Author of revues staged in the Vilna ghetto. Verse 13. R. about the ghetto (part with notes) Sh.Kocherginsky publ. in his book. "Gezang funwilner ghetto" ("Melodies of the Vilna ghetto", Paris, 1947) and in collection. The Leader of the Fund Di Getos Un Camp (Poems from the Ghettos and Camps, New York, 1948). Together with other prisoners of the Vilna ghetto, R. was deported to a death camp in Estonia.
ROSENTHAL Leiser (1794, Naselsk, Warsaw province - 1868, Hannover, Germany), bibliographer. He was a teacher in Paderborn (Germany). Collected book. and manuscripts in Hebrew. and Yiddish (32 manuscripts and 6 thousand printed editions). In 1880, the collection was donated by R.'s descendants to Amsterdam and under the name R.'s Library. included in the university library.
ROSENTHAL Max (1833, Turek, Kalisz province - 1918, USA), painter, engraver, inventor. He was an apprentice to the Parisian lithographer M. Turvanzhe, together with whom he came to the USA in 1849 to work as a lithographer. a firm in Philadelphia. At the same time. studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. R. was one of the first in the United States to study chromolithography. In 1854 he created his own. This is the largest chromolithograph ever made in the United States. works "The interior of the old Masonic temple in Philadelphia." During the Civil. war (1861–65) R. was an officer. illustrator Voen. Commission of the United States and created color. engravings on the history of the war. medicine. R. invented an installation for blowing decor, glass, in 1872 developed a new method of engraving on glass. R.'s son - Albert (1863–1939), lithographer. Participated in many. projects together with his father, a specialist in art of the 18-19th centuries, was an expert in museums in the USA and private. collections.
ROSENTAL Mark Moiseevich (1906 - 1975, Moscow), a specialist in the problems of dialectical logic and social philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. He graduated from the Institute of Red Professors in 1933. He worked as Ch. ed. Gospolitizdata, hands. department of dialectic. and ist. materialism of the HPS under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Deputy dir. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1946 to ped. work in the GA at the Central Committee of the CPSU, deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Questions of Philosophy" (1953–58). Cit .: Against vulgar sociology in literary theory. M., 1936; Philosophical views of N.G. Chernyshevsky. M., 1948; Dialectical issues in Marx's Capital. M., 1955; Lenin and dialectics. M., 1963; Lenin's dialectics today. M., 1970.
ROSENTHAL Neeson (1898, Vilna - 1970, Jerusalem), poet, publicist. E. Rosenthal-Schneiderman's husband. Received a tradition. Jewish relig., then ped. education, worked in Jewish schools in Lithuania, participated in societies, life. For illegal polit. activity arrested by the Lithuanian authorities, fled to Latvia, from there in 1935 left for Birobidzhan. From 1958 - in Poland, from 1962 - in Israel. In the 1930s. printed stories for children in the Jewish period. ed. From Poland sent a correspondent. to Israeli ed. about the life of Jews in the Soviet Union. In 1971, the book was published in Tel Aviv. "Yiddish Lebn in Ratnfarband" ("Jewish Life in the Soviet Union").
ROSENTAL Nison Lazarevich (|, Yasinovka - 1860, Vilna), teacher. Rod. in the family of the leader of Haskala. Initiated the creation of the first exemplary school in Vilna (1841). Participant in the school reform. Together with M. Lilienthal met with mines. enlightenment S.S. Uvarov, from whom he subsequently received a letter of thanks.
ROSENTHAL Samuel (1837, Suwalki - 1902, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), chess player, chess theorist, chess teacher. Ed. chess department zhurn. Le Monde Illustre (1885-1902). Participant Polish. restore 1863; hiding from the persecution of the authorities, he left for France (1864). Successfully played in tournaments in the cafe "Regance" (1865–67), international. tournaments: Vienna (1873, 4th), London (1883, 8th) and others. Has won a reputation as one of the strongest chess players in France. Participant of matches with G. Neiman, I. Tsukertort, I. Kolish. Contributed to the development of opening theory.
ROSENTHAL Solomon Kondratyevich (1890, Vilna - 1955, Minsk), chess player. Master (1933). Dr. med. Sciences, prof. He started performing in tournaments at the beginning. century: participant in congresses in Hamburg (1910), Breslavl (1912), All-Russia. amateur tournament (1911). Champion of Belarus (1924 and 1925), participant of the 3rd USSR Championship (1924). From 1931 he lived in Leningrad, did not participate in competitions.
ROSENTHAL Zalman (1892, Telenesti of Orhei u. Bessarabian province - 1959, ibid.), Poet, writer, folklorist Until the age of 10 he studied at the cheder. In 1914 he founded a Jewish school in Telenesti. He graduated from high school in Odessa as an external student. He studied at un-those. From 1919 he lived in Chisinau. In 1940 for the Zionist. exiled to Arkhangelsk. In 1956 he returned to Chisinau. He made his debut until 1917 in the Odessa Jewish period, ed., Printed poetry, and essays. In 1917, staff. sotr. daily gas. "Dos Nae Leben" (Odessa). In 1919 he wrote ser. children fairy tales. From 1926 he published stories and short stories from the life of Bessarabian Jews in the Jewish press in Romania, and was published in Jewish publications. other countries, was ed. Jewish gas. in Odessa and Chisinau. Published in Chisinau every month. zhurn. Farn Yiddish Kind. He was engaged in research. Jewish folklore, collected approx. 300 Jewish people songs, composed by St. Verse 100 in bunk beds. style. In Odessa in 1918 ed. Sat. "Lidelakh" ("Songs"), then came out Sat. "Unther Eliogus Boym" ("Under the Eliogu Tree"), "Dos Wunder-Zigl" ("The Magic Goat"), "Dos Cigelle Baim Vigel" ("Little Goat at the Cradle"), "Der krechmer" ("The Tavern"), "Mayselekh far kinder" ("Fairy tales for children"). In Kishinev in 1936 he published a collection of works. short stories "Fun Mine Game" ("From My Motherland"), in 1938 - Sat. "Unzer Land" ("Our Country") - reports from E.-I. He also wrote in Hebrew.
ROSENTSWAYG Aizik Yakovlevich (1888, Zabludovo, Belostok u. Grodno province. - 1934, Kharkov), literary critic, publicist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1905 he joined the Zionist Socialist Party. He studied at the teacher's courses in Grodno. One of the founders cf. Jewish school in Vitebsk in 1920 and Jewish ped. College in 1921. He taught there Hebrew. and lit-ru. In 1930 he moved to Odessa. The first art. published in 1913 in Gaz. Freind (Warsaw). From 1917 he published a publicist, ped. and lit.-Crete. Art. into gas. "Reuter Stern", "Vecker", then in "Der Emes", "October", in the journal. "Af di vegn fun der naet shul", "Kultur un bildung", "Stern" and others. In Odessa he taught Jewish literature at ped. technical school and in-those, one of the founders of lit. Museum named after Mendele Moicher-Sforima. Author of the book: "Der radical period fun Pereses shafn" ("Radical period in the work of Peretz", Kharkiv-Kiev, 1934), "Di social differentiation inem yidishn folklore-lead" ("Social differentiation in Jewish folk song", Kiev, 1934), "Mendele Moicher-Sforim" (ibid., 1936). One of the authors of textbooks on literature for the Jewish school: "Arbet un shaf" (Minsk, 1928), "Di Yiddish Literatur in 19-ton yorgundert" (Kiev-Kharkov, 1935). R. wrote extensive prefaces to the works. Mendele Moikher-Sforima and other Jewish classics.
ROSENTSWEIG Gershon (1861, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1914, USA), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. He taught Hebrew in Bialystok. Since 1888 - in the USA. Edited period, ed. in Hebrew ("Ha-Ivri", 1891-1902; "Kadima", 1899-1902), as well as columns in Hebrew in the Yiddish press. He became famous as a satirist, parodist and author of epigrams. Among the book. R .: "Shirim u-Meshalim" (poems, 1893), "Hamisha ve-Elef" (epigrams, 1903), "Talmud Yankees" (1907). Translated into Hebrew by Amer. national songs.
ROSENTSWEIG Usher Semenovich (1831, Zhitomir - 1903, Petersburg), teacher. In 1854 he graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. He taught at the Koretsky state Jewish school, was the caretaker of the Mogilev school. After the closure of state schools in 1873, he worked as a teacher at the Zhitomir Jewish Teachers' Institute. In the last. years of life secret. OPE, simultaneously hands. Obukhovskaya ("soldier's") Talmud-Torah (Petersburg). By order of the OPE committee, his portrait was placed in the conference room.
ROSENTSWEIG Victor (Mordku) Yulievich (1911, Khotin, Bessarabian province - 1998, Boston), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1977), prof. (1980). Since 1929 - in France. In 1933–35 he studied at the Sorbonne and at the Higher School of Political. sciences. Since 1937 - in the USSR. In 1939–41 the French teacher. lang. in IFLI. In 1941–43 he was an interpreter on the Southwestern Front. In 1943 he was demobilized, taught by French. lang. on filol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1949–90 he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Main directions of scientific. and ped. activities - the theory of translation, general and machine. Supervised by mosk. association of machine translation, organized the first conferences on machine translation problems (1958, 1959, 1961). Poch. Dr. Paris nat. schools of oriental languages ​​(1994). Cit .: Fundamentals of General and Machine Translation. M., 1964 (co-authored with I. I. Revzin Language contacts. M., 1972, etc.
ROSENTUL Moisey Abramovich (1890, Kiev - 1981, Moscow), venereologist, dermatologist. Prof. (1926). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1916). In 1916-17 - in the army. In 1918–22 - in Kr. Army, in 1922-23 Ch. doctor of the Astrakhan dermatovenerologic dispensary, in 1923–24 head. Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases of the Perm honey. in-that, in 1934–41 and 1945 47 head. Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases TsIUV, in 1948–58 head. dep. Syphilidology Center. dermatovenerologic. in-that. During the war 1941–45 early. Evacuation hospital in Molotov. One of the leading syphilidologists in the USSR. He developed a treatment regimen for syphilis, proposed a method of subcutaneous oxygen administration. Elected member. boards of Vses. and Mosk. about-in dermato-venereologists. Cit .: General principles and treatment regimens for syphilis. M.-L., 1937; Syphilis. M., 1963; General therapy for skin diseases. M., 1952, 1956, 1970.
ROZHANKA, a village in the Shchuchinsky district of the Grodno region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidsky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the BSSR. In 1847 202 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 543 Jews (69.8%), in 1921 - 542 Jews. Jews owned all 3 manufactory shops in R. In the 1920s – 1930s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust. R. has an abandoned Jewish cemetery.
ROZHANOVKA, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 17, 1943, 90 Jewish women were shot in R., to-rye were used in the work of growing kok-sagyz. Some of the Jewish women escaped; the women later returned and were killed in November. 1943.
ROZHANSKAYA (nee Gefen) Mariam Mikhailovna (b. 1928, Shchigry, Kursk province), historian. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1968), Dr. Sciences (1987), ch. Int. acad. history of science 0991). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) and mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1958). In 1959–67 scientific. side Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1967 - at the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, leading scientific. sotr. For more than 30 years she participated in the works of the Khorezm archaeological-ethnogr. exp. Main range of interests - the history of the development of physical and mathematical. sciences in the medieval East. Author of more than 80 articles, several. monographs and commented publications of sources; citations: Abu-r-Raikhan al-Biruni, (co-author). M., 1973; Mechanics in the Medieval East. M., 1976; Abu-l-Fath Abdar-Rahman al-Khazini. M., 1991. R.'s daughter - Olga Vladimirovna (b. 1951, Moscow), poet. For participation in the human rights movement, she was expelled from Moscow State University twice (1969, 1973). In 1974 she graduated from the Kalinin State. un-t. Published in samizdat, in a magazine. "Youth", "Continent". Works: Poems in Russian. M., 1993.
ROZHANSKY Shmuel (1902, Warsaw - 1995, Argentina), literary critic, publicist, publisher. Since 1923 - in Argentina. Was before. Argentine dep. World Jewish cultural. Congress, a leader of the local IBO and other Jewish organizations. Since 1925, teacher and director. Jewish schools. In 1949–73 prof. on Jewish ped. courses. From 1923 he published essays, short stories and literary criticism. Art. into gas. "Di press". Published in pl. period. ed., headed the movement for the development of literature in Yiddish. The first book. "Doctor Chaim Zhitlovsky" was released in 1925. In 1941, the publication was completed. "Fav. manuf. " R. in 5 vols. Among the books published in Buenos Aires: Jacob Dineson (1956), Moishe Broderzon (1959), David Pinsky (1961). The initiator of the release of ser. "Musterwerk fun der Yidischer Literature" ("Exemplary Works of Jewish Literature") in 100 volumes, each of which is provided with a preface, commentary. and bibliography.
ROZHANY, see Ruzhan.
ROZHDESTVENSKOE, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zolotonosha u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in R.
ROZHEV, a village in the Makarovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev Gubernia. In 1847, 257 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 610 Jews (29.5%). R. was organized by Jewish agriculture. colony Rozhevskaya. 22 Oct. A pogrom broke out in 1905, and a synagogue functioned in 1914. Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. a mill and a straw chopper, 13 shops (including all 5 manufactories, all 4 grocery stores, both tanneries). On July 3, 1919, a pogrom broke out in R. by the gang of Ataman Sokolovsky. Part of the Jewish population escaped, leaving R. before the arrival of the gang.
ROZHEVSKAYA, does not exist now. Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony approx. town Rozhev Radomyslsky u. In 1850, 20 families lived in R., in 1860 - 20 families (222 people), in 1898 - 28 families (274 people), in 1925 - 23 families (110 people). Jewish families from nearby us. points (Korostyshev, Radomysl - modern. Radomyshl, etc.). The colonists received 18 dess. land. In the 1870s. the lustration commission took away all leased land, leaving 20 dess. estate lands, 28 dess. pastures. To the end. 19th century colonists plowed b. including pastures, sowing them with cereals and potatoes. In 1898 the colonists cultivated 48 dess. arable land; only half of the yards had horses. Because of the lack of land means. some of the colonists were engaged in petty trade and handicraft. There was a pogrom in R. 1905. In 1918–21 the Jewish population of R. was also subjected to pogroms (in 1919, a pogrom in R. was staged by units of the Volunteer Army). the colony was subordinate to the village council with. Rozhev under the name. "Jewish". In 1929 a collective farm was organized in R. On July 10, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Several remained in R. Jewish families (11 people), to-rye were killed. I. M. Shaikin
ROZHISHCHE, city (since 1989), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1377. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 13 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 576 (67%), in 1897 - 3169 (82.7%), in 1921 - 2686 (82.3%), in 1931 - approx. 3,500, in 1937 - 4,070 Jews (63%). Jews lived in R. from the end. 18th century In 1873 there were 2 synagogues, in 1889 - a Jewish almshouse. 20th century pl. R. Jews left for other countries. In 1912, a charity was organized in the USA by immigrants from R. In 1904 the Zionist organization Mevaseret Zion began to operate in R. A detachment of Jewish self-defense was organized in 1905, and in 1910 there was a Talmud-Torah, a private husband. Jewish school, Jewish cemetery. In 1912, a Jewish hospital and a Jewish loan-savings bank operated. t-in, in 1914 - Jewish wives. school of the 3rd category (Khans Chernavskoy). Jews owned all 5 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. kerosene warehouse, tavern, unity. weaving workshop, both photographic workshops, approx. 90 shops in R. (including 43 grocery stores, all 12 haberdashery, all 8 manufactory, all 6 ready-made peasant dresses). The Jews also belonged to a number of cr. pr-ty: both factories of curved furniture, all 3 steam cloth factories, unity. vinegar plant Both dentists in R. Since 1919, R. has a school with teaching in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1925 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Of the 320 shops in R. 270 belonged to Jews; Jews were 94% of artisans. Rabbi R. in the 1920s. was Avrom-Ber Gutman, in the 1930s. - Moishe Spector. There were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in R. at the end. June 1941 a group of Jews was shot. In oct. 1941 in R. was shot apprx. 600 Jewish men. On Feb. 1942 A ghetto was created in R., in which Jews from neighboring villages were placed. 23 Aug 1942 during the liquidation of the ghetto, approx. 3 thousand Jews. The Jews who managed to escape were caught and shot at the Jewish cemetery (about 400 people). There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R. In the following families: S. Borzhes, J.-H. Rosenboim, E. Smoli; Meir Rise (1891–?), Publisher, translator, founded a publishing house in Kovel in 1927, translated a number of books into Yiddish and Hebrew.
ROZHKOVICHI, a village in the Seredino-Budsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Seredino-Budsky district Chernigov Gubernia Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. In 1919 five Jews were beaten and robbed in R.
ROZHNOV, a village in the Kosiv district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 418 Jews (6.5%) lived in R. 20th century there was a synagogue in R. In 1910, a Hebrew school was opened. with the support of the Joint, a help committee operated in R., which opened a mutual aid fund in 1927. Rabbi R. in the 1930s - Vizhnitsa Hasid Yeshia Rotfeld. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In July 1941, the R. occupied a Hungarian. troops. On Sept. 1942 Jews of R. (335 people) were deported to Kolomyia, and from there to the extermination camp Belzec.
ROZHNYATOV, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Zhydachiv land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 230 Jews lived in R., in 1880 - 1483 (51.6%), in 1890 - 1589 (48.7% ), in 1900 - 1039, in 1910 - 1508 (42.1%), in 1921 - 1349 (41.3%), in 1931 - 1635 Jews. Jews have lived in R. from the 17th century. In the 18th century. a community was organized, a wooden synagogue was built, a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a stone synagogue was built. Rabbi R. in the 1770s and 80s - Arie-Leib Cohen (1745-1813, Stryi), in the middle. 19th century - Moishe-Hirsch Seidman, from 1853 - Eliezer-Lipman Kneble (1810-1870), in the 2nd half. 19th century - Aron-Arie Meyer (1820–1883), who founded the Hasidic court in R. In 1900–07, Israel-Yosef Glat (1840–1907) was a rabbi in R., and in 1899–1922, Itzhok-Zvi-Girsh Hemerling (1850–1925). In 1900, the first Zionist circle in R. was established, in 1909 - school with teaching in Hebrew "Safa brura". In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including sports. clubs "Maccabi" and "Ga-Koah", dramatic. circle. The Talmud Torah was opened in 1920. Rabbi R. since 1933 - Yosef-Menachem Motzner (1905–1942), who opened a branch of the yeshiva of the Bobovsk Hasidim in R. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1942 most of the Jews of R. were deported to the Valley and shot there. A small part of the Jews were deported to Bolekhiv. After liberation in July 1944, approx. 10 Jews who left R. in 1941. In 1946 the building of a synagogue in R. was transferred to a cinema. R. has an abandoned Jewish cemetery.
ROSIN Yosef (Rogachever, real name and father. Joseph-Efraim Fishelevich) (1858, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1936, Vienna), rabbi. One of the greatest rabbinical authorities in Europe of his time. Studied at yeshivas in Slutsk, Shklov, Warsaw. In 1889 he was elected rabbi of the Hasidic community of Dinaburg. During the 1st world. During the war, he came to Petrograd, where he was the rabbi of the Hasidic community for 10 years, after which he returned to Daugavpils. R. prepared for publication and publ. 5 vols. their comments. to "Mishnah Torah" by Maimonides (1903–08) and 2 volumes of responses. Four subsequent volumes of responsa, prepared for publication by R.'s students, were published in 1935–38. Coll. op. R. in 5 vols., Including legal novellas (hidushim) to the Mishnah and comments. to the Torah, published in 1960–65.
ROZIN Mark Solomonovich (1898, Vitebsk - 1981, Moscow), economic geographer, orientalist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1963). In 1920–21 in Kr. Army. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924). In 1924–38 he worked in the decomp. org-tions, in 1938–60, a specialist in mineral raw materials, countries in the system of a geologist, service. In 1960–74 head. ed. geography publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". Author of over 100 scientific. works on the geography of minerals. Responsible ed. monograph "Theoretical. economic problems. geography "(M., 1974). Ed. et al. geogr. encyclopedic. editions, and TSB. He took part in the preparation of the encyclopedic. dictionary-reference book "Africa" ​​(M., vols. I – II, 1965–66, 1986–87), book. "Countries and Peoples of the East" (v. 7, 1969). Poch. member Geogr. about-va USSR (1975). Works: Geogr. placement of the most important minerals in the capitalist. countries. M., 1953; Geography of minerals in Africa. M., 1957; The geography of the mining industry is capitalistic. the world. M., 1962; World geography. x-va. M., 1971; Modern geography world. x-va. A guide for teachers. M., 1977 (et al.).
ROZIN Matvey Abramovich (b. 1922, Kiev), pharmacologist. Doctor of Biology, Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). After graduating in 1945 from the Naval Medical Institute. Academy was enrolled in the staff of its teachers. Since 1960 hand. gr. cytopharmacology Ying-that cytology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1970 prof. Leningrad. s.-kh. in-ta.R. in 1947–49 the neurotropic activity of dibazol was discovered and its therapeutic was established. action with persistent peripheral. paralysis. Experimentally showed the ability of dibazol to increase the body's resistance to decay. pathogenic influences, which served as the basis for the nominated prof. N.V. Lazarev provisions on adaptogens. A number of works are devoted to the improvement of research methods. neurotropic agents and adaptogens, the introduction of the latter into livestock and crop production.
ROSINER Felix Yakovlevich (1936, Moscow - 1997, Boston) writer, poet. Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute, studied at the conservatory. He began to publish as a poet in 1963. Since 1967 - a professional writer. In the 1970s. R. published 6 books dedicated to people of art (E.G. Grieg, S.S. Prokofiev, M.-K.Cyurlionis, and others). 1978–85 - in Israel, where he published a lot. Naib, R.'s novel "Someone Finkelmeier" (literary prize named after V. Dahl, Paris, 1981) became famous. Since 1985 - in the USA. Prof. East un-that. Ch. co-editor of the encyclopedia "Soviet Civilization". Op .: Tell me, music, a fairy tale. M., 1972; Silver chain. Jerusalem, 1983; Recitative. M., 1992.
ROSITTEN, see Rezekne.
ROSMARIN Aharon (1896, Ustilug Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1977, Ramat-Gan, Israel), publicist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1920 - in the USA. In 1927–31 he studied at high fur boots in Berlin and Würzburg, received a doctorate degree. In 1931 he returned to the United States, from 1971 - to Israel. The first works publ. in eng. gas. - ist. essays on the Khazars, falans, Jews of Morocco; was printed in it. Jewish press. Soon he switched to Yiddish, was published in Jewish Gazette. USA, was a staff member. gas. Americaner, ed. weekly Der Eid (New York, 1954–57); was published in Israel in Hebrew and Yiddish. The author of the book. An entfer (Answer, 1943), Dee Sheinkayt Fun Idntum (The Beauty of Jewry, 1947), Lekoved Shabes (In Honor of Saturday, 1949), Gedank un Hohme (Thought and mind ", 1955) - New York. R. compiled the "Encyclopedia of TANAKH" in 2 volumes (New York, 1964–67).
ROSNER Eddie (Jack) (real name Adolf) Ignatievich (1910, Berlin - 1976, ibid.), Jazz trumpeter, composer, conductor. He studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin in the violin class. In 1928 he became interested in jazz and dance. music. In 1929 he played an orc. U. Roger-Petshi, recorded gramophone records with orc. Weintraub Syncopeators (1930–33). In 1933, when the Nazis came to power, he moved to the Netherlands, in 1934–35 he made the end. tour of Belgium. Since 1935 - in Poland; created his own. ans. in Krakow. While touring Europe in 1938–39 he recorded a number of gramophone records, incl. and the famous "Midnight in Harlem", where his brilliant jazz style of playing the trumpet was fully revealed. From the beginning. 2nd world. war moved to Vost. Poland, occupied by Kr. Army. In 1939 he organized and became a hand. and soloist Variety. orc. Belarusian. SSR. Mn. toured the USSR, recorded gramophone records (including St. Louis Blues, 1944). In 1946 he was repressed, released in 1953, organized a variety stage at Mosestrad. symph. orc., to-eye directed until 1973, when he returned to Berlin. The author of jazz compositions, tangos, songs, waltz ("Farewell to Love"), as well as numerous. jazz arrangements ("Tales from the Vienna Woods", music by I. Strauss; "Black Eyes"). Honored. art. BSSR (1944).
Rozovka, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1788. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rosenberg. In the 1920s. - pos. Luxembourg (renamed in honor of R. Luxemburg), regional center. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1926, 606 Jews did not live in the district, and 238 Jews (8.9%) in 1939. Before the occupation by Wehrmacht units, most of the Jews of R. were evacuated or mobilized. In the end. 1941 - early. 1942 in R. several were killed. dozens of remaining Jews.
ROZOVSKY Joseph Isaakovich (1859 - 1880, Kiev), a revolutionary-nationalist. From the end. 1870s university student in Kiev, chl. Kiev gr. "Narodnaya Volya". Arrested on charges of keeping and distributing illegal items. lit-ry. Despite his minority, in 1880 he was sentenced to death by the Kiev military district court. Hanged. The trial of R. and I.V. Rodionov is the first trial. the "People's Will" process. A documentary accurate description of the execution of R. and M.P. Lozinsky, which took place in a different process, was included in the storyline. Leo Tolstoy "Resurrection".
ROZOVSKY Mark Borisovich (Mordukh Bernardovich) (1864, Vilna province - |), publisher. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. Served as a sworn attorney. Since 1920 - in Latvia. In 1922–25, ed. gas. "People's Thought".
ROZOVSKY Mark Grigorievich (b. 1937, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), director. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In 1958–69 one of the organizers and dir. pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House", where the post. "The Legend of Tsar Max-Yemelyan" based on the poem of the same name by SI Kirsanov, pop grotesque "The whole evening like the damned." After the studio was closed he took part in the post, the play "The History of a Horse" based on the story of Leo Tolstoy "Kholstomer" (BDT, Leningrad, 1978, Riga Theater of Russian Drama, 1979). An organic combination of the principles of dramas and music. t-ra is typical for the musical "Poor Liza" by N.M. Karamzin (BDT, 1973), "Three Musketeers" by A. Dum (Moscow Theater of the Young Spectator, 1974, etc.). "The Murderer" based on the novel "Crime and Punishment" by FM Dostoevsky (Riga Theater of Russian Drama) and in 1983 "Amadeus" by P. Scheffer (Moscow Art Theater). R. - organizer and artistic director of the theater -studio "At Nikitskiye Vorota" (Moscow, 1983), in which, along with musicals, productions were staged on the plots of modern life: R.'s play "Red Corner" (1984), "You Will Always" (R.'s script based on diaries schoolgirl who died at the front, 1985). In 1991 post, performances: "Triumfalnaya Square" - a fantasy about director VE Meyerhold. R. - one of the founders of the humorous club "12 chairs" in the "Lit. Newspaper On television, he filmed "The Chair" by V. Vrublevskaya (1983), the television performances "Golden Fish" (T-r miniatures, 1985), "Passions for Vladimir" (based on the play by R. Vysotsky's Concert at the Research Institute, At Nikitskiye Vorota ", 1992) Laureate of the 4th Variety Artists' Competition (1971).
ROZOVSKY Nathan (1878, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1969, Kharkov), playwright, actor, public figure. Created drama in Smorgon. collective, among the participants to-rogo were MS Kulbak, M. Koussevitsky and others. R. is known as a talented reader, performer of works. Jewish classics, theater. actor. In the first postrev. years R. (together with his wife Rozalia Rozanova) worked in Jewish children's schools. houses, staged his plays in lit. and dramas, circles. The Jewish press published humoresques, sketches, miniatures. The author of the plays: "Der Schlechter Kinig" ("The Bad King", Poltava, 1922), "Freeling Gang" ("The Course of Spring", ibid., 1923), "A Baghegenish" ("Meeting", Kiev, 1938).
ROZOVSKY Naum Savelievich (1898 - 1942), lawyer. Armmilitary Lawyer (1938). He graduated from 2 courses of law. f-that. Member of the 1st world. war. Member RSDLP since 1917. Member of the Citizen. war, after its end - military. division prosecutor, shooter. bldg. In 1925-26 the military. prosecutor of PrivO, then assistant. military. Prosecutor Verkh, court of the USSR. Since 1935 Deputy., Acting. ch. military. Prosecutor of the Red Army, since 1936 - Ch. military. Prosecutor of the Red Army. Arrested in 1941, died in custody.
PINKHAS ROZOVSKY (1843, Nesvizh Slutsk district, Minsk region - 1903 or 1904, Sventsiany, Vilna province), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Since 1867 - rabbi in Polonnoye. Since 1887 - Rabbi Sventsyan. Author pl. book with commentaries on the Talmud and TANAKH. In articles for periodicals. press R. tried to give Zionism a religion. ideological. focus. Participated in the founding. the Mizrahi congress in Vilna in 1902, in the 2nd and 6th Zionists. congresses, at the Minsk Conference of Russian Zionists (1902). The controversy between the Zionist. adherents of religions. or secular education R. supported the idea of ​​establishing two education. communities within the Zionist organization, leaving each to conduct their own. politics in the region. culture and education.
ROZOVSKY Shlomo (Solomon Borisovich) (1878, Riga - 1962, New York), composer, teacher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Universities in Kiev (1902), then Petersburg. cons. in the composition class of Y. Vitol and A.K. Lyadov (1909), music-theoretical. studied subjects under the hands. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1904–08). In 1908 - one of the founders of the Jewish People's Society. music, participated in the ed. notes and book., performed processing of bunk beds. Jewish melodies, as well as artif. Jewish comp. Hands. muses. parts and author of music for the performances of the Jewish Chamber Theater under the hands. A.M. Granovsky (1917-19). Since 1920 - in Riga; participated in the creation of the Jewish cons. Comp. as muses. criticism in Riga gas. The Day and Zhurn. “Muses. contemporary". From 1925 - in E.-I. He taught at the cons. "Shulamit", studied Jewish muses. folklore, research. synagogue music. In his work he combined Jewish nar. melodies, elements of nat. liturgical music with theoretical. the basics of Europe. music, which was reflected in the symphons created in Russia in 1908–17. poem "Hasidim", "Hasidic melody", a play for a quintet of wind instruments "Moshe the Shoemaker", etc. He wrote music for performances of dramas, t-rov "Ga-bima" and "Ogel", Author of "Funeral Ode" for symph. orc., rhapsodies for cello and fp., romances. Carried out by ed. liturgical works., published collection. songs. Since 1947 - in the USA. Published in New York tr. Biblical Cantillation (1957).
ROSPSHA, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Rosprzha Petrokovsky u. In 1764 78 Jews lived in R., in 1793 - 134 (40%), in 1808 - 86 (34.1%), in 1827 - 313 (47.5%), in 1856 - 247 (60% ), in 1897 - 557 (61.8%), in 1917 - approx. 930, in 1921 - 546 (50.2%), in 1939 - 466 Jews. Jews have lived in R. from the 17th century. There was a community, a Jewish cemetery. In 1769 a wooden synagogue was built, at the same time a new cemetery was laid. Rabbi R. at the end. 18th century - Rabbi Gershon (? –1794), then - his son Eliezer, after Eliezer - Rabbi Leib-Shloyme, from 1855 - Chaim-Meer Landau, who supported the Polish. rebels in 1863. In 1898 a new synagogue was built. Since 1913, Rabbi R. - Shmul-Chaim Davidovich. In the 1920s – 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1927, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1942 R. Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
ROZVADOV, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 2,200 Jews lived in R.. In the 1920–30s. in R. there were divisions of various. In 1919–30, Rabbi R. - Efroim Horovets (1870–1932), from 1932 - his sons Naftoli (1890–1942) and Moishe (1900–1942). The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the period Disasters.
ROZVAZHEV, a village in the Ivankovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Radomysl district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in R.
RTISCHEVO, city (since 1920), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since the 1870s as the village of Serdobsky u. Saratov province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in R., in 1989 - 15, in 2000 - 4, and in 2002 - 2 Jews.
RUBANCHIK Yakov Osipovich (1899, Taganrog Region of the Don Cossack - 1948, Leningrad), architect. In 1928 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Vseros. OH. Main works: Monument to the Revolution in Odessa (1919), a project for the reconstruction of Primorsky Boulevard in Odessa (1919), a monument to Lenin in Odessa (1925), a project for the reconstruction of Privokzalnaya Square. in Sochi (1930s), a department store at Narvskaya Zastava in Leningrad (1929), the Botanical Museum of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad (1930).
RUBANENKO Boris Rafailovich (1910, Samara - 1985, Moscow), architect. Doctor of Architecture (1967), prof. (1970), acad. ASiA USSR (1956), acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1979). Studied at Leningrad State University. in-those citizens. Ing. (1927–31) and in the IZHSA Academy of Arts (1932–34). Practice. he began his activity during his studies. In 1943–49, deputy. prev. Committee for Architecture at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1963–85 he headed TsNIIEP dwellings in Moscow, hands. development of the principles of industrial housing construction. Since 1970 sec. Board of the Union of Architects of the USSR. Took part in the design of the reconstruction of Minsk, Stalingrad, Sevastopol, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don. Since 1954 he taught at Moscow Architectural Institute (since 1970 prof.). Main works: in Leningrad - a residential complex of the plant "Electrosila" (1933–34, jointly with G.A. Simonov); complexes of "houses of specialists" on Lesnoy Prospect. (1932–37) and on ave. Stachek (1934), a large residential complex on Malaya Okhta (1936–40), a school on Nevsky Prospect. (1939), a quarter on Mosk. highway (1939–41); as well as a project for the development of the Privokzalny district in Minsk (1947–55, jointly with AT Golubovsky and AR Korabelnikov); restructuring of the House of the Government of Kazakhstan in Alma-Ata (1951, built in the 1930s by him jointly with Simonov); planning and development of the Troparev district in Moscow (1951–64); development of the Avtozavodsky district of Togliatti (1957–72); management of the planning of a quarter in Tashkent (1966–67); design of the general plan and development of Naberezhnye Chelny (since 1970) Nar. architect of the USSR (1980). Honored. arch. KazSSR (1970). State pr. USSR (1973).
RUBANKA, a village in the Bakhmach district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 438 Jews lived in R., in 1923 - 413 Jews. In 1914, a Jew belonged to a unity. a grocery and manufactory in R.
RUBANOVICH Ilya Adolfovich (1860, Odessa - 1922, Paris), public figure. Studied in physics and mathematics. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa). For participation in the Narodnaya Volya movement and as a French subject, he was arrested and exiled abroad, he completed his education in Paris, then taught Russian. lang. in colleges. He was a representative of the party of s. -r. abroad, one of the initiators of the release of “Vestnik rus. roar. " Represented the Socialist Revolutionary Party at the International Conference. socialist congresses in Amsterdam (1904) and Stuttgart (1907). From the beginning of the 1st world. wars are a social patriot.
RUBANOVKA, a village in Velikolepetikhsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Melitopol u. Tauride Gubernia. In 1910, 284 Jews lived in R. In 1910, a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery functioned in R.
RUBASHEV Savely Mikhailovich (1883, Petersburg - 1960, ibid.), Surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1912), prof. (1924). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1907). In 1910-14 he worked as a doctor in a surgeon. clinic Mosk. un-that. In 1911 he improved in clinics Zap. Europe. In the years of the 1st world. During the war he worked in hospitals, in 1918–22 - in Kr. Army. In 1923, Assoc. Department of Surgery, Kharkiv med. in-that, in 1924–34 prof. Department of Surgery of the Belarusian State. un-that, then head. department. Since 1934 prof. Department of Surgery 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that. (later head of the department). In 1942–45 prof. Novosibirsk honey. in-that, in 1946-57 head. Department of Operative Surgery in Chisinau honey. in-those. Author of more than 200 works, including a description of the pathology known as Parks-Weber-Rubashev disease. After the death of R., the CM of the RSFSR granted his wife's request and established three years. etc. them. SM Rubasheva at the expense of the funds allocated by her. In 1961–92, prizes were awarded for the best scientists. work for graduate students and residents of the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-ta. Cit .: Mortality in surgery. diseases. M., 1931; A quick guide to surgery. M – L., 1934; Diagnostic errors. Chisinau, 1950.
RUBASHKIN Alexander Ilyich (b. 1930, Leningrad), literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1959). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1952). He worked in Leningrad. branch of the publishing house "Sov. writer ”(1962–71). Main tr. dedicated Problems of Publicism, Vol .: Ilya Ehrenburg's Publicism Against War and Fascism. M.-L., 1965; Mikhail Koltsov. M.-L., 1971; The Voice of Leningrad. L., 1975; Direct speech. Sketch about owls. writing journalism. L., 1980; Addictions. Articles and portraits. L., 1985; Ilya Ehrenburg. The Writer's Way. L., 1990.
RUBB Alexander Aronovich (b. 1921, Berdichev, Kiev province), director. Cand. lawsuit, prof. In 1939 he entered Moscow. theater. uch-shche at the T-re of the Revolution. In 1941–43 in French, three times wounded. He graduated from the theater, school (1945), worked as an actor in the Theater of the Revolution, the Theater of them. Linen. Komsomol of Belarus (Brest), Moscow. t-re comedy, played leading roles. In 1952 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. Worked as a production director in Bryansk and Stalingr. region dram. t-pah, in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol. In 1974–84 - Ch. dir. creative associations thin. collectives of Rosconcert. Has performed more than 200 theater productions, performances and concert programs. From 1981 he taught at Vses. institute of advanced training of cultural workers. R. publ. more than 120 works, including the book. about directing, plays, scripts, uch. benefits.
RUBBINEN, see Rubeny.
RUBCHENKI, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Skvirsky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 3 grocery and manufactory shops in R.
RUBEL, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 499 Jews (19%) lived in R., in 1921 there were 349 Jews (12.2%). occupation of R. Jews in the 19th century. - from. farming, carriage, handicrafts and small trade. In the 1880s. there were 2 synagogues in R. Rabbi R. - Shimon Berman, in 1895-1902 - Ikhl-Mikhl Rabinovich (1865–?), In 1905-1920 - Moishe-Chaim Gekhtman. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R. Oct. In 1920, a pogrom broke out in R. Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments (5 Jews were killed). in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in R. 9 Aug. 1941 53 Jews were shot. The rest, women and children, were deported to the Stolin ghetto.
RUBENCHIK Lev Iosifovich (1896, Odessa - 1988, Kiev), microbiologist. Prof. (1927), corr. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). After graduating from the Odessa Institute of Public Education in 1922, he worked there. In 1927–31 he taught at the Odessa Institute of Grain and Flour Technologies, in 1933–41 at the Odessa State University. un-those; from 1929 he worked at the Ukrainian Research Institute of balneology and balneology. Since 1944 head. dep. general and soil microbiology Ying-that microbiology and virology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. (1946–56) Professor of the Kiev State. un-that. Main scientific. works are devoted to issues of general microbiology, microbiology of water and soil. R. showed the possibility of regulating microbiology, processes on the scale of an entire reservoir. The results of R.'s research in the biology of soil microorganisms were used in the manufacture and application of bacterial fertilizers. Developed the problem of creating closed ecological. systems based on the use of microorganisms. Works: Search for microorganisms in space. 2nd ed. Kiev, 1983.
RUBENE, see Rubeny.
RUBENI (until 1982 - Rubene), a village in Jekabpils district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Rubbinen of Illukst u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 there were 7 Jews living in and around R. killed in the fall of 1941.
RUBEZH, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941, 13 Jews were shot in R.
RUBEZHEVICHI, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Minsky u. and lips. In 1920–39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897, 912 Jews (61.5%) lived in R., in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. In 1870 there were two synagogues in R. Since 1904 Eliezer Edelman (1868–?) Has been the rabbi. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned the only wine and manufactory shops in R. 1920 during the period when parts of Kr. The army took a week to attract Jews to serve in Kr. Army. 1920-30-ies. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1941, the R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Dec 1 1941 a ghetto was created in R., in which there were Jews from R., Nalibok, and other us. points (approx. 2400 people). In the end. 1941 in R. 36 Jews were shot. In July 1942, partisans attacked R. and shot the police officers who took part in the extermination of Jews. In nov. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated; in the forest, 0.5 km from R., several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In 1944, 46 Jews returned to R. After 1945, a memorial plate was installed on the grave of the perished Jews. In 1995, restoration works were carried out in R. works at the Jewish cemetery.
RUBEZHNOE, see Proletarsk, Lugansk region.
RUBIAN (Grubian) Yasha Mikhailovich (1911, Yustingrad Lipovetsky u.Kiev province - 1979, Moscow), writer. Brother of M.M. Grubian. From 1934 he studied at the East. f-those of Odessa ped. Institute, from 1937 worked as a teacher. In 1941–45 on fr. Since 1945 in Moscow, worked in the publishing house "Der Emes", at the plant. The first story was published in 1935. Pecs. humoresques, stories, sketches in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Sat. stories "Nehtn un gaint" ("Yesterday and Today") was published in Moscow in 1981.
RUBIN (Rabinovich) Iser-Moishe (1871, Koydanovo, Minsk District and Gubernia - 1957, Florida, USA), journalist, translator. Studied at the Vilnius Teachers' Institute. Since 1891 - in the USA, one of the founders of the Jewish press in the USA. State. sotr. gas. "Teglikher herald", sotr. into gas. "Vargate", pl. years he was printing advanced art. into gas. "Tog" and headed the department. "Mailbox". Published in other Jewish periods. ed. In 1953 in Miami Beach came Sat. Art. "Menchn un lebn" ("People and Life"). He also wrote in Hebrew and English. lang.
RUBIN Andrey Borisovich (b. 1937), biologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1991). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1959. Since 1962 - at Moscow State University - scientific. sotr., head. lab., head. department. Ch. ex. scientific. activities - issled. in the region. photobiology and photobiotechnology, extraterrestrial life forms. Prev Sci. council on problems of biophysics, deputy. prev. Sci. Council "Space Biology and Physiology", member. Int. union on theoretical. and applied biophysics. State USSR pr. Cit .: Thermodynamics of biological processes. M., 1984; Molecular mechanisms of energy transformation in the primary processes of photosynthesis.
RUBIN Aron Ilyich (1888, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1961, Moscow), orientalist. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1944). Brother of I. I. Rubin. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1911). Lecturer at the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Moscow State University, Kalinin, Yaroslavl ped. Institute (1929–48). The author of St. 60 scientific. works and per. R. belong to the lane. from Hebrew M. Maimonides (ch. from "More neuhim", in the appendix to Prince S.N. Grigoryan "From the history of philosophy of Wed Asia and Iran VII-XII centuries." M., 1960)
RUBIN Boris Anisimovich (1900, Genichesk Melitopolsky u. Kherson province. - 1978, Moscow), biochemist. Prof. (1949), bp. VASKHNIL. Graduated from Voronezh. s.-kh. Institute (1923). Since 1923 deputy. dir. Scientific research vegetable institute (Moscow). In 1935–78 an employee of the Institute of Biochemistry named after A.N.Bach of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. (since 1949) head. Department of Plant Physiology, Moscow State University. Main works in the field of enzymatic processes in plants and plant immunity. He studied the energetics of the plant organism and biology, the role of plant respiration. Became. pr. (1941). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR, Works: Storage of sugar beet. 2nd ed. M.-L., 1939; Plant physiology course. 4th ed. M., 1976.
RUBIN Gadassa (b. 1906, Yampol, Kremenetsky u. Volyn province), poet. She graduated from Polish Wed. school. For participation in the communist. movement in Poland was arrested. In the years of the 2nd world. She lived in Russia during the war, and from 1945 in Poland. Since 1960 - in Israel. She made her literary debut in 1931 with poems in gas. "Kremenitzer shtime", later published in the Jewish period, ed. Vilno, Warsaw, Moscow. In Israel publ. in "Erusholaimer Almanac", zhurn. Di Golden Kate, gas. "Isroel-shtime" and others. Creativity of R. represented. in anthologies of Jewish poetry. The author of the book., Ed. in Warsaw: "Mine gas iz in fener" ("My street in the banners"), 1953, "Veitik un freud" ("Pain and joy"), 1955, "Trit in der nacht" ("Steps in the night"), 1957. In Tel Aviv in 1964 came out Sat. verse. "Fun mench tsu mench" ("From person to person").
RUBIN Ilya Davidovich (1941, Moscow - 1977, Israel), poet, essayist. He studied at chem. Faculty of Journalism and Faculty of Moscow State University. R.'s poetry is distinguished by an interest in growing. history (Tsarevich Alexei, Paul I). From the beginning. 1970s took an active part in Moscow. Jewish dissident. movement, since 1974 (with R.E. Nudelman, ed. of the samizdat magazine “Jews in the USSR.” By this time, R. Jewish birthright as a lentil soup ", etc.). Since 1976 - in Israel. Was a leading collaborator of the journal" Zion ".
RUBIN Joseph Grigorievich (1895, Kostenki, Smolensk province. - 1954, Moscow), military leader. General Leith. (1944). In Kr. Army since 1918. Member of the Civil. war. In 1920–22 pom. early brigade headquarters, from 1922 beginning. intelligence division. In 1928 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after MV Frunze, in 1934 her operational department. Beginning shooter headquarters. divisions and fortifications, com. shooter. divisions, com. shooter. housing. Divisional commander (1939), major general (1940), in 1941–43 com. corps, beginning. intelligence department South-West. fr., deputy. com. army. In 1943–45 the military. counselor in the Mongolian People's Republic. After 1945 deputy. early ex. external relations Gen. headquarters. In 1948–53 - early. dep. GRU Gen. headquarters. Retired from 1953. Load 6 orders.
RUBIN Isaak Ilyich (1886, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1937, Aktobe), economist. Brother of A.I. Rubin. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1910). Since 1904, members Bund. Since 1912 - attorney at law. In 1915-17 - secretary. Union of cities and Zemsky union. As a member. and secret. The Central Committee of the Bund was subjected to reprisals and was arrested several times. In the 1920s. taught at decomp. higher. uch. institutions of Moscow, worked in scientific. institutions. In 1917-30 publ. numerous. works on the problems of methodology of political economy, theory of value, history of classical. econom. thoughts. Among the works of R .: "Essays on the theory of value of Marx" (3rd ed. M.-L., 1928) and "History of economics. thoughts "(4th ed. M.-L., 1930). In 1930 he was arrested, sentenced to 5 years in prison, replaced in 1933 by exile. In 1937 he was arrested. Cit .: Physiocrats: an essay from the history of economics. thoughts. Uch. manual for universities. L.-M., 1926; Abstract labor and value in the system of Marx. M., 1928.
RUBIN Isroel (1890, Radoshkovichi Vileisky u. Vilna province. - 1954, Tel Aviv), teacher, publicist. Dr. Philos. In his youth he took part in the activities of the Bund, the Zionist Socialists and the "Fareinikte", then he joined the anarchists. Graduated from ped. courses in Grodno. In the years of the 1st world. war - a teacher in Minsk, Vilna, Warsaw. In 1926 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Vienna University. From 1926 - in Berlin. From 1929 - in E.-I., worked as a teacher, school. inspector. Printed Art. on pedagogy, psychology, folklore, linguistics, literature in periodicals in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, German. lang .: "Shul un leben" (Warsaw), "Nae shul", "Shul un game" (Vilno) and many others. Dr. Author of the book. "Farn Kinderheim" ("For an orphanage" - poetry and fairy tales, Odessa, 1916), "Der katsn-melekh" ("The Cat King" - ibid., 1918), works on children. psychology, training and education. In Tel Aviv ed. in 1952 book. essays and rec. "Fundanen agin" ("From here to there"). R. translated rum into Yiddish. "Demons" by F.M. Dostoevsky, "Kaspar Gauser" by J. Wasserman and others.
RUBIN Moishe (1856, Izmail, Bessarabian province - 1940, Buenos Aires), teacher, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1866 - in Argentina. Published articles, stories, biographies, history. essays in Argent. Jewish ed. Since 1924 - the state. sotr. zhurn. "Penim un penimleh". One of the pioneers of Jewish journalism in Argentina. The author of the book., Ed. in Buenos Aires, - "Gantbuh far Yidisher Geshikhte un chronology" ("A Handbook on Jewish History and Chronology", v. 1-3, 1933-34), "Maimonides", (1935), "Di Yiddish Geshikhte far Shul- kinder "(" Jewish history for schoolchildren ", 1935)," Fun ale oytsres "(" From all treasuries ", book for reading at school, 1937)," Gantbuh far Yiddish traditions un lampogim "(" A guide to Jewish traditions and customs ", 1937)," Tipn un gestaltn "(" Types and images ", 1939), etc.
RUBIN Shloyme (1879, Lida, Vilna province - 1969, New York), poet. He lived in Berdichev. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1893 - in the USA. In the literature he made his debut with translations of the verse. English poets in Yiddish (Gaz. "Forverts", 1899), publ. to Amer. Jewish period. ed. Since 1946 sotr. gas. "Tog" and "Tog Morgen Journal". Presented in M. Basin's anthology "500 Years of Jewish Poetry", in other anthologies and alm. One of the first Jewish poets in America, whose main theme was a call for social justice.
RUBIN Vitaly Aronovich (1923, Moscow - 1981, Israel), historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1960). The son of A.I. Rubin. In 1940 he entered the Moscow State University. 1941–42 at the front. He was in captivity for several days, in 1942–44 - in special. verification camp. In 1957 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Sci. sotr. FBON (1953–69), Institute of the Peoples of Asia of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1969–72), dismissed for participating in the struggle to leave for Israel. Since 1977 in Israel, he taught at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Cit .: Ideology and culture of ancient China. M., 1970; Diaries. Letters. Jerusalem, 1988.
RUBIN Vladimir Ilyich (b. 1924, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. from A.B. Goldenweiser (1949). Among the essays is a comic. op. "Three Fat Men" based on the same name. pov. Yu.K. Olesha (1957), music. drama "July Sunday" (1971), op. "The Winged Horseman" based on the poetry of F. Garcia Lorca (1980), "Kashtanka" (after A.P. Chekhov, 1987), oratorios on verses by D.V. Davydov, A.A. Blok, I.A.Bunin, concerts and choirs on verses by B.L. Pasternak, Blok, N.A. Zabolotsky, muses. for dramas. t-ditch, to the cinema. and radio plays. State pr. RSFSR them. M.I. Glinka (1972). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1977). Nar. art. RF (1995).
RUBIN Yakov (Dolginovo - |), teacher, author of textbooks for Jewish schools. He studied in Kharkov at the teachers' seminary. Then he taught Hebrew, literature, history in Jewish schools. In 1931 he graduated from ped. f-t B GU. Since 1931 Art. scientific. sotr. ist. Commission of the Institute of Jewish Culture at the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. In 1933 he was criticized by the parties. organs. In the 1930s. there was a deer. Jewish cf. schools in Minsk, taught literature. One of the authors of the textbook for Jewish schools "Geselypaft-kentenish" ("Social Science", Minsk, 1928). In 1930, the publishing house "Center-Farlag" (Moscow-Minsk) published in R.'s processing (together with H. Kagan, pov. I.-Y. Linetskiy "Dos Poilishe Ingl" ("Polish Boy"). R. published (together with M. Erik and K. Beznosik) the anthology for schools "Anti-religious literary scholar Lernbukh" ("Anti-religious literary textbook"), 1930. His last textbook (co-authored with Khanutin and Golmshtok) - "Geshikhte fun klaenkamf" (" The History of the Class Struggle ") was published in 1931.
RUBINA Dina Ilyinichna (b. 1953, Tashkent), writer, playwright. The wife of B.B. Karafelov. Graduated from the Tashkent Cons. Publ. since 1973. Pov. and R.'s stories were published in the journal. "Youth", "Ogonyok", "New World" and others, were included in collections and alm. First book. prose "When it will snow |" publ. in 1980. R. owns the play "When it will snow |" and "Wonderful Doira", which were shown in the USSR, radio plays. By production R. removed f. "When will it snow |" and "Our grandson works for the police." Since 1990 - in Israel. R. - the author of the book: "House behind a green gate" (Moscow, 1982); "Open the window" (M., 1987), etc. Ave. them. A. Dultsin.
RUBINA Rivka Ruvimovna (1906, Minsk - 1987, Moscow), writer, translator. M.M. Axelrod's wife. In 1930 she graduated from Minsk ped. in-t. Assoc. Minsk ped. in-that, teacher of the history of Jewish literature, theory of literature. Since 1934 in Moscow. Teacher of the Jewish Department Moscow ped. in-that. In 1941–45 sotr. gas. Tambovskaya Pravda, journalist in Alma-Ata. The first lit.-Crete. the work was published in 1931 in the journal. "Stern" (Minsk), publ. in Jewish periodicals, in Sat. and alm. The author will accompany. Art. to ed. in Yiddish: “Fav. manuf. Sholem Aleichem "(v. 6, 10, Moscow, 1936–37)," Izbr. manuf. I.-L. Peretz "(M., 1941), after. to the book. ZD Vendrova "Undzer Gas" (M., 1967), to the book. IN Kipnis "Untervegns" (M., 1979), collection of works. verse. "Leader" Z.M. Axelrod, (M., 1980). The author of Art. in Russian ed .: "Fav. manuf. " Sholem Aleichem in 6 volumes. (M., 1959), dep. ed. Sholem Aleichem (1940 and 1957), “Fav. manuf. " I.-L. Peretz (1962) and others. Author of the book ..: "Itzhok-Leibush Peretz" (M., 1941), "Yiddishe Froen" ("Jewish women" - sketches, M., 1943), "Schreiber un werk "(" Writers and Works ", Warsaw-M., 1968)," Es spinth zikh a fodem "(" The thread is twisted "- stories, Moscow, 1975)," Aza min tog "(" This is such a day " , M., 1982). Translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang.
RUBINCHIK Alexander Efimovich (b. 1925, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General (1975). The son of E.E. Rubinchik. Since 1943 in the Red Army. He graduated from a tank, school (1943), Military. acad. armored vehicle. and mechanic. troops (1948). Com. tank, company, battalion, regiment. Since 1961 in Ch. operational control General Staff. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the General Staff (1966). Commands, tank, divisions, corps (1967–75). 1975–81 Deputy. teams. Transbaikal VO for combat training. 1981–89 - early. ex. Ch. ex. combat training ground. troops. Retired since 1989. He was awarded 5 orders.
RUBINCHIK Efim (Khaim) Emmanuilovich (1903, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province. - 1991, Nizhny Novgorod), organizer of industry. General-Major-Ing. tank, service (1945). From the beginning. 1920s on desks. work. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1929), worked as a party organizer at the plants of the defense industry. In 1941–42, the director. Kolomenskoye steam locomotive. s-yes, in 1942–49 dir. plant "Krasnoe Sormovo" (Gorky), achieved a multiple increase in production of T-34 tanks. Later he headed a number of enterprises of the defense industry, then - the department of mat.-tech. supply in the Volga-Vyatka Economic Council. He was awarded 12 orders (including 4 orders of Lenin and 3 orders of Labor of the Red Banner). Became. pr. (1949).
RUBINCHIK Valery Davidovich (b. 1940, Minsk), film director. Since 1957 pom. dir. at the Belarusfilm cinema. In 1959 he studied at dir. f-those Belarusian. theater.-thin. in-that. In 1968 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. Dir. k / st "Belarusfilm". He made his debut as a short fiction film. "The Sixth Summer", then he shot the films: "The Red Agitator Trofim Glushkov" (1969), "The Last Summer of Childhood" (1974, after the novel by A. Rybakov "Shot"), "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District" (1975), "A wreath of sonnets" (1977), "The Wild Hunt of King Stach" (1979, pr. Jury of the ICF in Montreal, 1980; Higher pr. I MKF detective and mysterious f. In Cattolica, Italy, 1980; special diploma for the X MKF science fiction, f. in Paris, 1980; Grand Prix of the International Film Festival in science fiction. f. in Brussels, 1983), "Cultural trip to the theater" (1982), "Comic lover, or the love of Sir John Falstaff" (1983), The Renegade (1987, with Germany and Austria), The Comedy of Lysistratus (1990, with Greece and Great Britain), Dislike (1991).
RUBINOV Anatoly (real name - Abram Zalmanovich) (1924, Smolensk - 2009, Moscow), writer, publicist. In 1942–45 at the front. Graduated from literary-ed. dep. Moscow correspondence course polygraph. Institute (1951). Published since 1944. He worked at the front. gas. "Courage" (1944-45), large-circulation (1945-63), "Vech. Moscow "(1963-66), from 1966 - in" Lit. newspaper ". In R.'s stories and essays, the author defends the ordinary citizen from the arbitrariness of the authorities and officials in private life. They are collected in the book: "Friends are everywhere" (Moscow, 1959), "Family, loneliness, love ..." (Moscow, 1986), "Cardiogram of the queue" (1988), "Outside the window" (1989), "Frank Conversation in the Middle of the Week" (M., 1990), "The Intimate Life of Moscow" (M., 1991, additional ed. 1995), "Private Life of a Journalist" (Moscow, 1994), etc. R. - laureate ave. Union of Journalists of the USSR (1966, 1988), Mezhdunar. competition of humor and satire them. Aleko (1988, Bulgaria).
RUBINOV Leon Moiseevich (1873, Belikovka, Poltava province - |), writer. Began to publish in the journal. "Sunrise" (1894–98), then in the journal. "The Future" (1900–02), "Jewish Life" (1904). Prod. R. depict the life of the Jews of southern Russia in the 70s. 19th century, the struggle between supporters and opponents of assimilation. Delegate pl. Zionist Congresses. He is the author of the short stories "The Knigonosha", "Grandmother", "Childhood", "Saturday Twilight", "Little Joys", the novel "Without Soil".
RUBINOV Yakov Grigorievich (1895, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1938), military leader. Divisional Commander. Member of the 1st world. wars; after the end of the Alekseevsky military. uch-schha (1917) - ensign. In the RSDLP (b) - since 1917. In the Red Army since 1918, the organizer of the Chervono-Cossack. parts; com. shelf, pom. division chief of staff. After the end of the War. Academy of the Red Army (1924) - at the headquarters of the Red Army and the LVO. In 1928-30 com. and military commissar of the regiment, in 1930–31 pom. teams Mosk. Span. divisions. In 1932–33, deputy. Chief of Staff Kavk. Cr. Army, in 1933–37 the chief of staff of the ZabVO. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
RUBINOVICH German X. (1883, Kovna - 1966, USA), rabbi. Since 1890 in the USA. In 1908 he graduated from the Jewish Theological Seminary, rabbi in Louisville (Kentucky). Initiated the creation of the United Synagogues of America. Since 1910, a rabbi in Boston. R. - one of the founders of the Boston Association of Rabbis, 15 years was its president. President of the Boston Zionist Council, New England National Jewish Fund Council.
RUBINSHTEIN Abram Mikhailovich (1909, Borisov, Minsk province - 1955, Moscow), chemist. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Kazan State University (1930), postgraduate studies at Kazan Chemical-Technologist. in-that. Since 1932 in Ying-those for the study of platinum and other noble metals of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, where he worked under the direction of. I.I. Chernyaeva. At the same time. taught at Leningrad. honey. in-those (1931–34). Since 1935 he worked at Ying-those general and non-organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow (in 1935–48 - head of platinum department, since 1948 head of laboratory). From 1946 he taught at Moscow. in-those tsv. metals and gold. M.I. Kalinin. work in the region. chemistry of complex compounds, refining of noble metals. He applied the laws of trans-influence to the reactions of tetravalent platinum diamines with pyridine, which made it possible to obtain a number of new compounds. Carried out (1947) the decomposition of pentamine with the formation of a new type of complex compounds, later called "supercomplex". Research a number of complex connections. platinum and palladium thermographic method (1948). Synthesized and researched. complex conn. bivalent platinum with diallylamine (1949). Since 1937 he carried out work on the processing of sulphide ores sowing. districts of the USSR, in particular, according to the technology of extracting metals from platinum gr. from these ores. Developed a method for obtaining palladium from secondary metals; in 1954–55 he introduced the method of separating platinum metals from silver into production. Became. pr. (1946, 1951).
RUBINSHTEIN Akiba Kivelevich (1882, Staviski Kolnensky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1961, Brussels), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950). He has been playing chess since he was 14. Member of the All-Russian. tournament (1903). Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. in Carlsbad (1907), Ostend (1907), Petersburg (1909). Vseros winner. tournament 1907. Naib, achieved success in 1912, winning four international. tournaments and All-Russia. tournament of masters. Became the main. a contender for the match with the world champion E. Lasker. The match did not take place because of the beginning. 1st world. After the end of the war, R. remained one of the strongest chess players in the world, although he did not achieve the previous results. In 1930 he headed the Polish team at the Olympics (showed the best result on the 1st board). In 193.2, due to illness, he left chess and many others. years spent in the hospital. Made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory. He was a virtuoso master of the art of playing rook endings. Since 1963, memorials to R.
RUBINSHTEIN Alexander Borisovich (part. Ps. Old man, Borisovsky) (1883, Chisinau - 1941, Kharkov), politician. From 1904 he participated in the growth. s.-d. movement. In 1918 one of the hands. prof., com. Workers-cross. bloc and Union roar. peasants of Bessarabia. At the 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of Romania (1922) elected a member. its Central Committee, was a member of the Bessarabian regional party committee. In 1927-28, members. Overseas. Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania for the leadership of the parties. work in Bessarabia and Bukovina, post. representative of the Bessarabian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Romania at the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. Was ed. a number of com. newspapers in Chisinau. In 1919, 1931 and 1932 he was arrested. After the occupation of Bessarabia, the Sov. troops in June 1940 became part of Vrem. roar. to-that of Bessarabia. In 1941 he was undergoing treatment in Kharkov, died after the occupation of the city by German-Fash. troops.
RUBINSTEIN Alexander Moiseevich (1904, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Graduated from Moscow State University (1927). From 1935 he worked at Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow (in 1946–48, 1958–67 deputy director, since 1954 head of laboratory research of the structure of catalysts, since 1986 consultant) Simultaneously. taught at Moscow State University (since 1927). work related to research. structure of heterogeneous catalysts, in particular the relationship of the structure of the catalyst with its catalytic. activity. Completed (1930–40) fundamental work on the X-ray structure. research heterogeneous catalysts decomp. classes. Established (1940) the relationship of catalytic. activity with dispersion and defectiveness active. catalyst phase. Joint. with sotr. developed and implemented catalysts for the purification of ammonia synthesized from carbon monoxide and dioxide. He proposed new methods for modifying zeolites. Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1952).
RUBINSHTEIN Anton Grigorievich (1829, Vykhvatintsy, Podolsk province - 1894, Peterhof, Petersburg province), pianist, composer, conductor, teacher, music critic. Brother of N.G. Rubinstein. Studied playing php. from his mother, then from A.I. Villuan. In 1839 the first concert of R. took place, then - the end. tour of the mountains. Zap. Europe. In 1841–46 he lived in Berlin, studied music-theoretical. disciplines from Z. Den. In 1848, returning to Russia, he began the end. activities as a pianist and conductor. In 1854–58 he made a tour of Germany, France, England, Austria, Hungary. In 1859 he founded Rus. muses. Society, in 1862 - Petersburg. cons., to-ruu headed. In 1867 R. left the cons. due to conflicts with the administration (including on the basis of its anti-Semitism), he gave concerts in Russia, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the USA. The culmination of his career as a pianist was Historical Concerts (1885–86), which presented a picture of the development of php. music from its origins to the present. Russian music. In 1887 he returned to the post of director. Petersburg. cons. In 1890 he held the first Internationale in Russia. competition for pianists and comp. for the prize R. In 1891 he again left the cons. due to harassment from the Russian side. chauvinists, moved to Dresden; in 1891–94 he gave concerts, studied literature. and comp. creativity, taught. In 1894 he returned to Russia where his game was distinguished by innovative technique, power, dynamism, and inspired improvisation. The musician's conducting style was just as expressive. Author pl. op., part is written based on biblical motives. ("Maccabees", 1875; stage performance "Shulamith" based on "Song of Songs"; spiritual op. - theatrical. Oratorios - "Paradise Lost" (1856), "Babylonian Pandemonium" (1869), "Moses", etc.) ... The author of the op., Incl. The Demon (1871), Nero (1876), bal. The Grapevine (1893), 6 symphony, overtures, 5 concertos for piano, 1 for violin and orc, St. Lp 200 plays, choirs, romances (including the cycle "Persian songs" with the use of Jewish melodies, "Jewish melody" on the verse by M.Yu. Lermontov). Author lit. production: "Rus. composers ”(1855, in German),“ History of literature fp. music. The course of A.G. Rubinstein. 1888-1889 ". Comp. C. Cui (1889).
RUBINSTEIN Arthur (1887, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1982, Geneva), pianist. Studied with A. Ruzhitsky in Warsaw, then in Berlin with R. M. Breithaupt and H. Bart (php.), R. Kahn and M. Bruch (composition); took lessons from I. Paderevsky (php.). He made his debut in 1898 (with the Berlin Symphony Orc. Under the direction of J. Joachim). From the age of 16 he toured in Poland, Germany, France, England, Russia, in 1906 - in the USA. In 1910 he conquered ave. On Mezhdunar. piano competition, DOS. A.G. Rubinstein (Petersburg). In the years of the 1st world. war, while in England, mobilized for the work of the military. per. After the end of the war he continued to give concerts. From 1939 he lived in the USA, from 1954 - in France. Own creator FP concepts. art, R. possessed exceptional technicality, beauty of sound, poetic refinement of touch. The first performer, Op. I. Albéniz, E. Granados, M. de Falla, E. Vila-Lobos, C. Debussy, M. Ravel, F. Poulenc, D. Millau, performed works. S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, N. K. Metner. I.F. Stravinsky made for R. fp. arrangement of score ball. "Petrushka" and dedicated "Piano-reg-music" to him. All R. 1970s R. recorded 5 concerts for FP. with orc. L. van Beethoven (with the London Symphony Orc. Under the direction of D. Barenboim). In the last. On his 10th birthday he also performed as an ensemble player with violinists J. Heifetz and G. Schering, cellists G. Pyatigorsky and E. Feuerman. Franz. dir. F. Reshenbach made a film about R. Love for Life (1970); for participation in it R. was awarded pr. "Oscar". The author of a number of ph. plays and chamber instruments. op. Created the F. Chopin Foundation to help artists and musicians who suffered from the war.
RUBINSTEIN Avrom (1905, Nikolaev, Kherson Gubernia - 1981, Moscow), teacher, director, literary critic, linguist. Since 1922 in Moscow, actor of the theater "Habima". In 1926 the actor in the t-re-studio "Frei-Kunst", together with the studio, moved to Kiev, where the studio became the basis of the Kiev state. Jewish t-ra. Actor and assistant. dir., simultaneously studied at dir. dep. Theater. in-ta them. N.V. Lysenko. He staged "Wandering Stars" and "The Bewitched Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem, staged the performances "Zamka Kopach", "Stempenu", "The Ovadis Family", "Sulamith", "Bar-Kokhba", "Uncle Vanya" and others. about t-re into gas. in Yiddish, Russian, Ukrainian lang. After 1945, he taught Hebrew at Moscow State University, and others. institutions. Participated (together with F.L.Shapiro and B.M. Grande in the creation of a Hebrew-Russian dictionary (M., 1963). Author of the article in the "Brief Literary Encyclopedia" about the Hebrew literature. In the 1970s published in the journal "Sovetish Heimland" essays and scientific works about t-re, literature, language and folklore.
RUBINSTEIN David Isaakovich (1902, Odessa - 1994, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. Graduated from Odessa Art. Institute (1929), studied with prof. T.B. Fraerman and B.H. Zauze. Performed landscapes, dedicated. Odessa: “Moscow street in Odessa”, “Lesnaya street in Odessa”, “Roofs in Odessa”, etc. In 1929–31 he taught rice. and drawing on Wed. school in Bukhara. Since 1930 - member of the rep., Moscow. exhibitions. Collaborated in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Working Moscow" and others. Since 1932, members. MOSKh. In the 1940s. during the evacuation in Wed. Asia created mid. works on oriental themes: "Conversation about the Koran and cotton", "Evening in the old city. Tashkent ”,“ Oriental Bazaar ”,“ Street Susan-Taran ”,“ Shar-Dor in the Morning ”, etc. Since the 1950s. turned to the portrait genre: "Nina Aleshko", "Portrait in Blue", "Artist VM Midler", "Dancer Irina Tikhomirnova", "Film actress Natasha Leble", "Tamara with a cello", etc. Author of etchings, watercolors, pastels with “musical” subjects: “In the amphitheater of the conservatory”, “Rehearsal of the bow group”, “Listening to the music”, portraits of K.N. Igumnov, D.B.Shafran, A.G. Rubinstein, etc. Personal exhibition took place in 1988 in Moscow.
RUBINSTEIN Eliezer (b. 1917, Sokolov, Sedletskaya Province), writer, translator. In the years of the 2nd world. After the war he lived in the USSR, after the war he returned to Poland, from there he left for France, and from 1949 - in Israel. In Paris, ed. weekly "Unzer veg". He published stories in Israel, v. and transfers to gas. "Lecte Nice", "Maariv" and others. Prod. R. entered the alm. Yiddishe Schreiber in Yisroel (Tel Aviv, 1962). He translated from Hebrew into Yiddish, including Sh.-Y. Agnon (Simple History, New York, 1958), A. Kariva (My Motherland Lithuania, Tel Aviv, 1962).
RUBINSHTEIN Evgeniya (Geni) Samoilovna (1891, Nizhny Novgorod - 1981, Pushkin, Leningrad Region), climatologist. Dr. Geogr. sciences. In 1909 she entered the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses in St. Petersburg, where she specialized in mathematics and astronomy. After completing the courses in 1912, she was left to prepare for ped. work. She became the first woman specialist in the region. climatology in Russia. In 1914 she entered Ch. physical observatory for the post of associate, from 1919 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1932 deputy. dir. Institute of climatology. In 1932–41 at the same time. taught in geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University, in 1944-50 head. Department of climatology Leningrad. hydrometeorologist. in-ta. Main work related to creation. methods of statistical. processing meteorologist, observations, with issl. climate change in sowing. hemisphere and on the Earth as a whole. Author and ed. scientific. tr. on climatology, included in the "Great Soviet Atlas of the World" (vol. 1, 1937), "Physico-Geographical Atlas of the World" (1964), "Marine Atlas" (vol. 2, 1953), "Atlas of Antarctica" (vol. 1 , 1966). She was also engaged in the development of scientific. basics of network placement meteorologist, Art. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1961). Works: Methods of climatological processing of meteorological observations. M.-L., 1937; Modern climate change. L., 1966 (jointly with L.G. Polozova); The structure of air temperature fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere. T. 1–2. L., 1973, 1977; The uniformity of meteorological series in time and space in connection with the study. climate change. L., 1979.
RUBINSHTEIN Evgenia Ilyinichna (1899, Vinnitsa - 1970, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1952). She graduated from high school in Vinnitsa. During Soviet-Polish. war 1920 led clandestine work in a busy Polish. troops of Kamenets-Podolsk, was arrested and taken to Poland. She returned to Russia in 1921 to exchange communists for Polish. officers. Graduated from the Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlova (1923), worked as a lecturer in Soviet-party. schools in Simferopol. In 1929–32 she studied in Moscow at the Ying-those red professors, then until 1938 she worked at the Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin, combining scientific. work with teaching at higher. uch. institutions. Since 1938 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1955–60 members. the editorial board of "Scientific notes on modern and contemporary history". Author of works on modern and recent history of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Poland, the history of Polish. and Czech women, s.-d-tii. Participated in the preparation of collective tr. ("History of Poland", vol. 2, Moscow, 1955; "History of the II International", vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1965–66). Vol .: Fascism and social fascism. M., 1933; Methodical. textbook on the history of mezhdunar. roar. movement. M., 1934; The policy of the Germans, imperialism in the West. Polish lands in the con. XIX - early. XX century M., 1953; The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian. monarchy. M., 1963.
RUBINSTEIN German Rafailovich (1871 - 1955, Moscow), phthisiatrician and pulmonologist. Doctor of Medicine (1899), prof. (1934). In 1896 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. While still a student, he got angry. medal for the work "Qualitative and quantitative changes in blood composition in cancer" (1895). From 1896 assistant dissector, from 1901 privat-doc. Department of pathological. anatomy un-that and simultaneously. Art. hospital therapy clinic assistant. He improved in Germany with R. Virchow. Since 1903, Assistant to Therapeutic. clinic un-that in Kiev. In 1905 he founded and until 1925 was in charge of the free sanatorium for children with tuberculosis "Pushcha-Voditsa" of the Kiev Jewish community. In 1925–27 he was a consultant in the sanatoriums of the Moscow Health Department and in Ying-those balneology, in 1927–39 scientific. hands. sanatorium them. Lenin in Kratovo (Moscow region). 1932–41 head. Department of Tuberculosis TSIUV, created by him on the basis of this sanatorium. In 1941–52 the head. the Department of Tuberculosis of the 1st MMI founded by him. Author of over 100 scientific. works dedicated. problems of pathogenesis, clinical picture, early detection, differential diagnosis and prevention of lung diseases. R. proposed a classification of pulmonary tuberculosis, found that the beginning. a form of pulmonary tuberculosis is a focal process. Main R.'s work - on the role of endogenous reactivation decomp. residual tuberculosis changes and the importance of exogenous superinfection in the development of active tuberculosis. prez. reign of Vses. about-va phthisiatricians, chl. Int. about-va of phthisiatricians. Honored. active science of the RSFSR (1946). Became. etc. (1951). Cit .: Clinical grouping of pulmonary tuberculosis. M.-L., 1936; Pleurisy. M., 1939; Pulmonary tuberculosis. M., 1948; Differential diagnosis of lung diseases. T. 1–2. M., 1949-1950.
RUBINSHTEIN Grigory Leonidovich (1891 - 1959, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1935). In the 1930s. taught at Leningrad. economical engineer in-those. Main tr. on economics owls. trade: "Organizer. industrial forms supply ... "(M.-L., 1933); “Development of int. trade in the USSR ”(L., 1964). Author of the textbooks “Economics and Planning of Sov. trade "(1939)," Economics of Sov. trade ”(1950, et al.).
RUBINSHTEIN Ida Lvovna (1885, Petersburg - 1960, Van, Alpes-Maritimes, France), actress, dancer. She graduated from drama school at the Maly Theater (1907), worked at the Moscow Art Theater. Studied under M.M. Fokin. In 1908 R. performed with success in St. Petersburg, Paris (t-r "Olympia"), London, staged for her by Fokin on music. AK Glazunov "Dance of the Seven Veils" (dance of Salome based on "Salome" by O. Wilde), in 1909–10 she participated in "Rus. seasons ”SPDyagilev in Paris. In 1909 she performed at the center, part in the ball. "Cleopatra" by A.S. Arensky, staged by Fokin especially for R., taking into account her data and capabilities. In 1910 she danced Zobeida at the ball. "Scheherazade" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1909–11 and 1929–35 she was in charge of her own. troupe, with a cut performed in France and England. R. attracted outstanding computers to her work. and artist, by her order were written “The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian "K. Debussy (after the mystery of G. d'Annunzio, 1911)," Antony and Cleopatra "F. Schmitt (1920)," The Empress on the Rocks "(1925)," Phaedra "(1926)," Wedding celebration of Cupid and Psyche "by A. Onegger (1928)," Bolero "by M. Ravel (1928)," Persephone "and" Fairy Kiss "by IF Stravinsky (1934) and others. R. played to the accompaniment of ps. Lviv. Naib. Izv. dram. roles: Antigone ("Antigone" by Sophocles, St. Petersburg New Theater, 1904), Helena ("Helena Spartan" by E. Verharne, Paris, 1912), Salome ("Salome" by Wilde, Paris, 1912), in 1913 participated in in the production of VE Meyerhold “Pisanella, or Death in Flowers” ​​by d'Annunzio, where the dances were staged by Fokin (Paris), she played Nastasya Filippovna in “The Idiot” after FM Dostoevsky (Paris, 1925). The portrait of R., painted by Val A. Serov (1910), is kept in the State Russian Museum.
RUBINSTEIN Joseph (1905, Skidel of the Grodno District and Gubernia - 1978, Tel Aviv), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1918 he came to Warsaw, worked and studied at the Polish trade school, in art. school. He made his debut in literature in 1925 in verse, in Warsaw gas. "Arbeter Zeitung", was published in another period. ed. First Sat poems "Model" ("Models") came out in Warsaw in 1939. In 1940 in Moscow there were fav. verses from this book. with foreword L.M. Kvitko. In 1939, R. fled from Warsaw to Bialystok, in June 1941 he arrived in Alma-Ata, in the spring of 1946 to Lodz, and in 1947 to Paris. In 1948 he was a delegate of the Parisian Jewish Writers' Union at the founding, Congress of the World. Jewish Cultural Congress in New York and stayed in the United States. Published poetry in the journal. "Tsukunft", "Yidisher Kemfer" and other New York editions. There were also published books: "Nakht oif Nalevkes" ("Night on Nalevki"), 1949, "Megilas Rusland" ("Adventures in Russia"), trilogy, 1960, "Khurbn Poiln" ("The Destruction of Poland"), 1964, "Etzias Eirope" ("Exodus from Europe"), 1970. R. laureate of many. lit. etc.
RUBINSTEIN Itskhok (1880, Datnovo Kovno district and province - 1945, New York), rabbi, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at yeshivas in Kovna, Lutsk, Volozhin. In 1901 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1907 - a rabbi in Genichesk, from 1910 a government rabbi in Vilna. In the years of the 1st world. war represented the interests of the Jewish population of the city before the Germans, the occupier. the authorities. In 1919 he was elected to society. a rabbi. In 1920, after the city was occupied by Lithuanian troops, - min. in Heb. business. Later he remained one of the leaders of the community, in 1922–39 dep. Polish Sejm, repeatedly advocated the rights of the Jewish population of the country, was one of the leaders of the Mizrahi movement in Poland. Since 1941 - in the USA, she taught at Yeshiva University (New York). Author of memoirs Mi milhome ad milhome (From war to war).
RUBINSTEIN Chaim (1870, Semyatichi Velsky u. Grodno province - 1948, Melbourne), publisher, editor. Born into the family of a rabbi. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. They are independent. studied several. lang. Since 1933 - in Australia. Was ed. gas. "Australian Yiddish Nice", at the same time. ed. gas. "Sydney Yiddish Nice." In 1938 ed. every month. zhurn. (5 issues were published). One of the creatures. Jewish press in Australia.
RUBINSHTEIN Lev Semenovich (b. 1947, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1971). Published abroad since 1979, in the USSR since 1989. Author ser. "From the Big File Cabinet": "Little Night Serenade", "Mama Soaped the Frame", "The Appearance of a Hero" (all - 1992). R. is the inventor of a new principle of rhythm. org-tion poet. text (the so-called poems on cards): a number of texts are built as a kind of montage, covering a wide range of phenomena and spheres of life, in which everyday life and philosophicalism are combined.
RUBINSHTEIN Mark Mikhailovich (1915, Tiflis - 1978, ibid.), Geologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (1974). Graduated from Gruz, Polytechnic. Institute (1938). He studied in graduate school at the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the same place. In 1941–45 - at the front, where he worked his way up from platoon commander to pom. early regiment headquarters. Worked as the head. lab. absolute age of rocks (1955–78) Geologist, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, prof. Tbilisi fur boots. He worked on a seismotectonic zoning scheme for Georgia. He suggested using glauconite to determine the absolute age of sedimentary formations using the argon method. State ave. Georgian SSR.
RUBINSTEIN Modest Iosifovich (1894, Elizavetgrad - 1969, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1954). In 1912-17 he studied at Zurich University, Petrograd. psychoneurological. in-those, graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Member RSDLP since 1915. In 1917–20 the deputy. prev. Military Revolutionary Committee of the Special Army South-West. fr., early. the political department of the group of forces of the 14th army, etc. In 1921–30 sotr. Profintern, member. its Center. council, since 1931 head. sector of tech. Politics and Science, Chl. Pres. State Planning Committee of the USSR. Member CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1934–39). Since 1939 in Ying-those world. x-va and the world. policy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main tr. on the analysis of the organization of labor in the USSR, econ. efficiency of science and technology, history of international. slave. movement. Cit .: The concentration of capital and the tasks of the labor movement. 2nd ed., M., 1924; Imperialist wars of the future. M., 1929; Capitalistic. rationalization. M., 1930; Economic competition between the two systems. M., 1939; Bourgeois Science and Technology in the Service of American Imperialism. M., 1951.
RUBINSHTEIN Moisey Matveyevich (1880, Zakharovo, Verkhneudinsky district, Transbaikal region - 1953, Moscow), social scientist, psychologist, teacher. Doctor of Philosophy, Dr. Ped. Sciences, prof. (1918). In 1905 he graduated from Philosophy. branch of the Freiburg un-that. He lectured on philosophy and psychology at courses at the University of them. A.L. Shanyavsky (from 1908), Higher. wives courses (since 1909). From 1912 he taught at Moscow. un-those. Organizer and first rector (1918–20) Vost.-Sib. (Irkutsk) University. From 1923 he taught at the Higher. ped. courses at the Moscow Higher Technical School, at Moscow State University and other universities in Moscow. In the beginning. 1930s head Higher. ped. courses at the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1941–43 head. Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Krasnoyarsk Ped. in-that, in 1943-51 prof. Department of Psychology at MGPI. Author of scientific. tr. in philosophy, psychology, theory and history of pedagogy. R.'s early work - "Socialism and individuality" and "Idea of ​​personality as the basis of the worldview" (both - M., 1909) laid the foundation for a cycle of philosophies. searches of the author: "Plato the teacher" (Irkutsk, 1920), "The problem of" I "as the starting point of philosophy" (1923), historical-critical. essays "On the meaning of life" and "The problem of the teacher" (1927). In 1924-25 a number of books. R. dedicated the idea of ​​learning in the process of collective, labor. Cit .: Socialism and its true meaning. M., 1917; History ped. ideas in its main. features. 2nd ed., Irkutsk, 1922; Basics of the general methodology. M., 1927, 1928; Sex education from the point of view of cultural interests. M.-L., 1926; Education is reading. interests of schoolchildren. M., 1950.
Rubinstein Moishe (1906, Grodno - 1980, Mexico City), publicist. He studied at a yeshiva, then at a technical school in Vilna. Since 1936 in Mexico. Lit. activity began in 1925 in the Grodno weekly. gas. "Grodner Moment", published a weekly in 1926. "Unzer Lebn", ed. a number of the Jewish period. ed. In 1936 sotr. Mexican gas. Der Veg, founded the weekly in the same year. "Die Zeit" (published before the end of 1938). From Apr. 1939 ed. and ed. gas. "Di shtime" (Mexico City). He published reports, stories, art. on different topics. The author of the book: "Mexicaner temes" ("Mexican themes") - Sat. essays, stories and reports, Mexico City, 1941, "A lebn in Mexico" ("Life in Mexico") - ibid, 1951.
RUBINSTEIN Nikolay Grigorievich (1835, Moscow - 1881, Paris, buried in Moscow), pianist, conductor, teacher. Brother of A.G. Rubinstein. Studied playing php. under the hands. mother. In 1844–46 in Berlin; took FP lessons. from T. Kullak, studied music-theoretical. disciplines from Z. Den. Returning to Moscow, he studied php. at AI Villuan, with which in 1846–47 he made the first conc. trip. In 1850–55 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that; upon completion he toured in Moscow and London. In 1860, on the initiative of R., Moscow was opened. dep. Rus. muses. about-va, before. and the conductor of all concerts to-rogo was until the end of his life. Organized by muses. classes of RMO, in 1866 converted to Moscow. cons .; until 1881 was her director. and prof. In the repertoire of R. a special place was occupied by op. F. Liszt, who considered R. the best performer of his works. (dedicated to R. "Fantasy on the theme of" Athenian ruins "). R. paid much attention to the propaganda of the music of A.G. Rubinstein, M.A. Balakirev (after R.'s fantasy "Islamey"). As a pianist and as a conductor, R. played an exceptional role in the dissemination of Tchaikovsky's music: under the exercise. R. for the first time performed the 1st-4th symph., The poem "Fatum", the fantasy overture "Romeo and Juliet", symph. fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian capriccio". R. carried out the first post. op. "Eugene Onegin" (by students) in Moscow. cons. Tchaikovsky dedicated to R. the 1st symph., Concert for php. with orc. No. 2, wrote on the death of R. fp. trio "In memory of the great artist" (1882). R. conductor's interpretations were distinguished by great will and emotionality, the ability to accurately reveal the intention of the comp. Under his control. took place St. 250 concerts of the RMO, where cantatas and masses by JS Bach, excerpts from oratorios by GF Handel, “Requiem” by WA Mozart, symph. manuf. F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. P. Borodin, M. I. Glinka, Rubinstein. Among the students - SI Taneev (who dedicated the cantata "John Damascene" to R.), AI Ziloti, A.Yu. Zograf (Dulova). - the author of FP. plays, orc. overtures, etc. Ed. Russian ed. Poly. collection op. for php. F. Mendelssohn; first published in Russia fav. romances by F. Schubert and R. Schumann.
RUBINSTEIN Nohem (1902 - 1938), bibliographer. Graduated from Minsk Jewish ped. technical College. Comp. Minsk library named after I.-L. Peretz, head. Jewish department Belarusian, state b-ki them. Lenin. Studied biblical science. work, created a textbook on library science, publ. 4-volume. tr. "Dos Yiddish Bukh in Sovetnfarband" ("Jewish Book in the Soviet Union"). Perennial tr. - complete bibliography of 19th century Jewish literature. (according to the book. repositories of Moscow and Leningrad) remained unfinished due to the arrest of R. R. - the author of the book: “Library-arbet. Gantbuh far Yiddish Libraries-Tuer "(" Library work. A guide for workers of Jewish libraries "), M., 1927, together with Sh. Plavnik -" Yiddish-weissrusisher tashn-veterbuh "(" Jewish-Belarusian pocket dictionary "), Minsk , 1932, "Dos Yiddish Bukh in Sovetnfarband" ("Jewish Book in the Soviet Union") for the years 1932–35, 1933–36, Minsk. Mn. bibl. work publ. in Minsk in gas. "October" and zhurn. "Stern".
RUBINSTEIN Paul (Five) (1910, Pruzhany, Grodno province. - 1977, New York), publicist, writer. In 1927-30 in Argentina. Since 1930 - in the USA. Member Jewish social. union, in "Arbeter-ring" and other Jewish societies. org-tions. He worked in gas. "Morgen-Journal", printed reports, conducted a weekly. polit. the rubric "A fray tsu froen" ("Woman to women") under ps. Gloria Gold. From 1954 one of the editors. gas. "Forverts", where publ. reports as well as rum. "Oif fremde vegn" ("On strange roads"), ed. in 1970 in New York.
RUBINSHTEIN Rebekah Ionovna (1899, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1982, Moscow), orientalist, Egyptologist. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1924). Cand. ist. Sciences (1940). Deserved. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1970). In 1924-28 she taught at universities. Scientific. sotr. State Hermitage (1924–34), the Department of the Ancient East of the Pushkin Museum (1944–82). Author of more than 60 works on the problems of Egyptology. Cit .: Unsolved letters. L., 1960; Clay envelope. M., 1962; The latest archaeological discoveries in Egypt. M., 1962; What the monuments of the Ancient East tell about. M., 1964; Riddles of the pyramids. M., 1966; For which Xerxes carved the sea. M., 1967; Visiting Khnumhotep. M., 1970; The Ancient East. M., 1974.
RUBINSTEIN Reuben (1891, Utsiany Vilkomirsky u. Koven province - 1967, Tel Aviv), journalist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Vilna gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew and law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Since 1923 in Kaunas. Dep. litas. Diet, ratman mountains. councils. In 1940 he was exiled to Siberia, was in labor. camp, released in 1943. In 1946–47 in Munich, from 1948 in Israel. Journalist. active started in the journal. "Dawn". In 1915 he began to write in Yiddish. Staff sotr. gas. "Petrograder togblat", ed. "Unzer togblat" (1918), published on Saturday. "Zionistishe Zamlbikher" (Pg., 1918). From 1923 ed. and sotr. a number of ed. in Yiddish - gas. Di Yiddish Shtime (until its closure in 1940), ed. petrograd. lit. zhurn. "Mir Alain" and others. Supervised by ed. broadcasting in Yiddish by the Voice of Israel radio station.
RUBINSTEIN Sergey Leonidovich (1889, Odessa - 1960, Moscow), social scientist, psychologist. Prof. (1921), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), acad. APN RSFSR (1945). Born into a family of a lawyer. In 1913 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University in Odessa, in 1915 he began ped. and scientific. activity as a teacher of psychology and logic in the gymnasium. Since 1919 - a teacher at the Novorossiysk University. In 1932–42 the head. Department of Psychology Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. A.I. Herzen. Deer. Ying-that psychology APN RSFSR (1942-45) and simultaneously. head Department of Psychology, Moscow State University (1942-50). In 1945-48 Deputy. director, head sects. psychology Institute of Philosophy. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was criticized during the "struggle" against cosmopolitanism in 1947, was removed from all posts. In 1956-60, again head. sector of psychology Ying-that filos. AN, Osn. tr. by philosophy. problems of psychology. Put forward a theoretical. and experiment. developed the foundation, methodology, principles of psychology. research Author of works on the problems of psychology in tr. I.M.Sechenov (1945, 1955) and I.P. Pavlov (1952, 1955). Main tr. R. "Foundations of General Psychology" (1940, 2nd ed. 1946). Became. etc. (1942) Vol .: Fundamentals of Psychology. M., 1935; Being and consciousness. M., 1957; Principles and ways of development of psychology. M., 1959; Problems of general psychology. M., 1973; Fundamentals of General Psychology, v. 1–2. M., 1989 Brother R. - Nikolay (1897, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), historian. Prof. (1938). In 1934-59 he taught at universities in Moscow. In 1943–49 - deputy. dir. by scientific. work of the State. ist. museum. Main tr. in Russian historiography, history of Ukraine 17th century, social and economic. Russian history of the 18th century Vol .: Russian historiography. M., 1941.
RUBINSTEIN Shmuel (1885, Dymer of Kiev district and province - |), publicist, folklorist. In 1903 in Kiev he joined the Bund and was exiled to Siberia. All his life he collected Jewish folklore - proverbs, anecdotes, nar. fairy tales. Comp. Bund's Folks Zeitung (Kiev) and ed. her humor. adj. Der Zingel. He published humor in Kiev. leaflets "Der Fledervish" (1918) and "A kush in dr'aird arain" (1921), participated in humor. ed. "Akdomes" and "Ashmedai" ed. I. Tunkel. Was printed in gas. Komfon (Kiev), Reuter Stern (Vitebsk), Veker (Minsk), Gorepashnik (Vilno), weekly. "Literary Bleter" (Warsaw), "Milgram" (Berlin), "Zukunft" (New York) and others. A fragment of work on folklore publ. in Berdichevskaya "Folkshtime" and others, in special. scientific. collection of folklore. The author of the book. "Zwinsch fire un shverd" ("Between fire and saber", Warsaw, 1923), rec. about Cit. the war in Ukraine, "Font fun a Yiddish folklorist" ("Notes of a Jewish folklorist", Vilno, 1937).
RUBINSHTEIN Julius Borisovich (b. 1940, Kiev), metallurgist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1982), prof. (1988). In 1962 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Developed new technologies and equipment to solve environmentally friendly. problems, incl. for cleaning prom. waste water, building construction, materials from fly ash of power plants, production of environmentally friendly fuel (coal-water suspension). Author of over 200 scientific. works, Cit .: Kinetics of flotation. M., 1980; Mathematical methods in mineral processing. M., 1987; Research methods of the flotation process. M., 1990.
RUBINSON Moishe (1914, Queen of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1949, Paris), rabbi. In 1927–37 he studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas in Polotsk, Vitebsk, Kutaisi and Novozybkov. In 1937–38 hands. underground yeshiva in Berdichev. In 1938 he was arrested. In the 1940s. taught at the underground Lubavitch yeshiva in Samarkand. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1947 - in France, he taught at the Lubavitch yeshiva in Paris.
RUBLEVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1928), subordinated to the Moscow City Council of the Moscow Region. (Russian Federation) In 1926 there were 9 Jews living in R., in 1939 - 50 Jews.
RUBSTEIN Benzion (1882, Kryukovo, Kremenchug district, Poltava province - 1934, Odessa), demographer, linguist. Since 1898 - member. Zionist. org-tion, in 1905–07 - member. Bund. In 1918-19 he worked at the Stat.-Economist. dep. Jewish Commissariat in Petrograd. In 1921–23 he lived in Vilna and Warsaw, then several. years in E.-I. In 1926 he settled in Odessa, where he became the head. Lit. Museum named after Mendele Moicher-Sforima. The author of the research. about lang. Yiddish, Jewish demography, economics and statistics.
RUBTSOVSK, a city (since 1927), a regional center in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1892 in the Altai environs. Tomsk Gubernia In 1939, 49 Jews lived in R., in 1970 - 449 (0.3%), in 2002 - 82 Jews. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of R. increased due to the evacuated Jews, including Jews from the enterprises evacuated to R. - the Odessa plant of agricultural. machines and the Kharkov Tractor Plant, to-rye laid the foundation for "Altayselmash" and the Altai Tractor Plant. On July 8, 1945, anti-Jewish riots took place in R. during a football match. Mountains. the authorities, including the police, did not react in any way to what was happening. In 2006, a Jewish community was formed in R.. B.Ya. Eifman.
RUCHAYOVKA, a village in the Loyevsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rechitsa district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. 7 Feb. 1921 a pogrom took place in R., organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich. All the Jews of R. (43 people) were killed.
ROOCH, a village in the Razdolnensky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 1860s. More than 15 Jewish families lived in Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1930, more than 15 Jewish families lived in R. In the fall of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941–42 the Jews of R. were exterminated.
RUCHKI, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in R.
RUDA, see Rud.
RUDA-KRASNAYA, a village in the Rivne district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in R.-K. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 unity. mill in R.-K. rented by a Jew, Unity. the flour shop was owned by a Jew.
RUDAMINA, a place in Alytus u. (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the beginning. 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rudomin Vilensky Vilna lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1800, approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1923 - 98 Jews (38.2%), in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. In the 19th century. there was a synagogue. Main the occupations of the Jewish population of R. were trade and s. x-in. In 1902–20, the rabbi of R. was Dovid Svirsky. in R., there was a branch "Tseirei Zion". In the 1920s and 30s. R. rabbi was Mordhe Kogen. During this period, pl. Jews left R. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust. After 1945, a memorial sign was installed on the grave of the executed Jews.
RUDANETS, see Rudanets.
RUDANSKOE, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dolgovtsy Mogilevsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In July 1941, R. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. In 1942–44 there was a camp in R. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 99 Jews were held in the camp.
RUDANTSY, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Rudancie, Lviv district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942 the Jews of R. were deported to Novy Yarychev and in January. 1943 shot.
RUDENKOVKA, a village in the Novosanzharsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1905 Jewish shops were plundered in R. In 1910 there were four Jewish farms in R.
RUDENSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1939, 176 Jews lived in R. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1913, Jews owned 9 shops in R. (including all 3 grocery stores, both haberdashery, and a single beer hall). Aug 1915, a pogrom broke out in R. by Russian recruits who were passing through R. armies, which were joined by the railway. employees. In the fall of 1915, another pogrom took place in Rosh-ha-Shana in R., organized by Russian soldiers. Army. In 1922 in R. 41 people. signed a protest against the persecution of rabbis and Melamed. In the summer of 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. After the occupation, a ghetto was created. In oct. In 1941 the ghetto was liquidated, and in 1955 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed Jews.
RUDERMAN Boruch (1865, Vileiskogo Township near Vilna province - 1928, London), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1882 - in England. One of the founders of the Jewish social. movement in England. Since 1901, he has done the processing of the English miniatures for everyday. gas. Der Yidischer Journal, ed. (together with M. Yeger) and ed. weekly Der Wanderer (1902-1903). From 1910 he published in Jewish social media. ed. "Materials on the history of the Jewish socialist movement in England." From 1927 until the closing of the daily. gas. "Di Yiddish Post" published a rep. R.
RUDERMAN Mikhail Isaakovich (1905, Kharkov - 1984, Moscow), poet. Studied in lit. dep. Khark. in-that nar. education. Published in 1920. In 1925 he moved to Moscow. He worked at Komsomolskaya Pravda. He wrote the book. for children ("Petrushka homeless", 1930; "On a cruiser", 1932; "Travels beyond the clouds", 1934, etc.). R.'s poems are collected in the book: "Star Run" (1933), "Song of the Cart" (1937), "Spring Land" (1958), etc. The author of the text "Song of the Cart" (music by K. Ya. Listova , 1937).
RUDERMAN Yakov-Itskhok (1901, Dolginovo, Vileisky u. Vilna province - 1987), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. In 1926 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1930 - in the USA. In 1933 he organized a yeshiva in Baltimore. He was a member of Moetses Gdolei Ga-Toyro - the governing body of the Agudas Israel movement in the USA. Author of comments to Maimonides “Avodas Leyvy”.
RUDI Zvi (1900, Bialystok, Grodno province - |), sociologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1926). Studied in high fur boots in Prague, Berlin, Leipzig, Paris. Conducted by scientific. work at the Academy of Jewish Studies (Berlin, 1928–33). Since 1934 - in E.-I. There was prof. sociology and philosophy at the School of Law and Economics of the University of Tel Aviv (1935–59), chief stylist and editor of the chronological documentation of the Israeli Foreign Ministry (1948–51). He gave lecture courses in high fur boots in Paris (Sorbonne), Berlin, Basel, Freiburg, Cologne, at the Schools of Law and Economics in Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Padua (Italy). Pres. Philosophical Society (Tel Aviv) since 1944. The author of the book. in Hebrew: Gregor Johann Mendel, his life and the doctrine of heredity, 1935; Philosophical Lexicon, 1939; Elements of Sociology, 1944; Our Time and Look at It, 1950; Sociology of the Jewish People, 1957; Thinkers and Their Problems, 1960; On him. lang .: "Natural philosophy in the XX century", 1927; Biological Field Theory, 1931; The State of Israel, 1961; Ethnosociology of the Soviet People, 1962; "National problems and national policy in the USSR", 1962. He wrote and published scientific. Art. in Hebrew, French, German lang.
RUDIN Semyon Gesselevich (Germanovich) (1929, Leningrad - 1973, ibid.), Orientalist, philologist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1968). Graduated from Indo-Tibet. dep. east Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952). Lecturer (since 1954), Assoc. (since 1970) east. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He read special courses on Hindi dialectology, theor. Tamil grammar. lang. and others. Joint. with A.M. Pyatigorsky compiled and published in 1960 "Tamil-Russian Dictionary". Completed a number of thin. translations from Tamil. and Malayalamsk. lang .; comp. Sat. “Yellow bananas. The stories of Malayalam writers ”(L., 1974).
RUDIN Yakov Mikhailovich (1900, Petersburg - 1941), artist, playwright. In 1916-18 he studied at the music. technical school in Petrograd, worked as an artist in opera. troupe Nar. houses. Graduated from the Higher. theater, school at the Alexandria Theater in Petrograd (1920, class of VN Davydov), in 1920–21 he worked in the same theater. In 1921–23 he was an artist of the Mogilev theater. In 1923 he moved to Moscow and entered the "Crooked Jimmy" theater, in 1924–41 the leading artist of Moscow. t-ra satire, where he played the roles: Resident ("Moscow from the point of view" V.Ya.Tipot, 1924), Vivnev ("Tarakanovshchina" by V.E.Ardov, L.V. Nikulin, 1928), Pribylev ("Alien child "VV Shkvarkin, 1934), Pashkovsky (" Small trump cards ", Ardova, 1937). In 1933 et al. with A.M.Bondi, R.G.Korf, II Ilf, E. Petrov wrote the play "An Evening of Parodies and Vaudeville". Satire. miniatures, sketches, feuilletons by R. were performed by leading pop masters: V.Ya. Khenkin ("Night at the Countryside"), MV Mironova ("Ladies' Fingers"), etc. In the 1930s. R. performed on the stage in collaboration with Korf (they made their debut in the sketch "What are you complaining about |"), performed novel-dialogues of R.: "In the elevator", "In the registry office", "Your pass", "First flight". In 1935 (to the 10th anniversary of T-ra satire) R. created the comic "Small Encyclopedia. dictionary MTS "(published in the collection" It seems ridiculous ", M. 1935). At the end of June 1941 R. wrote a one-act play" At the recruiting station ", in Aug.-Sept. 1941 in journal. "Crocodile" publ. feuilletons R. "Rob-army" and "Berlin conversations". On Sept. 1941 R. and Korf, as part of the front-line acting brigade, performed in front of the soldiers in the West. fr. In oct. 1941 were surrounded in the Vyazma region and perished.
RUDINSHTEIN Mark Izrailevich (b. 1946, Odessa), producer. In 1963–65 he worked for shipbuilding. s-de in Nikolaev, studied in historical-philology. f-those Leningrad. un-that. In 1965–68 he served in the army, where he began to take part in a concert. activities in the arm. ans. songs and dances. In 1972–75 he studied at the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1973–86 he worked as an administrator, director. houses of culture in the State Concert system. One of the first organizers of show and film business in the USSR. In 1983 he founded the Podmoskovye leisure center in Podolsk, transformed. in 1988 in the firm "Podmoskovye". In 1986–87 he was under arrest. In 1990 he held the first unofficial film festival of “unbought films” in Podolsk. In 1991 he organized and headed the first all. Film Festival "Kinotavr" in Sochi (since 1993 Open All-Russian Film Festival). Since 1990 - prez. film company "Kinotavr".
RUDISKES, a place in Trakai u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rudzishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 - of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1882–1903, R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, Jews owned four shops in R. (including the only grocery and manufacturing and manufacturing).
RUD, a village in Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Soroksky ore Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 127 Jews (10%) lived in R.
RUDKA, a village in Grebenkovsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lubenskoye u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 5 Jewish households in R.
RUDKI, a city (since 1939) in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century in R. lived apprx. 30 Jews, in 1880 - 1352 (52.4%), in 1890 - 1347 (50.3%), in 1900 - 1722 (53%), in 1910 - 1968 (53%), in 1921 - 1824 (52, 8%), in 1931 - 1962, in June 1941 - approx. 3,000 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. A Jewish cemetery was founded. In the beginning. 19th century a community was created, a wooden synagogue was built. Jews in R. owned a tavern, several. shops, a drive-in yard. In 1896 a stone synagogue was built, in 1908 - a synagogue of the Chortkov Hasidim, in 1910 - 2 more Hasidic synagogues. Rabbi R. in the 1840s. - Kopl Eichenstein, in 1873–94 - Chaim Yitzchok Josefsberg (1840–1900), then his son Shloimo (1870–1942). In the end. 19th century The Hasidic court in R. was founded by Pinhos-Nosn Safrin (1855–1932). The dynasty was continued by his son-in-law, Iehezkel-Shraga Helberstam (1898–1942). In 1910, the Zionist organization "Ha-Shahar", a Jewish library, chor., Dramatic were created in R. In 1916, 40 Jews were exiled from Rivne to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1919, with the help of the Joint, a Jewish cooperative was established in Rivne, and in 1929 a mutual aid fund was established. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, schools of the "Tarbut" and "Beis Yaakov" network. Jews belonged to several. dozens of shops, more than 10 workshops. Rabbi R. in the 1930s - Chaim Helberstam. In the fall of 1939, the number of the Jewish population of R. increased due to refugees from the West. districts of Poland. On June 28, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. In July 1941, 39 Jews were shot in R. In nov. 1942 821 Jews were deported from R. to the Belzec extermination camp. The rest of the Jews December 1. 1942 were placed in a ghetto, in which there were also Jews from Komarno. OK. 500 ghetto prisoners died of hunger and typhus. Apr 9 1943 with the liquidation of the ghetto approx. 1,700 Jews were shot, approx. 300 were deported to the Yanovsky camp in Lvov. 1990s in R. there were the remains of a wooden synagogue; the surviving building of one of the synagogues was given over to a warehouse. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R.
RUDMAN David Lvovich (b. 1943, Kuibyshev), athlete (wrestling). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. He played for Dynamo. 1973 World Sambo Champion. European champion 1969 in individual and 1970 in the team judo championship. Bronze medalist of the 1969 World and European Judo Championships. Champion of the USSR 1965–73 in sambo.
RUDNEVA-KASHEVAROVA Varvara Aleksandrovna (nee Nafanova) (1844, Vitebsk - 1899, Staraya Russa), syphilidologist. Doctor of Medicine (1876). Scholarship holder of the Orenburg Cossack army. She practiced among the Bashkirs. In 1863 she was seconded (the first woman) to the Medical and Surgical Academy. In 1886 publ. autobiography.
RUDNICHNY, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Verkhnekamsk district of the Kirov region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 42 Jews lived in R.
KOLBERG'S MINE, see Pervomaisky, Donetsk Region.
RUDNIK Lev Sergeevich (1906, Simferopol - 1987, Moscow), director. Graduated from theater, school. He staged performances in decomp. t-rakh of Leningrad: "Straw Hat" by E. Labish in Realistic. t-re (1932), "Flight" D. A. Shcheglov on the small stage of the State. dramas (1935), "Carmen" by J. Bizet at the State Academic Theater of Theater named after SM Kirov (1938) and others. In 1940–46 he was a director. and thin. hands. Leningrad. BDT, staged performances: "Wolves and Sheep" by A.N. Ostrovsky (1941, 1943), "A guy from our city" by K.M. Simonov (1941, 1944), "New Year's Eve" by A.K. Gladkov (1946) and others. In 1949-53 Ch. dir. Rostov dram. t-ra, in 1960 - Moscow. t-ra them. NV Gogol, in 1961-1983 - Moscow. T-ra-studio of a film actor, staged here "Dance Teacher" by Lope de Vega, "Summer Residents" by Gorky (all - 1949), "The Man Who Laughs" by V. Hugo (1960), "Red Director" by YM Nagibin (1968), "The Third Generation" by NI Miroshnichenko (1977), "Dubroviny" by B. Romashov (1983), and others. In 1957, R. staged "Bath" by VV Mayakovsky in Rus. t-re in Dushanbe, "Marching March" by AA Galich in the Astrakhan drama. t-re them. S.M. Kirov (1959) and others Nar. art. Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1944).
MINES, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 there were 805 Jews living in Poland. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
Mine, a village in the Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Gdovskiy u. St. Petersburg province. 1941 R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. All the Jews of R. who remained in the occupation were killed.
RUDNITSKAYA Evgenia Lvovna (b. 1920, Tashkent), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1970). Graduated from East. Faculty of Central Asian State un-ta (Tashkent, 1942), worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the UzSSR. In 1943–46, in graduate school, East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1946–48 sotr. secretariat Ch. ed. “Stories of citizens. wars in the USSR ". In 1949-50 he was a teacher of the Evening University of Marxism-Leninism at the Moscow City Conservatory of the CPSU (b), in 1950-58 sotr. ed. "Lit. inheritance ". Since 1958 in the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 in the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1992 - in the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Author of works on the history and source study of the rev. movements and societies, thoughts in Russia 2nd floor. 19th century She participated in the preparation of facsimile editions. gas. "The Bell" by A.I. Herzen-N.P. Ogarev, alm. "Polar Star", "East. Sat. Free Russian. printing houses in London, Sat. "Voices from Russia", in the preparation of volumes "Lit. inheritance ", dedicated. Herzen and Ogarev (vols. 61–64, 1953–58) and others. Works: NP Ogarev in the Russian revolutionary movement. M., 1969; Nikolai Nozhin of the Sixties. M., 1975; Russian revolutionary thought. Democratic. print 1864-1873. M., 1984; Russian Blanquism. Petr Tkachev. M., 1992.
RUDNITSKY Konstantin Lazarevich (1920, Keidany of Kovensky district and province - 1988, Moscow), theater expert. Doctor of Art History (1971). In 1943 he graduated from a theater expert, faculty of GITIS, from 1953 he worked at the Institute of Art History. He began to publish in 1940. He wrote about the playwrights L.M. Leonov, V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky, A.N. Arbuzov, V.V. Mayakovsky, E. de Philippe. In his works he turned to the dramaturgy of A.P. Chekhov, A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin, whose work became the topic of his dissertation. The author of Art. about dir. Yu.A. Zavadsky, I.N.Bersenev, V.N. Plucheke, Art. and afterwords to the book. G.A.Tovstonogova, S.V. Giatsintova, M.A.Bulgakova and others. The author of the book. about the work of VE Meyerhold - "Director Meyerhold" (M., 1965), "Meyerhold" (M., 1981). R. - editor-compiler, author of Art. and note. on Sat. about S.M. Mikhoels. Ed. R. came out Sat. Art. All-Russian Research Institute of Art Studies, dedicated. history and theory of t-ra. Works: Sukhovo-Kobylin. Essay on life and work. M., 1957 Performances of different years. M., 1974; Prose and stage. M., 1981, Audience favorites: On Russian and Soviet actors. Kiev, 1990.
RUDNYA, a village in the Kozeletsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostersky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RUDNYA-BAZARSKAYA, a village in Narodichsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in R.-B. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery store in R.-B.
RUDNYA-POCHTA, a village in the Zhytomyr region of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Zhitomir district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in R.-P. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy and a flour shop in R.-P .; unity. steam mill in R.-P. rented by a Jew.
RUDNYA-RADOVELSKAYA, a village in the Olevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in R.-R. There was a Jewish population. In 1925 in R.-R. acted a few. group of the left "Ge-Halutz".
RUDNIA-ZHEREVETSKAYA, see Rudnya-Zherevetsy.
RUDNYA-ZHEREVTSY, a village in the Luginsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rudnya-Zherevetskaya, Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in R.-J. there was a Jewish population. The Jew belonged to unity. sawmill plant in R.-J.
RUDNIA BOBRIK, does not exist now. Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Radomysl u. Kiev province. 32 Jewish families lived in RB in 1860, and 30 Jewish families (188 people) in 1898. Initially, 543 dessiatins were assigned to the colonists of RB. free state lands. Due to the low fertility of the soil, almost all arable land was empty; only well-fertilized household plots were sown. The colonists were engaged in the main. crafts. In 1898, out of 30 families, 19 families were engaged in farming; horses had 13 families. wars and famines of 1921–22 the Jews of RB moved to cities. The colony ceased to exist.
RUDNIA ILYINETSKAYA, does not exist now. Main in 1854 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1860, 196 people lived in RI, in 1898 - 33 people. The colony was founded on free state lands. Due to lack of experience, required equipment and draft animals b. including the land was not cultivated. The inhabitants of RI were engaged in petty trade, crafts, and other trades. 1910s the colony ceased to exist.
RUDNYA SOBICHINSKAYA, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony approx. from. Sobichin (now the village of Komsomolskoe, Zhytomyr region), Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1898, 150 people lived in the Republic of S. The colony was founded on land leased from a landowner. In 1898 there were 30 economies in the RS. Subsequently, due to the difficult lease conditions, the colonists gave up the land and moved to other places. The colony ceased to exist.
RUDNY, a city in Kostanay region. (Republic of Kazakhstan) In 1994 a Jewish cultural center was organized in R.
RUDOMINA, see Rudamina.
RUDOY Pinchas (1888, Jozefpol-Ludwinka of Baltsky district of Podolsk province - 1966, San Jose, California, USA), teacher, writer. He studied at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Since 1921 - in the USA. He taught at Jewish schools. First Art. in Hebrew came out in Vilna gas. "Ha-Zman" in 1905. In Yiddish, publ. in Odessa gas. "Gutmorgn" and "Eid" humor, stories. In the United States, humoresques, feuilletons and stories were published in gas. "Idishes tageblat", "Zeit" and others. Since 1928 in gas. Tog Morgn-Magazine (New York) led sect. "Fathers and Sons". In 1950 he published in "Tog morgn-zhurnal" and "Tog" ist. rum. Moyshele. Author of the textbooks "Dos Yiddish Kind" ("Jewish Child", vols. 1–2, New York, 1929 and 1939), "Unzer Toure un unzere schenste agodes" ("Our Torah and our beautiful legends", vol. 1– 5, New York, 1931–35). In 1962 in Tel Aviv ed. rum. "Oif American erd" ("On American soil").
RUDSK, a village in the Ivanovo district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kobrin district Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the BSSR. In the summer of 1941, the R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 26 Sep 1942 approx. R. was shot apprx. 2 thousand Jews from the Ivanovo ghetto.
RUDZISHKI, see Rudiskes.
RUEN, see Ruien.
RUENTHAL, see Rundale.
RUF Avigdor-Brahje (| - |), writer. In 1857 in Warsaw, ed. science fiction. the tale "Historie von Algidren" ("The Story of Algidren") - a retelling of plots taken from "A Thousand and One Nights" and other sources. In 1859-60, the book was published in Warsaw. R. "Adelia Rose mit dem glue glik" ("Adele Rose with a little happiness") - retelling by anonymous. rum. about the famous Italian. the robber Rinaldo Rinaldini. Orig. manuf. - a story from the Hasidim. life "Der bein gaz-manim" ("Intertime"), published in the same place in 1860 and 1873, "Der shiker" ("Drunkard", 1867 and reprinted in 1871). It is written in the form of poems. dialogue between a drunkard and wine, which gave the historians of literature a reason to assert that R. was a badchen. Literary critics N.E. Oislender, Sh.V. Niger, Y. Shatskiy, S.L. Tsinberg wrote about R.'s work at different times, giving it a special place in the history of Yiddish literature.
RUFINA Riva (Rebekah Gdalevna) (1902, Kiev - 1992, Tel Aviv), actress. In 1919 she studied at the piano department of the Kiev Music and Drama Department. in-ta them. NV Lysenko, combining this with classes in the Jewish theater studio at the "Kultur-League". In the beginning. 1920s worked in the Jewish theater. collectives in Kiev: t-rakh "Ongeib", "Kunst-Winkle", in the troupe of Zaslavsky. In 1929–48, the actress of the Kharkov Jewish T-ra "Gezkult", in 1948–50 the actress of the State. Jewish t-tra of the Ukrainian SSR them. Sholem Aleichem (Chernivtsi). Since 1951 - in the Transcarpathian Russian. dram. t-re. R. is a characteristic actress of a broad creative mind. range, masterly mastered the technique of the grotesque. Roles: Bobe Yahne in "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, Hershele Ostropoler in the same name. manuf. M. Gershenzon, Mirele Efros in the same name. play by Y. Gordin, Dvoir in "The Sixth Wife" by M. Talalaevsky, E. Blokh, Nilovna in a play based on rom. M. Gorky "Mother" and others.
RUGAI, a village in Balvi district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - Rugai Lutsinsky manor Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 there were 44 Jews living in R. and its environs, in 1930 - 121, in 1935 in R. - 85 Jews (31%). Jews began to settle in R. at the beginning. 20th century Most of the Jewish population was engaged in trade. Jews owned 16 out of 24 shops in R. In 1930, the fact of "blood libel" was noted in R.. Rabbi R. - Itskhok Kagan (1912, Tukkum -?) Since 1933. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of R. were killed in the beginning. July 1941 on the side of the road leading to the village of Tilza (present-day Tilzha).
RUGODIV, see Narva.
RUIENA, city (since 1920) in Valmiera region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1872 as Posad Ruen in the Volmar district. Livonia lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - of the Latvian SSR. In 1897, 196 Jews (9.4%) lived in R., in 1920 - 75 (2%), in 1930 - 73 (2%). in 1935 - 62 Jews (2%) Jews began to settle in R. from the end. 19th century In 1877 the building for the synagogue was purchased. Since the 1920s. there was a Jewish community in R. Main the occupation of the Jewish population of R. was trade. In 1935 Jews owned a third of the shops and trade enterprises of R. Among the Jews there were several. artisans as well as a dentist. Rabbi R. from 1936 - Yakov Grubin (1911, Dvinsk -?). In 1939 the building of the synagogue was reconstructed. On July 25, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied R. In the summer of 1941, the Jews of R. were killed. In the R. family: M.V. Goldberg; Viktor Venyaminovich Goldberg (1903–1978, Germany), urologist, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, in 1959 for the first time in the world held an int. venous pyelography and hydraulic lithotripsy.
RUKEL, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan Oblast. In 1866, 30 Jewish fumes lived in R., in 1872 - 20, in 1886 - 26 Jewish smoke (126 Jews), in 1900 - 130 Jews. Jews of R. were landless serfs; rented plots of land for sowing tobacco, paid 1/5 of the harvest and state taxes. In 1886, among the Jews there were 2 peddlers, 20 workers, several. farmers. The Jews owned 11 sakles, 8 heads of cr. cattle, 2 horses, 3 dess. land, 7.5 dess. arable land. Jews prayed in a house rented from Muslims; there was a rabbi, cheder (3 students).
RUKHI, a village in the Zugdidi district (Georgia). In the 17th century. - As part of the Mingrelian Prince. In the 1st half. 17th century several people settled in R. Jews engaged in trade.
RUKHIMOVICH Moisey Lvovich (1889, words Kagalnik Rostov okrug. Oblast Don Troops –1938, Moscow), statesman. Member RSDLP since 1913. In 1914 he was mobilized into the army, participant of the 1st World. war. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kharkiv to-that RSDLP (b) and before. military. section of the Kharkov Council, in October. 1917 - prev. Khark. VRK and headquarters of the Kr. Guard. On Feb. - March 1918 People's Commissar for War. cases of Donetsk-Krivoy Rog owls. rep. In 1918-1919 the military commissar Center, directorate for the formation of the Kr. Army of the Ukrainian SSR, member. SNK Ukrainian SSR. In aug. - Oct. 1919 military commissar of the 41st rifleman. Div., in Dec. 1919 - Nov. 1920 p. Revolutionary Military Council of the 14th Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. From Dec. 1920 pre. Donetsk regional executive committee, manager of the Donugol trust, one of the hands. restoration of mines in Donbass. From 1925 before. Supreme Council of National Economy of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1926 Deputy. prev. Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR, in 1930–31 the People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. Since 1937, People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR. Delegate of the 8th and 10th congresses of the RCP (b), member. Party Central Committee since 1924, member. Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1927-30. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Arrested, shot.
RUKHIN Lev Borisovich (1912, Moscow - 1959, Leningrad), lithologist and paleographer. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1943), prof. (1943). In 1933 he graduated from Geogr. and geol. Faculty of Leningrad State University, was left in graduate school at the Department of Paleontology, from 1935 he worked at the Department of General Geology in the same place. Main work related to the study. chem. sediments and fossils organic. leftovers. Developed a method for studying the granulometric composition of rocks, Ch. arr. sands, and suggested (1947) for them the original genetic. diagram. Developed the doctrine of sedimentary forges. breeds (1953). He worked out problems of paleography, including the climates of the past, the conditions for the formation of Cretaceous deposits in Fergana. The author of the account. textbooks for universities on general paleography. Works: Foundations of general paleogeography. L., 1959; Basics of lithology. Teaching about sedimentary rocks, 3rd ed. L., 1969.
RUKHLIS Efim Naumovich (1925, Ananiev, Odessa District - 2006, Israel), chess composer. Engineer-economist. Master of Sports in Chess (1961), Intern. referee in chess composition since the establishment of this title (1956), finalist of ten individual championships of the USSR (1947–84), author of about 170 two-move problems, 120 times marked on decomp. contests; “Rukhlis's theme” is one of the themes of chess composition.
RUKHLOVO, see Skovorodino.
RUKSHIN, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1650.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - c. Rukshino Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1820, 3 Jewish families lived in R. In the beginning. 20th century Jewish entrepreneur Rafalovich belonged to. part of the land in R.
RUKSHINO, see Rukshin.
RUMER Yuri Borisovich (1901, Moscow - 1985, Novosibirsk), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). Graduated from mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1924). In 1924–26 he taught mathematics at technical schools in Moscow. In 1927–32 he was an intern, then an assistant at the University of Göttingen (Germany). From 1932 on physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1938 he was arrested, in 1938–53 in prisons and exile. In 1944–48 he worked at Laboratory No. 2. In 1948–58 he was a teacher at the Yenisei Teachers' Institute. In 1953-57 the head. department of tech. Physics Zap.-Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), in 1957–64 director. Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1965–66 head. lab. Institute of Mechanics SB AS USSR. Since 1967 head. sector in the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 150 scientific. works on decomp. theoretical problems. physicists, the founder of the quantum theory of chem. communication. Developed the theory of showers in space. rays (jointly with LD Landau, generalized the theory of relativity on the basis of the five-dimensional field theory ("five-optics"). Research quantum properties and symmetry of elementary particles, absorption of short sound waves in solids, studied the symmetry properties of the genetic code. a number of applied problems: he developed antivibrators for bending vibrations, studied torsional vibrations of crankshafts and the properties of aircraft wheels. Author of monographs: "Visual models of atoms and molecules in quantum chemistry" (1934), "Introduction to wave mechanics" (1935), "Spin analysis" ( 1936), "Research on 5-optics" (1956), "Theory of Relativity" (with M.S. Ryvkin, 1960), "Lectures on Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics and Kinetics" (with Ryvkin Ch. 1– 2, 1970), "Theory of unitary symmetry" (1970), "Quantum fields and group theory" (1973), "What is the theory of relativity" (with L.D. Landau, 1975, reissued in 20 languages) , "Weak waves of curvature and Einstein's theory of gravitation" (with V.Ya. Kreinovich, 1977), "Essays on the physics of the atom" ( 1987). Created scientific. schools, popularizer of science.
RUMKOVSKY Chaim-Mordechai (1877 - 1944, Auschwitz), public figure. In the beginning. 20th century settled in Lodz, participated in Zion. movement, did charity work, hands. several shelters, was a member of the Council (later K-ta) of the Jewish community, in which he represented the Zionists. After the occupation of Lodz, Germ. troops in 1939 was appointed elder of the Jewish community, created in the Lodz ghetto a council of elders, Jewish police, other self-government bodies, as well as societies, kitchens, hospitals, pharmacies, schools, etc. by transport of the Lodz Jews he was sent to Auschwitz, where he died.
RUMSH Isaac (1822, Zezmer, Vilna province - 1894, Vilna), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna. Since 1853 - a teacher at the state Jewish school in Ponevezh. Was printed in gas. "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Carmel". The author of several. stories for children and an adapted translation into Hebrew of "Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe ("Chur oni", 1861, 5th ed. 1910).
RUMSHINSKY Joseph (1881, Vilna - 1956, New York), composer, theater expert. He studied at the cheder, then at the muses. school in Vilna. In his youth, he traveled around Russia with famous cantors and theater, troupes. Since 1904 - in the USA. Created muses. numbers for Jewish t-ra, pl. R.'s melodies became popul. songs. The author of operettas: "Hanche in America" ​​("Hancha in America"), "Di vibershe meluhe" ("Women's state"), "Dos cebrokhene fidele" ("Broken violin"), "Mazltov", "Dem rebne nign" ( "Melody of the Rebbe") and others. He wrote Art. about music and t-re for gas. Forverts and Tog. In 1944 ed. in New York book. "Klangen fun mein leben" (The Sounds of My Life).
RUMSISHKES, a place in Kaunas u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rumshishki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 411 Jews (34.8%) lived in R., in 1913 - approx. 100 Jewish families, in 1923 - 288 Jews, in 1938 - approx. 50 Jewish families. In 1863 a synagogue operated in R. The rabbis were: Yosef Eliazberg, in 1866–91 - Meir-Dov Pagir, Eliyahu Levin. Main the occupation of the Jewish population of R. is trade and crafts. In 1889 the Jews owned a pharmacy, at the beginning. 20th century - match factory, several mills. In the beginning. 20th century a synagogue and two heders operated in R. The rabbis were Aron Schmidt, Yisroel Goldman. In 1915 the state rabbi - M.-N.B. Volpe. In May 1915, Jews were expelled from R. After 1918, some of them returned. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including "Bikur Hoylim", "Linas ha-Tzedek", "Ahnosas Orhim", "Tiferes Bahurim", since 1922 - the Maccabi club, credit. m-in. The school of the Tarbut network operated. Rabbi R. in the 1930s - Aron Grazovsky (? –1937). June 1941 R. occupied the Wehrmacht units. In the 2nd floor. Aug - Sept. 1941 Jews of R. were shot.
RUMSHISHKI, see Rumshishkes.
RUMYANTSEVO, now part of Gorlovka, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - a workers' settlement. In 1939, 48 Jews lived in R.
RUNDALE, a village in the Bauska region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ruental Bauski estate Kurland province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RUNDANES, see Rundens.
RUNDENS, a village in Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rundans of Lucinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925, 4 Jews lived in and around Rivne, 8 in 1930, and in 1935 5 Jews (1.7%) in Rivne. Jews owned both grocery and manufacturing shops in R. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, Jews of R. were killed in the summer of 1941. After 1945, the remains of 36 Jews from R. and the surrounding area were reburied at the Jewish cemetery in Ludza.
RUNICH Osip Ivanovich (1889, Petersburg - 1947), actor. In tech. I played in Russian for 5 years. scene. In 1915 he starred in the 1st Russian. the film version of the rum. Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Nikolai Rostov). Filmed in the films: "The Song of Triumphant Love" (1915), "The Case of Dr. Morel" (1916), "Sophia Feather and Eka" (1917), "Living Corpse", "Be quiet, sadness, be silent" (1918), etc. After 1917 he left for Germany, filmed at the UFA studio, toured the Center. Europe. I played in a Jewish theater in Riga. From 1939 - in South Africa, where he played leading roles in Jewish plays. In tech. several years of hands. performances of operas at the Johannesburg Opera.
RUSAK Hanoh (b. 1912, Kalisz), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Participated in the roar. movement, was arrested. Since 1936 - in Belgium. Since 1948 - in Israel. In Brussels he published Art. into gas. Unzer Worth. In 1947 ed. gas. "Di Yiddish Shtime" in Yiddish and Esperanto, in 1964 resumed the issue. gas. in Israel in Yiddish and Hebrew. Comp. dictionary "Encyclopedic verterbukh Esperanto-Yiddish" ("Encyclopedic dictionary Esperanto-Yiddish"), ed. in 1963–73 in Jerusalem (2 volumes). In the 1980s. worked on the Yiddish-Esperanto and Hebrew-Esperanto dictionaries.
RUSAKOVKA, a village in the Belogorsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1920. Among the first settlers in R. there were approx. 30 Jewish families. In the 1930s. TOZs were created in R. 1930s Jews left R.
RUSALOVKA, a village in the Mankovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a grocery and manufactory in R.
RUSANOVKA, a village in Lipovodolinskiy district of Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 6 Jewish households in R.
RUSINOV Lev Ilyich (1907, Minsk - 1960, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944), prof. (1948). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1930) and entered the graduate school of Phys.-Tech. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (LPTI) in the lab. IV Kurchatov, where he worked all his life. Main tr. in the region. - physics atomic. nucleus, arts, radioactivity. Completed a cycle of works to create. and elucidation of the mechanism of action of self-regulating carborundum resistances. Discovered anomalous boron radioactivity during neutron bombardment, issled. a cut led to the discovery of isomerism of artificially radioactive nuclei. Initiator of construction of a pressurized water-cooled research reactor at LPTI. At the suggestion of R., a project was created sovr. reactor with high neutron parameters. He was a scientist. hands. the project of this reactor. Author approx. 50 scientific. works.
RUSNE, city (since 1946) in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - as part of Prussia. In 1923–39, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1939–45 - in Germany, in 1945–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1855, several of them lived in R. dozens of Jews. Jews lived in R. from the beginning. 19th century In 1857 there were a synagogue and a mikvah in R. The Great Synagogue was built in 1884. In 1939, after the capture of R. by Germany, the Jews left the city and moved to Lithuania.
RUSSIAN LOZOVAYA, a village in the Dergachevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 19th century. as with. Russkoe Lozovoe Kharkovsky u. In 1897, 8 Jews (1.2%) lived in RL.
RUSSKAYA POLYANA, urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Cherkassk district of the Cherkassk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in RP. In 1914 a synagogue functioned. Jews owned all 4 timber warehouses, a mill, 5 shops in the Republic of Poland (including a single shop for ready-made peasant dresses, both manufactory and haberdashery shops).
RUSSIAN LOZOVOE, see Russian Lozovaya.
RUSTAVI, city (since 1948) (Georgia). Main In 1941, 505 Jews lived in R. in 1970, and 452 Jews in 1979 (including 64 Georgian Jews).
RUTBERG Ilya Grigorievich (b. 1932, Leningrad), actor, director, teacher, pantomime theorist. Cand. lawsuit (1983), prof. (1995). In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. energetic in-t, worked as engineer. in VGPI "Teploelektroproekt". At the same time. performed on the stage (diploma winner of the 2nd All-Russian Contest of Variety Artists, 1960). In 1958 (together with A. Akselrod and MG Rozovsky he organized a variety studio of Moscow State University "Our House". He graduated from the director of the faculty of GITIS (1968). Since 1982 he taught at GITIS, simultaneously. Since 1983 he taught at the Higher. In 1984 he organized and headed the first creative laboratory of plastic arts in the USSR at the WTO, in 1990 - the All-Union Center for Pantomime. R. starred in films, where he played more than 40 roles. Works: Pantomime. First Experiments. M., 1972; Pantomime. Movement and Image. M., 1981.
RUTENBERG Pinkhus Moiseevich (1877, Romny, Poltava province. - 1942, Jerusalem), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from St. Petersburg Technological University. in-t. It was early. instrumental workshops of the Putilovsky plant. Member combat organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (party ps. Martyn). Headed by the military. opr-tion engaged in the acquisition. weapons. He was arrested. In 1906 he prepared for the return to Russia of priest. G.A. Gapon; on instructions from the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, he became the organizer and leader of his assassination. In 1906 he emigrated to Germany, in 1907–15 in Italy. He worked as a hydraulic engineer, joined the Zionist. movement. Published (1909) the notes "The Murder of Gapon". After Feb. roar. 1917 returned to Russia, participated in the creation of Zionist organizations. At the same time. was in the headquarters of the general. L.G. Kornilova. After the suppression of his arms. speeches (Aug. 1917) R. on the recommendation of BV Savinkov was accepted into the service of N.M. Kishkin, to-rum 25 Oct. 1917 Time. the pr-in handed over dictatorial powers to restore order in the capital. When the Winter Palace was taken, he was arrested. He spent about six months in prison. In the end. 1918 - early. 1919 in Odessa headed the supply department in the French. military. administration. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1923 he created and headed the Palestinian Electric Company. In 1929-31 and 1939-40, the head. Vaad Leumi.
RUTENBURG David Mikhailovich (1889, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1961, Leningrad), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. After graduating from un-that in Kiev in 1914 until 1935 (with a break in 1918-21 to serve in the army) assistant Leningrad. GIDUVA. From 1935 to the end of his life the head. organized by him department of diseases of the ear, throat and nose Leningr. pediatrician, honey. in-ta. Author of more than 90 scientific. works dedicated. ENT pathology in children, ENT oncology, tonsil pathology, functional reconstructive surgery cf. ear, physiology of cochlear and vestibular analyzers, etc. The surgeon was engaged in the development and implementation of methods in practice. treatment of paratonsillar abscesses, Meniere's disease, laryngeal tumors, incl. papillomatosis of the larynx in children, the endonasal method of surgery for pituitary tumors, a closed method of treating abscesses of the brain and cerebellum, as well as (the first in the USSR) surgery cf. ear. reign of Vses., Vseros. and Leningrad. scientific. Society of Otorhinolaryngologists (organizer and preface of the children's section of the latter). Vol .: Surgical diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. 1949; Surgical diseases of the pharynx, larynx, bronchi and esophagus. 1954.
RUTKEVICH Mikhail Nikolaevich (b. 1917, Kiev), social scientist, sociologist, political scientist. Prof. (1960), Doctor of Philosophy, Sciences (1961), Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Kiev State un-that (1939). In 1939–45 in Kr. Army. Since 1947, a teacher of philosophy at the Kiev state. un-that; from 1953 - Ural state. University in Sverdlovsk, Dean of Philosophy. f-that (1966-72). Deer. Institute of Sociology. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1972–76); prof. GA at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1976–78). Head Department of Marxism-Leninism of the Academy of National Economy under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1978–92). Main works on dialect. and ist. materialism, social. structure of social Society: Dialectical materialism. M., 1959; Dialectics and Sociology. M., 1980; Formation of social homogeneity. M., 1982. R.'s son - Alexey (b. 1952), historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. sciences., head. lab. modern app. philosophy of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
RUTKI, see Rutki-Kosaki.
RUTKI KOSAKI, a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1418. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Rutka Lomzhinsky u. and lips. In 1918–39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–45 - as part of the BSSR. In 1897 in R.-K. 545 Jews (54.2%) lived, in 1921 - 713 Jews (52.1%). Since 1904, the rabbi in R.-K. was Itskhok-Arie Girshfeld (1874 -?). In the 1920s and 30s. in R.-K. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were 2 synagogues, 3 heders. Rabbi in R.-K. in the 1930s. was Zeev Kravitz. In June 1941 R.-K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. 6 Sep 1941 450 Jews were killed in R., November 2. 1942 - 20 Jews.
RUTTENBERG Joseph (1889, Petersburg - 1983, Los Angeles, USA), cameraman. Since childhood - in the USA. Started as a journalist, courier, photojournalist, essayist in Boston. From 1911 he was a newsreel operator, from 1915 he was an assistant operator of the Fox company. From 1931 he worked independently. In 1932–62 he was the leading operator of the MGM company. Naib. means. works: "The Big Waltz" (1938, ave. "Oscar"), "Mrs. Minniver" (1942, ave. "Oscar"), "Someone Up There Loves Me" (1956, ave. "Oscar"), " Slurry "(1958, Oscar Ave.). Among other ph. Fury (1936), Waterloo Bridge (1940), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), Gas Light (1944), Enrico Caruso (1951), Julius Caesar (1953). He worked with leading dir. amer. cinema - D.U. Griffith, R. Boleslavsky, F. Borzej, G. Cucor, N. Taurog, V. Minneli, K. W. R. Brooks, K. W. Vidor. Has directed over 50 films.
RUVINSKY Veniamin Abramovich (1919, Cherkasy, Kiev province - 2001), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Colonel. Cand. tech. sciences. In the Red Army since 1937. He studied at the Military-Ing. academy. From June 1941 to fr. Com. dep. sapper. battalion captain R. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. In 1946 he graduated from the Military-Ing. Academy, in 1964–74 he taught there. Since 1974 in stock. He taught at a technical college at Moscow. autoz-de them. Likhachev. He was awarded 4 orders.
RUZA, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1328.Since 1781 - a district town of Moscow province. In 1867 14 Jews lived in R., in 1910 - 2, in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 37, in 1989 - 31 (0.2%), in 2002 - 15 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 19th century In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. 25 Oct. 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 - Jan. 1942 in R., apprx. 40 Jews (including 18 refugees).
RUZAEVKA, city (since 1937), regional center in the Mordovian Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1631 as c. Urazaevo. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Saransky u. Penza Gubernia. In 1926 there were 6 Jews living in R., in 1939 - 34 Jews.
RUZHAN, a city (since 1387) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Mazovian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Rozhany Makovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1765, 98 Jews lived in R., in 1808 - 309 (46.7%), in 1827 - 310 (27.5%), in 1857 - 861 (57.1%), in 1884 - 1159 ( 52%), in 1897 - 1698 (45.6%), in 1908 - 2229 (57.8%), in 1921 - 1648 (50.1%), in 1931 - 1800 Jews (42.2%). lived in R. from the beginning. 18th century In the end. 18th century a community was created, a synagogue was built. The rabbi of R. in 1881–88 was Yisroel-Nison Kuperstok, in 1908–24 - Naftoli-Yosef Fraind (1861 -?). In 1912, there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in R. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned 10 shops in R. (including all 5 factories, both tobacco ones). In the spring of 1915, Jews were expelled from R. in the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A branch of the Cooperative Nar was created. bank, "Linas ha-Tzedek", "Bikur Hoylim", a school for girls "Beis Yaakov", a school of the network "Yavne", state. Jewish school. Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1939 Jews were expelled from R. Most of the expelled crossed the German-Soviet border. May - Nov. 1942 in R. there was a labor camp, which contained apprx. 200 Jews. In nov. 1942 Jews from the labor camp were deported to the Makov ghetto.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РУЖАНЫ, поселок городского типа (с 1940) в Пружанском р-не Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). В 16–18 вв. – в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Слонимского у. Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Р. проживало 154 еврея, в 1847 – 1556, в 1897 – 3599 (71,7%), в 1921 – ок. 2400 (ок. 66,3%), в 1924 – 2787 (63,5%), в 1928 – 3110 (56,9%), в 1939 – ок. 3500 евреев.Еврейская община Р. впервые упоминается в документах в 1623. По решению Литовского ваада община Р. была подчинена общине Брест-Литовска (совр. Брест). В 1657 в Р. имел место «кровавый навет», спровоцированный тем, что незадолго до праздника Песах в еврейском квартале был найден труп христианского ребенка. В убийстве обвинили евреев, к-рым грозил погром, однако против обвинения выступили владельцы Р. графы Сапеги. Поскольку антисемитские выступления продолжались, то в сент. 1659, в Рош-га-Шана, были казнены два видных представителя общины. На еврейском кладбище был установлен каменный памятник жертвам «кровавого навета» (реставрирован в 1875).В 1662 община Р. получила самостоят. статус. Евреи Р. пострадали во время Сев. войны 1700–1721. В нач. 18 в. раввином Р. был Иехезкель Каценельбоген, в нач. 19 в. – Исроэль Гальперин, в 1819–33 – Ицхок-Айзик Хабер, в 1856–88 – Мордхе-Гимпель Йоффе (1820–1891, Э.-И.), затем – Шабсай Волох.Евреи Р. занимались торговлей и ремеслами; после открытия в Р. в 1-й пол. 19 в. шести текстильных и неск. прядильных ф-к на них начали работать мн. евреи из Р. и окрестностей. В 1810 суконную ф-ку содержали Ицко Лейбович, Берко Меерович и Гершко Янкелевич. В 1829 евреям принадлежали 3 суконные ф-ки. Нек-рые еврейские семьи на арендованных ими землях занимались огородничеством и сад-вом. В 1850 ок. Р. были основаны два еврейских с.-х. поселения (выходцы из них в 1884 основали в Э.-И. поселение Экрон, ныне Мазкерет-Батья).С 1840-х гг. в Р. действовала иешива. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в Р. работала еврейская больница с поликлиникой. В 1883 было основано благотворит. об-во «Линас га-Цедек», действовала талмуд-тора (ок. 300 уч-ся). В кон. 19 в. в Р. была создана одна из первых в России групп «Ховевей Цион», представители к-рой принимали участие в Катовицком съезде в 1884.В нач. 20 в. в Р. имелось 9 синагог. В 1905 нач. пожарной команды Аба Левитан создал отряд самообороны, не допустивший погромов в Р. В 1905–07 в Р. активизировалась деятельность разл. еврейских и рус. политич. партий. На 9-й конф. Бунда, состоявшейся 8 июня 1912 в Вене, присутствовал делегат из Р.В 1910 в Р. действовала талмуд-тора, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. склад аптечных товаров, 25 лавок в Р. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, все 5 мануфактурных, все 5 мучных, единств. табачная); имелась еврейская больница.Раввином Р. в 1900 – нач. 1920-х гг. был зять Ш.Волоха – Залман Вайс, в 1920–30-х гг. – Геллер.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. работали школа сети «Тарбут», ср. школа с преподаванием на идише, частная нач. школа, театр. об-во, действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. Было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного нар. банка. В 1927 религ. община содержала приют для стариков.24 июня 1941 Р. заняли герм. войска. Часть еврейской молодежи ушла с отступавшими сов. войсками. 12 июля 1941 в Р. было расстреляно 12 евреев, 14 июля 1941 – 18 евреев. В июле 1941 на евреев была наложена «контрибуция» в размере 10 кг золота и 20 кг серебра. В нач. нояб. 1941 в Р. было создано гетто, в к-рое также поместили евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 2 нояб. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано; более 120 евреев были убиты в Р.; ок. 3,5 тыс. евреев депортировали в гетто Волковыска, а в кон. нояб. 1942 – в лагерь уничтожения Треблинка.В Р. сохранились здание синагоги 18 в. и остатки еврейского кладбища.В Р. род.: М.Кринский, А.Любошицкий, И.-М.Пинес; Ицхак Шамир (Езерницкий) (р. 1915), политич. деятель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., в 1980–83 – мин. иностр. дел, в 1983–84 и в 1986–92 – премьер-мин. Гос-ва Израиль, автор мемуаров «Подводя итог» (1992); Зелиг Шер (Шерешевский) (1888–1971, Майами-Бич, США), писатель, писал на идише, автор ряда книг и мемуаров; Лейб Шерешевский (1913–1962, Тукуман, Аргентина), писатель, с 1930 – в Аргентине, писал на идише, автор кн. о еврейской жизни в Аргентине; Моисей Соломонович Эпштейн (1890–1938, Москва), зам. наркома просвещения РСФСР, репрессирован., pronunciation=РУЖАНЫ, поселок городского типа (с 1940) в Пружанском р-не Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). В 16–18 вв. – в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – местечко Слонимского у. Гродненской губ. В 1920–39 – в Полесском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – в составе БССР.В 1765 в Р. проживало 154 еврея, в 1847 – 1556, в 1897 – 3599 (71,7%), в 1921 – ок. 2400 (ок. 66,3%), в 1924 – 2787 (63,5%), в 1928 – 3110 (56,9%), в 1939 – ок. 3500 евреев.Еврейская община Р. впервые упоминается в документах в 1623. По решению Литовского ваада община Р. была подчинена общине Брест-Литовска (совр. Брест). В 1657 в Р. имел место «кровавый навет», спровоцированный тем, что незадолго до праздника Песах в еврейском квартале был найден труп христианского ребенка. В убийстве обвинили евреев, к-рым грозил погром, однако против обвинения выступили владельцы Р. графы Сапеги. Поскольку антисемитские выступления продолжались, то в сент. 1659, в Рош-га-Шана, были казнены два видных представителя общины. На еврейском кладбище был установлен каменный памятник жертвам «кровавого навета» (реставрирован в 1875).В 1662 община Р. получила самостоят. статус. Евреи Р. пострадали во время Сев. войны 1700–1721. В нач. 18 в. раввином Р. был Иехезкель Каценельбоген, в нач. 19 в. – Исроэль Гальперин, в 1819–33 – Ицхок-Айзик Хабер, в 1856–88 – Мордхе-Гимпель Йоффе (1820–1891, Э.-И.), затем – Шабсай Волох.Евреи Р. занимались торговлей и ремеслами; после открытия в Р. в 1-й пол. 19 в. шести текстильных и неск. прядильных ф-к на них начали работать мн. евреи из Р. и окрестностей. В 1810 суконную ф-ку содержали Ицко Лейбович, Берко Меерович и Гершко Янкелевич. В 1829 евреям принадлежали 3 суконные ф-ки. Нек-рые еврейские семьи на арендованных ими землях занимались огородничеством и сад-вом. В 1850 ок. Р. были основаны два еврейских с.-х. поселения (выходцы из них в 1884 основали в Э.-И. поселение Экрон, ныне Мазкерет-Батья).С 1840-х гг. в Р. действовала иешива. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. в Р. работала еврейская больница с поликлиникой. В 1883 было основано благотворит. об-во «Линас га-Цедек», действовала талмуд-тора (ок. 300 уч-ся). В кон. 19 в. в Р. была создана одна из первых в России групп «Ховевей Цион», представители к-рой принимали участие в Катовицком съезде в 1884.В нач. 20 в. в Р. имелось 9 синагог. В 1905 нач. пожарной команды Аба Левитан создал отряд самообороны, не допустивший погромов в Р. В 1905–07 в Р. активизировалась деятельность разл. еврейских и рус. политич. партий. На 9-й конф. Бунда, состоявшейся 8 июня 1912 в Вене, присутствовал делегат из Р.В 1910 в Р. действовала талмуд-тора, в 1912 – еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1913 евреям принадлежали единств. склад аптечных товаров, 25 лавок в Р. (в т. ч. все 5 галантерейных, все 5 мануфактурных, все 5 мучных, единств. табачная); имелась еврейская больница.Раввином Р. в 1900 – нач. 1920-х гг. был зять Ш.Волоха – Залман Вайс, в 1920–30-х гг. – Геллер.В 1920–30-х гг. в Р. работали школа сети «Тарбут», ср. школа с преподаванием на идише, частная нач. школа, театр. об-во, действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. Было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного нар. банка. В 1927 религ. община содержала приют для стариков.24 июня 1941 Р. заняли герм. войска. Часть еврейской молодежи ушла с отступавшими сов. войсками. 12 июля 1941 в Р. было расстреляно 12 евреев, 14 июля 1941 – 18 евреев. В июле 1941 на евреев была наложена «контрибуция» в размере 10 кг золота и 20 кг серебра. В нач. нояб. 1941 в Р. было создано гетто, в к-рое также поместили евреев из окрестных нас. пунктов. 2 нояб. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано; более 120 евреев были убиты в Р.; ок. 3,5 тыс. евреев депортировали в гетто Волковыска, а в кон. нояб. 1942 – в лагерь уничтожения Треблинка.В Р. сохранились здание синагоги 18 в. и остатки еврейского кладбища.В Р. род.: М.Кринский, А.Любошицкий, И.-М.Пинес; Ицхак Шамир (Езерницкий) (р. 1915), политич. деятель, с 1935 – в Э.-И., в 1980–83 – мин. иностр. дел, в 1983–84 и в 1986–92 – премьер-мин. Гос-ва Израиль, автор мемуаров «Подводя итог» (1992); Зелиг Шер (Шерешевский) (1888–1971, Майами-Бич, США), писатель, писал на идише, автор ряда книг и мемуаров; Лейб Шерешевский (1913–1962, Тукуман, Аргентина), писатель, с 1930 – в Аргентине, писал на идише, автор кн. о еврейской жизни в Аргентине; Моисей Соломонович Эпштейн (1890–1938, Москва), зам. наркома просвещения РСФСР, репрессирован., extra_data="{'translat...")
RUZHIN, urban-type settlement (since 1962), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 1,647 Jews lived in R., in 1897 - 2,917 (67%), in 1920 - approx. 3000, in 1923 - 2509, in 1926 - 2567, in 1939 - 1108 (26%), in 1987 - 17 Jews. Jews have lived in R. from the 18th century. Most of the Jews in R. were Hasidim. From 1894 Menachem-Nokhum Kagan (1869–?) Was the rabbi in R. Main occupations of the Jewish population - handicrafts, retail trade, daily work in workshops and emerging businesses. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in R. m-in. In 1914 Jews owned both warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, unity. bakery, all 5 lumber yards, both mead breweries, unity. mill, approx. 60 shops in R. (including all 22 manufactures, all 6 haberdashery, all 5 grain). In 1914 seven synagogues operated in R. In 1918 a pogrom broke out in R. by the troops of the Center. happy. In aug. 1919 a pogrom broke out in R. that lasted 8 days; During the pogrom, the property of the Jews of R. was plundered. In 1920, a pogrom was perpetrated by units of the 1st Cavalry Army. in R. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. All R. 1920s Rabbi R. - Avrom Gorenstein. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews left R. On July 15, 1941, R. occupied Germany. troops. Some of the Jews of R. managed to evacuate. A ghetto was created. 10 Sep 1941 750 Jews were shot in R., October 1. 1942 - 44 Jews, in Aug. 1943 - 35 Jews who worked in a sewing workshop. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to the Republic of R. In R., the building of the synagogue has been preserved, is used as an administrative building. In 2005, there was a Jewish population in R. R. Born: Semyon Meerovich Burman ( 1908-1976), participant of the 2nd world. war, cavalier of the hordes. Glory 3 degrees; Berl Reptor (1902-1989, Igur, Israel), politician. activist, since 1920 - in E.-I., dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation from MAPAM.
Moishe RUZIN (1909 - 1960, Kiev), journalist, writer. He made his debut with essays and stories in the Jewish press in the 2nd half. 1920s Was printed in gas. "Junge Guard", "Der Stern", in the journal. "Spilled", etc. For a long time was one of the otv. sotr. ed. khark. children gas. "Zay Great", in 1934-37 holes. ed. In 1927, together with B. Goldenberg, ed. in Kharkov "Zugilf dem junkor un junkor-kraiz" ("To help the junior and junior circles"). The training of journalists is dedicated. book Arum a Zeitung (Around the Gazette, ibid., 1928). In 1930, the book was published in Kharkov. travel notes "Mine Iberflie" ("My flight"). In the end. 1930s R. worked in gas. Der Stern (Kiev). 1941–45 at the front. After demobilization he returned to Kiev, worked in the rep. gas. "Truth of Ukraine".
RYABOVO, see Vsevolozhsk.
RYASNA, a village in the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Chaussky u. Mogilev province. In 1847 there were 531 Jews in R., in 1897 - 918 (71.6%), in 1923 - 739 Jews. Since 1865, Mordechai-Yehuda-Leib Glazshtein (1841–?) Was the rabbi in R. In 1870 three synagogues functioned in R., and in 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. a bakery and 22 shops in R. (including a single shoe store, all 6 grocery stores). pl. Jews left R. In the summer of 1941, R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On March 3, 1942, approx. 500 Jews (from R. and other settlements). After 1945, a monument was erected on the grave of the executed Jews.
RYASNIKI, a village in the Goshchansky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostrog district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 11 Jewish families lived in R., to whom a mill and an oil mill belonged. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RYASNOE, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery and unity. a manufactory in R.
RYASSKOE, a village in the Mashevsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1730s. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konstantinograd u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 6 Jewish farms in R. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in R.
RYAZAN (until 1778 - Pereyaslavl-Ryazan), city, center of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1095. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of Ryazan province. In 1860 there were 151 Jews in R., in 1883 - 355, in 1897 - 744, in 1910 - 1009, in 1923 - 742, in 1926 - 693 Jews (including 5 Krymchaks) and 3 Karaite, in 1939 - 878 Jews, in 1970 - 1753, in 1979 - 1414, in 2002 - 534 Jews. In 1812, a group of 38 Jews was deported to R., temporarily living in Moscow and the Moscow province. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a community was formed in R., a wooden synagogue was built in 1883, and a stone synagogue in 1903. From the beginning. 1900s Zionist circles were active. In 1903–04, Shimon-Moishe Diskin (1872–1930, Lokhvitsa) was the rabbi in R. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in R. 23 Oct. 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in R. 1914 Jews-refugees from the West began to arrive in R. provinces of Russia. From Apr. In 1915 there was a branch of EKOPO. From 1918 to 1922 a Jewish school operated in R. The synagogue was closed in 1930. In the 1930s and 70s. The minyan gathered in private houses. In 1993, a religion was created in R. community (previous - Leonid Semenovich Reznikov, b. 1951, Kazan). In 2000, the synagogue building was returned to the community. Since 2007, the community has been led by Lyudmila Aronovna Zakharova. In 2005, two cemeteries had Jewish sites. In 2005–07, Rabbi R. - Ariel-Eliezer Triger. In 2005, approx. 2 thousand Jews. In the R. family: G.M. Kantor, L.I.Stepanova, A.G. Zeitlin; Mikhail Matveevich Subotsky (1900-1938, Moscow), brig. Commissioner, early. of the political department of the cruiser brigade of the Black Sea Fleet, repressed.
RYAZANOV (real family. Goldendakh) David Borisovich (1870, Odessa - 1938), historian. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Expelled from the Odessa gymnasium for roaring. active (1887). Since 1889 - Marxist. In 1891 he was arrested, several. years spent in prison and exile. In 1900–05 and 1907–17 in exile, lecturer at the schools of the Vperyod group on about. Capri and the Bolsheviks in Longjumeau near Paris. He prepared and published two volumes of Op. K. Marx and F. Engels. In 1905–07 he participated. in the work of the Social-Democrats faction of the State. thoughts. In the beginning. 1918 left the RCP (b) due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace. Was on trade union and scientific and educational work. Restored to the party. In 1921–31 - the founder and first director of the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, editor of the first edition. their op., as well as op. G.V. Plekhanov, G. Hegel, ed. pl. scientific. works on ist. and the theory of Marxism. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee, dep. Mossovet, was a delegate to the VII-XVI Party Congresses (1918-30). In 1931 he was expelled from the CPSU (b), removed from all posts, exiled to Saratov, was engaged in translations of Op. D. Ricardo, since 1934 - consultant of the university library. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
RYAZANOV Eldar Alexandrovich (b. 1927, Samara), film director, screenwriter, playwright. After the end of dir. Faculty of VGIK (workshop of G.M. Kozintsev, 1950) worked for the Center. studio doc. f. (1950–55), where he made the pictures "Your Books" (with ZP Fomina), "Sakhalin Island" (with VV Katanyan). The first thin. R.'s film "Carnival Night" (1956) received a prize at the All-Union Union in 1958. film festival. Joint. with E.V. Braginsky wrote more than 10 scripts and plays. F., made by R. based on these works., Created a special genre of cinematic comedy prose: "Beware of the car" (1966), "Zigzag of luck" (1968), "Old robbers" (1972), "Irony of fate, or With a light ferry "(telephone, 1975, at the box office since 1976; in 1977 State Ave. USSR)," Office Romance "(based on the play" Co-workers ", 1977, in 1979 State. Ave. RSFSR)," Garage "(1980) , "A Station for Two" (1983), "Forgotten Melody for a Flute" (1987), etc. He also staged a film: "Say a Word about the Poor Hussar" (1980, screenplay with GI Gorin, "Cruel Romance "(1984, based on the play by A. Ostrovsky" The Dowry ")," Dear Elena Sergeevna "(1988, based on the play by L. Razumovskaya)," Promised Heaven "(1991, script with G. Altman)," Prediction "(1993, after his play of the same name), etc. Since 1988 - secretary of the Board of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR. Honored Art Worker in the RSFSR (1976). People's Artist of the USSR (1984).
RYAZANOV Georgy Vasilievich (b. 1930, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1959). Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). In 1954–57 Ph.D. Moscow State University, then Art. scientific. sotr. in Ying-those electrovacuum glass and All-Union. Research Institute of Current Sources. In 1966-90 Art. scientific. sotr. in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Considered conceptual and math. features of quantum mechanics under the assumption of reversibility of time. Proposed phenomenological. theory of second-order phase transitions, simplified the methodology for calculating certain properties of the two-dimensional Ising model. Ch. sphere of interest - foundations of physics. Constructed a general plan of the world, according to which the physicist is a consequence of the reversibility of time and depends on many others. factors related to the spheres of art, religion, mysticism, etc. Research. problems of interaction between science and religion. Cit .: Path to new meanings. M., 1993.
Ryazhsk, a city (since 1778), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1502. From 1778 it was a district town of the Ryazan governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1867 24 Jews lived in R., in 1910 - 138, in 1926 - 7 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 19th century In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in R.
FISHER'S, see Issyk-Kul.
RYBAK Boris Moiseevich (1909, Rostov-on-Don - 1961, Moscow), process engineer. Cand. tech. sciences. Ch. Ing. and dir. a number of oil refineries. In 1941–46 deputy. People's Commissar of the Oil Industry of the USSR. In 1946 the deputy. prev. tech. Council of the People's Commissariat, in 1947–48 - director. oil refinery in Guryev, in 1948-50 - director. Higher. Ing. courses, in 1950 - director. academy of the oil industry. In 1950–56 he was imprisoned. Since 1956 prof. and head. Department of Oil and Gas Vses. correspondence polytechnic. in-that in Moscow. Author of textbooks and uch. manuals on the chemistry of oil and gas. Became. pr. (1942, 1947) Vol .: Laboratory control at oil refineries. Baku, 1932; Naphthenic acids. M.-L., 1948; Analysis of oil and oil products. 5th ed. M., 1962.
FISHERMAN Issakhar-Ber (Zakhar) (1897, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1935, Paris), painter, graphic artist, decorator. He studied at the Workers thin. courses in Elizavetgrad, from 1911 in the Kiev art. school. In Kiev, he worked as a decorator at the Jewish Theater. Together with E. Lissitzky, in the summer of 1915, he examined the ancient synagogues of the Right Bank. Ukraine and copied synagogue paintings. He was one of the organizers and instructor of the section of lawsuits in the "Culture-League" (1917–20). Performed by graphic. ser. "Jewish types of Ukraine" (1917). He was fond of cubism. In 1918 he took part in an exhibition of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists. In 1919 he moved to Moscow. In the journal. "Oifgang" ("Sunrise") publ. Art. (co-authored with B. Aronson "The Ways of Jewish Painting", in which he proclaimed the principles of modern Jewish art. In 1921 he settled in Berlin. Exhibited in the Secession landscapes, portraits, genre scenes, in which the techniques of expressionism were combined with elements of traditional Jewish art. Performed graphic cycles "Pogrom", "Small town." In 1924 he arrived in the USSR. In the course of 2 years he designed several performances in Jewish theaters, worked in a magazine, created a graphic cycle "On the Jewish Fields", partially reproduced in the Jewish period, printed (completely published in Paris, 1926). From 1926 - in Paris. Exhibited at the Salon d'Automne (1927, 1934), the Salon of the Independent (1935), participated in collective exhibitions Personal exhibitions in the Parisian gal. Colbert (1930), Biye (1933), Boz-Ar (1935), in London (1935). In 1928 he participated in the Russian department of the exhibition of Contemporary French Art in Moscow (paintings "The Blind Beggar", "Geese", "Family of a Worker", "Young Peasant") In the Paris period, the motives of Jewish poverty and pogroms gave way to rich. landscapes, portraits, decor, panels, marked by the desire for peace of mind and clarity.
FISHERMAN Natan Samoilovich (1912, Ivanovka, Zvenigorodsk u.Kiev province - 1978, Kiev), writer. He wrote in Ukrainian. lang. Studied in Kievsk. chem.-technologist. in-those (1929–31). Published in periodicals since 1930. Author dedicated. industrialization of books "By the ways of competition", 1931; "Country of Labor", 1932; rum. "Cannons with vents to the East", 1934 and "Kiev", 1936; history of Grazhd. war: Sat. short stories "Courage", 1934 and "The Last Marshal", 1935, biographies, collection of works. "Stories about Frunze", 1937. In the rom. "Honoré de Balzac's mistake", 1940, Jewish characters are present. In 1941–45, R. served as a military man. corr .; published Sat. stories and sketches "Banner", 1942, "The Sun of Bashkiria", 1943, the novel "Arms with us", 1943, Russian. per. 1944. The biased events of 1648–54 in Ukraine in the center of a two-volume rum. Pereyaslavskaya Rada (1948–53). Deputy prev. Sov. to-that protection of the world. He actively participated in the anti-Zionist propaganda campaign early. 1970s Became. pr. (1950). Works: Collected. cit., vols. 1-5. Kiev, 1981–85 (in Ukrainian); Next to us. Stories. M., 1965; Soldiers without uniforms. M., 1970.
RYBAKOV Anatoly Naumovich (1911, Chernigov - 1998, New York), writer. Rod. in the family of an engineer. Studied at Moscow. Institute of Transport Engineers (1930–34). Exiled in 1934. In 1934–38 he worked as an engineer at automobile enterprises (Ufa, Kalinin). In 1938–41 ch. engineer of the Ryazan region ex. road transport. In 1941–46 in the Red Army, in 1942–45 at the front. Published since 1948. Author of a trilogy for children: "Dagger" (1937), "Bronze Bird" (1956), "Shot" (1978), rom. "Drivers" (1950, Steel. Pr. 1951), "Yekaterina Voronina" (1955), "Summer in the Pines" (1964), trilogy about sinks, youth "The Adventures of Krosh" (1960), "Krosh's Vacation" (1966) and The Unknown Soldier (1970). According to the last pov. he wrote the script thin. f. "Minute of Silence" (State Ave. of the RSFSR, 1973). According to pl. manuf. R. were filmed f. and performances were staged. Rum came out in 1979. R. "Heavy sand", the first for many. years of production about the Holocaust, written and published. in Russian lang. in USSR. In 1988 in the journal. "Friendship of Peoples" was published written in the 1960s. rum. Children of the Arbat. Its continuation was the novels "Fear" (M., 1990), "Ashes and Ashes" (M., 1994), which made up a trilogy, which included the most important events of the Sov. history of the 1930–40s.
RYBALSKY Mordukh Sh. (1870, Fastov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1938, Leningrad), actor. Got a trad. Jewish religion education, privately took Russian lessons. lang. In 1892 R. joined the Jewish theater troupe in Warsaw, made his debut in the title. the role of the operetta "Selling Joseph to Egypt" Sheika. Since 1898, in the troupe of Y. Spivakovsky and A. Fishzon, he performed all the main "singing" roles - a warrior from the Maccabean clan in "Sulamith", the groom of Maria Markus in "The Witch", title. role in "Bar-Kokhb" (all - A. Goldfaden, Rudolph in Schliferstein's melodrama "Dora, or the Millionaire Beggar", Moritz in "Swat" by Gottschal, Theobaldad-Tobias in "Marianne, or Mother's Love" by Drexler and Manfred. 1917 R. played Kalvarsky in "Bloody Joke" by Sholem Aleichem, Pshitler in R. Zaslavsky's tragedy "Chaim der Berdichever", performed in Goldfaden's op-ts "The Witch" and "Two Kune-Lemel" (R. Zaslavsky's troupe, 1924 In 1927, with the Mobile Jewish Theater, R. came to Nevel and stayed there, was engaged in social activities, and led a drama club in the Jewish workers' club.
RYBANSK, see Rybinsk.
FISH, see Riebini.
RYBINO, see Fish.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=РЫБИНСК (в 1946–57 – Щербаков, в 1984–89 – Андропов), город (с 1777), районный центр в Ярославской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1071 как Усть-Шексна. С 1137 – Рыбаньск, с 1504 – Рыбная Слобода. С 1777 – уездный город Рыбной (с 1778 – Рыбинск) Ярославского наместничества, с 1796 – губ.В 1863 в Р. проживало 54 еврея, в 1868 – 83, в 1877 – ок. 500, в 1897 – ок. 300, в 1910 – 418, в 1919 – 2161 (4,6%), в 1923 – 1168, в 1926 – 1098 (1,9%), в 1939 – 789, в 2002 – 132 еврея.Евреи стали селиться в Р. в нач. 19 в. В 1811 в Р. проживало 2 еврея, один из к-рых – портной Л.О.Гинзбург. В 1844 одним из первых евреев, получивших право проживания в Р., был золотых дел мастер Перец Мейерович Гринбарг. В Р. действовала синагога для нижних чинов.В кон. 1850-х гг. было учреждено «Об-во судоходства по реке Шексне»; управляющим отд-нием компании в Р. был Илья Осипович Авербах, купец l-й гильдии (с 1880). В 1894 И.О.Авербах получил потомственное почетное гражданство. В 1872 по ходатайству евреев-ремесленников губернатор разрешил открыть отд. синагогу (в доме мещанина Плотникова), в 1881 утвержденную Мин-вом внутр. дел. В 1881 в Р. проживало 46 еврейских семей. Раввином был Лейба Абрамович Миранский, с 1882 – Иосиф Либман. В 1886 общине был выделен участок под кладбище. С 1889 казенный раввин Р. – Куссель Вульфович Барон (до 1893 – служил у И.О.Авербаха).В нач. 20 в. в Р. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион». Евреи Р. принимали активное участие в политич. жизни города: Аким Исаакович Штейнберг руководил орг-цией кадетов Р., Яков Иосифович Акодус организовал манифестацию гимназистов в 1905.В 1910 в Р. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В янв. 1911 раввином избран Борис Яковлевич Пинус.В годы 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет беженцев из прифронтовых р-нов. Был организован обществ. к-т по оказанию помощи евреям-беженцам, уч-ще для детей-беженцев.В 1916 в Р. была построена каменная синагога. В 1917 действовали еврейское уч-ще, еврейские вечерние курсы, в 1918 были открыты б-ка им. Х.Н.Бялика, еврейский рабочий клуб им. Бронислава Гроссера, молодежный клуб им. И.-Л.Переца, благотворит. столовая; действовала сионистская орг-ция «Ге-Хавер». В гор. думу в 1917 входило 5 евреев, в т. ч. раввин Б.Я.Пинус. В мае 1918 в помещении уездного земства Рыбинский к-т «Поалей Цион» провел диспут «Программа и задачи еврейской социал-демократии». В работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве в 1920 принимал участие делегат из Р.В 1929 синагога в Р. была закрыта, общине отказано в перерегистрации. Община продолжала собираться в частных домах до сер. 1970-х гг.Евреи внесли существенный вклад в культурное развитие Р. Среди них: Григорий Владимирович Хавис (1900–1962) – реж. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Давид Яковлевич Меримсон (1906–1984) – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Залман Борисович Ваховский (1917–1988) – дир. того же т-ра; Зиновий Ильич Ландо (1920–1987) – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Александр Иосифович Эльнес (1919–1983) – реж. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Георгий Якубович Эльнатанов (р. 1941, Рыбинск), с 1990 – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; гл. реж. т-ра с 2006 – нар. арт. РФ Михаил Абрамович Салес (р. 1946, Добромиль Львовской обл.); Илья Борисович Рабинович (р. 1922) – дир. Рыбинского ист.-арх. и худож. музея-заповедника.В 1994 в Р. было создано еврейское культурное об-во «Лехаим», перерегистрированное в авг. 1999 как религ. община (пред. – Леонид Хаимович Берковский, р. 1928, Харьков). При общине работают б-ка, воскресная школа «Халом» (с 1994), молодежный, семейный и спорт. клубы, вок.-танц. анс. «Эстер». Действует благотворит. орг-ция «Хесэд Ахим» (с 2001).В здании бывш. синагоги разместилась спорт. школа. В центр. части города сохранились остатки старого еврейского кладбища.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 300 евреев.В Р. род.: Д.С.Айзенштат, М.А.Дергачева, И.Ю.Маркон, Муни, Д.Шенк, Г.Г.Ягода; Александр Леонович Авербах (1896–1966, Ленинград), актер, с 1918 – в БДТ (Петроград – Ленинград), автор воспоминаний, внук И.О. Авербаха, отец И.А.Авербаха; Яков Иосифович Акодус (?–1970, Москва), врач, полк. мед. службы, с 1928 – ст. врач Центр. дома Кр. Армии в Москве, с 1939 – нач. воен. ф-та во 2-м мед. ин-те в Москве, нагр. 4 орд.; Лев Моисеевич Писаревский (1906–1974, Москва), скульптор, художник, автор скульп. портретов рос. адмиралов; Николас Шенк (Шенкер) (1881–1969), совладелец и през. к/ст «Метро-Голдвин-Майер», брат Д.Шенка.В Р. жил А.И.Райкин.Р.И.Молдавер, pronunciation=РЫБИНСК (в 1946–57 – Щербаков, в 1984–89 – Андропов), город (с 1777), районный центр в Ярославской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 1071 как Усть-Шексна. С 1137 – Рыбаньск, с 1504 – Рыбная Слобода. С 1777 – уездный город Рыбной (с 1778 – Рыбинск) Ярославского наместничества, с 1796 – губ.В 1863 в Р. проживало 54 еврея, в 1868 – 83, в 1877 – ок. 500, в 1897 – ок. 300, в 1910 – 418, в 1919 – 2161 (4,6%), в 1923 – 1168, в 1926 – 1098 (1,9%), в 1939 – 789, в 2002 – 132 еврея.Евреи стали селиться в Р. в нач. 19 в. В 1811 в Р. проживало 2 еврея, один из к-рых – портной Л.О.Гинзбург. В 1844 одним из первых евреев, получивших право проживания в Р., был золотых дел мастер Перец Мейерович Гринбарг. В Р. действовала синагога для нижних чинов.В кон. 1850-х гг. было учреждено «Об-во судоходства по реке Шексне»; управляющим отд-нием компании в Р. был Илья Осипович Авербах, купец l-й гильдии (с 1880). В 1894 И.О.Авербах получил потомственное почетное гражданство. В 1872 по ходатайству евреев-ремесленников губернатор разрешил открыть отд. синагогу (в доме мещанина Плотникова), в 1881 утвержденную Мин-вом внутр. дел. В 1881 в Р. проживало 46 еврейских семей. Раввином был Лейба Абрамович Миранский, с 1882 – Иосиф Либман. В 1886 общине был выделен участок под кладбище. С 1889 казенный раввин Р. – Куссель Вульфович Барон (до 1893 – служил у И.О.Авербаха).В нач. 20 в. в Р. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», «Цеирей Цион». Евреи Р. принимали активное участие в политич. жизни города: Аким Исаакович Штейнберг руководил орг-цией кадетов Р., Яков Иосифович Акодус организовал манифестацию гимназистов в 1905.В 1910 в Р. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища. В янв. 1911 раввином избран Борис Яковлевич Пинус.В годы 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения Р. увеличилась за счет беженцев из прифронтовых р-нов. Был организован обществ. к-т по оказанию помощи евреям-беженцам, уч-ще для детей-беженцев.В 1916 в Р. была построена каменная синагога. В 1917 действовали еврейское уч-ще, еврейские вечерние курсы, в 1918 были открыты б-ка им. Х.Н.Бялика, еврейский рабочий клуб им. Бронислава Гроссера, молодежный клуб им. И.-Л.Переца, благотворит. столовая; действовала сионистская орг-ция «Ге-Хавер». В гор. думу в 1917 входило 5 евреев, в т. ч. раввин Б.Я.Пинус. В мае 1918 в помещении уездного земства Рыбинский к-т «Поалей Цион» провел диспут «Программа и задачи еврейской социал-демократии». В работе 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве в 1920 принимал участие делегат из Р.В 1929 синагога в Р. была закрыта, общине отказано в перерегистрации. Община продолжала собираться в частных домах до сер. 1970-х гг.Евреи внесли существенный вклад в культурное развитие Р. Среди них: Григорий Владимирович Хавис (1900–1962) – реж. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Давид Яковлевич Меримсон (1906–1984) – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Залман Борисович Ваховский (1917–1988) – дир. того же т-ра; Зиновий Ильич Ландо (1920–1987) – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Александр Иосифович Эльнес (1919–1983) – реж. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; Георгий Якубович Эльнатанов (р. 1941, Рыбинск), с 1990 – дир. Рыбинского драматич. т-ра; гл. реж. т-ра с 2006 – нар. арт. РФ Михаил Абрамович Салес (р. 1946, Добромиль Львовской обл.); Илья Борисович Рабинович (р. 1922) – дир. Рыбинского ист.-арх. и худож. музея-заповедника.В 1994 в Р. было создано еврейское культурное об-во «Лехаим», перерегистрированное в авг. 1999 как религ. община (пред. – Леонид Хаимович Берковский, р. 1928, Харьков). При общине работают б-ка, воскресная школа «Халом» (с 1994), молодежный, семейный и спорт. клубы, вок.-танц. анс. «Эстер». Действует благотворит. орг-ция «Хесэд Ахим» (с 2001).В здании бывш. синагоги разместилась спорт. школа. В центр. части города сохранились остатки старого еврейского кладбища.В 2005 в Р. проживало ок. 300 евреев.В Р. род.: Д.С.Айзенштат, М.А.Дергачева, И.Ю.Маркон, Муни, Д.Шенк, Г.Г.Ягода; Александр Леонович Авербах (1896–1966, Ленинград), актер, с 1918 – в БДТ (Петроград – Ленинград), автор воспоминаний, внук И.О. Авербаха, отец И.А.Авербаха; Яков Иосифович Акодус (?–1970, Москва), врач, полк. мед. службы, с 1928 – ст. врач Центр. дома Кр. Армии в Москве, с 1939 – нач. воен. ф-та во 2-м мед. ин-те в Москве, нагр. 4 орд.; Лев Моисеевич Писаревский (1906–1974, Москва), скульптор, художник, автор скульп. портретов рос. адмиралов; Николас Шенк (Шенкер) (1881–1969), совладелец и през. к/ст «Метро-Голдвин-Майер», брат Д.Шенка.В Р. жил А.И.Райкин.Р.И.Молдавер, extra_data="{'translat...")
RYBKIN Boris Arkadievich (real name and surname Borukh Aronovich Ryvkin) (1899, Yekaterinoslav province - 1947, Czechoslovakia), an employee of the special services. Studied at the Mountain Acad. In 1919 he was mobilized to work in the Cheka. In 1923–24 he studied at the Higher. school OGPU. In 1924-29 pom. early counterintelligence. dep. OGPU. In 1931 he was sent to Iran; from 1935 - resident of the Sov. external intelligence in Finland (in 1938 he personally reported to JV Stalin on the situation in Finland and, on his instructions, conducted preliminary unofficial negotiations with representatives of the Finnish government about revising the Soviet-Finnish border). In 1941–43 he headed the Sov. residency in Sweden, where he worked with his wife (also a secret service worker, writer) ZI Voskresenskaya.
RYBKIND Itskhok (1895, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1968, New York), bibliographer, culturologist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1920 - in the USA. In 1923–59 in New York, librarian at the Jewish theologian. seminar, where he received the title of honor. dr. He made his debut in literature in 1913 in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", published during the period, ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew, ch. arr. on questions bibliography. Studied biblical science. work in the region. cultural studies, folklore, philology, ethnography; publ. in periodicals, Sat. and anthologies. New York ed. "Der kamph kegn gambling-shpiln bai idn" ("The struggle against gambling among the Jews", 1946), "Yiddishe Gelt" ("Jewish money", 1959). Among other scientific. research - “Yiddishe un gebreishe drukn business yor 1648” (“Jewish and Hebrew prints before 1648”), “Shpil leader bai idn in farsheyne zaitn” (“Play songs among Jews at different times”), “A nae umbakante Amsterdam Yiddish Zeitung Fun 1781 "(" Unknown Amsterdam Jewish Newspaper 1781 ").
RYBKO Wolf-Leib (1896, Ostrov, Lomzhinsk province - 1955, Johannesburg), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1918 he came to Vilna, from 1927 - to South Africa. He taught at the Vilnius real school, in the Johannesburg Jewish schools. He debuted in literature in 1929 as a story in New York Gas. Forverts. In 1928–32 staff. sotr. "Der Afrikaner", "Afrikaner Yiddish Zeitung", "Dorem Afrikaner Shtime" and other period, ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1925 he published in Vilno (with A. Goldschmit) the textbook “Yiddish Geshikhte. Mitlalter "(" Jewish history. Middle Ages "). In Johannesburg in 1961 came Sat. stories and sketches "Oif dipleinen fun Africa" ​​("On the plains of Africa").
FISH SLOBODA, see Rybinsk.
RYBNIK, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 103 Jews lived in R. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RYBNIKI, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 28 Jews lived in R., and in 1939 - 5 Jews.
RYBNITSA, a city in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. In 1924–40 it was a part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1847, 163 Jews lived in R., in 1887 - 470 (28%), in 1897 - 1574 (39%), in 1923 - 3162, in 1926 - 3391, in 1939 - 3216, in 1989 - 1645 Jews. 19th century there was a synagogue in R., and in 1889 there were 2 synagogues. In 1893-1916 in R. there was an academic. an institution supported by OPE. In 1910 a private Jewish woman worked in R. uch-shche of the 3rd category. In the beginning. 20th century there was a Zionist circle. In 1914 there were 5 synagogues in R. The Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 7 pharmacy warehouses, units. hotel, unity. lime plant, unity an oil mill, the only mill, a soap-making and sugar plant, both agricultural warehouses. machines and tools, units. dining room, unity. a teahouse, more than 100 shops and shops in R. (including 30 grocers, all 23 manufactures, all 5 crockery, a single stationery store). In 1916 the Jews of R. were under suspicion of spying for the Germans. army. 1917 in R. there was a pogrom, organized by Russian soldiers. army. Dec. In 1918, during another pogrom, part of the city was burned. In 1921 Rabbi Mordechai (1882–1946), the grandson of Moshe Giterman, the "Chechelnitsky rabbi", moved to R. In 1922 in R. 100 Jewish families (out of 150) were engaged in tobacco growing. 5 Aug. 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. Sep 1941 a ghetto was created. There were 200 Jews in R.'s prison. In March 1944, before the retreat of the Germans. parts of the prison were burned. After their release in 1944, some of the Jews returned to R. In 1944–72, Khaim-Zanvil Abramovich (1896–1995, USA) lived in R., who acted as a shohet and moel. Since the 1960s. House of H.-Z. Abramovich became a place of pilgrimage and spiritual center of thousands of Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transcarpathian Ukraine and other districts of the USSR. 1990s R. has a community. In 2006, a memorial was unveiled at the burial site of more than 1,500 Jews. In R., family: S.I.Shvartsburd; Sulamith Izrailevna Anbinder (1904-1977), sculptor, participant of exhibitions; Meir Argov (Grabovsky) (1905–1963, Tel Aviv), politician. activist, since 1925 - in E.-I., dep. Knesset from Mapai 1-5th convocations, in 1951-53 - gene. sec. MAPAI, in 1954–63 - before. Foreign Commissions the affairs and defense of the Knesset; Itzhak Itskhaki (Liashevsky) (1902–1955, Tel Aviv), from 1921 - in E.-I., dep. Knesset of the 3rd convocation from MAPAM.
FISH, a city (since 1961), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1597 as from. Rybino. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ryazan lips. Since 1947 it has been a workers' settlement. 11 Jews lived in 1939, and 7 Jews in 2002.
FISH, see Rybinsk.
RYBOTIN, a village in the Korop district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1900 there were 14 Jews living in R., in 1926 - 5 Jews.
RYCHIVOL, see RYCHIVUL.
RYCHIVUL, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Radom powiat of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Rychivol Kozenitsky u. Radom province. In 1765 in R. and surrounding us. 1,116 Jews lived in settlements, in 1856 in R. - 512 (50%), in 1897 - 492 (45.2%), in 1921 - 82, in 1939 - 135 Jews. In 1677, King Jan III Sobieski allowed the Jews of R. to build synagogue, buy land for building 20 houses, freely engage in decomp. crafts; the duties and payments of the Jews were precisely indicated. A Jewish cemetery was founded in R. In 1698 the synagogue, the rabbi's house, the hospital, and the cemetery were exempted from taxes. meetings of the "Vaad of the Four Lands" were held in R. Rabbi R. in the middle. 18th century - Shmul-Shmilke Horowitz (1726-1778), since 1761 - Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev, later - a student of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich and one of the first distributors of Hasidism in Poland Uziel Maisels (1744-1785). In the 1st floor. 19th century the rabbi was a disciple of Simkhi-Bunim from Pshisukha Yakov-Arie Guterman (1792, Varka - 1874), in the 1870s. - Aron Orbakh, in the 1910s. - Abram Weinstock. At 19 - 1st floor. 20th century most of the Jews of R. were Kozenitsa Hasidim. In 1914, a Jew belonged to the Unity. a manufactory in R.V.Sep. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of R. were deported to an extermination camp.
RYCHOV, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. 1920 there was a pogrom in R., organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich; 2 Jews were killed.
RYDCHA, a village in Zhitkovichi district, Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In the 1st half. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in R. in August. 1941 92 Jews were killed.
RYDODUBY, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units; in the same month, five Jews were killed in R..
RYDOMIL, a village in the Kremenets district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rydoml Kremenetsky Volyn province. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned 1 of 2 grocery stores in R.
Rydomil, see Rydomil.
RYFTIN Yakov Alexandrovich (1905, Sarapul, Vyatka Gubernia - 1989, Leningrad), TV specialist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1949), prof. (1935). Graduated in 1930 from Phys.-Mechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that, then head. lab. TV in the same place. From 1932 he headed the country's first TV department at the Telecommunications Academy. Since 1933 head. sector of electronic TV in the All. Research Institute TV. In 1945 he founded and headed the TV department in Leningrad. electrical engineering in-those. Main scientific. tr. associated with the development of optical-mechanical. television. systems (1930), with theoretical. research correct light-color rendering (1935). He proposed an aperture-asymmetric method of decomposition by a sliding raster into a television. system (1949). He discovered the effect of pulsation-adaptation of an electronic spot on a target of a transmitting television. tube (Ryftin effect, 1961), invented the original. transmitting television. tube (sphericon) - with a high resolution and uniformity of the signal over the image field (1968), proposed an image standard of 1250 lines (1979), suggested using a television. methods for research. eyes (1987). Author of over 130 scientific. print works, a number of inventions, monographs, textbooks. Works: Television. system. Theory. M., 1967, etc.
RYKHTA, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 3 grocery stores; unity. a mill in R. was rented by a Jew. In July 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, eight Jews were shot in R.
RYKHVAL, a city in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - posad Rykhval Koninsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 102 Jews lived in R., in 1808 - 82 (17.2%), in 1827 - 138 (21.1%), in 1856 - 124 (19.7%), in 1897 - 151 ( 16.4%), in 1921 - 244 (21.8%), in 1939 - approx. 350 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. In 1823–62, R. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1914 Jews owned both factories and units. iron-scraping shops in R. There were 2 synagogues. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 3 Sept. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec. 1939 most of the Jews were deported from R. The rest were deported to Sept. 1940.
ROCKER, see Ripper.
RYKI, a city (from 1782) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Garvolinsky posad. In 1866, 592 Jews (50.2%) lived in R., in 1897 - 1573 (97%), in 1908 - 2077 (93.8%), in 1921 - 2419 Jews (68.5%). Jews lived in R. from the 16th century. In the 18-19 centuries. Rabbi Borukh (1721–1831), a disciple of I. Baal Shem Tov, lived in R. In 1842 a community was created, 2 synagogues were built, a cemetery was laid. Rabbis R. in the 19th century There were Boruch ben Meir, Tzvi-Hirsh Ashkenazi, Eliyahu-Chaim Zuckerkop, Nosn-Note Ramer and his son Yakov. In 1904, the first Zionist circle was organized in R. In 1912 Jewish Crafts was active. loan-save. In the fall of 1914, Jews were evicted from R. to the surrounding towns. In 1915, after the occupation of R. by parts of the Germans. armies, Jews returned to the city. In the 1920s and 30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi R. during this period was Y. Ramer's son-in-law Yehuda Phifer, who died during the Holocaust. In R. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. In 1927, a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was founded, later - the school "Isudey Toire". Sep 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. All R. oct. 1939 the Judenrat was created, at the end. 1940 - the ghetto, liquidated in May 1942, when the Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp. 1945 30 Jews returned to R. After the murder of several Poles. Jews, including a Polish officer. armies, Jews left R. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in R. R. Z. Ben-Zvi.
RYKLIN Grigory (Hirsch) Efimovich (1894, Litovsk, Starodubsky u. Chernigov province. - 1973, Moscow), writer, journalist. Since 1918 he published poems, essays, articles in the Jewish Communist. press of Belarus. He was an employee, then an editor of the Gomel newspaper "Komunistisher veg". One of the participants in the collection published in 1921 in Gomel. verse, in Yiddish "Leader". In 1924 he moved to Moscow, worked in gas. Izvestia, Pravda, in the journal. "Crocodile" (in 1938–48 he was his editor), specialized in the genre of small feuilletons. First Sat feuilletons "Kalancha on self-financing" was published in Moscow in 1927. In the 1920s and 1930s. there were many Sat. and essays. R., he became a leading satirist in Soviet journalism. He wrote for children. The author of the book. about I.I.Skvortsov-Stepanov. In Yiddish he published Sat. "Derceilungen vegn grenzler" ("Stories about the border guards". M., 1938), "Di pine cone" ("Pine cone" - also about the border guards, Minsk, 1939). Op .: True to the truth. M., 1929; Give a cap. M., 1948; All familiar faces. M., 1958; If my memory does not fail me. M., 1968; History of my feuilletons. M., 1975.
RYKOVO, see Yenakiyevo.
RYKUN, now part of the urban-type settlement Dymer, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In the 1980s. - the village of Dymersky district of Kiev region. In 1850, 32 families lived in R., in 1860 - 33 families, in 1898 - 34 families (323 people), in 1917 - 288 people, in 1941 - 150 people. allocated 11 sites for 6 dess. state lands. Most of the colonists had no agricultural experience. labor and poorly provided agricultural. inventory, leased plots to peasants and were engaged in handicrafts, timber trade, resale of food and things. In 1887, the colonists worked 217 dess. state lands; Jews established the production of bricks in 2 ovens and sold it to other us. points. In 1898, 23 families (70%) were engaged in agriculture. 1905 a pogrom occurred in R., in the course of which 62 Jewish families suffered; losses of Jews amounted to 18 thousand rubles In 1917 the colonists processed 129 dess. arable land, growing rye, wheat, and barley. In 1919 a pogrom took place in R. in the course of which four Jews were killed. In 1929–41 a collective farm named after V. Sholem Aleichem (in 1930 - 237 people) .In July - Aug. 1941 Jews of R. (50 people) were evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR, 7 Jews were mobilized. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, the Jews of R. (93 people) were deported to Kiev and shot at Babi Yar. After their release, 10 people returned from the evacuation, one from the front. The village was inhabited by Ukrainians. Jewish cemetery - destroyed. In 1995, two Jewish families lived in R. I. M. Shaikin
RYLSK, a city, a regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1152.Since 1779 it has been a district town of the Kursk governorship, since 1796 it has been a province. In 1867 34 Jews lived in R., 31 in the district, 180 in R. 1910, 245 (2.2%) in 1926, 1939 - 70, in 2002 - 5 Jews. Jews lived in R. from the middle. 19th century Oct 24 1905 a pogrom took place in R. The crowd destroyed a Jewish pharmacy, 6 shops, and 2 private apartments, and tried to set fire to the apartment of the Jew, Goldstein. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in R. In 1914 a Jew owned 1 out of 2 pharmacies. During the 1st world period. war, the Jewish population increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. In 1915, 30 Jews arrived in R. 5 October. 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews who did not have time to evacuate were shot.
RYMAROVKA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in R.
RYMSHANY, see Rimshenay.
RYPIN, a city (since 1345) in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Plock province. In 1808, 315 Jews (77.7%) lived in R., in 1827 - 731 (39.4%), in 1856 - 1054 (46.3%), in 1897 - 1732 (28.8%), in 1921 - 2791 Jews (38.6%) Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. In 1750 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1774 the Jewish population received the right to acquire plots of land and build houses in a certain area. In 1779 this resolution of the mountains. council and burgomaster was approved by King Stanislav-August. In 1779, specials were allocated for the residence of Jews. quarter. In the 18th century. main the occupation of the Jews of R. was trade. Among the Jews there were exporters of timber, livestock, meat. In the 19th century. OK. a quarter of Jews were artisans, several. families were engaged with. h-vom. Rabbi R. in the 1850s-70s. Nohum-Menashe Gutentag came out in 1863 with the support of Polsk. uprising. There was a synagogue in R. 1900s Shmuel-Zinvel Posner (1868–1946) organized a Zionist circle in R. In 1910 the Jewish savings and loan was founded. m-in. In the beginning. 20th century in R. there were several. synagogues, including the Alexander and Gur Hasids, 2 Hasidic yeshivas; In 1914, a new cemetery was laid. a warehouse for pharmacy goods, a watch workshop, and 17 shops in R. (including all 4 grocery stores, all 3 haberdashery, and all 4 manufactures). Unity. the tailor in R. was a Jew. The Great Synagogue was built in 1914, and a library named after V.I. I.-L. Peretz, with a cut acted dramatic. circle, opened the school "Thia" with teaching in Hebrew, which became in the 1920s. part of the "Tarbut" network. In 1916, a committee of assistance to refugees was created. At the same time, a new building of the Talmud Torah was built. In 1917 "Agudas Yisroel" founded the Isudey Toire school, later the Beis Yaakov school for girls. The Maccabi branch was created in R. In 1919 the agricultural sector was founded in R. productions. cooperative, at the beginning. 1920s - a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank, with the support of the Bund; - The Association of Tailors - the first trade union organization in R. In 1921, with the help of the Joint, societies were opened. dining room. 1920–30s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi R. in the 1890s – 1930s - Osher-Gershon Lurie (? -1932), since 1933 - Nosn-Note Notkovich (? -1942, Warsaw). In 1935 a new building was built for the school "Tarbut". 8 Sept. 1939 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. oct. 1939 2 synagogues were set on fire. 15 nov. 1939 Jews were expelled from the city; OK. 100 Jewish artisans are left behind. In the beginning. 1940 the remaining Jews left R. After the expulsion of the Jews, the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. After 1945, a memorial plaque was erected at the site of mass executions (of Poles and Jews). I. Frenkel.
RISHKANI (until 1991 - Riscani), city, regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ryshkanovka, Beletskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the MSSR. In 1897, 2,247 Jews (69%) lived in R., in 1930 - approx. 2060 (66.1%), in 1991 - 115 Jews. Since 1894, Zvi-Hirsch Berdikovetsky (1860 -?) Was the rabbi in R. In June 1905, a detachment of Jewish self-defense stopped the pogrom that had begun. On July 11, 1905, a pogrom occurred in R., during which 30 Jewish shops were destroyed and 8 Jews were wounded. 1900s a Zionist circle functioned in R. in the 1920s and 1930s. in R. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the summer of 1941, Romanians took over. troops. In the first days of the occupation, 73 Jews were shot in R. By 1943, practically the entire Jewish population of R. had been destroyed.
RISHKANOVKA, see Riscani.
RYSKANI, see Riscani.
RYSS Evgeny Samoilovich (b. 1908, Kharkov), writer. Studied at Leningrad State University. in-those scenic. lawsuit. Published since 1928. Writes for children and youth. Joint. with V. Voevidin wrote an adventure. pov. The Blind Guest (1938); The Tempest (1939); the comedy Vain Grievances (1940); pov. "At the city gates" (1945), "A girl is looking for a father" (1946), "House in the swamp" (1959, jointly with L. Rakhmanov)) and others. - rum. "Six set out on the road" (1963) - about the generation that entered life after the revolution. Vol .: The pupil of captains. M., 1951; Investigator's notes. M., 1966 (with I.V.Bodunov); Petka is a detective. M., 1960; Stories. M., 1960, etc.
RYSS Simon Mikhailovich (1896, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1968, Leningrad), gastroenterologist, therapist. Dr. med. sciences (1935), prof., Ph. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). He graduated in 1920 honey. Faculty of Don University (Rostov-on-Don). From 1923 he worked at the Military Medical Clinic of Internal Medicine. academy, then (from 1931) in Leningrad. in-those diseases of the digestive system and simultaneously. (1928–35) scientific. sotr. physiological. laboratory of I.P. Pavlov. In 1936–39, the director. and scientific. hands. Leningrad. in-that to lay down. food, then head. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases Leningrad. dignity-gig. honey. in-that and simultaneously. (since 1961) head. gastroenterological. laboratory of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Main scientific. work dedicated. questions of clinics. vitaminology (the emergence of this scientific direction is associated with his name) and gastroenterology. He studied the features of the course of hypovitaminosis in the conditions of the besieged Leningrad. Vol .: Vitamins. Physiological action, exchange, therapy, L., 1955; Diseases of the digestive system (et al.), L., 1966, 1975; Peptic ulcer (Uncomplicated forms), L., 1968 (jointly with E.S. Ryss). Son R. - Eugene (b. 1936), prof. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Medicine, St. Petersburg honey. un-ta them. I.P. Pavlova, author of scientific. works, incl. 5 monographs.
RYTOV Isroel (1895, Osipovichi, Minsk province - 1976, Tel Aviv), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied jurisprudence in Yekaterinoslav. One of the leaders of Tseirei Zion in Russia. Since 1921 - in Poland. Since 1932 - in E.-I. One of the hands. cooperative movement in E.-I. Delegate to the Zionist Congresses. Publ. Art. about Zionism and cooperation in gas. "Gaynt", "Dos Wort", "Folskblat" and others. Ed. a number of ed. Yiddish. Translated from Hebrew to Yiddish and ed. in 1949 in Buenos Aires, Prince. I. Shprintsak "Worth un font" ("Word and works"). One of the translators of the book. Z. Shazara "Lihtike persenlehkaytn" ("Light personalities"), Buenos Aires, 1963. Ed. several book about cooperation and the history of Zionism.
Rytov Sergey Mikhailovich (1908, Kharkov - 1996, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1947), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1934–58 in Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1958 in Radio Engineering. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. taught at Moscow State University and Gorkov. state un-those, in 1953–78 head. Department of MIPT. Sci. issled. on the theory of oscillations, optics, acoustics, radiophysics, electrodynamics. One of the founders of statistical. radiophysics. Research propagation of radio waves in randomly inhomogeneous media, proposed the method of smooth disturbances (R. method, 1937). Generalized (1938) the concept of modulation for any waves, processes. Created (1952) a general theory of thermal radiation, based on the Nyquist f-ly. Distributed (1956) univers. fluctuation-dissipation theorem for continuous fields and built a theory of equilibrium thermal fluctuations in electrodynamics. The author is correlated. theory of Rayleigh light scattering (1970). Publ. a large number of scientific. articles, as well as monographs and textbooks. Works: Introduction to statistical. radiophysics, vol. 1, M., 1976; vol. 2, M., 1979 (with V.I. Tatarsky and Yu.A. Kravtsov.
RYVKIN (Gaisiner) Hertz (Herzl) Leizerovich (1909, Kapreshty Soroksky u. Bessarabian province –1951, Ekibastuz, Kazakh SSR), poet, writer. In 1928–31 he studied at the Chisinau building. technical school. In 1931–32 he served in the Romanians and the army. Until 1935 he worked as a constructor, technician. In 1935–40 he studied and worked in Bucharest. In 1941 he was evacuated from Chisinau to Uzbekistan. In 1949, together with other Jewish writers of Bessarabia, he was arrested in Chisinau and sentenced to 10 years in labor camps. He died in lag. hospital. Lit. began activity in 1931, publ. verse. in the Jewish press of Romania. One of the founders of lit. gr. "Jung-Rumenie". In 1931 - one of the editors. lit.-societies. zhurn. "Onzog". In 1935 sotr. during. ed. "Di voh" and "Schoibn", published in Warsaw lit. weekly "Literary Bleter". In 1938 the first book was published. poems by R. "Fun schheinishn dorf" ("From a neighboring village"). Kievskiy Zhurn. "Soviet Literature" publ. a cycle of poems by R. about V.I. Lenin. After 1945 it was printed in gas. Einikite. In Moscow. alm. "Heimland" publ. pov. "Arum kesltsekh" ("Around the boiler room") and others. In 1948 Moscow. publishing house "Der emes" released the book. R. "Derceilungen" ("Stories").
RYVKIN Alexander Mikhailovich (1893, Ekaterinoslav - 1951, Leningrad), violist, teacher. Prof. (1940). He graduated from Petrograd in 1917. cons. in the violin class of E.E. Kruger. R. - one of the organizers (1919) and violist of the Quartet. A.K. Glazunov in Petrograd. In 1938–51 hands. class of the Leningrad quartet. cons. The author of arrangements and arrangements for op. decomp. comp. for string quartet and viola, as well as uch.-methodical. tr. Honored. art. RSFSR (1940).
RYVKIN Boruch (1883, Jacobstadt of Friedrichstadt district of Kurland province - 1945, New York), literary critic, publicist. From 1903 p. Bund, was illegal. work. In 1905 he emigrated to Europe, lived in Berlin, Hamburg, Geneva, Paris, London. Since 1911 - in New York. Lit. activity began as an anarchist. Russian gas. in Geneva, Yiddish made his debut as a London anarchist. ed. Germinal and Arbeter-Fraind, ed. a number of ed. In the USA he was published in many. Jewish period. ed. After the death of R. ed. book: “A gloibn far umgloybike” (“Faith for the unbelievers”), New York, 1947, “Yiddish dichter in America” (“Jewish poets in America”), 2 volumes, New York-Buenos Aires, 1947 and 1959, "Grunt-tendenzn fun der Yidischer Literatures in America" ​​("Major Trends in Jewish Literature in America"), New York, 1948, "Joseph Opatoschus gang" ("The Way of Joseph Opatoshu"), Toronto, 1948, " G. Leivik, Zayne leader of un dramatic verk "(" G. Leivik, his poems and dramatic works "), Buenos Aires, 1955. Translated into Yiddish" Millions and Happiness "by MP Artsybashev," Biography of Valiant Ladies "I .Kokhanovsky, "Ekaterina Andreevna" LN Andreev and others.
RYVKIN Meer (Miron) Davidovich (1869, Vitebsk - 1915, Luga of Petrograd province), writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the teacher's institute. He taught in Volozhin, Molodechno, Minsk, Petersburg. In 1895 he made his debut with an essay on the Volozhin yeshiva in the journal. "Sunrise". Published in Jewish publications. in Russian lang. feuilletons, stories, Art. on pedagogy, fairy tales for children. In 1900, Sat. stories by R. "In the stuffy". In 1903 founded. Petersburg literary-artistic. zhurn. "Jewish Family Library" (a year later transformed into the magazine "Jewish Life"). Lit. He began his activity in Yiddish in 1905–06 in humor, a leaflet "Der Sheigets". Comp. Warsaw gas. Der Freind, publ. there are feuilletons and weekly reviews. In 1914 publ. rum in Vilna. "Der Veligher bluet-bill" ("Velizh blood libel").
RYVKIN Oskar Lvovich (1899, Petersburg - 1937, Moscow), politician. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). One of the organizers and secretaries. Petrogr. social union slave. youth (PSSRM), com. detachment Kr. guard, formed from a member. PSSRM. Dec. 1917 - Apr. 1918 participated in battles against the White Guards in southern Russia. Since 1918 sec. to-that PSSRM, ed. zhurn. "Young Proletarian", member. Petrogr. Council. Delegate of the 1-3rd RKSM congresses, elected member The Central Committee of the RKSM, represented him at the meetings of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and in the People's Commissariat for Education; taught at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, in 1918-19 before. Pres. (Bureau) Central Committee, 1st sec. Central Committee of the RKSM. In 1921-24 he studied at the courses of Marxism under the Communist. Academy, in 1929–34 - at the Institute of the Red Professors. From 1924 to the desk. work in the Nizhny Novgorod province. and in Krasnodar. In 1927–34 members. Central Committee of the CPSU (b), elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
RYVKIN Solomon Meerovich (1918, Khotimsk of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1981, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1956), prof. In 1941 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In 1941 - 45 - at the front. From 1945 he worked in the Phys.-Tech. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. lab. At the same time he taught at Leningrad State University. Main scientific. interests - physics of semiconductors. He was the first to introduce the concept of photoconductivity. Discovered (in collaboration with others) the effect of the current-convective instability of the plasma of semiconductors in magn. field, entrainment of current carriers by photons, scattering of light by light in semiconductors. Together with V.M. Tuchkevich, he created the first Soviet photodiodes and contributed to the creation of nuclear radiation detectors. Head of scientific. schools of physics of semiconductors. Ch. ed. zhurn. "Physics and Technology of Semiconductors" (since 1967). Linen. etc. (1964).
RYVKIND Iosif Vasilievich (1884, Moscow - 1920, ibid.), Violinist, teacher. First. muses. got education at hand. father, prof. violinist V.N. Ryvkind (student of F. Laub), who played the orc. Big t-ra. In 1893-1902 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the class of I.V. Grzhimali. He studied at the Higher. School of Music in Berlin (studied with J. Joachim, E. Wirtham, M. Bruch), after finishing a cut in 1908-14 he played in E. Klingler's string quartet. Organized by FP. trio, cum. with R. Kahn (fp.) and A. Williams (cello). He won the 1st Ave at the competition. Mendelssohn (Berlin, 1908). From 1914 - in Moscow, from 1918 prof. Moscow cons. in the class of string ans., since 1919 - in the class of strings, orc., since 1920 - in the class of violin. He performed in concerts as a soloist, as well as in the Quartet Mosk. cons.
RYZHANOVKA, a village in the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1800, 27 Jewish families lived in R., in 1859 - approx. 2000 Jews, in 1897 - 1374 (33%), in 1906 - 1196 (29%), in 1913 - approx. 2500, in 1923 - 592 Jews, at the end. 1920s - St. 300 Jewish families. Jews lived in R. from the 17th century. Main occupations were crafts, trade in salt, horses, cr. cattle, rent. In the beginning. 19th century two synagogues were opened in R. (one of them was donated to the community by Yona Mendelssohn in 1827). In 1851 the Jews owned a mill, a distillery, and bakeries. Jews owned 100 houses. In 1860, 60 Jewish houses burned down during a fire. The Jews of R. suffered also during the fires of 1864 and 1873. In the 1860s. Jews paid drinking rent. There was a Jewish cemetery in R. Since 1876, Yosef-Yehuda Weissburd (1847–?) Was the rabbi in R.. In 1882, the headman of one of the synagogues was Mikhel Iosevich Sigalov, the headman of another synagogue at the end. 19th century There were Avrum Karnauch and Menachem of Bavsky. In 1903, another synagogue was opened in R., whose rabbi was M.I.Sigalov. In 1906 there was a Jewish school (headed by Turkot and Eisenberg). In the beginning. 20th century pl. R. Jews left for other countries. In 1913, a philanthropist was organized by immigrants from Russia to the United States. about. In 1913 a Jewish mutual credit society was opened in R. In 1914 before. Zeyl Pinkovich Kryz was a philistine council in R., and Pin Abovich Leshchiner was a member of the council. Jews owned both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, both timber warehouses, both mills, and unity. a tailor's workshop, 35 shops in R. (including all 12 manufactories, all 5 grain shops, all 9 grocery stores). In 1918–20 several shops were held in R. pogroms, during to-ryh many. the Jews died. In May 1918 German units staged a pogrom. army (7 Jews killed), in Sept. 1919 - part of the Volunteer Army (9 Jews were killed), in November. 1920 a pogrom in R. was perpetrated by the gang of Ataman Tsvetkovsky (9 Jews became victims). A detachment of Jewish self-defense was organized in R., which in 1920 joined the brigade of G.I. Kotovsky. In 1920, an agricultural group was created in R. commune, which became in the 1930s. collective farm them. Grigory Petrovsky. In the 1920s - early. 1930s there were many handicraftsmen among the Jews (blacksmiths, ropemen, shoemakers). The Jews owned a grocery and manufacturing shop, a bakery, and an inn. In the 1930s. prev. Mikhail Naumovich Gutmakher, who fought in the brigade of G. I. Kotovsky, became the village council. The Jewish population of R. was destroyed during the Holocaust. After 1945, a small part of the Jewish population returned to R. However, soon the Jews of R. left for other us. The Jewish cemetery in R., destroyed during the occupation, was finally destroyed during the construction of the sheepfold of the collective farm. Voroshilov, where the remains of granite from the cemetery were used. of the Jewish cemetery, 2 tombstones remained intact.
RYZHIK Yuri Mikhailovich (b. 1936, Moscow), graphic artist. He graduated from the department of books. graphs with graph. f-those Mosk. thin in-ta them. V.I.Surikov (1961). Participant (since 1962) Moscow, Russian and all-union exhibitions of easel and books. graphics, group exhibitions ("Neo-Romanticism", 1984; "Ladder", 1985), as well as exhibitions abroad (Varna (Biennale), 1984, 1988, 1990; Brno, 1980; Cologne, 1989; London, 1990; Erfurt, 1992 ). Works in the region. easel and book. graphics, easel illustrations, uses decomp. technique: etching, drypoint, gouache, pastel. R.'s works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Pushkin Museum, in private collections abroad. manuf .: ill. to the tale of H. K. Andersen "Galoshes of Happiness" (linocut, 1968, not published); ill. to rum. T. Mann "Doctor Faustus" (1975, etching, not published), ill. to pov. NV Gogol's "Portrait" (1978, etching, not published); ill. to the poems of AABlok "Cities and Years" (1980–84, dry point, not published); ill. to pov. Gogol's Notes of a Madman (1983–87, dry point, unpublished); ill. to the play by M. Meterlinck "The Blue Bird" (1986–88, etching, not published), ill. to manuf. F.Kafka "Novels and Parables" (1988, etching, not published), "Diary" (1991, dry point, not published); ill. to pov. IE Babel "Cavalry" (1991, pastel, not published), ill. to pov. Sholem Aleichem "Song of Songs" (1993, color lithograph, not published); easel etchings from the cycles "Fantasy" (1970-71), "Carnival" (1975), "Circus" (1977), "Procession" (1991), easel gouaches "Angel of Death", (1990), "Dream of seven orange butterflies "(1991) and others.
RYZHIKH Alexander Naumovich (1887, Samara - 1969, Moscow), surgeon, proctologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. (1939). After graduating in 1922 honey. Faculty of Kazan un-that until 1931 was a resident, assistant hospital surgeon, clinic of this un-that. In 1931–34 ch. doctor and surgeon of the hospital (Kimry, Kalinin region), in 1934–41 head. surgeon, clinic Center, X-ray radiologist. in-that. During the war 1941–45 Art. Surgeon-Inspector of Evacuation Hospitals and Ch. surgeon of the 3rd Ukr. fr. In 1946-65 the head. founded by him proctologist. dep. hospitals No. 18, No. 67 and Moscow. oncologist. in-ta them. P.A. Herzen, from 1965 to the end of his life - head. scientific research founded by him. lab. in proctology with a clinic (now the Research Institute of Proctology). He studied the problems of purulent surgery, developed the principles of a surgeon, treatment of purulent diseases of the hand. The founder of the first in the USSR scientific. schools of proctologists. Cit .: Purulent infection of the hand. M.-L., 1938; Panaritium and its treatment based on the methods of A.V. Vishnevsky. M., 1953; Rectal Surgery (Basics of Proctology). M., 1956; Atlas of operations on the rectum and colon. M., 1960, 1968.
RYZHKIN Iosif Yakovlevich (b. 1907, Moscow), musicologist. Prof. (1939). In 1930 he graduated from the theoretical. branch Moscow cons. In 1930–40 he was a teacher at Moscow. cons., in 1932–34 ch. ed. Centre. muses. radio broadcasting. From 1940 head. Department of Theory and History of Music of the Military Conducting Faculty of Moscow. horse, from 1948 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Laws of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Persecuted during the fight against cosmopolitanism. In 1966–71 the head. Department of Moscow. in-that culture. The author of many musicological art. in the music. zhurn. and collection of books.
RYZHKOVICHI, a village in the Shklov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev province. 20th century R. had a Jewish population. In the 1920s. a Jewish agriculturalist was created in R. commune "Der Emes", then - the Jewish collective farm "Iskra". 1930s in R. lived several. Jewish families. July 10, 1941, R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Through several. days a ghetto was created. More than 2,700 Jews were deported to R. from Shklov and nearby us. points. In oct. 1941 the ghetto was liquidated.
RZHAVETS, see Irzhavets.
RZHAVINTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1441. From 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in Khotyn u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 369 Jews (17%) lived in R., in 1910 there were 66 Jews. In 1861 a synagogue functioned in R.. In 1885, a furniture factory built in R. belonged to a Jew after the occupation of the Romanians. troops in R. in July 1941 killed 9 Jews.
RZHECHKI, see Rivers of the Minsk region.
RZHEV, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1216. From 1775 - the district town of the Tver governorship, from 1796 - the province. Since 1929 - the center of the district in the Western region. In 1935–90 it was a regional center in Kalinin Region. In 1870, approx. 70 Jews, 10 in the district, 124 in 1904, 263 in 1910, 534 (1.9%) in 1923, 780 in 1926, 457 in 1939, 32 Jews in 2002. in R. there was a synagogue for the lower ranks of the 2nd Dragoon regiment, which was maintained by Mendel Diment. In 1883, there were 17 artisans and 8 retired lower ranks among the Jews of R. A total of 25 Jewish families lived in R.. Itska Gelkin was the rabbi. 1880s and 1900s Jews annually received permission to set up temporary prayer houses during the autumn holidays. In 1904, 30 Jewish families lived in R. The Jews submitted a petition to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Affairs of Russia through attorney at law David Isaakovich Khienkin on the opening of the synagogue. In 1905, the request was granted. In 1910 a synagogue operated in R.. 14 October. 1941 R. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. B. of the Jewish population of R. managed to evacuate or was mobilized. In nov. 1941 a ghetto was created in R., followed by a Jewish council and a Jewish police. In the summer of 1942, the ghetto was liquidated, 38 Jews were shot. To the partisans. detachments No. 4 and No. 8, formed in R., fought, respectively, 4 and 6 Jewish refugees from Belarus. In R., genus: G.M.Sorin, S.G.Sorin; Abram Samuilovich Kassatsier (1900–1965, Leningrad), designer of submarines, in 1931–37 - dean of shipbuilding. Faculty of Lenigr. polytechnic in-ta, ch. designer of the Central Design Bureau of the Baltic Plant (1946–60), creator of a new type of engine for submarines, in 1937–46 he was repressed, Stal. etc. (1948); Boris Lvovich Reznik (b. 1940), journalist, since 1999 - dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, laureate of several. journalistic awards.
RZHEVSKAYA (real name Kagan) Elena Moiseevna (b. 1919, Gomel), writer. Sister YM Kagan. 1941–45 military. interpreter. In 1948 she graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. Early pov. "In a new place" (1955), "Many years later" (1958) dedicated. post-war. life. In 1961 publ. Sat. "Spring in a greatcoat". Military. theme - main. in the work of R., in which a publicist is combined, and artistic and documentary principles. Works: In the Kashira Library. M., 1950; Berlin, May 1945. M., 1965; February - crooked roads. M-., 1975; There was a war ... M., 1979; Near approaches. M., 1985; Goebbels: Portrait against the background of the diary. M., 1994.
RZHEZNIKOV Aron Iosifovich (1899, Chernigov - 1943), painter, graphic artist. From 1910 he studied at the Chernigov real school. In Chernigov R. participated in exhibitions, hands. studio and workshop where the posters were created, he painted the scenery for the t-ra. In 1922 he came to Moscow, graduated from VKHUTEMAS (1927). R. - the author of the research. about Impressionism, P. Cezanne and the old masters, in which he sought to prove the need for the synthesis of impressionistic. immediacy of perception of nature, Cezanne's compositional constructiveness and tonal-light generalization and objectivity of the old masters. In his landscapes, R. strove to convey a sense of the breadth of space: "Backwater" (1925), "Field" (1928), etc. In the Samarkand and Bukhara sheets (1930), art. did interesting synthetic experiments. compositional solution based on natural sketches. The incarnation of architect. plastics became drawings "Bibi-Khanym" and "Motives of Bibi-Khanym". Among the watercolors of R. stand out subtly and faithfully reproduced color relations of river landscapes: "River Bottom" (1929), "Chernigov Landscape" (1929), "River Bank" (1933). Author of portraits: "Self-portrait" (1917), "Portrait of a Man" (1923), a group portrait of artists G.N. Tarasevich, M.T.Khazanov, S.E. Raevsky (1927), a portrait of the artist Kamardin (1939), " Valya ”(1938, 1940). In 1939, R. exhibited at the 1st youth exhibition the painting "Karl Marx at the Hague Congress" - unity, in the Sov. painting production, dedicated. I International. Killed at the front.
RZHGOV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad ód u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. 202 Jews (12.3%) lived in R. in 1897. The Jewish population of R. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
RZHISHCHEV, a city (since 1995) in the Kagarlyk district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1506. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1740, 48 Jews lived in R., in 1847 - 1543, in 1873 - 2758, in 1897 - 6008 (51.7%), in 1910 - 12325 (70.7%), in 1920 - 2311, in 1923 - 1192, in 1926 - 1608, in 1939 - 366 Jews (5%). Jews lived in R. from the 18th century. In 1852 a synagogue functioned in R., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1873 there were four synagogues in R. In the end. 19th century Moishe Rapoport was a rabbi in R., after whose death he was a rabbi in R. in the beginning. 20th century became his son Bezalel (1851–?). In the 1890-1910s. the state rabbi in R. was Simkha Mordukhovich Shokhor. occupations of the Jewish population of R. in 19 - early. 20th century were decomp. crafts and trade. In 1895 the Jews owned a sawmill and a soap factory. In 1910 11 synagogues and societies functioned in R. early two-year Jewish school. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in R. m-in. In 1914, Jews owned all 3 bakeries, a paper warehouse, a hotel, all 11 timber warehouses, a sawmill, 2 mills, all 3 hairdressers, all 3 inns, more than 120 shops and shops (including 30 grocery stores, all 26 manufactory, all 3 tableware). There was a society of benefits for poor sick Jews. April 9, June 30, July 1 and 13, 1919 in R. there were pogroms organized by the gang of Ataman Zeleny, in the course of which approx. 20 Jews, several wounded, Jewish property plundered. In 1919, a pogrom in R. was staged by units of the Volunteer Army, in the course of which 2 Jews were killed, there were many raped. In apr. - In May 1920, a two-week pogrom in R. was staged by Polish soldiers. army; 35 Jews were killed and many were wounded. A total of 82 Jews were killed in R. during the pogroms, approx. 200 died from wounds and diseases. After the pogroms, many Jews moved to Boguslav. Approx. 150 Jewish families. 1920–30s. synagogues in R. were closed; most of the Jews of R. moved to the kr. city. 21 Aug. 1941 R. was occupied by Germany. troops. Some of the Jews managed to evacuate or were mobilized. In the fall of 1941, the Jews remaining in R. were shot. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to R. In 1989, several Jews lived in R. after. In R., in the abandoned Jewish cemetery, several. tombstones. In R. genus: G.I.Zingorenko, A.I.Dashevsky, A. Radutsky, I.-B. Rizberg; Lamed Shapiro (1878-1948), writer, wrote in Yiddish, from 1909 - in the USA; Mikhail Yurievich Shmushkevich (b. 1913), writer, author of art. production, one of the topics to-rykh - the struggle in it. concentration camps and French. Resistance, was in captivity, member of the French. Resistance, in 1949–55 - imprisoned. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
SABAD George M. (b. 1917, Nizhny Novgorod), lawyer, entrepreneur. Since 1934 - in the USA. Graduated from Columbia University (1937) and law. school of the same un-that (1939). 1940–42 Advisor to the Managing Director of Fuel and Energy. associations ”, in 1942–45 early. dep. to Amer. Department of Labor. In 1945–46 he was an analyst and leader. personnel sector dep. for the USSR Intelligence and Research Service State. Department of the United States. In 1949 he became a part of Blum, Jolles, Haimoff, Sabad and Gersen. In 1953–58 prez. specialist. council, secretary. and dir. Amer. nuclear corporation. Since 1956 - in the management of the corporation "Berndy", member. council dir. a number of its member firms, as well as the American Hydrocarbon Corporation (since 1961). Author of articles on issues. jurisprudence.
SABAROVKA, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lipovetsky district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a roller mill, wood-burning, and grocery and manufactory shops in St.
SABILE, a city in Talsi region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Tsabeln Talsenskogo u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1881, 873 Jews (62%) lived in S., in 1897 - 798 (48%), in 1910 - approx. 700 (approx. 48%), in 1920 - 224 (24%), in 1925 - 325 (24%), in 1930 - 306 (16%), in 1935 - 281 Jews (15%). Jews lived in St. from the beginning. 19th century A community was organized in 1840. The first rabbi S. was Menachem-Mendel Israelson. In 1840–47, Rabbi S. - Mordkhe-Uri Samunov, then, until 1862, - Doiv-Ber-Zeev-Wolf Lifshitz, in 1864–1900 - Zvi Ralbe, in the 1900–10s. - Meir Berlin. A synagogue was built in S. in 1875. In 1897 Shoilom-Zvi Tobias founded a yeshiva in the town. In the beginning. 20th century S. had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. warehouse of pharmaceutical goods, units. a watch workshop, 17 shops and shops in S. (including 7 grocers, all 6 manufactures, one jeweler). In 1915, Jews were expelled from S. After 1920, less than half of the expelled returned to S.. In the 1920s. JDC assisted the Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews S. actively made donations to the Jewish nat. fund. In the 1930s. most of the shops and workshops in S. belonged to Jews. 2 out of 3 doctors and 1 out of 2 dentists in S. were Jews. In the 1920s – 30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a Jewish school in the 1920s. Rabbi S. - Khone Kagan (1853, Dinaburg - 1930), in 1931–37 - Benjamin-Yonatan Kagan (1894–?), in 1940–41 - Itskhok Segal (1912, Rosenov - 1941). On July 1, 1941, S. was occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Soon the Jews of S. were shot. After 1945, a memorial sign was installed on the grave of the executed Jews of S..
SABININ (real family member Sabin-Gus) Yuri Davidovich (1882, Tiflis - 1958, Stalino), opera singer (bass). In 1917 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Kharkov University, at the same time. took private singing lessons from I.I. Lapinsky. In 1917–25 he was a soloist of the opera house of Tiflis, in 1925–27 - in Baku, in 1928–33 - in Simferopol, in 1934–35 - in Dnepropetrovsk, in 1935–41 - in Voroshilovgrad. In 1941–58 - at the Stalin Theater, op. and the ball. Possessing a wide-range voice and drama. talent, S. sang most of the leading bass lines. In Russian. repertoire: Susanin ("Life for the Tsar" by M. I. Glinka), Konchak ("Prince Igor" by A. P. Borodin), Boris ("Boris Godunov" by M. P. Mussorgsky), Gremin ("Eugene Onegin" by P. Tchaikovsky). Into the cut. repertoire: Mephistopheles ("Faust" by C. Gounod), Basilio ("The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini), Nilakant ("Lacme" by L. Delibes). In op. modern composers: Storozhev ("In a Storm" by TN Khrennikov), Valko ("Young Guard" by Y.S.Meytus) and others. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1949).
SABSAY Dovid-Moishe (?, Kherson - 1921, Kremenchug), poet, author and performer of songs. Rod. in the family of synagogues. shames. In his youth he became interested in t-rom, played in touring troupes. I traveled around with the artist. bands in townships, performed with songs and satir. verses of own. essays. In 1904 in Odessa ed. Sat. 33 naib. popul. manuf. S. - "Leader un couplet" ("Poems and couplets").
SABSAY Peter (Pinkhos) Vladimirovich (1883, Odessa - 1980, Baku), sculptor. Acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1947). He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1908–15) with LD Iorini and KK Kostandi. In 1915 he entered the Academy of Arts (Petrograd) in class. prof. G.R. Zaleman. In 1916 he was mobilized into the army, in 1918 he returned to Odessa, where he began to independently. creative activity. From 1920 he taught as a sculptor. f-those Ying-that fig. isk-va, created. based on b. Odessa thin. uch-schA. In 1922 he resumed his studies at VKHUTEIN. From 1926 - in Baku, taught at the artistic. uch-shche. In 1940–61 the sculptor was in charge. branch of Azerb. thin uch-shcha (Baku). He worked in realistic style. traditions. Author of monuments (Baku, Krasnodar), reliefs, sculptor. compositions. Member of all-Union, rep. exhibitions, pl. expositions of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. Prod. The pages are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow), Azerb. state Museum (Baku), Museum of Arts (Donetsk). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the AzerbSSR (1940), People's Republic of artist AzerbSSR (1956), people. artist USSR (1973). Became. etc. (1942).
SABSOVICH Girsh-Leib (1861, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1915, New York), public figure. He studied law. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa. All R. 1880s studied agronomist. science in Switzerland, on his return to Russia he served as an estate manager. From 1887 - in the USA, worked as an assistant. dir. experimental s.-kh. station in Fort Collins (Colorado). In 1891, at the invitation of the Baron M. de Hirsch Foundation, he headed the Jewish agricultural. community in Woodbine (New Jersey), later became gene. a representative of the foundation in New York. The initiator of the creation of s.-kh. schools them. Baron M. de Hirsch (1894), worked closely with the Jewish agricultural. Society, the Federation of Jewish Farmers, headed the Society of Jewish Workers in New York.
SABUNICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1936), subordinated to the Baku City Council (Republic of Azerbaijan). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Baku city government of Baku province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1865 Jews owned a wood-burning shop and an agricultural shop. machines. In 1939 in S. and the village. them. Shahumyan, 876 Jews lived.
SABUROV Evgeny Fedorovich (b. 1946, Yalta, Crimean region. - 2009), politician, economist, poet. Cand. econom. sciences. Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked as a scientist. sotr. in a number of research institutes. In 1990–91, deputy. min. the formation of the RSFSR; in 1991 headed the gr. econom. advisors Prev. CM of the RSFSR, min. economics; in 1992 dir. Information and Social Center technologies at the RF production; in 1993–94 before. Prospect Island of Crimea; from 1995 dir. Institute of investment problems. In 1970–80 he published in samizdat and in periodicals Russian. abroad poetry, prose, plays, journalism. Works: Gunpowder conspiracy. Poems. M., 1995.
SABUROVO, now part of Moscow (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. In the 1930s. - a workers' settlement. In 1939 43 Jews lived in S.
SABZANOV Yakhiel Rafailovich (b. 1929, Dushanbe), composer, teacher. Prof. (1988). The computer was trained. from Yu.N. Tulin, graduated from the Tashkent cons., class. G.A. Mushel (1955). Performer on trad. bowing instrument-those gijak in Orc. bunk bed instr-tov Taj. Philharmonic Society (1943–49). Head muses. part of Taj. muses. dram. t-ra them. A. Lakhuti (since 1955). Ch. ed. muses. ed. Taj. television (1959–62), repertoire editor-ed. Collegiums of the Ministry of Culture of the Tajik SSR (1966-68), art. hands. Taj. Philharmonic Society (1968–69), artist. collectives Taj. television and radio broadcasting (1970–73). Head Department of Comp. and instrumentation (1973–77 and from 1980), in 1978–80 head. Department of Musicology, Dushanbe Institute of Arts named after M. Tursun-zade. S. - one of the founders of the genres of cantata, concert and symphony. poems in taj. music. Uses Taj in his art. muses. folklore and nat. classic motives. Among the Op. - op. "Return" (based on the poem by A. Shukukha, 1967, Dushanbe, 2nd ed. - 1968, Tashkent); cantatas; vocal symphony. the poem "Cranes" (words by F. Iskhaki, 1976); symph. the poems "Pamir Lyric" (1954), "In Memory of Rudaki" (1958), "Poppy" (1974); Concert for FP. with orc. (1955); manuf. for orc. bunk bed instr-tov; romances and songs (St. 100); music for drama performances. t-ra and k / f. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tajik SSR (1974), People. art. TajSSR (1989).
SACHKHERE, city, regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sachkheri, Sharopansky district Kutaisi province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1873 628 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 663 (38.7%), in 1926 - 983 Georgian Jews, in 1939 - 1604 Jews In 1873 there were two synagogues in S. In 1923–28, the rabbi in S. was the Lubavitch Hasid Yakov-Israel Zuber (1896, Shchedrin, 1953, Boston), in 1928–33, also the Lubavitch Hasid Chaim-Mordkhe Perlov (1890, Kherson - 1978, Melbourne). In 1932–33 there was an illegal branch. the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim". In 1929, a "blood libel" took place in S. In 1946, three synagogues operated in S.. Yelo Isaakovich Kikozashvili (1878–?) Was the rabbi of one of the synagogues (Beria St., 37). On ordinary days, up to 70 people gathered in this synagogue, and up to 160 people on holidays. The duties of a shohet and a moel in another synagogue (Tsereteli str., 20) were performed by Berl Abramovich Zeldin. On ordinary days in this synagogue, approx. 60 people, on holidays - up to 150 people. In 1949 the Jews of S. applied for the opening of another synagogue. S.Kh.Shatashvili (1910–1995, Tbilisi), mathematician, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), since 1971 - head. department of higher. mathematics of the Tbilisi Polytechnic. in-ta, author approx. 40 scientific. works, honored. active science of Georgia.
SACHKHERI, see Sachkhere.
SADAGURA, see Sadgora.
SADAKHLO, a village in the Marneuli district (Georgia). In 1926, 7 Jews lived in S., in 1973 - 2 Jews.
SADE (Landsberg) Yitzhak (1890, Lublin - 1952, Tel Aviv), military leader. Major General (1948). Member of the 1st world. war, non-commissioned officer, awarded the St. George Cross. In 1917, members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In the same year he met I. Trumpeldor. In 1918, several. month studied in history-philology. Faculty of Tavrichesky University (Simferopol). In 1918–20 - in the Red Army, he commanded a company. Since 1920 - in E.-I., one of the hands. Working battalion named after Trumpeldor, in 1921 he organized a military. courses that laid the foundation for prof. military. training in E.-I. After the disbandment of the Workers' Battalion (1926) from polit. he retired, worked at the soda factory in Atlit, where he created the Gagan detachment. During the anti-Jewish armament. Arabs in 1936–37 led self-defense detachments, urged not to be limited to the defense of Jewish settlements, but to deliver preventive strikes against the enemy and his bases. On the initiative and under the hands. In 1937 the field detachments of Gagana were formed, and in 1939 - special. sabotage detachment (S. directly supervised their actions). In 1941 S. headed PALMAKH and took part in its operations in Lebanon and Syria. Since 1945 he has been organizing illegal activities. ferrying Jews from Europe to E.-I. In 1946–47 he was acting early. gene. headquarters of Gagana, coordinated its actions with the detachments of ETZEL and LEKHI in the fight against the British. authorities in E.-I. During the War of Independence, S. participated in all major operations of the Israel Defense Forces. The initiator of creation and com. 1st tank. brigades of the Israel Defense Forces. From 1949 - retired. In 1950–52 he worked on memoirs (publ. 1st part - "The Diary is Open", 1952), the author of the book. "By the Fire" (1946), "What's New PALMACH Brought" (1950), a number of stories and plays (all in Hebrew). The kibbutzim Moshavei Sade and Nir Yitzhak and the moshav Sde Yitzhak are named after S.
SADGORA, now a district of (since 1965) Chernivtsi (Ukraine). Main in 1770. In 19 - early. 20th century - Sadagura town of Chernivtsi headman of Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, from 1940 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774 103 Jews lived in S., in 1776 - 186, in 1873 - 3591, in 1880 - 3888 (80.4%), in 1910 - 3410 (74%), in 1914 - 5060, in 1919 - approx. 900, in 1930 - 1459, in 1941 - 654 Jews. The first rabbi of S. (in 1807–33) was Ishaya Likvernik. S. acquired particular fame thanks to the Hasidic Friedman dynasty, which began with Israel Friedman (1796–1850) from Ruzhin, who settled in S. in 1842. The dynasty was continued by I. Friedman's son Avrom-Yankel (1819–1883). After the death of A.-Ya. Friedman's dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel (1853-1906), from 1907 - the son of Yisroel Aron (1877-1913). 19th century S. had 12 synagogues, a Talmud Torah, a yeshiva, and a Jewish cemetery. Rabbi S. at the beginning. 20th century - Johanan Landau. In 1908, a school funded by the Baron Hirsch Foundation (182 students, 4 teachers) and a nursing home worked in S. From the beginning. 20th century acting decomp. Zionist circles. Years of the 1st world. war, after the pogroms staged by the Russians who occupied the city. troops, most of the Jews left S .; many were sent to ext. province Ros. empire. 1920s JDC assisted the Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 S. was occupied by the Romanians. troops. During the pogroms by local Ukrainians, 183 Jews were killed. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of S. were deported to Transnistria. 1980s the graves of the Friedmans at the Jewish cemetery in S. - a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. In the building of one of the synagogues in S. there is a factory.
SADIKOV Max (1893, Mogilev-Podolsky, Podolsk province -?), Publicist. In 1908-14 - in the USA. In 1914 he returned to Russia. Ratman of the Mogilev-Podolsk community, headed the committee of assistance to victims of the pogroms. In 1920 ed. bulletin with reports of pogroms in the city and province. S.'s correspondence from Russia was printed in New York gas. Der tog, Dos Yiddish Folk, Di Zeit and other ed. Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1926 S. published (with a foreword by A. Revutsky) pr. “In yene teg” (“In those days”), which includes materials from the Mogilev-Podolsk bulletin, a list of those killed during the Petliura and Denikin pogroms of 1919–20.
SADKI, a farm in the Krasnosulinsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation) After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in S. in 1942, 6 Jews were killed.
SADOV, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 grocery stores in St.
SADOVNE, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Sadovno Vengrovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 97 Jews (16.5%) lived in S. in 1897, 245 Jews (25.3%) in 1921. Jews lived in S. from the second half of the year. 19th century In the end. 1910s a community was created, a synagogue was built. A mutual assistance fund and a loan and savings account were operating. cash desk. 1920–30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi S. in 1924–37 - Yisroel-Yankel Tupula. Sep 1939 The S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. Dec. 1941 Jews from S. were deported to ghettos in nearby towns.
Sadovno, see Sadovne.
SADOVOE (until 1964 - Novoselka), a village in the Monastyrisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1786. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 37 Jews lived in S., in 1900 - 17, and in 1935 - 5 Jews.
SADOVSKY Meer (1871, Warsaw - 1937, ibid.), Publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from a Polish gymnasium. For many years he was involved in the organization of Jewish school education. Member to-that of the Warsaw Zionist organization. Printed Art. about religion. life in Jewish gas. "Gaynt" (Warsaw). Staff member zhurn. Di shul un khazonim velt (1930–37). In 1928, the book was published in Vilna. S. "Fun Yiddish Legends" ("From Jewish Legends").
SADUR Nina Nikolaevna (b. 1950, Novosibirsk), writer. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1983). First stories publ. in 1977 in zhurn. "Siberian Lights". The first play by S. "Wonderful Woman" (1981) was staged in 1987. All subsequent plays by S. were also staged after the beginning of "perestroika". Stories, united in the cycle "Penetrated", dedicated. the fate of the owls. women. Some of S.'s stories are included in decomp. collection of so-called. women's prose. Vol .: Witch's tears. M., 1994.
SADZHAVAKHO, a village in the Samtredsky district (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ortiri of Ozurgeti district Kutaisi province. 1830–70s. S. - one of the bargaining. centers Zap. Georgia. Jews played an active role in the economy. village life. In the end. 19th century Jews left S., moving to the city of Samtredia and other us. points of Georgia.
SADZHAVKA, a village in the Nadvirnyansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. The Jewish population of S. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
SAEVICH Grigory Efimovich (b. 1936, Moscow), architect. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Ch. arch. project in decomp. arch. org. Participant pl. contests, owner of Ch. the prize of the 1st all-Union competition for the best building (1972). Main buildings: in Moscow - a memorial. M.Yu. Lermontov (1965, with A.V. Morgulis and sculptor I.D. Brodsky), Institute of Electronic Technology (Zelenograd, 1970), tombstone of Acad. LD Landau (1975), T-r of animals and the complex of the Corner of V.L.Durov (1981), as well as the Palace of Culture in Cheboksary (1979), the USSR Embassy in Mauritania (1976, as part of a team), etc. ... pr. USSR (1975).
SAFIR Mikhail Pavlovich (1895, Petersburg - 1981), military leader. Major general tank. troops (1942). Rod. in the family of a court counselor. In 1915 he graduated from the school of warrant officers. In 1915-17 - at the front. Lieutenant. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. Participant of Civil. war. In 1931 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1929–32 St. courses "Shot", in 1932-40 Art. Rev. Department of shooting from a military tank. academy of mechanization and motorization. In 1940–41 deputy. general-inspector of armored tanks. troops, in 1942–43 deputy. teams. army, in 1943–52 beginning. combat training management Office com. armored vehicle. and mechanic. troops of the Red Army (Soviet Army). In 1953–54, deputy. General Inspector of the Office armored vehicle. and motorization. troops of the Sov. Army. Author of textbooks and uch. benefits. From 1954 - retired. He was awarded 12 orders, including 6 awards of the Russian Empire.
SAFYAN G. (1898, Chernobyl of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province -?), Teacher, psychologist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 studied at the Kiev Nar. un-those. In 1919 he returned to Chernobyl; head mountains. dep. extracurricular education and library work. After graduating from Kiev ped. courses, was in charge of the Jewish craft school and veche. school in Kiev. In 1924 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. education. Psychopathological assistant Cabinet of the All-Ukrainian Institute of Hygiene. Since 1927 sec. ped. Bureau of Evsektsiya in Kiev, led the work on the translation into Yiddish uch. manuals for Jewish schools. Since 1930 - in Ying-those Jewish span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, was engaged in psychotechnics and experimental. pedagogy. Participated in the comp. decomp. uch. manuals for Jewish schools. Repressed.
SAFONOVO, city (since 1952), regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dorogobuzhsky u. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939, 62 Jews lived in S., in 2002 - 16 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In the beginning. 20th century a pharmacy in S. belonged to M.B. Zelikin. During the Holocaust in S., 2 Jews were killed.
SAFRAN Hana (b. 1902, Sedlec), poet. Since 1916 - in the USA. She made her debut in 1936 verse. in the journal. Naye Leben (New York), has since published poetry in periodicals. ed. in Yiddish "Morgen-Freigite", "Yiddish Cultures", "Yiddish America", "Zamlungen" (USA), in the Jewish periodical. press of Paris, Warsaw, etc. S. - the author of poems. collection of books "Nitsohn" ("Victory"), "Gaynt" ("Today"), "Likhteke shtromen" ("Light streams") (New York, 1955-60). Publ. stories, travel notes and rum. "A tenzern" ("Dancer"). S. is the author of the dramas Dos Gehste Gezets (The Supreme Law, 1932) and Dos Fire Fun Lebn (The Fire of Life, 1952). Impressions from a trip (1962) across Israel, Russia, Poland were reflected in the poems and essays of S.
SAFRO Avrom Izrailevich (1888, Stary Bykhov, Mogilev Gubernia - 1965, Moscow), publicist, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1903 he began to write poetry in Hebrew and made his debut in Yiddish by correspondence in Vilna gas. Der Naer Veg. Then he published articles, trans., Poems, stories. In 1913 in Vilna he collaborated in gas. "Togblat", worked there as a translator, proofreader, secretary. edition. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 - in the department. culture and education of Evsektsiya in Vitebsk and secretary. editions weekly. Der Fraer Arbeter. In 1919 sec. edition of gas. "Stern", published ser. "Letters from Vitebsk" and stories in Moscow. zhurn. "Di communistische velt". In 1920 he published poems and stories in the Vitebsk magazine. "Khvales", Moscow weekly "Kultur un bildung" and others. In 1922, member. Gubnatsa in Vitebsk, published a weekly. newsletter "Edies". Organized in Vitebsk the first plank bed in the USSR. court with legal proceedings in Yiddish, was his secret. In 1923–38 - in Moscow, responsible. sec. gas. "Der emes". Translated from Russian. lang. in Yiddish a number of artists. and publicist. works.
SAGAL Boris (1923, Yekaterinoslav - 1981, USA), television and film director. Studied at Harvard (jurisprudence), Yale drama. school. He worked on television. Game t / f: "The Abduction Case" (1974), "Rich Man, Poor Man" (1975), "Masada" (1981) were nominated on Emmy Ave. Main works in films: "Dime with a halo", "Twilight of honor" (both - 1963), "Happy Girl" (1965), "Made in Paris" (1966), "Mosquito Squadron" (1970), "Omego Man "(1971)," Angela "(1978, Canada).
SAGAL Daniil Lvovich (b. 1909, Ekaterinoslav - 2002, Moscow), actor. In 1928–32 he studied at the studio of the T. Sun. Meyerhold, at the same time. played in the performances of this theater (until 1936). He made his debut in 1929 as a ball seller ("The Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky), played also the roles of Skalozub ("Woe to the mind" by A.S. Griboyedov), Smirnov ("Bear" by A.P. Chekhov), organ grinder (" Mandate ”by NR Erdman) and others. In 1943–54 and 1957–89 - to the Center. Dr. Kr. Army (Soviet Army), in 1954-57 - in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol. Among the main. roles: Glumov ("Enough simplicity for every wise man" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1943), Napoleon ("General" by K.A. Trenev, 1945), Maksimov ("For those who are at sea" by B.A. Lavrenev, 1947), Davydov ("Virgin Soil Upturned" after M.A.Sholokhov, 1957), Kuklin ("Ocean" by A.P. Stein, 1961) and others. Filmed in films: Willie ("Ruddy's Career", 1934), Tsarev ("A soldier was walking from the front", 1939), Zhukhrai ("How the steel was tempered", 1942), Martynov ("A rural teacher", 1947), Arellano ("Mexican", 1956), IN Ulyanov ("Mother's heart ", 1966), K.E. Voroshilov (" Blockade ", 1975) and others. Nar. art. RSFSR (1964), Steel. etc. (1950).
SAGALAEV Eduard Mikhailovich (b. 1946, Samarkand), statesman. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Samarkand University (1969) and GA at the Central Committee of the CPSU. He worked in the Samarkand drama. t-re, art. ed. Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Samarkand Regional Executive Committee (1967–69), lit. sotr. dep. school desks. life gas. Lenin's Way (1969–72), responsible. sec. gas. Komsomolets of Uzbekistan (1972–73). Department instructor agitation and propaganda of the Central Committee of the Komsomol (1973–75). Since 1975 - in the youth edition of the Central Television, since 1986 - its head. In 1988–90 he headed the information service of the 1st channel Center. television. In 1990–91, the director. will enlighten. channel "XXI century". In 1991–92 gen. dir. state television. of the Ostankino company. In 1993 he became the head of the independent TV-6 channel. In 1996–97 before. VGTRK. State pr. USSR (1978).
SAGAREGJO, city (since 1967), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Tiflis u. In 1904 7 Jews lived in S., in 1926 - 26 (including 1 Ashkenazi), in 1939 - 40, in 1970 - 6, in 1979 - 8 Jews (including 1 Georgian) In 1929 in S., with the participation of GruzOZET, a Jewish collective farm was organized, which included 18 families. In 1938 the Jewish collective farm was merged with the Georgian one.
SAGAYDAK, now a part (since the end of the 1980s) with. Gardens of the Ustinovsky district of the Kirovograd region (Ukraine). Main in 1841 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1851 there were 189 people in S., in 1860 - 492, in 1861 - 532, in 1886 - 674 people, in 1897 - 770 Jews (96.1%), in 1916 - 665 people, in 1924 - 785 people, at the end. 1930s - St. 100 Jews. In 1861 there were 47 Jewish households in S. In 1898, there were approx. 100 families of farmers (over 500 people) with 1080 dess. allotment land. Under crops there were 794 dess. (including wheat sown 49.6%, barley - 19.7%). The colonists owned 218 horses and 154 cows. Rabbi S. at the end. 19 - early. 20th century was Yisroel-Doiv Kogan. There was a synagogue, dec. philanthropist. org-tion, in 1910 - private husband. Jewish school. There was a Jewish cemetery. the position of the colony, due to the lack of land, was unstable. During the 1st world. war in S. arrived several. refugees from Lithuania - cheese production specialists. The colony organized the production of cheese and butter. In 1918–20, the Jewish population of S. suffered from pogroms and looting. X-va pl. colonists fell into decay. In 1918, after another pogrom, a Jewish self-defense detachment was organized. In 1919, during a pogrom organized by units of the 1st Cavalry Army, 20 Jews were killed in a firefight, including the commander of a self-defense detachment. aid to the victims of pogroms and the starving S. was provided by the ARA and the Joint. Small farmers were created. artels, then TOZs. Help tech. means and seed through s.-kh. the credit cooperative company was provided by EKO, Joint and KOMZET. In 1923 the nationalized synagogue building was transferred to the Jewish religion. community. The synagogue was closed in 1927. Until 1938 there was a Jewish incomplete Wed. school in Aug. 1941 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. OK. 50 Jews were mobilized or evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. During the occupation, 54 Jews were killed in S. I. M. Shaikin
SAGUNOVKA, a village in the Cherkassk district of the Cherkassk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery and manufactory in St.
SAGUNA, a village in the Podgorensk district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ostrogozhsky settlement Voronezh province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in S.
SAKER Yakov Lvovich (1872, Odessa - 1918, Petrograd), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Participated in the work of the Odessa branch of the OPE. Published in Russian. lang. book M. Lazarus "Ethics of Judaism" (Odessa, 1903), published the works of the philosopher and sociologist J.M. Guyot, sociologist G. Zimmel. From 1907 - in St. Petersburg, published a magazine. "Northern Notes".
SAKHARNY Nakhman Lvovich (1901, Ilintsy Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1980, Kiev), literary critic, poet. Cand. philol. sciences. Graduated in Kiev Institute of Nar. education. Ped. He began his activity in the Zhytomyr Jewish orphanage, worked in Jewish schools. From 1936 he taught at universities. Antique specialist lit-re. Published a number of studies. about the work of Aeschylus, the Hellenic poets, about Homer's Iliad. The author of the book. "Epic of Homer" (M., 1976), art. about G. Hein, J. Swift, L. Feuchtwanger, the poem "Chronicle of the funem shtetele Linz" ("Chronicle of the town of Ilyintsy"), part of a cut published in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" (1977, No. 11). Studied Jewish folklore.
SAKHNIN Arkady Yakovlevich (1910, Lugansk, Slavyanoserbsky district. Yekaterinoslav province. - 1999, Moscow), writer, publicist. Graduated from the Institute of Foreign Trade (1936). He began publishing in 1936. In 1941–48 - in the army, in 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949–53 he was responsible. sec. zhurn. "Banner", in 1970-85 members. editorial board, head. dep. zhurn. "New world". Based on own. biographies, mainly wrote about the behavior of people in extreme situations. Etc. them. A. Tolstoy (1982), etc. Ostrovsky (1984) .Cit .: Clouds at dawn. M., 1954; Three minutes before the disaster. M., 1961; This is a mistake, Maria ... M., 1967; Sailors. M., 1976; Inevitability. M., 1984; Whaling. M., 1989.
SAKHNOVICH Lev Aronovich (b. 1932, Lugansk), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960), prof. (1962). In 1953 he graduated from the Odessa ped. in-t. In 1957–63 he worked at the Odessa Institute of Food. and refrigeration industry, since 1963 - in Odessa electrical engineering. in-those connections. Main research results. refer to functional analysis.
SAKHNOVSHCHINA, urban-type settlement (since 1979), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - a village at the railway station of Konstantinograd u. Poltava province. In 1910 there were 33 Jewish families in S., in 1926 - 150 Jews, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In 1882-1903 S. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. brewery and unity. bread shops in S. Both timber merchants were Jews in S. There was a synagogue that was closed in the 1930s after the occupation by Wehrmacht units in S. in November. 1941 several were shot. dozens of Jews who remained in the 2000s. in the former. the synagogue building housed a communications department.
SAKHNOVSKAYA (Getz, Mirra, Flerova) Maria (Mirra) Filippovna (1897, Vilna - 1937, Moscow), military leader. Participant of Civil. war - com. detachment, cavalry regiment; in the 1st Cavalry Army - military commissar of the cavalry regiment. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b), participant in the assault on Kronstadt. In 1921, the first woman was a student of the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army. In 1923 sec. SNK Ukraine, then again in the army. In 1924 she graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army; appointed assistant. early academic. dep. UHUZ RKKA, from December. 1924 - in the GRU. In 1924-26 - in China, beginning. headquarters of the South China group, teacher Wampu Academy. In 1928, she carried out particularly important assignments under the scientific and statutory department. General Staff of the Red Army, in 1929 the beginning. dep. In 1930, at the headquarters of the beginning. weapons of the Red Army and in the same year again in the GRU with the assignment of the category "K-11" (division commander, div. commissar); in 1932 at the same time. early uch. dep. Military and technical Academy of the Red Army. From 1935 to the beginning. Simferopol military. sanatorium (intelligence school). Awarded with hordes. Cr. Banner. In 1937 she was arrested. Shot.
SAKI, a city (since 1952), a regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Evpatoria u. In 1926, 62 Jews (including 9 Krymchaks) and 9 Karaites lived in S., in 1939 - 416 Jews, in the district - 2270 Jews. In 1914, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in S. In the 1920s OZET provided assistance to the Jewish farms in the district. In the fall of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In May 1942, 42 Jews were killed in the Saki region. In total, several were killed in the region during the occupation. hundreds of Jews. In 2005, S. had a Jewish population.
SAKS (Sacks) Joseph Leopold (1881 - 1952, New York), theatrical figure, entrepreneur. From 1890 - in the South. Africa, where he founded his theater in 1900. entreprise. Since 1901 - in Great Britain. The first is independent. work on the stage of Dr. Shaftesbury - in 1916. Among the works of con. 1910s - 1st floor. 1930s: Lilac Domino, Shanghai, Uncle Sam, Nobody's Boy, Pink Tiger, Irena, East is West, Mary, Little Dutchwoman, Katinka ”,“ Three Graces ”,“ Nights of the Decameron ”. From ser. 1930s - Representative of Brit. Imperial Play Company in New York.
SAKS Stanislav (1897, Kalisz - 1942, Warsaw), mathematician. In 1921 he graduated from Warsaw University. Since 1922 - assistant (later associate professor) at the Warsaw Polytechnic, at the same time. from 1927 - Associate Professor at Warsaw University. Collaborated with Y.D. Tamarkin. In 1940–41 he worked at Lviv University. Then he returned to Warsaw. One of the largest representatives of the Polish mathematical school. Author of fundamental results in measure and integral theory, function theory, functional analysis (the Banach – Sachs theorem, the theorem on convergence in the space of measurable Vitali – Hahn – Sachs functions, etc.) and general topology. The author of the classic book. on the Theory of Integral (1933). Works: Theory of Integral. M., 1949.
SAKSAGAN, a village in the Pyatikhat district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 355 Jews (3.8%) lived in S., in 1910 - 570 Jews. In 1882-1903 S. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1910 a synagogue operated in S. and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery store, unity agricultural shop tools and unity. hardware store in St.
SAKSONOV Lev Grigorievich (b. 1929, Kamyshin of the Lower Volga region), graphic artist, painter. Graduated from the artist. branch Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1952). Main work - in the region. book. illustrations and easel graphics. Among the productions: ill. to the stories of A.P. Chekhov "Freeloaders" (1981, etching), "Rothschild's Violin" (1992, etching), to pov. Sholem Aleichem "The Bewitched Tailor" (1993, etching, color etching), cycles of works "Russia" (1988-92, etching), "Travels" (1989-93, tempera, aqu., Gouache), "Gypsies" ( 1991–93, color etching), Masquerades (1993, oil), The Book of Isaiah (1993, mixed technique). Jewish themes dedicated to: "Catastrophe" (1990, etching, color etching, tempera, oil), "In memory of Janusz Korczak" (1992–93, oil). S.'s creativity is characterized by metaphorical images, repetition of plot and plasticity. motives in tech. a number of years in parallel in graphic. and scenic versions. Exhibitions: Triennial of Graphics (1980, Tallinn), Biennale in Brno (1984, 1992, 1996, Czechoslovakia - Slovakia), "Open Door" (1989, London), in Trieste (1989, Italy), in gal. Erfurt (1992, Germany), gr. "Kust" (1993, Moscow), "Moscow - Jerusalem" (Moscow) and others. S. are in the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Museum of Jewish Art in Siauliai (Lithuania), in private collections in Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Japan.
SAKTSIER Motl-Girsh Abramovich (1907, Leovo, Bendersky u. Bessarabian province. - 1987, Tel Aviv), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first verses publ. in the journal. "Yiddish" (Bucharest) in 1928. In 1928–29 he studied at the Vienna Pedagogical Institute. in-those. In 1929–31 - in France. In 1931 he returned to Romania. In 1934-36 sec. weekly "Di voh" (Bucharest). Reprinted in decomp. ed. Yiddish. In 1936 the first poet was published. Sat. S. "Derfar" ("For this"). From 1936 - in the USSR, worked at the Moscow building. subway. In 1937–40 he was imprisoned. In 1940 he participated in the creation of the GOSET of Moldavia (Chisinau). He worked at S. Tal. Author of the play "Di sonim af cellohes" ("To Spite the Enemies", 1945). In 1948–55 he was imprisoned. In 1955–72 theater. dir. in Chernivtsi and Chisinau. For the troupe Tal wrote the play In a Guter Sho (Good Hour, 1959). Published poetry and journalism in the magazine. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1972 - in Israel. Published in decomp. Israeli ed. Yiddish. The author of several. collection of books, including "Mit farbotenam blayer" ("Forbidden pencil", Tel Aviv, 1977), "Toibn oif antenna" ("Doves on the antenna", Tel Aviv, 1982).
SALAIR, a city (since 1941), subordinated to the Guryev City Council of the Kemerovo Region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Salair-Zavodskoe Kuznetsk u. Tomsk province. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in S., in 2002 - 2 Jews.
SALAIR-FACTORY, see Salair.
SALAKAS, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1586.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Saloki, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 344 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 1582 (66.3%), in 1923 - 917 Jews (47.8%), in 1940 - c. 200 Jewish families. 19th century there were 3 synagogues in S., which were subsequently burnt down during a fire in 1886. Main. occupation of Jews in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade with.-kh. products, timber and fish. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in S. t-in, in 1915 - about-in benefits to poor sick Jews. 1915 in S. there was a pogrom, staged by the retreating Cossack units of the Russian. army; Jewish shops and goods in them were destroyed. Mn. Jews fled from the town. After 1918, some of them returned. During the 1st world. war rabbi S. was Ya.D.Klemes. In 1920-30-ies. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, including sports. club "Maccabi". There was a school of the Tarbut network (110 students), a cheder, a yeshiva, and a Jewish library. There were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones, there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1931, all 11 workshops and shops and 9 small factories in S. were owned by Jews. A department of the Jewish People was working. bank. In 1937, among the Jews, there were 56 artisans (including 14 tailors, 13 shoemakers, 7 tinsmiths, 1 watchmaker); several the Jews were fishing; Zvi Garwich owned a mill. Mn. S. Jews left for E.-I., Yuzh. America and Cuba. Rabbis S. in the 1920s – 30s. There were Eliyahu-Mordkhe Velkovsky, Yankel Relba (? –1941). In 1939 refugees from Poland arrived in S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto. In aug. 1941 Jews of S. were shot. After the liberation of S., a memorial sign was erected on the grave of the shot Jews.
SALANT Shmuel (1816, near Bialystok, Grodno province - 1909, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Salantov, Volozhin, Vilna. From 1840 - in E.-I. M.Montefiore's confidant on issues. Jewish colonization by E.-I. Since 1841, the rabbi of the "Lithuanian" community of Jerusalem. He founded the Etz Chaim yeshiva and the Bikur Holim hospital. In 1878-1909 ch. rabbi of the Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem. He contributed to the construction of Jewish quarters outside the walls of the Old City.
SALANTAY, a city in Klaipeda district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1565. In the 16-18 centuries. - in Prince Zemaitija as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Salanty Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 in S. and the surrounding us. 279 Jews lived in settlements, in 1847 in S. - 999, in 1897 - 1106 (45.2%), in 1914 - 1200 (about 300 families), in 1921 - approx. 800, in 1923 - 670 (40%), in 1940 - approx. 500 Jews (150 families). Jews lived in S. from the 17th century. During Polsk. uprising of 1831 Elia Gutkin with the help of a local priest saved 12 Jews from being hanged. In the 1st floor. 19th century a synagogue was built in S. Rabbis in S. in the 19th century - Zvi-Hirsch Broyde (? - 1865, Jerusalem), Itskhok Katsenelenbogen (1809–1891), Hillel Mileikovsky (1819–1899), Shaul Gurevich (? –1887), Gabriel Feinberg (1825–1905), from 1893 - Yosef Ioffe (1845, Wilkomir - 1898, Manchester, Great Britain), in 1885–99 - Meir Atlas (1848–1926). 1880s in S. acted decomp. Palestinophile circles. occupation of the Jewish population of S. in the end. 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. Among the Jews there were 19 artisans (including 17 shoemakers, a blacksmith, a watchmaker). The Jews owned a pharmacy (in 1889), a candle factory, 60 shops and a flour mill. In the beginning. 20th century Yeshiva and 5 heders were in operation. In 1906, Hirsch Olstein founded a Jewish library (from 1918 - named after I.-L. Peretz). In 1907 she worked as a savings and loan. cashbox. In 1900 Avrom-Aron Burshtein (1867-1926) was the rabbi, in 1902-16 - Mordkhe-Itskhok-Aizik Rabinovich (1856-1920). In 1915 the Jews of S. were exiled to the internal province Ros. empire. After 1920, some of them returned to their former place of residence. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions (including Mizrahi, Agudas Israel), as well as Linas ha-Tzedek, Bikur Hoylim. A department of the Jewish People was working. bank, a Jewish volunteer acted. fire brigade. In S. there was a Talmud-Torah, a school of the Tarbut network (founded in 1919, headed by Bentsion Yuzelevich, 100 students), and a private children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the beginning. 1920s there were 4 synagogues. Rabbis S. in the 1920s and 1930s - Moishe-Yona Weiner (? –1941) and Meir-Zvi Kalef (1884–1941). On June 23, 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. In June 1941, Lithuanian policemen staged an "action", during which Jewish books were burned. The Jews of S. were shot in July 1941. At the Jewish cemetery in S. a monument to the executed Jews is erected. In S., the genus: Ya. Berman, M.A. Gintsburg, J.-Z. Salanter; Chaim-Yosef Ioffe (1866-1938), poet, wrote in Yiddish, since 1892 - in the USA; Nokhum Yudelevich (1862–?), Society. activist, publicist, one of the leaders of the Palestinophile and Zionist movement in Russia, affairs. 4 Zionist congresses, since 1933 - in E.-I.
SALANTER (real family. Lipkin) Israel (1810, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Koven province. - 1883, Konigsberg, Prussia), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Studied at decomp. yeshivah. Disciple of J.-Z. Salanter. From 1840 - in Vilna, headed one of the yeshivas of the city. S. - the creator of religious ethics. musar movement based on religion. asceticism of personality. In 1849 he founded a yeshiva in Kovna, in which he also preached the ideas of musar. Since 1857 - in Germany, rabbi in diff. cities. In 1861 he published a journal in Memel. "Ga-Tvuna". The author of the book. "Igeret ga-musar" ("Message of Morality", 1858), "Even Yisrael" ("Stronghold of Israel", 1883) and others. Son S. - Lipman Lipkin (1851-1875, St. Petersburg), mathematician. Master (1873). Inventor of a mechanism for converting rectilinear motion into circular motion (1868).
SALANTER Yosef-Zundel (1786, Salanty - 1866), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education (student of H. Volozhiner and A. Eger). Passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. He lived in Vilna, was engaged in small trade, dedicated. free time to study the Torah. He became widely known for his scholarship and ascetic. lifestyle. He was elected in absentia as a rabbi of the community of immigrants from Vilna in Jerusalem. During the Polish uprising of 1830–31, he was arrested on suspicion of espionage and narrowly escaped the death penalty. From 1837 - in E.-I. In Jerusalem, he opened a small factory for the production of vinegar, resigned from the post of rabbi in favor of his son-in-law Shmuel Salanter.
SALANTS, see Salantai.
SALASPILS, rural village approx. Riga (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 12th century during the Catastrophe in S. a concentration camp was created, in which apprx. 100 thousand people (including prisoners of the Riga ghetto). On the site of the camp, a memorial ensemble "In memory of the victims of the fascist terror" was created (1967, sculptors - LV Bukovsky and others, architects - G. Asaris and others).
SALADS, see Salochai.
SALAVAT, a city (since 1954) in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1948 as a settlement in connection with the construction of an oil refinery. and petrochem. pr-ty. In 2002 49 Jews lived in S. Among the hands. buildings of the city - Boris Yakovlevich Shmulson (1915–?), Natan Volkovich Guz. Among the Jews who held leading positions on the dec. prom. pr-tyakh S., - Avrom Iosifovich Tsadkin, 1st director. trust "Salavatneftekhimremstroy"; Boris Markovich Halperin, director. oil refinery w-yes; B.P. Fine, Dean. Salavatneftekhim. In 2003, a community was created in S. (previously - Ilya Iosifovich Raginsky, b. 1929, Zhlobin).
SALDUS, city, regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Frauenburg Goldingensky u. Kurland province. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1881, 909 Jews (39%) lived in S., in 1897 - 1159 (32%), in 1910 - 877 (20%), in 1920 - 257 (11%), in 1925 - 399 (11%), in 1930 - 377 (9%), in 1935 - 329 (7%), in 1959 - 15 Jews. Jews lived in S. from the 2nd half ... 19th century The community was founded in 1871. The first rabbi of S. - Yehuda Hirshzon (? –1902). A synagogue was built in 1879. In 1902–05, Rabbi S. - Avrom-Shmuel Dubitsky (1862–?), In 1907–24 - Moishe-Shmuel Chair. In the beginning. 20th century in S. there were 2 synagogues, a private Jewish school, and a Jewish loan and savings bank. In 1915 the Jews of S. were exiled to the int. province Ros. After 1920, less than half of the exiled returned to S. In the beginning. 1920s a school with teaching in Hebrew was founded. In the 1920s and 30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1921, with the help of Joint, a savings and loan was opened. bank. From 1924 to 1929, Rabbi S. - the son of M.-Sh. Stula Dovid Stul, from 1929 - Menachem-Mendel Erlich (1880–1941). On July 1, 1941, the S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Soon the Jews of S. were shot. After 1945, a memorial sign was installed on the grave of the executed Jews of S.. in S. lived several. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in S.
SALDUTISHKES, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sventsiansky district Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. In the 2nd half. 19 - 1st floor. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. Rabbi S. in 1882–84 - Aron Stein (1855 -?) The Jewish population of S. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
SALEKHARD (until 1933 - Obdorsk), a city (from 1938), the center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). Main in 1595 as a prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Berezovsky okr. Tobolsk lips. Since 1930 - the center of the Yamalo-Nenets national. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in S., in 1970 - 40 (0.2%), in 1979 - 40 (0.2%), in 2002 - 21 Jews. S. is a place of exile for the Zionists.
SALESSKY Gdal (1888, Kiev - 1966, Los Angeles), cellist. As a child, he sang in the Kiev synagogue. In Germany he studied cello with J. Klengel, played in the Leipzig Gewandhaus. Since 1921 - in the USA, cellist in symphony. orc. Nat. US radio company under control. A. Toscanini. The author of the book. “Famous Musicians of Jewish Descent” (1st ed., 1927).
SALGANIK Rudolf Iosifovich (b. 1923, Kiev), biochemist, geneticist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1971), acad. RAS (1992). In 1944 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. In 1944–48 - in the army. In 1948-57 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Nutrition of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1957–61 head. lab. Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then deputy. dir. this in-that. Main scientific. works dedicated. research molecular mechanisms of heredity and the creation of methods for gene-directed mutagenesis. S. obtained data indicating the ability of hormones-inductors to act through cascades of mediators and enzymes on multicellular communities; found that the introduction of genetic. inducers in newborn animals cause stable changes in the activity of the induced enzymes - on this basis, for the first time, the correction of hereditary fermentopathies was carried out in an experiment. S. developed the principle of treatment of viral diseases with nuclease enzymes that violate the integrity of the nucleic acids of viruses. State pr. USSR (1979). Linen. etc. (1990).
SALIBAURI, a village in the Khelvachur region of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgia). Since 1877 - part of Ros. empire. 5 Jews lived in S. in 1926.
SALITERNIK Zvi (1897, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1993, Jerusalem), doctor. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in 1918.Since 1920 - in E.-I. Since 1921, the inspector of antimalarial measures carried out by honey. the organization of Gadass. Since 1962 head. dep. for the fight against malaria of the Ministry of Health of Israel. State Israel Ave. on medicine (1962).
SALKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1962) in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. 46 Jews lived in S. in 1897, and 133 in 1926. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population of S. were with. agriculture and crafts. 1941 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews who remained in S. were deported to Khashchevatoye and executed there. In 2005, S. had a Jewish population.
SALMAN Abram Ilyich (1906, Baku - 1981, Moscow), a specialist in the field of television organization. Studied at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those connections. From 1927 he worked at Vses. radio committee lit. sotr. radio gas. "Coms. true". From 1933 the first ed. TV. programs transmitted from the radio broadcasting studio. tech. knot according to the mechanical system. television. Since 1938, deputy. early Moscow TV. center (ITC). In 1946-48 the beginning. dep. television Vses. radio committee. In 1949–61 he occupied the dec. leading positions in tech. management and editorial offices of the State Committee for Radio and Television. In 1962–70, Dir. Moscow TV. center on Shabolovka. After the merger in 1970 of the ITC with a new complex in Ostankino (TTC), TV was in charge. complex on Shabolovka (deputy director of TTTs, until 1978).
SALMAN Evgeny Matveevich (1926, Novosibirsk - 1975, Leningrad), specialist in the field of radar meteorology. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973). In 1949 he graduated from the Faculty of Optical-Electronic Instrumentation Leningrad. Institute of Precise Mechanics and Optics. In 1950–75 he worked at Ch. geophysical observatory them. A.I.Voeykov in Leningrad (since 1967 head of the laboratory of radar meteorological observations). Main scientific. works dedicated. development of a method for radar diagnosis of mesoscale cloud fields. Participated in the creation of the first owls. meteorological radar (MRL) and an automated radar meteorological observation system.
SALNITSA, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Litinsky Podolsk province. In 1847 179 Jews lived in S., in 1887 - approx. 440 (about 17.5%), in 1897 - 903 (24%), in 1910 - 831 (18.5%), in 1923 - 672, in 1996 - 2 Jews. In 1870 there was 1 synagogue in S. in 1889 - 3 synagogues. In 1885 a Jew owned a brewery in S. In 1910 there were two synagogues in S., including one Hasidic. In 1914, the Jews in S. belonged to unity. timber warehouse, both pharmacy stores, unity. mead and unity. brewery, all 6 grocery, all 11 manufactory shops, unity. wine and gastronomic shop. goods. 1920 during a pogrom organized by units of the 1st Cavalry Army, more than 30 Jews were killed. In the beginning. 1920s mikvah and cheders operated in S. In July 1941, S. was occupied by the German-Romanians. troops. Dec. 1941 and in the spring of 1942 more than 450 S. Jews were deported to Ulanov, where they were shot on June 10, 1942.
SALSK, a city (since 1926), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1899 as a settlement at the railway. Art. Trade in the Oblast of the Don Army. In 1926, 48 Jews (0.7%) lived in S., in 1939 - 37, in 2002 - 10 Jews. On July 31, 1942, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1942 all Jews remaining in S. were shot. In release S. 22 Jan. 1943 the 152nd rifleman took part. brigade under com. Major Joseph Efimovich Khodos.
SALVE Georgy Solomonovich (1862, Warsaw - 1920, Lodz), chess player. He has been playing chess since he was 20, he played in tournaments since he was 40. One of the strongest masters of Russia, early. 20th century Member of the 3rd All-Russia. tournament (1903). In 1903-16 many. winner and prize-winner of tournaments in Lodz. Winner of the 4th All-Russia. tournament. In 1906, with a minimal gap in the score, he lost the match for the title of Russian champion to M.I. Chigorin (6.5: 8.5). Participant of the 10th International tournaments in 1906–12; the best result is 2nd m. (Dusseldorf, 1908). He played three matches with A.K. Rubinstein: one draw (1903) and two lost (1904, 1907).
Salyany, city (since 1916), regional center (Republic of Azerbaijan). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a place, the center of the Cevat district In Baku province, 11 Jews lived in S. in 1910, and 20 in 1939. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1865 a Jew owned 1 of 9 grocery stores in St.
SALOCAI, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1514. In the 16th - 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Salads of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 300 Jews, in 1921 - 156, in 1923 - 174 (28%), in 1940 - approx. 100 Jews (13.3%). In 18 - 1st half. 19th century in S. there was a Karaite population. Jews lived in S. from the 19th century. A synagogue functioned in 1873. Rabbi S. in the 1910s. - Haim-Shaul Levyan. In the beginning. 20th century In 1915 the Jews of S. were exiled to the internal office. province Ros. empire. After 1920, part of the Jews returned to S. Osn. occupations were trade and with. x-in. In 1931 all seven shops in S. were owned by Jews. In the 1930s. there was a Zionist organization. There was a synagogue and a Jewish school. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. S. Jews left for the USA, South. America and E.-I. In the end. In June 1941, the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 Jews of S. were shot.
SALOKI, see Salakas.
SALOMON David (1910, Kharkov - 1965, Kfar Avraham, Israel), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1929–32 he studied at an underground yeshiva in Minsk. Since 1932 - in E.-I. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1935–65, the rabbi of the moshav Kfar-Avraham. He founded and headed the Yeshiva "Torah Umlaha". Author pl. publications on issues. Jewish law.
SALOMON Christian Christianovich (1796, Narva, Yamburgsky u. Petersburg province - 1851), doctor. Doctor of Medicine (1823), prof. (1829). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1817–20 he trained in clinics in France, Great Britain, Austria, and Germany. In 1823–47 St. in Med.-Surgical. academy, since 1833 head. department academic. surgeon clinics. In 1823 S. was the first in Russia to make external dressing. iliac artery. One of the pioneers of angiosurgery in Russia. One of the first surgeons in Russia began to perform tenotomy operations. He paid attention to the problems of ophthalmology, venereology, otorhinolaryngology. In 1837 he was a member of the group. doctors who treated A.S. Pushkin after the duel. Author of over 60 scientific. works. Demidovskaya pr. (1842).
Salop Lazar Iosifovich (1913, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1990, Leningrad), geologist. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1964), prof. In 1938 he graduated from Geological and Soil. Faculty of Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945 - in Vses. geol. in-those (VSEGEI). In 1954, publ. monograph "Lower Paleozoic of the Middle Vitim mountainous country", in 1967 - "Geology of the Baikal mountain region". S. carried out a number of generalizations on the stratigraphy and history of development during the Precambrian period of the North. hemisphere and Africa, on the development of the Earth in the early stages of its geol. stories. Study results S. are set out in the monogr .: "General stratigraphic scale of the Precambrian of the Northern Hemisphere" (1973), "Correlation and periodization of the Precambrian of the southern continents" (1977), "Geological development of the Earth in the Precambrian" (1982). Author approx. 160 publ. works. S. created in VSEGEI dep. Precambrian, to-eye directed until 1987, in tech. For 12 years he taught at Leningrad State University a course of lectures on geology developed by him.
SALTYKOVKA, a holiday village in Balashikha district, Moscow region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 42 Jews lived in S., and in 1932 there were 712 Jews. Jews began to settle in S. in the 1870s. I. I. Levitan lived in S. since 1879. a community was created in S. There was a Jewish cemetery. Rabbi S. in the 1940s. - Kalman Aizenshtat. In 1945, a synagogue was opened in a rented house (3, Parkovaya St.), at the same time a new Jewish cemetery was laid. communities in S. - Izidor Martselovich Vaiser (b. 1946, Saltykovka). Since 1992, the synagogue has been housed in a community-owned house. During the dacha season, the Jewish population of S. reaches several. hundreds of families. From the end. 1990s houses in S. are bought by Mountain Jews. In 2005 St. 100 Jewish families.
SALUTSKAYA Hanna (nee Goldenshtein) (1880, Medzhybizh Letichevsky u. Podolsk province. - 1953, New York), teacher, translator. The wife of Ya.B. Salutsky-Gardman. Received a tradition. Jewish education. Since 1896 - in the USA. In 1906–07 sec. Centre. to-that Bundist organizations of the USA. In 1913 she graduated from the New York Higher. school of social sciences (dissertation on emigrants from Eastern Europe). She took part in the work of the Jewish Socialist. federation. She wrote in Yiddish Art. on pedagogy for zhurn. Di nae Velt. In 1920 she published the book in New York. "Gaistike erziung funkind" ("Mental education of a child"). For the beginning. schools compiled a textbook in Yiddish "Playing in letters and words for home and school" (New York, 1921). In 1922–43 she headed summer camps for children and was engaged in experiments. pedagogy. She translated into Yiddish the dramas of G. Ibsen "The Builder Solness" and "Rosmersholm".
SALUTSKY Anatoly Samuilovich (b. 1938, Moscow), writer, publicist. Graduated from Krasnoyarsk Institute of Color. metals and gold (1961). He began publishing in 1961. In 1961–64 he was a military employee. dep. gas. "Coms. truth ”, in 1964–66 head. dep. edition of gas. "Evening. Moscow ", in 1966-68 1st deputy. otv. sec. "Lit. gas ", in 1968–74 spec. corr. dep. journalism journal. "Sov. Union ". Published in decomp. gas. and zhurn., including in zhurn. "Our Contemporary". One of the first in the USSR to release ser. essays on the kibbutz of Israel.
SALY, a village in the Chernyakhovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in S.
SALYAMON Leonid Samsonovich (b. 1917, Petrograd - 2009), a specialist in the field of experimental medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1971). In 1940 he graduated from the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. 1941–44 - at the front. In 1944–51 at the Department of Pharmacology of the Military-Mor. honey. academy, from 1951 beginning. toxicological. lab. Balt. fleet. In 1959–71 he worked under the direction of. LM Shabad at the N.N. N.N. Petrov in Leningrad. Since 1973 - in Moscow. Research Institute for Biol. chemical tests compounds, in 1986–89 - in Moscow. n.-i. roentgenoradiological. in-those. Served in the press with criticism of the official. assessing the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Sci. works of S. dedicated. question pharmacology (discovered anti-inflammatory activity of sulfonamides), toxicology, oncology, including radioactive substances, tumorigenic action of carcinogens, carcinogenic action of certain drugs, etc. tumorigenic activity. Author of works on the psychophysiology of creativity, the history of science, Pushkin studies. Vol .: Cancer and cell dysfunction. L., 1974; Insomnia (poems and translations). M., 1997.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САМАРА (в 1935–91 – Куйбышев), город (с 1688), центр Самарской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1586 как крепость. С 1708 – в Казанской, с 1718 – в Астраханской губ., с 1780 – уездный город Симбирского наместничества, с 1796 – губ., с 1851 – центр Самарской губ.В 1851 в С. проживало 49 евреев (0,25%), в 1862 – 92, в 1871 – 339, в 1886 – 515, в 1897 – 1327 (1,5%), в 1900 – 1547 (1,8%), в 1910 – 3200, в 1923 – 6616 (4,3%), в 1926 – 6981 (4%), в 1939 – 7722, в 1959 – 17 167, в 1970 – 15 929, в 1979 – 14 185, в 1989 – 11 464, в 2002 – 5224 еврея (0,45%).Первыми евреями, поселившимися в С. в сер. 19 в., были отставные солдаты с семьями. В 1867 в С. было заложено еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесленное произ-во, торговля, предпринимательство. Среди евреев были сапожники, портные, скорняки, переплетчики, часовых дел мастера, ювелиры, фотографы, резчики печатей, столяры-краснодеревщики, настройщики роялей. Евреям принадлежали разл. торг. лавки и магазины, в т. ч. обувные и готового платья, трактиры и др.В последней трети 19 в., при участии еврейского капитала, были построены Самаро-Оренбургская и Самаро-Златоустовская ж. д., к-рые связали город и губернию с центр. районами России, Уралом, Сибирью и Ср. Азией. Значит. средства для стр-ва предоставили М.А. Варшавский и Горовиц. В кон. 1870-х – 1880-х гг. должность нач. тракции и подвижного состава занимал Лев Львович Зелихман, нач. материальной службы ж. д. был Айзенштадт. Неск. лет в группе по проектированию и стр-ву ж. д. работал инженер П.И.Прессман (отец Л.П.Прессмана).В 1874 начал исполнять свои обязанности первый раввин С. В 1880 и 1887 открылись 2 синагоги; в 1895 была зарегистрирована община. Первым казенным раввином С. в 1895–97 был Л.Л.Зелихман; он же в 1897–1914 был старостой еврейской общины. В создании еврейской общины важную роль сыграл Я.Л.Тейтель. В 1897–1906 казенным раввином С. был И.М. Гринберг, в 1906–07 – Мойша Срулевич Френкель. В 1908–15 и в сер. 1920-х гг. раввин С. – Мозес (Мойше) Берович Блюмберг (1850–?)В кон. 19 в. заметно возрос приток евреев в С. Евреи участвовали в стр-ве ряда пр-тий пищевой пром-сти, в т. ч. одного из первых самарских пивоваренных з-дов, макаронной ф-ки, сах. з-да; среди евреев были кр. предприниматели: Моисей Лазаревич Боберман, владелец складов керосина и масел; его сын Вольф Моисеевич Боберман, глава торг. дома «Вольф», построивший большую паровую мельницу с зернохранилищем; Матвей Абрамович Чаковский (дядя А.Б.Чаковского), кр. домовладелец; купцы 1-й гильдии: О.П.Вайнберг, М.И.Левинский, А.Д.Мовшович, А.И.Хорош и др. Нек-рые евреи держали винный откуп; уличной продажей алкогольных напитков занимались в осн. евреи – отставные солдаты. Еврейские предприниматели организовали в губернии закупку и вывоз в др. регионы России и за границу пшеницы, яиц и др. с.-х. продукции.В 1908 в С. было завершено стр-во Хоральной синагоги (ул. Садовая, д. 41), вмещавшей ок. 1 тыс. чел.; арх. – Залман Вениаминович Клейнерман (1868, Белосток – 1936, Ленинград). В 1910 заложено еще одно еврейское кладбище.В 1910 в С. учреждено отд-ние ОПЕ. Тогда же при нем открылось нач. еврейское уч-ще и в 1913 – б-ка-читальня. В 1912 в С. создано отд-ние ОЗЕ.В годы 1-й мир. войны в С. прибыло значит. число евреев, выселенных или бежавших из зап. губерний Рос. империи. Еврейская община организовала лазарет для больных и раненых. В 1915 были созданы отд-ния ЕКОПО, школа для детей беженцев, вечерние курсы для взрослых и подростков.В 1918 в С. действовало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1917 – нач. 1920-х гг. работали еврейские клуб, б-ка, драматич. кружок. В 1918 была открыта еврейская 7-летняя школа с преподаванием идиша как учебного предмета (дир. – Я.Н.Цлаф). Действовали сионистские орг-ции. Под ред. Тымянского издавался журн. «Еврейская мысль» – орган сионистов. Была сформирована группа «Ге-Халуц». Среди ее рук. –Яков Моисеевич Раскин, Ехескиель Исаакович Сейненский (отец А.Е.Сейненского), Берта Юрьевна Берхина, Яков Миронович Либерман, Або Миронович Рот. В 1920 делегат из С. участвовал в работе 2-й конф. Бунда в Москве.В нач. 1920-х гг. в С. прошли аресты сионистов. В 1923 в С. на «общем собрании» еврейских подростков, учеников профтехшколы, выдвигалось требование передать здание Хоральной синагоги под учреждение культуры.В 1926 в Самарской губ. были организованы 2 еврейские земледельч. коммуны «Найе лебен». В 1930-х гг. руководителем отд-ния любавичской иешивы в С. был Иосиф Голдберг (1914, Тирасполь – 1985, Париж).В кон. 1920-х гг. парт. и комс. орг-ции при поддержке гор. властей развернули пропагандистскую кампанию против еврейской религ. общины. В 1929 Хоральная синагога была закрыта, здание передано под дом культуры им. Коминтерна. В 1933 здание синагоги было переоборудовано под хлебозавод. В 1938 была закрыта еврейская школа. В 1939 состоялся закрытый судебный процесс по обвинению группы самарских евреев в нелегальной сионистской деятельности и подготовке терактов против парт. и сов. работников.В 1941–42 в С. прибыли тысячи евреев, эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР. Дир. авиац. з-да, работавшего с осени 1941 ок. С. и выпускавшего штурмовики Ил-2, был М.Б. Шенкман. дир. авиамоторного з-да – М.С. Жезлов, дир. шарикоподшипникового з-да – Яков Соломонович Юсим (1904, Липовец – 1954, Москва). В 1942–43 в С. находились руководящие органы ЕАК (с июля 1942 издавался его печ. орган «Эйникайт»), транслировались радиопередачи на идише для еврейских общин Великобритании и США. В 1943–44 в С. жил М.Дубин. В синагоге (открытой в 1887) на субботние молитвы собиралось 20–30 чел. Община оказывала помощь эвакуированным евреям.После 1945 власти отклонили просьбу еврейского населения об открытии синагоги в Кировском р-не города. Была упразднена хевра кадиша.В 1940–50-х гг. раввином С. был Израиль Пинхусович Штейнмардер (1878 – ?). В 1946 была расширена терр. еврейского кладбища. В кон. 1940-х гг. был проведен капитальный ремонт синагоги, возобновилась выпечка мацы. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 15–20 чел., в субботу – ок. 50, в праздники – ок. 200 чел. В кон. сент. 1952, в Йом-Кипур, в синагоге собралось ок. 1 тыс. чел., здание не смогло вместить всех желающих, многие стояли во дворе. В 1959 была запрещена выпечка мацы. В 1961 в местной прессе развернулась кампания против руководства синагоги. Раввин С. в 1960–70-х гг. – Марк Захарович (Менахем-Мендл-Иегуда-Лейб Шнеер-Залманович) Опенштейн.В 1960–80-х гг. евреи С., как и в предшествующие годы, принимали активное участие в разл. сферах жизни города: промышл. произ-ве, образовании, науке, культуре, иск-ве и т. д. Среди них: Соломон Герцович Басин (1918, Екатеринослав – 1999, Самара), историк, д-р ист. наук (1967), проф. (1968), в 1970–98 – зав. кафедрой отечеств. истории Куйбышевского (Самарского) гос. пед. ин-та, автор тр. по истории Ср. Поволжья; Марк Викторович Блюмин (1913, Гомель – 1981, Куйбышев), дир. и худож. рук. Куйбышевской филармонии, композитор, педагог, дирижер-хоровик, организатор гор. и обл. праздников; Григорий Ефимович Зингер (1914, Екатеринослав – 1995, Самара), художник, педагог, организатор и дир. (1961–83) первой в С. дет. худож. школы; Иосиф Маркович Машбиц- Веров (1900, Екатеринослав – 1989, Куйбышев), литературовед, педагог, д-р филол. наук, проф., участник 1-го (учредит.) съезда СП СССР (1934), в 1938 репрессирован, провел в заключении 17 лет, в 1955–89 – преподаватель Куйбышевского гос. пед. ин-та; Лев (Леон) Адольфович Финк (1916, Киев – 1998, Самара), литературовед, лит. и театр. критик, д-р филол. наук (1972), проф. (1975), в 1938 был арестован по делу куйбышевской писательской орг-ции, 17 лет провел в заключении; Василий Павлович Финкельштейн (1908, Моршанск – 1980, Куйбышев), литературовед, педагог, организатор и рук. (в теч. 40 лет) школы юного филолога при гор. доме пионеров, засл. учитель школы РСФСР (1963); Самуил Матвеевич Эйдлин (1914, Баево Витебской губ. – 1989, Куйбышев), поэт, переводчик, автор мн. дет. стихов на рус. и еврейском яз., первый сб. стихов на идише вышел в Киеве в 1939. В 1970–80-х гг. в С. организуются кружки по изучению еврейской истории, традиций, иврита (среди первых рук. – Натан Соломонович Крулевецкий и Александр Александрович Белоусов).С кон. 1980-х гг. в С. начали создаваться еврейские обществ. орг-ции и учреждения культуры. В 1989 образовано культурно-просветит. об-во «Тарбут-Лаам» (первый рук. – Илья Либенштейн, с 1990 – Циля Наумовна Сегаль); при об-ве открылись б-ка, ныне одна из самых крупных еврейских б-к в Поволжье, клуб, кружки иврита, нар. ун-т культуры. В 1990-х гг. в С. начали действовать: община прогрессивного иудаизма «Хаим», культурно-образоват. центр «Маккаби» (рук. – Татьяна Борисовна Курилова (Штейнбок), жен. ассоциация «Эстер», благотворит. фонд «Хесэд Эстер» (рук. – Анна Иосифовна Спон), юношеское объединение «Шомрон», воскресные школы, 2 дет. сада, муз.-драматич. т-р «Шомрон», кукольный т-р «Шомрон» (рук. – Л.Агабекова), муз. центр-школа «Алия», молодежный центр. В С. организован клезмерский анс. «Алия» (рук. – Марк Львович Коган, В.В. Орехов, А.Н.Родин). В 1992 неск. еврейских орг-ций города образовали Самарский еврейский нац. центр (пред. – М.Г.Каплан). В 1994 открылась еврейская ср. школа «Гешер». В 1990–2002 издавалась газ. на рус. яз. «Тарбут» (ред. – Александр Семенович Брод). В 1992–2002 на обл. многонац. радиостанции «Радио-7» выходили в эфир еврейские программы (ред. еврейских радиопередач – Зиси Давидович Вейцман). С 1998 выпускается газ. на рус. яз. «Офаким» (ред. – З.Д.Вейцман), с 2001 – журн. «Шомрон» (ред. – Ц.Н.Сегаль).С 1997 раввин С. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Шломо Дайч (р. 1971, Иерусалим). При его участии открыты учебно-воспитат. комплекс, включающий ясли, дет. сад, ср. школу сети «Ор-Авнер», и еврейская б-ка им. С.И.Аронина. В 1998 общине возвращено здание закрытой в 1929 Хоральной синагоги.В 1980–90-х гг. часть евреев С. выехала в Израиль, США, Германию и др. страны. В 1993 в Израиле создано Самарское землячество (рук. – Елена Григорьевна Рутберг).В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Л.С.Аронин, Л.Я.Бляхер, Л.И. Вайнберг, В.И.Глебова, М.М.Гран, К.М.Гуревич, И.А.Кан, В.М.Карасик, М.Я.Кривошеин, И.М.Кричевер, Д.Р.Любин, Г.З.Мордисон, Л.П.Прессман, Б.Р.Рубаненко, Д.Л.Рудман, А.Н.Рыжих, Э.А.Рязанов, А.Е.Сейненский, В.А.Сойфер, М.З.Фейгин, А.Е.Шейндлин, А.Б.Шейнман, С.А.Штейн, М.А.Шубин, Л.Г. Щеглов; Григорий Ефимович Баскин (р. 1942), конферансье, режиссер, засл. арт. РСФСР (1990), в 1993–96 – гл. реж. АО «Петербургские сезоны», с 1996 – гл. реж. конц. зала «Гигант-холл» (Санкт-Петербург); Аннэта Яковлевна Басс (1930–2006, там же), искусствовед, в 1958–2006 – дир. Куйбышевского (Самарского) худож. музея, Гос. пр. РФ (2000), поч. гражданин Самары и Самарской обл., орд. Поч. Легиона (2003); Оскар Вениаминович Брегман (1932–1994), спортсмен, тренер, педагог, чемп. и призер СССР в парном и одиночном разрядах по теннису (1950), мастер спорта СССР по гандболу (1958) и баскетболу (1959), участник сборных команд СССР и РСФСР (1957–62); Израиль Ицкович Брехман (1921–1994, Владивосток), врач, д-р мед. наук (1956), проф., специалист в обл. природных лекарств. средств адаптогенного действия, автор более 350 науч. работ; Марк Соломонович Вигдергауз (1934–1994, Ашдод, Израиль), химик, специалист в обл. нефтехимии, один из основоположников хроматографии, д-р хим. наук (1970), акад. РАЕН (1991), в 1981–93 – зав. кафедрой общей химии и хроматографии Куйбышевского (Самарского) гос. ун-та, автор неск. сотен науч. работ, в т. ч. 14 моногр., засл. деят. науки РФ (1997); Эдуард Лейбович Дубман (р. 1950), историк, археолог, д-р ист. наук (2000), проф. (2001) Самарского гос. ун-та, тр. по истории Поволжья, ист. демографии и топонимике; Владимир Николаевич Кочетов (1894–1938, Москва), торгпред СССР в Японии, репрессирован; Михаил Вениаминович Португалов (1879–1927, Гаспра, Крым), сын В.О.Португалова, историк лит-ры, организатор и хранитель музея И.С.Тургенева в Орле, автор неск. книг; Борис Иосифович Свойский (1937–2001), поэт, режиссер-документалист, автор мн. хроникально-докум. кинолент о Волге, Жигулях, Самаре и худож. телефильмов, в поэтич. сборниках, в ряде стихотворений проходит еврейская тема, засл. деят. иск-в (1999); Борис Абрамович Скотневский (р. 1953), врач, поэт, автор мн. поэтич. сборников; Роберт Израилевич Таллер (р. 1938), специалист в обл. социальной философии, д-р филос. наук (1990), проф. (1991), с 1991 – зав. кафедрой философии Самарского авиац. ин-та (с 1992 – Самарский гос. аэрокосмич. ун-т им. С.П.Королева); Давид Яковлевич Ушеренко (р. 1927), инженер, возглавлял проектирование кр. з-дов стройматериалов и др. объектов, автор и соавтор ок. 120 патентов и авторских свидетельств; Исай Львович Фишгойт (р. 1927), педагог ср. школы (1950–2002), один из организаторов Конкурса молодых музыкантов Поволжья им. Д.Б.Кабалевского (1969, с 2002 – Всероссийский), ежегодного Фестиваля авторской песни им. Валерия Грушина (с 1968), один из организаторов Центра и Музея В.С.Высоцкого (1995); Георгий Александрович Шебуев (Гублер) (1891–1974), актер, режиссер, театр. критик, нар. арт. РСФСР (1957), Стал. пр. (1948); Марк Львович Шерман (р. 1927), геолог, ч.-к. РАЕН, автор ок. 70 работ по геологии Красноярского края, Тувы, Хакасии, засл. геолог РСФСР (1977), Лен. пр. (1967), Гос. пр. (1987); Алексей Исаакович Шор (р. 1947), самбист, мастер спорта междунар. класса, чемп. мира (1973).В С. жили и работали И.А.Зак, Н.М.Зелях, Н.Д.Каценеленбоген, Х.Л.Кевеш, Д.Д.Кловский, Е.С.Коган, И.М.Лапицкий, И.М.Майский, П.Л.Монастырский, Н.Д.Никомаров, Л.А.Полугаевский, В.О.Португалов, А.Г.Ридаль, Я.А.Роткович, В.М.Свердлов, А.М.Сойфер, Г.И.Трахтенберг, М.М.Хатаевич.А.Е.Сейненский, pronunciation=САМАРА (в 1935–91 – Куйбышев), город (с 1688), центр Самарской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1586 как крепость. С 1708 – в Казанской, с 1718 – в Астраханской губ., с 1780 – уездный город Симбирского наместничества, с 1796 – губ., с 1851 – центр Самарской губ.В 1851 в С. проживало 49 евреев (0,25%), в 1862 – 92, в 1871 – 339, в 1886 – 515, в 1897 – 1327 (1,5%), в 1900 – 1547 (1,8%), в 1910 – 3200, в 1923 – 6616 (4,3%), в 1926 – 6981 (4%), в 1939 – 7722, в 1959 – 17 167, в 1970 – 15 929, в 1979 – 14 185, в 1989 – 11 464, в 2002 – 5224 еврея (0,45%).Первыми евреями, поселившимися в С. в сер. 19 в., были отставные солдаты с семьями. В 1867 в С. было заложено еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятия еврейского населения – ремесленное произ-во, торговля, предпринимательство. Среди евреев были сапожники, портные, скорняки, переплетчики, часовых дел мастера, ювелиры, фотографы, резчики печатей, столяры-краснодеревщики, настройщики роялей. Евреям принадлежали разл. торг. лавки и магазины, в т. ч. обувные и готового платья, трактиры и др.В последней трети 19 в., при участии еврейского капитала, были построены Самаро-Оренбургская и Самаро-Златоустовская ж. д., к-рые связали город и губернию с центр. районами России, Уралом, Сибирью и Ср. Азией. Значит. средства для стр-ва предоставили М.А. Варшавский и Горовиц. В кон. 1870-х – 1880-х гг. должность нач. тракции и подвижного состава занимал Лев Львович Зелихман, нач. материальной службы ж. д. был Айзенштадт. Неск. лет в группе по проектированию и стр-ву ж. д. работал инженер П.И.Прессман (отец Л.П.Прессмана).В 1874 начал исполнять свои обязанности первый раввин С. В 1880 и 1887 открылись 2 синагоги; в 1895 была зарегистрирована община. Первым казенным раввином С. в 1895–97 был Л.Л.Зелихман; он же в 1897–1914 был старостой еврейской общины. В создании еврейской общины важную роль сыграл Я.Л.Тейтель. В 1897–1906 казенным раввином С. был И.М. Гринберг, в 1906–07 – Мойша Срулевич Френкель. В 1908–15 и в сер. 1920-х гг. раввин С. – Мозес (Мойше) Берович Блюмберг (1850–?)В кон. 19 в. заметно возрос приток евреев в С. Евреи участвовали в стр-ве ряда пр-тий пищевой пром-сти, в т. ч. одного из первых самарских пивоваренных з-дов, макаронной ф-ки, сах. з-да; среди евреев были кр. предприниматели: Моисей Лазаревич Боберман, владелец складов керосина и масел; его сын Вольф Моисеевич Боберман, глава торг. дома «Вольф», построивший большую паровую мельницу с зернохранилищем; Матвей Абрамович Чаковский (дядя А.Б.Чаковского), кр. домовладелец; купцы 1-й гильдии: О.П.Вайнберг, М.И.Левинский, А.Д.Мовшович, А.И.Хорош и др. Нек-рые евреи держали винный откуп; уличной продажей алкогольных напитков занимались в осн. евреи – отставные солдаты. Еврейские предприниматели организовали в губернии закупку и вывоз в др. регионы России и за границу пшеницы, яиц и др. с.-х. продукции.В 1908 в С. было завершено стр-во Хоральной синагоги (ул. Садовая, д. 41), вмещавшей ок. 1 тыс. чел.; арх. – Залман Вениаминович Клейнерман (1868, Белосток – 1936, Ленинград). В 1910 заложено еще одно еврейское кладбище.В 1910 в С. учреждено отд-ние ОПЕ. Тогда же при нем открылось нач. еврейское уч-ще и в 1913 – б-ка-читальня. В 1912 в С. создано отд-ние ОЗЕ.В годы 1-й мир. войны в С. прибыло значит. число евреев, выселенных или бежавших из зап. губерний Рос. империи. Еврейская община организовала лазарет для больных и раненых. В 1915 были созданы отд-ния ЕКОПО, школа для детей беженцев, вечерние курсы для взрослых и подростков.В 1918 в С. действовало отд-ние Евсекции. В 1917 – нач. 1920-х гг. работали еврейские клуб, б-ка, драматич. кружок. В 1918 была открыта еврейская 7-летняя школа с преподаванием идиша как учебного предмета (дир. – Я.Н.Цлаф). Действовали сионистские орг-ции. Под ред. Тымянского издавался журн. «Еврейская мысль» – орган сионистов. Была сформирована группа «Ге-Халуц». Среди ее рук. –Яков Моисеевич Раскин, Ехескиель Исаакович Сейненский (отец А.Е.Сейненского), Берта Юрьевна Берхина, Яков Миронович Либерман, Або Миронович Рот. В 1920 делегат из С. участвовал в работе 2-й конф. Бунда в Москве.В нач. 1920-х гг. в С. прошли аресты сионистов. В 1923 в С. на «общем собрании» еврейских подростков, учеников профтехшколы, выдвигалось требование передать здание Хоральной синагоги под учреждение культуры.В 1926 в Самарской губ. были организованы 2 еврейские земледельч. коммуны «Найе лебен». В 1930-х гг. руководителем отд-ния любавичской иешивы в С. был Иосиф Голдберг (1914, Тирасполь – 1985, Париж).В кон. 1920-х гг. парт. и комс. орг-ции при поддержке гор. властей развернули пропагандистскую кампанию против еврейской религ. общины. В 1929 Хоральная синагога была закрыта, здание передано под дом культуры им. Коминтерна. В 1933 здание синагоги было переоборудовано под хлебозавод. В 1938 была закрыта еврейская школа. В 1939 состоялся закрытый судебный процесс по обвинению группы самарских евреев в нелегальной сионистской деятельности и подготовке терактов против парт. и сов. работников.В 1941–42 в С. прибыли тысячи евреев, эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР. Дир. авиац. з-да, работавшего с осени 1941 ок. С. и выпускавшего штурмовики Ил-2, был М.Б. Шенкман. дир. авиамоторного з-да – М.С. Жезлов, дир. шарикоподшипникового з-да – Яков Соломонович Юсим (1904, Липовец – 1954, Москва). В 1942–43 в С. находились руководящие органы ЕАК (с июля 1942 издавался его печ. орган «Эйникайт»), транслировались радиопередачи на идише для еврейских общин Великобритании и США. В 1943–44 в С. жил М.Дубин. В синагоге (открытой в 1887) на субботние молитвы собиралось 20–30 чел. Община оказывала помощь эвакуированным евреям.После 1945 власти отклонили просьбу еврейского населения об открытии синагоги в Кировском р-не города. Была упразднена хевра кадиша.В 1940–50-х гг. раввином С. был Израиль Пинхусович Штейнмардер (1878 – ?). В 1946 была расширена терр. еврейского кладбища. В кон. 1940-х гг. был проведен капитальный ремонт синагоги, возобновилась выпечка мацы. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 15–20 чел., в субботу – ок. 50, в праздники – ок. 200 чел. В кон. сент. 1952, в Йом-Кипур, в синагоге собралось ок. 1 тыс. чел., здание не смогло вместить всех желающих, многие стояли во дворе. В 1959 была запрещена выпечка мацы. В 1961 в местной прессе развернулась кампания против руководства синагоги. Раввин С. в 1960–70-х гг. – Марк Захарович (Менахем-Мендл-Иегуда-Лейб Шнеер-Залманович) Опенштейн.В 1960–80-х гг. евреи С., как и в предшествующие годы, принимали активное участие в разл. сферах жизни города: промышл. произ-ве, образовании, науке, культуре, иск-ве и т. д. Среди них: Соломон Герцович Басин (1918, Екатеринослав – 1999, Самара), историк, д-р ист. наук (1967), проф. (1968), в 1970–98 – зав. кафедрой отечеств. истории Куйбышевского (Самарского) гос. пед. ин-та, автор тр. по истории Ср. Поволжья; Марк Викторович Блюмин (1913, Гомель – 1981, Куйбышев), дир. и худож. рук. Куйбышевской филармонии, композитор, педагог, дирижер-хоровик, организатор гор. и обл. праздников; Григорий Ефимович Зингер (1914, Екатеринослав – 1995, Самара), художник, педагог, организатор и дир. (1961–83) первой в С. дет. худож. школы; Иосиф Маркович Машбиц- Веров (1900, Екатеринослав – 1989, Куйбышев), литературовед, педагог, д-р филол. наук, проф., участник 1-го (учредит.) съезда СП СССР (1934), в 1938 репрессирован, провел в заключении 17 лет, в 1955–89 – преподаватель Куйбышевского гос. пед. ин-та; Лев (Леон) Адольфович Финк (1916, Киев – 1998, Самара), литературовед, лит. и театр. критик, д-р филол. наук (1972), проф. (1975), в 1938 был арестован по делу куйбышевской писательской орг-ции, 17 лет провел в заключении; Василий Павлович Финкельштейн (1908, Моршанск – 1980, Куйбышев), литературовед, педагог, организатор и рук. (в теч. 40 лет) школы юного филолога при гор. доме пионеров, засл. учитель школы РСФСР (1963); Самуил Матвеевич Эйдлин (1914, Баево Витебской губ. – 1989, Куйбышев), поэт, переводчик, автор мн. дет. стихов на рус. и еврейском яз., первый сб. стихов на идише вышел в Киеве в 1939. В 1970–80-х гг. в С. организуются кружки по изучению еврейской истории, традиций, иврита (среди первых рук. – Натан Соломонович Крулевецкий и Александр Александрович Белоусов).С кон. 1980-х гг. в С. начали создаваться еврейские обществ. орг-ции и учреждения культуры. В 1989 образовано культурно-просветит. об-во «Тарбут-Лаам» (первый рук. – Илья Либенштейн, с 1990 – Циля Наумовна Сегаль); при об-ве открылись б-ка, ныне одна из самых крупных еврейских б-к в Поволжье, клуб, кружки иврита, нар. ун-т культуры. В 1990-х гг. в С. начали действовать: община прогрессивного иудаизма «Хаим», культурно-образоват. центр «Маккаби» (рук. – Татьяна Борисовна Курилова (Штейнбок), жен. ассоциация «Эстер», благотворит. фонд «Хесэд Эстер» (рук. – Анна Иосифовна Спон), юношеское объединение «Шомрон», воскресные школы, 2 дет. сада, муз.-драматич. т-р «Шомрон», кукольный т-р «Шомрон» (рук. – Л.Агабекова), муз. центр-школа «Алия», молодежный центр. В С. организован клезмерский анс. «Алия» (рук. – Марк Львович Коган, В.В. Орехов, А.Н.Родин). В 1992 неск. еврейских орг-ций города образовали Самарский еврейский нац. центр (пред. – М.Г.Каплан). В 1994 открылась еврейская ср. школа «Гешер». В 1990–2002 издавалась газ. на рус. яз. «Тарбут» (ред. – Александр Семенович Брод). В 1992–2002 на обл. многонац. радиостанции «Радио-7» выходили в эфир еврейские программы (ред. еврейских радиопередач – Зиси Давидович Вейцман). С 1998 выпускается газ. на рус. яз. «Офаким» (ред. – З.Д.Вейцман), с 2001 – журн. «Шомрон» (ред. – Ц.Н.Сегаль).С 1997 раввин С. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Шломо Дайч (р. 1971, Иерусалим). При его участии открыты учебно-воспитат. комплекс, включающий ясли, дет. сад, ср. школу сети «Ор-Авнер», и еврейская б-ка им. С.И.Аронина. В 1998 общине возвращено здание закрытой в 1929 Хоральной синагоги.В 1980–90-х гг. часть евреев С. выехала в Израиль, США, Германию и др. страны. В 1993 в Израиле создано Самарское землячество (рук. – Елена Григорьевна Рутберг).В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Л.С.Аронин, Л.Я.Бляхер, Л.И. Вайнберг, В.И.Глебова, М.М.Гран, К.М.Гуревич, И.А.Кан, В.М.Карасик, М.Я.Кривошеин, И.М.Кричевер, Д.Р.Любин, Г.З.Мордисон, Л.П.Прессман, Б.Р.Рубаненко, Д.Л.Рудман, А.Н.Рыжих, Э.А.Рязанов, А.Е.Сейненский, В.А.Сойфер, М.З.Фейгин, А.Е.Шейндлин, А.Б.Шейнман, С.А.Штейн, М.А.Шубин, Л.Г. Щеглов; Григорий Ефимович Баскин (р. 1942), конферансье, режиссер, засл. арт. РСФСР (1990), в 1993–96 – гл. реж. АО «Петербургские сезоны», с 1996 – гл. реж. конц. зала «Гигант-холл» (Санкт-Петербург); Аннэта Яковлевна Басс (1930–2006, там же), искусствовед, в 1958–2006 – дир. Куйбышевского (Самарского) худож. музея, Гос. пр. РФ (2000), поч. гражданин Самары и Самарской обл., орд. Поч. Легиона (2003); Оскар Вениаминович Брегман (1932–1994), спортсмен, тренер, педагог, чемп. и призер СССР в парном и одиночном разрядах по теннису (1950), мастер спорта СССР по гандболу (1958) и баскетболу (1959), участник сборных команд СССР и РСФСР (1957–62); Израиль Ицкович Брехман (1921–1994, Владивосток), врач, д-р мед. наук (1956), проф., специалист в обл. природных лекарств. средств адаптогенного действия, автор более 350 науч. работ; Марк Соломонович Вигдергауз (1934–1994, Ашдод, Израиль), химик, специалист в обл. нефтехимии, один из основоположников хроматографии, д-р хим. наук (1970), акад. РАЕН (1991), в 1981–93 – зав. кафедрой общей химии и хроматографии Куйбышевского (Самарского) гос. ун-та, автор неск. сотен науч. работ, в т. ч. 14 моногр., засл. деят. науки РФ (1997); Эдуард Лейбович Дубман (р. 1950), историк, археолог, д-р ист. наук (2000), проф. (2001) Самарского гос. ун-та, тр. по истории Поволжья, ист. демографии и топонимике; Владимир Николаевич Кочетов (1894–1938, Москва), торгпред СССР в Японии, репрессирован; Михаил Вениаминович Португалов (1879–1927, Гаспра, Крым), сын В.О.Португалова, историк лит-ры, организатор и хранитель музея И.С.Тургенева в Орле, автор неск. книг; Борис Иосифович Свойский (1937–2001), поэт, режиссер-документалист, автор мн. хроникально-докум. кинолент о Волге, Жигулях, Самаре и худож. телефильмов, в поэтич. сборниках, в ряде стихотворений проходит еврейская тема, засл. деят. иск-в (1999); Борис Абрамович Скотневский (р. 1953), врач, поэт, автор мн. поэтич. сборников; Роберт Израилевич Таллер (р. 1938), специалист в обл. социальной философии, д-р филос. наук (1990), проф. (1991), с 1991 – зав. кафедрой философии Самарского авиац. ин-та (с 1992 – Самарский гос. аэрокосмич. ун-т им. С.П.Королева); Давид Яковлевич Ушеренко (р. 1927), инженер, возглавлял проектирование кр. з-дов стройматериалов и др. объектов, автор и соавтор ок. 120 патентов и авторских свидетельств; Исай Львович Фишгойт (р. 1927), педагог ср. школы (1950–2002), один из организаторов Конкурса молодых музыкантов Поволжья им. Д.Б.Кабалевского (1969, с 2002 – Всероссийский), ежегодного Фестиваля авторской песни им. Валерия Грушина (с 1968), один из организаторов Центра и Музея В.С.Высоцкого (1995); Георгий Александрович Шебуев (Гублер) (1891–1974), актер, режиссер, театр. критик, нар. арт. РСФСР (1957), Стал. пр. (1948); Марк Львович Шерман (р. 1927), геолог, ч.-к. РАЕН, автор ок. 70 работ по геологии Красноярского края, Тувы, Хакасии, засл. геолог РСФСР (1977), Лен. пр. (1967), Гос. пр. (1987); Алексей Исаакович Шор (р. 1947), самбист, мастер спорта междунар. класса, чемп. мира (1973).В С. жили и работали И.А.Зак, Н.М.Зелях, Н.Д.Каценеленбоген, Х.Л.Кевеш, Д.Д.Кловский, Е.С.Коган, И.М.Лапицкий, И.М.Майский, П.Л.Монастырский, Н.Д.Никомаров, Л.А.Полугаевский, В.О.Португалов, А.Г.Ридаль, Я.А.Роткович, В.М.Свердлов, А.М.Сойфер, Г.И.Трахтенберг, М.М.Хатаевич.А.Е.Сейненский, extra_data="{'translat...")
SAMARCHIK, see Novomoskovsk.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САМАРКАНД, город, центр Самаркандского вилоята (Республика Узбекистан). Изв. с 329 до н. э. под назв. Мараканда (столица гос-ва Согд). В нач. 8 в. завоеван Арабским халифатом, в 9–13 вв. – под властью Саманидов. В кон. 14 – нач. 15 в. – столица империи Тимура. С кон. 16 в. – в составе Бухарского ханства. С 1868 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Зеравшанского окр. Туркестанского края, с 1887 – центр Самаркандской обл. В 1924–30 – столица УзССР, с 1938 – центр Самаркандской обл.В 1873 в С. проживало ок. 840 бухарских евреев, в 1888 – 3792 бухарских еврея, в 1897 – 4341 еврей (8%), в 1907 – 5266, в 1910 – 9595 (10,9%), в 1926 – 9159 евреев (в т. ч. 7740 бухарских, 4 грузинских) и 3 караима, в 1935 – 9832 бухарских еврея (8%), в 1939 – 7953 еврея, в 1959 – 6346 бухарских евреев, в 1970 – 12 920 евреев, в 1979 – 12 345, в 1989 – 11 742 еврея (в т. ч. 4611 бухарских евреев).По мнению нек-рых историков, евреи жили в С. с 1 в. н. э.; в 9 в. здесь возникла кр. община, упоминаемая в «Книге путешествий» Биньямина из Туделы. Евреи С. пострадали в 1220, когда войска Чингисхана разрушили город; община, по-видимому, полностью прекратила свое существование.С течением времени общинная жизнь в С. начала возрождаться. До 1830-х гг. евреи проживали в разл. кварталах города; местами захоронения евреев были участки на мусульманских кладбищах. В 1839 было заложено еврейское кладбище.В 1843 евреи С. приобрели за 10 тыс. таньга большой участок земли, на к-ром был построен еврейский квартал – махалла с центр. автономным управлением. В 1843–78 во главе махаллы стояли Моше Калантаров (1816, Шахрисабз – 1878), затем – его сыновья: в 1879–91 – Рафаэль (?–1891), в 1891–1920 – Давид (?–1922). P.M. Калантаров был также казенным раввином С. До 1870 в С. действовала одна синагога.В 1840–50-х гг. в С. поселилась группа евреев, бежавших из Мешхеда (Иран) после вынужденного перехода в ислам (в 1920–30-х гг. практически все их потомки вернулись в Иран).В 1868 C. был занят рус. войсками. Новые власти отменили почти все антиеврейские законы, в 1870 освободили общину от уплаты спец. налога. В 1870 в С. стали селиться ашкеназийские евреи. В кон. 1870-х гг. было заложено ашкеназийское кладбище.В 1880-х гг. евреи С. начали переселяться в Э.-И.; они были в числе организаторов бухарской общины Иерусалима, созданной в 1891.В 1891 в центре еврейского квартала С. была построена Большая синагога – «Гумбаз» (Купольная синагога) высотой 12 м. В 1893 в С. действовало 8 хедеров (243 уч-ся).Осн. занятиями бухарских евреев были ремесленные произ-ва, в первую очередь крашение хлопчатобумажных и шелковых тканей, кожевенное, ювелирное, золотошвейное ремесла, а также торговля. После 1888, когда ж. д. связала С. с Асхабадом (совр. Ашгабат), в городе появляются многочисл. пр-тия. В кон. 19 в. мн. бухарские евреи становятся промышленниками, банкирами, купцами 1-й и 2-й гильдий. Среди них: Абрамовы, Алишаевы, Вадьяевы, Давыдовы, Джубаровы, Ильясовы, Исахаровы, Исхановы, Калантаровы, Кусаевы, Левиевы, Мамоны, Мошеевы, Потеляховы, Рубиновы, Симхаевы, Софиевы, Фозиловы, Фузаиловы. Один из богатейших жителей С. кон. 19 в. – Моше Муллокандов (1839–1902), владевший магазинами и гостиницами. Отд-ния контор еврейских промышленников и купцов С. имелись в Ташкенте, Москве, Санкт-Петербурге. В 1909 бухарским евреям Самаркандского у. было предоставлено 386 промысловых и торг. свидетельств (6%); бухарским евреям в уезде принадлежало 136 дес. земли.В 1904 раввином бухарских евреев был Хаим Пинхасов, ашкеназийских – Зелиг Аронович Лозинский.В 1904 работало Самаркандское русско-туземное еврейское уч-ще. В 1908 Шаломо-Лев Елизаров организовал свою школу. С 1910 в талмуд-торе преподавал Яков Кайков (?, Самарканд – 1966, Израиль).В 1906 среди ашкеназийских евреев действовали сионистские кружки.Раввинами в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. были Иосиф Ходжинов (1848, Бухара – 1924, Иерусалим), Моше Пиласов, Иосиф-Хаим Шаламов, Я.Кайков, Иския Катанов, Хизкиягу Кайков. Казенный раввин «Еврейского туземного об-ва» в 1912 – Абрам Рафаилович Калантаров. В 1900–20-х гг. один из раввинов С. – Ядидие Аллоев (1880–1934, Сталинабад). Раввином бухарских евреев в 1910-х гг. был Сулейман Ачильдаев. В 1916–51 и в 1955–66 раввин С. – Иловумани Исахарович Аминов (1892, Шахрисабз – 1966, Самарканд).В 1911 был издан приказ, по к-рому все евреи, к-рые не смогли доказать, что они действительно жили в русских владениях Туркестана до его завоевания, приравнивались к иностр. подданным и должны были покинуть С. В 1916 в С. проживало 250 евреев-чала (в 1902 – 15 семей евреев-чала).В 1917 в С. было ок. 30 синагог, в т. ч. построенная в 1906 синагога Муллокандовых (впоследствии – здание ср. школы). После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в С. были созданы еврейский культурный центр и ср. школа с преподаванием на иврите, позднее закрытая по требованию Евсекции. В 1917–20 работало потребит. об-во «Сион».В 1920-х гг. община С. оставалась самой большой общиной бухарских евреев. Почти все бухарские евреи жили в махалле (с 1926 – квартал Восток), где их численность составляла 95% населения. Действовал союз культработников еврейского квартала (пред. – Шабеков). Работала туземно-еврейская школа № 1 им. А.В.Луначарского (дир. с 1921 – Р.Фузайлов, с 1923 – Э.Фузайлов; св. 1400 уч-ся). С 1921 работал т-р на языке бухарских евреев. В 1924 действовало об-во помощи бедным и больным евреям «Эзра». В кон. 1920-х гг. работала Вторая туземно-еврейская школа им. Н.Нариманова. В 1926 три бухарские еврейки были избраны в гор. совет. В 1927 Исаак Симхович Лурье (1875, Самарканд – ?) основал ист.-этногр. Музей быта туземного еврейства (с 1931 – Еврейский музей) и Еврейское ист.-экономич. об-во.В сер. 1920-х гг. в еврейском квартале был открыт з-д по производству шелка, впоследствии ставший крупнейшим пр-тием в Узбекистане в своей отрасли. В 1926 «Ге-Халуц» организовал в С. швейную мастерскую и столярную артель. В 1926–27 ок. С. были созданы еврейские земледельч. артели «Хаят» (75 х-в), «Ахдут» (57 чел.), «Комзет» (46 х-в), «Кноат» (6 х-в) и др., а также еврейский кишлак (ок. 70 семей). Ок. С. бухарскими евреями был создан колхоз. В 1930 в земледельч. артелях, организованных ОЗЕТ, состояло 3 тыс. семей.В кон. 1920-х гг. С. – место ссылки сионистов. С 1925 выходил еженед. на языке бухарских евреев. В 1926 в С. прибыл представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Симха Городецкий, основавший, совм. с Элиягу-Мани Ниязовым (1895, Самарканд – 1942, там же), хедеры и талмуд-торы, в к-рых обучалось ок. 800 детей. В 1929 в С. действовала иешива, в окр. – 3 туземно-еврейские школы, 1 туземно-еврейский ликбез; работал туземно-еврейский клуб. Выходила газ. «Октябрь» на языке бухарских евреев. В С. имелось 32 синагоги. Раввином двух из них в 1933–36 был Бабаджон Аронов (1879, Бухара – 1936, Самарканд).С сер. 1930-х гг. в С. развернулась кампания, направленная на искоренение самобытной культуры бухарских евреев. Прекратилось преподавание на языке бухарских евреев, закрылся т-р. В С. осталась одна синагога. Еврейский музей был преобразован в туземно-еврейский отд. Самаркандского музея; экспонаты, связанные с религией, были изъяты. В 1938 отдел был закрыт. Позднее ликвидирован еврейский колхоз.В 1941–42 в С. прибыли десятки тысяч евреев из зап. р-нов СССР. Местная община оказывала эвакуированным евреям помощь, одним из организаторов к-рой был Э.-М.Ниязов. Любавичскими хасидами были организованы действовавшие в подполье иешива, к-рой руководил М.-М.Футерфас, талмуд-тора, хедеры. С. стал одним из центров любавичского хасидизма в СССР. В иешиве преподавали М.Рубинсон, в 1944–46 – З.-Ш.Дворкин, в 1944 в талмуд-торе – Нисон Неменов (1904, Жлобин – 1984, Париж). В 1946 большинство любавичских хасидов покинули С.В 1947 в С. действовала синагога. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 100–120 чел., в праздничные – 350–400 чел. Раввин И.И. Аминов исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. В 1951–55 И.И.Аминов находился в заключении. В 1950 были арестованы и приговорены к длительным срокам тюремного заключения 15 видных членов бухарской общины, в т. ч. Нисим Давидов, Авраам Ицхаков, Хизкиягу Кайков, Авраам-Хаим Ладаев, Звулон Леваев, Габриэль Ниязов, Мордехай Пинхасов, Йохай Якубов.В 1950–70-х гг. в С. действовала одна синагога, расположенная в квартале Восток; в синагоге было выделено помещение для ашкеназийских евреев. В 1960-х гг. раввином бухарских евреев был И.И.Алаев. Раввином ашкеназийских евреев в 1960-х гг. был Элиягу Левин (?–1968). В С. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1960-х гг. Р. Худайдатов построил в С. микву. Тогда же в С. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива. В кон. 1960-х гг. шохетом был Даниил Шакаров.B 1984 на еврейском кладбище был сооружен мемориальный комплекс в память о погибших в 1941–45.В нач. 1990-х гг. в С. был организован «Культурный центр бухарских евреев», в 1992 началось издание газ. «Шофар». В 1990-х гг. в С. открылся еврейский дет. сад. Действовали 2 синагоги (одна из них – любавичская, ул. Республиканская), миква, 2 еврейские школы. С 2005 раввин С. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ицхак Якобсон (р. 1978, Днепропетровск).В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 2 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Я.Акилов, М.Ашеров, Б.И.Балтер, Б.А.Кимягаров, Э.М.Сагалаев, М.А.Фазылов, Р.Худайдатов, А.П.Штейн; Монаше Мишайлович Абрамов (р. 1926), историк-востоковед, канд. ист. наук (1959), зав. кафедрой Самаркандского гос. ун-та, автор более 50 работ по истории Самарканда; Виктор Львович Аранович (р. 1933), геолог, канд. техн. наук, гл. инж. Алмалыкского горно-металлургич. комб-та, Гос. пр. СССР (1985); Асаф Авраамович Ачилдиев (1898–1975, Виши, Франция), геронтолог, с сер. 1920-х гг. – во Франции, д-р медицины, основатель и рук. клиники в Виши; Шломо Борохов (р. 1941), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, с 1974 – в Израиле, в 1990–92 – исполнит. дир. Сионистского форума, с 1996 – пред. совета директоров Банка промышл. развития Израиля, пред. Израильско-Узбекистанской торгово-промышл. палаты, пред. Шашечной федерации Израиля; Абрам Иосифович Виндерман (р. 1922), шашист, мастер спорта по шашечной композиции (1967), первый в СССР междунар. арбитр (1966), автор ряда методич. изданий и книг; Ирина Александровна Винер (р. 1948), тренер, д-р пед. наук, проф., вице-през. Федерации худож. гимнастики России; Марк Семенович Дейч (1900–1937, Москва), комбриг, нач. Центр. аэроклуба, репрессирован; Юсуф (Юсуфхай) Ифраимович Елизаров (1920–1974, Ташкент), живописец, портретист, участник выставок с 1949, засл. деят. иск-в УзССР (1964); Камил Акмалевич Икрамов (1927–1989, Москва), писатель, в 1943–48 и в 1951–55 – в заключении и в ссылке, автор ист. романов и книг для детей; Маркел Израилевич Калонтаров (Калантаров, Колонтаров) (р. 1908), художник, осн. работы – пейзажи Ср. Азии, работы хранятся в разл. музеях и галереях Узбекистана и Таджикистана; Эмонуэль Маркелович Калонтаров (1932–1984, Ташкент), художник, в 1959–84 – худож. студии «Узбекфильм», реж. и худож. 1-го узб. мультфильма «Ходжа Насреддин» (1975), нар. худож. УзССР (1979); Авнер Звулонович Леваев (1928–1991, Бней-Брак, Израиль), обществ. деятель, сын З.Леваева, в 1951 за нелег. преподавание Торы арестован, в 1960-х гг. организовал на собств. средства стр-во миквы в Ташкенте, с 1971 – в Израиле, вел уроки Торы на языке бухарских евреев на радиостанции «Голос Израиля»; Авнер Муллокандов (1911–?), певец, исполнитель тадж. нар. песен, нар. арт. ТаджССР; Гавриэль Аронович Муллокандов (1900–1972, там же), музыкант, один из организаторов бухарско-еврейского муз.-драматич. т-ра в Самарканде, нар. арт. УзССР; Семен Аркадьевич Муллокандов (р. 1933), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1983), проф. (1984), полковник (1988); Михаил Сионович Софиев (1899–1965), паразитолог, д-р мед. наук (1943), проф. (1944), зав. кафедрой общей биологии и паразитологии Ташкентского мед. ин-та.В С. жили и работали И.С.Куклес, Л.И.Ремпель, Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, Ш.М.Тажер, М.Э.-Г. Шенкарь.М.М.Абрамов, pronunciation=САМАРКАНД, город, центр Самаркандского вилоята (Республика Узбекистан). Изв. с 329 до н. э. под назв. Мараканда (столица гос-ва Согд). В нач. 8 в. завоеван Арабским халифатом, в 9–13 вв. – под властью Саманидов. В кон. 14 – нач. 15 в. – столица империи Тимура. С кон. 16 в. – в составе Бухарского ханства. С 1868 – в составе Рос. империи, центр Зеравшанского окр. Туркестанского края, с 1887 – центр Самаркандской обл. В 1924–30 – столица УзССР, с 1938 – центр Самаркандской обл.В 1873 в С. проживало ок. 840 бухарских евреев, в 1888 – 3792 бухарских еврея, в 1897 – 4341 еврей (8%), в 1907 – 5266, в 1910 – 9595 (10,9%), в 1926 – 9159 евреев (в т. ч. 7740 бухарских, 4 грузинских) и 3 караима, в 1935 – 9832 бухарских еврея (8%), в 1939 – 7953 еврея, в 1959 – 6346 бухарских евреев, в 1970 – 12 920 евреев, в 1979 – 12 345, в 1989 – 11 742 еврея (в т. ч. 4611 бухарских евреев).По мнению нек-рых историков, евреи жили в С. с 1 в. н. э.; в 9 в. здесь возникла кр. община, упоминаемая в «Книге путешествий» Биньямина из Туделы. Евреи С. пострадали в 1220, когда войска Чингисхана разрушили город; община, по-видимому, полностью прекратила свое существование.С течением времени общинная жизнь в С. начала возрождаться. До 1830-х гг. евреи проживали в разл. кварталах города; местами захоронения евреев были участки на мусульманских кладбищах. В 1839 было заложено еврейское кладбище.В 1843 евреи С. приобрели за 10 тыс. таньга большой участок земли, на к-ром был построен еврейский квартал – махалла с центр. автономным управлением. В 1843–78 во главе махаллы стояли Моше Калантаров (1816, Шахрисабз – 1878), затем – его сыновья: в 1879–91 – Рафаэль (?–1891), в 1891–1920 – Давид (?–1922). P.M. Калантаров был также казенным раввином С. До 1870 в С. действовала одна синагога.В 1840–50-х гг. в С. поселилась группа евреев, бежавших из Мешхеда (Иран) после вынужденного перехода в ислам (в 1920–30-х гг. практически все их потомки вернулись в Иран).В 1868 C. был занят рус. войсками. Новые власти отменили почти все антиеврейские законы, в 1870 освободили общину от уплаты спец. налога. В 1870 в С. стали селиться ашкеназийские евреи. В кон. 1870-х гг. было заложено ашкеназийское кладбище.В 1880-х гг. евреи С. начали переселяться в Э.-И.; они были в числе организаторов бухарской общины Иерусалима, созданной в 1891.В 1891 в центре еврейского квартала С. была построена Большая синагога – «Гумбаз» (Купольная синагога) высотой 12 м. В 1893 в С. действовало 8 хедеров (243 уч-ся).Осн. занятиями бухарских евреев были ремесленные произ-ва, в первую очередь крашение хлопчатобумажных и шелковых тканей, кожевенное, ювелирное, золотошвейное ремесла, а также торговля. После 1888, когда ж. д. связала С. с Асхабадом (совр. Ашгабат), в городе появляются многочисл. пр-тия. В кон. 19 в. мн. бухарские евреи становятся промышленниками, банкирами, купцами 1-й и 2-й гильдий. Среди них: Абрамовы, Алишаевы, Вадьяевы, Давыдовы, Джубаровы, Ильясовы, Исахаровы, Исхановы, Калантаровы, Кусаевы, Левиевы, Мамоны, Мошеевы, Потеляховы, Рубиновы, Симхаевы, Софиевы, Фозиловы, Фузаиловы. Один из богатейших жителей С. кон. 19 в. – Моше Муллокандов (1839–1902), владевший магазинами и гостиницами. Отд-ния контор еврейских промышленников и купцов С. имелись в Ташкенте, Москве, Санкт-Петербурге. В 1909 бухарским евреям Самаркандского у. было предоставлено 386 промысловых и торг. свидетельств (6%); бухарским евреям в уезде принадлежало 136 дес. земли.В 1904 раввином бухарских евреев был Хаим Пинхасов, ашкеназийских – Зелиг Аронович Лозинский.В 1904 работало Самаркандское русско-туземное еврейское уч-ще. В 1908 Шаломо-Лев Елизаров организовал свою школу. С 1910 в талмуд-торе преподавал Яков Кайков (?, Самарканд – 1966, Израиль).В 1906 среди ашкеназийских евреев действовали сионистские кружки.Раввинами в кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. были Иосиф Ходжинов (1848, Бухара – 1924, Иерусалим), Моше Пиласов, Иосиф-Хаим Шаламов, Я.Кайков, Иския Катанов, Хизкиягу Кайков. Казенный раввин «Еврейского туземного об-ва» в 1912 – Абрам Рафаилович Калантаров. В 1900–20-х гг. один из раввинов С. – Ядидие Аллоев (1880–1934, Сталинабад). Раввином бухарских евреев в 1910-х гг. был Сулейман Ачильдаев. В 1916–51 и в 1955–66 раввин С. – Иловумани Исахарович Аминов (1892, Шахрисабз – 1966, Самарканд).В 1911 был издан приказ, по к-рому все евреи, к-рые не смогли доказать, что они действительно жили в русских владениях Туркестана до его завоевания, приравнивались к иностр. подданным и должны были покинуть С. В 1916 в С. проживало 250 евреев-чала (в 1902 – 15 семей евреев-чала).В 1917 в С. было ок. 30 синагог, в т. ч. построенная в 1906 синагога Муллокандовых (впоследствии – здание ср. школы). После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в С. были созданы еврейский культурный центр и ср. школа с преподаванием на иврите, позднее закрытая по требованию Евсекции. В 1917–20 работало потребит. об-во «Сион».В 1920-х гг. община С. оставалась самой большой общиной бухарских евреев. Почти все бухарские евреи жили в махалле (с 1926 – квартал Восток), где их численность составляла 95% населения. Действовал союз культработников еврейского квартала (пред. – Шабеков). Работала туземно-еврейская школа № 1 им. А.В.Луначарского (дир. с 1921 – Р.Фузайлов, с 1923 – Э.Фузайлов; св. 1400 уч-ся). С 1921 работал т-р на языке бухарских евреев. В 1924 действовало об-во помощи бедным и больным евреям «Эзра». В кон. 1920-х гг. работала Вторая туземно-еврейская школа им. Н.Нариманова. В 1926 три бухарские еврейки были избраны в гор. совет. В 1927 Исаак Симхович Лурье (1875, Самарканд – ?) основал ист.-этногр. Музей быта туземного еврейства (с 1931 – Еврейский музей) и Еврейское ист.-экономич. об-во.В сер. 1920-х гг. в еврейском квартале был открыт з-д по производству шелка, впоследствии ставший крупнейшим пр-тием в Узбекистане в своей отрасли. В 1926 «Ге-Халуц» организовал в С. швейную мастерскую и столярную артель. В 1926–27 ок. С. были созданы еврейские земледельч. артели «Хаят» (75 х-в), «Ахдут» (57 чел.), «Комзет» (46 х-в), «Кноат» (6 х-в) и др., а также еврейский кишлак (ок. 70 семей). Ок. С. бухарскими евреями был создан колхоз. В 1930 в земледельч. артелях, организованных ОЗЕТ, состояло 3 тыс. семей.В кон. 1920-х гг. С. – место ссылки сионистов. С 1925 выходил еженед. на языке бухарских евреев. В 1926 в С. прибыл представитель Й.-И.Шнеерсона Симха Городецкий, основавший, совм. с Элиягу-Мани Ниязовым (1895, Самарканд – 1942, там же), хедеры и талмуд-торы, в к-рых обучалось ок. 800 детей. В 1929 в С. действовала иешива, в окр. – 3 туземно-еврейские школы, 1 туземно-еврейский ликбез; работал туземно-еврейский клуб. Выходила газ. «Октябрь» на языке бухарских евреев. В С. имелось 32 синагоги. Раввином двух из них в 1933–36 был Бабаджон Аронов (1879, Бухара – 1936, Самарканд).С сер. 1930-х гг. в С. развернулась кампания, направленная на искоренение самобытной культуры бухарских евреев. Прекратилось преподавание на языке бухарских евреев, закрылся т-р. В С. осталась одна синагога. Еврейский музей был преобразован в туземно-еврейский отд. Самаркандского музея; экспонаты, связанные с религией, были изъяты. В 1938 отдел был закрыт. Позднее ликвидирован еврейский колхоз.В 1941–42 в С. прибыли десятки тысяч евреев из зап. р-нов СССР. Местная община оказывала эвакуированным евреям помощь, одним из организаторов к-рой был Э.-М.Ниязов. Любавичскими хасидами были организованы действовавшие в подполье иешива, к-рой руководил М.-М.Футерфас, талмуд-тора, хедеры. С. стал одним из центров любавичского хасидизма в СССР. В иешиве преподавали М.Рубинсон, в 1944–46 – З.-Ш.Дворкин, в 1944 в талмуд-торе – Нисон Неменов (1904, Жлобин – 1984, Париж). В 1946 большинство любавичских хасидов покинули С.В 1947 в С. действовала синагога. В обычные дни в синагоге собиралось 100–120 чел., в праздничные – 350–400 чел. Раввин И.И. Аминов исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. В 1951–55 И.И.Аминов находился в заключении. В 1950 были арестованы и приговорены к длительным срокам тюремного заключения 15 видных членов бухарской общины, в т. ч. Нисим Давидов, Авраам Ицхаков, Хизкиягу Кайков, Авраам-Хаим Ладаев, Звулон Леваев, Габриэль Ниязов, Мордехай Пинхасов, Йохай Якубов.В 1950–70-х гг. в С. действовала одна синагога, расположенная в квартале Восток; в синагоге было выделено помещение для ашкеназийских евреев. В 1960-х гг. раввином бухарских евреев был И.И.Алаев. Раввином ашкеназийских евреев в 1960-х гг. был Элиягу Левин (?–1968). В С. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1960-х гг. Р. Худайдатов построил в С. микву. Тогда же в С. действовала нелег. любавичская иешива. В кон. 1960-х гг. шохетом был Даниил Шакаров.B 1984 на еврейском кладбище был сооружен мемориальный комплекс в память о погибших в 1941–45.В нач. 1990-х гг. в С. был организован «Культурный центр бухарских евреев», в 1992 началось издание газ. «Шофар». В 1990-х гг. в С. открылся еврейский дет. сад. Действовали 2 синагоги (одна из них – любавичская, ул. Республиканская), миква, 2 еврейские школы. С 2005 раввин С. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Ицхак Якобсон (р. 1978, Днепропетровск).В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 2 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Я.Акилов, М.Ашеров, Б.И.Балтер, Б.А.Кимягаров, Э.М.Сагалаев, М.А.Фазылов, Р.Худайдатов, А.П.Штейн; Монаше Мишайлович Абрамов (р. 1926), историк-востоковед, канд. ист. наук (1959), зав. кафедрой Самаркандского гос. ун-та, автор более 50 работ по истории Самарканда; Виктор Львович Аранович (р. 1933), геолог, канд. техн. наук, гл. инж. Алмалыкского горно-металлургич. комб-та, Гос. пр. СССР (1985); Асаф Авраамович Ачилдиев (1898–1975, Виши, Франция), геронтолог, с сер. 1920-х гг. – во Франции, д-р медицины, основатель и рук. клиники в Виши; Шломо Борохов (р. 1941), предприниматель, обществ. деятель, с 1974 – в Израиле, в 1990–92 – исполнит. дир. Сионистского форума, с 1996 – пред. совета директоров Банка промышл. развития Израиля, пред. Израильско-Узбекистанской торгово-промышл. палаты, пред. Шашечной федерации Израиля; Абрам Иосифович Виндерман (р. 1922), шашист, мастер спорта по шашечной композиции (1967), первый в СССР междунар. арбитр (1966), автор ряда методич. изданий и книг; Ирина Александровна Винер (р. 1948), тренер, д-р пед. наук, проф., вице-през. Федерации худож. гимнастики России; Марк Семенович Дейч (1900–1937, Москва), комбриг, нач. Центр. аэроклуба, репрессирован; Юсуф (Юсуфхай) Ифраимович Елизаров (1920–1974, Ташкент), живописец, портретист, участник выставок с 1949, засл. деят. иск-в УзССР (1964); Камил Акмалевич Икрамов (1927–1989, Москва), писатель, в 1943–48 и в 1951–55 – в заключении и в ссылке, автор ист. романов и книг для детей; Маркел Израилевич Калонтаров (Калантаров, Колонтаров) (р. 1908), художник, осн. работы – пейзажи Ср. Азии, работы хранятся в разл. музеях и галереях Узбекистана и Таджикистана; Эмонуэль Маркелович Калонтаров (1932–1984, Ташкент), художник, в 1959–84 – худож. студии «Узбекфильм», реж. и худож. 1-го узб. мультфильма «Ходжа Насреддин» (1975), нар. худож. УзССР (1979); Авнер Звулонович Леваев (1928–1991, Бней-Брак, Израиль), обществ. деятель, сын З.Леваева, в 1951 за нелег. преподавание Торы арестован, в 1960-х гг. организовал на собств. средства стр-во миквы в Ташкенте, с 1971 – в Израиле, вел уроки Торы на языке бухарских евреев на радиостанции «Голос Израиля»; Авнер Муллокандов (1911–?), певец, исполнитель тадж. нар. песен, нар. арт. ТаджССР; Гавриэль Аронович Муллокандов (1900–1972, там же), музыкант, один из организаторов бухарско-еврейского муз.-драматич. т-ра в Самарканде, нар. арт. УзССР; Семен Аркадьевич Муллокандов (р. 1933), хирург, д-р мед. наук (1983), проф. (1984), полковник (1988); Михаил Сионович Софиев (1899–1965), паразитолог, д-р мед. наук (1943), проф. (1944), зав. кафедрой общей биологии и паразитологии Ташкентского мед. ин-та.В С. жили и работали И.С.Куклес, Л.И.Ремпель, Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, Ш.М.Тажер, М.Э.-Г. Шенкарь.М.М.Абрамов, extra_data="{'translat...")
SAMARKAND, see Temirtau.
SAMARSKOE, a village in the Azov district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rostov environs. Don Cossack Regions. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in S.
SAMARA, a village in the Ratnovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century S. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 31 oct. 1942 74 Jews were shot in S.
SAMASHKANS are HIGHER, see Semashkan.
SAMBATION (real name Krasnyansky) Moishe (1910 -?), Writer. As a child, he became disabled (during the pogrom, he lost his leg). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1926 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Was engaged in the organization of illegal. Jewish schools institutions. In the 1930s. arrested. In 1941 he was released. All R. 1940s - in Poland, then - in Germany. In a refugee camp in Munich, he began to write rum. "A zexter velt-tail" ("The sixth part of the world"). From the end. 1940s - in France, where he published the novel in Paris, in the same place in 1957 the collection was published. short stories "Tipn und tatn" ("Types and actions"). Since 1957 - in the USA, then - in Israel.
SAMBERG Itskhok-Aizik (1889-1943), actor. Participated in the creation of the Warsaw Jewish Theater (1920), where he played in the plays of Sh.Ash "Motke the Thief" and NV Gogol "The Inspector General". In 1923 he joined the Vilnius troupe, played in dec. her productions. In t-re A. Kaminsky was busy in the plays of Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. Peretz and W. Shakespeare. He played in the film version of the play by S. An-sky "Gadibuk" (1937).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САМБОР, город (с 1380), районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1241. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – центр округа провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1764 в С. проживало 513 евреев, в 1880 – 4427 (33,1%), в 1900 – 4900 (28,8%), в 1910 – 5418 (26,7%), в 1921 – 6068 (31,3%), в 1931 – 6275, в 2001 – 10 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях С. относится к 1447. В 1542 евреям было запрещено проживать в С. В 1551 запрет был подтвержден, однако евреи продолжали селиться в предместье города. В 16 в. мн. евреи арендовали мукомольни и пекарни. В 17 в. в С. имелись синагоги и еврейское кладбище. В сер. 17 в. мещане ходатайствовали о полном изгнании евреев из предместья С. В 1735 король Август II выдал евреям «привилегию» на свободу проживания и торговли в С., а также разрешил открыть мясную лавку. В 1740 «привилегия» была подтверждена королем Августом III. В 1763 еврейской общине С. было разрешено построить новую синагогу.В нач. 19 в. в С. работала еврейская типография, специализировавшаяся на выпуске еврейских календарей. В 1815 в С. проживало 15 караимов. В 1820 еврей – житель С. открыл в городе банк. В 1830 евреями основана текстильная ф-ка по произ-ву скатертей.Первый раввин С. (с 1767) – Йосеф-Мойше Айзенберг (1720–1781, Цфат, Э.-И.). После отъезда Й.-М.Айзенберга в Э.-И. раввином С. стал его сын Ицхок (1740–1813). В 1813–25 раввин С. – сын И.Айзенберга Янкель-Нафтоли (1780–1825). След. раввином С. был Йосеф-Арье Рапопорт, затем – его сын Довид (1830–1897), после Д.Рапопорта – его сын Йосеф. В 1825–73 раввином в С. был Йосеф-Гирш-Цви Витмеир (1798–1873).В 1831 хасидский двор в С. основал Мойше Айхенштейн (1765–1840). В 1878 хасидский двор в С. основал Ури Йолес (1833–1910), в 1910 династию продолжил его сын Йегуда-Цви (1852–1919), затем династию возглавил зять последнего Хаим-Йоэль Мошкович (1888–1941, Треблинка).С 1891 в С. действовало единств. в Галиции еврейское коммерч. уч-ще (с 1931 – гимназия), пользовавшееся правами правительств. уч. заведений. В 1894 в С. возникла первая сионистская орг-ция «Бней Цион». В кон. 19 в. открылась еврейская больница.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. мн. евреи выехали из С. В 1884 в США землячеством евреев – выходцев из С. было организовано благотворит. об-во «Эрштер Самборер Кранкен Верейн». С 1907 действовал хедер мэтукан. В С. работали интернат для евреев-гимназистов (в гимназии в 1910 было 150 уч-ся-евреев), в 1907–12 – школа с преподаванием на иврите «Сафа брура». В 1915 основано 2 еврейских дет. дома.В нач. 20 в. евреи играли значит. роль в обществ. жизни С.; большинство в гор. думе в 1910 составляли евреи; бургомистром был еврей д-р Штейерман. В 1904–27 раввином С. был Арон Левин (1880–1941), избранный в 1922 в Сейм Польши.В 1916 из С. в Тарнополь (совр. Тернополь) было выслано 9 евреев. В 1917 основано «Об-во для поселения в Э.-И.».В 1918 в С. открылось отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», были основаны школа с преподаванием на иврите и талмуд-тора.В 1920–30-х гг. в С. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1920-х гг. открылось отд-ние Еврейского кредитного банка. С 1926 работала школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». С 1932 раввин С. – Элиэзер Майзес (1899–1942). Раввинский суд с 1925 возглавлял Нафтоли-Герц Бумбах (1885–1943).29 июня 1941 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 1 июля 1941 местные украинцы устроили погром, в ходе к-рого было убито 50 евреев. В июле 1941 создан юденрат (пред. – Леон Снайгер), позднее – гетто, в к-ром содержалось 3650 чел., в т. ч. евреи, депортированные в дек. 1942 из Турки, Старого Самбора и др. сел. В февр. 1942 в С. было убито 32 еврея-заложника. 4 авг. 1942 ок. 6 тыс. евреев С. и окрестных нас. пунктов были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. В авг. 1942 ок. 600 евреев С. были отправлены в Яновский лагерь. 4 сент. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев-стариков, часть евреев депортирована в Белжец. 23 окт. 1942 в Белжец депортировано 460 евреев. 13 февр. 1943 на еврейском кладбище расстреляно ок. 500 евреев. В марте 1943 в Яновский лагерь депортировано неск. сотен евреев из С. 22 мая 1943 из С. в Люблин депортировано ок. 550 евреев. 5–10 июня 1943 гетто было ликвидировано. После ликвидации гетто в С. производились расстрелы скрывавшихся евреев: 23 июня 1943 расстреляно ок. 100 чел., 6 июля 1943 – 25 чел. Католические монахи спасли в С. более 10 еврейских детей. За помощь евреям в С. было расстреляно 27 чел.После освобождения в авг. 1944 в С. вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 2001 на средства Д.Гарднера (Канада) установлен памятный знак на месте расстрела евреев на старом еврейском кладбище. В С. сохранилось здание синагоги.В 2005 в С. имелось еврейское население.В С. род.: Натан Ройтенстрейх (1914–1993), философ, обществ. деятель, с 1932 – в Э.-И., исследователь философии и творчества Э.Канта, в 1955–69 – проф. (1955), ректор Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим), Пр. Гос-ва Израиль (1963); Шимон Хольцман (1907–1986), художник, с 1922 – в Э.-И., один из основателей квартала художников в Цфате., pronunciation=САМБОР, город (с 1380), районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1241. В 16–18 вв. – в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – центр округа провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919–39 – в составе Польши, в 1939–91 – УССР.В 1764 в С. проживало 513 евреев, в 1880 – 4427 (33,1%), в 1900 – 4900 (28,8%), в 1910 – 5418 (26,7%), в 1921 – 6068 (31,3%), в 1931 – 6275, в 2001 – 10 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях С. относится к 1447. В 1542 евреям было запрещено проживать в С. В 1551 запрет был подтвержден, однако евреи продолжали селиться в предместье города. В 16 в. мн. евреи арендовали мукомольни и пекарни. В 17 в. в С. имелись синагоги и еврейское кладбище. В сер. 17 в. мещане ходатайствовали о полном изгнании евреев из предместья С. В 1735 король Август II выдал евреям «привилегию» на свободу проживания и торговли в С., а также разрешил открыть мясную лавку. В 1740 «привилегия» была подтверждена королем Августом III. В 1763 еврейской общине С. было разрешено построить новую синагогу.В нач. 19 в. в С. работала еврейская типография, специализировавшаяся на выпуске еврейских календарей. В 1815 в С. проживало 15 караимов. В 1820 еврей – житель С. открыл в городе банк. В 1830 евреями основана текстильная ф-ка по произ-ву скатертей.Первый раввин С. (с 1767) – Йосеф-Мойше Айзенберг (1720–1781, Цфат, Э.-И.). После отъезда Й.-М.Айзенберга в Э.-И. раввином С. стал его сын Ицхок (1740–1813). В 1813–25 раввин С. – сын И.Айзенберга Янкель-Нафтоли (1780–1825). След. раввином С. был Йосеф-Арье Рапопорт, затем – его сын Довид (1830–1897), после Д.Рапопорта – его сын Йосеф. В 1825–73 раввином в С. был Йосеф-Гирш-Цви Витмеир (1798–1873).В 1831 хасидский двор в С. основал Мойше Айхенштейн (1765–1840). В 1878 хасидский двор в С. основал Ури Йолес (1833–1910), в 1910 династию продолжил его сын Йегуда-Цви (1852–1919), затем династию возглавил зять последнего Хаим-Йоэль Мошкович (1888–1941, Треблинка).С 1891 в С. действовало единств. в Галиции еврейское коммерч. уч-ще (с 1931 – гимназия), пользовавшееся правами правительств. уч. заведений. В 1894 в С. возникла первая сионистская орг-ция «Бней Цион». В кон. 19 в. открылась еврейская больница.В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. мн. евреи выехали из С. В 1884 в США землячеством евреев – выходцев из С. было организовано благотворит. об-во «Эрштер Самборер Кранкен Верейн». С 1907 действовал хедер мэтукан. В С. работали интернат для евреев-гимназистов (в гимназии в 1910 было 150 уч-ся-евреев), в 1907–12 – школа с преподаванием на иврите «Сафа брура». В 1915 основано 2 еврейских дет. дома.В нач. 20 в. евреи играли значит. роль в обществ. жизни С.; большинство в гор. думе в 1910 составляли евреи; бургомистром был еврей д-р Штейерман. В 1904–27 раввином С. был Арон Левин (1880–1941), избранный в 1922 в Сейм Польши.В 1916 из С. в Тарнополь (совр. Тернополь) было выслано 9 евреев. В 1917 основано «Об-во для поселения в Э.-И.».В 1918 в С. открылось отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», были основаны школа с преподаванием на иврите и талмуд-тора.В 1920–30-х гг. в С. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1920-х гг. открылось отд-ние Еврейского кредитного банка. С 1926 работала школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». С 1932 раввин С. – Элиэзер Майзес (1899–1942). Раввинский суд с 1925 возглавлял Нафтоли-Герц Бумбах (1885–1943).29 июня 1941 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 1 июля 1941 местные украинцы устроили погром, в ходе к-рого было убито 50 евреев. В июле 1941 создан юденрат (пред. – Леон Снайгер), позднее – гетто, в к-ром содержалось 3650 чел., в т. ч. евреи, депортированные в дек. 1942 из Турки, Старого Самбора и др. сел. В февр. 1942 в С. было убито 32 еврея-заложника. 4 авг. 1942 ок. 6 тыс. евреев С. и окрестных нас. пунктов были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. В авг. 1942 ок. 600 евреев С. были отправлены в Яновский лагерь. 4 сент. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев-стариков, часть евреев депортирована в Белжец. 23 окт. 1942 в Белжец депортировано 460 евреев. 13 февр. 1943 на еврейском кладбище расстреляно ок. 500 евреев. В марте 1943 в Яновский лагерь депортировано неск. сотен евреев из С. 22 мая 1943 из С. в Люблин депортировано ок. 550 евреев. 5–10 июня 1943 гетто было ликвидировано. После ликвидации гетто в С. производились расстрелы скрывавшихся евреев: 23 июня 1943 расстреляно ок. 100 чел., 6 июля 1943 – 25 чел. Католические монахи спасли в С. более 10 еврейских детей. За помощь евреям в С. было расстреляно 27 чел.После освобождения в авг. 1944 в С. вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 2001 на средства Д.Гарднера (Канада) установлен памятный знак на месте расстрела евреев на старом еврейском кладбище. В С. сохранилось здание синагоги.В 2005 в С. имелось еврейское население.В С. род.: Натан Ройтенстрейх (1914–1993), философ, обществ. деятель, с 1932 – в Э.-И., исследователь философии и творчества Э.Канта, в 1955–69 – проф. (1955), ректор Еврейского ун-та (Иерусалим), Пр. Гос-ва Израиль (1963); Шимон Хольцман (1907–1986), художник, с 1922 – в Э.-И., один из основателей квартала художников в Цфате., extra_data="{'translat...")
SAMCHIKI, a village in Starokonstantinovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery and unity. bakery in St.
SAMGORODOK, a village in the Smelyanskiy district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. In 1741 12 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 25 Jews (5%). In 1913 Jews belonged to the Unity. manufactory shop and unity. A photo workshop in S. On March 3, 1919, a pogrom broke out in S. by units of the Directory, in the course of which 4 out of 7 Jewish families were killed.
SAMINSKY Lazar (Eliezer) Semenovich (1882, Valegotsulovo, Odessa u., Kherson province - 1959, Port Chester, USA), composer, conductor, musicologist. In 1906–09 he studied mathematics and philosophy at St. Petersburg. un-those, at the same time. (1906-10) studied at the cons. from N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Lyadov (composition), N.N. Cherepnin (conducting). In 1911-18 - in Tiflis, he taught in Nar. cons., conducted symph. orchestras (1915–18). Since 1920 - in the USA. He toured a lot as a conductor and lecturer, participated in the organization of Amer. Three Choir Festivals (since 1936). One of the founders of the League of Composers. In pl. their products. used elements of Jewish melos. The author of a number of music-stage. and software symphons. production, which are often based on the plots of TANAKH. Among the products. S .: op., Op.-ballet "Vision of Ariel" (1915), bal. "Complaints of Rachel" (1913, 2nd ed. - 1920), cantata "Tsar Saul" (1929), 137th psalm, requiem (1946), chamber instrumental. ans., including "Treasures of the Songs of Ancient Israel" (1951), processing of Jewish folk. songs for fp., 10 of which were ed. on Sat. (1922), an anthology of spiritual and ceremonial Jewish songs (1946), songs for cantor, choir and organ; violinist, wok. and other products. The author of the book. on the problems of modern. music, research. about Jewish folklore, theoretical. works "On Jewish Music" (collection of articles, 1914), "Hood. the result of the last works of the Society of Jewish Music Theory "(1915)," Music of the Ghetto and the Bible "(1934)," Live Music of America "(1949), etc.
SAMKERSH, see Tasman.
FEMALES, see Shams.
SAMKUSH, see Tasman.
Samodur Semyon Samoilovich (1911, Bui, Kostroma province - 1991, Moscow), actor, director of the puppet theater. Studied at the studio of P.Ya. Pavlinov (1930), then at the IZOGIZ technical school. In 1932 he worked as a graphic designer at the Center. house thin. education of children, since 1933 - in the Center of t-re dolls under the hands. S.V. Obraztsova. For the first time he appeared on stage in the play "At the Pike's Command" by E.Ya. Tarakhovskaya (1936), where he played six roles. Other roles include: The Old Devil ("The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" after A.S. Pushkin, 1937), Devil's nephew, Ostap, Golov, Patsyuk ("The Night Before Christmas" by N.V. Gernet and E. Speransky after N.V. Gogol, 1941), Entertainer ("An Ordinary Concert", 1946; later - "An Unusual Concert", 1968), The Hermit ("Devil's Mill" by J.Drda and I.V.Shtok, 1953) , Damn (“Don Juan” by G.Ya.Bardin, ZE Gerdt, VB Livanov, 1980) and others. As dir. participated in the post. performances "Mowgli", "2: 0 in our favor" by V.S. Polyakov (1950), together with Obraztsov staged "The Devil's Mill", "The Little Humpbacked Horse" by Kurdyumov after P.P. Ershov (1955), "Daughter- Bride "by A.L. Barto (1956)," Visiting Chukovsky "(1962)," Dragon "by E.L. Schwartz (1980)," 38 Parrots "(1982) by G.B. Oster and others. staged the performances "The Magic Galosh" by GI Matveev (1964), "Merry Bears" by MG Polivanova (1973), "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" after Pushkin (1974). Nar. art. RSFSR (1966).
SAMOKHVALOVICHI, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Minsky u. Minsk province. In 1897 401 Jews (70.7%) lived in S., in 1917 - 263 (24.1%), in 1923 - 318, in 1926 - 290 Jews (48%). end 16th century In 1870 a synagogue functioned in S. Since 1894, Mordkhe-Zeev Levin (1859–?) Was the rabbi in S. In the beginning. 20th century there were 2 synagogues. In 1913 a Jew belonged to a unity. A grocery store in North Korea in the summer of 1941 was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in S. dozens of Jews remaining in the occupation.
SAMOSUD Samuil Abramovich (1884, Tiflis - 1964, Moscow), conductor. Prof. (1954). Rod. in the conductor's family. In 1906 he graduated from the Tiflis muses. school (cello A. Polivko), then took lessons from G. Vigan in Prague and P. Casals in Paris. He studied conducting with K. Kovarzowitz in Prague and E. Colonna in Paris at the Schola Cantorum (in the same place - compositions by V. d'Andy). In the end. 1910s soloist-cellist orc. Nar. at home in Petrograd, he also performed there as an opera conductor in 1910–17. In 1917-1919, conductor of the Mariinsky Theater, in 1918-36, artistic director. hands. and conductor of the Maly Opera House in Leningrad, where he staged a number of classical works. opera. At the same time. in 1928–36 he was led by an orc. class Leningra. cons. S. - one of the founders of the owls. opera art. In 1936–43 ch. conductor of the Bolshoi Theater, in 1943-50 - Muz. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko in Moscow. For the first time in the USSR he staged op. "Ivan Susanin" by MI Glinka (1939), also staged op. owls. comp .; acted as a symphony. conductor - the first to perform the 7th symphony. DD Shostakovich in Kuibyshev and in Moscow in 1942. He founded and headed the symphony. orc. Vses. radio (1953–57), directed the opera symphony. orc. Vses. radio and television. Nar. art. USSR (1937). Became. pr. (1941, 1947, 1952).
SAMOTEVICHI, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. 263 Jews lived in S. in 1897, 461 in 1923, and 378 in 1926. Since 1908, Eli-Shabsai Livshits (1878 -?) Was the rabbi in S. In S., a Jewish school (St. 100 students) worked in S., with a cut there was a library. In 1926, immigrants from S. founded a Jewish farmer in the Yevpatoriya region of Crimea. the Iskra collective (32 people) In the summer of 1941, the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1941 in S. was shot apprx. 200 Jews. In 1957 an obelisk was erected on the grave of the perished Jews. R.Kh. Freudlin.
SAMOILOV (real family member Kaufman) David Samuilovich (1920, Moscow - 1990, Parnu, Estonian SSR), poet, translator. In 1938–41 he studied at the IFLI. He began publishing in 1941. In 1942–45 - at the front. Author Sat. verse. "Nearby Countries" (1958), "Second Pass" (1963), "Days" (1970), "Equinox" (1972), "News" (1978), "Voices Over the Hill" (1986), "Snowfall" ( 1990) and others. verse. dedicated military. years, the appointment of the claim. From the 2nd floor. 1970s lived in Pärnu. Collaborated on the radio, was engaged in translations: Sat. “Contemporary poets. Poems notched. poets "(1963), drama in the verses of YM Martsinkevichius" Cathedral "(1978)," Maiden vows, or Magnetism of the heart "by A. Fredro and others. Per. from Yiddish A.A. Vergelis, Sh.Z. Galkin, M.M. Grubian, P.D. Markish, from Hebrew - A. Penn. Author of scenic comp. "Lieutenant Schmidt" (jointly with V.G. Komissarzhevsky and I.M. Manevich; Moscow Theater named after M.N. Ermolova, 1967), the musical "Not that one, believe me, Cat" (Moscow T. p of puppets, 1971), scenic. ed. Benelli's plays "Torn Cloak" (Riga Theater for Young Spectators, 1984), "The Fallen and the Living" (with BT Gribanov and YP Lyubimov; Drama and Comedy Theater on Taganka, 1995), etc. Author of literary critic ... the work "The Book of Russian Rhyme" (1973, 1982). See. left sat. "From the last poems" (1992), collection of works. parodies, epigrams "In the circle of myself" (1993), replay. "Memoirs" (1995), in which S. deals with the Jewish theme. Honored. cultural worker of the Estonian SSR (1988). State pr. USSR (1988).
SAMOILOV Alexander Filippovich (real name and surname Alexander Fishelevich Shmul) (1867, Odessa - 1930, Kazan), physiologist. Doctor of Medicine (1891), prof. (1903). Brother of Ya.V. Samoilov. He graduated from 2 courses of nature. separation fiz.-matem. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa) (1886) and honey. Faculty of Derpt University (1891). He worked in a lab. I.P. Pavlova in Ying-those experiment. medicine in St. Petersburg (1892–94) and IM Sechenov in Moscow. un-those (1894-1903). In 1903-30 prof. Department of Zoology, cf. anatomy and physiology of Kazan University and simultaneously. (since 1921) prof. physiology of the Veterinary Institute and Phys.-Math. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (since 1924). S. - one of the founders of experiment. electrocardiography (ECG). Organized the first ECG rooms in Russia (in Kazan and Moscow). For the first time in Russia I used ECG for research. a sick heart (1909). One of the authors of the theory of chem. transmission nerve. pulse. Let's experiment. proved (1927, jointly with M.A. Kiselev) the humoral nature of inhibition to the center. nerve. system. S.'s study of the annular rhythm of heart excitation contributed to the development of a method of ventricular defibrillation in atrial fibrillation. He was the first in Russia and one of the first in the world to use the string galvanometer invented by Schweigger to study the functions of skeletal muscles. Author of works on the history of physiology and fiziol. music theory. Scientific creator schools of physiologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1930). Etc. them. V. I. Lenin (1929). Cit .: Fav. articles and speeches. M. - L., 1946; Fav. works. M., 1967.
SAMOILOV Alexander Yakovlevich (1897, Odessa - 1979, Moscow), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1941), bp. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Son of Ya.V. Samoilov, nephew of A.F. Samoilov. After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1921) worked there in the clinic of eye diseases (resident, assistant, in 1926–29 privat-doc.). In 1925–27 he improved his ophthalmology in Germany. Head departments of eye diseases Kharkov (1929–39), 1st Moscow. (1939–41; 1944–52) and Kiev (1941–44, in Chelyabinsk) honey. in-tov and simultaneously. (1944–49) head. neuro-ophthalmologic. Department of the Institute of Neurosurgery. NN Burdenko (consultant in 1952–79). Main scientific. tr. dedicated question tuberculous lesions of the eyes, glaucoma, intraocular pressure, history of ophthalmology, problems of neuro-ophthalmology. Developed methods for diagnosing glaucoma, including determining the stage of congestive optic nerve head, focal test for eye tuberculosis; proposed (with A.R.Shakhnovich) a method of research. pupil - local pupillography; invented a mirror capsule pressure gauge. Created scientific. school of ophthalmologists. Cit .: Reactive hypertension of the eye. M., 1926; From the history of Russian ophthalmology. M., 1949; Retinal edema in diseases of the eye. M., 1950; Tuberculous diseases of the eyes. L., 1963 (co-authors).
SAMOILOV Yakov Vladimirovich (real name and surname Yakov Fishelevich Shmul) (1870, Odessa - 1925, Moscow), mineralogist. Dr. mineralogical. Sciences, prof. (1913). Brother of A.F. Samoilov. In 1893 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. From 1895 - to Moscow. un-those at hand. V.I. Vernadsky. From 1902 Adjunct Prof. Department of Mineralogy and Geology in Ying-those with. kh-va and forestry in New Alexandria. In 1906–25 he was an adjunct professor, from 1913 prof. Department of Mineralogy and Geology Mosk. s.-kh. in-that. At the same time. in 1907–11 he taught mineralogy at Moscow. un-those. Since 1913 at the same time. - in Moscow. commercial in-those, since 1917 prof. Moscow un-that. In 1908 he organized a commission for geological research. research phosphorites in Russia, which marked the beginning of the systematic. research phosphorite deposits; developed a biolitic theory of the origin of phosphorites. In 1919 he founded and headed Nauch. Institute for Fertilizers (since 1933 - Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides named after Ya.V. Samoilov). In 1921 he organized the complex. geochem. work in the Floating Sea. in-those (Plavmorin). The initiator of the study of chem. composition of the seas and animal organisms living in them. Research S. contributed to the formation of lithology as a science. One of the first (1919) to suggest the presence of potash ore deposits in the Solikamsk region, which was confirmed in 1926. He identified a new region. knowledge - paleophysiology. Author approx. 140 scientific. print works, ch. arr. on mineralogy, biogeochemistry, mor. Precipitation, Cit .: Bioliths. L., 1929; Mineralogical sketches. M. – L. – Novosibirsk, 1934.
SAMOILOVA Tatiana Evgenievna (b. 1934, Leningrad), actress. In 1953 she entered the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1962 she graduated from GITIS im. A.V. Lunacharsky. In 1956 she made her debut in f. "Mexican" (Maria), in 1957 played Veronica in f. "The Cranes Are Flying" (special diploma for the performance of the role, ave. "Orange tree", ave. "Victory" of French moviegoers at the 11th Moscow Festival in Cannes). Since 1958 - in the T. Vladimir Mayakovsky, played the role of Lily Bregman ("The Long Road" by A.N. Arbuzov). She starred in Sov.-French. f. "Leon Garros is looking for a friend" (Natasha; 1960), Hungarian f. Alba Regia (Alba; 1961), Italo-Sov. f. “They went to the East” (Sonya; 1964). Since 1965 - in the T-re-studio of the film actor, where she played, in particular, Tanya ("Tanya" Arbuzova, 1969). She also starred in f. "Unsent Letter" (Tanya; 1960), "Ocean" (Masha; 1974), "Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" (Maria Olenetskaya; 1976), etc. In 1994 she played Catherine II ("The Great Love of Catherine the Great" ("Behind the Mirror ») E. Gremina) in Moscow. t-re under. hands. G. Chikhacheva. Nar. art. Russia (1993).
SAMOILOVICH Rudolph (Reuben) Lazarevich (1881, Azov Region of the Don Army - 1939), polar explorer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1928), prof. Graduated in 1904 from the Royal Saxon Horn. Academy (Freiberg, Germany). Returning to Russia, he became prof. revolutionary, adjoined different. polit. groups ("Poalei Zion", Socialist-Revolutionaries, Social-Democrats). Participated in the defense of the Jewish us. Odessa from the pogroms. Arrested. In 1908 he was exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. and since then devoted himself to the study of the North. In 1911–38 he spent 21 arctic. exp. Together with V.A. Rusanov, he opened on about. Spitsbergen a number of cr. coal deposits. In the summer of 1928, headed the flight of the icebreaker "Krasin" to rescue the airship "Italy" under the command of General. U. Nobile. In 1931 he participated and directed the non-stop 106-hour. flight on the airship "Graf Zeppelin" over Zap. Arctic as part of the international. air. exp. In 1920 S. organized in Petrograd North. expedition, transformed in 1925 into the Institute for the Study of the North (later the All-Union Arctic Institute), in 1925-30 and 1933-38 - his director. At the same time. from 1934 to 1937 he headed the Department of Geography of Polar Countries at Leningrad State University. Vice President Geogr. about-va USSR, och. h. geogr. about-in the USA, Sweden, Austria, chl. Int. pestilence arbitration, was a member of the Council at the beginning. Glavsevmorput O.Yu. Schmidte. Awarded hordes. Lenin (1935) and Labor Kr. Banner (1928). S. - the author of numerous. scientific. and scientific-popul. works and books. In 1938 he was arrested. Shot. An island, a bay, a strait, a harbor, an ice dome in the Arctic, peninsula, a mountain and a cape in Antarctica are named after S., scientific research. ship operating in sowing. seas.
SAMOILOVICH, now a member (since 1987) of Birch, Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, from 1939 - as part of the BSSR. In the 1970s-80s. - in the Berezovsky district of the Brest region. In 1913, a Jew from the town of Kartuz-Bereza (modern Birch) belonged to the unity. grocery store in S.
SAMSONOV (real fam. Edelstein) Samson Iosifovich (b. 1921, Novozybkov, Gomel province - 2002), film director. In 1946 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK (workshop of S.A. Gerasimov). As a trainee director he took part in the filming of f. "Young Guard" (1949). In 1951–52 dir. T-ra them. Evgeny Vakhtangov. In 1952–54 dir. T-ra-studio of the film actor, where he put his own. inc. the story of A.P. Chekhov "Jumping". From 1954 dir. to / st. Mosfilm. Debuted F. "Jumping" (1955, script with S. K. Vishnevetskaya; "Silver Lion of St. Mark" at the 16th Moscow Art Festival in Venice and other Italian journalists named after Pasinetti for the best foreign f., Shown at the festival) ... Among the subsequent works: "Fiery Versts" (1957), "Optimistic Tragedy" (1963, screenplay with Vishnevetskaya; special pr. For the best embodiment of the rev. Theme at the 16th Moscow Festival in Cannes, "The Golden Head on Palenque" on the 6th MKF in Acapulco), "Three Sisters" (1965, according to Chekhov), "Every evening at eleven" (1969), "Much Ado About Nothing" (1973, according to W. Shakespeare), "Crazy Gold" ( 1976, based on the play "Gold" by JB Priestley), "Lonely Hostels" (1984), "Restless" (1988), "Casino" (1991), "Dear Friend of Long Forgotten Years" (1995), etc. Nar. art. USSR (1991).
Samsonovich Itskhok (1902, Czestochow, Petrokiv province - 1956, Warsaw), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the 1930s. - member mountains. Council Petrokov, secretary. prez. magistrate, member. Centre. Council of Bund in Poland. In 1928–39 ed. weekly Petrokover Veker, staff correspondent Warsaw gas. Folks Zeitung. Published in other ed. After the occupation of Poland, he was in the Petrokiv ghetto, then in the Warsaw ghetto, and fled. Collaborated in the underground resistance organizations, in their oven. organs in Yiddish and Polish. lang. 1945–48 p. Central Committee of the Bund in Poland, ed. gas. Folks Zeitung and Glos Bundu. After the ban in Poland of the Bund, he was in charge. posts in the Union of Jewish Societies and Cultural Organizations, collaborated in gas. "Folks-shtime" and "Yiddish font", he wrote in polit. Topics.
SAMTER Yakov Fedorovich (1894 - 1976, Moscow), doctor, psychologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Participant of Civil. war. Beginning psychophysiol. lab. North Caucasus. military. env. (1925–31); organizer and early. lab. on the study of flight work (Bataysk, 1931–33); deputy. early on Science Center. medical and flight expert laboratory. Civil Air Fleet (1939–45); prev. Aviation medicine section of the Society of Physiologists, Pharmacologists and Biochemists of the USSR (1947–54). Conducted research. on questions selection, training of pilots and medical and flight expertise. First established a lower age limit for admission of candidates to flight schools; developed ways to extend prof. activities of pilots Art. age; conducted training in pressure chambers, simulating high-altitude flights. The author of St. 120 scientific. Publications: What a pilot should know about his health. M., 1939; Theory and practice of medical and flight examination in the civil air fleet. M., 1944; Age and flying activity. M., 1948.
SAMTREDIA, city (since 1921), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Kutaisi u. and lips. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1907 16 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 16, in 1926 - 15, in 1939 - 34, in 1959 - 60, in 1970 - 70, in 1979 - 23 Jews (including 8 Georgian Jews).
SAMUSHIN, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1636. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1810, 14 Jews (2.9%) lived in S., and in 1900 there were 22 Jews.
SANCHURSK (until 1917 - Tsarevosanchursk), an urban-type settlement (from 1944), a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 16th century From 1780 - the district town of the Vyatka governorship, from 1802 - the city of the Yaransky district. Vyatka lips. After 1917, it became a rural settlement. In 1939, four Jews lived in S.
SANDLER Boris Semenovich (b. 1950, Balti, MSSR), writer. In 1975 he graduated from the Chisinau cons. Violinist in symphony. orc. MSSR. In 1983 he graduated from the Higher. lit. courses at Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky in Moscow (Jewish group). The first short stories were published in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" in 1981, later - a member. of the editorial board of the journal. In 1989 he created and headed the mold. the television program "Oif der Yidisher Gas" ("On the Jewish Street"). Scriptwriter f .: "Gib zih nit unter, Yiddish!" ("Don't Give Up, Yiddish!", 1991), "Woo from Mine Game?" ("Where is my homeland?", 1992) - about the fate of Bessarabian Jewry. Since 1992 - in Israel. Published in the journal. "Oifn Shvel", "Yugntruf", "Yiddish Cultures", "Lebns-Fragn", in "Erusholaimer Almanac", in gas. "Forverts", "Lecte Nice", "Naye Zeitung" and other ed. The author of the book. "Trepleh aroife tsu a nes" ("Steps to a Miracle". M., 1986, in Russian - M., 1988), "Der Yinen number 5390" ("Case number 5390". Jerusalem, 1992), " Der alter brunem "(" The Old Well ". Jerusalem, 1994).
SANDLER Fivel-Iona (b. 1905, Zhosli Troksky u. Vilna province), publicist. In the years of the 1st world. war - homeless, wandered around Russia. Since 1923 - in the USA. He worked as a tailor, studied at an evening school, graduated from the Jewish ped. Institute in New York | New York. One of the founders of the communist. org-tions in Philadelphia. Lit. began his activity in the 1920s, correspondent, then the state. sotr. communist. gas. "Morgen Freigite" in Philadelphia, printed reports, children. fairy tales, lit. essay, book. reviews. Amer. corr. owls. ed. "Der Stern", "Birobidzhaner Stern" and others. Having learned about the repressions against Jewish culture in the USSR, he broke with the communists. In the journal. Yiddish Cultures (New York) published a monograph. and research. on the history of Jews in America, reviews of the book. on Jewish and general history, compiled a bibliography of the Jewish press in Europe. From 1961 one of the editors. new york gas. "Tog Morgn Journal".
SANDLER Oskar Aronovich (1910, Kiev - 1981, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1937 he graduated from the Kiev cons. by class conducting by G.P. Taranov and compositions by V.S. Kosenko. In 1937–40 he was assistant conductor, then conductor of the Kiev Opera House. In 1940–41 the head. muses. part of the Kiev Rus. dram. t-ra them. Lesia Ukrainka. In 1941–44 the head. muses. part of the dramas. t-ra in Alma-Ata. In 1944–51 he worked in Kiev t-ts. Since 1951 head. muses. part of the Kiev stage. Author of 12 op-t, several. op., ballet, music for 30 dramas. performances, to 40 films and st. 100 songs. Honored. art. KazSSR (1943), honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1967).
SANDLER Semyon Anatolyevich (b. 1914, Dombrovitsy Rovensky u. Volyn province. - 2001, Moscow), teacher, linguist. Cand. ped. Sciences (1960). In 1932 he graduated from the Tarbut gymnasium in Vilna. In 1934-37 he studied at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), at the same time. was building. workers. In 1937, the Brit. authorities to Poland. In 1937–39 he was a teacher and educator at a sanatorium for Jewish children in Medzeszyn near Warsaw, in 1939–41 St. Yiddish and Jewish literature in cf. school of Pinsk. 1941–43 - in the army. In 1943–46 before. Udmurt dep. reign of the Union of Polish Patriots. In 1948 he graduated from the Faculty of Economics. lang. Udmurt ped. in-that, in 1948–61 taught history and lexicology of it there. lang .; was engaged in teaching methodology. lang. school. In 1979–85 he published in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" lesson cycle "To help Yiddish learners". Author of "ABC" in Yiddish (Khabarovsk, 1982, in co-authorship with Kh.V. Beider, G.B.Rabinkov, N. Kravets), "Self-instruction of the Yiddish language" (M., 1989).
SANDLER Solomon Mironovich (b. 1903, Rudnya, Orshansk u., Mogilev province. - 2001), engineer, organizer of the aviation industry. Major General Aviation Engineer service (1944). Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1921), was at the desk. work. In 1932 he graduated from Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold. Engineer worked. for aviation s-de. In 1933-36 instructor MK VKP (b), in 1936-41 deputy. early Personnel management of the People's Commissariat of Aviation. industry of the USSR, in 1941–42 - early. Glavsnab of the NKAP of the USSR, in 1942–53 - deputy. People's Commissar (since 1946 - Deputy Min.) Aviation. prom-sti. Since 1953 - in stock. In 1953–57 the beginning. branch of VIAM, in 1957–61 deputy. prev. Kuibyshev Economic Council. He was awarded 6 orders.
SANDLER Yankel-Kopl (? - 1931, USA), composer. As a child, he sang in the choir of cantor Mordkhe Minkovsky (father of P. Minkovsky). Since 1888 - in the USA. He directed the choirs of a number of izv. Cantors, wrote music for Jewish t-dv. In 1889 he staged A. Goldfaden's play "Doctor Almasad". Deer. t-ra "Arch Street" (Philadelphia). Subsequently, he left the t-ra to the synagogue choir. S. - the alleged author of music iz. songs "Eli, Eli".
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САНДОМИР, город в Свентокшиском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 12 в. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1844 – уездный город Радомской губ.В 1764 в С. проживало 880 евреев, в 1827 – 799 (23,4%), в 1856 – 905, в 1867 – 924 (28,9%), в 1897 – 2163 (34%), в 1911 – 3915, в 1921 – 2641 (39%), в 1939 – 2391 еврей.Первое упом. о евреях С. относится к 1367. Еврейская община С. – одна из старейших на терр. Польши. В 1550 в С. проживало 40 еврейских семей. В нач. 16 в. раввин С. – Дов Магари. В 16 в. была построена первая синагога.В кон. 16 в. польск. король Сигизмунд III Ваза разрешил проживать в С. 11 еврейским семьям в спец. р-не на Еврейской улице. В 1602 евреям принадлежало 14 домов, в 1611 – 16 домов. В 1605 имел место «кровавый навет». В нач. 17 в. раввином был Шлоймо Шапиро (1616–1649). В период шведско-польск. войны, в марте 1656, мн. евреи С. были убиты, в т. ч. раввин раби Яков (?–1656); вскоре евреи были изгнаны из города. В 1658 король Ян Казимир разрешил евреям вернуться в С. и заниматься торговлей. Мещане неоднократно обращались к властям с жалобами на евреев. В 1698 отмечен факт «ритуального навета», когда евреев обвинили в убийстве христианских детей. В 1710 по инициативе духовенства начался процесс над Аароном Береком по обвинению в убийстве христианского ребенка. Действия духовенства спровоцировали в С. еврейский погром, в ходе к-рого неск. евреев были убиты, дома на Еврейской улице разграблены. В 1712, после спровоцированных «кровавых наветов», король Август II распорядился об изгнании евреев из города, а синагогу велел превратить в часовню. Нек-рым евреям удалось остаться в С. В 1775 евреям было разрешено владеть 16 домами ок. синагоги, запрещалось проживать вне гор. стены и ок. домов дворян и духовных лиц. Приезжим евреям можно было находиться в С. 3 дня. Специально созданная комиссия контролировала кол-во домов у евреев. В дальнейшем комиссия запретила евреям заниматься винным откупом и продажей соли в розницу; в мясных лавках, принадлежавших евреям, разрешалось продавать продукцию только евреям. Кагал ежегодно был обязан предоставлять магистрату список всех евреев.В 1795, после присоединения к Австрии, евреям предоставлялось право свободно заниматься ремеслами; было открыто немецко-еврейское уч-ще.В 19 в. раввинами С. были Нафтоли Борицкий, Дойв-Бер Рапопорт (?–1815), Нохум Цузмир, Ицхок Майзлиш, в 1870-х гг. – Моше Леви, в 1890-х гг. – Лейб Вильчек, с 1910-х гг. – Менахем-Мендл Ной, погибший в период Катастрофы.В 1920–30-х гг. в С. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. спорт. клуб «Маккаби».В нач. сент. 1939 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 20 нояб. 1939 был учрежден юденрат. В июне 1942 создано гетто. В сент. 1942 в гетто были депортированы евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов. 29 окт. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, неск. сотен евреев расстреляны, более 3 тыс. отправлены в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. В нояб. 1942 было создано новое гетто для евреев из близлежащих нас. пунктов. Гетто ликвидировано в окт. 1943, когда ок. 6 тыс. евреев были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Треблинка. В освобождении С. в авг. 1944 принимала участие танк. бригада под ком. полк. Абрама Матвеевича Темника.После 1945 расстрелянные евреи были перезахоронены в братской могиле на еврейском кладбище в С., где позднее установлен памятник.В С. в здании синагоги находится гор. архив., pronunciation=САНДОМИР, город в Свентокшиском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. с 12 в. В 16–18 вв. – центр воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1795–1809 – в составе Австрии, в 1809–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1844 – уездный город Радомской губ.В 1764 в С. проживало 880 евреев, в 1827 – 799 (23,4%), в 1856 – 905, в 1867 – 924 (28,9%), в 1897 – 2163 (34%), в 1911 – 3915, в 1921 – 2641 (39%), в 1939 – 2391 еврей.Первое упом. о евреях С. относится к 1367. Еврейская община С. – одна из старейших на терр. Польши. В 1550 в С. проживало 40 еврейских семей. В нач. 16 в. раввин С. – Дов Магари. В 16 в. была построена первая синагога.В кон. 16 в. польск. король Сигизмунд III Ваза разрешил проживать в С. 11 еврейским семьям в спец. р-не на Еврейской улице. В 1602 евреям принадлежало 14 домов, в 1611 – 16 домов. В 1605 имел место «кровавый навет». В нач. 17 в. раввином был Шлоймо Шапиро (1616–1649). В период шведско-польск. войны, в марте 1656, мн. евреи С. были убиты, в т. ч. раввин раби Яков (?–1656); вскоре евреи были изгнаны из города. В 1658 король Ян Казимир разрешил евреям вернуться в С. и заниматься торговлей. Мещане неоднократно обращались к властям с жалобами на евреев. В 1698 отмечен факт «ритуального навета», когда евреев обвинили в убийстве христианских детей. В 1710 по инициативе духовенства начался процесс над Аароном Береком по обвинению в убийстве христианского ребенка. Действия духовенства спровоцировали в С. еврейский погром, в ходе к-рого неск. евреев были убиты, дома на Еврейской улице разграблены. В 1712, после спровоцированных «кровавых наветов», король Август II распорядился об изгнании евреев из города, а синагогу велел превратить в часовню. Нек-рым евреям удалось остаться в С. В 1775 евреям было разрешено владеть 16 домами ок. синагоги, запрещалось проживать вне гор. стены и ок. домов дворян и духовных лиц. Приезжим евреям можно было находиться в С. 3 дня. Специально созданная комиссия контролировала кол-во домов у евреев. В дальнейшем комиссия запретила евреям заниматься винным откупом и продажей соли в розницу; в мясных лавках, принадлежавших евреям, разрешалось продавать продукцию только евреям. Кагал ежегодно был обязан предоставлять магистрату список всех евреев.В 1795, после присоединения к Австрии, евреям предоставлялось право свободно заниматься ремеслами; было открыто немецко-еврейское уч-ще.В 19 в. раввинами С. были Нафтоли Борицкий, Дойв-Бер Рапопорт (?–1815), Нохум Цузмир, Ицхок Майзлиш, в 1870-х гг. – Моше Леви, в 1890-х гг. – Лейб Вильчек, с 1910-х гг. – Менахем-Мендл Ной, погибший в период Катастрофы.В 1920–30-х гг. в С. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций, в т. ч. спорт. клуб «Маккаби».В нач. сент. 1939 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 20 нояб. 1939 был учрежден юденрат. В июне 1942 создано гетто. В сент. 1942 в гетто были депортированы евреи из окрестных нас. пунктов. 29 окт. 1942 гетто было ликвидировано, неск. сотен евреев расстреляны, более 3 тыс. отправлены в лагерь уничтожения Белжец. В нояб. 1942 было создано новое гетто для евреев из близлежащих нас. пунктов. Гетто ликвидировано в окт. 1943, когда ок. 6 тыс. евреев были депортированы в лагерь уничтожения Треблинка. В освобождении С. в авг. 1944 принимала участие танк. бригада под ком. полк. Абрама Матвеевича Темника.После 1945 расстрелянные евреи были перезахоронены в братской могиле на еврейском кладбище в С., где позднее установлен памятник.В С. в здании синагоги находится гор. архив., extra_data="{'translat...")
SANDOMIRSKY German Borisovich (Gershon Berkovich) (1882, Odessa - 1938), participant in the revolutionary movement, writer. Since 1901 he studied at the University of Geneva on the law. f-those. In Geneva he joined c. anarchists-bakuninists "Free Will". After returning to Russia in 1904 - Member. gr. anarchist communists in Kiev and Odessa, propagandist and militant. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw and Kiev. In 1906 he was arrested, exiled to the Narym region, from there he fled abroad, lived in Paris for six months. In 1907 he published a magazine in Finland. "Anarchist". In 1907 he returned to Kiev, was in the group. militants. Dec. 1907 arrested on charges of preparing an attempt on the life of the Kiev governor-general V.A. Sukhomlinov. In 1909 for belonging to gr. anarchist communists sentenced to 8 years in hard labor, from 1916 - in a settlement in Irkutsk province., collaborated in the journal. "Anarchist". In 1917 - one of the organizers of the Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda. In 1918, together with A.M. Atabekyan, he founded the Pochin publishing house. In 1920–27 the head. dep. (inform. and Balkan countries) People's Commissariat, in 1922 member. owls. delegation at the Genoa conference, edited its materials. Active comp. zhurn. "Hard labor and exile", "The Past". Author of the first works on fascism in Italy: "Fascism" (parts 1–2, 1923), "Black blouses. Fascism and Youth "(1924, 1925). Int. problems dedicated to work "Europe after the war" (1925), and others. In 1934–35 he was subjected to repression, was exiled to Yeniseisk. Arrested in 1937. Shot. Works: Grandfather of the Russian Revolution. Prince P.A. Kropotkin. M., 1917; Plekhanov and the anarchists. M., 1918; Captive. L., 1926; My meetings. M., 1929.
SANDUKOVSKY Ezar Vladimirovich (b. 1927, Kiev), railway engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1974). In 1949 he graduated from MIIT. In 1949–53 he worked in the construction and assembly department in Moscow (engineer, deputy chief engineer, chief engineer), took part in and supervised the construction of a number of complex engineers. structures (including railway tunnels on the building of the Yuzhnosib. section of the railway). Since 1953 - in Moscow. Metrostroy, since 1972 the first deputy. early Metrostroy, since 1991 deputy. gene. dir. Mosmetrostroy JSC. With the participation and under the direct. S.'s leadership built more than 85 st. Moscow metro with adjoining sections, several paved. pedestrian tunnels in Moscow. Author of scientific. Art. and monographs. State pr. USSR (1976).
SANEBELI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). In the 18th century. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli, from 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. in S. there was a Jewish population.
SANGAR, an urban-type settlement (since 1940), the center of the Kobyaysky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - the Sangari coal mine in the Yakutsk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in S.
SANGARI, see Sangar.
SANIN (real name. Schoenberg) Alexander Akimovich (1869, Berdichev - 1956, Rome), director. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Since the beginning of the activity of the Society of Arts and Literature in Moscow (1888) - his secretary. He performed small characteristic roles in the performances of the Society. In 1895 joint. with KS Stanislavsky staged the performances "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov, in 1897 - "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare. From 1889 - to Moscow. Artist. t-re, where put, also joint. with Stanislavsky, performances "The Sunken Bell" by G. Hauptmann, "The Merchant of Venice" by Shakespeare (both - 1898), "The Wild Duck" by G. Ibsen, "In Dreams" by Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (both - 1901), independently - Sophocles' Antigone (1899). In 1902, during the reorganization of Art. t-ra in the partnership, was not accepted due to origin in the number of shareholders and left the t-ra. From 1902 - in the Alexandrinsky Theater, played Shamraev ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, 1902), in the same year staged the performances "Dmitry the Pretender and Vasily Shuisky" by A.N. Ostrovsky, "Educator Flaxman" by O. Ernst , in 1903 - "A Month in the Country" by I.S. Turgenev, in 1905 - "Not all the carnival for the cat" by Ostrovsky, in 1907 - "Ghosts" by Ibsen and others. In 1907 he created and headed a company that played in the premises of the New T -ra. Staged "Electra" and "Death of Titian" by G. von Hoffmannsthal. In 1908, at the invitation of SP Diaghilev, he staged in Paris at the Grand Opera op. "Boris Godunov" by MP Mussorgsky. In the 1909/10 season, dir. New dram. A.Ya. Levant, where he staged "The King of Nature" by E.N. Chirikov, "Jokers" by Ostrovsky and "Three Sisters" by Chekhov (both jointly with KT Berezhny), "Anfisa" and "Anatema" L.N. Andreeva. In 1913 he was invited to the Free Theater of K.A. Mardzhanov in Moscow, was dir. the first performance of t-ra - "Sorochinskaya Fair" by Mussorgsky. In 1914-16 - dir. Dram. Dr. V.P. and E.M. Sukhodolskikh. In 1917-19 he worked at the Moscow Art Theater, in 1920-22 - in the Maly Theater and at the same time. in the cinema (1918–22). In 1922 he left Russia, worked in t-ts Spain, France, USA. Since 1942 - in Italy.
SANNIKI, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 19th century Since 1844 - the village of Gostynsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1897, 216 Jews (15.3%) lived in S., in 1921 - 315 (21.8%), in 1931 - approx. 500 Jews. Jews lived in S. from the 2nd half. 19th century Main the occupations were petty trade and carriage; there were several. tailors. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a synagogue. Since 1937 Rabbi S. - Yehoshua Aronson. A Zionist organization functioned in S.. 1939 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1941, a ghetto was created. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of S. were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp.
SAPEZHINKA, a village in the Bykhov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Sapezhniki Bykhovsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. 33 Jewish families (264 people) lived in S. in 1898. In 1898, S. Jews owned 340 dess. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 70 Jews were killed in S.
SHOEPERS, see Sapezhinka.
SAPGIR Genrikh Veniaminovich (1928, Biysk, Siberian Territory - 1999, Moscow), poet, translator. Since 1944 participant (together with O. Ya. Rabin) lit. studio of poet and artist E. Kropivnitsky. Together with I. Kholin created the so-called. barrack poetry, characterized by the severity of the posed social problems. S.'s subsequent work is distinguished by genre and style diversity with a general inclination towards grotesque, playful form. S. wrote apprx. 20 large poems. cycles ("books"), including "Lyustikha" (1965), "Moscow myths" (1970–74), "Drafts of Pushkin" (1985–86), etc. The first publication in the USSR - in 1989. Was actively published and received recognition as a child. poet (the first book was published in 1960), author of children. plays, scripts of cartoons. He translated from Yiddish (including Sh.O. Driza) and it. language. Works: Favorites. M., 1993; Flying and sleeping. M., 1997.
SAPIR (Safir) Yaakov (1822, Ashmyany, Vilna province - 1885, Jerusalem), traveler. From 1832 - in E.-I. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught at the Etz Chaim Talmud Torah (Jerusalem). Published journalistic. Art. in the journal. "Ga-Levanon". In 1857–63, on behalf of the Jewish community of Jerusalem, he visited a number of countries, including Yemen, India, Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand. During his travels he collected ethnographers. material about local Jews. He described his travels in the book. Even Sapir (vol. 1, 1886, Lyk, vol. 2, 1874, Mainz). In honor of S. named a settlement in the Judean Mountains - Even-Sapir. S.'s grandson - Eliyahu (1869, Jerusalem - 1911, Jaffa), a local historian, a public figure. In 1904-11 the head. dep. Anglo-Palestine Bank in Jaffa. One of the three trustees in whose name the deed of purchase for the land plot for the construction of Tel Aviv was issued. The author of Art. by geography E.-I. (including in the "Jewish Encyclopedia"), encyclopedia. dictionary "Ha-aretz" (1911). Great-grandson of S. - Yosef (1902, Jaffa - 1972, Australia), politician. In 1940–51 the mayor of Petah Tikva. One of the founders of the General Zionist Party. In 1969–72 before. Liberal Party, in 1949–72 dep. The Knesset. 1952–55 min. transport, in 1967–69 min. without portfolio, 1969–70 min. industry and trade.
SAPIR A.I. (? -?), Writer. In 1881 rum came out in Vilna. S. in Yiddish at 2 o'clock. "Hatas gakogol, oder de sheine Dresele" ("The sins of the kagala, or the Beauty Dresele") with a preface. and verse. in Hebrew. From other manuf. S. is known for rum. "Der kleiner convict, oder der falsher yoiresh" ("Little convict, or false heir". Vilna, 1895).
SAPIR Aba (1898, Vilna - 1974, Tel Aviv), publisher, journalist. An active leader of the Poalei Zion movement, he was arrested by the Polish authorities. In 1931–37 he organized the artist. exhibitions in Vilna, Grodno, Bialystok and Druskininkai. Gas administrator. "Vilner tog", ed. publications on art "Kunst un Lebn" (1923), "Vilner Literary Kunst-Zhurnal" (1924), "Di Bime" (1924–25), "Di Nae Bime" (1925) and others. into gas. Vilner Tog, Yidischer Express (Warsaw), etc. In 1939–45 - in the USSR. Photo reporter for TASS. Since 1946 - in Brazil.
SAPIR Boris Moiseevich (1902, Lodz - 1989, Amsterdam), politician, historian, archaeographer. Since 1919, member. RSDLP (Mensheviks), one of the organizers of the Moscow. Union of Social-Democrats working youth (SSDRM), led illegal. school desks. work in Kharkov (one of the leaders of the local organization of the RSDLP), was repeatedly arrested. During the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, part. mobilization joined the Red Army. In the autumn of 1920, one of the leaders of the SSDRM in Ukraine, was arrested by the Cheka, in 1923–25 he was held in the Solovetsky special purpose camp. In 1925 he fled, illegally emigrated from the USSR. Having settled in Germany, he became part of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP (leading party organ of the Mensheviks), up to the middle. 1960s collaborated in the journal. "Socialist. Bulletin "(Central organ of the RSDLP). In the 1930s. lived in the Netherlands, headed by Russian. section in Mezhdunar. Institute of Social History (Amsterdam). In 1940–67 - in the USA. In 1967 he returned to the Netherlands, continued to work at the Institute, compiled and published collections of documents "Forward!", 1873-1887. Materials from the archive of VN Smirnov "(vols. 1–2. Dordrecht, b. G.)," Lavrov. The years of emigration "(vols. 1–2. Dordrecht – Boston, b. G.) And others. Author of a number of works on the history of the Revolution. movement and Menshevism.
SAPIR Evgeny Davydovich (b. 1915), power engineer. Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1939. In 1939–41 and 1944–47 he worked at a plant in the Mosenergo system. 1941–44 at the front. From 1947 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Energy and Electrification in Moscow. Main scientific. works related to the development of electrical relay protection. systems. He took part in the creation of a complex of relay protection and automation devices for long-distance ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Author of scientific. print works. Linen. etc. (1964). Works: Remote and high-frequency protection of high voltage power lines. M. - L., 1954 (co-authors).
SAPIR Joseph Borisovich (1869, Chisinau - 1935, Jerusalem), politician. Doctor of Medicine. Graduated from un-t in Vienna. Studying at un-those, he joined the Zionist movement. In the beginning. 1900s became the head of the Zionist organization "Zioney Zion" in Odessa. Delegate of the 4th to 12th Zionist Congr .; on the 7th elected member. Execute. advice. He founded the publishing house "Di Koreke Libraries" in Odessa, which produced literature in Yiddish and Russian. lang. In 1906 he edited the weekly. in Russian lang. "Kadima", then participated in the publication of gas. "Jewish Thought". In 1916 he was arrested for participating in the work of the Zionist Conf. in Odessa. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 headed the Odessa branch of the Keren Kaemet Foundation and the association of Zionist organizations in the South of Russia. During the years of Civil. war S. - one of the hands. To-that on rendering assistance to victims of pogroms. In 1920–25 - in Chisinau. From 1925 - in E.-I., head. department of the hospital "Bikur Holim" in Jerusalem, was also engaged in sculpture and painting. The author of the book. "Zionism" (Vilna, 1903) (translated into several languages), brochures and art. on the problems of Zionism, articles on art and memoirs.
SAPIRO Evgeny Saulovich (b. 1934, Mariupol), statesman. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. Graduated from the Ural Polytechnic. Institute (1956). Head Department of the Perm State. un-that, then head. econom. dep. Sci. center of the Ural branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1990–92, deputy. prev. Perm Regional Executive Committee, in 1992–94 1st deputy. Head of the Perm Region Administration From 1994 to. Legislation. collections of the Perm region. 1998–9 - Minister of Regional and National Policy of the Russian Federation.
SAPIRO Yakov (1888, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1963, New York), poet, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from technol. school at Manchester University (Great Britain). He worked as a mechanic at a textile factory in Manchester, then in Lodz and Moscow. From 1922 - in Germany, then in France. Since 1941 - in the USA. Collaborated with Jewish societies. org-tions. Published in the magazine. in Russian and English. lang. Art. on questions technology. He wrote for the "Algemeine Encyclopedia" ("General Encyclopedia"). In 1947 he made his debut verse. in the weekly. Der Americaner (New York), published poetry in other editions. The author of collection of poetry: "Calm vegn" ("Quiet Roads". Paris, 1953), "Shtimungen" ("Mood". New York, 1958), "Siluetin" (New York, 1963).
SAPOZHNIKOV Abram Samuilovich (b. 1923, Minusinsk, Yenisei province. - 1998, Krasnodar), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Colonel. From 1941 - in the Red Army. In 1941 he graduated from the Tomsk art. uch-shche. From 1942 - at the front. Com. battery captain S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in the battles for Vost. Prussia. In 1950 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk law. in-t, served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1980 - in stock. He was awarded 7 orders.
SAPOZHNIKOV Boris Grigorievich (1907, Ksaverovo, Volyn province - 1986, Moscow), military leader, historian. Major General (1945), Dr. Sciences (1960). At the end of the Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1929) - in the Red Army. Graduated from the infantry. school (1930), Military-polit. Academy (1935), served at the headquarters of the OKDVA, a participant in the battles at the lake. Hasan (1938). At the end of the War. academy named after MV Frunze (1940) - on polit. work, in 1943–49 deputy. early Directorate of special propaganda Ch. polit. management of the Red Army. In 1951 he graduated from the Military. Academy of the General Staff, taught at the Military. academy named after MV Frunze, in 1953–57 the beginning. military. department of Kharkov engineer-econom. in-that. In 1958–80 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the problems of international. relations in the D. East and the recent history of China. He was awarded 4 orders. Vol .: War in the Pacific. M., 1942; The first civil revolutionary war in China 1924-1927, M., 1954; The Japanese-Chinese War and Japanese Colonial Policy in China (1937-1941). M., 1970; Feat on the Far Eastern borders. M., 1975; China in the flames of war (1931-1950). M., 1977; People's Liberation War in China. 1946-1955 M., 1984.
SAPOZHNIKOV Gershon (1907, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1983), literary critic. Studied at the Vilna Jewish Teachers' Seminary. Since 1927 - in Argentina. Ed. daily gas. "Morgen Zeitung" (Buenos Aires), where he printed ped. and lit.-critical. Art. Ed. a number of sat. and annually. The author of the book. "Shmuesn mit eltern" ("Conversations with Parents") (Buenos Aires, 1942). In the book. "Fun di typification" ("From the depths"), ed. in the same place in 1958, collected critical. essay dedicated. to the works of Z. Freud, L. Shapiro, J. Rosenfeld, S. Asch, I. V. Opatosh, I.-L. Peretz, Art. on the psychology of the Jewish anecdote, etc. In 1959, the book. awarded Mexican lit. etc. them. Ts. Kessel. Author ser. Art. "Shmuesn vegn literature" ("Conversations on Literature") - about the history of the development of Jewish literature in Argentina.
SAPOZHOK, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1605. From 1778 - the district town of the Ryazan governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1870 22 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 14, in 1939 - 11 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in S.. S.I.Gusev.
SAPSAI Alexander Dmitrievich (1860 - 1922, Petrograd), military leader. Vice Admiral (1914). Member of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78. In 1879 he graduated from Mor. cadet corps. In 1895 com. destroyer. In 1900–01 he took part in the military. actions in China. In 1903–05 com. transport "Danube", in 1906–10 com. battleships, in 1910-11 early. headquarters operating fleet of the Black Sea, in 1911-15 early. Mine training detachment Balt. fleet, in 1915-17 early. Training detachment and separately floating ships Balt. fleet. In 1921-22 the beginning. educational department Office of military-sea. educational institutions of the RKKF. He was awarded 5 orders. Knight Commander of the Legion of Honor.
SARAKTASH, an urban-type settlement (since 1939), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Orenburg province. In 1939 24 Jews lived in S.
SARALA, a village in the Ordzhonikidze region of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). 19 Jews lived in S. in 1939.
SARANCHUKI, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1476. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1797, 3 Jewish families lived in S., in 1900 - 56 Jews, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In July 1941, the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of S. were deported to the Berezhan ghetto and killed there.
SARANSK, city (since 1651), capital of the Mordovian Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1641 as a fortress. From 1780 - the district town of the Penza governorship, from 1801 - the province. Since 1928 - the center of the Mordovian national. from 1930 - an autonomous region, then - the Middle Volga region, from 1934 - the capital of the Mordovian ASSR. In 1870, 8 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 42, in 1926 - 42, in 1939 - 111, in 1970 - 425 ( 0.2%), in 1979 - 372 (0.1%), in 2002 - 112 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in S. From 1916 a cheder functioned in S., then a school. In 2005, a Jewish community was created in S. (previously Aleksandr Ivanovich Drobin, b. 1968, Saransk).
SARAPUL, city (since 1780), regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 16th century Since 1780 it was a district town of the Vyatka governorship, then a province. In 1870 37 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 201 (1%), in 1910 - 263, in 1926 - 243 (1%), in 1939 - 201, in 2002 - 43 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue in S., there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 Jews owned all 5 ready-to-wear shops, 2 music shops. tools, unity. gramophone shop, tobacco shop, all 4 watch shops. 2 out of 3 jewelers in the north were Jews during the 1st world. war arrived in S. means. number of Jewish refugees from West provinces of Russia. In 1916 a school for refugee children operated in S. the rabbi was Sh.-S.I. Gollyandsky. In S. clan: Ya.A. Ryftin; Sergey Osipovich Portugalov (1902-1971), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1963), prof., author of approx. 60 works.
SARATA, an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1822 as it was. colony in Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 316 Jews (11.9%) lived in S. in 1930. In 1865, Jews owned 2 out of 3 grocery and units. wood-burning shop in the north. In the 1920s – 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of S. was destroyed during the Holocaust. In S. there is an abandoned Jewish cemetery, on which several have survived. graves. In 2005 there was a Jewish population in S.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САРАТОВ, город, центр Саратовской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1590 как крепость. С 1780 – центр Саратовского наместничества, с 1797 – губ.В 1897 в С. проживало 1460 евреев (1%), в 1910 – 1283, в 1923 – 7213 (3,9%), в 1926 – 6717 (3%), в 1959 – 10 495, в 1970 – 9686, в 1979 – 8578, в 1989 – 6744, в 2002 – 2773 еврея.Евреи начали селиться в С. в 1-й пол. 19 в. К этому же времени относится появление в Саратовской губ. субботников. В 1825 было принято решение о выселении субботников из Саратовской губ.В 1830 в С. проживало более 20 еврейских семей. В 1828–42 в саратовских батальонах кол-во еврейских детей, подвергнутых крещению, составило 576 чел. В 1843 в саратовских батальонах насчитывалось 328 евреев-кантонистов. В нач. 1850-х гг. в С. проживало неск. еврейских семей; в батальоне, расквартированном в С., служило 44 еврея, нек-рые из них имели семьи. Евреи, жившие в городе, занимались ремеслами и торговлей.В дек. 1852 и янв. 1853 в С. пропали два христианских мальчика; позднее были обнаружены их тела со следами обрезания. Хотя характер последнего не соответствовал ни предписаниям Галахи, ни религ. правилам мусульман, расследование приняло откровенно антисемитскую направленность; возникло т. н. Саратовское дело по обвинению евреев в ритуальных убийствах. Был арестован рядовой Михель Шлифферман, выполнявший в общине обязанности моэла. В преступлении обвинили, кроме М.Шлиффермана, выкреста, рядового Федора Юрлова (до перехода в христианство – Юшкевичер), его отца Янкеля Юшкевичера и еще неск. солдат-евреев саратовского гарнизона. Позднее четверо евреев, живших при Лядинском винокуренном з-де Тамбовской губ., прислали в адрес саратовских следств. органов книгу И.Б.Левинзона «Эфес дамим» («Нет крови»), в к-рой разоблачался миф о ритуальных убийствах; их обвинили «в посылке в С. за кровью и получении оной» (т. н. Лядинское дело). В июле 1854 начала работать особая «судебная комиссия» под председательством чиновника по особым поручениям при Мин-ве внутр. дел А.Гирса. Комиссии вменялось в обязанность не только разрешение вопроса о конкретных виновниках убийств в С., но и «исследование... тайных догматов религ. изуверства евреев». В июне 1856 комиссия А.Гирса пришла к выводу, что ни один из саратовских евреев, подозревавшихся в убийстве мальчиков, не может быть признан виновным. Неск. лжесвидетелей приговорили к каторжным работам или к сдаче в солдаты. Комиссия прекратила также «Лядинское дело»; проходивший по этому делу Ф. Раголин написал впоследствии своеобразную летопись «кровавого навета» в С., изв. как «Мегилат Саратов» («Саратовский свиток») и впервые опубл. в 1902. Дело перешло в Гос. совет, к-рый, рассмотрев ритуальный мотив преступления как недоказанный, тем не менее признал Я.Юшкевичера, Ф.Юрлова и М.Шлиффермана виновными в убийстве и приговорил их к длительным срокам каторжных работ. Еще трое солдат-евреев были сосланы в Сибирь; доносчики – помилованы.В 1897 в С. служило ок. 400 евреев – нижних чинов. В 1897 была открыта синагога; при синагоге действовал хедер. Раввином в С. был Яков-Мойше Сапир (1865–?). В 1902 в арендованном помещении была открыта вторая синагога.В окт. 1905 в С. произошел погром; было убито и ранено неск. евреев; синагога и талмуд-тора сожжены.В 1907 синагога в С. была вновь отстроена. В 1910 действовали 2 синагоги, талмуд-тора, еврейский дет. сад, «Об-во попечителей евреев-ремесленников», «Еврейское попечительство об-ва пособия бедным», «Касса взаимопомощи евреев-ремесленников», имелось еврейское кладбище.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения С. значительно увеличилась за счет евреев, бежавших или выселенных из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В 1915 в С. было создано «Саратовское еврейское об-во помощи жертвам войны». В 1916 открылось отд-ние ОПЕ. В С. работали нач. уч-ще для детей беженцев, нач. смешанное еврейское уч-ще. В 1915–37 раввин С. – И.Я.Богатин.В 1917 в С. были созданы отд-ния разл. еврейских политич. орг-ций. Гор. к-т сионистской орг-ции издавал «Сионистский листок». Осенью 1917 создано отд-ние Союза воинов-евреев. Пред. гор. думы С. в 1917 был избран Д.К.Чертков.В апр. 1917 в С. был арестован Исроэль-Михель Каплинский (1874–1918(19), один из видных деятелей Бунда. Летом 1917 представители Саратовского к-та Бунда участвовали в работе 1-й областной конференции Бунда в Поволжье. В 1918 районный к-т Бунда издавал «Дер волгер арбайтер».В 1919 в С. произошел погром.В 1919 в С. были созданы отд-ния Евсекции, ЕКОПО, открыты клуб, 2 школы с преподаванием на идише, еврейский драматич. кружок (организатор – Ф.Шлимович), выходила еженед. еврейская газета. Были созданы отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТ. В 1919–21 в С. работала халуцианская группа «Мишмар гa-Волга», члены к-рой готовились к переселению в Э.-И. До сер. 1920-х гг. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». Имелось отд-ние ОЗЕТ (в 1919 – 1389 чл.).В 1920 в С. действовали 3 еврейские школы, дет. сад, дет. дом, 2 б-ки, драматич. кружок (реж. – Гольдштейн), клуб им. Леккерта, хедеры, еврейская богадельня. В профсоюзе кожевенников насчитывалось ок. 250 рабочих-евреев. В 1922 были упразднены хедеры. В 1923 в С. прошла антипасхальная кампания с красным сейдером. В 1925 ликвидировано отд-ние Евсекции «ввиду отсутствия достаточного по кол-ву еврейского населения». Была образована «Комиссия по работе среди трудящихся евреев». В 1926 в С. работали еврейский дет. дом, дет. сад, школа-семилетка (150 уч-ся), еврейская б-ка, просветит. кружки. Среди евреев С. насчитывалось ок. 300 рабочих, ок. 400 кустарей-одиночек, ок. 1 тыс. студентов. Действовали нелег. курсы по изучению иврита и нелег. талмуд-тора. В 1936 в С. была закрыта синагога; свитки Торы и книги были переданы в музей. В 1937 арестован раввин И.Я.Богатин.В период 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения С. увеличилась за счет эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР. В 1942–43 в С. жил М.Дубин. В 1940–50 дир. Саратовского авиац. з-да был И.С.Левин.В 1947 в С. в купленном евреями здании была открыта синагога (ул. Кирпичная, д. 208). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 15–40 чел., в праздники – до 300 чел. Раввином был Бер Менделевич Блюмин (1875–?), шохетами – Гирш Хаимович Горелик (1885–?) и Шлема Борухович Боков (1888–?). Пред. общины был Мойше-Хаим Исеров.В 1971 в С. за участие в распространении литературы «самиздата» были арестованы худож. Б.Ямпольский и преподаватель В.Нульман.С 1967 пред. еврейской общины – Яков Мордухович Дворкин, в 1986–91 – Рафаил Абрамович Брук (?–1991), с 1991 – Игорь Яковлевич Цихановский. С 1989 начала действовать еврейская обществ. орг-ция «Тшува» (создатель – Семен Иосифович Августевич). Осенью 1991 в С. начала работать еврейская воскресная школа (дир. – Б.Львович), при школе – т-р-студия «Лехаим» (режиссеры – супруги В.Г. и Е.Ю.Мерлины). В синагогу из музея были переданы свитки Торы. С 1993 работает гор. лекторий еврейской культуры (рук. – Ольга Борисовна Герман); функционирует отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля. С 1990-х гг. в С. действует отд-ние «Хесэда».В сер. 1990-х гг. проводилась реконструкция еврейского кладбища.С 1998 раввин С. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Яков Кубичек (р. 1971, Иерусалим). Выпускается «СНЕГ» («Саратовская новая еврейская газета»). В С. действует школа сети «Ор-Авнер».В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Л.Л.Авербах, Б.Г.Володин, А.С. Гинцберг, М.Я.Гловинская, И.А.Зеленский, Л.И.Кац, Л.А.Кацнельсон, И.А.Кибель, М.Л. Левин, И.М.Макаров, Н.Я.Мандельштам, М.А.Орлов, Л.П.Питаевский, Л.М.Свердлов, А.М.Соболь, И.Е.Старик, А.А.Фин, Д.Г. Шефер, С.И.Шлифштейн; Бина Абрамович (урожд. Фукс) (1865–1953), актриса т-ра на идише, выступала в труппе А.Голдфадена, с 1886 – в США, играла в разл. еврейских театрах; Роман Аркадьевич Абрамович (р. 1966), политич. деятель, предприниматель, в сер. 1990-х гг. – один из создателей нефтяной компании «Сибнефть», с 1999 – деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, с 2000 – губернатор Чукотского автономного окр.; Юрий Григорьевич Альтшулер (1919–1992, там же), физик, д-р физ.-техн. наук (1964), проф. (1965), автор 170 работ в обл. вакуумной и твердотельной электроники; Йорам Бак (р. 1945), поэт, драматург, историк, с 1950 – в Израиле, д-р истории (1973), автор книг по истории сионизма и поэтич. сборников; Бенедикт Львович Бухгольц (1900–1933), летчик-испытатель, участвовал в испытании самолетов П-2, И-5, Ди-4 и др.; Марк Давидович Гольдфейн (р. 1939), физикохимик, д-р хим. наук (1992), проф. (1993), зав. кафедрой Саратовского гос. ун-та (с 1993), специалист в обл. хим. физики, автор более 100 работ; Зиновий Наумович Гржебин (1893–1961), дерматолог, д-р медицины (1934), проф. (1925), в 1925– 56 – зав. кафедрой разл. мед. ин-тов СССР, автор св. 100 работ; Нахман Исаевич (Шиевич) Гржебин (1861–?), живописец, с 1889 – участник выставок; Петр Львович Гродницкий (р. 1918), танцовщик, балетмейстер, с 1985 – гл. балетмейстер Центра циркового иск-ва, ставил танцы, хореогр. сцены во мн. моск. театрах, постановщик и участник танц. номеров во мн. фильмах, засл. деят. иск-в России (1994); Александр Самуилович Динес (1921 – 1984, там же), историк, канд. ист. наук (1954), проф. (1978) Саратовского гос. ун-та, автор работ по истории России; Владимир Александрович Динес (р. 1948), историк, д-р ист. наук (1984), проф. (1985), автор работ по истории СССР; Юрий Самуилович Динес (р. 1926), скульптор, участник выставок с 1952, автор ряда работ, посв. В.В.Маяковскому и В.И.Ленину; Исаак Абрамович Зеленский (1890–1938, Москва), пред. правл. Центросоюза, репрессирован; Михаил Ильич Капчинский (р. 1955), физик, сын И.М.Капчинского, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1993), автор более 50 работ в обл. прикладной электродинамики; Владимир Исаакович Ланцберг (1948–2005), поэт, автор песенных текстов; Иосиф Ефимович Милейковский (р. 1914), специалист в обл. строит. механики, д-р техн. наук (1961), проф. (1967), автор более 150 науч. работ, в т. ч. 10 монографий; Борис Михайлович Ольшанский (1896–1970, Москва), ген.-майор (1944), в 1945 – зам. интенданта 3-го Укр. фронта, нагр. 4 орденами; Макс Карлович Риант (р. 1923), поэт, журналист, в 1931–70 жил в Еврейской автономной области, в 1949–68 – сотрудник газ. «Биробиджанер штерн», в 1960–80-х гг. печатался в журн. «Советиш геймланд», автор поэтич. сборников; Михаил Наумович Серебро (1886 – после 1938), врач, д-р мед. наук (1938), специалист в обл. проф. гигиены, в 1936–37 – декан леч. ф-та Свердловского мед. ин-та.В С. жили и работали Ш.-Л.Х.Беркович, М.Е.Букиник, Э.А.Горницкая, М.Л.Кац, М.А. Ковнер, И.-А.Л.Лев, И.С.Левин, Т.Р.Левина, Е.О.Любимов-Ланской, И.М.Майский, М.Е. Медведев, Б.М.Меламед, О.С.Минор, Г.Н.Несмелов, Ю.Г.Оксман, М.Л.Пресман, Х.Ровина, А.М.Роом, В.М.Свердлов, С.Л.Франк, М.М.Харитонов, А.А.Хотинский, А.Т.Ценципер, А.М.Штейнгарт, Л.Н.Юровский., pronunciation=САРАТОВ, город, центр Саратовской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1590 как крепость. С 1780 – центр Саратовского наместничества, с 1797 – губ.В 1897 в С. проживало 1460 евреев (1%), в 1910 – 1283, в 1923 – 7213 (3,9%), в 1926 – 6717 (3%), в 1959 – 10 495, в 1970 – 9686, в 1979 – 8578, в 1989 – 6744, в 2002 – 2773 еврея.Евреи начали селиться в С. в 1-й пол. 19 в. К этому же времени относится появление в Саратовской губ. субботников. В 1825 было принято решение о выселении субботников из Саратовской губ.В 1830 в С. проживало более 20 еврейских семей. В 1828–42 в саратовских батальонах кол-во еврейских детей, подвергнутых крещению, составило 576 чел. В 1843 в саратовских батальонах насчитывалось 328 евреев-кантонистов. В нач. 1850-х гг. в С. проживало неск. еврейских семей; в батальоне, расквартированном в С., служило 44 еврея, нек-рые из них имели семьи. Евреи, жившие в городе, занимались ремеслами и торговлей.В дек. 1852 и янв. 1853 в С. пропали два христианских мальчика; позднее были обнаружены их тела со следами обрезания. Хотя характер последнего не соответствовал ни предписаниям Галахи, ни религ. правилам мусульман, расследование приняло откровенно антисемитскую направленность; возникло т. н. Саратовское дело по обвинению евреев в ритуальных убийствах. Был арестован рядовой Михель Шлифферман, выполнявший в общине обязанности моэла. В преступлении обвинили, кроме М.Шлиффермана, выкреста, рядового Федора Юрлова (до перехода в христианство – Юшкевичер), его отца Янкеля Юшкевичера и еще неск. солдат-евреев саратовского гарнизона. Позднее четверо евреев, живших при Лядинском винокуренном з-де Тамбовской губ., прислали в адрес саратовских следств. органов книгу И.Б.Левинзона «Эфес дамим» («Нет крови»), в к-рой разоблачался миф о ритуальных убийствах; их обвинили «в посылке в С. за кровью и получении оной» (т. н. Лядинское дело). В июле 1854 начала работать особая «судебная комиссия» под председательством чиновника по особым поручениям при Мин-ве внутр. дел А.Гирса. Комиссии вменялось в обязанность не только разрешение вопроса о конкретных виновниках убийств в С., но и «исследование... тайных догматов религ. изуверства евреев». В июне 1856 комиссия А.Гирса пришла к выводу, что ни один из саратовских евреев, подозревавшихся в убийстве мальчиков, не может быть признан виновным. Неск. лжесвидетелей приговорили к каторжным работам или к сдаче в солдаты. Комиссия прекратила также «Лядинское дело»; проходивший по этому делу Ф. Раголин написал впоследствии своеобразную летопись «кровавого навета» в С., изв. как «Мегилат Саратов» («Саратовский свиток») и впервые опубл. в 1902. Дело перешло в Гос. совет, к-рый, рассмотрев ритуальный мотив преступления как недоказанный, тем не менее признал Я.Юшкевичера, Ф.Юрлова и М.Шлиффермана виновными в убийстве и приговорил их к длительным срокам каторжных работ. Еще трое солдат-евреев были сосланы в Сибирь; доносчики – помилованы.В 1897 в С. служило ок. 400 евреев – нижних чинов. В 1897 была открыта синагога; при синагоге действовал хедер. Раввином в С. был Яков-Мойше Сапир (1865–?). В 1902 в арендованном помещении была открыта вторая синагога.В окт. 1905 в С. произошел погром; было убито и ранено неск. евреев; синагога и талмуд-тора сожжены.В 1907 синагога в С. была вновь отстроена. В 1910 действовали 2 синагоги, талмуд-тора, еврейский дет. сад, «Об-во попечителей евреев-ремесленников», «Еврейское попечительство об-ва пособия бедным», «Касса взаимопомощи евреев-ремесленников», имелось еврейское кладбище.В период 1-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения С. значительно увеличилась за счет евреев, бежавших или выселенных из зап. губерний Рос. империи. В 1915 в С. было создано «Саратовское еврейское об-во помощи жертвам войны». В 1916 открылось отд-ние ОПЕ. В С. работали нач. уч-ще для детей беженцев, нач. смешанное еврейское уч-ще. В 1915–37 раввин С. – И.Я.Богатин.В 1917 в С. были созданы отд-ния разл. еврейских политич. орг-ций. Гор. к-т сионистской орг-ции издавал «Сионистский листок». Осенью 1917 создано отд-ние Союза воинов-евреев. Пред. гор. думы С. в 1917 был избран Д.К.Чертков.В апр. 1917 в С. был арестован Исроэль-Михель Каплинский (1874–1918(19), один из видных деятелей Бунда. Летом 1917 представители Саратовского к-та Бунда участвовали в работе 1-й областной конференции Бунда в Поволжье. В 1918 районный к-т Бунда издавал «Дер волгер арбайтер».В 1919 в С. произошел погром.В 1919 в С. были созданы отд-ния Евсекции, ЕКОПО, открыты клуб, 2 школы с преподаванием на идише, еврейский драматич. кружок (организатор – Ф.Шлимович), выходила еженед. еврейская газета. Были созданы отд-ния ОЗЕ, ОРТ. В 1919–21 в С. работала халуцианская группа «Мишмар гa-Волга», члены к-рой готовились к переселению в Э.-И. До сер. 1920-х гг. действовало отд-ние «Поалей Цион». Имелось отд-ние ОЗЕТ (в 1919 – 1389 чл.).В 1920 в С. действовали 3 еврейские школы, дет. сад, дет. дом, 2 б-ки, драматич. кружок (реж. – Гольдштейн), клуб им. Леккерта, хедеры, еврейская богадельня. В профсоюзе кожевенников насчитывалось ок. 250 рабочих-евреев. В 1922 были упразднены хедеры. В 1923 в С. прошла антипасхальная кампания с красным сейдером. В 1925 ликвидировано отд-ние Евсекции «ввиду отсутствия достаточного по кол-ву еврейского населения». Была образована «Комиссия по работе среди трудящихся евреев». В 1926 в С. работали еврейский дет. дом, дет. сад, школа-семилетка (150 уч-ся), еврейская б-ка, просветит. кружки. Среди евреев С. насчитывалось ок. 300 рабочих, ок. 400 кустарей-одиночек, ок. 1 тыс. студентов. Действовали нелег. курсы по изучению иврита и нелег. талмуд-тора. В 1936 в С. была закрыта синагога; свитки Торы и книги были переданы в музей. В 1937 арестован раввин И.Я.Богатин.В период 2-й мир. войны численность еврейского населения С. увеличилась за счет эвакуированных из зап. р-нов СССР. В 1942–43 в С. жил М.Дубин. В 1940–50 дир. Саратовского авиац. з-да был И.С.Левин.В 1947 в С. в купленном евреями здании была открыта синагога (ул. Кирпичная, д. 208). В обычные дни синагогу посещало 15–40 чел., в праздники – до 300 чел. Раввином был Бер Менделевич Блюмин (1875–?), шохетами – Гирш Хаимович Горелик (1885–?) и Шлема Борухович Боков (1888–?). Пред. общины был Мойше-Хаим Исеров.В 1971 в С. за участие в распространении литературы «самиздата» были арестованы худож. Б.Ямпольский и преподаватель В.Нульман.С 1967 пред. еврейской общины – Яков Мордухович Дворкин, в 1986–91 – Рафаил Абрамович Брук (?–1991), с 1991 – Игорь Яковлевич Цихановский. С 1989 начала действовать еврейская обществ. орг-ция «Тшува» (создатель – Семен Иосифович Августевич). Осенью 1991 в С. начала работать еврейская воскресная школа (дир. – Б.Львович), при школе – т-р-студия «Лехаим» (режиссеры – супруги В.Г. и Е.Ю.Мерлины). В синагогу из музея были переданы свитки Торы. С 1993 работает гор. лекторий еврейской культуры (рук. – Ольга Борисовна Герман); функционирует отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля. С 1990-х гг. в С. действует отд-ние «Хесэда».В сер. 1990-х гг. проводилась реконструкция еврейского кладбища.С 1998 раввин С. – представитель М.-М. Шнеерсона Яков Кубичек (р. 1971, Иерусалим). Выпускается «СНЕГ» («Саратовская новая еврейская газета»). В С. действует школа сети «Ор-Авнер».В 2005 в С. проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В С. род.: Л.Л.Авербах, Б.Г.Володин, А.С. Гинцберг, М.Я.Гловинская, И.А.Зеленский, Л.И.Кац, Л.А.Кацнельсон, И.А.Кибель, М.Л. Левин, И.М.Макаров, Н.Я.Мандельштам, М.А.Орлов, Л.П.Питаевский, Л.М.Свердлов, А.М.Соболь, И.Е.Старик, А.А.Фин, Д.Г. Шефер, С.И.Шлифштейн; Бина Абрамович (урожд. Фукс) (1865–1953), актриса т-ра на идише, выступала в труппе А.Голдфадена, с 1886 – в США, играла в разл. еврейских театрах; Роман Аркадьевич Абрамович (р. 1966), политич. деятель, предприниматель, в сер. 1990-х гг. – один из создателей нефтяной компании «Сибнефть», с 1999 – деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, с 2000 – губернатор Чукотского автономного окр.; Юрий Григорьевич Альтшулер (1919–1992, там же), физик, д-р физ.-техн. наук (1964), проф. (1965), автор 170 работ в обл. вакуумной и твердотельной электроники; Йорам Бак (р. 1945), поэт, драматург, историк, с 1950 – в Израиле, д-р истории (1973), автор книг по истории сионизма и поэтич. сборников; Бенедикт Львович Бухгольц (1900–1933), летчик-испытатель, участвовал в испытании самолетов П-2, И-5, Ди-4 и др.; Марк Давидович Гольдфейн (р. 1939), физикохимик, д-р хим. наук (1992), проф. (1993), зав. кафедрой Саратовского гос. ун-та (с 1993), специалист в обл. хим. физики, автор более 100 работ; Зиновий Наумович Гржебин (1893–1961), дерматолог, д-р медицины (1934), проф. (1925), в 1925– 56 – зав. кафедрой разл. мед. ин-тов СССР, автор св. 100 работ; Нахман Исаевич (Шиевич) Гржебин (1861–?), живописец, с 1889 – участник выставок; Петр Львович Гродницкий (р. 1918), танцовщик, балетмейстер, с 1985 – гл. балетмейстер Центра циркового иск-ва, ставил танцы, хореогр. сцены во мн. моск. театрах, постановщик и участник танц. номеров во мн. фильмах, засл. деят. иск-в России (1994); Александр Самуилович Динес (1921 – 1984, там же), историк, канд. ист. наук (1954), проф. (1978) Саратовского гос. ун-та, автор работ по истории России; Владимир Александрович Динес (р. 1948), историк, д-р ист. наук (1984), проф. (1985), автор работ по истории СССР; Юрий Самуилович Динес (р. 1926), скульптор, участник выставок с 1952, автор ряда работ, посв. В.В.Маяковскому и В.И.Ленину; Исаак Абрамович Зеленский (1890–1938, Москва), пред. правл. Центросоюза, репрессирован; Михаил Ильич Капчинский (р. 1955), физик, сын И.М.Капчинского, д-р физ.-матем. наук (1993), автор более 50 работ в обл. прикладной электродинамики; Владимир Исаакович Ланцберг (1948–2005), поэт, автор песенных текстов; Иосиф Ефимович Милейковский (р. 1914), специалист в обл. строит. механики, д-р техн. наук (1961), проф. (1967), автор более 150 науч. работ, в т. ч. 10 монографий; Борис Михайлович Ольшанский (1896–1970, Москва), ген.-майор (1944), в 1945 – зам. интенданта 3-го Укр. фронта, нагр. 4 орденами; Макс Карлович Риант (р. 1923), поэт, журналист, в 1931–70 жил в Еврейской автономной области, в 1949–68 – сотрудник газ. «Биробиджанер штерн», в 1960–80-х гг. печатался в журн. «Советиш геймланд», автор поэтич. сборников; Михаил Наумович Серебро (1886 – после 1938), врач, д-р мед. наук (1938), специалист в обл. проф. гигиены, в 1936–37 – декан леч. ф-та Свердловского мед. ин-та.В С. жили и работали Ш.-Л.Х.Беркович, М.Е.Букиник, Э.А.Горницкая, М.Л.Кац, М.А. Ковнер, И.-А.Л.Лев, И.С.Левин, Т.Р.Левина, Е.О.Любимов-Ланской, И.М.Майский, М.Е. Медведев, Б.М.Меламед, О.С.Минор, Г.Н.Несмелов, Ю.Г.Оксман, М.Л.Пресман, Х.Ровина, А.М.Роом, В.М.Свердлов, С.Л.Франк, М.М.Харитонов, А.А.Хотинский, А.Т.Ценципер, А.М.Штейнгарт, Л.Н.Юровский., extra_data="{'translat...")
SARAVAYSKY Karp Zalmanovich (b. 1927, Vitebsk), design engineer. In 1953 he graduated from Leningrad. shipbuilding. in-t. From 1947 he worked at the Center. design bureau mor. equipment "Rubin" (Leningrad). In 1959 the deputy. ch. designer KB "Rubin". In 1987 he headed the Museum of the History of Submarine Shipbuilding there. The author of St. 40 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1984).
SARAZHINKA, a village in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both manufacturing shops in St.
SARKAND, city (since 1968), regional center in Taldy-Kurgan region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sarkandskaya, Sergiopolsky Semirechye oblast. 26 Jews lived in S. in 1890; a retired non-commissioned officer Yankel Guterts settled in S. in 1873, and four retired Jewish soldiers settled in S. in 1877. Jewish soldiers and their families were assigned to the Cossack class. Main the occupation was the grain trade.
SARKAND, see Sarkand.
SARNA Ieheskel (1889, Vileiskogo town, Vilna province - 1969, Israel), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. During the 1st world. During the war, together with the yeshiva, he was evacuated to Kremenchug, where he studied with Khafets-Chaim. After the end of the war, S. returned to Slobodka, taught at the yeshiva. From 1924 - in E.-I., settled in Hebron, from 1927 he headed the Yeshiva "Hebron". S. recreated the yeshiva destroyed by the Arabs in Jerusalem in 1929. Member Council of Torah Scholars (governing body of the "Agudat Israel" party). The author is numerous. works on the problems of the Jewish religion. legislation and Jewish philosophy.
SARNAKI, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Konstantinovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 551 Jews (72.8%) lived in S. in 1856, 1,055 (77.2%) in 1897, and 1,198 Jews in 1921. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in S. m-in. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a dairy shop in the north. In the 1920s – 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 The S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 a ghetto was created, liquidated in May 1942. The Jews of S. and those around us were kept in the ghetto. points.
SARNOV Benedict Mikhailovich (b. 1927, Moscow), literary critic, literary critic, publicist. In 1951 he graduated from Lit. in-t. them. A.M. Gorky. He began to publish in 1948. Published art. and rec. in "Lit. newspaper ", zhurn. "New World", "Banner", "October", "Youth", "Questions of Literature", "Theater", "Cinema Art" and others. The first book. “L. Panteleev. Critical and biographical sketch "was released in 1959. The author of collection. stories "Difficult Spring" (Moscow, 1962), collection of works. lit. parodies "Linden alleys" (M., 1966, jointly with L. Lazarev and St. Rassadin), collection of works. radio play "In the footsteps of familiar heroes" (M., 1989), books "Hostage of Eternity. Mandelstam's case ”(M., 1990),“ Look who came. A new man in the arena of history ”(M., 1992),“ The Coming of Captain Lebyadkin. Zoshchenko's case ”(Moscow, 1993). In the 1990s. S. speaks to the public and polit. themes (newspaper "Mosk. News", magazines "Ogonyok" and "New time", radio "Liberty"). Works: The Country of Our Childhood. M., 1965; Rhymes with the truth. M., 1967; Samuel Marshak. M., 1968.
SARNOV David (1891, Uzlyany of Igumensky u., Minsk Province - 1971, New York), engineer, entrepreneur. Brigadier General (1944). Since 1900 - in the USA. In 1912, he was the first to receive distress signals from the sinking Titanic. Ch. inspector and deputy. ch. Ing. at the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company. In 1919, as part of the Marconi company, he entered the Radio Corporation of America, in 1930–47 its president, in 1947–60 before. board. In 1941–45 D. Eisenhower's advisor on communications. In the 1960s. prev. and dir. NBC (National Broadcasting Corporation). One of the creators of television, including color television. Member Nat. Institute of Social Sciences, Brit. Royal Society. Amer. ord. Of the Valiant Legion (1944), the Medal of Merit (1946), the commander of the hordes. Poch. legion.
SARNOVICHI, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 8 grocery stores; Jew rented unity. distillery in S.
SARNA, a village in the Monastyrischensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 1,555 Jews (48.2%) lived in S., in 1920 - 520, in 1923 - 563 Jews. In 1870 there was 1 synagogue in S., and in 1914 - 3 synagogues. Prev the bourgeois council was M.A. Berkovich, members - I.M. Kleiman, G.I. Klibaner. Jews in S. owned both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, both timber warehouses, a roller mill, and 16 shops (including all 3 grocery stores, all 7 peasant manufactories). The Jew was unity. a timber merchant in S. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the beginning. June 1942 the Jews of S. were deported to the Monastyryshche and there they were shot.
SAROV, a city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century like the Sarov desert. All R. 20th century - Kremlin, Arzamas-16. Since 1991 - Sarov. In 2002 47 Jews lived in S. Among the employees of VNIIEF - Ya.B. Zeldovich, S. B. Kormer, G. N. Flerov, Yu. B. Khariton, V. A. Tsukerman, D. p tech. Sciences, Hero of Social. Truda David Abramovich Fishman (1917–1991). In 2005, a Jewish community was created in S. (previously Dmitry Alexandrovich Demin, b. 1981, Sarov).
SARROT Natalie (nee Chernyak Natalia Fedorovna) (1900, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuisky district of Vladimir province - 1999, Paris), writer. From 1907 - in France. Graduated from philol. (1920) and legal. (1923) Faculty of the Sorbonne. In 1921-23 she studied history at Oxford and sociology in Berlin. Until 1939 she practiced law. From ser. 1940s prof. writer. Belongs to gr. writers of the "new novel". Prod. S. "Portrait of an Unknown" (1948), "Martero" (1953), "Planetarium" (1959), "Golden Fruits" (1963; Russian translation 1969), "Between Life and Death" (1968), "You You don’t love yourself ”(1989),“ Here ”(1996), and others. a special style is inherent in the literature of the“ stream of consciousness ”. Theoretical the foundations of her skill S. outlined in the 1st book. "Tropisms" (1939) and in collection. Art. "The Age of Suspicion" (1956). Cit .: Do you hear them? M., 1983; Childhood; Golden fruits. Ivanovo, 1995.
SARTANA (in 1946-1992 - Primorskoe), an urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the city council of Mariupol, Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1780. At 19 - early. 20th century - Greek. colony of Mariupol u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in S. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. a tannery, 2 grocers and 2 manufactories. Iron foundry and mechanical engineering worked in S. s-d belonging to Gorenstein.
SARA, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there was one Jewish farm in S.
SASINOVKA, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish households in S.. Abel Zelmanovich Belkin (1886-1969, Zemetchino, Penza region), agronomist, specialist in the region. beet growing, Hero of Social. Labor (1948).
SASMAKKEN, see Valdemarpils.
SASNAVA, a place in Marijampole u. (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 15 Jews (4.5%) lived in S. in 1923. The Jewish population of S. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
SASOV, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1615. In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zlochevsky povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1764, 223 Jews lived in S., in 1880 - 1906 (58.1%), in 1890 - 1493 (46.5% ), in 1900 - 1761 (46.6%), in 1910 - 1612 (41.2%), in 1921 - 1096 (35.4%), in 1931 - 1201, in 1939 - 1150 Jews. Jews lived in S . since its foundation. In 1637 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1726, Jan III Sobieski allowed Jews to engage in the wine industry and trade freely; societies. buildings were exempt from all taxes. For the selection of foremen, the Jews presented two candidates, one of whom was approved by the owner of the town. 18th century The Hasidic court in S. was founded by Rabbi Moishe-Leib (1745, Brody - 1807), and in 1849 the dynasty was continued by his son Ikutiel-Shmul (1800–1869). In 1884, the Hasidic court was founded by Shloimo Maer (1835-1919). Rabbi S. in the second half. 19th century - Shloymo Shapiro (1832–1893, Mukachevo). occupations of Jews S. in 19 - early. 20th century was the making of candles and lace-making (the so-called Spanish work - "shpaniche arbayt"). The products of this rare craft were intended for Jews to perform religions. rryadov. Since 1906, the Poalei Zion branch has operated in S. In 1908 there was a school funded by the Baron Hirsch Foundation (102 students). In the 1920s and 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The dynasty of Sh. Mayer in 1926 was continued by his son-in-law Avrom-Mordkhe-Sholaim Toib (1875-1937). In 1937, the dynasty was headed by the son of the last Yehuda (? –1941). On 2 July 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, approx. 65 Jews. In aug. 1942 all the remaining Jews of S. were deported to the extermination camp Belzec. S. has a Jewish cemetery. Yitzhak Raphael (Werfel) (1914-1999, Jerusalem), polit. activist, since 1935 - in E.-I., dep. Knesset of the 2-8th convocations from the MAFDAL party, in 1974-96 - min. on Religious Affairs, ed. "Encyclopedias of Religious Zionism."
SASOVO, a city (since 1926), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1472.From 1778 - the village of Elatomsky u. Tambov Gubernia. In 1926, 27 Jews lived in S., in 1939 - 39, in 2002 - 12 Jews.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=САТАНОВ, поселок городского типа (с 1938) в Городокском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1385. С 1444 – местечко. В 16–18 вв. – в Подольском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой (в 1672–99 – под властью Османской империи). С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – в Проскуровском у. Подольской губ. С 1926 – центр еврейского нац. поссовета.В 1738 в С. проживало св. 1000 евреев (св. 20%), в 1765 – 1369, в 1775 – 1011, в 1789 – 1503, в 1873 – ок. 1800 (ок. 60%), в 1890 – 1715 (59%), в 1897 – 2848 евреев (68%), в 1913 – ок. 750 еврейских семей, в 1923 – 2237 евреев, в 1926 – 2359, в 1939 – 1516 (ок. 50%), в 1940 – ок. 2500, в 1989 – 7 евреев.Евреи жили в С. с 16 в. В 1528 и 1531 еврейское население С. пострадало от набегов татар и было освобождено от многочисл. налогов и таможенных пошлин сроком на 8 лет. В это же время была построена Большая синагога. В 1565 в С. – 9 еврейских домов. Имелось еврейское кладбище, на к-ром самое раннее из сохранившихся еврейских надгробий датируется 1576. В нач. 17 в. раввином в С. был Авром-Хаим Шор (?–1632, Львов). В 1-й пол. 17 в. в С. практиковал изв. врач, выпускник ун-та в Падуе, Гедалья Харинг. В 1648 евреи С. принимали участие в обороне города от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. В 1648–49 еврейское население С. пострадало от нападений крестьян окрестных местечек и отрядов Максима Кривоноса, в 1651 – от казацких набегов. Еврейская община С. была уничтожена, погиб раввин Шломо Спира (1618–1650).Во время турецкого правления евреи вновь поселились в С. После перехода С. под власть Речи Посполитой возобновил деятельность суд местечка, изв. своей жестокостью. Христиан казнили на сев. горе ок. С., евреев и цыган – на южной. Для казни евреев использовали т. н. кошерный меч, к-рый между казнями висел на воротах замка. Меч хранился в ратуше С. вплоть до Польск. восстания 1830–31. В 1702 евреи С. вновь подверглись нападению казацких отрядов.В кон. 17 в. раввином в С. был Нафтоли Гирц, с 1700 – раби Шимон, с 1710 – раби Мойше. Среди руководителей общины С., исполнявших обязанности окружных раввинов, известен Лейб Сегал-Геллер, к-рый представлял Подольский окр. в «Вааде четырех земель».В нач. 18 в. в С. создана самостоят. община. Евреи селились в С. на терр. от Рыночной пл. до замка, по Городецкой ул. и по улице, проложенной от Николаевской церкви. Евреям принадлежало ок. 220 домов. Евреи – арендаторы промыслов, трактиров, владельцы магазинов, купцы, врачи, аптекари, деятели обществ. упр-ния и раввины жили в каменных или деревянных домах на каменном фундаменте в р-не Рыночной пл. Среди евреев были ремесленники, объединенные в об-ва портных и скорняков (подобные цехам), кустари (ювелиры, стекольщики, кузнецы, печатники), парикмахеры, музыканты, пекари. Евреи-купцы из С. регулярно приезжали на кр. европейские ярмарки в Бреславе, Лейпциге и Франкфурте.В 1754 была реконструирована Большая синагога.В 1756 в С. был устроен публичный суд над франкистами. Суд в С. предварил собрание представителей польск. еврейства в Бродах в 1756. Одним из раввинов, объявивших херем франкистам, был раввин из С. Яков Сегаль. В диспуте между франкистами и «талмудистами», устроенном епископом Дембовским, среди четырех раввинов, принявших в нем участие, был раби Мендель из С.В 1770 эпидемия чумы значительно сократила численность еврейского населения С.С 1774 главой раввинского суда в С. был Мордхе-Зеев Оренштейн (1735, Жолква – 1787, Львов). С кон. 18 в. до 1802 общиной С. руководил раввин Александр-Сендр Маргалиот (?–1802, Сатанов), с 1802 – его сын Мордхе (?–1828, Сатанов). В кон. 18 в. б-ка еврейской общины в С. была крупнейшей в Подолии (в 1776 – 754 тома).К кон. 18 в. в С. сформировалась значит. община хасидов. Одним из первых ее лидеров был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това, изв. магид из Сатанова Исроэль Гелерентер. На рубеже 18–19 вв. цадиком в С. был сын раби Йосефа раби Хаим, внук знаменитого раби Ихла-Михла (1721–1776) из Злочева. В сер. 19 в. раввин С. – Ханох-Генох (1800–1884), основавший впоследствии хасидский двор. К кон. 19 в. самыми влиятельными в С. были гусятинские и зиньковские хасиды, имевшие собств. синагоги.В нач. 19 в. среди занятий еврейского населения С. аренда являлась наиб. надежной статьей дохода. В 1833 купцу Зейдману была отдана с торгов аренда мельницы на 5 лет. В 1877 в С. открылся переходный пункт через границу, в результате чего получили развитие экспорт, импорт, а также контрабанда, к-рой активно занимались евреи.В 1889 в С. действовало 8 синагог, имелась миква. В 1875–86 раввином в С. был Исроэль Земельман (1845–?), с 1892 – Ш.-З.Гриншпон (1860–?).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи С. занимались мыловаренным и веревочным произ-вом, выжиганием извести и др.; однако осн. занятиями большинства еврейского населения оставались выделка шкур, шитье и продажа тулупов, заготовка и торговля продукцией с. х-ва. В 1902 в С. было 300 евреев-домовладельцев. Наиб. зажиточные евреи жили в центр. части С.; мелкие кустари заселили р-н, к-рый назывался «Мицраим Гесл».С 1905 в С. действовал сионистский кружок. В 1910 было организовано отд-ние ОПЕ (во главе с Рувимом Ледервергером). Делегаты из С. участвовали в работе 10-го Сионистского конгресса в Базеле. В 1913 открылся синематограф; первая лента, показанная в нем, была посвящена жизни евреев-колонистов в Э.-И.В нач. 20 в. в С. действовали 9 синагог, двухклассная жен. школа, неск. хедеров, в т. ч. нелег. под рук. Беккера и Р.Ледервергера. В 1913 в С. работала этногр. эспедиция под рук. С.Ан-ского. Местная легенда легла в основу «Гадибука».В 1910 в С. была открыта талмуд-тора. В 1911 работала частная еврейская типография. Действовало Об-во взаимного кредита (рук. – Исроэль Ужиревич), в 1914 открылась ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1914 евреям принадлежали все 3 магазина аптечных товаров, все 7 лесных складов, единств. медоваренный з-д, 70 лавок и магазинов в С. (в т. ч. все бакалейные – 21, все мануфактурные – 21, единств. мебельный магазин, единств. обувной, оба винных). Единств. мельницу в С. арендовал еврей.В 1914–15 неск. евреев С. были арестованы по подозрению в шпионаже в пользу Австро-Венгрии. В июле 1915 при отступлении рус. армии воен. власти в 3-дневный срок выселили евреев из С. Евреям было разрешено вернуться через год. Часть евреев не вернулась в С.После 1917 в С. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц». Сионисты открыли в С. школу «Иври». Школа была ориентирована на курсы ср. школ в Э.-И. При школе была организована б-ка с книгами на иврите и идише и учебно-производств. переплетная мастерская. На вечерних курсах иврита занималось ок. 150 уч-ся (в осн. женщины). Была создана школьная драматич. студия (на иврите и идише). Возобновили деятельность действовавшие до 1-й мир. войны благотворит. об-ва «Бикур хойлим», «Линас га-Цедек», «Хекдеш».В 1919 в армию Директории были призваны 18 молодых евреев (четверо из них были убиты сослуживцами). Летом 1919 части Директории устроили в С. погром. Евреи организовали отряд самообороны, 3 бойца к-рого погибли в вооруж. столкновениях с бандитами.После запрета на преподавание иврита в школах в 1920-х гг. учитель Вайнштейн организовал ежедневные занятия с детьми вне школы. Действовал кружок «Лошн койдеш» по изучению иврита. В 1925 была запрещена деятельность групп «Цеирей Цион». В 1926 неск. десятков молодых евреев С. выехали в Э.-И.В 1927 в С. было построено новое кирпичное здание для еврейской школы. В 1928 создан ТОЗ «Колос» (состоял в осн. из евреев, пред. – Носик), в 1932 – колхоз «Великан» (295 дворов, объединял преимущественно евреев). В 1933 пред. еврейского поссовета был И.Портной. В 1936 еврейская школа была закрыта; в ее здании организована укр. школа. В 1920–30-х гг. были закрыты синагоги. В 1940 численность еврейского населения С. возросла в связи с миграцией из зап. областей Украины.6 июля 1941 в С. вошли части вермахта. Здание бывш. еврейской школы заняла жандармерия. 5 авг. 1941 был произведен первый расстрел евреев. 14–15 мая 1942 евреи С. (240 чел.) были заживо замурованы в подвалах старинного дома. За время оккупации в С. погибло 647 евреев. Мн. евреи С. были депортированы в др. нас. пункты.После освобождения в 1944 в С. вернулось неск. десятков евреев. В 1960-х гг. в С. проживало ок. десятка еврейских семей.В С. сохранилось здание Большой синагоги, к-рое считается одним из лучших из оставшихся образцов синагог оборонного типа. В 1960-х гг. здание было передано под зернохранилище. Сохранилось еврейское кладбище, на к-ром имеются 2 участка: старый – ок. 500 надгробий 16–19 вв. и новый – ок. 300 надгробий кон. 19–20 вв. Стена, окружавшая кладбище, сохранилась фрагментарно. На новый участок были перенесены и захоронены останки евреев С., убитых в период Катастрофы.В 2005 в С. проживало неск. евреев.В С. род. Э.Арье-Лейб, М.А.Барг, Д.Вогель, М.-М.Лефин, С.Липцин, И.Митльман, Д.-Б.Натанзон, И.Л.Розенфельд, Д.Фогель.Х.В.Бейдер, И.Б.Крайзман, pronunciation=САТАНОВ, поселок городского типа (с 1938) в Городокском р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1385. С 1444 – местечко. В 16–18 вв. – в Подольском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой (в 1672–99 – под властью Османской империи). С 1795 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – в Проскуровском у. Подольской губ. С 1926 – центр еврейского нац. поссовета.В 1738 в С. проживало св. 1000 евреев (св. 20%), в 1765 – 1369, в 1775 – 1011, в 1789 – 1503, в 1873 – ок. 1800 (ок. 60%), в 1890 – 1715 (59%), в 1897 – 2848 евреев (68%), в 1913 – ок. 750 еврейских семей, в 1923 – 2237 евреев, в 1926 – 2359, в 1939 – 1516 (ок. 50%), в 1940 – ок. 2500, в 1989 – 7 евреев.Евреи жили в С. с 16 в. В 1528 и 1531 еврейское население С. пострадало от набегов татар и было освобождено от многочисл. налогов и таможенных пошлин сроком на 8 лет. В это же время была построена Большая синагога. В 1565 в С. – 9 еврейских домов. Имелось еврейское кладбище, на к-ром самое раннее из сохранившихся еврейских надгробий датируется 1576. В нач. 17 в. раввином в С. был Авром-Хаим Шор (?–1632, Львов). В 1-й пол. 17 в. в С. практиковал изв. врач, выпускник ун-та в Падуе, Гедалья Харинг. В 1648 евреи С. принимали участие в обороне города от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. В 1648–49 еврейское население С. пострадало от нападений крестьян окрестных местечек и отрядов Максима Кривоноса, в 1651 – от казацких набегов. Еврейская община С. была уничтожена, погиб раввин Шломо Спира (1618–1650).Во время турецкого правления евреи вновь поселились в С. После перехода С. под власть Речи Посполитой возобновил деятельность суд местечка, изв. своей жестокостью. Христиан казнили на сев. горе ок. С., евреев и цыган – на южной. Для казни евреев использовали т. н. кошерный меч, к-рый между казнями висел на воротах замка. Меч хранился в ратуше С. вплоть до Польск. восстания 1830–31. В 1702 евреи С. вновь подверглись нападению казацких отрядов.В кон. 17 в. раввином в С. был Нафтоли Гирц, с 1700 – раби Шимон, с 1710 – раби Мойше. Среди руководителей общины С., исполнявших обязанности окружных раввинов, известен Лейб Сегал-Геллер, к-рый представлял Подольский окр. в «Вааде четырех земель».В нач. 18 в. в С. создана самостоят. община. Евреи селились в С. на терр. от Рыночной пл. до замка, по Городецкой ул. и по улице, проложенной от Николаевской церкви. Евреям принадлежало ок. 220 домов. Евреи – арендаторы промыслов, трактиров, владельцы магазинов, купцы, врачи, аптекари, деятели обществ. упр-ния и раввины жили в каменных или деревянных домах на каменном фундаменте в р-не Рыночной пл. Среди евреев были ремесленники, объединенные в об-ва портных и скорняков (подобные цехам), кустари (ювелиры, стекольщики, кузнецы, печатники), парикмахеры, музыканты, пекари. Евреи-купцы из С. регулярно приезжали на кр. европейские ярмарки в Бреславе, Лейпциге и Франкфурте.В 1754 была реконструирована Большая синагога.В 1756 в С. был устроен публичный суд над франкистами. Суд в С. предварил собрание представителей польск. еврейства в Бродах в 1756. Одним из раввинов, объявивших херем франкистам, был раввин из С. Яков Сегаль. В диспуте между франкистами и «талмудистами», устроенном епископом Дембовским, среди четырех раввинов, принявших в нем участие, был раби Мендель из С.В 1770 эпидемия чумы значительно сократила численность еврейского населения С.С 1774 главой раввинского суда в С. был Мордхе-Зеев Оренштейн (1735, Жолква – 1787, Львов). С кон. 18 в. до 1802 общиной С. руководил раввин Александр-Сендр Маргалиот (?–1802, Сатанов), с 1802 – его сын Мордхе (?–1828, Сатанов). В кон. 18 в. б-ка еврейской общины в С. была крупнейшей в Подолии (в 1776 – 754 тома).К кон. 18 в. в С. сформировалась значит. община хасидов. Одним из первых ее лидеров был ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това, изв. магид из Сатанова Исроэль Гелерентер. На рубеже 18–19 вв. цадиком в С. был сын раби Йосефа раби Хаим, внук знаменитого раби Ихла-Михла (1721–1776) из Злочева. В сер. 19 в. раввин С. – Ханох-Генох (1800–1884), основавший впоследствии хасидский двор. К кон. 19 в. самыми влиятельными в С. были гусятинские и зиньковские хасиды, имевшие собств. синагоги.В нач. 19 в. среди занятий еврейского населения С. аренда являлась наиб. надежной статьей дохода. В 1833 купцу Зейдману была отдана с торгов аренда мельницы на 5 лет. В 1877 в С. открылся переходный пункт через границу, в результате чего получили развитие экспорт, импорт, а также контрабанда, к-рой активно занимались евреи.В 1889 в С. действовало 8 синагог, имелась миква. В 1875–86 раввином в С. был Исроэль Земельман (1845–?), с 1892 – Ш.-З.Гриншпон (1860–?).В кон. 19 – нач. 20 в. евреи С. занимались мыловаренным и веревочным произ-вом, выжиганием извести и др.; однако осн. занятиями большинства еврейского населения оставались выделка шкур, шитье и продажа тулупов, заготовка и торговля продукцией с. х-ва. В 1902 в С. было 300 евреев-домовладельцев. Наиб. зажиточные евреи жили в центр. части С.; мелкие кустари заселили р-н, к-рый назывался «Мицраим Гесл».С 1905 в С. действовал сионистский кружок. В 1910 было организовано отд-ние ОПЕ (во главе с Рувимом Ледервергером). Делегаты из С. участвовали в работе 10-го Сионистского конгресса в Базеле. В 1913 открылся синематограф; первая лента, показанная в нем, была посвящена жизни евреев-колонистов в Э.-И.В нач. 20 в. в С. действовали 9 синагог, двухклассная жен. школа, неск. хедеров, в т. ч. нелег. под рук. Беккера и Р.Ледервергера. В 1913 в С. работала этногр. эспедиция под рук. С.Ан-ского. Местная легенда легла в основу «Гадибука».В 1910 в С. была открыта талмуд-тора. В 1911 работала частная еврейская типография. Действовало Об-во взаимного кредита (рук. – Исроэль Ужиревич), в 1914 открылась ссудо-сберегат. касса. В 1914 евреям принадлежали все 3 магазина аптечных товаров, все 7 лесных складов, единств. медоваренный з-д, 70 лавок и магазинов в С. (в т. ч. все бакалейные – 21, все мануфактурные – 21, единств. мебельный магазин, единств. обувной, оба винных). Единств. мельницу в С. арендовал еврей.В 1914–15 неск. евреев С. были арестованы по подозрению в шпионаже в пользу Австро-Венгрии. В июле 1915 при отступлении рус. армии воен. власти в 3-дневный срок выселили евреев из С. Евреям было разрешено вернуться через год. Часть евреев не вернулась в С.После 1917 в С. действовали орг-ция Бунда, отд-ния «Цеирей Цион», «Ге-Халуц». Сионисты открыли в С. школу «Иври». Школа была ориентирована на курсы ср. школ в Э.-И. При школе была организована б-ка с книгами на иврите и идише и учебно-производств. переплетная мастерская. На вечерних курсах иврита занималось ок. 150 уч-ся (в осн. женщины). Была создана школьная драматич. студия (на иврите и идише). Возобновили деятельность действовавшие до 1-й мир. войны благотворит. об-ва «Бикур хойлим», «Линас га-Цедек», «Хекдеш».В 1919 в армию Директории были призваны 18 молодых евреев (четверо из них были убиты сослуживцами). Летом 1919 части Директории устроили в С. погром. Евреи организовали отряд самообороны, 3 бойца к-рого погибли в вооруж. столкновениях с бандитами.После запрета на преподавание иврита в школах в 1920-х гг. учитель Вайнштейн организовал ежедневные занятия с детьми вне школы. Действовал кружок «Лошн койдеш» по изучению иврита. В 1925 была запрещена деятельность групп «Цеирей Цион». В 1926 неск. десятков молодых евреев С. выехали в Э.-И.В 1927 в С. было построено новое кирпичное здание для еврейской школы. В 1928 создан ТОЗ «Колос» (состоял в осн. из евреев, пред. – Носик), в 1932 – колхоз «Великан» (295 дворов, объединял преимущественно евреев). В 1933 пред. еврейского поссовета был И.Портной. В 1936 еврейская школа была закрыта; в ее здании организована укр. школа. В 1920–30-х гг. были закрыты синагоги. В 1940 численность еврейского населения С. возросла в связи с миграцией из зап. областей Украины.6 июля 1941 в С. вошли части вермахта. Здание бывш. еврейской школы заняла жандармерия. 5 авг. 1941 был произведен первый расстрел евреев. 14–15 мая 1942 евреи С. (240 чел.) были заживо замурованы в подвалах старинного дома. За время оккупации в С. погибло 647 евреев. Мн. евреи С. были депортированы в др. нас. пункты.После освобождения в 1944 в С. вернулось неск. десятков евреев. В 1960-х гг. в С. проживало ок. десятка еврейских семей.В С. сохранилось здание Большой синагоги, к-рое считается одним из лучших из оставшихся образцов синагог оборонного типа. В 1960-х гг. здание было передано под зернохранилище. Сохранилось еврейское кладбище, на к-ром имеются 2 участка: старый – ок. 500 надгробий 16–19 вв. и новый – ок. 300 надгробий кон. 19–20 вв. Стена, окружавшая кладбище, сохранилась фрагментарно. На новый участок были перенесены и захоронены останки евреев С., убитых в период Катастрофы.В 2005 в С. проживало неск. евреев.В С. род. Э.Арье-Лейб, М.А.Барг, Д.Вогель, М.-М.Лефин, С.Липцин, И.Митльман, Д.-Б.Натанзон, И.Л.Розенфельд, Д.Фогель.Х.В.Бейдер, И.Б.Крайзман, extra_data="{'translat...")
SATANOVSKY Leonid Moiseevich (b. 1932, Moscow), actor. In 1954 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. From 1954 - to Dram. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky. S. played more than 60 roles, including: Nikolka ("Days of the Turbins" by M.A.Bulgakov, 1955), Matthew ("Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht, 1962), Creon ("Antigone" by J. Anuy, 1966), Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (“Monsieur de Pourceognac” by Moliere, 1972), Lynyaev (“Wolves and Sheep” by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1975), Boris Margolin (“40 Sholem Aleichem Street” by A.Z. Stavitsky, 1985). More than 25 roles have been played in films and on television: Nikolai (Beware, Grandma, 1962), Peter (Quenching Thirst, 1965), Bryukhaty (Energetic People, 1990), Arkady Borisovich (Goryachev and Others, 1993) and others. art. RSFSR (1972).
SATAROV Georgy Alexandrovich (b. 1947, Moscow), statesman. Cand. tech. Sciences (1985). In 1972 he graduated from mat. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin, until 1990 scientific. sotr. in the same place. In 1990–93, the director. created by him Center for Appl. polit. research "Indem". In 1993, gen. dir. Grew up. societies-polit. center. 1993–94 members. Presidential Council. In 1994–97 pom. President of the Russian Federation.
SATKA, a city (since 1937), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1758. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Satka Plant, Orenburg Gubernia, since 1865 - Zlatoustovsky District. Ufa province. In 1910, 3 Jews lived in S., in 1926 - 2, in 1939 - 30, and in 2002 - 14 Jews.
SATs Ilya Aleksandrovich (1875, Chernobyl of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1912, Moscow), composer. From 1891 he studied cello in Kiev, then studied at the Kiev muses. uch-shche (cl. fp.). In 1897–99 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class cello, at the same time. studied composition, studied counterpoint with S.I. Taneev. In 1900 - in Switzerland, where he became close with G.V. Plekhanov, V.I. Zasulich, V.D.Bonch-Bruevich. After returning, he was harassed by the police, was forced to leave for Irkutsk, where he taught the choir. singing, playing the cello, collaborating in gas. Irkutsk Provincial Gazette. In 1903 he returned to Moscow, studied at the conductor's department. Music-dram. uch-schA Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. In 1905 he organized the "Circle of Artistic Searches" and the "Music of the Nations" circle, conducted a cycle of ethnography. concerts. In 1905 the head. muses. part of the "T-ra-studio on Povarskaya" in Moscow, collaborated in Moscow. zhurn. "Seven Days" and "Golden Fleece". From 1906 head. muses. part, composer and conductor Mosk. thin t-ra, in which he collaborated with K.S. Stanislavsky and L.A. Sulerzhitsky. He wrote music for the performances of this t-ra based on the plays of M. Meterlink ("Death of Tentagil", 1905; "Blue Bird", 1908); K. Hamsun ("The Drama of Life", 1907; "In the Paws of Life", 1910); L.N. Andreeva ("Life of a Man", 1907; "Anatema", 1909); S.S.Yushkevich ("Miserere", 1910), W. Shakespeare ("Hamlet", 1911); IS Turgenev ("Provincial") and others. S. also belong to the chamber-instructor. production, romances.
SATs Natalia Ilyinichna (1903, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Director, playwright, teacher. Hero of Socialist Labor (1983). Cand. lawsuit (1962), prof. (1984). Daughter of I.A. Sats. In 1917 she graduated from Muses. technical school them. A.N. Skryabin, from 1918 worked as the head. children dep. theamuzsection of the Moscow City Council. Founder and director. the first t-ra for children (Det. t-r Mossovet, 1918–20). In 1927–31, dir. and artist. hands. Moscow t-ra for children, in which she put: "The Negro and the Monkey" by Sats and S.G. Rozanov (1927), "Serezha Streltsov" by V.A.Lyubimova (with V.D. Korolev, 1935), "Golden Key" by AN Tolstoy (1936) and others. S. belongs to the idea of ​​post. muses. performances for children, at the initiative of S. written op. "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by L.A. Polovinkin (1935), symph. fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf" by SS Prokofiev (1936) and others. In the same years, S. was engaged in opera directing: "Falstaff" by G. Verdi (Berlin State Opera), "The Wedding of Figaro" by V.-A. Mozart and "Ring of the Nibelung" by R. Wagner (t-r "Colon", Buenos Aires; all - 1931). In 1937 she was repressed. After her release (1944), she created the first Kazakh T-r for children and youth in Alma-Ata, where she worked until 1950. Staged: "Little Red Riding Hood" by E.L. Schwartz (1945), "Twelfth Night" (1947) and "Two Verona "(1949) by W. Shakespeare and others. Among the operatic posts. "Chio-Chio-san" by G. Puccini (Kazakh theater opera and ball named after Abai, 1944), "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (Saratov theater and ball. named after N.G. Chernyshevsky, 1954). Since 1958 - in Moscow, in the T-re stage. In 1964 she created the world's first Det. muses. tr, his dir. and ch. dir. until 1993. Among the posts: "Three Fat Men" by V. I. Rubin (1967), "The Giant Boy" by T. N. Khrennikov (1970), "Master Rokle" by J. Verdi (1981), "The Wolf and the Seven Kids "M. V. Koval (with V. B. Ryabov, 1986)," The Magic Flute "by Mozart (1989)," King Lear "by Sh. R. Chalmaev (1991)," Golden Island "by MB Bronner (1993). The author of the plays "Fritz Bauer" (jointly with VA Selikhova, 1928), "About Dzyuba" (1929), book. "Theater for Children" (co-authored with Rozanov, 1925), "Children Come to the Theater" (1961), "Always with You" (1965, 1978), "Short stories of my life" (1973, 1979, 1984), " Life is a striped phenomenon ”(1991) and others. Since 1981, she taught at GITIS. Nar. art. USSR (1975). State pr. USSR (1972). Linen. pr. (1982). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1985).
SATUNOVSKY Yan (real name Yakov) Abramovich (1913, Yekaterinoslav - 1982, Elektrostal, Moscow region), poet. In the end. 1920s adjoined in Moscow to gr. poets, close to the constructivists. In 1931 he returned to Dnepropetrovsk, entered the chemistry department. f-t un-ta, collaborated in the local press, served in the army. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–73 he was a chemical engineer. In 1961 he entered the "Lianozovskaya" group. poets and artists. In the 1970s. 12 books came out. poems and riddles for children. S.'s aesthetics largely determined the development of Moscow. poetic. conceptualism. The first publication of conceptual poetry abroad was in 1977, in the USSR in 1989.
SATYEV, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory in St.
SAVICH Ovadiy Gertsovich (1896, Warsaw - 1967, Moscow), writer, poet, translator. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. Was an actor Drum. Dr. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. In 1923 - in Berlin, then in Paris, where he published works. "Floating Island", "Short Circuit", "On Canvas Land", rum. "Imaginary Interlocutor" (1928, reprinted in Moscow in 1991). In the beginning. 1930s corr. gas. Izvestia in Spain (ps. Jose Garcia), later - TASS. Returning to Moscow, he was engaged in translations in Spanish. poetry: J. Manrico, A. Machado, J.R. Jimenez, R. Alberti, M. Ernandez, F. Garcia Lorca. Later he translated the poets Lat. America (R. Dario, N. Guillen, H.C. Andrade, G. Mistral and P. Neruda). The author of the book. "Two years in Spain" (1961).
SAVICHI, a village in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky (from 1910 - Izyaslavsky) u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. brick-refractory plant in S.
Eli SAVIKOVSKY (1893, Polyanka of Minsk province - 1960, Minsk), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. One of the first poets of the "revolutionary generation" to write in Yiddish. Gained popularity at the beginning. 1920s He published his poems in gas. "Der veker", "Reuter stern", "October", literary-artist. zhurn. "Stern". First Sat poems S. was published in Minsk in 1924 - "Farmetenish" ("Competition"). In 1928 publ. play "Erdling" ("The Earth"), in 1934 - a play for children "Papirene teibn" ("Paper Doves"). In the 1940s and 50s. - an accountant in Minsk. It was printed in Warsaw gas. Folks-shyme.
SAVIN, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Kholmsky u. Lublin province. In 1856 182 Jews (21.5%) lived in S., in 1897 - 458 (25.8%), in 1921 - approx. 400 Jews. Since 1883, Mordhe-Mikhl Yustman (1860–?) Was the rabbi in S. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. a manufactory shop in the north. In the 1920s – 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 The S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In nov. 1940 a workers' camp was created, which contained Jews from Austria, Poland, Slovakia, France, Czech Republic, Yugoslavia. The camp was liquidated in December. 1943 Jewish prisoners were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.
SAVINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in Kovrovsky u. Vladimir Gubernia. In 1926, 2 Jews (0.2%) lived in S., in 1939 - 2 Jews.
SAVINTSY, a village in the Srebnyansk region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1666. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1897, approx. 60 Jews, in 1910 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1941, after the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of S. were deported to Srebnoe and killed there.
SAVITSKOE, see Novopetrovka, Velikomikhaylovsky district, Odessa region.
SAVRAN, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the end. 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1926 - the center of the Jewish national. village council. 18th century 88 Jews (22%) lived in S., in 1847 - 2,548, in 1887 - approx. 2900 (approx. 68%), in 1897 - 3198 (54.3%), in 1923 - 2851, in 1926 - 3415, in 1939 - 1101 Jews. 18th century The Hasidic dynasty in S. was founded by Moishe-Tzvi Savraner (1775–1838). The dynasty was continued by his son Shimon-Shloyme Wertheim (? –1848) and grandson Dovid Wertheim (? –1912). In 1870 there were 2 synagogues in S., 3 synagogues in 1889; 20th century - 4 synagogues. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings in S. m-in. Main occupation of the Jewish population of S. in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914, Jews owned 4 pharmacy stores, both hotels, both timber yards, 2 mills, unity. an oil mill, 66 shops and stores in S. (including all 17 grocery stores, all 17 manufactories, all 3 shoe shops, one furniture shop, all 3 wine shops, all 6 flour shops). In 1918 the Jewish population of S. suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by local peasants (during the pogrom, Dr. Klein, who was at the head of the self-defense detachment, and his father-in-law Kirzhner were killed), in 1920, from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. S. founded in the Odessa env. s.-kh. colonies Balaychuk and Freeling (modern Vesnyanoe). Jews from S., who moved to the Crimea as part of 48 families (305 people), founded 4 farmers. collective ("Blago", "Unity", "Glory", "Diligence"). In 1931 on the territory. the village council had 4028 people. In the end. 1930s pl. Jews left S. In the summer of 1941 S. occupied the German-Romanians. troops. In oct. 1941 Jews of the Savran region were deported to the Vinnitsa region. In S., 18 Jews were killed. In 1942–44, there was a camp in S. for Jews from Bessarabia, in which more than 100 Jews perished. There is a Jewish cemetery in S. in 2001. Jews.
SAVVINO, now part of the city of Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - in the Moscow province. In the 1930s. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in S.
SAYANOGORSK, city (since 1975) in the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 18th century as with. Signified. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Sayanskaya Minusinsky u. Yenisei Gubernia. In 2002, 13 Jews lived in S.
SAYANOV (Mikhnin) Vissarion Mikhailovich (1903, Ivanushkinskaya Irkutsk province - 1959, Leningrad), writer, poet. Rod. the family is watered. exiles. In 1923–25 he studied at Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-those. In 1923 publ. in periodic. print the first poems, followed by poetry. collection: "Lucky Years" (1926), "Komsomolskie Poems" (1928), "Golden Olekma" (1934), "Lukomorye" (1939), etc. In 1931–33 he worked in a journal. "Lit. study ". In 1939–45 - in the Red Army, corr. front. newspapers. In 1945–46 corr. at the Nuremberg trials. Among the poetic. manuf. S. - verse. pov. "Willow" (1939), "Belovezhskaya Story" (1943), rom. in the poems of The Kolobovs (1951). The author of the pov. “My faithful friend” (1930), “The Island of Madagascar” (1933), “Two rivers” (1936), rom. “Heaven and Earth” (books 1–4, 1935–54), “Lena” (books 1–2, 1953–55), “Native land” (books 1–2, 1953–59). Became. pr. (1949).
SAYANSK, city (since 1985) in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1975 as a workers' settlement. In 2002, 18 Jews lived in S.. In S. there is a group of "Jews" - natives of the town of Zima.
SAYANSKAYA, see Sayanogorsk.
SAYAROV Miguel (1873, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1958, Argentina), public figure. Under the influence of Leo Tolstoy's views, he began to study with. x-vom. Higher. s.-kh. educated in Wittenberg (Germany). From 1899 - in Argentina, in the colony of the Jewish colonialists. Association Leuven (Entre Riss). From 1908 prez. Fondo Communal - special fund, created. for the development of the economy and culture of the Jewish colonies in Argentina.
SAIDA-GUBA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Severomorsk City Council of the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939 in S.-G. there were 37 Jews.
SIMON P.-L. (1896, Kelma Rossiensky u. Kovno province - 1945, Chicago), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1910 - in the USA. He wrote poetry, ch. arr. philosophical nature. Mn. years published in Jewish periodicals. ed. USA. In 1934, the first Saturday came out in Chicago. poems S. "Leader", second collection. ed. see. in the same place in 1946 - "A winkl in der velt" ("A Corner in the World").
SIMON Solomon (1873, Vitebsk - 1959, New York), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1893–94 he was one of the organizers of a school for poor Jewish children. He was fond of the populist. and other roar. ideas. After serving in the army (1899) he lived in Dvinsk, participated in the work of the localities. org-tion of the Bund. In 1900 he was arrested in Vitebsk. In 1901 he was released under the public supervision of the police. In 1902 he illegally left for Germany, from there to London. He worked in a tailor shop and continued societies. activity. From the end. 1903 - in the USA. Collaborated with trade unions and the Bund. Organized schools, clubs, dramas in different cities of the USA. circles for Jewish children. In 1952 he published in New York the book. Derinerungen fun der Yidischer arbeter bavegung (Memories of the Jewish Labor Movement).
SAZHIN (real family. Shneerson) Zinovy ​​(Solomon) Abramovich (1903, Sosnitsa, Chernigov province - 1968, Moscow), actor. In 1921–24 he worked in Moscow at the Experimental Heroic Theater under the direction of. B.A. Ferdinandov. In 1924-30 - in the workshop of Ped. t-ra (since 1925, after the merger with the State. t-rum for children, - the First state. ped. t-r), led by G.L. Roshal, played the street child Ryazan ("Rifle No. 492116" A.A. Kron , 1929), Podkolesin ("The Marriage" by N.V. Gogol) and others. In 1930 - one of the organizers (together with S.Kh. Gushansky's cousin, I.M.Doronin and A.Z. Okunchikov) T- workers 'children of the Bauman district (or - the Bauman district of workers' children; from 1936 - the Third Moscow Children's Theater, from 1938 - the Moscow State Theater for Children). He was an actor and head. lit. part. Among the roles: Yulka ("Tokmakov Lane" by V.V. Smirnova, 1931), Golker ("Street of Joy" by N.A. Zarkhi, 1939), Moisey ("Tale", 1938), Vasya-Napravo ("Twenty Years Later ", 1941; both - MA Svetlova) and others. After the merger of a number of children. t-ditch of Moscow with Center. children's (1941) - one of the leading actors of this theater, where he worked for over 25 years. Among the roles: Klik Klyak ("The City of Masters" by T.G. Gabbe, 1944), Romashov ("Two Captains" after VA Kaverin, 1948), Manilov ("Dead Souls" after Gogol, 1952), Varlaam ( "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin, 1957) and others. He was engaged in ped. work, taught at the Studio at the Central House of Theater, at VGIK (1953-59), Muz. uch-shche them. Gnesins (since 1960). Honored. art. RSFSR (1947). Became. etc. (1950).
SEBEZH, a city (since 1772), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1414. From 1579 - a town of the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. From 1777 - the district town of the Polotsk governorship, from 1802 - the Vitebsk province. From 1924 - in the Pskov province, from 1927 - in the Leningrad region, from 1929 - in the Western region, from 1935 - in the Kalinin region, from 1944 - in the Velikolukskaya region, from 1957 - in the Pskov region. In 1766, 243 Jews lived in S. in 1772 - 113 (13.5%), in 1803 - 408, in 1815 - 648 (37%), in 1847 - 1084, in 1863 - 1189, in 1885 - 2246, in 1897 - 2561 (59.2%) , in 1910 - 2200, in 1923 - 2152, in 1926 - 1813, in 1939 - 845, in 2002 - 13 Jews. In 1803 there were 10 merchants among the Jews of S. In 1828 L. Shapiro was a district doctor. In 1857, 4 synagogues functioned. In 1866 a Jewish school for boys of Z. Edelberg was opened (in 1877 - 35 students). In 1880 there were 6 synagogues in S. In 1898, the Society for Benefits to Poor Jews was created; Jewish school, several Hederov. Since 1904, Yeshua-Reuven Braudo (1877–?) was the rabbi in S. In 1910 in S. there were 7 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish husband. bunk bed uch-shche, Jewish wives. bunk bed uch-shche (since 1909), Jewish philanthropist. about. Jews owned 2 bookstores. In the 1910s. the state rabbi of S. was David-Mordechai Zalmanovich Davidov. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in S. t-in, in 1913 - 15 heders, Jewish library. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, all 3 pharmacy warehouses, 4 bakeries, unity. photo workshop, unity. hairdresser, tavern, approx. 90 shops and stores in S. (including all 12 manufactures, all 5 fur shops, all 6 stores of musical instruments, and one jewelry store). All 3 timber merchants in S. were Jews; 2 Jews rented out furnished rooms. In 1915, a branch of the Vitebsk Society of Aid to War Victims was opened in S. 1920s illegal functioning in S. to-t, to-ry headed synagogues and mikvahs, paid salaries to rabbis, shohets, moels, helped the poor. After active demands from the Evsektsiya, the committee was closed. In 1922 a first-stage Jewish school operated in S. in 1926 the school was deprived of the state. subsidies. 1920s in a number of S.'s institutions office work was conducted in Yiddish. The rabbis in S. were Meir Stolovich (1870– ?, Jerusalem), Alter Levin. In 1930, before Passover, the local cooperatives stopped the sale of bread and instead distributed flour for baking matzo. On July 9, 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. Part of the Jewish population managed to evacuate or was mobilized. In the summer of 1941, 2 Jews were shot in S. on charges of arson. On Sept. 1941 a ghetto was created in S. (150 people). In March 1942, the ghetto was liquidated, 97 Jews were shot. After 1945, a memorial sign was erected on the mass grave of the executed Jews. In S. E. Gerdt, S. M. Dimanshtein, S. G. Tomsinsky, H. Chernovits ; Abram Grigorievich Gorelits (1903-1938, Moscow), military. 1st rank engineer, dir. aircraft plant, repressed.
SEDA, a city (since 1950) in Telšiai district. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sady Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 1,729 Jews living in S., in 1897 - 1,384 (69%), in 1914 - approx. 800, in 1923 - 815 (44%), in 1939 - approx. 400 Jews (110 Jewish families) (19%) Jews lived in S. from the middle. 18th century In 1831 a resident of S. Itskhok Dukhin was accused of being Polish. the rebels spied and hanged. In the end. 19th century There was also a synagogue that operated as rabbis in S. in the 19th century were Yoel Yitzchok Katzenelbogen, from 1877 - Dovid Regensburg, in the 1880s. - Aron Valkin (1863–?), In 1892–1903 - Yisroel-Ezra Levin. occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts. In the suburb of S., called Zhidu Dvaras, there lived 40 Jewish families who were involved in the village. x-vom. 20th century The rabbi in S. was Moshe-Boruch Gorvits, from 1912 - Mordkhe Graf. unstable econom. the situation forced young people to leave S., leaving for the USA, Canada, South. Africa and E.-I. In S. worked a department of the Jewish People. bank. There was a synagogue and a school of the Yavne network. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions: "Ge-Halutz", "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", social-Zionists. There were the Maccabi and Ha-Poel clubs. Since 1935, Mordhe Rabinovich (? –1941) was S.'s rabbi. On June 23, 1941, the S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Jewish men were shot by the Lithuanian police on July 3, 1941, women and children on August 9. 1941 In the beginning. 1990s on the site of the former. a memorial sign was installed in the Jewish cemetery in S. In S., the building of a wooden synagogue has survived.
SEDELNIKI, a village in the Mozyr region of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1925 a Jewish agricultural was formed in S. artel "Vperyod".
SADLETS, a city (since 1577) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a city of the Lublin Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1845 - the county town of Lublin province, since 1867 - the center of Sedletskaya province. In 1765 631 Jews lived in S., in 1827 - 2908 (65.8%), in 1841 - 4359 (67.4%), in 1856 - 4804 (66.1%), in 1897 - 11 440 (54.1%), in 1921 - 14 685 (46.3%), in 1931 - 14 793 (38%), in 1938 - 16 180 Jews (39.5%.) Jews lived in S. from the 16th century. In 1617, a "blood libel" took place in S. In the 17th century. there was a Jewish community in S. In the 1st floor. 18th century a Jewish cemetery was laid. In 1794, the owner S. Alexandra Oginskaya allowed the community to build a stone synagogue building, part of which served as the rabbi's house. In 1798, the Jews were issued a letter confirming their rights to the territory. Jewish cemetery. Jews S. took part in Polsk. uprising of 1830–31. Rabbi S. at the beginning. 19th century there was Meir-Nison Nusenboim, who actively fought against the Hasidim. Throughout the 19th century. The rabbis of S. were Yisroel Maizelish, Borukh-Meir Lifshits, Issakhar-Berish Groibert, and Shimon-Doiv Anolik. The Talmud Torah was discovered in S. in 1860. In 1878 a new synagogue was built. A Jewish hospital (15 beds) was opened in 1890. Since 1884 the Hovevei Zion circle has been operating, from the beginning. 20th century - Zionist circles. In 1900 there were 76 heders in S. (570 boys and 41 girls). A school with Hebrew teaching began in 1904. In 1905, Irahmiel-Tzvi Rabinovich (1880–1906) founded the Hasidic court in S. Among the synagogues of S. there were synagogues of the Aleksandrovsk, Amshin, Gur, and other Hasidims. 26-29 Aug. 1906 in S. there was a pogrom, organized by the lower military. officials and police officers; during the pogrom, approx. 30 Jews, more than 150 Jews were wounded. In 1912 there were approx. 25 synagogues, 3 Jewish cemeteries, a Jewish library, a Jewish loan-savings. t-in, music-lit. Society "Yiddish Kunst" (since 1910). In 1915 the cheder metukan was opened. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1926, the Hasidic court in S. founded Avrom-Pinchas Morgenstern (1876–1943). In the beginning. 1920s the school “Shabasuvka” was opened, in 1926 - the school of the “Tarbut” network, there was a yeshiva. In the 1920s and 30s. came out periodically. ed. Sedlezer Vohenblat, Unzer Veg (ed. 1924-30 - Tevye Yakubovich, 1903, Sedlec - 1942, ibid.), Das Wort, Sedlezer Tribune, Sedlezer Leben. Rabbi S. in 1908-30 - Chaim-Yehuda Ginzburg (? -1930), later - Shlomo Eichenstein. 11 Sept. 1939 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, in the summer of 1941 - the ghetto, destroyed in the fall of 1942. A tank took part in the liberation of S. regiment. under whom. lieutenant regiment. Tsal Abramovich Lev. After the liberation, a monument in the form of a pyramid of 2 thousand gravestones collected from other Jewish cemeteries was erected at the place of execution of Jews. Remains of a Jewish cemetery have survived in S.. Genus: H. Safran; Jacob Tenenboim (1878–1942, ibid.), Playwright, publicist, wrote in Yiddish.
SEDLISCHE, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Kholmsky posad. Lublin Gubernia. In 1897, 1,331 Jews (84.7%) lived in S., in 1921 there were 724 Jews. The rabbi in S. was Avrom-Leiba Birkman. In 1914, Jews in S. owned both iron-hardware shops, all five manufactory shops, and shop of leather goods. 1920-30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of S. was destroyed during the Holocaust. Ya.G. Fishman.
SEDNEV, urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Chernihiv region of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1068. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sednyav, Chernihiv u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In oct. In 1905 a pogrom took place in S. In 1923 Jews constituted 2.8% of the population of S.
SEDNEVKA, a village in the Ustinovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1861 a synagogue functioned in S.
SEDNYAV, see Sednyav.
SEDOV Leonid Ivanovich (1907, Rostov-on-Don - 1999), specialist in the field of mechanics. Prof. (1937), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1967). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1930–47 he worked at TsAGI and at the same time. (since 1945) in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1965 before. Sci. Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the mechanics of liquids and gases. Main works on hydro- and aerodynamics, continuum mechanics and similarity theory. Derived the aerodynamic formula. forces and moments for deformable wings. Having developed the methods of the theory of similarity, he applied them to the study of damping of turbulent flows. He proposed a solution to the problem of a strong explosion. Prev Editorial and publishing Council of the Publishing House of Phys.-Math. literature (later - as part of the publishing house "Science"). In 1961–62 prez. Int. astronaut. federation. D. h. Intern. Academy of Astronautics (1960), member. Amer. rocket society (1961), in. h. Franz. Academy of Sciences (1978). Knight of the hordes. Poch. legion (1971). Became. pr. (1952) Vol .: Introduction to Continuum Mechanics. M., 1962; Plane problems of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. 3rd ed. M., 1980; Continuum mechanics. 4th ed., Vol. 1–2. M., 1983–84; Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics. 10th ed. M., 1987.
SEDYKH Andrey (ps .; real name and surname Yakov Moiseevich Tsvibak) (1902, Feodosia, Tauride Gubernia - 1994, New York), writer, publicist. In 1920–41 - in France. Graduated from the Higher. school polit. Sciences (1925). From 1922 he worked in gas. "Latest News", since 1925 corr. gas. in French parliament. Published in the newspaper Segodnya (Riga), New Russian Word (New York). In 1925, the first Sat. sketches S. "Old Paris", then Sat. "Paris at Night" (1928, with a foreword by IABunin). From 1930 he was published under ps. S., published the book. stories: - "Where Russia was", (1931), "People overboard" (1933). From 1933 lit. sec. Bunin. Since 1942 - in the USA. He worked in gas. "New Russian Word" (since 1973 - chief editor). Author of the book: "The road across the ocean" (1942), "Astrologers from the Bosphorus" (1948, with a foreword by Bunin); The Crazy Organ-grinder (1951); "Distant, Close" - memories of Russian. writers (1962) and others. After visiting Israel, wrote the book: "The Promised Land" (1962), "Jerusalem is a joyful name" (1969). He also addressed the Jewish theme in the book: "Crimean stories" (1977), "Ways and roads" (1980).
SEF Roman (Roald) Semenovich (1931, Moscow - 2009), writer. Studied at the Faculty of Journalism at Moscow State University (1958–63). Published since 1957. The author of the book. poetry and prose for children: "Stories about Kotovsky" (M., 1963), "Stories about P.P.Schmidt" (M., 1968), "River tram" (M., 1971), "Key from a fairy tale" (M., 1986), "Blue Meteorite" (M., 1990), "My Song" (M., 1996) and others; plays: "Emelino's Happiness" (co-authored with V. Novitsky), "Two Baba-Yagi", "Ap-Chkhi", etc. Translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang. manuf. P.D.Markish, Sh.Z. Galkin, M.M. Grubiyan, I.B. Kerler, R.L.Baumvol, Sh.O. Driza and others; from English lang. manuf. W. Whitman, Z. Chiardi and others. Since 1992, members. State Commissions Prizes under the President of the Russian Federation, Vice-President of Ros. author's about-va. State pr. Russia (1991).
SEGAL Alexander (Osher) Suherovich (1876, Odessa - 1903, Vienna), publicist, translator. After graduating from the craft. uch-shche, worked in a carpentry workshop. I was engaged in self-education. Participated in the Zionist movement. He made his debut in gas. "Gamelitz". In 1898 he was invited to Warsaw by the publishing house "Tushiya" to participate in the issue. "Jewish Library". Published a pamphlet on Zionism (1899). He translated into Hebrew "Hunger" by K. Hamsun, "Poems in Prose" by IS Turgenev, "Shadows" and "The Tale of the Roman Flora" by VG Korolenko. He continued his education in Vienna, where at the same time. collaborated in children. zhurn. "Olam katon" and in the Zionist gas. "Di velt".
SEGAL Benzion Izrailevich (1901, Ostrov, Pskov province - 1971, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1938). In 1924 he graduated from Voronezh University. In 1932-1948 he worked at Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. from 1935 - to Moscow. machine tool in-those. Main research results. relate to number theory, differenti. ur-niyam with private. derivatives, probability theory, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Waring's theorem for powers with fractional and irrational exponents. M., 1934.
SEGAL Dmitry Mikhailovich (b. 1938, Moscow), linguist. Doctor of Philosophy, prof. (1976). In 1959 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1960-73 - in the sector of structural typology of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Disciple and follower of YM Lotman. He dealt with the problems of structuralism in linguistics and literary studies, typology of the Slavs. lang., phonological. statistics; researcher of creativity OE Mandelstam. Since 1973 - in Israel. In 1974 he founded and headed the department. Slavs. research Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Author of works on literature, history, linguistics. Ed. ed. commented per. manuf. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky in Hebrew. Vol .: Fundamentals of philological statistics. M., 1972.
SEGAL Lazar (1891, Vilna - 1957, Sao Paulo), painter, graphic artist, sculptor. From 1906 - in Germany, where he received the artist. education. In 1919–23 he was engaged in the book. illustration. Since 1923 - in Brazil. In S.'s pictorial manner, the "northern" flavor persisted, with a preference for brown, gray, or smoky green tones. The drama of the production. S. was embodied in the depiction of deformed human figures with a small torso and large heads, especially characteristic of Monum. works on the theme of the 2nd world. war. The Jewish theme is present in many. works of S., among to-rykh ill. to the book. DR Bergelson "Maise Beehl" (1921); monum. comp. Emigrant Ship (1939–41), War (1942), Concentration Camp (1945), Survivors (1946), Exodus (1946). Among the graphic. works of S. - lithographs for production. F.M. Dostoevsky.
SEGAL Moshe (1904, Poltava - 1985, Jerusalem), rabbi, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the Mir yeshiva and the underground Lubavitch yeshiva Tomkhei Tmimim. While studying at the yeshiva, he joined the Zionist movement. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1927 he entered Gagana, then Beitar. In 1930–48, despite the ban on English. of the mandate authorities, annually on Yom Kippur blew the shofar at the Western Wall. Since 1931, member. ETZELA, since 1943 member. LYEKHI, in 1953–58 before council of Kfar-Chabad. In 1956 he founded wives. teacher's institute "Beit Rivka" in Kfar-Chabad, headed it until 1960. In 1968 S. - one of the first Jews who returned to the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem. One of the leaders of the movement for the ascent of the Jews to the Temple Mount. Poetic. manuf. S. entered the book. rec. “Dor ve-dor” (“Generations”. Jerusalem, 1985).
SEGAL Moshe-Hirsh-Tzvi (1876-1968, Kfar-Sava, Israel), linguist, Semitologist. Doctor of Philosophy, prof. (1939), hon. acad. Hebrew language academy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva. Graduated from Oxford University. In 1906–09 he taught Semitology and Biblical Studies at Oxford. Rabbi of several communities in England. In 1918-19, members. The Commission of Representatives that operated in E.-I. in 1918-21 to establish contacts between the Jewish us. and brit. the authorities. Since 1926 - in E.-I. He taught at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). The author of the research. about the Hebrew of the Talmudic period. Author of unconventional comments on TANAKH. Etc. H.-N. Bialik (1936, 1950). State pr. Israel (1954). Son S. - Samuel, Lord Segal (b. 1902, London), doctor, politician. 1945–50 dep. English Parliament from the Labor Party. One of the leaders of the Zionist movement in England in the 1920s – 1950s. Son of S. - Judah Benzion (b. 1912), Semitologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1939), prof. (1961) London University.
SEGAL Toibe (1860, Grodna -?), Publicist, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish education. In the beginning. 1880s studied medicine in St. Petersburg, then opened a sewing workshop in Vilna for a cooperative. beginnings. From the end. 1880s - in the USA, a doctor in New York. From 1889 she began to publish in the magazine. Folks Advocate, gas. "Yidisher-Gerold" and other art. on social problems, doctor. practice. The author of the novel written under the influence of N.G. Chernyshevsky. “Goldochka the Payer” (Warsaw, 1883; republished in Vilna in 1894, 1903 under the title “Di Scheine Neuter” (“The Beautiful Seamstress”).
SEGAL Yakov (1885, Zhitomir - 1951, Buenos Aires), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He took an active part in the labor movement. Since 1910 - in Argentina. Anarch active figure. movement, edited by Anarchich. ed. Freigights-shyme. In 1914–51 sotr. "Yiddishe Zeitung" (Buenos Aires) published its rums. and trans., reports on the Jewish prof. and cultural work, about t-re. Author ser. of the essays “Iber shtet un shtetleh” (“Through cities and towns”) about the life of Jews in Argentina.
SEGAL Alexander Naumovich (b. 1919, Kiev), ballet dancer, choreographer. Since 1938, after graduating from the Kiev music and choreography. technical school, - in T-re op. and the ball. them. T.G. Shevchenko (Kiev). Main parts: Abderakhman ("Raymonda" by A.K. Glazunov), Tybalt ("Romeo and Juliet" by S.S. Prokofiev), Li Shanfu ("Red Poppy" by R.M. Glier), Gigo ("Gayane" by A.I. Khachaturian), Claude Frollo ("Esmeralda" by Ts. Punya), Girey ("The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" by BV Asafiev) and others. TG Shevchenko bal .: "Black Gold" by VB Gomolyaki (with P.P. Virsky, 1960), "The Tempest" on music. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1964). Since 1959 he has been a choreographer, since 1977 he has been head. ballet master Akademich. ans. bunk bed dance of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1980 Ch. choreographer of the Kiev theater op-you. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1985).
SEGAL David (1901, Vilna - 1997, London), actor. In the 1920s. performed in Jewish theaters in Poland and Romania. In 1933 he made his debut in London, after which he played in Jewish theaters in Belgium and South. Africa. From 1938 - in London, where until 1980 he acted as a comedic character actor in the New Jewish Theater and other Jewish theaters.
SEGAL Yulia Aronovna (b. 1938, Kharkov), sculptor. In 1971 she graduated from Moscow. state thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov. Since 1989 - in the USA. Works in the main. in small plastic - round sculpture and relief. Mn. comp. are deserted and include the only, most often vertical, human figure at the window, in front of the door. The main theme is the loneliness of a city dweller.
SEGALOVICH Lev Markovich (b. 1916), athlete (boxing). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1949), Hon. trainer of the USSR (1972). Graduated from Kharkov Institute of Physics. culture (1938). He played for the Armed Forces (Moscow). Participated in the flyweight competition from 1935 to 1950. He had 128 fights in the ring and won 121 victories. 6-time champion of the USSR (1940, 1944–48). Winner of the 1st All-Slavic tournament (USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland) in 1946. Winner of the USSR-Poland match in 1947. Coach Olympus. champion 1972 V. Lemeshev.
SEGALOVICH Wolf-Hirsch (1890, Bialystok, Grodno province -?), Teacher, publicist. Brother of Z. Segalovich. Got a ped. education in Lodz. In the 1910s. Bund activist. Since 1921 - in the BSSR. Participated in the organization of school education in Minsk. Publicistic. activity started in gas. Lebns Fragn (Warsaw) and Lodger Veker (Lodz). In the 1920s. printed in ped. zhurn. Af di vegn tsu der naer shul, in Minsk gas. "October". Since 1931 - in Birobidzhan. Published Art. into gas. "Birobidzhaner stern", worked in the Birobidzhan branch of OZET. Author of textbooks for Jewish schools, ed. in Minsk: "Mathematician" (1926), "Geft far matematishe arbetn" ("Notebook for mathematical works", 1931, in co-authorship with I. Ravin), "Arbet-bukh af mathematician" ("Working book on mathematics", 1932). Author of the work "Waldheim" - one of the first brochures about the Jewish village in the Jewish Autonomous Region (Birobidzhan, 1932). In 1935 he was repressed.
SEGALOVICH Zusman (1884, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1949, New York), writer. Brother of V.-G. Segalovich. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1904–05, members. Bund, was arrested. First verse. in Russian lang. publ. into gas. “Western Outskirts” in Bialystok (1903), in Yiddish - in St. Petersburg. gas. "Fraind" in 1904. First Sat. romantic. verse. Stile Troimen (Silent Dreams) was published in Warsaw in 1909. S. became famous for the poem In Kazimierz (Warsaw, 1912) - about the youth of a Jewish town dreaming of freedom. Published in Warsaw Sat. verse. "Ven di zun fargate" ("When the sun goes down", 1914), dram. the poem "Di vant" ("The Wall", 1915), and others. In 1914 - 17 - in the army. After Feb. rev-tion - in Kiev, Moscow. From 1919 - in Warsaw. He worked in gas. "Gaynt". Published several. collection of poems, rum. "Di wilde Tsilke" ("Wild Tsilka", 1922), autobiogr. trilogy "Romantic years" ("Romantic years", 1923), etc. Since 1930 he worked in the gas. "Der moment". Except thin. manuf., publ. feuilletons, materials from the life of Jews in Warsaw. Was before. Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists. In 1939 he left Poland. From 1941 - in E.-I. Since that time, almost all production. S. dedicated Disaster. Since 1948 - in the USA. Participated in the activities of the Bialystok Jewish community and the Jewish writing organization "Club Tlomatskaya, 13". See. came out the book. S. "Der Letzer Lodger Roman" ("The Last Lodz Romance". Buenos Aires, 1951).
SEGEL Yakov Alexandrovich (1923, Rostov-on-Don - 1995, Moscow), film director, playwright. In 1941–42 he studied at the Higher. military-hydrometeorological. in-those, in 1942–43 - in the Kharkov art. uch-shche. He served in the army. After demobilization he studied at the studio of T. Mossovet. In 1953 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. S.'s acting debut took place in 1936 in f. Captain Grant's Children (Robert Grant); director's - in 1955 in f. "Trouble" (with V.S. Ordynsky). Staged (with L.A. Kulidzhanov) f. “It started like this” (1956) and “The House I Live In” (1957, pr. For the best director. Work at the IFF at the World Exhibition in Brussels, 1958; Diploma of the I IFF festival f. In Mexico, 1958). Independently choreographed the ph: "The First Day of Peace" (1959, ICF diploma in Stradford, Canada), "Goodbye, pigeons!" (1961, international film criticism and honorary diploma of the jury at the 14th International Film Festival in Locarno, Switzerland, 1961; "Silver Boomerang" at the 11th International Film Festival in Melbourne, Australia). Among other fictions: "The Volga Flows" (1963), "Gray Disease" (1966), "Wake Mukhin" (1968), "I Will Wait for You" (1983), "Alien" (1984), "From the Sky to land "(1987). Author of short stories, short stories and plays, publ. in periodic. print. In 1974 he staged at the T. Mossovet his play "I always smile." Nar. art. RSFSR (1980) Vol .: Films and Stories. M., 1966; One wonderful childhood. M., 1984; Kolya from the village of Snegiri. M., 1985.
SEGELMAN Benjamin (? -?), Journalist, writer, translator. Since the 1880s. - in USA. One of the first Yiddish press journalists in the United States. Published reports and rom., Per. from Russian, English, German lang., Hebrew. Staff member the first Amer. gas. in Yiddish "Di Yiddish Gazette". Author of rum. Tsurik Gecumene libe (Returned Love) (New York, 1893; 2nd ed. Warsaw, 1894), American Shadyme (American Devils) (Warsaw, 1894). Translated into Yiddish ist. Philippson novels, rom. J. Verne, including "The Mysterious Island" (New York, 1896).
SEGETA, city (since 1943), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1914 as a railway In 1939, 85 Jews lived in S., in 2002 - 11 Jews. 1990s in S. there is a branch of "Hesed".
SEKERICHI, a village in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century S. had a Jewish population. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In aug. 1941 in S. at the cemetery 4 Jews were shot.
SECRETARKA, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in St.
SECOND Sholem (1894, Alexandria, Kherson province - 1974, New York), composer. Since 1908 - in the USA. From 1913 he worked in the Jewish theater "Odeon" (New York) - chorus, composer. The first muses. the play (with S. Shmulevich) was staged by S. in 1914. Studied at the Juilliard muses. school, then at Columbia un-those. Took lessons from E. Bloch. In the 1920s and 40s. muses. dir. Jewish t-moats of Philadelphia, St. Louis and others. In 1950–61 muses. dir. Brooklyn Jewish Center. Since 1967 he taught musicology at New York University and Hunter College. S. is the author of Jewish op-t and music-dramas. plays, op. "Shulamith" (lib. A. Goldfaden), oratorio, orc. and chamber instruments. music, songs, including "Dos Yiddishe Lead", "Dona-Dona", "Ba mir beast doo shane".
SEKURIANS, see Sokuryany.
SELENGINSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1961) in the Kabansky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Main in 1840. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Novy Selenginsk, the center of the district of the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 3 Jews lived in S.. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, a Jew owned 1 out of 10 manufacturing shops. Zundel Novomeisky, brother of Abram Novomeisky (father of M. Novomeisky), was assigned to the merchant guild of S. Barguzin merchant and gold miner. Bargain. enterprise in the Selenginsky env. also had Lazar Samsonovich.
SELETS, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1836–37 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Mogilev u. Mogilev province. 561 Jews (92.8%) lived in S. in 1897. The colony was founded on leased land. In 1898, 193 dessiatines were in use by the colonists. land in 1925 approx. S. was founded by a Jewish farmer. The village's Jewish population was destroyed during the Holocaust.
SELEZENOVKA, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1610. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1900, 7 Jewish families lived in S.
SELEZNEVSKY MINER, see Perevalsk.
SELIBA, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Igumensky u. In 1897, 893 Jews (95%) lived in S. Since 1874 Avrom Plotnik (1854 -?) Was the rabbi in S. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in S. m-in. In 1913, Jews owned 5 grocery stores, all 4 manufactures, and both haberdashery shops in North. In 1918 the Poalei Zion branch operated in North. The Jewish population of North was destroyed during the Catastrophe. Lev Borisovich Gertsovich (1906–1939, Moscow), secretary. Central Committee of the Komsomol of the BSSR, repressed.
SELICHEVKA, a village in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in S.
SELIDOVO, city (since 1956) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 1770s At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Selidovka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. 33 Jews lived in S. in 1939, and 22 in 2001.
SELIKH Vladimir Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 1995, ibid.), Military leader. Lieutenant General (1977). Son of Ya.G. Selikh. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1949–51 he served in the GSVG; in 1952-60 at the headquarters of the Moscow. military. env .; in 1960–62 in Ch. operational management of the General Staff. In 1964 he graduated from the Military. Academy of the General Staff. K.E. Voroshilov. In 1964-68 the beginning. division headquarters, com. brigades; in 1968–71 com. divisions; in 1971–77 early. educational dep. Military. Academy of the General Staff; in 1977–82 beginning. military. finance-econ. Faculty at Moscow. finance. in-those; in 1982–86 military. counselor in Czechoslovakia; 1986–88 Deputy. early Military. academy named after Frunze, early. foreign f-that. Since 1988 - retired. He was awarded 5 orders.
Selikh Yakov Grigorievich (1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1967, Moscow), journalist. Member of the Civil. war. In 1920–35 members. editorial board gas. Izvestia, head. dep. owls. page-tv; in 1935–38 deputy. ch. ed., in 1938–41 isp. responsibilities of ch. ed. Izvestia. In 1941, t. editorial board gas. "True". In 1941–45 ed. front. gas. "To defeat the enemy." One of the organizers and the first director. Geografgiza (1946–52). Referent Prev. Pres. USSR Armed Forces (1954–55).
VILLAGE, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 167 Jews lived in S.. July 1941 S. was occupied by the Romanians. troops. In July 1941, the Jews of S. were deported to Transnistria.
VILLAGE SMALL, now part of the village. The village of Sarny district, Rivne region (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Selishchi Malye (other name - Malye Selyshcha) Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 348 people lived in SM, in 1914 - c. 400 people, in 1921 - 663 Jews. In 1851 60 Jewish families settled in S.M. In 1859 the colonists owned 987 dess. land, in 1898 - 535 dess. land. In 1898 s. 39 families (out of 78) were involved in farming. Every summer most of the colonists went to carpentry in the city of Rovno. In 1914 Jews in SM belonged to the Unity. glassworks, all 10 grocery stores, both hardware stores. The doctor of the zemstvo hospital was a Jew. in SM there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941 S.M. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In aug. 1941 approx. 500 Jews S.M. and Selishch were shot apprx. Kostopol.
SELITSA, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in S.
SELIZHAROV, see Selizharovo.
SELIZHAROVO, urban-type settlement (since 1937), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. like a settlement. From 1862 - Posad Selizharov (other name - Selizharovsky) of Ostashkovsky district. Tver Gubernia. 10 Jews lived in S. in 1926, and 13 in 1939.
SELIZHAROVSKY, see Selizharovo.
RURAL Semyon Petrovich (b. 1924, Tomashpol, Podolsk province), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Colonel. Cand. ist. Sciences (1959). From 1942 - in the Red Army. In 1943 he graduated from the Lepel military. mortar. uch-shche. Com. batteries st. leith. S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Danube in the region south of Budapest. In 1952 he graduated from the Military-polit. academy. Since 1963 - in reserve. In 1963–79 he taught at the Moscow Institute of Architecture. V.V. Kuibyshev. Since 1979, the vice-rector created. im Ying-that advanced training of executives and specialists of construction at MISS. He was awarded 7 orders.
SELTSER David (1904, Soroki, Bessarabian province -?), Poet, writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1920 - in the USA. In 1928 he graduated from the Jewish workers un-t in New York. In 1928–32, dir. workers' clubs. In 1931 he published in gas. "Morgen-Freigite" first verses. Since 1932 the state. sotr. "Morgen Freigite". Published in left-wing Jewish periodicals. ed. ("Freigite", "Der gamer", "Signal", etc.). In 1936, ed. zhurn. "Funken", then a number of other ed. The author of the book., Ed. in New York: "Bessaraber Leader" ("Bessarabian Poems", 1937), "Bronzviller Gezang" ("Bronzeville Chant", 1942), "Di oysgebenkte sho" ("The Suffering Hour", 1947), "Builder un gestaltn fun Magpies "(" Pictures and Images of Forty ", 1950)," Gezang far sholem un freud "(" Song for Peace and Joy ", 1964).
SELTSO, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1914 a Jew belonged to unity. sawmill plant in S.
SELVINSKAYA Tatiana Ilinichna (b. 1927, Moscow), theater designer. Daughter of I.L. Selvinsky. She took painting lessons from R.R. Falk, graduated from Moscow. Wed thin school (1946) and theater. workshop MGHI them. V.I.Surikov (1953). In 1956 she designed the first performance - "Twelve Chairs" based on IA Ilf and EP Petrov in the Odessa Drama. t-re them. A.V. Ivanova. S. production designer St. 130 performances, including "Attractions" by A. I. Volodin (T-r im. Leninsky Komsomol, 1966), "How Mr. Mokinpot got rid of his misfortunes" by P. Weiss (T-r drama and comedy on Taganka, 1969), "Miss Topaz" by M. Panyol (Drama Theater named after N.V. Gogol, 1975), "Wolves and Sheep" by A.N. Ostrovsky (Educational Theater of GITIS named after A. V. Lunacharsky, 1992), “Guilty without guilt” by Ostrovsky (T. Vakhtangov, 1993). S. designed performances in the theaters of Chelyabinsk, Tallinn, Riga, Saratov, Petersburg, Vladivostok, Magadan, and other cities. Since 1992 - in Ros. academic. youth t-re (RAMT). Since 1953, 16 personal exhibitions of S. have taken place in the RAMT (Moscow) and the Youth Theater of Chelyabinsk. exhibitions of works of S. Works of S. are kept in museums and private collections. S. - the author of three poetry. collection of books: "Dedication" (M., 1989), "Opposition" (M., 1993), "Face to Love" (M., 1994), a number of Art. in the journal. "Theater", "Decorative arts", etc., dedicated. problems of creativity and t-ra. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1990). State pr. RF (1993).
SELVINSKY Ilya (Karl) Lvovich (1899, Simferopol, Tauride province - 1968, Moscow), writer, poet. Participant of Civil. war. Studied for honey. Faculty of Tavrichesky University in Simferopol (1919). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences 1st Moscow State University (1923). He worked as a fur instructor at Tsentrosoyuz, Selkhozsoyuz, Soyuzpushnin. In 1933–34 as a correspondent. gas. "Pravda" took part in the exp. on the steamer "Chelyuskin". 1941–45 - at the front. After 1945 he taught at Lit. in-those them. A.M. Gorky. For the first time publ. poems in 1915 in gas. "Evpatoria news". In the 1920s. S. - one of the ideologues of lit. gr. constructivists. In the spirit of “constructive-scientific. thinking "poems" Ulyalaevschina "(1924, published in 1927, revised in 1956)," Notes of a Poet "(1927), rom. in verse "Pushtorg" (1928) and others. S. was criticized by representatives of officers. owls. liter for non-compliance with the norms of Sov. lit. style, use of jargon, pessimism. In the 1930s. turned to philosopher. lyrics, genre ist. tragedies in verse: "Knight John" (1937), "Babek" (1941), etc. He translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang. The Jewish theme is present in many. manuf. C. In the end. 1940s accused of cosmopolitanism. He worked on dramas for many years. trilogy in verse "Russia" (finished in 1957). In 1962, the book was published. "Poetry Studio" - a generalization of own. poetic. experience. In 1966, in the journal. "October" (No. 6-7) published an autobiogr. rum. "Oh, my youth", among the characters to-rogo there are Zionist-minded Jews-Krymchaks. Cit .: Declaration of rights. M., 1933; Crimea, Caucasus, Kuban. M., 1947; Tragedies. M., 1952; Fav. works. T. 1–2. M., 1956; About time, about destinies, about love: Poems. M., 1962; Theater of the poet. M., 1965.
SELYATIN, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1490. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1786, 5 Jewish families lived in S., in 1910 - 1,414 Jews, in 1930 - 737 Jews. 19th century a synagogue was built in S., and a Jewish cemetery was laid. In the beginning. 20th century 2 synagogues were built. The Jewish population of S. suffered during the First World. wars in the 1920s and 30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the occupation of the German-Romanians. troops in June 1941 approx. 20 Jews were killed by local peasants. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of S. were deported to Transnistria. After the deportation, the synagogues and houses of Jews were plundered and burned by local peasants. In S., the remains of one of the synagogues have survived.
SELZNIK Lewis V. (1872, Kiev - 1933, USA), film industrialist, producer. Since the 1880s. - in the USA, he was engaged in jewelry business. In 1910, becoming a general. dir. film company, began filming based on theater. show c / f ("Hat", "Boss", "Fire"), in which actors who later became famous played. In the 1920s. family S. controlled the multimillion-dollar film business during the econ. The crisis of 1929 went bankrupt. Son of S. - David Oliver (1902, Pittsburgh - 1956, USA), producer. In 1933–36 he was vice-president. k / st "Metro Goldwyn-Mayer". In 1936 he founded his own. Selznick Release Organization. Producer of the films Dinner at Eight (1933), David Copperfield (1935), Gone with the Wind (1939), Rebecca (1940), Duel in the Sun (1947), Anna Karenina ( 1948), "Farewell to Arms!" (1957). He was recognized by the owners of cinemas as the best producer in the USA in tech 10 years old. Son of S. - Myron (1898, Pittsburgh - 1944, USA), producer. He worked with his father to create an elite cinema. Since the 1930s. - Hollywood Press Officer.
SEMAKOVKA, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 a Jew owned a grocery store in St.
SEMAN Philip Louis (1881, Warsaw - 1957), teacher, public figure. Since 1892 - in the USA. In 1908–10 St. Social Schools Economics of Washington University. In 1913–45, dir. Jewish Institute in Chicago. S. - one of the founders of the Association of Jewish Students (1923), President. nat. conf. social services (1931), part. will execute. White House Commission on Children. health care and before. commission to restore. rest (1934), part. Council of the Bureau of Jewish Education (since 1947).
SEMYONOV, a village in the Belogorsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine) .In 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and wood stalls in St.
SEMENOV Yulian Semenovich (1931, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Writer, playwright, screenwriter. Son of S.A. Lyandres. He graduated from the Institute of Oriental Languages ​​(1953), was a diplomat. work in the East. Asia. Later personal impressions formed the basis for a number of works: Vietnam, Laos (1968, 1969), He killed me near Luang Prabang (1970), Route SP-15 - Borneo (1971), etc. Lit. started his career as a journalist (1958). In 1959 the first book was published. C. "Diplomatic Agent". The author of the plays “Truth for 9 rubles. by the Piece "(1961)," Go and Don't Be Afraid "(1963)," Petrovka 38 "(1964)," Ogareva 6 "(1973) and others. S., dedicated. work of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and special services of the USSR, written on doc. basis. Mn. rum. and S.'s stories formed the basis of film and television scripts, including t / f "Seventeen Moments of Spring" (1973), "Confrontation" (1980), "TASS is authorized to declare" (1985), etc. S. was creator, ed. and the author of alm. "Top secret" and the same name. TV shows; ch. ed. collection of books "Detective and Politics". State pr. USSR (1977).
SEMYONOVKA, see Novy Bug.
SEMEZHEVO, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 288 Jews (11.3%) lived in S. in 1897. Pesakh Zhukhovitsky (1866 -?) Was the rabbi in S. in 1903. B.D. Melnik.
SEMIDUBY, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1559. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, approx. 20 Jewish families. occupations of the Jewish population of S. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century were the purchase and sale of agricultural products. goods to Dubno and nearby villages. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of S. were deported to Varkovichi and in 1942 they were shot there.
SEMIKARAKORSK, city (since 1972), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1672 as the village of Semikarakorskaya. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In 1939 there were 3 Jews living in S., in 2002 - 2 Jews. In 1942, 15 Jews were killed in S.
SEMIKARAKORSKAYA, see Semikarakorsk.
SEMILUKI, a city (since 1954), a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Voronezh district. Voronezh Gubernia. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in S., in 2002 - 5 Jews.
SEMIPALATINSK, city (since 1782), the center of the Semipalatinsk region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1718 as a fortress Semipalatnaya. From 1782 - the district town of the Kolyvan governorship, from 1796 - in the Tobolsk province, from 1804 - the Tomsk province, from 1822 - the district city of the Omsk province, from 1838 - in the Biysk district. Tomsk province, since 1854 - the center of the Semipalatinsk region. Since 1939 it has been a regional center. In 1870 63 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 183 (0.7%), in 1910 - 215, in 1926 - 419, in 1939 - 421, in 1959 - 937, in 1970 - 749 , in 1979 - 521 Jews (including 60 Bukharian Jews). Jews lived in S. from the middle. 19th century In 1865, a photographic studio "Abram Leibin and Sons" was opened. A Jewish school operated in 1890. A Jewish cemetery was founded in 1892. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in S., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 the pharmacist Kiva Itskovich Rabinovich (1870 -?) Was a rabbi. 1920s S. is a place of exile for the Zionists. In 1923, Mikhail Isaakovich Goldman (1880, Vilna - 1937, Alma-Ata), one of the leaders of the Bund, was sent into exile in S. In 1932 a synagogue was closed in S. (the building housed a sports school; x years - sports complex "Batyr"). Minyan used to go to private houses. Rabbi S. in the 1930s. - Ruvim Zosimovich Mostinsky. Second world period. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of S. increased significantly due to the evacuees from the West. regions of the USSR. In 1990 the Jewish cultural center "Bokker" was opened in S.
SEMIPALATIN, see Semipalatinsk.
SEMIPOLKI, a village in Brovarsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostersky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews owned both the manufactory and the unity. grocery and manufactory in St.
SEVEN WELLS, see Lenino.
SEMKI, a village in the Khmelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in S.
SEMKOV (real family. Kogan) Semyon (Samuil) Moiseevich (1885, Odessa - 1928, Leningrad), statesman. Member RSDLP since 1902. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1910 he emigrated, in 1911 he studied at the party. school in Longjumeau near Paris, upon his return to Russia, was led by a Bolshevik. organization in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912-13 in exile in the Vologda province. Since 1914 - in the USA, member. Russian dep. Socialist. US party and secretary. New York section of the RSDLP. From Apr. 1918 Attaché for Prisoners of War Affairs at the RSFSR embassy in Germany. From nov. 1918 - polit. Commissioner, before. reign of Izhevsk armory and steel. z-dov, chl. Ukoma RCP (b), the revolutionary committee and the Revolutionary military council of the Ufa fortified area Since May 1921 in trade union work: secretary. MGSPS, prev. Zakavk. council of trade unions. At the 14th and 15th congresses of the CPSU (b), a member was elected. Central Control Commission (since December 1927, member of its Pres.). From Jan. 1928 hands. Joint Complaints Bureau under the People's Commissariat of Workers and Peasants. inspection of the USSR. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
SEMKOV-GORODOK, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Gorodok Minsky u. and lips. 19 - early. 20th century in S.-G. there was a Jewish population. In 1893–1903, the rabbi in S.-G. was Shloyme-Zusman Genin (1864–?).
SEMKOVSKY (real family. Bronstein) Semyon Yulievich (1882, Mogilev - 1937), politician, sociologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1929). From the beginning. 1900s Social-Democratic participant movement, one of the theoreticians of Menshevism on nat. question. Member Overseas. Secretariat of the OK Mensheviks, sotr. zhurn. "Ray", "Nashe Slovo" and others. In 1917, members. Pre-parliament. By Oct. the rev-tion reacted negatively. From 1920 he was engaged in scientific. and teach. activities in Ying-those nar. kh-va, pedagogical and other universities of Kharkov. Prev philosophical and sociological. dep. Ukr. Institute of Marxism, before. Sociol. commission VUAN. Member VUTSIK. Author of works on the history of philosophy, East. materialism. He was the first in Russia to try to interpret the philosophical aspects of the theory of relativity. Repressed, works: Ludwig Feuerbach. An outline of materialistic philosophy. Kharkov, 1922; Marxism as a teaching subject. 2nd ed. Kharkov, 1922; Studies in the philosophy of Marxism. M., 1924; The theory of relativity and materialism. Kharkov, 1924.
SEMYATITSKY Chaim (1908, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1943, Vilnius), poet, publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. From 1929 - in Warsaw. The first poems were published in 1929 in Warsaw Gas. "Gaynt". He published poems, short stories, essays in lit. themes in Jewish periodicals. ed. Warsaw, Riga, Bialystok, New York. In 1935 the first poem was published in Warsaw. Sat. S. "Oisgeshtrekte Gent" ("Outstretched Hands"). For the second sat. "Tropns toy" ("Drops of dew"), ed. in the same place in 1938, S. received the prize. I.-L. Peretz of the Jewish PEN-club in Poland. In 1939–41 - in Bialystok, then in Vilnius.
SEMIATYCHE, city (since 1542) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the town of Semyatichi, Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1765, 1015 Jews lived in S., in 1799 - 1656 (62.7%), in 1807 - 2233 (69.7%), in 1847 - 3382, in 1878 - 3600 (79.8%). in 1897 - 4638 (75.4%), in 1921 - 3718 Jews (65.2%) Jews have lived in S. from the 16th century. In the 2nd floor. 17th century community created. A synagogue was built in 1670. Rabbi S. at the end. 17th century - Rabbi Yakov, then - Joshua-Geshel Segal. There was a Jewish cemetery in S. In 1750, despite the protests of the community, but with the consent of foreman Kadyshevich, the Jewish cemetery was partially destroyed, a wide street was laid through it. The foreman was devoted to herem. In 1755, at the expense of the owner S. kn. Anna Yablonskaya-Sapega, a synagogue was built and donated to the community as compensation for the destroyed cemetery. Rabbi S. in the 18th century. - Colonimus-Kalman Gunzburg, then - Borukh-Mordkhe Lifshits, in the 1860s. - Yoel Yitzchok Katzenelbogen. In 1870 three synagogues operated in S. In the 1870s - 80s. Rabbi S. - Eliyahu-Noah Sukhovolsky-Halpern, later - Benish Sukhovolsky, Itskhok-Tsvi Rubinstein, from 1893 - Meir-Zeev Smolyatinsky (1865–?), then - Moishe-Gabriel Levin (1861–?), in 1907–19 - Tsvi-Yehuda Kopelevich. 20th century the Bund organization (in 1906 - 120 people), the Poalei Zion and Ceirei Zion branches operated in S. In 1910 a private husband worked in S. Jewish school; there were 5 synagogues, 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a tavern and 20 shops in S. (including all 8 grocery stores, both manufactory, and the only haberdashery). In 1919 the Kadima school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, which later became part of the Tarbut network. The school "Shabasuvka", 3 yeshivas worked in the 1920s and 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, there were 7 synagogues and several. minyan in private homes. Rabbi S. at the beginning. 1920s - Yosef Yoselevich, in 1926–30 - Benjamin-Eliyahu Ramigolsky (1871–1930), from 1930 - B.-E. Ramigol'skii, Doctor of Philosophy Chaim-Boruch Gerstein, who died during the Holocaust on June 29, 1941, was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 the Judenrat was created. In aug. 1942 created a ghetto, liquidated in November. 1942 when Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. During the liquidation of the ghetto, several. the young Jews managed to escape. Having bought weapons, they created a group that destroyed several. In S., in the almost completely destroyed Jewish cemetery, a memorial plaque has been installed on the grave of the executed Jews. Sh.-Ya. Londinsky, H. Rubinstein, M.B. Zucker.
SAINT-LEON Arthur (real name and fam. Charles-Victor-Arthur Michel) (1821, Paris - 1870, ibid.), Dancer, choreographer, composer. He studied dance with his father, playing the violin with N. Paganini. He made his debut as a violinist in Stuttgart (1834), as a dancer in Munich (1835). In 1837–47 he performed in Paris, Brussels, Milan, Vienna, London, Berlin and other European cities. In 1843 he delivered it to Italian. the ballerinas Fanny (Francesca) Cerrito (S.-L.'s wife) her first performance "The Canteen and Postilian" by Rolland. At the Paris Opera, he staged a ballet for her: The Marble Beauty (1847), The Devil's Violin (1849), Stella, or the Smugglers (1850) (all to the music by C. Punya). In 1854–56 he was choreographer of the San Carlos Theater in Lisbon. In 1859–69 - in Russia. Put on a ball. "Saltarello" (1860, in its own music. And lib.), "Graziella, or Love Quarrel", "Sirata Teolinda, or Spirit of the Valley" (1860, 1862, both - music. Punya), etc. In 1864 he created the first ball. in Russian the theme "The Little Humpbacked Horse" (based on the tale of PP Ershov, music. Punya), staged a ball. "Goldfish" (after A. Pushkin, music by L. F. Minkus). From 1869 - in Paris. In 1870 he carried out the post. ball. "Coppelia, or the Girl with Enamel Eyes" (music by L. Delibes).
SENA Lev Aronovich (1907, Vilna - 1996, Petersburg), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1947), prof. Graduated from Phys.-Mechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1930). From 1929 to 1949 he was taught. work there. Since 1930 sotr. Institute chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–44 - in besieged Leningrad, he participated in the restoration of tram tram substations. Since 1947 scientific. hands. one of the labs. Inst. Post. current (IPT). Arrested in 1951. In 1953 he was released, continued research. and teach. activity in IPT and Electrotechnical. in-those communications them. M.A.Bonch-Bruevich (Head of the Department of Physics until 1965). Since 1965 - in Horn. in-those them. G.V. Plekhanov. Main S.'s work belongs to the region. low-temperature plasma and kinetics of charged particles in it. Discovered the phenomenon of electric relay transfer. charge in gas (Seine effect). Author of over 120 scientific. works. Vol .: Units of measurement of physical quantities. M., 1938; Collisions of electrons and ions with gas atoms. L. - M., 1948; Collection of questions and problems in physics. M., 1986; Units of physical quantities and their dimensions. 3rd ed., M., 1988.
SENAKI (in 1933–76 - Mikha Tskhakaya, in 1976–89 - Tskhakaya), a city (since 1921), a regional center (Georgia). Since 1846 - the town of Senaki (other name - Novo-Senaki), the center of the Senaki district. Kutaisi province. In 1910, 40 Jews lived in S., in 1926 - 118 Georgian Jews, in 1939 - approx. 400 Jews. In 1946 a synagogue functioned in S. (Rustaveli St., 129). The rabbi was Mikhail Shamuelovich Tetruashvili (1906–?), Who also fulfilled the duties of a shohet and moel. On ordinary days, the synagogue was attended by approx. 80 people, on holidays - approx. 180 people In 1951, the authorities decided to demolish the building of the existing synagogue in connection with the reconstruction of the city. The community was obliged to inc. 6 months find a new building for the synagogue. In May 1962 a synagogue in S. was set on fire. In 1964–72, Rabbi S. - Avraham Mordukhovich Gaguashvili (b. 1942, Mikha Tskhakaya).
SENCHA, now part of the village. Sencha, Poltava region (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Sencha Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 26 Jewish households in S.
SENDEREI Samuil (Shmuel) Zalmanovich (1905, Mogilev - 1967, Moscow), composer, music critic. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. cons. (class composition by R.M. Glier, then by M.F.Gnesin). Among the works: symph. poem "Hard labor", dedicated. revolution of 1905 (1934); symph. variations for FP. with orc. (1946), conc. fantasy for violin and orc. Stampenu (1943), cantata Treblinka Stones on the lyrics. A.A. Vergelis (1949), dram. poem "Byl" (1954), romances on the lyrics I.S.Fefer, S. Petofi, S.Ya. Marshak, L.N. Martynova, S.B.Kaputikyan and others, vok. cycles "From Norwegian poetry", "5 children. songs from Scottish bunks. poetry ", a number of tools. plays, produced. for wind and pop orc. Author of arrangements of Jewish songs, music for more than 20 performances of the Odessa Jewish Theater, Ukr. t-ra Revolution and others. Has appeared in print with the theoretical. articles (in the journals "Education", "Sov. Music").
SENDEROV Valery Anatolyevich (b. 1945, Moscow), mathematician, teacher, publicist, human rights activist. Studied at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1968, before the defense of the diploma, he was expelled for reading and disseminating philosophy. lit-ry. He graduated from the Institute in 1970. He was expelled from the postgraduate studies at the Moscow Public Institute for the work "Philosophy of Nietzsche". The author of several. tens of Art. on functional analysis. In the 1970s. lectured and conducted seminars on higher education. mathematics in 2nd mat. school in Moscow. In 1980, joint. with BI Kanevsky he wrote and distributed in samizdat the work "Intellectual Genocide" - about discrimination against Jews when entering universities. Since 1981, member. Council of Representatives of the Free Interprofessional Association of Workers (SP SMOT), one of the ed. Inform. bulletin SMOT. For publ. decomp. Art. in Russian ed. abroad in 1982 he was arrested. Sentenced to 7 years in labor camps and 5 years in exile. Released in 1987. The author of the book. “Mathematics for Russian Jews: Sat. tasks offered to Jewish applicants for entry. exams for mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University ", ed. in Washington in 1988. Publ. Art. in decomp. zhurn. Representative of the International about-va of human rights in Russia by religion. Problems, Vol .: Physics and Mathematics Olympiads. M., 1977 (et al.); This is our war. M., 1993 (about the war in Karabakh).
SENGILEEVSKAYA, a village in the Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Labinsky department. Kuban region. 1942 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. At the same time, 14 Jews were shot in S.
SENGILEY (until 1780 - Pokrovskoe), a city (from 1943), a regional center in the Ulyanovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1666. In 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Simbirsk province. From 1925 it was a rural settlement, and from 1928 it was a workers' settlement. 16 Jews lived in S. in 1870, 16 Jews in 1910, 1 in 1926, and 2 Jews in 1939.
SENKOVTSY, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in S.
SENKEVICHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in S. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families, in the 1920s and 30s. - OK. 500 Jews. 20th century there was a synagogue in S. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. Berman was the rabbi. On June 26, 1941, the S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. oct. 1941 Jews from S. were deported to the Gorokhov ghetto. In 1942, Jews from the village were shot in S. Kolodezh.
SENNICA, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Novominsk u. In 1825, 170 Jews (49.8%) lived in Serbia, in 1857 - 334 (58.6%), in 1883 - 360 (45%), in 1921 - 560 Jews (56.7%). Jews have lived in S. since the 1820s. Since 1908, Rabbi S. - Yehuda-Menachem-Mendel Vitelzon (? –1921). In the 1920s – 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi S. in the 1930s. - Boruch Vitelzon. In September. 1939 The S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1942 S. Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
SENNO, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Ilzhetsky u. Radom Province. In 1827 251 Jews (30.8%) lived in S., in 1856 - 506 (47.5%), in 1897 - 1059 (54.6%), in 1921 - 735 Jews (43.6% Jews lived in S. from the 16th century. In 1576 there was a community. In the end. 19th century Rabbi S. - Avrom-Yehoshua Geshel, in the 1910s. - Itskhok-Mordkhe Podaver. In 1914 Jews owned all 6 manufactories, the only beer and grain shops in the north. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi S. in the 1920s. - Shmul-Shloyme Razani. In Sept. 1939 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created. Dec. 1941 a ghetto was created, in which, in addition to local residents, there were more than 1,000 refugees. In oct. 1942 approx. 2 thousand Jews from the S. ghetto were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
SEPIASHVILI Otar Isakovich (b. 1930, Tiflis), art critic, film critic, screenwriter. Graduated from Tbilisi University (1954). Worked in the editorial office of the gas. "Helovneba". Since 1969 chap. ed. editorial staff of Georgian film programs. television. For 16 years he headed the section of theory and criticism of cinema at the Union of Cinematographers of Georgia. Author of 12 books. According to S.'s scripts, 9 films were filmed. In the beginning. 1970s took part in the anti-Zionist campaign. Honored. activist of claims in the Georgian SSR.
SEPIASHVILI Shota Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Kutaisi GSSR), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984), prof. (1984). Author of scientific. works, including several. book on the problems of Georgians. owls. lit-ry. Since 1993 - in Israel.
SERADZ, a city (from the 13th century) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a city, the center of the voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, and from 1867 it was a county town of Kalisz province. In 1765 17 Jews lived in S., in 1794 - 70 (5.7%), in 1808 - 177 (10.1%), in 1827 - 595 (18.8% ), in 1856 - 1750 (35.6%), in 1897 - 2357 (33.7%), in 1921 - 2835 Jews (30.5%). Jews lived in S. from the 15th century. In 1436 there was a Jewish street in the city. In 1569, King Sigismund Augustus, at the request of the bourgeoisie, even banned the temporary stay of Jews in the north. Jews settled in the city again. In 1725 Jews were expelled from S. In the 1810s. in S. a community was again organized. In 1812 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1829–62, restrictions ("revirs") were in effect in S., according to which only Jews with privileges could live on certain streets. In 1862 mountains. Yisroel Kempinsky was the advisor. Rabbi S. at the beginning. 19th century - Ruven-Yisroel Frenkel, in the 1880s. - Shlomo Levi In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unity. a pharmacy warehouse, a confectionery, an inn, a bakery, a photographic workshop, more than 65 shops and stores in S. (including a single armory, 10 manufactory, 10 haberdashery, both tobacco shops). in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi S. in the 1920s and 1930s - Benjamin Levy. 3 Sept. 1939 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In March 1940, a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942, when the Jews were deported to the ód гет ghetto and the Chelmno extermination camp. After liberation, 27 Jews returned to S. and soon left the city. The building of the synagogue is preserved in S.. Genus: G.-L. Zytnitsky, A. A. Sternfeld; Chaim Wassertsug (Lomser), cantor, composer, from 1868 - in Great Britain, in 1878 published a collection of old synagogue melodies, which included productions. own. essays.
SERAFIMOVICH (until 1933 - Ust-Medveditskaya), a city (since 1933), a regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1589 as the village of Ust-Medveditskaya. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Land of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Oblast of the Don Cossack. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in S., in 2002 - 1 Jew.
SERAKHS, an urban-type settlement (since 1925) in the Akhal velayat (Republic of Turkmenistan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - tract Serakhs Tezhensky u. Transcaspian Region In 1939, 10 Jews lived in S. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish population in S., b. including to-rogo were immigrants from Iran. In S., there was a Jewish quarter with a synagogue. The Jew belonged to unity. a pharmacy in the north. In 1937–38, most of the Jews of S., as Iranian subjects, were deported to areas more remote from the border.
SERBINOVTSY, a village in Zhmerinsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 Jews owned 2 grocery stores and a unity. quarry in S.
SERBY, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. a pharmacy store and both grocery stores in the North. In the summer of 1941, the North was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 18 Jews were shot in S.
SERDATSKAYA Enta (1877, Kovna - 1962, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. She began to write in adulthood, being a store owner. The first story "Mirl" publ. in Warsaw gas. Der veg. Since 1907 - in the USA. She was typing in gas. Forverts, other periodicals ed. sketches, stories, fairy tales, plays. Production topics S. - the fate of a woman, the life of immigrants - former Russian. radicals in the United States. First Sat essays, short stories, one act. plays "Geklibene font" ("Selected works") came out in 1913 in New York. Author of one act. plays "Shpilerai" ("Game"), "O, di libe" ("O, love"), "Di green" ("The Greens"), "Eifersucht" ("Jealousy").
ANGRY, urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Miners' City Council of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main In 1904, 15 Jews lived in S. in 1939.
SERDOBINSKAYA Sloboda, see Serdobsk.
SERDOBSK, city (since 1780), a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1699 as Serdobinskaya Sloboda. From ser. 18th century - from. Bolshaya Serdoba, since 1780 - a district town of the Saratov governorship, then - a province. In 1870 13 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 72, in 1926 - 136 (0.7%), in 1939 - 23, in 2002 - 7 Jews ...
Serebriyskiy Yakov Moiseevich (1913–1989, Moscow), specialist in the field of aerodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1943). Graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute and Mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1935 - at TsAGI, at the same time. (since 1943) prof. MIPT. Sci. works of S. dedicated. problems of aerodynamics. In the end. 1930s researched the issue. theory of an elastic wing of an aircraft. In 1943 he developed a method for calculating the flow of an incompressible liquid around a wing profile. Investigated the influence of the proximity of the Earth on aerodynamics. aircraft characteristics; wave drag of an aircraft wing, features of the flow around a swept wing in subsonic and supersonic flows. Created a classic wing profile. type and supercritical. new class profiles. S.'s works contributed to the disclosure of the nature of many aerodynamic. phenomena influenced the formation of the appearance of aircraft of later generations. Became. etc. (1947). Linen. pr. (1961). Cit .: Influence of the proximity of the Earth on aerodynamic. aircraft characteristics. M., 1936; Elastic wing aerodynamics. M., 1937; Experimental study of the features of transonic flow around the root section of a swept wing in the presence of a lifting force. M., 1982 (et al.).
SEREBRYAKOVA (nee Bull) Galina Iosifovna (1905, Kiev - 1980, Moscow), writer. Rod. in the family of prof. revolutionaries. Participant of Civil. war. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1925). She was engaged in journalism - corr. gas. "TVNZ". In 1925–27 he became the head of the State Film Agency. 1st husband - L.P. Serebryakov - secretary. Central Committee of the RCP (b), 2nd - G.Ya. Sokolnikov. S. - author of the book: "Sketches of China" (1927), collection of works. short stories "Women of the French Revolution" (1929, many reprints), collection of works. short stories "Rickshaw" (1931), "Food for the Soul" (1933), "People on the outskirts of Croix-Rousse" (1933), "Face-to-face confrontation: a picture of English life" (1933). In the beginning. 1930s started writing rum. from the life of K. Marx (book 1–2, 1933–34). In 1937 she was repressed. After rehabilitation (1956) she completed the trilogy about Marx "Prometheus" (1961–62), wrote a novel. about F. Engels "Preceding" (1965). Publ. book memoirs "Wanderings in the past years" (1962-65), "About others and about yourself" (1968), etc. In 1963-80 part. editorial board gas. "Lit. Russia ". Cit .: Sobr. op. In 5 volumes. M., 1967–69; Coll. op. In 6 volumes. M., 1977–80.
SEREBRYANKA, a village in the Razdolnensky region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). founded in the 1920s. as a Jewish farmer. the colony; existed until 1938.
Serebryanskiy Yakov Isaakovich (1892, Minsk - 1956, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Colonel (1946). In 1907-17 - Socialist Revolutionary. In 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. Since 1920 - in the organs of the Cheka-OGPU, worked in the residencies of the Sov. intelligence in the United States, France and China, headed the intelligence group. GUGB NKVD USSR in Germany. In 1930 he led the kidnapping of the gene. A.P. Kutepov in Paris. In 1936 he organized the export of the archive of L.D. Trotsky from Paris. Awarded hordes. Lenin (1937). Arrested in 1938 and released in 1941. In 1942–46 the beginning. branches and management of the NKVD of the USSR. From 1946 - retired. Apr-Oct. 1953 deputy. early dep. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Arrested in 1953. He died in prison.
SILVER POND, an urban-type settlement (since 1961), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Venevsky u. Tula Province. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in S.P.
SILVER Iosif Alexandrovich (1907, Gorodnya, Chernigov province - 1979, Leningrad), painter. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1947), prof. (1960). In 1927 he graduated from Leningrad. thin technical school, in 1931 - VKHUTEIN, where he studied under V.E. Savinsky, A.A. Rylov, M.P. Bobyshev. He began his creative activity as an artist-designer of exhibitions, streets, squares of Leningrad, theater. performances and films of the Lenfilm film studio (1931–34). He created large multi-figured paintings: "Lenin's speech at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets" (1937), "Meeting of two fronts" (1943), "In Leningrad. Philharmonic ”(1953). In 1941–45 he painted portraits of partisans KG Bolotnev, DI Vlasov (both - 1942), VS Timashov (1943) and others. Author of portraits: “VP Soloviev-Sedoy” (1950) , Dmitry Shostakovich (1964), Svyatoslav Richter (1972). During the war years he also worked in the genre of posters - "The enemy at the gates", "The Russian people will never kneel", "Be vigilant", "Come on!" on the defense of Leningrad. Since 1947 he taught at the Institute of Fine Arts named after I.E. Repina (AH). Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1956), People's Commissars. artist RSFSR (1966), people's. artist USSR (1977).
SILVER Israel Aizikovich (1900, Kalinkovichi of Rechitskiy district of Minsk province - 1978, Moscow), literary critic, bibliographer. Cand. philol. sciences. Participant of Civil. war. Collaborated in the printing house gaz. Der Communistisher Veg in Gomel. He studied at the Jewish ped. technical school. The secretary was elected. lit. gr. "October-dor". From 1925 - in Minsk, worked as a typesetter for gas. "October", member. lit. mug "Junger Arbeter". Graduated from ped. Faculty of Belarusian University. He worked at the Institute of Jewish Culture at the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Wrote Art. for scientific. ed., gas. in Yiddish, Russian, Belarusian. lang. about classic and modern Jewish literature. The author of the book. "Sholem Aleichem and Folklore" (Minsk, 1939), "Mendele Moikher-Sforim" (Moscow, 1948). In Russian. lang. ed. book: "Sholem Aleichem and folk art" (1959), "Contemporaries and classics" (1971). Was engaged in compiling a bibliography of works. Jewish Writers: "Translations from Yiddish into Russian in 1941–48." ("Pariser Zeitshrift", 1956-57, no. 15 (16); "Chronicle of Jewish Soviet Literature" ("Sovetish Gameland", 1966-67). Translated into Yiddish rom. "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons" by I.A. .Turgenev, the novel "Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov.
SEDINA-BUDA, city (since 1964), regional center in Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province. In 1910 in S.-B. 972 Jews lived, in 1923 - 1267, in 1926 - 1176, in 1939 - 463 Jews. pom. The pharmacist in the pharmacy was a Jew P. Berg. In 1910 in S.-B. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 the Jews owned 4 hotels, both photo workshops, unity. a jewelry store, both pharmacy stores, a bakery, all 6 ready-to-wear stores, 14 stores in S.-B. (including both haberdashery, tobacco). All 8 timber merchants in S.-B. were Jews. and a tailor. In the spring of 1918 in S.-B. there were pogroms organized by parts of the Directory and Kr. Army. After the occupation of the Wehrmacht, the Jews of S.-B. were shot in November. 1941 From the end. 1990s in S.-B. there was a branch of "Hesed". In S.-B. genus. I.B.Rabinkov, L.B. Shapiro.
MIDDLE, a village in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897 104 Jews (15.4%) lived in S.
GRAY, see Seiriyai.
SEREYSKY Mark Yakovlevich (1885, Warsaw - 1957, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935). In 1910 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, continued his education in Munich, where he studied medicine. In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1919-22 - in Biochem. in-those People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR under the hands. A.N.Bach. Since 1925 the head. Department of Psychiatry State. defectological in-that in Moscow. In 1930–34 the head. Department of Psychiatry, Rostov honey. in-that, in 1935-51 head. Department of Psychiatry TSIUVa, in 1951-57 head. clinic Ying-that psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In the beginning. March 1953 arrested on the so-called. "The case of doctors", at the end of April. released. One of the first psychiatrists in the USSR to use active psychiatric therapy. diseases. Initiator of the development of a method for treating psychosis with prolonged sleep; studied the mechanisms of action of insulin and electroshock methods and clarified the indications for their use; developed a typology of remissions in schizophrenia; conducted research. on the methodology of psychiatry, clinical problems, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy (suggested to lay down a remedy, named after him). In 1941–45 he organized the first psychiatrist in the USSR in the Tajik SSR. hospital and the first logistics specialist. hospital for wounded in the head. Vol .: Textbook of psychiatry. M. - L., 1928; 5th ed., M., 1946 (jointly with M.O. Gurevich); Nervous system stimulants. M., 1943; New ways to diagnose and treat epilepsy. M., 1945; Therapy for mental illness. M., 1948.
SERGACH, a city (since 1779), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1674.Since 1779 it was a district town of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, then a province. In 1870 there were 25 Jews living in S., in 1881 - 6, in 1913 - 3, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 25, in 2002 - 2 Jews. In the beginning. 20th century there was one Jewish family in S. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in S. During the 1st world. war, the Jewish population grew due to refugees from the West. provinces of Ros. empire. In 1915, 250 Jews arrived in S.
SERGEEV Mark (real name and surname Mark Davidovich Gantvarger) (1926, Yenakiyevo Stalin okr. - 1997, Irkutsk), writer, playwright. In 1943–46 - in the army. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Irkutsk University (1949), studied at Moscow. bibl. in-those, in the studio at the Irkutsk drama. t-re. The first verses publ. into gas. "Irkutsk Railwayman" in 1940. First Sat. poems for children: "In a wonderful house" (1950), "Thank you, people" (1958) and others. He wrote more than 30 books. for children: fairy tales, poems, stories about Siberia, St. 15 poetic collection of books. Mn. poems are set to music: the song "Middle of the Earth" became the radio call sign of Irkutsk. After publ. verse. "Ballad of Poplars" Memorial "Poplar Alley" was created in Irkutsk. The author of the pov. "Siberia, in which I live" (1962), "The Siberian misadventures of the arap Peter the Great" (1970), etc. S. - one of the founders of the middle. book about the Decembrists "Polar Star". According to the script by S. post. over £ 60 about Siberia. In 1964–79 he headed the Irkutsk org. JV USSR. Honored. worker of culture of the Russian Federation. Vol .: Sleepers; A gulp of the ocean. M., 1964; Unhappily faithful sister. Irkutsk, 1968; Poems. Novosibirsk, 1976; Link of times: Fates are connected with Irkutsk. Irkutsk, 1986; Spaces of the soul. Irkutsk, 1992.
SERGEEVICH, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in S.
SERGIEV, see Sergiev Posad.
SERGIEV POSAD (in 1919–30 - Sergiev, in 1930–91 - Zagorsk, renamed in honor of VM Zagorskiy), a city (from 1925), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dmitrovsky u. Moscow province. Since 1931 - the regional center of the Moscow Region. In 1920, 4 Jews lived in S.P., in 1926 - 61, in 1939 - 316, in 1970 - 460, in 1989 - approx. 300, in 2002 - 153 Jews. In 1914 Jews owned a pharmacy and a pharmacy store in S.P. In the 1940s – 1950s. in S.P., a minyan (about 40 people) constantly gathered, the organizer of which was S.I.Bekler. 1990s in SP there is a branch of "Hesed". In SP the genus. Pavel Samoilovich Zlatogorov (real name. Goldberg) (1907-1969, Moscow), opera director, director of a number of opera ts in the USSR, honored. art. BSSR (1940) and RSFSR (1947).
SERGIEVSK, a village, a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Since 1781 - the district town of the Ufa governorship, since 1804 - the provincial town of the Buguruslansky district. Orenburg province. After 1917 it became a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 7 Jews in S., in 1926 - 8, in 1939 - 4 Jews. I.B.Sheinman.
SERGIEVSKAYA, a village in Korenovsky district of Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Caucasian department. Kuban region. 1942 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. Aug - early. Sep 1942 92 Jews were deported to S. In the beginning. oct. 1942 Jews were shot.
SERGIEVSKY, see Plavsk.
SERGIN, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernivtsi headman of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 204 Jews (8.7%) lived in S. in 1930. Jews have lived in S. from the end of the 20th century. 19th century Main occupations were timber and livestock trade. In the beginning. 20th century there were 2 synagogues and 2 heders in S. in the 1920s and 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1941, S. was occupied by Romanian units. army. In the fall of 1941 the Jews of S. were deported to Transnistria. After liberation, 18 Jewish families returned to S.
SERGO, see Stakhanov.
SERLIN Oscar (1901, Yalovka Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province - 1971, New York), actor, playwright, director. Since 1910 - in the USA. He graduated from the University of Chicago and the Academy Theater. lawsuit. Studied theater. art in Europe (Berlin, Vienna, Munich, London). Upon his return to the United States, he wrote vaudeville and libre. op-t, worked as an actor, pom. dir. and a producer. In 1933–37 he was a teacher and producer of the Paramount Pictures studio. Assistant to the producer of the film "Gone with the Wind". In 1939, S.'s play "Life with Father" was staged on Broadway, which did not leave the stage until 1946 and was played 3213 times. As dir. staged performances: "The Moon Has Set", "Family", "The Beggars Enter the City", "Life with Mother", "Singer of Sorrow", "The Royal Daughter".
SERLIN Yosef (b. 1906, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1974, Tel Aviv), lawyer, politician. Graduated from un-t in Warsaw (1929). Since 1932 - in E.-I. From 1933 he was engaged in private. jurid. practice. 1952–55 min. health care. Dep. The Knesset in 1948–74 (Liberal Party); in 1951–52 and in 1961–69 deputy. speaker. Member prez. Liberal Party; Delegate of the World Zionist Congresses.
SERMAN Ilya Zakharovich (Zelikovich) (b. 1913, Vitebsk), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Graduated from Philology. f-t. Leningrad State University (1939). 1941–45 - in the army. After 1945 - editor of Lengoslitizdat. In 1949–56 he was imprisoned. In 1956–76 scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House). In 1965–75 he taught Russian history. lit-ry 18th century at LSU. Main work dedicated. to the works of A.P. Sumarokov, K.N.Batyushkov, A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky. One of the ed. collection of books "18th century" (collection 6-8). He took part in the work on textual studies. preparation of Sobr. op. N.S. Leskov and Poln. collection op. F.M. Dostoevsky. Since 1976 - in Israel. Prof., then hon. prof. (1982) Jewish University in Jerusalem. Works: M. Lomonosov's Poetic Style. M. - L., 1966; Russian classicism. L., 1973; Mikhail Lermontov. Life in literature. 1836–41. Jerusalem, 1997.
SERNIKI, a village in the Zarechny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1449. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1919–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 932 Jews (36.5%) lived in S., in 1921 - 937 (33%), in 1941 - approx. 1,100 Jews (approx. 22%). Jews lived in S. from the 17th century. In 1882-1903 S. were closed for free settlement of Jews. From 1901 Avrom-Peretz Tsibulnik (1857–?) Was the rabbi in S., in 1911–40 - Zeev Miler (? –1940, Pinsk). In 1913, both grocery stores in the north. In 1918, parts of the Directory staged pogroms in S., during which the property of the Jews was plundered. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations; There was a cheder metukan. In the summer of 1941, the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On July 28, 1941, pogroms with murders and robberies of Jews by local residents took place in S. 7 Aug 1941 150 Jews were killed in S. 29 Sep 1942 850 Jews were shot in S. over 500 Jews managed to escape. A group of young Jews organized partisans. detachment them. Voroshilov. After the release of S. in January. 1944 several. dozens of Jews returned to the village. Ya.Marinov.
SEROTSK, a city (since 1417) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - posad Pultussky u. Warsaw province. In 1808, 270 Jews (21.1%) lived in S., in 1827 - 375 (38.1%), in 1856 - 901 (56.2%), in 1884 - 1821 (71.8%) , in 1897 - 2054 (52.5%), in 1908 - 2290 (52.6%), in 1921 - 2295 (48.9%), in 1931 - 2641 Jews (48.8%). Jews lived in S . from the 17th century. In the beginning. 19th century a community was created, a synagogue was built. In 1870–1924, Joseph Levenshtein (? –1924) was the rabbi in S. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in S. t-in. During the 1st world. During the war in S., with the help of the Joint, a dining room was opened for those in need. 1918 pogroms broke out in S. by units of the Polish. army. 1920-30-ies. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1924, Rabbi S. - Yisroel Yitzhok Morgenstern. In the beginning. 1920s the schools "Beis Ya'akov" and "Shabasuvka" were opened, and in 1925 - the cheder matukan. The Jewish population of S. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
SEROV (in 1926–34 and in 1937–39 - Nadezhdinsk, in 1934–37 - Kabakovsk), a city (from 1926), a regional center in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1894 as a settlement at the Nadezhdinsky plant in the Verkhotursky district. Perm province. In 1902, 12 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 17, in 1939 - 107, in 1970 - 221 (0.2%), in 2002 - 81 Jews. 1990s a Jewish community has been created in S. (formerly Vladimir G. Ratnovsky, born in 1949, Serov). Alexander Samuilovich Vernikov (b. 1962), poet, writer, author of several. books.
SEROV Valentin Alexandrovich (1865, Petersburg - 1911, Moscow), painter. Acad. AH (1898), d.h. AH (1903). Son of V.S.Serova, great-grandson of K.I. Gablitsa. In 1873–74 he studied under IE Repin, in 1880–85 - in St. Petersburg. OH. In 1894-99 members. T-va mobile artists exhibitions, since 1890 - the association "World of Art" and the Munich Secession. Member Council of Moscow. artist gallery P.M. and S.M. Tretyakov. In 1887–99 he taught at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1890 S. created Italian "artistic portraits". singers A. Mazini, F. Tamagno, writer N.S. Leskov, artist. K.A. Korovin, I. I. Levitan. The culminating rise of S.'s creativity was the portraits of M. Gorky, M. N. Ermolova, F. I. Shalyapin (1904–05), in which the principle of naib. enhancing psychological characteristics. All R. 1900s S., who became a fashionable portrait painter, turned to the ceremonial portrait (portraits of L.M. Girshman (1907), K.O. Orlova (1911) in the Art Nouveau style). He painted portraits and members of the royal family. The portrait of I.A. Morozov, distinguished by the brightness of color, belongs to the same time. The portrait individuality is emphasized in the painting "Ida Rubinstein" (1910). The theater occupied a prominent place in S.'s work. claim. Designed the performances of the Mamontov artist. mug (1886, 1894), Moscow. private Russian operas by SI Mamontov (1908), the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg (1909); for SP Diaghilev's entreprise he made a poster for the performance of A.P. Pavlova, in 1911 - a curtain for the production of the ballet to the music of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's suite "Scheherazade". He took part in exhibitions of the Itinerants, the World of Art association. Grand Prix at the World exhibition in Paris in 1900. Prod. S. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, other museums of Russia, galleries and private collections decomp. countries of the world.
SEROVA (nee Bergman) Valentina Semyonovna (1846, Moscow - 1924, ibid.), Composer. The wife of the composer A.N.Serov (grandson of K.I. Gablitsa). She studied at St. Petersburg. cons. (class. fp. A.G. Rubinstein), later took lessons from Serov on music theory. Since the 1880s. S. led a great music-educator. activities in the villages. terrain. The author of the op. Uriel Acosta (1885, Bolshoi Theater, Moscow), Ilya Muromets (1899, Private Russian opera by SI Mamontov, Moscow), cycle fp. miniatures “Muses. vignettes ”and others. and pom. Serov by ed. zhurn. "Music and Theater" (1867-68), in which she published her art. Wrote Art. and for other journals. The author of the memoirs “Serovs Alexander Nikolaevich and Valentin Alexandrovich. Memories "(St. Petersburg, 1914) and" A.N.Serov. Holidays and everyday life of our life together ”(“ Russian Thought ”, 1913, no. 1–5). After Serov's death, she completed (with N.F. Soloviev) the 5th act of his op. “The Power of the Enemy” has finished the suite, composing it from unfinished fragments. op. Serov's "Blacksmith Vakula", published the score of his op. "Judith". Prepared the meeting. in 4 volumes. music-critical. works of Serov (jointly with other publicists) (St. Petersburg, 1892–95).
SERPER Grigory Yurievich (b. 1969, Tashkent), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1992). Participant of two world championships among youths (1987, 3-4th m; 1988, 1-4th m.). European Youth Champion (1989/90). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, including in St. Petersburg (1994, A.D. Petrov memorial, 1-5th), Oslo (1994, 1st), Kolkata (1995, 1-5th m.). He headed the national team of Uzbekistan at the World Cup. chess. Olympiad in Moscow (1994) and Yerevan (1996).
Serper Iosif Lazarevich (b. 1911, Odessa - 2002), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In the Red Army - in 1933–35 and from 1939. Member of the Soviet-Finl. wars 1939–40. In 1942, during the defensive battles in the North. Caucasus was captured, fled. After leaving the encirclement, he was convicted and sent to a fine. battalion. Com. dep. assault engineer-sapper. battalion captain S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the skillful leadership of the battalion in battles in the region of Melitopol. From 1946 - major in the reserve. In 1963 he graduated from the Odessa Technol. Institute of food and refrigeration industry. He was awarded 4 orders. Since 1989 - in the USA.
SICK, see Sickle.
SERPTS, a city (since 1322) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the county town of Serpets, Plock province. In 1808 649 Jews (66.9%) lived in S., in 1827 - 1185 (45.9%), in 1856 - 2604 (56.1%), in 1897 - 2935 (41.9%), in 1913 - 4011 (48.3%), in 1921 - 2861 (42.6%), in 1938 - 3077 Jews (30.6%). Jews lived in S. from 17 at. There was a department in the city. district - "Jewish part". In the 1st floor. 18th century a Jewish cemetery was laid. From the end. 18th century most of the Jews of S. were Alexandrovsky, Gurian, and Plock Hasidim. Rabbi S. in 1790-1812 - Yosef-Meir Hurwitz (? -1812), in 1815-27 - Shraga-Fayvl Danziger (? -1849), in 1830-40 - Moishe-Yehuda-Leib Zilberberg (? -1865, Jerusalem ), in 1840–58 - Mordkhe Greenbaum (grandfather of I. Greenbaum), in 1865–1918 - the Gurian Hasid Ikhl-Mikhl Goldshlak (1831–1918). 20th century the Bund organization (in 1906 - about 100 members) operated in S., and from 1905 it became a Zionist organization. In 1913 the Bikur Hoylim and an overnight shelter functioned. In 1914 Jews belonged to the Unity. a hotel, 10 shops and shops in S. (including a single jeweler, a single toy, and a single tobacco). in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. From 1927 the schools "Isudey ga-Toire" and "Beis Yaakov" worked, from 1931 - a school and children. garden of the "Tarbut" network, from the beginning. 1930s - Yeshiva "Beis Yosef". Rabbi S. in 1923–39 - grandson of I.-M. Goldshlak Yehoshua-Geshel-Dovid Goldshlak (? - the period of the Catastrophe). 1939 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the spring of 1940, a ghetto was created, liquidated in January. 1942. After that the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. A.Neuman.
Serpukhov, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1328.Since 1708 - in Moscow Gubernia, from 1781 - a district town. In 1870 47 Jews lived in S., in 1910 - 37, in 1926 - 225, in 1939 - 328, in 1970 - 390, in 2002 - 106 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in S. In 1914 Jews owned a pharmacy and 2 ready-to-wear shops. 1990s in S. there is a branch of "Hesed". In S. genus: SL Lungin; Pavel Isaakovich (Peysakh Itskovich) Kagan (1880–1957, Moscow), teacher, founder and director. first in Ros. empire of a private Jewish gymnasium in Vilna, author of a Latin language textbook.
GRAY Zosim Lvovich (1916, Odessa - 1977, Karakul, Bukhara region. UzSSR), hydroelectric engineer. Hero of Soc. Labor (1976). In 1940 he graduated from the Kiev Electrical Engineering. in-t. Participated in the construction and reconstruction of the kr. hydroelectric power plants - Dnieper, Gorky, Kremenchug. In 1963–77 he headed Naryngidrostroy. Under the arm. On the building of hydroelectric power stations of the Naryn cascade, unique power plants have been built. constructions, advanced technologies and construction methods were introduced, which were subsequently extended to other hydraulic engineering. objects. Life and work of S. dedicated. doc. pov. L. Dyadyuchenko "What a victory it is!" (1977).
SESIKAI, a place in Ukmergsky u. (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sesiki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 125 Jews (26%) lived in S., in 1939 - 70 Jews. 20th century there was a synagogue in S. In the 1920s and 30s. several dozens of young S. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa. July 1941 in the forest approx. S. Lithuanian policemen shot 27 Jews. The remaining Jews were shot on 5 Sept. 1941.
SESIKI, see Soshikai.
SESTRINOVKA, a village in the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Berdichevsky district Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned a timber warehouse, a grocery, and a manufactory in St.
SESTRORETSK, a city subordinated to the St. Petersburg Mountains. administration (Russian Federation). Main in 1714. At 19 - early. 20th century - in St. Petersburg district Petersburg province. 220 Jews lived in S. in 1889, 167 (2.2 percent) in 1923, 183 in 1926, and 750 in 1939. The Jewish population in S. appeared in S. in the first half ... 19 century, when the Jews were involved in work at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant on the basis of the law on military service in 1827. In 1848 with the permission of the military. department was opened synagogue (burned down in 1868). In 1870 the military. the department provided a plot of land for the construction of a new synagogue. The duties of a rabbi were performed by the rabbi of St. Petersburg. In 1889, the synagogue was closed by the provincial authorities. Sestroretsk Jewish Society of several years petitioned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases about the opening of the synagogue. In 1894 it was allowed to open a synagogue on the basis of special. decree of the emperor. 20th century S. is a popular holiday destination for the Jews of St. Petersburg. In 1914 a Jewish school worked in S., studying to-rogo in December. of the same year, they collected donations to the OZE fund for Jewish refugees. In 1923 the Jewish religion was registered in S. In 2005, S. had a Jewish population. There is an abandoned Jewish cemetery in S.. V.D. Marcuson.
SETER (Starominsky) Mordechai (b. 1916, Novorossiysk), composer, teacher. Prof. (1972). Since 1926 - in E.-I. In 1932–37 he studied composition at the Ecole Normal in Paris with P. Duke and N. Boulanger. Since 1950 he taught composition and related disciplines at the Israeli muses. academy (later the Rubin Academy of Music). In muses. op. combined modern. technique of composition, Jewish melodic. material and plank beds. traditions, ch. arr. Sephard. and Yemeni communities, in a number of productions. turned to the methods of composition of Europe. the middle ages. The author of the production "Saturday Cantata" - "Shabbat" for soloist, choir and strings. orc. (1940; I. Engel pr., 1945), "Shirey moed" ("Holiday Songs"; 1949), sonatas for violin and sonatas for two violins (1952, pr. I. Engel), richercar for violin , viola, cello and strings. ans. (1956; ave. UNESCO, 1961). To the music of this Op. were post. ballets dance. ans. Bat Sheva, Amer. ballet t-rum and English. troupe "Ballet Rambert". Traditions. Melodies of the Jews of Yemen formed the basis of the oratorio Midnight Vigil (1961) and op. Yemeni Divan for mezzo-soprano (or baritone) and chamber orc. (1966). S. - author of 5 points, 3 of them, including The Legend of Judith (1962), were post. Martha Graham. State Israel Ave (1965).
SEECHOV, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1132. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. 15 Jews lived in S. in 1856, 125 (12.7%) in 1897, and 118 (11.8%) in 1921. The Jewish population of S. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
SEZEMIN, a village in the więtokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1326. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Opochensky district of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Vloshchovsky u. In 1765, 211 Jews lived in S. and the environs, in 1827 in S. - c. 100, in 1856 - 92 (10.9%), in 1897 - 171 (14.2%), in 1921 - 224 (14%), in 1939 - 180 Jews. 20th century there was a synagogue in S. The community contained a shokhet. In the 1920s and 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1942 S. Jews were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.
SEV Leopold Alexandrovich (1867, Slavuta Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1921, Paris), public figure, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Upon termination of legal. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that continued his studies at Berlin un-those and at the Higher. school of Judaica in the same place. Since the 1890s, upon returning to St. Petersburg, he was engaged in translations. S. - Founding Member Philos. about-va at Petersburg. un-those, participated in the ed. leading organs of the Jewish press in Russian. lang. In 1901–06 he was a member of the editorial board of gas. "Sunrise", in 1907 edited the weekly. "Freedom and Equality", in 1909, part. editorial. to-that every month. "Jewish World", in 1910-15 ed. (jointly with M.G. Syrkin) weekly "New Sunrise", in 1917 - gas. "Jewish week". S. - member. Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia, one of the founders of polit. association "Jewish People's Group" (1906–07), member. to-that Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va, one of the ed. Sat. documents "Regests and inscriptions" (v. 2-3, 1910-13), as well as "Essays on Jewish history and culture" (v. 1. Biblical period. St. Petersburg, 1912). From 1919 in Paris he edited the journal. "Jewish tribune".
SEVAN, city (since 1961), regional center (Republic of Armenia). Main all R. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Yelenovka Novobayazetsky u. Erivan province. 19th century in S. lived apprx. 400 "Jews", in 1939 - 4 Jews. S. founded by immigrants from Saratov, Tambov, Tula provinces. Main The occupations of the "Judaizing" S. were fishing and carriage. After 1905, a community of "Judaizers" was formed in S.. There were 2 synagogues, mikvah, heders and a Jewish cemetery. pl. "Judaizers" left S. Since the 1990s. in S. there is a branch of "Hesed".
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=СЕВАСТОПОЛЬ, город в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). Осн. в 1784. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – адм. центр градоначальства в Таврической губ.В 1867 в С. проживало 486 евреев, в 1889 – 1832 еврея и 389 караимов, в 1897 – 3910 евреев и 813 караимов, в 1910 – 3655 евреев (6,5%), в 1926 – 6038 (в т. ч. 292 крымчака), в 1939 – 5988, в 1959 – 3116, в 1970 – 3419, в 1979 – 3218 евреев.Первые евреи, выходцы из Галиции, поселились в С. в 1780-х гг. В нач. 19 в. евреи, жившие в С., занимались снабжением местного гарнизона. В 1829 евреям, за исключением военнослужащих, предписывалось в теч. двух лет покинуть С., ставший военно-морской базой. Местные власти пытались добиться отмены императорского указа, утверждая, что высылка евреев повредит экономике С., однако неоднократные ходатайства воен. губернатора С. и Николаева адм. А.С.Грейга привели к тому, что срок изгнания был перенесен на 1832, затем на 1833; в 1834 евреев окончательно выслали из города. В 1837 мин. внутр. дел и нач. гл. морского штаба выступили с предложением разрешить родителям евреев-военнослужащих жить в С.; Николай I согласился сделать подобное исключение для вдовых матерей. С 1842 срок временного пребывания евреев в С. ограничивался одним месяцем. В 1848 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1852 пр-во разрешило евреям брать подряды на строит. работы в С.Сотни евреев – солдат и матросов – были в числе участников обороны С. в сент. 1854 – авг. 1855. Ок. 500 из них погибли в боях. В 1864 на Сев. стороне города еврейская община поставила монумент с надписью «Памяти еврейских солдат, павших за отечество при обороне Севастополя во время войны 1854–1855 гг.». В войсках Великобритании и Франции, осаждавших С., также служили евреи; нек-рые из них погребены на англ., франц. и т. н. Братском кладбищах С.В 1859 еврейским купцам трех гильдий, а также евреям, имевшим звание личного или потомственного почетного гражданина и занимавшимся торговлей, было предоставлено право постоянного жительства в С.; в городе могли без ограничений селиться также члены их семей и евреи, нанятые ими в качестве конторщиков, приказчиков, слуг. В 1860 право постоянного жительства в С. получили отставные солдаты и матросы, в 1861 – евреи-ремесленники.В 1867 в С. действовала кенасса.В 1880 осн. часть еврейского населения С. составляли ремесленники, отставные военнослужащие и члены их семей. В 1874 открылась «солдатская синагога», в 1884 – открыта Главная синагога. В 1880–90-х гг. евреи-предприниматели основали в С. ряд экспортно-импортных компаний, занимавшихся гл. обр. торговлей зерном.В 1880–90-х гг. в С. действовал палестинофильский кружок, в нач. 1900-х гг. – сионистская орг-ция. Казенный раввин с 1890 – Исаак-Шрага Фрид (?, Бобруйск – 1901), основавший субботнюю школу. Казенным раввином в 1901–04 был Ш.Юнович, затем – Д. Полонский.С 1903 в С. действовала талмуд-тора. Был выдвинут проект единой талмуд-торы для ашкеназийских евреев, крымчаков и караимов.В окт. 1905, во время расстрела демонстрации, было убито 3 еврея. В нач. 20 в. неск. караимов состояли в «Союзе русского народа».В 1907 власти вновь начали изгонять евреев из нек-рых р-нов С.; в 1909 последовало поголовное выселение евреев, живших в городе на Корабельной стороне, в т. ч. участников севастопольской обороны. Была закрыта «солдатская синагога».В 1910 в С. действовали талмуд-тора, жен. школа, субботняя школа, еврейская б-ка. В 1913 работало «Еврейское благотворит. об-во» (пред. – Молдавский). В 1914 евреям принадлежали 5 аптек, 6 магазинов аптечных товаров, единств. баня, 6 ювелирных магазинов, 2 фотомастерские, ок. 90 разл. лавок и магазинов в С. (в т. ч. 15 галантерейных, 10 бакалейных, 9 мануфактурных, все 11 магазинов готового платья).В годы 1-й мир. и Гражд. войн численность еврейского населения возросла в основном за счет притока беженцев из зап. губерний России.В 1917–20 в С. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Маккаби» (с 1918), орг-ция еврейских скаутов (с 1919). Работал гор. сионистский к-т, издававший свою лит-ру. В 1919 С. посетили И.Трумпельдор и М.Дизенгоф.В 1920-х гг. в С. действовала Евсекция.В 1931 в С. был проведен съезд караимов Крыма. 20 сент. 1934 Севастопольским гор. советом ОЗЕТ была выпущена газ. «Озетовец».В обороне С. в сент. 1941 – апр. 1942 принимала участие бригада мор. пехоты под ком. полк. Владимира Львовича Ольшанского. 3 июля 1942 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 12 июля 1942 евреи С. (ок. 1,5 тыс. чел.) были расстреляны. По др. данным, всего в период оккупации было уничтожено ок. 4200 евреев. В освобождении С. в мае 1944 принимали участие 51-я армия под ком. ген.-лейт. Я.Г.Крейзера, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Зиновия Самойловича Кравеца, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Ефима Борисовича Льва, стрелк. полк под ком. майора Семена Аркадьевича Вайсмана, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Иосифа Аркадьевича Волынского, арт. полк под ком. подполк. Дмитрия Марковича Азовского, развед. арт. дивизион под ком. подполк. Якова Владимировича Езрубельского.В 1965 в С. были закрыты еврейское и караимское кладбища.В кон. 1980-х гг. в С. создана еврейская община. В 1991 начала выходить газ. «Рассвет» (ред. – Борис Гельман). В 2003 открыт памятник евреям, расстрелянным в 1942. С 2004 раввин С. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Беньямин Вольф (р. 1977, Израиль).В 2001 в С. проживало св. 1 тыс. евреев и ок. 50 караимов.В С. род.: В.Г.Вентер, В.М.Гальперин, А.Г.Гернфельд, Г.Х.Дикенштейн, Р.Ф.Казакова, А.Ковнер, С.Красный, Л.Б.Лихтерман, Л.Г.Любецкий, И.Файнберг, Н.Я.Федермессер, Л.И.Шулутко; Исаак Михайлович Круковер (1893–1960), оториноларинголог, проф. (1935), д-р мед. наук (1938), автор ок. 70 науч. работ., pronunciation=СЕВАСТОПОЛЬ, город в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). Осн. в 1784. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – адм. центр градоначальства в Таврической губ.В 1867 в С. проживало 486 евреев, в 1889 – 1832 еврея и 389 караимов, в 1897 – 3910 евреев и 813 караимов, в 1910 – 3655 евреев (6,5%), в 1926 – 6038 (в т. ч. 292 крымчака), в 1939 – 5988, в 1959 – 3116, в 1970 – 3419, в 1979 – 3218 евреев.Первые евреи, выходцы из Галиции, поселились в С. в 1780-х гг. В нач. 19 в. евреи, жившие в С., занимались снабжением местного гарнизона. В 1829 евреям, за исключением военнослужащих, предписывалось в теч. двух лет покинуть С., ставший военно-морской базой. Местные власти пытались добиться отмены императорского указа, утверждая, что высылка евреев повредит экономике С., однако неоднократные ходатайства воен. губернатора С. и Николаева адм. А.С.Грейга привели к тому, что срок изгнания был перенесен на 1832, затем на 1833; в 1834 евреев окончательно выслали из города. В 1837 мин. внутр. дел и нач. гл. морского штаба выступили с предложением разрешить родителям евреев-военнослужащих жить в С.; Николай I согласился сделать подобное исключение для вдовых матерей. С 1842 срок временного пребывания евреев в С. ограничивался одним месяцем. В 1848 заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1852 пр-во разрешило евреям брать подряды на строит. работы в С.Сотни евреев – солдат и матросов – были в числе участников обороны С. в сент. 1854 – авг. 1855. Ок. 500 из них погибли в боях. В 1864 на Сев. стороне города еврейская община поставила монумент с надписью «Памяти еврейских солдат, павших за отечество при обороне Севастополя во время войны 1854–1855 гг.». В войсках Великобритании и Франции, осаждавших С., также служили евреи; нек-рые из них погребены на англ., франц. и т. н. Братском кладбищах С.В 1859 еврейским купцам трех гильдий, а также евреям, имевшим звание личного или потомственного почетного гражданина и занимавшимся торговлей, было предоставлено право постоянного жительства в С.; в городе могли без ограничений селиться также члены их семей и евреи, нанятые ими в качестве конторщиков, приказчиков, слуг. В 1860 право постоянного жительства в С. получили отставные солдаты и матросы, в 1861 – евреи-ремесленники.В 1867 в С. действовала кенасса.В 1880 осн. часть еврейского населения С. составляли ремесленники, отставные военнослужащие и члены их семей. В 1874 открылась «солдатская синагога», в 1884 – открыта Главная синагога. В 1880–90-х гг. евреи-предприниматели основали в С. ряд экспортно-импортных компаний, занимавшихся гл. обр. торговлей зерном.В 1880–90-х гг. в С. действовал палестинофильский кружок, в нач. 1900-х гг. – сионистская орг-ция. Казенный раввин с 1890 – Исаак-Шрага Фрид (?, Бобруйск – 1901), основавший субботнюю школу. Казенным раввином в 1901–04 был Ш.Юнович, затем – Д. Полонский.С 1903 в С. действовала талмуд-тора. Был выдвинут проект единой талмуд-торы для ашкеназийских евреев, крымчаков и караимов.В окт. 1905, во время расстрела демонстрации, было убито 3 еврея. В нач. 20 в. неск. караимов состояли в «Союзе русского народа».В 1907 власти вновь начали изгонять евреев из нек-рых р-нов С.; в 1909 последовало поголовное выселение евреев, живших в городе на Корабельной стороне, в т. ч. участников севастопольской обороны. Была закрыта «солдатская синагога».В 1910 в С. действовали талмуд-тора, жен. школа, субботняя школа, еврейская б-ка. В 1913 работало «Еврейское благотворит. об-во» (пред. – Молдавский). В 1914 евреям принадлежали 5 аптек, 6 магазинов аптечных товаров, единств. баня, 6 ювелирных магазинов, 2 фотомастерские, ок. 90 разл. лавок и магазинов в С. (в т. ч. 15 галантерейных, 10 бакалейных, 9 мануфактурных, все 11 магазинов готового платья).В годы 1-й мир. и Гражд. войн численность еврейского населения возросла в основном за счет притока беженцев из зап. губерний России.В 1917–20 в С. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. «Маккаби» (с 1918), орг-ция еврейских скаутов (с 1919). Работал гор. сионистский к-т, издававший свою лит-ру. В 1919 С. посетили И.Трумпельдор и М.Дизенгоф.В 1920-х гг. в С. действовала Евсекция.В 1931 в С. был проведен съезд караимов Крыма. 20 сент. 1934 Севастопольским гор. советом ОЗЕТ была выпущена газ. «Озетовец».В обороне С. в сент. 1941 – апр. 1942 принимала участие бригада мор. пехоты под ком. полк. Владимира Львовича Ольшанского. 3 июля 1942 С. оккупировали части вермахта. 12 июля 1942 евреи С. (ок. 1,5 тыс. чел.) были расстреляны. По др. данным, всего в период оккупации было уничтожено ок. 4200 евреев. В освобождении С. в мае 1944 принимали участие 51-я армия под ком. ген.-лейт. Я.Г.Крейзера, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Зиновия Самойловича Кравеца, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Ефима Борисовича Льва, стрелк. полк под ком. майора Семена Аркадьевича Вайсмана, стрелк. полк под ком. подполк. Иосифа Аркадьевича Волынского, арт. полк под ком. подполк. Дмитрия Марковича Азовского, развед. арт. дивизион под ком. подполк. Якова Владимировича Езрубельского.В 1965 в С. были закрыты еврейское и караимское кладбища.В кон. 1980-х гг. в С. создана еврейская община. В 1991 начала выходить газ. «Рассвет» (ред. – Борис Гельман). В 2003 открыт памятник евреям, расстрелянным в 1942. С 2004 раввин С. – представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Беньямин Вольф (р. 1977, Израиль).В 2001 в С. проживало св. 1 тыс. евреев и ок. 50 караимов.В С. род.: В.Г.Вентер, В.М.Гальперин, А.Г.Гернфельд, Г.Х.Дикенштейн, Р.Ф.Казакова, А.Ковнер, С.Красный, Л.Б.Лихтерман, Л.Г.Любецкий, И.Файнберг, Н.Я.Федермессер, Л.И.Шулутко; Исаак Михайлович Круковер (1893–1960), оториноларинголог, проф. (1935), д-р мед. наук (1938), автор ок. 70 науч. работ., extra_data="{'translat...")
SEVELA Efraim (Drabkin Efim Evelevich) (b. 1928, Minsk), screenwriter, writer, film director. In 1948 he graduated from the Belarusian State. un-t in Minsk. He made his debut as a screenwriter for the movie Before It's Late (1957). Among the scenarios staged in the USSR - "Devil's Dozen" (1961), "Die Hard" (1968), "Good for non-combatant" (1968, simultaneously and co-director-director, jointly with V. Rogov), "Ocean" (1968 ). Since 1971 - in Israel. Author of a number of novels and novellas, including Legends of Invalidnaya Street (1972), Monya Tsatskes - the Standard Bearer (1973), and Yiddish Speaking Parrot (1980). In 1986 he made his debut as a director f. Lullaby (USA). Since 1989 - in the USSR, staged several. film: "Parrot Speaking Yiddish" (1991), "Chopin's Nocturne" (1993), "Charity Concert" (1994).
SEVERINOVKA, a village in the Ivanovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Severinovka (other name. - Pototskoe) Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. 234 Jews (19.6%) lived in S. in 1897. A synagogue functioned in S. in 1865. In 1914, Jews owned 10 shops (including all 4 grocery stores, both ready-to-wear, only one meat store). There was a pogrom in S. 1905, and in 1919 a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in S..
SEVERNOE, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), subordinated to the Snezhnyansky City Council of the Donetsk Region. (Ukraine). Main in 1928 as a settlement at mines 32/33 and 33 bis. In 1939, 29 Jews lived in S.
SEVERNY (real name. Yuzefovich) Boris Samoilovich (1888, Odessa - 1937, Moscow), statesman. From 1905 p. RSDLP, member of the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1907 he was exiled to the Pinezhsky district. Arkhangelsk province., Ran, led the roar. work in Petersburg, in 1911 he was exiled to the Mezensky district. Arkhangelsk province, released under an amnesty in 1913. He worked as an electrician in Odessa. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Odessa Council and its executive committee, one of the organizers of the Kr. guard in Odessa. In the end. 1917 headed the intelligence and counterintelligence service in the city. In March – Dec. 1918 one of the hands. Bolshevik. underground in Odessa, early. intelligence. He was arrested by the interventionists. In 1920, before. Odessa Cheka, later headed the intelligence service. management Petrograd. VO and South-West. fr. In 1924 he entered the Military. Academy, was soon recalled and sent by the representative of the "Flax Center" in Berlin, later worked in the State. electric trust (GET), in 1930–34 - again abroad. In 1934–37, the director. Tula cartridge plant. Repressed.
SEVERO-YENISEISKY, urban-type settlement (since 1928), regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - a mine in the Yenisei environs. Yenisei province. In 1939 in S.-E. 14 Jews lived.
SEVERODONETSK, city (since 1958) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1934 as an urban-type settlement Lishkhimstroy. In 1939 11 Jews lived in S., in 2001 - 127 Jews.
SEVERODVINSK (from 1936 - Sudostroy, in 1938–57 - Molotovskaya), a city (from 1938) in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 213 Jews lived in S., in 1970 - 457 (0.3%), in 2002 - 146 Jews. In 1991 a Jewish community was created in S. (since 2003 - Mikhail Samuilovich Simkin, b. 1926, Nizhny Novgorod).
SEVEROMORSK (until 1951 - Vaenga), a city in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). 1990s a Jewish community was established in S. In 2002, 41 Jews lived in S.
SEVERSK, a city (since 1961) in the Artyomovsk district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1913 as us. Yama settlement in Yekaterinoslavskaya province. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in S.
SEVERKAYA, village, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar department Kuban Region In 1939, 7 Jews lived in S.
SEVERTSEV (real fam. Feinberg) Sergey Leonidovich (1924, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Poet, translator. Son of L.E. Feinberg. In 1942–45 - at the front. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1950), studied at the seminars of V.A.Lugovsky and M.A. Svetlov. Published since 1942 in Gaz., "Windows TASS"; the author of the lyrics for the film "The Elusive Jan", the oratorio of YA Shaporin "The Legend of the Battle for the Russian Land" (1944). The author of the libretto for op. "Stone Flower" (1950), "Dawn" (1956; both - K.V. Molchanov), "City of Youth" by G.M. Shantyr (1957), "Pulat and Gulru" by Sh.S. Saifiddinov (1957) and others. Author of collections of original poems: "Michurinsky Territory" (1952), "Three Treasures" (1965), "The Legend of the Blue Lotus" (1980), "A Horse Overtaking Time" (1988) and more than 50 collections. translations. Translated by lies. poets (P. Neruda, N. Khikmet, I. Beher, L. Aragon), poets of the East (O. Khayyam, A. Navoi, Nizami). Among the lane. S .: “Festival of Lights. Let's lie. Hindi poetry "(1973)," Lightning and lotuses. Indian lyrics of the 20th century. " (1975), “Ripe Bunches. Fav. translations "(1981), G. Vidyapati," Songs of love. From Indian Medieval Lyrics ”(1991) and others. pr. UzSSR (1972). Lit. etc. them. S. Borodin (1984).
SEVITZ (Shaevich) Moishe-Itskhok (1896, Trishki Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1939, Johannesburg, South American), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1911 - in the South. Africa, Johannesburg. One of the founders of the Jewish literary-drama. Union of the South American Union. After the 1st world. War - an active member of the fund to help Jews who suffered from war and pogroms. For many years he was engaged in social and cultural work, the creation of Jewish schools. Lit. activities started weekly. "Di Yiddish von" (Johannesburg), published poems, stories, reports, feuilletons, one-act plays in the first lit. every month ed. in Yiddish in South. Africa "Dos Nae Wort" (published since 1916), in other periodicals. ed. Ch. theme of manuf. S. - overcoming the difficulties associated with absorption by Jewish immigrants.
SEVITSKY Fabien (real family. Koussevitsky) (1891, Vyshny Volochek, Tver province - 1967, Athens), conductor. The nephew of S.A. Koussevitsky. The beginning of the end. activity as a double bass player, then acted as a conductor. Since 1923 - in the USA, where he organized the Philadelphia Symphonietta chamber group (1925), conducted the symphony. orc. Indianapolis (1937–55). In 1956–65 muses. hands. symph. orc. University of Miami, in 1965-66 - music. hands. philharmonic. orc. Miami. Died while touring in Greece.
SEVLYUZH, see Vinogradov.
SEVRYUKI, a village in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all 5 grocery stores. mill in S.
SEVSK, city (since 1779), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146.Since 1708 - in Kiev, from 1727 - in Belgorod province. From 1779 - the district town of the Oryol governorship, from 1796 - the province. From 1944 - in the Bryansk region. In 1870 62 Jews lived in S., in 1905 - 40 Jewish families, in 1910 - 281 Jews, in 1923 - 266, in 1926 - 279, in 1939 - 113, in 2002 - 1 Jew. In 1905, among the Jews of S. there were 16 bourgeois (4 families); the head of one family (12 people) had a higher. education; the rest of the S. Jews were artisans. In 1905, the Jews of S. petitioned to open a synagogue. In 1906 Min. Affairs gave permission to open a synagogue. Jews S. were numbered among the rabbi of Orel. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in S.. 1 October. 1941 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of S. who remained in the occupation were exterminated. In the release of S. in August. 1943 units of the 2nd tank took part. army, early. of the headquarters of the swarm was Major General G.B. Preisman.
SEYANTSY, a village in the Ostroh district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. grocery and unity. flour shop in St.
SEIBIN Albert Bruce (1906, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1993, Washington), virologist. Doctor of Medicine (1931). Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1931 he graduated from New York University. Since 1934 he has been a consultant to the London Institute of Profilakt. medicine them. J. Lister. Trained at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Sciences. research (New York), worked in children. clinic at research. the center of un-that in Cincinnati. In the years of the 2nd world. war - officer honey. service, conducted research. in the region. epidemiology. In 1947, an advisor to the US Prospectus on issues. health care. Since 1965, member. Board of Trustees of the Jewish University in Jerusalem and the Council of the Institute of. H. Weizmann in Rehovot. In 1970-72 prez. in-ta them. H. Weizmann. Sci. research S. dedicated problems of immunity, especially antiviral, the study of neurotropic and oncogenic viruses. S. - the creator of a live vaccine from the attenuated strains of the poliomyelitis virus, selected by him in the middle. 1950s The massive use of this oral vaccine has dramatically reduced and eradicated the incidence of polio in a number of large regions.
SEIDEMENUKH, see Kalininskoe, Kherson region.
SEYMUR (Chim) David (1911, Warsaw - 1956, Israel), photographer. Studied the art of photography and graphics at the Leipzig Academy. In 1931 he moved to Paris, where the joint. with R. Kapa and G. Cartier-Breshon founded a photo studio, worked in the main. for the press. In 1936–39, while in Spain, he collected photographic material about the emigration of the Spanish. monarchical nobility to Mexico. During the 2nd world. war - in the USA, served as a military man. photographer, intelligence officer in the Air Force. In 1946 in Paris again joint. from Capa to Cartier-Breschon organized one of the most famous international. photo agencies Magnum-Photo. The first work is peaceful. time - the history of UNESCO in photographs of children after the war. Europe. S. often visited Israel. Killed during the Sinai Campaign.
SEINENSKY Akiva Eheskielevich (Efimovich) (b. 1928, Samara), teacher, ethnographer. Cand. ped. Sciences (1969). Graduated from East. Faculty of Kuibyshev State ped. Institute (1950) and Vses. jurid. correspondence institute (1951). Since 1950 Rev. history and social science in the technical school and schools of Kuibyshev, since 1965 - teacher., Deputy. dir. experimental school APN RSFSR in Gorki Mosk. region, simultaneously from 1970 Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (since 1995 - Institute of General Secondary Education of the Russian Academy of Education), since 1994 scientific. hands. experimental site experiment. Center for Local Lore, Ethnography and Excursions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (Samara). Under the arm. S. created the Museum of the history of the school in Gorki, to-ry in 1981 included in the State. ist. reserve "Gorki Leninskie". Main research directions: theoretical. basics, content and methodology ist. local history at school; study in nat. schools, including Jewish, history of local ethnic groups, the past of their nat. communities. For the first time he developed a matrix program for schoolchildren to study the history of their family, village, city, region, region, edges are included in the methodology. manual S. "Native land: pages of history" (M., 1994), participated in the development of a number of methodological guidelines. documents of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR and the USSR, including "Regulations on the School Museum" (1974, 1985). The author of the book. The Museum Raises the Young (1988), 1000 History Questions and Answers (1996, et al.), As well as books, brochures and art. on questions education, publ. in Ped. encyclopedias (vols. 1–4, 1964–68), in Ros. ped. encyclopedias (vol. 1, 1994).
SEINY, a city (since 1593) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1522. In the 16-18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a county town of Suwalki province. In 1808 674 Jews (56.6%) lived in S., in 1827 - 1917 (55.5%), in 1856 - 2378 (71.8%), in 1897 - 1918 (50.8%), in 1921 - 661 Jews (29.3%) Jews lived in S. from the 17th century. In the end. 18th century a wooden synagogue was built. Rabbi S. at the end. 18th century was Rabbi Itskhok, in the beginning. 19th century - Yehuda Bakhrakh, in 1859–66 - Shraga-Faivl Sarna, in 1867–74 - Yehoshua-Geshel Eliasson (? –1874), in 1874–1907 - Moishe-Bezalel Lurie (1835, Suhovolya Grodno province - 1914, Suwalki) , from 1909 - Chaim-Fishel Epstein (1874 -?). In 1898 a state was opened in S. school for Jews. In the same year, a Zionist organization was created, at the beginning. 20th century - org-tion of the Bund. In 1907 a Jewish library was opened. April 1. 1915 Jews were evicted from S. in the 1920s. Rabbi S. - Shmul Vayntrov, then - Mordhe Rogov, who died during the Holocaust. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of S. was destroyed during the Holocaust. In S. the building of the synagogue is preserved. I. Shapiro.
SEIRIYAI, a place in Alytus u. (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Serey Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1856, 1492 Jews (69.8%) lived in S., in 1897 - 1614 (60.6%), in 1914 - 400 Jewish families. in 1921 - 1,050 Jews, in 1939 - 200 Jewish families (about 800 Jews). Jews have lived in S. from the 18th century. In 1726 a synagogue was built and there was a Jewish cemetery. The rabbis in S. were: from 1876 - Gershon Rabinzon, at the end. 1880s - Yehezkil Volpert, in 1901–08 - Avrom-Zvi-Pinhos Eliasberg (1863–?), In 1909–24 - Yisroel Goldin (1870–?). In 1887 heder matukan was founded. From the end. 1880s there was a Palestinophile circle. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, fishing, s. x-in. Two Jews (Joseph Grebarsky and F. Verbotsky) owned kr. estates. The Zwiling family owned the farm of agricultural workers. cars; Jews also owned a large mill, a liquor and beer factory. 1915 Jews were expelled from S. After 1918, most of the Jews returned to S. In the 1920s. a branch of the Jewish People was founded. bank, there were 3 synagogues, a school of the Tarbut network (120 students), a Jewish library, Bikur Hoylim, Linas ha-Tzedek. In the 1920s and 1930s, unable to withstand the competition with Lithuanian , pl. S. Jews were forced to leave their occupations. Means. part of the Jews left for the South. Africa, the USA, Mexico, and E.-I. In the 1920s and 30s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, including "Maccabi", "Ha-Poel". The school of the "Tarbut" network was opened. The rabbi in S. in 1930–39 was Eliezer Szhopek, then A. Karno. 1939, approx. 50 Jewish refugees from Poland. On June 24, 1941, S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Through several. days Lithuanian policemen shot a group of Jewish youth. Jews S. (953 people) were shot on 10 Sept. 1941.
SEITLER, see Nizhnegorsk Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
SFARD Dovid (1905, Turiysk, Kovelsky u. Volyn province. - 1982, Jerusalem), writer. Doctor of Philosophy (1931). Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at high schools with teaching in Hebrew in Kovel and Lutsk. In 1924-28 he studied philosophy. f-those of Warsaw un-that, in un-those of Nancy (France). He was an activist of the left Jewish movement, member. Communist Party of Poland. In 1939–46 - in the USSR. In 1939–41, deputy. sec. branch of the Writers' Union in Bialystok. In 1946 he returned to Poland. Was the founder and editor. publishing house "Yiddish Bukh". Since 1969 - in Israel. Lit. activity began to verse. in Hebrew, from 1924 he switched to Yiddish. One of the founders and ed. lit. zhurn. for youth "Sprozungen" (1925-26 - Warsaw). Published poems, stories, essays, trans. artist manuf. from French, Polish. in Yiddish in plural Jewish periodicals ed. Translated rum into Yiddish. O. de Balzac "Father Goriot". Author of books published in Warsaw: "Shtapln" ("Steps". Poems, 1929); "Vegn tsegeen zikh" ("Ways diverge". Story, 1934); Schreiber Un Werk (Writers and Books, 1949); Studies un skitsn (Research and Essays, 1955); Leader (Poems, 1957); “A zegl in vint” (“Sail in the Wind”. Poems, 1961).
SHABAD Leon Manusovich (1902, Minsk - 1982, Moscow), oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1938), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1962). After the end of the 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that (1924) worked there at the department of pathological. anatomy. Since 1935 head. lab. experimental oncology VIEM in Leningrad, simultaneously. (1938–41) head. department of pathological. Anatomy of the 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that. The lab was in charge. experimental oncology at the Institute of Human Morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow (1945–52) and at the Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Leningrad (1952–58); in 1958–80 head. dep. for the study of carcinogenic agents and head. lab. prevention of carcinogenic effects Research Institute experimental. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sh. Is one of the creators of the experiment. oncology in the USSR. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. chemical problems carcinogenesis, precancer, prevention of malignancy. tumors, history of oncology. Put forward (1937) and experimental. substantiated the idea of ​​the possibility of the formation of endogenous chem. carcinogenic substances in the human body; showed that benzene extracts from the liver of cancer patients have an oncogenic effect. Experimentally substantiated the concept of the sequence of tissue transformations during carcinogenesis and established the stages of precancerous changes. Pointed to the presence of oncogenic factors in the environment. Int. pr. UN for research. in the region. the etiology of cancer and the fight against it (1962). Cit .: Essays on experimental oncology. M., 1947; Precancer in the experimental and morphological aspect. M., 1967; On the circulation of carcinogens in the environment. M., 1973; My teachers and students. Alma-Ata, 1990.
SHABAD Tsemakh (1864, Vilna - 1935, ibid.), Doctor, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1889), was engaged in honey. practice in Moscow. Since 1894 in Vilna, he gained fame as a general practitioner, headed one of the local hospitals, created a branch of the Jewish Health Protection Society in the city, headed the department of the EKO, supported the activities of ORT (until 1925, it was the head of its local organization). tion). In 1914–17 he took part in organizing aid to Jewish refugees. In 1919–20 prez. council of the Vilna Jewish community, at the same time. in 1919–27 p. Vilensky municipality council, since 1928 dep. Seimas of Poland, has repeatedly spoken out against manifestations of anti-Semitism and discrimination against the Jewish population of the country. According to polit. sympathy was close to the Jewish Nar. party (Volkspartai), after its split (1926) - the leader of the Vilnius organization of the party. He actively supported the idea of ​​the Jewish nat. and cultural autonomy, participated in the work of the Center. Jewish school organization, advocated the introduction of Yiddish teaching in Jewish secular schools. One of the founders of the IVO in Vilna in 1925. The image of Sh. Formed the basis for the creation of a fairy-tale character - Doctor Aibolit KI Chukovsky.
SHABADASH Arnold Leonovich (1898, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1978, Moscow), anatomist, histologist, histochemist. Prof. (1929), Dr. med. Sciences (1935). After finishing honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1920) worked at the departments of anatomy in Kharkov, Petrograd (1921–23), then Art. scientific. sotr. in Ying-those of the brain at VM Bekhterev. Since 1929 head. Department of Anatomy, med. Faculty of Nizhny Novgorod University and at the same time. (since 1933) head. branch of VIEM. Since 1935 - in Moscow, at VIEM; head lab. in Ying-those molecular biology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. the study of the autonomic nerve. plexus of walls vnutr. organs (1930), chem. bases of biol. organization nerve. systems (1958), the effects of radiation on the nerve. tissue (collective work under the UN program, 1962), mitochondria (1966), etc. Proposed cytochim. methods of detecting glycogen, used histochemical. tests for the determination of nucleoproteins; developed (1929, 1939, 1953) methods of fixation and staining histological. drugs named after him; discovered the metabolic activity of RNA proteids in mitochondria; described an additional coaxial apparatus in the nerve. fibers. Member German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1966). Vol .: Theory and practice of intravital staining of the nervous system with methylene blue. Gorky, 1939; The problem of histochemical study of the glycogen of the nervous system. M., 1949.
SHABAEV David Avigadulovich (b. 1922, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Okrug), historian, archaeographer, poet, publicist. In 1939–41 he studied at the Tashkent Theater. uch-shche. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. historical-archival institute, worked in the archives department. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (since 1957 - the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) (since 1961, the beginning of the department), in 1981-92 the beginning. Archive Department under the Council of Ministers of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Prepared and published 12 collections of archival documents and popular science. book, including: "While the heart is beating" (1974), "Kabardino-Balkaria in the years of Great. Otech. war "(1975)," The truth about the eviction of the Balkars "(1992, 2nd ed. - 1994). The author of St. 200 st. and essays on the history of the region, including about the life and exploits of the Mountain Jews ("Their feat is immortal", "On the Belarusian land", "The battle at Lake Monning-See", etc.), collection of works. poems "I think of you" (1995). Honored. cultural worker of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1979) Brother Sh. - Markel (1907, Nalchik Tersk Region - 1978, ibid.), cultural figure. In 1929 he created and headed the first group of artists in Kabardino-Balkaria. amateur performances. The author of the play in verse "Slaves of Baghdad" (1931). During the occupation of Nalchik (October 1942 - January 1943), a member of the underground, one of the organizers of the boycott of the order of the Germans. authorities on the appearance of Jews at the collection points. Sh. Managed to convince the occupier. the authorities are that mountain Jews are not Jews, but Tats are ethnic. minority of the Iranian group, and thereby saved them from destruction. Sister Sh. - Elizabeth (1911, Nalchik Tersk region. - 1969, Moscow), geologist. Cand. geological-mineralogical Sciences (1945). In 1936 she graduated from Moscow. geological exploration Institute (the first mountain woman - geologist). Participated in geol. exp. to the North. Caucasus, Urals, Pamirs, Kola Peninsula, in Wed. Asia, Transbaikalia.
Shabaev Semyon (Shimriil) Sodugovich (1892, Nalchik, Terek Region - 1976, ibid.), Dancer, choreographer. In 1930 he organized the first in Kabardino-Balkaria prof. ans. bunk bed dance "Red Caucasus", on the basis of which in 1933 was created by the State. Kabardino-Balkarian ans. song and dance. He also worked as a choreographer in the State. ans. dance of Georgia, State. ans. dance of Dagestan "Lezginka", consultant in decomp. dance. collectives.
SHABAN Aba (1908, Krakinovo, Kovno province - 1978, Johannesburg, South Africa), journalist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1927 - in South Africa, was engaged in journalism (articles and reports on the life of Jews in South Africa). From 1934 he published a weekly. Afrikaner Yiddish Zeitung, then gas. "Der Express", in 1938 ed. gas. "Di Yiddish Shtime". The author of the book. "Gamelose Tag" ("Homeless Days", 1934). In 1944 he founded and headed the gr. companies "Alpha". One of the founders of the Union stock exchange. Since 1951. prez. KHIAS in YUAS, since 1952 member. gene. Council of the organization "Jewish Call" in the South American Union.
SHABAT Boris Vladimirovich (1917, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). In 1940 he graduated from Moscow State University. 1941–44 - at the front. Worked at MPEI (1944–57), at the same time. in the publishing house "Inostr. liter "(since 1953), since 1957 - at Moscow State University. Main the results relate to the theory of functions of a complex variable and the theory of differentials. ur-ny with partial derivatives. Author of monograph. "Distribution of values ​​of holomorphic mappings" (Moscow, 1982) and uch. manuals: "Functions of a complex variable and some of their applications" (3rd ed., M., 1964, in co-authorship with BA Fuks); "Methods of the theory of functions of a complex variable" (4th ed. Moscow, 1973, in co-authorship with M.A. Lavrent'ev) .Syn Sh. - Alexei (b. 1937, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974). In 1959 he graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Comp. Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. Landau. Main results in the theory of nonlinear equations (inverse problem) .Syn Sh. - Georgy (b. 1952, Moscow), mathematician. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1983). In 1975 he graduated from Mechanics and Mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Associate Professor at the RSUH. Main results in the region. algebraic. geometry.
SHAEVICH Adolf (Avraham) Solomonovich (b. 1937, Khabarovsk), rabbi. In 1964 he graduated from fur. Faculty of Khabarovsk Polytechnic. in-that. In 1971–72 he studied at the yeshiva at Moscow. choral synagogue, in 1973–79 - a rabbi. in-those in Budapest. Since 1979 - rabbi in Moscow, since 1983 - Ch. Rabbi Mosk. choral synagogue. Since 1993 - Ch. rabbi of Russia. Since 1996 - Member. of the Presidium of the Russian Jewish Congress, member. Presidium of the Congress of Jewish Religious Communities and Organizations of Russia. Since 1997 - presenter. Board of the Jewish Agency in Russia.
SHAEVICH Chaim (? -?), Writer. He made his debut as a story in the Kharkov magazine. "Spilled" in 1931. In 1932 he published a story in Sat. "Shakhtn" ("Fights") and Sat. stories and sketches "Afn tug" ("In tow". Kiev – Kharkov). In 1933, rum came out in Moscow. Sh. "Di Asiatic" ("Asian"). Published in periodicals. ed. Ukraine, Moscow. All R. 1930s repressed.
SHAFARENKO Pavel Mendelevich (1908, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1988), military leader. Lieutenant General (1962). In 1932 he graduated from the Institute of Ing. ways of communication. Since 1932 in the Red Army. In 1935 he graduated from the Military Railway School, in 1939 - from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1941 room. airborne assault. brigades. Major General (1942). Com. shooter. divisions. In 1946-51 the beginning. shooter headquarters. buildings, com. division, in 1951–57 deputy. teams. army, in 1962-67 deputy. teams. troops of the Siberian Military District. Retired since 1967. Load 6 orders.
SHAFERAN Igor Davydovich (1932, Odessa - 1994, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1960). Studied at the seminar of M.A. Svetlov. Sh .'s poems are distinguished by poetry. elation, aphorism, lyricism combined with citizenship. Songs were written on Sh .'s verses: P.K.Aedonitsky ("White Steamer", "Red Sun"), L.V. "Our mothers"), E.N. Ptichkin ("Why do you girls love beautiful ones"), D.F. Tukhmanov ("White Dance", "Beloved Side"), OB Feltsman ("Song of "," The song goes in a circle "), Ya.A. Frenkel (" For you "," Oh, how many have seen "," And yet the sea "), etc. Songs to the words of Sh. Were performed by many. leading singers, including I.D.Kobzon. Sh. - the author of the collection "Listen to the heart!" (1971), "Red Sun" (1973), "For You" (1985) and others. and Vseros. song contests.
SHAFERSHTEIN Semyon Yakovlevich (1891, Kharkov - 1959, ibid.), Pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1937), prof. In 1910–15 he studied honey. Faculty of Saratov University. In 1915-17 - in the army, he worked in hospitals. After receiving a medical diploma in 1917, he worked as a child. clinic of the Kharkov women's honey. in-that. In 1920–23 - in Kr. Army. In 1924–41 the head. children clinic Ukr. in-that protection of motherhood and childhood in Kharkov, at the same time. head Department of Pediatrics Ying-that advanced training of doctors. In 1941–45 the head. children clinic of Stalinabad honey. in-that. Since 1946 deputy. dir. Kharkov Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection and at the same time. head Department of Pediatrics, Kharkiv honey. in-that. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question children nutrition, malnutrition and assimilation, rheumatism, physiotherapeutic. methods of treatment. Co-author of textbooks on pediatrics.
SHAFFER Morris (1907, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1980, New York), virologist. Since 1913 - in the USA. Educated in high fur boots Alabama (1930) and New York (1935). In 1932–42 an employee of the department. health care of New York. In 1951-59 prof. bacteriology and immunology University Emory (Georgia) and simultaneously. (1952–59) invited prof. at Tulane University (New Orleans). Since 1961 - at the Center for Infectious Diseases. disease service societies. US health care. Author of monograph. Experimental Poliomyelitis (1940). Member New York Academy of Medicine, Amer. associations of societies. health care.
SHAFIR Berl (1878, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1922, Odessa), writer. He made his debut in literature with a story in gas. "Dos Lebn" (Petersburg) in 1905. Published in the Odessa editions. "Gut Morgen", "Sholem Aleichem", "Aid", in Warsaw editions. poems, stories from the life of workers. In 1911, Sh .'s story "Avreml der Shuster" ("Avreml the Shoemaker") was published in Odessa, staged by the author and post. "P. Hirshbein's group". Verse. Sh. Was translated into Hebrew by H.-N. Byalik. Author of works: "A Klein Menchele" ("Little Man". Odessa, 1916), "Keler-Stieber" ("Cellars". Story, ibid., 1918), "Roentgen-Shtraln" ("X-rays", there same, 1922), "Leizer un zain gunt" ("Leizer and his dog". Kiev, 1928), "Geklibene verk" (Izbr. production .. M., 1934).
SHAFIR Mark Porfirievich (1847, Keidany of Kovensky district and province - after 1917), lawyer. Active State Councilor (1906). Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. From 1871 he served in the Senate, chief secretary. 4th Dept., participated in the work of the Senate commissions to draft a new citizen. code and on the revision of laws on court proceedings and civil. penalties. Chief Prosecutor of the Heraldry Department. From 1906 - retired, was engaged in advocacy, participated in meetings on water law, to discuss civil projects. code and guardianship charter at the Ministry of Justice. Collaborated in legal. zhurn., in Russian-Jewish periodicals. ed. ("Day", "Bulletin of Russian Jews", "Dawn", "Weekly Chronicle of" Sunrise "). For more than 30 years he was a member. reign of petersburg. The Great Synagogue, Vol .: Essay on Moses-Talmudic Law. SPb., 1871; Laws on legal proceedings and civil penalties. SPb., 1893; Provisions on penalties for undisputed treasury cases. SPb., 1911.
SHAFIR Yankel (1908, Minsk - 1942, ibid.), Journalist. Published in Jewish youth publishing. in Belarus. In 1922–35, he was responsible. sec. gas. Junger Arbeter in Minsk. In 1935–36 he was imprisoned. In 1936–38 sec. edition of gas. "Junger the Leninist".
SHAFIRKIN Boris Isaakovich (1911, Gadyach, Poltava province - 1982, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1974). Director General of the Movement (1954). In 1934 he graduated from MIIT. Since 1935 - in the management of the Moscow-Kursk-Donbass railway. In 1936–38 the beginning. plan.-econom. management in the NKPS. In 1939–41 the beginning. cargo. service on the railway. d. in Kaluga. In 1941–43 early. military operation branch, then authorized commands. armies by rail transport. In 1943–46 the beginning. cargo. service of the Kuibyshev railway. d., in 1946 - in the Ministry of Railways (in the Main traffic management, in the Main cargo. Directorate), in 1954–62 deputy. early Ch. cargo. management, in 1962–82 head. Department of Economics VNII Railway transport. Main scientific. tr. associated with the problems of organizing the cargo. transportation by rail transport, with transportation planning. Was engaged in the development of questions. complex transportations, problems of interaction decomp. modes of transport. One of the first developers of the concept of creating a unified transport. networks in the USSR. Author of over 100 scientific. print tr., including monogr. and textbooks. Poch. railway worker of the USSR (1938, 1956). Honored. economist of the RSFSR (1977).
SHAFIROV Petr Pavlovich (1669, Smolensk - 1739, Petersburg), statesman, diplomat. Baron (1710). Rod. in the family of the translator of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, where in 1691 he entered the same position. In 1697–98 he participated in the Grand Embassy in the West. Europe, was noted by Peter I. Participated in the preparation of Russian-Danish-Polish. union (1699) and Russian-Polish. agreement (1701). From 1703 he was a privy councilor to Chancellor F.A. Golovin, from 1709 he was vice-chancellor and manager of post offices. In 1711-14 he was held as a hostage in Istanbul, he managed to persuade the Turkish government to abandon the war with Russia (1714). Upon his return to St. Petersburg, he participated in the preparation and conclusion of allied treaties with Poland and Denmark (1715), Prussia and France (1717), in 1718 participated in the investigation and trial of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. At the same time, at the behest of Peter I, he wrote ist. op. "Discussion about the causes of the Sweyskoy war." From 1717 vice-president. Collegiums of foreign cases, fact. hands. grew up. ext. politician, participant in the preparation of the Nishtadt Peace Treaty (1721), which completed the North. war. In 1723 he was accused of embezzlement and sentenced to death, commuted to exile. In 1725, the imp. Catherine I to St. Petersburg and was appointed head of the Commerce Collegium, during the reign of Peter II (1727-30) - retired. In 1730–32, the ambassador to Tehran, concluded the Rasht Treaty with Persia. From 1733 again prez. Commerce Collegium.
SHAFRAN Daniil Borisovich (1923, Petrograd - 1997, Moscow), cellist. The cello was originally taught by hand. father - honored. the figure of lawsuit in the RSFSR, cellist Boris Semenovich Sh. (1896-1980). In 1941 - in Leningrad. militia. In 1950 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class cello by A.Ya. Shtrimer. Since 1943 the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. In Sh .'s repertoire, almost everything is classical. and modern manuf. for cello, incl. to him Concert No. 2 by D.B.Kabalevsky (Sh. was its first performer). 1st pr. On Vses. competition for violinists and cellists (1937, Moscow), World. festival of youth and students (Budapest, 1949), Intern. cello competition them. G. Vigan (1950, Prague). Prev jury at the 5th and 6th Int. competitions them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1974, 1978). He conducted the courses. mastery in Italy, Germany, Japan. IM Yampolsky called Sh. "The poet of the cello." Author of arrangements for cello and fp. D. D. Shostakovich's sonatas for viola and fp. Poch. h. Int. Academy of Artists in Rome (1959). Nar. art. USSR (1977). Became. pr. (1952).
CHAGAL Mark Zakharovich (1887, Vitebsk - 1985, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France), painter, graphic artist, theater designer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1906 he studied at the studio of I.M. Pen. In 1906–07 he studied painting in St. Petersburg. In 1910-14 - in Paris, where he developed as an artist. In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1918–20, he was the commissioner for claims of the Vitebsk province. Created Nar in Vitebsk. artist school. In 1920–22 - in Moscow, he designed 3 performances based on Sholem Aleichem and painted wall panels for the Jewish Chamber Theater, taught in a Jewish children. house in Malakhovka. Since 1922 - in France, he created a series of etchings for "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol and "Fables" by J. La Fontaine. Since the 1930s. worked on ill. to TANAKH. In 1939–47 - in the USA, he designed a ball. "Aleko" by P. Tchaikovsky, "The Firebird" by I. F. Stravinsky. In 1947 he returned to France. He made stained-glass windows for cathedrals in Europe and America, painted panels for t-moats, designed performances, worked as a book. illustrator, sculptor, author of mosaics and tapestries. Sh .'s work combined the real and the superreal, the earthiness and ecstasy of the characters, the expressiveness of the plastic. language. There is a mystical in Sh .'s canvases. Hasidic nostalgia for Vitebsk. He is the author of stained glass windows in the synagogue of the Gadass hospital in Jerusalem and tapestries for the Knesset building. Sh .'s works are in the largest museums in the world.
SHAINSKY Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1925, Kiev), composer. In 1943–45 - in the army. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violins by L.M. Tseitlin, composition - by M.L. Starokadomsky. In 1949-51, the violinist in the State. pop orc. RSFSR under control. L.O. Utesova, musician hands. and a consultant for pop groups in the Center. House of culture of railway workers, made arrangements of songs for Utesov, D.Ya. Pokrass. In 1952–54 he taught in Moscow in the music. school playing the violin. In 1961–65 he studied at the Baku cons. by class compositions by K.A. Karaev. Main genre in the works of Sh. is a song. The author of music to pl. children cartoon, including songs "Walking merrily together", "Smile", "Blue carriage", "Song of the crocodile Gena", and many others. etc. Among the lyric. songs - "Memory", "Corner of Russia", "Grasses", "White Birch", "Blackbirds", "Do not cry, girl", "At the distant station, I will go off" and others. 2nd avenue to Intern. Solidarity Song Contest (for the song "People-Men", Berlin, 1972). In 1994 Sh. Wrote the song "Light Shabbat Candles" on the lyrics. B. Zilberman. Nar. art. RSFSR (1986). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1980). State pr. USSR (1981).
SHAH Eliezer-Menachem (1895, Vilna province - 2001), rabbi, politician. Since 1940 - in E.I. In 1952 he headed one of the largest yeshivas in Israel - Ponevezh in Bnei Brak. He was a member of the Council of the Torah Sages - hands. organ of the party Agudat Israel. He headed the Council of its non-Hasidic faction. In 1984 he left the Council. In 1988, on the initiative of Sh., A new religious party, Degel ha-Torah, was created.
SHAKHET Boris Alexandrovich (1899, Moscow - 1950, ibid.), Director. In 1918 –24 - in Kr. Army. In 1927 he graduated from the courses of opera, drama and ballet A.G. Shor. In 1927, dir. in the "Blue Blouse", 1928-29 in Leningrad. satire and in the "Hermitage". Since 1930 - in the circus. Carried out the post. dep. numbers and programs in decomp. circuses. In 1939-50 (with small breaks) hands. and dir. Moscow circus. Introduced theater into performances of circus genres. finds using t-ra and pop artists in the performances. As an experiment, he created a circus. the play the image of V.I. Lenin. One of the first in the USSR began to deal with the problems of creating stage performances. images in the circus. Honored. art. RSFSR (1939).
SHAKHNAROVICH Alexander Markovich (b. 1944, Moscow), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1985), prof. (1988), ch. RANS. In 1969 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. Since 1969 - at the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1993 deputy. dir. Member scientific. Councils of the Russian Academy of Sciences: "Language and Society", on the theory of linguistics, on the arts. intellect. Works in the region. development of communication in children. age in the situation of Russian-national bilingualism. Since 1989, vice-president. Sov. Association for the Promotion of Languages, since 1990 prez. Sov. associations in the study of children. Speech. Vol .: Language and Children. M., 1979; Psycholinguistics problems. M., 1988; Language and Speech Generation (et al.). M., 1991; General psycholinguistics. M., 1995.
SHAKHNOVICH Mikhail Iosifovich (1911, Petersburg - 1992, ibid.), Social scientist. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1932). Comp. ed. zhurn. "Sov. ethnography "and" Sov. folklore "(1933–36). In 1937–41 scientific. sotr., in 1944-60 deputy. dir. Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1965 Rev. Leningrad State University, Cit .: The Social Essence of the Talmud. M., 1929; The reactionary essence of Judaism. M., 1961; The decline of the Jewish religion. L., 1965; The origin of philosophy and atheism. L., 1973; The Bible in the modern battle of ideas. M., 1988.
SHAKHNOVICH Moisey Davidovich (1918, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1982, Baku), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In the Red Army since 1938. In 1941 he graduated from the Baku military. infantry. uch-shche. Com. battery captain Sh. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in the battles during the liberation of Melitopol. Since 1946 - in reserve. In 1958 he graduated from the M.N. G.V. Plekhanov.
SHAKHNOVICH Roman Alexandrovich (1896, Vilna - 1969, Moscow), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1941), prof. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1920) worked in the clinic nerve. diseases in the same place. Head nerve chairs. diseases of Krasnoyarsk (1950–56) and Vitebsk (1956–60) honey. in-tov. In 1960–69 head. neurol. department of the Central Research Institute for the examination of the ability to work and the organization of labor of disabled people in Moscow. Main tr. dedicated question clinics and pathomorphology of neuroinfections, brain abscesses, vascular and inheritance. nerve diseases. systems, examination of working capacity and rehabilitation for nerve diseases. system.Syn Sh. - Alexander (b. 1930, Moscow), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1987). Since 1971 head. lab. pathology of the brain. blood circulation Research Institute of Neurosurgery.
SHAKHNOVICH Zelig (1874 - 1952, Zurich), journalist, writer. I wrote on it. lang. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From ser. 1890s - in Germany. From 1901 he was a teacher, cantor and rabbi in Endingen and Baden. In 1908–39 ed. gas. Der Israelit (Frankfurt am Main) - the organ of Agudas Israel. After visiting in 1931 E.-I. published the book. "Between destruction and construction in E.-I." (Frankfurt am Main, 1932), in which he approved the creation of Jewish settlements. In 1935, the book was published. "Flight to the Homeland". Since 1938 - in Switzerland. He taught and helped Jewish refugees. Author ist. and household rum. and stories on Jewish themes.
SHAKHTMEISTER Isaak Yakovlevich (b. 1925, Snezhnoe, Yekaterinoslav province), dermatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. (1965). After graduating from the 1st MMI (1947) he worked there at the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases and to the Center. n.-i. laboratories; at the same time. hands. scientific-teaching-practical associations. Sci. tr. on pathogenesis and therapy of eczema and neurodermatitis, experiment. modeling of dermatoses, the role of metabolic processes and immune factors in the emergence and course of a number of chronic diseases. dermatoses, reparative processes in the skin, development of new methods of treatment of skin diseases, etc. board Ros. and Mosk. about-in dermatovenerologists. Cit .: Pathogenesis and therapy of eczema and neurodermatitis. M., 1970; Prostaglandins in dermatology. M., 1978; Treatment of skin diseases. M., 1990; New drugs in dermatology. M., 1995.
SHAKOVA (nee Brill) Lyudmila Grigorievna (b. 1940, Minsk), philologist, journalist. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In 1962-66 she taught Russian. lang. and literature at school, in 1967–75 editor at the Bureau of Tech. information at the Ministry of food. industry of the RSFSR. She began publishing in 1956 in gas. "Moscow's comsomolets". From 1975 to 1980 she worked at Rosbytreklama. At the same time. collaborated in the publishing houses "Kniga" and "Goznak" (with the participation of Sh. published the middle book. "Russian epics"). Since 1980 - in the USA. From 1981 ed. gas. "New Russian Word", 1987–95 and. about. ch. ed. gas. Author pl. publicistic. and art critic. articles.
SHALAMAYEV Aron Efremovich (lit. ps. Fidoi) (1917, Bukhara - 2004), writer, poet, playwright. Graduated from the Central Asian state. un-t in Tashkent. In 1935-77 on ped. work: teacher, head teacher, director. schools, der. Tashkent Palace of Pioneers. Since the 1930s. began to study lit. activities. The author of the production Bukharian-Jewish, Uzbek. and Russian. lang. Organized the Bukhara-Jewish section at the JV of Uzbekistan (1987) and was its first before. Since 1991 - in Israel. Deputy ch. ed. zhurn. in Bukharian-Hebrew language. "Torch". The author of the book. "Akharunnoma" (in Russian: "We are Bukharian Jews. Publicism. Poems. Stories." Tel Aviv, 1993). Honored. art worker of the Uzbek SSR.
SHALELASHVILI Yeuda Mikhailovich (b. 1929, Bandza, Georgian SSR), writer, playwright. He began to publish in the district of gas. "Socialist. village". Published poems, stories, essays. The drama was in charge. circle of the regional House of Culture. Since 1972 - in Israel. Ed. zhurn. for the cargo. lang. "The Light of Chabad". Comp. Israeli press on the cargo. lang .: "Aliya", "Zion" and others. Author of collection of stories on cargo. lang. "Kiss of a Woman" (1977), "Following the Unknown Man" (1981). Cargo. in Ashdod staged a play based on Sh .'s play "Youth", Gruz. t-r in Tel Aviv - "Captives" (1984), "Friends" (1988).
SHALIT-MARKUS Rachel (1894, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1942), graphic artist, painter. In 1911–33 - in Germany. Studied painting at the Academy of Arts in Munich. She exhibited her works at the Secession exhibitions, was admitted to the group. "November", formed by young avant-garde artists who united after Nov. Revolution of 1918.Since 1933 - in France. She painted portraits, still lifes and genre paintings. Naib. Izv. brought Sh. books. ill. (lithographs). Designed: "The Story of Rabbi Nachman" by M. Buber, "Jewish Melodies" by G. Heine, "People and Scenes" by Sholem Aleichem, "The Curve Chip" by Mendele Moicher-Sforim, "Kreutzer Sonata" by LN Tolstoy, ed. I. Zangvila, C. Dickens, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. Dode. In 1942 she was arrested, died at the end. camp.
SHALNIKOV Alexander Iosifovich (1905, Petersburg - 1986, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1923-28 he studied physics and mathematics. f-those Leningrad. polytechnic in-that and simultaneously. worked in physical and technical. in-those (department of N.N.Semenov). After graduating from the Institute, he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. In 1935 he was invited by PL Kapitsa to the Institute for Physical Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow (in 1936–84 head of the laboratory), at the same time. in 1938–70 prof. Moscow State University, where he organized the lab. low temp-r, led by student. seminar. Main scientific. work in the region. molecular physics and low-temperature physics. Joint. with Semenov completed the research. by critical temp-rams of adsorption. Developed a technique for obtaining extremely thin homogeneous films, including superconductors; conducted research. their thermal and electric magn. properties. Completed work on the study of liquid and crystalline. helium: developed a method for growing helium crystals, studied the kinetics of their growth. discovered in them the existence of the so-called. second sound. Developed and improved a number of physical. devices (counter of light quanta, vacuum equipment, iconoscopes); created devices for cryogenic surgery. Author of scientific. Art., monograph, inventions. In 1956–86 - Ch. ed. organized by him zhurn. "Instruments and Experimental Technique"; responsible ed. Russian ed. Berkeley Physics Course. Evil medal to them. P.N. Lebedev of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1972). Became. pr. (1948, 1949, 1953). State pr. USSR (1985).
SHALMAN Aron (1875, Kherson - 1952, Rosario, Argentina), publicist, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1909 - in Argentina. Member of the Zionist movement, worked in Jewish societies. org-tions. The first art. published in gas. Argentiner Vohenblat, published in Yiddish Zeitung, Di Press, and other ed. In 1921 he founded the first Jewish publishing house. in Rosario - weekly. "Unzer Spiegel", in 1924 - weekly. "Der veker". Son Sh. - Lazaro (b. 1904, Kherson), teacher, journalist. Prof. I read the course Argent. literature in universities in Argentina. Since 1948, dir. Institute of Judaica. Founder and ed. (1957–58) the first Jewish gas. in Spanish lang. "Amaneser". The author of the book. on the problems of pedagogy, Jewish history and philosophy.
SHALYT Simon Solomonovich (1911, Vitebsk - 1977, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954). After graduating from Leningrad. polytechnic in-that worked in the Ukrainian physical and technical. in-those in Kharkov at L.V. Shubnikov. Since 1954, at the invitation of A.F. Ioffe - at the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. the cryogenic lab he created. Hands. sector kinetic. phenomena Leningrad. physical and technical in-ta them. A.F. Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. Sci. works on physics of low temperature, physics of semiconductors, magn. phenomena. Received highly perfect tellurium single crystals and investigated their properties. Contributed to the study of galvanic and thermomagn. phenomena in quantizing magn. fields. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, including research. the phenomena of charge and heat transfer in semiconductors, semimetals and pure metals.
SHAMAILOV Intu (Yomtov) Ikhilovich (b. 1947, Krasnaya Sloboda, Cuban region of the AzSSR), public figure. In 1972 he graduated from the technical school of Soviet trade in Baku. In 1986 he was the initiator and one of the organizers of the creation of the Jewish religion. communities in Pyatigorsk and the Society of Jewish Culture in the same place (previous). 1989–95 members. Council of VAAD from Mountain Jews. Since 1990 in Moscow, member of the Pres. Worldwide Jewish Congress (1990–95), from 1993 Pres. Moscow Jewish religion. Sephardi communities - MEROS.
SHAMANSKY Lev Iosifovich (1894–1950, Irkutsk), geologist. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical sciences. In 1922 he graduated from Tomsk Technol. in-t. Investigated angry. and copper deposits of the south of Siberia, early. Minusinsk Mining and Econ. party, led by geol. service "Soyuzzolota", Ch. Ing. Zap.-Sib. geological exploration trust. In 1936–48 the head. Department of exploration in Irkutsk mining and metallurgy. in-those. One of the first in the USSR to apply mat. methods in geology. In 1949 he was arrested. He died during the investigation.
SHAMBADAL Mikhail (1891-1964), translator. He made his debut as a translator in the game. 1920s Translated into Russian. lang. from Yiddish manuf. Sh.D. Godiner, M. Goldstein, I.Z. Gordon, Sh.V. Gordon, A.M. Gubnitsky, P.D. Markish, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, B.I. Miller, Sh.D. Persova , G.I. Polyanker.
SHAMELASHVILI Rafael Mikhailovich (1922, Bandza, GSSR - 1994, Kutaisi, Georgia), philologist, linguist, lexicologist. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. (1970). In 1940–46 he was in the army. In 1950 he graduated from the Kutaisi ped. in-t. In the 1950s and 60s. taught in Tskhinvali (Stalinir) ped. in-those. Since 1970 Rev. in Kutaisi ped. in-those. He was engaged in research. the origin of the surnames of the Jews of Georgia. Author approx. 15 kn. and 500 journals. and gas. articles.
SHAMES Faivel Ovshievich (Pavel Evseevich) (1901, Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1971, Ivanovo), teacher, literary critic. Cand. philol. Sciences (1940). Graduated from the socialist-economic. Faculty of Volynsky Institute of Nar. education (1924) in Zhitomir. He taught in Zhitomir at school (1920–26), vocational school (1921–23), ped. technical school (1924-28) and ped. in-those (1928–41), simultaneously. lectured at the Kiev ped. in-those (1932–40). In 1941–44 - Assoc. Department of Theory and History of Rus. literature of Andijan teaches. Institute (Uzbekistan). In 1944-46 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. literary sector led. Fatherland. war in the State. lit. museum (Moscow). In 1946–65 - in the Ivanovo state. ped. in-those, lectured on literature and Russian. literature of the 19th and 20th centuries In the 1920s and 30s. taught in Jewish studies. institutions of Zhitomir and Kiev, published Art. in the journal. "Prolit", "Di Roite Velt" (Kharkov), "Stern" (Minsk), "Di Yiddish Shprah" (Kiev) and others. textbooks and manuals on the language. Yiddish and literature for Jewish schools, including "Literatur-kentenish" ("Literary criticism". M., 1928, in collaboration with D.N. Gofshtein), "Gantbuh far Yidisher literature" on Jewish literature. "Kharkov, 1930, in co-authorship with O. Goldes)," Shprakh un literatur "(" Language and Literature ", ibid., 1932, in co-authorship with I. Rodak, etc.)," ​​Lernbukh af Literature "(" Textbook of Literature "for the 7th grade, ibid., 1935) and other works: DI Fonvizin in Russian literature. M., 1958; Russian Soviet literature during the Great Patriotic War. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M., 1963 (co-authored with P.V. Kupriyanovskiy).
SHAMIR (Sheftelovich) Gabriel (Gutel) (1909, Libava - 1992, Israel), applied artist. He studied at the School of Applied Arts in Berlin. The author of the project is mem. Jewish soldiers who died in battles for the independence of Latvia (Riga, Jewish cemetery, 1935). Since 1935 - in E.-I. The author of the sketch for the coat of arms of the State of Israel (1949), the author of many. postage stamps, banknotes and coins.
SHAMIS David Lazarevich (1902, Golta Ananievsky u. Kherson province. - 1972, Alma-Ata), microbiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1948), prof. (1954), bp. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1958). In 1926 he graduated from the Odessa Institute of Nar. education. In 1926-30 the head. work. school and teacher in Trostyanets, Vinnytsia region. In 1930–33 he was a post-graduate student of the Odessa Zoobiol. in-that. In 1933-39 Art. bacteriologist of the Odessa cannery, in 1939–41 assistant of the department of the Odessa state. un-that. In 1944–54 the head. sector of microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, in 1954-56 Assoc. Department of Kazakh agricultural. in-ta, in 1956–63 as director. Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, in 1963–72 head. lab. this in-that. Research in the region. tech. microbiology, in particular. intensification of winemakers. and bakery production, use of microorganisms and feed production, protein biosynthesis for growing. hydrolysates and petroleum hydrocarbons. Honored. Scientist of the Kazakh SSR (1966) Vol .: Study of wild-growing reeds in Kazakhstan as raw materials for the production of fodder yeast and lactic acid. Alma-Ata, 1958; Induced synthesis of phosphatase in fodder yeast. Alma-Ata, 1974.
SHAMKOVICH Leonid Alexandrovich (1923, Rostov-on-Don - 2005, New York), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1965). 1974–76 - in Israel, from 1976 - in the USA. Champion of the RSFSR (1954, 1956). Participant of a number of USSR championships (best result in 1964/65, 5-6th) and the interzonal tournament in Rio de Janeiro (1979, 10-11th). Winner and medalist pl. int. tournaments, including in Moscow (1962, 3-6th m.), Sochi (1967, 1-5th m.), Mexico City (1978, 1st m.), Bile (1980, 2 –3rd m.). Two-time winner of the US Open. The author of the book. "Victim in Chess" (1971).
SHAMO Igor Naumovich (1925, Kiev - 1982, ibid.), Composer. I studied in the Kiev center. specialist. muses. school to them. N.V. Lysenko by class. php. from A.A. Yankelevich, composition - from M.A. Gozenpud. In 1946–51 he studied at the Kiev cons. by class compositions by B.N. Lyatoshinsky. At the same time. worked in an amateur t-re s-da "Arsenal", was engaged in muses. the design of the performances, supervised by the self-employed. in chorus. The author of 3 symphony. for string orc. (1964–75), cantata, orc. suite, chamber instr. ans., music to c / f, numerous. manuf. for fp., including a cycle of plays "Pictures of Russian painters", a suite for children "Malchish-Kibalchish" (by A.P. Gaidar). Among the songs of Sh. (About 300): "Kiev my" (call signs of the Kiev radio), "Comrade Song", "Romantics", etc. In his op. Sh. Used intonations of Ukrainian, Russian, Moldavian, Azerb., Georgian, Bulgarian. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1975). Etc. Linen. Komsomol of the Ukrainian SSR (1972). State pr. Ukrainian SSR im. T.G. Shevchenko (1976).
SHAMRAY Arie (ps; real fam. Fish) (1907, Kalushin Novominskiy u. Warsaw province. - 1978, Ein-Shemer, Israel), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1929 - in E.-I. He worked in a kibbutz. He made his debut with the poem "Leizer Cipres" in the Warsaw weekly. "Literary Bleter" in 1936. He published poetry, essays in periodicals. ed., lit. collection of books, anthologies of Israel, USA. Laureate lit. pr. Verse. Shlonsky translated into Hebrew. Author of the book: "In toer fun tog" ("At the gate of the day", 1947), "In vokhikn licht" ("In the light of everyday life", 1953), "Di funken fun tikun" ("Sparks of perfection", 1960), "Dos ingl fun dizhan" ("Boy from Dizhan", 1968), "Ringen in shtot" ("Rings in the city", 1975), "Oif green parmet" ("On green parchment", 1977).
SHAN Ben (1898, Kovna - 1969, New York), painter, graphic artist. From 1906 - in the USA, he studied lithography. In the 1920s and 30s. commissioned by the USA made several. murals in societies. buildings. During the 2nd world. war created posters for the military. departments. He taught in high fur boots and schools of lawsuit. Sh .'s works were exhibited in many places. personal and international. exhibitions. In 1956-57 he read a course of lectures at Harvard University, publ. under the name "Content form" (1957). Sh. Often turned to Jewish themes. He made sketches for the play "The World of Sholem Aleichem" (1953), designed the painting of a synagogue in Buffalo (1965). Repeatedly developed a new one. Hebrew fonts specially for dep. books and ser. editions.
SHANDALOV Yuri (Idel) Abramovich (1923, Gomel - 1945), Hero of the Soviet Union (1946). In the Red Army - from 1941. Com. company st. leith. Sh. Was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in repelling enemy counterattacks while crossing the Oder. Killed in battle. He was awarded 4 orders.
SHAPIR Maxim Ilyich (b. 1962, Moscow), philologist. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1994). In 1992–94 he was engaged in research. of the manuscript heritage of R.O. Yakobson from Rus. will investigate. Center at Harvard University. Since 1994 - founder and head. ed. zhurn. "Philology". The author of St. 70 scientific. print works, including "Aesthetic experience of the 20th century: avant-garde and postmodernism" (1995), "At the origins of the Russian iambic tetrameter: genesis and evolution" (1996), etc.
SHAPIRA Yeshayagu (1891, Grodzisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province - 1945, Jerusalem), politician. Rod. in a Hasidic family, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he joined the Zionist movement. Participated in the creation of the Mizrahi movement in Poland (1917). Since 1920 - in E.-I., head of the Department of Immigration and Labor of the Mizrahi Center in Jerusalem, participated in the organization of the slave. brigades for road construction and reclamation work. One of the founders and leaders of the Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi movement. In 1924 he made a trip to Poland, after a cut in E.-I. left gr. Hasidic youth, who founded the settlements of Kfar Hasidim and Kfar Ata. In 1933–43 he was the manager of the Center. cooperative bank in Tel Aviv. The author of essays and art. on the problems of the workers' and cooperative movement in E.-I.
SHAPIRO (ps. R. Bakhtamov) Rafael Borisovich (1926, Moscow - 1993, Jerusalem), journalist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Azerbaijan University and Polytechnic. in-t. In 1950–54 he was imprisoned. He worked as an engineer, published in Baku and the center. period. ed. The author of several. scientific-artist books ("For Whom Apples Fall", "The Lord of Oximir", "The Riddle of Scientific and Technological Revolution", etc.). Since 1980 - in Israel. In 1985–91, the leading political scientist zhurn. "Country and World" (Munich), simultaneously. worked at the radio station "Freedom". Since 1991 the leading commentator of the radio station REKA (Israel). The author of the book. “Twenty-five plus twenty-five. An unfinished story ”(Jerusalem, 1994).
SHAPIRO Abba Konstantinovich (1839, Grodna - 1900), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. In his youth he studied photography. In St. Petersburg he was baptized, having married a Christian woman. The severity of the apostasy was evident in most of his verses. works. In St. Petersburg Sh. Gained popularity as a master artist. photography, being a personal photographer of prominent grew up. officials, as well as Leo Tolstoy. From 1887 verse. Sh. Were published in lit. periodic. ed. in Russian lang. and Hebrew. In 1883 in gas. "Gamelitz" publ. critical an essay about the story of IS Turgenev "Jew". In 1890 the poem about A. Dreyfus "Sidom" was published - an example of the style characteristic of the Pentateuch. Poetic. manuf. Sh., Dedicated. Jewish and Zionist themes, were published by Y. Fikhman in 1911 in the one-volume "Shirim Nivharim".
SHAPIRO Abram Borisovich (present father Berkovich) (1890, Moscow - 1966, ibid.), Linguist. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1914). Combined teach. and scientific. activity with editorial staff (Collected works of A.I. Herzen and A.M. Gorky). Member Government spelling. commissions, before. terminological commission at the International. to-those Slavists. In "Essays on the syntax of Russian folk dialects" (1953) for the first time in Russian. linguistics considered the issue. colloquial speech syntax. Dealt with punctuation problems. The author of the account. manuals for schools and in-tov, one of the creators of the "Code of Russian spelling". Works: Contemporary Russian language. Punctuation. M., 1974.
SHAPIRO Abram Genrikhovich (1927, Lugansk - 1995, Moscow), architect. Brother M.G. Shapiro. In 1952 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. He worked in the studio of NA Osterman, in-those "Mosproekt". Laureate of pl. architect. contests. Main work in Moscow: lived. houses (1960–80s), experimental demonstration district of North. Chertanovo (1970s, Prospect of the USSR Council of Ministers), Olympic equestrian sport. complex "Bitsa" (1976–79).
SHAPIRO Adolf Yakovlevich (b. 1939, Kharkov), director. In 1962 he graduated from dir. Faculty of Kharkov Theater. in-that. From 1962 dir., In 1964–92 chap. dir. Riga Youth Theater, staged performances in Russian. and Latvian. troupes. In Russian. the troupe staged: "Shadow" by E.L. Schwartz (1964), "Chukokkala" by K.I. Chukovsky (1970), "Brother Alyosha" by F.M. Dostoevsky (1973), "The Adventures of Buratino in the Country of Fools" by AN Tolstoy (1975), "Tales of Pushkin" (1976), "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare (1977), "Prince Frederick of Homburg" by G. Kleist (1980, for the first time in Russian), "Tomorrow there was a war "according to BL Vasiliev (1986)," Democracy "by IA Brodsky (1991), and others. staged for the troupe: "The Golden Horse" by J. Rainis (1977), "Fear and Despair of the Third Empire" by B. Brecht (1986), plays by G.R. Priede and others. Performances in other t-ts: "The Cherry Orchard", "Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov (1971, 1973, T. Kingisepp drama, Tallinn), "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" E. Olby (1977, Pärnu Drama Theater), “Moliere” by M. A. Bulgakov (1978, Academic Theater named after A. Upit), “Kabanchik” by V. S. Rozov (1987, T- R. named after Evgeny Vakhtangov), “Moliere” (“Cabal of the holy man”) by Bulgakov (1989, Moscow Art Theater), “Sweet Liar” by J. Kilty (1994, Theater named after Evgeny Vakhtangov), “The Last” by M. Gorky (1995, T-p-studio under the direction of O.P. Tabakov). In 1990–93 prez. ASSITEZH - Intern. associations of t-ditch for children and youth, since 1993 - prez. Grew up. center ASSITEZH. Nar. art. Latvian SSR (1986). State pr. LatvSSR (1985).
SHAPIRO Ezra Z. (1903, Volozhin, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1976, Jerusalem), public figure. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1924 he headed the Zionist organization in Cleveland (Ohio), in 1933–35 he headed the mountains in Cleveland. jurid. service, since 1934 guardian of the Federation of Jewish Communities, in 1942–45 pres. Council of Jewish Communities, since 1963 member. Cleveland Community Relations Council (since 1966 vice-chairman). From 1934 to. Nat. will execute. to-that of the Organization of the Zionists of the USA. One of the organizers of the system of Jewish schools in Cleveland and in the USA: in 1939–43 prez. Cleveland schools with teaching in Hebrew, in 1953–56 pres. Cleveland Bureau of Jewish Education, 1959–62 Vice President. Amer. Association for Jewish Education. Since 1971 - in Israel.
SHAPIRO Fedor Lvovich (1915, Vitebsk - 1973, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Graduated from Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1945–58 he worked at FIAN. Since 1959, deputy. dir. Lab. Neutron Physics United. in-that nuclear research. (Dubna). At the same time. prof. Moscow State University (since 1967). Main tr. on neutron physics. He proposed a new method of neutron polarization and a method of structural neutron diffraction. Created a system that combines a pulsed reactor with an electronic injector. Measured the magn. moments of neutron resonances on the shift in magn. field. Received for the first time (1968) a beam of ultracold neutrons and proved their total reflection by the surface. State pr. USSR (1971). Etc. them. I.V. Kurchatov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1977), Works: Collected. works. In 2 volumes. M., 1976.
SHAPIRO Felix Lvovich (Shraga-Faivl) (1879, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1961, Moscow), philologist, lexicographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, at the same time. taught Hebrew, worked at OPE. In the beginning. 1920s dir. Jewish gymnasium in Baku. From ser. 1920s - in Moscow, in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the 1950s. taught Hebrew at Moscow State University. Composed the first Hebrew-Rus in the USSR. dictionary (28 thousand words, published in 1963). Sh .'s grandson - Vladimir Prestin (b. 1934, Moscow), one of the leaders of the Jewish national movement in the 1970s-80s. Lecturer Hebrew. Since 1988 - in Israel.
SHAPIRO Gavriil Semenovich (1913, Petersburg - 1984, Moscow), specialist in the field of applied mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. (1956). He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. polytechnic in-t. In 1934–38 he worked at the Svirstroy Bureau. Since 1938 - in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. From 1942 - at the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where until 1965 he was in charge of the department. wave dynamics, then - in Ying-those problems of mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. At the same time. taught at Moscow State University (department of the theory of plasticity). Main scientific. tr. dedicated solving spaces. tasks and tasks for a layered medium, the theory of elasticity and plasticity. Author of scientific. print works. Since 1961, member. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and app. mechanics.
SHAPIRO Genrikh Aleksandrovich (1852, Grodno province - 1901, Petersburg), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1880), prof. (1897). After the end of St. Petersburg. medical and surgical Academy (1876) served as an army doctor, including at the front during the Russian-Turkish. wars 1877–78. In 1880 he defended his dissertation. on the topic "About fluctuations in blood pressure under normal and pathological conditions." Since 1885, assistant professor of the department int. diseases of St. Petersburg. military-honey. academy and simultaneously. assistant, art. assistant (since 1896) therapeutic. department Clinic. in-that led. book Elena Pavlovna. Main scientific. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question cardiovascular diseases. Cit .: On the recognition of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. SPb., 1889.
SHAPIRO Hermann (Hirsch) (1840, Erzhvilki, Kovno province - 1898, Cologne, Germany), mathematician. Dr. Philos. (1880), prof. (1887). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1868–71 he studied at un-those in Berlin. Due to lack of funds, he interrupted his studies and returned to Russia. From 1878 - in Germany, he studied at the University of Heidelberg. Since 1883 the professor. in the same place. Author of a number of works on mathematics (in German). In 1882 publ. in "Gamelitz" ser. Art. about the creation of un-that in Jerusalem. Act. member of the Zionist movement.
SHAPIRO Iona (1880, Malyaty Vilna province -?), Party leader, publicist. One of the founders of the Jewish Democr. parties in Vilna. In 1919–27 before. parties in the mountains. council of Vilna. One of the founders of gas. "Vilner tog", where he published Art. for econ. and polit. themes, feuilletons, scenes from Jewish life in Poland. Published Art. on Sat. 3. K. Reisen "Zinkos far der geeshichte fun Vilne in di jorn fun milhome un ocupatsie" ("Chronicle of the history of Vilno during the war and occupation". Vilno, 1922).
SHAPIRO Iosif Solomonovich (1918, Kiev - 1999), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1941 he graduated from Moscow State University. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–58 - at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, head. lab. Since 1958 - at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. physics, early. lab. from 1981 at FIAN, head. sector. At the same time. taught at decomp. universities of Moscow, since 1960 prof. MEPhI. Main scientific. work on the physics of the nucleus and elementary particles. Built a theory of internal. conversion with the formation of pairs, dispers. the theory of direct nuclear reactions. Predicted parity nonconservation in muon - nucleon and muon - nucleus interactions and enhancement of parity nonconservation effects in nuclear forces. Received an integral transformation of the transition from a hyperboloid to a light cone (transformation Sh.). Developed the theory of quasinuclear systems containing antinucleons. Predicted the existence of baryony (1969). Developed the theory of triplet Cooper pairing with a strong spin-orbit coupling, considering the properties of dec. superfluid phases. Research on the history of physics (Maxwell's equations, Newton's "Beginnings", etc.). The author of a large number of scientific. publications: Atomic Nuclei Spectroscopy. M., 1952 (co-authored with L.V. Groshev); The theory of direct nuclear reactions. M., 1963.
SHAPIRO Isaak Ilyich (1895-1940), an employee of the special services. Art. major of state security. In 1927 he graduated from Industrial Economics. in-t. In 1915-17 - in the army, in 1918-22 - in the Red Army. In 1922–34 - in the Narkomfin system, then in the USSR State Planning Committee. In 1934–37 - assistant secretary. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) N. I. Ezhov. In 1937–38 pom. early, early Secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1938–39 the beginning. 9th (1st special) dep. Ch. State Security Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1939 he was arrested. Shot.
SHAPIRO Israel (1882, Seyny, Suwalk province - 1957, Israel), bibliographer, orientalist. Rod. in the family of the rabbi and publicist Tuvii-Peisakh (1845-1924). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied at the yeshiva, at Strasbourg University and the Higher. Jewish School (Leranstalt) in Berlin. In 1907-10 he taught at the Teachers' Institute in Jerusalem, in 1911-13 - in New York, took part in the publication of gas. "Ga-Dror". In 1913–44, he headed the newly created Semitic sector of the Library of the US Congress, systematized a collection of 40,000 tons, including incunabula and other rarities. Lectured at George Washington University (1916–27). Since 1950 - in Israel. Author pl. publ. in the press on Jewish history and bibliography in Hebrew and Yiddish.
SHAPIRO Itskhok (1863, Lutsin, Vitebsk province - 1935, Warsaw), journalist, writer, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Published scientific-popul., Political. Art., stories, feuilletons in gas. Warshaver Zeitung, Di Nae Velt, Undzer Lebn, Najer Moment. Gas edited. "Dos Yiddish Worth". Into the gas. "Moment" was led by section. "Political. notes". He translated into Yiddish “The History of the Jews from Ancient Ages to the Present” by G. Gretz (in 12 volumes, Warsaw, 1914–32), adding to his own. tr., dedicated. recent history of the Jews (in 3 volumes).
SHAPIRO Chaim-Nakhman (1895, Minsk - 1943, Kaunas), literary critic, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. (1925), prof. (1931). Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied philosophy and Semitic languages. in high fur boots of Berlin and Vienna. In 1925–40 he taught at Kaunas University the Semitic languages. One of the leading figures of Zionism in Lithuania. Published in Kaunas gas. "Yiddishe Shtime". Author of tr .: "History of Modern Jewish Literature" (the edition was designed for 12 volumes, the 1st volume was published in Tel Aviv in 1939, the 2nd volume disappeared in the ghetto), "Der vezntleher untersheid zwishn der alter un naer literatur ”(“ The difference between old and new literature. ”- Sat“ Gedanken un lebn. ”Kaunas, 1935). He died in the ghetto.
SHAPIRO Konstantin (Osher) Alexandrovich (1840, Grodna - 1900, Petersburg), poet, photographer. In his youth, he was carried away by the ideas of Haskala. Under the influence of P. Smolenskin, he began to write poetry. After studying photography, he moved to St. Petersburg, became a court photographer. Published poetry in Russian. lang. and Hebrew in diff. periodic. ed. He also wrote literary critic. Art., including "Turgenev ve-sippur" Ha-Yehudi "(" The story of IS Turgenev "Jew" ("Gamelitz", 1883).
L. G. SHAPIRO (1887 -?), Politician. In the S.-D. movement from 1902, from 1903 members. Riga organization of the Bund, later worked at the Central Committee of the Bund abroad. From 1906 - in St. Petersburg, sotr. Bund periodicals. editions, represented by St. Petersburg. org-tion of the Bund at the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP. Author of works on agr. question (including the book "Municipalization of land, or Division of ownership"). During Feb. Revolution of 1917 joined the RSDLP (Mensheviks), member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council, in the Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, head dep. local government, joint. with F.Ya. Kon participated in editing weekly. "Self management". After Oct. 1917 from active parties. work went away. Since 1918 - in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, since August. member RCP (b), files. 9th Congress. In 1919–20 on polit. work in the Red Army. In 1920–21 members. prez. Glavpolitprosveta. Then he worked in the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance.
SHAPIRO Leonid Borisovich (1904, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1979, Moscow), urologist, health care organizer. After finishing honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1927) specialized in urology and worked as a doctor, deputy. chief physician of the 24th hospital in Moscow. In 1941–45 the doctor dignity. trains, evacuation hospitals. After the war, he headed the urologist. dep. hospital of the NKVD. Since 1950 - in the Noginsk mountains. hospital. From 1954 to Moscow. ambulance stations (in 1961–70, the beginning of the station). Participated in the creation of specialized. (heart attack, neurological, pediatric.) ambulance services in Moscow. Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1961).
SHAPIRO Lev Borisovich (b. 1927, Seredina-Buda, Glukhovsky okr., Ukrainian SSR), party leader. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1949), worked as a metallurgist. s-dakh. In 1966-70 sec. school desks. org-tion of the Amurstal plant. In 1970-87 1st sec. Regional Committee of the CPSU [[Jewish Autonomous Region | Jewish Autonomous Region. 1976–82 members. Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in 1981–89, Ph.D. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 2nd convocation. Since 1987 - retired.
SHAPIRO Mark Genrikhovich (1922, Lugansk - 1997, Moscow), architect. Brother A.G. Shapiro. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Worked at the Research and Development Institute of the General Plan of Moscow. One of the authors Gen. Moscow development plan (1971, as part of the author's team).
SHAPIRO Mikhail Grigorievich (1908, Ekaterinoslav - 1971, Leningrad), film director. In 1925–26 he studied at the College of Screen Art, in 1926–28 - at the Leningrad Film Festival. in-that history of claims. He worked as concertmaster at Leningrad. t-ra Proletkulta, from 1928 assistant, then assistant. dir. at the Lenfilm cinema. Dir.-editor f. "Seven Bold" and "Youth of a Poet" (both - 1936). As dir. debuted doc. f. "Song of the Metal" (with V. Granatman, AG Zarkhi and IE Kheifits, 1928); joint with Zarkhi and Kheifits removed f. "Hot Days" (1935), independently - "Sixty Days" (1940). In 1941–42 - at the front, in 1942–45 dir. Centre. united k / st (TsOKS); in 1948-53 Art. ed. k / st "Lenfilm". One of the founders of F. "Cinema Concert of 1941" (fragments with J.V. Flier and E.G. Gilels). Filmed muses. f .: op. "Cherevichki" by PI Tchaikovsky (jointly with NN Kosheverova, 1945), ball. "Paquita" by LF Minkus (1958), the first large-format color. ph.-op. "Katerina Izmailova" by D. D. Shostakovich (1967). Other fictions include Cinderella (1947), The Seekers (1957), Cain XVIII (1963), Theme with Variations (1970). In 1967 he staged Leningrad. Small t-ra op. and the ball. op. S. M. Slonimsky "Viriney".
SHAPIRO Moisey Naumovich (1884, Minsk - 1970, ibid.), Traumatologist, orthopedist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1909). In 1909-14 he was a doctor in Minsk, in 1914-22 he was a military man. surgeon. In 1923–41 and 1945–57 - in the Minsk medical center. in-those, where in 1927 he organized and headed the first department of orthopedics in Belarus. In 1941–45, Ch. surgeon of evacuation hospitals and deputy. People's Commissar of Health of the Kyrgyz SSR, at the same time. head Department of Hospital Surgery, Frunzensky Med. in-that. In 1945-50 dir. Belarusian Research Institute of Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, at the same time. ch. traumatologist of the BSSR and head. Department of Orthopedics and Military Field Surgery, Minsk Medical Center in-that. Developed methods of surgery. treatment of diseases of the spine, other bones and joints. Orthopedic organizer help in Belarus. Honored. Scientist of the BSSR (1940). Works: Clinic of epiphyseonecrosis and apophysitis. Minsk, 1935 (et al.); Plaster cast technique. Minsk, 1946; Epidemic infantile paralysis. 2nd ed., Minsk, 1957 (co-authors).
SHAPIRO Moyshe (1758, Korets of the Lutsk district of the Volyn province, Poland - 1838, Slavuta Zaslavsky district of the Volyn province), rabbi. The son of the Korets tzaddik Pinchas Sh. (1726, Shklov - 1791, Korets), a student of I. Baal-Shem-Tov and Doiv-Bera from Mezherich. Since 1808 - rabbi in Slavuta. In 1808 he founded a printing house with his father and began publishing the Talmud. In 1808-13 and 1817-22 he published 2 ed. Talmud. Sh .'s sons - Shmuel-Aba (1784–1863, Slavuta) and Pinchas (1792–?) In 1830 began issuing the 3rd ed. Talmud. In 1836 they were accused of murdering their employee and exiled to Siberia. The printing house was closed. Pinchas died in exile, Shmuel-Aba was pardoned in 1856. The work of the printing house was resumed in Zhitomir in 1847 by Sh .'s grandchildren - Khanina-Lipa and Ioshua-Geshel.
SHAPIRO Moishe-Chaim (1902, Grodna - 1970, Jerusalem), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1917 he organized a Zionist youth organization "Bnei Zion" in Grodno, in 1920 in Kaunas - a youth group. "Ceireus Mizrahi". In 1922–24 - in Poland, teacher and director. religious school "Akhiezer" in Vilno. In 1924–25 - in Germany, he studied at the Higher. rabbinical school in Berlin. Since 1925, members Centre. council of the movement "Tora ve Labor". Since 1926 - in E.-I. Since 1928, member. Centre. Council of the party "Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi". In 1935-48 the beginning. dep. repatriation of the Jewish Agency (Sokhnut). In 1938 in Vienna he negotiated with A. Eichmann about the departure of Jews from the annexed. to Germany Austria. In 1948 min. on questions repatriation and health care of the temporary government of Israel. In 1948–70 min. for repatriation, int. affairs, health care, religions, social. provision. In 1956–70 before. World movement of religions. Zionism. In 1948–70 dep. The Knesset. Delegate to the 14th, 19th, 22nd Zionist Congresses.
SHAPIRO Moishe Alterovich (1899, Khmelnik Litinsky u. Podolsk province. - 1973, Moscow), linguist, teacher. Cand. philol. sciences. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the beginning. 1920s taught, was engaged in teaching and learning methodology. Yiddish. The first scientific. Art. published in the journal. "Ratnbildung" in Kharkov in 1928. He studied in graduate school and worked at the Ying-those Jewish proletar. culture at VUAN. One of the comp. "Ukrainian-Jewish Mathematical Dictionary" (Kiev, 1935), language textbooks. Yiddish, hands. work on comp. and ed. "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) Dictionary" (Moscow, 1984). Since 1961 he collaborated in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". In 1969–71 he led the column "Conversations on the Yiddish Language", published the research. “Some features of a single lit. Yiddish to Sov. Union "," Leafing through translations from Yiddish "," Treasures of Yiddish "," Jewish lexicography and lit. Yiddish "and others). Author of textbooks and uch. manuals, including: "Shrib on graizn" ("Write without mistakes". M., 1929), "Spelling un punctuation" (Kiev, 1936), "Gramatik" (Kiev, 1938), "Systematic dictation" (ibid, 1939).
SHAPIRO Nikolai Iosifovich (1906, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Biologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1964). In 1930 he graduated from the natural department. physicomat. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1928–32 he worked in the laboratory of genetics Biol. in-that. In 1932–48 - at the Department of Genetics, Moscow State University, at the same time. in 1945 he organized a laboratory of radiobiology at the Research Institute of Roentgenology. Dismissed in 1948, after a session of the All-Union Agricultural Academy. In 1950–63 - in the lab. biophysics, isotopes and radiation at the Biological Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1963 Sh. Organized and headed the first laboratory of somatic cells in the USSR in the biological department of the Institute of Atomic Energy (since 1978 - the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences). The main direction of scientific. research - animal genetics. Showed the possibility of induction of gene mutations in mammalian culture. Established the mutagenic effect of the oncogenic virus SV-40 on human somatic cells.
SHAPIRO Savely Naumovich (1906 - 1948, Leningrad), director of the puppet theater. In 1927 he graduated from the studio of T-ra drama them. A.S. Pushkin. In 1928 he headed the T-r of the Vasilievsky Island in Leningrad. Periodically performed. print. Since 1932, dir. and artist. hands. Leningrad. t-ra dolls. Among the post. Sh .: "The struggle continues" by L. I. Levin, "Kashtanka" by A. P. Chekhov, "Bevronsky meadow" by pov. R. Rollan's "Cola Brunion", "Ilya Muromets" by IV Karnaukhova and MD Tuberovsky, "A Dream in the Hand" by LS Lench, "The Scarlet Flower" by ST Aksakov, "The Magicians" and "The Tale of the Brave Soldier" by EL Schwartz, "The Legend of the Lebedinets-City" by Karnaukhova and LT Brausevich.
SHAPIRO Shmuel-Meir (1887, Mozyr, Minsk Province - 1958, Toronto, Canada), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from technical. uch-shche in Minsk. Since 1906 - in Canada. From 1911 it was printed in gas. Keneder Odler, weekly. "Dos folk", other Jewish periodicals. ed. From 1913 collaborators, in 1932–57 ch. ed. gas. Der Yidischer magazine. Ed. humorous. weekly in Toronto "Der Mazik". He is the author of short stories, humoresques, romance, including "De Shane Rivka" ("Beauty Rivka").
SHAPIRO Zvi (Herman) (1840, Arzbilki of Rossiensky u. Koven province - 1898, Cologne, Germany), public figure. Doctor of mathematics, prof. (1887). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1867–71 he studied secular sciences in Vilna and Berlin. From 1878 - in Germany, graduated from Heidelberg University, from 1883 taught there. The founder of the Palestinian society "Zion", the author of numerous. Palestinian Art. in the journal. "Gamelitz". In 1883, during a trip to Russia, he took part in the creation of the Hovevei Zion. All R. 1890s elected hon. prez. student of the Palestinian organization "Safa brura". From the end. 1890s member of the Zionist movement, at the 1st World. Zionist Congr. in Basel (1897) initiated the creation of the Keren-Kaemet le-Israel foundation and the university in E.-I.
SHAPIRO Valentin Efimovich (1922, Batumi - 1996), Hero of the Soviet Union (1946). In the Red Army - since 1940. Com. link fighter aircraft. shelf st. leith. Sh. By May 1945 made 590 sorties, including 455 for reconnaissance of enemy troops, in 48 battles shot down 12 aircraft. In 1950 he graduated from the Military-Vozd. acad. He commanded a regiment. Since 1978 - Colonel in the reserve. He was awarded 10 orders.
SHAPIRO Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1937, Kiev), sociologist. Dr. econom. Sciences (1983), prof. (1990). In 1962 he graduated from the Voronezh engineer-building. in-t. Post-graduate student since 1971, scientific researcher since 1974 sotr., since 1993 Ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). 1989 prez. Jewish scholar. center at the Sov. sociological. associations (at the USSR Academy of Sciences). Research on gerontosociology, social. problems of children and adolescents, family and marriage problems, migration, ethnosociology, modern problems. Jewry, Cit .: Retired Man. M., 1980; Social activity of older people in the USSR. M., 1983; Methodology for the sociological study of demographic behavior. M., 1985 (et al.); Interethnic conflicts and refugee problems. M., 1991 (et al.); Results of a sociological survey of delegates to the III Congress of the VAAD. M., 1993 (et al.); Judaism in nat. self-awareness grew. Jews. - "Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow", No. 3 (7), 1994 (co-author).
SHAPIRO Yakov Nokhimovich (? -?), Public figure. Merchant of the 1st guild. Studied at Moscow. and Yuryevskiy un-takh, collaborated in provincial. press (article on the problems of social. policy). Since the fall of 1905, members. party of cadets. Dep. 2nd State thoughts from the Courland lips. (1907).
SHAPIRO Yosef (1902, Skvira, Kiev province. - 1978, Tel Aviv), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1921 - in the USA, from 1933 - in E.-I. Member of the Zionist movement. The first stories and Art. published in gas. Yiddish Welt in Cleveland. He wrote for Jewish periodicals. ed. USA ("Morgen Journal", "American Yiddish Tageblat", "Farn Folk", "Yidischer Kemfer", "Californian Yiddish Shtime", etc.), essays on prominent Jewish figures, did lit. processing of Hasidic legends. In E.-I. worked periodically. ed. in Hebrew. Published 7 collection of articles of art. Author of the book: "Ge-khalutz" un zayne oifgabn "(" Gakholuts "and his tasks". Berlin, 1923), "Skvirer hurbn" ("Skvirskaya catastrophe. New York, 1924), essays on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine, ibid., 1925), "Moshihishe persenlehkeitn" ("Messianic personalities". Cleveland, 1931).
SHAPIRO Jacques (Yakov Alexandrovich) (1897, Dvinsk, Vitebsk Gubernia - 1972, Paris), painter, theater designer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied in thin. schools in Kharkov (1915) and Kiev (1918). In 1919 he headed a drawing school in Yekaterinoslav. In 1920 in Petrograd, where he continued his studies at the PGSKhM and at the same time. hands. children thin school. In the 1920s. was engaged in scenography in Petrograd and Moscow t-ras - he created sketches of scenery for the post. t-ra "Habima" - "Gadibuk". He worked with K.S. Stanislavsky, V.E. Meyerhold, E.B. Vakhtangov. Performed wall paintings. Uch. in the exhibition of the artist. N. Dobychina's bureau (Pg., 1922), an exhibition of paintings by Petrograd artists of all directions (Pg., 1923), an exhibition of the "Association" group (M., 1925), etc. Since 1925 - in France, where he was greatly influenced creativity of the Impressionists, which changed the artist. Sh. style. Since 1926 it was exhibited in the Salon d'Automne, Tuileries, Independent, in the salon of the Super-Independent and in the club of the USSR trade mission. At personal shows (1936, 1949) Sh. Presented works performed in the style of the Parisian school. Sh .'s paintings are in the Musee de Pomme in Paris (Kingfisher) and in the Institute of Arts in Chicago (Woman at the Table, Interior).
SHAPIROVSKY Yakov Borisovich (1909, Odessa - 1987, Moscow), radio engineer. In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. In the beginning. 1930s to Mosk. radio broadcaster. node was engaged in the development and implementation of the first in the USSR 30-line mechanical system. TV. From 1937 - in the "Radiostroy" trust, was engaged in design, construction and installation of electronic Moscow. television center (MTTs) on Shabolovka, the first beginning. hardware and studio unit of the ITC, was engaged in the development and improvement of sound recording and television. equipment. 1941–44 - at the front. In 1944 it was recalled to create a radar. weapons. Supervised the development of the first radar in the USSR. airborne sights "Cobalt" and "Rubidium" (jointly with AI Korchmar and GM Kunyavsky), other new weapons systems (until 1985). Author of 7 inventions, including devices for receiving images on a large screen (1940). Became. pr. (1949).
SHAPSHAL Serai Markovich (Sergei Mikhailovich) (1873, Bakhchisarai, Tauride province - 1961, Vilnius), orientalist, religious and public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1930), prof. (1939). He graduated from the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-that. In 1901–08 he became a diplomat. and teaching in Persia; tutor of the heir to the Persian. Shah. In 1913-1919 haham Tavrichesky and Odessa. In 1916 he founded the Karaite National. b-ku ("Karai Bitikligi") in Evpatoria (existed until 1929). In 1919-28 - in Turkey. In 1928–44 haham Polish and Lithuanian. Since 1929 sotr. Academy of Sciences of Poland, since 1935 vice-pre. Polish Society of Orientalists. Since 1947 scientific. sotr. Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR. Coll. Jewish, Arab., Persian. and Turkish. Sh .'s manuscripts and his personal archive are kept in St. Petersburg. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies RAS.
SHARBATOV Grigory Shamilevich (b. 1924, Baku), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1966), prof. (1969). In 1943–45 - in the army. Graduated from MIV (1951). In 1951–56 he taught at the VIIYa, since 1956 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), at the same time. in IVYa (ISAA) at Moscow State University. The author of St. 160 publ. scientific. tr. on Semitic linguistics, lexicography, including articles, essays, textbooks, monographs, including articles about the Arab. lit. lang. and modern Arab. dialects in Sat. "Semitic languages". M., 1991. Comp. and ed. dictionaries. Foreign ch.-c. Egyptian Academy. Daughter of Sh. - Alla (b. 1956, Moscow), linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1987). Graduated in 1978 from ISAA at Moscow State University. From 1981 Rev. in ISAA. Author of works on modern. Arab. literary work. Works: Arabistics in the USSR. 1917-1959 M., 1959; Arabic language textbook. M., 1960; Pocket Russian-Arabic dictionary. M., 1974 (et al.); Arabic-Russian educational dictionary. M., 1981.
SHARET (Shertok) Moshe (1894, Kherson - 1965, Jerusalem), statesman and politician. Brother of I. Sharet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1907 - in E.-I. He graduated from the Herzliya gymnasium in Tel Aviv, studied law in Istanbul. In 1914-18 he was a Turkish officer. army, served as an interpreter at the command headquarters. germ. troops in Turkey. From 1919 he took part in the Akhdut ha-Avoda movement. In 1920–25 he studied economics in Great Britain and was a member of the Poaley Zion party. In 1925 he returned to E.-I., deputy. ed. gas. "Davar", the nearest office B. Katsnelson. From 1931 secretary, from 1933 head of political. Dept. of the Jewish Agency, during the anti-Jewish pogroms of 1936–37, he initiated the organization of the Jewish police. During the 2nd world. war, one of the founders of the Jewish Brigade as part of the British. army. He played a crucial role in the international. diplomatic. negotiations about the post-war. the fate of E.-I. In 1946 the Brit. the authorities. In 1948–56 min. foreign cases. In 1954–55 he was prime minister. From 1960 to. Execute. to-that World. Zionist organization and the Jewish Agency, one of the leaders of the Mapai party, hands. publishing house "Am Oved".
SHARFMAN Isaiah-Leo (1886, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1969), economist. Since 1894 - in the USA. Graduated from Harvard College (1907) and Harvard Law. school (1910). In 1910-11 he taught a course in jurisprudence and polit. Sciences in China at Pei-Yang University. In 1912–55 he taught at the University of Henry C. Adams (prof. From 1914, in 1927–54 he headed the Department of Economics). Since 1955, the trustee of the University of Brandeis and hon. prof. Economics of Michigan University. He was a member of a number of federal councils and commissions for railways. transport, labor conflicts, antimonopoly policy, was a member of Pres. commissions for the improvement of societies. services (1939), Nat. labor soldier. council (1942–43), Nat. labor council on railway d (1943–46). One of the founders of the Menorah Society at Harvard (1907) and of the same name. magazine (1915), and also published. American Economic Review Association; member Amer. associations of professors of high fur boots, Amer. econom. associations (since 1945 prez.), Amer. statistical associations and other scientific. about-in. The author of works on the problems of the economy of the railway. transport, regulation of transport. transportation. Main tr. Sh. - "Interstate Commerce Commission" (vols. 1-5, 1931-37).
SHARGAY Shneur-Zalman (1899, Gorodlo Grubeshovsky u. Lublin province. - 1995, Jerusalem), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1920s activist of the Zionist movement in Poland. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Activist of the Ha-Poel Ha-Mizrahi party. In 1950–52 mayor of Jerusalem. In 1954–68 the beginning. dep. repatriation of the Jewish Agency. Author of publicistic. Philos. works on the themes of religions. Zionism.
SHARGEL Yakov-Zvi (b. 1905, Kholm, Lublin province), poet, critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1926 - in E.-I. First verse. published in 1927 in Warsaw Gas. Arbeter Zeitung. From 1928 sec. lit. club in Jerusalem. One of the founders of the magazine. "Ongeib", from 1961 led literary pages in the journal. "Yisroel-shtime". The author of the book., Ed. in Tel Aviv: "In Blaen Licht" ("In the Blue Light", 1937), "Fun wei un gloibn" ("Pain and Hope", 1959), "Zunike Schweln" ("Sunny Thresholds", 1968), " Toern in di berg "(" Gates in the mountains ", 1973)," Garbstike tribn "(" Autumn pipes ", 1977)," Fun ongeib on "(" From the very beginning ". Sat literary-critical articles and vosp., 1977) and other Brother Sh. - Hillel (1906, Kholm Lublin province. - 1984, Tel Aviv), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member Party "Poalei Zion". Since 1934 - in E.-I. First verse. published in Warsaw Gas. "Di Fray Jungt". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. decomp. countries. In 1936–43 - one of the editors. zhurn. "Shtamen" in Tel Aviv. Author Sat. verse. "A boim in fenzter" ("Tree in the window". Tel Aviv, 1975).
SHARGORODSKY Efim Isakovich (b. 1947, Kodyma, Odessa region), teacher. Since 1974 after the end of East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin, - in experimental. Wed School in Memory of V.I. Lenin, USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, since 1981 director. (since 1996 Lyceum "Gorki" RAO). At the same time. since 1996 vice-rector of the University of RAO. Hands. experimental and experimental works on the problems of in-school management, innovative teaching technologies. Honored. teacher of the Russian Federation (1996).
SHARGORODSKY Lev Yakovlevich (1897, Kherson - 1959, Tashkent), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. After graduating from the 3rd MMI in 1923, he worked in Moscow under the direction of. L.O.Darkshevich and E.K.Seppa - resident, assistant, Assoc. In 1939-59 the head. chair nerve. diseases of the Tashkent honey. in-that. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question clinics and treatment of epidemic. encephalitis and epilepsy, pathogenesis and clinical picture of progressive muscular dystrophy (1951), autonomic disorders, diagnostics of brain tumors, morphology and physiology of the autonomic nerve. systems (1932, 1949), research methods. vegetative vascular reflexes. He proposed a method for determining lipoids in the cerebrospinal fluid. Author of over 80 prints. works, including monograph. "Clinic of acute diseases of the central nervous system" (1957). Prev Academic Council of the Ministry of Health of the Uzbek SSR. Prev Uzbek. (1939–59), chl. prez. Vses. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Honored. scientist of the Uzbek SSR.
SHARO (real name Shapiro) Henrik (1900, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Theater and film director. He spent his childhood in Saratov. Graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic, theater. school there; dir. Dr. Pavlova. From ser. 1920s - in Poland. Dir. in satirical. t-re "Stanchik" (Warsaw). He made his film debut as dir. mystical. dramas from Jewish life "One of 36" (1925). It was considered one of the Naib. professional. dir. Polish cinema. Main f .: "Rivals" (1925), "Red Jester" (1926), "Call of the Sea" (1927), "Wild Woman" (1928), "Spring Eve" (1928), "Strong Man" (1929), " To Siberia "(1930)," Year 1914 "(1932)," History of Sin "(1933)," Pan Tvardovsky "(1936)," Ordinat Mikhorovsky "(1937). During the occupation he took part in the theater. life of the Warsaw ghetto.
SHAROV (real family member Nuremberg) Alexander Izrailevich (1909, Kiev - 1984, Moscow), writer. Rod. in the family of prof. revolutionaries. He was brought up in a school-commune. He began to publish in 1928. In "The Tale of Ten Errors" and in "Okoema" are described rec. childhood, adolescence, the fate of the Jewish family. In 1932 he graduated from biol. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University, became interested in journalism. In 1941–45 - at the front, published collection of the front. stories. In pov. "The Life of Vasily Kurka" is one of the chapters dedicated. the fate of the Jewish girl during the period. occupation. The author of the book. on the history of science: "Life wins" (1950), "First battle" (1956), "Notes on genetics" (1965); children book: pov. "The Island of Plato the Queen" (1953), "On a Frozen Planet" (1963), the fairy tales "The Pea Man and the Simpleton", "Dandelion Boy and Three Keys" (both - 1969), etc. Book. "Magicians Come to People" consists of essays on the fate of the creators of the tale - from Cervantes and A.S. Pushkin to A. de Saint-Exupery and J. Korchak. In the 1960s. created pov. in the genre of phantasmagoria: "Pirrow Island" (1965), "After the re-recording" (1966), etc. Author of the memoirs "Tale of Memories" (1972). Joint. with MN Kalik, he wrote a script about Korczak "King Matt and the Old Doctor" (f. was not filmed). The script was printed in Israel in Russian. lang., then in Hebrew on Sat. scripts Kalika (1988).
SHAROV Vladimir Alexandrovich (b. 1952, Moscow), writer. Cand. ist. Sciences (1984). Son of A.I.Sharov. Graduated from East. Faculty of Voronezh University (1977). He began to publish in 1980 (poems in the journal "New World"). In the beginning. 1990s publ. previously written works: "Follow on track" ("Ural", 1991, No. 6-8), "Rehearsals" ("Neva", 1992, No. 1-2), "Before and during", ("New World ", 1993, No. 3–4). Sh. Often refers to the Jewish theme, expressing his conviction and belief that the life of every person is his own, a painful commentary on the Torah, and that Galut is not so much a punishment as a mission.
SHASS Yuliy Ezekielevich (1901, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1965, Moscow), architect. In 1929 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Academy of Arts in Leningrad. 3a the diploma project was encouraged by a business trip abroad. Developed projects of mass construction for Kr. Army. From 1934 - in the architectural and planning workshops of the Moscow Soviet, was engaged in the reconstruction of the Sokolniki district and the embankments of Moscow. Artist. ed. zhurn. "Architecture of the USSR", "Architecture and Construction". He took part in scientific research. works of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR. In 1941–43 he was in charge. construction at the Kuznetsk metallurgist. comb-those, in 1943–45 - in the Gipromez of the Narkomchermet in Moscow. After 1945 he led a great scientific. work on the architecture of new prom. cities and architecture of a residential building. Published a number of Art. in architect. print. Main works: a residential complex in Leningrad (1930), a residential building in Kropotkinsky per. in Moscow (1931), competition. military project. academy named after MV Frunze in Moscow (1931–32), military buildings. towns, the layout of the Sokolniki district of Moscow (1934, became part of the general plan), a residential building on Sretensky Boulevard in Moscow (1935–37), the layout of the right bank. parts of Magnitogorsk (1945).
Zinaida Efimovna Shatalova (b. 1922, Rostov-on-Don), translator. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946). She began to publish in 1954. Author trans. from Polish. lang. artist prose, drama, screenplays, book. on theory and history of cinema, Polish. bunk bed songs. Translated manuf. I. Neverly, E. Stavinsky, Vekha, V. Voroshilsky, A. Brown, K. Brandys, M. Zhulavsky, J. Krasinsky and many others. others; plays by Z. Nalkovskaya, T. Ruzhevich, S. Mrozhek, E. Broshkevich, A. Osetskaya, J. Tetter and others. In 1950–88 post. simultaneous translator Polish. movies.
SHATASHVILI Lume Khaimovich (b. 1928, Sachkhere, Georgian SSR), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1978), prof. (1983). In 1949 he graduated from music. uch-shche. In 1949-52 the professor. in the music. school in Tbilisi. In 1952 he graduated from physics. Faculty of Tbilisi University. Since 1952 - at the Institute of Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR (since 1971 head of the department). At the same time. lecturer in Tbilisi un-those and ped. in-those. One of the organizers of the registration of the intensity of cosmic rays in Georgia. Prev set problems "The sun is a man" at the Academy of Sciences of Georgia. Author approx. 200 scientific. tr. Since 1979 vice-president of the Georgian Chess Federation.
SHATENSTEIN Alexander Isaevich (1906, Vilna - 1992, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). In 1930 he graduated from the 1st Moscow State University. In 1930–92 - in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpov in Moscow (since 1949 head of laboratory for isotope reactions). Main work dedicated. physical and chemical research non-aqueous solutions, to-rye laid the foundation for systematic. study of hydrogen exchange in nonaqueous media and had creatures. importance for the development of the theory of solutions and theoretical. organic chemistry. Dealt with the problem of acid-base balance in non-aqueous solutions. Studied the reactions of hydrogen isotope exchange. Completed a cycle of works on the definition of physical and chemical. properties of solutions in liquefied gases, mainly. in liquid ammonia and liquid sulfur dioxide. Supervised the research. the influence of the acid-base properties of solvents on the state of protolytic equilibrium in solutions. Developed methods of isotope analysis. Works: Liquefied gases as solvents. Ch. 1. L., 1934; Ch. 2. L., 1939; Theory of acids and bases. History and current state. M. - L., 1949; Isotope analysis of water. 2nd ed. M., 1957 (et al.); Isotope exchange and hydrogen substitution in organic compounds in the light of the theory of acids and bases. M., 1960.
Shatkin Anatoly Albertovich (1928, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Ophthalmologist, microbiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1981). After graduating from the 1st MMI (1952) he worked as an ophthalmologist in Yoshkar-Ola (1952–54), a doctor and a junior. scientific. sotr. in Moscow. Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz (1955–58) and in Ying-those virology them. DI Ivanovsky of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1958–65). In 1965–94 - at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1976 headed the lab. Chlamydia) and at the same time. (since 1985) headed by Ros. Center and WHO Center for Chlamydia. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question chlamydial infections. First received an edema. trachoma strains, to-rymi infected himself to prove their role in the occurrence of the disease. Developed and implemented for prom. release diagnostic. preparations. Vol .: Trachoma. Etiology and etiotropic treatment. L., 1965; Paratrachoma. The current state of the problem and the main tasks of further research. M., 1969 (et al.); Urogenital chlamydia. Kiev, 1983 (et al.); Topical issues of diagnosis and treatment of chlamydial infections. M., 1990.
SHATRIN (real family member Shapiro) Alexander (Abram) Borisovich (1919, Monastyrshchina of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province - 1978, Moscow), director. In 1939 he graduated from the drama. branch Moscow. theater.-muses. uch-schA them. A.K. Glazunov. In 1939–46 - in the army. In 1951 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. In 1951–55 - in the Irkutsk drama. t-re. In 1955–59 - at the TsTSA. First post. Sh. Here (jointly with A.D. Popov) - "Moscow, the Kremlin!" A. N. Afinogenov (1956), then - "My family" by E. de Filippo (1957, 1st degree diploma at the All-Union festival of t-dv), "Justina" by H. Vuolijoki (1958). In 1959-60 - in Leningrad, in T-re Len. Komsomol, staged the play by de Filippo "Nobody" (1958, 1st degree diploma at the Leningrad Theater. Spring "White Nights"), "Bitter Fate" by AF Pisemsky and "Three Fat Men" by Yu.K. Olesha ( both - 1960). From 1960 dir., In 1962–64 chap. dir. Moscow t-ra them. M.N. Ermolova, where he staged: "My friend" by N.F. Pogodin (1961), "Saturday, Sunday, Monday" by E. de Filippo (1962) - a performance that lasted 20 years in the theater's repertoire, miracle "W. Gibson (1963) and others. Since 1965 - in decomp. t-rakh USSR, staged: "Uncle Vanya" by A.P. Chekhov (Minsk Theater named after Y. Kupala, 1965), "Over the Catcher in the Rye" after J. Salinger (T-r Satire, 1965), " The Seagull "by Chekhov (T-r Lahti, Finland, 1966)," The Old Man "by M. Gorky (1968)," Mister Borkman "by G. Ibsen (1969, both - Moscow. Small T-r)," The Man from the Side "And .M. Butler, "... Forget Herostratus!" G.I. Gorin (both - TsTSA, 1972). He worked in the t-ts of Yerevan, Petrozavodsk, Grozny and others. art. RSFSR (1958).
SHATROV (real name Marshak) Mikhail Filippovich (b. 1932, Moscow), playwright. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. mining institute The first play "Clean Hands" was staged in Moscow. Youth Theater (1956). Most of Sh .'s plays were staged by leading theaters in Moscow and Leningrad: "Gleb Kosmachev" (Moscow Theater named after M.N. Ermolova, 1961), "Modern Guys" (Theater named after V. Mayakovsky, 1962) , "Weather for Tomorrow" ("Contemporary", 1973), "Moi Nadezhdy" (Moscow Theater named after Len. Komsomol, 1977), and others. Sh. - the author of approx. 20 pieces. Means. place in the work of Sh. is occupied by the historical-roar. the topic, the novelty of the approach to a cut, often provoked discussion and sharp criticism. Pieces on the East-Rev. the theme was posed in the Moscow Art Theater ("The Sixth of July", 1963; "So we will win!", 1982), "Contemporary" ("Bolsheviks", 1967), Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol ("Blue Horses on Red Grass", 1977; "Dictatorship of Conscience", 1986), Tr. Evgeny Vakhtangov ("The Brest World", 1987) and many others. other t-rah countries. Among the works of Sh. - the script for the TV series "Strokes to the Portrait of Lenin" (1969), shown only in the 1980s. Prod. Sh. Were published in the journal, dep. ed. and collection of articles: “18th year. Plays "(1974)," Favorites "(1982)," Plays "(1983)," So we will win! Six plays about Lenin "(1985), etc. Sh. Is one of the initiators of the creation of the Theater Union. figures of the USSR (1987), in 1987–91 sec. Union. Since 1994 pre., Before. Board of Directors of JSC "Moscow - Krasnye Holmy", engaged in the construction of Ros. cultural center in Moscow, the idea of ​​organizing which belongs to Sh. Sopred. Commonwealth of Writers' Unions (since 1992). State pr. USSR (1983).
SHATS-ANIN Max Urievich (literary ps. M. Anin) (1885, Friedrichstadt of Kurland province - 1975, Riga), publicist, historian, public figure. Dr. Philos. (1910), prof. (1940). In the beginning. 1900s studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. For participation in the activities of the Zionist Socialist. Workers' Party (Territorialists) was arrested and exiled abroad. Graduated from law. Faculty of Bernese University. Doctor's thesis. Sh.-A. "Nat. question and modernity "evoked a wide response in the socialist. circles. In 1910 he published the essay “The Jewish Proletariat in the Socialist. Internationale ". In 1912 he returned to Russia, was engaged in advocacy, kept in touch with the revolutionary. movement. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - dep. Petrosovet, one of the founders of the United Jewish Socialist. Labor Party (May 1917). After Oct. 1917 left for Ukraine. From 1919 - in Latvia, resumed his practice of law, maintained contacts with the communist. underground, founded the Jewish Culture League. He was repeatedly arrested, several. spent years in prisons, in 1928 lost his sight, but continued to engage in journalism. In 1940 he headed the special. body created. for the leadership of Jewish cultural. life of Latvia. In 1944–48, he was a member. EAK. On Feb. 1953 was arrested. Released Apr. 1953. The author of the book. (all in Yiddish) "The Way of the Jewish Proletariat" (1918), "Hermann Cohen" (1922), "Revolution as a Psychological. process "(1924)," Lawsuit as a presentiment of power "(1924)," Jews in Latvia "(1924)," Society. movement among Jews before 1917 " (1930), "Birobidzhan yesterday, today and tomorrow" (1933), "Society. movement among the Jews between the two wars ”(1941) and others. In 1966 he placed in the journal. "Sovetish Heimland" memories of meetings with Sholem Aleichem in 1907, 1908 and 1914. Daughter of Sh.-A. - Maryam Ruta (b. 1927, Riga), public figure. In 1950 she graduated from Latvia. un-t. In 1950–88 she was engaged in law practice. In 1990–97 dep. Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR, the Seim of Latvia from the Popular Front and the party "Latvian Way". The author of the book. about his father "Belief, reality and dream" (Riga, 1995).
ShATs Boris (Zalman-Dov) (1866, Vorni, Kovno province - 1932, Denver, USA), sculptor. He studied at the Vilna drawing school, in fine arts classes in Warsaw, then in Paris. From the very beginning of his career, he developed Jewish subjects ("Rabbi Blessing a Child", "Gavdola", "Saturday Night", "Shadchen"). In 1892 he exhibited the sculpture "Mother of Moses" in the Paris salon. In 1895-1906 - in Bulgaria, founded Nat. Academy of Arts, taught there. In 1905 he spoke at the 7th Zionist Congress with a call to create in E.-I. School of Arts. From 1906 - in E.-I., he founded the art school "Bezalel" in Jerusalem. Author of works on art history. In 1910, Sh. Bezalel's brochure was published in Odessa. One of the main. "Society for the Study of Antiquities E.-I." In 1922, in Bezalele, comp. Persian. exhibition of works by Sh. In the same year, pers. exhibitions Sh. in diff. European countries and the USA. The author of the book. "Yerushalayim ha-bnuya" ("Revived Jerusalem", 1924). Sh .'s daughter - Zohar (b. 1916), artist. State Israel Ave (1955).
SHATSKES Abram Vladimirovich (1900, Vilna - 1961, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. (1923). Concert. activity began in 1923. He gained fame as an interpreter of Op. L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms, R. Schumann, F. Chopin and especially his teacher N. K. Metner. He also performed Op. List, S.V. Rachmaninov, F. Schubert, J.-L.-F. Mendelssohn. In 1928–61 he taught at Moscow. cons. In the late 1940s. during the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was removed from work, in 1953 reinstated. Ed. Sh. Came out sat. sonatas A. Scarlatti, a number of works. Medtner. Author of "Memories of N.K. Metner - teacher".
SHATZKES Moishe (1881, Vilna - 1958, New York), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1909–15 a rabbi in Lipniszki, from 1915 a rabbi in Ivo. During the 1st world. War actively participated in helping Jewish refugees. In 1930–39, Rabbi Lomza. In 1939–40 - in Vilno. Since 1941 - in the USA. He taught at Yeshiva University.
SHATSKES Moishe-Aron (1825, Karlin, Minsk province - 1899, Kiev), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Supporter and promoter of the ideas of Haskala. In 1869 he published the book. "Ga-maftiah" ("Key") with critical analysis of the Talmud. In 1881 he published the book anonymously. “Der Yidisher far-Peisakh oder mineg-Yisroel” (“On the Eve of the Jewish Passover, or Jewish customs”) criticizing Jewish religions. traditions. He was published in "Ha-Asif", "Ha-Sifrut", "Yiddish Folksblat".
SHATSKIN Lazar Abramovich (1902, Suwalki - 1937, Moscow), leader of the youth communist movement. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b), one of the founders and hands. Moscow union slave. youth "3rd International". Member Oct. battles in 1917 in Moscow, in 1918 - in the South. fr. One of the initiators of the creation of the Komsomol and KIM. In 1918-22 sec. Central Committee of the RKSM, at the same time. in 1919-21 1st sec. KIM, in 1926–28 a member. Central Committee of the Komsomol. Affairs. 8-13, 15 and 16th congresses of the CPSU (b), on two last. elected member. Central Control Commission, 1-3rd Congr. KIM, 2nd to 5th Congr. Comintern. In 1919–23 members. Of the Executive Committee of KIM. In 1927–30 members. editorial board gas. "True". From 1928 to the desk. and state. work in Saratov, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Tashkent. In 1930 he was removed from the Central Control Commission on charges of factional activity. In 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. In 1937 he was executed by firing squad: Berlin Congress of the International of Youth. M., 1920; Five years of the Comintern of Youth. M., 1924; Under Noske's nose. M. - L., 1929.
SHATSKY Natan Borisovich (b. 1900, Logishin, Pinsky district, Minsk province), creator of the system of Jewish stenography. From 1915 he worked in Jewish printing houses in Minsk. Graduated from Minsk ped. in-t. He taught Yiddish and Yiddish literature at school. He worked in the Evsection of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. In 1945–58 - in Zlatoust, head. uch. comb-tom at metallurgical. s-de. Since 1958 - in Moscow. Lit. tr. studied from the beginning. 1920s Published stories, art., Essays in the gas. "Der emes" (Moscow), "Oktyaber" (Minsk), zhurn. "Stern", "Afn Visnshaftlehn" (Minsk), other Jewish periodicals. ed. Developed a system of Jewish shorthand adopted by Moscow. scientific. stenographic. about-vom. First prep. and hands. courses of Jewish stenography at the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR in 1927. Author of the textbooks "Yiddish stenography of headlights zelbstbildung" ("Self-instruction manual of Jewish stenography". Minsk, 1929), "Stenotyping: Kurz-font fars der shreibmashinke un pen" ("Stenotyping. Cursive for handwriting and typewriter ", Ibid, 1935), etc. Since 1995 - in Israel.
SHATSKY Yakov (1893, Warsaw - 1958, New York), historian, literary critic, folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at high fur boots in Lvov, Vienna and Warsaw, in the last. defended his doctoral dissertation. "The Jewish Question in the Kingdom of Poland in the era of Paskevich, 1831-1861". Member of the 1st world. war. In 1917-18 he was an officer in the Polish Legion of Piłsudski. In 1919 he was an assistant for Jewish affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland, then taught at the Polish-Jewish gymnasiums in Warsaw. Since 1922 - in the USA, he taught in Jewish teaching. in-those and teaches. courses in New York, in 1925, together with I.L. Kagan, created the Amer. branch of IVO in New York. Since 1929 librarian Psychiatrist. in-that in New York. The first scientific. works on the problems of history and literature Sh. published in Russian. and Polish. lang., later wrote only in Yiddish. Ed. Sh. Ed. collection: "The Book of Goldfaden" (1926), "Chronicle" (1928-29), "Archive of the History of Jewish Theater and Drama" (1930), "Collection on the History of the Jewish Press in America" ​​(1934), "Collection in honor of 150th anniversary of the Jewish press. 1786-1936 "(1937) and others. The author of the monograph. "Mitskevich and the Jews", "Jews in Ukrainian folklore", "Jewish memoir literature from the Middle Ages to the last revolution and a wave of pogroms", "The fate of the Jewish drama", "Spinoza and his environment", "Jewish communities in Lat. America ”,“ History of the Jews of Warsaw ”(vols. 1-3, not completed).
Shatunovskiy Ilya Mironovich (b. 1923, Bukhara), writer, publicist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). He worked in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", since 1963 - in gas. "Pravda" (ed. Section. Feuilletons). He published collections of feuilletons: "Sweetheart Man" (1961), "On behalf of and on behalf of ..." (1962), "Quick Jellyfish" (1964), "Diamond Log" (1966), "One Point" (1968 ) and others. In 1971, together with BG Strelnikov, he traveled across the United States, repeating the route that the authors of "One-Story America", I. Ilf and E. Petrov, made in 1935. The result of the trip was the joint. book "America - Right and Left" (M., 1971). Cit .: Journey to the country Lanka. M., 1958; Conditional head. M., 1968; There will be no secrets. M., 1974; Take care of the scorpions. M., 1981; I really wanted to live. M., 1990.
Shatunovskiy Samuil Iosifovich (1859, Bolshaya Znamenka, Tavricheskaya Gubernia - 1929, Odessa), mathematician. Prof. (1920). Studied at Petersburg. technol. in-those, Petersburg. in-those ways of communication, Petersburg. un-those. One of the founders of the Odessa mat. schools. He worked at Novorossiysk un-those in Odessa (1905–20), in the Odessa in-those nar. education (1921–29). Main research results. relate to algebra, number theory and complex function theory. variable, to questions. substantiation of mathematics (the theory of measuring polyhedra, axiomatic construction of the doctrine of magnitude). Composition: Algebra as a doctrine of comparisons in functional modules. Odessa, 1917; Introduction to Analysis. Odessa, 1923.
SHATUNOVSKY Willian (William) Zinovievich (1910, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1985, Rostov-on-Don), actor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He worked as an accountant at the same time. played on the club stages of Rostov-on-Don. The first success - the role of Neznamov in the play "Guilty Without Guilt" by AN Ostrovsky. From the age of 17 - in the troupe of a collective of unemployed artists that traveled around the region (Salsk, Millerovo), then in the Mobile Satire Theater under the hands. A. Larsky, in the Novocherkassk drama. t-re. Here he played: Trumpeter ("Yegor Bulychov and others"), Baron ("At the bottom") (both - M. Gorky) and others. In 1933-35 - in the Taganrog theater, in 1935-37 - in the TRAM im. Linen. Komsomol in Rostov-on-Don. He played Don Guan ("The Stone Guest" by A.S. Pushkin), Arthur ("The Gadfly" after E.L. Voinich) and others. Since 1937 - in Dram. t-re them. M. Gorky Rostov-on-Don (artistic director Yu.A. Zavadsky). Among the images created by Sh.: Langdon ("Deep Roots" by D. Gow and AD Yusso, 1947), Belyardo ("Dance Teacher" L. de Vega, 1950), Suslov ("Summer Residents" by Gorky, 1957). Claudius ("Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare, 1959), Ustin Rykalin ("Virgin Soil Upturned" after M.A.Sholokhov, 1963), Captain ("First Horse" by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1970), Sir Egyuchik ("Twelfth Night "Shakespeare), Investigator (" Living Corpse "by Leo Tolstoy). Filmed in the film "Quiet Don" (Shtokman) by S.A. Gerasimov. Nar. art. RSFSR (1970).
SHAULOV Yukhanan Haimovich (1913, Krasnaya Sloboda, Kubinsky district, Baku province - 1980, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1952), prof. In 1937 he graduated from chem. Faculty of Rostov University. In 1937–41 - at the department of physical. chemistry Azerb. state un-that. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1944–52 - at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1952–62 - at the Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Ministry of Chem. prom-sti. Since 1962 - in Ying-those electron. mechanical engineering, head. department. Author of works in the region. chem. thermodynamics, including the thermodynamics of rocket fuels.
SHAYAK Yehuda-Hirsch (1892, Wloclawsk, Warsaw Province - 1958, Sydney, Australia), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught Yiddish and Polish. lang. He lived in France, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Germany. Since 1939 - in Australia. First stories and verse. published in 1912 in the London weekly. Der Phonograph. Published articles, reviews of the performances of the Jewish theater in gas. "Zeit" in London, "Lodzer Tageblat" in Lodz, etc. He edited the journal. "Jugend-Stralen" in London, collection "Dos Nae Lebn", weekly. "Danziger leben" ("Danziger togblat") in Danzig. In Stockholm he published a journal. "Di Yiddish Velt". From 1928 ch. ed. gas. "Di Post" ("Yidisher Express") in London. From 1953 he was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Australia. The author of the book. "Zvei derzeilungen" ("Two stories". Copenhagen, 1921), plays "Der editor", "Wen freeling ervacht" ("When spring awakens"), post. in London's Jewish theaters.
SHAIKEVICH Anatoly Efimovich (ps. Ash) (1879, Petersburg - 1947, Paris), ballet critic. In 1901 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1918 he left Russia. In the 1920s. lived in Germany, France. The author (together with B.G. Romanov and P.P. Potemkin) script ball. "Solveig" (music by E. Grigue). In 1922, one of the initiators of the creation of Rus. romantic. t-ra. Collaborated in Russian. emigrant. ed. "Theater", "Theater and Life", "Firebird", "Rus. news". He was published as a ballet critic and memoirist. Sh .'s son - Andrei (1903, Petersburg - 1972, Paris), a ballet historian. From 1921 - in Germany, from 1923 - in France. Graduated from the Sorbonne. He worked as an engineer, including in the firm "Westinghouse". After 1945 led the heading "Theater - Music - Cinematography" in gas. "Rus. news". The author of the book. about rus. ballet.
SHAIKEVICH Solomon Abo-Shoylevich (1913, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1982, Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk region), metallurgical engineer. In 1937 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk metallurgist. in-t. In 1934–41 - at the Dnepropetrovsk pipe-rolling plant im. Lenin (from 1938 deputy head of the shop). In 1941–82 - at the Pervouralsk Novotrubny Plant (in 1942–65 he was the head of the shop, in 1966–75 he was the deputy chief engineer - chief draper). Became. pr. (1951). Linen. etc. (1964).
SHAIKHET Alexander (1887, Nikolaev, Kherson province - after 1965, Zurich, Switzerland), conductor. In 1906 he graduated from cons. in Odessa, in 1910 - in Leipzig. In 1910–14 he was concertmaster and first violin orc. in Jena (Germany). Since 1914 - in Switzerland. Hands. cl. violins of the Academy of Music in Zurich, founder and conductor of the Swiss Chamber Orc., conductor of the Jewish Choir.
SHAIKHET Arkady Samoilovich (1898, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1959, Moscow), photojournalist. From 1922 he was retoucher in the studio of a portrait photographer. From ser. 1920s - photocorr. "Workers' newspaper". Since 1924 - in the "Ogonyok". Participated in the creation of a photoser. "USSR at a Construction Site", "Our Achievements". 1941–45 - the front. photojournalist.
SHAIKOVSKY Lazar Grigorievich (1901, Grodna -?), Politician. In 1924–26 sec. Grodno, then Brest city committees of the Communist Party of the West. Belarus, in 1926-28 members. Central Committee of the Communist Party Zap. Belarus, led by his military. (1926) and org. (1935) dep. In 1923, 1927, 1935 he was arrested, according to the so-called. trial of 35, sentenced to 15 years in prison (in total spent in Polish prisons over 10 years). In 1939 - dep. Nar. meeting Zap. Belarus. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–57 at the adm. work in Grodno.
SHAIKOVSKY Zoza (Fridman Shaika) (1910, Zaremby Kostelné Ostrovsky near Lomzhinsk province - 1978, New York), historian, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1927 - in France, member. the Communist Party. In 1939–40 - in the army. Since 1941 - in the USA. In 1942–45 - in the army. Since 1945 he collaborated with IVO. In the collection "Idn in Frankreich" (New York) published works: "Jews during the Restoration in France", "The Revolution of 1848 and the internal struggle among the French. Jews ”,“ 150 years of the Jewish press in France ”,“ Jews in the Paris Commune of 1871 ”. In the collection of articles "IVO-Blater" published the articles: "The illegal Jewish press in Belgium during the occupation", "The Jewish press in Belgium", "The Jewish press in France", "Materials on Jewish emigration to America in 1881-1882. . ". Author of the book: "Studies on the History of Immigration in France" (Paris, 1936), "The Professional Movement among Jewish Workers in France before 1914" (ibid., 1937), “Anti-Semitism in French. the labor movement from Fourierism to the Dreyfus affair, 1845-1906 "(New York, 1948)," The beginning of Jewish settlements in Argentina "(Buenos Aires, 1957).
SHAIN Grigory Abramovich (1892, Odessa - 1956? Moscow), astronomer. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1920 he graduated from Tartu University. In 1921–25 he worked at the Pulkovo Observatory, in 1925–45 - at the Simeiz branch of the observatory in the Crimea, where he was under the direction of. Sh. A reflector with a diameter of hl was installed. mirrors 1 meter. In 1944–52, organizer and director. Crimean astrophysis. observatory, 1952–56 hands. dep. physics of stars and nebulae observatory. Region scientific. research - astrophysics, in particular stellar spectroscopy and physics of gaseous nebulae. Joint. with V.A.Albitsky determined the velocities of 800 stars from the line-of-sight and compiled their catalog. Joint. with O. Struve (USA) proposed (1929) a method for determining the speed of axial rotation of stars. Found abnormal content of tyazh. isotopes of carbon in stars. Opened approx. 150 new gaseous nebulae, including a new class of filamentous nebulae. Proven the presence of a regular magnet. fields of the Galaxy, showed that stars and nebulae are formed in a single process, and some nebulae exist for only a few. million years. Joint. with VF Gaze compiled "Atlas of Diffuse Gaseous Nebulae" (1952). He was engaged in research. double stars, minor planets, the solar corona, discovered the comet 1925VI (with the Spanish astronomer J. Comas-Sola). Poch. h. Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences. Became. etc. (1950).
SHAZAR-KATSNELSON Rachel (1888, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1975, Jerusalem), public figure. Sh.-Z. Shazar's wife. Studied at the Oriental Studies Bar. D.G. Gintsburg in St. Petersburg and at the Academy of Jewish Studies in Berlin. From 1912 - in E.-I., worked in agricultural. settlements, taught, collaborated in the workers' press. Since 1924, member. Centre. Council for Culture Histadrut, since 1930 member. Execute. to-that Female working council, since 1934 ed. every month. zhurn. for women "Dvar ha-polet". Participated in the work of a number of World Zionist Congr. Was included in the Executor. to the party Mapai.
SHAZAR Shneur-Zalman (real name and surname Shneur-Zalman Lvovich Rubashev) (1889, Mir Novogrudok u. Minsk province - 1973, Jerusalem), statesman and politician. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Under the influence of B. Borokhov he joined the Poalei Zion party. He made his debut as a publicist in 1903 in gas. "Gamelitz". In 1905–07, one of the organizers of Jewish self-defense detachments in the West. and southwest. lips. From 1906 - in Vilna, collaborated in the journal. Der Proletarian Gedank. In 1907 he underwent a short period. arrest. In 1908-11 he studied at the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron DG Gintsburg in St. Petersburg. Collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed. Russia and the United States. Ed. gas. "Jewish Emigrant" (ECO organ). From 1912 he studied at high fur boots in Germany. Member of the Zionist movement, one of the founders of the Poalei Zion movement (1916) and Ge-Halutz (1917) in Germany, ed. a number of desks. ed. At the conf. Poaley Zion in Vienna (1920) opposed the pro-communist. wing movement. In 1922–24 he taught at Hebrew teaches. in-those in Vienna. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Member the Secretariat of the Histadrut and the editorial board of gas. "Davar", 1930–32 ed. zhurn. "Akhdut ha-Avoda", since 1953 - annually. "Davar". In 1944–49 hands. and ch. ed. publishing house Histadrut "Am Oved". In 1947, member. delegation of the Jewish Agency to the UN. Dep. Knesset of the 1-3 convocations. In 1949–51 - min. education and culture. Since 1952, members Execute. Committee of the Jewish Agency (headed the Department of Information, since 1954 - the Department of Education and Culture of the Diaspora, in 1956-60 and .about. Head. Executive Committee of the Agency in Jerusalem). In 1963-68 prez. State of Israel. Published Sat. poems and trans. in Yiddish, a number of works on the problems of Jewish socialist. slave. Movement Brother Sh. - Abram Lvovich Rubashev (1892, Columns of Minsk District and Gubernia - 1966, Jerusalem), public figure, doctor. In 1917-18 he was an activist of the Poalei Zion movement. In the 1920s. member OPE, in 1925-29 members. Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va. In 1954–56 he was imprisoned. Since 1964 - in Israel.
SHARANSKY Natan (Anatoly Borisovich) (b. 1948, Stalino), public and political figure. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1973–77 he was an active participant in the Jewish nat. movement in the USSR. At the same time. member of the human rights movement, member. moscow "Helsinki Group". In 1977 he was arrested. Released in 1986.Since 1986 - in Israel. In 1988 he initiated the creation of the Zionist Forum, societies. org-tion of immigrants from the USSR. In 1988-95 prez. Forum. In 1995 one of the founders and pres. party "Israel Ba-Aliya". Since 1996 dep. The Knesset. Since 1996 min. industry and trade. Prev Interministerial Commission on Repatriation, Absorption and Diaspora. Vol .: I Will Not Fear Evil. M., 1991.
SHCHEGLOV Lev Grigorievich (b. 1923, Samara), director. In 1950 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. Worked dir. Yaroslavl T-ra them. FG Volkova (1950–55), ch. dir. Kazan Youth Theater named after Linen. Komsomol (1956-59). Among the productions: "A Real Man" after BN Polevoy, "One Hour Before Dawn" by AA Galich, "Little Student" by NF Pogodin. In 1959–64, Ch. dir. Stalin's (later Novokuznetskiy) dramas. t-ra them. S. Ordzhonikidze, where he staged: "The Lost Son" by A. N. Arbuzov, "Wolves and Sheep" by A. N. Ostrovsky (both - 1961), "Where are you, Svetlana?" (1960) and "Gordyachka" (1963) TG Yan, "Friends and Years" by LG Zorin (1964) and others. In 1964–66, Ch. dir. Kaliningrad region dram. t-ra, in 1966–83 dir. Smolensk region dram. t-ra. Among the best productions: "At the Bottom" (1966) and "The Zykovs" (1983) by M. Gorky, "Golden Carriage" by L.M. Leonov (1969), "Years of Wanderings" (1970) and "Old-Fashioned Comedy" (1975) Arbuzov, "Dowry" (1972) and "Forest" (1982) by Ostrovsky, "To go and not to return" by VV Bykov (1980), "Retro" by AM Galin (1981). The play "The Color of Hatred" based on the play by A.K. Laurinčiukas was awarded the 1st stage Diploma. at the 3rd All-Russian. festival nat. drama and theatrical art of the peoples of the USSR.
SHEKACH Yehuda-Leib (1910, Verushov Velyunsky u. Kalisz province - 1978, Tel Aviv), writer, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy, prof. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1931–39 - in France. In 1939, while in Poland, he ended up in the ghetto (Lodz and Petrokov). Since 1940 - in the USSR. Exiled to Siberia. Since 1941, a rabbi in Polish. army. Since 1946 - in the USA. Graduated from un-t in Atlanta. From the beginning. 1970s - in Israel. 1975 ed. gas. "Yiddish Zeitung". Lit. activity started in Lodz. Published in periodicals. ed. Lodz, Warsaw, New York. The author of a number of books, including Der ershter May - farvos me darf im nit faern (May Day: why it is not necessary to celebrate it. Warsaw, 1930), Ghetto Koltubanka (Paris-New York, 1951), “Fun Eybikn Kwal” (“From the Eternal Source.” Tel Aviv, 1975–76).
SHEPKINA-KUPERNIK Tatyana Lvovna (1874, Moscow - 1952, ibid.), Writer, translator. Daughter of L.A. Kupernik, great-granddaughter of actor M.S. Shchepkin. In the season 1892/93 she played in Moscow. Dr. F.A. Korsh. The first play by Sch.-K. "Summer picture" post. Small t-rum (1892). One act was going on there. plays "Irene" (1893), "In the nursery" (1894), "Cupid's Revenge" (1895). Dr. performances based on the plays of Shch.-K .: one act. - "White Wings" (1902, Tr. Korsha), "Rehearsal" (1914, Tr. On Liteiny, Petrograd), many acts. - "One of them" (1908), "Happy Woman" (1911), "Flavia Tessina" (1916, Alexandrinsky Theater, Petrograd), etc. Based on the play "Cupid's Revenge" A.S. Taneev wrote an opera (1905 ). Sch.-K. - author of pov. and stories, two books. sketches of travel impressions from trips to Zap. Europe "Letters from afar" (1903, 1913), poem. collection of books "From Women's Letters" (1898), "Clouds" (1912), "Echoes of War" (1915). Translated by Full. collection op. E. Rostan (ed. 1914), plays by W. Shakespeare, P. Calderon, Moliere, C. F. Lope de Vega, C. Goldoni, R.B.Sheridan, J. Fletcher and others. "Days of my life" (1928), "About M.N. Ermolova" (1940), "Theater in my life" (1948). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1940).
SCHERBAKOV Semyon Moiseevich (b. 1930), athlete (volleyball.). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. He played for Moscow. Spartak, since 1952 - for CSKA. World champion (1952) and bronze. medalist (1956), winner of the European Cup. championships (1960, 1962), champion of the USSR (1952–55, 1957, 1958, 1960–62), silver. prize-winner of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1956, 1959).
SHEFER (Feinstein) Zeev (1891 - 1964, Aelet Ha-Shahar, Israel), politician. Since 1913 - in E.-I. In 1918 - in the Jewish Legion. One of the founders of the Tel Aviv Work Council. Member Gagans. During the 2nd world. wars - in the armed forces of Great Britain. Dep. Knesset of the 2nd convocation from the Mapai party, deputy. prev. The Knesset.
SHEFER David Grigorievich (1898? Saratov - 1978, Sverdlovsk), neuropathologist, neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1937). After finishing honey. Faculty of Saratov University (1922) worked in the clinics nerve. diseases of the Astrakhan and Rostov (since 1925) honey. in-tov. In 1937–78 the head. chair nerve. diseases and neurosurgery of the Sverdlovsk honey. in-that. Main tr. dedicated question neuroinfection (proved the causal relationship of Kozhevnikovskaya epilepsy with tick-borne encephalitis), autonomic disorders, including with diencephalic syndrome, acute disorders of cerebral circulation. He created one of the first "stroke brigades" in the USSR to provide assistance in cases of cerebral circulation disorders. One of the first in the USSR to use stereotaxic. method for the treatment of epilepsy and extrapyramidal dyskinesias. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists, Vses. about-va of neurosurgeons. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1955) Vol .: Diagnostics and treatment of gunshot wounds of peripheral nerves. Sverdlovsk-M., 1944 (et al.); Acute poliomyelitis. Sverdlovsk, 1957 (et al.); Hypothalamic (diencephalic) syndromes. M., 1962, 1971; Ambulance for cerebral stroke. Sverdlovsk, 1965 (et al.).
SHEFTEL Mikhail Isaakovich (1852, Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1922, Petrograd), lawyer, entrepreneur, public figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1882), continued his studies in high fur boots in Germany. In student. years collaborated in the journal. "Delo", later in the journal. "Rus. think". From 1892 - in St. Petersburg, office. attorney at law under A.Ya. Passover. As an entrepreneur, he was a member of the councils of ac. about-in "Rus. Providence ”, Amur Society of Shipping and Trade, Verkhneamurskaya Gold Industry. companies, etc. Since 1905, members. party of cadets, dep. 1st State thoughts. For participation in the signing of the so-called. Vyborg Appeal sentenced to 3 months. prison and deprived of polit. right. In 1903 he spoke at the General Assembly of the Senate at hearings on the case of the Chisinau pogrom, since 1905 he was a member. Centre. to-that for assisting Jews who suffered from pogroms, one of the founders and member. Centre. to-that of the Union to achieve full equality of the Jewish people in Russia. In 1909 he participated in the so-called. Covenian meeting of Jewish societies. figures on issues. on the introduction of a progressive tax in favor of Jewish communities. One of the initiators of the creation and before. About-va for scientific. Jewish publishers, participated in the preparation of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-16, 1908-13), part. to-that and treasurer of OPE, member. Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va, in 1914-17 one of the hands. EKOPO, participated in the creation of the weekly. zhurn. "Jewish Week" (1915-17). Son - Jacques Jacob (1882 - 1973), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1906). Member of the 1st world. war, St. George Knight. From 1922 - in France, in 1929–34 prof. Franco-Rus rights. in-that, since 1945 gene. sec. About-va for rehabilitation and retraining.
SHEGAL Grigory Mikhailovich (1898, Kozelsk, Kaluga province - 1956, Moscow), painter, teacher. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1954). He studied at the school of the Society for the Encouragement of Art. (1912–15), in the Academy of Arts in Petrograd (1917–18). In 1918-22 in Tula he organized the studio Proletkult, Free State. workshops (SGM) at gubono, arranged exhibitions. In 1922–25 he studied at VKHUTEMAS (Moscow). Member about-va "Mosk. painters "(1925) and AHRR (1928). Sh. - artist. realistic directions. One of the creators of the new genre of modern. fig. lawsuit, so-called "Industrial landscape": "Metallurgical plant. Zlatoust "(1929)," At the repair car "(1933)," Blast furnaces of Novokuznetsk "(1934). Means. place in the work of Sh. is occupied by ist. theme: "The shooting by Kolchak workers of railway workers in Kyzyl in 1919" (1935), "Mountain youth conscripted into the Red Army" (1942), "Meeting of the party committee of the plant" Dynamo "them. SM Kirov "(1949)," Front Station "(1955), etc. Painter-colorist, Sh. Performed landscape series:" By the sea. Crimea "(1939)," Moscow Region "," Bashkiria "(both - 1942)," Cold Day "(1944)," Evening in Paradise "," Cold Spring "(both - 1946)," Spring of Light "(1954) and others. Created a portrait gallery: a portrait of the artist's mother (1926), "Student" (1933), "In a free moment", "Old switchman" (1934), "Sisters Vinogradov" (1939). He painted still lifes: Still Life with Begonia (1933), Wine and Grapes (1938), Small Roses (1940). Since 1937 prof. MIII (from 1939 - MTKHI), in 1949 prof. artist Faculty of Cinematography. Author of more than 10 lit. works, including the book. "Coloring and painting". Participant pl. exhibitions: Vseros. artistic and artistic associations in St. Petersburg (1913), easel artists (1923), gr. Jack of Diamonds (1924). Personal exhibitions took place in 1935, 1943, 1952, 1958. Works by Sh. Are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum and a number of other museums in Russia, Ukraine, Estonia.
SHEKHTER Anatoly Borisovich (b. 1933, Moscow), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1978). In 1957 he graduated from the 1st MMI. Since 1964 head. lab. experimental pathomorphology in the same place. Main scientific. tr. Sh. Dedicated. research connect. body tissues, including its cellular elements, funkts. morphology, interaction will connect. tissues with other systems and tissues of the body in health and disease. Showed that the diversity of the cell population is due to their funkts. differences, formulated the position of the regulatory role of cells to connect. tissue in relation to their microenvironment. He substantiated the use of collagen in medicine. Developed methods for obtaining drugs. and biol. active drugs (antibiotics, heparin, etc.) in combination with collagen and identified indications and contraindications for the use of collagen in plastic surgery. blood vessels, for the treatment of wounds, trophic ulcers, burns. Author of works on the problems of pneumosclerosis (1978), the development of cirrhosis in connection with damage to the parenchyma of organs, regulatory systems of the body (1981). Works: Collagen and its application in medicine. M., 1976 (et al.); Connective tissue: (Functional morphology and general pathology). M., 1981 (et al.); Inflammation. M., 1996 (et al.).
SHEKHTER Boris Semenovich (1900, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), composer, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1935). Graduated from the Odessa cons. by class compositions by V. Malishevsky (1922) and Moscow. cons. from N.Ya. Myaskovsky (1929). He taught at Moscow. conservatory (1929–41). He worked in Turkmenistan, where he created a number of works based on nat. muses. material. The author of the first symphony. production, in which the turkm is used. muses. folklore, - suite "Turkmenistan" (1932). Among the works written on the basis of Turkm. music, - op. "Yusup and Akhmet" (co-authored with A. Kuliev, 1942, Turkmenian op. And bal., Ashgabat) and "Seyidi" (with S. Ovezov, 1943). Among other products. op. “1905” (co-authored with AA Davidenko, 1935, 2nd ed. - 1955); 3 cantatas; cycle "Liberty" on the next. Pushkin for soloists and symphony. orc. (1949); 5 symph. (1929–53); symph. poems, overtures, rhapsodies and other symphonic poems. cit .; Concert for FP. with orc .; sonatas, pieces for fp., choirs; wok. monologues and songs. Roar occupied a prominent place in Sh. subject. The author of the arrangement for choirs diff. composition of the songs of hard labor and exile, songs of the Revolution and Grazhd. wars (published in collection of articles); "Hymns and Songs of the French Revolution" for voice with piano; op. for choir and for voice with php. on the next A.S. Pushkin and owls. poets; music for performances, c / f, radio plays. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Turkmen SSR (1944).
SHEKHTER David Isakovich (b. 1956, Odessa), journalist. Graduated from the Kurgan Engineering Institute. From the beginning. 1980s - activist of the Jewish nat. movement in Odessa. He was harassed by the authorities. Since 1987 - in Israel. 1990–91 ed. gas. "Satellite". Since 1991 Ch. ed. weekly zhurn. "Aleph". At the same time. since 1992 polit. columnist for Israeli radio and television. Publ. in decomp. out. gas. and zhurn. in Hebrew and Russian lang. The author of the book. "Ba erez zara". ("In a foreign country", 1993).
SHEKHTER Mark Semenovich (b. 1929, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1980). Graduated from psychology. department of philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). Since 1962 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology APN (Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education). Sci. Sh. interests are focused on the problems of the psychology of perception. One of the first in the USSR to begin research. patterns and mechanisms of the formation of integral visual images. Research Sh. T. N. curtailed cognitive actions are important for the construction of orienting activity in the learning process. Cit .: Psychological problems of recognition. M., 1967; Visual recognition: Patterns and mechanisms. M., 1980.
SHEKHTER Vladimir Mikhailovich (1930, Priluki - 1980, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967), prof. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1955). In 1955–71 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector. Since 1971 - in Leningrad. Institute of Nuclear Physics. B.P. Konstantinov of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. sector, head. theoretical dep. Main scientific. works on the theory of weak interactions, symmetries of weak and strong interactions. Developed a theory of unitary symmetry for scattering amplitudes. Studied the quark structure of hadrons, the problem of matching the double structure of hadrons with quantum chromodynamic. nature of forces. Popularizer of science. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, a number of reviews and popular science. Articles: Resonant states of elementary particles. M., 1965.
SHEKHTMAN May Mikhailovich (b. 1931, Moscow), obstetrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1977), prof. (1992). After graduating from the 1st MMI, he worked as a district doctor in Moscow. Since 1961 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences): Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr., head. lab. obstetrics and gynecology. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. tactics of pregnancy in diseases of the kidneys, digestive organs, blood circulation, and other pathologies, methods of diagnostics int. diseases in pregnant women and their treatment. Cit .: Kidney disease and pregnancy. M., 1980; Diseases of internal organs and pregnancy. M., 1982 (et al.); Extragenital pathology and pregnancy. M., 1987; Physiology and pathology of the digestive system in pregnant women. M., 1989 (et al.).
SHELISCH Petr Borisovich (b. 1945, Leningrad), politician. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1977). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1968). He worked in the Central Research Institute of Materials, in the Institute of the State Statistics Committee, in 1988–92 director. Social information agencies. From 1990 to. Union of Consumers of Russia. Since 1993 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, member. faction "Apple", deputy. prev. K-that State. Duma for Veterans Affairs (1996–97).
SHELYUBSKY Pavel Ilyich (b. 1931, Dnepropetrovsk), folklorist, translator. In 1949–91 a worker diff. specialties. In tech. For 35 years he participated in the art. amateur performances. In 1962 he prepared a lecture-concert “Jewish muses. folklore". Collected by Sh. Nar. proverbs, including Jewish, as well as tales of mountain Jews and gypsies in their own. per. in Yiddish were published. into gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". Comp. Moscow Jewish un-that, St. lang. Yiddish. Collector of muses. gramophone records and tape recordings. Some of the collection's materials on Jewish themes are used in the video. "The wind passed over him ..." (M., 1993).
SCHENBERG Isaac (Yulievich, Yudkovich), sir (1880, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1963, Sussex county, Great Britain), specialist in the field of television technology. In 1904 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. In 1905-14 ch. Ing. Rus. about-va of wireless telegraphs and telephones in St. Petersburg. From 1914 - in Great Britain, worked in the Marconi company (head of the patent department), then headed the patent service of the Columbia Company, which was engaged in the creation and production of sound recording equipment, the development of the first television sets. systems. After the expansion of the company and the formation of a company for the production of electromuz. instr-tov - deputy. dir. company, hands. n.-i. works. and dep. patents. In the beginning. 1930s made a number of fundamental inventions in the region. TV. techniques: transmitting tube - emitron, a method of compensating for parasitic signals of transmitting tubes For the first time he developed and implemented (1936) multi-line (405 lines of expansion) TV set. system, which functioned in the UK until the middle. 1980s In 1937 hands. creating highly sensitive. tubes - superemitron, with the help of a cut for the first time outside the studio was carried out. He was awarded the M. Faraday medal (1954).
SHENDEROV Alexander Semenovich (1897, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1967), painter, graphic artist, theater designer. In 1918 he entered the Department of the History of Art-in Donskoy Archeol. in-that. In the beginning. 1920s studied under K.S. Petrov-Vodkin, A.F. Gaush, M.V. Dobuzhinsky. Among the products. 1920s: "Still Life with Chicken", "Portrait of Actor Mikhail Gipsi" (both - 1924), "Portrait of the Art Critic AM Pappé" (1925), "Model with a Raised Hand" and "A Model with a Lowered Hand" (both - 1930), Self-Portrait in the Mirror (1936). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945 he created large-scale comp. "The Battle of Kulikovo", "Ilya Muromets", "David of Sasunsky" (all - 1945). In the 1950s. created ser. animalistic fig. and lithographs, worked in t-re, designed books. In the 1960s. Sh .'s interest in color and form predominates, as evidenced by still lifes and interiors: Five Chairs (1964), Billiards, Lombard Table, Still Life with a Chessboard (all 1966).
SHENDEROVICH Lev Moiseevich (1902, Yekaterinoslav - 1979, Vladivostok), neuropathologist, medical historian. Prof. (1945), Dr. med. Sciences (1958). Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk honey. Institute (1926). In 1926–33, a neuropathologist in Dnepropetrovsk; in 1933–45 - at the department of nerve. diseases of Ivanovsky honey. in-that; head nerve chairs. diseases of Arkhangelsk (1945–56), Krasnoyarsk (1956–63), Vladivostok (1963–79) honey. in-tov. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question pathogenesis center. nerve. systems for influenza, malaria and other infections. He substantiated the possibility of developing pseudobulbar paralysis in hyperplastic. processes in the brain (1935). Author tr. on the history of neuropathology in Russia. Prev regional and chl. reign of Vseros. scientific. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Cit .: To the doctrine of pseudobulbar paralysis. Moscow – Ivanovo, 1935; Materials for the history of Russian neuropathology. Krasnoyarsk, 1958; Essays on the development of Russian neuropathology. Krasnoyarsk, 1962.
SHENDEROVICH Viktor Anatolyevich (b. 1958, Moscow), writer. In 1980 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Culture, in 1988 Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1983–90 he taught stage performance. movement and scenic fight in GITIS. He staged battle scenes, fencing in performances by many. t-ditch of Russia; in Moscow participated in the post. the play "Numer in the hotel of the city NN" after N.V. Gogol (1995). First publ. - in “Lit. gas." in 1983.Since 1989 manuf. Sh. In the repertoire of G.V. Khazanov. He wrote most of the scripts for the TV series Dolls (1994–97). Since 1997, author and host of the weekly. TV programs "Total". TV. Ave "Teffi" (1996), Ave "Golden Ostap" (1997, nomination "Writer").
SCHENFELD Max Lvovich (1861, Mitava, Kurland province - 1912, Riga), psychiatrist, public figure. Doctor of Medicine (1893). Honey. Educated at Dorpat University. He worked as an intern in the Riga Mountains. psychiatrist. hospital, had extensive practice. In 1897 he founded a hospital for the mentally ill, which soon became one of the leading in Russia. He took an active part in the affairs of the Riga Jewish community. He was one of the founders of the Society for Aid to Poor Sick Jews. Was part of the center. to-that of the Union to achieve full equality of the Jewish people in Russia, took part in the Coven meeting of Jewish societies. figures (1909).
SCHENK Joseph M. (1882, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl province. - 1961, Los Angeles), film producer. Since 1890 - in the USA. Together with br. Nicholas (1890, Rybinsk - 1966, Los Angeles) was a mediator. activities. He was the owner of two pharmacies in New York. Joint. with M. Loev and br. opened one of the first cheap c / t in New York. In 1915 he founded the joint venture. corporation "Loev Consolidated Enterprise". Then he worked independently. In 1924, gen. dir. corporation "United Artists", in 1933 - corporation "20th century - Fox". In 1938–40 prez. Motion Pictures Producers. After 1945 he retired.
SHENKAR Arie (1877, Spichintsy Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1959), entrepreneur. He worked at a textile factory in Moscow, participated in the Zionist movement. On the instructions of gr. "Kadima" left for Berlin, from there in 1924 - to E.-I., where on behalf of the society "Nilfsfein der Deutschen Juden" acquired a number of land plots, reconstructed a textile factory, turned it into a profitable enterprise. He made a great contribution to the development of the industry E.-I., in tech. pl. years was a prez. Association of Entrepreneurs E.-I., founded and headed the Palestinian Industry. bank, attracted to cooperation many. foreign investors. On own means built chemical buildings. and physical Faculty of Tel Aviv un-that, the building of the hostel of the Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. A museum was created in Sh .'s house in Tel Aviv, and an industrialist was named after Sh. the Kiryat Arye Center and the Textile College in Ramat Gan. Autobiography and Art. Sh. Entered the book. Be-emuna u-ve-Maas (Believing and Acting, 1963).
SHENKAR Mordechai Elyakum-Getselevich (1904, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1982, Bnei-Brak, Israel), public figure. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the 1920s. member of the Zionist movement. Since 1933 - in Kiev. In 1942 he organized an underground cheder in Samarkand. Since 1946 - in Lviv. He took an active part in organizing the illegal departure of the Lubavitch Hasidim from the USSR to Poland. Arrested in 1951. Released in 1956. Returned to Lvov. He worked as an accountant. In 1961 he created illegal. fund to help the poor "Kdushat Levi". Since 1969 - in Israel. The fund resumed its activities. Sh .'s daughter - Tsilya Klepfish (b. 1927, Berdichev), teacher, journalist. Lecturer Russian lang. and lit-ru on Wed. school. The author of the methodology is lecturer. languages. Since 1969 - in Israel. 1969–87 - into gas. "Our country". Since 1987 he has taught a Hebrew course at the Voice of Israel radio station. Per. in Russian lang. row. Prince, including "Introduction to bondage" F.Sh. Berg.Syn Sh. - Immanuel (b. 1937, Kiev), public figure. Since 1969 - in Israel. One of the creatures. "Action Committee", which fought for the right of Soviet Jews to leave for Israel. Initiated the creation of the Bulletin of Refuseniks (in English).
SHENKIN Menachem (1871, Ulla Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1924, Chicago), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1900 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In student. years participated in the creation of the Zionist organizations "Bnei Zion" (1898) and "Ness Ziona" (1899). As a representative of "Bnei Zion" participated in the work of the 2nd World. Zionist Congr. In 1901–06 he was a state rabbi in the Balta of Podolsk province. At the 6th World. Zionist Congr. elected member Execute. council, was responsible. for Zionist activity in the Podolsk, Volyn and Bessarabian provinces. In 1905 he took part in the work of the Zioni Zion congress in Vilna. From 1906 - in E.-I., the representative of "Hovevei Zion" in Jaffa, one of the founders of Tel Aviv. During the 1st world. During the war, he was expelled by the Turkish authorities from E.-I., emigrated to the United States, and participated in the creation of the Jewish Legion.
SHENKMAN Matvey Borisovich (1899, Ovruch of Volyn province - 1942, near Nizhny Tagil), production manager. Member of the Civil. war. In 1922 he graduated from the Higher. car armored school in Petrograd, in 1927 - Leningrad. technol. in-t. Worked on machine-builds. plants of Leningrad and Podolsk: design engineer, foreman, early. workshop, ch. mechanic s-yes. Since 1936, dir. Taganrog Aviation s-yes, since 1937 - Voronezh Aviation. w-yes. In 1941, together with the plant, he was evacuated to Kuibyshev. Under the arm. Sh. Serial production of Il-2 attack aircraft was established. Killed in aviation. disaster.
SHER Miron Naumovich (b. 1952, Chernivtsi), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1992). Winner of the championship of the RSFSR among young masters (1974, 1–2 nd) and Vsearm. tournament of the strongest chess players (1981). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, including in Novi Sad (1988, 1-2nd m.), Balatonberenyi (1989, 1st m.), Hastings (1994/95, 3-4th m.).
SHER Veniamin Iosifovich (1900, Odessa - 1962, Leningrad), violinist, violist, teacher, composer. Prof. (1935). Rod. in the family of a clarinet player. He studied violin with M.T. Khait in Odessa. In 1911–23 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from S.P.Korguev (violin class), in 1923–25 - from V.P. Kalafati (composition). Concertmaster Orc. Odessa Philharmonic (1917–20), soloist of Petrograd. Philharmonic Society (1921–23). Conducted an active conc. activity in Petrograd - Leningrad as a soloist and ensemble player, a member of the L.S. Auer (1922–24, viola; 1934–38, 1st violin), Leningradsky (1931–34), them. A.K. Glazunova (1952–55, viola). Since 1925, St. Leningrad. cons. Representative of Leningrad. violinist. schools. Among the students - V. Lieberman, D. Shneiderman, I. Geller, V. Ovcharek and others. Author of the concert for violin and orc. (1947), 5 strings. quartets, fp. quintet, violinist. and viola sonatas, 24 etudes, pieces, fantasies for violin, 12 romances on Russian verses. poets. Author of transcription for violin and fp. dancing from the ball. PI Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker, conc. fantasies on op. MI Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila", a paraphrase on the themes of the op-ty by I. Strauss "The Bat". Honored. art. UzSSR (1944).
SHER Victor Borisovich (b. 1931, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (1955). He worked in the institutes "Giproteatr" and "Mosproekt" (workshop of E.N. Stamo). Main projects in Moscow: House of Cinema (1968, jointly with Stamo), cinema "Zvezdny" (1972, jointly with Stamo, Chaltykin), motel "Solnechny" (1980); hotel in Kislovodsk (1991). Etc. CM USSR (1991).
SHERBAUM Pavel Lvovich (b. 1945, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1964–69 he studied at the studios of V. Polyakov and B. Birger at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Small graphic Sh .'s works are romantic and bear features of monumentality; they are characterized by emotionality of color and clarity of construction. The work was performed by Ch. arr. tempera, aqu., pastel, among which landscapes and portraits: "Samarkand" (1971, k., temp.), "Baltic Coast" (1989, aqu.), "Gurzuf" (1992, pastel), a portrait of Julia Rudnitskaya (1992, pastel), "Red Pine" (1992, pastel), and others. He began to exhibit his works in 1967. Personal exhibitions: 1994, 1995 (Moscow), 1996 - "Rus. gallery ”(Moscow). Prod. Sh. Are kept in museums and private collections in Russia and other countries. To creativity Sh. Dedicated. t / f "Artist Pavel Sherbaum" (1994).
SHERESHEVSKY Lazar Veniaminovich (1926, Kiev - 2008, Moscow), poet, translator. In 1943–44 - at the front. In 1944–53 he was imprisoned. In 1958 he graduated from historical philology. f-t un-that in Gorky. Worked in editorial offices. Since 1971 - in Moscow. From 1955 he began to publish in the journal., Alm., Collection of books. The author of the book. poems: "Distant Roads" (Gorky, 1958), "Trust" (ibid., 1966), "Constellation of Scales" (ibid., 1969), "Foothills" (Moscow, 1986), "Wheel" (ibid., 1993), "Two Zones" (ibid., 1993). Translated into Russian. lang. poems by E. Mezhelaitis, Y. Martsinkevichius, K. Kuliev, G. Emin, D. Khaikina. The Jewish theme is present in the verse. "Fate", the poem "Who is to blame".
SHERESHEVSKY Samuil-Isaac-Joseph (1831, Taurogen Rossiensky u. Kovno province - 1906), missionary. From 1854 - in the USA, in 1855 he was baptized. From 1859 he was a missionary in China, from 1877 he was a diocesan bishop of China. Translated the Bible into Chinese. In 1881, as a result of a stroke, he was almost completely paralyzed. Sh. Completed the translation work using two fingers. Sh .'s translation went down in history as the "Two-Finger Bible".
SHERLING Yuri Borisovich (b. 1944, Moscow), choreographer, director, composer. Rod. in a family of musicians. In 1954–63 he studied at Choreogr. uch-shche at the Big Theater. In 1963–64 he worked at the State. academic. ans. bunk bed dance of the USSR. In 1964–67 the soloist was a ball. Moose. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Among the parties: Pierrot ("Carnival" to the music of R. Schumann), Boy ("Snow Maiden"), Jester ("Swan Lake", both by PI Tchaikovsky). 1967–68 - in the army. Since 1968 the choreographer in decomp. t-pah. Upon graduation from the Higher. dir. courses at GITIS (1971) staged dances in performances: "The Man from La Mancha" by D. Wasserman and D. Dariot (T. Mayakovsky, 1971), "Chary" by V. Raysky (T. 1977) and others. In 1977 he created and headed (chief director and director until 1984) the first in the USSR Chamber Music. Jewish tr. Carried out the post: "Black bridle of a white mare" (music. Sh., 1977), "Lomir ale ineynem" ("Let's all together" music. Sh. And M.S. Gluza, 1979), "The last role" (music Sh.), “I come from childhood” (both - 1982), “Golden Wedding” (1983), “Tevye from Anatevka” (1984), etc. In Oslo (Norway) he staged “Ghetto” by J. Sobol (“ Norske Theater ", 1985). Since 1988, Ch. dir. and dir. created im Mosk. t-ra "School of muses. Isk-va ", in which staged: op.-mystery" Have mercy "(music. Sh. and G.A. Garanyan, 1988), ball. A. Piazzolla "Search for the Past" (1989), "Survivor from Warsaw" (music by A. Schoenberg) and others. Screenwriter, dir. and choreographer muses. f. "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and others. The author of the doc.-artist. f. "Hello, Israel!" Fast. on the stage: choreography comp. to the music. D.D.Shostakovich for E.E. Vlasova and V.Tadeev (1986), a program for ans. "Russian song" at hand. N.G.Babkina (1988) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1982).
SHERMAN David Iosifovich (1905, Skopin, Ryazan province. - 1988, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). Graduated in 1930 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. In 1935-44 he worked at Seismologich. in-those, in 1944–88 - in the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. from 1930 he taught at the universities of Leningrad and Moscow. He proposed a general method for reducing a wide class of problems in the theory of elasticity to simple integral Fredholm equations. One of the authors of the generalization of Muskhelishvili's singular ur-tion for basic. problems of the theory of elasticity (ur-nie Sherman - Lauricell). He was engaged in a dynamic. problems of the theory of elasticity and related mat. problems of potential theory and singular integral equations. Author approx. 100 scientific. print works. Member of the National to-that USSR on theoretical. and app. mechanics (1961). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1976).
Sherman Isai Ezrovich (1908, Kiev - 1972, Leningrad), conductor. Prof. (1963). In 1928–31 he studied at Leningrad State University. cons. by class conducting by N.A. Malko and S.A. Samosud; A.V. Gauka graduate. In 1930–37 he was a conductor at Leningrad Theater. Small Opera House, where he performed the post. the first ballet performance of this theater "Harlequinade" by R.E.Drigo (1933). In 1937-45 - in Leningrad. t-re op. and the ball., the first in the USSR the director-director ball. AA Kerin "Laurencia" (1939) and SS Prokofiev "Romeo and Juliet" (1940). In 1940–41 muses. hands. and ch. conductor of the Leningrad Opera Studio. cons., where he put op. "Faust" by C. Gounod (1940) and "Corneville Bells" by R. Plunkett (1941). In 1945–49 he resumed work at the Maly Opera House. In 1952–55 and 1961–66 hands. Tatar t-ra op. and the ball. in Kazan, where he participated in the post. first op. NG Zhiganov "Honor" (1953) and "Road to Victory" (1954). In 1956–58, the conductor of the Gorky Theater, op. and ball., in 1958-60 - Music-drama. t-ra in Petrozavodsk, where he was the first to conduct the post. ball. "Sampo" G.-RN Sinisalo (1959) and op. "Kumokha" by R.S. Pergament (1959). At the same time. in 1930–38 he taught music-theoretical. disciplines in the 1st muses. technical school in Leningrad, in 1938-50 and 1967-72 led the class. conducting in Leningrad. cons., from 1951 - in the Gorky cons. Among the students - M.F. Ermler. Honored. art. RSFSR (1940). Nar. art. Karelian ASSR (1959).
SHERMAN Moshe (1881, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1969, Tel Aviv), doctor. Doctor of Medicine. Studied at high fur boots in Odessa, Berlin, Yuriev. From 1911 - in E.-I. In 1914-18 the military. doctor. Head Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the Gadasa Hospital (Tel Aviv). Pres. Israel Physicians Union. One of the initiators of the 1st World. Congr. Jewish doctors.
SHERSHEVSKAYA Olga Isaakovna (1902 - 1976, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Tomsk University (1925). In 1925–37 she worked as an ophthalmologist in Novosibirsk. In 1937-76 assistant, associate professor, head. Department (since 1947) of eye diseases of Novosibirsk (since 1950 - Novokuznetsk) Institute of advanced training of doctors. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question prom. and combat eye injury, corneal transplantation, eye pathology in diseases of the cardiovascular and center. nerve. systems. She developed methods of cataract removal in the absence of a pupil, subperiosteal anesthesia during operations on the lacrimal sac, removal of foreign bodies of the cornea and its transplant. Cit .: Corneal transplantation with fresh canned material. Novosibirsk, 1940; The fundus of the eye in a combat skull injury. Novosibirsk, 1950; Occupational eye injuries and their prevention. L., 1959; Changes in the organ of vision in some cardiovascular diseases. M., 1964; Aging eyes. M., 1970.
Shershevsky Alexander Borisovich (1894, Petersburg - 1937, Moscow), a specialist in the field of rocket engines. After getting acquainted with the articles of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, he became interested in aircraft modeling. In 1913 he entered Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. In 1915 he volunteered for the army, was released from service due to poor eyesight. Until 1918 he worked in Petrograd as an aviation officer. s-de. In 1918–32 - in Germany, he studied at the University of Berlin, at the Higher. tech. school Berlin-Charlottenburg. The author of Art. for him. and Austr. zhurn., covering decomp. problems of aeronautics and rocketry; promoted the idea of ​​cosmic. flights. From 1921 he corresponded with Tsiolkovsky, from 1926 - with G. Obert, whose assistant he became in 1929. Participated in the design of liquid engines, assisted Obert in preparing for the publication of the book. "The path to space flight". In 1929 he published the book. “A rocket for driving and flying. An introduction to the rocket problem available to all. " While in Germany, he collaborated with the Sov. special services. In 1932 he returned to the USSR, worked at Gasdinamich. lab. under the hands. V.P. Glushko. Arrested in 1936. Shot.
SHESTOV Lev (real name and surname Lev Isaakovich Shvartsman) (1866, Kiev - 1938, Paris), philosopher. Prof. (1922). Studied on mat. f-those Mosk. University, in 1889 graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. In 1895-1914 he lived in Austria, Germany, France, Switzerland. In 1914–20 - in Russia. In 1914–17 he took an active part in the work of Moscow. Psychological Society. In 1918-19 he taught a course in Greek philosophy at the People's University in Kiev, in 1919 he taught. in Tavricheskiy un-those. One of the leading members. Free Philosophy. associations in Petrograd. Since 1920 - in France. Lecturer at the Sorbonne. Ch. Sh. considered the task of philosophy to identify the foundations of human life. Criticized the tradition. philosophy, transferring the center of philosophy. research from the universe to the person. Criticizing rationalism, he built his views on a combination of reason and faith, symbolically opposing Athens and Jerusalem, giving preference to the latter as a symbol of faith. op. In 6 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1898-1912; Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. Philosophy of Tragedy. SPb., 1903; Great Eves. SPb., 1910; What is Russian Bolshevism. Berlin, 1920; Job on the scales. Heart-to-heart wanderings. Paris, 1929; Athens and Jerusalem. Paris, 1938; Speculation and revelation. Paris, 1964; Op. In 2 volumes. M., 1993.
SHEVELEV Ilya Nisonovich (b. 1921, Kharkov), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1943 he graduated from the Alma-Ata honey. in-t. In 1955-60 Deputy. dir., in 1960–73 dir. Kazakh Research Institute of Ophthalmology. In 1973–86 head. Department of Ophthalmology, Alma-Ata Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors. Ch. ophthalmologist KazSSR, deputy. prev. Vses. about-va ophthalmologists, before. Kazakh Society of Ophthalmologists. Main tr. on questions color chronaxy (ave. M.I. Averbakh, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 1953), electroexcitability of the color-sensing apparatus in health and disease (1966), instr. diagnostics of tumors of the organ of vision (1971), vitreous hernia (1983). The author of the book. "Aphorisms" (1988), "Aphorisms and Thoughts. The human microcosm through the eyes of an aphorist ”(1994).
SHEVELEV Mark Ivanovich (1904, Petersburg - 1991, Moscow), polar explorer. Hero of the Soviet Union (1937). Lieutenant General of Aviation (1953). Participation. Civil war. Graduated from the Faculty of Air. messages Leningr. in-that engineer. ways of communication (1925), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1955). Beginning polar aviation Glavsevmorput. In May 1937 he led the landing on the North. pole exp. headed by I.D. Papanin. Deputy early Glavsevmorput (1939–41). In 1941–44, deputy. com. Aviation divisions, early. long-range aviation headquarters; in 1944–46 early. air. routes Krasnoyarsk-Alaska. In 1946-53 the deputy. early Ch. management of the Civil Air Fleet of the USSR. In 1955–71 the beginning. Polar Aviation Administration of the Civil Air Fleet. Dep. Top. Council of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations. He was awarded 10 orders. State pr. USSR (1984).
SHEIFER (real family member Soifer) Yakov (1888, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1936, New York), composer, choirmaster. As a child, he sang in the synagogue. From 1911 - in the USA, where he studied with A.K. Borovsky (fp.) And Weidig (composition). In 1912 he organized in Chicago an amateur choir of Jewish workers (transformed into the "Singing Society of Freedom"), for which he wrote many. productions, including "Song of the Petrel" (to lyrics by M. Gorky), oratorio "Messiah", cantatas "Two Brothers", "Twelve" (words by AABlok), etc. As a choirmaster included in the repertoire Jewish, Russian, Amer. songs. Author of song collection, including "Singing and Struggle" (New York, 1926).
SHEIN Alexander Samuilovich (b. 1933, Moscow), director, screenwriter. F.S. Shane's brother. Since 1954 assistant director. in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova, in 1956 he entered the director. Faculty of GITIS. In 1961 he staged the first play "The Black Prince's Necklace" by P.O. Khomsky (Tula Region, Youth Theater), in 1962 - "A Funny Case" by K. Goldoni (Kazan Youth Theater). Since 1962 - in the cinema. Second dir. from M.S.Donsky (f. "Hello, children"), from AA Alov and VN Naumov (f. "Nasty joke"). In 1969 he staged at Mosfilm f. "Nerves" based on the story of A.P. Chekhov, who entered the alm. "Family happiness". In 1970 he organized and headed an experiment. workshop "Sovpolikadr", where the first owls were created. widescreen. split screen. artistic and publicistic. c / f. Staged more than 20 films according to his scripts, including Our March (1970, jointly with A. Svetlov; Grand Prix Golden Dove, Leipzig), Internationale (1971, joint venture. with Svetlov; special prize of the 7th Moscow Film Festival), "Man and the Ocean" (1975), "October Says" (1977, gold medal, Krakow), "We are the Young Guard" (1980), "Step, a country!" (1981), "Song of the Motherland" (1984), etc. Dir. several plots of "Fitil", a number of programs on radio and television. Laureate of the 11th Young Cinematographers Competition and Intern. screenwriting competition. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1986).
SHEIN Fedor Samuilovich (b. 1919, Kiev), director, teacher. Brother of A.S. Shein. In 1935–36 he studied at the Moscow Art Theater School-2. In 1938–39 he worked at Prof. under the arms. M.M. Yanshina. In 1939–46 - in the army, in 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1946 the actor Mosk. region t-ra drama. In 1947–52 he studied at dir. Faculty of GITIS, in 1952–53 he worked in the Kaliningrad region. t-re. Dir. in Tashkent (1954–59), Tula (1961–63), Omsk (1967–68), Minsk (1968–73), Moscow. region t-re drama (1974-75), etc. Among the post. Sh. Performances: "The Bedbug" (1956), "Bath" (1957) by V.V. Mayakovsky, "Warm Heart" by A.N. Ostrovsky (1956), "Walking March" by A.A. Galich (1957), " 2.000.000 "by Sholem Aleichem (1964, Moscow Jewish drama ensemble)," Cavalry "by IE Babel (1968)," The day of arrival - the day of departure "by V.K. Chernykh (1974, Moscow t- p film actor). He has staged performances on radio and television. From ser. 1950s led ped. work; directed by dir. course in the Tashkent theater. in-those; in 1974–92 he taught acting at acting and dir. f-takh and separate muses. comedy of GITIS.
SHEIN Joseph (b. 1915, Ponevezh, Kovno province), theater critic. In 1945 he graduated from the studio at GOSET. Since 1959 - in Israel, then in France. In the 1960s and 70s. publ. works by Sh., dedicated. in the main. problems of the Jewish theater: "Arum Moskver Yiddish Theater" ("Around the Moscow Jewish Theater", 1964), "Der Comedian Oufn Stein" ("Comedian on the Stone", 1970), "Yiddish Theater in Soviet-Rusland" (" Jewish Theater in Soviet Russia "- in the collection" Yidischer Theater in Eirope Zwishn Beide Velt-Milhomes "-" Jewish Theater in Europe between the Two World Wars ", 1971).
SHEYNDLIN Alexander Efimovich (b. 1916, Samara), thermal physicist, power engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1955), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). Hero of Soc. Labor (1986). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. In 1937–39 - at shipbuilding. w-de, at the same time. taught at MPEI (since 1939 assistant at the Department of Steam Turbines, since 1955 - prof.). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1946–67 prof. MEI, since 1960 dir. lab. high temp-r (since 1961 - Institute of high temp-r of the USSR Academy of Sciences), at the same time. head Department of MIPT (since 1967). Main work related to experiment. and theoretical. research thermodynamic. properties of water vapor at supercritical. parameters. Supervised the construction and commissioning of the world's first experiment. model magnetohydrodynamic. installation U-02 (1964) and experimental industrial. installation U-25 (1971) for direct conversion of thermal energy into electricity. Deputy prev. Commission for UNESCO. Author of monographs, scientific. Art. Etc. them. I.I.Polzunov (1963). Linen. pr. (1959). State pr. USSR (1976). Works: Thermodynamics of solutions. 2nd ed. M., 1980 (et al.); Tech. thermodynamics. 4th ed. M., 1983 (co-authored with V.A.Kirillin and V.V. Sychev); New energy. M., 1987.
SHEINFELD Anna Izrailevna (1912, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1992, Kiev), actress. Rod. in the family of Jewish actors. Prof. She made her stage debut in 1924. In 1927 she danced in the corps de ballet of the Jewish Amer. troupes, which toured the USSR. From 1929 she played in the mobile Jewish theater of small forms "Gezkult", entered the troupe of the Kharkov GOSET (in 1934 the theater was transferred to Kiev, in 1944 it was restored in Chernivtsi, in 1950 it was liquidated). In 1950–53 - in the Lviv Theater of Music. comedy. Among the roles of Sh .: Sulamith ("Sulamith" by A. Goldfaden), Kotka ("Personnel" by IK Mikitenko), Lucy and Laflesh ("Bourgeois in the nobility" and "Miser" by J.-B. Moliere), Groom ( "Boytre" by M. S. Kulbak), Zyamka ("Yulis" by M. Daniel), Jessica ("The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare), Zagir ("Bar-Kokhba" by Sh.Z. Galkin), Iosele ("Iosele" Y. Dineson), Bicchi Nevi (“We must live in the world” by A. M. Guberman), Teli (“Arshin Mal Alan” by U. Hajibeyov).
Scheingauter Borukh (b. 1912, Kamenets-Podolsk), writer. Participant Conducted. Otech. war. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1937–41 he studied at the studio at GOSET. 1941–45 - at the front. The first story publ. in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" in 1972. He published essays, stories in periodicals. ed., including in the journal. "Di Yiddishe Gas" (Moscow). The author of the book. "Broit" ("Bread". Moscow, 1986).
SHEININ Yehoshua Pavlovich (1890, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1948, Germany), choral conductor, composer, teacher. In 1918 he graduated from Petrograd. cons. In 1919–21 he directed the choir in Yekaterinoslav. In 1921-29 the head. Jewish muses. school "Culture-League" in Kiev, taught in muses. technical school. In 1929 he organized a Jewish wok. ans. "Evokans", in 1931 transformed into the State. Vseukr. Jewish chapel, in 1934 - in the State. honored the chapel of Ukraine "Evokance"; ans. performed processing of Jewish bunks. songs, original chorus. manuf. M. A. Milner, A. A. Davidenko, L. K. Knipper, A. M. Veprik, L. M. Pulver, A. M. Zhitomirsky. After the closure of Evokans in 1939, Sh. Headed the Ukr Chorus in 1940. radio. 1941–48 - in the army. In 1945–48 artist. hands. Ans. songs and dances of the GSVG. Author of works related to Jewish themes, including children. php. plays, a cycle of children. chorus. manuf. and music to dramas. performances, etc. Published 2 Sat. Jewish bunks. songs arranged for choir (1929). 3sl. art. Ukrainian SSR (1934). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1947).
SHEINIS Victor Leonidovich (b. 1931, Kiev), politician. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. In 1953 he graduated from Leningrad State University. In 1953–58 he taught at school, in 1966–75 - at Leningrad State University, in 1975–92 scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Nar. dep. RF (1990–93). He was a member of the Democratic Russia faction. Member RF Armed Forces. One of the authors of the project Ros. Constitution (1991). One of the organizers of the Party faction grew up. unity and harmony (PRES, 1992). Since 1993, member. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as part of the Yabloko faction. Since 1995, member. Centre. Council of the Yabloko Association. Author of over 170 scientific. publications.
SHEINIS Zinovy ​​Savelyevich (1913, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1992, Moscow), publicist. Graduated from Vses. communist. Institute of Journalism (1938). Since 1939 head. foreign dep. gas. "Work". 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945 - at the Radio Committee, then at the Progress publishing house. The author of Art. on the problems of the world. politics and international. relations, historical-publicistic. essays about the figures Oct. Revolution and Grazhd. war, owls. diplomats, etc., as well as a tendentious book. "The State of Israel, its position and politics" (M., 1958), written by et al. with deputy. min. foreign Affairs of the USSR V.S. Semenov (ps. K. Ivanov). Last book Sh. "Provocation of the Century" (M., 1992) dedicated. exposing the policy of the state. anti-Semitism in the USSR. Cit .: Soldiers of the Revolution. M., 1978 (2nd ed. - M., 1981); Way to the top. M., 1984; M.M. Litvinov - revolutionary, diplomat, man. M., 1989 (2nd ed. - M., 1991).
SHEINKMAN Moisei Kivovich (1929, Kiev - 2009), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1988). Graduated from Kiev University (1952). He worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1961 - at the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, head. dep. (since 1970), head. sector (since 1974). Sci. tr. on semiconductor photo- and optoelectronics. Developed (with co-workers) a complex kinetic. methods with the help of which the fluctuations of the photocurrent in cadmium sulfide and selenide in DC were found. electric field. Discovered (1962) a new non-emitting mechanism. recombinations and new types of photochem. reactions (1964). Developed (1983) the concept of recombination-stimulated and equilibrium diffusion of defects in semiconductors and their generation as a result of their electronic excitation. Developed photoresistors based on silicon sulfide and selenide single crystals and films. The author of a large number of scientific. publ. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1981). State pr. USSR (1984). Cit .: Non-equilibrium processes in photoconductors. Kiev, 1981 (et al.).
SHEINKMAN Yakov Semenovich (Samuilovich) (1890, Petropavlovsk plant of Tobolsk province - 1918, Kazan), participant of the revolutionary movement. Member RSDLP since 1910. In 1910–12 he studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, for participation in student. unrest arrested. In 1912-14 - in Switzerland. Participated in the work of the Bernese Socialist. Congr. 2nd International. In 1914–17 he led the party. work in Yekaterinburg. From Apr. 1917 - in St. Petersburg, from Aug. - in Kazan, where he was headed by the Bolshevik. faction of the Council, deputy. prev. Kazan lips. prod. to-that. Participant Oct. revolution in Petrograd, before. investigations. Commission Petrograd. VRK. From nov. 1917 pre. Kazan province executive committee, from March 1918 headed the province. org-tion of the RCP (b). Affairs. 5th Congress of Soviets (July 1918) and Ch. Special investigation. Commission SNK in the case of the so-called. Left SR mutiny in Moscow. In July 1918, before. Kazan Revolutionary Committee, led the defense of the city. After the capture of the city by the Czechoslovakians, he was arrested and shot.
SHEINMAN (ps. Sheinman-Topstein) Cecil Yakovlevna (1923, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Literary critic, translator, critic. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). She was engaged in translations from French, German, Old Greek, Latin. lang.,: "Metaphysics of morals" I. Kant (M., 1965), "Discourse on religion, nature and mind" B. Fontenelle (M., 1979), "Dialogues" Plato (M., 1986), "Philosophical works ”by Voltaire (M., 1988), works by Descartes, etc. The author of the book. "Plato and Vedic Philosophy" (M., 1978) and a number of literary scholars. and critical. Art. according to antique lit-re. Among the publications - Art. "Pre-Christian manifestations of anti-Judaism" (M., 1991).
SHEINMAN Alexander Borisovich (1898, Samara - 1979, Moscow), a specialist in the field of oil production and oil refining. In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army. In 1927 he graduated from Moscow. horn. academy. He worked as a deputy. early field "Neftedag" in Turkmenistan. Since 1928 scientific. sotr. State research oil. in-that. Introduced means. contribution to the creation of methods for the development of oil. deposits. In the region. oil refining was created by scientific and technical. the base will oxidize. cracking. Supervised the development of several. cracking methods: generator, tubular, contact-catalytic, flameless combustion, oxidize. pyrolysis. C gr. sotr. in 1934 at the fields "Mainft" for the first time in the world carried out industrial. in-situ combustion on natural oil deposits. Proposed, developed and tested decomp. thermal options impact on the formation and bottomhole zone of the well (at the fields in Grozny, Chusovskiye Gorodki, "Mainft"). In the 1940s. conducted experiments on oil. seams and in bitumen-containing rocks. In the 1960s and 70s. worked on the substantiation of a new scientific. directions - geothermology of hydrocarbon fossil deposits. Created scientific. school of thermal specialists. oil production.
SHEINMAN Aron Lvovich (1886, Suwalki - 1944, Great Britain), statesman. From 1903 p. RSDLP, Bolshevik. In March 1917, member. Helsingforsky committee of the RSDLP (b), in October. prev. Helsingfors Council dep. army, navy and workers of Finland. In 1918-19 the Commissioner of Finance, Deputy. People's Commissar of Finance, Chl. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Food of the RSFSR. In 1920–21, deputy. Commissar of external trade, plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Georgia, member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR. In 1922, before. Board of the State Bank of the USSR. In 1924 the People's Commissar of Internal. trade of the USSR. In 1925 the deputy. Commissar int. and ext. trade of the USSR. Since 1926 - member. Board of the State Bank of the RSFSR. Member STO republic (1922, 1925–27), files. 14th (1925) and 15th (1927) congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1928-29 bargaining. representative of the USSR in the USA, did not return to the USSR. Later he lived in the Netherlands, Germany, Great Britain.
SHEINMAN Ilya Borisovich (1900, Sergievsk, Buguruslansky district, Samara province - 1966, Moscow), production manager. In 1929 he graduated from metallurgy. Faculty of Moscow mining academy. In 1929–30 - at the Stalingr building. tractor plant. In 1930–31 - in the USA, where he got acquainted with the organization of the production of tractors for the Amer. pr-tii. From 1931 to the beginning. blacksmith shop Stalingr. tractor plant, in 1932–34 dir. w-yes. In 1932 he was awarded an order. Lenin. In 1934–37, the director. Luhansk steam locomotive. w-yes, on to-rum was mastered issue. steam locomotives ser. FD and IS. In 1937–38, dir. Izhora shipbuilding company. factory. In 1938–40, deputy. prev. scientific – tech. council of the People's Commissariat of shipbuilding. industry of the USSR. From 1940 dir. Institute for the design of tractor, car. and other s-dov of the mass-flow production of the People's Commissariat cf. industry of the USSR. In 1951–57 the beginning. blacksmith shop Mosk. s-yes small cars. Since 1957 - in a managerial position in the Ministry of Automobile. industry of the USSR. Cit .: What I saw in America, what I did in the USSR. M., 1934.
SHEINMAN Mikhail Mendelevich (1902, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1977), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1959). In 1920-22 sec. Slutsk Ukom RKSM, ed. republ. youth gas. "Red shift". He studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1924–27 - in the Red Army. In 1927–31 he worked at the Center. Council of the Union of Militant Atheists. After graduating from the Institute of Red Professors (1933), he worked in the political department. MTS, since 1936 in dep. press of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), from 1938 in gas. "Atheist" (deputy editor-in-chief), simultaneously. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941 - at the front, in 1941–45 - in captivity. In 1946 - in the Museum of the History of Religion of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1947–65 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Science and Religion". Author tr. on the history of Catholicism. Vol .: Vatican and Catholicism in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1958; Contemporary clericalism. M., 1964; Christian socialism. History and ideology. M., 1969.
SHEYNTSIS Oleg Aronovich (b. 1949, Kiselevka, Kherson region), theater designer. In 1964 he graduated from Wed. artist school in Odessa, in 1969 - a theater. artist uch-shche in the same place. He entered the Moscow Art Theater School, where he designed the performances "The Fifth Column" by E. Hemingway and "Money for Maria" by VG Rasputin (both - 1977). Since 1977, Ch. artist t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. Designed the performances: "Cruel Intentions" by A.N. Arbuzov (1977), "Juno and Avos" by A.A. Voznesensky (1979), "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare (1985), "Dictatorship of Conscience" by M.F.Shatrov ( 1987), "Memorial Prayer" by GIGorin based on Sholem Aleichem (1988), "The Marriage of Figaro" by P.O. Beaumarchais (1992). Ch. artist f. "To Kill the Dragon" based on EL Schwartz (1992, director-post by MA Zakharov). At the same time. collaborated with T-rum them. Evgeny Vakhtangov: Anna Karenina after Leo Tolstoy (1982), Princess Turandot by K. Gozzi (new stage ed. 1990). Participated in exhibitions in Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Japan. Laureate of project competitions theater. buildings in Paris. Sh .'s works are in the Theater. Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushin, State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Museum Theater. and muses. art-va in St. Petersburg. State pr. USSR (1988).
SHIDFAR Betsy Yakovlevna (1928, Kharkov - 1993, Moscow), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969), prof. (1976). She graduated from the East. (1951) and philol. (1952) Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1952–55 she taught at the Bukhara Institute of Improvement of Teachers, in 1955–58 at the Central Asian State. un-those in Tashkent, since 1960 - at MGIMO. Author tr. by classic Literature of the Arabian East, Vol .: Andalusian Literature. M., 1970; Sketch of Arab-Muslim culture (VII - XII centuries). M., 1971; The figurative system of the Arabic classical literature of the 6th – 12th centuries. and its evolution. M., 1974.
SHIF Josephine Ilyinichna (1904, Warsaw - 1978, Moscow), psychologist, defectologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970). After graduating from the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (1926) she worked in mass and experimental schools. In the 1930s. began to engage in research. in the region. psychology, in 1933 she defended her Ph.D. diss. under the hands. L.S.Vygotsky. Since 1934 - in Scientific and practical. in-those special schools and children. houses of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR in Moscow, in 1944 head. dep. specialist. Psychology Research Institute of Defectology APN RSFSR (since 1966 - APN USSR). In 1941–42 - in Kuibyshev, took an active part in organizing children. houses for children from besieged Leningrad. In 1943–45 she was engaged in work on the restoration of the speech of wounded soldiers and officers. From 1943 she taught at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute and Mountains. ped. in-those. Research Sh. Dedicated. a wide range of problems of the development of thinking and speech in normal and abnormal (deaf and mentally retarded) children. Soch .: Development of scientific. concepts among schoolchildren. M. - L., 1935; Schools for mentally retarded children abroad. M., 1966; Language acquisition and development of thinking in deaf children. M., 1968; Psychol. problems of correctional work in an auxiliary school. M., 1980 (ed. Et al.).
SHIFMAN Alexander Iosifovich (1907, Turov of Mozyr district of Minsk province - 1993, Israel), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1974). Graduated from the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Red Professors (1936). Sci. sotr. IMLI Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1938-50), State. Leo Tolstoy Museum in Moscow (since 1950). Published ca. 100 scientific. works about the life and work of Tolstoy. Author entered Art. and note. to the book. T.L.Sukhotina-Tolstoy "Memories" (M., 1980). Since 1989 - in Israel. Etc. them. Neru (1968). Works: Leo Tolstoy Museum. Guide. M., 1955; Leo Tolstoy and the East. M., 1972; Pages of Leo Tolstoy's life. Essays. M., 1983.
SHIFMAN Arnold-Stanislav-Zygmunt (1882, Ulanov Litinsky u. Podolsk province. - 1967, Warsaw), director, theatrical figure, writer. Doctor of Philosophy (1906). Studied at the Jagiellonian University (Krakow). He founded in Krakow and Warsaw the small variety theaters "Figliki" (1906), "Momus" (1907). In 1913 he built a building and opened in Warsaw "Tr. Polski", his director. in 1915–18, 1939–45, 1949–55, since 1957. dir. At the same time. dir. t-ditch "Maly" (Warsaw, 1918–39), Gorodskiy (Lodz, 1925–27), "Cameralny" (Warsaw, 1949). Post., Carried out on the stage of "T-ra Polski", nominated Sh. One of the largest Polish. dir. Among the best performances of Sh .: "Hamlet" (1922 and 1947), "Romeo and Juliet" (1931) by W. Shakespeare, "Oresteia" by Aeschylus (1947). The author of the book. "My War Travels" (Warsaw, 1960), "55 Years in the Theater" (ibid., 1961), "Labyrinth of the Theater" (ibid., 1964).
SHIFMAN Ilya Sholeimovich (1930, Leningrad - 1990, ibid.), Orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1953). Since 1961 scientific. sotr., from 1975 - Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. branch of Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on the history of Dr. East. Cit .: The emergence of the Carthaginian state. M. - L., 1963; Phoenician. M., 1963; Hannibal. M., 1976; The Old Testament and Its World. M., 1987; Alexander the Great. L., 1988.
SHIFRES (Shifrez) Alexander Lvovich (1898, Grodna - 1938), military leader. Army Commissar 2nd Rank (1935). He graduated from one course at Tomsk University and the school of warrant officers. From July 1917, member. RSDLP (b), creator and hands. Bolshevik. org-tion in Vitebsk, member. executive committee of the local council. In 1917-18 he was commissioner for the fight against counterrevolution in Tomsk. In 1918 he returned to Vitebsk, member. Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). From 1919 - in the Red Army, early. political department div. to the East. fr., awarded by hordes. Cr. Banner. After Grazhd. war graduated from Voen.-polit. uch-shche and Voen-polit. academy. From 1922 - in the Political Administration of the Red Army, in 1928–32 early. Military-polit. academy, awarded the 2nd order. Cr. Banner. From 1933 to the beginning. Political Administration Kavk. Red Banner Army, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). From 1936 to the beginning. Military-household academy, member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Military. messenger ". Repressed.
SHIFRIN Efim (Nakhim) Zalmanovich (b. 1956, Neksikan, Magadan region), variety artist. In 1973–74 he studied philology. f-those of the Latvian state. un-that. 1974–78 - at the pop department of the GUTSEI, the course of RG Viktyuk. In his theater. started playing at the Moscow State University studio in 1977. In 1978–88 he worked at the Moskontsert. In 1980-85 he studied at the faculty of dir. stage in GITIS. The first solo performance - "I would like to say" (1985), ch. arr. by production V.M. Koklyushkin. By production Koklyushkin post. also performances “Three Questions”, “Round Moon” and others (Moscow stage, 1988–90). Since 1990, creator and artist. hands. "Shifrin Theater", the repertoire of which includes the performances "Photo for Memory" (1991), "Lone Wolf" (1995), "Waiting for a Call from Hollywood" (1996), "New Russian Solitaire" (1997). Sh. Is also a wok performer. manuf. in his performances and concerts, among to-ryh romances by D.D. Shostakovich on the next. Sasha Cherny (play "I play Shostakovich", 1990), "Jerusalem" by M.A. Minkov, "Return" by V.L. Matetskiy, "Tumbalalaika", "Sheremetyevo-two" by A. Pevny, "Southern Night" L. Klevitsky and others. Actor's work in other t-ts: Alberto ("I don’t know you anymore, dear" A. de Benedetti, Theater named after Evgeny Vakhtangov, 1994), Antonio ("Love with a fool" Franceschi, T. Roman Viktyuk, 1995). Performer of roles in the movie "Bolotnaya Street" (1992), humorist. newsreel. "Yeralash", video clips, videof. Participant of television programs: "Morning mail", "Around laughter", "Full house! Full house! ”, In 1995–96 the leading weekly. programs "Have you called the comedian?", since 1997 - programs "Hello, Fima!" In 1996, three magnetic albums by Sh. Were released, including the song "Does a Jew need much?" The author of the book. "Theater named after me" (1994, co-authored with G.V. Viren). Laureate of the 1st Moscow. competition of pop artists (1979), 7th All-Russia. competition of pop artists (1983), avenue "Golden Ostap" (1992).
SHIFRIN Iosif Isaakovich (1911, Krivoy Rog, Kherson province - 1975), organizer of mining production. In 1938 he graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk forge. in-t. In 1938–40 - in Kr. Army. In 1940–41 chap. Ing. Novotroitsk Combine in the Stalin Region, in 1941–42 Ch. Ing. Zhirnovsky mining administration (Rostov region), in 1942–44 head. forge. works, ch. Ing. Theological Mining Administration (Sverdlovsk Region). From 1944 ch. Ing. mining enterprises of the Urals, Azerbaijan and Kursk magn. anomalies. Supervised the construction of the Lebedinsky quarry in the region of Kursk magn. anomalies. In 1960–75, the director. Tsentrgiproruda, where at hand. Sh. Projects of the largest mines were created. Kursk magn. anomalies (Stoilensky, Mikhailovsky, Yuzhno-Lebedinsky and Yakovlevsky) and ore-enrichment. factories, forge repair plant. and will enrich. equipment, car repair plant and other objects. State pr. USSR (1967).
SHIFRIN Kusiel Shlemovich (Solomonovich) (b. 1918, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), geophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951), prof. (1955). Brother Y.S. Shifrin. In 1940 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Pupil of Ya.I. Frenkel. In 1943–45 - in the army. In 1946–69 - in Ch. geophysis. observatory them. A.I. Voeikova, head. lab. radiation processes in the atmosphere. Since 1969 - in Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. lab. ocean optics. From 1940 he taught at the universities of Leningrad, Kazan, Moscow. The first scientific. tr. - in the region. electronic theory of tv. tel: conducted a foundational study. electric properties of well-conducting semiconductors. In 1946 he began to deal with problems of optics. He developed a methodology for studying the atmosphere and ocean with instruments installed on the arts. satellites of the Earth. Head of scientific. schools of optics of the atmosphere and ocean. Author approx. 350 scientific. works and several. monograph, including "Scattering of light in a turbid medium" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951), "Fiz. optics of ocean water ”(L., 1983). Took part in the creation of "Tables on light scattering" (1968–77) and 8 collective monographs. on physics of the atmosphere and ocean. Since 1992 - in the USA, at the University of Oregon.
SHIFRIN Lev Kalmanovich (1911, Baku - 1989, Moscow), the organizer of industrial production. Graduated from Baku Polytechnic. Institute (1932). In 1932–33, engineer. design department building of the Trans-Baikal Railway In 1933–40 - at the Klinvolokno factory (engineer, chief engineer of the department of the capital building). From 1940 ch. Ing. dep. drip Building Ch. management of the arts. fibers of the People's Commissariat of Textiles. In 1941–45 - in the army, in 1942–43 - at the front. In 1943–45, deputy. dir. military. plant for the production of gunpowder in Kustanai. From 1945 to the beginning. dep. drip building, in 1949–88 deputy. early Ch. management of the arts industry. fibers. From the beginning. 1950s participated in the creation of the production-va chemical. fibers, supervised the development of projects for new plants and their provision with equipment. As an expert, he procured equipment abroad. Participated in the creation of the project and construction of the first plant in the USSR for the production of polyamide fiber (nylon) in Klin (1960). One of the hands. building cr. complex of polyester fiber (lavsan) price Mogilev | Member tech. Council of the Min-va chem. prom-sti. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1968), hon. chemist (1981). State pr. USSR (1960). Etc. CM of the USSR (1974).
SHIFRIN Moisey Shmerovich (1910, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1986, Leningrad), specialist in the field of automation of ship power plants. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. (1960). Graduated from Leningrad. shipbuilding. Institute (1934). Until 1941, the designer at TsKBS-1 and TsKB-17, took part in the creation of the first cruisers and destroyers in the USSR. At the same time. in 1936–37 p. commission for acceptance of the cruiser "Kirov" in Italy. In 1941–45 - at the Baltic plant in the design bureau to provide emergency recovery. repair of ships Balt. fleet. In 1945–67 he headed the department. ship power automation installations TsNII them. AN Krylova, in 1967–86 beginning. sectors of the department, ch. control systems designer, art. scientific. sotr. Central Research Institute and NPO "Aurora". Supervised the work carried out for the first time in the world on the creation and implementation on ships of automatic. regulators for energy. installations on the water. A participant in the design and development of a unified boiler and turbine installation for Spokoiny-class destroyers. At the same time. taught at Leningrad. shipbuilding. in-those where he headed the departments of the theory of machines and mechanisms (1946–52) and automation of ship power engineering. installations (1957-60). Author of over 100 scientific. print works, including 5 monographs. Linen. pr. (1958).
SHIFRIN Nisson Abramovich (1892, Kiev - 1961, Moscow), theater designer. Graduated from Commercial. Institute (1916) in Kiev. In 1912–17 he studied in the painting studio of A.A. Murashko, then in the studio of A.A. Ekster. He helped the futurists who came to Kiev to design the stage for their performances, took part in the design of the first roars. holidays on the city streets. As an artist. t-ra made his debut in the play based on Sh. Lecock's op-te "Green Island" in the T-re of musical comedy. In 1920–21 he created sets for plays by Sh. Ash, Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. Peretz in the Kiev Jewish studio. Since 1922 - in Moscow. The first work is the set design of the play "Hiawatha" by G. Longfellow in the State. t-re for children. In 1923–33 he studied books. graphics and machine tool. painting. Since 1934, ch. artist Cent. t-ra Kr. Army, designed performances based on plays by owls. playwrights: "The death of a squadron" by AE Korneichuk, "Glory" by VM Gusev, "Pad Serebryanaya" by NF Pogodin, "Eastern battalion" br. Tour and classic repertoire: "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Taming of the Shrew" by W. Shakespeare. In the beginning. 1950s resumed work with children. t-rum. Main Sh .'s works (models, sketches) are kept in the Theater. Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushina, at TsTSA. Nar. artist RSFSR (1958). Became. pr. (1949, 1951).
SHIFRIN Victor Moiseevich (b. 1931, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (1955). He worked in the institutes "Giproteatr", "Soyuzsportproekt". Main projects: muses. school in Vologda (1970), Cultural Center in Darkhan (Mongolia, 1972). Since 1993 - in Israel. Etc. CM USSR.
SHIFRIN Yakov Abramovich (b. 1907, Balonovsky Selets Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province.), Production organizer. Colonel Engineer (1944). In 1935 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. From 1934 - to Leningrad. military. plant "Bolshevik" (foreman, head of shop, head of production, chief engineer, since 1938 deputy director). In 1942, the director. plant number 4 for production automatic. anti-aircraft guns. In 1943–47, the director. plant number 79 for the production of anti-aircraft artillery and other types of weapons. In 1947-53 the deputy. early Centre. art. design bureau. From 1953 ch. technologist of OKB and experimental plant № 456 for the development and manufacture of rocket engines. In 1967–84, Dir. (and one of the organizers) Center. n.-i. technol. in-ta Min-va defense. prom-sti. Simultaneously from 1970 before. council dir. in-tov of the Ministry of Defense. Author of 12 scientific. print works, 5 inventions. Honored. machine builder of the RSFSR (1983). State pr. USSR (1979).
SHIFRIN Yakov Solomonovich (b. 1920, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), an expert in the field of antenna theory and radio wave propagation. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Engineer-regiment. (1961). Brother of K.Sh. Shifrin. He graduated in 1941 nat. Faculty of Leningrad State University, in 1944 - Military. communication academy. In 1944–45 - at the front. In 1945–80 in the Military. radio engineering. Academy Arms. Sil (since 1968 - Military-Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense named after L.A. Govorov), since 1956 head. department of technical. electrodynamics. Since 1980 - at the Kharkov Institute of Radioelectronics, in 1991–96 head. department of technical. electrodynamics and antennas. Main directions of research. associated with priority developments of statistical. theory of antennas necessary for the calculation and design of the cr. antennas; with research long-range tropospheric propagation of radio waves and with the development of the theory of antennas with nonlinear elements and, in particular, the theory of rectifier antennas (rectennas) used to transfer the energy of the electric magnets. ray. Author of over 170 scientific. printed works and a number of inventions. Pres. Ukrainian nat. Antenna Association (1993). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR (1991). Etc. them. A.S. Popov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1983). Works: Questions of the statistical theory of antennas. M., 1970; Antennas. Kharkov, 1976; Antenna technology problems. M., 1989 (et al.); Handbook of antenna technology. M., 1997 (1st volume, et al.).
SHIFRINSON Boris Lvovich (Borukh Liokumovich) (1902, Belostok, Grodno province - 1949, Moscow), specialist in the field of district heating and heat supply. Dr. Tech. sciences. After graduating in 1925 MVTU headed the heating network of Mosenergo. In 1930 he organized and headed the department of heating at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Main scientific. tr. associated with the creation of theory and methods for calculating heating plants. systems. With the participation of Sh., The first district heating project in the center of Moscow was developed and implemented. At the suggestion of Sh., Water-jet pumps (elevators) were first used in heat supply systems. In 1928 he developed a new method for the tariffication of electricity generated in the power systems of thermal power plants. He introduced the principle of optimal distribution of loads between power plants operating in parallel (1930), proposed a method for calculating the drop in steam temperature in long systems (1933), developed a method for calculating the flow distribution, hydraulic. stability and hydraulics. modes in heat supply systems. Author of scientific. tr. on district heating and heat supply of cities. Cit .: Heating of cities. M., 1929; Technical and economic calculation of central heating systems. M. - L., 1941.
CHIK Arthur (1894, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1951, New Canaan, USA), graphic artist. Studied for Krakow. During the 1st world. war served in Russian. army. In 1920, a Polish soldier. army, participation. Polish-owls. war. Since 1921 - in France. He worked in the region. bookstore and machine tool. graphics, including as a cartoonist. Among the books designed by Sh .: “The Book of Esther” (1923–24), poems by Yu. Tuvim and M. Broderzon. A series of miniatures created by Sh. amer. Revolution of 1861–77, was donated to Polish. government prez. Franklin Roosevelt. In the beginning. 2nd world. War Sh. lived for some time in Great Britain, where he made satirical drawings for the press. Sh. Cartoons on the Nazis are collected in the book. The New Order (1941). Since 1939 - in the USA. Good knowledge of the traditions of Jewish art, in particular, Jewish medieval miniature, Sh. Organically applied in the design of the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel (1948). Sh. Exhibited his works in the US Library of Congress and in museums in other countries.
ShIK Lev Lazarevich (1911, Minsk - 1996, Givatayim, Israel), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1947), prof. (1949). In 1935 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked at VIEM, then at the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1950–56 the head. lab. to the Center. in-those examination of the working capacity of disabled people. In 1956–86 the head. dep. clinics physiology of Vses. in-that clinic. and experiment. surgery them. A.V. Vishnevsky. At the same time. head Department of Living Systems, MIPT. Since 1992 - in Israel. The author of St. 170 scientific. tr., dedicated. ch. arr. physiology and func. diagnostics of respiration and blood circulation. Research on physiology of coordination of movements, gas exchange during oxygen starvation, problems of combating traumatic diseases. shock. Developed a method of electrophysiol. issled. respiratory muscles to assess respiratory failure. "Guidelines for the Clinical Physiology of Respiration" ed. Sh. - main. tr. for specialists in this field. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1972). Son Sh. - Mark (b. 1934, Moscow), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1968), prof. (1992). In 1957 he graduated to lay down. Faculty of the 1st MMI. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of studying the locomotor structures of the brain, regulation of movement in humans and animals. Since 1992 - in Israel, at the University of Tel Aviv.
SHILINGER Iosif Moiseevich (1895, Kharkov - 1943, New York), composer, music theorist. In 1918 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. (class composition and conducting). He taught composition. In 1920-21, the Ukr. symph. orchestra, in 1922–28 - consultant for NK education. Since 1928 - in the USA. The mathematics created by Sh. method of research. music. The process of creativity was explained as the result of a combination of quantities. factors that are amenable to mat. processing in the form of formulas and graphs. Muz.-mat. Sh. theory was supported by many. comp., including J. Gershwin, to-ry was one of the closest students of Sh. Author of the book., ed. in English. lang., including "Schillinger's method in musical creativity" (1941), "Encyclopedia of Rhythms" (1966). Among the muses. op. Sh. "Eastern March" for orc. (1921), symph. rhapsody "October" for fp. with orc. (1927), "Northern Russian Symphony" for accordion and orc. (1931), one of the first works. for Thereminvox (with orc.).
SHILYANSKY Dov (b. 1924, Siauliai, Lithuania), politician. In 1940–41 he was a member of the underground Zionist movement. 1941–44 - in the ghetto, member. underground organization. In 1944–45 - in the Dachau concentration camp. In 1945–48 he took an active part in the activities of ETsEL in Europe, com. subsection in Italy and Germany. Since 1948 - in Israel. Member of the War of Independence. In 1952, for opposing the establishment of diplomatic. relations with Germany was arrested. After his release (1954) he graduated from law. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem. He was engaged in law practice. Since 1962, member. the leadership of the Herut party. Dep. Knesset (1977–96) from the Likud bloc. 1981–84 Deputy. hands. administration of the head of Israel The author of the book. "Muzulman" (Tel Aviv, 1960), "Ba kele ha-ivri" ("In a Jewish prison." Tel Aviv, 1954).
SHIMANOVSKY Grigory Solomonovich (1891, Oshitki, Kiev province - 1965, Moscow), military leader. Major General (1943). LM Kaganovich's cousin. Member RSDLP (1907). From 1918 - in the Red Army: com. and political instructor of units, military commissar of the Sevastopol fortress, pom. military commissar Military-Ing. exercise, then exercise. armored forces of the Red Army (1922–25). In 1924 he graduated from the military. school. Military Commissar of the Air Force School (1925–31), Research Institute of the Red Army Air Force (1931–34). Art. Inspection Ch. political department People's Commissariat for Defense (1934–36). Commissar Head military-engineer ex. Red Army (1936–41). Participant in the battles on Khalkhin Gol (1939). Corps commissar. In 1942–43, the quartermaster of the Moscow Military District, in 1943–45, deputy. early rear of the fronts. In 1945–49 the beginning. Centre. base of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. From 1949 - retired. He was awarded 5 orders.
SHIMELEVICH Yuri Semenovich (1927, Moscow - 1986, ibid.). physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1969), prof. (1973). After graduation (1951) Moscow. mechanical in-ta - in the MINHiGP. Since 1961 at the All-Russian Research Institute of Nuclear Geophysics and Geochemistry, head. lab. Since 1977 head. lab. dep. scientific. work on neutron measurement of wells. Under the arm. Sh. Created a small size. borehole neutron generator, nuclear magn. research methods. rocks. Head of scientific. schools of nuclear geophysics. Author of 80 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1982). Etc. them. I.M. Gubkina. Works: Fundamentals of pulsed neutron-neutron logging. M., 1965.
SHIMELIOVICH Boris Abramovich (1892, Riga - 1952, Moscow), doctor, health care organizer. Brother of Yu.A. Shimeliovich. In 1919–20 p. Bund, since 1920 members. RCP (b). After graduating from the Voronezh honey. in-that was in charge of a dignity. part of the Voronezh fortification. district. In the beginning. 1920s worked in Jewish societies. commissions to help the starving, a representative at the offices of "Joint" and other philanthropists. org-tions, as well as the head. organizational departments of these commissions. Since 1931, the chief physician of the Botkin hospital in Moscow. Member prez. EAK (1941). In 1949 he was arrested and on August 12. 1952 shot in the JAC case.
SHIMELIOVICH Julius (Yehuda) Abramovich (1890, Riga, according to other sources - Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1919, Vilna), politician. Brother of B.A. Shimeliovich. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1905 p. Riga organization Bund, participant of the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1909 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. Participant Oct. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. In 1918 - in Moscow, head. nonresident dep. Jewish Commissariat of the People's Commissariat; on behalf of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) created Jewish communist. org-tion in Vitebsk, Orel and other cities, formed the Jewish detachments of the Red Army. One of the organizers and participant of the 1st Conf. Jewish communist. sections (Oct. 1918, Moscow), on a cut the deputy. prev. Jewish Commissariat of the People's Commissariat; and Chl. Centre. bureau of Jewish communist. sections. From the autumn of 1918 to illegal. work in Lithuania, one of the founders and secretaries. Workers' Deputies Council. and Jewish communist. cells in Vilna, founder and ed. Jewish gas. "Communist". In 1919, after joining Vilna, the Polish. legionnaires, led the defense of the building of the Vilna Council. Not wishing to surrender, Sh. And eight of his comrades committed suicide. Sh. - Ch. hero pov. "Yulis" and the play "Four days" by M. Daniel.
SHIMES Pavel Moiseevich (b. 1930, Moscow), sculptor. In 1954 he graduated from MVHPU. Monum.-decor. work Sh., as well as the machine. small sculptures are organically connected with architecture. Naib. Izv. artworks: seven decor. masks for decorating the hotel "Russia" in Moscow (1969, forged aluminum), clock for ch. facade Center. t-ra dolls them. S.V. Obraztsova (with D.M. Shakhovsky, 1970, Moscow, copper, steel, fiberglass, gilding), "Masquerade", "Musician" (both - 1973, forged copper, wood), "Trojan horse "," Grape Festival "(both - 1976, forged copper, wood)," A.S. Pushkin "(1979, gypsum). The author of the memory. pilots of the Tu-114 aircraft at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow (1970, bronze), decoration of the entrance to the Aist hotel in Tiraspol (1979, wood, tempera painting). In some productions. Sh. showed interest in the mechanics of the movement of objects (weathercocks "Sun", "Bird", "Fish", 1994, metal, painting). Among the works are animalistic. sculpture: "Owl", "Rooster" (metal, painting), etc. Since 1954, a participant in pl. collective exhibitions in the USSR and other countries.
SHIMON Hakham (1843, Bukhara - 1910, Jerusalem), rabbi, teacher, writer, translator. One of the founders of the Bukharian-Jewish literature. From 1890 - in E.-I. One of the founders of the Bukhara quarter in Jerusalem. He opened a school for the children of Bukharian Jews in this quarter and organized the publication of books in the Bukharian-Jewish language, including his own. op. and per. Translated into the Bukharian-Jewish language. The Pentateuch and a number of books. TANAKH. He also translated rum. A. Mapu "Agavat Zion" (Jerusalem, 1908).
SHINDER Aron Evseevich (1911, Uman, Kiev province - 1984, Kharkov), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In 1931–33 and from 1942 - in the Red Army. Pom. com. engineer platoon sergeant Sh. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism displayed in the battles during the liberation of Poland.
SHIPKIN Israel (1891, Vilna - 1955), teacher, public figure. Since 1892 - in the USA. In 1913-16, the director. Jewish will prepare. schools for girls; took part in the organization of the Jewish Theological Seminary, where he later taught and worked as an archivist. In 1924–44 he headed the New York Association of Jewish Education, in 1944–49 - Amer. Association for Jewish Education. In 1949–55, vice-president. dep. research and experiments of the New York Committee on Jewish education. Organizer Nat. the committee of Jewish education and the organization Beit-Ga-eled, which influenced the development of Jewish preschool education in the United States. Ed. zhurn. "Jewish education". He is the author of a number of monographs, including "A Handbook for Jewish Youth" (1922), "Twenty-five Years of Jewish Education in the United States" (1947), "Jewish Education in America in the Middle of the Century" (1951).
SHIRMAN, brothers, genus. in Odessa: Alexander Semenovich (1908 - 1981), Mikhail Semenovich (1911 - 1978) and Roman Semenovich (b. 1911), circus artists. Alexander and Mikhail graduated from the Circus College. arts in Moscow (1932), began to work as jugglers. From the age of 8, the novel was an extra in the theater, acted in films, worked in the circus as a uniformist, a comedian on a trampoline. In 1938 the brothers sovm. with the wives of Alexander and Roman formed muses. gr. "5 - Shirman - 5". In 1944–74, the brothers performed as carpet, as part of the clown trio Sh. The permanent stage mask of each of the three gave recognition and popularity. After the death of the brothers, Roman Sh. Acted as dir. and an actor in pantomimes.
SHIRMAN Elena Mikhailovna (ps. Irina Gorina, Anna Krasnoshchekova) (1908, Rostov-on-Don Oblast of the Don Army - 1942, Repair Rostov Oblast), poet, journalist. She studied at the library technical school. She graduated from lit. Faculty of Rostov ped. Institute (1933), Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1941) (seminar of I.L. Selvinsky). Publ. since 1924 in Rostov periodicals. ed., mosk. zhurn. "October", "Change" and others. lit. gr. at gas. "Lenin's grandchildren" in Rostov. From 1941 ed. Rostov gas. "Direct fire", where she published many. from their verse. In 1942, Sat. verse. Sh. "To a soldier of the N unit". Once captured, she was shot.
SHIRMAN Chaim (Efim) (1904, Kiev - 1981, Jerusalem), philologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1930), prof. (1952). Since 1921 - in Germany. In 1921–24 he studied at Berlin University, in 1924–29 - at the Institute of Judaica and at the Academy of Music in the same place. In 1930–34 members. Research Committee for the Study of Hebrew Poetry in Berlin. From 1934 - in E.-I., from 1942 he taught Jewish literature at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, from 1960 he headed the Institute of Judaica in the same place. In 1955–69 ed. quarterly. "Tarbits", dedicated. problems of Judaica. Member Hebrew language academy. Comp. poetic. collection of articles “Fav. Jewish poetry in Italy ”(1934),“ Poets of the times of Ibn Ezra and Yehuda Halevi ”(1936–45),“ Izbr. poems by Yehuda Halevi ”(1950),“ Poetry in Hebrew in Spain and Provence ”(vols. 1-2, 1954-56; 2nd ed. - v. 1-4, 1961). State Israel Ave (1957).
SHIRMAN Yakov Davidovich (b. 1919, Moscow), specialist in the field of theory and technology of radio-electronic systems. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1960), prof. (1961). Engineer-regiment. (1959). In 1941–48 in Leningrad. military-air academy, in 1943 at the front, from 1944 adjunct and prep. Since 1948 - in the Military. radiotenkh. Academy Arms. Sil (since 1968 Military-Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense named after L.A. Govorov, later Kharkov Military University), in 1959-80 head. department. Region scientific. interests - theory and creation of tech. means of radio-electronic systems, research. signal resolution processes, development of compression techniques for broadband radio pulses and correlations. auto-compensation of interference. In the 1960s. conducted the first research in the USSR. on ultra-wideband location with pulse compression, contributed to the development of the theory of pattern recognition. Author of a number of monographs, uch. manuals, scientific. Art., more than 60 inventions. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR (1967). State pr. USSR (1979, 1988). Works: Theoretical foundations of radar. M., 1970; Resolution and compression of signals. M., 1974; Theory and technique of processing radar information against the background of interference. M., 1981 (co-authored with V.N. Manzhos).
SHIRVINDT Alexander Anatolyevich (b. 1934, Moscow), actor, director. Prof. (1994). In 1956 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1956–68 - in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol. Among the roles: Leshchev ("Comrades-romantics" by M.A. Sobol, 1958), Joe Dunker ("Goodbye, boys!" By B.I.Balter, 1964), Nechaev ("Making a movie" , 1965), Gudarian ("To each his own" by S. I. Aleshin), Trigorin ("The Seagull" by A. P. Chekhov; both - 1966), etc. In 1968–69 - in Dram. t-re on Malaya Bronnaya, played Krestovnikov ("Happy days of an unhappy man" by A.N. Arbuzov). Since 1970 - in Moscow. t-re satire. Roles: Minister of the Court ("An Ordinary Miracle" by E. L. Schwartz, 1971), Dobchinsky ("The Inspector General" by N. V. Gogol, 1972), Count Almaviva ("The Marriage of Figaro" by P.-O. Beaumarche, 1974), Akhmat ("The Eccentric" by N. Khikmet, 1980), Mikhalev ("The battlefield after the victory belongs to the marauders" Radzinsky, 1995), Neschastlivtsev ("Schastlivtsev - Neschastlivtsev" by GI Gorin, 1997), etc. In 1993 he played in T- re by Anton Chekhov Stotti ("Honoring" by B. Spade). Since the 1970s. started directing. Staged: "Wake up and Sing" by A. Dyarfash (with M.A. Zakharov, 1970), "Little Comedies of the Big House" by A.M. Arkanov and G.I. Gorin (with A.A. Mironov, 1973), "Minor" by DI Fonvizin (1978), "Be quiet, sadness, be silent" (also the author of the text and performer of the role of the Lecturer, 1987), "The Passion of the Black Sea Region" after FA Iskander (1988). Copyright, dir. and acting on stage, radio and television. Filmed in the movie: "Enjoy Your Bath, or the Irony of Fate", "Station for Two", "Mister X", "Womanizer", "Once in Odessa" and others, in the TV set "Three in one boat, not counting the dog. " Since 1958, St. acting at the Uch-shch im. B.V.Shchukin. Nar. art. RSFSR (1989). Since 2000 - thin. head of the Theater of Satire.Syn Sh. - Mikhail (born 1958, Moscow), actor, producer. Graduated from the Theater in 1980. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. Played in t-re under the hands. A.I. Raikin. Producer several. f. One of the creators of the TV program "Lotto Million", the host of the TV show "Me and My Dog".
SHIRVINDT Boris Gustavovich (present father Gdalevich) (1896, Odessa - 1966, Moscow), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1950), prof. (1954). Brother of E.G. Shirvindt. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1920). In 1920–24, the resident, children. clinics of the 2nd Moscow State University; in 1924–32 resident, head. infectious branch of the 1st Moscow. children hospitals; in 1932-66 Art. scientific. sotr., head. infectious department (since 1954) Ying-that pediatrics and pediatric surgery of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question clinic, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of scarlet fever, diphtheria, hepatitis, acute gastrointestinal diseases in children, cardiovascular disorders with scarlet fever. He proved the reversibility of heart lesions in scarlet fever. Vol .: On toxic diphtheria. M., 1932; Clinical picture and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders in scarlet fever. M., 1950; Scarlet fever in children. M., 1960 (et al.); Botkin's disease in children. M., 1965 (et al.).
SHIRVINDT Evsey Gustavovich (present father Gdalevich) (1891, Kiev - 1958, Moscow), lawyer, statesman. Brother of B.G. Shirvindt. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa, studied at honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1917-18, members. Party of the Left Social Revolutionaries, since 1919 member. RCP (b). In 1917 he worked in law. dep. Petrogr. Council and Centroflot, Oct. – Nov. was for special assignments at Petrograd. VRK and top. commander-in-chief. N.V. Krylenko, then - head. by the secretariat Establish. meeting, secretary. People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR and a member. collegium of prosecutors at the top. tribunal. In 1918–21 members. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the Ukrainian SSR and VUCHK, member. Small Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1922–32 the beginning. Ch. administration of places of detention and member. Collegiums of the NKVD of the USSR, early. troops of the convoy guard of the USSR. At the same time. in 1922–31 he headed the State. Institute for the Study of Crime, since 1921 prof. Department of Criminal Law of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1932–33 a member. Collegium of the People's Commissariat of the USSR, in 1933-38 Art. pom. Gene. Prosecutor of the USSR. In 1938 he was arrested, until 1955 in imprisonment and exile. Since 1955 Art. scientific. sotr. special bureau of the GULAG of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Author of works on issues. will fix-work. legislation, ed. collection of books "Fundamentals and tasks of Sov. criminal policy "(1929)," Class struggle and crime "(1930). Cit .: Our correctional labor legislation. M., 1925; What a prisoner needs to know. M., 1927; Current issues of administrative construction. M., 1930.
SHIRVINDT Maxim Lazarevich (1893, Lida, Vilenskaya province - 1936, Leningrad), historian of philosophy. After graduating from legal. Faculty of Kharkov University, served in Rus.-Asian. bank in Petrograd. Member RSDLP since 1917.Since 1918 - in the Kr. Army. In 1921–24 he studied philosophy. department of the Institute of red professors. In 1925-30 the head. department of history. materialism in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those, in 1930–33 head. Department of Dialectic. materialism in the Plan. in-those, in 1934–35 head. Department of the History of Philosophy at LIFLI. At the same time in 1934–35, deputy. dir. Ying language. and thinking them. N.Ya.Marra. The author of the "Short textbook ist. materialism ”(co-authored with BA Fingert), which passed the 6th edition in 1928–30, and a number of Art. in the journal. "Problems of Marxism". In 1928 he was expelled from the CPSU (b) for “disagreeing with the decisions of the 15th Party Congress”, reinstated in 1930. In 1935 he was expelled from the party for the second time “for active participation in the buffer group. Shklovsky in 1927 " and without trial he was sent to Turukhansk. Repressed.
ISAI SHKAROVSKY (1891, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1945, Kiev), writer. He wrote in Russian. and ukr. lang., since 1915 - in Yiddish. He began to publish in 1909. Published in the journal. "Lights" ser. Art. "Sketches on Jewish literature". In 1918–20 - in Odessa. He devoted rum to this time. "Dawn" (1928), "Meran" (1934), "Odessa" (1938). Author pl. Art. about Jewish writers in periodicals. print in Yiddish.
SHKAROVSKY Nisson Adolfovich (1904, Odessa - 1964, Moscow), conductor, teacher. Graduated from the Odessa cons. by class violins. Worked as an orc soloist. and conductor (made his debut in Odessa in 1925 in the opera Faust by S. Gounod) at the opera houses of Nizhny Novgorod, Tiflis, Saratov, Samara, and others. conductor and artist hands. a number of t-moats. In 1949–64, Ch. conductor (mostly operatic) of the Saratov Theater, op. and ball .; among the posts: "Bogdan Khmelnitsky" by K. F. Dankevich (1954), "Tanya" by G. G. Kreitner, "The Golden Cockerel" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (both - 1956), "Three Fat Men" by V. I. Rubin (1957). Conducted by op. performances in Kuibyshev: "Snow Maiden" by Rimsky-Korsakov, "Quiet Don" by II Dzerzhinsky (both - 1935), in Alma-Ata (opera and bal. named after Abai): "Othello" by G. Verdi (1938), in Sverdlovsk: "Dubrovsky" by EF Napravnik (1945), "Princess Mary" by VA Dekhterev (1946). From 1949 he taught at the Saratov Cons. Honored. art. KazSSR (1938), People. art. RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1951).
SHKLOVSKY Eduard Isaakovich (b. 1933, Moscow), football referee. Cand. econom. Sciences (1969). In 1962 he graduated from the State. cent. Institute of Physical Education. In 1963–92 he worked at the State. scientific research and design. in-those nitrogen industry and organic products. synthesis (since 1982 - head of the department). Pres. Association of Football Referees of the USSR (1989–91), prev. Association of Football Referees of Russia (1992–95). The judge is all. (1973) and international. (1980) categories. Poch. football referee. Since 1993 cases. UEFA from Russia. Author of textbooks on football refereeing. Works: Economics and organization of repair production in the chemical industry. M., 1975; Football referee. M., 1988.
SHKLOVSKY Iosif Samuilovich (1916, Glukhov, Chernigov Gubernia - 1985, Moscow), astrophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949), prof., Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1938. From 1941 he worked in the State. astronomical. in-those them. P.K. Sternberg (since 1944 head of the department of radio astronomy created by him). Since 1968 simultaneously. head dep. astrophysics Institute of cosmology. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main scientific. tr. by theoretical. astrophysics and radio astronomy. Developed modern. ideas about the high-temperature solar corona and solar radio emission, the theory of cosmic. radio emission, modern. ideas about the evolution of stars and planetary nebulae. Proposed a theory of the origin of cosmic. rays, as well as a number of astrophysics. experiments in near space. Author of over 200 scientific. tr., st., scientific-popul. book., artist. manuf. Member a number of int. and foreign academies and scientific. ob-in, including Intern. Academy of Astronautics (1964), London Royal Aster. about-va (1964), Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston (1968), Amer. asters about-va, Royal aster. about-va of Canada (both - 1972), Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1973). Bryusov medal Tychook. asters about-va (1972). Linen. pr. (1960) Cit .: Solnechnaya korona. M. - L., 1951; Cosmic radio emission. M., 1956; Universe. A life. Mind. M., 1962 (6th ed. - 1987); Stars. Their birth, life and death. M., 1975; Problems of modern astrophysics. M., 1982; Echelon. Non-fictional stories. M., 1991.
SHKLOVSKY Viktor Borisovich (1893, Petersburg - 1984, Moscow), writer, literary critic. Studied for philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that. In 1914-17 - in the army, Art. non-commissioned officer. George Knight. In 1917 pom. Commissioner Time. pr-va on the South-West. fr. and in Persia. In 1918-19 he was associated with the Right Social Revolutionaries, was a member of the Military. Commission under the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, participated in the anti-Bolshevik. conspiracy in Petrograd (1918). In 1920 - in Kr. Army. In 1922, fearing arrest for his past activities, he fled to Finland, then to Germany. In 1924 he returned to the USSR. One of the founders and head of the theorists of the "formal school" in literary knowledge, one of the organizers of OPOYAZ. He began publishing in 1908. In 1914 Sh .'s brochure "Resurrection of the Word" was published; OPOYAZ - Art. "On poetry and abstruse language", "Art as a device" and others. In the 1920s and 30s. actively worked as a critic, wrote about literature, painting, t-re, published several. collection of articles: "The Knight's Move" (1923), "On the Theory of Prose" (1925), "Luck and Defeat of M. Gorky" (1926), "The Search for Optimism" (1931), etc. In 1930 he published in " Lit. gas." Art. "Monument to a Scientific Error" condemning the formal method. From ser. 1920s a lot of. worked in cinema as a screenwriter and theorist. The author of the scripts "The Captain's Daughter" (1929), "Minin and Pozharsky" (1940), "Navoi" (1947, jointly with AV Speshnev) and others. Sh. Worked in plural. lit. genres. Author of literary works "Notes on Pushkin's Prose" (1937), "For and Against. Notes on Dostoevsky "(1957); ist.-artist pov. "Matvey Komarov, a resident of the city of Moscow" (1929), "Marco Polo" (1936); artist biographies "The Life of the Artist Fedotov" (1936), "About Mayakovsky" (1940), "Leo Tolstoy" (1963), "Eisenstein" (1973); memoir-artist. book Sentimental Journey, Zoo. Letters not about love, or the Third Eloise "(both - 1923)," Once upon a time "(1962), etc. State. pr. USSR (1979).
G. SHKLYAR (? -?), Linguist. He worked in the Jewish branch of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Published scientific. Art. in the journal. and collection of books, participated in discussions about the language. Yiddish. Author of works: "Yiddish dialectology" (collection of "Tsum 15-tn Yortog Oktyaber revolution". Minsk, 1932), "Kegn natsdemism in der sovietisher Yiddischer shprah-boyung" ("Against nazdemism in Soviet language construction." Junger arbetor . Minsk, 1934) and others. with S. Rohkind “Yiddish-Rusisher Verterbukh” (“Jewish-Russian Dictionary”. Minsk, 1940).
Isaak Nokhimovich SHKLYAROV (1918, Voronezh - 2998, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electrothermal equipment. Cand. tech. Sciences (1968), Associate Professor (1973). In 1941 he graduated from Moscow. STANKIN. In 1941 and 1947–92 at Moscow. automobile plant "ZiS" (since 1956 - "ZiL"), in 1960-91 deputy. ch. constructor. In 1941–46 at the Ural automobile plant "Ural-ZiS". Simultaneously, in 1968–84 he taught. in the Evening Metallurgich. in-those. Supervised the creation of electrotherm. equipment for high-frequency induction heat treatment, process heating, quality control of metal products. Author of 33 scientific. print works and 62 inventions. Linen. etc. (1966).
SHKLYARSKY David Oskarovich (1918, Kharkov - 1942), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1941). At the same time. in 1937–41 he supervised school mathematics. circle at Moscow State University. 1941–42 - at the front. Main the results are related to mat. analysis and topology. The problems considered at the meetings of the circle were later published in expanded form by Sh .'s friends (DO Shklyarsky, NN Chentsov, IM Yaglom. "Selected problems and theorems of elementary mathematics." 5th ed. M., 1976) and played an outstanding role in the development of mat. education in the USSR. Vol .: Conditionally converging series of vectors (journal "Uspekhi Matem. Nauk", 1944, issue 10, pp. 51-59); On the partitions of a two-dimensional sphere (J. "Mat. Sb.", 1945, v. 1, pp. 125–128).
SCHOOL BOY Joseph Solomonovich (1883, Balta, Podolsk province - 1926, Leningrad), painter, theater designer. Prof. (1919). Graduated from Odessa Art. uch-shche (1905), continued his education at the Higher. uch-shche at Petersburg. OH. Since 1908, members gr. "Triangle" by N. I. Kulbin. In 1910 sec. about-va of avant-gardists "Union of Youth", ed. and the author of a number of its publishers, a participant in all exhibitions, member. "Union" (1910-14) and other Moscow. and petersburg. exhibitions (represented mainly still lifes). One of the most famous. works of Sh. - registration (jointly with PN Filonov and OV Rozanova) post. the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" in "The world's first three futurists" (1913, St. Petersburg). In 1917 he took part in the creation of the Union of Artists in Petrograd. In 1918–20 he headed the Collegium of Fig. lawsuit in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, since 1920 dir. Institute decor. lawsuit. He taught at Petrograd. State free artists workshops. Prod. Sh. Are kept in the State Russian Museum and the State Tretyakov Gallery.
SCHOOLBOY Leonid Borisovich (b. 1945, Kemerovo), journalist. Since 1951 - in [[Jewish Autonomous Region | Jewish Autonomous Region (Birobidzhan). In 1975 he graduated from the Khabarovsk Pedagogical University. in-t. In 1971–74 he worked in gas. "Birobidzhan Star", in 1974–89 - in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern" - Head dep. culture, otv. secretary, deputy. ch. ed., ch. ed. 1989–91 People's Dep., 1991 Dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since 1991 - in Israel. Since 1992 - in gas. "News of the week", ed. lit. applications. Vol .: From the first person. Khabarovsk, 1984; Lechaim. Samara, 1992.
SCHOOLBOY Manya (Maria Markovna) (1882, Borovoy Mlyn Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1955, Moscow), a member of the revolutionary movement. In 1898 in Smorgon she entered the youth organization of the Bund. In 1901 she joined the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1902 she was arrested, convicted in the case of a secret printing house and exiled to the Yenisei province. In 1904 she fled abroad, in 1905 in Switzerland she joined the Combat Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In the spring of 1905 she took part in the preparation of an attempt (unrealized) on the Kiev general-province. 1 jan. 1906 threw a bomb in the Chernigov province, to-rye was wounded. She was sentenced to death, replaced by indefinite hard labor. In 1911 she escaped from the Irkutsk prison. Since 1912 - in the USA. Graduated from un-t. In 1924 she returned to the USSR. Worked as the head. a number of "exemplary" institutions of preschool education in Moscow. From 1935 - to the Center. n.-i. pediatrician institute.
SHKOLNIKOVA Nelly Efimovna (b. 1928, Zolotonosha, Cherkassky okr.), Violinist. In 1955 she graduated from Moscow. cons. Since 1957 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. 1st pr. Mezhdunar. competition them. M. Long-J. Thibault (Paris, 1953). She toured, performed with an orc. under the hands. S. Münsch, A. Kluitens, J. Ormandy, K. Mazur, K. Zanderling, GN Rozhdestvensky and others. In the repertoire of S. all the violinists. manuf. L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms, music by N. Paganini and others. In 1974–79 she taught at the State. music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. In 1980 she left the USSR, lived for some time in Australia, since the 1980s. Rev. in Muses. school at the University of Indiana in the United States. Honored. art. RSFSR (1977).
SKUD Moisey Abramovich (1907, Sekuryany of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1988, Moscow), a specialist in the field of radio communications and television and radio broadcasting. In 1931 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. In 1931–83, engineer. positions in decomp. institutions 1941–42 - in the army. Supervised the construction (1930s: Odessa, Chernigov, Kiev, Alma-Ata, Lutsk) and the restoration of radio stations destroyed during the 1941–45 war (near Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Lvov, Chisinau, Odessa, etc.) ... Supervised the design of a series of powerful radio stations for the western regions. USSR (1940–41); television centers for Moscow and the capitals of the republics of the USSR (from the 2nd half of the 1950s); multi-program broadcasting and television stations, multichannel radio relay lines of great length, space communication stations, the Ostankino television and radio complex (1960s); radio objects "Olympiada-80" (late 1970s); VHF communication systems with mobile objects (early 1980s). Author of scientific. print works and inventions. Linen. etc. (1970). State pr. USSR (1983).
SHKUNDIN Boris Markovich (1908, Tomsk - 1999, Moscow), specialist in the field of hydromechanization. In 1932 he graduated from Moscow. architect-build in-t. In 1932–35 he worked in the Soyuzmekhanizatsiya trust - engineer-designer, then Ch. Ing. In 1935–53 he took part in work on hydromechanization of the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, at the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex of the Volga-Don Canal, in the construction of the Volzhskie HPP named after V.I. V. I. Lenin and them. XXII Congress of the CPSU. In 1944–55 ch. Ing. Hydromechanization Department of Glavgidrostroy, then the design office of the Soyuzstroymekhanizatsiya trust. In 1955–97 at the All-Union Union. design and seek. and n.-i. in-those them. S.Ya. Zhuk (Hydroproject), since 1969, ch. special, early dep. new builds. machines. Main scientific. tr. in the region. hydromechanization of earthworks. Initiator and hand. creation of the first in the USSR electric earth-cutter shells (1937–38). He headed the building of the first cr. the alluvial dam of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex (with a volume of about 30 million cubic meters). Under the arm. Sh. Are designed and implemented in the production of power. dredging shells, developed and introduced multi-bucket dredging shells for the extraction of sand and gravel materials, etc. Author of the first monograph in the USSR. on the technology of hydromechanization of earthworks (1957), more than 50 inventions. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1979). Became. etc. (1951). Cit .: Pumps in construction. M. - L., 1935; Equipment for hydromechanization of earthworks. M., 1970; Dredgers. 2nd ed. M., 1973; Machines for hydromechanization of earthworks. 2nd ed. M., 1982; Hydromechanization in power engineering p-ve. M., 1986.
SHLAPOBERSKAYA Serafima Evgenievna (1921, Petrograd - 2007), translator. In 1945 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1958–77 ed. publishing house "Art. liter "; ed. a number of books published in the "B-ke of the World Literature". Per. with him. and French. lang. First lane. - the short story "The Muff" by M. von Ebner-Eschenbach - published on Saturday. "Austrian short story of the XIX century" in 1957. Among the lane. Sh .: "News about the further destinies of the dog Berganets", "Fermata", "The Ominous Guest" E.-T.-A. Hoffmann, "Conversations of German Refugees" by I.-W. Goethe, "Gertrude" by G. Hesse, fairy tales by V. Gauf, "The Desert of Love" by F. Moriak, "Three Dumas" by A. Morua (with L. G. Bespalova ), letters by G. Flaubert and others. pl. manuf. Austr. writers, among whom are the stories of F. Kafka, "The Conscience of Literature" by E. Canetti, "Roundabout" by H. von Doderer, "The Mystification of Sophie Sieber" by B. Frishmut, production. F. Herzmanovsky-Orlando, J. Zaiko, I. Bachmann, G. Eisenreich, P. Handke, included in the collection. "Austrian short story of the XX century".
SHLAPOBERSKY Vasily Yakovlevich (1901 - 1966, Moscow), surgeon, traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938), prof. (1952). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1923–27 pom. prosector Mosk. Tuberculosis Institute, in 1927–46 resident, assistant, Assoc. hospital surgeon clinics of the 2nd Moscow State University (2nd MMI). In 1946-52 Art. scientific. sotr. surgeon clinics of Institute of roentgenology and radiology of the USSR Ministry of Health. In 1952-56 the head. Department of Hospital Surgery, Vilnius Med. in-that. In 1956–66 the head. clinic of bone pathology for adults CITO. Studied the pathogenesis of pulmonary actinomycosis, changes in the liver in tuberculosis, the relationship of tuberculosis infection with the reticuloendothelial system. He was the first in the USSR to describe the formation of reservoirs at the top. dep. small intestine. He contributed to the development of antibiotic therapy for surgical diseases. profile, including peritonitis and sepsis, studied the body's reactions to the introduction of antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin), contributed to their introduction into surgery. practice. He developed original methods of tendon-muscular plastics in case of damage to the radial nerve, local anesthesia of the brachial plexus, and proposed intravenous administration of antibiotics for panaritium. Cit .: Lipogranulomatosis. Pathogenesis, pathological anatomy and its clinical significance. M. - L., 1941; Penicillin in surgery. 3rd ed. M., 1951; Acute purulent peritonitis. M., 1958.
SHLAYFSTEIN Moishe (1850 - 1917), badchen. Lived in Warsaw. The author of the book: "Dos Lid" ("Song". Collection of poems, 1882), "Vihne dvshe" (History in verses, 1883), "Der bankrupt" (1884), "Der viberisher Yom-Kiper" ("Female Doomsday ", 1896)," Der shrekleher Feigeles toit "(" The Terrible Death of Feigele ", 1897)," Di nae funerals "(" New Fun ", 1897)," Der shrekleher mord fun kenig un kenign fun Serbia "(" The Terrible Murder of the King and Queen of Serbia, 1904).
SHLENSKY Avraham (1900, Kryukovo, Kremenchug district, Poltava province - 1973, Tel Aviv), poet, translator. In 1917–21 - in Poland. Since 1921 - in E.-I. He began to publish in 1920. Founder and co-editor of lit. avant-garde collection Ktuvim (1928–33). Author of dozens of poetry books. Per. in Hebrew: "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin, "Quiet Don" by M.A.Sholokhov, "Inspector" by N.V. Gogol, "Forest" by A.N. Ostrovsky, "Cement" by F.V. Gladkov, "The French Revolution" by PA Kropotkin, "Hamlet" and "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, "Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht, "Tartuffe" by Moliere and others. Acad. lang. Hebrew. State Israel Ave (1967).
SHLEPYANOV Ilya Yulievich (1900, Chernigov - 1951, Moscow), theater designer, director. Graduated from Kiev Commercial Department. uch-shche (1919), simultaneously. painting school, was engaged in the theater. school. In 1922–25 he studied at Moscow. state higher. dir. workshops. In 1923–26 - in the V.E. Meyerhold Theater, in which he carried out the set design for the post: "D.Ye." M. Podgaetsky based on rum. IG Ehrenburg (1924), "Teacher Bubus" by AM Faiko, "Mandate" by NR Erdman (both - 1925), "Roar, China!" S.M. Tretyakov (1926). Ch. artist Baku slave. t-ra (1926-28), ch. artist Moscow t-ra Revolution (1928-37), in which he designed the performances: "Party card" A. Zavalishin (1930), "Poem about the ax" (1931), "My friend" (1932), "After the ball" N.F. Pogodin (1934). Here he made his debut as director: "Street of Joy" by NA Zarkhi (1930), "Fight in the West" by VV Vishnevsky (1933), "Personal Life" by VA Soloviev (1934). In 1938–44 he worked in a number of t-drov in Moscow, Leningrad, Minsk as director, artist. hands. In 1944-51 ch. dir. Leningrad. academic. t-ra op. and the ball. them. S.M. Kirov. Carried out the post. classic op .: La Traviata by G. Verdi (1944), Eugene Onegin (1945), The Maid of Orleans (1946), Mazepa by PI Tchaikovsky (1950) and op. owls. comp .: "Duenya" by SS Prokofiev, "Family of Taras" by DD Kabalevsky and "Ivan Bolotnikov" by L. Stepanov. From 1947 he led the operatic class. in Leningrad. cons. Honored. art. RSFSR (1933). Became. pr. (1946, 1951).
SHLEIFER Ilya Osipovich (1892, Minsk province - 1937, Moscow), statesman. Graduated from Teach. Institute in Vilna (1915) and Moscow. archeol. Institute (1917). In 1911–20 p. Bund, since 1920 members. RCP (b). In 1917, before. Council of the slave. dep. in Yaroslavl, then head. mountains. labor exchange. From nov. 1917 members collegiums dep. preschool education of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. Participant of Civil. war. In 1921 the deputy. People's Commissar of Food, from Oct. 1921 and. about. prev. STO Kirg. ASSR. From 1922 to the beginning. currency board, then the state. income of the USSR People's Commissariat for Finance. In 1925–30 members. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat for Trade. In 1931 he was a member of the Sov. governments. commissions in Mongolia. After graduating from MPEI (1933), deputy. Managing Director of the Steel Association (Kharkov), Cand. in part. Central Committee of CP (b) U. From 1936 to the beginning. management Glavtransmash People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR. Author of the brochures "Monetary Reform" (1924), "For the profitability of metallurgical plants" (1935), and others. In 1936 he was arrested. Shot.
SCHLESINGER Benjamin (1876 - 1932, Colorado Springs, USA), trade unionist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1891 - in the USA, he worked in a sewing workshop in Chicago. One of the founders of Mezhdunar. the trade union of ladies' tailors (1900, in 1903–04, and from 1914 - president, from 1928 - vice president). From 1904 he was engaged in journalism, ed. gas. Juish Daily Forward (1904-12 and 1923-28) and Ladies Tailor (1914-17). In 1914-17 he was a member. Socialist. party. In 1919–23 members. Of the Executive Committee of the International Federation of tailors. In 1922 he was represented by Amer. Federation of Labor at Congr. Brit. trade unions.
SHLIFER Shloyme Mikhelevich (Solomon Mikhailovich) (1889, Smela, Cherkassky district, Kiev province - 1957, Moscow), rabbi. Jewish religion got education at hand. father Mikhel Sh. (1865-1907), since 1889 the spiritual rabbi of Alexandria, Kherson province. In 1913 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1913–22 the rabbi of Alexandria. In 1922-29 secretaries, in 1929-31 members. Makovsky Rabbinate. In the 1930s. worked as an accountant. Since 1944 - Rabbi of the Moscow Choral Synagogue. Member EAK. On the initiative and under the editorship of Sh. In Moscow, the Jewish religion was published in 1956. calendar and prayer book "Sidur ha-Shalom" (the first religious edition in the USSR for 30 years). In 1957 he founded and headed the Kol Yaakov yeshiva.
SHLIFSTEIN Semyon Isaakovich (Siemel Aizikovich) (1903, Saratov - 1975, Moscow), musicologist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1929 by class. php. from F.M. Blumenfeld. In 1929–31 the head. muses. part of Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1931–32 ed. books. edition of Muzgiz, in 1932–33 ed. conc. edition of Vses. radio committee. In 1933–35 the head. artist dep. Moscow Philharmonic, in 1937–38 head. muses. edition of the gas. "Sov. lawsuit ". In 1940–44, a consultant on issues. music in the K-those under the lawsuits under the USSR Council of People's Commissars. All R. 1930s acted as a muses. critic, ch. arr. on questions muses. performance. Comp. collection of books: “S.S. Prokofiev. Materials. Memories. Documents ”(M., 1956–61),“ N.Ya. Myaskovsky. Articles. Letters. Memories ”(in 2 volumes, Moscow, 1959–64). Ed. and the author entered. Art. and note. to a number of ed. Comp. albums and photographs. reference books. Author of musical-critical Art. in owls. muses. periodicals about Russian., Sov. and nick. performers and composers; book "A.S.Dargomyzhsky" (M. - L., 1951, 3rd ed. - M., 1960), "Mussorgsky" (M., 1975), "Rus. liter in Sov. music. Handbook "(M., 1975, jointly with N.N. Grigorovich)," Izbr. articles "(M., 1977).
SHLONSKI Verdina (b. 1905, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1990, Tel Aviv), composer, pianist. She studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin, then in Paris (in the early 1930s). Op. Sh. "Jewish Poem" (1931) was awarded 1st Ave at the competition of women composers (France). Since 1967 she taught at the Tel Aviv Academy. Among other works: symphony (1935), symph. poem "Jeremiah" (1936), fp. concert (1942), strings. Quartet (1948, B. Bartok Ave.).
SHLOSBERG Joseph (Joseph) (1875, Koydanovo, Minsk District and Gubernia - 1971, New York), trade unionist. From 1888 - in the USA, from 1889 he worked at a sewing factory, at the same time. was engaged in self-education. From the beginning. 1890s participated in prof. the movement of tailors, chl. Socialist. party (later joined Poalei Zion). Ed. published in Yiddish ed. "Dos abend-blat" (1899-1902), "Der Arbeiter" (1904-11, jointly with D. Pinsky) and "Di Yiddish Vohenshrift" (1912), pl. years headed the gas. fortsaters union of men's tailors. In 1905–07 he studied political economy and sociology at the school of social. Sciences at Columbia University. In the 1910s. participated in a number of cr. strikes, in 1913 - in the creation of the United Trade Union of US tailors (in 1914–40 general secretary-treasurer) and the United Brotherhood of tailors (from 1913 secretary). In 1935–67 he was a member of the New York Bureau of Problems of Prof. education as well as in the Amer leadership. union for citizens. freedom (from 1920), Amer. Association of Jewish Education and the Institute of Sciences in Yiddish. Author of the book, including "Slave-owning economy and wages" (1909, in Yiddish), "Workers and their world" (1935, in English).
SHLUGLEYT Moritz Mironovich (1883, Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1939, Moscow), theatrical figure. From 1904 he played on provincial stages. t-ditch, then served in V.P. and E.M. Sukhodolskikh in Moscow. In 1918 he bought it from Moscow. entrepreneur F.A. Korsh, and headed by the so-called. "New Korsh", invited MM Klimov, MM Blumenthal-Tamarina, VO Toporkov, AP Ktorov, EM Shatrova to the troupe, dir. A.P. Petrovsky, V.G. Sakhnovsky, A.A. Sanin, artist. hands. N.M. Radin became t-ra. In 1920 he organized a studio at t-re, selected teachers. In 1925 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In Krasnoyarsk, he created the SibKorsh t-r. In 1931 he returned to Moscow, was invited by VE Meyerhold to his t-r, where he worked in 1932–34 as deputy. dir. In 1934–36, the director. t-ra All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (under the direction of A.D. Dikogo). In 1938 he was arrested again, in 1939 he was released.
SHLYAKHU Samson Gershevich (1915, Kalarash Bessarabian province. - 1993, Chisinau), writer. In the 1930s. in Romania participated in the underground roar. movement. 1941–45 - in the Red Army. He began publishing in 1946. He wrote in Romanian. lang. First Sat stories "Builders" (1950) dedicated. workers' lives. Front. Sh .'s experience was reflected in the novels After the War (1957), Unshot (1968), and The Moon as the Mouth of a Cannon (1970). In rum. "Lower Outskirts" (1963) shows the fate of the underground revolutionaries in the Sov. time. Peru Sh. Also belong to numerous. stories about youth.
SHMAENOK Khan (b. 1913, Ivankov of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province.), Actress, director. In 1927 she graduated from the Jewish school in Malin. In 1929–32 she studied at the theater. studio at GOSET, in which she then worked until its closure. Among the roles of Sh .: Cat ("Shulamith" by Sh.Z. Galkin after A. Goldfaden, 1937), Beilka ("Tevye the Milkman" after Sholem Aleichem, 1938), Noemi ("Uprising in the Ghetto" by PD Markish , 1946) and others. In 1961–72, dir. on Norilsk TV. The author of a number of posts. scripts, insts., one-act plays. Since 1972 - in Moscow. Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" (1982, No. 8) rep. about actors and dir. GOSET, including about S.M. Mikhoels - "Shloyme Mikhoels, as I remember him."
SHMAIN Nekhemya (1906, Kamennaya Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1943), playwright, actor, director. In the 1930s. actor of the Kiev Jewish children. t-ra, dir. Kiev GOSET. A number of plays by Sh. Publ. in the 1930s: Der Dneper Derzeilt (Dnepr Says, 1935), A Gast (The Guest, 1936), Bam Ofenem Forgang (At the Open Curtain, 1939), The Cantonists "(With F.S. Sito, 1940). Scriptwriter (with A.D. Kushnirov) "Di Same Ingste" ("Younger"), publ. in 1937 in the journal. "Outpost" (Birobidzhan), as well as insc. manuf. Mendele Moikher-Sforima "Der call". 1941–43 - at the front. Killed in battle.
SHMARYAN Alexander Solomonovich (1901 - 1961, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. After graduating from Kiev honey. Institute (1927) worked in the Kiev region. psychiatrist. hospital, then Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the highest. nerve. activities of the Communist. academy named after Ya.M. Sverdlov in Moscow. Since 1933, deputy. head psychiatrist. clinic of VIEM; in 1937–50 scientific. hands. Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. Throughout many. years consultant at the Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Chief Psychiatrist of the USSR Ministry of Health. After the combined (so-called Pavlovsky) session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, in which the work of Sh. Were called idealistic, and the closure of the clinic led by him (1950) worked (since 1951) as a consultant in a psychiatrist. hospital number 1 named. P.M. Kashchenko. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. clinic and psychopathology of craniocerebral trauma and brain tumors, apathetic syndromes, localization of the psyche. violations. Member boards of Vses. and Vseros. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Cit .: Psychopathological syndromes with damage to the temporal lobes of the brain. M., 1940; Brain pathology and psychiatry. T. 1.M., 1949; Subdural hematomas. M., 1961 (et al.).
SHMERUK Hona (1921, Warsaw - 1997, ibid.), Literary historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1961), prof. (1971), acad. AN Israel. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Warsaw University. In 1939–46 - in the USSR, in 1946–49 - in Germany, in a refugee camp. Since 1949 - in Israel. He graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Since 1971 head. Chair of Yiddish of the Jewish University. Founder of the Center for Documentation of Eastern European Jewry at the Jewish University, its first director. Author of works on the history of literature in Yiddish, including in the USSR. Acad. Academy of Sciences of Poland. State Israel Ave (1996).
SHMIDT (nee Yanitskaya) Vera Fedorovna (1889, Kiev - 1937, Moscow), teacher, psychoanalyst. In 1912 she graduated from the Higher. Bestuzhev courses. In 1912–15, she studied pedagogy and conducted practical training. classes with children at the Higher. Frebel courses in Kiev. In 1919 she took part in the work of the 1st All-Russia. congress on the boards. education. In 1921 - 25 holes. hands. Children. home laboratories at the State. psychoanalytic. in-those, researched the features of psychoanalytic. approach to the preschooler, in 1925 led a seminar on pedagogy. Mn. S.'s observations were used by KI Chukovsky in the book. "From two to five." The author of works on children. psychoanalysis. Since 1923, member. Rus. psychoanalytic. about-va, took an active part in the work of his ped. section. In 1923, during a business trip to Germany and Austria (jointly with her husband O.Yu. Schmidt) she informed Zarub. colleagues about the activities of Russian psychoanalysts. Sh .'s messages attracted the attention of Z. Freud, since the problematics were children. age before that time did not receive wide coverage in psychoanalysis. The result of this trip was the international. recognition grew. psychoanalytic. movement: in 1923 Rus. psychoanalytic. Society accepted into the International. psychoanalytic. associations. In 1925-29 Sh. Worked at the Institute of Higher Education. nervous activity of the Communist Academy. In 1927-30 academic. secretary Rus. psychoanalytic. about-va. Since 1930 scientific. employee Experimental and defectological in-ta. Cit .: Psychoanalytic education in the Sov. Russia. M., 1924.
SHMIDT Dmitry Arkadievich (real name and surname David Aronovich Gutman) (1891, Priluki Poltava province - 1937, Moscow), military leader. Divisional Commander. Member of the 1st world. war, ensign, Georgievsky cavalier. Member RSDLP since 1915. In 1918 the commandant Priluk. He was shot by the Petliurites and survived. Com. regiment, brigades, div. Awarded 2 orders. Cr. Banner. At the end of the special gr. Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze - early. kav. schools in Elizavetgrad and Vladikavkaz. He graduated from advanced training courses. early composition at the Military. armored vehicle. academies (1935); commander-commissar div., heavy. tank. brigades. Arrested in 1936. Shot.
SHMIDT Isai Pavlovich (1896, Odessa - 1975, Moscow), historian. Prof. (1934). In 1915 for the rev. activity sentenced to 13 years in hard labor and imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1917–19 he studied at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1919–26 - in Kr. Army: military commissar of the regiment, early. div., military commissar. uch. establishments Air. forces of the Red Army. In 1926-28, the director. Moscow lips. party schools; in 1929–30 he taught at the Communist Academy. education. In 1931–33 the head. Department of History of the Institute of Oriental Studies. After graduating from Ying-that cr. professors (1933) - rector of Odessa University and at the same time. dir. courses of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U (1933–37). In 1938–49 he taught at the Yaroslavl ped. in-those, Vyssh. school prof. movement of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1951–52 prof. Samarkand University, in 1952–55 prof., Head. Department of un-that in Kemerovo. In 1956–64 prof. MGPI them. VI Lenin, in 1965–74 prof. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ped. in-that.
SCHNEIDER Alexander (Abraham) (1908, Vilna - 1993), violinist, conductor. In 1918-24 he studied at the cons. in Vilna, from 1924 - in the cons. Frankfurt am Main, in Berlin. He worked as a concertmaster, assistant conductor in symphony. orc. Frankfurt am Main, then to the State. opera and symph. orc. Saarbrücken. In 1932–39 he played with the Budapest Strings. quartet (2nd violin), toured with him in Europe, USA, Australia. Since 1939 - in the USA. He played with the Albeneri Trio and the New York Quartet. In 1952 he founded his own. collective, with which all of Haydn's quartets performed. In 1945 he was awarded the Elizabeth Coolidge Medal for Distinguished Service in the region. chamber music. Joint. with P. Casals organized summer muses. festivals in the Prado (France, 1950) and spring muses. festivals in Puerto Rico. In 1955–64 he was again a member of the Budapest Quartet. In 1960–61 he was one of the organizers of the music. festival in Israel. Conducted the leading symphons. orc. world: Israeli, Los Angeles, orc. Franz. nat. radio and television, orc. Casals in Puerto Rico. Creator (1972) and hands. chamber ans. "Brandenburg Performers". Was engaged in ped. activities, supervised seminars for young string performers. instruments.
SCHNEIDERMAN Rose (Rose) (1884, Savin Kholmskiy district. Lublin province - 1972, New York), public and trade union activist. From 1890 - in the USA, from the age of 13 she worked as a seamstress. In 1899 she created in New York a branch of the United Hatter Trade Union, in 1904 she was the first woman to be elected to its leadership. In 1905 she joined the League of Wives. trade unions, elected vice-chairman. New York branch. Later she participated in the creation of Intern. the trade union of ladies' tailors (in 1918-19 and in 1926-37 pres., in 1919-26 vice-pres.). Affairs. Int. Congr. working women (Copenhagen, 1920). Supported the "New Deal" prez. F.D. Roosevelt, worked in the Nat. administration for the restoration of the industry, in 1933–44 sec. New York Department of Labor. She participated in the suffrage and feminist movements, advocated for the granting of women equal rights with men, in 1916–17 she headed the prom. section Women. suffragist slave. parties in New York, later - wives. section Amer. slave. party. Poch. Vice President Int. of the hatters union. The author of the memoir and journalistic. book All for One (1967).
SCHNEER-ZALMAN iz Lyad (Alter Rebbe, Old Rebbe) (1747, Lyozna, Rzeczpospolita - 1812, Peny Slobodsko-Ukrainian province), rabbi. Clan in the family of a rabbi. Pupil of Doiv-Bera from Mejeric. The founder of the Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty. In 1777–82 - in Mogilev, in 1782–1801 - in Liozn, from 1801 - in Lyady. Distributed ideas of Hasidism in Belarus. According to denunciations by opponents of Hasidism, he was arrested in 1798 and 1800–01. Liberation Day Sh.-Z. (19th day of the month Kislev) is celebrated by the Lubavitch Hasidim as a holiday. During the Patriotic War of 1812 he called on the Jews of Russia to assist the government in the fight against Napoleon. He died during the retreat of the Russian. army. He was buried in Gadyadich, Poltava province. The author of the book. "Tania" (Slavuta, 1796), which became the basis of the philosophical teachings of Chabad, the author of philos. comment. to the Pentateuch "Torah Or" ("The Light of the Torah". Zhitomir, 1862), "Likutei Torah" (Zhitomir, 1848). Author of a prayer book and a collection of Jewish religions. legislation "Shulkhan-Aruch ha-rav".
SHNEER Alexander Yakovlevich (1893, Druya ​​Vilenskaya province - 1994, Moscow), theater expert, circus historian. In 1913 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Bernese University. From 1918 he appeared in print (ps. S. Aronov, Corbon). Comp. first owl. "ABCs", in a cut is given that has become widely known. the phrase "We are not slaves, slaves are not we." In 1919–23 the theater. instructor in the political enlightenment of the political departments of the Turkestan French, Zavolzhsky and Volga VOs. In 1924–37 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Rabis trade union, worked in Glaviskusstvo, K-those on lawsuits. Head lit. partly in the Bolshoi Theater and the Romen Theater in Moscow, in the cities of Samara (Kuibyshev), Kostroma, Kazan, Sverdlovsk. Initiator of the creation of the Theatrical Encyclopedia (vols. 1–4, 1964–67), comp. her vocabulary, one of the authors and consultants. Since the 1930s. collected materials on the circus and stage (about 80 thousand cards), on the basis of which he prepared (with R.E. Slavsky) ed. encyclopedia "Circus" (Moscow, 1973; 2nd ed. - 1979).
SHNEEROV Yakov Aronovich (b. 1909), metallurgist. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. In 1931 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. He worked at the Putilovsky plant in Leningrad, in 1933–38 - at the Mariupol metallurgist. z-de them. Ilyich, early. open-hearth shop. He theoretically substantiated a number of methods for the intensification of melting, which were practically carried out by the steel maker M.N. Mazai. In 1938–42 hands. steel-making gr. Ch. management of metallurgy. prom-sti, ch. steelmaker of the Narkomchermet. In 1942-50 the deputy. ch. Ing. Magnitogorsk metallurgy combine. Since 1950, led by scientific and research institute work in Ukr. Research Institute of Metals, since 1967 - in the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Under the arm. Sh. Completed a set of works on the transfer of open-hearth furnaces to double cage, developed technologies for the production of shell and armor steel in large-capacity open-hearth furnaces, a rational technology for obtaining semi-calm steel of new grades. Author of over 300 scientific. works, including monograph. on open-hearth furnaces, open-hearth smelting technology, redistribution of phosphorous cast iron, production of semi-calm steel. Author of over 50 inventions. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. Became. etc. (1947). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1972).
SHNEERSON Eduard Mendelevich (b. 1941, Chardzhou, Turkmen SSR), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1985), prof. (1988). Graduated from Ivanovskiy power engineer. Institute (1963). In 1963–66 he was an engineer-researcher; lab. power lines at VNIIrsshodometriya. Since 1986 head. department of electric. apparatus of Chuvash University in Cheboksary. Region scientific. research - protection of power lines. Under the arm. Sh. Developed a number of relay protection and power automation devices. systems and residual current devices. The author of the account. manuals for universities and a number of inventions. Honored. Inventor of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1979). Vol .: Dynamics of Complex Measurements. bodies of relay protection. M., 1981; Distance protection. M., 1986; Linear converters of analog signals into electrical automatic devices. Cheboksary, 1990.
SHNEERSON Grigory Mikhailovich (1901, Yeniseisk - 1982, Moscow), musicologist. Studied playing php. to Petrogr. cons. from NN Poznyakovskaya (1915–18), took lessons in playing on php. from NK Metner (1919) and KN Igumnov (1921–23). At the same time. - accompanist in decomp. theater. collectives of Moscow. Since 1932 Responsible. sec. muses. section Int. unification roar. t-ditch. He gave concerts as a pianist. Since 1936 sec. Foreign Union bureau comp. USSR, in 1942–48 head. muses. dep. VOKS, in 1948–61 head. hack dep. zhurn. "Sov. music". In 1965, the scientific secretary. muses. section of the USSD. From 1968 to. Sov. to-that Intern. abstract catalog musicologist. works. Has appeared in print since 1933. Ed. sheet music books and claviers, bibl. reference books. Author pl. book, ch. arr. about the problems of notches. and owls. music, zhurn. and gas. Art., including about B. Bartok, M. de Falla, L. Stokovsky, about him. musicologists, etc. Ed.-comp. Sat. to the 70th anniversary of D.D. Shostakovich. Laureate Franz. academy of fine arts, ch. Academy of Arts in the GDR (1968), hon. read. Academy of Sciences, Literature and Arts (1977). Honored. activist of art in the RSFSR (1979). Works: Contemporary American Music. M., 1945; Musical culture of China. M., 1952; Music of France. M., 1958; Ernst Bush. M., 1962; Articles about contemporary foreign music. Essays. Memories. M., 1974; Khachaturyan A.I. Pages of life and creativity. M., 1982.
SHNEERSON Itskhok (1881, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1969, Paris), public figure. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From 1906, the state rabbi in Gorodnya, Chernigov province, from 1908 - in Chernigov, became famous thanks to wide philanthropists. activities. After 1917 - in France, where he took up business. In 1940–44 he was a member of the Resistance movement. Initiated the creation of the Memorial to the Unknown Jewish Martyr (1956, Paris). The author of the book. “The life and struggle of Jews in tsarist Russia. 1905-1917 "(Paris, 1968, in Yiddish).
SHNEERSON Lev Mikhailovich (b. 1910, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg province), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1964), prof. (1965). Graduated from LIFLI (1934). Since 1937 head. Department of Modern History of BelSU (Minsk), since 1938 vice-rector in the same place. In 1941–43 deputy. dir. Nizhniy Tagil ped. in-that. In 1943–89 the head. Department of Modern and Contemporary History of BelSU. Author of scientific. works on the history of Germany and international. relations 2nd floor. 19th century Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1980). Since 1994 - in the USA. Vol .: On the eve of the Franco-Prussian war. Minsk, 1969; Franco-Prussian War and Russia. From the history of Russian-Prussian relations in 1867-1871. Minsk, 1976; At the crossroads of European politics. Austro-Russian-German relations (1871-1875). Minsk, 1984.
SHNEERSON Menachem-Mendel (1902, Nikolaev, Kherson province. - 1994, New York), rabbi. Son-in-law of J.-I. Schneerson. Rod. in the family of Sh. Levi-Itskhok (1878, Podbryanka of Umansky u. Kiev province - 1944, Alma-Ata), in 1907–39 rabbi Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk). Jewish religion received education from his father. In 1927, together with his father-in-law, he left the USSR. Lived in Germany, France. He studied at high fur boots in Berlin and Paris. Since 1941 - in the USA. In 1950 he headed the Lubavitch movement. Distributed educational activities of representatives of the movement around the world. The initiator of the creation of pl. yeshivas, relig. schools, mikvah and other Jewish religions. in-tov in dozens of countries of the world. He actively advocated the integrity and indivisibility of E.-I. The author of several. thousands of works on the issues of the Jewish religion. philosophy, legislation, commentaries on the Pentateuch and Talmud.
SHNEERSON Shmuel (1891-1945), politician. In the 1920s. participant is illegal. Zionist movement in the USSR, was repeatedly arrested. In 1926–27 - in E.-I., in 1927 he returned to the USSR to continue his illegal activities. Zionist work. In 1928 he was arrested again. He died in custody.
SHNEERSON Sholem-Doyv-Ber (1860, Lubavichi, Orshansk district. Mogilev province - 1920, Rostov-on-Don), rabbi. Son of Sh. Shneerson. In 1882 he headed the Lubavitch movement. In 1897 he founded the Tomkhey Tmimim yeshiva in Lubavichy. In 1905 he organized the supply of matzo to the Jews - a Russian soldier. army in the Far East. Condemning Zionism, he actively participated in the life of the Jewish population E.-I. In 1912 he founded the Yeshiva "Toras Emes" in Hebron. In 1916 he sent his representatives to develop a system of religious education among the Jews of Georgia. Author pl. book on the philosophy of Hasidism.
SHNEERSON Yosef-Itskhok (1880, Lubavichi, Orshansk district, Mogilev province - 1950, New York), rabbi. Son of Sh.-D.-B. Shneerson. In 1920 he headed the Lubavitch movement. Organized and led the illegal system of the Jewish religion. education. Created a network of Lubavitch yeshivas in decomp. cities of the USSR. In 1921, at the direction of Sh., A yeshiva "Tomchey Tmimim" was established in Warsaw. From 1924 - in Leningrad. In 1927 he was arrested and sentenced to death. Released soon. In 1927–34 - in Latvia, in 1934–40 - in Poland. Since 1940 - in the USA. Continuing to lead the activities of the Lubavitch movement in Russia, he created a network of Jewish religions in the USA. education. He organized the publishing house of Hasidic literature, which became the world's largest publishing house of the Jewish religion. lit-ry. In 1948, on the initiative of Sh., The settlement of Kfar-Chabad was created in Israel. Author pl. book on the philosophy of Hasidism, works: Memoirs of the Lubavitch Rebbe. New York, 1974; Arrest notes. New York, 1980.
SHNEUR Zalkind-Zalman (1886, Shklov, Mogilev province - 1959, New York), poet. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1899 - in Odessa, where he met H.N.Bialik and Mendele Moikher-Sforim. He left for Warsaw, worked in the publishing house of Bialik, for some time he was a personal secretary. from I.-L. Peretz and D. S. Frishman. In 1903 he returned to Shklov, in 1904-1906 - in Vilna. From 1906 - in Switzerland, France, Germany, studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, medicine - in Berlin. In 1941–49 - in the USA, in 1949–55 - in Israel. In 1955 he returned to the United States. He made his debut in 1901 in poetry in Yiddish Folkszeitung. He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. Sh .'s poems "Margaritkelekh" ("Daisies"), "Karshn" ("Cherries"), "Freeling" ("Spring") became nar. songs. He published poems and stories in Warsaw editions, in periodicals. stamps of the USA, Denmark and other countries; state. sotr. gas. "Moment", journal. Tsukunft, Pariser Morgnblat. From 1927 he worked in New York Gas. Forverts. Author of rum. and pov. State Israel Ave (1955).
Schneider Alexander Borisovich (b. 1962, Lugansk), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1990). Member of a number of Vses. tournaments of young masters (best result in 1984, 2-3rd). Winner and medalist of the international tournaments: Lviv (1986, 1-3rd), Calcutta (1988, 4-5th), Groningen (1994/95, open tournament, 1st).
SCHNEIDER Mark Evseevich (1921, Kharkov - 1981, Moscow), orientalist, philologist, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1977). In 1939–53 - in the army. Graduated from Chinese. branch east. Faculty of VIIIA (1952). In 1954–57 he taught English. lang. at IISS. Sci. sotr. Institute of Chinese Studies (1957–61), Institute of Oriental Studies (1961–81) of the USSR Academy of Sciences; since 1968 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. gr. by release annually. “Analytic. overview of Chinese. literature ". The author of St. 50 publ. scientific. tr. on the history and theory of Chinese. artist literature of the latest time, issled. creativity of the leading Chinese. writers, translations. Works: Russian classics in China. Translations. Estimates. Creative exploration. M., 1977.
SCHNEIDER Yuri Gedalevich (b. 1913, Petersburg), engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970). In 1939 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics. In 1947–62 - in Leningrad. in-those aviats. machine. The creator of a new direction in science - the regularization of microgeometry tech. surfaces. He developed a standard for a surface with a regular microrelief (1982). Vol .: Improving the processing of instrument parts. 1953; Metal finishing by pressure. 1963; Formation of regular microreliefs on parts and their operational means. 1972; Pressure finishing technology. 1991.
SCHNEIDERMAN Mark Emanuilovich (1898, Zhitomir - 1981, Minsk), conductor, composer, teacher. In 1930 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. In 1935–47 (with interruptions) the conductor was Belarusian. t-ra op. and the ball. (Minsk). Under the arm. Sh. Delivered Belarusian. nat. op. "Mikhas Podgorny" by E.K. Tikotsky and the first Belarusian. nat. ball. "The Nightingale" by M.E. Kroshner (both in 1939). In 1936–71 he taught at Belorus. cons. (from 1939 Assoc.). In 1947-57 the artist. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. Belarusian. Philharmonic. Author of music for children, plays for php. with orc., pieces for orc. Belarusian. bunk bed instr-tov, ballads, romances, arrangements Belarusian. bunk bed songs and others. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1940).
SHNEIDERMAN Mikhail Efimovich (1909, Kazatin of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province - 1981, Kiev), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Graduated from the Kiev Industrial Institute. Worked early. workshops at the chemical plant. machine "Progress" in Berdichev. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. tank ml. leith. Sh. Was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the crossing of the Oder. From 1947 he lived in Kiev, worked in the design institute.
SHNEIDEROV Vladimir Adolfovich (1900, Petersburg - 1973, Moscow), film director. In 1917 he studied at Moscow. commercial in-those. In 1919–20 - in Kr. Army, in 1920 organized the 1st Moscow. tractor school and directed it. From 1924 he was an editor at the Proletkino cinema, then dir. specific and documentary f., including "The Great Flight" (1925), "Foot of Death" (1928), "El Yemen" (1930), "Two Oceans" (1933), "Greater Tokyo" (1934) ... In 1926-27, the director. film factory "Mezhrabpom-Gus" (Moscow). In 1936 he turned to feature films, directed f. "Dzhulbars" (1936), "Alamas Gorge" (1937) and others. In 1945-50, artist. hands. ser. "On land and at sea" (over £ 100). In 1950–60 he removed the scientific-popul. tapes: "The Origin of Life" (1953), "Traced Atoms" (1953), "Otto Yulievich Schmidt" (1963) and others. In 1960 he created and headed the television. "Club of Film Travels" (since 1963 "Almanac of Film Travels"). Nar. art. RSFSR (1969). Works: Technique and organization of filming. M., 1928; At the heights of the world. M., 1929; Traveling with a movie camera. M., 1952; My film travels. M., 1973.
SHNEIDEROV Zinovy ​​Isaakovich (1898, Glukhov, Chernigov province - 1977, Kiev), orthopedic surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1926). In 1959–75 he was in charge of children. orthopedic. clinic Ukr. Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology in Kiev. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. ch. arr. diagnosis and treatment of congenital hip dislocations, other types of congenital pathology, poliomyelitis. He was the first in the USSR to suggest using arthrographic surgery. (X-ray.) method of research. of the hip joint to determine the degree of dislocation and the reasons for its irreducibility. Introduced means. contribution to the development of children. orthopedics.
SHNEIDEROVICH Miron Grigorievich (1899, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Doctor. Cand. honey. Sciences (1946). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. He worked as a therapist in Yauzskaya, Basmannaya and other Moscow. hospitals; in 1935–36 - in the Lechsanupra of the Kremlin in Sochi (he exercised medical control over the state of health of JV Stalin while he was taking Matsesta baths). In the end. 1936 removed from this position (occasionally advised the secretary of I.V. Stalin - A.N. Poskrebyshev). 1941–45 - in the army, regiment. honey. service. In 1952 he was arrested on charges of plotting the assassination of J.V. Stalin. Released in 1953. In the 1950s – 70s. worked in decomp. honey. institutions of Moscow.
SCHNEIDMAN Veniamin Naumovich (1921, Bologoye, Tver province - 1997, Bishkek), turkologist. Graduated from lit. Faculty of Kyrgyz Ped. Institute (1942), taught at school. In 1945–47 an inspector, then the beginning. school sector of the Tianshan region. dep. bunk bed education, in 1949–52 deputy. dir. rep. in-that improvement of teachers (Frunze), in 1974–81 prep. Department of Pedagogy and Psychology in the same place, in 1952–71 scientific. sotr. sector of the Kyrgyz. lang. and literature Kirg. Research Institute of Pedagogy. Author of a number of textbooks on Kirgh. lang. and lit-re for Kyrgyz. and Russian. School: Textbook of the Kyrgyz language. Frunze, 1953; A short self-instruction manual of the Kyrgyz language. Frunze, 1967; Kyrgyz language. Frunze, 1988.
SHNIRELMAN Lev Genrikhovich (1905, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1938, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Math. Sciences (1929), prof. (1929), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1933). In 1925 he graduated from Moscow State University. He worked at the Don Polytechnic. in-those (1929–34), in Mat. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1934). Sh. Belong to the funds. results in number theory (in additive theory - results related to the Holbach problem), metric. theory of number sequences, variats. calculus (topological methods, final solution, jointly with L.A. Lyusternik, A. Poincaré's problems on three closed geodesics), in geometry and function theory. He committed suicide, works: Topologich. methods in variats. tasks. M., 1930 (in co-authorship with Lyusternik); Prime numbers. M. - L., 1940; Derivative and integral. M., 1971.
SCHNITKE Alfred Garrievich (1934, Engels - 1998, Germany), composer. In 1953 he graduated from the conductor-choir. dep. Moose. uch-schA them. Oct rev-tion. At the same time. studied harmony and music theory with I.Ya. Ryzhkin. In 1953–58 he studied at the computer. dep. Moscow cons. by class E.K. Golubeva. In 1958–61 he taught at the music. schools and muses. uch-shche. In 1961–72 he taught at Moscow. cons. reading scores, instrumentation, polyphony, composition. From ser. 1970s performed as a pianist, performing his own works, toured as a soloist with an orc. S.Sondetskis, read reports on the problems of modern. music - orchestral styles, textures, timbres. Since 1990 - in Germany. For production Sh. Are characterized by expression, polystylistics, differentiated orchestration, and ensemble texture. Until 1962, vocals were dominant. and software tools. genres. From the 2nd floor. 1960s - non-software tools. op. For the original individual. Sh. style is a typical method of contrasting drama. All R. 1970s created a number of striking chamber works. Since the 1980s. turned to symphony. genre. Among the Op. - operas: "The Eleventh Commandment" (1962), "Life with an Idiot" (1993, to the text by Vikt.Yerofeev); ballets: "Labyrinths" (1971, post. 1989), "Sketches" (based on works by NV Gogol, 1985), "Peer Gynt" (1987), "Theater of the Seneca Times" (post. 1989); cantatas: "Sunshine Singing" (to words by Francis of Assisi, 1976), "The Story of Doctor Johann Faust" (1983); Requiem (1975); scenic composition "Yellow Sound" (after V. Kandinsky, 1974, post. 1984); 7 symph. (1972–89); Passacaglia (1980); concerts with orc .; Prelude in memory of Stravinsky for quartet, Dedication to Stravinsky, Prokofiev and Shostakovich for fp. (6 hands); sonatas for fp. and for violin; music to dramas. performances, films, television films. The author of Art. about rus. and owls. composers in the journal. and collection of books. Ch.-c. Academy of Laws in the GDR, Academy of Laws in Zap. Berlin, Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts (Munich), member. Royal muses. Society of Sweden, honorary member. Hamburg Academy. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1987). State pr. RSFSR them. N.K. Krupskoy (1986), State. pr. RF (1995), Order of the Grand Cross with a Star (Germany, 1994) Brother Sh. - Victor (1937, Saratov - 1994, Germany), poet. I wrote on it. and Russian. lang. In 1955 he worked in the journal. "Novoye Vremya", in 1970-91 - in the publishing house "Progress", in 1991-94 - in the publishing house "Russika". Works: Poems. M., 1996. Sh .'s brother - Vladimir Eduardovich Schnittke (b. 1939, Leningrad), a public figure. In 1963 he graduated from Leningrad. technologist. in-t. In the 1960s and 70s. - participants the human rights movement. Since 1989 - co-chairman of the Leningrad Institute. about-va "Memorial". Founder Petersburg. scientific research center "Holocaust".
SHOKHAT Yakov Alexandrovich (1886, Rogozno, Grodno province - 1944, Philadelphia, USA), mathematician. Master (1922). Graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t (1910). A student of V.A. Steklov. He worked in St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) Polytechnic. in-those (1913-17), Ural un-those in Yekaterinburg (1917-21), in Petrograd. ped. in-those (1921–22). In 1922-23 - in Poland. Since 1923 - in the USA. He worked in Chicago (1923–24), Michigan (1924–29) high fur boots, since 1930 at the Pennsylvania University. Main results refer to decomp. question mat. analysis (orthogonal polynomials, etc.) and appli. mathematics.
Shokhor-Trotsky Semyon Ilyich (1853, Kamenets-Podolsk - 1923, Petrograd), mathematician, teacher. Prof. (1918). He studied at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa), in St. Petersburg. in-those ways of communication, in high fur boots in Berlin, Heidelberg and Konigsberg. He worked in decomp. uch. institutions of St. Petersburg (Petrograd), in 1918–23 - in the Kamennoostrovsky S.-kh. in-those. Main the results relate to the teaching method of mathematics. He developed a methodology for teaching arithmetic on the basis of reasonably selected and gradually becoming more complex problems ("the method of expedient problems"). An active figure in the movement for the reform of school education. For participation in Dec. (1905) the strike was stripped of the post of Rev. some uch. institutions. Main Tr .: "Textbook of Geometry" (Moscow, 1891), "Methods of Arithmetic" (5th ed., v. 1-2. SPb., 1900), "Geometry on Problems" (book for teachers. M. , 1908).
SHOLOM-ALEIKHEM (ps; real name and surname Solomon (Sholom) Naumovich (Nokhumovich) Rabinovich) (1859, Pereyaslavl, Poltava province - 1916, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1876 he graduated from Rus. uyezd school in Pereyaslavl. In 1881–83 he was a state rabbi in Lubny, Poltava province. From 1879 he began to publish local news, journalistic articles. into gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Gamelitz". First stories, publ. in 1883 weekly. Idishes Folksblat: Zvey Steiner (Two Stones), Elections, first signed with a pseudonym. He wrote feuilletons, stories, dramas, poems, novels, lit.-Crete. Art. He was published in Yidischer Veker, Familien Fraind, Goynd Fraind. In 1884 ed. first books: "Taibele" ("Natasha"), "Geher un nideriker" ("Above and below"). In 1888–89 he organized the annual publication. lit. Sat. "Yiddish Folks-Libraries" (2 books published), around which Jewish writers of different generations and languages ​​have united. Publ. in the collection of books "Stempenu" (1888), "Yosele-Nightingale" (1889) and others. In 1892, publ. the first story about Menachem-Mendel, in 1894 - about Tevye the milkman, who became ch. characters of manuf. Sh.-A. in tech. subsequent years. The author of brochures that supported the ideas of Zionism - "Oif vos badarfn idn a land" ("Why do Jews need a country"), "Tsu unzere schwester in Zion" ("To our sisters in Zion"), "Moshiyehs tsa zaitn" ("Messianic time"). In 1903, the first Sobr was published in Warsaw. op. Sh.-A. At the same time, the following were written: "Motl Pacey Dem Hazns" ("Boy Motl", 1907), "Der Mable" ("The Flood", 1907), "Blondznde Stern" ("Wandering Stars", 1909-10), " Der blutiker spas "(" Bloody Joke ", 1912)," Der oyzer "(" Treasure ", 1907-08)," Dos Groise Gevins "(" Big Win, or 200,000 ", 1915), etc. Since 1914 - in USA. He completed work on Tevye the Milkman, Menachem Mendel, wrote The Boy Motl in America, autobiography. rum. "From the fair" and others. Works: Collected. op. In 6 volumes. M., 1959–61; Coll. op. In 6 volumes. M., 1971–74.
SHOMER (Shaykevich) Nohem-Meer (1846, Nesvizh, Minsk Province - 1905, New York), writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz" in 1869, in 1871–72 he published a scientific-popul. Art. and per. In 1876 he made his debut as a novelist. Carried away by t-rum, he moved to Odessa, wrote for the local Jewish t-ra, created his own. troupe, with a cut toured the South of Russia. In 1881 he opened a Jewish theater in Kiev, since 1882 A. Goldfaden's companion in Odessa. In 1888 he organized and headed the t-r in Pinsk. Since 1889 - in the USA. Published in pl. Jewish periodicals ed., worked in a number of them as an editor. Author of over 200 rum. and stories, approx. 50 pieces in Yiddish, pl. manuf. in Hebrew. In 1888 Sholem Aleichem in the book. "Shomers mishpet" ("Trial of Shomer") subjected Sh. Severely criticized, but this did not interfere with the success of Sh., Vol. to-rogo dispersed in large editions. In 1931 A. Vevierko in the book. "Revision" tried to rehabilitate Sh., Noting a number of his meanings. productive, juicy, rich lang. and the fact that Sh. introduced the broad Jewish masses to reading in Yiddish. Son Sh. - Avrom (1876, Pinsk, Minsk province. - 1946, Los Angeles), playwright, publicist. Since 1889 - in the USA. In 1900 he graduated from law. Faculty of New York University. Author pl. plays (in Yiddish), Art. and book. on the problems of modern Jewish history, 4 screenplays. Member Centre. Council of the Zionist organization of the USA. Sh .'s daughter - Rosa S.-Bachelis (1881, Odessa - 1966, Los Angeles), playwright, publicist. Member of the Zionist movement in the United States. The author of plays, memoirs. She wrote in Yiddish and English. Sh .'s daughter - Miriam Sh.-Tsunzer (1882, Odessa - 1951, New York), writer. Graduated from New York University. She taught lawsuit. The author of plays, prose poetry, journalism. A number of plays were written by et al. with sister.
SHOR Alexander Germanovich (1876, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1942, Chistopol, TASSR), pianist, teacher. Dvoyur. D.S.Shora's brother. [Brothers of mother S .: Dr. S.Ya. Eingorn, founder and director. Petersburg. Institute of Orthopedics according to the Zander method (treated the Dowager Empress Maria Fedorovna) and singer A.Ya. Chernov (Eingorn), artist of the Mariinsky Theater.] In 1904 he graduated from Moscow. cons. In the same year he founded a private cons., Izv. as “Courses in music, opera, drama and choreography by A.G. Shor” (over time, classes of painting, sculpture and musical film illustrations were added). Sh. Gathered a galaxy of brilliant teachers, among whom were musicians G.A. Kerin A.Ya.Dantsiger, L.G. Plotnikova, soloists of the Bolshoi Theater and orc. S.A. Koussevitsky, O.K. Petrashevskaya, Shor, L.L.Sabaneev, choreographer M.M. Mordkin, artist. I.I.Mashkov, actors E. B. Vakhtangov, A. Ya. Tairov, M. A. Chekhov, A. I. Sumbatov-Yuzhin, I. N. Pevtsov, A. P. Nelidov, V. I. Pudovkin ... Sh. Organized a philanthropist. chamber concerts of the Courses, in which F.I.Shalyapin, L.V.Sobinov, M.M. Blumenthal-Tamarina, I.M. Moskvin, E.V. Geltser, N.A. Teffi took part.
SHOR David Solomonovich (1867, Simferopol - 1942, Tel Aviv), pianist, teacher, public figure. Dv. brother of A.G. Shor. In 1880 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. by class php. K. Fan-Ark and V.I.Safonov, in 1885–89 - in Moscow. cons. by class Safonov. In 1889–92 he gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player in the mountains. Russia, participant of the quartet collection Rus. muses. about-in in Moscow and St. Petersburg. He taught the game on php. at the Elizavetinsky Institute in Moscow. In 1892 he founded the "Moscow Trio" (with the violinist DS Kerin and the cellist MI Altshuler, who was later replaced by the cellist RI Erlich). He performed in this trio until 1907 in Russia and abroad. Participated in the end. "Prechistensky free classes for adult workers and women workers." The initiator of creation and hands. Beethoven's Studio (1912-16, Moscow). He gave lectures and concerts (history of music) in Nizhny Novgorod, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Yalta, illustrating their own. performance of muses. op. In 1918–25 he was a teacher (since 1919 prof.) Of the department of physical training and a chamber ensemble in Moscow. cons. An active participant in the Zionist movement in Russia. Since 1927 - in E.-I. Hands. muses. school "Beit Leviim". Organizer of muses. education in children. gardens of Tel Aviv. Created in Tel Aviv the Institute of muses. education. Author of a number of articles on music in the periodical. print.
SHOR Naum Zuselevich (b. 1937, Kiev), mathematician. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1990). In 1958 he graduated from Kiev University. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Sphere of scientific. interests - the theory of optimal solutions in the region. planning and design. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1973). State pr. USSR (1981). Works: Methods for minimization of nondifferentiable functions and their applications. Kiev, 1979; Decomposition methods in fractional linear programming. Chisinau, 1989 (co-authored with D.I.Solomon).
SHOR Rozalia Osipovna (Iosifovna) (lit. ps. R. Rosh, R.Sh.) (1894, Kovna - 1939), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1936). Graduated from germ. department ist.-philol. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1919), attended the course comp. linguistics on the ist.-philol. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. Sci. sotr. Institute of language and literature RANION (1922–24), State. Academy of Art. Sciences (1924–26), Research Institute of Ethnics. and nat. cultures of the peoples of the East RANION (since 1926), at the same time. since 1927 scientific. sotr. Yafetic. in-that. Since 1929, State. Academy of Lawsuits, in 1931–33, Doctor of Science, Research Institute of Linguistics. At the same time. in 1928–30 prof. east Faculty of Azerbaijan University (Baku), in 1929–34 head. Department of Linguistics Center. in-that advanced training ped. frames. Since 1933 prof. Moscow ped. in-ta them. A.S. Bubnova, since 1934 prof. MIFLI, since 1935 head. Department of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Since 1936, member. The expert commission of the Committee for higher affairs. schools. Tr. in general and applied. linguistics, history of ling. teachings, ancient, Wed-century. and nick. classic literature, folklore, social. dialectology and other problems of philology. Cit .: Language and Society. M., 1926; General linguistics. M., 1929; History of linguistics to the end. XIX century. M., 1938; Panchatantra. M. - L., 1939; Introduction to linguistics. M., 1945.
SHOR Viktor Abramovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), astronomer. In 1952 he graduated from Kharkov University. In 1952–56 he taught at Wed. school in Leningrad. Since 1958 - at Ying-those theoretical. Astronomy of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the department. minor planets and comets, since 1986 head. lab. dynamics of minor planets. Main scientific. research associated with celestial mechanics, the study of the motion of small bodies in the solar system. In 1962, he developed an effective method for solving the problem of the motion of a planetary satellite, taking into account solar disturbances, using a computer to output the ur-ny. Investigated the movement of the satellites of Mars - Phobos and Deimos; in 1976 confirmed the existence of secular acceleration of Phobos, as a result of which Phobos may fall to Mars. Researched sovm. with G.A. Chebotarev statistics of the distribution of elements of the orbits of minor planets. From the end. 1960s started preparing the year. ed. Ying-that theoretical. Astronomy "Ephemeris of Minor Planets" and "Astronomical Yearbook" (since 1971 Deputy Editor of the Year.). Minor planet No. 3946 is named after Sh.
SHOIKHET Leonid (b. 1956, Alma-Ata), coach (swimming). Among the students of Sh. E. Ermakova, three-time European champion in swimming among juniors. Since 1991 - in Israel. Art. trainer of the Israeli national swimming team, trainer of the Israel Swimming Federation, Art. swimming coach of the Ha-Poel club (Jerusalem). Honored. trainer of the Kazakh SSR.
SHOYKHET Yakov Nakhmanovich (b. 1940, Starokonstantinov, Kamyanets-Podolsk region, Ukrainian SSR), politician. Graduated from Altai honey. in-t in Barnaul (1964), from 1965 taught there, from 1974 head. Department of Surgery, since 1988 Vice-Rector for Academic. work. Hands. regional scientific and prophylactic. centers for the treatment of diseases of the lungs and liver, since 1989 - n.-i. works to clarify the impact of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site on our health. Altai Territory; deputy. prev. Committee of the Altai Territory Administration for the elimination of the consequences of the long-term impact of nuclear explosions on the health of people living in the Semipalatinsk region. Since 1993, member. Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, member. Committee on Science and Culture.
SPAYER Nikolay Markovich (1892, Glubokoye, Disnensky u. Vilna province - 1964, Moscow), military veterinarian. Doctor of Veterinary Science, prof. Lieutenant General of the Veterinary Service (1945). In 1917 he graduated from the Kazan Veterinary Institute. In Kr. Army since 1918. Participation. Civil war, beginning. vet. units in the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1922-29 the beginning. vet. Office of the Moscow Military District, in 1929–40 he taught. military faculty of the Veterinary Institute. In 1941–45 early. veterinary service of a number of fronts. In 1945–54 beginning. the Horse Breeding Department of the Military Veterinary Academy (since 1948 - the Military Veterinary Faculty at the Moscow Veterinary Academy). From 1954 - retired. Decorated with 9 orders.
SHPEKTOROV Yuri Zakharovich (1911 - 1985, Leningrad), mining engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1961). In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. forge. in-t. In 1936–51 he worked in the Karaganda coal basin: early. plot, ch. Ing. mines, ch. Ing. trust, manager of the coal trust. In 1951–58, Ch. Ing. trust "Alexandriyugol", where under the hands. Sh. For the first time in the USSR, transport-dump bridges, continuous coal loaders were used in coal mining, and briquetting factories were created. Since 1958, he headed the Ukrzapugol Combine of the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the USSR. In 1966–78, the director. Leningrad. in-that "Giproshakht". In 1978-85 Art. scientific. sotr. Department of field development Leningrad. forge. in-that. Honorary Chevalier sign "Miner's glory" of three degrees. Honored. miner of the RSFSR.
SPIEGEL Leonid Teodorovich (b. 1956, Moscow), public figure. Graduated from Moscow. metallurgical in-t, worked at the plants "Hammer and Sickle" and "Kommunar". In 1991 he created and headed the Society for the Protection of Convicted Business Executives. Participated in the creation of the Borovoy-TRUST company. Gene. sec. Party econ. freedom.
SHPIGELGLAS (Shpigelglaz) Sergei Mikhailovich (ps. Douglas) (1897, Bridges of the Grodno district and provinces - 1940), an employee of the special services. Major of State Security. In his youth he participated in the roar. movement, in 1914 was subjected to a short period. arrest in Warsaw. From May 1917 - in the army, graduated from the school of warrant officers. Since 1918 - in the organs of the Cheka. In 1922-26, he was illegal. reconnaissance. work in France. From 1926 to the center. the apparatus of the OGPU - NKVD of the USSR. Honorary Chekist (1932, 1934). In 1936–38, deputy. beginning, in 1938 beginning. foreign dep. Ch. State Security Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1939 he was arrested. Shot.
SHPIGELMAN Nuta Avrum-Elyevich (1921, Volodarsk-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1974, Minsk), architect. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (1945). Worked in Minsk: architect. Belpromproekt (1950–61) and Ch. arch. Minskproekt (1962–71). Main works: development project ave. Lenin (co-author), projects of the polygraph plant them. Y. Kolas (1953–56, jointly with S. Botkovsky, O. Ostrovskaya), plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze (jointly with I. Bovt, Botkovsky), the restaurant "Zhuravinka" (1969, jointly with O. Tkachuk), the scientific research institute complex on Partizansky Avenue. (1964, ind. Project), residential buildings on pl. them. Y. Kolas (1957, jointly with Botkovsky), in Bronev and Voyskovy per. (ind. projects). In Brest - carpet and hosiery factories (1963–65, with Bovt). Developed by ser. 5-9 floor. residential buildings for mas. page-va. Honored. arch. BSSR (1974). State pr. BSSR (1968).
SPIEGLER Mordechai (b. 1944, Asbestos of the Sverdlovsk Region), football player, coach. Since 1949 - in Israel. In the 1960s. played in the Maccabi team (Netanya), in 1972–74 in prof. clubs in France, in 1975 in the New York club "Cosmos". After switching to coaching, he headed the dec. leading teams in Israel, 1988–90 consultant fr. football team "Strasbourg". Served as a commentator for Israeli television on the broadcasts of the World Cup finals. Leading weekly. football review in gas. Yediot Ahronoth.
SPILBERG Aizik (1907, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. - 1988, Smolensk), journalist. He studied at the workers' faculty of the Jewish branch of Leningrad State University. He graduated from the Institute of Journalism in Kharkov (1934), Leningrad. jurid. Institute (1937). In 1937–40 he was a lawyer in Birobidzhan. 1941–48 - in the army. From 1948 - in Smolensk, worked as a lawyer. Published since the 1920s. into gas. "Junge Guard", "Der Shtern" (Kharkov), "Der Emes", "Tribuna" (Moscow). From 1972 he published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" art., Essays on Jews - participants of the 2nd world. war.
SPILREIN (Spielrein) Emil Nikolaevich (Naftalievich) (1899-1938), biologist. Cand. biol. Sciences (1936). Brother of I.N.Shpilrein, S.N.Spilrein, J.N.Spilrein. Graduated from natural sciences. Faculty of Don University in Rostov-on-Don. From 1926 he taught biology at school, in 1928–32 he was an assistant at the Department of Biology at Don University. Since 1932, the dean of biol. Faculty of Rostov University. In 1937 he was repressed and shot.
SPILRAYN Evald Emilievich (b. 1926, Rostov-on-Don), specialist in the field of thermal physics and power engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964), prof. (1964), bp. RAS (1997). Son of E.N.Shpilrain, nephew of I.N.Shpilrein, S.N.Shpilrein, J.N.Spilrein. Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1948. In 1952–54 he worked in the design department. Trust "Energotsvetmet", in 1954-56 scientific. ed. zhurn. "Heat power engineering". In 1956–78 - at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (from 1961 concurrently). Since 1961 - in Ying-those vys. temp-r of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), since 1995 deputy. dir. in-ta, der. Branch of energy and energy technology. Prev Sci. Council of the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation and the Russian Academy of Sciences on non-traditional. energy. Main tr .: research. thermal physics. properties of substances at high. temp-rah, energy saving, new methods of energy conversion, non-traditional. energy. Author and co-author of more than 300 scientific. works, including 13 monographs. and uch. benefits. Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1996). Medal to them. I.I.Polzunov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), Works: Thermodynamics of solutions. M., 1980 (et al.); Energy. Problems and Prospects. M., 1981 (et al.); Introduction to Hydrogen Energy. M., 1984 (et al.); Liquid metal coolants for heat pipes and power plants. M., 1988 (et al.).
SPILREIN (Spielrein-Sheftel) Sabina Nikolaevna (1885, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Oblast - 1942, ibid.), Psychoanalyst. Doctor of Medicine (1911). Sister I.N.Shpilrein, J.N.Shpilrein, E.N.Shpilrain. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Zurich University (1909). Acquaintance with C.G. Jung (Sh. Was his first psychoanalytic patient) grew into a close prof. cooperation. Since 1910, members Vienna psychoanalyst. about-va. In her work "Destruction as the cause of formation" (1912), she anticipated the ideas of S. Freud about the presence of destructive drives in the psyche. She studied mythology and history of art, carried out a psychoanalyst. research "Songs of the Nibelungs" and nar. fairy tales. She worked in clinics in Zurich, Munich, Berlin, Geneva. She acted as a personal psychoanalyst of the Swiss psychologist J. Piaget - the founder of the Geneva School of Genetic. psychology. Some orig. Sh .'s ideas, to-rye she expressed in her art. of that period and discussed with Piaget, were subsequently developed in his works and received worldwide. fame. In 1923 she returned to Russia to promote and develop Freud's ideas. Collaborated in the State. psychoanalytic. in-those (Moscow), after its closure in 1924 moved to Rostov-on-Don, where she was engaged in a private psychoanalyst. practice. Before the beginning. 1930s published her scientific. work in europe. zhurn. In 1942 she was shot together with other Jews of the city.
ISSHPILREIN Isaak (Itskhok-Meer) Naftulevich (1891, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1937), psychologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1914). Brother of E.N. Spielrein, S.N. Spielrein, Ya.N. Spielrein. In 1906–09 a member. Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1907 expelled from the gymnasium for distributing proclamations. In 1909-14 - in Germany, he studied philosophy. f-takh of Heidelberg and Leipzig un-com. The student spent the first self. psychol. issled., dedicated. identification of connection nat. development of the child and the conditions for his upbringing. During the 1st world. war interned. Publ. orig. work dedicated. memorizing numbers. In 1919 he returned to Russia, until 1922 he worked as a translator and assistant in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. One of the organizers of the Jewish lit. about-va in Tiflis. In 1922 he became the head of psychotechnology. lab. Centre. in-that labor. In 1923 he organized psychotechnics. lab. at the People's Commissariat of Labor, created a section of psychotechnics in Ying-those psychology. In 1922–23 he taught the language course. Yiddish at the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1927 he organized and headed the All-Russia. about-in psychotechnics and app. psychophysiology. He acted as the organizer of scientific. work in the region. psychology of labor in the USSR. Carried out a wide range of research. by psychol. analysis of professions, rationalization of working conditions, professional selection and professional advice, increasing the effectiveness of propaganda activities. In the work of Sh. "On the change of names and surnames" (1929) it is noted that the change of surname from Russian. the Jewish one was in the 1920s. a more frequent occurrence than the change from Jewish to Russian; Sh. Considered this evidence of the elimination of anti-Semitism in the USSR. In 1935, he was arrested and shot. Cit .: Psychotechnics and the choice of profession. M., 1924; Applied Psychology. Labor psychology and psychotechnics. M., 1930; On the question of the theory of psychotechnics. M., 1931.
SPILREIN Yan Nikolaevich (1887, Rostov-on-Don - 1937), mathematician. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1934). Brother of S.N.Spilrein, I.N.Shpilrein, E.N.Shpilrain. In 1907 he graduated from the Sorbonne with a degree in physics and mathematics. Sciences, until 1911 continued his studies at the Higher. tech. school in Karlsruhe. In the same year he moved to Stuttgart, in the un-those to-rogo he held the position of assistant to prof. During the 1st world. During the war he lived in Germany, was interned. He returned to Russia in 1918, taught at the Krasnodar Polytechnic. in-those. In 1920–21 sotr. Bureau of Foreign science and technology in Moscow. Since 1921 prof. electrical engineering Faculty of Moscow Technical University, later Dean of Electrical Engineering. Faculty of Power Engineering Institute. Main scientific. tr. associated with the use of vector calculus and other mat. methods in electrical engineering, heat engineering, physics. Author of scientific. Art. and monograph., one of the first reference books on specials. functions used in Ing. calculations (published in Moscow in 1934). In 1937 he was repressed, see: Vector calculus. A guide for engineers and physicists. M. - L., 1925; Vector calculus for electrical engineers and physicists. M. - L., 1936; Let's lie. mathematical methods as applied to questions. electrical and heat engineering. M. - L., 1936.
SPINEL Iosif Aronovich (1892, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1980, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, theater and cinema designer. In 1914 he graduated from the Kiev art. uch-shche (architect. department). In 1918–20 he wrote posters, participated in the design of propaganda trains. Since 1921 - in the 2nd T-re Ukr. Sov. Republic them. Lenin: designed the plays "Duchess of Padua" by O. Wilde and "Haidamaki" by TG Shevchenko. In 1921 he entered the architect. department of VKHUTEMAS (Moscow), in 1926 he graduated from the department of graphics from V.A. Favorsky. During his studies, he created a multi-figure graphic. comp. "1905" for the Intern. exhibitions in Paris (linocut), awarded with prizes and diplomas, comp. "Pieta, or After the Pogrom" (woodcut). He worked in a book. graphics. In the 1930s. performed by the machine. manuf. paintings, portraits and landscapes: "Portrait of a wife in a dark fur coat", "Portrait of a young woman", "Portrait of a little girl", ser. "Kislovodsk", "Alma-Ata" and others. From 1927 he worked at the Odessa c / st, from 1930 - on the Kiev, from 1932 artist. k / st "Mosfilm". Participated in the creation of more than 50 f., Among which "Through Tears" (1928, Odessa, dir. GZ Gricher-Cherikover), "Eyes That Have Saw" (1928, Odessa, dir. VB Vilner ), "Arsenal" (1929, Kiev, directed by A.P. Dovzhenko), "A Man from the Town" (1930, Kiev, directed by G.L. Roshal), "The Oppenheim Family" (1930, Moscow, directed by Roshal ), "Pyshka" (1934, Moscow, dir. MI Romm), "Women" (1940, Moscow, dir. VP Batalov), "Mashenka" (1942, Alma-Ata, dir. Yu. Ya. Raizman), “Ivan the Terrible” (1944–45, Moscow, dir. S.M. Eisenstein), the trilogy “Walking through the agony” (1957–59, Moscow, dir. Roshal), “A Year Like Life” (1966 , Moscow, dir. Roshal) and others. Since 1940 teacher, then prof. artist Faculty of Cinematography. Since 1925 he participated in exhibitions of the Art Society. "Four Isk-va", "Zhar-Tsvet", on the fatherlands. and int. exhibitions of artists t-ra and cinema. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1940). Became. pr. (1951).
SHPIRO Geiman Simonovich (1913, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1999), specialist in the field of structural mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1969), prof. (1973). In 1934 he graduated from MIIT. In 1937–43 he worked at the Metrogiproproject Institute. Since 1943 at the Research Institute of Transport. page-va. Since 1960 in teaching, at the same time. until 1989 led n.-i. work in Vses. correspondence polytechnic in-those. Developed some theoretical. provisions builds. mechanics, theory for calculating underground structures. Supervised the creation of priority developments in the region. bridge construction, construction of underground structures and foundation construction (calculation of structures with high pile grillages and screw piles.). Since 1989 - in Germany. Author of over 120 scientific. print works, including 24 monographs.
SPIRT Mikhail Yakovlevich (b. 1932, Odessa), physicochemist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970), prof. (1978). The son of Ya.Yu. Shpirt. In 1955 he graduated from MITHT. Since 1955 - at the Institute of Fossil Fuels (head of laboratory of mineral components). Main scientific. tr. associated with the creation of physical and chemical. basics of technology for obtaining germanium from coals, with the development and implementation of technology for obtaining builds. materials from coal preparation waste and microspheres from fly ash from coal combustion, with the development of methods for using these materials as fillers for plastics, light refractories and concrete, explosives. State pr. USSR (1990). Cit .: Chemistry germanium. M., 1967; Phys.-chem. fundamentals of processing of germanium raw materials. M., 1977; Integrated use of coal. M., 1980; Utilization of waste from coal mining and processing. M., 1986; Inorganic components of solid fuels. M., 1990.
SPIRT Yakov Yulianovich (1893, Volochisk of Starokonstantinovsky district of Volyn province - 1977, Moscow), therapist. Prof. (1933), Dr. med. Sciences (1934). Honey. Educated in Bonn (1911-14) and Novorossiysk (graduated in 1917) high fur boots. Since 1918 - in the Odessa honey. in-those - resident, assoc. (1925), head. Department (1933–37) of Faculty of Therapy. Since 1937 - in Moscow. Since 1939 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. pathophysiology of VIEM, where he organized and headed the clinic. base, then Ying t of general pathology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences; at the same time. (1940–73) Consultant of polyclinics and hospitals of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Sci. tr. dedicated ch. arr. problems of cardiovascular diseases - hypertensive. disease, ischemic. heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. Was engaged in issues. Gerontology, headed the section of gerontology and geriatrics at the Society of Nature Testers of Moscow State University. Vol .: Hypertension. M., 1949; Problems of ischemic heart disease and metabolic diseases. M., 1968 Brother Sh. - Alexander (1903, Odessa - 1982, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1942), prof. (1947). In 1924 he graduated from the Kiev Institute of Nar. kh-va, in 1930 - MINKH in Moscow. Sci. sotr. Institute of Economics (1936–52) and Institute of Oriental Studies (1956–82) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1952–56 he taught at Belorus. state un-those. Main scientific. tr. on the economy of African countries. Author of over 200 works, including the book. "Africa in World War II (raw materials and human resources)" (M., 1959), "Economies of African countries" (M., 1963).
SPIZMAN Leib (1903, Warsaw - 1963, New York), publicist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied secular sciences. In the 1920s and 30s. member movement "Poalei Zion" (adjacent to its right wing). Since 1941 - in the USA, participated in the work of the local organization "Poalei Zion". Since 1948, dir. dep. press at the World. Jewish Cultural Congr. He made his debut as a publicist in 1919 in the ed. "Poaley Zion" ("Der Junger Kemfer", "Dos Arbeter Worth", etc.), since 1927 ed. youth desks. periodic. ed. Jungt-Freigeit and Jung un Fry, collaborated in Polish. print. In the USA, he was published in Yidischer Kemfer, IVO-Blatter, Tsukunft. The author of the book. and brochures (in Yiddish) "Truth and speculation around Jewish colonization in Russia" (1925), "The Ideological World of Borokhov" (1928), "Allies of Arab landowners on Jewish street" (1929), "Decline of revisionism" (1935), " 25 Years of Poaley Zionism ”(1936),“ Jews in Nazi Poland ”(1942),“ Revolted Ghetto ”(1944),“ Women in the Ghetto ”(1946),“ Sov. anti-Semitism "(1953) and others. Ed. collection of collections and collective works (in Yiddish) "A quarter of a century of Histadrut" (1946), "History of the Zionist labor movement in America" ​​(vols. 1-2, 1956), "Halutzim in Poland" (v. 1-3, 1959) –62).
SHPOLSKY Eduard Vladimirovich (1892, Voronezh - 1975, Moscow), physicist. Prof. (1933), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1918). In 1918–28 - at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics of the People's Commissariat for Health, taught at Moscow. un-those (1919–38). Since 1932 head. Department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. Joint. with SI Vavilov was the organizer (1918) and ed. (since 1936, chief editor) zhurn. "Advances in Physical Sciences" - the leading oven. organ of fatherlands. physicists. Sci. tr. dedicated spectroscopy, biophysics, photochemistry, history of physics. Discovered (1952, with co-workers) quasilinear spectra of aromatic. hydrocarbons in special solvents at low temperatures (Sh. effect). Investigated the fine structure of electron vibrations. spectra of complex organic. connections. Creator (1953) and ch. ed. abstract journal. "Physics". Author of the course "Atomic Physics" (vols. 1–2, 1944; 7th ed. - 1984). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1968). Evil medal to them. S.I. Vavilov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962). State USSR pr. (1970). Works: Atlas of transmission spectra of transparent colored films. M. - L., 1948 (co-author); Essays on the history of the development of Soviet physics, 1917-1967. M., 1969.
SHPOLYANSKAYA Nella Alexandrovna (b. 1932, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1979). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1954). In 1954–55 she worked at the Institute of Permafrost Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1955–57 - in decomp. institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1957 on geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. Direction of scientific. activity - permafrost zone (permafrost region), its present. condition and temporal dynamics. She proposed a new mechanism for the formation of underground ice in submarine conditions. Revealed the cyclical nature of the change in the state of the cryolithozone in the process of its evolution. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, 5 monographs, textbook. Member Geogr. about-va USSR (Russia) .Cit .: Permafrost of Transbaikalia. M., 1978; The frozen zone of the lithosphere Zap. Siberia and its development trends. M., 1981; Regional cryolithology. Textbook. M., 1989 (et al.).
SPRINBERG Pinchas-David (Pedro) (1886, Zgurice Soroca u. Bessarabian province. - 1974, Montevideo), journalist. From 1903 - in Argentina, from 1933 - in Uruguay. Member Worldwide theosophist. about-va, a member of the Zionist movement. He wrote in Yiddish and Spanish. lang. Joint. with I. Edelstein was published by an anarchist. gas. Lebn un Freigeit (Buenos Aires, 1908), col. with brother Moishe - zhurn. Shtraln (1913). From 1933 ed. gas. "Uruguayer tog" (Montevideo). Brother Sh. - Moishe (1888 -?), Journalist. Since 1903 - in Argentina. He took an active part in the activities of the Zionist organizations in Argentina. He wrote in Yiddish and Spanish. lang. In 1923–35 he published a humorous book. zhurn. "Penemer un penemleh". After 1936 he traded in land.
SHPRINTSAK Yosef (1885, Moscow - 1959, Tel Aviv), politician. In 1905–06, he was one of the founders of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. In 1908-10 he studied honey. Faculty of Beirut University. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Sec. prez. the party "Ha-poel ha-Tsair". One of the founders of Histadrut. In 1921-27, 1929-31 members. manuals of the World. the Zionist organization. One of the founders and leaders of the Mapai party. In 1948-59 before. The Knesset.
SHPRINTSIN Alexander Grigorievich (1907, Petersburg - 1974, ibid.), Sinologist. In 1929 he graduated from the East. cycle of Faculty of Linguistics of Leningrad State University. In 1929–38 sotr. Quiet. Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was engaged in the creation of a new Chinese alphabet based on the Latin alphabet. In 1938 he was repressed. Since 1958 scientific. sotr. East Commission Geogr. Society of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of over 30 scientific. works.
SHRAGIN Boris Iosifovich (1926, Vyazma - 1990, USA), film critic, human rights activist. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1966). After graduating from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949) worked as a teacher in schools in Frunze, Sverdlovsk, Moscow. In 1958–68 - at the Institute of Art History (Moscow). Author of works on art theory and cultural history. In 1967 he appeared for the first time in samizdat. He wrote under the ps. Ventsov L., Nelidov D., Sugrobov A., Yasnyi Ya., Kh.U. Author pl. petitions in defense of human rights. In 1968 he was dismissed from his job. Since 1974 - in the USA, collaborated in Russian-language publications.
SHRAGIN Viktor Osipovich (b. 1919, Feodosia, Taurida Gubernia), commentator, political observer. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1942. In 1942–45 - in the army. 1945 ed. according to int. question Sovinformburo. In 1949-53 lit. sotr. gas. "The Red Star". Since 1953 - in the State Committee for Radio and Television: Responsible. ed. on questions propaganda ext. policy, responsible ed. by cap. countries, deputy. ch. ed. dep. international life, 1961–81 political commentator. In 1968 on own. the script was directed by a film about the United Nations ("Land of 122 Flags").
SHRAYBER Mikhail Izrailevich (1910, Soltovo, Podolsk province - 1982, Moscow), surgeon, health care organizer. Dr. med. Sciences (1952), prof. (1962). Major General Med. service (1963). In 1932 he graduated from Rostov honey. in-t. Since 1938 - in Kr. Army, participant in the battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol. In 1940–41 ml. Rev. Department of Military Field Surgery of the Military Medical Academy in Leningrad. 1941–45 arm. surgeon. In 1946 he spoke at the Nuremberg Trials as a witness about Germany's preparation for bacteriological studies. war. In 1946–55, Ch. surgeon of the Arkhangelsk and South Ural VO; in 1955-57 Art. Rev. department of surgery military. Faculty of CIUV; in 1958–60 deputy. ch. surgeon of the USSR Ministry of Defense; in 1960–73 head. the burn center of the Institute of Surgery. A.V. Vishnevsky of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and simultaneously. (1963–73) chap. surgeon Center. honey. Department of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. problems of organizing military field surgery, treatment of burn injuries, including burn shock and thermal. lesions are breathing. ways, plastic. surgery. Invented automatic device for determining the area of ​​the burn. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1970). Etc. them. N.N.Burdenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1964). He was awarded 8 orders. Vol .: Free autoplastic transplantation of semi-joints in growing organisms. M., 1951; Military field surgery. M., 1962 (et al.).
SHRAYBMAN Ichil Itskovich (b. 1913, Vad-Rashkov of Soroca u. Bessarabian province. - 2005, Chisinau), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the beginning. 1930s - in Bucharest. He worked as a prompter at the Jewish Theater. Participated in the underground. roar. movement in Bucharest, Chernivtsi. The first short stories publ. in 1936 in New York lit. zhurn. "Signal". Also published in periodicals. publishing houses of Bucharest, Warsaw. In 1938, the first Sat was published in Bucharest. stories by Sh. "Meine Geftn" ("My notebooks"). Since 1940 - in Chisinau. In 1946, Sat. stories by Sh. "Dry Zoomers" ("Three summers"). Since 1961 - a regular author of "Sovetish Gameland", member. editorial board zhurn. Author of the book: "Zibetsnirike" ("Seventeen". Chisinau, 1972); “Jorn un reges” (“Years and Moments”. M., 1973); "Weiter" ("Next". M., 1984); in Russian lang .: "Sons" (Chisinau, 1960); "Stories" (Moscow, 1962); “All days of the week” (Chisinau, 1963); "Rashkovskie stories" (ibid, 1972).
SHREBERK Shloyme-Seivl (1866, Vilna - 1944, Tel Aviv), publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1900 he opened a publishing house in Vilna (until 1908 he published over 100 books in Hebrew and Yiddish, including works by Bal-Makhshoves, Sh.V. Niger, L. Levin, I.-M. Weissenberg, Mendele Moikher-Sforima and others). In 1911 - one of the founders of the joint stock company. published. about-va "Central". From 1919 - in Warsaw, published "The History of the Jewish People" by S.M. Dubnov (vols. 1-10), Sobr. op. S. An-sky (vols. 1-15), man. Sh. L. Tsitrona and others. In 1926, together with his partners, he founded a publishing house, which published Sobr. op. J. Dineson (vols. 1-9), Der Lebediker (vols. 1-7) and others, created a cooperative book. trade under the firm "Biher". From 1935 - in E.-I., where he continued to publish. activity (in total he issued over 300 kn. in Yiddish). Participated in the creation of magazines. Lebn un Visnschaft, daily. gas. Lebn (1914), Vilner Tog (1919). Rep. and correspondence Sh. ed. in 1955 in Tel Aviv.
Schreider Alexander Abramovich (ps. A. Zevin, S. Razin) (?, Yekaterinoslav - 1930, Paris), politician, publicist. The nephew of G. I. Schreider. Graduated from law. f-t un-that. In 1917, a participant in Demokr. meetings in Petrograd. Member Pre-parliament. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 2nd-4th convocations. Member Central Committee of the Party of the Left SRs. In 1918 the deputy. People's Commissar of Justice. Member commission for drawing up the Constitution of the RSFSR. In 1918, as part of a delegation of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, he was sent to Switzerland to establish contact with the Left Socialists of Europe, from where he was exiled. In 1919 he was arrested, after his release he left Russia. When crossing the border, a Polish man was arrested. authorities, released six months later. Since 1921 - in Germany. One of the founders and leaders of the Scythian publishing house. In 1922 - one of the organizers of the Committee for helping the starving in Russia. Represented the Left Socialist Revolutionaries for dec. int. Congresses of the Left Socialists. In 1924-30 he took part in the issue. Bulletin of the left populists "The Banner of Struggle". Cit .: Tsar-Golod. Pg., 1917; Republic of Soviets. Berlin – Milan, 1920; Essays on the philosophy of populism. Berlin, 1923; Notebook about Dostoevsky. Paris, 1929.
SCHREIDER Grigory Ilyich (1860 - 1940, Madona, France), politician, publicist. In the 1880s. participated in the Narodnaya Volya. movement. Later he was engaged in journalism, in the 1890s. ed. gas. "South" (Kherson). From the beginning. 1900s member party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1904–05 one of the editors. gas. "Son of the Fatherland" (since October 1905 organ of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party), in 1905 published a weekly in St. Petersburg. "Economical. gas.". In 1907-17 - in Italy, collaborated in gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ”(published articles on issues of city self-government, as well as correspondence from Italy). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, ed. gas. "Self-government" (Petrograd), elected city. head of Petrograd. In the fall of 1917, member. prez. Democr. meetings and members. Pre-parliament, dep. Will establish. meetings from Petrograd. 24 oct. headed the K-t societies. security, tried to organize arms. Bolshevik resistance. coup. 8 nov. arrested for refusing to obey the order of the Bolshevik. authorities to dissolve the mountains. thoughts. Soon released, left for the South of Russia, organized the South-East. to-t chl. Will establish. meetings, edited gas. "Motherland". Since 1920 - in exile, collaborated in gas. "Roar. Russia ”(Prague).
SHREIDER Julius Anatolyevich (1927, Dnepropetrovsk - 1998), mathematician. Grandchildren. trib. G.I.Shreider. Graduated from Moscow State University (1946). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1950), Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1981), acad. RANS (1993). He worked in SKB-245 (1949-50), in Moscow. in-those of steel (1951–56), in the research institute of el. typing (former SKB-245; 1956–61), at VINITI (1961–89). Since 1989 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Main results are related to func. analysis, information theory, mat. statistics, informatics. Ch. themes of philosophy. works - philosophy of science and philosophy. Problems of Consciousness, Vol .: The structure of maximum ideals in rings of measures with convolution. Mat. Sat. 27, 1950; The method is statistical. tests (Monte Carlo) and its implementation on digital compute. cars. M., 1961 (co-authored with N.P. Buslenko); Equality, similarity, order. M., 1971; Ethics lectures. M., 1994.
SHTAERMAN Elena Mikhailovna (1914, Petrograd - 1991, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1957). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1939). In 1942–44, Ch. GBL librarian. In 1944–51 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Material Culture, since 1951 - Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1968 - Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (leading scientific researcher, leading scientific consultant). Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Bulletin of Ancient History". Author tr. on social and economic history and history of culture dr. Rome and the Roman Empire, the problems of spiritual life diff. layers of Rome. about-va. Participated in the creation of textbooks and collective monographs. "Ancient Rome" (Moscow, 1950), "Ancient Greece" (1953), the multivolume "World History" (vol. 2. Moscow, 1955), "Readers on the history of Ancient Rome" (Moscow, 1962), " Culture of Ancient Rome "(v. 1. M., 1985). Cit .: Crisis slave owner. building in the West. provinces of the Roman Empire. M., 1957; The heyday of the slave owner. relations in the Roman Republic. M., 1964; Slave owner. relations in the early Roman Empire. M., 1971; The crisis of ancient culture. M., 1975; Ancient Rome: economic problems. development. M., 1978.
SHTAERMAN Ilya Yakovlevich (1891, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1962, Moscow), mathematician. Prof. (1924), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1930), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from un-t in Kiev (1915). He worked at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those (1918–41), in Kiev un-those (1930–41), in the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1920–44), in MISI (from 1943). Main results refer to app. mathematics, mechanics, theory of functions, differenti. and integral ur-niyam, mat. physics.
SHTARKMAN Naum Leibovich (1927, Zhitomir - 2006, Moscow), pianist. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. K.N. Igumnova. Since 1949, the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. The repertoire includes Western-European and owls. comp. Laureate of the International. contests them. Chopin (Warsaw, 1955, 5th Ave.), them. Viana da Mota (Lisbon, 1957, 1st Ave.), im. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1958, 3rd Ave.). In 1967–72 he taught at the State. music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins, then to Moscow. cons. (since 1990 prof.), since 1992 - at the Jewish Academy. Maimonides. Among the students of Sh. The winners of the international. contests: D. Vinnik and A. Hashisho. Hands. master classes in different. countries, members jury int. contests. Honored. art. RSFSR (1990). Nar. art. RF (1996).
SHTEKELIS Moishe (1898, Kamenets-Podolsk - 1967), archaeologist. Studied in Odessa. Since 1921, deputy. dir. Odessa archaeologist. museum and library with him. In 1924 he was arrested on charges of Zionist activity and exiled to Siberia. After his release (1928) - in E.-I. Since 1948 Rev. (later - prof.) archeology of the Jewish University in Jerusalem. Supervised excavations at Beth Lehem on the Carmel city, in the Jordan Valley. Founder of a museum in Haifa.
STEMLER Ilya Petrovich (b. 1933, Baku), writer. In 1956 he graduated from Azerb. industrial in-t. In 1956–59 a geophysicist in the experiment, in 1959–67 an engineer. at the Geologorazvedka plant (Leningrad). He began to publish in 1959. Author of "industrial" novels. Works: Grandmaster score. M., 1966; An ordinary month. M., 1976; Taxi station. M., 1980; Businessmen. M., 1997.
STENBERG Abram Ilyich (1906, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Hygienist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1952). Graduated from the 2nd MMI (1931). In 1931–52, postgraduate student, scientific. sotr., head. lab. food. chemistry and a lab created on his initiative. toxicology of foreign substances, head. dep. food hygiene in Ying-those food AMS USSR. In 1953–58 the head. Department of Food Hygiene, Sverdlovsk honey. in-that; in 1958–61 head. dep. food hygiene Mosk. in-that hygiene them. F.F. Erisman; in 1961–82 again head. dep. food hygiene Ying-that food. In 1982–92 he worked at Ros. rep. information-analytical center. Sci. tr. ch. arr. on questions food hygiene. One of the first in the USSR began to study the influence of the so-called. foreign substances (including heavy metals) on the generative functions of the body. He showed that the so-called. Jalangar encephalitis is food grade. poisoning caused by the seeds of a poisonous plant Trichodesma gray (trichodesmotoxicosis). He proposed methods for determining and rationing pesticides in food products, led the development of rationing for the arm. Paikov, Cit .: Fundamentals of rational nutrition. M., 1959; The value of the nutritional factor in the development of endemic goiter. M., 1968; Food additives. M., 1969 (et al.).
SHTENDER Girsh Mikhailovich (1927, Kiev - 1992, Novgorod), architect-restorer. Cand. architecture. Graduated from Kiev engineer-constructor. in-t. He played a leading role in the restoration of the East. monuments of Novgorod, destroyed during the 2nd world. war. Main works: restoration of St. Sophia and St. Nicholas Cathedrals, the Antoniev Monastery, the Church of Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa and other objects. Author pl. publications on the theory and practice of restoration. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.
SHTERENBERG Abram Petrovich (1894, Zhitomir - 1979, Moscow), photojournalist. Brother of D.P. Shterenberg. Rod. in the family of a photographer. Participant of Civil. war. Since 1922 - in Moscow. He worked as a photojournalist in the agencies "Rusfoto", "Unifoto", "Soyuzfoto". He created portraits of cultural figures: A. Barbus, V. Mayakovsky, S. T. Konenkov, G. Craig, R. Tagore and others. ... 1941–45 - at the front. In the 1960s. returned to the portrait genre. He worked at the APN. In 1967 he performed several. dozens of photographs by I.G. Ehrenburg, which became the last images of the writer. The participant is numerous. exhibitions.
SHTERENBERG David Davidovich (b. 1931, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. Son of D.P. Shterenberg. In 1958 he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. He worked in Detgiz. In the 1970s. became interested in painting, painted landscapes, portraits, genre. scenes. Prod. Sh. Are close to the direction of hyperrealism and the photographic method, among which are the "sea" landscapes "Gurzuf", "Wave" (1970s, oil on canvas) with a subtle joyful feeling of transparency of the atmosphere; "War" pictures under the same title "Attack" (1970s, oil on canvas), showing the psychological. the state of a person between life and death; "Window" ("Self-portrait", 1976, oil on canvas), where the artist's image merges with the mountains at night. landscape into a single symbol of drama and intense moments of life. Among izv. works by Sh .: "August", "A Day by the Sea" (1980s, oil on canvas), a number of paintings entitled "The Road" (1990s, oil on canvas), etc. ., rep., mosk. exhibitions; international: in the USA (1970s), in Poland (Warsaw), etc. Prod. Sh. Are kept in a number of museums in Russia, in private collections in Russia, France, and the Netherlands.
SHTERENBERG David Petrovich (1881, Zhitomir - 1948, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. Prof. Brother of A.P. Shterenberg. In 1906 he studied in Odessa at the artist. studios, in 1906-12 - in Paris at the School of Fine Arts and at the Vitti Academy. In 1912 he was admitted to the Autumn and Independent Salon. Naib. Izv. paintings of the 1910s: "Our yard" (in the Parisian "Hive"), comp. "Quarry", "Bricklayers", "Emigrant Worker", "Worker by the Seine", "Red Still Life", "Breakfast". In 1917 he returned to Russia. In 1918–20 the head. dep. fig. lawsuit in the People's Commissariat for Education. In 1925-30 one of the organizers and before. OST. In 1920–30 prof. VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN. Zhivop. works "Aniska", "Agitator", "Brigade during a break", "Table with a lamp and a white vase" and others are characterized by acute expressiveness of images, emphasized planar construction of space. Means. place in the work of Sh. occupied graphics, among the works. this genre is lithography, etchings, woodcuts. From the end. 1920s illustrated the book. for children: "Galu and Mgatu" by O. Guryan, "Bobka-sportsman" by A.B. Mariengof, "Children" by V.V. Mayakovsky, collection of works. verse. DRKipling "40 nord - 50 west" in the lane. S.Ya. Marshak; picture books without text: "Physical education", "My toys", "Flowers", "Patterns", etc., comp. by Sh. himself, as well as "Stories" by IE Babel, "Tamango" by P. Merimee and others. He first participated in the exhibition in 1912, presenting "Portrait of the Artist's Wife". In 1917 he participated in the art. exhibition together with A. Matisse, A. Ozanfan and M. Utrillo in Paris, in 1922 - in the exhibition of three, with N. I. Altman, M. Chagal. In 1925, the director. and participant in Russian. dep. Int. decorative exhibitions. art in Paris (Gold medal and diploma), 7th exhibition gr. "Larnier" in Paris, exhibitions in Venice (diploma). In 1927, a personal exhibition in Moscow. museum of painting. culture. Prod. Sh. Were exhibited in many. countries of the world, including Great Britain (1930), Denmark (1931), Belgium (1937), USA (1945), etc. Memorial exhibitions were held in Moscow (1959, 1978). Prod. Sh. Are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum. The first artist to receive the title of Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1930).
SHTERENBERG Lev (Chaim) Yakovlevich (1861, Zhitomir - 1927, Duderhof, Leningrad Gubernia), ethnographer and geographer. Prof. (1918), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1924). In 1881 he entered physics and mathematics. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1882 he was expelled for participating in the student. gathering. In 1883–96 he studied law. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa. He joined the People's Will. Arrested in 1886. In 1891–97 - in exile on Sakhalin. He studied the life and folklore of the peoples living there. In 1897–99 - in Zhitomir, sotr. into gas. Volyn. From 1902 - in St. Petersburg. Comp. in the Encyclopedia. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. In 1902 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. From 1902 - ethnographer Ros. Academy of Sciences, since 1912 - pom. dir. Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography Ros. AN. In 1902-17 sec. Rus. committee for the study of East. and Wed. Asia, sotr. zhurn. "Russian wealth". Gold medal of the Academy of Sciences (1916) for critical analysis of the work of V. Iokhelson "Excavations in the Aleutian Islands". In 1914-17 he was a member. Committee for Aid to Jewish Refugees. From 1917 before. Commission for the compilation of an ethnographic map of Russia. Prev Jewish Historical and Ethnographic. about-va, ch. ed. his organ "Jewish Antiquity". Author of works on Jewish ethnography and ethnography of the peoples of the North.
SHTERN Avraham (underground nickname Yair) (1907, Suwalki - 1942, Tel Aviv), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1925 - in E.-I., he studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1931 he joined ETZEL, author of propaganda campaigns. poetry. After the split of Etzel (April 1937), he entered his command, personally participated in military operations against the Arabs and Britons. authorities. In the end. 1930s made a trip to Europe in order to acquire weapons, at the same time he was negotiating with the Polish. the authorities on the establishment in the country of courses for the training of trainers for ETsEL. In 1939, the Brit. the authorities. While in jail, he spoke out against the termination of anti-Brit. armed struggle in connection with the beginning. 2nd world. war. In 1940 he was released, at the same time he created a military underground organization LEKHI (also called the Stern group), the author of its program manifesto ("Principles of Revival"). Sh. Believed that an independent Jewish state could be created only by arming. struggle, denied K.-L. legal work and urged to act exclusively by underground methods. Killed in arrest by Brit. an officer.
STERN Bernhard (1867, Riga - 1927), writer, publicist. Made a number of travels in the Caucasus, Wed. Asia, Bl. East. He wrote Ch. arr. On him. lang. Author of the book: "From Modern Russia" (Berlin, 1893), "The Romanovs. Intimate episodes from Russian. court life "(Berlin, 1893)," Medicine, superstition and sex life in Turkey "(v. 1-2. Berlin, 1903)," Illustrated history of erotic. literature of all times and peoples "(Vienna, 1908)," Rus. cruelty in the past and now ”(Berlin, 1908, 2nd ed. - 1920).
SHTERN Bezalel (1798, Tarnopol, Galicia, Austria - 1853, Odessa), teacher. In the end. 1820s at the invitation of the Jewish community he moved to Odessa, where he headed the Jewish school, created. in 1826 by immigrants from Galicia. On the initiative of Sh., A department for girls was created, and the teaching of secular sciences (including Russian and German) was expanded. In his activities Sh. Faced resistance from orthodox circles, overcoming it thanks to the support of the mountains. Duma and General-Governor of Novorossiya gr. M.S. Vorontsov. In 1837 the school was attended by imp. Nicholas I, to-ry expressed satisfaction with the setting of the uch. process. Later Sh. Came into conflict with M. Lilienthal, who was in charge of the organization of state Jewish schools; since 1843 “The commission established by the Highest for the education of Jews” participated in the development of programs for state Jewish schools. In 1852 Sh. Was dismissed from the post of director.
SHTERN Grigory Mikhailovich (1900, Smela of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1941, Kuibyshev), military leader. Colonel General (1940). Hero of the Soviet Union (1939). In Kr. Army since 1919, in Grazhd. war as a military commissar of a regiment, brigade, 46th rifleman. div. In 1921-23 he was a military commissar of a regiment, headquarters of the 3rd rifleman div. and the headquarters of the 1st cavalry. bldg. In 1923–25 com. parts of special purpose Khorezm gr. troops. In 1925-26 the beginning. political department of the 7th cavalry. div. He graduated from advanced training courses. early composition at the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze (1926) and east. Faculty of the same academy (1929). In 1929–34 he was for especially important assignments under the People's Commissar for War. and pestilence. business. In 1934-36 the beginning. managing the affairs of NGOs. Divisional Commander (1935). In 1937–38, Ch. military. counselor for rep. made in Spain. Corps Commander (1938). From May 1938 the chief of staff, from 1939 teams. Dalnevost. fr., then Zabaikalsky fr., participant in hostilities on the lake. Khasan (Aug. 1938) and on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). Commander of the 2nd rank (1939). In Sov.-Finl. war of 1939–40 teams. 8th Army, in 1940–41 teams. Dalnevost. fr. In 1941 the beginning. Air Defense Directorate. Member Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in 1939–41, dep. USSR Armed Forces since 1937. In June 1941 he was arrested. In the fall of 1941 he was taken to Kuibyshev, shot.
SHTERN Lina Solomonovna (1878, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province - 1968, Moscow), physiologist. Prof. (1917), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939) and USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944). Until the age of seven she was brought up by her grandfather, a rabbi. In 1898 she entered honey. Faculty of Geneva un-that, to-ry graduated in 1903. Since 1904 she worked there at the department of physiology. chemistry (since 1917 head of the department, the first woman professor at the University of Geneva). Since 1925 - in the USSR. In 1925–48 the head. Department of Physiology 2nd Moscow State University (2nd MMI) and at the same time. (1929–48) dir. the Institute of Physiology of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education organized by her (since 1939 under the jurisdiction of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1929 she took part in the organization and was in charge. (until 1938) dep. developmental physiology in the Central Research Institute of motherhood and infancy and the department. general physiology at VIEM. The first female academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949 she was arrested in the case of the EAK, in prez. to-rogo was elected in 1941. She returned to Moscow in 1953. In 1954–68 she headed the department. physiology Institute of biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main scientific. tr. dedicated chemical problems and physical and chemical. the foundations of the life of the human and animal organism, as well as oxidative enzymes. One of the founders of the doctrine of histohematich. body barriers, substantiated their importance for maintaining homeostasis. In 1921 she proposed (with R. Gauthier) the concept of "blood-brain barrier" to designate a mechanism that selectively regulates the metabolism between the blood and the center. nerve. system and carrying out the protective function of the organism (Stal. pr., 1943). Sh .'s work on the meaning of non-specific. metabolic products in life have played an important role in solving the problem of humoral regulation of body functions. In 1947, she proposed an effective method for treating tuberculous meningitis by introducing streptomycin into the spinal fluid. One of the creators and ch. ed. (1935–49) zhurn. "Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine". Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1934). Vol .: Blood-brain barrier. M. - L., 1935 (et al.); Immediate nutrient medium for organs and tissues. Physiological mechanisms that determine its composition and properties. Fav. tr. M., 1960.
SHTERN Miron Lazarevich (1910, Bryansk, Belsky u. Grodno province. - 1985, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Engineer (1978). Brother of S.L. Stern. In 1931–33 he studied at Moscow. mechanical in-those. From 1933 - in the Red Army. In 1939 he graduated from building. Faculty of Military Engineering academy. In 1941–45 - at the front, com. decomp. military-builds. parts. In 1941–45, Ch. engineer, early. builds. management of the Moscow Military District, in 1951-63 beginning. builds. management Leningrad. VO, in 1963–81 early. GU building industry. enterprises of MO. From 1981 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders. Honored. builder of the RSFSR. State pr. USSR.
STERN Rudolf Davydovich (1910 - 1990, Moscow), pathologist. Dr. med. sciences. Colonel honey. service. In 1932 he graduated from the 1st MMI. In 1932-66 - in the army, worked as a pathologist. departments Ch. clinics military. hospital them. N.N.Burdenko, headed the department in the 1950-60s. In 1941–45, Ch. front pathologist. One of the organizers of the pathologist. service of the Red Army. In 1932–90 (at the same time as working in the hospital prosecution), the head. pathologist. branch of Moscow. hospital number 29 named. N.E.Bauman. Author of over 190 scientific. works dedicated. question oncomorphology lymphatic. and hematopoietic system, infec. pathology, organization pathologoanatom. service, history of pathological. Anatomy, etc. He was the first to describe systemic tumor endotheliomatosis and summarize materials on pseudosarcomatous gastric lymphomatosis. One of the initiators of the creation of Vses. scientific. about-va of pathologists, the first scientific secretary. about-va in 1951–57. Ed. pl. pounds. honey. editions. Honored. doctor of the RSFSR. He was awarded 6 orders.
SHTERN Samuil Lazarevich (1908, Samgorodok of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1991, Moscow), a specialist in the field of tunneling. Brother of M.L. Stern. In 1933 he graduated from Moscow. forge. in-t. In 1930–32 the foreman, deputy. early site in the mines of Donbass. From 1932 he worked in Moscow. Metrostroy (shift engineer, head of construction of mines, head of construction and assembly department), in 1954–72 deputy. early Metrostroy. In 1972–78 - at the dep. Ing. structures in-that "Orgtransstroy". Since 1978 - in special. design and technology. Bureau of Glavtonnelmetrostroy (deputy head of the department of tunnels and subways). Sh. Introduced means. contribution to the technology of laying subway lines in complex mountains. development, in the creation of owls. tunneling equipment and organization of work at the first stage of the Mosk. subway. Supervised the construction of the monument to Afanasy Nikitin in Kalinin (1955), special. works at the construction of a stadium in Luzhniki in Moscow (1956). Honored. builder of the RSFSR. Honorary Railwayman.
SHTERN Yuri (1949, Moscow - 2007), public and political figure. Dr. of Economics. In 1971 he graduated from the economy. Faculty of Moscow State University. From ser. 1970s actively participated in the Jewish nat. movement in the USSR. Since 1981 - in Israel. 1989–92 Advisor to the Knesset Commission on Repatriation and Absorption. In 1990–95 he worked in the Federation of bargaining. chambers of Israel. In 1990–91, he was presented. Federation in the USSR. From 1992 to. Associations of New Entrepreneurs at the Israel Trade and Industry. ward. Member the Presidium of the Zionist Forum. One of the leaders of the Israel Ba-Aliya party. Since 1996 dep. The Knesset. Member commissions on foreign business and defense and labor and social. questions. From 1996 to. Parliament of the Israel-Russia Friendship Association.
STERNBERG Yakov Moiseevich (1890, Lipkany Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1973, Moscow), poet, playwright, director. First publ. (fairy tale) - in 1908 in the Odessa gas. "Unzer Lebn". He wrote poetry, ballads, poems, literary critic. Art. Yiddish. Since 1914 - in Romania. In the beginning. 1920s created a Jewish music. tr. He wrote 9 plays for his troupe, including "Tsimes", "Bukaresht-Erusholaim", "Inmitndrinen" ("Suddenly"), "Green Bleter" ("Green Leaves"), "Kukuriku" and others. In 1924 –26 directed the theater in Bucharest. collective "Vilner Trupe" ("Vilenskaya troupe"), in which were staged: "Yashka the musician" O. Dymov, "Bainakht oifn altn mark" ("Night at the old market") I.-L. Perets, " Oytser "(" Treasure ") by Sholem Aleichem," The Marriage "by NV Gogol and others. The troupe has toured to many. mountains. Europe. Since 1940 - in the USSR. Poems and Literature-Critical essays were published in the journal. "Gameland", "Sovetish gameland". Author of books published in Bucharest and Paris: "Shtot in profile" ("City in profile", 1935), "Lid un balade oif di Karpatn" ("Poems and ballads about the Carpathians", 1968), "In krais fun yorn "(" In the Circle of Years ", 1970).
SHTERNFELD Ari Abramovich (1905, Sieradz Kalisz province - 1980, Moscow), specialist in the field of applied mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1924 - in France. In 1927 he graduated from the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Appl. mechanics un-that in Nancy. In 1927-30, 1934-35 technologist, designer, consultant at the prom. production facilities in Paris. At the same time. in 1928-30 - in doctoral studies at the Sorbonne, worked on a dissertation. "Problems of Cosmonautics". In 1930 he began to correspond with K.E. Tsiolkovsky. In 1932–33 - in Poland, he worked on research. "Introduction to Astronautics". In 1934 he presented his work and made reports to Franz. AN and Franz. asters about-ve. Since 1935 - in the USSR. In 1935-37 - at the Jet Research Institute, completed "Introduction to Cosmonautics" (M., 1937; 2nd ed. - M., 1974; book was exhibited in the USSR pavilion at the World Exhibition 1938-39 in New York) ... In 1937–38 he was a consultant to the Central Research Institute of Machining and Metalworking. Since 1938 he has been published in many. periodic. ed. THE USSR. In 1939 he addressed a letter to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks about the need to develop the problems of interplanetary communications. In 1941–44 St. Metallurgical technical school in Serov, Sverdlovsk region. In 1951–54 - in the design bureau. In 1953-59, an assistant at the Ying-those scientific. information of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main scientific. work dedicated. problems of rocket and space. flights: the calculation and design of aircraft, the calculation of trajectories, stability and motion control, ballistics, etc. In 1932 he proposed a project of a robot with mechanical. limbs ("android"), to-ry completed in 1937. Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Int. pr. in astronautics: im. Eno-Peltri-Hirsch (1934) and A. Galabera (1962). Works: Flight and World Space. M. - L., 1949; Interplanetary flights. M., 1955; Artificial satellites. 2nd ed. M., 1958; From artificial satellites to interplanetary flights. 2nd ed. M., 1959; Introduction to astronautics. M., 1974; The paradoxes of cosmonautics. M., 1991.
STERNGARTZ Nathan (1780, Nemyriv, Podolsk Voivodeship, Poland - 1845), rabbi. In 1802 he met Nachman from Bratslav and became his follower. In 1810, after the death of Nachman, he led the movement of the Bratslav Hasidim. He built a synagogue in Uman (the burial place of Nakhman), published Op. his teacher: "Likutei MAGARAN" (part 1. Ostrog, 1808; part 2. Mogilev-on-Dniester, 1811; part 3. Ostrog, 1815), "Seifer Hamidos" (Mogilev-on-Dniester, 1821) and others. The author of a special prayer read at the grave of Nachman.
STEIMAN Beinush (1897, Kreslavka of Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1919, Kiev), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1914–16 he was a pharmacist in Vilna. In 1916-1919 he studied at the Teacher's Institute in Kharkov. Among the works: "Baym toer" ("At the gate", journal. "Oifgang. Kiev, 1919)," Moshiach ben Joseph "(" The Messiah is the son of Joseph. " 1920), “Dos dig the Kind” (“The Red Child.” Drama. Warsaw, 1921). In the 1920s. Sh .'s plays were staged by Jewish theaters of the USSR and other countries. He translated O. Wilde's plays into Yiddish.
STEIMAN Joseph Anatolyevich (b. 1923, Daugavpils, Latvia), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). 1941–42 - at the front. Graduated from East. Faculty of Latvian ped. Institute in Riga (1949). Since 1947, St. in Daugavpils teaches. in-those (ped. in-those, ped. un-those). Author of 15 monographs. and St. 100 Art. by theoretical. problems ist. science, history slave. movements in Latvia, the history of the Jewish people in general and the history of the Jews in Latvia. Honored. Scientist of the Latvian SSR (1973). Vol .: Problems of the Historical Process. Daugavpils, 1995; Pages of the history of the Jewish people. Daugavpils, 1995 (co-authored with B. Volkovich); History of the Jews of Latvia. Daugavpils, 1995.
SHTEIMAN Meer Davidovich (1893, Novoaleksandrov, Kovno province - 1948, Moscow), actor. Among the first he was accepted by A.M. Granovsky in the created by him. T-r-studio in Petrograd, which laid the foundation for the State. Jewish chamber theater in Moscow. Possessing outstanding acting skills, Sh. Played DOS. roles in the performances of Granovsky. Among the best roles: Motl (“200,000” by Sholem Aleichem), partisan Amrud [“4 days” (“Yulis”) by M. Daniel], the second badchen (“Freilekhs” by Z.Schneer-Okun), Zeyvl, father Wolf ( "The Ovadis Family", "Uprising in the Ghetto" by PD Markish). Honored. art. RSFSR (1939).
STEIN Abram Lvovich (b. 1915, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1970), prof. (1972). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. He began to publish in 1945. In 1937–45 he worked in Lit. museum and radio. Since 1946 - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Author pl. works on the problems of rus. and nick. drama. Participated in the ed. "Shakespeare's collection" (1958, 1961), comp. Sat. "Lit. the legacy of A.N. Ostrovsky. New research and materials "(1974), collection, dedicated. V.N. Pashennaya (1971), A.I. Sashin-Nikolsky (1979), comp. and the author entered. Art. Sat. “Spanish aesthetics. Renaissance, Baroque "(1977), author of a number of textbooks and textbooks. manuals for isp. and French. lit-re. Among the works of Sh .: “Critical Realism and Russian. drama of the XIX century ”(1962),“ Three masterpieces of Ostrovsky ”(1967),“ At the heights of the world literature ”(1977; 2nd issue - 1988),“ Literature of the Spanish Baroque ”(1983),“ Decameron ”by Boccaccio - a book about love "(1993)," History of Spanish Literature "(1994).
STEIN Alexander Petrovich (1906, Samarkand - 1993, Moscow), playwright, screenwriter. Studied for philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He began to publish in 1923, lit. sotr. gas. Proletarian, Turkestanskaya Pravda. In 1930, joint. with br. Tur and A. Gorev wrote the plays "Oil" and "Utopia", post. in Leningrad and other t-ts. In 1935-40 ch. ed. zhurn. "Art and Life". In 1941–45 corr. gas. Red Fleet. Mn. from the plays of Sh. history grew. and owls. fleet. Among them: "Admiral's Flag" (TsTSA, 1950), "Hotel" Astoria "(Bolshoi Theater named after M. Gorky, 1956; Theater named after Vladimir Mayakovsky)," Ocean "(Bolshoi Theater named after Gorky, 1961) and others. Among other plays: "Prologue" (1953), "Personal Affair" (1954), "Spring Violins" (1959), "Widower" (1966), "Night without Stars" (1973), "Black Midshipman" (1980). The films were staged according to Sh .'s scripts: "Baltiytsy" (co-authored with A. Zenovin, 1937), "Submarine T-9" (co-authored with IM Zeltser, 1943), "Sea Battalion" (1946), “The Court of Honor” (1949), “Admiral Ushakov”, “Ships Storm the Bastions” (both - 1953), etc. book: "The Tale of How Plots Arise" (1965; 2nd ed. - 1981), "Second Intermission" (1976), "Sky in Diamonds" (1981), "Invented" (1985), collection of works. "Alone with the Spectator" (1982). Sat. plays Sh., including two-volume "Plays" (1978), "Selected" (1988) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1987). Became. pr. (1949, 1951).
STEIN Boris Efimovich (1892, Aleksandrovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 1961, Moscow), diplomat, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1944), prof. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Central Committee Labor. socialist party. In 1919–20 p. RSDLP (Menshevik). During the Civil. During the war, he was repeatedly elected to the local authorities in Aleksandrovsk, and was arrested during the reign of Denikin. Since 1920 - in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, head. bargaining-polit. dep., dep. Centre. Europe and others. In 1922 the deputy. hands. owls. delegations at the Genoa conference, participation. in the work of the Hague Conf. In 1927–32 hands. delegation of the USSR in Prepare. Commission to the General Conf. on disarmament. In 1932–34, the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Finland, in 1934–38 in Italy, member. USSR delegation to the League of Nations (1934–38). In 1936 he was elected a member. Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In March 1939 he was sent at the suggestion of J.V. Stalin from the neofits. mission to Finland, where he negotiated with mines. foreign cases. In 1940–41 he worked in the international. dep. gas. "Trud", lectured on the history of ext. USSR policy in the Higher. Dipl. school (VDS) and at the Higher. school desks. school at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1941–43 prof. Department of General History of the Central Asian State. un-ta (Tashkent), then again at the VDSH and at the Academy of Societies. Sciences (GA) at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1946–48, Ch. owls. cases. at the 1st session Gen. UN Assembly in the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was dismissed from the VDSH, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the GA and expelled from the CPSU (b). In 1953 he was reinstated in the party, continued scientific. and teaching at VDSH. Author of works on the history of external. policy of the USSR and the history of international. otnosheniya, Cit .: Foreign trade policy of the USSR. M. - L., 1925; Russian question at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920). M., 1949; The Russian question in 1920–21. M., 1958; Bourgeois falsifiers of history. M., 1960.
STEIN Henrik (ps. Kamensky, L. Domsky) (1883, Warsaw - 1937), party leader. V. Stein's brother. Since 1904, members SDKPiL. Comp. gas. "Left" direction, ed. "Robotic newspapers". In 1915-18, members. Ch. Board SDKPiL. Since 1918, member. Communist Party of Poland, in 1918-19 a member. Central Committee, in 1924–25 a member. Politburo, supporter of ultra-left views. In 1920 at the same time. member Communist Party of Germany. He was arrested many times. Since 1926 - in the USSR. Member VKP (b), expelled in 1928 as a Trotskyist, reinstated in 1930, expelled again in 1935. Repressed.
STEIN Leonid Zakharovich (1934, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1973, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1962). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1965). Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Lviv University (1969). Champion of the USSR (1963, 1965, 1966) and Ukraine (1960, 1962). As part of the USSR national team, the winner of the World. chess. Olympiads (1964, 1966) and European Championships (1965, 1970), participant in the "match of the century": the USSR national team - the world team (1970). From the beginning. 1960s participant of competitions for the world championship, interzones. tournaments (1962, 6-8th m .; 1964, 5th m .; 1967, 6-8th m.). Winner and prize-winner of a number of kr. int. tournaments, including in Bucharest (1961, 1st), Sarajevo (1967, 1st - 2nd), Tallinn (1969, 1st), Moscow (1971, 1st - 2nd m.), Las Palmas (1971, 1-2 m.).
STEIN Petr Alexandrovich (b. 1947, Moscow), director. Son of A.P. Stein. At the end of dir. Faculty of GITIS (1969) staged the play "Dance Teacher" L. de Vega at the Ryazan Drama Theater. In the 1970s. - in Moscow. t-rkh, where he put: "Proezd" by Y. F. Edlis (Moscow region. drama. t-r, 1970), "Singing sands" (T-r im. Mossoveta, 1972), "Night without stars" ( Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin, 1974; both - Stein), "Spring Day April 30" by A.G. Zak and I.K. Kuznetsov (TsTSA, 1974), etc .; also staged performances for children: "In the land of eternal vacations" by A.G. Aleksin (1971), "In the order of deception" by A.L. Barto (1975; both - Moscow Youth Theater). Since 1977 dir. T-ra them. Linen. Komsomol, where he put: "Sergeant, my first shot!" E.Ya. Volodarsky (1978), "Grenada", comp. A.O. Remeza and Sh., Dedicated. in memory of M.A.Svetlov (1980), "My dear Pamela" by J. Patrick (1983), "Pocket Theater" by J. Cocteau (1987), "Romulus the Great" by F. Dürrenmatt (1990), the musical "The Bremen Town Musicians" I. Gladkova (1990) and others. In 1987 carried out the post. plays by E. Olby "Everything in the Garden" ("Feast in the Garden") in the New Drama. t-re, in 1989 put on television "Sandwich" after S. Lem, in 1994 - at the Moscow Art Theater. A.P. Chekhova "New American" by production. S.D.Dovlatova.
STEIN Semyon Alexandrovich (Solomon Abramovich) (1928, Samara - 1993), opera director. In 1954 he graduated from the opera dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of B.A. Pokrovsky). From 1954 dir. in the Kuibyshevsky t-re op. and the ball. For the first time in rus. stage put op. B. Smetana's "The Kiss" (with P.S. Zlatogorov). Carried out the post. op. "The Enchantress" by PI Tchaikovsky, "La Boheme" by G. Puccini. Sh. More than once acted as the first director of the new modern. op .: "Gadfly" by A.E. Spadavecchia (1959), "Street del Carno" by K.V. Molchanov (1960). In 1963–66 - at the Novosibirsk Theater, op. and the ball. (where, among others, he staged the op. "War and Peace" by S. S. Prokofiev, 1967), in 1961–63 and 1966–70 - in Voronezh (The Queen of Spades, 1964; Mazepa, 1969, both - Tchaikovsky, chief director; "Night in Venice" by I. Strauss, 1966 and others). Since 1970 dir. Belarusian t-ra op. and bal., where he was fasting. op. "The Golden Cockerel" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1970), "Boris Godunov" by M.P. Mussorgsky (1971). Later, Ch. arr. over modern repertoire: “Mindia” by OV Taktakishvili (1973), “In the Storm” by TN Khrennikov (1976), “The Path of Life” by GM Wagner (1980). Among the post. Sh. In other volumes: "The Magic Flute" by W.-A. Mozart (1965, Perm Theater, op. And ball.), "Eugene Onegin" by Tchaikovsky (1981, Tbilisi Theater, op. And ball. named after Z. Paliashvili), “The Power of Destiny” by G. Verdi (1986, Leningrad State University of Economics and Ballet named after S.M. Kirov); number of post. in the Bolshoi Theater: "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..." by Molchanov (1975), "Masquerade Ball" by Verdi (1980), "Rural Honor" by P. Mascagni, "Pagliacci" by R. Leoncavallo (both - 1985), " Faust "C. Gounod (1993). Among the directorial works of Sh. - post. op-t: "Free Wind" by IO Dunaevsky (1965, Leningrad Theater of Musical Comedy), "My Fair Lady" F. Lowe (1982, Minsk Theater of Musical Comedy). Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1969), nar. art. BSSR (1977).
STEIN Sergey Lvovich (1911, Oryol - 1977, Moscow), director, teacher. In 1940 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. In 1937 he participated in the creation of the theater. studios at the ZIS Palace of Culture (since 1959 Nar. t-r). Later, he also staged performances there: "The Gadfly" by E. Voynich (1939), "Friends from Pittsburgh" by M. Twain (1940), "The Spaniards" by M.Yu. Lermontov (1941), "My Dear Boys" by L. A. Kassilya (auth. Dramatization, 1947). Author of muses. and lyrics for most of the performances. From 1941 at the same time. worked in prof. t-tah, including in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol, staged more than 20 performances, including "The Marriage" by N.V. Gogol (1949), "Goodbye, boys" by B.I. Balter (1963), "Blue Notebook" by E.G. Kazakevich ( 1964), "Fear and Despair in the Third Empire" by B. Brecht (with L.K.Durov, 1968), "A Month in the Country" by I.S. Turgenev (1969), "Foxes" by L. Helman (1973) ... He also staged performances in music. t-rakh, including "The Kiss of Chanita" by Y.S. Milyutin (1957), "A Simple Girl" by K.S. Khachaturian (1960), "My Fair Lady" by F. Lowe (1965) and others. ... figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1961).
STEIN Victor Moritsovich (1890, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1964, Leningrad), geographer, orientalist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1945). Graduated from Petersburg. polytechnic Institute (1913), jurid. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1915). In 1917–47 he taught at Leningrad. ped. in-those, Finance-econom. in-those, LSU. In 1926–27 finance. advisor to Nat. made in China. In 1949–55 he was imprisoned. In 1935–49 and in 1955–64 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on econ. and polit. geography, economics and history of Asian countries. Vol .: Development of economic thought. L., 1924; Economic geography of Asia. L., 1940; Guan Tzu. Research and translation. M., 1959; Econ. connections between China and India in antiquity (up to the 3rd century AD). M., 1961.
STEIN Vladislav (ps. Kraevsky, Dombrovsky, Borovsky) (1886, Warsaw - 1937), politician. Brother of H. Stein. Since 1904, members SDKPiL. In 1910-14 - in prison and exile. Member of the International socialist conf. in Kintala (1916). Since 1916 hands. Warsaw org-tion SDKPL, member. Ch. board. Since 1918 - in the Communist Party of Poland (CP), member. Central Committee in 1920-21, member. Politburo 1923-29. One of the leading figures of the so-called. "Majority" during the fractions. fight in the checkpoint. Since 1930 - in the USSR. In 1930–31 sotr. Institute of Lenin at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1931–37 - the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Repressed.
STEINBAKH Valery Lvovich (b. 1942, Moscow), journalist, writer, publisher. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute in 1964. Since 1965 - in sports journalism. Since 1969 - in the publishing house "Physical culture and sport" in Moscow, since 1991 - general. dir. publishing house. Author of the book: "Heroes of Olympic Battles" (Moscow, 1972); "Business of the Big Ring" (M., 1972); "Soviet chapter of the Olympic history" (M., 1980); "638 Olympic Champions" (M., 1984); "Knockout" (M., 1990); “Attempt on Dionysius” (Chisinau, 1990); "The last round" (M., 1991); "Mike Tyson" (M., 1995) and others. Sh. Was a member. prez. Federation of Sports Journalists of the USSR, Fencing Federation of the USSR. Laureate of Vses. competition for the best sports book (1972).
STEINBERG Arkady Akimovich (1907, Odessa - 1984, Yuminskoye, Kalinin region), poet, translator, artist. Studied at the studio of KF Yuon (from 1922), VKHUTEMAS (1925–28), the studio of B.Kh. Zauze in Odessa (1928–29). Publ. poems from 1928 in Lit. newspaper ", zhurn. "Young Guard", "New World", "Red Nov". From the beginning. In the 1930s, encouraged by G.A. Shengeli, together with M.S. Petrovykh, A.A. Tarkovsky, S.I. Lipkin, he turned to poetry translation. One of the first experiments - translation, together with E.G. Bagritsky, verse. A.Rembo "Paris is settled again". Sh. - the first translator of works. B. Brecht. In 1937–40, 1945–53, he was repressed. In 1941 he published in Moscow his translation of the collection. O. Shvartsman "Poems". Since 1954 - in Tarusa, Kaluga region. One of the initiators of the publication Sat. "Tarusa Pages" (Kaluga, 1961), which includes the largest lifetime publication. poetry Sh. 12 years Sh. worked on the translation of D. Milton's poem "Paradise Lost" (Moscow, 1976). Translated into Russian. lang. poetry of the peoples of the USSR, Romanian, Vietnamese, Chinese, English, German. and Polish. authors. Sh. - the author of the poem "To the Upper reaches" (published posthumously in the collection "Return". M., 1991). Prod. Sh. Translated into Hebrew by A. Shlensky. Sh. Created dozens of paintings and graphic sheets. Participated in the Moscow exhibition. artists in Tarusa in 1961, posthumous exhibitions were held in 1986–87.
STEINBERG Aron Zakharovich (1891, Dinaburg, Vitebsk Gubernia - 1975, London), writer. Doctor of Philosophy (1913). Brother of I.-N.Z. Steinberg. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1913 he graduated from Philosophy. and legal. Faculty of Heidelberg University. Published Art. on questions Western-European philosophy in zhurn. "Russian Thought". In 1918-22 - in Russia. One of the founders of the circle of "free philosophers". Founding member and scientific secretary Council of Free Philosophy. associations. Comp. Institute theater. knowledge, taught in Petrograd. Philos. and the Jewish Institute. In 1919 he was arrested. In the Free Philosophical Association, he headed the department. pure philosophy, led a seminar on Kant, made reports, including on the philosophy of Judaism. Since 1922 - in Germany. Collaborated with the publishing house "Scythians". Translated into it. lang. 10 t. "World history of the Jewish people" S.M. Dubnov. Since 1934 - in Great Britain. Participated in the work of the World. Jewish Congr., from 1941 headed its cultural department. After 1945 post. delegate of UNESCO. Author of works on the philosophy of Judaism, philos. problems rus. lit-ry, including Art. "Dostoevsky and the Jews", "Answer to Karsavin" and others. The author of a number of articles. in "Algemeine Encyclopedia". Cit .: The system of freedom in Dostoevsky. Berlin, 1923; Friends of my early years. Paris, 1991.
STEINBERG Dmitry Maximilianovich (1909, Petersburg - 1962, ibid.), Entomologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences, prof. (1949). Son of M.O.Shteinberg, grandson of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Graduated from biol.-soil. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1930). From 1931 he worked at Vses. Institute of Plant Protection, taught at the Department of General Biology of the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–62 - in Zool. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1949–53 the beginning. exp. on the study of the fauna of the steppes Zap. Kazakhstan and the deserts of Turkmenistan; in 1954-59 deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. parts; since 1960 head. lab. experimental entomology and theoretical. bases of biol. insect pest control and vice-pres. Vses. entomological. about-va. Author approx. 40 scientific. works on the taxonomy, morphology and physiology of insects; problems of diapause, cold resistance and phytoperiodism in insects; question biol. factors in the fight against insect pests.
STEINBERG Eduard Arkadievich (b. 1937, Moscow), painter. Son of A.A. Steinberg. As an artist, he was formed under the influence of his father. Member gr. Sretensky Boulevard (1967). In the beginning. 1970s began to create his own sign system: "Dead Bird" (1966), "Composition" (1973), a representative of the "metaphysical direction of unofficial art. culture of the 1960s-1980s Since 1961 he has participated in exhibitions, including in decomp. European countries and the USA. Sh .'s personal exhibitions took place in Moscow (1968, 1978, 1987, 1989), Germany (1983, 1985, 1986), France (1988), and the United States (1989). Prod. Sh. Are in the Pushkin Museum, the Ludwig Museum (Cologne), Gaperes Claude Bernard (France), in private collections in Russia, the USA, Germany, and other countries.
STEINBERG Itskhok-Nokhman Zakharovich (1888, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1957, New York), politician. Doctor of Philosophy (1910). Brother of A.Z. Steinberg. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1906–07 he studied at Moscow. un-those. From 1906 p. Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1907 he was arrested and exiled abroad. In 1910 he graduated from law. Faculty of Heidelberg University (Germany). In 1910 he published on it. lang. book "Teaching about crimes in the Talmud." In the beginning. 1910s returned to Russia, collaborated in the magazine. "Legal. messenger "and" Nar. newspaper ". In 1915 he made an attempt to publish gas in Moscow. "Our life", in the same year he was arrested and exiled to Ufa. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 headed the Ufa province. org-tion of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In the fall of 1917, he was elected a member. Pre-parliament and dep. Will establish. meetings. At the 1st (founding) Congress of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Nov. 1917), a member was elected. Central Committee. From Jan. 1918 members All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From Dec. 1917 People's Commissar of Justice, repeatedly protested against the arbitrariness of the Cheka. In protest against the Brest Peace in March 1918, he left the Council of People's Commissars and went to the South of Russia to organize partisans. fight against germ. occupiers, one of the founders of Ch. military. headquarters of the Left SRs in Taganrog, was elected in absentia to the production of “Donskoy Sov. republics ". In 1919–22 he was arrested. In 1923–33 - in Austria, Germany, was engaged in journalism, participated in the work of the publishing house "Scythians" (Berlin), member. Committee for the protection of imprisoned revolutionaries in Russia. In 1933–43 - in Great Britain, he taught at the Jewish College (London), edited a Jewish weekly. Since 1943 - in the USA, put forward the idea of ​​creating a Jewish colony in Australia or Suriname. Cit .: Why we are against the Brest Peace. M., 1918; February to October 1917 Berlin – Milan, 1919; The moral face of the revolution. Berlin, 1923.
STEINBERG Lev Petrovich (1870, Yekaterinoslav - 1945, Moscow), conductor, composer. In 1881–93 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. by class php. Studied with A.G. Rubinstein (php.), N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (composition), A.K. Lyadov (harmony). In 1893 he made his debut as a conductor at the tradition. summer symphons. concerts in Druskeniki, Grodno province. In 1899 - in St. Petersburg, conducted op. "Mermaid" by A.S.Dargomyzhsky, "Blacksmith Vakula" by N.F. tr). At the invitation of S.P.Dyagilev participated in 1914 in the "Russian Seasons" in London and Paris ("May Night" by Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin with the participation of F.I.Shalyapin). He also performed in Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, Bern. After 1917 he was one of the organizers of opera ts and philharmonic societies in Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa. Instrumental op. NV Lysenko "Taras Bulba" and first staged it in Kharkov (1924). He worked in the t-ts of Sverdlovsk, Baku. In 1928–45 (with a break in 1941–43), the conductor of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, where he first performed or resumed his fasting. pl. op., including: "Lohengrin" by Wagner, "Pskovite Woman" by Rimsky-Korsakov, "Mazepa" by Tchaikovsky, etc. Since 1934, artist. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. CDKA. In 1937–38 he taught at Moscow. cons. Author of the cantatas "Samson" (1892), "Solemn" (1923), ball. Mirra (1924), music. chronicles "John Reed" (1932), 4 symph. concertos for violin and orc. and others Nar. art. USSR (1937).
STEINBERG Maximilian Oseevich (1883, Vilna - 1946, Leningrad), composer, conductor, teacher. Brother N.O. Shupak. Prof. (1915), Doctor of Law (1943). In 1907 he graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t (natural f-t). In 1901–08 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. (class of composition by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov; studied harmony under the direction of A.K. Lyadov, instrumentation by A.K. Glazunov). Taught there (1908–46) composition and music-theoretical. subjects, in 1917–31 the dean of the composer faculty, in 1931–34 the head. conductor's department, in 1934–39 deputy. director., since 1939 head. Department of Composition). Among the students of Sh .: D.D.Shostakovich, Yu.A. Shaporin, A.F. Pashchenko, V.V. Shcherbachev, S.A. Chernetsky. Mn. op. written on the basis of nar. folklore: 5 symphons. (3rd - with elements of Jewish music, 1929; 4th - "Turksib" - on Kazakh and Kyrgyz themes, 1933; 5th symph.-rhapsody - on Uzbek themes, 1943; capriccio "In Armenia "(1940); Uzbek overture" Forward "(1943, Paris). Among his works are the ballets" Metamorphoses "(after Ovid, 1913, post. 1914 in" Russian Seasons "by SP Diaghilev in Paris)," Till Ulenspiegel "(after S. de Coster, 1936); cantatas" Mermaid "(after M.Yu. Lermontov, 1907)," Heaven and Earth "(after J. Byron, 1918)," In Memory of A.S. Pushkin " (1937); chamber instrumental works; romances; arrangements of folk songs (including 2 Jewish melodies). Sh. Completed the tr. By Rimsky-Korsakov "Basics of Orchestration" (1913), was the editor of his work " Practical textbook of harmony "(1912–56, ed. 9–19) and many musical works by the composer. Sh. Composed the finale of the second act and concludes the scene of the opera Almast by A. A. Spendiarov (1939), additional scenes to the French opera "Fatherland" by E. Paladil ("Flanders"; based on the play by V. Sardou). Author of transcriptions for symph. orc. "Concerto for small orc." K.-F.-E. Bach, "Chaconne" from the 2nd violin partita by I. -S.Bach, sonatas for small orc. IE Galyara and others. Wrote "Memories of AK Glazunov", published his letters (vol. 2. L., 1960). Honored. figure of lawsuit in the RSFSR (1934), People's Commissariat. art. UzSSR (1944).
STEINBERG Sergey Samoilovich (1872, Moscow - 1940, Sverdlovsk), metallurgist, metallurgist. Rod. in the family of a psychiatrist. Graduated from the Freiberg forge. Academy in 1906 (Germany). In 1906–10, he was a foreman of the open-hearth shop at the Yuryuzan plant (South Ural). In 1910-19 the beginning. metallographic lab. at the Motovilikhinsky plant (a suburb of Perm), then the head. e-metallurgical department of mining and metallurgy. trust "Uralmet" in Zlatoust. Since 1925 prof. and head. Department of Metallurgy and Thermal. processing of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that in Sverdlovsk. At the same time. in 1926–30 he headed the Ural branch of the Institute of Metals, founded by him, from 1932 he worked in the Ural branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where from 1939 he headed the Institute of Metallurgy, Metallurgy and Physics of Metals. Main tr. on metallurgy, thermal. processing and alloying of steel. In 1922, he headed the organization of the production of ferroalloys. In 1922–23, for the first time in the USSR, he developed and implemented at the Beloretsk steel wire plant a method of manufacturing high-strength grades of steel wire for ropes used in mining and metallurgy. prom-sti. In 1930, he headed the work on the production of electrical engineering. metal at the Verkhneisetsky metallurgical s-de. Developed rational methods of annealing alloy steel and cooling modes of steel during quenching; proposed new methods of stepwise hardening of steel. Ord. Labor Kr. Banner (1930). Works: Metallurgy. 2nd ed. Sverdlovsk – M. – L., 1934–35; Thermich. steel processing. Fav. articles. Sverdlovsk, 1950; Metallurgy. Sverdlovsk, 1961.
STEINBERG Shimon (1889, Odessa -?, Chernivtsi), composer. From the beginning. 1900s played theater. orc., at Jewish weddings, composed his own. compositions. He studied music. courses, graduated from the Odessa cons. Moose. hands. Odessa Russian state t-ra, for whom he wrote music for the drama "Mary Stuart" by V. Hugo, for the plays "The Sheep Source" by Lope de Vega and "Princess Turandot" by C. Goldoni. At the same time. created a number of tools. wok. manuf. on Jewish themes. In 1924 he was invited by E.B. Leuter to the post of artist. hands. in the opened in Kharkov All-Ukrainian. Jewish state tr. First post. t-ra "Purim-spire" with muses. Sh. Was a great success. Later Sh. Wrote the music for the play "In Bren" ("On Fire") M. Daniel, to a number of post. by production Mendele Moikher-Sforima and Sholem Aleichem. Since 1929 music. hands. Kiev GOSET; author of music for the revue "Schlek" ("Beasts") by I.S.Fefer and E.I. , "Ovadis Family". Among the products. cr. forms - symphony, opera, oratorio, in which there is a Jewish muses. coloring. On the basis of the plays of Sholem Aleichem "Mazltov" and "Agents" he created two short op .; the author of the music for Daniel's play "4 days" ("Julius"). After returning in 1945 to Ukraine (in Chernivtsi) Sh. Continued his creative work. work, wrote muses. to the performances Blondznde Stern (Wandering Stars), Tevye der Milhiker (Tevye the Milkman), Yosele, Tribt arois dem shed (Drive out the devil), Umshuldik schuldike (Without guilty guilt "). In 1950, after the closure of the theater, Sh. Taught in music. school, commissioned music for certain performances of Russian. and ukr. theaters.
STEINBERG Shmuel (ps. Ksaveriy Grigorievich) (1844, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province. - 1911, Petersburg), doctor, publicist. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1867 he graduated from the Medico-surgeon. Academy in St. Petersburg. He was a military man. doctor, in 1892 he resigned in connection with the refusal to accept Orthodoxy. In 1899 he joined the Zionist organization, participated in the Zionist Congr. For many years he practiced as a lawyer in Brest-Litovsk. He spoke with Art. for honey. Topics. was published in the journal. "Sunrise". The author of the book: "Builder fun der groiser sreife in brisk" ("Pictures of the Great Fire in Brest"), "Havels Mazl" ("Havel's Fate") (both - 1895), drama "Hinda Idelson" (1904; ed. Also in 1905 in Warsaw).
STEINBERG Yakov Vladimirovich (1880 - 1942), photojournalist. He made his debut in print in 1902. From 1913 he worked in the illustrator. zhurn. "The Sun of Russia". I took a lot of photos, mostly. in Petrograd, during Feb. and Oct. roar, Grazhd. war, when he was shooting Ch. way plots, dedicated. Cr. Army. Sh. Owns two of the most famous. photographic portrait of V.I. Lenin. Published in the first owls. zhurn. "Cloak", "Young Proletarians". Left St. 6 thousand photos from different. region life of the USSR. In 1923 he organized and headed the Society of Artists. and tech. photographs in Petrograd.
STEINGART Alexander Matveyevich (1887, Odessa - 1934, Moscow), party leader. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Since 1913, members RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1914-17 - in the army, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers. In 1917, members. bldg. the Revolutionary Committee and the Committee of the RSDLP (b) against Romanians. fr. Participant of Civil. war. In 1921–25 the beginning. orgotd. Political administration of the Red Army. In 1930–32 members. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR, in 1933–34 deputy. early Political Department of the MTS People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, simultaneously. head North Caucasus. regional land administration. Since 1934 1st sec. Saratov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Cand. in part. Central Committee. Urn with Sh .'s ashes was buried on Red Square. in the Kremlin wall.
STEINPRESS Boris Solomonovich (1908, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1986, Moscow), musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1938). In 1927 he graduated from music. technical school them. A.N. Skryabin. In 1926–32 members. Grew up. associations span. musicians (RAPM). In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. from K.N.Igumnov, in 1936 - postgraduate study in the history of music (directed by M.V.Ivanov-Boretsky); at the same time. taught there (1931, 1933–36). He taught a course in the history of the foreign. music in the cons. (in 1936–37 and in 1942–43 head of the cabinet of the history of music) and in the music. school in Sverdlovsk (in 1941–43 head of the musical-theoretical department). He taught at the Center. correspondence music-ped. in-those in Moscow (in 1939–41 head of the department of history of music, since 1940 assistant professor, dean of the historical-theoretical faculty). In 1930–31 members. editorial board, secretary, then head. ed. "Proletarian Musician", 1931–32 - zhurn. “For proletarian music”. In 1936–37 and 1941–43 sotr. edition of gas. "Ural worker", as well as the head. literary musicologist. partly a lecturer of the Sverdlovsk Philharmonic Society, author of explanatory programs for concerts. In 1938–40 and 1943–59 scientific. ed. publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia". He appeared in print since 1926. Author of works on the history of Russian. and foreign music. Ed. musical gray "Music to the Masses", author-comp. "Encyclopedic. muses. dictionary "(with IM Yampolsky, 1959) and" A short dictionary of a music lover "(1961), dictionaries" Opera premieres of the twentieth century. 1901–40 ”(1983) and“ Opera premieres of the 20th century. 1941-60 "(1986), ed.-comp. collection of books “From muses. of the past "(1960, 1965). Cit .: Questions of material culture in music. M., 1931; On the history of "gypsy singing" in Russia. M., 1934; Pages from the life of A.A. Alyabyev. M., 1956; A popular essay on the history of music before the 19th century. M., 1963; Music of the 19th century Popular essay. Part 1. Classicism and Romanticism. M., 1968; Essays and etudes. M., 1980.
SHTEINSHLEIGER Wolf Bentsionovich (b. 1918, Proskurov, Podolsk province), radio physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1968), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Graduated from radio engineering. Faculty of Power Engineering Institute (1939). In 1941–43 he worked in the State. production-experimental in-those of the People's Commissariat of Electric Industry. Since 1945 - in Moscow. Research Institute of Instrumentation, scientific. hands. and ch. designer of a number of developments, Ch. scientific. sotr. (since 1991). At the same time. taught at Moscow State University (1950–54), MIPT (1963–68), Moscow. Institute of Electronic Machine (1968–74). Main scientific. work related to the development of quantum paramagnets. amplifiers (masers) microwave and with physical. question radar. Designed by hand. Sh. Masers sharply increased the sensitivity of the radio telescopes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the receiving systems of distant space. communications, with the help of which were discovered the spectral lines of cosmic. radio emission of hydrogen in the centimeter and millimeter wavelength ranges. The author of St. 150 scientific. Art., 50 inventions. Became. pr. (1951). State USSR pr. (1976). Works: Interaction of waves in electromagnetic resonators. M., 1955; Quantum microwave amplifiers. M., 1971.
STIF Nakhum Ionovich (literary ps. Bal-Dimiyon) (1879, Rovno Volyn province - 1933, Kiev), public and political figure, philologist, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1899 he studied at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those. From the end. 1890s participated in the Zionist movement, one of the organizers of the student. Zionist gr. "Young Israel" (1902) and will found. conf. Zionist gr. Renaissance (1903). After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 - one of the hands. of Jewish self-defense price Kiev. During the Revolution of 1905–07 he participated in the creation of the Jewish Socialist. slave. party (SERP) and Jewish plank. parties (both - 1906), collaborated in periodical. ed. "Jewish Life", "Di Volkshtime", "Di Shtime". In 1913 he graduated from the Demidov law. Lyceum in Yaroslavl (dissertation "Criminal law according to the Bible and Talmud"), was engaged in advocacy, studied Jewish philology, participated in the activities of the OPE. In 1915-18 he worked in the Organization of Aid to Jewish Refugees in Petrograd. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - one of the leaders of the Jewish people. party. From Dec. 1917 members Executive Committee (later and Council) Petrograd. Jewish community, headed by its cultural and educational. department, participant of the congress of representatives of Jewish communities in Moscow (1918). At the end of the same year he left for Kiev, actively participated in the life of the Jewish community, translated into Yiddish tr. S.M. Dubnova. From 1920 - in Lithuania, taught at the courses of Jewish teachers in Kaunas, from 1922 - in Germany. One of the initiators of the creation of the IVO in Vilno (1925). In 1926 he returned to the USSR, founder and first director. Department of Jewish Culture VUAN, hands. her filol. section, ed. zhurn. "Di Yiddish Shprah" (1926-30) and "Afn Shprakhfront" (1931-33), worked at the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture. Author of monograph. “Jews and the Yiddish Language” (1919), “Humanism in the Ancient Jewish Literature” (1920), “The Yiddish Language and Jewish Culture” (1922), “Pogroms in Ukraine” (1923), etc. (all in Yiddish ). Comp. the anthology "Old Jewish literature in Yiddish" (1929).
STIGLITZ Alexander Ludvigovich (1814 - 1884, St. Petersburg), court banker, businessman. Baron, Active Privy Councilor (1881). Son of L.I.Stieglitz. Having inherited the banking house created by his father, he significantly expanded the business, up to the end. 1850s - the recognized "king" of St. Petersburg. exchange, prev. Petersburg. exchange to-that. He founded cloth (1847) and flax spinning (1851) factories in Narva. In the beginning. Crimean War (1853) donated 300 thousand rubles. for the needs of the army, in 1854 and 1855 concluded kr. foreign loans, thanks to which Russia was able to continue the war, subsequently participated in all finances. operations grew. pr-va on int. and ext. finance. markets (through Sh. the pr-in maintained contacts with the banking houses of Amsterdam, London and Paris). In 1857 Sh. - one of the founders of Ch. about-va grew. g. d., in the same year on income from the sugar plant) built a railway. St. Petersburg - Peterhof, actively participated in the railway. built in the 1860s-70s In 1860–66 the manager of the State. bank (that is, due to the activities of Sh. in the financial sphere, the pr-wu managed to carry out the reforms of the 1860s-70s). In 1876 he founded the Center in St. Petersburg at his own expense. uch-shte tech. drawing and beginning. school of drawing, sketching and modeling under him (one of the best educational institutions of this profile in Russia). In 1879–81, at the expense of Sh., The school building was erected, in 1885–95 - the building of the school museum.
STIGLITZ Ludwig Ivanovich (1777 or 1779, Arolsen, Waldeck Prince, Germany - 1843, Petersburg), banker. Baron (1826). From 1803 - in Russia, became rich as a result of trade operations during the Continental blockade and the wars of Russia against Napoleon I. From the end. 1810s played a leading role in St. Petersburg. exchange. In the 1820s. acquired euro. fame as an outstanding financier, "for the provision of services to pr-wu and diligence in the spread of trade" was elevated to the baronial Ros. empire dignity. In the 1830s. credited many cr. entrepreneurs. In 1841 he signed the 50 millionth state. loan for the construction of a railway St. Petersburg – Moscow Brother Sh. - Nikolai Ivanovich (? - 1827), banker. From the end. 18th century - in Russia. He founded a trading house in St. Petersburg, was engaged in credit operations. In the 1810s. entered the service in the Ministry of Finance, one of the initiators of the creation of the State Repayment Commission. debts.
SHTILMAN Ilya Nisonovich (1902, Kiev - 1966, ibid.), Painter. Prof. (1947). In 1917–20 he studied at the Kiev Art. uch-shche, in 1927 he graduated from the Kiev artist. Institute, from 1933 taught there, in 1940–44 dir. in-that. He worked in the genre. painting, ch. arr. in the landscape. Naib. known: "Dressmaker" (1927), ser. landscapes "The Dnieper dresses in granite" (1936–37), "Restoration of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station" (1946), "Kolkhoznaya Niva" (1950), "Evening over the Dnieper" (1956), "Buckwheat is Blooming" (1959), "Apple trees" ( 1965), "Sednev's Dali" (1966) and others. all. and rep. exhibitions. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR.
SHTITELMAN Mikhail Efimovich (1911, Odessa - 1941, Vyazma, Smolensk region), writer, journalist. Studied in lit. f-those of Rostov ped. in-that. The first articles, sketches were published in Rostov editions: gas. "Bolshevik Change", "Hammer", alm. "Lit. Rostov ". The first collection of stories "Love", "The Son is Born" was released in 1934. In 1938, an autobiogr was published. "Story of a Childhood". In 1941, the military. corr. gas. "To Victory". Cit .: Stories about friends. Rostov-on-Don, 1936; The happiness of being young. Rostov-on-Don, 1938; A boy from a shtetl. M., 1940; Your good friend. M. - L., 1942 (co-authored with Gr. Katz); Childhood Story. M., 1974.
SHTOFFER Yakov Zinovievich (1906 - 1961, Moscow), theater designer. Studied at the Kiev artist. in-those (1922–28). He worked in pl. Moscow and Leningrad, designed the op: "Faust" by S. Gounod and "Iolanta" by P. Tchaikovsky (State Academic Bolshoi Theater, 1937), "The Wedding of Figaro" by V.-A. Mozart and "Virgin Soil Upturned" by I.I. . Dzerzhinsky (MALEGOT, 1937), ball. "Red Poppy" by R.M. Glier and "Gayane" by A.I. Khachaturian (both in the Bolshoi Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet named after S.M. Kirov, 1945); dram. manuf. - "Monsieur de Pourceaugnac" by J.-B. Moliere, "The Merry Sinner" by V.S. Vitkovich (both in the Moscow Theater of Satire, 1937 and 1945), "The Snow Queen" after H.-G. Andersen ( Center children t-r), "From the spark ..." Sh.N. Dadiani (T-r named after A.S. Pushkin, 1950). He took part in the creation of the first Kirgh. opera performance "Ai Churek" on muses. A.M. Maldybaev, V.A. Vlasov, V.G. Fere (1939). Artist op. "Kokul" by M.R. Rauchverger (1943), "Manas" by Maldybaev, Vlasov, Fere (1946), the first Kirgh. ball. "Anar" for music. Vlasov and Feret (1940), ball. Rauchverger's Cholpon (1943). The choir designed the concerts. teams, physical culture parades and international. festivals in Prague (1947) and Budapest (1949). Sh .'s personal exhibition took place in 1952 (Moscow). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Kyrgyz SSR (1943).
SHTOK Isidor Vladimirovich (1908, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), playwright. He studied at the Higher. lit.-dram. courses (1925, Kharkov), in the studio Moscow. T-ra revolution. Was an actor, director-assistant in the Traveling Moscow. t-re Proletkulta. Sh .'s first play was "Komsomol as such" (1927, Moscow theater of modern buffoonery). Among the dramas. manuf. Sh .: "Car and Marion" (1933, Moscow Theater of Satire) and "House No. 5" (1941, Moscow Theater for Young Spectators; the play was staged in the theaters of Kuibyshev, Voronezh, Yerevan and other cities). In 1941–45 - in the North. navy, military. correspondent. Sh. - the author of St. 40 plays: "Winners of the Night" (1950, Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin, Leningrad), "Anchor Square" (1959, TsTSA), "Leningradskiy Prospekt" (1975, ibid.) And others. Satirich. tales of Sh. post. to the Center. t-re dolls under the arms. SV Obraztsova: "Devil's Mill" (1953, jointly with J. Drda), "Noah's Ark" (1969) and others. Works: Dramas. M., 1960; Three dramas and two comedies. M., 1965; Stories about playwrights. M., 1967; Dramas and comedies for theater and reading. M., 1969; Premiere. Playwright's stories. M., 1975; In the sky of my youth. M., 1981; Plays. M., 1986.
STORM Georgy Petrovich (1898, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Region - 1978, Moscow), writer, literary historian. In 1919–21 he studied history and philology. f-those of Donskoy un-that in Rostov-on-Don. In 1921 publ. the first poem "Karma Yoga". Since 1921 - in Moscow. The author is numerous. manuf. on east. themes: "Nord-Ost" (1924), "The Story of Bolotnikov" (1930), sketches for children "On the Kulikovo Field" (1938), "Poltava" (1939). In 1934 he published research. and your lane. "Words about Igor's regiment". The author of the book., Dedicated. Russian Fleet, Admiral F.F. Ushakov, M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev. Vol .: Elephant's move. (Multiple). 1930; Works and days of Mikhail Lomonosov. 1932; Lomonosov. 1933; Naval commander Ushakov. 1946; Feats of Svyatoslav. 1947; Pages of sea glory. 1954; Children of good hope. 1959; Hidden Radishchev. Second Life "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow". 1965.
STRASBURGER Eduard (1844, Warsaw - 1912, Bonn), botanist. Prof. (1871). From 1864 he studied in Bonn, then in Jena. Since 1869, dir. Botanich. Institute in Jena. In 1880 he became the head of Botanich. in-t in Bonn, which became in the 1880s. peace. center of research. in the region. botany, especially in issues. biology of a living cell. One of the founders of plant cytology. Sh. Owns a number of funds. discoveries: proved the correspondence of life cycles of higher. and ness. plants; discovered mitosis and the splitting of chromosomes during mitosis; described the process of the merger husband. and wives. nuclei during fertilization of plants; showed the fundamental unity of the cell division system in animals and plants. From 1894 he published in Berlin "Yearbook of Scientific Botany". The author of a number of monographs. and textbooks, including "Textbook of botany for higher education", first published. in 1894 (the 29th edition appeared in 1967).
STRAYCHER (Streicher) Lyubov Lvovna (1888, Vladikavkaz - 1958, Moscow), teacher, composer. In 1910 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class violins by L.S. Auer, in 1913 - by class. compositions by A.K. Lyadov and M.O.Shteinberg. In parallel with her studies, she taught at the cons. music-theoretical discipline (1911-13). Active leader of the Society of Jewish People. songs. In 1913–15 she taught at the Yekaterinodar muses. uch-shche, conducted symphony. orc., in 1915–21 led the theoretical. items in the Rostov muses. uch-shche, Donskoy cons. Rev. in Muses. uch-shche them. MI Glinka (1922–24, Petrograd), head. muses. school (1924–32, Leningrad), teacher. at the workers' faculty of Leningrad. cons. and in muses. ten-year school (1932–37). In 1937–44, assistant cons. by class compositions by M.F. Gnesin. Since 1946 - in Moscow. She taught at Muz.-ped. in-those Gnesins (class composition, 1946–52), music. uch-shche (1953–58). Among the Op. Sh .: ball. "Night of the Violet" (1914), det. op. "Hours" (1932), "Jewish Poem" (1927), 10 songs to the words of Jewish poets (1930), 2 suites for strings. quartet (1930, 1941), "Armenian Quartet" (1936), symph. "Woman of the East" (1937), sonatas, songs, romances, including the cycle "lyric. digressions "from" Eugene Onegin "by A.S. Pushkin, processing of plank beds. songs, children. songs.
SHTRIMER Alexander Yakovlevich (1888, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Oblast - 1961, Leningrad), cellist, teacher. Prof. (1926). In 1912 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1911-16 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. in cl. L. Abbiate; in 1915-17 he played in the Quartet. A.S. Auer. In 1918–23 he taught at the Rostov-on-Don cons., From 1923 - at Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons. One of the founders of owls. cello school. Mn. performed in recitals and in ans. (including with his wife - pianist Anna Mikhailovna Sh .; 1889-1968). Sh. Dedicated their works. B.S.Maisel, M.F.Gnesin, M.O.Shteinberg, B.L.Kluzner and others. For 40 years he performed in a duet with his wife, pianist A.M. Streamer (1889-1968). Among the students of Sh .: D.B.Shafran, Yu.A. Falik, A.A. Lazko and others. Ed. Sh. Ed. pl. cello works The author of a number of transcriptions for cello, including widely known. "Flight of the Bumblebee" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1938).
STURMAN Motl Moiseevich (b. 1908, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province.), Poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from lit. faculty in Kiev (1932). Reprinted from ser. 1920s in Kiev in gas. "Junge Guard", "Der Shtern", zhurn. "Di dig Velt", "Spill", poetic. collection of books, almanac. Author of stories, essays ("The machinist Pastukhov", "Metallurgists", etc.). In 1949–56 he was imprisoned. In 1957 he published a collection of works in Moscow. verse. in Russian lang. "Love and Labor". From 1961 he was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland", translated into Yiddish by prod. I.Ya.Franko, M.F.Rylsky, P.G. Tychina, G. Gulyama and others. Author of the book: "Goikhe korpusn" ("High corps". Kharkov, 1930), "Leader" ("Poems" . Kiev – Kharkov, 1936), "The Earth and the Sun" (Moscow, 1972, in Russian).
SHTYBEL Avraham-Yosef (1884, Zharki, Petrokovskaya Gubernia - 1946), book publisher. In 1917 he founded the publishing house "Shtybel" in Moscow, inviting DS Frishman to the post of Ch. editor. The publishing house has undertaken a systematic translation of the best works. peace. lit-ry in Hebrew. In 1919–21, Sh. Transferred the publishing house to Warsaw, in 1926–30 to Berlin, and created branches in New York and Copenhagen; in the 1930s. Sh. Transferred the publishing house to Tel Aviv, and (1930) also resumed the publication of books in Warsaw. Since 1939 - in the USA, where he continued to publish. activity. Published hundreds of books, including Complete. collection op. M.-I. Berdichevsky and H.-I. Brenner (1881-1921).
STUKHOLD Stanislav (1868 or 1869, Warsaw - 1933, Paris), painter, sculptor, graphic artist. Received tech. education. He joined the socialist. movement. In 1906 he was arrested and escaped from prison. Studied at the Warsaw Art. school, then in Munich and Paris. Created many. portraits of famous Jews, including A. Einstein and E. Laskar-Schüler. In the works of Sh., The motives of TANAKH are often found: "Adam and Eve", "Eve with an apple and a snake," and others. Showed a penchant for symbolism, allegorical. and mystic. compositions. Exhibitions of works by S. took place in Warsaw (1926) and in Berlin (1929).
SHUB Esfir Ilinichna (1894, Moscow - 1959, ibid.), Film director. Graduated from the Higher. wives courses in Moscow (1919). In 1919–21 sec. theater. dep. People's Commissariat for Education. In 1922–42 she was engaged in remounting pre-revolutionaries. and nick. game f. From film documents imp. newsreels edited by f. The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty (1927), The Great Way (1927) and The Russia of Nicholas II and Leo Tolstoy (1928). One of the founders of the editing dock. f. In the 1930s. turned to sovr. topic: "Today" (1930), "KShE" ("Komsomol - chief of electrification", 1932). In 1934 she shot in Turkey f. "Turkey is on the rise." In 1939, based on materials taken by R.L. Karmen and B.K. Makaseev, she edited f. "Spain". In 1943–53 she worked at the Central House of Artists in Moscow. Among other fictions: "Moscow is building a metro" (1934), "Land of the Soviets" (1937), "20 years of Soviet cinema" (1940, jointly with V.I. Pudovkin, "Fascism will be defeated" (1940), "Native Country" (1942), "Court in Smolensk" (1946), "On the Other Side of the Araks" (1947). In 1959, the book was published by Sh. "Close-up." Honored Art. Of the RSFSR (1935).
SHUB Rafail Lvovich (1903, Kherson province - 1973, Riga), obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1946). In 1927 he graduated from Leningrad. in-t honey. knowledge. In 1927–41 - resident, assistant (from 1932), Assoc. (since 1935) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Leningrad. honey. sanitary-hygienic in-that. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1945-50 Art. scientific. co-worker, prof. Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Leningrad). In 1950–73 the head Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Riga Med. in-that. He was one of the first in the USSR to comprehensively study the role of vitamins, enzymes and microelements in the physiology and pathology of the female body, fetus and newborn. He developed an effective method for the prevention and treatment of cracks in the mammary glands in nursing mothers, Trichomonas invasions and other inflammatory diseases in women with vitamins and nitrofurans, and contributed to their implementation in obstetric and gynecology. practice, including during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Ch. obstetrician-gynecologist of the Latvian SSR, before. Latvian and member. reign of Vses. scientific. about-in obstetricians-gynecologists. Cit .: The value of vitamins for pregnant and nursing mothers. L., 1940; The value of vitamins and nitrofurans in obstetrics and gynecology. M., 1961.
SHUB Yuliy Germanovich (b. 1920, Moscow), theater expert, theater worker. In 1938 he entered the theater expert. Faculty of GITIS. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948 he graduated from GITIS. In 1945-65 he worked at the WTO, in the Cabinet of Actor and Director., Deputy. head org.-method. dep., head. creative department; ch. ed. ed.-publ. dep. WTO, was repeatedly elected to the Council (later - Board) of the WTO. On the initiative and with the direct participation of Sh. The book was published, dedicated. the legacy of KS Stanislavsky, Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vs. E. Meyerhold, E.B. Vakhtangov and others. ch. ed. publishing house "Art". Contributed to the publication of Meyerhold's two-volume edition, a multivolume ed. "History of the Russian Drama Theater", Sobr. op. A.N. Ostrovsky and others. Since 1973, Deputy. ch. ed., since 1992 ch. ed. zhurn. "Theater". Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1980), honored. figure in lawsuits in the Russian Federation (1994).
SHUBIN Mikhail Alexandrovich (b. 1944, Kuibyshev), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1978). In 1966 he graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1994 - in the USA, prof. North-East University (Boston, USA). Main results in the region. differential theory. partial differential equations and mat. Physics: Pseudodifferential Operators and Spectral Theory. M., 1978.
Shubin Semyon Petrovich (1908, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1938), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). In 1927 he graduated from Moscow State University, studied in graduate school under L.I. Mandelstam. In 1927 he was expelled from the CPSU (b) for participation in the Trotskyist opposition, in 1928 he was arrested and exiled to Ishim (Ural). In 1931–32 he worked at a construction site in Magnitogorsk. In 1932–37 the head. department and early. theoretical group of the Ural Phys.-Tech. in-that. Sci. works on the theory of oscillations, physics of TV. body, nat. statistics, quantum electrodynamics, field theory. Joint. with IE Tamm laid the foundations of the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect in metals. Joint. with S.V. Vonsovsky built a polar model of ferromagnets. Created scientific. school in Sverdlovsk. Published 18 scientific. works. In 1937 he was repressed.
SHUFMAN Gershon (1880, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1972, Haifa, Israel), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First book. Sh. In Hebrew "Sipurim ve-tzurim" ("Stories and Sketches") was published in 1902 in Warsaw. In 1902–04 - in the army. From 1904 - in Austria-Hungary, lived in Lvov, from 1913 - in Vienna. Published his stories and trans. in decomp. Jewish ed. Europe. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Collaborated with gas. Davar and Yediot Ahronot. Translated by M.Gorky, A.P. Chekhov and others. them. H.-N. Bialik (1947). State Israel Ave (1957).
SHUFMAN Yosef (1903, Warsaw - 1978, Tel Aviv), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. Since the 1920s. participated in the Zionist movement. In 1930 he joined the revisionist trend in Zionism. From 1937 to 1939 he headed the New Zionist Association (a union of revisionist organizations) in Poland. Since 1940 - in E.-I. Member Central Committee of the Herut Party. Dep. The Knesset. Published Art. on polit. topics in gas. "Ha-Mashkif", "Ha-Yom", etc. Since 1970 - Ambassador of the State of Israel to Venezuela.
SHUL-TYLTYN Maria Yurievna (Maria-Emma) (1896, Doblen, Kurland province - 1938), an employee of the special services. Art. lieutenant (1936). In 1919–20, she was authorized by the Special Department. 12th Army, in 1920-21 beginning. sector of the Registration Directorate of the Field Headquarters of the RVSR (predecessor of the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army). Since 1922, together with her husband Ya.-A. Tyltyn, on an illegal basis. reconnaissance. work (through the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army) in France, from 1927 - in the United States. In 1930–33, the resident of the Sov. military. intelligence in France (also operated in Great Britain and the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula). In 1933 she was arrested in Finland together with gr. owls. agents (approx. 30 people). In 1934 she was sentenced to 8 years of hard labor. She died in prison. Awarded 2 hordes. Cr. Banner.
SHULMAN Lia Solomonovna (b. 1945, Leningrad), applied artist. Daughter of S.S. Shulman. In 1973 she graduated from the VHPU them. VI Mukhina, specializing in "artist. glass". 1973–80 - in the association (LPTO) “Rus. gems ”, designed samples of products for ser. and wt. production. Among the chamber works: "Silver Flowers" (1979), "Dedicated to Chagall" (1981), "... My incomprehensible city ..." (1990). Sometimes refers to monum.-prikl. art-woo (stained-glass window 70 sq. m in the All-Russian Research Institute of Rice, 1991, Krasnodar Territory). 1986–87 jointly. with FS Entelis conducted an experiment. work on the creation of new technologies in hot glass production. Sh. Products are made in gut, crystal, sheet glass, many - of optical. glass. Using optical. properties of the material, rarely used techniques of cold working (method of sliding engraving), restores forgotten technologies (cold gilding and silvering by engraving, using new methods of glass processing (holography), Sh. creates works that combine classical and modern sound (Symphony of the Summer garden "(1990)," The unification of two Germanies "(1993)," In the synagogues of antiquity "(1993). Participated in exhibitions since 1973. Works by Sh. are in museums and private collections in Russia, Germany, Finland, Israel, Poland, Brazil , USA and Canada.
SHULMAN Moishe Yakovlevich (1911, Beremlya, Volyn province - 1994, Moscow), linguist, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied in building. technical school in Uman. From the beginning. 1930s - in Kharkov, worked in the gas editorial office. "Jung Guard", in 1937–40 - in the Kiev gas. Der Stern, in 1940–41 - in Lvov, in gas. Der Roiter Stern. 1941–47 - in the army. In 1947–48 he worked in gas. Einikite. In 1961-73 the head. dep. critics zhurn. Sevetish Gameland. In the 1960s-80s. ed. manuf. in Yiddish at Sov. writer". In the beginning. 1980s worked on the modernization and additions of the "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) dictionary" (Moscow, 1984, compiled by A.A. Shapiro).
Shulman Solomon Samuilovich (1918, Yaroslavl - 1997, St. Petersburg), protozoologist, parasitologist. Dr. Biol. sciences. In 1941 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–50 he worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Lake and River Fish. kh-va, in 1950–57 - at the Institute of Biology of the Karelian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1957–86 - at Zoologich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1986 Ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of ecology of the Volga basin of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 120 scientific. works in the region. protozoology and parasitology, including several. monograph and determinants. Research concern the problems of ecology and zoogeography of fish parasites of water bodies of the USSR, the taxonomy of protozoa, the origin of multicellular animals. Tr. on the study of funkts. morphology, ecology, taxonomy gr. Myxosporidium, Vol .: Parasites of the White Sea Fish. M. - L., 1953 (co-authored with R. E. Shulman-Albova); Review of the fauna of parasites of the USSR. L., 1954; Specificity of fish parasites. L., 1958; Mixosporidia of the fauna of the USSR. M. - L., 1966.Syn Sh. - Boris (b. 1949, Leningrad), parasitologist. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1972). In 1972–91 he worked at the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fish. kh-va and oceanography, since 1991 st. scientific. sotr. Institute of Biology of the Karelian Scientific. center. The author of St. 30 scientific. works dedicated. research parasites of fish, mainly. sowing basins. rivers, as well as parasites of Lapland salmon. Author of monograph. "Life cycles of some fish mixosporids of the Kola Peninsula", 1989).
SHULMAN Zinovy ​​Borukhovich (1904, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), singer (lyric and dramatic tenor). Since childhood, he sang in the choir of his father - the chief cantor of the Odessa Shalash synagogue Borukh-Leib Sh. In 1920 he entered the vocal drama. dep. GITIS. He gave concerts since 1922. After graduating from the Institute, he was a soloist of the Opera House named after V. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1935 he left the theater, choosing a career as a chamber performer. At the end. Sh .'s repertoire was dominated by Jewish songs, classical. arias in Yiddish, songs to the words of Jewish poets. In 1943–44 he performed in concerts organized by the JAC. In 1949 he was arrested, on charges of Jewish nationalism and sentenced to 10 years of strict regime. In 1957 he renewed the end. activities, prepared a collection of Jewish songs from his own. repertoire (including his own. songs, published in 1973), has collected a unique collection of gramophone records of the Jewish liturgy. singing. Author of the book, publ. under the name "Notes of the Artist" in the journal. "Friendship of Peoples" (1969) and under the title. "The beginning of the path" in the journal. Sovetish Gameland (1969).
SCHULRIKHTER Viktor Alexandrovich (b. 1933, Moscow), architect. In 1957 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, architect. at the Hyprotheatre. Participant and laureate of pl. all. contests. Main work: Dram. t-r in Tula (1958–70), det. theater. complex in Yaroslavl (1967–69), conc. hall in Sochi (1970s), Hon. architect. State pr. RSFSR.
SHULUTKO Lazar Ilyich (1897, Sevastopol, Simferopol u. Tavricheskaya province - 1971, Kazan), orthopedic traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1922). He worked in Sevastopol, Kharkov, Dukhovshchina (Smolensk region), Evpatoria. Since 1932 - in Kazan, in KIDUV. In 1937–71 the head. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of KIDUV. At the same time. in 1945-60 organizer and director. Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR in Kazan. In 1941–45, Ch. hospital surgeon. Main topics of scientific. research: treatment of fractures of tubular bones, vopr. treatment of bone tumors, classification, diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis. Sh. Developed an apparatus for the treatment of bone fractures. limbs. Author of 210 scientific. works, including the monographs "Lateral curvature of the spine in children (scoliosis)" (Kazan, 1963), "Questions of clinical and radiological. diagnostics of closed bone fractures ”(Kazan, 1965, in co-authorship with DE Goldstein). Sh. Organized and headed the Society of Traumatologists and Orthopedists of the TASSR, member. reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in traumatologo-orthopedists, chl. ed. council zhurn. "Orthopedics, Traumatology and Prosthetics", "Kazan Med. magazine ”, World. orthopedics and traumatology organizations (SICOT). Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1940), Hon. Scientist of the TASSR (1945), Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1970).
SHUMSKY Efim Grigorievich (real name and surname Khaim Girsh-Bunimovich Khanin) (1896, Shklov, Mogilev province - 1981, Moscow), specialist in the field of heat engineering. Prof. (1929). Brother of A.G. Khanin. In 1917, the Social-Democratic Party internationalists. Participant of Civil. war, military commissar of the brigade, deputy. early the political department of the division. In 1925 he graduated from the Kharkov technol. in-t. In 1930–32 tech. dir. plant "Turbinostroy". In 1932–33 the head. energy bureau and authorized by the NKTP of the USSR in Berlin. In 1934–35, dir. Industrial Institute in Novocherkassk, at the same time. head Department of Heat Engineering in the same place. In 1935–37, deputy. early Main department of the account institutions of the NKTP of the USSR. In 1937–46 the head. Department of Heat Engineering MIKhM (in 1941–43 branches in Chardzhou), at the same time. in 1943–46 he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute. In 1944–79 - at MAMI, at the Department of Heat Engineering (since 1967, the Department of Transport Gas Turbine Engines), in 1946–50, 1954–68 head. department. The author of St. 60 scientific. works and the textbook "General heat engineering" (M., 1961, in co-authorship with BA Bogdasarov). Sh .'s son - Eugene (1941, Moscow - 1995, ibid.), actor, director. Graduated from GITIS (in 1963 - the acting department, in 1975 - theatrical scholar.). In 1965–68 the actor Mosk. t-ra drama and comedy on Taganka. 1968–95 - at the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Dir. broadcasts to Mongolia (since 1988), the countries of the East and Indochina (since 1990). Since 1991 - in the information service. programs for the countries of the Far East, Ch. ed. radio broadcasting to the countries of Asia, dir. information studios programs "Mosk. radio ”,“ Radio of Russia ”. Author and presenter of the radio series "An old gramophone reminded me", dedicated. pop masters (A.N. Vertinsky, I.D. Yurieva, L.O. Utesov, P.K. Leshchenko, V.A.Kozin, A.B. Pugacheva and others).
SHUMYATSKY Boris Zakharovich (1886, Verkhneudinsk, Trans-Baikal region - 1938), party and statesman, publicist. From 1903 p. RSDLP, Bolshevik. The participant is armed. uprising of 1905 in Krasnoyarsk, led by the roar. work in Siberia, Transbaikalia, in the Far East and the CER, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. Participated in the publication of gas. "Pribaikalye", "Baikal Stream", "Zabaikalets", "Voice of Manchuria" and others. Since 1914 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Deputy. prev. executive committee of the Krasnoyarsk Soviet, one of the founders of gas. "Krasnoyarsk worker" and "Sib. true". Affairs. 7th (Apr.) All-Russia. conf. and the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). From Oct. 1917 pre. CEC of Soviets of Siberia (CENTROSIBERIA). During the years of Civil. war is one of the hands. partisas. movement in Siberia, deputy. prev. Sibrevkoma, member. Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1920–21 members. Dalbureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), before. CM DVR, chl. RVS 5th Army, member of the roar. events in Mongolia, one of the founders of the MPR. In 1923–25, the plenipotentiary envoy to Persia, organized a number of Soviet-Pers. pr-t and banks. Since 1925, members Leningrad. Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), since 1926 rector of KUTV zhurn. "Roar. East ", from 1928 before. Wednesday Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1930, the rector of Ying-ta nar. x-va, ch. ed. "Sib. owls. encyclopedias ". From 1930 to. Association "Soyuzkino", member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. From 1933 to the beginning. Ch. management of the film industry, since 1936 deputy. prev. Committee for claims under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Affairs. 16th Congress of the CPSU (b) and the 3rd Congress. Comintern, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Awarded hordes. Lenin and Kr. Banner of the Mongolian People's Republic. Repressed, works: In the Siberian underground. Essays 1903-1908 M., 1926; At the post of Soviet diplomacy. L., 1927; Cinematography of millions. M., 1935; Siberia on the way to October. 2nd ed. Irkutsk, 1989.
SHUPAK Nadezhda Oseevna (1886, Vilna - 1941, Paris), Sanskritologist. Sister of M.O. Steinberg. She studied at the Bestuzhev courses and at the Sorbonne. From 1908 - in France. In the 1930s. - scientist secretary. Institute of Indian Culture at the Sorbonne. At the same time. worked in K-those scientific. ties with the USSR, in the Slavic Institute and in the College de France.
SHUR Isaiah (1875, Mogilev - 1941, Tel Aviv), mathematician. Prof. (1913), chl. Berlin Academy of Sciences (1921), part-to. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Pupil of F. Frobenius. Graduated from Berlin University (1901). He worked in Bonn (1913–15) and Berlin (1903–13, 1916–35) high fur boots. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Main the results are related to function theory and group theory, as well as to number theory. Laid the beginning of the research. projective representations of groups (1904), formulated (1904–05) basic. properties of irreducible representations. Works Sh. Ed. On him. lang. in Berlin (1973).
SHUR Yakov Shebselevich (Savelyevich) (1908, Dubrovny Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1986, Sverdlovsk), physicist. Prof. (1944), bp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1932). One of the organizers of the Ural Phys.-Tech. Institute (Sverdlovsk), in which he worked since 1932 (since 1939 - Institute of Physics of Metals of the USSR Academy of Sciences). At the same time. in 1938–72 he taught at the Ural University. Sci. work on physics magn. phenomena and magn. materials: magn. properties of gases and vapors, ferromagnetic. properties, theory of technical. magnetization curve, magnetization reversal processes, magn. hysteresis, domain structure of ferromagnets. Investigated the anisotropy of the coercive force in a ferromagnet. monocrystals, discovered the temperature magn. hysteresis, transient domain structure. Studied the mechanism of the formation of nuclei of magnetization reversal. He proposed a method for creating magn textures in ferromagnets thermomechanical. processing. Created new tech. magn. materials. The author of St. 300 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1967). Works: Ferromagnetism. M. - L., 1948 (co-authored with S.V. Vonsovsky).
SHUR Zalman Yakovlevich (1904, Poltava - 1968, Perm), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences (1957), prof. (1962). In 1938 he graduated from Perm honey. in-t. In 1938–68 Assistant Professor, Head. (since 1954) Department of Orthopedics. dentistry in the same place. Sci. tr. Sh. Dedicated. question orthopedic. help with jaw injuries, etiology of defects in the maxillofacial region, bone grafting in the false joints of the lower jaw. He proposed a classification of methods for jaw prosthetics, devices for plastics of the chin, lips and nose. Works: Orthopedic treatment of the wounded and sick. Molotov, 1955; Orthopedic treatment and prosthetics of maxillofacial wounded and sick. Perm, 1957; Maxillofacial orthopedics. Perm, 1975 (et al.).
SHURAS Kalmanis Maushovich (1917, Antolenty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Koven province. - 2003, Rishon LeZion, Israel), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Panevezys. In 1939–40 he served in the Lithuanian army. From 1942 - in the Red Army. Com. guns sergeant Sh. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles in Vost. Prussia. In the 1950s and 70s. cutter at a leather goods factory in Vilnius. Since 1979 - in Israel.
SHUROV (real name. Livshits) Alexander Izrailevich (1906, Kharkov - 1995, Moscow), variety artist. Graduated from Kharkov music-drama. studio (1925), worked in the same place in the propaganda-variety studio of small forms "Blue Blouse" in a duet with A. Trudler, performing interludes, dialogues, reprises, couplets. In 1935–41 both worked in Moscow. In 1945, a new duet appeared: Sh. And art. T-ra satire N.N. Rykunin. The main ones in their repertoire were couplets, most often for topical life. Topics. All R. 1950s Sh. And Rykunin created a Little Variety Theater, which included muses. ans., individual performers were invited. They released several. large variety programs: "Instead of a concert" by V.A. Dykhovichny and M.R. Slobodsky (1953), "At the Masquerade" by V.E. Bakhnov and Ya.A. Kostyukovsky (1955), "Small Resentments of the Big City" by A. Merlin and M. Kuni (1957), “The name is not the point” by AA Khazin (1958), “With a joke under sail” by Ya.M. Ziskind, Rykunin, Merlin (1976). In them Sh. And Rykunin remained faithful to the genres of couplets and pop parody songs. Nar. art. RSFSR (1979).
SHUSTER Urya Abramovich (b. 1907, Odessa), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1978). Graduated from historical-slav. branch of Moscow State University (1929). In 1934-41 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. department of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (LOII). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946 he returned to LOII, in 1951-60 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1960-77 Art. scientific. sotr. LOII AN USSR. The author of St. 30 scientific. works, participated in the preparation of collective tr. "History of Poland" (v. 1-3. M.-L., 1950), "Revolution of 1848-1849." (Moscow - Leningrad, 1951), "World History" (v. 5, 6), "History of the workers of Leningrad" (v. 1–2. Leningrad, 1972; State pr. USSR). Works: Petersburg ... workers in 1905-1907, M.-L., 1976.
SCHWARTZ Albert Solomonovich (b. 1934, Kazan), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960), prof. (1961). [Son of Solomon Moiseevich Sh. (1892-1937), Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Kazan honey. un-that, repressed.] Graduated from Ivanovsky ped. Institute (1955). In 1958–64 he taught at Voronezh University, in 1964–89 prof. MEPhI. Since 1990 - in the USA, prof. University of Davis (California). Works in the region. topology, category theory, func. analysis, variats. calculus; was engaged in the application of mat. methods in field theory and statistical. physics. Research topological structure of nontrivial particle-like and string-like solutions of the classical ur-niy movement, mat. problems of supergravity and superstring theory. Author approx. 150 scientific. articles, Works: Mat. fundamentals of quantum field theory. M., 1975; Elements of quantum field theory. M., 1975; Quantum field theory and topology. M., 1989.
SCHVARTZ Anton Isaakovich (1896, Ekaterinodar - 1954, Leningrad), artist. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that (1922), was engaged in advocacy, at the same time. was fond of reading poetry by A.A. Blok, F.I. Tyutchev, E.G.Bagritsky, V.V. Mayakovsky. Accompanying lectures on literature with reading by artist. Produced, participated in group concerts. First lit. Sh .'s concert took place in 1929 in Leningrad. t-re stage. K ser. 1940s Sh .'s repertoire includes seven programs from works. M. Gorky, M. A. Sholokhov, A. N. Tolstoy, B. L. Gorbatov, K. G. Paustovsky, M. M. Zoshchenko, three programs based on poems and verses by A. S. Pushkin, St. ten programs from production. N.V. Gogol, A.P. Chekhov, A.I. Kuprin, N.S.Leskov, M.Yu. Lermontov, Blok, S.A. Esenin, N.A. Nekrasov, G. de Maupassant. Among the productions, to-rye performed Sh .: "Sorochinskaya Fair" and fragments from "Dead Souls" by Gogol; "Snowstorm", "The Queen of Spades", "Eugene Onegin" and Pushkin's lyrics; Leskov's The Enchanted Wanderer; "Daughter of Albion", "Anyuta" and "Champagne" by Chekhov; "The Birth of the Sea" by Paustovsky and "Fairy Tale" by Andersen. Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union reading competition (1937).
SCHVARTZ Dmitry Petrovich (1899, Ladyzhin Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. - 1961, Moscow), sculptor. Prof. (1957), bp. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1958). In 1929 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. The author of the comp. "Physical culture group" for the stadium "Electronic" (1935), "Shakhtar" for the building Horn. Institute (1937, both - in Moscow), "Builder" at the lock number 8 of the channel named after Moscow (1937), bearing certain features of abstract idealization. Plastic. the expressiveness of the machine. Produced by: "Portrait of a Son" (1931), "Boy with a Pole" (1935), "Motherhood" (1939). He worked on nudity: "Bather" (1936), "Girl with a Mirror" (1938). The author is a sculptor. portraits of O. I. Gorodovikov (1946), S. G. Birman, S. S. Nametkin (both - 1947), V. E. Tatlin (1949), E. A. Katsman (1954) and others. ... gr. sculptors participated in the creation of Monum. statues "Worker" and "Kolkhoz Woman" for the center. high-rise part of Moscow State University. The author of several. memory V. I. Lenin. Participated in all-union, rep. exhibitions. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, other museums in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1958). Became. etc. (1950).
SHVARTZ Elena Andreevna (b. 1948, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from LGITMIK (1975). She began to publish in 1980, from 1985 in the USSR. The author of a number of unedited. book: "The army, casting out demons" (1976), "Orchestra" (1978), "Ship" (1982) and others. Poems were published. Sat. "Dancing David" (New York, 1985), "Poems" (Paris, 1987), "Sides of the World" (L., 1989), "Poems" (L., 1990) and others. Lyric. poems are collected in the book. "Navigation of the Night" (St. Petersburg, 1993). Lit. etc. them. A. Bely (1987).
SHVARTZ Evgeny Lvovich (1896, Kazan –1958, Leningrad), writer, playwright, screenwriter. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that (1914-16). He was an actor in Rostov-on-Don (1917–21) and Petrograd. Published since 1923. Approached lit. gr. The Serapion Brothers. Influenced by the Oberiut writers, whose eccentric. poetics, playfulness, irony influenced the poetics of Sh .'s first plays, post. Leningrad. Theater for Young People (Underwood, 1929; Treasure, 1933). The playwright. creativity Sh. often used the genre of fairy tales, relying on iz. plots: "The Naked King" (1934, post. 1960), "Little Red Riding Hood" (1937), "The Snow Queen" (1938), "Shadow" (1940). In 1941, joint. with M.M. Zoshchenko wrote grotesque. anti-fascist. the play "Under the Lindens of Berlin". In 1944 he completed the play-parable "Dragon" (published and post. 1962) - a satire on totalitarian power. Post-war. plays "An Ordinary Miracle" (1956) and "The Tale of Young Spouses" (1958) are rich in lyricism. mood, attention to the psychological. and household details. For T-ra dolls Sh. Created "The Tale of the Lost Time" (post. 1940), "The Tale of the Brave Soldier" (post. 1946), etc. According to Sh .'s scenarios, f. "Cinderella" (1947), "First Grader" (1948), "Don Quixote" (1957) and others. publ. Sh .'s diaries (1990, 1997), to-rye he kept since 1926. Sh .'s grandson - Andrey Kryzhanovsky (1950, Moscow - 1994, Petersburg), poet. In 1992 he founded the poet. zhurn. "Recitative".
SHVARTZ Grigory Aronovich (1900–1978, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1964), prof. (1965). Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov (1925). In 1924–51 he worked on the board of the State Bank of the USSR. Since 1951 in teaching, prof. department den. circulation and credit Mosk. finance. in-that. Sci. tr. on the problems of the development of the credit and settlement system in the USSR, on the role and functions of banks and the state bank. Author of a number of programs, account. manuals, co-author of the "Collection of Problems in Lending and Settlements" (1947, also ed.) Vol .: Non-cash and mutual settlements in the USSR. M., 1946; The essence and functions of credit and banks under socialism. M., 1956; Cashless circulation and credit in the USSR. M., 1963.
Isaak Iosifovich SHVARTZ (b. 1923, Romny, Poltava province), composer. In 1951 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class compositions by O.A. Evlakhov. The author of the ball. "On the Eve" (after IS Turgenev, 1960), "Wonderland" (1967), symph. manuf., chamber-instr. music, romances on verses by F. Tyutchev, A. Blok, G. Heine and others. Author of music for dramas. performances ("The Idiot" by F.M.Dostoevsky, "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, "Dowry" by A.N. Ostrovsky, "Once again about love" by E.S. Radzinsky) and the movie "Wild Dingo the Dog ”(1962),“ Living Corpse ”(1968),“ The Brothers Karamazov ”(1969),“ White Sun of the Desert ”(1969) and others. Songwriter to lyrics by B.Sh.Okudzhava. In 1993 he was awarded the Nika Prize for music to the films Luna Park and The White King, Red Queen. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1984).
Isaak Izrailevich SHVARTZ (party ps. Semyon) (1879, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1951, Moscow), statesman, organizer of industry. Member RSDLP since 1899. In 1901 he was arrested, exiled to Yakutia, from where he fled to Switzerland. In 1905 he returned to Russia, led an active party. work in the Yekaterinoslavskiy k-those of the RSDLP, the Ural party. org-tions, etc. In 1910 - in France, student of desks. schools in Longjumeau. In 1911-17 - in exile. Participant of Civil. war. In 1918-19 the first before. Vseukr. Cheka. In 1921-30 before. Central Committee of Miners' Trade Unions, since 1925 member. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Elected member. Central Committee of the RCP (b) and cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) at the 17th party congress. From 1930 to the household. work in Moscow: manager of the Soyuzugol trust, in 1931–38 manager of the Soyuzslanets association. In 1938 he organized Vses. n.-i. lab. dispers. medicines. substances, the first of her hands. In 1941–45 in the lab. production of sulfamide emulsions and dispersions has been established. preparations with antibiotics and vitamins. Since 1949 at the same time. deputy. dir. Moscow chem.-pharmaceutical factory.
SHVARTZ Lev Alexandrovich (1898, Tashkent - 1962, Moscow), composer. In 1927 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. K.N. Igumnova, studied composition with G.L. Catoire. In 1927-30 he taught php. in the music. technical school them. Gnesins, in 1931–33 the accompanist Vses. radio committee, acted as a pianist. The author of the music for the f: "New Gulliver" (1935); trilogy "Childhood of Gorky" (1938), "In People" (1939), "My Universities" (1940); The Golden Key (1939); Timur and His Team (1940); "Rural Teacher" (1947); Vassa Zheleznova (1953); Anna on the Neck (1955); "My friend Kolka" (1961) and others. Author of music for drama performances. t-ra. Among other works: children. op. "Jannat" (1944, Tashkent, Palace of Pioneers) and the op.-fairy tale "Miraculous Stream" (1947, Opera Studio under the Leningrad cons.), Cantata, symphony, suites, concerts - for fp. (1934) and for violin (1941) with orc., Chamber instrument. ans., based on uzb., taj. and Turkm. muses. folklore, - "East. suites "(1932) for trees. wind instruments, suite in Turkish. themes (for percussion and woodwind quartet, 1934), march for wind orc. Uzbekistan (1943); songs for voice and two orcs. - symphonic. and variety, 6 Chuvash. songs for voice and quartet of trees. wind instruments. (1935), "Negro Protest Songs" for voice and fp. (1947).
SCHWARTZ Marek (1892, Zgerzh, Petrokovskaya province - 1958, Paris), sculptor, graphic artist, art critic. Studied at art. schools in Lodz and Paris, AH in Krakow. In 1912, together with I. Lichtenstein, published the artist. zhurn., published Art. about art and literature in "Najer zhurnal" by AK Reisen, other Jewish periodicals. ed. ("Folksblat", "Lodser Fageblat", 1916, 1917), in Paris and Warsaw litas. gas. Since 1919 - in France. Participated in art. salons in Paris and exhibitions of Jewish artists. in Warsaw. Personal exhibitions of Sh .: Paris (1925, 1927), Berlin (1927). Made a copper bas-relief for the Vatican pavilion at the World exhibition in Paris (1937), designed two pavilions for the Intern. in-ke in New York (1939). In 1939, a Polish volunteer. military formation in France. Hands. workshop of ceramics and textiles at the Rehabilitation Center for the disabled in London. Sh .'s retrospective exhibition was held in Paris (1960). Author of works on the problems of Jewish art, monograph. Amadeo Modigliani (Paris, 1927). Prod. Sh. Are represented in the National. Museum of Krakow, at the Jewish College in Cincinnati (USA), at the National Library of Jerusalem, at the Luxembourg Museum in Paris, Jewish East. Institute of Warsaw.
SCHWARTZ Maurice (Avrom-Moishe) (1888, Sudilkov Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1960, Tel Aviv), actor, director, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1902 - in the USA. From 1903 he played in Jewish theaters in New York. In 1918 he founded the first Jewish prof. tr "Kunst-theater". Among the 150 post. Sh. Performances produced. Sholem Aleichem, Sh.Ash, L. Feuchtwanger, I.-L. Peretz and others, many others. of which he himself staged, as well as his own. plays: "The Cloud" (1913), "Shakespeare and Company" (1925), "The Legend of the Jewish King Lear" (1932), etc. He toured with t-r in many. countries, played in English. (in the USA), isp. lang. (in Argentina), Hebrew (in Israel). As a film actor he made his debut in Austria ("Izkor ... Gedenket", 1924), in the USA he starred in f. "Uncle Moses" (also the author of dialogues, 1932). Naib. means. work in the cinema - f. Tevye (1939), where Sh. Performed the title role, was a screenwriter and dir. In 1921 he published a journal. Our Theater; author of art. about t-re, about Jewish actors and writers. A number of excerpts from the performances performed by Sh. Were recorded on gramophone records. He died on tour.
SCHWARTZ Nakhum Sholomovich (1888, Podolsk province - 1938), doctor, public figure, poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that, worked in St. Petersburg as a psychiatrist. In the 1920s. was engaged in the identification and study of psychology. features of the Jews. At the same time. from 1921 to 1923 he taught Hebrew in Petrograd. in-those higher. Jewish knowledge. From the beginning. 1920s participated in the work of the OPE and the Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va. Was close to lit. mug H. Lensky, wrote poetry in Hebrew. Sh .'s poem "Kol dmei ahai tsoakim" ("The voice of my brothers cries out." Jerusalem, 1976) dedicated. the fate of the Jews of Russia in the years of Civil. war. In the end. 1937 arrested on charges of counterrevolution. Zionist activity, scientific. research Sh. Were assessed as a manifestation of racism and fascist propaganda. ideas. In 1938 Sh. Was sentenced to 8 years in prison, died in the Vladivostok transit camp at Sevvostlag.
SCHWARTZ Pinkhos (1902, Plock - 1963, New York), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1940 - in the USA. Since 1947 - one of the hands. Worldwide Jewish Congr. In 1953–62 he worked at IVO. The first articles were published in 1919 in Gaz. "Socialistishe yugnt-shtime". He was engaged in socialist history. press, Bund. In 1956 he published in Sat. "Fun noentn ovar" art. about gas. Folks Zeitung. In 1962, in the journal. "IVO-Bleter" published chapters from monograph. "The revolutionary activity of the Bund in the tsarist army." The author of the book: “Jozef Piłsudski, zain batsiung zu der idn-frage un zain kamph kegn Bund” (“Jozef Piłsudski. Attitude to the Jewish question and the fight against the Bund. Warsaw, 1936),“ Dos iz geven der ongeib ”(“ This was the beginning. ”New York, 1943),“ Ein Nationalist Troer-tog ”(“ Day of National Sorrow, ”ibid., 1952).
SCHWARTZ Scholem (1886, Balta, Podolsk Gubernia - 1965, Jerusalem), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied philol. in Novorossiysk un-those in Odessa. Participated in the Zionist movement. Since 1920 - in E.-I. The first art. published in gas. "Jewish Thought", "Odessa News". Was printed in gas. "Gut Morgen", "Unzer Lebn", etc. The author of Art. about the works of S.G. Frug, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, S. Asch, P. Hirshbein. Author of brochures, including Der Shekel (Odessa, 1905), Dationistic Organization (ibid., 1907).
SCHVARTZ Stanislav Semenovich (1919, Ekaterinoslav - 1976, Sverdlovsk), zoologist, ecologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1954). prof. (1957), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). In 1937 he entered biol. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1942 he graduated from Leningrad State University. In 1942-43 Art. zoologist of the Dzhangalinsky anti-plague department, in 1943–46 a post-graduate student of Leningrad State University. In 1946-52 scientific. sotr. lab. zoology Institute of biology (Institute of ecology of plants and animals) of the Ural branch (center) of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Sverdlovsk, in 1952–55 head. lab. population ecology of animals, since 1955 dir. in-that. The author of St. 260 scientific. works, including 15 monographs, dedicated. environmental problems. He developed the doctrine of the population as an elementary form of existence of the species, substantiated the leading importance of ecology. mechanisms in evolution. process, studied DOS. ways of adaptation of vertebrates to the conditions of the Subarctic. Formulated goals, objectives and basic principles. directions of human ecology. Etc. them. A.N.Severtsov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1972). Works: Principles and methods of modern animal ecology. Sverdlovsk, 1960; Evolutionary ecology of animals. Sverdlovsk, 1969; Group effect in aquatic animal populations and chemical ecology. M., 1976; Ecological patterns of evolution. M., 1980.
SCHWARTZ Josef (1880, Riga - 1926, Berlin), singer (baritone). From childhood he sang in the synagogue choir in Riga. Studied at the Vienna Cons. (in A. Heinemann's class). He made his debut in 1900 in Linz (Austria) in op. "Aida" by G. Verdi, then sang in decomp. small touring troupes (including in 1901 in Riga). Has appeared at the Mariinsky Theater (Petersburg) as the Demon (The Demon by A.G. Rubinstein). In 1909 he received an invitation to the Viennese theater "Volks-oper", in 1909-15 he sang in the Vienna im. op., where he became famous for performing works. R. Wagner. After 1915, the soloist of the Berlin op. In 1921–23 he toured in various places. European countries, the USA. Since 1924 again the soloist of the Berlin op. In 1925 Sh. Sang the part of Rigoletto (Verdi's Rigoletto) at the Covent Garden theater in London. He also performed as a chamber singer.
SCHWARTZBOARD Sholem-Shmuel (1886, Izmail, Bessarabian province - 1938, Cape Town, South American), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He worked as a watchmaker. Participated in the roar. movement, anarchist. Arrested. In 1907-10 - in Austria-Hungary, Switzerland. Since 1910 - in France. During the 1st world. war fought in Franz. foreign legion. In 1917–20 - in Russia, participant of the Civil. war. In 1920 he returned to France, ch. Jewish anarchist. gr. In 1926 in Paris he shot S.V. Petliura. He was acquitted at the trial. The author of the book: "Troiman un wirklehkite" ("Dreams and Reality". Paris, 1920), "In krigmit zikh alain" ("In a dispute with himself." Chicago, 1933), "Inem loyf fun yor" (" In the stream of the year ”, ibid, 1934).
SCHWARTZBREIM Yulian Lvovich (1920, Kiev - 1996, Moscow), architect. Acad. RAACN (1992). 1941–45 - in the army. After graduating from Moscow Architectural Institute (1949) he worked in decomp. design org-tions, in 1961–96 hands. workshop TsNIIEP of spectacular buildings and design structures. Participant and laureate of pl. contests. Main works: Hall of Congresses in the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw (1954–55), the building of the Sov. trade missions in Beijing (1950s), USSR pavilions at exhibitions in Damascus and Izmir (1960s), Sochi sanatorium in Sochi (1965), rest homes in Gagra (1960s), under Moscow (1970–80s), circus in Sochi (1971), Nizhny Novgorod Youth Theater (1964–78). State pr. USSR (1972).
SHVARTSBURD Semyon Isaakovich (1918, Rybnitsa, Baltsky district, Podolsk province - 1996, Haifa, Israel), mathematician, teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1972), prof., Ph.D. APN USSR (1968). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University (1940). Worked as a teacher Wed. schools, since 1967 head. Lab. app. Mathematics Research Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Since 1990 - in Israel. Author approx. 450 textbooks, school manuals, articles, including the book. "Mathematical Analysis" and "Algebra" for Phys.-Math. schools. One of the first laureates, etc. K.D. Ushinsky APN RSFSR. Honored. school teacher of the RSFSR (1962).
SCHWARTZBURG Arie-Leib (1886, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1949, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1914 - in the USA. He taught Hebrew. He worked as a dentist. From 1910 he was published in Russian. ed., since 1914 - in gas. and zhurn. New York: "Tsukunft", "Forverts", "Tog", "Die Zeit" and others. Author of the book: "Der Hubn Fun Mine 1934), "Ingom" ("In the Abyss", ibid., 1951).
SCHWARTZBURG Pyotr Ilyich (b. 1910), mechanical engineer, specialist in the automotive industry. He graduated in 1934 Moscow. mech.-mat. in-t. From 1934 - to Moscow. car s-de (ZIS), early. press, then blacksmith shops. From 1941 Ch. Ing. w-yes. In 1941–42, the director. Ulyanovsk car w-yes. Supervised the introduction of new ones applied to the military. the conditions of technology, the organization of the release of shells. In 1942–45, the director. Chelyabinsk press-forging plant. In 1945–48, dir. Novosibirsk plant of automotive equipment. In 1949-51 the deputy. dir. one of the factories in Dnepropetrovsk. From 1951 to the beginning. Office of the capital construction of the Minsk Tractor Plant.
SCHVARTSER Vladimir (Venyamin) Efimovich (1892, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), actor, director. In 1908 he joined the troupe of Dr. P. Hirshbein. In 1914-16 - at the front. In 1916 he got to the Austr. captivity. He organized a Jewish theater in the POW camp. collective. In 1918 he returned to Russia, founded the "Undser Winkl" Theater (1918), later (1923) a troupe that played in the Ukraine and Belarus. Since 1925 in the troupe of the Odessa GOSET, since 1935 his artist. hands. He played leading roles in the performances "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem, "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, "Hershele Ostropoler" by M. Gershenzon, and others. From 1942 - in Moscow. GOSET. After its closure (1949) - to the Center. children t-re. In 1962 he created the Jewish Drama. ans. at the Mosconcert, where he staged: "The Spaniards" by M.Yu. Lermontov, "200,000", "Tevye the Milkman" (played the title role), "The Enchanted Tailor" (all according to Sholem Aleichem), etc. A bright, characteristic actor , Sh. Played over 200 roles. Author of rep. “Remains in my memory” (Sovetish Gameland, 1972, No. 5-7; 1973, No. 6-10). Honored. art. RSFSR (1947).
SHVARTSEV Isaak Sergeevich (b. 1949, Chisinau), architect. In 1975 he graduated from the Chisinau Polytechnic. in-t. Participant and laureate of rep. and all. contests. Main Works: residential area in Chisinau (1980s, prospect SM USSR), c / t in Plovdiv (1986, BNR).
SHVARTSMAN Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1967, Moscow), checker player. Int. grandmaster in Brazilian checkers (1987), in 100-cell checkers (1990). Two-time USSR champion in Russian drafts (Moscow, 1984; Tallinn, 1986). USSR champion in 100-cell drafts (Orel, 1991). World Champion in Brazilian Drafts (Brazil, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1996, 1997). Bronze. medalist of the World Championship in 100-cell drafts (1996).
SHVARTSMAN Leonid (Israel) Aronovich (b. 1920, Minsk), animator, director. In 1945–51 he studied art. f-those VGIK. Since 1948 artist. and dir. k / st "Soyuzmultfilm". He worked with V.S. and Z.S. Brumberg, L.K. Atamanov, A.V. Vinokurov, R.A. Kachanov, V.Ufimtsev. Naib. Izv. f .: "Mitten", "Crocodile Gena", "Cheburashka", "Shapoklyak". Dir. and artistic director f. “How the Little Camel and the Donkey went to school” (1975), “A kitten named Gena” (1981).
SHVARTSMAN Mikhail Matveyevich (1926, Moscow - 1997, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist. In 1950–56 he studied at the Moscow Art and Industrial University. From the end. 1950s worked as a book graphic artist at Sov. writer "," Mosk. worker "," Det. liter ", in the region. posters and industrial graphics in Sovexport. Since 1966 - in special. the artistic and design bureau of A. Levashova (SKhKB Legmash). Organized by gr. artists "Shvartsman's School", edges was engaged in design, theater. suit. Since 1959 he began to develop the "Hieratur" system - a symbolic expression of a person's attitude to experience in life and to "experience in death." Sh .'s claim claims to become a new canon of both form and worldview. Sh. - artist-mystic, esotericist, representative of the "unofficial" artist. culture of the 1960s-1980s, which is conventionally called "metaphysical direction". Repeatedly took part in exhibitions in the USSR, Germany (1974, 1977, 1979), Italy (1977, 1978), Switzerland (1978), Israel (1979), Great Britain (1989). Personal exhibitions took place in 1990, 1994, 1997. Prod. Sh. Are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, private collections. Russia, some museums in Europe.
SHVARTSMAN Moisey Froimovich (1911, Kurniki of Vinnitsa district of Podolsk province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Graduated from Vinnitsa ped. in-t. In the Red Army since 1941. Deputy. com. battalion Major Sh. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the crossing of Zap. Dvina. Killed in battle.
SHVARTSMAN Osher Markovich (1889, Vilnia, Kiev province - 1919), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught Hebrew in Kiev, Berdichev. From 1909 - in Kiev. He worked as a gas corrector. Bund "Folks Zeitung". Member of the 1st world. (George Knight) and Grazhd. wars. I wrote a verse. from 1907 in Ukrainian, Russian. lang., Yiddish. The first publication in the journal. "Di Yiddish Velt" in Vilna in 1913. Published in Kiev publishing houses. One of the founders was postrev. Jewish poetry. Killed at the front. See. ed. book Sh .: "Fun golden white" ("From the Golden Dales". Kiev, 1921), "Leader un briv" ("Poems and Letters", ibid., 1935), "Ale leader" ("All Poems", ibid. , 1938). Cit .: Poems. M., 1941; Poems. M., 1968.
SHVEDIK Genakh Borisovich (1914, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1942), poet. Graduated from Minsk ped. in-t. He worked in gas. "Piyaner Belarus", in Ying-those language. and literature of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, then on the collective farm in [[Jewish Autonomous Region | Jewish Autonomous Region. First verse. published in 1927 in Minsk. gas. "October", was published in the journal. "Stern" (Minsk), "Farmest" (Kharkov), other ed. Prod. Sh. Were included in the alm., Collection. Author of the book: "Start" (Minsk, 1934), "Undzer Jim" ("Our Jim". Poem, ibid., 1935), "Leader" ("Poems", ibid., 1939); "Bider Leader" ("Poems Again". Vilno, 1941). 1941–42 - at the front. He died of his wounds in the hospital.
SHVEDOVA Natalia Yulievna (b. 1916, Moscow), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. (1967), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Daughter of Yu.I. Eichenwald, sister of A.Yu. Eichenwald and B.Yu. Eichenwald. In 1940 she graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In 1941–43 she taught there. In 1946–88 she worked at the Institute of Rus. lang. USSR Academy of Sciences - scientific. sotr., head. sector, head. dep. At the same time. in 1952–56 she was in charge of the department. zhurn. "Questions of Linguistics", in 1967-72 taught at Moscow State University. Prev scientific. Council of the RAS “Rus. language: history and modern. state". Ch. direction of scientific. activities - rus. lit. lang., lexicology and lexicography, history of science about rus. lang. State pr. USSR (1982). Cit .: Essays on the syntax of Russian colloquial speech. M., 1960; Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1970; Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow, 1992 (in co-authorship with S.I. Ozhegov) Sh .'s son - Sergei Serafimovich (1946, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Sociologist. Cand. ist. sciences. He studied the theory of stereotypes in consciousness, speech, literature. Studied the perception of the masses. culture in terms of publicity.
SHVETS Mikhail Efimovich (1911, Zhitomir - 1983, Leningrad), meteorologist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1952). From 1928 he worked at the Sudomekh plant in Leningrad. In 1938 he graduated from Leningrad State University. He worked in the department. dynamic meteorology Ch. geophysical observatory in Leningrad. One of the creators of owls. schools dynamic. meteorology. Main work related to the development of mat. the theory of general circulation of the atmosphere, the theory of climate and moisture exchange, zonal circulation and with the development of the theory of circulations. processes in the equatorial region, with the creation of numerical methods for weather forecasting. Supervised the development of the first numerical model of the general atmospheric circulation in the USSR. Creator of a new direction in solving hydrodynamic problems. weather forecast. In 1940 (with MI Yudin) he built a model of wind propagation in the lower. layers of the atmosphere. Developed an approximate method for solving boundary layer equations, which was used in meteorological research. research and in solving problems of hydrodynamics (1952). Developed a method for forecasting stratus clouds. He proposed a new approach to solving moisture transfer. Developed the foundations of the theory of drift currents in the ocean (1940). Author of monographs, scientific. articles.
SHWEID Mark (1891, Warsaw - 1969, New York), poet, playwright, actor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1911 he graduated from Poland in Warsaw. dram. uch-shche, played Polish. and Jewish troupes. Since 1911 - in the USA. He worked in Jewish t-ts; since 1921 - one of the leading actors in Art. t-ra "M. Schwartz, from 1926 played also in English. lang. First published a poem. in 1907 in the Warsaw magazine. "Roman Zeitung", later published in pl. Jewish periodicals ed. Since 1946 - sotr. new york gas. Forverts. Published several. collection of verses: "Burshtinene shislen" ("Amber bowls", 1931), "Di zaidene mask" ("Silk mask", 1927), the poem "Dos folk funem seifer" ("People of the book", 1930), sonnets "Un their ed is simple" ("And I say simply", 1935), "Ale leader un poems" ("All poems and poems", 1951). Author of books about I.-L. Peretz “Mit Peretzn” (“With Peretz”, 1923) and “Treyst mine folk” (“Comfort my people”, 1955). In 1907 he published his first play "Di gasn-mesugene" ("Street Crazy"), then the plays "Blumen" ("Flowers", 1908), "Geshenkte yorn" ("Gift of the Year", 1926-27), "Az es gate fun ale zaytn "(" When you are lucky from all sides ", 1929)," Cook in der zun "(" Look at the sun ", 1930), etc. Translated into Yiddish the plays" Jealousy "by MP Artsybashev," At the Bottom "And" Bourgeois "M. Gorky, manuf. F.M.Dostoevsky, S.Pshibyshevsky.
SCHWEITSER (real name. Elievich) Maximilian Ilyich (1881, Smolensk - 1905, St. Petersburg), a participant in the revolutionary movement. In 1899 he entered Moscow. un-t on natures. separation physical-mat. f-that. Entered the composition to-that, preparing the roar. performance of students. He was close to the Social Democrats. In 1902 he was arrested and sentenced to exile. In exile he joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1903 he returned to Smolensk. He took part in the creation of the Smolensk Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In the same year in Switzerland, he joined the Combat Organization (BO) of the party, became a technician for the manufacture of dynamite and bombs. In the end. 1903 ferried to Russia with a load of dynamite. In 1904, a bomb made by Sh. Killed a mine. int. Affairs of Russia V.K. Pleve. In Sept. – Oct. 1904 Sh. Headed illegal. dynamite workshop BO in Paris, from Nov. 1904 - petersburg. detachment BO. The detachment began preparations for an attempt on the life of the commander-in-chief of the troops of the Guard and St. Petersburg. military. env. Conducted. book Sergei Alexandrovich, to Comrade min. int. cases of P.N. Durnovo. Dec. 1904 it was planned to carry out the assassination of Nicholas II at the court ball. Died in a Bristol hotel room in a bomb blast, preparing for a terrorist attack against Vel. book Vladimir Alexandrovich, Durnovo, min. int. cases of A.G. Bulygin.
SCHWEITSER Maximilian Ilyich (1881, Smolensk - 1905, Petersburg), a participant in the revolutionary movement. In 1899 he entered Moscow. un-t on natures. separation physical-mat. f-that. Entered the composition to-that, preparing the roar. performance of students. He was close to the Social Democrats. In 1902 he was arrested and sentenced to exile. In exile he joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1903 he returned to Smolensk. He took part in the creation of the Smolensk Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In the same year in Switzerland he joined the Combat Organization (BO) of the party, became a technician for the manufacture of dynamite and bombs. In the end. 1903 ferried to Russia with a load of dynamite. In 1904, a bomb made by Sh. Killed a mine. int. Affairs of Russia V.K. Pleve. In Sept. – Oct. 1904 Sh. Headed illegal. dynamite workshop BO in Paris, from Nov. 1904 - petersburg. detachment BO. The detachment began preparations for an attempt on the life of the commander-in-chief of the troops of the Guard and St. Petersburg. military. env. Conducted. book Sergei Alexandrovich, to Comrade min. int. cases of P.N. Durnovo. Dec. 1904 it was planned to carry out the assassination of Nicholas II at the court ball. Died in a room at the Bristol Hotel in a bomb explosion, preparing for a terrorist attack against Vel. book Vladimir Alexandrovich, Durnovo, min. int. cases of A.G. Bulygin.
SHWEITSER Mikhail (Moisey) Abramovich (1920, Perm - 2000), film director. In 1941–42, assistant director. TsOKS in Tashkent. In 1944 he graduated from VGIK, worked at the Mosfilm cinema. In 1951–55 dir. Sverdlovsk c / st and c / st "Lenfilm". I took off several. doc. f. In fiction, F. The Path of Glory (1949). I took off the kids. f. "Dagger" (1954). Sh. Fame brought the paintings "Someone else's relatives" (1956) and "Sasha enters life" (1957, in the author's version released on the screen in 1988 under the original name. "Tight knot"). He was engaged in the adaptation of Russian. and owls. classics: "Resurrection" (1960–62), "Time, forward!" (1966), The Golden Calf (1968), Carousel (1970), The Flight of Mr. McKinley (1975), Funny People (1978), Little Tragedies (1980, t / f), Dead Souls (1984, t / f), Kreutzer Sonata (1987). In 1992 he shot satirical. comedy "How are you, crucians?" Nar. art. RSFSR (1977). State pr. USSR (1977). State pr. RSFSR (1989).
SHVYDKOY Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1948, Kant, KirgSSR), statesman, theater expert. Doctor of Lawsuit (1991), prof. (1994). In 1971 he graduated from a theater critic. Faculty of GITIS. In 1971–73 - in the army. Since 1973 corr. in dep. critics zhurn. "Theater", at the same time. on radio and television a columnist for questions. culture, led the programs "Theater and Life", "Portraits of Friends" and others. Since 1977 otl. sec. zhurn. "Theater", since 1987 deputy. ch. ed. In 1990 he headed the editorial and publishing house. complex of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation "Culture". 1993–97 deputy. min. culture of the Russian Federation. Since 1997 - hands. channel "Culture" on TV. He began to publish in 1968. Author of over 500 reviews and art. on questions t-ra, publ. in the journal. “Theater”, “Ogonyok”, “Lit. gas. "," Independent gas. ", gas. Izvestia, Mosk. Komsomolets "and other Obl. scientific. interests includes the processes taking place in the world. theater. culture. In Cand. diss. (1977) Sh. Researched ideological art. English problems. ist. dramas of the 20th century, in the doctoral (1991) - question. traditions into the world. t-re 1950–80s. 20th century Author of 12 scripts, art. f., including about P. Bruck, Yu.P. Lyubimov, P. Stein and others. Since 1992 teacher. in Ros. academy theater. art (GITIS). Pres. Grew up. center International. associations theater. critics, vice-president. K-that communications Intern. in-ta t-ra at UNESCO, before. Grew up. to-that World. decades of cultural development. Author of the book: "Drama, Theater, Life" (1987), "Secrets of Lonely Comedians" (1993), "Notes on Foreign Theater of the Second Half of the XX Century." (1994).
SIBIRYAKOV (real fam. Braverman) Semyon Grigorievich (1888, Chisinau - 1937), writer. From 1904 - in the rev. movement, took part in terrorist attacks. In 1906 he was arrested. In 1908 he was sentenced to hard labor. He began writing poetry in 1908, in the Chisinau prison. Published since 1924 in the journal. "Young Guard", "Change", "Searchlight", etc. Author of a number of screenplays. Was a member. lit. gr. "Working Spring", MAPP, VAPP. Arrested in 1937, Cit .: In a stone bag. M., 1926; In the fight for life. M., 1927.
SIBOR (real family. Lifshits) Boris Osipovich (1880, Torzhok, Tver province - 1961, Nikolina Gora, Moscow region), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1923). In 1889 he entered Moscow. cons. in cl. violin by N.N. Sokolovsky, continued his studies with L.S. Auer in St. Petersburg. cons., to-rui graduated in 1901. In 1902–03 he improved in Berlin with J. Joachim, gave concerts. From 1904 he taught at the Muz.-Dram. uch-shche Mosk. Philharmonic Society, in 1921–51 - in Moscow. cons. He was one of the initiators of the creation of Nar in Moscow. cons. (1906). In 1906-29 he was a soloist orc. Big t-ra. He gave concerts in many cities of Russia. As a soloist he performed with "Persimfans". He took part in the first performance of pl. production: Conc. suites for violin and orc. and strings. trio S.I. Taneev, Concerto for violin with orc. SN Vasilenko, sonatas of GL Catoire, AT Grechaninov, LV Nikolaev and others. He was a soloist of Vses. radio (until 1935). The author is methodical. labor "Violin technique of double notes" (M., 1928), ed. a number of violinists. manuf. Russian composers. Honored. art. Republic (1925).
SICHKIN Boris Mikhailovich (1922, Kiev - 2002, New York), dancer, actor. In 1937–41 he studied at the Kiev choreography. uch-shche, simultaneously. danced in Anse. bunk bed dance of the Ukrainian SSR. 1941–46 - to the front. ans., in 1947–48 soloist Ans. songs and dances of Owls. Army them. AV Alexandrova, in 1948–66 he was an artist of the Mosconcert. From 1955 he worked in ans. lit. and theater. parody "Blue Bird" under the arm. V.Yu.Dragunsky, performed sideshows, was the author of texts, ballet; participated in the work of the "behind-the-scenes" t-ra "Kroshka" (CDRI). Ballet. pl. pop numbers and programs, including dance. sketches "Arrived for Vacation" (first work), programs "Incredible, but true", "Both laugh and sin" (simultaneously author of the text with E.A. Kravinsky), "30 years later" for jazz L.O .Utesova (co-operative, director of the suite "Evolution of Dance"), "I walk, I walk in Baku" (1968; one of the authors of the text), etc. As a dancer he was distinguished by plasticity and buffoonery lightness. Ballet. a number of dramas. performances: "The Honeymoon Trip" by VA Dykhovichny and MR Slobodsky (T-p of satire, 1954), "Red Devils" by PA Blyakhin, AL Polevoy, AN Tolbuzin (Dram. N.V. Gogol, 1961), “Wake up and sing” by M. Darfash (T-r satire, 1970) and others. Movie roles: Italian smuggler (“Captains of the Blue Lagoon”, 1962), hotel administrator ("The Last Rogue", 1963), Buba Kastorsky ("The Elusive Avengers", 1966), and "New Adventures of the Elusive", 1969), Excelant ("Intervention", 1970), etc. Since 1979 - in the USA, filmed in Hollywood. Among the roles: cook (Sweet Lorraine, 1986), locksmith (Superintendent, 1989), Brezhnev (Last Days, 1989; Nixon, 1995). The author of the book. "I am from Odessa, hello ..." (St. Petersburg, 1996).
SIDLIN Abram Moiseevich (1909, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Checker player. Master of Sports (1927), Hon. trainer of the USSR (1964), judge of the USSR. categories (1967). Winner of the first personal championship of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1925), participant of the first USSR championships in Russian. checkers. Author of the "Drafts Code of the USSR" (M., 1937), pl. book on the theory of checkers, including: "The first lessons of checkers game" (M., 1937), "Problem book of checkers game. Checkers in 12 lessons "(M. - L., 1949) ,. "Theory and practice of checkers game" (Riga, 1950), "How to evaluate the position in checkers" (Moscow, 1966).
SIDUR Vadim Abramovich (1924, Yekaterinoslav - 1986, Moscow), sculptor, poet. 1941–44 - at the front. In 1952 he graduated from the Moscow Art College (former Stroganovskoe). The work of S. was greatly influenced by the impressions of the military. years. In his work, S. used the so-called. non-traditional. materials (details of various wood and metal. mechanisms and structures, fabrics, waste from production). Among the monums. production S .: "Despair" (1963, aluminum), "Funeral" (1965, aluminum), sculptural. portrait of A. Einstein (installed in the USA and Germany, 1967, bronze), victims of the Treblinka concentration camp (Berlin, 1967, aluminum), "Structure No. 1" in Moscow (1970, cement), "Monument to those killed by violence" in Kassel ( Germany, 1974, al.), "Formula of sorrow" - memory. Jews who were shot in 1941 during the occupation (Pushkin Leningrad Region, 1991, bronze), memorial. owls. soldiers who died in Afghanistan (Moscow, 1992, bronze), etc. A new direction of their creativity in the 1970s. S. called "Coffin-ART" and defined it as "art of the era of the balance of fear" (comp., Consisting of coffins knocked together by the author himself, filled with objects, technical details, etc., imitating human figures). By 1970 - early. 1980s include comp: "Collusion", "Iron Prophets" and others (metal, wood, glass, fabric), as well as sculptures from the cycle "Feminine", comp. Twin Girls, Prodigal Night, unfinished. work "Hanging Garden" (1986, cloth), cycle "Dolls" (1984, metal, wood, cloth). S.'s exhibitions took place in Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, France, USA; in the USSR, during the life of S., one exhibition was held (1956). Author Sat. verse. The Happiest Autumn (1983). In 1989, the Vadim Sidur Museum was opened in Moscow.
SIFMAN Roza Iosifovna (1900, Goldingen, Kurland Gubernia - 1978, Moscow), demographer, medical statistician. Cand. biol. Sciences (1943). Graduated from Philosophy. department ist.-philol. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1923). At the same time. in 1920–35 - at the Central Statistical Administration of the RSFSR (USSR). In 1935-56 - in scientific. health care institutions: in scientific and methodical. bureau dignity. statistics Ying-that social hygiene of the 1st MMI, in the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR, in 1945-51 - in Ying-those health organizations and history of medicine of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1964–78 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. demography Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. S. developed an estimate of the population of Russia for 1897-1914. For the first time she studied the dynamics of fertility in the USSR as a whole and gr. population, held the first in the Sov. demography research. proto- and intergenetic intervals. She made a significant contribution to the study of the dynamics and factors of fertility in the USSR, having developed programs for a number of fertility surveys (conducted in the 1960s – 70s.) Vol .: Statistics of the health and medical care of children. M., 1960; Birth rate dynamics in the USSR. M., 1974.
SIGAL Alexander Markovich (1887 - 1968), cardiologist, infectious disease specialist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1941). In 1912 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev, worked as a resident of the hospital in Odessa. Member of the 1st world. war. In 1919-23 Art. doctor and head. branch of the Odessa province. hospitals. In 1924–27 the head. therapeutic. department of the sanatorium "Lermontovsky", in 1927–41 head. cardiology clinic of the Ukrainian Institute of balneology and balneology, in 1941–45 head. Department of infectious diseases. diseases of the Tashkent Institute of advanced training for doctors. S. studied the pathology of blood circulation in infectious diseases. diseases, established indications and contraindications for the appointment of carbon dioxide baths, studied the mechanism of their effect on the body, developed the problems of using digitalis preparations for myocardial infarction and other heart diseases. Member reign of Vses. scientific. about-va therapists. Cit .: On the issue of the pathology of blood circulation in typhus, its pharmacotherapy, in particular, on the use of foxglove. Odessa, 1921; Typhus. M., 1933, 1934, 1946; Rhythms of cardiac activity and their disturbances. Odessa, 1935; M., 1958; Digitalis and its therapeutic uses. M. - L., 1940, 1956.
SIGAL Berl (1897, Orynin of Kamenets-Podolsk u. Podolsk province - 1980, Providence, USA), poet, writer, playwright. In the years of the 1st world. war served in the army. After demobilization, he studied at a teacher's courses in Odessa. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1924-40, a teacher in New York, in Providence, he worked in a hospital laboratory. In 1922 publ. in print. organ of the party "Poalei Zion" "Zeit" (New York) ser. stories "Unther petlures memshole" ("Under the rule of Petliura"). He published poems, fairy tales and stories in "Kinder Journal", "Kinder Zeitung" and other ed. Com., Then. deputy. ed. weekly Shabespost (Minneapolis). Author of dramas. manuf., ed. in New York, "Dry Kinder-Spiel" ("Three Children's Pieces") (1930), "A simhe in shul" ("A Party at School") (1939). In 1941, the book was published in New York. S. "Moishele Mendelssohn."
SIGAL Boris Samoilovich (1893, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province - 1983), doctor. Major General Med. service (1944). In 1942–43 the beginning. dignity management of the Volkhov fr. In 1945 the beginning. dignity management of the Far East. front.
SIGAL Esther (1895, Solobkovtsy of Ushitsky u. Podolsk province - 1974, Israel), poet. Sister N. Sigala. As a child, she lived in Korets of Volyn province, where her father was a cantor. Since 1910 - in Canada. She worked in a sewing workshop and studied at night school at the New York Teachers' Institute. She began to write early, but for the first time publ. verse. in 1922 in the anthology "Epoch". Published poetry in literary publications in Canada and the USA, gas. Vilna and Warsaw. In 1928 in Toronto came Sat. "Leader" ("Poems"). From the end. 1920s - in E.-I.
SIGAL Nekhemye (1878, Korets of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1945, Canada), poet. Brother E. Sigal. He worked as a village teacher. He made his debut with poetry in Hebrew. Since 1910 - in Canada. For many years he published poetry in the Canadian editions. in Yiddish: "Keneder Odler", "Canada" (one of the founders of this journal), etc. Religious motives prevail in S.'s verses. Large production cycle dedicated to his hometown.
SIGALIN Jozef (1909, Warsaw - 1983, ibid.), Architect. During the 2nd world. war - in the First Division of the Polish Army in the USSR. One of the organizers and hands. Bureau of Planning and Reconstruction of the Polish Committee of the National Liberation (1944–45), Bureau of the Capital Revival (1945–50), Ch. architect of Warsaw (1951–57), co-author of the founder. Warsaw reconstruction projects (1947–59). State pr. Poland (1949, 1952).
SIGALOV Alexander Grigorievich (1913, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1969), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951), prof. (1952). Graduated from the Ural University (1937). From 1946 he worked at Gorky University. Main research results. belong to the calculus of variations and mat. problems of quantum mechanics. The author of the work "Variational problems with admissible surfaces of arbitrary topological types."
SIGALOV David Lazarevich (1894, Pereyaslav, Poltava province - 1985, Kiev), pediatrician. Cand. honey. Sciences (1948), prof. (1951). Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (1916). In 1916-18 - at the front. In 1918–24 he was a pediatrician in Kiev and Pereyaslav. Since 1925 - at the Department of Pediatrics of the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors (in 1966–84 consultant). Sci. tr. S. dedicated question respiratory diseases in children, otitis media in newborns, rheumatism, and others. board of Ukr. about-va of pediatricians, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology". As a collector of art. painting, its own collection. paintings (St. 400) artist. end 19 - early. 20th century bequeathed to the Kiev Museum of Russian Art.
SIGIDIN Yakov Aleksandrovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. (1979). After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1955) he worked as a therapist at the 1st Gradskaya Hospital (Moscow), from 1958 ml., From 1963 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1976 hands. Center for the Study of Antirheumatic. preparations of the Research Institute of Rheumatology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow. The author of the first monograph in the USSR. on questions collagen diseases - "Clinic of Collagen Diseases" (1961, in co-authorship with AI Nesterov; ND Strazhesko Ave. of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). Substantiated the position that gr. collagenosis has a single pathomorphological. substrate. He proposed methods for research. mechanisms of action of drugs used for collagenosis. He was one of the first in the USSR to use immunosuppressants for the treatment of rheumatism. Cit .: The mechanism of therapeutic action of antirheumatic drugs. M., 1972; Pathogenetic therapy of rheumatic diseases. M., 1985 (et al.); Drug therapy for the inflammatory process. M., 1988 (et al.).
SIGMAN Morris (1881, Costeshty, Bessarabian province - 1931, USA), leader of the trade union movement. In 1902–03 - in Great Britain. Since 1903 - in the USA. Organized the trade union of ironers (1904), joined the Social-Democrats. games of D. de Leon. In 1908 he joined Mezhdunar. the trade union of ladies' tailors (MTDP), was his. vice-president, secretary-treasurer. The activities of S., D. Dubinsky and B. Schlesinger contributed to the growth of the authority and influence of the MPDP. He fought against the influence of the communists in the trade union. In 1923–28 prez. IPDP. After retiring, he lived on a farm in the piece. Iowa.
SILIN Anatoly Dmitrievich (b. 1937, Kiev), director, screenwriter, critic. In 1959 he graduated from the Geological Prospecting Faculty of Moscow. in-that col. metals and gold, in 1964 - dir. department, in 1970 - graduate school theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin at the T. Eug. Vakhtangov. Worked dir. in Moscow. t-re them. A.S. Pushkin, Leningrad. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol, Leningrad. Small dram. t-re. In 1968 he organized a youth theater studio "Resonance" in Moscow, where he staged the performances "The Flea" by EI Zamyatin, "10 Minutes and All Life" by BA Holler, "Threepenny Opera" by B.Brecht and others. S. staged massive theatrical performances and holidays in the USSR, Poland, Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, India, and other countries. He developed a number of new forms of mass performances, used techniques to involve the audience in action. There was ch. dir. cultural program of the World. festival of youth and students in Moscow (1985), festival of street t-dv "Peace Caravan" (1989), etc. He wrote several. book and more than 70 scientific. Art. about youth amateur t-ts in the USSR, about "t-ts of protest" Zap. Europe and the USA (he was the first in the USSR who began to write about this phenomenon of the world. T-ra), about the specifics of directing mass performances, etc. those of advanced training of cultural workers. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Russian Federation (1996). State pr. USSR (1985).
SILBERSTON Gdalie (1871, Yasinovka of Bialystok u. Grodno province. - 1944, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1891 - in Great Britain. In 1901–04, Ch. Rabbi of Belfast. An active member of the Zionist movement. Since 1904 - in the USA, the first Orthodox rabbi of Washington. Author of comments. to the Pentateuch and Talmud.
SILMAN Tamara Isaakovna (1909, Vilna - 1974, Leningrad), literary critic, philologist-Germanist, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1942), prof. (1946). She graduated from the department of foreign. lang. Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. A.I. Herzen (1930). She worked in universities and scientific. Institute of Leningrad. First publ. - a review of the one-volume edition of B. Shaw in the journal. The Star (1933). In 1930–40 S. turned to the works of F. Schiller, Amer. lit-re ser. 19th century (E. Po, G. Melville) and the lit-re of the 20th century. (K. Hamsun, E. Hemingway and others). In 1942 she wrote a monograph about Charles Dickens. Since the 1950s. researched the works of I. Winkelmann, G. Lessing, I. Gerder, I.-V. Goethe, G. Heine, H.-K. Andersen, G. Hauptmann, N. V. Gogol and others. S. - the author of the book. Stilanalisen (1969). Among the lane. - manuf. Novalis, L. Tieck, V.-G. Wackenroder, A. Schlegel, F. Schlegel (collection of articles "Literary theory of German romanticism", L., 1934), Old Icelandic "Saga of the people from Laksdam" (in collection of works. "Icelandic sagas". M., 1956), the play by L. Holberg "Erasmus Montanus" (in the book: Holberg L. Comedy. M. - L., 1957). Study results on the problems of lyrics S. stated in the book. "A note on the lyrics" (L., 1977). Peru S. also belongs to Art. about Marcel Marceau, about t-re one actor and other works.
SILKES Avrom (b. 1918, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province), writer. He graduated from the Polish gymnasium in Warsaw. In 1939–46 - in the USSR. Studied at the Vitebsk Pedagogical Institute, at the Institute for Foreigners. lang. in Tashkent. Since 1946 - in Poland. He worked in the archive of Jewish history. in-that. He studied at the Sorbonne, worked as a secretary. in the journal. "Kiem" in Paris. Lit. activities started in Parisian gas. "Unzer shtime", was published in other periodicals. ed. in Yiddish and French. lang. In 1963, the book was published in Paris. stories and sketches "A shtot oifn Bug" ("City on the Bug").
SILKINER (Silk) Binyamin-Nahum (1882, Wilki, Kovno province - 1933, New York), poet. Since 1904 - in the USA. He taught at the Jewish Teachers' Institute. The first poems (in Hebrew) were published in 1903 in Gaz. "Ha-Zman". One of the founders of Hebrew poetry in the United States. In 1913-14 sotr. in the edition of zhurn. Ga-Toren (New York). In the 1920s. took part in the compilation of the English-Hebrew dictionary. Translated into Hebrew by W. Shakespeare.
SILMAN Kadish-Yehuda-Leib (1880, Butrymantse Troksky u. Vilna province. - 1937, Jerusalem), writer, publicist, translator, teacher, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught Hebrew at the Yehudiya gymnasium in Vilna. Developed a system of teaching Hebrew in Hebrew. Printed from 1899 in gas. "Gamelitz", other periodicals. ed. poems, feuilletons, stories, critical Art., plays for children. From 1907 - in E.-I. One of the founders of the Rehavia gymnasium in Jerusalem. The initiator of the creation of a new Jewish district in Jerusalem, Beit ha-Kerem, one of the streets of which is named after S. Author of a Hebrew textbook. He translated from Yiddish into Hebrew plays by Ya.M. Gordin, D. Pinsky, M.D. Ryvkin; poems by A.K. Reisen, S.G. Frug and others, Jewish nar. songs.
SILMAN Menachem-Mordechai (1860, Butrimanets Troksky u. Vilna province - 1930, Kaunas), writer. Brother of K.-I.-L. Silman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. S.'s first stories for children (in Hebrew) were published in the book. "Arbaim Shodadim" ("Forty Pirates". Warsaw, 1896). In 1914-18 he headed a private school in Vilna, at the beginning. 1920s taught Hebrew at a gymnasium in Kaunas. The author of several. book for children, textbooks of Hebrew, arithmetic and Yiddish. Daughter of S. - Yofe Bila (1891, Kovna - 1961, Jerusalem), writer. The author of fairy tales, stories, poems for children and 17 manuals for ml. classes.
SILVER Aba-Hillel (1893, Shirvints of Vilnius District and Gubernia - 1963, Cleveland, USA), public figure. Since 1902 - in the USA. He graduated from Gibrae Union College in Cincinnati, was the rabbi of the Reform community in Cleveland. One of the most active Zionist leaders in the United States, founder and leader. "United Jewish Fund" (Magbit) in 1938–44. He was at the head of the "Emergency Salvation Committee" created by Amer. the Zionists during the 2nd world. war. In 1945-47 prez. Amer. the Zionist organization. Prev United States Reform Rabbinical Associations. Author of a number of books on Jewish history.
SILVER Eliezer (1882, Abeli ​​Novoaleksandrovsky u. Coven province - 1968, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied with H.-O. Grodzensky, I. Rozin, H. Soloveichik. Since 1907 - in the USA. In 1907–25 the rabbi in Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), in 1925–31 the rabbi of Springfield (Massachusetts), since 1931 the rabbi of Cincinnati. From 1923 prez. Union of Orthodox. rabbis of the United States. In 1939 he founded the Agudas Yisroel branch in the USA, his first president. Fast. Orthodox author. periodic. ed. Author of comments on the Talmud in 2 volumes (1960–62).
SIMA Miron (1902, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1999), painter, graphic artist. In 1919 - one of the organizers of the Jewish self-defense in the city. In 1920–23 he studied at the Odessa Arts. uch-shche. In 1923–33 - in Germany, he was engaged in painting under the hands. O. Dix at the Academy of Arts in Dresden. In 1925 he visited E.-I. and performed ser. lithographs "Journey to the East", in 1924 he created ser. woodcuts "The Scream", inspired by the hardships of the post-war. time and rec. about the pogroms. Since 1933 - in E.-I. He designed dramas in Tel Aviv. and ballet performances (1933–39). In 1939 he headed the Jerusalem Institute of Painting and Sculpture. The creation of ser. paintings "Refugees", depicting Jews on the high seas on the way to E.-I. Member of the War of Independence. In 1969 he released a cycle of pictures, made during the trial of A. Eichmann. Personal exhibitions: Tel Aviv Museum (1936, 1940), Nat. Bezalel Museum (1950, Jerusalem), Gal. John Heller (1952, 1959, New York) and others. S. are in museums in Israel, Germany, France, USA.
SIMANOVICH (Simonovich) Aron Simonovich (Semenovich) (1873, Mozyr, Minsk province - after 1925, France), jeweler. S. began his business by opening a jewelry store in Kiev. In 1902 he moved to St. Petersburg, entered the business world of the capital and became a jeweler-consultant to the empress. Having become close to G.A. Rasputin, he became his personal secretary, provided finance. support. Friendship with Rasputin made it possible for some time to protect Jews from increasing discrimination. Rasputin's opponents persuaded S. to testify against him and soon, due to the refusal, brought charges against S. of espionage. For some time S. was exiled to the Narym region. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 was again arrested, but soon ransomed by friends. After Oct. Rev-tion S. went to Kiev, then to Odessa. After the end of the Civil. war emigrated to France. The author of the book. Rasputin and the Jews.
SIMANOVSKY Joseph Bentsianovich (1892, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1967, Minsk), bibliographer. In 1918-21 the head. Bobruisk mountains. b-ki. One of the organizers in 1922–37 and 1944–61 dir. State libraries of the BSSR named after VI Lenin, in 1937–41 director. scientific-honey. libraries of the BSSR. In 1942–44 he taught at Moscow. library institute, in 1944–57 in Minsk ped. in-those. He translated the verse. G. Heine and A. Mitskevich to Belarusian. lang. Honored. cultural worker of the BSSR. Works: Belarusian Soviet bibliography. Minsk, 1965.
SIMHONI Yehudit (1902, Nagartov, Kherson province. - 1991, Israel), public figure. Rod. in the family of a colonist. She studied at the Kherson agricultural. in-those. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Member Central Committee of the Mapai Party. Member of the War of Independence. Major. Dep. The Knesset. 1960–65 members prez. Histadrut.
SIMKHOVICH Roza Samuilovna (1890, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1941, Warsaw), teacher, publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. At the age of 16, she was arrested for participating in the socialist. movement. She studied at the Geneva ped. in-those, listened to lectures on philosophy. f-those un-that. During the 1st world. War worked in Vienna with the children of Jewish refugees. From 1919 - in Vilna, from 1921 she headed the Jewish Teachers' Institute. Member of the 1st Congress of Jewish School Teachers (Warsaw, 1921). Edited ped. zhurn. "Di nae shul", journal. for parents "Shul un game". Since 1923 - in Vilna, Berlin, Warsaw. In 1937 she delivered a lecture. about a new Jewish school at Mezhdunar. Congr. in Paris. Participated in the creation of the Jewish pavilion at the World. exhibition in Paris in 1939. During the 2nd world. During the wars in the Warsaw ghetto, she organized schools and led a teacher's seminar.
SIMKHOVICH Shmuel (? - 1896, Slutsk, Minsk province), rabbi. Author of works on the Jewish religion. legislation and journalistic. Art. in the Jewish press. In 1894 - member. rabbinical commission in St. Petersburg.
SIMKHOVICH Simha Faibusovich (1885, Novozybkov, Chernihiv province - 1949, Greenwich, Connecticut, USA), painter. Graduated from Odessa Art. school. In 1911-12 - in the army. In 1913–22 he studied at St. Petersburg. OH. In 1916 he took part in a competition for rice. emblems of the Society of Jewish Nar. music (2nd avenue), in 1915 a participant in an exhibition of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists (Moscow), in 1919 - 1st avenue of the competition “Great Rus. rev-tion ". In 1922, S.'s works were presented at the Intern. exhibition in Florence. Since the 1920s. - in USA. Author of still lifes, landscapes, portraits, genre. compositions, including paintings on circus themes. S. created a number of paintings in Russian. motives: "Skaters", "Carousel", "Russian Dance". S. was a follower of the realistic. painting schools. Personal exhibitions (1927, 1928, 1929, 1931) - in gal. Marie Sterner (New York), in gal. Middletown (1940). In 1932 S. received the 2nd Harris Ave and bronze. medal of the Institute of Arts in Chicago, in 1933 - 3rd Ave. of the Worcester Museum. He was a member of the Brooklyn Society of Artists. In the 1930s. taught in his thin. school.
SIMKHOVICH Yakov-Naftali-Hertz (1884, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1926), historian, translator. In 1917–24 he taught at the Higher Jewish School in Lodz. Since 1925, members edition and author of a number of Art. "Encyclopedias of Judaica" (published in Germany in German and Hebrew). Author of a textbook on Jewish history, works on the life and work of I. Galevi, Ibn Gabirol, I. Falk, S.D. Luzzato, H.-N. Bialik, G. Kogen and other figures of Jewish culture, as well as on history, archeology , linguistics and philosophy, publ. in the Jewish periodical. print. S. translated into Hebrew the works of Joseph Flavius ​​"The Jewish War" (published in 1923, withstood a number of reprints) and "Against Apion, or On the Antiquity of the Jewish People" (published in 1928).
SIMKIN Efim Davidovich (1915, Kiev - 2001), painter. In 1940–41 he studied at the Institute for Advanced Training of Artists in Moscow under L.Yu. Kramarenko. 1941–45 - at the front. The theme of war is occupied by Ch. place in the work of S. Major works: "Dugout", "Pick up the wounded" (both - 1972), "Thoughts about the war" (1977), "Babi Yar" (1979), "Stalingrad", "Before the shooting at Babi Yar "(Both - 1980); in 1977–79 he created a large four-part painting "Requiem after Mozart", in 1985 - "Don Quixote. The Horrors of War ", in 1992 -" Exodus ", in 1995 -" The Holocaust. Victims of War. " S. is characterized by the psychologism of portraits ("Portrait of a Wife in a Hat", 1955; "Portrait of a Father with a Book", 1968; "Portrait of S.M. Mikhoels in the Role of King Lear", 1982) and an increased drama of large canvases. Participant decomp. exhibitions since 1949; in 1987 - Int. exhibition "Warsaw Ghetto", personal exhibitions in Moscow (1987 and 1992). Honored. artist RSFSR (1986).
SIMONISHVILI (Simonov) Semyon Ilyich (b. 1933, Tiflis), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1991). Graduated from Leningrad. finance-econ. in-t. In 1957-66 he worked in the Ministry of Finance of the GSSR (from 1964 head of department), in 1966-69 head. the finance sector and den. appeals from the Research Institute of Economics and Planning of the State Planning Committee of the GSSR. In 1969-91 Art. lecturer, associate professor, prof., head Department of the Tbilisi branch of Moscow. finance. in-that. In 1991–93 head. dep. Finance Research Institute of Economics and Finance and Vice-Rector of Tbilisi Finance-Econ. academy, before. board and gene. dir. the first audit firm in Georgia. At the same time. from 1962 he taught at the Tbilisi State. un-those, since 1988 prof. specialist. Faculty of Higher Education business schools there. Since 1994 - in Israel. Author pl. scientific. works, including 13 monographs.
Simonov Alexey Kirillovich (b. 1939, Moscow), film director, writer. The son of the writer K.M. Simonov. In 1964 he graduated from the IVYa at Moscow State University, in 1970 Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. Dir. Association "Screen" of the central heating system. Author lit. per., reviews and art. in periodic. print. Shot t / f portraits: "Thank you, heart" (1971, about L.O. Utesov), "Sing, friends" (1975, about V.P. Soloviev-Sedom), "How can the heart express itself" (1975) , "Workshop" (1978), "The World of Ulanova" (1981, with VV Vasiliev), "Dedication" (1983); t / f "Instead of an epilogue" (1970, jointly with V. Zobin, based on the story of Simonov), "Ordinary Arctic" (1976), "Back in the fall" (1979), "Detachment" (1984, prize at the Moscow International Film Festival in Sopot, Yugoslavia, 1985), “My dearly beloved detective story” (1986, prize for director at the Moscow International Film Festival in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, 1987), “Trial” (1989). Pres. Glasnost Defense Fund. State pr. Lithuanian SSR (1985).
SIMONOV Yuri Ivanovich (b. 1941, Saratov), ​​conductor. Prof. (1985). Rod. in a family of opera singers. Graduated from Leningrad in 1965. cons. by class viola by Yu.M. Kramarov and in 1968 - by class. conducting by N.S. Rabinovich. As a student, he staged at the opera studio at Leningrad. cons. op. V.Ya.Shebalin "The Taming of the Shrew". Since 1958 conductor-teacher of orchestral classes in music. schools and schools of Leningrad, in 1962–69 ch. conductor symph. orc. Nar. Philharmonic Society at the Vyborg Palace of Culture. S. first among the owls. conductors took part in the 4th International. the competition of orchestral conductors at the Academy "Santa Cecilia" in Rome (1968, 1st ave.). In 1967–69 chap. conductor of the Kislovodsk Philharmonic. Since 1969 conductor, in 1970–85 chap. conductor of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR in Moscow. Participated in the post. op. "Pskovite" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (premiere, S.'s debut in t-re, 1971), "October" by V.I.Muradeli (new edition, 1977), "Castle of Duke Bluebeard" by B. Bartok ( 1978), "Rhine Gold" by R. Wagner (1979) and others; put on a ball. Dmitry Shostakovich's "Golden Age", RK Shchedrin's "Anna Karenina" (1972), "The Death of a Rose" to music. G. Malera (1973). In 1985–89, artistic director. hands. and ch. conductor Gos. Small symphony. orc. THE USSR. Naib. interpretations of S. symph. are successful. production L. van Beethoven, W.-A. Mozart, I. Brahms, G. Berlioz, as well as A. I. Khachaturian, Shchedrin, Shostakovich, S. M. Slonimsky. Tours in pl. countries. Since 1978 Rev. in Moscow. cons. Nar. art. RSFSR (1976), nar. art. USSR (1981). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1977).
SIMONOVICH-EFIMOVA Nina Yakovlevna (1877, St. Petersburg - 1948, Moscow), painter, artist of the puppet theater. She studied at the private studio of Schmerling (1896–99, Tiflis), Center. uch-shte tech. drawing by Baron A.Ya.Stieglitz (1901–02, St. Petersburg), simultaneously. at the school of drawing and painting by E.N. Zvantseva with V.A.Serov (Moscow), MUZHVZ (1904–08, with Serov). In Paris she took lessons from Delecluse, C.-E. Cazin, L. Lermit, E. Carrier (1899, 1901, 1902, 1908-10). Since 1906 she has participated in exhibitions, including creative works. associations thin. "The World of Art" (1911-13), "4 Arts" (1923-29), "Makovets" (1929), AHRR (1929). She taught at the gymnasium (1902–04, Tver), at the courses at home, thin. upbringing them. N.K.Krupskaya (1928–42), WTO, Mosestrada. Together with her husband, the sculptor I.S. Efimov, she organized the first owl. t-r of dolls (1918, Moscow), based on Russian. folklore traditions. Dolls S.-E. are located in the State Central Theater Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushin, other collections in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The author of the book. and Art. on art: "Petrushka" (M., 1920, jointly with Efimov), "Notes of a parsleyman" (M. - L., 1925), "Dolls on canes" (M., 1940), etc. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, private collections in Russia and other countries.
SIMPSON Eliyahu (1889, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1977, New York), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva. In 1916 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1916–21, a spiritual leader. Hasidic community of Odessa. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1927–77 he was a rabbi in the synagogue in Borough Park (New York). One of the founders of the community of Lubavitch Hasidim in the United States. In 1926 he founded "Agudas ga-tmimim" - the Union of Students of the Yeshiva "Tomhei Tmimim". In the 1940s – 1950s, he was one of the assistants of J.-I. Schneerson. In 1967 - one of the founders of the "Tomhey Tmimim" yeshiva in Australia.
SIMUN Konstantin Mikhelevich (b. 1934, Leningrad), sculptor. Participated in a competition for a memorial project. M.V. Lomonosov for Leningrad (1979). In the project, S. combined two materials: optical glass (the base of the monument, in the planes of which the buildings of the Academy of Sciences were supposed to be reflected) and bronze (the figure of a seated scientist). The sharpness of the formal search is endowed with small forms of plastic, created by S. from a variety of materials - wire, concrete, metal. pipes, plaster. In production "Monument to OVIR", "Budyonny", "Gift to an alcoholic" (mid-1980s) grotesque, irony, satire are noticeable. The author of the memory. "Broken ring" on the shores of Lake Ladoga and several. tombstones for cultural figures installed in Komarovo (Leningrad region). Since 1988 - in the USA.
SINANI (Chelebi-Sinani) Isaak Iosifovich (1833 - 1890), historian. In the 1850s and 60s. teacher in Karaite schools in Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol, Art. gazan in Simferopol, in the 1870s. teacher in Feodosia. In 1884, S. began work on compiling a brief history of the Karaites. Vol .: History of the emergence and development of Karaimism based on monograph essays by Anan-ben-David and others. Simferopol, 1888; A brief history of lit. activities of Karaite writers. SPb., 1890 Grandson of S. - Veniamin Iosifovich S. (1883 - 1946), writer. In 1911-12 the officers. ed.-publisher of journal. "Karaite Life".
SINAI Reuben (1850, Augustow, Suwalki province - 1918, Buenos Aires), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was a private teacher of the Hebrew language. In 1876–77 he worked as a traveling agent for the publisher M.-L. Rodkinson. Since 1894 - in Argentina. Since 1897, the rabbi of the East European community. Jews in Buenos Aires. Published in periodicals. ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew "Der tog", "Der viderkol" and others. Son S. - Mikhl (1877, Grodna - 1958, Buenos Aires), publicist, historian. In 1896 he published Art. on the life of Jewish colonists in Argentina in gas. "Gamelitz" (Petersburg), "Yiddishegazetn" (New York). In 1898 he published the 1st Jewish newspaper. in Yiddish in Argentina "Der Widercol". From 1944 he worked in the archives of the IVO in Buenos Aires.
SINAI Yakov Grigorievich (b. 1935, Moscow), mathematician. Grandson of V.F. Kagan. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1981), acad. RAS (1991). Graduated from Moscow State University (1957). A. N. Kolmogorov's student. 1960–71 - at Moscow State University. Since 1971 - at Ying-those theoretical. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1991, Chief Scientist). Main research results. relate to the theory of probability, dynamic. systems and statistical. physics. S. obtained the foundation. results in the theory of dynamic. systems and ergodic theory (entropy of dynamical systems, proof of the ergodic hypothesis for systems like billiards). Etc. Boltzmann (1986). Dirac's Medal, Works: Modern Problems of Ergodic Theory. M, 1995; Introduction to ergodic theory. M., 1996.
SINDALOVSKY Abram Rafailovich (1913, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1999, Rehovot, Israel), specialist in the field of television equipment operation. He graduated from the radio department LEIS them. VD Bonch-Bruevich (1939). From 1938 he worked in Leningrad. directorate of radio communication and broadcasting. In 1949 he moved to Leningrad. TV center (senior engineer lab., head of mobile TV station). Since 1950, he headed the service of outside television broadcasting. In 1953, for the first time in the USSR (at the Leningrad Military Medical Academy) under the direction of. S. showed the operation on television in the lecture hall. In 1957 S. took part in the first experiments in airborne television broadcasting. programs of the World. festival of youth from Moscow to Leningrad. In 1965–71 tech. hands. TV. broadcasts from the Baikonur cosmodrome of all launches of manned spacecraft (up to 1969 performed simultaneously the functions of video mode. Since 1978 - in Israel.
SINELNIKOV Rafail Davydovich (1896, Berdyansk, Tauride province - 1981, Kharkov), anatomist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1938). After graduating from Kharkov honey. Institute (1924) worked at the Department of Anatomy in the same place: until 1930 - as an assistant, in 1930–37 associate professor, since 1937 head. department, to-ruu organized in the creation. in 1936 the 2nd Kharkov honey. in-those (in 1943 combined with the 1st). At the same time. in 1924–45 scientific. sotr. N.-i. lab. at the Lenin Mausoleum and the head. dep. normal anatomy Ukr. in-that experiment. medicine (1938–41). Since 1945 scientific. hands. commission for embalming and preserving the body of N.I. Pirogov. Main scientific. works of S. dedicated. compare. anatomy, research. neurovascular connections in int. bodies, issues. individual age variability, symmetry and asymmetry of the peripheral. nerves. He proposed methods for staining elements of the nervous system, glandular tissue and tissue preparation. Scientific creator schools of anatomists. He is the author of the Atlas of Human Anatomy, which was reprinted 5 times (1st ed., Vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1952–58; 5th ed., Vol. 1–3. Moscow, 1981). Member reign of Vses. and before. of the Kharkov Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists, created by him. Vol .: Nerves of the human urinary bladder. Kharkov, 1938; Materials for macro-microscopy of the autonomic nervous system and glands of the mucous membranes and skin. M., 1948 (et al.); Life in Science. M., 1969.
SINELNIKOVA Maria Davydovna (1899, Berdyansk, Tavricheskaya Gubernia - 1993, Moscow), actress. In 1918 she entered Kharkov at the Higher. wives courses (historical-philological f-t). At the same time. She studied in the studio with Dr. N.N. Sinelnikov, and also played in it. In 1920 she entered the Third Studio of the Moscow Art Theater (later the Theater named after Evgeny Vakhtangov). She made her debut in the role of Guest (The Miracle of St. Anthony by M. Meterlinck, 1921), then followed: Adelma (Princess Turandot by K. Gozzi, 1922), The Responsible Lady (“Zoykina's Apartment” by M. A. Bulgakov, 1926), Polina ("Vanguard" by V.P. Kataev, 1930), Madame Ksidias ("Intervention" by L.I. Slavin, 1933), Sonya ("Aristocrats" by N.F. Pogodin, 1935), Baroness Shtral ("Masquerade" by M. Lermontov, 1941), Clytemnestra ("Electra" by Sophocles, 1946), Rosalie ("Filumena Marturano" by E. de Filippo, 1957), Mrs. Dyngalskaya ("Ladies and Hussars" by A. Fredro, 1960) and others. dir. participated in the post. "The Human Comedy" by O. de Balzac (1934), "Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare (1936). She starred in the films "Pages of the Past", "His Excellency", "The Last Camp", "The Generation of Winners". From 1928 she taught at the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. Nar. art. RSFSR (1969).
SINGALOVSKY Aron (1889, Lenin of Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1956, Paris), public figure, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. In Kovno he published a leaflet "Ga-Tsioni" on a hectograph. During the Revolution of 1905 he was known as ps. Aron Czestohover, advocated the Zionist socialist movement. In Germany he graduated from law. f-t, in Switzerland - Philosophy. f-t. In 1919 he edited the weekly. Freytog. Published in Jewish Russian. periodic. ed. Art. on social-political, lit. Topics. In him. press spoke out against anti-Semitism. Since 1912 - one of the hands. ORT, edited zhurn. "Dee Erd-arbet". In Europe, South. Africa founded vocational schools for Jewish youth. Author of brochures in Yiddish, English. lang. about the need to spread agriculture and craft training.
SINGALOVSKY Aron Zelikovich (1889, Lenino Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1956, Paris), public figure, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. In Kovno he published a leaflet "Ga-Tsioni" on a hectograph. During the Revolution of 1905 he was known as ps. Aron Czestohover, advocated the Zionist socialist movement. In Germany he graduated from law. f-t, in Switzerland - Philosophy. f-t. In 1919 he edited the weekly. Freytog. Published in Jewish Russian. periodic. ed. Art. on social-political, lit. Topics. In him. press spoke out against anti-Semitism. Since 1912 - one of the hands. ORT, edited zhurn. "Dee Erd-arbet". In Europe, South. Africa founded vocational schools for Jewish youth. Author of brochures in Yiddish, English. lang. about the need to spread agriculture and craft training.
Eli SINTOVSKY (1880, Wilky of Kovensky district and province - 194З, New York), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy (1911). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 15, member. Bund. In 1905, after his arrest and release, he left for Switzerland. Participant of the 6th Conf. Bund. Graduated from law. (1909), Philos. (1911) f-you of Bernese un-that. Doctor's dissertation "The beginning of socialist. movement in Russian. Jews "partly ed. in Bern on it. lang. in 1912. In 1913, the work "Adam Smith and Karl Marx" was published in Bern. S. constantly published in "Der veker", "Di folkszeitung" (Vilna), other leg. and illegal. ed. Bund in Yiddish, Russian lang. Since 1914 - in the USA. Published in the main. in the journal. "Di tsukunft": Art. "Intern. law ”,“ Lassalle as a lawyer ”,“ League of Nations ”,“ The Bund and its Significance on the Jewish Street ”,“ The Jew and the Russian Revolution ”,“ Vladimir Medem - Revolutionary and Writer ”.
SINYAVSKY Mikhail Isaakovich (1895, Odessa - 1979, Moscow), architect, teacher. Prof. Studied at the Higher. thin school in Odessa (1918-22), in 1926 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. From 1935 he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. Main buildings in Moscow: the first Planetarium in the USSR (1929, with M.O.Barshch), residential buildings on the street. Gorky (1936–45), on the M. Gorky embankment (1951–54), on Vorobyovskoe Highway (1955–56, with a team), government buildings on the Lenin Hills (1953–59), the building of the Romanian Embassy (1955–60, p. collective), as well as residential buildings on the street. Peace in Volgograd (1945–49).
SIRKIN Shimon (b. 1906, Kiev), engineer. Brigadier General. Graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in Hannover (1925). From 1925 - in E.-I. Joined Gagana (1926). In 1940–45 he served in the English. army, major. Member of the War of Independence. In 1951–55 he became a military diplomat. service in Western countries. Europe. Prev Association of Hydrological Engineers of Israel since 1959. Awarded Order. Poch. Legion (1955).
SIRKIS Daniel (1882, Lodz province - 1965, Jerusalem), public figure. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He headed the community. One of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Poland. Affairs. Zionist Congr. From 1925 - in E.-I. Member Central Committee of the Mizrahi movement. In 1933–39 he headed the Jewish religion. the Tel Aviv community. One of the founders of Bank Mizrahi and gas. "Ha-Tsofe", prev. her ed. advice. In 1948 he signed the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel.
ORIOTA Gershon-Itskhok (1874, Podolsk province - 1943, Warsaw), cantor. Studied in Odessa. In 1896-1905 ch. cantor in Vilna, then in the Great Synagogue in Warsaw. S. possessed a voice (drum. Tenor) of a large range. S.'s performances with concerts in Jewish communities drew the attention of Nicholas II. At the behest of the emperor, S. gave an annual. solo concerts in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1903 he received an offer to record in Vilna ser. of 12 discs of Jewish synagogue music (the earliest record of musical works of this kind). There were also recorded opera arias and nar. songs in Yiddish. In 1912–38 S. performed in the USA several times.
SITERMAN Lazar Yakovlevich (1894, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1941, Minsk), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1933). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1916). In 1916–21 a doctor in Russian. and Cr. Army. In 1921–23, the head physician of the Center. polyclinics in Minsk; in 1923–30, assistant therapeutic. clinics honey. Faculty of the Belarusian State un-that; in 1931–41 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of the Minsk honey. in-that. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question etiology, clinical picture and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1939). He died after the occupation of Minsk by German troops. Vol .: Heart rhythm disorders. Minsk, 1935; Myocardial infarction. Minsk, 1938.
SITKOVETSKY Dmitry Yulianovich (b. 1954, Baku), violinist, conductor. Son of B.M.Davidovich and Yu.G. Sitkovetsky. He studied violin at the Center. muses. school at Moscow. cons. from Yu.I. Yankelevich. He continued his studies with Yankelevich and in Moscow. cons., then studied in the class. I.S.Bezrodny (until 1976). 1st Ave at the Concertino-Prague competition for young musicians (Prague, 1966). Since 1977 - in the USA. In 1977–79 he studied under I. Galomyan in the Juilliard muses. school (New York). 1st avenue at 1st Mezhdunar. violin competition them. F. Kreisler in Vienna (1979). In 1980 he appeared as a soloist with an orc. Berlin Philharmonic, in 1983 - with the Chicago Symphony. orc. In 1982–87 - in Germany, from 1987 - in Great Britain. In 1983-93, thin. hands. Chamber Music Festival in Korsholm (Vaase, Finland). Since 1990 he has been performing as a conductor. Tours with different. orc., including with an orc organized and headed by him. "New European strings", with which the largest soloists Yu.A. Bashmet, Davidovich and others perform. S. recorded 25 gramophone records and discs, (all sonatas and partitas by J.-S. Bach for solo violin, all violin sonatas and Brahms and concerts by V.-A. Mozart, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, B. Bartok). S. - the author of numerous. transcriptions for strings. trio or string orc., including "Goldberg Variations" for Bach's clavier, serenade for strings. E. Dohnanya's trio and others. Since 1993 music. dir. festival in Seattle (USA).
SITKOVETSKY Julian Grigorievich (1925, Kiev - 1958, Moscow), violinist. As a child, he studied violin with D.S.Bertier in Kiev, then - at the Center. muses. school at Moscow. cons. from A.I. Yampolsky, he also graduated from cons. (1950). Since 1946 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Laureate of Vses. competition of performers (1945, Moscow, 3rd Ave.), Festival democrat. youth (1947, Prague, 1st ave.), Intern. contests them. G. Wieniawski (1952, Poznan, 2nd ave.), Them. Belgian Queen Elizabeth (1955, Brussels, 2nd Ave.). He performed the part of the first violin in a quartet organized by him. Was the first performer of a number of productions. owls. composers for violin, including Concerto for violin and orc. A.S. Lehman (1951). He gave concerts in different countries.
SITO Faivl Solomonovich (1909, Rovno Volyn province - 1945, Moscow), writer, playwright. During the Civil. I was homeless during the war, ended up in an orphanage. Studied at the Odessa Jewish ped. technical school, in the Kharkov cons. He made his debut in literature with a story in gas. Der Stern (Kharkov) in 1926. He published stories, poems, feuilletons in gas. "Junge Guard", "Zai Great", in the journal. "Prolit", "Farmest", "Soviet Literature", etc. In 1941–45 - in the army. Participated in the work of the EAK, collaborated in gas. Einikite. Main theme of manuf. S. - the life of street children, orphanages. One of the first in lit. in Yiddish began to publish lit. parodies (in the magazine "Shed"). The author of the book. "Kinder-goys number 40" ("Orphanage number 40". Stories. Kharkov, 1929), "Derceilungen" ("Stories." Ibid, 1932). Together with M.I. Khashchevatsky he wrote a drama. poems "Geburt", "Nakht" ("Birth", "Night", Kharkov – Kiev, 1936). The play "Cantonists" (with N. Shmain) was staged by the Kiev Jewish children. t-rum (1940). Translated into Russian. lang. manuf. S .: "Gorobtsy" (1931), "Astronomer and Cook" (1940), "Life Began" (1958).
SIVASHINSKY Israel Efimovich (Haimovich) (1909, Gadyach, Poltava province. - 1991, Jerusalem), teacher. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kiev State un-that (1936). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943, after a severe concussion, he was demobilized. In 1943–45 he taught mathematics at the Air Force School in Moscow, in 1945–47 - mechanics at Moscow. machine tool builder. technical school, in 1947-60 - mathematics at school number 17 in Moscow. In 1960 he organized a mat. school number 2. At the end. 1960s worked as a methodologist in mathematics. Since 1971 - in Israel. In 1971–82 St. mathematics at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Honored. teacher of the RSFSR (1968) Vol .: How to help children learn. M., 1965 (in co-authorship with I.E. Ovchinnikova); Elementary functions and graphs. M., 1965, 1968; Theorems and problems in algebra and elementary functions. Moscow, 1971. Son S. - Grigory (born 1945, Moscow), mathematician. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow State University. Since 1971 - in Israel, works at Tel Aviv University. Main research results. belong to the theory of combustion. Derived an equation describing the propagation of unstable fronts in active media - the equation of Kuramoto-Sivashinsky.
SKAKALSKY Efim Ruvimovich (b. 1930, Moscow), artist of decorative and applied art, graphic artist. In 1955 he graduated from MVHPU (former Stroganovskoye), where he studied under V.I.Kozlinsky, V.E. Egorov, N.G. Sobolev, K.A.Soloviev. He performed monumental paintings at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1955–56), worked on projects and creation of art-decor in materials. design of the pavilion "Fish Industry" (ibid., 1958, blacksmith copper, steel, brass, et al.) and a number of other buildings. At the same time, as a graphic artist, he collaborated in print publishing. Sovinformburo (1956), gas. Izvestia, Lit. newspaper ”, gas. "Sov. culture ", in the journal. "Youth", "Science and Life" and others (since 1957). In 1958 he began to work for books. publishing house, illustrating and designing the book. NL Eidelman, LE Razgon, Vs. Ivanov and others. In 1968 - 1st pr. For the best book. year of publishing house “Sov. Russia". He worked in the magazine. "Sovetish Geimland". Illustrated book. I.Sh.Bukhbinder, L.M. Kvitko, B.Miller, I.Falikman, Sh.B. Chernyavsky and others. S. participated in exhibitions of book graphics, type and ornamentation, decor. Isk-va in Moscow and abroad. In 1990, designed and illustrated by S. kn. Jewish writers were presented at the exhibition of works. Jewish artists in Siauliai (Lithuania). S.'s works are in the Vilnius Jewish art. museum.
SKALOV (Kritsman) David Emmanuilovich (1894, Chisinau -?), Military and political figure, diplomat. He studied law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa, in 1915-16 he served in the army, then studied at the Odessa International. in-those. In 1918 - for decomp. command and military-polit. positions in Kr. Army, in 1919–20 the military commissar of the 1st Tula, then the 48th rifleman. div. Since 1922 pom. Ch. military. prosecutor, from 1923 beginning. Ch. police department of the NKVD of the RSFSR. In 1924–25 the head. subdivision in dep. press of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the sector of periodicals. and subscription ed. State Publishing House. He headed the society "Get the hands of the Romanian invaders from Bessarabia". In 1926-28, deputy. plenipotentiary of the USSR in Lithuania (Kaunas), in 1928–30 commissioner. People's Commissar under the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR (Ashgabat), in 1930–31 gen. Consul of the USSR in Mashhad (Persia). Since 1932, deputy. head Booksellers associations of OGIZ. In 1939 he was arrested.
SKLOVSKY Evgeny Lvovich (1869, Kiev - 1930, Kamenets-Podolsky, buried in Kiev), pediatrician. Doctor of Medicine, prof. After finishing honey. f-that un-that in Kiev (1891) worked as a zemstvo doctor, an intern at the department of children. diseases in the same place. In 1905–06 he improved his pediatrics in clinics in Paris and Berlin. In 1898-1913, he headed the sanatorium in Boyarka, built according to his plan, for children with pulmonary tuberculosis. In 1906 he created in Kiev the first in Russia consultation for newborns, in 1909 - children. consultation at the obstetric clinic of un-that, in 1911 - the first children in Ukraine. nursery, in 1914 - a hospital for infants with a nursery and a milk kitchen "Drop of milk". In 1917 - one of the organizers of the Kiev clinics. in-that (since 1930 - Institute for advanced training of doctors) and the Kiev Union of Physicians. In 1921-28 the head. Department of children. diseases of the Kiev clinic. in-that; participated in the organization of the Institute for the protection of mothers and children (1928), where he worked until 1930. The organization and activities of the Kiev Society of Combating Children are associated with S.'s name. mortality, Society of alms for aid to poor sick Jews in Kiev, Kiev Society children. doctors (previous from 1923). Prev Organizing Committee of the All-Union congress children. doctors. Sci. tr. dedicated question organization of protection of mothers and children, care of newborns, prevention of children. diseases, the fight against tuberculosis in children, the sanatorium-resort treatment of children, etc. Cit .: Tuberculosis in children. age. Kiev, 1923.
SKLYANSKY Efraim Markovich (1892, Fastov, Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province - 1925, Lake Long Lake, USA), statesman and military leader. Member RSDLP since 1913. He graduated from medical. f-t un-that in Kiev (1916). Member of the 1st world. war, regiment. doctor. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - before. Council of soldiers. dep. 38th infantry. div., prev. soldier. to-that of the 5th army, chl. Dvinsky Committee of the RSDLP (b). Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. his prez. from the Bolshevik faction. During the days of Oct. rev-tion - part. Petrogr. VRK. From 27 Oct. member to-that on military. and pestilence. affairs, then - Commissioner Ch. Headquarters and Headquarters Commander-in-Chief. in Mogilev. From nov. 1917 members collegiums and comrade (deputy) of the people's commissar for military. business. Since March 1918, member. Higher. military. Council of the RSFSR, from Oct. 1918 deputy. prev. Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, member. Defense Council. In 1920–21 members. Council of Labor and Defense and the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Health, supported L.D. Trotsky in the issue of reforming the army. In March 1924 he was transferred to the Supreme Economic Council, headed the Mossukno trust. According to the official version, he drowned while on a business trip to the United States. S. - Delegate of the 8th and 10th Congresses of the RCP (b), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
SKLYARSKY Isaak Izrailevich (1919, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1982, Moscow), lawyer. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1940). 1941–43 - in the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. In 1943–48 - in the Moscow prosecutor's office. Since 1949, member. Moscow region Bar Association, since 1950 Moscow mountains. Bar Association (MGKA). In 1961–82, deputy. prev. prez. MGKA. Took part in the preparation of the Fundamentals of Civil. legislation of the USSR and the union republics. Was also a member. bureau of civil law section with prez. MGKA and member. Scientific Council of Societies. in-that court. protection at Pres. Moscow mountains. and reg. collegia of lawyers. Honored. lawyer of the RSFSR (1972).
SKOMAROVSKY Shloyme-Zvi (1858, Zhitomir - 1921, ibid.), Doctor, publicist. Doctor of Medicine (1879). From a bookseller family. In 1875 he graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. He studied at un-those in Leipzig. He worked as a doctor in Kiev. In the beginning. 1880s married his daughter Moishe Rosenson (? –1896) from Vilna. After the publication of the book. Rozenson's "Milkhome Veschem" ("War and Peace"), in which a common religion for all peoples was promoted, S. spoke out against the Christian ideas of his father-in-law. I was forced to divorce my wife. He returned to Zhitomir, pl. years was a government rabbi. Published in the journal. "Russian Jew", in it., Jewish edition. In the 2nd t. Sat. "Yiddish Folks Libraries", collecting material from Izv. print sources, published ist. essay "Di gzeire fun Gonta in Uman un Ukraine" ("Atrocities of Gonta in Uman in Ukraine"). In the third volume of the collection "Jewish Chronicle" (Pb, 1924), Ch. from rec. S. about Zhytomyr educators Joseph Bernstein and Mot Perltsweig.
SKOMOROVSKY Rafail Solomonovich (1899, Zhitomir - 1962), writer. Rod. in the family of a doctor of medicine and philosophy, a Zhytomyr state rabbi. He studied at un-those in Kiev (before serving in the Red Army) and in honey. in-those in the same place. The first publications were poetry (1918). The first book is rum. "The Intellectuals" - was published in 1930 in Moscow. Then - Sat. stories "A man is growing" (Kiev, 1936), "Stories" (Kiev, 1940), "Cossacks" (Ufa, 1942), rom. "Severe Years" (Kiev, 1958). See. ed. - Sat. stories "Return" (Kiev, 1972). The Jewish theme is reflected in the section. pre-war stories and productions. the period of the war 1941–45. In 1944 S. wrote one of the first essays about the tragedy in Babi Yar (published under the name "Bloody Yar" in the translation into Ukrainian in the newspaper "Radianska Ukraine"). S. took part in the collection of material for the "Black Book", part of which (anonymously) was used in Art. about Babi Yar. The theme of the fate of Jews in the occupied territory has become one of the rum lines. "Severe Years". Translated from Ukrainian. lang. and Yiddish, including poems by D.N. Gofshtein, I.S.Fefer, A.Yu. Gontar.
SKOMOROVSKY Yakov Borisovich (1889, Kherson - 1955, Leningrad), trumpeter, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. (1912) according to cl. pipes of A.B. Gordon. Since 1908, soloist of symphony. orc. Rus. muses. about-va, in 1912 he played in the orc. T-ra muses. drama, in 1918–32 he worked in Petrograd. (Leningrad.) Small Opera House, in 1921–33 - in Petrograd. (Leningrad) Philharmonic. In 1927 he organized one of the first jazz orcs in Leningrad, in which he worked until 1930. From 1929 music. hands. Tea jazz L.O. Utesov. In 1930–46 he headed the conc. jazz ensemble (since 1934 - jazz orc.). In 1941–45, he directed a jazz orc. as part of the Center. ans. Military-mor. fleet. In 1951–55 he taught at Leningrad State University. military-mor. school. The author of the production for jazz orchestra.
SKORTOVSKY Moshe (1901, Kiev - 1950, Haifa, Israel), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the Civil. war. Com. divisions in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 the participant was illegal. the Zionist movement. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He worked on construction sites and plantations. Since 1923, member. the movement "Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi". In 1930–31 he performed tasks for the movement in Poland, Germany, Lithuania, and Latvia. Member Central Committee of the movement "Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi", headed the department. repatriation, finance. the Department.
SKROTSKY Georgy Viktorovich (1915, Odessa - 1992, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961), prof. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University (1938). At the same time. with studies he worked as a laboratory assistant at the Department of Physics and graduated from the evening department of the Odessa Institute of Ing. communication. Since 1939, assistant at the Department of Physics of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that and post-graduate student of the Ural University. 1941–43 - in the army. In 1943–53 - at the Department of General Physics of the Ural University: Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Deputy. head chair and hands. lab. nuclear physics. In 1953–64 head. department of theoretical. physics on physical and technical. Faculty of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that; in 1964–92 head. Department of Quantum Electronics (later - macroscopic quantum physics) MIPT. interests - theory of relativity, theory of resonance phenomena, quantum electronics. I made a conclusion about the existence of two experiments. consequences of the general theory of relativity - the twisting of the beam and the rotation of the plane of polarization of light near the gravitating masses. Got pounds. results in the region. theory of the shape of resonant EPR lines in paramagnets. r-pah. Predicted the possibility of observing spontaneous resonance from the noise spectrum. Supervised the development of a quantum magnetometer. Publ. more than 200 scientific. works and the monograph "Phys. fundamentals of quantum magnetometry "(jointly with NM Pomerantsev and VM Ryzhkov. Moscow, 1972).
SKUDITSKY Zalman Faivelevich (1906, Zhitomir - 1996, Yekaterinburg), philologist, folklorist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Kiev Jewish ped. technical school (1926). He taught language and literature in Jewish schools. From 1929 he worked in ethnography. section of the Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Collected and processed Jewish folklore. Publ. research: "On folk adaptations of A. Gottlober's poems" ("Zeitshrift". Minsk, 1931, v. 5); "About the folklore working song" (collection of articles "Problemes fun folkloristic". Kharkov – Kiev, 1932); "On Ukrainian influences in Jewish folk song" ("Visnshaft un revolution", Kiev, 1935, No. 2 (6). Author of the foreword and compilation of comments to 1 volume collection "Folklore-leader" ("Folklore songs" . M., 1933), foreword to 2 volumes of collection (ibid., 1936). Published a literary anthology for Jewish schools (with A. Velednitsky. Kharkov – Kiev, 1933), a textbook on literature on Yiddish (ibid., 1934) Repressed in the late 1930s, and in Sverdlovsk from the 1950s.
SKULACHEV Vladimir Petrovich (b. 1935, Moscow), biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1970), prof. (1972), ch. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1957), worked there (since 1973 head of the laboratory). Deer. Institute of physical and chemical biology them. A.N.Belozersky. Tr. S. dedicated bioenergy, including the study of the mechanism of energy conversion on intracellular membranes. Joint. with sotr. discovered (1974) thermoregulatory separation of respiration and phosphorylation processes. Discovered the phenomenon of self-assembly of proteoliposomes generating electricity. current, which was proof of the existence of a new function of protein molecules. Ch. ed. zhurn. "Biochemistry" of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1988). State pr. USSR (1975). Cit .: The ratio of oxidation and phosphorylation in the respiratory chain. M., 1962; Energy accumulation in the cell. M., 1969; Energy transformation in biomembranes. M., 1972; Bioenergy stories. M., 1982 (2nd ed. - 1985); Energy of biological membranes. M., 1989.
SKULNIK Menash (1894, Warsaw - 1976, New York), actor. In 1904-30 he played in the Jewish theater. troupe, toured in dec. European countries. Since 1930 - in the USA, one of the leading actors of the Jewish t-dv in Manhattan. From 1953 he also played in English. lang., debuting in the role of Max Pinkus ("The Fifth Season"). He played in the plays: "Uncle Willie" (1956), "Law and Mr. Simon" (1959), "Helena Troyanskaya", "Forty-ninth Cousin" (both - 1960), "Seidman and Son" (1965). Great fame brought S. participation in the television series "This is show business", "Omnibus", as well as in his own. comedy series "Menasha the Magnificent".
SKULSKY Shloyme (1912, Pochaev-Novy Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. - 1982), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilno. He taught Hebrew. From 1941 - in E.-I. He taught at a gymnasium in Tel Aviv. Published collection of poems. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. A. Mitskevich. In 1960 in Philadelphia in the "Book of Memory of Pochaev" publ. the poem "Nisht shoyn s'shtetl" ("There is no more place").
Skundin Boris Grigorievich (1886, Klimovichi, Mogilev province. - 1971, Moscow), statesman. From 1905 he worked as an apprentice in the watch workshop of YM Sverdlov's father in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1908–17 - as an oiler at the oil fields in Balakhany. Member RSDLP since 1905, Bolshevik, was arrested. Participant of Civil. war - military commissar of a brigade, division, commissar of army headquarters, political inspector of the front, deputy. early the political department of the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1921–25 pom. manager of Grozny oil fields, manager of Makhachkala and Novorossiysk offices of the Oil Syndicate. Studied the state of oil. x-va in Germany, England, USA. From 1927 he studied at the Industrial Academy, at the same time. in 1927–29 - deputy. early Severkhimtrest. After graduating from Moscow. oil. in-ta - manager of Orgneft, since 1936 director. building of the Chaginskaya oil depot, from 1938 beginning. State Oil Inspection of the USSR. In 1943-50 he was imprisoned. After his release, he was a dispatcher at the soot plant in Ukhta, since 1955 Ing. house management in Novokuibyshevsk.
SKVIRSKY Boris Evseevich (1887, Odessa -?), Diplomat. In 1904-18, members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1908 he was arrested twice. After 3 years of imprisonment, he was sentenced to eternal exile in Siberia. In 1913 he fled to Irkutsk, then through Harbin and Japan to Australia. He worked at a construction site, a slaughterhouse and railway. D., participated in prof. movement, in 1915–16 he studied physics and mathematics. f-those un-that in Brisbane. Returning after Feb. Revolution to Russia, served as a clerk for the railway. workshops in Vladivostok. In 1917-18, members. Vladivostok Council slave. dep. and its executive committee, then member. and deputy. prev. Primorsky region zemstvo council. In connection with the threat of arrest by the Kolchakites, he was forced to leave for the Philippines. In 1921 Comrade. min. foreign affairs of the DVR. In 1922–33, unofficial. owls. representative in Washington, in 1933–36 advisor to the USSR embassy in the United States. In 1936–37 the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Afghanistan. Repressed.
SKVIRSKY Lev Solomonovich (1903, Stepantsy Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1990, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General (1944). Graduated from grade 3. gymnasiums, command courses (1921), military-technical. school (1924), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1935), Higher. military courses. Academy of the General Staff (1951). In Kr. Army - since 1920. Member of the Civil. war. Art. teacher, early. course in Military. academy named after Frunze. In 1939 the deputy. early army headquarters. Participant in the war with Finland, in 1940 beginning. headquarters of the army, in 1941–42 beginning. headquarters of the Karelian fr., in 1943–45 teams. army, in 1945-50 early. VO headquarters, in 1951–60 teacher. at the Academy of the General Staff. Awarded with 7 orders.
SKVIRSKY Veniamin Yakovlevich (b. 1935, Tashkent), specialist in the field of engineering problems of ecology, writer. In 1957 he graduated from Leningrad. technological Institute of refrigeration industry. In 1957–59 he worked for Leningrad. s-de "Banner of Labor". In 1959–62 - at Leningrad State University, he participated in the creation of a new design of “target cameras” for the cyclotron. In 1962–67 - at the Boiler-Turbine Institute named after V.I. II Polzunov, in 1967–69 - at VNIIkommunmash. In 1969–86 he studied literature. labor; creator and artist hands. t-ra "KROT" (Chamber Russian. action-packed t-r) on the small stage of the Lensovet Theater. The author of more than 20 plays and 500 variety works, to-rye performed by A.I. Raikin, K. Novikova, G.V. Khazanov. 1986–92 - at Leningrad Theater. z-de them. SM Kirov, where he created an ultra-high pressure power jetting unit "KROT" for cleaning the separators of boilers and hulls of ships. In 1992, the founder and president. Rosecoatom JSC. Member SPASUM UNESCO, expert consultant of the interdepartmental committee on issues. defense science and technology. prom-sti of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. S. - six times champion of Leningrad in swimming (1949–55) and three times in shooting (1952–54). Laureate of Vses. competition of pop artists and pop playwrights (1972).
SLADKEVICH Moisey Iosifovich (1906, Yanovichi, Vitebsk district and provinces - 1980, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General (1944). Cand. econom. sciences. From 1923 - in the Red Army. Graduated from Leningrad. kav. school (1926) and Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1938). Kombrig (1939). In 1939–40 the beginning. headquarters of Ch. directorates of the NKVD troops for the protection of railway structures, in 1941–44 deputy. early of the same management at the same time. in 1941–42 - early. Kashira sector Mosk. defense zones. In 1944–46 the beginning. int. troops of the NKVD of the USSR. From 1946 he commanded div. int. troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1960 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
SLAVIN (Bass) Joseph Eremeevich (1893 - 1938), military leader. Army Commissar of the 2nd rank. Graduated from law. f-t. un-that. Member of the 1st world. war, was in germ. captivity. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). From 1921 - in the Red Army. Member of the Civil. war. In 1923–25 members. Revolutionary Military Council of the Turkfront, from 1925 pom., From 1927 deputy. early PURKKA, since 1930 - member. RVS and early. Political department of the LVO. From 1935 to the beginning. UHVUZ RKKA. In 1938 he was arrested and shot. The author of a number of scientific. and publicist. works on military. case, Cit .: General Foundations of Political Work in Kr. Army. M. - L., 1928; Military questions. affairs in the light of materialistic. dialectics. M. 1935.
SLAVIN Avrom-Levik (1891, Rogachev, Mogilev province - after 1939), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. In 1911–17 he was a rabbi in Bobruisk. In 1917 he was sent by S.-D.-B. Schneerson to Georgia. Rabbi in Kulashi, in 1925–39 the rabbi of the Ashkenazi community in Kutaisi. In 1939 he was arrested.
SLAVIN Ilya Venediktovich (188Z, Tikhinichi Rogachevsky district. Mogilev province - 1938, Leningrad), lawyer. Prof. In 1903–20 p. "Poalei Zion", was in the detachments of the Jewish self-defense, participated in party congresses in Vilna and Minsk. In 1904, due to the threat of arrest, he moved to Kharkov. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University, was promoted to assistant. attorney at law in Mogilev. In 1915–17, he worked in Petrograd in the company helping Jews refugees from the front zone. In 1917–21 members. mountains. councils in Mogilev. From 1921 in the People's Commissariat of Justice, he participated in the development of the first Sov. of the Criminal Code, appeared in the press on issues. legal proceedings. Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors, headed the Higher. jurid. courses opened on his initiative. From 1929 he taught law. f-those LSU, in the Communist. academy. In 1936, on the day of his appointment to the post of director. Institute of State and Law (former Communist Academy), arrested. S.'s daughter - Ida (b. 1921), teacher of literature at schools in Leningrad, organizer of literature. club "Scarlet Sails", the author of the book. on the activities of the father, active member. historical and archival section of the Memorial Society.
SLAVIN Konstantin Lvovich (Kushel Leibovich) (b. 1921, Minsk), screenwriter, critic. 1941–42 lit. employee, ed. gas. "Novorossiysk worker". In 1942, Ch. ed. and an authorized representative of the Krasnodar Radio Committee in Novorossiysk. In 1943–48 he studied at the screenwriting department of VGIK. In 1949–63 st., Then. ch. ed. Production Department f. Ministry of Culture of the USSR. In 1963–66, Ch. ed. USSR State Committee for Cinematography. Scripted by St. 40 documents. f. Among the naib. means: "The Great Patriotic" (1978, Leningrad Ave., 1980), "Most expensive" (a film epic of 8 f., 1980), "Roman Carmen, whom we know" (1986), "Sholom, peace be upon you" (1989), "The 20th century - a chronicle of a troubled time" (5th ser., 1990). The author of the book. "Novorossiysk chimes" (1975). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1971), honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1983).
SLAVIN Lazar Moiseevich (1906, Vitebsk - 1971, Kiev), archaeologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1928). In 1929–38 he worked at the Institute of Material Culture (Leningrad). In 1940–41, 1944–45 dir., In 1946–49 deputy. dir., since 1970 head. dep. Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1945–70 the head. Department of Archeology and Museology, Kiev State. un-that. Since 1936, he was headed by an archeologist. exp. in Olbia (Crimea). Main circle of scientific. interests - history and culture of Olbia, antiquity. monuments North. Black Sea region, ancient history and archeology of Ukraine. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1977). Cit .: Olvia. Kiev, 1938; The ancient city of Olbia. Kiev, 1951; Archaeological. study of the native land. Kiev, 1960.
SLAVIN Lev Isaevich (1896, Odessa - 1984, Moscow), writer, playwright. In 1916 he studied at Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Member of the 1st world., Grazhd. wars. Published since 1922. Together about IA Ilf, EG Bagritsky, Yu.K. Olesha, he organized a circle "The Collective of Poets" in Odessa. Since 1924 - in Moscow. The first major production - rum. "Heir" - publ. in 1930. The play "Intervention" (1932) staged in the Theater named after. Eug. Vakhtangov in 1933, filmed in 1968 dir. G.I. Poloka. According to the script by S. post. f. "The Private Life of Peter Vinogradov" (1935), "Son of Mongolia" (with B.M. Lapin, E.L. Khatsrevin, 1936), "Return of Maxim" (with G.M. Kozintsev and L.Z . Trauberg, 1937), etc. In 1939 S. - military. corr. on Khalkhin Gol, 1941–45 military. corr. gas. Krasnaya Zvezda, Izvestia. By pov. "My fellow countrymen" filmed f. "Two Soldiers" (1943). The author of plays ("In the shade of a blossoming tree", 1943; "Strong feeling", 1954; "Quiet old man", 1962, etc.), stories, historical biogr. pov. about J. Dombrovsky, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen; rum. Ardennes Passions (1976). He wrote memoirs about I.E.Babel, A.P. Platonov, Bagritsky, Vs. V. Ivanov, M. A. Svetlov and others. In 1966 S. was among those who signed a letter in defense of Y. M. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky, Works: Portraits and Notes. M., 1965; Stories. M., 1966; My sensitive friend. M., 1973; Favorites. In 2 volumes, M., 1981, etc.
SLAVIN Mark (1954, Minsk - 1972, Munich), athlete (Greco-Roman wrestling). Prize-winner of the USSR championships in Greco-Rome. wrestling among juniors. Since 1972 - in E.-I. Member Olympus. teams of Israel. An Arab was killed. terrorists during Olympus. games 1972.
SLAVIN Samuil Venediktovich (1901, Tikhinichi Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1989, Moscow), economist. Dr. econom. Sciences (1957), prof. (1943). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1931). In 1920–21 - in Kr. Army. In 1925–37 - in the apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, at the same time. in 1933–35 p. Committee for the North of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1938–41 the beginning. bureau of economics research and finance-econom. Directorate of Glavsevmorput under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. From 1941 dir. Moscow branch (economical department) Arctic. n.-i. in-that. In 1946-74 - in the Council produces. forces of the USSR at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, simultaneously. in 1950–54 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1954–56 head. sector of the economy of the North in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1974–88 Art. scientific. sotr. Centre. econom. n.-i. Institute under the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. Works on the history of the development of Sov. North, North. sea ​​route, placement produces. forces of the North zone, on the problems of the use of natural resources of new districts. Soch: Soviet North. A student manual. 2nd ed., M., 1980; Development of the North of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed., M., 1982.
SLAVINA Leah Solomonovna (1906, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1988, Moscow), psychologist. Cand. ped. Sciences (1945). She graduated from ped. Faculty of 2nd Moscow State University (1930), worked in ped. and scientific. institutions of Moscow, Yaroslavl, Alma-Ata. Since 1944 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology APN RSFSR. Specialist in the region. psychology of the child's personality formation. Author approx. 50 works, dedicated. psychol. the basics of education, including the book. An Individual Approach to Unsuccessful and Undisciplined Students (1958) and Children with Affective Behavior (1966).
SLAVKIN Victor Iosifovich (b. 1935, Moscow), playwright. Graduated from MIIT (1958). He wrote plays, miniatures, sketches for the theater. studio of Moscow State University "Our House", a cut was directed by MA Rozovsky. From 1966 post. author of journal. "Youth". She is the author of the play "The Daughter of Styles" (another name is "The Adult Daughter of a Young Man"; in the post of A.A. Vasiliev she went to the Moscow Drama Theater named after KS Stanislavsky). The performance was recognized by critics as the best performance of the 1979–80 season. The play by S. "Serso" (1987) was a post. Vasiliev on the stage of T-ra on Taganka and is shown on the stages of many others. t-ditch of the world. S. - author of the plays "Orchestra", "Bad Apartment", "Residential Center", "Frost", "Painting", "Haircut", "Parrot Jaco", "Smoking Area", etc.
SLAVSKY (real family member Zaslavsky) Rudolf (Rafail) Evgenievich (1912, Tsaritsyn - 2007, Moscow), artist, director, writer. Graduated from the College of Circus Arts (1934). In the 1930s and 60s. acted as an eccentric artist in the circus and on stage, including in T-re under the hands. A.I. Raikin. Laureate of Vses. competition of pop artists (1946). In 1957 he created in Leningrad the first studio of pantomime art in the USSR and directed it until 1961. In 1960–62 and in 1965–68 he worked as director. to Vseros. creative workshop of variety art, staged variety and circus numbers, New Year's performances. In 1962-64, thin. hands. Regional Philharmonic "Tselin Concert" (Tselinograd), in 1968–71 dir. Centre. circus studio, post. thematic performance "Navruz" for Taj. nat. circus collective. Since the 1950s. deals with lit. activities. Joint. with A.Ya.Shneer comp. and ed. encyclopedias "Circus" (Moscow, 1973). Cit .: The art of pantomime. M., 1961; A comedy movie is on the screen. M., 1964; From the arena to the screen. M., 1969; Vitaly Lazarenko. M., 1980.
SLAVSON Samuel R. (1891, Poltava -?, New York), psychologist. Since 1904 - in the USA. In 1922 he graduated from the teacher's institute in New York. Since 1927, a practicing psychologist, since 1935 he taught in various. uch. establishments in New York, including in 1950–53 - in Yeshiva un-those. In 1942 he founded and until 1944 was president. Amer. group psychotherapy associations. In 1948, before. Commission for Group Psychotherapy Worldwide. health associations. From 1951 ed. "Intern. Journal of Group Psychotherapy ". Author pl. book, including: "Science in new education" (1934), "Introduction to group therapy" (1943), "Analytical group psychotherapy" (1950), "Group counseling of parents in the interests of the child" (1958).
SLEPYAN Sergey Nikolaevich (1852, Minsk - 1912, St. Petersburg), Orthodox priest, preacher, public figure. In 1874 he converted to Orthodoxy. He worked as a clerk at the "New paper spinning" in St. Petersburg, at the same time. as a volunteer he studied at St. Petersburg. theological academy. Arranged by the religion. meetings for workers. Later, the meetings "at Slepyan's" were transformed into the Society for Religious and Moral Education. Engaged in missionary activity, Ch. arr. among the Jews, created the Guardianship of those affiliated to the Orthodox Church. Organized by children. kindergartens and nurseries for the children of workers, founded the Sergievsky Society of Labor Assistance to the Poor Workers of St. Petersburg (1904). S.'s funeral was attended by up to 30 thousand St. Petersburg. workers.
SLEVICH Solomon Borisovich (b. 1919, Petrograd), geographer. Dr. Geogr. sciences. (1972), prof. (1982). 1941–45 - at the front. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1947). Since 1949 he has been working at the Higher Marine Engineering School (State Marine Academy named after S.O. Makarov). In 1956–58, the scientific secretary. 2nd complex Antarctic. exp. Scientific area activities: econom. and polit. geography World. ocean, problems of Antarctica. Evil medal to them. F.P. Litke Rus. geogr. about-va (1992).
SLIOSBERG Genrikh Borisovich (1863, Mir Novogrudok u. Minsk province. - 1937, Paris), lawyer, public figure. Upon termination of legal. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that (1886) continued his studies in Germany. Returning to St. Petersburg, he defended his master's thesis. (1889), later he was engaged in advocacy (since 1893 assistant of attorney at law, since 1904 attorney at law). From the beginning. 1890s participated in the work of Yurid. about-va at Petersburg. un-those, in 1899-1903 ed. zhurn. "Bulletin of law", published by the society. From the end. 1880s S. - the closest adviser to Baron G.O. Gintsburg for the Jewish community of St. Petersburg. In 1891 he processed and published the materials of the survey of Jewish agricultural enterprises collected by L. Binshtok. settlements in Kherson and Yekaterinoslavskaya provinces. Later he participated in the work of the Rabbinical Commission (1894), assisted the Commission of the US Congress to study the causes of Jewish emigration from Russia. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903), he supported the idea of ​​creating Jewish self-defense, repeatedly appeared in courts as attorney for the victims of the pogroms in their claims against the administration. In the beginning. 20th century closely associated with the leaders of the liberal movement in Russia, after 1905 close to the party of the Cadets. S. - one of the founders of the Union to achieve complete equality of the Jewish people in Russia (1905), Jewish Nar. group (1907) and the Bureau for the Support of Jewish Departments. in the 1st State. Duma (1906), was also a member. OPE, Jewish Historical Ethnogr. about-va, EKO and other Jewish societies. org-tion, actively participated in the organization of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg (1908), compiled and published "Sat. current laws on Jews ”(St. Petersburg, 1909). In 1910 he took part in the congress of representatives of Jewish communities. In the years of the 1st world. war S. organized aid to Jews who suffered from the war. action. In 1917 S. was elected to the Executive Committee and the Council of Petrograd. Jewish community, in 1918 participated in the congress of representatives of Jewish communities in Moscow, was persecuted by the Sov. authorities. From 1920 - in France, headed the community of Jewish emigrants from Russia in Paris. In 1934 he participated in the trial in Bern, where he proved the falsity of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". The author of the memoirs "Deeds of Bygone Days" (v. 1–3. Paris, 1933–34). Cit .: Pravovoe i ekon. the position of Jews in Russia. SPb., 1907; Fast. the nature of the Jewish question. SPb., 1907.
SLIOSBERG Mikhail Lvovich (1906 - 1970), engineer, specialist in the field of radar. Graduated from Moscow State University. He worked in a lab. ultrashort waves Vses. electrical engineering in-ta them. V. I. Lenin (Moscow). Since 1935 - in Leningrad. electrophysis. in-those (since 1940 head of scientific work on radar, then chief engineer of the radio plant-institute). Sci. works are associated with the development and design of magnetron generators of the decimeter range and with the creation of experiments. radar. continuous radiation stations for anti-aircraft artillery. In 1938 he developed a powerful lamp. 300W water cooled for radar installation RI-6 early warning aircraft. In 1939–40 he created a magnetron generator with a resonant cavity for experimental gun-aiming radio stations. Supervised the creation of the experiment. radio detector "Mimas". In 1941 he took part in the first combat use of a radar. equipment for anti-aircraft artillery. Supervised the development and production of gun-aiming radio stations.
SLIV Lev Abramovich (1911, Vitebsk - 1983, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. After graduating from Leningrad State University (1936), he worked there. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–49 head. Department of Physics Leningrad. s-x. in-that. In 1949–71 he worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those, since 1971 - at the Leningrad Nuclear Physics Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he organized and headed the sector of the theory of the atomic nucleus. Investigated beta decay of nuclei, int. conversion of gamma radiation, the structure of nuclei, especially near-magic nuclei and nuclei with a large number of nucleons, giant resonances, nuclei far from the stability line, the effect of the quark structure of nucleons on the properties of nuclei. Organizer (1965) and hands. yearly. winter school on physics of the nucleus and elementary particles. The author of St. 100 scientific. publications.
SLIVKER Boris Yulievich (1891 - 1959), social scientist. Cand. Philos. sciences. Graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev (1914) and the Institute of red professors (1935). In 1924-29 - at the editorial office. and teach. work. In 1934–37, the director. pm Institute of red professors. In 1940–43 St. VPSh at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1957-59 scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Head dep. zhurn. "Under the Banner of Marxism", ed. Russian ed. E. Kant's "pre-critical" works (1940). He translated a number of works. G. Hegel (Collected works, vol. 1-14. Moscow-Leningrad, 1925–58). Vol .: Utopian socialism - one of the sources of Marxism. M., 1940; Classical German philosophy. M., 1941.
SLIVKIN Chaim-Sholem (1847 -?), Writer, publicist. From 1863 - in Odessa, then - in Warsaw. From 1893 to the beginning. 1st world. war served in the EKO. Printed Art. into gas. "Gamelitz" (Odessa), "Ha-Tsefira" (Warsaw), "Ha-Yom" (Petersburg) and other ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish. He advocated the resettlement of Jews to E.-I., Argentina for farming. Published the book. in Hebrew and Yiddish "Der navenadnik" ("The Wanderer". Warsaw, 1893), "Der farlorener un der Gefunener" ("Lost and Found". Warsaw, 1893), "Dos bafraite land" ("The Liberated Country", 1895) , "Gezukht un gefunen" ("I searched and found", 1895).
SLOBODKIN Yakov Pavlovich (b. 1920, Rostov-on-Don), cellist, teacher. Prof. (1973). Graduated from Moscow. cons. (Cl. M. I. Yampolsky and S. M. Kozolupov). Performs since 1935.Since 1937 soloist Vses. touring and concert association, from 1941 - Moscow. Philharmonic. He performed as an ensemble player with pianists A.B. Goldenveiser, S.T.Rikhter, G.R.Ginzburg, Y.V. Flier. Participant fp. trio (with Flier and I.S. Bezrodny, 1952–55). He gave concerts in ans. with LBKogan and others P.Vladigerov and J.Sibelius dedicated pieces for cello to S. Laureate of Vses. competition for violinists and cellists (1937, Moscow), 2nd ave. at the competition for cellists named after G. Vigan (1950, Prague). In 1967–75 he taught at the Rostov Musical-Pedagogical Institute. S. owns concert arrangements for cello for violin pieces by G. Tartini, N. Paganini, G. Veniavsky, fp. pieces by F. Chopin, as well as the edition of a number of op. for cello. Honored. art. RSFSR (1968).
Slobodskaya Inna (Faina) Aleksandrovna (b. 1926, Moscow), actress. [S.'s father - Alexander Kuzmich (1894, Vitebsk - 1962, Leningrad), a reader and entertainer. One of the leading actors of Leningrad. Jewish t-ra (YEARS) (1929-30). Laureate of Vseros. reading competition (1957)]. S. graduated from Moscow. mountains. theater. uch-shche (1946). From 1947 - in Leningrad. In 1947–87 she worked at the T. Linen. Komsomol, played more than 100 roles, among which: Klava ("The Tale of Truth" MI Aliger), Lipochka ("Our people - we will be counted" by AN Ostrovsky), Madame Peach ("Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht), mother of Jeanne D'Arc ("Lark" by J. Anouil), Stepanida ("Money for Maria" by V.G. Rasputin) and others. Since 1987 - in Dram. t-re them. VF Komissarzhevskaya, where she played the roles: mother Corrie ("Barefoot in the Park" by N. Saimon), Volokhov ("Tsar Boris" by A. K. Tolstoy), Madame Epanchina ("The Idiot" after F. M. Dostoevsky) and others. In 1990 she performed the role of Masha's grandmother in f. V.P. Todorovsky "Love". Filmed at Leningrad Theater. television, read on radio and performed in radio plays. Honored. art. RSFSR (1979).
Slobodskaya Oda Abramovna (1895, according to other sources 1888, Vilna - 1970, London), singer (soprano). She studied at St. Petersburg. cons. (vocal class N.A. Iretskaya). She made her debut (1918) on the stages of the Mariinsky Theater (the part of Lisa in the opera "The Queen of Spades" by PI Tchaikovsky) and Nar. at home (part of Aida in the op. "Aida" by G. Verdi). In 1918 she participated in philanthropy. concert in favor of the Foundation for the Education of the First Jewish National. opera t-ra in E.-I., which was held in the People's House. Subsequently, she sang more than once in performances with the participation of F.I.Shalyapin. Since 1922 - in France, where she participated in the premiere of the op. "Mavra" by IF Stravinsky (part of Parasha). From ser. 1920s toured with the Ukrainian Choir as a soloist in the South. America and the USA. In the beginning. 1930s sang at the Russian Opera in Paris, at the Savoy Theater in London (in the opera Sorochinskaya Yarmarka by MP Mussorgsky, part of Parasi). Since 1931 - in Great Britain, she performed on the stage of the Covent Garden Theater. In 1933 S. performed the part of Fevronia in the op. "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ..." by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov in the "La Scala" theater (Milan, conductor E.A. Cooper; repeated post. - 1934, "Colon" theater, Buenos Ayres). In the 1940s and 50s. She gave concerts as a chamber singer (including with comp. and pianist N.K. Metner). In the repertoire of S. rus. classic music, music of owls. composers, pl. songs. From 1962 she taught. Author of memoirs (published in London in 1969).
SLOBODSKOY Maurice Romanovich (1913, Petersburg - 1991, Moscow), playwright, poet. From 1932 he was published in the journal. "Crocodile". First Sat feuilletons S. - "Exclamation mark" (co-authored with A.B.Raskin. M., 1939). In 1939–40 he wrote (with Raskin) texts for Leningrad. t-ra miniatures, including for A.I. Raikin. First Sat poetry - "Parodies and feuilletons" (co-authored with Raskin. M., 1939). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1945–63 he wrote et al. with V.A. Dykhovichny. Plays S. and Dykhovichny "Fakir for an hour" (1945), "Where is this street, where is this house" (1953), "200 thousand for petty expenses" (1960), "Convent" (1964) were post. in pl. t-rakh USSR. After 1963 he worked as a joint venture. with Ya.A. Kostyukovsky. Co-author of the screenplays "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "The Diamond Arm" and others. Works: New adventures of the brave soldier Schweik. M., 1942; About our today's spring. M., 1952 (in co-authorship with Dykhovichny); Moscow – Venus, further everywhere ... M., 1961; Darling-70. M., 1970 (in collaboration with Kostyukovsky); And the ancestors were young. M., 1983 (in co-authorship with Dykhovichny).
SLOBOZHAN David Yakovlevich (1904, Korsun of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1973, Odessa), military leader. Lieutenant General of Aviation (1953). Graduated from the Higher. Pilot School (1929), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1950). In the Red Army - from 1927. In 1940–43 com. Aviation bombardier. division, in 1944–45 deputy. teams. air. army, in 1946–55 teams. air. army, in 1955–61 teams. aviation of the Ural VO. From 1961 - retired. He was awarded 5 orders.
SLOMYANSKY Adolf Veniaminovich (1902, Lodz - 1986, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Dr. Tech. sciences. In 1929 he graduated from Moscow State University. He worked at the Kolomenskoye machine-building. s-de, since 1931 - to the Center. locomotive design bureau. In 1941–85 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Railways. transport. Main scientific. works - in the region. theory of train traction. In the 1930s. participated in the design, construction, testing of the first owls. steam locomotives of the FD series. Supervised the development of tech. parameters and technol. requirements of a number of new diesel locomotives, creation of test methods for steam locomotives and diesel locomotives. Author of scientific. works, scientific. ed. Russian per. "American Railway Encyclopedia" (Moscow, 1960). Works: Designing steam locomotives. M. - L., 1938 (co-author); Selection of types of mainline locomotives. M., 1966.
SLONIM Abram Donovich (1903, Petrovsk-Port, Dagestan Region - 1973, Frunze), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). In 1924 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, in 1926 - Ying t med. knowledge (Leningrad). In 1926–33 scientific. sotr. VIEM, in 1940–50 head. the department of norms organized by him. physiology of the Kyrgyz honey. in-that, in 1950–65 head. lab. Institute of Physiology. IP Pavlova of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1972–73 deputy. dir. on science Ying-that physiology and experiment. pathology of the highlands of the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR. Main scientific. work dedicated. problems of physiology labor. activity, mechanisms of reflex regulation of blood circulation, heat generation, behavior of organisms, ecology. Cit .: Animal heat and its regulation in the body of mammals. M. - L., 1952; Fundamentals of the general ecological physiology of mammals. M. - L., 1961; Environment and behavior: the formation of adaptive behavior. L., 1976; The circadian rhythm of physiological processes and human labor activity. Frunze, 1976.
SLONIM Ilya Lvovich (1906, Tashkent - 1973, Moscow), sculptor. In 1924-29 he studied at VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN under the hands of. I.S.Efimov and I.M. Tchaikov. In 1931 he was accepted as Cand. in the Society of Rus. sculptors (ORS), exhibited at the 4th exhibition of the society. In the genre of a portrait, S. created a gallery of images of contemporaries: D.D.Shostakovich (1942), R.R. Falk (1944), S.V. Obraztsov (1948), S.S. Prokofiev (1940s), V.B.Shklovsky (1955), I.G. Erenburg (1960), A.A. Akhmatova (1964) and others. 1970s returned to work on compositional plastic, presenting plastic. cycles on the themes of antiquity. mythology and stories from TANAKH: "Odysseus and Penelope" (1971), "The Abduction of Europa" (1972), "Flight into Egypt" (1973, two versions), etc. Among the last. works S. - ser. manuf. memorial sculptures: "Project for a tombstone for Ehrenburg" (1969), "Tombstone for SD Lebedeva" (1971), "Project for a tombstone for P.V. Kuznetsov" (1973), "Project for a tombstone for K.I. and M.B. Chukovsky "(1970–73) and others. S.'s daughter - Masha (married to Lady Maria Fillimore) (b. 1945, Moscow), producer, editor. Granddaughter of M.M. Litvinov. Studied for philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the 1960s and 70s. was associated with the publication of samizdat magazines. The Chronicle of Current Events was interrogated and searched. Since 1974 - in the USA. 1975–89 producer, ed. in Russian BBC service in London. In 1989–96 he was a producer of a number of BBC television programs, incl. t / f "The Second Russian Revolution". Since 1997 chap. producer ser. doc. f. The "fourth estate" in the Russian-Amer. TV company "Internews". S.'s daughter - Vera Chalidze (b. 1948, Moscow), producer, editor. Since 1978 - in London, works for the BBC (Russian service).
SLONIM Isaak Yakovlevich (1899, Kiev - 1955, ibid.), Surgeon, oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1952), prof. (1952). In 1925 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1925-30, a resident and assistant surgeon. clinics of the Kiev Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors (KIUV). In 1930–34, the chief physician and head. surgeon a department of the hospital in Kadievka; in 1934–41 Art. assistant, head. oncologist branch of Kiev X-ray radiological. in-that. In 1941–45 early. surgeon branch of the Kiev env. military. hospital, art. Inspector of evacuation hospitals Stalingr. and 4th Ukr. fr. In 1945-52 the head. Department of Oncology KIUV, in 1952–55 prof. Department of Faculty Surgery, Kiev med. in-that. The author of the first monograph in the USSR. on the problems of mastopathy (1955). Investigated the mechanisms of its development, including violation of the cyclicity of the release of sex hormones; established the role of the pituitary gland, ovaries and corpus luteum in the pathogenesis of the disease; proposed a classification, developed a differential. diagnosis of the disease. Described the technique of radical surgeries of the face and gastrointestinal tract for malignant tumors. Ch. oncologist of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Ukrainian SSR. Works: Mastopathy. Kiev, 1955; The technique of radical surgery for cancer. Kiev, 1956.
SLONIM Mark Lvovich (1894, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1976, Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France), literary critic, publicist. Doctor of Philology (1920), prof. (1943). Nephew of L.I. Eichenwald and Yu.I. Eichenwald. In 1915-18 he studied history-philology. f-those Petrograd. un-that. Member Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1917, dep. Will establish. collection, in 1918 ed. gas. "Narodnoye Delo" (Kiev), member. Directories (Ufa). In 1919–20 - in Italy. Graduated from un-t in Florence (1920). Since 1920 - in Czechoslovakia. Was ed. and ch. lit. critic of the journal. The Will of Russia (1920–32) in Prague. Simultaneously, from 1922 - ed. zhurn. "Literature News" (Berlin). From 1928 - in Paris, where he was ed. "Novaya Gazeta" (1931), before. lit. mug "Nomad". Since 1941 - in the USA. He performed with an anti-fascist. Art., read courses in Russian. and europe. literature in colleges. In 1962, having retired, he returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland. Translated from English, French, Italian. and other languages. Compiled (with D. Reeve) "Anthology of Sov. literature "(published: in England, 1933; in the USA, 1934; in France, 1935; in Italy, 1935). Author of the book: "Russian Forerunners of Bolshevism" (Berlin, 1922); "Portraits of Contemporary Russian Writers" (Paris, 1933); Dostoevsky's Three Loves (New York, 1953); “History of Rus. literature ". (In 3 volumes, in English. Oxford, 1950–64). Auth. Art. "Jewish Writers in Soviet Literature" (collection of articles "Jewish World". New York, 1944). S. is devoted to several. verse. M.I. Tsvetaeva.
SLONIM Moisei Ilyich (1875, Tashkent - 1947, ibid.), Therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1918), prof. (1935), bp. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1943). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1898). In 1898-1920 a therapist in the mountains. hospital in Tashkent. From 1923 - at the Central Asian University in Tashkent (founder and first head of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, in 1920–26, in 1929–30 Deputy Director for Academic Affairs). In 1932–40, dir. Tashkent Institute of advanced training for doctors, since 1935 head. department of faculty therapy to lay down. faculty of Tashkent honey. in-that. Main works dedicated. climatophysiology and climatopathology of diseases occurring in Uzbekistan. Founder of Therapeutic schools of Uzbekistan. Honored. Scientist of the UzSSR (1934). Works: On the doctrine of the finest structure of normal and pathological nerve cells. SPb., 1906; Questions of climatophysiology. Tashkent, 1939; Fav. work. Tashkent, 1949.
SLONIM Yakov (1883 - 1958, Moscow), translator. Lit. activity began in 1908 per. in Russian lang. the story of Mendele Moicher-Sforim "Sheim Veiofes". Translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang. rum. Sholem Aleichem "Wandering Stars", "The Flood", "Stempenu", Pov. Motl Boy, Kasrilevka; rum. Sh. Asha "Mother"; rum. O. Varshavsky "Smugglers"; stories and rum. The Power of Life by GI Dobin; pov. and the stories of IZ Gordon and others. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. Bulgarian writers, rus. poets, including tales of A.S. Pushkin.
SLONIM Yakov Aronovich (1883, Martusovka of Pereyaslavsky district of Poltava province - 1958, Moscow), translator. Lit. activity began in 1908 per. in Russian lang. the story of Mendele Moicher-Sforim "Sheim Veiofes". Translated from Yiddish into Russian. lang. rum. Sholem Aleichem "Wandering Stars", "The Flood", "Stempenu", Pov. Motl Boy, Kasrilevka; rum. Sh. Asha "Mother"; rum. O. Varshavsky "Smugglers"; stories and rum. The Power of Life by GI Dobin; pov. and the stories of IZ Gordon and others. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. Bulgarian writers, rus. poets, including tales of A.S. Pushkin.
SLONIM Zosim Zakharovich (Zelikovich) (1879, Senno, Mogilev province - 1941, Moscow), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member RSDLP since 1905. Member of the Civil. war (commissar of the cavalry regiment). In 1923–28 he worked at the Oil Syndicate in Moscow. In 1928 he organized a cooperative. pr-ty "Tekhnokhimzhirrabotnik", his director. until 1937. At the same time. at the end. 1920s - mid. 1930s one of the hands. Moscow dep. OZET, organizer and director. productions. pr-th. One of the organizers of Jewish children. houses in Malakhovka and in the Crimea Brother S. - Samuel (1888 - 1936), a politician. Member RSDLP since 1905. He studied law. f-those Petrograd. un-that. In 1925-28 the deputy. rector of BSU. In 1928-30, deputy. bunk bed Commissioner of Education of the BSSR. From 1930 dir. Institute of prom-sti at the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR. Repressed in 1935; S.'s daughter, Aida Smolyanskaya (born 1920, Senno), a microbiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1980). In 1944 she graduated from the 1st MMI. In 1949–62 - in Moscow. tuberculous in-those. Since 1962 - in Ying-those experimental. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Oncological Scientific Center), Art. scientific. sotr., head. lab., consultant since 1987) .Syn S. - Alexander (1923, Vitebsk - 1988, Moscow), specialist in the field of rolling equipment. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1976), prof. (1981). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1959–88 - at VNIImetmash, head. lab. Author of monograph. "Machines for straightening high-quality and sheet material" (M., 1981 (2nd ed., Co-authored with A. L. Sonim). S.'s nephew - Lev Samuilovich (1914, Petersburg - 1994, Moscow), engineer - mechanic, Candidate of Technical Sciences (1951). From 1939 he worked in design and research organizations. st, since 1969 chief designer of the institute. Steel pr. (1950). Prospect. CM USSR (1978).
SLONIMER Boris Mikhailovich (1902 - 1980, Moscow), organizer of the production of weapons and ammunition. Hero of Soc. Labor (1991). In 1936–37 the advisor of the Spanish. rep. pr-va for the production of ammunition and weapons. In 1937–39 he headed the Reactive n.-i. in-t. One of the hands. creation of prom. production of rockets ("Katyusha"). During the war 1941–45 ch. Ing. military. z-dov, producing ammunition and other military. technique.
SLONIMSKY Alexander Leonidovich (1881, Petersburg - 1964, Moscow), writer, literary critic. Son of L.Z. Slonimsky, brother of N. Slonimsky, nephew of S.A. Vengerov, Z.A. Vengerova and I.A. Vengerova. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1904), taught in gymnasiums. Literary critic. activity began with research. works of A.S. Pushkin: "The Political Views of Pushkin" (1904), "Pushkin and the December Movement" (1908), etc. In the 1920s. became close to OPOYAZ ("Technique of the comic in Gogol", 1923). From the 2nd floor. 1920s switched to thin. prose: stories and stories for youth in East. topic. In 1928 he published a story about the Decembrists "Chernigovtsy". Later he returned to the study of the work of Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, participated in the preparation for the publishing house. their op. Script writer f. "The Youth of the Poet" (1937), the monograph "The Mastery of Pushkin" (1959), the dilogy "The Youth of Pushkin" (1st part "Childhood of Pushkin", 1960; 2nd part "Lyceum", 1964).
SLONIMSKY Anthony (1895, Warsaw - 1976, ibid.), Writer, poet, journalist. Grandson of Kh.-Z. Slonimsky. [S.'s father, a doctor, served as the prototype for Dr. Schumann in the rum. B. Prus "Doll"]. Graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, studied the history of painting in Munich. Poetic. debut took place in 1913. In 1913-14 he lived in Paris, in 1914-18 - in Russia, from 1918 - in Warsaw. In 1920–24 ed. gas. "Polish Courier". In 1918 the first book was published. sonnets S. In 1920 entered the poetry. gr. "Scamander". The result of the trip to E.-I. became sat. Journey to the East (1924). In 1924–39 sotr. in the weekly. "Literary vedomosti", led the section of feuilletons. In 1939–40 - in France, in 1940–48 - in England. In 1942–46, Ch. ed. weekly "New Poland", published in London. Has released an autobiogr. book Ashes and Wind (1942). Since 1945 manufactured. S. were published in Warsaw. In 1946–48 hands. section of literature at UNESCO, in 1948–51 dir. Institute of Polish. culture in London. Since 1951 - in Poland. In 1956-59 before. Union of Polish. writers. Tragedies of the Catastrophe dedicated. verse. "Elegy of Polish townships", a Jewish theme is also present in other works. C. In the 1970s. S. - one of the spiritual leaders of the opposition. circles polish. intelligentsia. In 1989 the volume “Fav. poems "S. Author apprx. 50 verse. collection of books. State pr. Poland (1955).
SLONIMSKY Grigory Lvovich (b. 1915, Petrograd), specialist in the field of physical chemistry of polymers. Dr. chem. sciences. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova, Research Institute of the Tire Industry (1953–55). Since 1955 - in Ying-those elementoorganich. connections of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. lab. (since 1956). One of the founders of the theory of mechanical. relaxation in polymers. Developed (1948) the first linear polymer molecular model. Created (1961–71) quantities. theory of relaxation processes (first introduced fractional integral operators), extended it to electric. and magn. relaxation processes. Proposed mechanochem. the theory of fatigue of elastomers; and the theory of polymer processing. He developed the theory of polymer mixtures, phase transitions in them, their deformation. Predicted (with VA Kargin and AI Kitaygorodsky) the existence of supramolecular structures in amorphous and crystalline. polymers. He was one of the first to develop methods of obtaining arts. food products, to-rye led to the creation of arts. protein granular caviar. Works: Mechanical properties of polymers and properties of their solutions. M., 1951; Brief essays on the physical chemistry of polymers. 2nd ed. M., 1967 (in co-authorship with Kargin).
SLONIMSKY Chaim-Zelig (Zinovy ​​Yakovlevich) (1810, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1904, Warsaw), mathematician, inventor, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Having independently studied it. lang., got acquainted with the works of modern. scientists. He wrote it in Old Hebrew. textbook on algebra "Mosdei Hochma" ("Foundations of Wisdom". Vilna, 1834). After the appearance of Halley's comet in 1835, he published a work on astronomy "Kokhwa de Shavit" ("Comet"). In 1838, a textbook on astronomy and optics, Toldot ha-Shamayim (History of the Heavens), was published, which included chapters on the Jewish calendar. In subsequent books. on astronomy acquainted readers with the works of N. Copernicus, I. Newton, N. Kepler and others. 1830s S. took up the app. sciences. He invented a calculating machine, for which in 1844 he was awarded the Demidov pr. Imp. Academy of Sciences. In the 1850s. invented an apparatus for transmitting 4 telegrams at the same time. S. published a biography of A. Humboldt "Sefer Zikaron" ("Memorial Book", 1858), setting out his works on space. In 1862 S. founded the gas. "Ha-Tsefira". In 1862 he was appointed inspector of the Zhytomyr rabbinical school and censor of the Jewish press. I was forced to stop publishing gas. From 1875 - in Warsaw, resumed publishing "Ha-Tsefira", edited the newspaper. before 1886. Author of tr .: "Metziat ga-nefesh ve-qiyuma" ("The existence of the soul", 1852); Yesodey Hohmat Ha-Shiur (Fundamentals of the Science of Measurements, 1865); "Maamrei Hochma" (Selected art. From the newspaper "Ha-Tsefira" 1891–94) and others. Son S. - Joseph (1860, Warsaw - 1933, Paris), linguist. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw and Petersburg. He taught foreign. lang. in gymnasiums in Russia, colleges in France. Author of textbooks in Yiddish for the study of English, Spanish, French. languages.
SLONIMSKY Leonid (Ludwig) Zinovievich (1850, Zhitomir - 1918, Petrograd), economist, publicist. Son of H.-Z. Slonimsky. In 1872 he graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. In the 1870s-90s. wrote Art. on legal. and sociology. topics in decomp. Russian and foreign gas. and zhurn. S. was one of the first in Russia to note the need to use mat. methods in econ. research Criticized the econ. views of Karl Marx. Since 1902, members of the editorial board of the journal. "Bulletin of Europe". Publ. Art. on the Jewish question, including the author of Art. “A look at jurid. the position of Jews in Russia and abroad ”. In 1906 for comment. Back to text Ros. Constitution was persecuted by the authorities. Cit .: Basic questions of politics. SPb., 1889; Economical teachings of Karl Marx. Saint Petersburg, 1898.Syn S. - Mikhail (1897, Pavlovsk, Petersburg Gubernia - 1972, Leningrad), writer, critic. Brother of A.L. Slonimsky and N. Slonimsky, nephew of S.A. Vengerov, Z.A. Vengerova and I.A. Vengerova. Member of the 1st world. war. In the beginning. 1920s was included in lit. gr. The Serapion Brothers. First Sat stories publ. in 1922. Author of the trilogy "Engineers" (1950), "Friends" (1954), "Peers of the Century" (1959). In 1966 publ. "Book of memoirs" about contemporaries-writers. The Jewish theme is present in the story "Wild" (1922) and in travel sketches about Germany "Creative business trip" (1932). Works: Sobr. op. by T. 1-4. M., 1969–70.
SLONIMSKY Nicholas (Nikolai Leonidovich) (1894, Petersburg - 1995, Los Angeles), musicologist, lexicographer, composer, conductor, pianist. Son of L.Z. Slonimsky, brother of A.L. Slonimsky, nephew of S.A. Vengerov, Z.A. Vengerova and I.A. Vengerova. In 1908-16 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. (php. - from Vengerova, theoretical disciplines - from N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, V.P. Kalafati, M.O.Steinberg). In 1917-19 - in Kiev, concertmaster in T-re op. and bal., studied composition with R.-E.M. Glier. In 1920 he finished. tour of the cities of Zap. Europe. There was a secret. from S.A. Koussevitsky in Paris. Since 1923 - in the USA. He perfected composer's art at S. Palmgren. In 1927 he began to publish periodically. ed. music-critical Art. He taught in music. schools in Boston, at Harvard. In 1927–34, thin. hands. the Chamber Orc created by him in Boston, with which he first performed Op. pl. modern composers: C. Ives, E. Varese, G. Cowell. In 1931–32 he gave concerts in Paris, Berlin, Budapest, where he presented Op. composers from the USA, Cuba, Mexico, then to the USA with the same program. In 1945–47 he taught Slavs. languages ​​and literature at Harvard. In 1964–67 he taught at Columbia University. S. wrote Art. for many encyclopedic. ed. He edited the encyclopedia of T. Baker "Biographical Dictionary of Musicians" (from the 5th ed., 1958), O. Thompson "Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians" (4-8th ed., 1946-58). Compiled by "Dictionary of muses. invective "(1948), in which the critical are collected. statements of musicians about the work of composers, starting with L. van Beethoven. I wrote a number of php. plays, song cycles, orc. and wok. plays. Among the works of S.: “Music since 1900. Chronology of muses. events "(1937); “Music Lat. America "(1945); “The path to music. A book for children ”(1947). S. introduced into the modern. music the term "pandiatonics", defining it in the work "Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Fictions" (1947).
SLONIMSKY Sergei Mikhailovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), composer, teacher, musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1963), prof. (1976). Nephew of N. Slonimsky and A.L. Slonimsky. In 1955 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. (class composition O.A. Evlakhova). Since 1958 - to teach. work in the same place (theoretical disciplines, composition, seminar on modern music). S.'s music is distinguished by a peculiar refraction of elements of folklore, timbre ingenuity. Among the works: the operas "Virineya" (1967), "The Master and Margarita" (1972, post. 1991), "Mary Stuart" (1978), "Hamlet" (1990); ball. “Ikar” (post. 1971, Moscow); 10 symphonies, including based on Dante's poem “The Divine Comedy” - “Circles of Hell” (1992); manuf. for non-standard tools. compositions - Concerto for three electric guitars with orc., "Farewell to a friend in the desert" (according to the ancient Eastern epic about Gilgamesh, 1966), "Monologues" for soprano, oboe, French horn and harp (poetical comp. Ya.S. Druskin after the Psalms of David, 1967), "Song of Songs" (to the text from TANAKH in the translation by IM Dyakonov, 1975); romances to verses by O.E. Mandelstam (1990). The author is a musicologist. works: "Symphonies of S. Prokofiev" (1964), "Song of the Earth" by Mahler and questions of orchestral polyphony "(1963) and others. Nar. art. RSFSR (1987). State pr. RSFSR (1983).
SLONIMSKY Veniamin Yakovlevich (Yankelevich) (1898, Ekaterinoslav - 1965, Moscow), a specialist in the field of tractor construction. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman. He worked at Nauch. autotractor institute (NATI); headed the joint design bureau NATI and Stalingrad. tractor plant (STZ). In 1932–37, he supervised the design of the first universal tractor in the USSR. In 1935, on the basis of the design developed by S., with the participation of designers from the Kharkov Tractor Plant (KhTZ), the first Sov. tractor of mass production SKHTZ - NATI, which received the Grand Prix at the World. exhibition in Paris (1938). In 1941–45 under the hands of. S. On the basis of this tractor, an armored tractor was designed and built for the needs of the front. Took part in the creation of the general purpose caterpillar tractor KD-35. In the 1960s. headed the NATI chassis department. Became pr. (1941, 1947).
SLONIMSKY Yuri Iosifovich (1902, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Ballet historian, critic. Cand. lawsuit (1948), prof. (1962). In 1918 he studied at the School of Russian. drama in Petrograd, then took private lessons. He published his first reviews of ballet performances in 1919; from 1920 he gave lectures on the ball. In 1922–61 (with interruptions) - sotr. Institute of History of Art (Petrograd - Leningrad). From 1932 he taught at Leningrad. choreography uch-shche (LHU). Together with I.I.Sollertinsky, he developed the first special programs. subjects. In 1937, together with FV Lopukhov, he organized at the Leningrad Art University the first choreographer in the history of the ballet master, where he taught a course on the analysis of a ballet performance. Since 1962 - in Leningrad. cons. He also taught at Moscow. choreography uch-shche, GITIS. The author of Art. and book. on the history of ballet. Works: Ballet masters of the 19th century. M. - L., 1937; Soviet ballet. M. - L., 1950; PI Tchaikovsky and the ballet theater of his time. M., 1956; In honor of the dance. M., 1968; Ballet lines of Pushkin. L., 1974.
SLOVES Chaim (1905, Bialystok, Grodno Province - 1989, Paris), playwright, publicist, public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1934). Studied in Russian, German. schools, graduated from the Jewish Nar. school, attended lectures at the Jewish teachers. courses in Bialystok. From an early age he was interested in t-rom, organized school theater circles, wrote plays, directed productions. Since 1920 - in the Red Army. Participant of the 3rd Congress of the RKSM in Moscow. Returning to Poland, he actively worked underground. Was in prison for roaring. activity. Since 1926 - in France. Graduated from the Sorbonne. One of the initiators of the IKUF organization. During the 2nd world. war member of the Resistance movement. Printed Art. in Jewish and French. illegal. ed. After the liberation of France, he dealt with the problems of Jewish culture, literature, t-ra. In 1958 with gr. Parisian writers visited Moscow to get acquainted with the state of Jewish culture in the USSR. Trip message, publ. in periodic. ed. different countries in Yiddish, other languages. and book. "Mission un to Moscow" ("Mission to Moscow", 1959), caused a discussion in the press. S. - the author of plays staged in Jewish theaters in France and other countries in Yiddish, French, Spanish, Portuguese. and other languages: "Homes Mapole" ("The Defeat of Haman"), "Nekomenomer" ("The Avengers"), "Boruch fun Amsterdam" ("Boruch from Amsterdam"), "Der xav funrekhts oif links" ("Letter from right to left ”),“ Di gel lata ”(“ Yellow patch ”).
SLOVIN Leonid Semenovich (b. 1930, Cherkassy), writer, police major. After graduating from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1952) worked as a lawyer in Sharya, Kostroma region. (1952-56). Then - in the police: a detective, early. Criminal Investigation Department of Kostroma (1956–61), deputy. early department of the criminal investigation department of the Paveletsky railway station in Moscow (1961–79). S. began to publish in 1961 in the journal. "Soviet police", gas. Severnaya Pravda, Evening Moscow. First cr. manuf. - pov. "Such work" (Moscow, 1964). Among the detectives - "Astrakhan Railway Station", "Additional Arrives on the Second Track", "Emergency in the carriage 7270", "Bandits", "Armored Vests", "Rainy Time", "Fake Person", etc. Since 1994 - in Israel . Cit .: Collected. op. Vol. 1-9. M., 1993.
SLUSH Dovid-Shloyme (1852, Odessa - 1906, ibid.), Rabbi. Studied at yeshivas in Minsk and Volozhin. Since 1881, the rabbi of Moldavanka (Odessa). Collaborated with the Palestinian, then the Zionist movement. One of the first rabbis to join the Mizrahi movement. Published Art. in Jewish periodicals. publications. Author Sat. responses "Reshit Dovid" (Warsaw, 1881).
SLUSH Nokhem (1872, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1966, Gedera, Israel), orientalist, archaeologist, publicist, public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1903). Son of D.-Sh. Slush. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Participated in the Palestinian movement. The first art. published in one of the journals. in Hebrew, also published in Russian. lang. One of the founders of Zionist organizations in Odessa, other cities of the South. Russia, later in Switzerland. In 1891, on behalf of the Odessa committee, he visited E.-I. to study the possibilities of organizing Jewish settlements. In 1897 he edited "Odessa Gaz." Since 1896 he studied at the University of Geneva, those classical. and French. literature, since 1898 - oriental studies at the Sorbonne. Subject doct. diss. - "Revival of Hebrew Literature, 1743-1885" (published in Hebrew and French). From 1909 he taught Hebrew at the Sorbonne. In 1906-14, on behalf of the French. pr-va and the Academy of French. lit-ry several. once went to the North. Africa, where he studied ancient inscriptions. He found traces of ancient sites of Jewish nomadic tribes, published "A Study of the History of Jews and Judaism in Morocco" (in 2 volumes, 1906). In 1917, among other famous Jewish society. figures influenced the positive decision of the French. pr-va support Balfour's declaration on the creation of a “Jewish nat. hearth "in Palestine. I traveled to the USA for a similar purpose. Edited The Juish Morning Journal in New York. From 1919 - in E.-I. One of the first Jewish archaeologists E.-I. Found in Tiberias a synagogue of the 2nd century, which is mentioned in the Talmud, the tomb of Absalom in Jerusalem. Reports on numerous. travel and scientific. research published in periodical. ed. Author pl. works in the region. Judaism. In the early years he translated into Hebrew works. E. Zola, Guy de Maupassant, G. Flaubert. Participated in the work of many. Zionist Congresses.
SLUTSKAYA Vera Klimentievna (real name and patronymic Berta Bronislavovna) (1874, Minsk - 1917, near Tsarskoe Selo near Petrograd), party leader. Into the roar. movement - from 1898, from 1901 members. Bund, in 1902 joined the gas supporters. Iskra, after the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), joined the Bolsheviks. Party roar. events of 1905–07 in Minsk and St. Petersburg, Chl. Combat organization of the RSDLP, delegate to the 5th (London) Party Congress (1907). Since 1909 - in exile. In 1913, under an amnesty, she returned to Russia. She was repeatedly arrested, in 1913 she was exiled from St. Petersburg to Novgorod province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - member. Petrogr. to-that RSDLP (b), secretary. Vasileostrovsky RK Party, member. Female Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), dep. Petrosovet and member. his Executive Committee. Delegate to the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b) (1917). In oct. days 1917 roar. headquarters of the Vasileostrovsky district. Participated in repelling the offensive of the troops of the general. PN Krasnov to Petrograd, died while transporting medicines for the Kr. guard. In 1918–44 the city of Pavlovsk was named after S.
SLUTSKER Iosif Ilyich (b. 1908, Klintsy Surazhsky u. Chernigov province.), Dancer, choreographer. In 1930 he graduated from the choreography. branch of CETETIS. At the same time. in 1925-30 he worked in the T-re op-you. In the 1928–29 season he joined the dance. gr. Moscow music hall. In 1932–36 a dancer and assistant dir. in Moscow. t-re dram. ball. Among the parts of S .: Toreador and Jose ("Carmen", music. A. A. Shenshin, 1935), Mazilka ("Murzilka and Mazilka", music. N. N. Cherepnin), etc. In 1936-37 he worked on the stage , in 1937–67 soloist and assistant. artist hands. Ans. bunk bed dance of the USSR under the hands. I.A. Moiseeva. In 1949–56 he was the organizer and leader. Ans. bunk bed dance of the MSSR "Zhok". He worked in a circus (1934–59), in Anse. Moscow VO and Center. env. counterparty. defense (1941–54), in the theater "Romen" (1949–54, participated in the permanent performances "We are the Gypsies", "Grushenka", "Daughter of Tents"), staged a choreography. scenes in op. "The Maelstrom of Life" by E. Sukhonya (1961) and "Hari Yanosh" 3.Kodaya (1963) in Muz. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. S. also put on separate numbers for leading pop performers, participated in the national. decades of literature and art (Chuvash., Buryat. ASSR, etc.). In 196З – 67 chap. choreographer Mosk. t-ra of mass performances, in 1967-68 - Moscow. t-ra op-you. As a choreographer he worked in pl. muses. t-rakh other cities of Russia. After retirement (1968), he collaborated with various. creative teams; choreographer of the performances "The Witch" after A. Goldfaden (Moscow Jewish chamber music., 1970), "Happy Day" (Jewish drama ans. Mosconcerta, 1979), "Wandering Stars" (after Sholem Aleichem, for pop music. ans. A.Ya. Guzik, 1979), "Tevye the Milkman" (TV show based on Sholem Aleichem, 1983), "Memorial Symphony" (Kharkov Musical Jewish Theater, 1990) and others. competitions in Moscow (1957) and Prague (1960). Honored. art worker of the MSSR (1957) and Buryat. ASSR (1959).
SLUTSKI Haya (1897 - 1990, Israel), public figure. She studied in Kharkov and Kiev at teachers' institutes with teaching in Hebrew. Since 1920 - in E.-I. An activist of the women's labor movement. Participated in the creation of a network of preschool education. institutions for children of working women. In 1945–48 she took part in organizing illegal activities. transporting Jews to E.-I. from refugee camps in Europe. After 1948 she was engaged in the creation of children. gardens in development cities. Member Central Committee of the Mapai Party, member. Council for Culture and Education Histadrut. Son S. - Amit Meir (b. 1921, Tiberias), military leader, statesman. Major General. In 1955–56 teams. South env., in 1958 - 59 teams. North. okr., in 1963–68 headed the Mossad. One of the leaders of the Shinui movement. 1977–78 min. transport, dep. The Knesset.
SLUTSKIN Abram Aleksandrovich (1891, Borisoglebsk - 1950, Kharkov), radiophysicist. Prof. (1929), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from Kharkov University (1916), worked there and at the same time. (since 1930) in Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, where he organized and headed the lab. el.-magn. radiation. Main work dedicated. research el.-magn. hesitation. Developed by sovm. with D.S.Shteinberg magnetron methods of generating radio waves, which became the basis of microwave technology. In 1924–25 he created the first magnetron generator for long. wave 7.3 cm. Developed the design of powerful magnetrons. In 1939 he supervised the creation of the first owls. radar for air defense. Developed the theory of wave generation by magnetrons. Investigated a gas discharge in magn. field, worked on creating a powerful ion source using a gas magnetron.
SLUTSKIS Mykolas Getselevich (b. 1928, Panevezys, Lithuania), writer. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Vilnius University (1951). He made his debut in print in 1945. Author of novels, plays, short stories, literary criticism. Art., including "Stairway to Heaven" (1963), "Adam's Apple" (1966), "Thirst" (1968), "At the End of the Day" (1976), "A Trip to the Mountains and Back" (1981 ), "Tree of Light" (1985). Nar. writer of the Lithuanian SSR (1984).
SLUTSKY Abram Aronovich (1898 - 1938, Moscow), an employee of the special services. State Security Commissioner of the 2nd rank (1935). Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. In 1917 - in the army, from 1918 - in the Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1920–22 - in the Cheka - an investigator of special. dep. Turkestan fr., Deputy. prev. Tashkent Cheka, in 1923–25 before. military. shooter tribunal. housing. In 1925-26 before. State fish syndicate VSNKh. From 1926 - in the OGPU, from 1930 - in the INO OGPU-NKVD; resident in Berlin, deputy. early dep. In 1935–38 the beginning. foreign dep. NKVD.
SLUTSKY Alexander Borisovich (1915, Kiev - 1967, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev State un-that (1935). He worked as a teacher, director. Wednesday schools, inspector of the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1938 - in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. 1941–45 - in the army. He combined his work at Ying-those of history with teaching at Kiev universities. Main circle of scientific. interests - the history of Ukraine in the 1920s – 30s. The author of St. 80 tr., Including "Sov. and cultural construction in Ukraine in the first years of the struggle to create the foundation of the socialist. Economics (1926–32) ". Participated in the creation. pounds. tr. "History of the Ukrainian SSR", "History of the working class of the Ukrainian SSR", "History of Kiev".
SLUTSKY Anton Iosifovich (Naftali Grigorievich) (1884, Warsaw - 1918, Luchistoye, Yalta district, Tavricheskaya province), politician. Member RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 he was a member. will execute. commission of St. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP (b), Petrograd. Council of workers' dep., Cases. 6th Congress of the RSDLP, 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine. From March 1918 before. SNK Sov. Socialist. Rep. Taurida. In 1918, together with gr. member SNK was captured by the rebels and shot.
SLUTSKY Avrom-Itskhok (1876, Monastery of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province -?), Teacher, historian, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1904 active member. Bund. In 1904–05 he advocated the inclusion of Yiddish in the curriculum. OPE institutions. In 1908 he was one of the founders in Kiev of the Association of Jewish Teachers, Ist.-Ethnogr. about-va. During the 1st world. war worked with refugees at ORT. In 1917 he was elected to the Kiev Bund kt and ratman of the mountains. communities. Taught in decomp. uch. institutions of Kiev and Kharkov. There was a deer. Jewish ped. technical school in Kiev, was in charge of East. and ped. sections in Ying-those Jewish proletarian culture VUAN. Publicist. he began his activity in 1906. Published art. into gas. "Folks-Zeitung" (Vilna), "Kiev Wort", "Bulletin of the Ob-va education". Together with G. Fridlyand published the textbook “History of the Rev. movement in Zap. Europe, 1789–1923 ”(in 4 hours Moscow, 1925–28). In the end. 1930s repressed.
SLUTSKY Avrom-Yakov (1861, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1918, ibid.), Publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1882 he published Palestinian Art. in the weekly. "Dawn", gas. "Gamelitz", "Yiddish Folksblat". An active member of the Zionist movement. In 1887–88 - one of the editors. "Gamelitz". In 1892 he published in Warsaw "Shivat-Zion" ("Return to Zion") - Sat. letters of religion. authorities of that time in support of the idea of ​​settling by Jews E.-I. One of the founders of the movement of religions. Zionism, which received the name "Mizrahi" on S.'s initiative. Participated in the work of the Zionist Congr. Killed during a pogrom.
SLUTSKY Boris Abramovich (1919, Slavyansk, Izyumsky district. Kharkov province. - 1986, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1941), Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. The first verses publ. in 1941. The first book. "Memory" was published in 1957 with the assistance of IG Ehrenburg. In subsequent years he published many. poetic. collection of books: "Time" (1959), "Work" (1964), "Kindness of the Day" (1973), "Terms" (1984), etc. He wrote critical. Art. on lit. topics, translated from Yiddish. Ed. S. for the first time in the USSR was published Sat. "Poets of Israel" (1963). The civic spirit of S.'s poetry is combined with an emphatically simple, "conversational" manner of poetry. presentation. Life and lit. experience, personal perception of events caused the tragedy and pessimism of creativity S. One of the first in the Sov. the lit-re spoke out against the personality cult of I. Stalin. From the beginning. 1950s S.'s poems were widely distributed in samizdat and published in the West. ed. In pl. manuf. S. there is a Jewish theme. Cit .: Today and yesterday. M., 1961; Fav. lyrics. M., 1965; Poems of different years. From the unreleased. M., 1968; Poems. M., 1989; Fate. M., 1990.
SLUTSKY Dovid-Ber (1877, Settlement of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1955), writer, translator, lexicographer. He made his debut in literature in 1903 with essays in Hebrew. He began publishing in Yiddish in St. Petersburg. daily gas. Der Frand in 1904. Since 1917 - in Kiev. He worked in gas. "Di naye zait", wrote for the Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", for periodic. ed. Russia, USA, Argentina. He was engaged in philology. In 1919, publ. in the Kiev magazine. "Shul un leben" Jewish terminology of watchmakers, in the Minsk magazine. "Zeitshrift" - "Lexicon of a Men's Tailor", "Jewish Badchen Artists". In 1929 the Lexicon of Political Terms and Foreign Words was published in Kiev. In the end. 1920s S. - scientific. sotr. Institute of Jewish proletarian culture at VUAN. Publ. Art. “On the question of terminological work in Soviet Yiddish”, “On the variants of Sholem Aleichem's story“ From the Fair ”, a work about N. Shtif, etc. In 1931, a collection of works was published in Kharkov. verse. and stories by S. "Af reshtovanies" ("At construction works"). Translated into Yiddish from Hebrew, Russian, Western-European. lang .: M.-V. Feuerberg, J. Swift, A. Dode, I. S. Turgenev, A. P. Chekhov, A. N. Tolstoy. Since 1946 - in Birobidzhan, headed the Jewish department. region ethnographer. museum. Worked on rum. from the Bar-Kokhba era "Far erd, far freigayt" ("For land, for freedom"), publ. in the journal. "Sovetish Gameland", 1991, No. 8 (9). In 1948 he was repressed. He died in a prison hospital.
SLUTSKY Grigory Markovich (1916, Kiev - 1990, ibid.), Architect. Graduated from Kiev engineer-constructor. Institute (1940). Author of projects for a number of buildings in Kiev, including the Main Post Office (1952–56), the River Station (1959–60), the Obolon residential area (1970–73), multi-storey residential buildings, general. plan of Kiev (1964–67).
SLUTSKY Iche (1912, Lyakhovichi, Slutsky district. Minsk province - 1944, Lyuban, Minsk region), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1933–34 he served in the Polish army. In 1938 he emigrated to the United States. Having not received permission to enter, he returned to Europe. From 1940 - in the ghetto in Lyakhovichi. In 1942, after the defeat of the uprising raised by the prisoners of the ghetto, he joined the partisan. detachment. Led by a partisan. subdivision in the Minsk region. In 1943, gas. "Einikite" publ. "Letter to a Father in America", reprinted by Jewish Gaz. pl. countries. Killed in battle. In 1939, Sat. verse. S. "Inmitn" ("In the middle").
SLUTSKY Yehuda (1915, Snovsk Gorodnyansky u. Chernigov province - 1978, Jerusalem), historian, writer. Dr. history. From 1925 - in E.-I. He graduated from the teacher's institute (1934), until 1950 worked as a teacher. The author of the book. for children: "Mi emek Zvulun ad yam Kineret" ("From the valley of Zvulun to Lake Kinneret", 1942), "Esh be garim" ("Fire in the mountains", 1950), "Ha-sea ha-arokh" ("Dylda -teacher ", 1965); scientific. works: "Be-geavkut al tsava yehudi" ("In the struggle for the creation of the Jewish army", 1945), "Sefer toldot ha-Gagana" ("Book of the history of Gagana", v. 1-3, 1954-73, Russian translation ., in abbr., book. 1-2, 1978-79), "Ha-itonut ha-yehudit-rusit ba mea ga-tshaesre" ("Jewish periodical press in Russia in the 19th century.", 1970), "Ha -itonut ha-yehudit-rusit be-reshit ha-mea ga-esrim "(" Jewish periodicals in Russia in the early 20th century ")," Tnuat ha-Gaskala be yagodut Russia "(" The Haskala movement among Russian Jewry " , both 1978).
SLUTSKY Mikhail Yakovlevich (1907, Kiev - 1959, Moscow), cinematographer, film director. In 1924-28 he worked as an electrical engineer in the Kiev t-re rus. dramas. In 1932 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK in Moscow. In 1931–43 cameraman, then dir. Centre. newsreel studios. In 1945–47 dir. k / st in Alma-Ata, in 1947–56 Ukr., Kiev chronicle-doc studio. f. In 1956-59 dir. Centre. studio doc. f. in Moscow. Naib. means. works: "In the Name of Lenin" (1932), "Lenin with Us" (1933), "City of Youth" (1935), "Spain" (1937), "Sons of the Working People" (1937, jointly with I.P. Kopalin ), "The Day of War" (1942), "Blooming Ukraine" (1951, jointly with A. Slesarenko, St. Mkf in Cannes). In 1955 he wrote a script (with I.L.Bilinsky and K.B. Minets) and staged an artist. f. "Once, on a wonderful day". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1954). Became. pr. (1942, 1948, 1952).
SMASHNOVA Anna (b. 1976, Minsk), sportswoman (tennis). Threecr. USSR champion among girls in her age category. Since 1990 - in Israel. European champion among girls (under 14 years old) in doubles and silver. prize-winner of the same competition in singles. Champion of the French Open Championship (Roland Garosse Tournament, part of the Grand Slam) among girls under 18 (1991). Winner of the professional tournament in Erlingen (Germany, 1993). Multiple Israel champion in singles and doubles.
SMEKHOV Boris Moiseevich (b. 1911), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). Brother L.M. Smekhov. Graduated from Moscow. Planned Institute (1937), then taught. work; since 1964 prof. Department of Planning People. x-va MINKH. Since 1977 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main tr. on the intensification of production, the use of mat. methods in planning; popularizer of econom. Sciences. Responsible ed. works: "Problems of the balance of intersectoral relations" (1964), "Mat. planning methods in bunks. x-ve "(1965) and others. Works: Statistics and planning. M., 1954; Capital investment planning. M., 1961; Long-term national economic planning. (Optimization problems). M., 1968; Performance management. M., 1984.
SMEKHOV Lev Moiseevich (1908, Petrovichi, Smolensk province - 1978, Moscow), graphic artist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the faculty of graphics at VKHUTEMAS (Moscow) in the studio of V.A. Favorsky. Main a place in the work of S. is occupied by books. graphics. He made his debut in this genre ill. to the play "Servant of Two Masters" by K. Goldoni (1929). The author of ill. to manuf. Russian classics and peace. literature: L.N. Tolstoy, A.V. Kuprin, W. Shakespeare, P. Merimee and others, sovr. writers - E.G. Kazakevich, L.A. Kassil, S.Ya. Marshak and others. S. created a lot of the machine. graphics, including on everyday and genre themes: "In line for bread", "A man in the city" (both - 1926), "Scenes from the times of knights", "Cinema of the 20s in Russia" (both - 1927 ). From 1930 Ch. thin gas. "Pionerskaya Pravda", collaborated in the magazine. "Pioneer", "Leader", "Technology for Youth", "Science and Life". The author of illustrations for the book. "Merry Radio" by B.I. Nemtsov (1939), "The Expulsion of the Lord" by A.G. Adamov (1946), "Arctic Bridge" by A.P. Kazantsev (1952), etc. Jewish themes in S.'s work are represented by easel sheets "Gomel Jews" (1926), "On the last journey" ("Jewish funeral"), "Scenes from the local life" (both - 1927), "Synagogue" (1930), as well as ill. to the book. in Yiddish, incl. to collection of children. verse. RL Baumvol (Our Neighbors, Children's Songs, 1934). Illustrated primer books, textbooks on history and literature (1930s - 50s). Participant of all-Union, republican, group exhibitions.
SMEKHOV Veniamin Borisovich (b. 1940, Moscow), actor, director, writer. Son of B.M.Smekhov, nephew of L.M. Smekhov. After graduation Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin (1961) worked in the Kuibyshev drama. t-re. Since 1962 - in Moscow. t-re drama and comedy (now T-r on Taganka). Among the roles: Leading ("The Fallen and the Living" based on the works of wartime poets, 1965), one of the Mayakovsky ("Listen" based on the works of V.V. Mayakovsky; at the same time co-author YP Lyubimov on 1967), Claudius ("Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare, 1971), Woland ("The Master and Margarita" after M.A.Bulgakov, 1977), Glebov ("House on the Embankment" after Yu.V. Trifonov, 1980), Baron ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1984) and others. Among the works of S. in film and television: Baron Porto ("Seven Cries in the Ocean"), Athos ("Three Musketeers") and others. Author of the plays "Song of the wind ”(with L. Berezhny),“ Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ”. As a director, he staged the following performances: “We Play Mayakovsky” (1964; at the same time the author of the drama.), “Education of the Senses” by G. Flaubert (1974), “Gentlemen of Congress” by M. Anderson (1983, both on television), “ Wild Dog Dingo "(after R. I. Fraerman) (1985)," Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves "(Diaghilev Center, 1991)," Love for Three Oranges "by S. S. Prokofiev (Opera House, Aachen , 1991), "Don Quixote" by Bulgakov (in the t-re "Khan", Jerusalem, 1993), etc. The author of the book. Taganka and Around, Taganka. Notes of a Prisoner "(1992), stories, short stories. Acting and dir. S.'s works, including for children, were recorded on records at the Melodiya firm. S.'s daughter - Alika (Alla) (b. 1968, Moscow), actress. Graduated from the Faculty of Music Actors. t-ra GITIS, starred in the movie "Tick", "Dreams of an Idiot", "Woman of the Day", "Merry Christmas in Paris", etc. Performed in Jewish nar. songs, Russian and gypsy romances.
SMELYANSKY Anatoly Mironovich (b. 1942, Gorky), critic, theatrical figure. Doctor of Lawsuit (1986), prof. (1989). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Gorky ped. Institute (1965). Until 1975 he worked as head. lit. part of the Gorky Theater for young spectators and taught at the theater. uch-shche. In 1975-80 head. lit. part of the TsTSA in Moscow. Since 1980 head. lit. part of the Moscow Art Theater. Since 1987, vice-rector for scientific. work at the School-Studio. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. 1986–96 sec. Board of the Union theater. leaders of the RSFSR (since 1992 - RF). Constantly publ. in periodic. print. Among the works of S.: "Mikhail Bulgakov at the Art Theater" (1986); “Oleg Efremov. Theater. portrait "(1987); “Word order. Sketch of three theaters. seasons, 1985-1988 "(1988); "I want to understand you ...". About modern theater "(1991). Honored. figure in lawsuits in Russia (1993).
SMELYANSKY David Yakovlevich (b. 1947, Odessa), producer. In 1965–66 he studied at the Odessa Film Actor Studio. In 1966–69 - in the army. In 1969–72 he studied at Leningrad State University. in-those t-ra, music and cinematography. In 1972–82 administrator, Ch. administrator, deputy. dir. in the t-ral of Smolensk, Penza, Leningrad. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol. At the end of the economy. Faculty of GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky (1981) - director. Leningrad. dram. t-ra them. VF Komissarzhevskaya (1982–86), since 1986 as director. State t-ra miniatures at hand. AI Raikina (since 1987 - Moscow theater "Satyricon"). In 1992, joint. with S.Yu. Yursky created "ARTEL ARTISTS" and became its producer. Participated in the creation of the first contract play "Players XXI" N.V. Gogol (on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, 1992). In 1993 he organized and headed Ros. theater. agency, since 1995 impresario M.L. Rostropovich, general. dir. Grew up. state theater. agencies and der. Opera School G.P. Vishnevskaya. Producer of the performances "The King is Dying" E. Ionesco (jointly with the French Cultural Center; on the stage of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater, 1991), "Sorry!" AM Galina (T-r. Len. Komsomol, 1992), "Behind the Mirror" by E. Gremina (jointly with the Moscow Art Theater named after Chekhov, 1994), "Czech Photo" Galina (T-r. Len. Komsomol, 1995), op. D.D.Shostakovich "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district" (with Rostropovich, orc. E.A. Mravinsky, soloists of the Bolshoi and Mariinsky (former T-r op. And ball. Named after S.M. Kirov) t- ditch, 1996), etc. Since 1995, Assoc. Grew up. Academy theater. Isk-va (former GITIS), organizer of the first production course in Russia (ibid., 1995).
SMILG (Shmilg) Joseph Peisakhovich (1846, Keidany, Kovno province - 1900, Petersburg), teacher. Studied at Konigsberg and Berlin high fur boots. In 1877–80 he was the caretaker of the British Museum. From 1880 Rev. foundations of Judaism in German grammar schools in St. Petersburg. Published in Jewish periodicals. publications. Author of Talmudic research, ed. in 1874 in Leipzig.
SMILT (Schmilt) Joseph Peisakhovich (1846, Keidany, Kovno province - 1900, St. Petersburg), teacher. Studied at Konigsberg and Berlin high fur boots. In 1877–80 he was the caretaker of the British Museum. From 1880 Rev. foundations of Judaism in German grammar schools in St. Petersburg. Published in Jewish periodicals. publications. Author of Talmudic research, ed. in 1874 in Leipzig.
SMILYANSKY Moshe (ps .: Heruti, Khavaya Mussa) (1874, Telepino of Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. - 1953, Tel Aviv), writer, publicist, public figure. From 1890 - in E.-I. One of the first s.-kh. entrepreneurs in E.-I. One of the founders of Hadera. He owned orange groves and vineyards. Lit. and publicist. started his activity in 1898. Constantly published in the Jewish press of Russia ("Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-melits", "Ha-Tsofe", "Ha-Shiloakh", etc.), ed. in Hebrew for other countries. One of the founders of the magazine. "Ha-Omer". He opposed the demands of exclusively Jewish labor in the agricultural sector. colonies. He worked in org-tions engaged in the development and acquisition of land. One of the founders and during the 1st world. war before. Moshav associations. He led the Federation of Farmers in the early years of its organization. In 1918 he joined the Jewish Legion. In 1936 he participated in the neofits. negotiations with an Arab. leaders. In the 1940s, he opposed the idea of ​​fighting the British. regime in E.-I. Mn. lit. and publicist. works by S. dedicated. history of Jewish agricultural settlements in E.-I. Among them: "Hadera" (1930), "Rehovot" (1950), "Prakim b'toldot ha-ishuv" ("Pages of the history of a Jewish settlement", 1959), "Mishpahat ha-adama" ("Family of the earth", 4 vol., 1943–53). In the last years of his life he wrote ser. autobiogr. rum. "Be sodot Ukraine" ("In the steppes of Ukraine", 1944), "Bein Karmei Yehuda" ("Among the vineyards of Judea", 1948), "Be cel ga-pardesim" ("In the shadow of the gardens", 1951). Among thin manuf. S. stories from the life of Arabs - the first in the Jewish literature in Hebrew, under ps. Khawaja Mussa Brother S. - Meir (ps. M. Sekko) (1876, Telepino Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1949, Israel), writer. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Published stories in the gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Shiloakh". In his early stories he wrote about the life of Jews in Ukraine. In the book. "Even titsak" ("Screaming Stone", 1940) contains stories about the pogroms in Ukraine.
SMIRIN Ilya Yurievich (b. 1968, Vitebsk), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1990). From the beginning. 1990s - in Israel. Member of two USSR championships (1988, 1989). Winner and prize-winner of a number of kr. int. tournaments, including in Saltshobaden (1988/89, 1st), Elista (1994, 1st - 4th), Haifa (1995, 4th - 6th). He headed the Israel national team at the World Cup. chess. Olympiad in Yerevan (1996).
SMIRIN Moisey Mendelevich (1895, Disna, Vilna province - 1975, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1925) and graduate school of the Institute of History Ros. associations n.-i. in-tov societies. Sciences (1930). In 1930–35 he taught at the Communist. un-those and Nizhny Novgorod ped. in-those, in 1935-40 head. departments of history Zap. Europe in ped. in-takh them. VI Lenin and K. Liebknecht in Moscow, at the same time. Art. scientific. sotr. State Academy of History of Material Culture, since 1938 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences), since 1948 - at Moscow State University. Jn. member AN GDR (1970); och. Doctor of Philosophy, Leipzig University (1959). Author of works on the problems of the genesis of capitalism, the history of the peasants. wars in Germany, the history of Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland, etc. Became. pr. USSR (1948). Cit .: Nar. reformation of Thomas Müntzer and Vel. peasants. war. M., 1947 (2nd ed. - M., 1955); Essays on the history of polit. struggle in Germany before the Reformation. M., 1952; Germany of the Reformation and Vel. peasants. war. M., 1962; On the history of early capitalism in Germany. lands (15-16 centuries). M., 1969; Erasmus of Rotterdam and the Reformation Movement in Germany. M., 1978.
SMIRNOV Mark (Markus) Alexandrovich (b. 1935, Leningrad), theater artist, teacher. Prof. (1989). In 1960 he graduated from IZHSA them. I.E. Repin. Issued approx. 200 performances: in dramas, ballet theaters, circus, on television. Among them, performed joint. with M. Scheglov "Marching March" by A.A. Galich, "Running on the Waves" by A.S. Green, "Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky (Leningrad Academic State Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin ). He independently designed the performances: "From the Life of a Business Woman" by A.B. Grebnev, "The Flood" by G. Berger (Leningrad Theater named after A.S. Pushkin), "Ghosts" by G. Ibsen, "Winnie the Pooh and Everything, all ... "after A. Milne (Leningrad. Small drama theater); "Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky (Leningrad. Bolshoi puppet theater), "Aleichem-Sholom" (Leningrad. Theater "Experiment"), "Cavalry" after IE Babel, etc. Since 1972 he taught at the Institute those of theater, music and cinematography (Leningrad Theater. Academy), since 1989 - head. chair thin. design of the performance of the staged faculty. Author and thin. book for children: "Today at the theater - Winnie the Pooh!" (L., 1972), Art. in decomp. zhurn. about children. creativity, t-ra people, artists.
SMITH-FALKNER Maria Natanovna (1878, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1968, Moscow), economist, statistician. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934), prof., Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). In 1905 she graduated from the Faculty of Economics. Sciences of London University. In 1918-19 the head. dep. econom. research VSNKh; in 1919–20 - in Kr. Army to the South. fr. Since 1921 - on a teaching job in Moscow. universities (Moscow State University, MINH, Oil. Institute, etc.), at the same time. on scientific. work in Ying-those econ. research at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University at the beginning. 1920s led a seminar on prom. statistics, based on materials to-rogo in 1924 published the manuals "World production in compare. figures and charts "and" Basics of statistical. methodology ”(parts 1–2). Among other uch. and methodical. benefits S.-F. - “Econ. foundations of calculation "(1926)," Theory and practice of Sov. statistics "(collection of articles, 1930). In 1928-30 ed. periodic. issues "Factory-factory industry of the USSR" and others. Cit .: The food issue in England. Pg., 1917; Essays on the transition period. M., 1920; Dynamics of crises and the position of the proletariat. M., 1927; Essays on the history of bourgeois political economy. M., 1961.
SMOLENSKIN (Smolensky) Peretz (1842, Monastery of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. - 1885, Meran, Austria-Hungary), writer, publicist, publisher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1862 - in Odessa, earned a living by lessons, independently studied foreign. languages ​​and rus. lit-ru (hence the influence on S.'s literary tastes was exerted by art. VG Belinsky), soon entered the circle of the local Jewish intelligentsia, collaborated in the journal. "Gamelitz", where in 1867 publ. his first story "Ha-Gemul", dedicated. relations between Jews and Poles during the Polish. the uprising of 1863–64. In 1867 he left for Germany, got acquainted with the life of him. Jews, sharply negatively reacted to the growth of assimilationist sentiments among them. In the fall of 1867 in Vienna he began publishing journals. "Ga-Shahar", in his publicistic. Art. argued that Jews are the same nation as others, with the difference that Jewry, deprived of its territory, is a "spiritual nation." In historical philosophy. work "Am Olam" (1872) argued that the preaching of relig. reforms not coming from religions. circles, has no real soil under it. According to S., there is no Judaism without the Old Jewish language, and without Judaism there is no Jewish people. From these positions, S. criticized the views of the ideologist of the so-called. Berlin Haskala I. Mendelssohn, who, according to S., reduced Judaism to simple rituals and advocated assimilation. S. developed his views into fiction. op. Rum. S. "Wanderer along the paths of life" (1868-76), "The Joy of the Atheists" (1872), "Burial of the Donkey" (1873), "Pride and Fall" (1874), "Heritage" (1876-84), etc. differed in the complexity and entertaining storylines. After the pogroms of 1881 in Russia, S. was one of the leaders of the Palestinian movement.
SMOLENSKY (real family member Lieberman) Yakov Mikhailovich (Moiseevich) (1920, Petrograd - 1996, Moscow), actor, reader. Prof. (1979). In 1938 he entered the philology department. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1942, after a serious injury, he was evacuated to Omsk, joined the troupe of the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov and at the same time. was enrolled in the 3rd year Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin. Naib. means. roles in T-re them. Evgeny Vakhtangov: Don Juan ("Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare), Christian ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan), Storyteller ("The Great Sovereign" by V. A. Soloviev), Andrey ("Honeymoon" Z. Massa and M.A. Chervinsky). At the same time. began performing on the stage as a reader. In 1951 he created a computer. based on "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin. Since 1957 - in Moscow. Philharmonic. The repertoire includes production. Shakespeare, A.A. Blok, P. Ronsard, V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Samoilov, A.T. Tvardovsky, K.G. Paustovsky, K. Kuliev, R. Gamzatova, A. de Saint-Exupery , E.M. Remark and others Mn. S.'s performances on radio and television were recorded on discs (15 discs were released). Laureate of several Vses. reading contests. Since 1945 Rev. scenic speeches in the school them. Shchukin; head department of scenic speech. In 1984 he was awarded the first director. prize for Vses. reading competition. Nar. art. RSFSR (1988) Vol .: The art of the sounding word. M., 1967; In the union of sounds, feelings and thoughts. M., 1976; Reader. Reader. Actor. Part 1, 2.M., 1983.
SMOLENSKY Alexander Pavlovich (b. 1954, Moscow), economist. Graduated from engineer-economist. Faculty of Geological and Technological Dzhambul. in-that. In 1987–89, he headed the Moscow-3 cooperative. Since 1989 - prez. bank "Capital". 1993–94 - member. president. Industrial Council policy under the Government of the Russian Federation, since 1996 - Ch. consultant. Banking Council under the Government of the Russian Federation. Since 1997 - presenter. Council of the management company "SBS-Agro".
SMOLENSKY Georgy Anatolyevich (1910, Yalta, Tavricheskaya Gubernia - 1986, Leningrad), physicist. Prof. (1959), bp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). In 1938 he graduated from physical and mechanical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. In 1938–51 he worked in one of the leading industry research institutes (now the Positron association). 1941–44 - in Leningrad. In 1951–56 - at the Institute of Silicate Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1956 - at the Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1972 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute, head. lab., head. dep. In 1950–57 the head. Department of Physics Chem.-Pharmaceutical. Institute (Leningrad), in 1959–83 in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. Works in the region. physics of ferroelectrics, dielectrics and magn. semiconductors. He formulated the general principles of obtaining ferrites with small constants of anisotropy and magnetostriction and with a large initial permeability. Took part in the creation of the piezoelectric industry. and condenser ferroelectric ceramics in the USSR. Received a new type of materials - ferroelectrics-ferromagnets, possessing at the same time. electric and magn. ordering. Discovered induced ferrimagnetism. Discovered an abnormally large anisotropic magn. birefringence, the phenomenon of long-term memory in piezoelectrics. Author of over 260 scientific. Art., 8 inventions and 6 monographs. Became. pr. (1952). Works: Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics (co-authored with V.A. Bokov and others). L., 1971; Physics magn. dielectrics. L., 1974; Ferrites and their technical application (co-authored with V.V. Leshakov). L., 1975.
SMOLENSKY Panteleimon Osipovich (real name and father. Pinhas Iosifovich) (1854, Kherson - 1908, Petersburg), doctor. In 1878 he graduated from Medico-surgeon. academy. Since 1888 privat-doc. at the Department of Hygiene Moscow. un-ta. taught a course of hygiene in decomp. honey. uch. institutions. Author of works on issues. hygiene and military. sanitation. Published in spec. journal of Russia, Great Britain, Germany, USA, France.
SMOLENSKY Yakov Borisovich (? - 1941, Simferopol), actor, director. In the 1st floor. 1930s actor of t-ra-studio Akdrama in Leningrad. In 1935-1941 the leading actor of the Crimean state. dram. t-ra them. A.M. Gorky. Among the roles: Kutuzov in the play by V. Solovyov "Field Marshal Kutuzov", the Baron in the play by Gorky "At the Bottom", sailor Vainonen in the play by V.V. Vishnevsky "Optimistic Tragedy". In 1939 he played the role of Lenin in the play "The Man with a Gun" by NF Pogodin. At the same time. also acted as a director. In post. S. played plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "The Forest", "Guilty Without Guilt", "The Son of the People" by Y.A. German, "The Flower Girl" by O. de Balzac. In 1941 he played the role of Mamlok in the play "Professor Mamlok" by F. Wolf. Honored. art. RSFSR (1939). After the occupation of Simferopol it was mute. the troops were shot.
SMOLENSKY Yakov Mikhailovich (Moiseevich) (1920, Petrograd - 1996, Moscow), actor, reader. Prof. (1979). In 1938 he entered the philology department. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1942, after a serious injury, he was evacuated to Omsk, joined the troupe of the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov and at the same time. was enrolled in the 3rd year Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin. Naib. means. roles in T-re them. Evgeny Vakhtangov: Don Juan ("Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare), Christian ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan), Storyteller ("The Great Sovereign" by V. A. Soloviev), Andrey ("Honeymoon" Z. Massa and M.A. Chervinsky). At the same time. began performing on the stage as a reader. In 1951 he created a computer. based on "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin. Since 1957 - in Moscow. Philharmonic. The repertoire includes production. Shakespeare, A.A. Blok, P. Ronsard, V.V. Mayakovsky, D.S. Samoilov, A.T. Tvardovsky, K.G. Paustovsky, K. Kuliev, R. Gamzatova, A. de Saint-Exupery , E.M. Remark and others Mn. S.'s performances on radio and television were recorded on discs (15 discs were released). Laureate of several Vses. reading contests. Since 1945 Rev. scenic speeches in the school them. Shchukin; head department of scenic speech. In 1984 he was awarded the first director. prize for Vses. reading competition. Nar. art. RSFSR (1988) Vol .: The art of the sounding word. M., 1967; In the union of sounds, feelings and thoughts. M., 1976; Reader. Reader. Actor. Part 1, 2.M., 1983.
SMOLI (Smolyar) Eliezer (1901, Rozhitsa, Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1985, Tel Aviv), writer. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Graduated from the Teachers' Institute in Jerusalem (1923). S.'s stories were published daily. ed. "Davar" and "Davar le-Iladim". Several works dedicated. grows up. and the animal kingdom of Israel. Naib. means. manuf. - "Anshey Breshit" ("People of the Beginning"). The author of the book. "Or ba Galil" ("Light in Galilee", 1939; 7th ed. - 1956), "Bein Hermon ve Gilboa" ("Between Hermon and Gelboa", 1946), "Olam ha-hayot" ("The world of animals ", 1952).
SMOLNY Eduard Mikhailovich (b. 1934, Moscow), director, producer. Studied at the Studio of Pop Art (1952–53). In 1956 he created music. pop ans. "Youth", to-ry received the title of laureate of the World. festival of youth and students in Moscow (1957), and headed it for over 20 years. S. - organizer and director of mass theatrical and variety performances, dedicated. signifier. and anniversaries, organizer and thin. hands. Int. festival of arts in the Baltic Sea countries (Rostock, 1968), annually. festival "Crimean Dawns" (1970s), All-Russia. festival of arts-in "Mercy, ecology, beauty" (1989), etc. Since 1988, director. and thin. hands. t-ra mass performances "Temp" at the Union Theater. figures of the Russian Federation. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Russian Federation (1994).
SMOLYAKOV Abram Efimovich (1908, Shcherbinovka, Mogilev province. - 1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, feature). From 1930 - in the Red Army. From June 1941 - at the front. Deputy com. regiment, Major S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Dnieper.
SMOLYAR Boris (Ber) (1897, Rovno Volyn province - 1986, New York), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first art. printed in Warsaw gas. "Gaynt". In 1915 the correspondent. zhurn. "War and the Jews". In 1916-17 he published in the Odessa gas. "Unzer Lebn" ser. Art. "Yiddishe Geldn" ("Jewish Heroes"). After the Revolution of 1917 - in Kazan. The representative of the Bund in the mountains. advice. Published in local Russian. press. In 1918 he returned to Rivne. Edited by Russian. gas. "Prigoryn region", "People's Word", "Zarya". In the beginning. 1920s in Warsaw gas. "Der moment" sir. essays "Fun ukrainishn tgom" ("From the Ukrainian abyss"). Since 1920 - in the USA. From 1924 ed. Jewish Telegraph. agencies (ITA). Collaborated in gas. New York World. The correspondent worked. ITA in Moscow (1930), wrote about the life of Jews in the USSR. In 1936 - in Berlin. In 1937 he was expelled from Germany. Was a staff member. gas. Forverts. He wrote a lot about the public-political. and the cultural life of Jews in the United States. Author of the works "Press in Hebrew in Chicago in the 19th century", "American Reader and Jewish Literature". In the end. 1980s dir. ITA. The author of the book: "Dry principle" ("Three principles". Odessa, 1918), "A maise mit a gon" ("History with a rooster". Kharkov, 1919), "Di kishefmahern" ("Witch". Warsaw, 1922 ), "Kleinvarg" ("Little Boy". New York, 1929).
SMOLYAR Gersh (1905, Zambrow Lomzhinsky district and province - 1993, Ramle, Israel), publicist. In 1920, fleeing the persecution of the Polish. authorities for participating in the roar. movement, fled to Ukraine, studied at the Jewish ped. in-those in Kiev. Publicist. S.'s activity began in 1921 in Kiev gas. "Komunische von". From 1924 - in Moscow, he studied at the Communist. un-those nat. minorities in the West. Since 1928 - illegally in Poland. In 1928–39 members. editorial board dec. Jewish leg. and illegal. periodic. ed. Poland. He was arrested and spent 4 years in solitary confinement. In 1939 sec. Bialystok branch of the USSR JV. From June 1941 - in underground work in Bialystok, then in the Minsk ghetto, one of the organizers of the partisans. movement, ed. underground ed. Since 1946 - in Poland. He took an active part in socio-political, cultural life. Since 1948 - one of the hands. Jewish Society, ed. gas. Folkshtime. From the beginning. 1970s - in Israel. Author pl. book about the Jewish socialist. movement, Jewish Resistance during the 2nd world. War, Cit .: The Ghetto Avengers. M., 1947.
SMOLYAR Ilya Moiseevich (1928, Moscow - 2008, ibid.), Architect. Doctor of Architecture (1977), acad. RAACN (1993). In 1952 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1952–55 - in Kazan, worked at Giprotatneft. The author of the detailed plan of Leninogorsk. Since 1955 in Moscow, in the Central Research Institute of Urban Development, created the modern. scientific. school of planning new cities. With the participation of S. developed kr. urban planning. projects for Naberezhnye Chelny (1970–72). Since 1983 - in Moscow Architectural Institute, head. Department of the Theory of Urban Development. 1983–85 - one of the hands. and developers of the Comprehensive program of scientific and technical. progress in urban development. In the 1990s. S. developed methodological. the basics of designing agglomerations, managing their development, developed a model for setting up urban planning. business in Russia in the transition to market relations, substantiated theoretically. and methodological. principles of the new town planning. doctrines of Russia. Author of monographs on issues. urban planning.
SMORODINSKY Yakov Abramovich (1917, Malaya Vishera of Krestetsky u. Novgorod province. - 1992, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1948), prof. (1952). After graduating from Leningrad State University (1939), post-graduate student L.D. Landau at the Institute of Phys. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he worked until 1944. From 1944 - in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956 Institute of Atomic Energy). At the same time. (since 1957) at the United Institute of Nuclear Research. in Dubna and (from 1952) taught at MEPhI. He was engaged in calculations of ice crossings (1941–44), will divide. cascades, using paths of symmetry in decomp. areas of physics. Considered the Radon transforms as applied to the expansions of relativistic amplitudes, developed the tree method, dec. question harmonious. analysis, Q-algebras. Under the arm. S. ed. in Russian lang. Coll. op. A. Einstein (vols. 1–4), works by V. Pauli and V. Heisenberg (vols. 1–2). Author approx. 250 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1962). Cit .: Lectures on the theory of the atomic nucleus. M., 1965 (co-authored with A.D. Landau). Temperature. M., 1981.
SMULEVICH Anatoly Boleslavovich (b. 1931, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1976), ch. RAMS (1997). Son of B.Ya.Smulevich, brother of V.Ya.Smulevich. In 1955 he graduated from the 1st MMI. From 1961 - Art. laboratory assistant, Art. scientific. sotr., head. clinics department of the Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1981 - part of the Center for Mental Health). Sci. works on issues. clinics psychiatry, including borderline psychic. pathology, psychosomatic. disorders, paranoia, psychopharmacology, schizophrenia, hypochondria, asthenia, features will depict. creativity of the mentally ill, etc. Author of a number of chapters in the "Handbook of Psychiatry" (1974), "Handbook of the Practical Doctor" (1981), "Guide to Psychiatry" (1983, 1987). Cit .: Problems of paranoia. M., 1972 (et al.); Low-grade schizophrenia and borderline states. M., 1987; Mental disorders and cardiovascular pathology. M., 1994 (et al.).
SMULEVICH Boleslav (Boas) Yakovlevich (1894, Wloclawek, Warsaw Province - 1981, Moscow), social hygienist, demographer. Dr. med. Sciences (1956). Studied for honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. For participation in the roar. movement was arrested by the German authorities. Honey. educated at Vienna University (1918–22) and Social Hygienic. academy in Berlin (1923). Since 1923 - in the USSR. He worked in the Belarusian state. un-those at the department of social hygiene of the medical faculty, one of its organizers (1923-28); in the Central Statistical Administration and the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1928–33), Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics Communist. academy (1933–38). In 1938–46 he was repressed. In 1946–49 - in Ying-those organizations of health care and history of medicine, in 1949–52 assistant of the department of organization of health care at the Central Institute of Medical Sciences of doctors, from where he was dismissed “as not having honey. education ". Since 1953 - again in Ying-those health organizations and history of medicine, in 1963–74 - in the department. demography Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Etc. AMN them. N.A. Semashko (1960). Cit .: Morbidity and mortality of the population of cities and towns of the BSSR. Minsk, 1928; Bourgeois theories of population in the light of Marxist-Leninist criticism. M., 1936; The state of health of the population and methods of its study. M., 1956–57; Public health and sociology. M., 1965; Criticism of bourgeois medico-sociological concepts. M., 1973.
SMULEVICH Vladimir Boleslavovich (1925, Minsk - 2006), pulmonologist, oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1977), prof. (1989). Son of B.Ya.Smulevich, brother of A.B.Smulevich. In 1943–47 - in the army. In 1953 he graduated from the 1st MMI. He worked at the Institute of Thoracic Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1959–61) and experimental. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1977 - the Oncological Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences), where in 1980 he organized and headed the first laboratory in the USSR. professional cancer. Author approx. 200 scientific. works, including four monographs on issues. bronchography, cancer epidemiology, occupational cancer and the role of carcinogenic factors, etc. Cit .: Occupational lung cancer. M., 1979; Profession and cancer. M., 1997.
SMUSHKEVICH (nee Gilevich) Leontina Solomonovna (b. 1933, Harbin), painter. She studied in a private studio thin. A.N.Klementyev, student of I.E. Repin. In 1949 she graduated from the Harbin Cons. by class piano. Since 1951 - in Israel. She studied painting in Rome at the studio of prof. Fumanti. From 1972 she led the FP. class in cons., at the same time. was engaged in painting - painted portraits, landscapes, still lifes. S. is characterized by an organic combination of Russian. realistic painting with Chinese tradition. S.'s paintings are in museums and private collections of many. countries, portraits of prez. Israel I. Navona and H. Herzog are kept in the palace of the President of Israel in Jerusalem.
SMUSHKEVICH Yakov Vladimirovich (Volfovich) (1902, Rakishki of Novoaleksandrovsky u.Kovno province - 1941, Kuibyshev), military leader. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1939). Lieutenant General of Aviation (1940). Participant of Civil. war (political officer of a company, battalion, regiment commissar). From 1922 he served in the aviation. He graduated from the Kachin military. pilot school (1931) and advanced training courses for command personnel at the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze (1937). Since 1931 com. and Commissioner of the 201st Aviation Brigade. In 19Z6-37 he participated in civil. war in Spain, led the air defense of Madrid, personally participated in the air. battles. From June 19З7, deputy. early Air Force of the Red Army. He commanded an air group during the conflict with Japan on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). From nov. 1939 early. Air Force of the Red Army, commander of the 2nd rank (1940), from Aug. 1940 gene. Air Force Inspector, Dec. 1940 pom. early General Staff for Aviation. Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) from 19Z9, dep. USSR Armed Forces (from 19Z7). Arrested in May 1941, together with gr. military leaders. In the fall of 1941 he was taken to Kuibyshev and October 28. shot.
SMUSIN Yakov Semenovich (1919, Petrograd - 1992, ibid.), Forensic physician. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof. (1965). In 1942 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. In 1942–47 he was in the army, in 1947–60 he was a postgraduate student, assistant of the court department. medicine 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that, in 1960–65 head. chair court. medicine of the Chelyabinsk honey. in-that, in 1965–92 head. chair court. medicine 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that. Main directions of scientific. research - court - honey. toxicology and court. - honey. examination of gunshot wounds. S. developed a technique for diagnosing poisoning. He paid special attention to the issues. court.-honey. research in case of poisoning with widespread phosphorus-organic. compounds, strychnine, drugs for anesthesia and certain hypnotics. He established the criteria for determining the period of death of an organism due to poisoning with metaphos, karbofos, chlorophos, tetraethyl lead, and other substances. Member boards of Vses., Vseros. and Leningrad. scientific. about-in court. Medikov, Cit .: Forensic medical examination of poisoning with anticholinesterase substances. M., 1968; Forensic medical examination of injuries by shots from a hunting rifle. L., 1971.
SNE (real fam. Roiznblat) Simkha-Itskhok (b. 1914, Pulawy Novoaleksandriysky u. Lublin province), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He served in Polish. army. Since 1939 - in the USSR. He worked as a miner in Donbass. In 1941 - at the front. Demobilized as having no owls. citizenship. Joined Polish. army of V. Anders, with a cut passed through Iran to E.-I. He joined the Jewish Brigade, fought in Italy. After demobilization - in Argentina. He actively participated in societies. and the cultural life of the Jewish community. He worked at IVO. Lit. S.'s activity began in Poland. He translated an excerpt from JG Byron's poem "The Prisoner of Chillon" into Polish. lang. Wrote Art. into gas. "Robotnik", "Zennik Ludovi", parodies, humorous. verse. in the journal. Hairpins. First verse. in Yiddish publ. in London. zhurn. "Doshn un lebn". Author of the book: "Oif fremde vegn" ("On foreign roads". London, 1946); "Navenad" ("In a wandering". Recollection of the 2nd World War. Buenos Aires, 1952); "Dos geshrai fun der nacht" ("Scream in the night". A play about the life of Jewish refugees from Poland in the USSR. Buenos Aires, 1957). Translated into Yiddish from Europe. languages.
SNEGOV (real family. Stein) Sergey Alexandrovich (Iosifovich) (1910, Odessa - 1994, Kaliningrad), writer. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Odessa University. In 1934–39 he worked at the Pyrometer plant in Leningrad. In 1939–57 - in Norilsk, mining and metallurgy. combine. Since 1958 - in Kaliningrad. Author of the book: "Twenty-four hours" (1956), "In the polar night" (1957), "Explosion" (1958), "The river paves the channel" (1960), etc. In all productions. depicted the life of the inhabitants of the Far North. Since 1960 he wrote in the genre of scientific. fiction and science-popul. Literature. Vol .: Prometheus Unchained. M., 1980; A language that hates. M., 1991; People and ghosts. Kaliningrad, 1993.
SNEGOV Alexey Vladimirovich (real name and surname. Joseph Izrailevich Falikzon) (1898, Vinnytsia - 1989, Moscow), party leader. Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. One of the hands. armed uprising against the Germans. occupiers in Vinnitsa (1918), military. the organizer is a Bolshevik. underground in Kiev, secretary. Vinnytsia city., Then Podolsk lips. underground to-tov CP (b) of Ukraine. After Grazhd. wars - to the desks. work in Poltava, Yekaterinoslav, Mariupol, in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine in Kharkov, later head. organizational department Zakavk. regional committee, secretary Irkutsk City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, then - to the party-household. work. Arrested in 1937, released in 1939, soon arrested again, in 1941 sentenced to 15 years in prison, released in 1954. In the end. 1950s - early. 1960s headed the Center. commission for the supervision of the Gulag in the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, was involved in the rehabilitation of victims of Stalinist terror, participated in the work of the 20-22nd congresses of the CPSU. After the displacement of N.S. Khrushchev - one of the active fighters against the revival of Stalinism. In 1966 he defended A.M. Nekrich when discussing his book. "1941, June 22" at the Institute of International Literature under the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1967 expelled from the party, reinstated at the request of gr. old Bolsheviks. He was under the supervision of the KGB, was harassed in the press, and was deprived of the opportunity to publish his historical-documentary research.
SNITKOVSKY Semyon (Solomon) Isaevich (1933, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), violinist, teacher. P.S. Stolyarsky's student. Graduated from the Odessa cons. by class violins by V.Z. Mordkovich (1956). In graduate school he studied under D.F. Oistrakh in Moscow. cons., in a cut he taught (from 1960 assistant to Oistrakh, from 1961 - teacher, from 1975 - assistant professor). Soloist of the Odessa (1953–56), Lvov (1956–57) Philharmonic Society, the Mosconcert (since 1958). 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. competition them. J. Enescu (1958, Bucharest), 2nd ave. To Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth of Belgium (196Z, Brussels). S. taught at the international. summer courses at cons. in France, Germany, Switzerland. Since 1975 prof. Higher. muses. schools them. F. Liszt in Budapest (continued to work at the Moscow cons.). S. dedicated Sonata for violin solo by A.S. Lehmann. The author of arrangements for violin with fp. suites from the ball. RK Shchedrin "The Little Humpbacked Horse" and two scenes from the ball. AI Kos-Anatolskiy "Dovbush's scarf". Honored. art. RSFSR (1975).
SOBEL Yakov-Zvi (James G. Sobel) (1831, Shavli, Coven Province - 1913, Chicago), poet, publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He was a private teacher in Kelmach. Since 1855 - in Kovno. He taught at a yeshiva. Under the influence of Haskala, he studied secular literature, mathematics, foreign. lang. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir. Studied for 3 years on mat. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa. Organized a paid library. After the pogrom in Odessa (1871) he left for the USA. He taught Hebrew. Wrote Art. in periodic. ed. Russia, Great Britain, USA. First book. verse. was published in Odessa in 1872. In 1877 the first book in the USA was published in New York. verse. in Hebrew. Main the theme of S.'s work during this period was the spiritual and material burdens of immigrants.
SOBELMAN Igor Ilyich (1927, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965), prof. (1968), ch. RAS (1991). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1952. In 1952–56 engineer, early. sector, art. scientific. sotr. TsNII-58, simultaneously from 1952–62 he taught at MIPT. From 1962 - at FIAN (senior scientific researcher, head of the sector, head of the laboratory, since 1992 director of the optics department). Main directions of scientific. activities - atomic physics and laser technology. The author of several. monographs. State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Introduction to the theory of atomic spectra. M., 1963; Cross sections for the excitation of atoms and ions by electrons. M., 1973 (co-authored with L.A. Vainshtein and E.A. Yumov); Excitation of atoms and broadening of spectral lines. M., 1979 (co-authored with Weinstein and Yumov).
SOBKIN Vladimir Samuilovich (b. 1948, Moscow), teacher. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1997), ch. RAO (1992). Graduated from the Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University (1972). Since 1974 sotr. Research Institute thin. education APN USSR, since 1988 Deputy. hands. VNIK "School" at the State. to-those on plank beds. formation of the USSR. In 1990 he organized and headed the ped laboratory. sociology Center ped. innovations of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Since 1991 hand. sociol. service and member. collegiums of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, counselor of min. education of the Russian Federation. Since 1992, Dir. Center for Sociology of Education, Russian Academy of Education. At the same time. since 1993 S. - Dean of Sociology and Pedagogy. Faculty of Jewish University in Moscow, works: Ros. education and transition. Stabilization and Development Program. M., 1991 (in co-authorship with E.D. Dneprov and B.S. Lazarev); The value orientations of the Jewish teenager. - Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow, 1995, No. 8.
SOBOLEV Alexander (Isaak) Vladimirovich (1915, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u.Volyn province - 1986, Moscow), poet. In the 1930s. - correspondent for decomp. gas. in Moscow. 1941–44 - at the front. In the 1950s - 70s. publ. poems in gas. "Trud", "Beep", "Evening Moscow" and others. The author of the song "Buchenwald alarm" (1958). In a number of productions. S. there is a Jewish theme. Cit .: Buchenwald alarm. M., 1996.
Sobolevsky Pavel Evseevich (born 1930, Kiev), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1965). Graduated from Kiev University (1952). In 1958–67 he worked in the Voronezh agricultural sector. in-those, since 1967 - in Voronezh University. Main research results. relate to functional analysis, differenti. ur-niyam with private. derivatives, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Integral operators in spaces of summable functions. M., 1966 (with P.P. Zabreiko, M.A. Krasnoselsky and E.I. Pustylnik).
SOBOL Andrey Mikhailovich (Israel Moiseevich) (1888, Saratov - 1926, Moscow), writer. From 1904 - in the rev. movement, chl. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1906 he was arrested and sentenced to hard labor in Siberia. In 1909 he escaped from prison, lived in dec. European countries. In 1915 he was illegal. returned to Russia. He began to write for the liberal and leftist periodicals. ed. under diff. aliases. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - Commissar Time. pr-va at the 12th army. After Oct. the revolution moved away from polit. activities. In 1923 he publicly renounced his "delusions" in an open letter, publ. into gas. "True". Mn. from semi-autobiogr. book S. dedicated life is watered. emigrants. Naib. rum is known. "Dust" (1915), the heroes of which are Jewish emigrants in Paris. S. saw Jews as strangers everywhere, even inside Russian. roar. movement, penetrated, according to S., anti-Semitism. In production "Accidentally" (1916), "Stories in Letters" (1916), "Break" (1923) also has a Jewish theme. In 1926–28 the Collection of Op. S. in 4 volumes.
SOBOL Mark Andreevich (1918, Petrograd - 1999, Moscow), poet, writer, playwright. Son of A.M. Sobol. Graduated from the Theater. workers' school in Moscow (1934), studied at dir. f-those of GITIS. In 1934–37 he was imprisoned. In 1937-41 - actor, dir. in t-ts of Veliky Ustyug, Samarkand, Kimr. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–49 - sotr. military. gas. In 1947, he was a participant of the 1st All-Union Union. meetings of young writers. Published in periodicals. ed. since 1942. Author of the book: "Poems" (1951), "Short nights" (1960), "Song of two trumpeters" (1967), "Funny, angry, sad ... Prose and poetry" (1974), " High bonfires "(1980)," Reminder. A book of poetry and prose "(1983)," From your interlocutor. Book of Memories "(1987)," Selected "(1989); the plays "Comrades of the Romance" (1956), "Unknown" (1958).
SOBOL Samuil Lvovich (1893, Odessa - 1960, Moscow), historian of biology. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1944). Graduated from natural sciences. dep. phys.-math. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1920), where until 1922 he worked as an assistant. Ed. Gosizdat (1922–24) and the Sov. encyclopedia ”(1925–38). In 1938 he organized and headed (until 1951) the cabinet of the history of microscopy at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1946 head. sector of the history of biol. Sciences (since 1955 senior researcher) Institute of the history of natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Sci. works of S. dedicated. ch. arr. history of evolution. teachings and microscopy, including the history of microscopy in Russia in the 18th century, as well as the life and work of scientists A.P. Bogdanov, D.I. Ivanovsky, N.A. Severtsov. Author entered Art. and comments. to the memoirs and diaries of Charles Darwin (1957). Ch.-c. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1956). Became. etc. (1950) Vol .: The world of parasites and the laws of life. Odessa, 1923; Essays on the history of microscopy. Frunze, 1944; The history of microscopy and microscopic research in Russia in the 18th century. M., 1949.
Cit .: Kozhevnikov and Moscow. school of neuropathologists. M., 1961; Modern theories of medicine. M., 1968.
SOFRONIN Semyon Borisovich (1900, Odessa - 1974, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General of Artillery (1945). In the Red Army - since 1919. Member of the Citizen. war. In 1935 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. 1941–45 - at the front: early. army artillery headquarters, fronts. In 1945–53 early. artillery headquarters South. gr. troops, GSVG, Volga VO. In 1954 he graduated from the Military. Academy of the General Staff. Since 1956 deputy. early Military. art. academy. From 1961 - retired. He was awarded 8 orders.
SOKHACHEVSKY Ichil-Meer ben Avrom (1889, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1958, London), poet, writer. Member of the Poalei Zion movement. Since 1913 - in Great Britain. He made his debut in poetry in Sat. "Yidisher Folks-Calendar" (Lvov, 1905). Published periodically. ed. poems, stories, art., novels. From 1951 he edited and compiled a weekly. "Di Yiddish Shtime". First Sat verse. and poems - "In calm zaitn" ("In quiet times". Lodz, 1913). Author of the book: "In shpigl" ("In the mirror. Pages from the diary". London, 1920); Leader (Poems, ibid., 1921); "In Shotn" ("In the Shadow. Poems and Poems". Warsaw, 1923); "In di ghetto-moern" ("At the gates of the ghetto". London, 1942); “Welt un mench” (“World and Man. Selected”, ibid., 1942).
SOKOL Moisey Borisovich (1904-1975, Minsk), actor, director. In the 1930s - 40s. actor and dir. BelGOSET. He staged performances "Tevye the Milkman" based on Sholem Aleichem (1938), where he played the main role, "Dos Kleine Mentschele" by V. Akselrod and E. Kagan based on pov. Mendel Moicher-Sforim (1941), where he played the role of Itsik-Avremla. Among other roles in this t-re: Kuningham ("People in white coats" by Ch. Kingsley, 1937), Pavel Grekov ("Pavel Grekov" by BI Voytekhov and L.S. Lencha, 1939), Gotsmakh (" The Witch "after A. Goldfaden, 1941), Gould (" Russian Question "by K. M. Simonov, 1947). Since 1950 the actor Gos. Russian dram. t-ra BSSR. Among the roles played here: Jester ("King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, 1953), Brighella ("The Venetian Twins" by K. Goldoni, 1961), Siply ("Optimistic Tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1962), Shprich (" Masquerade "M.Yu. Lermontov, 1966), Literacy Teacher (" Fool "Lope de Vega, 1969). Honored. art. BSSR (1939).
SOKOLIK Genrikh Abramovich (1929, Rostov-on-Don - 1982, Tel Aviv), physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1964). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Worked at Moscow State University (1956–57), Magn. lab. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958–62), All-Russian Research Institute of Electromechanics (1962–65), Research Institute of Introscopy (1965–67), All-Russian Research Institute of Optical Physics. measurements (1967–70), VNII fiz.-tekhn. and radiophysis. measurements. Since 1972 - in Israel. Main scientific. research - on physics of elementary particles, quantum field theory, axiomatics fiz. theory. Formulated algebraic. interpretation of the theory of gauge fields. He expressed the idea of ​​merging and considered it as a unified theory of interactions. Vol .: Group methods in the theory of elementary particles. M., 1965; Fiery ice. Jerusalem, 1984.
SOKOLINSKY Rudolf Moiseevich (1923, Moscow - 1952, Leningrad), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - from July 1941. Assistant. com. machine gun. platoon st. Sergeant S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Oder. In 1950 he graduated from Leningrad. shipbuilding. institute.
SOKOLNIKOV (real surname Brilliant) Grigory (Girsh) Yakovlevich (ps. Aleksandrovsky Boris) (1888, Romny, Poltava province - 1939, Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk region), political and statesman. Dr. econ. sciences. From 1903 - in the rev. movement, since 1905 - member. RSDLP. From 1906 student of Moscow. un-that. Participated in Dec. armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow. In 1907 he was arrested and sent to an "eternal settlement" in the Yenisei province. In 1909 he fled abroad and lived in Paris. In 1914 he graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Participant of Civil. war, part. Revolutionary Military Council of a number of armies. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (1920). In 1920, before. Turkburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), command. Turkestan fr. In 1922 the People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR, in 1923–26 - the USSR. In 1926-28, deputy. prev. State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1928 before. Oil syndicate. In 1923 he participated in the preparation of the den. reforms. He wrote numerous. Art., lectured at the Ministry of National Economy and the 1st Moscow State University. Ed. S. in 1927 came out "Finance. encyclopedia". In 1929–32, plenipotentiary envoy to Great Britain. In 1933–35 the first deputy. People's Commissar of Foreign. cases, in 1935-36 the first deputy. People's Commissar of the USSR Forestry Industry. In July 1936 he was arrested. S. publ. OK. 50 kn. and brochures dedicated. den. circulation, credit, budget, den. reform, finance. politics, etc. Cit .: Financial policy of the revolution. M., t.1, 1922, 1925; vol. 2, 1926; vol. 3, 1928; Monetary reform. M., 1925; Financial science (textbook in 2 books). M., 1930–31 (three ed.); New Financial Policy: Towards a Hard Currency. M., 1991.
SOKOLOV Alexander Lvovich (1927 - 1981, Sverdlovsk), director. In 1944 he entered the theater. studio at the Sverdlovsk drama. t-re. In 1947–52 he studied at dir. f-those GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky (Moscow). Upon graduation from the Institute he worked in the t-rs of Tula, Chelyabinsk, Lvov; among the best posts: "At the bottom" and "Enemies" by M. Gorky, "The Marriage of Belugin" by A. N. Ostrovsky and N. Ya. Solovyov, "Bath" by V.V. Mayakovsky. From 1960 - dir., From 1967 - ch. dir. Sverdlovsk drama. t-ra. Fast. performances: "The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy (1960), "The Fourth" by KM Simonov (1962), "Pygmalion" by B. Shaw, "Friends and Years" by L. G. Zorin (both - 1963), "Bourgeoisie" by Gorky (1966), "Traditional gathering" by VS Rozov (1967), "Bolsheviks" by MF Shatrov (1970), "Valentine and Valentina" by MM Roshchin, "The dawns here are quiet. .. "by BL Vasiliev," Mindaugas "by Y. Martsinkevichus (all - 1972) and others. Directing S. was distinguished by psychologism, severity, clarity of the stage. expressiveness. Many performances in post. S. were noted at all. and vseros. contests. From 1961 he was engaged in teaching. work in the Sverdlovsk theater. uch-shche. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
Sokolov Alexander Yakovlevich (1897, Derenkovets, Cherkassky district. Kiev province - 1991, Moscow), specialist in the field of technological equipment for the food industry. Brother of E.Ya. Sokolov. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1952), prof. (1952). Graduated from Kharkov Technol. Institute (1923). From 1924 he worked in the state. JSC "Melstroy" (engineer group, head of sector, chief designer). In 1933 he was sent to Germany, Great Britain, Denmark and France in order to study the organization of work on the manufacture of equipment for the production of food products. In 1935 he was sent to Iran. building of elevators and rice plants, equipped with owls. equipment. Then in the USA he studied the organization of work on the manufacture of equipment for the mill and elevator industry. Taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School (1933–38, head of the department), Moscow. flour-grinding institute (1934–41). In 1941–43 Ch. Ing. mortar. s-yes in Kurgan. In 1943–75 the head. department of food machines in Moscow. technol. in-those food industry, in 1975-91 prof. this department. Honored. a worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). Vol .: Mechanical equipment of grain elevators. M., 1934; Elevator equipment. M., 1941; Technological equipment for elevators, mills, cereals and feed mills. M., 1950; Press for food production. M., 1964.
Sokolov Boris Aleksandrovich (b. 1923, Kharkov), a specialist in the field of rocket and space technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1975), prof. (1994), acad. Academy of Cosmonautics (1994). Son of A.Ya.Sokolov, nephew of E.Ya.Sokolov. Graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute (1947). Since 1953 he has been working in OKB-1 (later NPO Energia, now RSC Energia), beginning. sector, since 1986 deputy. ch. constructor, deputy. gene. constructor. The author of works on jet space engines. Linen. pr. (1960). State pr. USSR (1984).
Sokolov Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1944, Ufa), actor. In 1961–64 he studied at the Kiev Institute of Theater. Isk-va, in 1965 graduated from GITIS im. A.V. Lunacharsky. Worked in the Baltic Fleet Company (1965), Rus. dram. t-re them. Vl. Mayakovsky in Dushanbe (1966–67), Riga t-re rus. dramas (1968–73). Among the roles of this period: Stepan Lukin ("The Barbarians" by M. Gorky, 1969), Baron ("At the Bottom" by Gorky), Isaac Belvedonsky ("Bathhouse" by V.V. Mayakovsky; both - 1970), Glumov ("On Every Wise Man rather simplicity "A. N. Ostrovsky, 1973) and others. Since 1973 - actor Leningrad. t-dv: T-ra im. Linen. the Komsomol (1973–76), where he played Trigorin ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov), Bagrov ("Transit" by L.G. Zorin), Lord Warwick ("Lark" by J. Anuy); Big drama. t-ra them. M. Gorky (1976–77); from 1977 - Dram. t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Among the roles of S.: Calin ("The Holy of Holies" by I.P. Druce, 1977), O'Crady ("The Diplomat" by S.I. Aleshin, 1980), Stalin ("Unfinished Portrait" after A.B. Chakovsky, 1986 ), Charles (The Murder of Gonzago by N. Yordanov, 1992) and others. Naib. means. works in films: violinist "Paganini" ("Declaration of Love", 1973), Alexander Raevsky ("Star of Captivating Happiness", 1975), Korotin ("Was there a Korotin?", 1990 and "Return of the Battleship", 1995) and Dr. Nar. art. RSFSR (1990).
SOKOLOV Efim Yakovlevich (1905, Gorodische of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. - 1999), specialist in the field of heating. Dr. tech. Sciences (1943), prof. (1945). Brother of A.Ya. Sokolov. In 1925 he graduated from the Kharkov Polytechnic. in-t. In 1930–37, deputy. early design department bureau of district heating Mosenergo (heating network). From 1932 he taught at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, in 1956–80 head. department of prom. heat and power. systems. At the same time. since 1937 head. lab. district heating (1943–78) in the Vses. teplotekhn. in-those. Participated in the development of the first district heating projects in the USSR, in the creation. structures of heating plants. installations. In 1941–45 he developed a centralization system. heat supply based on waste steam from forging shops (built in 1942 at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant). Participated in the creation. and the development of the T-100-130 turbine at the Ural turbine plant. Supervised the development and practical. introduction of the automatic system. regulation of the heating load of the heating system of Moscow. Linen. etc. (1966). Etc. CM USSR (1983). Works: Heating of Moscow. M., 1932; Construction of heating networks. M. - L., 1936; Operation of heating networks. M. - L., 1955; Heating and heating networks. 5th ed. 1982; Inkjet devices. 3rd ed. M., 1989 (co-authored with N.N. Zinger).
SOKOLOV Grigory Lipmanovich (b. 1950, Leningrad), pianist. Prof. (1986). Graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1973) according to cl. php. M.Ya. Khalfin and his postgraduate studies (1975). He has been giving concerts since the age of 15, participated in 1965 in Leningrad. festival "White Nights". Laureate of All-Russia. (1965, Moscow, 1st pr.) And Vses. (1965, Moscow, 2nd ave.) Contests and Intern. competition them. PI Tchaikovsky (1966, Moscow, 1st pr. And gold medal). Since 1975 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. cons. Tours different. countries. Nar. art. RSFSR (1988).
SOKOLOV Nakhum (1859, Vysherod of Plotskiy district and province - 1936, London), writer, publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first art. published in Hebrew weekly. "Ivry Anokhi" in 1874. In 1877 he published the textbook of geography by E.-I. Was printed in gas. "Romero Literatur Zeitung", "Algemeine Zeitung der Judentums", "Israelita", "Der Telegraph", "Ha-Tsefira", where he was a permanent collaborator. (since 1885, in fact, chief editor instead of Kh.-Z. Slonimsky), and other ed. From 1880 - in Warsaw. Wrote Art. in Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish, German lang. on natural sciences, history, literature, on current events in the life of the Jewish community. Speaking for the equality of Jews, S. had a reserved attitude towards the Hovevei-Zion movement. Criticized the book. D. Pinsker "Auto-emancipation". Published a textbook in English. lang. for Yiddish speakers. From 1885 he published an annual. "Ha-Asif" and "Sefer ha-Zikaron". After meeting T. Herzl and participating in the 1st Zionist Congress. (1897) became a supporter of polit. Zionism and made "Ha-Tsefira" gas. propagandizing Zionism. He published brochures and pamphlets in Yiddish, trying to explain the essence of Zionism and attract the Orthodox to the movement. circles. Translated into Hebrew by the book. Herzl "Aitneuland" ("Land of the Renaissance") under the name "Tel Aviv", which became the name of the new city in E.-I. Since 1906 - in the World. Zionist organization: gene. secretary, part. board, pres. (1931–35). During the 1st world. War worked in London on the drafting of the document that became the basis for the Balfour Declaration. In 1917, among other famous Jews, he influenced the positive decision of the pr-in Italy and France to support the Balfour Declaration. Head of the Committee of Jewish delegations to the Paris Peace. conferences and the League of Nations.
Sokolov Naum Adolfovich (1886 - 1951, Stalingrad), actor. He began his creative activity in 1903. In 1925–41 he worked in the cities of Baku, Tashkent, Voronezh, Stalingrad, etc., in 1946–51 in Stalingrad. In 1942–46 - in the Chelyabinsk drama. t-re them. S. Tsvillinga, where he played the roles of Vasin ("Russian people" by K. M. Simonov), Fayunin ("Invasion" by L. M. Leonov), Kutuzov ("Hope Durov" by A. S. Kochetkov and K. A. Lipskerov) , Chebutykin ("Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov), Lyubim Tortsova ("Poverty is not a vice" by A.N. Ostrovsky), staged the play "The Last Victim" by Ostrovsky. S. is an actor of broad creative mind. range, in the repertoire of which there were: Voinitsky ("Uncle Vanya" by A.P. Chekhov), Othello ("Othello" by W. Shakespeare), Wurm ("Treachery and Love" by F. Schiller), Oswald ("Ghosts" by G Ibsen), Uriel Acosta ("Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov), Shvandya ("Love Yarovaya" by K. Trenev), Berest ("Platon Krechet" by A.E. Korneichuk), Filka-anarchist ("Intervention" L I. Slavin). Throughout many. years and in different t-ral S. played the role of Fedya Protasov ("Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy), was one of its best performers in Russian. scene. S. starred in f. “A thought about the Cossack Golota”, “Desperate Head”, “Bogdan Khmelnitsky”, “My Love”. Honored. art. AzSSR.
Sokolov Vladimir Alexandrovich (1889, Moscow - 1962, Los Angeles, USA), theater and film actor. One of the leading artists of Moscow. Chamber t-ra, taught classes at school at t-re. Author insts. "Signor Formica" by E.-T.-A. Hoffman (1922). He played roles in the performances "Girofle-Girofle" by S. Lecoq, "The Man Who Was Thursday" by GK Chesterton, "The Thunderstorm" by AN Ostrovsky. In 1923–32 he worked on the stages of Berlin and Austrian t-dv. In 1933–37 - in France. Since 1937 - in the USA. Filmed in pl. f. in Germany, France, USA at dir. G. Pabst, J. Renoir, A. Litvak, K. Brown and others. Roles in the film: "Love of Jeanne Ney" (after the novel of the same name by IG Ehrenburg, dir. Pabst, 1927), "The ship of the dead People "(dir. F. Kortner, 1929)," No Man's Land "(dir. V. Trivos, 1930)," Atlantis "(Germany, 1932)," Don Quixote "(France, dir. Pabst, in ch. the role of FI Chaliapin), Napoleon (France, 1934), For Whom the Bell Tolls (after the novel of the same name by E. Hemingway, USA, 1943), The Magnificent Seven (USA, 1960).
Sokolovskiy Mark Abramovich (b. 1947, Chisinau), checker player. Master of Sports (1968). Two-way winner of the USSR championship in correspondence game of checkers in 1972–73 and 1976–77. Et al. book "The game of checkers by correspondence" (Kiev, 1988). Since 1995 - in the USA.
Sokolovskiy Semyon Grigorievich (Solomon Gershovich) (1922, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1996, Moscow), actor. In 1938 he entered the Kharkov Theater. uch-shche, in 1939 - in Moscow. mountains. theater. uch-shche (MSTU). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943–44 - in the T. Linen. Komsomol, where he played the roles of Anton ("Youth of the Fathers" by BL Gorbatov), ​​Camilo ("Valencian Widow" L. de Vega) and others; in 1944 - in Moscow. The satire was played by Pribylev ("Alien Child" by VV Shkvarkin). In 1952–56 - in the T. Mossovet. Naib. means. roles: in “Theft” by D. London (1954) and in “Lizzie McKay” by J. Sartre (Fred, 1955). Since 1956 - in Moscow. dram. t-re on Malaya Bronnaya. Main roles: Chris Keller (All My Sons, 1957), Eddie Carbone (View from the Bridge, 1959; both - A. Miller), Snegirev (The Man from the Song by M. A. Sobol, 1962), Tsyganov ("The Barbarians", 1976), Pechenegov ("Enemies", 1977; both - by M. Gorky), Cornelius Melody ("The Soul of a Poet" by Yu. O'Neill, 1977), Ryabinin ("A Man from the Side" by IM Dvoretsky, 1981), Solyony ("Three sisters" by A.P. Chekhov, 1982), Bagorych ("Whose are you, old fellow?" including: “The Great Warrior of Albania Skanderbeg” (Gamzo), “26 Baku Commissars” (Commissar Petrov), “An Emergency Order” (Boris Savinkov) and others, in TV / f and television plays. Nar. art. RSFSR (1973).
SOLIN Lev (ps., Real name and surname Solomon Lvovich Kaganovich) (1923, Kiev - 2008), composer, teacher. In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. A.B. Goldenweiser, in 1958 - State. music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins on cl. compositions by A.I. Khachaturian. Among the naib. Izv. op. - manuf. for orc .: 4 conc. plays (1956), suite Antony and Cleopatra (1979), Dram. poem "(1974–87)," Triumph of Paganini "(1987), Concerto for flute and strings. orc. (1997); manuf. for the chorus: "Songs about Stepan Razin" (three poems on poems by A.S. Pushkin, 1954), "Dance" (chor. picture on verses by M. Lapirov, 1958), "The native path" (on poems by A.A. Feta - for male choir, 1970); music for the performances of T. Evgeny Vakhtangov: "The Sixth Floor" by A. Gerry (1956), "City at Dawn" (1957), "Irkutsk History" (1959) by A.N. Arbuzov, "Dion" by L.G. Zorin, (1965), "The Man with the Gun" by N.F. Pogodin (1970), "Anthony and Cleopatra" by W. Shakespeare (1970), for the performances of the Small Theater: "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov (1963), "Optimistic Tragedy "Vs. V. Vishnevsky (1967), Center. t-ra dolls under the arms. SV Obraztsov: "Mister Twister" by S. Ya. Marshak (1961), "Mowgli" by R. Kipling (1980), T. Mayakovsky - "The Fruits of Enlightenment" by Leo Tolstoy (1986); to the television play "Blizzard" after Pushkin (1985), to the film: "Moscow - Genoa" (1964), "How many years, how many winters!" (1965), "Black Sun" (1970) and others. Author of the op-you "Ladies and Hussars", which went to pl. t-rakh USSR. Since 1948 he taught in music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons., in 1960–96 - at GITIS, at the Higher. dir. courses in the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin.
SOLTS Aron Aleksandrovich (1872, Solenki of Vilensky District and Gubernia - 1945, Moscow), politician. Studied at Petersburg. un-those on legal. f-those. Member RSDLP since 1898. Was engaged in transportation and distribution of illegal. lit-ry. Was repeatedly arrested, was in exile, and fled. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 MK RSDLP (b), member. ed. gas. Sotsial-Democrat, Pravda. In 1923–34, members. Pres. Central Control Commission of the RCP (b) - VKP (b). At the same time. since 1921 Top. court of the RSFSR, then Verkh. courts of the USSR. In 1934-38 Art. pom. Gene. Prosecutor of the USSR (A.Ya. Vyshinsky). Member Internats. Control Commission of the Comintern. He disagreed with Vyshinsky in his views on the methods of investigation and in protest in February. 1938 went on a hunger strike. For two months he was placed in a psychiatrist. hospital, after which he was dismissed from the Prosecutor's Office. He worked at the Museum of the Peoples of the USSR as an archivist.
SALTS Borukh (1903 - 1928, Minsk), journalist. Member of the Civil. war, led illegal. work in Poland. Convicted by a Polish court, sentenced to death, commuted to 13 years in prison. After 4 years in prisons in Grodno and Bialystok, he was exiled to the Sov. Union (1925). From 1926 ed. gas. Der Junger Arbeter in Minsk. Together with N. Weingoys, he compiled the book. "Yomim neuroim" ("Holidays". Minsk, 1926).
SOLODAR Avraham (1890, Stanislavchik of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. - 1936, Chicago, USA), writer. The first verses publ. in the weekly. "Ga-Olam" in 1910. From 1911 - in E.-I. He studied at the teacher's un-those in Jerusalem, taught. Edited weekly. for children "Olamot" (1922-23) and "Olam ha-eled" (1927-28). Since 1928 - in the USA. In 1934 he founded and edited the magazine until 1936. for children "Doreinu". In 1939 M. Ribolov was published. poetic. Sat. FROM.
SOLODAR Caesar Samoilovich (1909, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province. - 1992, Moscow), publicist, playwright. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. households (1930). 1941–45 military. corr. He wrote comedies ("Summer Day" (1950), "In the Lilac Garden" (1954), "Love, Director and Apartment" (1957), "A Day at a Restaurant" (1965), etc.), vaudeville, lyrics, essays, humorous. stories, poems. The author of the libretto for works. D.D. Kabalevsky: op. "On Fire" (1943), op-you "Spring sings" (1957). In the 1970s-80s. publ. pl. anti-Zionist books, brochures, articles, works: Grisha Tankin. M., 1942 (jointly with A.A. Surkov); Hypocrites. M., 1980; Lying. M., 1981; Calico ball. M., 1984; Wild wormwood. M., 1985; Collapse. M., 1987.
SOLODKINA Marina (b. 1952, Moscow), politician. Cand. econom. Sciences (1981). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1974. She taught at universities in Moscow. Since 1991 - in Israel. In 1991–94 scientific. sotr. Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Worked as a political columnist for radio stations REKA, Voice of Israel, Russian. dep. BBC. One of the founders of the party "Israel Ba-Aliya", hands. pre-election analytic. party headquarters. Dep. Knesset since 1996.
SOLODUKHO Yudel Orelevich (1877, Oshmyany, Vilna province - 1963, Leningrad), orientalist historian, Hebraist, Arabist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1938). He graduated as an external teacher in Riga (1907). Until 1924 he taught at various. uch. institutions, in 1924–32 sotr. Local Bureau of the Scientific Section workers of the Union of Education Workers of the USSR. In 1932-50 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 100 scientific. works on other history of Iraq and Syria, on history and social-economic. the structure of the Jewish communities of these countries. Vol .: Mazdak Movement and the uprising of the Jewish population of Iraq in the first half of the 6th century. n. e. - Bulletin of ancient history, 1940, No. 3-4; The importance of Jewish sources of the early Middle Ages for the history of Bl. East. - In the book: Sov. oriental studies: no. 2. M. - L., 1941; Social-economic structure of the Jewish Society of Iraq and Syria in the 2-5 centuries. AD - Scientific notes of LSU, No. 78. Ser. ist. Sciences, no. 9, 1941; Persian administrative-legal, social-economic. and cultural and everyday vocabulary in Jewish-Iraqi litas. monuments of the Sassanian period. - In the book: Ancient world. M., 1962.
SOLOMON Berta (1892, Minsk - 1969), lawyer, politician. Received legal. education. She worked in Johannesburg, was the second woman in the South. Africa, admitted to the bar. In 1933 she was elected to the Transvaal Provincial. to-t, in 1938–58 a delegate of the Union Parliament from the United Party. Took part in the campaign for women to vote (1930). S. - a prominent figure Nat. wives to-that; during the 2nd world. war founder of the auxiliary military-vozd. wives battalion. The autobiography Remembering the Past was published in 1968.
SOLOMON Elias L. (1879, Vilna - 1956, New York), rabbi. In 1881–88 - in Great Britain, Cyprus, in E.-I. Since 1888 - in the USA. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi in the Jewish theologian. seminaries. He led a Hebrew-teaching school in Paterson, New Jersey, then served as a rabbi in the Bronx (1907–18), Manhattan (1918–21) and as rabbi Vost. parts of New York (1921–56). One of the founders of the Association of Conservative Synagogues of America, in 1918–24 his president. In 1924–56 he was. the president.
SOLOMONIAK-BLUVSHTEIN Sheindl-Sura Leibovna (1846, Powonzki, Warsaw province - 1891, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky), an adventurer, a representative of the criminal world. From the end. 1850s was engaged in theft and fraud. Since 1870, under the nickname "Sonya-Golden Handle", she has been committing crimes in various. cities of Russia, Center. and Zap. Europe. Created and led a gang of thieves. Multiple was under arrest. In 1888–91 he was in hard labor. S. - the heroine of several. f., filmed in decomp. countries.
Ella Isaakovna SOLOMONIK (1917, Yekaterinburg - 2005), historian, archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1968), prof. Since 1948 scientific. sotr. dep. archeology of the Crimean branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in tech. pl. years headed the epigraph. dep. Chersonese exp. Author approx. 130 scientific. works on the archeology of Crimea (including priority studies on epigraphy). S. - member. Council of the United Jewish Community of Crimea, participates in the work of the local Ob-va of protection of monuments and the Ob-va of regional studies. The author of Art. “The oldest Jewish communities in the Crimea” (“Sovetish gameland”, 1990, No. 10); “A new find in the Crimea of ​​a slab with the image of a menorah” (“Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow”, 1994, No. 2); "The oldest Jewish settlements and communities in the Crimea" (collection "Jews of Crimea", 1997). S. - comp. Sat. “Jews of Crimea” (Simferopol – Jerusalem, 1997). - in Israel. Cit .: Xenophon, Cyrus the Younger and Lysander as predecessors of Hellenism. L., 1948; Excavations of Scythian Naples - the capital of the Scythian state in the Crimea. Simferopol, 1950; Sarmatian signs North. Black Sea region. Kiev, 1959; New epigraphic monuments of Chersonesos. Kiev, 1964; Stone chronicle of Chersonesos. Simferopol, 1990.
SOLOMONOV Avrom (1778, Minsk -?), Public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. 1800s translator from Yiddish to Russian. and Polish. lang., in 1802–08 as a clerk in court in Minsk, in 1814–20 as burgomaster in the same place. Sec. and an interpreter for the “deputies of the Jewish people” in St. Petersburg. In the 1820s and 30s. studied law in St. Petersburg. practice. The author of the treatise The Thoughts of the Israelite written in the spirit of "enlightenment" (Vilna, 1846).
SOLONOVICH Evgeny Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Simferopol), poet, translator. Graduated from the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1956). He began to publish in 1956. Translated manuf. ital. poets Dante, F. Petrarch, S. Quasimodo, E. Montale and others. ital. Nat. acad. dei Lincei (1966) - for the lane. poems by Dante, etc. to them. S. Quasimodo - for the lane. most of the poems of the anthology “Italian Lyrics. 20th century".
SOLOVEY Elena Yakovlevna (b. 1947, Moscow), actress. In 1970 she graduated from VGIK (workshop of B.A. Babochkin). Filmed in f. "Slave of Love" (Olga Voznesenskaya, 1975), "Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano" (Sofya Petrovna, 1977), "A Few Days in the Life of II Oblomov" (Olga Ilyinskaya, 1980) and others. f and television plays ("Open Book", "Late Flowers", "The Life of Klim Samgin", "On the Eve", etc.). In 1983–91 - at the T. Lensovet: Maya Aleinikova (“The Winner” by A. N. Arbuzov, 1983), Nora Marsh (“The Promised Land” by S. Moem, 1984), Masha (“I am a woman” by V. I. Merezhko, 1986). Since 1992 - in the USA. In 1993 she played in Russian. muses. t-re on Broadway the role of Nehama ("Moldavian, Moldavian" by A.B. Zhurbin, based on the play "Sunset" by I.E.Babel). Silver. Oxford Prize (1980), etc. for the best performance of wives. roles in the movie "Blood Group 0" (MKF in Cannes, 1981). Nar. art. RSFSR (1990).
Nightingale Nochem (1916 - 1941), writer. He graduated from the Jewish department of the journalist. technical school in Kharkov. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. in Ukraine. Participated in the compilation of anthologies for the 2nd grade. Jewish schools "Arbet un shaf", "Oifboy". First book. "Pioneer Broyz" ("Pioneer Ebullient") was published in 1933 in Kiev. In 1940 came out Sat. short stories "Amol from Geven" in 3 hours: "Amol from Geven" ("It was so") - from pre-revolutionary life, "Di von Goth Geflatert" ("The banner was blowing") - about the roar. events, "Oyf eigener erd" ("In the native land") - about life in the Jewish colonies in the USSR. Killed at the front.
SOLOVEYCHIK (Solieli) Max (Mordechai) (1883, Kovna - 1957, Israel), public and political figure, historian. An active member of the Zionist movement, one of the creators of magazines. "Jewish Life" (1904–07, Petersburg). Author of works: "Foundations of the history of culture of biblical times" (St. Petersburg, 1912, in Yiddish - 1923), "East. Atlas of Palestine "(St. Petersburg, 1913)," Basic problems of Bible study "(St. Petersburg, 1913, in Hebrew - Odessa, 1914). In 1918–22 in Lithuania, dep. Lithuanian Sejm, in 1919-22 sec. on Jewish Affairs of the Cabinet of Ministers of Lithuania. Participant of the 12th and 13th World Zionist Congr., 1922–23 members. Of the Executive Committee of the World. the Zionist organization. In 1923–33 - in Germany, participated in the preparation of the "Encyclopedia of Judaica" and "Judishes Lexicon". From 1933 - in E.-I., until 1941 headed the branch of the Anglo-Palestinian Bank in Haifa, actively participated in societies. life of the city, in 1944–48 he headed the department. education in higher. the body of Jewish self-government in E.-I. After the creation of the State of Israel - dir. broadcasting service "Voice of Israel", then before. her societies. to-that. Among the works of S. - the monograph "The World of the Bible" (in Hebrew - Berlin, 1925, in German - Berlin, 1926, in English - London, 1927), as well as "The Bible Dictionary" (in Hebrew, 1965 ).
SOLOVEYCHIK Emmanuel (?, Rossiens, Kovno province - 1875, St. Petersburg), doctor, public figure. In the 1850s. military. doctor in Kronstadt. From the end. 1850s - in Odessa. He was engaged in medical practice and published in gas. "Dawn". In 1861–62, editor (with N.O.Bernstein and L.S.Pinsker) zhurn. "Zion". mountains. councils of Odessa.
Soloveychik Ilya Evseevich (1921, Yartsevo, Smolensk province - 1996, Petersburg), radio engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1954). In 1944 he graduated from the Military. communication academy. In 1944–45 - at the front. In 1946–56 he worked in the Military. NII-1. From 1956 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Radio Equipment. In 1969–96 at Leningrad State University branch research institute of communication - Ch. designer of information processing and display systems. Under the arm. S. developed means of displaying information for air control systems. motion, two generations of information processing and display systems for the Space Control Center. flights, display facilities ELIT-1, AGAT-2000, multiprocessor TV. display complex MCC, information. the DISK dialogue system is the first device of this class in the USSR. Author of over 160 scientific. works and inventions, including the co-author of the first monograph in the USSR on indicator instruments and their application.
SOLOVEYCHIK Itskhok-Zeev (1886, Volozhin, Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province - 1959, Jerusalem), rabbi. Son of H. Soloveichik. Studied with his father. In 1918 he replaced him as rabbi of Brest-Litovsk. From 1941 - in E.-I., founded a yeshiva in Jerusalem. Refused officer. appointments and participation in societies. life, read lectures, to-rye were recorded and distributed by his students.
Soloveychik Chaim (known as Chaim Brisker) (1853, Volozhin, Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province - 1918, Otwock, Poland), rabbi. Son of J.-B. Soloveichik. From 1880 - St. yeshivas price Volozhin | In 1892, after the death of his father, he was rabbi of Brest-Litovsk. S. is known as the founder of a new direction in research. Talmud.
SOLOVEYCHIK Mikhail Albertovich (1870 -1916), banker. State Councillor. In 1900–15, the managing director of Sib. Trade Bank (board since 1899 - in St. Petersburg). By 1917, the bank became the seventh largest bank of Russia controlled by capital with 57 branches, mainly. in the Urals and Siberia. S. - founder of the Mongolian Bank, before. management board about-va Mitaevskikh metallich. z-dov "Kramer L. and Sons", founder and director. management board about-va Ankerman and Troitskaya railways d., chl. stock department council. Petersburg Stock Exchange.
SOLOVEYCHIK Moishe (1879, Volozhin of Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province - 1941, New York), rabbi. Son of H. Soloveichik. Studied in Volozhin and Brest-Litovsk. In 1910–13, a rabbi in Rossien created a yeshiva there. In 1913–21 he was a rabbi in Khislavichi. In 1921-29 - in Poland, he taught at the Tahkamoni yeshiva in Warsaw. Since 1929 - in the USA, headed the yeshiva at Yeshiva University.
SOLOVEYCHIK Raphael (?, Grodna -?), A member of the revolutionary movement. In 1884 he entered the Berlin Technol. in-t, in 1885 transferred to the Zurich Polytechnic. in-t. In Switzerland, he entered the circle of Russian. roar. emigration, met G.V. Plekhanov, P.B.Akselrod and others. Since 1887, member. "Union of socialist. lit. fund ”associated with a Marxist. gr. "Emancipation of labor", in charge of the delivery of the roar literature to Russia, one of the initiators of the creation of "Foreign-Rus. Union of Social-Democrats " (1888). In oct. 1888 S. returned to Grodna, tried to organize the delivery and distribution of ed. gr. Emancipation of Labor. In the beginning. Arrested in 1889, a psychotic fell ill in prison. disorder. Committed suicide.
SOLOVEYCHIK Simon Lvovich (1930, Simferopol - 1996, Moscow), publicist, teacher. After graduating from Moscow State University (1953) he worked as a pioneer leader, teacher in schools in Moscow, corr. zhurn. "Pioneer". In the 1960s. into gas. "Coms. Truth "founded the heading" Scarlet Sail ", where publ. Art. on questions humanism and morality. The author of the book. about children and for children: "A book about you" (1963), "Wet in the rain" (1968), "Otchayuha" (1969), "Teaching with enthusiasm" (1978). A play has been staged based on S.'s story "Sad Monogamous", and an 8-episode TV movie has been filmed based on the story "The Seven Winds". All R. 1980s., Working in the "Uchitelskaya Gazeta", S. initiated a new scientific and practical. ped. movement - the so-called. pedagogy of cooperation, within the framework of a cut education was considered not as an impact on a child, but as a dialogue between a teacher and a student. In 1992 S. founded and headed the gas. "September 1st", carrying out on its pages humanistic propaganda. pedagogical Ideas, Cit .: An hour of apprenticeship. M., 1970; Education of creativity. M., 1978; Children's "I" reserves. M., 1983; Eternal joy. M., 1986.
SOLOVEYCHIK Yosef-Ber (1820, Nesvizh Slutsk district. Minsk province - 1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province.), Rabbi. Rod. in the family of Rabbi Kovna Yitzhok-Zeev S. In the 1840s. led a yeshiva in Minsk. From 1849 - in Volozhin, where joint. with N.-Ts. -I.Berlin headed the local yeshiva. Differences in approaches to the study of the Talmud caused a split between them. In 1865–75, the rabbi of Slutsk. In 1876–78 he was a rabbi in Warsaw. Since 1878, the rabbi of Brest-Litovsk. In the 1880s. joined the Palestinian movement. In 1889 he founded the Society to assist the Jewish colonization of E.-I. In 1889 he took part in St. Petersburg in the work of the congress of rabbis and societies. figures. Author of comments on the Talmud and the Pentateuch, responsov. Son - Simcha (? - 1921), rabbi of Mogilev in 1911–21.
SOLOVEYCHIK Yosef-Dov-Ber (1903, Pruzhany, Grodno province. - 1993, Boston, USA), rabbi. Son of M. Soloveichik. Doctor of Philosophy (1931). Studied at Berlin University. He specialized in the region. philosophy of neo-Kantianism. The topic of S.'s dissertation is G. Cohen's epistemology and metaphysics. Since 1932 - in the USA. In 1932–41, the rabbi of Boston. In 1941 he became the head of the theological. seminary at Yeshiva University. From 1952 before. commission on issues. Halachi at the United Rabbis of America. Since 1946, hon. prez. Union of Religions. Zionists of America. One of the leaders of the americas. orthodox. Jewry. The author of a number of philosophies. works. Cit .: The voice of the beloved calls ... Jerusalem, 1988; Covenant community. Jerusalem, 1989; Catarchis. Jerusalem, 1991; About repentance. Jerusalem, 1993 Brother S. - Aharon (b. 1918), rabbi. Rev. Jewish Philosophy at Yeshiva University.
SOMINSKY Monus Samuilovich (b. 1908, Kronstadt, Petersburg Gubernia), physicist. Prof. In 1936 he graduated from physical and mechanical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. In 1939–47 - in Leningrad. physical-technol. in-those, in 1947-53 Art. scientific. sotr. the same in-that. Since 1953 - in Lab. semiconductors at hand. A.F. Ioffe, since 1954 deputy. dir. Research Institute of Semiconductors, created. based on Lab. In the 1970s. - a member of the Jewish nat. movement. Since 1980 - in Israel. S. - creator (1985) and Ch. ed. ser. biogr. book "Jews in World Culture". Among the book. S. - popular science. ed. on physics, biogr. Ioffe, research. on the history of anti-Semitism.
SOMINSKY Zinovy ​​Samoilovich (b. 1917, Petrograd), architect. Graduated from Moscow. in-t Ing. communal building (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. Main works: ski resort "Dombay" (1964), the hotel complex "Russia" in Moscow (1968), the House of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (White House) in Moscow (1978). Participated in competitions for the project of a sanatorium for the south. districts of Russia - 1st Ave. (1963), Builds. exhibitions in Moscow - 2nd avenue (1964), a monument to the first arts. satellite of the Earth (1968), Mor. railway station in Leningrad - 3rd avenue (1973).
SOMOV Yuri Solomonovich (1918, Gadyach, Poltava province - 2004), architect, designer. Cand. lawsuit. In 1946 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1949–55 - early. dep. folk interiors of the Construction Department of the Palace of Soviets, then - architect. in Mosproekt and other design. org. One of the founders of the Union of Designers of the USSR (1987). Laureate of pl. contests. Author of 20 books. and many others Art. on questions theory of architecture and design. Main works in Moscow: the assembly hall of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills (1952), the USSR pavilion at the Int. exhibition in Casablanca (et al., 1960), residential areas on the Varshavskoe highway (1970s) Works: Artistic design of industrial products. M., 1967; Man and things. M., 1971; Composition in technique. M., 1972.
SONDEKIS Saulius (b. 1928, Siauliai, Lithuania), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1977). In 1952 he graduated from the Lithuanian cons. by class violin with A. Livontas, in 1960 - graduate school in Moscow. cons. In 1952–55 he taught at the Vilnius Music Museum. uch-shche them. J. Tallat-Kelpshi, since 1955 - at the Vilnius School of Arts named after M.-K. Čiurlionis, where in 1955–86 he directed the strings. orc., received in 1976 evil. medal for the International the competition "H. von Karajan Foundation" (West Berlin). From 1957 - in the Lithuanian cons., In 1959–87 head. department. Since 1960, founder, thin. hands. and conductor of the Lithuanian Chamber Orc. He also worked in Kaunas muses. t-re. The initiator of the ser. concerts in Vilnius, Trakai, Palanga, participant of the rep. Song Holidays. Member jury dec. rep., allied and international. contests, including the "H. von Karajan Foundation", them. E. Anserme (1984, Switzerland), PI Tchaikovsky (1986, Moscow) and others. Author of transcriptions for chamber orc., Musicologist. articles. Nar. art. USSR (1980). State pr. Lithuanian SSR (1971). State pr. USSR (1987).
SONIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1910 - 1984, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1960), prof. (1965). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1934). In 1934–49 he worked at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, from 1950 at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1941–45 - at the front. The author of works on the preparation and use of slaves. strength, econ. aspects of demographic. Situation in the USSR, Cit .: Reproduction of Labor in the USSR. M., 1959; Actual problems of using the slave. strength. M., 1965; Population development: econ. aspect. M., 1980; An elderly person in the family and society. M., 1984.
SONKIN (real family member Zonkind) Stanislav Maksimovich (1853 - 1940, Leningrad), musical figure. Studied under F. Lamperti in Milan. In 1876–84 he sang on the stages of opera ts in Italy, Great Britain, and the USA. In 1885 he opened singing courses in Milan. Since 1888 - in Russia. Gave lectures in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov. In 1908 joint. with N.F.Findeyzen he created the Society of Friends of Music and directed his vocal. section. In 1911 he organized and headed the Vok. about-in, in 1925 - scientific-wok. section at Center. house of claims (Leningrad). Author of works on vocal pedagogy, Vol .: Theory of voice training in connection with the physiology of organs that reproduce sound. M., 1885 (8th ed. L., 1925).
SONTS Ada Efimovna (1897, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1968, Dnepropetrovsk), actress. In 1919–24 she studied at the theater. studios "Kultur-League" in Kiev and Moscow. In 1925–34 she worked in the GOSET of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov, in 1934–35 - in Kiev, in 1944–50 - in Chernivtsi. In 1936–37 and after the closure of Jewish t-ditch (1950) until 1960 - in Dnepropetrovsk Rus. dram. t-re. Among the roles: Mirele Efros (“Mirele Efros” by Ya.M. Gordin), Esther (“Purimshpil” by E.B. Loiter, 1925), Zharova (“Border” by D.R. Bergelson, 1934), Noemi ( Ghetto "by PD Markish, 1947), Vassa (" Vassa Zheleznova "by M. Gorky), Portia (" The Merchant of Venice "by W. Shakespeare, both - 1950), Gold (" Tevye the Milkman "after Sholem Aleichem, 1964 ) and others. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1945).
SONTS Leonid Davidovich (b. 1945, Andijan, UzSSR), violinist. Grandson of Zhytomyr klezmer A.-I. Shtekelis. In 1972 he graduated from the Kazan Cons. by class violins. He was the accompanist of gr. the first violins of the Kazan symphony. orc. Since 1989 S. - one of the organizers of the Kazan Jewish Cultural Center "Menorah", art. hands. klezmer ans. "Simkha", which performed in Moscow, Odessa, Samara, Orenburg and many others. other cities of Russia. "Simcha" at hand. S. participated in festivals of Jewish art in Vilnius, Birobidzhan, Orenburg. Based on this ans. created by children. and a youth wok. ans. Firel and Lechaim. Honored. art. Republic of Tatarstan (1993).
SOPROVSKY Alexander Alexandrovich (1953-1990, Moscow), poet. He studied at the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, expelled from the 5th year for "dissent". He worked in a boiler room, in an exp., As a church watchman. One of the founders (1973) lit. gr. "Mosk. time "(with S.M. Gandlevsky and A. Tsvetkov). From the 2nd floor. 1970s was published in the zarub. ed., the first publications in Russia appeared only posthumously. One of the largest representatives of traditionalism in Russian. poetic. underground. Lyrics S. is distinguished by the restraint of expressing strong and genuine feelings, imbued with ideas of love and acceptance of the world despite the tragedy of circumstances. Cit .: The Poet's Right. M., 1997.
SORIN Grigory Mikhailovich (Minaevich) (1894, Rzhev, Tver province - 1973, Baku), actor. In 1913 he graduated from the theater. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. He worked in the department of KN Nezlobin (1913–23), the department of them. Meyerhold (1923–27), Moscow. t-re of satire (1927-31), t-t of Odessa (1931-36). Arrested in 1937. After his release (1940) actor, dir. and artist. hands. Magadan Variety Theater, in 1941–42 an actor of the Magadan Music and Drama Theater. t-ra them. M. Gorky, in 1942–46 he worked in the t-ts of Kalinin, Gorky. In 1946–73 the actor Azerb. state Russian dram. t-ra them. S. Vurgun. Performed by Ch. arr. characteristic and comedic roles: Perchikhin ("Bourgeois" by M. Gorky, 1947), Robinson ("Bride of the Bride" by A. Ostrovsky, 1955), Watchmaker ("Kremlin Chimes" by N. F. Pogodin, 1958), Malvolio ("The Twelfth night "by W. Shakespeare), Waffle (" Uncle Vanya "by AP Chekhov, 1969) and others. An amateur pigeon-breeder, he bred new breeds -" dove of peace ", etc. "English careers". Nar. art. AzSSR (1961).
SORIN Savely Abramovich (Zavel Izrailevich) (1878, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1953, New York), painter. In 1896–99 he studied at the Odessa Art. school with K.K. Kostandi, since 1899 - in the Academy of Arts under I.I. Tvorozhnikov, V.E. Savinsky, I.E. Repin. In 1907 he received the title of artist for the painting "Inspirational Moment". In 1900–10 he painted portraits of F.I.Shalyapin, A.M. Gorky (1902, one of the first portraits of the writer), A.S. Lurie, A.A. Akhmatova, T.P. Karsavina, pr. S.M. Volkonsky, book. O.K. Orlova, Baroness Yu.T. Steingel and others. Participated in the Intern. exhibition in Rome (1911), exhibitions "World of Art" (St. Petersburg – Moscow, 1913, Petrograd, 1915, 1917), New. Society of Artists (Petrograd, 1917). Since 1920 - in France. In the 1920s – 1930s. executed portraits of E. Duse, L. Gish, N.N. Evreinov, J. Balanchine, N.A. Teffi, L. Shestov and others. Portrait of Anna Pavlova (1922) acquired by the Luxembourg Museum. S. painted portraits of Europ. nobility, chl. Brit. royal family. Exhibited at the Autumn Salon (1922, 1923), Tuileries (1926-30), participated in the exhibition of works. Russian thin in gal. Densi (1921) and the World of Art exhibition in Gal. Bernheim (1927); solo exhibitions were held in Paris, London, New York, Washington, Pittsburgh, Chicago. According to the will of S. owls. museums received 20 works, including portraits of N. Kovanko (1923), M.M. Fokin (1926), A.S. Sorina, F.I.Shalyapin (both - 1943), D.F. Shalyapina ("Woman with an accordion", 1945), A. Benois (1946). In 1974 exhibitions of these works were held in Moscow and Leningrad.
SORIN Semyon Grigorievich (b. 1921, Rzhev, Tver province), poet, translator. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1951 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. The first verses publ. into gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets "in 1947. Published in" Lit. gas ", gas. "Sov. Russia ”,“ Evening Moscow ”, journal. "Youth", "Border Guard" and others. 1st Sat. poems "I Sing Love and Hate" was published by "Sov. writer "in 1957. Then came the collection:" Difficult exam "(1963)," Who is faster "(1965)," A nail in the podium "(1967)," Close distance "(1977)," Field of honor "(1987 ), "Testament" (1995). Translator (since 1951) from Armenian, Azerb., Dargin, Balkar and other languages. in Russian lang. Translated from Yiddish by S.3.Galkin ("Farsightedness"), A.Yu. Gontar ("Silver Threads"), Kh.I. Maltinsky ("Strawberries in the Palm"), D.G. Khaikina ("Loyalty"), I.B. Borisov ("Good Hour"), G.Ya.Diamant ("Truthful Song"), M.M. Grubian ("The Boat and the Current"), M.E. Mogilevich ("When the Grasses Sing") and Dr. S. - one of the authors dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Victory Sat. "I remember". (Memories of Jews - Veterans of the Great Patriotic War), 1994.
SORKIN Joseph Nikolaevich (? - 1886, Vilna), writer. Author of the work on blood libel "A ray of light in a dark question" (1884). In the same year he translated into Russian. lang. book I.-B. Levinzon "Ephesus Damim". In 1882 he addressed I.S. Turgenev and L.N. Tolstoy with an appeal to condemn the pogroms. S.'s letter aroused Tolstoy's interest in the Hebrew language, to-ry he began to study with S. Minor.
SORKINA Elena Viktorovna (b. 1945, Minsk), checker player. Master of Sports (1966). Two-way USSR champion in Russian checkers (1973, 1975). Silver. (1978, 1979) and bronzes. medalist (1974) of the USSR championships in Russian. checkers. Since 1991 - in Israel. Israeli champion in 100-cell drafts among women (1995).
Sorochkin Zalman (1881, Zakharino of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. - 1966, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the local rabbi Bentsion S. (1843 -?). He studied at the yeshivas of Slobodka and Volozhin. In 1911-14, the rabbi in Voronov Lida district. Vilna lips. In 1914-18 - in Minsk. In 1919–39, the rabbi of Lutsk. One of the leaders of Agudat Israel in Poland. Since 1940 - in E.-I. S. - the creator and hands. Vaad ha-yeshivot - associations of yeshivas in Israel. Vice-pre. The Council of Wise Men of the Torah is the governing body of the Agudat Yisrael party. The head of the school network was Agudat Israel. Author of comments on the Pentateuch and responsa.
SOROKER Yakov Lvovich (1920, Balti, Romania - 1995, Jerusalem), violinist, musicologist. He studied violin with his father, a klezmer, in 1929–32 - at the school of cantors in Paris, later - in Chisinau and Moscow. cons. (graduated in 1948 with class D.F. Oistrakh). He taught (at the Chisinau music school and music school) and studied in absentia in graduate school at Moscow. cons., where he defended the candidate. diss. In 1955–62, Assoc. Alma-Ata cons., In 1962–76 head. department and muses. hands. chamber orc. muses. Faculty of Drohobych Ped. in-that. Since 1976 - in Israel. He gave concerts, in 1977–87 he played at the Jerusalem Symphony. orc. radio and television. The author of the book. about the works of SS Prokofiev, J. Szigeti, Oistrakh, BE Goldstein, as well as the dictionary “Russian Jewish musicians” (vols. 1–2, 1992), etc. Collaborated in the Brief Jewish Encyclopedia and the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia ...
SOROKO Lev Markovich (b. 1923, Yegoryevsk, Moscow province), physicist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1959). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943 he was sent to study at Moscow. fur. Institute of ammunition. Since 1949 scientific. sotr. Lab. nuclear problems (since 1956 as part of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna). Sci. works on nuclear physics, pi-meson formation processes, pulsed electronics, cryogenics, systems for controlling the polarization and depolarization of a particle beam during acceleration, holography, Hilbert optics, solving inverse problems by the method of maximum entropy, microscopes for research. photonuclear emulsions, optical tomography, diffraction-free beams of light, meso-optics. The author of St. 200 scientific. publ., 10 monographs. Became. (1953). Works: Fundamentals of Holography and Coherent Optics. M., 1971; Hilbert Optics. M., 1981; Introscopy based on nuclear magnetic resonance. M., 1986.
SOSIS Isroel (1878, Balta, Podolsk province - 1967, Moscow), historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1899-1904 in Bern and Paris he studied philosophy, political economy, sociology. Since 1902, members Bund. In 1904 he returned to Russia. During the 1st world. war edited by ed. EKOPO in rus. lang., was published in "New Sunrise", weekly. "Wilner voh" and other ed. In 1917 he edited the ed. Bund "Jewish worker". In 1920 he joined the left wing of the Bund. Gas edited. Evsection in Petrograd "Der Yidischer Arbeter", collaborated in gas. Der Emes in Moscow. In 1921–23 he was in charge of the Jewish department. at the Commissariat for Nationalities in Petrograd. In 1924, Ist. section of the Jewish branch of INBELKULT, was a member of the editorial board of the collection "Zeitshrift". In 1930-36 he worked at Ying-those Jewish span. culture in Kiev. In the end. 1930s repressed. In 1946, member. East EAK commissions. In the collection of "Zeitshrift", "Jewish antiquity" publ. works: “On the history of Jewish societies. currents in Russia "," To the history of the Jewish socio-economic. and cultural life "," To the social history of Jews in Belarus "," Jewish diet in Lithuania "," Jewish craftsmen "and others. Published the book. “Socio-economic. the position grew. Jews in the first half of the nineteenth century. " (Pg. 1919), “History of Jewish Societies. currents in Russia in the nineteenth century. " (Minsk, 1929). Edited by ed. Institute of Jewish culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Jewish section of the Belarusian state. un-that. In the end. 1960s worked on "The History of the Jewish People in Russia" (unpublished).
SOSKIN Marat Samuilovich (b. 1929, Kiev), physicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1988). Graduated from the Kiev state. un-t (1952). Since 1959 - at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Sci. tr. on quantum electronics, coherent optics, holography, exciton laser spectroscopy of solids. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1974). State pr. USSR (1982).
SOSKIN Zelig-Evgeny (1873, Cherubash, Tauride province - 1959, Haifa, Israel), agronomist. Doctor of Agronomy (1896). He studied in Berlin and at Rostov University. From 1896 - in E.-I. In 1903, members. Commission of the Zionist Organization to survey the settlement plan of El-Arish in Sinai. In 1906-18, adviser on issues. from. x-va in the African colonies of Germany. In 1918–23 the head of the settler. dep. Jewish nat. fund. Member Revisionist guides. org-tion, sotr. zhurn. Dawn (Berlin – Paris). In 1934 one of the founders of Nahariya, where he created an experiment. intensive station with. x-va. In 1945 he founded the experiment. hydroponics station in Ramat Gan. Author of scientific. works on s.-kh. Israel. State Israel Ave (1958).
SOSNOVSKY Lev Semenovich (1886, Orenburg - 1937), party and statesman, publicist. Rod. in the family of the former. cantonist. From 1903 p. RSDLP, from 1905 - illegal. position, was repeatedly arrested. In 1905–06 - in exile, later he was engaged in journalism: he collaborated in a journal. "Labor Bulletin", "Insurance Issues", gas. "Pravda" and others. In Feb. – Oct. 1917 worked in the Yekaterinburg organization of the RSDLP (b), was deputy. prev. Ural region Council, member. region to-ta RSDLP (b), edited the local party. editions. Elected member Will establish. meetings from Perm. From Dec. 1917 - in Petrograd, until 1924 was repeatedly elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, until March 1918, member. Vseros. bureau of military. org-tions at the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). In 1918–24 ed. "Red gas." and gas. "Poor" (with interruptions), from May 1918 at the same time. one of the ed. gas. "True"; participated in the organization of agitation trains of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1919, before. Yekaterinburg provincial committee, then secretary. Kharkov Provincial Party Committee. From 1920 he worked at the Glavpolitput, organized gas. "Beep" and several. month led it. Since 1921 head. Agitprop department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1925-26 members. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR, later on as a journalist. work. During the so-called. discussions about trade unions (1920–21) supported the platform of LD Trotsky. In 1927, at the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), he was expelled from the party as an "active leader of the Trotskyist opposition." In 1935 he was restored, in 1936 he was again expelled, soon arrested and shot.
SOSONKIN Nokhum-Shmaryahu (1889, Propoisk of Bykhov u. Mogilev province. - 1975, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey-Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. All R. 1910s rabbi of Nizhnedneprovsk. In 1920 he was sent by J.-I. Schneerson to Georgia. In 1922–28, a rabbi in Batumi. In the 1920s and 40s. religious activist Lubavitch underground in the USSR (Leningrad, Moscow, Samarkand). In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1950 - in Israel. The author of the book. on the basics of Jewish philosophy "Likutei Dvorim" ("Selected". Jerusalem, 1950) and the book. memoirs "Zichronoti" ("My memories". Jerusalem, 1980).
SOSONKO Gennady Borisovich (b. 1943, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region), chess player, chess journalist. Int. grandmaster (1976). Graduated from economics-geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Since 1972 - in the Netherlands; national champion (1973, 1978). Member of a number of World. chess. Olympiads (as part of the Netherlands national team) and interzonal tournaments (1976, 12th; 1985, 6–8th). Winner and medalist pl. int. tournaments, including in Lugano (1976, 1st m.), Wayne aan Zee (1977, 1981, 1-2nd m.), Tilburg (1982, 3-4th m.) ...
SOVALOV Solomon Abramovich (1907, Smolensk - 1995, Moscow), electric power engineer. He graduated from the electrical installation department of the State. electromash-building. in-that in Moscow. In 1929–53 - at Mosenergo. In 1953–71, deputy. ch. dispatcher - early. service modes Combine. dispatching office of the Center. At the same time. from 1962 led scientific. work in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the problems of managing electrical networks and modes of long-distance power lines. In 1971–85, deputy. ch. Ing. Centre. dispatch control of the UES of the USSR. Main tr. in the region. modes of operation of long-distance power lines. S. was the first in the USSR to use vychislit. engineering in power engineering. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). State pr. USSR (1986). Cit .: Modes of the Unified Energy System. M., 1983; Power systems mode: methods of analysis and control. M., 1990 (co-authored with V.A. Barinov).
SOVETOVA (real family member Wilderman) Eleonora Mikhailovna (party ps. Volskaya, Elena, Marioara) (1903, Reni Izmailsky u. Bessarabian province - 1987, Chisinau), party leader. She graduated from the technical school in Berlin (specializing in radiology technician). Into the roar. movement - from 1920. In 1924–25 sec. Bessarabian Regional Committee, in 1926–28 a member. Bureau of the Central Committee and secretaries. Central Committee of the Communist. youth union of Romania. In the 1930s. instructor of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania for work among children of political prisoners and women, member. management of the org-tions “Women front of the struggle against fascism "," Zhen. front ”, etc., was repeatedly persecuted by the authorities. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940) - head. dep. protection of maternity and childhood of the Izmail city health department, secretary. Izmail regional committee of the trade union honey. workers. 1941–45 - at the front, medical officer. service. In the 1950s. deputy. prev. Executive Committee of the Izmail City Council.
SOYBER Yehezkel (1864, Novozhagory of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1936, Philadelphia, USA), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1885 - in the USA. Published poetry and trans. in Yiddish from Russian poetry into gas. "Yidisher Herald", in other Jewish periodicals. ed. Pittsburgh, New York, Chicago. From 1916 he collaborated in gas. De Yiddish Welt in Philadelphia. He published poems, fables, feuilletons, stories about life in Lithuania. In 1915, the book was published. "Gezamlte fabeln un poems" ("Selected fables and poems"). Translated into Yiddish by M.Yu. Lermontov, S.Ya. Nadson, N.A. Nekrasov, A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Fet.
SAWYER Isaac (1907, Tambov - 1981, New York), painter. Brother of M. Sawyer and R. Sawyer. Rod. in the family of S. Avrom (1867-1940, New York), a writer (in Hebrew and Yiddish), author of a Hebrew textbook. Since 1912 - in the USA. Studied at Nat. Academy of Design in New York, at the Jewish Ped. in-those, in the artist. studios in Paris and Madrid. In the 1920s and 30s. was close to left-wing Jewish organizations. He taught painting at Khudozh. School of the Brooklyn Museum. He painted genre scenes and landscapes in realistic style. style. Participant pl. personal exhibitions. S.'s works are in decomp. museums in the United States.
SOYER Moses (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov province - 1974, New York), painter. Brother of A. Sawyer and R. Sawyer. Since 1912 - in the USA. He studied at the Institute of Fine Arts, at the Cooper Union School and in the Nat. Academy of Design in New York, Art. studios in Holland, Italy, France. From 1924 he taught painting in various. uch. institutions in the United States. He was close to Jewish leftist organizations. He worked in the style of strict realism. Illustrated poems by Jewish poets. Author of wall paintings at Greenpoint Hospital. S.'s first personal exhibition took place in 1929. Member. Amer. Institute of Arts and Literature (1966). The paintings “Green Room”, “In the Mirror”, “Mother and Child” were often reproduced in Amer. magazines. S. dedicated poem by D. Burliuk "Brothers Sawyer". S.'s works are in decomp. museums in the USA and Israel.
SOYER Raphael (1899, Borisoglebsk, Tambov province - 1987, New York), painter. Brother of A. Sawyer and M. Sawyer. Since 1912 - in the USA. Studied at the National Academy of Design in New York. Since 1933 he taught the theory of art in various. artist US schools. Plots pl. paintings S., created. in realistic style, taken from the life of Jewish immigrants: "Street in the eastern part of New York" (1931), "Union Square" (1934), "Three" (1935), "Waiting in line at the shelter" (1936) and many others. others. Performed portraits of the artist: A. Torki (1940), G. Moore (1962), O. Zadkina (1963) and many others. other author ill. to manuf. I. Bashevis-Singer. He took part in the activities of left-wing organizations, including Jewish ones. In 1929, among other natives of Russia, he founded the John-Reed Club. The first personal exhibition of S. took place in 1929, since 1932 exhibitions have been held almost annually in various. galleries in New York. Member Amer. Institute of Arts and Literature (1958). S.'s works are in many. museums in the USA and Europe.
SOYFER Alexander Mironovich (1906, Liege, Belgium - 1969, Kuibyshev), a specialist in the field of aircraft engines. Cand. tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1962). Son of Miron S. Solomonovich (1879, Orekhov Berdyansk u.Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1922, Kharkov), ch. Ing. Supreme Council of National Economy of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1928 he graduated from the Kharkov Technol. in-t. In 1928–32 - at the motor building. s-de in Zaporozhye. In 1932–41 - in the Kharkov Aviation. in-those, since 1937 head. Department of Heat Engines. Since 1942 - in the Kuibyshev Aviation. in-those, and. about. Dir., Deputy. dir. for study. and scientific. work, head. Department of Aircraft Engine Design. Main work in the region. vibration protection of aircraft. Organizer of the first conf. (1960) and annually. collection of scientific works tr. (1965) "Vibration strength and reliability of engines and systems of aircraft". S.'s cousin - Zoifer Jura (1912, Kharkov - 1939, Buchenwald), journalist. In 1918 he left Russia. Member s.-d. Party of Austria, then a member. KP of Austria. Author of socially oriented prose and journalism.
SOYFER Valery Nikolaevich (b. 1936, Gorky), biophysicist, geneticist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1964), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1994), prof. (1980). In 1957 he graduated from S.-kh. Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva, in 1961 - phys. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1964–70 the head. gr. molecular basis of mutagenesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1970–80 head. lab. molecular genetics VASKHNIL (since 1974 - VNII Applied Molecular Biology and Genetics VASKHNIL), Deputy. dir. in-that. Sci. research associated with the study of the effects of radiation on heredity. Since the 1970s. member of the human rights movement. In 1980 he was fired from his job. Supervised an interdisciplinary scientific. seminar of refusenik scientists, since 1983 before. moscow branches of "Amnesty International". Since 1988 - in the USA. In 1988–90 prof. Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Biotechnology, un-that pcs. Ohio, since 1990 dir. lab. molecular genetics un-that in Fairfax (pc. Virginia). From 1992 to. Board of the International. Soros education program in the region. exact sciences, chl. watching. Council of the Institute of Open Society - Assistance Fund. Jn. part of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and RANS. Vol .: Molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. M., 1969; Reparation of genetic damage. M., 1974; Molecules of living cells. M., 1975; Power and Science. The history of the defeat of genetics in the USSR. M., 1993.
SOYFER Victor Aleksandrovich (b. 1945, Kuibyshev), specialist in the field of technical cybernetics. Son of A.M. Soifer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1982), prof. (1982). In 1968 he graduated from the Kuibyshev Aviation. Institute, since 1971 - to teach. work in the same place, since 1982 head. department of technical. cybernetics, since 1990 - rector. At the same time. in 1989 created and headed the Research Institute of Image Processing Systems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. State pr. RF (1992).
SOYFERTIS Leonid (Veniamin) Vladimirovich (1911, Ilintsy Lipovetsky u. Podolsk province. - 1996, Moscow), graphic artist. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1966). In 1928-30 he studied at the Kharkov artist. in-those. In 1928–30 he was a cartoonist gas. "Ukrainian Komsomolets", in 1930–32 - "Koms. truth ”, in 1932–34 -“ Evening Moscow ”, zhurn. "Searchlight", "Ogonyok", in 1934–40 - magazine. "Crocodile". In 1938–40 he created ser. "Old Moscow" (lithograph). In 1939 he took part in the hostilities on the Khalkhin-Gol River. 1941–45 - in the army. Created by ser. fig. "Defense of Sevastopol", "Defense of the Caucasus", "Germany". Since 1945 - in the journal. "Crocodile". By the post-war. period include: "Metro" (1957, aqu.), "Abroad" (1959, car., crayons), ser. fig. "Sport" (1974–76), "Construction Workers" (1979–80), "During the War" (1980–85, aqu., Coal), "Stations" (1989, aqu., Pastel) and others. . executed ill. to manuf. I.A.Ilf and E.P. Petrov, M.E. Koltsov, S.Ya. Marshak and others. and rep. exhibitions, including "Fifty Years of the Moscow Union of Artists", Vses. exhibitions of easel graphics (1987), the Jubilee Exhibition of the Academy of Arts (1989) and others. Participant of two exhibitions in Venice. Personal exhibitions: 1944, 1965 (Moscow), 1966 (Leningrad, Kiev), 1967 (Warsaw, Belgrade). Prod. S. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Pushkin Museum, the State Russian Museum and other museums. Nar. artist USSR (1990).
SPECTOR Grigory Vladimirovich (b. 1926, Tiflis), director. In 1950 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of M.O. Knebel). In 1951–56 dir., Then Ch. dir. Krasnodar t-ra op-ty, where he staged more than 15 performances, including "Rose of the Winds" by BF Mokrousov (1954), "Frasquita" by F. Legar (1957), for the first time - op-that local. comp. MN Kirakozov "We in the Kuban" (1954) and others. In 1956-59 dir. Moscow t-ra them. MN Ermolova, staged the performances "The Headless Horseman" based on Mine Reed (1957), "Savages" by SV Mikhalkov (1958, for the first time). In 1959 he founded the Tomsk Music and Drama Theater. tr, until 1965 - Ch. dir. Among the posts: "Mademoiselle Nitush" by F. Herve (1962), "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare (1963), "Intervention" by LI Slavin (1964), etc. In 1968–72, Ch. dir. Moscow region t-ra op-ty, in 1972 - organizer and ch. dir. Tashkent Russian t-ra op-you. Since 1973 dir. under the arms. B.A. Pokrovsky. Among the post: children. musical "Violinka" by A.V. Kulygin (1973), op-ta by F. Schubert "Twins" (1974), op. NV Bogoslovsky "Salt" (based on the story of IE Babel, 1981, all three - for the first time). In 1982–89, Ch. dir. Chuvash muses. t-ra. For the first time he staged a Chuvash op. "Chakka" by A.G. Vasiliev (1984), "Poor Sailor" by D. Millau (1988) and others. fast. - "Servant" N.M. Strelnikov (Poznan, Budapest). In total, S. staged over 100 AMD. and opera performances. Author rus. the text of the op-t "Bear-aristocrat" I. Kemeni, "Night with the inspector" D. Ranki (with YA Shishmonin), libretto children. musicals, the play "Yellow Jacket" (music by F. Legar; Saratov Theater op-ty, 1996), etc. Author and dir. (within the framework of the Mosconcert) lectures-concerts about creativity Izv. composers (K.Karaev, S.S. Prokofiev, I.-S. Bach and others); pl. Art. in periodic. press (journals "Mus. Life", "Theater", "Sov. Music", etc.). Honored. art worker of the RSFSR (1987). Son S. - Alexander (ps. Meshcheryakov) (b. 1955, Tbilisi), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1986). One of the initiators of the development of the theory of administrative tortology. An active promoter of cooperation in the Sov. press at the end. 1980s In 1991–93 he was a consultant to the RF Armed Forces. Since 1995 expert of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation.
SPECTOR Itskhok-Elkhanan (1817, Rosi Volkovysky u. Grodno province. - 1896, Kovna), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the yeshiva in Volkovysk. He was a rabbi in Izabelin of Grodno province, Berezakh, in 1846–51 - in Nesvizh, in 1851–64 - in Novogrudok. Since 1864, Rabbi Kovny. In 1881 and 1882 S. was the only rabbi invited to the congresses of Jewish societies. figures in St. Petersburg. With the emergence of "Hovevei-Zion" joined the movement, considering that the settlement in E.-I. is religion. the duty of the Jew. Participated in the activities of the OPE, since 1889 - his honor. member Author of comments. to the Talmud, Shulchan-Aruch and the responsa. The theologian is named after S. seminary, part of Yeshiva-un-ta (New York).
SPECTOR Mordkhe (1858, Uman, Kiev province - 1925, New York), writer, publicist, publisher. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1877 - in Odessa, he worked for a boom. f-ke. The first sketches from the life of workers publ. into gas. "Russian Jew". After the pogroms of 1881 he settled in Medzhibozh. First rum. S. "A novel on a nomen" ("A novel without a title") was published in 1883 in the weekly. "Judishes Folksblat" in St. Petersburg. In 1884 it was published there. rum. "Der Yidisher muzhik" ("Jewish muzhik"), imbued with Palestinian ideas and became popular with readers. In 1884–87 - in St. Petersburg, deputy. ch. ed. "Judishes folksblat". To petersburg. period S. were written rom. "Aniim veevyoynim, oder glyclehe un umgliklehe" ("The Poor and the Beggars, or the Happy and the Unhappy", 1886), "A Stokmer Guter-Id" ("The Dumb Righteous", 1887), "Reb Threatl" (1889), etc. rum., stories, feuilletons, travel notes. From 1887 S. - in Warsaw. Published lit. and publicist. Sat: "Der gois-fraind", "Yomtev-bletleh" (together with I.-L. Peretz and D. Pinsky). Since 1899, he led a permanent column "Shtet un shtetlech" ("Cities and towns") in gas. Der Yud. After the beginning. 1st world. war S. settled in Odessa. Published in gas. "Unzer Lebn". One of the founders of the Odessa branch of the "Culture League". Published 3 volumes of rum. and stories (1912–13). Since 1921 - in the USA. Published in Jewish publications. stories, rom., memories of Sholem Aleichem, Mendel Moikher-Sforim, Peretz.
SPECTOR Roman Idelovich (b. 1950, Chernivtsi), public figure. Cand. psychol. Sciences (1986). Graduated from Moscow State University (1972). From ser. 1970s member of the Jewish movement. One of the organizers of the underground Jewish children. kindergarten for children of refuseniks. Actor and dir. purim spiers. In the 1980s. author and distributor of Jewish samizdat, creator (with M.A. Chlenov and V. Chernin) zhurn. Shalom. The initiator of the publication is poetic. Sat. "The voice of one crying in the wilderness", to-ry has absorbed the poems of owls. authors who wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish (art. M. Gimain, trans. M. Katys). In the end. 1980s one of the leaders of the Jewish Cultural Association, twice elected vice-president. Vaada of Russia. Since 1990, member. Of the Executive Committee of the World. Jewish Congr., organizer and contributor. Spiritual and cultural (interfaith) dialogue "Face to face". Member pres., then vice-pres. Congr. nat. associations of Russia, participant in the development of the draft federal law "On national and cultural autonomy", head of the organizing committee. collection of the Jewish national-cultural autonomy of Moscow, from 1997 to. Ed. and one of the authors of 4 volumes. alm. Jewish culture "Ark" (1991–96, Moscow - Jerusalem).
SPEVAK Samuel (1899, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia - 1971, New York), writer, playwright, journalist. Since 1903 - in the USA. Graduated from Columbia University (1919). In 1918-26, corr. gas. New York World in Moscow and Berlin, in 1941 - journal. The Bow and the New York Evening Post in London. In 1942 the head of the military c / st. information, in 1943 the press attaché of the US Embassy in Moscow, in 1944 hands. Russian dep. hack representations of the Department of Military. information. Author of rum. "Business people" (1948), plays, including "Two Blind Mice" (1959), as well as plays (with B. Spevak): "A Lonely Man" (1926). Poppa, War Song (both 1928), All Lines Are Free (1932), Spring Song (1934), A Boy Meets a Girl (1935), A Woman Bites a Dog (1945), My Three Angels "(1953)," Festival "(1955). Scriptwriter and dir. doc. f. for the US Air Force "This is Russia".
SPIVAK (Spivakovsky) Chaim (1861, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1927, Denver, USA), doctor, philologist, publicist. Prof. (1896). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Party roar. movement, worked in an underground printing house. After the failure he left for the USA. He worked on farms and taught Hebrew. From 1886 - in Philadelphia. Received a higher honey. education. He gave lectures on hygiene and philology. Propagated by S.-kh. labor among Jewish emigrants. From 1896 - St. Anatomy at the University of Denver. He founded a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. Lit. He began his career with publications in the Weekly Chronicle of Voskhod in St. Petersburg. Printed in Hebrew and English. ed. USA Art. for honey. Topics. At the same time. studied Jewish philology. Participation. in comp. "Yiddish-verterbukh" ("Jewish Dictionary". New York, 1911). Research Yiddish vocabulary published in the collection of "Zeitshrift", "Philologishe font" and others. on medicine in English. lang. and Yiddish. Compiled a bibliography of Jewish publications. in medicine. In 1920, on behalf of the Joint, visited Ukraine and Belarus to study a dignity. condition of the Jewish population.
SPIVAK Eli Gershevich (1890, Vasilkov, Kiev province - 1950), linguist, literary critic. Prof. (1927). Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1919 he graduated from the Glukhovsky Teachers' Institute. Taught Yiddish at the Kultur-League schools in Vasilkov, Glukhov; worked in orphanages. In the beginning. 1920s taught in Kiev in Jewish ped. technical school. In 1927-30 he taught at Ying-those Nar. education in Odessa, in 1930–32 - in the Institute of vocational education in Kiev. Since 1927 he published linguistic. Art. in the journal. "Yiddish Shprah", was a member of the editorial board of the journal. Ratbildung (1929–31). In 1933 he became the head of the linguistic department. section Ying-that Jewish span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1937, dir. Cabinet of Hebrew Language, Literature and Folklore. He was engaged in dialectology, lexicology, compiled a Russian-Yiddish dictionary, author of textbooks and anthologies, thematic. dictionaries. In 1949 he was repressed. In Kiev came out the book. S .: "Yiddish Shprah" ("The Yiddish Language", 2 hours, 1925); "Methods fun shprah un literary inshul" ("Methods of language and literature at school", 1928); “Spur-cultures. The theory of un practices "(" The culture of language. Theory and practice ", 1931); "Mathematical terminology" ("Mathematical terminology", 1935); "Geographic terminology" ("Geographic terminology". Kiev – Kharkov, 1936); Nae wort-shafung (New Linguistic Creativity, 1939); "Sholem Aleichem shprah un style: Etuden" ("Language and style of Sholem Aleichem: Etudes", 1940); "Rusish-Yidisher Rechtleh-Administrative Verterbuch" ("Russian-Jewish Administrative and Legal Dictionary", 1941); "Di sprah ind di tag fun fortlandischer milhome" (Language in the days of the Fatherland War, 1946).
SPIVAK Joseph (1882, Uman, Kiev province. - 1971, New York), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1902 - in the USA, he joined the anarchist movement. In 1905 he returned to Uman, was a member. self-defense squad. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1915 he received a diploma in chemistry, graduated from a pharmaceutical. courses. He was an activist of the anarchist organization. Published in: "Frae arbeter-stime" (New York), "Fraer gedank" (Paris), "Dos Frae Wort" (Buenos Aires), "Problemen" (Tel Aviv). Translated from English. lang. in Yiddish.
SPIVAK Mikhail Lvovich (1913, Kiev - 1971, Minsk), director. After graduation Theater. uch-schA them. MS Shchepkina (1937) worked in the t-ts of Moscow (including in the Maly T-re), Tashkent, etc. From 1954 dir., In 1960–64 ch. dir. State Russian dram. t-ra BSSR im. M. Gorky. Among the post. S .: "Optimistic Tragedy" by V.V. Vishnevsky, "The Main Headquarters" by K.L. Gubarevich (both - 1957), "Drummer" by A.D. Salynsky (1959), "The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy ( 1960), "Ocean" by A.P. Stein (1961), "One Year" after Yu.P. German (1962), "Virgin Soil Upturned" after M.A.Sholokhov (1963), etc. In 1965–68, Ch. ... dir. Tashkent Russian dram. t-ra them. M. Gorky, where he staged performances: "The regiment is coming ..." based on rum. Sholokhov "They Fought for the Motherland" (1965), "Grave Accusation" by L.R.Sheinin, "Ambassador Extraordinary" A. and P.Tour (both - 1967), and others. In 1971 he held the post. plays by E. De Filippo "Naples - the city of millionaires" (Moscow drama theater named after N.V. Gogol). Worked for the Center. television ("Petruha" by L. Kruglov and K. Osin, 1970). Author of a variety review (with L. Yakubovich) "From Olympia to Luzhniki". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1956).
SPIVAK Moisey Leivikovich (1919, Narovlya Rechitsa district, Minsk province - 1943, Stepanovskoye, Sverdlovsk district, Oryol region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, feature). In the Red Army - since 1939. Member of the Soviet-Finl. wars 1939–40. Adjutant com. shelf leith. S. in critical. the moment of the battle raised and led the battalion into the attack. Killed in battle.
SPIVAK Petr Efimovich (1911, Petersburg - 1992, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1936). In 1936–43 he worked in Leningrad. Physicotechnical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1943 - in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956 Institute of Atomic Energy, head of laboratory since 1949). Main scientific. tr. by experiment. nuclear physics, precision measurement of nuclear fission constants, weak interactions. Completed (with co-workers) research. for determining the number of secondary neutrons (per capture act) in nuclear fission by thermal neutrons and neutrons with an energy of 30–900 keV, as well as other nuclear physics. characteristics of fissile nuclei. Carried out experiments to measure the half-life of a neutron and measure the degree of longitudinal polarization of electrons during beta decay. Under the arm. S. developed a project for a pulsed reactor for research. properties of neutrinos. Medal to them. I.V. Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962). Became. pr. (1953).
SPIVAK Shloyme (1904, Zawierce Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya province. - 1963, Tel Aviv), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1923 - in Austria, worked at IVO. He was engaged in philology. Publ. Art. in scientific. and general editions: "Philologishe Font", "Di Frankfooter Zeitung", "Social Democrat", "Arbeiter Zeitung", "Di Folkszeitung", etc. Since 1930 - in E.-I. One of the founders and first ed. gas. Lecte Nice, Di Yiddish Zeitung. He translated from Hebrew to Yiddish.
SPIVAKOV Vladimir Teodorovich (b. 1944, Ufa), violinist, conductor. Graduated from Moscow. cons. them. PI Tchaikovsky and graduate school in class. prof. YI Yankelevich, took conducting lessons from prof. I.B.Gusman. Laureate of pl. int. violin competitions: them. M. Long - J. Thibault in Paris (1965, 3rd ave.), Them. N. Paganini in Genoa (1967, 2nd ave.), In Montreal (1969, 1st ave.), Them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1970, 2nd ave.). S. performed with leading orcs. under the hands. conductors K. Abbado, L. Bernstein, L. Maazel, S. Ozava, I. Menukhin and others. Along with the production. peace. and Russian. Classics in the repertoire of S. includes Jewish themes: the opuses of E. Bloch, the overture on Jewish themes by S. S. Prokofiev, etc. S.'s debut as a conductor took place in 1979 with the Chicago Symphony. orc. Then there were performances with Londonsky, Leningr. symph. orc., State. symph. orc. Russia, as well as with the best chamber Europe. orc. Since 1972 S. teaches at the Music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins (from 1995 - Russian Academy of Music). In 1979 he created a chamber orc. "Virtuosos of Moscow" and became his thin. hands. and ch. conductor. In 1989 S. was the organizer of muses. festival in Marbella (Spain) and organizer and artist. dir. 1st Int. festival of music in Kalmar (France), which later became annual. In 1993 orc. "Virtuosos of Moscow" under the hands of. S. participated in the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Kalmar synagogue. Nar. art. USSR (1990). State pr. USSR (1989).
SPIVAKOVSKY (real name Spivak) Yakov (Yankel) (1852-1914), actor, entrepreneur. He studied at the Zhytomyr rabbinical school together with A. Goldfaden. In 1877 - in the Goldfaden troupe in Iasi, from 1879 - in Odessa. In 1882 he created his own. the troupe, where plays by Goldfaden, N.-M. Shomer, I. Lateiner and others were staged. From 1883 - in New York, from 1891 - again in Russia. He acted both in drama and comedy roles, playing also in op-ts, was an excellent verse in divertissements. Performed by Ch. roles in "The Usurer" by Shomer, in "The Witch", "Doctor Almasado" and "Faithful Jacob" by Goldfaden, and others. Later, his repertoire included the roles: Avner ("Wife's Revenge"), millionaire Jacques ("Sura Sheindel from Egupets, both - LaTainer), David Moishe ("The Jewish King Lear"), Trakhtenberg ("The Orphan Hasya"), Tsalel Rapoport ("Di shchite", all three - Ya.M. Gordin), Dr. Abraham ("Gabriel der Mahler" L. Strasvogel), Yankel Shepshovich ("God of revenge" by Sh.Ash), etc. In the last period of his life he was mainly engaged in entrepreneurial activities.
SPIVAKOVSKY Alexander Onisimovich (1888, Yekaterinoslav - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of mining and transport engineering. Prof. (1925), Dr. Sciences (1937), Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1917 he graduated from fur. branch Petrograd. polytechnic in-that. In 1919–20, engineer. in Yekaterinoslav in the Department for the sluice of the rapids of the Dnieper, at the same time. taught at the Yekaterinoslavsky Horn. in-those. From 1933 he taught at Moscow. forge. in-those, in 1938-73 head. the first department of mining transport in the USSR (since 1962 - department of transport machines and complexes). At the same time. in 1942–66 he worked at Ying-those forge. affairs of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where in 1954 he organized and until 1960 headed the laboratory. forge mechanization. works. Developed the theory and calculation of roller and spring conveyors (1930), chain conveyors (1931–34), belt conveyors (1934). Supervised the creation. fur. transport complexes for the ore industry, in particular. belt-carriage conveyors (1964), scraper conveyor transports (1945–61). Founder and ed. ser. scientific and technical Sat. "Transport of mines and quarries" (1971–86), scientific. ed. "Sci. high school reports. Mining ”(1951–65). Scientific creator schools in the field of transport. machines and complexes. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1957). Became. etc. (1947). Works: Conveyor installations. In 4 volumes. M., 1933–35; Quarry conveyor transport. M., 1965 (co-authored with M.G. Potapov); The theory of belt conveyors. M., 1982 (co-authored with V.G. Dmitriev); Transport to the horn. business. M., 1985.
STADLER Sergey Valentinovich (b. 1962, Leningrad), violinist. Studied at Leningrad State University. cons. at M.I. Vaiman and B.L. Gutnikov and in Moscow. cons. from L.B. Kogan and V.V. Tretyakov. Laureate of the International. violin competition in Prague (1976, 1st ave.), participated in the radio competition "Concertino-Prague". Spoke at the international. competitions them. M. Long - J. Thibault in Paris (1979, 2nd ave.), Them. J. Sibelius in Helsinki (1980, 2nd ave.), Them. PI Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1982, 1st avenue). The repertoire of the sonatas by S. Frank and C. Debussy, "The Gypsy" by M. Ravel, "Spring Concert" by S. M. Slonimsky, specially written for S., production. Russian composers 19 - early. 20th century - A.F.Lvov, A.S. Arensky, A.K. Glazunov, G.E. Konyus, rarely heard in concerts. S. performed with an orc. under control EA Mravinsky, S. Sondetskis and others. Since 1984 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. (Petersburg) cons. Honored. art. RSFSR (1988).
STANISLAVSKY Semyon (Shimon-Yudl) Moiseevich (1848, Nikopol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1920), writer, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Collaborated in the journal. "Sunrise", "Future", "Experienced", "Ha-Shiloakh", "Ha-Avar". The author is numerous. biogr. and bibl. Art., essays (in Russian. and in Hebrew) on the history of Jewish culture.
OLD MAN Iosif Evseevich (1902, Saratov - 1964, Leningrad), radiochemist. Prof. (1946), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1924. Since 1924 at the Radiev Institute (since 1946 deputy director). At the same time. taught at Leningrad State University, in 1948–59 head. Department of Radiochemistry. In 1932, he proposed a method for the determination of small amounts of lead using a radioactive isotope of lead as an indicator. In 1936 he developed a method for determining the age of the earth's rocks by the concentration of lead isotopes in the earth's crust. From the beginning. 1940s participated in the development and implementation of extended prospecting and exploration of uranium deposits. Participated in the development of the first plutonium production technology in the USSR, in the creation of the first radiochem. s-yes (1945). In 1947–54 joint. with G.M. Tolmachev led the development of a method for determining the effectiveness of the use of nuclear fuel in atomic explosions. In 1956 under the direction of. S. developed a research method. the prevalence of uranium, lead and its isotopes in meteorites ("old man's method"), used to determine the age of their rocks. An asteroid and an underwater ridge in Antarctica are named after S.. Honored. worker of science and technology (1962). Became. pr. (1949, 1951, 1953). Etc. them. V.G. Khlopin, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1959) (first award) .Col .: Nuclear Geochronology. M. - L., 1961; Fundamentals of Radiochemistry. 2nd ed. M. - L., 1969 Brother S. - Mark (1900, Saratov - 1993, Leningrad), radio engineer. Participated in the creation of radio direction finding tools, which allowed the development of many. types of direction finders for ships and submarines.
STARIKOV Evgeny Solomonovich (1900, Tambov - 1976, Moscow), sound engineer. In 1915–24 he studied at the f / p f-those Moscow. cons., in 1920–28 - in composer. In 1918-24, at the same time. while studying, he gave concerts in Tambov and Moscow (as a pianist in symphonic orc.). In 1924 - 30 hands. scientific-theoretical dep. state muses. technical schools in Moscow. Since 1930 he specialized in the region. sound engineering on the radio (in 1930–36 the tonemaster, the chief tonemaster of the Moscow Broadcasting Directorate, in 1936–50 the head of the sound engineering group, the artistic director and sound engineer of the sound recording department of the All-Union Radio Committee), in 1951–76 - at television, in 1958–66 ch. sound engineer - hands. dep. sound engineer Centre. television. Author of a number of publications, including the first in the USSR monograph on the theory and practice of sound engineering - "Methods and practice of radio-phonic work" (1940). Poch. radio operator (1961). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1966).
STAROBINETS Evgeny Yakovlevich (1908 - 1952, Moscow), geologist. Cand. geol.-mineral. Sciences (1939). In 1926-29 - in the Red Army, a participant in battles on the Chinese Eastern Railway. From 1934 after graduating from Moscow. oil. in-that worked for the North. Caucasus, determined the prospects for the development of the Starogroznensky oil field. Since 1937 he has been studying the raw material and fuel oil and gas potential on the territory. Wed Asia. In 1939–41 ch. the geologist of the Ukrneftegazrazvedka trust, conducted ser. scientific. research in the foothills of the Carpathians. In 1941–46, Ch. geologist "Tuimazyneft", one of the discoverers of Tuymazinsky oil. deposits, named. "Second Baku". Supervised exploration and detailed additional exploration of the field, creation of production facilities. bases for the development of oil production in Bashkiria. In 1947–50 dir. the first in the USSR Ying-that of natural gas (VNIIGaz). From the post of director. dismissed on charges of "creating a Zionist organization in the Institute." Since 1950 - Ch. geologist in-that. Author of over 30 scientific. works. Vol .: On the geological structure and oil-bearing capacity of the Bolshoi Balkhan ridge. Geology and Minerals Cf. Asia. M., 1940; Geological structure and gas and oil content of the middle reaches of the river. Amu-Darya. M. - L., 1952.
STAROBINETS Grigory Lazarevich (1910, Berezino, Igumensky district, Minsk province - 2001), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1955), prof. (1956), Ph. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1969). He graduated from the Belarusian University in Minsk (1936), worked there. 1941–45 - in the army; from 1945 - to Belarus. state un-those (since 1956 Head of the Department of Analytical Chemistry). Main works - in the region. physical, analytical and colloidal chemistry, physical chemistry of ion-exchange processes in aqueous and aqueous-organic media, for extraction and extraction separation of organic. substances. S. established the relationship between the nature of the association of surface-active substances and the structure of the adsorption layer, as well as the relationship between the properties of solutions and the nature of their sorption by polymers. Honored. Scientist of the BSSR (1980). Works: Rubber-like polymers - sorbents and chromatographic materials. Minsk, 1959 (co-authored with V.S. Komarov).
STARODINSKY David Zusievich (1924, Odessa - 1993, New York), engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1966). In 1941–44 - in the occupied Odessa, then - in diff. camps on the territory. Transnistria. In the ghettos and camps he kept a diary, on the basis of which he wrote the book in 1945. about the extermination of the Jews of Odessa. In 1950 he graduated from the Odessa Polytechnic. in-t. He worked as a designer in the region. s.-kh. machine. Author of over 100 scientific. works, including 6 monographs. Since 1993 - in the USA. Vol .: Odessa ghetto. Odessa, 1991.
STAROSELSKAYA Ksenia Yakovlevna (b. 1937, Moscow), translator. Graduated from the Moscow State University of Fine Arts. M.V. Lomonosov (1960). She began to publish in 1963. The author of the translations is art. prose from Polish. lang .: manuf. G. Senkevich, T. Konvitsky, M. Dombrovska, V. Myslivsky, E. Andzheevsky, T. Novak, M. Muserovich, Y. Kavalets, Z. Bzhozovsky and others. The Jewish theme is presented in translations of doc. pov. G. Krall "Outrun the Lord God" ("Foreign Literature", 1988, No. 4), dedicated. one of the hands. uprising in the Warsaw ghetto M. Edelman, in the village. M. Khlasko "Converted in Jaffa" ("Friendship of Peoples", 1992, No. 10).
STARTSEV (Startsev-Kunin) Abel Isaakovich (b. 1909, Mariampol, Suvalki province - 2005), literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1946). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University (1931). Began to publish in 1930. One of the first in the USSR to start scientific. study of the literature of the USA, in particular. works of writers W. Whitman, F. Bret Hart, W. Faulkner, E. Hemingway. He was engaged in research. creativity A.N. Radishchev and writers of his circle. In 1940–48 he worked at IMLI. In 1949–55 he was repressed. Subsequently participated in the editing of Op. Bret Hart (vols. 1–6, 1966), Mark Twain (vol. 1–12, 1959–1961), Hemingway (vols. 1–4, 1968, jointly with K.M. Simonov and M.O. Mendelssohn) ). Translated manuf. E. Poe, Mark Twain, S. Lewis, Bret Garth, Hemingway, et al. Works: John Dos Passos. M., 1934; America and Russian society. M., 1942; Radishchev during the Travel. M., 1960; Mark Twain and America. M., 1963 (2nd ed. 1985); Russian notebooks by John Reed. M., 1968; From Whitman to Hemingway M., 1972 (2nd ed. 1981); Radishchev. Years of testing. M., 1990 (2nd ed., Add.).
STASEVICH Abram Lvovich (1907, Simferopol - 1971, Kislovodsk), conductor, composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class cello by S.M. Kozolupov (1931) and conducting by L.M. Ginzburg (1937). Cellist to Orc. Moscow Philharmonic Society (1927–35) and assistant (1936–37) Hung. conductor E. Senkar, to-ry led the orc. Moscow Philharmonic Society in 1934–37. S. made his debut as a conductor in 1937. An orc conducted. Leningrad. Philharmonic Society, evacuated to Novosibirsk (1942–44), B. symph. orc. Vses. radio in Moscow (1944–52). Mn. toured, including in the USA (1968). In the repertoire, except for the classics. music, manuf. owls. composers. S. - the first performer of the 22nd symphony-ballad and divertissement by N.Ya. Myaskovsky and the suite "Cinderella" by S.S. Prokofiev, op. D.D.Shostakovich (made an arrangement of the 8th quartet for strings. Orc. Shostakovich, gave the name "Symphonietta"), man. composers of the Baltic States, Georgia, Armenia, and others. Participated in the work on f. SM Eisenstein (music by Prokofiev) "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible" (based on the epistle he created the oratorio of the same name, the clavier was published from the translated text in English). S. is the author of the cantata Borodino (after M.Yu. Lermontov, performed in 1964) and the oratorio The Tale of the Great Patriotic War and the Russian Warrior (performed in 1965). S. owns arrangements for voice with orc. romances by Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninoff and F.List. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957).
STASHEVSKY (real family member Girshfeld) Artur Karlovich (1890, Mitava Doblensky u. Kurland province - 1937), statesman, sotr. special services. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07 in the Kingdom of Poland, member. SDKPiL (1906-12). In 1909 he was arrested and released on bail. In 1910-13 - in France, in 1913-17 - in Great Britain. In 1917 he returned to Russia. Since 1918, member. RCP (b). He graduated from the courses of command personnel in Moscow, under the fam. Verkhovsky served in the West. fr. as an authorized RVS for the decomposition of enemy troops, he commanded a detachment formed from it. prisoners of war and defectors. In 1919, the military commissar of a brigade, division, in 1920 the beginning. Register department (agent intelligence) of the headquarters of Zap. fr. Since 1921 sec. owls. the embassy in Berlin, on the instructions of the board of the Cheka and the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army, organized an intelligence service. network in the West. Europe (awarded the title "Honorary Chekist", awarded the Order of the Red Banner). In 1925-26 members. Board of Sovtorgflot, in 1926–32 deputy. prev. board of the Union "Soyuzpushnina", in 1933-34 before. VO "Torgsin". In 1934–37 the beginning. "Glavpushniny" and at the same time. since 1936 Council of the People's Commissariat of External trade of the USSR. Awarded hordes. Lenin (1936). The author of the works "Economics and organization of the international. fur trade "(1935) and" Fundamentals of dressing and dyeing of furs "(vols. 1-2, 1935-36). In 1937, the trade representative of the USSR in Spain. Repressed.
STAVISKY Boris Yakovlevich (1926, Svetly mine of the Siberian Territory - 2006), historian, archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1979), acad. RANS (1991). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1949). In 1949–65 sotr. dep. East State. Hermitage, in 1965-68 - State. Museum of Oriental Art, since 1968 - All-Russian Research Institute of Restoration. From 1961 to the beginning. archeol. exp. on the Karatepe hill (South Uzbekistan), in 1947–61 he participated in the excavations of Pyandjikent (Tajikistan). Author of works on archeology, history, history of culture and art Sr. Asia in the 6th century BC e. - 8 c. n. e. Ch.-c. Ital. in-that Bl. and Wed. East (1987). Cit .: Twenty-five centuries of Central Asia. culture. (A journey into the past through the halls of the Hermitage). M., 1963; Between the Pamir and the Caspian: Cf. Asia in antiquity. M., 1966; In the country of Roxana and Timur. M., 1970; South of the iron gate. M., 1977; A quarter of a century at Karatepe. Tashkent, 1986; An introduction to the history of culture and art of peoples Wed. Asia. M., 1992.
STAVITSKY Arkady Zinovievich (b. 1930, Moscow), playwright, writer. Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1954). Engineer worked. in Saratov, Moscow. In 1961–69 scientific. ed. zhurn. "Electricity". S.'s first play "Vera" (1956) was rehearsed at the Theater named after Mossovet and Leningrad. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin, but was prohibited from staging. The first performance based on the play by S. "Someone else's place" post. in TsTSA (1959). In 1962, Sat. novellas "Migratory birds". The play "Good afternoon, Monsieur Gauguin" was written in 1971, post. to the theatre. studio "Dramaturg" in 1984. In the same year in Moscow. dram. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky post. anti-emigration play S. “Ul. Sholem Aleichem, 40 ". Since 1987 in the repertoire of t-dv the play "The Diary of Doctor Bormental" (based on the novel by MA Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog") Works: Your Rights. M., 1977 (co-authored with G.I. Polonsky); Active zone. M., 1979; Watch. Doc.-publicist. drama. M., 1981 (in co-authorship with A.B. Azarkh).
STAVITSKY Joseph Isaakovich (1902, Kiev - 1970, ibid.), Doctor. Major General Med. service (1944). In 1926 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. From 1928 - in the Red Army. In 1941–45 - at the front, in 1944–45 early. Military-dignity. management of the 4th Ukr. fr. In 1947–52 the beginning. military. Department of Kiev honey. in-that, in 1952–55 beginning. refresher courses for medical officers Vost.-Sib. and Transbaikal VO. From 1955 - retired. He was awarded 6 orders.
STAVSKY Moishe (1883, Antopol Kobrin district. Grodno province - 1964, Tel Aviv), writer, publicist. He made his debut in gas. "Der veg" in Vilna in 1906. In 1907 publ. story "Laban ha-arami") ("Aramean Laban"). In 1909, Sat. stories "Idilien un bilder" ("Idylls and pictures"), in 1910 - Sat. "A tikhl un andere derceilungen" ("The Handkerchief" and other stories ") and Sat. stories in Hebrew. From 1911 - in E.-I. He worked in the library of the gymnasium in Tel Aviv, was engaged in agriculture in the kibbutz. In Vilna he published the book. in Yiddish: Stume Fraind (Dumb Friends, 1931); Ven tog fargate (When the Day Comes, 1931); Araber Derzeiln (The Arabs Tell, 1933). Studied by an Arab. folklore, published by the book. Arab. fairy tales. Prod. S. translated into Russian, Polish, German, French. and other languages.
STEBUN (ps; real family. Katsnelson) Ilya Isaakovich (b. 1911, Chernigov), literary critic, critic. Prof. (1965). Graduated from the Chernigov Institute of the Nar. education (1929). Published since 1934. In 1941–45 - in the army. He taught at Donetsk University. Deals with the history of Ukrainian. literature, problems of aesthetics, theory of literature. Author of works on the work of M.M. Kotsyubinsky (1938), I.P. Kotlyarevsky (1938), T.G. Shevchenko (1939), V.N. Sosyura (1948), L.S. Pervomaisky (1948), I. Ya.Franko (1958), M.F. Rylsky (1960). Published the book. "Ukrainian classics" (1940), "Gorky and Ukrainian literature" (1946), "The concept of realism in the aesthetics of Ivan Franko" (translated from Ukrainian M., 1981).
STEKLOV Yuri Mikhailovich (real name and surname Ovsiy Moiseevich Nakhamkis) (1873, Odessa - 1941, Saratov), ​​politician. In 1891–92 he studied at un-those in Kiev. From the end. 1880s - into the roar. movement. In 1893 one of the founders of the Social-Democrats org-tion in Odessa. In 1894 he was arrested, exiled to the Yakutsk Region, from where he fled in 1899. Since 1900 - in France. Member “Union of Rus. s.-d. abroad ”, one of the organizers of the Social-Democrats gr. "Wrestling". After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - a Bolshevik. In 1905 he returned to Russia, collaborated in gas. "Social Democrat", took part in the work of the Social-Democrats fractions of the 3rd and 4th State. Doom. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled abroad, taught at the party. school in Longjumeau near Paris. In 1914 he returned to Russia, was engaged in journalism. In 1916 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917, one of the organizers of the Petrosovet, member. its Executive Committee, creator and editor. “Izvestia Petrograd. Council ", member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. Participant Oct. rev-tion. In 1917–25 ed. gas. "Izvestia VTsIK". In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the creation and editing of magazines. "New World", "Krasnaya Niva", "Sov. building ". In 1928–35, deputy. prev. Committee on the management of educational and scientific institutions at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Delegate of the 7th, 8th, 10th, 12th and 13th congresses of the RCP (b) - VKP (b), member. Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Author of works on the history of Marxism, international. labor movement, history of Russian. societies. thoughts. In 1938 he was arrested. Works: International 1864–1914, parts 1–2. M., 1918; M.A. Bakunin. His life and work, v. 1-4. M., 1920–27; N.G. Chernyshevsky. His life and work, v. 1-2. M., 1928; Memories and journalism. M., 1965; Favorites. M., 1973.Syn S. - Vladimir (1910, Petersburg - 1981, Moscow), power engineer. Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1931). In 1935–38, deputy. dir. All-Russian Research Institute of Energy and Electrification. Arrested in 1938 and released in 1957. In the 1960s. organizer and director. Center INFORMENERGO under the USSR Ministry of Energy. Author of 30 monographs and St. 100 Art. on questions energy and electrification. Cit .: Lenin's plan for electrification in action. M., 1958 (jointly with G.M. Krzhizhanovsky); Electrification of the country of the Soviets. M., 1968.
STELMAKH Anna (ps. R. Eife) (1900 - 1950), writer. By specialty - forge. Ing. Until 1941 she worked in Kiev in the Cabinet of the Jewish span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1941 - as a metallurgist. s-de in Novotroitsk, Chkalovsk region. The first story "A mosl-kaposhl" ("Fiction") publ. into gas. "Einikite" in 1946. For the story "A gemel oif a becher" ("Drawing on a glass") she received the 2nd gas. "Einikite" at the competition for the best story in 1946. In 1947 in the alm. "Heimland" publ. S.'s story "Dem seidns kinder" ("Grandfather's children"). In 1947, the book was published. stories "Oif dorem-Ural" ("In the South Urals"). Repressed in 1950.
STELMAKH Grigory Davidovich (1900, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1942, Kalach-on-Don, Stalingrad region), military leader. Major General (1941). Graduated from the infantry. school (1921), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1926). In the army - since 1919. Member of the Civil. war. In 1926–31 the beginning. division headquarters, in 1932-36 beginning. headquarters of the Far East. army, in 1936–38 com. division, in 1938–40 - repressed, in 1940–41 Art. Rev. Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1941–42 - early. headquarters of a number of fronts. Killed in battle.
STEMATSKY Avigdor (1908, Odessa - 1989, Tel Aviv), painter. From 1922 - in E.-I. In 1926–27 he studied at the artist. school "Bezalel" (Jerusalem), in 1930–31 - at the academies of Grand Chaumier and Colarossi (Paris). In the end. 1940s (together with I. Zaritsky) participated in the creation. groups so-called lyrical abstractionists - "New Horizons". In 1952–60 and 1962–76 he taught at the T. Avni School of Arts in Tel Aviv. In 1973–77 at the Faculty of Law at Haifa University. Participated in exhibitions since 1931, the first personal exhibition in 1939.
STENICH (ps; real name. Smetanich) Valentin Osipovich (1898, Petersburg - 1939), critic, translator. Translated from German, English, French. lang .: L. Frank, F. Werfel, B. Brecht, F. Wolf, E. Zola, J. Conrad, J. Dos Passos, J. Joyce, W. Faulkner, S. Anderson, E. Sinclair and others. , acted as a critic and interpreter of their works. Wrote a new libretto for op. The Queen of Spades for Vs. Meyerhold (in MALEGOT). In 1938 he was repressed.
STEPANOVA (nee Kurpel) Lidia Ilyinichna (1899, Ryazan - 1962, Moscow), documentary filmmaker. Graduated from the Higher. courses to them. P.F. Lesgaft in Petrograd. Since 1925 - at the studio doc. f. in Moscow - editor, then dir. The first is independent. f. - "State farm" Giant "(1929). Subsequently, S.'s works reflected the most important events in the life of the USSR: "There is a metro!" (1932), "Soviet Woman" (1937), "Young People Defend the Motherland" (1942), "Bread to the Front" (1943), "Battle of Oryol" (1944), "Soviet Estonia", "Moscow - the Capital of the USSR" ( both - 1947), "Democratic Hungary" (1948), "First May 1949" (1949), "Soviet Kazakhstan" (1951), etc. Since 1953 - at the studio "Mosnauchfilm" (later "Tsentrnauchfilm"); among f .: "North Pole" (1955), "1st competition named after PI Tchaikovsky "(1958)," Composer Sergei Prokofiev "(1961)," Musical Spring "(1962). Became. pr. (1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952).
STEPUKHOVICH Alexander Davidovich (1911, Khvalynsk, Saratov province. - 1982, Saratov), ​​physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1958), prof. (1960). Great-grandson of Shtepengolts-Stepukhovich, participant in the defense of Sevastopol, St. George's Knight. In 1935 he graduated from Saratov University. In 1938–41 Assoc. Rostov un-that. In 1941–45 early. lab. defense. s-yes in Saratov. Since 1946 - at Saratov University (since 1958 head of the department). Sci. tr. on chem. kinetics. He studied radical-chain processes of hydrocarbon cracking and polymerization of vinyl monomers (established the mechanisms of elementary reactions, determined the parameters of the reactivity of new initiators, catalysts and inhibitors of these processes). Author approx. 200 scientific. publications. Author of scientific. Tr .: "Kinetics and Mechanism of Thermal Cracking of Alkanes" (1977, co-authored with R.V. Sinitsyna), "Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Radical Cracking Reactions" (1975, co-authored with V.A. Ulitsky), "Lectures on statistical physics "(1978, with Ulitsky)," Lectures on the theory of chain reactions "(1982).
STERIN Efim Ilyich (1924, Hills of Roslavlsky u. Smolensk province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In the Red Army - from 1942. In 1943 he graduated from Dnepropetrovsk art. school. Leith. S. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Dnieper.
STERKIN Teodor Avraamovich (Abramovich) (b. 1911, Odessa), director of musical television programs. Cand. lawsuit (1975). Graduated from two faculties of Leningrad. cons .: piano (1930, after the class of prof. L. V. Nikolaev) and opera direction (1940). From 1939 dir. to Leningrad. television. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948–71, ch. dir. muses. edition of Leningrad. television studios (LST), at the same time. in 1952-53 chap. dir. LST. He has put on television a lot of muses. programs, among which: op. G.Rossini "The Barber of Seville" (the first in the USSR to show an opera on television, 1939), ball. MI Chulaki "Balda" (based on the tale of AS Pushkin, 1940), the first t / f-concert, filmed by a film method (1961), the first color in the USSR. muses. t / f "Symphony of Fountains" (1966, jointly with the television of the GDR). For more than 30 years S. taught a course in muses directing in Leningrad. cons. The author of St. 50 scientific. works, including the book. "Formation of a profession" (M., 1980) - practical. manuals for TV beginners. directors.
STERLIN Andrey Rafailovich (b. 1954, Moscow), entrepreneur, economist. Grandson N.A. Lunacharskaya-Rosenel. Rod. in the family of prof. chemistry. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1976). Head sector Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of RAS. Pres. JSC Business Analytica Limited, Dir. Kommersant Consulting Group. Author of monograph. "Strategic. planning in the prom. corporations of the United States "(et al.).
STERN Anatol (1899, Warsaw - 1968, ibid.), Poet, writer, translator, playwright. Futurist. The first collections of poems were notable for their shocking, buffoonery: "Futuri", "Naked Man in the City Center" (both - 1919), "Angelic Ham" (1924). On Sat. Earth on the Left (1924), ed. joint with B. Yasenskiy, motives of social protest appeared, which intensified in subsequent books: "Run to the Pole" (1927), the poem "Europe" (1929) and the poem "Pilsudski" confiscated by the censors (1934). In 1934, the adventure story The Passionate Pilgrim was published. After the 2nd world. war published the book: "Poems and Poems" (1956), "Poems old and new" (1957), "Visible and invisible" (1964), stories "Game of Hell" (1959), collection. film reviews of the 1920s – 30s. "Memories of Atlantis" (1959), coll. essay "Rebellious Poetry" (1964), dedicated. history of futurism, creativity V.V. Mayakovsky and G. Apollinaire. S. is the author of more than 30 screenplays. Translated into Polish. lang. manuf. Russian and French. poets.
STERN Isaac (1920, Kremenets, Volyn province - 2001, New York), violinist. Since 1921 - in the USA. He studied violin under L.Persinger, then under NS Blinder until 1937. At the age of 11, he publicly performed, together with a teacher, the Concerto for Two Violins by J.S. Bach. For some time S. took lessons from L. Persinger - a student of E. Isay and J. Thibault. A sensation was S.'s performance at Carnegie Hall (1943), after which S. started talking about as one of the outstanding violinists in the world. From his teachers S. inherited the traditions of Russian. and Franco-belg. violin schools. A decisive influence on the formation of S. as a musician was made by communication with P. Casals, whom S. first met in 1950 at a festival in Prades (France). In the future, both musicians performed together several times. It will flourish. S.'s activity dates back to the 1950s. S. went on tour in Canada, India, Japan, the Philippines, Australia, South countries. America and Europe. Several visited the USSR once (1956, 1960, 1965), where, together with D.F. Oistrakh, he performed and recorded on the disc concertos for two violins by A. Vivaldi and Bach. In its sound. palette S. finds the subtlest shades to convey the style and images of the music of classics, romantic. art-va, impressionist composers, modern. authors. In the summer of 1967, together with L. Bernstein, he took part in a concert on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. In 1973, on the initiative of S. in Jerusalem, Muses was created. Centre. Etc. Oscar (1981), Wolf Ave (1986).
STERN Maurice (1878, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland Gubernia - 1956, New York), painter, graphic artist. Since 1889 - in the USA. In 1894–99 he studied at the Nat. Academy of Drawing in New York. In 1904 he was sent to Paris by the academy. Later in Italy, impressed by the manuf. Piero della Franceschi, painted paintings in which he attached great importance to the harmony of proportions, color, light and shadow. Several years spent in Greece, studying antiquity. sculpture. In 1911-14 he lived on the island. Bali, where it was influenced by the nat. lawsuit. In 1925 he participated in the art. exhibition in Rome, presenting the sobr. his paintings, fig. and sculptures, including “Bazaar on the island. Bali (1913-14). The author is a monument. painting for the Department of Justice (1935, Washington), ser. "Seascapes" (1940s). Personal exhibitions of S. took place in the Paul Cassirer Gallery (1910, Berlin), Ying-those Arts (1917, Chicago), Art. Boston Club (1919), Scott and Fowles Gallery in New York (1926), Reinhardt Gallery in New York (1928, 1930), Art. the San Francisco Museum (1936, 1938), the Academy of Arts in Honolulu (1939), the Milk Gallery in New York (1962); S.'s retrospective exhibitions - at the Metropolitan Museum (1933, New York), at the Phillips Gallery (1952, Washington), Hirschl and Adler Gallery (1962, New York). S.'s works are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ying-those arts in Chicago and other museums in the United States.
STILLER Moritz (1884, Helsingfors - 1928, Stockholm), film director, actor, playwright. In 1899-1911 he played in t-ts Sweden, Finland. In the beginning. 1900s set designer, dir. in Royal dram. t-re in Stockholm. In 1907, dir. Intimate t-ra in Stockholm, created. on the initiative and at the expense of A. Strindberg. From 1912 he worked in the cinema. One of the founders of Swedish cinema. Among the f .: melodrama, comedy, adventure, film adaptations of works. Scandinavian classic writers: "Song of the Crimson-Red Flower" (after J. Linnankoski, 1918), "Mr. Arne's Money" (after S. Lagerlöf, 1919), "Johan" (after Yu. Aho, 1920), etc. From 1924 - in the USA, he worked in Hollywood. Filmed the film: "Hotel Imperial" (1926), "Woman on trial" (1927), etc. Since 1928 - in Sweden.
STODOLSKY Yakov-Bezalel (1890, Parisov Garvolinsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1962, New York), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He joined the labor movement. After serving in the army, he left Russia. Organized by an anarchist in Lviv. gr. He lived in Paris, participated in the activities of an anarchist. gr. He began to write poetry. Since 1912 - in the USA. Owned a book. shop. Joined gr. Inzih. Published a poem. in ed. groups. For many years he was a member. editorial board weekly. "[[New York | New Yorker Wohenblat". Until 1961 he published a magazine. "Unzer Horizon". In New York he published the book. "Ir licht" ("Her light", 1933), "Licht far de londs" ("Light for shutters", 1938), the poem "Doctor Chaim Zhitlovsky" (1941).
STOGORSKY (real family member Pyatigorsky) Alexander Pavlovich (1910, Yekaterinoslav - 1987, Moscow), cellist. Prof. (1961). Brother of G.P. Pyatigorsky. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class M.I. Yampolsky. Soloist Mosk. Philharmonic Society (1934–41) and the Gastrolbureau (1934–48). In 1936–41, assistant professor (from 1941 assoc. Prof.) In class. cello in Moscow. cons. He also taught at the Sverdlovsk (1941–43), Gorkovskaya (1946–54), Belorussian (1954–62) cons. In 1963–84 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins in Moscow. Laureate of the 1st All. competition of musicians-performers (1937, Moscow, 6th Ave.). S. dedicated their concerts for cello V.A.Zolotarev, A.V. Mosolov, A.V. Bogatyrev. S. was the first performer of these op. Author pl. will execute. and textual. ed. manuf. for cello. Published with his comments, as well as a foreword. and under his editorship. Variations on a Rococo Theme by PI Tchaikovsky (first published by the author's text) for cello and fp. He wrote the entry. Art. to the sheet music collection and art. for muses. periodic. editions.
STOLBUN David Evseevich (1911 - 1938), doctor. Since 1936 scientific. sotr. Aviation Institute medicine them. acad. I.P. Pavlova. While in an open gondola, he died from oxygen starvation during a secret scientific research. flight on the Air Force substrate. A monument to the victims was erected in the center of Donetsk.
STOLERMAN Samuil Alexandrovich (1874, Kyakhta, Trans-Baikal Region - 1949, Kiev), conductor. Played in the Irkutsk military. brass orc. All R. 1890s conducted the strings. orc. dram. t-ra, then - orc. wandering operetta troupe. From 1905 he studied conducting in Moscow under V.I. Safonov, who recommended S. for the post of conductor of Tr. Nar. at home (Moscow), where in the middle. 1900s S. put op. “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by MI Glinka and “The Tsar's Bride” by NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Later he headed the symphony. orc. in Krasnoyarsk, then in Vladivostok. From 1917 he worked in the t-ts of Tiflis, Baku and other cities. In 1927–44 he headed the Odessa Opera House, in 1944–49 - the Kiev Opera and Ballet Theater. S. - the first conductor of the op. "The Legend of Shota Rustaveli" by DI Arakishvili (1919), "Leila" (1922) by VI Dolidze in Tiflis, "Tamara the Insidious" by MA Balanchivadze (1926), "Arshin Mal Alan" (music. comedy) U. Hajibeyov, "Shah Senem" by R. M. Glier in Baku. In Odessa he staged op. "The Golden Hoop" (under the name "Zakhar Berkut", 1930) by BN Lyatoshinsky, "Taras Bulba" by NV Lysenko (in the new edition of LI Revutsky), and others. ... op .: "Lohengrin" by R. Wagner, "The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini, "Aida" by G. Verdi, "Boris Godunov" by MP Mussorgsky, "The Queen of Spades" by PI Tchaikovsky and others. art. Georgian SSR (1924). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1937).
STOLITSKY Jegusha (1890, Vilna - 1943), translator, composer. From 1906 he took part in dramas. and muses. circles. He wrote music to the poems of L. Naidus. In the journal. "Grininke beymelech" publ. per. in Yiddish manuf. M.Yu. Lermontov, V.A. Zhukovsky. In 1928, Sat. fav. fables by I.A. Krylov in the lane. S. In 1941–43 he was hiding with his family in the villages of Lithuania. Was extradited and shot.
STOLNICH Nathan (1893, Island of Lomzhinskaya province - 1969, Toronto, Canada), cantor, musicologist, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Moose. educated in Vilna. He sang in the Vilna choral synagogue, performed in the Jewish ethnographer. about-ve S. An-sky. With the Vilensky Theater, the opera toured in Lithuania and Latvia. Since 1926 - in Canada. He was a cantor in synagogues in Ottawa, Toronto. One of the founders of the IVO branch, the branch of the Union of Cantors, the Union of Lithuanian Jews. Publicistic. activity began Art. in Hebrew to gas. "Ha-Zman" in Vilna. In 1912 he switched to Yiddish. The first art. about Jewish t-ts published in "Vilner Vohenblat". Since 1926 sotr. zhurn. Keneder Alder (Montreal), Der Yidischer Magazine (Toronto), Dos Yiddish Worth (Winnipeg). In the period. ed. Europe and America printed Art. about the art of cantor singing. S.'s works publ. in the collection "Hazones" (New York, 1937, 1947). Author of books published in Toronto: "Negine-oiflebung" ("Revival of the melody", 1952), "Negine in yidishn lebn" ("Singing in the life of Jews": "Biogr. Jewish composers and cantors", 1957).
STOLOVICH Leonid Naumovich (b. 1929, Leningrad), art critic. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). In 1952 he graduated from Philosophy. faculty of Leningrad State University, since 1953 in Tartu University. Responsible ed. "Works on Philosophy" (Scientific Notes of Tartu University). Author pl. popul., publicistic works. Vol .: Aesthetic in reality and in art. M., 1959; Beauty in life and art. M., 1964; Philosophy of beauty. M., 1978; Aesthetic. and arts. value. M., 1983; Beauty. Good. True. Aesthetic essay on history. axiology. M., 1994; Jews are joking. Tallinn, 1996.
STOLPER Alexander Borisovich (1907, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1979, Moscow), film director, screenwriter. In 1923–25 he studied at the cinema workshop of L. V. Kuleshov, in 1925–27 - at the acting department of the Proletkult workshop. From 1927 dir. and screenwriter for the Soyuzkino film studio. In 1938 he graduated from dir. branch of VGIK (workshop of S.M. Eisenstein). Since 1964 teacher, then prof. VGIK. He made his debut as a fiction short film f. A Simple Story (1930). Staged full-length films: “Four Visits of Samuel Wolfe” (1934), “A Story about a Real Man” (after BN Polevoy, 1948), “Far from Moscow” (after VN Azhaev, 1950). Filmed production. K. M. Simonova - "A guy from our city" (1942), "Wait for me" (1943), "Days and nights" (1944), "The Living and the Dead" (1963) (Grand Prix at the Moscow International Film Festival in Karlovy Vary , 1964, diploma at the 7th ICF in Acapulco, Mexico, 1964), "Retribution" (1967), "Fourth" (1972). Nar. art. USSR (1977). Became. pr. (1949, 1951). State pr. RSFSR (1966).
STOLPNER Boris Grigorievich (1871 - 1967, Leningrad), translator. Prof. (1920), Ph.D. Sciences (1935). Member of the social-democr. movement. Carried out the first scientific. per. in Russian lang. op. Hegel in 14 volumes (1929–58), having developed for this purpose. Russian terminology. He also translated the production. Western-European philosophers G. Geffding, G. Gompertz, R. Richter, E. Cassirer. Works: History of materialism (in the works of its representatives and historians). M., 1927 (co-authored with P.S. Yushkevich).
STOLYAR Abram Davidovich (b. 1921, Melitopol, Yekaterinoslav province), archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). 1941–45 - at the front. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1948). In 1954-56 Art. scientific. sotr. Crimean branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1956–64 Art. scientific. sotr. State Hermitage, where he developed new principles of archeol. exposure. From 1964 he taught at the Department of Archeology of Leningrad State University, from 1972 head. department. Participated in the work of 30 exp., Including 10 was the head (Karelia, Kola Peninsula, Ladoga, Volga, Don region, Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, Siberia, Middle Asia). Most means. field work S. - Mesolithic. cemetery Vasilyevka 1 on the Dnieper and Alimovsky canopy in the Crimea, Eneolithic. the fortress of the Maikop culture Meshoko in the Kuban, mounds of the Bronze Age on the river. Salgir in Crimea, research. Onega and White Sea petroglyphs of Karelia. He developed a methodology and for the first time used an excavation-transport on excavations. machines (Volga-Don Exp. 1949–51). The author of St. 100 scientific. works. Cit .: Origin will depict. art. M., 1985.
STOLYAR Mikhail Anatolyevich (b. 1954, Moscow), author's song performer, publisher. Graduated from the Faculty of Applied Mathematics of the Minikh and GP them. IM Gubkin (1976) and MGIK (1983) with a degree in conductor orc. bunk bed instr-tov ". In 1972 he began performing with a bard song. Multiple laureate of competitions of author's song in a duet with his wife - II Stolyar. Songwriter for the theater. productions. He was engaged in the preparation of the musical collection of the author's song for publication, carried out the musical notation of works. decomp. authors, published articles about the author's song to the center. press, compiled a tutorial on guitar accompaniment "Six strings and a little patience." S. - the owner of the publishing house "APART", specializing in the publication of author's songs. Since 1996 ed. alm. "AP Art", with which A. Gorodnitsky, V. Dolina, A. Mirzayan, L. Anninsky collaborated.
STOLYAR Mordhe (1885, Chisinau, Bessarabian province - 1951, Buenos Aires), publicist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Participated in the labor movement. Since 1906 - in Argentina. He worked as a carpenter. He opened the first Jewish book in Buenos Aires. a shop that became the center of the Jewish intelligentsia. Since 1914 he has been a leading collaborator, since 1930 - ed. daily gas. "Di Yiddish Zeitung". He wrote articles, essays on cultural, historical, topical. Topics. In 1955 lit. prize to them. S. for the best book. years in Argentina in Hebrew and Yiddish.
STOLYAROV Grigory Arnoldovich (1892, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), conductor, teacher. Prof. (1934). In 1915 he graduated from Petrograd. cons., where he studied with L.S. Auer (violin), N.N. Cherepnin (conducting), A.K. Glazunov (instrumentation). S.'s debut as conductor - performance of Glazunov's elegy "In Memory of a Hero" by a conservatory orc. He played the violin with strings. quartet Petrogr. branch of Rus. muses. about-va under the hands. Auer. Professional. he began his conducting career in Petrograd. t-re "Renaissance" (1915-17). Ch. conductor of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater (1920–29), ch. conductor and manager muses. part of the Muses. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1930–38), the opera studio named after S.T.Shatsky at Moscow. cons. (1937–39), the Kazakh Opera and Ballet Theater (1945–48). From 1948 he worked in Moscow for Vses. radio. From 1954 ch. conductor Mosk. t-ra op-you. Under control. S. were first performed by D.B.Kabalevsky, D.D.Shostakovich, T.N. Khrennikov, K.S. Khachaturian. He also acted as a symphony. conductor. In 1923–29 St. and rector of Odessa, in 1934–43 prof. Moscow., In 1945–48 prof. Alma-Ata cons., In 1948–53 - Institute of the military. conductors in Moscow. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Kazakh SSR (1947).
STOLYARSKY Petr (Peisakh) Solomonovich (1871, Lipovets, Kiev province. - 1944, Sverdlovsk), violinist, teacher. The son of a self-taught musician. From early childhood he studied violin with his father. For two years he worked in the mountains. orc. Sevastopol. In 1890 he graduated from the Odessa Russian school. muses. about-va on cl. violin with J.J. Karbulka, there he studied with E. Mlynarsky. Studied with S.K.Bartsevich in Warsaw. In 1898-1919 he played orc. Odessa Opera House. At the same time. gave violin lessons. Gained popularity in Odessa as a teacher. In 1911 he opened a private music. school. From 1920 he taught at the cons. in Odessa. In 1933 he organized the first in the USSR special. muses. a ten-year school for gifted children (she was named S.). On the model of the S. school, secondary specials were created. muses. schools at the cons .: in Leningrad (1934), Moscow (1936), Kiev, etc. The culmination of S.'s activities was the victory of his students in 1937 at the 1st International. competition them. E. Izai in Brussels, when D. F. Oistrakh received the 1st pr. [EG Gilels (3rd pr.), B. Ya. Goldstein (4th pr.) And M. Fichtengolts (6th ave.)]. Among other pupils of S. - N.M. Milstein, S.I.Furer, M.L.Zatulovsky, V.Z.Mordkovich. S. was the initiator of the professional. muses. teaching children from an early age. A necessary element of prof. education musician S. considered playing ans. and orc. (he was the first to create a school symphonic orc.), his pupils from childhood performed on the stage. The system and principles of teaching S. had a great influence on the development of the violinist. pedagogy in the USSR, and his pedagogical. activities played a large role in the formation of owls. violinist. schools. S. - the prototype of the heroes of the story of IE Babel "Awakening" and rom. I.H.Drucker "Klezmer" ("Musicians"). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1939).
STOKES (nee Wieslander) Rose Harriet Pastor (1879, Augustow, Suwalki Province - 1933, USA), social activist. Since 1882 - in Great Britain. Then she moved with her family to the USA (Cleveland, Ohio), for some time she worked at a local cigar factory. From 1903 - in New York, sotr. into gas. Juish Daily News published poetry and essays. Member social party. In 1918, charges were brought against S. for violating the espionage law, but in 1920 it was dropped. In 1919, S. was among the leaders of the left wing of the socialist. party, a cut later became the basis for the creation of the US Communist Party. S. was a delegate to the 4th Congress of the Comintern in Moscow (1922). I wrote for gas. Pravda, Daily Worker, translated Sat. Work Songs in Yiddish (1914). S. - the author of the feminist play "The Woman Who Did Not Give Up" (1916).
STONE Benjamin (1891, Gaysin, Podolsk Gubernia - 1953, New York), public figure, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1909 - in the USA. He graduated from the agricultural department. School of Baron M. de Guirche in Woodbury (1914). Studied agronomy in Michigan. In 1918 - in the army. Since 1919, member. s.-kh. about-va and ed. zhurn. Der Yidisher Farmer. Publ. Art. on the problems of Jewish farmers in the United States. Organized cooperatives. Taught farm courses. In 1922 in New York, publ. manual for Jewish farmers "Crankite Fun Begeymes" ("Diseases of the Cows"), in 1924 - the book. "Der farm-ferd" ("Farm horse").
STONE Nachum (Naum Isaakovich) (1873, Odessa - 1966), economist. Doctor of Philosophy. Since 1891 - in the USA. In 1896 he graduated from Technol. Institute in Chicago. In 1904–09 he headed the department. foreign tariffs of the US Department of Trade. In 1900-12 Ch. economist at the Office of Tariffs. During the 1st world. war worked in the Council for nat. security. Among the book. S. - "Capitalism on trial in Russia" (1898), "Karl Marx on money" (1900), "Encouragement of foreign trade in Europe and the United States" (1907), "Economic problems of the restoration of Palestine" (1918), "Solitary struggle for fair rates ”(1952).
STRAKHOV (real family. Braslavsky) Adolf Iosifovich (1896, Ekaterinoslav - 1979, Kharkov), sculptor, graphic artist. In 1915 he graduated from the Odessa art. school, where he studied with I. Marmon. From 1922 he worked in Kharkov. Decorated the roar. holidays, worked in "Agitplakat", collaborated in the magazine. Main manuf. in the poster genre: "The ABC of the Revolution", posters "V.I.Ulyanov-Lenin" (1924), "Liberated Woman, Build Socialism" (1926), "Let's Build Dneprostroy" (1932), which became classics of art. ... years. He also worked in books. graphics. Among the products. sculptures: an obelisk at the mass grave of the heroes of the Revolution (Yekaterinoslav, 1919), monument. M.I. Glinka in Zaporozhye (1955), S.M. Kirov in Makeevka (1959), V.I. Lenin in Novocherkassk (1961). From 1911 he took part in pl. exhibitions, including Intern. exhibition decor. art in Paris, exhibitions roar. poster in Paris, Hamburg, Vienna (1927). S.'s posters have been repeatedly exhibited at all. and rep. exhibitions. Nar. artist Ukrainian SSR (1943).
STRASHUN Ilya Davidovich (Davydovich) (1892, Warsaw - 1967, Moscow), health care organizer, hygienist, medical historian. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944). Sh. Strashun's great-grandson. In 1911 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that; in 1915, after completing the fourth year, he was sent to the front as an ordinary doctor; in 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. Since 1919 - at the fronts of the Civil. war (since 1920 he headed the sanitary and educational department of the Caucasian front). Since 1921 - in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. held leading posts in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR - head. dep. dignity education, governments. commissioner and scientific. hands. owls. pavilion at Intern. hygienic exhibition in Dresden (1930), hands. Office of the highest. honey. education, one of the organizers and dean of the country's first dignity. f-that in the 1st MMI. At the same time. worked at the department of social. hygiene of the 2nd Moscow State University (now the 2nd MMI), where he paid much attention to the study of the problems of alcoholism. In 1930 he read special. history of medicine course in the 1st and 2nd MMI. In 1935 he founded and headed the first department of the history of medicine in the USSR at the 1st MMI. The author of Art. "Medicine" in the 1st ed. “Big honey. encyclopedias "(1936). In 1940 S. head. department of social. hygiene in the 1st Leningrad. honey. in-those, during the blockade dir. Institute (1941–43). In 1944–47, the director. Ying-ta organization of health care and history of medicine, in which he worked until 1949, and at the same time. head Department of the History of Medicine of the 1st MMI, headed the creation. im Vses. scientific. Society of Medical Historians (1946). In connection with the beginning at the end. 1940s t. n. struggle with cosmopolitanism S. was deprived of the opportunity to work until the end. 1951. Then he was engaged in scientific. and societies. work within the framework of the AMS. S.'s work of this period is dedicated. I.I. Mechnikov (1959), F.F. Erisman (1959), zemstvo medicine (1965) and others. Works: N.I. Pirogov. L., 1941; Health protection of workers in the Sov. Union. M., 1947 (jointly with I.A. Vinogradov); Russian doctor at war. M., 1947; Russian public medicine in the period between the two revolutions 1907-1917. M., 1964.
STRASHUN Shmuel (1794, Zaskevichi of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1872, Vilna), rabbi. He gave lectures on the Talmud in one of the synagogues in Vilna. Author of comments on Shulchan-Aruch (Vilna, 1854), comments, publ. in the Vilna ed. Talmud (1864), commentaries on "Yad-ha-khazaka" by Maimonides "Mekore ha-Rambam" (Vilna, 1870). S.'s son - Matisyahu (1817, Vilna - 1885, ibid.), Hebraist. Published on Sat. “Pirkei Tsafon”, “Kerem Hemed”, “Ha-Carmel”. The author of comments to the book. SI Finn "Kiriya Naaman". Bequeathed to the city his library, which contained St. 5700 kn. in Judaica.
STRASHUNSKY Yoel-Dovid (1816, Libava, Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1850, Warsaw), cantor, composer. Rod. in the family of the cantor Girsh-Borukh S. In the 1830s. cantor in one of the synagogues in Vilna. In the beginning. 1840 studied in Warsaw under S. Moniuszko. Has toured with concerts in different. European countries. The author of synagogue melodies, plays and poetry. manuf. Character bunk. legends, one of which is given in rum. Sholem Aleichem "Yosele the Nightingale".
STRATIEVSKY Natan Borisovich (1920, Odessa - 2003), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - from 1939. In 1940 he graduated from the junior school. Aviation specialists. Beginning communications squadron leith. S. to Aug. 1944 made 232 sorties. In 1949 he graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. He taught English. language in the Kharkov military. Aviation school of navigators. From 1956 - captain of the reserve. He was awarded 6 orders.
GUARD Solomon Naumovich (1870, Vilna province - 1931, Moscow), sculptor. Studied with a woodcarver in Vilna. For the statuette made of wood "Yankel-tsimbalist" on the theme of the poem "Pan Tadeusz" by A. Mitskevich received silver. medal at the exhibition of Polish sculptors. In 1912–13 he studied in Paris at the studio of E. A. Bourdelle. From 1914 he was a sculptor at a furniture factory in Moscow. Author of genre works from the life of the Vilna Jewish poor: "How long", "Newspaper seller", "Street musician"; works on the plots of TANAKH: "Saul", "David", "Joseph the Dreamer". He made a sculptor in stone and bronze. busts of I.-L. Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, Mendele Moikher-Sforim. After 1917 he worked on portraits of K. Marx, V. I. Lenin, A. V. Lunacharsky, J. M. Sverdlov, J. Zhores, M. I. Kalinin, Demyan Bedny, F. Ya. Kon. The author of the comp .: "Self-defense" (a scene from the Jewish pogrom), "Change", "Fist", "Capital".
STRELETS Chaim Lipovich (1911, Minsk province - 1976, Leningrad), specialist in the field of magnesium metallurgy. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967), prof. In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In 1939–76 - in the All-Union Union. aluminum-magnesium in-those. Sci. tr. - in the region. complex improvement of obtaining magnesium electrolytic. way. The first works date back to 1938; created a number of prom. designs of electrolysers, including a diaphragmless type electrolyser of high performance. Developed by scientific. fundamentals of magnesium metallurgy. Became. pr. (1951). State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Electrolytic production of magnesium. M., 1972; Metallurgy of magnesium. M., 1980.
STRELITS Oscar (1892, Kovna - 1937), publicist, editor. Party roar. traffic in Lithuania. He was arrested for organizing workers' strikes. After his release, he left for the USSR. Published in gas. "Der emes". One of the leading feuilletonists of owls. Jewish press of the 1920s and 30s. In 1930 one of the founders of Gas. "Kolvirt-emes" in Kalinindorf. In 1932 he released the book. "Bolshevistischer Freeling" ("Bolshevik Spring"), "Aropgerisene Maskes" ("Torn Masks"). Repressed. Died in custody.
STRELSIN Alfred (1898, Anufrievka - 1976, USA), entrepreneur. Since 1906 - in the USA. Studied economics and advertising business at Wisconsin University. In 1916 he created an advertising agency. Together with business partners, he was engaged in the development of oil fields, discovered a source in Burke Burnett (Texas). In 1921, he established business relations with Germany, Russia and Poland and in tech. For 4 years he controlled the production of porcelain enamel, bristles and cobalt in these countries. In 1925 he traveled to Amer. states lecturing on the world. economy. In 1927, the organizer of the construction of an exemplary city near Milwaukee (Wisconsin), named. Center City. As Vice President. Universal scientific. corporation that survived the Great Depression, participated in the invention and production of photocellulose, optich. lenses and fluorescent lamps. In 1941, the adviser min. military. industry US Donald M. Nelson, in 1942 special. consultant at the Military Department. economy. An active member of the Zionist movement.
STRIZHEVSKAYA Natalia Iosifovna (b. 1951, Moscow), poet, translator, literary critic. Daughter of I. V. Strizhevsky. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1974). Researcher and translator F. Villon, T. de Vio, J. de Nerval, C. Baudelaire, A. Rembeau, S. Mallarmé, L. Aragon, E. Okara and others. Own. poems printed in the magazine. "New World", "Moscow", alm. Poetry Day. In 1992 in Paris she came out in Russian. lang. book "Cold" (in 1993 - in French), in 1993 in Paris - Sat. translations fav. manuf. IF Annensky in French. lang. (co-authors J.-P. Balbe).
STRIZHEVSKY Iosif Veniaminovich (1919, Kiev - 1996, Moscow), specialist in the field of corrosion. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). Graduated from Moscow. mechanical Institute (1946). In 1950–52 he taught at the Penza Industry. in-those. Since 1952 - at the Academy of Municipal Economy named after I. KD Pamfilova, since 1963 hands. dep. Region scientific. interests - protection of the underground. structures from corrosion. S. created the theory of distribution of electricity. fields and currents in the ground and underground. structures, the theory of electric drainage protection of pipelines from corrosion by stray currents. Under scientific. hands. and with the participation of S. solved the problem of increasing the reliability of mountains. underground. metallic structures by creating new insulating coatings and organizing factory production of insulated pipes, creating effective means of cathodic, electric drainage protection, methods and control devices. Author of over 350 scientific. works, including 25 monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Russian Federation (1995). Works: Theory and calculation of drainage and cathodic protection of main pipelines against corrosion by stray currents. M., 1963; Chemotronics. M., 1974; Underground corrosion and protection methods. M., 1986; Protection of underground metal structures from corrosion. Directory. M., 1990 (et al.).
STROCHKOV Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1946, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1969), worked in the field of semiconductors and ferrous metallurgy. First publ. - in 1989. Feature of creativity S. is the use of pun, semantic. and syntax. ambiguity as DOS. means of creating a deep drama in the lyric. manuf. Experience and prospects of working with poetry. language disclosed in a combination of scientific. and game text to the work “Lingvoplasty. Polysemantics. An Attempt to Analyze and Systematize ”(1988–90), written by et al. with A.Sh. Levin. Cit .: Verbs of imperfect tense. M., 1995.
STROGOVICH Mikhail Solomonovich (1894, Petersburg, - 1984, Moscow), lawyer. Prof. (1933), Dr. Sciences (1939), Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). During the Civil. war worked in Ch. roar. military. tribunal of troops int. protection, in the Supreme Tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From 1924 - in the Prosecutor's Office of the RSFSR and the USSR. Since 1939 head. sector theoretical. problems of justice of the Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, taught at universities in Moscow. Was criticized during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitanism." The author of St. 300 works on the theory of law, the theory of criminal procedure, including one of the first (after 1917) courses of traditional logic for universities. Foreign h. of the Academy of Sciences of Poland (1959). Cit .: Logic. M., 1946; Material truth and forensic evidence in the Soviet criminal process. M., 1955; Course owls. criminal procedure, v. 1–2. M., 1968–70; The right of the accused to defense and the presumption of innocence. M., 1984.
STROK Oskar Davydovich (1893, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1975, Riga), composer, musician. At the age of 10 he wrote a romance to the poems of A. Pushkin "I loved you." At the age of 11 he entered Petersburg. cons. (Cl. N.A. Dubasov). In 1912 were published. S.'s romances to verses by M.Yu. Lermontov "Without you I want to tell you a lot", "She is not proud of her beauty." Waltzes written during the 1st world. war, - "Sleep in the trenches" and "Sleep in a foreign land" - made the name of S. famous. After the war he worked as a pianist-illustrator in a cinema, on the stage, accompanied N.V. Plevitskaya, N.I. Tamara, A.V. . Nezhdanova and others. S. tango brought world fame: "Black eyes", "Blue rhapsody", "Tell me why", "Blue eyes", "Do not leave", "The last tango" and others. He also wrote fantasies, suites , overtures, etc. S. created more than 300 works, texts by many. of them belong to S. himself. Among the performers of songs and romances S. - Yu.S. Morfessi, P.K. Leshchenko, K.T.Sokolsky, L.O. Utesov, I.D. Yurieva, K.I.Shulzhenko and etc. In the 1930s. pl. firms ("Columbia", "Odeon", "Elektrekord", etc.) released S.'s records in huge numbers. In 1944–45 he worked as a pianist in a jazz orc. under the hands. Shulzhenko and V.F. Coralli. Songwriter "Front chauffeur", "Two friends", "8th Guards Division", "We will win", produced by. "Stalingrad Waltz" (for Utesov), "A Past Hobby" (for Shulzhenko), etc. In the 1960s and 70s. S. wrote "Star tango", "In the old garden", "Marianna" and others. S. were performed in these years by Yu.A. Gulyaev, V.K. Troshin, I.D.Kobzon, N.N. Nikitsky, K.A.Lazorenko, R.V. Sikora and others. Firm "Melodiya" released several ... LPs S.
STROMIN-STROEV Albert (Alexander) Robertovich (1902 - 1939), an employee of the special services. Major of State Security. Since 1920 - in the Cheka. Art. investigator, early. dep. Leningrad. OGPU. Member Commission "for cleaning" of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. Conducted interrogations of scientists on the "academic case" in 1929–31. In 1937–38 the beginning. Saratov NKVD Directorate. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 1st convocation. In 1938 he was arrested and shot.
STRONGIN Lev (Leib) Izrailevich (1896, Minsk - 1968, Moscow), publisher, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 13 he worked in a printing house. In 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b). Participant of Civil. war. Since 1929, dir. Beltrestpechat. Graduated from the Industrial Academy in Moscow (1932). All R. 1930s - dir. State Labor Publishing House, Glavpoligrafizdata, Chl. polygraph. Council for the publication of encyclopedias. In 1939–49, the director publishing house "Der emes". During the 2nd world. war - part. EAK, member. editorial board gas. Einikite. In 1949 he was repressed. Passed in the "JAC case". Son S. - Varlen (b. 1932, Moscow), writer, playwright. Publ. satirical. stories in zhurn. "Crocodile", "Ogonyok", "Youth". Author of the book: "Spectacular frame" (1968), "White crows" (1980), "Eternal rider" (1987), "The last Jew" (1992), "Doomed Mikhoels" (1996). The author of the story "My father Lev Strongin - at home and in prison", excerpts from a swarm were published in the magazine. "Jewish Street" (1995, No. 4-5).
STRUGACH Moishe (1892, Slutsk, Minsk Province - 1973, New York), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from high school in Odessa. Graduated from Historical Philosophy. Faculty of Warsaw University (1920). He entered a Jewish student. gr. "Tsukunft". He taught in Yiddish in schools, in evening courses. Since 1920 - in the USA. The first poems were published in the Warsaw weekly. "Dos folk", was published periodically. ed. Known as children. poet. In New York he published the book: "Leader fun nekhtn un gain" ("Poems from yesterday and today", 1922); Der Lezter Prince (The Last Prince: A Tale, 1952); "In geln tog" ("On a clear day": Poems, ballads, fairy tales, 1960) and others.
STRUGATSKY, Arkady Natanovich (1925, Batumi - 1991, Moscow), Boris Natanovich (b. 1933, Leningrad), writers. Brothers. Arkady S. graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. in Moscow (1949). Worked ed. Translated manuf. Wed-century. japanese. literature, modern fiction. Boris S. graduated from Mechanical-Math. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1955). He worked at the Pulkovo Observatory. From 1958 they wrote together. In all works, starting with the first: "The Land of Crimson Clouds" (1959), "The Way to Amalthea" (1960), "Trainees" (1960), etc., actual ethical and philosophical issues are presented. questions. Space themes, scientific and technical. progress is combined with a description of the psychology and intelligence of the characters. In pov. Attempt to Escape (1962), Predatory Things of the Century (1964) against the backdrop of adventurous or detective fiction. the plot brings to the fore the problem of human responsibility. In subsequent productions. - ironic pov. Monday Begins Saturday (1964), Pov. Roadside Picnic (1972), A Billion Years Before the End of the World (1974), rom. The Beetle in the Anthill (1979) and other motives of personal responsibility are combined with the undecidability of a moral dilemma in an imperfect hostile world. The Jewish theme is present in almost all works: in the early ones - in hints, "between the lines" (the name of the character, the situation, humor), in the later ones - openly (allusions to the Jewish theme, the condemnation of anti-Semitism in the novel. "Burdened by Evil, or Forty Years Later "(1988), the play" The Jews of the City of St. Petersburg "(1990). Based on the script by S., directed by A.A. Tarkovsky, staged the film" Stalker "(1980). S. - laureates of many foreign literary awards, in their honor named one of the minor planets.Collection: Collected works in 12 volumes, Moscow, 1991–93.
STRUNSKI Simon (1879, Vitebsk - 1948, New York), writer, publicist. Since the 1880s. - in USA. In 1900 he graduated from Columbia University. From the beginning. 1900s published in leading journals. In 1906–20 the state. sotr. gas. New York Evening Post, ch. 1920-24. ed. Since 1924, member. editorial board gas. "New York Times". Member Nat. in-that arts and literature. Author of the book: "Cold-blooded Observer" (1911), "Impressions in Letters" (1914), "A Little Journey to Paris" (1918), "Sinbad and His Friends" (1921), "King Akhenaten" (1928), " A living tradition "(1938)," Two came to the city "(1947).
STRUZMAN Victoria Emmanuilovna (b. 1925, Leningrad), architect. Graduated from IZHSA them. I.E. Repin (1950). In 1950–64 she worked at Lenproyekt (architect, head of the group), in 1964–92 - at VNIIEP (Leningrad) - Ch. project architect. Main works: hotel "Saint Petersburg", hotel "Russia", general. reconstruction of the grand hotel "Europe" (all - St. Petersburg). Evil medal for architecture conc. hall in the hotel "St. Petersburg". Etc. AH (silver medal, 1987). State pr. USSR (1973). State pr. RF (1995).
STUCHEVSKY Joachim Kalmanovich (Yehoyakhin, Joachim Klementyevich) (1891, Romny, Poltava province - 1982, Tel Aviv), cellist, composer, musicologist. Brother of I.K. Stuchevsky. In 1912 he graduated from the Leipzig cons. by class cello by J. Klengel. Played in Jena strings. quartet (1912–14), gave concerts and taught in Zurich (1914–24). In 1924–38 he lived in Vienna, was one of the organizers of the Vienna Strings. comic quartet, played in the Vienna Trio and in the Vienna Duet (with the pianist F. Wührer). He founded the Society for the Development of Jewish Music in Vienna. Since 1938 - in E.-I., studied Jewish muses. folklore, wrote chamber instruments. music, ch. arr. for cello, in a number of Op. used Jewish dance. melodies, among them - "Hasidic suite" for cello with fp. (1946), "Israeli Dances" for flute, cello and fp. (1953), 4 Jewish dances (1929) and "Hasidic dances" (2 tetras., 1934, 1945) for fp., Symph. suite "Israel" (1964; Ave Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, 1973). Among other op. - "Disappeared sounds" for flute, strings. quartet and percussion (1955; the composition resembles the ans. klezmers). S. - the author of numerous. transcriptions for cello fp. plays it. and Russian. classics, as well as A.A. Kerin. The author is methodical. manuals "Exercises on the basis of a new technique of playing the cello" (in German, Mainz, 1927; Russian translation, vols. 1–3, Moscow, 1938), "The art of playing the cello" (in German. , v. 1–2, Mainz, 1929; v. 3–4, Vienna, 1938; Russian transl. vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1934–35); etudes for cello (Mainz, 1931, 4 volumes; republished - Moscow, 1936). The author of the book. “My way to Jewish music” (in German, Vienna, 1935), “Jewish music” (Hebrew, Tel Aviv, 1946), “Klezmer” (Hebrew, Jerusalem), etc. Ave. them. Engel (1951, 1959, 1965). Etc. them. G.P. Pyatigorsky (1963).
STUCHEVSKY Joseph Alexandrovich (1927, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1976). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). In 1954–55 he taught at the Turkmen state. un-those. Since 1955 he worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1974 senior scientific researcher), at the same time. in 1965–67 he taught in history. f-those of Moscow State University and in Ying-those east. lang. at Moscow State University. Author of scientific. works on the history of dr. Egypt: The Eastern Roots of the Myth of Christ. M., 1958; Temple form of the royal economy of Ancient Egypt. M., 1962; Dependent population of ancient Egypt. M., 1966; Landowners of the state economy of Ancient Egypt of the Ramessichore era. M., 1984.
STUCHKOV (ps; real name Shtuchko) Nohem (1893, Brock Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1965, Lakewood, New Jersey, USA), lexicographer. In the beginning. 1910s - member club "Ha-zomir" in Warsaw, actor in the troupe of AG-L. Kompaneets. He translated into Yiddish and processed plays by Voltaire and J.-B. Moliere for Jewish t-dv. Collaborated with the "Undzer Winkl" trade center in Kharkov (1917–21), headed the Jewish State. t-rum in Vitebsk. Since 1923 - in the USA. Since 1926 sec. League of Jewish Actors USA. From 1932 he conducted a radio program for children. In 1931 he began to work in the region. Jewish lexicography. First book. The Yidisher Gram-Lexicon (Hebrew Dictionary of Rhymes) was published in New York in 1931. S.'s work "Der oitser fun der Yidischer shprah" ("Treasures of the Yiddish language") was published in the same place in 1950.
STUPNITSKY Shole Itskhok (1876, Belsk, Bialystok u. Grodno province. - 1942), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1897 he studied at un-those in Heidelberg. In 1898 he studied philosophy, history, east. lang. In 1901 in Warsaw he joined the Polish socialists. At the 6th Zionist Congress. in Basel (1903) supported the territorialists. Having moved to Minsk, he joined the Poalei Zion movement. The first publication was in 1886 in gas. "Gamelitz". Was printed in gas. "Ga-Magid", "Ga-Or", etc. Since 1903 he wrote in Yiddish. Publ. in the weekly. "Di Yiddish Folks Zeitung" in Warsaw in 1903 research. "Khazars", ser. Art. "What is Nationalism". The book was published in Warsaw. State and Nation (1918), Assimilation in Jewish History (1918). In 1908-1926 he collaborated in gas. "Gain" (Warsaw), "Dos Folk", "Lubliner Togblat" (Lublin), "Frigmorgn" (Riga). During the 2nd world. War in the Warsaw ghetto investigated the problem of school education. Some of the materials were found in the archive of E. Ringelblum. In the Gazeta Zhidovska, published in the ghetto, for two years he published Art. on east. themes STUCHEVSKY Israel Kalmanovich (Semyon Klementyevich) (1894, Kherson - 1986, Moscow), pianist. Brother of I.K. Stuchevsky. Graduated from Kherson muses. uch-shche (class. fp. V.Ya. Egenberg), then studied at the Odessa cons. (1918–20) at E.M. Bieber. He started working in Kherson in 1909 as a taper in a c / t. In 1921–24 and 1934–59 he was accompanist of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR. He performed as an accompanist with the leading soloists of the theater L.V. Sobinov, G.S. Pirogov, S.I. Migai, S.Ya. Lemeshev, K.G. Derzhinskaya, V.V. Barsova, N.D. Shpiller , IK Arkhipova and others. In 1960 he was awarded a special. pr. as an accompanist at the International vocal competition them. R. Schumann in Berlin. In 1957-73 he taught in the class. wok. ans. in Muses. uch-shche them. M.M. Ippolitova-Ivanova. S. owns processing for voice with php. piano pieces by F. Chopin (words by S. B. Bolotin and T. S. Sikorskaya, 1965). Comp. a number of collections for woks. ensembles. Honored. art. RSFSR (1951).
SUDARSKY Itskhok (? -?), Publicist, public figure. In the 1920s - 1st floor. 1930s - one of the hands. Evsections in Ukraine. He was in charge of the Jewish subdivision in Kharkov. nat. minorities of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR. By profession - an agronomist, in the 2nd half. 1920s was engaged in Jewish settlements in the Crimea and Birobidzhan. Publ. activities related to work in the Evsection and OZET. Printed Art. into gas. Der emes, Der stern, zhurn. "Shed", "Di dig Velt" and other ed. He wrote books, brochures in Yiddish: "Where is the economic development of the Jewish working masses in the capitalist countries and in the Soviet Union" (Kharkov, 1929), "Birobidzhan and Palestine" (Kharkov, 1929), "Jewish fascism and clericalism in the service of capital" (Kharkov – Kiev, 1932), “Kalinindorfsky district” (Moscow, 1932), “Novo-Zlatopolsky district” (Moscow, 1933), “Birobidzhan” (Kharkov – Kiev, 1933), etc. Repressed.
SUDARSKY Mendl (1885, Vishtynets of Volkovyskiy u. Suvalka province. - 1951, New York), doctor, publicist, public figure. Doctor of Medicine. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at high fur boots in Leipzig (1907–09), Freiburg (1909–10), Berlin (1910–12). In 1914 he was interned in Berlin as a Russian. subject. After returning to Russia - in the army. Since 1921 - in Lithuania. He worked as a doctor. One of the founders and ed. gas. Folksblat. Printed Art. for honey. Topics. Since 1937 - in the USA. Practiced as an eye doctor. One of the founders of the Federation of Lithuanian Jews. In 1934–47 he edited the journal. Der litvisher id.
SUKENIK Eliezer-Lipa (1889, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1953, Jerusalem), archaeologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1926), prof. (1938). Since 1912 - in E.-I. In 1917-18 - in the Jewish Legion. Studied at the University of Berlin and the University of Dropsy (Philadelphia, USA). Participated in expeditions organized by the Jewish un-tom (Jerusalem) in Jerusalem and Samaria. In 1938 he headed the Museum of Jewish Antiquities at the Jewish University. Since 1947 scientific. S.'s interests are connected in DOS. with the "Dead Sea Manuscripts" ("Qumran Manuscripts") S.'s son - Yigael Yadin (1917 - 1984), military leader, politician, archaeologist. In 1949–52 the beginning. gene. Israel Defense Forces Headquarters. In 1955–69 he headed a number of archaeologists. expeditions. 1977 - one of the organizers of the DASH party. 1977–81 dep. Knesset, deputy. prime minister. State Israel Ave. (1956). Son S. - Yosef Yadin (1920-2001), actor. One of the founders of the Israeli Chamber Theater.
SUKHAREVA Grunya Efimovna (1891 - 1981, Moscow), child psychiatrist. Sister M.E. Sukhareva. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). In 1915 she graduated from the Kiev women's honey. in-t. In 1915-17 she worked in an epidemiological department. detachment. In 1917–19, a psychiatrist resident. hospitals, in 1919–21 head. section of defectology in medical pedagogy. in-those in Kiev. Since 1921 resident, Art. assistant, head. psychoneurological. clinic Ying-that health protection of children and adolescents and simultaneously. (1928–33) assistant and assistant professor of psychiatry. clinics of the 1st MMI. In 1933–35 the head. Department of Psychiatry Psychoneurological. in-that in Kharkov. In 1935–65 (with a break) the head. Department of children. psychiatry CIU doctors in Moscow and simultaneously. (1938–69) head. created by her department. psychoses children. and adolescence to the Center. Institute of Psychiatry. Sci. tr. S. dedicated various issues psychopathology in children and adolescents: children. fantasies (1921), psychopathies (1925–30), psychic. violations in viral encephalitis. She proposed a classification of oligophrenia in children. Author of the foundation. Labor "Clinical lectures on psychiatry children. age "(v. 1–3. M., 1955–65). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Vol .: Lectures on Child Psychiatry. Fav. chapters. M., 1974.
SUKHAREVA Maria Efimovna (1898 - 1991, Moscow), pediatric infectious disease specialist. Sister G.E. Sukhareva. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). In 1921 she graduated from Kiev honey. in-t, worked in children. hospital in Kiev. Since 1932 - at the Department of Pediatrics at the Central Institute of Physicians, where in 1947 she headed the department (since 1964 - the department) children. infections. In 1972–84 she worked at Moscow. Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. G.N. Gabrichevsky. Sci. tr. S. dedicated decomp. question children infections, first of all dysentery (Candidate and Doctor of Dissertations), as well as salmonellosis, other intestinal infections, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough.
SULTAN Joseph (real family member Rashgal) (1892, Kiev - 1961, Mexico), public figure, publicist. He studied at un-those in Kiev. Party roar. movement. In 1917 he joined the Bolsheviks. From the beginning. 1920s - in USA. He actively collaborated with the communists. One of the founders of the "Gezerd", "Ikor", "International Arbeter-Order", IKUF. Published in the journal. "Yiddish Cultures", periodical. ed. USA, Lat. America and other countries. He studied the history of the United States, the US labor movement. In the 1930s. in New York came the book. S.S .: "Revolt-moment in der amerizer geshichte" ("Revolutionary moments in American history"), "America, geshichte fund di fareinikte state" ("America. History of the United States", in 2 volumes), "Der kamph kegn anti-Semitism ”(“ Combating anti-Semitism ”). Since 1954 - in Mexico. Disappointed in his political views, he retired from public activities.
SULTAN Mordechai (1785, Lutsk, Volyn province - 1878, Evpatoria, Tauride province), Karaite hakham. Hakham in Lutsk. Art. khazan in Chufut-Kale, Evpatoria, Kherson. He is the author of a number of books, including grammar of the Old Hebrew language. "Petah Tikva" (Evpatoria, 1857), philos. treatise "Sefer tetib daat" (ibid., 1858), commentaries on the TANAKH "Sefer yalkut".
SUPER Anatoly Borisovich (b. 1933, Essentuki, Stavropol Territory - 2000, Moscow), conductor, arranger. In 1952 he graduated from the Odessa cons. (cl. flute). He worked as a soloist orc. in the Buryat state. t-re op. and the ball. (Ulan-Ude), then began conducting activities there. Since 1961 conductor, then Ch. conductor of the Saransk muses. t-ra, in 1966-75 - Altai t-ra muses. comedy (Barnaul), in 1975 conductor of the Rostov Theater of muses. comedy, in 1980–85 chap. conductor of muses. t-ra Kabardino-Balkaria (Nalchik). Since 1985 he has been a touring director-conductor in decomp. muses. t-rakh Russia. Among the post. S .: op. “Faust” by C. Gounod, “Carmen” by J. Bizet (Saransk), “Pagliacci” by R. Leoncavallo (Barnaul), VE Basner's op-ets “The North Star” and “A Heroine Wanted”. In Nalchik S. carried out his first post. op. "Loyalty" by A. V. Tchaikovsky and the ball. "Goryanka" M.M. Kazhlaev. In the op-those "The Bat" by I. Strauss in the Samarkand t-re op. and the ball. acted as a stage director. Author of instrumentation for a number of bal., Op-t and musicals. Honored. art. Buryat. ASSR (1959).
SUPERFIN Gabriel Gavrilovich (ps. G. Dalny, M. Bronny, G. G. Chernysh) (born 1943, Kez UdmASSR), philologist, literary historian, human rights activist. From 1962 he studied philology. Faculty of Tartu University, participated in the scientific. work with Yu.M. Lotman at the Department of Rus. lang .; in 1969 he left un-that without finishing it. He worked in the magazine. "New world". Author publ. on the history of Old Russian literature, history of Russian. linguistics, poetry of the 20th century. (A.A. Blok, O.E. Mandelstam, B.L. Pasternak). In the 1970s. - Member of the human rights movement, in 1969–72 he collaborated with human rights information. The Chronicle of Current Events bulletin. In the same years ist.-lit. S.'s works were published. abroad under ps. Provided reference and information. assistance to writers and researchers who were published in samizdat both abroad (A.I.Solzhenitsyn) and Western (P. Reddaway), participated in the transfer of ESKuznetsov's prison "Diaries" to the West. Arrested in 1973. Sentenced to 5 years in the camps with subsequent exile for 2 years. He took an active part in the struggle watered. prisoners for their rights. Since 1983 - in the USA, then - in Germany, works in the Research Institute. in-those Radio Liberty / Free Europe (until 1992 - in the department of Samizdat, where he was engaged in archival and biblical activities).
SURE Barnett (1891, Wilkomir, Kovno province - 1960, USA), biochemist. Prof. (1927). Since 1908 - in the USA. Since 1927, the dean of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. chemistry un-that pcs. Arkansas. Discovered vitamin E and a new element of the vitamin B complex. Vitamins for the Healthy and Sick (1933) and Little Things in Life: Vitamins, Hormones, and Something Else Necessary for Health (1937).
Alla Isaakovna Surikova (b. 1940, Kiev), film director. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Kiev University (1965). 1967–68 - ed. on Kiev television. 1968–79 assistant director, director to / st them. A.P. Dovzhenko. Graduated from the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. in Moscow. The first is independent. work - f. Let's say you're the captain (1976). Dir. f .: "Vanity of vanities" (1979), "Be my husband" (1981), "Look for a woman" (1982), "Sincerely yours" (1985), "A man from Boulevard des Capucines" (1987; pr. for the best artist f. at the 3rd Moscow Film Festival in Los Angeles "Women in the Cinema"), "Two Arrows" (1989), "Nutty" (1991).
SURIS Alexander Lazarevich (b. 1939, Pervomaisk), a specialist in the field of thermodynamics of high-temperature processes. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1977), prof. (1984). In 1961 he graduated from Moscow. in-t chem. machine (MIKHM). In 1961–64, engineer. to Mosk. electric lamp s-de. Since 1964 - in MIKhM. Since 1984 head. Department of Power Engineering. Carried out thermodynamic. analysis of high-temperature processes decomp. classes. He proposed generalized variables for creating physical-mathematics. models of plasmachem. processes. Developed methods for calculating processes when mixing decomp. reagents with a plasma jet, methods of hardening the end products decomp. ways. He proposed a method for determining the optimal. of the temperature profile in the plasma flow. Created methods for calculating heat transfer in plasma chemistry. reactor. Developed technologies for obtaining decomp. ultrafine powders. He proposed a technology for recycling industrial. plasma chemistry. Waste, works: Thermodynamics of high-temperature processes. M., 1985; Plasma-chemical processes and devices. M., 1989.
SURIS Robert Arnoldovich (b. 1936, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys-Math. sciences. (1974), prof. (1982). Ch.-c. RAS (1997). After graduating from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1960) worked in science and technology. in-takh of the electronic industry in Moscow and Zelenograd. At the same time. from 1970 he taught at MIPT. Since 1988 - in Leningrad. FTI them. A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, dir. dep. solid-state electronics and head. sector theoretical. foundations of microelectronics, since 1988 head. Department of Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. Main tr. on physics of semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures, theory of solid-state microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, theory of phase transitions. Theoretical S.'s work led to the creation of new types of semiconductor lasers. The author of the first works on the theory of resonant interaction of electrons of impurity centers with optical. oscillations crystalline. lattice, the theory of crystallization in epitaxy and the theory of diffusely controlled reactions. Author approx. 200 scientific. Publications: Optical Foundations of Contact Photolithography. M., 1982 (et al.).
SURITS Elizaveta Yakovlevna (b. 1923, Berlin), ballet specialist. Daughter of Ya.Z. Suritsa. Cand. lawsuit (1970). In 1949 she graduated from theater studies. Faculty of GITIS. Since the 1950s. acts in periodical. press (magazines "Theater", "Sov. Music", newspaper "Sov. Culture", "Culture and Life", "Koms. Pravda", "Nezavisimaya Gaz.", "Mosk. Observer", etc.). In 1959–64 Art. ed. Centre. theater. library of GITIS, since 1964 scientific. sotr. All-Russian Research Institute of Claims. Comp. and the author of a number of Art. dictionary-reference book "All about ballet" (1966), the author of the book. “Music and Choreography of Contemporary Ballet” (1974), “Choreographic. lawsuit in the twenties "(1979)," Isadora. Tours in Russia "(1992). Member editorial board and author of a number of Art. encyclopedias "Ballet" (1981) and "Russian Ballet" (1997).
SURITS Yakov Zakharovich (1882, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1952, Moscow), diplomat. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1902–03, members. Bund, in 1903-14 members. RSDLP (Menshevik). Was subjected to arrest, in 1907-10 - in exile in the Tobolsk province. In 1918-1919 the representative of the RSFSR in Denmark, in 1919-21 the plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Afghanistan, in 1921-22 he was authorized by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR for Turkestan and Wed. Asia. In 1922–23, the plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Norway, in 1923–34 in Turkey, in 1934–37 in Germany, in 1937–40 in France. In 1937–39 S. was a member of the owls. delegations to sessions of the League of Nations. In 1940–45 - to the center. apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1945–47 the USSR Ambassador to Brazil. S.'s brother - Mikhl (1896, Warsaw - 1942, Treblinka), publicist, lawyer. In 1917–39 he took an active part in the activities of the Jewish People. party. Collaborated with the Polish and Argentinean Jewish press.
SUTIN Chaim (1893, Smilovichi of Igumensky district of Minsk province - 1943, Paris), painter. He took drawing lessons in Minsk, studied at the Vilnius Art. school. From 1913 - in France, he studied in Paris at the School of Fine Arts (Cl. Cormon). He was familiar with MZ Chagal, O. Zadkin and others, having entered the circle of the "Parisian school", became close to A. Modigliani. All R. still lifes, created. S. in the 2nd floor. 1910s, constructiveness was combined with the artist's inherent drama of images, plasticity and expressiveness of the pictorial language. In the end. 1910s S. spent approx. three years on the Mediterranean coast. Here his painting underwent changes: the ascetic scale was replaced by a colorful palette, instead of specific motives, a free expression of feelings and fantastic appeared. vision of the surrounding reality. In the 1920s. S. painted portraits of women and children, created ser. depicting "boys from the choir" and "messengers from the hotel", in which he rejected external beauty in the name of penetration into the spiritual world of man. He continued to work in still life. And just as in portraits the ugliness and inferiority of the characters was overcome by the beauty of painting itself, in still lifes painting helped to depict the "dead nature" to see the beauty of the objective world. In the 1930s. for a long time he lived in Paris on the estate of his patrons near Chartres. A number of landscapes belong to this time - "Chartres Cathedral", views of Central France, in which nature is painted in mystical tones. In 1920-21 he participated in the exhibitions "47 from Parnassus", "Hundred from Parnassus", in 1923 - in gr. exhibition rus. artist "Hit". In 1927 - the first personal exhibition; later, most of the exhibitions took place in gal. USA and UK. In 1958-60 in New York, Manchester, London, the exhibition "Soutine and His Circle" was held. Products S. are in pl. museums of the world.
SUTSKEVER Avrum (b. 1913, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province), poet. He spent his childhood in Siberia. Since 1922 - in Vilno. He studied at the cheder and gymnasium. In 1927 he began to write poetry in Hebrew. In 1930 he joined the organization of Jewish scouts "Bin". For the first time S.'s poems (in Yiddish) were published. in 1933. Since 1935 S.'s poems were regularly published in the alm. and zhurn. in Yiddish in Poland and the USA. In 1937 the first book was published in Warsaw. S. "Leader" ("Poems"). In 1940–41 he worked on the radio. In 1941–43 he was in the Vilna ghetto. In 1943, with his wife and S. Kacherginsky, he fled to the Naroch forests and joined the partisan. detachment them. K.E. Voroshilov. In the ghetto S. wrote more than 80 verses. and poems, to-rye managed to transfer to freedom. With the participation of the EAK, S. was taken to Moscow (1944) and was in the USSR until 1946. In 1946 he was a witness at the Nuremberg trial. In 1946–47 - in Poland. From 1947 - in E.-I., continued poetry. and writing. In 1948-49 the military. corr. in the Israel Defense Forces. From 1949 ed. lit. zhurn. in Yiddish "Di Golden Kate". In 1952–53 publ. the poem "Siberia" (with ill. by M. Chagala). Author pl. poetic. Sat. Sat. verse. S., written in the ghetto, published in 1979 in Tel Aviv. State Israel Ave (1985).
SUVALSKY Itskhok (1861, Kolna, Lomzhinsk province - 1913, London), journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1881 he began to collaborate in gas. "Ha-Levanon" and "Ha-Tsefira". Ser. Art. S. in defense of the tradition. Judaism, publ. in "Gamelitz", has caused protests from the "progressive" circles, who have achieved the termination of publication. In 1890–91 he published scientific works in Warsaw. zhurn. "Knesset Gagdol", dedicated. Jewish literature, science, history. Since 1895 - in Great Britain. From 1897 published a weekly. "Ha-yehudi". The author of the book. Hayei ha-yehudi al pi gatalmud (Jewish life according to the Talmud).
SUVALSKY Zinovy ​​Samoilovich (1880 - 1904, Petersburg), historian. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. The author of Art. on ancient history, including “Alexandrian anti-Semites of the 1st century. ("Jewish Library", vol. 10), "The Roman Empire and the Jews" ("Sunrise", 1904).
SUVARIN (ps; real family. Livshits) Boris (1895, Kiev - 1984, Paris), politician, publicist. With children. years - in France. Published in 1916 in socialist. periodic. ed. For moderately internationalistic. statements regarding the 1st world. war was criticized by V.I. Lenin in Art. "An open letter to Boris Souvarin." Since 1920 p. ECCI. Member Central Committee of the French Communist Party (CPF). In 1921–24 the representative of France in the Comintern. For support of L.D. Trotsky he was expelled from the Comintern and the CPF (1924). From 1925 - in Paris. In 1920 he published a journal. "Bulutin Communist". In 1929 he broke with Trotsky, moved away from polit. activities. In 1931–34 he published a journal. "Kontr sosial". In Art. and book. condemned Stalinism from the standpoint of Marxism-Leninism. In 1940–47 - in the USA. In the 1970s-80s. published a magazine. "Ete ke", in which he polemicized with AI Solzhenitsyn. Works: Stalinism by Roy Medvedev. Munich, 1973.
Suzaev Zalman (1911, Riga - 1981, Israel), politician. Studied at the Riga University. One of the hands. student Zionist organization "Brit Hashmonaim". Since 1935 - in E.-I. In 1949-50 before. The All-Israel Association of Importers and Wholesalers; 1950–52 prez. Bargain. the chambers of Tel Aviv-Jaffa; in 1953–55 deputy. min. trade and industry. In 1965-69 prez. All-Israel Association of Industrialists. Dep. Knesset of the 2-3rd convocations (1951-59).
SVALYAVA (in 1939–44 - Solva), a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1263. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Ugorskaya Rus in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 6535 Jews lived in S.. 19th century Rabbi S. was Sholom Goldenberg, who headed the yeshiva. Later, the rabbi was Yitzhok-Aizik Weiss (? –1894). in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. There was a yeshiva. In 1933, a Hebrew school was opened. In public library S. there was apprx. 200 books (out of 1300) in Hebrew and Yiddish. The rabbi was Chaim Yehuda Goldenberg (? –1944). In 1944 the Jews of S. were deported to a camp in Munkach (present-day Mukachevo), a month later to the extermination camp Auschwitz, where most of them died. In 2000, S. had a Jewish population.
SVANIDZE Adelaida Anatolyevna (nee Kryzhanovskaya) (b. 1929, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1982), prof. (1992). In 1952 she graduated from the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1952-60 worked as a teacher in secondary schools in Moscow, since 1960 - in the sector of the Middle Ages of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Since 1988 head. dep. Middle Ages, head. The center of Western Europe. the middle ages. Responsible ed. yearly. "Middle Ages", vice-president. Vseros. associations of historians of the Middle Ages and early modern times (since 1992). Author of over 200 scientific. tr., including on the history of Sweden (book. "Crafts and craftsmen of medieval Sweden", 1968; "City and market in medieval Sweden", 1980; chapters in "History of Sweden", 1974), on the history of Denmark, history cities and crafts in Europe ("Rural crafts in Europe", 1985), etc. Responsible. ed. and author pl. publications, including for secondary school ("Book for reading on the history of the Middle Ages" and other teaching aids). Since 1965 - teaching at Moscow State University, at the same time. since 1993 - at the Russian State Humanitarian University.
SVANIDZE Nikolai Karlovich (b. 1955, Moscow), journalist. Son of A.A. Svanidze. In 1978 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked at the Institute of the USA and Canada of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1991 - on television. In 1991–94 commentator on the Vesti program, author and presenter of the Contrasts program, in 1994–96 - director. Information Directorate programs - hands. Information and analytical studios programs of the TV channel "Russia". In 1997–8 before. Vseros. state TV and radio company. Since 2005 - Member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation.
WEDDING, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gadyachsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 2 Jewish farms in S.
SVATOVA LUCHKA, see Svatovo.
SVATOVO (until 1825 and in 1857–1923 - Svatova Luchka, in 1825–57 - Novoekaterinoslav), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kupyansky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1910 24 Jews lived in S., in 1939 - 120 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of S. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century there was trade. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. jewelry store, unity. toy shop, agricultural shop. On May 9, 1942, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. During the occupation, one Jew was shot in S. In 2005, S. had a Jewish population.
SVECHKINO, see Cossack, Sumy region.
SWEDASAY, a place in Utena u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1503. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilkomir district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Svyadosce Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 154 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 528 (37.1%), in 1913 - 700, in 1923 - 245 (21%) , in 1939 - c. 400 Jews (approx. 33%) Jews lived in S. from the 18th century. The rabbis were Shmuel ben Chaim (? –1822), Yehoshua-Geshel ben Isser, Yehoshua-Mordhe Klyachkin. In 1870 a synagogue functioned in S. In the beginning. 20th century in S. - 4 synagogues (2 of the Lubavitch Hasidim); there were cheders, shohet. The rabbi was Aba Shlomovich, then Moishe-Itskhok Veychik, in the 1910s. - Yosef-Chaim Urinzon (1880, Velizh - 1934, Yelnya) During the 1st World. wars pl. Jews left S. Thanks to good relations with local residents, Jewish homes were not destroyed. in S. there was a school of the Tarbut network, with a cut working library and drama. club. Among the Jews of S. there were 15 artisans; more than 30 families owned shops in S .; Jews also traded in flour, were cabbies. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, including Zionist - social-Zionists, revisionists. In the 1930s. in connection with the growth of anti-Semitism in Lithuania, pl. Jews left for Yuzh. Africa and E.-I. Rabbi in S. in the 1930s. was Joseph Shakhnovich (? –1941). On June 26, 1941, the S. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. Jews S. were shot in August. 1941.
SVENTSYANI, see Svenchenis.
SVERDLIN Lev Naumovich (1901, Astrakhan - 1969, Moscow), actor. From 1923 he studied at GITIS on the course of V.E. Meyerhold, to-ry later became the basis of the State. experimental theater. workshops (GECTEMAS) at T-re them. Sun Meyerhold. He worked here until the closure of the t-ra (1938). He played in 20 performances of Meyerhold: The First Soldier ("The Earth on End", 1923), the boatman ("Roar, China!", 1926; both plays - S.M. Tretyakov), Platon Mikhailovich ("Woe to the mind" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1928), played in "Bedbug" and "Bath" by V.V. Mayakovsky and others. In 1937–41 the actor of the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov, where he played Semyon Kotko ("There was a soldier from the front" by VP Kataev, 1938), Budyonny ("The Way to Victory" by AN Tolstoy, 1939), Bagration ("Field Marshal Kutuzov" by V.А. Solovyov, 1940). In 1943–69 the actor Mosk. T-ra drama (since 1954 - T-r named after V. Mayakovsky). Among the roles of S .: Valko ("Young Guard" after A. Fadeev, 1947), Benjamin ("Ladies and Gentlemen" L. Helman, 1949), Polonius ("Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare, 1954), Azdak (" Caucasian Chalk Circle "B. Brecht, 1964), etc. Since 1924 he acted in films: Yusuf (" At the very blue sea ", 1936), Sukhe-Bator (" His name is Sukhe-Bator ", 1942), Weinstein (" Wait me ”, 1943), Nasreddin (“ Nasreddin in Bukhara ”, 1943), Zalkind (“ Far from Moscow ”, 1950) and others. In 1924–31 he taught at the Uzbek state. dram. studios in Moscow, from 1962 - at VGIK, from 1963 - at GITIS. Nar. art. USSR (1954). Became. pr. (1947, 1949, 1951).
SVERDLIN Nathan (1907, Kupishki, Kovno Province - 1981, New York), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the Jewish real gymnasium, graduated from Polish. gymnasium, studied history, jurisprudence and polit. science at Vilnius University. There was a gene. sec. and deputy. prev. Jewish student union in Vilna. In 1928, Art. in Polish. gas. "Tribune akademitska", in 1928-36 staff member. and Chl. the editorial board of the Vilna Zionist gas. "Die Zeit" wrote on theatrical themes. Since 1936 - in the USA. He taught in Jewish schools and continued his studies in high fur boots in New York and Chicago. Since 1945, staff member. gas. "Tog Morgen-Journal", where he published reviews, Art. and notes on theater, cinema and music.
SVERDLOV Abram Grigorievich (1912, Petersburg - 1991, ibid.), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Captain 1st rank. In the navy - since 1931. In 1936 he graduated from the naval. uch-shche. He served on torpedoes. boats Tychook. and Balt. fleets. Com. detachment of torpedoes. boats, captain-leith. S. sank 7 enemy ships. Since 1949 he taught at the Higher. military-mor. uch-shche. Since 1960 - in stock. Decorated with 9 orders.
SVERDLOV Avrom (1913, Riga - 1936), publicist. He graduated from high school with teaching in Hebrew. He actively participated in the youth communist. movement. He worked in the societies promoting the land arrangement of Jews in the Sov. Union - OZET and Ikor. Under different ps. wrote Art. in illegal and semi-legal Jewish publications. Latvia. In 1934 he was arrested, after his release he illegally arrived in the USSR. Repressed. He died in the camp. In 1937, S.'s novel "Yugnt schmidt a tsukunft" ("Youth forges the future") was published in Riga.
SVERDLOV Evgeniy Davidovich (b. 1938, Dnepropetrovsk), biochemist. Dr. chem. sciences, acad. RAS (1997). In 1961 he graduated from Moscow State University, where he worked until 1965. In 1965–88 - at the Institute of Chemistry of Natural Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1974 - Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry). Since 1988, Dir. Institute of molecular genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Region scientific. research - molecular genetics, structure and function of nucleic acids. Proposed the principles of research. primary structure of DNA (1972). He established (with Yu.A. Ovchinnikov) the structure of genes encoding bacterial RNA polymerases (1981 - 86), the structure of genes encoding sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) in living organisms, including humans. Discovered the multiplicity of ATP genes and the tissue-specificity of their expression (1987). At the same time. (since 1977) conducted research. in the region. genetic engineering. He cloned genes encoding human interferon, and obtained strains of these compounds, which served as the basis for creating prom. production. Supervised the development of antiviral vaccines. Author of printing scientific. Art., monographs. State pr. USSR (1982). Linen. etc. (1985). Cit .: Soviet molecular biology and genetics. M., 1989.
SVERDLOV Fyodor Davidovich (1921, Kharkov –2002, Moscow), historian. Colonel (1953). Cand. military. Sciences (1952), Dr. Sciences (1979), prof. (1980). In 1941 he graduated from art. school in Leningrad. In 1941–45 in French: com. anti-tank. batteries, shooter. battalion, deputy. early shooter headquarters. brigades, Art. opera officer dep. army headquarters. In 1949 he graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1952–84 Art. teacher, prof. Department of Operational Art. Author of scientific. works on the theory and history of military. lawsuit, book. "Liberation of the Soviet Baltic republics (to the 40th anniversary)" (1984) and "Front roads of Lithuania" (Vilnius, 1985). The author of the first books in Russia. about Jews in the ranks of the Sov. Army. Vol .: Raid actions. M., 1979; Tactical maneuver. M., 1982; Forward detachments in battle. M., 1986; In the ranks of the brave: Essays on the Jews - Heroes of the Soviet Union. M., 1992; Soldier's Valor: Essays on Jewish Soldiers - Full Cavaliers of the Order of Glory. M., 1992; Jewish generals of the Armed Forces of the USSR. M., 1993; Feats of Jewish soldiers in battles. Year 1941. M., 1994; Unknown about the Soviet commanders. M., 1995; Encyclopedia of Jewish Heroism. M., 2003.
SVERDLOV Grigory Markovich (1898, Kursk - 1965, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1954). He worked in the system of consumer cooperation and at the same time. studied at the legal department of the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University, since 1925 in graduate school of the Institute of Sov. rights RANION and consultant Top. court of the RSFSR. After completing his postgraduate studies until 1934 and in 1939–65 scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, teacher. Moscow legal entity in-ta, Higher. legal entity courses, a number of universities in Moscow. In 1934–39, the prosecutor of the department. USSR Prosecutor's Office. The author of the account. manuals for universities "Soviet family law" (1951, 1958), pl. popul. and propaganda. ed .: “What should be the plank bed. court "(1932)," Marriage and family in the Sov. state-ve "(1946)," Sov. court in the struggle to strengthen the family "(1949)," Sov. legislation on marriage and family "(1949, 1952) and others. Cit .: The Civil Code of the RSFSR in judicial practice. Essays. M., 1929; Marriage and divorce. M., 1949; Family law of European countries of people's democracies. Uch. allowance for legal. f-tov. M., 1961.
SVERDLOV Lazar Matveyevich (1926, Saratov - 1986, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Saratov State un-ta them. N.G. Chernyshevsky (1947). In 1950–58 he worked there at the Department of Optics. In 1958–85 the head. Department of Physics, Saratov Polytechnic. in-that. He formulated a number of relationships between the vibration frequencies of isotopically substituted molecules. Developed methods for solving direct and inverse problems in the region. pier spectroscopy. Interpreted hesitation. spectra of hundreds of complex molecules of various classes. Author of the monograph “Kollebat. spectra of polyatomic molecules "(co-authored with MA Kovner and EP Krainov, 1970).
SVERDLOV Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1988). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (196Z). Leading scientist. sotr. Petersburg. branch of the Institute grew. history of RAS (since 1990). At the same time. lecturer in LGPI them. A.I. Herzen. The author of St. 100 works on the history of Dr. Russia, source study, historiography, on the problems of the formation of feudalism in the Slavs. countries in the 6-13th centuries. Cit .: Genesis and structure of feudal society in Ancient Rus. L., 1983; From Russian Law to Russian Truth. M., 1988.
SVERDLOV Veniamin Mikhailovich (Moiseevich) (1886, Nizhny Novgorod - 1940), statesman. Brother of Ya.M. Sverdlov and Z.A. Peshkov. Since 1902, members RSDLP, led the party. work in Nizhny Novgorod, from 1904 - in Saratov, Samara, Moscow, St. Petersburg, where he worked in the publishing houses "Trud" and "Posev". From 1909 - in Great Britain, then in the USA, he worked in a bank in Detroit, at the same time. led a roar. propaganda among the growing up. emigrants. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. In 1918–20 the deputy. People's Commissar of Railways, at the same time. headed by Ros. about Kr. Cross. In 1920–30 p. Pres. VSNKh, before. Of the Supreme Council for Railways transportation, Ch. to-that state. structures, early. forge. management VSNKh, before. board scientific and technical. transport management page-va. In the 1930s. headed the society "Technics for the masses", the Bureau of the Committee for the reconstruction of the People's Commissariat of Railways, was deputy. ch. ed. "Transport Encyclopedia". Arrested in 1936.
SVERDLOV Yakov Mikhailovich (Moiseevich) (1885, Nizhny Novgorod - 1919, Moscow), statesman and politician. Brother of V.M. Sverdlov and Z.A. Peshkov. Since 1901, members RSDLP, from 1903 Bolshevik. Was repeatedly arrested and exiled, several. once ran. In 1905–07 a member. Yekaterinburg and Ural regions to-tov RSDLP, in 1912 a member. ed. gas. Pravda, co-opted in the Central Committee and Rus. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. From 1913 - in exile in the Turukhansk region. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Ural region to-that party, from Apr. member and secret. Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). In July 1917 he headed the Orgburo for the convocation of the 6th Party Congress, at which he was re-elected to the Central Committee (soon became a member of the so-called narrow composition of the Central Committee), headed the Secretariat of the Central Committee, was one of the hands. Military. org-tion at the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). 16 oct. elected member Military-roar. school desks. center for the preparation of weapons. uprising, chl. Petrogr. VRK. From 6 nov. member Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from 8 Nov. prev. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. 5 jan. 1918 opened the meeting of the Founding. meetings. From Apr. 1918 headed the Commission for drafting the Constitution of the RSFSR. Buried at Red Square. at the Kremlin wall. In 1924–91 the name of S. was borne by the city of Yekaterinburg. works. M., 1976.
SVERDLOVSK, see Yekaterinburg.
SVERDLOVSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Shchelkovsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Named after YM Sverdlov. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in S.
SVERDLOVSKY, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 19th century in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish village council of the Shirokovsky district. Rename. in honor of Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1857 more than 60 Jews (20%) lived in S., in 1931 in the Sverdlovsk village council - 790 people. (more than 50% - Jews). 19th century main The occupations of the Jewish population of S. were trade and crafts; several families were engaged with. x-vom. Jews belonged to several. shops, among the Jews there were 3 tailors.
SVERZHAN, a village in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Sverzhen Rogachevsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1847, 405 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 635 (60%), in 1923 - 548, and in 1926 - 481 Jews (50%). 19th century a synagogue operated in S. The rabbi in S. was Abram Zalmanovich Zherdin (1870–?). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in S. m-in. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy store, all 5 grocery stores, all 4 manufactory stores. there was a cheder in S. In the end. 1930s The synagogue was closed, and in the summer of 1941 the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Dec 27. In 1941, 274 Jews were shot in S.. In 1959, an obelisk was erected on the grave of the executed Jews, in 1991 a new monument was erected. Fanya Moiseevna Kaplan (b. 1913), painter, works are stored in decomp. artist museums of Russia.
SVERZHE, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1443. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Kholmsky posad. Lublin province. In 1769, approx. 120 Jews, in 1897 - 653 (31.7%), in 1921 - 294, in 1939 - approx. 800 Jews. First mention. about the Jews S. refers to 1550. In the middle. 18th century there was a community that contained a rabbi, shokhet, melamed. Rabbi S. at the end. 19th century - Arie-Leib ben Zvi-Hirsch, later - Ephraim Unger. In the 1900s. Yankel-Itssek Kucher was the rabbi in S. in the 1920s and 1930s. in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi was Mordhe-Todros Rosenfeld. 1939 The S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Judenrat was created, later - the ghetto. In the summer of 1942, the ghetto prisoners were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.
Sverzhen, see Sverzhan.
SVERZHEN NEW, see New Sverzhen.
SESSA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Yampolsk district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - Glukhovsky settlement Chernigov Gubernia. 12 Jews lived in S. in 1926, and 37 in 1939.
SVET-MOLDAVSKY Georgy Yakovlevich (1928, Moscow - 1982, USA), virologist, oncologist, immunologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1949 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. Since 1953 Art. scientific. sotr. Rostov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, since 1956 Art. scientific. sotr., head. lab. Research Institute of Standardization and Control of Honey. biol. drugs. Since 1962 head. lab. Inst. Experiment. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. One of the first to come to the conclusion that between the multiplication of the virus and the manifestation of the pathological it causes. process there is no direct connection. In 1955 he developed and later introduced a non-allergenic rabies vaccine. In 1957 (with L.A. Zilber et al.) Discovered the pathogenicity and oncogenicity of the chicken Rous sarcoma virus in mammals. Publ. cycle of works dedicated. infecting the tumor with viruses, to-ry became the basis for the development of approaches to cancer immunotherapy. In 1967–70, he first described the antitumor activity of lymphocytes exposed to interferon, studied the immunosuppressive effect of helminths and viruses. S.-M. dedicated doc. f. “Hurry to do good” (directed by LP Bakradze, 1975). State pr. USSR (1967).
LIGHT Gershon Mendelevich (1893, Shpola of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. - 1968, New York), journalist. In 1917–20 he studied at un-those (Kiev). In 1920-22 - in Romania, lived in Chisinau, sotr. into gas. Der id and Our Word; in 1922–33 - in Germany, ed. Jewish gas. On him. lang .; in 1933–35 - in France, sotr. in the Jewish and Russian press; in 1935–48 - in E.-I., published in decomp. gas., including "Ha-Aretz", corr. amer. gas. Forwards, New Russian Word. Since 1948 - in the USA. The author of Art. “Russian Jews in Zionism and in the Construction of Palestine and Israel”, “Russian Jews in Music” (“A Book about Russian Jewry, from the 1860s to the 1917 Revolution”, New York, 1960), “Jewish Religion in the Soviet Russia ”,“ Jews in Russian Musical Culture in the Soviet Period ”,“ Jewish Theater in Soviet Russia ”(“ The Book of Russian Jewry, 1917-1967 ”, New York, 1968).
SVETILOVICHI, a village in the Vetka district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1897, 114 Jews (15.8%) lived in S., in 1939 - 173 Jews. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery stores in S.
SVETLODOLINSKOE (until 1946 - Likhtental), a village in the Saratsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - it. agriculturalist. colony of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In the 19th century. in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1865 a Unity belonged to a Jew. grocery store in S.
SVETLOGORSK (until 1946 - Rauschen), a city in the Kaliningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1258. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Vost. Prussia as part of Germany. In 1945–91, it was part of the RSFSR. In 2002, 33 Jews lived in S.
SVETLOGRAD (until 1965 - Petrovskoe), city (since 1965), the center of the Petrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century In 1939, 21 Jews lived in S. 1942 in P. by means of gas. special cameras car killed 300 evacuated Jews in November. 1942 73 more Jews were shot.
SVETLOV Mikhail Arkadievich (real family member Sheinkman) (1903, Yekaterinoslav - 1964, Moscow), poet. Participant of Civil. war. Since 1922 - in Moscow. Studied at Moscow State University (1927–28). In the first verses (1917) lyric. rec. about the childhood of a Jewish boy are interspersed with the reflections of the poet - "a fighter for the world revolution." The debut collection of poems "Rails" came out in 1923. Romantic. nature of the poet naib. brightly manifested in verse. Grenada, set to music, has found a second life in a popular song. In the 1920s. S. released poetry. collection "Poems" (1924), "Roots" (1925), "Night meetings" (1927) and others. In the middle. 1930s created the plays "Deep Province" (post. 1935), "Fairy Tale" (1939), "Twenty Years Later" (1940), "Cape of Desire" (1940). 1941–45 military. corr. row front. gas., special. corr. gas. "Cr. Star". The author of the plays "Brandenburg Gate" (1946), "Another's Happiness" (1953), "With New Happiness" (1956), etc. He translated Jewish poets, including LM Kvitko, IL Fefer. Linen. etc. (1967).
SVETLOVODSK, does not exist now. Main in 1615 as the town of Krylov. From 1784 - posad of the Yekaterinoslav governorship, from 1795 - the district town of Alexandria of the Voznesensky governorship. In 1806–21 - the town of Krylov. From 1821 - Novogeorgievsk of the Alexandria district. Kherson province. In 1860, approx. 200 Jews, in 1897 - 1455 (91.2%), in 1910 - 1639, in 1923 - 1685, in 1926 - 1427, in 1939 - 381 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in S. Since 1880, Yehuda-Osher Oizerman (1845 -?) Has been a rabbi in S. 22 Oct. There was a pogrom in S. 1905. In 1910 there were two synagogues in S., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1911 there were 7 heders (110 students) in S. In 1922 a Jewish scout organization was created in S. A Jewish school was opened in 1926. By 1926, natives of S. (9 families) organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist. collective "Akhdus". In 1928 OZET consisted of 278 Jews from S. 7 Aug. 1941 S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Jan 9 1942 in S. several were shot. hundreds of Jews.
Svetly, a village in the Bodaibo district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 9 Jews lived in S.
SVETLY YAR, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Svetly Yar (other name - Luchka), Chernoyarsk u. Astrakhan province. 2000s In S. Ya. there is a Jewish community (since 2003 - Aaron Izrailevich Gandelman, b. 1927). In 2005, approx. 300 Jews.
SVETOV Felix Grigorievich (1927, Moscow - 2002), writer, publicist, literary critic. Son of G.S. Fridland. In 1951 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the 1950s and 60s. collaborated in the journal. "New World" and others, where he published St. 100 Art. and reviews. In 1975 he participated in the collection "From Under the Boulders", published by A.I.Solzhenitsyn. Author of rum. "Open my doors" (Paris, 1978), "Prison" (1992), book. "Experience of biography" (Paris, 1985, V. Dahl ave), pl. Art., dedicated. cult.-relig. and church problems. In 1980 for “anti-Soviet., Anti-societies. and slanderous. activity ”was expelled from the Writers' Union, in 1985 he was arrested, spent a year in prison, then sentenced to 5 years of exile. Released in 1987.
SVIDLER Petr Naumovich (b. 1976, Leningrad), chess player. International Grandmaster (1994). Champion of Russia (1994, 1995, 1997). World Winner chess. Olympiads (1994, 1996) as part of the Russian national team. Champion of St. Petersburg (1995). Winner and prize-winner of a number of international tournaments, including in St. Petersburg (1995, 1st-2nd), Groningen (1995, 4th), Novosibirsk (1995, 1st-4th), Haifa (1996, 3-5th).
SVIDOVA, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1469. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Tarnopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, the S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941, 14 Jews were killed in S. In May - June 1943 a Jewish workers' camp was located in S., whose prisoners were used in the cultivation of kok-sagyz. In the end. June 1943 the camp was liquidated, 435 Jews were shot.
SVINARIN, a village in the Turia region of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladimir-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews belonged to the Unities. manufactory shop and unity. tar-making plant in S.
PIGS, see Hello.
SVIREN Dovid-Ber (1889, Smorgon, Vilna province - 1944, Philadelphia, USA), publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1905 - in the USA. Printed in gas. in Hebrew and Yiddish st. on ethical, philos. and religion. Topics. In 1936 he published in New York the book. "Mir, idn, farn lebs-spiegl" ("We, the Jews, before the mirror of life"). In 1942 the book was published. S. "Divrey Dovid" ("Word of David").
SVIRIDOVKA, a village in the Lokhvitsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1722. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 3 Jewish farms in S.
SVIR, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Myadel district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sventsiansky district Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1766, approx. 300 Jews, in 1847 - 491, in 1897 - 1114 (66%), in 1925 - 820 Jews (52.9%). 18th century in S. there was a community, there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1870 a synagogue functioned in S. The number of the Jewish population increased after the eviction of Jews from the villages in 1882. Rabbi S. at the end. 19th century - Naftoli-Dovid Mosenzon. 1900s the Bund organization operated in S. occupations of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century there were trade and crafts. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings company. m-in. In 1913, both tailors and both dressmakers in S. were Jews, all three timber merchants. The Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy store, all 3 bakeries, unity. hairdresser, unity. restaurant, unity. a watch workshop, 45 shops and shops in S. (including the only jewelry store, the only toy store, all 5 butchers' shops, all 5 pubs, both tobacco shops, all 5 manufactory stores). ... in S. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. All R. 1920s a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened. In the 1920s. a school of the Tarbut network was in operation. On June 26, 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On Sept. 1941 the Judenrat was created, in November. - the ghetto. On Feb. 1942 approx. 250 Jews were deported to a labor camp in the village of Zhirmuny. In aug. 1942 almost all of the remaining Jews in S. were deported to the ghetto in Mikhalishki and subsequently exterminated. Remnants of a Jewish cemetery have survived in S.
SVIRSKY Alexey Ivanovich (1865, St. Petersburg, according to other data - Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1942, Moscow), writer. Orphaned early, wandered around Russia, was a homeless child, a laborer. Since 1892 - in Rostov-on-Don. Began to print in gas. "Rostov-on-Don Izvestia". Stories from the life of tramps were included in the collection "Rostov slums" (1893), "Within the walls of the prison" (1894), and others. 1880s - In Petersburg. Published Sat. stories and sketches "The Lost People" (v. 1–3, 1898). In the beginning. 1900s became close to the Social-Democrats, collaborated in the Marxist periodicals. ed., published stories, pov. from the life of workers, was persecuted by censorship. Mn. manuf. from the collection "Eternal Wanderers" (1905), "Jewish Stories" (1909), and others. life of Jews in Russia. The most famous S. brought pov. "Ryzhik" (1901, filmed in 1969). Since 1928 S. worked on an autobiography. book The Story of My Life (parts 1–5, 1929–34, separate ed. - 1940). Stories about Jews are collected in the collection "Within the Line" and "Jew" (1934). Works: Poln. collection op. T. 1-10. M., 1928–30; In the lowlands. M., 1935; Anger. M., 1936; Sagebrush. M., 1938.
SVIRSKY Vladimir Alexandrovich (1917, Blagoveshchensk, Amur Region - 1968, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. He worked in the workshops of N.A. Osterman, M.V. Posokhin. Laureate of architect. contests. Main work in Moscow: experiment. a quarter in Novye Cheryomushki (1956–64, under the direction of AV Vlasov), the planning and development of Novy Arbat (1962–69), the CMEA building (1963–70).
SVIRZH, a village in the Shostkinsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov province. 19 - early. 20th century S. had a Jewish population. In 1919 a pogrom took place in S. in the course of which four Jews were killed. In the summer of 1941, S. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1942 there were 411 Jews in S. In nov. 1942 Jews from S. were deported to the Peremyshlyan ghetto.
SVISHCHEVO, a village in the Yartsevsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Dukhovshchinsky u. Smolensk province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned both grocery stores in St.
SVISLOCH, a village in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 11th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Rechitsa district of the Minsk voivodeship in the Rzecz Pospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobruisk district. In 1766, 107 Jews lived in S., in 1897 - 1,120 (62.6%), in 1923 - 831, and in 1926 - 742 Jews (41%). Jews have lived in S. from the 18th century. In the 1730s. between kagal S. and kagal Mstibogov a struggle broke out for several. the writers who were not far from S. The Jews S. filed a complaint with the Brest kagal, to-ry decided the dispute in their favor and decided that the owners of the writers are obliged to make all the duties in the Svisloch kagal. The Brest kagal also allowed the Jews of S. to elect their own rabbi, to have a department. court and not obey the rabbi and kagal Mstibogov. In 1850, permission to open prof. workshops were received by 65 Jewish tailors. In 1870 a synagogue functioned in S. In 1866–75, Zeev-Wolf Turbovich (1846–?) Was the rabbi in S., then - Yosef Kukes (1841, Keidanov -?). In the 1880s. Mordechai Alpert (1855 -?) was rabbi in S. In 1910 a private Jewish school operated in S., and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution. m-in. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unities. pharmacy, unity. A grocery and manufactory store in the north. In 1931 a yeshiva operated in north. In the summer of 1941, the north was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In the end. 1941, several were shot in S. hundreds of Jews. In S. genus: I.A. Agus, Sh.Kh. Levin; Israel Naumovich Davidan (b. 1923), oceanologist, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1969), prof. (1974); Zvi-Hirsch Edelman (1805–1858, Berlin), publisher of ancient Jewish literature.
SWISLOTSKY Shmuel (1900, Warsaw - 1964, Geneva), publicist, translator. In 1923 he graduated from the Humanitarian Faculty of Warsaw University. Lit. started his career in 1924 in the Warsaw Polish-Jewish press. Was printed in gas. "Gaynt" and "Moment", in New York "Forverts" and other periodicals. ed. Translated from Polish. lang. in Yiddish plural production, including "Berek Iosilevich" by E. Luninsky (Warsaw, 1928). Ed. mornings. gas. "Pionta wound". Since 1940 - in E.-I. Collaborated in gas. "Ga-Zman", "Ga-Boker", "Yediot-Ahronot".
SWITTSY, a village in the Polotsk region of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Polotsk district. Vitebsk province. Oct. 1941 approx. S. shot 18 Jews from the village of Gomel.
Sviyazhsk, a village in the Zelenodolsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in 1551 as a fortress. From the 2nd floor. 16th century - city. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of Kazan province. From 1932 it was a village. In 1870, 2 Jews lived in S.
Svoboda, a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1927. Until 1938 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 48 Jews lived in S.. 1920s 6 Jewish families from other villages in Transcarpathia settled in S. In 1944–45, 20 Jewish families from the mountainous districts of Transcarpathia settled in S.
Svobodin (real fam. Liberte) Alexander Petrovich (1922, Moscow - 1999, ibid.), Theater critic. In 1944 he graduated from East. Faculty of Teacher's Institute in Aktyubinsk, studied in absentia at Alma-Ata University, taught history at the Teacher's Institute. In 1950–56, the director. ethnographer. museum in Kurgan. From 1956 he was published in the journal. "Theater". In 1957–74 head. dep. journalism journal. "Theater", at the same time. theater. gas columnist. "TVNZ". 1974–83 members. Collegiums Center. script studio of the USSR State Film Agency. In 1986–91, Ch. expert of the Union theater. leaders of the USSR, since 1992 responsible. sec. Center of K.S. Stanislavsky, since 1994 Expert council on t-ru at the Ministry of Culture of Russia. One of the founders of the theater. zhurn. "Mosk. Observer "(1991), ch. editorial board. Certain Art. and S.'s essays were included in the collection. "Theatrical stories" (1965), "Visible time: classics on the Soviet stage" (1975), "Theater square" (1981). Comp., Ed. and the author entered. Art. a number of editions: "Theater" Sovremennik "(1973)," Revelations of Television "(1976)," N. Erdman. - Plays. Sideshows. Letters. Documents. Memoirs of Contemporaries "(1990). Author of the play "People's Will" (t-r "Sovremennik", 1967), the screenplay "We were not married in church" (with N.Ya. Eidelman, 1982), book. “Mikhail Ulyanov. Heroes and Time ”(1987) and others. figure in lawsuits in the Russian Federation (1995).
Svoboda, an urban-type settlement (since 1960), is subordinated to the Pyatigorsk City Council of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). 79 Jews lived in S. in 1939.
Svyadoshch Abram Moiseevich (b. 1914, Bryansk, Oryol province), psychiatrist, sex therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1964), prof. (1956). In 1937 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. In 1937–39, a psychiatrist. hospitals them. Trout (Leningrad). In 1940–41 and 1945–48 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the brain them. V.M. Bekhterev. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948-50 - Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. scientific research psychoneurological. in-ta them. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1950–53 he was a psychiatrist in the neuropsychiatric department. dispensary in Leningrad. In 1954–67 the head. Department of Psychiatry Karaganda med. in-that. In 1967–82 prof. Department of Biomed. cybernetics North-West. polytechnic Institute (Leningrad) and Leningrad consultant. psychiatrist. hospital number 3 named. Skvortsov-Stepanova. 1972–93 hands. Leningrad. sexologist center. Author of over 100 scientific. works dedicated. the problem of neuroses and sexopathology. S. initiator of development in the USSR and Russia, sexologist. centers and consultations on issues. family life. Cit .: Female sexopathology. M., 1974; Neuroses. M., 1982.
SACRESS, see Swedasai.
Svyataya Volya, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1931, apprx. 100 Jews in the 19th century. in North V. there was a Jewish population. A synagogue functioned in 1870, and in the summer of 1941 the Northwest was occupied by Wehrmacht units. A ghetto was soon established. During the liquidation of the ghetto in March 1942, several were shot. hundreds of Jews.
SVYATILOVKA, a village in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kremenchug district. Poltava province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1910 there were 5 Jewish households in S.
SVYATLO (Lichtstein) Jozef (1915, Medina, Galicia, Austria-Hungary -?), An employee of the special services. Since 1933, member. CP of Poland, was persecuted by the authorities. From the beginning. 2nd world. war - in the USSR, was mobilized into the labor army, since 1943 political instructor in the 1st division of the Polish Army. In 1945 he was a member of the task force authorized by the NKVD in Poland, general. Serov. Since 1946 - in the bodies of societies. security of Poland, from 1948 responsible. employee of the secret 10th department of the Ministry of Societies. security, who controlled the desks. apparatus. As a deputy. dir. this department, conducted an investigation on the so-called. the case of the "group of the rightists" (V. Gomulka, Marshal M. Rolya-ymersky, M. Spychalsky), advised the preparation of the "trials" of R. Slansky in Czechoslovakia and L. Raik in Hungary. After the arrest of L.P. Beria (1953) he emigrated to the West, where he exposed the activities of the Polish. and owls. special services. The author of the book. "Behind the Scenes of Security and the Party."
OF THE ST. DMITRY OF DON FORTRESS, see Rostov-on-Don.
ST. PETER FORTRESS, see Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
SVYATOSHINO, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - suburban area in Kievsky district. Kiev province. 19 - early. 20th century in S. there was a Jewish population. In 1914 the Jews owned all 4 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods and approx. There are 10 shops in S. (including 3 grocery, 2 meat, 1 dishware). In 1919, a pogrom took place in S. by units of the Volunteer Army.
HOLY CROSS, see Budennovsk.
SVYATSK, a village in the Novozybkovsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Svyatskaya Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. In the 1920s. - a workers' settlement. In 1897, 290 Jews (12%) lived in S., in 1923 - 593, in 1926 - 588 Jews. In 1914 Jews owned all four manufacturing shops in S. In 1926, immigrants from S. (110 people) organized a Jewish farmer in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. collective "Nye Glik". In 1929, a Jewish reading room operated in S. During the Holocaust in S. on October 2. 1941 and 25 Jan. 1942 148 Jews were shot. D.A. Dragunsky.
SVYATSKAYA, see Svyatsk.
Syrkin Abram Lvovich (b. 1930, Moscow), therapist, cardiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1984). Rod. in the family of Lev S. Abramovich (1894-1951), hygienist, Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1930), head. Department 2 MMI (1930–43) and Moscow. pharmacy. Institute (1943–51). After graduating from the 1st MMI (1954) he was left at the Department of Physical Therapy (resident, assistant, assistant professor, prof.). Main scientific. works dedicated. question etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, treatment, differenti. diagnosis and prevention of ischemic. heart disease, myocardial infarction, diagnosis of latent heart failure. Participates in the development of methods for the treatment of myocardial infarction and its complications, electro-pulse therapy of cardiac arrhythmias. Works: Electro-pulse treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in the clinic of internal diseases. M., 1970 (et al.); Myocardial infarction. M., 1991.
Syrkin Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1930, Ivanovo), philologist-indologist. Dr. East Sciences (1971), prof. (1978). The son of Ya.K. Syrkin. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). In 1955–61 scientific. sotr. Institute of History, in 1961–75 - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1977 - in Israel, since 1978 - at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). He started out as a Byzantinist. Scientific area interests - indology and semiotics; was engaged in the analysis of Russian texts. classic literature, Dr. India, problems of religion and religious consciousness. Author of works: "Panchatanara" (translated from Sanskrit, note. M., 1958); "Digenis Akrit" (trans., Introductory article, commentary M., 1960); The Poem of Digenis Akrit (Moscow, 1964); "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad" (trans., Foreword, commentary, Moscow, 1965); "Ancient Indian aphorisms" (comp., Trans., Foreword. M., 1966); "Upanishads" (trans., Foreword, commentary. M., 1967); "Some problems of the study of the Upanishads" (M., 1971); “Descend to Ascend” (Jerusalem, 1993); "Chitagovinda" (trans., Foreword, comments. M., 1995).
Syrkin Anatoly Borisovich (b. 1930, Moscow), oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1972), prof. (1975). After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1954) he worked as an art. laboratory assistant, ml. scientific. sotr., scientist secretary, Art. scientific. sotr., in 1975–90 head. lab. pharmacology and toxicology of anticancer drugs in Ying-those experimental. pathology and cancer therapy (since 1975 Oncological Scientific Center named after N.N.Blokhin); since 1990 deputy. dir., dir. Inst. Experiment. diagnosis and therapy of tumors in the same center. Main scientific. tr. dedicated development of pharmacotherapy for malignancy. tumors and implementation in the clinic. the practice of anticancer drugs. Revealed the general properties of decomp. antineoplastic agents and the uniformity of symptoms of intoxication as a result of their use. He proposed a method for determining effective lay down. doses and methods of introducing these drugs into the body, depending on the type of tumor and the characteristics of the course of the disease. Cit .: Smoking and lung cancer. M., 1971 (et al.); Experimental and clinical aspects of some toxic effects of anticancer drugs. M., 1987 (et al.).
SYRKIN Grigory (Yehoshua) Yakovlevich (1838, Shklov, Mogilev province. - 1922, Minsk), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from Petrovskaya agricultural worker. and the Forestry Academy (Moscow). He worked in Siberia at the enterprises of I.-E.G. Gintsburg, then - in the management of the railway. d. in Minsk. He was engaged in research. in the region. mineralogy. Author of scientific popul. book about mineralogy "Shlosha Prakum" (1869), "Heisinot Layla" (1903). From the beginning. 1880s - Member of the Hovevey Zion movement. Publ. from the 1860s. Comp. in "Ga-Magid", "Gamelitz", "Ga-Shahar". In 1889 he took part in the congress of the Hovevei Zion movement in Vilna. In 1891 in Paris joint. with Sh.Mogilever and Sh.-Ya. Rabinovich took part in negotiations with Baron de Hirsch and Baron Rothschild on the problem of Jewish colonization E.-I. With the emergence of political. Zionism actively supported his ideas. Heir to the manuscripts of I.-L. Gordon and ed. see. ed. his production. The author of several. Palestinophile works, including "Sherit Yaakov" (Paris, 1892). Son of S. - Maximilian (1858, Ponevezh, Kovno province -?), journalist, art critic. Graduated from law. f-t Petersburg. un-that. In 1899-1906 - ed.-ed. zhurn. "Voskhod", since 1910 - ed. zhurn. "New Sunrise". The author of Art. on art. Cit .: Plastic arts. P., 1899.
SYRKIN Lev Zinovievich (b. 1929, Moscow), monumental artist, graphic artist. Graduated from the Moscow Art College (former Stroganovskoe, 1955). The monument revived the lost technique. painting - "kundal", developed a technique and recipe for a direct set of mosaics on a wall on epoxy resins, as well as a technique and recipe for painting with cold self-hardening enamels on stone, glass and metal. Created approx. 80 monument. works. Main production: painting of plafonds in the restaurant "Uzbekistan" (Moscow, 1960–61), painting of walls in the reception hall of the USSR Embassy in Brussels (co-authored with B. Talberg, 1963–64), mosaics on the walls of the cinema "October" (1967, Moscow), the Spiral of Life fountain in Abrau-Dyurso near Novorossiysk (1970–71), etc. He created many pictures, including the cycles "Fun of Fate", "Balaganchik", "Capital Russia" (1957 –72). Since 1972 - in Israel. Mn. he devoted his works to the themes of TANAKH and Jewish history. Among them are the frescoes in the restaurant "Georgia" (1973, Jerusalem), the relief and fresco "12 tribes of Israel" in the Bar-Ilan University (1974–76, Ramat Gan), the cycle of mosaics in Sdom on the shores of the Dead Sea (1976– 83), reliefs "Glory" and "Eternity" in memory of the fallen soldiers (1983–84, Jerusalem). Author of mosaics and stained-glass windows in France and the USA. In 1973 he published an album of zincographs "Visions in the Battle" - about the Yom Kippur War. S.'s personal exhibitions took place in Paris, Jerusalem, Milan. Prod. S. are kept in museums by many. countries. Member of Ital. Academy of Arts (Parma-Cremona, 1980) Vol .: I don't owe you. Jerusalem, 1987.
SYRKIN Nakhman (1867, Mogilev - 1924, New York), public figure, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1887 - in Berlin, he studied medicine, philosophy, economics. He took part in the activities of the first Palestinian groups. in Russia. One of the founders of the Jewish-Russian. scientific. associations in Berlin. The first socialist ideologist. Zionism. At the 1st Zionist Congress. joined the polit. Zionism. In 1901 he published "Appeal to the Jewish Youth" - a program to join the movement. In 1901–02 he founded gr. "Herut", which opposed assimilation. Was issuing gas. and zhurn. in Hebrew and Yiddish: "Ga-Shahar", "Der-gamoin", "Der nae veg", "Dos wort", "Unzer veg". For polit. activity in 1904 was expelled from Berlin. Lived in Paris, Vilna. I attended pl. Zionist Congr. Since 1908 - in the USA. Gas edited. "Dos folk", "Yidisher Kemfer", "Zeit". One of the initiators of the convocation of the Amer. Jewish Congr. Translated into it. lang. some publicistic. and philosophy. the work of Leo Tolstoy. The author of the foreword to Sobr. op. I.-V. Goethe (published in Yiddish in the early 1900s, in 8 volumes), the tragedy "Dos Yiddish Folk" ("Jewish People"), hundreds of Art. in Yiddish, Hebrew, German, Russian and English. lang., dedicated. ideology socialist. Zionism, etc. See. ed. "Geklibene zionistishe-socialistishe font" ("Izbr. Produk." In 2 volumes, 1926). In 1951 S.'s ashes were transferred to Israel, the settlement of Kfar-Syrkin was named after S. S.'s daughter - Maria (1900, Bern, Switzerland -?), Writer, translator. Graduated from Cornwall University (1920). She translated poetically. manuf. from Yiddish to English lang. One of the ed. gas. Reflex (1920), Evish Frontier (1934).
Syrkin Nohem-Moishe (Naum Solomonovich) (1878, Belsk, Grodno province - 1918, Kiev), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied in Russian. gymnasium. Graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in Warsaw. One of the founders of the Jewish student. org-tion "Kadima". Popular typed. scientific. Art., materials about Zionism in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Sefer ha-Shana", weekly. "Future", "Sunrise". As a correspondent. "Ha-Tsefira" participated in the work of the Zionist Congr. He advocated the inclusion of Yiddish in the curriculum. institutions. In 1905–06 he published gas. Der Telegraph. The author of a number of Art. about writers in the "Jewish Encyclopedia". Published Art. in the journal. "Bulletin of the sugar industry", "Water business" and others. Supporter of cooperation with the Ukrainian nat. movement. During the 1st world. wars - one of the organizers of aid to Jewish refugees. In 1917 he was elected head of the Jewish community in Kiev, member. Central Rada, cases. Will establish. meetings. In 1917-18 ed. gas. Der Telegraph. He headed the delegation of the Jewish community to S.V. Petlyura. Works by S. "In der fraer Ukraine" ("In free Ukraine") were published in Kiev in 1917; "Dos nae lebn un di alte knecht" ("New life and old slaves") and others.
SYRKIN Yakov Kivovich (1894, Minsk - 1974, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. (1925), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Studied in commercial. school in Minsk (1904-12), un-those in Nancy (France, 1912-14). In 1919 he graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute, transferred to Ivanovo-Voznesensk. In 1931-52 the head. dep. in physical and chemical. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova, prof. MITHT. Since 1957 head. dep. Ying-that general and inorganic. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on chemical. kinetics, molecular structure, quantum chemistry. S. first applied the method of dipole moments to the research. molecular structure. Determined the nature of electron displacements and delocalization of electrons in pi-electron systems, as well as dielectric. polarization crystalline. substances, including those containing water molecules. He was one of the first in the USSR to use an electronic paramagnet. resonance for studying the nature of chem. communication and electronic structure of dia- and paramagnets. conn. (incl. organic). Conducted by quantum chemistry. calculations to determine the electronic structure of organic. conn. During the period of the "fight against cosmopolitans" he was criticized. The author of St. 500 scientific. publ. Became. etc. (1943) Vol .: Chemical bond and structure of molecules. M. - L., 1946 (co-authored with M.E. Dyatkina).
SYRKUS Shimon (1893, Warsaw - 1964, ibid.), Architect. Prof. (1949). He studied painting and sculpture at the Krakow Academy of Fine Arts (1918–23) and at the Paris Academy (1922–24). Consisted of a member. gr. "Polish Formists" and "Blok", was the initiator and leading theorist of gr. Present (1926). In 1939–42, he was the head of the underground architect. and urbanistic. workshop at the "Warsaw Housing Cooperative". In 1942–45 at Auschwitz. Since 1945 deputy. hands. Warsaw Reconstruction Bureau. From 1949 he taught at the Warsaw Polytechnic. The author is theoretical. works in the region. urban studies ("Functional Warsaw", 1934), one of the first theorists and practitioners of the construction of neighborhoods and satellite cities. Together with his wife, H. Nemirovska-Syrkus, he designed and built residential areas in Warsaw (1931–35, 1947–50, 1958–62).
TABACHINSKY Benjamin (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1967, New York), publicist, publisher. In 1918–38 he was a Bund representative in the Bialystok community. Founder of the publishing house "Dos Bukh". Prev Bialystok branch of the Society of Jewish Education in Poland. Since 1938 - in the USA. One of the hands. Jewish worker to-that in the USA, World. Jewish Congr. in NYC. Lit. activity started in gas. "Byalistoker Veker", in 1927-28 worked in gas. "Unzer Lebn" in Bialystok. Published articles, travel essays in Jewish editions. Europe, USA, South America, Israel.
TABACHNIKOV Efim Davydovich (1922, Shargorod, Mogilev district, Podolsk province - 1994, Nizhny Novgorod), director. In 1939–41 he studied at the theater. school at GOSET (Moscow). From 1941 - in the militia, was seriously wounded. In 1943 he entered dir. Faculty of GITIS, at the same time. was A.V. Azarkh's assistant in class. acting in the theater. GOSET studios. In 1948–50, after graduating from GITIS, he worked in Tashkent (1948–50), Kursk (1950–55), Irkutsk (1955–61), Gorky (1961–65), Leningrad (1965–71). Among the post. T. performances: "Theft" by J. London (1955), "Orpheus Descends into Hell" by T. Williams (1962), "The Sixth of July" by MF Shatrov (1967), and others. 1970s carried out the post. in Lit. t-re WTO, Moscow. region t-re drama, etc. In 1975-85 - Ch. dir. Primorsky regional drama. t-ra them. M. Gorky (Vladivostok), where he staged "Razgrom" by A.A. Fadeev (1976), "Tanker" Derbent "by Yu.S. Krymov," Holy of Holies "by I.P.Drutse (both - 1977), etc. In 1986–88, dir. performances: "Zinulya" by A. I. Gelman (Moscow region. drama theater), "Look who came" by V. K. Arro (Kuibyshev drama theater), "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" by A. K. Tolstoy (Kazan Bolshoi Drama Theater named after VI Kachalov) and others. In 1989–92 - at the Gorky Drama Theater; staged "The Persecution and Murder of Jean-Paul Marat" by P. Weiss (1990), "The Broken Jug" by G. von Kleist (1992), "Memorial Prayer" by GI Gorin (Kazan) and others. Author of "Memories of the" real life ", dedicated. GOSET ("Theatrical Life", 1990, No. 10). Honored. figure of lawsuit in the RSFSR (1992).
TABACHNIKOV Haskel Haimovich (1913, Boguslav Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1988, Kiev), writer. 1941–45 - at the front. The first story "Zvishn barges" ("Among the barges") was published in Kharkov in the journal. Junger Boy-Klang (1928). Published in the journal. "Spilled", "Di Roite Velt" (Kharkov), "Soviet Literature" (Kiev), etc. Author of the book: "Oyfn Front" ("At the front". Kharkov-Kiev, 1932), "Donya" (ibid. , 1934), "A Place on the Dnieper" (Kiev, 1936), "First Snow" (ibid., 1939), "On the way" (ibid., 1941). Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland".
TABACHNIKOV Modest (Manus) Efimovich (1913, Odessa - 1977, Moscow), composer. In his youth he played in diff. orc. and ans. In 1932–34 he studied at the Odessa Music Theater. in-those (class of conducting A. Pavlenko). In the 1920s. was in charge of the muses. part of the theater. and end-pop groups, in 1940–41 - Odessa studio art. f. 1941–45 - in the army. Naib. popular lyric. songs (about 300 in total) T., performed by K.V.Shulzhenko, L.O. Utesov, M.N.Bernes: "Let's smoke!", "Mama", "Odessa Mishka", "At the Black Sea ". T. - the author of op-t ("Sensation", 1941; "250 years in one night", 1957; "13 kisses", 1966), music for drama performances. t-ditch (Soviet Army, named after Mossovet, named after A.S. Pushkin, Lenkom - Moscow, BDT - Leningrad), as well as film. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1967).
TABAKSBLAT Yisroel (1891, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1950, Israel), public figure, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from technical. uch-shche. He worked as a foreman at a weaving factory. He joined the Zionist movement. He founded the Degel Zion organization in Lodz. Participated in the organization of the society "Dramatic Art". Having become an entrepreneur, he was elected before. Jewish Union of Merchants and Manufacturers in Lodz. The first poems were published in 1907 in the Warsaw weekly. "Roman Zeitung". Published poetry, art., Feuilletons in Jewish periodicals. ed. Poland, Russia, Germany. In 1924–27 he edited the gas. Lodzer Merkur. During the 2nd world. war headed by gr. Resistance in the Lodz ghetto. Was a prisoner of Auschwitz. After the liberation of Poland, he returned to Lodz. In 1945–46 - in Sweden, in 1946–49 - in France. Since 1949 - in Israel. The author of the book: "Hurbn Lodz" ("Destruction of Lodz". Buenos Aires, 1946), "We lead the hainu" ("We were slaves."
TABAROVSKY Boris Moiseevich (1923, Kharkov - 2004), actor. Graduated from the Kharkov theater. Institute (1950). Since 1948 - in Kharkov Russian. dram. t-re. Among the roles: Gaev ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov), Lunacharsky ("The Bolsheviks" by M.F. Shatrov). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1982).
TABASHNIKOV Ivan Grigorievich (1844, Odessa - 1913), lawyer, jurist. Graduated from the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa. Engaged in translations, translated into Russian. lang. "Textbook of Roman law" B. Windsheid (1874), collaborated in the gas. "Novoros. telegraph "(Odessa). Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1875 he was assigned to the Ministry of Justice. In 1879–82 he served as a magistrate in the Astrakhan-Krasnodar okr. In 1883–88 the extraordinary prof. Chair of Roman Law at the Demidov Lyceum (Yaroslavl), in 1889–98 - at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1899-1906 prof. Tomsk University, creator and first dean of jurid. f-ta. Cit .: Literary, musical and artistic property from the point of view of the science of civil law and according to legislative regulations: Northern Germany, Austria, France, England and Russia. SPb., 1878; Past promissory notes. East-jurid. study. Odessa, 1891.
TABENKIN Ilya Lvovich (1914, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1988, Moscow), painter. Studied at Moscow. artist memory school 1905. In 1949 he graduated from the Moscow State Art Institute. V.I.Surikov (master I.E. Grabar). Main sphere of art. T. interests - still life, landscape, portrait. In the 1940s and 60s. T. was an adherent of natural rice. and painting, largely following the traditions of Moscow. schools: "Bazaar" (1943), "My Father" (1946), "Artist and Model" (1972). In the end. 1960s carried away by a purely plastic solution. tasks of painting and by the 1970s. T. began to work mainly in still life: "Yellow still life" (1969), "Still life with drapery" (1972), "Still life with sculpture" (1979). T.'s works are in museums and private collections in Russia, USA, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Finland.
Yitzhak TABENKIN (1887, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1971, Ein Harod, Israel), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw, Vienna, Berlin. One of the founders of the Poalei Zion movement. Since 1912 - in E.-I. One of the founders of Kibbutz Ein Harod. In 1920 - one of the creation. Histadrut, in 1930 - the Mapai party, in 1948 - the Mapam party. In 1958 he headed the Akhdut ha-Avoda-Poalei-Zion party. In 1949-59 dep. The Knesset. Was regularly published in decomp. Israeli gas. The author of the book. "Ga-mdina ha-Hebrew ve g-derekh eleya" ("The Jewish state and the path to it", 1944), "Ha-khevra ha-kibutsit" ("Kibbutz", 1954), "Lekakh sheshet ha-yamim" ( "Lessons of Six Days", 1970); Coll. op. in 6 volumes (1967–81). The name of T. is the settlement Itav (an abbreviation of the words "In memory of Yitzhak T.") Son of T. - Moshe (1917-1979), children's writer, poet.Syn T. - Yosef (1921-1987), public and military leader. Lieutenant colonel. During the War of Independence - com. brigade "Garel", which fought on the outskirts of Jerusalem and in the city itself.
TABENKIN Lev Ilyich (b. 1952, Moscow), painter. The son of I.L. Tabenkin. Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1975). Since 1974 he has participated in exhibitions, in 1987 - a group exhibition "Painting and Modernity". From the 2nd floor. 1980s exhibited in pl. mountains. Zap. Europe as well as Japan. OK. years worked in Italy. Impressed by the Renaissance frescoes, he created monumental canvases, for which not only a sense of color is characteristic, but also an understanding of paint as a special kind of plastic material: "Rainy Day" (1985), "In a Trolleybus" (1987), "Choir" (1992 ). In the 1990s. performed by ser. portraits-characters, not individual, but rather typical: "On the way" (1985), "Mother and child" (1991), "Harmonist" (1991). T.'s works are in museums and private collections in Russia, Zap. Europe and the USA.
TADMOR Haim (1923, Harbin, China - 2005), historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1954). Since 1935 - in E.-I. Graduated from East. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem. Since 1958 the professor. in the same place. Specializes in the history of Dr. East. He made a great contribution to the study of chronology, historiography and society by Dr. Bl. East. In 1971–82 - Ch. ed. "Encyclopedia Mikrait" ("Encyclopedia of Tanakh"). Since 1972 - scientific. consultant, since 1976 - member. ed. Council of the Concise Jewish Encyclopedia.
TAGER Alexander Semenovich (Zalmanovich) (1888, Moscow - 1939, ibid.), Lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). In 1911 he entered Moscow. advocacy pom. attorney at law. In 1917, attorney at law Moscow. District Court of Justice. In 1912-17 he took part in a number of political. trials: in the case of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk workers, the case of A.A. Solts, the case of V.Kandalaki. After Feb. Rev-tion worked in the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the crimes of the ministers of the tsarist pr-va as a legal adviser. At the same time. consisted of a member. Commission of the Ministry of Justice of the Provisional Prospect on the reform of laws on the court and the legal profession. After 1917 he took part in a number of trials in Moscow. roar. tribunal and at the top. Revtribunale: the case of employees of Moscow. mountains. councils, the Lockhart affair, the "paraffin affair", the show trial of the socialist revolutionaries, and others. In 1922 he participated in the development of the draft Code of Criminal Procedure. Since 1924, member. Moscow mountains. collegium of defense lawyers, was engaged in Ch. arr. cassation cases Top. Ships. On the initiative of T., a course on the study of court problems was organized. psychology in Psychol. in-those at the 1st Moscow State University. Was before. commission to study the court. psychology. Published a monograph. research "Tsarist Russia and the Beilis case". In 1938 he was arrested. Shot.
TAGER Anna Alexandrovna (1912, Moscow - 1999), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1957), prof. She graduated from the Military. academy of chem. protection of the Red Army (1935). From 1936 - in Phys.-Chem. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova. 1941–44 - in Sverdlovsk for defense. s-de rubber-tech. products. From 1944 - at the Ural University (in 1958–85 head of the department, then professor-consultant). Tr. by physical chemistry of macromolecular compounds. Established the relationship between the structure of plasticizers and their plasticizing properties. She laid the foundations for the synthesis of porous polymer sorbents. The author of the first monograph in the USSR. on polymer solutions and the first textbook on physical. chemistry of polymers. Created the Ural scientific. school for physical. Chemistry of Polymers. Works: Solutions of high molecular weight polymers. M. - L., 1951; Physicochemistry of polymers. M., 1963 (3rd ed., 1968); My life is in science. Sverdlovsk, 1995.
TAGER Iosif Lvovich (1900, Tsaritsyn of Saratov province - 1976, Moscow), radiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943), bp. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1965). Hero of Socialist Labor (1975). Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army, paramedic. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University (1925), where he worked at the Department of Radiology until 1930; in 1930–40 - in Moscow. roentgenoradiological. Institute of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1940–61 head. Department of Radiology TsIUVa (in 1941–45 chief radiologist of the fronts). Since 1961 head. roentgenologic. branch of research institute experiment. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and simultaneously. ch. radiologist of the 4th Ch. Department of the Ministry of Health of the USSR. Main tr. dedicated question roentgenologic. methods of research. int. organs, spine. He developed a technique for radiological. diagnosis of stomach tumors (1930). He studied the problems of X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in young children. Carried out the first X-ray television research. using electronic-optical amplifiers and television cameras (1962, et al.). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). State pr. USSR (1976). Cit .: X-ray examination for lumbar pain. M., 1949; Errors and difficulties in X-ray diagnostics of stomach cancer. M., 1959; X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the spine. M., 1983.
TAGER Isidor Moiseevich (?, Director of Vitebsk province. - 1896, Yuriev, Livland province.), Poet. Master of Pharmacy (1895). Since 1895 he was an assistant at Yuryevsky University. Author verse., Publ. in the journal. "Sunrise", the poem "Moshka" (1893), essay "Corner of the Pale of Settlement" ("Sunrise", 1894). Participated in the compilation of the Systematic Index of Literature on Jews in Russian. language.
TAGER Pavel Grigorievich (1903, Moscow - 1971, ibid.), Specialist in the field of sound recording and television technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1937). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University (1926) and Moscow. mechanical Institute (1929). In 1932–39 and in 1947–69 he worked at Vses. n.-i. kinofotoin-those. In 1939–47 - at the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics, was one of its founders. In connection with the persecution on charges of "cosmopolitanism" and adherence to "bourgeois pseudoscience" - cybernetics, he was forced to leave the Institute. In 1926-29 he created a sound recording system using Kerr's cell - "tagfon", using which the post was. first owl. sound thin. f. "Start to Life" (1931). In 1937, publ. monograph "Kerr's cell", edges and now remains a classic. work in the region. electro-optics. All R. 1930s developed a radar. "radio beacon" system; in the beginning. 1940s - radiotelegraph (the first facsimile image transmission system); in 1957 - the original system for recording television programs on film, edges to the World. exhibition in Brussels was awarded the highest. award (1958). The author is theoretical. works in the region. stereophony (1947–48) and video recording of images (1957–60). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1947). Became. etc. (1950). Cit .: The next problems of sound cinema technology. M., 1932.
TAIROV (real family member Kornblit) Alexander Yakovlevich (1885, Romny, Poltava province - 1950, Moscow), director. In 1906–07 he was an actor in the Theater of VF Komissarzhevskaya (Petersburg). In 1908 he staged "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare and "Uncle Vanya" by A.P. Chekhov at P. Gaideburov's Pedestrian Theater. In 1913 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that and entered the troupe of the Free Theater (Moscow), in the same year he staged "The Yellow Jacket" by H. Furst and the pantomime "Pierrette's Cover" by A. Schnitzler. In 1914, together with A.G. Koonen and gr. actors created the Chamber Theater (Moscow), where he worked until 1949. Post. They were distinguished by their sophistication of form and vivid theatricality - "Sakuntula" by Kalidasa, "Life is a dream" by P. Calderon (1914), "The Marriage of Figaro" by P. Beaumarchais (1915), "Famira-Kifared" by IF Annensky (1916) ... A talented experimenter, T. abandoned the stage box; appealed to the post. pantomimes "A Day in Toledo Spirits" by MA Kuzmin (1916), op-ty "Girofle-Girofle" by S. Lecock (1922), "Opera of the Beggars" by B. Brecht (music by K. Weyl, 1930), etc. Among other post. 1920-30s naib. means: "Phaedra" by J. Racin (1921), "The Thunderstorm" by AN Ostrovsky (1924), "Optimistic Tragedy" by VV Vishnevsky (1933). In 1936, the comic was banned by the resolution of the Committee on lawsuits under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. op. "Bogatyrs" (to music by AP Borodin, libre by D. Bedny). In 1949, T. was accused of cosmopolitan, formalistic views, "leading the theater to a dead end," and removed from the leadership of the theater. In 1917 T. - before. Moscow Union of Artists, in 1919-36 members. prez. Central Committee of the workers' trade union lawsuit-in, since 1944 vice-president. theater. section VOKS. Nar. art. RSFSR (1935). Works: Artist's Proclamation. M., 1917; Director's notes. M., 1921.
TACKER (née Kalish) Sophie (1884 - 1966, New York), music hall actress. Since 1885 - in the USA. From 1906 - in New York, she performed on the stage of the "Pelles" theater. She toured the country a lot, performing songs in Yiddish and English. lang. In 1938 she was elected president of the United States Variety Artist Association. She founded the charity "Sophie Tucker Foundation", founded two youth centers in Israel that bear her name. The author of the autobiogr. book "A little about these days" (1945).
TALALAEVSKY Matvey (Motl) Aronovich (1908, Mokhnachka Skvirsky u. Kiev province. - 1978, Kiev), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the Jewish ped. technical school. Graduated from lit. Faculty of Jewish department of Kiev un-that (1934). Head of the department literature and art in the publishing house "Young Proletarian", lit. part of the Kiev t-ra of working youth, the repertoire department. Kiev t-ra young spectator. 1941–45 military. corr. front. gas. Also published in Lit. gas." (ukr.), gas. Einikite, Pravda, Koms. truth "," Sov. Ukraine". 1945–49 sec. section of Jewish writers at the SP of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1949 he was arrested and exiled to Wed. Asia, released in 1956. First verse. published in the journal. "Jungvalde" in 1926. The first collection. verse. came out in 1930. The author is a poet. collection of books: "Geslekh un gasn" ("Lanes and streets". Kharkov, 1930), "Fun full garzn" ("From the bottom of my heart. Kharkov-Kiev, 1935)," In maine Ukraine "(" In my Ukraine ". Kiev, 1937)," Liebe "(" Love ", ibid, 1940)," Vi a soldier "(" Soldierly ". M., 1946)," In lebn farlibt "(" In love with life " . M., 1978) and others; in Ukrainian lang .: "Your Sons" (1949), "Cherry Solo" (1979), etc .; in Russian lang. joint with Z. Katz: "Reconnaissance in Force" (1941), "Stalingrad Poems" (1943). In the 1960s and 70s. was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Mn. plays T. were staged on the stages of the Ukrainian. t-ditch, including: "Good girl", "For life", "On New Year's Eve", "From behind the stone mountain", "The first lilies of the valley", "The verdict is executed", "Love with obstacles" , "At Dawn".
TALALAY Vladimir Lvovich (1908, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1996, Moscow), theater designer. In 1932 he graduated from the Odessa artist. Institute, worked in the Ivanovo drama. t-re, then in t-re muses. comedy. He designed the performances “Sailors from Kataro” by F. Wolf (1934), “Distant” by A. N. Afinogenov (1936), etc. In 1936–45, Ch. artist Chelyabinsk dram. t-ra them. S. Zwillinga, in 1941–45 at the same time. designed performances at the Magnitogorsk Theater. Among the works of the 1930s – 1940s: "Treachery and Love" by F. Schiller (1937), "A Man with a Gun" by N.F. Pogodin (1938), "Field Marshal Kutuzov" by V.A.Soloviev (1941), " The Rift "by B.A.Lavrenev (1942)," Invasion "by L.M. Leonov (1943)," Three Sisters "by A.P. Chekhov (1944). In 1946–88, Ch. artist Moscow Theater for Young Spectators, designed the performances: "Certificate of Maturity" by P. Geraskina (1949), "Suvorovtsy" by I. Motorin and E. S. Ryss (1951), "Boy from Marseille" by Ts. S. Solodar (1952), "Romeo and Juliet ”By W. Shakespeare (1964),“ Russian Question ”by KM Simonov (1984),“ All Hope ”by MM Roshchin (1986). In other t-s he designed "In a quiet lane" by AI Movzon (T-r im. Mossovet, 1956), "Guilty without guilt" by AN Ostrovsky (Moscow Art Theater, 1963), "Barankin, be a man! ", Music. SS Tulikova (Moscow Theater of Operetta, 1965), "Much Ado About Hearts", music. TN Khrennikova, "The Nose", music. D.D.Shostakovich (both in the Moscow Chamber Music Theater, 1972, 1974), "The Cranes Are Flying", music. A. Nesterov (Gorky Theater Opera. And Ball. Named after A. Pushkin, 1970), "Sisters", music. D.B. Kabalevsky, "The Maid of Orleans" muses. P.I. Tchaikovsky (both - Perm t-r op. And bal., 1969, 1970). Honored. a figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957). T.'s cousin - Lev Yakovlevich (b. 1908, Novgorod-Seversky), an architect. The author of the projects is the planner. districts of Mozhaisk highway and Kr. Presnya in Moscow.
TAL (real fam. Birkenthal) Sidi (Sarra) Lvovna (1912, Chernivtsi, Austria-Hungary - 1983, ibid.), Actress. She graduated from the ballet studio. From the age of 10 she spoke at prof. stage, since 1928 - the leading actress of the theater. the Wolfson troupe, which toured in Bucharest, Iasi and others. with dir. and the poet Ya.Yu.-M. Sternberg created the theater, which opened with the play "Der geler shotn" ("Yellow Shadow"). Other performances include "Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem, Sternberg's revue "Theater in Flame" ("Theater in Flame") and others. In 1940–46 she was an actress of a Jewish theater in Chisinau. During the 1941–45 war, the t-r was evacuated to Wed. Asia. In 1946, T. headed the Jewish theater. ans. at the Chernivtsi Philharmonic, she toured a lot with concerts, performing nar. lyric., characteristic, comic and other songs, as well as decomp. dancing. Among the dramas. roles: Esterka and Elka ("Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem), Motl ("Boy Motl" by Sholem Aleichem), Zyamka Kopach ("Zyamka Kopach" by M. Daniel), Eliza ("Pygmalion" by B. Shaw), etc. T. was also a co-director of the variety programs "To Spite the Enemies" (performed a transformational number), "It's great to laugh", "Always with you" (performed the ballad of A.P. Nuger "Mother's Heart", dedicated to the tragedy of the Jewish people in the 2nd world . war). Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1965).
TAL Mikhail Nekhemievich (1936, Riga - 1992, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1957). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1960). Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Latvia. state un-that (1958). Ch. ed. zhurn. "Shahs" (1960-70). 6-time champion of the USSR (1957, 1958, 1964, 1967, 1974, 1978), winner of 8 Olympiads as part of the USSR team. In 1960 he won the world championship match against M.M. Botvinnik, but a year later lost to him in a rematch. In 1961–85 he was one of the contenders for peace. championship. Winner pl. int. tournaments, including: Reykjavik (1964), Palma de Mallorca (1967), Wijk aan Zee, Tallinn, Sochi (all - 1973), Montreal (1979), Moscow (1982). In 1988 he won unofficial. world blitz championship. Shahm. creativity T. evolved from ostrokombinats. to a universal style. The author is numerous. gas. and zhurn. publications: Into the fire of the attack. M., 1978 (et al.); When the figures come to life. M., 1983.
TALMAN Israel Moiseevich (1895, Rostov-on-Don - 1965, Leningrad), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), Colonel Med. service. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Rostov University. Since 1920 - in the Red Army. From 1930 he taught at the Military Medical Academy in Leningrad (in 1939–46, head of the department of general surgery). In 1941–45, Ch. army surgeon, then ch. surgeon of the 2nd Belarusian and Karelian fr. Since 1946 head. Department of General Surgery 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that. Main works on issues. surgeon treatment of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts, hernias, military field surgery. Vol .: Gunshot wounds of the lungs and pleura. L., 1946; Varicose veins. L., 1961; Gallbladder and bile duct surgery. L., 1963.
TALMI Leon Yakovlevich (real name and surname Leizer Talminovitsky) (1893, Lyakhovichi of Slutsky district of Minsk province - 1952, Moscow), journalist, publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Participated in the leftist Zionist movement. In 1913-17 - in the USA. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Collaborated in gas. "Neue Zeit" in Kiev, was a member. Party "Fareinigte", then became close to the Jewish United Communist Party, worked in the organ of the CP (b) U "Komfon". In 1920 - in Moscow. On the instructions of the Jewish department. The People's Commissariat of Education collected material and wrote a memorandum on Jewish pogroms in Ukraine and Belarus. He worked in the department. press of the ECCI. In 1921–32 - in the USA. In 1922–23 ed. zhurn. "Oifboy". Since 1924 - member. US Communist Party. In 1925 he met with V.V. Mayakovsky, translated several. his verse. in English. lang., and verse. "Atlantic Ocean" - in Hebrew. Later was sotr. gas. "Morgn-Freigite" and one of the editors. every month zhurn. Der Gamer (New York). He took an active part in the communist. movement ICOR. In 1929, as part of the IKOR expedition, he made a trip to Birobidzhan, about which he wrote the book. Oyf Rosr Erd (On the Virgin Land, 1931). Since 1932 - in the USSR. Worked as the head. ed. Publishing house of foreign. lit-ry, translated into English. lang. op. K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin. 1941–48 - in the Soviet Information Bureau. Since 1942, member. EAK. In 1949 he was arrested in the "JAC case". Shot.
TALROZE Victor Lvovich (1922, Tula - 2004), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1962), prof. (1962), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). After graduation from chem. Faculty of Moscow State University since 1947 worked at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1966 Head of Lab., then Head of Department, Deputy Director). In 1987–95, director. Institute energetic. chemical problems. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. (since 1954) taught at MIPT (since 1961 - head of the department). Main directions of scientific. research: chem. kinetics of reactions proceeding under high-energy conditions. effects on the substance; physical research methods. in chemistry; new types of lasers with high electr. efficiency factor. Discovered the phenomenon of ultra-low ex. friction tv. bodies during irradiation. Completed a number of works in the region. defense technology. Author of scientific. publications in the journal. on chem. physics of lasers, ion-mol. reactions, etc. Flax. etc. (1984).
TALMI Igal (b. 1925, Kiev), physicist. Acad. AN Israel. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1947 he graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem, continued his education in Switzerland at Technol. Institute in Zurich (1949–52). In 1952–54, 1956–57, 1961–62, 1966–67 he worked at Princeton University in the USA. Since 1954 prof. Weizmann Institute, Dean. departments of nuclear physics (since 1967). Tr. on nuclear physics and physics of elementary particles. Developed the theory of nuclear shells. Etc. Weizmann (1963), State. Israel Ave (1965), Rothschild Ave (1972). Works: Theory of the nuclear shell. M., 1962 (co-authored with A. de Shalit).
TALMUD David Lvovich (1900, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1973, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939). Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1934). Brother of I.L. Talmud. Graduated from the Odessa Chemical. Institute (1923). In 1925–30 he worked in Moscow. chem. in-those, since 1930 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, since 1934 - at the Institute of Biochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Main research dedicated physical chemistry of surface phenomena and colloidal chemistry. Joint. with S.E.Bresler created (1945) the theory of the globular structure of proteins, the principles of a cut are the basis of modern. concepts of the tertiary structure of proteins. Became. etc. (1934) Vol .: Surface phenomena. L.-M., 1934 (co-authored with Bresler); Protein structure. M. - L., 1940 Brother T. - Solomon (1908, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province. - 1985, Leningrad), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1964), prof. (1965). In 1946-47 academic. sec. All-Russian Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber. In 1948–85 he taught at the Leningrad Institute. Chem. technol. in-those of the pulp and paper industry.
Era Davidovna TALMUD (1927, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), historian and orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1953). Daughter of D.L. Talmud. She graduated from the East. separate ist. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1950–93). The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the modern and recent history of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Vice President About-va of friendship with Ceylon. Works: Sovr. Ceylon. M., 1958; History of Ceylon. 1795 - 1965. M., 1973; Society-polit. thought of Sri Lanka in modern times. M., 1982.
TALMUD Israel Lvovich (b. 1902, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province), chemical engineer. Brother of D.L. Talmud. In 1927 he graduated from the Odessa Chemical. in-t. In 1927–31 he worked at the Odessa superphosphate plant, since 1930 he was deputy chief. Ing. In 1933–35 on decomp. Ing. should. in the Apatit trust. In 1935–40 at the NKTP, in 1940–50 at the NKTsM (Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy) for decomp. leadership should. In 1951-60, dir. Volkhovsky aluminum. s-yes, in 1961–80 ch. specialist. by color. metallurgy in the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the coordination of scientific research. works. Linen. pr. (1957), pr. SM USSR (1981).
TAMARIN Ilya Lvovich (1893, Grodna - 1961, Minsk), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). After graduating from Kharkov honey. Institute (1922) worked in Kharkov, Zhitomir, Dnepropetrovsk, Chkalov. Since 1945, dir. Belarusian Research Institute of Tuberculosis and at the same time. (1948–57) head. Department of Tuberculosis, Minsk Medical. in-that. Sci. tr. on questions fight against children. tuberculosis in the BSSR (1949), the use of plasma substitutes in the clinic for tuberculosis (1957), chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis.
TAMARKIN Yakov Davydovich (1888, Chernigov - 1945, Washington), mathematician. Prof. (1920). In 1906, in collaboration with A.A. Fridman, he wrote a work on number theory, which was published. in Matematische Annalen. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1910). Student of V.A. Steklov. In 1920 he worked at Perm un-those, in 1920–24 - in various. universities of Petrograd. Since 1924 - in Latvia, since 1925 - in the USA. He worked at Dartmouth College (1924–26) and Brown University (from 1926). Founder and publisher of a number of Amer. mat. zhurn. Member (from 1931) and vice-president. (1942–43) American Mat. about-va. Main research - in the region. mat. analysis and mat. physics. T. played an important role in the work of the founder of cybernetics N. Wiener, who was the first to appreciate the importance of his ideas for the development of science. mathematics. T. 1–2. Pg., 1924–25 (co-authored with VI Smirnov).
TAMARKINA Roza Vladimirovna (1920, Kiev - 1950, Moscow), pianist. Studied for children. branch of the Kiev cons. from NM Goldenberg (1928–30) and from EM Slivak (1930–32). Since 1932 - in a special child. gr. at Moscow. cons. (later converted to the Central Music School) from A.B. Goldenveiser (1932–35), then to Moscow. cons., to-rui graduated in 1940. Was engaged in graduate school under the direction of. Goldenweiser (1941) and K.N. Igumnov (1943–45). In 1937 she received the 2nd pr. At the 3rd Mezhdunar. pianist competition them. Chopin in Warsaw. Since 1937 she gave concerts. From 1946 she taught at Moscow. cons. In the repertoire of T. a large place was occupied by works. F. Chopin and other representatives of romanticism.
TAMIR Yosef (b. 1915, Berdichev, Kiev province), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Graduated from Tel Aviv University and the London School of Economics. In the 1930s – 40s. corr. gas. "Ha-Arad", "Palestine Post", "Ha-Boker". During the War of Independence - military. corr. In the beginning. 1960s - gene. sec. Liberal Party. In 1959–65, members. mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. Dep. Knesset of the 6-9th convocations (1965-81). Affairs. several Zionist Congr. The author of the book. (in Hebrew) "Member of the Knesset" (1987).
TAMMUZ (Kamerstein) Benjamin (1919, Kharkov - 1989, Tel Aviv), journalist, sculptor. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshiva and at the Herzliya gymnasium. During the 2nd world. War - Officer Brit. army, military. censor. In 1948-49 the military. corr. gas. "Miwrak". In 1950–51 he studied sculpture in Paris. In 1952–65 ed. "Ha-Aretz Shelanu". In 1965–71 ed. lit. app. to gas. "Ha-Aretz". In 1971–75 he was an Israeli cultural attaché in Great Britain. First book. T. - "Holot ha-zagav" ("Golden Sands", 1950, collection of stories about childhood). Author pl. book, including for children. The author is a sculptor. works, including memory. dead pilots in Tel Aviv.
TANATAR Joseph Isaakovich (1880, Melitopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1961, Dnepropetrovsk), geologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1911), Doctor of Geological-Mineral. Sciences (1935). Graduated from Ekaterinoslavskoe higher. horn. uch-shche (1903). Studied at Munich University. Since 1913 prof. this in-that. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, mainly. on geochemistry and petrography of the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin.
TANATAR Sevastian Moiseevich (1849, Odessa - 1917, ibid.), Chemist. Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1872). In 1872–73 he improved his education in higher education. tech. schools of Munich (R. Erlenmeyer) and Aachen (G. Landolt). After returning from Germany, he served for some time in oil. s-de. Then he taught chemistry at the Odessa real school (1880–83). At the same time. (from 1880) worked at Novorossiysk University as a laboratory assistant. From 1888 privat-doc., From 1896 extraordinary prof., From 1899 ordinary prof., From 1913 honored. prof. Main directions of scientific. works - organic and inorganic chemistry, thermochemistry and research. solutions. Carried out the conversion of trimethylene to propylene under the action of high temperature (1895). Developed new methods for the preparation of hydrazoic acid (1899). Received by electrolysis salts of nadboric and percarbonic acids (1898–99). Discovered compounds of hydrogen peroxide with sodium carbonate (1901) and other salts, as well as organic. substances, in particular. urea (1908). Cit .: To the question of the causes of isomerism of fumaric and maleic acids. Odessa, 1890; Practical quantity guide. analysis. SPb., 1911 (co-authored with E.K. Kurovsky).
TANENBAUM Abram Sevastyanovich (1858, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1922, Moscow), railway engineer, publicist. State Councillor. Graduated from the Institute of Ing. ways of communication. From 1896 he served in the Ministry of Railways, was a member. K-ta for inventions and research., Was included in the scientific. min-va advice. Author of works on railway and car transport. He edited Zhurn. min-va of communication lines ". Conducted by the department. engineer-building arts and means of communication in the edition of the Encyclopedic. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Wishing to study Judaism more deeply, he entered Archeol. in-t, attended lectures at f-those east. languages ​​of Petersburg. un-that. He joined the Palestinophil movement and was one of the founders of the Palestinophil circle that arose in St. Petersburg. Participated in the publication of journals. "Dawn", put a number of articles in it, was secret. edition. All R. 1880s elected member to-that OPE, was in it for many years, being engaged in the main. replenishment of funds about-va and organization of assistance to students; was a member. his ist. commissions, as well as commissions on issue. ed. "Regests and inscriptions".
TANENBAUM Avner (1848, Shirvinty Vilensky District and Gubernia - 1913, New York), writer, publicist, translator. Studied history and geography at Novorossiysk University in Odessa. He was the manager of a pharmacy company in Odessa. Since 1887 - in the USA. He made his debut in 1889 in the Anarchist weekly. Der Morgen Stern. He was the first in the United States to write popular science in Yiddish. Art. and book. on history, natural sciences. Edited by Der Morgen Stern, Zh. "Mevasrestion". Mn. years collaborated in gas. The New Yorker Morgen Journal. He wrote an adventure. novels. On a weekly. Der American published ser. biographies of famous Jews. In 1905, in two volumes, he published Di Geshichte Fundi idn In America (History of the Jews in America). Translated 8 volumes, op. J. Vern in Yiddish. Author of the book: "Kalt un varem" ("Cold and heat". London, 1895), "Doctor un Zeuberer" ("Doctor and magician". New York, 1899), "Di gegeimnis fun russishn goif" ( Russian court ").
TANICH Mikhail Isaevich (1923, Taganrog - 2008, Moscow), poet. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1947–53 he was imprisoned. In 1953–58, a master at the Stalingr building. HPP, published poetry in “Lit. gas. ", journal. "Banner", "Youth", etc. The first collection of verses. "Return" (1959), "Blots" (1960) were published in Stalingrad. In 1961, T.'s creative collaboration with Ya.A. Frenkel began (the first song "Textile Town"). Many are written on T. songs by A.I.Ostrovsky, O.B.Feltsman, V.Ya.Shainsky, V.Miguley, V.A.Gamaleya, I.Nikolaev, Y.S.Saulsky and others. Songs to T. f. ("Big Break", comp. E.S. Kolmanovsky, "There Lived Three Bachelors", comp. N.V. Bogoslovsky, etc.), on radio, on television. In 1992 T. created gr. "Lumbering", for a cut he wrote more than 50 songs. Songs to the verses of T. were performed by M.I.Bernes, G.M. Velikanova, A.German, I.D.Kobzon, E.A.Khil, L.V. Leshchenko, E.S.Piekha and others. CDs. Wrote 2 cycles of Jewish songs: 1st - "Small Town" (in the early 1990s), 2nd - in 1997 for the play "Shlimazl" in the Jewish theater "Shalom". The author is poetic. collection of books "Textile Town" (1964), "Streets" (1966), "Password" (1983), "Memoirs" (1989). Etc. "Golden Disc" by "Melodiya" company.
TANKILEVICH Abram Grigorievich (1901, Vysokopolye, Kherson District and Gubernia - 1975, Moscow), mining engineer, organizer of construction. Graduated from the Dnepropetrovsk forge in 1929. in-t. Until 1932 - in Donbass, he was in charge of the Zapadnaya-Kapitalnaya mine. In 1932–49 - on the building of Moscow. subway. Supervised the construction of the stations: "Kirovskaya" (1935, order. Lenin), "Sverdlov Square" (1938, order. Labor. Red Banner). In 1939–49 ch. Ing. Metrostroy. Under the arm. T. built a row. lines Mosk. metro and especially important underground facilities and high-rise buildings in Moscow. Participated in the creation of new tunneling equipment, in the tests of new construction. equipment. In 1941-45 members. EAK. In 1949-51 ch. Ing. construction of coal mines in Kuzbass, participated in the development of the Tom-Usinsk coal basin. in Gornaya Shoria and in the town of Mezhdurechensk (the village of Olzheras until 1955) in the Kemerovo region. in the region of one of the largest coal deposits in Russia. In 1951–53 he was imprisoned. In 1954-57, deputy. early Ch. tech. Directorate of the Ministry of Coal Construction of the USSR, in 1957–63 Ch. specialist. trust "Mosorgstroy". Became. etc. (1947).
TANSMAN Alexander (1897, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1986, Paris), composer, conductor, pianist. Studied at the cons. in Lodz, from 1914 - in Warsaw. At the same time. from 1919 - to philosophy. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1919 he received the 1st and 2nd pr. On the First nat. competition comp. in Warsaw (presented the work under various pseudonyms). From 1920 - in France, in 1941–46 - in the USA. He performed as a conductor and pianist, including performing his own. manuf., in pl. countries of the world. The author of the work about I.F. Stravinsky (1948). Among the works: 6 op., Including "Sabbatai Zvi, False Messiah" (libre by N. Bystritsky, 1953), "Oath" (after O. de Balzac, 1955), "Georges Danden" (after J. -B. Moliere, 1974); 7 points, including "Big City" (1932), "The King Who Plays with Fire" (1947), "Resurrection" (after Leo Tolstoy, 1962), etc .; the oratorios The Prophet Isaiah (1949), Psalm (1961); "Jewish Rhapsody" for chamber orc. (1937), Polish Rhapsody (1941); 8 symph.; "Stele. In Memory of Stravinsky "(1972) for voice and instru. ans .; chamber instr. and wok. works.
TANTLEVSKY Igor Romanovich (b. 1961, Leningrad), historian, philologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1996). Graduated from East. Faculty of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen (1984). Sci. sotr. dep. Dr. East Petersburg. branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the history of the Essene Qumran community, philol. analysis of the Dead Sea manuscripts, on the history of Judea in the era of Hellenism and Roman rule. In the monograph "History and Ideology of the Qumran Community" (St. Petersburg, 1994), he put forward his concept of evolution of the messianic-eschatological. representations of the Qumranites.
TARAKHOVSKAYA Elizaveta Yakovlevna (1895, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 1968, Moscow), playwright, poet. Sister S.Ya. Parnok and V.Ya. Parnakh. In 1914 she studied law. f-those petersburg. Bestuzhev courses. In 1920-21 she worked as a librarian in Sukhumi, head. muses. b-coy in Rostov. From ser. 1920s was part of Moscow. association of playwrights. She wrote poetry and plays for children. The first children. book: "About how chocolate came to Mosselprom" and "Titus will fly" (1925). Author of more than 50 books, the most famous. including Metro (20th ed.). Since 1936 in Moscow. t-re dolls under the arms. SV Obraztsov was playing T.'s play "By the Pike's Command." Author of 2 collections of lyric poetry. verse. (Treble Clef, 1958 and Bird, 1965). She translated poetry with dec. lang., including from Yiddish (L.M. Kvitko, R.L.Baumvol, I.S.Kotlyar).
TARATUTA (nee Ruvinskaya) Olga Ilinichna (Elka-Golda Elievna) (1876, Novodmitrovka, Kherson district and provinces - after 1938), politician. From 1897 - in the rev. movement. In 1901–04 - in Germany and Switzerland, where she joined the anarchists. In 1904 she returned to Russia, member. anarchist c. in Odessa. Participated in terrorist attacks. In 1905 she was arrested and sentenced to 17 years in hard labor. In 1906 she fled, took part in the creation of the anarchist group. in Moscow. In 1907–08 - in Switzerland, member. “Combat intern. gr. anarchist communists ". In 1908 she returned to Russia, preparing terrorist attacks in Kiev, Odessa, Yekaterinoslav. In 1908 she was again arrested and sentenced to 21 years in hard labor. Released in 1917. In 1918–20 she was an advisor to NI Makhno. In 1920, she created the Black Cross organization in Kharkov to provide assistance to the anarchists in the Sov. prisons. Arrested in 1920. In 1922 she was exiled to the Vologda province. Since 1924 - in Moscow. In 1938 she was repressed.
TARATUTA Alexander Grigorievich (Ovsey-Meer Gershkovich) (1879, Novomirgorod, Elizavetgrad district, Kherson province - 1937, Suzdal, Vladimir region), politician. Since 1895 - in the rev. movement. In 1900–01 he studied at un-those (Kiev), expelled for participating in student. demonstrations. In 1903 - in Switzerland, where he joined the communist anarchists. In 1904 he led the roar. work in Russia. Dec. 1904 congress participant grew up. anarchists in London. In Jan. 1905 arrested while crossing the border with a cargo of explosives. In 1906 he escaped from exile. Party roar. events of 1906–07. In 1907 he was arrested and sentenced to 3 years in hard labor. He fled in 1910. In 1911-17 - in France. In May 1917 he returned to Russia. Gas editor. anarchists "Voice of Labor". After Oct. Revolution of 1917 published and edited the collection. op. M.A.Bakunin, P.A.Kropotkin and other theorists of anarchism. In 1922-23 he was one of the organizers of state-owned factory farms at factories of the textile industry, in 1923-29 - in the Center. s.-kh. bank, in 1929–32 - in the All. council of collective farms and research institutes of collective farms, developed the theory of agro-industrial plants, in 1932-34 agronomist-economist "Soyuzkonservmoloko". In 1934 he was arrested. Shot.
TARKHANOV Oskar Sergeevich (real name and surname Sergey Petrovich Razumov; ps .: Oskar Erdberg, O. Taube, Carrio, Yan Chzhulai) (1901, Odessa - 1938), politician, orientalist. Member RSDLP (b) since 1917. In 1917-18 he was a member. editorial board gas. "Young Worker" (Odessa). In 1918-19 - one of the hands. coms. underground in Odessa. In 1919–20 before. Crimean underground Komsomol regional committee. In 1921–24 sec. Central Committee of the RKSM (since 1922 the first chairman of the Central Bureau of Young Pioneers), secretary. Com. international youth. In 1925-26 members. gr. owls. polit. advisers in China. In 1927 for participation in the Trotskyist opposition he was expelled from the CPSU (b), in 1928 he was reinstated. In 1930–32 he studied at the IKP. In 1932–34 sotr. Reconnaissance. control of the Red Army in the Special Far Eastern Army. Since 1935, adviser to the USSR embassy in the Mongolian People's Republic. Author approx. 100 prints Arrested in 1937. Shot. Cit .: Chinese short stories. M., 1932 (3rd ed.); The agrarian question in the colonial revolution. M., 1932; Esperanto. M., 1959.
TARLE Evgeny Viktorovich (1875, Kiev - 1955, Moscow), historian. Prof. (1913), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1927). In 1896 he graduated from historical philology. f-t un-that in Kiev. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s was close to the Social Democrats. In the 1900s and 10s. lecturer in Petersburg. and Yurievsky un-takh. In 1930 he was arrested, in 1931 he was exiled to Alma-Ata. In 1931–33 the professor. in the same university. In 1933 he returned to Leningrad. He was attacked during the "fight against cosmopolitanism." Author of works on the history of Russia and Europe in the 18-20th centuries. T. was especially famous for his work on the history of the French Revolution. Became. etc. (1942, 1943, 1946) Vol .: Working class in France in the era of revolution. SPb., 1909-11; Europe in the era of imperialism. 1871-1917. M. - L., 1927; Napoleon. M., 1936; Nakhimov. M., 1940; Admiral Ushakov on the Mediterranean Sea. M., 1942.
TARLE Galina Yakovlevna (b. 1931, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1990). Graduated from Moscow. state Historical Archive Institute (1955). Since 1958 scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1992 - Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Author of scientific. works on the history of Russian. abroad, international connections owls. the public; participated in the preparation of collective works and monographs, including "History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day" (v. 8. Moscow, 1967), "Construction of the state" (Moscow, 1972), "World movement supporters of peace. Dates. Events "(M., 1987) and other works: Friends of the Country of Soviets: The participation of foreign workers in the restoration of the Nar. x-va of the USSR in 1920-1925 M., 1968; Peace movement in the USSR. M., 1988; Grew up. abroad and homeland. M., 1993.
TARLOVSKY Mark Arievich (1902, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1952, Moscow), poet, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1924). He began to publish in 1923. The first book. poems "Ironic Garden" (1928) brought recognition to lit. circles. In 1930, the second book. poems "Carrier pigeon" did not miss the censorship. T. was forced to leave for Fergana. There came out a cycle of poems “about socialist. construction "in Turkestan - most of the book. Boomerang (1931), which includes only seven verses. from "Carrier Pigeon". Third book. T. "Birth of the Motherland" (1935) was the last. From ser. 1930s - translator Jambul.
TARNOPOL Joachim Isaakovich (1810, Odessa - 1900, ibid.), Publicist. One of the founders of the weekly. "Dawn" in 1860 (with OA Rabinovich). Author of works: "On the poor class of Russian Jews" (Odessa, 1858), "The influence of enlightened states and modern. spirit for the success and the civil status of the Jews "(" Russian disabled ", 1859)," Experience of the present. prudent reform in the region. Judaism. Reflections on the internal and external life of Russian Jews "(Odessa, 1866)," Spinoza and Spinozism "(" Bulletin of Russian Jews ", 1871, No. 30).
TARNOPOLSKAYA Berta Isaakovna (1907, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1997, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1935–45 - in Moscow. in-those fig. lawsuit. She studied under II Chekmazov, MF Shemyakin, SV Gerasimov. At the same time. with her studies she participated in the creation of "ROSTA Windows". In 1948 she graduated from animation courses, worked in the cinema. T.'s work is notable for its genre diversity: landscape, still life, portrait, nude model. T. created a large ser. moscow landscapes, including the "town of artists" on the top. Maslovka. Participant of exhibitions since 1945; dep. manuf. were exhibited abroad. Personal exhibitions took place in Arzamas (1979), Moscow (1992, jointly with V.M. Midler). T.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery and in private collections.
TARNOPOLSKY Abram Isaakovich (1912, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Major. In the Red Army - in 1934–37 and from 1941. Kom. battalion captain T. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in battle during the liberation of Brest.
TARNOPOLSKY Vladimir Moiseevich (1897, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1942, Stalingrad), composer. In 1919 he graduated from Rostov University. At the same time. studied at the composer's department of the Rostov muses. uch-schA. From 1923 - in Moscow, studied at the cons. (class comp. M.F.Gnesin, then R.M. Glier). In 1925-28 he was an active member. PROKOLA - a creative org-tion that united the composer's youth cons .; its participants, including T., created the first owls. oratorio "The Way of October" (1927). T.'s diploma work - one-act op. "Feast during the plague" (after A.S. Pushkin, 1937). Among the Op. T .: "Karelian Suite" for orc. (1939), suite for orc. bunk bed instr. (1938), Concerto for balalaika with orc. bunk bed instr. (1938), music for dramas. plays, romances. During folklore exp. on North. Caucasus, Zaonezhie, Karelia T. recorded and further processed a large number of songs decomp. peoples. From 1942 - in the army, died in battle.
TARNOVSKY Joseph Yakovlevich (1907, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province - 1970, Sverdlovsk), specialist in the field of metal processing. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1949). In 1929–31 - in the Red Army. In 1936 he graduated from the Ural Industrial (Polytechnic) Institute, after graduate school he taught, headed the department of metal pressure processing. Main scientific. works in the region. calculations technological. processes of rolling, forging, drawing, pressing of metals. For the first time in the world. practice of processing metals by pressure for theoretical. justification of the processes used the calculations performed using the methods of variats. calculus used to solve problems in continuum mechanics. Developed a methodology for design automation technologic. hot stamping processes implemented on a number of machine-builds. s-dov. Vol .: Deformations and efforts in the processing of metals by pressure. Moscow – Sverdlovsk, 1959 (co-authorship); Contact stresses at plastic. deformation. M., 1966 (et al.); Hot stamping technology. M., 1969 (et al.).
TARSKY (real name Teitelbaum) Alfred (1902, Warsaw - 1983, Berkeley, California, USA), mathematician, logician. Doctor of Philosophy, prof. (1946), acad. Nat. US Academy of Sciences. After graduating from Warsaw University (1923) he taught there. Since 1939 - in the USA. He taught at Harvard (1939–41) and Princeton (1941–42) high fur boots; from 1942 - at the University of California in Berkeley, where he created a department of mat. logic. Tr. T., including "The concept of truth in formalized languages" (1931), "Introduction to logic" (1936), translated into plural. yaz., "Undecidable theories" (1948), determined the role of logical. semantics as a special philosophy. Sciences. T.'s ideas influenced the development of mat. logic, number theory, group theory, methodology of deductive sciences. Member Amer. mat. about-va, chl. Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts, hon. part Danish mat. about-va. In 1944–46 prez. Int. associations are symbolic. logic; in 1959 prez. Int. union of history and philosophy of science. Cit .: Introduction to the logic and methodology of deductive sciences. M., 1948.
TARTAKOV Joakim Viktorovich (1860, Odessa - 1923, Petrograd), singer (lyric and dramatic baritone), director, teacher. On the recommendation of A.G. Rubinstein, he entered Petersburg. cons., to-ruu graduated from class. K. Everardi in 1881, sang in plural. provincial t-tah, including in Odessa. In 1885–93 he was a soloist of the opera house in Kiev; in 1882–84 and in 1894–1923 - the Mariinsky Theater (Petersburg - Petrograd), in 1909–23 - Ch. dir. Repertoire - approx. 100 parts in classic op. (the best - Demon in the same name. Op. Rubinstein). He also performed as a chamber singer (performer of Tchaikovsky's romances, songs by F. Schubert and R. Schumann). T.'s art was highly appreciated by Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.K. Glazunov. FI Chaliapin considered himself a student of T. He toured to many. mountains. Russia and Europe. He combined the bel canto style with the soulfulness and simplicity typical of Russian. wok. schools. In 1920–23 prof. Petrogr. cons. Honored. art. Republic (1923).
TARTAKOVER Savely (Xavier) Grigorievich (1887, Rostov-on-Don Don Cossack Region - 1956, Paris), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950), Ph.D. He has been playing chess since he was 10. He studied at un-those in Vienna. In 1906 he won the tournament of the German Congress. chess. union. He performed successfully in the International. tournaments. From 1918 - in Paris, for chess. Olympiads (1928–39) played for the Polish team. Member of St. 100 int. competitions, winner of a number of tournaments, including in Vienna (1923), Hastings (1926–27, 1927–28), Paris (1929), Liege (1930). T. - the author of the book. "Ultramodern chess game" (parts 1-4. L.-M., 1924-26). In tech. several decades actively collaborated in 30 chess. zhurn., commented on many others. int. competition. During the 2nd world. During the war he participated in the Free France movement under the name of Leith. Cartier. T. contributed to the theory and technique of the opening, endgame, and also created a number of interesting combinations in chess. game. Soch: The debut of the future. L., 1925; Indian defense. M., 1925; New York match-tournament, 1927 L., 1927; 500 educational chess games. - 1952 (et al.); My best chess. parties, 1931-1954. - 1956.
TARTAKOVSKY Andrei Grigorievich (1931, Moscow - 1999, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1983). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1955). In 1956 he worked in the State. b-ke of the USSR them. VI Lenin, in 1956–58 - under contracts in publishing houses and editorial offices, in 1958–69 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1969 - Institute of History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1992 Institute of Russian History of RAS). Author of works on the history of Russia in the 18-19th centuries, international. relations in Europe and Asia, as well as research. on problems of source study; participated in the preparation of publications “Leaflets Otech. war of 1812 "(M., 1962), collection of works. "A.S. Pushkin in the memoirs of contemporaries" (vol. 1. M., 1985), comp. and the author entered. Art. to Sat. works by N.Ya. Eidelman "From the hidden history of Russia 18-19 centuries" (M., 1993) and others. Works: Voen. journalism of 1812. M., 1967; 1812 and Russian. memoir. Source study experience. studying. M., 1980; Rus. memoir 18 - 1st half. 19th centuries From manuscript to book. M., 1991.
TARTAKOVSKY Vladimir Abramovich (1901, Kiev - 1973, Leningrad), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), prof. (1936). In 1922 he graduated from the Kiev Institute of Education. In 1930–52 he worked at Leningrad State University, at the same time. from 1944 - in Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics. Main research results. relate to number theory, algebra, mat. logic, differenti. ur-niyam and geometry.
TATARSKY Valerian Ilyich (b. 1929, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–56 - at Geofiz. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1956–90 head. lab. Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then head. dep. FIAN. Since 1991 - in the USA. One of the founders of the theory of radio wave propagation in random environments and statistical. radiophysics. Defined spaces. the spectra of fluctuations of the amplitude and phase of the wave (T. formulas), as well as the characteristics of waves in turbulent media. Developed the Markov approximation in the theory of wave propagation in random media. The author of a large number of scientific. publications. State pr. USSR (1990). Works: Propagation of waves in a turbulent atmosphere. M., 1967; Statistical phenomena in wave diffraction. M., 1975 (in co-authorship with Yu.A. Kravtsov); Introduction to Statistical Radiophysics. Random fields. M., 1978 (co-authored with S.M. Rytov and Kravtsov).
TATARSKY Viktor Vitalievich (b. 1939, Leningrad), actor, director. In 1958 he worked in the Astrakhan drama. t-re them. S.M. Kirov, in 1959 - on the Murmansk radio. In 1960 he entered the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1961-66 he studied at the acting department Theater. uch-schA them. M.S. Shchepkin, then GITIS (course of I.V. Ilyinsky). At the same time. collaborated with Ch. editors of broadcasting Vses. radio as an author, presenter, dir. a number of gears. Since 1966, after graduating from the Institute, edited by muses. broadcasting Gosteleradio, where he created a series of programs "Meeting with a song". Since 1967 post. presenter of radio programs “Muz. globe ”,“ Record on your tape recorder ”,“ At all latitudes ”, etc. Since 1996, the host of the program cycle“ Return of the Tretyakov Gallery. The Story of a Masterpiece ”on television. Since 1967 he has performed on the stage production. MABulgakova, MMZoshchenko, BLVasil'eva, YVTrifonova and others. Laureate of All-Union reading competition (1968). Honored. art. RSFSR (1988).
Michael TAUBE (1890, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1972, Tel Aviv), conductor, composer. In childhood, he studied playing the piano, violin, cello, flute. He studied at the Leipzig cons., Then in Cologne (including conducting with G. Abendroth). The beginning of the end. activity in Bonn and Cologne, from 1920 as a conductor he performed in Frankfurt, Berlin and Cologne. Since 1924 B. Walter's assistant at the Berlin op. In 1926 he founded a chamber orc. and a choir in Berlin and conducted the so-called. Chamber concerts Taube. In 1933 he was one of the founders of the Jewish Cultural Union. From 1934 - in E.-I., in 1935 he headed the symphony. orc. Jerusalem. In 1956 he created a chamber orc. Ramat Ghana. He was also the organizer of the Israeli Bach and Mozart Society. The author of a number of symphony. and chamber instruments. essays.
TAUBIN Yakov Grigorievich (1900, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1941, Barbysh, Kuibyshev region), designer of small arms. He graduated from the 4th course of the Odessa Institute of grain and flour technology. From 1933 he worked at the Kovrov arms plant. In 1937 he created and headed the Special Design Bureau No. 16 of the People's Commissariat of Arms. Created the world's first automatic grenade launcher (1938). Joint. with M.N. Baburin developed the 23rd Aviation. gun MP-6 - the first owls. Aviation cannon with automatic sight on a short stroke of the barrel, put into service in November 1940. Decorated with hordes. Lenin (1940). Arrested in May 1941. Shot.
TAUSIG Karl (Karol) (1841, Warsaw - 1871, Leipzig), pianist, composer. Son and student of the pianist and comp. Aloise T. (1820–85). In 1855 he began to study with F. List. In 1858 in Berlin he made his debut in concert with the conductor H. von Bülow, in 1859–60 he gave concerts in German cities, performing his own. manuf. From 1862 - in Vienna, performed as a conductor with Liszt, was friends with J. Brahms and R. Wagner. Then it will continue. touring in 1865 became a court pianist in Berlin. Known as one of the greatest virtuoso pianists, he was recognized as a composer. Among FP. cit .: Concert etude, nocturne, a number of fp. transcriptions, educational and instructive compositions for piano.
TAVDIDISHVILI Rose (1886, Kutais - 1968, Tbilisi), writer, ethnographer, public figure. One of the first cargo. Jewish women who graduated from the female secondary school. In 1924 she began working in gas. "Stalineli" and at the same time published her first artists. manuf. The author of Art. on anti-relay. themes and essays on everyday life. Jews. Participated in the activities of the Jewish Museum of Georgia. Released the book. "Ethnographic sketch from the old life of the Kutaisi Jews" (1940). Author of fairy tales and others. for kids.
TAVIEV Yisroel-Khaim (1858, Druya ​​Disnensky u. Vilna province - 1921, Riga), philologist, publicist, publisher. Rod. in a family of adherents of the Haskala. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1899 he published ser. feuilletons into gas. "Gamelitz". He wrote a publicist. and critical. lit. Art. Comp. the anthology "Eden-ieladim" ("Children's Paradise", 1896, with a Russian-German-French-English dictionary), "Ha-mehin" ("Tutor", 1899). He wrote essays, plays, translated. In 1901 he founded the gas. "Ga-Dor". There was ch. ed. gas. "Ha-Zman". From 1905 - in Vilna. He founded the gas. for children "Ha-Haver". From 1908 - in Riga. He was engaged in philology. Comp. Sat. works "Ketuvey I.Kh.Tavov" ("Works of I.Kh.Taviev". Berlin, 1923). From 1914 - in Moscow. He worked as a translator at the Shtibel publishing house. After 1917 - in Riga. Author of the book: "Mivkhar ga-sifrut" ("Selected literature". Anthology, 1899), "Igron showers ga-neurim" ("Writer for youth". Berdichev, 1890), "Otsar ga-mestalim ve ga-pitgamim "(" Treasury of Proverbs and Sayings ", 1919).
TAVROG Marianna Elizarovna (1921, Taganrog - 2006), film director. Studied for philology. f-takh MGPI and Kazan un-that. Graduated from dir. faculty of VGIK (1950). In 1942–43 - to the Center. artist studio f. in Alma-Ata. In 1949-50 ed. annals to the Center. studio doc. f. in Moscow. Since 1950 dir. k / st "Mosnauchfilm". She took off approx. 50 doc. and scientific-popul. f., dedicated. in the main. art masters. Among them: "Wooden architecture of the Volga region" (1956), "Samuil Marshak" (1959), "Chukovsky's birthday" (1962), "Mikhail Svetlov" (1969), "One Tamm" (1972), "Young artists" ( 1980), "I am 100 years old" (1982), "Marc Chagall - an artist from Russia" (1987), "Sentimental grotesque, or Artists of the Jewish theater" (1996). She also filmed scenes for almas. "Horizon" and zhurn. "Want to know everything". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1983).
TAVROVSKY Leonid Daniilovich (b. 1945, Moscow), entrepreneur. Cand. tech. Sciences (1973), Doctor of Economics. Sciences (1995). In 1967 he graduated from MAMI, in 1985 the Academy of Nar. x-va at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. 1967–73 hands. gr. at the Academy of Communes. kh-va, in 1973–90 - as a teacher in various. universities of Moscow. Since 1991 pre. Association "Grand".
TAVROVSKY Peter (Pinchas) Ilyich (1923, Kiev - 1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In the Red Army - from 1941. Com. guns sergeant T. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battles during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
TAYCH (Taytsh) Moishe Haimovich (1882, Vartatsi, Vilna province - 1935, Moscow), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Vilna Jewish ped. in-those. In the beginning. 1900s joined the Bund. Arrested. The first verses are written in Hebrew and Russian. lang. in 1902–03, then T. switched to Yiddish. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Petersburg, Warsaw. Constantly collaborated in gas. "Bialistoke Tageblat". One of the comp. collection of books "Arbeter-Leader" ("Songs of the Workers", 1906), "Liebe" ("Love", 1907) and others and textbooks language. Yiddish. He translated from Hebrew and Russian. lang. During the 1st world. war worked in EKOPO and ORT. He lectured on Jewish literature. In 1918 he edited the weekly. "Harcover Zeitung". Since 1920 - in Moscow. Collaborated in gas. "Der emes", was the correspondent. in New York gas. Freishat, in the Argentine Di Press. After 1917 he became interested in decadent poetry. All R. 1920s turned to realism. The author of the book. "Bai der arbet" ("At work". Warsaw, 1903), "Zvei maiselekh" ("Two fairy tales". Vilno, 1907), "Der graf un di idn" ("The Count and the Jews." Legend in verse. M ., 1917), "October Freud" ("October joy", ibid, 1922), "Far tswanzik yor" ("For twenty years". Selected production. Vilno, 1927), "Weisrusland" ("Belarus" . Poem. M. – Kharkov – Minsk, 1930).
TAYMANOV Mark Evgenievich (b. 1926, Kharkov), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1952). Graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class php. from S.I.Savinsky. 5-time champion of Leningrad (1948–73). Participant of 23 USSR championships, national champion (1956). Winner of the World Youth Championship (1955), the Olympics (1956) and 4 European Championships (1957–70) as part of the USSR national teams. Participant of the world championship competitions; twice won the right to participate in the candidates' competitions (1953, 1971). He spoke in pl. all. and int. competitions; the best results: Leningrad (1960), Wijk aan Zee (1970; both - 1st m.); Skopje (1970, 1–2 m.); Bucharest (1979) and Lisbon (1985, both 1st). T. contributed to the development of the theory of openings. Since 1983 - chess. journalist "Ogonyok". In 1936 he played the role of the violinist Yulka in the movie "Beethoven's Concert". Works: Nimzowitsch's Defense. 3rd ed. M., 1985; World Championship match Karpov - Kasparov. M., 1986 (et al.).
TAITS Max Arkadievich (Itskovich) (1904, Kiev - 1980, Moscow), specialist in the field of aerodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1955), prof. (1955). In 1929 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1929–41 - at TsAGI, then in Flight Research. in-those (Zhukovsky, Moscow region); hands. aircraft lab., deputy. early in-that. At the same time. in 1934–37 p. commission for the preparation of record flights of the ANT-25 aircraft. In 1938–40 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, in 1955–80 at MATI. Sci. tr. in the region. stability and controllability of aircraft and methods for determining their flight characteristics. One of the founders of the theory and methods of flight research. and testing of aircraft. Conducted flight tests of Tu-2, Tu-4, Tu-134, MiG-9, MiG-15, MiG-19, Su-9, etc. scientific. works, including monograph, encyclopedic. articles. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1961). Became. etc. (1949) Vol .: Flight tests of aircraft. M., 1951 (co-authored with V.S. Vedrov).
Taits Pinchas-Mordechai (1908, Riga - 1996, Elizabeth, New Jersey, USA), rabbi. He studied at yeshivas in Riga and Slobodka, in 1931 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1933 he edited the gas. "Unzer Shtime". Since 1934 - in the USA, where in 1935 he was headed by the Orthodox. congregation in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He lectured on the Talmud on the radio, was a member. prez. Union of Orthodox. rabbis of the USA and Canada. The author of the book. on Jewish philosophy, Sat. responses, comments. to the Talmud and the Pentateuch. One of the most prominent religions. authorities of the United States, T. paid a lot of attention to the position of Jews in the USSR in the 1960s – 1980s.
TAITS Yakov Moiseevich (1905, Smorgon Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1957, Moscow), writer, translator. Son of M.Kh. Taich. Graduated in Moscow Higher. artistic and technical Institute (1929). Published since 1930. The author of the book. for children and about children: "Offensive team" (1931), "Where are you from" (1935), "Anton and Antonovka" (1936), "Collar" (1938), "Golden penny" (1940), "Nakhodka" ( 1948), "Under Mount Gediminas" (1949), "Spring" (1952), "Inextinguishable Light" (1958). Most of their works. illustrated himself. In pl. T.'s stories describe the life of Jewish townships. Translated into Russian. lang. manuf. Sholem Aleichem, I.N. Kipnis, L.M. Kvitko, I.Z. Gordon.
TAZHER Shalomo Mosheevich (1866, Jerusalem -?), Rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Taught by French. and an Arab. lang. school. In 1898-1903, a rabbi in Samarkand, since 1903 "the spiritual representative of Asian Jews" in the Turkestan region. He defended the interests of Bukharian Jews before the Russian authorities.
TELESIN Julius Zinovievich (b. 1933, Moscow), human rights activist. Son of Z. Telesin. Received mat. education, worked at the Center. Institute of Mathematics and Economics, was fired. In 1966 he participated in the compilation of the collection. doc. materials on the case of convicted writers AD Sinyavsky and YM Daniel ("White Book"). He signed a letter from the 80s to terminate the trial of A.I. Ginzburg and Yu.T. Galanskov (1968), a letter of protest against the condemnation of the demonstrators in Kr. square (1968), letter to Gen. to the prosecutor demanding the release of ATMarchenko, YL Gendler, LVKvachevsky and AMStudenkov (1969) and others. Was repeatedly searched with confiscation of documents. materials and property. Since 1970 - in Israel. Comp. Sat. "14 last words" (M., 1970), author of journalistic. manuf. Corrected Hemingway, or For Whom They Cut the Scissors (Time and Us. Tel Aviv, 1983), publisher coll. "1001 Selected Soviet Political Joke" (1986), author of chess. textbook "Theory of combinations" (1992).
TELESIN Zyama (Zinovy ​​Lvovich) (1907, Kalinkovichi of Rechitsa district, Minsk province - 1996, Jerusalem), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1929 - in Leningrad. In 1936 he graduated from the Jewish branch of literature. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1936 he worked in the Jewish press in Minsk, where in 1939 he published his first poetry. Sat. "Oif mein eigener erd" ("In the native land"). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1948 the poet came out. Sat. "Oif der lichtiker velt" ("In the White World"), in 1968 - "Oif meine ahraes" ("On my responsibility"). In the 1960s. publ. poems in zhurn. "Sovetish Gameland", gas. Volks-shyme (Warsaw). Since 1971 - in Israel. Published several. poetic. collection of books: "Gevane fun zikorn" ("Lament of memory", 1972), "Der veg funem foigl" ("The path of the bird", 1976), "Dos nisele vos Fight" ("Whistling nut", 1992). Etc. them. Munger (1990) Cit .: Living roots. M., 1957; Close to heart. M., 1965.
TELINGATOR Solomon Benediktovich (1903, Tiflis - 1969, Moscow), graphic artist. Rod. in the family of a decorator. Studied at art. workshops of the People's Commissariat for Education in Baku. The artist worked. in Baku gas. "Young Worker", "Labor". Together with his brother Adolf made several. theater posters and sketches. suits for Baku t-dv. Organizer and hand. graphic artist Bakkav Rosa studios. From 1925 - in Moscow, where he studied typography, worked as a typographer. instructor, tech. ed. and issuing. Later, it was directed by a graphic artist. part of the publishing house "Land and Factory", "Mol. guard ". At the same time. worked as an artist-designer book., zhurn. and other mass editions, including journals. "USSR at a construction site." Since 1927 he participated in more than 30 exhibitions of book artists. 1941–45 - at the front. After 1945 ch. artist Military publishing house, decorator in decomp. publishing house. In 1963, the first of the owls. artist received an intern. Gutenberg pr. Illustrated book. P.D.Markish, L.M. Kvitko, M.S. Teif; joint with LM Lisitsky made sketches for the design of the "Black Book" ed. V.S. Grossman and I.G. Ehrenburg. Made a serial cover for magazines. "Sovetish gameland". T. is the author of new hand-drawn font samples. Prod. T. are in museums in Russia, USA, Spain.
TEMKIN Dmitry (1894, Petersburg - 1979, London), composer, pianist. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 left Russia, gave concerts in Eastern countries. Europe. In 1928, for the first time in Europe, he performed the Concerto for FP. with G. Gershwin's orchestra. From 1929 - in the USA, lived in Hollywood, wrote music for the film. Since 1968 - in Great Britain. T. is one of the most popular. composers in cinema. Author of music for the film: "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1950), "Exactly at noon" (1952, ave. "Oscar" for the song), "Above all" (1954), "The Old Man and the Sea" (1958, all three pr. "Oscar" for music), "The Fall of the Roman Empire" (1959), "Tchaikovsky" (1968, USSR - USA, co-director).
TEMKIN Eduard Naumovich (b. 1928, Poltava), indologist, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1985). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952). Since 1957 scientific. sotr., in 1961–81 scientific secretary, since 1981 deputy. head Leningrad. (Petersburg) branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). The author of St. 40 scientific. works on ancient Indian literature and folklore. Joint. with V.G. Erdman published lit. exposition of "Mahabharata" (1963), "Ramayana" (1965), coll. "Myths of Ancient India" (1975, 3rd ed. - 1985) and others. Cit .: Three great legends of Ancient India. M., 1978 (co-authored with V.G. Erdman).
TEMKIN Mikhail (Menasiy) Isaakovich (1908, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1991, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. sciences. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1931. Since 1932 in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova (head of laboratory of chemical kinetics). Works on the kinetics of surface reactions and heterogeneous catalysis. Installed main. laws of kinetics of ammonia synthesis and a number of other prom. heterogeneous catalytic reactions (1939). He put forward the theory of equilibria and kinetics of processes on inhomogeneous surfaces of catalysts and electrodes and introduced the concept of "adsorption isotherm", which received the name T. Established a linear relationship between the energies of adsorption and activation (1941). In 1945 he developed the theory of molten salts, in which he formulated the concept of an ideal ionic solution (Tyomkin's rule). In 1950 he proposed a flow-circulating system. method for measuring the rates of heterogeneous catalytic. reactions. Investigated thermoelectric. phenomena in electrolyte solutions and for the first time determined the entropy of moving ions (1952). Completed a series of works on the study of the oxidation mechanism. reactions on platinum. State pr. USSR (1978). Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1987) Vol .: Isotopic substitution of surface nitrogen in the course of ammonia synthesis. Novosibirsk, 1980 (co-authored with E.T.Boreskova and V.L. Kuchaev).
TEMKIN Ovsey (b. 1902, Minsk), historian of medicine. Doctor of Medicine (1927), prof. (1935), chl. Amer. nat. AN (1978). In 1927 he graduated from Leipzig University. In 1927-28 he worked at a clinic in Leipzig. In 1928–32 he was engaged in research. in the region. history of medicine at hand. Henry E. Siegerista. From 1932 - in the USA, where together with Siegerist he took part in the creation of the history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, in 1958–68 he headed it. In 1948–68, Ch. ed. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Author pl. Art. and book. on the history of medicine, including: "Falling disease" (1945), "Galenism. The emergence and decline of medical philosophy "(1973)," Two-faced Janus "(1977) and others. Amer. Philos. about-va, Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amer. Association for the History of Medicine (pres. in 1958-60).
TEMKIN Vladimir (Zeev) Ionovich (1861, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province. - 1927, Paris), public figure. Graduated from Technol. Institute in St. Petersburg (1886). Participated in the roar. movement. After the pogroms in 1881 he joined the Jewish nat. movement. One of the founders of student. the Palestinophile society "Agavat Zion". In 1884 he took part in the work of the congresses of Palestinophiles in Katowice. Established in a number of cities, including in Elizavetgrad, Palestinophil circles, was business. conf. "Hovevei Zion" in Druskeniki (1887) and Vilna (1889). In 1890, the Odessa constituent congress of the Society for Aid to Jewish Farmers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine authorized T., together with Sh. Mogilever and I.A. Khazanovich, to examine E.-I. and local Jewish colonies. T. expounded his impressions of the trip in Art. "Palestine and its Jewish colonies", publ. on Sat. "Zion" and released dep. ed. in 1892 in St. Petersburg. In 1893-1917 he was a state rabbi in Elizavetgrad. In 1897 he joined the Zionist movement, took part in the Basel Congresses, became a member of the governing bodies of the World. the Zionist organization. During the 1st world. war, headed in southern Russia activities to-that assistance to war victims, providing assistance to Jewish refugees expelled from the west. territories. In 1917 he was elected a member. Will establish. meetings. In 1918, members. Presidium of the Jewish nat. Council of Ukraine. From 1920 - in Berlin, then in Paris, entered the editorial office of the journal. "Dawn", joined by the revisionist. movement of Z. Zhabotinsky. Elected (1925) the first prez. Worldwide Union of Zionist Revisionists. In Israel, the village is named after T. Ramat-Temkin, who entered the mountains. Netanya's line Brother T. - Zinovy ​​(1865-1942), a public figure. He studied medicine at the universities of Russia and Germany. In 1914-18 the military. doctor. From the beginning. 1920s - in Turkey, Germany, France. In 1924–33 a member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Dawn". Since 1925, members Pres. Worldwide Union of Zionist Revisionists. In 1925–31 before. Union of Zionist Revisionists of France. In 1935–38 - one of the hands. New Zionist Organization.
TEMKIN Yakov Solomonovich (1896, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1976, Moscow), otorhinolaryngologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Voronezh University (1920). During the Civil. war served as a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1924–33 - at Ying-those for the study of occupational diseases. In 1941–42, on the initiative of T., an otorhinolaryngologist was created in Moscow. hospital, in which he worked as a leading surgeon and scientific. the head. Developed and improved methods of diagnosis and treatment of airborne contusion lesions of the hearing organs. In 1931–52 he headed the department of otorhinolaryngology san.-hygienic. Faculty of the 1st MMI. In connection with the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" in 1952 he was dismissed from his job and in the same year was arrested in the "case of doctors"; in the beginning. Apr 1953 released. In 1953–75 he worked as a consultant in the polyclinic of the Ministry of Railways; at the same time. in 1958–68 scientific. hands. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman, then (until 1975) - a consultant. Sci. the works of T. dedicated. the problem of deafness, clinic and treatment of otogenic meningitis, acute and chronic. inflammation cf. ear. T. developed a method for the treatment of gunshot osteomyelitis of the temporal bone with the transplantation of musculocutaneous and periosteal flaps; improved the method of research. hearing - Bing's test; participated in the creation of many reprints. textbooks for honey. in-tov and schools. Works: Diseases of the ear, nose and throat. 1st ed. M. - L., 1939, 7th ed. M., 1968 (et al.); Acute otitis media and its complications. M., 1955; Deafness and hearing loss. M., 1957; Clinical Audiology Guide. M., 1962 (et al.); Occupational diseases and ear injuries. M., 1968 Brother T. - Israel (1902, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1964, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1960). Graduated from MMI (1926). Head urological. branch of the 57th mountains. clinics hospitals. Author of the monograph "Treatment of occupational diseases of the bladder" (1960), ed. also in England. T.'s daughter - Isabella (b. 1921, Moscow), otorhinolaryngologist, specialist in the region. audiology. Dr. med. Sciences (1972) T.'s daughter - Vera (b. 1929, Moscow), a specialist in the region. coordination chemistry. Dr. chem. Sciences (1969). Since 1954 - in the State. in-those chem. reagents. State pr. USSR (1978).
TEMNIK Abram Matveyevich (1907, Chernigovka, Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya province. - 1945, Berlin), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945, feature). In the Red Army - from 1929. In 1937 he graduated from the military. uch-shche. Member of the Soviet-Japanese arms. conflict at Khalkhin Gol. From June 1941 - at the front. In 1944 he graduated from the KUKS at the Military. academy armored vehicles. and mechanic. troops. Com. tank. brigade regiment. T. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism displayed in the battles during the capture of Berlin. He was awarded 7 orders.
TENENBAUM Malkiel (? - 1911, Lomzha), rabbi. He served as a rabbi in dec. cities of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1910 cases. congress of rabbis and societies. leaders at the 6th Rabbinical Commission in St. Petersburg. Author Sat. responses "Dibrey Malkiel".
TENENBOIM (Erez) Avrom (1883, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1970, Tel Aviv), publicist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the Zionist movement. From 1903 he was published in Jewish periodicals. ed., in liberal polish. and it. ed. He founded the gas: Lodzer Nachrichtn (1907), Lodser Tageblat (1908). Produced humorous. collection: "Jomtov-gelekhter" ("Festive laughter"), "Firelech" ("Lights"), "Jugnt-haloimes" ("Youthful dreams"), "Der lodzer foigl" ("Bird of Lodz"). In Lodz he published the books: Digesichte fun Lodz un funlodzer idn (History of Lodz and the Jews of Lodz, 1909), Lodzer Spiegl (Lodz Mirror, 1912), Cholera (1912), Oifn Giml a yarid "(" Fiction ". A humorous novel, 1913)," Napoleon in Lodz "(1913). Since 1924 - in E.-I. One of the founders of the textile industry in E.-I. He owned a silk weaving factory. In 1926-28, members. mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. Initiated the creation of the Tel Aviv Museum. In 1956, the book was published in Buenos Aires. T.-A. “Lodz un Ire idn” (“Lodz and its Jews”).
I. TENEROMO (real name and surname. Isaak Borisovich Feinerman) (1865 - 1925), journalist. In his youth, carried away by Tolstoyism, he settled in Yasnaya Polyana, among the peasants. To obtain the title of rural. teachers (in order to get closer to the people) converted to Orthodoxy. The godfather of T. was Leo Tolstoy. He taught at a school organized by Leo Tolstoy. Subsequently, he was engaged in journalism. T.'s play "Alexander III" was shown in Moscow. t-re "Aquarium". Op .: Memoirs of Leo Tolstoy and his letters. M., 1906; Leo Tolstoy about the Jews. SPb., 1908; Living words of Leo Tolstoy. M., 1911.
TEOMI (Zilberg) Avraham (1903, Odessa - 1991, New York), public figure. Since 1919 - in the Zionist movement. During the Civil. wars - in the units of Jewish self-defense. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1924 he graduated from the courses of the commanders of Gagana. In 1928-29 - teams. Haifa district of Gagan, in 1929–31 - teams. Jerusalem District. In 1931 he created and headed ETsEL. In 1938 he left ETsEL. In 1939–45 he facilitated the illegal arrival of Jews in E.-I. After 1945 - in the USA.
TEOMI Meer (1898, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1947, Tel Aviv), actor. In 1913–15 he studied at the gymnasium in Tel Aviv. In 1915–19 he took part in the work of Jewish organizations in Nikolaev. In 1917 he entered the theater. studio "Habima Nikolaev". From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1920-28 the actor "Ga-theatron ha-ivri" in Tel Aviv, where he played approx. 150 roles. In 1929 he founded the Comedy Eretz Israelit, in 1936 - the Gan Hawal variety show in Tel Aviv. In 1935 he organized the first in E.-I. Union creative. leaders of "Armon". Filmed in the first films, published in E.-I. Killed by Arab terrorists.
TEOMIM-RABINOVICH Eliyahu-Dovid (1845, Pikeli Telshevsky u. Koven province. - 1908, Jerusalem), rabbi. In 1873–93 a rabbi in Ponevezh, in 1893–1906 in Mir. From 1906 - in E.-I., pom. ch. rabbi of the Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem. Author of comments. to decomp. Talmudic treatises and Maimonides' Yad-ha-Khazak.
TEPER Ilya Naumovich (ps. Shami Alexander Moiseevich) (1893, Odessa - 1938), politician, historian. In 1913–14 he studied mathematics. f-those of the Parisian un-that. In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1918-19 - in Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. At the end of the Odessa agricultural. Institute (1922) - in E.-I. In 1922–24 members. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Palestine, in 1925–27 a member. and secret. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Syria, one of the organizers and hands. armed uprising against the French. colonial authorities (1925–27). In 1927 he returned to the USSR. In 1927-28 he was a referent of the ECCI, at the same time. taught at the Communist. un-those working people of the East (until 1929) and Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (until 1931). In 1929–31 scientific. sotr. Moscow agr. in-that. In 1931–38 the head. department and vice-rector of Leningrad. Institute of Oriental Studies. Author of works on the recent history of Bl. East. Repressed.
NOW Kalman (Kolya) (1879, Odessa -?), Publicist, translator, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Supporter of Ahad Ha-Ama. Affairs. 2nd Zionist Congr. (1898). In the beginning. 1900s - in Switzerland. He promoted the ideas of Zionism, then Bund. From 1903 - in Russia, illegally. work. Arrested. From 1907 - in Germany, then in the USA. Withdrew from Zionism, joined the anarchists. He was engaged in the translation of the artist. and publicist. manuscript, to-rye published in Jewish periodicals. ed. One of the comp. Hebrew-English encyclopedic. dictionary (1915). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Russia. He studied Germanic studies at Saratov University. In 1920–22 - in Poland. It was published in Vilna gas. "Tog", Warsaw magazine. Ringen. Collaborated with the publishing house "Kultur-League". In 1922 he returned to Russia. He studied law. f-those Petrograd. un-that. He lived in Veliky Ustyug. He worked as an investigator. Author per. in Yiddish manuf. A.P. Chekhov, M.P.Artsybashev, G. Ibsen, G. Brandes and others.
GREENIEZ Jerzy Bonaventura (born 1909, Kharkov), film historian, film critic, filmmaker. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University (1930). In 1929–34 he was a film critic in Warsaw Gas. and zhurn. One of the organizers of the T-va lovers of thin. the movie "Start" (1930). In 1934–37 he worked in British film companies. In 1937–39 the press secretary. Ch. Council of Polish. film industry. During the 2nd world. war teacher eng. language. In 1945-48 Deputy. gene. dir. state enterprise "Film Polish". Deer. and rector of the Lodz Film School in 1949–52, 1957–68. In 1958-68 the head. the sector of history and theory of cinema of the Institute of Arts. Since 1968 - in Australia. He taught at the University of Melbourne, was the founder and rector of the Australian Film School (1973–79). Prev Int. Federation of Film Archives (1948–72), vice-chairman. Int. UNESCO Council on Film and Television (1966–72), vice-chairman. Int. center of film schools (1976–79). In the beginning. 1980s returned to Poland. Author pl. book and monographs, including the multivolume "General History of Cinema" (vols. 1-4, 1968-74), as well as the work "Cinema and Television in the USA" (Russian translation, 1966).
TEPLITZ Teodor (1875, Shepetivka Zaslavsky u. Volyn province - 1937, Warsaw), public figure. In his youth he collaborated with the teaching staff, after 1918 member. PPP. One of the founders of Varshavsky lived. cooperative (1923), creator and president. Societies. builds. pr-tia, before. Supervisory Board of Bank Spolem, founder of Polsk. t-va of housing reform, vice-pre. Int. Union of Housing Problems, one of the founders of the Union of Polish. cities and members. Int. union of cities. Author pl. works on the problems of self-government and urban studies.
TEPLITSKY Yakov Naumovich (1878, Poltava -?), Lawyer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from law. f-t un-that. In 1901 he translated Giddings' Foundations of Sociology into Hebrew. Published in decomp. ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish. Author of works on Talmudic civil law.
TERESHKOVICH Max Abramovich (1897 - 1937, Moscow), actor, director. Theater. activity began in 1914 in Moscow. t-re them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Among the roles: Curé ("Pan" by S. van Lerberg), Vinokur ("May Night" after Nikolai Gogol), Scribe ("Lysistrata" by Aristophanes), etc. In 1920–22 the actor of T-ra RSFSR 1st under the hands. Sun E. Meyerhold; played the roles of: Intelligent ("Mystery-Buff" by V.V. Mayakovsky, 1921), Tarelkin ("Death of Tarelkin" by A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin, 1922), etc. In 1922–33 he worked in Moscow. t-re Revolution. In 1927 he began directing; first post. - "Heirs of Rabourdin" by E. Zola. In 1929 he organized the T-r-studio them. A.V. Lunacharsky, edges in 1931 became part of the troupe of the T-ra-studio. M.N. Ermolova. Since 1933, thin. hands. Moscow t-ra them. M.N. Ermolova; staged the plays "Poverty is not a vice" (1933), "The Last Victim" (1934) by A. Ostrovsky, then (with M. I. Knebel) "Art of Intrigue" by E. Scribe (1934), "Stepmother »O. Balzac (1936). Dir. the play "The City of Fools" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1932) in Moscow. t-re satire. Put op. "Quiet Flows the Don" by II Dzerzhinsky in MALEGOT (1935), "Louise Miller" by G. Verdi, "The Wedding of Figaro" by W. A. ​​Mozart (both in 1936).
TERLETSKY Vladimir Evgenievich (b. 1931, Moscow), composer. Studied at Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. On the advice of M.F. Gnesin, he began to study Jewish music and in 1970 composed his first suite for orc. for Jewish bunks. Topics. Second Jewish Suite for Orc. (1970) was performed in plural. countries; in Yugoslavia to her music post. ball. in 2 acts. Works in the region. pop (including circus and cinema) music. In pl. manuf. T. clearly expressed the Jewish theme. Among other works: suite for solo violin, pieces for clarinet, fp., Wok. manuf. ("Esterke", "The Ballad of a Beautiful Jewess", "Dudochka", "Sholom") to the words of A.A. Vergelis.
TERMAN Moishe (1874, Mogilev - 1917, ibid.), Politician, publicist. In the 1890s. created a socialist in Mogilev. youth circle. Since 1898, members Bund, led the roar. work in Vilna, Kovna, Minsk (in 1900 he was a member of the Minsk Bund Committee), Warsaw. In 1903 he returned to Minsk, was in fact. ed. school desks. organ "Der Bund" (1904–05). In 1905-06 sotr. first lay down. Bund gas. Der Veker. In 1906–07 - in Great Britain. In 1907 he returned to Warsaw, headed the local Bund organization, and lectured in the Nar. un-those. Soon he was arrested, after several. month imprisonment in the Brest-Litovsk fortress was exiled to Mogilev under police supervision. From 1908 - in Great Britain, then in the USA. He was engaged in cultural and educational. activities among Jewish workers in New York, in 1912-17 he collaborated in the Jewish socialist. gas. Der Arbeiter, member of the editorial board of the journal. "Di tsukunft", one of the founders of the Jewish Socialist. federation, leading sotr. its periodic. organs "Yidisher socialist" and "Di naye velt". Prev to-that education "Arbeter-ring", ed. his organ Di velt un di menchgate (New York, 1913), one of ed. "Jewish Encyclopedic. dictionary ". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, was secretary. the editorial board of the Voice of Bund (Petrograd), returned to Mogilev due to illness; elected secretary. mountains. Council of workers and soldiers. dep. T. - the author of the book. Religion and Its Development (New York, 1900); Religion and Class Contradictions (Warsaw, 1906); Culture and the Working Class (Yekaterinoslav, 1918) (all in Yiddish).
TERTERYAN Inna Artashesovna (1933, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1975). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). In 1956–86 - at the Institute of World Literature and Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the region. Lit-ry countries Lat. America and Spain. In 1963 she published the first monograph "Brazilian Novel of the 20th Century". T. contributed to the publication in the USSR of Spanish and Portuguese-speaking authors, was comp. collection of works by J. Amadou (1982), J. Cortazara (1985), Fu Ayala (1986), J.L. Borges (1989) and others, anthologies "Spanish poets of the 20th century" (1977). Ch.-c. Spanish Royal Academy of Literature and Language. Cit .: Contemporary Spanish Novel (1939-1969). M., 1972; Test of history. Essays on Spanish literature of the twentieth century. M., 1973 (2nd ed., Supplemented, with a foreword by L. Ospovat. M., 1989); A person who makes myths. About the literature of Spain, Portugal and Latin America. M., 1988.
TETELBAUM Semyon Isaakovich (1910, Kiev - 1958, ibid.), Specialist in the field of radio engineering and electronics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). In 1932 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. In 1940–58 - at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those: teacher., head. Department of radio transmitting devices, in 1941–43 dean of the radio department, at the same time. since 1946 head. lab. high-frequency currents in the Institute of Electrical Engineering (Institute of Electrodynamics) of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev. Sci. works in the region. television and radar, wireless transmission of energy to mean. distance. Created a number of radio transmitting devices. He was engaged in theoretical. modulation problems (proposed an optimal amplitude-phase modulation scheme). Developed new methods for increasing the noise immunity of communication channels. Developed a theoretical. question sharp antennas, generation and application of microwaves.
TEELBOYM Mikhoel (b. 1912, Velikie Luki, Pskov province), rabbi. Born into a family of Lubavitch Hasidim. Under the conditions of the underground, he received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1937–39 - one of the hands. the system is illegal. Lubavitch yeshivas in the USSR. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1952 - in the USA. Since 1957 hands. Yeshivas "Ogaley Toire" (New York).
TEC Grigory Izrailevich (1898, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1967, Kharkov), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940). In 1921 he graduated from Kharkov honey. in-t. He worked there (since 1944 head of the Department of Children's Diseases). Sci. tr. - on questions clinics and treatment of dysentery, rheumatism in children. Deputy prev. Kharkiv region scientific. about children. doctors.
TEUMIN Emilia Isaakovna (1905, Bern, Switzerland - 1952, Moscow), journalist. Daughter of I. Teumin. In 1905, the family moved to Russia. In 1941–45 - in the international. dep. Sovinformburo, at the same time. in 1941–49 she worked in the editorial office of the Diplomatic Dictionary (deputy editor). Arrested in 1949 on charges of transmitting classified information to the West. In 1952 she was convicted in the "JAC case". Shot.
TEUMIN Itskhok (1877, Vitebsk Province - 1937, Moscow), politician, publicist. From a young age participated in the socialist. movement. In 1896 he studied at Bernese un-those. Upon his return to Russia - Chl. Bund, led the roar. work in Minsk and Vilna. From 1901 - in Switzerland, worked in Zagran. to-those Bund, was engaged in the publication of propaganda. literature in Yiddish, translated into Yiddish "Kommunisticich. manifesto "K. Marx and F. Engels (jointly with I. Bloomstein) and others, collaborated in gas. Der Yiddish Arbeter (Geneva). Upon his return to Russia, he was published in leg. Bundist ed. "Der Veker", "Di Folkszeitung", "Di Zeit", etc. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Minsk, was engaged in journalism. From 1919 - in Moscow. In the 1920s. worked in Komzet, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. “Tribune of owls. the Jewish community. " In the 1930s. dir. trust "Gas cleaning", the author of Art. about the problems of Jewish land management and resettlement.
TEIF Moisey Solomonovich (1904, Minsk - 1966, Moscow), poet. He studied at the Jewish department of the Minsk ped. in-that. In 1933 he graduated from the Jewish branch of literature. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. He began to write in 1920. He was one of the founders of lit. gr. at Minsk gas. Der Junger Arbeter (1923). Published in ed. in Yiddish Minsk newspapers: "Oktyaber", "Stern", Kharkov magazine. "Di dig Velt", Moscow gas. "Der emes". Member RAPP. In the 1930s. came out several. poetic. collection of books T., p. “Proletarian, Shvester Meine” (“Proletarian, My Sister”, 1935). He translated into Yiddish by F. Schiller (Wilhelm Tell), W. Scott (Ivanhoe), S. deKoster (The Legend of Ulenspiegel) and others. In 1937–41 he was imprisoned. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–49 he was printed in gas. "Einikite", alm. "Geimland". In 1949–55 he was imprisoned. Since 1961 head. dep. poetry zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Mn. translated into Yiddish. In the journal. "Sovetish gameland" publ. “A nit farendikte derceilung” (“Unfinished Story”, 1984). Post-war. T.'s work was permeated with the theme of the Catastrophe. Naib. popularity got the verse. T. "Kiheleh un zemelekh" (1960). Works: Selected. M., 1958; Handshake. Poems and poems. M., 1964.
TEITEL Yakov Lvovich (1850, Black Island of Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province - 1939, Nice, France), lawyer, public figure. Action State Councillor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1875). Thanks to the reforms of the 1860s-70s, including the judicial one, he was among the first Jews to take a place in the state. service. In 1877 he was appointed and. about. court. investigator at the Samara okr. court (approved in office in 1880), where he worked until 1914. From 1904 - member. criminal department of the Saratov okr. court. T. was friends with N.N. Garin-Mikhailovsky, M.Gorky. In office the court. investigator, T. could not help touching upon the life of the Jewish community of Samara, which had grown significantly by the end of the 19th century. Largely thanks to T., the province did not know anti-Semitic pogroms. From 1912 - retired. From 1914 - in France, then in Great Britain. In 1915 he returned to Russia. In 1919–20 - in Kiev, hands. jurid. dep. Commission for the Study of Jewish Pogroms in Ukraine. Since 1921 - in Berlin, where he headed the Union of Russian. Jews in Germany. In the beginning. 1931 Russian-Jewish communities in Berlin and Paris widely celebrated the 80th anniversary of T., publishing the book. “J. Teitel. Jubilee collection ". From 1933 - in Paris. Publ. memoir “From my life. 40 years ”(1925).
TEITELBAUM Avrom (1889, Warsaw - 1947, New York), actor, director, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1908 he joined the troupe of Ya.V. Spivakovsky and S.M. Krause, in 1909 he worked in the troupe of Bronstein, in 1910-11 - with D.M.Sabsay. He played in this t-re Ferdinand de Castimen ("Holy Saturday"), Max ("Anna the seamstress", both - Z. Feinman), Reuben ("Joseph in Egypt" by I. Latainer) and others. Later he lived in Paris, London, Buenos Aires. Since 1918 - in Moscow, directed the drama. studio, then worked dir. in the Jewish dram. ob-ve in Minsk, an actor in a Jewish theater in Vilna. Since 1919 - in the USA. Played in M. Schwartz's t-re; then to Chicago. He spoke with the theoretical. Art. and theater. reviews in the Jewish press. He translated into Yiddish a number of plays, including Y. Strindberg's Father, Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko's The Price of Life, A. Schnitzler's The Last Mask, and others, which were performed on the stage of Jewish theaters. moat. The author of the book: "Theater" (Warsaw, 1929) - essays on outstanding actors and directors: A. Kaminsky, J. Adler, A. Goldfaden, M. Reinhardt, E.B. Vakhtangov and others, "My travels" (1935), "William Shakespeare" (1946, both editions in New York), "Warsaw Courtyards" (published in Buenos Aires, see).
TEITELBAUM Mordhe (1882 - after 1930), historian. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The author of the book. on the history of Hasidism, including "Ha-Rav mi Lyadi umifleget Chabad" ("The Rabbi of Lyad and the Chabad Movement", Warsaw, 1910-13). The author of Art. on questions Jewish history, philosophy, literature.
TIGEL Zelig (1890, Warsaw - 1947, New York), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1912-15 - in France. In 1915-18 he studied at Warsaw University. Since 1919 - in the USA. One of the founders of the Union of Polish. Jews, Chl. to-that of the Jewish Congr. Lit. started his activity in 1910. Collaborated in Warsaw Jewish gas. In the USA he was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. New York, Chicago, Philadelphia. Published in the Jewish press in Canada, Mexico. The author of the book: "Zelbstlerer der Rehnkunst" ("Self-study guide on arithmetic". Paris, 1912), "Di warsawer Yiddish gmina" ("Warsaw Jewish commune". Warsaw, 1918), "Gestaltn" ("Images". Essays on Sh . Poznansky, L. Zamenhof, H. Weizman, I.-L. Peretz, J. Korchake and others. New York, 1928), "Fun di quorim" ("From the graves", ibid, 1946), etc. Brother T. - Avrom (1900, Warsaw - 1928, Brussels), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1919 - in Belgium. In 1925-28 ed. Jewish weekly. "Di Yiddish Zeitung" in Brussels, author of stories from the life of emigrants. Belgian correspondent gas. Pariser Giant; was printed in Warsaw gas. "Der moment". In 1921 he published the book in Cologne. Dos Yiddish Lebn in Antwerp (Jewish Life in Antwerp).
QUIET (real family. Shtilerman) Naum Meerovich (1920, Emilchino Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1997, Kiev), poet, translator. In 1947 he graduated from the Ukrainian. department of filol. Faculty of Kiev University. 1941–45 - at the front. First Sat verse. "Conversation with Friends" (in Ukrainian, like most of the subsequent ones) was published in 1947. Ed. St. Verse 30. collection of books T., among which: "Letters from the hostel" (1949), "What the heart knows" (1958), "Cradle in the winds" (1964), "Whole your bread" (1978), etc., and also book. dram. poems "The Week". Author of rum. Get on the Road at Dawn and Counting the Sun (1979). Transl. in Russian lang. verse. D.N.Gofshtein, D.G.-K.Khaikina, Sh.B. Chernyavsky, P.N. Kirichansky, P.D. Markish, G.Ya.Diamant, M.D. Gartsman, R.N.Balyasnoy and many others others. In a number of productions. T. there is a Jewish theme. Etc. them. P. Tychiny (1986).
TIKTIN Avrom (1886, Berestovitsa Volyn province - 1943), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Was printed in gas. "Gamelitz", as well as in St. Petersburg. Russian liberal publications. Published in the Jewish press in Bialystok. The author of the book. "Di drite geule" ("The Third Deliverance") (Bialystok, 1934). Several works dedicated. anti-fascist journalism - "Hitleriada" and "Vosder muzvisn" ("What everyone should know"). Killed during the Holocaust.
TIKTINSKY Avrom (? - 1835, Mir, Minsk province), rabbi. Son of Shmuel T. (? - 1835), the founder of the yeshiva in Mir. Since 1828, he led a yeshiva in Mir. Brother T. - Chaim-Yehuda-Leib (1824, Mir Minsk province - 1899, Warsaw), rabbi. From 1850 he taught at the yeshiva in Mir, from 1867 he headed it. Original author. methods of teaching the Talmud. The sons of Chaim-Yehuda-Leib Shmuel (? - 1883) and Avrom also taught at the yeshiva.
TIMENCHIK Roman Davidovich (b. 1945, Riga), literary historian. Cand. philol. Sciences (1982), prof. (1991). Graduated from the Latvian University (1967). 1968–91 head. lit. part of the Riga Youth Theater. Pupil of YM Lotman. Cand. diss. defended in Tartu University. Since 1991 - in Israel, prof. Department of Rus. and Slavs. research Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. Member editorial board of biogr. dictionary "Russian writers. 1800-1917 ", journal. "New lit. Review "," Elements "and others. region research: history of acmeism, biographies of A.A. Blok, I.F. Annensky, N.S. Gumilyov, A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandel'shtam, literature rus. emigration, Jewish themes and motives in Russian. lit-re, rus. cabaret early. 20th century, Russian literature and cinema, source study. Author of over 200 scientific. published works: "To keep the sad story ...". About the author and readers of The Bronze Horseman. M., 1985 (co-authored with A.L. Ospovat); Anna Akhmatova and music. M., 1989 (co-authored with B.A. Katz); Heartbreak coffee shop. Collective comic play with the participation of O. Mandelstam. Berkeley, 1997 (co-authored with T.L. Nikolskaya and A.G. Metsem).
TIMOFEEVA Nina Vladimirovna (b. 1935, Leningrad), ballerina. In 1953 she graduated from Leningrad. choreography uch-shche. In 1953–55 - in Leningrad. t-re op. and the ball. them. S.M. Kirov. She danced the roles of Masha ("The Nutcracker"), Odette - Odile ("Swan Lake", both - PI Tchaikovsky), etc. In 1956-88 - in the Bolshoi Theater. The first performer of the roles of Asel ("Asel" by V.A. Vlasov, 1967), Etina ("Spartacus" by A. I. Khachaturian, 1968), Beatrice ("Love for Love" by T. N. Khrennikov, 1976), Lady Macbeth ( "Macbeth" by K.V. Molchanov, 1980) and others. roles in original television ballets: Fedra (“Fedra” by A. Lakshin, 1972), Nastenka (“White Nights” by A. Schenberg, 1972), etc. In 1980 she graduated from the choreographer department of GITIS. In 1989–91 he was a tutor at the Bolshoi Theater. Nar. art. USSR (1969). Dep. Top. Sov. (1966–70). Since 1991 - in Israel.
TINYAKOV Efim Dmitrievich (1893, Alekseevka Zmievsky u. Kharkov province. - 1918), politician. Member RSDLP since 1912. In 1912-14 he led the roar. work in the trade union of Kharkov tailors. Since 1915, member. Kharkiv committee of the RSDLP. In 1917, members. Kharkiv committee of the RSDLP (b), member. Of the Executive Committee of the Kharkov Council slave. and a soldier. dep., from Dec. 1917 Commissioner of the Kharkov detachment Kr. guard. Member CEC of the Soviets of Ukraine. Shot by the Kaledinites in Donbass.
TIPOT (real family member Ginzburg) Viktor Yakovlevich (1893, Odessa - 1960, Moscow), playwright, director. In 1918 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In student. years involved in the work loves. t-ditch. In 1918–22 he acted as an author, actor, director, and entertainer at the Odessa Theater of Small Forms "The Mole" ("Congregation of the Knights of the Acute Theater"). In 1922–24 he worked in Moscow. cabaret "Do not cry". In 1923–24 he published in the journal. "Red pepper" stories, poems, feuilletons; collaborated with t-rum miniatures "Jimmy's Curve", writing for him a review "Mixed Society" (co-authored with VM Inber and YB Danziger, 1924), wrote a lot for "Blue Blouse". In 1924 he participated in the creation of the Moscow. t-ra satire, until 1927 his artist. hands. The author et al. most of the reviews put in this t-re: "Moscow from the point of view ..." (1924), "Seven years without reciprocity" (1925), "Bear, twirl!", "About love" (both - 1926), "Dreams ... dreams ..." (season 1926/27), etc. In 1928, organizer and artist. hands. T-ra reviews of the House of Press (1928-30), closely associated with the ed. team of journals. "Crocodile". He wrote an entertainer and separate numbers for the first performance of the theater "First number". At the same time. in 1928 he wrote (in co-authorship with DG Gutman), "Miracles of the XXX century" for Moscow. music hall, in 1929 (in collaboration with SI Voskresensky) - the text of the play "Where the ice is". In the 1930/31 season, T. headed the pop department. (tr miniatures) Center. t-ra Kr. Army. In 1938 T. joint. with Gutman he created in Moscow a stage and miniature theater, which he directed for a year. One of the authors of the texts op-t "Wedding in Malinovka" (1936), "Maiden Trouble" (1945), "Free Wind" (1947), "Son of the Clown" (1950) and others. He actively participated in the creation of "skits" in TsDRI, TsDL.
TISHCHENKO Boris Ivanovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), composer. In 1962 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class composition (studied under V.N. Salmanov, O.A. Evlakhov, A.D. Logovinsky, D.D. Shostakovich), in 1963 - in class. fp .; in 1965 he completed his postgraduate studies with Shostakovich. From 1965 to teach. work there. The author of the ball. "Twelve" (after A. Blok, 1964), "Symphonies of Immortality" (1970), symph. "Yaroslavna" (after "The Lay of Igor's Host", 1974); trilogy for children by production. K.I. Chukovsky: ball. "Fly-Tsokotukha", op. "Stolen Sun", op-you "Cockroach" (all - 1968); "Requiem" on verses by AA Akhmatova (1966), 7 symphonies (among them "Chronicle of the Blockade", 1984), instr. concerts, chamber, instru. and wok. manuf. (including "Five Songs" on poems by OO Driza), music for drama performances. t-ra, k / f. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR. Nar. art. RSFSR (1987). State pr. RSFSR them. M.I. Glinka (1978).
TITEL Alexander Borisovich (Borukhovich) (b. 1950, Tashkent), opera director. In 1972 he graduated from the Tashkent Polytechnic. in-t, worked in the design institute. In 1975-80 he studied at the Faculty of Music. t-ra (separate dir. music t-ra) GITIS. Staged at the Opera Studio Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnessin op. “Telephone” by J.C. Menotti (1979, diploma work) and “Not only love” by RK Shchedrin (1980). In 1981–91, Ch. dir. Sverdlovsk t-ra op. and ball .; put op. “The Barber of Seville” by G. Rossini (1981), “The Prophet” by VA Kobekin (1984, 1st post.), “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” by NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1985), “The Tales of Hoffmann” J. Offenbach (1986), "Pagliacci" by R. Leoncavallo (1989), "Antigone" by VP Lobanov (1990, 1st post.), Etc. Since 1991, ch. dir. Moscow muses. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky and Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko; made a post here. op. “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by MI Glinka, “The Covetous Knight” by SV Rachmaninov (both - 1993), “Hernani” by G. Verdi (1994), “La Boheme” by G. Puccini (1996). Among other posts: "The Night before Christmas" by Rimsky-Korsakov (1991, Bolshoi Theater), "La Traviata" by Verdi (1995, Voronezh Theater, op. And ball.); hack fast. "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" (1990, Opera House, Pilsen, Czechoslovakia). Since 1992 Rev. on f-those muses. t-ra in GITIS. Laureate of Vses. review creative. youth (1985). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1991). State pr. USSR (1987). Etc. The Golden Mask (1996).
TKACH Zlata Moiseevna (b. 1928, Chisinau - 2006, ibid.), Composer, teacher. Graduated from the Chisinau cons. (1952). In 1952–63 she taught music-theoretical. items in the Chisinau muses. uch-shche them. Sh.Nyagi. Since 1963 - in the Chisinau cons. Among the works: the opera-fairy tales "A goat with three kids" (1966, 2nd ed. - 1971, 3rd ed. - "The Deceiving Wolf", 1983), chamber op. "Doves in an oblique line" (1974), "Step into immortality" (1985), "My Parisian uncle" (1987), ball. Andriesh (1979), strings. quartets, suites, sonatas for various instruments, including the sonata "In memory of D. Shostakovich" for viola and piano, choirs, songs, including cycles of children. songs and choirs, the cycle "Songs from the fascist hell." The Jewish theme sounds in a number of works. T., including in the requiem poem "Yad Vashem" (words in Yiddish and Hebrew), dedicated. in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. T. - member. of the Board of the Association of Jewish Women of Moldova "Hawa". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the MSSR (1974). State pr. MSSR (1982).
TKACHEV Marian Nikolaevich (b. 1933, Odessa), writer, translator. Graduated from Vost. separation ist. Faculty of Moscow State University (1955). Published since 1956. Translated manuf. Medieval Writers of Vietnam: Sat. "Lord of the demons of the night" (M., 1969), "Extensive records of stories about the amazing" Nguyen Zy (M., 1974), short stories and poems in volumes of ser. "Bk of World Literature" (M., 1975, 1977); modern writers: Nguyen Tuan, To Hoaya, Nguyen Dinh Thi and others. Comic author. stories and sketches, radio plays, scripts for television and cartoons. In 1992, Sat. stories by T. "General burst of laughter" with a preface. A.N. Strugatsky (Holyoke, USA).
TOBIASH Emmanuil Mikhailovich (1906, Odessa - 1995, Moscow), radio announcer. Studied at the Studio Theater under the State. academy thin. sciences in Moscow (1928–31). In 1930–37 the actor Mosk. state theater-studio under the hands. R.N.Simonova. In 1937–38 - in the "TRAM" theater, in 1938–41 the actor of Moscow. t-ra for children. At the same time. worked as an announcer in Vses. radio committee in 1930–32 and constantly since 1937. He was known as a master of art. reading radio shows. Honorary Radio Operator (1947), Hon. art. RSFSR (1968).
TOBIASH Label (1863, Bendery, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1933, Vienna), publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. An active promoter of Yiddish. He founded gas in the city of Kolomyia. "Di Yiddish Folkszeitung". Participated in the 1st conf., Dedicated. lang. Yiddish in Chernivtsi (1908). He released gas there. "Yudishes Vohenblat", around which he tried to unite the writers of Galicia and Bukovina. In 1928 he published the book. "Talmudishe Element Inem Yiddish Shrikhvort" ("Elements of the Talmud in Jewish Proverbs", with the attachment of winged words and expressions from the Talmud).
TODES Oskar Moiseevich (Movshevich) (1911 - 1990, Leningrad), thermal physicist. Prof. In 1930 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. He worked there and in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (under the direction of Ya.I. Frenkel and NN Semenov), later head of Department of Physics Leningrad. higher. military. engineer-building uch-schA. Main scientific. work related to research. heat-stressed processes and dispersed systems. In 1930–40 he developed the theory of thermal explosion. One of the authors of the discovery of the phenomenon of modification of catalysts decomp. additives that allow the creation of effective catalysts for the oxidation of a number of compounds. Since 1950 he studied hydrodynamics, structure and heat transfer in a fluidized bed. Developed methods for measuring the structure of a fluidized bed and the movement of particles in it; created the theory of granulation in a fluidized bed, the theory of chemical flow in it. reactions. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, works: Gidravlich. and thermal foundations for the operation of devices with a stationary and fluidized granular bed. L., 1968 (et al.); The movement of bodies in a fluidized bed. L., 1980 (et al.); Mass crystallization from solutions. L., 1984 (et al.).
TODOROVSKY Petr Efimovich (b. 1925, Bobrinets of the Zinovievsky environs), cameraman, film director. In 1944 he graduated from the Saratov Military Infantry. uch-shche. Until 1948 he served in the army. In 1954 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK. He worked as an operator at the Moldova Film cinema, since 1955 - at the Odessa cinema. From 1974 dir. k / st "Mosfilm". The operator f. "Spring on Zarechnaya Street" (1956), "Two Fedora" (1958), "Thirst" (1960), "Never" (1962). He starred in the TV / f "It was the month of May" (1970), the author of the music for f. "Stronger than a hurricane" (1961), "Above us the Southern Cross" (1961), as well as to his f. "Wartime novel" (1984). He made his debut as dir. f. "Never" (with V. Dyachenko, 1962). Dir. f .: "Loyalty" (1965, pr. at the 26th Moscow Art Festival in Venice for the debut), "The Magician" (1968), "City Romance" (1971), "Own Land" (1973), "The Last Victim" ( 1976), "On the day of the holiday" (1979), "The beloved woman of mechanic Gavrilov" (1982), "Military romance" (1984, nomination for Oscar avenue), "Along the main street with the orchestra" (1986) , "Intergirl" (1989), "Anchor, still anchor" (1992). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1967), people's. artist of the RSFSR (1985). Son T. - Valery (b. 1962, Odessa), film director. In 1984 he graduated from the screenwriting department of VGIK, made his film debut as director. f. "Hearse" (1990), staged f. Love (1991), Thief (1997).
TOFEL Yehuda (Jennings) (1881, Tomashev of Brezinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia - 1959, New York), art critic, literary critic, painter. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1905 - in the USA, he studied at the college, in the artist. uch-shchah. One of the founders of the Jewish Center for Claims in New York (1926) and the Center for Claims at the World. Jewish Cultural Congr. (1948). At the same time. was known as an essayist who wrote in Yiddish and in English. lang. In 1913-14 he published in New York Gas. "Frae arbeter-shyme" ser. Greek legends. In 1916 he published in Sat. D. Ignatova "Welt Ain-Velt Oys" trans. the second song of Homer's Iliad, placed an essay on art, linguistics, philosophy in different. Jewish publications, illustrated books by Jewish writers (N. Grosa, Ignatov). In 1927, the book was published in Paris. T. "Amol iz geven a mench" ("There was once a man"), in 1928 - in the same monograph. about B. Kopman. T. exhibitions took place in New York, Paris. T.'s paintings are in museums in the USA, Israel and in private collections.
TOKAREV Valery Abramovich (real fam. Turner) (b. 1922, Moscow), artist. In 1954 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1948 - the studio of the T. Mossovet under the hands. Yu.A. Zavadsky, worked in t-re. In 1947, the end. activity. Since 1953, artist Moscow. Philharmonic. He participated in 73 programs, including 53 solo programs. Naib. means. works by T. dedicated. peace. classics: "Three Great Florentines" (A. Dante, F. Petrarch, R. Boccaccio), "Renaissance Sonnets", "Don Giovanni Gives Explanations." Monographic. programs: D. G. Byron, I.-V. Goethe, G. Heine, A. Mitskevich. Rus. the classics are presented by A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, M.Gorky. On the programs "Othello", "Manfred", "Faust" he worked with conductors N. G. Rakhlin, M. I. Paverman, A. M. Kats. He has appeared in programs accompanied by php: “Beethoven. Letters and Sonatas "," Mickiewicz - Chopin "," Pasternak - Scriabin ". A large place in the work of T. is given to the literature of the 20th century. (I.E.Babel, B.L. Pasternak, E. Hemingway). Laureate of Vseros. competition of artists words (1952, 1969 - 1st pr.). Honored. art. RSFSR (1981).
TOKAREVA Victoria Samoilovna (b. 1937, Leningrad), writer, playwright. Graduated from the scriptwriting department of VGIK (1967). Publ. since 1964 (story "A Day Without Lies"). In the first book. The stories “About that which did not exist” (Moscow, 1969) revealed the features inherent in Tomsk's further work: the fantastic and paradoxical situations, the emphasized “grounding”, the rejection of false pathos, the rejection of the creeping “sanity” of the philistine. The author of the book: “When it became a little warmer” (M., 1972), “Flying swing” (M., 1978), “Nothing special” (M., 1983), “Say - do not say” (Moscow, 1991 ) and others. According to T.'s scripts, the films "A Lesson in Literature" (1968), "Gentlemen of Fortune" (1971, jointly with GA Danelia), "Mimino" (1978, jointly with R.L. Gabriadze, Gold Prize at the 10th Moscow Art Festival, "A dog walked on the piano" (1979), "Hat" (1982, with the participation of L. Kvinikhidze), etc. T. - author of plays, including "Impromptu- fantasy "(1981, Moscow Theater of Drama named after K.S. Stanislavsky, directed by G.A. Tovstonogov)," I am, you are, he is ... "(1992, Moscow theater named after M.N. Ermolova, director V.A.Andreev.
TOKAR Haim Kalmanovich (1889, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1965, Kiev), theater critic, journalist. Published since 1918. In 1922–25, corr. gas. "Pravda" across Ukraine. In 1927–36, Ch. ed. gas. "Evening Kiev", in 1936–41 members. of the editorial board of the journal. "Theater" (Kiev), in 1940–41 chapters. ed. Ukrnatsmenizdata. The author is numerous. publications in ukr. press about the work of Les Kurbas, S.M. Mikhoels, Gnat Yura, I.M. Moskvin and others, reviews of performances, including Jewish t-dv (Moscow and Ukrainian GOSETs). Collaborated in Jewish gas. "Proletarian von" and "Der stern". In 1941–44 - in the radio committee of the Kazakh SSR. After 1945 ed. "Theatrical decade" (Kiev).
TOLCHANOV (nast fam. Tolchan) Iosif Moiseevich (1891, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Actor, director. Prof. In 1911-14 he studied at the University of Liege. One of the organizers of the so-called. Mamonovskaya studio, edges joined in 1919 in the Studio of Evgeny Vakhtangov (from 1926 - T-r named after Ev. Vakhtangov). He played the roles of a footman and Nyunin ("The Wedding" after A.P. Chekhov, 1921), Barakh ("Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi, 1922), Fredamba ("Intervention" by L.I.Slavin, 1933), Ivan the Terrible (" The Great Sovereign "by VA Soloviev, 1945), Baron (" Little Tragedies "by AS Pushkin, 1959), Abrezkov (" The Living Corpse "by Leo Tolstoy, 1964) and others. Participated as dir. in post. performances: "Virineya" (after LN Seifullina, played the role of Magara), "Dostigaev and others" by M. Gorky (1927) and others. Post. performances "The Party of Honest People" by J. Romain (1927), "The Fifth Horizon" by PD Markish (1932), "Distant" by AN Afinogenov (1935) and others. The Oppenheim Family, Lenin in 1918. From 1920 he was engaged in ped. activities, including in the Uch-shch them. B.V.Shchukin, in Uzbek. and the Yakut studios of GITIS. Nar. art. USSR (1962). Became. pr. (1949).
TOLKACHEV Zinovy ​​Shenderovich (1903, Shchedrin, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1977, Kiev), monumental artist, graphic artist. In 1919–20 he studied at VKHUTEMAS under P.P. Konchalovsky. In 1925–27 - in the army. In 1930 he graduated from the Kiev artist. in-t. In 1921–22 he created sketches of murals for the Komsomol clubs in Kiev, in the 1930s. - sketch of the composition, dedicated. 1st Congress of the Komsomol of Ukraine. Naib. significant graphic. works: ser. lithographs "Lenin-Mass" (1924-28), "Trypillian tragedy" (1937). In 1941–45 he was a frontline artist, in the liberated death camps Auschwitz and Majdanek made sketches that became the basis for the albums Auschwitz, Flowers of Auschwitz, and Majdanek. In the 1960s. created a cycle based on the production. Sholem Aleichem (predominantly lithograph and painting). Since 1926, T. took part in the All. exhibitions, since 1927 - in Ukrainian. rep., from 1929 - in the foreign. Personal exhibitions - in Ufa (1943), Krakow (1945), Kiev (1965). Prod. T. are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Pushkin Museum, Kiev State. thin Museum of Ukraine, in private collections of Ukraine, Russia and other countries. T.'s nephew - Leonid Azarevich (1926, Moscow - 1997, ibid.), hydraulic engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1973), prof. (1991). In 1962–76 - Ch. Ing. Naryngidrostroy, in 1976–83 - beginning. construction of the Zagorsk PSP, the first large pumped storage power plant in the USSR. Author pl. scientific. works.
TOLL German (1907, Kiev - 1967, USA), politician. Since the 1910s. - in USA. Graduated from law. school un-that Temple (1929). In the 1930s. was engaged in legal. practice in pcs. Pennsylvania, was a member. Ob-va on problems of prisons, worked in the administration of Philadelphia in the region. housing construction and financial activities. In 1950 he was elected to the state legislature. He was re-elected in 1952, 1954, 1956.Since 1958, he was elected four times to the US House of Representatives as a Democrat from the state. Pennsylvania.
TOMASHEVSKY Boris (1868, Zlatopol Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. - 1939, New York), actor, director, playwright, theater. activist. Son of actor and playwright Pinchas Tomashevsky (1842-1914). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1881 - in the USA. He worked at a tobacco factory, sang in the choir of the New York synagogue. In 1882 he first appeared on the stage in the play "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden. In 1886, he created the first Jewish theater in Chicago to play Yiddish and became its director. In 1892 he returned to New York, where he acquired the People's t-r. The t-ra's repertoire included not only modern plays. Jewish authors - Goldfaden, Ya.M. Gordin, S.S. Yushkevich, O. Dymov, but also produced. peace. classics: "Hamlet" (1893), "Richard III" (1895, both by W. Shakespeare), "Faust" by J.-W. Goethe (1902), and others, as well as the plays of T. In 1912 he founded in New York Nat. tr who has worked successfully for four decades. Put ok. 50 performances, for most of which he himself wrote music and songs. Author approx. 80 pieces and op-t. Among them: "The Raisin of the Eid" (1909), "The Lost Sheep" (1913), "Polish Wedding" (1914), "The Broken Violin" (1916), "The Cantorsha" (1918), "The Golden Thread" (1922). In 1908 he published in New York Sat. "Theatrical works of Tomashevsky", which included art. and rec. about the origin of the Jewish t-ra; in 1909–10 he published a weekly. zhurn. "Jewish scene". Since 1913 he has published many articles, theater. feuilletons, essays about Izv. actors and playwrights. Since 1925 he has directed performances in English. lang. In 1935 he shot the film Bar Mitzvah. Author of rep. "History of the Cantorship" (1924) and autobiogr. book The Story of My Life (1937).
TOMCHIN Grigory Alekseevich (b. 1947, Leningrad), politician. Graduated from Leningrad. shipbuilding. Institute (1972), worked at the Center. design bureau "Rubin", since 1993 director. dep. privatization, deputy. prev. Committee for Property Management in St. Petersburg. 1993–95 dep. State Duma of the Russian Federation from elect. Association "Russia's Choice", member. Duma Committee on property, privatization and households. activities.
TOMSINSKY Semyon Grigorievich (Simkha) (1894, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1938), historian. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1933). Member Bund, since 1917 member. RSDLP (b), after Oct. Rev-tion worked in Evsektsiya in Moscow. In 1919 he headed the Jewish department. People's Commissariat of Education Lithuanian-Belarusian. owls. republics. Until the end. 1920s taught on Wed. and higher. Jewish schools institutions. He made his debut in 1915 in the journal. "Di Yiddish Welt" with an article on the tasks of the Jewish Nar. teachers, published in the "Vestnik" OPE, after 1917 collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed. Der Fraer Arbeter (1918, Vitebsk), Kultur un bildung (1918–20, Moscow), Di Communistische Welt (1918–20, Moscow), in the 1930s. - in Kharkov magazines. "Spilled", "Di dig Velt", in Minsk gas. "October" and others, participated in the composition. poetic. Sat. "Mut" ("Courage", 1920) and the anthology "Klasnkamph" ("Class struggle", for Jewish schools), which contained material on the history of the Jewish labor movement. In the 1930s. T. - deputy. dir., then dir. Ist.-archeol. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, head. department in Leningrad. departments of the Communist. academy, taught at Leningrad. state historical-linguistic in-those, All-Union Communist. un-those them. I.V. Stalin. Author of works on the history of Russia early. 20th century, the history of mass narcotics. movements and peasants. wars 17-18 centuries., a number of controversial articles. in the journal. "Historian-Marxist". All R. 1930s expelled from Leningrad. In 1937 he was arrested in Tashkent, executed by firing squad: The Struggle of Classes and Parties in the 1st State. thought. Rostov-on-Don - Krasnodar, 1924; The struggle of classes and parties in the 2nd State. thought. M., 1924; Peasants. movement in the feudal serf. Russia. M., 1932; Essays on the history of the feudal serf. Russia. Part 1. Peasants. wars in the era of the formation of the empire. M. - L., 1934.
TOPCHAN Avraam Borisovich (1900, Exactly Volyn province - 1959, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1937), prof. (1938). In 1924 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1937-59 the head. Department of the 2nd MMI, at the same time. (1937–51) dir. in-that. Sci. tr. dedicated ch. arr. problems of tumors and tuberculosis of the genitourinary system. He studied the effect of estrogens on the prostate and was one of the first in the USSR who began to use them for the treatment of adenoma and prostate cancer. Established indications for medication. and surgical treatment of renal tuberculosis. He proposed (1933) a method of conservative treatment of urinary incontinence. Developed methods of radiological. diagnostics urological. diseases. Prev reign of Vses. Society of urologists. Cit .: X-ray atlas on urological. diagnostics. M., 1947 (et al.); Prostate cancer and its treatment with sinestrol. M., 1949 (et al.); Prevention, early detection and treatment of patients with tuberculosis of the genitourinary system. M., 1962.
TOPCHIASHVILI Mikhail Izmaylovich (b. 1931), civil engineer. In 1954 he graduated from the Kotovsky military-engineer. uch-shche. Since 1963 sotr. Research Institute of Energy and Hydraulic Engineering. structures of the Georgian SSR, head. branch of the institute. Since 1971, members scientific. council in-that. In 1971–90 members. fast. operating seminar of navigation of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. At the same time. since 1978 p. Council on high-molecular compounds at the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. Sci. tr. in the region. development of energetic. systems, improvement of hydraulic engineering. structures, the use of new polymeric materials in the region. energetic and hydraulic engineering. page-va. Author of over 200 scientific. print works, 43 inventions. Honored. inventor of the Georgian SSR (1978). Etc. CM Georgia (1982, 1984).
TOPCHISHVILI Alexander Levanovich (b. 1958, Tbilisi), mathematician. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1994). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1980). Ch. scientific. employee of the Institute of Control Systems of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, member. scientific. Council of the Institute (1988), scientific. sec. Constantly operating scientific and technical. commissions at the State. to-those on science and technology of the GSSR for the implementation of automation systems in the pl. h-in GSSR (1981–91), hands. section “Modulation and optimization of control of technical. systems "at Cargo. scientific and technical about-ve instrument makers (1990–93). Author of 45 scientific. works.
POPOL Eduard Haimovich (b. 1938, Baku), writer. Graduated from the scriptwriting department of VGIK (1965). The first verses publ. in 1957. Engaged in journalism, worked for Komsomolskaya Pravda and Literaturnaya Gazeta. Wrote scripts for 7 k / f. Since 1978 - in the USA. Author of action-packed detective novels, some of which were written by et al. with F.E. Neznansky. Jewish characters are present in a number of works. T. Soch: Journalist for Brezhnev. Frankfurt am Main, 1982; Someone else's face. New York, 1986 (M., 1991); Russian seven. New York, 1990; Lyubozhid. M., 1994.
TOPUZ Henrikh Vladimirovich (b. 1916, Odessa), architect. Acad. Academy of Architecture of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940 he graduated from Odessa building. in-t. The author of the project of the covered market in Kirovograd (1940–41), in Odessa - the club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1949–53), lived. houses for sailors of the Slava flotilla on Deribasovskaya st. (1953–55), hostels of the nautical school (1952–59), T-ra muses. comedy (1968–78), the development project of Staroportofrankovskaya street. (1973–86). Among other works - memory. To an unknown sailor in Odessa (1957). Since 1944, deputy. ch. architect of Odessa. Since 1995 - in Israel.
TORCHILIN Vladimir Petrovich (b. 1946, Moscow), biochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1981), prof. (1985). In 1968 he graduated from chem. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1971–73 ml. scientific. sotr. in the same place. In 1974-80 Art. scientific. sotr., in 1980–91 hands. lab. Ing. enzymology Ying-that exper. cardiology Vses. cardiology scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1991 - in the USA, hands. Chem. programs of the Center for Visualization and Pharmaceuticals. research dep. Radiology Center. hospitals pcs. Massachusetts and prof. Honey. School of Harvard University in Boston. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of honey. polymers, biochemistry of enzymes, arts. phospholipid membranes, the use of antibodies in diagnostics and therapy, protein modification, experimental. tumor therapy. Author of popular science books ("Where Science Ends", 1990, etc.), socio-political. Art. and sketches, publ. in decomp. grew up. and Amer. gas. and zhurn. Linen. etc. (1982) Cit .: Strange stories. M., 1995; Lucky. New York, 1996.
TORCHINSKY Grigory Yakovlevich (1913, Odessa - 1979, Moscow), checker player. Master of Sports (1938). The judge is all. categories (1967). Int. Arbitrator (1970). 1941–45 - in the army. One of the organizers of drafts sports in the USSR. In 1951–52 before. prez. Vses. checkers section. In 1964–72 before. prez. Drafts Federation of the USSR. The vice-president was elected. Worldwide Federation of drafts. Worked early. jurid. dep. Gossnab of the USSR, specialist in the region. labor law. He edited the checkers department. in the journal. "Ogonyok". The author of the book. "Combinations in the checkers game" (co-author M., 1952). Honored. lawyer of the USSR.
TOVBIN Efim (b. 1927), journalist, public figure. In 1944–45 - in the army. Graduated from Institute of Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanova, Financial Institute and Law. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1976 - in the USA. In 1982 he organized Russian Radio in Los Angeles. He was awarded the honorary award of the US Senate - the Freedom Medal. T.'s name is carved in gold on the marble "Plaque of Fame" at the base of the Statue of Liberty.
TRAKHTENBERG German Isaakovich (1839, Zhitomir - 1895, ibid.), Lawyer, statesman. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1866). Joined the Criminal Cassation Department of the Government Senate. Chief Secretary. Author approx. thousands of Senate decrees on dec. cases, to-rye served as a guide to the courts to resolve cases. Published “Sat. guidance clarifications of the Governing Senate ”. Awarded hordes. Stanislav 3rd and Vladimir 4th degree, which gave T. the right of hereditary nobility. In 1875 he retired. He was a sworn attorney in St. Petersburg and Samara. In the end. 1870s elected hon. peace. judge Peter. at., in fact, the world was acting. judges. Member reign of St. Petersburg. Jewish community, member. Board of Trustees of the Jewish school Berman in Tsarskoe Selo. Represented in court the interests of the Jews of Starodub of Chernigov province. - victims of the pogrom on September 29. 1891.
TRAKHTENBERG Joseph Adolfovich (1883, Melitopol, Tauride province - 1960, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from Tomsk University (1912), from 1914 on teaching, in 1921–49 taught political economy, taught special courses in finance and credit at higher education. uch. institutions of Moscow, simultaneously. collaborated in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the State Planning Committee, the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Since 1947 - at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main works on the theory of den. circulation, credit, inflation, theory and history of economics. crises, problems of the militarization of the economy. Cit .: Capitalist. reproduction and economy. crises. M., 1954; Den. crises (1821-1938). 2nd ed. M., 1963.
TRAKHTENBERG Isaak Mikhailovich (b. 1923, Zhitomir), toxicologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1992). In 1946 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t, in which he worked until 1972. lab. Kiev Research Institute of Occupational Medicine. Research in the region. honey. ecology, hygiene and physiology of labor, prophylactic. toxicology.
TRAKHTENBERG Naum Efimovich (1909, Bakhmach, Konotopsky district, Chernigov province - 1977, Minsk), architect. Graduated from Odessa Institute of Citizens. and communal building (1932). In 1953–56 he headed the General Plan Workshop at the Minskproject Institute, at the same time. in 1954–76 he taught at Belorus. polytechnic in-those. Participated in the development of the general plans of Bobruisk (1935–36), Mogilev (1937–39), the project of the detailed planning of Minsk (1937–39), the general plan for the restoration and development of Minsk (1946; corrections - 1952, 1958–59), the general plan of the development of Minsk (1965 ), the project of a detailed plan for the development of a part of Leninsky Prospekt in Minsk (1952), the author of the general plan of Bobruisk (1949), Mozyr (1953), the project for the development of the center. parts of Vitebsk (1950). T. - Ch. architect and author of the planning scheme for the suburban area of ​​Minsk (1959–64) and the project for the planning of a recreation area in the Zaslavsky water reservoir district. (1968). State pr. BSSR (1968). Works: Minsk. Post-war. experience in reconstruction and development. Minsk, 1966 (et al.).
TRAKHTENBROT Boris Avraamovich (b. 1921, Brichevo, Bessarabia, Romania), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963). Graduated from Chernivtsi University (1947). He worked in the Penza ped. in-those (1950–58), Penza Polytechnic. in-those (1958-60); in the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Novosibirsk University (since 1960). Main research results. in the region. mat. logic, foundations of mathematics, electronic and compute. machines. Since 1980 - in Israel. Lecturer at Tel Aviv University. Works: Algorithms and Machine Problem Solving. 2nd ed. M., 1960; Introduction to the theory of finite state machines. M., 1962 (co-authored with N.E. Kobrinsky); Complexity of algorithms and calculations. Novosibirsk, 1967.
TRAKHTMAN Avraam Mendelevich (b. 1918, Kobelyaki, Poltava province), specialist in the field of communication systems and space radio control. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1958), prof. (1962). In 1941 he graduated from the radio department of the MEIS. In 1940-50 - to the Center. Research Institute of Communications (engineer, leading engineer), was engaged in the development of special systems. communication. In 1950–96 - at NII-885 (from 1963 - Scientific Research Institute of Instrumentation, from 1990 - Russian Scientific Research Institute of Space Instrumentation): hands. gr., early. lab., in 1964–69 deputy. ch. constructor, early. dep. At the same time. in 1965 created (and headed until 1969) the department of theoretical. radio engineering in Moscow. in-those radio engineering and forge. electromechanics, in 1969–90 he taught at MIREA. Supervised the development of rocket and space. radio complexes (radio control, communications, information transmission), including systems for photographing the far side of the moon. He was one of the first in the USSR to engage in digital signal processing, including supervising the digital processing of the first photographs of Mars and a panorama of the surface of Venus. Author of over 100 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946). Linen. pr. (1960). Etc. CM USSR (1987) Vol .: Introduction to the Generalized Spectral Theory of Signals. M., 1972; Fundamentals of the theory of discrete signals at finite intervals. M., 1975 (in co-authorship with V.A. Trakhtman); History of the Russian Research Institute of Space Instrumentation. M., 1994–96 (co-authored with V.K.Startsev).
TRAKHTMAN Yakov-Shmuel (1831, Ovruch of Volyn province - 1925, Akkerman, Bessarabia, Romania), writer. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied secular sciences. In 1850–80 he worked as an economist and accountant. From 1880 - in Ackerman. He was a supporter of Palestinophilism. Was printed in gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", in Russian. Jewish ed. He published Jewish Nar. fairy tales. In 1870–85 he published several. collection of stories (in Hebrew), ling. research "Ga-ktav vemikhtav" ("Letter and font"), "Ohr vehosh" ("Light and darkness"), a cut in 1881 appeared on it. lang. The author of several. unpublished plays.
TRASTYANETSKY Gennady Rafailovich (b. 1950, Rostov-on-Don), director, teacher. Graduated from architect. f-t Engineer-building. Institute in Rostov-on-Don (1972). At the same time. supervised by a student. homemade. collectives. In 1974–79 he studied with G.A. Tovstonogov at LGITMIK. In the 1979/80 season at the Rostov Youth Theater he staged the plays "The Career of Arthur Ui" by B. Brecht and "Mashenka" by A. N. Afinogenov. From 1980 director dir. Omsk t-ra drama. Fast. by own dramatized scenarios performances: "The Law of Eternity" by NV Dumbadze, "Up the stairs leading down" by B. Kaufman, "War has no woman's face" by SA Aleksievich, etc. In 1986 in T- re im. Mossovet staged "Sad Detective" based on V.P. Astafiev and "Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov. Since 1990, Ch. dir. Leningrad. dram. t-ra on Liteiny. Staged performances: "The Miser" by Moliere, "The Great Catherine" by B. Shaw, "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, etc. In 1990 at the theater. center of Eugene O'Neill with Amer. actors T. carried out the post. "Exodus" M.Mekhanoshin. Since 1994 dir. Open t-ra (Petersburg), the first post. - "Zinc Boys" after Alexievich. Since 1994 hand. director's course in St. Petersburg. theater. academy. State pr. RSFSR (1985).
TRAUB Zalman (1896, Ponevezh, Kovno province -?), Publicist. In his youth he joined the organization "Ceirei Zion". Studied economics at Moscow. un-those. Student activist Zionist organization "Haver". He began his journalistic activity in 1916 - secretary. edition "Jewish Life", in 1917 - Moscow. corr. petrograd. zhurn. "Dawn". In 1917 he took part in the 7th Congress of the Zionists of Russia in Petrograd. Sec. reign of the Zionist organization in Moscow. In 1918 - 1st secretary. Centre. Bureau of the Zionist Organization of Ukraine. Member of several. Zionist Congr. In 1918 he began to write in Yiddish, published in the weekly. "Dos Yiddish Folk" (Kiev), then - into Kiev gas. "Di velt", simultaneously member her editorial board, edited a number of other Jewish periodicals. ed. in Kiev. Since 1921 - in Lithuania. One of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Lithuania. Since 1936 - in E.-I. In the 1930s. was printed in Riga gas. Frimorgn. In 1927–39, deputy. ed. Kaunas gas. "Yiddishe Shtime". In E.-I. continued his journalistic activity in the publishing house. in Hebrew, was the head. dep. gas. Davar in Haifa.
TRAUBERG Leonid Zakharovich (1902, Odessa - 1991, Moscow), film director. In 1920–22 he studied at the Higher. courses in directing skills in Petrograd, worked dir. state studio t-ra comic op. In 1921, together with G.M. Kozintsev, S.I.Yutkevich and G.K. Kryzhitsky, he organized the Eccentric Factory. actor (FEKS), first as a theater., and then as a film collective. From 1924 dir. k / st "Lenfilm", in 1941–43 and. about. thin hands. TsOKS (Central United K / st) in Alma-Ata. From 1949 dir. k / st "Mosfilm". In 1926–32 he was a teacher in Leningrad. in-that scenic. lawsuit, in 1926–27 head. cinema department. Leningrad. theater. Institute, in 1946–49 - Leningrad State University. In 1961-65 teacher, since 1963 artist. hands. Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. Author and co-author of scripts for a number of his f. and f. dr. dir. Author pl. book on questions movies as well as memories. He made his film debut in 1924 f. "Adventures of Oktyabrina". Staged the f: "Bears against Yudenich" (1925), "The Overcoat" (after N.V. Gogol, 1926), "New Babylon" (1929), a film trilogy - "Youth of Maxim" (1934, 1st pr. 1 th MKF in Moscow, 1935), "Return of Maxim" (1937), "Vyborg Side" (1938), "Actress" (1943), "Ordinary People" (1945, released on the screen in 1956), "Soldiers were walking "(1958)," Dead Souls "(after Gogol, 1960, pr. Criticism Mkf t / f in Monaco, 1961)," Free Wind "(1961). (All films up to 1945 were filmed jointly with Kozintsev). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1967). Nar. art. RSFSR (1987). Became. etc. (1941). Brother T. - Ilya (1905-1948), film director, screenwriter. I took off several. doc. f., cartoon "Flyer" (1931), several. play f., including "Blue Express" (1929), "Son of Mongolia" (1936). T.'s daughter - Natalia (1928, Leningrad - 2009, Moscow), translator. Cand. philol. sciences. Translated into Russian. lang. rum. G. Green, H. Cortazar, G. Chesterton and others. In 1980 she translated for samizdat "Hasidic stories" by E. Viesel.
TRAININ Aron Naumovich (1883, Vitebsk - 1957, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. sciences, ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1908). As a student, he published research. “The Crime Movement in Moscow. lips. for the period 1884-1897. " (1908). After graduating from un-that left at the department of criminal law to prepare for prof. rank. In 1911 master, from 1918 prof., Then head. Department of Criminal Law Moscow. un-that. In 1909-12 publ. several articles in gas. and zhurn. about the legal status of Jews in Russia. He headed the sector of criminal law of the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 1930s-40s. dealt with the problems of criminal law protection of the world and the fight against war. crimes. In 1945 he represented the USSR in London in the preparation and signing of the Agreement on the Establishment of the International. military. tribunal and the approval of its Statutes, then - consultant Sov. member Int. tribunal during the Nuremberg trials. Since 1947, vice-president. Int. Association of Democratic Lawyers. The author of the first owls. textbooks on the general and special part of criminal law, practical. comment. to the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, St. 200 scientific. works on decomp. problems of criminal law (organization and complicity in a crime, corpus delicti, guilt and criminal liability, etc.). In 1952, during the struggle against "cosmopolitanism" he was dismissed from the university and deprived of the right to continue scientific research. work. Cit .: Criminal law (textbook for universities). M., 1929; Criminal intervention. M., 1935; The doctrine of complicity. M., 1941; Corpus delicti according to Sov criminal law. M., 1951; Protecting the world and combating crimes against humanity. M., 1956.
TRAININ Ilya Pavlovich (1887, Riga - 1949, Moscow), lawyer, writer. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Doctor of State and Legal Sciences (1935). Member RSDLP since 1904. Subjected to arrests. In 1906-17 - in exile, he studied law and economics in high fur boots in New York, Stuttgart, Zurich, Geneva. During the 1st world. war arrested in France for anti-war. propaganda among soldiers and interned. After Feb. revolution of 1917 returned to Russia; participant of Citizens. war. From 1920 ed. zhurn. People's Commissariat for Nationalities "Life of Nationalities", member. commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on education ed. nat. rep., districts and regions. From 1924 - in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. From 1931 he worked at the Institute of Sov. p-va and the rights of the Communist. academy. In 1942–47, the director. Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. head departments of state. rights of Moscow. jurid. in-that, Voenn.-jurid. academy and Ying-that international. relations, lectured on legal. Faculty of Moscow State University. Ed. zhurn. "News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Branch of Economics and Law ", deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Sov. state and law ”. Member Excessively. state commissions for the establishment and investigation of the atrocities of the German fascist. invaders and their accomplices. Main scientific. the works of T. dedicated. problems of interethnic. relations, state, constitution. and int. rights. In the late 1940s. was sharply criticized for developing the theme “nar. democracy ”and an attempt to build a new course of the Sov. state rights. Author of publicistic. Art. on questions history, law, literature and art, plays ("The Crimson Year", post. 1926), ist. pov. "Prologue" (published in 1934). Works: USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). M., 1923; Sov. federation and nat. question. M., 1932; State and communism. M., 1940; The mechanism is German-fascist. dictatorship. Tashkent, 1942; Territory issues in state law. M., 1947.
TRAININ Pavel Alekseevich (1895, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1956, Leningrad), military leader. Rear Admiral (1940). He graduated from two courses of Polytechnic. institute, school of warrant officers (1917). In Kr. Army - from 1919. In the Navy - from 1920, in 1922 Deputy. early headquarters of the FER fleet, then assistant. com. destroyer, com. monitor, in 1929 took part in the Soviet-Chinese. thief. conflict, in 1931–39 beginning. command faculty and early. Department of Coastal Defense of the Naval Academy, in 1940 teams. Ladoga military. flotilla. In 1941 room. Military-mor. bases in Liepaja and Riga. In July - September 1941 he was under arrest. In 1942 com. Kerch navy. base, in 1942–43 deputy. teams. Volga military. flotilla; in 1944 beginning. dep. trawling of the Navy, in 1945–47 pom. prev. Allied Control Commission in Hungary, in 1947-50 early. Department of Operational and Technical Sciences, in 1950–56 beginning. Department of Operational Art of the Military Medical Academy. Awarded with 7 orders.
TRAININ Samuil Aronovich (1853, Vitebsk - 1924, Leningrad), public figure. Rod. in a Hasidic family, received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since the 1860s. - In Petersburg. Owner of a plant for the production of zinc. tin and products from it. In 1917 he was elected to the Executive Committee of the Jewish community of Petrograd. In the beginning. 1920s helped in the creation and registration in his house of the Hasidic society "Midrosh-Shmuel", created a base for the deployment of the activities of I.-I. Shneerson, who came to Leningrad. T.'s son - Grigory (1873-1921), member. Petersburg. mountains. thoughts.
TREGER Daniil Samuilovich (1883 - after 1925), an inventor in the field of railway engineering. From 1910 he worked on the railway. In 1919 he began to develop an apparatus for the safe movement of trains between stations. In 1923–24 (jointly with engineers PN Logvinenko and TM Radzevich) he completed the creation of the first electric power station in Russia. apparatus and proposed an original locking system with the help of the wands removed by the driver from the apparatus. Electro-toothed lock was used in the USSR until the introduction of the electric system. centralization (mid-1950s). Author of a number of other inventions, including a water level indicator in water towers.
TREGUB Yakov Isaevich (b. 1918, Nikolaev), military engineer. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1958). He graduated in 1941 from the Military. Signal Corps Academy. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1946, with the rank of major, he served in Germany as part of a special brigade engaged in the development of captured rocketry. In 1947 (together with B.E. Chertok) he took part in the launch of the first geophysical survey in the USSR. rocket "Vertical" from the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome, headed the launch team. In 1957–62, deputy. early Research Institute of Air Defense, supervised tests of anti-aircraft guided missiles. Since 1963 - in the State. to-those defenses. technicians, deputy. ch. constructor. From 1974 - retired. He was awarded 5 orders.
TREMBACH Maurycy (1861, Warsaw - 1941, Lodz), painter, graphic artist. In 1877-80 he studied in the class. fig. at V. Gerson and A. Kamiński, then at the Krakow School of Fine Arts at J. Matejko; in 1882–84 at the Munich Academy of Arts with A. Wagner and F. Zeitz. The author of genre paintings about the life and customs of Jews in Poland and Galicia. Illustrated lit. classics. In the first period, creative. adhered to academic. directions, but over time in the works of T. appeared impressionist. techniques and motives.
TREPEL Abram Efimovich (1908, Minsk - 1969, ibid.), Actor, director. In 1926 he graduated from Belarus. dram. studio in Moscow. He worked in the State. Jewish t-re of the BSSR (1926–49), in Belarus. t-re them. J. Kupala, Belarusian. state stage, on television in Belarus (1949–58). In 1950–55 and from 1959 dir. homemade. collectives, including in 1963–69 - Nar. t-ra Belorus. about-va of the deaf; staged the play “Konstantin Zaslonov” by A. Movzon (1966) on its stage. Characteristic actor. Among the best roles: Shimen Ele ("The Enchanted Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem), Zhenya Ksidias ("The Intervention" by LI Slavin), Corbachio ("Volpone" by B. Johnson) and others. art. BSSR (1938).
Treplev Avraam Davydovich (1891 - 1955, Dnepropetrovsk), actor, director. In 1921 he graduated from the stage courses in Odessa. Isk-va, from 1924 he worked in Odessa Russian dram. t-re, played, in particular, the role of Abbot Frohman ("Execution of Salva" based on the novel "Paris" by E. Zola). In 1925–26 - actor Mosk. t-ra Revolution. One of the organizers and hands. "The Reader's T-ra", where he staged "Ten Days that Shook the World" by J. Reed, "A Story about a Simple Thing" by B. Lavrenev, "November 9" by B. Kellerman. Participated in the work of Proletkult, was an active member of the Association of New Directors. First post. in Moscow - "Hatred" by PD Yaltsev (1928, T-r named after MGSPS). In the 1930s - early. 1940s dir. and ch. dir. dram. t-ditch of Smolensk (1932), Odessa (1933–35, 1939–41), Sverdlovsk (1935–36). Among the posts: "The First Horse" (1930), "Optimistic Tragedy" (1936), both by VV Vishnevsky, "Intervention" by LI Slavin (1934), etc. Staged performances based on the plays of A. N. Afinogenov "Eccentric" (1929), "Fear" (1931), "Portrait" (1934, Odessa), "Distant" (1935, Sverdlovsk), "Mashenka" (1941, Odessa), "On the Eve" (1942, Penza). In 1954–55, Ch. dir. Dnepropetrovsk Rus. dram. t-ra them. M. Gorky.
TREPPER Leopold (Leo, Otto) (1904, New Torg, Austria-Hungary - 1982, Jerusalem), an employee of the special services. Since 1918, member. "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", collaborated with the Communist Party of Poland. Since 1924 - in E.-I. Since 1925, members Communist Party of Palestine, was repeatedly arrested, in 1929 expelled from the country. Since 1929 - in France, sotr. owls. military. intelligence, in 1931–32, a representative of the Jewish section of the Union of Communist émigrés at the Central Committee of Franz. Communist Party, ed. weekly in Yiddish "Der Morgn". Since 1932 - in the USSR. In 1935 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism Communist. un-ta nat. minorities of the West, worked as a editor. gas. "Der emes". From 1936 - to illegal. work (since 1938 - resident) in Belgium and France. The intelligence officer was in charge. a network known as the Red Capella. In 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo. He fled in 1943. In 1945–54 he was imprisoned in the USSR. Since 1957 - in Poland, headed the Jewish publishing house "Yiddish Bukh", before. Jewish Cultural Society. associations. From 1973 - in France, from 1974 - in Israel. Cit .: Big Game. M., 1990.
Vitaly Tovievich TRETYAKOV (b. 1953, Moscow), journalist. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In 1976–83 - at the APN, editor, in 1988–90 - in gas. "Moscow News": polit. columnist, deputy. ch. editor. In 1990-2001, Ch. editor of Nezavisimaya Gazeta.
TREYSTMAN Sholem (1900, Zhelekhov, Sedletskaya province -?), Rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In the 1930s. rabbi in Lodz, Danzig, Warsaw. Ch. rabbi of Finland. From Sept. 1939 - in the USSR. In 1940 he was arrested, until 1942 - in custody. In 1946–52 - in Poland, member. ch. the country's rabbinate. Since 1952 - in Israel, member. Rabbinate of Tel Aviv. Published poetry and journalism on religion. topics in decomp. gas. Poland and Israel.
TREYVAS Boris Efimovich (1898, Yukhovichi of Drissensky district, Vitebsk province - 1937, Moscow), party leader. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1918, member. RCP (b). In 1918-19 the head. publishing house of the Jewish Commissariat of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. In 1920 sec. district committee, head. organizational department Petrograd. to-that RKSM. In 1921-22 the head. organizational department, secretary Moscow to-that RKSM. Affairs. 3rd, 4th and 5th congresses of the RKSM, 12th congress of the RCP (b). In 1922-24 instructor of the Zamoskvoretsky District Committee of the RCP (b), in 1924-26 the head. school FZU. After graduating in 1929 Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlova head. dep. slave. Education of the People's Commissariat for Education. In 1930–31 head. organizational department of Sokolnichesky and Baumansky district committees, in 1931–33 sec. Vyshnevolotskiy, in 1934–37 Kaluga district committees of the CPSU (b). Affairs. 17th Party Congress. Arrested in 1937, shot.
TRIFONOV Yuri Valentinovich (1925, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Writer. Son of V.A. Trifonov, prof. revolutionary, Sov. military. and state. activist. After graduating from school, T. worked for an aviation man. s-de locksmith, shop manager, editor of the factory large-circulation. In 1949 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. He began publishing in 1947. The first rum. "Students" (1949-50). In 1959, publ. Sat. stories "Under the Sun", in 1963 - rom. "Quenching thirst", in 1965 - book. Fire Glow - Doc. a narration about certain events after. stories reflected in the fate of his father. From the end. 1960s the so-called. urban stories: "Exchange" (1969), "Preliminary Results" (1970), "Long Farewell" (1971), "Another Life" (1975). East theme, to-paradise occupies a special place in the work of T., dedicated. rum. about the People's Will "Impatience" (1973). A person in the flow of time, the inseparability of the past and the present, the need for memory and the lessons of history are the leitmotifs of all subsequent works. T .: pov. "House on the Embankment" (1976), "Old Man" (1978), rom. "Time and Place" (1981), cycle of stories "Overturned House" (1981) and unfinished. rum. Disappearance (1987). Became. pr. (1951).
TRILISSER Mikhail (Meer) Abramovich (1883, Astrakhan - 1940, Moscow), party and statesman. Member RSDLP since 1901. In 1905 he was a member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP. In 1906 hands. military. org-tion of the RSDLP in Finland. In 1907 he was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Irkutsk Council, ed. gas. "The Voice of the Social Democrat". In oct. 1917 at the 1st General Sib. Congress of Soviets elected member. Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Siberia (Tsentrosibir), member. Irkutsk Provincial Committee of the RSDLP (b). In 1918, before. Irkutsk lips. Cheka, member. Pres. Siberian Military Commissariat, from June 1918 deputy. prev. and Commissar Sib. top. command, beginning. headquarters of the Baikal fr. Since 1919 sec. Amur Regional Committee of the RCP (b), from Aug. - member Region military-roar. field headquarters. From 1920 to. Amur region Revolutionary Committee, from Oct. - member Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the State Political Guard of the FER; at the same time. sec. Regional Committee of the RCP (b) and ed. gas. Amurskaya Pravda. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b) (1921), after which he was recalled to work in the Central Committee of the RCP (b). From 1921 - to the center. the apparatus of the Cheka; early overseas part of Inostr. dep. VChK-GPU, from 1922 beginning. Foreign dep. GPU – OGPU USSR. Since 1926 deputy. prev. OGPU USSR. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (1928). In 1929, removed from his post early. INO and deputy. prev. OGPU in connection with the case of Ya.G. Blumkin. In 1927–34 members. Central Control Commission, in 1930–34 a member. Pres. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Since 1931, deputy. People's Commissar for Workers and Peasants. inspection of the USSR. From 1935 - in the apparatus of the ECCI (under the name of Moskvin), member. ECCI (1935), member. Pres. and one of the secretaries. ECCI. Arrested in 1940.
TRIOLE (nee Kagan) Elza Yurievna (1896, Moscow - 1970, Saint-Antoine-Yvelyn, France), writer. Sister L.Yu. Brik. French wife writer L. Aragon (since 1928). She studied at the Architectural Institute in Moscow. Since 1918 - in France. First book. "In Tahiti" (Moscow, 1925) is written in Russian. lang. First rum. in French lang. - "Good evening, Teresa!" (1938). Together with Aragon, she participated in the Resistance movement. The story "Avignon Lovers" (1943) was published underground, which was later included in Sat. “For damaging the cloth, a fine of 200 francs” (1945, Goncurovskaya pr.). Most of the products. T. until 1956 was imbued with communist. ideology. In production end 1950s - early. 1960s themes of personal happiness, loneliness of a person, condemnation of "materialism" are heard: rum. "Roses on Credit" (1959), "Luna Park" (1959), "Soul" (1963), combined into the cycle "Nylon Age". The problems of the art rises in rum. "Great never" (1965), "Listen" (1968). In 1967, together with K.M. Simonov and S. Spaak, T. wrote the script for f. "Normandy-Niemen" (1960) (award. Order "Badge of Honor"). Last manuf. T. - rum. The Nightingale Silences at Dawn (1970). Translated into French. lang. manuf. A.P. Chekhov, N.V. Gogol, V.V. Mayakovsky, Vel.Khlebnikov, V.Ya.Bryusov, B.L. Pasternak and others. Compiled "Anthology of Russian poetry of the 18-20th centuries." (foreword by R.O. Yakobson). The author of the book. about Chekhov, rec. about Mayakovsky. Vol .: Avignon lovers. M., 1956; Uninvited guests. M., 1959; Nylon eyelid. M., 1960; Anna Maria. M., 1963; Soul. M., 1967.
TRISTAN Leon (1900, Warsaw - 1941, Odessa), film director. Studied for honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. Leaving him, he worked in the mountains. t-pah, acted as a film critic. Acting debut in cinema - f. "Secrets of Nalevok" (1921), then starred in f. The Idol (1923). In 1923–25 he acted as a film critic. The first directorial work was f. Shamota's Mistress (1927). This and subsequent f. "The Riot of Blood and Iron" (1927) refers to a few. in the interwar. Polish cinema avant-garde film productions. Among other ph. T .: "A Soul in Captivity" (1930), "Two Days in Paradise" (1936), "One Floor Above" (1938). From 1939 - in the USSR, worked at the Odessa studio as an assistant director. Killed during evacuation from the city.
TRIVAX Avrom-Itskhok (1893, Mezhirechye Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1952, Montreal), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1899 - in E.-I. From 1908 he published Art. in periodic. ed. E.-I., corr. Warsaw gas. "Unzer Lebn". Since 1911 - in Rivne. In 1916–17 he worked for Warsaw Gas. Gaynt, Dos Yiddish Folk, etc. In 1916 he published in Warsaw the German-Jewish Dictionary (1st volume). One of the comp. "The First General and Jewish Encyclopedia" (Warsaw, 1917, 3 volumes were published). In 1919–25, he headed the Alt-Nayland publishing house in Warsaw and edited the same name. illustrated magazine. Published more than 20 books. in Hebrew. He collected Jewish folklore and argos (thieves, klezmers, cabbies). Published Sat. "Bai unz idn" ("We Jews". Warsaw, 1923). Since 1926 - in E.-I. Corr. gas. "Gaynt". Ed. zhurn. "Ga-Shar". He died during a trip to the USA and Canada. The author of the book: "Unzere pioneer in Eretz Yisroel" ("Our pioneers in Eretz Israel". Warsaw, 1916), "Gandbuh fun Eretz Yisroel" ("Directory of Eretz Yisrael", ibid., 1918), "Eretz -Isroel als land fun yidisher colonization "(" Eretz Yisrael - a country of Jewish colonization ", ibid., 1918).
TRIVAS Mark Adolfovich (1906 - 1977, Moscow), writer. Lit. activity began to be engaged in the con. 1920s, creating a repertoire for factory propaganda teams. In 1930 he graduated from the Higher. lawsuit courses at Leningrad. in-those history of claims. 1941–45 - in the army. After 1945 he appeared as the author of feuilletons, interludes, reprises, and entertainments. Prod. T. were included in the repertoire of A.I.Shurov and N.N. Rykunin, M.N. Garkavi, P.G.Raysky, etc. Among the naib. means. manuf. for the circus: the script of the revue "The ship is sailing" Anyuta "(jointly with VE Ardov and E.B.Shapirovsky, 1961), staged in pl. cities of the USSR St. 1800 times, New Year's circus pantomime "Secrets of the Green Forest" (jointly with Shapirovsky and E.A. Ryabchukov, 1964), pantomime "Salute to the Brave!" (with Shapirovsky, 1969) and others. In the 1950s – 60s. published Art. on questions stage and circus in decomp. zhurn. Author of works: “From ancient magicians to the present day. Essays on the history of illusion art "(co-authored with AA Vadimov, 1966)," Satire and humor on the stage. Forms of Works and Literary Techniques ”(1973).
TRIVAS Victor (1896 - 1970, Germany), screenwriter, film director. From the end. 1920s - in Germany, participated as an artist in the work on f. dir. G. Pabst (in private "Love of Jeanne Ney" by I. G. Ehrenburg). The first is independent. dir. work - f. "No man's line", all copies of which were subsequently destroyed by the Nazis. From 1933 - in France, then - in the USA, where he worked as a screenwriter for dir. O. Welles, including over f. "Outlander" (nominated for the avenue "Oscar" for the best screenplay). Main f .: "Riot of Blood" (1929), "Killer Dmitry Karamazov", "Song of Life" (both - 1931), "Night of the Big City" (1933) - in Germany, "On the Streets" (1933), "Hostages" (1939) - in France, "Song of Russia" (1942), "Where is the end of the sidewalk?" (1950), "The Secret of the Convict Lake" (1951) - all in the USA, "Naked and the Devil" (1959, Germany). Author of rum. "Thirty-second day".
TRIVUS Moisey Lvovich (1865, Berdyansk, Tauride province -?), Publicist. Graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. He took an active part in the activities of the ECO, OPE, historical ethnography. commission, ist. about-va. Reprinted in decomp. Russian periodic. ed. From the end. 1890s regularly published Art. in the Jewish press in Russian. lang. Author pl. Art. and brochures on issues. anti-Semitism and Jewish life in Russia. The author of the book. about Jews in the army.
TRIVUSH Yosef-Eliyahu (1855, Vilna - 1940, ibid.), Writer, philologist. The first poems and fantastic. stories publ. in Hebrew in zhurn. "Ga-Levanon" (1873) and later in the journal. "Ga-Shahar". He wrote articles and feuilletons. In 1904 he translated the stories of T. Herzl into Hebrew. After the 1st world. war taught in Jewish Wed. school in Vilna. Translated rum into Hebrew. Leo Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1918-22) and "War and Peace" (1921-24). Author of comments to TANAKH. Publ. et al. with M. Nadel an anthology of medieval literature in Hebrew (1925).
TRON Evgeniy Zhanovich (1892, Riga - 1967, Leningrad), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Colonel honey. service. Studied at Strasbourg University. In 1915 he passed the external examinations for natural sciences. separation physical-mat. f-that un-that in Kiev. In 1918 he graduated from honey. f-t Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd, after which he served as a doctor in Kr. Army. From 1921 he was an assistant at the eye clinic, from 1932 he was head. Department of Ophthalmology 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that, since 1939 at the same time. scientific secretary the same in-that. In 1941–48 early. Department of Ophthalmology Military-mor. honey. academy. Then the head. biochem. lab. Leningrad. ophthalmologic. in-that, since 1950 head. neuro-ophthalmologic. branch of N.-I. neurosurgeon in-ta them. A.L. Polenova. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, two of to-rykh - "Military ophthalmology" (L., 1945) and "Diseases of the visual pathway" (L., 1953) are marked by the ave. M.I. Averbakh of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1947, 1956). Member prez. and before. Leningrad. scientific. about-va ophthalmologists, poch. h. Vses. scientific. about-va ophthalmologists and Leningrad. scientific. about-va of neurosurgeons.
TRONSKY (real family. Trotsky) Iosif Moiseevich (1897, Odessa - 1970, Leningrad), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1941). In 1919 he graduated from Historical Philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk University in Odessa. He studied the problems of mastering the ancient literature of folklore traditions and the relationship of ancient Greek. and Roman literature. In linguistic. T.'s works presents the history of both ancient languages. in close connection with the history of the ancient society and literature. Vol .: Essays on the history of the Latin language. M. - L., 1953; History of ancient literature. 3rd ed. L., 1957; Historical grammar of the Latin language. M., 1960; Common Indo-European language state. L., 1967.
TROPOVSKY Evgeny Naumovich (1879, Ekaterinoslav - 1942, Leningrad), translator, literary critic. Studied at Petersburg. polytechnic in-those. In 1904 - at Leipzig University. In 1905 he returned to St. Petersburg, studied natural sciences. f-those Petersburg. un-that. From 1897 he published translations into gas. Volgar. Translated from Yiddish, Polish. and it. lang. Author entered Art. to translated ed. Translated from Yiddish "On the way to Zion" by Sh.Ash; from Polish. lang. - "The glow" by S. Brzhozovsky (1926), "The noise of a propeller" (1926) and "Ashes" (1927) by S. Zheromsky, "Cordian and Ham" (1934) and "Peacock feathers" (1936) by L. Kruchkovsky, " Pharaoh "B. Prus (1938); with him. lang. - “Without a rudder” by E. Turnau (1927), “The Great Deception” by A. Sharer (1932).
TROPOVSKY Lev Naumovich (1885, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1944, Moscow), bibliographer, librarian. In 1923-30 the head. bibliography dep. People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR; in 1930–35 dir. created according to his project Bibliography. (from 1931 - Critical-bibliogr.) Institute of OGIZ. Since 1932 - head. Department of Bibliography Mosk. library institute. In his works he defended the theory of partisanship in bibliography. Contributed to the development of the theory of recommendatory bibliography. The author of the project (1934) of the revised tables of the Universal Decimal Classification for Bulk B-k. In 1938–46, five editions were published. "Tropovsky's tables".
TROTSKY (real family. Bronstein) Lev (Leiba) Davydovich (1879, Yanovka Yelizavetgrad u., Kherson province - 1940, Villa Coyoacana, Mexico), politician and statesman. In 1896 he took part in the creation of the Social-Democratic Party. org-tion "Yuzhnorus. workers' union ". In 1898 he was arrested, after 2 years in prison he was exiled to Vost. Siberia, escaped from exile in 1902. In emigration he became close with V.I. Lenin, Yu.O. Martov, V.I.3asulich, collaborated in gas. "Spark". Member of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). During the Revolution of 1905, he actually headed St. Petersburg. Council of the slave. dep., edited by the center. organ - gas. "News". Dec. 1905 arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia, fled. In 1908-12 ed. non-fractional gas. "True". In 1914 he called for an end to the roar. by the 1st world. war. In 1916 for anti-war. propaganda sent from France, then from Spain. In May 1917 he returned to Russia. From Sept. 1917 pre. Petrosovet, one of the hands. Oct armed uprising in Petrograd. Refusing in November 1917 from Lenin's proposal to head the Sov. pr-in, T. noted that his Jewish origin can give additional. a trump card in the hands of the enemies of the revolution. In 1917-18 the People's Commissar for Foreign. cases, with the end. Dec 1917 led the delegation of the Sov. Russia at peace. negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. In 1918–25, the People's Commissar for Military and Marine. cases, before. RVS of the Republic, one of the founders of Kr. Army. At the same time. in 1920 People's Commissar of Railways. In 1926, T. was removed from the Politburo, in 1927 - from the Central Committee, in the same year he was expelled from the party and exiled to Alma-Ata, in 1929 - abroad (Turkey, France, Norway, then Mexico), where he led an active literature. .-publicist. activity. The initiator of the creation of the so-called. 4th International (1938). Author of works on the history of the roar. movement in Russia. While in exile, he emphasized the anti-Semitic shades of Moscow. trials against GE.3inoviev | Zinoviev]], LBKameneva and others. He noted that the growth of anti-Semitism in Germany and the USSR increasingly leads him to the idea of ​​the need for a "territorial solution" of the Jewish question. Killed by an agent of the NKVD. Son T. - Lev Sedov (1906-1937, France), his father's secretary from the middle. 1920s, his confidant. According to some reports, he was killed by NKVD agents.
TROTSKY David (1904, Vilna - 1945), publicist, public figure. Since 1924 - in Belgium. In 1928 he received his diploma in chemistry in Brussels. Member Centre. to-that movement "Poaley Zion" Belgium. Prev Commission on Culture under the Council of Jewish Organizations in Brussels. He worked at IVO. Published in ed. movement "Poalei Zion" in Warsaw, Paris, Antwerp. In 1940 - in France, he worked with Jewish refugees in Toulouse. He returned to Brussels. Was one of the hands. Resistance movement. Illegal edited. Jewish gas. Unser Worth in Paris and every month. "Le Flambeau". In 1944 he was arrested. He died in a concentration camp.
TROTSKY Noy Abramovich (1895, Petersburg - 1940, ibid.), Architect. In 1920 he graduated from architect. branch of the Academy of Arts, in 1921 - 2nd Polytechnic. Institute (both - in Petrograd). Taught at the Academy of Arts, LIIKS (since 1929). Laureate of competitions for the projects of the Palace of Labor in Moscow (1923), the planning of the Putilovsky district in Leningrad, the House of Soviets in Rostov-on-Don (all - the beginning of the 1930s) and others. prom. and societies. buildings. Main works in Leningrad: 2nd hydroelectric power station (1923), glass plant with a residential settlement. "White bull" (1927, jointly with R.Ya. Zelikman), adm. building on Liteiny Prospect (1930, jointly with A.A. Ole, A.I. Gegello), Kirovsky District Council (1931), Palace of Culture of Vasileostrovsky District (1932), school on pl. Arts (1937), at home on Moscow Avenue. and on ave. Stachek (1932–40, et al.), House of Soviets on Moskovsky Prospekt (1940).
TROUPYANSKY Yakov Abramovich (1878, Odessa - 1955, Leningrad), sculptor, applied artist. In 1892–98 he studied at the Odessa Art. school. In 1897 he was an intern at the Neapolitan Academy of Arts. In 1909 he graduated from St. Petersburg. AH (class V.A. Beklemishev). Made by monum.-decor. design of facades and interiors of buildings in St. Petersburg, Odessa, Kiev. In 1918 he took part in the Moscow exhibition. branch of the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Artists, in 1921-28 - periodically. exhibitions "Communities of Artists". In 1922 to Petrograd. state porcelain factory made molds for production. small plastics. Sculptures of F.M. Dostoevsky (1923, bust), F.I. In 1921–34 the head. artist bronze casting workshop in Petrograd (Leningrad), in 1934–41 he performed the sculptor. work for the decoration of buildings by order of the Office of the building Voen.-Mor. Fleet. In 1941–45 he was engaged in the conservation and restoration of sculptures. monuments of Leningrad. In 1949–55 St. drawing and painting in Leningrad. engineer-building in-those Brother T. - Fedor (1874, Odessa - 1949), architect. Main works: sanatoriums at Kuyalniksky (1928) and Lermontovsky (1929) resorts, at Franz. boulevard (1933), engineer-building. Institute (1930), Research Institute of balneology and balneology (1937), muses. school them. P.S. Stolyarsky (1939, all in Odessa).
TRUBNIK Iona-Seidl (1849, Litin, Podolsk province - 1888, Zhitomir), teacher, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught Hebrew and Russian. lang. in Jewish schools in Zhitomir. He promoted Yiddish. He wrote popular science. Art. for journals. Goye-Fraind, Yiddishe Folks Libraries. The author of one of the first Yiddish textbooks "Jargon-lerer" (Warsaw, 1886), a dictionary of foreign. words in Yiddish (Zhitomir, 1887). Translated into Yiddish ist. rum. and pov. on the Jewish theme. Compiled "Russian-Jewish Reader" (with J. Fass, published in 1900).
TRUMPELDOR Joseph (1880, Pyatigorsk, Tersk Region - 1920, Tel-Hai), politician. Rod. in the family of ex. Nikolaev soldier. He studied to be a dentist. He was an adherent of the ideas of Tolstoyism and Zionism. In 1902 he was drafted into the army, in 1904, from the beginning. Russian-Japanese. war, directed to Vost. Siberia. During the siege of Port Arthur, he was seriously wounded (with the amputation of his left arm). Full George Knight. After the surrender of the fortress, he was captured. In a prisoner of war camp in Japan, he created a Zionist organization. In 1906, upon his return from captivity, T. was awarded the rank of ensign. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. Realizing the idea of ​​creating a collective settlement, T. in 1912, along with his followers, moved to E.-I. In 1913 he attended the 11th Zionist Congress. in Vienna. In 1915 joint. with Z. Zhabotinsky formed a warrior in Alexandria. part consisting of the main. from rus. Jews expelled from E.-I., and directed by the Brit. top. command in Gallipoli. In 1916 he came to London to participate with Jabotinsky in the organization of the Jewish Legion. In 1917 after Feb. the Revolutionary Party returned to Russia with the intention of creating a Jewish unit as part of the Russian army for the liberation of E.-I. from the power of Turkey. He was engaged in the creation of Jewish units for self-defense. In 1919 he headed the Ge-Halutz movement. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1920 he organized the defense of the Jewish colonies in Metula, Kfar Giladi and Tel Haye, to-rye were in the zone of Arab operations. rebels. Killed during the Arab attack on Tel Hai. In honor of T. named the youth organization of the Zionist revisionists "Brit Trumpeldor". The settlement of Tel Yosef is named after T.
TRUNK Ichil-Ishaya (1887, Osmolin Gostyninsky u. Warsaw province. - 1961, New York), writer, publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1913-14 - in E.-I. In 1914-18 - in Switzerland. In 1919 - in Poland. Since 1923 active member. Bund. In the 1930s. prev. Jewish PEN-club. In 1939–40 - in Vilnius, he worked at the IVO. Since 1941 - in the USA. Lit. he began his activity in Hebrew - the essay "Diary of the Revolution in Lodz" (1905). Collaborated in the Warsaw magazine. "Ha-Kol". From 1908, under the influence of I.-L. Peretz, he began to write in Yiddish. Published essays, stories, lit. essay weekly. "Di Yiddish Vohenshrift", "Dos Buh un der Lezer" and others in Warsaw. In Warsaw he published collections of stories "Fun der nature" ("Landscapes", 1914), "Feignbeimer un andere derceilungen" ("Fig trees and other stories", 1922), "Mide" ("Manner", 1923), essays about problems of modern arts and literary critic. works: "Dorian Gray" (1923), "Idealism and Naturalism in Yiddish Literature" (1927), "Noent un fremd" ("Close and Foreign", 1936), etc. In the 1940s and 1950s. T. published an epic in 7 volumes "Poiln" ("Poland". New York), "Nar. novel "Simha Plakhte fun Narkeve oder Der Yidisher Don-Kishot" ("Simcha Plakhta from Narkov, or Jewish Don Quixote". Buenos Aires, 1951), East. manuf. "Meshiyeh-geviter" ("Messianic Thunderstorm". New York, 1957), stories about Israel Baal Shem Tov and early Hasidism, etc. Translated into Yiddish book. F. Nietzsche "Thus Spoke Zarathustra."
TRUNK Ishaya (1905, Kutno, Warsaw Province - 1981, New York), publicist, historian. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Jewish gymnasium in Lodz with teaching in Hebrew (1923). In 1929 he graduated from Warsaw University. He taught history and Latin at Jewish schools in Bialystok and Warsaw. In 1939–46 - in the USSR. In 1946-50 - in Poland. Member reign of the Jewish ist. Institute in Warsaw. In 1951–53 - in Israel. In 1953 - in Canada, director. Jewish school. Since 1954 - in the USA. He worked at IVO. First lit. publ. - Art. on Sat. "IVO-Bleter" in 1931. In 1930-70 he published art. on east. topics in decomp. Jewish ed. Author of the book: "A Yiddish kegile in Poiln baim sof fun 18-ton yorgundert" ("Jewish community in Poland at the end of the 18th century." Warsaw, 1934), "Geshichte funidn in Plock" ("History of Jews in Plock" , ibid., 1939), "Lernbuch fun yidischer geshichte" ("Textbook of Jewish history" for the 6th grade, ibid., 1947).
CAAR Itskhok (real name and surname Zelig Abramovich Rabinovich) (1885, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province -?), Journalist, publisher. He began to publish in 1906 in Russian. lang. (article for the Zionist St. Petersburg newspaper "Jewish Life"). Leader of the left Zionist movement, affairs. 8th Zionist Congr. in The Hague (1907). Was invited to the United States to participate in the publishing house. weekly Zionist gas. Yidisher Kemfer (New York). In 1909–13 - in Chicago, collaborated in gas. "Jewish Courier"; later released gas. The Volkfechter in Minneapolis. Returning to New York in 1916, he resumed Zionist activities. Affairs. 5th World. Zionist Conf. in Vienna (1920). In 1920–22 - in Europe, member. Of the Executive Committee of the World. the Zionist Confederation. From 1922 it published gas. "Yidisher Arbeiter", from 1924 ch. ed. collegiums of journ. Juish Morning Journal. He also published it every month. zhurn. "Vanguard" in English. language.
TsADKIN Osip Alekseevich (present father Aronovich) (1890, Smolensk - 1967, Paris), sculptor. Studied in Vitebsk with I.M. Pen. In 1905–09 - in Great Britain, attended the School of Arts and Crafts in London. From 1909 - in France. Studied at the School of Fine Arts. On the creative. the formation of C. was largely influenced by the "Paris school". During the 1st world. wars - in French. army. From the end. 1910s began to actively engage in sculpture. Prod. Ts. Of those years testified to the enthusiasm for Russian. wood. sculpture and cubism, in which he, having mastered the generalization and geometrization of forms, retained visualization and psychologism. In the beginning. 1920s Ts .'s works lost their "blockiness", and bronze became their favorite material (Musicians, 1924). Author of portrait-metaphor. images of musicians, poets, writers (I.-S. Bach, A. Rembo, A. Jarry, Lautréamont, F. Mauriac) and more symbolic. comp. Orpheus (1929). Prod. this period is characterized by a certain whimsical baroque and expressive forms, dynamism combined with archaic. statics, which emphasizes the timeless nature of the images. Retrospective exhibitions were held at the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels (1933) and in the Parisian Gal. Montagne (1939). 1941–45 - in the USA. Since 1945 prof. academy Grand Chanier. Creative the impulses and suffering of man, caused by the cataclysms of the 20th century, were reflected in the works "Prisoners", "Pieta" and in the most famous works. Ts. - a monument to the destroyed Rotterdam (1947–53). The images of TANAKH - "Rebekah", "Return of the Prodigal Son", "David", "Samson and Delilah", "Prophet" occupy a significant place in Ts .'s work. Works by Ts. Are in the Pushkin Museum, the Museum of the Academy of Arts in Moscow, in many. museums Zap. Europe and the USA. Awarded Ord. Legion of Honor (1966).
TSADOK (Wilkenfeld) Chaim-Yosef (1913, Rava-Russkaya, Petrokovskaya Gubernia - 2002), politician. Graduated from Warsaw University and Yurid. school at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). Since 1935 - in E.I. In 1949-52 the deputy. jurid. adviser to the government of Israel. In 1965–66 min. trade and industry, in 1974–77 min. justice, simultaneously. (1974, 1977) min. on religious affairs. Dep. Knesset of the 3rd and 9th convocations (1955-77).
TSALKOVICH Isai Markovich (1897, Kozlov, Tambov province - 1977, Moscow), military engineer. Brigadier engineer. Graduated from 2 courses Petrograd. technol. in-that. Member RSDLP (b) since 1917.Since 1918 - in the Kr. Army. Participant of Civil. war. Graduated from Military-academic. Ing. courses (1920), served as the military commissar of military field construction. In 1921 he commanded a combined company of cadets during the assault on Kronstadt. After graduating from Military-Ing. academy (1925) - on the construction of border fortifications. From 1931 to the beginning. Ing. Faculty of Military Engineering academy, from 1932 beginning. headquarters of the academy, one of the organizers of the military-ing. service in the Red Army. Since 1936 Art. Rev. Department of Military Tactics. academy named after M.V. Frunze. Arrested in 1937, released in 1943. In 1943–45 - at the front, colonel. He taught at the Military-Ing. academy named after V.V. Kuibyshev.
TSALKIN Veniamin Iosifovich (1903, Nizhny Novgorod - 1970, Moscow), zoologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1947). Graduated from biol. separation physical-mat. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1928). In 1928–31 he was an assistant at the Department of Zoology, Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazeva. Since 1931 scientific. sotr. Vses. in-that mor. fish farming and oceanography, participant of the exp. to Franz Josef Land and other regions of the Arctic (1933–34); in 1935–38 he worked at the Kerch branch of the Institute. In 1938-40 Art. scientific. sotr. Zoological. Museum of Moscow State University, in 1941-50 Assoc. biol. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. from 1946 - in Moscow. Department of the Institute of History of Material Culture (Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1950 he founded the Institute of Paleosology. (osteological) office, which was in charge until 1970. Since 1966, vice-president. Moscow about-va of nature testers. Author of over 200 scientific. works on the morphology, development, nutrition and reproduction of carnivorous, pinnipeds, cetacean mammals; taxonomy and morphology of artiodactyls; the definition of the tree. animals by research. bone remains from archaeological. excavations; dynamics of animal habitats in connection with anthropogenic impacts. Vol .: Mountain rams of Europe and Asia. M., 1951; Siberian mountain goat. M., 1960; Ancient animal husbandry of the tribes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. M., 1966; The oldest domestic animals in Eastern Europe. M., 1970.
TsAM Hertsel Yankelevich (1843 or 1844, Goringrod of Rivne u. Volyn province - 1915, Tomsk), officer of the Russian army. Captain (1893). From 1852 - cantonist, served in Tomsk. In 1876 he passed the exam and was promoted to ensign. Staff Captain (1887). From 1893 - retired, lieutenant colonel. Accepted the asset. participation in the activities of the Jewish community of Tomsk. Vol .: History of the emergence of a military prayer school for soldiers in Tomsk. Tomsk, 1909.
TSANIN Mordkhe (b. 1906, Sokolov, Sedletskaya province), writer, publicist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Lit. started his activity in 1928. He published reports, stories, literary criticism. Art. in Warsaw periodicals. ed. In 1937–39 he collaborated with the journal. Biher Naes in Warsaw. Since 1939 - in E.-I. In 1947-56 the Israeli correspondent. gas. Forverts. From 1949 ed. gas. Lecte Naes (Tel Aviv). Prev Israeli Union of Yiddish Writers and Journalists. The author of the book: "Vivat, Lebn!" ("Vivat, life!" Warsaw, 1933), "Oif sumpiker erd" ("In the swamps", ibid., 1935), "Vugin gate Yapan" ("Where is Japan going". Tel Aviv, 1942), " Oif di vegn fun yidishn goirl ”(“ The Roads of Jewish Destiny ”, ibid., 1966),“ Erusholaim un Roim ”(“ Jerusalem and Rome, ”ibid., 1967–68), etc. Comp. Dictionary of Hebrew-Yiddish (Tel-Aviv, 1960) Vol .: On the Other Side of Time. Tel Aviv, 1993.
TSEDERBAUM Alexander Osipovich (1816, Zamoć, Lublin Voivodeship - 1893, St. Petersburg), publisher, journalist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1840 - in Odessa, actively participated in the life of the local community. In 1858 he was translated into the Hebrew language. Art. NI Pirogov "Odessa Talmud-Torah", accompanying it with his essay on Jewish education. In 1860 he began publishing. gas. "Gamelitz". In 1862–71 as an app. to "Gamelitz" published a weekly in Yiddish. "Kol Mevaser", attracted Mendele Moicher-Sforim, A. Goldfaden, ML Lilienblum and others to participate in it. In 1871 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he continued publishing. "Gamelitz", turning it in 1886 into a daily. gas. In 1871–73 he published in Russian. lang. gas. "Bulletin of Rus. Jews ”, in 1881–90 - weekly. "Yidishes Folksblat" (in Yiddish). In his publicistic. Art. Ts. Touched upon the most pressing problems growing up. Jewry, opposed the accusations of ritual murders of Jews, and others. Participated in the Palestinian movement. Thanks to the troubles of C. Min-in int. affairs approved in 1890 the charter of the Society of Aid to Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine ("Odessa K-t"). Ts. Tolerated the assimilationist sentiments of a part of the Jewish intelligentsia, advocated the involvement of the broad masses grew. Jewry to Rus. and peace. culture. Hopes for a change in the situation grew. Ts. associated Jews with reformist activity grew. government.
TSEDERBAUM Fedor Isayevich (party ps. Dnevnitsky) (1883, Petersburg - 1937), a participant in the revolutionary movement. Cousin of Y. Martov, V.O. Levitsky, S.O. Ezhova, L.O.Dan, N.O. Kranikhfeld. In his youth he joined the Social-Democrats. movement, supporter of G.V. Plekhanov, secretary. the editorial board of the "Diary of a Social Democrat" published by him (hence the party ps.). In 1907-10, a Menshevik party member, from 1914 - an oboronet, was a member of the group created by Plekhanov. "Unity". To the events of Oct. 1917 reacted sharply negatively, opposed any agreements with the Bolsheviks, sided with the Mensheviks "activists", shared their platform and slogans calling "with all his might" to fight against the "Bolshevik dictatorship." In 1926–36 he was imprisoned. In 1937 he was arrested and shot. Son of Ts. - Victor Horodchinsky (1913, Vyborg of the Grand Duchy of Finland - 1937, Chelyabinsk), a student. Menshevik movement, in 1929 arrested, imprisoned in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. He was released in 1932 and arrested again in the same year. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Shot.
TSEKHNOVITSER Mark Moiseevich (1890, Stary Oskol, Kursk province - 1945, Moscow), microbiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1924), prof. (1930), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944). Graduated from natural sciences. (1913) and honey. (1915) Faculty of Kharkov University. Since 1911 - in the Kharkov bacteriological. in-those (since 1925 head of the immunological department, since 1932 scientific head of the institute), simultaneously. (since 1923) at the Tuberculosis Institute, the Kharkov Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, the 1st Kharkov honey. in-those. In 1935–38 he headed the control department. bacterial preparations of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1942 deputy. dir. Centre. in-that control of serums and vaccines in Moscow. Since 1944, member. Bureau of the Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Epidemiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Author of over 80 scientific. works, most of which are dedicated. microbiology and immunology of tuberculosis. H. dealt with the problems of epidemiology and immunology children. infections, rickettsial infections, cerebrospinal meningitis, typhus, wound infections, allergies. Proved the harmlessness of a live tuberculosis vaccine and its immunogenicity. He worked on the creation of a dry BCG vaccine, lay down. and prophylactic anaerobic sera, developed the technology of their production. Member prez. Academic Council of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health, Deputy. prev. Vses. about-va of microbiologists, epidemiologists and infectious disease specialists, chl. Vses. BCG commission. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1943). Cit .: Anti-tuberculosis vaccination with BCJ culture according to Calmette. Kharkov, 1925.
ZELTNER Zeev (Vladimir) (1909, Kiev - 1977, Tel Aviv), lawyer. He studied at high fur boots in Berlin, Leipzig, Heidelberg and Paris (Sorbonne). From 1936 - in E.-I .; lawyer, member. env. court Tel Aviv - Jaffa (1949–77), his pre. (1965–77). At the same time. in 1964 the dean of the law. faculty, since 1970 prof. un-that in Tel Aviv. State Israel Ave (1971).
TSELKOV Oleg Nikolaevich (b. 1934, Moscow region), painter. Studied at Moscow. Wed artist school (1949–53), in the Minsk theater. artist Institute (1954). Excluded for formalism. Entered the Academy of Arts im. I.E. Repin in Leningrad (1955), expelled for formalism. Graduated from Leningrad. theater. Institute, specializing in stage artist-technologist (1958). Since 1956 he has participated in "apartment viewing" underground artists, in "unofficial" exhibitions in the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1965), the Institute of Atomic Energy. IV Kurchatov (1966), pavilions of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements (1975), etc. Since 1977 - in France. Exhibited in plural. European countries and the USA. In 1987, 1988–90, 1995 personal exhibitions were held in Moscow and Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Ts. Creativity has its roots in the Leningrad school. "Underground", for which the understanding of life as a theater is characteristic. Ts .'s paintings - images, masks, clichéd projections on human faces - give birth to space - cold, tense, aggressive: "Group portrait with a medal", "Self-portrait with Rembrandt on his birthday on July 15", "Woman's portrait", "Scream". Prod. Ts. Are kept in private collections in Russia, Japan, France, and the USA.
TSEMAKH Naum Lazarevich (1887, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1939, New York), actor, director, theater worker. In 1909–17, he organized and participated in amateur troupes that played Yiddish. Founder, hands. and dir. t-ra-studio in Hebrew "Habima", opened in 1918 in Moscow. Romantic. actor, Ts. played in this t-re roles: Prophet ("The Eternal Jew" by D. Pinsky, 1920), Tzadik ("Gadibuk" by S. An-sky, 1922), Edom ("Jacob's Dream" by Ber-Hoffman, 1925 ) and others. In 1926, together with the troupe, he left for the USA, then for E.-I., where in tech. for several years there was a deer. t-ra Beit-Am. Ts. Was looking for new ways and forms of stage performance. expressiveness, sought to create a synthesized stage. art that overcomes language barriers.
TSEMAKH Shlomo (1886, Plonsk, Warsaw Province - 1974, Jerusalem), writer. In his youth he participated in the Zionist movement. From 1903 - in E.-I. In 1905 - one of the founders of "Ga-Poel ha-Tsair". In 1909-14 - in France. He studied philosophy and literature at the Sorbonne, graduated from the Higher. s.-kh. Institute in Nancy. In 1914-18 he taught at the Khinukh gymnasium in Warsaw, in 1918-20 - in Odessa, taught at Uchit. in-those, edited the almanac "Eretz". In 1921 he returned to E.-I. He taught in the village - x. school "Mikve Israel". In 1932–36, the director. s.-kh. schools on the town of Tavor. Ts .'s literary debut - rum. Eliyahu Margalit (Warsaw, 1919) is the first decadent rum. in Hebrew. In the 1940s and 60s. published in pl. periodic. ed. in Hebrew, in private in the journal. "Moznaim", ed. to-rogo there was a certain time. The author of stories, therefore. the degree of autobiographical, memoirs "Shana rishona" ("The first year", 1952). As a critic, he advocated the preservation of the nat. traditions in literature and for refusal to borrow. In 1953-57 ed. zhurn. Behinot. State Israel Ave (1965). Cit .: The first year. Tel Aviv, 1976.
TSEMAKH TSEDEK (real name and fam. Menachem-Mendel Shneerson) (1789-1866, Lubavichi, Orsha district, Mogilev province), rabbi. Grandson of Schneier-Zalman from Lyad, son-in-law of Doiv-Bera from Lubavitch. From 1827 he headed the Lubavitch movement. In 1843 he took part in the congress of rabbis in St. Petersburg. He actively opposed the activities of the Haskala supporters. He was harassed by the authorities. Author pl. works on the philosophy of Hasidism, including "Or ha-Torah" (Berdichev, 1913), "Tsemakh Tzedek" (Vilna, 1884).
TSENTNERSHVER Mechislav Gavrilovich (1874, Warsaw - 1944, ibid.), Physicochemist. Doctor of Philosophy (1898), prof. (1917), ch. Krakow Academy of Sciences (1931). After graduating from Leipzig University (1898) he worked at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those (from 1917 prof.), then in Latvia. un-those (1919–29). Since 1929 prof. Warsaw University. Main scientific. work on chem. kinetics, metal corrosion, electrolysis. Investigated electrical conductivity and other properties of non-aqueous solutions. Developed (1903–09) new methods for determining critical. parameters of liquids. Investigated the kinetics of dissolution of metals in to-takh. He was engaged in the history of chemistry. Cit .: Critical temperature of solutions. SPb., 1903; Chemical affinity and its significance for technology. Pg., 1914; Lectures on inorganic chemistry. In 2 volumes. Riga, 1923–24; Essays on the history of chemistry. 2nd ed. L., 1927.
CENTCIPER Arkady Timofeevich (1884 -?), Economic leader. In 1908–09 a member. "Poaley Zion". In 1915–17, a foreman at the hand grenade factory in Saratov. In 1917, members. prez. and responsible sec. the organizing bureau of the Volga trade union bureau of metal workers. In 1918–23 members. prez. and deputy. prev. Saratov lips. Sovnarkhoz, in 1923 - 24 - Tsaritsyn province. economic council. In 1924-27 before. Stalingrad lips. Sovnarkhoz, manager of the local branch of the USSR Industrial Bank. In 1927-29 the beginning. Management of the building of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant ("Traktorostroy"). In 1928–29 he trained in the USA and Germany. In 1929-30, deputy. early Car building control. plant in Nizhny Novgorod ("Avtostroy"). In 1930–34 members. prez. and early. building materials sector Mosk. region economic council. In 1934-36 the beginning. sector of the turnover of the People's Commissariat of the USSR.
TSESARSKAYA Emma Vladimirovna (1909, Ekaterinoslav - 1990, Moscow), film actress. In 1928 she graduated from the Moscow Film School. B. Tchaikovsky. For the first time she starred in 1927 as a peasant woman Vasilisa ("The Ryazan Women"). Naib. Izv. her role as Aksinya (Quiet Don, 1931). Ts. Were especially successful in the role of simple, b. including peasant women. Among the roles: Praskovya ("Her Way", 1929), Nastya ("Judas", 1930), Vasilisa ("Love and Hate"), Feshka ("The Enemy Paths", both - 1935), Ivanova ("A Girl with Character" , 1939), Olga ("Women", 1940), a shank woman ("Bogdan Khmelnitsky", 1941), sister-in-law ("May Night", 1952), Nadezhda Bartashevich ("Leap Year", 1962). Honored. art. RSFSR (1935).
TSESARSKY Semyon Grigorievich (1894, Bolshaya Viska of Elizavetgradsky u., Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), civil engineer. Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Affairs. 8th All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (1920), which approved the GOELRO plan. He worked in the system of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR, from 1951 beginning. management of the building of hydroelectric power station of the Kovdinsky cascade, from 1963 beginning. "Sevgidrostroy" on the construction of hydroelectric power plants and hydraulic engineering. structures on the Kola Peninsula. Since 1967 deputy. dir. Energetic. in-ta them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky in Moscow. He was engaged in the introduction of new technology, produces. methods of installation of metal structures, etc. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1967).
TSESARSKY Vladimir Efimovich (1895, Odessa - 1938, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major of State Security. In the Red Army - from 1918.Since 1919, member. RCP (b), from 1923 in the organs of the GPU - OGPU - NKVD: an operative in Odessa, Kiev, in the Far East. Since 1929 he has been authorized by the Special Department. In 1937–38 the beginning. 8th (special) department Ch. State Security Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1938 the beginning. Directorate of the NKVD in Moscow and Moscow. region, early. management of the Ukhto-Izhimsky NKVD camp. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the first convocation. Repressed.
TSESSARSKY Albert Veniaminovich (b. 1920, Odessa), writer, doctor. Major honey. service (1943). Graduated from the 2nd MMI (1941). 1941–43 - at the front. In 1942–44 the beginning. honey-san. parts of partisas. detachment "Winners" under the command of DN Medvedev. After 1945 - in Mosoblzdrav. In 1962-65 the beginning. occupational health services of Mosoblzdrav. The author of the book. "Chekist" (M., 1960), "Life of Dmitry Medvedev" (M., 1969), "Scout" (about NI Kuznetsov. M., 1978); Sat. stories "When a friend is near", "Romantic stories"; book rec. "Notes of a partisan doctor" (Moscow, 1957).
TSETLIN Efim Viktorovich (1898, Mogilev - 1937, Ivanovo), politician, leader of the youth communist movement. In 1917-18 he studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School. One of the creators and hands. Union of working youth "III International" in Moscow. In 1918, before. The organizing bureau for the convocation of the 1st congress of the RKSM, at which the 1st previous was elected. Central Committee of the RKSM. Since 1919 - in Kr. Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1920-22, deputy. prev. Central Committee, secretary Central Committee and MK RKSM, at the same time. member MK RCP (b). In 1922–24 members. KIM Executive Committee, cases. 2-5th congresses of the RKSM. In 1923–24 he was illegal. work in Germany. In 1925–26 at the desk. work in Leningrad. In 1926–29 sotr. Secretariat of the ECCI, member. editorial board gas. "Pravda", head. by the secretariat of N.I.Bukharin. In 1927–37 - member. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b). In 1929–33 on the responsible. work in the Supreme Council of the National Economy and the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry of the USSR, in 1934–37 head. maintenance bureau of the Ural plant tyazh. machines in Sverdlovsk. In the 2nd floor. 1920s adjoined the so-called. Bukhara school, three times (1929, 1933, 1937) was expelled from the party, in 1933 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. Arrested for the second time in 1937, executed by firing squad: Five years. From the history of the Moscow organization of the RKSM. M., 1922; International Youth Day. M., 1924; German ultra-left and opposition. M. - L., 1927.
TSETLIN Mikhail Lvovich (1924, Moscow - 1966, ibid.), Cyberneticist, mathematician, physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Studied at Moscow State University. In 1942–47 - in the army (in 1942–45 - at the front). In 1953 he graduated from physics. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked at the radio engineering plant. equipment (1953–56), in Ying-those applied. mathematicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1957), in the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. One of the creators of owls. schools of cybernetics. Main research results. in game theory, theory of automata (problems of expedient behavior of automata, formulation of the hierarchical principle of constructing complex systems), computer science, physiology, mat. methods of biology. Joint. with IM Gelfand developed a method of non-local search, which they called "the method of ravines". Works: Research on the theory of automata and modeling of biological systems. M., 1969.
TSETLIN Mikhail Osipovich (ps .: Amari) (1882, Moscow - 1945, New York), poet, literary critic, critic, publisher. Member Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Since 1917 - in France and Switzerland. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Since 1919 - in France. In the 1920s. supported financially Russian. émigré writers, including I.A. Bunin. Collaborated with Paris. zhurn. "Modern Notes". Since 1941 - in the USA. One of the founders and first ed. "New journal". Cit .: Poems. M., 1906; Lyrics. Paris, 1912; Transparent shadows. Paris, 1920; Stories. Berlin, 1924; Decembrists. The fate of one generation. Paris, 1933; Blood in the snow. Paris, 1939; Five and others. New York, 1944; Small gift. M., 1993.
TSETLIN Vladimir Leibovich (1899, Odessa - 1971, Moscow), military leader. Major General (1940). In the Red Army - since 1918. Member of the Citizen. war. In 1924 he graduated from the courses of political workers. Political instructor of the squadron. In 1931 he graduated from cav. courses. Com. squadron, beginning. headquarters shelf. Since 1937 com. kav. divisions. Kombrig (1939). In 1941–44, deputy. teams. army, deputy. com. kav. housing. In 1944–45 com. kav. buildings, in 1945–50 com. divisions, in 1950–52 deputy. com. divisions. From 1952 - retired. He was awarded 8 orders.
TSETIOR Zinovy ​​Moiseevich (1914, Stavropol, Samara Gubernia - 1990, Moscow), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1958), prof. (1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). He graduated from Leningrad in 1939. electrical engineering in-t them. V.I.Ulyanov (Lenin). In 1941–42 he worked in besieged Leningrad at the plant of the People's Commissariat of the USSR. Since 1942 - in Moscow, for instrument making. s-de, in SKB, Mor. Research Institute of the Ministry of the Industry. Since 1956 - at the Applied Research Institute. mechanics of the Ministry of General Machinery (head of laboratory - deputy chief designer). Main scientific. work in the region. design of control devices art. and anti-aircraft installations for the military. ships. Participated in the development of the first gyroscopic in the USSR. sight stabilizer tank. guns. One of the creators of instruments for control systems of space. devices and missiles strategic. destination and other rocketry. Member of the program for the first manned space flight (1961). Linen. pr. (1957). State etc. (1968).
TSEIL Sergey Vladimirovich (1868 - 1915), military leader. Major General (1910). Graduated from Mikhailovskoe art. uch-shche and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. In 1896-1900, chief officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, during the Russian-Japanese period. wars 1904–05 - early. infantry headquarters. divisions. In 1905–08 the beginning. dep. General Staff. In 1908-13 early. Asian department Office of the Quartermaster General of the General Staff. During the 1st world. war was commanded by the infantry. division. Decorated with 9 orders.
TSEYTLIN (Zeitlis) Joshua (1742, Shklov of the Minsk Voivodeship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - 1822), entrepreneur, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Being engaged in trade, made up means. state. Since the 1770s. enjoyed the patronage of Prince. G.A. Potemkin, took contracts for the supply of goods and foodstuffs to Novorossiya and other regions that became part of Russia as a result of the wars of the 1770s-80s. with Turkey. After Potemkin's death (1791) he retired and bought a number of estates. On the estate Ustye near Shklov he built a palace, in which he placed his vast library. Author of commentaries on Sefer Mitsvot Katan (Small Book of Commandments, 1820).
Zeitlin Aharon (1898 - 1973), writer. Son of G. Zeitlin. First verse. and Art. in Hebrew published in Gaz. "Ha-Tkufa", "Ha-Shiloakh". In 1922 the first book was published. verse. Yiddish. From 1926 ed. gas. "Unzer Express". From early lyric. verse. C. moved on to philosophy, mystical, religious. productions, in which images of the Messiah and false prophets are often present (drama "Jacob Frank", 1929). In 1938, the play In No Man's Land was published in Warsaw, where the coming Catastrophe was predicted. Since 1939 - in the USA. He taught literature in Hebrew. Printed Art. in the New York magazine. Juish Morning Journal. Author of plays, novels, poems, collections of poetry.
TSEYTLIN Alexander (1872, Tiflis - 1943, New York), sculptor. He studied at the Vienna Royal Academy, then at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, where he lived approx. 20 years. Since 1915 - in the USA. Created a sculptor. portraits of pl. outstanding people of their time, such as M. Lieberman, E. Zimbalist, L.S. Auer, I. Zangwill, E. Zola, Jean de Retzke, P. A. Kropotkin, A. Einstein, M. A. Bakunin. For a sketch of the memory. prof. to the US leader Samuel Gompers received Amer Ave. Federation of Labor (1929).
TSEYTLIN Alexander Davidovich (1906, Melitopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1975, Moscow), conductor, teacher. Brother of M.D. Zeitlin. In 1936–59 he was concertmaster and ballet conductor of the Bolshoi Theater. Conducted the ball. "Svetlana", "Aistenok" by DL Klebanova and others. Arranger. The author of the ball. "Friendship". Since 1960 he taught at GITIS.
Tseutlin Alexander Grigorievich (1901, Ryazan - 1962, Moscow), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1946), prof. (1948). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1923). One of the ed. "Lit. encyclopedias ”(1928–34). Conducted teaching and research. work in the universities of Moscow, including in IMLI. In the 1920s and 30s. actively participated in discussions on the problems and methodology of literary conduct, being a supporter of the method of "vulgar sociologism". He was engaged in research. Russian lit-ry 19th century Author of the first university textbook in the USSR “Rus. liter of the first floor. XIX century. " (1940), comp. and ed. lit. collection of books, author of entry. Art. to the meeting. op. manuf. Russian classics. Cit .: Literary quotes from Lenin. M. - L., 1934; Pushkin's mastery. M., 1938; I.A. Goncharov. 1812-1891. M., 1950; Ryleev's work. M., 1955; Mastery of Turgenev as a novelist. M., 1958; Writer's work. M., 1962.
TSEYTLIN Alexander Lvovich (b. 1931, Moscow), civil engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1984), prof. (1988), ch. Transport Academy of Russia (1991). In 1953 he graduated from MADI. Author of projects and scientific. hands. construction and reconstruction of reinforced concrete bridges, including across the river. Dnieper in Smolensk, Kiev, Kherson, across the river. Moscow in Moscow, other rivers in the USSR and Israel. Member Int. org-tion on bridges and builds. structures (AIPIK). Author of over 100 scientific. works. Since 1993 - in Israel. Etc. CM USSR (1983). State pr. USSR (1989). Cit .: Prefabricated continuous reinforced concrete spans of bridges. M., 1983 (co-authored with L.V. Zakharov and N.M. Kolokolov).
TSEYTLIN Alexander Zakharovich (1891, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1976, Kharkov), surgeon. Prof. (1934), Dr. med. Sciences (1941). In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Don University in Rostov-on-Don. In 1918–20, a resident of a hospital surgeon. clinics in the same place; in 1920–23 resident, assistant of the Department of Faculty Surgery, Kharkov University; in 1923–34 assistant professor. hospital surgeon clinics of Rostov honey. in-that; in 1934–41 and in 1943–71 the head. departments of general, faculty surgery of Kharkov honey. Institute (in 1941–43 consultant of evacuation hospitals in Chkalovsk). Sci. tr. Ts. Dedicated question gastric and cardiovascular surgery. He was one of the first in the USSR to deal with the problem of vascular suture. On the initiative of Ts., Departments of thoracic surgery and anesthesiology were created in Kharkov. Vol .: Vascular suture. (Experience of its functional substantiation by the theory of main blood circulation). Kharkov, 1941.
TSEITLIN Aron Yakovlevich (1835, Minsk - 1904), rabbi. Graduated from the Vilna rabbinical institute. After graduating from the Institute he was a teacher, a rabbi, a learned Jew under the Kiev governor-general. Since 1897 - censor of Jewish books in Kiev. The author of Art. in decomp. Jewish period. publishing houses in rus. language.
TSEITLIN Boris Ilyich (b. 1945, Leningrad), director. In 1973 he graduated from dir. Faculty of LGITMIK. He worked in drama. t-rakh (Oryol, Vologda, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Leningrad, etc.). Since 1987 artist. hands. Kazan Youth Theater. Naib. means. performances: "An Ordinary Miracle" by E.L. Schwartz (1976), "The Glass Menagerie" by T. Williams (1977), "The Third Rocket" by V.V. Bykov (1979), "The Career of Arthur Wee" by B. Brecht (1980) , "The Cranes Are Flying" by V.S.Rozov (1983), "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare (1993) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1991). State pr. RF (1992).
Tseutlin Hillel (1871, Korma Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province - 1942), writer, journalist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Lit. activity began in 1899. Author of works about B. Spinoza (1900), F. Nietzsche (1905) and others. Since 1906 he published in periodicals. ed. "Hint" and "Der Moment" Art. by decomp. problems of Jewish life. Beginning in 1914, the mystical began to predominate in Tsar's work. mood. In his views on the "nature of mysticism" Ts. Proceeded from the concept of the mystical, irrational nature of Judaism. Naib. Ts .'s views were fully manifested in the work "The Alphabet of Judaism" (1922). The moods of loneliness and despair, characteristic of the work of the late Ts., Are reflected in the book. "Dmama ve-kol" ("Silence and Voice", 1936), which became a kind of confession and testament. Author of books on the philosophy of Hasidism. Died during a stage to Treblinka. Son Ts. - Elkhonon (1902, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1942, Warsaw), writer. In the 1930s. sec. Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists of Poland. In 1926 the founder of Gas. "Warsaw Express". Author Sat. poetry, Sat. essay on Jewish cultural figures, Vol. impressions of the trip to E.-I. and a number of other books.
Tseitlin Lev Moiseevich (1881, Tiflis - 1952, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1941). In 1897-1901 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from L.S. Auer. In 1902–05 - in Paris, he gave concerts as a soloist and chamber performer, worked as an accompanist in an orc. E. Colonna. At the same time. studied music-theoretical. science in the Parisian "Schola Cantorum". Arranged strings. quartet, with which he toured in France and Great Britain. An important role in the formation of music and aesthetics. views were played by the creator. communication and joint. playing music with K. Debussy, B. Bartok, G. Fore. In 1906 Ts. Returned to Russia. He gave recitals (for the first time in Russia he performed "Poem" by E. Chausson, violin concerto by J. Sibelius), worked as an orc accompanist. "Opera by S. I. Zimin" (1906–08), S. A. Koussevitsky (1908–17), the Bolshoi Theater (from 1917). He organized quartets (and played the part of the 1st violin in them) for them. Koussevitsky (1917), them. VI Lenin (1918–20). In 1922, on the initiative of Ts., The First Symphony was created. ans. without a conductor ("Persimfans"). In 1922–52 he taught at Moscow. cons. Among the students of Ts. Are A.K. Gabrielyan, B.S. Fishman, S.I.Furer, A.N.Gorokhov, B.E.Gol'dshtein, M.L.Zatulovsky, B.V. Belenky. One of the founders of Moscow. violinist. schools. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1927).
Tseutlin Mark Davidovich (1898, Melitopol, Tauride province - 1979, Krasnodar), dancer, choreographer. Brother of A.D. Zeitlin. He graduated from the ballet courses of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow (1925). In 1924–25 he worked in Moscow. t-re ball. for children, in 1926–38 - in a number of t-dits of Ukraine (dancer and ballet master). Staged the bal .: "Red Poppy" by R.M. Glier (Right-bank mobile t-r op. And bal., 1928), "Ferengi" by B.K. Yanovsky (Levoberezhny mobile t-r. And bal., 1935) and others. As a dancer he performed characteristic roles: Li Shanfu (Red Poppy), Pan Kanevsky (Pan Kanevsky by MI Verikovsky), Abderakhman (Raymonda by AK Glazunov), etc. In 1938–47 ch. choreographer of the Gorky Theater, op. and the ball. them. A.S. Pushkin, staged a ball. "Esmeralda" and "The Little Humpbacked Horse" by C. Punya (1938, 1939), "Raymonda" (1940), "Swan Lake" by PI Tchaikovsky (1943), "A Vain Precaution" by P. Hertel (1944). In 1955–61, Ch. ballet master of the Turkmen theater op. and the ball. them. Makhtumkuli in Ashgabat. Author libre. ball. "The Motherland Calls" (music. Kh.A. Allanurov, 1942) and "Students" (music. IV Yakushenko, 1964), post. in t-re them. Makhtumkuli.
TSEITLIN Mikhail Semenovich (b. 1947, Bobruisk), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1987). A doctor by training. Champion of Moscow (1977). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, including in Pernik (1977, 1st m.), Nałęczów (1979, 1-3rd m.), Prague (1983, 1985, 1st m.).
TSEYTLIN Natan Sergeevich (1872 - 1930s), publisher. In 1896 he founded in St. Petersburg with finance. support "Bibliographic. in-ta Meyer "(Leipzig) publishing company" Prosveshchenie ", which produced capital scientific and popular. ed. in the lane. with him. lang. All R. "All Nature" was published "The Life of Animals" by A. Brehm, "Man" by L. Ranke, "Ethnology" by F. Ratzel, "History of the Earth" by M. Neimayer and others. "World Library" ed. Full collection op. A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, C. Dickens, E. Zola, Guy de Maupassant and others. Naib. cr. publishing project Ts. - "Big Encyclopedia" in 22 volumes, published in 1900–09, ed. S.N. Yuzhakova. Ts. Also issued ed. on art, including "History of art of all times and peoples" K. Verman and others. Thanks to the initiative of Ts. in pl. in the cities of Russia branded books were opened. shops of the t-va "Education". In 1922 the publishing house was liquidated (over the 26 years of its existence, the publishing house of St. 500 titles of the book). The further fate of Ts. Is unknown.
TSEYTLIN Shlomo (1892, Chashniki of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1976, USA), historian, philologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1917). In 1908 he attended the Oriental Studies Bar. D.G. Gintsburg (Petersburg). From 1909 - in France, in 1912 he graduated from the Jewish theologian. seminary in Paris with a doctorate in theology, passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1915 - in the USA. He taught Jewish history at the theological. in-those (1918–25) and rabbinic. literature at Dronsey College (1925–43). The author of St. 400 scientific. works on the problems of ancient Jewish history, Hebraic studies, rabbinical. literature and source studies, including monograph. "The rise and fall of the Jewish state" (v. 1-2, 1968).
ZEITLIN William (1850, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1921, Leipzig), bibliographer. In his youth he wrote poetry and studied the lane. from rus. lang. From the beginning. 1870s - in Germany, he studied at the University of Berlin. In 1873 he placed in the journal. "Ga-Magid" first art. about the press in other Hebrew, later published Art. on the Hebrew Bibliography in Leipzig Gaz. and zhurn. Ch. tr. Ts. - bibliographic. the index "Library of Hebraic Postmendelsonian" (vols. 1–2. Leipzig, 1891–95, in German, bibliographic descriptions - in Hebrew), in which the book is taken into account and described. and Art., published in Old Hebrew. from the time of M. Mendelssohn (1729–86) to the end. 1880s In 1905, in gas. "Zeitshrift für Gebraishe Bibliography" C. published an index of anagrams and pseudonyms sovr. Jewish writers. In the index "Library of Zionism" Ts. Described the literature on the problems of Palestinophilism and Zionism, published in 1852-1905. Ed. Central ed. biblographic. tr. P. Thomsen "Palestinian Literature" (vols. 1-4, 1908-27).
TsFASMAN Alexander Naumovich (1906, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya - 1971, Moscow), jazz pianist, conductor, composer. In 1920–23 he was a pianist and performer on percussion instruments in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1924–25 the head. muses. dep. Moscow dram. studios them. A.S. Griboyedov. In 1926, conductor, pianist, arranger in a jazz orc organized by him, from 1930 a pianist in a c / t. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. F.M. Blumenfeld. In 1933–34 he was concertmaster, Choreographic. uch-schA of the Big t-ra. In 1933–36 artist. hands. decomp. jazz orc. in Moscow. Was accused of propaganda of the "decadent" West. music. In 1939–46 he headed the Jazz Orc. Vses. radio in Moscow. He acted as a soloist for dec. orc., performing his own. arrangements are popular. owls. songs. Author of 2 concerts for FP. with orc. (with jazz orc., 1941; with estr.orc., 1967), music for performances of t-ra and c / f. He took part in the first performance in the USSR of Rhapsody in Blues by J. Gershwin. Honored. art. RSFSR (1957).
TsFASMAN Anatoly Zakharovich (b. 1928, Moscow), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1967), prof. (1972), acad. Transport Academy of the Russian Federation (1993). General Director of the 3rd rank (1987). Disciple of B.B. Kogan and P.I. Egorov. He graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute (1953), postgraduate study at the Department of Therapy of the Central Institute of Medical Education (1955–57), where he then worked as an assistant until 1967. In 1967–87, head. clinics dep. Scientific Research Institute hygiene. In 1988, at the Institute of Advanced Training of the Ministry of Railways, he founded and headed the first department of railway. medicine. Region scientific. research - the use of radioactive isotopes in the clinic, vopr. geriatrics, railway medicine. Developed issues of pathogenesis and treatment of sclerotic. systolic. hypertension. The founder of the teacher. directions to the railway medicine and its clinics. sect. One of the otv. ed. and the authors of the “Guide to railways. medicine ”(in 3 volumes, 1990–93). Prev Moscow scientific. about-va of gerontologists and geriatricians (1980–90). Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1995) Cit .: The use of radioactive chromium in the clinic. M., 1964; Systolic hypertension in older people. M., 1985; Clinical bases of railway medicine. T. 1–2. M., 1990–92 (et al.).
TsFASMAN Mikhail Anatolyevich (b. 1954, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1990). Son of A.Z. Tsfasman. Winner Intern. mat. Olympiads for schoolchildren (1971, Slovakia). Graduated from Moscow State University (1976). In 1976–79 and 1983–88 he worked in decomp. Research Institute. Since 1988 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, leading scientific. sotr. At the same time. (since 1992) research director, lab. discrete mathematics Nat. center of scientific. research France (Marseille). Main scientific. interests in the region. algebraic. geometry. Studied algebraic-geometric. constructions of codes, lattices, packings of balls, and other discrete objects. Discovered codes that improve izv. asymptotic boundaries. Contributed to the theory of error-correcting coding. Discovered a connection between algebraic. geometry, number theory and discrete mathematics, information theory. The author of St. 50 scientific. publications, including monograph. “Algebro-geometric. codes "(Holland - USA, 1991, et al.). Etc. Int. in-that engineer. electrical engineering and electronics (1983).
TSIDILKOVSKY Isaak Mikhailovich (b. 1923, Kiev), physicist. Acad. RAS (1994). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1951 he graduated from Kiev University. In 1953–57 he worked at the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1957 he organized and headed the lab. semiconductors in Ying-those physics of metals of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Sverdlovsk. Sci. work on the physics of semiconductors. Investigated thermomagnet. phenomena, predicted and discovered planar thermogalvanomagnets. effects in semiconductors. Studied quantum transport phenomena in strong magnes. fields under high pressure, as well as optical., magneto-optical. and microwave properties of semiconductors. Predicted and researched spin-tape and combiner. Shubnikov – de Haas resonances. Ts. Belong to the fundamental research. gapless semiconductors. The author is numerous. scientific. Art. and 8 monographs. Etc. them. A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences (1972). State USSR pr. (1982). Works: Electrons and holes in semiconductors. M., 1972; Band structure of semiconductors. M., 1982; Electronic spectrum of gapless semiconductors. Sverdlovsk, 1991.
TSIFRINOVICH Marta Vladimirovna (b. 1924, Moscow), pop artist. Daughter of V.E. Tsifrinovich. Graduated from courses dir. puppet theater at the Center. t-re dolls (1946). In 1948–51 hands. Children. puppet theater at the Central House of Arts (Moscow), since 1951 - in the Minsk Philharmonic, since 1956 - in the Mosconcert. In 1981 she created and headed Experi. pop-puppet theater, where she staged the play "Fire of Hope" (based on the painting by P. Picasso). Laureate of the International. festivals of puppet t-moats in Hungary (1973) and Poland (1983). Nar. art. RF (1996).
TSIFRINOVICH Vladimir Efimovich (1897, Zhuravki of Piryatinsky district of Poltava province - 1938), economic leader. Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). In the 1920s. on desks. work. In 1928-29 the 1st sec. Bauman District Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in Moscow. Since 1930, managing director Vses. Trust "Soyuzkali", hands. building and the first director. potash plant and magnesium plant in Solikamsk. Repressed.
TSIGAL Viktor Efimovich (1916, Odessa - 2005), graphic artist, sculptor, painter. Ch.-c. PAX (1996). Brother V.E. Tsigal. In 1938 he graduated from Moscow. region artist memory school 1905. In 1943–45 - in the army. In 1946 he graduated from Moscow. in-t fig. lawsuit. Among the main. graphical works: fig. military. years, ser. Altai (1957), In Holland (1961–78), Sea of ​​Azov (1965–66), Fishermen of Azerbaijan (1965–73), Uzbekistan (1984). The author of ill. to ed. for children: "White Fang" by J. London (1946) (thesis), stories by Leo Tolstoy, J. London, manuf. V.V. Mayakovsky, K.G. Paustovsky, S.Ya. Marshak. A significant place in Ts .'s work is the portrait: "Portrait of Mirel in a Blue Jacket" (1976), "Guest. Carnival "(1982, both - oil), etc. In sculpture of small forms are used decomp. materials: metal, wire, ceramics. Among the products. decor.-app. art: candlestick "Bull" (1966, ceramics), chandelier "Golden Birds" (1978, brass), lantern "Owl" (1970, iron, frosted glass), frames - "Mirror with a carriage" and "Mirror with ships "(Both 1968–71, black metal). Participated in all. and rep. exhibitions since 1942. Personal exhibitions took place in Moscow (1954), Belgrade (1968), Warsaw (1969), Dar es Salaam (1975), Moscow, Leningrad and Vienna (all three - 1987). In 1996, Ts .'s memoirs "The Life of an Artist" (Moscow, "Galart") were published. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum and other museums in Russia. Silver. medal of the Academy of Arts (1960). State pr. RSFSR them. I.E. Repina (1987).
TSIGAL Vladimir Efimovich (b. 1917, Odessa), sculptor. Acad. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1978). Brother V.E. Tsigal. In 1937 he entered Moscow. in-t fig. lawsuit. In 1941–45 - at the front, in 1948 he graduated from the Institute. The works are made in the genre of a monument. sculptures, among which: memory. "Vladimir Ulyanov" (Kazan, Ulyanovsk, both - 1954, bronze, granite), memorial. N.F. Filatov (Moscow, 1960, bronze, granite), "To the Victims of Fascism in Mauthausen" (Austria, 1962, bronze, granite), M. Dzhalil (Kazan, 1967, bronze), S.A. Yesenin (Moscow, 1972, bronze), R. Zorge (Baku, 1981, Moscow, 1985, both - bronze, granite), the memorial complex “Heroes of the Civil. war and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45. " (Novorossiysk, 1972–82, bronze, granite, concrete), the figure of George the Victorious on the dome of the Senate building in Moscow. Kremlin (together with his son - A.V. Tsigal, 1995, bronze). Has executed more than 20 portraits: A.V.Suvorov (1959, marble), I.M. Tchaikov (1965, bronze), M.A. Svetlov (1965, bronze), R. Kent (1967, marble), etc. Among comp. Ts .: "Young Paratrooper" (1948, bronze), "People's Volunteer" (1952, bronze), "Anne Frank" (1969, bronze), "Nude" (1980, marble), "Nude in the block" (1984, marble). Made more than 600 drawings. on Malaya Zemlya (1943), on the ships of Chernomor. and Balt. fleets. Prod. Ts. Are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, museums of the CIS and private collections in the USA, Great Britain, France and other countries. Honored. cultural worker of the NDP (1974), people. artist USSR (1978). Became. etc. (1950). State pr. RSFSR them. I.E. Repin (1966). Linen. etc. (1984).
ZIGELBOIM Shmuel-Mordechai (party ps. Comrade Arthur) (1895, Lublin province - 1943, Great Britain), politician. Member Bund. In 1917 cases. school desks. exit from Chelm. From 1920 to desks. work in Warsaw, since 1924 member. Central Committee of Bund, later - secretary. Nat. to-that of the Jewish trade unions of Poland, member. Centre. commission headed by the socialist. trade unions of Poland, before. trade union of tanners. Since 1926, member. munitz. Council of Warsaw, since 1936 - Lodz. After the occupation of Warsaw (September 1939), the representative of the Bund in the Warsaw Judenrat tried to oppose the creation of the Warsaw ghetto. By order of the Bund leadership at the beginning. 1940 left Poland, made a report on the situation in the country at a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Socialist. International in Brussels. In 1940–42 - in the USA, from 1942 - in Great Britain (Bund representative in the National Council of the Polish Prospect in exile). Repeatedly made calls to organize mass actions against the extermination of Jews by the Nazis in Poland and other countries. Shocked by the brutal suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising and the atmosphere of indifference to the tragedy of the Jewish people, he committed suicide. The suicide letter, in which Ts. Explained the motives of his action, caused a large society. resonance in the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.
TSIGELNIK Abram Yakovlevich (1892, Riga - 1973, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1936). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1917), worked in infectious diseases. hospitals, in 1919–20 - in Kr. Army. Since 1924 - in Leningrad: assistant in the State. in-those honey. knowledge (1924), scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Research Institute of Tuberculosis (1925–27). From 1932 - in the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those, head. Department of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (until 1971). Sci. tr. Ts. Dedicated ch. arr. question phthisiology and pulmonology. One of the organizers of scientific. about-va of phthisiatricians of Leningrad. Member Int. anti-tuberculosis union (since 1957). Cit .: Bronchiectasis. L., 1948; Mixed infection with pulmonary tuberculosis. L., 1968 (et al.); Corticosteroid therapy for respiratory failure in pulmonary tuberculosis. L., 1970 (et al.).
TSIGELNITSKAYA Fanya Abramovna (party ps. Feiga, Valya) (1906, Bialystok, Grodno province -?), Party leader. Graduated from the Communist. un-t in Moscow (1930). In 1923–25 hands. Centre. school desks. communication of the Communist Party Zap. Belarus (KPZB), in 1926 sec. Pinsky and Baranovichi district committees of the KPZB. In 1927-28, members. Time. regional secretariat of the Central Committee of the KPZB, in 1932–33 authorized by the Central Committee of the KPZB in the Vilna region. and Chl. regional secretariat of the Central Committee of the KPZB. Arrested Polish. authorities, until 1938 was serving a prison sentence. After joining Zap. Belarus to the USSR (1939) worked in Bialystok. Since 1943, member. operational gr. Of the Bialystok Underground Regional Committee of the CP (b) B, in 1944–63 on the desk. and owls. work.
Central Executive Committee of the USSR, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1926), Steel. pr. (1941).
TSIKLIS Daniil Semenovich (1911 - 1978, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. Graduated from the Moscow Art and Technology Institute (1936). From 1941 he worked in the State. n.-i. and design institute of the nitrogen industry and organic products. synthesis. Main tr. in the region. chem. thermodynamics of gases and high pressures in gas. environments. Joint. with I.R.Krichevsky discovered (1941) a new type of phase equilibria of the gas-gas system at high pressures. Received photos of the interface between gas. layers. He created an installation for studying the compressibility of gases at pressures up to 10 kbar and temperatures up to 4000C. Became. pr. (1943) Vol .: Layering of gas mixtures. M., 1969; Technique of physicochemical research at high and ultrahigh pressures. 4th ed. M., 1976; Dense gases. M., 1977.
TSILEVICH Leonid Markovich (Maksovich) (b. 1925, Kharkov), philologist, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1983), prof. (1986). In 1951 he graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1952–94 the teacher. in Ped. in-those in Daugavpils - assistant, art. professor, assoc. (since 1964), prof., head. Department of Rus. and nick. lit-ry. The author of the book: “On the main direction. Vopr. development of modern. owls. a novel about the working class ”(Moscow-Leningrad, 1964),“ Plot and Idea ”(Riga, 1973),“ Fundamentals of Plot Study ”(ibid., 1990), etc. Ed. interuniversity thematic. collection of books, book. “Jews in Daugavpils. Historical sketches ”(Daugavpils, 1993). Member Chekhov Commission of RAS. Since 1994 - in Israel.
ZILBORG Gregory (1890, Kiev - 1959, New York), psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine (1926). Graduated from Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd (1917). In 1915-16 he served as a military man. a doctor. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917, secretary. in the Ministry of Labor Time. pr-va. In 1918 he participated in the publication of the daily. gas. in Kiev before the occupation of the city by the Germans. Since 1919 - in the USA. He was engaged in journalism, translated from Russian. lang. stories by L.N. Andreev, rom. EI Zamyatina "We". From 1926 - at the hospital in Bloomingdale, in 1929-30 - in the Psychoanalyst. in-those in Berlin. From 1931 he worked as a private psychiatrist. and psychoanalytic. practice. At the same time. worked in a lab. on the study of suicide, taught psychiatry in honey. college in New York. Author of works (in English.): "History of Medical Psychology" (1941, jointly with J. Henry), "Sigmund Freud" (1951), "Psychology of Crime and Punishment" (1954), "Freud and Religion" ( 1958).
TSIMBAL Sergey Lvovich (1907, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Theater critic. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. In 1929 he graduated from the Higher. lawsuit courses (Leningrad). In 1932–38, deputy. responsible ed. and Chl. of the editorial board of the journal. Worker and Theater, Art and Life. Collaborated in Leningrad. press, spoke with Art. and reviews of new plays and performances. 1941–44 - in the army. In 1946–47 he was in charge of the literary work. part of the T-ra comedy, taught at Leningrad. theater. in-those. In 1949, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism", he was criticized in the center. and leningr. print. In 1951, the book was published. Ts. "NK Simonov" (under the dog S. Ostroukhov), in 1957 - "The creative destiny of Pevtsov." Since 1959 - at LGITMIK. Author of the monograph and collection of works. articles. Articles Ts. Were published periodically. press, including in the journal. "Theater", "Neva". Works: Actor and playwright. Critical articles. L. - M., 1960; Evgeny Schwartz. L., 1961; Vasily Merkuriev. L. - M., 1963; Theatrical novelty and theatrical modernity. L. - M., 1964, 1977.
CIMBALIST Efrem Alexandrovich (1890, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army - 1985, Reno, Nevada, USA), violinist. Rod. in the family of a violinist and conductor. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. (class L.S.Auer; studied composition with N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov; gold medal, etc. A.G. Rubinstein). He made his debut in Berlin at the age of 18, giving concerts with leading orc. Europe. From 1911 - in the USA, performed with the Boston Symphony. orc. (for the first time in the USA he performed the Concerto for Violin and Orc. A.K. Glazunov). Several years performed with his wife, singer (soprano) Alma Gluck. From 1928 teacher, in 1941–68 director of Muz. Institute of Curtis (Philadelphia). Until 1949 he toured to many. countries of the world. In 1962-74 members. jury Intern. contests them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow). First performer (1952) dedicated. him Concerto for violin and orc. J.C. Menotti. The author of the op. Landara (1956), symph. poem "Portrait of the Artist" (1945), violinist. concert, chamber instru. cit., including strings. quartet in E minor, pl. solo pieces for violin, including fantasies on themes of op. "Carmen" by J. Bizet, "The Golden Cockerel" by Rimsky-Korsakov, suites isp. dances "Sarasateana".
TSIMBLER Iosif Veniaminovich (1892 - 1964, Moscow), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1934). After finishing honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1914) served as a military man. a doctor. In 1923–64 - at the Research Institute of Pediatrics of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (since 1934 head of the 2nd clinical department). Sci. tr. Ts. Dedicated ch. arr. problems of tuberculosis in children, physiology and pathology of young children. Fiziol was also engaged. justification of children's nutrition, vopr. avitaminosis, rickets, gastrointestinal and other diseases. Member reign of Vses. scientific. about children. doctors, deputy. prev. Moscow about children. Doctors, Vol .: Infiltrative forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in young children. M. - L., 1938; Nutrition of a child in the first years of life. M., 1947; Tuberculosis in children. M., 1955.
ZIMMERMAN Charles (Sasha) (1896, Kiev -?), Public and trade union leader. From 1913 - in the USA, worked at sewing factories, from the middle. 1910s participated in prof. movement, since 1916 member. Int. trade union of ladies' tailors (from 1943 prez.), adjoined the socialists. In the 1920s. member US Communist Party. In 1924 he organized the United Trade Union of Upper Producers. and lower. linen. In the beginning. 1930s broke with the communists, fought with their influence in the trade unions. The head of the Amer Trade Union Council. Workers' Party, later joined the Liberal Party (member of its administrator and executive committee). Participated in the work of societies. org-tion "Americans for Democratic. action ”and the Fair Employment Commission. In 1949, he headed a company created with the participation of trade unions for the construction of cheap housing in Israel. From 1957 before. K-that for citizens. Amer rights. Federation of Labor - Congress of Industries. trade unions (AFL-KPP). In 1968–72 prez. Jewish Working Committee.
ZIMMERMAN Genrikh Solomonovich (1888, Warsaw - 1969, Moscow), otorhinolaryngologist, neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1954). In 1915 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Bremen (Germany). He worked as a zemstvo doctor. In 1918–24 - in Kr. Army. In 1924–30 - at the otorhinolaryngology clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University; in 1930–41 - in Moscow. Research Institute of Neurosurgery, where he organized and headed the Department of Otoneurology. In 1941–45, a neurosurgeon in an evacuation hospital in Kazan. Since 1945 - at the Research Institute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, then at the Research Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sci. tr. Ts. Dedicated ch. arr. diseases internal. ear for brain tumors, hydrocephalus, craniocerebral trauma, clin. and experimental-histological. problems of the function of the otolith apparatus, Meniere's disease. Cit .: Introduction to otoneurology. Sverdlovsk, 1947; Clinical Otoneurology. M., 1952; Ear and brain. M., 1974.
ZIMMERMAN Yakim (? -?), Teacher. In 1836 he entered the un-t in Kiev (the first Jew in this un-those). In 1837 he converted to Orthodoxy. After graduation. University - prof. Department of the Encyclopedia of Law of the Lyceum in Nizhyn. Later - Deer. Zhytomyr rabbinical school.
ZIMMERMAN Yakim Konstantinovich (1817-1887), teacher. In 1836 he entered the un-t in Kiev (the first Jew in this un-those). In 1837 he converted to Orthodoxy. After graduation. University - prof. Department of the Encyclopedia of Law of the Lyceum in Nizhyn. Later - Deer. Zhytomyr rabbinical school. Action stat. advisor.
TSINBAL Arkady Avraamovich (literary ps. Dergachev) (? -?), Journalist, publisher. In the 1900s. lived and worked in the Trans-Baikal region. During the Revolution of 1905–07, he published and edited a newspaper in Chita. "Commercial. bulletin of announcements ”(1906),“ Voice of Transbaikalia ”(1906, closed by the governor-general for“ harmful direction ”),“ Bargaining. courier "(1908), weekly. humorous. zhurn. Zugunder (1910). Later he moved to Sretensk, edited the gas. "East. Transbaikalia "(1914). The further fate is unknown.
ZINBERG Izrael (Sergei Lazarevich) (1873, Lanovtsy of Kremenetsky u. Volyn province - 1939), literary critic. Doctor of Philosophy (1898). Graduated from the Polytechnic. Institute in Karlsruhe, chemical engineer. Studied philosophy at Basel University. From 1898 to the beginning. chem. lab. Putilovsky plant. Lit. he began his activity in 1890, having issued a popular scientific journal. book Yiddish. Published articles on chemistry in Russian. and it. lang. in spec. periodic. zhurn. One of the founders of the publishing house "Di Naye Libraries" for the publication of books in Yiddish (early 1900s). Was known as lit. critic, journalist. The author of the article, dedicated. cultural and social problems of the Jewish society, in decomp. Jewish periodicals ed. Lead the post. sect. "Review of the Jewish Press" in the journal. "Sunrise". Participated in the ed. alm. "Experienced" and "Jewish Antiquity". In 1903 he published in the journal. "Voskhod" a review article about literature in Yiddish, edges in tech. for a long time served as a source of information for those who were interested in literature in Yiddish. Collaborated in the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (separate literature in Hebrew and Yiddish), member. East and ethnogr. about-va of Petersburg. Author of "History of the Jewish Press in Russia in connection with social trends" (1916), monum. tr. "Geshikhte fun der literatur bai idn" ("History of Jewish literature", in 8 volumes. Vilno, 1929–37). Arrested in 1938.
TsINDELIS Boris Izrailevich (1916, Rakishki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). At the front - since 1942. Gunner art. guns of private Ts. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for heroism and courage shown in battle in the area of ​​the village of Plyaikishken (Lithuania).
ZION Ilya Faddeevich (1842, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1912, Paris), physiologist. Doctor of Medicine (1865), prof. (1870). In 1858–64 he studied at the Warsaw medical-surgeon. academies, high fur boots of Kiev, Berlin. In 1865–68 he worked in Germany and France; in 1866–72 - in St. Petersburg. un-those. In fiziol. lab. Ts. Completed his first work I.P. Pavlov. In 1872–75 prof. Department of Physiology Petersburg. honey - surgeon academy, where for the first time accompanied the reading of lectures by demonstrating experiments, laid the foundation for practical. studies, equipped fiziol. study led the evening. experimental course physiology of respiration and blood circulation for doctors. In 1875 he was dismissed from the academy due to extremely reactionary views, which led to conflicts with the liberal-minded professors and caused a sharp demonstration of students. From 1875 - in Paris, worked for K. Bernard, then in his own. fiziol. lab. Representative of Russian Ministry of Finance in Paris (until 1891). Tr. on the physiology of blood circulation and nerve. systems. Established the role of the cardio-aortic (depressor) nerves in the regulation of the heart and in maintaining the constancy of blood pressure (with the German physiologist K. Ludwig). Discovered the accelerating effect of the sympathetic. nerves to heart contractions. Studied the role of the liver in the synthesis of urea and lipoids. Carried out work on the study of the role of receptors int. ear in the spatial orientation of the body. Author of the first manual on physiology in Russian. lang. Etc. Parisian Academy of Sciences (1868). Works: Course of Physiology, Vol. 1–2. SPb., 1873–74; Fundamentals of electrotherapy. SPb., 1874; Scientific conversations. T. 1.SPb., 1880.
ZIPERMAN Leonid Aronovich (1929 - 1989, Moscow), lighting engineer. After graduating in 1953, MPEI worked in the State. design institute "Tyazhpromelektroproekt". Since 1964, Ch. Ing. electrical engineering dep. Office "Mosproekt-2". He headed the design and reconstruction of outdoor facade lighting in Moscow. The Kremlin, for the installation of electrical engineering. equipment of the Grand Kremlin Palace, lighting of the building Prez. USSR Armed Forces, the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. Took part in the creation of illuminates. installations in the Museum of V.I. Lenin, for the complex of adm. buildings on Kalinin ave., the Oktyabrskaya hotel on st. Dimitrova, sports. arenas in Luzhniki, facilities "Olympics-80" and others. Works: Electrical equipment of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. M., 1964 (in collaboration with S.A. Klyuev); Electrical part of lighting installations. M. - L., 1966 (co-authored with M.S. Ryabov); Arrangement, installation and operation of lighting installations. 2nd ed. M., 1976 (co-authored with M.G. Lurie).
ZIPERSON Lev Osipovich (1899, Vitebsk - 1963, Moscow), architect. Graduated from Vitebsk Art. uch-shche, student of M.Z. Shagal, K.S. Malevich. While studying at architect. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS (graduated in 1928) worked at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow, was fond of the artist. graphics, participated in architect. contests. He was engaged in the reconstruction of factories and the planning of settlements for the Urals, Kazakhstan and North. Caucasus (1928–29), worked in Central Asia. From 1932 - in Giprogor, Mosoblproekt, was engaged in the planning of cities and towns. In 1942–45 - at the front. After 1945 - in the Planning Bureau of the Moscow Oblast Executive Committee, he designed the prom. villages. The author of the book. and Art. on questions town building. Main works: projects of the Moskvoshvey factory, a state farm-university in Chimkent (1928–30), planning projects of Chimkent, Karaganda (1930–34), Podolsk, Solnechnogorsk, Zaraisk, Pushkin (1935–41), Domodedov (1945–48 ), planning and development of the slave. settlements, residential districts in Chelyabinsk, Kaluga, Klin, Zvenigorod, Krasnogorsk, Zagorsk, Karaganda.
Tsipursky Ilya Lazarevich (b. 1934, Moscow), athlete (sambo, judo), judge, trainer, specialist in the field of construction machines. Master of Sports of the USSR Intern. class (1971), judge of the international. (1972), extra-class (1984) categories. Kand tech. Sciences (1966), prof. (1993). Son of L.S. Tsipursky. In 1957 he graduated from MISS, since 1960 sotr. this in-that. Sambo began to practice in 1952 (middle weight). Member of the USSR championships: champion (1956, 1962), silver. (1959, 1963, 1967) and bronzes. (1960, 1961) prize-winner. Champion of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1957). European Judo Champion (1964). International Winner judo tournaments (1963, Poland; 1964 and 1966, France; 1965, Austria). Vice President Vses. (1978–91), Moscow. city ​​(since 1993) sambo federations. Member Executive Committee of the International Sambo Federation (FIAS, 1985–95). Prev Vses. (1978–91) and Intern. (1982-1991) Collegiums of Sambo Judges. Sambo coach (trained about 20 masters of sports) and judo (prepared the Russian team for the XV "Maccabiada", 1997, 2nd). The author of St. 100 scientific. works, mainly on trench excavators. Honored. physical worker culture of the RSFSR (1990). Brother Ts. - Vladimir (b. 1940, Moscow), sportsman (sambo), specialist in the field of construction machines. Master of Sports of the USSR (1959). Cand. tech. Sciences (1977). In 1962 he graduated from MISS. Since 1986 Assoc. Institute of advanced training of the building complex. Champion MGS DSO "Burevestnik" (1959–62), winner of the championships in Moscow and DSO "Burevestnik" (1960–62). brother C. - Lev Mironovich (1929, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), athlete (bicycle). Master of Sports of the USSR. Studied at TSGOLIFK. USSR record holder in the loop from a spot on 1000 m (1950). 12th at the Olympic Games in Helsinki (1952).
TSIPURSKY Lazar Solomonovich (1910, Orekhov, Berdyansk district, Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1975, Moscow), teacher. In 1935 he graduated from the Moscow Polytechnic Institute. In 1935–37 he worked in schools in Moscow (teacher, head of the educational department, director). In 1937–41 and 1947–49 in Moscow. state Jewish theater. uch-shche at GOSET (teacher, deputy director for academic work). 1941–47 in the army (1941–45 at the front). In 1949 he was arrested. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. In 1956–75 the head. Cabinet of Film Studies (Film Studies) VGIK.
TSIRELSON Leib-Yehuda-Moshe (Leib Moiseevich) (1859, Kozelets, Chernigov province - 1941, Chisinau), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1879 he was elected a spiritual rabbi in Priluki, Poltava province, from 1907 he held the post of state rabbi there. Since 1909, a rabbi in Chisinau, became famous as an orator and publicist (published in the newspapers "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira" and others, in 1902 he published a collection of poems in Hebrew). In 1910-17 before. Rabbinical Commission. During the "Beilis case" he spoke repeatedly in Russian. gas. against accusations of ritual killings of Jews, author of the text of the letter of protest to 315 rabbis. In 1912 he created a branch "Agudas Isroel" in Kishinev, which united the rabbis of Bessarabia. In the years of the 1st world. war organized large-scale aid to refugees. From 1918 - Ch. rabbi of Bessarabia. In 1919 he founded the Jewish grammar school and seminary "Magen David" in Chisinau. In 1922-26 dep. Romanian. Parliament, has repeatedly opposed the spread of anti-Semitism in the country. In 1926 he was elected a senator, but soon resigned in protest against the actions of the authorities who condoned anti-Semitic propaganda. In 1923 and 1929 he chaired the Congress. "Agudas Israel" in Vienna. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940) Ts. Was persecuted in the Sov. gas. Killed in July 1941.
TsIRELSON Yakov Isaakovich (1900, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1938), painter, muralist. In 1921-29 he studied at the VKHUTEMAS (VKHUTEIN) (Moscow) under L.A. Bruni, P.V. Kuznetsov, V.A.Favorsky, N.M. Chernyshev at the monumental department. Upon graduation (1929) he took part in painting the club of F.E.Dzerzhinsky's division. In 1930, c. For the monumentalists of the Academy of Arts painted by the club "Proletary", in 1932 he created a sketch of a panel (fresco) for the club of the printing house "Red Proletarian" in Moscow (not completed). Since 1931, member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Lawsuit to the masses", "For proletarian lawsuit". Member associations AHR (1928–31), OMAKhR, RAPH (1931–32). After the creation of the Moscow Union of Artists - before. revision. commission. In 1936 he took part in the exhibitions "Artists of the RSFSR for 15 Years" (painting "Discussing the Counter Plan"), "15 Years of the Red Army" (painting "Trench Truth", 1933). A number of portraits belonged to 1936: "S. Lazo", "A. Pomerantsev" and others. Participated in the festive decoration of the streets and squares of Moscow. In 1938 he was repressed. Works are in the State Russian Museum, Museum of Arts in the Karakalpak ASSR named after I.V.Savitsky (Nukus).
CIRIK Zinovy ​​Isaakovich (b. 1924, Kharkov), checker player. Grandmaster of the USSR in Russian. checkers (1962). A lawyer by training. In 1942–45 - at the front. USSR Champion 1951, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1964. Author of the book. “Russian checkers. Endings of games "(Moscow, 1959)," Checkers endgame "(Moscow, 1959)," A quarter of a century at the checkerboard "(Kharkov, 1965).
TSIRLIN Alexander Danilovich (1902, Kagarlyk of the Kiev district and province - 1976, Moscow), military leader. Colonel General of Engineering Troops (1945), Doctor of War. Sciences (1956), prof. (1958). From 1924 - in the Red Army, in 1929–31 com. art. batteries. In 1936 he graduated from the Military-Ing. academy. In 1937-40 Art. teacher, early. uch. dep., pom. beginning, from 1940 beginning. Leningrad. military-engineer uch-schA. In the summer of 1941, the beginning. Ing. troops of the Luga operational group. In 1942–43, deputy. early headquarters of eng. troops of the Red Army, in 1943-45 early. Ing. troops of the Steppe, 2nd Ukr., Transbaikal fronts. Major General Ing. troops (1943), general-leith. Ing. troops (1944). In 1948 he graduated from the Higher. military. academy. In 1946–61 the beginning. department at the Higher. military. academy (Academy of the General Staff). In 1961–69 the beginning. Military-Ing. academy. Since 1969 - retired. State pr. USSR (1967). Awarded with 12 orders.
TsIRLIN Igor Samuilovich (b. 1938, Moscow), specialist in the field of satellite communication systems and television and radio broadcasting. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). After graduating from Moscow. electrical engineering Institute of Communications since 1960 - at the Radio Research Institute (engineer, deputy director). With the participation of Ts. The first in the USSR complexes of equipment for tropospheric radio relay communication systems with distant sowing were developed. regions. From ser. 1960s participated in the creation of radio equipment for spacecraft "Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov", "Academician Sergei Korolev", "Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin" to provide space. communication and control of manned satellite flights. On the initiative and with the participation of Ts., A new generation of transportable satellite terrestrial receiving and transmitting stations has been developed, used in the organization of many. int. TV broadcasts. Participated in the development of satellite TV broadcasting systems "Ekran" (chief designer of onboard repeaters). He was the first to formulate and develop an approach to optimizing the principles of building satellite repeaters for given energy. and mass-dimensional characteristics. Head of JSC "Informkosmos". Author of over 60 scientific. print works. Linen. etc. (1981).
TSITOVSKY Efim Grigorievich (1920, Konotop, Chernigov province. - 1994, Lvov), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). From 1938 - in the Red Army, from 1942 - at the front. Com. battalion captain Ts. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown during the capture and holding of a bridgehead on the left bank of the Vistula in August. 1944. In 1946 he was transferred to the reserve with the rank of colonel. Graduated from the Donetsk Institute of Sov. trade (1963), headed the procurement. factory of the Lviv trust of canteens. He was awarded 7 orders.
CITRIN Walter Joseph (b. 1912, Kiev), entrepreneur, public figure. Graduated from the University of Brit. Columbia (1932) and Hong Kong University (1936). Engineer worked. at the SE Faber company, in 1940–46 - at the United Paper company (Shanghai). In 1942–45 the Japanese were interned. occupier. the authorities. In 1946 he became the head of United Paper and United Agencies (both in Hong Kong). Since 1953 - in Japan, vice-president. int. corporation "Textile". In the 1940s. member Council of the Jewish community of Shanghai, in 1949-50 before. reign of the Shanghai Jewish School, was a member of the leadership of a number of societies. and philanthropist. org-tions. In 1954 and 1957 - 60 members. will execute. to-that, from 1961 prez. Jewish community in Japan.
CITRON Shmuel-Leib (1860, Minsk - 1930, Vilno), writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1875–78 he studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. In 1877, in the journal. Ga-Magid published the first essay. Printed stories, critical. Art., essays on the history of literature, book reviews in the journal. "Ha-Kol", "Kol ha-Am", other Jewish editions. Member of the Hovevei Zion movement. Translated into Hebrew by the book. L.S.Pinsker "Auto-emancipation". From 1886 he worked annually. "Knesset Israel". One of the first to join the Zionist movement. As a correspondent. several periodic. ed. participated in 3 Zionist Congr. From 1903 he worked in gas. "Der tog" in St. Petersburg. From 1905 ed. and ed. gas. "Ha-Zman" in Vilna. In 1911–12, he published essays on the history of Jewish journalism in "Ga-Olam" and "Ha-Shiloakh". In 1914 he published in Odessa the 1st part of the book. "Toldot Hovevei Zion" ("History of the Hovevei Zion"). The author of the book: "Mapu ve-Smolenskin ve-sippurem" ("Creativity of Mapu and Smolenskin". Krakow, 1888), "Drey literary doyros" ("Three generations in literature." Vilno, 1920), "Meshumadim" ("Vykresty ", Ibid, 1921)," The Life of Theodor Herzl "(Warsaw, 1921)," Yotser ha-sifrut ha-Hebrew ha-hadasha "(" Contemporary Hebrew Literature. Vilno, 1922), "Anashim Ves-Sfarim" ("People and Books". Memoirs. Warsaw, 1923), "Lexicon Zioni" ("Dictionary of Zionism", ibid., 1924).
CITRON Wulf (Vladimir) Samuilovich (b. 1913, Minsk), cameraman. Prof. started his activity in 1930 at the Minsk newsreel studio. From 1943 - to the Center. studio doc. f. in Moscow, in 1945–53 at the Belarusfilm cinema. In Minsk he filmed stories for newsreel., Film essays and doc. f .: "The collective farm is a fortress of defense" (1939), "In the liberated Bialystok" (1940), "Twenty-five years of the BDT", "Minsk is reborn" (both - 1945), "The people's court" (1946), "Minsk" (1948), "Thirty Years of the BSSR" (1949), "Soviet Belorussia" (1951), "New Minsk" (1953). He took off f. "The Great Patriotic War ..." (1978, in the international box office - "Unknown War"), "From Red Square to the Red River" (1980), "Sofia - Russian Boulevard" (1981). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1990). Became. pr. (1946, 1951). State pr. USSR (1969).
TSITSIASHVILI Abon Yakovlevich (b. 1930, Kutais, Georgian SSR), historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1968), prof. (1995). Graduated from the Kutaisi state. ped. Institute (1953), taught at the Kutaisi ped. uch-shche (1959-60), scientific. sotr. branch of the Tbilisi Museum of VI Lenin (1960–71). Since 1971 - at the department of scientific. communism of the Tbilisi Polytechnic. in-that. Int. commentator for radio and television in Georgia (1963–94). Author of works on issues. ext. policies of the USSR, including "Zionism and Soviet Reality", "The Middle East: Two Approaches to Conflict Resolution", "Political Dialogue: West - East", "Ecology and Some Aspects of Interethnic Relations", "On the History of Georgian Jews" and others. At the beginning. 1970s took part in the anti-Zionist campaign.
TSIVIN Mikhail Lvovich (b. 1949, Moscow), ballet dancer. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow. choreographic. uch-shche. 1967–88 - at the Bolshoi Theater. The first performer of the roles of Salieri ("Mozart and Salieri" to music by W. A. ​​Mozart and A. Salieri, 1973), Cipollino ("Cipollino" by A. I. Khachaturian, 1977), Mercutio ("Romeo and Juliet" by S. S. Prokofiev, 1979) and others. parts: Evil Genius ("Swan Lake" by P. Tchaikovsky), Blue Bird, Baitemir ("Asel" by V.A. Vlasov), Archon ("Ikar" by S.M. Slonimsky), Victor ("Angara" by A. Y. Eshpaya). Evil medal, etc. 7th Intern. competition of young art. ballet in Varna (1974). Honored. art. RSFSR (1982). State pr. USSR (1977).
ZIVION (ps .; real name and fam. Benzion Hoffman) (1874 - 1954), publicist. Received higher education. tech. education. Member Bund since 1897. Lit. began his activity in 1895. From 1908 - in the USA. From 1909 ed. zhurn. "Ga-Yom". Published in New York Gas. Juish Daily Forward, journal. "Tsukunft". Participated in the ed. English-Yiddish encyclopedic. dictionary (1915). In 1948, the book was published. fav. works by Ts. "Far fuftzik yor" ("For 50 years"), ed. H.-Sh. Kazdan.
ZIZLING Aharon (1901, Narochevichi - 1964, Ein-Harod, Israel), public figure. From 1904 - in E.-I. Jewish slave activist. social movement. In 1941-42 members. Centre. command of Gagana. One of the founders of Palmach. Ts. Signature stands under the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel. In 1961-63 the head. dep. repatriation of the Jewish Agency. Dep. Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations (1949-55). In 1948 min. sat down. farms.
TsLAF Yakov Naumovich (1880, Prudniki of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1959, Kuibyshev), teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Phys.-Math. educated in the Samara ped. in-those. From 1904 he was a teacher in schools of Vilna province, Tomsk and Samara. Since 1913, dir. early Jewish school, since 1918 - a seven-year Jewish school in Samara. In 1913 he created a Jewish library in Samara. In the 1920s. headed the Jewish section of the lib. education, secret. regional board branch of OZET. After the closure of the Jewish school (1938) he taught mathematics in Wed. schools and universities of Kuibyshev. Author of works on the methods of teaching mathematics, early. education, family education. Honored. school teacher of the RSFSR (1940).
TSOMYK Hertz Davydovich (1914, Mogilev - 1981, Sverdlovsk), cellist, teacher. Studied at the Tiflis cons. Soloist of the Ukrainian Philharmonic since 1932. In 1933, the winner of the 1st All-Union Union. competition of musicians-performers in Moscow (shared 1st Ave with S.A. Knushevitsky). Since 1937 soloist Vses. radio committee, from 1938 - Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1946–52 he taught at the Tbilisi cons. (from 1949 Assoc.). From 1952 - in Sverdlovsk, taught at the Ural cons. (since 1954 Head of the Department of String Instruments). Since 1956 he headed the cello group. Sverdlovsk Philharmonic. symph. orc. He performed as an ensemble player; was a member of the trio Mosk. Philharmonic Society (together with pianist A.L. Iocheles, violinist M.L. Zatulovsky), then the Ural strings. Quartet named after N.Ya. Myaskovsky. He toured a lot, performed in duets with pianists E.G. Gilels, N.E. Perelman, Yu.V. Bryushkov. Honored. art. RSFSR (1981).
TsON Raphael (1874, Simbirsk -?), Forester. Graduated from Kazan University (1896). Since 1897 - in the USA, he studied forestry at Cornell University. He served in the Forestry Sector S.-kh. Department of the USA (1901–43), from 1922 Dir State experimental stations for the study of lakes and forests. Prof. forestry in high fur boots pcs. Minnesota and Wisconsin. Journal publisher. The Journal of Forestry. Author (jointly with V.N. Sparkhauk) pr. "Forest resources of the world" (1–2 volumes, 1923).
TSUKER Maria Borisovna (1901, Semyatichi Belsky u. Grodno province. - 1985, Moscow), neuropathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1939). After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1925) worked at the department of nerve. diseases in the same place until 1952 (from 1930 - 1st MMI): resident, assistant, associate professor, prof. In 1952-53, a doctor at the district clinic, in 1953-56, head. outpatient clinic dep. Institute of neurology. Since 1956 prof. chair nerve. diseases TsIUVa. The organizer of the department is children. neurology, headed it up to 1974. Made it means. contribution to the development of children. neurology in the USSR. Sci. tr. dedicated question intracranial birth injury, nerve damage. systems for rheumatism, meningitis and encephalitis in children. She described akrikhinovye psychoses in children (1936) and fainting (respiratory seizures) during crying and laughter in children (1947). Proposed a classification of encephalitis based on etiology. and epidemiological. principles (1972). Cit .: Fundamentals of neuropathology of childhood. M., 1947; Nervous diseases. M., 1954, 4th ed. 1960 (et al.); An introduction to childhood neuropathology. M., 1970; Meningitis and encephalitis in children. M., 1975.
TSUKERMAN Baruch (1887, Kurenets Vileisky u. Vilna province - 1970, Israel), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. As a young man he joined the Zionist movement. From 1903 - in the USA, where he soon became one of the founders, and then the leader of the Poalei Zion party. In 1905, during a discussion about a plan to create a Jewish nat. center in Uganda joined the social-territorialists, in 1910 he again joined the Poalei Zion, edited a number of its publications. Ts. - one of the founders of Nar. philanthropist. to-that (in 1915–24 it was performed by. conductor), participated in the creation of Farband (Fraternal Order of the Socialist-Zionists), during the 1st World. war - one of the founders of the Jewish Legion. Ts. Is one of the founders of Amer. Jewish Congr. and Histadrut, was the representative of the Zionist socialists in the World. Zionist organization, member. Committee of Actions, the Executive Committee of the Jewish Agency (in 1948–56 it was headed by the Latin American and the Organizational Department). From 1956 - in Israel, was engaged in journalism. Memoirs and Sat. Art. Ts. "Essays and Profiles" (1967) - a source for studying the movement of socialists-Zionists and the life of the Jewish colony in the United States.
TSUKERMAN Grigory Iosifovich (b. 1923, Odessa), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968). In 1951 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. In 1951–54 a surgeon, medical dignity. parts Mechanical s-yes (city of Kuntsevo), in 1954-59 resident surgeon. department of the 1st Gradskaya hospital (Moscow), in 1959–60 ml. scientific. sotr., in 1960-66 Art. scientific. sotr., since 1966 head. dep. acquired heart defects Ying-ta (since 1996 - Scientific Center) of cardiovascular surgery named after A.N.Bakuleva. Developed operations for concomitant rheumatic diseases. heart defects. Established indications and contraindications for a surgeon. treatment of double and triple stenosis. He analyzed and classified postoperative complications in double mitral-aortic commissurotomy and proposed a number of measures to improve the efficiency of surgical treatment. Justified the need for catheterization and angiography. research of the heart to diagnose narrowing of the right ventricular opening. State pr. USSR (1984). Cit .: Surgical treatment of concomitant heart disease. M., 1965; Multivalve rheumatic heart disease. (Diagnostics, surgical treatment). M., 1969; Reconstructive surgery for mitral valve prolapse. M., 1995 (et al.).
TSUKERMAN Isaak Iosifovich (b. 1909, Minsk), philologist-orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1965). Graduated from LIFLI (1934), in 1937-50 scientific. sotr. Institute of Language and Thinking of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1951–57 teacher. Vilnius University, since 1957 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1987 - in Israel. The author of St. 50 scientific. works on the problems of grammar of Iranian languages. Vol .: Essays on Kurdish grammar. Verb forms of Kurmanji, M., 1962; Khorasan Kurmanji. Research and texts. M., 1986.
TSUKERMAN Leizer Ioselevich (Lazar Iosifovich, Eliezer) (1852, Mogilev - 1887), revolutionary populist. He studied at the Mogilev gymnasium, entered the self-education circle, published his stories in the magazine. "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Magid". One of the first Jewish socialists in Russia. Under the influence of P.B. Axelrod, the socialist became interested. ideas and joined the roar. populists. In 1874 he came to Vienna, worked as a printer in a magazine. "Ha-Shahar", later moved to Berlin, joined the Russian-Jewish youth commune, was a member of the circle of A.S. Lieberman, together with him published in 1877 the socialist. zhurn. "Ha-Emes", participated in the creation of Gr. Jewish socialists, according to a number of researchers - one of the authors of her program (published in June 1880 in Geneva), which called on Jewish socialists to be closer to the people and to promote the ideas of socialism in Yiddish. In the 2nd floor. 1879 joined the "Narodnaya Volya", was a typesetter in its underground printing house, in January. 1880, when arrested, together with his comrades, provided arms. resistance to gendarmes and police. At the "trial of 16" (1880) convicted Petersburg. military-env. a court for 8 years in hard labor, which he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia. After 5 years of imprisonment, he was sent to a settlement in the Yakutsk region, where he committed suicide.
TSUKERMAN Veniamin Aronovich (1913, Vitebsk - 1993, Arzamas-16, Nizhny Novgorod region), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor (1962). Graduated from Moscow. mechanical engineering. Institute (1936). In 1934–47 the head. x-ray. lab. this in-that (in 1940 transferred to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR). During the 1941–45 war, he invented a device for throwing Molotov cocktails. In 1946, Yu.B. Khariton was attracted to work on the creation of nuclear weapons at the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental. Physics (Arzamas-16), hands. dep. The founder of Soviet pulsed radiography. He was the first to develop and implement X-ray. research explosion and detonation. Created methods and equipment for research. fast processes and state of matter at ultrahigh pressures and temperatures. With the help of techniques developed at hand. Ts., Data were obtained to substantiate the efficiency of the design of the first atomic charge. Participated in the development and testing of subsequent weapons. Created decomp. types of x-rays. sources, including isotopic ones, with the help of which the X-ray fluorescence analysis of Venus's rocks on interplanets was carried out. stations "Venera-13" and "Venera-14". The author of St. 100 scientific. Art., a large number of inventions, as well as monographs. Became. pr. (1946, 1949). State pr. USSR (1955, 1978). Linen. pr. (1960).
TSUKERMAN Yakov Nikolaevich (b. 1945, Leningrad), journalist. Cand. tech. Sciences (1980). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1967), specialist in the region. seismic resistance of structures. The author of St. 100 scientific. publications. In the 1960s. participated in Jewish samizdat. 1989–90 members editorial board of the “Bulletin on Repatriation and Jewish Culture”, in 1990 created (since 1991 chief editor and publisher) Jewish independent newspaper. "Ami" - "My people" (Petersburg). Member Council of the VAAD (1991), member. Pres. VAAD of Russia (1992), member. Board of the World. Jewish Congress (1991).
TSUKERNIK Lev Veniaminovich (1907, Kharkov - 1988, Kiev), a specialist in the field of automation of power systems. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962), prof. (1964). After graduating in 1932 from Kharkov Electrical Engineering. Institute - Ing. n.-i. sector in-that, assistant, then Assoc. department center. electronic stations (since 1936). Since 1939 - at the Institute of Power Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the laboratory of electrical stations and power systems). Since 1947 head. dep. modeling email systems of the Institute of Electrodynamics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1981 scientific. consultant. Main research associated with the development of automation of power systems and the theory of analysis of their operating modes. Developed and introduced compounding devices for generators of power plants to increase the stability of power systems. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1978). Became. etc. (1950). Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. acad. S.A. Lebedeva (1985). Works: Compounding and electromagnet. voltage corrector for synchronous generators. M. - L., 1954 (co-authored with V.L. Inosov); Development of cybernetic methods. management of interconnected power systems. M., 1963 (co-authored with V.A. Venikov).
TSUKERVANIK Isaak Platonovich (1901, Baku - 1968, Tashkent), organic chemist. Prof. (1935), acad. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1966). In 1927 he graduated from the Central Asian University in Tashkent and worked there (in 1933–68 head of the department of organic chemistry, in 1938–43 dean of the chemical faculty). At the same time. in 1943–45 dir. Ying-that chemistry at un-those, in 1945-68 - in Ying-those chemistry grows. substances of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. In 1933-34 he developed a practical. methods of alkylation aromatic. hydrocarbons with alcohols in the presence of aluminum chlorides. Studied the reactions of alkylation of bifunctional compounds; proposed a number of ways to obtain their derivatives. From 1963 he carried out work on the synthesis and selection of new grows. regulators - defoliants, desiccants, etc. Prev. Tashkent branch of Vses. chem. about-va them. DI Mendeleev (1942–55). Honored. Scientist of the Uzbek SSR (1942) Vol .: Research in the field of alkylation of the aromatic nucleus. connections. Yerevan, 1955.
TSUKKERMAN Ilya Ioanovich (1921, Kiev - 1995, Petersburg), a specialist in the field of technical electronics. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1968). In 1949 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949–93 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Television: head. dep. converting digital TV. images, ch. scientific. sotr. in-that. At the same time. taught at a number of universities, including Moscow State University. Main scientific. tr. related to issues. converting electronic images, with the theory of magn. focusing, with the creation of digital televisions. means for research. extremely weak asters. objects on a large azimuth telescope. The author of St. 200 scientific. works, including 6 monographs, a number of inventions. State pr. USSR (1991). Cit .: Electronic optics in television. M. - L., 1958; Information and vision. M. - L., 1961; Digital TV coding. images. M., 1981.
TSUKKERMAN Victor Abramovich (1903, Brailov of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. - 1988, Moscow), musicologist. Prof. (1939), Doctor of Law (1958). In 1920–23 he studied chemistry. f-those of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. In 1925 he graduated from the Kiev cons. by class php. from G.M. Kogan (previously studied under F.M. Blumenfeld); studied also at scientific-theoretical. f-those at B.L. Yavorsky, A.A. Alshvang, V.F. Asmus. At the same time. in 1923–25 he also taught music-theoretical. items. Since 1926 he taught the course of modern. harmony, analysis of muses. Prod., the theory of modal rhythm in Moscow. cons. In 1936–42 the head. department of special theory. The founder (with L.A. Mazel) of the complex method. analysis of muses. manuf. as a holistic artist. phenomena. He created a new type of taxonomy, linking structural patterns with the means of the muses. expressiveness. 3 was engaged in morphological. and ist. research muses. structures and constructive patterns of muses. forms, as well as Russian style. and nick. classics. Honored. figure in art in the RSFSR (1966). Op .: "Kamarinskaya" Glinka and her traditions in Russian music. M., 1957; Musical genres and foundations of musical forms. M., 1964; Musical theoretical essays and studies. Issue 1-2. M., 1970–75; Analysis of musical works. Variational form. M., 1974; Sonata in B minor by F. Liszt. M., 1984; Analysis of musical works. Rondo in its historical development. M., 1988.
ZUNZER Elyakum (1845, Vilna - 1913, New York), badchen, poet, playwright. Since the 1860s. at holidays and weddings he sang songs on his own. poetry and music. In 1872 he published the first collection of articles. lyrics of the songs "Shirim Hodoshim" ("New Songs"). Corr. zhurn. "Kol ha-am" in Minsk. Promoted the ideas of Haskala. After the pogroms of the 1880s. supported Palestinophilism. Since 1889 - in the USA, where he opened his own. typography. Published several. collection of their songs and autobiography. Full ed. manuf. Ts. In 2 volumes was published in 1964.
SDG (ps; real family. Chernovits) Yakov (1906, Vilna - 1990, Jerusalem), diplomat, public figure. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In 1924–25 he studied at the University of Florence, in 1925–29 - at the Sorbonne. In 1929–48 - in the Information Department of the Jewish National. Foundation in Jerusalem, in 1943–45 liaison officer with the British headquarters. army in Cairo, participated in the formation of the Jewish Brigade. In 1945 the head of the mission of the Jewish Agency in Greece. In 1949-53 the first ambassador of the State of Israel to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile. In 1953–59 he was ambassador to France. In 1960–61 he was the head of the Department of the Jewish Agency. From 1960 to. council dir. Jewish nat. fund, in 1960–76 before. Zionist gene. advice. The author of several. books.
TSUZMER Rebekka Moiseevna (b. 1918, Odessa), applied artist, graphic artist. In 1948 she graduated from MIPIDI. Genre diversity is inherent in creativity. In her works, Ts. Was the first to combine ceramics and metal. Among the comp. easel character triptych "The Road to the Temple" (1979-80), "Fanfare" (1982), "In Memory of the Poet" (dedicated to AS Pushkin, 1984), decor. medallion "Muse" (1996) and others. Monum. work Ts .: decor. panel "Miracle tree", "Tea drinking", "Apple tree" (Moscow, hotel "Russia", 1960), decor. lattices "Flowers and Birds" (Volgodonsk, 1970, ceramics, metal), "Silver Day" - ans. from five vases (1980), "Awakening" (Yalta, boarding house "Druzhba", 1986–90), etc. She created a cycle of graphic art. sheets executed with a ballpoint pen ("The Flying Clown", 1977; "Mirror", 1978). Personal exhibitions: Moscow (1977), Leningrad (1979), Yaroslavl and Kostroma (1981), Moscow (1990). Member of the All-Union, Rep., Group exhibitions. Prod. Ts. Are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum and other museums in Russia. Honored. artist RSFSR (1986). State pr. RSFSR them. I.E. Repina (1989). Silver. medal of the Russian Academy of Arts (1996).
TSVENIASHVILI Vladimir Shalvovich (b. 1940, 3estafoni, Georgian SSR), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1988), prof. Graduated from the Georgian Polytechnic. Institute (1963). 3av. lab. technologies of rare elements of the Tbilisi Institute of Inorganic. chemistry and electrochemistry at the Academy of Sciences of Georgia. Sci. sec. Academy of Sciences of Georgia in the region. chem. science (1991–94). Author of over 100 scientific. works.
ZWEIFEL Eliezer-Zvi (1815, Mogilev, Podolsk province - 1888, Glukhov, Chernigov province), writer, publicist. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1853–73 he taught the Talmud at the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. In 1858 he published the collection. verse. in other Hebrew. In 1868 in Zhitomir and Vilna 2 hours of the book were published. "Sholom al Isroel" ("Peace to Israel" - a study of the Hasidic doctrine and history of the religious struggle of the 18th century), in which Ts. Was the first of the leaders of Haskala to speak positively about Hasidism. The book was denied. the review of H.-Z. Slonimsky, A.-B. Gotlober and others. work by C. "Sanegor" ("Lawyer", 1885) refuted the accusations brought against the Talmud by Jewish and non-Jewish critics. In his works he defended Yiddish. Author of works on the ethics and morality of Judaism.
ZVILLING Samuil Moiseevich (1891, Tobolsk - 1918, Izobilnaya Orenburg District and Gubernia), party leader. From 1905 p. RSDLP, Bolshevik, member of the roar. events of 1905–07 in Irkutsk and Tomsk, was arrested. In 1907, in search of funds for setting up an underground printing house, he tried to rob a pharmacy, was arrested, sentenced to death, commuted to 5 years in hard labor. Since 1912 - in Tobolsk, where he created the roar. circle, later in Yekaterinburg and Troitsk, collaborated in gas. "Steppe" and "Ural life". Since 1916 - in the army, arms master; for the roar. campaigning sent to the front. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 members, then before. Chelyabinsk Council slave. and a soldier. dep., before. mountains. to-ta RSDLP (b), from July 1917 member. Ural region to-that RSDLP (b), files. 6th Party Congress and 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, participant in Oct. armed uprising in Petrograd. From nov. 1917 Commissar of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in Orenburg, before. VRK, organizer of the Kr. guard. After the capture of the city by the Cossacks (November 1917) he was arrested and fled. In Jan. 1918 took part in the battles for the capture of Orenburg; prev. the executive committee and lips. VRK. Killed in battle.
TSYGANKOV Alexander Andreevich (b. 1948, Omsk), domrist, teacher, composer. In 1972 he graduated from the State. music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. In 1971–82 the soloist of the State. academic. Russian bunk bed orc. them. N.P. Osipova. Soloist with Moskontsert since 1982. Creator and hands. in 1988–93 ans. "Rus. festival". Laureate of the 1st and 2nd All-Russia. contests of performers on plank beds. instr-takh (Moscow, 1972; Leningrad, 1979, 1st Ave.), World. festival of youth and students in Sofia (1968, 2nd ave.), Radio Bratislava (1981, 1st ave.). Among the Op. Ts. For orc. Russian bunk bed instr-tov - Overture-rhapsody in rus. themes (also a version for a large symph. orc., 1987), Poem in memory of D.D.Shostakovich (also a version for a large symph. orc., 1977), suite "Melodies of the old city" for domra with symphony. orc. (1986), “Five Caprices in the Romantic. style for domra solo "(1988), as well as processing by Russian. bunk bed songs for domra with orc. "Grass-ant" (1967), "White-faced-round-faced" (1974), "Dunya held the carriage" (1974), "My hubby ..." (1996), music of the peoples of the world for domra with piano, ans ... Russian bunk bed instr. Honored. art. RF (1994).
TSYLKOV Itskhok (1841, Bezhun of Serpetsk u. Plock province - 1908, Warsaw), rabbi. Doctor of Philosophy. Graduated from Med.-Surgical. academy in Warsaw. He continued his education in Berlin. Since 1865, the rabbi of one of the Warsaw synagogues, since 1878 the rabbi of the choral synagogue in Warsaw. The first rabbi to preach in Polish. lang., in connection with which the choral synagogue was called "Polish". He actively opposed the Zionist ideas that began to spread in Poland. One of the founders of the Bible of Judaica in Warsaw (1880). Main tr. Ts. - per. The Pentateuch in Polish. lang. (1883-1914).
TSYN Marianna Samoilovna (b. 1905, Chita), philologist and orientalist. Graduated from LIJVYA (1926), in 1926-30 scientific. sotr. Sci. associations of oriental studies. In 1930–37 and 1943–53 she taught at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, in 1953–59 - at the MPEI. Arrested in 1937, released in 1943. Tr. in japan. philology, including: "Japanese textbook. language "(part 1. M., 1953)," Textbook of scientific and technical. translation. Japan. language "(M., 1979, in co-authorship with NI Feldman). Participated in the creation of the “Big Russian-Japanese. dictionary "(v. 1-2. M., 1970) and" Hieroglyphic. key "to it (Tokyo, 1970). State pr. USSR (1972).
Tsyperovich Grigory Vladimirovich (1871, Odessa - 1932, Leningrad), economist, publicist. Into the roar. movement since 1888. In 1894 he was arrested, convicted and exiled to the Yakutsk region. for 10 years. In 1905–06 he took part in the roar. events in Kharkov. In 1911 he was arrested again. After 5 months. imprisonment emigrated. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 worked in Petrograd, from 1918 member. Pres. Council of Trade Unions, in 1921-29 in Petrograd. (Leningrad) Economic Council, member. Pres., Hands. region plan. commission. Organizer and in 1929–32 the first rector of Leningrad. prom. academy and simultaneously. dir. Institute of technology and technology. Communist politicians academy. Ed. Ts. Came out "Commerce and Industry. and finance. dictionary "(1924–25). Cit .: Beyond the Arctic Circle: 10 years of exile. SPb., 1907; Syndicates and trusts of pre-revolutionary Russia. Pg., 1918; The future of Leningrad. M. - L., 1924; International monopolies. M. - L., 1929; Reconstruction of Leningrad in 15 years. L., 1932.
Tsypkin Yakov Zalmanovich (1919, Ekaterinoslav - 1997, Moscow), a specialist in the field of automatic control. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). After graduating from MIIS in 1941, he worked in n.-i. in-those. In 1942–43 - at the front. Since 1950 scientific. sotr., head. lab. Institute of control problems. In 1947–48 he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute, in 1948–65 - at the Vses. correspondence electrical engineering in-those, in 1965–72 - at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, since 1972 - at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Main tr. in theory, automatic. control, cybernetics and automation. Contributed to the development of new sect. theory automatic. control (the theory of discrete systems of automatic. Control and the theory of adaptive and learning systems). In 1949-50 publ. work "Theory of intermittent regulation", which was of fundamental importance for the development of automatic systems. regulation. Deputy ch. ed. zhurn. "Automation and Telemechanics", Ch. Tech. to-that on the theory of Intern. federation on automatic management. Linen. pr. (1960). Works: Theory of linear impulse systems. M., 1963; Adaptation and training in automatic systems. M., 1968; Relay automatic systems. M., 1974; Foundations of the information theory of identification. M., 1984.
TUBELSKY Alexander Naumovich (b. 1940, Moscow), teacher. Cand. ped. Sciences (1979). The son of T. Naum Solomonovich (1905, Kherson - 1977, Anapa), one of the organizers of the Moscow. state library institute. In 1962–66 he studied at GITIS. In 1970 he graduated from East. f-t MOPI. He worked as a methodologist of the district houses of pioneers and schoolchildren, since 1975 deputy. dir. Palace of Pioneers. N.K. Krupskaya. Since 1980 Art. scientific. sotr. APN USSR. Since 1985, Dir. Wed school number 734 in Moscow, since 1988. dir. created by him on the basis of the school scientific-ped Association "School of Self-Determination" (kindergarten, school, scientific and pedagogical laboratory, refresher courses for employees of innovative schools). In 1989–90 he took part in the work of Time n.-i. collective (VNIK) "School", preparing materials on the reform grew. schools. Since 1991 pre. the Association of Innovative Schools and Centers of Russia founded by him, since 1994 Vice-President. Winner of Vses. competition "Author's School" (1988). Author of over 150 publ. on questions pedagogy and education policy, including the author and ed. book: “School of self-determination. The first step ”(M., 1991); “School of Self-Determination. Step two "(M., 1994); “A teacher who does not work like that” (M., 1996); "I have the right" (M., 1997). Medal of K.D. Ushinsky (1990). Honored. school teacher in the Russian Federation (1994).
TUBYANSKY Mikhail Izrailevich (1893, Petersburg - 1937), orientalist. He graduated from the Faculty of East. lang. Petrogr. un-that (1919). He taught at Petrograd. in-those living east. lang. (1920–27), at Leningrad State University (1925–27), at the same time. was scientific. sotr. Asian Museum (1922–27). Since 1918, member. OPE. Member Jewish historical ethnogr. about-va, was part of its East. commission for the section of archival work. In 1927–36 in the Mongolian People's Republic: scientific secretary. Scientist to the Mongolian People's Republic, translator at the USSR Embassy. Upon his return he taught at Kommunistic. un-those workers of the East in Moscow (1936-37), in 1937 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. department of the Institute of Oriental Studies. Translated prose and poetry of R. Tagore. Author of over 20 publ. scientific. works. Repressed, shot.
TUGENDGOLD Wolf (1796, Zioloshits, near Krakow, Austria - 1864, Vilna), publicist, public figure. The son of one of the first Jewish educators in Galicia, Isaiah T. Brother of J. Tugendgold. Higher. Educated at un-those Breslau. In 1827 he was appointed censor of Jewish publications in Vilna. He taught history at the Vilna rabbinical school. He actively fought against Hasidism and the dissemination of those Jewish books, which T. seemed mystical and cabalistic. For some time he was associated with the circles of Jewish enlighteners, but the orientation of T. in the main. On him. culture made these connections difficult. T. wrote on it. lang. scientific. op. and stories from Jewish life. Most of them have remained unpublished. In his work "Semitic Echoes" (in German), published in 1848, T. tried to prove the kinship of the Semitic and Slavic languages.
TUGENDGOLD Yakov (1794, Zioloshits, near Krakow, Austria - 1871, Warsaw), public figure, teacher. Brother of V. Tugendgold. Higher. Educated at un-those Breslau. From 1817 - in Warsaw, where in 1819 he opened an exemplary Jewish school, thereby arousing discontent among the followers of the tradition. Judaism. In 1820 T. was appointed a member. censorship committee, looking through other Jewish publications. In 1852–63, T. - director. Warsaw rabbinical school. Published a number of op. in defense of the rights of Jews.
TUMANOV (real family member Zeitlin) Semyon Isaevich (1921, Simferopol - 1973, Moscow), director, screenwriter. Since 1940 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS (1951), then became dir. Leningrad. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol, then Moscow. dram. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1954-59, thin. hands. youth. t-ra-studio at the ZIL Palace of Culture. In 1959 he graduated from the Higher. dir. courses, worked at the Mosfilm cinema. Et al. scripts: "Two hussars" (1959), "The last feat of Kamo" (1973), "I take over" (1975). As dir. debuted F. "Aleshkin's Love" (jointly with G. Shchukin; 1960), then staged f. "Pavluha" (with Shchukin; 1962), "Come to me, Mukhtar!" (1964), “The Lost One” (1965), “Nikolai Bauman” (1967), “Love of Serafim Frolov” (1968), “Life on a Sinful Land” (1973).
TUMARKIN Lev Abramovich (1904, Gadyach, Poltava province. - 1974, Moscow), mathematician. Prof. (1931), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936). Graduated from Moscow State University (1925). He worked at the Moscow Higher Technical School (1931–38). From 1929 - at Moscow State University, in 1936–40 dean of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. Main research results refer to general topology.
TUMARKIN Yosef (? - 1879, Kremenchug), rabbi. Disciple of Tsemakh-Tzedek. Rabbi of the Hasidic community of Kremenchug. Author of responsons and book. on questions Jewish law.
TUMARKINA Anna (1875, Chisinau -?), Psychologist, historian of philosophy. Doctor of Philosophy (1895), prof. (1909). She studied at the Berlin University-those from the philosopher V. Dilthey, then at the Berne University-those. She taught there. The first woman in Switzerland - prof. philosophy. Author of works on philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, cultural history, including: "The associative principle in the history of aesthetics" (Berlin, 1899), "Romantic worldview" (Bern, 1920), "Prolegomena to scientific psychology" (Leipzig, 1923), “Methods of Psychology. research "(ibid., 1929)," The essence and formation of Swiss philosophy "(Frauenfeld, 1948).
TUMARKINA Anna-Esther (Anna Pavlovna) (1875, Dubrovno, Mogilev province - 1951, Gumligen, Switzerland), psychologist, historian of philosophy. Doctor of Philosophy (1895), prof. (1909). She studied at the Berlin University-those from the philosopher V. Dilthey, then at the Berne University-those. She taught there. The first woman in Switzerland - prof. philosophy. Author of works on philosophy, psychology, aesthetics, cultural history, including: "The associative principle in the history of aesthetics" (Berlin, 1899), "Romantic worldview" (Bern, 1920), "Prolegomena to scientific psychology" (Leipzig, 1923), “Methods of Psychology. research "(ibid., 1929)," The essence and formation of Swiss philosophy "(Frauenfeld, 1948).
TUMARKINA Dina Iosifovna (b. 1932, Odessa), actress. Graduated from Odessa Technol. in-t. She studied at the Odessa Theater. studio M.E. Tilker. Since 1955 - in Baku. She worked in the Youth Theater, in 1956–90 - in the Baku Russian. dram. t-re them. S. Vurgun. At first, she played small roles in the plays of the modern. playwrights: Sveta Zhurova ("When the acacia blooms ..." by N.G. Vinnikova, 1957), Zoya ("The Drummer" by A.D. Salynsky, 1959), Nina ("A Million for a Smile" by A.V. Sofronov, 1960 ) and others. Then she began performing in Russian. and nick. classics: Bianca ("The Taming of the Shrew" by W. Shakespeare, 1964), Roxanne ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan, 1965), Elena ("Uncle Vanya" by A.P. Chekhov, 1969), Yvette Porter ("Mother Courage and her children ”by B. Brecht, 1975) and others. T. played in the majority of those staged in the 1970s-80s. plays: Nadezhda ("Enjoy Your Bath" by EV Braginsky and EA Ryazanov, 1970), Natalie ("The Commander's Steps" by VN Korostylev, 1971), Zhenya ("Valentine and Valentina" by MM Roshchina, 1973), Lyudmila ("Retro" by AM Galina, 1983), Vera ("Bench" by AI Gelman, 1985) and others. Vurgun - Zotov in the play "Dictatorship of Conscience" by MF Shatrov. Since 1990 - in Israel. Nar. art. AzSSR (1981). State ave. AzSSR (1972). State pr. USSR (1971).
TUNKEL David Vladimirovich (1905 - 1966, Moscow), director. In 1927 he graduated from the theater. school at Moscow. t-re of the Revolution and became a member of the troupe of this t-ra. In 1936–66 he worked at the Center. Dr. Kr. Army (Soviet. Army). Participated as dir. in post. performances: "The Deed" by A.V.Sukhovo-Kobylin (1940), "A long time ago" by A.K. Gladkov (1942), "The Commander" by K.A. Trenev (1945). They are independent. directorial works: "Enough simplicity for every wise man" by A. N. Ostrovsky (1942), "Meeting with youth" by A. N. Arbuzov (1948), "The Pacific Ocean" by I. L. Prut (1949), "Barbarians" by M .Gorky (1955), "Bright May" and "Good Men" by LG Zorin (1958), "Anchor Square" by IV Shtok (1960), "Physics" by F. Dyurrenmatt (1965) and others. Staged performances and in other t-ts: in Moscow. satire - "The fourth vertebra" by M. Larney (1961), "Guriy Lvovich Sinichkin" by V. A. Dykhovichny, M. R. Slobodskoy and M. Chervinsky (1963), in the T-re stage and miniatures - "Blots" by Dykhovichny and Slobodsky (1959), "Wolves in the City" by L.R.Sheinin (1965) for M.V. Mironova and A.S. Menaker. On television, he staged a television show "If You Only Knew!" G. Gulia, (1965). He taught at GITIS. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1954).
TUNKEL Joseph (ps. Der Tunkeler) (1881, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1949, New York), writer. He studied at the drawing school in Vilna. He lived in Odessa. First verse. published in 1901 in Gaz. Der Yud. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1906–10 - in the USA. Founded a satirical weekly. Der Kibitzer (1908) and Der Groise Kundes (1909). Since 1910 - in Warsaw. Conducted by section. humor in the gas. "Der moment". Collaborated in decomp. ed. Yiddish. Published a lot of humorous. manuf. He wrote sketches for the stage. Illustrated his works. He wrote plays (in 1935 "Die Vilner Grupe" staged T.'s play "Gots Ganovim" ("Rich Thieves"). In 1939-40 - in Belgium. From 1941 - in the USA. Worked in the newspaper "Forverts". Author of the book. : "Der Krumer Spiegl" ("Crooked Mirror". Warsaw, 1911), "Di Bolshevistishe Gagoda" ("Bolshevik Gagada". Kiev, 1918), "Der Purim-Ber" ("Purim Bear". Warsaw, 1919), Der regniboign (Rainbow, ibid., 1922), Ikh lakh fun aikh (I laugh at you. Vilno, 1930), Fort Haid Kein Eretz Yisroel (A Jew is going to Eretz Yisrael ", Ibid, 1932)," Goles "(" The Exile. "New York, 1943)," Der Groiser Genetz Oder A Nudier Tog in New York "(" Big Yawn, or Boring Day in New York ", ibid, 1948), “Sefer ga-humoreskot ve ga-parodiot sifrutiot” (“Book of humoresques and literary parodies.” Jerusalem, 1990).
TUR, brothers Tour (collective ps.), Writers, playwrights. Nast. names and fam .: Tubelsky Leonid Davydovich (1905, Tagancha Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1961, Moscow). Studied at Leningrad State University. in-those east. cultures. Red Pyotr Lvovich (1908, Kiev - 1978, Moscow). Studied at Leningrad State University. in-those scenic. lawsuit. Published as journalists since 1923. Under ps. Tour - from 1925 to Leningrad. gas. "Change", since the 1930s - under ps. brothers Tour. In the 1930s and 40s. - post. authors gas. "News". The authors of the plays "Oil" (1931, jointly with Y. Gorev and A.P. Stein). Based on the play "Face to Face" (1937, with L.R.Sheinin), f. "Engineer Kochin's Mistake" (1939, screenplay by Y.K. Olesha). 1941–45 military. corr. Centre. and fr. newspapers. The plays of T. are characterized by a dynamic plot combined with political intrigue. In some plays there are Jewish heroes - "Unequal Marriage" (1940), "To Whom Time Submits" (1946). On plays and scripts post. many f .: "Duel" (1945, jointly with Sheinin), "Restless economy" (1946), "Meeting on the Elbe" (1949, jointly with Sheinin), "Trial of Loyalty" (1954), "Sofya Kovalevskaya" (1956), "Golden Echelon" (1959) and others. Became. etc. (1950). After the death of L.D. Tubelsky, his wife Ariadna Sergeevna became a co-author of P.L. Ryzhey, who adopted the dog. Tour (real fam. Geltz) (b. 1915, Kolomna, Moscow province). The authors of the plays "Defector" (1966), "Ambassador Extraordinary" (1966; f. "Ambassador of the Soviet Union", 1970), "The Only Witness" (1971) and others. The son of Peter and Ariadne T. - Valery (b. 1940, Moscow), playwright. Author pl. plays and scripts for docum. cinema.
TUR Alexander Fedorovich (1894, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province. - 1974, Leningrad), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1923), prof. (1934), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1952). After the end of the Military-med. Academy (VMA) (1919) served in Kr. Army (until 1924) and at the same time. worked as an intern, clinic assistant for children. diseases of VMA (1921–25) and Art. railway doctor hospitals in Oranienbaum (1923–24). In 1925-30 the head. Department of Pediatrics, in 1930–34 head. Department of Physiology and Dietetics of the Child Leningrad. in-that protection of motherhood and childhood; in 1934–39 head. organized by him department of propedeutics of diseases of children. age; in 1939–74 head. created named after the Department of Hospital Pediatrics Leningrad. pediatrician honey. in-that. Sci. works on issues. anatomical-fiziol. features of children. organism, children. hematology, children's nutrition, rickets and its prevention, alimentary dystrophy in children in besieged Leningrad, toxic-septic. conditions of newborns, children. endocrinology, etc. Hon. scientist of the RSFSR (1947). Linen. etc. (1970). Cit .: Protein therapy and its effect on the child's body. Petrograd, 1923; Eating and digestive disorders in infants. L., 1928 (et al.); Practical hematology children. age. M. - L., 1936; Propedeutics children. diseases. M., 1940 (6th ed., 1971); Hematology children. age. L., 1957 (4th ed., 1963).
TURBINER Viktor Alexandrovich (b. 1910, Yekaterinoslav - 1996), design engineer, machine builder. Since 1933 at the same time. worked as a designer and studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School, a cut he graduated in 1937. In 1937-1945 designer, early. sector, ch. designer of the Experimental plant of the Ministry of Aviation industry in Moscow. In 1946-51 the beginning. scientific designer. sector VNII experimental. physics in Arzamas-16. In 1951-53, deputy. ch. constructor s-yes. In 1953–55 the beginning. constructor. dep. Vses. design and technology. in-that Min-va transp. typewriting of the USSR. In 1955–79, the leading designer in decomp. KB Min-va Aviation. industry of the USSR. He took part in organizing and creating the first version of the design of owls. atomic bomb.
TUREL Jenny (ps; real fam. Davidson, according to other sources - Davidovich) (1910, Petersburg - 1973, New York), singer (mezzo-soprano). After 1917 - in Germany, then in France, in 1926–28 she took lessons from A. El-Tour (she took her anagram as an artistic ps.). In 1931 she sang in "Rus. opera "(in the post. op." Prince Igor "by AP Borodin), in 1933 she made her debut in the t-re" Opera Comic "(Paris), until 1940 soloist of the t-ra. Created T. scenic the images of Carmen ("Carmen" by J. Bizet), Charlotte ("Werther" by J. Massenet) were distinguished by their persuasiveness and truthfulness. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera (New York) in 1937 as Mignon (Mignon by A. Tom). Since 1940 - in the USA; Solo (performed by a number of vocal-symphonic works) with leading Amer. orc. under control A. Toscanini, S. A. Koussevitsky, L. Stokovsky; performed a wok. parts in the premieres of symph. L. Bernstein under the exercise. the author ("Jeremiah" and "Kaddish"). Since 1944 she has been a soloist of the Metropolitan Opera. She has toured to Canada, Brazil, Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands. Participated in the premiere of op. IF Stravinsky's "The Adventure of a Rake" (part of the Turkish Woman). On July 9, 1967, she sang in a concert on Mount Scopus (Jerusalem), dedicated. Israel's victory in the Six Day War. In 1963–73 she led the class. wok. mastery in the Juilliard muses. school (New York), since 1968 - at the Academy of Music. Rubin in Jerusalem.
TURETSKY Boris Zakharovich (1928, Voronezh - 1997, Moscow), painter. In 1934 he took 2nd place at Vses. competition children. fig. "Rescue of the Chelyuskinites". He studied at the theater. f-those Mosk. region artist uch-schA. In 1950-60 he worked in the genre of abstract painting, from the middle. 1960s - in the style of primitivism. 1959 - personal exhibition at A. Volkonsky's apartment; in 1975 he took part in an exhibition in the "House of Culture" at VDNKh (Moscow), in 1986 - one day. exhibition “Mosk. abstraction "(Moscow), in 1988 - personal exhibition at the Institute of Atomic Energy in Troitsk.
TURETSKY Semyon Isaevich (1912, Petrikov Mozyrsky u. Minsk province. - 1995, Moscow), a specialist in the field of aviation radio engineering. Cand. tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1973). In 1935 he graduated from the radio department of the MEIS. In 1935–41 - at TsAGI, in 1941–51 - at the LII (research assistant, head of the aircraft equipment complex). In 1951–57 - in the aircraft design bureau (headed by VM Myasishchev), early. lab. aircraft radio equipment. In 1957–72, deputy. ch. the designer of the OKB of automatics of the Ministry of Aviation Industry. 1972–92 hands. sector of aviation radio communication and radio systems of LII. The author of the development of the first multi-channel high-speed radio technology in the USSR. systems for testing aircraft and other devices. Participated in the creation of the first radar in the USSR. devices, the first means of rescuing aircraft crews (catapults). He was one of the organizers of the creation of MIREA, in which in 1960-83 he taught the course "Electronic and ionic devices". Became. pr. (1951).
TURIYANSKY Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1935, Moscow), poet, composer. Studied at Moscow. in-those cultures. In the 1960s-80s. worked in geol. exp. on Kr. North and Siberia. Songs began to write in 1959. The author of several. collection of poetry and prose. Cit .: "Don't ask where ...". M., 1993; "... To my friends far away." M., 1997.
TURYAN Pinkhus Grigorievich (1896, Lebedin, Kharkiv province - 1976, Kiev), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In 1915-17 - participant of the 1st world. war, in 1918–21 - Civil. war. From July 1941 - at the front. Captain T. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the leadership of the crossing of the advancing units on ferries when crossing the Dnieper. Since 1945 - in stock.
TURKOV-GRUDBERG Itskhok-Ber (1906, Warsaw - 1970, Tel Aviv), actor, director, writer. Brother of Z. Turkov, Y. Turkov and M. Turkov. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Took part in the Poalei Zion movement. From 1924 he played in a troupe led by Z. Turkov and I. Kaminska, later worked in various. theater. collectives of Poland. In 1939–45 - in the USSR. In 1945 he returned to Poland. Dir., Then Art. hands. Jewish state. t-ra in Warsaw, for whom the world translated a number of plays into Yiddish. classics. Lit. engaged in activities since 1925, spoke in the Jewish periodical. press from art., dedicated. t-ru. The author of plays staged on the stages of Jewish theaters, as well as ed. books in Warsaw: “Jewish Theater in Poland” (1951), “Mother Esther-Rohl” (1953), “Warsaw - the Cradle of Jewish Theater” (1956), etc. Since 1957 - in Israel.
TURKOV Mark (1904, Warsaw - 1983, Buenos Aires, Argentina), public figure, writer, journalist. Brother of Z. Turkov, Y. Turkov and I.-B. Turkov-Grudberg. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1922–39 sotr. Warsaw daily gas. "Der moment", special. corr. gas. at the League of Nations. Member of the Polish-Lithuanian negotiations in Konigsberg (1928), general. sec. Anti-Hitler Committee in Poland (1933–38). Since 1939 - in Argentina. In 1946–54, the director. emigrant. to-that KHIAS in the South. America, since 1954 the representative of Argentina in the World. Jewish Congress. Pres. South Amer. federation polish. Jews, vice-president. Worldwide federation polish. Jews. One of the founders and ed. publishing house "Dos Poilishe Identum" in Buenos Aires. Published in pl. Jewish periodicals ed. Argentina, Canada, Israel, France. Author of the book: "Viduy" ("Repentance", Warsaw, 1922), "Danzik oif a volcano" ("Danzig on a volcano", ibid., 1932; also published in Polish.), "Roosevelts America" ​​( Roosevelt's America, ibid., 1937), Oif Yiddish Felder (In the Jewish Fields, ibid., 1939), Di lettse fun a groysn dor (The Last of a Big Generation - historical episodes and personal (Vol. about Jewish families in Poland. Buenos Aires, 1954).
TURKOV Jonas (1898, Warsaw - 1988, Bat Yam, Israel), actor, director, theater expert, journalist. Brother of Z. Turkov, M. Turkov and I.-B. Turkov-Grudberg. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the theater. courses, in 1917 he was accepted into the troupe of E.-R. Kaminskaya. Since 1923 - in the Warsaw Jewish artist. t-re, from 1926 dir. Krakow Society. Jewish t-ra. In 1932–33 he headed the New Theater and Theater. uch-shche in Vilno. In 1936 he created the Jewish Chamber Stage in Warsaw, in 1938 he directed the Theater. union in Danzig. In 1939–43 - in the Warsaw ghetto, he participated in the Resistance movement. In 1944–45 before. Union of Jewish Writers and Art Workers in Poland, one of the founders of the Jewish Press Agency, founder and leader. the first Jewish radio programs, one of the creators and member. editorial board of the first post-war. gas. in Yiddish "Dos Nae Lebn" (Lodz, 1945) and others. In 1947–66 - in the USA, staged performances in Jewish theaters in the USA and Canada, was in charge of the archives and theater. dep. IVO. Since 1966 - in Israel. Lit. engaged in activities since 1924 - published Art. about the Jewish t-re in the journal. "Di Yiddish Bine", as well as in pl. other periodicals ed. The author of memoirs, Vol. on the theory and history of Jewish t-ra.
TURKOV Sigmund (Shlomo-Zalman) (1896, Warsaw - 1970, Tel Aviv), actor, director. Brother of Y. Turkov, M. Turkov and I.-B. Turkov-Grudberg. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied in drama. school at the Warsaw Philharmonic, in 1915 he graduated from a private drama. studio. Scenic he began his career in a Polish theater, and soon joined a troupe that played in Yiddish. Joint. with his wife - I. Kaminskoy organized the Jewish theater "Vict", translated and staged the comedy "Sonka's happiness" by S. Yushkevich. In 1919 he played Russian. t-re in Kharkov. From 1921 he headed the Central Trade Center in Warsaw, where he held a post. by production Jewish classics, plays "The Miser" by Moliere, "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol and others. In 1926–39 he worked in the creation. joint with brother Jonas Warsaw Jewish artist t-re, where he put the production. A. Goldfaden, Sholem Aleichem, D. Pinsky, V. Hugo, F. M. Dostoevsky and others. In 1945–51 - in the T-re comedians in Brazil. Since 1952 - in Israel. Created in Tel Aviv t-r "Zuta", where he was an actor and director. until 1956. Among the roles of T .: Quasimodo ("Notre Dame Cathedral" by Hugo), Uncle Moses ("Uncle Moses" by S. Asha), Gypsy Bear ("The Tale of the Seven Hanged" by L.N. Andreev), Tevye ( "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem) and others. He worked in the cinema. In 1924 he removed f. "Tkies Kaf". He translated a number of Russian, Polish, German plays into Yiddish. writers. Author of the book, ed. in Buenos Aires: "Conversations about the theater" (1950), "Episodes from my life" (1951), "Theater. memories of a turbulent time "(1956)," The Interrupted Age "(1961).
TUROK German Semenovich (b. 1930, Kazan), architect. In 1954 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. He worked in the Institute "Giprotorg". Main work: bargaining. center in Essentuki (1972), bargaining. center and market in Volgograd (1972), bargaining. center in Irkutsk (1978, head of the team), Trade House in Star City near Moscow (1980, head of the team). Etc. CM USSR (1978).
TUROV Itskhak (1855, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1929, Berlin), journalist. He studied natural sciences and medicine in high fur boots Halle, Berlin, Breslau. He began his journalistic activity in 1881. He published articles against anti-Semitism in Germany and Russia. Then he joined the Palestinian movement, promoted it in numerous. performances and gas. articles. In 1884, T. was among the founders of the Ezra colonization association, for a long time one of his hands. and gene. sec. Joint. with V. Bambus published a journal. "Zerubabel". In 1892–97 he edited the gas. "Breslau Zeitung", in 1902-10 - gas. "Correspondent Südische". Under ps. Demidov published in 1891 in Berlin Prince. "Jewish adversity in the land of the Romanovs."
TUROV Nisan (1877, Nesvizh Slutsky district of Minsk province - 1953), teacher, writer. Doctor of Philosophy. He graduated from un-t in Lausanne. From 1907 - in E.-I., director. wives schools in Jaffa, then deer. wives teaches. Institute of Levinsky. During the 1st world. war was headed by K-t education, dealing with issues. education in E.-I. Published ped. zhurn. "Ha-Hinukh" and daily. gas. "Ha-Aretz". From 1919 - in the USA, worked in the publishing house "Stibel Publishing Company". One of the founders of the Hebrew Teachers College in Boston (1921) and its first rector. Founded ped. zhurn. in Hebrew (1925). In 1926–32 prof. Jewish literature in the Jewish theological. in-those in New York (1932). Author of works on issues. Zionism, lang. Hebrew, pedagogy.
TUROVSKAYA Maya Iosifovna (b. 1924, Kharkov), theater expert, screenwriter. Doctor of Science (1983). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947) and theater expert. Faculty of GITIS (1948). Since 1949 publ. articles on issues. t-ra and cinema (newspaper "Koms. Pravda", "Sov. culture", magazine "Theater", "Art-in cinema", "Sov. screen", "Ogonyok", "New time", "Moscow . observer ", etc.). In 1952 the first book was published. T. (co-authored with BL Medvedev) "Maxim Maksimovich Shtraukh". Co-author (with MI Romm and Yu.M. Khanyutin) of the scenario "Ordinary Fascism" (1966) and a number of scenarios doc. F., written jointly. with Khanutin. In 1969-73 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations, since 1974, then a leading scientist. sotr. Research Institute of Theory and History of Cinema and Research Institute of Culture. The author of the book. on the history of t-ra and cinema. In 1992, joint. with M.E. Tavrog created doc. f. "Unpainted portrait of the artist" (about AG Tyshler), in 1996 - "Sentimental grotesque, or Artists of the Jewish T-ra." The compiler of the retrospective "Cinema of the Totalitarian Era (1933-1945)" shown at the 16th Moscow Art Festival (1989), one of the initiators of the "Moscow - Berlin" exhibition shown in Berlin (1995) and Moscow (1996). Works: Olga Leonardovna Knipper-Chekhov. 1869-1959. M., 1959; Yes and no. About cinema and theater of the last decade. M., 1966; Heroes of the "heroless time". M., 1971; Babanov. Legend and biography. M., 1981; 7 1/2, or the Films of Andrei Tarkovsky. M., 1991.
TUROVSKY Ilya Yakovlevich (b. 1912, Vorontsovo, Kherson province), designer of track machines. Cand. tech. Sciences (1952). In 1929 he worked in the Jewish agricultural. technical school as a tractor driver. He graduated from MIIT in 1940. 1941–44 - at the front. In 1944–94 he taught and taught scientific. work in MIIT; since 1957 Assoc. of the department "way and track facilities". Sci. the work is connected with the creation of instruments and mechanisms for straightening and straightening of the track, including the "Turovsky device" for calculating the alignment of the railway. curves, straightening devices and other mechanisms, the production of which is mastered in series. The developments have been implemented on all railways. D. USSR. Author of over 40 scientific. works, methodical. manuals and textbooks. Honorary Railwayman (1947), Hon. inventor of the RSFSR (1981). Works: Traveling facilities. M., 1972 (et al.).
TUROVSKY Semyon Abramovich (1895, Kharkov - 1937), military leader. Corps commander. Member RSDLP since 1911. Member of the 1st world. war, non-commissioned officer. Participant of Civil. war - com. neg., regiment, early. headquarters, then com. divisions. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. Graduated from military-academic. courses (1922) and Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924). In 1923–24 pom. Chief of Staff of the Ural Military District; in 1924–27 early. and military commissar Higher. school schools; in 1927–30 com. and the military commissar of the divisions; in 1930–35 com. and the military commissar of the corps; in 1935–36 early. headquarters and deputy. teams. troops of the Kharkov Military District; from 1936 an army inspector of the Kiev military district. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Military. messenger ". Arrested in 1936. Shot.
TUSHINSKY Meshulam (1846 -?), Linguist. Author of textbooks "Otsar ga-lashon" ("Treasures of the language". Berdichev, 1890), "Otsar ga-shorashim" ("The wealth of roots", in 4 issues, ibid., 1891–92), supplied with Hebrew-Yiddish and Yiddish - Hebrew dictionary, manuals for the study of Hebrew (ibid., 1892, 1899).
TUTELMAN Bronislav Naftulovich (b. 1950, Chernivtsi), painter, graphic artist. In 1970 he graduated from the Odessa State. artist uch-shche them. M.B. Grekova. T.'s creativity changed from pictorial and folklore generalizations ("My city") and expressive portraits ("Musya") to aloof-fantastic. landscape comp. ("Spring", "Landscape with a tram", "Walk", etc.) and photorealistic. receptions ("Portrait of the Father"). In the 1990s. T. created a number of works. on the mountains. themes, and also ser. graphical comp., dedicated Israel. In 1977, 1989 - personal exhibitions in Chernivtsi, in 1983, 1993 - in Moscow. Participation. in int. exhibitions in Lviv (1990), Vienna, Berlin (1991, 1992). In 1994 he left Russia.
Tuvim Julian (1894, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1953, Zakopane, Poland), poet. From 1916 he studied law. and philosophy. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1913, for the first time publ. poems in gas. "Warsaw Courier". Published in pl. gas. and zhurn., including in humorous. zhurn. Hairpins. In 1939–42 - in Romania, France, Portugal, Brazil. In 1942–46 - in the USA. One of the parts ("Prayer"), written in the emigration of the poem "Kvyaty Polski" ("Polish Flowers"), became the anthem of the Polish Resistance. In 1946 he returned to Poland, where he studied at the main. translations. Author pl. poetic. productions, poems for children, libretto op-t, pop songs and couplets, vaudeville and sketches. Main poetic. collection: "I Wait for God" (1918), "Dancing Socrates" (1920), "The Seventh Autumn" (1922), "The Fourth Volume of Poems" (1923), "Words in Blood" (1926), "Black Forest" ( 1929), The Gypsy Bible (1933), The Flaming Essence (1936), From New Poems (1953). Translated into Polish. lang. manuf. Russian classics lit-ry. The author of the book. on the history of Polish culture, including "Charms and Devils in Poland and the Reader of the Black Book" (1924), "The Polish Dictionary of Drunkards and Bacchic Anthology" (1935). Dept. manuf. T., for example. article-manifesto "We, Polish Jews" (1944), imbued with anxiety for the fate of the Jews of Poland. T.'s sister - Irena (1900, Lodz - 1987, Warsaw), poet, translator. In the 1930s. member lit. gr. "Scamander". Author pl. collection of poems, book. for children, rec. Per. from rus. and English. lang., incl. book. A. Milna about Winnie the Pooh.
Tverdokhlebov Andrey Nikolaevich (b. 1940, Moscow), physicist, human rights activist. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1964. 1967–72 ml. scientific. sotr. VINITI of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1972-75 Art. Ing. n.-i. lab. physical and chemical. mechanics, materials and thermal processes of Glavmosstroy. Author of scientific. works: "Research and change in the buoyancy of elastic bodies", "Mathematical description of the process of vibro-turbulization", etc. T. - one of the founders of the Human Rights Committee (1970). He signed letters in defense of R. I. Pimenov, B. B. Vail, A. E. Krasnov-Levitin, V. K. Bukovsky, V. N. Chalidze, L. I. Plyushch, G. G. Superfin, Yu. A. Gastev, "airplanes". In 1973 he took part in the establishment of the "Group-73" (associated with the International Federation of Human Rights), in 1974 - Moscow. gr. owls. section "Intern. amnesty ". One of the comp. of the bulletin “Intern. amnesty ”and comp. Sat. "On the maintenance of prisoners" (1974). He was repeatedly searched and interrogated. In 1975 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of exile. In 1980 he left the USSR.
TVERSKI Zhenya (1901 - 1964, Haifa), politician. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1932 she graduated from the Institute of Social Workers in Berlin. Organized the first in E.-I. Social Assistance Bureau. In 1932–42 she headed the social service of the Jewish community in Haifa, in 1942–48 - in Jerusalem. From 1945 she worked in camps for displaced persons in Europe. Member Central Committee of the Mapai Party, member. Pres. Histadrut. Dep. Knesset 1-4 convocations from the Mapai party.
TVERSKY Avrom-Eliezer (1905, Loev Rechitskiy u. Minsk province. - 1969, Israel), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. The first verses publ. in 1918 in Hebrew to gas. "Ha-Shiloakh" in Odessa. Later I switched to Yiddish. Published periodically. ed. Chisinau, Chernivtsi, where Ch. ed. zhurn. "Funk". Since 1937 - in the USA. Since the 1960s. - in Israel. Author Sat. Moshehn Antkegn (Toward the Messiah. New York, 1946).
TVERSKY Iokhanan (1900, Shpikov of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province - 1967, Tel Aviv), writer. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the Russian Institute in Berlin. In 1926–48 - in the USA. Lecturer in Jewish teachers' institutes. Since 1948 - in Israel. He began to publish in 1924. The author of the biogr. pov. and rum. in Hebrew: "Uriel Acosta" (1935–38), "Ahad-ha-Am" (1941), "Alfred Dreyfus" (1946), etc. Author of stories about the life of the Hasidim in Vost. Europe. He published the encyclopedia Sifrut ha-olam (World Literature, in 4 volumes, 1953–54) and Toldot ha-philosophy ve-ha-philosophim (History of Philosophy and Philosophers, 1967).
TVERSKY Menachem-Nokhum (Nokhum from Chernobyl) (1730, Norinsk, Volyn - 1798, Chernobyl, Kiev province), rabbi. One of the first leaders of Hasidism. Disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. He actively promoted the ideas of Hasidism in Volyn. Teaching T. emphasized the need to combine contemplation and ecstasy in prayer. He led an ascetic lifestyle. He paid a lot of attention to the ransom of Jewish tenants who became dependent on the landlords. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty. The author of the book. "Meor Eynaim" ("The Light of the Eye". Slavuta, 1798), "Ismakh the Lion" ("The Heart Will Rejoice", ibid., 1798). Son of T. - Mordkhe (1770, Chernobyl - 1837, Anatovka, Kiev province), rabbi ... After the death of his father, he headed the Hasidic dynasty he founded. Author of philosophical commentaries on the Pentateuch "Likutei Toire" (Lvov, 1862). Grandson T. - Aharon (1787, Chernobyl - 1871, ibid.), Rabbi, leader of the Chernobyl dynasty. Grandson T. - Moishe (1789, Chernobyl - 1866, Korostyshev ), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Korostyshev. Grandson of T. - Yankev-Israel (1794, Chernobyl - 1876, Cherkasy), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Cherkasy. The author of the book. "Shoshanas ha-Amakim" ("Lily of the Valley". Lublin, 1884). Grandson of T. - Nokhum (1805, Chernobyl - 1852, Makarov), rabbi. The founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Makarov. The grandson of T. - Avrom (1806, Chernobyl - 1889, Turiysk, Volyn province), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Turisk. He was attacked by representatives of the Haskala, in particular Abram Kupernik (1821-1892). Arrested by the authorities. Author of comments to the Pentateuch "Magen Avraham" ("Shield of Avraham". Zhitomir, 1887). Grandson of T. - Dovid (1808, Chernobyl - 1882, Talnoe), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Talny. The author of the book. "Magen Dovid" ("Dovid's Shield". Zhytomyr, 1852), "Birkat Dovid" ("Dovid's Blessing". Zhytomyr, 1862), "Kegilas Dovid" ("Dovid's Community". Lublin, 1881). T.'s grandson - Itskhok (1812, Chernobyl - 1895, Skvira, Kiev province), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Skvira. Grandson of T. - Yohonon (1812, Chernobyl - 1885, Rotmistrovka), rabbi. Founder of the Hasidic dynasty in Rotmistrovka.
TVERSKY Yaakov Isaakovich (1912, Kiev - 1993, Tel Aviv), second-hand antiquarian, publisher. Rod. in the family of a Hasidic tzaddik. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the 1930s. was arrested twice, conducted by St. 10 years in camps and exile. K ser. 1960s collected an extensive library (St. 4 thousand volumes, main section: Judaica, the first editions of outstanding authors, illustrated edition of the early 20th century and pictures of art of the 1st third of the 20th century) ... Since 1966 - in Israel, where he managed to take out Naib. a valuable part of the library. In 1969 he opened an antique and second-hand book in Tel Aviv. store, which soon received an international. fame. Since 1970 he published thematic. catalogs book. 16-20 centuries (ch. arr. on Judaica and Slavic studies), available in his shop, released approx. 400 monthly book trade. sheets, each of which included a description of 200-300 kn. on a specific branch of knowledge. Under the trademark of the publishing house "Atticot" T. republished by a reprint method approx. 100 kn. on the history of Jews in Russia and a number of small-circulation poetry. collection of books 1910–20s. Collected a unique collection of Jewish bookplates (over 700 items).
TYKOTSINSKY Iehiel-Mikhl (1872, Lyakhovichi, Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1955, Jerusalem), rabbi. From 1882 - in E.-I. Studied with S. Salanta. From 1900 he taught at the Etz Chaim yeshiva in Jerusalem. Contributed to the founding of new areas of Jerusalem. From 1904 he published an annual. Luach calendar. T. paid special attention to the problems of halakha associated with astronomy, which is dedicated. a number of works. Dr. manuf. T. dedicated the laws of Saturday and mourning, customs and laws of E.-I. Author pl. Art. in decomp. magazines.
TYNYANOV Yuri Nikolaevich (Nasonovich) (1884, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1943, Moscow), writer, literary critic. V.M. Zhirmunsky's second cousin. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1918), where he attended S.A. Vengerov's Pushkin seminar. In 1919–21, an interpreter in French. dep. Comintern, proofreader at Gosizdat. In 1921-30 prof. Institute of History of Art. One of Ch. theorists of the "formal school" in literary knowledge. First book. T. - "Gogol and Dostoevsky (to the theory of parody)" (1921). As a literary theorist, he studied the specifics of poetry. language (book "Problems of poetic language", 1924). In the 1920s. acted as lit. critic. In the 1930s. T. studied history and literature. and biogr. issled., ch. arr. about A.S. Pushkin and V.K. Küchelbecker. Author of rum. "Kyukhlya" (1925) - about Kuchelbecker, "Death of Vazir-Mukhtar" (1927-28) - about A.S. Griboyedov, "Pushkin" (1935-43), pov. "Lieutenant Kizhe" (1928), "The Wax Person" (1931), etc. In 1934 he was elected to the board of the USSR JV. T. also acted as the lane. (G. Heine and others), wrote several. scripts for f. T. - one of the creators of the ser. "B-ka poet". The Jewish theme is present in the first story by T. "Brooks' Parrot" (journal "Leningrad", 1925). T.'s sister - Lydia (1902, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1984, Moscow), writer. The author of the book. historical biogr. genre - "Ryleev" (1926), "Kakhovsky" (1930), "The Tale of the Great Actress" (1950), "Indomitable Garin" (1974).
TYRMAND Eta (Edi) Moiseevna (b. 1917, Warsaw), composer, teacher. She graduated from Warsaw (1938, choral department) and Belorussian (1949 - class fp., 1952 - class composition) cons. 1941–48 - in Frunze. From 1949 she taught at the Belarusian Cons. (from 1978 Assoc.) and Wed. specialist. muses. school (1949–62) at the cons. Among the Op. T .: cantata "I sing Lenin" (1969), cantatas for fp. with orc. (1952, 1956), sonatas: for fp. (1969), viola and fp. (1961; 2nd ed. - 1967, for violin and piano), sonatinas, suites, tocattas for piano, sonata and pieces for cymbals and piano, suite in retro style for dombra and piano, wok. cycles per sl. M. Tank, E. Agnyatsvet, B. Dodier, F. Garcia Lorca, R. Burns, E. Mezhelaitis and others, suite for children. chorus, processing Belarusian. bunk bed songs.
TYSH Naum Yakovlevich (1884, Warsaw - after 1915), politician. In 1903–07 he studied at Warsaw University. In 1905 he joined the anarchists. In 1907, members. Kiev gr. anarchist communists, organizer of terrorist attacks, coordinator of communications decomp. anarchist groups. In 1908 he was arrested with a load of weapons and sentenced to 15 years in hard labor.
TYSZKA (ps. Grozovsky) Jan (Yogiches Leo) (1867, Vilna - 1919, Berlin), politician. R.'s husband Luxemburg. In 1885 - in the circles of "Narodnaya Volya", in 1887 one of the hands. Marxist gr. in Vilna. Arrested in 1888. From 1890 - in Switzerland, took part in the work of gr. "Emancipation of Labor", was one of the founders of SDKPiL (1893), ch. her ideologue. In 1893, together with Luxemburg, Y. Marhlevsky and V. Varsky, he edited the journal. "On the right is a worker." Since 1900 - in Germany. From 1903 p. Ch. reign SDKPiL, in 1905-14 its polit. hand., ed. school desks. gas. "Chervony Shtandar", "Tribune of Lyudov", "Tribune". In 1905 he returned to Russia, one of the organizers of the polit. strikes in Warsaw. In 1906 he was arrested and sentenced to 8 years in hard labor. He fled in 1907. Lived in Germany. During the 1st world. war is one of the organizers and hands. gr. "Internationale" (1915) and "Union of Spartacus". In 1918 he was arrested. Released after Nov. revolution in Germany (1918). Together with Luxemburg and K. Liebknecht, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, secretary. Central Committee. Arrested in 1919. Killed in prison.
TYSHLER Alexander Grigorievich (1896, Melitopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1980, Moscow), painter, theater artist, graphic artist, sculptor. In 1917 he graduated from the Kiev art. school, in 1917 - in the studio of A.A. Ekster (Kiev). In 1919–20 - in Kr. Army. In 1920 he was the organizer and artist of the Melitopol "ROSTA Windows"; took part in the exhibition "Culture League" under the ps. Jin-Jih-Shvil. From 1921 - in Moscow, studied at VKHUTEMAS (workshop of V.A. Favorsky). In 1922–24 he created ser. paintings "Color and form in space". In 1925, members. OST. Picturesque ser .: "Makhnovshchina" ("Walk the Field", "Parade", both - 1920s), "Neighbors of My Childhood" (1930–70s), "Oceanids", "Balaganchik" (both - 1960–70s), “The Legend of the Centaur Girl” (1970s), etc. Among his works are the paintings “Portrait of his wife, Anastasia Stepanovna Tyshler”, “Flood” (both - 1926), “ Woman with an Airplane "(1927) and others. Since 1922 he has designed more than 100 performances for t-drs. In 1927 - early. 1930s - in BelGOSET, designed the performances "Botvin" by A. Vevierko, "Fuente Ovehuna" by Lope de Vega (both - 1927), "Jim Kuperkop" by S. Godiner (1929), created the scenery for the Kharkov GOSET. Since 1932 - in Moscow. GOSET, in 1941–49 ch. artist Among the designed performances: "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare (1935), "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem (1941), "The Capricious Bride" by A. Goldfaden (1944), "Frelex" by E. Schneer (1945). In the 1930s. designed the performances of Moscow. Gypsy. t-ra "Romen". He worked in t-ts until 1961 ("Not only love", music by RK Shchedrin, 1961, Bolshoi Theater of the USSR). He began to study graphics in the 1920s and 30s, among his works: "Slaughterhouse" (1925, b., Gouache), "We heard about the removal of the chador" (early 1930s, b., Aqu.), Portraits A.A. Akhmatova (1935), S.M. Mikhoelsa (1936), L.Yu.Brik (1949, all - b., Card.). Works in the book. graphics: ill. and the design of primers (1925), artist. Produced by: "A Cloud in Pants" by VV Mayakovsky (1931–32), "Ulyalaevshchina" by IL Selvinsky, the poem "Cinderella" by SI Kirsanov (1936), "Duma about Opanas" by E.G. Bagritsky (1937). In 1950–70 he was engaged in sculpture, among the works: polychrome Dryads, monochrome Brides, Girls with houses, Towers, made mainly in wood. Participant of exhibitions in the USSR, Japan, USA and in European countries. Personal exhibitions: in Odessa (1940), Tashkent (1943), Leningrad (1956, 1962), Moscow (1956-1988, 7 exhibitions). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, Museum of Private Collections and other collections. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Uzbek SSR (1943). Became. pr. (1946).
TYSHLER David Abramovich (born 1927, Kherson), athlete (fencing). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR (1961), Hon. coach of the USSR (1965). Dr. ped. Sciences (1983), prof. (1984). Bronze. prize-winner Olympus. 1956 games in Melbourne in the team saber fencing championship. Silver. medalist of the 1958 world championship in the individual championship, 1957, 1958 - in the team championship. In 1961–73 he was a coach of the USSR national saber fencing team. Under the arm. T. the USSR national team won Olympus. games 1964, 1968. Among the students of T. Olympus. champions M.Midler, M.Rakita, V.Sidyak, V.Krovopuskov. Since 1976 head. department of fencing and modern. pentathlon in GTsOLIFK. In 1987–92 prez. Fencing Federation of the Russian Federation. The author of the book. on the theory and method of fencing, including "Training of a saber fencer" (M., 1959), "Psychological training of a fencer" (M., 1969), "Textbook of fencing" (M., 1978), "Fencing plots "(M., 1983).
TEACHER Efim Yulievich (1913, Petersburg - 1988, ibid.), Cameraman, director. In 1935 he graduated from Leningrad. in-t kininzh., worked as an operator of "Lenkinohronika". Operator debut - f. "Holidays in the tundra" (1937). He took off f. Mannerheim Line and Estonian Land (1940). 1941–45 - the front. cameraman. Dir. pl. doc. f., dedicated. Leningrad ("Leningrad in the Struggle", "Breaking the Siege of Leningrad", "Leningrad" (with R.L. Karmen), "The Feat of Leningrad", "Meeting with Leningrad", "Leningrad. Years and Accomplishments", "Leningrad - hero city "). Among the naib. Izv. works: "Russian character" (1957), "Daughters of Russia" (1959), "Peace to your house" (1960), "Songs of Russia" (1963), "Your generous heart" (1967), "Vilegodskie peasants" (1971 ). Nar. art. USSR (1976). Became. pr. (1943). State pr. USSR (1967).
UFLYAND Vladimir Iosifovich (1937 - 2007, Petersburg), poet. He studied at the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He began to write poetry from ser. 1950s He debuted in print in 1965 in the journal. "Syntax", in the same year, poems by W. publ. zhurn. "Grani", in 1978 - zhurn. "Echo". U.'s poems are fragmentary in form, imbued with irony, built on the contrast of material and spiritual, reality and imagination. Works: Texts. Ann Arbor, 1978; Detailed antisipation. Paris, 1990.
UFLYAND Yakov Solomonovich (b. 1916, Petrograd), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958), prof. (1963). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1939). From 1946 he worked at the LFTI. Main research results. relate to differenti. ur-niyam with private. derivatives, pr. and numerical methods and pr. Mathematics, Vol .: Integral Transformations in Problems of Elasticity Theory. M. - L., 1963.
UFLYAND Yuliy Mikhailovich (1897, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1939). In 1922 he graduated from biol. separation physical-mat. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. In 1922–42 assistant professor. (1931), head. the department (1939) of normal physiology of the State Institute of Medical Sciences. knowledge (since 1930 - 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute), at the same time. in 1924–32 head. organized by him fiziol. lab. Leningrad. in-that occupational diseases. In 1942–44 the head. Department of Physiology, Sverdlovsk honey. in-that, in 1944-71 head. Department of Physiology 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that (since 1947 - Leningrad sanitary-hygienic medical institute), at the same time. in 1944–60 head. the lab organized by him. Leningrad. in-that children. orthopedics them. G.I. Turner. U. - one of the founders of the theory of chronaxia, was the first in the USSR to use chronaximetry. He established a number of regularities in the development of fatigue in the centers of the spinal cord and changes in the nerve. and muscular systems in poliomyelitis, congenital spastic paralysis; developed a technique for diagnosing nerve damage. He invented the cephalograph, tremograph and other devices used in fiziol. research. Contributed to the study of the history of physiology in Russia. Member Centre. Council of Vses. fiziol. about-va, deputy. prev. board of Leningrad. about-va of physiologists, biochemists and pharmacologists. Cit .: Theory and practice of chronaximetry. L., 1938; Modern methods of electrodiagnostics for gunshot wounds of the nervous system. M., 1945; The main stages of the development of the teachings of N.E. Vvedensky. L., 1952.
UGOLEV Alexander Mikhailovich (1926, Dnepropetrovsk - 1991, Moscow), physiologist. Prof. (1964), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). In 1948 he graduated from Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-t. In 1949–55 - at the Dentist. in-those in Leningrad, in 1955-60 - in Ying-those normal and pathological. physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow. Since 1960 - at the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1963 head of the laboratory of nutritional physiology, since 1974 head of the department of physiology of visceral systems). Main tr. dedicated problems of physiology of digestion, evolution of digestion, membrane hydrolysis and absorption, intestinal hormones, etc. He formulated a theory of the general evolutionary origin of the glands of the ext. and int. secretion. In 1951, for the first time in the USSR, he carried out in an experiment the complete removal of the duodenum and described the syndrome of duodenal insufficiency. Metabolic suggested. the theory of appetite regulation associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Discovered (1959) membrane digestion. Completed a cycle of works on fiziol. the rationale for the creation and use of synthetic. food. Etc. them. I.P. Pavlova (1963). Cit .: Parietal (contact) digestion. M. - L., 1963; Membrane digestion. Polysubstrate processes, organization and regulation. L., 1972; Enteric (intestinal hormonal) system. L., 1978; Space gastroenterology. M., 1981 (in co-authorship with K.V. Smirnov); The evolution of digestion and the principles of the evolution of functions. L., 1985; Adequate nutrition theory and trophology. L., 1991.
UGORETS Israel Iosifovich (1899, Vitebsk - 1967, Moscow), power engineer, statesman, production organizer. He graduated from the rabfak, then in 1929 the Ministry of National Economy. Worked early. electrical shop of the Lyapinskaya GRES in Yaroslavl, in 1930–33 beginning. workshop, then Ch. Ing. GRES. From 1934 - in Glavenergo VSNKh (senior engineer, head of Electrocontrol). In 1939 he headed "Teploelektroproekt", where under the hands of. W. was created ser. typical projects of power plants with a capacity of 24-50 thousand kW. In 1942–57, deputy. min. electric stations of the USSR, supervised the development of projects for electric stations and electric. networks, the creation of united energy. systems. At the same time. (1942–45) served as early. Glavuralenergo; organization of work energetic. systems allowed to increase the production of electricity in the Urals by 2 times, to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the military. prom-sti. In 1957–67 deputy. prev. Tech. Council of the Ministry of Energy and Electrification of the USSR. One of the organizers and the first director. Research Institute post. current.
ULANOVSKY Alexander Petrovich (real name and surname Israel Khaskelevich) (1891, Odessa - 1971, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Since 1905, a member of the roar. movement, anarchist. He was arrested in 1910 and sentenced to 4 years of exile, for which he served in the Turukhansk region. He fled in 1913; in 1913–15 - in Great Britain, France, Germany. He returned to Russia, sent into exile. Released after Feb. Revolution of 1917. Participant Oct. Revolution and Grazhd. war. In 1921-22 - illegal. work in Germany through the Cheka. Since 1922 - in the Profintern. In 1922–24 he was illegal. work in Germany (Hamburg), head. port bureau of the Union of water workers. In 1924-28 - in the Central Committee of the Union of water workers. I left with a special. assignments to China. Since 1928 - in the RU Red Army. In 1928-30 he was a military resident. intelligence in China. In 1930–31 - illegal. work in Germany, in 1931–32 he was a resident of the RU RKKA in the USA (New York). Resident in Denmark since 1932, creator of the intelligence service. networks in this country. Arrested and sentenced to 4 years, released early in 1936. Upon his return to the USSR, he taught at an intelligence school. In 1937 he was dismissed from the Red Army. In 1937–49 he taught English. lang. in the Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze and Art. academies; scientific. sotr. Glavsevmorput. Arrested in 1949. Released in 1956.
ULIK Vera Iosifovna (1928, Kiev - 1995), actress. In 1950 she graduated from the Kiev Theater. in-t them. I.K. Karpenko-Kary, worked in Kiev Rus. dram. t-re, in 1952-57 - in the Kalininsky drama. t-re, in 1958–73 - in the Kazan Bolshoi Drama. t-re them. VI Kachalova, in 1973–83 - in Leningrad. dram. t-re them. Lensovet, in 1984–87 - in Moscow. dram. Jewish t-re. Since 1987 - in the t-re-studio "At Nikitsky Gate" under the hands. M.G. Rozovsky. Among the roles of U. - Anisya ("The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy), Beatrice ("Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare), Zhivka ("Madame Minister" by B. Nushich), Medea ("Medea" by J. Anuy ), Grandmother ("The doors are slamming" by A. Fredro), Gold ("Tevye the milkman" by Sholem Aleichem), Mother ("Life and Fate" by V.S. Grossman). She starred in films: "Passion for Vladimir" ("Vysotsky's Concert at the Research Institute"), "Lermontov" and others. Nar. art. TASSR (1970).
ULITSKAYA Lyudmila Evgenievna (b. 1943, Moscow), writer. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (Department of Genetics). She worked at the Institute of General Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968–70), head. lit. part of the Chamber Jewish muses. t-ra (1979–82). In the work of U. Jews with their nat. character, history, life, problems - an integral part of growing up. life. Among the characters in U.'s stories, a large place is occupied by the marginal: old women out of their minds, beggars, oligophrenics. Main interest U. - a private person in private life. The acute moral problems inherent in her work never become self-sufficient, but always fit into the context of a broad and loving attitude to the world. Author Sat. stories "One Hundred Buttons" (Moscow, 1983), the play "My grandson Benjamin" (1988), script f. "Liberty Sisters" (directed by V. Grammatikov, 1990), pov. "Sonechka" (1994), "Medea and Her Children" (1996).
UMANSKY Alexander Azarevich (1900, Kiev - 1973, Moscow), specialist in the field of structural mechanics. Prof. (1930), Dr. Tech. sciences (1936), engineer-colonel. Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1925). In 1925-30 under the direction of. U. completed projects of bridges across the Yuzh. Bug, across the Dnieper near Cherkassy. In 1930–35 the head. the department is building. mechanics of Kiev engineer-building. in-that, hands. gr. strength Ying-that builds. mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1935 to the beginning. building departments. mechanics Military-air. Ing. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. At the same time. taught at Moscow. in-those Ing. communal building, collaborated at TsAGI. Region scientific. interests - problems of projective geometry, theory of spaces. systems, theory of floating bridges. Author of over 120 prints. works. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1960). Works: pontoon bridges. Main circuit calculation. Kharkov – Kiev, 1931; Torsion and bending of thin-walled aircraft structures. M. - L., 1939; Strength of materials course. M., 1950; Farm statics and kinetics. M., 1957; Aircraft construction mechanics. M., 1961.
UMANSKY Yakov Semenovich (1905 - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of metal science. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1941), prof. Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1930). He worked in Vses. electrical engineering in-those in Moscow. From 1937 he taught at Moscow. Institute of Steel, where in 1944 he organized and headed the Department of Radiography. Main tr. associated with the physics of metals, the search for new TVs. alloys and technologies for their manufacture. Developed the method of X-ray structural analysis. Author of textbooks and uch. benefits for physical. fundamentals of metal science and physics of metals. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). Became. etc. (1948). State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Implementation phases. M., 1977 (et al.); Physics of metals. M., 1978 (co-authored with Yu.A. Skakov).
UNSHLICHT Iosif Stanislavovich (party ps. Yurovsky) (1879, Mlawa Plock province - 1938), politician and statesman. Since 1900 p. SDKPiL, led the roar. work in Warsaw, Lodz, Dбbrowski district. Affairs. 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907). In 1907-11 members. Warsaw region., Lodz env. to-tos and Regional Board SDKPiL, repeatedly. was arrested. In 1916 he was exiled to the village. Tungura of Irkutsk province. In the beginning. 1917 fled to Irkutsk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Irkutsk to-that RSDLP (b). From Apr. 1917 - in Petrograd, member. Petrogr. Council, executive committee SDKPL in Russia, one of the editors. Polish gas. "Tribune", cases. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). In oct. 1917 members Petrogr. VRK, participant Oct. Revolution of 1917.Since December. 1917 members Collegiums of the NKVD. In the end. 1918 members Central Committee Kom. parties of Lithuania and Belarus. From Apr. 1919 members RVS of the 16th Army, from December. - Zap. fr. Since 1921, deputy. prev. Cheka, since 1923 RVS USSR and early. supply Kr. Army. In 1925-1930 Deputy. People's Commissar for Military. and pestilence. business. In 1933–35 the beginning. Ch. management Civil. air. fleet. Since 1935, member. Union. Council of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Member CEC of all convocations, cases. 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 and 17 party congresses, elected member. Centre. Auditing Commission and Cand. in part. Central Committee. In 1938 he was arrested.
UNTERMAN Isser-Yehuda (1886, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1976), rabbi. He studied at yeshivas in Mir and Volozhin. In 1910 he headed the yeshiva in Vishova, served as a rabbi in the various. communities. In 1921–24 a rabbi in Grodno. In 1924–46 - in Great Britain, a rabbi in Liverpool, headed by Brit. branch of the Mizrahi movement. Member of a number of Zionist Congr. Since 1946 - in E.-I., Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Tel Aviv - Jaffa, in 1964–72 - Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Israel. The author of the book. on the problems of Jewish law.
WALLING (nee Strunskaya) Anna (1879 - 1964, California), writer, public figure. Since the 1880s. - in USA. She studied at Stanford University (1896-99) and at the University of those pieces. California (1899-1900). In the end. 1890s met J. London. Their relationship is reflected in the joint. written by the book. "Letters of Compton and Wayes" (1903). Participated in the socialist. movement of the 1900s, expressed sympathy for the Russian. revolution of 1905–07. In 1906–08, together with her husband W. I. Walling, Izv. publicist and socialist leader. party, was in Russia, where she studied polit. and econ. problems, helped Walling in writing the book. Blagovest of Russia (1908). In 1910 she released the book. "Violets of the Père Lachaise Cemetery". She gave lectures in lit., polit. and social Topics.
WARNER Albert (1883, near Warsaw - 1958, Los Angeles), producer. With children. years - in the USA. In 1905 he opened the first cheap c / t in the USA in Newcastle (Pennsylvania). In 1908 he founded a film distribution company. In 1913, together with his brother Jack, he organized the Warner Brothers film company in Hollywood. During the 1st world. war was engaged in the production of anti-German propaganda f. Naib. known f. “My four years in Germany” (1917). After 1923 he combined film production and film distribution. He registered the first sound system "Vitafon", with the help of a cut he released the first sound system in the history of cinema. The Jazz Singer (1927). Among the f., Created. under the hands. David: "A Marriage of Four" (1924), "Threepenny Opera" (1931), "Madame Dubarry" (1934), "The Life of Emile Zola" (1937), "The Maltese Falcon" (1941), "To Have and Not to Have" (1944), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), East of Paradise (1955), Moby Dick (1956).
URBANSKY Evgeny Yakovlevich (1932, Inta, Komi ASSR - 1965, near Bukhara), actor. In 1957 he graduated from the School-Studio. V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater (course of V.O. Toporkov). Since 1957 - in Moscow. dram. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky. He made his debut as Richard ("The Devil's Apprentice" by B. Shaw), then played the role of Peter Petrus ("Such a Love" by P. Kogout, 1958). For 8 years of work in the theater he played 14 roles, among which: John Proctor (The Saylem Witches by A. Miller, 1962), Peach (The Threepenny Opera by B. Brecht), Rudakov (The Deck by L.G. .3orin | 3orina]], both - 1964), Vilkin ("Encyclopedists" 3orin, 1965). U. starred in 8 features: "Communist", "Ballad of a Soldier" (disabled soldier), "Unsent Letter" (Sergei, both - 1959), "Probationary Period" (Chekist, 1960), "Clear Sky" ( Alexey Astakhov, 1961), Big Ore (Pronyakin), A Span of the Earth (battalion commander Babin, both - 1964), Tsar and General (Arkady Pavlovich; Art Studio, Sofia, 1965). Participated in radio performances, starred on television ("The Poet and Time" by P. Reznikov) and others. Killed during the filming of the film "Director". Honored. art. RSFSR (1962).
URINOV Yakov Isaakovich (1898, Vladaria - 1976, Moscow), film director. In 1921 he graduated from dir. and the acting department of the Kiev theater. studios, worked in decomp. t-pah. In 1926–40 - at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema, Detfilm (Moscow), Lenfilm. In 1950–54 Art. ed. "Mosnauchfilm", in 1955-56 dir. Lithuanian k / st, since 1956 ed. and dir. Mosnauchfilm. He took off scientific-popular. films: "They will speak" (1963), "Master Know-it-all" (1966), "Uncle Ernest" (1967). In fiction films he directed f. “Sailor Ivan Galai” (1929), “Fire Flight” (1930), “Two Meetings” (1932), “Steppe Songs” (1933), “Intrigan” (1935). Honored. art. KirgSSR (1943), Hon. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (1946).
URINSON Yakov Moiseevich (b. 1944, Moscow), statesman, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1984), prof. (1987). Graduated from the MINH (1966). In 1972–91 - in Ch. will calculate. center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR: deputy. early subdivision, ch. specialist, early. subdivision, deputy. and the first deputy. early will calculate. center. In 1991–94, the director. Center for Economics conjuncture and forecasting at the Ministry of Economy, then at the RF Prospect. 1994–97 first deputy. min. economy of the Russian Federation. 1997–8 Deputy Prime Minister of the RF Prospect for Economics and Industry, min. economy.
URITSKY Moisey Solomonovich (1873, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province - 1918, Petrograd), party and statesman. In 1897 he graduated from law. f-t un-that in Kiev. From the beginning. 1890s - into the roar. movement. Since 1898, members RSDLP. Multiple was subjected to arrest and exile. In 1914-17 - in the USA, sotr. into gas. Our Word (New York). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. In oct. 1917 members Military-roar. party center for the leadership of the uprising. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 Commissar of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from November 1917 member. Collegiums of the NKVD. From March 1918 before. Petrogr. Cheka, People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the Northern Commune. Killed by L.I. Kannegisser.
URITSKY Semyon Petrovich (1895, Cherkasy, Kiev province - 1938, Moscow), military leader. Corps Commander (1935). Nephew of M.S. Uritsky. Studied at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute (Moscow). Since 1912 - member. RSDLP. From 1915 - in the army, ensign. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Odessa, formed detachments of the Kr. guard. Participant of the battles at Tsaritsyn, the campaign Yuzh. gr. 12th Army. In 1920 com. Special kav. brigades of the 2nd Cavalry Army, early. operational department Reconnaissance. management of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Beginning and the commissar of the Odessa fortified area. Awarded 2 orders. Cr. Banner. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), then illegally. reconnaissance. work in Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1924–27 pom. early, early Moscow internat. infantry. schools. In 1927 he commanded a division, a corps, was early. district headquarters. In 1928 he studied at the Berlin military. academy, then - early. a number of dep. in Ch. reconnaissance. management of the Red Army. Since 1934 - at the disposal of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. In 1935–37 the beginning. Ch. reconnaissance. management of the Red Army. In 1937 teams. troops of Moscow. IN. U. - member. RVS RVS, cases. 10th, 12th and 16th congresses of the CPSU (b). Author of stories, publ. in periodic. ed. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
UREV Naum Borisovich (b. 1936, Chelyabinsk), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1975), prof. (1981), acad. RANS (1992). In 1957 he graduated from MISS. In 1957-59 - in the Institute forge. affairs of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1959 - in Ying-those physical. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory since 1985). Since 1976 - in MADI. Main research in the region. physical and chemical dynamics of dispersed systems. Derived patterns of structure formation in concentrate. dispersed systems. Discovered the phenomenon of syneresis at the joint. the action of surfactant additives and vibration. Study results U. have found application in the production technology of a number of composite materials, in the processes of hydrotransportation of coal-water mixtures, in the food industry, hydrometallurgy, and other regions. Author of over 350 scientific. print works. Created scientific. school in the region. colloidal chemistry. Etc. CM USSR (1969). Etc. them. P.A. Rebinder of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1992, first laureate).
URLANIS Boris Tsezarevich (present father Tsalevich) (1906, Kiev - 1981, Moscow), economist, demographer, publicist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1940), prof. (1944). After graduating from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1926) - on scientific and teaching work in diff. universities of Moscow, including Moscow State University (1944–49), VGIK (1949–56), All-Union. correspondence finance. in-those (1956–59), Moscow. economical-statistical in-those (1963–74). Since 1959 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member Int. union for scientific. research in the region. population (1966). Main tr. on demography and statistics. First book. came out in 1938 - “History of Amer. qualifications ". Author of the works "Population growth in Europe" (1941) and "Wars and the population of Europe" (1960). In the book. "Fertility and life expectancy in the USSR" (1963) for the first time analyzed demographic. processes in the country since 1917; research was developed in monograph. Life Span Evolution (1978). Author of textbooks and uch. textbooks on statistics: "A short course in the theory of statistics" (1939), "General theory of statistics" (1962, 1973). Ed. U. published a number of reference books, including "Population of the countries of the world" (1974). The popularizer of the econom. and demographic. nauki (Dynamics and structure of the population of the USSR and the USA). M., 1964; The story of one generation. M., 1968; Population statistics. M., 1971; Problems of the dynamics of the population of the USSR. M., 1974.
URSTEIN Maurycy (Moritz) Stanislavovich (1872, Warsaw -?), Psychiatrist, neurologist. Studied for honey. f-those of Warsaw University, in Berlin, Heidelberg and Munich. He worked as an assistant in neurology. clinic in Warsaw. During Russian-Japanese. war headed the cholera hospital in Turkestan. In 1906 he was trained in psychiatry by E. Crepelin in Germany. During the 1st world. war headed the hospital of the Red Cross. After 1918 - in Argentina and Brazil, och. h. Brazilian Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In the 1920s and 30s. practiced in Warsaw. Author tr. by decomp. question psychiatry and neurology, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis, psychol. and court. - honey. aspects of the psyche. diseases.
URYSON Pavel Samuilovich (1898, Odessa - 1926, Ba, France), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1919), graduate school there (1921). A student of N.N. Luzin. He worked at Moscow State University and 2nd Moscow State University. Author of funds. research in the region. geometry (theory of convex bodies), topology, integral equations, theory of functions of a complex variable; creator of the theory of dimensions. He drowned in the sea. Vol .: Works on topology and other areas of mathematics. M. - L., 1951.
USACH Leonid (Lazar) Leonidovich (b. 1927, Moscow), actor, writer. In 1943–45 - at the front. Graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V. Shchukin (1956). He worked at Mosestrad. I read the works. A.P. Chekhova, M.M.Zoshchenko, L.S.Lencha, V.E.Ardova and others. Since 1961, the author of stories for his repertoire. The stories "Aqualung", "At the height", "Severe illness" and others were included in the first sat. W. "Humorous stories" (1968). For U., as a comedian, characterized by mobility, richness of facial expressions, precision gesture. Since 1994 - in Germany. Honored. art. RSFSR (1979) Vol .: Merry laugh. M., 1992.
USANOVICH Mikhail Ilyich (1894, Zhitomir - 1981, Alma-Ata), physicochemist. Prof. (1930), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1962). In 1917 he graduated from un-t in Kiev. In 1918-19 he worked in chem. lab. V.I. Vernadsky Ukr. AN. In 1919–20 - in Kr. Army. In 1920–23 sec. scientific and technical council at the pres. Volyn lips. economic council. In 1924-29 tech. hands. chem.-pharmaceutical s-yes and sotr. Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. In 1930–34 prof. and head. department of physical. Chemistry of Tomsk University, in 1935–44 - Central Asian (Tashkent) University, since 1944 - Kazakh University. Created quantities. theory of solutions (1932), taking into account the chemical. interaction between components and setting the conditions for the occurrence of electrical conductivity in solutions. In 1934–38 he researched the so-called. abnormal electrical conductivity of solutions, proved the fallacy of applying the Ostwald dilution law to most solutions. In 1938 he formulated a generalized theory of acids and bases. Derived the ur-tion of the dependence of the density and viscosity of solutions on their composition (1978). Author of works on the history of chemistry, works: Creators of chemistry. L., 1930; What are acids and bases. Alma-Ata, 1953; Research in the field of the theory of solutions and the theory of acids and bases. Alma-Ata, 1970.
USHATS Mikhail Lazarevich (b. 1927, Simferopol), graphic cartoonist, theater designer. In 1954 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1956 he published the first satirical. fig. in the journal. "Crocodile". In 1963 he began to work as a theater. artist First post. - ball. "By the path of thunder" on muses. K.Karaeva in the State. t-re op. and the ball. them. A. Aini (Dushanbe). In total, he designed more than 120 performances, including in the 1960s. - "Swan Lake" by PI Tchaikovsky (T-r op. And ball. Named after Abai, Alma-Ata), "La Traviata" by G. Verdi (Gorky theater and ball. Named after A.S. Pushkin), op-you "Rose of the Winds" on muses. BA Mokrousova (Petrozavodsk music theater), "Free Wind" (Odessa Music Comedy Theater); in the 1970s. - Puppet shows for adults: "Mademoiselle Nitush" (Lviv Puppet Theater), "Smile, Aykhon" (Tashkent Puppet Theater). U. - art post. New Year tree performance in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses "Let the stars shine peacefully", 1985). In 1990 he designed the performances "Soldier Ivan Chonkin", "Fatal Eggs" (Michurinsky Theater of Drama). In 1995 he took part in the creation. Purimshpil (Moscow, on the stage of the Central Children's Theater). U. is the author of a number of satirical scripts. newsreel. "Wick", humorous. verse., parodies, epigrams. Since 1989, Ch. artist Moscow Jewish theater "Shalom", designed the performances "The Enchanted Theater" (1990), "Dance of the Little Bronsteins" (1991), "The Train for Happiness" (1992). Figure: W. are included in Sat. "106 modern cartoonists of the world" (House of humor and satire, Gabrovo, 1980). Participant 34 international. exhibitions. Personal exhibitions - in Moscow (1980 and two - 1996). Laureate of the International. biennial of humor and satire in art (1972, Gabrovo). Laureate of Vses. festival of t-ditch for registration op. "Overcoat" and "Carriage" for music. A.N. Kholminova (Moscow Chamber Music Theater, 1977).
USHPOLIS Grigory Saulievich (1923, Naujasis Daugeliskis, Lithuania - 1996, Ashdod, Israel), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). From 1942 - in the Red Army. Com. gun corporal U. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism displayed in the battles for the liberation of Lithuania. In 1949 he graduated from school. school at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, in 1954 - Vilnius University. He worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. From the beginning. 1990s - in Israel.
USIEVICH Grigory Alexandrovich (1890, Khotinichi of Mglinsky district of Chernigov province - 1918, Gorki Kamyshlovsky district of Perm province), participant of the revolutionary movement. In 1907 he entered law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. From 1907 p. RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested and, after two years of solitary confinement, was exiled to an eternal settlement in the Kansk district. Yenisei province. In 1914 he escaped from exile. In 1914-15 - in Austria-Hungary, after the beginning. 1st world. war was arrested, held in a concentration camp, then in prison. In 1915 he was released at the request of Austr. s.-d., left for Switzerland. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Affairs. 7th (Apr.) Conf. RSDLP (b). Member MK RSDLP (b), executive committee of the Moscow City Council, vowel mountains. thoughts. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b), member. Moscow VRK and the operational headquarters for the leadership of weapons. uprising, led by the Red Guard detachment, which captured the mountains. telephone exchange. In 1918, before. Zap.-Sib. military-roar. headquarters in Tyumen. Killed in battle.
USOSKIN Mark Mikhailovich (1903, Odessa - 1966, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1950), prof. (1951). In 1924 he graduated from the Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va, in 1924–55 he worked at the State Bank of the USSR, at the same time. taught in a number of Moscow. universities. Participant in the preparation and conduct of the den. reforms of 1947. Author of monographs, textbooks and uch. benefits: "Organization and planning of credit" (1951; 4th ed. - 1967); "Organization and planning of short-term credit" (2nd ed. M., 1956) and others. Works: Fundamentals of lending and calculations. M., 1939; Fundamentals of credit. M., 1946; Short-term credit in the national economy of the USSR. M., 1948; Short-term credit and the organization of money circulation in the USSR. M., 1952 (co-authored with V.M. Batyrev).
USPENSKY Boris Andreevich (b. 1937, Moscow), philologist-linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1972), prof. (1977), acad. RANS (1992). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1960). In 1963–65 - at the Institute of Africa of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1965–92 - at Moscow State University, in 1965–77 st. scientific. sotr. lab. will calculate. linguistics, in 1977–92 prof. Department of Rus. lang. philol. f-that, since 1992 - in Ying-those higher. humanitarian research. RSUH. Jn. part of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1987). Cit .: From the history of Russian canonical names. M., 1969; The first grammar in the native language. M., 1975; History of the Russian literary language, XI-XVII centuries. Munich, 1987; A brief outline of the history of the Russian literary language, XI-XIX centuries. M., 1994.
USTINOV (real name. Goldstein) Lev Efimovich (b. 1923, Moscow), playwright. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1947 he entered Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. In 1949, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was expelled from the Institute and from the CPSU (b). In 1951 Dram. t-r them. KS Stanislavsky staged the first play by U. "The Truth About His Father" (co-authored with GM Kalinovsky). Among other posts: "The Last Tram" (T-p Drama and Comedy, Moscow, 1960; filmed after 4 performances), "Strangers" (T-r. Len. Komsomol, 1961). In 1956, U. first turned to the genre of fairy tales - "The Secret of the Glowing Stone" (Drama Theater named after N.V. Gogol, Moscow), "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (with O.P. Tabakov, t- p "Contemporary", 1961), "Brave Musicians" (other name. "Island in half"; Drama theater on Malaya Bronnaya, 1962), "Ivan the Fool and the Devils" (1965), "Impatient" (1966 , both - Moscow t-r young spectator), "Northern monkey" (t-r-studio "Test", 1992) and others. pr. Italy for children. lit-re (1988) for the plays "City without love" and "Gypsy tale". Author of a number of collections .. including "Tales for the Theater" (1975), "Theatrical Tales" (1985), "Fairy Theater" (1991). Son U. - Sergei (b. 1953, Moscow), writer, screenwriter. In 1976 he graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, worked in gas. "Moscow's comsomolets". The author of the production detective. genre, including: "You can rely on me" (1984), "Rubbish" (1990), "Who did not hide" (1991), "Do not believe, do not be afraid, do not ask, or" Time Machine "(1996 ).
USYSHKIN Avraham-Menachem-Mendel (Mikhail Moiseevich) (1863, Dubrovna Goretsky u. Mogilev province - 1941, Jerusalem), politician. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1889 he graduated from Moscow. higher tech. uch-shche. In 1881 joint. with I. Chlenov founded the first Palestinophile circle in Moscow. In 1884 joint. with Ya.M. Maze, P.S. Marek and Chlenov created a Palestinian student. circle "Bnei Zion". In 1885, the secretary was elected. movement "Hovevei Zion" in Moscow. From 1887 he published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz". With the emergence of Zionism, he joined him. At the 2nd Zionist Congress. (1898) elected member. Execute. to-that World. the Zionist organization. In 1901 he initiated the creation of the Anglo-Palestinian Society to finance the Jewish settlement of E.-I. In 1903 he sharply criticized T. Herzl's "Uganda plan". In 1906–19 he headed the Odessa committee. In 1919, as part of a Jewish delegation, he took part in the work of the Paris Peace Conf. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1923 he was elected president. Jewish nat. fund. Participated in the creation of the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1935 he was elected. Execute. to-that of the World Zionist Organization. Member of the 1st to 21st Zionist Congresses, Son U. - Shmuel (1899, Yekaterinoslav - 1978, Jerusalem), lawyer, public figure. Rev. Tel Aviv University, cases. Zionist Congr. The author of the book. on jurisprudence and education. in Hebrew "Ima Odessa" ("Odessa-mama").
USYSKIN Alexander Kuzmich (b. 1908, Zakharkino, Tver province - 1999, Moscow), specialist in the field of naval technology. Engineer Rear Admiral (1954). From 1926 - in the navy. In 1935 he graduated from the Higher. military-mor. Ing. uch-shche. In 1936-45 mechanic, Ch. mechanic on a number of Balt ships. fleet. Since 1946, engineer. and leading engineer, since 1953 deputy. early Shipbuilding Directorate, since 1956 Deputy. early Ch. shipbuilding management of the USSR Navy. In 1960–67 early. Ch. shipbuilding management, in 1967–69 beginning. Ch. management of new equipment of the USSR Navy. Since 1969 - retired. He was awarded 8 orders.
USYSKIN Ilya Davidovich (1910, Yaroslavl province - 1934), physicist, aeronaut. Rod. the family is watered. exiles. In 1931 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. Since 1932 Assoc. LFTI. On the recommendation of AF Ioffe took part in the flight of the stratospheric balloon "Osoaviakhim-1" for the purpose of research. cosm. rays in the upper atmosphere. Jan 30 In 1934, the stratospheric balloon climbed to a record height of 22 thousand meters, but crashed during the descent. U. and his companions on the flight A.B. Vasenko and P.F. Fedoseenko died near the village. Potizhsky Ostrog Mord. ASSR (now the village of Usyskino). See. awarded hordes. Lenin. Urn with U.'s ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall.
UTESOV (real fam. Weisbein) Leonid Osipovich (1895, Odessa - 1982, Moscow), pop singer, actor. As a child, he took violin lessons. From 1909 he performed in a traveling circus with gymnastics. number on the trapezoid. In 1911–17 he worked in the decomp. t-ts of miniatures in Kremenchug, Odessa, Kherson, Alksandrovsk. In 1918 he first appeared in films. In 1921-28 the actor Moscow. T-ra roar. satire (Terevsat), T-ra op-ty "Slavianski Bazaar", t-ra "Hermitage". Since 1922 - in Petrograd, in the t-re op-you "Palace". At the same time. acted as a reader with the stories of MM Zoshchenko, IE Babel, "The Tale of the Red-haired Motel, Mr. Inspector and Commissar Blokh" by IP Utkin. In 1926 he played his own naib. means. dram. role - Mendele Maranets in a stage adaptation of the same name. rum. amer. writer D. Friedman. In 1929, joint. with Ya.B. Skomorovsky organized the first theatricalization in the USSR. jazz (Tea-jazz; since 1947 - State Pop Orc. RSFSR), becoming its artist. hands., conductor, soloist and entertainer. In collaboration with I.O.Dunaevsky, V.I.Lebedev-Kumach, V.Z. Mass and N.R. Erdman, he created a number of musical and comedy eccentric. performances: "Jazz on the Bend" (1930; included 4 rhapsodies, including the Jewish one), "Music Store" (1932), the play "The Dark Spot" based on the play by G. Kadlerberg and R. Presber, "Songs of My Motherland" and others. In 1932–34, together with his jazz, he starred in the movie "Merry Guys". Created pop programs "Favorite songs", "From the bottom of my heart", "And in jest and in earnest", "Only for friends", "Thirty years later", etc. Together with the orc. was the first performer of pl. songs of owls. composers, revived the performance of old Russian, soldier and sailor songs ("The sea spreads wide", "Our sea is unsociable", "On the hills of Manchuria", etc.). Nar. art. USSR (1965). Cit .: Notes of an actor. M. - L., 1939; With a song through life. M., 1961; Thank you heart. M., 1976.
UTEVSKY Aron Mikhailovich (1904, Konotop, Chernigov province. - 1988, Kiev), biochemist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from Kharkov University (1924). He worked in Ukr. biochem. in-those (1928–31), head. Department of Biochemistry, Kharkov honey. Institute (1932-75), simultaneously. headed the biochem. dep. Ukr. in-that experiment. honey. and Ukr. in-that experiment. endocrinology. Since 1975 hands. lab. biochemistry of neurohumoral systems Ying-that problems of cryobiology and cryomedicine of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main scientific. work dedicated. intracellular biochemistry. metabolism, biochemistry of enzymes and hormones. Showed the importance of glycolysis and respiration for the formation and secretion of hormones. He substantiated a new concept of the role of hormone metabolic products (mediators) in the mechanism of their action. Author of a number of works on the history of science and philosophy of natural science. The author of the play "Memorable Meetings" t-rakh USSR. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1984). Works: Biochemistry of adrenaline. Kharkov, 1939.
UTIN Boris Isaakovich (1832 - 1872, Petersburg), lawyer. Brother of E.I. Utin, N.I. Utin and Ya.I. Utin. Upon termination of legal. Faculty of Derpt University - prof. Department of history will put. legislation jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In the fall of 1861, together with gr. liberal prof. resigned in protest against the massacre of student participants. unrest. From ser. 1860s served in St. Petersburg. env. court and St. Petersburg. court. ward. Published in the journal. "Contemporary", "Fatherland. notes "," Rus. bulletin ", since 1866 - in the journal. "Bulletin of Europe". Author of publicistic. Art., including on issues. law, legislation, local government.
UTIN Evgeny Isaakovich (1843, Petersburg - 1894, Volyn province), lawyer, publicist. Brother of B.I.Utin, N.I. Utin and Ya.I. Utin. In 1859 he entered the law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1861 he was arrested for taking part in mass students. unrest, released under public surveillance of the police. In the end. 1860s during the foreign. travel visited France, Italy and Germany. Since 1870 pom. attorney at law, since 1873 attorney at law env. Petersburg. court. chamber, acted as a defender in plural. criminal and polit. processes ("nechaevtsev", 1871; "193s", 1877–78, etc.). Since 1866 one of the leading sotr. zhurn. "Bulletin of Europe", in which led the section. "Foreign. review ", during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–78 - military. corr. zhurn. in the Balkans. Book. W. “France in 1871 Polit. sketches "(St. Petersburg, 1872), dedicated. events Franco-Prus. War of 1870–71 and the Paris Commune, in 1873 it was banned by the resolution of the Committee of Ministers “for a very hostile attitude towards the monarch. the beginning ”(circulation destroyed). Cit .: William I and Bismarck. SPb., 1892; From literature and life. T. 1–2. SPb., 1896.
UTIN Nikolai Isaakovich (1841, Petersburg - 1883, ibid.), A participant in the revolutionary movement of the 1860s – 70s. Brother of B.I.Utin, E.I.Utin and Ya.I. Utin. In 1858 he entered the History of Philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. One of the hands. mass student. unrest in the fall of 1861, was arrested and until December. was kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the fall of 1862 he graduated from the University. In 1862 he joined the secret society "Land and Freedom", elected member. Centre. to-that about-va; participated in the creation of secret printing houses. In connection with the threat of arrest, he emigrated in 1863 (in November 1865 he was sentenced to death in absentia). In emigration, he became close to A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev, was engaged in the delivery of their publications to Russia. Soon, due to ideological and personal differences, he broke up with Herzen; from ser. 1860s one of the leaders of the so-called. young emigration. In 1867 in Switzerland he joined the 1st International, member. his Slavs. and the creator of Rus. sections (in 1870–72 sec.); in 1868–70 one of the editors. zhurn. "People's Cause" (Geneva). From the end. 1860s maintained close ties with K. Marx. K ser. 1870s walked away from the roar. movement, graduated from the Polytechnic. in-t in Brussels, served at the production of L.S. Polyakov in Romania. In 1877 he sent imp. Alexander II petition for clemency. U.'s request was granted. In 1878 he returned to Russia, served as engineer. in the Urals.
UTIN Yakov Isaakovich (1839, Petersburg - 1916, ibid.), Entrepreneur, financier. Privy Councilor (1885). Brother of B. I. Utin, E. I. Utin and N. I. Utin. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1860). In student. years close to radical circles, participated in the publishing. handwritten journal. "Student. peace". After graduating from un-that he served in the Ministry of Justice. In 1885-1916, members. (from 1903 - before.) the board of St. Petersburg. Accounting and Loan Bank - one of the largest private banks in Russia, was close to the governments. circles, maintained friendly and business ties with Count VN Kokovtsov (in 1904-14 min. Finance, at the same time in 1911-14. Chairman of the Council of Ministers). In 1906 he took part in negotiations with representatives of the French. business circles in Paris on the provision of Russia with a large international. loan. W. was included in the leadership of many. acc. about-in and firms: prev. board of the largest insurance company "Russia", dir. board of the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk railway d., part. reign of Baku oil. about-va, about-va of iron-making and steel-making plants "Sormovo", about-va of the Altai railway. d., part. council of T-va oil. production of br. Nobel, Society of carriage building. and mechanical s-dov "Phoenix", Rus. acc. about-va art. factories.
UTKIN Iosif Pavlovich (1903, Khingan, China - 1944), poet. In 1920–22 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Journalism (1927). Published since 1922. In 1925 he published the poem "The Tale of the Red-haired Motel, Mr. Inspector, Rabbi Isaiah and Commissar Bloch" ("Mol. Guard", No. 4) - about the changes in Jewish townships after Oct. Revolution of 1917. Stylistic. features poetic. U.'s manners: alternation of street tongue twisters with biblical pathos, humor, with which the story of the tragic story is told. events, a kind of use of metaphors and comparisons - make it written in Russian. lang. the poem is national. In 1927, The First Book of Poems (M. - L.) was published. In the 1930s. - several. collection of poems: "Publicistic Lyrics" (Moscow, 1931), "Sweet Childhood" (1933), etc. In the 1930s. head dep. poetry in Goslitizdat. W. one of the first in his work in verse. "Resentment" (1933) responded to anti-Semitism, which was then almost unnoticed in the USSR. The answer to Soviet-German. The Pact (1939) was a verse. "Answer", published in 1969 (alm. "Poetry", No. 2), in which U., anticipating the inevitability of war with Germany, again declared his Jewishness. 1941–44 military. corr. Killed in aviation. catastrophe, Cit .: Fav. poems. M., 1933; Lyrics. M., 1940; About the Motherland, about friendship, about love. M., 1944.
UZIELI Moshe (1889, Mstislavl, Mogilev province - 1946, Tel Aviv), public figure. In his youth he joined the Zionist movement. Participated in the work of the 10th World. Zionist Congr. (1911). One of the hands. moscow the Zionist organizations "Yavne" and "Hovevey sfat ever". In the years of the 1st world. war secret. Committee on assisting refugee Jews. In 1917, the secretary was elected. Moscow Jewish community. In 1920 he underwent a short period. arrest. From 1921 - in E.-I., secretary. community council in Tel Aviv.
VABALNINKAS, a city (since 1950) in the Birzhai region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1554.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vobolniki of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1738 12 Jewish families lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 508 Jews, in 1858 - 545 (46%), in 1897 - 1828 (78%) , in 1923 - 441 (32%), in 1940 - approx. 500 Jews (30%) Jews settled in Hungary since 1667; many died during the plague epidemic in 1709-12, which killed three quarters of the population. In 1717, all Jews were expelled from V., but soon returned and in 1741 received permission from the Vilna bishop to build a synagogue. From the 18th century. most of the shops and taverns in V. belonged to Jews. In 1883 a fire destroyed 5 synagogues and houses ca. 200 Jewish families. In V. there was a cheder and a state Russian. school (in 1886, out of 72 students, 5 were Jews). 20th century pl. the Jews of Hungary took an active part in the Zionist movement. In July 1915, a pogrom was staged in V. by Cossack units of the Russian. army. At the same time, all the Jews of V. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia, then. some of the houses and synagogues were burned down (communal books perished, only the Torah scrolls were saved). At the end of the military. action Jews began to return to V. In the fall of 1920 Lithuanian soldiers. the army committed a Jewish pogrom in V. (14 of its participants, at the request of the community, were later brought to trial). In 1925 a Jewish doctor worked in V., in 1930 Jews owned 7 shops out of 10, 3 mills, 2 bakeries, 2 wool spinning mills, and leather. and felt workshops, generating station. In 1937 there were 16 Jewish artisans in Hungary (3 tailors, 2 shoemakers, 2 locksmiths, a glazier, a painter, bookbinder, watchmaker, furrier, and others). There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank (in 1927 - 97 depositors). There were branches of a number of Jewish parties and org-tions (the most numerous - "Gordonia", 40-50 members). In 1931, 2 out of 5 synagogues were restored. The rabbis in V. were Moishe "Harif" (? -1874), from 1889 - Shoil-Elhanan Yaff (later left for the USA, was a rabbi in St. Louis and Brooklyn), from 1907 - Yehuda-Leib Furer, from 1934 - Zalman Rokhlin. June 27, 1941 Britain was occupied by the Germans. troops (on the same day 86 Jews were killed by the Lithuanians on the market square). All R. In July, all Jews (about 600 people) were gathered in a ghetto, later transferred to Pasvalis (at the suggestion of a local priest, 70 people converted to Christianity in order to save their lives, but this did not save them). OK. 40 Jews fled with the help of their spouses - teachers Haim and Sheina Gratner and a Lithuanian policeman, ex. teachers. 26 Aug 1941 ghetto prisoners (1,349 people) were taken into a forest 4.5 km from V. and destroyed. After the war, a monument to the victims was erected at the site of the tragedy by the Jews who survived. In Britain: Benjamin Kramer (1882-1942), journalist and teacher; Shmuel-Yakov Yatskan (1874-1936, Paris), journalist, employee of the gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", the creator of the gas. "Gain" (Warsaw) and "Pariser Gynt".
VAD-RASHKOV, see Vadul-Rashkov.
VADATURKOL, see [[Vadul Turkului.
VADOKLIAI, a village in Panevezys district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vadukli Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 there were 79 Jews living in Hungary. In 1850 there were 7 (in 1909 - 11) Jewish houses and a tavern. In the 1920s. V.'s rabbi was Chaim Volk. All the Jews of V. were exterminated in the summer of 1941.
VADUKLI, see Vadoklyai.
VADUL-RASHKOV, a village in Sholdaneshtsky district (Republic of Moldova). Izv. from ser. 18th century Since 1812 - part of Ros. empire, since 1818 - the town of Vad-Rashkov Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, the MSSR. In 1847, in V.-R. 22 Jewish families lived, in 1897 - 3237 Jews (70%), in 1930 - 1958 Jews (49.5%) The first Jews, who came from Ukraine, settled in V.-R. after 1812. Est. occupations - growing tobacco, agriculture, crafts and small trade. In the beginning. 19th century in V. lived Shabsai Tsukerman (1755-1845), who founded the Hasidic community and dynasty. In the end. 19th century was opened a folk library with books in Yiddish, Hebrew and Russian. lang. In V. there were decomp. about-va of mutual assistance. In 1912 in V.-R. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. main the composition of Jewish artisans is tailors, shoemakers and carpenters. An important industry was the trade in leather and furs. During the same period, the Jews owned 4 factories for the production of vegetable oil, there were 7 synagogues, a mikvah, a cemetery. was opened Talmud-Torah for poor children, in a cut trained apprx. 40 people In 1917, a folk school began to work, where they studied Hebrew, Russian. lang. and other disciplines. At the same time. with the assistance of the OPE, a progymnasium with 4 classes was created, where training was carried out according to the state. programs. In the beginning. 1920s a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941, the majority of Jews in V.-R. managed to evacuate to the east. genus. I.I.Shraibman.
VADUL TURKULUI, a village in Rybnitsa region (Republic of Moldova). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - c. Vadaturkol Baltsky Podolsk province. In 1897, 123 Jews (12.2%) lived in VT.
VAGARSHAPAT (1945-95 - Echmiadzin), a city in the Armavir region. (Republic of Armenia). Izv. from the 2nd century. BC e. In the 2nd - 4th centuries. AD - the capital of Armenia. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1849 - in the Erivan province. In 1918–20 it was part of the Republic of Armenia, in 1920–91 it was in the Armenian SSR. In 1910 there were 6 Jews living in Hungary, and in 1939 - 1 Jew.
WAGNER Benzion (1889, Zhirardov Blonskiy near the Warsaw province - 1930, Brussels), poet, playwright. Since 1909, an actor in Hebrew. troupes that traveled around Russia, toured the Urals and Siberia. In 1919 he played in the 1st Hebrew. state t-re in Odessa. In 1922 he left Russia, lived in Poland and Belgium. He made his debut in literature in 1909 in the railway station. Theater Velt (Warsaw). In 1919 he was published in the Odessa Heb. gas. "Komunisische shti-me". The author of the plays "Dyfroy in kaitn" ("Woman in chains"), staged in 1919 by the Odessa Heb. t-rum, "Shloyme gamelech der zweiter" ("The Second Tsar Solomon"), which was staged by J. Silbert in 1915 in Brussels, "Der Wilner Goen" ("The Wilen genius"), staged in 1927 in London, »And others. By order of the t-ditch he translated classical into Yiddish. plays.
WAGNER Heinrich Matusovich (b. 1922, Zyrardów, Poland), composer, pianist. From 1936 he studied at the Warsaw Conservatory in the class of php. Z. Dzevelsky, from 1939 - to Belarus. conservatory in Minsk. In 1941–45 he was a pianist at the front line. Then he worked as a pianist in Belorus. Philharmonic Society and Belarus. radio. In 1948 he graduated from Belarus. conservatory, class fp. G.I.Shershevsky, in 1954 - in composition class with A.V. Bogatyrev. Teaches (since 1962) at the Department of Music. upbringing Pedagogical. in-that in Minsk, since 1988 prof. In 1963-73 - Responsible. sec. Board of the Union of Composers of the BSSR. Works: TV opera "Morning" (1967, the first Belarusian work of this genre); ballets - "The Fake Bride" (1958, Minsk, the first Belarusian lyric-comedy ballet), "Light and Shadows" (1963, Minsk), "After the Ball" (1971, Minsk); 3 symphony; wok-symph. the poems "Forever Alive" (1959), "To the Heroes of Brest" (1975); concerts for decomp. instruments with orc .; opera "The Path of Life" (1980, Minsk), romances; music for films, etc. V. belong also to ed. and orchestration of the opera "Clear Dawn" by AE Turenkov, the author of the first Belarusian. opera. Honored. active lawsuit in the BSSR (1963). Nar. art. BSSR (1988).
WAGNER Vasily Alekseevich (| - |), baptized Jew, the ancestor grew up. noble family. In the 1st floor. 18th century - an approximate of Count A.K. Razumovsky, at the request of the latter in 1745 he was raised together with the children into offspring. nobility. Subsequently, he was adjutant general under Count Razumovsky.
WAGUPE, see Vagupiai.
VAGUPIAI, a village in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Vagupe Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 2 Jewish families lived in V. In July 1941, 5 Jewish families were deported from Byatigala to V. V. Jews were shot on 28 August. 1941.
VAKHANI, a village in the Kharagaulsky district (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Imeretian kingdom. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - fortress. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in Shorapan env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Shorapansky district. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. the Jewish community existed in V. already in the 17th century, its members were serfs of the Abashidze princes, were engaged in Ch. arr. trade. In the 1770s. V. was captured by the Turks, to-rye destroyed the fortress. Almost all residents (including many Jews) were taken prisoner, taken away from Georgia and forcibly converted to Islam. Part of the Jews managed to escape from V. and took refuge in Breti, Ali and other villages. D.M. Khananashvili
VAKHNOVKA, a village in Lipovetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 534 Jews living in V., in 1897 - 2404 (44.8%), in 1923 - 1994 Jews. In 1760 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in V., in 1900 there were 2 synagogues, and in 1908 one more was opened. Since 1866, Avrum-Meir Pobirzesky (1840—?) Was the rabbi in V., and Joseph Vol (1852—?) From 1890. In the beginning. 20th century functioned 2 Hasidic synagogues, including Skvir Hasidim, private Jewish wives. uch-shche. In 1906 the existing approx. 100 years of Khevra Kaddish and a new one was created. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. m-in. In May and 8 July 1919, Jewish pogroms took place in V. In oct. 1920 a pogrom in V. was perpetrated by units of the First Cavalry Army; 20 people were killed on June 3, 1942, 413 Jews were shot in V. E. S. Mosolova
VAKHRUSHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Slobodskoy district of the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vyatka province. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in V.
VAKSBERG Arkady Iosifovich (b. 1927, Novosibirsk), writer, publicist, playwright. He grew up in a family of lawyers. Studied at Ying-those external. trade, in 1947 was expelled from the 3rd year as "unsuitable for personnel." In 1949 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1952 - graduate school at the Research Institute of Law. Sciences, Doctor of Law sciences. (1979). In 1953-60 he taught law at universities in Moscow, at the same time. being a member. Moscow mountains. Bar Association (until 1973), participated in pl. criminal proceedings in a number of mountains. country. Published since 1951. Since 1971 - columnist and specialist. corr. "Lit. newspapers ”, essays in a cut brought him wide popularity. The author of the book. "At a steep cliff" (M., 1978), "White spots" (M., 1987), political detective "Dangerous zone" (M., 1988), collection of works. ist. short story "Inspiration is not for sale" (banned by censorship in 1968, published in 1990), polit. biographies of the prosecutor A.Ya. Vyshinsky "The Queen of Evidence" (M., 1992), essays on the Great Terror "Undiscovered Secrets" (M., 1993). Most of them are translated into plural. European lang. The author of the plays "A Shot in the Fog", "Law", "Signal", "Supreme Court", staged in a number of t-drovs of the country; scripts "Storm Warning", "Provincial Romance", "In broad daylight"; on his scripts filmed TV / f: "Housewarming", "Bird's milk", as well as the television series "Dangerous Zone" (according to the book of the same name), where the author played himself. In 1994, the New York publishing house "Knopf" published in English. lang. book V. "Stalin against the Jews."
Waxer Isroel (1892, Dashev Lipovetsky district. Kiev province - 1919, Krivoye Lake Baltsky district. Podolsk province.), Poet, prose writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received education at home. He taught in Heb. school in Kiev. In 1918 he moved to Baku, worked as a teacher, participated in societies. city ​​life. In the same year he visited Odessa, where he met H.-N. Bialik, then left for the m. Krivoye Ozero Baltskogo u. Podolsk province., Taught in Heb. school, organized a self-defense squad. 05/24/1919 died in a battle with pogromists. Began writing in 1913-14 in Hebrew (mainly works for children). During his lifetime publ. just one sketch in the gas. "Caucasian Vokhenblat". After the death of V., the writer E. Steinberg collected several. his stories and published in 1922 in Iasi Sat. "Fir kinder-maiselekh" ("Four children's fairy tales"). In 1923 Bialik publ. in Berlin train "Milgroim" (1923, no. 3) two more tales of V. with its own preface.
VAKSMAKHER Moris Nikolaevich (1926, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Literary ved, translator. Graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. VP Potemkin in 1948. He was engaged in the main. French and French-speaking lit-swarm. He translated the poems of E. Guillevic, J. Prevert, A. Frenot, P. Eluard, R. Shara and other poets; A. de Saint-Exupery, Alain-Fournier, R. Marten du Gard and others. The author of the book. "French Literature of Our Days" (M., 1967), foreword. to the book. French writers. He also translated the poems of B. Brecht, D. Maksimovich, P. Neruda, N. Hikmet and others. poetic. anthologies.
Isaak Fedorovich VAKSMAN (1922, Krasnopolye Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army - since 1941. Com. art. batteries, Art. leith. V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
VAKSMAN Yakov (1866, Lublin - 1942, ibid.), Playwright. Graduated from 4-grade Russian. school for Jews. At the age of 16 he joined the Hebrews. theater, troupe and traveled with her to the cities of the province. Then there was assistant. sec. sat down. council, in 1887–89 - office. a lawyer. In 1890 he was drafted into the army, served in Kronstadt. Returning to Lublin, he worked as a chronicler in a local Russian. gas. In 1906 he wrote the first drama, staged later Heb. t-rum. From 1916 to mid. 1930s headed the theater. troupe, which toured the cities of Poland, Ukraine, Russia. In 1919, fleeing the pogrom in Uman, he fled to Odessa, where he created a new theater. troupe. Later he lived in Poland. Throughout his life V. wrote to St. 150 plays - original and revised according to plots by other authors. Naib. popular were: the tragedy "In yene teg" ("In those days", staged in 1909 and immediately banned by the tsarist authorities); plays "Di farshtoisene" ("Les Miserables"), "Der provocateur", ist. the drama “Berek Ioselevich” (published in Warsaw in 1910, first staged in Polish in the author's translation); "Dos Gasn-Meidl" ("Street"); “Ukrainer pogrom-korbones” (“Victims of Ukrainian pogroms”); "Di zindike muter" ("Sinful mother"); Di Kales Fun Hong Kong (Brides of Hong Kong); "Schwarzboard process" and many others. etc. From the beginning. 1930s acted as a novelist. After the occupation of Lublin, German-fasc. troops V. was kept in the ghetto. Dec. 1942, when the Nazis formed another party of Jews to be sent to the Majdanek death camp, V. resisted and was shot.
VAKSMAN Zelman Abraham (Solomon Yakovlevich) (1888, Priluki, Poltava province. - 1973, Hyannis, Massachusetts, USA), microbiologist, member. Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1942), Amer. acad. lawsuit and sciences (1948). After graduating from an external gymnasium in Odessa (1910), he moved to the United States. Educated in agricultural. College of Rutgers University (1911–15) and at California University (in Berkeley) (1916–18). In 1918–58 he worked at Rutgers University (from 1930 prof., From 1940 head of the department of microbiology). At the same time. head (1931–42), dir. (1949–58) created. them at un-those Ying-that microbiology and dep. of marine bacteriology in Oceanographic. in-those in Woods Hole. Osn. tr. V. are devoted to soil and pestilence. microbiology, biology of actinomycetes and fungi, systematics of actinomycetes, microbial antagonism, etc. Coll. with sotr. discovered actinomycin (1940), streptotricin (1942), streptomycin (1943), neomycin (1949), and other antibiotics; introduced the terms antibiosis and antibiotics (1942). Amer. microbiologists. Nobel pr. In physiology or medicine (1952). Works: Humus: Origin, chem. structure and its value in nature, M., 1937; Antagonism of microbes and antibiotic substances, M., 1947.
VALAVSK, a village in the Yelsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 52 Jews (10.3%) lived in V.
VALDAI, a city (since 1770), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1495. At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Novgorod province. In 1888 12 Jewish families lived in V., in 1893 - 28, in 1897 - 34 Jews (1.2%), in 1910 - 52 (1.1%), in 1926 - 145 Jews ( 2.5%). 19th century Britain's Jewish population consisted of artisans and retired soldiers. Since the 1880s. Jews in V. regularly filed petitions for setting up a temporary prayer house for the period of holidays, to-rye were satisfied by the authorities. In 1910 there was a Jewish credit company and a Jewish cemetery in V. there was no permanent synagogue. V.N. Orlov.
VALDEMARPILS (until 1926 - Sasmakken), a city (from 1917) in the Talsi region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Talsensky district Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1881, 1197 Jews (67%) lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 899 (49%), in 1910 - 454 (34%), in 1920 - 169 (18%), in 1925 - 156 (15%), in 1930 - 161 (14%), in 1935 - 159 Jews (14%). Jews have lived in Hungary since the late 18th century In the beginning. 19th century a community was created. Rabbi V. in the middle. 19th century was Moishe-Itskhok Halevi, until 1887 - Moishe Lerenblat, in 1882-1902 - Avrom-Shmuel Dubitsky (1862—?), in 1887-1901 - Avrom-Shmuel Ravitsky, in 1904-12 - Avrom-Shmuel Levenberg (1869—? ), from 1912 - Moishe Aronblat. In 1901 a private school for boys worked in V. During the 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews left Britain. In 1920, the community was reestablished with the support of the Joint. In 1921 a mutual aid fund was opened. Zionist activities were active. Herm. troops occupied V. at the beginning. July 1941. Jews of V. were shot in the fall of 1941. E. Deinard.
WALDGEIM, a village in the Birobidzhan region of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). Main In 1928, as a collective farm by settlers from Kazan, Mogilev, and Dnepropetrovsk. In 1929, ICOR sent two excavators and an instructor to teach them how to work on them. First before Kolkhoz V. was Shkolnik. In 1930 a Jewish village council was opened in V. prev. Waldheim Village Council in the 1930s. was Yudka Osherovich Fendgendler. By 1930, the collective farm numbered 293 people, in 1931 - more than 900 people. In 1931, V. was named an exemplary milk and vegetable production. In the 1930s. in V the newspaper was published in Russian. lang. and Yiddish; there was a school, a nursery, a laundry, a bathhouse. Handicraft bricks were in operation. zd, sawmill. In 1962-78 before. the collective farm was V.I. Peller.
VALE, a city (since 1962) in the Akhaltsikhe region (Georgia). Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. In 1921–91, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 7 Jews lived in Hungary, and in 1979 there were 8 Jews.
VALEGOTSULOVO, see Dolinskoe.
VALEVICH Avraham (b. 1911, Bessarabia), industrialist, importer. Since 1932 - in Bolivia, since 1954 - in Uruguay. Pres. Union of Jews of Bolivia (1953), Maccabi (1954), Zionist Federation of La Paz (1949-50).
VALGA, city (1584), regional center (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from 1286.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Valk, Livland province. In 1920-40 - part of the city of Valka as part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940-91 - the Estonian SSR. In 1859, 3 Jews lived in Valka, in 1864 - 20, in 1869 - 21, in 1897 - 380 (3.5%), in 1910 - c. 400 Jews (2%), in 1920 in Hungary there were 105 Jewish families, in 1922 - 395 Jews (3.4%), in 1926 - approx. 100 Jewish families, in 1934 - 262 Jews (2.4%), in 1935 - 259 Jews, in 1939 - approx. 50 Jewish families. The first Jews who settled in V. were three retired Nikolaev soldiers. In the end. 1860s in V. there was a prayer house. Melamed Moishe Yumitov was invited from Courland, who at the same time. was also the first shokhet in V. At the same time, a cemetery was founded, which after the partition of the city in 1920 to the territory. latv. Valka. Since 1869 the Khevra Kaddish functioned. The first rabbi in Hungary was Moishe Lishtein (from the end of the 1860s). In 1871, permission was obtained for the construction of a synagogue building. From the beginning. 1900s pl. children from Jewish families began to study in public schools. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in V. the headquarters of the 12th Rus. army. The council of Jewish soldiers who served in it (500 people) published its organ in Russian. lang. Oct.-Nov. 1917 5 issues were published, in December. 1917 - one number in Yiddish ("Der Fryer Soldier"). On the initiative of the servicemen, cells of Poalei Zion, Zionist organizations, and the Bund arose in V. A Bund member was elected to represent the Jewish population in the mountains. advice. Samuil Polyanovsky and Kalmanson founded the mountains. Zionist Committee. Among the Jewish population there were 13 business owners, 38 merchants, 12 workers, 7 representatives of the liberal professions, 21 teachers and officials, 12 artisans. In 1920, a Maccabi branch was opened in V., and in 1924 a Ge-Halutz branch and a club (in Yiddish), and the Brit ha-Noar ha-Yehudi youth organization operated. In 1926, a pro-communist was created. org-tion "Licht". In the same year, a local cultural directorate, which was a branch of "Kultur-Rat" - higher. body of culture of Jewish autonomy in Estonia. In 1932, the "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" cell operated. Between 1926 and 1940 a Jewish school of unity was functioning in V. in provincial cities of Estonia, Jewish children functioned. garden of the "Tarbut" network. In June 1941, some of the Jews in V. managed to evacuate into the internal. districts of the USSR. The rest were killed in the summer and fall of 1941.
VALIK Igor Leonidovich (1917, Nikolaev - 1993, Petersburg), specialist in the region. transmitting technology of applied and broadcast television, designer of space. telesystems. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1961), prof. from 1970. Graduated from Leningrad Institute in 1941. polytechnic in-t. Member of the 1941–45 war. From 1947 - in NII-380 (later All-Union NII TV). In 1948–50 he was engaged in the development of video tracks for the Moscow. telecentre for the standard of decomposition of the television image into 625 lines, research. preliminary. amplifier of the transmitting telemetry system (1953), participated in the creation of a data transmission system by rewriting radar. information into narrowband television information. Since 1957 hands. development of television equipment for space, Ch. designer of equipment for obtaining an image of the far side of the Moon (1959) and for re-shooting the far side of the Moon when launching an interplanetary spacecraft. station "Zond-3" (1965), as well as space. ultra-high definition television systems for observing and studying the surface of the Earth and planets of the solar system. Author of over 30 scientific. printed works, monographs. Linen. etc. (1960). Cit .: Television. Uch. manual for universities, M., 1976 (in co-authorship).
WALDSHTEIN Avraham Solomon (1874, Kovna - 1932, Tel Aviv), publicist, teacher, society. activist. He studied at the yeshiva. From ser. 1890s in the USA, where he completes his education at Harvard and Columbus. un-takh. In 1903 he became one of the founders of the Zionist. movement in the United States, the author of its program and ed. weekly Der Yidisher Kemfer. In 1907 he founded the Hebrew-speaking society "Yvria". In 1912 he left for E.-I., where he taught at the Herzliya state institution in Tel Aviv. Here it becomes a member. Poaley Zion Central Committee, and later joined Akhdut Ha-Avoda. In 1925 he returned to the United States, studied at Chicago University, and then taught Judaism at a teachers' seminar. From 1929 in E.-I. He opened a school "Gymnasium Humanitarit" in Tel Aviv. V. was one of the first lit. figures in the United States, writing in Hebrew. Publ. set of Art. in Hebrew, Yiddish and English. lang. Among the naib. Izv. works written by him in English. lang., belongs to Art. "Development of modern. Heb. literature ". The author of a number of English dictionaries. lang.-Hebrew and Hebrew-English. lang. Translated into Hebrew dec. scientific. works and created the publishing house "Gaskala" in Tel Aviv.
VALKININKAI, a town in the Varensky district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - a town in the Trok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olkeniki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland; in 1940–91, in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 535 Jews lived in Hungary and the environs; in 1847, in Hungary, 1153; in 1897, 1126 (43%); in 1931, OK. 1,000 Jews in the 19th century. there was an old wooden synagogue in V. Since 1874, Yakov Levin (1847–?) Was the rabbi in V. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. The Jewish population of Hungary was destroyed during the Holocaust. J-G. Klauzner.
VALT-LESIN Avrum (1871, Minsk - 1938, New York), journalist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Returning to Minsk, he headed a youth circle whose ideology was the combination of socialism with tradition. Heb. ethics. Since 1897 in the USA. Joined Heb. slave. movement, collaborated in gas. Forverts. From 1912 ch. ed. g. "Tsukunft", one of the most popular Hebrews. g. 1st floor 20th century
WALTER Naum Gennadievich (b. 1902, Kherson), pianist. In 1921 he graduated from the horse, in Yekaterinoslav, class f. A.P. Shepelevsky. From 1922 he studied in Moscow under F.M. Blumenfeld and G.G. Neuhaus. He worked in decomp. concert orgings. In 1928–61 concertmaster and soloist Vses. radio-ta. He performed in ans. with the largest owls. and nick. musicians - violinist LB Kogan, cellists M. Morechal, P. Fournier, A. Navarroy. He has toured in various countries as an accompanist. Honored. art. RSFSR (1956).
WALTER Victor Grigorievich (1865, Taganrog - 1935, Paris), violinist, musician. writer and critic. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kharkov University, then Petersburg. cons. in the violin class of L.S. Auer. Since 1890, accompanist orc. Mary is a certain t-ra. The head of the string quartet “Rus. chamber evenings "(Petersburg). From 1897 he appeared in print as a musician. critic; led muses. department in the Small Encyclopedic. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Since 1925 in Paris. V. author of methodical. manuals “How to teach to play the violin. A practical guide for teachers and students "(St. Petersburg, 1897, 3rd ed. 1910), brochures" R. Wagner "(St. Petersburg, 1912)," E.F.Napravnik "(St. Petersburg, 1914), guidebooks on operas, as well as a number of violin transcriptions.
Valtukh Adolf (1837, Odessa - |), doctor. Honey. studied in Kiev, Prague and London. He worked in Manchester. As an advocate (for hygiene reasons) of incineration of corpses, he was one of the founders of the crematorium in Manchester; elected before. a number of local honey. about-in.
VALK, see Valga, Valka.
VALK Eliyahu (b. 1944, Buinsk Tat. ASSR), diplomat. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Belarus. state un-that. Participant Heb. traffic in Riga at the end. 1960s From 1971 in Israel, in 1972–84 journalist, ed. radio station. "Voice of Israel", simultaneously. 1979–80 hands. research Bureau of the National conf. solidarity with the Jews of the USSR (New York). In 1984-93 the beginning. dep. information and publications for Vost. Europe of the Israeli Foreign Ministry. Since 1993, Israel's ambassador to the Rep. Belarus.
VALK Sigismund Natanovich (1887, Vilna - 1975, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1936). From the family of a pharmacist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1913). Disciple of A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky, A.E. Presnyakov, I.M. Grevs, N.I. Kareev and E.V. Tarle. In student. years close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1910-11 he participated in the student. unrest. Then he began to collaborate in the encyclopedic. dictionaries Brockhaus and Efron, later - br. Garnet. Member of the 1st world. war, in 1916-17 he served as a private in the Kovrovsky infantry. shelf on the West. fr. In 1918 he returned to Petrograd, taught in Wed. school. In 1918-26 he worked at the USSR Central Archive. He identified, prepared for publication and published complexes of documents on the history of the worker Social-Democratic Party. and populist. movement in Russia 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century One of the founders and theorists of archival affairs and archeography in the USSR. In 1921–24 he read a course of lectures on archeography, historiography, diplomacy, and archival affairs at Ped. in-those them. AI Herzen (1921–26), Leningrad State University (1923–30), LIFLI and Leningrad State University. branch of the Communist. academy (1930–34). From 1927 he worked at the Institute of History in the RANION system. Since 1924 consultant, then scientific. sotr. Institute of V.I. Lenin (later - IML under the Central Committee of the CPSU) on issues of ed. tr. Lenin. In 1926–31 he compiled a description of the Social-Democratic fund. leaflets from Russia and practical. instructions for publishing the collection. op. Lenin. From Jan. 1933 - valid. member State Academy of the History of Material Culture (GAIMK). Since 1932 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (LOII); (in 1938–39 - head.). He survived the winter of 1941–42 in besieged Leningrad, in 1942–44 in evacuation in Uzbekistan. In 1945 he returned to Leningrad, worked at LOII, Leningrad State University (prof. From 1946), at TsGIA USSR. Trained 10 doctors and 30 cand. sciences. The author of St. 300 scientific. tr., ed. and compiler of collections of documents "1905 in St. Petersburg" (L., 1925), "Archive of" Land and Freedom "and" Narodnaya Volya ", (M.-L., 1932)," Diplomas of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov "(M.-L., 1945)," Abolition of serfdom ", (M.-L., 1950)," Decrees of the Sov. authorities "(t. 1-9, M.-L., 1957-78)," Russian History "VN Tatishchev", (M.-L., t. 1-7, 1962-68, ed. and compiled with Academician M.N. Tikhomirov) and other works: Sov. archeography, M.-L., 1948.
VALKA, city (since 1584), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1339.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Valk, Livland province. In 1918-40 - part of the city of Valka as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-41 - the Latvian SSR. In 1897 380 Jews (3.5%) lived in Valka, in 1910 - approx. 400 (2%), in 1920 in Hungary - 97 (3%), in 1925 - 49 (2%), in 1930 - 65 (2%), in 1935 - 57 Jews (2%). The Jewish community was created in the 1860s. After the partition of V. between Latvia and Estonia at the end. 1920 Jewish children from the Latvian part of the city attended a Jewish school on the Estonian side. In 1928 the community of Hungary was created and a synagogue was built. On July 8, 1941, Hungary was occupied by Germans. troops; Jews who did not have time to evacuate were shot.
VALKI, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Poltava province. 19th century in V. lived several. Jewish families. In 1919, after the pogroms in Priluki, all Jews left V.
Valkin Aron (1865, Shumyatichi, Belarus - 1942), rabbi, society. activist and writer. He was educated at the Yeshiva Volozhin. In 1889-1905 he was a rabbi in the borough of Gruzdi, Kovno province, then a rabbi in the town of Sady, Kovenskaya province. and in Mstislavl. After the 1st world. war became a rabbi in Pinsk. Actively participated in the activities of Agudas Yisroel. V. and almost his entire family were killed by the Nazis in the summer of 1942. The author of comments on the Talmud "Weiss Aron", publ. in 4 volumes; comment. in 3 volumes to the book. Shulchan Aruch. Nek-rye from his book. were reissued in the USA and Israel in 1950-60.
VALKOMITZ Simcha Chaim (1871, Nesvizh Slutsk u. Minsk province. - 1918), educator. In his youth he lived in Vilna, where he was associated with the followers of the Haskal movement. Carried away by Palestinophilism in 1896 he left for E.-I. He taught in Rehovot, Metulla, Jaffa, made efforts to create. sat down. schools in Rosh Pina, dir. he became a cut in 1902, having worked in this position for 16 years. As the first educational institution of its kind in E.-I., this school was an example for the whole country. V. was one of the founders of the Association of Teachers in E.-I., having read at its first meeting in 1903 an exhaustive lecture on how a village should be. school. Died in E.-I. Son, Ami Assaf (1903-1963) was a member of the Knesset from the Mapai party and in 1958-63 was deputy. min. education and culture.
VALKOVITZ Abram (1878, Tyumen - 1965, |), painter. He was brought to New York as a child. By 1906, he had saved up enough money so that in tech. two years to study in Paris. Returning to New York, he arranged an exhibition of his works in the basements of the pantry, but critics rejected them, calling them ugly. In 1913 V. was asked to exhibit 10 works in the Arsenal building in New York. Gradually V. became popular, and the leading Amer. museums. He rice. in different styles, from romanticism to abstract painting, in the main. in the open air. The first works were dark foggy landscapes, but over time the colors became brighter and warmer. Mn. For years, his favorite model was the ballerina Isadora Duncan.
VALLENROD Reuven (1899, Visna of Lomzhinsky district and province - 1966), writer. From 1920 in E.-I., he soon left to study in France, and then to the USA. He worked as a teacher, and then prof. Heb. literature from Brooklyn College in New York. From 1929 he regularly published short stories and essays in the period. ed. in Hebrew. His rum. Twilight at the Catskills (1957) and others describe the life of the Hebrews. immigrants to the United States and their difficult adjustment to the new environment. V. Peru owns essays and literary criticism. Art., collection of short stories, book. about travel. Joint. with A. Agaroni V. wrote "Fundamentals of Hebrew grammar" and "Grammar of modern. Hebrew and a reader for reading ”(1945). The author of the book. in English. lang. "Literature of Modern Israel".
VALMIERA, city (since 1783), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1210.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Volmar, Livland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1866, 14 Jews lived in Hungary (1%), in 1881 - 27 (1%), in 1897 - 166 (3%), in 1910 - 120, in 1920 - 102 (2%), in 1925 - 96 (1%), in 1930 - 127 (2%), in 1935 - 93 Jews (1%). The first Jews in Hungary in the middle. 19th century there were retired Nikolaev soldiers. A synagogue was opened in 1881. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in V. Most Jews made a living by small trade. In 1922 a Jewish school was opened, in 1923 - a mutual credit fund. troops occupied V. on July 4, 1941. All Jews of V. and neighboring townships were killed in October. - nov. 1941. After the release of V. in Sept. 1944 mass graves of shot Jews were found in the courtyard of a local prison.
VALUIKI, city, regional center in the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1593.Since 1797 - a district town of Voronezh Gubernia, from 1928 - in the Central Black Earth Region, from 1934 - a regional center in Kursk, from 1954 - in Belgorod Region. In 1910, 102 Jews lived in V., in 1926 - 94 (0 , 9%), in 1939 - 51 Jews. In 1915 there was a synagogue in V. In the same year, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in V. were opened a school and a center for refugee children (87 people). Total to the end. 1915 332 Jewish refugees arrived in Hungary. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Hungary by units of the Volunteer Army.
VALIA-LUI-VLAD, see Valya-Vlad.
VALYALUI VLAD, a village in Singerei district (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Valya-Lui-Vlad in Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,318 Jews (97.7%) lived in VV, in 1910 - 1385, in 1930 - 1281 Jews (94.5%). The first settlers of V.V. were Jews from Podolia. Each family owned approx. 5 dess. Main the occupation of the Jews of V.V. - the cultivation of wheat and corn; many were engaged in trade. In 1856, Jewish colonists were granted a 50-year benefit (instead of a 25-year one), temp. abolishing recruitment. In 1898, out of 118 families, 82 were engaged in agriculture. 20th century in V.V. there were 103 courtyards, 2 synagogues, societies. bath, about-in mutual credit, mutual assistance fund, philanthropist. about-va, school. In the 1920s and 30s. in V.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941, V.V. occupied the German-room. troops. On the night of July 7, 1941, 140 houses were burned down and 35 Jews were killed.
VALYANSKY Mikhail Yakovlevich (1915, Kutais - 1987, Sevastopol), Hero of the Owl. Union (1946). In Kr. Army from 1937. In 1939 he graduated from the infantry. uch-shche. From June 1941 - to fr. Com. machine gun platoon, ml. leith. V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for battles during the crossing of the Danube in the region of Komarno (Czechoslovakia). After the war - in reserve.
VALYAVA, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kotsman eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, two Jews were killed in V.
VANADZOR (until 1935 - Karaklis, until 1997 - Kirovakan), city (Republic of Armenia). Main in 1826, from 1849 - in the Erivan province. In 1918-21 it was part of the Republic of Armenia, in 1921-91 it was the Armenian SSR. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Hungary, and in 1970 there were 95 Jews.
VANCHIKOVTSY, a village in Novoselitsky district of Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1435. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 21 Jews lived in V. Jews have lived in V. since the 18th century.
VANJOGALA, a town in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vendzyagola Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 347 Jews (57%) lived in Hungary, in 1921 - 252, in 1923 - 335 (61%), in 1940 - 350 Jews ( 58%) Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. There were 3 synagogues, heder. By the rabbis at 19 - early. 20th century there were Tsemakh Sachs, Benjamin Beinish, Yehoshua-Zvi Rabinovich, Aron Meruzalie, Aron Zeltser, Nison-Ovadia Rozenson (he held this post for over 40 years). In 1915, Jews were expelled from V. and in the main. settled in Vilna (present-day Vilnius). After the arrival of germ. parts of the Jews returned to V. In the 1920s. Jews owned enterprises for dressing leather, making felt boots, a sawmill, a dyeing house, a plant for the production of slaked lime, 2 mills. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank. A school of the "Tarbut" network operated; Jewish parties. In the 1930s. V. Rabbi was Chaim Klibanov (? -1941). June 25, 1941 Germ. Troops occupied V. On July 9, 1941, 34 Jews were shot in a grove near the Jewish cemetery; by the end of the month, 13 more Jews. The remaining Jews were gathered into the ghetto. Aug 9 1941 Lithuanian policemen who broke into the synagogue arrested approx. 100 people, shot after 2 weeks. 28 Aug 1941 were shot after. Jews in Britain - 252 people.
VANEVICHI (in the 1940s - 1989 - Vankovichi), a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sambir Povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 172 Jews lived in Hungary. Aug 1942 all Jews in V. were sent to Sambor.
VANI, city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Vozn. in the antique era, in the 1st century. BC e. destroyed. In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Imeretian kingdom. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Kutaisi u. and lips. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1883 there were 131 Jews living in Hungary, in 1908 - 145, in 1911 - 249, in 1926 - 412, in 1939 - 517, in 1959 - 645, in 1970 - 727, in 1979 - 211 Jews. Jews, natives of Kutaisi (present-day Kutaisi), settled in V. from the middle. 18th century In 1853, there were 20 Jewish families (smoke) in V. the Jewish quarter, where the bazaar and shops were located. After the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), the Jews of Hungary were engaged exclusively in trade (mainly petty), several. families traded with.-kh. products and outside the edge. In 1896, pl. Jewish houses and shops were destroyed by fire. Soon a fair was opened in V., which in 1902 was transferred to the Jewish quarter. In the end. 19th century instead of a dilapidated wooden synagogue, a stone one was built. In 1895 anti-Jewish "riots" took place in Hungary (80 people were brought to trial for their participation in them, 72 of them were convicted). In 1923, despite active Jewish resistance, the synagogue was closed (reopened in 1924). Between 1929 and 1936 a department of Gruzevkombed operated, a cut opened in V. a number of small enterprises, where poor Jews worked. In the 1930s and 40s. the rabbis in V. were Shal Itskhakovich Chikvashvili (1870-1936), Mikhail Shamuelovich Tetruashvili (1906-1977), Shimkon Yeloyevich Tetruashvili (1904-1973), Shmuel Davidovich Plakishvili (1938-1984), shokhet, moel Moshvili, and cantor - Abeshan (1889—?). On ordinary days, up to 60 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - 160. In 1952-53, local Jews managed to resist the authorities' attempts to close the synagogue. In the end. 1960s Shokhet and a rabbi was a graduate of Moscow. Yeshivas Shmuel Tsalkishvili. 1970-90s. most of the Jews of V. left for Israel; in 1998 one Jewish family lived in V. D. M. Khananashvili
VANKOVICHI, see Vanevichi.
VANKOVTSY, see Vinkovtsy.
VANNIKOV Boris Lvovich (1897, Bib-Eilat, Baku province - 1962, Moscow), state. activist, organizer of the defense and atomic industry, regiment general. engineer art. service (1944), three times Hero of the Socialist. Tr. (1942, 1949, 1954). In 1917 he worked as an assistant. foreman on the building of the shos. roads in the Caucasus. Active member of the roar. struggle for the establishment of owls. authorities in Transcaucasia, in 1919–20 on underground work in Baku and Tiflis. Participant citizen war. Since 1920 he worked in the People's Commissariat of the Russian Federation. In 1917–20 he studied at the Baku, then Tiflis Polytechnic. in-takh, in 1920-26 - in Moscow. higher. tech. uch-shche. Since 1926, dir. a number of machine-builds. s-dov. Since 1937, deputy. People's Commissar, since 1939 People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR. In June 1941 he was arrested, in prison on the instructions of Stalin he developed a plan for the evacuation of the military. prom-sti to the East, a cut of hands. after his release in July 1941, then appointed deputy. Commissar, in 1942-46 Commissar of ammunition of the USSR. Member Central Committee of the CPSU (1939–61). From 1946 he was at work in the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1946–62). In 1953–58 the 1st deputy. Minister of medium-sized machinery of the USSR, made a great contribution to the organization of work on atomic science and technology in the USSR, the creator of the research. base. Became. pr. (1951), State. pr. (1953). He was awarded the 6th order. Lenin and others. Urn with ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
VANTEEVO, see Ivanteevka.
VAPNYARKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Tomashpol district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the village of Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, 370 Jews (48.7%) lived in V., in 1923 - 569, in 1926 - 667 (46.5%), in 1939 - 711 Jews. In 1903, V. was open for free residence of Jews. , in exemption from the "Provisional Rules" 1882. In Oct. In 1905, a Jewish pogrom took place in V., staged by 150 workers who arrived from Odessa, 40 of whom were arrested by gendarmes. In May 1919, a pogrom was perpetrated by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In 1941–44, Hungary became part of Transnistria. The Jewish population was deported to the extermination camp. On Sept. 1942 a camp for Jewish communists from Romania was established in V. In the same year, 427 people. were released from the camp and left in Transnistria, 74 were transferred to a prison in Rybnitsa, where they were shot.
VARAKLIANS, city (since 1928) in Madona region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Varkliany Rezhitskogo u. Vitebsk lips. In 1920-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 250 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 1365 (75.4%), in 1920 - 1402 (74%), in 1925 - 1356 (68%), in 1930 - 995 (61%), in 1935 - 952 Jews (57%). Jews lived in V. from the end. 18th century Most were tailors, shoemakers, and traded agricultural workers. products. From 1873 to inc. Avrom-Doiv-Ber Gabay (1840—?) was the rabbi in V. for almost 50 years. There were 4 synagogues. In 1905, in anticipation of the pogrom, self-defense was created. In 1916 he worked as a cheder. In 1921, with the support of the Joint, a mutual assistance fund was created. One of the two doctors V. in the 1920s. was a Jew; the fire brigade was also led by a Jew. There was a school with teaching in Yiddish. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1940, after the annexation of Latvia to the USSR, mountains. The council was headed by Leizer Zelikovich. After the occupation of Hungary by Germany. troops on July 1, 1941, Latvians from the local "self-defense" shot on the square several. Jews. In July 1941, a ghetto was created. 4 Aug 1941 540 Jews were shot at the Jewish cemetery. Local gypsies were also shot there. A monument with inscriptions in Hebrew and Russian was erected at the place of execution. language in the 1960s. in V. lived apprx. 20 Jewish families.
VARASCHINA, a village in the Rokiskis region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Vereshchina, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century in V. lived several. dozens of Jews involved with. x-vom. Among the Jews of V. there were Hasidim. In different periods, Jews were twice elected as elders V.
VARENA, city (since 1486), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orany Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 158 Jews living in Hungary, in 1897 - 1473 (56.1%), in 1934 - 399 Jews. In 1901–03, a rabbi in V. there was Mathis-Gedalie Kabachnik (1877—?), from 1903 - Shloyme-Zusman Genin (1864—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in Hungary. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 10 Sept. 1941 in V., 831 Jews (local and collected from nearby settlements) were shot.
VARENZH, see Varyazh.
VARGA Evgeny Samuilovich (1879, Budapest - 1964, Moscow), scientist-economist, Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1909), prof. polit. economy Budapest, un-that (1918), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), societies. and state. activist, functionary of the Comintern. Educated in Budapest. un-those. Participant of the revolutionary. movement in Austria-Hungary and Germany. From 1906 in Weng. s.-d. party. An active participant in the creation of Veng. owls. rep. (HRV), in 1919 the People's Commissar of Finance and before. Higher. council bunk. x-va HRV. After the defeat of the Revolution, he emigrated to the Sov. Russia. He repeatedly met and corresponded with V. I. Lenin. Affairs. 4-6 Congr. Comintern, a member of the plenums of its Executive Committee. Since 1920 in the RCP. In 1927–47 he headed the Institute of the World. x-va and the world. politicians. The author of St. 100 kn., A large number of art. on the problems of polit, economy, peace. economics and politics. He was repeatedly criticized for the “mistakes of the bourgeois reformist. character ", was forced to their" recognition. " Among his tr. 20s - Sat. Art. "Peace. x-in "(M., 1922)," Crisis world. capitalistic. x-va "(Moscow, 1923)," The rise or decline of capitalism "(Moscow, 1924). To the late tr. include "Main. questions of the economy and politics of imperialism (after the 2nd World War) "(Moscow, 1953)," Essays on the problems of the political economy of capitalism "(Moscow, 1964). He edited the "Yearbooks of the Comintern" and some collective. work - "Essays on agr. question "(Issue 1-5, Moscow, 1924-25)," Agr. movement in the capitalist. countries "(M.-L., 1925)," S.-D. party "(Moscow, 1927). V.'s will contained criticism. analysis of owls. systems. Linen. pr. (1963).
VARGAFTIG Zerah (1906, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 2002), Israeli polit. activist, lawyer. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Participated in the Mizrahi movement. From the beginning. 2nd world. war fled from Poland to Lithuania, then through Japan to the United States, where he held hands. position in the World. Heb. Congr. From 1947 in E.-I., in 1948 he was a member. Time. state Council of the State of Israel, was repeatedly elected dep. Knesset from the Ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi party (later the National Religious Party). 1960-73 min. on religious affairs. From 1970 to. will take care. council of un-that Bar-Ilan. The author of the book. on the problems of Heb. jurisprudence.
VARKA, a city (since 1321) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Groetsky u. In 1808, 324 Jews (43%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 996 (50.4%), in 1857 - 1530 (59%), in 1897 - 2548 (59.6%), in 1921 - 2,176 Jews (50%) Jews began to settle in V. from the middle. 18th century A synagogue was built in 1810, and a Jewish cemetery was founded at the same time. The Jews of Hungary were engaged in trade and crafts. In the beginning. 19th century V. - one of the centers of Hasidism, in which there was a Hasidic court of Rabbi Itskhok Kalish (1779-1848), one of the students of Rabbi Simkhi-Bunim from Pshiski (1767-1827). After the death of I. Kalish, his place was taken by his son Menachem-Mendel (1819-1868). The dynasty of the Vork Hasidim was continued by the son of Menachem-Mendla - Simha-Bunim (? -1907, Tiberias), who after a certain time moved his court to Otwock. In 1893 Menachem-Mendel Zilberstein was the state rabbi of V. In 1916 the branches of Mizrahi and Agudas Yisroel were established in V. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were several. Jews - kr. meat traders. An important source of income was the purchase of products from neighboring villages. x-va, mushrooms, feathers and down, which were then sent to Warsaw. Among the Jewish craftsmen were tailors, shoemakers, saddlers. A branch of the Jewish National Bank worked in V. org-tions, mutual aid funds. The work of local political departments has intensified. parties and movements. In 1924 a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" was opened. In 1926, the Ge-Halutz cell was created, in 1929 - a detachment of Beitar. 7 Sept. 1939 germ. The troops occupied V. Two weeks later, the Great Synagogue, considered one of the most beautiful in Poland, was burned. In the beginning. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in the fall of 1940 - the ghetto. The destruction of the ghetto began on 21 Feb. 1941. The Jews of V. were taken to the Warsaw ghetto, and from there to Treblinka.
VARKAVA, a village in Preili district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1802 - c. Varkovo Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1930, 35 Jews lived in V. In the summer of 1941, 48 Jews were exterminated in V..
VARKLANS, see Varaklians.
VARKOVICHI, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Lutsk povet of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voevodstvo as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 322 Jews lived in V., in 1778 - 81, in 1784 - 91, in 1787 - 104, in 1847 - 847. in 1897 - 1119 (62.3%), in 1921 - 886 (80.6%), in 1931 - 996, in 1941 - 1053 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of Hungary was petty trade and handicrafts. In 1903–12, Meir-Chaim Sheikhet was the rabbi in Hungary, and from 1912, Shmuel Roytenberg (1864–?). In the 1910s. in V. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew (40 students), in 1919 - a school of the Tarbut network (150 students). Dec 9 1917 a pogrom broke out in V. by soldiers of the Center troops. happy. In the 1920s and 30s. local government was headed by a Jew. In 1925 the Jewish National Bank was founded. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. several functioned. heders, talmud-torah, private Jewish school, library, dram. circle, decomp. Zionist organizations, there were 4 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic (Olyk and Trisk). In 1940 a Jewish collective farm was organized in Hungary. June 27, 1941 German. troops occupied V. The Judenrat was created, then the ghetto, in which by the fall of 1942 there was approx. 2 thousand people OK. 20 families of artisans lived outside the ghetto. In the end. Sep 1942 Jews in V. were warned by two Germans. soldiers about the impending destruction of the ghetto. Many fled, but were betrayed by the Ukrainians and shot. OK. 60 Jews escaped in nearby Czech villages. Moshe Tamari (Teitelman) (b. 1910), Israeli poet and writer.
VARKOVO, see Varkava.
VARLAMOVA Inna (real name and surname Klavdiya Gustavovna Landau) (1923, Novgorod - 1990, Moscow), writer. Father - an engineer-builder, was shot in 1937, the family was exiled. V. worked as a laboratory assistant, handyman, reporter. In 1961 she graduated from the Higher. lit. courses. First book. stories - "Living Spring" (1957). Author of rum. "To love and believe" (1959), "I am looking for you" (1964), "There is no third option" (1969), and others. She wrote letters of protest against the expulsion of LK Chukovskaya and VN Voinovich from the USSR Writers' Union, signed a number of letters in defense of prisoners of conscience - and since 1974 has been included in the "black lists". Rum. "Imaginary Life" went to samizdat, first published. in 1977 in the Israeli railway. "Time and We". Not published pov. "Betrayal" and "Epicenter", big rum is not finished yet. about the intelligentsia, about the camp, about the fate of the Jews.
VARNAVINO, urban-type settlement (since 1961), a district center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). From 1778 it was a district town of the Kostroma governorship, then a province, and from 1925 a rural settlement. 1 Jew lived in Hungary in 1910, 7 Jews in 1926, and 7 Jews in 1939.
VARNOVITSKAYA (Varnavitskaya) Ada Naumovna (b. 1910, Odessa), graphic artist, portrait painter, illustrator book. From 1926 she studied at the Kiev art. vocational school with G.M. Pustovoit, A.Ya. Ruban, V.I.Kassiyan, then (until 1932) in the Kharkov polygraph. in-those. In 1935 she graduated from Moscow. polygraph. in-t at V.A. Favorsky, K.N. Istomin, M.S. Rodionov. From the beginning. 1930s lives in Moscow. Collaborated with the publishing house "Acadcmia", w. "Pioneer", "30 days", etc. She worked in the studio of monumental painting of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, was a member of the group. Artists, who designed the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, painted the Azerb pavilion. SSR. Since 1936 he has participated in 60 exhibitions in Russia and abroad, personal exhibitions were held in Moscow (1939, 1945, 1971), Ufa (1943), Leningrad (1972, 1979), Simferopol (1979). Main works: ill. to the novel by O. Balzac "Cousin Pons" (1935), aqu. portraits of artists of the Bashkir op. t-ra (1942–44), "Kolkhoz Woman Miriam" (1942), aqu. portraits of M. I. Babanova (1938), L. A. Zholtkevich (1938), M. A. Svetlov (1960s), L. Shklovskaya (1979), etc. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, Museum of Azerb. literature them. Nizami, State the M. Gorky Museum in Moscow, the M. Gorky Museum in Samara, etc.
VARNIAI, a city (since 1950) in the Telšiai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vorni Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1084 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 1226 (39.2%), in 1920 - 795, in 1923 - 843 (43%) , in 1940 - 700 (32%), in 1989 - 6 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the second half. 17th century In 1863 there was a synagogue in V., in 1875-1910 there was a yeshiva, in which 60 people studied. From the end. 19th century the "Hibat Zion" department was working. Since 1898, Israel-Yehoshua Segal (1864—?) Was the rabbi in V., in 1902-04 - Joseph-Leib Bloch (1858—?), In 1908-10 - Shoylom-Itskhok Levitan. During the Civil. During the war, a self-defense detachment operated in V. In the 1920s. in V. were created a school network "Tarbut", library, dram. circle, branch of the Jewish National Bank. In 1931, out of 23 shops and workshops, 21 belonged to Jews. Zionist organizations operated in V., one of the activists of which was M. Ish-Shalom. In the 1920s and 30s. the rabbis of V. were Yakov Abramovich, Levi Spitz, Yakov Rabinovich, Aba Shur. 15 Oct. 1935 a pogrom occurred in V.: 39 Jewish houses were damaged, 2 Jews were wounded. 11 nov. 1936 there was another pogrom: one Jew was killed and 33 wounded. In the 1930s. part of the Jews of V. left for the South. Africa, South. America and Australia. During the German period. occupation in V. mass executions of Jews took place on July 16, August 30. and 24 Dec. 1941 In V. genus. I.-L. Lazarov, B. Shatz.
VAROVICHI, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1897, 134 Jews (11.5%) lived in V.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВАРШАВА, город (c 1413), столица Республики Польша. Изв. с 13 в. С 1413 — столица Мазовецкого кн-ва, с 1596 — Речи Посполитой. В 1795—1807 — в составе Пруссии. В 1807—15 — столица Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, столица Царства Польского, с 1837 — центр Мазовецкой, с 1844 — Варшавской губ.В 1765 в В. проживало 2519 евреев, в 1781 — 3532, в 1792 — 6750 (9,7%), в 1797 — 7688 (12%), в 1804 — 11 630 (17,4%), в 1813 — ок. 8000, в 1864 — 72 776, в 1871 — 89 318 (32,6%), в 1882 — 127 917 (33,4%), в 1892 — 163 232 (33,3%), в 1897 — 219 128 (32,5%), в 1901 — 254 712 (36%), в 1914 — ок. 337 000 (38%), в 1918 — ок. 320 000 (42%), в 1938 — ок. 368 000 евреев (29%).Евреи поселились в В. в 13 в. Место их проживания ограничивалось Еврейской ул. (в нач. 19 в. переим. в Абрамовскую). Имелись синагога и еврейское кладбище. В 1483 евреям было запрещено селиться в В. Однако нек-рые из них в нарушение запрета нелегально или полулегально расселялись в В. и ее предместьях. Наиб. известным из этих поселений был «Новый Иерусалим», расположенный за городским валом. В янв. 1775 дома проживавших там евреев были разрушены, а их вещи проданы с аукциона. 16 мая 1790 в В. произошел еврейский погром. Евреи В. активно участвовали в Польск. восстании 1794; многие из них воевали в рядах еврейского отряда, сформированного Береком Иоселевичем. После присоединения к Пруссии существовавшие для евреев В. ограничения на торговлю и р-ны проживания в городе были отменены; евреи, поселившиеся в В. после 1796, обязаны были платить особые налоги. Численность еврейского населения В. значительно увеличилась, гл. обр. за счет иммигрантов из Пруссии и Силезии. Община содержала раввинов; имелись синагоги, благотворит. учреждения, еврейская больница.14 июня 1804 в В. произошел еврейский погром.В 1808 последовало новое ограничение прав евреев (в частности, им было запрещено проживать на ряде улиц В.). В 1809 был создан особый квартал, в к-ром разрешалось жить евреям — владельцам недвижимого имущества, оптовым торговцам, фабрикантам, банкирам, поставщикам армии и врачам. Евреям вменялось в обязанность носить европ. одежду, овладеть польск., нем. или франц. яз. и обучать детей в общих школах.Начиная с 1815, рос. пр-во оставило в силе все существовавшие ограничения на проживание евреев в разл. р-нах В. и ввело ряд других ограничит. мер в отношении евреев в последующие годы (в 1821, 1835, 1847). Согласно постановлению от 7 сент. 1824, евреи не могли поселиться в В. без особого разрешения правительственной комиссии; наряду с этим был установлен «билетный сбор» (30 грошей в день) для евреев, временно пребывающих в В. В 1862 сбор был отменен.В 19 в. В. становится крупнейшим еврейским центром в Европе. Численность еврейского населения В. росла гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. мест Рос. империи, особенно усилившегося после погромов 1881. Значит. расширилась экономич. деятельность евреев В., игравших видную роль в банковском деле, торговле и пром-сти. В 1847 из 20 банкиров В. 17 были евреями. В 1862 ок. 30% евреев В. были торговцами, 27,9% — ремесленниками, 4,5% — работали в пром-сти, 2,8% — в сфере финансирования, 1,9% — на транспорте, 1,9% евреев являлись представителями свободных профессий. Мн. еврейки (29,3%), гл. обр. недавно приехавшие в В., нанимались домашней прислугой; нек-рая часть женщин была занята в швейной и табачной пром-сти. В этот период в среде варшавских евреев серьезно встает проблема ассимиляции, обусловленной влиянием нем. культуры, позднее — польской, и затронувшей преимущественно молодежь. В нек-рых синагогах служба велась на польск. яз. Процент евреев, переходивших в христианство, в В. был выше, чем в др. городах Вост. Европы. В 1822 был упразднен кагал и учрежден Божничий дозор, переим. в 1871 в Варшавское еврейское общинное упр-ние.В 1819 по инициативе Авраама Штерна и Я.Тугендгольда в В. была открыта образцовая школа для еврейских детей («Поляки Моисеева вероисповедания»), в 1820 — 3 уч-ща. В 1826—63 действовало раввинское уч-ще (в 1852—63 дир. Тугендгольд). В 1847 один из частных еврейских жен. пансионов получил статус правительственного. В 1856 Д.-Б.Майзельс основал первую талмуд-тору, содержавшуюся на средства благотворит. фонда еврейской общины. В 1878 в В. была открыта новая синагога на ул. Тломацкой; имелось 5 талмуд-тор (650 уч-ся). В 1878—88 действовало еврейское реальное 4-классное уч-ще, открытое по инициативе Л.Натансона. В 1889 открылось 6-классное гор. уч-ще И.Майзлера. В 1901 в В. имелось 12 нач. еврейских школ для мальчиков и 8 для девочек. В 1905 — 8 талмуд-тор (1250 уч-ся), 206 хедеров для мальчиков, 19 — для девочек, 37 частных еврейских школ, а также ремесл. мастерская при общине (с 1879), ремесл. мастерская об-ва приискания труда для бедных евреев В., образцовая школа «Иегудия» для девочек и др. В 1907 в В. действовало 334 синагоги. В 1915 функционировали: еврейская больница (с 1799), Гл. приют для нищих, сирот и старцев (с 1843), дет. клиника (с 1878), госпиталь на 599 мест (с 1902), об-ва «Ахиэзер», «Эзрас итоймим», «Эзра», «Бикур хойлим», «Ахим рахмоним», Об-во помощи роженицам, Об-во защиты еврейских женщин, «Томхе-Оним», «Соймех нофлим», еврейская б-ка (с 1880), частные еврейские дет. сады И.Гальперина (с 1910) и Альтермана (с 1911), Учительское об-во и др.В 1861—63 в В. выходил еженед. «Ютрзенка» под ред. Д.Нейфельда, в 1866—1908 — «Израэлита» под ред. С.Х.Пелтына. В 1862 основан еженед. на древнееврейском яз. «Га-Цефира», к-рый с 1886 становится ежедн. газ. и гл. печ. органом еврейства России. В 1880-х гг. в В. сосредоточиваются издат. центры книгопечатания на иврите. Пионером издат. дела на иврите в В. был Бен-Авигдор, а наиб. видным журналистом и литератором Н.Соколов. На иврите выходили периодич. изд. «Га-Цофе», «Га-Дор», «Га-Кол», «Га-Бокер», «Олам катан» (для детей); на идише — «Дер Телеграф», «Дер Вег», «Варшавер цейтунг», «Унзер лебен», «Хайнт» (с 1908), «Ди нае велт», «Идишес вохенблат», «Идишес тагеблат», «Момент» (с 1911). В 1906—08 на польск. яз. печатался сионистский журн. «Еврейская жизнь».Еще во 2-й пол. 18 в. в В. получили распространение идеи хасидизма. Большинство хасидов В. были последователями гурского, бельзевского, кузинецкого, варковского, коцкого, избицкого, гусятинского направлений. Одноврем. сформировался круг сторонников Гаскалы, состоявший из интеллигенции и зажиточных евреев, прибывших из-за границы. В кон. 18 в. немецкий еврей Исаак Флятау построил на свои средства синагогу на ул. Данилевичесского (существовала до 1878), где первым проповедником был д-р А.Гольдшмит, читавший проповеди на нем. яз. До 1870 руководство общиной В. осуществляли преим. представители ортодоксальных нехасидских кругов. После установления на выборах имуществ. ценза к руководству пришли, по соглашению с хасидами, сторонники ассимиляции, находившиеся во главе общины в 1871—1926.Раввинами в В. были: в 1839—54 — Хаим Давидзон (1760—1854), в 1856—61 — Д.-Б.Майзельс, с 1865 — И.Файгенбаум, И.Цылков, в 1870—74 — Я.Гешундгейт, с 1871 — Й.-Г.Э.Левин, с 1872 — П.Горенблас (1847—?), в 1873—1902 — Ш.-З.Клепфиш, с 1880-х гг. — Яков-Хаим Гольдшляк (1853—?), с 1890 — Иегошуа Майнин (1859—?), с 1893 — Менахем-Шахне Рычивол (1860—?), с 1903 — Хаим Пойзнер (1870—?), с 1905 — Мордехай-Шмуэль Гутлезер (1883—?).С кон. 19 в. в В. стали возникать кружки «Хибат Цион». Часть сионистской студенч. молодежи объединилась в 1903 в об-во «Га-Тхия», к-рое вскоре раскололось на неск. групп, присоединившихся к разл. сионистским орг-циям, во главе к-рых стояли И.Гринбаум, И.Табенкин и др. Параллельно в В. возникали объединения и орг-ции еврейского рабочего движения, к-рые на рубеже 20 в. влились в Бунд (в 1911 — 1340 чл.)После 1918 численность еврейского населения В. заметно возросла, однако ее процент по отношению к численности всего населения города уменьшился. В результате экономич. политики пр-ва, носившей дискриминационный характер в отношении евреев, и антисемитских тенденций в правящих кругах и среди польск. населения положение евреев в этот период заметно ухудшилось. Это привело к массовому выезду евреев, прежде всего в Э.-И. В 1926—36 во главе общины В. стояли представители «Агудас Исроэль» и лидеры сионистского направления. В 1936 представители Бунда победили др. кандидатов от еврейских орг-ций на выборах в муниципалитет В., а также на выборах в совет еврейской общины. Польск. пр-во аннулировало результаты выборов в совет общины и назначило др. состав, к-рый возглавлял общину до нач. 2-й мир. войны.В 1918—39 В. была центром обществ. и культурной жизни польск. еврейства. Функционировало много общинных учреждений, выходило в свет большое число еврейских периодич. изданий на иврите, идише и польск. яз.; активную работу проводили разл. еврейские политич. партии. Существовала обширная сеть еврейских уч. заведений с преподаванием на иврите и идише, однако большинство еврейских детей посещало общие гос. школы. Евреи В. принимали активное участие во внутриполитич. жизни страны.29 сент. 1939 в В. вступили герм. войска. В это время в городе проживало ок. 400 тыс. евреев (ок.1/3 всего населения В.). В теч. первых месяцев оккупации герм. власти ввели ряд ограничений и дискриминационных мер в отношении евреев: вышли приказы о принудит. работе, об отличит. знаках на одежде и на магазинах евреев, о конфискации еврейского имущества и т. п. 2 окт. 1940 герм. воен. власти заключили в гетто (пл. 2,71 кв. км, включая кладбище) всех евреев В. и беженцев из провинции. Был создан юденрат, главой к-рого назначили А.Чернякова. В гетто, где находилось ок. 400—500 тыс. евреев, были организованы ремесл. пр-тия, продукция к-рых нелегально сбывалась в «арийской» части В. Работали социальные и благотворит. учреждения и об-ва взаимопомощи. Продолжали действовать сеть религ. и светских школ, иешивы, дет. дом под рук. Я.Корчака. В кон. 1940 еврейский историк д-р Эммануэль Рингельблюм (1900—1944) основал нелег. ист.-лит. об-во «Онег-Шабат» с целью создания секретного архива материалов о жизни узников гетто. В гетто действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Первая еврейская боевая подпольная орг-ция «Свит» была образована в дек. 1939 ветеранами польск. армии. Большинство ее членов являлись сионистами-ревизионистами. В нач. 1942 была создана вторая боевая орг-ция — «Антифашистский блок». В нее входили представители «Поалей Цион», «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», «Дрор», сионисты-социалисты, а также чл. коммунистич. орг-ций. Бунд основал отд. боевую орг-цию «Самооборона».В июле 1942 началась массовая депортация евреев в Треблинку. А.Черняков, к-рого власти пытались привлечь к участию в этой акции, покончил жизнь самоубийством. До 13 сент. 1942 были депортированы или погибли в гетто ок. 300 тыс. евреев. Ок. 35 тыс. евреев, гл. обр. работавших на з-дах, и их семьям было разрешено остаться в гетто; там же осталось еще 20—30 тыс. евреев, проживавших нелегально. Была создана Еврейская боевая орг-ция, объединявшая почти все подпольные воен. орг-ции.18 янв. 1943, после начала второй акции по депортации евреев, подпольщики оказали герм. властям открытое вооруженное сопротивление. Уличные бои продолжались 4 дня. Жизнь в гетто была фактически парализована. Еврейская боевая орг-ция готовилась к вооруженному сопротивлению в случае новой попытки герм. властей ликвидировать гетто. К тому времени ее ком. был Мордехай Анелевич (1919—1943). Ком. «Свита» были Леон Родаль, Павел Френкель и Шмуэль Луфт.19 апр. 1943 части вермахта при поддержке танков и артиллерии начали наступление на гетто. В гетто поднялось восстание. Герм. части понесли потери, после чего стали сжигать дома, избегая уличных боев. Еврейские боевые группы вели активную борьбу до 8 мая 1943, когда противнику удалось захватить штаб-квартиру Еврейской боевой орг-ции. Неск. групп повстанцев продолжали вооруженное сопротивление до июля 1943. В теч. неск. след. месяцев спец. части вермахта и полиция выбивали последних евреев, скрывавшихся в руинах.1 авг. 1944 началось Варшавское восстание, к к-рому присоединилось более 1 тыс. евреев, находившихся вне гетто, оставшиеся в живых члены Еврейской боевой орг-ции под ком. Ицхока Цукермана и группа евреев-заключенных варшавского гор. концлагеря. В восстании принимал участие один из рук. «Свита» Казимеж Мендельсон (1902—?), впоследствии награжденный одним из высших польск. орд. «Полония Реститута». В боях за освобождение В. 17 янв. 1945 принимали участие 283-й гв. арт. полк под ком. полк. Наума Соломоновича Шермана, 4-я отд. гв. инж. бригада под ком. подполк. Иосифа Ароновича Эйбера и 14-й мостостроит. батальон под ком. майора Абрама Яковлевича Беккера. После освобождения в живых оставалось ок. 200 евреев, скрывавшихся в подземных укрытиях и развалинах домов. К кон. 1945 в В. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев. Это число более чем удвоилось после возвращения польск. евреев, находившихся во время войны на терр. СССР. В В. была восстановлена община, вновь стала действовать синагога, построенная З.Нозиком в 1902.19 апр. 1948 (в 5-ю годовщину восстания в гетто) на площади им. Героев гетто был открыт монумент борцам гетто, созд. скульптором Н.Рапапортом. В 1949 в В. были переведены из Лодзи нек-рые еврейские учреждения (Союз еврейских писателей и журналистов, Еврейская ист. комиссия, впоследствии Еврейский ист. ин-т, т-р на идише и др.). Выходили газ. на идише «Дос нае либе» и «Фольксштиме», было открыто изд-во «Идише бух». В 1963 в В. с помощью Джойнта был построен дом престарелых. При доме имелась синагога. В 1966 в В. открылся Дом культуры — центр Еврейской обществ.-культурной ассоциации. В результате проводившейся в кон. 1960-х гг. антисемитской политики пр-ва ПНР мн. евреи вынуждены были выехать из В. После 1968 все еврейские учреждения, к-рые не были официально закрыты, фактически перестали функционировать. Еврейская обществ. жизнь В. активизировалась в нач. 1990-х гг. В 1990 был открыт дет. сад, в 1992 — образовательный центр и молодежный клуб, в 1994 — еврейская школа. С 1999 раввин В. — Барух Рабинович.В В. род.: Г.Н.Абрамович, М.Авнимелех, Ш.Адальберг, Я.-Й.Адини, Э.Алми, Д.И.Арнон, М.Арнштейн, И.Ю.Ахрон, Н.Аш, И.Л.Ашлаг, И.-Л.Ш.Баумволь, Г.Берггрюн, М.Бергсон, Л.Беренсон, Г.Берлеви, А.Берман, И.Г.Блох, Э.Боровский, Л.Г.Бродаты, Д.В.Бродская, А.Брох, И.А.Вавельберг, А.Ват, М.Вашиньский, М.Виленский, М.М.Винавер, Н.Винавер, Ш.Винавер, Г.О.Винокур, В.Вислицкий, М.С.Волин, С.Воль, М.О.Вольф, Ю.Вольфсон, С.Галлоне, М.А.Гальперин, М.Гандельсман, Я.С.Ганецкий, Б.Геллер, А.Дж. Гешель, Я.Гешундгейт, Л.М.Гинзбург, Х.-Д.Гинзбург, С.Голдвин, Д.И.Гольдберг, А.Г.Гольдман, Б.Гольдман, С.М.Гольдштейн, Я.Я.Гордон, Я.Д.Готман, И.Гринбаум, Й.Давидсон, Н.Джекобсон, Ш.Дикман, С.Р.Дикштейн, С.Р.Дикштейн, Я.-К.Дуа, Б.Егоешзон, И.Залер, Ц.-М.Замбровски, Х.Зильберштейн, Э.Кагановский, А.В.Каплан, К.Кац, М.Кернер, А.Э.Китов, М.А.Клинберг, И.Г.Кляцкин, М.Г.Кляцкин, Д.Кнаани, Ф.Я.Кон, Р.Копе, Я.Корчак, З.Крамштык, И.Крамштык, Л.Д.Крестол, Л.Кроненберг, Л.Л.Кроненберг, Л.Ландау, В.А.Ландовска, А.Левин, И.Д.Левин, М.Левин, Р.Лейбовиц, Ш.Лейман, Ю.Лейтес, И.А.Лесман, Б.Лесмян, А.Лессер, М.Либер, Я.Г.Либерт, Л.Лихтенштейн, Л.И.Лошинский, И.Г.Лукомский, А.Любински-Фридберг]], Л.Люблинер, М.Майзель, Ш.Мандельбройт, О.Э.Мандельштам, Х.-М.-Й.Марголес-Давидзон, И.М.Милейковский, Я.Милх, Н.-Б.Минков, М.Минковский, М.Минковский, И.-Л.Моргенштерн, М.Найдорф, Б.Натаниягу, Л.Натансон, И.Х.Невяжский, М.Н.Нейдинг, И.Ножик, М.Нудельман, Г.Нусбаум, Ш.Оргельбранд, И.Паперников, О.Перлман, Л.Перский, С.-Б.Петрушка, Д.Пинес, Е.Г.Полонская, И.Я.Померанчук, Д.Пшепюрка, Н.Рабан, Я.Райзфедер, М.Рамбер, Н.Рапапорт, Й.Ратош, Н.Я.Рафалкес-Нир, Л.Е.Родин, Ш.Рожанский, Б.-И.Розен, М.Розен, М.Розенберг, Я.Ротбаум. Ш.-И.Ротштейн, А.Роуз, О.Г.Савич, М.Садовский, Г.С.Сальве, Ш.Свислоцкий, Д.Сеймур, М.Я.Серейский, Ю.Сигалин, М.Скульник, А.Слонимский, А.И.Слуцкий, А.Стерн, И.Д.Страшун, Ш.Сыркус, А.Тарский, К.Таузиг, А.Тейтельбаум, З.Тигель, М.Трембач, Л.Тристан, З.Турков, Й.Турков, М.Турков, И.-Б.Турков-Грудберг, Э.М.Тырманд, Н.Я.Тыш, М.С.Урштейн, Б.Файгенбаум, М.Файнстоун, Д.-Ц.Фарбштейн, И.-Г.Фарбштейн, К.Фаянс, Е.Фейтельберг, И.Фелд, В.Фельдман, Д.Финкель, Д.М.Финкелькраут, Ж.Фино, А.Форберт, В.Форберт, М.Форлерер, А.А.Фрейман, А.-Э.С.Френкель, С.Френкель, К.Функ, Л.Хайн, Б.Хертц, А.Хертцувна, С.Е.Хозе, М.Хорвиц, М.Г.Центнершвер, Г.С.Циммерман, М.Черняк, А.Черняков, Я.Чинский, Х.Шаро, Я.Шацкий, М.Швейд, Ж.И.Шиф, Л.Шпизман, В.Штейн, Х.Штейн, Э.Штрасбургер, С.Штюкгольд, Й.Шуфман, И.С.Эвентов, И.Эдель, А.Эйзенбаум, С.Эйленберг, Ж.Эпштейн, М.Г.Эпштейн, П.З.Эпштейн, Ш.Эттингер, Г.Эфрос, И.С.Юзефович, И.И.Юзовский, М.О.Янковский, И.Ястров, М.Ястров; Шолом Альбек (1858—1920, Бреслау), раввин, автор коммент. к Талмуду; Дмитрий Николаевич Бальтерманц (1912—1990, Москва), фотожурналист; Авром Беккер (1857—1925, Чикаго), амер. финансист, еврейский обществ. деятель; Якуб Берман (1901—1984, Варшава), политич. деятель, в 1944—56 чл. Политбюро ЦК ППР (ПОРП), в 1954—56 вице-премьер пр-ва Польши, брат А.Бермана; Матеуш Глинский (наст. фам. Герценштейн) (1892—1976, США), композитор, дирижер, муз. критик, в 1926—39 пред. Польск. об-ва муз. критиков, с 1957 — в США, основатель и през. Междунар. Шопеновского фонда; Шелдон Глюк (1896—1980, Кембридж, шт. Массачусетс, США), криминолог, с 1903 — в США, д-р философии (1924), проф. (1931), представитель обвинения на Нюрнбергском процессе; Виктор Гром (1907—1956, Варшава), политич. деятель, дипломат, в 1943 один из организаторов Союза польск. патриотов в СССР и див. им. Т.Костюшко, в 1944—45 рук. Политико-воспитат. упр-ния Войска Польского, в 1945 рук. польск. воен. миссии в Берлине, ген. Войска Польского, в 1949—54 посол Польши в Чехословакии; Бронислав Капер (1902—1983, Лос-Анджелес), композитор, с 1935 — в США, автор музыки к к/ф, получившему пр. «Оскар» (1953); Александр Краусгар (1842—1931, Варшава), историк, автор «Истории евреев в Польше. 1865—66» в 2 т.; Мишель Мильбергер (1922—1997, Париж), скульптор, в 1939—62 — в СССР, с 1965 — во Франции, автор пам. А.И.Герцену на входе в Лит. ин-т им. А.М.Горького (Москва); Эли Надельман (1882—1946, Нью-Йорк), скульптор, с 1910-х гг. — в США, один из пионеров совр. амер. скульптуры, работы представлены в Музее совр. иск-ва (Нью-Йорк); Яков Натансон (1832—1884, Варшава), химик, в 1856 впервые синтезировал фуксин, автор первых учебников по органич. химии на польск. яз., пред. еврейской общины Варшавы; Джозеф Ротблат (р. 1908), физик, с 1939 — в Великобритании, участвовал в созд. амер. ядерного оружия, в 1957—73 ген. секр. Пагуошского движения, с 1988 — его през., Нобелевская пр. мира (1995); Джек Роуз (р. 1911), киносценарист, продюсер, автор скетчей для Боба Хоупа; Александр Хертц (1879—1928, Варшава), кинопромышленник, режиссер, в 1909 организовал кинофирму «Сфинкс», в 1911 выпустил первый польск. игровой фильм; Генри Шеринг (р. 1918), скрипач, с 1940 — в Мексике, выступал в дуэте с А.Рубинштейном; Иосиф Абрамович Шидло (1894—1952, Москва), актер ГОСЕТа, засл. арт. РСФСР (1935), засл. арт. УзССР (1943); Мойше Шкляр (р. 1920), поэт (на идише), с 1969 — в США; Марк Ярблум (1887—1972, Тель-Авив), журналист, обществ. деятель, один из основателей «Поалей Цион» в Польше, в период Катастрофы — один из лидеров еврейского Сопротивления в Польше, офицер орд. Почетного легиона, с 1955 — в Израиле., pronunciation=ВАРШАВА, город (c 1413), столица Республики Польша. Изв. с 13 в. С 1413 — столица Мазовецкого кн-ва, с 1596 — Речи Посполитой. В 1795—1807 — в составе Пруссии. В 1807—15 — столица Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, столица Царства Польского, с 1837 — центр Мазовецкой, с 1844 — Варшавской губ.В 1765 в В. проживало 2519 евреев, в 1781 — 3532, в 1792 — 6750 (9,7%), в 1797 — 7688 (12%), в 1804 — 11 630 (17,4%), в 1813 — ок. 8000, в 1864 — 72 776, в 1871 — 89 318 (32,6%), в 1882 — 127 917 (33,4%), в 1892 — 163 232 (33,3%), в 1897 — 219 128 (32,5%), в 1901 — 254 712 (36%), в 1914 — ок. 337 000 (38%), в 1918 — ок. 320 000 (42%), в 1938 — ок. 368 000 евреев (29%).Евреи поселились в В. в 13 в. Место их проживания ограничивалось Еврейской ул. (в нач. 19 в. переим. в Абрамовскую). Имелись синагога и еврейское кладбище. В 1483 евреям было запрещено селиться в В. Однако нек-рые из них в нарушение запрета нелегально или полулегально расселялись в В. и ее предместьях. Наиб. известным из этих поселений был «Новый Иерусалим», расположенный за городским валом. В янв. 1775 дома проживавших там евреев были разрушены, а их вещи проданы с аукциона. 16 мая 1790 в В. произошел еврейский погром. Евреи В. активно участвовали в Польск. восстании 1794; многие из них воевали в рядах еврейского отряда, сформированного Береком Иоселевичем. После присоединения к Пруссии существовавшие для евреев В. ограничения на торговлю и р-ны проживания в городе были отменены; евреи, поселившиеся в В. после 1796, обязаны были платить особые налоги. Численность еврейского населения В. значительно увеличилась, гл. обр. за счет иммигрантов из Пруссии и Силезии. Община содержала раввинов; имелись синагоги, благотворит. учреждения, еврейская больница.14 июня 1804 в В. произошел еврейский погром.В 1808 последовало новое ограничение прав евреев (в частности, им было запрещено проживать на ряде улиц В.). В 1809 был создан особый квартал, в к-ром разрешалось жить евреям — владельцам недвижимого имущества, оптовым торговцам, фабрикантам, банкирам, поставщикам армии и врачам. Евреям вменялось в обязанность носить европ. одежду, овладеть польск., нем. или франц. яз. и обучать детей в общих школах.Начиная с 1815, рос. пр-во оставило в силе все существовавшие ограничения на проживание евреев в разл. р-нах В. и ввело ряд других ограничит. мер в отношении евреев в последующие годы (в 1821, 1835, 1847). Согласно постановлению от 7 сент. 1824, евреи не могли поселиться в В. без особого разрешения правительственной комиссии; наряду с этим был установлен «билетный сбор» (30 грошей в день) для евреев, временно пребывающих в В. В 1862 сбор был отменен.В 19 в. В. становится крупнейшим еврейским центром в Европе. Численность еврейского населения В. росла гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. мест Рос. империи, особенно усилившегося после погромов 1881. Значит. расширилась экономич. деятельность евреев В., игравших видную роль в банковском деле, торговле и пром-сти. В 1847 из 20 банкиров В. 17 были евреями. В 1862 ок. 30% евреев В. были торговцами, 27,9% — ремесленниками, 4,5% — работали в пром-сти, 2,8% — в сфере финансирования, 1,9% — на транспорте, 1,9% евреев являлись представителями свободных профессий. Мн. еврейки (29,3%), гл. обр. недавно приехавшие в В., нанимались домашней прислугой; нек-рая часть женщин была занята в швейной и табачной пром-сти. В этот период в среде варшавских евреев серьезно встает проблема ассимиляции, обусловленной влиянием нем. культуры, позднее — польской, и затронувшей преимущественно молодежь. В нек-рых синагогах служба велась на польск. яз. Процент евреев, переходивших в христианство, в В. был выше, чем в др. городах Вост. Европы. В 1822 был упразднен кагал и учрежден Божничий дозор, переим. в 1871 в Варшавское еврейское общинное упр-ние.В 1819 по инициативе Авраама Штерна и Я.Тугендгольда в В. была открыта образцовая школа для еврейских детей («Поляки Моисеева вероисповедания»), в 1820 — 3 уч-ща. В 1826—63 действовало раввинское уч-ще (в 1852—63 дир. Тугендгольд). В 1847 один из частных еврейских жен. пансионов получил статус правительственного. В 1856 Д.-Б.Майзельс основал первую талмуд-тору, содержавшуюся на средства благотворит. фонда еврейской общины. В 1878 в В. была открыта новая синагога на ул. Тломацкой; имелось 5 талмуд-тор (650 уч-ся). В 1878—88 действовало еврейское реальное 4-классное уч-ще, открытое по инициативе Л.Натансона. В 1889 открылось 6-классное гор. уч-ще И.Майзлера. В 1901 в В. имелось 12 нач. еврейских школ для мальчиков и 8 для девочек. В 1905 — 8 талмуд-тор (1250 уч-ся), 206 хедеров для мальчиков, 19 — для девочек, 37 частных еврейских школ, а также ремесл. мастерская при общине (с 1879), ремесл. мастерская об-ва приискания труда для бедных евреев В., образцовая школа «Иегудия» для девочек и др. В 1907 в В. действовало 334 синагоги. В 1915 функционировали: еврейская больница (с 1799), Гл. приют для нищих, сирот и старцев (с 1843), дет. клиника (с 1878), госпиталь на 599 мест (с 1902), об-ва «Ахиэзер», «Эзрас итоймим», «Эзра», «Бикур хойлим», «Ахим рахмоним», Об-во помощи роженицам, Об-во защиты еврейских женщин, «Томхе-Оним», «Соймех нофлим», еврейская б-ка (с 1880), частные еврейские дет. сады И.Гальперина (с 1910) и Альтермана (с 1911), Учительское об-во и др.В 1861—63 в В. выходил еженед. «Ютрзенка» под ред. Д.Нейфельда, в 1866—1908 — «Израэлита» под ред. С.Х.Пелтына. В 1862 основан еженед. на древнееврейском яз. «Га-Цефира», к-рый с 1886 становится ежедн. газ. и гл. печ. органом еврейства России. В 1880-х гг. в В. сосредоточиваются издат. центры книгопечатания на иврите. Пионером издат. дела на иврите в В. был Бен-Авигдор, а наиб. видным журналистом и литератором Н.Соколов. На иврите выходили периодич. изд. «Га-Цофе», «Га-Дор», «Га-Кол», «Га-Бокер», «Олам катан» (для детей); на идише — «Дер Телеграф», «Дер Вег», «Варшавер цейтунг», «Унзер лебен», «Хайнт» (с 1908), «Ди нае велт», «Идишес вохенблат», «Идишес тагеблат», «Момент» (с 1911). В 1906—08 на польск. яз. печатался сионистский журн. «Еврейская жизнь».Еще во 2-й пол. 18 в. в В. получили распространение идеи хасидизма. Большинство хасидов В. были последователями гурского, бельзевского, кузинецкого, варковского, коцкого, избицкого, гусятинского направлений. Одноврем. сформировался круг сторонников Гаскалы, состоявший из интеллигенции и зажиточных евреев, прибывших из-за границы. В кон. 18 в. немецкий еврей Исаак Флятау построил на свои средства синагогу на ул. Данилевичесского (существовала до 1878), где первым проповедником был д-р А.Гольдшмит, читавший проповеди на нем. яз. До 1870 руководство общиной В. осуществляли преим. представители ортодоксальных нехасидских кругов. После установления на выборах имуществ. ценза к руководству пришли, по соглашению с хасидами, сторонники ассимиляции, находившиеся во главе общины в 1871—1926.Раввинами в В. были: в 1839—54 — Хаим Давидзон (1760—1854), в 1856—61 — Д.-Б.Майзельс, с 1865 — И.Файгенбаум, И.Цылков, в 1870—74 — Я.Гешундгейт, с 1871 — Й.-Г.Э.Левин, с 1872 — П.Горенблас (1847—?), в 1873—1902 — Ш.-З.Клепфиш, с 1880-х гг. — Яков-Хаим Гольдшляк (1853—?), с 1890 — Иегошуа Майнин (1859—?), с 1893 — Менахем-Шахне Рычивол (1860—?), с 1903 — Хаим Пойзнер (1870—?), с 1905 — Мордехай-Шмуэль Гутлезер (1883—?).С кон. 19 в. в В. стали возникать кружки «Хибат Цион». Часть сионистской студенч. молодежи объединилась в 1903 в об-во «Га-Тхия», к-рое вскоре раскололось на неск. групп, присоединившихся к разл. сионистским орг-циям, во главе к-рых стояли И.Гринбаум, И.Табенкин и др. Параллельно в В. возникали объединения и орг-ции еврейского рабочего движения, к-рые на рубеже 20 в. влились в Бунд (в 1911 — 1340 чл.)После 1918 численность еврейского населения В. заметно возросла, однако ее процент по отношению к численности всего населения города уменьшился. В результате экономич. политики пр-ва, носившей дискриминационный характер в отношении евреев, и антисемитских тенденций в правящих кругах и среди польск. населения положение евреев в этот период заметно ухудшилось. Это привело к массовому выезду евреев, прежде всего в Э.-И. В 1926—36 во главе общины В. стояли представители «Агудас Исроэль» и лидеры сионистского направления. В 1936 представители Бунда победили др. кандидатов от еврейских орг-ций на выборах в муниципалитет В., а также на выборах в совет еврейской общины. Польск. пр-во аннулировало результаты выборов в совет общины и назначило др. состав, к-рый возглавлял общину до нач. 2-й мир. войны.В 1918—39 В. была центром обществ. и культурной жизни польск. еврейства. Функционировало много общинных учреждений, выходило в свет большое число еврейских периодич. изданий на иврите, идише и польск. яз.; активную работу проводили разл. еврейские политич. партии. Существовала обширная сеть еврейских уч. заведений с преподаванием на иврите и идише, однако большинство еврейских детей посещало общие гос. школы. Евреи В. принимали активное участие во внутриполитич. жизни страны.29 сент. 1939 в В. вступили герм. войска. В это время в городе проживало ок. 400 тыс. евреев (ок.1/3 всего населения В.). В теч. первых месяцев оккупации герм. власти ввели ряд ограничений и дискриминационных мер в отношении евреев: вышли приказы о принудит. работе, об отличит. знаках на одежде и на магазинах евреев, о конфискации еврейского имущества и т. п. 2 окт. 1940 герм. воен. власти заключили в гетто (пл. 2,71 кв. км, включая кладбище) всех евреев В. и беженцев из провинции. Был создан юденрат, главой к-рого назначили А.Чернякова. В гетто, где находилось ок. 400—500 тыс. евреев, были организованы ремесл. пр-тия, продукция к-рых нелегально сбывалась в «арийской» части В. Работали социальные и благотворит. учреждения и об-ва взаимопомощи. Продолжали действовать сеть религ. и светских школ, иешивы, дет. дом под рук. Я.Корчака. В кон. 1940 еврейский историк д-р Эммануэль Рингельблюм (1900—1944) основал нелег. ист.-лит. об-во «Онег-Шабат» с целью создания секретного архива материалов о жизни узников гетто. В гетто действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. Первая еврейская боевая подпольная орг-ция «Свит» была образована в дек. 1939 ветеранами польск. армии. Большинство ее членов являлись сионистами-ревизионистами. В нач. 1942 была создана вторая боевая орг-ция — «Антифашистский блок». В нее входили представители «Поалей Цион», «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», «Дрор», сионисты-социалисты, а также чл. коммунистич. орг-ций. Бунд основал отд. боевую орг-цию «Самооборона».В июле 1942 началась массовая депортация евреев в Треблинку. А.Черняков, к-рого власти пытались привлечь к участию в этой акции, покончил жизнь самоубийством. До 13 сент. 1942 были депортированы или погибли в гетто ок. 300 тыс. евреев. Ок. 35 тыс. евреев, гл. обр. работавших на з-дах, и их семьям было разрешено остаться в гетто; там же осталось еще 20—30 тыс. евреев, проживавших нелегально. Была создана Еврейская боевая орг-ция, объединявшая почти все подпольные воен. орг-ции.18 янв. 1943, после начала второй акции по депортации евреев, подпольщики оказали герм. властям открытое вооруженное сопротивление. Уличные бои продолжались 4 дня. Жизнь в гетто была фактически парализована. Еврейская боевая орг-ция готовилась к вооруженному сопротивлению в случае новой попытки герм. властей ликвидировать гетто. К тому времени ее ком. был Мордехай Анелевич (1919—1943). Ком. «Свита» были Леон Родаль, Павел Френкель и Шмуэль Луфт.19 апр. 1943 части вермахта при поддержке танков и артиллерии начали наступление на гетто. В гетто поднялось восстание. Герм. части понесли потери, после чего стали сжигать дома, избегая уличных боев. Еврейские боевые группы вели активную борьбу до 8 мая 1943, когда противнику удалось захватить штаб-квартиру Еврейской боевой орг-ции. Неск. групп повстанцев продолжали вооруженное сопротивление до июля 1943. В теч. неск. след. месяцев спец. части вермахта и полиция выбивали последних евреев, скрывавшихся в руинах.1 авг. 1944 началось Варшавское восстание, к к-рому присоединилось более 1 тыс. евреев, находившихся вне гетто, оставшиеся в живых члены Еврейской боевой орг-ции под ком. Ицхока Цукермана и группа евреев-заключенных варшавского гор. концлагеря. В восстании принимал участие один из рук. «Свита» Казимеж Мендельсон (1902—?), впоследствии награжденный одним из высших польск. орд. «Полония Реститута». В боях за освобождение В. 17 янв. 1945 принимали участие 283-й гв. арт. полк под ком. полк. Наума Соломоновича Шермана, 4-я отд. гв. инж. бригада под ком. подполк. Иосифа Ароновича Эйбера и 14-й мостостроит. батальон под ком. майора Абрама Яковлевича Беккера. После освобождения в живых оставалось ок. 200 евреев, скрывавшихся в подземных укрытиях и развалинах домов. К кон. 1945 в В. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев. Это число более чем удвоилось после возвращения польск. евреев, находившихся во время войны на терр. СССР. В В. была восстановлена община, вновь стала действовать синагога, построенная З.Нозиком в 1902.19 апр. 1948 (в 5-ю годовщину восстания в гетто) на площади им. Героев гетто был открыт монумент борцам гетто, созд. скульптором Н.Рапапортом. В 1949 в В. были переведены из Лодзи нек-рые еврейские учреждения (Союз еврейских писателей и журналистов, Еврейская ист. комиссия, впоследствии Еврейский ист. ин-т, т-р на идише и др.). Выходили газ. на идише «Дос нае либе» и «Фольксштиме», было открыто изд-во «Идише бух». В 1963 в В. с помощью Джойнта был построен дом престарелых. При доме имелась синагога. В 1966 в В. открылся Дом культуры — центр Еврейской обществ.-культурной ассоциации. В результате проводившейся в кон. 1960-х гг. антисемитской политики пр-ва ПНР мн. евреи вынуждены были выехать из В. После 1968 все еврейские учреждения, к-рые не были официально закрыты, фактически перестали функционировать. Еврейская обществ. жизнь В. активизировалась в нач. 1990-х гг. В 1990 был открыт дет. сад, в 1992 — образовательный центр и молодежный клуб, в 1994 — еврейская школа. С 1999 раввин В. — Барух Рабинович.В В. род.: Г.Н.Абрамович, М.Авнимелех, Ш.Адальберг, Я.-Й.Адини, Э.Алми, Д.И.Арнон, М.Арнштейн, И.Ю.Ахрон, Н.Аш, И.Л.Ашлаг, И.-Л.Ш.Баумволь, Г.Берггрюн, М.Бергсон, Л.Беренсон, Г.Берлеви, А.Берман, И.Г.Блох, Э.Боровский, Л.Г.Бродаты, Д.В.Бродская, А.Брох, И.А.Вавельберг, А.Ват, М.Вашиньский, М.Виленский, М.М.Винавер, Н.Винавер, Ш.Винавер, Г.О.Винокур, В.Вислицкий, М.С.Волин, С.Воль, М.О.Вольф, Ю.Вольфсон, С.Галлоне, М.А.Гальперин, М.Гандельсман, Я.С.Ганецкий, Б.Геллер, А.Дж. Гешель, Я.Гешундгейт, Л.М.Гинзбург, Х.-Д.Гинзбург, С.Голдвин, Д.И.Гольдберг, А.Г.Гольдман, Б.Гольдман, С.М.Гольдштейн, Я.Я.Гордон, Я.Д.Готман, И.Гринбаум, Й.Давидсон, Н.Джекобсон, Ш.Дикман, С.Р.Дикштейн, С.Р.Дикштейн, Я.-К.Дуа, Б.Егоешзон, И.Залер, Ц.-М.Замбровски, Х.Зильберштейн, Э.Кагановский, А.В.Каплан, К.Кац, М.Кернер, А.Э.Китов, М.А.Клинберг, И.Г.Кляцкин, М.Г.Кляцкин, Д.Кнаани, Ф.Я.Кон, Р.Копе, Я.Корчак, З.Крамштык, И.Крамштык, Л.Д.Крестол, Л.Кроненберг, Л.Л.Кроненберг, Л.Ландау, В.А.Ландовска, А.Левин, И.Д.Левин, М.Левин, Р.Лейбовиц, Ш.Лейман, Ю.Лейтес, И.А.Лесман, Б.Лесмян, А.Лессер, М.Либер, Я.Г.Либерт, Л.Лихтенштейн, Л.И.Лошинский, И.Г.Лукомский, А.Любински-Фридберг]], Л.Люблинер, М.Майзель, Ш.Мандельбройт, О.Э.Мандельштам, Х.-М.-Й.Марголес-Давидзон, И.М.Милейковский, Я.Милх, Н.-Б.Минков, М.Минковский, М.Минковский, И.-Л.Моргенштерн, М.Найдорф, Б.Натаниягу, Л.Натансон, И.Х.Невяжский, М.Н.Нейдинг, И.Ножик, М.Нудельман, Г.Нусбаум, Ш.Оргельбранд, И.Паперников, О.Перлман, Л.Перский, С.-Б.Петрушка, Д.Пинес, Е.Г.Полонская, И.Я.Померанчук, Д.Пшепюрка, Н.Рабан, Я.Райзфедер, М.Рамбер, Н.Рапапорт, Й.Ратош, Н.Я.Рафалкес-Нир, Л.Е.Родин, Ш.Рожанский, Б.-И.Розен, М.Розен, М.Розенберг, Я.Ротбаум. Ш.-И.Ротштейн, А.Роуз, О.Г.Савич, М.Садовский, Г.С.Сальве, Ш.Свислоцкий, Д.Сеймур, М.Я.Серейский, Ю.Сигалин, М.Скульник, А.Слонимский, А.И.Слуцкий, А.Стерн, И.Д.Страшун, Ш.Сыркус, А.Тарский, К.Таузиг, А.Тейтельбаум, З.Тигель, М.Трембач, Л.Тристан, З.Турков, Й.Турков, М.Турков, И.-Б.Турков-Грудберг, Э.М.Тырманд, Н.Я.Тыш, М.С.Урштейн, Б.Файгенбаум, М.Файнстоун, Д.-Ц.Фарбштейн, И.-Г.Фарбштейн, К.Фаянс, Е.Фейтельберг, И.Фелд, В.Фельдман, Д.Финкель, Д.М.Финкелькраут, Ж.Фино, А.Форберт, В.Форберт, М.Форлерер, А.А.Фрейман, А.-Э.С.Френкель, С.Френкель, К.Функ, Л.Хайн, Б.Хертц, А.Хертцувна, С.Е.Хозе, М.Хорвиц, М.Г.Центнершвер, Г.С.Циммерман, М.Черняк, А.Черняков, Я.Чинский, Х.Шаро, Я.Шацкий, М.Швейд, Ж.И.Шиф, Л.Шпизман, В.Штейн, Х.Штейн, Э.Штрасбургер, С.Штюкгольд, Й.Шуфман, И.С.Эвентов, И.Эдель, А.Эйзенбаум, С.Эйленберг, Ж.Эпштейн, М.Г.Эпштейн, П.З.Эпштейн, Ш.Эттингер, Г.Эфрос, И.С.Юзефович, И.И.Юзовский, М.О.Янковский, И.Ястров, М.Ястров; Шолом Альбек (1858—1920, Бреслау), раввин, автор коммент. к Талмуду; Дмитрий Николаевич Бальтерманц (1912—1990, Москва), фотожурналист; Авром Беккер (1857—1925, Чикаго), амер. финансист, еврейский обществ. деятель; Якуб Берман (1901—1984, Варшава), политич. деятель, в 1944—56 чл. Политбюро ЦК ППР (ПОРП), в 1954—56 вице-премьер пр-ва Польши, брат А.Бермана; Матеуш Глинский (наст. фам. Герценштейн) (1892—1976, США), композитор, дирижер, муз. критик, в 1926—39 пред. Польск. об-ва муз. критиков, с 1957 — в США, основатель и през. Междунар. Шопеновского фонда; Шелдон Глюк (1896—1980, Кембридж, шт. Массачусетс, США), криминолог, с 1903 — в США, д-р философии (1924), проф. (1931), представитель обвинения на Нюрнбергском процессе; Виктор Гром (1907—1956, Варшава), политич. деятель, дипломат, в 1943 один из организаторов Союза польск. патриотов в СССР и див. им. Т.Костюшко, в 1944—45 рук. Политико-воспитат. упр-ния Войска Польского, в 1945 рук. польск. воен. миссии в Берлине, ген. Войска Польского, в 1949—54 посол Польши в Чехословакии; Бронислав Капер (1902—1983, Лос-Анджелес), композитор, с 1935 — в США, автор музыки к к/ф, получившему пр. «Оскар» (1953); Александр Краусгар (1842—1931, Варшава), историк, автор «Истории евреев в Польше. 1865—66» в 2 т.; Мишель Мильбергер (1922—1997, Париж), скульптор, в 1939—62 — в СССР, с 1965 — во Франции, автор пам. А.И.Герцену на входе в Лит. ин-т им. А.М.Горького (Москва); Эли Надельман (1882—1946, Нью-Йорк), скульптор, с 1910-х гг. — в США, один из пионеров совр. амер. скульптуры, работы представлены в Музее совр. иск-ва (Нью-Йорк); Яков Натансон (1832—1884, Варшава), химик, в 1856 впервые синтезировал фуксин, автор первых учебников по органич. химии на польск. яз., пред. еврейской общины Варшавы; Джозеф Ротблат (р. 1908), физик, с 1939 — в Великобритании, участвовал в созд. амер. ядерного оружия, в 1957—73 ген. секр. Пагуошского движения, с 1988 — его през., Нобелевская пр. мира (1995); Джек Роуз (р. 1911), киносценарист, продюсер, автор скетчей для Боба Хоупа; Александр Хертц (1879—1928, Варшава), кинопромышленник, режиссер, в 1909 организовал кинофирму «Сфинкс», в 1911 выпустил первый польск. игровой фильм; Генри Шеринг (р. 1918), скрипач, с 1940 — в Мексике, выступал в дуэте с А.Рубинштейном; Иосиф Абрамович Шидло (1894—1952, Москва), актер ГОСЕТа, засл. арт. РСФСР (1935), засл. арт. УзССР (1943); Мойше Шкляр (р. 1920), поэт (на идише), с 1969 — в США; Марк Ярблум (1887—1972, Тель-Авив), журналист, обществ. деятель, один из основателей «Поалей Цион» в Польше, в период Катастрофы — один из лидеров еврейского Сопротивления в Польше, офицер орд. Почетного легиона, с 1955 — в Израиле., extra_data="{'translat...")
WARSAWCHIK Gregory (1896, Odessa - 1972, Sao Paulo), architect. He studied at the Novorossiysk un-those (Odessa), then at the Institute of Fine Arts in Rome (1918–20). In 1923 he moved to Brazil. Main work: modern. residential buildings in Sao Paulo (1927–30), the first modern. residential building in Rio de Janeiro (1931), two mansions and two 2-storey. residential buildings for workers (1932–34, with L. Kosta), multi-floor. residential buildings in Sao Paulo, office building in Sao Paulo (1957, with P. Neumann).
Varshaver Alexander Borisovich (b. 1908, Kiev), architect. In 1930 he graduated from architect. branch of Moscow. higher. uch-schA. Participant pl. architect. contests. Main works: the Institute of Mining of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956), a residential village in Moscow (1960), a shopping center in Togliatti (1979), a department store in Chisinau (1961), reconstruction of the Bratsevo estate in Moscow (1971).
Varshavsky Abram Moiseevich (1821, Poltava - 1888, St. Petersburg), entrepreneur, financier, society. leader, merchant of the 1st guild. Started commercial and philanthropist. activity in Poltava, at the beginning. 1860s settled in Petersburg. He actively participated in the railway. built in the 1860s-80s His proposals made it possible to reduce the cost of construction by almost half, which made it possible. savings for the country's budget. Repeatedly donated means that the amount for development was growing. uch. institutions and other institutions. Received for his services the title of Commerce Counselor (1870), offspring. och. citizen, pl. awards. As an expert, V. participated in the work of the Higher. Commission to Review the Laws of the Jews (1883–88), fought for their rights. One of the oldest members. reign Heb. communities and synagogues in St. Petersburg, usually replaced her before. in his absence. Participated in the search for a place for the building of the post. Choral synagogue, was a member. to-that for its construction, contributed large funds for this. Organized and financed many. Heb. institutions (Orphan house, school, cemeteries). Member to-ta Ob-va for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia, one of the initiators of the creation of the Society of Crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia.
Varshavsky Isaak Zelmanovich (1832, Odessa - 1903, ibid.), Teacher, philologist, writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. religious education, a cut replenished with self-education. Was engaged in ped. activities, as well as philol. research In addition to many art. in Heb. philology and other scientific. issues, publ. in different Heb. ed., wrote a number of scientists tr. and uch. manuals. Among the works of V.: "Toldot Israel" (ancient, history of the Hebrew people, in Hebrew and Russian, 1872), two apologetic. op. in Russian lang. "Talmudic morality" (1880) and "Jews and Slavs" (1887), a monograph on the development of Heb. language. He was also engaged in societies. activities, promoting the spread of education among Odessa Jews.
VARSAWSKY Mark Abramovich (1845, Poltava - |), entrepreneur, society. leader, merchant of the 1st guild. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t. Son of A.M. Varshavsky, offspring. och. citizen. Prev management board about-in "Gergard and Gay" and "Stroitel", T-va Bogatovskih sugar plants, etc. Consisted of a member. Council Rus.-eng. bank and Russian-English. bargain. chambers, der. board of the Moscow-Brest railway For his services he received the title of Commerce Advisor. Since 1897, members to-ta Ob-va for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. From the end. 1910 (after the resignation of Baron D.G. Gintsburg) until 1918 was before. reign of the Choral synagogue and Heb. communities of St. Petersburg. Headed by Heb. colonialist. Society in Russia, ac. Hygienic Society cheap apartments for euros. population, in 1908-10 was part of the Board. set of Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg. In 1915 he organized a committee to help the families of Jewish soldiers.
WARSAW Mark Markovich (1848, Odessa - 1907, Kiev), poet and composer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University, served as a lawyer. Under the influence of A. Goldfaden, he began to compose Heb. songs with melodies to them. In the end. 1890 met Gunzburg, on his advice recorded some of his op. Then V. together with the writer undertook a trip to the cities of the Pale of Settlement, during which Sholem Aleichem read his stories, and V. sang his songs. In 1900 V. published a collection of works in Kiev. his songs "Yiddish Folksleader" ("Hebrew folk songs") with a preface. Sholem Aleichem (2nd additional edition was published in Odessa in 1914, 3rd - in New York in 1918, 4th - in Buenos Aires in 1958 with recollection of Sholem Aleichem, J. Fikhman, I Munger and others). Songs V. "Oyfn pripechek" ("On the porch"), "Alefbase", "Di mizinks oisgegebn" ("The youngest daughter was married"), "Di mekhutonim gehen" ("Matchmakers are coming") and others to this day popular and included in the repertoire of Heb. singers and theater. collectives all over the world.
VARSAWSKY Natan Mikhailovich (1908, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1993, Petersburg), radio engineer, deputy. chief designer of the first mass television receiver in the USSR. He graduated from Leningrad in 1936. electrical engineering Institute (in absentia). From 1930 he worked as a technician at the Institute of broadcasting reception and acoustics. In 1937 he trained at RCA (USA). During the war of 1941–45 on a labor fr. In 1945–46 he participated in the development of a radio station. "Harvest". Since 1946 at the Research Institute-380 (later All-Union NI IT). Since 1948 he worked on the design of the first mass TV KVN-49 joint. with Kenigson and Nikolaevsky (KVN - the beginning of the letters of the names of the developers). He designed a number of TV units, including suggested the original design of the program selector, and also developed the general layout of the TV, which remained until the beginning. 60s., While the TV was in serial production for several. s-dakh of the country. Honorary Radio Operator of the USSR (1946).
WARSAW Oiser (1898, Sochachev, Warsaw Province - 1944, Auschwitz), prose writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, worked as a teacher, then a photographer. In 1920 he settled in Warsaw, in the same year publ. rum. "Shmuglyars" ("Smugglers"), in which he described the life of Heb. m. during the German period. occupation during the 1st world. war. Rum. had great success, withstood several. ed., was translated into Hebrew and into Russian. lang. Critics noted V.'s innovative approach to disclosing the topic, figurative language, dynamic plot and deep knowledge of life. Living in Warsaw, V. published in Heb. periodic. ed. from different countries a number of stories from the local life - "In di berg" ("In the mountains", 1922), "Vayberish" ("Po-Babi", 1924), fragments from the conceived wide artistic. canvases "Schnit-Zeit", ("Harvest time", separate ed. - Vilno, 1926). In 1924 V. settled in Paris, where he edited the Hebrew. ed., published new works. Entering the circle of the Parisian thin. bohemians, V. wrote a number of essays on art and creativity of Heb. thin, he tried his hand at painting. With the beginning of the 2nd world. War V. began to collect materials about the crimes of fascism, fleeing persecution, he lived illegally in France and Italy. On Sept. 1943 settled in Rome with his family, in May 1944 he was arrested by the Gestapo, imprisoned, and then deported to the Auschwitz death camp, where he died.
VARSKY (real name. Varshavsky-Varsky) Adolf-Jerzy (1868, Krakow, Austria-Hungary - 1937), a Polish leader. communist. and slave. movement. From his youth he took part in Polish. slave. movement. One of the founders of the Union of Polish. workers (1889), S.-d-tii of the Kingdom of Poland (1893) and S.-d-tii of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) (1900), member. her Ch. board and ed. printed organs. Party roar. events of 1905–07 in the Kingdom of Poland. Affairs. SKKPiL at the 2nd and 4th congresses of the RSDLP. After the SDKPL joined the RSDLP (1906), he became its representative in the Central Committee of the RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In the years of the 1st world. war participant Intern. socialist conf. in Zimmerwald and Kintal (Switzerland). In 1918 one of the creation. CP of Poland, in 1919 29 members. its Central Committee, in 1926 elected dep. Seimas of Poland. After the prohibition of the CP of Poland (1929) he emigrated to the USSR, one of the hands. Polsk. section of the Comintern, worked at Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin on the history of the Polish. labor movement. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
WARTA, a city (since 1507) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1255. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Kalisz province, from 1844 - Warsaw province, from 1867 - in Sieradz district. Kalisz province. In 1764, 362 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1793 - 389 (40%), in 1808 - 523 (27%), in 1817 - 716 (28.5%), in 1827 - 928 (33%). in 1857 - 1745 (54%), in 1897 - 1772 (51%), in 1921 - 2025 Jews (50%). Jews began to settle in Hungary at the beginning. 16th century It existed on its own. community. The first synagogue was built in 1534, and the second in 1641. The community contained a rabbi. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Jews earned their living by trade and crafts (ch. arr. fur processing). In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Jews created several. small weaving factories. 19th century the influence of Hasidism increased among the Jews of Britain. From 1824 the rabbi of V. was Moishe-Nekhemya Kogan, a disciple of Simcha-Bunim from Pshiska (1767-1827), in 1837-51 - Yehuda-Leib Rotbein (? -1862), in 1851-91 - Rabbi Yosef-Gershon, a student of Menachem -Mendla from Kock (1787-1859), who became the founder of the Wart Hasidic dynasty, since 1892 - Meir-Dan Plock (1866—?), One of the largest rabbis in Poland, later a rabbi in Ostrow Mazowiecki and head of the yeshiva in Warsaw. Co 2- th floor. 19th century a yeshiva functioned in V. Since 1905, a Zionist organization has been operating. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews were engaged in small trade and handicrafts, growing vegetables and fruits. In V. worked divisions of various. Jewish parties and movements, youth and philanthropists. org-tion, mutual aid funds were opened, branches of 2 credit banks, there was a Jewish psychiatrist. hospital, one of the largest in Poland. Since 1920 the Sukachev Hasid Eliyahu Laskovsky (1886-1942) was the rabbi of V. 2nd world. As a result of the war, the city was destroyed by bombing, especially the Jewish quarter. In the beginning. Sep 1939 V. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the end. 1939 the Judenrat was created, in February. 1940 - ghetto, where in 1941 there were approx. 1,300 Jews. In May 1942, 10 Jews were hanged: before. Judenrat rabbi E. Laskovsky and his son, before. branches "Agudas Israel" Motl Rothstein, leaders of Jewish organizations and others. 1942 all Jews in the ghetto were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp. In V., the remains of two Jewish cemeteries and a synagogue building, turned into a residential building, have survived.
VARTASHEN, see Oguz.
VARVA, urban-type settlement (since 1960), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1079. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In 1939, 22 Jews lived in V.
VARVARO-BORISOVSKY MINE, see Stakhanov.
VARVAROVKA, a village in the Novobugsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Odessa u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 781 Jews (30.9%) lived in V., in 1923 - 50, in 1939 - 135 Jews. In 1905 a pogrom took place in V. In 1909 they had a husband. and wives. private Jewish schools. During the 2nd world. During the war, a transit camp was established in V. On Sept. 1941 117 Jews were shot in V.
VARYAZH (in 1951-89 - Novoukrainka), a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vareng in the Sokalsky district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 880 Jews (65%) lived in Hungary, in 1900 - 964 (65%), in 1921 - 520 Jews (54%). V. received the status of a city. The first information about Jews in Hungary dates back to 1573. Jews earned their living by small trade, handicrafts, and the village. x-vom. The Jewish community existed in V. from the end. 18th century Rabbi V. since 1886 was Pinchas Eisen (1845-1915), since 1910 - the Beltsevian Hasid Shoil Babad (1877-1943), then his son-in-law - Avrom-Mordkhe Ashkenazi (1883-1943), exiled later by the Sov. authorities to Siberia and deceased there. Most of the Jews in Hungary were Bel'tsev Hasidim, some belonged to the Ruzhin and Gusyatinsky Hasidic movements. Zionist organizations began to operate in Hungary after the First World War. war. There was a small group of Jewish communists (among whom was the only doctor V. Dr. Gangel). In V. there functioned a mutual aid fund, created in the 1920s, a voluntary fire brigade, and a philanthropist. org-tion. In 1923 a Jewish library was opened. During the occupation, a work camp was created in V., to which Jews were delivered from different places. The Jewish population of Hungary was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VARZARESHTI, see Varzaresti.
VASHINSKY Mikhail (Vaksberg Misha) (1904, Warsaw - 1965, Los Angeles), film director, producer. Studied in drama. the studio of S. Vysotskaya in Kiev, then at the Vysotskaya and V. Begansky Film School in Warsaw (1920–23). Trained at the c / st. "UFA" (Berlin). In 1929 he made his debut as a stage director for f. "Under the Banner of Love" and "Body Cult". For 10 years he has staged 41 full-length films, incl. A Dangerous Novel (1930), One Hundred Meters of Love (1932), Twelve Chairs (1933, with M. Fritsch, Czechoslovakia), The Black Pearl (1934), Antek the Chief of Police (1935, according to "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol), "Heroes of Siberia" (1936), "Witch Doctor" (1937), "Professor Vilchur" (1938). During the 2nd world. war worked in Lvov, Kiev, Tashkent. In 1942 he headed the film section of the Polish Army in the USSR (he shot "Military Chronicle No. 1" and the documentary f. "From wake up to lights out"), later the film section operated in Iran, Iraq, where f. "March to Freedom", about 40 issues. "War Chronicle", short. semi-game f., doc. tape "Monte Cassino" - during the battles in Italy, game f. The Great Way (1946). After the end of the war he left for the USA and became a producer.
VASHKAY, a place in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Vashki (other name. Konstantinov) Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 440 Jews (50%) lived in Hungary, in 1923 there were 267 (31%), and in 1940 there were 340 Jews (34%). lived in V. from the 17th century, mainly. were engaged in flax trade, including export to Great Britain. In 1903, with the exception of the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Hungary was opened for Jews to live. In 1881-1929, the rabbi in V. was Avrom Hofenberg (1843-1929). During the 1st World. During the war, all the Jews of V. were exiled to the East. districts of Russia. After 1920, some of them returned to V. In the middle. 1920s a branch of the Jewish People's Bank was opened in V. In the 1920s and 30s. the school of the network "Yavne" worked, the branches "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" and "Maccabi" operated. Herm. troops occupied V. in June 1941. In current. July 27 Jews were shot. OK. 300 Jews of V. were shot on August 26. 1941 in Pasvalis together with local Jews. A monument was erected at the site of the execution. 1990s a memorial sign was installed in the old Jewish cemetery.
VASHKI, see Vashkai.
VASHKOVTSY, a city (since 1940) in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). First mentioned. in 1431. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Vascuts in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - Vaskautsi were part of Romania, in 1940-91 - part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890, 790 Jews (16.5%) lived in Hungary, in 1930 - 820 Jews (13%), after 1945 - 5 Jewish families . The Jewish community existed in V. from the middle. 15th century There was a synagogue and a cemetery. From the beginning. 19th century there was a Jewish school and a hospital. The Jewish population of Hungary in the 19th century made up in the main. immigrants from Moldova and Galicia. Most of Britain's Jews were Hasidim. Main occupations - agriculture and crafts. From the beginning. 1930s - bargaining-finance. operations, jurisprudence, medicine, teaching and other activities. By 1940 approx. 60% of Britain's teachers were Jews. On July 7, 1941, a Jewish camp was established in Britain (about 1,500 people). On July 26, 1941, the deportation of the Jews of V. to Transnistria began, where most of them perished. After 1945, several returned to V. Jewish families. A dilapidated Jewish cemetery has survived.S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
VASILYOV, see Vasilkov.
VASILEVICHI, a city (since 1971) in the Rechitsa district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, c. Vasilievich Rechitsky Minsk province. In 1897, 229 Jews (11.6%) lived in V., in 1923 - 99, in 1939 - 216 Jews. In 1926, there was a skin in V. workshop organized by members of "Ge-Halutz".
VASILEVSKY Ilya Markovich (1882, Poltava - 1938), journalist, lit. critic. Brother of L.M. Vasilevsky. He graduated from high school in Poltava. He wrote under the ps. He-Letter, to-ry chose, starting from ps. Letter, banner. his namesake and contemporary Ippolit Fedorovich Vasilevsky, long-term ed. "Dragonflies". He made his debut in 1903 with the story "Thirty-two" in The Journal for All. Satire. manuf. V. were published in different periods. ed. "God's World", "The Sun of Russia", "Satyricon", etc. Main theme - the bourgeoisie of the intellectual, adapting to the bourgeois. reality. He also ridiculed the bureaucracy. Since 1907 he has been trying his hand at publishing house. field, releasing petersburg. gas. "Free Thoughts", and in 1908–09 - w. "Education". In 1910 he published the book. “Everyday cabaret. Humor, stories "(St. Petersburg), in 1911 - Sat. stories "Nervous People" (ibid.). A notable stage in the biography of V. was the editing of petrogr. Journal of Magazines (1915–17), to which M. Gorky attracted him. His literary criticism was published here. notes about M. Gorky, E. I. Zamyatin, S. P. Podyachev, A. I. Svirsky, a pamphlet about rum. AA Verbitskaya and others. After the revolution he emigrated to Paris, where his attempt to resume publishing. Free Thoughts ended in failure. Comp. Berlin's Smenovekhovskaya newspaper Nakanune. After returning to Russia in mid. 20s actively published, publ. book Nicholas II (1923), What They Write (Memoirs of Former People) (1925). In 1929–35 he was in charge of the ed. g. "Inventor" and under the new ps. "Il.Poltavsky" publ. brochure on inventions. Work experience in the "Inventor" formed the basis of his book. "Country of Inventors" (1933). Was repressed.
VASILEVSKY Leonid Isaakovich (1904, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1984), economist and geographer. Graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1926), studied at physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in universities and research institutes in Kharkov. Since 1935 at the Research Institute B. Sov. atlas of the world and in other organizations in Moscow. In 1955-79 in Ying-those complex transp. problems at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1956–76 hands. sectors of the economy transport. Developed a number of theoretical. and methodical. provisions of the geography of transport ("Vasilevsky coefficient", etc.). Works on the complex characteristics of transport. systems and networks, terr. structure x-va, econ. cartography. Cit .: Routes of communication of Romania, 1945; Some possible directions in the study of terr. structure x-va using mat. Methods, 1964.
VASILEVSKY Lev Markovich (real name Yankel-Leiba Mordkovich) (1876, Poltava - 1936, Leningrad), journalist, prose writer, poet. Brother of I.M. Vasilevsky. In his youth he was fond of the Social-Democrats. ideas: he was consistently expelled from the Poltava gymnasium "for reading Dobrolyubov and Pisarev", from natural sciences. dep. physicomat. Faculty of Kiev University (1897). He graduated in 1902 honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. He worked as a zemstvo, then as a ship doctor. In 1912-14 he accompanied II Mechnikov on trips to the regions of the Astrakhan province covered by the plague epidemic. From 1904 he lived in St. Petersburg, was engaged in publishing. activities. Conducted the theater. section gas. Rech, then edited the gas. "Free Thoughts", w. "Sparks", "Sun of Russia", "Morning of Russia". Before the Revolution, it was published in the main. in f. democratic directions: "God's World", "Journal for All", "Satyricon". Publ. several works for political. themes: "Women's Question" (St. Petersburg, 1906), "Austria-Hungary: Polit. system and nat. questions "(St. Petersburg, 1906). He was the organizer of a number of literary-enlighten. events, participated in the work of the "Circle of the Young" at St. Petersburg. un-those, as well as Literary-arts. about-va. Released by him in 1907 Sat. roar. poems "In a Thunderstorm" was seized by the police. His first. Sat. "Poems 1902-11" received approving responses, including SM Gorodetsky. In 1916, Sat. his stories "Earthly Deceptions". He also wrote plays in verse, for example, "Canio and Anita" (St. Petersburg, 1914). During civil. During the war, he was severely shell-shocked, almost completely deaf. Later he moved away from lit. work, was engaged in the promotion of sanitary and hygienic. knowledge.
VASILISHKI, see Vasiliskis.
VASILISHKIS, a village in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Vasilishki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 19th century in V. there were several. Jewish families. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Hungary was opened for free living for Jews. Aug 1941 all the Jews of V. were deported to Krakes and shot along with the local Jews on 5 Sept. 1941.
VASIL, see Vasilsursk.
VASILIEV, a village in the Belotserkovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the place of Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 226 Jews (19.5%) lived in V.
VASILIEV Boris Lvovich (b. 1924, Smolensk), writer, playwright. From July 1941 to fr. In 1944–49 he was a military cadet. academy armored vehicles. and mechanic. troops. This time is dedicated. naib. means. manuf. V .: pov. "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..." (1969, USSR State Ave. 1975 - for a new, theater staging directed by the Moscow Theater of Drama and Comedy on Taganka by Yu.P. Lyubimov and B. Glagolin, as well as - for the screenplay for the film under the same title (directed by St.Rostotsky, 1972); the novel “Not on the lists” (1974); collection of stories and stories “My Horses Are Flying” (1984); the novel “Counter battle "(1984)," The Burning Bush "(1986) and others. Peru V. belong to the historical romance" There were and were not "(1981)," And there was evening and there was morning "(1987). Charming images of Heb. women were created by V. in his autobiographical prose "My Horses Are Flying", as well as in his military leader - student Sonya Gurvich ("The dawns here are quiet ..."), Mirra the limp ("Not on the lists"). In the novel “And there was evening and there was morning” and “The House That Grandfather Built” (1991) V. showed the terrible danger of anti-Semitism.
VASILIEV Leonid Sergeevich (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist, historian, Dr. Sciences (1974). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Since 1956. Member of the All-Russian. and int. scientific. conf. Author approx. 100 scientific. tr. on teaching methods, on the history of China and the East in general, historian of religions, ethnographer; author of textbooks, uch. benefits. Mn. works translated into English. lang .: Slavery and feudalism in ancient China, in the book: General and special in ist. development of the countries of the East, M., 1966; Some problems of genesis into the world. civilization in modern. hack research "Peoples of Asia and Africa", 1966, No. 2; Cults, religions, traditions in China, M., 1970; Problems of the Genesis of Chinese Civilization: Formation of the Foundations of Material Culture and Ethnos, M., 1976; Problems of the genesis of Chinese thought: Formation of the foundations of the worldview and mentality, M., 1989.
VASILIEV Yuri Markovich (b. 1928, Moscow), experimental oncologist and cell biologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1960), prof. (1962), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute in 1949. Lead. lab. mechanisms of carcinogenesis Oncological. scientific. c. AMN (since 1961); prof. biol. Faculty of Moscow state un-that (since 1962). In tech. pl. years cum. with mathematician and biologist I.M. Gelfand studied the mechanisms of movement of normal and tumor cells. The work, which first revealed the role of the microtubule system in determining the direction of cell movements (1970), is recognized as "classic by citation" Ying-Tom Nauchn. inf. in USA. Author of over 200 scientific. works, including a number of monographs.
VASILIEVICH, see Vasilevich.
VASILIEVKA, city (since 1957), regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Melitopol u. In 1897, 252 Jews (29.7%) lived in Hungary, and in 1939 there were 97 Jews. In 1846, Melamed Leib Domin was issued a certificate for the right to educate Jewish children in a cheder of the 2nd category. occupation in V. in October. 1941 42 Jews were shot.
VASILGOROD, see Vasilsursk.
VASILKOV, see Vasilkuv.
VASILKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pavlogradsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 73 Jews lived in V. In 1916, Zelman Pinkhusovich Komisaruk was the rabbi in V.
VASILKOVTSY, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 141 Jews lived in V. In the summer of 1942, all the Jews of V. were sent to Kopychintsy.
VASILKOW, a city in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1842 - the provincial town of Vasilkov Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1766 138 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 621, in 1890 - 1079, in 1897 - 1470 (37.8%), in 1910 - 2103 , in 1921 - 950 Jews. in V. there were a Khevra Kaddish and a synagogue. In 1880 and 1895 new synagogues were opened in Hungary. In 1885-1900 the rabbi in V. was Mordkhe-Eli Rabinovich (1856 -?), From 1901 - Gershun-Meir Boyarsky (1862 -?) Naib. a widespread occupation among the Jews of V. in the beginning. 20th century - processing of fibrous materials. In 1910, two Jewish cemeteries, a Jewish hospital, an almshouse, a Talmud-Torah (20 students), and 8 heders (140 students) functioned in Hungary. In 1906 a branch of the Bund functioned. Herm. troops occupied V. in June 1941. 1942 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 1 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated on November 2. 1942 In V. genus. N.G. Bruder.
VASILSURSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1927) in the Vorotynsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1523 as a fortress Vasilgorod. Since 1779 - the district town of Vasil of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, then - the province. From 1925 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 7 Jews living in Hungary, in 1915 - 2 Jewish families (including the family of the pharmacist L.N. Abramovich), in 1939 - 2 Jews. 1915 225 Jewish refugees arrived in Hungary. During the 1st world. war the size of the Jewish population increased due to the influx of refugees.
VASKOVICH, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn Gubernia. 198 Jews (10.5%) lived in V. in 1897. In 1919 a pogrom took place in V..
VASKOUTSY, see Vaskautsy.
VASKUTS, see Vashkovtsy.
VASLOVOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vaslovets in the Chernivtsi headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 21 Jews were killed in V.
VASLOVTSE, see Vaslovtsy.
VASSERMAN Elhanan Bunim (1875 - 1941, Kaunas), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. In 1903–07 he headed the yeshiva in Amchilov, in 1910–14 - the rabbi of Brest-Litovsk. During the 1st world. war headed the yeshiva in Smilovichi. After the war he lived in Poland, founded a yeshiva in Baranovichi, which soon became one of the most famous. in Vost. Europe. He took an active part in the activities of the "Agudas Israel" party. Published Art. in Heb. press. When the 2nd world began. war, fled to Vilno. In June 1941, on the way to Kaunas, he was arrested by the Nazis and executed along with twelve other rabbis.
VASSERMAN Lyubov Shamovna (1905, Slavatyche Sedlets Gubernia - 1975, Chisinau), poet, prose writer. As a child, she worked as a servant in wealthy houses, she herself learned to read and write, from the age of 15 she wrote poetry. From 1925 in E.-I., she worked in a kibbutz, at the building of the shos. Dorog, then a nurse in a hospital in Jerusalem, participated in the labor movement (adjoined his left wing, was arrested several times). Published poems in Hebrew. periodic. ed. in E.-I., Poland, USA. In 1931 in Tel Aviv came Sat. her verse, in Yiddish "Farnachtn" ("Evenings"). In 1934, V. arrived in the USSR, settled in Birobidzhan, published poetry, short stories, and essays in the region. press, in literary-hood. g. "Outpost" and other ed. In the beginning. 1949 arrested and imprisoned in a camp on the Kr. North. In 1956 she returned to Birobidzhan, in the Khabarovsk Regional Prince. publishing house released collection of articles. poems in the lane. in Russian lang., printed poems, stories, essays in the region. gas., in Heb. press abroad, in "Sovetish gameland".
VASYUCHIN, a village in the Rogatinsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Rogatyn povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 all the Jews of V. were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.
VASYUTINTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1897, 96 Jews (10.3%) lived in V.
BAT Alexander (real name and family name Shimon Khvat) (1900, Warsaw - 1967, France), writer, editor, translator. V. was an active pamphleteer of the futurist movement "New Art", one of the editors. g. "Nova Stuck" (1921-22) and "Almanac of the New Stuff" (1924-25). Beginning in 1929, he edited lit. g. leftist "Literary Month", worked as ed. published by Gebetner and Wolff (1932–39). During the 2nd world. During the war he lived in Kazakhstan, in 1946 he returned to Warsaw. Was one of the leaders of the post-war period. Polish literature; in 1963 he emigrated to France. Among his books: Sat. stories "Unemployed Lucifer" (1927); rum. The Mass Exodus (1948-49); Poems (1957). The painful ordeals that befell Britain in the USSR and postwar Poland shook his communist. ideals, In his last. manuf. such as publ. see. in Paris Sat. poems "Dark Star" (1968), there is a bias towards religions. mysticism. V. translated from Russian. and app. lang. pl. lit. manuf.
VATEN Yuda (b. 1911, Odessa), prose writer, critic. Soon after birth, he was brought to E.-I., but in 1914 his family left for Australia. During the 2nd world. war helped refugees who came to Australia. He was a staunch communist, some of his journalistic works were dedicated. cultural aspects of the politics of the left parties. In a number of rum. B. there is Heb. theme - "Alien Son" (1952), "Unbreakable" (1954), "Distant Land" (1962), "From Odessa to Odessa". In addition, V. owns rum. "Complicity in murder" (1957), "Time of conflict" (1961), "Time of youth" (1966), etc. V. was also lit. critic, was engaged in per. from Yiddish to English lang. works by G. Bergner and P. Goldhar. As an anti-Zionist, he retained ties with Heb. community, especially in the fight against manifestations of anti-Semitism.
VATMAN David Petrovich (1923, Kharkov - 1994, Moscow), lawyer. He served in the army (1941–45). Graduated from econom. f-t Kharkov, un-that (1948), All-Union. jurid. correspondence course Institute (1947). In 1950–56 he lived in Riga, where he worked as a legal adviser in various. institutions, taught political economy in Latvia. uch. comb-those of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR, in Riga. branch of Vses. correspondence course in-that owls. trade. In 1957–61 he was a legal adviser in Moscow institutions. Adopted in Moscow. mountains. Bar Association (MGKA) (1961). He became famous as a lawyer-civil lawyer, specializing in the region. dwellings. rights. Head Sector of Civil Law Problems Research Institute of Judicial Defense, Ch. bureau of civil law section at Pres. MGKA. The author of the book. and Art. by Grazhd. law and process: “Lawyer in civil. process "(1969)," Lawyer in the USSR "(1971)," The right to defense "(1973)," Consideration of cases of eviction "(1974)," Judicial defense in disputes in the housing cooperative "(1978).
WAVELBERG Ippolit (Gune Nusen) Abramovich (1843, Warsaw - 1901, Petersburg), financier, entrepreneur and society. leader, merchant of the 1st guild. One of the largest bankers in the Kingdom of Poland, supported many. cultural events and educate. institutions without distinction of their nat. focus. In 1869 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he founded one of the leading banking houses "G. Wavelberg". In the beginning. 1880s elected to the board of St. Petersburg. Heb. community and synagogue, provided a large sum for the construction of the building of the choral synagogue, since 1878 - member. to-that on its construction, in 1893 participated in the ceremony of its consecration, carrying one of the Torah scrolls. Later he donated for its maintenance, provided support to other community institutions. Member to-that Ob-va for the spread of education among Jews in Russia, to-that Heb. colonialist. about-va, in whose activities he was especially actively involved in the last period of his life. Son V. - Mikhail-Sigismund (1881, Petersburg - |) graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t, was a merchant of the 1st guild, before. Board of the banking house "G. Wavelberg", participated in the life of the Hebrew. communities of the capital, donated to its needs.
WAVERS, see WAVERS.
VAVULICHI, does not exist since 1937. In 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Bobruisk district Minsk province. In the 1920s. - the village of Bobruisk okr. 10 May 1925 in V. was founded. Jewish agriculturalist artel "Veker".
VAYJAYA, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Voidze Rossienskiy u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war, the estate was located on 142 hectares of land and belonged to the family of G. Zaks, in the 1920s and 30s. - Avrom Zaks.
VAIGOVO, see Waiguwa.
VAYGUVA, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Mention. from 1557 as an estate (from 1598 - a village). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vaigovo, Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 193 Jews (36.4%) lived in Hungary, in 1923 - 118 Jews (30%), in 1940 - 10 Jewish families. settled in V. in the 19th century. A cheder and a synagogue were opened. In the end. 19th century Heder's disciples set up a synagogue book buying society. The rabbis in V. were Chaim-Hirsh Shulvits, Yeshayagu Mamush, from 1902 - Efroim-Doiv Berezinsky, Moishe Luria (? -1941), there were also shohet and melamed. Before the 1st world. war Jews were engaged in petty trade and crafts, mainly. sewing. Tailors usually worked in the surrounding villages and returned to V. only on Saturday. The manager of the estate and the local hotel, Boruch Fayvelzon, set tables near his house for all passers-by, without distinction of religion; in addition, each received an additional package with a piece of bread, herring and 10 kopecks. The first emergency medical station in the district was opened in the Fayvelzon house. help, where a Lithuanian doctor F. Girbudas worked (in 1941, after the occupation of Hungary by German troops, Girbudas helped Jews). most of the Jews of V. were engaged with. x-vom. In 1931, Jews owned a grocery and a manufactory, 2 mills in the surrounding villages, and wool. June 1941 entered Germany. troops. The Jews were gathered in the synagogue building and in the end. July 1941 sent to Kelme, where on July 29, 1941 they were killed along with local Jews. Children (17 people) were taken to Zhagory and killed there on October 2. 1941.
VAYL Petr Lvovich (b. 1949, Riga), publicist, lit. critic. After Wed. schools served in the army (1969-71). Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1975). He worked in Riga gas. "Sov. the youth". He began to publish in 1973. Since 1977 in the USA. He worked in gas. and f. “New Russian. word "," New American "," Seven Days "and others. Collaborated in decomp. emigre. ed. ("Continent", "Time and We", "Grani", "Echo", etc.). From ser. 80s sotr. radio station. "Freedom", since 1993 ch. ed. Russian service of this radio station. in NYC. The author of the book. (jointly with A.A. Genis), ed. in the USA in rus. language: "Sovr. Russian prose "(1982)," Paradise Lost. Emigration: an attempt at self-portrait "(1983)," 60s. The world of owls. person "(1988)," Native speech "(1990), etc. In Russia publ. from 1989. In a number of publications concerns Heb. Topics.
VAYL Solomon Samuilovich (Shmulevich) (1898, Moscow - 1979, Leningrad), pathologist, prof. (1931). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919). In 1919–22 in Kr. Army; since 1922 assistant and assistant professor Department of Pathological Anatomy, Moscow un-that. Head departments of pathological anatomy at the same time. 2nd Leningrad. honey. Institute (1931–39), 3rd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that (since 1932) and the Naval. academy (1940–56). In 1941–45, Ch. pathologist of the Navy. Since 1960, retired, worked at the hospital "In memory of October 25". tr. V. dedicated. myocardial dystrophy, lesions by poisonous substances, the role of the nervous system in the development of local tissue lesions. Ed. V. came out 3 issues. "Errors in clinical diagnosis", having an important scientific and practical. meaning.Cit .: Practical guide to pathologic-stological technique, L.-M., 1934; L., 1947; Changes in the hypertrophied heart with hypertension, L., 1940; Changes in the nervous system and lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, L., 1941; Pathological anatomy of the defeats caused by poisonous in-you, L., 1958; Functional morphology of heart disorders, L., 1960.
VILLE Vitaly Samuilovich (1900, Moscow - 1963, Dushanbe), pediatrician, prof. (1953). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow University (1923) and residency at the Department of Childhood Diseases. In 1926-32 he worked in Smolensk (senior lecturer at the department of pediatrics at the medical institute, then dean of the pediatric faculty, since 1933 teacher at the department of pediatrics at the Military Medical Academy). From 1953 head. Department of Pediatrics, Tajik med. Institute (in 1957–60 Deputy Rector). tr. V. dedicated. decomp. problems of pediatrics, incl. physiological. the basics of the anti-chemical protection of children, the history of the father. pediatrics (doctoral dissertation, 1953), pediatric organization. services, etc. He made a great contribution to the development of health care in Tajikistan: on his initiative, a children's hospital, a dairy kitchen were opened in Dushanbe, and a pediatrician was created. f-t and f-t improvement of doctors in the Tajik honey. in-those. Prev About children. doctors of Tajikistan. Honored. active science Taj. SSR (1959).
VAYMAN Aizik Abramovich (b. 1922, Shepetivka, Volyn province), orientalist, specialist in Sumerian-Babylonian writing and mathematics. Graduated from East. f-t. Leningrad State University (1949). Since 1949 scientific. sotr. dep. East State. The Hermitage. Cand. ist. Sciences (1965). In Art. "To the decoding of the Proto-Sumerian writing (preliminary message)" (in the book: "Western Asia. Sat, II. Deciphering and interpretation of the written language of Dr. East", Moscow, 1966) was one of the first to present materials on this problem. Circumference and area of ​​a circle in other egypt. mathematics, in the book: Dr. Egypt, M., 1960; Babylon. geometric drawings of spaces. figures, “Istoriko-matem. issled. ", in. XIII. M., 1960; Sumerian Babylon. mathematics of the III-I millennium BC e., M., 1961; To deciphering the Sumerian drawing letter, “Messages of the State. Hermitage ", XXVII, L., 1966; Decoding of two ideograms of proto-Sumerian writing, “Messages of the State. Hermitage ”, XXXIV, L., 1972.
VAYMAN Mikhail Izrailevich (1926, Novy Bug Nikolaev okr. - 1977, Leningrad), violinist, teacher, prof. (1966). V.'s father was a violinist, teacher and conductor. Since 1933 in Odessa; works with P.S. Stolyarsky and his assistant L. Limbergsky. In 1941 after the beginning. war evacuated with his mother to Tashkent and enters the class of Yu.I. Eidlin Leningr. muses. ten-year schools (also evacuated to Tashkent). In 1949 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. From 1949 he taught there (from 1966 - prof.). Among the students F. Hirschhorn, Z. Vinnikov, Japanese. violinist M. Usioda and others. For 7 years V. taught a master class in Weimar. Laureate of the International. violin competitions: them. J. Kubelik (Prague, 1945), them. J.S.Bach (Leipzig, 1950) and them. Queen Elizabeth of Belgium (Brussels, 1951). In 1965 he was awarded the title of Poch. Senator Higher. muses. Academy named after F. Liszt. Honored. art. RSFSR (1957).
VAYMAN Semyon Teodorovich (1924, Velikaya Vradievka, Odessa province. - 2004, Moscow), literary critic, specialist in the theory of literature, history of Russian. and nick. lit-ry. Graduated from Odessa University (1950). Dr. philol. Sciences (1970). Prof. (1969). In 1963–86 - head. Department of Literature Lipetsk ped. in-that. The author of the book. "Balzac's Paradox" (1981), "Harmony Mysterious Power: On Organic Poetics" (1989), iss. about F. Rabelais, Dante and others.
WEINBERG Yehil Yakob (1885, Pilvishki of Mariampolsky u. Suwalk province - 1966, Montreux, Switzerland), rabbi. He studied at yeshivas in Mir, in Slobodka. In 1907 he was appointed rabbi in his native Pilvishki. After the beginning. 1st world. war he studied at the University of Gessen (Germany), where he received a doctorate. Was appointed rabbi of the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. From 1924 he lectured on the Talmud and Halakha at the Rabbinical Seminary, of which he later became the rector. In his lectures and essays he introduced him. Jews with a style of study common in Eastern Europe. yeshivah. With the coming of Hitler to power, the seminary was closed, V. moved to Vost. Europe. During the occupation, he was a prisoner in dec. concentration camps. After the war he settled in Montreux (Switzerland), where he was engaged in scientific research. and publishing work related to the Talmudic literature. V.'s most important work - responsa, publ. in 4 volumes (1961–69).
VAYNBERG Joseph Irmovich (b. 1921, Mozyr, Gomel province), literary critic. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Cand. philol. sciences. Member of the 2nd world. war. Specialist in creativity M. Gorky, compiler of many. collection of works of Gorky works. Works: "Life of Klim Samgin" M. Gorky: Historical Literature. comment "(1971)," Behind the Gorky line: The real fact and the truth of art in the rum. "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1972), "Pages of a Great Life: M. Gorky in documents, letters, vn. contemporaries (1868-1907) "(1980).
VAYNBERG Lev Iosifovich (b. 1944, Kuibyshev), entrepreneur. Graduated from Moscow Aviation Institute, Cand. tech. sciences. In 1987–90 - gen. dir. Franco-Italo-Sov. firm "Interkvadro". In 1988-90 - before. of the Board of the Association enterprises, associations and international. org-tions on the territory. THE USSR. In 1991, deputy. prev. Council for Entrepreneurship at Pres. THE USSR. Since 1992 - member. a similar Council at Pres. RF. Since 1992 - Vice-President. State union of industrialists and entrepreneurs.
VAYNBERG Mikhail Veniaminovich (1868, Odessa - 1940, Paris), microbiologist and immunologist, member. Franz. honey. academy. Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa) and honey. Faculty of Paris University. Since 1900 at the Pasterovsky Institute - first in the department, hands. I.I. Mechnikov, and then the head. lab. and head. dep. anaerobic infections. Tr. antagonism of microbes and immunity; research about the causative agents of anaerobic infections. V.'s works are devoted to the pathology of helminthiasis. He found that in response to toxins secreted by helminths, the affected organism develops specific. antibodies. On this basis, he developed a method of serodiagnosis (V.'s reaction) of echinococcosis. During the 1st world. war, working in the military. hospitals, began to study the causative agents of anaerobic infections. Discovered (with P. Seguin) the causative agent of gas gangrene. In 1915, he proposed antigangrenous sera. Over the next 20 years, he was engaged in improving their quality. Developed a feed. media for the cultivation of anaerobes. The author of the monograph "Anaerobic microbes" (1937), which became a table book. for many microbiologists.
VAYNBERG Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich (1919, Warsaw - 1996, Moscow), composer. R. in the family of a self-taught musician who worked as a violinist and conductor. in Heb. t-pah. In 1931–39 he studied at the Warsaw horse, class fp. from J. Turczynski. Since 1939 he has been living in the USSR. In 1941 he graduated from the Minsk cons. in the composition class of V.A. Zolotarev (student of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). Since 1943 in Moscow. In 1953 he was arrested on charges of nationalism, released and rehabilitated after Stalin's death. V. - a composer of multifaceted talent. Introduced means. contribution to the development of genres of symphony. and opera. The theme of the Catastrophe is important for his work (cantata "Love Diary", 1965, dedicated to the children who died in Auschwitz; 8th symph. "Flowers of Poland", 1964; 9th symph. "Lines that survived" to words by Yu. Tuwim and Bronevsky, 1967; symphonic trilogy "Crossing the Threshold of War" with concluding 19 symphony - "Bright May", 1986; operas "Passenger", 1968, "Madonna and Soldier", 1975). line of creativity is associated with plots from lit. classics (op. "Portrait" after NV Gogol, 1983, "Idiot" after FM Dostoevsky, 1986, "Mazltov" after Sholom Aleichem, 1983). His music sounds intonations of Moldovan, Hebrew, Polish, Russian. folklore. Heb. intonation takes up means. place in music concerts for violin and cello with orc., Heb. the flavor manifested itself in the modal organization of the 2nd symphony. (1946), in the playing of timbres of the 6th symph., Named. "Jewish violin" (on the texts of the Jewish poets L.M. Kvitko, S.Z.Galkin, and also M.K. Lukonin, 1963). The author of operas, incl. "Zosia" (1970), "D'Artagnan's Love" (1972), "Lady Magnesia" about B. Shaw; ballets (the most famous is The Golden Key, 1955); op-you "Golden Dress" (1980), cantata, 20 symphony. (1942–89; a number of symph. With soloists and choir), Chamber symphony. (1986), 2 symphonietta, incl. in Heb. themes, rhapsodies, suites, concerts, chamber ans. and sonatas for decomp. instruments, romances (about 100), music for performances and f. (about 60). active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1971), Nar. art. RSFSR (1980).
WEINBERG Jacob (b. 1910, Vilna), rabbi. In 1934 he graduated from London, un-t with a bachelor of arts degree. sciences. From 1939 after the end of Heb. College - a rabbi in London. Since 1959 - Doctor of Philosophy (University of Cape Town). During his career in 1939–48, the rabbi in Heb. communities of Edinburgh, Oxford (England), since 1948 in Muizenberg (South Africa); served as a military man. rabbi in 1939-48 in British arms. forces, and in 1942–45 in the American. Author of "History of Heb. communities of Oxford ”.
WEINBERG Yakov (1879, Odessa - 1956, USA), composer, teacher. Studied at Moscow. cons. from S.I. Taneev and M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, and then took private lessons from T. Leshetitsky. From 1915 to 1921 he taught physics. and composition in the Odessa cons. Has toured to dez. cities of Russia as a virtuoso pianist. Under the influence of Yu.D. Engel, he turned to Heb. music. He actively participated in the work of the “Society of Evr. bunk bed music ". In 1923-26 he lived in E.-I., from 1926 in the USA. In 1928 he headed the theoretical. branch and became a teacher of FP. in the New York muses. college. After 1937 he also worked at Hunter College (New York). had a strong influence on his work, and naib. his famous works written in Old Hebrew. or Palestinian subjects: music for the performances "Yaakov's Dream" and "Uriel Ako-sta", the opera "Halutzim" (1st Ave at the Philadelphia Competition, 1926; post. in New York, 1934). Among other products. concerts for FP. with orc., oratorio "Gettysburg Address". Author of a number of significant musical theoretical works: "New classification of scales", "New classification of chords", "Encyclopedia of pianistic technique", "Elementary principles of music. language ". Since 1943 - Member. to-that on the avenue of the New York Philharmonic Society and Chl. jury Heb. Moose. forum. He was the founder of the Festival of Hebrews. lawsuit.
VAYNDRAKH Grigory Moiseevich (1887, Kerch, Tavrichk province - 1955), microbiologist, Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1911 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In the years of the 1st world. war served as a soldier. a doctor. In 1918-27 he worked in bacteriological. lab. Odessa; then dir. dignity-bacteriological Institute in Vyatka, head. serum dep. Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Moscow, Nauch. tr. devoted to the problems of epidemiology and microbiology. The author of the manual on private epidemiology (jointly with L.V. Gromashevsky, 1947), book. on the history of epidemiology and microbiology - "DI Ivanovsky and the discovery of viruses" (1948), "The work of II Mechnikov and a literature about him" (1951); "Feats of the Russian. doctors. From the history of the fight against infectious diseases "(1959).
VAYNEDE, a village in Liepaja district (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1892. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Vainoden of Gazenpotsky district Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 35 Jews lived in Hungary (5.9%), in 1925 - 70, in 1930 - 120, in 1935 - 125 Jews (8, 8%) In 1930 a Jewish school was opened in Hungary. In the end. 1930s the influence of "Agudas Yisroel" in the community increased; in 1940 there were divisions "Ga-Noar ha-Agudai" and wives. Movement "Batya". In the summer of 1941 all the Jews of V. were exterminated.
WEINER Arkady Alexandrovich (1931, Moscow - 2005), Georgy Alexandrovich (b. 1938), prose writers. Both are lawyers by education. V.A. worked in the criminal investigation department, V.G. - a journalist. The basis of their first pov. lay down a case from own. forensic practice V.A. ("Watch for Mr. Kelly", 1967). The first real success - publ. in f. "Fire" detective "Touch at Noon" (1968). The brothers V. wrote more than a dozen detective novels. and pov. Especially popular were "Visit to the Minotaur" (1972), "Medicine for Nesmeyana" (1978). Naib, rum brought fame. "The Era of Mercy" (1976), after which the five-part f. "The meeting place cannot be changed" with VS Vysotsky in Ch. roles. Prod. br. V. often have a complicated composition, events are presented with a combination of dec. points of view. Through pl. novels are played by the figure of the same detective - the storyteller. In the beginning. 1990s publ. rum. "The Gospel of the Executioner" (1979) and "The Loop and the Stone" (1984), based on the "Doctors' Plot" and the murder of S.M. Mikhoels. V.G. since 1990 in the USA, will perform. dir. gas. "New Russian Word".
WEINER Eliezer (1897, Kiev - |), composer. He studied in Kiev, then in New York. He wrote music for Heb. t-ra; ballet "Lag-ba omer", songs, liturgy. music, cantatas and oratorios.
WEINER Leonid Yakovlevich (1897, Yuzovka, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1937), military leader, corps commander (1935). Member of the 1st world. war, ml. non-commissioned officer. In the years of civil. war com. red-nogward. detachment, Lugansk cavalry. shelf, Communistich. brigade of the 10th army, Kamyshin rifleman. brigade, 1st Donetsk special brigade, cav. special brigades of the 1st Cavalry Army, 132nd Plastun brigade of the 44th rifleman. divisions, 60th rifleman. brigades. Decorated with two hordes. Cr. Banner. From 1923 V. was commanded by the 41st rifleman. brigade. In 1926 he graduated from the Military Academy. higher courses command staff of the Red Army, after which he held the posts of early. and the commissar of the North Caucasus. mountain nat. kav. schools, com. 9th Crimean cav. divisions, com. and a military commissar. 6th Chongar Kuban-Tersk Cossack Division, com. 3rd Cavalry Corps named after the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the BSSR. Since the summer of 1935, at the disposal of the Intelligence Agency. management of the Red Army. In 1936-37 the military. adviser to the commander-in-chief. Mong. Nar. army, member. military. council Mong. Nar. army. In May 1937 he was arrested and shot.
VAYNERMAN Hanan Abramovich (1902, Lugins of Ovruch u. Podolsk province. - 1979, Odessa), poet. He worked as a painter's apprentice, decorator in t-re, in the 1920s. colonist in an agriculturalist. colonies in the Kherson region. In 1930–32 he studied at the Odessa pedagogical workers' faculty. in-that, graduated from the Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. Lit. activity began in 1925 in the Odessa Jew. gas. Der Odesar Arbeter, then published in republ. and center. Heb. periodic. publications. The main theme of the production. V. - the life of the Hebrews. the village, the work of its inhabitants. Naib. famous poet. cycle. "Af khersoner stepes" ("In the Kherson steppes"). First Sat verse. - "In Bageftung" ("In the Merge") was published in 1930, 2nd book. - a fairy tale for children "Fishka" (1931), then the collection "Erd Banaite" ("The Renewed Earth", 1932), "Nakht" ("Night", 1933), "Golden Zvaign" ("Golden Branches", 1935), "In lebn farlibt" ("In love with life", 1940). During the war years 1941–45 V. was in the army, worked as fr. corr. on the radio. 1945–48 - staff correspondent. organ Heb. antifash. to-that - gas. "Einikite" to the south. districts of Ukraine. After closing the gas. and to-that was repressed. After rehabilitation (1956) he returned to Odessa, continued to write poetry, was published in Zh. "Sovetish gameland". Last Sat. verse. V. - "A Guter Regn" ("Good Rain") was released in 1976. Lyrics by V. in the lane. in Russian and ukr. lang. ed. dep. collection of collections in Odessa, Kiev, Moscow.
WEINGOIS Note (1912, Minsk - 1944, ibid.), Prose writer, publicist. He graduated from the 7-year-old Heb. school and teacher. technical College. From ser. 1920s printed correspondence, reports, stories in Heb. periodic. print. In 1927, ed. Heb. weekly for children "Pioner-Veker" (Minsk). In the 1930s. was published in Minsk and Moscow. Heb. gas. and magazines. After serving in the army, he settled in Birobidzhan, where he headed the radio station Evr. autonomous region, wrote a publicist. Art. in the region. and center. print. In the end. 1930s returned to Minsk. In 1941-43 he fought in the partisans. detachment. In 1943 he was captured, imprisoned in the Minsk ghetto, where he soon died. V. - the author of numerous. articles and essays on the life of children and youth, Vol. Fizkultura (1927), Derceilungen (Rasskazy, 1927) and Oyf der vakh (At the post, 1932).
VAYNMAN Moisey Abramovich (1913, Kryvyi Rih, Kherson District and Gubernia - 1973, Leningrad), sculptor, graphic artist. In 1930 he entered Odessa. thin in-t. He studied in Leningrad to prepare. dep. Institute of painting, sculptor. and ar-hit. Vseros. AH (1935–37), then a sculptor. f-those (1937-46) at AT Matveev. V.'s art is based on a careful comprehension of nature and poetry. perception of life ("Little Mitya", bronze, 1947; "Lover of fairy tales," bronze, 1952, etc.). V. participated in the creation. reliefs center. scenes of the Piskarevsky memor. cemeteries in the 60s. in the work of V. designate. obvious. rushed. to generalization ("Sorrow", sketches of the project of the memorial monument in Auschwitz, 1958; portraits of cultural workers). Means. a place in V.'s work was occupied by rice. (portraits, nude, models, landscapes), for which he is used. decomp. materials (ink, sanguine, Italian pencil). V.'s works are in museums in Russia (including the State Russian Museum).
VAYNODEN, see Vainode.
WEINPER Zisha (1893, Trisk - 1957, New York), poet. He was educated at home, in his youth he wandered around Russia a lot, continued to engage in self-education. In 1910 he arrived in Warsaw, publ. several verse, in Heb. periodic. publications. In 1913 he emigrated to America, worked as a teacher. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion, participated in battles at Bl. East. Returning to America, he edited a number of newspapers, f., Collection of books. Lyric. motives of production V. are associated with Ukraine. Author pl. collection of poetry, as well as literary critic. works and journalism, among them - the book. essays "Mitn Yiddish Legion" ("With the Jewish Legion", 1942), "Oif di zamdn fun Yehuda" ("On the Sands of Yehuda", 1946), connected with V.'s stay at Bl. East.
WEINREICH Max (1894, Goldingen, Courland Province - 1969, New York), linguist, literary critic, publicist. In 1912 he studied history-philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that, in 1919-23 he studied Germanic studies in Berlin and Marburg. In 1923 he received the title of Dr. for the dis. on the history of Heb. philology. Lit. activity began with correspondence in Heb. periodic. editions in Vilna and Minsk, then completely devoted himself to the study of Old Europe. lit-ry in Yiddish. In 1924 one of the initiators of the creation and hands. philol. section Heb. Research Institute in Vilno. In 1940, together with the Institute, he moved to New York, until 1950 he was his scientific officer. hands. Author tr. on the history of Heb. lang. and literature, among them - "Shtaplen" ("Steps", 1923), "Sturm-screw" ("The Tempest" - paintings of Jewish history in the 17th century, 1927), "Bilder fun der Yidischer literaturgeshichte" (" Pictures of the history of Hebrew literature ", 1928)," Practical. grammar of Heb. language. " (with F. Geilpern, vols. 1-2, 1928-29), "Der veg tsu unzer yugnt" ("The Way to Our Youth", 1935), and others. V. - author of the 4-volume "History of Hebrews. lang. ", completed in 1945 and publ. after the death of the scientist. V. - ed. the majority of scientific. tr. on the history of Heb. lang. and the literature published in Lithuania, Poland, USA, translated into Yiddish manuf. R. Wipper, E. Toller, 3. Freud and others. V.'s son - Uriel (1926, Vilna - 1967, New York), linguist, in 1957–65 headed the Yiddish department at Columbia University; author of the monograph "Languages ​​and Contacts", after eating, problems of bilingualism and multilingualism, isl. in Heb. dialectology, Yiddish-Hebrew relations, the textbook "Yiddish for College" (1949), initiator of the preparation of the "Atlas of the language and culture of Ashkenazi Jews", etc.
VAYNRUB Evsey Grigorievich (1909, Borisov, Minsk province - 2003, Petakh-Tikva, Israel), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Brother of M.G. Weinruba. Graduated from Moscow. industrial Institute (1931). In Kr. Army since 1937. He graduated from military courses. translators (1937), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941), tanker. From 1941 to fr., Participant in battles in Belarus, near Moscow, Orel, the liberation of Belarus. From Dec. 1944 with the rank of lieutenant regiment. commanded a tank, a brigade. Since 1955, retired with the rank of regiment; ch. mechanic of the Ministry of Forestry of the BSSR Forestry Industry, Art. engineer-designer of the Minsk Automobile Plant. Awarded 6th medal. Works: Tank on a pedestal, Minsk, 1979; Mounds of military glory, Minsk, 1981.
VAYNRUB Matvey Grigorievich (1910 Borisov, Minsk province - 1998, Kiev), military leader, general-leith. tank, troops (1968), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Brother of E.G. Vainruba. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941); Academy of the General Staff (1951) and Novosibirsk. industrial Institute (1956). In Kr. Army from 1929. From 1941 to fr., Early. intelligence tank. divisions, com. tank. shelf, teams. armored vehicle. and mechanic. troops - deputy. teams. 62nd, then 8th guards. armies. Distinguished in Jan. 1945 during the breakthrough fortified. enemy defense on the left. bank of the Vistula River, south of Warsaw. In 1946-50 com. tank. divisions, from 1951 teams, armored vehicles. troops of the Kiev Military District - deputy. teams, district troops. Retired from 1970. Awarded with the 12th order, Works: Odnopolchane, Kiev, 1982; Frontline destinies, Kiev, 1985.
WEINSHEL Avraham (1893, Kurdamir, Geokchay u., Baku province. - 1968, Haifa), lawyer, one of the leaders of the revisionist movement. He studied law in high fur boots in Germany and Switzerland, Dr. of Law. In his youth he joined the Zionist movement and was one of the founders and hands. prof. Zionist students "Ge-Haver" and academic. corporation "Ivria" in Switzerland. After graduation, he returned to Baku (1917), where at the same time. with jurid. practice continued Zionist activities. There was a hand. Heb. bunk bed un-that, together with his brother J. Vayschel organized a number of Hebrews. Zionist student organizations. From 1920 - in E.-I., settled in Haifa, was a lawyer. Councilor of the Haifa Municipality One of the founders of the Bar Association. One of the first Zionist revisionists in E.-I. He published the first organ of the movement - "Ha-Tsafon" - the first gas. in Hebrew in Haifa (1926–27). Prev revisionist c. In 1938 he founded the Bnei Khorin movement. He was arrested by the British authorities and held in prison.
WEINSHEL Yaakov (1891, Tiflis - 1981, Israel), physician, writer, leader of the revisionist movement. While still in high school in Baku, he joined the Zionist movement, was before. org-tion "Yehuda Ha-Tsaira" of Zionist youth. He studied medicine at high fur boots in Munich, Geneva and Dorpat. He headed the union of Zionist students "Ge-Haver" in Munich. Received a medical degree (1916) and served in Russian. army. After the revolution, together with I. Trumpeldor, he was active in mobilizing the Jews. soldier to free E.-I. From 1922 - in E.-I., worked as a doctor. One of the founders of the "Union of Zionist-revisionists" (1925) and before. his department in E.-I. One of the founders of "Kupat Holim Leumit"; in tech. I was a doctor there for many years. Author of scientific. Art. and the textbook "General Surgery". He also studied lit. activities: wrote the book. on history and politics, thin. manuf. Brother A. Weinschel.
WEINSTEIN Albert Lvovich (1892, Brichany Khotinsky u. Bessar. Gubernia - 1970, Moscow), economist, statistician, bibliographer, Doctor of Economics. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1914) and econom. dep. Moscow commercial Institute (1917). In 1918-23 the head. statistical dep. Mosgubsovnarkhoz, in 1923–28 consultant and deputy. dir. Market Institute of the People's Commissariat of the USSR, in 1929–30 Art. scientific. sotr. sector of statistics external. trade. In 1933–40 at ped. and scientific. work in car washes, universities; in 1941-57 in Karaganda. Since 1957 in Moscow (CEMI of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Industrial and Economic Institute, Moscow State University, MINH). In 1930 and 1937 he was arrested. directions of scientific. issl .: development of economics and mathematics. methods, methods of econ. statistics, solving problems of optimization of agricultural. production, development of mat. ensuring accounting of nat. wealth. Izv. also compiled by him bibliography tr. by father. and peace. statistics, econom. modeling. Under his editorship. and with the participation of published collection. Art. "Nar.-household. models. Theoretical consumption issues "(Moscow, 1963). Cit .: Taxation and payments of the peasantry in the pre-war period. and roar. time. The experience is statistical. issl., M., 1924; Nar. wealth and nar.-households. accumulation of pre-revolutionary. Russia. Statistical. issl., M., 1960; National income of Russia and the USSR. History, methodology, calculus, dynamics, M., 1969.
VEINSHTEIN Aron Isaakovich (part ps .: Rakhmiel, Rakhmilevich) (1877, Vilna - 1938), state. activist. R. in the family of a clerk. Into the roar. movement since 1893. In 1897 he graduated from Heb. Teachers' Institute in Vilna. Since 1898 - member. Bund, member of Heb. slave. movement in Warsaw, later in Vilna, ed. a number of printed editions. Bund, including gas. Der Bund, member. Central Committee of the Bund (1901-21). In the years of the 1st world. war was in exile. In apr. 1917 at the 10th Conf. elected before. Bund. In aug. 1917 - member. Pres. Congress of the RSDLP (ob.), in September. - member Executive Committee Petrograd. Workers' Deputies Council. (from the Mensheviks). In the period from Feb. until oct. 1917 was also a member. Of the Executive Committee and before. mountains. Duma in Minsk. In oct. 1917 opposed the Bolshevik. coup, left the Pres. and the Executive Committee of the Council. In 1918 he took part in the fight against it. invaders in Belarus. In 1919 - went over to the side of the owls. authorities. In 1921, after the 12th Conf. Bund (1920), spoke in favor of the unification of the majority, which adopted the communist. program, with the RCP (b), entered the Communist Party. From 1921 - before. SNKh of Belarus, member. Pres. CEC and deputy. prev. SNK Belarus. In 1922-23 - before. STO Kyrgyzstan, in 1923-30 - member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR, since 1931 - arbitrator of the Chief. arbitration at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. On Feb. 1938 arrested by the NKVD in Moscow on charges of belonging to the anti-Soviet. org-tion. 12/2/1938, while under investigation, died in prison of a heart attack.
WEINSHTEIN Boris Konstantinovich (1921, Moscow - 1996, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. (1962), acad. (1976) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1945) and Institute of steel (1947). Since 1945 he has been working at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1958 the head. lab., since 1962 director. Works are devoted to the theory of electron diffraction and X-ray radiation, X-ray structural analysis, electron diffraction, general issues of crystallography. He was the first to determine the position of hydrogen atoms in a number of crystals (1950). Developed the theory of X-ray scattering in polymers and liquid crystals (1963). Deciphered the structures of a number of amino acids and polypeptides. Developed the method of the so-called. direct three-dimensional reconstruction of biological. molecules (1968–72). Determined the structure of nek-ry proteins and enzymes (including catalase). He worked on the creation. crystals for quantum electronics and other technically important crystals. Developed methods for processing structural information on a computer. The author of St. 500 scientific. publ. Works: Structural electronography, Moscow, 1956; Modern Crystallography, vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1979 (with VM Fridkin and VL Indenbom).
WEINSHTEIN Boris Samoilovich (1907, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), chess player; leader of the Sov. chess. movement. Prev Vses. chess and checkers section (1942–45). Shahm. writer; lit. ps. Queenbury. Mathematician, Dr. sciences. At the end of the 1920s. organizer of chess. movement in Uzbekistan, before. Middle-neaz. chess. sections (1928–29). In 1939–53 he worked in the central office of the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. He left unfinished memoirs. Works: Improvisation in chess. art. (On the work of grandmaster Bronstein), M., 1976; The Thinker, M., 1981; Chess Fight, M., 1985, Queenbury Traps, M., 1990.
WEINSHTEIN Boris Yakovlevich (1910, Kiev - 1944, Hungary), Hero of the Owl. Union (1946). From June 1941 - to fr. Deputy com. battalion, captain V. died in battle while crossing the Danube.
WEINSHTEIN Ilya Zakharovich (1902, Zolotonosha, Poltava province. - 1984, Moscow), architect. In 1929 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. Main works: projects of residential buildings in Moscow (1930s), competition project of the Theater of the Red Army (1934, together with A. Kessler), competition project of the Palace of Soviets (1931).
WEINSTEIN Lev Albertovich (1920, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Radiophysicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Studied at Moscow. un-those. In 1946-57 he worked at the institute, connected with the defense theme. Since 1957 in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. prof. Moscow physical and technical in-that. Sci. work on diffraction and propagation of radio waves, statistical. radiophysics, electronics. He developed the theory of radio wave diffraction at the open end of the waveguide, developed calculation methods and obtained a rigorous solution for a large number of waveguide and antenna problems. Derived asymptotic. f-crystals for the characteristics of oscillations in open resonators, built a theory of two-mirror open resonators. Developed a nonlinear theory of traveling wave lamps. Conducted research. on the theory of diffraction on metallic. gratings, the theory of thin vibrators, the propagation of radio waves in near-earth space, the separation of signals against the background of random interference, the theory of signal transmission over lines with dispersion and absorption. The author of St. 130 scientific. works and 9 monographs. Ed. collection of books "Electronics of high power". Works: Electromagn. waves, M., 1957, 2nd ed., M., 1988; Isolation of signals against the background of random noise, Moscow, 1960 (with V.D. Zubakov); Separation of frequencies in the theory of oscillations and waves, Moscow, 1983 (with D.E. Wackman).
WEINSHTEIN Lev Matveyevich (b. 1916, Yekaterinburg), athlete; one of the strongest owls. shooters from a rifle, pistol, revolver. Master of Sports of the USSR, Hon. coach of the USSR, judge between-Nar. categories. 3-time world champion in team competition in pistol shooting (1954, 1956, 1958), bronze. Olympic medalist in rifle shooting (1952), 2-time European champion in team competitions in pistol and revolver shooting, 20-time USSR champion (since 1947). The author of a number of books. according to the method of shooting training.
WEINSHTEIN Mark Grigorievich (1894, Konotop, Chernigov province - 1952, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, critic, teacher, museum worker, activist in the region. protection of cultural monuments. In 1918 he graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche. In 1919–23 he taught drawing at school. In 1923 he organized a museum in Konotop, in 1926–31 he was director. regional museum in Chernigov, then the director. Vseukr. restoration. workshops at the Museum of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. From 1933–41 and 1946–48 he taught at Hood. Uch-shche Memory of 1905, in 1948–52 - in Moscow. Wednesday thin school. Participant pl. thin exhibitions. In 1992, the Central House of Writers hosted a post. first personal exhibition. Main works: portrait of his wife and daughter (early 1930s), graphic artist. a series to "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, to the stories of A.P. Chekhov, to the works. Sholem Aleichem (1940–50), landscapes "Early Spring" (1945), "Lake Senezh" (1947).
WEINSTEIN Moisey Kharitonovich (| - 1931, New York), trade unionist, printer-worker. After Oct. 1917 members reign of the Odessa Union of Printers, led an active struggle against the "Bolshevik. dictatorship ". 12/16/1920 together with the entire Odessa Social-Democrats. the organization was arrested. After his release, he went illegal. position; active participant min. underground in Ukraine. Due to the threat of a new arrest, he emigrated to the United States, where he entered the New York c. assistance to the RSDLP. Participated in the Amer. socialist and prof. movement, provided material assistance to the founded by Yu. Martov in Berlin. "Socialist. Bulletin "(central organ of the Menshevik Party). Committed suicide on 12/11/1931.
WEINSTEIN Samuil Osipovich (1894–1942, Leningrad), chess player; leader of the Russian and Sov. chess. movement. From 1914 - secretary, from 1924 - before. Vseros. chess. union. Member of several championships in Petrograd (1920–25). One of the founders of J. The Chess Sheet (1922). Organizer of telegraph matches Leningrad-Europe (1930–33). Shahm. writer. Chess translator. literature into Russian.
WEINSTEIN Semyon Lazarevich (party ps. Zvezdin), (1879, Kursk - 1923, Berlin), polit. activist. He graduated from high school in Kursk, studied at Kharkov University. In 1899 he joined the Social-Democrats, in 1900 he was a member. Kharkiv committee of the RSDLP. In 1902, members. Moscow to-that RSDLP. In 1905 he joined the Mensheviks. He was arrested several times. Member of St. Petersburg. Workers' Deputies Council. and its Executive Committee. In autumn 1906 he was sentenced to exile in Siberia. In the summer of 1907 he ran, one of the hands. "Union of mechanic. workers "in Baku. In 1910 he was arrested, in 1911 he was sentenced to 3 years of hard labor (he served in the Saratov Central), from 1913 in a settlement in Irkutsk Gubernia, one of the hands. local s.-d. org-tion: In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he became close to IG Tsereteli, FI Dan, KM Ermolaev and other Mensheviks of the "Zimmerwald orientation." One of the founders of the Social-Democrats lit. gr., which produced legal "Sib. magazine "and" Sib. review ". After Feb. roar. 1917 members Irkutsk to-that, societies, org-tions and to-that united, org-tions of the RSDLP. In May he returned to Petrograd, del. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. Oct roar. 1917 met with hostility, opposed cooperation with the Bolsheviks, Ch. Union of protection will establish. meetings. Dec. 1917 arrested by Sov. authorities, up to mid. jan. 1918 was held in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In 1918–22 one of the hands. right-wing Mensheviks, member. Moscow Union of employees, worked in the Economic Council in Moscow. He was repeatedly arrested (March 1919, February 1921, etc.). In the summer of 1922 he was one of the first to offer his services as a defender at Moscow. process of the SRs. In July 1922 he was arrested again and exiled to the city of Turinsk, Tobolsk province. On Feb. 1923 released, exiled abroad. Participated in the activities of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP, made reports at the Berlin Social-Democratic Party. club.
VEINSHTEIN Victor Helmutovich (b. 1936, Leningrad), polit. activist. Survived the blockade of Leningrad. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. Surgeon. Head branch of the Novgorod mountains. hospitals. 1990–93 - dep. RF Armed Forces, member. faction "Rodina", uniting deputies - "statesmen".
VEINSHTEIN Vladimir Grigorievich (1895, Zolotino, Kursk province. - 1987, Leningrad), traumatologist and orthopedist. After graduating in 1914 honey. Faculty of Kazan un-that served as st. doctor of the cavalry regiment, in 1920–27 he taught at the Department of Anatomy of Perm University. He was engaged in surgery from 1927, from 1931 - in Leningrad. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (NIITO). In 1939 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Plastic surgery of the skin as a method of treating wounds." In 1939–59 in the army, led. hospital surgeon, in 1944–59 - deputy. early ka-fedrn of hospital surgery Military med. Academy, in 1959–67 - deputy. dir. by scientific. work of NIITO. dealt with problems of general traumatology, treatment of gunshot wounds and intra-articular injuries and fractures. Surgical methods of treatment of the habitual dislocation of the shoulder and severe contracture of the shoulder joint after a burn, proposed by V., were called “operation V.” Works: Treatment of injuries in the practice of a surgical clinic, L., 1940 (et al.); Gunshot fractures of the thigh, L., 1943; Atlas of gunshot wounds, t. 5. // Gunshot wounds of the extremities, injuries of the joints, L., 1951; Skin plastics during primary surgical treatment of open injuries, L., 1965 (co-authors); Treatment of closed intra-articular fractures and dislocations of the bones of the extremities, L., 1973 (et al.).
WEINSTEIN Yaakov (born 1915, Vitebsk), rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education, studied at un-those in Glasgow (Great Britain). Doctor of Philosophy. He was a rabbi in Glasgow and Port Elizabeth (South Africa). One of the hands. religious Zionist. traffic in the UK and South Africa. Since 1948 in Israel. Rabbi in the Israel Defense Forces. In 1968 80 before. religious council of Jerusalem. Member Central Committee of the Mafdal Party. The author of Art. and book. according to history-philosophy. aspects of Heb. holidays.
VAYINSHTOK Roman (Ruvim) Yakovlevich (1932, Nikolaev - 1988, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist, sculptor, teacher. Entered the Leningrad State University. AH as a volunteer, but studied for only 2 years due to lack of funds. The entire subsequent period of V.'s life is associated with pedagogical. active hands. art studios Nikolaev. left a huge legacy, in which the genre is widely represented. compositions, landscape, portrait, book. ill. In 1988 he created one of the chap. his paintings “XX century. Reaction in Action ”. Back in the 1960s. conceived a big picture, dedicated to the tragedy of Heb. people 1941-45 "At the eternal flame", but the plan was not realized, only sketches have survived. All my life thin. wrote Heb. faces, created a series of portraits and deep dramas. self-portraits. One of the best products. - "Portrait of Oli Birman", written shortly before his death. In the graphics, he widely presented compositions based on ancient Hebrews. stories. Significant place in creative work. V.'s heritage is occupied by the lyric. landscape painted in restrained. colorize. During the life of V. practical. not exhibited. Organized only see. exhibitions of works by V. and his students (in memory of the artist).
VAYINSHTOK Vladimir Petrovich (literary ps. V. Vladimirov) (1908, Petersburg - 1978, Moscow), film director, journalist, screenwriter. Studied at Leningrad State University. in-those screen art (1924-27). From 1925 he worked as dir. on decomp. studios, shot several. doc. film sketches, studied lit. and ed. work. Author of books, plays, scripts, incl. f. "Dead Season" (1968, jointly with A.Yu. Shlepyanov), "Mission in Kabul" (1970, jointly with P.K. Finn). He made his debut in directing f. Rubicon (1930). Known for film adaptations of adventure. classics - "Children of Captain Grant" (1936), "Treasure Island" (1937), "Headless Horseman" (1973), "Armed and Very Dangerous" (1977, after F. Bret-Hart). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1978).
WEINTSWAYG Nikolay Kononovich (1897, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), economist, orientalist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1947). R. in the family of an employee. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1925). In 1928–30 he taught at the Research Institute for China, in 1944–47 at the Communist. un-those working people of China. In 1932–53 scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians, Quiet. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on the problems of international. relations in the Far East. Ed. and Chl. the group of authors of the monograph “Korean Nar. Democr. republic "(M., 1954) and others. Works: Japanese concerns, M.-L., 1935.
VAYNUTAS, a town in the Shilut region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town (since 1792 - a city) Voinuta in the Zhmud prince in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Voynuty Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 there were 515 Jews living in Hungary, in 1847 - 196, in 1897 - 398 (33.3%), in 1923 - 348 Jews (27% ); in 1940, 55 Jewish families. In 1931, the Jews of Hungary owned 5 manufacturing and 3 butcher shops, a pharmacy, a grocery store, a bakery, a wool mill, a sawmill, a mill, and a power station. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank. Economical the position of the Jews in Britain was fairly stable. In V. there was a synagogue, a cheder, a school of the Tarbut network, and a library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew. Active Zionist work was carried out. The philanthropists worked. org-tions "Gmilus Hesed", "Bikur Hoylim" and other rabbis in V. were Benjamin Lipshitz (? -1871), Benjamin Farber, Tsvi-Zeev Shur (? -1929), Ezra Altshuler (1859-1938, E. -I.), The former rabbi V. in tech. 35 years old, in 1936-41 the rabbi of V. was Yosef-Yakov Shur (? -1941). 1930s relations with local Lithuanians worsened because of the boycott they announced to Jewish merchants. In the spring of 1940 anti-Semitic demonstrations related to the "blood libel" followed (a Lithuanian housekeeper accused her Jewish owner of killing her son in order to use his blood to bake matzo). The libel was followed by a night pogrom - Lithuanians broke windows in Jewish houses, robbed and beat Jews. June 1941 germ. Troops occupied V. On July 19, all Jewish men (120 people) were gathered in a synagogue, taken to the Shaudvichay district, and shot. The women and children who remained in V. were placed in houses around the synagogue in the late Sep 1941 were shot in the woods, 4 km from V. After the war, monuments were erected at the places of executions.
VAYSBERG Leonid Emmanuilovich (1906, Ekaterinoslav - 1970, Moscow), engineer, production manager. He went from working (1920) to hands. large prom. enterprises. Graduated in 1932 from Dnepropetrovsk metallurgist. in-t. From 1935 to the beginning. workshop of the Magnitogorsk metallurgical plant. comb-that, hands. production of extra strong steel for tanks and its rolling. In 1941–44, Ch. Ing. Kuznetsk metallurgist. comb-that. In 1945, the director was appointed. Novotagilskiy metallurgical w-yes. From 1955 Ch. specialist of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy and Ch. specialist of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the study of manufactures, the country's metallurgy forces Became. etc. (1942).
WISBOARD Mark (Samuil Markovich) (1918, Kharkov - 1992, Moscow), cartoonist. Studied at the Kharkov architect. in-those. Since the end of the 40s. - post. author and themist of "Crocodile". Besides hundreds of own rice. gave about a thousand topics to others. He composed aphorisms (under ps. S. Markov) and wrote stories.
VAYSENBERG Alexander Ovseevich (1916, Slonim - 1985, Moscow), experimental physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1961). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Leningrad un-that (1940). In 1938 he entered the radon laboratory as a laboratory assistant. Leningrad. roentgenologic. in-that. After graduating from un-that - scientific. sotr. this in-that. 1941-44 - in the army. He commanded a platoon sound meter. intelligence. In 1944, as a specialist in nuclear physics, he was demobilized and sent to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He worked at Ying-those physical. problems in Phys. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1955–85 - in the Institute of Theoretical Sciences. and experiment. Physics (ITEP), in charge of the lab. At the same time. was engaged in ped. activities at the departments of physics of the Vologda agricultural. Institute (1952–62), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1962–70). Works in the region. nuclear physics, physics of elementary particles. Created a magn. spectrometer for research. cosm. radiation. He created a lab at ITEP. nuclear photographic emulsions. He studied the decay properties of muons, pi and K-mesons. He was the first to measure the magnitude and sign of the polarization of muons and thereby established the vector character of the interaction in K-decay. Recent years. engaged in experiments on the search for charmed particles arising from the interaction of neutrinos with nuclei of photographic emulsions. scientific. Art. publ. the monograph "Mu-meson" (Moscow, 1964, in English, published in Amsterdam in 1967) and a large survey in J. "Success of physical. Sciences ”(1981, v.135), dedicated to the birth, life time and other properties of charmed particles. Translated into Russian. lang. and edited much of the Berkeley General Physics Course.
WEISENBERG Iche-Meer (1881, Zhelechów Garwolinsky u. Siedleck province - 1938, Warsaw), writer. He made his debut in literature in 1904 with the stories "Jacket" and "One kind leaves, another kind comes" (in the alm. I.-L. Peretz "Yiddish Libraries"), which opened for Hebrews. literature life of the lower strata of the society and brought V. wide fame. The following story by V. "Di Meshugene in Dorf" ("Mad Woman in the Country", 1905) had even greater success. One of the best products. V. - pov. "A shtetl" ("Small town", 1906). Later publ. manuf. “A tate mit bonim” (“Father with sons”, 1908), “Khanele”, “A wald-meidl” (“Forest girl”), “A schlekhte froy” (“Bad wife”), etc. In 1909– 10 V. published a collection. op. in 3 volumes. In subsequent years, the dramas "Casper", "Envy and Passion", "Dvoirele" and others were written, which created V. the glory of a talented playwright, were repeatedly reprinted, translated into other languages. V. played a large role in the consolidation of lit. forces, in the organization and editing of many. ed. Heb. writers. He translated “Tales of a Thousand and One Nights” into Yiddish (vols. 1-6, 1922). In pre-war. Poland V. enjoyed great popularity both as a writer and as a society. activist. His funeral, organized by the Warsaw Heb. community turned into a massive demonstration of respect and reverence. After the 2nd world. war on V.'s grave in Warsaw at the expense of the Polish pr-va a monument was erected.
WEISENBERG Lev Markovich (1900, Baku - 1973, Leningrad), prose writer. Graduated from Baku Commercial uch-shche (1918). In 1920 - a soldier of the Volga-Caspian military. flotilla, served in the political department. After graduating from East-Philology. Faculty of Azerbaijan un-ta (1923) was sent to the Research Institute of Literature and Language. at Leningrad. un-those (1923-25). Prof. lit. He began his work in 1924 as a literary Vedic, a popularizer of science (stories and essays on J. London, E. Sinkler, R. Fulton, D. Watt). In the 20s. also worked on the lane. (E. Sinkler, S. Zweig, J. London, G. Chesterton, S.-L. Philip and others). In his thin. manuf. turned to the experience of youth, told about the fate of the East in a roar. era. In some stories about Heb. Topics. The author of the book: "Hours" (1933); Badji's Childhood (1941); rum. Dreams Come True (1958), Little Sister (1970), etc.
WEISER (Pildwasser) Yehoshua (1888, Novaya Ushitsa, Podolsk Gubernia - 1952, USA), cantor and composer. Studied with Izv. cantors, incl. at E. Garovich. He made his debut in 1908 in Vinnitsa. Since 1914 in the USA. He composed music for every synagogue service, including services on weekdays, Saturdays and holidays. One of the naib. Izv. comp. USA. V. was an active member of the "Union of Cantors of America". The author of the liturgy. music, many manuals for cantors, songs. Publ. several Sat. liturgical music, incl. Baal Tfilla (vols. 1-2, 1936-40) and Shirei Beit ha-Knesset (vols. 1-2, 1951-52). The work "Avodat ha-Khazan" (vols. 1–2, 1943–48) is an attempt to revive the Eastern Europe. chorister. style. V. owns Hasidic songs, incl. songs "Modzhits" and "Chabad", and other music. manuf. (in the journal "Sefer Ha-Nigunit" (notebook 1, 1948), published by S. Zalmanov).
VAYSER Anatoly Volfovich (b. 1949, Alma-Ata), chess player; int. grandmaster (1985). Cand. phys.-math. sciences. Vseros winner. tournament of young masters (1969), champion of the RSFSR (1982). Winner pl. int. tournaments, including in Sochi (1983), Havana (1985), Hierre (1992). From the end. 1980s - in France.
VAYSER Vladimir Zelmanovich (1921, Proskurov - 1943, Chopovichi, Zhytomyr region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army from 1940.From June 1941 - to fr. Com. tank, ml. leith. V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the Defense of Art. Chopovichi. In this battle V. knocked out 6 him. tanks.
Weissfeld Ilya Veniaminovich (1909, Orenburg - 2003), film critic, film theorist, screenwriter. Doctor of Lawsuit (1966). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1930), postgraduate study of the All-Union. scientific research. kinophotoin-ta (NIKFI, 1932). Ed. to / st. Mosfilm. Since 1946 at VGIK, prof. (1967). He taught at film schools in Vietnam, East Germany, India, France. The author of the research. in theory and history of cinema, screenwriting, founder of funds. uch. manuals "Theory of film drama" (1961, 3rd ed., 1979). The initiator of the introduction of film education in the system cf. and higher. education. Since 1968 chairman of the Council for Film Education of the USSR SK. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1969). Etc. SK USSR (1981). Ed. and comp. Sat. "Questions of screenwriting" (1954–74). Works: The skill of a screenwriter, Moscow, 1961; Collapse and creation, M., 1964; Tomorrow and Today, M., 1968; About modern cinema, M., 1973; Art in motion. Film process: research, reflections, M., 1981; Meeting with the X Muse, book. 1–2, M., 1981 (jointly with V.P. Demin and R.P. Sobolev); Cinema as Art, M., 1983.
VAYSMAN Baruch Mordechai (1887, Slovechno - 1966, Boyarka, Kiev region), writer. He wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. R. in the family of a farmer. In the beginning. 1910s Hebrew teacher in Heb. religious schools in Bessarabia. In 1917-1919 he lived in Odessa, became close to H.-N. Bialik and Ahad ha-Am. All R. 20s moved to Kiev, where he worked in Heb. schools. Becoming an ardent supporter of owls. authorities, published in the Sov. press in Yiddish, where in DOS. performed with antirelig. Art. In 1933 he moved to Birobidzhan, where he taught at ped. technical school. Comp. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", In the beginning. 2nd floor 30s . returned to Kiev. Years 2nd world. he spent the war in evacuation on the Volga and in Siberia. In the end. 40s after creation. State of Israel, during the revelry of the state. anti-Semitism in the USSR, V. returns to Heb. religion, which ends the process of reassessment of values, which began in the years of the "Great Terror" of 1937–38 and intensified by the events of the 2nd world. war. In 1952–56 V. kept diary entries in Hebrew. A number of entries have the character of letters to the future reader. From the end. 1955 they received dec. ways to Israel, publ. into gas. "Davar" under the name "El ahi b'mdinat Israel" ("To my brother in the State of Israel") without decree. author and broadcast on the radio. Some of them were published in 1957 by dep. book Although V.'s authorship remained unknown. owls. authorities, in 1957 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in labor camps for a Zionist. activity. In 1960 he was released due to old age and illness and settled in Boyarka near Kiev. Authorship V. was revealed in the press of Israel only a year after his death. In 1973 a new edition was published. records V. under the name. "Yoman mahteret Ivri" ("Hebrew underground diary"), however, it also includes only a part of V.'s records (the total volume of V.'s records forwarded to Israel reaches 1300 pages of handwritten text).
A. WEITER (real name and family name Aizik-Meer Devinishsky), (1878, Vilna province - 1919, Vilna), playwright. He wrote in Hebrew, Russian, Polish. and Yiddish in the main. poetry, but soon completely devoted himself to drama. Living in Smorgon, he staged a production. Heb. writers, put them in self-help. theater, mug. In the end. 1890s joined the Bund, edited by its ed. In the end. 1899 arrested in Vilna with illegal transport. literature, in 1900 released under police supervision. In the end. 1901 arrested again, in tech. he was held in the Butyrka prison for a year, was exiled to the Yenisei province. In exile he published a publicist. and lit.-critical. Art. in sib. Russian gas. In 1905 he returned to Vilna, soon left the roar. activities and devoted himself to literature. In 1907-12 he published in Vilna the plays Fartog (At Dawn), In Fire (In Fire) and Der shtmer (Dumb). In 1912 he was exiled to Krasnoyarsk for three years, collaborated in gas. "Sib. a life". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 arrived in Petrograd, then lived in Nizhny Novgorod, Minsk, Bobruisk, at the end. 1918 returned to Vilna, continued active societies. activities, wrote stories and dramas. In the beginning. 1919 was headed by Heb. publishing house in the busy Kr. Army of Vilna, shortly after the fall of the owls. authorities seized the Polish. legionnaires and 04/21/1919 shot without trial. See. V.'s drama "At the Shaman's" (1920) was published.
VAYTKISHKIAI, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Voitkishskaya Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In V., burials at the Jewish cemetery have been partially preserved.
VAYZMAN Pinya Shmulevich (1907, Dobrovelichkovka in Elizavetgradsky district, Kherson province - 1946, Berlin), military leader, general-major tech. troops (1945). In Kr. Army since 1928. He graduated from an armored tank. courses, served as com. divisions of armored vehicles. In 1935 he graduated from the military. uch-shche frontier troops, was early. frontier posts, then commanded a tank, subunits and units. In 1939-41 the beginning. auto armored tank. troops, army. In 1942–43 the beginning. car management of the Karelian, in 1943–45 - the 1st Belarusian. fr .; after the war - early. car management group Sov. troops in Germany. He was awarded the 6th order.
VAZISUBANI (until 1951 - Uriatubani), a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 14 Jews lived in Hungary, and in 1970 - 3 Jews. villages (Uriatubani, Georgian - Jewish site) suggests that Jews have long lived here. Then their numbers decreased.
YESTERDAY, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the beginning. 18th century - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In the 1940s and 1950s. In 1897, 1108 Jews (33.3%) lived in V., in 1923 - 1,006, in 1939 - 494 Jews (13%). Jews settled in V. since 1818, founded. occupations - crafts and trade. Since 1900, Aron Shpigelman (1874—?) Was the rabbi in V. In the 1920s and 30s. the number of the Jewish population decreased by more than 2 times due to the outflow to the cities. occupation in V. On May 1, 1942, approx. 300 Jews (a total of 564 Jews were killed on the territory of the district). In 1956, a monument was erected at the site of the execution (restored in 1998). In 1995, there was a Jewish woman living in V. with grandchildren from mixed marriages.
WEBER Lev Grigorievich (1901, Tolochin, Mogilev province - 1969), hygienist, teacher, organizer of health care. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1927 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow. un-that. In 1927-29 he worked as a deputy. head mountains. dep. health in Tomsk, then head. district dep. health in Kemerovo. In 1932 he graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (Department of Philosophy and Natural Science). In 1934–37 - deputy. dir. by scientific. work at Ying-those brain them. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1937–44 - deputy. People's Commissar of Health. RSFSR; in 1944-50 - deputy. dir. Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. I.I. Mechnikov. Since 1957 - prof. Department of Social Hygiene and Health Organization. Centre. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1931–32 he was a member of the medical team of the Institute of Red Professors for the improvement of medical and sanitary conditions. service of workers of Kuznetskstroy.
WEBER Max (1881, Bialystok - 1961, USA), painter, sculptor. In the USA since 1891. In 1905–06 he worked and exhibited in Paris. He was a student of A. Matisse and a close friend of A. Russo (org. In New York, Russo's first show in America). The often controversial works of V., exhibited in the avant-garde. gal., pl. years have not received positive reviews from criticism and due recognition. V. was forced to teach Ch. arr. in the League of Students-thin. Success came in 1948 after a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Amer. lawsuit in New York, and in subsequent years. V. received numerous. awards. Compositions V. created in sensual. rich colors, using geometric. patterns, well convey the dynamism of metropolitan life. He often painted landscapes, still lifes, portraits, incl. Orthodox Jews, and often emphasized the dynamism of their disputes, in which gestures eloquently complement the words. Sculptures V. three-dimensional and gravitated, like his pictorial. prod., to abstraction. V. is also the author of “Cubistic. poems "and" Essays on art ".
VEDENISHKI, see Vidyaniskiai.
VEDZHINI, a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 22 Jews living in V., in 1970 - 2 Jews. Jews have lived in V. since the 1910s.
VEGERS, see. Get involved.
VEH AUTSE, see Auce.
VEKSHNI, see Vykshniai.
VEKSHNIAI, a village in the Akmene region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In 1792 he received the Magdeburg Law. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vekshni Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 274 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 1120, in 1897 - 1646 (55.8%), in 1940 - approx. 600 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the middle. 17th century In the 19th century. in V. there were 2 synagogues - a summer and a winter; yeshiva. By rabbis and hands. yeshivas were: until 1840 - Shabtai Yofe, in 1840-48 - Rabbi Iekutiel-Zalman, Yosef Shalufer, in 1881-88 - Eliyahu-Borukh Komai, in 1880-1901 - Aba-Yakov Borukhov (1848—?), in 1901— 03 - Arye-Leib Lipkin, Iekutiel-Zalman Levitas, in 1898-1914 - Boruch Levinberg, in 1919-24 - Shloyme Feinsilber (1871-1941), later - a rabbi in Keidany (modern. Kedainiai), headed the Association of Lithuanian Rabbis. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century In V., the "Khibat Tzion" department was actively operating. In the summer of 1915, the Jews of V. were deported to the inner city. districts of Russia. Some of them returned to V. after 1918. Most of the Jews of V. were engaged in various activities. trade, there were several. cr. timber merchants. Jews owned 65% of small industries. pr-ty, they owned a mill and an electric station. The Jewish People's Bank, a branch of the United Credit Society of the Jewish village operated. x-va of Lithuania ", decomp. philanthropist. org-tion. There were 2 schools of the network "Yavne" and "Tarbut", a Jewish library. Departments functioned. Jewish parties. Sport. about-in "Maccabi" consisted of approx. 100 p. Karl Magid was a rabbi from 1925 to 1941. In June 1941, before the occupation of Hungary by Germany. troops, local Lithuanians killed several. Jews. In the beginning. July 1941 all Jewish men were gathered in the winter synagogue and used for forced labor. works. 4 Aug 1941 all the Jews of Hungary were sent to Mazeikiai and shot at the Jewish cemetery. 1990 on the site of an old Jewish cemetery in V., a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish, Hebrew, and lit. In V. genus: A.-I. Grodznensky, Z. Efroykin, I. Efroykin, A. Idelson; Itskhok Shapiro (1895-1941), one of the founders and before. “Union of Jews - Fighters for Independent Lithuania”.
VEKSLER Mikhail Solomonovich (1898, Vitebsk - 1959, Moscow), graphic designer. Studied at YM Pen's school in Vitebsk. Participated in the design of the city for the 1st anniversary of the October Revolution and was noticed by M.Z. Shagal, who invited the young man to the Vitebsk bunk. thin school, where V. studied under M. Shagal, V. M. Ermolaeva, K.S. Malevich. In 1922 - a diploma from the Vitebsk art and practice. Institute with the title of constructivist artist. Member viteb. thin associations UNOVIS (Approvers of the new claim). In 1922 he moved to Petrograd, where he worked at Ying-those decor. lawsuit. He was one of the first in Russia to design illuminated advertisements and signs, created many others. posters and advertisements for f. in the style of Suprematism (poster for the film Children of the Storm, 1926, Museum of Crafts in Zurich). He designed interiors, worked in the region. industrial graphics.
VEKSLER Vladimir Iosifovich (1907, Zhitomir - 1966, Moscow), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), First Academician-Secretary of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1963–66). The son is thin. D.P. Shterenberg. From 1937 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. (since 1949) at the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). Founder of Sci. schools on physics and technology of acceleration of charged particles. Hands. creation of the first owls. synchrotron (1947) and synchrophasotron (1957) in Dubna. There was ch. ed. organized on his initiative. "Nuclear physics". Linen. pr. (1959), State. ave. USSR, Int. pr. "Atom for the world" (1963). Works: Ionization methods of research. radiation (in co-authorship), 2nd ed., M.-L., 1950; Accelerators of atomic particles, M., 1956; Secondary ionic emission of metals, M., 1978.
VEKSLER Yakov (b. 1912, Libava), painter. Since 1935 - in E.-I. Studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Hamburg. In 1949-63, members. avant-garde, gr. thin "New. horizons ", since 1966 - director. thin in-ta "Avni" in Tel Aviv. Participant pl. exhibitions in Israel and other countries. Has personal exhibitions.
VELCHINETS (until 1990 - Volchinets), a village in the Ocnitsa region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Soroksky district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 162 Jews lived in V. In the summer of 1941, 32 Jews were shot in V..
VEDNIKI, see [[New Veledniki.
VELEDNITSKY Avrom (1894, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1959, Kiev), poet, literary critic, teacher. R. in the family of a forestry employee. In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army. In 1921–24 - head. an orphanage in Kiev, in 1925-32 - a teacher in various Wed. uch. institutions. In 1932–35, a graduate student of the Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, since 1935 scientific. sotr. in the same in-those, at the same time. lectured at the Kiev Theater. in-those. He made his debut as a poet at the beginning. 1920s, was included in the Kiev lit. gr. "Widervuks" (united young writers I. Fefer, M. Khashchevatsky, A. Shoikhet, L. Reznik and others). First book. V. published by this gr. in 1922, in subsequent years collections of his poems "Onkum" ("Parish", 1929), "Mit dem yungn class" ("With a young class", 1932), "Leader" ("Poems", 1939) were published. Since the late 1920s. V. published lit.-critical. Art. into gas. and f., later et al. with other Lithuanian Vedas and teachers published a number of textbooks on Hebrew. lit-re for Heb. schools. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1945–48 he was published in the Heb. antifash. to-that - gas. Einikite. In the late 1940s. repressed, spent several. years in exile. After rehabilitation (1956) he returned to Kiev. V. translated into Yiddish "Tales" by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin and other works. Russian and ukr. writers.
VELYOLENKA, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the colony of Veliolenko Koninsky u. Kalisz province. In 1897, 352 Jews (49.7%) lived in Hungary.
VELENA, see Vilany.
VELEVA-MELNIK (Melnik) Faina Grigorievna (b. 1945, village of Bakota, Kamenets-Podolsk district, Khmelnitsky region), athlete (athletics), w. USSR (1971), teacher. Graduated from the Yerevan State University. in-t physical culture (1969). Honored. physical worker culture of Armenia (1972). Champion of Olympus, Games (1972, with Olymp. Record), Europe (1971 and 1974) and the USSR (1970, 1972–77) in shot put. World record holder (1971–75).
VELIKAYA ALEKSANDROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1784. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolshaya Alexandrovka Kherson u. In 1923, 61 Jews lived in VA, in 1939 - 117 Jews. Since 1900, Tsvi Rykov (1863 -?) was the rabbi in VA. 1941 in V.A. several were shot. Jews in V.A. P. Myth, M. A. Fortus.
VELIKAYA BAGACHKA, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the end. 16th century From 1649 - the centenary of the Mirgorod regiment. From 1667 - part of Russia. From the end. 18th century - from. Bagachka in Mirgorodsky u. Kiev governorship, from 1796 - Little Russia, from 1802 - Poltava province. Since 1925 it has been a regional center. In 1926 10 Jews lived in the Velikobagachkovsky district, in 1939 there were 15 Jews in VB, and 59 Jews in the district. In 1919, a pogrom took place in VB, organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1942 several were killed in VB. Jews.
VELIKAYA BELINA, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, all the Jews of VB were killed.
VELIKAYA BELOZERKA, village, regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolshaya Belozerka Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926 124 Jews lived in Velikobelozersky District, in 1939 in VB - 8 Jews. 1941 - early. 1942 in VB, several were shot. Jews.
GREAT BERESTOVITSA, see [[Bolshaya Berestovitsa.
VELIKAYA DYMERKA, a village in the Brovarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dymerka Berezinskaya, Osterskiy u. Chernigov province. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926, 220 Jews did not live in the Velikodymer district. 1941 in VD several were killed. Jews.
VELIKAYA GLUSHA, a village in the Lyubeshiv district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 186 Jews (10.7%) lived in VG, in 1921 - 224 Jews. Jews in VG were engaged in small trade, crafts, by carriage. There was a synagogue. In 1920, S.N.Bulak-Balakhovich's detachments organized a pogrom, 24 people were killed. In 1925, a 2-class Jewish school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in V.G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1932-41 V.G.'s rabbi was Moishe-Chaim Blinitsky. In the spring of 1942, V.G.'s Jews were sent to the Kamen-Kashirsky ghetto and were shot there on Aug. 10. and 2 nov. 1942.
VELIKAYA KAMENKA, a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the Kolomyia district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, Jews of VK (31 people) were driven to Kolomyia, where they were subsequently exterminated.
VELIKAYA KOLONAYA, a village in the Svisloch district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. Israeli colony Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province. In 1896 in V.K. by 146 dec. land inhabited by 61 people.
VELIKAYA KOSNITSA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1897 781 Jews (13.3%) lived in VK, in 1939 - 164 Jews.
VELIKAYA LEPITIKHA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1792. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bolshaya Lepetiha of Melitopol u. In 1910, 191 Jews (1.6%) lived in VL, in 1939 - 43 Jews. In 1910, VL had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery.
THE GREAT MOSQUE, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province Jews lived in V.M. from the beginning. 19th century In July 1919, a pogrom took place in V.M., organized by the detachments of N.A. Grigoriev; the Jewish population was destroyed.
VELIKAYA MIKHAILOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1961), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18 - early. 19th century as the town of Grossulovo, Tiraspol u. Kherson province. In 1897, 1201 Jews (57.5%) lived in V.M., in 1939 - 522 Jews. In 1867, V.M. had a synagogue. On May 20, 1919, a pogrom took place in V.M., organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev. 12 Aug. 1941, 124 Jews were shot in V.M. P.Kats.
VELIKAYA PISAREVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1732. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolshaya Pisarevka Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1939, 29 Jews lived in V.P.
VELIKAYA RAYOVKA, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Rayovka Velikaya, Slutsk u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, more than 100 Jews were shot in VR.
VELIKAYA TURYA, a village in the Dolinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 201 Jews lived in VT. 1942 all Jews of VT were sent to Bolekhiv.
VELIKAYA VISKA, a village in Maloviskovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolshaya Viska Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1939 73 Jews lived in V.V. S.G. Tsesarsky.
VELIKAYA VOLITSA, a village in the Lyubarsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Volitsa Bolshaya Zhitomirsky u. Volyn province. In 1941, 12 Jews from V.V. were sent to Lyubar and shot there.
THE GREAT VRADIEVKA, see Vradievka.
GREAT ZNAMENKA, a village in the Kamensko-Dneprovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village Bolshaya Znamenka of Melitopol u. In 1910, 205 Jews (1.1%) lived in the Eastern West, and in 1939 there were 21 Jews. In 1910, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in the Eastern West. 1942 9 Jews were killed in the Eastern Z. S.I.Shatunovsky.
VELIKIE BORKI, urban-type settlement (since 1978) in Ternopil district of Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. During the German. occupation during the years of the 2nd world. During the war, a labor camp was created in VB, which was liquidated on July 10, 1943; during the liquidation of the camp, approx. 800 Jews.
GREAT CHUCHEVICH, see [[Big Chuchevich.
GREAT PLIERS, a village in Narodichsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Large Pincers of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 103 Jews (10.7%) lived in VK.
GREAT KRYNKI, a village in Globinsky district, Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Krinki Bolshie Kremenchug u. Poltava province. Since 1928 it has been a regional center. In 1939 there were 8 Jews living in V., and 49 Jews in the Velikokrynkovsky district. In May 1942, approx. 70 Jews.
VELIKIE LUKI, city, regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1169. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of the Pskov province. In 1944-57 - region. In 1871 170 Jews lived in VL, in 1897 - 669 (7.9%), in 1910 - 921 (9.1%), in 1923 - 1800 (11%), in 1926 - 1627 (7 , 8%), in 1939 - 1519 Jews. The first Jews who settled in VL in 1865 were immigrants from Nevel who suffered from the fire. Permission to settle in V.L. was issued by the governor, despite the fact that the Pskov province. did not enter the Pale of Settlement. At the same time, a prayer house was opened. In 1901, a synagogue was built with the money of Wolf Aronovich Vyazmensky. From the end. 19th century there was a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century Rabbi V.L. was Philip Yakovlevich Izrailson. occupation of Jews V.L. in the late. 19 - early. 20th century was the making of clothes. The Jews owned a number of factories, a printing house, and almost all pharmacies. In oct. In 1905, the Jewish population of V.L. suffered from the pogrom, were killed. In 1917, a Zionist club was opened in V.L., closed in 1919. Since 1920, the rabbi of V.L. was Chaim-Shraga Stolov. In the 1920s. in VL there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1929 in the Velikie Luki env. there were 9 schools with teaching in Yiddish and Jewish children. house. In 1934 the synagogue was closed, and the Jewish club "Emes" (operated until 1940) was opened on the premises. After the occupation of V.L. troops on August 25. 1941 Jews of the city were shot. The 357th rifleman took part in the liberation of V.L. division under com. regiment. Alexander Lvovich Kronik (1901, Vilna - 1979, Moscow; since 1943 - Major General). In 1996, the Jewish cultural and humanitarian center "Shatil" was created in VL, in March 1999, with the support of the Joint, a Jewish philanthropist began to work. center "Hesed Magen". In 1999 in VL lived approx. 1 thousand Jews in V.L. M. Tetelboim.
THE GREAT LYASKOVICHI, see Lyaskovichi.
VELIKIE MEZHIRICHI (until 1965 - Mesopotamia), a village in the Koretsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1190.Since 1590 - a city. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - small town Mezhirich (other name. Mezhirichi) Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 295 Jews lived in VM, in 1847 - 1808, in 1897 - 2107 (68%), in 1921 - 1743 Jews (72.6 %) Jews settled in V.M. in the middle. 16th century In 1761-72, Doyv-Ber from Mezhirich lived in VM. From 1878 to 1891, the Trisk Hasid Efroim Averbakh (1857—?) Was the rabbi in VM. All VM Jews were Hasidim. In the beginning. 20th century there were 5 synagogues in VM. In 1908, a Hebrew school was opened. In the 1910s. Osher Zilberman was the rabbi in V.M. In 1918, a self-defense detachment was created. In aug. 1919 a pogrom broke out in VM. In the 1920s and 30s. in V.M. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930 the school "Or Toire" was opened. Herm. units occupied VM on July 6, 1941. The Judenrat was established. On May 22, 1942, 950 Jews were shot in V.M. After that, a ghetto was created, liquidated on 26 Sept. 1942 (about 900 people were shot). After the release of V.M., January 14. 1944 returned to the village approx. 80 Jews. In V.M., born: Yoel Mastboim (1882-1957), writer, since 1933 - in E.-I., wrote in Yiddish; Moishe Feigenboim (1893-1921, Demblin, Poland), publicist, wrote in Yiddish.
GREAT BRIDGES (until 1944 - Great Bridges), a city (from 1559) in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1472. In 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the Zholkievsky district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1564, 30–40 Jews lived in VM, and in 1765 it was apprx. 300, in 1880 - 1061 (27.8%), in 1890 - 1426 (32.3%), in 1900 - 1611 (36.2%), in 1910 - 1605 (29.7%), in 1921 - 1142 (30.1%), in 1931 - 1266 Jews. Jews lived in VM from the end. 15th century In the beginning. 17th century there was a Jewish cemetery. VM's Jewish population was destroyed during the Khmelnytsky land. In the end. 17th century a wooden synagogue was built in VM. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - small trade and crafts. In 1911 a Jewish bank was founded in VM. In the end. 19th century in V.M. there were 5 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones, Khevra Kaddish functioned, decomp. philanthropist. org-tion. In the 18th century. the rabbi in VM was Meir Halevi (? -1790). Until 1811, Azriel Green (1780-1840) was the rabbi, in 1827-71 - Shmariyahu Stickler (? -1871), in 1871-73 - his son Zvi (? -1873), in 1874-1905 - Ychiel-Doiv Mond (? -1905), from 1906 - son-in-law of I.-D. Monda Yitzhok-Yehuda Eberstok (1880-1943). Most of VM Jews belonged to Belzevskiy and Gusyatinskiy Hasidim. All R. 19th century in VM, a struggle was waged between the Hasidim and representatives of the Haskalah. In 1915, the soldiers of the retreating Russian units. armies burned 2 synagogues in VM. Since 1916, Zionist organizations operated in VM, and since 1925, groups for preparing young people for life in E.-I. One of the groups consisted of members of Agudas Yisroel. In 1919 it was founded. school with teaching in Hebrew, at the beginning. 1920s - Yeshiva "Etz Chaim", in 1937 - the school "Beis Yaakov". 2nd world. V.M.'s wars occupied the Germans. troops that were in the city for 10 days. During this time, the synagogue was burned down. In the period between the departure of parts of the Germ. army and the entry of parts of the Red Army because of the possibility of a pogrom on the part of the Ukrainians, a Jewish militia was created in VM. June 27, 1941 germ. troops entered VM again on July 6, 1941 19 Jews were burned in the synagogue, on July 22 St. 100 Jews were shot ukr. policemen in the woods approx. V. M. In the beginning. Aug 1942 a ghetto was created, destroyed on Feb 10. 1943.
GREAT NIZHORTSY, a village in the Berdichevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Big Nizgurtsy Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 339 Jews (18.8%) lived in VN. 19th century in V.N. there was a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony. 285 Jews owned 44 yards and 108 dess. land. There was a synagogue, leather worked. Rakhmil Beigelman plant. In 1895, Chaim-Leiba Pesis was the rabbi in VN. In the 1920s and 30s. part of the Jews - residents of V.N. worked in Berdichev. 1941 b. including the Jewish population of V.N. was destroyed.
VELIKIE SOROCHINTSY (up to the middle of the 19th century - Sorochintsy), a village in the Mirgorodsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1640s From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. From 1923 to 1931 it was a regional center. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in VS.
GREAT STEPANES, see Stepantsy.
VELIKIE TELKOVICHI, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Tsiolkovichi Velikie Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 63 Jews (10.8%) lived in VT.
VELIKY BEREZNY, urban-type settlement (since 1947), regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Ugorskaya Rus within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 2404 Jews lived in VB. 1944 all the Jews of VB were sent to a camp in Uzhgorod, a month later they were taken to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated.
VELIKY BURLUK, urban-type settlement (since 1963), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 1670s At 19 - early. 20th century - Burluk settlement, Bolshoi Volchanskiy u. Kharkiv province. In 1926 5 Jews lived in VB, in 1939 - 12 Jews. In 1942 one Jew was killed in VB.
VELIKY BYCHKOV, urban-type settlement (since 1947) in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary In 1919-38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939 - 44 - Hungary, in 1945 - 91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 520 Jews lived in VB, in 1941 - 1708 Jews ( 23%) Jews lived in VB from the beginning. 18th century In the beginning. 20th century there were 4 synagogues in VB. In the 1930s. in VB there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1941, more than 100 Jews of VB were deported to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. Apr 16 1944 the remaining Jews of VB were sent to Auschwitz. After 1945 several. Dozens of Jews returned to VB. In 1950, the synagogue was closed in VB, and the building was given over to a warehouse for building materials. In the 1950s - 60s. the minyan met in private apartments. In the beginning. 1980s in VB lived several. Jews.
VELIKY CHERNYATIN, a village in Starokonstantinovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 254 Jews (16.3%) lived in V. Ch.
VELIKY DALNIK (until 1982 - Dalnik), a village in the Belyaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century in Odessa u. Kherson province. 23 Oct. 1941 from Odessa to VD was sent a column of 25 thousand Jews under the pretext of registration. No registration was carried out at V.D. under the escort of the room. Jewish soldiers were sent to Bogdanovka (Nikolaev region). Some of them were destroyed approx. V. D.
VELIKY GLUBOCHEK, a village in the Ternopil district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1529. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Glubochek in the Tarnopolsk district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Since the 18th century. Jews lived in V.G. In 1916, 11 Jews were evicted from V.G. to Ternopil. occupation during the years of the 2nd world. During the war, a workers' camp was established in VG. On July 23, 1943, the camp was liquidated; 640 Jews were shot.
VELIKY KHODACHKOV, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1758 as Khodachkova the Great. At 19 - early. 20th century - as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 12 Jews were evicted from V. Kh. To Ternopil. During the Holocaust, the Jews of V. Kh. Were taken to Kozova and killed there.
VELIKY KUCHUROV, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1422. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kuchurul-Mare in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 415 Jews lived in VK, in the 1930s. - 386 Jews. 17th century in VK there was a Jewish community, to-ruyu were immigrants from Galicia. In 1815 m. Jews left VK because of a poor harvest. After the end of construction in 1869. village Chernivtsi - Suceava established. trade became the occupation of the Jews. Most of the Jews in VK were Hasidim; there was a synagogue and a cemetery. In the 1920s. An old synagogue and two new ones functioned in VK - Beis Itskhok (created in 1907) and Agavas Akhim (created in 1912), in 1937 - 2 synagogues. In the 1930s. the Jews of VK were engaged in trade and crafts; among the Jews were teachers, doctors, specialists in other professions. There was a Jewish philanthropist. in 1942 approx. 300 Jews V.K. were shot near the village. Glybokaya. After 1945 the surviving Jews V.K. moved to Chernivtsi. Y. G. Tkachev
GREAT LOG, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Krasnodon region of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1760s. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolshoi Log of the Taganrog environs. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in VL.
VELIKY LYUBEN (until 1944 - Lyuben-Veliky), an urban-type settlement (since 1964) in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region (Ukraine). Izv. from the 13th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 197 Jews (7.4%) lived in VL in 1921. Jews have lived in VL since the 19th century; there was a synagogue. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied VL on July 29, 1941. Most of VL's Jews were killed by local residents in the first days of the occupation. The rest were destroyed in 1942.
VELIKY NOVGOROD, city, center of Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 859. In 1136-1478 - the capital of the Novgorod Republic. Since 1727 - a provincial town. Since 1927 - the district center, since 1930 - the regional center of the Leningrad region, since 1944 - the center of the Novgorod region. In 1865 96 Jews lived in VN, in the Novgorod district. - 290, in 1870 in VN - 800, in 1897 - 854, in 1923 - 991 (3.5%), in 1926 - 526, in 1939 - 639, in 1970 - 546, in 1979 - 566 Jews. In 1843, with the permission of the early. ex. districts of arable soldiers of Novgorod, Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces. general-leith. Friken in V.N., a prayer house was opened as a result of entering the military. the service of a large number of Jews. Fast. there was no rabbi in VN until 1859. In 1859, he served as a rabbi for sick Jewish soldiers in the Novgorod military. retired soldier Israel Davidson (rabbi in VN until the beginning of the 20th century) was assigned to the hospital. In 1870 the synagogue was officially authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases in the end. 19th century the majority of the Jewish population of VN were retired lower ranks and artisans. In 1900 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1904, the Jewish community of V.N. received gratitude from the emperor for collecting funds to help the wounded and sick soldiers in the Far East. In 1912 in VN there was a society for the assistance to the insufficient Jews of the city. 1960s a Jewish cemetery was destroyed in V. in the 1990s. the Jewish Cultural Society was established in VN (formerly Grigory Isaakovich Fainberg). A Sunday school has been opened since 1993. The Jewish community rents premises, in which the Hesed Yaakov branch has been operating since 1997, as well as a prayer hall and a medical center. cabinet. Since 1999 the minyan has been gathering. In 2000, approx. 300 Jewish families. V.N. V.S.Bakhtin, lived and worked A. Alekseev, Ya.G. Gurevich, Z.G. Frenkel.Yu.N. Grigorieva
VELIKY USTYUG, city, regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). In 1780-96 it was the center of the Veliky Ustyug province of the Vologda governorship. From 1796 it was a district town of the Vologda province. In 1873 49 Jews lived in V.U., in 1910 - 110 (0.6%), in 1926 - 134 (0.7%), in 1939 - 70 Jews. There was a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue in the VU. In the VU family: A.G. Ginetsinsky; Evgeny Abramovich Iofis (1905-1978, Moscow), specialist in the region. technologies for processing film and photographic materials, Dr. Sciences (1968), prof. (1968), Became. pr. (1948), brother of N.A. Iofis.
VELIKY VISTOROP, a village in the Lebedinsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lebedinsky u. Kharkov Gubernia Jews moved to V.V. from Zap. Ukraine. Main class at 19 - early. 20th century - trade.
VELIKIY ZHANCHIK, a village in Dunaevetsky district of Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhvanchik Ushytsky u. Podolsk province. In 1847, 144 Jews lived in V. Zh., In 1887 - 16%, in 1897 - 683 Jews (22.3%), in 1923 - 558 Jews. In 1889 there was a synagogue in V. Zh. Since 1895, Abram-Pinhos Berman (1855 -?) Was the rabbi in V. Zh. 31 Aug. 1941 in V. Zh. More than 100 Jews were shot. The entire Jewish population perished during the Holocaust in V. Zh.
VELIKOE VERBCHE, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 22 Aug. 1942 Jews in V.V. were shot apprx. Grubbing.
VELIKOE ZARECHIE, a village in the Shklov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). 17 Oct. 1941 in V.Z. 37 Jews were shot.
VELIKOVSKY Immanuel (1895, Vitebsk - 1979, Princeton, USA), historian, culturologist, psychoanalyst. Got honey. education in Moscow. In 1921–23 - in Berlin, he published and edited mezh-dunar. scientific. g. "Script", to participate in which he managed to attract N. Bohr, A. Einstein, LD Landau and others. In 1923 he moved to E.-I. Practiced as a psychoanalyst in Jerusalem, Haifa, Tel Aviv; publ. several theoretical works on psychoanalysis in Europe. scientific. Well, highly appreciated by E. Freud. Since 1939 in the USA. He taught at Princeton University. He was engaged in scientific research. work, published pro-Israel and pro-Zionist reviews of the Middle East. problems in the Amer. print. The author is numerous. book, in which the developed V. orig. cosmic concept. and Heb. history, which gained wide popularity and gave rise to a huge school of followers and fans of V. all over the world. The fascination and scale of V.'s hypotheses, the spectacularity of his "alternative history", as well as daring and impressive. the scope of its cosmogonic. parts, breadth of cultural studies. comparisons and brilliant inventiveness of explanations - all this attracted to the book. V. attention of millions of readers brought him worldwide fame. At the same time, the tension of many. cultural linguist. "Evidence" of this alternative. history, as well as the absence of mat. confirmation of its physical-cosmo-gonich. justification caused sharply denied. attitude to V. from the scientific. the world. Main works: "Worlds in Collisions" (1950); Ages in Chaos (1952); "The Earth in Convulsions" (1955); Oedipus and Akhenaten (1960); "People of the Sea" (1977); Ramses II and His Time (1978); "Humanity in amnesia" (1982, see) and others.
VELIKOVSKY Samariy Izrailevich (1931, Nizhny Novgorod - 1990, Moscow), literary critic, publicist. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1954), Cand. dis. (1958), doct. dis. (1977). It has been published since 1956. Circle of DOS. interests: French. culture of the 19th and 20th centuries - penetration into the world of poetry, classical. prose of the 19th century, “a new novel of the 20th century, attention to philosophy. thoughts (V. - Doctor of Philosophy); problems of the intelligentsia, ideologist. tech., political science; cultural studies. Author pl. Art. and book., compiler of poetry. anthologies. He was engaged in the philosophy of existentialism, put a lot of effort into publishing. per. book J.P. Sartre and A. Camus in the USSR. V.'s works are distinguished by a deep analysis of phenomena, at their basis - worldview, morality. search for personality in ist. being; V. is characterized by his thin. style. Among the works - "Poets French. roar. 1789-1848 ", M., 1963; "The Way of Sartre the Playwright", in the book. "J.P. Sartre Plays.", M., 1967; "... To the horizon of all people: The path of Paul Eluard", M., 1968; "Left explosion" and culture ", in the book. "Ideological. fight and modern. culture ", M., 1972; "The facets of the 'unhappy consciousness'. "Theater, prose, philosophical essay, A. Camus aesthetics", M., 1973; "In Search of the Lost Meaning: Essays on the Literature of Tragic Humanism in France", M., 1979; "In the Crossing of Rays: Group Portrait with Paul Eluard", M., 1987; “Culture as the Possession of Meaning”, “Odysseus. Research on social history and history of culture ", M., 1989.
VELION, see Velion.
VELISPIRI, a village in the Dmanisi district (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian province., from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province., from 1846 - in the Elizavetpolsky district. Tiflis province. In 1786-1802, among the inhabitants of V. Jews Moshia and Iskhaka Davitashvilevi, who owned vineyards. There are no data on the residence of other Jews in V.D. M.Khananashvili
VELISTSIKHE, a village in the Gurjaan region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1904, approx. 40 Jewish families (smoke), in 1922 - 90 Jews (1.8%), in 1926 - 129 (of them 127 - Georgian), in 1939 - 40, in 1970 - 1 Jew. Jews began to settle in V. ... 19th century There was a synagogue and a rabbi. In 1915 the Jews of Hungary collected 500 rubles. for the needs of Jewish refugees. In 1928 the Jews of Hungary took part in the creation of a collective farm in Tsitelgora, where several people moved. Jewish families. M.I.Danielov.D.M.Khananashvili
VELIZH, a city, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1536.Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the district town of Pskov, from 1776 - Polotsk, from 1796 - Belorussian, from 1802 - Vitebsk province. In 1772 there were 22 Jews living in V., in 1815 - 1481, in 1847 - 3080, in 1857 - 3516, in 1861 - 2105 , in 1863 - 2311, in 1885 - 5931, in 1897 - 5989 (49.1%), in 1910 - 6246 (41.1%), in 1923 - 4408, in 1926 - 3274 (31.2%), in 1939 - 1788 Jews. In 1797 in Velizhsky u. there were 14 Jewish merchants and 302 Jewish tradesmen. Between 1823 and 1835 a case was tried in court on charges of a group of Jews in Hungary (over 40 people) of murder with ritual purpose (four of the accused died in prison, the rest were acquitted). In 1857 there were 5 synagogues in V., in 1861 - 6 synagogues, 8 Jewish schools, a state-owned Jewish school of the 1st category; in 1909 - 10 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, 2 Jewish schools (a state-owned male and a private female school Hamburg), a society of benefits for poor sick Jews, a Jewish library of Samuil-Hirsch Kagan, 3 bookshops owned by Jews ... In 1900–05, Zalman-Zisel Sheinkin (1856–?) Was the rabbi in V. 20th century societies. Rabbi - Sh. Kon. Since 1905, the rabbis were Avrom Reinin (1860—?), Leiba Shmerkovich Schneerson, the state rabbi - Isaac Ioselevich Meerzon. In 1911 Eliezer Pupko (1882-1961) became rabbi (in the early 1920s he was convicted of keeping an underground mikvah and for calling not to buy meat from butchers who sell non-kosher meat). In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in V. In 1926 there was a Jewish school of the 2nd level (with carpentry and locksmith shops and a pioneer detachment of 100 children), a club and children. house. In 1928, legal proceedings in Yiddish were introduced in Hungary. On July 13, 1941, Hungary was occupied by Germans. troops, 7 nov. a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 1400 Jews. On Sept. 1941 150 Jewish men were shot. 28 jan. 1942 the ghetto was burned down, ca. 1500 people (17 people were saved.) In V. on the site of the ghetto, a monument to the victims was erected. A Jewish cemetery has survived. In the genealogy: Ts.S.Bobrovskaya, B.-I. Zabezensky, Z. Kiselgof, G. D. Krasinsky, E. E. Maiorov, M. S. Nemtsov, J. I. Tsirelson , S.M. Yugenburg; Ber-Iser Zobeyzensky (1860-1900, Vitebsk), writer, publicist, historian, wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian. lang .; Matvey Yakovlevich Kovalzon (1913-1992), Doctor of Philosophy. sciences, prof., tr. in the region. social philosophy; Kasriel Mendelevich Rudin (1897-1945, Moscow), militia commissar of the 3rd rank (1942), in 1938-43 beginning. Moscow criminal investigation department.
VELSK, city, regional center in the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1137. From 1550 - posad, from 1780 - the district town of the Arkhangelsk region. The Vologda governorship, from 1784 - the Arkhangelsk governorship, from 1796 - the Arkhangelsk province. In 1910, 20 Jews lived in V. (0.8%), in 1926 - 7, in 1939 - 10 Jews.
VELYAMINOVSKY, see Tuapse.
VELTETRI, now part of Oni (Georgia). Since 1803 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Rachinsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1869 the Jewish population of Hungary was approx. 50% In the 1870s. V. Jews moved to Oni.
VELUTA, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1942, 22 Jews were shot in Hungary.
VELYATIN, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 367 Jews (12%) lived in Hungary. in V. there were 2 synagogues, including one wooden, 2 Jewish cemeteries - the old one, which did not function, and the new one. In the 1920s. V. rabbi was Sholom-Gershon Gunzburg (? -1943), in the 1920s and 30s. - Mordkhe Daich (? -1944). In the summer of 1941, six Jewish families of V. were exiled to occupied Germany. troops of the region of Poland. Apr 18 1944 Jews of V. were sent to the Iza ghetto. in V. lived several. Jewish families, at the beginning. 1980s - one Jew.
VELYUN, a city (from the 13th century) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a county town of Kalisz province. In 1777 there were 8 Jews in Hungary, in 1793 - 4 (0.5%), in 1808 - 70 (6%), in 1827 - 335 (11.3%). in 1857 - 624 (16.4%), in 1897 - 2732 (38%), in 1921 - 4818 (43.8%), in 1939 - approx. 4,200 Jews. Jews have lived in Hungary since the 16th century. A synagogue was built in 1799. Main occupation of the Jews of V. in the 19th century. - manufacture of clothing and leather dressing. There were many Jewish tinsmiths. A Jewish cemetery was opened in 1848. In 1855 a new synagogue was built. Jews V. took an active part in Polsk. uprising of 1863-64, two of them were taken prisoner Rus. troops and hanged. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century The rabbi of W. was Menachem-Mendel Greenberg (1862 -?). Since 1915 Jewish society has become more active in W.. a life. Departments were opened. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1919, the Beis Ulpan school was opened, in the 1920s. - "Beis Yaakov". Since the 1920s. the Jewish Cooperative Bank was in operation. 1939 Hungary was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the spring of 1941, a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942.
VELYUONA, a place in the Jurbarka region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century In 1500 he had the Magdeburg Law. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Veliony, Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 166 Jews lived in Hungary in 1766, 573 (69.8%) in 1897, 258 in 1921, and 335 Jews in 1927 (71% ), in 1930 - c. 70 Jewish families, in 1940 - approx. 40 Jewish families. Jews lived in V. from the beginning. 15th century In the 19th century. in V. there were yeshivas and 2 synagogues. In 1850-60, the rabbi in V. was Yakov Braynes, in 1860-69 - Moishe-Bezalel Luria, in 1869-70 - Chaim Ratsker, in 1874-76 - Shmuel Nevyazsky, in 1876-1913 - Yakov Zak, in 1913-15 - Shmuel-Menachem Katz. In May 1915, Jews were evicted from V. to the internal. districts of Russia. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to V. In the 1920s and 1930s. V. Jews belonged to b. h. shops and crafts. workshops, a school with teaching in Yiddish worked. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties. At the same time, Zvi-Leib Persky (? —1941) was the rabbi in V. In July 1941, all Jewish men in V. were shot. 4 Sep 1941 in a grove, 2 km from V., 169 women and children were shot. 1990s on the site of the Jewish cemetery there is a memorial sign. Sh. Goronchik.
VENDEN, see Cesis.
VENDEROVICH Evgeniy Leonidovich (1881, Kharkov - 1954, Leningrad), neurologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1938). At the end of the honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that in 1906 worked in the clinic nerve. diseases, in 1910 - assistant clinic of nervous diseases Petersburg. wives honey. in-that under the hands. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1911, he developed an original method for making continuous series of osmotic slices of the brain, which made it possible to establish the location of the projection c. in the brain. Described cerebral-pyramidal-intercortical sclerosis and toxicoinf. anterior poliomyelitis. V. studied the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhages and proposed a classification of the consequences of closed head injuries. From 1942-45 he headed the Society of Leningrad. Neuropathologists. Cit .: New data on the course of the sensitive, auditory and visual systems in the hemisphere, St. Petersburg, 1916. On the etiopathogenesis of intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhages, M., 1935.
VENDYCHANY, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the village of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 there was a camp in V. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 262 Jews were held in the camp.
VENDROV 3. (real name and surname. Vendrovsky David Efimovich) (1877, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1971, Moscow), writer, publicist. From the age of 18 he worked at a weaving factory in Lodz. Then he began to write poetry and stories. In 1900 he made his debut in gas. Der Yud, published in Vienna and Krakow for Jews in Russia. He emigrated to England, was engaged in petty trade, served on a steamer, worked as a teacher, typesetter, laborer. enterprises, was printed in Heb. ed. England and the USA. Back in Warsaw, he published stories and essays in gas. "Gaynt", led the post. heading "Heb. cities and towns ”. In 1911 he moved to Moscow, worked as an authorized representative of the Committee for Assistance to War Victims. After the Revolution of 1917, he served in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR and in other Sov. institutions. In the 1920s. V.'s name is widely known in Russia, Poland, America and in other countries in numerous. publications in the period, ed. (including under ps. Z. Vendrof, VN Dorf, Sambodi, D. Moskvin, D. Valin, Lyubin, Anin and others) and collection of his stories and sketches "Humoreskn un erceilungen" ( "Humoresques and stories, 1911)," Zorach and Bulany "(1911)," Bakante parshoinen "(" Familiar types ", 1912)," Government "(vols. 1-2, 1912)," Humoristishb font "(" Humorous . production ", 1912)," Derlebt "(" Lived ", 1912)," Der Breiter Schmeichl "(" Wide Smile ", 1914)," Gelekhter un trern "(" Laughter and Tears ", 1914)," Arbet unnoyt ”(“ Labor and Need ”, 1919),“ Afn shwel funlebn ”(“ On the Threshold of Life ”, 1941). In 1948 he was arrested and after 7 months. investigators sentenced to 10 years in prison. After his release (1956) he returned to Moscow. In 1957, the Sov. writer ”(Moscow) published Sat. his production. "Tales of the Past" in the lane. in Russian lang., and in 1967 sat. "Unzer Gas" ("Our Street"). V. translated into Yiddish manuscript. J. London, M. Twain. J. Steinbeck, I. G. Ehrenburg.
VENDROV Semyon Leonidovich (1908, Vilna - 1988), hydrologist, major specialist in the integrated use of water resources, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1960), prof. (1968). Graduated from Leningrad. GU (1930). From 1928 to 1936, he worked at the State Institute of Arts; then in the leading water management (Giprorechtrans, 1936–60 and Gos-Vodkhoz of the RSFSR, 1960–62) and Acad. scientific. institutions (IG AN, 1962–77 and IVP AN, 1977–88). Main work on transport. development of river basses, integrated research. and transform. water. resources, the regime of reservoirs and their interaction with the environment. environment. Party and hands. a number of environmental expertise of the largest water management projects. Awarded with a medal. F. Plitke (1982). The author of a number of scientific. and popular books. Author of works: Problems of transformation of river systems of the USSR, 1979; Reservoirs and the Environment, 1976 (et al.); Life of our rivers (sketches of the use and protection of river systems), 1986.
VENJAGOLA, see Wanjogala.
VENEDIKTOVKA, see Avdot'evka.
VENETSKY Ilya Grigorievich (1914, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1981, Moscow), economist, statistician, demographer; Dr. econ. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967), honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1978). Graduated from Moscow. in-t nar.-household. accounting (1940). Lecturer, Assoc. (since 1962) Mosk. Institute of Foreign Trade; in 1965-81 in Moscow. economical statistician in-ta: head. department of higher. mat., mat. statistics (since 1973). At the same time. head Selected Research Sector Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Member of the 2nd world. war. Main scientific. direction: development of methods of demographic. statistics. Author of more than 25 books. and monograph, works, textbooks and uch. manuals on statistics and methods of demographic. analysis, including "Osn. mathematical-statistical concepts and formulas in econ. analysis "(M., 1974, 1979, et al.); “Statistician. methods in demography "(Moscow, 1977)," Probabilistic methods in demography "(Moscow, 1981). Works: Foundations of the theory of probability and mat. statistics, M., 1968 (et al.); Variative series and their characteristics, M., 1982 (et al.).
VENEV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1400.Since 1777 - a district town of the Tula governorship, then - a province. In 1910 there were 24 Jews living in V., in 1926 - 21 (0.4%), in 1939 - 19 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in V.
VENGER Leonid Abramovich (1925, Kharkov - 1992, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences, prof. He worked at the Research Institute of Preschool Education of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, where since 1968 he headed the lab. psychology of preschool children. Taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute V.I. Lenin. Main problematic research. - patterns of development of perception and visual-figurative thinking in preschool age, the formation of general and special. cognizes. abilities. On this basis, he developed questions of diagnostics of skills. development of children. He put forward the theory of visual modeling as the basis for mediating thinks. preschooler activities. Research the problem of mental giftedness. Cit .: Perception and learning (preschool age), M., 1969; Genesis of sensory abilities, M., 1967 (ed. Et al.); Diagnostics of skills development of a preschooler, M., 1978 (ed. et al.); Development is familiar. abilities in the process of preschool education, M., 1986 (ed. et al).
VENGEROV Semyon Afanasevich (1855, Lubny, Poltava province - 1920, Petrograd), Russian historian. literature and societies. thoughts, bibliographer. Brother of Z.A. Vengerova. V.'s father is a director. bank in Minsk, mother - writer Paulina Vengerova. V.'s childhood years passed in Minsk. Initial education at home, from 1868 he studied in St. Petersburg. gymnasium, in 1872–74 - in Mediko-Surgical. acad. In 1879 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, for a certain time he worked as an assistant attorney at law. In 1880 he passed exams at Dorpat University in historical-philology as an external student. f-that. He was left at the Department of Russian History. lit-ry Petersburg. un-that for preparation for prof. rank, but, having no means of subsistence, was forced to leave un-t. From 1882 he served on the Board of the Libavo-Romenskaya railway. From 1897 he lectured in Russian. literature in St. Petersburg. un-those, but in 1899 he was removed for "watered. unreliability ". He returned to teaching only after the Revolution of 1905. In 1909 he was approved as Doctor of Rus. lang. and literature Kharkov. un-that, in 1910 prof. Higher. wives (Bestuzhev.) Courses and Psychoneurological. in-that. In 1916-19 the presenter. lit. fund. Since 1917, dir. Grew up. Book Chamber, created on his initiative. He began to publish in 1872. Publ. numerous. Art., rec., notes in decomp. period. ed. (newspaper "Novosti", "Week", "Rus. World", g. "Shining", "Word", "Delo", "Bulletin of Europe", etc.). By societies. views was close to the populists. As the literary Veda represented cultural-ist. school. He emphasized in every possible way the skylight, the mission of Russian. literature and its relationship with societies. development, polemicizing with critics Yu.I. Eichenwald, A.L. Volynsky. Main V.'s work in the region. history of literature: “Rus. liter in its modern. representatives. Critical and biographical. sketches. IS Turgenev "(parts 1–2, St. Petersburg, 1875)," History of the latest Russian. lit-ry. From the death of Belinsky to the present day "(part 1, St. Petersburg, 1885)," Heroic. Russian character literature ”(St. Petersburg, 1911) and others, monographs about VG Belinsky, AV Druzhinin, KS Aksakov, AF Pisemsky and others. biblical matters. V.'s activities. Since 1891 - ed. lit. dep. Encyclopedic. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. In 1908 he organized the Pushkin Seminary at St. Petersburg. un-those, in which began systematic. study of A.S. Pushkin's creativity. From the end. 80s V. was undertaken a number of important publications: “Critical-biographical. Russian dictionary writers and scientists. From the beginning. Russian education to the present day "(v. 1-6, 1886-1904)," Sources of the dictionary of Russian. writers and scientists ”(vols. 1-4, 1900-17) and others.
VENGEROVA (nee Epstein) Paulina Yulievna (1833, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1916, Minsk), writer, mother of I.A.Vengerova, Z.A. Vengerova and S.A. Vengerova. From a rich merchant. families. In 1850 she married a Minsk society. activist A. Vengerov, soon left abroad. She gained fame for her memoirs “Notes of a grandmother: Pictures from the history of Russian culture. Jews in the 19th century " (published in German. in Berlin in 1908-10), recreating pictures of life grew. Jews in the 19th century Considering it necessary to spread Europe. education among Jews, V., however, with nostalgic. she wrote with sympathy about Heb. "Antiquity".
VENGEROVA Isabella Afanasyevna (1877, Minsk - 1956, New York), pianist, teacher. Daughter of the writer P.Yu. Vengerova. In 1895 she graduated from the Vienna Cons. by class fp. from Y. Dakh, improved with T. Leshetitsky, took lessons from A.N. Esipova in St. Petersburg, in the class of which she graduated from St. Petersburg as an external student. cons. From 1907 she taught at St. Petersburg. cons., in 1913–21 - prof. From 1923 - in the USA, where she made her debut in 1925 with the Detroit Symphony. orc., with which she performed the Concerto for FP. R. Schumann. Since 1924 she became prof. Philadelphia Institute of Music Curtis, Hon. dr. Among her students are L. Bernstein, S. Barber, L. Foss. As a teacher, she continued the traditions of Russian. php. schools.
VENGEROVA Zinaida Afanasyevna (1867, Helsingfors - 1941, New York), lit. critic, historian of Western Europe. literature, translator. Sister S.A. Vengerov. She graduated from high school in Minsk, then spent two years in Vienna, studying foreign. lang. and lit-ru. In 1884–87 she studied at the Higher. wives courses. In 1887–91 she attended lectures at the Sorbonne and in a number of high fur boots in England. Debuted Art. "John Keats and His Poetry" in the "Bulletin of Europe" in 1889. Lived for a long time abroad, ch. arr. in England. Collaborated in the train. "Northern Herald", "Rus. Thought ”and others. She wrote about Russian. literature in foreign language Well, translated into English. lang. op. Leo Tolstoy, in Russian. lang. - Western European writers (K. Hamsun, J. Wasserman, G. Hauptman, M. Meterlink, B. Shaw, E. Voinich and others). After Oct. rev-tion worked like a lane. for the publishing house "World Literature". In the end. 1921 left for Berlin, keeping the Sov. citizenship. In 1925 she married N.M. Minsky, after his death she left for the USA to live with her sister, the pianist I.A.Vengerova. Naib. means, lit.-critical. V.'s works are collected in three volumes "Lit. characteristics "(v. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1897-1910), as well as in its collection. cit., out of 10 proposed volumes to-rogo, only the 1st came out - “Eng. writers of the XIX century. " (SPb., 1913).
VENGEROVO, a village, a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Spasskoe Kainsky u. Tomsk Gubernia. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in V.
Vengerovsky Yuri Naumovich (b. 1938, Kharkov), athlete (volleyball). Z.m.s. USSR (1965). Teacher, graduated from Kharkov ped. Institute (1962). World Champion (1962) and Olympus. games (1964) as part of the USSR team. Bronze. medalist of the World Championship (1966) and European Championships (1958 and 1963). In all In competitions he played for the teams "Burevestnik" (Kharkov), CSKA (1962–64).
VENGROV, see Vengruv.
WENGROW, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Hungarians of the Sedlec province. 581 Jews lived in Hungary in 1765, 2130 (54.5%) in 1841, 2350 (60.1%) in 1856, 5150 (62.3%) in 1897 %), in 1921 there were 5148 Jews. In 1841 there were 3 synagogues in Hungary. The Jews of V. were Hasidim. One of the first preachers of Hasidism in Hungary was Rabbi Yitzchok, a disciple of the Seer from Lublin. For some time, the Hasidic court of Yakov-Itskhok Unger was located in V. The head of the rabbinical court in ser. 19th century was Borukh-Tzvi Rosenblum (? -1885). Since 1890 Shmuel Weiss (1849 -?) Was the rabbi in V. 19 - early. 20th century the most common occupation among Jews was jewelry and luxury goods. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in V., in which there were approx. 8300 people With the liquidation of the ghetto, 22 Sept. 1942 was shot ca. 1 thousand Jews, the rest were deported to Treblinka.
VIENSKAYA SLOBODA, see Noviny.
VENTSPILS, city (since 1378), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 10th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the county town of Vindava, Courland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1863 750 Jews (20%) lived in Hungary, in 1881 - 1407 (24%), in 1897 - 1313 (18.4%). in 1920 - 863 (10.5%), in 1925 - 1276 (7.8%), in 1930 - 1275 (7.4%), in 1935 - 1246 Jews (8%). Jews lived in Hungary from the beginning ... 19th century In 1831, a community and a Khevra Kaddish were created. The first rabbi of V. was Eliyahu Yakobson (? -1864). A philanthropist was founded in 1853. org-tion "Bikur Hoylim". In the 1880s and 90s. the rabbi was Yeshua Falk, in the 1897-1930s. - Efroim Samunov. In 1905 a branch of the Bund functioned. In 1907, who lived in V. Ya.N. Shapiro was elected deputy of the State. Duma. In the 1910s. in V. there were 2 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah, several. hederov, a Jewish school with teaching in rus. lang. Since 1911, Benjamin-Menachem Schwartzman was Rabbi V. In apr. 1915 Jews in V. were exiled to the internal. districts of Russia. 1930s in V. there were 3 synagogues, a Jewish gymnasium; the rabbi was Reuven Rubinstein. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. July 1, 1941 units of the Wehrmacht occupied V. To the end. 1941 Jews of Hungary were exterminated. In 1959, approx. A monument to the executed Jews was erected. P. Crosser, D. G. Oppenheim.
VENYAVA, does not exist now. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lublin Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Lyubartovsky u. Lublin province. In 1765, 403 Jews lived in V., in 1856 - approx. 1000 (99.5%), in 1897 - 1427 Jews (42.4%). In the 1890s. Shia Brodt was the rabbi in V.
VENYAVSKY Henryk (1835, Lublin - 1880, Moscow), violinist, teacher and composer. He studied violin at the age of 6 with J. Hornsel and S. Servachinsky in Lublin. He has been publicly speaking since the age of 11. Graduated from the Paris cons. (received 1st prize) in violin classes from J.L. Massard (1846) and composition from I. Collette (1850). He made his debut in Moscow in 1848. In 1851–53 he made a concert tour across Poland, Russia and Germany (together with his brother pianist Jozef W.). He performed among other virtuoso works. and own. pieces for violin with fp. In 1850–60 he gained fame as a brilliant virtuoso in European countries. In 1860–72 he lived in Russia, was a court soloist, in 1862–68 prof. in violin and quartet classes in St. Petersburg. cons. In the 1860s he organized (with K.Yu. Davydov, quartet meetings. Among V.'s students there were prominent Russian violinists - K.N. Pushkov, V.Z. Salin. In 1872–74 V. together with A.G. Rubinstein toured the USA. In 1875–77 he was a professor at the Brussels cons. Where he studied with E. Isai. V., a representative of the romantic school in performance, was called “Chopin of the violin.” One of the first violinists V. introduced classical music into his programs. as a comp. he made a special contribution to the development of genre violin pieces and artistic studies. His mazurkas, polonaises, kujawiaki are of Polish national character. V. - author of 2 conc. for violin with orc. (1853, 1870 ), pieces for violin with piano, including 2 polonaises (1853, 1870), “Fantasies” on the themes of “Faust” by Charles Gounod, “Brilliant Variations” on an original theme (1870), etudes-caprices for 2 violins (1862), compositions for solo violin (included in the collection "Contemporary School", 1854) In Russian home music, the plays "Legend" (1860) and "Scherzo-Tarantella" were popular. were widely known for his "Memories of Moscow" and "Rus Carnival "(both plays - 1853). As a violinist and comp. V. highly appreciated P.I. Tchaikovsky. In the name of V. named Mezhdunar. violin competitions (held from 1935 in Warsaw, from 1952 in Poznan.
WENYAVSKY Józef (1837, Lublin - 1912, Brussels), pianist, composer. Brother of G. Wieniawski. Studied at the Paris Cons. from J.P. Zimmermann and A.F. Marmontel (1846–50). He gave concerts in a duet with his brother, then - as a soloist-pianist and conductor he toured Belgium, Germany, Russia, Poland (since 1848). In 1856 he trained as a pianist with FList in Weimar. He lived in France, promoted the music of S. Monyushko. In 1866–67 was prof. Moscow cons. special class php. From 1870 he worked in Warsaw: he organized a symph. concerts, directed by the Warsaw muses. ob-vom (1875–76). Since 1876 prof. Brussels cons. Known as the inventor of FP. with a two-row keyboard (demonstrated at the Paris Exhibition in 1878), played it in concerts (did not receive distribution). V. - the author of php. miniatures, incl. for ped. repertoire; among them are dance pieces, ch. arr. on Polish material. Among other products. - symph., Romantic. suite for orchestra, chamber instrumental ensembles, pieces and a concert for 2 ph., song cycles to words from French. and Polish poets.
VENZHER Vladimir Grigorievich (1899, Sevastopol - 1990, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959). Member of the October coup in Russia in 1917 and citizen. wars of 1918–20. In 1921-36 on the desks. work. In 1933 he graduated from the Institute of Red Professors. Since 1939 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author means that the number of works on socialist problems. agr. relations, incl. about colch.-sovkh. production, the specifics of the cooperative-colch. system and property, on the problems of a "developed society" ("What should be the socialism that we are building |", M., 1989). Under his editorship. came out means. number of collectors. Sat. and monographs. In the second part of IV Stalin's brochure “Econ. problems of socialism in the USSR "(1952) a letter is placed -" The answer to comrades AV Sanina and VG Venzher "(from 28 Sept. 1952), in which their assessment of the nature of the economy is criticized. laws of socialism as “emerging as a result of consciousness. activities of the Sov. citizens ”and a proposal for the so-called. "The rise of the collective colchus. property to the level of the nationwide (national) ", while the very idea of" nationalization "Stalin declared here" absolutely erroneous and completely unacceptable. " production issues. activities of MTS, M., 1949; Issues of complex mechanization of colchs. production, M., 1955; Using the law of value in colchs. production, 2nd ed., M., 1965; Social-economic development prospects of colchs. building, M., 1979; How it was, how it could be, how it became, how it should become, M., 1990).
WÖNZOVNA, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - led. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the village of Novominsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. 272 ​​Jews (36%) lived in Hungary in 1921. In 1848, Hungary and the neighboring estate were bought by special permission by the Jewish industrialist and banker Joachim Kempner. Over time, the number of Jews in Hungary increased. In 1920, with the arrival of Kr. The Jewish armies were evicted from V. After the retreat of the Red Army units of V., they occupied parts of the Polish. armies, a swarm of soldiers robbed and killed the returning Jews. 1941 Jews of V. were deported to the Warsaw ghetto.
WEPER, see Vyapryay.
VEPRIK, a village in the Fastovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1929–41 there was a Jewish collective farm in V. Oct. 6. 1941 Jews of V. were shot in Fastov.
VEPRIK Alexander Moiseevich (1899, Balta, Podolsk province - 1958, Moscow), composer, musicologist, teacher. Soon after V.'s birth, the family moved to Warsaw. V.'s first teachers were students of the Warsaw cons. In 1908 the family moved to Leipzig, where, thanks to the material support of the patron of the arts, V. entered the Leipzig horse (in the class of K. Wendling) and in 1914 successfully graduated from it. 1st world. the war forced the V. family to return to Russia. Having settled in St. Petersburg, V. was forced to work as a pianist during sessions of silent films. In 1918 he entered the computer. Faculty of Petrograd cons., in the class of A.M. Zhitomirsky and M.O. Steinberg. In 1921–23 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the composition class of N.Ya. Myaskovsky; taught there. In 1927, at the direction of A.V. Lunacharsky, he was sent to Germany, Austria, France to familiarize himself with the system of muses. education. Met with major composers P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg, M. Ravel, D. Millau, A. Onegger. Returning to Russia in 1928, he taught at Moscow. horse, (instrumentation course), from 1930 prof., in 1938–42 head. department of instrumentation. Since 1938 by order of the Frunzensky op. t-ra worked on kirg. op. “Toktogul” (for which he specially studied Kyrgyz folklore; post. 1940, Frunze; 2nd ed. Jointly with A.M. Maldybaev). In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he left for Perm, then for Sverdlovsk (prof. Ural cons). In 1943 he returned to Moscow. In 1950 he was arrested as a Jew. nationalist. In 1954 he was released and rehabilitated, returned to Moscow. V. the intonations of Hebrews sound brightly. bunk bed music: “Two Heb. bunk bed songs ”(op. 8 and op. 10, 1926), the poem“ Kadish ”(1926); the stylization of crying - the genre of ancient Hebrews. folklore), "Ghetto Dances and Songs" for symph. orc. (1926). V. is also the author of the oratorio "The Curse of Fascism" (1944), the cantata "The People-Hero" (1955); 2 symph. (1931, 1938), 2 symph. poems, op. for orc. The Funeral Song (1932), The Song of Jubilation (1935); suites for violin and fp. (1925); rhapsodies for viola and fp. (1926); 3 sonatas for fp. (1922, 1924, 1928); instr. plays, romances. Ch. musicological works of V.: "Interpretation of Orchestra Instruments" (M.-L., 1948, 2nd ed., M., 1961); “Essays on Orc Issues. styles "(M., 1961, 2nd ed., 1978).
VERBA, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 142 Jews lived in V., in 1897, 452 (29.5%), in 1921, 228 (57%). in 1942 - 367 Jews. June 24, 1941 Britain was occupied by Germans. troops. On May 20, 1942, a ghetto was created in V. On May 30, 1942, 285 Jews were shot in V. summer 1942 - c. 80 Jews.
VERBILKI, an urban-type settlement (since 1928) in the Taldom district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 4 Jews (0.2%) lived in Hungary, in 1939 - 12 Jews (0.2%).
VERBITSKY Semyon Ilyich (b. 1922, Odessa), orientalist, specialist in Japan, journalist. Member of the 2nd world. war, demobilized in 1947. He graduated from the MIV (1952), taught. From 1957 he worked as a editor. g. "Asia and Africa Today". Member editorial board of the yearbook "Japan" Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. Cand. ist. Sciences (1970). Sci. work and magazines. activities are dedicated to the main. far east problematics, intern. relations in the South-East. Asia. Mn. V.'s publications are agitation and propaganda. character. Under his editorship. published Sat. “USSR-Japan: 50 years of the establishment of Soviet-Japanese. Dipl. relations (1925–75) ”, M., 1978. Works: Japanese-Amer. military-political. union (1951-1970), M., 1972; Japan in search of a new role in the world. politics, M., 1992.
VERBKA, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1919, a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in V. In 1941–44 there was a camp in V. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 729 Jews were held in the camp.
CAMEL, see Zernograd.
VERBLYUZHKA (in 1980-88 - Pogrebnyakovo), a village in the Novgorodkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandria district. Kherson province. In 1901 there was a synagogue in V.
VERBOVETS, a village in the Kosiv region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Verbovtsy in the Kosovar district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 114 Jews of Hungary were deported to Kolomyia, where they were subsequently shot.
VERBOVTSY, see. Verbovets of the Ivano-Frankivsk region.
VEREMIEVKA, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Eremeevka Zolotonosha u. Poltava province. In 1923-28 it was a regional center. In 1910 334 Jews lived in V., in 1926 in Veremievsky district - 222 Jews, in 1939 in V. - 12 Jews. Since 1874 Shimon Rubinstein was a rabbi in V. (1846–? ). In 1903, Hungary was opened for free living for Jews, as an exemption from the actions of the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1910 there was a synagogue in Hungary. In 1919, a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army broke out in V. In 1942, several people were killed in V. Jews.
VERENCHANKA, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in V. lived apprx. 100 Jews, in 1940 - 94 Jews. The Jewish community existed in V. from the middle. 16th century The community was based on people from Moldova and Galicia. Main occupations - agriculture, trade, crafts. In 1909, the Zionist-religion was established in Hungary. Society "Bnei Zion". In the 1930s. The Jews of Hungary took an active part in the life of the Jewish community of Bukovina. In 1941–43 most of the Jews of Hungary perished in the Chernivtsi ghetto and in the camps of Transnistria.
VERESHCHAKI, do not exist since 1967. In 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Goretsky u. Mogilev province. In the 1950s and 60s. - the village of the Goretsky District, Mogilev Region. In 1898, 168 people lived in V. by 120 dec. In 1942 the Jewish population of Hungary was exterminated.
VERESCHIN, a village in the Lubelskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Wlodawa district. Sedletskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 95 Jews (18.3%) lived in Hungary.
VERESCHINA, see Varashchina.
VEREYA, a city in the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1371. In 1432-86 - the center of the Vereyskiy kn-va, from 1487 - the center of the specific kn-va in the Moscow state, in 1519-67 - in the Staritskiy kn-ve. Since 1782 it has been a district town in Moscow province. In 1926 there were 6 Jews living in Hungary, and in 1939 - 16 Jews (0.3 percent).
VERGELIS Aron Alterovich (1918, Lyubar of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1999, Moscow), poet, prose writer, publicist. As a child, he came to Birobidzhan with his parents and graduated from Hebrew. ten-year school, and in 1940 - Moscow. ped. in-t them. V.I. Lenin. Participant in the war; after demobilization he settled in Moscow, worked as an editor. Heb. broadcasting Mosk. radio-ta. In 1947–48, deputy. ch. ed. almanac "Heimland" in Moscow, published poetry in the gas. Heb. antifash. to-that "Einikite", chl. and secret. Bureau of Heb. section of the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1961–91, Ch. ed. g. "Sovetish Gameland", since 1992 ch. ed. g. "Di Yiddishe Gas" (successor to "Sovetish Gameland"). Lit. started his activity in 1936 in the railway station. "Outpost" (Birobidzhan), then printed in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Means. a place in V.'s poetry and prose is occupied by the theme of Birobidzhan. The author of the book: "Bam Kval" ("U source", 1940), "Fun Alef biz Tof" ("From A to Z", 1970), rom. "Die Zeit" ("Time", 1981), "Der giter ba di toern" ("Guard at the Gates", 1985), numerous. lit.-critical. Art. and a number of plays, two of which were staged by Moscow. Heb. dram. ans. Prod. V. translated into Russian, English, German. and other languages. In the end. 1960s ser. 1980s V. is one of the naib. active participants of the anti-Zionist campaign, within the framework of a cut visited dozens of countries of the world. The result of trips - book. travel sketches "Rises" ("Travels", 1976; in Russian translation - "26 countries, including Monaco", 1979). Honored. worker of culture of Russia. Cit .: Fav. Prod., v. 1–2, Moscow, 1985.
VERITE Isaak Grigorievich (1890, Berezna, Rivne u. Volyn province - 1969, Moscow), publisher. In 1919 he was the head of the Kharkiv political department. military. district organized the publishing house. department, to-ry published mass propaganda brochures, posters, etc. In 1922-23 members. board and commercial director. book-journal. publishing house "Proletary" on a share basis of the committee of the RCP (b). Was hand. a number of large owls. publishing house: in 1924–29 - deputy. prev. board and director-manager "Center. publishing house of the peoples of the USSR ”, in 1930–31 - dep. the party publishing house of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1932–52 - “Partyizdat”, in 1954–61 - “Geografgiz”.
VERKHNE-SALDINSKY PLANT, see [[Verkhnyaya Salda.
VERKHNE-TURINSKY FACTORY, see [[Verkhnyaya Tura.
VERKHNY UFALEY PLANT, see [[Verkhny Ufaley.
VERKHNEDNEPROVSK, city (since 1956), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century Since 1739 - part of Ros. empire, from 1806 - a district town of Yekaterinoslav province. In 1847 there were 265 Jews in Hungary, in 1863 - 534, in 1864 - 538, in 1897 - 2058 (30.7%), in 1910 - 4113 (33.8%) In 1920 - 1551, in 1923 - 1192, in 1926 - 914 (15.5%), in 1939 - 282 Jews. In 1861 there were 3 synagogues in Hungary, in 1909 - a Talmud-Torah and 3 Jewish schools. The rabbis in V. were: from 1861 - Moses Rubin (1832—?), In the 1890s. - Simcha Ginzburg, from 1905 - Leib Heifetz (1844—?), In the 1910s. - Leiba Girshovich Dotlibov. Naib. a widespread occupation of the Jews of Hungary in the 19th century. was the making of clothes. In 1918 a branch of the Bund operated in Hungary. 7 Aug 1920 in V. Milashko's gang organized a pogrom. L.M. Pulver.
VERKHNEDVINSK (until 1962 - Drissa), a city, a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Vozn. in the 14th century. as a fortress of the Polotsk Prince. He entered Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Polotsk Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the district town of Pskov, from 1776 - Polotsk, from 1796 - Belarusian, from 1802 - Vitebsk province. In 1924-30 and in 1935-38 - the regional center of the Polotsk region, from 1938 - Vitebsk, from 1944 - Polotsk, from 1954 - Vitebsk region. In 1766, 399 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1815 - 1349, in 1847 - 2684, in 1885 - 2242, in 1897 - 2856 (67.4%), in 1910 - 2870 (51.4%), in 1923 - 1552, in 1926 - 1265 (49.6%), in 1939 - 825 Jews. about Jews in V. belongs to the 1st floor. 16th century In 1857 there were 6 synagogues in Hungary and a Jewish cemetery; the rabbi was Shabsay Dashah. In 1910 Elya-Mikhel Shleminzon was a rabbi in V. Samuil Manuilovich Minsker. There was a bookstore owned by a Jew. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. m-in. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized in V. In 1925 approx. V. was founded by Jewish agricultural. artel "New World". All R. 1930s 23.5% of the Jewish population are workers, 28.5% are artisans, and 43.5% are employees. In July 1941, Germany was occupied by Germany. troops, created a ghetto, destroyed in December. 1942, when 769 Jews were shot. In 1947 there was an illegal operation. minyan in Shleminson's house. In 1999, approx. 150 Jews in V. I.L.Asknaziy, I.-L. Don-Ihye.P.S. Wagner
UPPER, district (since 1965) as part of the city of Lisichansk, Lugansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Higher Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939 331 Jews lived in V. In 1942 several were shot in V.. dozens of Jews.
UPPER BODBE, see Bodbe.
UPPER BLUE (before 1946 - Sinevidsko-Vizhne), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1241. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 340 Jews (9%) lived in VS. In the second half. 16th century and 1st floor. 17th century Jews rented land plots from local residents. In the 19th century. Jews were engaged in trade. During this period, the Jewish community of V.S. was subordinate to the Skole community. Jews prayed in a minyan in the house of a local shokhet. In VS was one of the largest sawmills in Galicia, where many. Jews worked as workers and employees. There were also merchants, artisans and people of free professions. In the neighboring village of Dembina, a sanatorium was opened for Jewish children suffering from tuberculosis throughout Poland. In the 1930s. in VS, there were branches of Jewish parties and youth movements. OK. 200 young Jews worked in kibbutz ha-kshara. In June 1941, a number of Jews were evacuated along with the retreating units of the Sov. troops. Local Ukrainians with axes and knives killed almost all the Jews remaining in VS - 147 people. In the same way, Jews were killed in the surrounding villages. Parts of Hung. armies occupied V.S. on July 5, 1941 and stopped the bloodshed. Several were held. field trials against the murderers, to-Crimea the Hungarians threatened with the death penalty if further murders of Jews continued. All R. Aug 1941 the Germans entered V.S. troops. The surviving Jews in Aug. - Sept. 1942 were taken to Stryi and Bolokhov. Not far from V.S., 2 small labor camps were created for Jews from neighboring cities and towns.
UPPER VYSOTSKOE, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 220 Jews lived in VV. In July 1942, all Jews in VV were sent to Turku, and from there to the extermination camp Belzec.
VERKHNEKURMOYARSKAYA, does not exist since 1955. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the 2nd Don env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Areas of the Don Cossacks. In the 1940s. - in the Stalingrad region in the autumn of 1942 in V. 3 Jews evacuated from Kiev were shot.
VERKHNEUDINSK, see Ulan-Ude.
VERKHNEURALSK (until 1775 - the Verkhneyaitskaya fortress), a city (from 1781), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1734.Since 1782 - the district town of the Orenburg region. The Ufa governorship, from 1796 - the Orenburg province. In 1926 there were 20 Jews living in V., in 1939 - 46 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in V..
VERKHNEYAYITSKAYA FORTRESS, see Verkhneuralsk.
UPPER CUGURESHES, see Cuhuresti de Sus]].
UPPER PETROVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ober-Petrouz in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 4 Jews were killed in VP.
UPPER FAST, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 20 Jews (5.4%) lived in VB, and in 1941 it was approx. 200 Jews (22.9%) VB had a synagogue, mikvah, and a Jewish cemetery. The Jews of V.B. were the Spink, Vizhnitsa, Syget and Belzean Hasidim. In July 1941, most of the Jews of VB were deported to the occupied Germans. army of the territory. The rest were sent on April 25. 1944 in the ghetto c. Khust, in June 1944 - to Auschwitz.
UPPER DOROZHEV, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vyshny Dorozhev in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941 all Jews were shot in VD.
UPPER MAMON, village, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pavlovsky u. Voronezh province, 1790s in VM a group of "Judaizers" was formed. In 1877, 61 "Jews" lived in VM and the neighboring Lower Mamon. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in VM.
UPPER PSHAP, see [[Zemo Pshapi.
VERKHNIY ROGACHIK, urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1786. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Rogachik Verkhniy Melitopol u. In 1910, 629 Jews lived in VR, and in 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in VR. In 1914, M. Abramovich owned a pharmacy in V.R.
UPPER STUDENT, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 138 Jews lived in VS, in 1930 - 184 Jews (16.2%). were destroyed during the Holocaust.
VERKHNIY UFALEY, city (since 1940) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1761. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Verkhne-Ufaleiskiy plant of Yekaterinburg u. Perm lips. In 1928–40, it was an urban-type settlement. In 1910, 3 Jews lived in VU, and in 1939, 37 Jews.
VERKHNIY YASYONOV, a village in the Verkhovinsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Kosovar district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In the winter of 1941/42, all Jews of V. Ya. Were deported to Kolomyia and shot there.
UPPER MARIANKA, see Marianca de Sus]]
VERKHNAYA SALDA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1760. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Verkhne-Salda plant of Verkhotursky district Perm province. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in VS.
UPPER TOUR, city (since 1941) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1737. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Verkhne-Turinsky plant of the Verkhotursky district Perm province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in VT.
UPPER JORA, see Jora de Sousse]].
VERKHOTUR'E, a city (since 1947), a regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1598 as a prison. From 1708 - in Siberia, from 1764 - in Tobolsk province, from 1781 - in Perm governorate. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the Verkhotursky district Perm lips. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1939 seven Jews lived in V.
VERKHOVINA (until 1962 - Zhab'e), an urban-type settlement (from 1962), a district center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1424. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890 654 Jews (9.6%) lived in Hungary, in 1921 - 673 Jews (8.2%). Jews lived in Hungary since 2 -th floor. 19th century In the 1880s. a community was created; there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1877-80, V. Shmaya Steinberg was rabbi, in 1880-1912 - Fayvish Halpern, in 1912 - late. 1920s - Gottlieb, at the end. 1920s-1941 - Tzvi-Matatiyahu Fisher. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the German attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941, part of the Jews left V. The remaining Jews (over 500 people) were shot in the end. Dec 1941.
VERKHOVKA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bratslavsky u. In 1765, 105 Jews lived in V., in 1787 - 205, in 1847 - 704, in 1887 - 28.1%, in 1897 - 1,094 (35%), in 1923 - 350 Jews. Jews settled in V. in the 17th century. Main occupation - crafts. In the 19th century. in V. there was a brewing plant. There was a synagogue. In 1919 there was a pogrom, during which 31 Jews were killed. In 1941–44 there was a camp in V. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 69 Jews remained in Britain. M.Ya. Ben-Ami.
VERKHOVNYA, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century, was part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In the middle. 19th century 76 Jews (7%) lived in V., in 1897 - 316 Jews (12.9%). war the size of the Jewish population was reduced due to the outflow to the cities. In 1926 immigrants from V. organized in the Krivoy Rog okr. Jewish agriculturalist artel "Verkhovtsy" (48 people).
VERKHOVSKAYA-GIRSHFELD Tatyana Mikhailovna (1895, Moscow - 1980, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist, theater. artist. In 1914-18 she studied at Moscow. School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (MUZhVZ) with A.E. Arkhipov, N.A. Kasatkin, K.A. Korovin. She began work in the private studio of F. Korsch, her works were notable for the dynamism inherent in propaganda art. Later she adhered to Russian. classical tradition. From 1934 to 1938 she lived in Paris, where she experienced the influence of impressionism. During the 2nd world. war worked in "Windows TASS", later in the T-re operetta thin. for costumes. Main works: portraits of Marie Louise Gyubari (1934), V.P. Chkalov, Yu.N. Tynyanov, P.P. Falk (1930s), cycle of fig. and aqu. "Lenin's Places in Paris" (1937–38), still lifes "Basket and wildflowers" (1951), landscape series "Senezh" (1960s). Works are in the Zaporozhye art. museum, Theater. Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushin.
VERKHOVSKY Ilya Moiseevich (1891, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1966, Moscow), specialist in mineral processing. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947). In 1917 he graduated from the Royal Horn. school in the UK. Since 1931 - prof. Moscow forge. in-that, then head. Department of mineral processing. Organized by scientific. research by gravity processes of enrichment of coals and ores, starting from the 50s. - using radioactive isotopes. Created scientific. school on mat. modeling of gravity processes. beneficiation, calculation and design of coal preparation. f-k. Stal was awarded for the creation and implementation of new machines for the classification and dehydration of coal. pr. (1952) Vol .: Fundamentals of design and evaluation of mineral processing (1949).
VERKHOVSKY Naum Iosifovich (1882, Elisavetgrad - 1932, Leningrad), flutist, teacher, professor (1923). In 1912 (according to other sources in 1914) he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. flute class F.V. Stepanov. From 1909 he played symphony. orc. Rus. muses. about-va. In 1914 23 - soloist orc. Mariinsky Theater. In 1920-23 and 1925-32 he taught the flute at Leningrad. cons. Author of the manual "Training exercises for the flute".
VERKHOVTSEVO, city (since 1956) in the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1884 in the Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1939, 59 Jews lived in V.
VERKHOYANSK, city, regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1638 as a Cossack winter hut. At 19 - early. 20th century - env. the city of Yakutsk oblast. In 1897 6 Jews (1.7%) lived in V., 7 in the district, 1 in V. in 1926, and 4 in 1939. Izv. as a place of political. links from the 1860s In 1897 S.N. Gozhansky was exiled to V. Vladimir Iosifovich Shif (1897-1970, Moscow), chess composer, master of sports of the USSR (1960), international. Arbiter (1956) in chess composition.
VERLINSKY Boris Markovich (1887, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province, Ukraine, - 1950, Moscow), chess player; 1st grandmaster of the USSR (1929), international. master (1950). Member of the All-Russian. tournaments 1909-13; best result in 1913 - 3rd place winner Yuzhno-rus. tournament in Odessa (1910). Champion of the USSR (1929), Ukraine (1926) and Moscow (1928). Participant . 1st Moscow int. tournament (1925).
VERMEL Samuil Borisovich (1868, Moscow - 1926, ibid.), Physiotherapist, one of the founders of physiotherapy in Russia. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1893). Since 1918 privat-doc. 1st Moscow un-that, where introduced the first in Russia, are independent. physiotherapy course, since 1921 prof., head. Department of Physiotherapy in the same place. In 1920 he organized and headed the first Institute of Physics in Russia. methods of treatment (Institute of Physiatrics and Orthopedics). From 1923 before. Moscow physiotherapeutic about-va, since 1925 deputy. prev. Vseros. associations of physiotherapists. tr. V. dedicated. the study of biol. and lay down. the effects of light on the body, h., methods of using it for decomp. diseases. He developed a method of ionogalvanization with calcium for the treatment of heart diseases ("Vermel's method"), created. theory of the mechanism of action of carbon dioxide baths, proposed a method of general galvanization; research mechanism of action of X-rays, galvanic current, etc. Cit .: Med. phototherapy, biol. and lay down. action of light, M., 1926; Physiotherapy of a practical doctor, M., 1928.
VERMEL Samuil Solomonovich (1860, Shklov of Mogilev district and gubernia - 1940, Moscow), literary critic, publicist, translator. He studied in Bobruisk and Mogilev, graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1886). In 1904 during the Rus.-Japanese. war - military. doctor in Manchuria, in the years of the 1st world. war worked as a psychiatrist. clinic in Kazan. Lit. started his activity in 1882 in Russian-Hebrew. g. "Weekly Chronicle of Sunrise", later collaborated in dec. Russian-Heb. ed. In 1904–05 ed. pedagogical g. “Heb. school ”, published in Russian. lang. Published several. book, incl. biography of the writer-educator I.-B. Levinzon. Per. with French lang. “History of Heb. literature "MI Pines (1913), supplied by Prince. preface and added several. own. ch. Was lit. ed. pov. Mendele Moicher-Sforima "Nag" (1913), translated into Russian. lang. Yu Pinus. Later he was engaged in medicine, but throughout his life he retained a love for Hebrews. literature and history. In V.'s personal archives (stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art in Moscow), a number of unpublished documents. works for lit. and ist. Topics. In 1991, f. "Sovetish Gameland" published as an application ist. research C. "Jews in Moscow".
VERNIKOV Yakov Ilyich (1920, Spas-Demensk, Kaluga province. - 1993), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944), Major General of Aviation (1971). Honored. test pilot of the USSR. In Kr. Army since 1938. In 1940 he graduated from the Odessa military aviation. school. In fr. - from July 1941. Made several. hundreds of combat missions, conducted many air. battles, commanded by the airman. divisions. Since 1965 - test pilot. Since 1975 - in stock. He was awarded the 11th order.
TRUE, see Almaty.
VERRO, see Vyru.
VERSHIK Anatoly Moiseevich (b. 1933, Pushkino Leningrad region), mathematician. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1956). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1963). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974), prof. Works in Petersburg. un-those and Petersburg. dep. Mat. Institute of RAS. Main results are related to func. analysis, theory of representations gr. and dynamic theory. systems.
VERSHILOV (Westerman) Boris Ilyich (1893 - 1957, Moscow), director, teacher, student of EB Vakhtangov at the Mansurov studio, played the role of Nikolai Nikolaevich in the play "The Lanins' Estate" by BK Zaitsev. He worked in the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater (1919–24), the Moscow Art Theater (1924–30), Op. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1926–31, 1937–39). In 1940 he staged "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov at the Maly Theater. He worked in "Habim", post. "The Flood" by G. Berger (1924) and "Golem" by G. Leivik (1925). In 1926 he organized a Heb. t-r-studio "Freikunst", in the repertoire of which "Noise in the Meerovich market", "Golem" and "Hirsch Lekkert" by G. Leivik, "Naftole Botvin" by A. Veviork, etc. In 1929 the t-r was closed ... In 1933–36 - thin. hands. Vseukr. state Heb. t-ra. Naib. means. fast. "The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare (1935). From 1932 he led a ped. activities, incl. at the Moscow Art Theater School (since 1945). Honored. art. RSFSR (1948).
VERTELISHKI, a village in the Grodno district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, c. Vertselishki Grodno district and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1941, 10 Jews were shot in Hungary.
VERTKOVO, a village in the Klin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Moscow province. In the 1800s-1920s. OK. 20 peasants in V. headed by Afanasy Abramov "belonged to the Jewish sect."
VERTOV Dziga (Kaufman Denis Arkadievich), (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1954, Moscow), film director. In 1914-16 he studied at the Psychoneurological. in-those in Petrograd, in 1916-18 in Moscow. un-those. In 1917 he worked in the department. newsreels Mosk. film committee. In 1918-1919, editor J. "Kinonedelya". Since 1920, documentary director, initiator of the issue. newsreel "Kinopravda" (1922–25). He worked at the c / st. "Kultkino", 3rd State Film Factory, VUFKU, "Mezhraopomfilm", TSSDF. One of the largest documentary filmmakers in the world, creator and founder of owls. schools doc. cinema of the 1920s and 30s Leading theorist and practitioner Dr. cinema. Debuted F. “Anniversary of the Revolution” (1918, jointly with AISaveliev). Then he removed f. "The Battle of Tsaritsyn", "The Mironov Trial" (both in 1919), "Agitation train of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee" (1921), "History of the Civil War" (1922). In the beginning. 20s formulated DOS. principles doc. research life, Izv. under the name "Kinoglaz" (1924, Silver Medal, diploma of the World Exhibition in Paris, 1925), "Step, Council!", "Sixth Part of the World" (both 1926), "Eleventh" (1928), "Man with a Movie Camera" ( 1929). In the 30s. filmed such films as "Symphony of Donbass" (1930), "Three Songs about Lenin" (1934, ave. on the Moscow Art Festival in Venice), "Lullaby" (1937). In subsequent years, poetic. V.'s cinema runs counter to the canons of normative aesthetics, although V. continued to work actively in the pre-war and war years. Among f. this time - "Sergo Ordzhonikidze" (1937, jointly with YM Bliokh), "For You, Front" (1943), "Oath of the Young" (1944). In 1944–54, V. edited the News of the Day newsreel; his work was criticized as formalistic. He worked in animation - "Humoresques", "Today", "Soviet Toys" (1923–24), and in fiction films - "For You, Front" (1942). Author pl. Art. on cinematography, including the manifestos "We" (1922), "Kinoki: The Coup" (1923), "New trend in cinematography" (1923). Works: D. Vertov Articles, diaries, ideas, M. , 1966; Three songs about Lenin, M., 1972.
SPIRITS, see Skewers.
VERTsMAN Israel Efimovich (b. 1906, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province), literary critic, esthetician. In 1930 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. Member of the 1941–45 war. Cand. philol. Sciences (1940). He taught the history of the foreign language. literature and aesthetics in Leningrad. Naval Academy (1945–47), at VGIK (1947–52), in Alma-Ata ped. in-those (1952-54). In 1954–70 scientific. ed. in the publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia". Published since 1930. Art. and monographs on the ideology and realism of the Enlightenment (L. Stern, J.J. Rousseau), which played a significant role in shaping the concept of the Enlightenment in the Sov. literature, works on the drama and aesthetics of W. Shakespeare, on the aesthetic. views of D. Diderot, IV Goethe and others. Author of the book: "Rembrandt" (Moscow, 1936), "Jean Jacques Rousseau" (Moscow, 1958, 2nd ed., 1976), "Problems of thin ... knowledge "(M., 1967) and others.
VERTYUZHEN, see Transnistrian.
ROTATED, see Transnistrian.
VERUSHUV, a city (since 1919) in the Kalisz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764, 82 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1793 - 132, in 1808 - 224 (16%), in 1827 - 519 (24.7%), in 1841 - 849 (35.3%), in 1897 - 1587 (36%), in 1921 - 1903 (40%), in 1939 - approx. 2,400 Jews. Jews have lived in Hungary since 1585. a synagogue was built in V., in the 2nd half. 19th century in V. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. Most of the Hasidim belonged to the Alexander and Gurian directions. In the end. 19th century V. Rabbi was Fivel Brasler, in 1841-61 - Strikov's Hasid Yakov-Meir Halevi, in 1861-78 - Avrom-Benjamin Zilberberg (? -1892, Warsaw), in 1879-84 - Pinhos-Eliyahu Maiselis (? -1894) , in 1884-90 - the son of A.-B. Zilberberg Haim-Yakov-Naftoli, in 1891-1914 - Shaul Zilberman (? -1939, Tel Aviv), in 1915-21 - Geneh-Gad Yustman (1884-1942, Treblinka) (from 1921 - a tzadik in Pilica) .In 1904 a Zionist organization was created in Hungary. 1910s - state. average wives Jewish school. In 1916 a Jewish library was opened, in 1917 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew, in 1922 - the school of the network "Beis Yaakov". Between 1929 and 1933 the Yeshiva Shifsey Tzedek functioned in Hungary. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1921-35 the rabbi of V. was Avrom-Mendel Orenbach (? -1935), in 1935-39 - Moishe-Eliezer Kliger (? -1943, Lodz). 1939 units of the Wehrmacht occupied V. At the beginning. Sep several were killed. dozens of Jews. On Sept. 1941 a ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942.
VERZERESHTI (until 1991 - Varzareshti), a village in the Nisporeni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. 205 Jews (5.4%) lived in Vietnam in 1930. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Vietnam. 22 oct. 1905 a pogrom took place in Hungary. June 1941 b. Among the Jews of V. was evacuated, those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria. R.M. Portnoy.
VERZHBITSA, see Wierzbica.
WERZBNIK, a village in the Opolskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Ilzhetsky u. Radom Gubernia. In 1856, 137 Jews (33.5%) lived in V., in 1897 - 975 (54.5%), in 1921 - approx. 3000 Jews in the 1910s. Yankel-Aron Regensberg was the rabbi in V. The Jewish population of V. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VERZHBOLOVO, see Virbalis.
FUN, see Gupalovka.
VESELINOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 58 Jews lived in Hungary. occupation 5 Sept. 1941 in V. was shot apprx. 40 Jews. 20 jan. 1942 in Veselinovsky district was delivered approx. 2,200 Jews from Odessa.
VESELOE, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1815. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1926, 50 Jews lived in the Veselovsky district, in 1939 in V. - 20 Jews. In 1942, two Jews were killed in V.
VESELOVSKY Yaakov David (1845, Kobrin, Grodno province - 1913, Safed), rabbi and legislator. He was a rabbi in Bobruisk, Vilna and other Lithuanians. communities. In 1903 he moved to the USA, was Ch. the rabbi of Chicago. From 1905 - in E.-I. He settled in Safed, created a yeshiva there. Author pl. book, including commentaries on the Jerusalem Talmud.
FUNNY TERNS, since 1971 Ternovsky district as part of the city [[Krivoy Rog (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhne-Dneprovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 63 Jews lived in VT. YM Dolzhansky.
VESELY, village, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a farm of the Novocherkassk env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Areas of the Don Cossacks. In 1981-91 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939 two Jews lived in V. In 1942, several Jews were killed in V.. dozens of Jewish refugees; the corpses of those killed were thrown into the well.
VESELY PODOL, a village in the Semenovskiy district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1743. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Khorolsky district Poltava province. In May 1919 in V.P. there was a pogrom, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
VESHINTOS, a town in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1600.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Veshinty Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 468 Jews (63.1%) lived in Hungary, and in 1923 - 188 Jews (59%). Jews lived in Hungary from the beginning. 19th century Main occupations - trade, small crafts, carriage. In the spring of 1879 an incident occurred in V. related to the "blood libel". In 1882 a synagogue was built in V., a yeshiva functioned since 1911, and there were three heders. The rabbis in Hungary were: from 1872 - Ichil-Mikhl Yofe, Yosef-Ruven Katz, Yosef-Chaim Trop (1872—?), From 1904 — Shoil-Bentsion Feldman (1876—?). In 1915, a pogrom took place in V., staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army, the synagogue was set on fire three times; the Jewish population left V. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to V. In the 1920s and 1930s. Jews owned 3 mills in V. and several. workshops. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish org-tions. The rabbis in Britain at this time were Avrom Epstein (? -1939) and Irahmiel Yoshpe (? -1941). Sep 1941 Jews of V. were sent to Kupiskis and there they were shot together with local Jews. 1990s the Jewish cemetery in V. was restored, at the entrance there is a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish, Hebrew and Lit. language In V. genus. J. Levinson.
BELLOWS, see Vesintos.
VESHNYAKI, district (since 1960) as part of Moscow. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. and lips. In 1931-60, in the Ukhtomsk district of Moscow oblast. In 1926, 353 Jews (10.4%) lived in V. Internationalnaya st., 12; Italian avenue, Vasilyev's house). In 1927 one minyan met in V. (Bukharinskaya St., 17). In the 1950s and 70s. in V. there was an illegal. minyan.
VISHVYANY, see Vishvenai.
WEIGHS, see Hang.
VESYEGONSK, city (since 1776), regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). First mentioned. in the 15th century. as with. Egonskaya Ves. Since 1803, it has been a provincial town of Tver Gubernia. In 1910, 4 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1926 - 4, and in 1939 - 17 Jews.
VESNIK Yakov Ilyich (1901, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1939), organizer and head of the construction of a number of large enterprises in the USSR. From 1917 he participated in the roar. movement in Pinsk, then in October. coup of 1917. In 1918–20, in fr. citizen war (7 times wounded and 1 time shell-shocked). In 1924, the first beginning. and military. Commissioner of the Military-builds. management Kr. Army, participated in the construction of the military. and citizen facilities, restoration of coal mines. Since 1925, Amtorg has purchased equipment for the Magnitogorsk metallurgical plant. com-ta in the USA, carried out purchases of cars in Germany, Sweden, Latvia. Since 1931, dir. under construction Krivoy Rog metallurgical. comb-ta, prom. c. South of the country. At the same time. early Trust "Industroy". In 1937 he was arrested in Moscow, where he sought the release of his deputy, was unjustifiably convicted, died in prison in 1939. V.'s son - Eugene (b. 1923, Petrograd), actor. In 1953–62 - in Moscow. t-re satire; in 1962–90 - in the State. Small t-re; starred in 80 films. Nar. art. USSR (1989).
VESNYANOE, village of Nikolaevsky district, Nikolaev region (Ukraine). Main in 1925 as a Jewish immigrant. colony in the Odessa env. immigrants from the neighboring townships of Savran and Golovanevsk. In the 1930s. - Freeling Jewish nat. the village council of the Zhovtnevy district, Odessa region. In 1925, 507 Jews (88 families) lived in V., in 1931 - 481 Jews. 1941, 133 Jews were shot in V.
VETKA, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 1680s. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Rechitsa district of the Minsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, in Beletsky district, since 1852 - in Gomel district. Mogilev province. In 1919 - 26 - in the Gomel province. RSFSR, in 1926-91 - part of the BSSR. In 1825 225 Jews (men) lived in Hungary, in 1843 - 470, in 1847 - 984, in 1860 - 1633, in 1869 - 1757, in 1897 - 3726 (52 %), in 1908 - 7336, in 1923 - 2387, in 1926 - 2094 (35.5%), in 1939 - 944 Jews. In 1798 there was 1 synagogue in Hungary, in 1863 - 3, in 1869 - 4 synagogues. In the 19th century. the rabbi in V. was Itskhok-Aizik Even-Tov. In 1881 in V. there were: a bone plant of the merchant E. Livshits (from 1870), 6 rope and rope plants: Michel Sorin (from 1873), Vigdor Amitin (from 1870), Berki Revzin (from 1880), Elya Amitin (from 1881), Shmuily Amitin (from 1871), Abram Pevzner (from 1879); 3 "crush" for the vine bark: Yevsey Kaplun (from 1879), Abram Estrin (1880), Itski Gorelik (1879); 3 croupiers: Gilim Shulman, Basi Paleeva (1879), Shai Berina. In 1889 there was a Jewish almshouse in Hungary, in 1908 there were seven synagogues, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution. m-in. In 1913 Peisach-Aron Brown's bookstore operated in V. In 1905 the Jews of Britain suffered from a pogrom. From 1911 to 1913, J.-L. Don-Ihye was the rabbi in V. In 1926, immigrants from V. organized a Jewish agriculture in the Dzhankoy District. collective them. Merezhina (48 people). In 1927 a mikvah was closed in V. In 1928 a cheder and a synagogue functioned in Hungary. In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi V. was the Lubavitch Hasid Dovid Kievman. 3 Dec. 1941, 360 Jews were shot in V. In V. genus: ZI Levin, A. Freidkin; Mordkhe Erlich (1873-1931, Krakow), writer (in Yiddish) .V.N. Pervyshin
VETLUGA, city, regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1778. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kostroma province. In 1910 there were 41 Jews in V., in 1926 - 18, in 1939 - 14 Jews. In 1910 in V. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. E.I. Monoszon.
VETRINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Polotsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1802 - the town of Lepel u. Vitebsk lips. In 1924 - 31 and 1935 - 60 - the regional center of the BSSR. In 1838 127 Jews lived in V., in 1847 - 228, in 1876 - 74, in 1896 - 48 (33.3%), in 1939 - 61 Jews. In 1838 there was a synagogue (Hasidic) in Hungary. The Jews of V. were engaged in petty trade; There were 2 drinking establishments, which were kept by Jews. In 1942 a ghetto was created in V., in which there were 40 people, who were subsequently shot.
VETRYANKA, a village in the Sokiryanskiy district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1771. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Hungary from the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century in V. lived several. Jewish families, DOS. the occupation of which was trade. In 1913, two Jewish families left for the United States.
VETSRUZHINA, a village in Rezekne district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Old Ruzhino Rezhitskogo u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. Aug 1941 in V. 4 Jews were shot.
Veivirzhany, see Veivirzhenai.
VEVIS, a city (since 1950) in the Trakai region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1539.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Evye Troksky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1866 150 Jews (43%) lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 647 (89%), in 1923 - 304 (74%), in 1940 - 350 (39%), in 1958 - 18 (0.8%), in 1989 - 9 Jews. Jews settled in Hungary from the end. 18th century Main occupation - trade with.-kh. products in Vilna (modern Vilnius). In the 2nd floor. 19th century, after the construction of the railway. etc., an intensive economic activity began. V. development In 1912, along with decomp. pr-ty, in V. there was also a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. V. was badly damaged during the fighting during the 1st peace. wars (August 10-11, 1915 all Jewish houses were burned down by the Cossacks, the Jewish population left V.), and also during the battles of the Lithuanian troops against the Bolsheviks and Poles (1919-20). At the end of the military. In action, part of the Jews returned to V., in 1921 a community council of 5 people was elected. In 1931 Jews owned 27 shops and out of 29 shops, as well as all workshops and enterprises (bakery, spinning mill, saddlery, hairdresser's, photography, etc.). There was a synagogue, a school of the "Tarbut" network, library, there were various departments. Jewish parties and organizations: Maccabi, Ge-Halutz, Tseirei Zion, Beitar, and others. The rabbis in Hungary were: in 1861-76 - Yehuda-Moishe Cohen, Eliyahu Fine, in 1904-15 - Itskhok Kosovsky (1878, Warsaw - 1951, Johannesburg), in 1933-41 - Nekhemya Fine (? -1941). After the occupation of the Germans. troops in June 1941 pl. Jews tried to take refuge in neighboring villages and farms, but soon returned to V. on 22 Sept. 1941 all Jews of V. were sent to the nearby ghetto and 6 October. shot in a nearby forest. Several the Jews managed to escape, after 1945 they returned to V.
VIVERKO Avrom (1887-1935 Kiev), poet, prose writer, playwright, literary critic, linguist. R. in a Hasidic family. He began to write in early youth. First stories and verses publ. in 1906. In 1908 he settled in Galicia and completely devoted himself to literature. activities. Published in pl. Heb. periodic. publications of a number of countries. In 1916 he came to Russia. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 worked in Heb. commissariat, participated in the reform of Heb. spelling. From the beginning. 1920s collaborated with the center. Heb. gas. "Der emes", then in plural. other Sov. ed. Soon he emerged as one of the most popular playwrights. Plays by V. "Gonenkrai" ("Cock's Creek"), "Oif der Grenets" ("On the Border"), "Naftole Botvin", "Der Step Brent" ("The Steppe Is Burning"), "Di Mishpohe Maimon" ("Family Maimon ") and others were successful on the stages of Hebrews. t-ditch both in the USSR and abroad. A lively discussion and sharp criticism was aroused by the literary critic. book V. "Revision", in which he tried to restore the good name of the novelist Shomer (A.M. Shaikevich), criticized back in 1888 by Sholem Aleichem. V. - the author of the book. "Giml un erd" ("Heaven and Earth" - Hasidic tales, monologues and scenes, 1909), "Liebschaft" ("Love", poetry, 1911), "Ballads" (1912), "Farloshene Licht" ("Extinguished candles ", Short stories, 1923)," Oif a vaisn boym "(" On a white tree ", drama, 1923)," Der oisleig fun Yiddish "(" Spelling Yiddish ", 1926)," IDS section of the MAPP "(drama, 1932), Der style fun der proletarian literature (Style of proletarian literature, 1932).
VEIN Alexander Moiseevich (1928, Moscow - 2003), neurologist, honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1988). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1951). Since 1962 Art. scientific. sotr. lab. nervous and humoral regulation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1965 he was acting director. this lab., since 1970 head. dep. pathology of the autonomic nervous system of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that, simultaneously. (since 1990) head. Department of Nervous Diseases, Faculty of Advanced Training for Doctors (since 1968 prof.). directions of research. V. - clinic. neurology and clin. psychophysiology. Studied nonspecific. systems of the brain, developed the principles of funkts. neurology, which considers the onset and course of diseases in connection with the cycle "wakefulness - sleep". According to V. (1967) somnogenic (causing sleep) and activating systems are associated with limbic. region and a new cerebral cortex. Develops a new direction of research. - the so-called sleep medicine, edges is studying the features of the emergence of pathology in decomp. phases of sleep. A number of studies. is devoted to autonomic disorders, sleep and wakefulness disorders (proposed joint classification of sleep disorders with N.N. Yakhno, 1979), narcolepsy, the role of the central nervous system in internal pathology. organs, psychoendocrine syndromes, psycho-somatic. diseases, clinic and leak. right- and left-sided neurological. syndromes of the central (cerebral) and peripheral. origin, cosm. medicine, etc. Developed psychophysiol. aspects of the pathogenesis of extrapyramidal disorders, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis. Cit .: Limbic-reticular complex in vegetative regulation, M., 1973; Sleep and wakefulness disorders, M., 1974; Vegetovascular dystopia, M., 1981; Neuroses in experiment and clinic, M., 1982; Sleep of a Man, M., 1989.
WEINBERG Boris Petrovich (1871, Peterhof - 1942, Leningrad), geophysicist. R. in the family of the writer and poet-translator P.I. Weinberg. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1893). Until 1906 he worked at the Department of Physics at Novorossiysk University (Odessa), then returned to St. Petersburg, where he lectured on terrestrial magnetism at the University, at the same time. worked as a prof. to the Higher. wives courses and in Psychoneurological. in-those. In 1909-24 - prof. and head. Department of Physics Tomsk Technological in-that. From 1924 he worked at Ch. geophysis. observatory in Petrograd (in 1924 - director). From 1940 - head. dep. Research Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism. Main work after eating, physics tv. body, glaciology and solar technology. From 1901 he conducted research. by determining the coefficient of int. friction of a number of metals as materials with irregular crystallinity. structures, and later - on the study of crystalline. Tel. He proposed (1906) a theory of ice movement along an inclined bed. Studied the movement of the Arctic. ice, as well as physical and mechanical. properties of ice. He designed (1906) a thermal drill, which did not destroy ice mechanically, but only melted it underneath. In 1909-14 he organized 23 exp. across Siberia and Mongolia. From 1927 he supervised the work on solar technology. Developed a method for calculating solar installations. Author of a number of inventions in solar technology (solar ball boilers, desalination plants, etc.). One of the creatures. sib. schools of glaciologists. Vol .: On int. friction of ice, St. Petersburg, 1906; Solar desalination plants, L., 1933; Ice: properties, appearance and disappearance of ice, M.-L., 1940.
WEINBERG Ioel Pesakhovich (b. 1922, Riga), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1973). In 1940 he graduated from the Riga Hebrew. gymnasium and entered the East. Faculty of Latvian state in-that. After the occupation of Latvia, German fasc. troops (1941) imprisoned in the Riga ghetto, then in concentration camps (Stutthof, Buchenwald, etc.). In 1945 he was released, returned to Riga, continued his studies at university (graduated in 1946). In 1946–93 he taught at Daugavpils ped. in-those (since 1976 - prof.). Since 1993 in Israel. Author of works on history and culture Dr. Bl. East (including the ancient history of the Jews). Cit .: Man in culture Dr. Bl. East, M., 1986; The birth of history: East. thought on Bl. East in the middle. 1st millennium BC e., M., 1993.
WEINBERG Pavel Isaevich (1846, Odessa - 1904, Petersburg), humorist and satirist, actor. Brother of Peter I.I. Weinberg. He performed humorous reading. stories own. essays, to-rye then published in decomp. humorous. g. For the first time publ. their stories in the collection “Scenes from Hebrews. everyday life "(St. Petersburg, 1870). Sat-k collected a lot of negative reviews (including - in the "Bulletin of Russian Jews"), but fell in love with the reading public and by the end of the century withstood another 8 reprints. V. also published the collection “New scenes and anecdotes from Hebrew, Armenian, Greek, German. and Russian. everyday life "(St. Petersburg, 1880)," New stories and scenes "(St. Petersburg, 1886)," Complete collection. stories and scenes "(St. Petersburg, 1896).
WEINBERG Pavel Pavlovich (1874 - 1910, Petersburg), writer, actor. Son of Pavel I. Weinberg. Inherited his father's extraordinary gift of humorist. From 1903 he regularly published satirical poetry in the Petersburg newspaper. scenes, feuilletons, notes, stories. Conducted the column "Flying Notes" (after the death of N.A. Leikin in 1906). In pov. "Vorokhov in St. Petersburg" (St. Petersburg, 1909) ironically reproduced the atmosphere of the theater, bohemians. I played provincial. and some petersburg. t-pah, worked also dir. and an entrepreneur. He wrote a number of one-act plays: "Units" (1901), "By the Clock" (1901), "The Fifth Gatehouse" (1903). On the stage of the capital were his plays "Without the Sun" (1902), "The Solution to the Night" (1906), "Bobrik's Flowerbed" (1907). In their dramatic. manuf. tried to follow A.P. Chekhov, however, the "undercurrent" of Chekhov's plays, their deep inner drama are replaced by external plot acuity.
WEINBERG Petr Isaevich (1831, Nikolaev - 1908, Petersburg), poet, journalist, translator and literary historian. Brother of Pavel V. Studied in Odessa, then graduated from Khark. un-t (1854). In Tambov, he served as an official for special assignments under the governor. Since 1858 - in St. Petersburg, conducts “Lit. chronicle "in" B-ke for reading ". Began to publish in 1851. Collaborated in the train. "Contemporary", "Notes of the Fatherland" and others. One of the founders of Zh. "Century" (1861), published by J. "Elegant Literature" (1883-1885). Ed. gas. "Warsaw Diary", then "Theater. newspaper ". Published in f. "Iskra" satirical. manuf. In 1863 he released the collection. "Humorist. manuf. Heine from Tambov ". V. was the largest Russian. translator of Western-European lit-ry. It was in his lane. Russian the reader got acquainted with many others. manuf. IV Goethe, W. Shakespeare, Dante, G.E. Lessing, F. Schiller (for the translation of "Maria Stuart" awarded Pushkinskaya pr.), Etc. Conducted an extensive scientific and teaching. Occupation: Head of the Department in Warsaw. ch. ped. school, there was a deer. real school them. Ya.G. Gurevich, taught at the Higher. wives ped. courses in the Theater. uch-shche, in Petersburg. un-those. Prepared and published: several. wonderful readers and uch. benefits. In 1905, he was elected hon. acad. Since 1897 - before. Union of Mutual Aid Rus. writers, then before. Literary Fund. V.'s memoirs remain one of the valuable sources for historians of Russian. lit-ry.
VEINEROVICH Joseph Naumovich (1909, Minsk - 1998), film director. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. state Institute of Cinematography. In the cinema since 1925. In 1928–29, a newsreel operator at the cinema. "Belgoskino", in 1932–33 - at the Leningrad theater. to / st. "Belgoskino". In 1925–41 he filmed scenes for the c / w. In 1941–44 to the Center. newsreel studio (Moscow), then dir. to / st. "Belarus-Film" (Minsk). During the 2nd world. war fr. operator, author of pl. plots related to the struggle of partisans and included in f. "People's Avengers" (1943), "Liberation of Soviet Belarus" (1944). Dir. and operator pl. doc. f., among which: "Court of the people" (1946), "General Pushcha" (1967, State pr. BSSR), "Mogilev. Days and nights of courage "(1974)," Immortal feat of Minsk "(1978)," Good health to you! " (1981). Nar. art. BSSR (1973).
WEINGER Mordkhe (1890, Poltava - 1929, Minsk), philologist. At the end of the 1890s. moved with his parents to Warsaw. In 1911 he graduated from high school and enrolled in philology. Faculty of Warsaw University. In student. years publ. a number of works on Heb. spelling and dialectology. In 1913 he published two brochures on the reform of the Hebrews. alphabet and spelling. In 1914 he graduated from the University. With the beginning of the 1st world. war mobilized into the army, after demobilization (1917) worked as a teacher in Hebrew. school in Tashkent. In the beginning. 1920s moved to Minsk, was in charge of the Heb. department pedagogical. f-that, taught dialectology and Germanic studies in Belarus. state un-those. Publ. a number of works on Heb. philology, was before. language commission at Heb. sector and deputy. prev. reign of Belarus. state un-that. Initiator and hand. works on the preparation of academic. dictionary and atlas lang. Yiddish (published in Minsk in 1929). This unique work is still the most important source for studying the development of languages. Yiddish. Among other scientific. works by V. "Gsbraistic sounds in Yiddish" (1913), "Heb. syntax "(1913)," Linguistic. cartography and Heb. language atlas "(1929)," Heb. etymology "(1929)," Linguistic. sources of language Mendele Moicher-Sforima "(1929).
WEINSTEIN Grigory Emmanuilovich (1861, Kherson - 1929, Paris), society. activist, engineer, entrepreneur. Graduated in 1882 from St. Petersburg. technological in-t. Bargaining worked. home of the family "Emmanuel Weinstein and Sons" (founded in 1874). One of the most reputable millers in Russia. Prior to the introduction in 1892 of the limit, the law on the Jews consisted of the vowel of the Kherson province. zemstvo and Odessa mountains. thoughts; prev. chem. dep. Rus. tech. about-va, deputy. prev. center, org-tions of All-Russia. about-va millers; from 1891 to. Odessa branch of the Society for the dissemination of education between Jews in Russia and a member. to-ta Ob-va for scientific. Heb. editions. Supporter of assimilation, that is, “the tendency to build Heb. life in Russia together with Rus. life. " Repeatedly was an elector in the election of members of the State. advice from the industry. In 1915 he was elected to the State. council, where he voted with a majority that joined the requirements of the "Progressive Bloc" State. thoughts. After Oct. revolution emigrated, lived in Paris. He headed the enterprises of the Rothschilds in E.-I.
WEISBERG (married to Rimskaya-Korsakova) Yulia Lazarevna (1879/80, Orenburg - 1942, Leningrad), composer. In 1903 she graduated from the Higher. wives courses. At the same time. studied composition with II Kryzhanovsky. From 1903 she studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Glazunov (composition classes). In 1907–12 she trained in Germany under M. Reger and E. Humperdinck. Joint. with her husband (son of a comp., musicologist A.N. Rimsky-Korsakov) she took part in the publication of w. “Muses. contemporary ”(1915–17). In 1921–23 she worked as a choirmaster in music. school of working youth. V.'s creativity covers production. decomp. genres: operas - "The Little Mermaid" (after H.-K. Andersen, 1923), "Gulnara" (edition of fragments - 1935, 1938); for symphony. orc. - Fantasy, Dramatic Fantasy, Scherzo, the painting "At Night" (after F. Tyutchev, 1929), Ballad (after G. Heine, 1930), "Fairy Tale" (1928), "Sailor's Dance" (1936); for choir and orc. "Twelve" (to words by A. Blok, 1928); romances, processing of plank beds. songs. Most of them gained fame. for children: opera-game "Geese-Swans" (post. 1937, Moscow), radio opera "Dead Princess" (after A.S. Pushkin, 1937), 5 children's songs, etc. Translated into Russian. lang. musicological tr. R. Rolland. She died during the blockade of Leningrad.
WEISBERG Vladimir Grigorievich (1924, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Artist. Studied at the art studio of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1943–48) under S. N. Ivanov-Musatov. In 1961–62 he participated in group exhibitions of the "left" wing of the Moscow. org-tion of the Union art. In 1962, at a symposium on the structural study of sign systems at the Academy of Sciences, he read the report "Classification of basic. types of color perception ". He taught painting at the advanced training studio of the Union of Architects (1959–84), as well as at television courses (1964–66). Personal exhibition in Paris in 1984. Inclined to scientific. analysis, V. relied on the study of the chromatic structures of P. Cezanne, the impressionists, P.P. Falk, C. Lorrain and N. Poussin, as well as modern. methodologies of disciplines such as semiotics and psychology of perception. V. created a kind of theory of "invisible painting" and acc. her a large number of productions, where the figures of people, decomp. objects and the surrounding natural environment itself are, as it were, dissolved in the light and color airspace.
WEISBEIN Abram Volfovich (b. 1927, Chisinau), architect. In 1951 he graduated from Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Laureate of pl. contests. Main work in Chisinau: House of Culture, State. bank, Palace of the press. State pr. Mold. SSR.
VEYSBROD Boris Solomonovich (1874, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1942, Omsk), doctor, society. activist, organizer of healthcare. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1899), with student. years participated in the roar. movement. In 1899-1900 he worked as a surgeon. branch of the Golitsyn hospital in Moscow. In 1900–02, a district zemstvo doctor in Saratov and Kharkov provinces. In the end. 1902 emigrated due to the threat of arrest, was a member of the Berlin Social-Democratic Party. gr., in 1904 joined the Bolsheviks. Abroad, he specialized in surgeon. clinics in Germany. In 1906 he returned to Russia, until 1917 he worked as a surgeon. branch of the 1st Moscow. mountains. b-tsy. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 the commissar to lay down. institutions of Moscow, not subordinate to the mountains. self-government. Member Oct. coup of 1917 in Moscow, member. Collegiums dep. health care Mossovet and head. dep. Healthcare of the Zamoskvoretsky District Council. Initiator created Institute of ambulance them. N.V. Sklifosovsky (1923) and Art. ambulance (1923). In 1919-20 before. Excessively. commissions for combating epidemics in Turkestan and South-West. fr. In 1920-22, assistant surgeon. clinics of the 2nd Moscow State University, in 1922-24 prof. hospital surgeon clinics in the same place. From 1922 ch. doctor of the 2nd Moscow. mountains. b-tsy, a cut in 1924 was given his name (later merged with the 1st city b-tsey named after NI Pirogov). Since 1924, dir. propaedeutic clinics of the 2nd Moscow State University (2nd Moscow Medical Institute). In 1918, V. was one of the first to render assistance to V. I. Lenin after he was wounded; in 1922–24 he was constantly with him during his last illness. Since 1920, V. has been permanently elected to a dep. Mossovet. In 1924-29 before. Center, Bureau of the Union Medsantrud. Member reign Mosk. surgeon about-va and Vses. associations of surgeons, member. editorial board "Sov. surgery ", chl. Him. about-va surgeons. He died in evacuation.
Veisey, see Veiseyay.
WEISENBERG Samuil Abramovich (1867, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1928, Zinovievsk), physician and anthropologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Heidelberg University. (1890). He returned to Elisavetgrad, where from 1895 he was engaged in private medical practice. At the same time. conducted by an anthropologist, research. Heb. us. South Russia, the result of which was the work "South Russian Jews" (1895), awarded the gold medal of Moscow. natural science. about-va. In it V. comes to the conclusion that the southern Rus. Jews are not a single but a mixed anthropologist. type. In works about the Karaites (including in "Russian Anthropological Zh.", 1904, No. 1–2) V. indicates the relationship of the Crimean Tatars and Karaites. After scientific. business trips to E.-I. and Turkey V. publ. works about Sephardim (descendants of Jews expelled from Spain in the late 15th century) (1909), Yemeni Jews (1909), Jews E.-I. (1909), Syria (1911), Mesopotamia (1911), North. Africa (1912). His work "Caucasian Jews in Anthropological Respect" (1909) is interesting. V. made a contribution to general anthropology ("On various face sizes and facial markers", 1897; "Human height depending on age, gender and race", 1911, etc. (A number of V.'s works are devoted to Jewish folklore, to-ry He studied mainly in southern Russia - Hebrew folk songs (1900), proverbs (1900), Purim festivals, Hebrew wedding ceremonies, etc.
WEISENBERG Semyon Efimovich (1863, Kamenets-Podolsky - |), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1886). In un-those joined the Palestinian movement, participated in the creation. the first Palestinophil circle in St. Petersburg, later - in the creation. Odessa Palestinian to-that. All R. 1890s one of the first to join the polit. Zionism, participant of the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th World. Zionist, Congr. and congresses grew. Zionists in Minsk (1902) and Helsingfors (1906), headed the Zionist organization in St. Petersburg. At the same time. actively worked in the Ob-ve to spread education between Jews in Russia and the Society for scientific. Heb. ed. During the revolution of 1905–07, V. participated in the creation of the "Union for the achievement of the full rights of Jews in Russia" (a member of its Center and St. Petersburg Committee). In 1906-07 - elector from St. Petersburg in the elections to the 1st and 2nd State. thoughts. From 1907 p. They advise. bureau at Heb. dep. 3rd State thoughts.
WEISENSTEIN, see Paide.
VEISEYAI, a city (since 1956) in Lazdija region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Veisee Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 974 Jews (63%) lived in Hungary, in 1923 - 516 Jews (40%), in 1935 - 75 Jewish families, in 1959 - 3 Jews (0.2%) In the 19th century. in V. there was a synagogue, Izv. with his chorus and cantors. In 1890 a school was opened under the supervision of Rabbi Nathan Kelman. In the beginning. 20th century there was a cheder metukan, in which A.A. Kabak taught. In the end. 19th century the Zionist organization was created. From 1885 LL Zamenhof worked as an eye doctor in V. as rabbis in V. in the 19th and 20th centuries. were Eliyahu Margalit, from 1890 - Natan-Note Kabak (1854—?), Nohman Kolyaditsky, Avrom Reznik, Yosif Goldin, Iehezkel Goldmalk (? -1941). 1915 Jews were evicted from V. After 1918 less than half of the Jews returned to V.. In the 1930s. Jews owned a power station, a factory for the production of felt, a sawmill, a mill, and a shoe factory. There were many Jewish carters carrying agricultural crops. products and fish. In V. there was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank, and a branch of the Ob-va of Mutual Credit for Jewish Peasants worked. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. The voluntary fire brigade, almost entirely composed of Jews, had its own brass band. June 22, 1941 ger. troops occupied V. Jewish men were gathered in the synagogue, in which they were kept until 15 Sept. 1941, when all Jews were taken to the Katkishke ghetto. Jews of the ghetto were shot on 3 November. 1941.
VEITS Veniamin Isaakovich (1905, m. Chechersk, Mogilev province - 1961, Moscow), power scientist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Since 1933). R. in the family of a small employee. Upon completion in 1920 Wed. school came to Moscow, where he graduated in 1924 prom. dep. 1st Moscow State University, and in 1925 - Engineering and Design Department MVTU. Until 1929 he taught at the 1st Moscow State University and Ying-those Nar. farms them. G.V. Plekhanov. Since 1929 - prof. Moscow energetic Institute (in 1929-40 - head of the department) and at the same time. (in 1944–59) prof. and head. department in Moscow. economical engineer in-those them. S. Ordzhonikidze. From 1932 until the end of his life he also worked in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the hands. before 1960 technical and economic. sector (from 1937 - General Energy Department), from 1961 - Art. scientific. sotr. in the same place. In 1928 he took part in the Geneva Conf. on econ. statistics as owls. an expert. In 1942-43 - deputy. prev. Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for mobilizing resources east. districts for the needs of defense and hands. energetic gr. this commission. tr. devoted to the study of energetic. resources and their use, the basics of energy sectors of the people. economy and energy. systems. Developed (1925-30) the basics of energy. statistics. Hands. preparation of tr. on energetic. to the USSR during the recovery period (1925-26), published in 3 volumes in 1928 and 1929, and the period of the beginning. the first five-year plan, published in 2 volumes in 1930. In the postwar years, completed a cycle of work on the development of power systems and created. united energetic. systems of the USSR. Hands. development of integrated energy. schemes of Moscow (1949). From 1959 he conducted research. on the use of modern. computing technology to the choice of optimal energy carriers. Became. pr. (1942) Vol .: Potenz. and kinetic. produces, forces the world. economy, M., 1927; Modern development of electrification in capitalist. countries, M., 1933; Main questions of principle, schemes of a unified energy. systems of the USSR, M., 1956.
WEIZBLIT Ilya Isaakovich (m. Derazhnya, Podolsk province - after 1933), publicist, demographer. In the 2nd floor. 1920s taught in tech. universities of Kharkov and Kiev, was a member of the Prez. Institute of Hebrews. culture in Kiev, ed. its ed. Published Art. on sociology and demography in gas. "Der emes", "Der stern", "Oktyaber" and others, (mainly about the Jewish colonization of the USSR). In 1929 he released the book. "Derazhnya - modern. Heb. shtetl "(" Monograph of the Hebrew m. in the Ukraine ") with a preface. Y. Larina, in 1930 book. "About the old and the new m.", "Dynamics of the Hebrews. us. Ukraine for the years 1897-1926 ”(with a list of 350 settlements and data on the composition of their population for 1897, 1920, 1923, 1926). In the work "Agrarization or Industrialization" (1930) V. notes that after the revolution of 1917 the number of Hebrews. us. in old Heb. colonies decreased by 5% while the number of villages. Heb. us. increased by 50%. In his book. V. expressed the opinion that “one should refuse to recruit Jews. mountains. poor peasants to settle in the village ", said that" there are no declassed among the Jews, to-rye were suitable for Birobidzhan. " According to some information, V. was accused of "leftist deviation" and "nationalism" and in the beginning. 1933 repressed, and Prince. it was removed from the library.
WEIZENFELD Shebsel Pavlovich (1896, Vilna - 1981, Moscow), publicist. R. in the family typogr. typesetter. For participation in the roar. movement of several. time. was arrested by the Polish gendarmerie. Since 1921 in the USSR, he graduated from the Communist. un-t for the peoples of the West (1925), worked in Ch. Bureau of Heb. sections at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. From 1926 ed. Centre. gas. "Der Yidisher Poer" in Kharkov, then gas. - "Dos socialist dorf". He typed in Heb. gas. Moscow and Kharkov st. sat down on topics. life, participated in the organization of Heb. periodic. stamps in Heb. nat. districts of Ukraine and Crimea. Member of the 2nd world. war. From the beginning. 1960s printed rec. and other materials in Zh. "Sovetish gameland". Essays and recollections are of great interest. V. about Heb. the press of the 1930s, about the publicists O. Strelitz (Oskar), M. Levitan, G. Kazakevich, about the revolutionary Hirsch Lekkert.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВЕЙЦМАН Хаим (1874, Мотоль Кобринского у. Гродненской губ. – 1952, Реховот, Израиль), по лит. деятель, один из лидеров сионист, движения, 1-й през. Гос-ва Израиль, ученый-химик. Р. в семье лесосплавщика. Получил трад. евр. образование. Окончил реальное уч-ще в Пинске (1892). В 1890-х гг. изучал химию в Германии и Швейцарии, в 1897 получил степень д-ра, в 1901–06 работал в Женевском ун-те. В сер. 1890-х испытал влияние идей Ахад га-Ама. В 1896 примкнул к сионист. движению. С 1897 участвовал в работе Всемирн. сионист. конгр. Накануне 5-го конгр. (1901) вместе с гр. единомышленников созд. т.н. Демократич. фракцию, возглавил оппозицию Т.Герцлю в сионист. движении. Поддерживая идею созд. евр. гос-ва, В. осн. внимание уделяет увеличению численности евр. населения Э.-И., расширению иммиграции в страну, созданию в Э.-И. евр. с.-х. поселений, пром. пр-тий, орг-ции науч. и культурных учреждений, «созданных евреями для самих себя». В. выступил одним из гл. противников плана евр. колонизации Уганды, усматривая в нем измену сионист. идеалу возвращения евреев в Э.-И. В 1906 В. переехал в Великобританию, занимался н.-и. работой в Манчестерском ун-те. В те же годы начала складываться его пробрит. полит. ориентация. После 8-го сионист. конгр. (1907) В. впервые посетил Э.-И., в 1914 участвоал в борьбе за преподавание на иврите всех предметов в Политехн. ин-те (Технионе) в Хайфе, видя в этом важнейший стимул сохранения и развития евр. нац. культуры и традиции.В ходе 1-й мир. войны В. изобрел новый способ произ-ва ацетона, необходимого для изготовления боеприпасов. Брит. пр-во высоко оценило изобретение В., что позволило ему установить связи с мн. брит. политиками с целью заинтересовать их идеями сионизма. Крупным успехом В. стала публикация т.н. Декларации Бальфура от 2.11.1917 о доброжелат. отношении брит. пр-ва к созд. евр. нац. очага в Э.-И. В 1919 возглавлял сионист. делегацию на Версальской мирной конф. В 1920–31 и в 1935–46 избирался през. Всемирн. сионист. орг-ции, пытался смягчить антисионист. политику брит. пр-ва и брит. мандатных властей. Продолжая заниматься науч.-иссл. работой, В. основал Ин-т им. Д.Зифа в Реховоте, а в 1937 и сам поселился в этом городе. В том же году В. выступил перед брит, королевской комиссией лорда Пиля с докладом, в к-ром подчеркнул, что рост гитлеризма в Европе и трагич. положение вост.-европ. еврейства превращают евр. вопрос в неотложную задачу всего мира. Но попытки изменить политику Великобритании в кон. 1930-х гг. потерпели неудачу. В ходе 2-й мир. войны отчасти благодаря В. в составе брит. армии была сформирована Евр. бригада. Разочаровавшись в политике Великобритании, В. с 1940-х гг. в своей полит. деятельности ориентировался в осн. на США. В 1947 В. участвовал в составе евр. делегации в работе Ген. ассамблеи ООН, обсуждавшей проблему раздела Э.-И. на евр. и араб. гос-ва, добился санкции ООН на включение Негева в состав евр. гос-ва. После провозглашения Гос-ва Израиль (1948) В. избран през. Врем. гос. совета, а в февр. 1949 – первым през. Гос-ва Израиль. Имя В. носит НИИ в Реховоте, на терр. к-рого (в саду своего дома) В. был похоронен. Автобиография В. «Испытания и ошибки» впервые опубл. в 1949 на англ. яз., переведена на иврит, идиш, ряд европ. яз., издан ряд сб-ков речей В., с 1969 ведется публикация его писем и док-тов. В. – автор мн. работ по химии, ему принадлежат ок. 100 патентов в обл. пром. применения ряда хим. процессов., pronunciation=ВЕЙЦМАН Хаим (1874, Мотоль Кобринского у. Гродненской губ. – 1952, Реховот, Израиль), по лит. деятель, один из лидеров сионист, движения, 1-й през. Гос-ва Израиль, ученый-химик. Р. в семье лесосплавщика. Получил трад. евр. образование. Окончил реальное уч-ще в Пинске (1892). В 1890-х гг. изучал химию в Германии и Швейцарии, в 1897 получил степень д-ра, в 1901–06 работал в Женевском ун-те. В сер. 1890-х испытал влияние идей Ахад га-Ама. В 1896 примкнул к сионист. движению. С 1897 участвовал в работе Всемирн. сионист. конгр. Накануне 5-го конгр. (1901) вместе с гр. единомышленников созд. т.н. Демократич. фракцию, возглавил оппозицию Т.Герцлю в сионист. движении. Поддерживая идею созд. евр. гос-ва, В. осн. внимание уделяет увеличению численности евр. населения Э.-И., расширению иммиграции в страну, созданию в Э.-И. евр. с.-х. поселений, пром. пр-тий, орг-ции науч. и культурных учреждений, «созданных евреями для самих себя». В. выступил одним из гл. противников плана евр. колонизации Уганды, усматривая в нем измену сионист. идеалу возвращения евреев в Э.-И. В 1906 В. переехал в Великобританию, занимался н.-и. работой в Манчестерском ун-те. В те же годы начала складываться его пробрит. полит. ориентация. После 8-го сионист. конгр. (1907) В. впервые посетил Э.-И., в 1914 участвоал в борьбе за преподавание на иврите всех предметов в Политехн. ин-те (Технионе) в Хайфе, видя в этом важнейший стимул сохранения и развития евр. нац. культуры и традиции.В ходе 1-й мир. войны В. изобрел новый способ произ-ва ацетона, необходимого для изготовления боеприпасов. Брит. пр-во высоко оценило изобретение В., что позволило ему установить связи с мн. брит. политиками с целью заинтересовать их идеями сионизма. Крупным успехом В. стала публикация т.н. Декларации Бальфура от 2.11.1917 о доброжелат. отношении брит. пр-ва к созд. евр. нац. очага в Э.-И. В 1919 возглавлял сионист. делегацию на Версальской мирной конф. В 1920–31 и в 1935–46 избирался през. Всемирн. сионист. орг-ции, пытался смягчить антисионист. политику брит. пр-ва и брит. мандатных властей. Продолжая заниматься науч.-иссл. работой, В. основал Ин-т им. Д.Зифа в Реховоте, а в 1937 и сам поселился в этом городе. В том же году В. выступил перед брит, королевской комиссией лорда Пиля с докладом, в к-ром подчеркнул, что рост гитлеризма в Европе и трагич. положение вост.-европ. еврейства превращают евр. вопрос в неотложную задачу всего мира. Но попытки изменить политику Великобритании в кон. 1930-х гг. потерпели неудачу. В ходе 2-й мир. войны отчасти благодаря В. в составе брит. армии была сформирована Евр. бригада. Разочаровавшись в политике Великобритании, В. с 1940-х гг. в своей полит. деятельности ориентировался в осн. на США. В 1947 В. участвовал в составе евр. делегации в работе Ген. ассамблеи ООН, обсуждавшей проблему раздела Э.-И. на евр. и араб. гос-ва, добился санкции ООН на включение Негева в состав евр. гос-ва. После провозглашения Гос-ва Израиль (1948) В. избран през. Врем. гос. совета, а в февр. 1949 – первым през. Гос-ва Израиль. Имя В. носит НИИ в Реховоте, на терр. к-рого (в саду своего дома) В. был похоронен. Автобиография В. «Испытания и ошибки» впервые опубл. в 1949 на англ. яз., переведена на иврит, идиш, ряд европ. яз., издан ряд сб-ков речей В., с 1969 ведется публикация его писем и док-тов. В. – автор мн. работ по химии, ему принадлежат ок. 100 патентов в обл. пром. применения ряда хим. процессов., extra_data="{'translat...")
VEITSMAN Samuil Gdalevich (1917, Minsk - 1996, USA), military leader, major general of technical troops (1966), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1943). Graduated from Wed. school and in 1938 - three courses Leningrad. road institute. In Kr. Army from 1938. In 1941 he graduated from the railway. Faculty of Military Transport academy. In 1941–45 he commanded units and formations of the railway. troops, ensuring the restoration of the railway. in prfr. strip. In 1946-50 - Ch. engineer, in 1950–63 - deputy. com. railroad housing. In 1963–69 - early. railway headquarters housing. 1969–70 - inspector general of the railway. troops. Deputy early railway headquarters troops of the Sov. army (1971–78). Retired since 1978. He was awarded the 5th order.
VEYVERIAI, a place in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1744. In 1795-1807 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - v. Vavera Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40, it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91, the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 137 Jews (17%) lived in V. A Jewish community arose in V. in the middle. 19th century Over time, the size of the Jewish population of Britain declined; by 1940 there were several left in V. families. All Jews in V. were shot in August. 1941.
VEYVIRZHENAI, a town in the Klaipeda region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vevirzhany Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 281 Jews lived in Hungary in 1847, and 259 Jews (28%) in 1923. Jews have lived in Hungary since the 17th century. There was a synagogue. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century for 24 years the rabbi in V. was Avrom Schnitzer (? -1911), in the 1910s. - Yosef-Avigdor Kesler, Shmuel Ponaidler, in 1922-41 - Nathanel-Yosef Graz (? -1941). In the 1920s. a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, a library worked. the occupation of the Jews was the agricultural trade. products (b. h. flax, to-ry bought up in the surrounding villages and sold to Germany), some were engaged in crafts and with. x-vom. In 1931, Jews owned 12 shops. OK. 50 people was part of the local branch "Maccabi", there was a cell "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". June 22, 1941 Germ. troops occupied V. On June 27, 1941, the synagogue was destroyed and the Torah scrolls were burned. On July 28, 150 Jewish men were sent to a labor camp in the Memel region (present-day Klaipeda). On July 16, the remaining 50 people were shot. The women and children were taken to the estate of Israel Belgursky in Trepkalnis, 2 km from V., and on 21 Sept. shot. 1990s monuments have been erected at the mass grave and at the site of the Jewish cemetery V.V. Rachel Lurie (1886-1929, USA), writer (in Yiddish).
WESENBERG, see Rakvere.
VEZHAICHIAI, a village in the Klaipeda region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vezhaitsy Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. Jews lived in Hungary from the 18th century. A synagogue was built at the same time. The Jewish population of V. suffered during the Polish period. uprising of 1831. Velv Factor was hanged by the rebels for the help provided by the Russian. troops. 1920-30-ies. in V. lived several. Jewish families. In the autumn of 1941 a temporary ghetto was created in V. for women and children from the surrounding villages.
VEHICLES, see Vezaiciai.
WEZBICA, a village in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Verzhbitsa of Radomsky u. In 1856, 176 Jews (15.9%) lived in V., in 1897 - 297 Jews (20.6%). Until 1862 Jews were prohibited from settling in V.
HIVIN, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1897 76 Jews (9.6%) lived in Hungary.
HIVUGA, city (since 1925), regional center in Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). It was formed by uniting factory settlements that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. 25 Jews (0.1%) lived in Hungary in 1926, and 21 Jews in 1939.
VIDAVA, city (since 1388) in Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Laski u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 166 Jews lived in V., in 1808 - 137 (20%), in 1827 - 632 (49%), in 1857 - 968 (51%), in 1897 - 530 (33%), in 1921 - 773 (35%), in 1939 - 728 Jews. Jews of Britain earned their living by trade, crafts, and maintained inns. From the 18th century. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery, since 1838 it existed independently. community. In 1829–34, Sini Sapir was rabbi of V., in 1886–90 - Menachem-Mendel-Chaim Landau (1861–1935), the grandson of the Chekhanover rabbi Avrom Landau (1784–1875), from 1894 - the head of the Hasidic dynasty in Zaviritsa. Since 1896, Avrom-Benjamin Koltonovsky (1861—?) Was the rabbi in V. In 1918 a Jewish library was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, most Jews left V .; many arrived in V. refugees. Between 1940 and 42 a ghetto existed in Hungary (about 100 families), which was destroyed in the summer of 1942.
VIDINOV, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 44 Jews of Hungary were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
VIDISH, see Vidishkyai.
VIDISHKIAI, a town in the Ukmerga district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1502.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vidish Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 151 Jews (31%) lived in Hungary in 1897, and 50 Jews (12%) in 1940. Jews lived in Hungary from the beginning of the 19th century. 19th century There was a synagogue. Main occupations - trade and crafts. In 1915, all Jews were evicted from V. to the internal. districts of Russia. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to V. For a long time Ichiel Belitsky was the rabbi in V.; there was a header. In 1931, Jews owned three flax shops, wool, a grain shop, and a mill. troops, the Jews were taken to Ukmerge and 5 Sept. 1941 they were shot together with local Jews in the forest, 4 km from the city.
VIDNOE (until 1965 - the village of Rastorguevo), a city (since 1965) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1949 as a workers' settlement. In 1970, 382 Jews lived in Hungary, and in 1989 there were 293 Jews.
VIDUKLE, a place in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vidukli Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 453 Jews (60%) lived in Hungary, in 1923 - 221 (32%), in 1940 - 160 Jews (21%). settled in V. in the middle. 17th century In 1662, four Jews lived in V. The number of Jews in Britain increased after King August III granted them privileges in 1742. Main Jewish occupations - trade, crafts, s. x-in. In 1879 a new synagogue was built on the site of the old one. In 1879-1902, Yehezkiel Rabinovich was a rabbi in V., from 1902 - his son Moishe-Avrom-Shmuel (1874—?), Ididia Gorbinsky, Yehoshua Kaplan (? —1941). During the 1st world. war grew. the authorities issued an order for the eviction of Jews from V. Part of German. the armies took the seat earlier; Jews remained in V. In the 1920s and 1930s. in V. there was a school of the Tarbut network, a heder, a library. Active Zionist activities were carried out. In 1931 in V. Jews owned 2 shops (out of 4), a sawmill, a mill, a pharmacy, and leather. workshop and wool. In 1937, there were 3 tailors, 2 bakers, 2 glaziers, 2 butchers, a stove-maker, and others among the Jews. philanthropist. org-tion - "Bikur Holim", mutual aid funds and others. Herm. troops occupied V. on June 23, 1941. On July 24, the men were gathered in the synagogue and sent to the railway station. the station where they were shot by the Lithuanian police. On the way to the place of execution, old people were killed, including Rabbi I. Kaplan. 23 Aug 1941 all Jewish women and children who remained in V. were shot by the Lithuanian police at the Jewish cemetery. In total, approx. 300 people in the 1990s at the places of executions, monuments with inscriptions in Yiddish and litas were erected. language. At the same time, a memorial sign was installed at the site of the Jewish cemetery.
VIDUKLI, see Vidukle.
VIDYANISHKIAI, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Vedenishki (other name. Vidzinishki) Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. Withdrawn from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Hungary was opened for free settlement of Jews after 1903. occupation V. Jews were shot in Sept. 1941 in the forest approx. Ukmerge.
VIDZINISKI, see Vidianiskiai.
VIDZY, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - uyezd, then - the provincial town of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the BSSR. In 1847 there were 2,281 Jews living in V., in 1889 - 4,170, in 1897 - 3480 (68.1%), in 1907 - 4046 , in 1910 - 4076 (68.5%), in 1931 - approx. 800 Jews. the occupations of the Jews of Hungary were crafts and trade. In 1861 there were 6 synagogues in Hungary and a Jewish cemetery. In 1889 Leiba Srogovich was the rabbi in V., since the 1890s. - Chaim-Yoel Sheynuk (1863—?), In 1908 - Mendel Lurie. In 1908 a Jewish 1-class school with wives worked in V. shift, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1910 there were 7 synagogues. In 1915 M. Shulgefer was the rabbi in V. there was a society of benefits to poor Jews. 23 July 1915 in V. there was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. Wealthy Jews left the city, the remaining 56 families took refuge in the synagogue. At night the Cossacks broke into the synagogue and perpetrated reprisals against those who had taken refuge; Jewish houses and shops were completely ransacked. In July 1941, approx. 200 Jews. A ghetto was created, liquidated in December. 1942; 2708 Jews were exterminated. I.S.Bleikhman, N.Goren, M.Klumel.Yu.N. Grigorieva
VIESITE, city (since 1928) in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1890. At 19 - early. 20th century - Weighs in Kurland lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925, 152 Jews (14%) lived in Hungary, in 1930 - 187 (15%), in 1935 - 193 Jews (14%). lived in V. from the end. 19th century By 1914, Jews constituted more than half of the population of Britain. During the First World. During the war, Jews were expelled from V., after 1918 some of them returned. In V. there was a synagogue, a mutual aid fund, a library, a club. H.-N. Bialik, children. garden. In the 1930s. Rabbi V. was Kukla. June 1941 V. was occupied by parts of the Germans. army. On July 19, 1941, all the Jews of V. were shot in the forest approx. cities. After the release, the remains of the victims were reburied in the Jewish cemetery according to the laws of Judaism.
VIGDORCHIK Nikolay (Natan) Abramovich (1874, Minsk - 1954, Leningrad), hygienist, honored. active science of the RSFSR (1946). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1898). Participated in the Social-Democratic Party. movement: he was a member of the leadership of the Kiev "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class", in the editorial office of the Kiev "Rabochaya Gazeta", was busy. 1st Congress of the RSDLP in Minsk. In 1899 he was arrested, after a 7-month imprisonment he worked as a factory doctor in Saratov province. In 1902-05 he was in exile in the Yenisei province, where he worked in the village. a doctor. In 1905–06, he improved in Berlin and Vienna, studying internal diseases, including questions of social insurance. From 1906 in St. Petersburg, where he worked as a therapist in the hospital of Mary Magdalene (now named after N.K. Krupskaya). In 1916 he organized the first hospital of the sickness funds in St. Petersburg and Samopomich. From 1918 he worked in insurance organizations in Petrograd and Irkutsk. In 1924 he created the department of prof. diseases in the State. in-those for the improvement of doctors in Leningrad, a cut he directed until 1951. Organized (1924) Leningrad. Institute for the study of prof. diseases, to-ry headed in 1931-50. Science. tr. V. are devoted to the questions of prof. diseases, occupational health and work ability examination. Investigated the effect of health status under prof. selection, social and economic performance factors. The author of the first Russian book on social. insurance ("Social insurance", St. Petersburg, 1912), as well as manuals "Prof. pathology "(1930)," Methodology of medical insurance expertise "(1926). Developed clinical statistics. the method used in prof. pathology ("The use of statistics in the clinic", L., 1945). A number of V.'s works were scientific. base for the employment of disabled people. Works: Essays on prof. hygiene, L.-M., 1925; Lectures by prof. diseases, M.-L., 1940; The doctrine of silicosis, M., 1954.
VIGDORCHIK Semyon Abramovich (1908 - 1980, Moscow), specialist in the region. Aviation technology. Dr. Tech. sciences. (1963). He graduated from Moscow in 1930. Aviation in-t. In 1930–38 he worked at the Aviakhim plant (engineer, deputy chief engineer). Since 1938, deputy. ch. Ing. CIT, in 1939–41 early. technol. brigade TsKB-29 of the NKVD of the USSR in the group of A.N. Tupolev. In 1941-80 Ch. technologist of OKB A.N. Tupolev. At the same time. taught at Moscow. Aviation Institute since 1967 (prof. since 1968). tr. associated with the development of the fundamentals of the manufacturability of aircraft structures, the introduction of monolithic structures, pressed panels, new materials, deep chemical processes into the practice of aircraft construction. etching. Author of printed scientific. works, monographs. Became. pr. (1949). State pr. USSR (1967). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). Works: Equipment for aircraft and missile production, M., 1967, etc.
VIGDOROVA Frida Abramovna (1915, Orsha, Mogilev province. - 1965, Moscow), writer. Graduated from school and ped. technical school in Moscow. She worked as a teacher in Magnitogorsk. In 1937 she graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. Lenin, taught literature at school. Lit. and journalistic activity began in 1938. Mn. book V. dedicated. children, character education, moral problems (pov. "My class". M., 1949; "The road to life." "Family happiness". M., 1961; "Lyubimaya street". M., 1964). In the 1950s and 60s. worked as an essayist in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Literaturnaya Gazeta". In March 1964 she attended the trial of I.A. Brodsky. Her stenographer. the record of the court session was sent abroad and received peace. fame, having played an important role in the struggle for human rights in the USSR. V. were going to be expelled from the joint venture, but did not have time because of her sudden illness and death.
VIIPURI, see Vyborg.
VIKHANSKY Samuil Nissonovich (1902, Lekhovo, Vitebsk province. - 1964, Moscow), painter. Studied at the School of Rice. and painting by Yu.M. Pen in Vitebsk (1918–23), in 1923 he entered the Academy of Arts in Petrograd (class of A.A. Rylov). An adherent of the realistic school of painting, was a member. Society of artistic-individualists, participated in exhibitions of the Society in 1929-30. In 1934 - a personal exhibition in Leningrad. Consisted in Leningrad. Society for the Encouragement of Arts (1930s), carried out orders for "Vsekohudozhnik" (1950s), Moscow. region art fund. Main works: "Peasant Girl", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Portrait of a Peasant", "Homeless Children" (1929-30, oil on canvas). Paintings are in the Russian Museum, private collections.
VIKHMAN Georgy Lvovich (1902-1977), power engineer, specialist in the region. petroleum engineering. Graduated in 1930 Moscow. chemical-technol. in-t them. D.I. Mendeleev. From 1947 he worked in the State. n.-i. and design institute of oil machine. Participant in the development and commissioning of flameless tube furnaces with radiant walls made of panel burners. Linen. etc. (1963).
VIKHNIN Zalman Davidovich (1909, Shchedrin, Mogilev province - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army - since 1939, a member of the Polish campaign (1939). In fr. from Feb 1943. Captain V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle.
Viktor Grigorievich VIKTOROVICH (1907, Bodaibo Kirensky u. Irkutsk province. - 1987, Moscow), lawyer. Graduated from the faculty of Sov. rights of Moscow State University (1928). Until 1939 he worked as a legal adviser in various. org-tions. In 1939-40 legal department People's Commissariat for shipbuilding. industry of the USSR, in 1940–49 ch. legal adviser and ch. referee of the Ministry of Arms. forces of the USSR. In 1949 he was admitted to Moscow. mountains. Bar Association (MGKA). He became famous as a specialist in criminal and civil. law and process. Protected preim. in complex criminal cases. He headed the section of the culture of judicial speech at Pres. MGKA, worked in the commission for supervising the work of interns and young lawyers at MGKA.
VIKTOROVKA, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. During the Catastrophe in the region of V., approx. 15 thousand Jews deported from Bessarabia.
VILBUSH (Vilbushevich) Nakhum (1879, Grodno - 1971, Haifa), engineer. Brother of G. and M. Vilbushevich. R. in the family of an industrialist. From 1903 - in E.-I. Conducted the first of its kind research. about the sources of water and minerals E.-I. In 1904, he was the only Jew on a commission in Uganda that, on behalf of Histadrut ha-Zionit, studied the possibility of sending Hebrews to this country. emigrants. Created many. prom. enterprises in E.-I. In 1910-14 - tech. dir. plant for the production of oils in St. Petersburg. In 1915-17 - engineer. Jerusalem municipality. In 1917-18 he was an engineer responsible for water supply to the Turkish army. In 1924, together with his brothers, he founded the Shemen plant in Haifa and headed it for decades. One of the leading industrialists in Haifa. Author pl. works on the issues of industry on pl. lang.
VILENCHIK Yakov Solomonovich (1902, Riga - 1939), linguist and orientalist. Graduated from ethnological and linguistic. dep. f-that societies. Sciences LSU (1924). From 1927 he worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1933 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cand. linguistics (1935). Author of works on Semitology. Vol .: Problems of spelling at the present time. Arab. East, in collection: Notes of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M.-L., 1935; Vowel system in Nar.-Arab. lang. citizens of Syria and Palestine, ibid, M.-L., 1936.
VILENKIN Leyser (1894 Town of Vitebsk Gubernia - |), linguist, bibliographer. From the age of 12 he worked at chem. s-de in Kharkov. In 1917 he came to Petrograd and began to study linguistics. In 1921–25 he studied at ped. f-those Leningrad. un-that, combining study with work in an orphanage, then on Wed. school. In 1926–29 - scientific. researcher, graduate student of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Leningrad. In 1929–35 - Assoc. Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, sotr. Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and Institute of criticism and bibliography. In 1936–37 he was a librarian of the State. libraries of the USSR. VI Lenin in Moscow. Throughout many. years was engaged in the preparation of academic. dictionary Heb. (Yiddish) lang., to-ry prepared Ying Heb. culture in Minsk, compiled a large card index, publ. a number of works on Heb. linguistics. The author of the research. “Heb. academic. dictionary and Heb. language atlas "(1929), works" Heb. language atlas of Owls. Union: Phonetics "(1931), for which I made 10 thousand cards with my own hand based on messages from 1200 correspondents. from 700 m. and cities of the country, then generalized them to 75 dialectological. maps.
VILENKIN Naum Yakovlevich (1920, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1942), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1950), prof. (1951). He worked in Moscow. ener. in-those (1943–45), in Saratov, un-those (1945–46), in Moscow universities (1946–61), in Moscow. correspondence ped. in-those (since 1961). Main results pertain to general algebra (topological Abelian groups, Lie groups), topology, theory of functions real. variable, func. analysis. Etc. APN USSR them. K.D. Ushinsky. Works: Some applications of harmonic analysis. Equipped Hilbert spaces, M., 1961, (with I.M. Gelfand); Integral geometry and related questions of the theory of representations, M., 1962, (with I.M. Gelfand and M.I.Graev); Special functions and theory of representations, M., 1965; 2nd ed., M., 1991.
VILENKIN Vitaly Yakovlevich (1911, Moscow - 1997, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic, translator. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of New Languages ​​(1933). Doctor of lawsuit (1967), prof. (1967). Honored. active Arts of the RSFSR (1981). The author of the book. "Memories with commentaries" (1982), "In the one hundred and first mirror" (1987, 1989). Compiled and edited by Sat. selected letters of V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (1979, in 2 volumes).
VILENSKAYA Emilia Samoilovna (1909, Handouhedzy, CER - 1988, Moscow), historian. Cand. ist. Sciences (1964). The daughter of a pharmacist. Since 1925 in Moscow. From 1928 to 1931 she worked at the Ogonyok publishing house and others. From 1931 she studied at the editorial board. in-those OGIZ, in 1933 transferred to MIFLI. In 1936 she was exiled to the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 5 years as "the wife of an enemy of the people." Until 1941 in prison, camp and in the settlement. From 1941 to 1945 she worked as an economist in the Gulag. In 1945 she returned to Moscow, in 1946 she completed her studies in history. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1946-54 she worked in publishing houses and editorial offices. and universities, since 1954 in Ying-those history (since 1968 Ying-t history of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main research V. are devoted to the problems of social and economic. Russian history of the 18th century and the history of societies. movement and societies. thoughts 2nd floor. 19th century The author of introductory art. and commentaries on Op. AI Herzen in 30 volumes (Moscow, 1956–59) and in 9 volumes (Moscow, 1956–58), op. M.L. Mikhailova in 3 volumes (M., 1958), P.D.Boborykin in 2 volumes (M., 1965) and others. Works: Rev. underground in Russia: (60s of the XIX century). M., 1965; Khudyakov, M., 1969; N.K. Mikhailovsky and his ideological role in populist. movement of the 70s-early. 80-ies of the XIX century., M., 1979.
VILENSKIS Wolfas Leibovich (1919, Kaunas - 1992, Israel), Hero of Owls. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1940. In 1941 he graduated from the Vilnius infantry. uch-shche. Participated in battles since June 22, 1941. Kom. battalion of the 16th Lithuanian division, Major V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the battles during the liberation of Lithuania in the 1960s. early military. Department of Vilnius University. Since 1972 - in stock. Since 1984 - in Israel.
VILENSKY Boris Solomonovich (1903, Kostroma - 1970, Moscow), architect. In 1927 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. Laureate of pl. architect. contests. Main works: kitchen factory on Tkatskaya st. in Moscow (1928), a project of a canal in Ufa, a circus in Saratov, art. Moscow metro "Krasnoselskaya" (1935), "Airport" (1938), "Izmailovsky Park" (1944), a club in Tushino, etc., projects of exhibitions in Bombay, Dublin, Moscow, Delhi, Buenos Aires, Kabul.
VILENSKY Ezra Samoilovich (1902, Yekaterinoslav - 1944, Moscow), journalist, writer. From the family of an architect. He completed three courses in Moscow. architect. in-that. Became a journalist, worked in gas. "Kino", on Vses. radio, gas. "News". Participated in the First High-Latitude Exp. on the icebreaking steamer "Sadko" (1935), in the landing on the North. pole of the first drifting st. "SP-1", headed by ID Papanin (May 1937), in taking the Papanin people off the ice (Feb. 1938). For participation in the Arctic. operations load. ord. Work. Cr. Banner and "Badge of Honor". June 22, 1941, while on a business trip in Chisinau, V. voluntarily entered the Kr. Army in the rank of Art. battalion commissar, participated in the defense of Odessa. He died from heavy. diseases. The author is numerous. publ. into gas. and f. Before the war, 3 books were published: "High latitudes" (with the correspondent of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" MB Chernenko), "Sixteen days at the Pole" and "Return of the Papaninites".
VILENSKY Yehuda-Leib-Nisan (1870, Chechersk - 1935, Haifa), society. activist. Received a doctorate in chemistry and philosophy from Basel University. In 1891 in Berlin he joined Palestinophile circles. One of the founders of the Union of Zionist Students in Berlin. Member of the 1st and subsequent Zionist Congr. In 1903–05, the rabbi of Nikolaev. During the pogroms of 1905, he organized self-defense units. From 1906 he lived in Germany. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was elected before. Kharkiv community. Member of the All-Russian. Zionist Congr. in Petrograd (1917). From 1920 - in E.-I., worked in Keren-Gayasod.
VILENSKY Matvey Abramovich (1916 - 1987, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1963), prof. Graduated from Kharkov. fin.-econom. Institute (1937). He began to work at the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences even before the war. Member of the war 1941-45, after demobilization in 1951 again in the institute. Since 1960 head. sector of effectiveness of scientific and technical. progress. Main directions of research: problems of scientific and technical. progress and fuel and energy. complex. The author of several. monographs, ed. 10 collection came out. tr., incl. “The electrification of the USSR and the placement is carried out. forces ", M., 1963; “Methodology of econ. forecasting scientific and technical. progress: Project ", M., 1972, 1973; “Ways and reserves for increasing the social and economic. efficiency of scientific and technical. progress ”. M., 1982; "Social-economic. the effectiveness of a fundamentally new technology. " Moscow, 1985. Cit .: Development of the electrification of the USSR, Moscow, 1958; Placement issues socialist. prom-sti, M., 1968; Scientific and technical progress: econom. aspect., M., 1985.
VILENSKY Moshe (1910, Warsaw - 1997, Tel Aviv), composer, conductor. He studied at the Warsaw State. cons. An orc conducted. at the North Sea Festival (Knokke, Belgium), orc. Swedish Radio (Stockholm), orc. BBC (London), London TV Show, Israeli song festivals (Independence Day), etc. He specialized in different genres of light music. V. author of 3 musicals - "Shulamit", "Fishke", "What a Port!", Symph. the music "Happy Land" for Radio City (New York). He wrote music for television in the United States, for dramas. t-ditch performances in Israel and the USA. V. owns more than 1000 popular songs (2 of them won prizes at festivals in Sopot (1962-63), music for film and documentary f. Laureate of the State Ave. of Israel.
VILEIKA, see Naujoji Vilna.
VILEYSHIKI, see Vileišiškiai.
VILEYSHKIAI, a village in the Birzhai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Vileishishki Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. in V. lived several. Jewish peasants who were involved with. x-vom. In 1876 one Jew was killed in V. The Jewish population of V. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VILBUSHEVICH Gdalyagu (1865, Grodno - 1932, Israel), engineer. Brother M. Vilbushevich and N. Vilbusha. Engineer diploma received in Berlin. From 1892 - in E.-I. Created the first in E.-I. st.-floating. s-d. In 1895 he returned to Russia, became the owner of a mechanical plant. In 1912 - again in E.-I. Constructed buildings for the Technion and Ariel Gymnasium in Haifa. During the 1st world. wars - ch. Ing. headquarters in Damascus. After the war, together with his brothers, he founded the She-men plant, built the Nesher plant and the buildings of the electric company in Haifa.
VILBUSHEVICH Moshe (1869, Grodno - 1952, Israel), engineer. and an inventor. (Brother of N. Vilbush and G. Vilbushevich). He built mills and factories in Russia. Inventor in the region. food. industry and technology (margarine, whole grain bread). He studied at un-those in Zurich, was a member. discussion club, in which V.I. Lenin took part. From 1919 - in E.-I. Together with his brothers, he founded the Shemen plant in Haifa. He also built the largest mills and the Nesher cement plant. He created a lab with his own funds. climatology at Heb. un-those. Participant of the international Congr. Ing.
WILCHIN, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Slupetsky u. Kalisz province. 205 Jews (81.3%) lived in Hungary in 1856, and 236 Jews (38.7%) in 1897. In 1823–62, Hungary was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1880s. the rabbi in V. was Joseph Schraer.
FORK, see Vilkia.
VILKIA, a city in Kaunas region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vilki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 652 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 789, in 1863 - 848, in 1897 - 1431 (71.1%), in 1923 - 829 (46%), in 1940 - approx. 500 Jews (approx. 25%) Jews settled in Hungary in the 18th century. Between 1812 and 1826 the local Jew Avrom-Leib Markus led the struggle of the peasants of V. against Count Zabello, who was trying to tighten serfdom on his estates. In 1826 Marcus and his family were exiled to Siberia. In the 19th century. the Jews of Hungary maintained inns, were engaged in handicrafts, trade, including rafting timber along the Neman and selling it to Germany. All R. 19th century there was a synagogue and a cheder in V. The rabbis in V. were Yehoshua-Geshel Eliashzon, Gabriel Feinberg, in 1872-73 - Hanoch-Zundel Rappaport, in 1873-76 - Arie-Leib Volpert (1840–?), From 1876 - Hillel-Dovid Trivush (1841, Vilna - 1921), who published the newspaper Rel. directions "Ga-Pisga". In 1898 a Zionist organization was founded in Hungary. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Hungary. in apr. 1915 with the approach of parts of germ. army, the Jewish population left V .; after their departure, part of the Jews returned, but soon there was a pogrom, in which Russian soldiers took part. armies and local peasants: men were killed, women were raped. On May 5, 1915, the Jews were expelled from V. to the ext. districts of Russia. After 1918 most of them returned to V. In the 1920s and 1930s. in V. there were 2 synagogues, a school of the "Tarbut" network, branches of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the beginning. 1930s In V. there were 90 Jews engaged in trade, 50 timber raftsmen, 20 gardeners, 16 tailors, 15 carters, 10 shoemakers, 5 stove-makers, 2 carpenters, there was a doctor - Yehuda-Leib Krastin, and a branch of the Jewish National Bank functioned. Rabbi in Hungary in the 1930s. there was Shmuel-Yosef Shohet (? —1941). In 1940, after the annexation of Lithuania to the USSR, the school "Tarbut" was transformed into a school with teaching in Yiddish. Germ. troops occupied V. on June 26, 1941. Before the arrival of the invaders, the Lithuanians killed 2 and arrested 21 Jews. On July 15, a local court accused Jews of collaborating with the Sov. authorities, sentenced them to death. The verdict was approved by a local priest and carried out: the Jews were shot. 28 Aug 1941 in the forest approx. V. Nazis shot 402 Jews. After 1945, a monument was erected at the site of the execution. N. Robinson, B.-N. Silkiner, E. Sintovsky.
VILKOMIR, see Ukmerge.
VILKOVCE, see Vilkyautinis.
VILKIAUTINIS, a village in the Varėna district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the town of Vilkovce Avgustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. 18th century in V. there were 6 taverns owned by Jews.
VILNA, see Vilnius.
VILNAI (Vilensky) Zeev (1900, Chisinau - 1988), geographer and ethnographer. In E.-I. since childhood. Graduated from the School of Oriental and African Studies Lond. un-that. Doctor of Philosophy. In the 20s. organized hiking trips throughout the country and became famous for his lectures. He taught geography and military. topography for soldiers and officers of "Gagana". Publ. tens of books. and research. on local history and geography E.-I. Author of a 10-volume encyclopedia of local history E.-I. "Ariel". Laureate of the State. Israel Ave (1982).
VILNE ZHITTYA (until 1947 - Freileben), a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1925 as a Jewish agriculturalist. artel in the Sholokhovsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr. In 1926 19 Jews lived in V. Zh., in 1939 - 203 Jews. 1941 in V. Zh. All Jews (several decimal places) were shot.
WILNER, see Reliable.
VILNER Vladimir Bertoldovich (1885, Grodno - 1952, Kiev), director. He studied at the University of Geneva (1906), graduated from the drama courses of A. Petrovsky in St. Petersburg. Graduated from law. f-t Petersburg. un-that (1912). Worked as an actor during the 1st world. war served in the army. In 1918-26 he worked as dir. in the t-ts of Kharkov, Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Moscow. In 1926–28 he worked at the Odessa cinema, where he filmed IE Babel's Odessa Stories - Benya Krik (1926) and the melodrama Eyes That Have Seen (1928) - about the fate of the Hebrews. the poor in the pre-revolutionary years. In subsequent years, he did not return to the cinema. Ch. dir. in Kiev, Kuibyshev, led the front. touring t-rams during the war 1941-45.
VILNO, see Vilnius.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВИЛЬНЮС (Вильна, Вильно), город, столица Литовской Республики. Изв. с 1128. С 1323 — столица Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, центр Виленской губ. В 1920—39 — центр Виленского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1940—91 — столица ЛитССР.В сер. 1600-х гг. в В. проживало ок. 3000 евреев, в 1765 в Виленском кагале — 3887, в 1800 в В. — ок. 7000 (ок. 40%), в 1832 — 20 706 (57,5%), в 1857 — 20 530, в 1897 — 63 996 (40,9%), в 1910 — 72 323, в 1915 — 77 442 еврея и 359 караимов, в 1921 — ок. 55 000 евреев, в 1939 — ок. 80 000, в 1944 — ок. 6000, в 1959 — 16 354 еврея и 133 караима, в 1970 — 16 486 евреев (4,4%), в 1979 — 10 723 (2,3%), в 1989 — 9109 евреев (1,5%).В. — один из крупнейших центров еврейской культуры в Вост. Европе, назв. евреями Литвы «Иерушалаим де Лита» — «Литовский Иерусалим». Евреи посещали В. начиная с 1-й пол. 15 в. В 1487 в В. было заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1490 на р. Вилии (совр. Нярис) состоял мытником еврей Михл Данилович, в В. проживал имевший собств. дом еврей Янешовский. В 1527 евреям было запрещено проживать и торговать в В. Запрет был ослаблен в 1551, когда король Сигизмунд II Август разрешил двум краковским евреям вести в В. торговлю, нанимать дома и лавки, открыть ломбард для выдачи ссуд под залог движимого имущества. Нек-рые богатые евреи-переселенцы работали на виленском монетном дворе, пробирщиком и управляющим к-рого в нач. 1550-х гг. был Щасный. В 1560 еврей из Кракова Феликс был виленским мытарем, а в 1569 Ицхок Бородавка получил от короля право на чеканку королевских монет. Несмотря на возникавшие притеснения, мн. евреи оседали и закреплялись в В.Первые сведения о еврейской общине В. относятся к 1568. В 1573 виленские евреи заложили основание Большой синагоги. К этому времени численность еврейского населения В. существенно увеличилась, и улица, идущая от Немецкой к рынку мимо синагоги, получила в кон. 16 в. назв. Еврейской. В мае 1592 в В. был устроен погром, во время к-рого были разгромлены синагога, еврейские лавки и каменные дома кн. Слуцких, где жили евреи. После погрома король Сигизмунд III Ваза предоставил евреям в 1593 ряд привилегий, что помогло им начать основательное обустройство в В. Тогда же Большая синагога была перестроена, по образцу средневековых синагог Зап. Европы, в обширное каменное здание с 4 массивными колоннами в середине, опирающимися на них сводами и с углубленным полом.19 февр. 1633 по ходатайству Шмуэля и Лазаря Моисеевичей (выходцев из Франкфурта-на-Майне), выступивших от имени всей еврейской общины, король Владислав IV пожаловал евреям грамоту, в к-рой подтвердил прежние права евреев: владеть на вечные времена синагогами и кладбищами; содержать мясные лавки и бани, к-рые разрешалось топить в любое время; иметь раввинский суд; открывать лавки для торговли оптом и в розницу сукном, шелковыми материями, коврами, турецкими и др. иностр. товарами; продавать и покупать золото, серебро и драгоценности; заниматься ремеслами, особенно теми, для к-рых в В. не существовало цехов; готовить, хранить и продавать напитки; покупать скот на убой; пользоваться гор. весами и гор. водопроводом за равную со всеми плату и т. д. В то же время король ввел ряд ограничит. мер в отношении евреев: для проживания им отводились определенные улицы, грамотой утверждалось создание в 1633 еврейского гетто. Для переселения в гетто евреев и освобождения терр. гетто жителями-христианами отводился срок до 1648. Евреям также запрещалось шить на христиан и топить свои бани для неевреев. В апр. 1634 толпа горожан напала на еврейскую похоронную процессию и учинила погром на кладбище. Пострадали находившиеся на кладбище евреи, памятники на могилах подверглись надругательству. 6 марта 1635 была разграблена и разрушена синагога, одноврем. была разграблена общинная касса. Убыток от погрома составил ок. 100 тыс. злотых. В нач. 1636 дело о погроме рассмотрела назначенная королем комиссия, к-рая признала необходимость, в целях предупреждения беспорядков, более точно определить границы еврейского квартала и поставить на входе ворота по примеру др. польских и литовских городов.В кон. 16 в. еврейская община В. укрепила свои экономич. позиции. Численность общины увеличилась за счет переселившихся в В. евреев (в т. ч. состоятельных и образованных) — выходцев из разл. городов Польши, а также из Праги и Франкфурта-на-Майне. С 1660-х гг. к общине В. перешла ведущая роль в литовском еврействе.Тяжелые последствия для евреев В. имели события нач. 18 в. В 1705 в В. вошла рус. армия, в 1706 — шведская. Город обложили налогами и штрафами; евреям также пришлось заплатить крупные суммы. В 1706 пожар уничтожил б. ч. В. От голода 1709—10 в В. погибло 34 тыс. жителей, в т. ч. ок. 4 тыс. евреев. В 1710 разразилась эпидемия чумы, от к-рой также пострадало много евреев. Значит. урон В. и всему его населению нанесли пожары 1715, 1737, 1748 и 1749. 24 мая 1749 в В. по решению суда был сожжен Авром бен Авром — перешедший в иудаизм граф Валентин Потоцкий.В 1783 в В. было ликвидировано гетто. В 1794 в В. произошел погром. С 1804 евреям разрешалось учиться на мед. ф-те Виленского ун-та. Среди первых выпускников-евреев — Иосиф Розенсон, С.Кушелевский и Исаак Зейберлинг. В 1805 Александр I пожертвовал 3 тыс. руб. на постройку нового здания еврейской больницы, а затем распорядился ежегодно отпускать из казны на нужды больницы по 2500 руб. Война 1812 нанесла серьезный ущерб еврейской общине В.Еще в 17 в. виленская община была признана духовным центром евреев Литвы. В В. жили и работали мн. религ. авторитеты того времени. Наиб. изв. из них был Элиягу из Вильны. В кон. 18 в. В. становится центром борьбы с хасидизмом.Изв. раввинами в В. в 19—20 вв. являлись Авром Данциг (1747—1820), автор «Хайе Адам», Х.О.Гродзенский, И.Салантер, Ш.Страшун, А.И.Карелиц, Авром Посвилер (1836—?), И.Блазер, Ханох Эйгеш.В нач. 19 в. В. занял лидирующие позиции в движении Гаскалы в Сев.-Зап. крае; появилось выражение «а вильнер», обозначавшее образованного либерального еврея. В 1841 группа последователей Гаскалы открыла в В. 2 уч-ща с преподаванием еврейских и общих предметов. Группа сотрудничала с к-том при виленском ген.-губернаторе по вопросам подготовки в России образованных раввинов (1840) и вела переписку с М.Лилиенталем. В 1844 пр-во открыло в В. раввинское уч-ще (рук. Ц.-Г.Каценеленбоген), преобразованное в 1881 в Учительский ин-т. С 1867 в раввинском уч-ще преподавал иврит и арамейский яз. Иошуа Штейнберг (ок. 1830—1908, Вильна), после преобразования уч-ща в Учительский ин-т служивший там инспектором до 1904. К сер. 19 в. В. стал центром еврейской лит-ры, к-рый привлекал писательские силы всего края. В это время в В. жили М.А.Гинцбург, И.-Л.Гордон, А.-Д.-Б.Лебенсон, М.-И.Лебенсон, Ш.-И.Финн. Важную роль в истории еврейской лит-ры в России сыграли еврейские типографии в В., начиная с двух первых, открытых в 1799. Эти типографии впоследствии образовали совм. компанию с переместившейся в В. гродненской типографией Роммов.В нач. 19 в. в В. действовали старые синагоги и строились новые. В 1830 открылось новое еврейское кладбище, в 1831 возникло небольшое еврейское холерное кладбище. В В. существовало множество религ.-учебных, молитвенных, благотворительных, профессиональных братств. Имелись еврейская больница, раввинское уч-ще, казенное еврейское уч-ще 2-го разряда, об-во взаимопомощи купеческих приказчиков и евреев, об-во взаимопомощи со ссудо-сберегат. кассой служащих в т-ве «И.Б.Сегаль», об-во взаимопомощи меламедов г. Вильны, виленский к-т ЕКО. Выпускались периодич. изд. на древнееврейском яз. и идише: «Дер Тог», «Вильнер вохенблат», «Дер Гольцгендлер», «Лебен ун виссеншафт», «Дер Штерн», «Га-Ноар», «Ди юдише вельт», «Сафрутену гаатика», «Дер Шнейдер». В 1892 при талмуд-торе было основано еврейское ремесл. уч-ще с преподаванием столярного и слесарного дела, впоследствии ставшее самостоятельным. В 1894 в В. была построена кинасса. В 1900 за «попытку ритуального убийства» был осужден Д.А.Блондес.В 19 — нач. 20 в. В. имел статус крупнейшего торг.-пром. центра Сев.-Зап. края. В 1887 в В. 53 пром. пр-тия принадлежало евреям, в 1897 — 49, в 1900-х гг. — 125 фабрич.-заводдских пр-тий. Развивались произ-во бумаги и разл. изделий из нее (2 кр. конвертные ф-ки), печатное и швейное дело, обработка дерева (лесопилки, меб. ф-ки) и кожи, пивоварение, муком. произ-во, имелись табачные ф-ки. Еврейское население В. было занято гл. обр. в пром-сти, ремесленничестве (43% трудоспособного еврейского населения) и торговле (ок. 22,8%), преимущественно мелочной. На кр. пр-тиях города евреев-рабочих было ок. 40%. В 1902 евреям принадлежало 2/3 ремесл. мастерских В. (всего было ок. 3700), в к-рых работало 3711 мастеров, 5081 рабочий и 2831 ученик. Среди шляпочников, перчаточников, портных, скорняков, бронзовщиков евреи составляли абсолютное большинство. Практически вся обувь в В. производилась евреями. В 1815 возникла первая еврейская ф-ка по произ-ву тканей. В 1858 ткацкие ф-ки В. большей частью принадлежали евреям. В 1897 изготовлением одежды и обуви в В. был занят 4951 еврей (3020 мужчин и 1931 женщина), в чулочном произ-ве — 2 тыс. евреев, к-рые составляли 7/8 от всех занятых в этом ремесле. Среди представителей свободных профессий в 1897 было 1026 евреев. Евреев-врачей насчитывалось 45 (из 102), зубных врачей и дантистов — 49 (из 57), аптекарей — 5 (из 22), частных поверенных — 35 (из 41), пом. присяжных поверенных — 5 (из 18), присяжных поверенных — 4 (из 29). В В. действовало 15 кредитных учреждений, в т. ч. 5 еврейских банкирских домов. Из 26 представителей и агентов страховых об-в 15 были евреями. В 1904 возникло Виленское ремесл. мелкоторг. ссудо-сберегат. т-во — первое учреждение подобного рода в Сев.-Зап. крае, в к-ром евреев было 95%.В 1875 А.И.Зунделевич основал в В. первый еврейский рев. кружок. Евреи В. принимали активное участие в рев. движении. В 1887 произошла кр. стачка евреек-чулочниц. В 1892 в В. впервые отмечалось 1 мая. В 1909 (по данным фабрич. инспекции) в В. было зарегистрировано 15 профсоюзов, многие из к-рых позднее были закрыты.В В. действовало множество еврейских об-в взаимопомощи: приказчиков, уч-ся, торговцев, владельцев парикмахерских и т. п. Функционировали благотворит. об-ва и орг-ции: еврейская обществ. богадельня, об-ва помощи больным евреям, трудовой помощи евреям, содействия бедным евреям в обучении ремеслам, ссудо-сберегат. об-во, «Эзро», «Бейс Яаков», «Гмилус хесэд Двейре-Эстер», «Соймех Нофлим», об-во содействия обучению грамоте и религии глухонемых еврейских детей и др. Об-во «Мишмерес-Хойлим» создало обширную сеть врачебной помощи с 35 врачами, 10 фельдшерами, 10 акушерками, 7 массажистками. Каждый член об-ва имел право на врачебную помощь за минимальную плату. Об-ву принадлежала крупнейшая в В. аптека с 8 пом. провизоров и 13 учениками, к-рая бесплатно и часто без залога давала напрокат предметы сан. гигиены. В 1908 в еврейской больнице лечилось более 1 тыс. чел. Имелась дешевая еврейская столовая для бедных, куда допускались лица всех вероисповеданий. В 1909 в В. было ок. 100 синагог.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в В. наблюдалось сокращение числа уч-ся в еврейских уч. заведениях. В 1897 их было 698 (13 154 мальчика и 1809 девочек), в 1907 — 348 (6502 мальчика и 3249 девочек). Значит. уменьшилось кол-во хедеров: в 1898 — 591, в 1907 — 275. Открылась еврейская гимназия, где обучение велось на рус. яз., но также изучалось мн. еврейских предметов. В 1913 в В. возникло книжное изд-во Б.Клецкина, к-рое с 1914 начало выпускать журн. для детей на идише. Работала б-ка при виленском отд-нии ОПЕ. В 1915 открылась частная жен. гимназия С.М.Гуревич с преподаванием на рус. яз. (в 1922 — яз. преподавания — идиш, введено совм. обучение, закрыта в 1933, в сер. 1920-х гг. в ней преподавал М.С.Кульбак). Функционировали еврейские нар. уч-ща, действовал ряд еврейских просветит. и благотворит. об-в: лит.-науч.-худож., муз.-драм.-певческий кружок, худож.-пром. кружок им. М.М.Антокольского, об-ва попечения о детях, трудовой помощи (с 1903), ремесл. и земледельч. труда среди евреев, поощрения высш. знаний, учит. об-во взаимопомощи, отд-ние ОЗЕ с дет. центрами и пунктами питания и др.В нач. 20 в. В. становится одним из центров сионистского движения в Рос. империи. В 1903 В. посетил Т.Герцль. Сионистский лидер Ш.Х.Левин был избран виленским деп. в Гос. Думу России. В 1906 в В. появилось отд-ние Еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии. Каждое политич. объединение и партия имели свои издания. Отд-ния Бунда, «Поалей Цион» и социал-демокр. орг-ций издавали свои газ. и др. лит-ру в осн. на идише. В 1904—05 выходила ежедн. газ. «Газман», с 1906 — еженед. на идише «Дас идише фолк» под ред. Й.Лурье. В культурной жизни города активно проявлял себя еврейский т-р. Существовавший в В. с 1901 любит. кружок, после распада т-ра П.Гиршбейна, возглавил в 1910 Я.Бен-Ами. В 1916 организовалось «Виленское объединение еврейских драм. артистов» под рук. М.Ю.Ковальского.Раввинами в В. были: с 1900 — Беньямин-Довбер Пиловский (1872—?), с 1905 — Хаим-Шимон Топ, с 1906 — Шмуэль Фрид, с 1905 казенным раввином был Иегуда-Лейб Кантор (1849—1915, Рига), с 1910 — И.Рубинштейн, избр. в 1919 обществ. раввином.В 1918 в В. была создана еврейская самооборона. 19—20 апр. 1919 произошел погром, устроенный частями польск. армии, в ходе к-рого был убит 81 еврей, в т. ч. А.Вайтер. После вхождения В. в состав Польши в 1920 евреи участвовали в работе муницип. администрации. В 1920-х гг. польск. власти вводили в еврейских школах польск. яз., открывали гос. школы для еврейских детей с преподаванием на польск. яз. В 1920—30-х гг. в В. была создана сеть нач., ср. и ремесл. нац. школ, пед. ин-тов с преподаванием на иврите и идише. В это время В. становится междунар. центром еврейской культуры и лит-ры, где на идише выходили многочисл. газ., еженедельники, политич., лит., пед. и науч. журналы. Осн. С.Ан-ским]] еврейское ист.-этногр. об-во создало в 1919 музей и архив. В 1924 был учрежден ИВО, в работе к-рого участвовали изв. ученые М.Вайнрайх, З.-Г.Калманович, З.К.Рейзен и др. Депутатами Сейма были представители евреев д-р Яков Выгодский (1857—1942) и Михаэль Стучинский, сенаторами И.Рубинштейн и Ц.Шабад. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1923 была открыта новая кинасса. К кон. 1930-х гг. в В. было ок. 150 синагог. В 1921 был открыт Центр. еврейский кооперативный банк.В 1940 В. стал столицей ЛитССР. Сов. власти закрыли еврейские культурные учреждения и запретили деятельность сионистских орг-ций. Были запрещены все некоммунистич. издания на идише. Издавалась ежедн. газ. «Вилнер эмес». Вильнюсский еврейский т-р был преобразован в Литовский ГОСЕТ, худож. рук. к-рого назначили М.Вискинда.24 июня 1941 в В. вошли герм. войска. Начались гонения на евреев, к-рых в В. было ок. 80 тыс. Ок. 35 тыс. евреев было расстреляно в Панеряе. К 6 сент. 1941 для оставшихся в живых евреев было создано 2 гетто: № 1 — большое и № 2 — малое. В 1-й пол. сент. в гетто № 1 проживало 29 тыс. евреев, в гетто № 2 — 9 тыс. К кон. окт. 1941 гетто № 2 было ликвидировано. К сер. марта 1942 в гетто № 1 оставалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовали разл. еврейские обществ. и культурные орг-ции, функционировала система подпольного еврейского образования (дет. сады, хедеры, школы, гимназия, иешивы, техникумы, муз. школа), продолжал работать т-р на идише. Среди актеров т-ра был Моисей (Морис) Лямпе (1895, Варшава — 1941, Вильнюс), отец актера ГОСЕТа и Т-ра на Малой Бронной Григория Лямпе. Среди узников гетто был Лейб Турбович (1886, Вильна — 1943) — один из организаторов еврейского школьного образования, к-рый в гетто руководил нар. школой, гимназистскими курсами, участвовал в работе учит. союза, союза литераторов. В янв. 1942 в гетто под рук. И.Витенберга, Й.Глазмана, А.Ковнера была создана объединенная боевая орг-ция ФПО (Фарейнигте партизанер орг-ция). Нек-рые участники ФПО погибли в стычках с нацистами, другие ушли в леса, где организовали еврейские партиз. отряды «Мститель» (ком. А.Ковнер), «За победу» (ком. Шмуэль Каплинский), «Борьба» (ком. М.Баселицкий), «Смерть фашизму» (ком. Берл Шерешневский), «Истребитель» (ком. Бутиенас, 1919—1944). В июне 1942 нач. еврейской полиции Яков Генс был назначен «главой» гетто. Впоследствии он был обвинен гестапо в пособничестве подпольщикам и 15 сент. 1943 расстрелян. В авг. 1943 начались ликвидация гетто № 1 и вывоз евреев в Эстонию. Всего в Виленском гетто погибло ок. 100 тыс. евреев из В. и его окрестностей.В освобождении В. 13 июля 1944 принимала участие 8-я гв. мех. бригада под ком. полк. С.Д.Кремера. После освобождения в город вернулось ок. 6 тыс. уцелевших евреев. Организовалась община. В 1944 была открыта хоральная синагога. В обычные дни ее посещали до 100 чел., в праздники — до 2 тыс. Раввином был Х.Л.Шифрин (1912—?), шохетом — Л.А.Крейнгель (1906—?). 31 мая 1946 было организовано погребение оскверненных в период Катастрофы свитков Торы. В 1944—47 под покровительством И.В.Ребельского действовала школа-интернат. В 1949 была закрыта школа с предподаванием на идише [дир. Ида Юдовна Дектор (1901, Рокишкис — 1987, Иерусалим), мать Ф.А.Дектора]. В кон. 1940-х гг. уничтожено старейшее в В. еврейское кладбище (в кон. 1960-х гг. розовый мрамор с его надгробий использован для постамента памятника А.С.Пушкину). В 1951 были переименованы ул. с еврейскими названиями (восстановлены в 1992). К 1957 посещаемость синагоги сократилась в 3—4 раза, что было связано с выездом евреев из В. в Польшу в рамках кампании по репатриации. В 1959 ликвидировано Зареченское еврейское кладбище (осн. в 1828). В 1960 раввином в В. стал Юда-Менахем Рабинович. В 1964 в В. был отмечен факт ритуального навета.В 1960-х гг. В. становится одним из центров еврейского нац. движения в СССР. В кон. 1960-х гг. в В. была создана любит. еврейская труппа, ставившая пьесы Шолом-Алейхема и др. классиков на идише. В 1971 осн. еврейский анс. «Файерлах», в 1977 организована театр. труппа на идише. С кон. 1960-х гг. в теч. неск. лет большинство евреев В. выехало в Израиль.В сент. 1988 в В. возникло Об-во возрождения еврейского самосознания «Ткума» (пред. Г.Альпернас), к-рое в 1989—90 выпускало информ. бюллетень «Эцлейну»; открылись курсы по изучению иврита, еврейская б-ка. С 1989 литовское радио начало вести еженед. передачи на идише. В этом же году было учреждено Об-во культуры евреев Литвы [пред. Эмануэлис Зингерис (р. 1957), деятель «Саюдиса», позднее деп. Сейма]. С июня 1990 по февр. 1992 об-во возглавлял Г.Канович, после его отъезда в Израиль — С.Альперавичюс. В окт. 1989 начала издаваться газ. «Литовский Иерусалим» на идише, рус., лит. и англ. яз. В 1989 открылись гос. еврейская школа, еврейский дет. сад, восстановлен Гос. еврейский музей (дир. Зингерис), осн. Ан-ским и действовавший в 1919—41 и 1944—49. В 1990 в Вильнюсском ун-те создана кафедра иудаики [зав. кафедрой проф. Мейер Лазаревич Шубас (р. 1924)]. В 1990 израильским изд-вом «Шамир» в типографии, принадлежавшей ранее семье Ромм, было издано неск. книг религ.-филос. содержания. В 1991—94 раввином В. был Д.Смит. В 1991 открылась иешива. В 1994 раввином В. стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шолом-Бер Кринский.В нояб. 1989 на еврейском кладбище В. был открыт памятник погибшим в период Катастрофы. В Панеряе на месте установленного в 1945 и взорванного в 1952 памятника возведен новый. В 1988 с помощью амер. орг-ции «Ваад га цалат нидхей Исраэль» была восстановлена миква. В 1993 на ул. Субачюс, где летом 1944 было расстреляно ок. 400 евреев, состоялось открытие мемориала. На терр. бывш. гетто, на месте бывш. Шнипишкского кладбища, на новом кладбище Судярвес были установлены памятники. В марте 1992 гор. совет В. переименовал одну из площадей города в площадь Жертв гетто.В 1989 из В. в Израиль выехало 289 чел., в 1990 — 2414, в 1991 — 934, в 1992 — 350, в 1993 — 305 чел.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в В. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В В. род.: Ч.Абрамс, И.Абрахамс, Я.Авнон, И.Агарони, А.Адельберг, И.Л.Айзенштадт, И.Альтшуль, Б.Альфес, Л.М.Антокольский, М.М.Антокольский, Ц.Арад, Й.-Л.Барон, И.-З.Бартонов, В.С.Баскин, А.Бастомский, Ш.Бастомский, И.Бегак, А.Бен-Элиэзер, А.Беркман, Н.Я.Берковский, Г.Б.Бернандт, Л.Бернштейн-Синай, Бецалель, Я.Билликопф, И.Блазер, А.Боген, Р.А.Браудес, А.Бройдес, А.Я.Бруштейн, Я.Вайнберг, А.И.Вайнштейн, С.Н.Валк, Ш.П.Вейценфельд, С.Л.Вендров, И.Витенберг, Э.Воглер, Л.Волф, И.-Б.Вольф, М.Гальперин, Я.М.Гальперн, Я.О.Гальперн, Я.В.Гардман, Р.Г.Гейман, Г.Герзони, А.Гилат, А.С.Гинзберг, А.Голлер, И.-И.Гольдблум, Ш.-Х.Горвиц, А.Гордин, И.-Л.Гордон, М.Гордон, Б.И.Горев, Х.Градэ, А.А.Грихилес, А.Г.Грихилес, И.А.Гурвич, Л.-Л.Гурвич, Д.С.Данин, А.-М.Дик, С.Дикштейн, Л.Душман, Ш.Едидович, И.А.Ефрон, Е.Ешурин, Ш.Жирам, И.-Э.Залкинсон, Ю.С.Залкинд, Я.Зельдин, Л.Золоткоф, Б.А.Ивантер, А.С.Изгоев, Л.Иогихес, В.И.Иохельсон, М.Иш-Шалом, И-Л.Каган, Л.О.Кантор, А.М.Карпинович, Я.Ф.Кац, У.Каценельбоген, Ц.-Г.Каценеленбоген, А.-Ш.Кацизне, Ш.Качергинский, В.К.Кенигсон, С.Л.Клячко, А.-У.Ковнер, С.Г.Ковнер, Й.Коген-Цедек, Г.А.Козлов, М.О.Коршун, М.Косовер, Б.А.Котик, С.М.Кравец, Л.А.Куперник, А.Лаврецкий, И.-Э.Ш.Ландау, Й.-З.Я.Ландау, А.-Д.-Б.Лебенсон, М.-И.Лебенсон, А.Левави, М.Левин, М.З.Левин, Т.Р.Левина, Я.А.Ленцман, М.Либер, [[Лион Д’Ор, С.Ю.Липшиц, С.К.Литвин, Ф.Д.Лифшиц, М.И.Лопатто, М.А.Лясс, М.А.Магат, Д.Г.Маггид, Г.-Н.Магид, М.Майзель, Х.-Л.Маркон, А.М.Мессерер, С.М.Мессерер, Х.-Я.Миникес, Л.С.Минор, А.Моревский, А.Я.Мутник, Н.С.Надеждина, М.И.Нахимсон, Л.Опескин, А.Пиловский, В.Л.Плинер, Г.Плудермахер, Г.С.Померанц, Д.Померанц, И.И.Пресс, М.И.Пресс, А.-Э.Пумпянский, А.И.Рабинович, И.Равин, Ш.-И.Равин, Г.Равич, Д.Раднер, Л.Я.Райцер, Л.Ран, М.Рейхерсон, Ц.-Г.Рейхерсон, Ш.Рессер, М.С.Ривесман, М.Роджер, Л.Розенталь, Л.М.Розенталь, Н.Розенталь, С.К.Розенталь, Д.Ромм, Г.М.Ронинсон, А.М.Роом, Я.А.Роткович, И.Румшинский, А.Сапир, М.Ф.Сахновская, Л.Сегал, Д.Сегаль, Л.А.Сена, Т.И.Сильман, О.А.Слободская, Э.Л.Соломон, И.Столицкий, Й.-Э.Тривуш, Д.Троцкий, Я.Тышка, Д.А.Франк-Каменецкий]], З.Г.Франк-Каменецкий, И.Г.Франк-Каменецкий, И.С.Фридман, Ш.-Й.Фюн, Д.А.Хвольсон, Я.Хейфец, Э.Цунзер, Я.Цур, Ш.-Й.Чарна, Ц.Шабад, А.И.Шатенштейн, Р.А.Шахнович, А.В.Шацкес, М.Шацкес, И.Шипкин, А.Шнайдер, Ш.-З.Шреберк, М.О.Штейнберг, Р.М.Эйгес, Р.Эйнцштейн, Элиягу из Вильны, Г.В.Эпштейн, Б.Е.Этингоф, И.Л.Юдин, В.Р.Якубсон; Семен Зиновьевич Алапин (1856—1923, Гейдельберг, Германия), шахматист, инж.-путеец, в кон. 1870-х гг. один из сильнейших шахматистов России, автор ряда дебютных систем; Сенда Беренсон (1868—1952, США), организатор жен. баскетбола в США в 1890-х гг., автор первой кн. о жен. баскетболе, в 1905—17 пред. К-та жен. баскетбола США; Эстер Виленская (1918—1975), израильский политич. деятель, с 1938 — в Э.-И., в 1944—65 чл. ЦК Компартии Израиля, деп. Кнессета; Меир Вильнер (наст. имя и фам. Дов Ковнер) (р. 1918), политич. деятель, с 1938 — в Э.-И., с 1943 чл. ЦК Компартии Израиля, с 1965 — ее лидер, в 1948—90 деп. Кнессета; Ромен Гари (наст. фам. Кацев) (1914—1980, Париж), франц. писатель, во время 2-й мир. войны — летчик, кавалер орд. Почетного легиона, единств. дважды лауреат Гонкуровской пр.; Генри (Гирш) Герсони (1844—1897, Нью-Йорк), издатель, переводчик, публицист, пропагандист иврита в США, пер. на англ. яз. рассказы И.С. Тургенева; Эммануэль Гиль (наст. фам. Гликман) (1906—1983, Израиль), спортивный деятель, в 1939—77 координатор Центр. совета спорт. об-ва «Га-Поэль», поч. секр. Федерации спорта Израиля; Виктор Яковлевич Головчинер (1905—1981, Вильнюс), театр. реж., с 1926 актер, с 1928 реж., с 1940 худож. рук. БелГОСЕТа, в 1949—51 гл. реж. Иркутского драм. т-ра, с 1955 гл. реж. Рус. драм. т-ра в Вильнюсе, нар. арт. БССР (1944), ЛитССР (1959); Шлойме-Залман Горовиц (1860—1900, Вильна), автор работ по еврейской генеалогии; Иосиф Ромуальдович Григулевич (1913—1988, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, историк, чл.-корр. АН СССР (1979), автор работ по истории католицизма, рев. движения в странах Лат. Америки; Арон Гурвич (1901—1973, Цюрих), философ, д-р философии (1928), в 1919—33 — в Германии, в 1933—40 — во Франции, с 1940 — в США, автор работ в обл. феноменологии, психологии и философии логики и математики; Иегуда-Лейб Давидович (наст. фам. Бен-Давид) (1855—1898, Одесса), журналист, печатался в еврейской прессе, автор работ по вопр. педагогики; Сэмюэль Дайхес (1878—1979), ассиролог, с 1905 — в Великобритании, с 1929 през. Большой ложи Бней-Брит Великобритании; Марк-Меир Дворжецкий (1908—1975), обществ. деятель, в 1941—43 один из организаторов еврейского подполья в гетто В., с 1949 — в Израиле, один из создателей ин-та Яд Ва-Шем, Гос. пр. Израиля (1953); Владимир Наумович Едидович (р. 1927), инженер-капитан 1-го ранга, канд. техн. наук (1972), в 1968 — организатор и ученый секретарь Совета по метрологии АН СССР, с 1992 — в США, с 1995 — основатель и первый гл. ред. рус. издания журн. «Форвертс»; Иегуда-Лейб Каан (1881—1937, США), специалист в обл. фольклора на идише, рук. фольклорной комиссии ИВО; Авром Симхович Каценелебоген (1798—1873), первооткрыватель мин. вод в Друскениках (1830-е гг.); Яков Ильич Коритысский (1915—1985, Москва), специалист в обл. механики текстильных машин и текстильного маш-ния, д-р техн. наук (1966), проф. (1968), автор 160 науч. работ; Беньямин Тадикович Моркус (р. 1961), шашист, мастер спорта по шашечной комп., чемп. СССР по комп. в стоклеточных шашках; Ицхак (Антек) Цукерман (1915—1981, Лохамей га-Гетаот, Израиль), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов Сопротивления в Варшавском гетто; во время восстания в Варшаве (1944) — ком. еврейского отряда, в 1945—46 один из организаторов выезда из Польши уцелевших евреев, с 1946 — в Э.-И.; Михаил Павлович Шрейдер (1902—1978, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1933—37 зам. нач. Моск. уголовного розыска, в 1937—38 зам. наркома внутр. дел КазССР, в 1938—42 — репрессирован, автор кн. «НКВД изнутри» (М., 1995) [сын Ш. — Михаил Михайлович Эланский (р. 1934, Москва), д-р геол.-минералогич. наук, проф.]., pronunciation=ВИЛЬНЮС (Вильна, Вильно), город, столица Литовской Республики. Изв. с 1128. С 1323 — столица Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, центр Виленской губ. В 1920—39 — центр Виленского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1940—91 — столица ЛитССР.В сер. 1600-х гг. в В. проживало ок. 3000 евреев, в 1765 в Виленском кагале — 3887, в 1800 в В. — ок. 7000 (ок. 40%), в 1832 — 20 706 (57,5%), в 1857 — 20 530, в 1897 — 63 996 (40,9%), в 1910 — 72 323, в 1915 — 77 442 еврея и 359 караимов, в 1921 — ок. 55 000 евреев, в 1939 — ок. 80 000, в 1944 — ок. 6000, в 1959 — 16 354 еврея и 133 караима, в 1970 — 16 486 евреев (4,4%), в 1979 — 10 723 (2,3%), в 1989 — 9109 евреев (1,5%).В. — один из крупнейших центров еврейской культуры в Вост. Европе, назв. евреями Литвы «Иерушалаим де Лита» — «Литовский Иерусалим». Евреи посещали В. начиная с 1-й пол. 15 в. В 1487 в В. было заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1490 на р. Вилии (совр. Нярис) состоял мытником еврей Михл Данилович, в В. проживал имевший собств. дом еврей Янешовский. В 1527 евреям было запрещено проживать и торговать в В. Запрет был ослаблен в 1551, когда король Сигизмунд II Август разрешил двум краковским евреям вести в В. торговлю, нанимать дома и лавки, открыть ломбард для выдачи ссуд под залог движимого имущества. Нек-рые богатые евреи-переселенцы работали на виленском монетном дворе, пробирщиком и управляющим к-рого в нач. 1550-х гг. был Щасный. В 1560 еврей из Кракова Феликс был виленским мытарем, а в 1569 Ицхок Бородавка получил от короля право на чеканку королевских монет. Несмотря на возникавшие притеснения, мн. евреи оседали и закреплялись в В.Первые сведения о еврейской общине В. относятся к 1568. В 1573 виленские евреи заложили основание Большой синагоги. К этому времени численность еврейского населения В. существенно увеличилась, и улица, идущая от Немецкой к рынку мимо синагоги, получила в кон. 16 в. назв. Еврейской. В мае 1592 в В. был устроен погром, во время к-рого были разгромлены синагога, еврейские лавки и каменные дома кн. Слуцких, где жили евреи. После погрома король Сигизмунд III Ваза предоставил евреям в 1593 ряд привилегий, что помогло им начать основательное обустройство в В. Тогда же Большая синагога была перестроена, по образцу средневековых синагог Зап. Европы, в обширное каменное здание с 4 массивными колоннами в середине, опирающимися на них сводами и с углубленным полом.19 февр. 1633 по ходатайству Шмуэля и Лазаря Моисеевичей (выходцев из Франкфурта-на-Майне), выступивших от имени всей еврейской общины, король Владислав IV пожаловал евреям грамоту, в к-рой подтвердил прежние права евреев: владеть на вечные времена синагогами и кладбищами; содержать мясные лавки и бани, к-рые разрешалось топить в любое время; иметь раввинский суд; открывать лавки для торговли оптом и в розницу сукном, шелковыми материями, коврами, турецкими и др. иностр. товарами; продавать и покупать золото, серебро и драгоценности; заниматься ремеслами, особенно теми, для к-рых в В. не существовало цехов; готовить, хранить и продавать напитки; покупать скот на убой; пользоваться гор. весами и гор. водопроводом за равную со всеми плату и т. д. В то же время король ввел ряд ограничит. мер в отношении евреев: для проживания им отводились определенные улицы, грамотой утверждалось создание в 1633 еврейского гетто. Для переселения в гетто евреев и освобождения терр. гетто жителями-христианами отводился срок до 1648. Евреям также запрещалось шить на христиан и топить свои бани для неевреев. В апр. 1634 толпа горожан напала на еврейскую похоронную процессию и учинила погром на кладбище. Пострадали находившиеся на кладбище евреи, памятники на могилах подверглись надругательству. 6 марта 1635 была разграблена и разрушена синагога, одноврем. была разграблена общинная касса. Убыток от погрома составил ок. 100 тыс. злотых. В нач. 1636 дело о погроме рассмотрела назначенная королем комиссия, к-рая признала необходимость, в целях предупреждения беспорядков, более точно определить границы еврейского квартала и поставить на входе ворота по примеру др. польских и литовских городов.В кон. 16 в. еврейская община В. укрепила свои экономич. позиции. Численность общины увеличилась за счет переселившихся в В. евреев (в т. ч. состоятельных и образованных) — выходцев из разл. городов Польши, а также из Праги и Франкфурта-на-Майне. С 1660-х гг. к общине В. перешла ведущая роль в литовском еврействе.Тяжелые последствия для евреев В. имели события нач. 18 в. В 1705 в В. вошла рус. армия, в 1706 — шведская. Город обложили налогами и штрафами; евреям также пришлось заплатить крупные суммы. В 1706 пожар уничтожил б. ч. В. От голода 1709—10 в В. погибло 34 тыс. жителей, в т. ч. ок. 4 тыс. евреев. В 1710 разразилась эпидемия чумы, от к-рой также пострадало много евреев. Значит. урон В. и всему его населению нанесли пожары 1715, 1737, 1748 и 1749. 24 мая 1749 в В. по решению суда был сожжен Авром бен Авром — перешедший в иудаизм граф Валентин Потоцкий.В 1783 в В. было ликвидировано гетто. В 1794 в В. произошел погром. С 1804 евреям разрешалось учиться на мед. ф-те Виленского ун-та. Среди первых выпускников-евреев — Иосиф Розенсон, С.Кушелевский и Исаак Зейберлинг. В 1805 Александр I пожертвовал 3 тыс. руб. на постройку нового здания еврейской больницы, а затем распорядился ежегодно отпускать из казны на нужды больницы по 2500 руб. Война 1812 нанесла серьезный ущерб еврейской общине В.Еще в 17 в. виленская община была признана духовным центром евреев Литвы. В В. жили и работали мн. религ. авторитеты того времени. Наиб. изв. из них был Элиягу из Вильны. В кон. 18 в. В. становится центром борьбы с хасидизмом.Изв. раввинами в В. в 19—20 вв. являлись Авром Данциг (1747—1820), автор «Хайе Адам», Х.О.Гродзенский, И.Салантер, Ш.Страшун, А.И.Карелиц, Авром Посвилер (1836—?), И.Блазер, Ханох Эйгеш.В нач. 19 в. В. занял лидирующие позиции в движении Гаскалы в Сев.-Зап. крае; появилось выражение «а вильнер», обозначавшее образованного либерального еврея. В 1841 группа последователей Гаскалы открыла в В. 2 уч-ща с преподаванием еврейских и общих предметов. Группа сотрудничала с к-том при виленском ген.-губернаторе по вопросам подготовки в России образованных раввинов (1840) и вела переписку с М.Лилиенталем. В 1844 пр-во открыло в В. раввинское уч-ще (рук. Ц.-Г.Каценеленбоген), преобразованное в 1881 в Учительский ин-т. С 1867 в раввинском уч-ще преподавал иврит и арамейский яз. Иошуа Штейнберг (ок. 1830—1908, Вильна), после преобразования уч-ща в Учительский ин-т служивший там инспектором до 1904. К сер. 19 в. В. стал центром еврейской лит-ры, к-рый привлекал писательские силы всего края. В это время в В. жили М.А.Гинцбург, И.-Л.Гордон, А.-Д.-Б.Лебенсон, М.-И.Лебенсон, Ш.-И.Финн. Важную роль в истории еврейской лит-ры в России сыграли еврейские типографии в В., начиная с двух первых, открытых в 1799. Эти типографии впоследствии образовали совм. компанию с переместившейся в В. гродненской типографией Роммов.В нач. 19 в. в В. действовали старые синагоги и строились новые. В 1830 открылось новое еврейское кладбище, в 1831 возникло небольшое еврейское холерное кладбище. В В. существовало множество религ.-учебных, молитвенных, благотворительных, профессиональных братств. Имелись еврейская больница, раввинское уч-ще, казенное еврейское уч-ще 2-го разряда, об-во взаимопомощи купеческих приказчиков и евреев, об-во взаимопомощи со ссудо-сберегат. кассой служащих в т-ве «И.Б.Сегаль», об-во взаимопомощи меламедов г. Вильны, виленский к-т ЕКО. Выпускались периодич. изд. на древнееврейском яз. и идише: «Дер Тог», «Вильнер вохенблат», «Дер Гольцгендлер», «Лебен ун виссеншафт», «Дер Штерн», «Га-Ноар», «Ди юдише вельт», «Сафрутену гаатика», «Дер Шнейдер». В 1892 при талмуд-торе было основано еврейское ремесл. уч-ще с преподаванием столярного и слесарного дела, впоследствии ставшее самостоятельным. В 1894 в В. была построена кинасса. В 1900 за «попытку ритуального убийства» был осужден Д.А.Блондес.В 19 — нач. 20 в. В. имел статус крупнейшего торг.-пром. центра Сев.-Зап. края. В 1887 в В. 53 пром. пр-тия принадлежало евреям, в 1897 — 49, в 1900-х гг. — 125 фабрич.-заводдских пр-тий. Развивались произ-во бумаги и разл. изделий из нее (2 кр. конвертные ф-ки), печатное и швейное дело, обработка дерева (лесопилки, меб. ф-ки) и кожи, пивоварение, муком. произ-во, имелись табачные ф-ки. Еврейское население В. было занято гл. обр. в пром-сти, ремесленничестве (43% трудоспособного еврейского населения) и торговле (ок. 22,8%), преимущественно мелочной. На кр. пр-тиях города евреев-рабочих было ок. 40%. В 1902 евреям принадлежало 2/3 ремесл. мастерских В. (всего было ок. 3700), в к-рых работало 3711 мастеров, 5081 рабочий и 2831 ученик. Среди шляпочников, перчаточников, портных, скорняков, бронзовщиков евреи составляли абсолютное большинство. Практически вся обувь в В. производилась евреями. В 1815 возникла первая еврейская ф-ка по произ-ву тканей. В 1858 ткацкие ф-ки В. большей частью принадлежали евреям. В 1897 изготовлением одежды и обуви в В. был занят 4951 еврей (3020 мужчин и 1931 женщина), в чулочном произ-ве — 2 тыс. евреев, к-рые составляли 7/8 от всех занятых в этом ремесле. Среди представителей свободных профессий в 1897 было 1026 евреев. Евреев-врачей насчитывалось 45 (из 102), зубных врачей и дантистов — 49 (из 57), аптекарей — 5 (из 22), частных поверенных — 35 (из 41), пом. присяжных поверенных — 5 (из 18), присяжных поверенных — 4 (из 29). В В. действовало 15 кредитных учреждений, в т. ч. 5 еврейских банкирских домов. Из 26 представителей и агентов страховых об-в 15 были евреями. В 1904 возникло Виленское ремесл. мелкоторг. ссудо-сберегат. т-во — первое учреждение подобного рода в Сев.-Зап. крае, в к-ром евреев было 95%.В 1875 А.И.Зунделевич основал в В. первый еврейский рев. кружок. Евреи В. принимали активное участие в рев. движении. В 1887 произошла кр. стачка евреек-чулочниц. В 1892 в В. впервые отмечалось 1 мая. В 1909 (по данным фабрич. инспекции) в В. было зарегистрировано 15 профсоюзов, многие из к-рых позднее были закрыты.В В. действовало множество еврейских об-в взаимопомощи: приказчиков, уч-ся, торговцев, владельцев парикмахерских и т. п. Функционировали благотворит. об-ва и орг-ции: еврейская обществ. богадельня, об-ва помощи больным евреям, трудовой помощи евреям, содействия бедным евреям в обучении ремеслам, ссудо-сберегат. об-во, «Эзро», «Бейс Яаков», «Гмилус хесэд Двейре-Эстер», «Соймех Нофлим», об-во содействия обучению грамоте и религии глухонемых еврейских детей и др. Об-во «Мишмерес-Хойлим» создало обширную сеть врачебной помощи с 35 врачами, 10 фельдшерами, 10 акушерками, 7 массажистками. Каждый член об-ва имел право на врачебную помощь за минимальную плату. Об-ву принадлежала крупнейшая в В. аптека с 8 пом. провизоров и 13 учениками, к-рая бесплатно и часто без залога давала напрокат предметы сан. гигиены. В 1908 в еврейской больнице лечилось более 1 тыс. чел. Имелась дешевая еврейская столовая для бедных, куда допускались лица всех вероисповеданий. В 1909 в В. было ок. 100 синагог.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в В. наблюдалось сокращение числа уч-ся в еврейских уч. заведениях. В 1897 их было 698 (13 154 мальчика и 1809 девочек), в 1907 — 348 (6502 мальчика и 3249 девочек). Значит. уменьшилось кол-во хедеров: в 1898 — 591, в 1907 — 275. Открылась еврейская гимназия, где обучение велось на рус. яз., но также изучалось мн. еврейских предметов. В 1913 в В. возникло книжное изд-во Б.Клецкина, к-рое с 1914 начало выпускать журн. для детей на идише. Работала б-ка при виленском отд-нии ОПЕ. В 1915 открылась частная жен. гимназия С.М.Гуревич с преподаванием на рус. яз. (в 1922 — яз. преподавания — идиш, введено совм. обучение, закрыта в 1933, в сер. 1920-х гг. в ней преподавал М.С.Кульбак). Функционировали еврейские нар. уч-ща, действовал ряд еврейских просветит. и благотворит. об-в: лит.-науч.-худож., муз.-драм.-певческий кружок, худож.-пром. кружок им. М.М.Антокольского, об-ва попечения о детях, трудовой помощи (с 1903), ремесл. и земледельч. труда среди евреев, поощрения высш. знаний, учит. об-во взаимопомощи, отд-ние ОЗЕ с дет. центрами и пунктами питания и др.В нач. 20 в. В. становится одним из центров сионистского движения в Рос. империи. В 1903 В. посетил Т.Герцль. Сионистский лидер Ш.Х.Левин был избран виленским деп. в Гос. Думу России. В 1906 в В. появилось отд-ние Еврейской социалистич. рабочей партии. Каждое политич. объединение и партия имели свои издания. Отд-ния Бунда, «Поалей Цион» и социал-демокр. орг-ций издавали свои газ. и др. лит-ру в осн. на идише. В 1904—05 выходила ежедн. газ. «Газман», с 1906 — еженед. на идише «Дас идише фолк» под ред. Й.Лурье. В культурной жизни города активно проявлял себя еврейский т-р. Существовавший в В. с 1901 любит. кружок, после распада т-ра П.Гиршбейна, возглавил в 1910 Я.Бен-Ами. В 1916 организовалось «Виленское объединение еврейских драм. артистов» под рук. М.Ю.Ковальского.Раввинами в В. были: с 1900 — Беньямин-Довбер Пиловский (1872—?), с 1905 — Хаим-Шимон Топ, с 1906 — Шмуэль Фрид, с 1905 казенным раввином был Иегуда-Лейб Кантор (1849—1915, Рига), с 1910 — И.Рубинштейн, избр. в 1919 обществ. раввином.В 1918 в В. была создана еврейская самооборона. 19—20 апр. 1919 произошел погром, устроенный частями польск. армии, в ходе к-рого был убит 81 еврей, в т. ч. А.Вайтер. После вхождения В. в состав Польши в 1920 евреи участвовали в работе муницип. администрации. В 1920-х гг. польск. власти вводили в еврейских школах польск. яз., открывали гос. школы для еврейских детей с преподаванием на польск. яз. В 1920—30-х гг. в В. была создана сеть нач., ср. и ремесл. нац. школ, пед. ин-тов с преподаванием на иврите и идише. В это время В. становится междунар. центром еврейской культуры и лит-ры, где на идише выходили многочисл. газ., еженедельники, политич., лит., пед. и науч. журналы. Осн. С.Ан-ским]] еврейское ист.-этногр. об-во создало в 1919 музей и архив. В 1924 был учрежден ИВО, в работе к-рого участвовали изв. ученые М.Вайнрайх, З.-Г.Калманович, З.К.Рейзен и др. Депутатами Сейма были представители евреев д-р Яков Выгодский (1857—1942) и Михаэль Стучинский, сенаторами И.Рубинштейн и Ц.Шабад. Действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1923 была открыта новая кинасса. К кон. 1930-х гг. в В. было ок. 150 синагог. В 1921 был открыт Центр. еврейский кооперативный банк.В 1940 В. стал столицей ЛитССР. Сов. власти закрыли еврейские культурные учреждения и запретили деятельность сионистских орг-ций. Были запрещены все некоммунистич. издания на идише. Издавалась ежедн. газ. «Вилнер эмес». Вильнюсский еврейский т-р был преобразован в Литовский ГОСЕТ, худож. рук. к-рого назначили М.Вискинда.24 июня 1941 в В. вошли герм. войска. Начались гонения на евреев, к-рых в В. было ок. 80 тыс. Ок. 35 тыс. евреев было расстреляно в Панеряе. К 6 сент. 1941 для оставшихся в живых евреев было создано 2 гетто: № 1 — большое и № 2 — малое. В 1-й пол. сент. в гетто № 1 проживало 29 тыс. евреев, в гетто № 2 — 9 тыс. К кон. окт. 1941 гетто № 2 было ликвидировано. К сер. марта 1942 в гетто № 1 оставалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев. В гетто действовали разл. еврейские обществ. и культурные орг-ции, функционировала система подпольного еврейского образования (дет. сады, хедеры, школы, гимназия, иешивы, техникумы, муз. школа), продолжал работать т-р на идише. Среди актеров т-ра был Моисей (Морис) Лямпе (1895, Варшава — 1941, Вильнюс), отец актера ГОСЕТа и Т-ра на Малой Бронной Григория Лямпе. Среди узников гетто был Лейб Турбович (1886, Вильна — 1943) — один из организаторов еврейского школьного образования, к-рый в гетто руководил нар. школой, гимназистскими курсами, участвовал в работе учит. союза, союза литераторов. В янв. 1942 в гетто под рук. И.Витенберга, Й.Глазмана, А.Ковнера была создана объединенная боевая орг-ция ФПО (Фарейнигте партизанер орг-ция). Нек-рые участники ФПО погибли в стычках с нацистами, другие ушли в леса, где организовали еврейские партиз. отряды «Мститель» (ком. А.Ковнер), «За победу» (ком. Шмуэль Каплинский), «Борьба» (ком. М.Баселицкий), «Смерть фашизму» (ком. Берл Шерешневский), «Истребитель» (ком. Бутиенас, 1919—1944). В июне 1942 нач. еврейской полиции Яков Генс был назначен «главой» гетто. Впоследствии он был обвинен гестапо в пособничестве подпольщикам и 15 сент. 1943 расстрелян. В авг. 1943 начались ликвидация гетто № 1 и вывоз евреев в Эстонию. Всего в Виленском гетто погибло ок. 100 тыс. евреев из В. и его окрестностей.В освобождении В. 13 июля 1944 принимала участие 8-я гв. мех. бригада под ком. полк. С.Д.Кремера. После освобождения в город вернулось ок. 6 тыс. уцелевших евреев. Организовалась община. В 1944 была открыта хоральная синагога. В обычные дни ее посещали до 100 чел., в праздники — до 2 тыс. Раввином был Х.Л.Шифрин (1912—?), шохетом — Л.А.Крейнгель (1906—?). 31 мая 1946 было организовано погребение оскверненных в период Катастрофы свитков Торы. В 1944—47 под покровительством И.В.Ребельского действовала школа-интернат. В 1949 была закрыта школа с предподаванием на идише [дир. Ида Юдовна Дектор (1901, Рокишкис — 1987, Иерусалим), мать Ф.А.Дектора]. В кон. 1940-х гг. уничтожено старейшее в В. еврейское кладбище (в кон. 1960-х гг. розовый мрамор с его надгробий использован для постамента памятника А.С.Пушкину). В 1951 были переименованы ул. с еврейскими названиями (восстановлены в 1992). К 1957 посещаемость синагоги сократилась в 3—4 раза, что было связано с выездом евреев из В. в Польшу в рамках кампании по репатриации. В 1959 ликвидировано Зареченское еврейское кладбище (осн. в 1828). В 1960 раввином в В. стал Юда-Менахем Рабинович. В 1964 в В. был отмечен факт ритуального навета.В 1960-х гг. В. становится одним из центров еврейского нац. движения в СССР. В кон. 1960-х гг. в В. была создана любит. еврейская труппа, ставившая пьесы Шолом-Алейхема и др. классиков на идише. В 1971 осн. еврейский анс. «Файерлах», в 1977 организована театр. труппа на идише. С кон. 1960-х гг. в теч. неск. лет большинство евреев В. выехало в Израиль.В сент. 1988 в В. возникло Об-во возрождения еврейского самосознания «Ткума» (пред. Г.Альпернас), к-рое в 1989—90 выпускало информ. бюллетень «Эцлейну»; открылись курсы по изучению иврита, еврейская б-ка. С 1989 литовское радио начало вести еженед. передачи на идише. В этом же году было учреждено Об-во культуры евреев Литвы [пред. Эмануэлис Зингерис (р. 1957), деятель «Саюдиса», позднее деп. Сейма]. С июня 1990 по февр. 1992 об-во возглавлял Г.Канович, после его отъезда в Израиль — С.Альперавичюс. В окт. 1989 начала издаваться газ. «Литовский Иерусалим» на идише, рус., лит. и англ. яз. В 1989 открылись гос. еврейская школа, еврейский дет. сад, восстановлен Гос. еврейский музей (дир. Зингерис), осн. Ан-ским и действовавший в 1919—41 и 1944—49. В 1990 в Вильнюсском ун-те создана кафедра иудаики [зав. кафедрой проф. Мейер Лазаревич Шубас (р. 1924)]. В 1990 израильским изд-вом «Шамир» в типографии, принадлежавшей ранее семье Ромм, было издано неск. книг религ.-филос. содержания. В 1991—94 раввином В. был Д.Смит. В 1991 открылась иешива. В 1994 раввином В. стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Шолом-Бер Кринский.В нояб. 1989 на еврейском кладбище В. был открыт памятник погибшим в период Катастрофы. В Панеряе на месте установленного в 1945 и взорванного в 1952 памятника возведен новый. В 1988 с помощью амер. орг-ции «Ваад га цалат нидхей Исраэль» была восстановлена миква. В 1993 на ул. Субачюс, где летом 1944 было расстреляно ок. 400 евреев, состоялось открытие мемориала. На терр. бывш. гетто, на месте бывш. Шнипишкского кладбища, на новом кладбище Судярвес были установлены памятники. В марте 1992 гор. совет В. переименовал одну из площадей города в площадь Жертв гетто.В 1989 из В. в Израиль выехало 289 чел., в 1990 — 2414, в 1991 — 934, в 1992 — 350, в 1993 — 305 чел.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в В. проживало ок. 5 тыс. евреев.В В. род.: Ч.Абрамс, И.Абрахамс, Я.Авнон, И.Агарони, А.Адельберг, И.Л.Айзенштадт, И.Альтшуль, Б.Альфес, Л.М.Антокольский, М.М.Антокольский, Ц.Арад, Й.-Л.Барон, И.-З.Бартонов, В.С.Баскин, А.Бастомский, Ш.Бастомский, И.Бегак, А.Бен-Элиэзер, А.Беркман, Н.Я.Берковский, Г.Б.Бернандт, Л.Бернштейн-Синай, Бецалель, Я.Билликопф, И.Блазер, А.Боген, Р.А.Браудес, А.Бройдес, А.Я.Бруштейн, Я.Вайнберг, А.И.Вайнштейн, С.Н.Валк, Ш.П.Вейценфельд, С.Л.Вендров, И.Витенберг, Э.Воглер, Л.Волф, И.-Б.Вольф, М.Гальперин, Я.М.Гальперн, Я.О.Гальперн, Я.В.Гардман, Р.Г.Гейман, Г.Герзони, А.Гилат, А.С.Гинзберг, А.Голлер, И.-И.Гольдблум, Ш.-Х.Горвиц, А.Гордин, И.-Л.Гордон, М.Гордон, Б.И.Горев, Х.Градэ, А.А.Грихилес, А.Г.Грихилес, И.А.Гурвич, Л.-Л.Гурвич, Д.С.Данин, А.-М.Дик, С.Дикштейн, Л.Душман, Ш.Едидович, И.А.Ефрон, Е.Ешурин, Ш.Жирам, И.-Э.Залкинсон, Ю.С.Залкинд, Я.Зельдин, Л.Золоткоф, Б.А.Ивантер, А.С.Изгоев, Л.Иогихес, В.И.Иохельсон, М.Иш-Шалом, И-Л.Каган, Л.О.Кантор, А.М.Карпинович, Я.Ф.Кац, У.Каценельбоген, Ц.-Г.Каценеленбоген, А.-Ш.Кацизне, Ш.Качергинский, В.К.Кенигсон, С.Л.Клячко, А.-У.Ковнер, С.Г.Ковнер, Й.Коген-Цедек, Г.А.Козлов, М.О.Коршун, М.Косовер, Б.А.Котик, С.М.Кравец, Л.А.Куперник, А.Лаврецкий, И.-Э.Ш.Ландау, Й.-З.Я.Ландау, А.-Д.-Б.Лебенсон, М.-И.Лебенсон, А.Левави, М.Левин, М.З.Левин, Т.Р.Левина, Я.А.Ленцман, М.Либер, [[Лион Д’Ор, С.Ю.Липшиц, С.К.Литвин, Ф.Д.Лифшиц, М.И.Лопатто, М.А.Лясс, М.А.Магат, Д.Г.Маггид, Г.-Н.Магид, М.Майзель, Х.-Л.Маркон, А.М.Мессерер, С.М.Мессерер, Х.-Я.Миникес, Л.С.Минор, А.Моревский, А.Я.Мутник, Н.С.Надеждина, М.И.Нахимсон, Л.Опескин, А.Пиловский, В.Л.Плинер, Г.Плудермахер, Г.С.Померанц, Д.Померанц, И.И.Пресс, М.И.Пресс, А.-Э.Пумпянский, А.И.Рабинович, И.Равин, Ш.-И.Равин, Г.Равич, Д.Раднер, Л.Я.Райцер, Л.Ран, М.Рейхерсон, Ц.-Г.Рейхерсон, Ш.Рессер, М.С.Ривесман, М.Роджер, Л.Розенталь, Л.М.Розенталь, Н.Розенталь, С.К.Розенталь, Д.Ромм, Г.М.Ронинсон, А.М.Роом, Я.А.Роткович, И.Румшинский, А.Сапир, М.Ф.Сахновская, Л.Сегал, Д.Сегаль, Л.А.Сена, Т.И.Сильман, О.А.Слободская, Э.Л.Соломон, И.Столицкий, Й.-Э.Тривуш, Д.Троцкий, Я.Тышка, Д.А.Франк-Каменецкий]], З.Г.Франк-Каменецкий, И.Г.Франк-Каменецкий, И.С.Фридман, Ш.-Й.Фюн, Д.А.Хвольсон, Я.Хейфец, Э.Цунзер, Я.Цур, Ш.-Й.Чарна, Ц.Шабад, А.И.Шатенштейн, Р.А.Шахнович, А.В.Шацкес, М.Шацкес, И.Шипкин, А.Шнайдер, Ш.-З.Шреберк, М.О.Штейнберг, Р.М.Эйгес, Р.Эйнцштейн, Элиягу из Вильны, Г.В.Эпштейн, Б.Е.Этингоф, И.Л.Юдин, В.Р.Якубсон; Семен Зиновьевич Алапин (1856—1923, Гейдельберг, Германия), шахматист, инж.-путеец, в кон. 1870-х гг. один из сильнейших шахматистов России, автор ряда дебютных систем; Сенда Беренсон (1868—1952, США), организатор жен. баскетбола в США в 1890-х гг., автор первой кн. о жен. баскетболе, в 1905—17 пред. К-та жен. баскетбола США; Эстер Виленская (1918—1975), израильский политич. деятель, с 1938 — в Э.-И., в 1944—65 чл. ЦК Компартии Израиля, деп. Кнессета; Меир Вильнер (наст. имя и фам. Дов Ковнер) (р. 1918), политич. деятель, с 1938 — в Э.-И., с 1943 чл. ЦК Компартии Израиля, с 1965 — ее лидер, в 1948—90 деп. Кнессета; Ромен Гари (наст. фам. Кацев) (1914—1980, Париж), франц. писатель, во время 2-й мир. войны — летчик, кавалер орд. Почетного легиона, единств. дважды лауреат Гонкуровской пр.; Генри (Гирш) Герсони (1844—1897, Нью-Йорк), издатель, переводчик, публицист, пропагандист иврита в США, пер. на англ. яз. рассказы И.С. Тургенева; Эммануэль Гиль (наст. фам. Гликман) (1906—1983, Израиль), спортивный деятель, в 1939—77 координатор Центр. совета спорт. об-ва «Га-Поэль», поч. секр. Федерации спорта Израиля; Виктор Яковлевич Головчинер (1905—1981, Вильнюс), театр. реж., с 1926 актер, с 1928 реж., с 1940 худож. рук. БелГОСЕТа, в 1949—51 гл. реж. Иркутского драм. т-ра, с 1955 гл. реж. Рус. драм. т-ра в Вильнюсе, нар. арт. БССР (1944), ЛитССР (1959); Шлойме-Залман Горовиц (1860—1900, Вильна), автор работ по еврейской генеалогии; Иосиф Ромуальдович Григулевич (1913—1988, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, историк, чл.-корр. АН СССР (1979), автор работ по истории католицизма, рев. движения в странах Лат. Америки; Арон Гурвич (1901—1973, Цюрих), философ, д-р философии (1928), в 1919—33 — в Германии, в 1933—40 — во Франции, с 1940 — в США, автор работ в обл. феноменологии, психологии и философии логики и математики; Иегуда-Лейб Давидович (наст. фам. Бен-Давид) (1855—1898, Одесса), журналист, печатался в еврейской прессе, автор работ по вопр. педагогики; Сэмюэль Дайхес (1878—1979), ассиролог, с 1905 — в Великобритании, с 1929 през. Большой ложи Бней-Брит Великобритании; Марк-Меир Дворжецкий (1908—1975), обществ. деятель, в 1941—43 один из организаторов еврейского подполья в гетто В., с 1949 — в Израиле, один из создателей ин-та Яд Ва-Шем, Гос. пр. Израиля (1953); Владимир Наумович Едидович (р. 1927), инженер-капитан 1-го ранга, канд. техн. наук (1972), в 1968 — организатор и ученый секретарь Совета по метрологии АН СССР, с 1992 — в США, с 1995 — основатель и первый гл. ред. рус. издания журн. «Форвертс»; Иегуда-Лейб Каан (1881—1937, США), специалист в обл. фольклора на идише, рук. фольклорной комиссии ИВО; Авром Симхович Каценелебоген (1798—1873), первооткрыватель мин. вод в Друскениках (1830-е гг.); Яков Ильич Коритысский (1915—1985, Москва), специалист в обл. механики текстильных машин и текстильного маш-ния, д-р техн. наук (1966), проф. (1968), автор 160 науч. работ; Беньямин Тадикович Моркус (р. 1961), шашист, мастер спорта по шашечной комп., чемп. СССР по комп. в стоклеточных шашках; Ицхак (Антек) Цукерман (1915—1981, Лохамей га-Гетаот, Израиль), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов Сопротивления в Варшавском гетто; во время восстания в Варшаве (1944) — ком. еврейского отряда, в 1945—46 один из организаторов выезда из Польши уцелевших евреев, с 1946 — в Э.-И.; Михаил Павлович Шрейдер (1902—1978, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, в 1933—37 зам. нач. Моск. уголовного розыска, в 1937—38 зам. наркома внутр. дел КазССР, в 1938—42 — репрессирован, автор кн. «НКВД изнутри» (М., 1995) [сын Ш. — Михаил Михайлович Эланский (р. 1934, Москва), д-р геол.-минералогич. наук, проф.]., extra_data="{'translat...")
VILSK, a village in the Chernyakhovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Vilska in Zhytomyr u. Volyn province. Main in 1848 on allotment land. In 1898, 44 dess. land inhabited by 176 people.
VILSKAYA, see Vilsk.
VILSKER Leib Khaimovich (lit. ps. L. Shumsky) (1919, Shumsk, Kremenets u. Volyn province. - 1988, Leningrad), orientalist, Hebraic philologist and Semitologist, translator from Hebrew and Syriac., Cand. philol. Sciences (1970). From the family of an employee. In 1940–45 he served in the Kr. Army (1941–42 in French). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). Since 1950 - scientific. sotr., head. Semitological Department of the State Pedagogical Bureau of the USSR named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on Semitic. linguistics, lexicography, history. Translated into Russian. lang. “The book is occupied. stories ”by Abul Faraj (1957, 1961 with notes and introductory article), stories by M. Avishaul, Y. Khurgin and others, included in the book. "Stories of the Writers of the East" (L., 1958), "Vost. almanac "(collection 4, Moscow, 1961)," Stories of Israeli writers "(Moscow, 1965) and others (including in co-authorship with A.M. Belov). Cit .: Samaritan language. , M., 1974.
VILLYANDI, city, regional center (Republic of Estonia). Izv. from 1211.From 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Fellin, Livonia province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940-91 it was the Estonian SSR. In 1881 there were 241 Jews living in Hungary, in 1922 - 129 Jews, in 1929 - 28 Jewish families, in 1934 - 121 Jews, in 1935 - 105. in 1937 - 25 Jews, in 1939 - 20 Jewish families. The Jewish community of Hungary was created in the 1860s. retired Nikolaev soldiers (including cantonists). They were joined by artisans and small traders from the surrounding villages. Jews settled on one street that received the name. Jewish. Most of the Jews lived in the Jewish quarter. A synagogue existed in V. since 1865; 1860s - a cemetery. The first rabbi in Hungary was A. Liechtenstein (from the 1880s). On the eve of the 1st world. war children studied in the local Russian. school. In 1935 approx. 60% of Jews in Britain were employed in trade and industry (8 trading and industrial companies belonged to Jews). Among the Jews of V. there were 6 tailors, 3 tinsmiths, a carpenter, a hatter, there were hired workers, representatives of the free professions. There was no Jewish school in V., therefore b. h. Jewish children studied at the beginning. German school and some - at the beginning. Russian schools in Tallinn. Further education continued in Estonian schools. Children received Jewish education on specials. courses taught by Jewish teachers from Lithuania and Latvia. Relig. life concentrated around a minyan, at the head of which was a gabay. V. had its own shohet. Since 1937, a Jewish club with a library in Yiddish worked, and Zionist activities were carried out. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Hungary left along with units of the Red Army. The Jews who remained in V. were killed by members. "Omakaitse" in the autumn of 1941. In the summer of 1944, after liberation, approx. 10 Jewish families who soon moved to Tallinn.
VILKAVISHKI, see Vilkaviskis.
VILKAVISHKIS, city (since 1660), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kovensky powiat of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Volkovyshki (other name. Vilkavishki) of the Suvalki province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 1555 Jews lived in Hungary in 1766, 4417 (84.1%) in 1856, 3480 (60%) in 1897, and 3206 in 1923. In 1939, there were 3,609 Jews (45%). Jews lived in Hungary from the 16th century. There was a synagogue. In 1812 the French. troops occupied the synagogue as a warehouse on the eve of the fast on 9 Av. After the appeal of the Jewish delegation to Napoleon, the synagogue building was vacated. Between 1823 and 1862 V. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Naib. a widespread occupation among the Jews of Britain is the processing of agricultural products. production. Before the 1st world. war b. including trade was also concentrated in the hands of the Jews (timber, agricultural products). Jews owned most of the hairdressers in Britain; 3 largest factories were owned by Sobolevich, Rozin and Windsberg. In the beginning. 20th century in V. there were 8 synagogues, yeshivas, heders. In the 1920s and 1930s. in V. there were a yeshiva, a school of the Tarbut network, and crafts. school, school with teaching in Yiddish, 2 libraries, nursing home, children. house, "Bikur hoilim", hospital, "Linas ha-Tzedek", credit company. At the same time, the divisions were functioning. Jewish parties and org-tions. The Jewish People's Bank worked. The rabbis in V. were Yakel Metiktin, Zvi-Hirsch Rappaport, Israel Katzenellenbogen, Yakov-Yorkel Horwitz, Eliezer Landau (? -1886), Yakov-Dovid Vilbaski, Zvi-Hirsch Yafit, I. Geller, in 1925 —33 - Itskhok Kosovsky (1878-1951), Eliyahu-Aron Grin (last rabbi V.). In V. genus: E. Bilyavichus, B. M. Blumenfeld, L. Kameyka, R. Klyachkin, M. L. . Maimon, D. Margaliut, Sh.M. Melamed, I. Khorozelsky; Joseph Bloch (1871-1936), socialist, politician. activist (Germany); Samuel Reiman Borovsky (1865—?), Amer. politician activist, defended the rights of Jews in the legislature. the Massachusetts State Assembly; Simson Rausuck (1793-1877), poet.
VILKOVIR Efim Borisovich (1888, Kherson - 1963, Moscow), teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1943). In 1910-16 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. V.P. Kalafati (harmony, counterpoint), M.O. Steinberg (instrumentation), J. Vitola (musical form, composition). In 1917-22 he taught theoretical. items in muses. uch-shche, aesthetics and history of art in Ped. in-those in Kherson. Since 1922 in Moscow. He was an instructor at Glavsotsvos, in 1924–26 sec. thin section of the GUS (State. Scientific Council) of the People's Commissariat for Education. In 1925–36 ed. Muzgiz. Was a member. prez. Society "Music to the Masses" (1928-30). In 1933-57, Assoc. instrumentation class for wind orcs. military-kapellmeister department of Moscow. cons. (from 1935 it was transformed into a military faculty, from 1944 - to the Higher School of Military Bandmasters, from 1947 - to Military Conductors, from 1950 - to the Institute of Military Conductors), in 1952–54 head. Department of Theory and History of Music. The author of Art. in f. “Muses. nov "," Music and revolution "," General foundations of instrumentation for a brass band "(jointly with NP Ivanov-Radkevich; M., 1934)," Practical course of instrumentation for a brass band "(Moscow, 1963) and dr.
VILKOVIR Ira Efimovna (1913, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Painter. In 1926, 28 she studied at Moscow. thin memory school in 1905 at EN Yakub, in 1928–31 - for graphic artist. Faculty of VKHUTEIN at G. T. Goroshchenko, D. S. Moor, V. A. Favorsky, L. A. Bruni. Participant of more than 50 exhibitions in the country and abroad (since 1936). Personal exhibitions took place in Moscow (1968) and Tashkent (1976). The subject of the work is varied. Main works: “Portrait of the artist. AN Varnovitskaya "(1944)," Wine of Moldavia "(1945, oil on canvas)," Portrait of the artist. VI Aralova with her son "(1956)," Uzbek yard "(1949, oil on canvas)," In Dagestan "(1954)," Rice grows "(1970, oil on canvas)," In memory Pablo Neruda ”(1979, oil on canvas),“ Music ”(1980, oil on canvas),“ Gustavo Lopez ”(1981, oil on canvas),“ The Wives of Fishermen. Vietnam ”(1981, oil on canvas),“ Portrait of Giedrius Matskyavichyus ”(1981, oil on canvas). Works are in the Museum of Arts in Karakalpakstan named after I.K.Savitsky.
VILKOVO, a city in the Kiliysky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). First mentioned. in 1762.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1818 - in the Bessarabian region., in 1856-78 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, from 1878 - again as part of Ros. empire, in Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 255 Jews (5.2%) lived in Hungary in 1910. In 1872 anti-Jewish protests related to the "blood libel" took place in Hungary. genus. I.D. Konstantinovsky.
VILYAKA, city (since 1945) in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1293.Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Marienhausen (other name. Mariyanovo) Lyutsinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 61 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1903 - 540, in 1920 - 506 (65%), in 1930 - 510, in 1935 - 465 Jews (29%) Jews lived in V. from the end. 18th century From 1900 to 1926, Benzion Don-Ihye (1871-1941) was the rabbi in V. The synagogue had a section for the Hasidim, there were 2 heders. In 1921 a Jewish school was opened in V. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi V. in 1926-41 was Yisroel-Yakov Chernyak (? -1941). Herm. troops occupied V. at the beginning. July 1941. A ghetto was created. 8 Aug 1941 in V. several. hundreds of Jews. In 1944, a memorial sign with inscriptions in Russian was installed at the place of execution. and latv. languages. In the Eastern family: Tuvya Lisitsin, rabbi, since 1924 headed the yeshiva "Heikhal ha-Tora" in Tel Aviv; Nachum Feferman, rabbi, father of A. Panna.
VILIANA, a city (since 1928) in the Rezekne region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1495.From 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Veleny Rezhitsky Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897 there were 321 Jews (41.4%) in Hungary, in 1920 - 344 (32%), in 1925 - 391 (28%). in 1930 - 396 Jews (30%). Jews lived in V. from the end. 19th century In 1873 Epstein discovered leather in Britain. f-ku, on a cut worked several. hundreds of people, including 30-40 Jews. He also built a synagogue in V. In 1885 Malkiel owned leather in Britain. z-house, supplying soles for the army. From 1900 to mid. 1930s Zvi-Hirsh Emini (1870—?) was the rabbi in V. In the 1920s and 30s. there were 3 synagogues in V. In 1922, a Yiddish school was opened. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1926, Jewish youth prevented a pogrom, which a group of Latvian students from Riga tried to organize. In 1928 and 1930 anti-Jewish uprisings took place in Hungary. In the 2nd floor. 1930s V.'s rabbi was Ts.-G. Emini's son-in-law Aron-Shakhne Palchinsky (? —1941). On July 2, 1941, Britain was occupied by the Germans. troops. 390 Jews of V. were shot on 4 August. 1941 near the Jewish cemetery. In the end. 1941 several were shot there. gypsy families. V. were liberated on 28 July 1944 by units of the 7th Guards. shooter. divisions under com. Major General Mikhail Emmanuilovich Moskalik (1898-1956). After 1945, 2 monuments were erected at the site of the execution.
VILYUISK (in 1783-1821 - Olensk), city, regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1634 as a Cossack winter hut, cut in 1775 during the division of the Irkutsk province. on the provinces and voivodeships was transformed into a commissary, with the addition of the Yakutsk province to the Olekminsky prison. Since 1783 - the center of the Vilyui environs. Yakutsk region Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1897, 4 Jews (0.7%) lived in V., and in the Vilyui env. - 22, in 1910 in V. - 16 Jews (2.2%), in 1926 - 2, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In 1896-1902, I.L. Yudin was in exile in V.
VINAVER Maxim Moiseevich (1863, Warsaw - 1926, Menton Saint-Bernard, France), politician. Graduated from Warsaw in 1886. un-t. From 1904 - attorney at law in St. Petersburg. Since the 80s. active member Society for the dissemination of education among Jews, from the beginning. 90s - Ch. his historical ethnographer. commission collecting ist. materials about the Jews of Russia. In 1901-05 one of the hands. g. "Sunrise". In the beginning. 20th century became widely known after speaking at the "pogrom trials" (Kishinev and Gomel). In March 1905 he chaired a meeting of the Hebrews. societies. leaders who established the “Union for the achievement of the full rights of the Hebrews. people in Russia ”, and then actively participated in its work. One of the founders of the Cadet Party. Dec. 1905 presided over the meetings it was founded. Congress, was elected to its Central Committee, where he was the closest associate of P.N. Milyukov. In 1906 he was elected to the 1st State. Duma, where he became a friend before. cadet faction. Opposed to education in the Duma are independent. nat. gr., considering the presence of Heb. leaders in all factions. In 1907 - created. “Heb. bunk bed group ", close in goals to the Cadet party. After the dissolution of the 1st Duma, he signed the Vyborg Appeal - a protest with an appeal to citizens. insubordination, for which in 1908 he served three months. imprisonment. In the last. years, without stopping work in the legal profession and scientific. activity, played an important role in determining the policy of the Cadet Party. In 1909 he played active. role in creating. Heb. ist.-ethnogr. about-va and f. “Heb. antiquity. ”After Feb. Revolution of 1917 was appointed Senator by the Provisional Government (he refused from the portfolio of the ministry). After Oct. Revolution was elected member. Establishes, coll. from Petrograd. In May 1918 at the conf. cadet party formulated the idea of ​​an anti-Bolshevik union. forces with the Entente countries and tried to put it into practice. In November 1918, it became a part of the Crimean Prospect, led by cadets, as mines. ext. intercourse. After being evacuated from the Crimea, he moved to France, where he headed the Parisian committee of the cadet party. In 1919-21 ed. in Paris weekly. “Heb. tribune ”(in Russian and French), where he spoke out against the sweeping accusations of all Jews in Bolshevism. In connection with the collapse of the intervention (after the defeat of P.N. Wrangel) - a supporter of the "new tactics", striving to "unite all demos. tech. inside emigration ", founder and member. Centre. bureau "rep.-democr. gr. ”, which united the left cadets and right socialists. In the last. years of his life actively collaborated in gas. PN Milyukova "Latest news" and in the train station. "Link". The author of the research. on jurisprudence and memoirs. and Characteristics, Paris, 1926, 2nd ed.
VINAVER Nehemia (1900, Warsaw - 1973, Jerusalem), composer and conductor. R. in a Hasidic family. Moose. educated in Warsaw and Berlin, where he created the Hebrew. ans. "Ga-nigun" and toured with him to European countries and E.-I. In 1926–33 V. - Ch. Kapellmeister B. Berlin synagogue. He taught music in Hebrew. ped. College Berlin. From 1939 in the USA, where he conducted the Heb. orchestras. The author of the "Anthology of Heb. music "(v. 1-2), liturgical works, music for performances Heb. t-ra. Publ. a number of Art. about Heb. music. Since 1957 - in E.-I.
VINAVER Shimon (1838, Warsaw - 1920, ibid.), One of the strongest chess players in Europe in the 60s – 80s. 19th century Poch. h. chess. about-in Berlin and Warsaw. Kommersant. In 1867 he made his international debut. tournament in Paris, taking 2nd place (ahead of V. Steinitz). 1st winner in Polish history of chess. tournament (1868). Participant pl. int. tournaments; the best results: Paris (1878, 1-2 m.), Berlin (1881, 3-4 m.), Vienna (1882, 1-2 nd m.). Ostrokombinats chess player. style; author of a number of iz. theoretical developments.
VINCHEVSKY Maurice (real name and surname Lipet Benzion Novakhovich) (1858, Yanov of Kovensky district and province - 1932, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. In adolescence close to roar. populists, wrote poetry in Russian. lang. The first publications in Hebrew appeared in 1875 in Gaz. "Ga-Magid". In 1877 he came to Konigsberg, where, together with A.Sh. Lieberman, he edited the socialist. gas. "Ha-Emes" (in ancient Hebrew), and then founded every month. g. "Ha-Sfas-Hakhomim" (in Hebrew). In 1878 he was expelled from Prussia on charges of “socialist-nihilistic. conspiracy. " In 1879, while living in London, he joined the Communist. the workers' union founded by K. Marx and F. Engels. Here he publ. first poems in Yiddish. In 1884 he founded and edited the first socialist. gas. in Yiddish - "Der Poilisher Idle", in which he placed a lot of publicistic. material, released the first socialist. a brochure in Yiddish "Let there be light!" In 1892 he founded, together with A. Rabinovich, the first socialist. g. in Yiddish "Di tsukunft". From 1894 he lived in the United States. From 1897 he participated in the publishing house. socialist gas. Forverts, edited by J. "Tsukunft" and "Der emes". Very popular among the Hebrews. workers used the songs of struggle created by V., as well as satirical. manuf. on polit. topics under the heading "Scattered Thoughts of a Mad Philosopher" (in prose). V. - the author of numerous. fables, epigrams, ballads, dramas, trans. manuf. Western-European writers in Yiddish. In 1921 V. joined the communist. party of the United States, in 1924-25 at the invitation of the Sov. Prospect Island visited the USSR. In 1927-28 in New York came out a collection. op. V. in 10 volumes, which included most of his verse. and poems, publicistic. Art. and dramas, as well as rec.
VINDAVA, see Ventspils.
WINER Leo (1862, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1939, New York), literary historian, folklorist, linguist. He studied at high schools in Minsk and Warsaw, in 1881 - at Warsaw University, in 1881–82 at the Berlin Polytechnic. in-those (did not graduate from the course). In 1882 he emigrated to the United States. In 1884-92 he taught at the higher. school in Kansas City, in 1892-95 assistant prof. Department of Romano-German. lang. in un-those pcs. Missouri, taught at New Angl in 1895. cons. in Boston, since 1896 — teacher of fame. lang. and literature of Harvad University (from 1911 prof., from 1930 retired with the title of Honored Prof.). research in the region. Heb. philology began with the collection and publication of works. Heb. folklore (fairy tales and songs). In 1893-1904 publ. a number of works about Heb. elements in Polish, German, Ukrainian. and Belarusian, lang. In 1899 he published a work on the nar. poetry grew. Jews and Capital Research. on the history of Yiddish, folklore, poetry of the Badkhens (in the appendix - a short anthology of works in Latin transcription with parallel translation into English). V. also compiled an anthology of Russian. lit-ry translated into English. lang. (1902–03), collected and published folklore of Sephardic Jews in the Balkans, published in English translation. lang. Sat. poems by M. Rosenfeld "Songs from the Ghetto" with parallel lat. transcription. Translated into English. lang. and published a collection. op. Leo Tolstoy in 24 volumes, author of the monograph "Africa and the Discovery of America" ​​(vols. 1-3, 1919). V.'s son - Norbert (1894-1964), Amer. scientist, creator of cybernetics.
WINER Meer (1893, Krakow - 1941, near Vyazma, Smolensk region), literary historian, prose writer. In 1910 he moved with his parents to Vienna. In 1914-17 he studied philosophy in Switzerland. He made his debut in the literature with the work “On Heb. prophecy and mysticism "(1918). After the 1st world. war collaborated in a number of period, ed., where he printed on it. lang. essay and research. on philosophy. and ist. themes, published by mystic. poems. In 1922, together with the research. medieval. Heb. literature Chaim (Heinrich) Brody (1868–1942) published an anthology of Heb. poetry from biblical times to the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Since 1923 in Berlin, where he studied scientific. research Since 1926 in the USSR, he received owls. citizenship. From 1927 ed. Heb. lit. g. "Di dig Velt" (Kharkov), then - scientific. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture VUAN (Kiev), at the same time. head chair of Heb. lang. and literature in the Kiev ped. in-those. From 1933 he lived in Moscow, worked in the region. history of Heb. literature, wrote rum. and pov. on east. Topics. In the 1920s and 30s. published works about the work of I. Aksenfeld, S. Etinger, Mendele Moikher-Sforim, Sholem Aleichem, as well as G. Leivik, PD Markish, L. M. Kvitko. Ch. research V. - "Zu der geshichte fun der Yidischer literary in XIX jorgundert" ("On the history of Jewish literature in the XIX century"), published in Kiev in 1940 (2nd ed., V. 1, 2, New -York, 1945–46). In 1929 in Kharkov publ. V.'s story "Eli Faleks Untergang" ("The Sunset of Eli Falek"), in 1934 - a novel. "Kolev Ashkenazi" (Moscow, 2nd ed., 1938). Among other products. - Sat. "Problems of Folklore Studies" (issue 1-2, 1932 36), "Studies on Mendel in the 60s and 70s." (1935), "Problems of Criticism" (1933, together with A.Sh. Gurstein), "On the humor of Sholem Aleichem" (1941). Peru also belongs to V. rum. "On the Mediterranean Sea" (not finished, the beginning of publ. In the almanac "Sovetish", 1935, no. 2). In June 1941, V. voluntarily joined the Moscow. bunk bed militia, killed in battle.
VINER Shmuel (1860, Borisov, Minsk Province - 1929, New York), bibliographer, bibliophile. From childhood he collected books, was interested in bibliography. At the age of ten, he compiled a catalog of his father's library, then catalogs of the library of local synagogues. In 1887 he was invited to St. Petersburg. AN for systematization and description of Heb. book depositories in the Asian Museum (Petersburg). Zakatalogizirbval and processed the library izv. the patron of the arts M.L. Fridland, donated by him to this museum. In 1892 he began publishing. scientific. catalog, follow, the volume of which came out in 1936. Nauch.-bibl. V.'s activities cover a variety of topics in many. region Heb. lang., literature, folklore. Of great value is his preface to the 8-volume catalog of Hebrews. books stored in the Asian Museum (St. Petersburg Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS). Unpublished V.'s manuscripts on the history of Hebrews. printing houses in Russia and Poland, a complete bibliography of the book., printed in Hebrew and Yiddish, etc. are stored in the archives of the Institute of Oriental Studies. V. Izv. also as a passionate collector of Heb. ed .: by 1909 its collection numbered 10 thousand titles (including leaflets in Hebrew and Yiddish). V.'s collection is now part of the Lubavich library (New York).
VINIK Meir (1886, Odessa - 1966, Mikve-Israel), agronomist. Graduated from the Polytechnic. school in Warsaw. In E.-I. - since 1906. Worked in the wine cellars of Mikve-Israel. In 1910 he improved at the Pasteur Institute and in the National. agronomical. in-those in Paris. Introduced scientific. methods of making wine, selecting vines and soil reclamation in Israel. State pr. Israel in 1956 (agronomy and rural. farming).
VINKOVTSY (in 1927–38 - Zatonskoe), an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493. They were part of the Great. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vonkivtsi (other name. Vankovtsi) of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. In 1923-26 it was a regional center in the Kamenets region, in 1932-37 - in the Vinnitsa region, in 1937-54 - in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, in 1962-66 - in the Yarmolinetsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. In 1784 in V. 280 Jews lived, in 1847 - 1341, in 1887 Jews accounted for 51.4% of the population, in 1897 - 1768 Jews (56.1%), in 1923 - 1634, in 1926 - 1643, in 1939 - 2251 Jews (52%) According to one version, Jews settled in V. from the 16th century. V. was often raided by the Crimean Tatars, in 1648 they were devastated by the detachments of M. Krivonos; in the 18th century. the Jewish community suffered during the "koliivschina" period. Rabbi V. at the end. 18th century was Itsik Yoselevich, who conducted a census of the Jewish population in 1784. 19th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts (tailor, shoemaker, carpentry, stone-cutting, pottery, weaving) and trade. In 1836, a case was opened against V. Kahal on charges of murdering informers, who reported to the authorities about Jews who were hiding from recruitment. 25 Jewish families in 1851 were transferred to the "agricultural. state "in with. Karachin people. In 1889 there were 3 synagogues in Hungary (5 in 1913) and a Jewish cemetery; Abram Dantskir was the rabbi of V. in 1890. In 1904 Benyumen Eikelmann was elected bourgeois headman; at the same time the Rosenblit manufactory was operating in Hungary. In 1907 the Talmud Torah was opened, a Jewish library was created. The Bund organization operated, on the initiative of a cut a self-defense detachment was formed. In the 1910s. a Zionist circle (headed by S. Leivont) arose. During the years of Civil. wars pl. Jews died of hunger and epidemics. In 1925, a 3-year Jewish labor school worked (83 students, 2 teachers), 50 Jewish children studied in Ukrainian. school, most of the children attended heder or studied Hebrew with private teachers. Cells "Ge-Halutz" and organizations of Zionist youth operated underground, members of which were persecuted by the authorities. A Jewish settlement council worked in 1927, and in the summer of 1941 Germany was occupied. troops. Apr 14. 1942 1875 Jews were shot, on May 9, 1942 - 450. After 1945 memorial signs were installed on mass graves.
VINNIKI, see Zhovkva.
VINNIKOV Itska Notovich (Isaak Natanovich) (1897, Khotimsk, Vitebsk province. - 1973, Leningrad), orientalist, philologist, ethnographer, historian. Dr. philol. Sciences (1941), prof. (1946). Graduated from the department. lang-reference and literature f-that societies. Sciences LSU (1925). In 1924–25 he taught ethnography of the 19th century Jews. in Leningrad. in-those Heb. history and literature, in 1926-27 lang. Yiddish at the LSU workers' faculty. Since 1925 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. In 1923-29 he took part in the activities of the Society to spread education between Jews in Russia and Heb. historical and ethnographic. about-va, was a member of the Museum Commission of the latter; participated in ethnographic. exp. across Belarus in order to collect exhibits for the Heb. ethnographic. museum in Leningrad; gave lectures on the life of Bukharian Jews, the state of Hebrews. m. Belarus, about the activities of L.Ya.Sternberg. In 1936–40 he took part in the exp. on the study of Bukharian and Kashkadarya Arab dialects. In 1938–42 and 1945–49 he headed the department of general ethnography. In 1929–43 scientific. sotr. Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1941–42 his director), in 1943–53 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1946 he headed the Department of Assyrology and Hebraic Studies, in 1950 during the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitans" he was dismissed, and the department was liquidated. From 1955 he became the head of the Semitological Department. dep. at the department Arab. philology. Sci. research associated with the study of ethnography and folklore of the Arabs, Arab. yaz-knowledge, beliefs of pre-Islamic Arabs, Semitic lexicography, ancient Phoenician inscriptions, L.G. Morgan's archive. Works: Dictionary of Aramaic inscriptions, “Palest. Sat ", at. 3 (66), 1958, c. 4 (67), 1959, v. 7 (70), 1962, v. 9 (92), 1962, at. 11 (74), 1964, at. 13 (76) 1965; An experience of the vocabulary and concordance of Palestine. trad. lit-ry (letter gimel), “Palestine. sb. ", item 5 (68), 1960; Dictionary of the dialect of Bukharian Arabs. M.-L., 1962; Semitic languages., M., 1963; Yaz. and folklore of the Bukharian Arabs: (Texts and transl.), M., 1969, etc.
VINNIKOV Yakov Abramovich (1910, Kaluga - 1997, Petersburg), histologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. At the end of biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University in 1936 worked as a scientific. sotr. in VIEM (Leningrad) under the leadership of N.G. Khlopin. In 1941–43 he was in charge of the lab. diagnostics fr. hospital. Sci. he continued his activity in Moscow at VIEM and at the Institute of Neurology of the Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1946 head. Department of Histology Veterinary. academy. In 1951 he was transferred to Ashgabat head. Department of Histology honey. in-that. From 1956 - head. lab. evolutionary morphology Ying-that evolution. fiziol. and biochem. in Leningrad. tr. devoted to the structure, development, functional. org-tion of the senses. Member Germ. Academy of Naturalists "Lepoldina" (Halle, 1973) Doctor of Sciences of Turin University (Italy, 1974), University of Grenada (Spain, 1989). Works: Vertebrate eye retina, M., 1947; The morphology of the organ of smell, M., 1957 (co-authored with L.K. Titova); Kortiev organ, M.-L., 1961 (co-authored with L.K. Titova); Cytological and molecular bases of reception, L., 1971; Evolution of receptors, L., 1979; Sensory systems: Evolution, L., 1987 (in co-authorship).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВИННИЦА, город, центр Винницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1363 как крепость Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — центр повета Брацлавского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1793—97 — уездный город Брацлавской, с 1795 — Подольской губ. В 1925—30 — окр. центр, в 1932—91 — обл. центр УССР.В 1616 в В. проживало 50 евреев, в 1765 — 348, в 1776 — 190, в 1787 — 691, в 1847 — 3882, в 1856 — 4209, в 1863 — 3633, в 1864 — 3929, в 1887 численность евреев составляла 58,5%, в 1897 — 11 689 евреев (38,2%), в 1910 — 20 257 (45,5%), в 1923 — 20 200, в 1926 — 21 800 (37,6%), в 1939 — 33 150, в 1959 — 16 596 (13,6%), в 1970 — 17 984 (8,5%), в 1989 — 15 200 евреев.В документах 1532 упом. еврей Михель, к-рый вел в В. торговлю скотом и сукном. В сер. 17 в. почти все евреи В. были уничтожены отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого. В 1654 основана хевра кадиша (с 1727 велась книга записей). В 1743 и 1750 мн. евреи погибли в результате набегов гайдамаков. Старейшая могила на еврейском кладбище В. датируется 1747. В 18 в. сооружено неск. синагог, в т. ч. Большая, создана талмуд-тора (в кон. 19 в. — 40 уч-ся); в 19 в. открыты хасидские синагоги — сквирская и садагорская. В кон. 18 в. раввином в В. был раби Израиль-Исер (?—1829), затем Иосиф Яковлевич Линецкий (?—1885), Ицхок-Айзик Шапиро (в теч. 50 лет) и его сын Яков Шапиро, к-рого сменил Иосиф Шапиро, в кон. 19 в. — Элиягу Кордонский и Израиль Тарле. В 1789 евреи владели в В. 53 постоялыми дворами, а также 27 дворами, 82 «тыльными» домами и 9 домами в Новом городе. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля с.-х. продукцией и ремесла (гл. обр. швейное). В 1799 в В. имелось 6 евреев-купцов (2,3% от всего купечества) и 1665 мещан (40,9% от общего числа мещан), в 1800 соответственно 13 (4,5%) и 1661 (40,4%), в 1802 — 22 (7,5%) и 1508 (40,3%), в 1805 — 18 (4,7%) и 1512 (41,4%).В нач. 19 в. в В. были открыты еврейская больница и приют для стариков (с 1894 состоял при больнице). В 1856 имелось 9 синагог, в 1889 — 13. В 1885 евреи владели пивоваренным з-дом и табачной ф-кой. В 1894 основана новая талмуд-тора (120 уч-ся), при ней — ремесл. отд-ние. В 1910 имелись 17 синагог, 2 частных жен. еврейских уч-ща (250 уч-ся), 2-классное муж. нач. уч-ще (200 уч-ся). 20—21 окт. 1905 в В. произошел погром, повлекший человеческие жертвы. В 1918 в В. вспыхнуло восстание против герм. оккупантов (один из рук. — А.В.Снегов). В годы Гражд. войны еврейское население страдало от погромов и грабежей (кр. погром произошел 3 авг. 1919). В 1920-х гг. в В. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. нелегальные. В 1921 движение «Ге-Халуц» организовало подготовку еврейской молодежи к с.-х. работам в Э.-И. Отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» насчитывало в 1924 ок. 200 чл. ( его деятельность продолжалась до 1929). В 1931 действовали 2 синагоги. Издавалась газ. на идише «Пролетаришер эмес», в кон. 1920-х гг. — 1-й пол. 1930-х гг. функционировал передвижной Еврейский т-р, работали еврейский пед. ин-т, нач. и ср. школы с преподаванием на идише, еврейские б-ки. В 1929 было открыто еврейское отд-ние при рабфаке (включало подготовит. и 1-й курсы). В 1926 выходцами из Винницкого окр. был основан еврейский с.-х. коллектив «Красный кустарь» (15 семей, 109 чел.) в Криворожском окр.19 июля 1941 В. оккупировали герм. войска. 28 июля в В. было расстреляно 146 евреев (всего в июле в В. и области уничтожено ок. 800 евреев), 13 авг. — 350, 13 сент. — ок. 1 тыс., 22 сент. (в Рош-га-Шана) — ок. 28 тыс. евреев, 1 окт. — 362 еврея-военнопленных. 1 дек. 1941 оккупац. власти провели регистрацию уцелевших евреев (ок. 5 тыс. чел.); 16 апр. 1942 их уничтожили. 25 авг. 1942 расстреляно ок. 150 евреев-ремесленников, содержавшихся в лагере для военнопленных после 16 апр. 1942. В боях за освобождение В. в марте 1944 принял участие 1251-й пушечный арт. полк под ком. подполк. Ефима Марковича Завгороднева.В 1946—49 в В. действовала синагога (закрыта по обвинению в «нарушении законодательства о культах»), работали нелег. к-т помощи бедным евреям, группы по изучению Талмуда и по сбору средств на открытие синагоги. Синагога вновь была открыта в нач. 1950-х гг. В сер. 1950-х гг. в В. действовал нелег. сионистский кружок. В нач. 1970-х гг. среди евреев В. началось движение за выезд в Израиль. Активист движения инж. Ицхак Школьник (р. 1930) в 1972 был арестован, а в 1973 осужден на 10 лет по сфабрикованному обвинению в шпионаже и антисов. агитации (по кассации срок сокращен до 7 лет). В 1974 в В. состоялся суд по сфальсифицированному делу врача Михаила Шаевича Штерна (р. 1918). В 1980-х гг. в В. действовала синагога, существовало еврейское кладбище. В зданиях старых синагог разместились филармония и гор. суд. В 1994 организована Винницкая гор. еврейская община (пред. И.Гробман), в 1996 — «Хесэд Эмуна». В 1992 мэром В. избран Д.Дворкис.В 1994, по данным Еврейского Агентства, в В. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В В. род.: Н.И.Альтман, Ю.Л.Анненков, Л.Ю.Белахов, Е.Л.Березов, И.Бернштейн, М.П.Бронштейн, Д.И.Выводцев, Е.Н.Городецкий, И.Г.Ейвин, И.-Й.Линецкий, М.-Н.Литинский, Я.Лучанский, С.С.Мандель, Е.С.Райзе, С.С.Райтман, Е.И.Рубинштейн, А.В.Снегов, Ц.С.Солодарь, В.Я.Хасин, Д.Н.Яновский; Марк Исаевич (Исаакович) Гай (Штоклянд) (1898—1937, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 2-го ранга (1935), в 1936—37 нач. УНКВД Восточно-Сибирского края, нагр. орд. Красного Знамени (1930), «Почетный работник ВЧК-ГПУ» (1929, 1932), расстрелян; Владимир Израилевич Герштейн (р. 1936), архитектор, засл. арх. МССР; Соломон Элиазарович Крапивенский (р. 1930), историк, обществовед, д-р филос. наук (1974), проф. (1976), тр. в обл. социальной философии; Дмитрий Осипович Ровнер (1908—1986, Ленинград), шахматист, мастер спорта (1938), чемп. Ленинграда. В В. жил И.Вайсер.Е.С.Мосолова, pronunciation=ВИННИЦА, город, центр Винницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1363 как крепость Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — центр повета Брацлавского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1793—97 — уездный город Брацлавской, с 1795 — Подольской губ. В 1925—30 — окр. центр, в 1932—91 — обл. центр УССР.В 1616 в В. проживало 50 евреев, в 1765 — 348, в 1776 — 190, в 1787 — 691, в 1847 — 3882, в 1856 — 4209, в 1863 — 3633, в 1864 — 3929, в 1887 численность евреев составляла 58,5%, в 1897 — 11 689 евреев (38,2%), в 1910 — 20 257 (45,5%), в 1923 — 20 200, в 1926 — 21 800 (37,6%), в 1939 — 33 150, в 1959 — 16 596 (13,6%), в 1970 — 17 984 (8,5%), в 1989 — 15 200 евреев.В документах 1532 упом. еврей Михель, к-рый вел в В. торговлю скотом и сукном. В сер. 17 в. почти все евреи В. были уничтожены отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого. В 1654 основана хевра кадиша (с 1727 велась книга записей). В 1743 и 1750 мн. евреи погибли в результате набегов гайдамаков. Старейшая могила на еврейском кладбище В. датируется 1747. В 18 в. сооружено неск. синагог, в т. ч. Большая, создана талмуд-тора (в кон. 19 в. — 40 уч-ся); в 19 в. открыты хасидские синагоги — сквирская и садагорская. В кон. 18 в. раввином в В. был раби Израиль-Исер (?—1829), затем Иосиф Яковлевич Линецкий (?—1885), Ицхок-Айзик Шапиро (в теч. 50 лет) и его сын Яков Шапиро, к-рого сменил Иосиф Шапиро, в кон. 19 в. — Элиягу Кордонский и Израиль Тарле. В 1789 евреи владели в В. 53 постоялыми дворами, а также 27 дворами, 82 «тыльными» домами и 9 домами в Новом городе. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля с.-х. продукцией и ремесла (гл. обр. швейное). В 1799 в В. имелось 6 евреев-купцов (2,3% от всего купечества) и 1665 мещан (40,9% от общего числа мещан), в 1800 соответственно 13 (4,5%) и 1661 (40,4%), в 1802 — 22 (7,5%) и 1508 (40,3%), в 1805 — 18 (4,7%) и 1512 (41,4%).В нач. 19 в. в В. были открыты еврейская больница и приют для стариков (с 1894 состоял при больнице). В 1856 имелось 9 синагог, в 1889 — 13. В 1885 евреи владели пивоваренным з-дом и табачной ф-кой. В 1894 основана новая талмуд-тора (120 уч-ся), при ней — ремесл. отд-ние. В 1910 имелись 17 синагог, 2 частных жен. еврейских уч-ща (250 уч-ся), 2-классное муж. нач. уч-ще (200 уч-ся). 20—21 окт. 1905 в В. произошел погром, повлекший человеческие жертвы. В 1918 в В. вспыхнуло восстание против герм. оккупантов (один из рук. — А.В.Снегов). В годы Гражд. войны еврейское население страдало от погромов и грабежей (кр. погром произошел 3 авг. 1919). В 1920-х гг. в В. действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции, в т. ч. нелегальные. В 1921 движение «Ге-Халуц» организовало подготовку еврейской молодежи к с.-х. работам в Э.-И. Отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» насчитывало в 1924 ок. 200 чл. ( его деятельность продолжалась до 1929). В 1931 действовали 2 синагоги. Издавалась газ. на идише «Пролетаришер эмес», в кон. 1920-х гг. — 1-й пол. 1930-х гг. функционировал передвижной Еврейский т-р, работали еврейский пед. ин-т, нач. и ср. школы с преподаванием на идише, еврейские б-ки. В 1929 было открыто еврейское отд-ние при рабфаке (включало подготовит. и 1-й курсы). В 1926 выходцами из Винницкого окр. был основан еврейский с.-х. коллектив «Красный кустарь» (15 семей, 109 чел.) в Криворожском окр.19 июля 1941 В. оккупировали герм. войска. 28 июля в В. было расстреляно 146 евреев (всего в июле в В. и области уничтожено ок. 800 евреев), 13 авг. — 350, 13 сент. — ок. 1 тыс., 22 сент. (в Рош-га-Шана) — ок. 28 тыс. евреев, 1 окт. — 362 еврея-военнопленных. 1 дек. 1941 оккупац. власти провели регистрацию уцелевших евреев (ок. 5 тыс. чел.); 16 апр. 1942 их уничтожили. 25 авг. 1942 расстреляно ок. 150 евреев-ремесленников, содержавшихся в лагере для военнопленных после 16 апр. 1942. В боях за освобождение В. в марте 1944 принял участие 1251-й пушечный арт. полк под ком. подполк. Ефима Марковича Завгороднева.В 1946—49 в В. действовала синагога (закрыта по обвинению в «нарушении законодательства о культах»), работали нелег. к-т помощи бедным евреям, группы по изучению Талмуда и по сбору средств на открытие синагоги. Синагога вновь была открыта в нач. 1950-х гг. В сер. 1950-х гг. в В. действовал нелег. сионистский кружок. В нач. 1970-х гг. среди евреев В. началось движение за выезд в Израиль. Активист движения инж. Ицхак Школьник (р. 1930) в 1972 был арестован, а в 1973 осужден на 10 лет по сфабрикованному обвинению в шпионаже и антисов. агитации (по кассации срок сокращен до 7 лет). В 1974 в В. состоялся суд по сфальсифицированному делу врача Михаила Шаевича Штерна (р. 1918). В 1980-х гг. в В. действовала синагога, существовало еврейское кладбище. В зданиях старых синагог разместились филармония и гор. суд. В 1994 организована Винницкая гор. еврейская община (пред. И.Гробман), в 1996 — «Хесэд Эмуна». В 1992 мэром В. избран Д.Дворкис.В 1994, по данным Еврейского Агентства, в В. проживало ок. 7 тыс. евреев.В В. род.: Н.И.Альтман, Ю.Л.Анненков, Л.Ю.Белахов, Е.Л.Березов, И.Бернштейн, М.П.Бронштейн, Д.И.Выводцев, Е.Н.Городецкий, И.Г.Ейвин, И.-Й.Линецкий, М.-Н.Литинский, Я.Лучанский, С.С.Мандель, Е.С.Райзе, С.С.Райтман, Е.И.Рубинштейн, А.В.Снегов, Ц.С.Солодарь, В.Я.Хасин, Д.Н.Яновский; Марк Исаевич (Исаакович) Гай (Штоклянд) (1898—1937, Москва), сотрудник спецслужб, комиссар госбезопасности 2-го ранга (1935), в 1936—37 нач. УНКВД Восточно-Сибирского края, нагр. орд. Красного Знамени (1930), «Почетный работник ВЧК-ГПУ» (1929, 1932), расстрелян; Владимир Израилевич Герштейн (р. 1936), архитектор, засл. арх. МССР; Соломон Элиазарович Крапивенский (р. 1930), историк, обществовед, д-р филос. наук (1974), проф. (1976), тр. в обл. социальной философии; Дмитрий Осипович Ровнер (1908—1986, Ленинград), шахматист, мастер спорта (1938), чемп. Ленинграда. В В. жил И.Вайсер.Е.С.Мосолова, extra_data="{'translat...")
VINNITSKY David Elyevich (born 1919, Bogorodsk, Moscow province), painter, graphic artist, film designer. In 1938 he graduated from VGIK from I.A. Shpinel. Since 1956, thin. k / st "Mosfilm", teaches at VGIK. Fig. book and f. in geography, Ph.D. Geogr. about-va. The participant is thin. exhibitions. Main work: f. "Ivan the Terrible" (1940s, directed by S.M. Eisenteyn), "Rural Teacher" (1947, directed by M.S.Donskoy, Steel Ave.), "Two Captains" (directed by V. Ya Vengerov), "Resurrection" (1958, dir. M. A. Schweitzer), "They went to the East" (1964, dir. J. De Santis), "Sunflowers" (1969, dir. V. De Sica) , "The Red Tent" (1970, directed by MK Kalatozov), "Sophia Petrovna" (1986, directed by S. Sirenko). Picturesque and graphic works are in Lit. Museum, State Historical Museum and the Museum of Geosciences of Moscow State University in Moscow.
WINERY, see Ipatovo.
GRAPE, a village in the Lysyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1847, 497 Jews lived in V., in 1897 - 1,523 (37.5%), in 1923 - 766 Jews. In 1903, in the exemption from the provisional rules of 1882, restrictions on the residence of Jews in V. were lifted ... In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Hungary. m-in. During the Civil. During the war, the Jewish population suffered from pogroms and robberies (during the pogroms staged by peasant rebels, about 20 Jews were killed). In July 1941 Germans entered Hungary. troops, the Jewish population was completely destroyed.
GRAPE, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1940s. - Worms (other name. Wormsovoe), in the 1960s. - Vormsovo. 14 Jan. 1942 in V., apprx. 500 Jews, to-rye were brought from st. Berezovka. 11 Feb 1942 350 Jews from Odessa were shot in V.
VINOGRADOV (until 1946 - Sevlyush), a city (from 1262), a regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 13th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 8,424 Jews lived in Hungary. In 1944 all the Jews of V. were imprisoned in a ghetto, in May they were taken to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated. In 1999, approx. 100 Jews.
VINOGRADOV Grigory Arkadevich (1912, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1963, ibid.), Hero of the Owls. Union (1945). In Kr. Army in 1934–37 and 1941–45. From June 1941 - to fr. In 1944 he graduated from the Orlovskoe tank. uch-shche. Com. tank, ml. leith. V. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage shown in the battle for the town of Lowicz (Poland). After the war - in reserve.
VINOGRADOVKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. 18 January. 1942 During an overnight stay in V., 90 out of 300 Odessa Jews froze to death, to-rykh were convoyed from st. Berezovka to Transnistria. In the beginning. Feb 1942 142 people froze. out of 150; the remaining 8 Jews were shot in the morning.
VINOGRADOVO, see Dolgoprudny.
VINOKUR (real family member Weinroich) Gersh (Grigory Iosifovich) (1905, Umansky district of Kiev province - |), prose writer, publicist. Studied in Odessa. At the age of 15, he volunteered for Kr. Army, in 1920-21 participated in civil. war. Upon returning to Odessa, he was a worker. In 1932 he graduated from Philology. Faculty of Odessa ped. in-that. Lit. activity began in 1926 in car washes. gas. "Der emes", later published stories and essays in dec. Heb. ed. In 1932–38 he lived in Birobidzhan, worked in the region. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". In 1939 after the start of the 2nd world. war sent to Bialystok, was one of the editors. Heb. gas. "Bialystoker Stern". In 1941 he got into the Minsk ghetto, fled to the partisans, then served in Kr. Army, was wounded. In 1946 he participated in the work of Heb. antifash. to-that, went to Romania, then to Germany, and from there to Israel. In 1948 he came to the USA, lived in Brooklyn (New York). The author of the book. "In oifkum" ("Ascent", 1932), "Taige-berg" ("Taiga mountains", 1935), "A brik iber der Vire" ("Bridge on the Vire", 1936), "Der ershter jaeger" hunter ", 1939) (all written in Birobidzhan motives)," Dos ingl fun Okhrimovo "(" Boy from Okhrimovo ", 1941)," Goles Baern "(" Golut in Bavaria ", 1947)," Blut ouf der von "( "Blood in the Sun", 1950), "Durkh zibn faern" ("Through the seven fires", 1951).
VINOKUR Grigory Osipovich (1896, Warsaw - 1947, Moscow), philologist, linguist. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1920-22 he was sent by the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR as an assistant-per. in the embassy of the RSFSR in Revel and Riga, since 1922 - trans.-ed. foreign information in ROSTA. Took part in the work of Moscow. lingual. mug and Mosk. dialectol. commission. Since 1924 - freelance collaborator. State academy thin. sciences. He was engaged in the problems of poetics and textual criticism. In 1942 he defended his doctorate. dis. on the topic "Essays on the history of text and languages. Pushkin ". In the 1930s. Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature, Ying-that language. and writing, Ying-ta yaz. and thinking, in the same years he taught at MIFLI, Moscow State University and Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1941–45 he headed the department of Russian. lang. Moscow State University. Author tr. on the theory of language knowledge, grammar, word formation, history of Russian. lit. lang. and the culture of speech. V. is one of the compilers of the “Explanatory Dictionary of Rus. language. " (under the editorship of D.N. Ushakov), developed methods for compiling a dictionary language. writer, author of the draft dictionary language. Pushkin, as well as a number of works in the region. Pushkin studies. V.'s daughter - Tatiana (1924, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), philologist, Dr. Sciences (1981). In 1948 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1952-60 she taught at Moscow. universities. 1960–92 - scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The author of several. works on philology. Cit .: Culture language. Essays on linguistic technology, M., 1925; Biography and culture, M., 1927; Rus. lang. History. sketch, M., 1945; Fav. work in Russian. language: M., 1959; Filol. research: Linguistics and poetics (Compiled by T.G. Vinokur and M.I.Shapir), M., 1990; About lang. thin literature (Compiled by T.G. Vinokur), M., 1991.
VINOKUR Vladimir Natanovich (b. 1948, Kursk), variety artist. In 1969-74 he studied at GITIS at the department of music. comedy. In 1973-75 he worked in the Theater of Operetta, where he played approx. 20 roles, including Senya ("There is no happier me" by A. Ya. Eshpai), notary ("Silva" by I. Kalman), Charlie ("Charley's Aunt" by OB Feltsman). In 1975–77 V. - in ans. "Gems", and after 6 Vses. of the competition of pop artists, the laureate of which he became, performed in concerts, on television, radio, mainly in the genre of muses. parodies. Has good woks. data, accurately imitates the manner, timbre, scenic. behavior of many popular singers and artists, slightly exaggerating naib. their characteristic features. V.'s first solo performance "I go out alone ..." (text by A. Arkanov, post by A. Shirvindt in the Moscow Variety Theater (1981). The play, written especially for V., took into account his creative work. individuality and gave an opportunity to demonstrate the talent of a parodist, the ability to reincarnate, a bright comedic talent. r parodies of VN Vinokur In the repertoire of the t-ra: "Hello!" (1985), "Concert in concert" (1988), "Surprise" (1992), etc.
VINOKUROV Eduard Teodorovich (b. 1942, settlement Baizhansai, Chimkent region), athlete (saber fencing). Z.m.s. USSR (1968), coach, graduated from higher education. school of trainers under the State. in-those physical. culture them. P.F. Lesgaft in Leningrad (1966). Champion Olympus. games (1968, 1976) and the world (1967–71, 1974, 1975), winner of the European Cup (1967–71) as part of the USSR team. Silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1972) and world championships (1966 and 1973). USSR Champion (1966). International judge categories (1967).
VINOKUROV Evgeny Mikhailovich (1925, Bryansk - 1993, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. Gorky. Began to publish in 1948, the first book. lyric poetry "Poems about Home" was published in 1951. Poetic. collection: "Sineva", "Military. Lyrics "(1956)," Confessions "(1958)," Word "(1962)," Music "(1964)," Rhythm "(1966)," Spectacles "(1968)," Gesture "(1969), etc. Naib, Izv. "My beloved washed ...", "Hamlet". In the book. "Metaphors" (1972), "Contrasts" (1975), "Travels" (1978), "She" (1984), etc. V. transforms everyday realities, facts of his biography into verse, reflecting thus. your spiritual experience. V.'s reflections on poetry, the fate of his lit. contemporaries - in the book. "Remains in Force: On Classics and Modernity." (M., 1979). V. studied poetry. per. with lang. peoples of the USSR.
VINOZH, a village in the Murovanokurilovets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the village of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 there was a ghetto in V. for Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia, in which approx. 800 Jews. On 1 Sept. 1943 105 Jews were held in the ghetto.
VIRBALIS (up to the 18th century - Nova Volya), a city in the Vilkavishki region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1529. In 1593 he received the Magdeburg Law. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Verzhbolovo Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1795 32 Jewish families lived in Hungary, in 1886 there were 1253 Jews (49.8%), in 1897 - 1219 (37%), in 1923 - 1233 (30.6%), in 1939 - approx. 600 Jews (approx. 13%) Jews lived in V. from the 2nd half. 17th century In the 19th century. many of them were engaged in trade with Germany. Illegal flourished. transporting refugees across the border. In the end. 19th century bristle-brush production developed. OK. 100 Jewish workers in this industry were united in a trade union. In the end. 1890s A number of strikes were organized by the Bund. There was a Talmud Torah, heders, a dining room for the poor, a nursing home. From ser. 1880s there was a branch "Khibat Zion". By the rabbis in V. in the 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century were: from 1872 - Yehuda Bloomgard, D.-TG Katzenelbogen, Efroim Lap (1859-1926). In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Hungary. m-in. 1920-30-ies. main the occupation of the Jews of Hungary - crafts, agricultural trade. products. The largest fruit tree specialist in Lithuania, the agronomist Yakov Filipovsky, owned a nursery in V. The Jews owned an electrical station, a mill, a sawmill, factories for the production of oils and metal. casting, pharmacy, there were 2 Jewish doctors. A branch of the Jewish National Bank functioned. The voluntary fire brigade was almost entirely Jewish. The school and children worked. garden of the "Tarbut" network, state. school with teaching in Yiddish. A.Akhimeir taught at the gymnasium (director Dr. Yakov Robinson). Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations, including since 1921 the first cell in Lithuania "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". There were 7 synagogues. Rabbi in the 1920s and 1930s. was Itskhok Gershovich (1871-1941). In 1939 the community of V. adopted apprx. 100 refugees from Poland. After Lithuania became part of the USSR, the Hebrew-teaching school was transformed into a Yiddish-teaching school. In the beginning. June 1941 seven Jewish families were deported to the east. districts of the USSR. 22 June 1941 germ. troops entered V. On July 10, 1941, all adult Jewish men (about 300 people) were shot. A ghetto was created in V., a cut of which headed the unity. in V. dentist Dr. Sheina Puziskaya. In the end. July (early Aug.) 1941 old and sick women were shot. 11 Sep 1941 the rest of the Jews of Hungary and the surrounding area were shot. a monument was erected at the place of execution. In the beginning. 1990 2 memorial signs were installed with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. language In V. genus. S. Bloomgarden, C.-G. Filippovsky.
VISHAKO-RUDA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 18th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Vysoka Ruda Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, in V.-R. there lived 63 Jews (13.9%), in 1923 - 80 Jews (13.6%). Jews settled in V.-R. all R. 18th century In 1931 Jews owned 2 sawmills, 2 mills, a butcher's shop and an inn. In the 1930s. rabbi in V.-R. was Shraga Lupyansky. During the German period. occupation all Jews V.-R. in 1941 they were destroyed.
VISHIK Marko Iosifovich (b. 1921, Lvov), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1952). Prof. (1954). Graduated from Tbilisi University (1943). He worked in Moscow. ener. in-those (1947–66), from 1965 - at Moscow State University. Currently works at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAI. Main the results relate to the theory of differential. partial differential equations, func. analysis, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Pseudodifferents. Operators, M., 1968 (jointly with M.S. Agranovich); Mat. problems of statistics, hydromechanics, Moscow, 1980 (with A.V. Fursikov); General ergodic theory of transformation groups with invariant measure. In the book: Dynamical Systems, Part 2 (Results of Science / VINITI. Modern Problems of Mathematics: Fundamental Directions, Vol. 2), Moscow, 1985 (with I.P.Kornfeld and Ya.G. Sinai); Attractors of Evaluation Equations, M., 1989 (with A.V. Babikov).
VISHKI, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vyshki Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 194 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 668 (69.6%), in 1914 - 850 (70%), in 1920 - 567 (68%), in 1925 - 510 (67%), in 1930 - 530 (68%), in 1935 - 423 Jews (56%). 18th century there was a Jewish community in V. From ser. 19th century until 1907, Moyshe Plachinsky was the rabbi of V., in 1907 - mid. 1930s - Yehuda-Leib-Shloyme Plachinsky, from ser. 1930s - Yakov-Meir Plachinsky. In 1921, with the support of the Joint, a mutual credit fund was created, and a doctor, orderly, and midwife were invited. In 1921 a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1935 out of 58 bargaining. and crafts. pr-ty V. 50 belonged to Jews. 28 July 1941, during the occupation of V. by Germ. troops, the Jews of V. were sent to the Daugavpils ghetto. D.I. Efremov.
VISHNEV, see Vishnevo.
VISHNEVETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Zbarazh district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1395. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Kremenets povet of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 501 Jews lived in V., in 1847 - 3178, in 1897 - 2980 (71.0%), in 1921 - 2825 (70%), in 1937 - approx. 3,000 Jews (60%) Jews lived in V. from the middle. 16th century In 1653 m. the Jews of V. were killed, and their houses were destroyed during the Tatars' raid on the city. In 1863 there were 5 synagogues in Hungary and a Talmud Torah. Rabbi V. in the middle. 19th century was Yehuda-Leibush Averbukh, from 1888 - Meir-Nohum Ingerleib (1868-1941). In 1914 there was a Jewish philanthropist in Hungary. about-in the allowance for poor and sick Jews "Linas ha-Tzedek". During the Civil. war created Jewish self-defense. In the 1920s and 30s. there were 8 synagogues in V. In addition to Meir-Nohum Ingerleib, Yosef Erlich was the rabbi during these years. From ser. 1920s the school of the Tarbut network worked, at the end. 1920s - early. 1930s Yeshiva was in operation. There were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. On Sept. 1939 Jewish self-defense was created to prevent the pogrom, to-ry tried to arrange the local residents after the departure of parts of the Polish. armies from B. 2 July 1941 germ. troops entered V. on July 12, 1941 ukr. 35 Jews were killed by the police. On July 30, approx. 400 Jewish men, 4 Sept. - 146 Jews. In March 1942, a ghetto was created, where Jews from the surrounding villages were brought. The ghetto was destroyed on Aug 11. 1942, when approx. 2,500 Jews. Several more. hundreds of hiding Jews were killed in tech. track. 4 weeks. Monuments of the 16th century have been preserved at the Jewish cemetery in V.
VISHNEVKA (until 1963 - Opalin), a village in the Lyuboml district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1701, 92 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 314, in 1870 - 450 (52%), in 1897 - 769 (47 , 7%), in 1921 - 516 (42%), in 1931 - approx. 700 Jews. Jews have lived in Hungary since the 17th century. After the occupation of Hungary by the Germans. troops in 1941 created a ghetto, liquidated on October 2. 1942; 582 Jews were shot at the Jewish cemetery.
VISHNEVO, a village in the Smorgon district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1583.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vishnev Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 336 Jews lived in V., in 1897 - 1465 (together with the surrounding villages), in 1921 - c. 700 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the 1st half. 18th century A synagogue was built at the same time. In 1863 there were 5 synagogues in Hungary. In 1866 M. Kaplan founded a leather processing plant in Hungary, in 1886 Kaplan and G. Levin founded a match factory, and in 1908 N. Romm founded the Electra factory, producing Swedish matches. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Jews in V. owned a brewery, wool processing factories, an oil mill, and a bakery. 20th century in V. there were 3 synagogues, a cheder, a state-owned Jewish school. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. Since 1908 Zundel Lurie (1874—?) Has been the rabbi of V. since 1908. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of V. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. After 1919 the majority of Jews returned to V. In the 1920s. Until 1941, a Yiddish school operated with separate classes for boys and girls. On June 27, 1941, Britain was occupied by the Germans. troops. A ghetto was created, liquidated in August. 1942; 2060 people were shot during the liquidation of the ghetto. In 1980, a monument was erected at the site of the execution. In V. genus: N. Goldman; Shimon Peres (b. 1923), in 1977, in 1984–86, 1995–96, Prime Minister of the State of Israel, Nobel Peace Avenue (1994); Yehoshua Rabinovich (1911-1979, Tel Aviv), politician. activist, from 1934 - in E.-I., in 1969-74 mayor of Tel Aviv, in 1974 min. building, in 1974-77 min. finance, dep. The 9th Knesset (1979-81); Zelik-Yosef Schneider (1857-1928, Ponevezh), writer (in Yiddish). I.P. Gerasimova
CHERRY, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). In the 1920s and 30s. - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Rotfeld in the Kalinindorf district. In 1939, 212 people lived in V. 1941 Jews of V. were shot near the village. Bruskinskoe.
VISHNEVSKY (real family name Vishnevetsky) Alexander Leonidovich (1861, Taganrog - 1943, Moscow), actor. Hero of Labor (1933). He studied at the Taganrog gymnasium together with A.P. Chekhov, was close to his family. Participated in performances of the Taganrog muses. dram, about-va, played in the local drama. troupe. Becoming prof. actor, worked in t-ts Yekaterinoslav, Kharkov, Odessa, Saratov and others. Since 1898 in Moscow. Hood. t-re. In the first performance of t-ra - "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" by AK Tolstoy (1898) played the role of Boris Godunov, played the role of Godunov also in the performances "Death of Ivan the Terrible" by AK Tolstoy (1899) and "Boris Godunov" S. Pushkin (1907). In the first productions of Chekhov's plays he starred as Dorn (The Seagull, 1898), Voynitsky (Uncle Vanya, 1899), Kulygin (Three Sisters, 1901). Among the roles: Govstad ("Doctor Shtokman" by G. Ibsen, 1900), Tatarin ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1902), Mark Antony ("Julius Caesar" by W. Shakespeare, 1903), David Leizer ("Anatema" L . N. Andreeva, 1909), chairman of the court ("Resurrection" by Leo Tolstoy, 1930). The author of the book. "Scraps of Memories" (1928). Honored. art. Rep. (1925). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1933).
VISHNEVSKY Alexander Alexandrovich (1906, Kazan - 1975, Moscow), surgeon, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1957), colonel general honey. service (1963). After graduating in 1929 honey. Faculty of Kazan University until 1931 taught normal anatomy in the same place, in 1931–33 - topographic anatomy and operative surgery at the Military Medical Institute. academy. In 1933–37 - scientific. sotr. Vses. Institute of Experimental Medicine, in 1937–41 - head. surgeon branch in the same in-those and simultaneously. Art. assistant at the Center. in-those improvement of doctors. In 1939–40 he participated as an army surgeon in the military. conflicts with Japan (Khalkhin Gol). In the years of the 2nd world. wars - ch. surgeon of armies and fr. In 1946–48 - deputy. head surgeon clinic Ying-that neurology, in 1948 - am. dir. on science Ying-that experiment. and clinics. surgery, in 1948-50 - acting. dir. Institute of Surgery. A.V. Vishnevsky, from 1950 to the end of his life - director. this in-that. From 1946 to the end of his life V. held the post of chief. surgeon Sov. Army. Hero of Soc. Labor (1965). - one of the founders of the original method of local anesthesia. For the first time in the world he successfully performed surgical intervention under local anesthesia for mitral stenosis, for the first time in the country he began to operate on an "open" heart. He developed original methods of treating congenital heart defects, used vascular homografts for the first time in the surgical treatment of traumatic diseases. arteriovenous aneurysms. worked out the problems of biocybernetics in surgery and reconstructive surgery, in particular, for the first time in the country he performed an operation to replace part of the esophagus with a polymer tube. He contributed to military field surgery, wound treatment, and the fight against pain shock. Laureate Len. (1960) and State. pr. USSR (1970), Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1956). elected before. Vseros. Society of Surgeons, Poch. member Society of doctors of Sweden, chl. Int. associations of surgeons, hon. acad. surgical acad. Peru, post. h. Society of Swedish doctors. Cit .: On the problem of the integrity of the animal organism, Kazan, 1931 (et al.); Extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia in open heart surgery, M., 1968 (et al.); Selected works on surgery and border areas, t. 1–2, M., 1970; Military field surgery, M., 1975 (et al.).
VISHNEVSKY Anatoly Grigorievich (b. 1935, Kharkov), sociologist, demographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1983), Doctor of Sciences Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. sciences. Graduated from the Faculty of Economics at Kharkov University (1958). Sci. sotr. Institute for design will calculate, c. and economical systems. information of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (since 1971), Institute of Sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1984). Since 1988 hand. Ts. Demography and Ecology RAS. The author of the research. on the problems of demographic. development, demographic. behavior, social. management of demographic. problems in Russia and abroad. Cit .: Demographic. rev-tion, M., 1976; Peace. demographic explosion and its problems, M., 1978; Population reproduction and about-in, M., 1982.
VISHNEVSKY David Nikolaevich (1894, Yuzovo, Bakhmutsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1951, Penza), process engineer, specialist in the region. production of ammunition, Major General Ing. tech. service (1944), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1943). In 1918–21 in Kr. Army. Graduated from chem.-technol. in-t, worked as engineer. at the plant. Since 1936 again in Kr. Army, early. lab. Research Institute of ammunition. During the 1941–45 war, he worked in the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition. After the war - early. military. Research Institute. He was awarded the 5th order.
CHERRY, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1858 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dmitropolye (other name. Zhirovka) Klimovichi u. Mogilev province. In 1858 there were 8 Jewish families in Hungary, in 1865 there were 8 houses and 66 men, in 1869 - 107 Jews, in 1898 - 49, in 1908 - 17, in 1918 - St. 20 Jewish farmers with their families. In 1869 there was a synagogue and a school in Hungary. In 1910 the Jewish community owned 150 dess. V. N. Pervyshin
VISHNICE, a city in Biala Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Vishnitsa Wlodavsky u. In 1765, 289 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1856 - 726 (49%), in 1897 - 1,192 Jews (58.4%). the community of V. was subordinated to the Brest kagal. In the 1920s and 1930s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1940 a ghetto was created in V., which contained apprx. 2500 people The ghetto was liquidated on 17 Nov. 1942.
VISHNITSER Mark Lvovich (1882, Rovno Volyn province - 1955, Tel Aviv), publicist, historian. He graduated from high school in Brody (Galicia), studied history and philosophy in Vienna, Göttingen and Berlin. In 1906 he received the title of Doctor of Philosophy. From 1907 he was published in Russian. and it. periodic. ed. In the same year he settled in St. Petersburg, worked in the editorial office of “Evr. encyclopedias ", in 1908-13 ed. dep. Heb. history, placed in this ed. many original works. Member Heb. historical ethnographic about-va in St. Petersburg. In 1909-14 he collaborated at the railway station. “Heb. old "," Experienced "," The past years ", in which he published a number of ist. research In 1914-16 - the initiator of publishing. and ed. multivolume "History of Heb. people ". In 1919 he left Russia. In 1921–37 - in Berlin, where he continued to study science and technology. and editorial activities, was a secretary. About-va of mutual aid it. Jews. From 1926 one of the editors. "Encyclopedias of Judaica". In 1937-41 - in France. One of the founders of the "Universal Heb. encyclopedias ”in Yiddish (Paris). In 1941 he came to New York, worked in Anglo-Hebrew. ed., since 1948 prof. Heb. stories in one of the US high fur boots. Among the ist. tr. V. the monograph "Jews in the World" (1935) stands out. In 1955 V. was invited to Israel to prepare a collective work on the history of Russian. Jews, but on arrival in the country died suddenly.
CHERRY, see Vishnice.
VISHNYAK Mark Veniaminovich (1883, Moscow - 1977, New York), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. From a rich merchant. families. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1905 p. Socialist Revolutionary Party, sotr. in its publications, the author of the brochure "The Legal Status of Jews in Russia" (1905, under ps. Veniamin Markov). He was arrested several times. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd dep. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets Cross, Dep. (May), elected member. Of the Executive Committee of Vseros. Council cross. dep. At the 3rd Congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (May - June, Petrograd) made a report on the main. principles of state. devices of Russia. Member and secret. Will establish. meetings. Oct he met the coup with sharp hostility. He worked as an anti-Bolshevist. underground. Since 1919 in exile, he lived in Paris, worked under the K-those Heb. delegation to the Peace Conf. (1919), ch. Worldwide Congr. Heb. minorities, from 1922 sotr. Parisian weekly. “Heb. tribune". One of the founders, ed. and many years sotr. one of the leading railroad Russian emigration "Sovr. Notes ”(1920–40), from 1937 he took part in editing the journal. "Rus. notes ". After the occupation of France, German fasc. troops (1940) emigrated to the United States, since 1946 a consultant in Russian. cases and chl. ed. advice w. "Half". The author of works on the international. protection nat. minorities, int. the situation of stateless persons, Vol. about Establish. collection, about V. I. Lenin, H. Weizmann. L. Blume and others. Three books. V.'s memoirs ("Tribute to the Past", 1954; "Modern Notes. Reminder of the Editor", 1959 and "The Years of Emigration. 1919-69") - a valuable source on the history of Russian. culture and societies. life of the 20th century.
VISHNYAK Roman (1897, Petersburg - 1990, USA), photographer. Studied biology in decomp. grew up. high fur boots. During the reign of the Nazi regime, the University of Berlin refused to confer the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in art on V. decomp. corners of these countries. When Nazi troops invaded Poland, V. was arrested and sent to a concentration camp. He managed to escape to France, but after a while he was again imprisoned in a concentration camp. In 1941 he managed to leave for the USA, where he resumed his medical studies and specialized in microphotography. He was the first to study the circulation of the cytoplasm in the microscopic. algae, the connection of this process with photosynthesis. He also photographed the formation of thrombosis in the blood vessels. Research are widely recognized. In his book. "Polish Jews" (1947), "Life of Six Millions" (1969) reflect the life of Western Europe. Jews before and during the 2nd world. war.
VISHTIS, a town in the Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Vishtynets Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1856, 2037 Jews (60%) lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 799 (32%), in 1923 - 222 (18%), in 1940 - 150 Jews (11.5%) The first Jews settled in Hungary in 1589. A community existed in 1758. In the 19th century. main occupations of Jews - trade (both wholesale with Prussia and small-scale distribution), processing of bristles (about 200 people were involved in this trade), leather dressing, fishing. There was a synagogue, a cheder. In 1878, a school was opened to teach secular subjects. In the beginning. 20th century Cells "Tseirei Zion" and "Bnos Zion" worked. The organization "Dovrey Hebrew" was created, the members of the cut were obliged to speak only Hebrew. The rabbis in V. at the end. 18-19 centuries. were Yakov Ga-Cohen, Chaim Vasertsug (? -1865), Elkhonon-Tzvi Lan (? -1885), Itskhok-Elkhonon of the Netherlands (? -1886), from the 1900s. - Avraham-Yehuda Filtinov. Almost all Jewish houses burned down during a fire at the beginning of the year. 1900s Wilhelm II, who visited V., donated 10 thousand marks to the community, after which Nicholas II donated 5 thousand rubles. The rebuilt V. was destroyed in 1915 during the hostilities. army. The Jews left Britain. After 1918, there was little. part of the Jewish population returned to V. In the 1920s and 1930s. Jews were engaged in petty trade, crafts, fishing. There was a youth religion. club "Tiferes bakhurim". The rabbis were Avrom-Yehuda Politov and Zalman Sodlenitsky (? —1941). On June 22, 1941, Britain was occupied by Germans. troops. On July 14, 1941, in a ditch near the mill, approx. 70 Jewish men, 9 Sept. 1941 - c. 150 women and children. After 1945 on the initiative of several. the surviving Jews a monument was erected at the mass grave. In the beginning. 1990s on the site of the old Jewish cemetery, a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. In V. genus: L. Gollendersky, M. Reinhardt, M. Sudarsky; Nathan Robinson (1904—?), Physicist, specialist in the region. solar energy, prof. Technion (Haifa), brother of N. Robinson and J. Robinson, who lived in V.
VISHTYNETS, see Vishtytis.
VISHVENAI, a village in Telšiai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Veshvyana Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century in V. lived several. Jewish families dealing with. h-vom. In the period of germ During the occupation, all Jews of Britain were shot in 1941.
WHISKITKI, a village in Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 14th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Blonsky u. Warsaw Gubernia In 1808, 88 Jews (13.4%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 192 (19%), in 1857 - 552 (33%), in 1897 - 1138 (38%), in 1921 - 951 Jews. (32%) Jews settled in V., apparently, at the beginning. 18th century Since that time, an organized Jewish community has existed in V. There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1826, the city authorities limited the right of Jews to reside in Hungary to a specific area. Only a few. rich families were allowed to live in other areas. The restrictions were lifted in 1862. Jews earned their living by crafts, trade (including grain and livestock). In 1863, during the uprising, Jews hid Polish in their homes. rebels. In the 1890s. V. was seized by an epidemic of cholera. On the initiative of a local landowner, a hospital was built with two separate kitchens: a common one for Poles and a kosher one for Jews. In 1905, a Jewish family hid the leader of Polsk. socialist party, later the head of the Polish state, Jozef Pilsudski, for which the family was exiled to Siberia. Rabbi in Hungary in the 19th century. was Eliyahu Lerman (? -1885), in the 1920s and 30s. - Dove-Ber Tenenboim (died along with the entire community during the Holocaust). In 1915 a Jewish library was opened in V., lit. and dram. mugs. Jan 25. 1915 Jews were expelled from Hungary in the 1920s and 1930s. Jews were engaged in DOS. petty trade and craft. Several families rented orchards and sold fruits to Warsaw. Some of the Jews were engaged in carriage. An important source of income for many. Jews V. was knitting stockings. This industry first developed as a home production, later several were organized. workshops with modern. knitting machines. There were philanthropists. and social organizations, the "Union of Textile Workers". In 1929, due to economical. crisis pl. prom. the production facilities were closed; unemployment increased among Jews. In V. there functioned divisions of various. Jewish parties and movements, Agudas Yisroel and the Bund were active. There were schools of the Yavne and Beis Yaakov network, the Tarbuta library and sports. Maccabi Club .8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops occupied V. In the fall of 1939 the Judenrat was established. From the end. 1939 to early. 1941 refugees from Lodz, Lublin, Kovel, Plock, and other cities arrived in Hungary. By Jan. 1941 lived in V. apprx. 2 thousand Jews. On Feb. 1941 all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto, from there to Treblinka. 8 people survived.
WISLICA, a city (1326) in the Kielec Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. in the 10-11 centuries. In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Vislice povet, Sandomierz Voivodeship, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Pinchovsky district. In 1765 there were 256 Jews in Hungary, in 1856 - 1383 (69.2%), in 1897 - 1755 (69.8%), in 1921 - 1340 Jews. The first information about Jews in Hungary dates back to 1514. In 1566, by decree of King Sigismund II Augustus, Jews were allowed to settle only outside the city walls. In 1656, almost all the Jews of Hungary (about 50 families) were destroyed by the troops of Stephen Chernetsky. In 1823-62 V. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In May 1941 a ghetto was created in V., in which there were approx. 2 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated on October 3. 1942, Jews of Britain were deported to Treblinka. Sonya Gaskell (1904-1974, Paris), choreographer, founder of the ballet company "Netherlands Ballet" in 1954, in 1959-67 - the troupe "Netherlands Nat. ballet".
WISLICKI Wenceslas (1882, Warsaw - 1935, ibid.), Societies. and polit. activist. In his youth he participated in the student. movement, led by a roar. mugs. Graduated from Brussels un-t (1907), during his stay in Belgium he collaborated with growing up. and Polish. emigrants. Upon his return to Warsaw, he was arrested and exiled for 2 years, later he again participated in Polish. societies. movement. During the occupation of Warsaw, Germ. troops - the commissar of civil. defense and police commissioner. In 1922, dep. Seimas from the Center. union of merchants and industrialists (re-elected in 1928, 1930 and 1935), defended the principles of free development of Polish. economy and equality of citizens of the Jewish confession, was a member. a number of government and parliamentary commissions, members. Interparliamentary Union, affairs. Polish Diet for dec. int. Congr. V. headed the Center. council of merchants and industrialists, was before. Council of Elders Torg. assembly, vice-president. Bargain. Chambers of Warsaw, member. Council of Polish-Palestinian Bargaining. chambers, before. Credit Bank of merchants and manufacturers and International. Transport and Navigation Association, member. Center, Union of Hebrews. cooperators. With the beginning of anti-Jews. performances in Romania (1934) V. returned it to the king of the highest. award - Hon. Cross. Shortly before V.'s death, being before. anti-Hitler committee, headed by an anti-fascist. campaign in Poland (despite the pressure of the government, which feared worsening relations with Germany).
VISNITS, see Vizhnitsa.
VISUNSK, a village in the Bereznegovatsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1767. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 260 Jews (3.0%) lived in V., in 1923 there were 76 Jews. In 1789 several Jews moved to V. in 1789. dozens of Jewish families from Novgorod-Seversky and Baturin. In 1910 there was a synagogue in V.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВИТЕБСК, город (с 1597), центр Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 974, по др. данным — с 1021. В 12 в. — центр удельного кн-ва, с 1320 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1506 — центр воеводства, с 1569 — в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Псковской, с 1776 — Полоцкой, с 1796 — Белорусской, с 1802 — Витебской губ. В 1924—30 — центр округа в составе БССР, с 1938 — обл. центр.В 1765 в В. проживало 667 евреев, в 1772 — 1227 (22,8%), в 1815 — 5426 (51%), в 1847 — 9417, в 1857 — 12 950, в 1861 — 14 774, в 1885 — 28 305, в 1897 — 34 420 (52,4%), в 1910 — 43 616, в 1923 — 39 714, в 1926 — 37 013 (37,5%), в 1939 — 37 097 (22%), в 1970 — 17 343 (7,5%), в 1979 — 9328 (3,1%), в 1989 — 8139 евреев (2,3%).Евреи жили в В. с 16 в. В 1627 в В. была построена синагога. В 1654 евреи вместе с поляками участвовали в обороне города от рус. войск, а после сдачи города понесли ущерб в 10 тыс. злотых. До сер. 17 в. Витебский кагал находился под юрисдикцией Брестского кагала и через посредство последнего подчинялся Литовскому вааду. С 1706 витебская община вела пинкас. В 1712 после пожара в синагоге магистрат предпринял попытку захватить принадлежавший евреям участок для стр-ва церкви, но по решению Гл. литовского трибунала возвратил ка галу участок земли и выплатил компенсацию 13 560 злотых за убытки.С кон. 18 в. В. — один из гл. центров любавичского хасидизма. В 19 в. в результате переселения в В. евреев, высланных из Москвы, усилилось влияние идей Гаскалы. В 1862 в В. имелось 33 синагоги. В 1807—67 раввином в В. был ученик Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд Ицхок-Айзик Богорад (1766—1867), во 2-й пол. 19 в. — Й.-З.Я.Ландау (он же возглавлял иешиву). В 1867 действовали 2 казенных еврейских муж. уч-ща 1-го разряда (176 уч-ся) и еврейское девичье уч-ще (50 уч-ся), открытое в 1866. В сер. 19 в. созданы первые благотворит. об-ва, имелись 2 талмуд-торы, частный жен. еврейский пансион. В кон. 19 в. одна из талмуд-тор преобразована в уч-ще нового типа, где наряду с религ. предметами преподавались светские науки (обучение шло на иврите). В 1901—06 обществ. раввином в В. был Г.Я.Брук, с 1907 — Меир-Ицхок Гольдберг (1871—?), с 1908 раввином и главой раввинского суда был Аба-Лейб Шапиро (1862—?). В 1908 в В. действовали хевра кадиша, об-во пособия бедным и больным евреям, об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам, Заручьевское об-во беспроцентной ссуды, об-во трудовой помощи евреям им. покойной купчихи Х.Понизовской, ссудо-сберегат. т-во (осн. в 1898), еврейская больница и богадельня, Витебское еврейское лит.-муз. об-во, об-во любителей древнееврейского яз., субботняя школа при ОРТе (160 уч-ся), а также Витебский к-т ЕКО, отд-ния ОПЕ и Петерб. отд-ния ОЗЕ.В 1905—33 раввином в В. был Ш.-Й.-Л.Медалье, С 1906 — Иосиф Лейбович Шнеерсон, с 1914 — Мордхе-Бер Зусьевич Гуревич (1842—?), казенным раввином в 1910 был Абрам Ельевич Перлштейн, в 1910—25 — Й.-Э.Меламед. В 1910 в В. имелись 63 синагоги (почти все хасидские), еврейское кладбище, 2 хевры кадиши, 3 талмуд-торы, 2 муж. казенных еврейских уч-ща (из них одно — с ремесл. отд-нием), 3 жен. еврейских уч-ща и вечерние курсы. Коробочный сбор достигал 25 тыс. руб. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля и ремесла (евреи составляли 80% ремесленников). После 1905 в В. открыты неск. частных гимназий (большинство уч-ся — евреи), художник И.М.Пэн основал в В. худож. школу (среди учеников — М.З.Шагал, С.Б.Юдовин и др.). В 1913 в В. действовало 300 хедеров.С кон. 19 в. в В. развивалось движение «Хибат Цион», возникли первые социалистич. кружки. В 1900—10-х гг. в В. активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. С 1897 В. стал одним из гл. центров Бунда. В окт. 1905 создан коалиц. к-т из представителей Бунда и РСДРП, к-рый руководил рев. движением в крае до дек. 1905. Летом 1905 к-т Бунда был разгромлен полицией, восстановлен осенью 1908, в нояб. 1909 под его рук. действовали 4 кружка ремесленников, создан профсоюз портных, к-рый возглавил 5 стачек. В 1913 к-т Бунда организовал массовое выступление в защиту М.М.Бейлиса. В нач. 1914 создана объединенная орг-ция РСДРП и Бунда (в апр. 1914 разгромлена полицией). В годы 1-й мир. войны гр. бундовцев концентрировалась вокруг местного об-ва Кр. Креста и еврейского об-ва трудовой помощи.Во время 1-й мир. войны через В. прошли десятки тысяч евреев, изгнанных рос. воен. командованием из прифронтовых губерний (неск. тыс. литовских евреев осели в городе). После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в гор. думу избраны 26 представителей еврейских партий и орг-ций (в т. ч. 8 чл. «Агудас Исроэль»). В 1917 в В. издавался орган сионистской демократич. молодежи «На страже» (гл. ред. Шимон Лебман). В марте 1917 воссоздана орг-ция Бунда (в мае 1917 — 650 чл.), ее представители занимали руководящее положение в местном Совете рабочих и солд. деп. (пред. Г.Я.Аронсон). В 1918 в В. произошел погром (7 евреев убиты, 20 ранены). К 1919 численность деп.-бундовцев в совете сократилась со 128 до 12, в орг-ции произошел раскол, правые бундовцы примкнули к сионистам, левые — к РКП(б). Во главе губкома РКП(б) после окт. 1917 стоял Б.А.Бреслав. В 1919—21 пред. губчека был С.А.Хасман. В 1920 в В. местное отд-ние «Поалей Цион» издавало журн. на идише «Дер идишер арбетер». В 1921 в В. было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В нач. 1920-х гг. тысячи евреев выехали из В. в Литву. В 1920 созданы Межпарт. комиссия для усиления культурно-просветит. работы среди еврейских масс и комиссия по борьбе с еврейскими религ. уч. заведениями. 12—19 янв. 1921 в здании т-ра «Рекорд» проходил «суд» над хедерами, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1921 одна из синагог была конфискована (в ней открыта еврейская школа). В том же году власти закрыли нелег. еврейскую школу, преподавание в к-рой велось по дорев. программам (учителя истории, иврита и ТАНАХа были арестованы и сосланы в Сибирь). До 1925 в В. нелегально действовало отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».В 1920—30-х гг. репрессиям подверглись витебские раввины. В 1915—25 раввином В. был Б.Рабинович. В 1926—30 в В. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, в к-рой учились, кроме местных евреев, ученики из др. городов и местечек. В разное время иешивой руководили А.-З.Пинскер, Н.Лабковский, Авром Дрейзин (1901—1998). В дек. 1930 арестованы 15 чел. (раввины и лица, причастные к работе в иешиве), к-рые были приговорены к разл. срокам заключения; иешива была закрыта.В нач. 1920-х гг. в В. выходила газ. «Дер. ройтер шторм» (орган Евсекции). В 1921—37 действовал еврейский пед. техникум, в 1921— 23 — еврейский т-р (рук. Н.Стучков), с 1925 при 2-м Гос. театре работал коллектив еврейской драмы и комедии «Ди идише фольскштиме» (рук. Е.И.Оренштейн, с 1927 — А.З.Розенталь). В 1923 прошло «антипасхальное» собрание рабочих, в том же году была закрыта еще одна синагога, открыто бюро ОРТа (в губернии существовало 45 еврейских земледельч. артелей). К 1941 в В. действовала одна синагога.После нач. войны между Германией и СССР часть еврейского населения В. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны страны. 11 июля 1941 В. был оккупирован герм. войсками. Оккупац. власти провели регистрацию евреев (зарегистрировано ок. 16 тыс. чел.) и создали гетто, где сконцентрировали ок. 13 тыс. евреев. В кон. июля 1941 в Зап. Двине было утоплено ок. 2 тыс. евреев, 24 июля расстреляно 332 еврея, в кон. авг. в т. н. Туловском рву уничтожено ок. 600 представителей местной еврейской интеллигенции, 15—30 сент. — ок. 3 тыс. чел., в окт. — еще 3 тыс., в дек. 1941 — 4090 евреев (по неполным данным, за время оккупации в В. уничтожено ок. 20 тыс. евреев). В сент. 1943 братские могилы были раскопаны и трупы сожжены (после войны останки погибших перезахоронены на еврейском кладбище). Сотни бежавших из гетто евреев сражались в партиз. отрядах (среди рук. партиз. движения — Л.Я.Горелик и Г.Б.Эйдинов).После освобождения В. уцелевшие евреи вернулись в В., организатором общины стал Соснер. В 1947 на средства общины сооружена синагога, к-рая в следующем году была закрыта властями (здание конфисковано). В 1948 нелег. миньян собирался в доме Кацона Шлемовича Дона (приходило до 100 чел.). В 1949 духовным раввином избран Шлема Нухимович Мильнер. В 1955 в В. существовали 2 нелег. миньяна, куда на праздники собиралось соответственно до 120 и 150 чел. В 1940—50-х гг. все попытки зарегистрировать общину отклонялись властями. В 1959 и 1961 власти пытались разогнать миньяны. В 1961 в области действовали 3 незарегистрированных общины, в 1964 — 5. Нелег. миньян в В. продолжал собираться и в 1980-х гг. В 1990 община была официально зарегистрирована, ей было возвращено одно из бывш. синагогальных зданий. В 1991 в В. открыты воскресная школа и ульпан, с 1993 еврейский культурный центр начал издавать приложение к газ. «Выбор» — «Шалом» (на белорус. яз.). В В. организовано об-во любителей еврейской культуры (в 1989), открыты разл. еврейские обществ. орг-ции, в т. ч. Витебский центр докум. исследований «Евреи Беларуси: история и современность», отд-ние междунар. научно-просветит. центра «Холокост», Центр еврейской культуры (с 1992; дир. А.Шульман), Дом-музей Марка Шагала (с 1997, в 1991 существовал музей). В 1992 в В. прошли 2-е Шагаловские чтения, посв. 105-летию со дня рождения художника, в 1999 — 9-е междунар. Шагаловские дни. В 1995 вышел 1-й вып. худож.-публицистич. альм. «Мишпоха». В 1990-х гг. отмечено неск. случаев осквернения могил на еврейском кладбище.В 1989 из В. в Израиль выехало 19 евреев, в 1990 — 1216, в 1991 — 733, в 1992 — 125, в 1993 — 133 еврея. По оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в 1994 в В. проживало ок. 6 тыс. евреев (ок. 1,7%).В В. род.: А.И.Амстердам, И.Д.Амусин, Н.Е.Андреева, М.Бен-Порат, И.С.Бескин, С.Н.Богорад, Г.В.Брауде, И.Р.Бумагин, Я.Вайнштейн, М.С.Векслер, И.Великовский, Б.И.Волчек, А.И.Гиллерсон, И.-Е.Г.Гинцбург, З.М.Гудкович, И.С.Гуревич, О.С.Жуковский, Л.Я.Зевин, И.Г.[[Исув, М.[[Йо, Е.А.[[Кабищер, Л.[[Кобрин, Б.Д.[[Копман, М.И.[[Куслик, Б.А.Кушнер, Л.И.Лагин, Н.Левин, С.С.Левман, М.М.Лерман, В.Я.Либсон, М.С.Либуркин, Л.Д.Лиознер, Л.А.Липин, Г.-Ш.Лурье, З.Л.Лурье, Ш.Мазе, И.М.Мазель, И.Д.Марингоф, И.М.Маркович, Менахем-Мендл, Е.С.Минин, Л.Е.Минц, С.Е.Минц, В.М.Млечин, А.И.Мовзон, З.И.Модель, М.И.Неменов, А.Е.Рабухин, В.А.Рапопорт, А.Б.Раскин, Е.И.Ривлин, У.Е.Ривош, А.П.Розенгольц, Я.С.Розенфельд, М.С.Розин, Г.И.Роскин, Е.М.Рояк, М.Д.Рывкин, С.Саймон, И.З.Серман, Л.М.Славин, Л.А.Слив, С.Струнски, А.Н.Трайнин, С.А.Трайнин, И.И.Угорец, Е.М.Фейгельсон, Б.Фогельсон, Л.И.Фогельсон, С.Б.Фогельсон, М.Г.Фрадкин, Р.З.Фрумак, А.М.Халфин, З.Л.Хацревин, Л.И.Хейфец, П.Хентова, С.М.Хентова, Л.М.Хидекель, Л.О.Циперсон, В.А.Цукерман, Д.К.Чертков, М.З.Шагал, С.С.Шалыт, Ф.Л.Шапиро, Г.Я.Юдин, Б.М.Яворский, Д.А.Якерсон; Саул Бейзерман (1889—1957, США), амер. скульптор, с 1910 — в США, работы хранятся в Музее совр. иск-ва в Нью-Йорке; Яков Владимирович Дамский (р. 1934), шахматный литератор, мастер спорта СССР (1964), судья всесоюз. категории (1971), автор книг о шахматах; Борис Моисеевич Каган (р. 1918), специалист в обл. автоматики и телемеханики, д-р техн. наук (1959), проф. (1962), Стал. пр. (1949), брат Ю.М.Кагана; Беньямин Копман (1887—1965), живописец, работы хранятся в музее Метрополитэн и Музее совр. иск-ва в Нью-Йорке; Ефим Соломонович (Хаим Шлемович) Липин (1922—1995, Петербург), специалист в обл. автоматизир. электронно-вычислит. систем, Стал. пр. (1952), Гос. пр. СССР (1979), Лен. пр. (1986); Григорий Моисеевич Лямпе (1925—1995, Тель-Авив), актер ГОСЕТа и Т-ра на Малой Бронной, с 1991 — в Израиле, засл. арт. РСФСР (1982); Анцель Семенович Пистунович (р. 1926), ген.-майор-инженер (1976); Марк Антонович Плоткин (1904—1946, Киев), ген.-майор войск связи (1940), нагр. 6 орд.; Сарра (Ольга) Наумовна Равич (1879—1957, Агул Красноярского края), политич. деятель, чл. РСДРП с 1903, чл. ВЦИК, дел. 6 съездов РКП(б), репрессирована в 1934; Лев (Леон) Моисеевич Рамм (1906—1986, Ленинград), шашист, мастер спорта (1927), судья всесоюз. категории (1936), засл. тренер СССР (1966), автор кн. по теории шашек; Рахиль Соломоновна Эйдельсон (р. 1958), шахматистка, междунар. мастер (1988); Лев Александрович Юдин (1903—1941), художник-график, автор графич. работ в обл. дет. лит-ры, погиб на фронте.Э.Г.Иоффе, pronunciation=ВИТЕБСК, город (с 1597), центр Витебской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 974, по др. данным — с 1021. В 12 в. — центр удельного кн-ва, с 1320 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1506 — центр воеводства, с 1569 — в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Псковской, с 1776 — Полоцкой, с 1796 — Белорусской, с 1802 — Витебской губ. В 1924—30 — центр округа в составе БССР, с 1938 — обл. центр.В 1765 в В. проживало 667 евреев, в 1772 — 1227 (22,8%), в 1815 — 5426 (51%), в 1847 — 9417, в 1857 — 12 950, в 1861 — 14 774, в 1885 — 28 305, в 1897 — 34 420 (52,4%), в 1910 — 43 616, в 1923 — 39 714, в 1926 — 37 013 (37,5%), в 1939 — 37 097 (22%), в 1970 — 17 343 (7,5%), в 1979 — 9328 (3,1%), в 1989 — 8139 евреев (2,3%).Евреи жили в В. с 16 в. В 1627 в В. была построена синагога. В 1654 евреи вместе с поляками участвовали в обороне города от рус. войск, а после сдачи города понесли ущерб в 10 тыс. злотых. До сер. 17 в. Витебский кагал находился под юрисдикцией Брестского кагала и через посредство последнего подчинялся Литовскому вааду. С 1706 витебская община вела пинкас. В 1712 после пожара в синагоге магистрат предпринял попытку захватить принадлежавший евреям участок для стр-ва церкви, но по решению Гл. литовского трибунала возвратил ка галу участок земли и выплатил компенсацию 13 560 злотых за убытки.С кон. 18 в. В. — один из гл. центров любавичского хасидизма. В 19 в. в результате переселения в В. евреев, высланных из Москвы, усилилось влияние идей Гаскалы. В 1862 в В. имелось 33 синагоги. В 1807—67 раввином в В. был ученик Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд Ицхок-Айзик Богорад (1766—1867), во 2-й пол. 19 в. — Й.-З.Я.Ландау (он же возглавлял иешиву). В 1867 действовали 2 казенных еврейских муж. уч-ща 1-го разряда (176 уч-ся) и еврейское девичье уч-ще (50 уч-ся), открытое в 1866. В сер. 19 в. созданы первые благотворит. об-ва, имелись 2 талмуд-торы, частный жен. еврейский пансион. В кон. 19 в. одна из талмуд-тор преобразована в уч-ще нового типа, где наряду с религ. предметами преподавались светские науки (обучение шло на иврите). В 1901—06 обществ. раввином в В. был Г.Я.Брук, с 1907 — Меир-Ицхок Гольдберг (1871—?), с 1908 раввином и главой раввинского суда был Аба-Лейб Шапиро (1862—?). В 1908 в В. действовали хевра кадиша, об-во пособия бедным и больным евреям, об-во вспомоществования еврейским учителям и меламедам, Заручьевское об-во беспроцентной ссуды, об-во трудовой помощи евреям им. покойной купчихи Х.Понизовской, ссудо-сберегат. т-во (осн. в 1898), еврейская больница и богадельня, Витебское еврейское лит.-муз. об-во, об-во любителей древнееврейского яз., субботняя школа при ОРТе (160 уч-ся), а также Витебский к-т ЕКО, отд-ния ОПЕ и Петерб. отд-ния ОЗЕ.В 1905—33 раввином в В. был Ш.-Й.-Л.Медалье, С 1906 — Иосиф Лейбович Шнеерсон, с 1914 — Мордхе-Бер Зусьевич Гуревич (1842—?), казенным раввином в 1910 был Абрам Ельевич Перлштейн, в 1910—25 — Й.-Э.Меламед. В 1910 в В. имелись 63 синагоги (почти все хасидские), еврейское кладбище, 2 хевры кадиши, 3 талмуд-торы, 2 муж. казенных еврейских уч-ща (из них одно — с ремесл. отд-нием), 3 жен. еврейских уч-ща и вечерние курсы. Коробочный сбор достигал 25 тыс. руб. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля и ремесла (евреи составляли 80% ремесленников). После 1905 в В. открыты неск. частных гимназий (большинство уч-ся — евреи), художник И.М.Пэн основал в В. худож. школу (среди учеников — М.З.Шагал, С.Б.Юдовин и др.). В 1913 в В. действовало 300 хедеров.С кон. 19 в. в В. развивалось движение «Хибат Цион», возникли первые социалистич. кружки. В 1900—10-х гг. в В. активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. С 1897 В. стал одним из гл. центров Бунда. В окт. 1905 создан коалиц. к-т из представителей Бунда и РСДРП, к-рый руководил рев. движением в крае до дек. 1905. Летом 1905 к-т Бунда был разгромлен полицией, восстановлен осенью 1908, в нояб. 1909 под его рук. действовали 4 кружка ремесленников, создан профсоюз портных, к-рый возглавил 5 стачек. В 1913 к-т Бунда организовал массовое выступление в защиту М.М.Бейлиса. В нач. 1914 создана объединенная орг-ция РСДРП и Бунда (в апр. 1914 разгромлена полицией). В годы 1-й мир. войны гр. бундовцев концентрировалась вокруг местного об-ва Кр. Креста и еврейского об-ва трудовой помощи.Во время 1-й мир. войны через В. прошли десятки тысяч евреев, изгнанных рос. воен. командованием из прифронтовых губерний (неск. тыс. литовских евреев осели в городе). После Февр. рев-ции 1917 в гор. думу избраны 26 представителей еврейских партий и орг-ций (в т. ч. 8 чл. «Агудас Исроэль»). В 1917 в В. издавался орган сионистской демократич. молодежи «На страже» (гл. ред. Шимон Лебман). В марте 1917 воссоздана орг-ция Бунда (в мае 1917 — 650 чл.), ее представители занимали руководящее положение в местном Совете рабочих и солд. деп. (пред. Г.Я.Аронсон). В 1918 в В. произошел погром (7 евреев убиты, 20 ранены). К 1919 численность деп.-бундовцев в совете сократилась со 128 до 12, в орг-ции произошел раскол, правые бундовцы примкнули к сионистам, левые — к РКП(б). Во главе губкома РКП(б) после окт. 1917 стоял Б.А.Бреслав. В 1919—21 пред. губчека был С.А.Хасман. В 1920 в В. местное отд-ние «Поалей Цион» издавало журн. на идише «Дер идишер арбетер». В 1921 в В. было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В нач. 1920-х гг. тысячи евреев выехали из В. в Литву. В 1920 созданы Межпарт. комиссия для усиления культурно-просветит. работы среди еврейских масс и комиссия по борьбе с еврейскими религ. уч. заведениями. 12—19 янв. 1921 в здании т-ра «Рекорд» проходил «суд» над хедерами, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1921 одна из синагог была конфискована (в ней открыта еврейская школа). В том же году власти закрыли нелег. еврейскую школу, преподавание в к-рой велось по дорев. программам (учителя истории, иврита и ТАНАХа были арестованы и сосланы в Сибирь). До 1925 в В. нелегально действовало отд-ние «Га-Шомер га-Цаир».В 1920—30-х гг. репрессиям подверглись витебские раввины. В 1915—25 раввином В. был Б.Рабинович. В 1926—30 в В. действовала подпольная любавичская иешива, в к-рой учились, кроме местных евреев, ученики из др. городов и местечек. В разное время иешивой руководили А.-З.Пинскер, Н.Лабковский, Авром Дрейзин (1901—1998). В дек. 1930 арестованы 15 чел. (раввины и лица, причастные к работе в иешиве), к-рые были приговорены к разл. срокам заключения; иешива была закрыта.В нач. 1920-х гг. в В. выходила газ. «Дер. ройтер шторм» (орган Евсекции). В 1921—37 действовал еврейский пед. техникум, в 1921— 23 — еврейский т-р (рук. Н.Стучков), с 1925 при 2-м Гос. театре работал коллектив еврейской драмы и комедии «Ди идише фольскштиме» (рук. Е.И.Оренштейн, с 1927 — А.З.Розенталь). В 1923 прошло «антипасхальное» собрание рабочих, в том же году была закрыта еще одна синагога, открыто бюро ОРТа (в губернии существовало 45 еврейских земледельч. артелей). К 1941 в В. действовала одна синагога.После нач. войны между Германией и СССР часть еврейского населения В. эвакуировалась в вост. р-ны страны. 11 июля 1941 В. был оккупирован герм. войсками. Оккупац. власти провели регистрацию евреев (зарегистрировано ок. 16 тыс. чел.) и создали гетто, где сконцентрировали ок. 13 тыс. евреев. В кон. июля 1941 в Зап. Двине было утоплено ок. 2 тыс. евреев, 24 июля расстреляно 332 еврея, в кон. авг. в т. н. Туловском рву уничтожено ок. 600 представителей местной еврейской интеллигенции, 15—30 сент. — ок. 3 тыс. чел., в окт. — еще 3 тыс., в дек. 1941 — 4090 евреев (по неполным данным, за время оккупации в В. уничтожено ок. 20 тыс. евреев). В сент. 1943 братские могилы были раскопаны и трупы сожжены (после войны останки погибших перезахоронены на еврейском кладбище). Сотни бежавших из гетто евреев сражались в партиз. отрядах (среди рук. партиз. движения — Л.Я.Горелик и Г.Б.Эйдинов).После освобождения В. уцелевшие евреи вернулись в В., организатором общины стал Соснер. В 1947 на средства общины сооружена синагога, к-рая в следующем году была закрыта властями (здание конфисковано). В 1948 нелег. миньян собирался в доме Кацона Шлемовича Дона (приходило до 100 чел.). В 1949 духовным раввином избран Шлема Нухимович Мильнер. В 1955 в В. существовали 2 нелег. миньяна, куда на праздники собиралось соответственно до 120 и 150 чел. В 1940—50-х гг. все попытки зарегистрировать общину отклонялись властями. В 1959 и 1961 власти пытались разогнать миньяны. В 1961 в области действовали 3 незарегистрированных общины, в 1964 — 5. Нелег. миньян в В. продолжал собираться и в 1980-х гг. В 1990 община была официально зарегистрирована, ей было возвращено одно из бывш. синагогальных зданий. В 1991 в В. открыты воскресная школа и ульпан, с 1993 еврейский культурный центр начал издавать приложение к газ. «Выбор» — «Шалом» (на белорус. яз.). В В. организовано об-во любителей еврейской культуры (в 1989), открыты разл. еврейские обществ. орг-ции, в т. ч. Витебский центр докум. исследований «Евреи Беларуси: история и современность», отд-ние междунар. научно-просветит. центра «Холокост», Центр еврейской культуры (с 1992; дир. А.Шульман), Дом-музей Марка Шагала (с 1997, в 1991 существовал музей). В 1992 в В. прошли 2-е Шагаловские чтения, посв. 105-летию со дня рождения художника, в 1999 — 9-е междунар. Шагаловские дни. В 1995 вышел 1-й вып. худож.-публицистич. альм. «Мишпоха». В 1990-х гг. отмечено неск. случаев осквернения могил на еврейском кладбище.В 1989 из В. в Израиль выехало 19 евреев, в 1990 — 1216, в 1991 — 733, в 1992 — 125, в 1993 — 133 еврея. По оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в 1994 в В. проживало ок. 6 тыс. евреев (ок. 1,7%).В В. род.: А.И.Амстердам, И.Д.Амусин, Н.Е.Андреева, М.Бен-Порат, И.С.Бескин, С.Н.Богорад, Г.В.Брауде, И.Р.Бумагин, Я.Вайнштейн, М.С.Векслер, И.Великовский, Б.И.Волчек, А.И.Гиллерсон, И.-Е.Г.Гинцбург, З.М.Гудкович, И.С.Гуревич, О.С.Жуковский, Л.Я.Зевин, И.Г.[[Исув, М.[[Йо, Е.А.[[Кабищер, Л.[[Кобрин, Б.Д.[[Копман, М.И.[[Куслик, Б.А.Кушнер, Л.И.Лагин, Н.Левин, С.С.Левман, М.М.Лерман, В.Я.Либсон, М.С.Либуркин, Л.Д.Лиознер, Л.А.Липин, Г.-Ш.Лурье, З.Л.Лурье, Ш.Мазе, И.М.Мазель, И.Д.Марингоф, И.М.Маркович, Менахем-Мендл, Е.С.Минин, Л.Е.Минц, С.Е.Минц, В.М.Млечин, А.И.Мовзон, З.И.Модель, М.И.Неменов, А.Е.Рабухин, В.А.Рапопорт, А.Б.Раскин, Е.И.Ривлин, У.Е.Ривош, А.П.Розенгольц, Я.С.Розенфельд, М.С.Розин, Г.И.Роскин, Е.М.Рояк, М.Д.Рывкин, С.Саймон, И.З.Серман, Л.М.Славин, Л.А.Слив, С.Струнски, А.Н.Трайнин, С.А.Трайнин, И.И.Угорец, Е.М.Фейгельсон, Б.Фогельсон, Л.И.Фогельсон, С.Б.Фогельсон, М.Г.Фрадкин, Р.З.Фрумак, А.М.Халфин, З.Л.Хацревин, Л.И.Хейфец, П.Хентова, С.М.Хентова, Л.М.Хидекель, Л.О.Циперсон, В.А.Цукерман, Д.К.Чертков, М.З.Шагал, С.С.Шалыт, Ф.Л.Шапиро, Г.Я.Юдин, Б.М.Яворский, Д.А.Якерсон; Саул Бейзерман (1889—1957, США), амер. скульптор, с 1910 — в США, работы хранятся в Музее совр. иск-ва в Нью-Йорке; Яков Владимирович Дамский (р. 1934), шахматный литератор, мастер спорта СССР (1964), судья всесоюз. категории (1971), автор книг о шахматах; Борис Моисеевич Каган (р. 1918), специалист в обл. автоматики и телемеханики, д-р техн. наук (1959), проф. (1962), Стал. пр. (1949), брат Ю.М.Кагана; Беньямин Копман (1887—1965), живописец, работы хранятся в музее Метрополитэн и Музее совр. иск-ва в Нью-Йорке; Ефим Соломонович (Хаим Шлемович) Липин (1922—1995, Петербург), специалист в обл. автоматизир. электронно-вычислит. систем, Стал. пр. (1952), Гос. пр. СССР (1979), Лен. пр. (1986); Григорий Моисеевич Лямпе (1925—1995, Тель-Авив), актер ГОСЕТа и Т-ра на Малой Бронной, с 1991 — в Израиле, засл. арт. РСФСР (1982); Анцель Семенович Пистунович (р. 1926), ген.-майор-инженер (1976); Марк Антонович Плоткин (1904—1946, Киев), ген.-майор войск связи (1940), нагр. 6 орд.; Сарра (Ольга) Наумовна Равич (1879—1957, Агул Красноярского края), политич. деятель, чл. РСДРП с 1903, чл. ВЦИК, дел. 6 съездов РКП(б), репрессирована в 1934; Лев (Леон) Моисеевич Рамм (1906—1986, Ленинград), шашист, мастер спорта (1927), судья всесоюз. категории (1936), засл. тренер СССР (1966), автор кн. по теории шашек; Рахиль Соломоновна Эйдельсон (р. 1958), шахматистка, междунар. мастер (1988); Лев Александрович Юдин (1903—1941), художник-график, автор графич. работ в обл. дет. лит-ры, погиб на фронте.Э.Г.Иоффе, extra_data="{'translat...")
VITEBSKY Joseph Davydovich (b. 1938), athlete (fencing with epee). World Champion (1967), silver prize-winner Olympus. games (1968), European Cup winner (1967–69) as part of the USSR team. Winner of the USSR Cup (1966, 1968, 1972) as part of the Dynamo team (Kiev).
VITENBERG Yitzhak (1907, Vilna - 1943, ibid.), First com. Heb. militant organization in the Vilna ghetto. A tailor by profession. Active member Communist Party and prof. activist. In the ghetto he was a communist leader. underground. Participated in the creation. Heb. a military organization, which included both communists and Zionists and Zionist revisionists. In January her com was elected. In July 1943 it. the authorities were given information about Heb. combat organization. V. was arrested by the Lithuanian police, released by member. Heb. fighting organization and disappeared into the ghetto. These events could lead to an open revolt. Him. the authorities demanded V.'s extradition, otherwise they promised to blow up the ghetto. Submitting to pressure, and also believing that the time for an open speech has not yet come, the command of Heb. combat organization decided to extradite V. This decision was supported by the communist. underground. On July 16, V. surrendered himself into the hands of the Hebrews. the police. Committed suicide by taking poison in prison.
VITIMSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1952) in the Mamsko-Chuisky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Vitimskoe Kirensky env. Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1897, 152 Jews (10%) lived in V.
VITIMSKY, see Vitimsky.
VITKIN Yosef (1876, Mogilev - 1912, Rishon Le-Zion), teacher, society. activist. From 1897 in E.-I., where he became a laborer. Later he worked as a teacher, then as a director. schools in Heder; his reforms attracted attention, and he was invited as deer. to the Rishon LeZion school. From 1904 - director. school in Kfar Tavor, two years later he returned to teaching in Rishon LeZion, where he worked until the end of his life. V. is called the forerunner of the 2nd Aliyah for the ideologist. contribution to the development of E.-I. His influential pamphlet, A Call to the Youth of Israel, Whose Hearts Are with Their People and Zion (1905), signed by the EI Youth Group, contains all the principles of labor. Aliya's movements. Being a member. Party Ha-Poel ha-Tsair, considered necessary the slogan of struggle (in addition to the struggle for jobs on Jewish farms) for land, i.e. for the resettlement of Heb. workers in the village. r-nah. Developed an education system that combines tradition. Heb. values ​​with love for nature. In 1912, the collection was published. his op. The settlement of Kfar Vitkin is named in his honor.
VITORGAN Emmanuil Gedionovich (b. 1939, Baku), actor. After the end of Wed. school in Astrakhan entered Leningrad. Institute of t-ra, music and cinematography (LGITMIK). From 1961 onwards. 2 years worked in the Pskov region. t-re, then returned to Leningrad. He was an actor Leningr. t-ra drama and comedy and t-ra them. Lenin Komsomol, on the stage of which he created the image of Bernardo in the musical "West Side Story" by L. Bernstein based on the play by A. Laurents. He also played the role of the kind teacher Ivan Petrovich and the "villain" Volkovsky in the play "The Humiliated and Insulted" by FM Dostoevsky. In 1971 he moved to Moscow, worked in Moscow. dram. t-re them. K.S. Stanislavsky. During this time, he created a diverse stage. images in classic. and modern dramaturgy: Gordon ("Albert Einstein" by NF Pogodin, 1972), File ("The Rain Seller" by R. Nash, 1973), Karenin ("The Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy, 1974), Klaverov ("Shadows" after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1976); Kolesov ("Farewell in June" by A.V. Vampilov, 1979), Kaminkas ("Scatter, bony, scatter!" After S. Shiltyanis, 1979), Ivchenko ("Adult daughter of a young man" by V.I. Slavkin, 1980) , Christian ("Cyrano de Bergerac" E. Rostana, 1981), etc. Since 1984 V. - one of the leading actors of the Theater. Vl. Mayakovsky. Among the roles: Gordon ("Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" by T. Williams, 1984), Samghin ("The Life of Klim Samgin" after M. Gorky, 1985), ch. role in the play "Blonde" by A.M. Volodin (1985), Anthony ("Play of Shadows" by Y. F. Edlis, 1986), Benya Krik ("Sunset" by I.E.Babel, 1988), Baron ("The Hunchback" S. Mrozheka, 1992), as well as Chubukov ("And what are you in a tailcoat |" based on "The Proposal" by A.P. Chekhov, in the Moscow theater "School of Modern Play"), acts in films. Honored. art. RSFSR (1990).
WITTENBERG Solomon Yakovlevich (1852, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1879, ibid.), Revolutionary populist. He studied at the Nikolaev real school (dismissed from the senior class due to clashes with the authorities). In 1872 he went abroad, was a volunteer at the Vienna Technologist. in-that (did not graduate from the course due to lack of funds). In 1875 he returned to Nikolaev, participated in the work of local populists. circles, led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In 1877 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. Participated in a demonstration in Odessa on the day the death sentence was passed to the revolutionary I.M. Kovalsky (07.24.1878), after which he went illegal. position. He was preparing an attempt on the imp. Alexander II, but was betrayed by a provocateur and on 16 August 1878 was arrested in Nikolaev. He was sentenced to death and on August 11, 1879, he was hanged together with I. I. Logovenko. V. - the first Jew executed in Russia by polit. business.
VITUKHNOVSKAYA Sofia Semyonovna (1912, Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod province - 2000, Moscow), painter. Studied at A.S. Monka's studio in Moscow, reorganized. later in the IzoGIZ art school (1929-32) and in the Institute of higher education. qualifications of artistic painting. (1935–37), in the workshops of S.V. Gerasimov and B.V. Ioganson. In 1937–40 she lived and worked in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, where she taught. her children's art studio, designed performances in the mountains. t-re and executed a series of portraits, landscapes and genre in oils. compositions dedicated. this city. In 1940 he returned to Moscow and began to work in machine tools, graphics, ch. arr. in the genre of a portrait. In the 1970s. travels a lot and creates many others. landscapes in etching technique, dry. needles, aqu., pencils, fig. In the last. decades V. works on a series of portraits: among her heroines iz. sportswomen, cultural and art workers. Since 1937 she has been participating in exhibitions, incl. abroad. Since 1939 it has had a number of persons. exhibitions in Moscow. Prod. V. are in museums on the territory. ex. USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery), as well as in Germany, Belgium, Italy and other countries.
VITUNICHI, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Borisov u. Minsk province. 20th century 3 Jewish families lived in V. In 1915 a pogrom took place in V., organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army.
VITYAZEVKA, a village in the Bobrinets district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vityazevka (other name. Nechaevka) Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in V.
VIZHAYNY, see VIZHAYNY.
VIZHENKA (until 1946 - Vyzhenka), a village in the Vyzhnytsya district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 339 Jews (25%) lived in Hungary, in 1930 - 227 (14%), in the end. 1930s - OK. 400 Jews (30%). From the 18th century. in V. there was a community, founded. immigrants from Galicia. There was a Jewish cemetery. All the Jews of V. were Vizhnitsa Hasidim. Main occupation - timber trade. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. the Jews of Hungary opened hotels and restaurants during the holiday season, were engaged in trade in timber and livestock, crafts, and petty trade. In V. there were 3 synagogues, 3 heders, mikvah. Sections of almost all Zionist parties operated during the 2nd peace. During the war, a synagogue and a cemetery were destroyed in V. Some of the Jews escaped, hiding in the Carpathians, the rest died in the camps of Transnistria. Survivors several. Jews after 1945 moved to Chernivtsi and other cities of Ukraine.S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
VIZHNYTSA, city (since 1940), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Visnitz in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 it was the center of the prefecture as part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774 191 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1873 - 2975, in 1880 - 3795 (91%), in 1890 - 4247 (90% ), in 1900 - 4738, in 1910 - 5080 (89%), in 1930 - 2666 (56%), in 1945 - approx. 800 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the middle. 18th century Main occupations - trade and crafts. In 1768, a Khevra Kaddish existed in V. The Great Synagogue was built in 1826. In 1888 there were eight synagogues in Hungary. Among the Jews of V. there were Sadigurian and Boyan Hasidim. All R. 19th century The number of the Jewish population of Hungary increased sharply due to immigrants from Russia and Moldova, who were attracted by Menachem-Mendl Hager (1830-1885), who moved to Hungary in 1854, who founded the dynasty of Vizhnitsa tsadiks. In 1885-93 the dynasty was headed by the son of Menachem-Mendel Boruch-Osher (1845-1893), in 1893-1915 - the son of Borukh-Osher Israel (1860-1936). In 1915 after the occupation of V., Russian troops I. Hager left for Hungary, in 1922 his place was taken by his son Eliezer (1891-1946, Jerusalem). During the 1st World. wars pl. the Jews of V. moved to Vienna. After the war, Jewish homes in V. were rebuilt with the help of the Joint. Until 1918, almost all state. V.'s officials were Jewish, including the mayor and local members. self-government; until 1938 the mayor of V. was also a Jew. In 1918 a yeshiva was founded in Hungary. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were 8 synagogues, a school with teaching in Hebrew, a hospital, a cemetery, a talmud-torah, a cheder, and various departments. Jewish parties and org-tions, including "Agudas Yisroel". July 5, 1941 during a pogrom organized by those who entered V. room. soldiers, 21 Jews were shot. By 8 Aug. 1941, 1,820 Jews of Hungary were deported to Transnistria, the rest - in October. 1941 in the 1990s. 3 Jewish families lived in V.S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev
VIZHOMLYA, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ozhomlya Yavorivsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 all Jews in V. were deported to Yavorov and subsequently exterminated.
VISUNS, see Vizuonos.
VIZHUONOS, a town in the Utena district (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vyzhuny Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 103 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1863 - 150 (23%), in 1897 - 445 (79.3%), in 1923 - 367 Jews (27%), in 1940 - approx. 50 Jewish families. Jews lived in V. from the beginning. 17th century In 1749, on a false denunciation of one of the baptisms, a resident of V. Menachem Man was accused of desecration of Christian relics and was executed. After this, Izkor was regularly read in V. after the perished martyr. In 1863 there were three synagogues in V., one of them was built in the 18th century. In the beginning. 18th century Osher Gunzburg was the rabbi in V., in 1864–76 - Eliezer Don-Ihye (1838, Drissa - 1926, Ludza), in the 1870s. - Chaim Donyakh (1840—?), In 1890-1903 - Meir-Eliyahu Weiner (1866—?), From 1903 - Avrom Katz, in 1922 - mid. 1930s - Aron Schmidt (1866-1968, Tel Aviv), from the middle. 1930s - Zalman Melzer (? -1941). In 1915, the Jewish population suffered from the pogrom organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; subsequently the Jews were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to V. At this time, a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, there was a Jewish library, and various departments operated. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s and 30s. the Jews of V. were engaged in the trade in grain, poultry, and flax. In 1931, Jews owned a pharmacy, a sawmill, a photo studio, a power station, a mill, and a plant for the production of alcohol. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank. 27, 29 June and 7 Aug. 1941 all Jews in V. were shot in a forest near Uten. Bentsion Don-Ihye (1871-1941, Ludza, Latvia), one of the most prominent rabbis in Latvia, son of E. Don-Ihye.
VIZIAINY, a city (since 1604) in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Grodno powiat of the Troki voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Vizhainy in the Augustow province, from 1867 - in Suwalki district. In 1766, 306 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1808 - 511 (41%), in 1827 - 836 (50%), in 1857 - 1146 (57%), in 1897 - 312, in 1921 - 332 Jews ( 24%) Jews settled in V. in the middle. 17th century A synagogue was built at the same time. In 1766 Shmuel-Tzvi Ha-Levi was the rabbi in V. All R. 18th century in V. there was a guild of Jewish craftsmen. In 1904-14 the rabbi of V. was Moishe-Mendel Vizhansky, in the 1920s-30s. - Moishe-Yehuda Lederman. There were 2 synagogues. Most of the shops were owned by Jews. Some Jews were engaged in agricultural trade. products, linen and wool, several. families - with. x-vom. In the end. Sep 1939 units of the Red Army entered Hungary. In the beginning. oct. 1939 V. were transferred to Germany. OK. a third of the Jews left with the Sov. parts, approx. 200 people remained. 27 oct. In 1939 all the remaining Jews of Hungary were deported to the border with Lithuania. In nov. 1939 they crossed the Lithuanian border. Almost all of Britain's Jews perished during the Holocaust. P. Marcus.
VIZIN Emmanuil Pavlovich (1904, Odessa - 1975, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche (OXU) in painting, faculty at TB Fraerman (1923-26), in VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1926-30) in graphic art. f-those at V.A.Favorsky in Moscow, visited the workshops of N.N. Kupreyanov, A.A. Osmerkin, D.P. Shterenberg. In 1938 39 workers. a monument in the workshop. painting of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR. A special place in the work of V. belongs to the series of aqu. sketches “In the New West Museum. painting "(1933), in which he formulated the problem of the relation of art to reality. V. pl. worked in machine tools, graphics (woodcut, linocut, lithography, etching), experiment., combining dec. techniques, enriched them with new techniques ("Watching", "Fishermen", "At the Zoo", etc.). Fig. and design. book for the publishing house "Young Guard", Detgiz, Goslitizdat, etc. ("Verse and poems by T.G. Shevchenko," The Overcoat "and" Notes of a Madman "by N.V. Gogol," Odessa Stories by I.E.Babel and etc.). last years V. performed a large series of engravings, dedicated. Russian fabulous. subject (1963–65). Internal connection with nar. claim manifest. also in sculpture, in ceramics ("The Wolf and the Seven Kids", "Masha and the Bear", etc.). participated in exhibitions. Prod. V. are in museums in Russia, including the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin.
VIZNA, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1113. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Mazovian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Lomzhinsky u. and lips. In 1939-45 it was part of the BSSR. In 1765 75 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1808 - 205 (17%), in 1827 - 390 (22%), in 1857 - 492 (26.5%), in 1890 - 567 (19%), in 1897 - 876, in 1921 - 714 Jews (27%). Jews settled in V. in the first half. 18th century Main occupations - crafts and small trade. An important source of income was the production of coarse-wooled fabrics. In 1892, Britain had 23 Jewish artisans (out of 32): 11 tailors, 9 shoemakers, 2 tinsmiths, and a carpenter. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. A branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was opened (in 1926 - about 100 clients). In the end. 1930s the manifestation of anti-Semitism on the part of the local population has sharply increased. Cases of attacks on Jews became more frequent. June 24, 1941 Germ. troops occupied V. On June 26 and 27, 1941, 33 Jews were killed in V. In July 1941, part of the surviving Jews (about 200 people) were taken to Yedvabne, where, together with 2 thousand Jews from other us. items are burned alive in a bread barn. The rest of the Jews of V. were sent to Lomza and died there. R. Wallenrod.
VIZNER Ignatiy Antonovich (1884 - 1923, Moscow), employee of the state. security, chl. Communist. party from 1905 to 1917 was repeatedly arrested for the roar. activity. After Oct. rev-tion worked in Moscow. military. commissariat, then - an investigator of the Special Department under Pres. Cheka for the fight against malfeasance. In 1918 he was sent to Bryansk to organize the local Cheka. Dec. 1919 - May 1920 - early. Tsentrougrozyska RSFSR, from 1920 worked in the Central Committee of the RCP (b). He was an investigator in the case of the Kronstadt mutiny and the case of N.S. Gumilyov. From Jan. 1922 members collegiums of the Cheka, specially authorized President. Cheka for especially important cases. Since Aug. 1922 early. Criminal Investigation Department of Russia, from Jan. 1923 - newly specially authorized President. GPU.
VYUN, a village in the Bykhov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1854 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Vyun (other name. Vyuny) in Bykhov u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1874 three Jewish families lived in V., 172 Jews in 1881, 283 in 1895, and 220 in 1908. There was a synagogue in V. The population was engaged in forestry, earthworks, trade, tailoring.
VYUNKI, a village in the Krasnoarmeysky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 151 Jews (13.9%) lived in V. in 1897. 1941, 27 Jews were shot in V.
VINE, see VINE.
VLADEK Borukh (1886, Dukora of Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1938, USA), writer, journalist, society. activist. In 1904–08 he took an active part in the work of the Bund. Arrested several times. He wrote poetry and prose in Yiddish. Since 1908 in the USA. In 1916 he became ed. "Juish Daily Forward", and since 1918 - the business manager of this ed. In 1918-21 he was a member. City Hall of New York from the Socialist Party. He participated in the movement for the improvement of housing conditions, in 1934 he was appointed to the New York Housing Administration. Being a prez. ORT (1932-38) and pre. to-that Heb. V. workers opposed the communist. influence in prof. movement and made every effort to unite Heb. workers with other layers of Hebrews. about-va.
VLADIKAVKAZ (in 1931-44 and in 1954-90 - Ordzhonikidze, in 1944-54 - Dzaudzhikau), city (since 1860), the capital of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Russian Federation). Main in 1784 as a fortress. In 1862-1921 it was the center of the Tersk Region, in 1921-24 it was the capital of the Mountain ASSR, in 1924–36 it was the center of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1936–90 it was the capital of the North Ossetian ASSR as part of the RSFSR. 10 Jewish families, in 1868 - 89 Jews, in 1876 - 688, in 1877 - 742, in 1897 - 1214, in 1910 - 875 (1.2%), in 1914 - 1150, in 1926 - 1001, in 1939 - 1517 , in 1970 - 1609 (0.7%), in 1979 - 1194 (0.4%), in 1989 - 933, in 1996 - approx. 700 Jews. Jews appeared in Hungary in the 1850s. The first Jews who were allowed to live in V. were retired Nikolaev soldiers. Jews V. in the main. were artisans (tailors, jewelers, hats, etc.). A synagogue functioned in Hungary since 1865. The cheder was opened in 1879. From 1876 A. Vigdorchik was the rabbi of V. In 1885, a spiritual board was established, headed by a state rabbi. In the end. 1870s in V. increased activity of the community of "Jews" who had their own. prayers. the house, closed in 1903. In 1907, the community of "Jews" headed by Iosif Yakovlevich Urakov, Yakov Fedorovich Lunev and Anisim Mikhailovich Buchnev was registered. The community mentor (rabbi) was Vasily Chernikov. In 1913, 773 "Jews" lived in V. In 1899, the beginning was opened. 1-class Jewish school. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish credit company. All R. 1930s 2 synagogues, a Jewish school, and a Jewish club were closed, and the Jewish cemetery became a citywide one. In March 1989, a Jewish cultural and educational institution was established in Hungary. Society "Sholom" (the first pre. - teacher Efim Lvovich Eidelman, later the society was headed by Lieutenant Colonel Mark Borisovich Petrushansky). At about-ve children are open. Sunday School. The ob-wu returned the Jewish cemetery, allocated premises for the provision of religions. and cultural needs. In nov. 1996 in V. was founded. assembly region. branch Ros. Jewish Congress (RJC), pres. Yakov Matveyevich Kukui was elected to the Vladikavkaz branch. Since 1997, the Menuha club has been opened. In V. genus: Yu.E.Bunimovich, L.L. Streicher; Boris Ilyich Benkovich (b. 1945), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1990), acad. RANS (1997), founder of a new direction in functional psychoneuropharmacology, grandson of I.Ya.Bogatin; Murad Rashidovich Kaplanov (1915-1980, Moscow), specialist in the region. radio communication, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964), prof. (1964), in 1973-80 head. Department of design and production of radio equipment MIREA, State. pr. USSR (1968, 1975); Lev Vladimirovich Nitoburg (Nitabukh) (1898-1937, Moscow), writer, repressed in 1937; Eduard Lvovich Nitoburg (b. 1918), historian, ethnographer-Americanist, Dr. Sciences (1966), prof. (1997), son of L.V. Nitoburg, S.A. Bekuzarov
VLADIMIR, city, center of the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1108.Since 1157 - the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal Prince. From 1719 it was the center of the province, from 1778 - the governorship, from 1796 - the provinces. In 1880 there were 121 Jews living in Hungary, in 1897 - 405 (1.4%), in 1926 - 478 (1.2%), in 1939 - 340, in 1970 - 963 (0.4%), in 1979 - 960 Jews (0.3%). about Jews in V. belong to the 2nd floor. 13th century In 1858 in the Vladimir province. there were 294 Jews, mostly. artisans and retired lower ranks. In the 1860s. Comrade the prosecutor of the Vladimir district court was A.Ya. Passover. In 1880, with the permission of the authorities, a prayer house was set up in a rented building in V. Fast. the building for the synagogue (built in 1895) was bought by Georgy Leibovich in 1904 and donated to the community. In 1909–12, the rabbi of V. was the lawyer Ion Noyakhovich Bezymyansky, in 1914–16 - the pharmacist Israel Yakovlevich Stochik, since 1916 - a graduate of law. Faculty of Moscow University Yankel-Movshe Meyerovich Grinblat (1886, Vitebsk -?). In the 1920s. there was a Jewish school in V. in which I. Kamenetsky worked. In the 1920s. V. was a place of exile for the arrested Zionists. In 1932 the building of the synagogue was requisitioned, and in 1996 a Jewish Sunday school was opened in V. In the fall of 1997, a Jewish cultural center was created, in 1998 - the Vladimir Jewish religion. community (previously Vyacheslav Grigorievich Shulman). In 1999, the community of V. bought a two-story building for a Jewish community center. In 1997-99 acts of vandalism were recorded in the Jewish section of the mountains. cemeteries. In 1999, approx. 2 thousand Jews. A.S.Berzer, Y.B. Levitan; lived and worked L.B.Itelson, R.E. Nudelman, A.Ya. Passover, G.G. Feigin.
VLADIMIR-VOLYNSKY (Jewish name - Lyudmir), city (from 1431), regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 988. In 1146-1300 - the capital of the Volodymyr-Volynskiy, from 1300 - the Galicia-Volynskiy Prince, from 1569 - the center of the Volyn Voivodeship povet within the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of the Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, in East-West Russia. 1237 Jews lived, in 1784 - 340, in 1790 - 630, in 1799 - 1849, in 1801 - 1946, in 1805 - 1977, in 1847 - 3930, in 1857 - 3672, in 1863 - 3953 (67%), in 1884 - 6456, in 1886 - 6502, in 1897 - 5869 (59.3%), in 1902 - 5978, in 1910 - 6853 (45%), in 1912 - 7156, in 1931 - 10 665 (43.5%), in 1937 - 11,554 Jews (39%) The first Jews settled in East-West. in the 12th century. In the 16th century. a community was created, which was headed by iz. rabbis of that time, including Yitzhok ben Bezalel (1542-1576), Yehuda-Leib Altshuler, Shmuel from Ternopil. In 1635-44, the rabbi V.-V. was Yom Tov Lipman Geller. Jewish community V.-V. suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" (1648-49), as well as in 1653 and 1658. 19th century V.-V. became one of the centers of Hasidism. In V.-V. there lived a unique woman - the righteous woman Hana-Rohl Verbermacher (1815-1892, Jerusalem), ex. like the "Ludmir Maiden". At the same time in V.-V. lived a disciple of Yakov Yitzchok (the Seer from Lublin) (1740-1815) - Rabbi Noach. In 1792 Moishe Gottlieb (? -1821) founded in V.-V. Hasidic dynasty. After the death of his father, his place was taken by his son, Shloyme. After the death of Shloyme, the dynasty was headed by his son - Nokhum. The last "Lyudmir" tzaddik was the son of Nohum - Gdaliyahu. In the 2nd floor. 19th century in V.-V. there were 7 synagogues, in the main. Hasidic. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts. A Jewish hospital was built in 1888. At the same time, the Talmud Torah and the state were discovered. school for Jews. From the end. 19th century in V.-V. there was a branch “Khibat Zion”, from 1906 - of Bund and Zionist socialists. In the 1900s. in V.-V. the yeshiva opened. In the summer of 1915, Russian Cossack units. army and local population in V.-V. a pogrom was staged in the 1920s and 30s. in V.-V. it was ok. 20 synagogues. Rabbi V.-V. in 1920 - early. 1930s was Itskhok-Aizik Grosman, in the 1930s. - Yakov-Dovid Morgenstern (? -1941). In 1925 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. There was a private Jewish gymnasium with teaching in Polish. lang., yeshiva was in effect. In 1936 a 2-year-old agricultural was opened. school with teaching in Hebrew. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in V.-V. arrived approx. 15 thousand Jewish refugees from occupied Germany. troops of the regions of Poland. June 25, 1941 in V.-V. entered germ. troops. On July 5, 1941, apprx. 150 Jews. In aug. - Dec. 1941 the extermination of the Jews continued. Apr 13 1942 a ghetto was organized, in which there was St. 15 thousand Jews. 1-3 Sept. 1942 “action” took place, in the course of a cut approx. 13,500 Jews. 13 nov. 1942 during the next "action" approx. 2,500 Jews. During the post. "Shares" arms. gr. young Jews took up a fortified position in the bunker, but was discovered; 13 people were killed in the battle. The ghetto was finally liquidated on December 14. 1943 (about 1500 Jews were shot). On July 22, 1944, after the liberation of V.-V., approx. 140 Jews. genus: Sh.I. Gelmond, A.P. Nuger, A. Cheskis; Yuliy Meirovich Bardakh (1827-1904, Odessa), teacher, philologist, author of philology. research in Hebrew and Aramaic. [B.'s son - Yakov Yulievich B. (1857, Odessa -?), bacteriologist, assistant professor at Novorossiysk University]; Anatoly Izrailevich Luxemburg (1891-1961, Mukachevo), impresario, creator and hands. in 1929-48 the Jewish t-ra "Gezkult".
VLADIMIRETS, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1097. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - the town of the Lutsk district of the Volyn province in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 110 Jews lived in V., in 1787 - 64, in 1847 - 251, in 1897 - 1024 (49.3%) In 1921, there were 1263 Jews (43%) Jews lived in Hungary from the 17th century. In the 19th - 20th centuries. rabbis in V. were representatives of the Shalita family - Shloyme-Yakov, Yehuda-Leib, Benyamin, from 1880 - Yitzhok-Eli (1851—?), in the 1910s. - Shloyme-Yakov (? -1942). There were 5 synagogues in Hungary, including 3 Hasidic (Trisk, Karlin-Stolin, and Stepan Hasids). In oct. In 1915 all Jews were evicted from V. In 1921 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. acting decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation of Hungary by units of the Red Army in 1939, a Yiddish school was opened in Hungary. troops occupied V. at the beginning. July 1941. The Judenrat was established, headed by Yakov Eisenberg. In apr. 1942 ghetto is created. 30 Aug 1942 in V., apprx. 2 thousand Jews. During this "action" several managed to escape. dozens of people who later fought in the partisans. detachments. After V.'s release, a fence was erected around the grave of the executed.
VLADIMIRO-ALEXANDROVSKAYA, a village in the Partizansky district of Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation). Main in 1864. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsky region. In 1939 in V.-A. 11 Jews lived.
VLADIMIROV (Sheinfinkel) Miron Konstantinovich (1879, Kherson - 1925, Nervi, Switzerland), polit. activist. R. in the family of villages. tenant, graduated from five classes of agricultural. schools. Member of the Social-Democratic Party movement since 1896, ch. RSDLP since 1903. Was arrested, in 1907 was exiled, fled from exile to France. There he participated in the ed. gas. Nashe Slovo, in 1911 he lectured on nat. issue at the party organized by Lenin. school in Longjumeau. In August 1917, together with the "Mezhraiontsy", he joined the RSDLP (b). In the days of October 1917 - Commissioner Petrograd. Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by Petrograd. prod. I will manage, then tl. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Food of the RSFSR. In 1919–20 - member. RVS of several fr. In 1921 - People's Commissar of Food of Ukraine, then People's Commissar of Agriculture of Ukraine. In 1922–24 the People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR, at the same time. deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR. From November 1924 - deputy. prev. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RCP (b) (1924). Author of a number of works on NEP issues. Buried at Red Square.
VLADIMIROV Mikhail Vladimirovich (real family member, name and father. Itzegson Moisey Meerovich) (1870, Porkhov, Pskov province - 1932, Leningrad), conductor, composer, teacher. Initial muses. I got my education at home. In 1889 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. Oboe class of V.A. Schubert, instrumentation studied with A.K. Lyadov. Since 1892, the 2nd conductor of the Panayevsky Theater in St. Petersburg, since 1894 the military. conductor in Kronstadt. Studied the state of the military. music in Russia and abroad. He founded the Society of Music and Singing Lovers in Kronstadt. Since 1897 the conductor of the brass orc. Count A.D. Sheremetev; in 1900 orc. converted to symphony .; V. worked with this orc. in 1900–10, and from 1915. From 1901 he taught at the Court Singing Chapel and in the organization. according to his project muses. School of the Baltic Fleet. In 1903 in Berlin he conducted the Wagner celebrations and was awarded a gold medal and a diploma. Since 1905, he headed the organization. Committee of the Union of Orchestras in St. Petersburg ("St. Petersburg Society for Mutual Aid of Orchestral Workers"). In 1920, according to his project, a military music was created in Petrograd. School of Ground Forces. In 1920–23 and 1928–32 he taught instrumentation for wind orcs. in Petrograd. / Leningrad. cons. (since 1928 Assoc.), took part in the creation of the brass orc. cons. Collaborated as a musician. critic in the gas. and f. ("Nouvelle-list", "Russian music newspaper"). Written by orc. op., choirs, romances, transcriptions fp. pieces for orc. and "A Practical Guide to Instrumentation for Wind Orc." (M., 1930).
VLADIMIROVA Leah (real name and surname Yulia Vladimirovna Khromchenko) (b. 1938, Moscow), poetess, prose writer. She studied at VGIK. Collaborated on radio and television. She made her debut in 1957 with the story "First Kiss" in the train station. "Youth". The second time V. succeeded in publishing. only in 1970 (a selection of poems in the newspaper "Mosk. Komsomolets"). Since 1973 - in Israel. Publ. Sat. verse. "Link of Times" (1975), "Time of Premonitions" (1978); "Snow and Sand" (1982), as well as several. prosaic. manuf.
VLADIMIROVKA, a village in the Kazankovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1920s. In 1926 165 Jews lived in the Vladimir region, in 1939 there were 28 Jews in V. In the fall of 1941 several were killed in V. Jews.
VLADISLAVOV, see Kudirkos-Naumiestis.
VLADISLAVSKY (real family member Elnik) Vladimir Alexandrovich (Yakovlevich) (1891, Kiev - 1970, Moscow), actor. On stage since 1912 (Odessa, Basmanov's entreprise). In 1913–20 he worked in the t-ts of Poltava, Smolensk, Chernigov, Kiev, Rostov-on-Don. In 1920-23 - in Kharkov with NN Sinelnikov, in 1924-33 in Moscow. drama, the Comedy Theater (formerly Tr. Korsha). A bright comedian. Since 1933 in the troupe of the Maly Theater, where he created his best roles: in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky - Chugunov ("Wolves and Sheep", post. 1935,1941,1944, first performed in 1927 in Theater Korsh), Yusov ( "A profitable place", 1948), Knurov ("Dowry", 1948), Shmaga ("Guilty without guilt"), Doolittle ("Pygmalion" B. Shaw, 1943), Rasplyuev ("Krechinsky's wedding" by A. V. Sukhovo- Kobylin), Zagoretsky ("Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov) and others. He starred in several. f. (Anna's husband - "Anna on the neck", 1954, etc.). Became. etc. (1948). Nar. art. USSR (1967).
VLADISLAVOW, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Vladislavov Koninsky posad. Kalisz province. In 1764 57 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1808 - 137 (19%), in 1827 - 192 (20%), in 1857 - 244 (32%), in 1897 - 217, in 1921 - 293 (30 %), in 1939 - approx. 115 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the 2nd half. 18th century In the 19th century. a community was created that contained a rabbi. A synagogue was built at the same time. Jews earned their living by small trade and crafts. In the end. 19th century Jews owned most of the shops, 2 taverns, some were engaged with. x-vom. In the 1920s and 30s. means. part of the Jews of V. left for the country.Germ. troops occupied V. in the 1st half. Sep 1939. In 1940 a ghetto was created, liquidated in October. 1941.
VLADIVOSTOK, city (since 1880), center of Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation). Main in 1860.Since 1888 it was the center of Primorskaya Oblast. In 1894 333 Jews (1.6%) lived in V., in 1897 - 290 (1.0%), in 1910 - 267 (0.3%), in 1926 - 1120 (1.4%), in 1939 - 1414, in 1979 - 1575 Jews (0.3%) In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in V. From 1914 to 1918 M. Ashkenazi was the rabbi in V. In 1918-19 the mountains. to-t of the Zionist organization V. published two weeks. zhurn. "Our thought" (ed. B. Radomyshelsky and S. Ioffe). In 1920, the local organization Poalei Zion operated. In 1921 sec. mountains. VB Banevur was elected to the organization of the RKSM. In 1946 and 1947, petitions by Jewish believers to open a synagogue in Britain were rejected, and in 1993 a Jewish religion was established in Britain. community, transform. in 1995 at the Jewish Religious and Cultural Community Center [prev. Vladimir Yudovievich Yankelevich (b. 1946, Baku), cap. 1st rank, in 1985-91 dir. military. plant in V.], in 1997 a Sunday Jewish school was opened. In 1998 the former building was transferred to the Jewish Religious and Cultural Community Center. synagogues. Since 1999, the minyan began to meet regularly. In V. genus: B. Galai, V. Zirinsky; Petr Mikhailovich Mostovoy (b. 1938), film director, since 1993 - in Israel; Arkady Pavlovich Elyashevich (b. 1921), literary critic, specialist in the region. lit-ry owls. period. Lived and worked Y.M. Altauzen, I.A.Zak, G.D. Kaplun, M.A.Kuss, B.E.Skvirsky, S.A. Stolerman.
VLASENKO Lev Nikolaevich (1928, Tiflis - 1996, Brisbane, Australia), pianist, teacher. Studied at the Tbilisi Music. school - ten-year at A.D. Virsaladze. After graduating from school in 1947, she also studied at the cons. (until 1948). In 1948–53 he studied with Y. V. Flier at the Moscow cons. under his leadership he graduated from graduate school in 1958. In 1954 he also graduated from the evening department of Moscow. in-that foreign. lang. From 1952 he taught at Moscow. chorus. uch-shche, then in uch-shch them. Gnessin, from 1957 in Moscow. cons. (since 1976 - prof.) Among the students are V.-N.P. Suk, V.K. Eresko, K.R. Ohanyan, T.K.Bikis, M.V. Pletnev. V. is a pianist of powerful, bright temperament, open feelings. In the repertoire of ch. arr. op. F.Lista, S.V. Rachmaninov. Naib. achievements - interpretation of sonatas, rhapsodies, concerts, "Dances of Death", plays from the cycle "Years of Wanderings" and other works. Leaf. In the programs of his concerts - production. D. Scarlatti, W. A. ​​Mozart, F. Schubert, J. Brahms, K. Debussy, P. Tchaikovsky, A. N. Skryabin, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich. International laureate contests - them. Liszt (1st Ave., Budapest, 1956), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (2nd avenue, Moscow, 1958). Nar. art. RSFSR (1981).
VLASOV, see Artyomovsky.
VLODAWA, a city in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Brest povet and voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, and from 1867 it was a county town of Sedlec Gubernia. 630 Jews lived in Hungary in 1766, 3025 Jews in 1841, 3738 Jews in 1897, and 4196 Jews in 1931. Jews lived in Hungary from the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries. the Jewish community of V. was subordinate to the Brest kagal. In 1648 the Jews of Hungary suffered from raids by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In 1816, riots related to the "blood libel" took place in V. Main occupation of the Jews of V. in the 19th century. - trade and manufacture of clothing. In 1841 there were two stone synagogues in Hungary. All R. 19th century the rabbi in V. was Yehuda-Leib Gurvich. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. During the occupation of Germany. troops in the city created a ghetto. In apr. 1942 there were 5686 people in the ghetto. The ghetto was liquidated in April. 1943. A synagogue building and a destroyed Jewish cemetery have survived in V. Lev Mendelssburg (1819—?), Teacher, writer.
VLODAVKA, see Tomashovka.
VLOSCHOV, see Vloschov.
VLOSHCHOVA, a city in the Keleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. in 1539. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Opochinsky povet, Sandomierz Voivodeship, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Vloshchov, the district center of Keletskaya province. In 1765 there were 282 Jews living in V., in 1856 - 1,350, in 1897 - 2,530, in 1931 - 2,910 Jews. Jews settled in V. in the second half. 18th century In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1940 a ghetto was created in Hungary, liquidated in September. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 6 thousand people In 1939-43 several. hundreds of Jews were shot at the Jewish cemetery. A memorial sign is installed at the burial site.
WLOCLAVEK, city (since 1793), center of the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the county town of Wloclawsk, Warsaw province. In 1808 there were 4 Jews living in Hungary, in 1815 - 158, in 1820 - 208 (6.3%), in 1842 - 791 (15%), in 1857 - 1255 ( 20%), in 1897 - 4248 (18.6%), in 1910 - 6919 (20.5%), in 1921 - 9595 (23.8%), in 1931 - 10209 Jews (18.3%). Jews lived in Hungary from the 16th century. In the 18th century. Jews were prohibited from fasting. living in V. as in the residence of the bishops. In the end. 18 - early. 19th century The Prussian authorities allowed 4 Jewish families to settle in V. A synagogue was built in 1823, and a Jewish cemetery was laid in 1830. In the 19th - 20th centuries. several were built. synagogues, including Gursky, Sochachevsky, Strikovsky and Alexander Hasidim. In 1897, 42% of the Jews of Britain made their living by trade, 32% by crafts, and 2% by carriage. The Jews owned factories, printing houses, banks. There were a number of community benefactors. Yosef-Chaim Karo (? -1895), in 1899-1925 - Yehuda-Leib Kubelsky (1864-1925), Sochachevsky Hasid, one of the founders of the Mizrahi movement, in 1923-25 dep. Seim. In the 1860s. there was a Jewish school with teaching in Russian. lang., from 1897 - school "Tushiya", there were heders, Talmud-Torah, two-year husband. and classmate wives. uch-schA. In 1906, I.-L. Kubelsky founded the Etz Chaim yeshiva in V. A Jewish clinic was opened in 1906. Since the 1880s. In V., there were branches “Khibat Zion”, from 1902 - Bund, from 1906 - “Poalei Zion”. During the pogroms of 1906 a self-defense detachment was formed in Hungary. A Bund library worked from 1910, and a Zionist library in 1913. In 1915 a Jewish nursing home was opened in V., and in 1917 a grammar school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, there were several. newspapers in Yiddish. Since 1926 the rabbi of V. was Yakov Unger, who died during the Holocaust. 14 Sept. 1939 parts of germ. armies occupied V. on 24 Sept. 1939 3 synagogues were burned down. Dec. 1939 - Feb. 1940 several were expelled from V. thousand Jews. In oct. 1940 a ghetto was created for the 2,000 Jews who remained in Hungary. In the end. 1941 the Jewish cemetery is destroyed. In apr. In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated. In Eastern clan: A. Glanz-Leyles, S. Leventhal, F.-B. Ravitsky, T. Reichstein, B. Ya. Smulevich, F. Flaxer, I.-G. Shayak; Shimon Goldberg (b. 1909), violinist, concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic from 1929 to 1933. orc., founder and hands. Dutch chamber orc. in Amsterdam (1955-77); Alexander Fuchs (b. 1917), Israeli historian, specialist in ancient history; Leon Stern (1909-1970, New York), journalist, wrote in Yiddish in the 1950s. ed. gas. "Unzer Shtime"; lived and worked Sh.Ash.
WLOCLAVSK, see Wloclawek.
VOBOLNIKI, see Vabalinkas.
VODYANOE, a village in the Kamensko-Dneprovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tauride Gubernia. In 1939 four Jews lived in V. 1942 Three Jews were killed in V.
WODZISLAV, a city in the Keleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Xeni district of the Krakow Voivodeship. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Andreevsky u. Keletskaya Gubernia. In 1765, approx. 1000 Jews, in 1856 - 1558 (72.7%), in 1897 - 2667 (73.6%), in 1921 - approx. 2,400 Jews. Jews began to settle in V. from the middle. 17th century Vaads of Lesser Poland were held in V. In 1656 the Jews of Hungary (200 families) fled to Shidlov because of the threat of an attack by the troops of Stefan Chernetsky. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In June 1940 a ghetto was created in V., in which there were approx. 4 thousand people On Sept. 1942 approx. 3 thousand people were deported to Treblinka. The ghetto was liquidated in November. 1942 In V. genus. A.-N. Frank.
VOYEVODSKOE, a village in the Arbuzinsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. 1941 one Jew was killed in V.
VOGEL David (1891, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1944), poet, prose writer. He wrote in Hebrew. V.'s youth passed in Vilna and Lvov, in 1912 he settled in Vienna. In the beginning. 1st world. war was imprisoned in the Austrian camp. He was released in 1916 and has led a secluded life ever since. Since 1918, V.'s poems appear in the railway station. in Hebrew in diff. countries; unity. publ. the volume of his poems "Lifnei ha-Shaar ha-Afel" ("Before the Dark Gates") was published in Vienna in 1923. In 1925 he moved to Paris, in 1929 to E.-I., from where he left a year later. After staying in Warsaw, Vienna and Berlin, he returned to Paris in 1932. Over the years V. publ. stories "Be-Veit ha-Marpe" ("In the sanatorium", 1927); rum. Chaim Ni-su'im, The Life of a Married Man, 1929-30); By the Sea (1932–34) and prepared for publication the second volume of poems, which was never released during his lifetime. In the beginning. 2nd world. war V. was interned and imprisoned in the French. camp. This period of life is described in his diary (in Yiddish). After the surrender of France, V. was released in 1941 and settled in Nateville near Lyon. There in Feb. 1944 he was arrested by the Nazis and most likely executed in a concentration camp. The main themes of V.'s poetry are love, lost childhood, fear of oblivion, and loneliness. The constant proximity of death is the main thing. motive. Mn. critics consider V. the forerunner of modernism in Heb. lit-re in Hebrew.
VOGIN, see Vokhyn.
VOGLER Elkhonon (real name Rozhansky) (1907, Vilna - 1969, Paris), poet, literary critic. Having lost his parents early, he was brought up in the Vilkomir orphanage. Returning to Vilna, he worked as a painter until the beginning. 2nd world. war. Debuted verse. to Warsaw. g. "Sprozlingen" in 1925. V. - one of the founders of the poet. and thin. gr. "Jung-Vilno", which played an important role in the education of a whole generation of young Hebrews. writers of Poland. Published poetry and art. in pl. Heb. ed. In 1935 V.'s poem "A bletl in vint" ("Leaf in the Wind") was published, which attracted the attention of readers of the original. themes and lyricism. In 1939 he published a collection of works. verse. "Tsvei berezkes oifn tract" ("Two birches on the tract"). Peru V. also belongs to numerous. critical Art., in particular, about the writers in Vilno. During the 2nd world. wars - in Kazakhstan. In 1947 he returned to Poland. Since 1950 in France.
VOGRALIK Gabriel Frantsevich (1887, Kiev - 1937, Tomsk), epidemiologist, infectious disease specialist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936). In 1914, a third-year student V. was mobilized into the active army, where he served in various. military-dignity. honey. institutions He graduated from Tomsk University in 1919. Since 1920 he worked in the clinic for children. diseases of Tomsk un-that ml. assistant, from 1924 - Art. assistant, and since 1925 - Assoc. In 1928 he organized in Tomsk un-those clinic inf. diseases, from 1928 to 1930 led an independent course inf. diseases in Tomsk un-those improvement of doctors. In 1931 he organized in Tomsk honey. in-those department of epidemiology and headed it until the end of his life. Since 1932 - dir. Zap.-Sib. edges. in-that epidemiol. and microbiol. Degree of Dr. med. sciences was awarded without the protection of the dissertation. One of the first in the USSR V. developed the treatment of relapsing fever with neosalvarsan: indications, contraindications to its appointment, dose, effect on the cardiovascular. system, kidneys, spleen, stomach - intestines. the patient's path, studied the complications arising in the body when it was taken. V. was attracted by the problem of nosocomial infections. Of interest are his works on epidemiology, clinic, diff. diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid paratyphoid diseases. Cit .: Gastric digestion in infants, L., 1925; Gastric digestion in patients with acute infectious diseases, Tomsk, 1932 (in co-authorship with E.K. Anisimova); Teaching about epidemic diseases, Tomsk, 1935; Diseases of the typhoid paratyphoid group, Tomsk, 1938.
VOGRALIK Vadim Gabrielovich (b. 1911, Tomsk), doctor. Son of G.F. Vogralik. In 1932 he graduated from Tomsk honey. in-t. He worked as a resident, a therapeutic assistant. clinics of this in-that. In 1939 he defended doc. dis. "Neuro-trophic factor in hematology". Since 1940 prof., Head. Department of Hospital Therapy of Tomsk honey. in-that. During the 2nd world. war - early. specialized physiotherapy hospital. Since 1947 - head. Department of hospital therapy of Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) med. in-that. Sci. V.'s interests were distinguished by their versatility, but the main the topic was the study of regulation and dysregulation of internal. organs, he identified a number of mechanisms for the development of diseases of the blood, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. V. studied atherosclerosis in the aspect of gerontology. After a 2-year business trip to China in the middle. 1950s was engaged in acupuncture, actively promoted the method in the USSR. V. was elected a member. reign of Vseros. about-va therapists, chl. Board of the Society of Gerontologists, hon. h. Bureau Vseros. reflexology section, och. h. Int. associations of therapists part of the Latin American Society of Acupuncture. Cit .: Croupous pneumonia, Tomsk, 1943; Fundamentals of the Chinese method of zhen-zhu-therapy, Gorky, 1961; Nek-ry mechanisms of visceral disorders in thyrotoxicosis, Gorky, 1965 (et al.); Practical Hematology, Gorky, 1970 (et al.); Emergency diagnosis and therapy, internal diseases. Gorky, 1976.
VOINKA, a village in the Krasnoperekopsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tauride province. 25-28 Feb. 1942 in V., apprx. 80 Jews.
VOINOV (Katz) Konstantin Naumovich (1918, Murom - 1995, Moscow), film director. In 1938 he graduated from the theater, technical school of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (Studio under the direction of N.P. Khmelev). In 1939–53 the actor of the T. MN Ermolova, 1945–53 - dir. this mr. In 1946–49 - director-teacher of the Studio at the T-re im. Mossovet. In 1952–55, Ch. dir. Moscow region t-ra. In 1955-56 dir. T-ra film actor, since 1956 - to / st. Mosfilm. Author and co-author of scripts for his f. He made his debut in film director. short. f. "Two Lives" (1957). Then the post, f .: "Three came out of the forest" (1958), "The sun shines for everyone" (1959, Honorary diploma at the XIV ICF in Edinburgh, 1960), "Summer vacation time" (1960), "Young green" (1962), "The Marriage of Balzaminov" (1964), "Uncle's Dream" (1966), "Wonderful Character" (1970), "Dacha" (1973), "Rudin" (1976), "Marriage Loan" (1987) ... Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1974), nar. art. RSFSR (1989).
VOHYN, a village in Biala Podlaskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a city of the Brest Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Vogin Radinsky u. In 1766, 374 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1856 - 791 (72.6%), in 1897 - 1367 (49.0%), in 1921 - 1025, and in July 1942 - 1019 Jews. V. with ser. 16th century In 1566, two Jewish homeowners lived in V. The V. community was subordinate to the Brest kagal; there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1577 and 1663, facts of ritual slander were noted in Hungary. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. In the fall of 1942, all the Jews of V. were deported to Treblinka through Parczew and Miedzyrzec.
VOL Zusya (1865, Podolia - 1956, Mosesville, Argentina), publicist, historian. In 1892-1921 he lived in Proskurov, worked at a sugar plant, tried his hand at journalism. Having survived iz. proskurovsky pogrom, left Russia, then several. came back and left again. After long wanderings, he settled in Argentina. He worked as a Hebrew teacher in different. Heb. agriculturalist. colonies. In his youth (1892) he published in Odessa a textbook language. in Yiddish at 3 o'clock, later completely devoted himself to studying the Bible, released a number of studies. works on biblical studies, first. from which came out in 1913 in Proskurov. Published in f. and gas. in Hebrew. Author of "The History of the Proskurovskiy, Felshtinskiy and Yarmolinskiy Pogroms" (1922). In Buenos Aires, he worked in the local. Heb. gas.
VOLCHANSK, a city (since 1780), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1674. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1868 there were 13 Jews in Hungary, in 1910 - 182, in 1920 - 37, in 1926 - 223 (1.1%), in 1939 - 210 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue in V. in 1916 - a Jewish school. In 1919 the Jewish population of Hungary suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army, and the Jewish population of Hungary was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VOLCHEK Boris Izrailevich (1905, Vitebsk - 1974, Moscow), cameraman; film director. He worked as a projectionist, minder, assembly fitter. In 1931 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK. From 1928 - cameraman, from 1968 director. to / st. Mosfilm. Since 1931 - hands. camera workshop at VGIK, prof. (1943). As an operator worked preim. with dir. MI Romm - "Pyshka" (1934), "Lenin in October" (1937), "Lenin in 1918" (1939), "Dream" (1941), "Man No. 217" (1945), "Russian question "(1948)," Secret Mission "(1950)," Murder on Dante Street "(1956). In 1963 he made his debut in directing f. "Cheka employee". Dr. f. - "Accused of Murder" (1969), "Commander of the Happy Pike" (1973). Became. (1946, 1948, 1951) and State. pr. USSR (1971). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1958).
VOLCHEK Dmitry Borisovich (1964, Leningrad), poet, journalist. In 1988 Moscow. corr. Radio Liberty, a member of the human rights movement. Founder (1985) and chief. ed. (together with O. Abramovich) "Mitinoj zhurnal" - a unique samizdat literature (since 1933 switched to typographic performance). period. ed., which formed a special cultural context and gave a start in life both to a number of outstanding poets and prose writers, and to whole cultural phenomena ("Polish anthology" by A. Basilewski, cultural game "Water and Sand"). Book. V.'s poems "The Talking Tulip" (1992) presents him as a bright and original successor of the Mandelyntam tradition (the figurative system and partly the rhythmic-sound system), boldly introducing into it MA Kuzmin's intonation discoveries. He also acted as the lane. (S. Beckett, E. L. Doctorow, K. McCullers, F. O'Connor).
VOLCHEK Galina Borisovna (b. 1933, Moscow), director, actress. The daughter of a cameraman and dir. B.I. Volchek. After graduating from the Moscow Art Theater School, since 1956, actress and director, since 1972 ch. dir. Moscow t-ra "Contemporary". Among the roles: Rook ("Without a Cross" after VF Tendryakov, 1963), Amelia, Marta ("The Ballad of a Sad Zucchini", 1967, and "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf", 1985, E. Olby), Anna Andreevna ( "The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol) and others. Staged performances: "Two on a swing" by W. Gibson (1962), "An Ordinary History" after I.A.Goncharov (1965), "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky (1968 ), "Echelon" by MM Roshchin (1975), "Steep route" by ES Ginzburg (1989), "Anfisa" by LN Andreev (1991) and others. play by the Israeli playwright J. Bar-Yosef "Difficult People". Filmed in films. In 1986 she performed the role of Golda in the TV show "Tevye the Milkman" based on Sholem Aleichem. Int. etc. them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1993). Nar. art. USSR (1989). State pr. USSR (1967).
VOLCHIN, a village in the Kamenets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1766, 402 Jews lived in V., in 1847 - 886, in 1897 - 588 (95.3%), in 1921 - 180 Jews (94.7%) Jews settled in Hungary in the 16th century. Main occupations - small trade and handicrafts (ch. arr., sewing). In the 19th century. in V. there was a synagogue, 14 shops, and a water mill. Since 1887, Chaim-Tuvya Olinik (1853—?) Was the rabbi of V. During the 1st world. War V. suffered from the war. actions; all the inhabitants of the town were evicted. In 1941, after the occupation of V. by German. troops, the Jews of V. were sent to the ghetto in Vysokoe, where they were shot together with local Jews on November 2. 1942 In V. genus. S. Goldman.
The WOLF, see The WOLCHIN.
WOLF Leizer (real name Mekler) (1910, Vilna - 1943, Samarkand), poet. After graduation. Heb. bunk bed school worked as a painter. He began to write during his school years. In 1926 he made his debut verse in one of the warsaw. Heb. weekly Published a poem, in different. period, ed., also wrote prose and dramas. In the beginning. 2nd world. war left Vilno, lived in Bialystok, then lived in Dnepropetrovsk, Moscow. In June 1941 he was evacuated to Uzbekistan, worked on a collective farm and at a plant, continued to write. In tech. his short life V. wrote thousands of verses., from which publ. only a small part. In Vilna the poem "Eviginga" (in the style of "Hiawatha" by HU Longfellow - Hebrew words in Latin transcription) and collection of works were published. verse. Schwarze Pearl (Black Pearl, 1939). In 1940 in the publishing house "Der Emes" was published. his sat. "Lyrics and Satire". I ate. Sat. V. "Di broyne bestie" ("Brown beast") was published in the same publishing house in 1943.
VOLGODONSK, city (since 1956) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1950, 177 Jews lived in V. in 1989.
VOLGOGRAD (until 1925 - Tsaritsyn, in 1925-61 - Stalingrad), the center of the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1589.Since 1792 - the district town of Saratov province. Since 1920 it has been the center of Tsaritsyn province, since 1926 it has been the district center of the Lower Volga Region, since 1936 it has been the center of the Stalingrad Region. In 1873, 410 Jews lived in V., in 1897 - 893 (1.7%), in 1904 - 1, 6%, in 1910 - 1.4%, in 1923 - 1608 (1.5%), in 1926 - 2001 (1.4%), in 1939 - 4325, in 1959 - approx. 5000, in 1970 - 4116 (0.5%), in 1979 - 3625 (0.4%), in 1989 - 2807 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century among the Jews of V. predominantly artisans and workers from those who remained after the end of the war. service of cantonist soldiers. The intelligentsia was represented in the main. doctors. There was a community of Ger (one of the members of the community was Y. Dubrovin). In 1898 a synagogue was opened in V. In the beginning. 20th century Movsha Levin was the head of the rabbinical court in V., and Evel Sorochkin was the rabbi in 1901–06. In 1904 there were 2 synagogues in Hungary, and in 1910 there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In the 1910s. the Bund organization operated. In 1917 a circle "Tseirei Zion" worked, a Jewish amateur t-r was organized, under the supervision of. D.M. Milvidsky, who staged the performances of Sholem Aleichem "Vrazbrod", "Agents". Jews V. took an active part in the roar. events of 1917. Prev. mountains. councils were Ya.Z. Erman and R.Ya. Levin. On July 17, 1919, a pogrom took place in V. by units of the Volunteer Army: 2 people. killed, pl. Jews were wounded, including Lieutenant Dubrovsky, who lived in V. In the 1920s. in V. acted gr. "Ge-Halutz". In 1930, not far from V., in the region of the town of Kalach-na-Donu, was founded. collective agricultural the "Stalindorf" enterprise, consisting of 28 Jewish families from V. In 1926, a Jewish school and a Jewish Red Corner were closed in V., in 1930 and 1933 - 2 synagogues. In 1945, a petition to open a synagogue in V. was rejected. in V. settled several. dozens of families of mountain, Georgian and Bukharian Jews. In 1992, 150 people left Britain for Israel, Germany, and the United States, 141 in 1993, 108 in 1994, 146 in 1995, 163 in 1996, and 111 in 1997. Volgograd Jewish cultural-skylight. about-in (before Vladlen Izrailevich Paykin) and mountains. lecture hall. Until 1998, a Sunday school worked (closed due to the small number of students). Since 1998, the Community of Progressive Judaism has been operating (previously V.I.Paykin). In 1999 the Volgograd Jewish religion was registered. community, organized a Jewish youth club "Intellectual Cafe". In V. the building of the former. synagogues (one of the two surviving buildings in V. after the Battle of Stalingrad), in which honey was located. institution. Since 1999, Rabbi V. - the representative of M.-M. Shneerson Zalman Borisovich Ioffe (born 1967, Dnepropetrovsk). In V. genus: V.Z.Radomyslensky, R.E.Slavsky, I.L. Tager; Alexander Bentsionovich Hoffman (b. 1945), sociologist, Dr.Sciol. Sciences (1995), author of works in the region. history, theory and methodology of sociology, ed. and the author of the lane. manuf. classics French. social philosophy and sociology (A. Bergson, E. Durkheim and others); Victor Abramovich Kan-Kalik (1946-1992, Chechen Republic), teacher, psychologist, doctor of psychology. Sciences (1986), prof. (1986), in 1986-91 rector of the Chechen state. un-that, killed gr. bandits in Chechnya, buried in Moscow; Yakov Gerasimovich Uzhansky (b. 1908), hematologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1945), prof. (1948), in 1947-74 head. department of pathological. physiology of the Sverdlovsk honey. Institute S.E. Krapivensky
VOLGSK, see Volsk.
VOLIN (real family. Eikhenbaum) Vsevolod Mikhailovich (1882, Voronezh - 1945, Paris), polit. activist. R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor, brother of the literary Vogralik B.M. Studied at Petersburg. un-those. From the beginning. 1900s participated in the roar. movement, in 1905-11 - Socialist Revolutionary. In 1907 he was sentenced to permanent settlement in Siberia for participation in expropriations; in 1908 he fled, emigrated to France. After exposing provocation E.F. Azefa withdrew from the SRs. In 1911-14 he was an anarchist communist. one of the organizers abroad. grew up. anarchy, movement. Since 1914 - anarchist-syndicalist. During the 1st world. war member. grew up. and French. anarchist groups in Paris, a member of "K-ta internats. actions". In aug. 1916 imprisoned in a concentration camp for anti-war. propaganda, fled to the United States. In July 1917 he returned to Russia, entered the Union of anarcho-syndicalist. propaganda ", one of the ed. his gas. "Voice of Labor". In the fall of 1917, he supported the slogan "All power to the Soviets," but urged not to turn them into bodies of "polit. dictatorship ". In the beginning. March 1918 organized and led the partisans. detachment for the fight against germ, troops. In Apr-Nov. 1918 worked in the department. bunk bed education in Bobrov, Voronezh province, fought against the Germ. occupiers in Ukraine. In the fall of 1918 he took part in the conf. anarchist c. in Kursk, which established the Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organizations of Ukraine; in 1919–20 - member. its secretariat and one of the ed. gas. "Nabat". Since Aug. 1919 the closest associate of N.I. Makhno, before. his Voen.-roar. council, one of the ideologists of the Makhnovist movement. In Jan. 1920 arrested by the Sov. authorities, in March lane. to Moscow, in Oct. (after an agreement with Makhno) was released, but on 11/25/1920 he was again arrested for preparing an anarchist congress in Kharkov. In the end. 1921 at the request of affairs. Congr. The Profintern was released and 01/05/1922 as part of the gr. out of 10 anarchists were exiled abroad. Abroad sotr. in emigrant editions. Russian anarchists. In the 1930s, the secret. Makhno and Chl. "Ed. to-that Makhno ", the author of the preface, notes and ed. book Makhno. Cit .: Revolution and anarchism, Sat. Art., b. m., 1919.
VOLIN Mark Samoilovich (1900, Warsaw - 1983, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1964). R. in the family of a commission agent. In 1919 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army. Participant citizen war. Graduated from Ukr. Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Kharkov (1927), from 1927 to 1931 he taught at the Komvuz im. Artyom is there. From 1931 he worked at the Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), at the same time. taught at the Communist. un-those working people of the East, Vyssh. school of propagandists and Ying-those red professors (since 1936 - prof.). In 1945–59 he taught at Moscow State University. Since 1959 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of works on the history of growing up. Social-Democrats (gl. arr. Bolshevism) and the labor movement (late 19th - early 20th centuries) in Russia. Established the authorship of a number of Art. V. I. Lenin, publ. in pre-rev. print. Participated in the creation of the team. multivolume editions: "History of the CPSU" (vol. 1, Moscow, 1964), "History of the Second International" (vol. 2, Moscow, 1966), "Essays on the history of ist. Science in the USSR "(vol. 3, Moscow, 1964; vol. 4, Moscow, 1966)," History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day "(vol. 4, Moscow, 1968). "History of the working class of the USSR", vol. 1. "The working class of Russia from birth to the beginning of the XX century." (M., 1983) and others, prepared for release the minutes of the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP (M., 1937), 7th (Apr.) Conf. RSDLP (b), (Moscow, 1934), 8th Conf. and 10th Congress of the RCP (b), (Moscow, 1933), as well as a number of volumes of op. V. I. Lenin (4th ed.) And other collection. doc. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1981). Works: History of the CP (b) U in a condensed sketch, Kharkov, 1929 and 1931 (in Ukrainian and Russian); Lenin "Iskra", M., 1964.
VOLINTIR (until 1990 - Volonetzka), a village in Stefan-Vodaevsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 420 Jews (6.6%) lived in V. In the 1920–30's. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. June 1941 b. h. Jews V. was evacuated, the remaining 14 Jews were killed rum. soldiers.
VOLITSA (Vulka-Mazovetska), a village in Rava-Russky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 136 Jews lived in Hungary. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of Hungary were deported to Rava-Ruska.
VOLITSA GREAT, see [[Great Volitsa.
VOLITSA SNYATYCHSKAYA, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Tomashovsky u. Lublin province. In 1897 64 Jews (12.5%) lived in VS.
VOL Assir Lazarevich (mid-19th century), teacher, publicist. Educated at the Vilna yeshiva. In 1860–62 V. also sotr. in "Ha-Carmel" and in the "Vilensky Vestnik". From 1862 he taught at the yeshiva, and then at the Vilna Heb. ped. in-those. In 1882 V. compiled a textbook on the history of the Jews and translated it into Russian. lang. a number of Talmudic texts. In the beginning. 1900s was the censor of the book. Yiddish.
WOL Stanislav (1912, Warsaw - 1985, ibid.), Cameraman, film director. In 1930, one of the founders of the T-va of lovers of thin. cinema "Start" in Warsaw. He made his debut in 1931. He graduated from the cinematography department of Techn. schools of photography and cinematography in Paris (1932). Upon returning to Poland, one of the organizers of the Union of Producers of the Short. f. (1933) and the Filmmakers' Cooperative (1935). During the 2nd world. war worked in the owls. cinema, first in Lvov, then in Kiev and Ashgabat. From 1943 in the Cinema avant-garde of the 1st Division of the Polish Army, from 1944 deputy. early to / st. in Lublin, then Krakow and Lodz. Since 1948 prof. Film Institute in Krakow, then film school in Lodz. In 1967-68 prof. School of Arts in Zurich, 1969 - Amer. Film Institute in Hollywood. One of the founders of Int. Ts. Cooperation of film schools (1956), its vice-president (1956–61), gen. secretary of T-va scientific cinema. In the USSR he filmed "Combat Film Collections". Upon his return to Poland, cameraman (1947) and dir. play fiction: “Two Hours” (1948, jointly with Yu. Vyshomirsky), “A Thousand Thalers” (1959), “Three and the Forest” (1962), “New Year's Adventure” (1963). Dir. telet-ra, screenwriter, editor.
WOLBORGE, see Wolbuzh.
WOLBROM, a city (since 1321) in the Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Ksenza district of the Krakow Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Olkushsky u. Keletskaya Gubernia. In 1765, 324 Jews lived in V., in 1856 - 1707, in 1897 - 2901 (60.2%), in 1921 - 4276 Jews. In 1823–62, V. was closed for free settlement of Jews. Moishe Weinberg was the rabbi in V. since 1876. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Hungary, which was liquidated in the fall of 1942.
WOLBUZH, a city (since 1273) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1136. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Volborzh of Petrokovsky u. In 1808, 39 Jews (5%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 112 (9.5%), in 1857 - 270 (20%), in 1897 - 437 (25%), in 1921 - 443 ( 20%), in 1939 - approx. 250 Jews. Jews settled in V. in 1793. occupations - small trade and crafts. In 1840, among the Jews of V. was a kr. merchant, 4 shopkeepers, tailor, 2 shanks, baker, butcher. In the 1830s. Hungary became one of the centers of Hasidism after Issakhar-Dov Thorngheim (1801-1887) settled there; the dynasty of Volbuzh Hasidim. In 1862 I.-D. Thorngheim became chief. Rabbi V. At about the same time the Great Synagogue was built and the Jewish cemetery was laid. Thornheim gained fame as a composer, having created a choir and an orchestra in Hungary with the assistance of the Hasidim (he also wrote poetry to his own music). In 1887, the father's place was taken by Yakov-Moishe (1835-1918), who became famous for breeding songbirds. In 1918 the dynasty was headed by the son of Yakov - Moishe-Eliezer (? -1929). community V. main. in 1907. At the same time, the community council was elected and a state rabbi was appointed. In 1927, the Poles outraged the Jewish cemetery, the facts of vandalism took place in the future. In 1935 an article was published in an anti-Semitic newspaper published in Poznan, in which the Jews of Hungary were accused of spying for Germany in 1915. 1939 As a result of the bombing, Hungary was almost completely destroyed. Refugees from Tuszyn, Lodz, and other cities arrived in V. In 1940–41, approx. 450 Jews. In oct. 1942 All the Jews of Hungary were sent to the ghetto in Piotrków, and from there to Treblinka.
WOLF-ISRAEL Evgeny Vladimirovich (1872, Petersburg - 1956, Leningrad), cellist, teacher, prof. (1926). He began to study cello with a student cons. P.P. Fedorov (student of K.Yu.Davydov). In 1884 he was admitted to the class of K.K. Marx-Markus, in 1889 he was transferred to the class of A.V. Verzhbilovich. In 1882 he graduated with honors from St. Petersburg. cons. During his student years he worked in an orc. Italian Opera in St. Petersburg. In 1892-1951 in the orc. Mariinsky Theater (from 1908 - 2nd, in 1909 - 1st cellist-soloist). Since the 1890s. performed as a soloist, incl. in concerts under control. AI Ziloti, and as an ensemble player. In 1921-50 in Leningrad. horse, led cl. cello (from 1926 - prof.), from 1950 class. quartet. Among the students: B.A. Struve, G.I.Pekker, V.R. Stoller. Honored. art. academic theaters (1919). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1939).
WOLF-ISRAEL Mikhail Alexandrovich (1870, Petersburg - 1934, Kiev), violinist, conductor, teacher. R. in the family of a tailor. Moose. abilities showed up early. At the age of 7 he performed in a concert tour across the Baltic region, organized by. his father. On the advice of K.Yu.Davydov, he entered Petersburg. cons., where he studied with P.A. Krasnokutsky, then with L.S. Auer (1884–89). After graduation he gave concerts successfully. In 1892-1912 he was concertmaster and soloist of the orc. Mariinsky Theater. From 1913 he performed as a solo violinist and conductor in Rybinsk and Voronezh. From ser. 20s accompanist and conductor of the Kiev Opera and Ballet Theater. From 1926 to 1932 he headed the quartet at Vseukr. general-ve revolutionary. musicians. He taught at the Kiev Cons.
WOLF Elena Mikhailovna (1927, Leningrad - 1989, Moscow), philologist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1974). In 1949 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. In 1949-54 he was a Spanish teacher. and English. lang. at Moscow State University and Ying-those foreign. lang. In 1954-59 Art. Lecturer, Assoc. at Stalinabad University. From 1960-89 in Ying-those language-knowledge of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1986 head. sector. Works in the region. grammar and semantics, comparative typological characteristics of the Romance languages., phraseology and phraseography. Vol .: Grammar and semantics of pronouns: On the material of the Ibero-Romance languages., M., 1974; Grammar and semantics of Romance languages: On the problem of universals, M., 1978; Functional semantics of evaluation, M., 1985.
WOLF Joseph Barnett (1896, Vilna - |), cardiologist, prof. (1932). Graduated from higher. honey. un-that school in Philadelphia, worked in Heb. Mount Sinai Hospital; since 1924 at the department of therapy honey. school un-that, cardiologist of the university clinic (1926). scientific. tr. in the region. cardiology: created a device for assessing cardiac activity (1926), developed methods for determining cardiac arrhythmias, proposed origin. classification of rheumatic. heart lesions (1930). He was one of the first to study the drug desympatone with the aim of using it for the treatment of angina pectoris; joint with sotr. studied the possibility of using an extract of the pancreas for the treatment of hypertension (1937). Pres. Philadelphia Society of Cardiologists (1927-1935), Dir. cardiology c. Vitkin.
WOLF Konrad (1925, Hechingen, Baden-Württemberg - 1982, Berlin), film director, societies. activist. The son of the playwright Friedrich V. In 1933 he emigrated to the USSR. Since 1943 in the army, leith. In 1945 he returned to Germany. Works in the military. commandant's office, as amended by gas. "Berliner Zeitung", cultural assistant of the Sov. military. administrations in Saxe-Anhalt and Berlin. In 1949 in Moscow he entered dir. Faculty of VGIK. I. Ivens's assistant in f. Friendship Wins (1952). V.'s diploma work "Once does not count" (1955). From 1955 dir. to / st. DEFA in Babelsberg. F .: "Recovering" (1956), "Lissi", (1957), "Stars", (1959, with NRB, special avenue at the IKF in Cannes, dedicated to the tragedy of Macedonian Jews deported to Auschwitz), "Professor Mamlok "(1961, after F. Wolf). In subsequent years V. turns to the times of his military. youth: "I was nineteen" (1968) and "Mom, I'm alive" (1977). Other fictions include “Broken Sky” (1964), “Goya” (1971, from the USSR, special pr. At the Moscow International Film Festival in Moscow), “Solo Sunny” and “Naked at the Stadium” (1974). Since 1965 Pres. Academy of lawsuit in the GDR. Laureate of nat. pr. 1958, 1959, 1971, 1979.
WOLF Mark Borisovich (1898, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Economic geographer, Ph.D. econom. Sciences (1933). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Petrograd polytechnic Institute (1921), student of the founder of the econom. geography in Russia V.E. Den. He taught at the Polytechnic, Planov and other universities of Leningrad. Since 1935 prof. Dealt with the problems of the patterns of distribution of industry on the territory. countries and dep. econom. r-us, methodical. the foundations of establishing rational links between them, econ. geography notches. countries, peculiarities of the placement of notches. from. x-va. From 1924 ed. statistical economical-geogr. reference books that were very popular. In 1926 joint. with Den and G.A. Mebus released “Econ. map of Europe. part of the USSR. ”In 1939 he was arrested by the NKVD on a fabricated case of“ geopolitics ”, in which Den and all his students, as well as other scientists, were accused of promoting racist theories close to fascism. In 1940 he was released. After 1945, Ch. arr. in Leningrad. s.-kh. in-those, in 1949–52 he was again persecuted as a "cosmopolitan". Since 1937, member. Vseros. geogr. about-va, was a member of the leadership of its Leningrad. dep. The author of St. 60 scientific. works. Vol .: A brief sketch of the econom. geography of the USSR, L., 1929; Geogr. placement rus. prom-sti, M.-L., 1927; Essays on econ. geography of foreign state, L., 1930; Statistical. guide to econom. geography is capitalistic. mira, L., 1937 (jointly with V.S. Klupt); Geography of the world economy, M., 1971 (with M.S. Rosin); The geography of the world s. x-va, M., 1981 (jointly with Yu.D. Dmitrievsky).
WOLF Markus (Misha) (b.1923, Berlin - 2006), state. leader of the GDR, colonel-general. R. in the family of the doctor and writer Friedrich Wolf. Since 1934 - in the USSR. In 1939 he received owls. citizenship. In 1942–45 antifash commentator. German radio station. in Moscow. After the war - a radio commentator in Vost. Berlin. In 1945-46 special correspondent for radio and gas. Berliner Zeitung at the Nuremberg Trials. In the beginning. 1950s for Dipl. work in Moscow. In 1953–87 the creator and hands. intelligence services of the GDR. In 1983 he was awarded the highest. awards of the GDR - the title "Hero of Labor". Since 1987, retired, was engaged in literature. activities. 1989–90 in the USSR. In 1991 he returned to Germany. In 1993 he was convicted of it. by the court.
WOLF Mavriky Osipovich (Boleslav Maurytsy) (1825, Warsaw - 1883, Petersburg), publisher, bookseller, printer. R. in the family of a doctor. After the end of Warsaw. gymnasium entered the student in the book. shop A.E. Glyukberg, then worked in the book. stores in Paris, Leipzig, Lviv, Krakow, Vilna. In the fall of 1848 he moved to St. Petersburg and, becoming the manager of Prince. trade Ya.I. Isakov, began publishing. book in Polish lang. Released the first full. collection op. A. Mitskevich, collection modern Polish poets and writers. At the same time. engaged in bookselling and brought Isakov's bookstore to the level of all-Russian. c. trade foreign. book October 1, 1853 opened his own "Universal Book Trade" and moved to the publishing house. book in Russian language. In 1856 he bought a printing house, to which he later added the best type foundry in Russia, founded in 1830 in St. Petersburg by the Frenchman J. Revillon. In total V. issued about 5 thousand books. Most of them are superbly decorated and well illustrated. He was a generalist publisher. Produced thin. literature and scientific. book, practical manuals and albums. He played a prominent role as one of the intermediaries in the distribution of products. foreign literature in Russia, especially French. and it. Repeatedly published "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by VI Dal. In 1882, V. founded the publishing house on shares, the M.O. Wolf Company, which existed after his death until 1918.
VOLFENZON Georgy Yakovlevich (1893, Odessa - 1948), architect. In 1918 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. Ing. in Petrograd. From 1929 he taught at the Moscow Institute of Architecture. Kuibyshev, Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: the settlement of thermolite houses in Moscow (1924), residential settlements in Dulevo, Verbilki, Tayninka near Moscow (1924–26), the project of the Central Telegraph in Moscow (1925, with S.Ya. Aizikovich, E. Volkov), a commune house in Khavsko-Shabolovsky proezd in Moscow (1927–29, with Aizikovich, E. Volkov), at the House of Scientists in Moscow (1929, with changes), the project of the layout of Kuznetsk (1930).
VOLFKOVICH Semyon Isaakovich (1896, Ananiev, Kherson province - 1980, Moscow), inorganic chemist, technologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated in 1920 Moscow. in-t Nar. kh-va, in 1921-29 he worked there (prof. from 1929). At the same time. since 1921 at the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides (in 1935–61 scientific leaders). Since 1929 prof. Moscow higher. tech. uch-schA. In 1932–41 in the Military. academy of chem. protection. From 1946 he taught at Moscow. un-those, led an active scientific. work. scientific. tr. are devoted to the technology of production of miner, fertilizers and inorganic compounds. chemistry. Developed prom. scheme for obtaining potassium salts from sylvinite. In the 20s. developed the process of electro-thermal. sublimation of phosphorus from local raw materials, supervised the production of superphosphates, proposed origin. technology of obtaining concentr. phosphorus fertilizers. In 1928, for the first time in the USSR, he conducted a research. for the disposal of fluorine gases. In 1931-42 he proposed and introduced a method for obtaining sodium fluoride, developed a technology for obtaining soda and ammonium sulfate from mirabilite, complex fertilizers (1944-46), decomp. compounds of phosphorus, fluorine, rare earth elements. In 1965–67 he supervised the creation of a highly productive. chem. devices. In the 70s. research catalytic and other properties of aluminum, boron, iron phosphates. Pres. Vses. chem. about-va them. DI Mendeleev (1963–80). Became pr. (1941). Gold medal. Vlomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1977). chemistry, M.-L., 1950; Problems of production miner. fertilizers, M., 1963; Chemistry problems in villages. x-ve, M., 1969.
WOLFSON David (1856, Dorbyany, Kovno province - 1914, Homburg, Germany), Zionist leader. movement, the closest associate of T. Herzl. Got a trad. Heb. education. In 1869 he moved to Memel, in 1887 to Cologne, where in 1894 he founded the Hovevey Zion circle. In 1896 he met T. Herzl, provided him with finance. support and assistance in the preparation of the 1st World. Zionist. Congr. At the suggestion of V. Zionist. the movement adopted a blue and white banner as an emblem, which later became the banner of the State of Israel and the term shekel to designate a member. contributions. V. - one of the initiators of the creation. Heb. the colonial bank (headed it until the end of his days) and a number of finance. and econ. Zionist institutions, movement. In 1898 he accompanied Herzl to Jerusalem to meet with the Germans. imp. Wilhelm II and travels to Turkey. Participant of the 1-10th World Zionist. Congr. After the death of Herzl, the president was elected. Worldwide Zionist. org-tion. In 1908 he traveled to Russia, met with the pre. Cabinet min. P.A. Stolypin and min. foreign affairs A.P. Izvolsky, however, V.'s attempts to achieve legalization of the Zionist. the movements in Russia were not crowned with success. After the Young Turkish Revolution of 1908, V. organized a branch of the Heb. colonial bank in Constantinople, contributed to the creation. Zionist. press in Turkey. At the 9th World. Zionist. Congr. (1909) V. unsuccessfully tried to settle the differences between the "practical." the Zionists and the old leadership of the movement. After the 10th Congr. (1911) V. left the leadership of the movement, leaving behind the management of finance. and econ. institutions. V.'s funds were used to construct the old building of the National. and the University Library in Jerusalem (its archive is also there). In 1952 the remains of V. were reburied in Jerusalem next to the remains of Herzl on the town of Herzl.
WOLFSON Ilya Vladimirovich (1882-1950), publ. worker. Until 1917 he participated in publishing. enterprises of V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, I.P. Ladyzhnikov, M.Gorky. In 1922 he organized a cooperative in Petrograd. publishing house "Time" (under the trademark "Publishing artel, artel of workers in science, literature, book graphics and publishing.") the capital necessary to start work has united around the publishing house prominent scientists, translators, poets, art. (including A.E. Fersman, S.F.Oldenburg, G.A. Duperron, M.L. Lozinsky, M.A.Kuzmin, E.S.Kots, Yu.P. Skaldin, etc.). In 1922–31 V. - before. board publishing house, without receiving state. subsidies managed to establish publishing. per. manuf. Western-European writers (including a collection of works by R. Rolland and S. Zweig), and also published a popular scientific ser. "Entertaining Science" (initiated and edited by Ya.I. Perelman). All books. "Vremya" were notable for their high quality art. clearance and polygraph. execution. In 1934 the publishing house was among other co-op. enterprises were liquidated.
WOLFSON Miron Borisovich (1880, Gomel - 1932, Moscow), ed. worker, bibliologist. In 1895-1896 he was regularly published in gas. "Ha-Melitz". By the age of twenty he joined the roar. movement, wrote Art. for illegal railways "Struggle" and "Camp" (Hebrew organ). He listened to lectures on legal., Honey. and mat. fac. Kharkov. and Yuriev. un-tov. Participated in the preparation and publishing. "Big" and "Tech. encyclopedias "from the island" Education "," Heb. encyclopedias "publishing house" Brockhaus and Efron ". The first after having finished. years spent in Ukraine at desks, work. In 1921 he moved to Moscow and became a member of the leading employees of the State Publishing House. In 1923 - as part of the initiative group. in preparation for ed. "Sov. encyclopedias ". Joint. with O.Yu. Schmidt developed a plan for ed. association, actually carried out during the formation of the OGIZ of the RSFSR, participated in vol. in the light of the first meeting. op. V.I. Lenin. He wrote a number of works devoted to the problems of the formation and development of owls. bibliology (articles: "On the history of our book culture", "The most important stages in the development of the State Publishing House", "Encyclopedia of proletarian construction" and others, book. "The ways of Soviet books", Moscow, 1929).
WOLFSON Semyon Yakovlevich (1894, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1941, Minsk), social scientist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1928). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1919). Since 1921 - prof. Belarusian, state un-that. Since 1931, dir. Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Member Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1929–38). Conducted by scientific. work on the history of philosophy (in particular, the research legacy of G.V. Plekhanov), on the problems of dialectical. and ist. materialism, marriage and family, science and culture, thin. creativity. He played in the train station. "Polymya" (Minsk) from st. about the work of Leo Tolstoy, NG Chernyshevsky, SA Esenin and others. He condemned the vulgar-sociology. approach to thin. literary, in particular, objected to attempts to declare Yesenin's poetry decadent and hostile to the people. Proclaiming ideas fly by. internationalism, underestimated (by own. subsequent assessment) nat. originality of the Belarusian. culture, works: Plekhanov, Minsk, 1924; Intelligentsia as a socio-economic. category, L., 1926; Sociology of marriage and family, Minsk, 1928; Modern religiosity, Minsk, 1930; Against racial theories, Minsk, 1935.
WOLFSON Julius (1880, Warsaw - 1949), pianist, composer, musician. critic and musicologist. Studied at the cons. Moscow, Warsaw and Paris. He lived in Vienna, became famous as a virtuoso pianist and musician. critic. From 1925 V. ed. and publisher of a number of muses. g. in Warsaw. Research modern and plank beds. Heb. music. Famous for his original interpretations of Op. F. Chopin. The author of the suite for fp. with orc., cycle 12 paraphrases in Heb. themes, Heb. rhapsodies, etc.
WOLFZON Wilhelm (1820, Odessa - 1865, Dresden), playwright, journalist. Despite the poverty of his parents, V. studied with the best Odessa. teachers, after which he completed his education in Leipzig, where he studied philosophy and philology (1838–45). Its lit. activity began lane. from lat. lang. On him. under ps. Karl R. Mayen. In Leipzig, V. met with F. Lassalle, to-ry wrote: "Karl Mayen pursues a beautiful goal: he is a fighter for Jewishness." In 1843 V. lectured on it with great success in Russia. lit-re. He was offered the appropriate chair, subject to the adoption of Orthodoxy, but he refused. Returning to Germany, V. became an assistant. ed. "Bletter für literary Unterhaltung". His op. "Scientific-artistic. liter Russian. " (Leipzig, 1843) V. dedicated Russian. min. bunk bed enlightenment S.S. Uvarov, who undertook a wide lumen. reform among the Russian. Jewry. This was followed by a three-volume work "Ros. novelists "(with critical biogr. essays; 1818-51). From 1850 he settled in Dresden, where ed. (jointly with Pruts) "Deoits Museum"; and from 1862 he founded the "Russish Review" (since 1864 under the name "Nordiche Review"). Verse. V. and the dramas "Tsar and Citizen", "Only One Soul" and "Easter Night", which had long-term success in many. germ, scenes, are collected in his "Dramatishe Werke" (v. 1-3, 1857-59). His "Russian stories" were published. see. his son.
VOLKENSHTEIN Mikhail Vladimirovich (1912, Petersburg - 1992, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1935). In 1935-41 he worked in a lab. structures of the island Physico-chemical. in-ta them. L.Ya. Karpova. In 1941–45 - in the lab. molecular spectroscopy State. optical Institute (Yoshkar-Ola, Leningrad). Prof. Leningrad State University (1945–58 and 1963–68). Head physical lab. Yn-ta macromolecular compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1948–67, Leningrad), head. lab. Physics of biopolymers of the Institute of Molecular Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1967–92, Moscow). Constructed a theory of intensities and polarizations in vibrations. spectra of molecules. On the basis of the rotational isomer theory, he developed a statistic. physics of macromolecules, investigated the connections between vibrations. and electronic spectra of molecules. The author of many hundreds of scientific. tr. in the region. physics of molecules and polymers and molecular biophysics, monographs "Vibrations of molecules" (with MA Elyashevich and BI Stepanov, vols. 1–2,1949), re-edition. in 1972 joint. with LA Gribov, Elyashevich and Stepanov, "Molecular Optics" (1951), "Molecules, Their Structure" (1955), "Structure and Phys. properties of molecules "(1955)," Physics of polymers "(1956)," Configuration statistics of polymer chains "(1959)," Molecules and life "(1965)," Physics of enzymes "(1967)," Spectroscopy of polymers "(1969), "Molecular Biophysics" (1975), "About sovr. biophysics "(1977)," General biophysics "(1978)," Physics and biology "(1980)," Molecular orbitals and enzymology "(with I.B. Golovanov and V.M. Sobolev, 1982)," Entropy and information "(1986)," Biophysics "(1988). Scientific creator school devoted to the theory of physics of macromolecules. Became. etc. (1950).
VOLMAN Evgeniy (1883, Minsk - 1943), microbiologist and immunologist, professor. Graduated from the medical faculty of the Parisian University. He studied physiology and zoology at the University of Liege. From 1910 he worked at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Tr. on the problems of phagocytosis, intestinal intoxication, anthrax infection, immunity of cold-blooded animals, heredity of bacteria, antigenic properties of viruses. V. was the first to establish a connection between a bacteriophage and a gene. and his wife Elizabeth, also sotr. Pasteur Institute, how Jews were arrested by the Nazis in December. 1943, sent to the concentrator. the camp and were shot. Son V. - Ilya, scientist-microbiologist; with his works on bacteriophagy and heredity of bacteria he continued his father's work; in the 1960s – 70s. was one of the deputy. dir. Pasterovsky Institute.
VOLMAR, see Valmiera.
VOLMIR Arnold Sergeevich (1910, Petersburg - 1986, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1950), prof. Graduated from Kharkov mechanic-machine-building. Institute (1931). He taught first in Kharkov, and then at the department of building. aviation mechanics structures in the Military air. Ing. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (since 1942). Specialist in the theory of stability and dynamics of thin-walled structures. His research. devoted to the nonlinear theory of shells, static. and dynamic. stability of elastic systems, vibration theory. The first of the decree. cycles of his work are summarized in the monograph "Flexible Plates and Shells" (1956, translated into German), the second - in "Stability of Deformable Systems" (1963; 2nd ed., 1967). The theory of vibrations and hydroaeroelasticity includes "Nonlinear dynamics of plates and shells" (1972) and "Shells in the flow of liquid and gas" (vols. 1–2, respectively, problems of aeroelasticity and hydroelasticity, 1976–79). V. dealt with problems of biomechanics. Participated in the preparation of the account. course of resistance of materials (1953-54) and collection of articles. tasks for this course (1984). Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1975).
VOLNAYA, see Berdynovo.
VOLNAYA SLOBODA (until 1922 - Colonel Sloboda), a village in the Glukhovsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1781. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chernigov Gubernia Jews lived in V.S. from the 18th century In 1918, after the pogrom in Glukhov, Jews left V.S.
WOLNER Eliezer (real family. Landau) (1877, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1942, New York), writer. He graduated from the external gymnasium in Zhitomir. At the age of 16-17, he began to print correspondence in Zhytomyr Rus. gas. Volyn. Since 1902 in the USA. Published poems and stories in Heb. period, ed. His feuilletons were very popular. He wrote a lot in satire and genre. In 1923 publ. the book-parody "From Christopher Columbus to Henry Ford" with the subtitle "A New History of Jews in America, Compiled According to the Protocols of the Zionist Sages". Was one of the editors. “Anglo-Hebrew. encyclopedia, dictionary "(1915). In 1909 he published the collection. feuilletons "Gift un gal" ("Poison and Bile"). V. - author of pl. publicistic. tr., including biographies of B. Borokhov.
VOLNOE, a village in the Velikopisarevsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1640.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernigov province. In the 19th century. in V. lived several. Jewish families.
VOLNYANSK (in 1935-66 - Chervonoarmeyskoye), a city (since 1966), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1840. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Sofievka Alexandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1926, 67 Jews did not live in the Sofievsky district. 1942 14 Jews were shot in V.
VOLPE Abram Mironovich (1895, Kovna - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). Member Communist. parties since 1917. He graduated from the Kovno gymnasium and the Institute of Experimental Psychology in Leipzig. From 1915 in French, freelance, he graduated from the Odessa school of warrant officers - ml. headquarters officer. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Nikolaev Council, then before. Kherson Provincial Executive Committee. In civil war commissar, division, exercise. affairs of the RVS of the 4th army, pom. early division headquarters and the military commissar of the division headquarters. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), served in the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District. In 1923 he was adjunct Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1924-28 he worked in the apparatus of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. In 1928-31 Art. hands. Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1931–33 com. and commissar of the 48th rifleman. divisions. In 1933-35 the beginning. headquarters of Moscow. IN. In 1935-37 the beginning. Adm.-mobilizats. management Kr. Army. Repressed.
WOLPE Arnold (1869, Kovna - 1940, Miami, USA), conductor and bandmaster. He studied violin with I. Lotto and L.S. Auer. In 1898 he came to the USA, where his prof. career. In 1902 he created a youth symphony. orc. and directed it until 1919. In 1904–14 he also directed his own. orc. ("Volpe Symphony Orchestra", New York), in the concerts of which rarely performed works were performed. Since 1918 V. has become widely known thanks to the summer concerts of his orchestra, in tech. 2 seasons playing at Levizon Stadium in New York. Later (1924, 1927, 1936) V. performed with the orc. as a guest conductor. In 1919-22 he directed the Opera Company in New York, in 1926 he created the un-t symphony. orchestras in Miami and directed them for the rest of his life. In 1922–25 he also directed the Kansas cons., In 1925–26 Muz. College of Chicago.
VOLPER Mikhail Ioakimovich (1851, Vilna - |), teacher. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, from 1872 he taught Russian. lang. at the Vilna literacy school, then at the exemplary school at the Vilnius Teachers' Institute (from 1904 - inspector of the Institute). In 1891 he was appointed a learned Jew under the Governor-General of Vilna. The author of the textbook is Dr. Heb. lang. (1874, underwent a number of reprints.), “First uch. book according to the law of faith "for grammar schools and uch. manuals for rus. lang. for nerus. study "Rus. speech "(h. 1-3), withstood several. dozens of ed .; 4th issue. "Rus. speech ”- anthology op. exemplary rus. writers. Reprinted several times. compiled by V. "Practical. Russian grammar "and" Etymology of Rus. lang. in tables ". All his books. admitted by Min-vom Nar. education as textbooks.
VOLPIN (Yesenin-Volpin) Alexander Sergeevich (b. 1924, Leningrad), mathematician, poet. One of the pioneers of the human rights movement in the USSR. The son of the poet S.A. Yesenin. Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946) and graduate school (1949) in the same place, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1949). Arrested in 1949 for "anti-Soviet" poetry, declared insane, was kept in a special psychiatric hospital for about a year. Then he was sent into exile in Karaganda for 5 years. Released in 1953 under an amnesty. He worked in the region. mat. logic and foundations of mathematics. At the same time. wrote poems distributed in lists. He became the first (after B.L. Pasternak) owls. by the author, publ. their production abroad under its own. surname (1959, collection of poems "Autumn Leaf" and essay "Free Philos. Treatise"). He was repeatedly arrested and forced. psychiatric treatment. hospitals (1957, 1959–61, 1963, 1968). Author and propagandist of a number of principles that formed the basis of "human rights ideology" - publicity of actions, guidelines for the requirements of the rule of law, etc. One of the organizers of the first in the USSR (after 1927) human rights demonstration opposition (Moscow, Pushkinskaya Square, December 5, 1965) in support of the arrested writers YM Daniel and AD Sinyavsky under the slogans “We demand publicity of the trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel” and “Respect your own. Constitution ". Joint. with V.Nikolsky made the so-called. "Civil appeal", circulated on the eve of the demonstration in a number of Moscow. universities. Subsequently, the December demonstrations at Pushkinskaya Square. became a dissident tradition. I signed many. human rights petitions; wrote and distributed in samizdat a number of his own. texts, the most famous. of which - "Yurid. memo "(" How to behave during interrogation ", 1968, published in Paris in 1973), analyzing the possibilities, to-rye provides the interrogated Sov. legislation. In 1970–72 - sotr. societies. K-ta right h. As an expert. The author of a number of documents to-that, among them - "An eternal hand to Peter Grigorievich" (1970) and the report "Intern. pact of civil. and polit, rights and owls. legislation ”(1971) (in Collection of samizdat documents), ed. in Munich in 1977 ed. c. radio station. "Freedom". Since 1972 in the USA. He worked at the University of Buffalo (1972-73), Boston University (1974-77). Main work - in the region. mat. logic and foundations of mathematics. The author of an ultraintuitionistic program in the foundations of mathematics. Vol .: Ultraintuitionistic proof of the consistency of the Zermelo-Fraenkel system, part 1, Moscow, 1971.
VOLPIN Mark Efimovich (b. 1923, Simferopol - 1996, Moscow), chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). He graduated in 1949 Moscow. un-t and worked there until 1953, then in Ves, in-those scientific. and tech. information. Since 1958 in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences (professor since 1973, director since 1988). Main works are devoted to isl. non-benzoic aromatic compounds, chemistry of carbenes and organometallic. connections. In 1949 (with A.F. Plate) he developed a catalytic. method for the synthesis of nitriles from olefins with ammonia on a molybdenum catalyst. In 1956-63 carried out (with DN Kursanov) a cycle of research. aromatic non-benzoic systems. In 1950-59 he studied tropylium, for the first time obtained a number of tropylium salts (dication of ditropyl, diphenylcyclopropene, etc.), discovered the reaction of tropyl salts with compounds containing a mobile hydrogen atom (tropylation), as well as the conversion of tropylium salts into benzene and their reverse preparation from benzene. In 1964 he discovered (with VB Shur) the reaction of fixation of molecular nitrogen at room temperature and norms, pressure by complex organometallic. compounds of titanium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and iron. In 1970 he showed (with I.S. Kolomnikov) the possibility of fixing carbon dioxide with complexes of transition metals. Created new catalysts for homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins, trimerization of acetylenes, polycyclotrimerization. For the first time received compounds in which graphite acts as organic. ligand. Author of printed scientific. works, monographs. Linen. pr. (1963). State USSR pr. (1982). Cit .: New in chem. nitrogen fixation, M., 1983 (et al.).
VOLPIN Mikhail Davydovich (1902, Mogilev - 1988, Moscow), poet, playwright, screenwriter. Studied at VKHUTEMAS. He made his film debut in 1940 (the script "The Old Rider", with NR Erdman, was released in 1959). Among other works: "Actress" (1943), "Hello, Moscow" (1946), "Brave people" (1950), "Morozko" (1965), "Fire, water and ... copper pipes" (1968) ... 1970–80. author of scripts for many cartoon. (including "Fedya Zaitsev", 1949, jointly with Erdman, "History of one crime", 1962). Became. pr. (1951).
VOLPIN Nadezhda Davydovna (1900, Mogilev - 1998, Moscow), poet, translator. In the gymnasium she studied Latin, German, English. and French. lang. She studied at Moscow. un-those. From her youth she wrote poetry, in the 1920s. entered the gr. poets-imagists, often performed with the reading of her poems (not published). Per .: pov. P. Merimee "St. Bartholomew's Night" (1925); book J. Golsworthy "For Rent" (1926); rum. T. Mann "Serious Life" (1934), rom. L. Stern "Sentimental Journey" (1935). V. translated W. Scott, I. V. Goethe, J. Byron, E. Bronte, E. Poe, F. Cooper, W. Teckeray, F. Werfel and many others. Dr. A.S. Volpin's mother. V.'s memoirs "A date with a friend" in the collection of memoir prose "How Yesenin lived" (1992, Chelyabinsk) give a vivid picture of the life and characteristics of poets and artists. 1920s
VOLSK, city, regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1699. In the 18th century. - Malykovka settlement. Since 1780, the district town of Volgsk (Volzhsk or Volsk), Saratov province. In 1910 there were 124 Jews living in V., in 1926 - 54, in 1939 - 130 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue in V. and a Jewish cemetery. In Jan. 1919, fleeing hunger, P.S. Marek moved to V.. Alexander Abramovich Slavin (1898-1973, Vidnoe Moscow region), brigade commander (1940), major general (1943), in 1945-56 beginning. road control of a number of military. districts, load. 5 ord.
WOLKENSTEIN David (1891 - 1960, Kiev), prose writer, lit. critic, translator. In the years of the 1st world. war printed correspondence in gas. "Kiev thought" and other rus. gas. He began to publish in Yiddish after the revolution. His stories and Art. published in gas. and f. Biher-Velt, Folks-Zeitung, Nae Zeit, Communistische von, Moscow. g. "Shtrom" and others. From the very beginning. lit. activity V. immediately took a prominent place in the Hebrew. prose. In the second floor. 20s joined lit. association "Boy", a cut proclaimed independence in creative. process from instructions "from above" and thus caused criticism from the communist. leaders. In 1930 he finished rum. "Blut" ("Blood"), dedicated. Heb. to the labor movement in the roar. 1905, but did not publish it. by that time, the views on ist had changed. the role of this movement. Rum. was published in Russian. per. only in 1960, for several. month until the death of the writer under the name. Zarya. In 1929, the book was published. stories by V. "Roigeshrey" ("Raw Cry") about the events of civil. war in Ukraine. Since the 30s. was engaged in the main. lit. criticism. Among the critics. manuf. V. the sketch about the work of M. Daniel and the work "Six writers-order-bearers" (P.D.Mapkish]], L. M. Kvitko, D. N. Gofshtein, I. S. Fefer, I. M. Dobrushin, S.Z.Galkin), Kiev, 1940.V. translated into Yiddish manuscript. L. N. Andreev, M. Gorky, M. E. Koltsova, in Russian. - stories of Sholem Aleichem. Together with N.Ye. Oislander, N.G. Lurie and E. Fininberg, he compiled an anthology of literature and criticism "Yiddish Literatur" (Kiev, 1928).
VOLKHOV (until 1940 - Volkhovstroy), a city (from 1933), a regional center in the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century In 1926, 20 Jews lived in V. Since 1903, Zvi-Girsh Tsayman (1880—?) Was the rabbi in V.
VOLKHOVSTROY, see Volkhov.
VOLKOLATA, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Volkolata (other name. Voloklata) Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the BSSR. 69 Jews (12.7%) lived in Hungary in 1897. In 1903 it was opened for free settlement of Jews in Hungary, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations. "1882.
VOLKOVINTSY, an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Derazhnyansky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1559.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the town of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province. 583 Jews lived in Hungary in 1847, 1178 (32.2%) in 1897, 965 in 1923, and 764 Jews in 1939. Jews settled in Hungary in the 17th century. In the 19th century. Jews were engaged in crafts, they owned 3 mills. In the end. 19th century there were 3 synagogues. 1942 approx. 200 Jews from V. were shot in Derazhna.
VOLKOVO, a village in the Novosokolnitsky district of the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Nevelskoy Vitebsk province. In 1898, 60 dess. lived 42 people.
VOLKOVY, a village in the Demidov district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. in V. lived apprx. 100 Jews (5.8%), 112 Jews (4.4%) in 1921. The Jewish population of Hungary was exterminated during the Holocaust.
WOLVES, see Vilkaviskis.
VOLKOVYSK, city (since 1507), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1259. In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Volkovysk district of the Novogrudok voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, from 1796 - the county town of Slonim, from 1797 - Lithuanian, from 1801 - Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1766 there were 1,282 Jews in Hungary, 4,781 in the povet, in 1847 in Hungary - 1429, in the district - 5946, in 1863 in V. - 1518, in the district - 3991, in 1890 in V. - 2889, in 1897 - 5528 (53.5%), in the district - 18,470 (12.4%), in 1910 in V. - 7624 ( 54.8%), in 1931 - approx. 8000 Jews. First mention. about the Jews who lived in V., refers to 1577. Naib. common occupations among the Jews of Britain in the 19th century. there were sewing and trade. In 1863 there were 7 synagogues and a Jewish almshouse. All R. 19th century I. Geller was the rabbi, from 1885 - D.M. Matskevich, from 1903 - Aba Yakovlevich Borukhov, in 1910 - Zelvyansky, from 1915 - Moisey Aronovich Weiner, in 1925-33 - Itskhok Kosovsky (1878, Warsaw - 1951, Johannesburg) , in 1933-36 his son Ichiel-Mikhl (1908, Ivye - 1964, Johannesburg). In 1909 there was a Talmud Torah in Hungary. In 1910 there were 12 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. Until 1915 before. the Jewish community was T. Fenster. In the beginning. 20th century a branch of the Bund was active in V. V. delegates attended the 9th Conf. Bund in 1912 in Vienna. In aug. 1,915 Jews were expelled from Hungary, and in 1917 a community of Jews was organized in New York - immigrants from Hungary who had left Russia in the 1910s. In the 1920s. the community assisted the Jews of V. during the 2nd world. During the war, a ghetto was created in V., where approx. 10 thousand people, including from Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and other countries. To the end. In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated. Z. Vargaftig, L. N. Geller, E. Golomb, N. E. Kobrinsky, I.-A. L. Lev, E. Z. Levin-Epshtein, J. Rabinovich, A. M. Rafalovich, J. Sapiro , N.L. Tsemakh, M.Eingorn, D.M. Yanovsky.E.S.Mosolova
VOLNOVAKHA, city (since 1938), regional center in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1881. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Volnovakha (other name. Bugas) Alexandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939 174 Jews lived in V.
VOLOBRINSKY Aron (1900, Minsk - 1937), publicist. In his youth he joined the Poalei Zion party, but after 1917 he became one of the acts. leaders of the local department. Evsection. For several years he taught in Heb. schools and in Minsk ped. technical school. He made extremist speeches and was famous as a fiery orator. All R. 20s in contrast to pl. Heb. societies. figures who approved the resettlement of the inhabitants of Heb. m. in new s.-kh. districts, V. openly advocated the preservation of the Hebrews. m., for their transformation by changing the tradition. lifestyle. Published in pl. Heb. period, ed. 20-30s. Dept. ed. came out his tr. "East. the teachings of Karl Marx "(1934). In 1924 he translated into Yiddish G. Zinoviev's History of the Russian Communist Party. Was a member. editorial board lit.-thin. g. "Stern" (Minsk) and sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Under his editorship. (together with G. Aleksandrov) in 1929 was published statistical. Sat. "Jews in the BSSR", which has retained its value to this day. Repressed in 1937.
VOLOCHAEVKA 2nd, an urban-type settlement in the Smidovichi district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). In 1939, 26 Jews lived in V.-2.
VOLOCHISK, a city (since 1970), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1463. From 1569 - in the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starokonstantinovsky district Volyn province. In 1765, 384 Jews lived in V., in 1847 - 1516, in 1897 - 3295 (49.1%), in 1923 - 1930, in 1926 - 2068 (28.4%), in 1927 - 2097, in 1931 - 1414 (62%), in 1939 - 753 Jews. Jews of Britain were engaged in handicrafts, wholesale and retail trade. In 1863 there were 3 synagogues. On May 4-5, 1881, during the anti-Jewish riots, Jewish self-defense detachments were formed in Hungary. In 1890 there were 8 synagogues. In 1896 Koltun was the rabbi in V. In 1906 Bronya Alshinetskaya opened a wife. Jewish school. In the beginning. 1900s in V., the Bund organization (50 members) was created. In 1909 there was a private Jewish husband. uch-shche, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1913 there were 5 Jewish dentists, 4 Jewish medical assistants, a club, a t-r, 2 private libraries, 3 bookstores (D. Voiger, I. Muchnik, Kryshtul's Helmets), Ita Faerstein's photo studio. In 1921, a branch of Evkomol was formed. In 1922 at the department. bunk bed education created eusection. In 1925 the Jewish collective farm named after I. Leckert. There was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1926-27, a branch of OZET was in operation. In 1926, the Volochis Jewish Village Council was created. After the occupation of the Germans. In 1941, troops created a ghetto in V. In aug. 1942 8634 Jews killed. 11 Sep 1942 in V., approx. 4 thousand Jews. In 1945, a monument was erected at the site of the death of Jews at the expense of relatives. After its partial destruction, a new one was installed. a monument with a six-pointed star. 1990s. In V. there lived 4 Jewish families. In V. genus: V. I. Liner, E. I. Lichtenstein; M.-L. Malbim, B. Margo, S. Rapaport, J. Yu. Shpirt; Meir Benihu (1896-1981, Israel), Israeli journalist, 1925-67 ed. ed. "Kupat Holim Klalit", the first edition in the history of Hebrew-language journalism. sport. dep. gas. "Ha-Aretz" and "Davar", the author of works on issues. health care and physical. education; David Margolis (b. 1911), sculptor, painter, author of interior paintings for a number of societies. buildings, including the Rockefeller Center in New York (1933), brother of B. Margot; Isaak Iosifovich Tartakovsky (b. 1912), Hon. artist Ukrainian SSR (1976), author of the painting "Requiem" ("Babi Yar", 1991). I.B.Kraizman
VOLODARKA, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1150. In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. In 1765, 475 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1775 - 225, in 1778 - 174, in 1787 - 339, in 1847 - 1585, in 1863 - 1744, in 1897 - 2079 (45.3%), in 1989 in the district - 7 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the 17th century In 1750 the Jewish community of Hungary was destroyed by the Haidamaks, and in 1768 the Jewish population was again plundered by the Haidamaks. In 1841 L. Abramovich founded a cloth factory in V. In 1863 there was a synagogue in V. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. t-in. in Aug. In 1918 a wave of pogroms by local peasants took place in V. (30 people were killed). On June 20, July 2, and 9, 1919, Jewish pogroms took place in V. (73 people were killed). On July 11, 1919, Hungary was burned down. After the establishment of owls. authorities began a massive departure of Jews from V. In 1926 immigrants from V. organized in the Kherson env. m-in "Nae Stavntse" (36 people) On July 14, 1941, 10 Jews were shot in V., on July 16, 1941 - 2 people. Jews were brought to V. for execution from other places. In total, approx. 200 people S.Ya. Elisavetsky
VOLODARSK, see Volodarsk-Volynsky.
VOLODARSK-VOLYNSKY (up to 1607 - Alexandropol, in 1607-1912 - Goroshki, in 1912-23 - Kutuzovo, in 1923-33 - Volodarsk), an urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. In 1897 in V.-V. lived 2018 Jews (62.5%), in 1923 - 2049, in 1926 - 2068 (51.5%), in 1939 - 988 (28%), in 1989 - 76 Jews (0.8%). Jews lived in V.-V. from the 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - crafts and small trade. In 1912 in V.-V. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In the 1920s. the cheders were closed, the mikvah was destroyed, in the end. 1920s the Jewish community with the help of the representatives of J.-I. Schneerson rebuilt a new mikvah. In 1928, 2 synagogues were closed. Rabbi in V.-V. in the 1920s. was Benzion Friedman. Herm. troops occupied V.-V. in the beginning. July 1941. On July 30, 1941, several were shot. dozens of Jews. The remaining Jews were shot in Sept. 1941 in V.-V. genus. V. B. Pinchuk S. Y. Elisavetsky
VOLODARSKY, an area within the city of Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia In 1923, 1014 Jews (11.8%) lived in V., in 1926 - 902 Jews (8%).
VOLODARSKY Alexander Ilyich (b. 1938, Baku), historian of science, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1967). Graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of ASU (1960). Since 1965 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant of the international Congr., ch.-c. Int. Academy of the History of Science (since 1993). The author of St. 50 scientific. tr. on the history of Indian mat., some trans. in English. lang .: On Magavira's treatise "A short course in mat."; in the book: Phys.-Math. science in the countries of the East. Issue II (U), M., 1969; Mat. in India, in the book: History of Mat., vol. 1, M., 1970; Other-Indian numbering systems, in the book: Indian culture and Buddhism. M., 1972; Ariabhata: To the 150th anniversary of his birth, M., 1977; Essays on the history of the Middle-century. Indian Mat., M., 1977.
VOLODARSKY Lev Mordkovich (Markovich) (1911, Ostropol Volyn province. - 1989, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965). Graduated from Leningrad. economical engineer Institute (1934), worked as an engineer-economist in the Office of the Commissioner. People's Commissar for Leningrad and Leningrad. region In 1938–40, deputy. prev. Leningrad. region planning commission. In 1940–42 he was commissioned. State Planning Committee of the USSR for Leningrad and Leningrad. region, in 1942-48 beginning. management in the USSR State Planning Committee. In 1948–53 and 1956–67, deputy. early CSB USSR. In 1953–55, Ch. ed. State Publishing House of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR. In 1975-85 the beginning. CSO USSR. Member Central Committee of the CPSU (1981–86). Cit .: Planning the local economy and cult. page-va. M., 1945; Prom. statistics, M., 1954; Industry statistics and planning issues, M., 1958; Bed statistics and planning x-va, M., 1964; Our Motherland: Figures, facts, comparisons, -M., 1968.
V. VOLODARSKY (real name and surname Moisey Markovich Goldstein) (1891, Ostropol Volyn province - 1918, Petrograd), polit. activist. R. in poor Heb. family. Expelled from the 5th grade of the gymnasium, received no other education. From 1905 p. Bund, member. RSDLP (b) since 1917. Was repeatedly arrested. From 1911 to 1913 he was in exile in the Arkhangelsk province, then emigrated to the USA, where he stayed until the spring of 1917. He took part in the events of 1917 in Petrograd, after the revolution - Commissioner for Press, Propaganda and Agitation Petrograd. Council, ed. "Red gas." Elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Killed on the way to a rally.
VOLODARSKOE (until 1924 - Nikolskoe), an urban-type settlement (from 1965), a regional center in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1830s. in Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 2,068 Jews lived in V. The Jewish population of V. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
VOLODIEVTSY, a village in the Barsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 there was a camp in V. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 39 Jews were held in the camp.
VOLODIN Alexander Moiseevich (real family. Lifshits) (1919, Minsk - 2001, St. Petersburg), playwright, prose writer. After finishing teaching courses, he taught in the village for three years. school. In 1939–45 he served in the army as a private, was seriously wounded. Graduated from the scriptwriting department of VGIK (1949), worked as an editor. at the studios "Lennauchfilm" and "Lenfilm". He made his debut book. stories (1954), periodically publishes poetry. He gained wide popularity as a playwright (plays "Factory Girl", "My Elder Sister", "Five Evenings", "Appointment", "Do not part with your loved ones", "Dulcinea Tobosskaya", "Two Arrows", "Lizard", etc. ). V.'s plays were staged in many. t-tah countries and abroad. For most of them, f. V. also ed. screenplays: "They ring, open the door!" (Ch. Prize of the ICF in Venice), "Adventures of a Dentist", "Magician", "An Incident Nobody Noticed", "Daughters-Mothers", "Portrait with Rain", "Confusion of Feelings", "Autumn Marathon" ( State avenue of the RSFSR named after br. Vasilievs, 1981; 1st avenue at the Moscow International Convention Center in San Sebastian), f "Appointment", "Dulcinea Tobosskaya", "I do not want to be unhappy" and others. prose "So restless in my soul: Notes with digressions."
VOLODIN Boris Genrikhovich (real family. Puzis) (b. 1927, Saratov - 2001), writer. At the age of 16 - student Lit. in-ta them. Gorky, at 17 - a prisoner of Lubyanka, Butyrok, Norilsk. In 1956 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked as a doctor. Since 1960 - prof. writer and ed. He worked at “Lit. gas. ”, in scientific-popul. g. "Chemistry and Life", edited by alm. "Paths to the Unknown." Auth. 10 kn., Among to-rykh productions. about the life and customs of the medical environment ("Take my day, Savichev", 1969; "I will stand on the right", 1974), about scientists ("Mendel", 1969; "... And then the thought arose", 1980; "Thirst for truth ", 1988) and others.
VOLOGDA, city, center of the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147.From 1708 - part of the Arkhangelsk province, from 1719 - the center of the province, from 1780 - the governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1897, 267 Jews (1%) lived in V., in 1910 - 433 (1.1% ), in 1923 - 1617 (3.1%), in 1926 - 1239 (2.1%), in 1939 - 765, in 1970 - 492 (0.3%), in 1979 - 444 Jews (0.2% In 1894, the Jewish community of Hungary numbered 20 families (most of them came from the Northwest Territory). The community was allowed to hold a prayer house. In the end. 19th century main occupation of the Jewish population - crafts (tailoring, hat, jewelry, bookbinding, etc.). In 1897, Jews owned a printing house (5 workers), 4 metalworking workshops, a carpentry and paint shop, a tobacco shop, and were engaged in the supply of firewood to the railway. D. Mn. children studied at the gymnasium and a real school. In 1905 founded. Jewish ladies' philanthropist. Society (by 1909 - 18 active members and St. 30 competing members), a cut provided assistance to those in need, paid for the education of children from poor families. Jews also participated in the activities of the mountains. philanthropist. org-tions. In 1910 there was a synagogue in Hungary (destroyed in 1920) and a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 there was a Talmud Torah, in 1916 - a Jewish school. In 1925, from V. to the Crimea, in the village of Kh. artel "Working life" moved 18 Jewish families (101 people). 1990s a Jewish cultural center was opened in V., and there is a Jewish religion. community (formerly Stanislav Senchukov). In 1998, approx. 1200 Jews. In V. genus: A.G. Ginetsinsky, Ya.-M.E. Kats, M.G. Kachurin, G.S.Landsberg; lived and worked G.A. Peretz, Z. G. Frenkel]]. Yu.N. Grigorieva
FIBER, see Volkolata.
VOLOKOLAMSK, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1135. from the 15th century. was part of the Moscow kn-in (in 1462-1513 - the center of the specific Volotsk kn-v). Since 1781 it has been a district town in Moscow province. In 1910 there were 4 Jews living in Hungary, in 1926 - 24, in 1939 - 40 (0.7%), in 1970 - 19 (0.1%), in 1989 - 10 Jews ( 0.06%).
VOLOMIN, a city (since 1919) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 15th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the village of Radiminsky u. Warsaw province. In 1921, 3079 Jews (50%) lived in V. Jews settled in V. at the end of the year. 19th century; they rented farms, maintained inns, were engaged in trade and crafts, and also owned hotels, restaurants and shinki. Jews owned most of the prom. pr-ty V. Organized community was created in the beginning. 1900s A synagogue was built in 1900, and a Jewish cemetery was opened in 1905. Until 1904, the rabbi of V. was Simcha Guillerter, in 1904–39, Zeev-Wolf Bergazin (1882–?). Until 1914, Ephraim Taub lived in Hungary, who headed the Kozmir Hasidic dynasty. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. In 1920-21 thousands of Jewish refugees from Russia passed through V., many of them settled in V. Among the Jews who settled in V. (about 300 people) were from. Jewish societies. leaders (heads of the communities of Kiev and Proskurov), to-rye contributed to the activation of socio-political. and economical. life V. In the 1920s and 30s. V. Jews continued to engage in trade and crafts, worked for numerous. prom. pr-tii. Most of the artisans were tailors and shoemakers. In the 1920s. created several. prof. associations. In 1926, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened, philanthropists worked. org-tion. In V., there were various branches. Jewish parties and movements, youth organizations, "Agudas Israel" and the Bund. In 1930, the school "Beis Yaakov" was opened, Nar. Jewish school, heders and Talmud-Torah worked. In 1934 founded. Heder Metukan taught in Hebrew. In 1936, the Jewish cemetery was desecrated, in 1937 and 1938, during anti-Jewish demonstrations, many were destroyed. shops, houses ransacked and large numbers of Jews beaten. 1 Sept. 1939 as a result of the bombing of V., Ch. arr. Jewish districts V. In November. 1939 the Judenrat was established (headed by Yaakov Bloomberg). A ghetto was created in 1940. On Feb. 1941 the ghetto was located approx. 3 thousand Jews. The ghetto was destroyed on 4 October. 1942. All Jews were sent to Radzimin and from there to Treblinka. OK. 300 young Jews who worked in the estate of Count Potocki were taken out of the ghetto and shot.
VOLUNTEER, see Volintyr.
VOLUNTIR, see Volintir.
VOLOSHA, a village in the Sarny district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rivne u. Volyn province. 22 Aug. 1942 Jews from V. were shot at Korchevye.
VOLOSCHA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In May 1942, 46 Jews were shot in Hungary.
VOLOSHKOVO, a village in the Sokiryansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. In 1897 119 Jews (11.3%) lived in V.
VOLOSOV David Samuilovich (1910, Nevel, Vitebsk Province - 1980, Leningrad), physicist, specialist in the region. techniques optical-photographic. systems. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948). Graduated in 1932 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Leningrad ped. in-that. Main tr. associated with the development of theory and methods for calculating decomp. classes of optical and photographic. systems. In 1936 he first proposed a theory and method for calculating complex optical instruments. anastigmatic. systems with variable focal length, in 1947 - methods for calculating complex photography, systems. In the 50s. created the theory of thermooptich. aberrations. V. headed scientific. dep. in the State. optical in-those, since 1950 - prof., head. Department of Physics and Applied Optics in Leningrad. Institute of Film Engineers, Ch. Nat. to-that of photographers of the USSR, member. editorial board of the journal "Optics and Spectroscopy", "J. scientific. and applied photography and cinematography ”. In the 60s. under the hands. V. introduced automatics. methods for calculating and correcting optical. systems created. efficient algorithms and computer programs. Author of articles, monographs, more than 150 inventions. Linen. pr., State. pr. USSR. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1961). Works: Methods of calculation and correction of complex photographic systems, L., 1948; Photographic optics: Theory, design principles, optical characteristics, M., 1978, etc.
VOLOSYANKA, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Stryi district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 18 Jews were shot in Hungary.
VOLOVETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 9 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1830 - 120 (10%), in 1880 - 269, in 1930 - 848 (19.2%), in 1941 - 952 Jews (16.1%). The first rabbi of Hungary in 1860-74 was Aron-Meir Friedlander (1826-1874), in 1894-1924 - Yisroel-Yakov-Yokel Titelboim ( 1840-1924), after his death - the son of Aron (1881-1944), the former rabbi of V. until 1941, in 1941-1944 the son of Aron - Itskhok (? -1945) was the rabbi of V.. In V. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the summer of 1941 approx. a quarter of the Jews of Hungary were deported to occupied Germany. troops territory. Apr 18 In 1944 the Jews of V. were sent to the nearest ghetto, in May 1944 to Auschwitz. in V. lived several. dozens of Jews, in 1970 - several. Jews.
VOLOVICH Leonid Arkadievich (b. 1930), social scientist. Dr. Philos. sciences, prof. APN USSR (1989). Received higher education. Ing. education in Moscow. machine tool. in-those (1953), musical - in the Kazan cons. (1959). He began his career in 1953 at Novosibirsk. s-de Sibselmash. In 1959–76 he taught at the Kazan cons. Since 1976 head. lab. humanitarization of education Ying-that cf. specialist. education (Kazan). Auth. works in the region. formation of the personality of a specialist in decomp. spheres of material and spiritual production. Honored. scientist of the Russian Federation.
VOLOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1970), a regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bogoroditsky district. Tula province. In 1939 ten Jews lived in V. Torichan Pavlovich Kravets (1876-1955), physicist, corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943); main works dedicated. problems of optics and the history of physics, Stal. etc. (1946).
VOLOZHIN, city (since 1940), a regional center in the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Vilna povet and voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1776, 383 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847, 590, and in the 1890s. - 1900 (77.7%), in 1897 in Britain and Ukraine. - 2,452 (54.1%), in 1931 in V. - 1434, in 1989 in the district - 51 Jews, including 5 - in the village. localities, in 1997 in V. - 14 Jews. Jews lived in V. from the middle. 16th century From 1886, Raphael Shapira (1837-1921) was the rabbi in V., from 1910 - I.L. Avida, in 1915 - Shimon Persky. In the end. 19th century Pinhos Turberg (1875-1951) published a journal in V. "Gaboker-Or". In 1909 there were 4 synagogues and plank beds in V. Jewish school with wives. In 1803, H. Volozhiner founded a yeshiva in V. in his honor "Etz Chaim". All subsequent hands. Yeshivas, including N.-Ts.-I. Berlin, J.-B. Soloveichik and H. Soloveichik, were either descendants of Volozhiner, or related to his family of kinship. bonds. Twice, in 1824 and 1858, the yeshiva was declared closed by the authorities, but it continued to function. The number of students in it constantly increased and in the end. 1880s reached 400 people. From ser. 19th century in the yeshiva the Musar current became widespread. In the 1870s. the ideas of Haskala began to penetrate into the yeshiva; in the 1880s. pl. The study was attracted by the Khibat Zion movement. In 1891 he grew up. min. bunk bed education approved the "Rules on the Volozhin yeshibot", according to which the students of the Volozhin yeshivas had to study not only the Talmud, but also Russian. lang. and arithmetic in the volume of the Jewish Nar. uch-sch. The head of the yeshiva Berlin did not agree with these "Rules", and in 1892 the authorities announced the closure of the yeshiva; Berlin and the studies were expelled from V. In 1895 the yeshiva was reopened and continued to work until 1915, when the front was approaching. stripes to V., classes in it ceased. The yeshiva was reopened in 1921 and existed until the 2nd world. war. In decomp. During the period M.-I. Berdichevsky and H.-N. Byalik studied at the Volozhin yeshiva, who captured the atmosphere of the yeshiva in the poem "Ha-Matmid" ("Ascetic"). After occupation, a ghetto was created in V. In aug. 1941 in V. 45 Jews were shot, December 1. 1941 - c. 300, May 2, 1942 - more than 1,500 Jews. In June 1943, more than 1,500 people were killed at the Jewish cemetery, and a dilapidated yeshiva building has survived in V. In 1992, the old Jewish cemetery was fenced in. In 1995, a monument with inscriptions to the Belarusian was erected at the site of the mass extermination of Jews in V. lang. and Hebrew. In 1997, 14 Jews lived in V. . Shapiro; Joseph J. Bunim (b. 1906), Amer. rheumatologist, Doctor of Medicine (1930), since 1910 - in the USA.
VOLOZHINER Chaim ben Yitzchak (1749, Volozhin - 1821, ibid.), Rabbi, teacher, student of the Vilna Gaon Eliyahu. In 1803 he founded a yeshiva in Volozhin, which became the prototype and model of large Talmudic people. uch. establishments in Vost. Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as in Israel, the USA, and other countries. Yeshiva formed the religious-spiritual. the face of Lithuanian Jewry. Leading non-Hasidic religion. authority early. 19 century, V. recognized the value of the teaching on the meaning of religions preached by Hasidism. feelings in the service of God, but at the same time argued that Heb. religious life is manifested in the strict observance of all the prescriptions, laws and rituals of Judaism. Main Tr. V. "Nefesh ha-chaim" was published in 1824. V.'s son - Itskhak (|, Volozhin - 1849, Ivenets, Minsk province), taught at the yeshiva during his father's life, after his death inherited the place of Ch. yeshiva and rabbi of the Volozhin community. In 1843 he took part in the work of the conf. on questions Heb. education, convened by the pr-vom.
VOLPA, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16th and 18th centuries. - the town of the Volkovysh district of the Novogrudok voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1766 641 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1847 - 709, in 1897 - 1151 (58.2%), in 1921 - 941. in 1931 - c. 1,000 Jews. Jews have lived in Hungary since the 17th century. Since 1879 Zeev-Wolf Turbovich (1846—?) Was the rabbi in V. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. t-in. 2 nov. 1942 In V., 962 Jews were shot. In V. genus: H. Pet; Monya Shapiro (1898-1931, Kiev), writer (in Yiddish).
WILL, see Will-Grains.
VOLIA-BARANETSKAYA, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1462. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. From 1919 to 1939 it was a part of Poland, from 1939 to 1991 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in V.-B. from the 16th century In the 18th century. in V.-B. a synagogue was built. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of V.-B. was destroyed.
VOLIA-KRUPITSY, a village in the Mostovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Volya Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland; in 1939–91, the BSSR. In 1863, in V.-K. 165 Jews lived, in 1897 - 467 Jews (86.4%). In 1863 in V.-K. there was a synagogue. In the beginning. 20th century rabbi in V.-K. was Avrom Zacheim (1860-1938).
WOLIA-KSHYSTOPORSKA, a village in Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Petrokovsky u. 62 Jews (14%) lived in VK in 1921. During the Second World War. During the war, a Judenrat was created in V. In the end. oct. 1942 Jews were taken to the ghetto in Piotrkow Trybunalski, and from there to Treblinka.
VOLYANOV, see Volyanov.
WOLYANOW, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Volyanov of Radomsky u. In 1856 271 Jews (65.7%) lived in Hungary, in 1897 - 333 (67.8%), in 1921 - approx. 500 Jews. 1870s. Shaya-Itskhok Rabinovich was a rabbi in V., in the 1910s. - Gershon Schwartz. In 1940 a workers' camp was created in V., which contained approx. 1 thousand Jews. The camp was liquidated in August. 1943. In July 1941, a ghetto was created in V., which was liquidated in July 1942.
VOLARKA, now as part of an urban-type settlement [[Krasnye Okna (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk lips. Since 1920 - in the Baltsky district. Odessa province. Since 1923 - the village of Krasnooknyansky district of Odessa province, in 1924-40 - part of the Mold. Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since 1940 - in the Odessa region. In 1859, 504 Jews lived in V., in 1870 - 157, in 1893 - 233, in 1898 - 296, in 1905 - 428, in 1926 - 153, in 1940 - 92 Jews. the establishment of the colony per family was given 20 dess. free state lands. In 1870, the lustration commission confiscated part of the land from the colonists. Between 1914 and 1922 the economy fell into decay and the population declined. A collective farm was created in 1929. 1941 all residents of V. were shot.
VOLYNETS, see Volyntsy.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВОЛЫНЬ, историческая область в бассейне юж. притоков р. Припять и верховьев Зап. Буга. С 10 в. — в составе Киевской Руси, с кон. 12 в. — Галицко-Волынского кн-ва, со 2-й пол. 14 в. — Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — осн. часть в составе Рос. империи. С 1921 — в составе УССР и Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР. Ныне — терр. Волынской, Житомирской, Ровненской, сев. частей Тернопольской и Хмельницкой обл. в составе Украины, вост. части Люблинского воеводства в составе Республики Польша.Первое упом. о евреях на В. относится к кон. 13 в. и касается докум. свидетельства о трауре евреев Владимира-Волынского по поводу смерти кн. В. Владимира Васильковича (ум. 1288). Есть основания предполагать, что уже в 12 в. на этой терр. существовало еврейское поселение. Евреи жили в В. и после вхождения ее в Вел. кн-во Литовское. Среди еврейских общин, к-рым вел. кн. Витольд даровал право проживания, были общины Владимира-Волынского и Луцка. На протяжении 1-й пол. 15 в. евреи В. арендовали собственность во Владимире-Волынском и даже получили в аренду собственность от князя. Во 2-й пол. 15 в. упом. еврейские землевладельцы Луцка. В 1495 вел. кн. литовский Александр Ягеллон изгнал всех евреев из страны, в т. ч. и из В. В 1503 евреям разрешили вернуться в Литву и вернули их собственность, за исключением поместий. В 1507 властями были восстановлены прежние права евреев на проживание, и с этого времени, вплоть до 1569, в В. наблюдался значит. рост численности еврейского населения, в этот период в В. существовало 13 еврейских общин.Евреи В. занимались в осн. торговлей, нек-рые — ремеслом. Во 2-й пол. 16 в. евреи стали арендовать постоялые дворы и расширяли свою деятельность в разл. сферах, связанных с имуществ. владением. Дальнейшее развитие еврейской общины В. приходится на период 1569—1648. Возникновение новых городов в связи с интенсивным заселением терр. Украины способствовало расселению евреев В. в новых р-нах. В 1648 в В. было 48 нас. пунктов, в к-рых проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.После присоединения В. к Речи Посполитой евреи В. получили такие же права, как и евреи Польши. Аренда владений, торговля с.-х. продукцией, производимой в них, определяли принципы жизни евреев В. В Луцке появились первые на В. еврейские ремесл. цеха. Раввины кр. общин В. собирались периодически для обсуждения общих интересов. В Остроге располагался Верховный раввинский суд.Восстание 1648 под предводительством Б.М.Хмельницкого подорвало устои жизни евреев В. Тогда же экономич. значение В., превратившейся в пограничный р-н Речи Посполитой, резко снизилось.В 1660-х гг., в относительно спокойный период, численность еврейского населения В. начала восстанавливаться. В кон. 1670-х гг. на В. проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев, и их кол-во продолжало увеличиваться. В 1765 в 116 нас. пунктах В. насчитывалось 51 736 евреев. Есть основания предполагать, что их численность была значительно больше, т. к. часть населения уклонялась от переписи, проводимой с целью сбора налогов. Ок. 30% евреев жили в деревнях; в 3 кр. общинах было по 2—2,5 тыс. чел., в 6 общинах — по 1—2 тыс. чел. Евреи В. продолжали заниматься арендой; росло кол-во ремесленников.В 1702, при подавлении восстания казаков на Украине, отд. казачьи отряды вторглись на терр. В.; их преследовали, также грабя и убивая евреев, польск. армия и части гетмана И.С.Мазепы. Во время Сев. войны (1700—21) швед. войска захватили часть В. (1706) и обложили население тяжелыми репарациями. За ними пришли рус. и польск. армии, к-рые также принудительно взимали дань с евреев. С 1730-х гг. евреи В. постоянно подвергались нападениям со стороны гайдамаков. В 1747 отмечен факт «кровавого навета» в Заславле (совр. Изяслав), в 1755 произошла попытка «кровавого навета» в Кременце, в 1756 — в Ямполе, в 1764 — в Луцке.На терр. В. в числе одной из первых получил распространение хасидизм. В Полонном жил один из учеников и последователей И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Яков-Йосеф, в Межириче (совр. [[Великие Межиричи) — преемник И.Баал-Шем-Това Дойв-Бер, в Корце — раби Пинхас, в Бердичеве — Лейви-Ицхок, в Житомире — раби Вольф. К нач. 19 в. практически все евреи В. были хасидами. Первый раздел Польши в 1772 и отделение В. от Галиции, с к-рой ее связывали экономич. отношения, способствовали перемещению центра торговли из Львова в Дубно, что, в свою очередь, помогало развиваться еврейской общине В. Ярмарки стали проходить и в др. городах В., в кон. 18 в. важным торг. центром стал Бердичев.При втором (1793) и третьем (1795) разделах Польши нек-рые р-ны В. отошли к Рос. империи, и в 1799 из них была образована Волынская губ., вошедшая в черту оседлости. В первое время политич. изменения не затронули организацию жизни общин В.; близость австр. границы стимулировала установление коммерч. отношений евреев В. с жителями Австрии, в т. ч. способствовала контрабанде. Для предотвращения занятия контрабандой губернатор В. внес в 1812 предложение переселить евреев на 50 верст от границы. В 1816 предложение получило санкцию центр. властей, и в 1825 это решение распространилось на все зап. провинции России, хотя на практике так никогда и не было полностью исполнено. В 1843 вышел указ о перемещении евреев со всех пограничных территорий. В это же время евреи из Литвы и Белоруссии начали переселяться в В. В 1847 в В. проживало 174 457 евреев. До сер. 19 в. нек-рые евреи получили акцизы от пр-ва на произ-во алкогольных напитков. Увеличилось число евреев, арендовавших постоялые дворы. Мн. евреи торговали с.-х. продуктами и табаком. В 1885 число евреев В., принадлежавших к купцам 1-й и 2-й гильдий, составляло 113 чел., к 3-й гильдии — 3749 чел. Возросла роль евреев в банковском деле. Только в Бердичеве в нач. 1850-х гг. действовало 8 еврейских банкирских домов. Увеличилось кол-во евреев-земледельцев. В 1859 на В. было 38 еврейских с.-х. колоний.С 1820-х гг. благодаря И.-Б.Левинзону Кременец становится центром Гаскалы на В. В нач. 1830-х гг. по инициативе И.Роттенберга в Бердичеве был организован кружок последователей Гаскалы. Одним из активнейших деятелей Гаскалы на В. был А.-Б.Готлобер. С 1840-х гг. рос. пр-во прилагало определенные усилия для распространения светского образования среди евреев России. Житомир, где находились еврейская типография и открытое в 1842 раввинское уч-ще, стал важнейшим центром Гаскалы в Юго-Зап. России.Отмена крепостного права в 1861, Польск. восстание 1863—64, вынужденное проведение агр. и др. реформ оказали значит. влияние на экономич. и социальное развитие В. Однако уменьшение влияния польск. аристократии, стр-во ж. д. и установление прямых связей с крупнейшими пром. центрами лишило евреев В. привычных условий жизни и способствовало их частичному разорению. Тем не менее в кон. 1870-х гг. из 123 кр. ф-к, расположенных на В., 118 владели евреи. Увеличилось кол-во евреев, занимавшихся ремеслами. В 1897 на В. проживало 395 782 еврея — 13,2% от общей численности населения В.; 30% из них жило в городах, 49% — в местечках, 21% — в деревнях. Евреи составляли половину населения городов В. Ок. 40% евреев В. зарабатывали себе на жизнь торговлей, 25% — ремеслами, 12,5% — обществ. и частными службами, 3,7% — извозом и 2,3% — с. х-вом. Отрасли пром-сти, в к-рых были заняты евреи, занимались в осн. переработкой с.-х. продукции, деревообработкой, мыловарением, выделкой кож и т. д.В 1880-х гг. в городах и местечках В. были организованы ячейки «Ховевей Цион», в нач. 20 в. — отд-ния Бунда и сионистских партий. Большое влияние на жизнь евреев В. продолжал оказывать хасидизм.Волна еврейских погромов в нач. 1880-х гг. затронула и В. Во время погромов 1904—05 в ряде городов В. были созданы отряды самообороны. В 1915 по В. прокатилась волна погромов, устроенных солдатами рус. армии в р-нах, расположенных вблизи линии фронта, когда осуществлялось выселение евреев из-за их предполагаемой нелояльности. Летом 1917 солдаты, покидавшие фронт, убивали и грабили евреев в разл. нас. пунктах В. Десятки тысяч евреев В. пострадали в годы Гражд. войны.По Рижскому мирному договору, заключенному между РСФСР и Польшей, б. ч. В. отошла к Польше, образовав Волынское воеводство; Вост. В. вошла в состав УССР как Волынская губ. В 1926 в УССР проживало 65 589 евреев В. и ок. 300 тыс. — в Польше. На терр. польск. части В. действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции, развивалась система еврейского образования. На терр. сов. части В. в 1920-х гг. наступил период нац.-культурного стр-ва, открывались еврейские клубы, выходили еврейские газ. и др. издания. В 1930-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из местечек в большие города Украины и внутр. р-ны России. После раздела Польши в сент. 1939 вся В. отошла к СССР.Вскоре после начала войны между Германией и СССР началось истребление евреев В. Во мн. р-нах В. происходили убийства евреев местными жителями до прихода герм. частей или сразу после него. В разл. городах бывш. польск. В. были созданы гетто, существовавшие до осени 1942. После 2-й мир. войны оставшиеся в живых евреи В. вернулись на прежнее местожительство. Жизнь евреев В. в 1950—80-х гг. мало чем отличалась от жизни евреев в подавляющем большинстве регионов СССР. В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. имел место массовый выезд евреев в Израиль и США. В нач. 1990-х гг. активизировалась еврейская жизнь В., ставшей частью независимой Украины (см. ст. Украина и ст. об отд. городах В.)., pronunciation=ВОЛЫНЬ, историческая область в бассейне юж. притоков р. Припять и верховьев Зап. Буга. С 10 в. — в составе Киевской Руси, с кон. 12 в. — Галицко-Волынского кн-ва, со 2-й пол. 14 в. — Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — осн. часть в составе Рос. империи. С 1921 — в составе УССР и Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР. Ныне — терр. Волынской, Житомирской, Ровненской, сев. частей Тернопольской и Хмельницкой обл. в составе Украины, вост. части Люблинского воеводства в составе Республики Польша.Первое упом. о евреях на В. относится к кон. 13 в. и касается докум. свидетельства о трауре евреев Владимира-Волынского по поводу смерти кн. В. Владимира Васильковича (ум. 1288). Есть основания предполагать, что уже в 12 в. на этой терр. существовало еврейское поселение. Евреи жили в В. и после вхождения ее в Вел. кн-во Литовское. Среди еврейских общин, к-рым вел. кн. Витольд даровал право проживания, были общины Владимира-Волынского и Луцка. На протяжении 1-й пол. 15 в. евреи В. арендовали собственность во Владимире-Волынском и даже получили в аренду собственность от князя. Во 2-й пол. 15 в. упом. еврейские землевладельцы Луцка. В 1495 вел. кн. литовский Александр Ягеллон изгнал всех евреев из страны, в т. ч. и из В. В 1503 евреям разрешили вернуться в Литву и вернули их собственность, за исключением поместий. В 1507 властями были восстановлены прежние права евреев на проживание, и с этого времени, вплоть до 1569, в В. наблюдался значит. рост численности еврейского населения, в этот период в В. существовало 13 еврейских общин.Евреи В. занимались в осн. торговлей, нек-рые — ремеслом. Во 2-й пол. 16 в. евреи стали арендовать постоялые дворы и расширяли свою деятельность в разл. сферах, связанных с имуществ. владением. Дальнейшее развитие еврейской общины В. приходится на период 1569—1648. Возникновение новых городов в связи с интенсивным заселением терр. Украины способствовало расселению евреев В. в новых р-нах. В 1648 в В. было 48 нас. пунктов, в к-рых проживало ок. 15 тыс. евреев.После присоединения В. к Речи Посполитой евреи В. получили такие же права, как и евреи Польши. Аренда владений, торговля с.-х. продукцией, производимой в них, определяли принципы жизни евреев В. В Луцке появились первые на В. еврейские ремесл. цеха. Раввины кр. общин В. собирались периодически для обсуждения общих интересов. В Остроге располагался Верховный раввинский суд.Восстание 1648 под предводительством Б.М.Хмельницкого подорвало устои жизни евреев В. Тогда же экономич. значение В., превратившейся в пограничный р-н Речи Посполитой, резко снизилось.В 1660-х гг., в относительно спокойный период, численность еврейского населения В. начала восстанавливаться. В кон. 1670-х гг. на В. проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев, и их кол-во продолжало увеличиваться. В 1765 в 116 нас. пунктах В. насчитывалось 51 736 евреев. Есть основания предполагать, что их численность была значительно больше, т. к. часть населения уклонялась от переписи, проводимой с целью сбора налогов. Ок. 30% евреев жили в деревнях; в 3 кр. общинах было по 2—2,5 тыс. чел., в 6 общинах — по 1—2 тыс. чел. Евреи В. продолжали заниматься арендой; росло кол-во ремесленников.В 1702, при подавлении восстания казаков на Украине, отд. казачьи отряды вторглись на терр. В.; их преследовали, также грабя и убивая евреев, польск. армия и части гетмана И.С.Мазепы. Во время Сев. войны (1700—21) швед. войска захватили часть В. (1706) и обложили население тяжелыми репарациями. За ними пришли рус. и польск. армии, к-рые также принудительно взимали дань с евреев. С 1730-х гг. евреи В. постоянно подвергались нападениям со стороны гайдамаков. В 1747 отмечен факт «кровавого навета» в Заславле (совр. Изяслав), в 1755 произошла попытка «кровавого навета» в Кременце, в 1756 — в Ямполе, в 1764 — в Луцке.На терр. В. в числе одной из первых получил распространение хасидизм. В Полонном жил один из учеников и последователей И.Баал-Шем-Това раби Яков-Йосеф, в Межириче (совр. [[Великие Межиричи) — преемник И.Баал-Шем-Това Дойв-Бер, в Корце — раби Пинхас, в Бердичеве — Лейви-Ицхок, в Житомире — раби Вольф. К нач. 19 в. практически все евреи В. были хасидами. Первый раздел Польши в 1772 и отделение В. от Галиции, с к-рой ее связывали экономич. отношения, способствовали перемещению центра торговли из Львова в Дубно, что, в свою очередь, помогало развиваться еврейской общине В. Ярмарки стали проходить и в др. городах В., в кон. 18 в. важным торг. центром стал Бердичев.При втором (1793) и третьем (1795) разделах Польши нек-рые р-ны В. отошли к Рос. империи, и в 1799 из них была образована Волынская губ., вошедшая в черту оседлости. В первое время политич. изменения не затронули организацию жизни общин В.; близость австр. границы стимулировала установление коммерч. отношений евреев В. с жителями Австрии, в т. ч. способствовала контрабанде. Для предотвращения занятия контрабандой губернатор В. внес в 1812 предложение переселить евреев на 50 верст от границы. В 1816 предложение получило санкцию центр. властей, и в 1825 это решение распространилось на все зап. провинции России, хотя на практике так никогда и не было полностью исполнено. В 1843 вышел указ о перемещении евреев со всех пограничных территорий. В это же время евреи из Литвы и Белоруссии начали переселяться в В. В 1847 в В. проживало 174 457 евреев. До сер. 19 в. нек-рые евреи получили акцизы от пр-ва на произ-во алкогольных напитков. Увеличилось число евреев, арендовавших постоялые дворы. Мн. евреи торговали с.-х. продуктами и табаком. В 1885 число евреев В., принадлежавших к купцам 1-й и 2-й гильдий, составляло 113 чел., к 3-й гильдии — 3749 чел. Возросла роль евреев в банковском деле. Только в Бердичеве в нач. 1850-х гг. действовало 8 еврейских банкирских домов. Увеличилось кол-во евреев-земледельцев. В 1859 на В. было 38 еврейских с.-х. колоний.С 1820-х гг. благодаря И.-Б.Левинзону Кременец становится центром Гаскалы на В. В нач. 1830-х гг. по инициативе И.Роттенберга в Бердичеве был организован кружок последователей Гаскалы. Одним из активнейших деятелей Гаскалы на В. был А.-Б.Готлобер. С 1840-х гг. рос. пр-во прилагало определенные усилия для распространения светского образования среди евреев России. Житомир, где находились еврейская типография и открытое в 1842 раввинское уч-ще, стал важнейшим центром Гаскалы в Юго-Зап. России.Отмена крепостного права в 1861, Польск. восстание 1863—64, вынужденное проведение агр. и др. реформ оказали значит. влияние на экономич. и социальное развитие В. Однако уменьшение влияния польск. аристократии, стр-во ж. д. и установление прямых связей с крупнейшими пром. центрами лишило евреев В. привычных условий жизни и способствовало их частичному разорению. Тем не менее в кон. 1870-х гг. из 123 кр. ф-к, расположенных на В., 118 владели евреи. Увеличилось кол-во евреев, занимавшихся ремеслами. В 1897 на В. проживало 395 782 еврея — 13,2% от общей численности населения В.; 30% из них жило в городах, 49% — в местечках, 21% — в деревнях. Евреи составляли половину населения городов В. Ок. 40% евреев В. зарабатывали себе на жизнь торговлей, 25% — ремеслами, 12,5% — обществ. и частными службами, 3,7% — извозом и 2,3% — с. х-вом. Отрасли пром-сти, в к-рых были заняты евреи, занимались в осн. переработкой с.-х. продукции, деревообработкой, мыловарением, выделкой кож и т. д.В 1880-х гг. в городах и местечках В. были организованы ячейки «Ховевей Цион», в нач. 20 в. — отд-ния Бунда и сионистских партий. Большое влияние на жизнь евреев В. продолжал оказывать хасидизм.Волна еврейских погромов в нач. 1880-х гг. затронула и В. Во время погромов 1904—05 в ряде городов В. были созданы отряды самообороны. В 1915 по В. прокатилась волна погромов, устроенных солдатами рус. армии в р-нах, расположенных вблизи линии фронта, когда осуществлялось выселение евреев из-за их предполагаемой нелояльности. Летом 1917 солдаты, покидавшие фронт, убивали и грабили евреев в разл. нас. пунктах В. Десятки тысяч евреев В. пострадали в годы Гражд. войны.По Рижскому мирному договору, заключенному между РСФСР и Польшей, б. ч. В. отошла к Польше, образовав Волынское воеводство; Вост. В. вошла в состав УССР как Волынская губ. В 1926 в УССР проживало 65 589 евреев В. и ок. 300 тыс. — в Польше. На терр. польск. части В. действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции, развивалась система еврейского образования. На терр. сов. части В. в 1920-х гг. наступил период нац.-культурного стр-ва, открывались еврейские клубы, выходили еврейские газ. и др. издания. В 1930-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из местечек в большие города Украины и внутр. р-ны России. После раздела Польши в сент. 1939 вся В. отошла к СССР.Вскоре после начала войны между Германией и СССР началось истребление евреев В. Во мн. р-нах В. происходили убийства евреев местными жителями до прихода герм. частей или сразу после него. В разл. городах бывш. польск. В. были созданы гетто, существовавшие до осени 1942. После 2-й мир. войны оставшиеся в живых евреи В. вернулись на прежнее местожительство. Жизнь евреев В. в 1950—80-х гг. мало чем отличалась от жизни евреев в подавляющем большинстве регионов СССР. В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. имел место массовый выезд евреев в Израиль и США. В нач. 1990-х гг. активизировалась еврейская жизнь В., ставшей частью независимой Украины (см. ст. Украина и ст. об отд. городах В.)., extra_data="{'translat...")
VOLYNOV Boris Valentinovich (b. 1934, Irkutsk), cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Sov. Union (1969, 1977). Graduated from VVIA them. Zhukovsky. Since 1960 - in the cosmonaut corps. First flight - from 15.1. until 1/18/1969. The second flight was from 6.7 to 24.8.1976. There was a hand. neg. astronauts.
VOLYNSKY Akim Lvovich (Flexer Chaim Leibovich) (1863, Zhitomir - 1926, Leningrad), art critic, ballet and lit. critic. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1886). Lit. activity began in 1880 with publication in Heb. gas. in Russian lang. "Dawn". From 1889 an employee, then hands. g. "Northern Bulletin", after the closure of which (1899) was engaged in preim. the history of painting, t-ra and music, after 1917 - the study of ballet, was in charge of the Italian. dep. publishing house "World Literature". Published in the "Stock Exchange" (1911-17), "Life of Art" (1920 25). Research creativity of such great masters as M.M. Petipa, M.M. Fokin, A.P. Pavlova, A. Duncan. In the early 20s, he organized the School of Russian. ballet in Petrograd. In 1920-24 - before. Petrogr. branch of Vseros. Union of Writers. Advocating for the "autonomy" of criticism from journalism, he displeased both liberal and conservative circles. He criticized the esthetician. views of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. In their religions. his search went from the desire to combine Judaism with Christ (letter to Leo Tolstoy, 1894) to an apology for Judaism (The Four Gospels, P., 1922). Cit .: Russian Critics, St. Petersburg, 1896; Kingdom of the Karamazovs, St. Petersburg, 1901; Leonardo da Vinci, St. Petersburg, 1900; Problems of Russian ballet, 1923.
VOLYNSKY Zinovy ​​Moiseevich (1897, Kherson - 1968, Leningrad), therapist, major general honey. service (1965). Graduated from honey. Institute (1924). Until 1932 he worked as a general practitioner in various. honey. institutions; from 1932 - in Kr. Army, incl. in Leningrad. military. hospital (until 1937). During the war years 1941-45 early. hospital in Leningrad, from 1942 beginning. dignity dep. army to Leningrad. fr., simultaneously - assistant, assoc. and deputy. early Department of Faculty Therapy Military-med. academy (1941–54), prof. From 1955 to the beginning. department of hospital therapy No. 1 (since 1956 also department No. 2), then beginning. department of military-sea. and hospital therapy there and at the same time. ch. therapist of the USSR Ministry of Defense at the military-mor. navy. works by V. poev. ch. arr. problems of cardiology, pathology of digestion and metabolism, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, hypertonic. disease, rheumatism. V. - the author of a number of uch. manuals and manuals (on radiation sickness, emergency therapeutic aid on submarines, etc.). Member reign of Vseros. therapeutic. about-va.
VOLYNTSY, a village in the Verhnedvinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Polotsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1802 - the town of Volynets, Drissensky u. Vitebsk province. In 1833, 105 Jews (33.2%) lived in V., in 1838 - 140 (36.1%), in 1843 - 180, in 1863 - 170, in 1881 - 402 (64.8%). in 1897 - 602 (61.1%), in 1923 - 509, in 1926 - 457 Jews (57.2%) In 1833 there was a synagogue in V., and there was a Jewish cemetery. In the end. 19th century in V. there were 2 synagogues, the rabbi was Elya-Shaya Kheifets. All the Jews of V. were Hasidic. V. N. Pervyshin
VOLZHSK, see Volsk.
VOLZHSKY, city (since 1954) in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1951, 327 Jews lived in Hungary in 1959, and 404 (0.3 percent) in 1970.
VONIGOVO, a village in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919 - 38 - a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939-44 - Hungary, in 1945-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 14 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1830 - 67 (13%), in 1880 - 190, in 1930 - 299 Jews (21%) Jews lived in V. from the beginning. 18th century In the end. 19th century a synagogue was built. There was a mikvah and a Jewish cemetery. Most of the Jews of Hungary were evicted in the summer of 1941 to the territory occupied by the Germans. army. Those who remained in the spring of 1944 were sent to the Tyachev ghetto, and from there to Auschwitz.
VONKOVTSY, see Vinkovtsy.
VONKHOTSK, a city in the Kelecke Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Ilzhetsky u. Radom Gubernia. 139 Jews (16%) lived in Hungary in 1856, 638 Jews (29.9%) in 1897, and 850 Jews in 1921. Until 1862 Britain was closed for free settlement of Jews. The Jewish population of Hungary was exterminated. during the Catastrophe. Yisroel Steinberg (1894-1970, Tel Aviv), poet, linguist (Yiddish).
VONSEVO, a village in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 17th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1765 95 Jews lived in V., in 1897 - 196, in 1921 - 269 Jews (33%). Jews have lived in V. since the 18th century. In the beginning. 19th century Among the Jews of V. there were 3 tenants, a shopkeeper, 6 hatters, a furrier, and a hairdresser. In the end. 19th century Jews owned a mill and a tar plant. There was a synagogue and a mikvah. In 1900–05, Itskhok-Dovid Shulevits (1872 -?) Was the rabbi. Jews of V. were shot in July 1941. The survivors were sent to ghettos and extermination camps.
VONSOSH, a city (since 1436) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1939–45, it was part of the BSSR. In 1808, 14 Jews (2%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 280 (28%), in 1857 - 453 (33%), in 1897 - 499, in 1921 - 338 ( 21%), in 1939 - approx. 800, in ser. 1941 - c. 1200 Jews. 18th century in V. lived several. Jewish families engaged in small trade and handicrafts. In 1892, of the 29 artisans of Hungary, 21 were Jews. Some Jews were engaged with. x-vom. The synagogue was built at the beginning. 20th century Itskhok Tykotsinsky (1866 -?) Was the rabbi in V. since 1895. In 1934, a series of pogroms took place in V.. Sep 1939 Hungary was occupied by the Germans. troops, in the con. oct. 1939 transferred to the USSR. On June 22, 1941, the Germans entered Hungary. parts. On July 5, 1941, the Polish police killed 1,185 Jews. Fifteen Jews remained alive, to-rye June 1, 1942 were sent to a labor camp, from there on November 2. 1942, along with 500 Jews from other places, were deported to the camp in Bogush, then to Treblinka and Auschwitz.
WONWOLNICA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Novo-Alexandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1856 there were 401 Jews (27.8%) in Hungary, in 1883 - 628 (37%), in 1897 - 836 (35.5%), in 1921 - approx. 1,500 Jews in the 1900s. Moishe Krongold was the rabbi in V. The Jewish population of V. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
WORMS, see Grape.
VORMSOVO, see Grape.
WORM, see Grape.
VORNI, see Varnyay.
VORNYANY, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1903, Hungary was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882. In the first half. 19th century the rabbi in V. was Gershon Antsilevich. D.-P.Kaplanovich.
VOROBEINIK Aron (1895-1941), poet, literary critic. In 1920 he worked as a teacher of Heb. literature in Riga Nar. un-those, took the act. participation in the cultural life of the Baltics. In the beginning. 20s taught Heb. literature first in Kharkov, then in Odessa. Heb. ped. technical school, and before the 2nd world. war - to Odessa. ped. in-those, was in charge of scientific. part and fund of Heb. lit. Museum named after M. Moikher-Sforima in Odessa. V. published in local, rep. and center, gas. and f. research about the life and work of M. Moikher-Sforim, Sholem Aleichem, I. I. Linetsky on the basis of unknown found by him. materials. All R. 30s took part in the preparation of full. academic. ed. manuf. M. Moicher-Sforima. In 1941 he went to the Nar. militia. The author of several. book for children: "Derceilungen far kin-der" ("Stories for children", 1925), "Farvos un bizvanen" ("Why and for how long", 1926), "Shneelekh-havertes" ("Snowflakes-sisters", 1927 ), as well as research. "From the heritage of Mendele Moicher-Sforim", "Sholem Aleichem and censorship", etc.
VOROBYEVICHI, a village in the Slonim district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the BSSR. 1942 approx. V. 635 Jews were shot.
VOROKHTA, urban-type settlement (since 1960) of the Yaremche city council of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 196 Jews lived in Hungary. 1941 several were shot in V. hundreds of Jews deported to the main. from Hungary.
VORONECH, see Voronichi.
CROWN, see Voronichi.
VORONEL Alexander Vladimirovich (real family member Polyakov) (b. 1931, Leningrad), physicist, publicist, society. activist, Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). Twice (1946 and 48) he was repressed in connection with his participation in the underground opposition. circles of youth. In 1954 he graduated from the Kharkov state. un-t. From 1955 to 1972 he worked at the Institute of Physics and Technology. and radio measurements in Mendeleevo Mosk. region He worked part-time at the United. Moscow Ying nuclear research. in Dubna (1964-66) and prof. Physics and technology Institute (1968–70). Publ. more than 40 scientific. works. In the beginning. 1972 resigned and applied for repatriation to Israel. At the same time. founded and in tech. for three years led the Moscow. seminar of refusenik scientists. In 1972 V. (together with the physicist V. Yakhot and his wife Nina) began a regular issue. samizd. Historical Philosophy. g. "Jews in the USSR". Before his departure at the end. 1974 V. managed to publish eight issues, in which were printed both materials reflecting the two-hundred-year experience of the life of Jews in Russia, and theoretical attempts. generalizations and analysis of modern situations. Since 1975 in Israel. Prof. Tel Aviv. un-that. Elected member New York. AN, Europ. and Amer. physical about-in. From 1976 to 86 he was a member. and vice president. Worldwide to-that solidarity of scientists who supported their colleagues in the USSR. In 1976–78, members. Brussels Pres. World conf. solidarity with the Sov. Jews. Since 1987 - Member. Nat. Development Council under the Ministry of Science of Israel. In 1977, together with gr. writers-authors "Jews in the USSR" founded the Israeli-Russian language. g. "22". Author publ. book "The Tremors of Jewish Concerns" (1970 76), "Beyond Success" (1986), "And Jacob Was Left Alone" (1991).
VORONEZH, city, center of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1585.Since 1711 - the center of the Azov province, from 1725 - the Voronezh province, from 1779 - ch. the city of the Voronezh governorship, from 1796 - the Voronezh province. Since 1928 it has been the center of the Central Chernozem Region, since 1934 - the Voronezh Region. In 1863, 245 Jews lived in Hungary, in 1874 - 319, in 1897 - 1708 (2.1%), in 1910 - 1849, in 1923 - 4589 (4 , 8%), in 1926 - 5231 (4.4%), in 1939 - 8358, in 1970 - 5403 (0.8%), in 1979 - 4725 Jews (0.6%). the synagogue was opened. Since 1895, the rabbi of V. was Abram Lifskind, in the 1900s. - I. Yunovich. In 1903 a synagogue was built in Hungary. 21-22 oct. 1905 there was a pogrom (there were killed). Since 1914, a Jewish society for aid to war victims has been operating in Hungary. In the years of the 1st world. war in V. was approx. 4 thousand refugees. In 1915, a school and a hearth were opened for refugees, in 1916 - to prepare. crafts. school. In 1915 there were 2 synagogues and a cemetery in V. In 1917, a labor office was opened, organized by Moscow. branch of ORT. In 1917 the Jews of Hungary owned 237 trade-industrial. production, including 85 shops, 26 tailors, 9 hat shops, 9 shoe shops, 8 watch shops, as well as 8 pharmacies. In 1918, there were Tarbut and Ge-Haluts companies. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Hungary by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1919, a branch of the Evsection was created. In 1921, the V.I. B. Borokhov, school. K. Liebknecht (80 students), in 1922 - a European school. Cultural and educational activities were carried out. work, disputes, publishing a live newspaper, distributing literature in Yiddish. In 1932 one of the synagogues was closed and turned into a warehouse. Betzalel Vilishansky (1898, Bolshoi Nagartav - 1980, Melbourne, Australia) was the rabbi in Hungary from 1936 to 38. In the beginning. 1930s there was illegal activity in Slavin's house. cheder (teacher M.-Kh. Levin). In 1935–38 there was an illegal state. Lubavitch yeshiva. In 1959 a second synagogue was closed in Hungary. In the 1960s and 70s. it was illegal. minyan. Multiple Jewish requests to open a synagogue were rejected by the authorities. Since 1990, religions have begun to operate in Britain. community, Jewish cultural society “Bnei-Khorin”, center “Beit-Mishpoha”. In 1997, a synagogue was opened. In the family: A.Yu. Akselrod, V.E. Ardov, G.Ya. Baklanov, V.M. Volin, S.A. Voronov, E.I. Gabrilovich, S. Ya.Gersh, U. Dameshek, Daran, N.E. Zastenker, Ya.G. Kreizer, S.M. Krivoshein, A.M. Mandelstam, S. Ya.Marshak, Ya.I. Milstein, B.A. Fuks, I. N. Shklyarov, E. V. Shpolsky; Abram Mikhailovich Bogdanovich (1907-1975, Leningrad), Rear Admiral (1951), nagr. 8 hordes; Lev Grigorievich Gorchakov (b. 1917), physician, Dr. med. Sciences (1976), prof. (1977), specialist in the region. social hygiene; Julius Zinovievich Zaslavsky (b. 1924), specialist in the region. mine and underground construction, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1966), prof. (1968); Alexander Yakovlevich Katz (b. 1918), Major General Ing. troops (1968), early. Ing. army troops (1964–67); Naum Aleksandrovich Rogozhin (1879-1955, Leningrad), film actor in the 1920s and 30s, honored. art. RSFSR (1935); Anatoly Samuilovich Roshal (b. 1930), experimental physicist, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1981), prof. (1985). I. G. Beilin, D. G. Gutman, M. A. Kovner, S. G. Kerin, M. L. Kurskiy, N. Ya. Mandel'shtam, O. E. Mandel'shtam, D. M.Mansky, M.E. Mikhailov, V.E. Nezlin, M.A.Osherovsky, A.G. Ridal, I. Yunovich, J.K. Yaglom.
VORONICHI, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1552.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Voronech (other name. Voronechye) Lepel'skiy u. Vitebsk province. In 1838, there were 26 Jews living in V., in 1881 - 33, in 1896 - 34 Jews (21%). In 1876 there was a synagogue in V. (Hasidic). 1942 There was a ghetto in V.
VORONOE, a village in the Zhashkovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umansky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 350 Jews (13.7%) lived in Hungary.
VORONOK, a village in the Starodubsky district of the Bryansk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Voronok Starodubsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 371 Jews (10%) lived in V., in 1910 - 350, in 1923 - 134, in 1926 - 93 Jews (2.5%). In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in V. Most of Hungary's Jews were Lubavitch Hasidim. From 1906 Schneer-Zalman Ginzburg (1876—?) Was the rabbi in V., in the 1920s. - Z.-Sh. Dvorkin. In the end. 1920s in V., an attempt was made to build a mikvah.
VORONOV, a village in the Gorodenkovsky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942 approx. 30 Jews of V. were resettled to Gorodenka, where they were subsequently exterminated.
VORONOV Sergei Alexandrovich (Abramovich) (1866, Voronezh - 1951, Lausanne), surgeon and physiologist. After graduating from a real school in Voronezh, he left for France (1884), where he graduated from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Sorbonne and Higher. honey. school in Paris (1893). In 1897 he accepted the French. citizenship. From 1898 he worked in Egypt as a health advisor and court surgeon. Main in Cairo Royal honey. about-in and "Egyptian honey. f. ", as well as a school of nursing and infectious diseases. hospital. In 1910 he returned to France. In the years of the 1st world. war was ch. surgeon Rus. military. hospital in Paris. In 1917–38 he headed the lab. experiment, surgery at the College de France. In 1926 created. and headed the experiment, lab. with the monkey nursery in Grimaldi. Dec. 1939 was appointed honey. hands. specialist. divisions french. army engaged in skin and bone grafting. After the destruction of the lab. and nursery V. in 1940 left for Portugal, and then for the USA. Knight of the hordes. Poch. Legion Early Scientist tr. V. dedicated. problems of organ and tissue transplantation, incl. ovaries (1912), thyroid (1914), bones and joints (1916). In the 1920s. was engaged in ch. arr. the problem of rejuvenation, developing the theory of S. Brown-Séquard (who was the first to use extracts from the testes of animals for the purpose of rejuvenation) and widely practicing "rejuvenating operations" by transplanting the monkey's gonads to elderly people. Put it down. the effect of these operations, to-rye brought V. fame and caused a large society. the resonance, however, turned out to be short-term, as did the effect of other methods of rejuvenation, proposed by other scientists. V. is also the author of the book: "Practical Guide to Operative Gynecology" (1916), "Clinical Endocrinology" (1926), "From a cretin to a genius" (1941), "The origins of life" (1943). Cit .: Rejuvenation by transplantation gonads, L., 1924; Old age and rejuvenation, M.-L. 1927.
VORONOVITSA, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1652. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940, 18 Jews lived in Hungary.
VORONOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, there were 199 Jews living in Hungary, in 1897 - 1432 (91%), in 1921 - 980 Jews. there was a synagogue. In the 1890s. the rabbi in V. was Dovid Musenzon, in 1910-13 the rabbi and Ch. the rabbinical court was Z. Sorochkin, after 1913 - Sh.M. Schlifer. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Hungary. t-in. During the germ. After occupation, a ghetto was created in V. On May 11, 1942, 1,291 Jews were exterminated in V., including more than 300 Jews from the townships of Benyakoni and Konvelishki.
VORONTSOVKA, a settlement in the Pavlovsky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Voronezh province. In 1910 there was 1 Jew living in V., in 1939 - 3 Jews.
VORONTSOVO-ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Zelenokumsk.
VOROSHILOV, see Ussuriysk.
VOROSHILOVGRAD, see Lugansk.
VOROSHILOVKA, see Ivanovka.
VOROSHILOVSK, see Stavropol.
VOROTYN, a village in the Bobruisk district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1897, 63 Jews (9.1%) lived in V.
VOROVICH Joseph Izrailevich (1920, Starodub, Gomel province - 2001), mechanic, mathematician. Graduated from the Military Air. Ing. Academy (1944), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1959), prof. (1960), acad. RAS (1990). Works in Rostovsk. un-those (since 1950). Main tr. devoted to mat. questions of mechanics of continuous medium and theory of elasticity, theory of functions and funkts. analysis, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Non-classical. mixed problems of the theory of elasticity, M., 1974, (jointly with V.M.Aleksandrov, V.A.Babenko); Dynamic mixed problems of the theory of elasticity for nonclassical. oblasts, M, 1979, (with V.A. Babenko); Mat. Problems of the Theory of Shallow Shells, Moscow, 1989.
VOROZHBA, a city (since 1959) in the Belopolsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1672. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sumy u. Kharkov province. 18-19 centuries. in V. lived several. Jewish families, in 1939 - 45 Jews.
VORSMA, a city (since 1955) in the Pavlovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village of Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926 there were 4 Jews living in V., in 1939 - 16 Jews. By October 10. 1915 250 Jewish refugees arrived in V., with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened.
VORTMAN Mila (Malka) (1902, Buchach, Austria-Hungary - |), literary critic, teacher. Finish postgraduate studies in Heb. branches of the 2nd Moscow State University. Printed lit. research in Heb. liter in period. ed. Together with Sh. Klitenik compiled Sat. critics "Maxim Gorky", ed. in 1932 by the Emes publishing house (Moscow). On the instructions of Ying-that Heb. span. culture VUAN studied the state of teaching Hebrew. literature at school, together with Klitenik released a critic. review "To the methodology of lesson literature at school" (Kharkov - Kiev, 1933). She defended her dis. about the life and work of Peretz Markish, and in 1937 the Emes publishing house published her monograph about him. Together with R. Rubina published the book. "Novels and Monologues" by Sholem Aleichem for children Art. age with lit. comm. In the late 30s - early. 40s worked at the Department of Zarub. literature to Yaroslav. ped. in-those, then in ped. in-takh of Arkhangelsk and Armavir. The author is a slave. about the work of W. Shakespeare and others. writers.
VORZEL, urban-type settlement (since 1938) of the Irpen City Council of the Kiev Region. (Ukraine). Main in 1900. In the beginning. 20th century - in Kievsky u. In 1939, 174 Jews (over 5%) lived in V., in 1999 - approx. 30 Jews in the 1930s pl. Jews worked to lay down. institutions V., to-ry became climatic. resort republic. In the summer of 1941, twenty Jews fought in partisans. detachment "Victory or death" (Komsomol organizer of the detachment Joseph Shapiro), to-ry, together with units of the Red Army of St. month participated in battles on the approaches to V. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986) V. was in the zone of radioactive contamination. S.Ya. Elisavetsky
VOSKOBOINIKOV Mikhail Grigorievich (1912, settlement Chencha, Transbaikal region - 1979, Leningrad), literary critic, folklorist, translator, teacher. Graduated from North. dep. Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. A.I. Herzen (1939). From 1945 to the end of his life he taught at the faculty of the peoples of the Kyrgyz Republic. North Leningr. ped. Institute, trained teachers for the nat. schools. Research folklore, literature, culture of Nar. North and East Russia, translated into the Evenk language. Russian thin prose, but in Russian. lang. manuf. thin literature of the Evenki and others. peoples, prepared a number of collections of literature and folklore of the North: "Evenk folk tales", "The sun over the plague", "Folklore of the Evenks of Buryatia" (1958), "Folklore of the Evenks of the Baikal region" (1967), "Tales of the peoples of the North" ( with G. Menovshchikov, 1950), participated in the creation of school and university textbooks for northerners.
VOSKOV Semyon (Samuil) Petrovich (1889, Zhlobino, Poltava province. - 1920, Taganrog), participant of the revolutionary. movement, political officer Kr. Army. Member Communist. party since March 1917. Worker-joiner. In 1905, members. working fighting squad in Poltava, was repeatedly arrested. In 1906 he escaped from the Yekaterinoslav prison, emigrated to the United States, where he took part in the organization “Rus. workers' unions ". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd, by order of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) was sent to the Sestroretsk Arms Plant, where he headed the factory committee. In oct. days 1917 by order of Petrograd. VRK organized the issuance of weapons to Kr. Guards, chap. detachment of the Red Guards participated in the protection of Smolny, the capture of the Winter Palace, and later - in battles with the cadets in Petrograd and the troops of General. P.N. Krasnov on the outskirts of the city. From Apr. 1918 Commissioner of Food North. region, member Petrogr. Provincial Executive Committee and All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In nov. 1918 - March 1919 RVS of the 7th Army. Affairs. 8th Congress of the RCP (b). In apr. - May 1919 member. RVS of the Estland Army, from July 1919 as a military commissar of a number of riflemen. divisions to the South. fr. He died of typhus and was buried on the Field of Mars in Petrograd.
VOSKRESENKA, see Voskresenovka.
VOSKRESENOVKA, a village in Vasilkovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Voskresenka Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia. In 1911 there was a synagogue in V. Since 1921, a branch of the Evsektsia has been operating.
VOSKRESENSK, see Istra.
VOSKRESENSKIY, see Istra.
VOSSIYATSKOE, a village in the Elanetsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1808. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kherson province. Jews lived in V. from the end. 19th century In 1918, a pogrom broke out in Britain by the troops of the Directory; Jewish homes were looted.
VOTKINSK, city (since 1935), regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). V. was formed from the village, fuss. at one of the oldest ironworks of the Kama region, DOS. in 1759. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 84 Jews living in V., in 1926 - 6, and in 1939 - 24 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in V..
VOVNYANKA, as part of (since 1966) urban-type settlement Rozhische (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Vulnyanka (other name. Bolshaya Volnyanka) Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 286 Jews (21.9%) lived in Hungary, in 1921 - 189 Jews (51.9%). 20th century The number of inhabitants of Britain gradually decreased. The Jewish population of Britain was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VOVSI Arkady Grigorievich (1899, Riga - 1971, Moscow), actor. R. in the teacher's family. In 1926 he graduated from GITIS. As a student, he performed on the stage of the Zamoskvoretsky Theater. Since 1930 - actor of the 2nd Moscow Art Theater. Roles of this period: Diego ("The Spanish Priest" by J. Fletcher and F. Messinger), the chauffeur of Taratut ("The Clockmaker and the Chicken" by IA Kocherga) (both 1934). In 1936–38 he worked in the Moscow City Council of Trade Unions (from 1938 - the Mossovet Theater). In 1938 he moved to the T. Linen. Komsomol. In March 1953, due to the fact that his cousin, prof. MSVovsi was accused in the "case of doctors", V. was dismissed from the t-ra and only after the closure of the "case" and the rehabilitation of his brother returned to the t-r, in which he worked until the end of his life. For 50 years, creative. activities created many. diverse scenic images: Korshunov ("Poverty is not a vice" by A.N. Ostrovsky), Shvandya ("Yarovaya Love" by K.A. Trenev), Golub, Vorontsov, Tikhiy ("The Story of One Love", 1941, "So It Will Be", 1944 , "Under the chestnuts of Prague", 1945 K. M. Simonov), Fekin ("Filming a movie" ES Radzinsky, 1965) and others. He also worked as a director. Fast. performances: "School comrades" by B.S.Laskin (T-r. Len. Komsomol, 1945), "Heirs" by A.Ya. Brushtein (MTYUZ, 1946), variety show "Husband, Wife and Entertainer" (1957) for G.M. Dudnik, E.A. Arnoldova and M.N. Garkavi. Conducted by ped. work in GITIS (Assoc.). Nar. art. RSFSR (1962).
VOVSI Ida Iosifovna (1899, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1983, Moscow), activist of the People's Commissariat. education. Since 1915 after graduating from Ponevezhskaya wives. Gymnasium gave private lessons. Since 1917 in Moscow on owls. and desks. work: head. dep. RK VKP (b), secretary jurid. dep. Executive Committee of the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky district. In 1924 she graduated from the Academy of com. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskoy, taught at the evening school for adults at the plant AMO (now ZIL). In 1924-30 on prof. work, before. board of the district House of Education. In 1933 she graduated from graduate school at the Center. Research Institute of Polytechnic, Education. In 1933–41, the rector of Moscow. mountains. ped. in-that. In 1941-45 she was in charge of the Kuibyshevsky district department. bunk bed education. Since 1945 she worked at the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (scientific secretary of the Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Education, Scientific Research Institute of Teaching Methods; assistant of the President of the Academy). From 1956 she worked in the railway station. "Sov. pedagogy "(ed. department, deputy. chief ed.).
VOVSI Miron (Meep) Semenovich (1897, Kreslavka Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1960, Moscow), therapist. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919); in 1919-22 he served as a doctor in Kr. Army. Since 1922 - in the faculty therapeutic. clinic of the 1st Moscow State University, Art. scientific. sotr. Medico-biol. in-that. Since 1934 head. therapeutic. dep. hospitals them. SP Botkin, on the basis of which the Department of Therapy Center was created. in-that improvement of doctors, a cut was in charge until 1938, from 1938 and until the end of his life head. 2nd therapeutic department in the same place. In 1941–47, Ch. therapist Kr. Army. In 1952 he was arrested and imprisoned under the so-called. "Doctors' cause", released in 1953, rehabilitated. Osn. scientific. tr. on the physiology and pathology of the kidneys, lungs, heart, liver, diseases of the circulatory system, etc.; developed the main. the provisions of military field therapy. He proposed serotherapy for pneumonia (1934), gave a classification of angina pectoris (1956) and clinically. characteristics of transitional forms from angina pectoris to myocardial infarction. Developed by origin. func. research methods. with jade. He studied the features of etiology, pathogenesis, therapy of acute diffuse glomerulonephritis, metabolic disorders in the body in war conditions, as well as the peculiarities of the course of internal diseases. organs in the wounded. Honored. scientist of the RSFSR (1943); general-major med. services (1943). Works: Nephrites and nephrosis, Moscow, 1955 (with G.F. Blagman); Diseases of the urinary system, M., 1960; Clinical lectures: (Diseases of the heart and blood vessels). M., 1961.
VOYDZE, see Vaijiai.
VOYKOVDORF, see Voikovo.
VOIKOVO (until 1945 - Voikovdorf), a village in Nikopol district of Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 1920s as a Jewish immigrant. village. In the end. 1920s - Jewish nat. the village council of the Stalindorf Jewish district. In 1931, 780 people lived in V., in 1939 - 218 people. 1941 several were shot in V. dozens of Jews.
Voinilov, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Kalush region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1443. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Galician land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kalush district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in the Kagal environs. 495 Jews lived in 1880, 977 (44.9%) in Hungary, 1115 (40.9%) in 1900, and 944 Jews (29.8%) in 1921. Jews have lived in Hungary since the 17th century. In the 1670s. Aron Segal was the rabbi in V., in the 1830s. - Shmuel-Nokhum Gesinboyer, then his son Menachem-Isroel (? -1894), in 1894-1940 - the son of the last Itzhok-Tzvi (? -1940). In 1920, a Hebrew school was opened in Hungary. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. May 1942 approx. 800 Jews of V. were taken to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk), where they were shot.
Voinovich Vladimir Nikolaevich (b. 1932, Stalinabad), writer. After finishing the crafts. uch-schcha worked at the plant. He studied at the East. f-those MOPI them. N.K. Krupskaya. First appeared in print as a poet. Author of more than 50 songs, incl. "14 minutes before the start". The first story "We Live Here" - about the life of young people on virgin lands - was published in "Novy Mir" by AT Tvardovsky (separate ed. M., 1963). In the 1970s. came out the book. V. "Tale" (M., 1972), "The Degree of Trust: The Tale of Vera Figner" (M., 1972). The novel-anecdote "The Extraordinary Adventures of the Soldier Ivan Chonkin", which satirically depicts the totalitarian-bureaucratic who reigned in the USSR, was widely known in samizdat. system (first published in Russian in Paris in 1975). V. is an active participant in the dissident movement. He was harassed and denied the opportunity to publish. In 1974 he was expelled from the USSR JV, in 1980 he was forced to emigrate. He settled in Munich. In 1990 V. owls were returned. citizenship. Since 1989, books have been published in Russia. prose and journalism "I want to be honest" (M., 1989), "Zero Solution" (M., 1990), rom. "Moscow 2042" (M., 1990) - satire. dystopia about building communism "in one separate city." V. - the author of the plays "Tribunal" and "Fictitious marriage" staged on the stage, pl. publicistic. and lit.-Crete. Art. in different periods, ed.
WAR, see Vainutas.
VOYO NOVA, see Sheet.
WOISLAWICE, a city in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Kholmsk land of the Belz Voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Kholmsky posad. Lublin province. 821 Jews (52.2%) lived in Hungary in 1856, 1619 (81.6%) in 1897, and approx. 1,200 Jews. In 1761, an incident related to the "blood libel" took place in Hungary. The rabbi and kagal elders were accused of ritual murder; 4 elders were executed, the rabbi hanged himself in prison. In the end. 19th century the rabbi in V. was Meir-Shraga Weinstein (1857—?), in the 1900s. - Shia Kleinmind, 1920s-30s in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Britain was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VOISLAVSKY Zvi (1889, Graevo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1957, Jerusalem), writer, public figure. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied at the reformed yeshiva in Odessa, where H.-N. Byalik and I.-G. Klausner taught. In 1909 he came to St. Petersburg, where he studied at the Higher. courses in oriental studies. Then he studied at Odessa. un-those. While living in Odessa, he became a Zionist and actively opposed the Bundists. In 1921 he left Russia, lived in Istanbul, then in Berlin. In 1931 he graduated from Berlin, un-t. Since 1934 in E.-I. In 1942-47 ed. lit. g. "Moznaim". Was a member. Academy language. Hebrew, headed by Israel. section of the PEN club. Main op. V. poev, sociology of culture and the relationship of personality and society: book. "Yehidim b reshut ha-rabbi" ("Personality in public life", 1943), "Hevley tarbut" ("The flour of culture", 1946) and others. V. translated into Hebrew works. Z. Freud, A. Schopenhauer, M. Buber, T. Mommsen.
VOITINSKY (Zarkhin) Grigory Naumovich (1893, Nevel, Vitebsk province. - 1953, Moscow), rev. and societies. activist, orientalist - specialist in China. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1935). Got early. education, later engaged in self-education. From 1913 - in the USA, he also lived in Canada. In the spring of 1918 he returned to Russia, joined the RCP (b), was sent to work in Krasnoyar. Council. During the Kolchak regime, he conducted underground work, participated in the uprising. against the Kolchakites in Omsk, after the suppression of the rebellion, he was sent to Vladivostok for parties, work, where in May 1919 he was arrested and sentenced to indefinite hard labor on Sakhalin. In Jan. 1920 took part in the establishment of owls. authorities in Sakhalin. In 1920–27 sotr. Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI), in 1926-27 before. Dalnevost. The Office of the ECCI in Shanghai; contributed to the creation. the first communist. cells in Shanghai, Beijing, Canton (Guangzhou); negotiated with Sun Yatsen on joint the work of the Kuomintang and the whale. communist. party. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1929–48 scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians, Pacific. Institute, Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1929–53 he taught. work in KUTV, IKP, MIV, Moscow State University. Publ. St. 80 works on economics, polit., And international. the position of China, China. rev-tion, pl. of them are propaganda-cognitive. character.
VOYTINSKY Vladimir Savelyevich (1885, Petersburg - 1960, Washington, USA), leader of the revolutionary. movement, economist. R. in a family of baptized Jews. The high school student was carried away by polit. savings and wrote the book. “Market and Prices” (published in 1906 with a foreword by MI Tugan-Baranovsky). In 1904 he entered to study law. f-t. Petersburg. un-that. From the autumn of 1905, a Bolshevik, participated in the work of St. Petersburg. org-tion of the RSDLP, member. her to-that, organizer and pre. Petersburg. council of the unemployed (1906-1907). He was arrested several times. In 1908 he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he was arrested, and in May 1909 he was sentenced to military service. court to 4 years of hard labor, which he served in the Alexandrovsky penal servitude center. In conclusion he wrote ser. essays and stories about the events of 1905. From the end. 1912 in a settlement in Irkutsk Gubernia, collaborated in the Social-Democrats gas. "New Siberia", "Irkutsk Word", "Sib. word". In the brochure "Truth and Lies about the Jews" (P., 1914) he criticized manifestations of anti-Semitism in Russia. By order of the Irkutsk branch of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia joint. with A.Ya. Gorshtein wrote the book. "Jews in Irkutsk" (Irkutsk, 1915). In the beginning. 1st world. war became close to the Mensheviks, collaborated in their train. "Sib. review "," Sib. magazine ”, advocated an early peace without annexations and indemnities. In March 1917 he returned to Petrograd, took part in the work of the All-Russia. meetings of desks. workers, convened by the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) (March 27 - April 2), advocated support for the Time. pr-va and association with the Mensheviks, sharply criticized "Apr. theses "by VI Lenin, calling them" a mixture of Marxist terminology, old cliches with new slogans. " Since the spring of 1917 - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council and its Bureau, ed. gas. Izvestia, cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then its bureau. In the days of July 1917, members. Military. Commission of the Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the All-Russian. Council cross. dep., took part in the restoration and maintenance of the roar. order in Petrograd. From ser. July 1917 - pom. Commissioner Time. pr-va to the North. fr. In the beginning. oct. - the commissioner of this fr. In oct. 1917 was preparing a detachment of the general. PN Krasnov to the campaign against Petrograd, communicated with the members of the CEC of the 1st convocation and the "Committee for the salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution." On November 1, 1917, he was arrested and taken to the Peter and Paul Fortress. On Chrezvych. congress of the Mensheviks (November 30 - December 7, 1917) was elected in absentia as Cand. in part. Central Committee. After release in Jan. 1918 left for Georgia. Was ed. gas. cargo. Mensheviks "Struggle". In 1919 the cargo left with the delegation. pr-va to Italy. In 1921 he settled in Germany, sotr. in f. "Socialist. messenger ", was engaged in scientific. research in the region. economics and statistics. In 1924-28 he published on it. lang. tr. “The whole world in numbers” (vols. 1-7). Since 1929 head. dep. statistics Gen. Council prof. Germany. After the Nazis came to power, in 1934 he left for Switzerland. From 1935 - in the United States, until 1947 he worked in decomp. federal institutions, continued research. in the region. economics and statistics, an active supporter of the "new course" FD Roosevelt and state. regulation of the market economy. Author of tr .: "Population and production of the world" (1953); “Trade and state. org-tion of the world "(1955). In the last. years of his life he finally broke with Marxism. According to V., “socialism is not economic. program, but rather a dream, a moral postulate for the future. ”Cit .: Years of Victories and Defeats, Vol. 1–2, Berlin, P.-M., 1923–24; Forces sovr. socialism, Paris, 1929; Petersburg. Council of the Unemployed 1906-1907, New York, 1969.
VOYTKISKAYA, see Vaitkiskiai.
VOYTOLOVSKY Lev Naumovich (1877, Old Poltava lips - 1941, Leningrad), publicist, critic, literary critic, doctor. He graduated from high school in Kiev. Studied in Kiev. un-those, but for participation in the studio. demonstration was expelled in 1897 and sent to Kharkov, where in 1900 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that. From 1905 he worked in Kiev, a clinic for mental illness. Publ. from the beginning. 1900s in decomp. period. ed. ("Kiev responses", "Pravda", "Kiev. Thought" and others). In 1904 he entered the philology department. f-t Novoros. un-that, but was mobilized as a doctor in Russian-Japanese. war. In 1906 he published the book. essays "Japan and the Japanese". In 1914, the entire 1st world was mobilized again. served as a doctor during the war. Took part in civil. war, was wounded. The author of the book. "In the wake of the war" (L.-M., 1931). V. belongs to the literary public. tr. “Essays on the history of Russian. literature of the XIX and XX centuries. " (parts 1–2, M.-L., 1926–28), where, despite a certain vulgarization, vivid characteristics of the writers are given. In 1929 he lost his sight, but continued lit. work. He died during the blockade of Leningrad.
VOYTOVKA (in 1947-95 - Chapaevka), a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in V. In 1941 - 44 in V. there was a camp for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. From hunger and disease in the camp died approx. 2500 people On 1 Sept. 1943 993 Jews were held in the camp.
VOYTOVTSY, an urban-type settlement (since 1970) in the Volochisk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. During the German period. occupation 11 Sept. 1942 Jews from V. were shot in Volochisk.
Voytseshkov, see Voytseshkow.
WOJECESKOW, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - d. Voytseshkov Lukovsky u. Sedlecka province. 1942 213 Jews living in V. were deported through Luków to Treblinka.
VOSDVIZHENSKOE, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century in Chernigov province. In May 1918, a pogrom broke out in V. by the retreating units of the Kr. Army; 15 Jews suffered.
VOZHEGA, urban-type settlement (since 1932), a regional center in the Vologda Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Kadnikovsky station Vologda Gubernia. In 1926, 8 Jews (1.0%) lived in V., in 1939 - 8 Jews.
VOSNESENKA, a village in the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. In 1926, 30 Jews did not live in Voznesenkovsky District, in 1939 there were 5 Jews in V. In 1942 one Jew was killed in V.
VOSNESENSK, city (since 1938), regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1795. In 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1863, 778 Jews lived in V., in 1864 - 1249, in 1897 - 5932 (37.7%), in 1910 - 7663 (39.7%), in 1920 - 6177, in 1923 - 5965, in 1926 - 5116 (23.7%), in 1939 - 2843 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in V. Chaim Hertsenstein was the rabbi in Hungary from 1864, Yehuda Teplitsky (1842–?) From 1869, and Yakov-Meir Yako (1868–?) From 1895. In 1909, a husband was active in V. and wives. Jewish schools, Talmud-Torah, in 1910 - 7 synagogues. In 1911, there were 85 students in the Talmud Torah, and 345 students in 14 heders. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1916, a T-in of Jewish Artists was organized under the exercise. R. Zaslavsky and Basmanov. In 1925, immigrants from V. founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agricultural t-in (7 families). occupation in V. in Sept. 1941 several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In V. genus: I.Yu.Barenboim, Sh.A. Kordonsky, Yu.G. Oksman; Viktor Borisovich Khusid (1903-1974), military leader, major general (1944), in 1941-45 beginning. artillery of the army, com. art. divisions, load. 8 orders of E.S. Mosolov
VOSNITSYN Alexander (| - 1738), captain-lieutenant grew up. fleet. During the reign of the imp. Anna Ioannovna was arrested on charges of falling away from Orthodoxy and adopting the "Jewish faith." According to the highest approved resolution of the Senate, he was burned in St. Petersburg together with the "seducer" Jew Borukh.
Voznovshchina, a village in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Vileysky u. Vilna province. In 1898, 66 dess. land inhabited by 57 people.
VRADIEVKA (until 1964 - Velikaya Vradievka), an urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1939, 481 Jews lived in V. 19th century in V., Jewish general education was opened. school. During the 2nd world. During the war, a ghetto was created in V. 1 Sep 1943 20 Jews survived in V. S. T. Vaiman.
VSELYUB, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1897 645 Jews (62.3%) lived in Hungary, in 1921 there were 286 Jews. There were 2 Jewish cemeteries in Hungary: "Old" and "new" (since 1763). The Jewish population of Hungary was destroyed during the Holocaust.
VSEVOLOZHSK, a city (since 1963) in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). In the 18th century. - Ryabovo manor. From 1895 - railway. Art. Vsevolozhskaya. In 1926 three Jews lived in V., in 1959 there were 802 Jews.
VSEVOLOGSKAYA, see Vsevolozhsk.
VUL Bentsion Moiseevich (1903, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1985, Moscow), physicist. Ch.-c. (1939), Doctor of Science Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1972). Hero of Soc. Labor (1969). Graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (1928). Since 1932 he has been working in Phys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1933 head of the laboratory of physics of dielectrics, now - of the laboratory of semiconductors). Since 1951 - member. ch. ed. Big Owl encyclopedias. tr. after eating, physics of dielectrics and semiconductors. Exploring the electric. the strength of dielectrics, discovered a new form of dielectric breakdown (sequential breakdown), established the nature of the edge effect in the breakdown of solid. dielectrics and features of the breakdown of compressed gases in sharply inhomogeneous fields. Discovered and investigated the ferroelectric of St. va titanate of barium (1944), which marked the beginning of the creation of a new class of dielectrics, widely used in modern times. technique. For this work he was awarded the Stahl. pr. (1946). In 1948 he began research. on physics of semiconductors. Under his arms. the first semiconductor diodes, transistors and solar cells were developed. Further studies in the region. photoelectric phenomena led to the creation. silicon solar cells. He created a diffusion transistor and proposed to use p-n-junctions in semiconductors as nonlinear capacitors. With the direct participation of V. in 1963 in the USSR, the first semiconductor lasers were created, for which Len was awarded to him in 1964. etc.
VULIKH Boris Zakharovich (1913, Petersburg - 1978, ibid.), Mathematician. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t. (1936), postgraduate student, ibid. (1938), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). He worked in Leningrad. ped. in-those (1938–63), at the Naval Academy of Shipbuilding and Weapons (1948–57), in Leningrad. un-those (from 1963). Main the results are related to topology, geometry, func. analysis, theory of functions, Works: Funkts. analysis in semi-order. spaces, Moscow-Leningrad, 1950, col. with L.V. Kantorovich and A.G. Pinsker; Introduced. in theory. semi-ordered. spaces, Moscow, 1961.
VULIS Abram Zinovievich (1928, Kiev –1993, Krasnogorsk, Moscow region), literary critic, prose writer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). Prof. (1980). One of the largest specialists in the theory of satire, detective and adventure literature. Graduated from Middle Asian. un-t in Tashkent (1951). Works: I. Ilf, E. Petrov: Essay on creativity. 1960; Sov. satirical novel, 1965; In the world of adventure: Poetics of the genre, 1986; Vacancies in my album: Stories of a literary critic, 1989.
VULIS Lev Abramovich (1911, Ekaterinoslav - 1973), thermal physicist, Dr. sciences, professor (1946). Graduated in 1938 engineer-physical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. Worked at the Center. boiler-turbine institute. In 1941-44 at the Teploenergoproekt Institute. In 1944-50 at the Aviation Research Institute. prom-sti. At the same time. taught at Moscow. Aviation in-those (1946), in Moscow. mechanical in-those, Military air. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky. Since 1951 in Alma-Ata, where he organized and headed the Department of General and Molecular Physics of Kazakh University, Thermophysical. lab. and lab. physical foundations of thermal processes in Ying-those power engineering of the Academy of Sciences Kaz. SSR. From 1962 he taught at Leningrad. universities. Main scientific. tr. related to issues of gas dynamics, hydrodynamics of jet flows. viscous liquid and gas, magn. hydrodynamics, combustion, with research. operation of liquid jet engines. He discovered and substantiated the law of reversal of effects in gas dynamics (1960), proposed the method of physical. modeling magnetogasdynamic. energy converters. Author of over 200 scientific. works. Honored. scientist of the Kazakh SSR (1961). Works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of the working process of a liquid-propellant engine, Moscow, 1947; Thermodynamics of gas streams, M., 1950; Thermal combustion, M., 1954; The theory of streams of a viscous fluid, M., 1965; Fundamentals of the theory of a gas torch, M., 1968; Theory and calculation of magnetogasdynamic. tech. in the channels, M., 1971.
WOLF Evgeny Vladimirovich (1885, Simferopol - 1941, Leningrad), botanist, historian and popularizer of science. Studied in nature. dep. Moscow un-that (1903-06) and in Vienna un-those, to-ry he graduated in 1909. He specialized in botanist. geography from prof. R. Wettstein. In 1914-26 the head. dep. botany in Nikitsky Botanical Garden (near Yalta) and at the same time. in 1921-26 prof. Crimean University. In 1926–35 he was in charge of the section of essential oil plants organized by him in Vses. in-those plant growing in Leningrad. At the same time. since 1934 prof. and head. Department of Botany Leningrad. ped. in-ta them. M.N. Pokrovsky. Main scientific. work in the region. botanist. geography, taxonomy of plants of the Crimea, study grows. resources, ist. plant geography. Author of reports on essential oils, tanning, dyeing and medicines. plants, descriptions dep. genera and families of plants. Conducted research. in the region. geography of plants on the territory. USSR and other countries of the world. Prepared for ed. classic tr. naturalists I.G. Kölreuter and A. Humboldt and made them scientific. comment. The author of works on the life and work of the founder of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, H.H. Steven and other botanists. Works: Nikitsky Botanical. garden, Simferopol, 1926; Flora of Crimea, M.-L., 1927–69 (in co-authorship); Introduction to Historical. plant geography, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1932; Cultural flora of the USSR, M., 1935 (in co-authorship); Historic. geography of districts, M.-L., 1944.
WOLF Moshe (Moses) (1878, Odessa - 1971, Israel), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Honey. educated in Berlin. In Vienna at hand. Z. Freud mastered the theory and methodology of psychoanalysis. V.'s desire to include psychoanalytic. procedures in the clinic. the practice was disapproved of by the management of the Berlin hospital where he worked; in 1909 V. was dismissed and moved to Odessa, where he founded the Psychoanalyst. about-in, which has become an authoritative scientific. c., about the activity of which Freud spoke positively. Subsequently V. moved to Moscow, where he acted as one of the organizers of Rus. psychoanalytic. about-va (1921); in 1924–27 before. about-va. Actively participated in the issue. the published book series “Psychol. and psychoanalytic. b-ka ", for a cut he translated from him. lang. a number of scientific. tr. In 1927 he left for Germany, where he continued scientific and practical. activity; publ. a number of Art. in f. Int. psychoanalytic. associations. Since 1933 in E.-I. Joint. with M. Eytington founded the Palestinian Psychoanalit. about. acting as the founder of this scientific. and therapeutic. directions in E.-I. V. carried out lane. in Hebrew DOS. tr. Z. Freud. Extensive scientific. V.'s archive is kept in his house-museum in E.-I. Soch. in Russian lang .: Fantasy and reality in the psyche of a child, Odessa, 1926; Psychology of children. whims, Odessa, 1929.
VULF Vitaly Yakovlevich (b. 1930, Baku), art critic, translator. Doct. ist. sciences. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). Since 1967 he has been working at Ying-those mezhdunar. of the labor movement (now the Institute for the Problems of the Labor Movement and Comparative Political Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences), leading scientific. sotr. Author of translations of plays by W. Alby, S. Moem, Y. O'Neill and others. Since 1990 author and TV presenter. programs "Fates, Legends, Biographies". Cit .: From Broadway a little to the side, M., 1982; Stepanova - actress of the Moscow Art Theater, M., 1985; Idols, stars, people, M., 1994.
VULFSON Grigory Naumovich (1920, Novosibirsk - 2002, Kazan), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1972). Graduated from Wed. school in Kazan (1939), in 1939–42 he studied at the East. Faculty of Kazan University. In the spring of 1942 he left for the French, was seriously wounded. Graduated from East. department ist.-philol. Faculty of Kazan University (1945), left as an assistant at the Department of History of the USSR (now the Department of Fatherlands, History until the 20th century). Since 1974 - prof. The author of St. 40 Art. and 10 monographs on the history of societies, movement in the Volga region in the 50-60s. 19th century Prepared 25 Ph.D. ist. sciences. Participated in the creation of a number of memorials and museums in Tatarstan (including the Museum of Art. I. Shishkin in Elabuga). He headed the work on the creation of bio-bibliographic. dictionary "Pupils of Kazan University (1804-1990)". Honored. Scientist Rep. Tatarstan, works: Raznochinno-democratic. movement in the Volga region and the Urals in the years of the first roar. situations in Russia, Kazan, 1974; Herald of Freedom: Pages from the Life of A.P. Shchapov, Kazan, 1984.
VULFSON Sergey Grigorievich (b. 1945, Kazan), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1978). Son of G.N. Wolfson. He graduated in 1967 chem. Faculty of Kazan University., Head. lab. structures of complex compounds and ligands in-that organic. and physical chemistry them. acad. A.E. Arbuzov Kazan scientific. c. RAN Basic work in the region. structural chemistry, electric. and magn. properties of molecules. Created a new scientific. direction to the region. molecular magnetochemistry and magneto-optics. Author of over 200 scientific. tr.
VULKA, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 82 Jews (12.8%) lived in Hungary. On Sept. 1915 all Jews were expelled from V. In the summer of 1941 in the vicinity of V., approx. 200 Jews. In 1942, all the remaining Jews (45 people) were shot.
VULKA HRODZISKA, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Blonsky district. Warsaw province. In 1897 in V.-G. lived 349 Jews (22.6%). 20th century Jews owned factories for the production of starch (A. Greenberg) and paints (R. Biberstein).
VULMAN Shmuel (1896, Kalushin Novominsogo u. Warsaw province. - 1941, Kremenets), poet, publicist. In 1917 he came to Warsaw, published during the period. ed. poems, art., feuilletons and reviews. Lived in Warsaw until Sept. 1939, after the start of the 2nd world. wars - in Bialystok, then in a village near the town of Kremenets. Killed during the occupation. In pre-war. Poland issued the book: "Gil-gulim" ("Fates", 1924; "Zunike Scheibn" ("Sunny Windows"), 1938; rom. "Kinder-yorn" ("Childhood"), 1931. His pen belongs to many Publicistic works, including essays on the life and work of M. Hess, B. Borokhov, I. Flavius, N. I. Makhno, F. Nietzsche, E. Zola, M. Robespierre, Z. Freud, A. G.Stakhanova and others. He also studied translations into Yiddish (R. Rollan, S. Zheromsky, V. Hugo and other classics of the world. Literature).
VULNYANKA, see Vovnyanka.
VULKA-MAZOVETSKA, see Volitsa.
VUYVICHI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897 93 Jews (18.4%) lived in Hungary.
VYAGYARIAI, a village in Akmene district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Vegera Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 102 Jews (13%) lived in Hungary, and in 1940 there were 50 Jews (6%). A Jewish community existed in Hungary from the beginning. 19th century The Jews were engaged in petty trade (including agricultural products for sale) and owned taverns. There were 4 synagogues (in 1896 2 synagogues and 9 Torah scrolls burned down). The rabbis in Hungary were P. Finfer, Nokhum Shapiro, Shoylom-Doiv Meirovich, from 1896 - Gershon ben Yitzhok, from 1903 - Avrom Benin (1876—?). In 1921-26 the life of the community was governed by an elected council of 7 people. In the end. 1920s in V., among the Jewish artisans there are 2 shoemakers, 2 butchers, a builder, and a tailor. In 1931, Jews owned 2 manufacturing shops. In the summer of 1941, after several. weeks after the occupation of V. germ. troops, all the Jews of V. were taken to Akmena and 5 Aug. shot by the Lithuanian police in the Mazeikiai district.
VYANGINSKAYA WAY, see Vytegra.
VYAPRYAI, a place in the Ukmerga region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Veper Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 18 Jews lived in Hungary. occupation, the Jews of Britain were shot in 1941. M. Gutman.
VYATKA, see Kirov.
VYATKIN Rudolf Vsevolodovich (1910, Basel, Switzerland - 1995, Moscow), orientalist, translator. Graduated from the Far Eastern State University (1939). Cand. ist. Sciences (1949), Assoc. (1951). Until 1956 he taught at VIIYa, MIV, Moscow State University. From 1956 - scientific, from 1957 - art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Sinology and Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. scientific. tr. devoted to the history of China, whale. Revolution 1925-27, Anglo-kit. relationships after the 1st world. war, whale. historiography. In the lane. V. with his comments and notes published "East. Notes ”(“ Shi Tszi ”) by Sima Qian (vols. 1–6, Moscow, 1972–92).
VYATSKY POLYANY, a city (since 1942) in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Vyatka province, since 1938 - a workers' settlement. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in V.P.
VYAZEMSKAYA, see Vyazemsky.
VYAZEMSKY, a city (since 1951), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1895. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Vyazemskaya Khabarovsk env. Primorsk Region In 1939, 42 Jews lived in V.
VYAZMA, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1239 as the center of the specific book. From 1403 - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1493 - in Rus. state-ve, fortress on the west. border, since 1776 - the county town of Smolensk province. In 1897 504 Jews (3.2%) lived in V. in 1910 - 1200, in 1926 - 506 (2.4%), in 1939 - 641 Jews. in V. was Benjamin Levin (1848—?). The synagogue was opened in 1900. After the announcement of the Manifesto on October 17. 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in V. In 1915 a Jewish school worked in V. During the 1st world. During the war, there were a large number of refugees in V. In 1915, a school was opened for refugee children. In 1929 there was a society of single Jewish handicraftsmen in V., in 1931 approx. V. - Jewish collective farm "Franschaft" (23 farm). In October. 1941 six Jews were shot in V. G.E.Koritsky, E.M. Margorin, E.S. Mosolova
VYAZNIKI, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. at the end. 16th century like a village. Since 1613 it has been a settlement, since 1778 it has been a district town of the Vladimir governorship, since 1796 it has been a province. 15 Jews lived in Hungary in 1910, 20 in 1926, and 28 in 1939.
VYAZOVKA, a village in Narodichsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 239 Jews (20.2%) lived in V., in 1923 - 268 Jews. Since 1899, Menachem-Nakhum Kagan (1869—?) Was the rabbi in V. In 1924 there was a left-wing organization "Ge-Halutz" in V.
VYAZYN, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Vileika u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 234 Jews (38.7%) lived in Hungary, and in 1931 there were 137 Jews. The Jewish population of Hungary was exterminated during the Holocaust.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ВЫБОРГ (в 1918—40 — Виипури), город, районный центр в Ленинградской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1293. С 1710 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1713 — центр Выборгской провинции, с 1744 — Выборгской, с 1802 — Финляндской губ. С 1811 — центр Выборгской губ. в составе Вел. кн-ва Финляндского. В 1918—40 — в составе Финляндии.В 1890 в В. проживал 261 еврей (1,5%), в 1909 — ок. 30 еврейских семей, в 1943 — 247 евреев, в 1997 — св. 500 евреев.Первые евреи — солдаты, служившие недалеко от города, и их семьи поселились в В. в 1830-х гг. В 1863 группа бывш. кантонистов была подвергнута аресту за возвращение в иудаизм. Еврейская община оформилась в 1879, в 1886 была построена синагога. Старейшая могила на еврейском кладбище датируется 1864. В 1888 финские власти предприняли неудачную попытку выселить из В. 34 еврейские семьи из 52. Сфера занятий евреев ограничивалась торговлей товарами собств. произ-ва, ягодами и старьем. Размер коробочного сбора достигал 1,2 тыс. марок в год. В 1893 в В. создана касса помощи бедным. В нач. 20 в. в В. было открыто второе еврейское кладбище, в 1906 — хевра кадиша.В ходе рев-ции 1905—07 евреи В. неоднократно устраивали собрания с требованием гражд. равноправия (один из организаторов — студент Сантери Якобсон), в 1906 обратились к имп. Николаю II с прошением о предоставлении гражд. прав евреям Финляндии. Тогда же была осн. еврейская культурная ассоциация, начато издание газ. на идише «Еврей Финляндии» (ред. С.Якобсон). Обществ. активность евреев вызвала рост антисемитских настроений среди финского населения, представители к-рого обращались к губернатору с просьбой ограничить права евреев на занятие промыслами. С нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи могли жить в В. лишь по спец. разрешению властей (с 1914 евреям было запрещено снимать дачи в р-не В.).Осн. занятие еврейского населения в 1920-х гг. — торговля. В 1919 в В. осн. молодежная сионистская орг-ция, действовал ряд еврейских культурных, благотворит. и спорт. об-в, об-во «Ахдус» открыло еврейскую больницу. В 1938 в В. прибыли первые беженцы — 9 венгерских евреев. Общину В. возглавляли в 1919—22 — Исаак Пергамент, в 1922—24 — Мозес Розенберг, в 1924—31 — Янос Якобсон, в 1931—33 — Мейр Каплан.Во время сов.-финл. войны 1939—40 погибло 3 еврея из В.; в результате первого налета сов. авиации на В. была уничтожена единств. синагога. После присоединения В. к СССР (1940) все евреи покинули город. После возвращения в В. фин. войск в 1941 еврейская община возродилась. 20 июня 1944 В. был занят сов. войсками. В боях принимали участие 17-я стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Александра Львовича Кроника (1901, Вильна — 1979), 3-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Леонида Эдуардовича Штейна, 35-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Петра Семеновича Кушнера. После вторичного присоединения к СССР евреи покинули В.: 158 чел. поселились в Хельсинки, 64 — в Турку, 25 — в Тампере, где основали синагогу (все они составляли выборгскую общину в изгнании, к-рую возглавлял раввин Самуэль Мааловат; в связи с кончиной последнего в 1958 община распалась).После 1944 в В. селились евреи — выходцы гл. обр. из Ленинграда (совр. Петербург) — врачи, учителя, актеры, музыканты и др. В 1991 было создано Выборгское еврейское культурное об-во (пред. Лев Романович Креймер), при к-ром организованы воскресная школа, 3 ульпана, отд-ние Открытого ун-та в Израиле, хор пенсионеров. На месте еврейского кладбища — пустырь с остатками надгробий.В В. род. В.Ф.Хородчинский.Е.И.Шейнман, pronunciation=ВЫБОРГ (в 1918—40 — Виипури), город, районный центр в Ленинградской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1293. С 1710 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1713 — центр Выборгской провинции, с 1744 — Выборгской, с 1802 — Финляндской губ. С 1811 — центр Выборгской губ. в составе Вел. кн-ва Финляндского. В 1918—40 — в составе Финляндии.В 1890 в В. проживал 261 еврей (1,5%), в 1909 — ок. 30 еврейских семей, в 1943 — 247 евреев, в 1997 — св. 500 евреев.Первые евреи — солдаты, служившие недалеко от города, и их семьи поселились в В. в 1830-х гг. В 1863 группа бывш. кантонистов была подвергнута аресту за возвращение в иудаизм. Еврейская община оформилась в 1879, в 1886 была построена синагога. Старейшая могила на еврейском кладбище датируется 1864. В 1888 финские власти предприняли неудачную попытку выселить из В. 34 еврейские семьи из 52. Сфера занятий евреев ограничивалась торговлей товарами собств. произ-ва, ягодами и старьем. Размер коробочного сбора достигал 1,2 тыс. марок в год. В 1893 в В. создана касса помощи бедным. В нач. 20 в. в В. было открыто второе еврейское кладбище, в 1906 — хевра кадиша.В ходе рев-ции 1905—07 евреи В. неоднократно устраивали собрания с требованием гражд. равноправия (один из организаторов — студент Сантери Якобсон), в 1906 обратились к имп. Николаю II с прошением о предоставлении гражд. прав евреям Финляндии. Тогда же была осн. еврейская культурная ассоциация, начато издание газ. на идише «Еврей Финляндии» (ред. С.Якобсон). Обществ. активность евреев вызвала рост антисемитских настроений среди финского населения, представители к-рого обращались к губернатору с просьбой ограничить права евреев на занятие промыслами. С нач. 1-й мир. войны евреи могли жить в В. лишь по спец. разрешению властей (с 1914 евреям было запрещено снимать дачи в р-не В.).Осн. занятие еврейского населения в 1920-х гг. — торговля. В 1919 в В. осн. молодежная сионистская орг-ция, действовал ряд еврейских культурных, благотворит. и спорт. об-в, об-во «Ахдус» открыло еврейскую больницу. В 1938 в В. прибыли первые беженцы — 9 венгерских евреев. Общину В. возглавляли в 1919—22 — Исаак Пергамент, в 1922—24 — Мозес Розенберг, в 1924—31 — Янос Якобсон, в 1931—33 — Мейр Каплан.Во время сов.-финл. войны 1939—40 погибло 3 еврея из В.; в результате первого налета сов. авиации на В. была уничтожена единств. синагога. После присоединения В. к СССР (1940) все евреи покинули город. После возвращения в В. фин. войск в 1941 еврейская община возродилась. 20 июня 1944 В. был занят сов. войсками. В боях принимали участие 17-я стрелк. дивизия под ком. ген.-майора Александра Львовича Кроника (1901, Вильна — 1979), 3-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Леонида Эдуардовича Штейна, 35-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Петра Семеновича Кушнера. После вторичного присоединения к СССР евреи покинули В.: 158 чел. поселились в Хельсинки, 64 — в Турку, 25 — в Тампере, где основали синагогу (все они составляли выборгскую общину в изгнании, к-рую возглавлял раввин Самуэль Мааловат; в связи с кончиной последнего в 1958 община распалась).После 1944 в В. селились евреи — выходцы гл. обр. из Ленинграда (совр. Петербург) — врачи, учителя, актеры, музыканты и др. В 1991 было создано Выборгское еврейское культурное об-во (пред. Лев Романович Креймер), при к-ром организованы воскресная школа, 3 ульпана, отд-ние Открытого ун-та в Израиле, хор пенсионеров. На месте еврейского кладбища — пустырь с остатками надгробий.В В. род. В.Ф.Хородчинский.Е.И.Шейнман, extra_data="{'translat...")
VYBRANOVKA, a village in Zhydachiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 101 Jews lived in V. In the second half. 1942 all Jews of V. were sent to Bobrka.
VYDYBOR, a village in the Chernyakhovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Radomysl u. Kiev province. Since 1925 - the Jewish farm Vydybor, Potievsky district, Malinsky environs. In 1898, 23.5 dess. 95 people lived in the land; 85 Jews lived in 1923, and there were 20 households.
BENEFIT, a village in the Belyaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a farm and a German colony in Odessa u. Kherson province. Sep 1942 196 Jews from Romania were brought to Hungary for employment.
VYGODSKY David Isaakovich (1894, Gomel - 1943, |), translator, lit. critic. Vygotsky's cousin. Graduated from Rom.-German. dep. Petrogr. un-that. Released Sat. poems "Earth" (1922). The lane became widely known. from europe. lang. (I. Becher, A. Malro, V. Blasco Ibanez, B. Perez Galdos; "Golem" by G. Meirink). Peru also belongs to him. Heb. writers (including "Stories" by H.-N. Bialik, Moscow, 1918; Berlin, 1922). In 1922 V. published in Petrograd. alm. Parthenon Review New Heb. poetry". The arrest of V. in 1938 provoked an unprecedented protest from a number of Sov. writers (Yu.N. Tynyanov, V.B. Shklovsky, M.M. Zoshchenko, K.A. Fedina and others). He died in custody.
VYGODSKY Mark Yakovlevich (1898, Minsk - 1965, Tula), mathematician and historian of mathematics. One of the founders of the owls. schools of historians of mathematics. Bolshevik from pre-Revolutionary experience. Participant citizen war. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1923), prof. (1931), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1938). He worked in Moscow. un-those (1931–41, 1945–46), in Rost. un-those (1947–48), from 1952 - to Tulsk. ped. in-those, since 1960 - in Tulsk. polytechnic in-those. In the beginning. 30s dir. Research Institute of Mathematics Moscow. un-that, vice-president. Moscow mat. about-va, ch. ed. State ed. technical-theoretician literature (1932–33). On charges related to roar. past and his acclaimed book. Galileo and the Inquisition (part 1, Moscow, 1934) was expelled from the party and removed from all posts. Author of reference books on elementary and higher. mathematics, withstood numerous. ed. in the USSR and abroad. After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, he was asked to restore his membership in the party, which he refused. Main the results relate to the geometry and history of mathematics. Works: Arithmetic and algebra in the ancient world, M.-L., 1941, 2nd ed., 1967); Mathematics and its figures in Moscow. un-those in the 2nd half of the 19th century, historical and mathematics. Issled., 1948, Issue 1; Differential Geometry, M.-L., 1949.
VYGODSKY Solomon Lvovich (1899, Ichnya Borziensky u. Chernigov province. - 1978, Leningrad), grew up. economist, prof. (1938), Dr. econ. Sciences (1939). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1924), on scientific-ped. work since 1923. Since 1948 at the department of polit. savings Academy of Societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. Main ex. scientific. research: economics sovr. industrial about-va, the theory of monopoly prices and profits, problems of reproduction, questions of scientific and technological revolution. The author of a number of works, some of which have been translated into English. Son V. - Vitaly (born 1928, Moscow), economist, doctor of economics. Sciences (1974). Graduated from Moscow. state econom. Institute (1955). Main direction of research. - history of econ. teachings of the 19th century Vol .: Essays on the theory of credit by K. Marx, M.-L., 1929; Credit and credit policy of the United States, 2nd ed., M., 1940; Essays on the theory of modern. capitalism, M., 1961; Modern capitalism (experience of theoretical analysis), Moscow, 1969, 1975.
VYGOTSKY Lev Semenovich (1896, Orsha, Mogilev province. - 1934, Moscow), psychologist. Prof. (1928). In 1913 he graduated from evil. medal gymnasium in Gomel, in 1911-13 led a circle for the study of Hebrew. stories. In 1917 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that and simultaneously. ist.-philol. f-t bed. University of A.L. Shanyavsky. In 1918–24 he worked in uch. institutions of Gomel, taught classes in the theater. studio, spoke with reviews of the modern. lit. production; was one of the organizers of the co-op. publishing house. From 1924 he worked in psychology. scientific. and uch. institutions of Moscow (Institute of Psychology of Moscow State University, Academic Committee of Education named after N.K. Krupskaya, Pedagogical Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University, Experimental Defectological Institute, etc.), at the same time. worked at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen and Ukr. psychoneurological. in-those (Kharkov). Sci. activity began with the study of the psychology of art - issl. patterns of perception lit. manuf. ("The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark", 1916; "Psychology of Art", 1925, published in 1965, 1986). He gave a deep criticism. analysis of the world. psychology of the 1920s – 30s, who played an important role in the formation of the father. psychol. Sciences. Created cultural history. theory of behavior and psyche development, edges one of the first in the world. psychology disclosed social. the nature of the formation of people. consciousness. He made a major contribution to many. branch of psychol. Sciences. In ool. children psychology developed the periodization of the age-related development of the child, highlighted the stages of the formation of thinking and speech, showing the social. nature of origin higher. mental. functions. He created a new direction in defectology, demonstrated the possibility of effective compensation of sensory and mental defects. Developed a new teaching on the localization of the psyche. functions, which marked the beginning of modern. neuropsychology. From ser. 30s V.'s work was subjected to sharp criticism, dictated by Ch. arr. out-scientific. reasons. In modern. peace. psychology, V.'s ideas are widely recognized and have a significant impact on the development of semiotics, linguistics, decomp. branches of psychology. Created a large scientific. school. Among his students are P.Ya. Galperin, A.R. Luria, D.B. Elkonin and others. Works: Sobr. cit., v.1-6, Moscow, 1982-84; Ped. psychology, M., 1926, 1991; Studies on the history of behavior, M., 1930, 1993 (co-authored with A.R. Luria).
VYKSA, a city (since 1934), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1765 as a settlement at a metallurgist. Verkhnevyksunsky plant. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ardatovskiy u. Nizhny Novgorod province. 25 Jews lived in V. in 1926, and 62 in 1939.
VYRITSA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tsarskoye Selo district. Petersburg Gubernia. In 1926, 49 Jews (1.7%) lived in V.
VYRU, city (since 1784), regional center (Republic of Estonia). Main in 1784. In 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Verro, Livland province. In 1919-40 it was a part of the Republic of Estonia, in 1940-91 it was the Estonian SSR. In 1881 there were 176 Jews in Hungary, in 1897 - 300, in 1922 - 122 (2.4%), in 1934 - 96 (1.8 %), in 1935 - 103, in 1939 - 55 Jews. The Jewish community of Britain was founded. in the 1860s. retired Nikolaev soldiers. The first Jew in V. was a retired sergeant major Yosl Golubov. A synagogue and a cemetery were built in V. From 1881 there was a rabbi in Hungary. The club and library were opened. During the 1st world. During the war, refugees from Courland and Riga arrived in V., there were also approx. 250 Jewish soldiers who served in the Russian. army. In 1917 a representative of the Jews of V. was elected to the city. Soviet In 1923, posters appeared in Hungary calling for pogroms. In the 1920s and 30s. the number of the Jewish population was declining, which was caused by the move to other cities and low birth rates. The small number of children made it impossible to create a separate Jewish school: Jewish education was allowed to be received in the afternoon after completing classes in general disciplines. These classes were organized and supported in tech. for many years, the local administration of culture, working within the framework of the Jewish autonomy. There was a non-partisan Jewish club in V. that was responsible for organizing cultural life (libraries, courses in the study of Hebrew and Yiddish, Jewish history, etc.). In V. there functioned divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1934 there were 60 able-bodied Jews in Hungary: 25 merchants (5 of them in real estate), 21 hired workers, 12 artisans (2 hatters, a tailor, a shoemaker, and others), and 2 representatives of the liberal professions. The community had a mutual aid fund. The local shohet was also a cantor and a melamed. On the state. Semerpalu farm, located not far from V., in 1938-40 worked gr. "Gakshara". In June 1941, part of the Jews of V. was evacuated. The rest were shot in the summer and autumn of 1941. After 1945, several returned to V. Jewish families. In V. genus. I. Bleicher.
ABOVE VERESCHAKSKAYA, does not exist now. Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. In 1875 in V.-V. lived 33 Jewish men, in 1896 - 19 Jews, in 1906 - 6 Jewish families. 20th century Jews V.-V. stopped working with. x-vom. In 1906, out of 6 families, 5 were assigned to the bourgeoisie. In May 1919 in V.-V. there was a pogrom, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev.
VYSHEGRAD, see Vyshogrud.
VYSHGOROD, a city (since 1968), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 946. From 1078 - the center of the specific book. Since 1362 - a village as part of Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzecz Pospolita. From 1654 (finally from 1667) - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. In 1989, 41 Jews lived in V., in 1999 - 34 Jews. According to one version, Jews have settled in V. since the time of Kievan Rus. Between 1918 and 1920, the Jewish population of Hungary suffered from pogroms perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army and others. gangs.
VYSHHORODOK, a village in Lanovetsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1481.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 there were 1,018 Jews living in V., in 1897 - 1,078 (49.7%), in 1921 - 944 Jews (96.7%). In 1863, there were several. synagogues. Most of the Jews in V. were Hasidim, mainly. Trisk. In the beginning. 1910s the Zionist organization was created. Dec. 1917 a pogrom broke out in V. During the Civil. wars pl. the Jews left V., then returned to their former place of residence. In the 1920s. in V. there were 4 synagogues. Rabbi V. in the 1920s and 30s. there was Meir Frenkel, who died during the Holocaust. All R. 1920s the school of the "Tarbut" network worked. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On March 16, 1942, the Jews of V. were taken to the Vishnevets ghetto, where they were shot on August 11. 1942.
TOWER, see Vishki.
VYSHKOV, see Vyshkow.
VYSHKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1976) in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1728 there were 4 Jews living in Hungary, in 1768 - 16, in 1880 - 185, in 1930 - 490 (8%) , in 1941 - 571 Jews (7.5%). In 1921-29 the rabbi of V. was Levi-Itshok Greenwald (1893-1980, New York), in the 1930s-40s. - Shimon Weiss (? -1944). In April. 1944 Jews of V. were sent to Auschwitz.
VYSZKOW, a city (since 1502) in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, from 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Vyshkov Pultuski u. Warsaw province. In 1808 there were 6 Jews living in Hungary (13.7%), in 1827 - 278 (30%), in 1857 - 1067 (72%), in 1897 - 3207, in 1921 - 4412 (50%). in 1939 - c. 5,000 Jews (40%) Jews lived in V. from the end. 17th century In the 19th century. most were engaged in handicrafts and trade. Jews owned 2 upholstery workshops, a mill, in the beginning. 20th century worked as a Jewish doctor. An independent community in Hungary has existed since 1860, when a synagogue was built. Soon a mikvah was opened, philanthropists began to work. about-va and about-va on rendering social assistance, talmud-torah and yeshiva "Darkey Noam" worked. Most of the inhabitants of V. were Hasidim, Ch. arr. Radziminskiy. There were also groups of Gursk and Aleksandrovsk Hasidim. Rabbi V. in the end. 19th century was Benzion Rosenblum, in 1908-34 - Chaim-Yaakov-Arie Morgenstern (1875-1942, Warsaw), who in 1934, after the death of his uncle, Aron-Menachem-Mendl Guterman (1860-1934), headed the Radzimi Hasidic dynasty , since 1934 - the son of H.-Ya. -A. Morgenstern Dovid-Shloyme. 20th century in V. worked cells decomp. Zionist parties and movements, the Bund was active. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in Hungary. m-in. In 1915 a Jewish library was opened. In 1918, during the pogroms, a self-defense group was created. After the end of the 1st world. During the war, the V. community was in distress. Due to the general economy. crisis, Jewish artisans lost their jobs. Several the best was the situation of the Jews, who rented plots of forest for felling or dairy farms. Jews owned a small brewery and a slaked lime brewery. In 1925, with the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened, in 1927 - a mutual credit fund, philanthropists worked. org-tions, separations decomp. Jewish parties and movements, youth organizations. 120 boys studied in the Talmud Torah. The Beis Yaakov school was opened in 1927, and the Tarbut school in 1928. Then the state was opened. Jewish school. 5 Sept. 1939 Britain was bombed by the Germans. aviation. Mn. Jews left V. Part of the Germ. armies occupied V. on 9 Sept. 1939. On the same day hundreds of Jews were gathered in the synagogue and burnt in it. The remaining Jews were driven to the center. area. The men were separated from women and children and killed. Women and children were allowed to leave V. In the first days of the occupation, approx. 1 thousand people Refugees from V. settled in neighboring villages and townships and died along with local Jews in ghettos and extermination camps. A Jewish partisan was formed in the forests that surrounded V. detachment, named. named after M. Anilevich. Dr. Leichert, physician who later became one of the hands. underground org-tion in Treblinka.
HIGHER ROAD, see [[Upper Road.
VYSHNY VOLOCHEK, city (from 1770), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Since 1709 - a pier on the river. Tsna. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1863, 106 Jews lived in V.V., in 1847 - 203, in 1897 - 302 (1.8%), in 1903 - 272, in 1910 - 334, in 1926 - 593 (1, 9%), in 1939 - 504 Jews. In 1840 in V.V. without an official. permission, a soldier's chapel was opened, closed in 1882. Since the 1880s. Jews received permission to set up a temporary prayer house during the holidays. A synagogue was opened in 1903. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In the VV genus: S.A. Koussevitsky, L.S.Lyubashevsky, F. Sevitsky; Yuri Izrailevich Rapoport (b. 1930), graphic artist.
VYSHOGRUD, a city (since 1398) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1065. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Vysehrad Plock u. In 1808, 2883 Jews (90%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 2458 (72%), in 1857 - 2841 (74%), in 1897 - 2735 (65%), in 1921 - 2465 Jews (57 , 5%) Jews began to settle in V. from the beginning. 15th century In 1422 permission was obtained to build a synagogue and mikvah. In the beginning. 17th century a community existed in V. Jews were engaged in trade and handicrafts, usury, dairy farming, and rented fruit orchards. According to tradition, which the Jews of Hungary strictly adhered to, the rabbi of the community could only become from outside. rabbi. Rabbi V. in the 18th century. was Osher Kamets (? -1780), one of the largest rabbis of that time. In V., it was customary not to erect tombstones so as not to embarrass the poor, who have no money for a monument. According to legend, the Jews of V. decided to erect a tombstone on the grave of O. Kamets. Stove cracked during installation. Local Jews saw this as a sign prohibiting violation of tradition. The slab was brought into the synagogue and placed under the steps leading to the arkon kodesh. In the 19th century. Among the Jews of V. there were many Gurian and Skirnevech Hasids. In 1917 children were discovered in V. garden with teaching in Hebrew and DOS. the first Jewish library. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jewish homes were destroyed and plundered, and trade was curtailed. Some of the Jews left B. After the end of the war, with the help of the Joint, the life of the community was restored. Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. In 1925, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. In 1927, mutual assistance and mutual credit funds were created. The philanthropists worked. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance, as well as children. consultation. Departments of decomp. Acted. of Jewish parties and movements, "Agudas Yisroel", edges opened the schools "Isodey ha-Torah" and "Beis Yaakov". A school of the Tarbut network also functioned in V. From 1925 to 1939, Naftoli Spivak was the rabbi of V.. 9 Sept. 1939 germ. the army occupied V. The Judenrat and the Jewish police were created. Dec. 1939 Jews were forced to own. destroy the Great Synagogue of V. with hands. In 1940 a ghetto was created, where St. 2500 people In aug. 1941 approx. 120 Jews from V. were sent to a labor camp in Beilis. The members of the Judenrat refused to draw up lists of people sent to the camp. All members of the Judenrat were shot. The newly created Judenrat suffered the fate of the first. On March 6, 1941, all the Jews of V. were gathered in the market square; OK. 700 Jews were sent to the camp in Slupia Nova. 29 nov. 1941 Jewish community of V. was completely destroyed: approx. 600 people sent to the Chervinsk ghetto, approx. 1200 - in the ghetto [[Novy Dvur. In the end. In 1942 all of them were sent to Auschwitz. In 1945–48 several were living in V. Jewish families. Later, the Jews left V. At the Jewish cemetery of V., a monument to the victims was erected. N. Sokolov.
VYSHONKI, see Vyshonki-Koshchelne.
VYSHONKI-KOSCHCHELNE, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Vyshonki Mazowiecki u. Lomzhinskaya province. In 1921, 177 Jews (63%) lived in VK. were engaged in small trade and crafts. In the 1930s. facts of anti-Semitic statements by local residents were noted. In 1936, V.K. pogroms took place. In the fall of 1941 all Jews of VK were exterminated.
VYSMEZHICE, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Vymerzhitsa of Radomsky u. In 1897, 220 Jews (15.1%) lived in Hungary, and in 1921 there were 110 Jews. The Jewish population of Hungary was exterminated during the Holocaust.
EXTREME, see Vymezhitsa.
HIGH ORE, see Vishakyo-Ore.
HIGH OLD, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony High Starina (other name. High Side) Igumensky district. Minsk province. In 1898 in V.S., 155 dess. land inhabited by 55 people.
HIGH SIDE, see [[Tall Old Man.
VYSOKE MAZOWECKE, city (since 1503) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1239. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Mazovetsk, Lomrzyn province. In 1939-45, it was part of the BSSR. In 1808, 225 Jews (26%) lived in Hungary, in 1827 - 378 (35%), in 1857 - 1053 (57%), in 1897 - 1910 (61%), 1921 - 1898 Jews (60%) Jews settled in VM in the 17th century. In 1765 there was an independent community that included a rabbi. In the 19th century. most of the Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. Traded in timber, timber, grain, horses, including from Vost. Prussia. There were Jewish tailors, shoemakers, hatters, carpenters and builders. From 1833 Meir Horowitz was Rabbi V.M., from 1853 - Eliezer-Shlomo Weller, from 1893 - his son Aizik-Yaakov, in 1902-39 - Aaron-Yaakov Perelman who died with the entire community during the Holocaust. During the 1st world. During the war, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened, library and sports worked. org-tion "Maccabi". Since 1916, branches of Zionist parties and movements operated in VM. During this period, a large number of young people left for E.-I. The natives of V.M. were one of the founders of the city of Hedera (Israel). In 1920, an armed detachment of local residents was created in V.M. to resist units of the Kr. Army. The detachment included many Jews; 13 of them died. While retreating, the Red Army units took 230 Jews hostage.In 1925, a branch of the Jewish Cooperative Bank was founded in VM. The philanthropists worked. cash offices and cash offices for mutual loans, as well as philanthropists. and socio-societies. org-tion. In the 1930s. a small Jewish hospital was opened. In the 1920s and 1930s. in VM there was a yeshiva, which was headed by Yaakov Stavisker, in 1921-33 - the beginning. Jewish school for girls. In 1934 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties, among the Hasidim great influence was enjoyed by "Agudas Yisroel". Few Jews supported the Bund and the illegal. Communist Party. 10 Sept. 1939 parts of germ. armies entered VM 12 Sept. 1939 occupier. the authorities drove approx. 1 thousand Jewish men to the premises of the church and from there they were taken to work camps in Zambruva and Vost. Prussia. 19 Sep 1939 all Jews were ordered to leave VM 26 Sept. 1939 V.M. was transferred to the USSR. The Jews were released from the labor camps and returned home. By the beginning. 1941 in V.M. lived apprx. 1,100 Jews June 23, 1941 Germ. army occupied V.M. In July 1941, a Judenrat of 13 people was created. Aug - a ghetto where Jews from our neighbors were gathered. points. In the fall of 1941, there were approx. 2 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated at the beginning. nov. 1942. All Jews were taken to the Zambruva camp, from where in January. 1943 sent to Auschwitz.
HIGH, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1903. In the 1930s. It was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 124 Jews lived in V. The Jewish population of V. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
HIGH YARD, see Aukstadvaris.
HIGH CITY, a village in the Tolochin district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. In 1881 in V.G. there was a felt plant, leased by Avrom Grach. There was a synagogue in 1908.
VYSOKO-LITOVSK, see Vysokoe Brest Region.
HIGH, see Yegoryevsk.
VYSOKOPOL (until 1946 - Hofenfeld), a village in Nikopol district of Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 1920s as a Jewish farmer. artel. In the 1930s. In 1939, 132 people lived in V. The Jewish population of V. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
VYKOPOLIE (until 1915 - Kronau), an urban-type settlement (from 1957), a regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Kherson u. 139 Jews (18.6%) lived in V. in 1897. Genus: A.G. Tankilevich; Grigory Lvovich Tankilevich (b. 1928), lawyer, since 1991 - judge of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, Hon. lawyer of the Russian Federation.
VYSOKOVSK, city (since 1940) in the Klin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. as a settlement at the spinning and weaving factory built in 1883 in Moscow province. 25 Jews (0.3%) lived in Hungary in 1926, and 36 Jews (0.3%) in 1939.
VYSOTSK, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Pinsk povet, Brest voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1766, 85 Jews lived in V., in 1847 - 320, in 1897 - 880 (96.4%), in 1921 - 893 Jews (30%) Jews lived in V. from the beginning. 17th century All R. 17th century there was a Jewish cemetery. In the 19th century. in V. there were 3 synagogues, including the Karlin-Stolin and Berezensk Hasids. In the 1880s. the rabbi in V. was Moishe Rabinovich, in the beginning. 20th century - Yehuda Abelson, in 1923-1941 - his son Yehoshua. In the beginning. 20th century main library with books in Hebrew. In 1915-18, 1920-24, and 1927-28 there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. In 1918, a self-defense unit was created. In the fall of 1919, a pogrom was staged in V. by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 17, 1941 German. troops occupied V. The Judenrat was created, on July 20, 1942 - a ghetto, in which an underground combat group operated. The ghetto was destroyed on September 9. 1942. c. 100 people managed to escape, approx. 1,400 Jews were shot. V. was released on 12 January. 1944. After the murder of several. returned Jews ukr. The partisans left V.
VYSOTSKY, entrepreneurs, founders and owners of one of the leading companies. firms in Russia. Kalonimos-Wulf (Wulf Yankelevich) V. (1824, Starye Zhagory, Kovenskaya Gubernia - 1904, Moscow) began as a bread merchant, settled in Moscow in 1858, took up the tea trade, and founded a bargaining. house "V. Vysotsky and K ° ", to-ry in 1898 reorganized into a share company under the same company with the foundation. capital of 1.5 million rubles. Wulf V. is known as one of the first Palestinophiles in Russia, he donated a lot to the cause of Hebrews. colonization by E.-I. in 1885 took a trip there, as represented. movement "Hovevei Zion", financed by ed. every month. in Hebrew "Ha-Shiloakh", donated large sums to the Ob-wu to spread education among the Jews of Russia. According to his will, he left approx. 1 million rubles in Heb. institutions in Russia and abroad, including the creation of the Haifa Technion. After the death of Wulf V., the family business was headed by his son David Vulfovich V. (1860 - |), who at the same time. headed independently, the firm - bargaining. house "D. Vysotsky, R. Gots and K0". In 1914 both enterprises were merged into one. Main the capital of V.'s firm by 1914 had increased to 10 million rubles, the amount of annual production was 45 million rubles, the firm had its own. weighing factories in Moscow, Petersburg, Odessa, Chelyabinsk, Kokand and Sretensk, in 1904 a branch was opened in New York to sell teas hanged in Russia, in 1908 - a branch in London. Control over the enterprise was retained by a narrow circle of related shareholders. bonds: in 1914 the board of the company included D.V. Vysotsky, his son F.D. Vysotsky, R.A. Gots, O.S. Tsetlin, B.O. Gavronsky. After Oct. In 1917, Hungary's enterprises were nationalized; firm under the brand name V. and now operates in Israel.
VYSOTSKY Avraham (1883, Zhornishche Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1949, Tel Aviv), writer. R. in the family of a doctor. Received a dentist diploma in Chicago. Returning to Russia, he took part in the roar. movement. He was exiled to Biysk. It was headed by a Zionist. org-tion. In Biysk he wrote his first stories. First. story "His homeland" publ. in published by M. Gorky Zh. Chronicle (1916). In 1917 - member. Workers' Council and Cross, Dep. Biysk. Since 1920 - in E.-I. He was engaged in dental practice. From 1924 - before. union dent. doctors E.-I. The first one written in E.-I. V.'s story was published by M. Gorky in berl. g. Conversation (1924). In 1929 an autobiogr was published in Riga. book C. "Saturday and Sunday." A rum was also published there. Tel Aviv (1933). In it, as in rum. "Green Flame", life is reflected in E.-I. of that time. In rum. V. found reflection of his Zionist. and antique. views.
VYSOTSKOE, a village in the Petrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1784. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsk, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. Stavropol province. 1890s. in V. there were 227 "Jews".
HIGHER, see Upper.
VYSHEOLCHEDAEV, a village in Murovano-Kurilovetsky district, Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - c. Higher Olchedaev Mogilevsky u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 there was a camp in V. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 24 Jews were held in the camp.
VYSHIY OLCHEDAEV, see Vysheolchedaev.
VYSTUPOVICHI, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn Gubernia. 109 Jews (10.5%) lived in V. in 1897. In 1924, a left-wing organization "Ge-Haluts" operated in V.. Anton Lvovich Fraiman (1908-1972, Leningrad), historian, Doctor of History. Sciences (1955), prof. (1960), lieutenant colonel.
VYTEGRA, city, regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1710 as Vyangin pier. From 1776 it was a district town of Novgorod province. In 1898 173 Jews lived in V., in 1910 - 225 (4.2%), in 1923 - 182 (4.1%), in 1926 - 93 (1.8%). in 1939 - 44 Jews. The basis of the Jewish community in Hungary was the descendants of the Nikolaev soldiers. In 1898 the Jewish community acquired the right to organize a prayer room in a rented building. In 1906 a wooden synagogue was built. In 1900 the community with the permission of min. int. cases received legal. status. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in V.
VYAGAYLOVKA, see Trostyanets.
VYTYCHNO, a village in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Wlodavsky u. Sedletskaya Province. In 1897, 90 Jews (14.8%) lived in Hungary.
VYVODTSEV David Ilyich (1837, Vinnitsa - 1896, Petersburg), doctor. Privy Counselor. After defending Dr. dis. was on a business trip abroad, then worked in hospitals in St. Petersburg. During the Russian-Turkish war (1877–78) he was a doctor at the commander-in-chief. V. studied the problems of embalming.
Dropped, see Vizhenka.
SURVIVAL, see [[New Survival.
VIZNA, see [[Krasnaya Sloboda.
YABLONSKAYA Myuda Naumovna (1926, Moscow - 1990, ibid.), Art historian. Cand. lawsuit (1968). In 1944–49 she studied at the Faculty of Monum. sculptures MIPIDI. In 1953 she graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Worked as Art. scientific. sotr. and a methodologist in the department. scientific. propaganda of images. claims in the State Tretyakov Gallery, Art. Rev. at the Department of History and Theory of Art on East. Faculty of Moscow State University, was Ch. methodologist in pl. cr. artist exhibitions in the Center. exhibition hall (formerly Manezh) and Cent. House of Artists in Moscow. The manuscript of the book. Ya. "Four Arts" was not allowed to print in 1980. Ya. Investigated the links between art in the 1920s – 60s, analyzing the work of artists of different generations. She paid great attention to the lawsuit of the young. At the same time. dealt with the problems of female creativity. In 1990, the book was published in London. Ya., In a cut considered the work of female artists of Russia 1st floor. 20th century Author of over 100 articles, monograph. essays and book. about rus. lawsuit from the 1960s to the 80s.
YADLOVKER German (1877, Riga - 1953, Tel Aviv), singer (lyric and dramatic tenor), cantor. He studied at the Vienna Cons. He made his debut in 1899. The largest performer of the 1st floor. 20th century, St. Isk-va bel canto, from 1901, at the personal invitation of Wilhelm II, sang in the Berlin op. In 1906–10 he was a soloist with the Vienna opera, in 1910–19 - at the Metropolitan Opera (New York), where he became famous in the part of Canio (Pagliacci by R. Leoncavallo) and others. Returning to Berlin, he continued to perform. In 1934–39 - in Latvia. He taught at the Riga cons., Was the cantor of the synagogue. Since 1939 - in E.-I.
YADOV (real name. Davydov) Yakov Petrovich (1874 - 1940, Moscow), journalist, writer. In 1915-19 he collaborated (under ps. Yakiv Oruta) in Kiev gas. "Latest News" (in Russian) and "Narodna Volya" (in Ukrainian). He wrote feuilletons in verse and prose, muses. feuilletons, parodies, epigrams, polit. reviews. Wide izv. received the song "Bagels", written for the coupletist GM Krasavin (1926, Odessa). In 1917-18 he collaborated with Khudozh. t-rum miniatures at hand. Kruchinin (Kiev), where there was a post. his satirical. review "In the pool of the dark past", with the Big t-rum of miniatures, with the t-rum-cabaret "Mask" and others. He wrote couplets for L.O. Utesov - "Immediately and in installments" (1916), songs of the Odessa newspaper seller (1917) and others. Later he collaborated (under ps. Yakov Botsman, Zhgut, Komar, Martin Zadek) with gas. "Odessa Izvestia", "Trudovoy Batumi", "Kharkov Proletarian" and others. Since 1931 - in Moscow. In the 1920s and 30s. manuf. Ya. Determined the repertoire of the leading pop performers: V.V. Gushchinsky (songs "Lanterns", "Skok and Skok", the monologue "The Testament of the Everyman"), P.L. Muravsky (the scene "Someone else's child", the “It's not difficult for us”), A.M. Gromov and PS Milich (scene “Dead Soul”), D.L. Kara-Dmitriev (songs “Silhouettes of railway stations”, “Clock Moser”), etc. From the end 1920s was criticized for its low lit. the level of his production. All R. 1930s expelled from the Literary Fund.
YADYKH Pavel Arnoldovich (b. 1922, Vinnitsa), conductor. He graduated from two faculties of the Kiev cons. (in the class of violin and op.-symph. conducting, where he studied with N. G. Rakhlin). 1941–45 - at the front. From 1950 he worked in Voronezh, Yaroslavl. St. 35 years old - artist. hands. and ch. conductor Symph. orc. North. Ossetia. He also held 14 symphony festivals there. music. Izv. also as an opera conductor; conducted the largest choir. groups (Rep. Russian Choir. A. A. Yurlov Chapel, Ukrainian Chapel "Dumka", Leningrad Chapel named after M. Glinka, etc.). Nar art. North-Osset. ASSR (1960), honored. figure of lawsuit in the RSFSR (1972), People's Commissars. art. RSFSR (1982).
YAGLOM Akiva Moiseevich (b. 1921, Kharkov - 2007), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1964). Brother of I.M. Yaglom. Graduated from Sverdlovsk University (1942), Moscow State University (1944). He worked at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1946), at Moscow State University (1948–49, 1959–60 and from 1963). Since 1992 - in the USA, sotr. Massachusetts Technol. in-that. Main results relate to probability theory, information theory, func. analysis, app. mathematics, hydrodynamics. Author (with I.M. Yaglom) of manuals for Wed. schools: "Non-elementary problems in an elementary presentation" (Moscow, 1954), "Probability and information" (2nd ed. M., 1960). Works: Statistical hydromechanics. The mechanics of turbulence. Part 1–2. M., 1965–67 (co-authored with A.S. Monin).
YAGLOM Isaak Moiseevich (1921, Kharkov - 1988, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Brother of A.M. Yaglom. In 1942 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk University. He worked at Moscow State University (1943–49), at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (since 1957). Main the results are related to geometry, algebra and the history of mathematics. One of the founders of ser. “B-ka mat. Cup". The author is widely known. book uch. and popular science. character: "Higher mathematics for beginners" (co-authored with Ya.B. Zeldovich); "Non-elementary problems in an elementary presentation" (co-authored with AM Yaglom). Etc. Cortina Ulysses (1989) for popular science. works. Vol .: Convex figures. M. - L., 1951 (co-authored with V.G. Boltyansky); Geometric transformations. Part 1-2. M., 1955–56.
YAGLOM Yakov Kivovich (1898, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1939), trade union and statesman. Since 1917, member. Bund, since 1918 member. RCP (b). In 1917 sec. trade union of millers in Yelets, Oryol province, from Sept. - Head labor exchange in the same place. In 1919–20 before. Voronezh lips. Council of Trade Unions and Member. Bureau of the Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921 instructor of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in Moscow, from Sept. - prev. Sib. (Novonikolaevsk), since 1922 - the Ural (Yekaterinburg) Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and a member. Ural Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Since 1922, Cand. in part. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1923-29 he was responsible. ed. gas. "Work". Affairs. 12-15th Party Congresses, adjacent to the so-called. "Right opposition". Since 1929, member. Zap.-Sib. regional committee of the CPSU (b), deputy. prev. regional executive committee and before. Sibkraiplana (Novosibirsk). In 1931 the manager of "Myasokhladstroy", from 1932 deputy. People's Commissar of Supply of the USSR, from 1934 beginning. Ch. management of the canning industry, since 1936 member. Council for the People's Commissar of Food. industry of the USSR. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed.
YAGODA Genrikh Grigorievich (Genokh Gershovich) (1891, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Gubernia - 1938, Moscow), statesman. General Commissioner for State Security (1935). YM Sverdlov's second cousin. Since 1907, members RSDLP. In 1915-17 - in the army. In 1918-19 sotr. Higher. military. inspection. In 1919-22, members. collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade. At the same time. from 1919 sec. prez. Cheka, department manager of a special department. Cheka, deputy. early special department. In 1924-26 the second deputy. prev., in 1926–34 the first deputy. prev. OGPU. In 1934–36, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. affairs of the USSR; in 1936–37 the People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR. Awarded hordes. Lenin and Kr. Banner. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
YAGUDIN Yuliy Grigorievich (Yuda Gilievich) (1907, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1989, Moscow), flutist, teacher. Prof. (1964). In 1935 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class flute by V.N. Tsybin. In 1935 he won the 2nd pr. At the 2nd Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Leningrad). Since 1931 - in the orc. Moscow Philharmonic Society, since 1941 - in the State. symph. orc. USSR, in 1950–63 - in the orc. Big t-ra. He has performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. He played with outstanding musicians - pianists A.B. Goldenveiser, M.V. Yudina, G.G. Neigauz, singers V.V. Barsova, E. Bandrovskaya-Turskaya, D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, with quartets them. L. van Beethoven, them. AP Borodin and others. In 1937–87 he taught at Moscow. cons., among the students - A.V.Korneev, A.L. Hoffman, G. Golubev, G. Sahakyan and others. Ya. belong to the musical methodical. manuals - "24 etudes", "30 etudes for harmonics", etc., transcriptions for flute, as well as "Memories of VN Tsybin" (1966, in the collection "Memories of the Moscow Conservatory"). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968).
YAKERSON David Aronovich (1896, Vitebsk - 1947, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist, painter. He studied painting under Yu.M. Pen, then entered the architectural-building department. Faculty of Riga Polytechnic. in-that, in the years of the 1st world. war evacuated to Moscow. Since 1918 he participated in exhibitions, being a member. Moscow Union of Artistic Sculptors. In 1918 he returned to Vitebsk, where under the hands. MZ Chagala worked on the decoration of the city for the 1st anniversary of Oct. rev-tion. From 1919 he taught as a sculptor. workshop in Vitebsk Nar. artist uch-shche. At the same time. participated in the implementation of the Monum plan. propaganda: created approx. 10 monuments erected in Vitebsk and Vitebsk Gubernia, as well as in Stavropol (removed in 1923 for "formalism"). Since the fall of 1918, a student of the State. free artists workshops (since 1920 - VKHUTEMAS). In 1922 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. In 1926–31 he was an exhibitor of the ORS, since 1930 a member. ORS. Moscow and all. exhibitions demonstrated trees. sculpture by Ya. ("Tungus", "Mongolka", "Belarusian Jew", all - late 1920s; statue "Pugachev", 1933; polychrome statue "Music", early 1930s, etc. ). Ya created a number of decor. comp. and a large portrait gallery of prominent figures of culture and science. In decor. ceramics (1930s) continued to develop themes and plots of Jewish people. lawsuit. He left a great legacy in the region. graphics. Prod. Ya. Are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, museums of Vitebsk, Arkhangelsk, Perm, Yaroslavl.
YAKERSON Semyon Mordukhovich (b. 1956, Leningrad), linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1989). Graduated from Leningrad in 1977. state Institute of Culture named after N.K. Krupskaya. Comp. Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1977–90, since 1983 curator of the collection of the book in Hebrew). Since 1990 scientific. sotr. branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Author of more than 30 works on the problems of Semitic languages. (Hebrew and Aramaic), including “Catalog of incunabula in other Hebrew language. LO Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences "(Leningrad, 1985)," Jewish incunabula. Description of specimens stored in libraries of Moscow and Leningrad "(L., 1988).
YAKHIN Abram Borisovich (1901 - 1957, Moscow), process engineer, specialist in the field of instrument making. Prof. (1936). In 1924 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. He worked at the Moscow Higher Technical School, where he was one of the organizers of the Faculty of Instrumentation. In 1936 he created the Department of Precision Instrumentation Technology and headed it until 1957; later he headed the organization of similar departments in Moscow. Aviation and the Penza industry. in-takh. Main scientific. tr. associated with the development of precise technologies. instrumentation processes, as well as with practical. the introduction of progressive methods of creating precision instruments. The founder of scientific production. discipline "Technology of Instrumentation". Theoretical development of implementation in watchmaking, optical-mechanical. prom-sti, when creating a semi-automatic. installations for setting up metal cutting. machine tools for processing precision instrument parts. Author of funds. print Works, Vol .: Technology of Precision Instrumentation. M., 1940; Design of technological processes of mechanical processing. M., 1946; Instrumentation technology. M., 1955.
YAKHNINA Yuliana Yakovlevna (1928, Moscow - 2004), translator. A. I. Zederbaum's great-granddaughter. In 1950 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author per. from French, Dan., Swede. and Norwegian. lang., among to-ryh rum. F. Sagan "Hello, sadness", Verkora "Raft of the jellyfish", J.-M.-G. Leclezio "The Desert", M. Buthor "Change" (with S. Tarkhanova), K. Hamsun "Victoria", J. Borgen "Little Lord", pov. J.-P. Sartre's "Words" (with L.A. Zonina), plays by J. Anuy, A. Strindberg and others. about the problems of the artist. translation. Etc. Lit. Foundation of Sweden (for the contribution to acquaintance of foreign readers with Swedish literature, 1991).
YAKHNIS Boris Lvovich (1886, Kharkov - 1955, ibid.), Phthisiatrician, therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. (1947). In 1912 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1912–21 the doctor of the Kharkov department of the All-Russia. league for the fight against tuberculosis (during the 1st World War he served in the active army). In 1921–25 scientific. sotr., in 1925–55 head. children organized by him. branch of the Tuberculosis Institute and simultaneously. (1931–41) head. created by him department children. tuberculosis Ying-that improvement of doctors in Kharkov. In 1941–44 the head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of the Krasnoyarsk honey. in-that; in 1944–55 head. the united department of tuberculosis of adults and children of Ying-that advanced training of doctors in Kharkov. Sci. tr. Ya. problems children. and juvenile tuberculosis, including tuberculosis infection among children in villages. localities and cities, BCG vaccination of newborns, diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Cit .: On the issue of mortality from tuberculosis in early childhood. Kharkov, 1925; The problem of tuberculosis in children. (Pathogenesis. Clinical forms. Anti-tuberculosis vaccination). Kharkov, 1947; Tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Kiev, 1949.
YAKHOT Yehoshua (Ovshy Ovshievich) (b. 1919, Yaryshev, Mogilev district, Podolsk province), specialist in the field of philosophical problems of social statistics, historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1964), prof. (1966). In 1938–41 he studied at MIFLI. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1943 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1947-75 the professor. in Moscow. finance-econ. in-those. Since 1975 - in Israel, worked at the Jewish Institute in Jerusalem. Author of works on the problems of determinism, philosophy. Problems of Statistics and the History of Philosophy. Vol .: Necessity and Accident. M., 1956; Statistics in a sociological study. M., 1966; The suppression of philosophy in the USSR (20-30 years). New York, 1981.
Yakir Iona Emmanuilovich (1896, Chisinau - 1937, Moscow), military leader. 1st rank commander (1935). In 1913 he entered chemistry. Faculty of Basel University. From the beginning. 1st world. war continued his studies at the Kharkov Technol. in-those. In 1915 he was mobilized and sent to Odessa, where he worked for the military. s-de. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 RSDLP (b), at the end. 1917 dep. Bessarabian Council, member. lips. Revolutionary Committee and lips. to-that RCP (b). From Jan. 1918 room detachment Kr. guards, in the spring and summer - the commandant of the Tiraspol fortress and com. Tiraspol consolidated detachment. Since June - commissar of the brigade of the Voronezh division, from Sept. - early. political department Yuzh. section of the veil detachments, from Oct. - member RVS of the 8th Army, commanded by gr. troops. From June 1919 com. 45th shooter. divisions, in Aug. – Sept. commanded Yuzh. gr. troops of the 12th army, having made a 400-km march on the rear of the enemy, brought it out of the encirclement. In 1919–20 he commanded a division in the South, as well as gr. troops and the 14th Army in the South-West. fronts. In 1921–23 teams. troops of the Crimean region, Kiev VO and Kiev region, then - teams. and the commissar of the 14th rifleman. housing. From Dec. 1923 pom. teams. armed forces of Ukraine and Crimea, the nearest assistant. M.V. Frunze. From Apr. 1924 early. Ch. management of military-academic. institutions of the Red Army. From nov. 1925 teams again. troops of Ukr. (later Kiev) VO. In 1928–29 he studied at the German Academy of the General Staff. In 1930–34 members. Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, since 1936 member. Military. Council of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. Member Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, VUTSIK and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Decorated with three hordes. Cr. Banner and angry. weapons. Shot.
YAKIR Petr Ionovich (1923, Kiev - 1982, Moscow), a member of the human rights movement in the USSR. The son of I.E. Yakir. In 1937–52 he was imprisoned, in 1952–54 he worked in the Turukhansk region, then in Murmansk and Podolsk. Returning to Moscow in 1957, he entered MGIAI, to-ry graduated in 1962. Later he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From ser. 1960s one of the participants in the human rights movement in the USSR: in 1967 he signed a letter from 42 children of the communists killed by Stalin against the restoration of Stalinism, in 1969 he sent him to the Central Committee of the CPSU and to the journal. "Kommunist" is an open letter, in which he analyzed the crimes of IV Stalin in accordance with Art. Of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. I was one of the first to address the world. the public with protests against the actions of the Sov. authorities in relation to A.D. Sakharov and A.I.Solzhenitsyn, the entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia (1968), the violation of the rights of repressed peoples, etc., participated in the creation of the human rights organization "Initiative Group for the Protection of Human Rights in the USSR ". He was harassed by the authorities. In 1972 he was arrested, St. 14 months was interrogated. At the trial he admitted the charges against him. Upon returning from exile, he worked as a scientist. sotr. in Moscow. mountains. ist. Archive, cit .: Childhood in prison. London, 1972.
YAKIR Yankel (1908, Skulyany, Bessarabian province. - 1980, Netanya, Israel), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He made his debut in literature in 1931. In the same year, together with G.L. Weinstein and G.L. Ryvkin, published in Chisinau lit. Sat. Later he was published in the Bucharest magazine. "Schoibn" and in other Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1945–48 the Chisinau corr. gas. Einikite. In 1949 he was repressed on charges of “criminal ties with hands. EAK ". Released in 1956. Since 1961 he published poems, stories and articles in lit. topics in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1972 - in Israel. The author of the book. “A shlitn mit ishuvnikes” (“Sleigh with the villagers”, Tel Aviv, 1974), “Geshikhtes un portraits” (“Histories and portraits, ibid., 1981).
YAKOBI Boris Semenovich (Moritz Hermann) (1801, Potsdam, Prussia - 1874, Petersburg), physicist. Acad. Petersburg. AN (1847). Graduated in 1821 from Berlin University (specializing in land surveyor) and in 1829 - from Göttingen University (specializing in architect-builder). In 1822–34 he was at the Prussian state. service. In 1834–35 he lived in Konigsberg, studied architect. practice. In 1834 he invented the electric motor. In 1835–37 - at the department of civil. architecture of Dorpat University. In 1837 he adopted Russian. citizenship, moved to St. Petersburg, where he continued to work on the use of electricity, Ch. arr. in the military. business and transport. In 1837 he began research. in the region. electroplating, proposed methods of electroplating and methods of its application in decomp. region technology. One of the first conducted experiments in the region. telegraphy, designed 10 types of telegraph devices, including the first direct-printing device (1850). Supervised the laying of the first cable lines, in particular. lines Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo dl. 25 km (1841–43). He was engaged in the development of galvanic. batteries, the creation of samples of mine weapons, including self-igniting (galvanic impact) mines, mines with fuses from an induction apparatus; initiator of the organization of special teams in sapper units rus. army. Joint. with E.H. Lenz was engaged in research. electromagnets and proposed a method for calculating them (1838–44); conducted experiments and developed ballistic. method of electrical measurements (measurements of magnetic flux). Tr. Ya accelerated the decision of pl. problems of metrology: the choice of units of measurement, standards, etc. pl. Russian and foreign scientific. Brother J. - Karl Gustav Yakov (1804, Potsdam - 1851, Berlin), mathematician. Jn. ch.-c. (1930) and hon. h. Petersburg. AN (1833). The author of works on research. theory of elliptic functions. Improved the method of integrating differential. equations of Hamilton dynamics.
YAKOBSON Anatoly Alexandrovich (1935, Moscow - 1978, Jerusalem), literary critic, human rights activist. All R. 1950s graduated from historical-philology. f-t MOPI. Until 1968 he taught history and literature in Moscow. schools. At the same time. was engaged in lit. activities. Translations of P. Verlaine, T. Gauthier, G. Lorca, M. Hernandez were included in numerous. poetic. collection of works, ed. in USSR. In 1965 he defended A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel. The letter with which Y. appealed to the court with a demand to acquit the writers was published. AI Ginzburg in the "White Book". In 1967, Ya. Wrote an article sharply criticizing the coverage of owls. stamp of Israeli politics during and after the Six Day War. In 1968 he sent a letter to the board of the Union of Journalists of the USSR, in which he analyzed the attitude of the Sov. press to the trial of human rights defenders Yu.T. Galanskov and Ginzburg (published in the chronicle "The Trial of Four"). Ya. - one of the founders of the Initiative gr. for the protection of citizens. rights in the USSR (IG), the author of the first IS document - a letter to the UN Commission on Human Rights (1969), like many others. other human rights appeals and petitions signed collectively. Demonstrator at Kr. squares against the restoration of Stalinism (1969). In 1969–72, together with I.Ya.Gabay and N.E. Gorbanevskaya, he took part in the release of information. of the "Chronicle of Current Events" bulletin. In 1973, the book was published in New York. Ya. About AABlok "The end of tragedy", edges brought by Ya. fame and membership in europe. PEN club. Since 1973 - in Israel. Collaborated with the Center for Slavic Studies of the Jewish University in Jerusalem, published a number of literary scholars. Art. about the work of V.V. Mayakovsky and B.L. Pasternak, gave lectures. Naib. means. lit. works are collected in the book. "Soil and Fate" (Vilnius - M., 1992).
YAKOBSON Anatoly Leopoldovich (1906, Luga Petersburg province. - 1984, Leningrad), archaeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1961). From 1930 he worked at GAIMK (later - IIMK, then Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Region scientific. interests - East. Europe in the Middle Ages, North. Black Sea and Transcaucasia. Conducted excavations in the Crimea. Author of over 60 scientific. works, including "Essays on the history of architecture of Armenia V-XVII centuries." (L., 1950).
JAKOBSON Avigdor (Victor) (1869, Simferopol - 1934, Bern, Switzerland), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy. Graduated from un-t in Berlin. He took part in the activities of Palestinian students. circles. In Russia he joined the Zionist movement. Participated in the work of the 2nd Zionist Congress. (1898). At the 5th Zionist Congress. (1901) elected member. Execute. to-that. All R. 1900s headed individual Zionist organizations in Istanbul, representing the interests of the Zionist movement before the Turkish government. On the 10th (1911) and 11th (1913) Zionist Congr. elected member. Execute. to-that. In 1914-18 he headed the representative offices of the Zionist Organization in Copenhagen, London, Paris. In 1925–34 he was a representative of the Zionist organization in the League of Nations.
YAKOBSON Gershon (b. 1933, Moscow), journalist. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1953 - in the USA. In 1949 he made his debut as a story in a magazine. "Sowing". In the 1960s. corr. Israeli gas. "Maariv". At the same time. wrote in Yiddish, published articles and stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. Israel, South. America and France. Corr. weekly The National Juish Post, published in London Gas. Juish Chronicle, in Canadian Jewish periodicals. ed. "Keneder Odler", "Yidischer Journal", dec. ed. USA and Israel. Since 1974, Ch. ed. weekly in Yiddish Allgemeine Journal (New York).
YAKOBSON Leonid Veniaminovich (1904, Petersburg - 1975, Moscow), choreographer. In 1926 he graduated from Leningrad. choreography uch-shche, worked in Leningrad. t-re op. and the ball. them. SM Kirov (1926–33), then at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow (1933–42). Performed by classic. and grotesque parts: Guest in a bat costume ("The Nutcracker" by PI Tchaikovsky), Acrobat ("Red Poppy" by RM Glier), Puss in Boots ("The Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky), etc. Since 1942 - in Leningrad, choreographer T-ra op. and the ball. them. S.M. Kirov (with a break in 1951–55). The first serious post. I. - 2nd act ball. D. Shostakovich's "Golden Age" (T-r op. And bal. Named after Kirov, 1930). Since the 1930s. put on a ball. in Leningrad. choreography school: 1st act "Chavdarcho" by VV Voloshinov and MI Chulaki (1932), "Till Ulenspiegel" by R. Strauss (1933), "Romeo and Juliet" on music. Tchaikovsky and "Spanish Capriccio" on music. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (both - 1944), "The Stone Guest" on music. M.I. Glinka - B.V. Asafieva (1946). Choreography became the leading form in J. miniature. In the end. 1950s several miniatures were combined into the play "Choreography. miniatures "(T-r op. and ball. named after Kirov, 1958), which included" Bird and the hunter "for music. E. Grigue, "Punchinelle" on music. SV Rachmaninov, "Vienna Waltz" on music. Strauss, "Troika" on music. IF Stravinsky, "Triptych on Rodin's Themes" on music. K. Debussy and others. In the same place Ya. Staged: "Shurale" by FZ Yarullin (1950), "Spartacus" by AI Khachaturian (1956), "Novels of Love" to music. M. Ravel (1963), "Wonderland" by I. M. Schwartz (1967). In Leningrad. Small t-re staged "Spanish Capriccio", "Solveig" on muses. E. Grieg (both - 1952); in the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow - "Shurale" (1955), "Spartak" (1962). In 1969-75 artist. hands. leningr. ans. "Choreographic miniatures", where he staged: "One-act ballets", which included "Exercise of the XX century" on muses. I.-S. Bach, "Contrasts", "Wandering Circus" and "Negro Concert" on music. Stravinsky (all - 1971), "Brilliant Divertissement" on music. Glinka (1973), "Bedbug" on music. Shostakovich, "Surprise" to music. I. Haydn (both - 1974) and others; cycle "Classicism - Romanticism", which included "Pas de Trois" on muses. G. Rossini, "Pas-de-quatre" on music. V. Bellini, "The Dying Swan" by C. Sen-Saens, "Flight of Taglioni" on music. W.-A. Mozart, "Medieval dance with kisses" on music. SS Prokofiev (all - 1971), as well as cycles: "Mozartiana", "Russian miniatures", "Rodin", "Choreographic sketches". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. USSR (1951).
YAKOBSON Nathan (b. 1916, Kiev), public figure. Graduated from un-t in Melbourne. In 1951–55 prez. Zionist Council pc. Victoria, in 1955–61 headed the Jewish Council of the Dep. Victoria, 1966–70 - Zionist Federation of Australia and New Zealand. In 1970–72 and 1974–76 prez. Execute. Council of the Jews of Australia and prez. Federation of Jewish Communities of South-East. Asia and D. East. Affairs. Worldwide Zionist Congr. in 1956, 1968, 1972. Commander of the Order of Brit. empire.
YAKOBSON Pavel Maksimovich (1902 - 1979, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1962). After graduating from East-Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1922) taught at the Academy of the Communist. education, Academy of Art. Sciences, GITIS. In 1936 he published the work "The Psychology of the Stage Feelings of the Actor", which is a valuable example of psychology. analysis of emotional aspects of scenic. activities. In 1942 - at the front. In 1942–44 Assoc. Department of Psychology Philos. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1944 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that general and ped. psychology APN. J. fame brought research. in the region. psychology of feelings, artist. creativity as a manifestation and means of personality development. He also worked out problems of communication, motivation of behavior in different ways. age stages. Cit .: The process of creative work of the inventor. M. - L., 1934; Psychology of feelings. M., 1956; Study of feelings in children and adolescents. M., 1961; Psychol. problems of motivation of human behavior. M., 1969; Psychology of artistic creativity. M., 1971; Communication of people as a socio-psychological problem. M., 1973 Brother J. - Ilya (b. 1913, Vindava, Kurland province), civil engineer. In 1934–95 - in Mosmetrostroy (in 1958–92 deputy chief engineer and head of technical department). Since 1996 - in the USA. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1977), Honorary Railwayman (1979). Etc. CM USSR.
YAKOBSON Roman Osipovich (present father Iosl-Berovich) (1896, Moscow - 1982, Massachusetts, USA), linguist, literary critic. Doctor of Philology. In 1914 he graduated from the Lazarevsky Institute of East. lang. in Moscow, in 1918 - Moscow. un-t. One of the founders of Moscow. lingual. mug OPOYAZ; was associated with rus. futurists. Since 1921 - in Czechoslovakia. In the beginning. 1930s headed the department of Russian. philology at un-those in Brno. In 1938–40 - in Denmark, Norway, since 1940 - in Sweden, at Uppsala University. Since 1946 - in the USA. He taught at Columbia, in 1949–67 - at Harvard University (prof. Slavic. And literature), at Massachusetts Technol. in-those (prof. department of linguistics and philosophy). He lectured in other high fur boots in the USA, as well as in Japan and a number of Europe. countries. One of the founders of the lingua. circles in several. mountains. USA. Main tr. dedicated theoretical linguistics, modern. semiotics, Slavs. lang. (primarily Russian), lang. sowing. peoples (Eskimo, Kamchadal, etc.), poetics. Literary critic. research concern the early Slavs. poetry, creativity A.S. Pushkin, A.N. Radishchev. A.A. Blok, H. Botev, as well as Dante, W. Shakespeare, S. Baudelaire, B. Brecht and others. The author of St. 600 scientific. tr. Fav. manuf. Ya. (Vols. 1-7) came out in 1960-82. Poch. ch. pl. scientific. ob-in, nat. academies, universities.
YAKOBZON Ludwig Yakovlevich (1873, Odessa - 1943, Leningrad), doctor, sex therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1915). In 1898 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that. Since 1898, a doctor in St. Petersburg. In 1900–04 he edited (with BA Oks) "Medical Journal". The author of Art. by clinics and social psychology. problems of sexopathology in decomp. honey. publications. In 1908–10 (with V.V. Podvysotsky) he edited Russian. per. 4-volume "Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine" Spirer-Fierordt and popul. book Kossmann-Weiss' Health. In the 1930s. Consultant for Genital Disorders in the 1st Commercial hospital in Leningrad. The author of Art. in the Encyclopedic. Brockhaus-Efron dictionary, in the New Encyclopedic. dictionary, first ed. Big honey. encyclopedias. Vol .: Concise Medical Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin Dictionary. 3rd ed., St. Petersburg, 1901 (in co-authorship with Oks); Eunuchoidy. SPb., 1913; Sexual impotence. Pg., 1915; Masturbation in men and women. Pg., 1923; Sexual coldness in women. L., 1927; Sexual disorders in men. M., 1928.
YAKOVLEV (real family name Epstein) Yakov Arkadievich (1896, Grodna - 1938), statesman. He graduated from the 4th year of St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-that. Member RSDLP since 1913. Member of Oct. Revolution of 1917. After the Revolution, he worked in Ukraine. From 1921 to the beginning. Glavpolitprosveta of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, in 1922–23 deputy. head Agitprop department of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1923–24 - in the Central Committee of the party, head. dep. printing, simultaneously. ed. "Peasant gas.", Then gas. "Poor". Since 1926 deputy. People's Commissar of the RFL of the USSR. In 1929–34, the USSR People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1934, before. Vses. council of collective farms, since 1934 head. s.-kh. dep. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Developed important drafts of decisions of the 12th and 13th (1923, 1924) party congresses on issues. work in the countryside, state farms, local budgets, etc. Central Control Commission (1924-30), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (since 1930), member. Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Author of works on issues. roar. movement, party history, agr. politicians. Arrested in 1937. Shot.
YAKOVLEV Yuri Yakovlevich (1922, Petrograd - 1996), writer. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1952 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. First book. I. - Sat. poems for children "Our address" (Moscow, 1949). Author approx. 50 poetic collection of books, dozens of books. children's prose, including about VI Lenin ("The First Bastille". Moscow, 1965, etc.), approx. 20 collection of plays. Per. from Bulgarian, Romanian, Turkish, Fin. lang. State pr. USSR (1985).
YAKUB Zalman Iosifovich (1919, Daugavpils, Latvia - 2009), ethnographer, historian. 1941–45 - at the front. From 1940 he began to publish. Publicistic theme. research - the history of Daugavpils and the history of Latvian Jews. Published by St. 600 st. in Russian, Latvian. lang., Hebrew and Yiddish in zhurn. and gas. Moscow, Riga, Birobidzhan, Daugavpils, Warsaw, Tel Aviv. Author ist. essays "Jews in Dinaburg - Dvinsk - Daugavpils", "In those days: from the history of the Daugavpils ghetto" (both in the collection: "Jews in Daugavpils". Daugavpils, 1993, trans.). East and ethnographer. materials about Daugavpils are collected in the book. "Daugavpils in the past".
YAKUBOV Manashir Abramovich (b. 1936, Grozny), musicologist. In 1955 he graduated from the Makhachkala music. uch-shche, in 1960 - Moscow. cons. by class L.A. Mazel's theory of music. He taught in Makhachkala in muses. uch-shche (head of the theoretical department), head. lecture hall of the Dagestan state. Philharmonic. After graduating from the Institute of History of Arts (Moscow) in 1967, he worked as ed. zhurn. "Sov. music ", head. dep. music by K-ta by Len. and State. pr. in the region. literature, art and architecture at the Council of Ministers of the USSR, in 1973–96 - in the sector of the history of art at the Institute of the History of Language and Literature of the Dagestan Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1996 prez. "The Society of Dmitry Shostakovich". Vice President Association "Russian Performing School". Member Council for Culture and Arts under the President of the Russian Federation. The author of the book. and Art. about muses. culture and comp. Dagestan, about the music of the Mountain Jews; St. 100 works about the work of D.D. Shostakovich. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the DagASSR (1975). State avenue DagASSR (1970).
YAKUBOVSKY Dmitry Olegovich (b. 1963, Moscow region), lawyer. Graduated from Vses. correspondence law. in-t. 1988–90 Responsible. sec. of the Board of the Union of Lawyers of the USSR. In 1992, the expert of the Committee for the preparation and conduct of military. reforms, freelance. sotr. by jurid. question at Prospect of the Russian Federation; powers. representative of law enforcement. bodies, special. and inform. services at the Prospect of the Russian Federation, deputy. early FAPSI. Since 1992 - in Canada. Dec. 1994 arrested on charges of smuggling antiques.
YAKUBOVSKY Israel Semenovich (1924, Cherkassy - 1944, Smolitsy, Bykhovsky district, Mogilev region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). From 1942 - in the Red Army. In 1943 he graduated from the Tashkent machine gun school. Com. platoon PTR ml. leith. Ya. Was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Kerch Strait in November. 1943. Killed in action.
YAKUBSON Veniamin Rubinovich (Yakobson Vladimir Romanovich) (1861, Vilna -?), Lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. He was engaged in advocacy in Slonim, Grodno province. Collaborated in a local Zionist organization. In 1906, dep. 1st State Duma from Grodno province, joined the Trudovik faction. Sec. Duma Commission of Inquiries, member. Duma commission to investigate the circumstances of the Bialystok pogrom. Due to threats from Black Hundred organizations, he was forced to go abroad. After the dissolution of the Duma in 1907, among other deputies. signed the Vyborg Appeal calling for disobedience to the authorities. After serving 3 months. conclusion, emigrated. In 1917 he entered labor. nar.-socialist. Y.'s granddaughter - Braginskaya Ella Vladimirovna (b. 1926, Moscow), translator. In 1953 she graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Lit. began to engage in activities in 1965. The author of the lane. manuf. H. Cortazar, G. Marquez, P. Neruda, V. Liosa, R. Alberti and others, as well as literary criticism. articles.
YAKUT (real family Abramovich) Vsevolod Semenovich (1912, Bodaibo Kirensky u. Irkutsk province. - 1991, Moscow), actor. Since 1929 the actor of the T-ra-studio im. AV Lunacharsky, where he played his first role - Ferdinand ("Deceit and Love" F. Schiller, 1950). In 1931–34 - at the T-re-studio im. MN Ermolova, in 1938–91 - in the T. M.N. Ermolova. In 1934–37 - in the army. The versatility and creative range of Ya is characteristic. Among the roles played: Raevich ("Storm" by V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky, 1939), Kuchumov ("Mad Money" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1945), Pushkin ("Pushkin" by A.P. . Globy, 1949), Raskolnikov ("Crime and Punishment of F. M. Dostoevsky, 1957), Sir John (" Dresser "R. Harwood, 1987). He taught at GITIS and at GUTSEI. Nar. art. USSR (1980). Became. pr. (1946).
YALOMSTEIN Mordechai (1835, Suwalki - 1897, New York), journalist. He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. Since 1871 - in the USA. In 1871-76 joint. with Ts.G. Bernstein published in New York the first weekly in the USA. gas. in Hebrew "Ha-tsofe ba-aretz ha-hadash". Under ps. Yashan published correspondence in Gaz. "Gamelitz", collaborated in gas. "Ga-Ivri". In 1885 joint. with K.G. Sarazon founded the daily. gas. "Yiddish Togblat", which existed until 1929. In 1893 he published the history of the United States in Hebrew "Toldot Artsot Ha-Brit".
YAMBURG Evgeny Alexandrovich (b. 1951, Moscow), teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1997). In 1973 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. Since 1972 Rev. in schools in Moscow, since 1976 - in cf. school number 109: teacher, deputy. dir., dir. (since 1978). At the same time. advisor min. education of the Russian Federation (1990–92), beginning. Department of Education of the Southwest Uch. district of Moscow (1993–95), member. governments. Commission for the preparation of the next stage of reforming the education system in Russia (1997). Author and hands. development of an adaptive school model, involving the training and development of a heterogeneous contingent of students. The model is based on the development of the ideas of J. Korchak, P.P. Blonsky, L.S.Vygotsky (J. is the author of the article and comments on a number of publications of their works). In 1991 the school was under the control. Ya transformed into experimental. complex: kindergarten, early. school, basic school with general education., gymnasium. and correctional classes, Art. school with lyceum and general education. class, center for development and leisure, medical and psychological. Centre. Author of over 50 publ. Book. I. “School for everyone. Responsive model. (Theoretical foundations and practical implementation) "was recognized as the best book. year (1997) in the region. education of the Russian Federation. Honored. school teacher of the RSFSR (1990). Works: The school's pedagogical ensemble. M., 1987; Education by history. M., 1989; This "boring" science of management. M., 1992; School for everyone. M., 1996.
YAMPOLSKY Abram Ilyich (1890, Yekaterinoslav - 1956, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1926), Doctor of Law (1940). Brother of M.I. Yampolsky. The founder of the largest Moscow. violinist. schools. In 1913 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class violin by S.P. Korguev and the theory of composition by Y. Vitol and M.O.Steinberg, after which he returned to Yekaterinoslav, worked as an accompanist and conductor of an orc., taught in music. uch-shche. Since 1920 - in Moscow. Played an orc. Bolshoi Theater, gave concerts as an ensemble player (member of the quartet with L.M. Tseitlin, V.S. Pikelman, G.P. Pyatigorsky). In 1922–32 he was concertmaster of Persimfans (First symphonic ensemble without conductor). Main Y.'s field of activity became pedagogy: in 1922–25 he was the orc. cl. Moscow cons., from 1923 - cl. violins (since 1936 head of the department); also taught at the Center. muses. school. Member jury Intern. competition them. E. Izay in Brussels (1937). Among the students were Y. E. G. Gilels, E. D. Grach, L.B. Kogan, I. S. Bezrodny, Y. G. Sitkovetskiy, M. I. Fikhtengolts. Ya. - the author of a number of methodological. tr., transcriptions for violin and piano, as well as editions of works. I.-S. Bach, G. F. Handel, F. Mendelssohn, C. Sen-Saens, N. Paganini and others. In 1996, the 1st Intern. violin competition them. A.I. Yampolsky (Dubna). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1937).
YAMPOLSKY Boris Samoilovich (1912, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1972, Moscow), writer. Lit. started his activity in 1927. He worked in the newspaper offices. Moscow, Baku, Novokuznetsk. In 1941 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky. At the same time he published the first novel. "Fair" - lyric. childhood sketches, colored with Jewish humor. During the war 1941–45 special. corr. gas. "Cr. Star "," Izvestia ". He wrote essays and reports from besieged Leningrad and partisans. detachment in Belarus. The author of the pov. "The Road of Trials" (1955), "Three Springs" (1962), "Young Man" (1963), and others. The Jewish theme runs through all the work of Ya. "Boy from Golubina Street" (1959) and in vos. "The last meeting with Vasily Grossman" ("Continent", 1979, No. 6). See. published rom. "Moscow Street" ("Banner", 1988, No. 2-3), "Father" ("October", 1991, No. 8), "Familiar City" (ibid., 1992, No. 1). Cit .: Magic Lantern ... M., 1967; Carousel. M., 1969.
YAMPOLSKY Israel Markovich (1905, Ekaterinoslav - 1976, Moscow), violinist, teacher, musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1940). Son of MI Yampolsky, nephew of AI Yampolsky. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. (class of A. I. Yampolsky's violin). As a student (in 1927–29), he played in Persimfans (the First Symphony Ans. Without a conductor). In 1931–58 he taught at the Mus. uch-shche and Center. muses. ten-year school (until 1946) at Moscow. cons., and in 1934–49 (with a short break) - in Moscow. cons. Since 1938, he taught there he created and developed (jointly with L.S. Ginzburg) a course on the history and theory of bow art. In 1950–59 scientific. ed. publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", since 1973 deputy. ch. ed. "Musical Encyclopedia". Et al. with BS Steinpress compiled the "Encyclopedic Musical Dictionary" (1959; 2nd ed. - 1966), joint. with GB Bernandt - the dictionary “Who wrote about music” (vols. 1-3, 1971-79), the reference book “Soviet composers and musicologists” (v. 1, 1978). The author is methodical. tr. "Fundamentals of Violin Fingering" (1933; 2nd ed. - 1977). Ya owned the first publ. a number of violinists. manuf. I.E. Khandoshkina, M.A. Balakireva, A.K. Glazunova and others. Ya. - author of pl. Art. in the music. Encyclopedias by J. Grove (1954, 1980). Among the research. tr. Ya. - “Russian violin art. Essays and materials "(part 1, 1951), a number of books. about the outstanding violinists of the world.
YAMPOLSKY Lev Grigorievich (1889, Kharkov - 1973, Moscow), composer. He began composing music as a child. In 1911-17 - in the army. After demobilization in 1918 - comp. and muses. hands. experimental lit.-artist t-ra "Modern"; at the same time. studied in muses. in-those. By order of Moscow. t-ra "Habima" wrote music for the performances "Goyrdos and Miriam" and "Gamabul" ("The Flood"). Joint. with dir. Moscow Art Theater B.I. Vershilov and artist. A.A. Shulrikhter founded the Jewish experiment. t-r-studio "Freikunst" (1926), wrote music for a number of plays by Sholem Aleichem, for the performances "Botvin" by A. Vevierko, "Golem" by G. Leivik; composed music for Jewish t-moats of Dnepropetrovsk, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev. Later he worked in GOSET and in his studio (music for the performances "Wandering Stars", "Twelfth Night", "Windsor Gossips" and many others). Author of music for more than 100 performances t-rakh, as well as songs to verses by D.N. Gofshtein, L.M. Kvitko, M.S. Kulbak, A.A. Vergelis, A.Yu. Gontar, Kh.V. Beider and others, included in repertoire of singers Sh.Lyubimov, R. Plotkina, Z.B. Shulman.
YAMPOLSKY Mark Ilyich (1879, Yekaterinoslav - 1951, Moscow), cellist, teacher. Brother of A.I. Yampolsky. In 1897 he entered the Kiev muses. uch-shche in cl. cello by F.V. Mulert (student of K.Yu. Davydov). After graduating from it in 1901, he taught in music. schools of Yekaterinoslav and Poltava (1903–04). In 1905–07 - in France, studied with prof. Parisian cons. J. Leba. Returning to Russia, he continued ped. work in Yekaterinoslav. In 1910 he entered Petersburg. cons. in cl. prof. E.F. Gerbek. At the end of the cons. (1913) - assistant to Gerbek (1914–18). Since 1921 - in Moscow. He taught at the State. in-those muses. dramas, in technical schools. br. Rubinstein (1922–51), them. A. N. Skryabin (1926–29) Gnesins (1928-30). He gave concerts as an ensemble member, took part in concerts of Persimfans (First symphonic ensemble without conductor). In 1930–51 prof. Moscow cons. Among the students of Ya. - A.P. Stogorsky, L.S.Ginzburg, Ya.P. Slobodkin, B.V.Dobrokhotov, Ya.M. Smolyansky.
YAMPOLSKY Mordechai (1902, Shpola of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. - 1981, Israel), sports figure. In 1924 he graduated from engineer. Faculty of Odessa University. From 1916 he was engaged in Zionist activities in the society "Tseirei Zion" in Odessa, for which he was expelled from the USSR. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1925–29 he worked on draining swamps, participated in the construction of water intake facilities and a port in Haifa, and opened a private land management office there. In tech. for half a century he was an active figure in sports. about-va "Maccabi", took part in the holding in Haifa of the national championships and the Maccabiad in swimming, introduced the meaning. contribution to the construction of decomp. sport. structures in the north of Israel. In 1951–57 the first before. Israel Sports Federation and member. Olympus. to-that of Israel.
YAMPOLSKY Pavel Abramovich (1914, Odessa - 1975, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958), prof. (1968). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1939. In 1939–48 he worked in N. - and. kinofotoin-those. Since 1948 - in Ying-those chem. physics, Art. scientific. sotr. Main tr. on neutron physics and physics of shock waves. Participant in the creation of atomic and hydrogen weapons (developed issues of neutron spectroscopy, dosimetry, etc.). Discovered the phenomenon of polymerization under the influence of shock waves. Author approx. 60 scientific. publ., including monograph. "Neutrons of an atomic explosion" (Moscow, 1961). Became. pr. (1953). Son Ya. - Yuri (b. 1938, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1982), prof. (1993). After graduation (1961) chem. Faculty of Moscow State University - in Ying-those petrochem. synthesis of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Ch. scientific. sotr. Sci. tr. by physical chemistry of polymers, gas separation membranes. He developed methods for determining the concentration of atoms and radicals during pyrolysis, established the mechanism of pyrolysis of the simplest hydrocarbons. Author approx. 150 scientific. works, including monograph. "Elementary reactions and the mechanism of hydrocarbon pyrolysis" (Moscow, 1990).
YAMPOLSKY Samuil Moiseevich (1875, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1965, Kharkov), pediatrician. Prof. (1930), Dr. med. Sciences (1934). Graduated from natural sciences. f-t un-that in Kiev (1900) and honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1903). In 1904–05 he was a pediatrician in St. Petersburg. Participant in Russian-Japanese. war. In 1906–07 he improved in Germany. In 1906-18 the head. organized by him first in Kharkov and one of the first in Russia children. consultation and kitchen "Drop of milk". In 1914-22 the military. doctor and at the same time. (1917–23) chap. doctor children. hospitals in Kharkov. In 1922–30, he was also the head of the first in Ukraine Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Childhood, which he organized. In 1930–41 the head. created by him Department of Infant and Early Childhood. age of the Ukrainian in-that improvement of doctors and simultaneously. head Department of children. diseases of the 2nd Kharkov honey. in-that. In 1941–44 the head. Department of children. diseases of Novosibirsk honey. in-that, in 1944–56 head. Department of Pediatrics and Deputy. dir. Ukrainian in-that improvement of doctors. Sci. tr. Ya. question pathology and treatment of digestive disorders. Developed a method of blood transfusion in order to increase immunity in children with dysentery. Vol .: Tasks and organization of institutions "Drop of milk". Kharkov, 1912; Blood transfusion for dysentery. M., 1941 (et al.).
YAN (Slepyan) Ira (Esther) (1869 - 1919), artist. She studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. From 1907 - in E.-I. One of the founders of the Rehavia gymnasium (Jerusalem), she taught drawing at the Herzliya gymnasium in Tel Aviv. She founded the first artist. studio in Tel Aviv. The author of the book. (in Russian) about M.M. Antokolsky. Translated into Russian. lang. and illustrated the verse. Kh.N. Bialik. During the 1st world. war was exiled to Egypt.
YANKIVER Sima Borukhovna (b. 1925, Derebchin, Mogilev district, Podolsk province), orientalist-linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1965). In 1947 she graduated from the MIV. Rev. VIIYa (1950–52), MIV (1952–54), MGIMO USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1954–57). In 1957–86 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main direction of research: Chinese. linguistics, prepositions, verbs sovr. Chinese lang. Publ. St. 40 scientific. works: articles, monograph. Comp. ser. linguist collection of works: Guangzhou (Cantonese) dialect of the Chinese language. M., 1987.
YANKOVSKY (real family. Khisin) Moisey Osipovich (1898, Warsaw - 1972, Leningrad), musicologist, theater critic, critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1968). Prof. In 1924 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1925 the theater. critic, published in all theaters. ed. that time. In 1930–37, 1943–49 and from 1953 Art. scientific. sotr. and prof. LGITMIK. In 1931–33 artist. hands. Leningrad. t-ra muses. comedy, in 1941–45 dir. Leningrad. t-ra miniatures. Dealt with Russian problems. muses. t-ra 19–20 centuries, author of the first tr. about op-those. The author of the libretto of muses. comedies "Golden Valley" (with LI Levin, 1938), "Tailwind" (both - IO Dunaevsky), Russian. the text of the op-t "Violet of Montmartre" by I. Kalman and "The Merry Widow" by F. Legar. Works: MB Bobyshov. Painting and theater. L., 1928 (in co-authorship with E.F. Hollerbach); Operetta. The emergence and development of the genre in the West and in the USSR. L. - M., 1937; I.O.Dunaevsky. L., 1940; Chaliapin and Russian opera culture. L. - M., 1947; N.I. Zabela-Vrubel. M., 1953; Soviet operetta theater. History sketch. M. - L., 1962; Leningrad Comedy Theater. L., 1968; The art of operetta. M., 1982.
YANOV (real family member Barenboim) Alexander Lvovich (born 1930, Odessa), historian, publicist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1970), prof. In 1953 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1960 - early. 1970s publ. in the journal. "Questions of Literature", "New World", "Questions of Philosophy", "Young Communist". Since 1974 - in the USA. Prof. polit. Sciences of New York University. Author of monograph. “The origin of autocracy. Ivan the Terrible in Russian history "(1981)," The Drama of the Soviets in the 60s. Lost reforms "(New York, 1984)," Russian challenge and the year 2000 "(New York, 1987) and others. 1980s author of publ. in owls. (growing) periodic. publications.
YANOVSKAYA Henrietta Naumovna (b. 1940, Leningrad), director. She studied at Radiolokats. technical school (1957–61). In 1962 she entered the directing department of LGITMIK (course of G.A. Tovstonogov). During her studies she staged: "Warsaw Melody" by L. G. Zorin (Leningrad. Small Drama Theater, 1967), "Ball of Thieves" by J. Anuy (ibid., 1968). In subsequent years, she carried out the post: "Farewell in June" by A.V. Vampilov (Riga Youth Theater and Pskov Drama Theater), "The Marriage of Figaro" by P.-O.Bomarshe (Pskov Drama Theater), "Who Created miracle "W. Gibbson (Krasnoyarsk Theater for Young Spectators)," Alice in Wonderland "by L. Carroll (Leningrad Theater named after Lenkom), etc. In 1978, on the initiative of J., an amateur theater" Blue Bridge "was organized, which received later the status of the people. Among the post. here the performances: "Little Red Riding Hood" by E.L. Schwartz (1978), "We must watch your face" by A.M. Volodin (1979), "The Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky (1982). Since 1984 - in Moscow, staged: "The Widow Steamer" by I. Grekova and S.L. Lungin (Theater named after Mossovet), "Migratory Birds Are Flying" by A.M. Galin (State Academic Theater named after I. Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1986). From 1986 Ch. dir. Moscow Youth Theater, where for the first time in the USSR she carried out a post. the play "Heart of a Dog" by M.A.Bulgakov (1987). Ya aspirations to expand the repertoire boundaries of children. t-ra showed up in the post. performances "The Nightingale" by H.C. Andersen (1988), "Goodbye, America!" by production S.Ya. Marshak (1989), "Ivanov" by A.P. Chekhov (1993), "Jacques Offenbach, love and tru-la-la" (based on the op-te of J. Offenbach "Bluebeard", 1995). In 1991, the organizer (with S. Kazarnovsky) international. festival “Theater where children play”.
YANOVSKAYA Sofia Aleksandrovna (1896, Pruzhany, Grodno Gubernia - 1966, Moscow), mathematician, historian and philosopher of science. Prof. (1931), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935). She studied (1914–18) at the Higher. wives courses in Odessa. Student of S.O.Shatunovsky. Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1929). Participant of Civil. war. She worked at the Odessa Provincial Committee of the RCP (b) (1920–23), from 1925 at Moscow State University. In 1936 she read the first course in mathematics at Moscow State University. logic. The organizer of the Department of Mathematics. logic in the same place. Ed. per., comment. and the author entered. Art. in the first, publ. in the USSR (1947) monograph. "Foundations of theoretical logic" D. Hilbert and V. Ackerman. One of the creators of owls. schools of historians of mathematics. Main works are related to the foundations of mathematics, mat. logic, history and philosophy of mathematics. Cit .: Methodological problems of science. M., 1972.
YANOVSKY David Markelovich (1868, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1927, Hyères, France), chess player, chess theorist and journalist. From 1891 - in France, in chess. in the competition he acted as a representative of Russia. In 1914–25 - in the USA, from 1925 - again in France. Winner and prize-winner of St. 20 cr. int. tournaments, including in Vienna (1896, 1st), Monte Carlo (1901, 1st), Hanover and Paris (1902, 1st), Barmen (1905, 1 –2nd m.). In 1910 he lost to Emil Lasker the world championship match. He won 11 matches against a number of the strongest chess players in the world, including S. Windver (1896, 5: 2), F. Marshall (1899, 3: 1; 1908, 6.5: 3.5). Made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory; the name of J. named the continuations in the Queen's Gambit, Sicilian and French defenses, and other principles.
YANOVSKY David Naumovich (1901, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1969, Kiev), hematologist. In 1927 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1927-30 he worked in a hospital therapist. clinic in the same place; in 1931–39 - to the clinic. departments of Ying-that experiment. biology and pathology and simultaneously. hospital therapist assistant clinics of Kiev honey. in-that; in 1939–41 he headed the department. clinics hematology Ying-that klinich. medicine. In 1941–45, Ch. therapist fr-tov, in 1945–47 - South. gr. troops. Since 1947 hand. dep. clinics hematology in the Kiev Institute of Cardiology. Main scientific. tr. Ya. problems of leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, anemia, hemorrhage. diathesis. Proposed clinical anatomical. classification of anemias, put forward an allergic-hyperergic theory of the occurrence of leukemia; created (together with N.D. Strazhesko and M.A. Chepeleva) three unique atlases on clinics. hematology (1940, 1967, 1969); introduced means. contribution to the development of new research methods. organs of hematopoiesis. Prev Ukrainian Society of Hematologists; member editorial boards "Medical business", "Clinical medicine", "Problems of hematology and blood transfusion". Cit .: Acute leukemia and its relation to sepsis ... Kiev, 1940; Clinical Hematology Manual. Kiev, 1951, 1962; Blood picture and its clinical significance. Kiev, 1957.
YANOVSKY Shmuel (1876, Petersburg - 1944, Tel Aviv), public figure. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Student organizer Zionist circle in un-those. In 1903 he published the "Index of Literature on Zionism." Since 1910, members Central Committee of the Zionist Movement in Russia. During the Civil. During the war, he continued to engage in Zionist activities in Odessa and the Crimea. In 1920–26 - in France. Since 1927 - in E.-I. As an active member. a number of Zionist organizations, provided assistance to the Zionists convicted in Russia. In 1934 he released the information. Sat. materials about econ. the position of Jews in the USSR in Russian. lang. and in Hebrew - "Eretz Yisrael babniya" ("Building E.-I."), prepared for publishing. biogr. dictionary of figures rus. Zionism. Affairs. 9th (1909) and 12th (1921) Zionist Congresses.
YANTOVSKY Evgeny Isaakovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), mechanical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1969). In 1951 he graduated from the Kharkov Aviation. in-t. In 1959 he organized one of the first labs in the USSR in Kharkov. magn. hydrodynamics, to-ry supervised until 1971. In 1976 he created a department in Simferopol. for the design of a heat pump. stations. Main region scientific. interests - hydrodynamic. power generators. Publ. more than 100 works in the region. magn. hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, magn. liquids of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, thermodynamic. cycles without emissions into the atmosphere. He founded a new scientific. direction in tech. thermodynamics (exergonomics). Works: Fundamentals of the theory of space electric propulsion systems. M., 1970; Energy flows and exergy. M., 1988; Industrial heat pumps. M., 1989.
YAPONCHIK Bear (real name and surname Moisey Volfovich Vinnitsky) (1891, Odessa - 1919, Voznesensk, Elizavetgradsky district, Kherson province), adventurer. In 1905 he took part in the activities of the self-defense detachment. Later he headed a gang of raiders. In 1908 he was arrested. Released in 1917. In the fall of 1917 he organized a Jewish military squad in Odessa. In 1918 Y. was one of the most influential figures in the criminal world of Odessa. In 1919 com. detachment Kr. Army, com. battalion of special purpose, com. shooter. shelf, form. from anarchists and criminals. Shot without trial by order of the command.
YARCHUK Efim (Khaim) Zakharovich (real name and surname Khaim Zakhariev) (1882 or 1886, Berezna, Rivne u. Volyn province -?), Politician. From 1903 an anarchist, in 1904–05 a member. gr. anarchist communists "Bread and Freedom" in Bialystok and Zhitomir. Arrested in 1905, St. spent two years in the Lukyanovskaya prison (Kiev), in 1907-13 - in exile in the Yakutsk region. From 1913 - in the USA, joined the anarcho-syndicalists, member. published. gr. gas. "Voice of Labor". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, member. Petrogr. Council, one of the leaders of the Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda, was sent by the Petrosoviet to Kronstadt, where he was elected a member. executive committee and military-technical. commissions of the Kronstadt Soviet. In oct. 1917 members Petrogr. VRK, commanded one of the detachments of the Kronstadt sailors in the capture of the Winter Palace. Affairs. 2nd and 3rd All-Russia. Congresses of Soviets, member. editorial board organs of the anarchists "Voice of Labor" and "Free Voice of Labor". Since 1918 he was repeatedly arrested by the Cheka. In 1922, among the 10 leaders of the anarchist. movement expelled from the Sov. Russia. While in Germany, he was a member of the journal. Russian anarcho-syndicalist "Working Way". In 1925 he returned to the USSR. The further fate is unknown. Cit .: Kronstadt in the Russian revolution. New York, 1923.
YARHO Noy (1862, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1912), doctor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from honey. f-t of one of the high fur boots in the UK. From the end. 1880s - in Argentina. One of the founders of the Jewish settlement in Entre Rio. In 1894 he took part in the elimination of the exanthematic typhus epidemic. Author of a monograph on this disease.
YARMOLINSKY Avraham (1890, Gaysin, Podolsk province - 1975), literary critic, translator, publisher. Since 1913 - in the USA, graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Columbia University (1921, in 1919–20 he taught Russian language and literature there). In 1918–43, the director. Slavs. sector of the New York nat. b-ki, at the same time. in 1917–43 he taught Russian. lang. and literature at City College, New York. Author of works on the Slavs. and Jewish philology, according to nat. problems, among which are the biographies of I.S. Turgenev (1926), F.M. Dostoevsky (1934), book. “Jews and other nat. minorities under the Sov. power ”(1928),“ Picturesque America ”(1930),“ Rus. liter "(1931) and others. Ya. belong to the lane. in Yiddish and English. language: “Rus. school of painting "A.N. Benois (1916), memoirs of gr. S.Yu. Witte (1921), AABlok's poem "The Twelve" (1937). Together with his wife Babette (nee Deutsch) he translated, compiled and published the anthology “New Rus. poetry "(1921)," Sovr. German poetry "(1923)," Rus. poetry "(1937). Published rum. Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" (1936) and "Demons" (1936), "Op. Alexander Pushkin "(1936), collection of works. stories by M. Gorky (1939, with Baroness M. I. Budberg). Participated in the preparation of the "General Jewish Encyclopedia" (leading specialist in the section of Russian literature and Russian history). Son Y. - Adam (b. 1922, New York), lawyer. Graduated from Harvard College (1943) and Yale Law. school (1948). Served in private law. firms and foundations. In the beginning. 1960s pom. Sec. on nat. security.
YARMOLNIK Leonid Isaakovich (b. 1954, Grodekovo, Primorsky Territory), actor, producer. He worked in Lvov in Nar. t-re-studio them. Linen. Komsomol. In 1976 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin (course of Yu.V. Katina-Yartsev). In 1976–84 - in the T-D drama and comedy on Taganka. In 1974 he starred in TV / f "Your Rights", in subsequent years Y. played more than 70 roles in movies and TVs, mostly. small. Acting skills of J. are distinguished by a sharp manner of playing, eccentricity, tricks, grotesque, expressiveness of the external drawing. Among the films: "Detective" (1979), "Return of the Resident", "End of Operation" Resident "(1986)," Password - "Hotel Regina", "French", "Two Arrows" (all - 1989), Passport (1990), Swamp Street, or Anti-Sex Remedy (1991); among the t / f: "The same Munchausen" (1979), "Pippi - Long Stocking" (1984), "The Detective Game", "The Man from Boulevard des Capucines" (both - 1987), "Look for a Woman" (1988) and etc. In the TV / f "Moscow Holidays" Y. also acted as a producer. On the radio he hosted "The Leonid Yarmolnik Show", on television he took part in the television programs "This Fantastic World", "Alarm Clock", "Around Laughter" and others. Author and host of the "L-Club" and "Gold Rush" TV shows. Participant of variety concerts (original miniatures-pantomimes, reading works by M.M. Zhvanetsky).
YARMONENKO Samuil Petrovich (b. 1920, Konotop, Chernigov province), doctor, radiobiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). In 1939–61 - in the army. In 1941 he graduated from the Military Academy in Leningrad. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1966 he headed the lab he created. radiobiology in Oncology. scientific. center in Moscow, at the same time. (since 1967) taught a course in radiobiology at the 2nd MMI. Sci. tr. Ya. question antiradiation protection, klinich. radiology and radiobiology, development of methods of radiation therapy for cancer. Author of monograph. "Radiobiology of Man and Animals" (M., 1974; 3rd ed. - 1988), awarded by the State. pr. USSR (1988). Pres. (since 1990) Intern. about-va clinics hyperthermia. From the beginning. 1990s - in Israel. Cit .: Radiation protection of the body. M., 1969; Biological bases of tumor radiation therapy. M., 1976 (et al.).
YAROSHEVSKY Arnold Yakovlevich (1920, Petrograd - 1970, ibid.), Therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1955), prof. (1957). In 1941 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946 he returned to the Institute, graduated from graduate school and from 1949 taught there. In 1963–70 the head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases. At the same time. (since 1960) headed the therapeutic. sector of the Institute of Physiology. I.P. Pavlova of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the lab created with him. experimental and clinics. hematology. Sci. tr. Ya. decomp. problems of therapy, primarily hematology and nephrology; participated in the development of research methods. kidney (infusion pyelography, isotope renography, puncture biopsy). On the initiative of Ya., The first nephrology specialists in the USSR were organized in Leningrad. department (1962) and nephrological. dispensary (1969). One of the organizers and first hand. nephrological section Leningrad. about-va therapists them. S.P. Botkin (1965), deputy. prev. Vses. about-va of nephrologists. Cit .: Questions of nervous regulation of the blood system. M., 1953 (et al.); Diseases of the blood system. M., 1959 (et al.); Endogenous hematopoietic stimulants (erythropoietins). M. - L., 1963; Clinical Nephrology. L., 1971; Kidney and blood clotting. L., 1972 (et al.).
YAROSHEVSKY Mikhail Grigorievich (b. 1915, Kherson - 2002, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1961), hon. acad. RAO (1993). In 1937 he graduated from Leningrad. ped in-t. Arrested in 1938, released in 1939. He worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1945–51), in ped. in-takh Kulyab, Leninabad, Dushanbe (1951–65), at the Tajik University (1963–65), where he created and headed the department of psychology and experimental psychology. laboratories. Since 1965 - at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1965–90 head of the department. sector of psychology scientific. creativity, since 1990 Ch. scientific. sotr. Sci. tr. Ya. question history and methodology of human sciences, science of science, psychology of scientific. creativity. Exploring the laws of development of psychol. knowledge from antiquity to the present day, J. created the concept of categorical analysis of scientific. activities. Developed a software-role-based approach to research. scientific. collective, which gave rise to a new direction in psychology - social. psychology of science. He proposed a system of concepts that reveal psychol. specifics of scientific. creativity, which served as the basis for another direction in psychology - ist. psychology of science. Cit .: History of psychology. M., 1966; Psychology in the XX century. M., 1971; Sechenov and world psychological thought. M., 1981; L.S.Vygotsky: in search of a new psychology. SPb., 1993; An introduction to the history of psychology. M., 1994; Historical psychology of science. SPb., 1995; Behavioral Science: The Russian Way. M., 1996.
YAROSLAVSKY (real name Kogan) Yakov Grigorievich (1896 - 1957), director. Scenic He began his activity in Odessa, then worked in the t-ts of Simbirsk, Samara, Arkhangelsk, Dnepropetrovsk. In 1938–57 dir. Azerbaijan state Russian dram. t-ra them. S. Vurgun in Baku. Among the post. Y .: "Ruy Blaz" by V. Hugo (1938), "The Man with a Gun" by N.F. Pogodin (1939), "Stepmother" by O. de Balzac (1940), "Rift" by B.A. Lavrenev, "In Steppes of Ukraine "by A.E. Korneichuk (both - 1941)," Siege of the Mill "by E. Zola," Russian People "by K. M. Simonov (both - 1942)," Dog in the Manger "by Lope de Vega," Barbara " M. Gorky (both - 1943), "They don't joke with love" by P. Calderon, "Mashenka" by A. N. Afinogenov (both - 1952), "Filumena Marturano" by E. de Filippo (1956), "Trees die while standing" A. Casona (1957) and others. figure in lawsuits in the AzSSR (1944).
YAROSLAVSKY Emelyan Mikhailovich (real name and surname. Miney Izrailevich Gubelman) (1878, Chita - 1943, Moscow), politician. Brother of M.I. Gubelman. Into the roar. movement since 1899. In 1902, member. Chita Committee of the RSDLP, from 1903 to the party. work in St. Petersburg. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Affairs. 4th and 5th congresses of the RSDLP. He entered the Military. org-tion of the RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among soldiers in Yekaterinoslav, ed. illegal. gas. "Barracks" (Moscow). He was arrested several times. In 1908 he was sentenced to 5 years of hard labor, from 1913 - in a settlement in Yakutsk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Europe. Russia, from July to Moscow. military. org-tion at MK RSDLP (b), files. 6th Party Congress, Oct. days 1917 - part. Moscow VRK, the first Kremlin commissar, one of the editors. gas. "Social Democrat" and "Village Truth". In 1919-22 before. Perm Provincial Committee, member. Siboblburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1921 secretary. Central Committee of the RCP (b). One of the hands. Institute of Lenin (Moscow), was a member of the Board of the former. political prisoners and exiled settlers and the Society of Old Bolsheviks (from 1931 before). As before. He headed the Union of Militant Atheists in the 1920s and 1930s. a campaign to combat all forms of religion and to discredit the clergy of all denominations. Member editorial board gas. Pravda, zhurn. "Bolshevik", "Atheist", ed. "East. magazine ", head. Chair of the history of the CPSU (b) in the HPS at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), hands. lecturer. gr. Central Committee. Affairs. 8-18th congresses of the party, at the 8th and 9th congresses, the candidate was elected. in part. Central Committee, at the 10th, 11th and 18th congresses, member. Central Committee, at the 12-16th congresses, member. Central Control Commission (member of the Pres., Secretariat, in 1923-34 secretary of the Party Board of the Central Control Commission), at the 17th Congress - member. CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR and dep. USSR Armed Forces. The author of the book. and publicist. Art. on party history and roar. movements in Russia, the problems of atheism, etc. Urn with Y.'s ashes - in the Kremlin wall. Y.'s son - Frunze Emelyanovich (1924, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Major General of Aviation (1966). He graduated from the Kachin flight school (1942) and Military-vozd. Command Academy (1948). In 1943-44 - at the front, fighter pilot, then in command positions in the Air Force, in 1966-82 deputy. early headquarters of Moscow. env. Air defense. Honored. military. pilot of the USSR (1967). He was awarded 4 orders.
YAROSLAVSKY Mikhail Iosifovich (1928, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Physicist. Prof. (1979). In 1950 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1955 he worked at the Center. n.-i. lab. quartz VNII piezooptic. mineral raw materials, since 1955 - in the radio industry, since 1962 - in the electronic industry. Main works are connected with the problems of exploration, production and evaluation of quartz raw materials. He was engaged in research, development and implementation of piezoelectric in production. resonators. Laid by scientific. fundamentals of piezoelectric design resonators, including precision, unified and microminiature, intended for widespread use in decomp. region electronic equipment. Linen. (1964). Cit .: Piezoelectricity of quartz and quartz resonators. M., 1970; Design, manufacture and use of quartz resonators. M., 1971 (et al.).
JASENSKY Bruno (real name and surname Viktor Yakovlevich Zuskind) (1901, Klimontov of Sandomirsky district of Radom province - 1941), writer. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1923 he graduated from the Krakow University. He published his first poems in 1918. He joined the Futurists. In 1924–25 lit. ed. semi-legal communist. gas. "Working tribune" (Lvov). Since 1925 - in France, where he joined Franz. the Communist Party. In 1928 he wrote a romance. "I'm Burning Paris" - about the impending collapse of the capitalist. about-va, for which he was expelled from France. Since 1929 - in the USSR. Sec. Int. associations slave. writers. In 1931–32 ed. zhurn. "Liter of the World Revolution". From 1930 he wrote in Russian. lang. Author of rum. A Man Changes His Skin (1932–33), a drama. the process is socialist. transformations in Tajikistan. In 1936–37 he worked on an anti-fascist rum. "Conspiracy of the Indifferent." Repressed, Cit .: Ball of Mannequins. M. - L., 1931; Galician jaqueria. A word about Yakub Shel. M. - L., 1932; Fav. production In 2 volumes. M., 1957.
YASHUNSKY Joseph Khaimovich (Vladimirovich) (1881, Grodna - 1943, Treblinka), publicist. In 1904 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1905–06 he studied in Berlin. Member of the Zionist movement. Affairs. 5th Zionist Congr. Later he joined the Bund. In 1903–12 sotr. into gas. Der Freind. Published in Jewish editions. in Russian lang. Translated into Russian. lang. with him. works on philosophy and mathematics. In 1912-14 sec. edition of "New Encyclopedic. dictionary "Brockhaus and Efron, in 1914-16 ed. "Small encyclopedic. dictionary ", in 1916-17 ed. petersburg. dep. zhurn. "New way". Since 1920 - in Poland. Since 1924, dir. Jewish gymnasium in Vilna. Published in Vilna gas. Yiddish. From 1922 he led a weekly. heading "Conversations on Science and Technology" in Warsaw Gas. Folks Zeitung. Author of scientific-popul. book by decomp. branches of science. From 1928 he lived in Warsaw. Son Y. - Gershon (b. 1910, Vilna), publicist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. He was engaged in advocacy, chl. Bund. From 1939 - in Lithuania, lived in Vilno. In 1941-42 members. Judenrat, participated in the activity. the underground organization of the ghetto. Since 1944 - in Poland, member. Central Committee of the Bund. Published in Jewish editions. in Yiddish, Russian and Polish. lang. Per. from rus. and it. lang. in Yiddish. In the 1960s. sotr. gas. "Ziche Warsaw".
YASIN Evgeny Grigorievich (b. 1934, Odessa), economist, statesman. Graduated from Odessa engineer-economist. Institute of Moscow State University. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. He worked at the Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (1963–73), at the Center. econ.-mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1973–89), head. dep. State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on econ. reform (1989–91). Since May 1991, gen. dir. Directorate for Economics. politics Ros. union of industrialists and entrepreneurs; in 1992 p. Council for Entrepreneurship under the President of the Russian Federation; from Jan. 1992 Plenipotentiary Representative of the Russian Federation at the RF Armed Forces. Participated in the development of the "500 days" program. 1994–97 min. economy of the Russian Federation. Since 1997 min. without portfolio in Prospect of the Russian Federation. One of Ch. ideologists of the market economy.
YASINOVSKY Israel (1842, Grodno province - 1917, Warsaw), public figure. In 1874 he graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In the beginning. 1880s joined Hovevey Zion and soon took a place among the leaders of the movement. One of the founders of the Society of Aid to Jews - Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine (1890, Odessa). Member of seven Zionist Congresses.
YASINOVSKY Leonid Lazarevich (b. 1923, Kiev - 2003), actor. In 1940 he entered the Kiev Institute of Theater. lawsuit. 1941–45 - in the army. He worked in the Odessa T-re Sov. Army (1947–51), Rus. dram. t-re them. M. Gorky in Makhachkala (1951–52), in Dram. t-re in Berezniki (1952–53). Since 1953 the actor is Rus. state dram. t-ra them. N.K. Krupskaya in Frunze. Ya .'s repertoire is diverse, he succeeds in both tragic and comic, genre roles. Among them: Epikhodov ("The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov, 1959), Storozhev ("Earth" by N.E. Virta, 1966), spy Omodei ("Angelo" by V. Hugo), Filka ("Intervention" by L. Slavin), Clockmaker ("Kremlin chimes" by N.F. . Shakespeare), Khlynov ("The Ardent Heart" of AN Ostrovsky), Yegor Bulychov ("Yegor Bulychov and others" by Gorky), Hitler ("The End" by MF Shatrov) and others. Nar. art. Kyrgyz SSR (1967), People. art. USSR (1989).
YASINOVSKY Mikhail Alexandrovich (1899, Odessa - 1972, ibid.), Therapist. Prof. (1934), Dr. med. Sciences (1935), acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1963). Rod. in the family of a doctor. After graduating from Odessa honey. Institute (1922) until 1972 worked there - resident, assistant, associate professor, prof., head. departments of hospital (1934–56) and faculty (from 1956) therapy. At the same time. (1930–38) supervised a therapist. and rheumatologic. (1938–41) clinics of Ukr. in-that balneology and balneology in Odessa. Since 1959 hands. created by him. rheumatology of the Odessa Research Institute of balneology. In 1941–45 he worked in the evacuation hospitals in Odessa, as a consultant to the hospital base and early. honey. parts of hospitals in Kislovodsk and Tbilisi; in 1943–45 ch. therapist of the Black Sea Fleet. Sci. tr. dedicated question clinics and treatment of rheumatism, diseases of the musculoskeletal system. apparatus, digestive organs, blood, physiology, pathology and clinic will become inflamed. processes of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, stomach, intestines, as well as the problems of balneology, clinics. pharmacology, etc. The name of Ya. was assigned to the f-tskoy therapeutic. clinic of the Odessa honey. in-that, where the cabinet-museum Ya. was created; on the building of the Institute there is a memorial plaque. One of the streets of Odessa is named after J. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1951). Works: Epidemic hepatitis (Botkin's disease). M., 1948; Changes in the heart with rheumatism. Kiev, 1956 (et al.); Lung lesions in rheumatism and certain allergic diseases. Kiev, 1969 (et al.); Antirheumatic drugs. Kiev, 1972 (et al.).
YASINOVSKY Pinchas (1886, Romanovka of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1954 or 1955, New York), composer, musicologist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1900 - in Nikolaev, where he became a chorister with P. Minkovsky. In 1906 he moved to St. Petersburg, in 1915 he graduated from the cons. (class composition Ts.A. Cui). He was a cantor in Finland, Sweden, Denmark. Since 1917 - in the USA, cantor in one of the Orthodox synagogues in New York. Popularizer of Jewish song folklore. He wrote songs to the verses of M. Rosenfeld, A. K. Reisen, L. Mani, G. Leivik, A. Lesin, Z. Weinper and other Jewish poets, as well as to his own. texts. Printed Art. about Jewish music in zhurn. "Hazonim-Velt" (Warsaw), "Der tog", "Yidishes Tageblat", "Di Muzikalishe Velt" (New York), as well as in scientific. sat-kah. The author of a number of comp. for synagogue liturgy, cantatas on the themes of TANAKH, collection of songs and poems "Symphonic Motives" (1936), three collections of songs in Yiddish and English. language.
YASNY (real name. Ittin) Vadim Kononovich (b. 1917, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Army), journalist. Cand. tech. Sciences (1967). Son of K.G. Yasny-Ittin. In 1935–38 he studied at the IFLI. In 1938 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in labor camps. In 1950 he graduated from lit. Faculty of Syktyvkar State un-that, in 1951 - Vorkuta forge. technical school, in 1955 - forge. Faculty of Vses. correspondence polytechnic in-that. In 1949–55 he participated in the development of electrical devices for the protection of electrical equipment and automation equipment in mines. Since 1955 hands. gr., head. lab. Institute TsNIEIugol. Since 1961 - in Moscow. St. 200 prints scientific. works by Ya. forge. electrical engineering, technical analysis. state of production, history of development of the coal industry. Author of over 150 works in Spanish. lit-re and lit-re of other countries of Europe and Lat. America, as well as radio broadcasts on the rise. and isp. radio, translations from Spanish. and it. languages. Vol .: Flight into reality. M., 1970.
YASNY-ITTIN Konon Grigorievich (real family member Ittin, party dog ​​Yasny) (1888, Belaya Glina, Kuban region - 1940), statesman. The participant is armed. uprising in Rostov-on-Don in 1905. In 1906–11 - in Germany. Studied at Heidelberg University. In 1912-17 he was a bank employee. In 1917, the organizer of the trade union of bank employees in Rostov-on-Don, in 1920–21 deputy. People's Commissar of the RCI North-Caucasus. rep., in 1922-23 beginning. Mugmelstroy (Azerbaijan), in 1924 deputy. dir. Dobroflot, in 1925–27 deputy. prev. Gostorg, in 1927-28 Deputy. dir. Zhurgazobedineniya, in 1928–30 deputy. early Transstroy, in 1930–31 deputy. early Glavdortrans SNK RSFSR (on the rights of the People's Commissariat of Motor Transport), in 1931 director. plant in Magnitogorsk, in 1935-36 deputy. prev. gr. Commissions for people control of the USSR, in 1936 deputy. early TSUDORtrans of the USSR (as the People's Commissariat of Motor Transport), in 1936-37 deputy. early Orskhalilstroy. In 1937 he was repressed.
YASNY Naum Haimovich (1884, Kharkov - 1967, Wheaton, Illinois, USA), economist. In 1901–08 he studied at the high fur boots of Berlin, Petersburg, Vienna, Zurich and Kharkov. Menshevik. In 1908–09 he was engaged in advocacy, in 1915–18 he collaborated in the Union of Russian. cities. In 1920 - in the Ministry of Food of Georgia. In 1921–25 - in Austria. In 1925–27, he collaborated as an expert on grain trade with the USSR mission in Hamburg. In 1927-29 he was a journalist. In 1929–31 he worked at the Institute for Business Studies in Berlin. In 1931–33 - at Ying-those issl. s.-kh. market. Since 1933 - in the USA. Worked for governments. institutions, acted as an expert on the economics of Sov. sat down. x-va. Studied the history of wheat cultivation. The author of the book. "Sov. economics in the planning era ”(Stanford, 1951),“ Sov. industrialization 1928-1952 "(Chicago, 1961)," Khrushchev's policy on crops "(Glasgow, 1965).
YASSEN Irina (real name and surname Rakhil Samoilovna Chekver) (1893, Romny, Poltava province - 1957, New York), poet. Graduated from the Higher. wives courses in St. Petersburg. Since 1923 - in the USA. She made her debut poetry. Sat. in Russian lang. Captivity to Earth (New York, 1944). Since 1946 it was published in periodicals. ed. in Russian lang. - "Housewarming", "New Russian Word", "Grani" and others. Initiator and one of the editors. anthology "Relay" (Paris, 1948) - the first after the end of the 2nd world. war sat. emigrant Russian. poetry. In 1950, she founded the Rifma publishing house in Paris. Author approx. Book 30, works: A long way. New York, 1946; Azure Eye. Paris, 1950; Memory of the heart. Paris, 1956; Last verses. Paris, 1959.
YASSER Iosif Samuilovich (Samoilovich) (1893, Lodz, Petrokiv province - after 1970), organist, pianist, choral conductor, musicologist. Studied at Moscow. cons. with B.L.Sabaneev (organ), A.F. Gedike (php.), N.S. Morozov (music-theoretical subjects), after the cut in 1917 he began to tour as an organist, actively worked in Moscow ... branch of the Ob-va Jewish Nar. songs; in 1918–20, he was the head of Cl. organ, taught special. php. in cons. At the same time. in 1919–20 he worked as an organist at the Bolshoi Theater and the Moscow Art Theater. In 1921 he left Russia. He worked in China as organist, musician. hands. and the conductor of the Shanghai Singers Choir at Chinat. choir society, gave lectures. From 1923 - in the USA, in 1927-28 - organist of the Free Synagogue in New York. He led the choir during the post. "Les Noces" by IF Stravinsky in the Metropolitan Opera (New York, 1929). In 1930–37 he taught at New York and Columbia high fur boots and the Juilliard muses. school. In 1929–60 he served as choirmaster and organist at the Temple Rodef Scholem synagogue in New York and at the same time. in 1952–60 in Amer. Jewish theological. seminaries. Founder of the New York musicologist. about-va (1930), vice-president. Amer. libraries of musicology (1931–42), prev. New York section of Amer. musicologist. about-va (1935-37), from 1944 before. Study group nat. Jewish muses. advice. In 1938–60 the organist All-Amer. television and radio company in New York. As a musicologist, he developed the theory of the evolution of tonality. He gave a detailed system for the development of the tonal organization of music, arguing that the reasons for all changes in music of the past, present and future are based on periodicity. change of the laws of tonality and the absence of those in "atonality". Ya. Finds confirmation of his theory in the "synthetic" sounds of the music of A.N. Scriabin and in the music of A. Schoenberg. The author is theoretical. and muz.-critical. Art., including about Russian. music, about the music of China, a number of Art. - about Jewish music. Published letters from Schoenberg, vn. about S.V. Rachmaninov, N.K. Metner.
YASSKY Chaim (1896, Chisinau - 1948, Jerusalem), doctor. Doctor of Medicine. Studied for honey. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa. Activist of the youth Zionist movement and one of the founders of sports. about-va "Maccabi" in Odessa (since 1917 - member of the board). Since 1920 - in E.-I. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Geneva. Ch. an ophthalmologist in Haifa, made great efforts to eradicate trachoma in the city. Subsequently, before. reign honey. about-va "Gadassah", pl. who made for the development of the health care system in E.-I. Organizer honey. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem. Killed during the War of Independence during the breakthrough honey. convoy from the Jewish part of Jerusalem to a hospital besieged by the Arabs in the city of Scopus.
YASTREMSKY Boris Sergeevich (1877, Dergachi, Kharkov province. - 1962, Moscow), economist, statistician. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934), prof. Born into the family of the People's Will S.V. Yastremsky. In 1899 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kharkov University. He worked in the Commissariat for Insurance Affairs, in the Central Statistical Administration of the RSFSR (member of the board in 1918–26); in the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1931–47), in the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (since 1948). Since 1919 at the same time. taught at the Center. statistical courses at the Central Statistical Bureau, at Moscow State University, at the Planning Academy. Since 1932 - in Moscow. economical-statistical in-those head. departments of mathematics and statistics. He was engaged in the application of the theory of probability to the insurance business; statistics. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR.
YASTROV Joseph (Joseph) (1863, Warsaw - 1944, Stockbridge, USA), psychologist. Doctor of Psychology. Brother of M. Yastrov. Since 1866 - in the USA. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1888-1927 he taught at un-those pieces. Wisconsin, where he founded Psychol. lab., received the world. fame. In 1927–33 he taught at the New School of Social. research in NYC. He was one of the pioneers of experiment. psychology in the USA. Known for pioneering research. in the region. psychology of sensations; in 1903 for the first time in Amer. court. practice was given by prof. psychodiagnostic conclusion. Pres. Amer. psychol. associations (1900). He is widely known as a popularizer of science. In the book. Ya. "Fact and Fiction in Psychology" (1900, in English), an objective analysis of decomp. pseudoscience. theories of occultism, clairvoyance, etc. Author of tr. on a wide range of psychology problems.
YASTROV Morris (1861, Warsaw - 1921 or 1922, Philadelphia), Semitologist. Brother of I. Yastrov. He studied in Leipzig, Strasbourg, Paris. Since 1892 prof. University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Semitic languages. From 1898 also the director. university library. He was considered one of the largest Assyrologists of the beginning. 20th century Ed. biblical dep. "Jewish Encyclopedia", published in the USA in 1901–06. Among the book. Me: The Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians (1898), The Study of Religion (1901), The Jews and the Babylonian Tradition (1914), The Book of Job (1920), The Song of Songs (1921), The Ancient Babylonian Version the epic of Gilgamesh ”(1923). In 1919 Ya. Published a book directed against Zionism - "Zionism and the Future of Palestine."
JAVITS Zeev-Wolf (1847, Kolno Lomzhinskaya province. - 1924, London), public and political figure. Lit. he began his activity in 1882. In the essay "Tower of the Century" (1887, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the death of M. Mendelssohn), he sharply criticized the assimilator. trends. In 1888–98 - in E.-I., the rabbi in Zichron-Yaakov, resigned due to a conflict with the administration of Baron E.D. Rothschild. Having settled in Jerusalem, he collaborated in Jewish periodicals. ed., together with I.-M. Pines (husband of sister J.) worked on the revival of Hebrew, preached the idea of ​​creating a new communal life in E.-I. based on Orthodox Judaism. In 1898 he returned to Russia. Participant of the Vilna conf. religious Zionists (1902), together with c. like-minded people created and headed the national religion. org-tion Mizrahi, the author of her first program appeal, ed. her print. organ "Ha-Mizrah". At the 2nd Congress it grew. Zionists (1902, Minsk) elected from Mizrahi, member. Commission for Culture and Education. In 1912-15 - in Belgium, from 1915 - in Great Britain. The author of the history of the Jewish people (during the life of Ya. 13 volumes were published, published in Tel Aviv in 1935–37). Comp. Hebrew anthologies and textbooks for schools, author of poems. transcriptions of Talmudic legends, essays on linguistics and history, stories about life in E.-I.
YAVLINSKY Grigory Alekseevich (b. 1952, Lvov), politician, economist. Cand. econom. Sciences (1978). Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov (1973). Worked in Ying-those management of the coal industry. In 1988–89 the beginning. Social Office development and population of the State. to the USSR for labor and social services. questions. In 1989–90 the head. Consolidated dep. econom. reform of the apparatus of the State. Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on econ. reform. In 1990, deputy. prev. CM of the RSFSR, prev. State commission on econ. reform; developed a program of econ. transformations (Program "500 days"). In 1991 econom. advisor before CM of the RSFSR, member. Polit. advisory council under the President of the USSR, deputy. prev. Committee for the operational management of the bunk bed. x-th USSR, the author of a number of projects econ. transformations. From the beginning. 1991 hands. Center for Economics. and polit. research (EPIcenter), in 1992 B.E. Nemtsova's consultant on issues. conducting econ. transformations in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Since 1993 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the leader is polit. movement "Yabloko".
YAVLINSKY Natan Aronovich (1912, Kharkov - 1962, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. He worked at the Kharkov Electromechanical. s-de. 1941–45 - at the front. From 1945 to the beginning. lab. Vses. electromechanical Institute in Moscow, since 1948 head. lab. Institute of atomic energy. Linen. pr. State. pr. USSR.
YAVNEL Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1915, Yekaterinoslav), astronomer. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1950). In 1938 he graduated from physics and mechanics. Faculty of Kharkov mechanic-machine-building. in-that. In 1935–41 he worked in the Ukr. physical and technical in-those, in 1941–47 - for defense. s-dakh in Kharkov, Stalingrad and Barnaul. In 1947-50 - in graduate school of the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, he worked there until 1954; in 1954–79 - in the Committee on Meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1972 Deputy Head of the Committee); in 1979–89 - in the lab. meteoritics Institute of geochemistry and analytic. chemistry them. V.I. Vernadsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research dedicated chemistry of meteorites and the study of the laws of their composition. Improved the methodology of chem. analysis of meteorites, with the help of a cut received new data on chem. composition of St. 100 meteorites, developed genetic. classification of meteorites according to their composition (now this method is generally accepted). Discreteness chem. composition of meteorites diff. types (iron, stone, etc.) allowed Ya. to conclude that meteorites were formed in many. parent bodies, close in size to asteroids, and could not arise in the depths of one hypothetical. planets (Phaeton). Author of monograph. "The chemical composition of meteorites" (with MI Dyakonova and V.Ya. Kharitonova, 1979), as well as St. 100 scientific. articles.
YAVNIELI (Varshavsky) Shmuel (1884, Kazanka, Kherson province - 1961), trade unionist, publicist. From 1905 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers, printed in the slave. periodic. ed., including in "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair". In 1911, on behalf of the World. Zionist organization sent to Yemen to study the situation of the local Jewish community, convinced many. Yemenite Jews to move to E.-I. Entered the Executor. to-t of the party "Akhdut ha-Avoda", later - the party Mapai, participated in the activities of Histadrut, worked in the field of social. insurance. Author of works on the history of the Zionist slave. movement, ed. op. B. Katsnelson.
YAVORSKY Boris Mikhailovich (1915, Vitebsk - 1996, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946), prof. (1950). In 1939 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University, worked at the department (prof.) theoretical. Physics MGPI im. V.I. Lenin. Sci. research Ya. problems of optics and spectroscopy. Created a quantum mechanic. theory of collisions, developed the theory of stepwise excitation of atoms, developed quantum mechanics. the theory of stepwise processes of interaction of electrons with atoms and the theory of knocking out electrons from metals during gas. discharge. Carried out a systematics of electronic spectra of organometallic. connections. In tech. 18 years old was Ch. ed. scientific-methodical collection of colleges and universities in physics. The author of St. 300 scientific. works, including a course in general physics (co-authors; vol. 1–3, 1962, was reprinted several times in the USSR and other countries), a reference book on physics (1964, in the USSR withstood the 11th edition, also appeared in 14 other countries). Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1992).
YO Mikhail (real name and fam. Meer Ioffe) (1895, Vitebsk - 1960, Riga), publicist, artist. He graduated from the city and thin. school in Riga. He worked as a watchmaker, painter, sang at the banners. cantor Baruch-Leib Rozovsky. In the years of the 1st world. war served in Russian. army, was wounded at the front. Returning to Riga, he worked as a decorator in Hebrew. t-re, exhibited his work in different. cities of Latvia and other countries. In 1938–39 he lived in Lodz (Poland), from where he fled after the attack of Nazi troops. He began to write in his youth in Russian. lang., printed art. about claim and so on. From 1918 he wrote in Yiddish, published Art. and graphic. work in Heb. periodic. ed. Latvia, Lithuania, Poland. In 1921 he published in Riga Heb. Russian version bunk bed fairy tales "Turnip" with own. ill., in 1927 - a monograph about the artist I. I. Levitan, edited and ill. Heb. satirical. ed. In 1947 he published together with Izv. Heb. by the poet L. Kvitko ill. "Alefbase" ("Alphabet"). During the campaign against cosmopolitanism, he was repressed. After his release in 1956 he returned to Riga.
YONISHKIS, a town in the Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yanishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1866, 135 Jews (56%) lived in Japan, in 1923 - 159 (68%), in 1940 - approx. 90 Jews. Jews lived in J. from the end. 18th century, engaged in trade, p. x-wom, crafts. In the 1920s and 30s. in J. there was a Jewish school, a cheder, a synagogue, and a branch of Bnei Akiva was in operation. On June 27, 1941, part of the Germans. armies occupied Jordan. On July 2, 1941, 7 Jews were shot in Jordan; on July 8, 1941, approx. 145 Jews.
YORDANESHTY (until 1995 - Podlesnoe), a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Iordanesti in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 99 Jews (4.6%) lived in I. in 1930. Jews settled in I. in the late 1990s. 19th century Most of them were engaged in trade, some - as a carriage. Economical the position of Jews in I. was fairly stable. In India there was shohet and melamed, and there was a cheder. There was no synagogue; on Saturdays and holidays they prayed in a private house. From 1936 to 1937 a Jew was a member of the local council. A branch of the Zionist organization was in operation. In July 1941, the room entered Israel. troops. Immediately after the occupation, Komsomol members Lida and Liza Leizer were shot. All Jews of I. were sent to Storozhinets, and from there to Transnistria. Burgomaster I. several. days he hid a family of Jewish neighbors.
YOSADE Yakov (b. 1911, Kalvariya, Suwalki province), prose writer, playwright. In 1931 he graduated from Heb. go to Ukmerge. Studied at the Faculty of Humanities at Kaunas Unta. Until the 2nd world. war participated in the left movement. He made his debut with stories in Kaunas Heb. gas. Folksblat. In 1940-41 he was a comp. ed. g. Shtraln (Kaunas) and gas. "Kovner emes". During the war of 1941–45 he was a soldier of the 16th Lithuanian Div. He published essays in car washes. gas. Einikite. After the war he settled in Vilnius. In 1948–59 he worked as a editor. litas. g. "Pergale". In 1947 he wrote the play "Itzik Vitenberg" after eating. Izv. the leader of the resistance in the Kaunas ghetto. The play was published only in 1989 in the railway station. "Sovetish gameland". Author pl. book for litas. lang. His plays "Do not leave me, Luda" and "Drama in Uzhupis" were staged on the stage. litas. t-ditch in Panevezys and Siauliai.
YOSHKAR-OLA (until 1919 - Tsarevokokshaisk, in 1919-27 - Krasnokokshaisk), city, capital of the Republic of Mari El (Russian Federation). Main in 1584. From 1708 - a part of the Kazan province, from 1781 - the district town of the Kazan governorship, then - the province. In 1873 in J.-O. 9 Jews lived, in 1910 - 3, in 1939 - 80, in 1970 - 513 (0.3%), in 1979 - 460 Jews (0.2%).
YOSHPE Alla Yakovlevna (b. 1937, Moscow), est. singer, poet. She graduated from psychology. dep. Philos. Faculty of Moscow State University. Cand. Philos. sciences. She began to sing on the stage back in un-those. Performs in a duet with her husband S.M. Rakhimov. Singer of songs in Yiddish and Heb. songs in rus. lang.
YOSIPOVKA (until 1946 - Yuzovka), a village in the Ternopil district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 68 Jews lived in Japan. occupation of the Jews of J. in the 19th century. - crafts and small trade. In 1916, 4 Jews were deported to Ternopil from J. In 1941 several. dozens of Jews were deported to [[Velikiy Glubochek and were shot there.
YOSVAINIAI, a village in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Yasvoine Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 534 Jews (40%) lived in Japan, in 1923 - 341 (28%), in 1941 - 270 Jews. The first Jews settled in Japan. . at the end. 17th century A Jewish cemetery was opened in 1831. There was a synagogue built of white stone. Most of the Jews were engaged in trade and crafts; lived in the main. around the market square. In the cheder with wives. and husband. secular subjects were taught along with religious subjects. Rabbis in Japan in the 19th century were Shmuel Levinson, Yitzhok-Eliyahu Gefen, Naftoli Amsterdam, from the 1900s. - Avrom-Meir Rubinstein (1862 -?) During the 1st world. During the war, Jews were evicted from Y. Their houses and property burned down in a fire. After 1918, most of the Jews returned to Japan. 1920s a school was opened with teaching in Yiddish, and later - in Hebrew; a Jewish library worked, community organizations operated: Bikur khoylim, mutual aid funds, and other rabbi in Jordan in the 1920s and 1930s. was Avrom-Doiv Tarna (? —1941). Among the Jews of J. there were 13 shopkeepers, 4 shoemakers, 4 tailors, 8 stove-makers, 5 grain merchants, 3 shinkars, 2 teachers, 2 millers, a sawmill owner, a pharmacist, etc. Mn. families were engaged in gardening (cucumbers and tomatoes were sold all over Lithuania). In 1924 a branch of the People's Credit Bank was opened. Departments of Zionist parties and org-tions acted, especially "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". Mn. boys and girls left for E.-I. In the end. June 1941, after the occupation of J. by Germ. troops, single killings of Jews by Lithuanians began, which continued until the middle. August. 14 Aug 1941 all Jews from Y. and the volosts (282 people) were resettled to the Aryogaly ghetto and were shot there. Born in Yitzkhok Anikst (1870-1941, Kaunas), teacher, member of the Zionist movement, affairs. several Zionist Congr .; Itskhok-Mikhl-Eliyahu Gakoen (1834-1914, Jerusalem), publisher, author of art. into gas. "Ga-Levanon", "Ga-Hawaselet", founder and ed. gas. Ga-Ariel (1874-77).
YUDASHKIN Girsh Khatskelevich (1905, Chernigov - 1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). In the Red Army - from 1941. Art. Lieutenant Yu was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper in Sept. 1943. Killed in action.
YUDASHKIN Valentin Abramovich (b. 1963, Bakovka, Odintsovo district, Moscow region), fashion designer. 1981–83 in the army. In 1986 he graduated from the Third Industrial Pedagogical College with a degree in Fashion Design. He worked as a makeup artist at the same time. created his first clothing collections "Primordial Rus" (1987) and "Ecology" (1988). In 1989 he founded the VALI-moda company. In 1993 he opened the Valentin Yudashkin Fashion House. Since 1991 she has been showing her collections at the Haute Couture Week in Paris: Faberge (1991), Music (1992), Still Life (1993), Catherine the Great (1994), Ballet (1995), Paradise birds "," Christmas Dream "(both - 1996)," Vrubel "," Black and White Cinema "(both - 1997). Created a uniform for the Russian Olympic team (1994, 1996). Member Russian Association of Haute Couture (1994). The first fashion designer from Russia to be admitted to the French Haute Couture Association (ch.-k., 1996). Models of clothes from the collections of Y. are in the collection. Louvre Museum and California Fashion Museum.
YUDASIN Alexander-Sender (1897, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 1983, Tel Aviv), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). In 1917 he founded a yeshiva in Kherson on behalf of Sh. -B.Shneerson. In 1919–30 he was a rabbi in Krivoy Rog. In 1930 he was arrested and spent 3 years in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. Since 1935 - in E.-I. Rabbi in Jaffa.
YUDASIN Leonid Grigorievich (b. 1959, Leningrad), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1990). Engineer. Champion of Leningrad (1984). Member of four USSR championships (1981–90, best result in 1990, 1–4 th). As part of the USSR national team, the winner of the World. chess. Olympiads (1990). He successfully performed in the interzonal tournament in Manila (1990, 5-11th), took part in the candidates' matches (1991). Since 1992 - in Israel. Champion of Israel (1994), led the Israeli national team at the Moscow Olympics (1994). Winner and medalist pl. int. tournaments, including in Albena (1985, 1st), Gdynia (1987, 1st), Leningrad (1989, 1-2nd), Haifa (1990, 1-2 -m., 1995, 2-3rd.).
YUDELEVSKY Yakov Lazarevich (1868, Pruzhany - 1957, New York), participant of the revolutionary movement, journalist. Studied in physics and mathematics. f-those Petersburg. un-that. In 1892 he was arrested for participating in the roar. circles. After a year in prison, he was exiled for 5 years under the public supervision of the police in Vost. Siberia. At the end of his exile he emigrated to Zap. Europe. Together with V.K. Agafonov, he headed the Socialist-Revolutionary group. "Initiative minority". Gas edited. "Revolutionary Thought", which called for the intensification of terrorist attacks against the authorities. He wrote under the ps. Yu.Delevsky, Galin, Volin, A.I. Komov. Under the fam. Lipin published the brochure "The Trial of the Azef region" (1911). In the 1920s. was printed in gas. PN Milyukova "Latest news" and weekly. "Jewish tribune" (Paris). The author of the book. “Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The Story of a Forgery ”(Berlin, 1923).
YUDELOVICH Moisey Yakovlevich (1915, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province - 1991, Moscow), a specialist in the field of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). In 1941 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Civil Air Fleet. In 1941–43 in OKB O. K. Antonov. In 1943–44 at TsAGI. In 1944–90 at NII-1 (NIITP), in 1958–82 the beginning. sector. At the same time. taught at MIPT (1948–74). Main scientific. works in the region. experimental aerodynamics of supersonic speeds, heat and mass transfer and heat protection of aircraft, gas dynamics and radiation of rocket engine jets. Participated in the creation of the Soyuz spacecraft. Author of scientific. print works. Linen. etc. (1966).
YUDIN (real family member Aisenstadt) Isai Lvovich (1867, Vilna - 1937, Paris), politician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. As a high school student, he entered the roar. circle under the arms. I.V. Dembo. In the 2nd floor. 1880s studied at the Demidov law. lyceum in Yaroslavl, member. Narodnaya Volya circle of lyceum students, arrested in 1888 and exiled to his homeland in 1889. In Vilna he joined the Social-Democrats, organized circles of youth and Jewish workers. In 1893–95 - in Germany, he organized illegal delivery. literature to Russia. Since 1895, members Vilna "Group of Jewish Social-Democrats in Russia". In 1896 he was arrested and exiled to the adm. order to Vilyuisk. In 1902 he returned to Europe. Russia, co-opted into the Central Committee of the Bund (later a participant in almost all of its congresses and conferences). In 1903 cases. from the Bund at the 2nd congress of the RSDLP, left the congress together with other Bundists. In 1905 he participated in the Riga meeting of the RSDLP. From 1905 ch. ed. Centre. organ of Bund gas. "Der veker" ("Alarm clock"). In 1906 he was arrested and exiled abroad. After the 7th Congress of the Bund, he illegally returned to Russia, settled in Kovna, edited the Bund weekly together with V.D. Medem and D.O. Zaslavsky. "Our tribune", represented the Bund in the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1912 he was arrested and sentenced to exile. In 1916 he was transferred to Astrakhan, worked in a cooperative, edited for two weeks. "Astrakhan Cooperator" (1917). After Feb. rev-tion - deputy. prev. Astrakhan Council. From Apr. 1917 - in Petrograd, again became a member of the Central Committee of the Bund, was close to the left wing of the RSDLP. After Oct. Revolution of 1917 worked in the Central Committee of the RSDLP, supported the position of Yu. Martov. Was repeatedly subjected to repression by the Sov. authorities. After the split of the Bund (1920), he joined its Social-Democrats. wing. In the beginning. 1922 exiled from the USSR, lived in Germany, from 1933 - in France, one of the hands. zhurn. "Socialist. messenger ", prev. Parisian Social-Democratic club them. Martov.
YUDIN Adolf Iosifovich (1896, Smolensk - 1965, Moscow), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1919). In 1919–24 the beginning. investigative part and before. collegium of military. investigators of the Smolensk gubernial commissariat. Since 1925 - in Moscow, member. Moscow collegiums of defenders. He became famous as a criminal lawyer, participated in the CD. court. processes. For over 20 years he taught at the advanced training courses for lawyers at Pres. Moscow mountains. Bar Association (MGKA). The author is methodical. benefits for the court. protection. From 1957 before. Forensic. section Prez. MGKA. In 1957–58 he participated in the preparation of the laws of the USSR, adopted by the 5th session of the USSR Armed Forces (1958).
YUDIN Daniil Lvovich (b. 1916, Nevel, Vitebsk province. - 1999, Moscow), specialist in the field of mechanical engineering technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967), prof. (1968). After graduating from Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1941 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Armaments. Since 1947 Art. scientific. sotr. MVTU. Since 1948 - teaching at Moscow. electromechanical in-those Ing. transport. In 1977–85 head. Department of metal cutting, since 1985 prof. Department of Transport Technology. machine. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question strengthening of machine parts, increasing the reliability and durability of gears by surface plastic. deformation. Hands. and the author of constructive developments ser. specialist. machines and tools. for surface hardening. Created scientific. school in the region. hardening technology. Author of over 240 scientific. print works, including textbooks, monographs, Explanatory Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering (with B.V. Zakharov and V.S. Kireev).
YUDIN Gavriil Yakovlevich (1905, Vitebsk - 1991, Moscow), conductor, composer. Brother of M.V. Yudina. He studied violin under S. Zhiva (1915-16) and A. Bessmertny (1916-18), then at Nar. cons. (1918–21) from K.K. Grigorovich, as well as by class. compositions by A. Postnikov. In 1926 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class composition and conducting. He began an active conducting activity, touring Ch. arr. on the periphery (Ufa, Perm, Samara, etc.). In 1934–35 the conductor was an orc. Moscow t-ra for children. In 1935 music. hands. and conductor of symphony. orc. Stalingrad Radio Committee. In 1937–38 he was the head of the orc. in Arkhangelsk, in 1940 - in Gorky, where at the same time. taught in muses. uch-shchah. In 1941–43 he directed the opera class. evacuated to Saratov Mosk. cons. Returning to Moscow (1943), he was a self-employed conductor. orc. 1st air. exterminate. army. In 1945 ch. conductor symph. orc. in Chisinau. In 1946–56, Assoc. Ying-that military. conductors in Moscow. In 1956–66 he was the head of the orc. in pl. cr. cities of the USSR. Yu is the author of orchestrations of a number of op. AK Glazunov, including the 9th symphony, which he performed in 1948. Under control. Yu sounded for the first time many. manuf. S.S.Prokofiev, R.M. Glier, T.N. Khrennikova and others, as well as rarely performed op. W.-A. Mozart, R. Strauss, F. Schubert. Author of muses. comedy "Bedbug" (after V.V. Mayakovsky, 1957), cantatas "Retribution" (prologue to the poem by A.A. Blok, 1926), overtures-rhapsodies on themes of Cossack songs (1956), overtures "Moldavian suite" (1946 ), manuf. for strings. quartet, romances, choirs, etc. The author of the book. “Beyond the Boundary of Past Years” (M., 1977).
YUDIN Lazar Mikhailovich (1907, Konstantinovka Bakhmutsky district. Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1981, Kiev), film director, screenwriter. He graduated from the vocational school and film courses of the All-Ukrainian Photo and Film Administration (VUFKU) in Odessa (1929). Worked dir. at "Mosfilm", Odessa c / st., in 1941–44 - at the Tashkent c / st. From 1944 dir. Ukrainian studio newsreel-doc. f. I took off a number of docs. f., among which: "Bukovina" (1945), "Makeyevtsy" (1946), "Kiev" (1948), "Oilmen of Borislav" (1953), "New Bulgaria" (1959), "Ships do not die" (1965). The author of the scripts "Budenyshi", "Conduit" (both - 1935), "Goalkeeper" (1936), "Friends from the Camp" (1938; all co-authored with L.A. Kassil), "Seventeen" (1939, et al. with K.F. Isaev and Yu.Yu.Shovkoplyas). He directed two fiction films: "The Lord of the World" (1932, jointly with P. Zinoviev) and a short film. Prokhorovka (1941).
YUDIN Lev Abramovich (b. 1937, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1993). Graduated from MEPhI (1960). Worked at the Institute of Engines of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960–62). Since 1962 - in Moscow. radio engineering. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, early. theoretical dep. (since 1993). At the same time. in 1962–72 he taught at Vses. correspondence course polytechnic in-those. Tr. according to the theory of accelerators charge. particles. Developed a theory of stability of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of electronic rings in dec. electrodynamic structures. The author of St. 60 scientific. publications.
YUDINA Maria Veniaminovna (1899, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1970, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Prof. (1923). Sister G.Ya. Yudin. In 1921 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class fp., student of O.K. Kalantarova, A.N. Esipova, V.N. Drozdov. At the same time. studied in history-philology. f-those Petrograd. un-that (1921-22). She taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad.) (1921-30), Tiflis (1932-34) and in Moscow. (1936–51) cons., At the same time. in 1944–60 - in the Music-ped. in-those them. Gnesins (class fp., Chamber singing and chamber ans.). Among the students - comp. M.I.Chulaki and A.M. Balanchivadze. Concert began after the end of the cons. (1921), acted as a lecturer and propagandist of the modern. music. Y.'s performance was distinguished by innovation in interpretations, originality of interpretations with a depth of penetration into the author's intention. Yu was the largest representative of the pianist. lawsuit of the 20th century, due to insubordination to the officers. attitudes in pedagogy, performance and propaganda work were persecuted by the authorities. In Y.'s repertoire, Op. A. Berg, P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, F. Stravinsky, A. Webern, S. S. Prokofiev and D. D. Shostakovich. Yu - the first performer of plural in the USSR. manuf. comp. 20th century (including the 2nd sonata by NV Shcherbachev, a concert for piano with orc. E. Kshenek, music for the bal. "Orpheus" by Stravinsky, arranged by L. Spinner). Made by artist. and muses. manual conc. fast. op. SI Taneev "Oresteia" (1939, 1946). Has performed with the largest symphons. conductors and in ans., including with quartets them. L. van Beethoven, them. A.K.Glazunov, as well as the singers N.K.Dorliak, M.I.Brian, V.I. Pavlovskaya-Borovik, L.A. Davydova and others. Acquaintance of Yu with the philosopher A.F. Losev inspired him to create rum. "Woman-philosopher", philosophical stories "Trio of Tchaikovsky", "Meeting".
YUDITSKY Abram (Avrom) Davidovich (1886, Korsun of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1943, Tashkent), politician, historian, literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. During the Revolution of 1905–07 he joined the Bund. From 1912 - in St. Petersburg, secretary. editions every month. "Di Yiddish Velt", then in Vilna. In 1916 he was evacuated to Irkutsk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in Petrograd, one of the leaders of the Bund. From June 1917 - in Minsk, sotr. school desks. gas. Der Veker. In 1920–21 members. Kombunda. In the 1920s and 30s. worked in Jewish scientific. institutions in Kiev: scientific. sotr. Department of Jewish culture of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Ying-that Jewish culture, Ying-that Jewish proletarian culture. The author of the research. on the life and work of I. Aksenfeld, D.R.Bergelson, Sh.Z. Galkin, A. Goldfaden, Nister and other figures of Jewish culture, monograph. “The Jewish bourgeoisie and the Jewish proletariat in the 1st half. 19th century "(Kiev, 1932, in Yiddish). Participated in the alm. and collection of books "Fontn" (Kiev, 1928), "Historischer zamlbuh" (Kiev, 1930), "Sovietish" (Moscow, 1938), etc., where he placed a number of works on the history of the Jewish slave. and roar. movement in Russia at the end. 19 - early. 20th century From the end. 1930s studied the ancient history of the Jewish people, their struggle against Roman rule. The author of the book. (in Yiddish) "Studies on the Ancient History of the Jews" (Moscow, 1940). Published a number of materials on Jewish folklore, including collection of works. “Jewish Nar. Songs "(jointly with IM Dobrushin. Moscow, 1940, in Russian - Moscow, 1947). He worked as a history consultant at GOSET.
YUDOVICH Mikhail Mikhailovich (1911, Roslavl, Smolensk province - 1987, Moscow), chess player. Int. master (1950), grandmaster of the ICChF (1972), international. Arbitrator (1951). Deputy ch. ed. zhurn. "Chess in the USSR" (1945–87). One of the organizers of Vses. children competitions "White boat". Multiple medalist of the Moscow championships (including 1933, 1934, 2-3rd; 1937, 3rd). Participant of six USSR championships (best result in 1931, 3-6th m.). 5-time world champion in the USSR national team by correspondence. Winner of the USSR Championship (1965–66) by correspondence. The author of St. 20 kn. Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1958). Works: Soviet chess school. M., 1955 (et al.); Old Indian Defense. Past. The present. Future. M., 1967; Match of the century. The USSR national team is a national team of selected chess players of the world. M., 1971 (author-comp.); Chigorin. Life and creation. M., 1985.
YUDOVICH Semyon Mikhailovich (b. 1915, Klintsy, Surazhsky u. Chernigov province.), Member of the partisan movement. In 1933–35 he worked as a turner in Bezhitsa and Klintsy. From 1935 - in Moscow, graduated from Avtodor. technical College. From 1939 - in the army, participated in the Soviet-Finl. war 1939-40. In 1941, a technician-leith. In July 1941, after a shell shock, he was captured, fled, and made his way to the Kletnyansky forests in the Bryansk region, where he joined the partisans. From Sept. 1942 fought as part of the Chernigov-Volynsky partisans. connections under com. A.F. Fedorova. After graduating from the partisan. school of demolitions, became a political instructor sabotage. platoon, personally blew up St. 10 echelons with troops and equipment. Since Aug. 1944 Art. traffic inspector in Rivne, in 1948–76 deputy. regional manager by an autotrest for transportation.
YUDOVIN Solomon Borisovich (1892, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1954, Leningrad), graphic artist, painter. In 1906 he entered the studio of I.M. Pen. In 1911-13 he studied at the school of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. and at the same time. in the private workshop of M.D. Bershtein, then - at M.V. Dobuzhinsky. In 1912-14 he participated in the exp. EIEO along the Pale of Settlement under the hands. S. An-sky: made copies of synagogue paintings, fig. grave reliefs, studied by the artist. features of ritual and decor. lawsuit, was secret. An-sky, served as a photographer. In 1918–23 he taught at the artist. uch-shche and Jewish ped. technical school in Vitebsk. Since 1916 he has participated in exhibitions. In 1916–18 he exhibited graphics and paintings at the Exhibition of Pictures and Sculptures of Jewish Artists (Petrograd, Moscow). work. Since 1920, only rice has been presented at exhibitions. and engravings. Xylogr. and linogre. occupied the main. place in the work of Y. Album "Jewish Folk Ornament" (1920, linogre) and ser. under the same name (1924–41, xylograph.) - an example of reproduction of trad. images of nat. creativity. In the xylogram cycle. The "former" image of the local life is inextricably linked with the nat. soil, elements of fantasy are organically intertwined with the plasticity of cubism. Books played an important role in Y.'s work. graphics. The first work is the cover for the book. P. Amp "Song of Songs" (1925); designed and illustrated for Goslitizdat, GIHL, “Sov. writer "," Young Guard "and others from the book: SE Rosenfeld. "An Old Tale", DR Bergelson. "At the Dnieper", Mendele Moikher-Sforim. "The Journey of Benjamin III", E.-E. Kish. "Tales of the Seven Ghettos", L. Feuchtwanger. "Jew Suess", N.A. Nekrasov. "Poems" and others (all - xylographs). Created ser .: "Leningrad in the days of the Great Patriotic War" (1942–45, xylograph., Linogr.), Postcards "Views of Leningrad" (1946, color autolithograph.), "Leningrad Today" (1949, lithograph.). Issued Sat. The Poets of the Pushkin Period (1953–54, ink, pen). Participant of all-Union, rep., Mountains. exhibitions. Works are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, Ethnogr. Museum of St. Petersburg.
YUDOVSKY Vladimir Grigorievich (party ps. Boris) (1879 or 1880, Novogeorgievsk, Kherson province - 1949, Moscow), politician. In 1894 he entered the paramedic zemstvo school in Voronezh. In the S.-D. movement since 1897. Member. RSDLP since 1903, Bolshevik. In 1900–02, 1904–06 - in the army. In 1906, members. Tula Committee of the RSDLP. Roar. he worked in decomp. cities of Russia, was repeatedly arrested, served exile. From Apr. 1917 members Vasileostrovsky district committee and Petrograd. to-that RSDLP (b), dep. Petrosovet. From Oct. 1917 members Odessa region to-that party, at the same time. worked in the mountains. headquarters of Kr. guard. From Dec. 1917 pre. Central Executive Committee of Rumcheroda (Central Executive Committee of Soviets and Soldiers (sailors) of the Romanian French, Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Region) and pre. front. dep. Rumcheroda. From Jan. 1918 prev. Odessa Military Revolutionary Committee at Rumcherod. In the spring of 1918 he returned to Moscow, was a member. Moscow to-that party, later before. military. inspection of Ukraine. In 1919 - in campaign work. In 1920–23 members. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Turkestan, secretary Syr-Darya Regional Committee, authorized by the Central Committee in Kyrgyzstan, member. Tula Provincial Committee. Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RCP (b) (1922). Since 1923 - as a teacher in the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlova, Ped. in-those, 2nd Moscow State University. In 1949 he was removed from office by prof. Department of Moscow State University for "cosmopolitan views."
YUFA Iosif Semenovich (1915, Gorodnya of Chernigov province - 1974, Moscow), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In the Red Army - since 1932. In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. art. uch-shche. From July 1941 - at the front. Beginning army task force mortar. parts of the regiment. Yu was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for personal courage and heroism and skillful leadership of units in battles during the liberation of Kiev. In 1951 he graduated from the Military. art. academy. Since 1958 - in stock. He was awarded 7 orders.
YUGENBURG Semyon (Zalman) Moiseevich (1891, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1971, Samarkand), economist, statistician. Cand. econom. Sciences, prof. (1936). Graduated from mat. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1914). In 1918-28 he worked in the statistical office. organs of Petrograd (Leningrad); in 1928–38 - to the Center. management of national economies. accounting at the USSR State Planning Committee in Moscow. At the same time. taught at Plan. in-those, Ying-those nar.-households. accounting, etc. In 1944–71 - in the Samarkand Institute of Sov. trade. Author of scientific. publ. on statistics of industry, theory of statistics, articles in journals. Works: Essays on industrial statistics. M., 1937 (et al.); Decomposition of the absolute growth in terms of factors. Uch. app. according to statistics. M., 1955, t. 1; Index method in Sov. statistics. M., 1958.
YUKHVID Leonid Aronovich (1909, Gulyaypole, Alexandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1968, Kiev), writer. He began publishing in 1925. From 1929 he worked in the Krivoy Rog gas. Red Miner. 1941–45 military. corr. front. gas., ed. at the radio station "Dnepr". Author Sat. stories "For Life" (1931), rom. "Explosion" (1932), play "Wedding in Malinovka" (1937, screen version - 1967), pov. "Bear Konyushenko" (1946), "Vovka" (1953), "Olya" (1967), many others. plays included in the post-war. collection: "Comedies", "Little Comedies", "Goodbye in May ...".
YUNG Klara Markovna (real name and surname Khaya-Risya Markovna Shpikolitser) (1883, Zolochev, Kharkiv province - 1952, Moscow), operetta and pop artist. From ser. 1880s - in USA. In the beginning. 1900s performed in itinerant Jewish troupes. From 1903 she played in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Toronto in dramas. performances. Among the roles: Benjamin (“Joseph and His Brothers” by I. Latainer), Tsypenyu (“Satan” by Ya.M. Gordin) and others. In t-re D. Kessler met her future husband - an actor, dir. and the playwright B. Yungwitz, who later wrote for her a number of op-t, where Yu played the leading roles: "Semka Lets" (1910), "The Husband of His Wife", "Leibele-Odessa", "Bereli Tremp", Jakele Blofer, Sha! The Rebbe is Coming ”and others. Y.'s repertoire included op-ty and other authors:“ American ”by A. Shor and Rushinsky,“ Khatskele Kolboynik ”by I.-L.Sh.Baumvol,“ Khanche in America ”by N. Rakov and Rushinsky and others. In 1912 she toured in various places. European countries. Played in the troupes of S.L. Genfer, A.-A. Fishzon, G. Kurland, I. Bezman. In 1916, Y. and Jungwitz created their own. troupe, performed in Yekaterinoslav, Kiev, Moscow, Petrograd, Odessa, Kharkov and others. She played Y. and drama. roles: Silva ("Dance for Life" by Jungwitz), Rivkele ("God of Revenge" by Sh. Asha), Anna Blythe ("Oh, Anna Blythe" by I. Katzenelson), etc. In 1925 she created within the framework of the State. associations mosk. stage and circus troupe op-you, with a cut toured in dec. countries of Europe and America (1928–32). In the end. 1940s performed on the stage.
UNICHMAN Shimshon (1907, Exactly Volyn province - 1961, Tel Aviv), politician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Prague University. In un-those he supported the Zionist movement. Arriving in Poland, he joined Beitar. Since 1935 - in E.-I. In the end. 1930s headed the arms. Beitar's forces in E.-I., member. Centre. council of Beitar. In 1941 - in Tehran, participated in negotiations with representatives of the USSR on support of the Zionist movement in E.-I. The Brit was arrested. authorities, was imprisoned in Eritrea. In 1946–48 - in France, he headed the secretariat of the world. Beitar. Since 1948 - in Israel, member. Central Committee of the Herut Party, dep. The Knesset.
YUNOVICH Yehuda (1878, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1948), publisher, translator. Studied in Germany. He was a rabbi in Voronezh, worked as a teacher in Odessa. Since 1913 - in E.-I. In Jerusalem he founded a publishing house for the publication of scientific (mainly translated) literature in Hebrew. Published mainly legal. ("Library mishpatit") and philosophy. ("Library philosophizes") works. In 1928, 5 volumes were published. op. Plato. In the lane. Yu to Hebrew ed. 1st part of philosophy. tr. "Critique of Pure Reason" (1923) and "Eternal Peace" (1926) by I. Kant.
YUNOVICH Sofya Markovna (1910, Petersburg - 1996, ibid.), Theater designer. In 1931, a student at Moscow. textile institute (workshop of A.D. Drevin). In 1932-37 she studied at the Ying-those proletar. Isk-va, later Vseros. OH. Designed performances: "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, "Straw Hat" (E. Labish) - in the Theater named after Evgeny Vakhtangov (directed by R.N.Simonov), in Leningrad. dram. t-re them. A.S. Pushkin - "Don Quixote" (directed by V.P. Kozhych, 1941), "Invasion" by L.M. Leonov (directed by V.S. Vivien, 1943). In the 2nd floor. 1940s worked in Leningrad. t-re of musical comedy: "Eleven unknowns" by NV Bogoslovsky (1940), "Trembita" by YS Milyutin (1950). In the 1950s. designed opera performances: "Sadko" by NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1953), "The Demon" by AG Rubinstein (1954), "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh" by Rimsky-Korsakov (1958, Maly Opera House). In 1965 she designed the play "Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov at the BDT (director G.A. Tovstonogov), in 1967 - the ball. "Sleeping Beauty" by PI Tchaikovsky (choreography by M. Petipa) in the Novosibirsk State operatic t-re. Personal exhibitions took place in 1961, 1981, 1983 (all in Leningrad). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, State Central Theater Museum, State. Centre. museum of muses. culture them. M.I. Glinka.
YURIEV Mikhail Filippovich (1918, Teleneshty of Orhei u. Bessarabian province. - 1990, Moscow), orientalist Dr. East. Sciences (1967), prof. (1969). In 1936 he entered the East. separation ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Participant of ow-finl. wars 1939–40. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow State University. 1941–48 - in the army (in 1941–44 - at the front). From 1951 teacher. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University, since 1956 - at IVYa (ISAA) at Moscow State University dean in 1957–61, vice-rector in 1963–74, head. Department of Chinese History in 1972–90. At the same time. since 1967 scientific. sotr. Institute of D.Vostok, USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Ed. OK. 200 scientific. works - monographs, articles, brochures, sections in textbooks, etc. Ed. collection of articles of art. and collective monographs. Vol .: Essays on the history of China. M., 1956, (in co-authorship with L.V. Simonovskaya and G.B. Erenburg); Revolution of 1925-1927 in China. M., 1968.
YURIEV Mikhail Zinovievich (b. 1959, Moscow), political and public figure. In 1978 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1978–88 scientific. sotr. Institute of molecular genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1988–95, deputy. prev., prev. cooperative "Inter", gene. dir. productions. Association "Interprom", pres. LLP Industrial Group Interprom. At the same time. in 1992–93 he was an advisor to the Prospect Island of the Russian Federation, in 1993–94 he was Council for Industry and Entrepreneurship at the RF Prospect. In 1991–95 he was vice-president. Grew up. union of industrialists and entrepreneurs. In 1994–96, vice-president, co-editor. Association "Round table of Russian business". Since 1995 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, member. faction "Apple". Since 1996 deputy. prev. State Duma.
YURIEVA (real name of Litvinov) Isabella Danilovna (real name of Livikova) (1899, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 2000, Moscow), singer. She began to perform in the mountains. garden at the State. them. A.V. Lunacharsky drama. t-re in 1920, successfully performing Russian. bunk bed songs. In 1922–23 she performed before shows at the Colosseum cinema in Petrograd, then with recitals. Since 1923, she performed with success in Moscow at the Hermitage Theater, later in the Column Hall of the House of Unions, on the stages of music halls, etc. In 1937–41 she toured in various places. cities of the USSR. In the repertoire of Yu. Rus. songs and gypsy romances: "Beggar" by AA Alyabyev, "Caravan" by B. Prozorovsky, "He left" by SI Donaurov, "The night is bright", "Farewell, my camp", "Black eyes", gypsy bunks ... songs "Turquoise rings", "Grove", etc. In the 1930s. in the repertoire of Yu appeared new works. hack and owls. comp., texts to-rykh in the main. wrote her husband IA Arkadiev (real fam. Epshtein, 1898-1971), - "If you can, forgive", "If you remember, if you love", "First ball", "Your letters" and others. manuf. A.I.Ostrovsky, V.P. Soloviev-Sedogo, M.E. Tabachnikov, M.I. Blanter. In the 1970s. four LPs were released, including the best songs and romances from Yu. Nar's repertoire. art. RSFSR (1991).
YURIEVA Izabella Danilovna (real family. Livikova) (1899, Rostov-on-Don Oblast of the Don Army - 2000, Moscow), singer. She began to perform in the mountains. garden at the State. them. A.V. Lunacharsky drama. t-re in 1920, successfully performing Russian. bunk bed songs. In 1922–23 she performed before shows at the Colosseum cinema in Petrograd, then with recitals. Since 1923, she performed with success in Moscow at the Hermitage Theater, later in the Column Hall of the House of Unions, on the stages of music halls, etc. In 1937–41 she toured in various places. cities of the USSR. In the repertoire of Yu. Rus. songs and gypsy romances: "Beggar" by AA Alyabyev, "Caravan" by B. Prozorovsky, "He left" by SI Donaurov, "The night is bright", "Farewell, my camp", "Black eyes", gypsy bunks ... songs "Turquoise rings", "Grove", etc. In the 1930s. in the repertoire of Yu appeared new works. hack and owls. comp., texts to-rykh in the main. wrote her husband IA Arkadiev (real fam. Epshtein, 1898-1971), - "If you can, forgive", "If you remember, if you love", "First ball", "Your letters" and others. manuf. A.I.Ostrovsky, V.P. Soloviev-Sedogo, M.E. Tabachnikov, M.I. Blanter. In the 1970s. four LPs were released, including the best songs and romances from Yu. Nar's repertoire. art. RSFSR (1991).
YUROK Sol (1890, Pohar Starodubsky u. Chernigov province - 1974, New York), impresario. Since 1905 - in the USA. Impresario F.I.Shalyapin, Artur Rubinstein, G.P. Pyatigorsky, I.Stern, S.T.Rikhter, E.G. Gilels, A. Duncan, as well as such groups as Nat. orc. France, Orc. Philharmonic Society of Warsaw, Moscow. state symph. orc. etc. Author of memoirs (1953). Cavalier of hordes. Brit. Empire (1950), Knight and Officer of the Legion of Honor (France).
YUROVSKY Abram Zinovievich (1912, Dashev, Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1976, Moscow), chemist, specialist in the field of solid fuels. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947). In 1937 he graduated from Kharkov University. From 1937 - in Moscow, headed the lab. coal in Vses. n.-i. coal institute. At the same time. read the organic course. chemistry in the Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1941–49 scientific. sotr. at the Institute of Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1949 head. lab. in Ying-those fossil fuels of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 1950s. on Y.'s initiative, an experimental industrial was built. concentrating plant for desulfurization of coals, a cut Yu directed until 1962, combining with the main. work in Ying-those fossil fuels. Developed and implemented in the industry a number of original coal preparation processes. Author of 17 copyright certificates for the enrichment processes developed by him. Introduced creatures. contribution to the study of the regularities of filtration of coal-water suspensions, to the creation of filtration. equipment (filter presses). Completed original research. on the theory of the origin of sulfur in bituminous coals, proposed methods for forecasting deposits of sulfurous coals. Participated in the development of prom. method of extracting germanium from energetic. coals. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1974). Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1947) Vol .: Sulfur of coal. M., 1960; Mineral components of solid fossil fuels. M., 1968.
YUROVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1921, Tashkent), screenwriter, television journalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973), prof. (1976). In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. polygraph. in-t. In 1939–42 - in the army, in 1941–42 - at the front. In 1943–46 he worked in an assembly trust. From 1947 lit. sotr. dep. journalism and information zhurn. Ogonyok, freelance in 1952–54. corr. Since 1954, responsible. ed. programs in the industry, in 1957–58 Ch. ed. Centre. television. Since 1959 in graduate school at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, after graduating from the lecturer. work there. Author pl. widely known. screenplays for films and television films, including "Scarlet Sails" (1961), "The Way to the Arena" (1963), "Operation Trust" (1968), etc. Author of the book. and uch. textbooks on the theory of television journalism. Vol .: Fundamentals of television journalism. 1st ed. M., 1966; 2nd ed., 1987 (co-authored with R.A. Boretsky); Television - searches and solutions. 1st ed. M., 1975; 2nd ed., 1982; History of Soviet Television Journalism. M., 1982; Television journalism. M., 1994 (co-authored with G.V. Kuznetsov and V.L. Tsvik).
YUROVSKY Leonid Naumovich (ps. Yur. Ligin) (1884, Odessa - 1938, Moscow), economist. Doctor of Political Economy (1910). Graduated from Petersburg. polytechnic Institute (1907). He continued his education at Munich University (1908-10). From 1913 he lectured at Moscow. higher. commercial uch-shche (later - MINH), in Nar. University of A.L. Shanyavsky. Along with science, he was actively engaged in journalism, in 1907-18 correspondent. gas. Russkiye Vedomosti. Member of the 1st world. war, ensign. In 1918–21 he worked in Saratov at un-those and Ying-those nar. x-va (rector). In 1921 he moved to Moscow, worked at the Central Statistical Administration, Narkomfin. Together with G.Ya. Sokolnikov - one of the authors of den. reform of 1922–24, which led to the strengthening of the ruble. Was close to the prominent economists A.V. Chayanov, N.D. Kondratyev, to-rye from the end. 1920s began to be attacked as "counterrev. pests ". In 1930 Yu was arrested and sentenced to 8 years in prison. In 1935 he was released, in 1937 he returned to Moscow, worked as a translator, lit. activities. Dec. 1937 arrested again, shot. Works: Essays on the history of prices. Saratov, 1919; On the Road to Monetary Reform. M., 1924; Monetary policy of the Soviet government. M., 1928; 1996.
YUROVSKY Vladimir Mikhailovich (1915, Tarashcha, Kiev province - 1972, Moscow), composer. From the age of 11 he worked as a taper, then in Ukr. t-re op. and the ball. (Kiev): pom. prompter - assistant conductor. In 1938 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions by N.Ya. Myaskovsky. Main op: op. "Duma about Opanas" (after EG Bagritsky, 1940, Lvov, restored by his son - conductor MV Yurovsky, 1982, Saratov); ball. “Scarlet Sails” (after A. Green, 1942, Moscow), “Under the Sky of Italy” (after M. Gorky, 1952, Kiev), “Before Dawn” (1961, Sverdlovsk); 4 symph., Symph. poems; concert for FP. with orc. (1940); romances to verses by P.-B. Shelley (1936), S.A. Yesenin (1947); muses. to the performances of dramas. t-ra, k / f, etc. Hon. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969).
YURSKY Sergey Yurievich (b. 1935, Leningrad), actor, director. In 1952–55 he studied law. Faculty of Leningrad State University, played in the university drama collective. After success in the role of Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" by NV Gogol) in 1955 he left the university and entered the Leningrad State University. theater. Institute, to-ry graduated in 1959. In 1957 he made his debut in the BDT in the role of Oleg (“In Search of Joy of VS Rozov). In 1959–79 the actor of this t-ra. For 20 years he played more than 40 roles, among which: Chatsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1962), Tuzenbach ("Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov, 1965), Aesop ("The Fox and the Grapes "G. Figueiredu, 1967), Henry IV (" King Henry IV "by W. Shakespeare, 1969), Osip (" The Inspector General "by Gogol, 1972), etc. Among the post. Yu.: Faryatyev's Fantasies by A. Sokolova (1976), Moliere by M. Bulgakov (1973), in which he played the title roles, and others. Since 1979, actor and director. T-ra them. Mossovet. Staged: "Theme with Variations" by A.P. Stein (1979, played a young lawyer and a respectable master), "Truth is good, but happiness is better" by A.N. Ostrovsky (1980), "Ornifl, or Through the Wind" by J. Anuya (1987, played by Ornifl) and others. One of the founders of "ARTEL ARTISTS", with a cut put on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. A.P. Chekhov's "Players XXI" after Gogol (1992), in 1993 on the same stage "The King Dies" by E. Ionesco, playing King Beranger I; on the stage of the School of Modern Play - a play by the same author in his own translation, Chairs, playing the role of an old man, and others. works: post. "Themes with Variations" (t-r "Hayudza", Tokyo, 1986), the role of Rabbi Azriel ("Dibuk" S. Ansky, Tr. Bobigny, Paris, 1991) and others. He acted a lot in films and on television ... Among the roles: Ostap Bender ("The Golden Calf"), Margulies ("Time, Forward!"), Gusev ("The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed"), Sherlock Holmes ("Once Again About Holmes"). The author of the book. Who Pauses (1977), pov. "Chernov" (1989), on a cut in 1990 he staged a film, collection of works. pov. and stories "In timelessness" (1989), collection of articles. verse. Recognition (1993). Nar. art. RSFSR (1987).
YUSEVICH Judith Samoilovna (1901, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1996, Moscow), psychologist, physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1956). Rod. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. After graduation, pedological. separation ped. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1926) and graduate school (1926–29) worked as Art. scientific. sotr. in Ying-those children. lit-ry. In connection with the devastating criticism of pedology and the closure of the institute, she worked in the region. children psychology (1932–37), from 1940 - in the region. electrophysiology. One of the first in the USSR to apply clinics. electromyography. In 1941–43, she worked as a collective. with S.G. Gellerstein, B.V. Zeigarnik and others in an evacuation hospital in the Chelyabinsk region. under the hands. A.R. Luria. In 1943–70 - in electrophysiol. lab. Institute of neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Most of the scientific. tr. Yu. application of the electromyography method to study the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of nerve lesions. systems, including aphasia, as well as issues. Orthopedics and Traumatology, Vol .: Electromyography in the Clinic of Nervous Diseases. M., 1958; Electromyography of human skeletal muscle tone in health and disease. M., 1963; Human vestibulo-motor reactions. M., 1967 (et al.); Essays on clinical electromyography. M., 1972.
YUSFIN Abram Grigorievich (b. 1926, Buguruslan, Samara province), musicologist, composer, folklorist. Graduated from the Odessa cons. by class compositions by prof. A.L. Kogan. Prof. Petersburg. academy theater. Isk-va (class. comp.). Participant of the international conf. and symposia; organizer and participant of folklore expeditions in Moldova, North. Caucasus, Krasnoyarsk Territory and others. prez. Council of the Society of Jewish Music (Petersburg). The author of the op. Julius Fucik (1951), Triangle (1978), cantata, oratorio, c. 150 pieces for piano, violin, cello, including "Kaddish" - for violin and piano, "Listen, Israel" - suite for piano. (1992), "Ghetto" - for bass and fp. on verses by I.G. Ehrenburg (1994), as well as lit. and muz.-critical. cit .: "Jacob's Ladder", "Jews in Russia" (1977), "Essays on the History of Jewish Music in the Context of World Culture" (1994).
YUSHKEVICH Adolf Pavlovich (1906, Odessa - 1993, Moscow), mathematician, historian of science. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Son of P.S. Yushkevich, nephew of S.S. Yushkevich. In 1929 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1925-29 scientific. sotr. Research Institute named after K.A. Timiryazeva, in 1929-30 he taught at the Communist. academy, in 1930–52 - at the Moscow Higher Technical School. Since 1945 he worked at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ch.-c. Germ. the Academy of Naturalists Leopoldin (1958), the Leibniz Society (1967), the Royal Academy of Literature in Barcelona (1976), the Society for the History of Natural Science (Germany, 1976), part-to. (since 1957), acad. (since 1960), prez. (1966–69) Intern. academy of history of science. Laureate of the Academy of Sciences of France (1982). Awarded hon. medals scientific. about-in Germany, France, USA. Author of works on the history of mathematics in the East from ancient times to the beginning. new time. A number of works by Yu were translated into foreign languages. lang. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1966). Vol .: Omar Khayyam. M., 1965 (co-authored with B.A. Rosenfeld); About the work on arithmetic Muhamed bin Musa al-Khwarizmi. M., 1983; The theory of parallel lines in the medieval East of the 9th – 19th centuries. M., 1983 (in collaboration with Rosenfeld).
YUSHKEVICH Pavel Solomonovich (1873, Odessa - 1945, Moscow), historian. Brother of S.S. Yushkevich. To the gymnasium. years he participated in the work of Marxist circles, was arrested, sentenced to imprisonment with subsequent exile. In exile he studied mathematics, wrote a work, dedicated to. mechanics in Lobachevsky space. After exile, he left for Paris to continue his education. After graduating from the Sorbonne, he returned to Odessa, was engaged in publicist. activities; joined the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP, participated in the Revolution of 1905 in Odessa. From 1906 he lived in St. Petersburg, studied mathematics, philosophy, methodology of science. In the brochure "Pillars of Philosophical Orthodoxy" (1910), he published a response to criticism of his views in the work of VI Lenin "Materialism and Empirio-criticism". Joint. with Yu.V. Vasiliev published in 1912-17 ten collection of books "New Ideas in Mathematics". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Odessa, where together with his brother he founded a journal. "Union". Since 1922 - in Moscow. Comp. IME. He was engaged in the main. translations (transl. op. K. Helvetius, PA Holbach, D. Diderot, G. Leibniz and other philosophers; was the first translator of "Dialectics of Nature" F. Engels). The name of Y. is closely related to one of the leading trends in epistemology of the early 20th century - empirio-symbolism; brought in creatures. contribution to the substantiation of its legitimacy. Cit .: About materialistic. understanding history. SPb., 1907 (2nd ed. - Odessa, 1921); Materialism and critical realism. SPb., 1908; New trends. SPb., 1910; Worldview and worldview. SPb., 1912; About the essence of philosophy (to the psychology of philosophical outlook). Kharkov - Odessa, 1921; History of materialism. M., 1927 (co-authored with B.G. Stolpner).
YUSHKEVICH Semyon Solomonovich (1868, Odessa - 1927, Paris), writer, playwright. Brother of P.S. Yushkevich. In 1902 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the Sorbonne. Since the 1890s. began to study lit. activities; one of the first manuf. - the story "The Tailor" (1897). Since the 1900s. collaborated with the Znanie Publishing Company, which published the story of Yu. "Jew" (1904, dedicated to M. Gorky), the drama "King" (1906), the first Sobr. op. in 5 volumes (1903–08). In 1903-22 publ. 15 dramas and comedies by Yu .: Hunger (1905), In the City (1906), Miserere (1910), The Comedy of Marriage (1911), The Man of the Air (1915), The Clouds (1922) ) and others. Big Izv. received the social drama The King, banned by the censorship in 1906, but later widely staged in t-ts (in Moscow, for the first time, the post. Brother Adelheim). Y.'s plays were widely performed in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities of Russia. Some of Y.'s plays were translated into Yiddish and staged in Jewish t-ras. In 1914–18, Poln. Was published in Petrograd. collection op. Yu. In 14 tons. Since 1921 - in France, then in the USA, where he collaborated with gas. Der tog, journal. "Di tsukunft", ed. Yiddish. There was a post in the Jewish t-ras of New York. plays "Miserere", "Man of the Air" (both - 1925), "Mendel Spivak" (1926), etc. Among the works. 1920s rum is known. "Episodes" - about Grazhd. the war in Russia (published in Berlin, 1923; in the USSR in 1926). The author of the stories "Car", "Street", "Dudka" (all - 1922).
YUTKEVICH Sergey Iosifovich (1904, Petersburg - 1985, Moscow), film director, art critic. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1940). Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). In 1917–23 he was an assistant director, director-artist. and an actor in t-ral of Kiev, Sevastopol, Moscow. In 1921-23 he studied theater-decor. f-those VKHUTEMAS and State. higher. dir. workshops at hand. V.E. Meyerhold. In 1938–44, dir. and artist. hands. "Soyuzdetfilma", from 1944 dir. Mosfilm. In 1938–41, 1944–49, 1954–60 hands. directing workshops of VGIK. In 1939–46 - Ch. dir. Ans. songs and dances of the NKVD of the USSR. Since 1974 sotr. VNII Kinoisk-va. He made his debut in the cinema f. "Give the Radio" (1925, jointly with S. Grunberg). The first is independent. work - "Lace" (1928). He shot the films: Black Sail (1929), Golden Mountains (1931), Man with a Gun (1938), Yakov Sverdlov (1940). In 1941–45 he filmed "Combat Film Collections". Dir. f .: "Lenin in Poland" (1966), "Plot for a short story" (1970), "Lenin in Paris" (1981). Nar. art. USSR (1962). Became. pr. (1941, 1947). State pr. USSR (1967, 1983). Cit .: Man on the screen. M., 1947; Director's counterpoint. M., 1960; About cinematography. M., 1962; Political cinema models. M., 1978.
YUZEFOVICH Joseph Sigismundovich (1890, Warsaw - 1952, Moscow), public figure. From 1905 - in the Bund. Was subjected to arrests, in 1912-16 - in custody. From May 1917 - in gr. united Social-Democratic internationalists. In 1917–24 he was responsible. secretary, in 1924-28 before. Central Committee of the Union of Leatherworkers. In 1928–31 he was responsible. sec. Profintern, on the line to-rogo in 1931-33 was in underground work in New York and San Francisco. In 1933, member. Executive Bureau of the Profintern, in 1933–34 before. Central Committee of the Union of water workers, in 1934–36 - river workers. In 1941–45 - in the Soviet Information Bureau, from 1942 he was a member. EAK. Comp. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949 he was arrested in the JAK case. Shot.
YUZHNY Yakov Davidovich (1883, Odessa - 1938, Prague), director. In the 1910s. dram. actor, reader. Has performed with oral stories based on Jewish folklore. In 1917 he created a t-r of miniatures in Moscow. In 1918–19 he worked in the Bat cabaret. Since 1920 - in Germany. In 1921 he created in Berlin the Blue Bird t-r, around which gr. the most prominent actors, dir., artist. Russian emigration. Touring on decomp. European countries, has created eight programs. Since 1931 - in Czechoslovakia.
YUZOVSKY Iosif Ilyich (1902, Warsaw - 1964, Moscow), critic, literary critic. In 1925 he graduated from the Department of the History of Art in the Donskoy Archeol. in-that. He began to publish in 1925 under ps. Mikita Bouncy. Having moved to Moscow in 1930, he regularly published reviews of premieres of performances in gas. "Evening. Moscow". The best art. these years were collected in the book. "Performances and Plays" (Moscow, 1935). Mn. works by Yu. question t-ra and drama, ballet, music, stage and circus. The author of the book. about the work of M. Gorky: "Gorky on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater" (M. - L., 1939), "Dramaturgy of Gorky" (M. - L., 1940), "M. Gorky and his dramaturgy" (M., 1959) , "Soviet Actors in Gorky Roles" (Moscow, 1964). Shakespeare performances at the owls. the stage was dedicated. book "Image and Epoch" (Moscow, 1947). In 1946–48 scientific. sotr. IMLI. In 1949, during the campaign against cosmopolitanism, Yu. Was declared one of the anti-patriotic leaders. gr. theater. critics. After 1956 he continued lit. activity, having issued a number of books, dedicated. modern t-ru ("Natasha and I are sailing along the Volga". M., 1962; "Why do people go to the theater". M., 1964).
YUZOVSKY Mikhail Iosifovich (b. 1940, Moscow), film director. Son of I.I. Yuzovsky. Worked lit. secretary, corr. zhurn. "Theater". After graduating from the directing department of VGIK (1968) - dir. to / st them. M. Gorky. He has shot more than 10 subjects for newsreels. "Yeralash". He made his debut full-length f. The Mystery of the Iron Door (1970). Among other works by Y. - film for children: "Secret City" (1974), "There, on unknown paths" (1983), "After a rain on Thursday" (1985, prize "Great Silver. Plateau" at the Moscow in Gifon, Italy; prize at the Ikf in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia; both - 1987), "One, two - woe is not a problem" (1988).
ZAYDAROVKA, a village in the Novopskov district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Starobelsky district Kharkiv province. In 1887 11 Jews lived in Z., in 1926 - 2 Jews.
ZABARA Natan Ilyich (1908, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1975, Kiev), prose writer, playwright. After school he worked as a builder, served in the army. In the beginning. 1930s studied in graduate school Ying-that Heb. proletarian culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. He made his debut in 1930 with the story "A Geshvir" ("Tumor") in the Kharkov railway. "Spilled". In 1932 his first edition was published. book "Radio novel", created by according to the impressions of the army service. In 1934 he published the story "Nilovka" - about the transformation. processes taking place in Heb. place. Author of rum. "Fun land tsu land" ("From country to country", 1938), "Der Foter" ("Father", 1940). Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked in the army press. About the military. events tell his rum. "Gaynt vert a velt gebeurn" ("The world is born today"), publ. only in 1965 in the railway station. "Sovetish gameland", play "In di lettse tag" ("In the last days", 1970). During the campaign against cosmopolitanism, he was repressed. A special place in the work of 3. is occupied by ist. rom .: "Siz noh groys der tog" ("Another day is great"), "Unter der geyser zun fun Provence" ("Under the hot sun of Provence") and "Inmitn gel batog" ("In broad daylight"), publ. publishing house "Sov. writer "(M., 1974) under the general title. "Galgal gakhoyzer" ("The Vicissitudes of Fate"). Unlike other works of owls. Heb. literatures, novels and stories 3. have always had a pronounced national character.
ZABAROVKA, a village in the Koryukovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1858. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chernigov province. In 1921 there were 4 Jews living in Z.
ZABAVA, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 16 Jews of Z. were deported to Radekhov and Sokal and subsequently exterminated.
ZABELYSHIN, a village in the Khotimsk district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zabelyshino Klimovichsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1865 four Jews lived in Z.. In 1908 there was a synagogue in Z.; out of 53 households, 8 were Jewish. In 1925, three Jewish agricultural groups were active in the West. artels: "Artyomovskaya", "Light", and "Zarya".
ZABEREZ, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zaberezie in Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921 there were 97 Jews living in Z. In 1942, 38 Jews were shot in Z..
BEACH, see. Beyond.
ZABEZENSKY Ber-Iser (1860, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1900), prose writer, publicist. In the 80s. 19th century printed art. and feuilletons in Russian. and Heb. press. Into the gas. “Ga-Yom” published in 1886–87 “The History of the City of Vitebsk”, based on archival materials and documents. In Vitebsk he published in ancient Hebrew. in 1882 p. "Ha-agavat tsadikim" ("Love of tsadiks"), and in 1887 his rum was released in Warsaw. in Yiddish "Di shvere zait" ("Hard time"), which depicts the consequences of the pogroms in Russia in the beginning. 80s
FORBIDDEN, see. Lost.
ZABLUDOVSKY Israel (Isidor Veniaminovich) (1850, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1905, Berlin), doctor. In 1873 he graduated from the Medical-Surgical. Academy (Petersburg). Doctoral dis. defended in 1874. In 1876-77 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war as Art. doctor of the Cossack regiment, distinguished himself in the capture of Plevna. In 1878–81 he was on a business trip to Zap. Europe, improved in the clinics of Berlin, Vienna, Amsterdam, London. In 1881 - Art. doctor of the Preobrazhensky regiment in St. Petersburg. From 1882 until the end of his life he worked in lay down. institutions in Berlin. Since 1896 - prof. Berlin University. creativity 3. is devoted to the development of massage methods and its practical use in clinics. medicine. Invented a special apparatus for relieving seizures. Published in "Military Medical. p. ”Works: Disease of pianists in surgical practice, St. Petersburg, 1900; Overwork while studying writing and music, St. Petersburg, 1904.
ZABLUDOVSKY Noyakh (1858, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1934, ibid.), Publicist, playwright. Rod. to the merchant. family, studied at the cheder. In 1884–94 he lived in Ukraine, then returned to Bialystok. From 1879 he published articles, feuilletons, correspondence in periodicals. print in Yiddish and Hebrew, later was the Bialystok correspondent. first Heb. daily gas. "Dos Nae Lebn" and Warsaw's "Der Moment". In 1916-17 he edited Heb. gas., to-ruyu Heb. soldiers published at their own expense. Author pl. dramatic. production: "A shenere parnose" ("The best profession"), 1918; Farbiterte Herzer (Embittered Hearts), 1923; "Dos umgerichte glik" ("Unexpected happiness"); "Expropriation" and others. Plays 3. were staged in Bialystok and other cities.
ZABLUDOVSKY Pavel Efimovich (1894, metro Khashchevatoye, Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province - 1993, Moscow), historian of medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). Educated at Novorossiysk un-those (Odessa) on natural sciences. (1910-12) and honey. (1912-15) f-takh. In 1916, as an ordinary doctor, he was drafted into the army. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. In 1919–22 in Kr. Army, citizen war. In 1922-28 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, in the medical-sanitary department of the People's Commissariat of Railways; in 1928–30 he was a doctor on long-distance ships, getting to know during stops in ports with the work of departments and institutes of the sanitary profile in various. countries. Until 1939 he worked at the Research Institute dignity. education and health care for children and adolescents. In 1939 he organized and headed the second in the USSR Department of the History of Medicine in the Center. institute of advanced training for doctors (from 1972 to the end of life, professor-consultant in the same place). tr. 3.Ded. stories father. and nick. medicine (created the first in the USSR teaching materials on this topic); author per. world classics. medicine, including D. Frakastoro, T. Paracels, B. Ramazzini, and comments to them. Vol .: History of the Fatherland. medicine, h. 1-2, M., 1960 71; Ways of development of societies, medicine, M., 1970; History of Medicine, M., 1981.
ZABLUDOW, a city (from the middle of the 16th century) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Grodno district of the Grodno voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the town of Zabludovo in Bialystok u. Grodno province. In 1918–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1766 there were 831 Jews living in Z., in 1847 - 2165, in 1897 - 2621 (69.1%), in 1921 - approx. 2,000 Jews. Jews lived in the West from the 1st half of the year. 17th century K ser. 17th century a synagogue was built. In 1664 and 1667, congresses of the Lithuanian Vaad were held in Z. In the end. 18th century the famous rabbi Arie-Leib from Bialystok lived in Z. Since 1886 Ephraim Lap was the rabbi in Z. In 1909 Z. had a private husband. Jewish school, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in in Jan. 1942 a ghetto was created in Z., which contained approx. 1400 people The ghetto was liquidated on November 2. 1942, born in the West. A.Ya. Rosenzweig.
ZABOLOTE, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1583. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1895, 42 Jews lived in Z. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts.
ZABOLOTOV, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1630. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zablotov in the Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 986 Jews lived in Z., in 1880 - 1730 (49.1%), in 1890 - 2009 (49.5%), in 1900 - 2092 (49.4%), in 1910 - 2171 (45.6%), in 1921 - 1454 (40.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1,700 Jews. Jews lived in the West from the beginning. 18th century In 1717 more than 200 Jews lived in Z. and there was a community. In 1826 the Hasidic court in Z. was founded by Dovid Eger (1797-1848), and in 1848 Yakov Eger (1815-1881) took his father's place. In 1881 the dynasty was headed by the son of Yakov Menachem-Mendel, then the son of Menachem-Mendel Moishe, who died in the years of the 1st world. war in Vienna. After M. Eger's death, his place was taken by his brother - Itskhok-Aizik, who died during the Holocaust. 19 - early. 20th century mountains. the council was chaired by Meir Rota. In the end. 19th century with the support of Baron Hirsch, a school was opened in Z. (in 1908 - 200 students). In 1903 a pogrom broke out in Z. In 1905 a Zionist organization was created, in 1910 a Hebrew school and a yeshiva were opened, in 1919 - a Jewish library. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1939, after the annexation of Z. to the USSR, the mountains. The council was headed by Moyshe Dinest. On July 1, 1941, Z. occupied parts of the Hungarian. army. In the beginning. Sep 1941 Z. came under the control of the Germans. authorities. The Judenrat was created headed by Note Felix. Dec 22. 1941 in Z. approx. 1,100 Jews. 11 Apr 1942 approx. 400 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. In apr. - May 1942 most of the remaining Jews in Z. were deported to the Kolomyia ghetto. 7 Sep 1942 200 Jews were deported from Z., later 50 more Jews.
ZABOLOTTSY, a village in Brody district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1494. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Z. from the 17th century. In 1916, five Jews from Z. were deported to Ternopil.
ZABORIE, a village in the Rossony District, Vitebsk Region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vitebsk province. During the period of the Germans. occupation in Z. 80 Jews were shot.
ZABOROL, a village in the Lutsk district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupation of the Jews of Z. in the 19th century - trade. The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ZABOROVSKY Oizer (1869, Goloskovo Baltsky district of Podolsk province - |), publicist, prose writer. From 1891 he lived in London, collaborated in various. gas. and f. He printed reports from Hebrews. life in London in gas. "Yidisher Express" was a post. the author of the weekly. Der Yidischer Telephone. Wrote the story "Libe un fanaticism" ("Love and fanaticism"), published in the lane. in Hebrew dep. ed. Ch. his work: "Goth, mench un velt" ("God, man and the world") - Sat. aphorisms of great poets and thinkers.
ZABREZIE, see Zabrezie.
ZABREZYE (until 1981 - Zabrezhye), a village in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. In 1903 Z. became open for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1942, 136 Jews were shot in Z.
CHECKED, see Zabrichen.
ZABROD, a village in the Velyky Bereznyansky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1640. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, 48 Jews (14.3%) lived in Z., in 1920 - 64 Jews. During the Holocaust, 29 Jews were were destroyed in Turyi-Remety.
ZABRODIE, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Slutsky's estate Minsk province. In May 1925 a Jewish agriculturalist was founded in Z. artel "Free Labor".
ZABRODY, a village in the Ratnovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1600. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 there were 6 Jews living in Z., in 1926 - 2 Jews.
ZABUZHE, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Z. from the 1870s. Main occupation - trade. During the Holocaust in Z., approx. 40 Jews.
FORGOT, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Mogilev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Klimovichi u. Mogilev province. In 1841, 27 Jews lived in Z., in 1844 - 84, in 1869 - 96, in 1880 - 134 (48.5%), in 1908 - 133 Jews (41.3%). there was a synagogue, in 1841 - 2 synagogues. In 1880, out of 38 houses, 18 belonged to Jews, and there was a synagogue. In 1901, out of 27 homeowners in Z. 24 were Jews. In 1907 all shops and crafts. workshops belonged to Jews. V. N. Pervyshin
ZACHEPILOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Konstantinograd u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Z., in 1939 - 12 Jews. In 1942, one Jew was killed in Z..
ZACHERNYA, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orsha district Mogilev Gubernia. In May 1925, a Jewish agricultural artel named after V.I. Hirsch Leckert.
ZADIONCHENKO Semyon Borisovich (real name and surname. Shimon Borukhovich Zayonchik) (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1972, Moscow), party, and state. activist. From the family of a craftsman. From 1914 he worked at a tobacco factory. From the beginning. 1918 in Kr. Guards, then - in Kr. Army. When he joined the RCP (b) in 1919, he called himself Semyon Borisovich Zadionchenko. Since 1936 - secretary. Baumansky RK party in Moscow, and on 8.8.1937 was appointed deputy. prev. SNK RSFSR. From the beginning. 1st sec. Dnepropetrovsk regional committee of the CP (b) U, contributed to the promotion of "young cadres", among whom was LI Brezhnev. During the investigation carried out by the NKVD, he confessed to concealing his origin, but was not repressed. Since 1938, dep. The Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, at the 18th Congress of the CPSU (b) (March 1939) elected a member. Party Central Committee. In 1938 he was appointed head. Department of Sov. trade of the Dnepropetrovsk regional committee, in 1939 - sec. regional committee on propaganda, and in 1940 - secretary. regional committee for the defense industry. In 1941, t. Military. council of the South. fr., then 1st sec. Stalin's regional committee of the CP (b) U, from December. 1941 1st sec. Bashkir, from Jan. 1943 - Kemerovo regional committees of the CPSU (b). Since 1946, the inspector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. During the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" 3. in 1950 he was not elected to the USSR Armed Forces, and at the 19th Congress of the CPSU (October 1952) - to the Central Committee. In 1949–51 - 1st deputy. min. blanks of the USSR, in 1951–58 on the responsible. work in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU, since 1958 in the apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
ZADONIE, urban-type settlement (since 1934) of the Donskoy City Council in the Tula Region. (Russian Federation). Main In the 1920s, 28 Jews lived in Zambia in 1939.
ZADONSK (before 1779 - Teshev), a city, a regional center in the Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century From the beginning. 18th century - Zadonskaya settlement. From 1779 it was a district town of the Voronezh governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910 50 Jews lived in Z., in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 28 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Z. In 1915, 160 Jewish refugees arrived in Z.
ZADONSKAYA Sloboda, see Zadonsk.
ZADOV-ZINKOVSKY Lev Nikolaevich (1893, Jewish agricultural colony Veselaya in Aleksandrovsky district, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1938), participant of the cross. war in Ukraine 1918-1921, associate of N. I. Makhno. Rod. in the family of a Jewish peasant. He worked for a metallurgist. s-de in Yuzovka, joined the anarchists, for participation in expropriations he was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Yuzovsky Council of Workers and Soldiers. dep. With a detachment of Kr. The guard retreated from the Donbass to Tsaritsyn. From 1918 at Makhno, he occupied a dec. command positions in the Rev.-insurgent. army of Ukraine, was early. counterintelligence of the 1st Donetsk corps. In 1921, together with Makhno, he fled to Romania. In 1924 in ch. sabotage gr. returned to the USSR, voluntarily surrendered to the authorities. Together with his brother D.N. Zadov (Zotov) he was taken into service in the NKVD. In 1924–25 in Kharkovsk. ex. GPU of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1925-37 in the Odessa administration. GPU (NKVD) of the Ukrainian SSR (through the INO). Colonel of State Security. Arrested in 1937, shot in 1938. In the rum. AN Tolstoy's "Walking in agony" is a fictional biography of Levka Zadov, the image is distorted 3. – 3. and in a number of thin. F. Daughter 3. – 3. - Alla was killed in battle during the defense of Sevastopol, son Vadim was a participant in the 1941–45 war, a retired colonel.
ZADRUNSKY Israel (1850, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1928, Warsaw), pl. poet. Rod. in a poor family, studied in the Talmud-Torah and in Russian. school. At the age of 14 he became a private teacher. Gathered a group of singers and traveled with them across Russia. In 1880 he returned to Bialystok, created gr. purimshpiler, then became a popular badhen. Since 1904 in the USA, he opens a restaurant and performs his songs in it. He died during a trip to his homeland. 3. - the author of dozens of songs, to-rye sang like folk. From his books, ed. in 1890-1904 in the USA, only a small part has reached us, indicating that Z. was a talented follower of Nar. singer and badhen Eliakum Tsun-zer. 3. known as the author of several. one act. comedies, to-rye himself staged: "Der Karger Boher" ("The Miserly Guy"), "Der Kleinstetldiker Hosn" ("The Local Fiance"), etc.
ZADRUTSKAYA Sloboda, a village in the Belynichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Mogilevsky u. In autumn 1941, 23 Jews were shot in the West.
ZADVORIE, a village in the Busk district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1451. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 11 Jews lived in Z.
NUT, see Zeikan.
ZAGAYPOLE, see [[Golden Stream.
ZAGAYPOL, a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kolomyia powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 13 Apr. 1942 Jews in Z. (53 people) were deported to Kolomyia and exterminated there.
ZAGES, urban-type settlement (since 1966) in the Mtskheta region (Georgia). Main at the end. 1920s In 1970, 5 Jews lived in Z., in 1979 - 8 Jews (including 2 Georgian).
ZAGNITKOV, a village in the Kodymsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1755.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1847, 109 Jews lived in Z., in 1897 - 560 (12%), in 1939 - 251, and in 1941 - 150 Jews. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Z. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade with.-kh. products and handicrafts (bread baking, tailoring, etc.) In March 1919, a pogrom took place in Z., staged by the detachments of N.A. Grigoriev; 2 Jews were killed, Jewish homes were plundered. 1941 in Z. approx. 70 Jews.
ZAGORIA, a village in the Zboriv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century There were 28 Jews in Z. and 41 in 1900. In 1916, nine Jews from Z. were expelled to Ternopil. The Jewish population of Z. was exterminated during the Holocaust.
ZAGORSK, see [[Sergiev Posad.
ZAGORSKY Vladimir Mikhailovich (real name and surname. Lubotsky Wolf Mikhelevich) (1883, Nizhny Novgorod - 1919, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement, owls. state and desks. activist. Rod. in the Shoikhet family. Studied in the city (did not finish the course). One of the organizers of the roar. circle of working youth in Sormovo (1901). In 1902, for participating in the preparation and conduct of the May Day demonstration, he was arrested and exiled to the Yenisei province. In 1904 he fled, went to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the local Bolshevik. gr., got acquainted with V.I. Lenin, was engaged in transportation of the Bolshevik. gas. "Forward" to Russia. A Swiss man was arrested for participating in a protest demonstration against the events of January 9, 1905. by the police and expelled from the country. In the fall of 1905 he arrived in Moscow, led the party. work in Gor. district, participated in Dec. armed restore; after his defeat tl. Rogozhsko-Simonovsky District Committee. In 1908 he left for Great Britain, then lived in Switzerland. In 1910, returning to Russia, he worked in the party, the organization of Saratov, but soon left for Germany again, participated in the preparation of the Prague Conf. RSDLP. In the beginning. 1st world. war interned and as a "citizen. prisoner "was in a camp near Leipzig (until April 1918). After the conclusion of the Brest Peace, he was appointed 1st secretary. embassy in Germany. In June 1918 he was summoned to Moscow, from October. sec. MK RCP (b). On September 25, 1919, he was killed by a bomb thrown by anarchists into the premises of the MK RCP (b), where a meeting of the Moscow activists was held. school desks. org-tion.
ZAGOSKIN David Efimovich (1900, Surazh, Vitebsk province - 1942, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, theater designer. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1915-17) and at the Saratov higher. hud.-tech. in-those (VKhTI) (1918–20) under FF Konstantinov, where he taught (1920–22). Since 1919 academic. exhibitions. In 1920–21 members. Society of Artists of New Art (OHNIS, "Presentists"), was influenced by the ideas of UNOVIS. He was associated with avant-garde art only in the period 1918–22. After moving to Leningrad, in 1925–32 he was one of the organizers and a member. Association "Circle of Artists", a participant in all of its exhibitions. In 1926–36 he taught at VKHUTEIN, at Ying-those span. fig. isk-va (INPII), in Ying-those painting, sculpture, architecture (IZHSA) and Vseros. AH (VAC). Among the naib. means painting, manuf. 3. "The Road" (1927), "Old Man Jew" (1939), "Battle at the Crossing" (1941), etc. Interesting ser. aqu. 1929-30 ("Kolkhoz Women", "Komsomolskaya Pravda Basya" and others), ser. lithographs “Great artists of the XIX century. on etudes "(1939), etc. He also worked in the region. monument. Isk-va.Products 3. are stored in museums on the territory. b. USSR (including in the State Russian Museum).
ZAGREBELIE, a village in the Sosnitsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sosnitskiy u. Chernigov province. In the 19th century. Jews lived in Z. the occupation of which was trade. In 1918, a pogrom broke out in Z. by the retreating units of the Kr. Army.
ZAGUROV, see Zaguruv.
ZAGUROW, a city (since 1368) in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - posad Zagurov of Slupetsky u. Kalisz province. In 1808, 20 Jews (2.4%) lived in Z., in 1827 - 178 (11.5%), in 1857 - 233 (14%), in 1864 - 551 (26%), in 1897 - 658 (22%), in 1921 - 807 (22%), in 1939 - approx. 630 Jews. Jews lived in Z. from the end. 18th century Main occupations - trade with.-kh. products, crafts (leather processing, hat, tailoring, shoe, carpentry, etc.), some owned mills. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Jews were also engaged in the manufacture of fabrics and blankets. In 1882 a new synagogue was built in Z. In 1899 founded. mutual aid fund. Philanthropists worked at the community. org-tion. In the 1910s. in the Z. there were formed branches decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The library was opened in 1915. In the 1920s. the "Union of Jewish Craftsmen" was created. In the 1930s. Rabbi Z. was Shoylo Grodzhinsky. 4-5 Feb 1936 anti-Semitic demonstrations took place in Z., which turned into a pogrom: during the year. fairs, Polish peasants attacked Jewish merchants, beating them, smashing shops and shops. 55 rioters were brought to trial and convicted. 1939 Z. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the summer of 1940, a ghetto was created, where Jews from the surrounding towns and cities were also sent. In the beginning. 1941 the ghetto was located approx. 2500 people In the end. In the summer of 1941 450 men were sent to forced labor in the salt mines. Dispatch continued until Oct. 1941. On Oct. 1941 the remaining Jews in Z. were shot. Meir Schwartzman (1901-1968, Winnipeg, Canada), rabbi, publicist, Ph.D., from 1938 - in Canada, from 1948 - rabbi in Winnipeg, author of comments. to the Torah, he wrote in Yiddish.
ZAK Abram Isaakovich (1828, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1893, Giessen, Germany), financier and society, activist. Received a tradition. Heb. education, independently studied mathematics and foreign. lang. He began his career in private banks in Belarus and Ukraine. In 1871 he was invited to the post of director. Petersburg. accounting and loan bank, became vice-chairman, of its Council. Under the leadership of 3., the bank became one of the largest in Russia. He was a member of the Council of the leading insurance company "Russia". He was invited by the pr-vom as an expert in finance. and econ. questions, on problems of railways. transport. Following the recommendations of 3., made in Russia. means, the gold reserve, which made it possible to avoid serious finance. shocks during and after the Russian-tour. wars 1877–78. For his merits he received the title of valid. stat. advisor, pl. awards. 3. was repeatedly elected to the board of Heb. community of St. Petersburg, donated a large sum for the construction of the Choral synagogue in the capital, contributed to the creation. About-va crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia (since 1880 members of the Temporary committee of this organization). He was elected to the Society of the Ob-va to spread education among the Jews of Russia, supported Jewish students, donated for the maintenance of many others. Heb. institutions (Orphanage, Berman's school, etc.).
ZAK Avraham Gershkovich (b. 1913, Tomashpol), architect, urban planner. In 1938 he graduated from architect. Faculty of LISI. He worked in design org-tions of GlavAPU Moscow. Main works in Moscow: residential buildings on Pervomayskaya st. (1958), general plan and development project of the Tushino district (1962), residential buildings in the Shchukin district (1968). Since 1992 in the USA.
ZAK Avrom (1891, Amdur, Grodno province - |), poet, prose writer, playwright. He studied at the cheder, yeshiva. He made his debut in 1908 with poetry. In 1909 he came to Warsaw, entered the lit. Wednesday. Member of the 1st world. war, was wounded. After demobilization he returned to his native place. In 1919 he settled in Warsaw. Collaborated in Heb. periodic. press, printed stories, poems, feuilletons. First. book verses 3. "Chords" was published in Grodno in 1918. The author is poetic. collection of books "Reges Fun Troim" ("Moments of Dream"), 1919; Zwischen Fir Went (Among the Four Walls), 1920; as well as prose writer. manuf. "Unther di fligl funoit" ("Under the wings of death"), "In shotn" ("In the shade"), "Di hurve un der palace" ("Ruins and the palace") and many others. dr. He was also engaged in lane. In 1939 he fled from Warsaw, settled in Grodno, where he worked as the head. lit. part of Heb. theater, troupes. In 1940 he was repressed together with other refugees from Poland. In 1941 he was released. He lived in Kazakhstan and in Wed. Asia, was a laborer, night watchman, water carrier. In 1946 he returned to Poland, in 1948 he went to Paris, then to Argentina.
ZAK Isidor Arkadievich (1909, Odessa - 1998, Novosibirsk), opera conductor. Studied at the Odessa cons. (1922–25) with VA Zolotarev (music theory); graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1929) in the conducting class of N.A. Malko. He worked as a conductor in music. t-tah in plural cities - Vladivostok and Khabarovsk (1929–31), Kuibyshev (1933–36), Dnepropetrovsk (1936–37), Gorky (1937–44), Novosibirsk (1944–49), Lvov (1949–51), Kharkov (1951– 52), Alma-Ata (1952–55), Chelyabinsk (1955–68). A particularly important role was played by Z.'s activity as a conductor in the organization of the Novosibirsk and Chelyabinsk Opera and Ballet Theaters. Since 1968 Ch. conductor of the Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1952–55 he taught at the Alma-Ata horse. Among the students - a plank bed. artist of the Kazakh SSR F.Sh. Mansurov. Among the operatic posts. 3. - "The Enchantress" (1940) and "The Queen of Spades" (1969) by PI Tchaikovsky, "The Covetous Knight" by SV Rachmaninov (1943), "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1944) and "Ivan Susanin" ( 1945) MI Glinka and others. For the first time on the owl. opera stage 3. were post. operas "Dalibor" (1950) and "Brandenburgers in the Czech Republic" (1963) by B. Smetana, "Dudaray" by E. Brusilovsky (1953) and others. Became. etc. (1948). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1958), people. artist of the USSR (1976).
ZAK Lyudmila Markovna (b. 1917, Kharkov), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1968). In 1936–41 she studied history. f-those MIFLI. In aug. 1941 volunteered for Nar. militia. Demobilized in 1945. Graduated from graduate school in history. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). In 1949-51 she taught at the Chernivtsi State. un-those, in 1952–69 in Moscow. state Historical and Archival Institute, in 1971–74 at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (since 1972 - prof.). In 1951–53 she worked at the Center. the Museum of the Revolution of the USSR, in 1969–71 at the Research Institute of Museology and Protection of Cultural Monuments, in 1975–89 at the Research Institute of Culture of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR. Author of works on the history of Soviet-French. societies, and cultural ties. Cit .: Glorious traditions of solidarity. Fighting French. people against the intervention in the Sov. Russia (1918-1920), M., 1961; Construction of socialism in the USSR. Historiographic. sketch, M., 1971 (in co-authors; History of the study of Soviet culture, M., 1981; Friendship was born in struggle (USSR France. Pages of history), M., 1989.
ZAK Sergey Sergeevich (1868–1930), economist, publicist. In student. years participated in populist. movement, sotr. in f. "Rus. wealth "," Testaments "and others. Later he joined the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1917 - the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1920 he broke with them and moved away from the polit. activities. Sci. sotr. State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. In the light of the theory of "labor industry", he singled out three types of industry, depending on the number of workers: labor, transitional and capitalistic, tried to refute the laws of concentration and centralization of production, argued that small the industry successfully “fights” against the capitalist one (this view was criticized by V. I. Lenin). Hopes for progress. social associated development with the formation of cf. a layer of small "labor" owners, employees, peasants and intelligentsia, and not from the roar. the proletariat. In works on agr. the issue was non-capitalistic. development of agriculture. The author is numerous. printed works. Cit .: Democratization of the Zemstvo, Moscow, 1906; State Duma, its structure, competence and composition, Odessa, 1906; Land and Capitalism, 2nd ed., M., 1906; Peasantry and land. question, Odessa, 1906; Socialism and agr. question, M., 1907; Prom. capitalism in Russia, M., 1908; Revolution and socialization of the land, 2nd ed., Odessa, 1917; Foundations of the work program, Pg., 1917; The experience of studying marketability in the USSR, v. 1, M., 1926.
ZAK Vladimir Grigorievich (1913, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1994, Pavlovsk), chess player; chess. writer. Honored. trainer of the USSR (1958). Electrical Engineer. Participant of the Leningrad Championship (1945). Chess coach. schools of Leningrad. the Palace of Pioneers (1946–86). Among his pupils were grandmasters - B.V.Spassky, V.L.Korchnoi, L.I. Volpert, A.V. Kochiev, approx. 20 masters of sports of the USSR. Works: Lasker, M., 1963; About small for big, M., 1973; Ways of improvement, 2nd ed., M., 1988.
ZAK Yakov Izrailevich (1913, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Studied playing php. from MM Starkova at the school at the Odessa cons., in 1922–30 he also studied there with P.S. Stolyarsky in the class of the chamber ensem. in theoretical subjects - from B.D. Tyuneev. Has performed in concerts since the age of 15. In 1930-32 he studied at the Odessa cons. upon graduation in 1932–35 he was engaged in graduate school at Moscow. cons. from GG Neuhaus (in 1933–34 during Neuhaus' illness he studied under KN Igumnov). In 1933 he participated in the 1st All-Union Union. competition of musicians-performers. Since 1935 he has been performing as a concert pianist. From the same year he taught at Moscow. cons. Since 1938 he has been leading on his own class, from 1947 prof., from 1965 head. department of special php. in Moscow. cons. In 1941–45 he performed at the end. brigades, on the radio. In the 1950s – 60s. 3. was one of the recognized authorities in the music. performance. His repertoire includes concerts with orc. I. Brahms, F. Chopin, M. Ravel, N. K. Metner, 3 concerts, "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" and "Variations on a Theme of Corelli" by S. V. Rachmaninov, concerts and sonatas by S. S. Prokofiev, plays K. Debussy, Ravel, Brahms, sonatas by L. Beethoven, A. N. Scriabin, W. A. ​​Mozart, Prokofiev, FList. 3. - creator of the role, Op. owls. composers - sonatas No. 3 by D. Kabalevsky, sonatas No. 3 by V. A. Bely, concerts by S. N. Vasilenko, E. K. Golubev, Y. A. Levitin. Participated as an ensemble player in the first performance in the USSR by E. Chausson's trio, fp. E. Bloch's quintet. He also performed in an ensemble with the Quartet im. L. Beethoven, in fp. duet with E.G. Gilels. 3. virtuosity is inherent, combined with subtle lyricism, exquisite sound. Laureate of the 2nd All-Union. competition of musicians-performers (3rd avenue, 1935, Moscow), Intern. pianists' competition Chopin (1st Ave., 1937, Warsaw, for the performance of Chopin mazurkas was awarded the special Chopin mask prize) .3. - member jury pl. competitions, incl. contests them. Chopin (in 1955 and 1960). The author of memoirs about Neuhaus, V.V. Sofronitsky, D.F. Oistrakh, L.N. Oborin, M.V. Yudina, Art. and notes at different times published on the pages of the gas. and g., reviews of concerts, notes on ped. skill. Nar. artist of the USSR (1966).
ZAKAMENSK (until 1959 - Gorodok), a city (from 1944), a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Main In 1933, 31 Jews lived in Zambia in 1939.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЗАКАРПАТСКАЯ УКРАИНА (Закарпатье), историческое название терр. совр. Закарпатской обл. (Украина). В 10—11 вв. — в составе Киевской Руси. С 13 в. — в составе Венгрии. С 1814 — провинция Угорская Русь в составе Австрийской империи (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии). В 1919—38 — в составе Чехословакии, в 1939—44 — Венгрии, в 1945—91 —УССР.Первые упом. о евреях на терр. З. У. относятся к 1-й пол. 17 в. Именно тогда в З. У. поселились евреи, бежавшие из Польши от отрядов Б. М.Хмельницкого. В протоколах гор. управы Унгвара (совр. Ужгород) за 1677 найдена запись о сооружении «еврейского дома», что предполагало наличие общины и синагоги. К сер. 1720-х гг. в З. У. проживало ок. 100 еврейских семей. Иммиграция евреев, в осн. из Польши и Галиции, в З. У. продолжалась в 18 в., чему способствовали привилегии, предоставляемые евреям-переселенцам при австр. эрцгерцогине Марии Терезии. Иммигранты селились по всей З. У., в т. ч. в селах, и занимались земледелием, мелкой торговлей, ремеслами, арендой шинков и мельниц. Еврейские общины, имевшие свои синагоги, существовали в таких кр. городах, как Унгвар и Мункач (совр. Мукачево), в к-ром в нач. 1740-х гг. проживало 80 еврейских семей. В большинстве нас. пунктов З. У. не было раввинов, меламедов, миньянов. В дальнейшем численность еврейского населения З. У. продолжала расти и к кон. 19 в. достигла почти 100 тыс. чел. Евреи по-прежнему занимались гл. обр. ремеслами и торговлей, в частн. посреднич. торговлей между Венгрией и Галицией. Возросла их роль в экономике городов З. У., вырос удельный вес среди гор. интеллигенции (врачи, адвокаты и др.). Улучшению положения евреев З. У. способствовало получение в 1848 равноправия, как и евреями всей Австр. империи.В 19 в. широкое распространение в З. У. получил хасидизм. Мункач стал резиденцией изв. хасидских цадиков династии Шапиро. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. обществ.-религ. жизнь в З. У. отмечена противоборством ортодоксального иудаизма, к-рый к тому времени исповедовало подавляющее большинство еврейского населения, и проникшего в край в 1850—60-х гг. реформистского иудаизма, сторонником к-рого являлась гл. обр. еврейская интеллигенция. Свидетельством малочисленности реформистов может служить их община в Унгваре, состоявшая в сер. 19 в. из 140 чел.К кон. 1-й мир. войны в З. У. действовали кр. еврейские общины, имевшие свои иешивы, благотворит. и др. обществ. орг-ции.После распада Австро-Венгрии З. У. вошла в состав Чехословакии в качестве адм. единицы Подкарпатская Русь. Евреи З. У. считались равноправными гражданами Чехословацкой Республики. Численность еврейского населения З. У. составляла не более 15%. Евреи З. У. активно участвовали в экономич. и политич. жизни края. В Хусте в гор. совет входило 5 деп. от еврейской общины. В 8 еврейских общинах З. У. (1923) функционировали синагоги, еврейские уч. заведения (в Мукачеве и Ужгороде — еврейские гимназии), органы самоуправления, обществ. орг-ции и т. п. Выходили газеты на иврите и идише. На терр. З. У. активно действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. В 1930-х гг. одним из европ. центров движения сионистов-ревизионистов стал Ужгород. Здесь же выходил сионистский еженед. «Жидо неплат».Несмотря на экономич. трудности, численность еврейского населения З. У. возрастала. Ок. 2/3 евреев З. У. проживали в селах. К кон. 1920-х гг. в З. У. насчитывалось ок. 400 евреев — землевладельцев и промышленников, ок. 15 700 мелких торговцев, ок. 35 400 ремесленников; большинство евреев занималось земледелием, тяжелыми видами ремесел, связанных с с.-х. произ-вом (напр., кузнечное), лесопромыслами (в осн. заготовкой дров). При этом 40% евреев не имели пост. заработка, были безработными. Это создавало почву для переселения. В 1920—30-х гг. из З. У. в Э.-И. выехало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В 1939 З. У. перешла под власть Венгрии, и на нее было распространено венг. антиеврейское законодательство. Зимой 1939/40 было депортировано ок. 13 тыс. польск. евреев, бежавших в З. У. в сент. 1939, во время разгрома Польши. В 1941 проведена депортация неск. тысяч евреев, не имевших венг. гражданства. В 1941—42 немало молодых евреев мобилизовали в трудовые батальоны и направили на Вост. фронт. В марте 1944 З. У. оккупировали герм. войска. В Хусте, Берегове, Мукачеве, Ужгороде были созданы гетто, в к-рых к 26 апр. 1944 оказались почти все евреи З. У. В мае 1944 началась их депортация в лагеря уничтожения. Из 112,5 тыс. депортированных евреев З. У. 104 тыс. были уничтожены. В 1945 З. У. вошла в состав УССР, где в нач. 1946 была образована Закарпатская обл. Еврейская нац. и религ. жизнь была практически свернута (в 1959 закрыта посл. синагога), хотя евреи З. У. сохраняли еврейские традиции в значительно большей степени, чем евреи в др. регионах европ. части СССР.В кон. 1950-х гг. были предприняты отд. попытки создания подпольных хедеров (в Ужгороде, Берегове, [[Среднем Водяном и др.). Их организаторы подвергались суд. преследованиям. В 1960—70-х гг. на З. У. существовали 3 официальные еврейские религ. общины и неск. миньянов. К 1970 в З. У. насчитывалось 11 тыс. евреев. В 1970—90-х гг. значит. кол-во евреев З. У. выехало в Израиль и США. В 1990-х гг. началось нац.-религ. и культурное возрождение еврейства З. У. В сер. 1990-х гг. действовало 8 еврейских общин.В 1999 в З. У. проживало ок. 2200 евреев.В.С.Левин, pronunciation=ЗАКАРПАТСКАЯ УКРАИНА (Закарпатье), историческое название терр. совр. Закарпатской обл. (Украина). В 10—11 вв. — в составе Киевской Руси. С 13 в. — в составе Венгрии. С 1814 — провинция Угорская Русь в составе Австрийской империи (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии). В 1919—38 — в составе Чехословакии, в 1939—44 — Венгрии, в 1945—91 —УССР.Первые упом. о евреях на терр. З. У. относятся к 1-й пол. 17 в. Именно тогда в З. У. поселились евреи, бежавшие из Польши от отрядов Б. М.Хмельницкого. В протоколах гор. управы Унгвара (совр. Ужгород) за 1677 найдена запись о сооружении «еврейского дома», что предполагало наличие общины и синагоги. К сер. 1720-х гг. в З. У. проживало ок. 100 еврейских семей. Иммиграция евреев, в осн. из Польши и Галиции, в З. У. продолжалась в 18 в., чему способствовали привилегии, предоставляемые евреям-переселенцам при австр. эрцгерцогине Марии Терезии. Иммигранты селились по всей З. У., в т. ч. в селах, и занимались земледелием, мелкой торговлей, ремеслами, арендой шинков и мельниц. Еврейские общины, имевшие свои синагоги, существовали в таких кр. городах, как Унгвар и Мункач (совр. Мукачево), в к-ром в нач. 1740-х гг. проживало 80 еврейских семей. В большинстве нас. пунктов З. У. не было раввинов, меламедов, миньянов. В дальнейшем численность еврейского населения З. У. продолжала расти и к кон. 19 в. достигла почти 100 тыс. чел. Евреи по-прежнему занимались гл. обр. ремеслами и торговлей, в частн. посреднич. торговлей между Венгрией и Галицией. Возросла их роль в экономике городов З. У., вырос удельный вес среди гор. интеллигенции (врачи, адвокаты и др.). Улучшению положения евреев З. У. способствовало получение в 1848 равноправия, как и евреями всей Австр. империи.В 19 в. широкое распространение в З. У. получил хасидизм. Мункач стал резиденцией изв. хасидских цадиков династии Шапиро. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. обществ.-религ. жизнь в З. У. отмечена противоборством ортодоксального иудаизма, к-рый к тому времени исповедовало подавляющее большинство еврейского населения, и проникшего в край в 1850—60-х гг. реформистского иудаизма, сторонником к-рого являлась гл. обр. еврейская интеллигенция. Свидетельством малочисленности реформистов может служить их община в Унгваре, состоявшая в сер. 19 в. из 140 чел.К кон. 1-й мир. войны в З. У. действовали кр. еврейские общины, имевшие свои иешивы, благотворит. и др. обществ. орг-ции.После распада Австро-Венгрии З. У. вошла в состав Чехословакии в качестве адм. единицы Подкарпатская Русь. Евреи З. У. считались равноправными гражданами Чехословацкой Республики. Численность еврейского населения З. У. составляла не более 15%. Евреи З. У. активно участвовали в экономич. и политич. жизни края. В Хусте в гор. совет входило 5 деп. от еврейской общины. В 8 еврейских общинах З. У. (1923) функционировали синагоги, еврейские уч. заведения (в Мукачеве и Ужгороде — еврейские гимназии), органы самоуправления, обществ. орг-ции и т. п. Выходили газеты на иврите и идише. На терр. З. У. активно действовали разл. еврейские партии и орг-ции. В 1930-х гг. одним из европ. центров движения сионистов-ревизионистов стал Ужгород. Здесь же выходил сионистский еженед. «Жидо неплат».Несмотря на экономич. трудности, численность еврейского населения З. У. возрастала. Ок. 2/3 евреев З. У. проживали в селах. К кон. 1920-х гг. в З. У. насчитывалось ок. 400 евреев — землевладельцев и промышленников, ок. 15 700 мелких торговцев, ок. 35 400 ремесленников; большинство евреев занималось земледелием, тяжелыми видами ремесел, связанных с с.-х. произ-вом (напр., кузнечное), лесопромыслами (в осн. заготовкой дров). При этом 40% евреев не имели пост. заработка, были безработными. Это создавало почву для переселения. В 1920—30-х гг. из З. У. в Э.-И. выехало ок. 10 тыс. евреев.В 1939 З. У. перешла под власть Венгрии, и на нее было распространено венг. антиеврейское законодательство. Зимой 1939/40 было депортировано ок. 13 тыс. польск. евреев, бежавших в З. У. в сент. 1939, во время разгрома Польши. В 1941 проведена депортация неск. тысяч евреев, не имевших венг. гражданства. В 1941—42 немало молодых евреев мобилизовали в трудовые батальоны и направили на Вост. фронт. В марте 1944 З. У. оккупировали герм. войска. В Хусте, Берегове, Мукачеве, Ужгороде были созданы гетто, в к-рых к 26 апр. 1944 оказались почти все евреи З. У. В мае 1944 началась их депортация в лагеря уничтожения. Из 112,5 тыс. депортированных евреев З. У. 104 тыс. были уничтожены. В 1945 З. У. вошла в состав УССР, где в нач. 1946 была образована Закарпатская обл. Еврейская нац. и религ. жизнь была практически свернута (в 1959 закрыта посл. синагога), хотя евреи З. У. сохраняли еврейские традиции в значительно большей степени, чем евреи в др. регионах европ. части СССР.В кон. 1950-х гг. были предприняты отд. попытки создания подпольных хедеров (в Ужгороде, Берегове, [[Среднем Водяном и др.). Их организаторы подвергались суд. преследованиям. В 1960—70-х гг. на З. У. существовали 3 официальные еврейские религ. общины и неск. миньянов. К 1970 в З. У. насчитывалось 11 тыс. евреев. В 1970—90-х гг. значит. кол-во евреев З. У. выехало в Израиль и США. В 1990-х гг. началось нац.-религ. и культурное возрождение еврейства З. У. В сер. 1990-х гг. действовало 8 еврейских общин.В 1999 в З. У. проживало ок. 2200 евреев.В.С.Левин, extra_data="{'translat...")
ZAKHARINO, does not exist now. In the 16-18 centuries. - Sloboda of the Mstislavl Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1826 - the town of Zakharyino Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. In the 1930s. - Zakharyin Jewish nat. the village council of the Khislavichsky district. In 1832, 478 Jews lived in Z., in 1847 - 538, in 1880 - 701, in 1897 - 566 (98.6%), in 1908 - 570, in 1925 - 550 Jews (92%) Since 1860, Benzion Sorochkin (1843—?), Z. Sorochkin's father, was the rabbi in Z. In 1880 there were 2 synagogues in Zagreb; Leiba Khasin rented a felt plant, Berka Chernyak owned a tar plant. In 1908 Z. had 2 synagogues and a Talmud Torah. In 1921 a department of the Evsection was created. From 1920 the Jewish beginning worked in Z. school (80 students), evening courses, Jewish drama. circle. In 1925, there were 11 shopkeepers among the Jews of Z., several. handicraftsmen, the rest are farmers. In 1938 the Jewish school was transformed into a Russian one. In the 1930s. A club and a school were located in the buildings of two synagogues. In 1941, ghettos and Judenrat were created in Z. In May 1942 the Jews of Z. were shot. Z. Sorochkin V. N. Pervyshin
ZAKHARIEVKA, see Frunzovka.
ZAKHARINO, see Zakharino.
ZAKHAZHEV, see Zakhozhevo.
ZAKHODER Boris Vladimirovich (1918, Cahul, Bessarabia - 2000, Moscow), poet, translator. The grandson of the Nizhny Novgorod state rabbi. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow (1947). Published since 1938. The first poems for children publ. in 1947. Since 1955, collections of children's poems have been published in Moscow: "On the back desk", "Nobody and the others", "Who looks like whom", "To comrades for children" and others. Satirich. and humorous. verses 3. are distinguished by funny fantasy, verbal play, colloquiality of intonations. 3. Own fairy tales about animals and plants - "Tales for People", "The Hermit and the Rose", "Gray Star", "Pig on the Tree", etc. 3. Retell the classic. manuf. hack, children. literature, to-rye became popular and loved by Russian. children, especially "Winnie-the-Pooh and all-all-all" by A.A. Milne (1960), "Fairy tales and funny stories" by K. Chapek (1963), "Mary Poppins" by P.L. Travers (1968), etc. Based on the original and translated fairy tales, 3. wrote plays and screenplays: "Lubushok near the Lukomorye", "Kostya in a dense forest", "Thumbelina". 3. belong to the lane. I.V. Goethe, Polish, English, Amer. poets, as well as original lyric. poems and sonnets ("Youth", 1965, No. 9). His selected works are often reprinted. for children - "Poems and Tales". For unfulfilled f. based on the story of Sholem Aleichem "Boy Motl" 3. composed songs (1990), performed on the stage. Prod. 3. were published in the lane. in the USA, Australia, England, Czechoslovakia and other countries.
ZAKHOZHEVO, a village in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Zakhazhev (other name. Idroytsy) Oshmyany u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1898, 25 people lived in Zagreb. by 23 dec. land.
ZAKLIKOV, see Zaklikov.
ZAKLIKUV, a city in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Lublin Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad Zaklikov Yanovsky u. Lublin province. In 1765 480 Jews lived in Z., in 1856 - 558 (62.1%), in 1897 - 1049 (40.4%), in 1921 - approx. 2,000 Jews. 1890s. the rabbi in Z. was Peretz Gaerstein. - nov. 1942 all Jews in Z. were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.
CLOSED, now part of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Vilna. In 1897 170 Jews (10.7%) lived in Z.
Let's close, a city (since 1422) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1065. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Plonsky u. In 1808, 239 Jews (60%) lived in Z., in 1827 - 503 (50%), in 1857 - 1719 (60%), in 1897 - 2211 (52%), in 1921 - 1865 Jews (38 %) Jews lived in the West from the 15th century. Ch. arr. craft (tailors, shoemakers, tinsmiths, etc.). In 1827 a Jewish quarter was created in Z. In 1862, restrictions on the residence of Jews were lifted. In the end. 19th century Jews owned mills, weaving workshops, a brewery, leather. workshops. Jews supplied prom. goods from the surrounding villages, and there they bought agricultural products. production. The community was created in Z. at the beginning. 19th century At the same time, a synagogue was built and a cemetery was laid. In 1852 the synagogue burned down. In 1868 the construction of a new synagogue was completed. There was a cheder and a Talmud Torah. In 1840-79 Zvi-Hirsch Ravich was rabbi Z. 19th century - Yona-Mordhe Zlotnik (later Rabbi of Plock), in the beginning. 20th century - Efraim-Fischl-Mordhe Horwitz. In 1899 a mutual assistance fund was operating in Z. At the same time, the first Zionist organizations began to operate. In the beginning. 20th century a branch of the Bund functioned. In 1916 a library with a reading room was opened. In 1917, self-workers were created. tr. In 1928, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. The community helped in every way the Jewish soldiers serving in the garrison stationed in Z. Philanthropists worked at the community. org-tion. There were branches of most of the Jewish parties and movements. In the 1920s. Z. Rabbi was Itshok Serebryanik. In the beginning. 1920s schools "Beis Yaakov", a school of the "Tarbut" network (closed in 1929) were opened. badly damaged during the fighting in Sept. 1939. Many Jews died, approx. 70% of houses. The persecution of Jews began in January. 1940. In July 1941, all the refugees, as well as the elderly, were taken out of the West. In the middle. nov. 1941 Jews who remained in Z. were sent to the ghetto in [[Novy Dvor.
ZAKS Grigory Davydovich (1882-1937), polit. activist. One of the organizers of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party (1917). During the preparation period Oct. coup d'état Petrogr. VRK, cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. his Pres., elected to the CEC. From Dec. 1917 Comrade (Deputy) People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. In part. Collegiums of the Cheka and deputy. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, then left the party of the Left Social Revolutionaries and joined the RCP (b). Participant citizen war, until June 1919 he studied at the Academy of Gen. headquarters, then early. intelligence headquarters Zap. fr., pom. early intelligence headquarters, from Sept. headquarters commissar Zap. fr. In the future, on the leadership. positions in Kr. Army. Repressed.
ZAKS Samuil Markovich (literary ps. I.I.Gladnev, part. Art. "Alexander", "Khoma Brut") (1884, Petersburg - 1937, Moscow), participant of the rev. movement, journalist, publish. worker. The son of the entrepreneur M.I. Zaks, the husband of G.E. Zinoviev's sister Lia Aronovna Radomyslskaya. In 1904, while living in Germany, he joined the Germans, Socialist-Democrats. In the beginning. 1905 returned to Russia, joined the RSDLP (Menshevik, from 1906 - Bolshevik), worked in St. Petersburg. env. org-tion of the Bolsheviks. Since the spring of 1911 the secretary. ed. Bolshevik. gas. "Zvezda", in 1912-13 he worked in gas. "Pravda" and publishing house "Priboy", was the head. finance. partly a Bolshevik. g. "Insurance issues". In 1913 he was arrested on illegal charges. "Insurance center" (working group. All-Russian. Insurance Council). After his release, he became the head of Petrograd. a branch of the "Export-Import Office" Parvus-Ya.S. Ganetsky, in 1915 was sentenced by the court to 1 year of imprisonment in the fortress in the case of the "Priboy" publishing house. In July 1917, at the expense of his father, he acquired it for 144 thousand rubles. printing house "Trud" in Petrograd, where the Bolsheviks were published. gas. and agitation. liter. In 1917 - before. Nikolaev to-that RSDLP (b) and ed. local Bolshevik. gas. In 1918–20 he was illegal. work in Germany. On his return he worked on hands. positions in the Sov. and desks, publishing houses; ed. gas. "Proletarian", "Krasnaya Gazeta", "Leningrad. true". In 1925 he was adjacent to the so-called. "New opposition" in Ch. with Zinoviev and LB Kamenev, from which he left after the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1927). Since 1928 head. foreign Department of TASS, in 1930-37 he worked in the publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia ", participated in the preparation of the 1st edition of" Little owls. encyclopedias ". In 1935 he was expelled from the party. Arrested in 1936; shot.
ZAKS Shmuel (1873 - 1939, Warsaw), publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied at Kiev un-those, worked as a traveling salesman, traveled a lot. In 1900–23 he lived in Lodz, then in Warsaw. He made his debut in 1889 in verse, in the Yiddish Folks Libraries by Sholem Aleichem. He was the founder of the first. Heb. gas. in Lodz "Di Lodzer Nachrichten" (1907). He published articles, feuilletons, stories, poems, travel notes, and also translated into Yiddish from Russian, German. and French. Into the gas. Lodzer Tageblat publ. ser. essays from Heb. life in the Caucasus. Excerpts from them under the title. "Jews-Cossacks" ed. in Warsaw in 1919. Died of hunger in the ghetto.
ZALAM, a village in Gabelinsky district (Republic of Azerbaijan). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetpolskaya province. Those who lived in the middle. 18th century in Z. Jews were engaged with. x-th and trade. Rabbis in Z. at this time were Rabbi Reuven, Rabbi Mordechai, Rabbi Moshe, and Rabbi Eliazar. In 1770, the Turkmen, accusing the Jews of consuming the blood of Muslims, attacked Z. There were many. killed, including rabbis. The Jews who survived left Z. and settled in the surrounding villages. With the accession to Russia in the 1810s. Jews returned to Z.
ZALARI, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Balaganskiy env. Irkutsk province. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in Z.
ZALER Yitzhak (1868, Warsaw - 1936, ibid.), Publicist, teacher. Rod. to the merchant. family, received a tradition. Heb. education. He was a merchant. In the end. 19th century released a number of op. on bibliology. In the beginning. 20th century collaborated in gas. "Dos Yiddish Wort" and others, published stories about the Hasidic tzaddiks. In the years of the 1st world. war 3. was one of the founders of religious schools in Warsaw, for which he wrote a number of textbooks in Hebrew with the addition of dictionaries of Hebrew words in the lane. in Yiddish. Written in the form of a dialogue between teacher and student, these textbooks were very popular, withstood multiple re-editions. Some of them are still used in religion. schools in Israel, USA and other countries.
ZALESHANE, see Zalishany.
ZALESCHIKI, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1340. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - a town of Chervonogradsky povet, Podolsk voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. In 1809-15 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 344 Jews living in Z., in 1795 - 859, in 1880 - 4424 (79.1%), in 1890 - 4513 (78.5% ), in 1900 - 3780 (63.9%), in 1910 - 3382 (62.2%), in 1921 - 2485 (61.9%), in 1931 - approx. 2,400 Jews (57.5%). 18th century a community was organized in Z. In the beginning. 19th century a synagogue was built and a cemetery laid. In the 1870s. in Z. there were 5 synagogues. All Jews in Z. were Hasidim. The first rabbi Z. was a student of I. Baal Shem Tov Shmuel Margulis. In the 1860s. Rabbi Z. was Arie-Yehuda-Leibush Eigra (? -1870), in the 1870s. - Menachem-Arie Tsuizmir (? -1886, Krakow), in the 1880s. - Avrom Teumim, in 1896-1931 - the son of A. Teumim Zeev (? -1931). In 1897 in Zion the organization "Zion" and wives were created Zionist organization "Rohl". In 1894, a school was opened in Z. supported by Baron Hirsch (about 255 students), and in 1904, a school with Hebrew teaching. In the beginning. 20th century Chaim-Shmuel Glas founded a Jewish printing house in Z. On Feb. 1915 Russian soldiers. the army that occupied the city staged a pogrom that lasted 2 days. During the pogrom, approx. 30 Jews. Apr 17 1915 Jews in Z. were expelled from the city. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Children started working. garden with teaching in Hebrew and religion. school. After the annexation of Z. to the USSR, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Z. on July 8, 1941. The Judenrat was created, headed by the former. prev. community physician Michael Kutner. 14 oct. 1941 was shot ca. 1 thousand Jews. Sep 20 1942 almost all Jews were deported to the ghettos of nearby towns. In Z., in a work camp, before the beginning. 1943 remained approx. 200 Jews. After the liberation of Z. on March 24, 1944, several returned to the city. dozens of Jews.
ZALESIE, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, two Jews from Z. were evicted to Ternopil. In 1941, five Jews of Z. were taken to Chortkiv and shot there.
ZALESSKY Pavel Yakovlevich (1902, Nagornyi Mozyr district of Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), engineer, major general of the aviation engineering service (1943). In Kr. Army since 1923. He graduated from the school of junior aviation specialists, in 1933 - from the Air Force Engineering Academy. From 1934 to 1938 he served as an engineer in flight units and formations. Since 1939 - engineer of the scientific and technical department of the Air Force. In 1940-44 deputy. early Ch. ex. Aviation People's Commissariat. prom-sti. 1945–50 - early. Research Institute No. 2 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry. Transferred to the reserve in 1950. Until 1965 he worked in various engineering positions at an aviation plant. He was awarded 5 orders.
ZALISHANY, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zaleshane Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. In 1897 102 Jews (11.9%) lived in Z.
ZALIZTSY (until 1992 - Zalozhtsy), an urban-type settlement (since 1961) in the Zboriv district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1483. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1606, approx. 80 Jews, in 1765 - 644, in 1880 - 2226 (36.5%), in 1890 - 2412 (34.8%), in 1900 - 2397 (32.8%), in 1910 - 1977 (27.2% ), in 1921 - 524 (10.9%), in 1931 - 704 Jews. The first information about the presence of Jews in Z. dates back to 1606. In 1648–54, the Jewish community of Z. suffered greatly during the Khmelnytsky land. To the end. 17th century the community was revived. Z. held 16 fairs a year; most of the wealthy merchants were Jews. In 1785 the Jews were approx. 50% of artisans, mainly tailors, shoemakers, etc. In the beginning. 18th century in Z. lived approx. 300 Jews. In the end. 17th century Rabbi Z. was Israel Zak, in mid. 18th century - Eliezer Horowitz, at the beginning. 19th century - Menachem-Mendel Kagane, then Issachar-Ber Horowitz, in the middle. 19th century - Shimshon Hamidish, in 1871-79 - Arie-Leibush Horowitz, in the 1880s-90s. - Yakov Babad, at the beginning. 20th century - Nathan-Note Leiter. All Jews in Z. were Hasidim. In 1895, with the help of Baron Hirsch, a school was opened in Z. (118 students). In 1906 the Zionist organization "Agavas Zion" began to work, in 1908 - a branch of "Poalei Zion". In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi during this period was Shoil Kleinberg. Wehrmacht units occupied Z. on July 9, 1941. On the same day, approx. 20 Jews. In the end. July 1941 the Judenrat was created. In oct. 1942 almost all Jews were deported from Z., in which a small group remained, transferred to a labor camp. In 1945 several returned to the West. Jews who soon left for Poland.
ZALKIND Julius Sigismundovich (1875, Vilna - 1948, Leningrad), organic chemist. Prof. from 1930. Graduated in 1898 Petersburg. un-t. From 1899 he worked in St. Petersburg. (Leningrad) technol. in-those. Osn. tr. in the region. synthesis of organic. connections. He was the first to synthesize alpha-bromotoluidic acids, investigated (1913) catalite. hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds in the presence of colloidal palladium and platinum black. Got geometrical. isomers of glycols and erythrites of the acetylene and diacetylene series. First received in 1927 iodophenanthrene, carried out the synthesis of a number of unsaturated compounds close to vitamin A. Publ. in 1901–05 a series of works on radioactive substances. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1947) .Chim .: organic. open circuit compounds, 4th ed., M., 1937.
ZALTSER Semyon Zalmanovich (1898, Nikolaev - 1941, Odessa), graphic artist. In 1915-19 he studied at the Odessa Art. taught by K.K. Kostandi. He worked exclusively in the genre of satirical fig. In 1920 he took part in the decoration of the YugROSTA Windows, painted the scenery for performances in the House of the People. From 1922 he constantly published his cartoons in the railway station. "Chervonsh Pepper", "Round-up", "Spectator", "Theater, Club, Cinema", "Wasp", "Projector", "Black Sea Commune", etc. In the 1930s, it was practically not published. He taught in thin. school, organized by hood. YR Bershadsky at the Odessa Narobraz, until its closure in 1928. After the outbreak of the 1941–45 war, he worked for Odessa gas companies, refused to evacuate with gas. "Chervonoarmeyskiy Prapor", where 07/11/1941 was published. his post. caricature. Killed Oct. 1941 in the ghetto.
ZALTSMAN Alexey Moiseevich (1899, Teofipol, Volyn province. - 1963, Moscow), architect, artist. In 1927 he graduated from VKHUTEIN in Moscow. In 1934–37 he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: student campuses in Moscow (1923-30, with B. Gladkov, P. Blokhin), flax-combing factory in Vyazma (1927), spinning mill in Karacharovo (1928), project of the Palace of Culture in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1928 ), the project of the Palace of Culture on Krasnaya Presnya in Moscow (1930), a block of residential buildings in Magnitogorsk (1930), the residential building of the Automobile Plant in Nizhny Novgorod (1930).
ZALTSMAN Isaak Moiseevich (1905, Tomashpol, Yampolsky district, Podolsk province - 1988, Leningrad), engineer, production manager, major general engineer-tank. service (1945), Hero of Socialist. Labor. He graduated in 1933 from the Odessa Industrial. in-t. From 1933 to Leningrad. machine-builds. z-de them. S.M. Kirov (foreman, head of the shop, chief engineer), since 1938 - director. w-yes. From 1941 deputy. People's Commissar, in 1942-43 People's Commissar of the Tank, Industry of the USSR. In 1943–49, the director. evacuir. in Chelyabinsk Kirovsky tank. w-yes. He made a contribution to the expansion of the production of tanks, incl. and the most massive T-34 tank during the 1941–45 war. Retired from 1949. In 1949–51, engineer. machine-builds. plant in Murom, from 1952 beginning. shifts at the Transmash plant in Orel. In the late 1950s. returned to Leningrad. He worked as a leading designer of an experimental mechanic. w-yes. Affairs. 18th Congress and 18th Conf. VKP (b). Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1945–50). Became. etc.
ZALTSMAN Pavel Yakovlevich (1912, Chisinau - 1985, Alma-Ata), film designer, graphic artist. Studied for decoration. branch of the 1st state. arts, studio in Leningrad and at the same time. in the State. in-those history of claims. In the 1920s. started working as an illustrator and film artist at hand. A.A. Arapova. Collaborated with dir. br. Vasiliev and L.Z. Trauberg. In 1930 he met P.N. Filonov, became a follower and successor of his art. Survived the blockade of Leningrad. In 1943 he was evacuated to Alma-Ata. During the war years he worked for the Center. to / st. In parallel with his work in the cinema, he taught the history of art in the arts, school center, the theme of creativity 3. - man; his compositions - enlarged and close to us faces of people, as if flowing over each other. 3. is always attentive to ethnicity. turn of the face, whether its heroes are Jews, Kazakhs or Russians. The impetus for a new stage of creativity 3. became acquaintance with the poetry of OO Suleimenov: works 3. - Philos. fantasies inspired by the poet's poems. In the compositions "Shtetchko" dedicated to the Hebrews. theme, sound more grotesque and tragic. notes, than in Kazakh motives, are more epic and calm. A special page of creativity 3. - monumental compositions dedicated to the tragedy of war: distorted faces, burning cities, bonfires from books. 3. worked most often in watercolors, peculiar. point method, reminiscent of the classic. pointelism. All characters are 3. immersed in an enveloping scenic environment. In the 1970s and 80s. 3. continued to work in watercolor painting and his collaboration with the c / st. "Kazakhfilm" and "Lenfilm".
ZALKA Mate (real name and fam. Bela Frankl) (1896, Matolcs, Austria-Hungary - 1937, Huesca, Spain), Hungarian. writer, citizen wars in Russia. After the end of the commercial. school in Ma-tesalka (hence - ps.) Austro-Hungarian volunteer. army. As Jr. officer Hung. hussar participated in the 1st world. war. In 1916 he got into Russian. captivity. In 1918 he organized a Hungarian in Khabarovsk. redguard. detachment. Commanding a regiment in Kr. Army, participated in battles in the Crimea and Ukraine. In 1923-25 ​​he was an owl. diplomatic courier, served in the Sov. state apparatus, was the director. Theater of the Revolution in Moscow (1925-28), from 1928 he worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and in the Bureau of the International. unification roar. writers. Since 1936, commanding under the name of General. Lukacha 12th intern. brigade, participated in Spain in the war against Franco. According to the existing version, he committed suicide. He began to write in his youth. From 1924 he was published in Hungarian. emigrant and owls. print. Main manuf .: rum. "Doberdo" (1937), pov., Stories "Walking" (1924), "Cavalry Raid" (1929), "The Brave Tailor" (1927), "Apples" (1934), etc., dedicated. in the main. chanting internats. brotherhood, especially in times of war and revolution.
ZALKIND Alexander (1866, Shklov - 1931, Jerusalem), public figure. He studied medicine in high fur boots Kazan, Berlin and Leipzig. Party roar. movement. In 1889-91 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. In 1917 he joined the Zionist movement. Was elected before. Petrogr. the Zionist organization. Member Central Committee of the Zionists of Ukraine. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Deer. hospitals "Gadasa". One of the organizers of the Magen Society, which set itself the task of helping the Zionists in Russia.
ZALKIND Alexander Borisovich (b. 1927, Dnepropetrovsk), engineer, specialist in the region. electronic computers. Dr. Tech. sciences. Son of B.A. Zalkind., Husband of E.A. Edelaitein. He graduated in 1950 from radio engineering. Faculty of Moscow energetic in-that. In 1950–57 he worked in a lab. electrical systems at hand. I.S.Bruk in Energetich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1957 in the institute avtomatich. equipment them. acad. V.S.Semenikhina (head of laboratory, head of department, leading research assistant). From ser. 1960s taught at Moscow. Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. the work is connected with the use of multi-machine computing systems for the automation of information exchange. Participated in the development of the first computers in the country (M – 1, M – 2, M – 3). Supervised the design will calculate. systems, incl. the current territorial system, ensuring constant readiness and digital communication between many. dozens of objects. Vol .: Arithmetic. device on current switches, "Questions of radio electronics", Ser. Vii. Electronic computers, v. 8, M., 1965; Multi-machine computer complex, ibid, 1971; Computing system, ibid, 1975; Machine-to-machine communication path for 6 computers, ibid., 1984.
ZALKIND Alexander Isaevich (literary ps. A. Vikentiev) (b. 1914), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1964). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1939). On scientific-ped. work since 1940. work on the problems of reproduction, labor productivity, development of owls. economy to the left. period and world. socialist system x-va, methodology, theory and history of planning. Under his editorship. came out collection and collection. monographs "Questions of planning groups" A "and" B "(1974)," Two divisions of societies, products. Methodology for their division "(1976). Cit .: Essays on the development of owls. economics in the fourth five-year plan, M., 1952; Sketch of the development of bunks. x-va of the USSR (1951-1958), M., 1959; The development of the USSR economy and the problem of proportionality, M., 1963; Nar.-household. proportions. Dynamics. Planning technique, M., 1984 (et al.); Nar.-household planning in the years led. Otech. war, M., 1985 (et al.).
ZALKIND Aron Borisovich (1888, Kharkov - 1936, Moscow), psychologist and teacher, one of the leading representatives of pedology. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). Deer. Petrogr. psychotherapeutic Institute (1917–20). In 1923-30 he taught at the Academy of the Communist. education and 2nd Moscow State University. The early works of Z. (publ. In the journal "Psychotherapy") were made under the influence of the theory of Z. Freud and devoted to the issues of psychiatry. After 1917, he promoted the ideas of psychoanalysis, trying to combine them with the postulates of Marxism. On this basis, he created his theory of sex education. He believed that sexual attraction is a manifestation of one of the lower strata of the personality and should not distract representatives of the new society from fulfilling their socio-ist. missions; he attached decisive importance to the factor of switching sexual energy into the channel of social activity. Criticizing the biologizing trends in pedology, he pointed out that environmental conditions are a decisive factor in the formation of personality. On this basis, he rejected the division of children into normal and so-called. morally defective, emphasizing that in most cases deviations in behavior are determined by the lack of education. In 1927 at the 1st Pedologich. congress he managed to present a "united platform" designed to consolidate Sov. pedologists. In 1928, a Planning Commission was established to investigate. work on pedology in the RSFSR, 3. was appointed her head. In the same year 3. became ch. ed. g. "Pedology". In 1930, on the initiative of Z., a congress on the study of human behavior was held. In 1930 Psychol. in-t in Moscow was transformed into the Institute of Psychology, Pedology and Psychotechnics, 3. his director was appointed. He died of a heart attack following the post announcement. Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in which pedology was subjected to official. Prohibition, works: Essays on the culture of the rev. time, M., 1924; Revolution and youth, M., 1925; Main questions of pedology, M.-L., 1930.
ZALKIND Boris Alexandrovich (1894, Skrigalovo, Mozyr district, Minsk province - 1971), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1940). After graduating in 1918 honey. Faculty of Pavia University (Italy) worked as an assistant, and in 1923 - Assoc. therapeutic. clinics in Pavia. Since 1925 - head. Department of Tuberculosis Yekaterinoslavskiy honey. in-that. In 1932-39 the head. Department of Therapy of the Dnepropetrovsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. At the same time. (since 1935) head. Department of Therapy Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-that. In 1942-44 chap. therapist North-West. and 2nd Belarusian. fr. Since 1944 - head. Department of Hospital Therapy of Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-ta. Author of more than 30 scientific. works, incl. monograph "Nature, diagnostic. and prognostic. value of research. plasma and serum of tuberculosis patients "(1923). Sci. tr. dedicated ch. arr. the study of serum proteins.
ZALKIND Ivan Abramovich (1885 - 1928, Leningrad), member of the roar. movement, diplomat, chl. RSDLP since 1903. Conducted party. work in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa, Bryansk, Baku, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1908 he left Russia. Graduated from the Sorbonne (Paris), received a Doctor of Biology, worked in Algeria and Tunisia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, in October. 1917 Commissar of Vasileostrovsky roar. headquarters (Petrograd), participant in Oct. coup. On 3 November 1917, he was responsible for the "Sovietization" of the Foreign Ministry. affairs, one of the organizers of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases (NKID), in December. 1917 head. dep. app. NKID countries. From Jan. 1918 Plenipotentiary Representative of the SNK in Switzerland. In 1920–22 at the desk. work in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1922–24 gen. consul in Istanbul, Genoa, Milan. In 1927-28 he was authorized by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs in Leningrad.
ZALKIND Lazar Borisovich (1886, Kharkov - 1945, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), chess. composer. Economist. Ed. task departments in railway Chess Bulletin (1913-16) and Chess (1922-29). Prev about-va of fans of chess. problems and sketches at Vses. chess. section (1926). The author of St. 500 chess. compositions, 60 of them were awarded with distinction for dec. int. and ede. contests. In 1931 he was repressed.
ZALKIND Yakov-Meer (1875, Kobrin, Grodno province - 1937, Haifa), publicist, linguist. Externally passed exams for 6 classes of the city, then studied the humanities in high fur boots in Berlin, Munich, Geneva and Bern. In Bern he received his Ph.D. in philosophy (1904). He showed a special craving for linguistics, knew over 20 languages. Studied the Talmud. Participated in the Zionist. movement. While living in London, he led an anti-war. propaganda and was arrested. Together with A. Vevierko and A. Margolin produced Heb. antiwar. gas. "Di Yiddish Shtime". In 1920 the anarchist resumed gas in London. "Der Arbeiter-Fraind", founded children under her. attachment. An ardent supporter of Heb. colonization, sent to E.-I. Lit. 3. legacy is huge. Starting with publications in gas. "Ha-Tsfira" and in "Drogobicher Zeitung" in 1900, he published many articles, studies, stories, dramatic stories. manuf. in different gas. and f. in Yiddish, Hebrew, Rus. and other languages. In Hebrew 3. several are written. children plays, to-rye were staged in different countries. 3. - author of valuable research. “Heb. colonies in Eretz Yisrael "(London, 1914)," History of Heb. printing houses ”(ibid., 1920) and others. The most important contribution to the history of Heb. culture is his lane. Talmud in Yiddish.
ZALKINSON Isaac Edward (Eliezer) (1820, Vilna - 1883, Vienna), translator. For some time he taught, studied the Bible and it. lang. Baptized in London, became a Presbyterian pastor (1856). In 1876 he was sent as a missionary to Vienna, where he spent the post. years of life. Despite the transition to Christ, Z. considered himself a Jew. Emotionally and intellectually, he was closely associated with OE. lang., dreamed of making it (instead of Latin) priest. lang. Christian. Mn. per. reflect the duality of his soul: they seem to intend to bring Jews closer to Christ.
ZALMANOV Alexander (Abram) Solomonovich (1875, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1964, Paris), physician, physiologist. Doctor of Medicine. Studied for honey. and legal. f-takh of Moscow un-that. In 1899 for active participation in the All-Russia. student strike was arrested and expelled from the university. After his release, he left for Germany, where he graduated from honey. Faculty of Heidelberg University. In 1914 he returned to Russia. During the 1st world. war worked in a dignity. trains. From 1918 - early. Ch. resort management, before. state Commission for the fight against tuberculosis. He was the personal doctor of V. I. Lenin and his family. From ser. 1920s - in Europe. He worked in large clinics in a number of Europe. countries. Supporter of the treatment of diseases of nature. factors (physiotherapy, diet). Cit .: The secret wisdom of man. organism, M.-L., 1966.
HOSTAGES, see Zaliztsy.
ZALUKVA, a village in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 120 Jews lived in Z. In the fall of 1942, Jews in Z. were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankovsk).
ZALUZHE, a village in the Zbarazh district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1444. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 18 Jews lived in Z. In 1916 four Jews from Z. were deported to Ternopil.
ZAMBROV, see Zambrow.
ZAMBROVSKI Tsemakh-Menachem (b. 1911, Warsaw), rabbi and societies. activist. Son of the famous rabbi Yehoshua 3. (1874-1939). Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1934 he received a rabbi diploma. In 1948 he left for Canada, where he headed the Canadian organization of religions. Zionism Mizrahi. In 1958-60 (together with Sidney M. Harris) on behalf of the Canadian Heb. Congr. 3. has achieved the adoption of the law on the permission of Heb. ritual slaughter of livestock. During many. years 3. was before. Nat. religious philanthropist. to-that (later called the Committee on Religious Affairs) at the Canadian Heb. Congr. Participated in projects and activities related to Israel, Orthodox Judaism and education. In 1968 he became a gene. Secretary of the World org-tions of relig. Zionism - Mizrahi in Jerusalem.
Roman ZAMBROVSKY (1909, Zambrov of Lomzhinsky district and province - 1977, Warsaw), polit. activist. In 1932-36 1st sec. Polish Komsomol organization. Arrested several times. During the 2nd world. war in the USSR, participated in the formation of the Polish. military units that fought together with Kr. Army; early politico-educate. dep. 1st Polish army. 1945–63 members. Politburo Polsk. united workers' party, in 1956-63 - secretary. Central Committee. In 1964, due to a conflict with the leadership of the party, he was removed from all posts, during the anti-Semitic campaign in 1968, he was accused of revisionism and sympathies for Zionism and removed from society. life.
ZAMBROW, a city (since 1526) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1430. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - posad Zambrov Lomzhinsky u. and lips. In 1918–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–45, the BSSR. In 1808, 82 Jews (12.7 percent) lived in Z., in 1827 - 320 (30.5 percent), in 1857 - 1,022 (63.4 percent). %), in 1897 - 2400 (63.2%), in 1909 - 2582 (58.7%), in 1921 - 3216 Jews (52.2%). Jews lived in Z. from the beginning. 18th century In 1741 the Khevra Kaddish was organized, in 1828 it was founded. Jewish cemetery. In the 1830s. the first synagogue was built - the first stone building in the west. In the 2nd floor. 19th century served in the local garrison approx. 400 Jewish soldiers. Z.'s Jewish community provided them with kosher food. In 1870, anti-Jewish demonstrations related to the "blood libel" took place in Z. In 1887 a group was arrested in Z. for the theft of army horses and their smuggling sale to Prussia. Of the 90 arrested, 33 were Jews. Jewish smugglers provided decomp. services Polish. illegal. nat. org-tions. In 1907 a Hasidic synagogue for the Gur, Amshin, Alexander, and Kotsk Hasids was opened in Z. Until 1882, Rabbi Lipa-Chaim was Rabbi Z., in 1882-1941 - his son-in-law Dov-Menachem Regenshberg (? -1941), who founded a yeshiva in Z. and was Z.'s state rabbi in the 1880s and 1890s. was Moyshe Gold. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution functioned in Z. m-in. In the end. 19th century a Zionist circle worked. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied Z. at the beginning. Sep 1939. After 10 days Z. was transferred to the Red Army. Prev Fishman was appointed to the city executive committee. Parts of germ. armies re-entered Z. in June 1941. The Judenrat was created. In aug. 1941 shot approx. 800 people On Sept. 1941 the trace was carried out. "stock". A ghetto was created for the remaining 2 thousand Jews, which was liquidated on November 2. 1942 In the west, genus: S. Goren, R. Zambrovsky, J.-T. Levinsky, G. Smolyar; Samuil Iosifovich Aleshin (real fam. Kotlyar) (b. 1913), playwright, author of more than 40 plays, staged by t-rams of the USSR and other countries.
Zamekhov, a village in the Novoushytsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Letychivsky district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. In 1784, 302 Jews lived in Z., in 1787 - 252, in 1847 - 958, in 1897 - 891 (40.2%), in 1923 - 499 Jews. In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Z. Since 1893 Meshulam-Zusya Shafman (1864—?) Was the rabbi in Z. Dec. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Z. by units of the Volunteer Army; 30 Jews were killed, approx. 100 wounded.
ZAMENGOF (Zamenhof) Ludwik Lazar (1859, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1917, Warsaw), doctor, founder of the international arts, lang. Esperanto. He studied medicine in Warsaw, Moscow, Vienna. In 1878 he prepared a draft of the foundations of a new language, published in 1887 under the name. "Intern. language "under ps. "Doctor Esperanto" ("Doctor Hopeful"), which gave the name. this language. 3.publ. on it own. cit., poems, trans. classics of German, English, Russian literature, fragments of the Bible. In 1905 he organized the 1st Intern. Congr. Esperantists, which has been held annually since then; in Esperanto, books are published. and f. 3. took part in Heb. societies. life, was one of the first members. organization Hovevei Zion, published an Esperanto textbook in Hebrew, a brochure "On Hillelism."
CASTLE, a village in Zhovkivskyi district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1889, 28 Jews lived in Z. In 1943, the entire Jewish population of Z. was shot in Rava-Russkaya.
ZAMASHIN Paltiel (1851, Odessa - 1909, Vienna), poet, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied in commercial. uch-shche, at the Berlin Polytechnic. Without completing his studies, he returned to Odessa in 1870, where he took up trade. He wrote poetry in Hebrew and Yiddish, published a lot in periodicals. ed. Part of the correspondence between Z. and Sholem Aleichem has survived. The latter highly appreciated Z. and attracted him to participate in his collection. "Yiddish Folks Libraries". He was also engaged in the lane. from Hebrew to Yiddish.
ZAMOSHYE, see Zamoshnya.
ZAMOSHNYA, a village in the Chernobyl region of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement Zamoshie Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. From the end. 1980s - in the resettlement zone. In 1897, 505 Jews (99.0%) lived in Z.
DEPARTMENT, see Zamos.
ZAMOSTS, a city, the center of the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of Zamoć, the Kholmsk land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 it was a county town of Lublin province. In 1765, 1905 Jews lived in Z., in 1856 - 2475, in 1893 - 6432, in 1897 - 7234, in 1931 - c. 12,000 Jews. In 1648 several. thousands of Jews who fled from the dec. cities, took refuge in Z., besieged by the Cossacks of B.M. Khmelnitsky and the Tatars. Means. number of Jews died from hunger and disease. After the siege was lifted (for the payment of 20 thousand zlotys), the Jews bought several. hundreds of prisoners who were in the Tatar camp. One of the decisions of the Yaroslavl Vaad of 1724 has the signature of Leiba, the rabbi of the Zamoysk ordination (district). Rabbis in the West in the 18th century there were also Rabbi Eliezer-Lipman, Shloyme ben Moishe and Avrum ben Boruch. In 1882 there was a Jewish hospital in Z. Since 1889, Joseph-Shloyme-Shabsai Vaisbrot-Gurvich (1861—?) Was a rabbi in Z., in the 1900s. - Semyon Khodak. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in Zambia. In the spring of 1942 a ghetto was created in Z., liquidated in October. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 9 thousand people A monument to Jews who perished during the Holocaust was erected in Z. In the Z. genus: L. Levinzon, R. Luksemburg, I.-L. Peretz, L. Forem, A. O. Zederbaum; Arie-Leib Kinderfreind (1797-1837, Lvov), poet, wrote in Hebrew; Jonah Sper (1895-1942, Lodz), journalist, translator, translated into Yiddish works. G. Senkevich, R. Rolland, P. Kropotkin; Mordhe Strigler (1921-1988, New York), writer, poet, since 1953 - in the USA, in 1978-88 ed. gas. "Forverts" in New York.Yu.N. Grigorieva
ZAMOSTSKAYA SLOBODA, composed (since 1919) of Pochep (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 212 Jews (19.4%) lived in Z.
ZAMSKY Khananiy Samsonovich (b. 1913, Surazh, Chernigov province), defectologist, specialist in the region. oligophrenopedagogy. Prof. (1983). In 1939 he graduated from Moscow. state ped. defectological in-t. Worked in Nauchn.-practical. in-those specials. schools (now the Institute of Correctional Pedagogy), collaborated with A.R. Luria, Zh.I.Shif, I.I.Danyushevsky. In 1939–46 he served in the Red Army. In 1950 the head. Department of General Pedagogy in Ped. Institute of Baranovichi. Since 1951 - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1951–74 head. Department of Oligophrenopedagogy, St. Dean of Defectology for 10 years f-that. On the initiative of 3. and with his participation, defectological departments were opened. f-you in ped. in-takh of Sverdlovsk, Irkutsk, Tashkent. Auth. St. 70 scientific. works, per. plural foreign lang. He worked out a wide range of problems of teaching and educating children with mental disabilities. development. Book. 3. "History of oligophrenopedagogy" (1980) -unique scientific. work summarizing the achievements of this industry ped. Sciences.
ZAMUEL German Rafailovich (b. 1941, Leningrad), art. ballet and ballet master. In 1960 he graduated from Leningrad. choreography uch-shche, in 1967 - choreographer department. Leningrad. horse. Since 1960 - in Leningrad. Small t-re. A dancer with a pronounced grotesque style. Main parts: Petrushka, Drosselmeyer (The Nutcracker), Rochefort (The Three Musketeers by VE Basner), Rene (Fazetta to music by L. Delibes), Ali and Akhmet (Le Corsaire by Delibes). Z. also gravitates towards grotesque as a choreographer. Post: "Princess Volkonskaya" by Yu.V. Znatokov (1969, Odessa), "The Second Concerto for Piano and Orchestra" by DD Shostakovich (1969, Leningrad), "Carmen Suite" to music. J. Bizet (Leningrad. Maly Theater, 1972), "Bravo, Figaro!" G. Rossini (1976) and others. Prize at the 2nd All-Union Union. ballet competition (1967).
ZAMYSLOVICHI, a village in the Olevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. since 1545, was part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 59 Jews (10%) lived in Z. In November. 1941 in Z. all the remaining Jews were shot.
ZAND Mikhail Isaakovich (b. 1927, Kamenets-Podolsky), historian, orientalist. Father Z. was repressed in 1937, sentenced to 10 years, died in prison in 1945. He graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950). Head folklore cabinet Ying-that history, language. and lit-ry Taj. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951–57), deputy. head dep. (1957–58), head. dep. (1958–62) "Sov. oriental studies ", scientific. sotr. IV of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962–71). Since 1971 - in Israel. Prof. Jewish un-that (Jerusalem). Main research directions: Iranian studies, Arabic studies, Hebra studies. Compiled, interlinear author per., prefaces, comments, dictionaries in the book: Abu-Ali ibn Sina, Sobr. poems, Dushanbe, 1953 (in Tajik), Omar Khayyam, Rubayyat, Dushanbe, 1955. Works: Anti-Caliphate and social. denounces. motives in taj. poetry, Tr. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, t.XXVII, 1954 (in Tajik language); Lawsuit per. in taj. poetry of the X century. Rudaki and his era, Dushanbe, 1958; Six centuries of glory, M., 1967.
ZANDERLING Kurt (b. 1912, Aris, Olsztyn Voivodeship), conductor. D. h. It. academy lawsuit in the GDR. He studied in Berlin. He began conducting as a corrector for Gor. operas of Berlin (1931). In 1933 he was forced to leave Germany. In 1936 he was an assistant conductor, in 1937–41 he was conductor orc. Vses. radio committee in Moscow, since 1941 conductor orc. Leningrad. Philharmonic. He worked with E.A. Mravinsky. In the end. 1950s returned to the GDR. In 1960 he became the head of Gore. symph. orc. Berlin, at the same time. (1964–67) - Ch. conductor of the Dresden State chapels, muses. hands. Dresden state. operas, where he staged the operas "Boris Godunov" by MP Mussorgsky, "Turandot" by G. Puccini, "Fidelio" by L. Beethoven. Like symph. the conductor performed classical music. and modern symph. music, ch. arr. op. W.A. Mozart, Beethoven, (his interpretations of the 3rd, 5th and 7th symphony were highlighted) I. Brahms, A. Brukner, G. Malera, P. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, D. D. Shostakovich, S.S. Prokofiev. 3 was the promoter of Shostakovich's creativity. Conductor's art 3. is distinguished by the depth of interpretations, the severity of the style, the precise thoughtfulness of the artist. tasks, service creative. the composer's idea, but at the same time spirituality, dynamism. 3. held a series of concerts under the name. "Portrait of a Composer", "Symphonies of Masters". Took part in the Salzburg festivals. Nat. pr. GDR (1962). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1956).
ZANKI, a village in the Nezhinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernigov province. In 1910, 4 Jews lived in Z.
ZAOOSTROVECHIE, a village in the Kletsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In June 1942, approx. 100 Jews.
ZAOZERNY, a city (since 1948), the center of the Rybinsk district in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Troitsko-Zaozernaya, since 1934 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939 26 Jews lived in the West. Efim Semenovich Belinsky (1925-1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), lieutenant, in the battle during the liberation of Klaipeda, closed the embrasure of the bunker.
ZAPADNAYA DVINA, city (since 1937), regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Toropetsky station Pskov Gubernia. In 1926, 439 Jews (21.6%) lived in Z.D., and in 1939 there were 445 Jews.
ZAPISHKIS, a town in Kaunas region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the end. 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the town of Sapezhishki Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1929, there were 293 Jews living in Z. (50%). Jews lived in Z. from the beginning. 19th century Between 1830 and 1831 the Jews of Zagreb took part in Polsk. uprising. Main classes - timber trade and timber rafting along the Neman. In 1910, a Hebrew school was opened. There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. Rabbis of the West in the 20th century there were Chaim-Zeev Krieger (? -1910), Aron-Shloyme Zalmanovich, Meir Verzhbolovsky, Itskhok Green (? -1941). In 1940, Yiddish became the language of instruction in the Jewish school. 7 Aug. 1941 a ghetto was created in Z. All R. Aug 1941 killed 40 Jewish men, 4 Sept. 1941 - 178 Jews. After 1945 a memorial sign was erected in Z. at the place of execution.
ZAPOL Mikhail Yudelevich (b. 1914, Krasnaya Sloboda), architect. In 1951 he graduated from MISS. Specialist in the design of public buildings and structures. Main works: Palace of Science and Culture in Warsaw (1953, as part of a team, awarded the Polish Silver. "Cross of the Renaissance of Poland"), the Palace of Congresses in Moscow. Kremlin (1962, as a member of the collective), sanatorium "Ai-Danil" in Yalta (1975, prospect SM USSR, 1977), a complex of specials. polyclinics on Michurinsky Ave. in Moscow (1979, prospect SM USSR, 1985), Palace of Sports in Arkhangelsk (1980), Palace of Sports in Kalinin (now Tver, 1982).
ZAPOLIE, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 82 Jews (14.7%) lived in Z. in 1897.
ZAPOLYARNY, a city (since 1963) in the Pechenegsky district of the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1956, 46 Jews lived in Zagarjevo in 1989, and 25 in 1999 (0.07 percent).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЗАПОРОЖЬЕ (до 1921 — Александровск), город, центр Запорожской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1770 как крепость. С 1775 — форштадт в составе Консководненского у. Азовской губ., с 1784 — посад Новомосковского у. Екатеринославской губ., с 1798 — Павлоградского у. Новороссийской губ. С 1802 — в составе Екатеринославской губ., с 1806 — уездный город Екатеринославской губ. В 1920—22 — центр Запорожской губ., с 1932 — в Днепропетровской обл., с 1939 — центр Запорожской обл.В 1816 в З. проживало 7 евреев, в 1820 —13, в 1835 — 34, в 1850 — 133, в 1859 — 286 (9,3%), в 1862 — 2849, в 1897 — 5248 (27,8%), в 1903 — 10 422 (34,1%), в 1910 — 11 976 (31,4%), в 1917 — 11 538 (19,6%), в 1923 — 10 755, в 1926 — 11 335 (20,4%), в 1939 — 22 631 (7,8%), в 1959 — 15 700 (3,6%), в 1970 — 16 204 (2,5%), в 1979 — 14 421 (1,9%), в 1989 — 11 931 еврей (1,4%).Первое упом. о евреях в З. относится к 1807. В 1844 в З. была открыта синагога, в 1859 — вторая, в 1862 — талмуд-тора. С 1865 раввином в З. был Авром-Довид Лавут, с 1885 — Иегуда-Лейб Рогалин. В 1881 в З. произошел погром. В 1879 63% торг.-пром. пр-тий З. принадлежало евреям. В 1901 гор. головой был избран предприниматель Феликс Францевич Мовчановский. В 1903 в З. евреи составляли 70% купцов. Б.И.Милину и И.Д.Каневскому принадлежал з-д земледельч. машин и орудий, М.Д.Рутбергу и М.К.Беленькому — з-д силикатного кирпича. З-д наследников И.Б.Касдена был удостоен 28 зол. и серебр. медалей на разл. выставках и ярмарках, з-д земледельч. машин и орудий «Борис Кернер и сыновья» удостоен 6 медалей. В 1884 еврейское население З. пострадало от погрома.В 1889 в З. была открыта хоральная синагога. В 1900 имелись талмуд-тора с ремесл. классом, вечерние муж. и жен. школы, 5 частных еврейских уч-щ (3 муж. и 2 жен.), неск. хедеров, еврейская больница. Евреи учились и в нееврейских уч. заведениях. В жен. прогимназии училась 131 еврейка (59%). 21—22 окт. 1905 в З. произошел погром, в результате к-рого было св. 30 убитых и раненых. Материальный ущерб оценивался более чем в 1,5 млн. руб. В 1910 в З. имелись 5 синагог, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1910 открылось жен. проф. уч-ще. Действовали Объединенная еврейская социалистич. рабочая партия, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», Бунда и др. В 1916 раввином в З. был Абрам Хаимович Хаймович.В 1917 были открыты еврейская проф. школа, ср. еврейская школа. Издавалась газ. «Еврейское слово». В 1919 в З. произошел погром, устроенный отрядами Н.И.Махно. Пред. губкома КП(б)У в 1920 был Д.С.Гуревич. В 1921 действовала хевра кадиша. В 1926 работали еврейский клуб кустарей, б-ка, нач. школа с преподаванием на идише (120 уч-ся), еврейский дет. дом. В 1939 при клубе промкооперации действовал еврейский драм. коллектив.4 окт. 1941 З. было оккупировано герм. войсками. В нояб. 1941 в З. расстреляно более 100 евреев, в марте 1942 — 3700. З. было освобождено14 окт. 1943. В освобождении принимала участие 113-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Абрама Соломоновича Зильбербурга. Впоследствии на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник.В 1947 в З. была открыта синагога.В 1989 в З. основано Об-во еврейской культуры, преобраз. в 1993 в Еврейский совет Запорожской обл. (пред. Борис Львович Эстеркин, р. 1937, Кременчуг Полтавской обл.). Тогда же при Запорожском гос. ун-те открылся Центр по изучению еврейского населения Юга Украины, один из рук. к-рого — С.Ф.Орлянский. В 1994 были открыты еврейская школа-гимназия «Алеф» (дир. Игорь Яковлевич Щупак, р. 1963, Запорожье) и еврейский дет. сад. В том же году организована религ. община «Яхад» (пред. Эстеркин), вновь открыта синагога (осн. в 1895), восстановленная при содействии ген. дир. ОАО «Запорожсталь» Виталия Антоновича Сацкого. В 1995 в З. открыт «Хесэд». С 1996 раввин З. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Нохум-Хаим Эрентрой (р. 1970, Иерусалим).В 1999 в З. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев.В З. род.: В.С.Берковский, Б.С.Борисов, Б.М.Головчинер, М.Е.Жаботинский, В.И.Классен, П.И.Лавут, М.И.Львович, М.И.Подгорецкий, Я.Г.Пункин, А.Н.Цфасман, А.И.Шейнфельд, Б.Е.Штейн; Роман Борисович Бренер (р. 1932), спортсмен (прыжки в воду), засл. мастер спорта СССР, 10-кратный чемпион СССР в прыжках с трамплина и с вышки; Григорий Львович Лившиц (1910—1973, Москва), специалист в обл. авиац. двигателей, д-р техн. наук (1964), с 1961 зам. ген. конструктора и гл. конструктор Моск. машиностроит. з-да «Союз», Лен. пр. (1957); Эмилий Львович Миндлин (1900—1981, Москва), литератор, автор очерков и докум. повестей; Наум Семенович Соркин (1899—1980, Москва), ген.-майор (1944), в 1941—47 нач. развед. отд. Дальневосточного фронта (окр.), нагр. 5 орд.С.Ф.Орлянский, pronunciation=ЗАПОРОЖЬЕ (до 1921 — Александровск), город, центр Запорожской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1770 как крепость. С 1775 — форштадт в составе Консководненского у. Азовской губ., с 1784 — посад Новомосковского у. Екатеринославской губ., с 1798 — Павлоградского у. Новороссийской губ. С 1802 — в составе Екатеринославской губ., с 1806 — уездный город Екатеринославской губ. В 1920—22 — центр Запорожской губ., с 1932 — в Днепропетровской обл., с 1939 — центр Запорожской обл.В 1816 в З. проживало 7 евреев, в 1820 —13, в 1835 — 34, в 1850 — 133, в 1859 — 286 (9,3%), в 1862 — 2849, в 1897 — 5248 (27,8%), в 1903 — 10 422 (34,1%), в 1910 — 11 976 (31,4%), в 1917 — 11 538 (19,6%), в 1923 — 10 755, в 1926 — 11 335 (20,4%), в 1939 — 22 631 (7,8%), в 1959 — 15 700 (3,6%), в 1970 — 16 204 (2,5%), в 1979 — 14 421 (1,9%), в 1989 — 11 931 еврей (1,4%).Первое упом. о евреях в З. относится к 1807. В 1844 в З. была открыта синагога, в 1859 — вторая, в 1862 — талмуд-тора. С 1865 раввином в З. был Авром-Довид Лавут, с 1885 — Иегуда-Лейб Рогалин. В 1881 в З. произошел погром. В 1879 63% торг.-пром. пр-тий З. принадлежало евреям. В 1901 гор. головой был избран предприниматель Феликс Францевич Мовчановский. В 1903 в З. евреи составляли 70% купцов. Б.И.Милину и И.Д.Каневскому принадлежал з-д земледельч. машин и орудий, М.Д.Рутбергу и М.К.Беленькому — з-д силикатного кирпича. З-д наследников И.Б.Касдена был удостоен 28 зол. и серебр. медалей на разл. выставках и ярмарках, з-д земледельч. машин и орудий «Борис Кернер и сыновья» удостоен 6 медалей. В 1884 еврейское население З. пострадало от погрома.В 1889 в З. была открыта хоральная синагога. В 1900 имелись талмуд-тора с ремесл. классом, вечерние муж. и жен. школы, 5 частных еврейских уч-щ (3 муж. и 2 жен.), неск. хедеров, еврейская больница. Евреи учились и в нееврейских уч. заведениях. В жен. прогимназии училась 131 еврейка (59%). 21—22 окт. 1905 в З. произошел погром, в результате к-рого было св. 30 убитых и раненых. Материальный ущерб оценивался более чем в 1,5 млн. руб. В 1910 в З. имелись 5 синагог, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1910 открылось жен. проф. уч-ще. Действовали Объединенная еврейская социалистич. рабочая партия, отд-ния «Поалей Цион», Бунда и др. В 1916 раввином в З. был Абрам Хаимович Хаймович.В 1917 были открыты еврейская проф. школа, ср. еврейская школа. Издавалась газ. «Еврейское слово». В 1919 в З. произошел погром, устроенный отрядами Н.И.Махно. Пред. губкома КП(б)У в 1920 был Д.С.Гуревич. В 1921 действовала хевра кадиша. В 1926 работали еврейский клуб кустарей, б-ка, нач. школа с преподаванием на идише (120 уч-ся), еврейский дет. дом. В 1939 при клубе промкооперации действовал еврейский драм. коллектив.4 окт. 1941 З. было оккупировано герм. войсками. В нояб. 1941 в З. расстреляно более 100 евреев, в марте 1942 — 3700. З. было освобождено14 окт. 1943. В освобождении принимала участие 113-я арт. бригада под ком. полк. Абрама Соломоновича Зильбербурга. Впоследствии на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник.В 1947 в З. была открыта синагога.В 1989 в З. основано Об-во еврейской культуры, преобраз. в 1993 в Еврейский совет Запорожской обл. (пред. Борис Львович Эстеркин, р. 1937, Кременчуг Полтавской обл.). Тогда же при Запорожском гос. ун-те открылся Центр по изучению еврейского населения Юга Украины, один из рук. к-рого — С.Ф.Орлянский. В 1994 были открыты еврейская школа-гимназия «Алеф» (дир. Игорь Яковлевич Щупак, р. 1963, Запорожье) и еврейский дет. сад. В том же году организована религ. община «Яхад» (пред. Эстеркин), вновь открыта синагога (осн. в 1895), восстановленная при содействии ген. дир. ОАО «Запорожсталь» Виталия Антоновича Сацкого. В 1995 в З. открыт «Хесэд». С 1996 раввин З. — представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Нохум-Хаим Эрентрой (р. 1970, Иерусалим).В 1999 в З. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев.В З. род.: В.С.Берковский, Б.С.Борисов, Б.М.Головчинер, М.Е.Жаботинский, В.И.Классен, П.И.Лавут, М.И.Львович, М.И.Подгорецкий, Я.Г.Пункин, А.Н.Цфасман, А.И.Шейнфельд, Б.Е.Штейн; Роман Борисович Бренер (р. 1932), спортсмен (прыжки в воду), засл. мастер спорта СССР, 10-кратный чемпион СССР в прыжках с трамплина и с вышки; Григорий Львович Лившиц (1910—1973, Москва), специалист в обл. авиац. двигателей, д-р техн. наук (1964), с 1961 зам. ген. конструктора и гл. конструктор Моск. машиностроит. з-да «Союз», Лен. пр. (1957); Эмилий Львович Миндлин (1900—1981, Москва), литератор, автор очерков и докум. повестей; Наум Семенович Соркин (1899—1980, Москва), ген.-майор (1944), в 1941—47 нач. развед. отд. Дальневосточного фронта (окр.), нагр. 5 орд.С.Ф.Орлянский, extra_data="{'translat...")
REQUEST, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 1942 in Z. 5 Jews were killed.
ZAPRUT'E, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942 Jews of Z. (17 people) were deported to Sniatyn and subsequently exterminated.
ZARASAI (from 1836 - Novoaleksandrovsk, in 1919-29 - Ezherenai), city (from 1836), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1387. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Jezerosy in the Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, in the Vilnius province, since 1842 - the county town of the Kovno province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1838, 146 Jews lived in Z., in 1847 - 453, in 1857 - 909 (26%), in 1864 - 3263, in 1866 - 3562 ( 54%), in 1897 - 3348 (53%), in 1910 - 3472, in 1923 - 1329 (35%), in 1939 - approx. 1,500 (33%), in 1959 - 65 (1.4%), in 1970 - 45 Jews. Jews lived in the West from the beginning. 19th century In 1857 there were 6 synagogues in Zagar, including the Hasidic one. In 1868, a 2-class Jewish school was founded. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade, handicrafts, transportation. In the end. 19th century OK. 1/3 of the Jews in Z. were engaged in s. x-vom. In the beginning. 20th century in Z. there were 8 heders, a yeshiva, a Jewish private husband. classroom and plank beds. school, Jewish cemetery, about-in benefits to poor Jews, credit t-in. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of Z. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. After the war, part of the Jews returned to Z. as rabbis in Z. in the 1870s. were Shimon Berman, Leib Shapiro (? -1880), until 1886 - his brother Refoil Shapiro (1837-1926), at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Mordkhe Feinstein (? -1903), Meir-Shoilom Cohen (1873-1903). In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations; there were 3 synagogues, a school of the "Tarbut" network, a Jewish hospital and a library. The Jewish National Bank was opened in 1920 (in 1923 - 345 members). Jews Z., including rabbi Eliyahu Reznik, were shot on 26 August. 1941, 15 km from the west, together with Jews from neighboring villages and towns (about 2 thousand people). After 1945, a monument was erected at the site of the execution. Shmuel Shneerovich Katz (1875-1928, New York), cases. 1st Congress of the RSDLP (Bundist), from the beginning. 1900s - in USA; Evgeny Lvovich Shklyar (1894-1941), poet, journalist, publisher, 1920-30-ies. actively collaborated in the Russian-language press in Riga.
ZARAYSK, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 13th century From 1778 it was a district town of the Ryazan governorship, then a province. In 1910, 104 Jews lived in Z., in 1926 - 23 (0.2%), in 1939 - 42 (0.3%), in 1970 - 12 (0, 05%), in 1989 - 11 Jews (0.04%) In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Z.
ZARECHANKA (until 1947 - Lyantskorun or Lyantskorona), a village in the Chemerovets district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky Podolsk lips. In 1923-28 it was a district center. In 1847, 939 Jews lived in Z., in 1897 - 1893 (50%), in 1923 - 1578, in 1927 - 1638, in 1939 - 915 Jews. A Jewish community was formed in Z. at 16 at. In the 1750s. followers of Jacob Frank lived in Z. In the end. 18 - early. 19th century the community has suffered from epidemics. In 1867 Z. had 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Main occupation of the Jewish population - decomp. crafts. In the end. 19th century heder acted, in 1892 Berka Bronstein was the rabbi. In 1911 there was an illegal activity in Z. Zionist circle (headed by I. Bronshtein). In 1913 there were 5 synagogues. In 1925, at the expense of funds received from the community in the United States, assistance was provided to the poor, and illegal activities were financed. heder. In the 1920s. Zionist cells "Ge-Halutz" and "Forain" worked, the program "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" and the journal. "OSM". In 1925, 10 families were registered in Z. wishing to move to the agricultural sector. colonies. In 1925, children were created. Zionist organizations "Yalde Zion" and "Ha-Tsofe". There was a Jewish school with a land plot, a reading room with books in Yiddish, Russian. and ukr. lang., educational program and dram worked. circle, lectures were given. In 1926, a Jewish village council was created (formerly Israel Kaper), there was a Jewish people. court. A branch of OZET was engaged in teaching Jews the basics of agriculture. labor; there were unions of handicraftsmen and tailors, farmers. community "Khleborob", which united 24 families (110 people) and processed 22 dess. lands (since 1934 - the Jewish collective farm named after the XVII Party Congress). The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust. M.Alperson.I.B.Kraizman
ZARECHEVO, a village in the Perechinsk region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774 four Jewish families lived in Z., in 1814 - c. 30 Jews (6%). occupation of the Jews of Z. in the 19th century - small trade; several Jewish families were engaged in handicrafts (sewing clothes and shoes). The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ZARECHE, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the BSSR. In 1903 Z. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the "Provisional Rules" 1882. 1943 a police patrol killed in Z. during the arrest of 4 Jews who had fled from Minsk.
ZARECHNOE (until 1946 - Zarechny Pogost), an urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920-39 it was in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897 450 Jews (59.1%) lived in Z., in 1921 there were 264 Jews. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan in Z. -save. There was a synagogue. The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ZARECHNY TOLOCHIN, now part of the city of Tolochin (Republic of Belarus). In 1772 the town of Tolochin, located on the left. river bank Drut, became a part of Ros. empire (so-called Old or Russian Tolochin), on the right. ashore Z. T., to-ry went to Ros. empire in 1793. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zarechny Tolochin (other name. Novy Tolochin) Sennensky u. Mogilev province. In 1869, 360 Jews lived in Z.T., in 1880 - 253 (46.6%), in 1908 - 273 Jews (36.5%). In 1880 Jews owned 27 houses out of 93, there was a synagogue, 1908 - 3 synagogues. By Feb 1916 33 Jewish refugees settled in Z. N. Pervyshin
ZAREMBY-KOSCHCHELNE, a city in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the beginning. 17th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - posad Zaremba Kostelné Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–45, in the BSSR. In 1897, in Z.-K. 1063 Jews (49%) lived, in 1921 - 1254 Jews (77%). Jews lived in Z.-K. from the 17th century In the 2nd floor. 17th century there was an organized community. The Jewish cemetery existed from the beginning. 17th century In the 2nd floor. 18th century Jews Z.-K. earned a living by trading agricultural products. products and timber, craft, production and trade in alcoholic beverages. Around the same time, a synagogue and societies were built. bath, mikvah. The philanthropists worked. org-tion, the children studied at the cheder. In the 19th century. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones, a new Jewish cemetery was founded. Until 1870, Rabbi Z.-K. there was Rabbi Matatiyahu, a student of M.-M. Morgenstern. In 1919, a library, a school with teaching in Yiddish, was opened, and later self-children were created. tr, there was a school "Beis Yaakov". In the 1920s and 30s. in Z.-K. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and movements. In 1937, with the assistance of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was organized. was occupied by germ. troops in Sept. 1939, then transferred to the USSR. In 1940 - early. 1941 through Z.-K. thousands of Jewish refugees passed by. Community Z.-K. helped them. Between 1939 and 1941 a school with teaching in Yiddish, a club, and self-helpers functioned. tr.Parts germ. armies again occupied Z.-K. June 23, 1941. The Judenrat was established. 31 Aug 1941 all Jews were sent to the ghetto in Chizhov, where they were soon shot. In 1942 in Z.-K. a labor camp was created, where more than 10 thousand Jews from the Bialystok region were delivered. The camp was destroyed in Jan. 1943 In Z.-K. genus. Z. Shaikovsky.
ZAREMBY KOSTELNE, see Zaremby-Koshchelne.
ZARETSKAYA Sofia Moiseevna (Sheina Movshevna) (part.p. Nastasya Nikolaevna, N.N. Charskaya) (1881, Polotsk, Vitebsk province - after 1934), politician, activist. Since 1899 she studied at the Mariinsky obstetric courses and courses of P.F. Lesgaft in St. Petersburg, member. s.-d. Cup. In 1901 she was expelled from the capital for participating in a demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral. She lived in Yekaterinoslav and Polotsk, was a member of the local Social-Democrats. mugs. In 1902 she returned to St. Petersburg and graduated from obstetric courses. In 1903 she worked in the Social-Democrats. org-tions of Yekaterinoslav and Kharkov. In 1904 she was exiled under police supervision to Polotsk. From Sept. 1904 - in Switzerland, where she joined the Mensheviks. From Jan. 1905 in Russia, member. Of the Sevastopol Committee of the RSDLP, in the fall - a member. Moscow Workers' Deputies Council. and Federt, committee of the RSDLP, member. United. Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. The secretary worked. s.-d. fractions 1- and 2-nd State. dum, she left Russia because of the threat of arrest. In the spring of 1912, on the instructions of the leadership of the Mensheviks, she was preparing to convene general parties. conf. in Russia, then secret. s.-d. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. From 1914 she worked for a Menshevik. org-tion "Mosk. s.-d. working team". In 1905-17 she was repeatedly arrested. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee of Moscow. Council, member. MK RSDLP; participant of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (elected member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee), Pre-Parliament, Moscow. state meetings. From May 1917, member. OK RSDLP, from Aug. - member Central Committee, stood on the position of "roar. defencism ". By oct. the coup of 1917 reacted sharply negatively, participated in illegal activities. meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, a supporter of an irreconcilable struggle with the Bolsheviks in defense of the Establishment. meetings. In the spring and summer of 1918, she supported the movement "authorized from factories and plants" with the aim of organizing "anti-Bolsheviks. elements of the working class ”. In 1919–21 she worked in prof. org-tions in Ukraine and Georgia. Since 1921 in connection with the heavy. disease from polit. activity departed, sent to the Nizhny Novgorod region. In 1932–34 she worked as a statistician in the hospital (Gorky). From 1934 she lived in Kalinin. The further fate is unknown.
ZARETSKY Aizik Izrailevich (1892, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1956, Kursk), linguist. He graduated from a real school, in 1913-17 he studied mathematics at Yuryevsky University, at the same time. improved his knowledge in Heb. (Yiddish) language and literature. After the revolution of Heb. philology becomes his main. occupation. 3. teaches at Kharkov ped. courses, graduate from graduate school at the department. language knowledge. In 1925 he moved to Moscow, teaches in literary-lingual. dep. 2nd Moscow State University. 3. collected a huge amount of material for his most important work "Praktiche Yiddish Grammar" ("Practical Hebrew Grammar") - first. scientific. Yiddish grammar as lit. lang. A large role was played by 3. in improving the system of owls. Heb. spelling. He is the author of the works “Hebrew Rules. spelling "(1921)," Heb. spelling. New Hebrew Spelling Rules ”(1931). Collaborated in the Kiev scientific-theoretical. g. "Di Yiddish Shprah" (1927-30), where he published Art. not only on grammar, spelling, punctuation, spelling, but also on stylistics, as well as on the language of Hud. manuf. Heb. writers. Radical in their lingua. views, 3. often admitted large excesses, then called "leftist". He put forward the idea of ​​a new “Yiddish-Rus. yaz. ", proposing to legitimize rusicisms, to-rye by that time had already begun to exist in raz. lang. 3. was a brilliant Methodist, author of many others. language textbooks. for the beginning, cf. and higher. schools. Since 1938 he has been successfully engaged in Russian. linguistics. Among many his works are distinguished by the book. “Materials on entertaining grammar rus. yaz. ", which became popul. a manual from school teachers. During the war of 1941–45 he lived in Stalinabad (Tajikistan), worked in a local pedagogue. in-those. By that time, his work on the teaching methodology of Russian. lang. in taj. school. Returning to Russia, he settled in Kursk and taught.
ZARETSKY Zeev (b. 1927, Moscow), physicochemist. Graduated from Moscow. chemical-technol. in-t. In 1959-71 he worked as Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Chemistry of Natural Products of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Osn. scientific. tr. connected with the issues of mass spectrometry of steroids, with the development of methods of mass spectrometry in biochemistry and medicine. Author of over 90 scientific. printed art. and monographs. In the end. 60s - early. 70s participated in the struggle of the Jews of the USSR for aliyah. Since 1971 in Israel. Since 1972 he has been the head of the lab. mass spectroscopy (ISMS) at the H. Weizmann Institute (Rehovot). Pres. Israel Society of Mass Spectroscopy. Member a number of scientific. about-in: Israeli and British chem. ob-in, British gr. mass spectrometry. Poch. life. member Italian gr. mass spectrometry in biochemistry and medicine.
ZARITSKY Joseph (1891, Borispol, Pereyaslavsky district, Poltava province - 1985, Israel), painter. Until 1914 he studied at the Kiev art. uch-shche, then he lived in Moscow. Since 1923 - in E.-I., where he was one of the initiators of the first exhibition of artists (1923), founder of gr. "New Horizons", which created an abstract lyric. tech. in izr. painting. The first of Izr. artists exhibited persons, an exhibition in the Amsterdam mountains. museum (1959). The author of the mountains. landscapes, still lifes (cycles "Zichron Yaakov", 1939-40), "Yehiam" (kibbutz in the north of Israel, 1954-55), "Amsterdam" (1954-55). State Israel Ave (1959).
ZARITSKY Solomon Moiseevich (1889, Kiev - 1975, ibid.), Theater and film artist, painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Kiev art. uch-shche (1902–09). He designed the first owls. agit. f .: "Universal education", "Peace to huts, war to palaces." From 1924 to the 40s. art director f. to the c / st of Ukraine. Since 1923 he began to work in t-ts of Ukraine. In 1950-52 he was an artistic consultant at the Telecentre of Ukraine, where he designed a number of performances. In 1969, a personal exhibition took place in Kiev. Main work: f. Piłsudski Killed Petliura (1926), Jimmy Higgins (1928), Big Life, The Fifth Ocean (both 1940); scenery and costumes for performances - "Night in the Old Market" by I.-L..Perets (1923, Kiev Jewish Theater), "The Minor" by D. I. Fonvizin (1926, Kiev Theater for Young Spectators), "Fire Bridge" by B. Romashov (1928, Kharkiv Russian Drama Theater); a series of portraits "People of War" (1941–43, bum., car.); "Occupants" (1942, oil on canvas, Turkmen Art Museum), portrait of surgeon I. Ulanovsky (1971, pastor, Kiev Museum).
ZARKHI Alexander Grigorievich (1908, Petersburg - 1997, Moscow), film director. Hero of Soc. Labor (1978). He worked in the printing house "Omega". Studied at Leningrad State University. College of Screen Arts (1926–27), at the Leningrad Film Department. Proletkulta (1927–28). In 1929 he organized (together with I.E. Kheifits) the First Komsomol production brigade. In 1927–55 dir. to / st of Leningrad, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Baku, Minsk. From 1955 dir. k / st "Mosfilm". Debuted F. "Song of the Metal" (1928, with Kheifits, M. Shapiro, V. Granatman). In subsequent years (until 1952) he removes f. joint with Heifitz. Naib. means: "Hot days" (1935), "Deputy of the Baltic" (1937, Grand Prix at the International Exhibition in Paris, 1937; "Member of the Government" (1940), "His name is Sukhe-Bator" (1942). f., filmed independently, known: "Height" (1957, Main Prize at the X ICF in Karlovy Vary, Gold Medal at the ICF as part of the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, 1957), "My younger brother" ( 1962) Since the mid-60s, the main arr. Films the classics: "Anna Karenina" (1968), "Cities and Years" (1974), "Twenty-six days from the life of Dostoevsky" (1981). . "Chicherin" (1986). Also filmed documentary f. "Defeat of Japan" (1945) and "Collective farm" Rassvet "(1951). People's art of the USSR (1969). Steel pr. (1941, 1946).
ZARKHI Nathan (ps, real name and surname Isaak Abramovich Gurevich) (1900 - 1935, Leningrad), screenwriter. He made his film debut in 1925 as a script for the propaganda film "The Golubins' Mansion". Worked with dir. V.I. Pudovkin - f. "Mother" (1926), "The End of St. Petersburg" (1927), with Yu.V. Garich, EV Chervyakov, MI Dubson. F .: "Woman's Victory" (1927), "Bulat-Batyr" (1928), "Poisonous Gas" (1929, in Germany), "Cities and Years" (1930), "Bombist" (1932), "The Happiest "(1935)," Victory "(1938) and others, as well as unfinished fragments. theo-retic. work "Film drama". Honored. Worker of Arts (1935). Works: Scenarios, M.-L., 1935.
ZARKHIN Alexander Moiseevich (1897, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1988, Tel Aviv), process engineer, inventor. He graduated from Leningrad in 1931. technol. Institute for the specialty of electrochemistry. He began his career in 1918 (servicing a steam power plant). Since 1930 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. technol. in-that, in 1935–39 he headed the lab. asphalt. Since 1947 in E.-I. In 1950–52 he worked at the Institute of H. Weizmann, in 1956–60 he was an advisor on technology to the Ministry of Development of Israel. In the region. scientific. activity has patents for the processes of drying, evaporation, distillation (1918-24), purification of salt water by cooling (1930), the extraction of oil from the bitumen mass, the separation of oxygen from the air (1956, 1957, Israel), water desalination (1958, USA).
ZARKI, see Roasting.
ZAROZHANY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 90 Jews lived in Z.. In July 1941, 15 Jews were killed in Z., the rest were deported to Transnistria.
ZAROZHNOE, a village in the Chuguevsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkov province. In 1942, three Jews were shot in Z.
ZARUBINTSY, does not exist since 1976. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky district Kiev province, on July 10, 1919, a pogrom took place in Z.
ZARUDCHI, a village in the Lyubeshiv district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1789.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupation of the Jews of Z. in the 19th century - trade; Jews owned 3 shops, a tavern, and others. In 1941, the Jewish population of Z. was deported to the Lyubeshov ghetto and subsequently destroyed.
ZARUDINTSY, a village in the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. In the years of the 2nd world. During the war, a workers' camp was established in Z. 5 Feb 1943 Jews who were unable to work were shot in Z.
ZARVANITSA, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zarvanitsa in the Zolochevsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, 9 Jews were killed in Z.
ZARVANITSIA, see Zarvanytsya.
ZASHKEVICHI, see Zhashkovichi.
ZASKORKI, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1876, 5 Jewish men lived in Z., in 1881 - 13 Jews (48.1%), in 1896 - 1 Jew (2.8%).
ZASKOVICHI, a village in the Molodechno district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. Since 1909, Yeshua Klyavansky (1883 -?) Was the rabbi in Z. Sh. Strashun.
ZASLAV, see Zaslavl.
ZASLAVL, see Izyaslav.
ZASLAVSKAYA Sulamith Aleksandrovna (born 1918, Cherkassy), applied artist, graphic artist, creator of drawings for fabrics, tapestries, teacher. She studied at Moscow. textile in-those (1934–41) at AV Kuprin, A. Shevchenko. In 1941–44 she taught at a school in the Tambov region, in 1944–71 - at the “Red Rose” textile complex in Moscow, from 1971 at the KDOI (group “Interior”). Main works: fabrics Wind "(1957)," Plum Blossom "(1969), tapestries" Inspiration "(1975, based on A.S. Pushkin)," Bolshoi - 200 years "(1976)," Butterfly-flower "(1977 ), the curtain of the tourist complex in Suzdal (1977), ser. panel tapestry "The Art of Theater" (1973–83, Palace of Culture of Zlatoust), ser. "Mexico" (1985 maps, temp.), Tapestry "1812" (1985, maps. Gal. Gagarin, Smolensk Region). Works are in the State Russian Museum State Historical Museum, the Museum of decor. art (Moscow), in the museum of Brussels. Honored. thin Russia, ave. I.E. Repina (1972), Silver. medal of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1984).
ZASLAVSKY Abram Moiseevich (1899, Odessa - 1962, Moscow), architect. In 1929 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. From 1932 he worked permanently in the Architectural and Planning Administration of Moscow, deputy. ch. city ​​architect. Mn. made for the improvement of the city and the introduction of advanced building methods. Main work: Gen. plan of Moscow, 1935 (under the direction of VN Semenov), project of the building of the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry in Zaryadye (1930s, with Fayfel).
ZASLAVSKY David Iosifovich (1880, Kiev - 1965, Moscow), publicist, literary critic. From a young age he was fond of socialist. ideas. For participation in the student. riots was excluded from un-that. From 1903 act. leader of the Bund, several. was once arrested in Kiev and Vilna. Published in Bund Hebrews. and Russian. ed. In 1921 he moved to Moscow, from there to Petrograd, where he continued to read. work, engaged in the history of the roar. of the labor movement, publishing in Heb. Chronicle "and other ed., was a member. Heb. historical ethnogr. about-va, before. commission for the study of the history of Heb. labor movement. In the article "Jews in Rus lit-re" ("Hebrew Chronicle", 1923), having carefully analyzed many works. Russian literature, accused her of anti-Semitism. In 1925, Z. dissociated himself from the former politicians. views. He worked in gas. Izvestia and Pravda. During the 2nd world. war was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that, was printed in gas. Einikite. Got notorious for participating in the persecution of O.E. Mandelstam and B.L. Pasternak. 3. - the author of the book. in and rus. lang .: "Giuseppe Garibaldi" (Vilna, 1906), "Bai di bregn fun Thames" ("On the banks of the Thames"), "15 yor ratnmaht un di Yiddish masn" ("15 years of Soviet power and Jewish masses", M., 1932); "Di idn in ratnfarband" ("Jews in the Soviet Union", M., 1933) and others.
ZASLAVSKY Evgeniy Lvovich (1924, Alexandria, Kherson province - 2007, Minsk), architect, urban planner, theorist. In 1949 he graduated from MAPHI. Works in Minsk. Main works: the project for the development of the Chizhevka district in Minsk (1966–70), adjustment and detailed planning of the general plan of Minsk, residential buildings in Minsk, a bridge in Vitebsk, the House of Social and Cultural Relations in Minsk. Work experience is summarized in the book: "Community centers of regional settlements of Belarus" (Moscow, 1963), "Minsk. Post-war experience of reconstruction and development "(Moscow, 1966, with A.P. Voinov and V.A.Korol). Honored. architect of Belarus.
ZASLAVSKY Ilya Iosifovich (b. 1960, Moscow), polit. activist. Graduated from the Moscow text. in-t. Cand. tech. sciences. Active societies. and polit. figure of the period of "perestroika". 1989-90 - deputy. prev. Committee of the USSR Armed Forces for Veterans and Disabled Persons, in 1990-91 - before. October District Council of Moscow, since 1992 - before. Mountains. the expert council of the Moscow City Hall. From 1989 to 1992 - Deputy of the USSR Armed Forces. Prev of the political council of the movement “Democratic Russia".
ZASLAVSKY Mikhail Samoilovich (1925 - 1976, Lviv), ballet master. In 1954 he graduated from the choreographer department of GITIS. In 1955–62 he was Ch. choreographer of the Buryat Opera and Ballet Theater in Ulan-Ude. It is considered the founder of the Buryat nat. ballet. Staged ballets "In the Name of Love" for music. J.A.Batuev and B.S.Maisel (1958, he is also the author of the libretto), "Sombrero" by Meisel (1961), "The Beauty of Angara" by L.K. Knipper and B.B. Yampilov (1959, 2nd ed. ., 1971; State avenue of the RSFSR named after MI Glinka, 1972), "Son of the Earth" (1973) and "Eternal Flame" Batuev (1976, author of the libretto), and others. In 1962–76 worked Ch. choreographer of Ukr. t-ra opera and ballet them. I.Ya. Franko in Lviv. Made productions: "The Beauty of the Angara" (1962); "Orysya" by A. I. Kos-Anatolsky (1964), one-act ballets "The Witch" by V. D. Kireiko, "Dawn Lights" by L. V. Dychko, "Kamenyary" by M. M. Skorik (all 1967), "Three Musketeer "VE Basner (1965)," The Creation of the World "by AP Petrov (1972) and others. Since 1962 - taught at the Lviv cult.-skylight. uch-shche. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1959), Ukr. SSR (1975).
ZASTAVNA, city (since 1940), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774 there were 17 Jews living in Z., in 1776 - 33, in 1808 - 100 Jewish families, in 1910 - 418 Jews, in 1930 - 629 Jews (12 , 3%) The first Jews, immigrants from Galicia, settled in Z. in the beginning. 18th century In 1810, all Jews involved in trade were expelled from Z. Only two families involved in the village. h-vom, it was allowed to stay. After the liberalization of "Jewish politics" Austr. authorities in the 2nd floor. 19th century Jews began to settle again in Z. In 1870 a cemetery was founded in Z., where Jews from all the surrounding towns were buried. There were 3 synagogues, a mikvah, a Talmud Torah. There was a rabbi and a shohet. In 1891, the community of Z., whose council consisted of 13 people, included Jews from 29 small settlements in the Nistru district (in 1908 the community council was under the influence of local Zionist organizations). The economy of the Jews in Z. was based on the cultivation of grain. ... Jews owned 2 mills and 6 cr. estates. The Jews were also engaged in the grain trade and petty trade. Despite the relatively low percentage of the Jewish population in Z., its economic. influence was quite high: for a certain time the mayor of Z. was a Jew, Jews were repeatedly elected to the post of deputy. mayor, at the same time. they occupied many. state positions: judges, postal workers, officials of the mayor's office, the tax service, and the gendarmerie. In 1904, the Zionist organization Theodor Herzl began to operate in Zion (existed until 1940). First before Zionist organization Bukovina was a resident of Z. Sigmund Weisglas. In 1909 the municipality opened a Jewish school, in which non-Jews also studied. During the 1st World. During the war, almost all Jews in Z. fled to Austria and returned to Z. after the war ended. After the 1st world. war on the state. Only one Jew remained in the service. After 1918, a Hebrew school was opened in Z. In 1922, a branch of the VITSO was created. In the 1920s and 1930s, various divisions were active in the West. Jewish parties. In June 1941 the Germans entered Z. and room. troops. Jews in Z. and surrounding villages were gathered in a ghetto. In oct. 1941 all Jews were sent to Transnistria and there they were distributed among camps and ghettos for various purposes. cities (Obodovka, Bershad, Tulchin, Yampol). Approx. 10% of the Jews in Z. After 1945, approx. 40 Jews; however, after a while most of them left for Romania and from there to E.-I. Three small synagogues were given over to grain barns, and a cinema was opened in the building of the Great Synagogue. The cemetery was not damaged in the 1960s. in Z. lived several. Jews who moved from the east. districts of Ukraine.
ZASTENKER Naum Efimovich (1903, Voronezh - 1977, Moscow), historian. In the 1920s. on the Komsomol, work in Voronezh, in 1927-28 at the desk. work in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1923), in 1928–31 he studied at the Institute of Red Professors (scientific supervisor V.P. Volgin). Simultaneously (in 1929) taught new history at Mezhdunar. Lenin school. In 1932–33 the head. Department of General History in Belarus. un-those them. V.I. Lenin, at the same time. deputy. head agitprop of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. Cand. ist. Sciences (1935). In 1934–46 the dean of history. Faculty of Sverdlovsk ped. in-that. Arrested in 1937, released in 1939. After returning to Moscow in 1947–49, the head. Department of General History "Questions of history", from 1949 Art. Lecturer and Associate Professor of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of East. Faculty of Moscow State University. A specialist in the history of France, Germany and Italy in modern times, works: Bavarian Sov. republic, M., 1934; Prudong and the Bonapartist coup on December 2. 1851, "East. magazine ", 1944. No. 11–12; Revolution of 1848 in France, M. 1948; Proudhon and Feb. rev-tion of 1848, in the book: Franz. yearbook for 1960, M., 1961; Henri de Saint-Simon, in the book: The history of the socialist. teachings, t. 1, M., 1962; Proudhon and his project "Bank of Exchange", in the book: Franz. yearbook for 1978, M., 1980; Essays on the history of socialist. thoughts, M., 1985.
ZASULIE, a village in the Lubensky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Romensky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1939, 90 Jews lived in Z.. In 1903 Z. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Grigory Naumovich Gurevich (b. 1907), Major General Aviation Engineer. service (1944), in 1941-45 ch. Aviation Engineer of the Baltic Fleet 5 ord.
QUIET, see Lull.
ZATISHNOE, a village in the Volnovakhsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1853 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Zatishye in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. immigrants from Mogilev and Vitebsk provinces. In 1858 487 people lived in Z., in 1897 - 527 Jews (74.4%), in 1901 - 685 people, in 1931 - 1280 people. In Z. in 1861 out of 1,600 dessiatines ... allotment lands were sown 336 dess., in 1897 - 911 dess. Main s.-kh. crops - rye, winter, spring wheat (29% of crops), barley (40%), flax (9.7%); in 1897 there were 155 horses and 138 cows in the farm. 20 Oct. 1905 a pogrom took place in Z. In 1906 a synagogue, a bathhouse, and a Jewish school existed in Z. In 1924, 105 agricultural enterprises processed 1637 dess. arable land. In 1927, the activities of the local shokhet were sharply criticized in the press. In 1929, collective farms were established in Z. In the 1930s. Z. - the center of the Jewish nat. The Jews of Z. were exterminated during the Holocaust. N.I.Brozgol.I.M.Shaikin
ZATONSK, see Vinkovtsy.
ZATONSKY, see Vinkovtsi.
ZATURTSY, a village in the Lokachinsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in Z. lived approx. 350 Jews (8%) In 1918 in Z. there was a pogrom organized by the troops of the Directory, during which Jewish houses and shops were plundered.
ZAVADKA, a village in the Skole district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1538. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turciansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. In 1916, 11 Jews from Z. were expelled to Ternopil. In 1941, 50 Jews were killed in Z..
ZAVADOV, a village in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupation of the Jews of Z. in the 19th century - trade with.-kh. products (honey, flour, etc.). In 1916, 11 Jews were deported to Ternopil Z.
ZAVALIE, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, Jews in Z. (31 people) were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.
ZAVALOV, a village in the Berezhany district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890, 396 Jews (30.8%) lived in Z., in 1921 - 137 Jews (13.9%). Jews lived in Z. since 16 at. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi Z. was Yoel Halpern (? -1722), in the late. 18 - early. 19th century - a pupil of Doyv-Bera from Mezhirich Shmul Zaynvil (? -1815), in 1869-1914 - Dovid-Doyv Leiter. In the beginning. 20th century mountains. the council was chaired by Moishe Zonshtein. In 1916, 2 Jews were evicted from Z. to Ternopil. In 1920, a pogrom broke out in the West. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Z. were destroyed during the Holocaust. Several Jews were saved by subbotniks who lived in Z.
ZAVEREZHE, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1835 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Mogilev u. In 1898, 259 people lived in Z. by 388 dec. land. 12 Sept. 1941 97 Jews were shot in Z. I.M. Pulner worked in Z.
ZAWERCE, a city (since 1915) in the Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 3158 Jews (18%) lived in Z. 4,500 Jews. Since 1904 Menachem-Mendel-Chaim Landau (1862—?) Was the rabbi in Z. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Z. in nov. 1941 in Z. a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 5 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated in 1943. Sh.Spivak.
ZAVIHOST, a city (since 1257) in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1856, 1,591 Jews (53.8%) lived in Z., in 1897 - 1,680 (66%), in 1921 - approx. 2,000 Jews. 1870s. the rabbi in Z. was Yakov-Dovid Yudkovich, in the 1890s. - Yosef Ingberg, since 1899 - Yakov Farberzh (1876—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. On June 1, 1942, a ghetto was created in Z., in which there were approx. 5 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated in the fall of 1942. S. Askenazi.
ENVIRED, see Zavitinsk.
ZAVITINSK (until 1954 - Zavitaya), a city (from 1954), a regional center in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in the Amur Region. In 1939, 73 Jews lived in Z.
PLANT, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1799. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1910, 6 Jews lived in Z.
ZAVOY, a village in the Kalush region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 126 Jews lived in Z.. 1942 Jews in Z. (22 families, about 120 people) were deported to Kalush and subsequently exterminated.
BUNNY Avrom-Chaim (| - |), translator, poet. He worked as an accountant, teacher. In 1930–36 he published in the weekly. "Gluboker Lebn" Art., Feuilletons, essays and poems. Reprinted in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed., ch. arr. in children. g. He was engaged in the lane. in Yiddish manuf. A.S. Pushkin, S.Ya. Marshak, K.I. Chukovsky, M.Servantes and others. In 1938 he translated into Yiddish for Vilna Hebrew. children t-ra drama "Wilhelm Tell" by Schiller. Killed during the occupation.
ZAYCHIK Gennady Lvovich (b. 1957, Tbilisi), chess player; int. grandmaster (1984). Trainer. Medalist of the USSR championships among young masters in 1977, and 1979 (2-3rd places). International Winner tournaments in Zalaegerszeg (1975) and Coimbatore (1987).
ZAYD Alexander (1886, Balagansk, Nizhneudinsky u. Irkutsk province. - 1938, Sheikh Abrek), one of the pioneers of E.-I. In E.-I. from 1904. Was agricultural. workers (1906), guarded vineyards; badly wounded by Arab robbers. In 1907 created. secret defense organization "Bar-Giora" (named after the Jewish commander who fought with the Roman troops) and became the first Heb. guard in Seger settlement. One of the founders (1909) of the "Ga-Shomer" organization, the core of a cut was a member of "Bar-Giora". In 1926 he settled in Sheikh-Abrek, where he was responsible. for the protection of lands Heb. nat. fund. In the beginning. 30s He was one of the first to find here Hebrew. burial in caves and was the initiator of archeol. excavations in this district. Killed by Arabs at a sentry post. In honor of 3. named DOS. in 1943 pos. Givat Zayd.
ZAYDENMAN Arnold (1880, Dubno, Volyn province - 1927, Taganrog), societies, activist, lawyer. Graduated from Physics and Mathematics. and legal. f-you Petersburg. un-that. Was arrested for participating in a student. riots. After his release, he joined the Zionist movement. Member editorial boards “Heb. life ”and gas. "Dawn". Member of the Zionist Congr. Translated into Russian. lang. tr. A.A. Runin about E.-I. After 1917 he continued to engage in Zionist activities.
ZAYDENSHNUR Evelina Efimovna (1902, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1985, Moscow), literary critic. She studied physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (finished 3 courses). Since 1924 scientific. sotr. Leo Tolstoy Museum, where she worked for 60 years. Author of works related to the study of Tolstoy's handwritten heritage. Published since 1937. Ed. full collection op. Tolstoy (jubilee). Prepared for ed. track. works: “Days and years. P.I.Tchaikovsky. Chronicle of Life and Work "(1940)," IE Repin and Leo Tolstoy "(1949)," "War and Peace" Tolstoy: Meeting of the Great Book "(1966)," The first completed edition of the novel "War and world "" (in the book: Lit. inheritance, vol. 94, 1983), "Tolstoy - editor" (1965). She was engaged in bibliography on the topic "Tolstoy and Tolstoy". She wrote (with her husband) the script of doc. f. "The Manuscripts of Leo Tolstoy" (1954). Op .: Description of the manuscripts art. manuf. Leo Tolstoy, M., 1955; Bibliography of manuf. L.N. Tolstoy, M., 1955; Description of the manuscripts of Art. Leo Tolstoy, M., 1961 (with S.E. Serebryakova); Hood. manuf. Leo Tolstoy in the lane. to foreign lang. Bibliography, (1961).
ZAYKANY, see Zeikan.
ZAITSEVO, a village in Artyomovskiy district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century in Bakhmutskiy u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 1850s. in Z. lived several. Jewish families who moved from the Podolsk province. Main the occupation of the Jewish population is trade. M.O. Reisen.
ZBARAZH, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 910 Jews living in Z., in 1880 - 3768 (46.7%), in 1890 - 3631 (41.3%), in 1900 - 2896 (34.8%), in 1910 - 329 (32.9%), in 1921 - 2982 (35.5%), in 1931 - 2870 Jews. Jews lived in Z. from the end. 15th century In the 1st floor. 17th century a synagogue was built. In the 2nd floor. 17th century Rabbi Z. was Moishe Segal (? -1696), in the beginning. 18th century - Shloyme Harif, in mid. 18th century - Alter Teumim, then Moishe Roqueach (? -1754), at the end. 18th century - Meshulam-Faivish Geler (? -1795). In 1858–93, the Rabbinical Court of Z. was headed by Ishiyahu Babad (1821–1893). In the beginning. 20th century the Hasidic court Yom Tov Lipman Geler (? —1910) was located in Z. From the end. 19th century in Z. there were decomp. Zionist organizations, from 1907 a school with teaching in Hebrew worked. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in Z. arrived several. thousands of refugees from the West. districts of Poland. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht on July 6, 1941. In the middle. July 1941 the Judenrat was created. 6 Sep 1941 76 people were shot. In the winter of 1941/42, the men were deported to the dec. labor camps in the vicinity of the West. In June 1942, approx. 600 Jews. 31 Aug - 1 Sept. 1942 several. hundreds of Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. In the fall of 1942 a ghetto was created. The shootings and deportations continued in October. - nov. 1942.7 Apr. 1943 was shot by St. 1 thousand Jews. The ghetto was destroyed on June 8, 1943, and the old Jewish cemetery is preserved in the west.
ZBARSKY Boris Ilyich (Ber Elievich) (1885, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1954, Moscow), biochemist, acad. AMS USSR (1944), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1945). Father of I.B. Zbarsky. Graduated from Geneva (1911) and Petersburg. (1912) un-you. In 1916-18 he worked in chem. prom-sti. In 1918 he helped A.N.Bach in organizing the Center, chem. lab. at VSNKh, where he worked until 1929 (in 1921 it was transformed into the Chemical Institute named after L.Ya. Karpov, from 1931 - in the Physicochemical Institute named after L.Ya. Karpov), and in 1920 - in organizations Biochem. Institute of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR, where he worked until 1930 (from 1944 - Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR named after A.N.Bach). In 1930 he organized and headed the Institute of Nutrition, head. Department of Biochemistry (1930–34) and prof. 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. Head Department of Biochemistry 1st Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1945–52 hands. Laboratory of Cancer Biochemistry, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Joint. with V.P. Vorobiev embalmed the body of V.I. Lenin, the permanent director. laboratories at the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin (since 1924). In 1949 he supervised the embalming of the body of G.M. Dimitrov. In 1952 he was arrested on false charges, released from prison in 1953, and rehabilitated in 1954. Research structure, biol. function and metabolism of proteins, studied the role of proteins in nutrition. Tr. oncology. He put forward a hypothesis that malignant tissue growth is based on a violation of the process of protein synthesis. Steel, etc. (1944). Works: Lenin's Mausoleum, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1946; The role of erythrocytes in protein metabolism, M., 1949 (with NN Demin); Workshop on biological chemistry, 3rd ed., M., 1962 (with others); Biological chemistry, 4th ed., Leningrad, 1965 (jointly with I.I. Ivanov and S.R. Mardashev).
ZBARSKY Ilya Borisovich (1913, Moscow - 2007, ibid.), Biochemist and cytochemist, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). The son of B.I. Zbarsky. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1935). Since 1936 - at the Department of Biochemistry of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1946-59 at Oncologich. in-those them. PA Herzen (Head of Biochemistry Lab.), In 1961–89 at the Institute of Animal Morphology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Head of the Lab. Biochemistry of Cell Structures, since 1967 - Lab. Biochemistry of the Institute of Development Biology). In 1934–52 he took part in the work to preserve the body of V. I. Lenin. Main tr. on the study of proteins and nucleic acid norms. and swelling. tissue, biochemistry of cellular structures, including isolation, fractionation and biochem. characteristics of nuclei and nuclear ultrastructures. Made an important contribution to the study of nuclear proteins and nucleic acid to-t. Revealed the skeletal structure of the cell nucleus, edges participates in the most important genetics. Processes: Workshop on Biological Chemistry, 3rd ed., Moscow, 1962 (in co-authorship); Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids, M.-L., 1968 (in co-authorship); Skeletal structures of the cell nucleus, M., 1991 (in co-authorship).
ZBARZHER Welvl (real name and fam. Benjamin-Wolf Ehrenkran) (1826, Zbarazh, Galicia - 1883, Istanbul), poet. At the age of 18 he began to write poetry in Hebrew, then switched to Yiddish. Over time, the popularity of Z.'s songs increased so much that he began to perform them together with a group of young people, touring the cities and towns of Moldova, Ukraine, South. Russia, in Warsaw. The first publications (1848, 1855) were in Hebrew. In 1864 in the railway station. "Ga-Shahar" published the poem "Romania" - a satire on the anti-Semitic government. In 1865 - the first collection of poetry and songs in Yiddish (Vienna). 3. becomes no less popular than the outstanding Badchen E. Tsunzer. In 1902, Romanian-Hebrew. the writer Sotek published a collection of songs 3. in Yiddish in Latin transcription. (It is noteworthy that during the Second World War, the famous literary critic N. Oislender published in the newspaper Evr. Anti-fasc. To-that "Einikite" article, dedicated to creativity 3.). In 1878–80 he lived in Vienna, performed in Hebrew. restaurants, however, on a denunciation, he was forced to leave Austria for Constantinople in 1880. Back in the 50-60s. Of the twentieth century, the people sang verses 3. as folk songs.
ZBOROV, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1166. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 655 Jews lived in the West, in 1880 - 2109 (54.4%), in 1890 - 1873 (46%), in 1900 - 2084 ( 43.1%), in 1910 - 2265 (40%), in 1921 - 1086 (29.1%), in 1931 - approx. 1,900 Jews. Jews lived in the West from the middle. 17th century Main the occupation of the Jews of Z. in the 18th and 19th centuries. - trade. In the end. 18th century Rabbi Z. was Moishe-Yakov Ashkenazi (? -1780), in the beginning. 19th century - Yakov Perel, in mid. 19th century - Zvi-Hirsh Teumim, then Avrom-Aba Ayserlish, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Dovid Kleinhendeler. In the end. 18th century in Z. there lived a student of Doiv-Bera from Mezhirich Moishe Shapiro. In 1867-1914, the Hasidic court of Meir Moskovich (1845-1915) was located in Z. 19 - early. 20th century In Z. there were 5 synagogues, including 3 Hasidic ones. In the end. 19th century the community of Z. was headed by Yakov Katz. At the same time, with the support of Baron Hirsch, a school was opened. In the beginning. 20th century several For years, the city council was headed by doctor Dr. Sturm. In 1912, a club with a Zionist orientation was established. In 1918 the Jewish self-defense was organized, which was headed by the former. officer of the Austro-Hungarian army Jacob Fuchs. In 1925 a Jewish bank was created in Z. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbi in Z. during this period was D. Kleinhendeler's son Shloimo Kleinhendeler. In the 1920s and 30s. a school and children worked. a garden with teaching in Hebrew, two schools "Agudas Yisroel": "Isudey ha-Toire" and "Beis Yaakov"; there was a library. In 1940 in Z. a group of Beitar members was arrested who were trying to cross the Soviet room. the border with the aim of reaching E.-I. On July 4, 1941, Z. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. On the same day, more than 1,000 Jews were shot. The Judenrat was created in July 1941. In aug. 1941 several were shot. dozens of Jews who collaborated in 1939–41 with the Sov. the authorities. Aug 29. 1942 approx. 1,300 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. After that, Jews from the surrounding villages were gathered in Z. A ghetto was created. Apr 9 1943 in Z. approx. 2,300 Jews. In the spring of 1943, a Resistance organization headed by Levi Roemer was established in the ghetto. The organization offered armed resistance during an action to destroy the ghetto on June 5-23, 1943. Z. was released on June 22, 1944. Approx. 25 Jews hiding in diff. shelters.
ZBRIZH, a village in the Chemerovets district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kamenets district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district. In 1765, 750 Jews lived in Z., in 1789 - 433, in 1887 - 33.3%, in 1897 - 281 Jews (17.8%). 19th century the rabbi in Z. was Yeshua Burshtein.
ZBURIEVKA, a village in the Holopristansky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 265 Jews lived in Z. 1941 in Z. several were shot. dozens of Jews.
ZDOLBITSA, a village in the Dubna district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1562. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dubensky district Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 6 Jews lived in Z.
ZDOLBUNOV, city (since 1939), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1497.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zdolbunovo Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 1239 Jews (11.9%) lived in Z., in 1912 - 1345, in 1921 - 1262 Jews (17.3 Since 1900, the rabbi in Z. was Avrom-Aba Wolman (1877 -?). In 1903 Z. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1905 an organization operated in Z. Bund. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1918, a Hebrew school was opened in Z., which became part of the Tarbut network of schools (since 1939, teaching was conducted in Yiddish). In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. On June 30, 1941, Z. occupied units of the Wehrmacht. The Judenrat was created. 7 Aug 1941 in Z. 380 Jews were shot. In Z. Jews from the surrounding area were concentrated. points; as a result, the number of Jews in Z. reached 3,000. In May 1942, a ghetto was created, destroyed on October 8. 1942. Z. was released on 5 Feb. 1944, after the liberation, Jews who survived returned to Z. M. Baram.
ZDOLBUNOVO, see Zdolbunov.
ZDUNSKA WOLIA, a city (since 1825) in Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Zdunska Wola in Sieradz u. Kalisz province. In 1856 in West-West. 1671 Jews lived (26.9%), in 1897 - 7259 (45.8%), in 1921 - 7885 Jews. In 1825-62 Jews had the right to live and acquire land for only a few. streets Z.-V. In the 1880s. rabbi in Z.-V. there was Itzhok-Levi Flesher. In 1912 in West-East. there was a Jewish savings loan. m-in. In the 1910s. In the spring of 1940, a Bund organization was in operation. a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 8300 people The ghetto was liquidated in August. 1942 In Z.-V. genus. L.A. Lyusternik.
ZDUNSKA WOLA, see Zdunska Wola.
ZDZENTSIOL, see Dyatlovo.
ZEBRICHENI (until 1991 - Zabrichany), a village in the Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In July 1941, 7 Jews were killed in Z.
ZEIKAN (until 1991 - Zaykany), a village in the Riscani region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zagaykany Beletskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 71 Jews lived in Z. On 5 July 1941, 40 Jews were killed in Z.
ZEIRA (Comb) Mordechai (1905, Kiev - 1968, Tel Aviv), composer. Since 1924 - in E.-I. I wrote several. hundreds of songs, incl. popular in Israel "Kakha-kakh" ("This is the only way"), "Kinneret", "Layla, layla" ("Night, night"). In production 3. Influences of Eastern-European intertwined. synagogue and Hasidic melodies, rus. romances and roars. songs.
ZEKARI, a village in the Baghdad region (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Imeretian kingdom. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Kutaisi env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Kutaisi district. Kutaisi province. According to one version, Jews lived in Z. until the 1830s, then moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). According to other sources, the Jewish community existed in the West until the 1850s.
ZELDA (nast, name and surname. Zelda Shneerson-Mishkovskaya) (1914, Chernigov - 1984, Jerusalem), poetess. She wrote in Hebrew. Daughter of a rabbi from the Shneur Zalman family from Lyad. From 1925 in E.-I. In the beginning. 30s graduated from teaching, seminary in Jerusalem, after which pl. years she taught literature at school. In the 40-50s. was occasionally published in periodicals. First. collection of verses. "Leisure" (1967), "Invisible Carmel" (1971), "Don't Move Away" (1974) were published in 1975. book. In 1977, Sat. "After all, a mountain, after all, a fire" (1977). Poetry 3. is characterized by features of free associativity and contemplative lyricism, imbued with religious-mystical. attitude. Rus. per. verse. 3. were printed in Israeli railways. "Renaissance" (1973, 1975), "Zion" (1976), published by dep. Sat. in 1977.
ZELDIS Boris M. (b. 1915, Gaysin, Podolsk province), entrepreneur, prof. Economics and Management Catholic. un-that Valparaiso. In Chile since 1931. Pres. firm "Zeldis SA", co-owner of a number of enterprises, especially in the region. page-va. Pres. Heb. communities of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar, members. int. Council "B'ney B'rit".
GREEN, a village in the Nadvornyansky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 there were 112 Jews living in Z.. In May 1942, Jews in Z. were deported to Nadvirna.
ZELENCHUKSKAYA, village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Batalpashinsky department. Kuban Region. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Z. 7 December. 1942 in Z. 180 evacuated Jews were shot.
ZELENKA, a city (since 1960) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - the village of Varshavsky u. and provinces. In 1897, 106 Jews (21%) lived in Z.
ZELENODOLSK, city (since 1932), regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1865 as s. Zucchini. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zeleny Dol Kazan u. In 1939 there were 41 Jews living in Z.
GREEN, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1343. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 8 Jewish families settled in Z. their occupation was craft. In 1941, all the Jews of Z. were taken to Grimailov and shot there.
GREEN FIELD, see Zelenopol.
ZELENOKUMSK, a city (since 1965), a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1781. In 19 - early. 20 c - p. Vorontsovo-Alexandrovskoe Pyatigorsk u. Stavropol province. From 1963 - p. Soviet. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Z. 9. 1942 in Z. apprx. 200 evacuated Jews.
ZELENOPOL, a village in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1853 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Zelenoe Pole (other name - Zelenopol) in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. migrants from the Vilna and Vitebsk provinces. In the 1930s. - as part of the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. from 1932 - in Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - in Zaporozhye region. In 1858, 557 Jews lived in Z., in 1897 - 658 (90.3%), in 1901 - 601, in 1931 - 1259 Jews. dec. allotment land in 1861 under crops was 459 dess. (in 1897 - 752 dec.), established. crops - rye, winter wheat, spring wheat (20.3% of the area), barley (60.4%) and other crops. In 1897 there were 165 horses and 190 cows. In 1901 a synagogue existed in Z. school (in 1906 - 67 students), societies. bath. In 1924 84 families cultivated 1827 dess. arable land. In 1929 the Emes collective farm was created (in 1938 it united 158 farms). The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust. I.Z.Gordon.I.M.Shaikin
ZELENSKY Isaak Abramovich (1890, Saratov - 1938), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties since 1906. Born. in the family of a tailor. He graduated from the beginning. uch-shche, worked as a cap in a workshop in Orenburg. Into the roar. movement in 1906. Was repeatedly arrested, was in exile (Narym region), fled. From Feb 1917 desks. organizer of the Basmanny district in Moscow, before. District Council, member. Moscow VRK. In 1918–20 he worked in production. dep. Mossovet, elected secretary, MK RCP (b), was a member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Food of the RSFSR. Since May 1920, members Board of Tsentrosoyuz. In 1921–24 - member. Pres. Mossovet, secretary MK RCP (b), at the same time. from 2.6.1924 to 1.1.1926 members Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Cand. in part. Central Committee (since 1921), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (from 1922). 1924–31 - secret. Wednesday Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). From 1931 - before. Tsentrosoyuz. In 1937 he was repressed.
GREEN Boris (Borukh) Moiseevich (b. 1916, Kakhovka, Dnepropetrovsk u. Tavricheskaya gubernia), artist, painter. Grew up in Hebrews. agricultural colony Bobrovy Kut. In 1930–34 he studied at Heb. thin technical school (Kiev) at A.M. Cherkassky, in 1937–39 in the Kiev art. in-those. In 1939 he moved to Moscow, studied at the studio of I.E. Grabar. He volunteered for the front, was wounded at Stalingrad. After demobilization he graduated from the Moscow art. in-t them. V.I.Surikov (1945-50). Since 1973 - in Israel. The formation of manners began in the 1930s, the first is known. work "The head of a girl in the open air" (1936) was exhibited at the All-Ukrainian. exhibition of the best student works and publ. in f. Painting and Sculpture. The diploma work "The Brigade of Chutkikh" (1950, reproduction published in the magazine "Ogonyok") received good reviews and a postcard ("Pravda" publishing house) with its reproduction was issued. Despite the success of the portraits of the leaders of the production, in the rampant anti-Semitism and the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he preferred to take up landscape, developing the traditions of impressionism. Main works: landscapes of the Moscow region, the Baltic states, the Caucasus. Participant 12 cr. exhibitions in the USSR. After moving to Israel, his favorite topic was the image of Jerusalem on a sultry day (khamsin), still life, as well as portraits, distinguished by deep psychologism, associated with a fundamental desire to portray only people he knew. He has exhibited in Israel several times.
GREEN DOLE, see Zelenodolsk.
GREEN YAR (until 1946 - Karlovka), a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 19th century moved to Z. Ya. approx. 10 Jewish families, in the 1840s. Jews leased land. 1941 - early. 1942 in Z. Ya. St. 3 thousand Jews from Bessarabia and Odessa. By the time Z. Ya. Was released in March 1944, 480 people remained alive.
GREEN YAR, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1928 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony. In 1928, 180 Jews lived in Z. Ya.
ZELEV, see Zeluv.
ZELIKMAN Abram Naumovich (1911, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1993, Moscow), metallurgist, specialist in the region. metallurgy of rare metals and hydrometallurgy. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. from 1958. He graduated in 1938 Moscow. in-t fine chem. technology, until 1941 graduate student and sotr. department of fine metallurgy of rare metals. In 1941-45 the head. center, lab. defense plant, where he organized the production of hard alloys. Since 1945 he participated in the creation of nuclear weapons, incl. in obtaining weapons-grade plutonium. In 1948–52 at the All-Union Union. Research Institute inorganic materials. In 1943-93 in Moscow. Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold (since 1962 Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys) at the Department of Rare Metals and Powder Metallurgy. Main work related to the study of physical and chemical. properties of refractory rare metals and with the development of technol. processes of processing raw materials for their production. He was the first to generalize the theory of the process of roasting molybdenum concentrates in a fluidized bed. Supervised the development and implementation of extracts. methods for extracting molybdenum and rhenium from nitric acid solutions, technologies for producing selenides of refractory metals and selenide coatings of friction surfaces of parts used in spacecraft. techniques, etc. Author of textbooks and uch. manuals on the metallurgy of rare metals, more than 50 inventions. Honored. metallurgist of the RSFSR (1989). Works: Metallurgy of rare earth metals thorium and uranium, Moscow, 1961; Metallurgy of refractory rare metals, M., 1986; The theory of hydrometallurgical processes, 3rd ed., M., 1993.
ZELIKMAN Isaak Fedorovich (1896 - 1968, Krasnodar), process engineer, specialist in the region. technologies of sugary substances. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated in 1926 from Kharkov Technol. in-t. Since 1926 assistant at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, in-that, since 1928 in the Ukrainian scientific. Institute of sugar (since 1930 head of laboratory). At the same time. from 1932 he taught at the Ukrainian Academy of Supply in Kiev (head of the department of special disciplines of the sugar faculty). In 1940-49 at the Kiev Technol. in-those food. prom-sti. In 1949-60 the head. Department of the Central Asian Polytechnic. in-that in Tashkent. In 1960-68 the head. Department of Sugar in-in Krasnodar Polytechnic. in-ta.Osn. scientific. work related to chemistry and chemistry. technology of sugar production, with the development of technical methods. reconstruction of the sugar refinery industry, to-rye formed the basis for the radical reconstruction of the country's sugar factories. Technol. granulated sugar processing schemes proposed by 3. have been mastered at all refineries in the country. Author of textbooks and uch. benefits. Resp. ed. g. "Izvestia vysh. uch. institutions. Food. technology ", (since 1961). Works: Technology of sugar refinery production, Kiev-Lvov, 1947; Production of pressed refined sugar, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1962 (with F.A. Demchinsky).
ZELDIN Yasha (1901, Vilna - 1942), poet, playwright, translator. In his early youth, he was forced to leave school and go to work in order to feed himself and his family. He debuted in literature in 1919 a verse, in Yiddish "Der Feter Shneer" ("Uncle Snowman"), publ. in Vilna Heb. children g. "Grininke beymelech". The verse was later included in school anthologies, it was sung like a narrator. song. In the beginning. 20s served in the navy. Demobilized in 1925, Z. arrives in Moscow and becomes a member. lit. gr. at w. Jungwald. The nautical theme, to-rui 3. brought to Heb. owls. poetry of the 1920s, became ch. the theme of his work. In 1928, the Kharkov railway. Di Royte Velt published the first. hours of the poem 3. "Slaughterhouse" - about a simple peasant woman seeking to understand the new life and enter it. 3. wrote poems on the theme of the day, one-act plays, sovr. ditties from the colchs. life, translated the poet. manuf. Russian classics and contemporaries. Participated in the compilation of the collection. "For the Motherland in the Battle!", Published in the publishing house "Der Emes" in 1941. In the summer of 1941, he left with other writers in Moscow. militia. Killed in battle. Posthumous Sat. 3. “Yam Leader” (“Sea Songs”) was published by Sov. writer "in 1973.
ZELDOVICH Alexander Grigorievich (1915, Yekaterinburg - 1987, Dubna, Moscow region), physicist, specialist in the region. cryogenic technology. Dr. Tech. sciences. Y.B. Zeldovich's cousin. After graduating from Moscow. chem.-technologist, in-that them. DI Mendeleev (1938) worked at the 1st Autogenous Plant, then at the Institute of Physics. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (until 1958). Since 1958 in the United. Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna), head. cryogen. dep. In the years of the 2nd world. war participated in the creation. installations (including industrial) for the production of liquid oxygen. Conducted work on the industry. the release of deuterium by the method of low-temperature rectification of liquid hydrogen. Created a cryogenic base lab. high energies United. in-that nuclear research. Hands. works on the creation of liquid hydrogen bubble chambers, superconducting magnets for accelerators, lab. liquefiers of hydrogen and helium. Under the arm. 3. the world's first liquid hydrogen deuterium, helium and jet targets were created. Honored. inventor of the RSFSR. State ave. USSR, Len. pr. Participant pl. int. projects. Daughter 3. Maria (b. 1939), physicist, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sci., specialist in space science. rays and solar-terrestrial connections; son - Sergey (b. 1945), engineer-physicist.
ZELDOVICH Boris Yakovlevich (b. 1944, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Son of physicist Ya B Zel'dovich. After graduation (1966) Moscow. Unta post-graduate student Ying-that theoretical. and experiment. Physics (Cand. Dis. 1969), in 1969–70 he worked at this institute. In 1970–81 - at Phys. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1981–87 - in the Institute of Problems in Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1987 head. lab. nonlinear optics Institute of electrophysics of the Ural department. Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Chelyabinsk, at the same time. prof. Chelyabinsk State University. research nonlinear and physical optics. Author of works on wavefront reversal. He laid the foundations for nonlinear optics of liquid crystals. Predicted and discovered optical. the Magnus effect and revealed its connection with the spin-orbit interaction of a photon in an inhomogeneous medium and with geometric. the Berry phase. Predicted and discovered interference between one- and two-photon ionization processes. Proposed and implemented multifrequency holography. The author is numerous. scientific. Art. and monographs. State pr. USSR (1983). Member Int. Academy of Astronautics (1969), Queen of London, Society (1972), German Academy "Leopoldina" (1972) and other academies and scientific. about-in the world. Cit .: Reversal of the wave front, Moscow, 1985; The theory of volumetric holograms with superimposed recording, L., 1981; Four-wave front reversal with signal selection and control, Gorky, 1982.
ZELDOVICH Moisey Horatsievich (b. 1919, Kamenets-Podolsky), literary critic, specialist in the theory of literature and literature. criticism. Compiler of popular accounts. critical reader materials "Rus. liter of XIX century ", century 1–2, 1959–61 (with L.Ya. Livshits); add., revised., 1964, 1967, 1975) for ser. "Thoughts about literature and art" was compiled by the book. about A.S. Pushkin (1984), A.I. Herzen (1987), M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1989). Author of books: Lessons critical. classics: questions of theory and methodology of criticism (1976), Pages of the history of rus. lit. classics (1984).
ZELDOVICH Yakov Borisovich (1914, Minsk - 1987, Moscow), theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, physicochemist, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Hero of Soc. Labor (1949, 1953, 1956). Created sovr. theory and founded the school of owls. physicists in the fields of combustion, detonation and shock waves. From 1931 he worked at Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1964 - at the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1984 - in the State. astronomical. in-those them. P.K. Sternberg and scientific. consultant of the Directorate of Ying-that kosmich. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of funds. tr. on nuclear physics, physics of elementary particles, astrophysics, sovr. relativistic cosmology. The author of the founding books. by pl. areas of physics. One of the creatures. (jointly with Yu.B. Rumer and Yu.B. Khariton) Sov. nuclear weapons. Became. pr. (1943, 1949, 1951, 1953), Len. pr. (1957). Medal to them. K. Bruce of the Pacific Astronomical. about-va (1983). Evil Medal of the London Queens. astronomical. about-va (1984). Member pl. foreign academies, scientific. ob-v. Daughter - Olga (b. 1938, Leningrad), physicist, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sci., author of works on double decay. Daughter - Marina Ovchinnikova (b. 1939, Leningrad), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences, specialist in the theory of atomic-mol. processes.Daughter - Alexandra Varkovitskaya (born 1945, Arzamas-16), physicist, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sci., specialist in physics of cosm. rays, works: Chem. physics and hydrodynamics: Fav. tr., M., 1984; Nucleus particles, Universe: Fav. tr., M., 1985; The drama of ideas in the knowledge of nature: Particles, fields, charges (in co-authorship), M., 1988.
ZELMANOV Abram Leonidovich (1913, Gadyach, Poltava province. - 1987, Moscow), astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1985). Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1937) and graduate school of the State. astronomical. in-ta them. P.K. Sternberg (1941). In 1942–51 and 1955–87 he worked at the same institute. From 1947 he taught at Moscow State University (lectured on the theory of relativity, gravity and cosmology). In 1952-54 scientific. consultant Mosk. planetarium. Developed the relativistic theory of an anisotropic inhomogeneous universe, the properties of which are different in dec. directions. Developed a number of mathematical. methods that allow you to build models of the universe at the most different. assumptions. Developed mathematics. apparatus applicable not only in cosmology, but also in astrophysics of compact objects, in the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic and gravitics. fields in the vicinity of neutron stars and black holes. He expressed the idea that the possibility of the existence of intelligent life is associated with the expansion of the Universe. The author of works on cosmology, as well as on philosophy. issues of modern natural science, reviews on cosmology and many others. original works.
ZELTSER Johann Moiseevich (1905, Odessa - 1941, Kronstadt), writer. In 1927–31 he served in the Baltic Fleet. Began to publish in the naval gas. The author of several. screenplays, plays, incl. "Seekers of Happiness" (1936, co-authored with G. Kobets) and two collection of stories. During the Sov.-Finl. war and from 22.6.41 - on the battleship "Marat". Cit .: Natural history, L.-M., 1934; Variety stories, L.-M., 1934; Sailors, Gorky, 1940.
ZELVA, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Volkovysk district of the Novogrudok voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1766, 522 Jews lived in Z., in 1847 - 846, in 1897 - 1844 Jews (65.8%). about Jews in Z. refers to the 3rd quarter. 17th century All R. 18th century Rabbi Avigdor was the rabbi in Z. At this time Z. was one of the centers of the struggle against Hasidism. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Z. Since 1906, Avrom-Tzvi-Hirsh Kopelovich (1865—?) Was the rabbi in Z. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution functioned in Z. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Z. was destroyed during the Holocaust. I. I. Broyde, J. V. Gardman, I. S. Kantsepolsky.
ZELTNER Vladimir 3. (1909, Kiev - 1977, Tel Aviv), lawyer. Studied at high fur boots in Berlin, Leipzig, Heidelberg (1927–31), at the Sorbonne (Paris, 1936). Since 1936 - in E.-I. In 1936-39 he was a lecturer, in 1940-49 co-owner of a law. firms "Sommerfield and Zeltner", from 1949 judge, from 1953 before. Surroundings court of Tel Aviv and lecturer of the department of Heb. University in Tel Aviv, in 1959–61 assistant to the dean of law. f-that. Ch. ed. g. Ga-praklit (1951-62); "Psakim" (1950–61).
ZELYAKH Naum Markovich (| - 1908, |), architect. Ml. architect of the Samara province. (1893–97), lips. architect of Perm province, court counselor.
ZELIUN, a village in the Ciechanow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Mlavsky u. Plock Gubernia. In 1897, 272 Jews (30.9%) lived in Z., in 1921 - 366 Jews. Jews lived in Z. from the 19th century. In the end. 19th century there was a Jewish community. In 1867–71, Moishe Chernavir was the rabbi in Z., in 1886–96, Abraham Sanabend (1862–?), In the 1900s. - Zvi Herzberg. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1930s. pl. Jews moved to the kr. In the fall of 1941, the Jews of Z. (130 people) were deported to the Warsaw ghetto.
ZELUW, a city (since 1957) in the Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - agricultural. colony Zelev Laski u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 922 Jews (31%) lived in Z., in 1921 - 1,816 Jews (34%). 19th century Czechs settled in Z., who became the initiators of the development of weaving production. All R. 19th century in Z. Jews began to settle, who studied Ch. arr. supplying Czech workshops and selling finished products. Jews were also engaged in petty trade and crafts (tailors). Z. became the center of sewing production. In 1921 Jews owned 83 manufactories, 34 sewing, 3 furrier workshops and 19 shops. Rabbi Z. was Yisroel-Yakov Grinfeld. During the 1st world. During the war, Zionist organizations began to operate in Zion. After the war, various branches were opened. Jewish parties and youth movements. At the same time, a library was opened, with a cut self-employed people worked. Tr, there were Bund and Agudas Yisroel branches. 6 Sept. 1939 Z. was occupied by the Germans. troops. The Judenrat was created (the head is the head of the Rosenzaft community). Dec. 1940 in Z. lived approx. 4,500 Jews (about 2,300 of them are refugees). By March 1941, the number of Jews in Z. had reached 7,000. A ghetto was created. In aug. 1942 some of the Jews were sent to the Lodz ghetto. 14 Sep 1942 the remaining Jews were shot. Shloyme Yanovsky (1853-1924, Manchester, USA), translator, from 1911 - in the USA, translated the book into Yiddish. "Ruth" and a number of prayer books.
ZEMBA Menachem (1883 - 1943, Warsaw), rabbi. Rod. in a poor Hasidic family. As a young man, he became known as a religion. erudite. In their tr. did not resort to traditional Talmudic. controversy characteristic of the production. Polish Talmudists of that time. Since 1935, member. Warsaw rabbi. advice. 3. was one of the last Warsaw rabbis to survive the first wave of extermination of ghetto Jews. January 14, 1943 at a meeting of the surviving leaders of the Hebrews. the movement gave the rabbinic blessing for the uprising. On the eve of the uprising, Catholic. the church offered to save the three surviving Warsaw rabbis, but 3. refused and died a martyr's death in the ghetto. Works 3. became widely known among scholars, being an unusual alloy of dialectic characteristic of Poland. approach and method of deep logic. research, more inherent in the rabbis of Lithuania. Many manuscripts. his works are lost during the 2nd world. war. Remains 3.reburied in Jerusalem in 1958.
ZEMBIN, part of (since 1954) the village of Zembin (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1841 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Borisov u. Minsk province. In 1898, 38 people lived in Z. by 46 dec. land.
ZEMLERUB Victor Abramovich (b. 1910, Kharkov), engineer, major general of the engineering and artillery service (1944). In 1934 he graduated from the Kharkov Industrial Institute. He worked at the enterprises of Kharkov as an engineer, early. workshop, beginning. dep. tech. control. Since 1940 - Chief Controller of the USSR People's Commissariat for State Control. In Kr. Army from 1942. In 1942-47 - early. Ch. Directorate of the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition. He was transferred to the reserve in 1947. In 1947–70 he held engineering positions in industry.
ZEMLYACHKA (real name - Zalkind) Rozalia Samoilovna (from the 1920s the official name - Samoilova) (1876, Kiev - 1947, Moscow), state. and desks. activist. Rod. in the family of a merchant of the 1st guild. Into the roar. movement since 1896, agent of "Iskra" in Odessa and Yekaterinoslav. In 1905 - secretary. MK RSDLP (b). She was arrested several times. In oct. 1917 - member. Moscow VRK. In 1918–21 he was a political worker in the army. In 1920-22 - sec. Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921 he was awarded an order. Cr. Banner (the first woman to be awarded this order). In 1922-23 - secretary. Zamoskvoretskiy RKP (b) in Moscow. In 1924–25 - at the desk. work in the North. Caucasus, then in the Urals. In 1924–34 she was elected a member. Central Committee, in 1926–31 - member. Collegiums of the NK RFL of the USSR. In 1932–33, he was a member. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways, since 1934 member. Commissions of Sov. control, then deputy. and before. (in 1939–40) Commission of Sov. control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. At the same time. in 1939–43 - deputy. prev. SNK USSR, then deputy. prev. CPC at the CEC of the CPSU (b). Was elected member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1939), member. Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1937). Delegate to a number of desks. congresses and conf. She was an ardent supporter of tightening control methods, "emergency measures", the struggle for "cleanliness" of the parties. rows. Urn with ashes 3. buried in the Kremlin wall.
ZEMLYANSK, a village in the Semiluksky district of the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of Voronezh province. In 1910, 11 Jews lived in Z. In 1915 195 Jewish refugees arrived in Z.
ZEMO PSHAPI (Upper Pshap), a village in the Gulripshsky district of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pshapskoe, Sukhum environs. Kutaisi province. In 1921–91, it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in ZP.
ZEMSKY Ilya (1890 - 1962, Rochester, USA), painter. He studied painting in Moscow and Paris. In the USA since 1919. He worked in different styles, remaining, however, in essence of his work a realist. He quickly received recognition from the Amer. critics. He created many portraits, including the actors of the Moscow Art Theater during a tour of the theater in the USA. After 1929 he was not exhibited anywhere.
ZEMURAY Samuel (1878, Chisinau, Bessarabian province - 1961), entrepreneur, since 1892 - in the USA. After trying a number of activities, at the age of 20 he got a job as a banana peddler in Alabama, after which he quickly succeeded. He became a co-owner of two freight steamships, acquired 5000 acres of land in Honduras, founded the Cuyamel Fruit Company, which in 1930 he sold to the rival United Fruit Company, becoming its largest shareholder. In 1932 he reorganized the United Fruit Company, in 1938 its president was elected. In 1951 he resigned from his presidency and became the head. The executive committee of the company. Since the beginning of the new econ. politicians 3. actively participated in the development of laws included in the Act of Settlement in s. x-ve. During the 2nd world. war served as an advisor to the Commission on the Econ. help. Working in Lat. America, donated money for the construction of housing, clinics, recreation areas and schools for workers. Financed the activities of the Zionist organizations.
ZENKOV, city, regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1604. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Poltava province. In 1847 304 Jews lived in Z., in 1865 - 514, in 1897 - 1263 (12.1%), in 1910 - 1525, in 1920 - 1182, in 1923 - 972, in 1926 - 608 In 1939 there were 142 Jews. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Zagreb, in 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 there was a society of benefits for poor Jews, Khevra Kaddish. In the 1900-1910s. Semyon Simeonovich Rakovshchik was the rabbi in Z. In 1927 a Jewish educational program for adults was opened in Z. 1942 in Z. several were shot. hundreds of Jews. E.I. Kogan.
ZENKEVICH Lev Alexandrovich (1889, Tsarev of Astrakhan province - 1970, Moscow), hydrobiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968), one of the founders of the Fatherland. oceanology. Graduated from law. (1912) Faculty of Natural Sciences. Department of Physics and Mathematics. f-that (1916) Moscow. un-that. Since 1930 prof. and head. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, simultaneously. since 1947 in the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Hands. pl. oceanological exp. on the ships "Perseus" (1930s), "Vityaz" (1949, 1950, 1953, 1966), "Akademik Kurchatov" (1968). Pres. Vses. hydrobiol. about-va (since 1947). Main tr. by morphology and compare. anatomy of invertebrates, biogeography of the seas of the USSR. He created a biological theory. ocean structure, evolution of the sea. fauna, gave quantities. assessment of benthos (bottom fauna). Auth. of the textbook “Seas of the USSR. Their fauna and flora ”(2nd ed., 1956). D. h. Serb. Academy of Sciences and Arts, Intern. biol. associations in India, member. Danish natural sciences. about-va, poch. h. Marine Biol. associations of Great Britain. Became. npv (1951). Linen. etc. (1965). Works: Geography of animals, Moscow, 1946 (et al.); Fauna and biologist, productivity of the sea, t. 1-2, M., 1947 - 1951; Biology of the seas of the USSR, M., 1963; Fav. Tr., t. 1–2, M., 1977.
ZEREMLYA, a village in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1941, 22 Jews were shot in Z.
ZERNOGRAD (until 1960 - Grain), city (since 1951), regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1915 as a siding Camel in connection with the construction of the railway. Rostov - Torgovaya, since 1933 - a settlement. In 1939 62 Jews lived in Z.. occupation during the 2nd world. During the war, all Jews in Z. were shot in a gully outside the city.
GRAIN, see Zernograd.
ZESTAFONI (until 1921 - Dzhugeli, other names. Kvirily), city (from 1926), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Shorapansky u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 44 Jews (0.8 percent) living in Z., in 1939 - 151, in 1970 - 361, in 1979 - 52 Jews. (Ashkenazi) - employees of the Chiatura manganese production have lived in the West since the 1880s. Georgian Jews have lived in Z. since the 1910s. Since the 1920s. in Z. there was a synagogue located in a residential building. In 1964, the fact of "ritual slander" was noted in Z. D.M.Khananashvili
ZETL, see Dyatlovo.
ZEVIN Yisroel-Joseph (ps. Tashrak) (1872, Gorki, Mogilev province. - 1926, New York), prose writer. Rod. in a wealthy Hasidic family, received a home. education. Since 1889 in the USA. He was a small trader. In 1893 he made his debut as a novella in Yiddish in New York Gas. "Idishes tageblat", where he later published stories, feuilletons, fairy tales, humoresques, publicist, art. on the topics of the day, as well as rum. Over time, Z. became known as the “humorist of Heb. America ". With understanding and a sad smile, he drew a comic. moments in the lives of their heroes. The author of the book: "Dos golden land" ("Golden country"), "Shpas un ernst" ("Joking and seriously"), "Mener un froen" ("Men and women"), "Oif yener zayt yam" (" On the other side of the sea "). In three hours he published all the aggads from the Talmud, the two-volume edition "All the fables of the Dubensk maggid", "Maiselekh far kinder" ("Fairy tales for children"). See. Hebru Publishing K, New York, released his rum. "Fun akhtsn biz drytsn" ("From eighteen to thirty") is a story about Heb. life in America. He also wrote in English.
ZEVIN Lev Yakovlevich (1903, Vitebsk - 1942,), painter, graphic artist. Studied at rice school. and painting by I.M.Den (1917), Vitebsk art. school (1918–20) with MZ Shagal and KS Malevich, after moving to Moscow in 1921, at VKHUTEMAS (1921–25), at the easel department. painting, faculty in the workshop of R.R. Falk. In 1926 he became a graduate student of VKhUTEIN and Falk's assistant. In 1927, member. unite. BOX (All-Belarusian Union of Artists), in 1928–29 a member. about-va "ROST", in 1929–30 members. gr. "13", which united mainly graphic artists, in 1930–32 p. ROMB (Rev. Organization of Masters of Belarus). Participated in exhibitions of all these associations. In 1930 he was sent to Hebrew. commune in the Crimea, where he created a number of works ("Field Camp", "Landscape with a Harrow", etc.). From 1930 he taught at Moscow. thin memory school 1905. In 1932 he designed the play “Inostr. Collegium "based on the play by LISlavin at BelGOSET. In 1932–35 ill. a number of books. in GIKHL ("The Hornist" by M. A. Svetlov and others). In 1935, a creative trip with gr. Heb. artists in Birobidzhan, created. ser. "Birobidzhan landscapes" and other works In 1935–39 he created a number of portraits (by F. Rabkina, E. G. Kazakevich, and others). Self-portraits of 1920–41 occupy a significant place in Z.'s work, which speaks of a penchant for introspection and the gradual acquisition of skill. He died in battles near Moscow.
ZEVIN Shlomo-Yosef (1890, Kazimirovo, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1978, Jerusalem), rabbi, religious society. activist. He studied at yeshivas in Mir (Grodno province) and Bobruisk. Was a rabbi for several. communities, incl. Kazimirova, where he inherited the position of his father. In 1928, joint. with Y. Abramsky obtained permission from the Sov. authorities at ed. g. "Yagdil Torah" - unity. printed organ rabbinic. literature in the USSR (ed. 2 issues, 1928). From 1934 - in E.-I., where in 1936–45 he published a weekly. rabbinic review literature, wrote in halakhich. problems, was ed. Talmudic. encyclopedias ”(published since 1942). Since 1960 - prez. Research Institute Yad Mr. Herzog in Jerusalem, since 1965 - Member. Top, rabbinic. council of Israel. Laureate of pl. lit. etc., as well as State. pr. Israel rabbinical. lit-re (1959).
ZEVIN Yakov Davidovich (1884, Krasnopolye Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1918), a participant in the revolutionary movement in Russia. Member of the RSDLP since 1904, Menshevik. Conducted revolutionary work in Yekaterinoslavl, Bakhmut, Baku and other cities. Member of the revolution of 1905–07. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled (1907, 1908, 1912, 1916). Delegate to the 6th conference of the RSDLP (1912). Member of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. After the February Revolution of 1917 he worked in the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies. Since August 1917 - in Baku, one of the leaders of the Union of Oil Industrial Workers. From April 1918 - Labor Commissar of the Baku Council of People's Commissars. After the fall of the Baku Commune (Aug. 1918), he was arrested and held in a Baku prison. On September 20, 1918, he was shot at the 207th verst of the Transcaspian railway. among the 26 Baku commissars.
ZEYA (in 1906-13 - Zeya-Pristan), a city (since 1906), a regional center in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1879 as a settlement under the name. Zeya Warehouse. At 19 - early. 20th century - In the Amur Region, 17 Jews lived in Z. in 1910, and 15 Jews in 1939.
ZEYA-PILE, see Zeya.
SEIDENBERG Savely Moiseevich (1862, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1942, Yaroslavl), painter. Studied at Kiev rice. school (late 1870s - early 1880s) under N.I. Murashko, volunteer of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1882–85), then a student (1886–91). Several once awarded angry. and silver. medals of the Academy of Arts. Since 1886 participates in exhibitions of the Academy of Arts, “Society of Artists of History. painting "(1898, Moscow), exhibitions of paintings and sculptors. Jewish artists (Moscow, 1917–18), 13 and 14 autumn exhibitions of the T-va of Artists (Petrograd, 1916–17). One of the founders and participant of exhibitions about-va them. AI Kuindzhi (Petersburg-Leningrad, 1909–31), member. thin section Heb. Society for encouraging artists (Petrograd, 1916). In the 1890-1910s. 3. wrote ist. and genre. paintings ("Novgorod freeman", "At the fair", etc.), portraits ("Singer AD Vyaltseva", etc.), landscapes ("In the evening", "Indian summer", etc.). After Oct. the revolution participated in the creation. Heb. section of the People's Commissariat for Education (late 1918), wrote thematic. paintings ("S.M. Kirov on the farm", "Reading Pushkin on the farm", etc.), was engaged in teaching. activities in VKHUTEIN and Ying-those painting, sculpture and architecture (IZHSA) until 1940.
SEIFERT Moishe (1851, Wilkomir, Kovno province - 1922, New York), playwright, publicist. At the age of 13, he published his first correspondence in the Vilna railway. "Ha-Carmel". At the insistence of his father, he went to study at the Volozhin yeshiva, but he was expelled from there for reading secular literature. In 1873, having passed the exam, he began to work as a medical assistant and continued to publish articles, feuilletons, stories in various publications in Hebrew and Russian. languages. In 1885 he emigrated to America and switched to Yiddish, wrote Ch. arr. pieces for Heb. t-ra. For 15 years he composed 47 plays. The first rom., Written in America, was called "The Tower of Babel", and only 3. 64 rom. Were written, naib, popular of which were "Barg arop" ("Down from the Mountain"), un lakht "(" How New York cries and laughs ") and others. In 1897 3. published the work" History of the Jewish Theater ". Published memoirs about the Vilna enlighteners. His novels "Itele un Gitele" ("Itele and Gitele"), "Tsvishn libe un ere" ("Between love and honor"), "Megilas Dreyfus" ("The Story of Deifus") and many others were published in separate editions. dr.
ZEYGARNIK Bluma Volfovna (1900, Prena Mariampolsky u. Suvalka province. - 1988, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences, prof. In 1927 she graduated from Philosophy. f-t (psychology department) of Berlin un-that. Sci. activity began in Berlin under the hands of. classic experiment personality psychology K. Levin. The first work 3. eating, identifying the dependence of memory on the dynamics of motivational processes. Discovered by her, the fact of preferential memorization of unfinished actions entered the world. psychol. literature under the name. Zeigarnik effect; subsequently studying this phenomenon were eating, numerous. research worldwide. From 1931 she worked in a neuropsychiatrist. clinic Vses. in-that experiment. medicine (VIEM) together with L.S. Vygotsky, applying his ideas of cultural-ist. approach to the pathology of the psyche. In 1941-45 she worked in a neurosurgeon. hospital in the Urals, actively participated in the work to restore the psyche of seriously wounded soldiers. In collaboration with A.R. Luria, G.E. Sukhareva and others, she headed a new direction of psychology. science - pathopsychology. After the death of Vygotsky (1934) lab. pathopsychology first in VIEM, then in Ying-those psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR became scientific. and methodical. center for the development of problems of mental pathology. 3. has developed a new understanding of the structure and dynamics of thinking disorders in mental. diseases, about the role of the motivational link in the violation of cognitive processes. Research 3. in the region. personality pathologies laid the foundations for studying the problems of the formation of pathological. needs, violation of self-awareness, the ratio of decay and development of the psyche. From 1940 she led a ped. work at Moscow State University, first at psychology. dep. Philos. f-that, then at the Department of Neuro- and Pathopsychology of the Faculty of Psychology. With active participation 3. created. practical psychol. service in father. psychiatry, developed the basis for the training of specialists in honey. psychology. Lomonosovskaya pr. (1978), Mezhdunar. etc. them. K. Levin (1983). Cit .: Pathology of thinking, M., 1962; Personality and pathology of activity, M., 1971; Personality theory and notation. psychology, M., 1982; Pathopsychology, M., 1986.
SEILIGER-RUBINSTEIN Evgeniya Iosifovna (1890, Odessa - 1969, Leningrad), teacher. In 1911 she graduated from historical-ped. Faculty of Odessa higher. wives courses. In 1913–20 she was in charge of a kindergarten in Odessa and publ. a number of Art. summarizing my experience. In 1920-22 she taught at the Odessa Institute of Nar. education. From 1924 she worked at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. In 1954–67 - at Leningrad State University. In the 20-30s. studied the characteristics of the character and behavior of preschool children. age. In the 40-50s. dealt with the problems of the history of pedagogy, devoted the monograph ped. views of A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev. In works on the history of ped. thought carried out a connection between the theory and practice of education with social problems.
ZEILIGER Dmitry Nikolaevich (1864, Tiraspol - 1936, Rostov-on-Don), mathematician, mechanic. Graduated from Novorossiysk University (1887). Since 1895 - an extraordinary professor at Kazan University, since 1899 - an ordinary professor at the same un-that. Main research is devoted to line geometry. Honored. de-yat. science of the RSFSR (1927).
ZEYSKY WAREHOUSE, see Zeya.
ZGERZ, see Zgierz.
ZGEZH, a city (since 1318) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1231. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Zgerz ód u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia In 1764, 9 Jews lived in Z., in 1793 - 12, in 1808 - 27 (5.3%), in 1827 - 356 (7.8%), in 1856 - 1637 (24.5%). in 1897 - 3548 (18.4%), in 1921 - 3828 (18.1%), in 1931 - 4547 (22.5%), in 1939 - approx. 4,800 Jews. Jews settled in Z. from the middle. 18th century Among the first Jews in the city were an innkeeper and two tailors. In the 1st floor. 19th century Jews in Z. lived in the Jewish quarter. In the beginning. 19th century a community was created. A wooden synagogue was built in 1837, and a large stone synagogue in 1860. In 1885, the state was opened in Z. Jewish school. In 1890, on the initiative of immigrants from Lithuania, a cheder metukan was created. Literary-musical-drama was founded in 1890. ob-in "Gazomir". In 1827-77 the Kotsk Hasid Shoylom-Tsvi-Hirsch Gakogen was the rabbi of Z. Under him a yeshiva was created in Z. From 1877 Zvi Gakogen was rabbi of Z. events in 1905. In 1911 a Zionist organization was created. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank in Zambia. m-in. In the same year, the Yagdil Toire Society was founded. In 1919–20 the Jewish cemetery was repeatedly desecrated. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1939, Jews were deported from Z., with the exception of 80 people. specialists, for which a ghetto was created, liquidated in January. 1942 After 1945, several returned to the West. Jewish families who then left Poland in the 1950s. D. S. Frishman, M. Schwartz.
ZGURITSA, a village in the Drochia region (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1853 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Zguritsa in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 there were 1,802 Jews (85.5 percent) in Zagreb, in 1899 there were 269 Jewish families, in 1930 there were 2,541 Jews. 5 synagogues, societies. bath. Since 1899, Avrom-Joseph Frizman (1840—?) Was the rabbi in Z. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Z. after the occupation of the room. In July 1941, the Z. Jews were deported to Transnistria by troops, where almost all of them perished. P.-D.Sprinberg.
Zguritsa, see Zguritsa.
ZGUROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1690. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1903 Z. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882.
ZHABINKA, city (since 1970), regional center in Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kobrin u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. 445 Jews (73%) lived in Zh. In 1921. Jews lived in Zh. From the second half of the year. 19th century Since 1898, Joseph-Zalman Yogalumstein (1869—?) Was the rabbi in Zh. In 1903 Zh. Was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1929 a Jewish child was opened in Zh. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in Zh. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1942, approx. 100 Jews; 339 were taken to Malorita, where they were subsequently destroyed.
TOAD, see Verkhovyna.
ZHABOKRICH, a village in the Kryzhopol district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk lips. In the 1920s. - Zhabokrichsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Kryzhopolsky district of the Vinnitsa okrug. In 1847, there were 665 Jews living in Zh., in 1897 - 1307 (20.1%), in 1923 - 823, and in 1939 - 679 Jews. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in Zh. In the 1901-20s. Nathan Stanislavsky (1872—?) was the rabbi in Zh. 22 oct. In 1917 the Jewish community of Zh. Suffered from a pogrom organized by the peasants; in 1919 another pogrom took place. On July 27-29, 1941, 435 Jews were shot in Zh., Including more than 230 Jews.
ZHABOKRUKI, a village in the Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, six Jews of Zh. Were sent to the village. Nezvisko and killed there.
ZHABOTIN, a village in the Kamensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. 272 ​​Jews (14%) lived in Zh. In 1897. In 1768, during the "koliivshchina" period, Zh. Jews were almost completely exterminated. In the 19th century. the Jewish community in Zh. was revived.
ZHABOTINSKY Anatoly Markovich (b. 1938, Moscow), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1972). Son of M.E. Zhabotinsky. Graduated from Moscow. un-t in 1961. In 1961-62 he worked at Ying-those experiment. and clinics. oncology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1962–72 at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Prof. Moscow physical and technical Institute since 1968. In 1972-84 - head. lab. Research Institute for Biol. chemical tests connections (NIIPOBIKHS). Since 1984 - head. lab. Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Since 1990 he has been working under a contract in the USA, prof. University of Brandyce in Boston. interests - the use of physical and mathematical. methods for studying biol. and chem. phenomena. Proposed and researched. the mechanism is shaking. reactions of Belousov, considered its various modifications and developed their general theory (vibrational reactions were called Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions). Joint. with AN Zaikin discovered autowaves - the propagation of waves in active media. The author of St. 100 scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1980). Works: Concentration self-oscillations, Moscow, 1974.
ZHABOTINSKY Mark Efremovich (b. 1917, Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinoslav province), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1940). He worked at the "Talking Paper" factory, then at the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1942–45 the head. lab. in the defense industry. In 1945-53 in Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1953 he has been working at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department, since 1983 head of research assistant). At the same time. taught at Moscow. physical and technical Institute (in 1947–75, prof. from 1964). interests - radiophysics, quantum. radiophysics and electronics. Received important results in the region. nonlinear oscillations, built the theory of quartz, generators and fluctuations in them. Created the theory of frequency division and multiplication, incl. on reflect. klystrons. Created the first odech. frequency standard for beams of cesium atoms. Developed a quantum, a paramagnet. amplifiers of the decimeter range and for the first time in the USSR used them in radio astronomy, including in space. radar. He proposed a new approach to creating. materials for solid-state lasers and created phosphate, laser, glass. Initiator of the development of fiber optics and the creator of metering systems and local area networks, including fiber sensors. Developed (independently of others) gradient fibers by the paraphase reaction method. The author of St. 250 scientific. works and 78 inventions, received 18 nicks. patents. Etc. them. L.I. Mandelstam (1948), them. A.S. Popov (1980) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. State pr. USSR (1976). Deputy prev. Grew up. nat. to-that Intern. Radio Union, Works: Laser Phosphate Glass, Moscow, 1980 (with others); Quantum. frequency standards, M., 1967 (jointly with V.V. Grigoryants and V.S. Zolin).
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЖАБОТИНСКИЙ Зеев (Владимир Евгеньевич) (1880, Одесса – 1940, близ Нью-Йорка), один из лидеров сионист. движения, идеолог и основатель ревизионист. течения в сионизме, писатель и публицист. Из семьи кр. коммерсанта. В раннем детстве получил традиц. евр. образование. В 1894–98 учился в Ришельевской г-зии, в 1898–1901 на юрид. ф-тах Бернского и Римского ун-тов. Сдал экстерном экзамены за курс г-зии (1909) и Демидовского юрид. лицея в Ярославле (1912). С 1897 печатался в газ. «Одесский листок», «Одесские новости»; пьесы «Кровь» и «Ладно» шли на сцене Одесского гор. т-ра. В нач. 1900-х гг. близок к с.-д. (в 1903 чл. Одесского к-та РСДРП). Под впечатлением евр. погрома в Кишиневе (1903) отошел от рос. рев. движения и посвятил себя борьбе за освобождение евр. народа. Вместе с М.Я.Дизенгофом выступил инициатором создания евр. самообороны, собирал средства на покупку оружия. Изучив иврит, в 1904 перевел на рус. яз. «Сказание о погроме» Х.-Н.Бялика (опубл. в 1906; впоследствии перевел большинство его стих., издав их в 1911 отд. сб-ком). В пьесе «Чужбина» (1910) призывал евр. молодежь оставить рос. рев. движение и отдать силы и энергию делу возрождения евр. народа. Участвовал в 6-м Сионист, конгрессе (Базель, 1903). В 1903 переехал в Петербург, где стал чл. редакции сионист. ж. «Евр. жизнь», позднее – ж. «Рассвет». Участвовал в создании «Союза для достижения полноправия евр. народа в России» (1905). На 3-й Всерос. конференции сионистов (нояб. 1906, Гельсингфорс) участвовал в выработке т.н. Гельсингфорской программы, направленной на борьбу за равноправие и нац. возрождение рос. еврейства. В 1908 по предложению Исполнит. к-та Всемирной сионист. орг-ции возглавил издание сионист, печатного органа в Турции. В 1911 основал в Одессе изд-во «Тургеман» («Переводчик») для печатания на иврите лучших произв. мировой литры. В 1910–13 развернул борьбу за переход евр. школ на преподавание на иврите. В нач. 1-й мир. войны Ж. выехал в Зап. Европу как корр. моск. газ. «Рус. ведомости». Вместе с И.Трумпельдором и П.М.Рутенбергом начал кампанию за создание евр. воинской части в составе войск Антанты, завершившуюся в 1917 образованием Евр. легиона, вошедшего в англ. армию. Сам Ж. вступил в легион рядовым, позднее за заслуги произведен в офицеры. В 1918 Ж. создавал отряды евр. самообороны в Э.-И., участвовал в стычках с арабами.В 1920 Ж. поселился в Иерусалиме. В том же году, во время евр. погрома в Иерусалиме, с группой единомышленников пытался организовать вооруж. отпор, арестован брит. властями, приговорен к 15 годам каторги (благодаря протестам мир. общественности вскоре освобожден.). В 1921 Ж. избран чл. Исполкома Всемирной сионист. орг-ции и в совет директоров Керен Га-иесод (гл. финанс. орган Всемирной сионист. орг-ции и Евр. Агентства). В нач. 1920-х гг. возглавил радикальное течение в сионизме. В нач. 1923 вышел из Исполнит. к-та Всемирной сионист. орг-ции, не поддержавшей его жесткой политики в отношении брит, властей в Э.-И. Став компаньоном изд-ва «Гасефер» в Берлине, подготовил первый геогр. атлас на иврите. С 1923 пост. сотр. ж. «Рассвет» (органа рос. сионистов-эмигрантов). Выступал за создание в Э.-И. евр. гос-ва, не связанного социалистич. или коммунистич. идеалами, утверждал приоритет нац. подхода над классовым. Гарантией успешного евр. заселения Э.-И. считал сильное евр. гос-во и его вооруж. силы. В 1925 Ж. создал и возглавил новую партию – «Союз сионистов-ревизионистов», организовал при ней молодежное движение «Бейтар», выдвинул перед евр. молодежью лозунг «Только одно знамя» (т.е. единая нац. цель, в к-рой соединены клас. и нац. интересы). С 1927 жил в Париже, в 1928 вернулся в Иерусалим, где редактировал газ. «Доар га-йом». Но в 1930, когда Ж. выступал с лекциями в Юж. Африке, англ. власти запретили ему въезд в Э.-И., и Ж. выехал в Париж. В 1936 стал командующим Нац. воен. орг-ции (Эцел), созданной в Э.-И. после нападения арабов (1929). В 1935 после окончат. разрыва с Всемирной сионист. орг-цией, преобразовал Союз сионистов-ревизионистов в Новую сионист. орг-цию и возглавил ее Исполнит, к-т в Лондоне. После прихода нацистов к власти в Германии Ж. предложил план эвакуации 1,5 млн. евреев из Вост. Европы в Э.-И., к-рый, однако, был отвергнут лидерами евр. орг-ций. С началом 2-й мир. войны вел агитацию за создание евр. армии в 100 тыс. чел. для борьбы с гитлеризмом. В нач. 1940 выехал с пропагандистской миссией в США.Ж. – автор мн. лит. и публицистич. произв., в т. ч. ром. на рус. яз. «Самсон Назорей» (1926), «Слово о полку» (1928), «Пятеро» (1936), работ и ст. по проблемам еврейства и сионист, движения, переводов на иврит произв. мировой классики (Данте, Гете, Ростан и др.).По решению пр-ва Израиля прах Ж. в 1964 перезахоронен на горе Герцля в Иерусалиме.Соч.: Сионизм и Палестина, СПб., 1905; Бунд и сионизм, Одесса, 1906; К вопросу о нашей полит. платформе, К., 1906; Фельетоны, СПб., 1913 (3-е изд. – П., 1922); Избранное, Иерусалим, 1978; то же СПб., 1991; Повесть моих дней, Иерусалим, 1985; Избр. ст. и речи, в кн. Недава И., Вехи жизни. З.Жаботинский. Избр. ст. и речи, Иерусалим, М, 1991., pronunciation=ЖАБОТИНСКИЙ Зеев (Владимир Евгеньевич) (1880, Одесса – 1940, близ Нью-Йорка), один из лидеров сионист. движения, идеолог и основатель ревизионист. течения в сионизме, писатель и публицист. Из семьи кр. коммерсанта. В раннем детстве получил традиц. евр. образование. В 1894–98 учился в Ришельевской г-зии, в 1898–1901 на юрид. ф-тах Бернского и Римского ун-тов. Сдал экстерном экзамены за курс г-зии (1909) и Демидовского юрид. лицея в Ярославле (1912). С 1897 печатался в газ. «Одесский листок», «Одесские новости»; пьесы «Кровь» и «Ладно» шли на сцене Одесского гор. т-ра. В нач. 1900-х гг. близок к с.-д. (в 1903 чл. Одесского к-та РСДРП). Под впечатлением евр. погрома в Кишиневе (1903) отошел от рос. рев. движения и посвятил себя борьбе за освобождение евр. народа. Вместе с М.Я.Дизенгофом выступил инициатором создания евр. самообороны, собирал средства на покупку оружия. Изучив иврит, в 1904 перевел на рус. яз. «Сказание о погроме» Х.-Н.Бялика (опубл. в 1906; впоследствии перевел большинство его стих., издав их в 1911 отд. сб-ком). В пьесе «Чужбина» (1910) призывал евр. молодежь оставить рос. рев. движение и отдать силы и энергию делу возрождения евр. народа. Участвовал в 6-м Сионист, конгрессе (Базель, 1903). В 1903 переехал в Петербург, где стал чл. редакции сионист. ж. «Евр. жизнь», позднее – ж. «Рассвет». Участвовал в создании «Союза для достижения полноправия евр. народа в России» (1905). На 3-й Всерос. конференции сионистов (нояб. 1906, Гельсингфорс) участвовал в выработке т.н. Гельсингфорской программы, направленной на борьбу за равноправие и нац. возрождение рос. еврейства. В 1908 по предложению Исполнит. к-та Всемирной сионист. орг-ции возглавил издание сионист, печатного органа в Турции. В 1911 основал в Одессе изд-во «Тургеман» («Переводчик») для печатания на иврите лучших произв. мировой литры. В 1910–13 развернул борьбу за переход евр. школ на преподавание на иврите. В нач. 1-й мир. войны Ж. выехал в Зап. Европу как корр. моск. газ. «Рус. ведомости». Вместе с И.Трумпельдором и П.М.Рутенбергом начал кампанию за создание евр. воинской части в составе войск Антанты, завершившуюся в 1917 образованием Евр. легиона, вошедшего в англ. армию. Сам Ж. вступил в легион рядовым, позднее за заслуги произведен в офицеры. В 1918 Ж. создавал отряды евр. самообороны в Э.-И., участвовал в стычках с арабами.В 1920 Ж. поселился в Иерусалиме. В том же году, во время евр. погрома в Иерусалиме, с группой единомышленников пытался организовать вооруж. отпор, арестован брит. властями, приговорен к 15 годам каторги (благодаря протестам мир. общественности вскоре освобожден.). В 1921 Ж. избран чл. Исполкома Всемирной сионист. орг-ции и в совет директоров Керен Га-иесод (гл. финанс. орган Всемирной сионист. орг-ции и Евр. Агентства). В нач. 1920-х гг. возглавил радикальное течение в сионизме. В нач. 1923 вышел из Исполнит. к-та Всемирной сионист. орг-ции, не поддержавшей его жесткой политики в отношении брит, властей в Э.-И. Став компаньоном изд-ва «Гасефер» в Берлине, подготовил первый геогр. атлас на иврите. С 1923 пост. сотр. ж. «Рассвет» (органа рос. сионистов-эмигрантов). Выступал за создание в Э.-И. евр. гос-ва, не связанного социалистич. или коммунистич. идеалами, утверждал приоритет нац. подхода над классовым. Гарантией успешного евр. заселения Э.-И. считал сильное евр. гос-во и его вооруж. силы. В 1925 Ж. создал и возглавил новую партию – «Союз сионистов-ревизионистов», организовал при ней молодежное движение «Бейтар», выдвинул перед евр. молодежью лозунг «Только одно знамя» (т.е. единая нац. цель, в к-рой соединены клас. и нац. интересы). С 1927 жил в Париже, в 1928 вернулся в Иерусалим, где редактировал газ. «Доар га-йом». Но в 1930, когда Ж. выступал с лекциями в Юж. Африке, англ. власти запретили ему въезд в Э.-И., и Ж. выехал в Париж. В 1936 стал командующим Нац. воен. орг-ции (Эцел), созданной в Э.-И. после нападения арабов (1929). В 1935 после окончат. разрыва с Всемирной сионист. орг-цией, преобразовал Союз сионистов-ревизионистов в Новую сионист. орг-цию и возглавил ее Исполнит, к-т в Лондоне. После прихода нацистов к власти в Германии Ж. предложил план эвакуации 1,5 млн. евреев из Вост. Европы в Э.-И., к-рый, однако, был отвергнут лидерами евр. орг-ций. С началом 2-й мир. войны вел агитацию за создание евр. армии в 100 тыс. чел. для борьбы с гитлеризмом. В нач. 1940 выехал с пропагандистской миссией в США.Ж. – автор мн. лит. и публицистич. произв., в т. ч. ром. на рус. яз. «Самсон Назорей» (1926), «Слово о полку» (1928), «Пятеро» (1936), работ и ст. по проблемам еврейства и сионист, движения, переводов на иврит произв. мировой классики (Данте, Гете, Ростан и др.).По решению пр-ва Израиля прах Ж. в 1964 перезахоронен на горе Герцля в Иерусалиме.Соч.: Сионизм и Палестина, СПб., 1905; Бунд и сионизм, Одесса, 1906; К вопросу о нашей полит. платформе, К., 1906; Фельетоны, СПб., 1913 (3-е изд. – П., 1922); Избранное, Иерусалим, 1978; то же СПб., 1991; Повесть моих дней, Иерусалим, 1985; Избр. ст. и речи, в кн. Недава И., Вехи жизни. З.Жаботинский. Избр. ст. и речи, Иерусалим, М, 1991., extra_data="{'translat...")
ZHADEN, a village in Dubrovitsky district, Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1888 in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Zh. main occupations - trade and crafts. In 1918 there was a pogrom in Zh., Staged by the troops of the Directory and lasted for two weeks.
JADEIKI, see Jadeikiai.
ZHADEIKIAI, a village in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zhadeyki Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In the 1920s-30s. in Zh. lived several. Jewish families. In 1941, Zh. was the place of execution of the Jews of Pasvalis and the surrounding area.
ZHADKOVKA, a village in Koretsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1790.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, all Jews in Zh. Were taken to the Korets ghetto and executed there.
ZHAGARE, a city (since 1950) in the Ionishk region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1495.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhagora Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 840 Jews lived in Zh., In 1847 - 2266, in 1897 - 5443 (60%), in 1923 - 1928 (41%), in 1939 - c. 1000 (18%), in 1959 - 7 Jews (0.18%). Jewish community in Zh., Established. in the 16th century, was one of the first in Lithuania. The Jews were engaged in the trade in salt, the production of honey, wax, and leather dressing. Among the Jews were tax collectors and artisans. In the 19th century. there were several. synagogues and heders, a Jewish school for boys, a Talmud Torah and 4 yeshivas, one of which in the 1820s. headed by Zeev-Wolf Lipkin (? -1858). In 1893 a Jewish school for girls was opened. The rabbis in Zh. Were Iekutiel-Zalman (? - 1848), in 1815-63 - Tsemach Sachs, from 1858 - Chaim Lurie, Chaim-Zvi-Hirsch Broida, Yehoshua Broida, Doiv-Ber Rabiner and his son-in-law Shmaryahu-Leib Kantorovich, Yehuda-Leib Broida (official rabbi), Shimon Horvits, Eliyahu Shik, Uri-Dovid Apirion, Chaim-Itskhok Korev, from the 1900s. - Shoilom-Benzion Felman (1876—?). In tech. pl. years Zh. was the center of the Musar movement, founded. I. Salanter. In the 1880s-90s. sharply increased the number of Jews Zh., who left for the South. Africa and the USA. In 1887 in Philadelphia and in 1895 in Johannesburg, associations of immigrants from Zh. Were created. Many Jewish workers lived in Zh., Therefore the Bund's influence was quite great. Later naib. Zionist parties and movements became authoritative. When I was growing up. pr-in banned the publication of books in lit. lang., Jews J., showing solidarity with their Lithuanian neighbors, helped to illegally obtain these books. Jews took an active part in the Revolution of 1905, some of them were arrested and exiled. During the 1st world. war, most of the Jews were exiled to the int. districts of Russia. Mn. of them did not return to Zh .; b. h. from the returnees left for the USA, Yuzh. Africa and in E.-I. In ser. 1920s Zh. had 7 synagogues, a nursing home, a Jewish hospital, 2 baths, 2 libraries (one with books in Hebrew, the other in Yiddish), 2 Jewish schools. The two fire brigades consisted of Jewish volunteers. Departments of Zionist parties and movements operated. In 1931, Jews owned 51 prom. production (86%), 4 hairdressing salons, 2 brush-making shops, a mill, a bakery, a sawmill, a weaving factory, a confectionery, a soda water factory, photography, an electric station. In 1937, among the Jews of J. there were 15 shoemakers, 10 tailors, 8 butchers, 3 tinsmiths, 5 saddlers, 2 bakers, 2 hairdressers, a hatter, a carpenter, a knitter, a painter, a photographer, and a watchmaker. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank. Herm. troops occupied Zh. on June 25, 1941. In the beginning. July 1941 Jews in Zh. were gathered in a ghetto, where Jews from neighboring villages were also brought. In the ghetto there were approx. 7 thousand people 2 oct. 1941 they were shot and buried in ditches in Naryshkinsky Park. In the beginning. 1990s at the entrance to the park, 3 slabs with inscriptions in Russian, lit. lang. and Hebrew. In 1989 one Jew lived in Zh.. Sh.M. Dvoylatsky, I.K. Kikoin, Sh.Kon, I. Levy, K. Levias, R.S. Levina, V.O. Mandelstam, L.I. Mandelstam, M.E. Mandelstam, M. A. Razumny, I. Salanter, S. Hillman.
ZHAGARINE, a village in the Ignalina region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Zhagorinsky mill of Novoaleksandrovsky district Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1903, 6 Jews lived in Zh., Before the First World. war - 1 Jewish family.
ZHAGORINSKAYA MILL, see Zhagarine.
ZHAGARE, see Zhagare.
ZHALOYI, a village in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Vladislavovsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 24 Jews lived in Zh.
ZALOBOV, a part (since 1964) of the urban-type settlement Rozhische, Rozhischensky District, Volyn Region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 261 Jews (24.5 percent) lived in Zh.
ZHAMBYL (until 1936 - Aulie-Ata, in 1936-38 - Mirzoyan, until 1993 - Dzhambul), city, center of the Zhambyl region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Izv. from the 5th century. under the name Taraz (Talas) In 1886 6 Jews lived in the district, in 1904 - 29, in 1910 - 73 (0.4%), in 1959 - 505 (0.5%), in 1970 - 539 (0.3%) , in 1979 - 496 Jews (0.2%), including 30 Bukhara. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in Zh. and a Jewish cemetery. During the 2nd peace period. During the war, the Jewish population of Zh. increased at the expense of the evacuees. Rabbi in Zh. In the 1940s. was Shoil-Iehezkiyahu Elbersht.
ZHARENAI, a town in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 174 Jews (45%) lived in Zh., And in 1941 there were 95 Jews. pl. Jews J. left for the South. Africa. In 1931, Jews owned 3 manufactory shops, a wool spinning workshop and 4 mills in the surrounding villages. In 1937, among the Jews of J. there were 2 tailors, 2 butchers, and a baker. There was a synagogue, a rabbi and a shohet. In the 1920s. Rabbi J. was Jacob-Moishe Avlov. July 1941 all Jews of Zh. were taken to the camp in Rainiai and shot.
ZHARKI, a city (since 1382) in the Czestochowa Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 2559 Jews (62.8%) lived in Zh., In 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. After the occupation of Germany. troops in the city created a ghetto, in which in February. 1942 was located approx. 3200 people The ghetto was liquidated on 6 October. 1942; Zh. Jews were deported to Treblinka. A.-I. Shtybel.
ZHARKOVSKY Evgeny Emmanuilovich (1906, Kiev - 1985, Moscow), composer. In 1927 he graduated from the Kiev music. technical school, class FP. V.V. Pukhalsky and compositions by B.N. Lyatoshinsky. From 1929 - in Leningrad. In 1934 he graduated from Leningrad State University. cons. by class php. L.V. Nikolaeva, compositions by M.A. Yudin, theoretical. disciplines studied under YM Tyulin. As a student, he was engaged in military patronage, performed on ships of the Baltic Fleet, wrote songs. In 1933-35 he was a pianist and hands. Song Ensemble Leningr. at home Kr. Army. From 1937 he was creatively associated with the Black Sea Fleet. During the 2nd world. war worked in the Northern Fleet. During this period he wrote over 80 army and naval songs and marches, dedicated. exploits of sailors, as well as lyric. songs (the most popular is Farewell Rocky Mountains). From the end. 1940s worked in Moscow. The main genres of creativity are songs and operetta, including "Her Hero" (1940), "Sea Knot" (1945, Moscow Theater of Operetta), "My Dear Girl" (1957, Leningrad Theater of Music Comedy), "The Bridge is Unknown" (1959, ibid.), "Pioneer-99" (1969, Kharkov Music Comedy Theater), etc., as well as music for drama performances. t-ra and movies. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968). Nar. art. RSFSR (1981).
ZHARNOV, see Roasting.
ZHARNOVEC, a city in the Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - Posad Olkushsky u. In 1856, 900 Jews (59.1%) lived in Zh., In 1897 - 1412 (57.1%), in 1921 - 950 Jews. Since 1894, Itskhok-Yehuda Gagerman (1865–?) Was the rabbi in Zh. The Jewish population of Zh. Was destroyed during the Catastrophe. Avrom-Gersh Flaxer (1896-1942, Lodz), writer (in Yiddish).
ZHARNUW, a village in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1415-1876 - a city. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad Zharnov of Opochinsky u. Radom Province. In 1827, 230 Jews (34%) lived in Zh., In 1857 - 390 (45%), in 1868 - 524 (50%), in 1897 - 1171 (57%), in 1921 - 919 (50%) ), in 1939 - c. 1,500 Jews. Jews have lived in Zh. Since the 1790s. Main occupations - trade and crafts. There were several. synagogues, including the Gurian Hasidim, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1900s. the rabbi was Ihezkiel-Ichiel Waltfreud, in 1910 - early. 1930s - Ihezkiel Gottshalk (? -1930s). From the end. 1920s Zionist activities were active in Zh., at the end. 1930s divisions acted. Jewish parties and youth movements, c. including "Agudas Israel". There was a Jewish cultural center in Zh., Under which a library and a drama worked. circle. After the occupation of J. Germ. troops in 1939 formed the Judenrat. In Zh. There were approx. 1600 refugees from Tomaszów Mazowiecki. In May 1942, on charges of participation in the underground communist. movement were shot by hand. communities: head of the Judenrat Abraham Weinberg, 2 shohets, an active member of the community Ierakhmiel Kleinrat, and others. Hillel Zakharyash was appointed the head of the Judenrat. In the end. oct. 1942, approx. 2,500 refugees. In the end. oct. 1942 all Jews were sent to the ghetto in Opoczno, from there to Treblinka.
ZHASHKOV, city (since 1956), regional center in Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village, since 1840 - the town of Tarashchansky u. Kiev province. Since 1925 it was the regional center of the Uman Okrug, in 1932-54 - the Kiev Region. In 1897 there were 2,445 Jews living in Zh. (47.2%), in 1923 - 393, in 1939 - 877 Jews. 19th century in Zh., a sugar plant of Ioel Kelmanovich Tilchinsky was built, and a brewing and distillery plant also operated. Since 1899, Simcha Kagan (1875—?) Was the rabbi in Zh. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. m-in. In the summer of 1918, as a result of a pogrom by peasant insurgents. detachments, several died. Jews. Track. the pogrom was organized by parts of the Kr. Armies: 10 Jews killed. In the future, the Jewish population has repeatedly suffered from various attacks. gangs and units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. The Jewish community of J. turned to J.-I. Schneerson with a request to help in the repair of the mikvah. On July 19, 1941, the Germans occupied J.-I. troops. Most of the Jews in Zh. Were exterminated in the fall of 1941 and in the spring of 1942. After 1945, part of the Jewish population returned to Zh. In 1998, approx. 70 Jews. Genus. S. N. Kramer S. J. Elisavetsky
ZHASHKOVICHI, a village in the Ivanichevsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zashkevichs of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1887, 28 Jews lived in Zh., And in 1926, 18 Jews.
ZHASLYAI, a town in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1433.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhosli (other name - Zhosle) Troksky Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 836 Jews lived in Zh., In 1865 - 653 (62%), in 1897 - 1325 (67%), in 1923 - 167 (60 %), in 1940 - approx. 1,000 Jews (50%) In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Zh. Jews owned 18 shops, 4 leather dressing workshops, a mill and several. taverns. Jews were involved in the trade in timber, grain and poultry. During the 1st world. war in Zh. arrived approx. 5 thousand Jewish refugees. Mn. of the rabbis J. were descendants of Rabbi Yitzchok ben Shloyme-Zalman. In 1791-1831, the rabbi in Zh. Was his son Dovid (? -1831), in 1834-1874, the son of Dovid Menachem-Mendel, in 1888-1938, the rabbi in Zh. Was Chaim-Avrom Shas (1858–?). In the end. 19th century Palestinian sentiments were widespread among the Jews of J. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. m-in. On May 27, 1915, 11 Jews were taken hostage in Zh. (Including Rabbi H.-A. Shas) and sent to Troki (present-day Trakai). On June 24, 1915, the hostages were released. Aug 9 1915 in Zh. There was a pogrom, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. The immediate reason for this was the clashes over money exchanges in the 1920s and 1930s. Jews earned their living mainly by small trade and crafts. Some were purchasers of agricultural products. products from the surrounding peasants. There were several. cr. timber merchants, to-rye were engaged in the export of timber. In 1931, all 20 J.'s businesses belonged to Jews. Jews owned 6 workshops: tin, saddlery, 2 shoemakers, 2 for wool dressing, as well as a dyeing house, photography, a bakery, 2 mills. In 1939 there were 39 Jewish artisans in Zh., Including 11 shoemakers, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 4 carpenters, 3 glaziers, 3 saddlers, 2 tailors, a hatter, a tinsmith, a hairdresser, etc. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank, in which in 1927 there were 233 depositors. There was a loan company for Jewish peasants. Pl. Jews had a subsidiary farm. A school of the Tarbut network, a library, a branch of the Maccabi society (68 members) operated. Sections of the majority of Jewish parties operated. Jewish youth left Zh., Including the USA and E.-I. Last Rabbi J. was Moishe Levin (? —1941). 27 Aug. 1941 most of the Jews of J., along with Jews from neighboring townships, were shot by Lithuanian policemen in a nearby forest. Other Jews J. 22 Sept. 1941 taken out to Samyalishka and shot together with local Jews in November. 1941. 3 women and 2 children survived, to-rykh hid by local residents. In autumn 1991, memorial signs with inscriptions in lit. lang. and Yiddish. Three wooden sculptures named "Pain" (author V. Kapachunas) are also placed there. B. Galper, F.-I. Sandler.
ZHAVROV, a village in the Goshchansky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1545.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Volyn province. The Jewish population of Zh. Was destroyed in 1943.
ZHDANOV, see Mariupol.
ZhDANOV Lev Grigorievich (real name and surname Leon Germanovich Gelman (1864, Kiev - 1951, Sochi), prose writer, playwright, poet. From an acting family. Studied in various cities, but did not complete his education. began in 1881. His poems and prose were published in the newspaper Rossiya, Kurier, Novosti Day, Russkie Vedomosti, Birzhevye Vedomosti, in the Niva, Zvezda, Novy world "," Picturesque Review ", etc. He was a professor. Actor. In the 1890s he worked as a prompter at the Maly Theater. In 1898 he finally left the theater and began to earn literary work. In 1907–08 he edited f." The Dawn of a New Life "and was the editor-publisher of the entertainment magazine" The Past-Future "with the appendixes" Youth "and" Scene. " was published in Moscow in 1896. The first collection of stories was "Women's Shadows" (1899). Later he became one of the most prolific historical novelists: in 1912-17, a 31-volume collection of his historical novels was published. dedicated to Ivan the Terrible, Peter I, eras e Catherine, peace. war and Nikolai Romanov - the last Russian. to the emperor, etc. Translated dramatic works. G. Hauptman, G. Zuderman, A. Dode and others. After the revolution, wrote two more historians. rum. From 1930 he switched to the execution of the "social order": he worked for the publishing house "Central Council of Atheists", sent to the train station. Art. about the success of social. construction, about Kr. Army, to-rye were not published because of the "weakness of the ideological content."
ZHDENEV, a village in the Volovets district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 54 Jews (21.6%) lived in Zh., In 1838, 74 (8.7%), 1882 - 60 Jews. 19th century The Jews of Zh. owned a sawmill. The Jewish population of Zh. was destroyed during the Holocaust.
ZHEBUNOVKA, see Slavgorod.
ZHEFROKIN Jules (b. 1911, Petersburg), editor. In 1937-40 prez. Worldwide associations of Heb. youth. In 1939–45, the captain of the French. army, Heb. combat org-tion French. movement Resistance. In 1944–49, the director. weekly “Renaissance, Heb. Resistance". Since 1961, gen. dir. Franz. navigation companies. Member center, to-that "Franz. Heb. Nat. Foundation ". Resistance Medal (1946) and other awards.
ZHELDETS, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Jelly in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In June 1942, all Jews of Zh. Were driven away to Kamenka-Bugskaya and subsequently exterminated.
ZHELEKHOV, see Zhelechuv.
ZHELEKHUW, a city (since 1447) in the Siedlec Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Stenzhitsa land of the Sandomierz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Zhelekhov Garvolinsky u. In 1765, 1,464 Jews lived in Zh. And surrounding townships, in 1856 in Zh. - 2317 Jews (67.9%), in 1897 - 4930 (69.0%), in 1921 - approx. 5,500 Jews Since the 1900s the rabbi in Zh. was Yitzhok-Dovid Przhisukher (1868—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. in oct. 1941 a ghetto was created in Zh., Which contained apprx. 13 thousand people Some of the Jews were deported to Treblinka in July 1942. The ghetto was liquidated on September 30. 1942. In female genus: I.-M. Weissenberg, S. D. Rotbaum, S. Treistman; Shalom Zisman (1914-1967, Israel), sports. activist, from 1932 - in E.-I., in 1954-67 before. sport. about-va "Maccabi", in 1955-66 co-ed. Olympus. to-that of Israel, dep. Knesset of the 2nd convocation.
JELLY, see Jellier.
ZHELEZNIKI, a village in the Vetka district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1865, 10 Jewish families lived in Zh., In 1897 - 120 Jews.
RAILWAY, city (since 1952) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1862 as Obiralovka station on the Moscow-Nizhegorodskaya railway. d., since 1877 - a settlement, since 1939 - an urban-type settlement. In 1960, Zh. Included the workers' settlements of Savvino, Kuchino, and also the villages of Temnikovo and Sergeevka. In 1939, there were 104 Jews (1.4%) in Zh., 366 in 1959, 570 (1%) in 1970, 1989 - 524 Jews (0.5%).
ZHELEZNOGORSK, city (since 1962), a regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1957. In 1998, approx. 100 Jews (0.2%).
ZHELEZNOVODSK, a city (since 1917) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region, then a resort village. 105 Jews lived in Zh. In 1939. Jewish doctors made a great contribution to the development of Zh. As a resort, including I.E. Maisel. 1942 Zh. Was occupied by the Germans. troops. 2-5 Sept. 1942 the Jewish population of Zh. Was destroyed.
ZHELEZNYAK Yakov Ilyich (b. 1941, Odessa), sportsman (shooting sport). 3.m. From. USSR (1972). Teacher, graduated from Odessa ped. Institute (1969). Champion Olympus, games (1972) in target shooting "running boar", repeatedly. champion of the world, Europe and the USSRT, in 1965–77) in decomp. exercises. World record holder (1972-74).
ZHELEZNYAKOV Yakov Moiseevich (1897–1937), designer art. weapons, brigade engineer (1935). Graduated from the city. In civil. served in the war in art. parts and headquarters of the South-West. fr. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (1921). Graduated from art. courses (1922), Military and technical. academy (1928). In 1928–31 members. scientific and technical art. to the Red Army; in 1931–32 an inspector of artillery of the Red Army; in 1932–35 early. scientific and technical management of the GAU RKKA; from 1935 pom. early GAU RKKA. One of the creators of art. weapons Kr. Army. Repressed.
YELLOW RIVER, see [[Yellow Waters.
YELLOW WATERS (until 1957 - Yellow River), a city (since 1957) in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century in the Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 35 Jews (0.2%) lived in Zh. V., in 1970 - 103 (0.1%), in 1989 - 81 Jews (0.2%). in Zh. V. there is a Sunday Jewish school. In 1997 “Hesed Zelda” was created. In 2000, according to estimates, St. 500 Jews.
The STOMACH does not exist now. Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Lutsk u. Volyn province. From 1919 to 1939 it was part of Poland, and from 1939 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, approx. 90 Jews, in 1898 - 222 (about 100%) for 80 dess. lands, in 1921 - 418 Jews (93.7%). In the 1910s. Rabbi in Zh. was Shabsai Slotnitsky, then his son-in-law Izbutsky (? -1942). During the Civil. During the war, when attempted pogroms, the Jewish population of Zh. repeatedly resisted. In the 1920s and 30s. in Zh. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In July 1941, after the departure of the Red Army and before the Germans. occupation local ukr. the population staged a pogrom in Zh., which entailed human casualties. On May 1, 1942, Zh. Jews were deported to the Rafalovka ghetto.
STOMACH, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Shchuchinsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the BSSR. In 1847 there were 287 Jews living in Zh., In 1897 - 1372 (73.5%), in 1921 - 1053, in 1931 - approx. 1,800 Jews. Until 1911, Shmuel Rabinovich (? -1925) was the rabbi in Zh. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. on May 8, 1942, approx. 1400 Jews. Genus Ben-Avigdor, P. Flint.
ZHELYADZE, see Zhukoyni-Zhelyadsky.
ZHEMAYTKEME, see Zemaytkemis.
PEARL (real family Karpovskaya) Polina (Pearl) Semyonovna (1897, Canopy of Alexandrovsky u., Yekaterinoslav province - 1970, Moscow), state. activist. Member Communist. Party since 1918. Head. wives Department of the Zaporozhye Provincial Party Committee. In the fall of 1919 with the apparatus of the provincial committee, she moved to Kiev, was sent as a political worker to the army, then to Kharkov for underground work, for a short time she worked in the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1921 she came to Moscow for the Intern. wives meeting, married V.M. Molotov. From 1921 part. organizer in the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky district of Moscow. In the 1930s. - early. Glavparfyumerprom (TEZhE), deputy. People's Commissar of Food. prom-sti, people's commissar of the fish industry of the USSR. At the 18th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1939), the candidate was elected. in part. Central Committee, expelled from it in 1940. On Feb. 1949 arrested on charges of treason and ties with Zionism, sentenced to 5 years of exile, sent to the Uritsky district of the Kustanai region. Released March 1953.
ZHEREBKOVO, a village in the Ananievsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ananievsky u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 89 Jews (17.9%) lived in Zh. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - crafts; among the Jews of J. there were several. furniture makers, bakers, tailors, there was an oil mill, a leather dressing shop. In 1905 a pogrom was perpetrated in Zh. In 1919 another pogrom took place in Zh., Organized by units of the Volunteer Army; several Jews were killed, pl. wounded.
ZHERNENSKY Moishe Eliya (ps. M.E. Zhak) (1897, Kamenets-Litovsk, Brestsky u. Grodno province. - 1948), writer. In 1929–32 he worked for the Eshkol Encyclopedia (in Hebrew) in Berlin. From 1933 in E.-I. His Art. about Hebrew, trans. problems, types of poetry. expressiveness and other works appeared in decomp. g. J. wrote about poetry cf. centuries, the work of H.-N. Bialik and the works of Sh.-J. Agnon. He was engaged in the lane. with Russian, German and French. lang., in particular the lane. "The Brothers Karamazov" (vols. 1-3, 1921-29), stories by O. Balzak (1943).
JEIME, see Zeimelis.
ZEIMELIS, see Zheimelis.
ZEIMYALIS, a town in the Pakruoj region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zeimeli (other name - Zeime) of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 1847 there were 753 Jews in Zh., In 1897 - 679 (54%), in 1923 - 378 (31%), in 1940 - 205 Jews. Zh. Earned a living from trade and from. x-vom. Almost every family had a garden plot. A synagogue was built in 1862. Rabbi Shloyme was the rabbi in Zh. From 1824 to 1864; Benjamin Doiv-Ber Dimand from 1864; Shoil-Elhanan Yoffe from 1883; mikvah and who created the decomp. philanthropist. org-tion, since 1896 - Yakov-Doiv Rappaport (later Chief Rabbi of Kfar-Sava, E.-I.), from 1903 - Joseph-Chaim Urinzon (1880-1934). After the 1st World. wars pl. Jews J. left for the USA, South. Africa and E.-I. In 1927-28 J.'s fame was brought by the trial of 5 butchers, who were accused of killing a local veterinarian and sentenced to 5 years in prison. Top. the court reduced the term to 8 months. The Jews of Lithuania viewed this process as the Lithuanian “Beilis case”. J. Robinson was the defender of the accused. In 1925 there were 2 Jewish doctors in Zh. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank (118 depositors in 1927). In 1931, out of 26 stores, 20 were owned by Jews. Among the Jews of J. there were 9 tailors, 3 butchers, 2 bakers, a tinsmith, a photographer, and a hairdresser. A school of the Tarbut network, a library and an amateur t-r worked. Zionist parties and movements were active. As rabbis in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s. there were Chaim-Zalman Kron, Yisroel Kranitz, Leib Seeger, Arie-Leib Schneider. All were killed by Lithuanians in 1941. Herm. troops occupied J. at the end. June 1941.8 Aug. 1941 all Jews Zh., 160 people, were shot in the forest 2 km from Zh. V Zh. Born: Shloyme-Zalkind Horowitz (1738—?), One of the most prominent figures of the Haskala, a member. the Napoleonic Sanhedrin; Zvi-Yehuda Cook (1890-1982, Jerusalem), rabbi, son of AI Cook, since 1935 headed the "Merkaz ha-rav" yeshiva, the ideologist of the "Gush Emunim" movement.
ZHEIMIAI, a place in the Jonava region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a farm in Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 753 Jews lived in Zh., In 1923, 110 Jews (17.6%). 19th century the departure of Jews from Zh. to the USA and the South increased sharply. Africa. Before the 1st world. During the war in Zh. lived approx. 60 Jewish families. Since 1906, Haim Glotser (1879–?) And Chaim Klebanov have been rabbis in Zh. In the 1920s. in Zh. out of 10 shops 9 belonged to Jews. The Jews also owned the mill. There was a synagogue and a cheder. By June 1941, no more than 20 Jews remained in Zh., To-rye August 14. 1941 were sent to the Kedainiai ghetto and shot on 28 August. 1941.
ZHEZHMARYAI, a village in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhizhmorye (other name - Zhizhmory) Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 713 Jews lived in Zh., In 1867 - 1372 (74%), in 1895 - 1310 (59%), in 1897 - 1628 (58 %), in 1923 - 1205 Jews (55%), in 1940 - approx. 200 Jewish families. 16-17 centuries. Karaites lived in Zh. Since 1795 Jews had a monopoly on the production and sale of vodka. Most of the bargaining was also owned by the Jews. and crafts. pr-th. In the 2nd floor. 19th century out of 32 stores, 30 belonged to Jews. In the 1880s. pl. Jews left for the United States, and as rabbis for Japan in the 19th century. there were Ididia Ginzburg, Yehoshua-Geshel Eliyashzon, from 1853 - M. Eliasberg, then Yakov Makrozh, Leib-Iekutiel Elyon, in 1896-30 - Moishe Shapira (1865—?). In Zh. There were 3 synagogues and various. community organizations. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. in May 1915 several. Jews were taken hostage and sent to Troki (present-day Trakai). On June 24, 1915, the hostages were released. In 1918, as a result of a fire, many were burnt. Jewish houses and 3 synagogues. Most of the Jews of Zh. Made a living by petty trade, p. x-vom, craft, fishing. Was conducted quite cr. trade in potatoes with Germany and trade in furs and leather. In 1931 Jews owned 41 out of 44 shops. Jews owned 13 factories (3 photographic studios, an effervescent water plant, 4 wool spinning mills, a factory for men's hats, 2 leather dressing workshops and 2 saddlery workshops). In 1937 there were 50 Jewish artisans in Zh., Including 6 tailors, 6 bakers, 6 locksmiths, 5 shoemakers, 5 hatters, 5 butchers, 3 carpenters, 2 stove-makers, 2 tinsmiths, 2 saddlers, a painter, a furrier, a dyer, an engraver, a photographer, and others. A branch of the Jewish People's Bank (156 depositors), a mutual assistance fund, a credit agricultural bank functioned. about, worked children. house, school of the Tarbut network (150 children). In 1928, a library with a reading room (more than 1,000 books) was opened, and an amateur t-r worked. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi in Zh. in the 1930s. was Yisroel-Tankhum Portman. 1920-30-ies. the departure of Jews from Zh. to the USA, Uruguay, and E.-I continued. June 24, 1941 Zh. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the 2nd floor. Aug 1941 all Jews were gathered in the synagogue, 27 Aug. all the men were shot in a forest 3 km from Zh., on 28 August. women and children were also shot there. In the same forest, 4 thousand Jews from neighboring villages were shot. In 1943 a workers' camp was set up in Zh. For hundreds of Jews from small ghettos in Lithuania and Belarus. In May 1943 approx. 700 Jews were sent from Zh. To the Kaunas ghetto. In autumn 1991, on the initiative of the local authorities, the mass graves were fenced off, and the inscriptions on the gravestones in lit. lang. and in Yiddish. In J. genus. Itskhok Romesh (1822-1894, Vilna), author of a number of prose writers. manuf. in Hebrew, the first translator of D. Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe" into Hebrew.
ZHEZKAZGAN (until 1993 - Dzhezkazgan), city (1954), center of Zhezkazgan region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). At 19 - early. 20th century - a mine in the Atbasar env. Akmola Region 179 Jews (0.2%) lived in Zh. In 1979. In 1996 the Jewish cultural center "Sholom" was established in Zh.
ZHEZLOV Mikhail Sergeevich (1898, st. Verkhne-Chirskaya Oblast. Don Troops - 1960, Moscow), production manager, Major General Ing. service (1944), Hero of the Socialist. Labor. (1945). In 1918–23 he served in Kr. Army. He graduated in 1935 Vses. prom. academy. In 1937–41 ch. mechanic, der. Aviation w-yes. During the war 1941–45 dir. aircraft engine plant. He supervised the organization of large-scale production of M-88B engines for the Il-4 bomber, AM-38F and AM-42 engines for Il-2 and Il-10 attack aircraft, belonging to a new class of combat aviation. He was awarded the 5th order.
ZHGUNSKAYA BUDA, a village in the Dobrushinsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Gomel u. Mogilev province. In 1897, 340 Jews (20.4%) lived in Zh.
ZHGUV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - posad Rzhgov Lodz u. In 1808, 94 Jews (10%) lived in Zh., In 1827 - 65 (7%), in 1857 - 122 (11%), in 1897 - 202 (12%), in 1921 - 93 Jews (5 %).All R. 19th century Moishe Biderman (1777-1851, Jerusalem), one of the most famous Hasidic rabbis of Poland, lived in Zh. During the Second World. During the war, Jews were deported from J.
ZHIDACHOV, city (since 1939), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1164. In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the povet of the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 199 Jews lived in Zh., In 1880 - 700 (28.8%), in 1900 - 870 (26%), in 1910 - 892 ( 23%), in 1921 - 823 (21.5%), in 1931 - 903 Jews. Jews lived in Zh. From the middle. 15th century In 1538, 9 Jewish families lived in Zh. From the 18th century. there was a community in Zh. there was a wooden synagogue and a cemetery. In the beginning. 19th century Zvi-Hirsch Eichenstein (? —1831) founded the Hasidic dynasty in Japan. In 1831-32 the dynasty was headed by Ts.-G. Aikhenstein's brother Isakhar-Berish (? -1832), in 1832-48 - by their nephew Yehuda-Tsvi-Girsh (? -1848), in 1848-73 - Isakhar-Berish's son Itskhok -Aizik (1805-1873), in 1873-86 - the son of Itskhok-Aizik Shloyme-Yakov (? -1886). Alexander-Sendr-Yom-Tov-Lipa Aykhenstein (? -1884) c. For 30 years he headed the rabbinical court in Zh. After his death, the head of the rabbinical court was the son of I.-A. Aikhenstein Menachem-Mendel (1840-1901). in Zh. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. Wehrmacht troops occupied J. on July 3, 1941. 1941 part of the Jews of Zh. Was taken to Belzec. Sep 30 1942 the remaining Jews of Zh. Were deported to the Stryi ghetto.
ZIDAVISHKIS, a village in the Prienai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zhideikany Troksky u. Vilna province. In the 2nd half. 19th century in Zh. lived several. Jewish families.
ZHIDCHE, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 51 Jews (10.4%) lived in Zh.
JIDEYKANI, see Zhidaviskis.
ZHIDIKAI, a town in the Mazeik district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhidki (other name - Zhidyki) of Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 914 Jews (73%) lived in Zh., In 1923 - 799 (89%), in 1941 - 150 Jews. The first Jews settled in Zh. . at the end. 17th century Ch. arr. petty trade. Some were peddling in the villages of Courland. In 1780 a wooden synagogue was built (one of the oldest in Lithuania), which received the name. “Cold” because it was not heated in winter. K ser. 19th century another was built. There was a Khevra Kaddish. By rabbis in Japan in the 19th century. were Doyv Diamant, Shloyme-Moishe Levenberg (? -1896), who served as rabbi J. for 38 years, Chaim Natanzon, Avrom-Zeev Geller. During the 1st world. war, most of the Jews were evicted to the internal. districts of Russia. After 1918, only a fraction of them returned to Zh. In 1931, out of 17 shops in Zh., 13 were owned by Jews. The Jews owned a mill, an electric station, a wool comb, a workshop for the manufacture of a husband. headwear and 4 leather dressing workshops. In 1937 there were 13 Jewish artisans in Zh., Including 6 tailors, 4 butchers, a baker, a shoemaker, and others. There was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank (in 1927 - 96 depositors, in 1929 - 87). The rabbis were Yitzhok Begun, then Eliyahu Lutsky. The school of the Tarbut network was in operation. June 25, 1941 Germ. the troops occupied J. The Jews were gathered in the synagogue, and a week later they were transferred to Lastikai. Jews from Pikeliai were also brought there. All the men were sent to Mazeikiai, where on 3 August. 1941 they were killed at the local Jewish cemetery. After 6 days, women and children were killed. Only two girls managed to escape, to-rykh hid by local peasants in tech. two years. They were also later killed.
ZHIDKAIMIS, a village in Trakai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish colony of Panashishka Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Until the 1920s. in Zh. lived several. dozens of Jewish families.
LIQUIDS, see Liquid.
ZHIDOVA BUDA, does not exist (since 1935). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. In the 1930s. - in the Krichevsky district of the BSSR. Since 1874 in Zh. B. the tar and birch bark plant of Moisei Levitan operated.
ZHIDOVETSKY Shmuel (Samuil Ionovich) (1897, Tetiev, Kiev province - 1964, Moscow), public figure. During the 1st world. war was the leader of the Zionist. youth in Galicia. In 1918 he organized a Heb. self-defense in Ternopil. Then he graduated as an external philologist. Faculty of Lviv University. For a pacifist. campaigning was persecuted. In 1918 he fled to Russia, where he became an active worker of the Zionist workers. org-tion "Poalei Zion". In 1918-19 he served in the Kr. Army, led by Heb. self-defense in Pavoloch (Kiev province). Was one of the organizers of "Setmass". In 1921 he became the head of All-Russia. and Vseukr. Bureau "Setmassa". In the 1920s, one of the organizers will educate. pm Heb. high fur boots in Vitebsk, Kiev, Odessa, Moscow. The personal library of J. in Moscow (about 12 thousand volumes) was one of the largest private collections in the USSR. lit-ry in Heb. history and culture. In 1932 created. dram. circle that became Heb. a theatrical collective, to-ry in 1935-36 staged plays in Yiddish. In 1925-29 he worked as an editor. in the Big and Small owls. encyclopedias. In 1935–45 he was a foreign teacher. lang. in Moscow. universities. During the 2nd world. war - translator at the USSR People's Commissariat for Defense. In April 1945 he was arrested on charges of organizing and leading a Zionist. activities. Until 1954 he was in prisons, camps, and exile.
ZHIDYCHIN, a village in the Kivertsy district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century 16 Jews lived in Zh. occupations of the Jewish population of J. - crafts and trade; Jews owned 4 shops, 2 taverns.
Zhidikai, see Zhidikai.
Zhigalovo, urban-type settlement (since 1936), a regional center in the Irkutsk Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkholensk env. Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1926, 68 Jews (3.7%) lived in Zh., In 1939 - 17 Jews.
ZHYKHLIN, a city (in 1450-1863, since 1924) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1332. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a city, then posad Kutnovsky u. Warsaw province. In 1764, 311 Jews lived in Zh., In 1808 - 457 (57%), in 1827 - 782 (60%), in 1857 - 1062 (66%), in 1897 - 2268 (49%), in 1921 - 2701 (38%), in 1939 - approx. 2,800 Jews. Jews lived in Zh. From the 18th century. In 1766 it was formed independently. community. In 1780 the first wooden synagogue was built; 19th century the synagogue was built of stone. Most of the Jews of Zh. Were Gurian Hasidim. In 1844, Shmuel-Aba Zhikhlinsky (1809-1879), a student of Simkhi-Bunim from Pshisukha (1767-1827), settled in Zh. And founded the Hasidic dynasty. In 1879-1912 the dynasty was headed by the son of Shmuel-Aba Moishe-Nathaniel (? -1912), then his son Menachem-Ididia (1870-1940), the last in the dynasty was the son of Menachem-Ididia Shmuel-Avrum-Aba (1893-1942). The Jews of Zh. Were engaged in petty trade and crafts. In 1894 the Jews owned a steam mill, leather. workshop, soap-making plant, 2 oil mills, as well as 177 bargaining. pr-ty of 184. In J. genus. I.-M. Naiman.
ZHIKHOVO, a village in the Seredino-Budsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province. 18th century In Zh. there were 16 Jews (5%), in 1897 - 30 Jews (7%).
Zhilichi, a village in the Kirov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1835, 165 Jews lived in Zh., In 1845 - 140 Jews.
FAT Scholem (1909, Vilna - 1941), poet. R. in the family of a carpenter. From the age of 15 he participated in the roar. activities, spent 6 years in prison. After release, he becomes a member. illegal district committee of the Communist Party of Poland, makes reports in primary organizations, reads his poems calling for struggle. After another arrest, he was subjected to cruel torture in prison, then he was sent to a concentration camp. When he was released, he was printed in gas. "Bialystoker Stern", "Wilner Emes", "Kovner Emes", f. "Shtraln" (Kovno). In 1940, the publishing house "Der Emes" publishes collection of articles. verse. "Durkh grates" ("Through the bars"). Caught in the occupation at the beginning. 2nd world. war, tried to contact the partisans, but unsuccessfully, and after long wanderings was captured and tortured by the Gestapo.
GIRARDOV, see Zhirardov.
ZHIRARDOW, a city in Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Mr. Girardov Blonsky Warsaw Province. In 1880, 244 Jews (3.5%) lived in Zh., In 1890 - 411 (2%), in 1921 - 2547, in 1931 - 2726 Jews (11%). began to develop in the 1830s. as the center of the textile industry. Named for the French. Ing. Philippe Gerard, who built in Zh. The first factory for the production of linen fabrics. Jews settled in Zh. In the middle. 19 century, were engaged in small trade and handicrafts, bought flax in neighboring villages, sold it to manufactory enterprises in Zh., And the products of these enterprises - throughout the country. Jews were engaged in timber trade, they also owned 2 mills. In the 1880s. Jews received a plot of land for a cemetery. At the same time, permission was obtained to build a synagogue. Another synagogue was built in 1909. Among the synagogues of J. there were several. Hasidic (Gurian, Radzin and Kuznitsky Hasidim). In 1892-1932, the rabbi of J. was Menachem-Mendel Albin (? -1932), in the 1920s-30s. - Yakov-Dovid Kalish (? —1942, Warsaw), the son of Rabbi Yosef Kalish (1878—1936, Otwock), who in 1936 headed the Amshin Hasidic dynasty. 20th century Heders, Talmud-Torah, philanthropists worked in J. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance. A savings and credit facility was opened in 1908. cashbox. In Zh. The Polish. and Jewish workers' parties. Jewish workers took an active part in the Revolution of 1905. Nesk. young Jews were arrested and exiled to Siberia. In the 1900-1910s. there was a massive departure of Jews to the United States and Argentina. During the 1st world. wars Jan 24. 1915 approx. 3 thousand Jews were evicted from Zh. In the 1920s and 1930s. Zh. Served as a dacha for the inhabitants of Warsaw and other cities, which became a source of income for many. Jews. There were several. Jews - representatives of the free professions (doctor, lawyer, teachers). From the beginning. 1920s there were branches of the majority of Jewish parties and movements in Poland. There were schools "Yavne" and "Beis Yaakov", private schools with teaching in Hebrew, library named after. I.-L. Peretz. 12 Sept. 1939 Zh. Was occupied by the Germans. troops. Dec. 1940 a ghetto was created, where in tech. more than 3 thousand Jews of Zh., as well as refugees from other cities, were concentrated during the day. At the same time, the Judenrat was created (headed by Jacob Baron). On Feb. 1941 all Jews (about 5 thousand people) were sent to the Warsaw ghetto. In Zh. Genus: B. Wagner; Markus Yakubovich (1897—?), Writer, wrote in Yiddish, since 1925 - in Brazil, prez. Union of Polish. Jews in Rio de Janeiro.
ZHIRINOVSKY Vladimir Volfovich (b. 1946, Alma-Ata), polit. activist. R. in the family of a lawyer. He studied at the Institute of Asian and African countries at Moscow State University, graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1983–90 he was a legal adviser of the Mir publishing house. From 1990 to. Liberal Democratic. parties of the USSR (since 1991 - the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, LDPR). In 1991 he put forward his candidacy for the post of president. RSFSR. From Dec. 1993 dep. State Duma of Russia, Cit .: The Last Throw to the South, Moscow, 1993.
ZHIRMUNSKAYA Galina Mikhailovna (b. 1926, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of residential and public buildings. In 1950 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. She worked under the leadership of E.N. Stamo (1950–76), then at the Institute of Giprogor (1976–80). Main works - in Moscow: residential buildings, the House of Veterans of Cinema in Matveevskoye (1970s, with E.N. Stamo), Vyssh. school of trade union movement. State avenue of Russia. Since 1993 he has been living in the USA.
ZHIRMUNSKY Alexey Viktorovich (b. 1921, Petrograd), biologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Son of V.M. Zhirmunsky. At the end of Leningrad. un-that (1950) worked in Ying-those experiment. Medicine of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1954–55), Zoologich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1955 57), Institute of Cytology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1957–66); from 1966 dir. Institute of Biology of the Sea Dalnevost. scientific. c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. tr. on the functional morphology of the neuromuscular system, experimental. ecology of the sea. animals, cytoecology, general and comparative ecology.
ZHIRMUNSKY Victor Maksimovich (1891, Petersburg - 1971, ibid.), Literary critic, critic, linguist, folklorist, translator. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Romano-German. dep. Petersburg. un-that (1912), was left to prepare for prof. rank. From 1915 he taught at higher. uch. institutions; in 1934–50 he was in charge of the West. dep. IRLI, in 1919–49 prof., Head. department in Leningrad. un-those, in the post-war. For years he was in charge of the sector at Ying-those language-knowledge of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Lit. and scientific. activity began in 1909. Author pl. book and Art. on the history of Russian, German, English literature, according to the theory and poetics of literature, comp. yaz-knowledge and history of germs, languages, epic. glory to creativity. bunk bed and plank beds. Wed Asia. Initiator, ed., Consultant for a number of scientific. and thin. ed. V. 1949 together with prof. MK Azadovsky, BA Eikhenbaum, N. Ya. Berkov and others were persecuted as a cosmopolitan and anti-patriot; despite the enormous international authority, he was expelled from the scientific. institutions. Honored. active Science Uzb. SSR. Member German (GDR), Danish, British, Bavarian, Saxon academies, hon. Dr. Berlin, Krakow, Oxford, Charles University, hon. including a number of linguistic ob-in. Works: Nem. romanticism and modern. mysticism, Pb., 1914; Composition lyric. verse., Pg., 1921; Goethe in Russian. liter, L., 1937; Nar. heroic. epic, M.-L., 1962; Lit. tech. as a phenomenon mezhdunar., L., 1967; Creativity of Anna Akhmatova, L., 1973; Turkic heroic. epos, L., 1974; Theory of verse, L., 1975; General and germ. yaz-knowledge, L., 1976; The theory of literature. Poetics. Stylistics, L., 1977; Byron and Pushkin: Pushkin and Zap. liter, L., 1978; From ist. Western-European lit., L., 1981.
ZHIRMUNY, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 86 Jews lived in Zh., In 1931 - c. 100 Jews. In 1865 Zh. Had a synagogue. The Jewish population of Zh. Was exterminated in 1942.
ZHIROVA, a village in the Zhidachiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1411. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in Zh. lived several. Jewish families; main occupations - soap making and selling soap. The Jewish population of Zh. was destroyed in 1941.
ZHIROVICHI, a village in the Slonim district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1897 76 Jews (12.5%) lived in Zh. occupation, a ghetto was created in Zh. In the summer of 1942 more than 1,200 Jews were shot in Zh. A.M. Krupnikov.
FAT, see Cherries.
ZHIRYATINO, village, regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Trubchevsky district. Oryol province. 1930s in Zh. lived several. Jewish families. 1942 in Zh. 15 Jews were shot.
ZHISLIN Grigory Efimovich (b. 1945, Leningrad), violinist, violist, teacher. In 1963 he graduated from the Center, music. school at Leningrad. cons. in the violin class of G.I. Ginzburg, in 1969 - Moscow. horse, in 1971 graduate school with her in the class of Yu.I. Yankelevich. International laureate contests: them. N. Paganini (1st Ave., 1967, Genoa), them. Queen Elizabeth in Brussels (silver medal, 1976, Brussels). Since 1970 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. J. - member jury pl. int. contests. The repertoire includes and old masters, and sovr. composers. J. - 1st performer of concerts by Yu.A. Falik, B.I. Tishchenko, E.K. Golubev, M.L. Tariverdiyeva. Introduced Russian. listeners with a violinist. concerts of W. Walton, K. Penderetsky (1981), who highly appreciated the performance of J., distinguished by high culture, intellectuality, deep and bright interpretation. J. mastered playing the viola and performed concerts for viola by Penderetsky, A.G. Schnittke, B. Bartok, Walton, sonatas by F. Schubert and D. D. Shostakovich. Tours in pl. countries of Europe, America, Japan and Australia. Repeatedly participated in the festivals of modern. music in Moscow, Bergen, Berlin, Florence, Treno (Italy), performed at concerts "Warsaw Autumn" and "Prague Spring". - a famous teacher. 1978–89 - Associate Professor of Music and Pedagogy. in-ta them. Gnessin, since 1982 prof. Krakow muses. Academy and the Warsaw Academy. F. Chopin, in Poland received the Order of Merit in the Field of Culture (1984). Since 1990 - prof. (since 1992 Hon. Prof.) King's College London. J. constantly teaches mastery classes in the cities of Norway, Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, USA, France, and others. art. RSFSR (1984).
ZHISLIN Samuil Grigorievich (1898, Chausy, Mogilev province - 1967, Moscow), psychiatrist. Prof. (1932). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1924). He specialized in psychiatry. clinic led by P.B. Gannushkin. Since 1926 assistant at the Department of Psychiatry of the Belarusian University in Minsk, since 1930 - Moscow. un-that. Head the departments of psychiatry Voronezh (1932–36) and Molotovsky (1950–52) med. in-tov. In 1936–41 and 1952–67 he headed the clinic. dep. Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. tr. dedicated clinical criteria of chronic. alcoholism, alcoholic delirium (delirium tremens), exogenous and endogenous psychoses occurring on somatically altered soil, patterns of development of psychosis in old age, and other issues. He was the first to describe the hangover syndrome (1929) and the paranoid of the external environment (1940), named in scientific. literature named after him. Vol .: Essays of clinics. psychiatry. M., 1965.
ZHITKOVICHI, city (since 1971), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 293 Jews (24%) lived in Zh., In 1919 - approx. 600, in 1923 - 851, in 1926 - 925 (31.1%), in 1939 - 898 Jews. In 1903 Zh. Was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Since 1898, the rabbi in Zh. was Doyve-Behr Gordon (1870—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. m-in. In 1919, there was a pogrom in Zh., Organized by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich; 400 Jews suffered, including 4 killed, 7 women raped. In 1926 the Jews of Zh. (91 people) left for the Jewish agriculturalists organized in the Crimea. artels. In Zh. To the end. 1930s there was a Jewish school. 1941, 70 Jews were shot in Zh.; In 1998, several Jews lived in Zh. dozens of Jews. A. Ivenitsky, Y. N. Grigorieva
ZHITLOVSKY Haim Iosifovich (Osipovich) (1865, Ushach of Lepelsky u.Vitebsk province. - 1943, Calgary, Canada), publicist, polit. activist. From merchants. families. He studied in Vitebsk city, under the influence of S. An-sky carried away the ideas of roar. populism and in 1882 left home and study to "go to the people." Soon I decided to combine participation in growing up. roar. movement with the struggle for the rights of Heb. people. One of the founders of the Nar. will "in Vitebsk (1884), tried to form in its structure a Heb. org-tion. In 1887, due to the threat of arrest, he emigrated. In 1888 in Zurich he intended to organize the publication of socialist. literature in Yiddish, but did not find support from the Nar. will ”, which accused J. of separatism. In 1887 he published in Russian. lang. the work “Thoughts about ist. the fate of Jewry ”. In 1893 one of the founders of the “Union of Rus. socialist revolutionaries abroad ”, ed. organ of this organization w. "Rus. working". In 1901 he took part in the creation of the Agrarian-Socialist. league ”, in 1901–02 - the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In 1892, J. received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Berne University. In the brochure "Jew to the Jews" (1902) he called on the Heb. intelligentsia "to return to their people", argued that the Jews need not citizens, but nat. equality, because in any country they are an independent people. In a number of articles J., contrary to Zionism, defended the idea of ​​the viability of Heb. culture in the countries of the diaspora, later tried to combine the ideas of autonomy and territorialism: recognizing the need for Jews to have their own. the land where most of the people would have been concentrated remained true to the idea of ​​a worldwide union of working Jews. In the 1890s. kept in touch with the leaders of the Bund, collaborated in its publication Der Yidisher Arbeter. In 1904, on instructions from the Social Revolutionaries, he traveled to the United States for propaganda and fundraising. In 1905–08 in Russia, one of the founders of the Socialist. Heb. working party (SERP). In 1908 he settled in New York, published every month. "Dos naye lebn" (1908-13), collaborated in periodicals. publications, promoting socialist. device Heb. life and language. Yiddish. In 1914 he visited E.-I. In 1936, under the influence of the Nazi victory in Germany, he took over. position, tried to find an excuse for washing. court. processes 1936-38. He finally put himself in a position of complete isolation from the Hebrews. and demo. public statement of justice Nazi. "Anschluss" as retribution for the arts, division by the borders of a single nat. organism, as well as actions against Jews as revenge for their "parasitism" and unwillingness to deal with. x-vom. Vol .: Social Democrats and Socialist-Revolutionaries, in the book: Our tasks, bm, 1905; Socialism and nat. question, Kiev-SPb., 1906; Nationalism and the class policy of the proletariat, in: Serp. Sat. 1, M., 1907; Economical materialism and nat. question, ibid., Sat. 2, SPb., 1907.
ZHITNITSKY Gersh-Leib (1891, Sieradz, Kalisz province - 1942), prose writer. He studied in Heb. religious and Russian. secular schools. He graduated from the bargaining. uch-shche. From 1913 he worked as a weaver in Lodz, was a teacher of Hebrew and secretary. communities. From 1920 he lived in Warsaw. He began to write poetry in Hebrew early, but on the advice of I.-L. Peretz he turned to stories, which immediately gained popularity. First. book Noveln Funoit (Novels of Death) published in 1920, second collection. stories "Dem zeydns gaisl" ("Grandfather's house") was published in 1927. He published stories, short stories, feuilletons, reports and art. not only in Poland, but also in other countries. In 1922–39 he was a comp. Warsaw Heb. gas. "Gaynt". J. - author of pov. "Evening", "Cashier", rum. "Ingom fun shmugl" ("In the abyss of contraband") and others. During the war, in 1939 he fled from Warsaw to Lvov, in 1941–42 - to the Lvov ghetto. He died in one of the death camps.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЖИТОМИР, город (с 1544), центр (с 1937) Житомирской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. С 1390-х гг. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — центр повета Киевского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1795 — уездный город Волынского наместничества, с 1804 — центр Волынской губ.В 1789 в Ж. проживало 882 еврея (30%), в 1791 — 1261, в 1847 — 9500, в 1857 — 10 675, в 1884 — 21 981, в 1897 — 30 748 (46,6%), в 1902 — 32 648, в 1910 — 38 132 (45,6%), в 1923 — 28 733, в 1939 — 28 733 (30,5%), в 1959 — 14 800 (14%), в 1970 — 14 300, в 1979 — 12 728 (5,2%), в 1989 — 10 700 (3,7%), в 1995 — ок. 5000 евреев (1,6%).Евреи селились в Ж. с нач. 18 в. (формально до 1792 им было запрещено проживать в городе). В 1753 в Ж. отмечен факт «кровавого навета». В кон. 18 в. в Ж. жили видные проповедники идей хасидизма Зеев-Вольф (?—1798), ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича и раби Арон (?—1817). С этого времени Ж. стал одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. В нач. 19 в. раввином в Ж. был А.-Д.-Бер]] из Овруча. С 1802 Ж. и Волынская губ. были включены в черту оседлости; среди еврейского населения числилось 39 купцов и 3136 мещан. В 1802 Янкелем Абрамовичем в Ж. была открыта еврейская типография, в 1803 Гершем Шимановичем — вторая еврейская типография. В 1847 Ханиной-Липой и Иошуа-Гешелем — внуками М.Шапиро в Ж. была возобновлена работа славутской типографии. Все это способствовало подъему духовной жизни евреев города и региона. С 1847 действовало раввинское уч-ще (в 1873преобразовано в Учительский ин-т, к-рый в дек. 1885 повелением имп. Александра III был закрыт «за ненадобностью»), в 1857—65 имелось 27 синагог (все — хасидские) и 21 хедер. В 1862 в Ж. было основано первое в России ремесл. уч-ще для евреев, к-рое подготовило св. 1500 специалистов (закрыто в 1884, т. к., по версии властей, давало «евреям экономич. перевес над христианами в Юго-Зап. крае»).В 1860-х гг. из 56 купцов Ж. 48 — евреи. В 1897 разл. ремеслами занимались св. 4,5 тыс. евреев, торгово-посреднической деятельностью — 11 тыс. В нач. 20 в. евреи составляли 2/3 ремесленников.Во 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Ж. возн. марксистский кружок (рук. И.Мицкун), в 1901 — орг-ция Бунда (среди создателей — Я.Кравецкий, Мицкун, М.Сохис, М.Фридман, С.Шнейдер), в 1902—03 работала подпольная б-ка. Весной 1903 прошли массовые аресты бундовцев, к-т Бунда был разгромлен, но вскоре возродился (в июне 1903 орг-ция Бунда объединяла 400 чел.). В кон. 1904 в Ж. созданы отряды еврейской самообороны. Во время погрома в апр. 1905 было убито ок. 50 и ранено ок. 200 чел. (погибло 14 бойцов самообороны). В 1903—04 в Ж. имелись 54 хедера, талмуд-тора, 5 частных еврейских школ и 2-классное уч-ще (в последнем — 620 уч-ся). В 1910 — 27 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, еврейская богадельня, дешевая столовая, дет. летняя колония еврейского благотворит. об-ва, еврейская больница, субботняя жен. школа.В 1902 губернским раввином был Соломон Аронович Скоморовский, в 1912 казенными раввинами в Ж. были Мойше-Арон Шмулевич, Векслер и Йона Мойшевич Болухор.В 1916 в Ж. были открыты очаг для детей-беженцев и еврейское жен. проф. уч-ще. В сент. 1916 в Ж. были расклеены воззвания к населению с призывом к избиению евреев. 7—10 янв. 1919 войска Директории устроили в Ж. погром. Во время след. погрома (22—26 марта 1919) убито 317 евреев. В мае — июне 1920 Ж. оккупировали польск. войска; евреи вновь подверглись притеснениям. В 1920 в Ж. был открыт пед. еврейский техникум, в 1922 — Междунар. дет. бюро. До 1922 раввином в Ж. был Довид Бодник. В 1922 в Ж. прошла кампания по закрытию иешив и хедеров. В 1920-х гг. книгоиздатель Меир Эпштейн выпускал и распространял в Ж. религ. лит-ру. В 1921 в Ж. было организовано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. в Ж. действовал к-т Евкомола; еврейские обществ. и политич. орг-ции и объединения были запрещены, активисты сионистского движения арестованы. В 1925 выходцами из Ж. было создано 13 еврейских земледельч. колоний в Херсонском окр. В 1929 существовали нелег. любавичский хедер (100 уч-ся). В 1934—37 действовала подпольная любавичская иешива. Преподавателей после закрытия иешивы осудили на 10 лет лишения свободы, детей поместили в закрытые дет. дома.9 июля 1941 Ж. оккупировали герм. войска. 19 июля было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев, в кон. июля — еще неск. сотен, 3 авг. — ок. 400, 7 авг. — 404, 17 авг. — 266 евреев. 5 сент. 1941 оккупац. власти провели регистрацию евреев (учтено было 4820 чел.). В окт. 1941 расстреляно 1500 евреев, 19 авг. 1942 — 237 евреев-рабочих. После освобождения Ж. было выявлено 6 мест массового захоронения расстрелянных евреев близ хутора Довжик (погребено 9623 чел.) и 13 могил в лесу на 8-м км Новоград-Волынского ш. (захоронено, а затем сожжено до 20 тыс. чел.).После 1945 в Ж. вернулось неск. тыс. евреев. В 1945 была открыта синагога, к-рую посещали 50—80 чел., по субботам — 100—180, в праздники — 800—1000 чел. Раввином был Мотель Иосифович Вошило (1886—?), шохетами — Еля Пинский (1895—?), Лазарь Гдальевич Коган (1890—?), Пейсах Давидович Фельдман (1893—?), моэлом — Мойше Гершкович Ройтберг (1891—?). В 1955 пред. общины В.Шульман организовал выпечку мацы. В 1962—63 синагога в Ж. была закрыта. В 1975 было закрыто еврейское кладбище. В 1981 действовала синагога, периодически в Ж. приезжал шохет. В 1970-х гг. начался массовый выезд евреев в Израиль и др. страны. В 1989 создано Еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во, в 1990-х гг. открыты воскресная и вечерняя еврейские школы, позднее школа «Ор Авнер». В 1991—94 раввином Ж. был Шмуэль Плоткин, с 1994 — Шлоймо Вильгельм (р. 1969, Иерусалим) — оба представители М.-М.Шнеерсона.В 1992 в Ж. создана еврейская религ. община. Тогда же общине возвращена синагога, закрытая в 1937. В здании одной из синагог находится музей. С 1996 открыт «Хесэд Шломо».В Ж. род.: С.С.Айнзафт, А.Я.Александров, А.Б.Арончик, Г.И.Бабат, О.И.Бакст, А.И.Безыменский, Л.А.Березный, О.С.Бернштейн, Я.А.Биренбойм, В.И.Векслер, А.Л.Волынский, Я.Б.Гамарник, А.Л.Гейфман, Х.М.Гопник, Д.В.Горфин, М.Д.Касьяник, А.М.Кипнис, Б.Б.Коган, А.М.Константинопольский, М.И.Корнфельд, И.Ландо, А.М.Любович, М.Б.Митин, И.Народицкий, Н.Е.Перельман, Н.М.Подгорный, А.Пятигорская, И.Д.Радомысельский, А.Б.Ранович, У.С.Розенцвейг, Я.Сегал, Ш.-Ц.Скомаровский, Р.С.Скоморовский, З.Скудицкий, Л.З.Слонимский, Г.И.Трахтенберг, И.М.Трахтенберг, М.И.Усанович, С.Фрай, М.И.Черняхивский, Ф.О.Шамес, М.Е.Швец, М.И.Шефтель, М.М.Шлуглейт, М.Э.Шнейдерман, А.П.Штеренберг, Д.П.Штеренберг, Л.Я.Штеренберг, Я.Н.Эйдельман; Марк Яковлевич Бирман (1900—1960, Москва), ген.-майор (1943), в 1941—45 нач. штаба ряда армий, нагр. 7 орд.; Оскар Яковлевич Боксер (р. 1919), психофизиолог, д-р мед. наук (1985), проф. (1985), автор трудов в обл. авиац. и космич. психофизиологии; Григорий Львович Головинский (р. 1923), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения; Зинаида Васильевна Гордон (р. 1908), врач, в 1943—45 декан сан.-гигиенич. ф-та Свердловского мед. ин-та, затем уч. секр. АМН СССР; Николай Заграничный (р. 1969), спортсмен, с 1991 — в Израиле, в 1993 серебр. призер чемп. Европы по вольной борьбе; Фрэнк Керк (Кирк) (1889—1963, Нью-Йорк), живописец, с 1910 — в США, осн. худож. секции в «Идишер Культур-Фарбунд» в Нью-Йорке, автор стенных росписей для ряда т-ров в США; Григорий Ефимович Пилиповский (1904—1982, Москва), контр-адмирал (1958), в годы 2-й мир. войны — ком. крейсера, нагр. 5 орд.; Борис Акимович Фербер (1859—1895, Петербург), публицист, публ. в журн. «Восход»; Шлойме (Шмуэль) Ягдал (1870—1936, Бостон, США), журналист, с 1894 — в США, в 1906—25 ред. социалистич. газ. на идише «Дос нае ворт»; Пейси Яновский (1914—1972, Пермь), поэт, писал на идише.С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=ЖИТОМИР, город (с 1544), центр (с 1937) Житомирской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. С 1390-х гг. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — центр повета Киевского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1795 — уездный город Волынского наместничества, с 1804 — центр Волынской губ.В 1789 в Ж. проживало 882 еврея (30%), в 1791 — 1261, в 1847 — 9500, в 1857 — 10 675, в 1884 — 21 981, в 1897 — 30 748 (46,6%), в 1902 — 32 648, в 1910 — 38 132 (45,6%), в 1923 — 28 733, в 1939 — 28 733 (30,5%), в 1959 — 14 800 (14%), в 1970 — 14 300, в 1979 — 12 728 (5,2%), в 1989 — 10 700 (3,7%), в 1995 — ок. 5000 евреев (1,6%).Евреи селились в Ж. с нач. 18 в. (формально до 1792 им было запрещено проживать в городе). В 1753 в Ж. отмечен факт «кровавого навета». В кон. 18 в. в Ж. жили видные проповедники идей хасидизма Зеев-Вольф (?—1798), ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича и раби Арон (?—1817). С этого времени Ж. стал одним из центров хасидизма на Волыни. В нач. 19 в. раввином в Ж. был А.-Д.-Бер]] из Овруча. С 1802 Ж. и Волынская губ. были включены в черту оседлости; среди еврейского населения числилось 39 купцов и 3136 мещан. В 1802 Янкелем Абрамовичем в Ж. была открыта еврейская типография, в 1803 Гершем Шимановичем — вторая еврейская типография. В 1847 Ханиной-Липой и Иошуа-Гешелем — внуками М.Шапиро в Ж. была возобновлена работа славутской типографии. Все это способствовало подъему духовной жизни евреев города и региона. С 1847 действовало раввинское уч-ще (в 1873преобразовано в Учительский ин-т, к-рый в дек. 1885 повелением имп. Александра III был закрыт «за ненадобностью»), в 1857—65 имелось 27 синагог (все — хасидские) и 21 хедер. В 1862 в Ж. было основано первое в России ремесл. уч-ще для евреев, к-рое подготовило св. 1500 специалистов (закрыто в 1884, т. к., по версии властей, давало «евреям экономич. перевес над христианами в Юго-Зап. крае»).В 1860-х гг. из 56 купцов Ж. 48 — евреи. В 1897 разл. ремеслами занимались св. 4,5 тыс. евреев, торгово-посреднической деятельностью — 11 тыс. В нач. 20 в. евреи составляли 2/3 ремесленников.Во 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Ж. возн. марксистский кружок (рук. И.Мицкун), в 1901 — орг-ция Бунда (среди создателей — Я.Кравецкий, Мицкун, М.Сохис, М.Фридман, С.Шнейдер), в 1902—03 работала подпольная б-ка. Весной 1903 прошли массовые аресты бундовцев, к-т Бунда был разгромлен, но вскоре возродился (в июне 1903 орг-ция Бунда объединяла 400 чел.). В кон. 1904 в Ж. созданы отряды еврейской самообороны. Во время погрома в апр. 1905 было убито ок. 50 и ранено ок. 200 чел. (погибло 14 бойцов самообороны). В 1903—04 в Ж. имелись 54 хедера, талмуд-тора, 5 частных еврейских школ и 2-классное уч-ще (в последнем — 620 уч-ся). В 1910 — 27 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, еврейская богадельня, дешевая столовая, дет. летняя колония еврейского благотворит. об-ва, еврейская больница, субботняя жен. школа.В 1902 губернским раввином был Соломон Аронович Скоморовский, в 1912 казенными раввинами в Ж. были Мойше-Арон Шмулевич, Векслер и Йона Мойшевич Болухор.В 1916 в Ж. были открыты очаг для детей-беженцев и еврейское жен. проф. уч-ще. В сент. 1916 в Ж. были расклеены воззвания к населению с призывом к избиению евреев. 7—10 янв. 1919 войска Директории устроили в Ж. погром. Во время след. погрома (22—26 марта 1919) убито 317 евреев. В мае — июне 1920 Ж. оккупировали польск. войска; евреи вновь подверглись притеснениям. В 1920 в Ж. был открыт пед. еврейский техникум, в 1922 — Междунар. дет. бюро. До 1922 раввином в Ж. был Довид Бодник. В 1922 в Ж. прошла кампания по закрытию иешив и хедеров. В 1920-х гг. книгоиздатель Меир Эпштейн выпускал и распространял в Ж. религ. лит-ру. В 1921 в Ж. было организовано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. в Ж. действовал к-т Евкомола; еврейские обществ. и политич. орг-ции и объединения были запрещены, активисты сионистского движения арестованы. В 1925 выходцами из Ж. было создано 13 еврейских земледельч. колоний в Херсонском окр. В 1929 существовали нелег. любавичский хедер (100 уч-ся). В 1934—37 действовала подпольная любавичская иешива. Преподавателей после закрытия иешивы осудили на 10 лет лишения свободы, детей поместили в закрытые дет. дома.9 июля 1941 Ж. оккупировали герм. войска. 19 июля было расстреляно ок. 100 евреев, в кон. июля — еще неск. сотен, 3 авг. — ок. 400, 7 авг. — 404, 17 авг. — 266 евреев. 5 сент. 1941 оккупац. власти провели регистрацию евреев (учтено было 4820 чел.). В окт. 1941 расстреляно 1500 евреев, 19 авг. 1942 — 237 евреев-рабочих. После освобождения Ж. было выявлено 6 мест массового захоронения расстрелянных евреев близ хутора Довжик (погребено 9623 чел.) и 13 могил в лесу на 8-м км Новоград-Волынского ш. (захоронено, а затем сожжено до 20 тыс. чел.).После 1945 в Ж. вернулось неск. тыс. евреев. В 1945 была открыта синагога, к-рую посещали 50—80 чел., по субботам — 100—180, в праздники — 800—1000 чел. Раввином был Мотель Иосифович Вошило (1886—?), шохетами — Еля Пинский (1895—?), Лазарь Гдальевич Коган (1890—?), Пейсах Давидович Фельдман (1893—?), моэлом — Мойше Гершкович Ройтберг (1891—?). В 1955 пред. общины В.Шульман организовал выпечку мацы. В 1962—63 синагога в Ж. была закрыта. В 1975 было закрыто еврейское кладбище. В 1981 действовала синагога, периодически в Ж. приезжал шохет. В 1970-х гг. начался массовый выезд евреев в Израиль и др. страны. В 1989 создано Еврейское культурно-просветит. об-во, в 1990-х гг. открыты воскресная и вечерняя еврейские школы, позднее школа «Ор Авнер». В 1991—94 раввином Ж. был Шмуэль Плоткин, с 1994 — Шлоймо Вильгельм (р. 1969, Иерусалим) — оба представители М.-М.Шнеерсона.В 1992 в Ж. создана еврейская религ. община. Тогда же общине возвращена синагога, закрытая в 1937. В здании одной из синагог находится музей. С 1996 открыт «Хесэд Шломо».В Ж. род.: С.С.Айнзафт, А.Я.Александров, А.Б.Арончик, Г.И.Бабат, О.И.Бакст, А.И.Безыменский, Л.А.Березный, О.С.Бернштейн, Я.А.Биренбойм, В.И.Векслер, А.Л.Волынский, Я.Б.Гамарник, А.Л.Гейфман, Х.М.Гопник, Д.В.Горфин, М.Д.Касьяник, А.М.Кипнис, Б.Б.Коган, А.М.Константинопольский, М.И.Корнфельд, И.Ландо, А.М.Любович, М.Б.Митин, И.Народицкий, Н.Е.Перельман, Н.М.Подгорный, А.Пятигорская, И.Д.Радомысельский, А.Б.Ранович, У.С.Розенцвейг, Я.Сегал, Ш.-Ц.Скомаровский, Р.С.Скоморовский, З.Скудицкий, Л.З.Слонимский, Г.И.Трахтенберг, И.М.Трахтенберг, М.И.Усанович, С.Фрай, М.И.Черняхивский, Ф.О.Шамес, М.Е.Швец, М.И.Шефтель, М.М.Шлуглейт, М.Э.Шнейдерман, А.П.Штеренберг, Д.П.Штеренберг, Л.Я.Штеренберг, Я.Н.Эйдельман; Марк Яковлевич Бирман (1900—1960, Москва), ген.-майор (1943), в 1941—45 нач. штаба ряда армий, нагр. 7 орд.; Оскар Яковлевич Боксер (р. 1919), психофизиолог, д-р мед. наук (1985), проф. (1985), автор трудов в обл. авиац. и космич. психофизиологии; Григорий Львович Головинский (р. 1923), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения; Зинаида Васильевна Гордон (р. 1908), врач, в 1943—45 декан сан.-гигиенич. ф-та Свердловского мед. ин-та, затем уч. секр. АМН СССР; Николай Заграничный (р. 1969), спортсмен, с 1991 — в Израиле, в 1993 серебр. призер чемп. Европы по вольной борьбе; Фрэнк Керк (Кирк) (1889—1963, Нью-Йорк), живописец, с 1910 — в США, осн. худож. секции в «Идишер Культур-Фарбунд» в Нью-Йорке, автор стенных росписей для ряда т-ров в США; Григорий Ефимович Пилиповский (1904—1982, Москва), контр-адмирал (1958), в годы 2-й мир. войны — ком. крейсера, нагр. 5 орд.; Борис Акимович Фербер (1859—1895, Петербург), публицист, публ. в журн. «Восход»; Шлойме (Шмуэль) Ягдал (1870—1936, Бостон, США), журналист, с 1894 — в США, в 1906—25 ред. социалистич. газ. на идише «Дос нае ворт»; Пейси Яновский (1914—1972, Пермь), поэт, писал на идише.С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data="{'translat...")
ZHITOMIRSKY Alexander Matveyevich (1881, Kherson - 1937, Leningrad), composer, teacher. He studied violin with E. Mlynarsky (student of L.S. Auer) in Odessa (1892–97) and with K. Prill in Vienna (1898–1900); took composition lessons there. In 1910 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in composition class from A.K. Lyadov, instrumentation and practical. composition by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. From 1902 he taught in music. schools of St. Petersburg. J. is a member of the group that created the Society of Hebrews in 1908. bunk bed music, entered the first muses. kt Ob-va. At the concerts of the Society, arrangements of bunks were heard. songs made by J., his strings, quartet, based on the melody of one of the many. Heb. songs without words. In 1915–37 he led to Leningrad. cons. special classes instrumentation, since 1918 - counterpoint class, music. forms. practical compositions (since 1919 prof.). In 1926 he entered Hood. Council of Leningrad. associations sovr. music. Among the students A.M. Balanchivadze, P.M. Berlinsky, A.M. Veprik, A.V. Gauk, Kh.S. Kushnarev, A.Sh. Melik-Pashaev, M.I. Chulaki, M.A. Yudin, including Op. - symph. poem (1915), suite (1929) “Heroic. poem ... "(1933), a poem in memory of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov" Spring "(1933) and other works. for symphony. orc.; chamber instr. ensembles (1937), romances to words by French. poets. Zh. Also belongs to the processing of plank beds. Heb. songs for three-part choir and for voice with fp., arr. and harmonization (with P.R. Lvov) 2 collection Heb. bunk bed songs collected and recorded by Z. Kiselgof “Sat. songs for Heb. schools and families ”.
ZHITOMIRSKY Daniel Vladimirovich (1906, Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslav province. - 1992, Moscow), musicologist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1968). Studied at the Kharkov Cons. (in the class of php. from M.G. Pilstrem, on the theory of music from S.S. Bogatyrev), then on the historical-theoretical. dep. Moscow cons., to-rui graduated in 1931 in the class of music history from M.V. Ivanov-Boretsky. N.S. Zhilyaev had a great influence on him, with whom J. studied composition. In the end. 20s moved closer to gr. "Procolla" (Production team of students of the scientific and composer faculty of Moscow. Cons.) And its organizer A. Davidenko. In 1929 he joined Ros. Association of Span, Musicians (RAPM), actively collaborated in the press organs of the RAPM "Proletarian Musician" and "For Proletarian Music", led ed. work. From 1931 he taught at Moscow. horse, (since 1936 - associate professor), read general and special. music history courses (intermittently until 1941). In 1933–36 he was the editor-organizer of J. "Amateur music", in 1937 - a gas employee. "Music", in 1940–41 - "Sov. lawsuit ". In 1943–48 - scientific. employee n.-i. office Mosk. cons. In 1949-53 he taught at the Baku, in 1955-70 - at the Gorky cons. Since 1965 - scientific. employee of Moscow. Institute of Art History (later VNII art history), in 1980-86 scientific. consultant in-that. Main scientific. interests - rus. classic and owl music, modern problems. arts, questions of aesthetics. Tr. J. has eaten. ch. arr. research of creativity P.I. Tchaikovsky and R. Schumann. For work, dedicated. Schumann, J. was awarded the Intern. R. Schumann Ave (Zwickau, 1966). He strove to understand the inner logic, "the artist's own stimulus" and to supplement this view "from the inside" with a historical look. Vol .: Tchaikovsky's symphonic work. Guide, M, 1936; Composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Moscow, 1945; Tchaikovsky's ballets, M.-L., 1950; Robert Schumann, M., 1955–60; Robert and Clara Schumann in Russia, M., 1962; Robert Schumann. Essay on life and work, M., 1964.
ZHITOMIRSKY Konstantin Grigorievich (Israel Girshevich) (1863, Mariupol, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1919, Taganrog), teacher and language teacher. The son of a craftsman. Graduated from History-Philology. f-t Novoros. un-that in Odessa (1888). With a Ph.D. Philology left to prepare for a professorship, but as a Jew did not receive a place. In 1890 he left for the USA, six months later he returned to Russia, settled in Taganrog, was engaged in tutoring. In 1892–94 and 1900–04 he was in charge of the Taganrog Hebrews. uch-schm, taught Judaism to her husband. and wives. g-ziyah. In 1905–07 he worked as a home teacher, traveled with the families of students to Switzerland, then with a scientific. targets visited the UK and France. In 1907–08 he taught at Torg. school in Odessa, in 1911–15 teacher of ancient languages. in the town of Kagan in Vilna, and after her evacuation - in Yekaterinoslav. In 1916 he returned to Taganrog, served in a bank. From 1894 Zh. Published in Zh. "Ped. collection "works on general issues of pedagogy. J. advocated the depoliticization of the school, for the public, but not obliged. education, instead of final exams, he proposed to introduce entrance examinations for admission to the service or higher education. institution, cut the house. tasks in ml. classes and increase the volume of self-employed, work in senior. Officer. J. considered the assessment of knowledge (a point system) harmful, and to check the progress of training, he suggested creating inspections. In the region. teaching methods J. developed in 1896 the now generally accepted "visual-sound" (syllable) method of teaching literacy. “Heb. school ”J. placed Art. “On teaching literacy in Hebrew. school "(1904, no. 3)," Heder and the school "(1904, no. 10)," Experience in ordering ancient gentiles. pronunciation "(1905, no. 1–5), in f. "Bulletin of the Society for the Education of the Jews" - "How the Jews Live" (1912, No. 12). Works: Molokh XX century, Writing, M., 1915; How to teach literacy |, M., 1915.
ZHITOMIRSKY Yakov Abramovich (ps. Fathers) (1880 - |), provocateur. In the beginning. 1900s studied at honey. f-those of Berlin University, close to the Social-Democrats In 1902 he became an agent abroad. agents Dep. police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (nicknames: "Obukhov", "Rostovtsev", "Andre" and "Dode"), covered the activities of the Berlin gr. Sparks, simultaneously. carrying out her instructions, making trips to Russia on her assignments. Living in Paris, J. informed Dep. police not only about the activities of the Social-Democrats, but also about the life of the whole growing up. emigrant colony. He attended the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907); participant in plenary sessions of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Geneva (Aug. 1908) and the 5th All-Russia. conf. RSDLP (Paris, Dec. 1908), she elected to the Zagran. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, later became a member of "Zagran. agents "of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In the years of the 1st world. war he served as a doctor in Russian. exp. corps in France. In May 1917 he was exposed as a provocateur, from appearing at the interpart. the court declined. The further fate is unknown (according to some information, he disappeared in South America).
ZHITOV, see Zhutovo 2nd]].
I. ZHIV (dates unknown), publicist, teacher. In the 20s. taught economics. geography in Communist. un-those in Moscow. Published in Heb. periodic. ed. for children and youth, in particular in railway "Pioneer". Author pl. popular scientific and uch. materials for schools and higher. uch. institutions. Together with A. Brakhman, he compiled a "Reader on Economics. geography "(1928). In 1927 he published a series of conversations "How people use steam", in 1928 - popular science. book "Electricity". He translated and published a number of textbooks on physics and technology in Yiddish. All R. 30s J.'s name disappears and no longer appears in the owls. print.
ZHIVACHOV, a village in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. July 1941 Jews Zh. were sent to the village. Nezvisko Gorodenkovsky district and were killed there.
ZHIVOTOV, see Novozhivotov.
Zhizdra, city, regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). From 1777 it was a district town of the Kaluga governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1910 there were 300 Jews living in Zh., In 1923 - 319, in 1926 - 554 (5.9%), in 1939 - 207 Jews. In 1910, Zh. Had synagogue and Jewish cemetery. In 1915, 30 Jewish refugees arrived in Zh. In 1926, immigrants from Zh. Founded 2 Jewish farmers in the Evpatoria region. collective - "Akhdus" (86 people) and "Sheves-Akhim" (43 people).
ZHIZMORIE, see Zhezhmarei.
Fats, see Zhezhmariy.
ZHLEKOVICH, see Bratskoe.
Zhlobin, city, regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1492. Was a member of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, since 1569 - a town of Rechitsa povet, Minsk voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1818 - the town of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. From 1923 - a regional center (until 1930 - in the Bobruisk environs), from 1938 - in the Gomel region. In 1776 there were 268 Jews in Zh., In 1847 - 1597, in 1869 - 1991, in 1880 - 1617 (82.2%), in 1897 - 1760 (52.4%), in 1908 - 2333 (54, 6%), in 1923 - 3875, in 1926 - 3531 (32.1%), in 1939 - 3709 Jews. about Jews in J. refers to the last. Thursday 17th century In 1768 the Jewish community suffered from an attack by the Haidamaks. In the 19th century. most of the Jews were engaged in crafts. production (making plows, weaving baskets, etc.). In 1844–54, Zvi-Gershon Sminovsky (1823–?) Was the rabbi in Zh. In 1865 there was a synagogue in Zh., And in 1869 there were 5 synagogues. In 1880, the Jews owned 205 out of 392 houses. In 1881, the candle factory of Dovid Gavlin (founded in 1870), the grocery mill (founded in 1868) and the yeast mill Movsha Nismanov (founded in 1867) operated; Mendel Dvorkin. In May 1885, a fire destroyed 194 Jewish homes, 5 synagogues, and 65 stores with goods. Since the 1890s. Chaim Wilde (1857–?) was rabbi in Zh., and Abram-Geshel Zamsky (1875–?) in 1908–10. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings bank operated in Zh. t-in, in 1913 - Mendel Epstein's printing house and Leiba Hemeitz's bookstore. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was organized in Zh. In the 1920s. the rabbi in Zh. was Moishe Axelrod (1893-1960), at the same time. headed illegal. the Lubavitch yeshiva, in the 1930s. - Irahmiel Benyaminson. In 1935, matzah continued to be baked in Zh. 1930s the duties of a shohet in Zh. were performed by the rabbi from Bobruisk Ber (Nakhum-Doiv) Vikhnin. In the 1930s. in Zh. the collective farm "Red Zhlobin" was created. After the occupation of Zh. Germ. the troops created 2 ghettos (about 2 thousand Jews). June 12, 1942 in the field approx. J. was shot approx. 1200 Jews. Subsequently, a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected at the site of the tragedy. After 1945, Yuda Agranat was the rabbi in Zh. (Up to 30 people gathered for prayer). In 1945 the community received permission to open the synagogue (in 1947 there was a question of closing it, since the permission was not agreed with the authorized councilor for religious affairs). In 1948, Jews petitioned the authorities to register the community. In 1950, 2 minyan gathered in Zh.; In 1999, St. 100 Jews in Zh. Genus: S.M. Bytovoy, Z.Ya.Dvorkin, G.I.Dobin.Yu.N. Grigorieva, V.N. Pervyshin
ZHMERINKA, city (since 1903), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 19th century as the village of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1887, the number of Jews in Zh. Was 39.6%. In 1897, 2,396 Jews (17.2%) lived in Zh., In 1910 - 3234 (13.6%), in 1923 - 4640, in 1936 - 4630, in 1959 - approx. 3200 (10.9%), in 1970 - approx. 2600 (7.2%), in 1979 - approx. 1,800 Jews (4.3%). Apr 27. 1881 a Jewish pogrom took place in Zh. 17 oct. 1905 a pogrom was also perpetrated in Zh. In 1909, there were 3 Jewish schools in Zh.: Male, female, mixed. In 1910 - 7 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. Dec. 1918 and Feb. 1919 pogroms took place in Zh. By the troops of the Directory. Another pogrom was organized on July 3, 1919. In 1921 a branch of the Evsektsi was organized in Zh.. During the Holocaust, a ghetto was created in Zh., Located on the territory of Transnistria. In 1944, an underground Zionist youth organization Einikite was created in Zh. In 1949, the "Einikite" detachment headed by M. Spivak (born 1929), V. Kerchmak (1926-1964), M. Gelfend (1930-1985) and A. Khodorkovsky (born 1930) was defeated. In 1946 in Zh. On the street. Khlebnaya, 4 a synagogue was opened. The rabbi was Leib Shmulevich Averbukh (1880—?). On ordinary days the synagogue was attended by 20-25 people, on holidays - up to 40. In 1948, 500 Jews of Zh. Applied with a written request for permission to leave for Israel for the entire Jewish population of the city. In 1962 the synagogue was closed. In Zh. Family: U. I. Frankfurt; Jan Brzehwa (1900-1966, Warsaw), Polish poet, children. writer, Gos. pr. PNR (1956, 1965) .E.S. Mosolova
ZHMUYDKI, see Zemaytkemis.
ZHNYATINO, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, 32 Jews (8.2%) lived in Zh., And in 1886, 48 Jews (10%). The catastrophe killed 42 Jews J.
ZHOBRIN, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in Zh. there were 311 Jews who owned 452 dess. land. In the 1920s. pl. Jews left for kr. cities and other countries. During the Catastrophe, the population of Zh. was destroyed on the outskirts of Rovno.
ZHOLKVA, see Zhovkva.
ZHOLTKEVICH Lidia Aleksandrovna (1901, Podlestsy, Podolsk province. - 1991, Moscow), graphic artist. In early childhood, together with his father, he leaves for Paris, finds himself among the thin. celebrities "Hive" and falls under the influence of M. Shagal, NI Altman, DP Shterenberg. Returns after the roar. to Russia through the Crimea, where in 1919 he took part in the exhibition for the first time. In 1921 he entered VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky. J. formulated her method succinctly: "Accuracy is restrained excitement." This principle she followed in Fig. to manuf. E.T.A. Hoffmann and A.France, issue. in 1937 for Izv. publishing house "Academia", in sketches of panels and stained-glass windows for owls. pavilions of the World exhibitions in Paris (1937) and New York (1939). Actively participated in exhibitions only in the late. 1920 - early. 30s Most of his creative life, beginning. from the 1940s, focused on chamber easel drawings, Ch. arr. portraits. Member Association "Association of Artists and Graphic Artists at the House of Press" (1926). J.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin and the museum of fig. art in Nukus.
ZHOLUDEV Naum Ilyich (1922, Gomel - 1985, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army from October 1941. On fr. - from February 1942. Com. mortar crew, ml. Sergeant J. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the crossing of the Dnieper. Graduated from Minsk law. Institute (1950). Since 1970 - Lieutenant Colonel in the reserve.
ZHORA-DE-SUS (until 1990 - Upper Zhora), a village in the Orhei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zhora Vysshaya Orhei district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. In the summer of 1941 in the Railway- S. 11 Jews were killed.
ZHORA-DE-ZHOS (until 1990 - Lower Zhora), a village in the Orhei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zhora Nizhnaya Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In July 1941 in the Zh.D.-J. 9 Jews were killed.
ZHORA LOWER, see Zhora de Jos]].
ZHORA HIGHER, see Zhora de Sousse]].
ZHORAVICHI, see Zhuravichi.
ZHORNISCHE, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 836 Jews in Zh., In 1897 - 1325 (67.8%), in 1923 - 951 Jews. In 1865 Zh. Had 2 synagogues (one stone), in 1909 - a private beginning. Jewish school. May 27, 1942 several. hundreds of Jews from Zh. were shot in Ilyintsy, Vinnitsa region. In Zh. genus: A. Vysotsky; Iona Spivak (1886-1937, Chicago, USA), playwright, publicist, wrote in Yiddish, since 1907 - in the USA.
ZHOROV Isaak Solomonovich (1898, Mogilev - 1976, Moscow), surgeon, anesthesiologist, prof. In the years of civil. war served as a soldier. paramedic in Kr. Army. After graduating in 1921 honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow. University worked at the Department of Operative Surgery and Topography, Anatomy as an assistant, associate professor. In 1929–31, dir. Kuban honey. Institute (Krasnodar). Since 1932 in Moscow; in 1937–41 and 1945–47 head. Department of Operative Surgery and Topography, Anatomy of the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute, at the same time worked as a surgeon in Ekaterininskaya, Basmannaya and other hospitals in Moscow. During the war, 1941–45, an army surgeon (1941–42); in 1942 he was wounded, taken prisoner, after fleeing from which he commanded a partisan detachment; in 1943-45 Art. Inspector-surgeon of the evacuation center of the 2nd Belarusian. front. In 1945 he returned to the Department of Operative Surgery of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that; in 1947-73 head. Department of Surgery San.-hygienic f-that (since 1963 - to lay down. f-that) of this in-that. In connection with the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" at the beginning. 1953 was dismissed, but soon reinstated. research J. dedicated. mainly to the problems of pain relief: them with sotr. new methods of non-inhalation anesthesia have been developed - drip (intravenous), intraperitoneal, intraosseous, rectal. A number of works by J. Posv. issues of treatment of gunshot injury; he proposed new levels of ligation of the popliteal and subclavian arteries for injuries, a method for determining the nature of damage to large vessels in pulsating hematomas and aneurysms. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). Cit .: Non-inhalation anesthesia in surgery, M.-L., 1937; Development of surgical pain relief in Russia and the USSR, M., 1951; General anesthesia in surgery, M., 1959; General anesthesia, M., 1964.
ZHOSLE, see Zhaslyay.
ZHOSLI, see Zhaslyay.
ZHOVKINI, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1561.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 16 Jews lived in Zh.. In 1941, all Jews in Zh. Were taken to Rafalovka and executed there.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЖОВКВА (в 1951—91 — Нестеров), город (с 1603), районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1368. В 16—18 вв. — в Русском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — г. Жолква, центр повета в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 1772 в Ж. проживало 2027 евреев (41,9%), в 1812 — 1799, в 1880 — 3757 (55,3%), в 1890 — 3783 (52,9%), в 1900 — 4088 (45,6%), в 1910 — 3845 (40,6%), в 1921 — 3718 (47,2%), в 1931 — ок. 4400, в 1939 — св. 4500, в 1941 — св. 5000 евреев.Евреи жили в Ж. со времени основания. В нач. 17 в. евреи пользовались покровительством владельца Ж. гетмана С. Жолкевского, к-рый в 1600 выделил им особую улицу, места для стр-ва синагоги, бани, терр. для еврейского кладбища и др., в 1615 уравнял их права с др. жителями и предоставил право самоуправления. Позднее эти привилегии были отняты, евреи обложены дополнит. налогами и сборами, им запрещено было арендовать и выкупать дома у христиан. В 1-й пол. 17 в. в Ж. имелись синагога, миква, кладбище. В 1635 евреи получили право покупать у христиан недвижимость и разрешение на стр-во каменной синагоги. Построенная в 1692—1700 укрепленная синагога «Собески-шул» (в честь короля Речи Посполитой Яна Собеского) была одной из самых красивых в Галиции.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 17—18 вв. — разл. ремесла (действовали еврейские цехи портных, ткачей и др.), евреи занимались также подрядами, арендными операциями, вели кр. торговлю (в т. ч. в Молдавии и Венгрии). Число еврейских домов в городе в 1628—80 возросло с 21 до 88, сложился еврейский квартал в сев. части города, евреи владели мн. домами и в его центре. В 1690 Ури-Фебус Галеви из Амстердама открыл в Ж. еврейскую типографию (позднее его дело перешло к семье Мадфес).В 1670—80 раввином в Ж. был Ицхок-Меир Теумим-Френкель, в 1735—53 — Ицхок Ланда, с 1747 — Шимшон Майзлиш, в 1763—72 — Авром-Мордхе Гальперин, в 1757—1803 — Мойше-Цви-Гирш Майзлиш, в 1816—28 — Яков Оренштейн.В 1680—1730-х гг. среди евреев Ж. получило распространение лжемессианское учение Саббатая Цви. В кон. 18 в. среди евреев города распространялись идеи Гаскалы, значит. вклад в их развитие внесли Нахман Крохмаль (1785—1850) и Маер Леттерис (1807—1871), в Ж. действовал кружок просветителей (Леттерис, О.Раппопорт и др.). В 1788—1806 работала еврейско-нем. гимназия.В сер. 18 в. в Ж. жил ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича Гдалиягу (?—1776). В 1906 возникло движение жолкевских хасидов, к-рое возглавил Авром-Шмуэль Рабинович (1884—1943) — потомок Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд; евреи Ж. были также бельзевскими и жидачевскими хасидами. С 1857 раввином в Ж. был Шмуэль Вальдберг, с 1879 — Шимшон Горвиц, затем Хаим-Лейб Горвиц, в 1905—1930-х гг. — Пинхас-Шимшон-Элимелех Римлат.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Ж. возникли отд-ния и группы Бунда (один из рук. — Соломон Рубинштейн), сионистских орг-ций, начался выезд евреев в Э.-И. В нач. 1920-х гг. были открыты школа сети «Тарбут» и дом для сирот И.Фиша (при нем ремесл. школа шитья для девушек на 70 мест). Тогда же получила известность еврейская футбольная команда «Гасмонея». В 1920—30-х гг. в Ж. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.29 июня 1941 части герм. армии заняли Ж. 22 июля 1941 были образованы юденрат (пред. — д-р Фебус Рубинштейн) и еврейская полиция. В авг. 1941 началось уничтожение еврейского кладбища. В марте 1942 ок. 700 нетрудоспособных евреев были депортированы в лагерь смерти Белжец. В нояб. 1942 в Ж. было создано гетто, куда, кроме местных евреев, доставлялись евреи из окрестных местечек и сел. 22—24 нояб. 1942 из Ж. в Белжец было отправлено еще 2,5 тыс. евреев (во время погрузки погибло до 800 чел.). 15 марта 1943 св. 600 евреев-мужчин были вывезены в Яновский лагерь. 25 марта 1943 на терр. стрельбища было расстреляно ок. 3500 евреев. 170 трудоспособных евреев в тот же день отправлены в Яновский лагерь, где позднее погибли. Посл. 50—70 жителей гетто уничтожены 10 июня 1943 (неск. десятков евреев сумели укрыться в бункерах или были спасены местным населением). Ко времени вступления в Ж. сов. войск (23 июля 1944) в городе оставалось ок. 70 евреев. После освобождения большинство уцелевших евреев выехало в Польшу, оттуда в Э.-И. и др. страны.В Ж. сохранились здание синагоги кон. 17 в., остатки еврейского кладбища, хасидской синагоги, дом общины, здание хедера, помещения об-ва «Тарбут», жен. ремесл. школы.В 1984 в Ж. проживало 2 еврея.Л.Р.Байбула, pronunciation=ЖОВКВА (в 1951—91 — Нестеров), город (с 1603), районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1368. В 16—18 вв. — в Русском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — г. Жолква, центр повета в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 1772 в Ж. проживало 2027 евреев (41,9%), в 1812 — 1799, в 1880 — 3757 (55,3%), в 1890 — 3783 (52,9%), в 1900 — 4088 (45,6%), в 1910 — 3845 (40,6%), в 1921 — 3718 (47,2%), в 1931 — ок. 4400, в 1939 — св. 4500, в 1941 — св. 5000 евреев.Евреи жили в Ж. со времени основания. В нач. 17 в. евреи пользовались покровительством владельца Ж. гетмана С. Жолкевского, к-рый в 1600 выделил им особую улицу, места для стр-ва синагоги, бани, терр. для еврейского кладбища и др., в 1615 уравнял их права с др. жителями и предоставил право самоуправления. Позднее эти привилегии были отняты, евреи обложены дополнит. налогами и сборами, им запрещено было арендовать и выкупать дома у христиан. В 1-й пол. 17 в. в Ж. имелись синагога, миква, кладбище. В 1635 евреи получили право покупать у христиан недвижимость и разрешение на стр-во каменной синагоги. Построенная в 1692—1700 укрепленная синагога «Собески-шул» (в честь короля Речи Посполитой Яна Собеского) была одной из самых красивых в Галиции.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 17—18 вв. — разл. ремесла (действовали еврейские цехи портных, ткачей и др.), евреи занимались также подрядами, арендными операциями, вели кр. торговлю (в т. ч. в Молдавии и Венгрии). Число еврейских домов в городе в 1628—80 возросло с 21 до 88, сложился еврейский квартал в сев. части города, евреи владели мн. домами и в его центре. В 1690 Ури-Фебус Галеви из Амстердама открыл в Ж. еврейскую типографию (позднее его дело перешло к семье Мадфес).В 1670—80 раввином в Ж. был Ицхок-Меир Теумим-Френкель, в 1735—53 — Ицхок Ланда, с 1747 — Шимшон Майзлиш, в 1763—72 — Авром-Мордхе Гальперин, в 1757—1803 — Мойше-Цви-Гирш Майзлиш, в 1816—28 — Яков Оренштейн.В 1680—1730-х гг. среди евреев Ж. получило распространение лжемессианское учение Саббатая Цви. В кон. 18 в. среди евреев города распространялись идеи Гаскалы, значит. вклад в их развитие внесли Нахман Крохмаль (1785—1850) и Маер Леттерис (1807—1871), в Ж. действовал кружок просветителей (Леттерис, О.Раппопорт и др.). В 1788—1806 работала еврейско-нем. гимназия.В сер. 18 в. в Ж. жил ученик Дойв-Бера из Межирича Гдалиягу (?—1776). В 1906 возникло движение жолкевских хасидов, к-рое возглавил Авром-Шмуэль Рабинович (1884—1943) — потомок Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд; евреи Ж. были также бельзевскими и жидачевскими хасидами. С 1857 раввином в Ж. был Шмуэль Вальдберг, с 1879 — Шимшон Горвиц, затем Хаим-Лейб Горвиц, в 1905—1930-х гг. — Пинхас-Шимшон-Элимелех Римлат.В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Ж. возникли отд-ния и группы Бунда (один из рук. — Соломон Рубинштейн), сионистских орг-ций, начался выезд евреев в Э.-И. В нач. 1920-х гг. были открыты школа сети «Тарбут» и дом для сирот И.Фиша (при нем ремесл. школа шитья для девушек на 70 мест). Тогда же получила известность еврейская футбольная команда «Гасмонея». В 1920—30-х гг. в Ж. действовали отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций.29 июня 1941 части герм. армии заняли Ж. 22 июля 1941 были образованы юденрат (пред. — д-р Фебус Рубинштейн) и еврейская полиция. В авг. 1941 началось уничтожение еврейского кладбища. В марте 1942 ок. 700 нетрудоспособных евреев были депортированы в лагерь смерти Белжец. В нояб. 1942 в Ж. было создано гетто, куда, кроме местных евреев, доставлялись евреи из окрестных местечек и сел. 22—24 нояб. 1942 из Ж. в Белжец было отправлено еще 2,5 тыс. евреев (во время погрузки погибло до 800 чел.). 15 марта 1943 св. 600 евреев-мужчин были вывезены в Яновский лагерь. 25 марта 1943 на терр. стрельбища было расстреляно ок. 3500 евреев. 170 трудоспособных евреев в тот же день отправлены в Яновский лагерь, где позднее погибли. Посл. 50—70 жителей гетто уничтожены 10 июня 1943 (неск. десятков евреев сумели укрыться в бункерах или были спасены местным населением). Ко времени вступления в Ж. сов. войск (23 июля 1944) в городе оставалось ок. 70 евреев. После освобождения большинство уцелевших евреев выехало в Польшу, оттуда в Э.-И. и др. страны.В Ж. сохранились здание синагоги кон. 17 в., остатки еврейского кладбища, хасидской синагоги, дом общины, здание хедера, помещения об-ва «Тарбут», жен. ремесл. школы.В 1984 в Ж. проживало 2 еврея.Л.Р.Байбула, extra_data="{'translat...")
ZHOVNINO, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1903 Zh. Was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1919 Zh. Was pogromous by units of the Volunteer Army.
ZHOVTANTSY, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1358. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 293 Jews lived in Zh. Osn. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - crafts (sewing and shoe); Jews sold their goods to Kamenka-Strumilovskaya (present-day Kamenka-Bugskaya). In 1916, 2 Jews were deported from Zh. To Ternopil; in 1942, Zh. Jews were deported to Kamenka-Strumilovskaya.
ZHOVTEN, see Zhovtnevka.
ZHOVTNEVKA, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zhovten (other name. Zhovtnevo) Tiraspol u. Kherson province. 15 Feb. 1942 in Zh. Approx. 400 Jews from Odessa.
ZHOVTNEVO, see Zhovtnevka.
ZHOVTNEVOE (in 1924-30 - Chemerisk, in 1930-44 - Stalindorf, in 1944-56 - Stalinsk), a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1924 in the Sofievsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 1920s Jews were apprx. 50% of the population, 748 Jews (47.67%) lived in Zh. In 1939. The founders of Zh. Were immigrants from Vitebsk, Vinnitsa, Zhitomir, Kamenets-Podolsk]] and Proskurov. Traditions. occupations of the population - agriculture and handicrafts, part of the individual. peasant farms united in 4 companies according to the joint. cultivation of the land, then in agricultural. t-in, in 1929 52 individuals. kh-va united in the collective farm "Ukrainian Red Cross". The collective farm had 3 livestock breeders. farms, a vineyard, an oil mill, and a mill. In 1931 Zh. became the center of the Stalindorf Jewish nat. village council. In 1930–37, regional gas was published. in Yiddish "Stalindorfer Emes", Jewish schools and Jewish pedagogues worked. technical school, in 1931 the district collective farm was organized. In some regional institutions (district executive committee, police, court, prosecutor's office), paperwork was partially conducted in Yiddish. Between 1937 and 1938 most of the Jewish schools were transformed into Russian and Ukrainian schools. 1930s in Zh. were built adm. buildings, knitwear factory, c / t for 400 seats, stadium, House of Culture, library, Jewish Wed. school (30 teachers and 400 students), hospital with 60 beds, children. garden, nursery, radio center, electrical substation, telephone exchange. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Zh. 16 Aug. 1941. J. was renamed. in Friesendorf, Jews were concentrated in a labor camp. In apr. 1942 450 prisoners of the camp were shot. In total, 3911 Jews were shot in the Stalindorf region during the occupation. After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave of the executed.
ZHUDZHIAI, a village in the Panevezys district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1880, Zh. Lived several. Jewish families.
BEETLE Alexander Vladimirovich (1917, Kiev - 2008, St. Petersburg), architect, publicist, teacher. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. In 1940 he graduated from the Academy of Arts in Leningrad. Design specialist kr. societies, buildings. Main works - in St. Petersburg: development of a residential area in Avtov (1970s, together with V.A. Kamensky and others), Theater of the Young Spectator (1970s), cinema and concert hall "October" (1967, p. Kamensky), Pulkovo air terminal (1972–73, State Ave. USSR), shopping center. Tallinn (1980s). Poch. h. MAA (1992), nar. arch. THE USSR.
BEETLE Isaak Abramovich (1902, Poltava - 1973, Moscow), violinist. He studied under II Goldberg in Poltava, where at the age of 15 he became a soloist of a local orc. In 1924 he studied under S.P. Korguev (student of L.S. Auer) at Leningrad State University. cons. in 1925–30 - at AI Yampolsky's in Moscow. cons. He worked as a concertmaster-soloist (1930–52) in the orc. Bolshoi t-ra of the USSR (in which he played while still a student of the Moscow horse, since 1926; since 1928, assistant accompanist). In 1930–40 he performed as a soloist. He was the first performer in the USSR of concerts for violin and orc. K. Shimanovsky and V. Ya. Shebalin. Known as an ensemble player, founder of the Quartet named after I. Big t-ra, to-eye directed in 1931-68. In 1952–69 Ch. concertmaster-soloist Gos. symph. orc. THE USSR. Honored. art. RSFSR (1951). Son J. - Valentin (b. 1934, Moscow), violinist. Studied with A.I. Yampolsky in Moscow. cons. Since 1969 he was the 2nd concertmaster of the State. symph. orc. USSR, since 1970 - 1st accompanist Moscow. Philharmonic. He toured as a soloist in different countries. Since 1989 abroad. 6th ave. To Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1958), 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. violin competition them. N. Paganini (Genoa, 1963), 2nd ave. To Intern. competition them. M. Long-J. Thibault (Paris, 1960).
ZHUKHOVITSKY Leonid Aronovich (b. 1932, Kiev), writer, publicist. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow (1954). In press - since 1949. Author approx. 40 books, 15 pieces. Published in Moscow collections of novellas and short stories: "House in the Steppe" (1959), "Address on the Cover" (1961), "I'm Going for a Crane" (1966), "The Legend of Richard Tishkov" (1972) and others. problems of morality, responsibility after eating, rum. "Stop, look back ..." (1969). To the genre of topical journalistic. essays include essays: "Maybe we rarely meet |" (1974), "Bonfire on Thursdays" (1976), "Banana for Sensibility" (1977), "I am looking for a friend" (1979), "Happy are not born" (1983), "Help Your Destiny" (1987), " Prove the value of love ”(1987),“ Attempt to Prophecy ”(1987),“ Everything You Need ”(1990),“ Girl for Two Weeks ”(1990), etc. Plays:“ Age of Reckoning ”(1968), "Riding a dolphin: (Justice is my trade)" (1970), "Sleeping in someone else's apartment" (1976), "Alarm system" (1976), "Let's drink to Columbus" (1977), "Song of love and sorrow" (1980), “Just Two Weeks” (1981), “I, too, walk the tightrope. Lyric. comedy "(1984). In 1990 he published a collection of plays "Song of Love and Sorrow". According to the scripts of J., 5 ft. Were filmed, incl. “Short Meetings” (directed by K. Muratova), “Child by November” (1993), document, f. Fireworks (1994). In Poland and Hungary created. t / f based on J.'s story "Stop, Look Back ..." Heb. the topic of eating. ch. "0.69" from the book. “If we want to stop the bleeding” (publ. Chapters). Prod. J. translated into 40 foreign languages. lang. Particular success with the book. "About Love" (published in Sweden). Etc. "Lit. newspapers ”,“ Ogonyok ”and others. J. - vice-president. "Moscow club". One of the founders is writing. org-tion "April".
Zhukin, a village in the Vyshgorodsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ostersky u. Chernigov province. In the 1920s. - regional center. In 1926, 41 Jews did not live in Zhukinsky district. 1941 in Zh., Several were shot. Jews.
ZHUKOV, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1370. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Three Jews of Zh. Were engaged in sheepskin dressing. In 1941, all Jews of Zh. Were taken to Zolochev and there were shot.
ZHUKOVKA, a village in the Kulikovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1721. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chernigov province. In 1926, 8 Jews lived in Zh.
ZHUKOVO, see Zhukov, Zhukovsky.
ZHUKOVSKY (until 1947 - Stakhanovo), a city (from 1947) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zhukovo Bronnitsky Moscow province. In 1959, 558 Jews lived in Zh., In 1970 - 833 (1.1%), in 1989 - 692 Jews (0.7%).
ZHUKOVSKY Ernst Zalmanovich (b. 1930, Arkhangelsk), civil engineer, theorist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1980). An outstanding specialist in the field of spatial architectural structures. Main works: Universal gym "Friendship" in Luzhniki (1980), Ch. computing c. citizen aviation in Moscow (1980). Author of fundamental tr .: “Shells of double curvature in civil. building "(1980)," Spatial composite structures "(1984)," Sovr. spatial constructions "(1991). There was ch. sports constructor. structures of 22 Olympus, games in Moscow (1980). State pr. USSR (1989).
ZHUKOVSKY Oscar Solomonovich (b. 1906, Vitebsk), military leader, rear adm. (1957). Graduated from VVMU them. M.V. Frunze (1931), VMA (1938), Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters (1948). In 1931–32 - early. warhead of a destroyer (Baltic Fleet); in 1932–34 com. destroyer (Baltic Fleet); in 1939–42 - com. destroyer (Black Sea Fleet); in 1942–44 - com. destroyer brigades (Black Sea Fleet). In 1944–46, deputy. early headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet, in 1948–57 - deputy. early headquarters of the Baltic Fleet. In 1957–64 - teaches at the Military Medical Academy. In 1964–68 - deputy. early Research Institute of the USSR Navy. From 1968 - retired. He was awarded the 8th order.
ZHUKOVSKY Semyon Borisovich (Solomon Berkovich) (1896, Kiev - 1940, Moscow), state. and desks. activist, member Communist. games from Aug. 1917. Born. in the teacher's family. Graduated from Kiev Commercial Department. uch-shche (1915). From 1916 in the army, he served in spare parts. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in May entered the Kiev military. uch-shche, released in Oct. with the rank of ensign. In Oct.-Dec. 1917 served in the reserve infantry. shelf in Taganrog. Dec. 1917 - Apr. 1918 worked in Kiev gas. "Proletarian Life" and "Izvestia". After the occupation of Kiev, the Germans were arrested by the troops and soon released. After the capture of the city of Kr. Army in March-Aug. 1919 served as deputy. lips. military commissar. In aug. 1919 - Feb. 1920 deputy. early of the political department of the 4th army, in February-June 1920 the beginning. political department of the 2nd Labor Army, in June 1920 - March 1921 beginning. Political Department of the South-West Formations Directorate. fr. (Kiev). In the spring of 1921 he was demobilized, sent to Tashkent head. dep. agitation and propaganda of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Turkestan. In oct. Apr 1921 1922 back to the military. service, and. d. beginning. political department Balt. fleet. In May 1922 - March 1924 in the apparatus of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the RCP (b) - VKP (b), secretary. V.V. Kuibyshev. At the same time. studied at chem. f-those MVTU. From 1924 he worked at the People's Commissariat for Railways, then at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR (deputy head of the foreign department). In 1925-28, authorized by the Supreme Council of the National Economy under the Sov. trade mission in Germany. From 1928 to 1931 he headed JSC Tsvetmetimport. In 1932–33, deputy. trade representative in Berlin and at the same time. member Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade; in 1933-34 deputy. early import management of this People's Commissariat. At the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934) elected a member. Commission of parties, control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (headed by the group of external relations). From Oct. 1936 in the NKVD, successively held positions early. adm.-household. management, deputy. early 3rd dep. GUGB (counterintelligence), early. 12th dep. GUGB (operational equipment). From Jan. 1938 deputy. Commissar for households. parts. In oct. 1938 arrested, in January. 1940 Military. Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was sentenced to capital punishment, the next day he was shot.
Zhukovskiy Shmuel (1901, Kiev - 1931, Moscow), critic. Known as ps. Sema. R. in a family of printers. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Berdichev, collected materials on Heb. folklore for ethnographic. exp. S. An-sky. In 1917 he went to French, participated in civil. war. After demobilization he returned to Berdichev. He made his debut in 1922 Art. about Heb. proletarian. literature in Kiev. gas. Komunistiše von, then printed in gas. "Der emes" (Moscow), "Der stern" (Kharkov), in the railway station "Spilled". All R. 20s studied in Kiev. in-those Heb. culture. In the end. 20s moved to Moscow, worked in the State. academy of lawsuit, lectured on Heb. lit-re. He spoke in Hebrew. periodic. press on the most important problems of the development of Heb. literature, about the work of Sh.Persov, A. Kushnirov, A. Vevierko and others. in Kharkov came out Sat. critical works by J. "Pruvn" ("Experiments", 1934).
ZHUKOYNI-ZHELYADSKY, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zhelyadze Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the BSSR. In 1903 Zh. Was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882.
ZHULIN, a village in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1446. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in Zh.. In 1941, Zh. Jews were taken to Stryi and shot.
ZHUPRANY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897 there were 415 Jews living in Zh. (50.3%). In 1865, Zh. Had 2 synagogues. In 1876–83, Jacob Vilenchik (1851–?) Was the rabbi in Zh.
ZHURAKI, a village in Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In May 1942, 30 Jews of Zh. Were deported to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) and killed there.
ZHURAVICHI, a village in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Rechitsa district of Minsk, then - in the Mstislavl voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. In 1924-31 and 1935-56 it was the regional center of the Mogilev Okrug, since 1938 - the Gomel Region. In 1844, 640 Jews lived in Zh., In 1847 - 1060, in 1859 - 1020, in 1880 - 1618 (74.2%) , in 1908 - 1,360 (32%), in 1923 - 938, in 1939 - 646 Jews. In 1798 there were 2 synagogues in Zh., and a Jewish cemetery; in 1828 Jews owned 104 out of 144 houses. In 1859 there were 3 synagogues in Zh. All R. 19th century main the occupation of the Jewish population was trade (in Zh. there were 4 fairs a year). In 1880, the Jews owned 145 out of 220 houses. Esel Rabinsky owned a large-scale farmhouse in Zh. (From 1872) and rented the cloth factory of the landowner S. Meshchersky. In July 1885, a fire destroyed 43 houses, burned down 2 synagogues and 58 shops on Bazarnaya Square. Since 1895, LB Kagan (1845—?) Was the rabbi in Zh., In 1892—1902 - Mordukh Movshovich (1862—?), In 1902—15 - B. Rabinovich. In the spring of 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in Zh., October 17. - the second pogrom. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Zh. m-in. In 1913 there was Elka Belkina's bookstore. In the 1920s. the rabbi in Zh. was the Lubavitcher Hasid Ya.-Z. Maskalik. In 1926, immigrants from Zh. In the Evpatoria region did not create a Jewish farmer. collective "Trud" (59 people). In the 1920s and 30s. in Zh. there was a school teaching in Yiddish. After the occupation of the Germans. troops in Zh. created a ghetto that existed until 1943. After 1945, approx. 100 Jews; the minyan acted. After 1956, when Zh. Lost the status of a regional center, many others. Jews left Zh. Since the 1970s. began the departure of Jews Zh. to Israel, the United States, as well as to kr. cities of the USSR. 1990s in Zh. a Jewish cemetery was desecrated. Then in the forest approx. J., where in the period of the Germ. During the occupation, Jews were shot, a memorial sign was erected. In 1999, 2 Jews lived in Zh.. Aron Moiseevich Genkin (b. 1906), biologist, Dr. of Biol. Sciences (1959), prof. (1963), in 1961-73 head. Department of Biochemistry, Sverdlovsk honey. Institute V. N. Pervyshin
Zhuravka, a village in the Varvinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1618.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Zh.
ZHURAVNIKI, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Druzhkopol, Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1700, approx. 70 Jews, in 1790 - 269, in 1847 - 611, in 1897 - 870 (64.9%), in 1921 - 779 Jews (69%). Jews lived in Zh. From the middle. 17th century Main occupations - small trade and sheepskin dressing. In the 18th century. a wooden synagogue was built, on the site of a cut in 1865 a new one was erected. Most of the Jews in Zh. Were Olk and Trisk Hasidim. From 1906, Pinkhus Weiner (1883—?) Was a rabbi in Zh., Then Yakov-Itskhok Galaranter, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Velichker (? —1942) and Aron Entis (? —1942). In 1918 a Jewish school was opened in J. in the same year, Jewish self-defense was created. In 1920, a pogrom was staged in Zh. By units of the Polish. Army. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Zh. on June 22, 1941. On July 10, the Judenrat was created. In the beginning. oct. 1941 Jews of Zh. Were deported to the ghetto in Gorokhov. 4 Sep 1942 in Zh. Approx. 500 Jews.
ZHURAVNO, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Zhidachivsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 566 Jews lived in Zh., In 1880 - 2197 (69%), in 1890 - 1665 (61.3%), in 1900 - 1546 ( 53.1%), in 1910 - 1338 (47.8%), in 1921 - 865 (44.9%), in 1931 - approx. 1,000 Jews. A Jewish community existed in Japan from the 18th century. In the 18th century. Rabbi J. was Rabbi Moishe-Shaul (? -1759), in the 1850s. - Eliezer Lipman, in 1888-1908 - Pinchas Horowitz, who founded in 1908 in J. Heder Metukan. In 1899 the Zionist organization "Zion" was created in Zh. In 1909, a Hebrew school was opened (director Jacob Proust). In 1910 Zh. Had 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1916, 11 Jews from Zh. Were deported to Ternopil. In the 1920s and 1930s. in Zh. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In the 1920s. The rabbis of J. were Yeshua Horowitz, MD and Zvi-Matatiyahu Fischer, in the 1930s. - Bratspiz (? -1936), since 1936 - his son Moishe Bratspiz. Between 1932 and 1934 a school of the Tarbut network operated. In 1937 a pogrom was organized in Japan. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Japan on July 3, 1941. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created. 5 Sep 1942 several. hundreds of Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. All R. Sep 1942 ghetto is created. 4 Feb 1943 the executions of the Jews of J. began. The last group of Jews of J. was shot on June 5, 1943.
ZHURAVSKY, see Zhuravskoye.
ZHURAVSKOE, a village in the Novoselitsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1811. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zhuravsky Caucasian department Kuban region. 13 oct. 1942 in Zh. 11 evacuated Jews were shot.
ZHUROMIN, a city (since 1765) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Serpetskiy u. In 1856, 645 Jews lived in Zh., In 1864 - 568 (25%), in 1897 - 1286, in 1921 - 1902 Jews (48%). In the 19th century Zh. Had a synagogue. Jews earned their living by small trade, sold agricultural products. products and horses in Danzig, were engaged in handicrafts. The Jews owned a mill and a tavern. In 1823-62 Zh. Was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border us. paragraph. After the beginning. 1st world. war in an atmosphere of general spy mania in October. 1914 rabbi and 10 people. communities of J. were taken hostage. With the help of the Joint in 1927, a mutual aid fund was created. In 1880-1912, the rabbi of J. was Meir Chekhanover (1843 -?), In 1912-25 - Moishe Chekhanover, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Benzion Blumberg. After the German occupation. army at the beginning. Sep 1939 Jews in Zh. Were evicted from the city. Meir Selis (real fam. Berngolz) (1901— ?, Warsaw), publicist, wrote in Yiddish, died during the Holocaust.
Zhurov, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 104 Jews lived in Zh. Jews were deported in October. 1942.
ZHUTOV, see Zhutovo 1st]].
ZHUTOVO 1st, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Khutor Zhutov of the 2nd Don environs. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. 4 oct. 1942 Jews evacuated from Ukraine (21 people) were killed in the gas chamber of a special car in Zh.-1.
ZHUTOVO 2nd, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Zhitov farm of the 2nd Don environs. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In autumn 1942, at least 7 evacuated Jews were killed in Zh.-2.
GUM, see [[Great Zhvanchik.
ZHVANETS, a village in the Kamyanets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1431. Was a part of Vel. Prince of Lithuania, since 1569 - in the Kamenets district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kamenets district Podolsk lips. In 1923–25 - the regional center of the Kamenets district, in 1925–30 - in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Kamenets district, in 1930–37 - in the Vinnitsa region, in 1937–54 - in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, since 1954 - in the Khmelnitsk region In 1765, 1134 Jews lived in Zh., In 1847 - 1619, in 1897 - 3353 (67%), in 1902 - 3494, in 1923 - 1196, in 1926 - 1383 (40.2%), in 1939 - 626 Jews Jews have been settling in Zh. Since the times of the Commonwealth. Since 1699 Polish. the authorities attracted Jews to Zh. in order to revive the regional economy after the tour. dominion. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - trade (bread, salt, timber, textiles, etc.) and crafts. In 1859 the community acquired a house for a synagogue. Since 1880, Alter-Chaim Elis (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Zh. In 1885 a sawmill was built by Jewish entrepreneurs. In 1887 there were 4 synagogues, in 1890 - 6 synagogues. In 1901, the beginning. Jewish school, in 1902 - 2-grade village. school, in 1905 - school for girls. In the beginning. 20th century 6 Jewish schools and 2 schools worked, private libraries were created, Zionist circles were operating. In 1905 a detachment of Jewish self-defense was created in Zh., And in 1925 the Zionist organization numbered 9 members. In 1926 the authorities rejected Rabbi Z. Alterovich's petition to register the synagogue. All R. 1920s a Jewish village council was created (headed by Yankel Lerner). In 1926, 150 handicraftsmen were registered in Zh. (Hats, tailors, gontars, tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., most of them Jews), there were unions of handicraftsmen (85 members), merchants (87 members), butchers, and .-x. Credit Society "Red Plow", Joint provided assistance to low-income families. A branch of OZET (110 members) completed groups for resettlement in a farmer. colonies in districts Krivoy Rog, Kherson, Chongar, in the Jewish Autonomous region]]. There was a 4-year Jewish school (3 teachers, 121 students) and an educational program, drama. circle, Jewish hut-reading room. In the end. 1920s a Jewish collective farm was created (previously Y. Schneiderman), the poorest population united in the agricultural sector. Artel "Frontier Peasant". July 7, 1941 Zh. was occupied by the Germans. troops. Some of the Jews were shot on the spot (they were buried in a mass grave together with prisoners of war at the local cemetery), the rest were taken to the ghetto in Kamenets-Podolsk and were exterminated there. After the liberation (1944), several returned to Zh. Jewish families from evacuation, as well as Jews demobilized from the army. In the 1970s and 80s. all Jews left for Israel and other countries. I. Rabinovich, I. B. Kraizman
ZHVANETSKY Mikhail Mikhailovich (Manievich) (b. 1934, Odessa), writer. At the end. Odessa. in-that engineer. navy several. years worked in Odessa. port. He began to write for the stage in the institute, participating in the art. amateur performances. Together with V.L. Ilchenko, a student of the same institute, he wrote skits, interludes, etc. for skits, which they themselves performed, becoming the initiators of the creation of student. t-ra variety miniatures "Parnassus 2". In 1963, R.A.Kartsev took the place of the J.-performer in this established duet, and J. completely switched to lit. activity, wrote texts for t-ra. In 1963, at the invitation of A.I. Raikin, he began to work in his department head. lit. part. During these years, he wrote many others. productions widely known in the performance of Raikin: "In the Greek Hall", "Deficit", "Useful Advice" and others. In 1970 J., Kartsev and Ilchenko, who also worked in Leningrad. t-re miniatures, returned to Odessa and created at the Philharmonic T-p miniatures (1970–78). The author of the performances of the theater "How to get to Deribasovskaya", "Met and fled", "Sincerely yours" (1976), etc. was J. In 1978, J. moved to Moscow. In Moscow. t-re miniatures Kartsev and Ilchenko play performances based on his production: "When we were resting" (1980), "Selected miniatures" (1982), "Bravo, satire!" (1987) and others. Writes J. and for other t-ditch and actors. One of the best performers of his miniatures, he performs a lot on the stage, on television, radio, with author's evenings. The conversational intonation of his work, the rapid pace, emotionality make it easy to establish contact with the audience. In 1988 J., Kartsev and Ilchenko created their own theater, which opened with the play "Bird Flight", then followed "Political Cabaret" (1990), "My Odessa" (1993), all based on the texts of J. The author of several. collection of books: “Time of Big Changes” (M., 1977), “Meetings on the Streets” (M., 1980), “Two Years” (M., 1989).
ZHVILYUNAI, a village divided into two parts, belonging to Anyksciai and Kupiski districts (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zhvilyuny Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, one Jewish family lived in Zh.
ANIMALS, see Zhvilyunay.
ZHVINGAI, a town in the Shilalsky district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. in Zh. lived several. Jewish families in the 1920s and 30s. - one Jewish family who worked with. x-vom.
ZHVIRBLENAI, a village in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. war in Zh. lived several. Jewish families.
ZHYALVA, a village in the Ukmerga region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Poselve Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 292 Jews lived in Zh., In 1897 - 643 (69.6%), in 1923 - 364 Jews (58%). J. from the beginning. 18th century In the 1st floor. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery in J. All R. 19th century there were 3 synagogues. From 1864 to 1884, Yehuda Livshits was a rabbi in Zh., From 1885 - Naftoli-Dovid Musenzon (1861—?), In 1890—93 - Zvi-Yehuda Pushelevich, from 1891 - Moishe-Gabriel Levin (1861—?), From 1898 - Menachem-Nohum Kreines (1857—?). In 1915 Jews were evicted from Zh. In the 1920s and 1930s. Zh. Jews earned their living by trade, handicrafts, p. x-vom. There were 2 synagogues, one of them is Hasidic. In 1927, the Yavne school was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. Arie-Leib Levy (? —1941) was the rabbi of J. On July 10, 1941, 83 Jews were shot in J. 1941 - still approx. 60 Jews, 125 Jews were taken to Ukmerge and shot there together with local Jews. The remaining Jews were shot on 5 Sept. 1941.
ZHAMAYCHIU-NAUMESTIS, a city in the Shilut region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1650 as Naishtot-Tavrig. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria (other name. - New Place) Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 in J.-N. 1347 Jews lived, in 1897 - 1438 (58.8%), in 1923 - 664 Jews (37%), in 1940 - approx. 120 families. Jews lived in J.-N. from the 17th century In the 1710s. in J.-N. a Jewish cemetery was opened, where the first rabbi J.-N. - Yehoshua-Zvulon. In the 1730s. Hevra Kaddish was founded. In the 1780s. in J.-N. the old cemetery was closed; a new one, where Rabbi Avrom was later buried, the author of Ma'alot ha-Torah, brother of Eliyahu from Vilna. In 1816, J.-N. a synagogue was built. Until 1898, the rabbi in J.-N. there was Yoel Yitzchok Katsenelenbogen, then Leizer-Zelik-Yehoshua Shapiro. In 1909 in J.-N. there were 3 synagogues, an almshouse, a Talmud Torah. Main the occupation of the Jews J.-N. there was a trade in flax and grain with Memel (modern. Klaipeda), Königsberg (modern. Kaliningrad) and Hamburg. From the end. 19th century in J.-N. Zionist circles were active. In the 1880s and 90s. several hundreds of Jews J.-N. left for the UK, USA, South. Africa. 1920-30s. in J.-N. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew, 3 synagogues. Rabbi J.-N. during these years was Yakov-Moishe Lesin. Departments worked. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the anti-Jewish riots in May 1939, dozens of Jewish families left for the United States and South. Africa. Youth J.-N. left for E.-I. Herm. troops occupied J.-N. June 22, 1941. At the beginning. July 1941 a ghetto was created. 19 July 1941 approx. 70 Jews J.-N. was shot. The women who remained in the ghetto were shot on 25 Sept. 1941. 27 Jews J.-N., sent on July 19, 1941 to a labor camp in Šiluta, were in it until the end. July 1943. The Jews who survived by this time were deported to Auschwitz, some of them in October. 1943 sent to Warsaw to dismantle the ruins of the ghetto. 7 people remained alive. In 1945 in J.-N. returned several. Jews, three of them were killed in an explosion by Lithuanian partisans. At the site of the execution of the Jews J.-N. a commemorative sign was installed.
ZHAMAITKEMIS, a town in the Ukmerg region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhmuydki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 207 Jews lived in Zh., And 99 Jews (47%) lived in a neighboring farm. Jews in Zh. Were exterminated during the Holocaust.
ZHURAI, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Zhury Vilensky u. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Zh.
JURY, see Jury.
ZIDKI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Zmievsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1659. In the 19th - early 20th centuries. - in Zmievsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Z.
ZILAIR, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Preobrazhenskoe Orsk u. Orenburg Gubernia. In 1926, 4 Jews lived in Z., in 1939 - 4 Jews.
ZILBER Anatoly Petrovich (b. 1931, Zaporozhye), anesthesiologist-resuscitator. Dr. med. Sciences (1969), prof. (1973). In 1954 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t them. I.P. Pavlova. He worked as an anesthesiologist at a hospital in Petrozavodsk. From 1959 - Ch. anesthesiologist of Karelia. Since 1966 - head. Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology with a postgraduate course at Petrozavodsk University. Doct. dis. on the topic "Regional and general unevenness of the lungs during anesthesia." The creator of the clinical and physiological direction in critical care medicine. Introduced means. contribution to research. respiratory failure problems. Member reign of Vseros. and before. Board of the Karelian Society of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists. Honored. doctor Karel. ASSR (1968), honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1986). Works: Artificial ventilation of the lungs in acute respiratory failure, M., 1978; Studies in Clinical Reanimatology, 1984; Respiratory therapy in daily practice, Tashkent, 1986; Respiratory failure, M., 1989.
ZILBER Yitzhak-Yosef (1917, Kazan - 2004, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the city rabbi Benzion 3. (1870–1944). Got a homemade religion. education. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Kazan University (1940). He taught at school. Was subjected to repression. Because of the threat of deprivation, she will give birth. rights (in connection with the non-admission of his children to school on Saturdays) was forced to leave Kazan. From ser. 60s -in Tashkent. Religious activist (Lubavitch) underground. Since 1972 - in Israel. He founded the first in history yeshiva with teaching in Russian. lang. 3. - the largest specialist in religion. divorce law.
ZILBER Lev Aleksandrovich (1894, Medved Novgorod province - 1966, Moscow), microbiologist, virologist and immunologist, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Brother of the writer V.A. Kaverin; from the family of a military musician. Graduated from Petrograd. (1915) and Moscow (1919) high fur boots. Since 1921 - at the Institute of Microbiology of the People's Commissariat for Health in Moscow. Since 1929 head. Department of Microbiology, Baku honey. in-that and simultaneously. dir. Azerb. Institute of Microbiology. Since 1939 head. Department of Virology and since 1945 Department of Immunology and Malignancies. tumors in Ying-those epidemiology and microbiology them. N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1937–45 he was twice repressed. Main tr. 3. eating, variability of microorganisms, problems of immunology, incl. the development of antiviral immunity, thermal stability of antigens, antibodies and complement. Described the joint. with sotr. (1937) a previously unknown viral disease - Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis, discovered its causative agent and studied epidemiology. He was the first in the USSR to study oncogenic (tumorigenic) viruses. Since 1945 he was engaged in the substantiation and development of the viral theory of the origin of tumors. Discovered (with K.B.Seyman, I.B. Zbarsky, and S.S.Debov) specific. antigen for tumor tissues (1948–49). Established (1957, simultaneously with G.Ya. Svet-Moldavsky) the pathogenicity of the chicken sarcoma virus for mammals, for which in 1967 (posthumously) he was awarded the State. pr. USSR. Became. etc. (1946). Cit .: Paraimmunity, M., 1928; The doctrine of viruses, M., 1956; Fundamentals of Immunology, 3rd ed., M., 1958; Virus-genetic theory of the emergence of tumors, M., 1968; Selected Works, L., 1971.
ZILBERFARB Moishe (Moisey) (1876, Rovno Volyn province - 1934, Otwock, Poland), publicist, politician, and public figure. He wrote under the ps. M. Bazin. In 1898 he graduated from the Zhytomyr city government, then studied chemistry at the Kiev Polytechnic. In 1902–04 he studied honey. f-those of Berlin un-that, later studied jurisprudence in Kiev and Bern (Switzerland), where he received scientific. degree of dr. Back in Rovno he got involved in the social-polit. activity, sought to theoretically substantiate the attitude of socialists to the Hebrews. question. In 1905 he wrote (together with V. Dinin) the work “The principle of national-polit. autonomy ”,“ Nat. and terr. autonomy and interests of Heb. proletariat ", founded by gr. "Revival" in different. cities of Russia and Germany. In 1906 he became one of the founders of the Socialist, Heb. Workers' Party ”(SERP), was repeatedly arrested and expelled from Russia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 came to Kiev, headed the Union. Heb. socialist working party, was appointed min. in Heb. affairs at the Center. Happy. Author of the first law on national and personal autonomy, adopted by the Rada on January 10. 1918, but soon resigned. In aug. 1918 under Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky arrested. There was a deer. Heb. bunk bed un-that in Kiev, spoke with st. in Heb. ed., headed the "Culture League". In 1919 under A.I.Denikin he was arrested. In 1921 he moved to Warsaw, continued to work in various cult.-skylight. org-tions and uch. institutions, was before. About-va crafts. and land-delch. labor among Jews in Russia, was engaged in journalism. In recent years he was close to the Bund and published in its organs. From lit. heritage 3. the work “Heb. min-in and Heb. autonomy in Ukraine ”, published in Kiev in 1919 in Hebrew. lang. In 1935-37 in Paris and Warsaw were elected. manuf. 3.in 2 vols.
ZILBERG Moshe (1900, Skavdili, Kovno province - 1975, Jerusalem), judge, legal scholar. Studied at yeshivas in Mir, Slobodka and Novogrudok. He studied philosophy, mathematics and physics at the University of Marburg (1921-23), law - at the University of Frankfurt (1923-26). Since 1929 - in E.-I. I read the publ. lectures on the Talmud, then practiced law (1934–48). Since 1948 - a district judge in Tel Aviv, in 1950 - 70 - member, since 1965 - deputy. prez. Top, the courts of Israel. Taught personal and family law in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem (1954–69). Author of a number of works on Talmudic issues. rights and personal status. He strove to combine the norms of Heb. and europe. rights. State Israel Ave (1964).
ZILBERMAN Israel Iosifovich (b. 1913, Kiev), painter. In Moscow since 1923. Studied at Moscow. thin memorial school 1905 (1934–39) at NP Krymov, at the same time. on filol. Faculty of Moscow State University. Master of landscape genre, 3. created his works. on trips across Russia, Wed. Asia, North, Baltic, Caucasus, etc. ("Birches", "On the Oka River", "Port of Klaipeda", "Makhachkala. Small street", "Tarusa snowdrifts", etc.). Participant of exhibitions since 1954. Works 3. are in museums and art gal. on the territory. b. USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery) and abroad.
ZILBERMAN Chaim Aizekovich (1907, Rashkov of Olgopolsky district of Podolsk province - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. The first stories in Yiddish began to publish in the late. 20s in Kharkov gas. Der Stern. In 1929, J. "Di Dig Velt" published his pov. Ishuvnikes (Village Jews). Published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. First. book stories "Broyt gesalzne" ("Salted bread"), dedicated. collectivization, published in 1932. In 1934 the Odessa State. Heb. Dr. staged his play "The Cherepanik Menchn" ("People from Cherepanik"). During the 1941-45 war, he was edited by. army gas. Into the gas. "Einikite" published his essays and reports from the front. After the war, the publishing house "Der Emes" (Moscow) published his book. "Vi lang from dos geven" ("How long has it been"), where the military entered. stories and sketches. In 1949 he was repressed. After rehabilitation he returned to Moscow. In the 60s and 70s. g. "Sovetish Gameland" published his stories, and in 1972 - rum. "Comet", having eaten, the birth of the first. after having finished. Heb. t-ra in Odessa.
ZILBERMAN Yakov Ilyich (1901, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1969, Leningrad), chemical technologist. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Kiev un-that and chemical-technol. Faculty of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. He worked at a sugar plant in Kiev (from 1917) and in the center. sugar lab. (since 1921). In 1930 the beginning. Centre. lab. Vinnytsia superphosphate plant, then to the State. in-those for the design of chemical enterprises. prom-sti (GIPH) in Leningrad (until 1936). In 1936–42 the beginning. lab. in the State. Institute of Applied Chemistry in Leningrad. In the evacuation from 1942 he worked as a scientific. hands. at Bondyuzhsky chemical. s-de. Since 1945 in Leningrad, he continued to work at the GIPH as an art. scientific. sotr. At the same time. conducted research. in the Radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Osn. work in the region. chem. technology. Completed a number of originals. works to determine physical and chemical. (The properties and technology of obtaining concentrated hydrogen peroxide, chemical technology of radioactive elements. Author of printed scientific works, monographs. In 1935 published one of the first monographs in the USSR on the technology of obtaining superphosphate. Len. Pr. (1961), Steel etc. () 1949). Works: Fundamentals of chem. technology of arts of active elements, M., 1961.
ZILBERMINTS Veniamin Arkadievich (1887, Poltava - 1938), geologist, mineralogist and geochemist, prof. from 1922. Graduated in 1911 from St. Petersburg. un-t, at the same time. while studying at un-those attended lectures on metallurgy. department of the Polytechnic. in-that. In 1913-15 and 1917-23 he worked in St. Petersburg. (Petrograd) un-te - curator of the Soil Museum, assistant of the Department of Mineralogy. Since 1923 in Moscow. state un-those headed geochem. lab. (since 1927 as part of the Institute of Applied Mineralogy). At the same time. taught at Moscow. higher. tech. uch-shche and in Moscow. Mining Academy (since 1929). work in the field of mineralogy and geochemistry of rare and trace elements contained in coals and bitumen, research. prospects of using coal as a raw material for the production of rare and trace metals. In 1930–37 he revealed the regularities in the distribution of germanium, vanadium, nickel, beryllium, and other elements in coals, developed a method for extracting these elements, and in 1936 obtained the first samples of germanium dioxide. Works 3. prepared the basis for the development of the semiconductor industry in the country. materials. Author of the original guidelines and tables for determining minerals. (M.-L., 1936). In 1938 he was repressed.
ZILBERSHTEIN Beinusz (1902, Lodz, Petrokiv Province - 1942, Auschwitz), poet, prose writer, publicist. From a young age he was forced to work. I was engaged in self-education. He was a private teacher, theater, prompter, employee. Lit. He began his activity in 1916 with reports in one of the ód gaz., and in 1919 he published the first. verse. He published poetry, poems, short stories, rum. and reviews in decomp. periodic. ed. First. book verse. "In eigenem krayz" ("In the home circle") was released in Warsaw in 1922. Peru 3. belongs to the poem "Sant Gelena-inzl" ("St. Helena Island"), rom. "Broit" ("Bread"), dramatic. manuf. Sat. his verse. The Anthem zu oysgeleister erd (Anthem to the Liberated Land) was confiscated by the Polish authorities. From 1935 he lived in Antwerp, took part in cultural life, ed. weekly "Belgiche Bleter" was one of the organizers of the World. Heb. cultural congr. in Paris in 1937 and sec. his Belgian department. After the occupation of Belgium it. troops participated in the resistance movement. In 1942 he was arrested and sent to Auschwitz, where he was shot for attacking guards while being sent to the gas chamber. The novel remained in the manuscript 3. Esn (Eat).
ZILBERSHTEIN Chaim (1845, Warsaw - 1907), poet. In 1865 he graduated from a rabbi in Zhitomir. uch-shche, in 1869-73 he studied jurisprudence in St. Petersburg. He was engaged in agriculture on his own estate. Printed Art. in Russian press, was a permanent collaborator. Russian-Heb. g. "Voskhod" and Polish "Courier Warshawski". He wrote poetry in Russian. lang., was engaged in research. glory, lang. and Hebrew. He published poetry in Yiddish in the first. Heb. gas. "Kol mevaser" and "Varshever Yiddish Zeitung" (1869), as well as in lit. sat-kah. In 1887 he released in Warsaw ist. the allegory "Der dorn" ("Terne"), and in 1890 - Sat. scientific. Art. “Hebrew-Slavic philologists. research ".
ZILBERT Avraam Efroimovich (1903, Kursk - 1944, Moscow), architect. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow. higher. tech. uch-shche. Specialist in the design of large industrial buildings and structures. Main works: the project of the Avtozavod im. V.M. Molotov (GAZ) in Gorky (1930s, with A. Fisenko, L. Velikovsky), the project of the Avtozavod im. IV Stalin (ZIS) in Moscow (1934-39, with Fisenko, V. Lukyanov).
ZILBERT Ben (1893, Gorki, Mogilev province. - 1939, Florida, USA), painter, printmaker. In his youth he moved to the USA. He studied at the Institute of Arts in Chicago and Paris, where he lived for several. years. The first recognition in the USA 3. received thanks to Maria Sterner, edges exhibited his work in his gal. in New York, when the artist was on the brink of poverty. 3. attracted the attention of Florence N. Levy, ex. dir. Baltimore Museum of Art-in and Observer New York Regional. advice on the claim, as a result of his production. began to acquire collectors in New York and Baltimore. Good izv. aqu. and engraver, work 3. His works. are kept in museums and in-takh arts in the USA and France.
ZILBERTS Zavl (Zvulun) (1881, Karlin, Minsk Province - 1948, New York), conductor and composer. Rod. in the cantor's family. Studied at the Warsaw cons. In 1908–14, the conductor of the Moscow Choir. synagogues. Since 1914, the conductor is Jewish. ans. "Ha-Zamir" in Lodz. Since 1920 - in the USA, the conductor is Jewish. ans. and choirs. The author of the liturgy. music, Heb. songs, arranger Heb. bunk bed melodies.
ZILBERZWAYG Zalman (1894, Ozorkov Lenchitsky district of Kalisz province - |), playwright, publicist, theater critic. From a young age he was fond of Hebrew. t-rum. In 1912 he directed the theater. collectives, wrote plays and performances for them. Lit. he began his activity at a young age. Since 1912 he collaborated in different. Heb. ed. Printed feuilletons, political. Art., reports, translated op. foreign authors. In 1928 his first edition was published in Vilna. book about t-re "Gitern forgang" ("Under the curtain"). In 1922 he began to collect materials for the book. about Heb. t-re and Heb. actors, to-rye later used for his 6-volume "Lexicon of Heb. t-ra ". To do this, Z. traveled almost all over the world, was in E.-I., Poland, USA, Argentina. In 1937 he settled in New York, and in 1948 he moved to Los Angeles. The author of the book: "Voe der Yidischer actor derzeilt" ("What a Jewish actor tells", 1928), "Theater-zichroines" ("Theatrical memories", 1928), "Album fun Yiddish theater" ("Album of the Jewish theater", 1937 ) and others. Peru 3. belongs to the plays "Ir shvester" ("Her sister"), "Harote" ("Repentance"), "Medallion", several. melodrama. For Heb. scenes he processed the dramas of A. Dumas, W. Shakespeare, G. Zuderman, B. Shaw and others. Ch. work 3. - "Lexicon of the Jewish Theater", v. 1-6, 1931-38, which included 700 biographies of Hebrews. actors, playwrights, translators, directors over the past 150 years. There are also descriptions of Heb. badkhenov, purimshpilerov, pl. and prof. singers.
ZILBURG Gregory (1890, Kiev - 1959), psychiatrist, psychoanalyst. In the years of the 1st world. war 1914-18 he served as a soldier. doctor in Russian. army; participant Feb. Revolution of 1917, was a secretary in the Ministry of Labor of Time. pr-va. Since 1919 in the USA. In 1926 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Columbia University (New York), in 1929–30 specialized in psychoanalysis in Berlin. From 1931 he was engaged in private practice, was prof. New York honey. College, Consultant on Criminology at the United Nations. tr. 3.Ded. history of medicine: "Medic and sorcerer in the Renaissance", 1935; "History of Medical Psychology", 1941 (co-author), socio-psychological. problems, suicides (1936–37). He also owns the works "The Brain, Medicine and Man" (1943), "Sigmund Freud" (1951), "The Psychology of Crime and Punishment" (1954), "Freud and Religion" (1958).
ZILBURG Moishe (1884, Molodechno Vileisky u. Vilna province - |), prose writer, publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He was a teacher in Minsk. From 1906 he lived in Vilna, where he participated in the organization of the Bund, was arrested, after his release he left for Galicia. In 1918-23 he taught Hebrew in Vienna, worked as an editor. publishing house "Der Kval". Headed by Heb. g. The "critic" around whom the Hebrews were grouped. writers who lived in Vienna. In 1923 he returned to Vilno, published a weekly. on issues of t-ra and cinema "Di Bime", headed the Union of Jews. writers and journalists in Lithuania. Then he moved to Warsaw, where he was one of the editors. weekly "Literary Bleter". In lit-re 3. debuted in 1906 with stories, to-rye published in Vilna periodicals. ed. 3. belong to the lane. in Yiddish op. peace. literature (M. Gorky, Strindberg, Mehring, etc.).
ZILUPE, a city (since 1931) in the Ludza region (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1900 in the Lucinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1920–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, approx. 500 Jews (75%), in 1930 - approx. 500 (70%), in 1935 - 471 Jews (30%) The Jewish community was founded in 1900, there was a synagogue. In 1907-21, Aron-Bezalel Paul was the rabbi. After the 1st world. During the war, almost all the Jews who had been expelled from their homes during the war returned to Z. In the 1920s and 30s. philanthropists worked. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance, the Joint provided great assistance to the community. In the beginning. 1920s a Jewish cemetery was laid. Since 1921, Z.'s rabbi was Chaim-Menachem Nekhamkin, who died during the Holocaust. The Jews earned their living Ch. arr. petty trade. In 1935, 59 out of 69 stores were owned by Jews. Economical the position of the Jews was quite stable. Many were engaged in the cultivation of vegetables in their personal plots. In 1923 the Jewish beginning was opened. school with teaching in Yiddish, since 1930 - in Hebrew. Active Zionist work was carried out. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht in the late. June 1941. All Jews in Z. were shot 2 km from the city. After 1945, several returned to the West. dozens of Jews. A monument is erected at the site of the execution.
WINTER, city (since 1922), regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1898 as a settlement. Ziminskoe at the railway Art. on the Trans-Siberian Railway in the Balagan environs. Irkutsk Gubernia. In 1897, 660 Jews (20.9%) lived in Z., in 1926 - 327 (4.1%), in 1939 - 151 Jews. - one of the centers of compact residence of Subbotniks and Ger, to-rye settled on the territory. Irkutsk lips. from the beginning. 19th century In the beginning. 19th century the number of Subbotniks and Geers - approx. 1 thousand people In 1906 a wooden synagogue was built in Z. In 1908, the "Community of Subbotnik sectarians of the Jewish law" was registered, which consisted of 145 families. In 1913, the community was headed by a mentor - Reubim-Zakhar Pyankov. Later, the Second Community of Religions was registered. the sects of the Sabbathians of the Jewish law. " In the beginning. 20th century a Zionist organization operated in Z., delegates to a swarm took part in the work of the 3rd All-Sib. Zionist Congress in Tomsk (1919). In 1920 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library and a Jewish school (40 students) functioned in Z. Until the 1970s. there was a minyan in Z.
ZIMAN Lev Yakovlevich (1900, Skopin, Ryazan province - 1956, Moscow), geographer and cartographer. In 1919–20 he served in the Kr. Army. In 1921 he graduated from the Saratov econom. in-t. In 1921-28 he taught economics. geography in Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov in Moscow. In 1926-30 at the TSB, in 1930-33 he taught at Mezhdunar. Lenin's school, worked in the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Since 1934 deputy. dir. Research Institute of the Big Sov. atlas of the world, since 1938 prof. Higher. Dipl. schools. In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army. After demobilization in 1947 he devoted himself entirely to teaching and research. activities in uch. institutions of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, etc. Izv. work on econ. and polit. geography, districts of the USA, econom. zoning. Cit .: Capitalist world. Econ. and watered, geography, M., 1934; Hawaiian Islands, M., 1952; Natural resources of the USA and their use, M., 1954; Econ. districts of the USA, M., 1959.
ZIMIN Boris Nikolaevich (b. 1929, Moscow), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1993). In 1954 he graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1957-60 he worked at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. In 1961–75 and from 1979 - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1975-79 the head. ed. geography publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". Main scientific. works on the general theory of the location of production, the theory of small countries, geography of the world x-va. Author of works: Geography of Germany, 1978 (co-author); World geography. x-va. Uch. manual, part 1, 1992 (et al.).
ZIMINO, a village in the Razdolnensky region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 1930s. in Freidorf district. In the 1930s. Jews were apprx. 90% of the population.
ZIMINSKY, see Winter.
WINTER, a village in the Volodymyr-Volynsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1450. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Winter Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Z. After the occupation by units of the Wehrmacht in 1941, Jews in Z. were shot in the village. Five days.
WINTER, see Winter.
ZINDELS Abram Moiseevich (1915, Lipovets, Kiev province. - 1943, Melitopol), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1940. Com. platoon, ml. leith. 3. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle during the liberation of Melitopol.
ZINGER Avrom (1864, Kopyl Slutsk district. Minsk province - 1920, Bobruisk), prose writer, translator. He became an orphan early. He studied at yeshivas. He was a teacher of ancient Hebrews. Beginning in 1885 he wrote stories in Hebrew, published in gas. and f. "Ha-Melits", "Kneset Israel", "Akhia-saf". In 1890 he published the first. book stories, then several more. collection of prose books. Critics wrote that 3. possesses keen observation and is distinguished by the grace of the syllable. From 1888 he lived in Warsaw. He made his Yiddish debut in 1901 weekly. "Der Yud", and later was published in another edition. 3. belongs to the lane. in Hebrew "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by G. Beecher Stowe (1896).
ZINGER Yisroel-Yegusha (1893, Belgorai, Lublin province - 1944, New York), prose writer, playwright. Brother of I. Bashevis-Singer. He made his debut with stories in Yiddish in gas. "Dos Yiddish Worth" (Warsaw). After the revolution of 1917 he came to Kiev, was printed in gas. "Di nae zait", as well as in the first. after having finished. lit. collection of books "Baginen" and "Oifgang". He worked as a proofreader, joined the so-called. Kiev group of Heb. writers. Here he wrote the dramas "Erd-Wei" ("Pain of the Earth") and "Dry" ("Three"). Fame brought 3. story "Pearl" ("Pearl"), publ. to the alm. Ringen (Warsaw). Since 1933 in the USA. There was a post. corr. new york gas. Forverts, where he published hundreds of correspondence and essays. Author of rum. "Yoshe Kalb", "Di breeder Ashkenazi" ("Ashkenazi Brothers"), "Haver Nachman" ("Comrade Nachman"), "Di mishpohe Karnovski" ("The Karnovsky family"), "In di berg" ("In the mountains" ). He also owns the book. "Leym-rude" ("Clay Pits", 1924); Shtol un aizn (Steel and Iron, 1927); "Oif fremder erd" ("On a foreign land", 1925) and others. Having visited Russia in 1928, 3. released the book. travel notes "Nai-rusland" ("New Russia").
ZINGER Lionell (b. 1920, Kremenchuk, Poltava province), rabbi. Graduated from Yeshiva Etz Chaim in London (1939), received a Master of Arts degree. He continued his education at un-those in Glasgow (1946). Received a number of academic degrees in dec. specialties - Bachelor of Law (1947), Master of Science, Sociology (1953), Doctor of Psychology (1955). He worked in Australia, where since 1960 he led a number of Hebrews. religious org-tions. He was a rabbi in various cities of Great Britain: London, Glasgow, Leeds. In 1949–60 he was a rabbi in Johannesburg (South Africa). Author of works on law and psychology.
ZINGER Leib (1899, Romny, Poltava province - 1957, Moscow), historian, demographer. He graduated from the city and in 1925 - econom. dep. f-that societies. Sciences Mosk. un-that. Worked at the Center. statistical management of the USSR, in different. statistical and economic. institutions. During the 2nd world. war lived in Siberia, was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that. After the war he returned to Moscow, worked at the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin. In 1947 he defended the candidate. dis. “Socio-economic. the results of the decision of Heb. question in the USSR ". The author of the book. in Yiddish: “Jewish Proletarians in the USSR”, 1933; "Nat. the composition of the proletariat in the USSR ”, 1934; "The Renewed People", 1941, as well as Art. “Numerical composition and geogr. placement of Heb. population of the USSR "," Heb. the population of Moscow ”and other works on the problems of Jewish demography.
ZINGERMAN Boris Isaakovich (1928, Odessa - 2000, Moscow), theater critic and theater critic. In 1950 he graduated from the theater department of GITIS. In 1955–62 the head. foreign dep. g. "Theater". Since 1962 - scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Arts (now All-Russian Research Institute of Art History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main circle of interests 3. associated with modern. lawsuit. Author of the works "Mikhoels-Lear" (in the book "Mikhoels SM. Articles. Conversations. Speeches", M., 1960); "Jean Vilar and Others" (M., 1964), "Essays on the History of the 20th Century Drama" (M., 1979), "Chekhov's Theater and Its World Significance" (M., 1988), "Paris School" (M., 1993). 3. compiler and responsible. ed. a number of sat. tr. All-Russian Research Institute of Art Studies.
ZINGMAN Kalman (1889, Slobodka, Kovno province - 1929, Simferopol), poet, prose writer. In 1909 he made his debut verse in Yiddish in the Kovno train station. Shtraln. In 1917 he founded the Yiddish publishing house in Kharkov, and in 1918, literary-artistic. g. "Kunst-ring" (two issues were published) and "Anthology of the young modern. poetry in Russia ”. In Kovno 3. organized literary-artistic. monthly, around to-rogo gathered future iz. lit-ry and art workers. In 1917 he published in Kharkov the book. "Bai di Breges fun Neman" ("On the banks of the Neman") and "A cholem fun a gevesenem" ("Dream of the former"). In 1921, due to pulmonary disease, he lived in Berlin for some time, then settled in the Crimea. Author of the poem "Motl der Schneider" ("Motl Tailor"), 1919; rum. Oyf Schwindltrep (On the Fast Ladder), 1926; pov. Der Kalter Barg (Cold Mountain), 1928, etc.
ZINGORENKO Grigory Isaakovich (1895, Kiev - 1973, Moscow), specialist in the region. bridge building, general director. paths and construction of III rank. Graduated in 1919 from Kiev Commerce. uch-shche, in 1926 - Kiev Polytechnic Institute, in-t. In 1919–25 in Kr. Army. From 1926 he built bridges in Ukraine, in Moscow, incl. Bolshoi Kamenny bridge and metro bridge. During the war 1941–45 ch. the engineer of the Office of the military-restore. and will block. works in Voronezh and Ukrainian fr. In preparation for the Battle of the Kursk Bulge. railway gasket from Novy Oskol to the front line, completed in 2 months. In 1945-64 chap. Engineer Glavmostostroy Ministry of Transport construction of the USSR, carried out by tech. hands. restoration and capital. construction of bridges, the introduction of new technology, incl. hinged installation, sliding of superstructures, prefabricated railroad concrete. shell piles, bottomless foundations. In 1950–54 he advised the construction of bridges in China, Romania, Bulgaria (Friendship Bridge over the Danube). In 1964-73 chap. project designer special KB Glavmoststroy. Honored. builder of the RSFSR. Became, etc. (1948). Linen. pr. Awarded 6th order. USSR, ord. Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЗИНЬКОВ (Дзиньков), село в Виньковецком р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1404. С 1444 — город в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, с 1796 — местечко Летичевского у. Подольской губ.В 1784 в З. проживало 148 евреев, в 1847 — 2150, в 1865 — 2000, в 1897 — 3719 (53%), в 1923 — 2903, в 1926 — ок. 3000, в 1939 — 2248, в 1989 — 12, в 1996 — 4 еврея.Первое упом. о евреях в З. датировано 1526. В 1648 и 1651 З. был разорен отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, уничтожившими все еврейское население. Община возродилась в 1670—80-х гг., но в 1702 евреи вновь стали жертвами нападения казаков. В кон. 1720-х гг. община была восстановлена. В 1730 в З. имелись 43 еврейских дома и 10 магазинов (осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля, винокурение, пивоварение, позднее — корчемство, аренда, посредническая деятельность, а также лесоторговля и разл. ремесла). В 1734 община пережила погром, учиненный гайдамаками. По одной из версий, в 1-й пол. 18 в. была сооружена Большая синагога (одна из крупнейших в Подолии). В 1765 раввином в З. был раби Гирш. В 1784 из 305 дворов 148 принадлежали евреям. С 1825 в З. жил хасидский цадик Ицхак-Меир Гешель (1775—1855) — основатель династии зиньковских цадиков (при нем З. стал одним из центров хасидизма Подолии). Его дело продолжили сын Мешулам-Зуся (1814—66), внук Хаим-Менахем (?—1894) и правнуки Мойше Гешель (?—1923) и Пинхас Гешель (?—1916). Сын последнего Хаим-Менахем Гешель в 1930-х гг. переселился в Э.-И. Соперничество между Мойше и Пинхасом Гешелями привело в нач. 20 в. к расколу хасидской общины.В нач. 20 в. в З. имелись талмуд-тора, миква, богадельня, 9 синагог, неск. хедеров, еврейское кладбище. Раввином З. в нач. 20 в. был Меир-Иосиф Корин. Евреям принадлежали мн. магазины, пивоваренный з-д, фотоателье, одна из 3 водяных мельниц, фосфоритный рудник в с. Круты-Бородинцы Зиньковской вол. В 1905 в З. была создана самооборона, к-рая помогла предотвратить погром. В нач. 1-й мир. войны в З. находились беженцы-евреи из зап. р-нов России. Тогда же возник сионистский кружок под рук. Давида Блиндера и Шмуэля Фридмана, к-рые после Февр. рев-ции 1917 создали об-во «Тхия» и сионистский клуб (позднее возникли б-ка, драм. студия, дет. об-во «Пирхей Цион», в 1919 приобретен участок земли, на к-ром евреи учились с.-х. труду). В 1920 первая группа молодежи (17 чел.) через Польшу выехала в Э.-И. В 1925 сионистская орг-ция объединяла 56 чел. В З. действовали также орг-ции «Га-Поэль га-Циони» (лидер — Леви Столяр) и Бунда. В дек. 1917 пред. вол. совета крест. деп. избран бундовец Д.И.Брик (убит бандитами в 1921). В 1918 в З. создан отряд еврейской самообороны под ком. чл. сионистской орг-ции. До 2-й пол. 1930-х гг. в З. работала еврейская школа, до нач. 1930-х гг. продолжалась подпольная сионистская деятельность. В 1920-х гг. кустари-ремесленники были объединены в артели, в кон. 1920-х гг. создан еврейский колхоз «Новая жизнь». В марте 1925 выходцы из З. основали в Херсонском окр. еврейскую земледельч. колонию «Юнгер Лев» (138 чел.). Всего было зарегистрировано 377 чел., желавших выехать на поселение. В кон. 1930-х гг. была разрушена Большая синагога.10 июля 1941 З. оккупировали герм. войска, на след. день начался погром. 2 мая 1942 близ с. Станиславовка были расстреляны все нетрудоспособные евреи, уцелевших перевели в гетто в Дунаевцы. 4 авг. 1942 в З. расстреляно 1882 еврея. Ок. 3500 чел. были заживо погребены в фосфоритной шахте близ З. После войны прах погибших перезахоронен в Виньковцах, где ежегодно 2 мая проходит траурный митинг.В З. сохранились здания 2 синагог, в одном из к-рых расположен клуб. На еврейском кладбище уцелел ряд надгробий 18—19 вв., в 1979 сооружена бетонная стела в память о похороненных на кладбище цадиках из рода Гешелей.В З. род. Клара Ароновна Шварцман (р. 1918), д-р филос. наук, проф., автор работ по истории совр. (немарксистской) философии.В.М.Лукин, А.И.Хаеш, pronunciation=ЗИНЬКОВ (Дзиньков), село в Виньковецком р-не Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1404. С 1444 — город в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, с 1796 — местечко Летичевского у. Подольской губ.В 1784 в З. проживало 148 евреев, в 1847 — 2150, в 1865 — 2000, в 1897 — 3719 (53%), в 1923 — 2903, в 1926 — ок. 3000, в 1939 — 2248, в 1989 — 12, в 1996 — 4 еврея.Первое упом. о евреях в З. датировано 1526. В 1648 и 1651 З. был разорен отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, уничтожившими все еврейское население. Община возродилась в 1670—80-х гг., но в 1702 евреи вновь стали жертвами нападения казаков. В кон. 1720-х гг. община была восстановлена. В 1730 в З. имелись 43 еврейских дома и 10 магазинов (осн. занятия еврейского населения — торговля, винокурение, пивоварение, позднее — корчемство, аренда, посредническая деятельность, а также лесоторговля и разл. ремесла). В 1734 община пережила погром, учиненный гайдамаками. По одной из версий, в 1-й пол. 18 в. была сооружена Большая синагога (одна из крупнейших в Подолии). В 1765 раввином в З. был раби Гирш. В 1784 из 305 дворов 148 принадлежали евреям. С 1825 в З. жил хасидский цадик Ицхак-Меир Гешель (1775—1855) — основатель династии зиньковских цадиков (при нем З. стал одним из центров хасидизма Подолии). Его дело продолжили сын Мешулам-Зуся (1814—66), внук Хаим-Менахем (?—1894) и правнуки Мойше Гешель (?—1923) и Пинхас Гешель (?—1916). Сын последнего Хаим-Менахем Гешель в 1930-х гг. переселился в Э.-И. Соперничество между Мойше и Пинхасом Гешелями привело в нач. 20 в. к расколу хасидской общины.В нач. 20 в. в З. имелись талмуд-тора, миква, богадельня, 9 синагог, неск. хедеров, еврейское кладбище. Раввином З. в нач. 20 в. был Меир-Иосиф Корин. Евреям принадлежали мн. магазины, пивоваренный з-д, фотоателье, одна из 3 водяных мельниц, фосфоритный рудник в с. Круты-Бородинцы Зиньковской вол. В 1905 в З. была создана самооборона, к-рая помогла предотвратить погром. В нач. 1-й мир. войны в З. находились беженцы-евреи из зап. р-нов России. Тогда же возник сионистский кружок под рук. Давида Блиндера и Шмуэля Фридмана, к-рые после Февр. рев-ции 1917 создали об-во «Тхия» и сионистский клуб (позднее возникли б-ка, драм. студия, дет. об-во «Пирхей Цион», в 1919 приобретен участок земли, на к-ром евреи учились с.-х. труду). В 1920 первая группа молодежи (17 чел.) через Польшу выехала в Э.-И. В 1925 сионистская орг-ция объединяла 56 чел. В З. действовали также орг-ции «Га-Поэль га-Циони» (лидер — Леви Столяр) и Бунда. В дек. 1917 пред. вол. совета крест. деп. избран бундовец Д.И.Брик (убит бандитами в 1921). В 1918 в З. создан отряд еврейской самообороны под ком. чл. сионистской орг-ции. До 2-й пол. 1930-х гг. в З. работала еврейская школа, до нач. 1930-х гг. продолжалась подпольная сионистская деятельность. В 1920-х гг. кустари-ремесленники были объединены в артели, в кон. 1920-х гг. создан еврейский колхоз «Новая жизнь». В марте 1925 выходцы из З. основали в Херсонском окр. еврейскую земледельч. колонию «Юнгер Лев» (138 чел.). Всего было зарегистрировано 377 чел., желавших выехать на поселение. В кон. 1930-х гг. была разрушена Большая синагога.10 июля 1941 З. оккупировали герм. войска, на след. день начался погром. 2 мая 1942 близ с. Станиславовка были расстреляны все нетрудоспособные евреи, уцелевших перевели в гетто в Дунаевцы. 4 авг. 1942 в З. расстреляно 1882 еврея. Ок. 3500 чел. были заживо погребены в фосфоритной шахте близ З. После войны прах погибших перезахоронен в Виньковцах, где ежегодно 2 мая проходит траурный митинг.В З. сохранились здания 2 синагог, в одном из к-рых расположен клуб. На еврейском кладбище уцелел ряд надгробий 18—19 вв., в 1979 сооружена бетонная стела в память о похороненных на кладбище цадиках из рода Гешелей.В З. род. Клара Ароновна Шварцман (р. 1918), д-р филос. наук, проф., автор работ по истории совр. (немарксистской) философии.В.М.Лукин, А.И.Хаеш, extra_data="{'translat...")
ZINKOVTSY, a village in the Kamenets-Podolsk district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky Podolsk province. In 1789 there were 161 Jews living in Z., in 1887 - approx. 350 Jews (36.8%) In 1865 there was one synagogue, in 1889 - two synagogues. Main occupation of the Jewish population at the end. 19th century - handicrafts. E. Meek.
ZINOVIEV Grigory Evseevich (real name and surname. Ovsey-Gersh Aronovich Radomyslsky) (1883, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1936, Moscow), state. and desks. activist. The father is the owner of a dairy farm. Received education at home. In the S.-D. movement from the end. 1890s Since 1902 in exile. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Bolshevik, sotr. gas. "Forward". In 1904 he entered chem. Faculty of Berne University, in 1905 switched to philosophy. f-t. In 1906 he returned to Russia, member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP. At the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907) he was elected to the Central Committee. In 1908 he emigrated again, together with V. I. Lenin and L.B. Kamenev he composed the editorial board of the Bolshevik. gas. "Proletarian", represented the Bolsheviks at the 8th Mezhdunar. socialist Congress (1910, Copenhagen). Since 1912, Lenin's closest assistant. In the spring of 1917, together with Lenin, he returned through Germany and Sweden to Petrograd, member. edition of gas. Pravda propagated the Leninist concept of the revolution, the demand to transfer power to the Soviets. After the July days of 1917, he hid with Lenin in Razliv. In the beginning. Aug secretly returned to Petrograd. Together with Kamenev, he headed the majority of the Central Committee, which ignored Lenin's insistence on the transition to direct. actions to seize power. In oct. 1917 with Kamenev opposed the plans of the armament. seizure of power, however in Oct. the coup took an active part. 4 nov. 3. because of disagreements with Lenin on the issue of "homogeneous socialist. pr-ve "left the Central Committee, but already on November 7. took his application back, and on December 13. elected before. Pet-rogr. Council. In the end. Aug 1918 3. - one of Ch. initiators of the "red terror" campaign. Since March 1919, 3., remaining a kind of governor in Petrograd, he headed the Executive Committee of the Comintern, at the same time he was elected as Cand. in part. Politburo of the Central Committee, and from March 1921, after the internal party. discussions about trade unions, in a cut he actively supported Lenin against L.D. Trotsky, member. Politburo. By the time of Lenin's death (Jan. 1924) 3., Kamenev and J.V. Stalin took over. position in party-owls. leadership, and the primacy belonged to 3. At the 12th (1923) and 13th (1924) Party Congresses, Z. presented reports to the Central Committee. His native Elisavetgrad was renamed Zinovievsk. At the same time, Stalin, having seized control of the Organizing Bureau and the Secretariat of the Central Committee, gradually pushed other members of the Politburo away from the decision-making process. To the end. 1925 his autocracy became apparent. The belated attempt of Z. and Kamenev to oppose Stalin at the 14th party. the congress ended in their complete defeat. 3. was recalled to Moscow, removed from the Politburo in July 1926, and in October. removed from the leadership of the Comintern. 11/7/1927 3., Kamenev and Trotsky tried to organize separate holiday demonstrations of their supporters, for which they were expelled from the Central Committee and from the party. After a letter of repentance addressed to the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) 3. reinstated in the party, at the end. 1932 again expelled, arrested and sent into exile. In 1933, after the second letter of repentance, he was reinstated in the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and at the 17th Party Congress (1934) he delivered praises to Stalin. After the murder of S.M. Kirov in Leningrad 3. 16.12.1934 arrested. At the trial of the so-called. "Mosk. center "took over" moral and polit. responsibility ”for this act and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. In 1936, in the case of the so-called. "Anti-Sov. Trotskyite-Zinoviev Center ”was sentenced to death and on the same day on 25 August 1936 was shot. Cit .: Works, vols. 1–8, 15 and 16, M.-Pg., 1923–29.
ZINOVIEVSK, see Kirovograd.
ZIRINSKY Victor (b. 1920, Vladivostok), entrepreneur. Graduated from un-t in Shanghai (1942). Master of Science (McGill University, Montreal, 1948). Since 1948 in Hong Kong; dir. United Paper since 1948; och. Consul of Israel since 1960. Representative in Hong Kong of the HIAS Joint Service since 1955; Treasurer of the Hong Kong Contract Association.
ZIS Avner Yakovlevich (1910, Uman, Kiev province. - 1997, Moscow), art critic. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from Kiev Institute of Nar. education (1930). Since 1929, teacher of higher. uch. institutions, head. Department of GITIS, scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. dep. All-Union Research Institute of Art Studies of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR (since 1977). Research on aesthetics, philosophy. problems thin. creativity. Mn. works published abroad. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1971) Vol .: Lectures on Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, v. 1-2, M., 1960-64; Artist and Time: Aesthetic. views of K.S. Stanislavsky, M., 1962; Art and aesthetics, M., 1967; Confrontation in aesthetics, M., 1980; Aesthetics: ideology and methodology, M., 1984; Methodological. searches in the app. art history, M., 1984 (co-author); Philos. thinking and thin. creativity, M., 1987; In search of thin meaning. Fav. work, M., 1991.
ZISKIND Evgeny Moiseevich (1926, Kharkov - 1986, Moscow), artist, director, art critic. At the age of 17, he began to work in the Kharkov stage of stage and miniatures. Then he entered the directing department of the Kharkov Institute of Arts, arts (graduated in 1953). While studying at the Institute, he became interested in circus, participated as a White clown in circus parades, clown entre. Immediately after graduating from the Institute, he was invited to the Kharkov circus as a director, soon he was appointed head. dir. Fast. the play "Travel to India", an illusion attraction at hand. AA Furmanova, number LA Bezano "Himalayan bears" and others. Simultaneously. studied circus studies, taught a class of circus directing at the Kharkov Institute of Theater. lawsuit. Cand. art history. Combining scientific. activity with practice, wrote the book "Director in the circus arena" (1971). In 1974, continuing ped. activity, became thin. hands. and deputy director. Kharkov branch of Vses. directorate for the preparation of new programs, attractions and numbers, where more than 20 products were produced annually. circus art.
ZISLIN Meer Natanovich (1916, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1998), orientalist, linguist. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1948). Since 1950 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cand. philol. Sciences (1975). Main research directions: Semitology, Hebraic studies, literary knowledge and language knowledge. Author approx. 20 scientific. works. Vol .: On the question of the meaning of grammatical. the works of Abu-l-Faraj Harun "Al-Kafi", "Problems of Oriental Studies", 1960, No. 3; East school of Heb. grammarians in the X-XIII centuries, in the book: Semitk. lang., in. 2 (part 2), M., 1965; One original system of grammar in Heb. lang. (XI-XII centuries), in the book: History, culture, lang. peoples of the East, M., 1970; On the question of the reliability of the Masoretic phonetic. systems, in the book: History and Philology Dr. East, M., 1976.
ZISLING Aharon (1901, approx. Minsk - 1964, Israel), society. activist. Got a religion. and secular education. From 1914 in E.-I., worked in the agricultural sector. and construction work. Affairs. will establish, conf. Histadrut (1920), worked as a secretary. Jerusalem Workers' Council (1925–26), member. kibbutz Ein Harod since its inception and leader of the ha-Kibbutz ha-Me-uhad movement. One of the hands. Gagans. During the 2nd world. War 3. was the founder of the League of Friendship with the USSR. He was the leader of the Akhdut ha-Avoda party, which later merged with ha-Poel ha-Tsair, forming Mapai (1930), led the "B faction" when Mapai split, then became the founder of the new party Akhdut ha-Avoda (1944) and Mapam (1948) ). Since 1947, member. delegation of Heb. Agencies at the UN. Minister s. x-va in the Provisional Government of Israel (1948–49). Den. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation. Since 1961, member. Zionist. Of the Executive Committee.
ZISLIS Wolf Lvovich (1902, Orhei, Bessarabian province. - 1964, Kishinev), member of the revolutionary. movement of the 1920s and 30s. in Bessarabia. Got early. education, leatherworker. Since the early 1920s. participated in the roar. and prof. movement. In 1924-25 and 1927-30 - secretary. underground Kishinev city committee of the Communist Party of Romania, in 1930–31 sec. Bessarabian Regional Party Committee. He was repeatedly arrested, in 1931–40 he was held in the prisons of Chisinau, Doftana, and others (Romania). Released after the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR. In the postwar years he worked at the enterprises of the light industry in Chisinau.
ZISMAN Iosif Natanovich (born 1914, Kiev), painter, graphic artist. In 1919, during a pogrom, his parents were killed, he was brought up in an orphanage. He started thin. education at the Kiev technical school "Culture League" under E.O. Shekhtman. In 1931 he moved to Moscow. In the beginning. 1930s was in Birobidzhan, where he performed many. landscapes and portraits of Heb. intelligentsia. In 1934, the first exhibition of works was held there. In 1935–37 he studied at Moscow. Institute of advanced training of artists from B.V. Ioganson. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947 he settled in Leningrad. Means. a place in creativity is occupied by a landscape, a still life, a portrait. Member officer exhibitions; persons. exhibitions were held in Leningrad in 1983 and 1984. Main. works: "The small town of Shershni" (1957), "Town in Transcarpathia" (1957), "Self-portrait" (1958), "Central Asian village" (1960), "In the port of Novorossiysk" (1968), "Vineyards" (1980), "Portrait of a Woman" (1980), "Still Life in the Interior" (1981), "Gurzuf. Sea "(1989)," Hill. Ozerki ”(1993) and others. Works are kept in private. collection
ZIV Meer (real name and fam. Neeson Pups) (1892, Navarin - 1978, Moscow), publicist, society. activist. Rod. in the family of an employee. In the years of the 1st world. war was a laborer in Riga and Vilna, participated in the roar. movement. Journalist. he began his activity in Vilna with an essay on refugees from the West. border regions, publ. in Vilna lit. Sat. After the revolution, he was elected by the dep. to the Vilna Council of Workers' Dep. In 1920 he moved to Kaunas, where he became the editor. Heb. weekly "Nae Zeit" continues to work in trade unions, is arrested. After his release, he moved to Berlin, where he worked as an employee in the organization “Mezhdunar. book. " Since 1923 3., living in Moscow, worked in the editor. gas. "Der emes", printed articles, reviews, feuilletons. During the 2nd world. War 3. Was in the army, and in 1945-48 he worked in gas. "Einikite", organ of Heb. antifash. to-that. After its closure, 3. moves to Vilnius. In the 60s and 70s. publishes stories and art. in f. "Sovetish gameland" and in litas. print, as well as in Warsaw Heb. gas. Folks-shyme.
ZIV Mikhail Pavlovich (1921, Moscow - 1994), composer. The father was shot as an "enemy of the people" in 1938, the mother was repressed, spent 10 years in the camps. After graduating from high school 3. enrolled in the 1st honey. in-t. In 1940 he was admitted to the music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons. (completed the full course in 1 year). In 1943–47 he studied at the composer faculty of Moscow. horse, at D.B. Kabalevsky. In 1944–53 he taught theoretical. items in muses. uch-shche at Moscow. cons. Creative good luck 3. - "Oh, Saturday" (based on the novel by D. Kalinovskaya, dedicated to the fate of the Jewish family from Odessa, 1986, not post.). Among the works: "A Real Man" (1965, L.), "Gentlemen Artists" (1981, Moscow), "Seven Soldiers" (1984, Moscow); ballet "First Love" (1967, Sverdlovsk); oratorios, incl. “There were fables” (based on the parables of Leo Tolstoy, 1972); operas "Lopushok near Lukomorye" (children, libretto by BV Zakhoder, 1977, Moscow), "The son of the royal minister" (comic book, 1979, Voronezh); muses. the comedy "The Art of Being a Woman" (after B. Nushich, 1985, Sverdlovsk); symphonies; strings, quartets, fp. quintet; choirs; wok. cycles; St. 100 school songs; music for dramas, plays and films (the most famous are the music for the films "Ballad of the Soldier" (1959) and "Clear Sky" (1961). Author of musical-critical art. Honored Worker of Art in the RSFSR (1979).
ZIVS Samuil Lazarevich (b. 1921, Ventspils, Latvia), orientalist, Africanist, lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1962), prof. (1966). Graduated from Tashkent law. Institute (1944); since 1948 scientific. sotr., in 1964–69 head. sector, since 1969 deputy. dir. Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 2nd world. war. Participant pl. vseros, vsess. and int. scientific. conf., ch.-c. Int. academies compare jurisprudence (since 1971). Member decomp. societies. org-tions, including deputy. prev. Anti-Zionist. to-that owls. the public. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1972).
ZIZMOR Yakov (1856, Grodno - 1922, Vilno), publicist, people's. singer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, early began to write poetry, he himself composed music for them. Was popular as badchen. After the 1st world. During the war, he tried to give concerts in Grodno and Vilna, but had no success. First Sat verse, came out in Vilna in 1883, the second - in the same place in 1918. Of great value are recollections. 3. "Former Weddings" and "My Memories of Badchens", publ. in 1922 on Saturday. "Pinkos from the history of Vilna".
ZLATIN Efim Izrailevich (1913, Mogilev - 1965, Moscow), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). Com. mortar platoon, sergeant 3. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Leith. 3.demobilized in 1945.
ZLATKIN Ilya Yakovlevich (1898, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), historian, orientalist, diplomat. Dr. East Sciences (1962). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Member RSDLP (b) since 1915. 1915 arrested, imprisoned. After release - secretary. Rozhdestvensky District Committee of the RSDLP (b) Petrograd. On Sept. 1917 drafted into the army, sent to the reserve artillery battalion in the city of Luga, where he took direct. participation in the establishment of owls. authorities as a pre. Military roar. to-that, after Oct. hand flip. Ukoma RSDLP (b). Participant citizen war. After demobilization in 1927 at the party. work in Leningrad, Mari ASSR. In 1930–39 sotr. People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs Affairs: Consul General of the USSR in Zap. China, Counselor of the USSR Embassy in Mongolia and at the same time. ed. g. "Modern. Mongolia ", deputy. head Dalnevost. dep. From 1939 to adm. work in the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, etc. From the first days of the war 1941–45, a volunteer Nar. militia. Sci. work on the history of Mongolia, the analysis of its modern. problems began to study for a diploma. service. Since 1950 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the same time. read a course on the history of Mongolia at MGIMO. Author approx. 100 scientific. publications, works: Mong. Nar. Republic - a country of new democracy: Essay on history, M.-L., 1950; History of the Dzungar Khanate, M, 1964, 2nd ed., 1983; Essays on the new and recent history of Mongolia, M., 1957.
ZLATOGOROV Semyon Ivanovich (real name and surname Samuil Shloym Lipmanovich Goldberg) (1873, Berlin - 1931, Leningrad), microbiologist, epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). In 1892, upon the adoption of Orthodoxy, he was given a new name; bear the surname Zlatogorov. At the end of the Military Medical. Academy (VMA) worked there at the department of infectious diseases. diseases at hand. N.Ya. Chistovich. He specialized in microbiology with II Mechnikov at the Pasteur Institute. Since 1903 privat-doc. VMA. Organizer and participant of ex. for the fight against plague, cholera and other infectious diseases. diseases in the Astrakhan lips. (1899), on the Don (1902), in Iran (1904), China (1911). Since 1911 prof. Psychoneurological. in-that, in 1920–24 prof. VMA and Petrograd. female honey. in-that. In 1924-29 he headed the Ukr. dignity-bacteriological in-t them. I.I. Mechnikov in Kharkov, and since 1929 the director. Prevention. Institute of VMA. Osn. tr. on the biology of causative agents of plague and cholera, issl. the mechanisms of development of these infections, the determination of the duration of the period of bacterial carriage. He worked out issues of etiology and prevention of measles, scarlet fever, typhus. Research on the variability of microbes allowed 3. to use for the preparation of vaccines microbial strains with the highest immunogenicity. He studied the properties of associated vaccines and considered them very promising. Vol .: On the fate of bacteria in the body immunized and non-immunized, St. Petersburg, 1900; Vaccine therapy in medicine, St. Petersburg, 1914; The doctrine of microorganisms, parts 1-3, Pg, 1916-1918; The doctrine of infection and immunity, Kharkov, 1928; Typhus, Kharkov, 1931; The course of infectious diseases, t. 1-2, M.-L., 1932-1935.
ZLATOPOL (until 1787 - Gulyai-Pole), part of (since 1959) Novomirgorod (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 2,668 Jews living in Z., in 1897 - 6373 (78.5%), in 1923 - 5998, in 1926 - 3863, in 1939 - 1,047 Jews. 18 - early. 19th century in Z. lived Arie-Leib from Shpola. In the end. 18th century sugar refiners Brodskys settled in Z. All R. 19th century pl. Jewish merchants moved from Novomirgorod to Z .; children of wealthy Jews studied at a noble 4-grade school opened in 1845. In 1856, Israel Brodsky was awarded the highest gratitude for donations made during the Crimean War of 1853–56 for the organization of the time. military. hospitals. In 1865 Z. had 5 synagogues and a Jewish hospital. Since 1875, at the expense of the Brodskys, a Jewish charity house, a hospital, and a gymnasium building were built. In 1876 several Jews belonged to Z. tobacco factories. Since 1880, Movsha Shapiro (1850—?) Was a rabbi in Z., in the 1890s. - Azar (Oizer) Abramovich Struyansky, from the end. 1900s - Gilel Poisik (1888, Zlatopol - 1953, Tel Aviv), son of E. Poisik. In 1904, the Bund organization was established in Z. In 1909 there were 2 private wives. Jewish schools and a Jewish hospital, a bookstore by M.L. Aronovskaya. In the 1910s. organized by a Jewish philanthropist. Society, in 1912 - a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In the beginning. In 1919, the troops of the Directory carried out a 7-day pogrom in Z., and on May 2 of the same year the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev staged a pogrom: 117 Jews were killed. In 1918 the cheder was closed in Z. In 1924, Z. had a rabbi who acted as a shohet; the synagogue and mikvah were partially destroyed. The Z. community turned to J.-I. Schneerson for financial assistance to repair the mikvah. In the 1930s. there was a Jewish handicraft artel (in 1932 - 60 people, in 1935 - 30 people). troops in Z. in the building of children. a ghetto was created at home. In the spring of 1942 in Z. 760 Jews were killed, in May - 183, in June in a forest near Z. 14 Jews were shot. 1942 destroyed approx. 100 people in Z. Kh.Atar, A.I.Gayster, L.I. Golber, E. Poisik, B. Tomashevsky, S. M. Khromchenko; lived and worked Yegalel. E.S. Mosolova
ZLATOPOL'SKIE, brothers, People's Will. Lev Solomonovich (Shlemovich) (after the adoption of Lutheranism - Leo-Johann Ivanovich) (1847, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1907, Chita), in 1868-75 he studied at Tekhnologich. in-those in St. Petersburg, chl. populist. circles, in 1875-76 led the roar. propaganda among the peasants of the Yaroslavl and Vologda provinces. From 1877 to illegal. position. Since the fall of 1879, members. roar. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya", invented a cipher, which the revolutionaries used as a conspirator. correspondence. Participated in the preparation of a number of assassination attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested on 29 January 1881 in St. Petersburg. On Feb. 1882 sentenced to 20 years in hard labor, which he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia. In the beginning. 1890s went to the settlement, lived in Chita, worked in the library of the local museum, was engaged in inventions. Saveliy Solomonovich (Shlemovich) 3. (1855, Elisavetgrad - 1885, Shlisselburg fortress), graduated from the city of Nikolaev (1873), in 1873– 75 studied at Tekhnologich. in-those in St. Petersburg. In 1876–78, members. populist. circles in the south of Russia. In the fall of 1879 he joined the "Narodnaya Volya", from Feb. 1880 members Execute it, to-that, participated in the preparation of attempts on the imp. Alexander II, led the roar. propaganda among workers and officers in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. Arrested on 19.4.1882 in Moscow, taken to Petersburg, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In apr. 1883 sentenced to death (by confirmation, replaced by eternal hard labor). Since Aug. 1884 was held in the Shlisselburg fortress, died of tuberculosis.
ZLATOPOLSKY Hillel (Ilya) (1868, Ekaterinoslav - 1932, Paris), society. activist. He was responsible for the activities of the Zionists and for the work of finance. center grew. Zionists in the Kiev district (1897-1905). He was one of the founders of the Friends of the Hebrew Society (1907), participated in the work of the Association of Hebrew and Hebrew-language culture. As a sugar manufacturer, he provided finance. support created network of schools teaching in Hebrew, subsidized gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Am" and t-r "Habima" in Moscow. Joint. with his daughter Shoshana Persits, and her husband, he founded the Omanut publishing house in Moscow (1917), which published textbooks and anthologies in Hebrew. Elector in the 1st State. thought. Was one of the creatures. ch. finance. body of the World. Zionist organization "Keren ha-Yesod" (1920) and a member. his advice dir. In 1919 he left Russia. The author of Art. about Zionism and Heb. culture, about Hebrew., Hasidic folklore. He also wrote feuilletons. Some op. 3. included in 2 collection, publ. in 1917 and in 1944.
ZLATOTSVETOV (real fam. Goldfarb) Avraam Efimovich (1900, Tarashcha, Kiev province - 1970, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. aviation (1944). Since 1920 in Kr. Army, graduated from the military. pilot school (1922), commanded by an aviator. subdivisions and units. At the end of the Military-Vozd. academy (1935) from 1936 beginning. dep., since 1938 deputy. early Office of the military-academic establishments of the Air Force. In 1941 teams. Air Force of the combined-arms army, in 1942-45 deputy. teams, air. army. In 1946-53 the beginning. Air Force of some military. districts. Retired from 1953. Load 9th order.
ZLATOUST, a city (since 1811) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1754.Since 1865 - a district town of Ufa province. In 1874 in Zlatoust u. lived approx. 30 Jews, in 1910 in Z. - 149, in 1926 - 231 (0.5%), in 1939 - 364, in 1970 - 532 Jews (0.3%). In 1845 he was a doctor at the state arms factory in Z. was V. I. Lenin's grandfather Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799-1870), to-ry from 1846 became a honey. inspector of 5 Zlatoust hospitals for factory workers of the mining environs. In 1910 Z. had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1945 the Jewish community of Z. made a request to open a synagogue; The request was rejected. In 1995, the Jewish Cultural Center was opened in Z. (headed by Natalya Isaakovna Yanovich, b. 1943, Plast, Chelyabinsk Region), and in 1996, a Sunday school. In 1999 the Jewish religion was registered. community (pre. NI Yanovich). In Jewish societies. life is attended by approx. 300 people.
ZLATOUSTENSKY, see Zlatoustovka.
ZLATOUSTOVKA, a village in Volnovakhsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842 in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. immigrants from Chernigov and Kharkiv provinces. in Z. there were 22 Jews.
ZLOCHEV, see Zolochev.
ZLOTIN Abram Markusovich (b. 1916, Poltava), architect. In 1940 he graduated from KhISI. He began to work under the hands. acad. A.V. Shchusev in the Institute Academproject. Specialist in the design of public buildings and structures. Main works in Moscow: Institute of Acoustics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950), the complex of structures of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1963), the building of the world's largest phytotron (artificial climate station) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1987), Institute of Crystallography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1989).
ZLOTIN Grigory Borisovich (1923, Oryol - 1945), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army from 1941. In 1942 he graduated from the infantry. uch-shche. Com. machine gun platoon, leith. 3. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles during the crossing of the Vistula in August. 1944. Killed in the battle for the Kustrinsky bridgehead.
ZLOTNIK Efraim Isaakovich (b. 1919, Gomel), neurosurgeon. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1941). During the war years 1941–45 he was an intern, then early. surgeon department of the evacuation hospital in Frunze. Since 1945 he worked at the Department of General Surgery of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, since 1947 - at the department of hospital surgery in the same place; since 1949 - at the Belarusian Research Institute of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Physiotherapy (since 1951 - head of the neurosurgery department). vascular neurosurgery in the USSR. Successfully applied (1975) a microscope in operations for cerebral aneurysms, performed a surgeon. interventions for saccular aneurysms of the cerebral arteries, vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord, thrombosis and stenosis int. carotid artery occlusion cf. cerebral artery. Developed and improved microsurgeon. technique for operations on the brain and spinal cord. Joint. with sotr. contributed to the solution of one of the most difficult neurosurgeons. problems - surgical treatment of neuromas of the auditory nerve. them. NN Burdenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1970) for the monograph "Surgery of the carotid arteries" (with others); State pr. USSR (1985) for the development and implementation of surgical methods. treatment of cerebral aneurysms (in collaboration with others). Honored. Scientist of the BSSR. Works: Aneurysms of the cerebral vessels, Minsk, 1967; Surgery of the carotid arteries, Minsk, 1968 (with others).
VLOTNIK Yehuda-Leib (1887, Plock - |), rabbi and writer. Studied the Talmud in the yeshiva in Volozhin, at the same time. continued his secular education. In 1910 he became a rabbi and at the age of 24 he began his activities in the city of Gombin in Poland. First lit. work 3. in Hebrew was a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, highly appreciated by I. Klausner (the book was not published because of the ban by the censorship of Tsarist Russia). Ch. lit. heritage 3. in the area of ​​Heb. folklore and ethnography. Naib. Izv. his works "Beliefs and Superstitions" (in Yiddish, Warsaw, 1918; written under the ps. Yuda Elset), "Kogelet - a man and a book" (1929). From 1920 he lived in the United States, then in Canada, where he was elected president. religious Zionist. movement of Mizrahi. He worked in Montreal (until 1936), worked in various. leading posts in the Zionist. movement, incl. dir. Nat. Heb. fund. He wrote in English. lang. Art. in Heb. themes and poetry highly appreciated by Canadian litas. critics. Since 1936, the rabbi of Heb. communities South. Africa, where Heb. Department of Education.
ZLOTNIKOV Yuri Savelievich (b. 1930, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. Graduated from the Center. arts, school (TsKhU) at Moscow. arts, in-those them. VI Surikov (1950), in 1954–55 trained at the Bolshoi Theater, at the same time. worked as an artist-designer at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements (1951-60), in 1955-70 he collaborated in car washes and publishing houses. Fast. member Int. jury of the competition children. drawings "I see the world". Since the late 1950s. is engaged in abstract art. In 1958–59 he created the Signal System cycle, in which he made an attempt to identify the post. laws psychophysiologist, motor skills: with "signals" spoke at the congress of psychologists, the author of a number of functional projects in the region. prom. aesthetics. Participant of closed "apartment" exhibitions (until 1966), as well as Vses, zonal, Moscow, group exhibitions in Russia ("Hermitage", 1987; "Kashirka", 1988; "Geometry", 1988; "Scientific and technological revolution and art" , 1989; "Other Art", 1990; "Artists - Kazimir Malevich", 1991) and abroad (Baghdad, 1988; London, 1989; Tel Aviv, 1990; Nice, 1990; New York, 1990; Istanbul , 1991). Personal exhibitions - 1977, 1978, 1986, 1990 (all - Moscow), 1990 (Jerusalem). Favorite graphic. techniques - watercolor, gouache, pastel, panda; most often in combination. Works - at the State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin, in the State. lit. museum, in the State. the Leo Tolstoy Museum, in the museums of Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk and in foreign private collections (Spain, USA, France). Major works: “metaphor. series "(1964-73)," Biblical series "(1965-72), cycles" Rhythm, people, space "(1970s - 80s)," Constructive abstractions "(1986-90)," Polyphonic. abstraction "(1989-93)," Israeli cycle "(1990-92).
ZLYNKA, a village in Maloviskovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson lips. In the 1920s. In 1926, 166 Jews did not live in Zlynkovo ​​District, and 24 Jews in 1939. In the summer of 1941, most of Zlynko's Jews were evacuated to the east. Several the remaining Jews were shot in Sept. 1941.
ZMEINOGORSK, city (since 1952), regional center in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1757 as the Zmeinogorsk mine. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Biysk environs, since 1894 - env. center of Tomsk province. In 1910, 18 Jews lived in Z., in 1939 - 1 Jew.
Zmeinogorsk Mine, see Zmeinogorsk.
ZMEYSKAYA, a village in the Kirov region of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vladikavkaz env. Terek Region In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Z.
ZMIEV (in 1976-90 - Gottwald), a city (from 1707), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1604. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Izyumsky u. In 1868, 15 Jews lived in Z., in 1920 - 36, in 1926 - 40 (0.7%), in 1939 - 91 Jews. In 1942, 10 Jews were shot in Z.
ZMORA Israel (1899, Bessarabian province. - 1983, Tel Aviv), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1927–39 he worked as an avant-garde artist. weekly "Ktuvim" and "Turim". In 1940 he founded the railway station. "Makhbarot le-sifrut" (published before 1955) and the publishing house of the same name. Author per. into Hebrew from French. and Russian. lang. Essays 3. collected in the book. Liter at the Crossroads of Generations (vols. 1-3, 1949-50) and The Last Prophets (1953).
ZAMENKA (until 1957 - Voroshilovo), has not existed since 1963. In the 1930s. - the village of Larindorfsky district of the Crimean ASSR, since 1946 - in the Pervomaisky district of the Crimean region. (RSFSR, since 1954 - Ukrainian SSR) In 1932 130 Jewish families lived in Z. 24 Nov. 1941 in Z. 24 Jews were shot.
Znamenskoye, see. Znamenka, Irkutsk Region.
ZNOB-NOVGORODSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1961) in the Seredino-Budsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov province. In 1939 in Z.-N. there were 26 Jews.
ZNOB-TRUBCHEVSKAYA, a village in the Seredino-Budsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernihiv province Jews lived in Z.-T. from the end. 17th century Main occupation - trade (sale of agricultural products). In 1919 in Z.-T. there was a pogrom, organized by parts of the Kr. Army; Jewish houses and shops were destroyed.
ZNYATSEVO, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1248. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-38 - as part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939-44 - in Hungary, in 1945-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 39 Jews lived in Z., in 1920 - 64 Jews. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - horticulture and viticulture. Jews in Z. were destroyed during the Holocaust.
ZOLF Falik (1896, Zastavye Grodno province - |), prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education, was a Hebrew teacher. In 1916 he worked at a tannery. plant in Yaroslavl. In 1917 he volunteered for the army, was at the front, then in it. captivity. In the end. 1918 returned to his homeland, founded the first. in the place of Heb. school. In 1926 he emigrated to Canada, where, along with ped. engaged in journalism activities. 3. - author of pl. stories, art., essays about writers, collection of fairy tales for children, dramas. op. In 1945 he released the book. "Oif fremder erd" ("In a foreign land") - about people of the former Hebrews. small towns in Poland and Lithuania. The same topic is dedicated to his book. "Die letzte funa dor" ("The Last of the Generation"). His plays Der oufstand fun do hashmoinoim (The Rise of the Hasmoneans) and Der eibiker carried fun a krigle boiml (The Eternal Miracle of the Butter Jug) were played in Heb. schools in the USA and Canada. Last years he lived and worked as a teacher in Winnipeg (Canada).
ZOLSKAYA, a village in the Kirov region of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1849. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk department. Tersk Oblast. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Z. In 1942, 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Z.
ZOLOCHEV, urban-type settlement (since 1925), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1677. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kharkov district. Kharkiv province. In 1920, 181 Jews lived in Z., in 1939 - 53 Jews. 11 January. 1942 in Z. 13 Jews were shot. K.M. Jung.
ZOLOCHIVKA (before 1947 - Beniv), a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zlochevsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, 4 Jews were killed in Z.
ZOLOTAREV Alexander Yusevich (1879 - |), polit. activist. As a student, he joined the Bund (1902), was exiled to the Tobolsk province, and fled twice. Led the party. work in the south of Russia. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. In the years of reaction - "liquidator". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - member. Executive Committee of the Kiev Council of Workers and Soldiers. dep., vowel of the Kiev mountains. Duma, member of the Ukrainian Rada. Affairs. Vseros. will unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917). Oct I met the roar with hostility. In nov. 1917, after the transfer of power in Kiev to the Center. Rade entered her extended Gene. secretariat, replacing Bundist M. Rafes on the post of General. controller. He resigned after the publication of the 4th Universal by the Rada on 9 (22) .1.1918, which proclaimed the separation of Ukraine from Russia. Works: From the history of Center. Glad, Kiev, 1922.
ZOLOTAREV Hillel (1865, Elisavetgrad - 1921, New York), publicist, prose writer, playwright. Studied in real life. uch-shche, but did not graduate from it. In 1882, together with his parents, he moved to the United States, where his father, a tailor by profession, intended to found a Hebrew. communist. colony. Was fond of anarchism Lived in New York, working as a tailor, studied medicine. In 1891 he received a medical degree. From 1888 he spoke with Art. in Heb. periodic. press on the themes of literature and art, as well as on issues of anarchism and socialism. First. Sat. stories 3. "In strom fun lebn" ("In the stream of life") was published in New York in 1908. His play "Far Ira Kinder" ("For her children") was also staged there in 1917. 3. - author of pl. dram, manuf. "Di bafrayung" ("Liberation"), "Der shtrem fun der neshome" ("Storm of the soul") and others, in which the roar was depicted. movement in America. Throughout his life, paths 3. have changed socio-political more than once. views: from anarchism to territorial socialist. ideas (together with H. Zhitlovsky and M. Katz, ed. in Philadelphia weekly Dos Folk), then to social-Zionism. In 1924 he was elected in New York. manuf. in 3 vols.
ZOLOTAREVKA, a village in the Ipatovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1885. In 19 - early. 20th century - German colony of Friedrichsfeld of Stavropol u. and lips. In the 1890s. Subbotniks lived in Z.
ZOLOTAREVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830 there were 6 Jews (0.7%) in Z., in 1880 - 41, in 1930 - 107 Jews (4 , 8%) Jews lived in Z. from the middle. 18th century. 1944 Jews in Z. were deported to Auschwitz.
ZOLOTAREVSKY Isidor-Itskhok (1875, Elisavetgrad - 1945, New York), playwright. In his youth, he wandered around the cities of Ukraine, worked as a librarian, gas seller. Since 1890 in the USA. Here I learned Yiddish and English. lang. His theater began in 1893. activity. He wrote songs, sketches, and one-act plays for t-ra (some of them were published in 1897 by a separate book in Montreal). In 1895 he wrote the first. the play "Der Farfaser" ("The Writer"). 3. - author of over 100 drams, production, plural. of which they enjoyed great success, were set from. t-rami with the participation of famous actors (Yakov Adler, David Kesler, Boris Tomashevsky, Berta Kalish, etc.). In Heb. theater. world 3. was called "the king of melodrama". Mn. his op. distributed in manuscripts, some of them were published: "Di Yiddish Anna Karenina" ("Jewish Anna Karenina"), 1909; Courtne (Maps), 1910; Der Yiddish Hamlet (Jewish Hamlet), 1914; "Gelt, libe un shande" ("Money, love and shame"), 1923, etc.
ZOLOTKOF Leon (1866, Vilna - 1938, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education, attended Russian. real, uch-sch. In 1883–85 he was a volunteer at the Sorbonne. He wrote poetry in Russian. yaz and in other Hebrews. He made his debut in 1888 with the correspondence "Letters from Paris", in which he described the sad fate of the Hebrews. expats in Paris. In 1886 he returned to Russia, worked as a editor. gas. "Ga-Yom" (Petersburg). Since 1888 in the USA. He took part in the labor movement. After graduation. un-ta practiced as a lawyer, for some time he served as a prosecutor. Together with his friend and fellow countryman P. Vernik, he founded various. periodic. ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish, becoming one of the pioneers of Heb. print in America. In 1911 he settled in New York. He was fond of Zionism, was one of the founders of the Order of the Knights of Zion. Throughout many. years published feuilletons, poems, essays from working life in Hebrew. periodic. ed. USA. In 1924 he published the work "Man and the World" - reflections on Ch. the facts of civilization in the light of Heb. stories. Peru 3. belongs to publicist. book: "The Purpose of the Zionist Movement", Chicago, 1901; "Blut schweigt nit" ("Blood is not silent", ibid., 1902); Main Eyze (My Council, New York, 1931); as well as rum. "Libe un milonen" ("Love and millions"), "Di schwarze gand" ("Black hand"), etc. His inspiration is of great value. From Vilna to Hollywood, released in 1932.
ZOLOTNIKI, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1458. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890, 225 Jews (11.5%) lived in Z., in 1921 - 114 Jews (5.3%). about Jews in Z. refers to 1533. In the 16th century. Jews in Z. owned apprx. 50% of trading houses, shops, taverns. After joining the Austrian economy. the situation of the Jews in Z. deteriorated sharply; pl. Jewish families moved to other cities. In 1916, 4 Jews were evicted from Z. Rabbi Z. in the 19th century to Ternopil. was Fishl Malach, in the 1920s. - Zvi-Hirsch Schwartz, in the 1930s. - Menachem Mendel Mund. In the 1920s and 30s. in Z. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Mn. Z.'s Jews left for other countries. Z.'s Jewish population was exterminated during the Holocaust.
GOLDEN, a city (since 1938) of the Pervomaisky City Council in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1878. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Z.
ZOLOTONOS Nikolay (Ehezkel) Yakovlevich (b. 1914, Riga), composer, music society. activist. In 1931-33 he studied at the Higher muses. school in Berlin by classes fp. and compositions. In 1935 he graduated from cons. in Riga by class fp. In 1940-41 - head. muses. part and the conductor of the State. Heb. t-ra in Riga. In 1942–45 he was the conductor of a divisional military orc. In 1945-50, senior inspector, beginning. department of muses. institutions of the Office of Claims under the Council of People's Commissars of the Latvian SSR. In 1950–51, dir. T-ra muses. comedy in Riga. In 1951 the deputy. dir. Opera and Ballet Theater of the Latvian SSR. Since 1954 music. ed. Riga c / st. Since 1956, member. Board of the Union of Sov. composers of the Latvian SSR. Honored. activist in lawsuits in the Latvian SSR (1967). - muses. comedy “When Adam is on Vacation” (Riga, 1959), operetta “Oh, Poor Heart” (Riga, 1972), op. for the spirit. orc., including marches; miniatures for FP. (1970), cycle of children. plays (1971); songs, including variety and mass; romances, etc .; processing plank beds. songs.
ZOLOTONOSHA, a city (since 1781), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1576.From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Poltava province. In 1847 there were 1,001 Jews in the West, in 1865 - 1864 (27%), in 1897 - 2769 (31.7%), in 1920 - 6434, in 1923 - 6022, in 1926 - 5180 ( 33.5%), in 1939 - 2087 Jews. In 1799 there were 55 Jewish merchants, 79 bourgeois (in 1803, respectively, 45 and 186, in 1885 - 98 and 653). In 1865 there were 3 synagogues. The head of the rabbinical court from 1901 was Matus Burstein. 21 oct. 1905 a pogrom took place in Z. In 1908, wives were created. philanthropist. Society, in 1909 there were Talmud-Torah, Society "Gmilus Hesed" and societies. wives Jewish school. On May 12, 1915, a train arrived in Z. with Jews who had been evicted grew. military. authorities from Kovna (present-day Kaunas), but the local police chief did not allow them into the city, and they were sent back to Kovna. In 1915, the Poalei Zion kt was formed in Zion, with whose assistance a Jewish canteen and evening courses for adult Jews were opened. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Z. by units of the Volunteer Army. On May 12, 1919, the Red Army soldiers of the Bogunsky regiment also perpetrated a pogrom in Z. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in Z. 22 Sept. 1941 in Z. approx. 300 Jewish refugees, 23 Nov. 1941 shot by St. 2,000 Jews. In 1948 there was an illegal activity in Z. minyan, in 1949 the authorities closed the synagogue and deregistered the Jewish community. In 1998, approx. 100 Jews. Genus A. N. Bach, S. M. Belitsky, I. E. Boleslavsky, B. Borokhov, I. Z. Vainshtein, A. M. Zarkhin, S. P. Medvedovsky, I. I. Rogozin, Y.B. Feinberg; Yakov Aronovich Kostyukovsky (b. 1921), writer, worked as a joint assistant. with MR Slobodsky, co-author of screenplays for the film "Operation" Y "and other adventures of Shurik" (1965), "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1967), "The Diamond Hand" (1969) and others, since 1989 co-ed. Association of Writers "April", since 1992 sec. Writers' Union of Moscow, Ch. ed. independent publishing house "PIK".
ZOLOTONOSOV Mikhail Naftalievich (b. 1954, Leningrad), lit. critic, literary critic, publicist. Graduated from Leningrad in 1977. polytechnic in-t. In 1977–87 he worked as engineer. to Leningrad. machine tool builder. enterprises. In 1989 he defended Cand. dis. on the problems of Sov. t-ra 20s As lit. the critic made his debut in 1979. He worked as an editor. gas. "Change", "Rush hour", "Nevskoe time", "Mosk. news ”, w. "Lawsuit of Leningrad". Printed literary-critical. Art. and rec. in f. "Neva", "Zvezda", "October", "Questions of Literature", "Lit. review "and other periodicals. ed. Main sphere of interest: creativity of F.M. Dostoevsky; owls. liter of the 20s (M.A.Bulgakov, A.P. Platonov), modern. Russian liter; theory of t-ra; political science. Mn. publications 3. dedicated. analysis of the “subculture of rus. anti-Semitism "(a term introduced 3. in 1991 in the article about Bulgakov's novel" The Master and Margarita ".). In 1993 in the railway station. "Friendship of peoples" publ. him (with V.E. Kelner) “The Legend of the Pogrom: The Narrative in the Doctorates about Heb. pogrom in Chisinau in 1903 " Mn. works 3. are highly controversial.
GOLDEN STREAM (up to 1570 - Zagaypol), a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 335 Jews lived in Z.P., in 1880 - 1247 (39.7%), in 1900 - 1036 (30.7%), 1921 - 895 Jews (28.2%) First mentioned. about Jews in Z.P. refers to 1635. In the 17th century. in ZP lived means. number of Jewish craftsmen (tailors, shoemakers, etc.). From the beginning. 18th century in Z. P. existed independently. community. In 1851–59, the Hasidic court of Dovid-Moishe Fridman (1828–1903) was located in ZP (since 1859, the Chortkovsky tzadik). In 1845-48, Z.P.'s rabbi was Natan-Note-Yehuda-Leibush Ashkenazi (? -1860), from 1865 - Shoil-Mordkhe Shvadron, until 1905 - Moishe-Yona Zweig (? -1905), in 1905-24 - his son Joseph Zweig, from 1924 - Avrom-Yehuda Schwartz. In 1914 - 20 many. Jews left Z.P. In the 1920s and 30s. in ZP there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On July 10, 1941, units of the Wehrmacht occupied Z.P. The Judenrat was created. In the autumn of 1942 the Jews of ZP were deported to Buchach.
ZOLOTUKHIN Boris Andreevich (b. 1930), lawyer, polit. activist. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. He worked as a prosecutor, then a lawyer. Name 3. became widely known. after his speech in Jan. 1968 on watered. forensic the trial in the case of A.I. Ginzburg, Yu.T. Galanskov, A.A. Dobrovolsky and V.I.Lashkova, in which 3. participated as a defender of Ginzburg. Speech 3. was widely disseminated in samizdat and was published. Abroad. He was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and in June 1968 - from the bar, deprived of the right to act as a defender in court. In the 1970s-80s. 3. worked as a lawyer at an enterprise. Rendered an unofficial person. jurid. assistance to human rights defenders. He was reinstated in the CPSU, but in 1977 he was again expelled - for failure to report the "anti-Soviet." manuscript, the author of a cut was one of his friends-lawyers. In March 1990, with the support of the Memorial Society and other dem. org-tions, was elected Nar. dep. RSFSR. In the Russian Armed Forces, he held the post of deputy. prev. To-that according to the legislation; was one of the authors of the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation and the foundations of the court. reforms. After the dissolution in Sept. 1993 VS became a member of the Legislative Commission under Pres. RF. Took an active part in the creation. movement "Russia's Choice", was elected deputy. prev. movement. In the elections in December. 1993 became part of the State. thoughts on the list of "Russia's Choice".
ZOLOTUSSKY Igor Petrovich (b. 1930, Moscow), lit. critic, literary critic. The parents were repressed. Was brought up in an orphanage. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Kazan University (1954). He began to publish in 1956. Performs with literary criticism. Art. and rec. in decomp. periodic. ed. In 1971, publ. pov. "While we are together" - about the military childhood. Auth. book "Inhabited Island" (1965), "Faust and Physics" (Moscow, 1968), numerous. Sat. Art. about modern literature - "Warmth of kindness" (M., 1970), "Hour of choice" (M., 1976), "Face-to-face confrontation with memory" (M., 1983), etc. 3. Works about N.V. Gogol, Ch. from to-rykh - book. "Gogol", published in the middle. "ZhZL" in 1979.
ZON Boris Vulfovich (1898 - 1966, Leningrad), dir. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that and in the Studio at T. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya, where in 1917 he began stage performance. activity. Creative biography 3. is closely related to theater. the lawsuit of Leningrad and the Tyuz movement, one of the main. figures to-rogo he was. In 1921–35 - first an actor, and then dir. Lentuza. Post, performances: "Tom Sawyer" by M. Twain (1924), "The Fruits of Enlightenment" by Leo Tolstoy (1928), "Rifle 492116" by AA Kron (1930), "Treasure" by EL Schwartz (1934), written by sovm. with A.Ya.Brushtein plays "Don Quixote" after M. Servantes (1926), "One Way!" (1932), "Diploma" (1934). In 1935–45, dir. and thin. hands. leningr. New t-ra of young spectators, on the stage of which there is a post, performances: "Musician Team" by D. Del (1935), "Tales of Pushkin" (insc. 3., 1938), "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin ( 1938), "The Snow Queen" by Schwartz (1939), "Twenty Years Later" by MASvetlov (1941), "The Horseman galloping ahead" by Yu.Ya. Printsev (1950). Staged performances in other dramas. and muses. t-rakh: "The Wedding of Figaro" by W.-A. Mozart (Leningrad. Small Opera Theater, 1935; Bolshoi Theater, 1936), "Boris Godunov" by M.P. Mussorgsky (Small Opera Theater, 1939 ), "Enough simplicity for every wise man" by A. N. Ostrovsky (T-p comedy, 1946), "Walking through the agony" by A. N. Tolstoy (New t-r, 1947), "Woe from Wit" by A. Griboyedov (Leningrad drama theater named after A.S. Pushkin, 1947), "Alexander Pushkin" by Del (Leningrad drama theater, 1949), "If the heart is young ..." Feltsman (Leningrad Theater of Musical Comedy, 1950) and many others. others. Since 1923 he led a ped. work, since 1940 prof. Leningrad. theater, in-that (now the Institute of t-ra, music and cinematography). Honored. art. RSFSR (1934).
ZONIN Alexander Ilyich (1901, Elisavetgrad - 1962, Moscow), writer. In 1929 he graduated from lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Participant citizen war - regiment commissar, ed. army gas. and on the political education of the army. Awarded hordes. Red Banner (1921). Beginning press department of PUR RVS of the republic. Ed. gas. "Turkestan Truth". Participant lit. gr. "October" and "On duty". Member RAPP. Head dep. Leningrad press. city ​​party committee, ed. g. "Star". In 1941-45 - in the polit. directorates Balt. and North. fleets. Starting with lit. critics, 3. moved on to prose and journalism after eating. pestilence topic. Publ. rum., stories, essays as about the history of Rus. fleet, and about its sovr. life. According to the will, the urn with the ashes 3. was given over to the sea (Barents Sea). The author of the book: “At the origins of the span. literature ", L., 1927; "Captain Diana", M.-L., 1939; "Admiral Nakhimov", M.-L., 1940; “On the Right Course”, M., 1960; "Marine Brotherhood", Moscow, 1975, etc.
ZONINA Lenina Aleksandrovna (1922, Tashkent - 1985, Moscow), literary critic, critic, translator. The daughter of the writer A.I. Zonin. Participant in the 1941–45 war. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). Has appeared in print since 1949. French specialist. liter, author of works on the work of Beaumarchais, A. Fournier, R. Marten du Gard, A. de Saint-Exupery, A. Malraud, S. de Beauvoir and others. Author of the book: “Trails of time: Notes on the quest of the French. novelists (60-70s) ". Per. manuf. the largest French. writers (J.P. Sartre, N. Cappom, R. Merl, etc.).
ZONSHEIN Yakov (1914, Lukov, Sedletskaya Province - 1962, Warsaw), poet, prose writer, playwright. From 1930 he lived in Warsaw. He made his debut in 1932 with the story "In the Basement", publ. in one of the Warsaw Hebrews. gas. He published poems, stories, Art. about literature, reports and trans. in periodic. print. In 1939, when the Germans occupied Poland, he fled to Vilno. During the war he was in the USSR, from where he returned to Poland in 1947. In the same year, his first edition came out in Wroclaw. Sat. verse. "Blimelech" ("Flowers") for children. In 1950 he published in Warsaw the drama "Professor Schwarzstein" - about the life of the Hebrews. intelligentsia during the Nazi occupation, delivered. Warsaw Heb. state t-rum; the same t-rum delivered his plays "Freileh in shtetl" ("Merry in the Town") and "Gershele Ostropoler". In 1953 the collection was published. verse. 3. "Worth un nign" ("Word and melody").
ZORAKH William (1887 - 1966, USA), sculptor. Since 1891 in the USA. He was forced to leave school and from 1901 began to work as an apprentice for a lithographer. At the same time. attended rice lessons. In tech. several years he painted, but in 1922 he turned to sculpture and became widely known as the author of the monument, carved images on societies. buildings. Naib. famous works 3. - "Spirit of Dance" on the building of Radio City Music Hall in New York and the massif, the figure of B. Franklin on the building of the Ministry of Post Office in Washington, DC, "Mother and Child" (kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New -York). Most of the products. 3. made of a single piece of stone or wood, they are significant in content, but deliberately simplified in form, full of warmth and a sense of harmony.
ZORIN Leonid Genrikhovich (b. 1924, Baku), playwright, prose writer, screenwriter. Graduated from the Azerbaijan University (1946), Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1947). In 1934 he released the book. poems (noted by Gorky). Published 5 books. prose 3 .: "Old Manuscript" (1983), "Wanderer" (1987), "Autumn Humor" (1986), "Malice of the Day" (1992), "Pokrovskie Vorota" (1994, in 2 vols.). Author of more than 40 plays (collected in the book: "Moscow Time", 1961; "Theatrical Fantasy", 1974; "Pokrovskie Vorota", 1979; "Selected", 1986 in 2 vols., Many plays per. On foreign language). Among the early plays: "Youth" (1949), "Straight Talk" (1953), "Guests" (1954). Plays 3., consonant with the sore problems of the time, were often banned. his lyric is popular. and ist. dramas - "Bright May" (1959), "See in Time" (1960), "Friends and Years" (1962), "Warsaw Melody" (1967), "Decembrists" (1968), "Transit" (1973), " The Tsar's Hunt ”(1974),“ The Lost Plot ”(1985),“ Count Alexey Konstantinovich ”(1992), the comedy“ Good Men ”(1958),“ Encyclopedists ”(1962),“ Dion ”(1965),“ The Stranger ”( 1976), Theatrical Fantasy (1974), Treason (1978), Coronation (1980), Carnival (1982), Quote (1985), Union of Lonely Hearts (1991), etc. Since 1960 he has been working in cinema. According to his scripts, post, f .: "A Man from Nowhere" (1961), "Peace to the Incoming" (1961, with AA Alov and VN Naumov; Gold Medal at the festival in Venice), "Friends and Years" (1966), "Bad Joke" (1966, after F.M. Dostoevsky), "Grandmaster" (1973, 1st prize for the best script in Yugoslavia), "Date" (1983), "Law" (1989), t / f "Pokrovskie Vorota" (1982), "Transit" (1983).
ZORIN Shalom (1902, Minsk - 1974, Israel), a member of the partisan movement in Belarus 1941–44. He worked as a carpenter in Minsk. After the occupation of the city, German-fasc. troops imprisoned in a ghetto. While working in a prisoner of war camp, he met with officer Kr. Army Semyon Ganzenko, together in the ring in the end. 1941 escaped. In the forests 30 km from Minsk Ganzenko and 3. created. partisan detachment them. Parkhomenko (about 150 fighters, including many Jews), replenished in the main. at the expense of fugitives from the Minsk ghetto. With the increase in the number of Jews in the detachment, there were clashes motivated by anti-Semitism. By order of com. detachment Ganzenko 3. created. self. Heb. partisas. "Unit 106" (later called "part of Zorin") numbering up to 800 fighters. Thanks to ties with the Minsk ghetto, it was possible to organize the shoots of large groups. Jews in the woods to the partisans. Have in your ranks means. number of citizens specialists, "part 3." created ancillary facilities that served a number of partisan formations; there was a school in which apprx. 70 children. In July 1944 he was seriously wounded in a battle with punishers. Since 1971 in Israel.
ZORNOE, a village in the Bereznovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1st floor. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Zurno Rivne near Volyn province. 19th century 48 Jews lived in Z. the occupation of the Jews of Z. was trade (Jewish merchants carried flour, cereals, and other agricultural goods to the fair in Berezno). In 1942 the Jewish population of Z. was deported to the Ludwipol ghetto, where they were exterminated.
ZOROTOVICHI, a village in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, 12 Jews of Z. were taken to Przemysl and later exterminated.
ZOZOV, a village in Lipovetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. In 1897, 414 Jews (11.1%) lived in Z., in 1923 - 298 Jews. 20th century the rabbi in Z. was Yeshua-Joseph Brodsky (1882—?).
Zozulya Efim Davidovich (1891, Moscow - 1941), writer. Childhood and youthful years were spent in Odessa and Lodz. In 1905 in Lodz he was arrested for attending an illegal roar. meetings. Started publishing stories in 1911 in Odessa gas. about the life of workers, mountains. lower classes. The first lit-vedch. experiments - Art. about claim, about language. manuf. A.P. Chekhov (his influence is noticeable in the stories of 3.). Having moved to St. Petersburg, 3. was printed in gas. and f. "The Sun of Russia", "New Satyricon", etc., was engaged in literary-ed. work. First book. "The death of the main city" (1918). From 1919 he lived in Moscow. Among the book. 1920-30s - "Lemonade" (M., 1925), "From Moscow to Corsica and back" (L., 1928), collection. op. (v. 1–3, Moscow, 1928–29), “Collection of short stories” (Moscow, 1930), “Various short stories” (Moscow, 1936), etc. 3. - master of a condensed short story; pl. differ satirical. sharpness. He spoke out against hypocrisy and vulgarity, greed, philistinism, humiliation of the human. dignity in the conditions of capitalist. cities; his heroes - "little" people diff. layers of mountains. about-va. 3. created a philosophical-fantastic. novellas-allegories, satirical. fairy tales ("Studio of Love for Man", 1918, "Living Furniture", 1919, etc.) and production, characteristic social. pathos ("Gramophone of Ages"). In the early 1930s. worked on the remaining unfinished. novels "Workshop of Man", "Property", a cycle of short stories "A Thousand". 3. - Master of Psychology. portrait, sharp plot, thin. details, bright lit. lang. Was one of the creatures. and hands. g. "Ogonyok", popular ser. "Library" Ogonyok ". Headed lit. studio "Ogonyok", from a cut came out many. Izv. writers. In the summer of 1941, joining the Nar. militia, worked in the army press. Killed at the front. Published the book. stories "I'm at home" (Moscow, 1962).
ZRUBAVEL (real family member Vitkin) Yakov (1886, Poltava - 1967, Tel Aviv), publicist, societies, activist. He worked as a carpenter, turner, draftsman of signs. In 1904 he joined the Poaley-Zionist. movement, participated in the creation of a self-defense organization. In 1906 he moved to Vilna, founded the publishing house "Der Gamer", published in Poaley-Zionist. ed. In 1907–09, he was repeatedly arrested for political activities. He released handwritten letters in prison every month. in Yiddish "Der tfise-gedank". To petersburg. Heb. gas. Der Freind published a cycle of his essays, Letters from the Other World. After his release in 1908 he founded a gas company in Vilna. "Yungt-shtime". In 1908 he moved to Galicia, ed. school desks. organ "Der Yidisher Arbeiter" and together with B. Borokhov - "Dos Frae Wort". Then in E.-I. There was a secret. Poale Zionist. org-tion in Jerusalem. In 1912 Z. visited America, England and France, where he gave essays about E.-I. In 1915 he fled to the United States from the persecution of the Turkish authorities. After the revolution of 1917 he returned to Russia, lived at one time in Ukraine, where he led parties, and societies, work, was a member of. Temporary nat. collection, as well as "Culture-League". In 1918 he settled in Warsaw, where for 18 years he headed the Party of the Left Poale Zionists, ed. her ed., published in many. gas. and f. From 1935 in E.-I., he lived in Tel Aviv, where he founded a weekly. in Yiddish "Nai-Velt", was in charge of the archive of the party and published its bulletin, led the party, work, was engaged in journalism. He sought to declare Yiddish one of the official languages. state of Israel. From naib, therefore, book. 3 .: "Ber Vorokhov - his life and work", Warsaw, 1926; In Ongeib (In the Beginning, Tel Aviv, 1938); Barg-Khurbn (The Ruins of the Mountain, Buenos Aires, 1946); Bleter fun a lebn (Pages of Life, Tel Aviv, 1956).
ZUBAR Yakov-Isroel (1896, Shchedrin, Minsk Province - 1953, Boston), rabbi. Studied at the Tomkhei-Tmimim yeshiva (Lubavichi). He was a rabbi in Streshin (Mogilev province). In 1923-28 on behalf of II Shneerson - in Georgia. In 1928 he left the USSR. In 1932–47 - Rabbi of Stockholm. Since 1948 - in the USA.
ZUBKOVSKAYA (Izraileva) Inna Borisovna (b. 1923, Moscow), ballet dancer, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. choreography uch-shche (1941). In 1941–70 - in Leningrad. opera and ballet theater S.M. Kirov. Performed the classical parts. repertoire: Odette-Odilia (Swan Lake), Lilac Fairy (Sleeping Beauty), Kitri (Don Quixote), etc. She danced the leading parts in ballets, post. L.V. Yakobson. From 1965 to teach. work. Became. pr. (1951). Nar. art. RSFSR.
ZUBOK Lev Izrailevich (1896, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1967, Leningrad), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1938). Graduated from commercial. school in Odessa (1912), left for the USA, worked at Ford's plants. In the years of the 1st world. war - participant prof. and anti-war. movement, since 1919 members. Communist. US party. Graduated from un-t in Philadelphia (1922). In 1925-30, deputy. head Anglo-Amer. sector of the Profintern in Moscow. In 1929–41 he taught at MIFLI, in 1942–49 at East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1930–49 at the Higher School of Art at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1948–61 at MGIMO. In 1938–49 and from 1957 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1939, for the first time publ. systematic. course of lectures "Modern history", to-ry was approved by special. Commission of the Executive Committee of the Comintern under the head. D.Z. Manuilsky (2nd ed. - M., 1946; 3rd ed. - M., 1948). The author of St. 200 works on modern history, history of international communist. and the labor movement, international. relationships. Monograph 3. "Imperialistic. US policy in the Caribbean 1900–1939 ”(M.-L., 1948) during the years of“ the struggle against cosmopolitanism ”was subjected to unfair criticism, he himself was 3. removed from teaching at Moscow State University and the Higher School of Arts. - one of the authors of the work “Mezhdunar. relations in the D. East "(Moscow, 1956), the textbook" New history "(vol. 3, Moscow, 1960) for universities and the textbook" New history "(part 2, Moscow, 1961) for cf. school that survived St. 15th ed. Responsible ed. collective monograph "History of the Second International" (v. 1–2, Moscow, 1965–66). Works: Essays on the history of the United States (1877–1918), Moscow, 1956; Essays on the history of the labor movement in the United States. 1865-1918, M., 1962; Expansionary policy of the USA in the beginning. XX century, M., 1969.
ZUBOVA POLYANA, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Spassky u. Tambov province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in ZP.
ZUBRA, a village in Pustomyty district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. in Z. lived approx. 10 Jewish families. Main occupations - trade and crafts (mainly sewing). 20th century Z.'s Jews moved to Lvov.
ZUBRETS, a village in Buchach district, Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1774. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 11 Jews lived in Z. the occupation of the Jews of Z. was the trade in honey, flour, and tobacco, which were exported to Buchach.
ZUBTSOV, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1216. From 1776 it was the district town of the Tver governorate, then the province. In 1910 there were 7 Jews in Z., in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 17 Jews. In 1910 in Z. there was a Jewish cemetery.
ZUDALI, a village in the Onskoy district (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Rachinsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1869 Jews lived in Z. Later, the Jews gradually moved to Oni.
ZUEVKA, a city (since 1944), a regional center in the Kirov region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. after 1895 as a station settlement in Vyatka Gubernia, from 1929 it was a regional center. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Z., in 1939 - 11 Jews.
ZUGDIDI, city (since 1918), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the district center of Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 7 Jews (Ashkenazi) living in Z., in 1959 - 71, in 1970 - 133, in 1979 - 26 Jews (including 4 Georgian). Jews lived in the West from the beginning. 20th century In the end. 1930s I. Babalikashvili created a circle for the study of Hebrew in Z. From 1944 they gathered for prayer in a rented apartment. In 1948 the Jews of Z. filed a petition to open a synagogue, which was rejected. In 1949, the synagogue built without permission from the authorities was destroyed. In 1949–51, a ban was imposed on the activities of the community. Rabbis in Z. were I. Babalikashvili, I. Mikhelashvili (1904-1984), M. Shamelashvili (b. 1910), and Sh. Khikhinashvili (b. 1930).
ZUGRES, a city (since 1938) of the Khartsyzsk City Council in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. Between 1929 and 1932, 188 Jews lived in Zambia in 1939.
ZULFIA (real name and surname Zulfiya Israilova) (1915, Tashkent - 1996, ibid.), Poet. Hero of Soc. Labor (1984). She studied at Uzb. wives ped. uch-shche. First. Sat. verse, in uzb. lang. She published Pages of Life in 1932. Mn. verse. 3.Ded. “Free labor Uzbek. women ”, reveal her spiritual world. In publicistic. Art. raised questions about the participation of Uzbek women in societies. life, about its role in the family. A large place in poetry 3. is occupied by images of nature, the experience of its beauty. Ed. g. "Uzbek women". The author is poetic. collection of books "Songs of Girls" (1939), "I Sing the Dawn" (1951), "Close to My Heart" (1958), and others. poet of the Uzbek SSR (1965). State pr. USSR (1976).
ZUNBLAT Georgy Alexandrovich (1898, Petersburg - 1979, Moscow), architect. In 1929 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. In 1925–30 members. About-va sovr. architects (OCA). Theorist and practitioner in the region. dwellings of a new type, communal houses. Home design specialist. Participated in the work of the social section. resettlement under the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR in 1930. As part of the OSA brigade, he developed a project for the "Green City" near Moscow. From 1936 he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: project of a residential building of the Council of People's Commissars (with M.Ya. Ginzburg), a residential building at B. Gruzinskaya st. (together with M.O.Barshch), school projects (with M.O.Barshch).
ZUNDELEVICH Aaron Isaakovich (revolutionary pseudo: Zund, Moisha, Arkady) (1852, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1923, London), revolutionary populist. From the bourgeoisie. In 1868–73 he studied at the Vilna rabbinical school. In 1872, together with A.Sh. Lieberman and V.I. Iokhelson, he created the roar. circle, kept in touch with petersburg. circle of "Tchaikovsky" and Heb. socialist circle in Berlin. Through Jewish smugglers, he arranged illegal delivery. literature through Prussia to Russia. In 1873, due to the urgoza of his arrest, he emigrated to the middle 1870s illegally returned to Russia, one of the creators of the roar. about-va "Land and Freedom", organized an underground "Free Rus. printing house "in St. Petersburg (1877), was in charge of relations with abroad, delivery to Russia is illegal. lit-ry, transporting revolutionaries across the border. 3. had a negative attitude to the teaching of anarchism, whose followers were many. landowners, advocated polit. struggle against the autocracy, in contrast to most revolutionaries of the 1870s. was skeptical about the roar. Russian potential peasantry, supported the terrorist. methods of struggle. Took part in the preparation of attempts on the life of S.M. Kravchinsky on the chief of gendarmes N.V. Mezentsov (August 1878) and A.K. Solovyov on the imp. Alexander II (2.4.1879). After the split of "Land and Freedom" (Aug. 1879) Z. joined the "Narodnaya Volya", was a member. Will execute it. to-that, participated in the development of the program and tactics of the organization. Arrested on 10/20/1879 in St. Petersburg, he was extremely firm in the investigation and trial. He was sentenced to eternal hard labor in the "16 trial" (October 1880). He was held in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia (until 1886 - in shackles), then in the Akatui convict prison. In 1898 he went to the settlement, lived in Chita. In 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia. In 1907 he emigrated to Great Britain. In the years of the 1st world. War of 1914-18 he supported the Entente countries. Febvre greeted. Revolution of 1917, to the Bolshevik. the coup reacted sharply negatively. In the last years of his life he was keenly interested in the situation of Jews in Russia, he believed that only the emigration of Jews could allow the Hebrews. question in the country.
ZUNDELOVICH Yakov Osipovich (1893, Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province. - 1965, Sestroretsk, Leningrad region), poet, literary critic. He graduated from un-t in Montpellier (France) in 1914. In 1918 he returned to Russia. He worked in the People's Commissariat for Education, GAKhN, Higher Literary-Artistic. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov. In 1929–37 prof. MIFLI and GIK. In 1938 he was repressed. Since 1947 teacher, since 1953 head. Department of Rus. and the general literature of the Samarkand un-that. In the 20-30s. acted as a poet. In 1922 he released the collection. verse. He was also engaged in the lane. From naib. means. literary works 3. - research. about rus. classics of the 19th century: "Dostoevsky's Novels" (Tashkent, 1963), "Studies on Tyutchev's Lyrics" (1971), etc.
ZURNO, see Zornoye.
ZUSKIN Benjamin (Binyamin) Lvovich (1899, Ponevezh, Koven province - 1952), actor, dir. He studied at a cheder, a real school, in 1915, when Jews were expelled from the Baltic States, he ended up in Penza, where, while continuing his studies at the school, he played in an amateur theater studio. In 1920 he entered the Gorny Institute in Yekaterinburg. In 1921 he moved to Moscow. mining institute and was admitted to the studio Heb. chamber theater (since 1925 GO-SET - State. Jewish theater), soon joined the troupe. Participated in the first production of the theater in Moscow - "Evening of Sholem Aleichem", in 1922 he played ch. role in "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden. Almost all the time he was a stage. partner of S.M. Mikhoels. Together they embodied the two sides of the Hebrews. character: next to the dramatically uplifted and philosophically generalized heroes of Mikhoels, cheerful, earthly, obsessed with the thought of the unattainable, fanned with light sadness, heroes 3 appeared: Senderl-Baba ("The Journey of Benjamin III" by M. Moikher-Sforim, 1927), Jester ( "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, 1935), Gotsmakh ("Wandering Stars" based on Sholem Aleichem, 1941), Badchen ("Freilehs" by Z. Shneur, 1945), etc. 1930), "Border" (1935), "Seekers of Happiness" (1936), "Unconquered" (1945). Dir. activities, from 1935 he taught at the theater. uch-shche at GOSET. In 1948, after the death of Mikhoels, he headed the theater, but in December. 1948 was arrested and subsequently shot. Became. pr. (1946). Nar. art. RSFSR (1939).
ZUSMAN Ezra (1900, Odessa - 1973, Tel Aviv), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. In E.-I. since 1922. Gas. Davar (1925) was co-worker. its lit. applications. Main genre of poetry 3. - intimate lyrics, sobr. in the book. Poems (1968). He translated the poetry of B.L. Pasternak, A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelstam into Hebrew. Etc. them. H.-N. Bialik (1971).
ZUSMAN Leonid Pavlovich (1906, Grodno - 1984, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. Studied in private studios of F.I.Rerberg and A.E. Miganadzhian in Moscow, in the 1st State. freedom, thin. workshops (1 GSKhM) in the class of I.I. Mashkov (1919–23), as well as at the VKhUTEIN in Leningrad with K.S. Petrov-Vodkin (1924–26) and at the VKHUTEIN in Moscow with D.P. Shterenberg (1926 -thirty). Fig. and design. book for GIHL, "Detgiz", "Goslitizdat", etc., always observing loyalty to the style of the writer ("The Tale of the Red Motel" by I.P. Utkin, "The Legend of Ulenspiegel" by C. de Coster, collected by A. L. Barto in 3 vols., "Lyrics" by I.-V. Goethe and others). In 1941–44 fig. for front-line newspapers. He worked in the region. theater. decor. Isk-va, designed performances in the Odessa Heb. t-re ("Wandering Stars" based on the rum. Sholom Aleichem, 1939), Mosk. t-re of satire, etc. Means. place in creativity 3. occupies machine tools, production: picturesque ("Billiards", 1927; "Winter", 1937, etc.), graphic ("Portrait of a wife", aqu., 1940; "P.I.Bagration" , color autolithography, 1944, etc.). From 1927 post. participant of exhibitions, incl. abroad. Staff. exhibitions in Moscow (1966, 1976).
ZUSMAN Vladimir Grigorievich (1910 - 1976, Moscow), specialist in the region. electrical equipment and machine tool control systems, production automation. Graduated from Odessa Polytechnic in 1935. in-t. In 1936–40 he worked in the Odessa industrial science and technology. in-those. Since 1940 - in Experimental. Research Institute of Metal-Cutting Machine Tools in Moscow, headed the Department of Prospects for Program Control, supervised the development of electrical equipment for machine tools and automatic. lines, supervised the departments of electrical equipment machine tool. s-dov of the country. In 1948–52 he participated in the design and debugging of the world's first automatic machine. plant for the manufacture of pistons for automobile engines, supervised the development of electrical equipment for the plant, in the course of a cut proposed and implemented the aggregate principle of constructing complex automatic electrical systems. lines, which marked the beginning of the creation of automation. hierarchical control systems. Since 1956, he was engaged in the development of devices with numerical programmed control (CNC), proposed the main. direction of design, supervised the manufacture of the country's first CNC machines, which received the highest awards at the World. exhibition in Brussels in 1958. In the 70s. was engaged in the organization of serial production of CNC machines and the improvement of their technology. level, creation of machines of the 2nd and 3rd generations. State USSR pr. (1967). Works: Cyclic programmed control of machine tools, Moscow, 1971 (in co-authorship).
ZUSMANOVICH Alexander Zakharovich (1902, colony of Khortitsa, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1965, Moscow), historian, Africanist. Dr. East Sciences (1963). Participant citizen wars and wars 1941–45. Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1932). Comp. Profintern (1929–39). Deputy prev. Int. prof. to-that in Afr. org-tions (1929–32). Teacher of KUTV, Intern. Leninsk, schools, Military-polit. academy (1932–39). In the end. 1940s arrested by the MGB, released in 1955. Lecturer at the Lviv state. un-that (until 1959). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies, Institute of Africa, USSR Academy of Sciences (1956–65). Main direction of research: Africa 19–20 centuries. Author of more than 50 scientific. works. Vol .: Forcing. labor and trade union movement in negro Africa, M., 1933; Abyssinia, M., 1936; Imperialistic. section of the Congo basin 1876–94, M., 1962.
ZUSMANOVICH Grigory Moiseevich (1889, Ekaterinoslav - 1944, Auschwitz), military leader, division commander (1935), major general int. sl. (1940). Member RSDLP (b) since 1915. Member of the 1st world. war. In 1917 - one of the organizers of the Kr. guard in Pavlograd. In 1918 the commissar of the food army. In 1919 he was a military commissar in a number of lips. Ukraine, in 1920 - pom. military commissar of the Oryol VO. In 1926 he graduated from the military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. The shooter commanded. division, was early. corps headquarters, deputy. early Military. rear academy. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. Beginning rear of the 6th Army South-West. fr. In 1942 he was captured near Kharkov.
ZUTA Chaim Arie (1868, Kovno - 1939), one of the organizers of the Hebrew teaching system in E.-I. He was one of the first teachers of ancient Hebrews. lang. as colloquial in Russia, using the "language in language" system. From 1903 - in E.-I., where he taught in various. educational institutions (mainly in Jerusalem), was the founder of the modern. education system in the Hebrew-language schools of the country. 3.publ. articles about education and schools with teaching in Hebrew, wrote a number of textbooks and stories. His book. "Teaching the Bible" (vols. 1-2, 1935-37) - main. work on the didactics of education in Hebrew. "The beginning of my journey" (1934) - rec. about his work as a teacher. Short stories 3. included in the collection. op. (v. 1–3, 1931).
ZUYA, an urban-type settlement (since 1967) in the Belogorsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Simferopol u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in Z.
CALLED, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1842 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Polotsk u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1898, 130 people lived in the West. for 198 dec. land.
ZVARE, a village in Kharagauli district (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Imeretian kingdom. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in Shorapan env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in Shorapansky district. Kutaisi province. It is possible that Jews lived in the west until the second half. 19th century (in the toponymy of the village the names "Jewish cemetery" and "Jewish spring" are recorded).
ZVAVICH Isaak Semenovich (1904 - 1960, Tashkent), historian. In 1922-27, a consultant to the Sov. trade mission in the UK. Graduated from econom. Faculty of London University (1926). From 1928 he taught at higher. uch. establishments in Moscow, including in Moscow. ped. in-those foreign. lang. (1930–34) and MGPI (1934–41), since 1938 prof. At the same time. in 1932-37 - Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians. In 1940-49 - prof. Moscow State University, simultaneously. worked at the Higher. Dipl. school (1944–49) and the Academy of Societies and Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1946–49). In 1949, in connection with a publicly expressed remark about his friendship with a prominent English. Laborist G. Laski was expelled from Moscow. universities and forced to leave for Tashkent. Author of works on the history of England, international. relations, problems of modern and recent history and historiography. In the years of the 2nd world. war wrote a publicist. works exposing germ, fascism. Vol .: Essay on the history of the disintegration of the manoral system in England: (Southern Manor in the XII-XVI centuries), in the book: Ist. Sat, at 3, L., 1934; Hitler, Goering, Goebbels, Himmler - cannibals of the XX century, M., 1941 (2nd ed., Kazan, 1942); Polit. and economy. geography of the notches, countries, c. 1, M., 1947.
ZVENIGOROD, a city in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1152. In 1339-1492 - the center of the Zvenigorod specific book-va. Since 1781 it has been a district town of Moscow province. In 1897 23 Jews lived in Z., in 1926 - 14 (0.5%), in 1939 - 62 (1%), in 1970 - 70 (0.7%), in 1989 - 42 Jews (0.3%).
ZVENIGORODKA, city (since 1792), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545. (according to another version, existed during the times of Kievan Rus). He was a member of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Kiev district of the Kiev voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Kiev province. In 1801, 1394 Jews lived in Z., in 1805 - 2137, in 1847 - 1151, in 1856 - 2255, in 1865 - 2454, in 1892 - 5918, in 1895 - 6089, in 1896 - 6203. in 1897 - 6389 (37.8%), in 1910 - 5630 (22.9%), in 1920 - 8090, in 1923 - 5303, in 1926 - 6584 (36.5%), in 1939 - 1957 Jews (14 %) In 1750, the Jewish community suffered from a raid of the Haidamaks. In 1856 there were 5 synagogues in Z. and in the 1890s. - Jewish bathhouse, printing house of Nukhim Yakovlevich Zotulovsky, in 1909 - Talmud-Torah with a craft department, 3 husbands. Jewish schools, Jewish societies. hospital and philanthropist. about. Since 1892, Joseph Halpern was the rabbi and head of the rabbinical court, in the 1890s. district rabbi - Tsal Shmulevich Dobrov. occupation of Jews - crafts, Jews also owned 2 distilleries, rented a brewery. In 1910 Z. had 7 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. During the Civil. During the war in 1918 a pogrom took place in Z. (27 Jews were killed and 50 wounded). In aug. 1919 pogrom was organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in January. 1920 - by the detachments of Ataman Ace. In 1921 a department of the Evsection was created in Z. On Sept. 1922 a group of Zionists was arrested in Zion. Until 1939 there were Jewish schools in Z. house, t-r, there were 3 synagogues. After the occupation of West by Germ. troops on July 29, 1941 created a ghetto. Aug-Sept. 1941 2 groups of Jews were shot, on May 5, 1942 approx. 300 ghetto prisoners transferred to Nemorozha camp; 2 nov. 1942 the camp was destroyed. In the same year, the ghetto in Z. was liquidated. A total of 2,108 Jews were shot in Z. After the war, approx. 20 Jews. In 1998, 130 Jews lived in the West. In the West, the families of G.O.Gintsburg, M.L. Granovsky, M.S. Kushakovsky, Ya.S. Magaziner, B.M. Eltsin; Chaika Semyonovna Vatenberg-Ostrovskaya (1901-1952, Moscow), translator, went through the hand process. JAC, shot on August 12. 1952; Joseph Markovich Ostrovsky (1895-1937), secret service officer, art. major of state security (1935), in 1934-36 beginning. adm.-household. Office of the NKVD of the USSR, load. ord. Red Banner (1928), "Honorary Worker of the Cheka - GPU" (1923, 1932). S.Ya. Elisavetsky
RINGING, see Zvenyachin.
ZVENYACHIN (until 1940 - Zvenyache), a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kotsman eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century in Z. lived 2 Jewish families, in the beginning. 20th century - St. 130 Jews, in 1940 - 105 Jews. The Jewish community was formed in the 1820s and 30s. In the 1st third of the 19th century. there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1898 a philanthropist was formed. about-in (closed in the 1920s by the Roman authorities). In the beginning. 20th century created by a philanthropist. about-in "Bikur khoylim" (existed until the 1930s). In the 1920s - 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties. Then approx. 30 Jews left for E.-I. In the fall of 1941 Jews of Z. were deported to the Chernivtsi ghetto, in 1942 they were sent to be forced. work on the construction of a camp in the Kamenets-Podolsk region. (the majority died). During the war. actions the Jewish cemetery was destroyed.Yu.G. Tkachev
ZVEREV, a village in the Kivertsy district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in 1570. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. was built by train. Kovel-Zdolbunov village, passing through Z. Local Jewish merchants brought them to the railway. station goods for sale. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Z. by the troops of the Directory; Jewish houses and shops were destroyed.
ZVEREV Alexey Matveevich (b. 1939, Novopetrovsk, Moscow region), lit. critic, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1983). Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1963). He began to publish in 1965. Worked at the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology (1963 68), in the Zh. "Questions of Literature" (1968–74), in IMLI (1972–92). Since 1992 prof. Department of the Zarub. literature RGGU. Main sphere of interest - history of American literature, compare, literary guidance, rus. liter 20 century Published a lot in decomp. periodic. ed. Author of the book: Modernism in the USA literature. M., 1979; American novel of the 1920s and 1930s. M., 1982; Stars are falling flames. The Life and Poetry of Byron. M., 1988; A palace at the point of a needle. From thin. experience of the 20th century. M., 1989. Acts as a translator from English. (O. Huxley, K. Vonnegut, D. Bart and others).
ZVEREVO, city (since 1989) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century in Donetsk okr. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Areas of the Don Cossacks. Since 1929, it has been an urban-type settlement, and in 1939 39 Jews lived in Z.
ZVEROVICHI, a village in the Krasninsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Krasninsky u. Smolensk province. From 1717 Borukh Leibov (1663-1738) lived in Z., who was burned down together with A. Voznitsyn. In the beginning. 1720s a synagogue was built in Z.
ZVINYACH, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zviniacha in Kremenetsky district Volyn province. In July 1941, 29 Jews were killed in Z.
Zvinyach, see Zvinyach.
ZVINYACHE, a village in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Zvinyachi Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in Z. lived several. Jewish families. Main his occupation was the purchase of handicraft goods and their sale in Gorokhov. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in 1941, the Jews of Z. were shot.
CALLS, see. CALLS.
ZWOLEN, a city (since 1425) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kozenitsky u. Radom province. In 1777, 20 Jewish families were allowed to live in Z. In 1856, 1,320 Jews (48.1%) lived in Z., in 1897 - 3,242 (53.9%), in 1921 - approx. 5,000 Jews. 1890-1900s. Rafail Kershenblum was the rabbi in Z., from 1906 - Avrum-Chaim Fliderbaum (1861 -?). 1942 in Z. a ghetto was created, in which there were approx. 11 K people The ghetto was liquidated in Sept. 1942, born in the West. L. Malekh.
ZVONITSKAYA Agnessa Solomonovna (1897, Kiev - 1942, Leningrad), sociologist. The first woman in Russia to speak with a theoretical. research in the region. sociology. D.ch. sociol. about-va, founded in Petrograd in 1916. After 1917 she worked in the Lab. collective reflexology at hand. P. Sorokin and V. M. Bekhterev. Main as a concept of sociology, she considered the phenomenon of social connection, which she considered as a predominant change in the consciousness of people entering into interaction. So the nature of social phenomena 3. was inclined to explain from psychol. positions. Works: Theoretical experience. sociology, Kiev, 1914.
CALL, a village in the Ushachsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dzvon Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1838, 8 Jews lived in Z.. In 1853–55, 9 Jewish families (73 people) were settled in Z., each of which was allocated 13 dess. arable land, 5 dess. hayfields and 1 dess. to the gardens. They gathered for prayer in the house of Yankel Livshits. Lacking the skills of agricultural. labor, Jews went to work in Dinaburg (present-day Daugavpils), Polotsk and other places, were engaged in the purchase and resale of livestock and products of peasant crafts. By the beginning. 20th century the Jewish community in Z. ceased to exist.V. N. Pervyshin
ZVOR, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941, 6 Jews were killed in Z.
ZVULONI (real name Zvilevich) Hoax (b. 1910, Koydanovo, Minsk district and provinces), journalist. Received a tradition. education in Lithuanian yeshivas. From 1934 - in E.-I. Graduated from higher. technologist. the Montefiori school in Tel Aviv (1934–35) and the yeshiva in Jerusalem (1936–42). He fought in the ranks of Etzel. Deer. gas. "Ha-Mashkif" in Jerusalem (1942-48), "Herut" (1966-76). The author of several. book and comm, to the Talmud.
Zvyagel, see Novograd-Volynsky.
Zvyagino, a village in the Pushkin district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. 365 Jews lived in Z. in 1939, and 172 Jews (13.6 percent) in 1970.
ZYATKOVTSY, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaisinsky u. In 1847, 398 Jews lived in Z. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jewish community in Z. suffered from pogroms and looting. In March 1919, the troops of the Directory perpetrated a pogrom in Z., in the same year, during a pogrom perpetrated by the raiders of Ataman Volyntsi, 15 Jews were killed.
ZYUKA (Ziyuk) Mikhail Iosifovich (1895 - 1937, Kiev), military. activist, brigade commander (1935). Member RSDLP since 1912. In 1914 he was arrested and exiled. Since 1918 in Kr. Army, served in cavalry units. Passed the way from a com. art. platoon to commands, corps artillery. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1925), military. advisor in China. Since 1930 com. and a military commissar. 4th, and since 1935 - 25th named. V.I. Chapaeva shooter. divisions. The units led by him were considered the best in the Red Army. Repressed. Ord. Cr. Banner (1920).